cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of effect to children 1～6 years age immunized by hepatitis B and diphtheria vaccines in Qinnan district

Objective To analyse effect for children 1 ~ 6 years age immunized by hepatitis B and diphtheria vaccines in Qinnan district,Qinzhou city,and provide a scientific basis in children's immunization program. Methods A total of 151 children 1~ 6 years age were selected as investigation subject by using a random samplingtest,who permanently live in 5townships,in serological detection and analysisof viral hepatitis B and diphtheria. Results The detected results showed,two samples are positive for HBsAg with a positive rate 1.32%,and 112 samples arepositive for anti-HBs with a positive rate 74.17%,142 samples are positive for diphtheria IgG with a positive rate 94.04%; anti-HBs median is 21.32 mIU /mL,diphtheria IgG medianis 0.14 mIU /mL. The vaccination rate for first doseof HBV timely is 83.44%.There have no statistical differences( P0.05) in positive rate for anti-HBs,for diphtheria IgG antibody,and anti-HBs medianand diphtheria IgG medianin both sexes,respectively.The positive rate foranti-HBsand for diphtheria IgG increase with thegrowingof age( P0.01). Conclusion It is complied with"Expanding national immunization planning implementation plan"in regard of rate for coverage and vaccination for first dose of hepatitis B vaccine to children 1~ 6 years age in Qinnan district. The positive rate for diphtheria IgG maintains in a high level,but positive rate for HBsAg is a little higher than that in the national plan. It should further strengthen implimentation of immunization program for children.
Investigation on population and density of cockroach in the city zone of Yichang city

Objective To investigate the population and density of cockroach in the city zone of Yichang city.Methods With cockroach trap and insecticide,captured cockroaches were put in laboratory for identification.Results 100 objects were investigated in new and old city zone,the captured 9 210 cockroaches belonged to 3 species: Blattella germanica 5 547(60.23%),Periplaneta fulginosa 1 953(21.21%),Periplaneta americana 1 710(18.56%).Conclusion Blattella germanica was the dominant species in the city zone.Cockroach caused more damage in special trade and drainage.
Dissipativity Theory for Nonlinear Stochastic Dynamical Systems

In this paper, we develop stochastic dissipativity theory for nonlinear dynamical systems using basic input-output and state properties. Specifically, a stochastic version of dissipativity using both an input-output as well as a state dissipation inequality in expectation for controlled Markov diffusion processes is presented. The results are then used to derive extended Kalman–Yakubovich–Popov conditions for characterizing necessary and sufficient conditions for stochastic dissipativity of stochastic dynamical systems using two-times continuously differentiable storage functions. In addition, feedback interconnection stability in probability results for stochastic dynamical systems are developed thereby providing a generalization of the small gain and positivity theorems to stochastic systems.
Breastfeeding among Latino Families in an Urban Pediatric Office Setting

Objective. To determine the breastfeeding rate of Latino infants at an urban pediatric clinic in the first six months of life and to identify factors associated with breastfeeding. Methods. Investigators conducted a retrospective chart review of infants seen at the clinic in 2014 as part of a mixed methods study. Topics reviewed included demographics, infant health data, and feeding methods at 5 points in time. Bivariate correlations and cross-tabulations explored associations between variables. Results. Most of the mothers (75%) fed their newborns with both breastfeeding and formula (las dos). At 6 months, a majority were formula-fed only (55.9%). Approximately 10% of mothers exclusively breastfed their newborns, and the trend of exclusive breastfeeding remained steady through the 6-month visit. Over time, the number of mothers who exclusively bottle-feed their infants steadily rises. There were no statistical differences among the feeding method groups with regard to birth order of child, number of adults or children in the household, vaccination rate, number of sick visits, or infants' growth. Conclusions. More targeted attention to this population and other immigrant populations with culturally tailored interventions spanning the prenatal to early infancy periods could increase exclusive breastfeeding and ultimately improve child health.
MICROBIC VIRULENCE AND HOST SUSCEPTIBILITY IN PARATYPHOID-ENTERITIDIS INFECTION OF WHITE MICE : XII. THE EFFECT OF DIET ON HOST RESISTANCE. FURTHER STUDIES.

When 5 per cent of butter fat or cod liver oil is added to a bread and milk diet, in itself adequate to promote the breeding and rearing of a healthy stock of mice through a period of years, the resistance of these mice to per os infection with the paratyphoid mouse typhoid bacillus (B. pestis caviae), as compared to that of mice on the unmodified diet, is definitely increased. A similar effect may be obtained with a McCollum "complete" diet, even when the butter fat is omitted, and with a bread and milk diet in which the milk used has been rayed with a mercury vapor lamp. When an inactive fat like Crisco is added to the bread and milk diet, the results obtained are not very clear-cut. While seasonal fluctuations in resistance to mouse typhoid were not completely eliminated by the various modified diets, they were nevertheless reduced, the modified diets tending to stabilize the death rate at a point lower than that usually reached by the mice on the control diet.
Decision Making for Selection of Transarterial Locoregional Therapy of Metastatic Neuroendocrine Tumors

Transarterial locoregional therapies (LRTs) are indispensable components of the modern interventional oncologic therapy of liver-dominant metastatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). The scope of available LRTs and their nuanced differences mandates a thorough understanding of their relative applicability and effectiveness in certain clinical circumstances to prescribe appropriate, patient-specific, image-guided therapy. This article aims to provide an overview of transarterial LRT options for liver-dominant metastatic NETs and therapy selection by reviewing procedure types, their advantages and disadvantages, and comparative efficacy in common case scenarios.
Open source software for automatic detection of cone photoreceptors in adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy using convolutional neural networks

Imaging with an adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope (AOSLO) enables direct visualization of the cone photoreceptor mosaic in the living human retina. Quantitative analysis of AOSLO images typically requires manual grading, which is time consuming, and subjective; thus, automated algorithms are highly desirable. Previously developed automated methods are often reliant on ad hoc rules that may not be transferable between different imaging modalities or retinal locations. In this work, we present a convolutional neural network (CNN) based method for cone detection that learns features of interest directly from training data. This cone-identifying algorithm was trained and validated on separate data sets of confocal and split detector AOSLO images with results showing performance that closely mimics the gold standard manual process. Further, without any need for algorithmic modifications for a specific AOSLO imaging system, our fully-automated multi-modality CNN-based cone detection method resulted in comparable results to previous automatic cone segmentation methods which utilized ad hoc rules for different applications. We have made free open-source software for the proposed method and the corresponding training and testing datasets available online.
Long Non-coding RNA Linc-ROR Is Upregulated in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) may contribute to carcinogenesis and tumor progression by regulating transcription and gene expression. The role of lncRNAs in the regulation of thyroid cancer progression is being extensively examined. Here, we analyzed three lncRNAs that were overexpressed in papillary thyroid carcinomas, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA, regulator of reprogramming (Linc-ROR, ROR) PVT1 oncogene (PVT1), and HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR) to determine their roles in thyroid tumor development and progression. ROR expression has not been previously examined in thyroid carcinomas. Tissue microarrays (TMAs) of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 129 thyroid cases of benign and malignant tissues were analyzed by in situ hybridization (ISH), automated image analysis, and real-time PCR. All three lncRNAs were most highly expressed in the nuclei of PTCs. SiRNA experiments with a PTC cell line, TPC1, showed inhibition of proliferation with siRNAs for all three lncRNAs while invasion was inhibited with siRNAs for ROR and HOTAIR. SiRNA experiments with ROR also led to increased expression of miR-145, supporting the role of ROR as an endogenous miR-145 sponge. After treatment with TGF-β, there was increased expression of ROR, PVT1, and HOTAIR in the PTC1 cell line compared to control groups, indicating an induction of their expression during epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). These results indicate that ROR, PVT1, and HOTAIR have important regulatory roles during the development of PTCs.
Real-Time Demonstration of Adaptive Functional Split in 5G Flexible Mobile Fronthaul Networks

We experimentally demonstrate a flexible and reconfigurable Fronthaul-I with analog RoF integration that aims to optimally serve different 5G applications. RoF integration can reduce the latency by more than %15 to support URLLC applications.
DOES HIGH DOSE DOXORUBICIN BASED CHEMOTHERAPY INDUCE CARDIOTOXICITY IN PATIENTS WITH SARCOMA? RESULTS FROM A PILOT RETROSPECTIVE STUDY

Sarcoma patients receive higher doses of anthracyclines compared to other types of cancer, therefore, they could be at higher risk for chemotherapy induced cardiotoxicity. The aim was to define if doses ≥300mg/m2 correlate with increased cardiotoxicity. This is a pilot retrospective study based
Physiological changes over the course of cognitive bias modification for social anxiety

Social anxiety disorder affects approximately 7% of the adult population in the U.S., yet a vast majority of these individuals do not seek treatment. Thus, it is critical to examine models that deliver treatment to them. Computerized Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) training programs can be effective in targeting interpretation bias, a key cognitive mechanism underlying social anxiety, and have potential for widespread dissemination, especially if they can be delivered via smart phones, which are becoming ubiquitous. However, the efficacy of CBM interpretation training paradigms that are adapted to and delivered via smart phones remains unknown. We present a pilot study to investigate if physiologic data can be used to track the changes over a smartphone-based CBM intervention for social anxiety. In a 3-week open trial, pilot study involving 20 high socially anxious participants, self-report affect ratings, heart rate and accelerometer data were collected using a smartphone and smartwatch before, after, and during the CBM intervention. The study focused on the relationship between accelerometer and heart rate to track change following the intervention. Results provide preliminary evidence for the viability of using physiological data to identify the change in mental state influenced by CBM interventions.
Making a difference: Good governance in disrupted states

ABSTRACTPublic and community service operates within a demanding array of challenges. Many of these challenges are disruptive forces that originate from well beyond jurisdictional boundaries yet call upon local, state and national institutions to respond. In response to the disruptive forces, we witness the initiation and creation of new kinds of public service designs and partnerships. This article outlines the diversity of member institutions the Network of Schools of Public Policy, Affairs and Administration (NASPAA) and the role each play in enhancing public service in their communities. The article assesses how NASPAA - as a global institution - plays a role in advancing public service education globally by engaging members to establish common standards of educational practices and setting expectations for program outcomes. The article outlines current and future program practices that need to be encouraged in order to address disruptive forces and maintain program strengths in public service educati...
TCP/IP Packet Analysis

To manage network security, you need in-depth understanding of the TCP/IP stack. This chapter will discuss how TCP/IP packets are constructed and analyzed to interpret the applications that use the TCP/IP stack. The intrusion detection principle relies on being able to analyze the packets and detect a potential attack or an attack in progress. We will introduce the Internet model to develop the argument to support packet data networking for Local and Wide Area Networks that include the Internet.
Newly Recognized Forms of Prostate-Specific Antigen and Emerging Molecular Markers

Total PSA has been the mainstay of diagnostic laboratory investigation for prostate cancer. However, a number of isoforms of this molecule and other emerging markers offer the promise of improved diagnostic strategies.
Fault tolerant control of fractional-order singular systems against actuator faults

Modern control systems are developing towards more complicated scale. Fault-tolerant control pioneers a new way to enhance the reliability of complicated systems. So it is of important to study the fault-tolerant control for singular systems. This paper designs a state feedback controller against actuator faults. Firstly, the state feedback controller designed by LMIs is admissible in the systems in case of normal actuator. Then, modify the state feedback controller matrix against actuator faults. Furthermore, the admissible of closed-loop fractional-order singular system is determined with LMIs after adding a modified state feedback controller. Finally, an example that illustrates the validity of the method is provided .
In Vivo Imaging of Brain Development: Technologies, Models, Applications, and Impact on Understanding the Etiology of Mental Retardation

Development of the mammalian brain proceeds in a precisely controlled sequence of cell divisions, migration, differentiation, and synaptogenesis. It is a process of precise dynamic assembly, and time lapse in vivo imaging of these processes is fundamental for the multidisciplinary endeavor to merge and understand the morphological, physiological, and regulatory processes of neurogenesis.
A Simulation-Enhanced Curriculum to Improve Resident Knowledge and Skills in Smoking Cessation Treatment

Tobacco smoke exposure has significant health impacts on youth and opportunities exist to improve smoking cessation treatment education in residency training. This study sought to improve resident self-perceived knowledge and skills with a structured simulation-enhanced educational intervention. Pediatric and anesthesia residents participated in the smoking cessation treatment education on their pediatric pulmonary rotation. Residents received a pre-questionnaire about self-perceived knowledge and skills of smoking cessation treatment on a 5-point Likert scale. The intervention consisted of a didactic session on the 5 A’s (Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist and Arrange), referral to the quitline and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). This was followed by two simulations with standardized patients followed by debriefing. Residents received a post-questionnaire immediately afterwards and follow-up questionnaires at 3 and 6 months after the simulation. Fisher’s exact test was used to compare responses at baseline between groups and the signed rank test was used to evaluate change in mean scores. Forty-seven (89%) of the 53 residents eligible participated and completed the pre and post-questionnaire between the study period of November 2014 and May 2016. Twenty-three (49%) and 13 (28%) of 47 questionnaires at 3 and 6 months, respectively, were completed. All question scores increased significantly (p < 0.001) on the post-intervention questionnaire in self-perceived knowledge and skills of smoking cessation treatment and remained significantly higher (p < 0.001) among the follow-up questionnaires completed. A structured simulation-enhanced educational intervention was successful in systematically exposing residents to smoking cessation treatment education and increased self-perceived knowledge and skills that persisted above baseline among those with follow-up although 6-month follow-up was sub-optimal.
Shining Light on Language for, in, and as Science Content

The work of science is a linguistic act. However, like history and philosophy of science, language has frequently been isolated from science content due to factors such as school departmentalization and narrow definitions of what it means to teach, know, and do science. This conceptual article seeks to recognize and recognize—to understand and yet rethink—science content in light of the vision of science expected by academic standards. Achieving that vision requires new perspectives in science teaching and teacher education that look into the role that science language expectations play in science content. These perspectives reposition attention to language from a hidden, overlooked, or outsourced aspect of science teaching, to one at its core. To help bring teachers and teacher educators into this integrative view of science content, this article offers a mirror, a prism, and a lens as three metaphorical tools to explore the essential roles that language plays for, in, and as science content. The reflection, refraction, and refocusing of science content reveal complex science language expectations that function alongside facts, figures, and formulas of science as gatekeeping mechanisms that, once noticed, cannot be ignored or marginalized in science teaching and science teacher education.
Structural Properties of Aqueous Solutions at the (100) and (101) Goethite Surfaces by Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Trace metal concentrations in soils and sediments are often controlled by adsorption to iron oxides such as goethite in both natural and contaminated systems. Because of goethite’s importance as an adsorbent, its interaction with aqueous solutions has been studied extensively. Nonetheless, despite the use of numerous analytical and computational tools, the properties of goethite–aqueous solution interfaces are not fully understood. In this research, we investigate the interaction of water and aqueous NaCl, MgCl2, and BaCl2 solutions ranging in concentration from 0.1 to 4 M, with two goethite surfaces, (100) and (101), using classical molecular dynamics simulation. In the past, the (100) surface has been studied the most because of its simplicity; however, goethite crystals in the environment exhibit other prominent surfaces like the (101) surface which may exhibit very different adsorption properties than the (100) surface. The (100) surface has three surface sites; one is an under-coordinated Fe3+ which ...
Salivary Carcinosarcoma: An Extremely Rare and Highly Aggressive Malignancy

Objectives/hypothesis Carcinosarcomas represent a rare entity of mixed malignant tumors of the salivary gland with limited evidence regarding management strategies. We aim to demonstrate the incidence, prognostic factors, and conduct a survival analysis for this aggressive malignancy. Study design Retrospective database review. Methods The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was queried for all cases of major salivary carcinosarcoma and its incidence from 1973 to 2015 to identify 66 patients. Results The incidence of this tumor was 0.02 cases per 1 million, with a rising number of absolute cases in the past 2 decades. The parotid gland was the most common site (78.8%) of involvement. The 5-year overall survival was 37% and 5-year disease-specific survival was 62%. Surgery was most common management strategy (95.5%), with total parotidectomy and facial nerve sacrifice procedures for those with parotid disease. Radiotherapy was commonly performed (75.8%) and chemotherapy use was rare (18.2%). Patients with distant metastasis had a greater than threefold increase in mortality, and those with total parotidectomy surgery had decreased mortality. Conclusions Carcinosarcomas of major salivary glands are extremely rare and highly aggressive tumors. We recommend prompt surgical management and postoperative radiation for this tumor with a poor prognosis. Level of evidence NA Laryngoscope, 130:E335-E339, 2020.
Application of GATA 3 and TTF-1 in differentiating parathyroid and thyroid nodules on cytology specimens.

Background Differentiating parathyroid from thyroid lesions can be difficult on fine-needle aspiration (FNA) due to overlapping cytomorphologic features. While the traditional parathyroid hormone (PTH) assays can help in the distinction, these tests may be cumbersome, particularly when the lesion is unexpected clinically and a needle wash is not collected at the time of FNA. Therefore, we chose to investigate the application of immunohistochemical staining (IHC) with GATA 3 and thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) on air-dried cytology smears to distinguish parathyroid and thyroid lesions. Methods Air-dried touch preparation (TP) slides were prepared from consecutively selected parathyroid and thyroid specimens. Thirteen FNA cases with the clinical concern for parathyroid lesions were also included in the study. IHC was performed on unstained and ultrafast Papanicolaou (UFP) stained air-dried slides. Results On TP slides, GATA 3 expression was observed in all cases of parathyroid origin but no immunoreactivity was present in thyroid lesions. TTF-1 expression was observed in all cases of thyroid origin but not in parathyroid lesions. GATA 3 and TTF-1 expression of 13 FNA cases were consistent with the clinical impression or concurrent PTH tests. Conclusions IHC with GATA 3 and TTF-1 on air-dried cytology smears is a simple and effective way to differentiate parathyroid vs thyroid lesions on FNA. Air-dried unstained and UFP-stained slides perform equally well with IHC, but UFP-stained slides provide the added benefit of morphologic evaluation and assessment of smear cellularity prior to IHC.
The Pim-1 Kinase Is a Direct Target of the Hoxa-9 Homeodomain Protein and a Mediator of Hoxa-9’s Effects on Hematopoiesis.

The Hoxa-9 homeodomain protein exerts dramatic effects in hematopoiesis. Loss of Hoxa-9 function in blood cells severely inhibits proliferation of primitive hematopoietic cells and impairs in vivo hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function. The defects in Hoxa-9−/− animals are more striking than any other single or compound Hox mutation reported to date, and more dramatic than that seen in animals lacking the entire Hoxb cluster of homeobox genes, presumably because Hoxa-9 is one of the most highly expressed members of the 39-member Hox gene family in HSC. Conversely, enforced expression of Hoxa-9 markedly enhances the proliferation of primitive blood cells, expands HSC and leads inevitably to a fatal acute myeloid leukemia in mice. Despite these potent biological effects, the pathways by which Hoxa-9 acts in blood cells are unknown, and although Hoxa-9 is a DNA-binding transcription factor, no direct physiologic target genes have been identified in hematopoietic cells. Our previous gene expression profiling studies suggested that Hoxa-9 positively regulates the Pim-1 serine-threonine kinase, an oncogene with important antiapoptotic and pro-proliferative effects in blood cells. In addition, the hematological phenotypes of Hoxa-9 and Pim-1 deficient animals are strikingly similar, and include a blunted response to myeloid cytokines, T- and B-cell defects, and microcytosis of red blood cells. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we show that Hoxa-9 protein binds directly to the Pim-1 promoter/enhancer region in hematopoietic cells. Enforced expression of Hoxa-9 significantly induces Pim-1 mRNA and protein in blood cells in a DNA-binding dependent manner. Furthermore, Pim-1 protein levels are diminished in lin- blood cells from Hoxa-9−/ − fetal liver, showing that Hoxa-9 is required to maintain normal levels of Pim-1 in primitive hematopoietic cells. By real-time PCR, we find that Hoxa-9 and Pim-1 mRNA levels track together in highly purified subpopulations of long-term and short-term HSC and in common myeloid and granulocyte-monocytes progenitors (CMP/GMP). Induction of Pim-1 protein by Hoxa-9 significantly increases the phosphorylation and inactivation of the pro-apoptotic BAD protein, a known target of the Pim-1 kinase. Hoxa-9−/ − marrow cells show increased levels of apoptosis and decreased cell cycle progression and proliferation compared to wild-type cells, and these defects are significantly improved by the re-introduction of Pim-1. These data provide strong evidence that Pim-1 is a direct transcriptional target of Hoxa-9 and a key mediator of its antiapoptotic and pro-proliferative effects on primitive hematopoietic cells. Since Hoxa-9 is upregulated in many cases of human acute myeloid leukemia, Pim-1 may serve as a useful therapeutic target in Hoxa-9 driven leukemias.
Community sentiment following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill disaster: A test of time, systemic community, and corrosive community models

Abstract A fundamental concern in the social science scholarship on disasters is understanding community impacts and recovery as a social process. This study examines community sentiment in the aftermath 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill (DHOS), including the influence of time and the explanatory utility of two major theoretical perspectives—the systemic community model and the corrosive community model—in predicting community sentiment in the context of this disaster. Specifically, our objectives are to assess how community sentiment in the wake of the DHOS: 1) changes over time; 2) is related to the systemic model; and 3) is related to the corrosive model. To meet these objectives, we analyze four waves of data from a unique repeated cross-sectional household survey data—the Louisiana Community Oil Spill Survey (COSS)—collected between 2010 and 2013. Our results demonstrate that 1) accounting for other factors, community sentiment community sentiment was significantly greater in later time periods compared to 2010, and 2) the simultaneous and complimentary utility of the systemic and corrosive community frameworks for understanding community sentiment in the wake of the DHOS.
Diverse nanostructures underlie thin ultra-black scales in butterflies.

Recently, it has been shown that animals such as jumping spiders, birds, and butterflies have evolved ultra-black coloration comparable to the blackest synthetic materials. Of these, certain papilionid butterflies have reflectances approaching 0.2%, resulting from a polydisperse honeycomb structure. It is unknown if other ultra-black butterflies use this mechanism. Here, we examine a phylogenetically diverse set of butterflies and demonstrate that other butterflies employ simpler nanostructures that achieve ultra-black coloration in scales thinner than synthetic alternatives. Using scanning electron microscopy, we find considerable interspecific variation in the geometry of the holes in the structures, and verify with finite-difference time-domain modeling that expanded trabeculae and ridges, found across ultra-black butterflies, reduce reflectance up to 16-fold. Our results demonstrate that butterflies produce ultra-black by creating a sparse material with high surface area to increase absorption and minimize surface reflection. We hypothesize that butterflies use ultra-black to increase the contrast of color signals. Nature has developed the ability to produce a wide range of optical effects most notably in the butterfly wing. Here, the authors report on the analysis of the structures responsible for ultra-black coloration across different butterflies and combine this with modelling to identify the key characteristics
Experimental Methods I: The Anatomically Well-Defined Wound

The experimental space that is most suitable for a study of induced organ regeneration consists of a volume of freshly injured tissue, generated by excising all nonregenerative tissues (typically stroma), which is marked by unambiguous anatomical boundaries, and is physically contained to prevent loss of wound exudate and entry of extraneous tissues or bacteria. These characteristics define the anatomically well-defined wound, referred to also as “defect” in this volume. With skin, the full-thickness excisional skin wound (dermis-free defect) in the rodent or the swine satisfies these criteria. In the peripheral nerve, the fully transected nerve (sciatic, typically) in the rat or mouse, with stumps separated by a critical gap length is a widely used defect that satisfies these criteria. The partial thickness or incisional skin wounds and the hemisectioned nerve trunk do not meet the criteria for an anatomically well-defined defect.
The Effect of Alcohol Consumption on Geriatric Trauma Outcomes.

Abstract Background There is little consensus in the literature regarding the effect of ethanol intoxication on trauma outcomes. Data on its effect in the elderly are even sparser. Our aim was to better define the impact of alcohol use in the geriatric trauma population. Materials and methods We conducted a retrospective review at a level I trauma center looking at admissions from January 2015 through December 2018. Patients were grouped by age: 15-64 y old (YOUNG) versus ≥ 65 y old (OLD). Blood alcohol content (BAC) ≤0.10 g/dL was ETOH (−), and BAC >0.10 g/dL was ETOH (+). These were then propensity matched by injury severity score and mechanism of injury. Fisher's exact test and linear regression were applied as appropriate. Significance was defined as P Results There were 8754 patients admitted during the study time frame. A total of 6106 patients were YOUNG and 2647 were OLD. A total of 146 (5.5%) OLD patients were ETOH (+), whereas 1488 (24.4%) YOUNG patients were ETOH (+) (P Conclusions Higher mortality and morbidity is unsurprising in geriatric trauma patients; however, alcohol does not appear to play a significant role in these outcomes.
Glial Activation as a Common Denominator in Neurodegenerative Disease: A Hypothesis in Neuropathophysiology

The presence of large numbers of activated microglia and astroglia (gliosis) is a hallmark of neurodegeneration. However, neither the molecular impetus for glial activation in neurodegeneration nor its consequences are understood. Glial proliferation and hypertrophy may be found in diverse neurodegenerative conditions: vascular insufficiency, as in stroke (Garcia, 1992); trauma, as in dementia pugilistica (Corsellis et al., 1973) and experimentally induced central nervous system (CNS) lesions (Rio-Hortega and Penfield, 1927; Cavanaugh, 1970; Bigmami and Dahl, 1976; Latov et al., 1979); exposure to infectious agents, as in AIDS (Navia et al., 1986; Budka et al., 1987; Wiley et al., 1991) and scrapie (Diedrich et al., 1991); genetic defects, as in trisomy 21 (Down’s syndrome) (Meyer et al., 1939; Wisniewski et al., 1985; Griffin et al., 1989) and familial Alzheimer’s disease (Murphy and Ellis, 1991); and unknown agents, as in sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (Schechter et al., 1981; Mancardi et al., 1983; Griffin et al., 1989; Delacourte, 1990; Mandybur and Chuirazzi, 1990; Diedrich et al., 1991; Frederickson, 1992). Although gliosis is the common thread in these neurodegenerative diseases, most studies have focused on other neuropathophysiological features. For example, the severe gliosis that accompanies the neuronal and extracellular alterations in dementia pugilistica has been recognized for some time (Corsellis et al., 1973), but the distribution of activated glia and glia-derived cytokines in this disorder is only now under investigation (G.W. Roberts, personal communication).
Barrett’s esophagus after sleeve gastrectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background and Aims Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) has become significantly more common in recent years. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a major concern in patients undergoing SG and is the major risk factor for Barrett’s esophagus (BE). We aimed to assess the prevalence of BE in patients who had undergone SG. Methods We searched the major search engines ending in July 2020. We included studies on patients who had undergone esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) after SG. The primary outcome was the prevalence of BE in patients who had undergone SG. We assessed heterogeneity using I2 and Q statistics. We used funnel plots and the classic fail-safe test to assess for publication bias. We used random-effects modeling to report effect estimates. Results Our final analysis included 10 studies that included 680 patients who had undergone EGD 6 months to 10 years after SG. The pooled prevalence of BE was 11.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.1%-16.4%; P Conclusions The prevalence of BE in patients who had EGD after SG appears to be high. There was no correlation with GERD symptoms. Most cases were observed after 3 years of follow-up. Screening for BE should be considered in patients after SG even in the absence of GERD symptoms postoperatively.
Expressivist Moral Abolitionism

Moral abolitionists argue that ordinary moral discourse has downsides substantial enough to warrant abandoning the discourse in favour of some replacement(s). Their most common critique is that the...
The Marginal Utility of Inequality : A Global Examination across Ethnographic Societies

Despite decades of research, we still lack a clear explanation for the emergence and persistence of inequality. Here we propose and evaluate a marginal utility of inequality hypothesis that nominates circumscription and environmental heterogeneity as independent, necessary conditions for the emergence of intragroup material inequality. After coupling the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (SCCS) with newly generated data from remote sensing, we test predictions derived from this hypothesis using a multivariate generalized additive model that accounts for spatial and historical dependence as well as subsistence mode. Our analyses show that the probability a society will be stratified increases significantly as a function of proxies of environmental heterogeneity and environmental circumscription. This supports the hypothesis that increasing environmental heterogeneity and circumscription drives the emergence and persistence of inequality among documented societies across the globe. We demonstrate how environmental heterogeneity and circumscription produce situations that limit individuals' options so that some may find it in their best interest to give up some autonomy for material gain, while others may find it in their best interest to give up some material resources for another individual's time or deference. These results support the marginal utility of inequality framework and enable future explorations of the ecological conditions that facilitate the emergence of intragroup inequality through time and across the globe.
Lycopene: A Critical Review of Digestion, Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion

Lycopene is a non-provitamin A carotenoid that exhibits several health benefits. Epidemiological data support a correlation between lycopene intake and the attenuation of several chronic diseases, including certain types of cancers and cardiovascular diseases. It is currently unknown whether the beneficial effects are from the native structure of lycopene or its metabolic derivatives: lycopenals, lycopenols, and lycopenoic acids. This literature review focuses on the current research on lycopene digestion, absorption, metabolism, and excretion. This review primarily focuses on in vivo studies because of the labile nature and difficulty of studying carotenoids within in vitro experimental models. The studies presented address tissue accumulation of lycopene, the modification of bioavailability due to genetic and dietary factors, and lycopene cleavage by the enzymes s-carotene oxygenase 1 (BCO1) and s-carotene oxygenase 2 (BCO2). The current literature suggests that the majority of lycopene is cleaved eccentrically by BCO2, yet further research is needed to probe the enzymatic cleavage activity at the tissue level. Additionally, results indicate that single nucleotide polymorphisms and dietary fat influence lycopene absorption and thus modify its health effects. Further research exploring the metabolism of lycopene, the mechanisms related to its health benefits, and optimal diet composition to increase the bioavailability is required.
SARS -CoV-2 T-cell immunity to variants of concern following vaccination

Recently, two mRNA vaccines to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS- CoV-2) have become available, but there is also an emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with increased transmissibility and virulence 1-6 . A major concern is whether the available vaccines will be equally effective against these variants. The vaccines are designed to induce an immune response against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 7, 8 , which is required for viral entry to host cells 9 . Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is often evaluated by antibody production, while less is known about the T-cell response. Here we developed, characterized, and implemented two standardized, functional assays to measure T-cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in uninfected, convalescent, and vaccinated individuals. We found that vaccinated individuals had robust T-cell responses to the wild type spike and nucleocapsid proteins, even more so than convalescent patients. We also found detectable but diminished T-cell responses to spike variants (B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and B.1.1.248) among vaccinated but otherwise healthy donors. Since decreases in antibody neutralization have also been observed with some variants 10-12 , investigation into the T-cell response to these variants as an alternative means of viral control is imperative. Standardized measurements of T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 are feasible and can be easily adjusted to determine changes in response to variants.
The Clock:cycle complex is a major transcriptional regulator of Drosophila photoreceptors that protects the eye from retinal degeneration and oxidative stress

The aging eye experiences physiological changes that include decreased visual function and increased risk of retinal degeneration. Although there are transcriptomic signatures in the aging retina that correlate with these physiological changes, the gene regulatory mechanisms that contribute to cellular homeostasis during aging remain to be determined. Here, we integrated ATAC-seq and RNA-seq data to identify 61 transcription factors that showed differential activity in aging Drosophila photoreceptors. These 61 age-regulated transcription factors include two circadian regulators, Clock and cycle, that showed sustained increases in activity during aging. When we disrupted Clock activity in adult photoreceptors, we observed changes in expression of 15 - 20% of genes including key components of the phototransduction machinery and many eye-specific transcription factors. Using ATAC-seq, we showed that loss of Clock activity leads to changes in activity of 31 transcription factors and causes a progressive decrease in global levels of chromatin accessibility in photoreceptors. Supporting a key role for Clock-dependent transcription in the eye, disruption of Clock activity in photoreceptors also induced light-dependent retinal degeneration and increased oxidative stress, independent of light exposure. Together, our data suggests that the circadian regulators Clock and cycle act as neuroprotective factors in the aging eye by directing gene regulatory networks that maintain expression of the phototransduction machinery and counteract oxidative stress.
Harmonizing regulatory regimes for the governance of patient-generated health data

Abstract Patient-generated health data (PGHD), created and captured from patients via wearable devices and mobile apps, are proliferating outside of clinical settings. Examples include sleep trackers, fitness trackers, continuous glucose monitors, and RFID-enabled implants, with many additional biometric or health surveillance applications in development or envisioned. These data are included in growing stockpiles of personal health data (PHI) being mined for insight by health economists, policy analysts, researchers, and health system organizations. Dominant narratives position these highly personal data as valuable resources to transform healthcare, stimulate innovation in medical research, and engage individuals in their health and healthcare. Large tech companies are also increasingly implicated in these areas, through mobile health application sales and data acquisitions. Given the many possible uses and users for PGHD, ensuring privacy, security, and equity of benefits from PGHD will be challenging. This is due in part to disparate regulatory policies and practices across technology firms, health system organizations, and health researchers. Rapid developments with PGHD technologies and the lack of harmonization between regulatory regimes may render existing safeguards to preserve patient privacy and control over their PGHD ineffective, while also failing to guide PGHD-related innovation in socially desirable directions. Using a policy regime lens to explore these challenges, we examine three existing data protection regimes relevant to PGHD in the United States that are currently in tension with one another: federal and state health-sector laws, regulations on data use and reuse for research and innovation, and industry self-regulation of consumer privacy by large tech companies. We argue that harmonization of these regimes is necessary to meet the challenges of PGHD data governance. We next examine emerging governing instruments, identifying three types of structures (organizational, regulatory, technological/algorithmic), which synergistically could help enact needed regulatory oversight while limiting the friction and economic costs of regulation that may hinder innovation. This policy analysis provides a starting point for further discussions and negotiations among stakeholders and regulators to do so.
SODA: A Computer Aided Design Environment for the Doing and Learning of Software Design

SODA (Software Design Laboratory) is a Design Support Environment (DSE) that supports novice programmers learning software design skills. SODA is based on a formal model of software design derived from studies of expert programmers. SODA explicitly supports students in this model of software design through a series of integrated workspaces and an explicit process model. In addition to supporting students doing software design, SODA also supports students learning software design skills through scaffolding that encourages articulation and reflection on the design process.
Smarter planet: empower people with information insights

We are all now connected economically, technically and socially. Our planet is becoming smarter. Infusing intelligence into the way the world literally works the systems and processes that enable physical goods to be developed, manufactured, bought and sold services to be delivered everything from people and money to oil, water and electrons to move and billions of people to work and live. All these become possible via information integration scattering in many different data sources: from the sensors, on the web, in our personal devices, in documents and in databases, or hidden within application programs. Information is exploding with large amount of data generated every second. It creates many challenges in securely storing, managing, integrating, cleansing, analyzing and governing the massive generated information besides the privacy issue. This can be a difficult or time consuming endeavor. This talk describes some information-intensive tasks, choosing examples from such areas as healthcare, science, the business world and our personal lives. I will discuss the barriers to getting information together, delivering it to the people that need it, in a form they can understand, analyzing the diverse spectrum of information, giving insights to the decision makers. I will review key research on information integration and information interaction, indicate how the combination may enable real progress, and illustrate where research challenges remain.
Lithium Butyl(3‐methoxy‐3‐methyl‐1‐butynyl)cuprate

(1; R = n-Bu) [66777-74-0] C10H18CuLiO (MW 224.77) InChI = 1S/C6H9O.C4H9.Cu.Li/c1-5-6(2,3)7-4;1-3-4-2;;/h2-4H3;1,3-4H2,2H3;; InChIKey = FSPBVAWFBNDBQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2; R = t-Bu) [66777-76-2] InChI = 1S/C6H9O.C4H9.Cu.Li/c1-5-6(2,3)7-4;1-4(2)3;;/h2-4H3;1-3H3;; InChIKey = ARGRIHJPGABWRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N (mixed cuprate butyl transfer agents) Preparative Method: these reagents are prepared in situ by deprotonation of 3-methoxy-3-methyl-1-butyne with tert-Butyllithium 1, followed by addition of Copper(I) Iodide 1 and then either tert-Butyllithium 1 or n-butyllithium.1 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: air- and moisture-sensitive; use in a fume hood.
UVA-ketoprofen–induced Hemoglobin Radicals Detected by Immuno–spin Trapping¶

Ketoprofen (3-benzoyl-α-methylbenzeneacetic acid, KP) is a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that causes both phototoxicity and photoallergy. Here, we investigated the formation of hemoglobin radicals, in both purified hemoglobin and red blood cells (RBC), induced by ultraviolet A (UVA)–KP by using “immuno–spin trapping,” a novel approach that combines the specificity of spin trapping with the sensitivity of antigen–antibody interactions. The methemoglobin (metHb) radicals react covalently with 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) to form nitroxyl radical adducts that are oxidized to the corresponding nitrone adducts, which in turn are specifically recognized by antiserum against DMPO nitrone. We found that the formation of nitrone adducts in metHb depended on the UVA dose, the KP concentration and the presence of DMPO, as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting. Adduct formation decreased when irradiation was carried out in the presence of catalase or nitrogen, suggesting that H2O2 plays a key role in KP-UVA–induced metHb radical formation. KP in the dark did not generate metHb radical–derived nitrone adducts, whereas UVA alone resulted in the formation of metHb radical–derived nitrone adducts that increased with UVA dose from 4 to 10 J/cm2. However, KP (25 and 200 μM) plus UVA (4 and 10 J/cm2) resulted in a significant increase in the formation of metHb radical–derived nitrone adducts as compared with UVA or KP alone, indicating that KP photosensitized the production of the metHb radicals in the presence of UVA. In contrast, no metHb radical–derived nitrone adduct was detected in the absence of DMPO, even though KP and UVA were present. We also detected the hemoglobin radical formation in RBC as well as in hemolysates. The endogenous antioxidants and exogenous reduced glutathione inhibited the protein radical formation. These studies have shown that the immuno–spin-trapping technique can be used to detect radical damage in proteins as a result of photosensitizing reactions. The successful detection of protein radical formation caused by KP photosensitization could help further understand the photoallergic effect of this NSAID.