cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EMPIRICALLY DERIVED HEURISTICS TO ASSIST DESIGNERS WITH SATISFYING CONSUMER VARIATION IN PRODUCT DESIGN

With markets becoming increasingly heterogeneous, design firms have strived to develop solutions to address the variation between consumers. This has led to the development of different design methodologies and tools, handling tasks from scoping of the problem to assisting with individual design steps. However, a limited amount of work has been done in identifying heuristics that can be used by designers to facilitate identifying viable concepts to meet different types of consumer variation. This work examines a range of product categories and individual products to identify how different types of consumer variation are addressed. Heuristics are then developed by examining the correlations between the solution and variation. Further, consumer variation that is not addressed is noted as well. These heuristics are intended to be used in the early stages of design to assist designers with the problem of addressing consumer variation.
Tracking human travel using stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope analyses of hair and urine

The stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions of organic samples are increasingly being used to investigate patterns of animal migration. Relatively few studies have applied these techniques to modern humans, despite a variety of potential forensic applications. We analyzed drinking water and food at two geographic locations, East Greenbush, New York (USA) and Fairbanks, Alaska (USA), with different δ18O and δD values for precipitation and tap water. Foods varied widely in measured δ18O and δD values, but not systematically by purchase location. We measured δ18O and δD values of scalp hair from five residents at each location. We used a mixing model to establish the proportion of oxygen and hydrogen in head hair derived from drinking water (∼27% and ∼36%, respectively). Finally, we analyzed the δ18O and δD values of facial hair and urine from a subject who traveled from Fairbanks to East Greenbush, on to the UK and back to Fairbanks. Urine δ18O and δD values responded immediately and strongly to travel-related change in drinking water, and were well described by a single-pool turnover model. Beard hair δ18O values tracked changes in urine δ18O closely, and oscillated between the values for the resident populations in both locations. In contrast, beard hair δD values did not track changes in urine δD as well, and retained a signature of the traveler's permanent residence. Our findings show that the δ18O and δD values of urine and facial hair (specifically δ18O) can provide a record of the geographical movements of humans. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electron microscopic observations of the delayed effects of spinal cord compression.

Abstract The spinal cord of cats was compressed by means of a weighted pressor foot placed on the dural surface of the thoracic spinal cord. Following injury the animals were allowed to survive from 2 hr to 60 days. The cord was then examined using light and electron microscopic techniques. A weight of 300 gm placed over the pressor foot for 5 min resulted in partial paralysis of the hind limbs. Histologically, regions of hemorrhage were noted in the central gray and lateral and dorsal white matter by 2 hr survival. Mononuclear leukocytes and plasma cells appeared in the traumatized area by 2 days, increasing in number until 7–14 days. By 60 days survival, the traumatized area contained mostly phagocytes and the processes of large glial astrocytes. Alterations in the axoplasm of axons was noted as early as 2 hr but fragmentation of the myelin sheath took up to 2 days. Phagocytosis of myelin fragments was still taking place at 60 days survival. Axonal sprouts accompanied by neurolemma cells were observed between 7 and 14 days. These sprouts probably arose from the injured dorsal root. The compression model used in these studies produces a uniform injury and is easily applied. Using this model it was shown that an inflammatory response occurs following a compressive cord injury.
Words: blocks, amoebas, or patches of fog? Artificial intelligence and the conceptual foundations of fuzzy logic

Words are the fundamental carriers of information. Words that refer to numbers stand apart from all other words in one respect: Numbers are concepts that lend themselves to spatial representations with exact contours. Yet the verbal definition of numbers, through which their meaning is defined, shares in a property common to all words: their verbal definition cannot be given a spatial representation with exact contours. In that definitional respect, words are not even comparable to amoebas which, although they constantly change their shapes, have clear boundaries. Words are best to be likened to patches of fog that not only change but have no strict boundaries. While this does not land all discourse in the realm of half-truths, it sets basic limits to what can be achieved by fuzzy logic and programs of artificial intelligence.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Testing an Integrated Model of Advice Giving in Supportive Interactions.

Viewing supportive communication as a multistage process, the present study proposed and tested an integrated model of advice giving, which specifies three sequential moves in supportive interactions involving advice: emotional support, problem inquiry and analysis, and advice. Seven hundred and fifty-two participants read and responded to a hypothetical scenario in which they received advice from a friend. Results of the study showed that advice that was offered following the moves of emotional support and problem inquiry and analysis was judged to be higher in quality than advice that did not follow this sequential pattern.
Improvement of various properties of fiber surfaces containing crosslinked polyethylene glycols

Modification of a variety of fabric and fibrous surfaces was achieved by insolubilization thereon of crosslinked polythylene glycols (called POLYTHERM) to impart several useful properties: thermal storage and release, improved resiliency and resistance to oily soiling, static charge, pilling, wear life, and marked increases in hydrophilicity among them. Moreover, these improved properties were durable because up to 70% of the crosslinked polyol was retained after 50 launderings. Such modification was achieved by using average molecular weights of the polyols ranging from 600 to 20,000 by crosslinking with polyfunctional methylolamides (such as DMDHEU) in the presence of acid catalysts by a conventional pad-dry-cure textile finishing procedure. The role of crosslink density of the polyol in determining textile properties was determined by evaluation of films derived from crosslinking the polyols and comparison of selected properties.
A grounded theory exploration of deliberate self-harm in incarcerated women

The purpose of this study was to explicate a definition of deliberate self-harm (DSH) and present a model that illustrates the DSH process as experienced by incarcerated women. Grounded theory was used to guide the collection and analysis of data. A circular process of DSH emerged. For the incarcerated women in this study anxiety caused a visceral build-up of tension that reached a critical level necessitating a need to act in some way to gain relief. DSH supplied the mechanism by which overwhelming tension was released. The temporary relief, however, was soon supplanted by the negative consequences of disciplinary detention imposed as a means of punishment that in turn, lead to more anxiety and anger. Implications: Nurses practicing in corrections need to work towards “decriminalizing” DSH and to develop a prison protocol that gives nurses permission to “just listen” and incarcerated women permission to “just talk” without fear of reprisal.
Amino acid composition of human and guinea pig blood proteins, and ovarian proteins of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti; and their effects on the mosquito egg production

Abstract 1. 1. Amino acid composition of human and guinea pig blood proteins, and ovarian proteins of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti was analyzed. 2. 2. The lower isoleucine content in human hemoglobin possibly caused the lower egg production by A. aegypti following feeding on human than guinea pig blood. 3. 3. Supplementation of human red blood cell or whole blood with isoleucine resulted in a greater egg production per mg of ingested medium than when fed human red blood cell or whole blood alone.
Lytic bacteriophages: Potential interventions against enteric bacterial pathogens on produce

Foodborne illnesses resulting from the consumption of produce commodities contaminated with enteric pathogens continue to be a significant public health issue. Lytic bacteriophages may provide an effective and natural intervention to reduce bacterial pathogens on fresh and fresh-cut produce commodities. The use of multi-phage cocktails specific for a single pathogen has been most frequently assessed on produce commodities to minimize the development of bacteriophage insensitive mutants (BIM) in target pathogen populations. Regulatory approval for the use of several lytic phage products specific for bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in foods and on food processing surfaces has been granted by various agencies in the US and other countries, possibly allowing for the more widespread use of bacteriophages in the decontamination of fresh and minimally processed produce. Research studies have shown lytic bacteriophages specific for E. coli O157:H7, ...
Physical Association of the K3 Protein of Gamma-2 Herpesvirus 68 with Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Molecules with Impaired Peptide and β2-Microglobulin Assembly

To persist in the presence of an active immune system, viruses encode proteins that decrease expression of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules by using a variety of mechanisms. For example, murine gamma-2 herpesvirus 68 expresses the K3 protein, which causes the rapid turnover of nascent class I molecules. In this report we show that certain mouse class I alleles are more susceptible than others to K3-mediated down regulation. Prior to their rapid degradation, class I molecules in K3-expressing cells exhibit impaired assembly with β 2 -microglobulin. Furthermore, K3 is detected predominantly in association with class I molecules lacking assembly with high-affinity peptides, including class I molecules associated with the peptide loading complex TAP/tapasin/calreticulin. The detection of K3 with class I assembly intermediates raises the possibility that molecular chaperones involved in class I assembly are involved in K3-mediated class I regulation.
Condensation of primary silanes in the presence of Cp2MCl2/nBuLi (M Ti, Zr, Hf)

The condensation of RSiH3 (R  Ph, nBu, nHex) to silicon oligomers in the presence of the catalyst precursor combination Cp2MCl2/2nBuLi (M  Ti, Zr, Hf) has been monitored by gas chromatography and the intermediate oligomers characterized by GC-MS. The average molecular weights of the isolated products from PhSiH3 depend on the catalyst and increase through the sequence, Hf < Ti < Zr, to a maximum of about 1800 for reactions conducted at room temperature. In the condensation of alkylsilanes linear oligomers are produced in the initial stages of the reaction and as the reaction continues cyclic polysilanes are formed with increasing numbers of isomers as the number of silicon atoms increases. A large rate difference is observed in the formation of the diastereomers of the tetrasilane produced from PhSiH3 for all three catalysts. For reactions conducted at 50°C both diastereomers of H(nBuSiH)4H are produced in equal amounts throughout the reaction period for M  Ti but at different rates for M  Zr and only one diastereomer is observed for M  Hf. The observations are discussed in terms of chain growth through sigma-bond metathesis processes.
MOUNTAIN EFFECT ON THE MOTION IN THE ATMOSPHERE'S BOUNDARY LAYER

An analysis of 3 years' (1967–70) radiosonde wind data on the windward (Salt Lake City, Utah) and lee (Denver, Colorado) sides of mountains indicates that at these two stations: (1) the distributions of the kinetic energy of the mean and turbulent motions are similar above the mountain top; (2) below the mountain top, on the windward side, mountains tend to divert the component of the mean motion normal to the mountains to that parallel to the mountains; (3) the meridional eddy transport of westerly momentum is affected by the presence of the mountains to a higher level to the lee of the mountains than upwind of them; (4) the production of turbulent energy is higher below the mountain top in the vicinity of mountains than it is for the zonal average; (5) high frequencies of the motion show a more pronounced contribution in the meridional motion in the windward side, but in the zonal motion in the lee of the mountains; (6) disturbances of 1–2 day periods can be maintained deep into the valley, whereas disturbances of longer periods reduce their amplitudes rapidly with decreasing height from the mountain top; (7) the cospectra of the wind velocities show that the southward/northward transport of westerly momentum results from a southward/northward contribution from most frequencies. The main contributions come from eddies with periods longer than two days.
Human gingival and pulpal blood flow during healing after Le Fort I osteotomy.

Abstract Purpose: The occurrence of a hypervascular period during healing after orthognathic surgery has not been investigated rigorously in human pulpal and gingival tissues. This study used laser Doppler flowmetry to investigate the effects of Le Fort I osteotomy on maxillary pulpal and gingival blood flow between the first and third week after surgery. Patients and Methods: Pulpal blood flow was recorded in maxillary incisors, and gingival blood flow was assessed from a site slightly apical to the interdental papilla of the maxillary central incisors in 10 patients who were undergoing a Le Fort I osteotomy, 10 patients who were undergoing a mandibular osteotomy, and 10 nonsurgical control subjects who were not undergoing orthodontic treatment. Blood flow measurements were made before surgery and at intervals between 7 and 10 days, 14 and 17 days, and 21 and 24 days after surgery. The nonsurgical control subjects were tested at similar intervals. Results: Baseline gingival and pulpal blood flow values did not differ significantly for the 3 groups. In addition, gingival and pulpal blood flow did not change in the nonsurgical control group. Analysis of the postsurgical change from baseline blood flow values indicated a significant increase in pulpal blood flow in the maxillary surgery patients relative to the patients treated with mandibular surgery. However, no significant group difference was found for gingival blood flow. Conclusions: This study provides evidence that pulpal blood flow is increased between the first and third week after Le Fort I osteotomy, but it did not find a significant change in gingival blood flow. © 2001 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
IL-2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) finds another (dance) partner...TFII-I.

The signals that regulate T cell activation have been studied for some time. We know that upon interaction with antigen/MHC complex, the T cell Receptor (TCR) triggers the activation of a number of kinases, including tyrosine and serine/threonine kinases. The Tec family kinase ITK plays a role in this response, but the signaling pathways it regulates are less well known. Even less well known are its binding partners and substrates. Sacristan and colleagues have now extended the known partners and substrates of ITK by reporting in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, that ITK interacts with the transcriptional regulator TFII-I. The implications of this finding are discussed.
Electroless copper deposition on silicon with titanium seed layer

Abstract The characteristics of the diffusion barrier layer, that prevents copper migration into the silicon substructure, are critical to the successful use of copper as a conductor in integrated circuits (ICs). This paper describes an electroless deposition of Cu on silicon with titanium (Ti) seed layer, which also serves as adhesion promoting layer and barrier layer to Cu diffusion. The deposition rate and surface morphology are studied as a function of different plating parameters such as the concentration of complexing and reducing agent, temperature, deposition time, pH and additive concentration. All the electroless deposits with thickness up to 100 nm were found to adhere well to the substrates. Surface morphology of the deposited films studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed that the roughness and grain size tend to increase with increasing temperature and pH with an optimum being reached at 50 °C and pH 12.5. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that the peak intensity ratio I (1 1 1)/ I (2 0 0) of plated copper increased after thermal annealing at 300 °C for 1 h in N 2 ambient and without any copper diffusion into Ti/SiO 2 interface. The electrical resistivity of copper films as determined by four-probe measurement showed that the resistivity decreased with increasing annealing time and a low resistivity of 2.9 μΩ-cm was obtained after annealing at 300 °C in N 2 ambient for 90 min.
Metabolism and pulmonary toxicity of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT).

Revue de synthese sur le butylhydroxytoluene: metabolisme, toxicite pulmonaire, utilisation en tant qu'outil experimental
Molecular dynamics of potential rRNA binders: single-stranded nucleic acids and some analogues.

By hindering or “silencing” protein translation in vivo, antisense nucleic acid analogues that hybridize to bacterial rRNA could serve as a promising class of antibacterial compounds. Thus, we performed a comparative analysis of the dynamical properties of modified oligonucleotides based upon a sequence 5′r(UGUUACGACU)3′ that is complementary to bacterial ribosomal A-site RNA. In particular, 25 ns explicit solvent molecular dynamics simulations were computed for the following six single-stranded decamers: (1) the above RNA in unmodified form; (2) the 2′-O-methyl-modified RNA; (3) peptide nucleic acid (PNA) analogues of the above sequence, containing either (a) T or (b) U; and (4) two serine-substituted PNAs. Our results show that 2′-O-methylation attenuates RNA backbone dynamics, thereby preventing interconversion between stacked and unstacked conformations. The PNA analogue is rendered less flexible by replacing uracil with thymine; in addition, we found that derivatizing the PNA backbone with serine lea...
Asymmetric information and the brain drain

Within an asymmetric information framework, we investigate the effects of subsidies for return when the size of the foreign student population is endogenous. Given the stability condition and the assumption that the education system is effective in the home country, we show that susidies for return always act to improve the average ability of returning Ph. D. s but the impact upon the number of emigrants is ambiguous. As a consequence, subsidies for return may be ineffective for a general, reasonable government objective function. Also, we show that the number of emigrants with asymmetric information structure may be smaller than the case of symmetric information due to uncertainties present in our model.
Obesity and prostate cancer.

Purpose of review This review provides an update on research into the association between obesity and prostate cancer. Recent findings The US Health Professional Study reported an inverse relationship between risk for prostate cancer and obesity in men under the age of 60 or in those with a positive family history for prostate cancer. Others found no association between obesity and risk for the disease. Regarding detection, obesity does not impact upon measurement of prostate specific antigen as a method of detecting prostate cancer; however, in a referral population there was an inverse association between detection rate and obesity. In three radical prostatectomy series, obesity was associated with worse pathological features and higher biochemical relapse rates. Possible mechanisms for the association between obesity and prostate cancer include the impact on serum testosterone, leptin, insulin-like growth factor I, and interleukin-6 levels. Summary A growing body of evidence suggests that obesity may impact upon risk, detection and outcome with regard to prostate cancer.
A voxel-based lidar method for estimating crown base height for deciduous and pine trees

The overall goal of this study was to develop methods for assessing crown base height for individual trees using airborne lidar data in forest settings typical for the southeastern United States. More specific objectives are to: (1) develop new lidar-derived features as multiband height bins and processing techniques for characterizing the vertical structure of individual tree crowns; (2) investigate several techniques for filtering and analyzing vertical profiles of individual trees to derive crown base height, such as Fourier and wavelet filtering, polynomial fit, and percentile analysis; (3) assess the accuracy of estimating crown base height for individual trees, and (4) investigate which type of lidar data, point frequency or intensity, provides the most accurate estimate of crown base height. A lidar software application, TreeVaW, was used to locate individual trees and to obtain per tree measurements of height and crown width. Tree locations were used with lidar height bins to derive the vertical structure of tree crowns and measurements of crown base height. Lidar-derived crown base heights of individual trees were compared to field observations for 117 trees, including 94 pines and 23 deciduous trees. Linear regression models were able to explain up to 80% of the variability associated with crown base height for individual trees. Fourier filtering used for smoothing the vertical crown profile consistently provided the best results when estimating crown base height.
Relationship of morphine-induced miosis to plasma concentration in normal subjects

The relationship between morphine plasma concentration and pupil diameter was evaluated 2-10 h following intravenous administration of morphine sulfate (10 mg). Seven healthy male volunteers received 10 mg of morphine intravenously following pretreatment for 4 d with either cimetidine (300 mg po four times a day) or placebo in a single blind, balanced crossover study. Pupil diameters were measured directly from contact prints using calipers and a photographed millimeter scale. Cimetidine pretreatment had no significant effect on pupil size either before or after morphine administration or on morphine pharmacokinetics. The relationship between morphine plasma concentration (2-10 h postdose) and pupil diameter was evaluated from the pooled data from both morphine treatment periods by perpendicular least-square regression. In each individual, a strong relationship existed between morphine plasma concentrations and pupil diameter (r = -0.76 to -0.91; p less than 0.05). Weaker correlations for both pupil diameter (r = -0.65; p less than 0.0001) and the absolute change in pupil diameter from baseline (r = 0.72; p less than 0.0001) for the grouped data probably reflect intersubject variation in morphine sensitivity. Thus, the miotic response to an intravenous dose of morphine varies in proportion to morphine plasma concentration.
Identification of sugar beet germplasm EL51 as a source of resistance to post-emergence Rhizoctonia damping-off.

Resistance of sugar beet seedlings to Rhizoctonia damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani has not been described. A series of preliminary characterisations using a single susceptible host and four different R. solani isolates suggested the disease progression pattern was predictable. Two AG-4 isolates and a less virulent AG-2-2 isolate (W22) showed a comparable pattern of disease progression in the growth chamber where disease index values increased for the first 5–6 days, were relatively constant for the next 7–8 days, and declined thereafter. Seedlings inoculated with a highly virulent AG-2-2 isolate (R-1) under the same conditions showed similar patterns for the first 4 days post-inoculation; however disease index values continued to increase until seedling death at 13–14 days. Similar results were observed in the greenhouse, and a small expanded set of other germplasm lines were screened. One tested germplasm accession, EL51, survived seedling inoculation with R. solani AG-2-2 R-1, and its disease progress pattern was characterised. In a field seedling disease nursery artificially inoculated with R. solani AG-2-2 R-1, seedling persistence was high with EL51, but not with a susceptible hybrid. Identification of EL51 as a source of resistance to Rhizoctonia damping-off may allow investigations into the Beta vulgaris–Rhizoctonia solani pathosystem and add value in sugar beet breeding.
Creativity in the Context of Team Diversity: Team Leader Perspectives

In spite of demands for teaming and creative outputs in organizations and for increasing workforce diversity overall, to date researchers have only scratched the surface regarding team creativity a...
A new iud insertion technique utilizing cervical priming with prostaglandin.

Cervical priming with the aid of a single 15-ME-PGF2a vaginal suppository prior to IUD insertion resulted in cervical changes which facilitated the procedure. A 0.5 mg 15(S)-15-prostaglandin F2a methyl ester vaginal suppository was administered one hour prior to the IUD insertion in all patients studied. The insertion was performed in all patients studied. The insertion was performed from seven to seventeen days following the LMP with the exception of four patients with prolonged amenorrhea. A mean increase in cervical dilatation of 2.14 mm was achieved with minimal side effects. The cervical ripening and dilatation produced by the suppository increased the ease of IUD insertion , and expanded the time frame in which an IUD insertion could be performed. The method was well tolerated by all patients and eliminated the nausea and syncope often associated with IUD insertion.
An energy complexity model for algorithms

Energy consumption has emerged as a first class computing resource for both server systems and personal computing devices. The growing importance of energy has led to rethink in hardware design, hypervisors, operating systems and compilers. Algorithm design is still relatively untouched by the importance of energy and algorithmic complexity models do not capture the energy consumed by an algorithm. In this paper, we propose a new complexity model to account for the energy used by an algorithm. Based on an abstract memory model (which was inspired by the popular DDR3 memory model and is similar to the parallel disk I/O model of Vitter and Shriver), we present a simple energy model that is a (weighted) sum of the time complexity of the algorithm and the number of 'parallel' I/O accesses made by the algorithm. We derive this simple model from a more complicated model that better models the ground truth and present some experimental justification for our model. We believe that the simplicity (and applicability) of this energy model is the main contribution of the paper. We present some sufficient conditions on algorithm behavior that allows us to bound the energy complexity of the algorithm in terms of its time complexity (in the RAM model) and its I/O complexity (in the I/O model). As corollaries, we obtain energy optimal algorithms for sorting (and its special cases like permutation), matrix transpose and (sparse) matrix vector multiplication.
Visual and auditory reinforcement of a manipulatory response in the young child

Abstract Children, aged 2–5 years, were given an opportunity to touch a ball and to discover that a touch could result in a short sequence of motion pictures accompanied by music. The reinforcing effects of the visual and auditory stimuli were assessed primarily by the extent to which fixed ratio (FR) schedules of reinforcement controlled rate of response. In one group of 20 Ss assigned to FRs, 15 Ss showed increasing rates of response with advancing ratios. In a second group of 5 Ss maintained on continuous reinforcement (CRF), none showed a progressive increase in rate of response during the session. The data indicate that the stimuli functioned as reinforcers. The findings suggest that manipulatory behaviors, through which the child learns some of the dimensions of his environment, can be maintained by the stimulation resulting from the manipulation.
Risk Factors for Alcohol Relapse Following Orthotopic Liver Transplantation: A Systematic Review

Background: Each year, 5000–6000 individuals undergo orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in the United States, and of these, nearly 18% have alcoholic liver disease. Relapse to alcohol occurs in more than 40% of patients with OLT for alcoholic liver disease. Objectives: We sought to identify factors that predict relapse to alcohol or medication nonadherence following OLT in patients with alcoholic liver disease and to review what randomized clinical interventions have addressed these factors following OLT. Our hypothesis was that there would be factors before and after OLT that predict relapse to alcohol following OLT, and that these,iftargeted,mightimprovesobrietyandassociated outcomes of adherence with medications and appointments. Methods: We performed a review (focusing on articles published since 2004) with PubMed and MEDLINE searches using the following search terms: liver transplantation, recidivism, alcohol relapse, and predictors of alcohol relapse. We supplemented the online searches with manual reviews of article reference lists and selected relevant articles for further review by author consensus. Results: In largely white populations,
Analysis of satellite-observed tropical cloud clusters. I. Wind and dynamic fields

Composited Northern Hemispheric Data Tabulation rawinsonde data has been gathered relative to three classes of satellite-observed tropical weather systems in the Western Pacific (Eq.–18° N) and in the West Indies (∼15–30° N). These systems include the ∼4° wide cloud cluster, the cloud cluster environment (∼2–6° latitude around the cluster center), and the clear region. Information is presented for the years 1967 and 1968. The data gathering philosophy and methodology follows that discussed in a previous report by Williams & Gray (1973). Composited information is presented on individual weather system winds, divergence, vorticity, etc. Emphasis is put on the regional differences between the Western Pacific and the West Indies weather systems. Significant differences exist. The mean cloud cluster vorticity budget is calculated. The horizontal divergence of the vorticity transport is the predominant term in the budget in both regions. It is necessary to hypothesize a large eddy transport of vorticity from the lower to the upper troposphere. Other observational findings are also presented. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1976.tb00689.x
Development of dustbathing in Bobwhite quail. I. Effects of age, experience, texture of dust, strain, and social facilitation.

Variables influencing the development of dustbathing in Bobwhite quail chicks were investigated in 3 studies. Study 1 showed the development to be a complex function of age of the chick, the amount of experience the chick has had with dust, and the texture of the dust. Chicks generally dustbathed at an earlier age in fine than in coarse dust. In Study 2, a different Age x Experience developmental pattern was found for dustbathing in chicks from a different strain of Bobwhite quail. In Study 3, chicks experienced in dustbathing were found to facilitate significantly the development of dustbathing in naive chicks. These studies indicate that the development of dustbathing is not simply age or maturation dependent, but is a function of a number of important variables, both genetic and experiential.
Electrical coupling and impulse propagation in anatomically modeled ventricular tissue

Computer simulations were used to study the role of resistive couplings on flat-wave action potential propagation through a thin sheet of ventricular tissue. Unlike simulations using continuous or periodic structures, this unique electrical model includes random size cells with random spaced longitudinal and lateral connections to simulate the physiologic structure of the tissue. The resolution of the electrical model is ten microns, thus providing a simulated view at the subcellular level. Flat-wave longitudinal propagation was evaluated with an electrical circuit of over 140,000 circuit elements, modeling a 0.25 mm by 5.0 mm sheet of tissue. An electrical circuit of over 84,000 circuit elements, modeling a 0.5 mm by 1.5 mm sheet was used to study flat-wave transverse propagation. Under normal cellular coupling conditions, at the macrostructure level, electrical conduction through the simulated sheets appeared continuous and directional differences in conduction velocity, action potential amplitude and V/spl dot//sub max/ were observed. However, at the subcellular level (10 /spl mu/m) unequal action potential delays were measured at the longitudinal and lateral gap junctions and irregular wave-shapes were observed in the propagating signal. Furthermore, when the modeled tissue was homogeneously uncoupled at the gap junctions conduction velocities decreased as the action potential delay between modeled cells increased. The variability in the measured action potential was most significant in areas with fewer lateral gap junctions, i.e., lateral gap junctions between fibers were separated by a distance of 100 /spl mu/m or more. >
Inbreeding and inbreeding depression in endangered red wolves (Canis rufus).

In natural populations, the expression and severity of inbreeding depression can vary widely across taxa. Describing processes that influence the extent of inbreeding and inbreeding depression aid in our understanding of the evolutionary history of mating systems such as cooperative breeding and nonrandom mate selection. Such findings also help shape wildlife conservation theory because inbreeding depression reduces the viability of small populations. We evaluated the extent of inbreeding and inbreeding depression in a small, re-introduced population of red wolves (Canis rufus )i n North Carolina. Since red wolves were first re-introduced in 1987, pedigree inbreeding coefficients (f) increased considerably and almost every wild born wolf was inbred (average f = 0.154 and max f = 0.383). The large inbreeding coefficients were due to both background relatedness associated with few founders and numerous close relative matings. Inbreeding depression was most evident for adult body size and generally absent for direct fitness measures such as reproductive success and survival; no lethal equivalents (LE = 0.00) were detected in juvenile survival. The lack of strong inbreeding depression in direct measures of fitness could be due to a founder effect or because there were no outbred individuals for comparison. Our results highlight the variable expression of inbreeding depression across traits and the need to measure a number of different traits when evaluating inbreeding depression in a wild population.
Multi-user detection for mutually orthogonal sequences with space-time coding

We exploit the properties of mutually orthogonal (MO) complementary sets and space-time (ST) codes for multi-user communications with spatial diversity. ST codes enable the uncoupling of the data channels from the transmitter to the receiver. The properties of the MO sequences are used to distinguish between the desired user and the interferers. As a result, we achieve a high order of diversity in flat Rayleigh fading channels and the ability to cancel multi-user interference (MUI). When the interferers' received power approaches the received power of the desired user, some performance loss is seen. This degradation resembles the near-far effect with some direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) receivers.
Structural effects of bleaching on tetracycline-stained vital rat teeth.

19. Fusayama ‘r, Terachima S: DifTerentiatiob of two layers of carious dentin by staining. J Dent Res 51:866, 1972. Franc0 SJ, Kelsey WP: Caries removal with and without a disclosing solution of basic fuchsin. Oper Dent 6~46, 1981. Fusayama ‘T, Kurosaki N: Structure and removal of rarious dentin. Int Dent J 22:401, 1972. Ohgushi K. Fusayama T: Electron microscopic structure of the two layers of carious dentin. J Dent Res 54~1019, 1975. Sato Y. Fuaayama T: Removal of dentin by furhsin staining. J Dent Res 55:678, 1976. Shimizu C, Yamashita T, Fusayama T: Carious change of dentin observed on longspan ultrathin sections. J Dent Res 60~1826, 1981. Znnder H.\: Bacteria in the dentin after cavity preparation. Illinois Dent J 9:207, 1940. Seltzer S: The bacteriologic status of dentin after cavity preparation. J Am Dent Assoc 27:1799. 1940. Besic FC: The fate of bacteria sealed in dental cavities. J Dent Res 22~349, 1943. Schouboe ‘I‘, Macdonald JB: Prolonged viability of organisms sealed in dentinal caries. Arch Oral Biol 7:52S, 1962. Lrung RI,. Loesche WJCharbeneau GT: EHect of Dycal on bacteria in deep carious lesions. J Am Dent Assoc 100:193, 1980. King JB, (Irawtord JJ, Lindahl RL: Indirect pulp capping: A 20.
Cost-Effective Treatment of Patients with Symptomatic Cholelithiasis and Possible Common Bile Duct Stones

Background Clinicians must choose a treatment strategy for patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis without knowing whether common bile duct (CBD) stones are present. The purpose of this study was to determine the most cost-effective treatment strategy for patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis and possible CBD stones. Study Design Our decision model included 5 treatment strategies: laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) alone followed by expectant management; preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) followed by LC; LC with intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) ± common bile duct exploration (CBDE); LC followed by postoperative ERCP; and LC with IOC ± postoperative ERCP. The rates of successful completion of diagnostic testing and therapeutic intervention, test characteristics (sensitivity and specificity), morbidity, and mortality for all procedures are from current literature. Hospitalization costs and lengths of stay are from the 2006 National Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services data. The probability of CBD stones was varied from 0% to 100% and the most cost-effective strategy was determined at each probability. Results Across the CBD stone probability range of 4% to 100%, LC with IOC ± ERCP was the most cost-effective. If the probability was 0%, LC alone was the most cost-effective. Our model was sensitive to 1 health input: specificity of IOC, and 3 costs: cost of hospitalization for LC with CBDE, cost of hospitalization for LC without CBDE, and cost of LC with IOC. Conclusions The most cost-effective treatment strategy for the majority of patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis is LC with routine IOC. If stones are detected, CBDE should be forgone and the patient referred for ERCP.
Advances in research on the fragile X syndrome

Fragile X syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder that results from a single gene mutation on the X chromosome. The purpose of this review is to summarize key advances made in understanding the fragile X premutation gene seen in carriers and the full mutation gene seen in persons with the syndrome. DNA testing has replaced cytogenetic testing as the primary method for identification of fragile X, although the efficacy of protein level screening is being explored. The premutation is associated with no effects, although there is evidence of physical effects-primarily premature menopause and mild outward features of the fragile X syndrome-among premutation carriers. There is much controversy regarding premutation effects on psychological development. The few experimental studies carried out to date do not suggest noticeable or significant effects. One challenge in addressing this controversy is the sometimes ambiguous differentiation between premutation and full mutation genes. There is a well-established yet highly variable phenotype of the full mutation. Research from this decade has helped to address specific aspects of this phenotype, including the early course of its development in males, the influence of home and family environments, the nature of social difficulties and autistic features seen in boys and girls with fragile X, and the potential role of hyperarousal or hyper-reactivity. Studies in these areas, and on the role of FMR protein, will contribute towards ongoing advances in our understanding of fragile X syndrome and its mechanisms. The variability in physical, social, and cognitive features, as described in this review, is one that prohibits clear-cut screening guidelines designed to avoid high rates of both false positives and false negatives. Results from recent studies indicate the need to consider behavioral features in selecting candidates for fragile X screening. MRDD Research Reviews 2000;6:96-106.
INFLUENCE OF HYPOTENSION AND HYPOTENSIVE TECHNIQUE ON THE AREA OF PROFOUND REDUCTION IN CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW DURING FOCAL CEREBRAL ISCHAEMIA IN THE RAT

SUMMARY We have studied the effect of induced hypotension on reduction in regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) during middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Rats were anaesthetized with 2% isoflurane. MCAO was performed during four conditions: normotension (mean arterial pressure (MAP) 107 (SD 15) mm Hg); hypovolaemic hypotension (blood withdrawn to reduce MAP to 43 (2) mm Hg); nitroprusside (SNP) hypotension (MAP reduced to 45 (3) mm Hg); isoflurane hypotension (MAP reduced to 44 (3) mm Hg with 3.5 (0.48) % isoflurane). Hypotension was established before MCAO and was maintained for 10 min, at which time the dimension of the brain areas with zero CBF was determined autoradiographically. All hypotensive regimens were associated with significantly larger areas of extreme CBF reduction. In a coronal section at the centre of the MCA distribution, the area with zero CBF (expressed as a percentage of the area of the entire coronal section) was: normotension 4.7 (4.5)%; hypovolaemic hypotension 10.1 (2.8) %; nitro-prusside hypotension 13.5 (2.0)%; and isoflurane hypotension 11.8 (3.9) %. There were no differences between the three hypotensive regimens. The data indicate that when focal cerebral ischaemia occurs during hypotension (MAP 45 mm Hg) induced by any of the three regimens evaluated, extreme CBF reduction occurs over larger areas than are observed during normotension. These data confirm the importance of arterial pressure as a determinant of collateral flow during focal cerebral ischaemia.
Politics, altruism, and the definition of poverty

Abstract The history of poverty lines suggests that they are determined jointly with poverty policy in the same political game. If the definition of poverty is endogenous, however, why do altruistic voters allow poverty to persist indefinitely, as seems to be the case in real life? A simple redistribution model shows that the persistence of poverty imposes fairly strong restrictions on the nature of voter altruism. Specifically, a voter's compassion for the poor must rise as the defined severity of the poverty problem worsens. Given such preferences, political actors face incentives to define poverty as a severe problem and then to use redistribution to reduce it significantly. There is no direct incentive to eliminate poverty, however; indeed, voters may prefer a state in which policy always attacks poverty vigorously and yet never defeats it. It follows that social policy should not be judged by its success in eliminating poverty, which may be directly counter to voter interests and therefore practicall...
5G Network Capacity: Key Elements and Technologies

It has been projected that, in the next decade, a mobile traffic increase on the order of 1,000 times is expected compared to what we experience today. To meet that dramatic traffic growth, next-generation mobile networks are also expected to achieve a 1,000-fold capacity increase compared to the current generation of wireless network deployments. In this article, we discuss how such capacity growth could be achieved in a ten-year time frame. We discuss the techniques that we expect to have the highest opportunity for increasing the system capacity and estimate their gains based on analysis and simulation. We observe that the main driver of capacity growth is expected to come from network architecture advancements, with heterogeneous networks and convergence of information and communication technology being two of the key techniques. We also estimate that the air-interface evolution would focus not only on improving the link and system spectrum efficiency but also on facilitating the required network efficiency improvements. This article provides insights into the communication technology evolution and can be used as a guideline for technology development toward the fifth generation (5G).
Intermediate bosons: weak interaction couriers.

Recent progress toward a complete theory of the weak interactions has led to sharper predictions for the properties of the hypothetical weak-force particles known as intermediate bosons. The history of speculations about intermediate bosons is briefly summarized and the (as yet negative) searches carried out for these particles are reviewed. Prospects for future searches—both direct ad indirect—are surveyed, and the consequences of finding the expected or unexpected are noted.
In Silico Assessment of Nanosecond Pulse Exposures of Cells, Tissues and Organs

We have developed an in silico framework that integrates macro- and microdosimetry models, and incorporates biophysical mechanism models to estimate biochemical change resulting from exposure to nanosecond electrical pulses. This approach provides estimates of conductance changes and biochemical release/uptake within cells, local tissue regions and organs
Performance traditions and motet composition at the convent school at Saint-Cyr

T HE Maison Royale de Saint-Louis at Saint-Cyr, a village to the west of Versailles, was a unique institution. Supported by Louis XIV and his second wife, Madame de Maintenon, this special convent school was steeped in rich musical traditions and possessed its own large repertory of chants and petits motets for use during religious ceremonies. This music not only reflects the status and accomplishments of its female performers, but also features a specific type of petit motet that relies on forms and textures ideally tailored to the needs of the community, and ignores prevailing trends in French sacred music. The surviving sources of this repertory offer a compelling look into the music of the different composers who supervised the musical life of the institution, as well as the roles of tradition and style in their works. The sources also provide an opportunity to trace the development of the petits motets written for Saint-Cyr, and the performing traditions associated with them, from the beginnings of the institution almost to its demise in the aftermath of the French