cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic resonance imaging features of common focal liver lesions in children

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is commonly used to characterize focal liver masses in the pediatric population. MRI is the preferred modality because of its superior contrast resolution and utility for obtaining functional sequences such as diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). MR exams performed with a hepatocyte-specific gadolinium-based contrast agent can characterize focal liver lesions, which helps in differentiating a common benign entity such as focal nodular hyperplasia from other liver pathology when the background liver is normal. The most common benign focal lesion is a hemangioma, and metastases followed by hepatoblastoma are the most common malignant lesions. This article can help radiologists become familiar with the pre- and post-contrast imaging features of common pediatric liver masses.
Secondary Discipline: The Unintended Consequences of Zero Tolerance School Discipline for Low-Income Black and Latina Mothers:

Utilizing ethnographic data from a public Grade 6 to 12 Disciplinary Alternative Education Program (DAEP) in Texas, this article examines the frequently overlooked impact of zero tolerance school d...
Panel Cointegration Techniques and Open Challenges

Abstract This chapter discusses the challenges that shape panel cointegration techniques, with an emphasis on the challenge of maintaining the robustness of cointegration methods when temporal dependencies interact with both cross-sectional heterogeneities and dependencies. It also discusses some of the open challenges that lie ahead, including the challenge of generalizing to nonlinear and time varying cointegrating relationships. The chapter is written in a nontechnical style that is intended to be accessible to nonspecialists, with an emphasis on conveying the underlying concepts and intuition.
Impact of slope on dynamics of running and climbing.

By combining biological studies and modeling work, the dynamics of running on horizontal terrain and climbing pure vertical surfaces have been distilled down to simple reduced order models. These models have inspired distinct control and design considerations for robots operating in each terrain. However, while the extremes are understood, the intermediate regions of moderate slopes have yet to be fully explored. In this paper, we examine how cockroaches vary their behavior as slope is changed from horizontal to vertical, with special care to examine individual leg forces when possible. The results are then compared with a Lateral Leg Spring based (LLS, horizontal running) and Full-Goldman based (FG, vertical running) models. Overall, from the experimental data, there appears to be a continuous shift in the dynamics as slope varies, which is confirmed by similar behaviors exhibited by the LLS and FG models. Finally, by examining the stability and efficiency of the models, it is shown that there are stability limits related to the amount of energy added by the front versus rear legs. This corresponds to the shift in leg usage demonstrated by the biological experiments and may have significant implications for the design and control of multi-modal robotic systems.
Alcohol and secobarbital: effects on information processing.

Most published reports of the effects of drugs on human performance have been empirical and task specific rather than theoretical in conception. For example, alcohol and secobarbital both cause impairment on tasks such as time estimation (Rutschman & Rubenstein, 1966), reaction time (Moskowitz & Roth, 1971; Blum, Stern & Melville, 1964) and verbal retention (Jones, 1973; Evans & Davis, 1969). Yet, alcohol and the barbiturates are not identical, pharmacologically; and it is important to discover whether their similar effects on laboratory tasks result from impairment of different or of the same cognitive processes. One way to address this question is to examine drug effects from the perspective of an information processing model.
Perspective: pathobiological paradigms in pulmonary hypertension, time for reappraisal

For the past 120 years, there has been a progressive evolution of the pathobiological concepts underlying pulmonary hypertension. Conceptual frameworks, build around the paradigms of excessive vasoconstriction (vs. vasodilation) and, more recently, of the cancer-like hypothesis of pulmonary hypertension, have served to consolidate key discoveries; moreover, they have and continue contributing to innovative advances that have been translated into either successful or potential new therapies. However, those frameworks do not fully address the complexity and challenges facing pulmonary hypertension, particularly those involving the marked heterogeneity of disease presentation and the dynamic changes occurring over time in affected tissues and cells. This is particularly relevant in regards to the molecular pathways of pulmonary hypertension; the ever growing understanding of molecular and cellular pathways requires clarification if they drive distinctive pulmonary vascular lesions in a given lung and disease patients with the same group pulmonary hypertension. Novel methodologies and approaches can start dissecting this key challenge in the field as it is critical to address the key angle of heterogeneity of the disease and reappraisal of disease-modifying therapies.
Assessment of an online piloted module targeted toward home-based food operators in Iowa

Understanding safe food practice is important for home‐based food operators to prevent foodborne illness. Earlier work has found that home‐based food operators lack food safety knowledge and may benefit from training that is specifically tailored to their needs. Unfortunately, home‐based food operators may be deterred from enrolling in traditional educational formats due to their busy schedules. The objective of this study was to pilot and evaluate the effectiveness of an online food safety education module for home‐based food operators in Iowa through three learning assessments. Twenty‐one participants enrolled in a blended workshop in which participants completed one online module before attending a face‐to‐face session where they completed the remaining five modules. The effectiveness of the online module was measured by examining the first‐attempt average scores on learning assessments, the number of assessment attempts required to achieve 100%, and the first‐attempt performance by question type. The three learning assessment tools resulted in first‐attempt averages of approximately 86%, 90%, and 83%, surpassing our standard of effectiveness of 75% and showing good potential for the online format. The learning assessment attempt numbers of 4.65, 1.67, and 3.81 showed difficulty with knowledge transfer for some topics. Comprehension and analysis‐style questions had first‐attempt success rates of approximately 85% and 88%, respectively. Scores on knowledge and application‐style questions were lower with first‐attempt success rates of approximately 80% and 75%, respectively. These findings were used to improve the first online module and guide the transition of the remaining five modules to the online format.
Shared genetic etiology underlying late-onset Alzheimer's disease and posttraumatic stress syndrome.

Introduction Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) manifests comorbid neuropsychiatric symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with an increased risk for dementia in late life, suggesting the two disorders may share genetic etiologies. Methods We performed genetic pleiotropy analysis using LOAD and PTSD genome-wide association study (GWAS) datasets from white and African-American populations, followed by functional-genomic analyses. Results We found an enrichment for LOAD across increasingly stringent levels of significance with the PTSD GWAS association (LOAD|PTSD) in the discovery and replication cohorts and a modest enrichment for the reverse conditional association (PTSD|LOAD). LOAD|PTSD association analysis identified and replicated the MS4A genes region. These genes showed similar expression pattern in brain regions affected in LOAD, and across-brain-tissue analysis identified a significant association for MS4A6A. The African-American samples showed moderate enrichment; however, no false discovery rate-significant associations. Discussion We demonstrated common genetic signatures for LOAD and PTSD and suggested immune response as a common pathway for these diseases.
Resilient Autonomous Wind Farms.

With the advent of an increasing number of control strategies that seek to optimize wind turbine performance on a farm level, taking into account individual wind turbine information to achieve wind-farm-level objectives has become an increasingly important goal. Methods for controlling wind turbines on an individual and farm level have experienced significant development, and an abundance of new implementations for gathering and using data from turbines have created potential for novel control mechanisms that can further optimize the performance and delivery characteristics of a wind farm. A key element of making these wind farms more efficient is to develop reliable algorithms that use local sensor information that is already being collected, such as from local meteorological stations, nearby radars, sodars, and lidars, and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) data. Making use of information from all wind turbines in a wind farm can enable such approaches as determining the atmospheric conditions across the farm, improving fault-finding, and ensuring more efficient overall control of farmwide optimizations through mechanisms such as wake steering. However, these approaches typically involve a centralized communications and control center. In order to ensure the resilient operation of the farm, it is necessary to develop an approach that distributes the calculation and communication amongst multiple nodes throughout the farm. In this fashion, a redundant, robust, and secure network can be created, which can tolerate faults in calculation, communication, and even external attacks that seek to disrupt the operation of the wind farm. This paper introduces the use of the Raft-Byzantine-Fault-Tolerant algorithm in the implementation of autonomous control of a wind farm. This implementation will allow for fault tolerance for malfunctioning nodes, sensors, transmitters, and connectors. This approach is equally extensible to account for malicious actors. It will be shown to achieve overall consensus, provided the number of faults/malicious nodes is less than 3n+1, where n is the number of turbine cluster faults that may occur, and to be robust in the face of multiple arbitrary faults.
Photosynthetic efficiency and nutrient physiology of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana at three growth temperatures

Diatom cells utilize a variety of metabolic pathways to cope with internal energy imbalances caused by stressful environmental conditions. In this study, the model diatom species, Thalassiosira pseudonana, was grown in nutrient replete and nitrate (NO3−)- and dissolved silicate (Si)-depleted media at three growth temperatures (4, 17, 28 °C) to determine how nutrient enrichment and temperature affects diatom growth, photosynthetic efficiency, nitrate reductase (NR) enzyme activity, biogenic silica (bSiO2) deposition, and NR gene expression. Growth rates for nutrient-replete cultures were highest at 17 °C. Across all nutrient treatments, the cells grown at 17 °C had an average Fv/Fm of 0.44 ± 0.006, while the cells were grown at 4 °C and 28 °C had an average Fv/Fm of 0.37 ± 0.004 and 0.38 ± 0.01, respectively. Activity of NR was variable across treatments with no significant effect of temperature. The relative expression of the targeted NR gene was, on average, ~ 10 times higher in the 4 °C cultures and ~ 4 times higher in the 28 °C than in the 17 °C cultures, while the activity of the NR enzyme was generally highest in the cultures grown at 17 °C that were enriched with NO3−. Cells grown under nutrient-replete conditions had significantly higher bSiO2 deposition rates at 4 °C than cells grown at 17 and 28 °C. These data support the notion that cold, nutrient-replete conditions lead to increases in diatom silicification and that NR activity may be regulated downstream of mRNA transcription under specific environmental conditions.
Clinical Outcomes of Periprocedural Antithrombotic Therapy in Ischemic Priapism Management.

Abstract Background Priapism is a urologic emergency consisting of a painful erection lasting greater than 4 hours; antithrombotic therapy (ATT) have recently been recommended as an adjunct in the treatment of ischemic priapism. Aim To determine the short- and long-term outcomes of periprocedural ATT in the management of acute ischemic priapism. Methods A retrospective review of patients seen at the University of California, San Francisco, from 2008 to 2019 was carried out to identify those evaluated for acute priapism. Information regarding duration of priapism, etiology, treatment, periprocedural and postprocedural ATT type and dose, and follow-up data was collected. Outcomes ATT use was the exposure of interest; outcome variables included priapism resolution, repeat episodes, long-term complications, and follow-up. Results 70 patients with at least 1 detailed record of an acute priapism episode between 2008 and 2019 were identified. Of the 70 patients who underwent management for an acute episode of priapism, 59 (84%) received intracavernous injection of phenylephrine with or without corporal aspiration. Of the 4 patients who received ATT at the same time as intracavernous injection, none had additional priapism episodes. In the 55 patients who did not receive immediate ATT, 22 (40%) required at least 1 shunting procedure. The 9 patients who received ATT concurrently with shunting experienced less recurrence than the 13 patients who did not receive ATT (11% vs 69%, respectively P = .012). There were no significant differences in long-term erectile dysfunction (P = .627), fibrosis (P = .118), genitourinary pain (P = .474), and urinary issues (P = .158) between those who received ATT and those who did not. Clinical Implications Our findings suggest that ATT has a role in preventing priapism recurrence; we observed that long-term repeat priapism episodes are less frequent in those who received periprocedural ATT compared with those who did not and that ATT may especially reduce recurrence in cases when shunting was required Strengths & Limitations This is the first study looking at the clinical outcomes of periprocedural ATT in the management of ischemic priapism. It is limited by the fact that it is a single-center study, types of ATT were heterogenous, and the exact timing of priapism management could not be measured for everyone. Conclusion In spite of its limitations, these preliminary findings are promising and warrant further exploration of the use of ATT in the management of ischemic priapism. Ramstein JJ, Lee A, Cohen AJ, et al. Clinical Outcomes of Periprocedural Antithrombotic Therapy in Ischemic Priapism Management. J Sex Med 2020;17:2260–2266.
Block copolymer lithography for scalable near-infrared graphene plasmonic devices

Patterning graphene into nanostructures enables the coupling of free space radiation to plasmons in graphene. These plasmons are highly tunable and have been used in such applications as tunable filters and chemical sensors in the THz and mid-infrared ranges, with graphene structures with characteristic dimensions of 15 nm of greater. Here, we will demonstrate that block copolymer based fabrication can create sub 15 nm plasmonically active graphene nanostructures in a scalable, efficient, and repeatable manner. Furthermore, we will report the first measurement of a near-infrared graphene plasmon resonance and discuss some implications for next-generation optoelectrical devices.
616 A novel non-covalent linker peptide with nanomolar affinity for clinical IgG1 antibodies preserves antibody-antigen affinity and drug potency against PDL1+ melanoma when conjugated with DM1

Background Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) increase the efficacy of current chemotherapeutics, decrease off site toxicity, and pair drug function with immunomodulatory effects. Current ADC platforms depend on the use of covalent linker molecules between the antibody and the drug of choice. This approach leads to significant variation in the number of drug molecules bound, the location of their binding, and inconsistency in maintaining the structure and antigen affinity of the antibody. Because of this, covalent-based ADC development requires extensive separation steps to isolate the ideal isotypes of the ADC. This testing and separation must be repeated for each antibody and each drug considered. Here we present a peptide that non-covalently binds multiple clinically relevant IgG1 antibodies at a controlled ratio and location, then demonstrate its use as a modular ADC linker platform. Methods Peptide-antibody and antibody-antigen affinity were determined using Biacore surface plasmon resonance. Peptides conjugated with alexafluor or DM1 were purified using HPLC and structure was confirmed through mass spectrometry. Flow cytometry verified delivery of peptide-atezolizumab conjugates to C1861 PDL1+ melanoma cells. Peptide-DM1 potency was determined in-vitro using a calcein-AM and propridium iodine live/dead cell double staining. Results Antibody-Binding Peptide Linker (APL) was developed from a series of space filling amino acid substitutions at key residues on an 18-mer peptide derived from a hydrophobic pocket on human albumin (figure 1a). A lysine containing tail was added to the C-terminus for conjugation to small molecule therapeutics through amine coupling. APL has nanomolar binding affinity for the fab region of IgG1 antibodies including rituximab (KD= 1.85 × 10-8), bevacizumab (KD= 5.2 × 10-8), trastuzumab (KD= 8.87 × 10-8), and atezolizumab (KD= 3.78 × 10-8) (figure 1b). Kinetic binding models, performed by Biacore surface plasmon resonance, showed a 2:1 association of peptide to antibody. All four antibodies retained their antigen affinity when bound by APL (figure 2a). Labeling of APL with an alexafluor showed delivery to PDL1+ melanoma cells when given bound to the anti-PDL1 antibody atezolizumab (figure 2b). Conjugation of APL with the tubulin inhibitor DM1 (figure 2c) resulted in a drug conjugated peptide that retained the potency of the drug itself (figure 2d). Conclusions Antibody-Binding Peptide Linker (APL) non-covalently binds clinical IgG1 antibodies at a fixed two to one ratio without affecting antigen affinity. Conjugation of APL with a drug of choice provides a modular Antibody-Drug Conjugate platform where both the antibody and drug can be substituted with ease.
The role of visual feedback in detecting and correcting typing errors: A signal detection approach

Abstract This study examined the role of external information in monitoring language production. In a typing-to-dictation task, participants were deprived of all or part of visual feedback. Data were analyzed using signal detection theory (SDT) applied to a multi-component monitoring framework. Results showed that removing the visual information affected the correction of typing errors more than their conscious detection (Exps 1, 2). Reinstating partial visual information (positional information) increased correction rates but not to the level of full visual information, independently of the probability of error detection (Exps 2, 3). Analysis of SDT parameters showed that while manipulating visual information affected the informativeness of the signal for both correction and conscious detection of errors, participants treated this change differently in the two tasks. We discuss the implications of the results, and more generally, the utility of SDT, for theories of monitoring and control in language production.
Comparison of the Corrosion of Materials in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, Air, and Argon Environments

Abstract The corrosion resistance of structural alloys was investigated in conditions that simulate supercritical carbon dioxide sCO 2 power fluid environments at 20 MPa and 550 ° C. Complementary air and Ar experiments were conducted at 1 atm. The alloys investigated in this study were as follows: Gr. 91, ferritic martensitic steel; 316L, austinetic stainless steel; HR 120, Ni-Fe based superalloy; and IN625, Ni based superalloy. The results for the air and sCO 2 exposed samples indicated parabolic mass-gain with respect to time and sCO 2 was more aggressive. The austinetic alloys exposed to sCO 2 developed recrystallized zones under the oxide. The same alloys exposed to air showed signs of recrystallization that was detectable with TEM.
Teaching APA Style (Seventh Edition) in the Graduate Music Bibliography Course

The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association is one of the “big three” style guides currently in use. The seventh edition was published in October 2019. Since the previous editi...
Association Between HIV PrEP Indications and Use in a National Sexual Network Study of Men Who Have Sex with Men

ABSTRACT Background HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is effective in preventing HIV transmission. US Public Health Service (USPHS) clinical practice guidelines define biobehavioral indications for initiation. To assess guideline implementation, it is critical to quantify PrEP non-users who are indicated and PrEP users who are not indicated. Methods Using data from a national web-based study of men who have sex with men (MSM) between 2017 and 2019, we estimated the association between PrEP use and PrEP indications. Log-binomial regression was used to estimate the relationship between PrEP indications and PrEP use, adjusted for geography and demographics. Results Of 3508 sexually active, HIV-negative MSM, 34% met indications for PrEP. The proportion with current PrEP use was 32% among those meeting indications and 11% among those without indications. Nearly 40% of those currently using PrEP did not meet indications for PrEP, and 68% of MSM with indications for PrEP were not currently using PrEP. After adjusting for geography and demographics, MSM with PrEP indications were about 3 times as likely to be currently using PrEP. This association varied slightly by geography and demography. Conclusions Indications for PrEP strongly predicted current PrEP use among MSM. However, we identified substantial misalignment between indications and use in both directions (indicated MSM who were not benefitting from PrEP, and MSM taking PrEP while not presently being indicated). This calls for further implementation efforts to improve PrEP delivery to those most in need during periods of elevated sexual risk.
Management of Snoring.

1. Rohan Thompson, MD*,† 2. Mark Splaingard, MD*,† 1. *Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 2. †Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH Snoring is a sound caused by vibration of tissue (pharyngeal walls, soft palate, tonsillar pillars, uvula, and tongue) during sleep. It is associated with relaxation of airway muscles and narrowing of the airway, leading to turbulent airflow. Historically it was viewed as a humorous curiosity or nuisance until 1976, when Christian Guilleminault first described obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS): verified by nocturnal polysomnography (PSG), 8 children with loud snoring, nocturnal enuresis, morning headaches, hypertension, and poor school performance showed dramatic clinical improvement after surgical interventions that included tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy, and even tracheostomies. Snoring is usually the major symptom in childhood sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), a spectrum ranging from primary snoring to severe OSAS. Habitual snoring, defined as snoring that occurs at least 3 nights per week, is reported in approximately 10% of preschool and school-age children, of whom only 2% to 3% demonstrate clinical OSAS. Parental report of a snoring child, although highly sensitive for OSAS (few with OSAS do not snore), lacks specificity because most children who snore do not meet the diagnostic criteria for OSAS. Risk factors for habitual snoring and OSAS include prematurity, obesity, male sex, of African American descent, cigarette smoke exposure, daytime mouth breathing, lower paternal educational level, and recurrent pharyngitis/tonsillitis. Snoring and OSAS are also more common in children with comorbidities such as asthma, Down syndrome, neuromuscular disorders (cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy), Prader-Willi syndrome, sickle cell disease, and craniofacial abnormalities such as repaired cleft palate and Pierre Robin syndrome. Snoring and OSAS have …
Transcending Victimhood: Child Soldiers and Restorative Justice

The international community strives to eradicate the scourge of child soldiering. Mostly, though, these efforts replay the same narratives and circulate the same assumptions. This chapter, which takes a second look at these efforts, aspires to refresh law and policy so as to improve preventative, restorative, and remedial initiatives while also vivifying the dignity of youth. As a starting point, this chapter proposes that the dominant language used to characterise child soldiers—that of passive victimhood—be revisited so as to better recognise the potentiality of child soldiers to participate in and lead post-conflict reconstructive efforts. This chapter suggests a variety of reforms to the content and trajectory of law and policy in light of the complex, variegated realities of child soldiering. International lawyers and policymakers are predisposed to dissemble these complexities. Although understandable, this penchant ultimately is counterproductive. Along the way, this chapter also questions central tenets of contemporary humanitarianism, rethinks elements of international criminal justice, and aspires to embolden the rights of the child.
How does noise affect amplitude and latency measurement of event‐related potentials (ERPs)? A methodological critique and simulation study

There is considerable variability in the quantification of event-related potential (ERP) amplitudes and latencies. We examined susceptibility of ERP quantification measures to incremental increases in background noise through published ERP data and simulations. Measures included mean amplitude, adaptive mean, peak amplitude, peak latency, and centroid latency. Results indicated mean amplitude was the most robust against increases in background noise. The adaptive mean measure was more biased, but represented an efficient estimator of the true ERP signal particularly for individual-subject latency variability. Strong evidence is provided against using peak amplitude. For latency measures, the peak latency measure was less biased and less efficient than the centroid latency measurement. Results emphasize the prudence in reporting the number of trials retained for averaging as well as noise estimates for groups and conditions when comparing ERPs.
Binding of colchiceine to tubulin. Mechanisms of ligand association with tubulin.

Abstract Colchiceine, a closely related structural analog of colchicine possessing a C-ring tropolone, has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of microtubule assembly in vitro (I50 = 20 μM). The mechanism of inhibition is mediated through binding to tubulin (KA = 1.2 ± 0.7 × 104 M−1), although potentially not through the colchicine receptor site. Supporting the hypothesis of an alternate receptor are the observation of colchiceine binding to the isolated colchicine-tubulin complex (KA = 2.2 ± 1.0 × 104 M−1), the poor correlation between the competitive inhibition of colchicine binding (Kl = 125 μM) and the inhibition of microtubule assembly, and different structure-activity relationships for colchiceine analogs as compared to the colchicine series.
Increasing peer-to-peer social skills through direct instruction of two elementary school girls with autism

This study was conducted to increase peer-to-peer social skills using direct instruction of two elementary students diagnosed with autism. Two participants and a peer were trained to initiate, share and respond to each other and to the peer. A multiple-baseline design across participants was used to determine the effects of the direct instruction strategy. Results indicated increased social initiations in both participants and sharing behaviours in one of the participants, but no increases in responses in both participants. Implications for practitioners and for future researchers are discussed.
The Role of Photographs and Films in Kettlewell's Popularizations of the Phenomenon of Industrial Melanism

H.B.D. Kettlewell's investigations on the phenomenon of industrial melanism are generally referred to in textbooks and other popularizations of science as the classic demonstration of natural selection (Majerus 1989). A central question for historians of this episode is accounting for why public perceptions of the importance of Kettlewell's work have diverged from those of researchers who actually work on the phenomenon. In a recent paper published in Biology and Philosophy, Joel Hagen draws attention to the role Kettlewell and his colleagues played in idealizing his investigations as an example of controlled experimentation in their several retrospective popular accounts. The present essay discusses the important role photographic and film depictions of differential bird predation played in Kettlewell's popularizations. This analysis supports Hagen's contentions that Kettlewell deftly and strategically used these visual representations to command assent to his interpretation of the phenomenon and shore up claims about the scientific legitimacy and importance of his work. It nevertheless disputes that these images were intended to portray Kettlewell's experiments as an example of controlled experimentation. In a concluding section, the essay draws several morals from this analysis regarding the use of popularized articles and visual images to teach science.
College students' views on gay and lesbian issues: does education make a difference.

Abstract Many in academia believe that higher education leads to an increase in tolerance towards individuals who are different. There are some empirical findings to supportthis premise; however, the impact of higher education on acceptance of homosexuality hasnot been adequately explored. Gays and lesbians in society face many negative attitudes.Based upon the survey results of 364 students at a Midwestern university, juniors and seniors had statistically significant more positive attitudes towards gays and lesbians thandid freshmen and sophomores. Even in multi-variate analysis, upper-level students had more positive views on many of the attitudinal measures.
猫の炎症性皮膚疾患における組織球性多核巨細胞の出現率，出現細胞数および形態学的型別：光学顕微鏡を用いた猫559例の皮膚生検標本に関する後ろ向き研究

組織球性多核巨細胞（MHGC）は炎症性皮膚疾患に罹患した猫の皮膚生検標本において時折認められる。しかし，MHGCの出現率・出現細胞数や形態学的な型別に関する報告はない。そこで我々は，炎症性皮膚疾患に罹患した猫526例と健常な皮膚を有する33例の猫から採取した皮膚生検標本を用い，上述の点について検討した。その結果，炎症性皮膚疾患を伴う猫の7%（35/526例）で標本中にMHGCが認められた。肉芽腫性皮膚疾患におけるMHGCの出現率（32/125例）は，非肉芽腫性皮膚疾患における出現率（3/401例）と比べて有位に高値を示した（p<0.0001）。非感染性肉芽腫性皮膚疾患におけるMHGCの出現率（27/84例）は感染性肉芽腫性皮膚疾患（5/41例）と比べて有位に高値を示した（p=0.016）。MHGCの出現が見られた35例の全てにおいて，異物型MHGCが見られた。ラングハンス型MHGCが見られたのは，この35例中2例のみであった。健常な猫の皮膚ではMHGCは認められなかった。以上より，MHGCの出現数や形態学的型別には明らかな診断学的意義が認められないことが示された。
Polyamines in the synthesis of bacteriophage deoxyribonucleic acid. I. Lack of dependence of polyamine synthesis on bacteriophage deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis.

Abstract To determine whether polyamine synthesis is dependent on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis, polyamine levels were estimated after infection of bacterial cells with ultraviolet-irradiated T4 or T4 am N 122, a DNA-negative mutant. Although phage DNA accumulation was restricted to various degrees in comparison to cells infected with T4D, nearly commensurate levels of putrescine and spermidine synthesis were observed after infection, regardless of the rate of phage DNA synthesis. We conclude from these data that polyamine synthesis after infection is independent of phage DNA synthesis.
Judicial Reaction to Change: The California Supreme Court around the 1986 Elections

After an unsuccessful attempt in 1982, the California electorate removed three of the Justices of the Supreme Court of California in the 1986 elections because they were soft on crime. This article studies the voting patterns of the three justices who were on the California Supreme Court before and after the elections, revealing three distinct judicial and political strategies.
Zero Boil-Off System Testing

Cryogenic propellants such as liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquid oxygen (LO2) are a part of NASA's future space exploration due to their high specific impulse for rocket motors of upper stages suitable for transporting 10s to 100s of metric tons of payload mass to destinations outside of low earth orbit and for their return. However, the low storage temperatures of LH2 and LO2 cause substantial boil-off losses for missions with durations greater than several months. These losses can be eliminated by incorporating high performance cryocooler technology to intercept heat load to the propellant tanks and modulating the cryocooler to control tank pressure. The active thermal control technology being developed by NASA is the reverse turbo-Brayton cycle cryocooler and its integration to the propellant tank through a distributed cooling tubing network coupled to the tank wall. This configuration was recently tested at NASA Glenn Research Center, in a vacuum chamber and cryoshroud that simulated the essential thermal aspects of low Earth orbit, its vacuum and temperature. Testing consisted of three passive tests with the active cryocooler system off, and 7 active tests, with the cryocooler powered up. The test matrix included zero boil-off tests performed at 90 full and 25 full, and several demonstrations at excess cooling capacity and reduced cooling capacity. From this, the tank pressure response with varied cryocooler power inputs was determined. This test series established that the active cooling system integrated with the propellant tank eliminated boil-off and robustly controlled tank pressure.
On the effect of molecular structure on the superposition of normal modes of vibration

Abstract The normal modes of vibration in cartesian coordinates were calculated for ethylene, C 2 H 4 , and an ethylene complex, C 2 H 4 -Tl 3+ -H 2 O, which is presumably formed during the catalytic oxidation of C 2 H 4 . For the CC bond of C 2 H 4 as the critical coordinate of this reaction the distortions were then calculated which are caused by superimposing the normal modes. These calculations indicate that the maximum distortion of the CC bond which is attainable by superimposing normal modes in their ground state is larger in some conformations of the complex than in the free molecule. This indicates the general possibility that, depending on proper symmetry, complex formation may increase the reactivity of a compound because, compared to the free molecule, the superposition of a greater number of 3 N -6 normal modes can produce greater momentary distortions of internal coordinates. The effect could be of considerable importance for the reactivity of very large systems, like, e.g., enzyme-substrate complexes.
A personalized home energy management system for residential demand response

Demand Response (DR) and Time-of-Use (TOU) pricing refer to programs offering incentives to customers who reduce their energy use during times of peak demand. A demand response system coordinates the demand and supply between the energy provider and the customer. In this study, a turn-key solution is developed to offer demand response services for residential customers. A cognitive residential ANFIS-based Master Energy Controller (MEC) is developed to forecast future power demand based on user's life style and environmental/social factors affecting power consumption. The Master Energy Controller implements a branch and bound scheduling algorithm for managing appliance runtime schedules. The MEC is developed to provide users with functionality to schedule appliances at home and automate demand response strategies without the burden of learning demand response strategies. The MEC monitors and controls appliances through intelligent appliance controllers connected by a self-organizing zero configuration network - also developed in this study. This paper discusses the system architecture for this energy management system and shows that such a system is a viable platform for demand response.
Horizontal and Vertical Structure of Cross-Equatorial Wave Propagation

Abstract Observational evidence of interhemispheric wave propagation through the equatorial upper-tropospheric mean westerlies in the eastern Pacific Ocean is found in nine years (1980/81 to 1988/89) of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts analyses during boreal winter. Using time mean, standard deviation, and one-point correlation fields of potential vorticity on isentropic surfaces (IPV), it is found that waves associated with local fluctuations with periods between 6 and 30 days propagate from the Northern Hemisphere extratropics, cross the equator, and continue into the Southern Hemisphere extratropics. This result is in agreement with hypotheses that claim regions of time-mean westerlies in the tropics act as “ducts” allowing extratropical Rossby waves to propagate into and through the tropics. Horizontal structure of the waves appears to change little during the course of the interhemispheric propagation. However, in the lower troposphere where the mean zonal wind is easterly, the lowe...
Cellular transformation by SV40 large T antigen: interaction with host proteins

SV40 large T antigen (TAg) is a powerful oncoprotein capable of transforming a variety of cell types. The transforming activity of TAg is due in large part to its perturbation of the retinoblastoma (pRB) and p53 tumor suppressor proteins. In addition, TAg binds to several other cellular factors, including the transcriptional co-activators p300 and CBP, which may contribute to its transformation function. Several other features of TAg that appear to contribute to its full transformation potential are yet to be completely understood. Study of TAg therefore continues to provide new insights into the mechanism of cellular transformation.
Artillery localization using networked wireless ground sensors

This paper presents the results of an installation of four acoustic/seismic ground sensors built using COTS computers and networking gear and operating on a continuous basis at Yuma Proving Grounds, Arizona. A description of the design can be found as well, which is essentially a Windows 2000 PC with 24-bit data acquisition, GPS timing, and environmental sensors for wind and temperature. A 4-element square acoustic array 1.8m on a side can be used to detect the time and angle of arrival of the muzzle blast and the impact explosion. A 3-component geophone allows the seismic wave direction to be estimated. The 8th channel of the 24-bit data acquisition system has a 1-pulse-per-second time signal from the GPS. This allows acoustic/seismic 'snapshots' to be coherently related from multiple disconnected ground sensor nodes. COTS 2.4 GHz frequency hopping radios (802.11 standard) are used with either omni or yagi antennas depending on the location on the range. Localization of the artillery or impact can be done by using the time and angle of arrival of the waves at 2 or more ground sensor locations. However, this straightforward analysis can be significantly complicated by weather and wind noise and is also the subject of another research contract. This work will present a general description of the COTS ground sensor installation, show example data autonomously collected including agent-based atmospheric data, and share some of the lessons learned from operating a Windows 2000 based system continuously outdoors.
Development of antibodies against hydroxyatrazine and hydroxysimazine: Application to environmental samples

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) selective for hydroxyatrazine and hydroxysimazine was developed as a means of monitoring environmental and microbial degradation of atrazine to hydroxyatrazine. This ELISA was tolerant to solvents, salts, and pH changes and functioned well in aseries of matrices (water, soil, horse manure, urine, and fungal extracts). In preliminary bioremediation studies conducted in a drum impervious to UV light, the microbes endogenous to horse manure converted approximately 1% of the total initial amount of atrazine to hydroxyatrazine. Also, a UV-resistant strain of white rot fungus (Phanerochaete chrysosporium) was tested for ita ability to degrade atrazine. Using the ELISA described here, approximately half of the time zero amount of atrazine (2 pg/35-mm Petri dish) was gone in 1 day and essentially all of the atrazine was converted to hydroxyatrazine, primarily due to UV irradiation. This ELISA provided a valuable method to quantify hydroxyatrazine and hydroxysimazine in a series of traditionally difficult matrices for the investigation of the bioremediation of atrazine.
Movement of newly synthesized membrane by fast transport along the axon of an identified aplysia neuron

In order to ascertain the form in which newly synthesized membrane is moved by fast axonal transport, we examined the distribution of label along an axon of the identified giant, serotoninergic neuron (GCN) in the cerebral ganglion of Aplysia, californica. Membrane glycoproteins were labeled by intrasomatic injection of 3H-fucose, and segments of GCN's axon in the posterior lip nerve containing the transported organelles were examined at 1, 5, 15, and 24 hours by quantitative electron-microscopic autoradiography. To show that membrane which is rapidly transported is contained only in discrete organelles rather than in continuous shoots of axoplasmic reticulum, we systematically varied conditions of fixation. We found that we could distinguish vesicles from axoplasmic reticulum most reliably in axons fixed with 2% formaldehyde and 2% glutaraldehyde in cacodylate buffer. At short times after intrasomatic injection of 3H-fucose, dense-cored vesicles and multivesicular tubules were the only axonal organelles labeled.
On the Motion of Rectangular Prismatic Bodies

Rectangular prismatic bodies can assume either a translatory or an auto-rotating mode of motion during free motion in the atmosphere. The translatory mode is stable only when the dimensionless moment of inertia of the bodies is large, however, large perturbations will always start auto-rotation. The characteristics of the auto-rotational mode are shown to depend primarily on the aspect ratio of the bodies which determines the dimensionless rotational speed and the lift coefficient. Both the average drag and lift-coefficients of auto-rotating bodies are estimated, but it is shown that secondary effects make it impossible to determine their exact trajectories in atmospheric flows.
Effect of quinidine on the ventricular complex of the electrocardiogram with special reference to the duration of the Q-T interval.

Abstract 1. 1. The electrocardiograms of 121 patients receiving quinidine for treatment of established atrial fibrillation and flutter were analyzed for the effect of quinidine on the ventricular complex, with particular reference to the duration of the Q-T interval. 2. 2. It was found that in 85 per cent of the successfully converted cases, the duration of the Q-T interval, corrected for the heart rate, is not prolonged. The widespread impression that Q-T is prolonged during quinidine administration has resulted from the inclusion of the U wave in the Q-T duration. 3. 3. In 15 per cent of the cases receiving quinidine there was an actual prolongation of the Q-T duration, with or without notching of the T wave. 4. 4. Methods for the differentiation of T-plus-U pattern in which the Q-T interval itself is not prolonged, from a true Q-T prolongation with or without notching of the T wave, are enumerated. 5. 5. Quinidine changed an inverted U wave in two patients to a positive deflection. 6. 6. A brief discussion of the U wave of the electrocardiogram was presented. 7. 7. The typical electrocardiographic pattern in patients receiving quinidine is characterized by a depressed S-T segment and T wave opposite in polarity to a U wave of increased voltage, while the Q-T interval itself, corrected according to the heart rate, is in most cases normal in duration. This electrocardiographic pattern is produced by quinidine alone, although the simultaneous use of digitalis may accentuate the changes in such a pattern. 8. 8. The electrocardiogram is a definite aid in the management of any patient receiving quinidine, particularly when measurement of the blood level of quinidine cannot be obtained. It is the change of the pattern rather than the pattern itself which is important for evaluation of the relative quinidine effect; the electrocardiogram more frequently and more reliably indicates the existence rather than the degree of quinidine effect.
Restless legs syndrome: an early manifestation of Huntington's disease?

BACKGROUND: Far from being uniform, Huntington's disease (HD)'s phenotype encompasses a large variety of motor and non-motor symptoms which occur in various combinations in individual patients. AIM: To describe an unusual association between restless legs syndrome (RLS) and HD. METHODS AND RESULTS: We report a patient with an atypical presentation of genetically demonstrated HD, who developed typical RLS a few years prior to and during the course of HD. Common causes of RLS were excluded and the polysomnography confirmed frequent and severe periodic limb movements during sleep and while awake. CONCLUSIONS: We propose RLS as an uncommon but early feature of HD in some patients, and suggest adding HD to the already long list of RLS secondary to neurodegenerative conditions.
Activation of aromatic rings by early transition metal ions in the gas phase. Implications for the metal‐catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition of alkynes and nitriles

The reactions of a series of monocyclic and bicyclic arenes with early transition metal ions (Sc+, Y+, Nb+ and Ta+) and their oxides and dioxides were studied in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. Ring cleavage of the nitrogen-containing heterocycles results in loss of HCN as the dominant pathway. Thermochemical considerations, secondary reactions and correlations with solution cyclotrimerization reactions indicate that the MC4H4+ product is a metallacyclopentadiene. Based on correspondence between the reactivities of a series of early metals with their valence electron counts, the reactivities of quinoline and isoquinoline and the decomposition behavior of the products, a metallacycloheptatriene intermediate is proposed for the heteroaromatic ring cleavage reaction. These results are compared to metal complexes in solution which catalyze the [2 + 2 + 2] cyclotrimerization of alkynes and nitriles.
Size Distribution and Solvation of Casein Micelles in Milk Containing αs1-Casein A

Abstract We compared the size distribution and solvation of micelles in skim milk from a cow homozygous for α s1 -casein A with the properties of micelles from pooled skim milk. Hydrodynamic radii of the micelles were measured by inelastic laser light scattering, and a cumulative distribution curve of the weight fraction of micelles with radii less than or equal to a given value was constructed. Micelle solvations were measured from voluminosities measured viscometrically. The distribution of micelle sizes is strikingly different in α s1 -casein A milk and in pooled milk, with the former having both much larger micelles and a greater proportion of small micelles. We found no significant differences in solvation of micelles from α s1 -casein A or pooled skim milks.