cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The least of 3 evils: Exposure to red blood cell transfusion, anemia, or both?

Background Anemia and red blood cell (RBC) transfusions are both associated with morbidity and mortality after cardiac surgery. Patients with the lowest hematocrit (HCT) values during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) are the most likely to receive a transfusion, which results in a double-negative exposure. We aimed to clarify the effects of anemia, transfusion, and their combination to identify which imposes the greatest risk of end-organ dysfunction and mortality. Methods From November 1, 2004, to November 1, 2009, 7942 patients underwent procedures requiring CPB and did not receive intraoperative or postoperative RBC transfusion, and 1202 received intraoperative RBC transfusion alone. They were divided into 4 groups: intraoperative nadir HCT ≥25% without RBC transfusion, ≥25% with RBC transfusion, Results After risk adjustment, comparison of all 4 groups showed that double exposure to anemia (HCT Conclusions Although single exposure to anemia or RBC transfusion alone was associated with risk, it was generally lower than that of anemia and RBC exposure in combination.
Loss of optical and molecular indicators of terrigenous dissolved organic matter during long-term photobleaching

Two water samples from the Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge with high dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentrations (51 and 121 mg C L−1) were subjected to ultraviolet (UV) light for up to 110 days. During the course of the irradiations, 74–88 % of the original dissolved organic carbon was lost along with 95–99 % of the absorption at 300 nm. Based on changes observed during light exposure, three pools of DOM were identified: photo-labile, photo-refractory, and photo-produced compounds. Solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to determine structural moieties characteristic to each of these pools. These analyses showed aromatic carbons were preferentially removed while carbohydrate-like and amide/peptide-like carbons were preserved during UV exposure. An increase in carbon normalized 13C NMR signal in the 0–50 ppm region suggests that alkyl moieties were produced, while FTIR signal at 1,745 cm−1 and two-dimensional 1H–13C NMR results confirmed the photochemical production of acetate. Several properties typically used to trace terrigenous DOM in ocean margin and marine environments were significantly altered. Optical properties, including absorption spectral slopes and fluorescence indices, as well as carbon-normalized lignin yields shifted from terrestrial values towards those more typical of coastal or open ocean samples. The loss of terrestrial signatures during irradiation highlights the difficulty faced when quantifying the contribution of terrigenous DOM to aquatic carbon pools.
Short-term rescue by RNA injection of a mitotic arrest mutation that affects the preimplantation mouse embryo☆

The mutation oligosyndactyly results in syndactyly, abnormal fusion and insertion of certain limb muscles, and diabetes insipidus in heterozygous mice. When homozygous the mutation is lethal; beginning at the blastocyst stage, the homozygous cells arrest in metaphase with intact spindles. The mutant phenotype cannot be corrected by forming aggregation chimeras with wild-type cells, suggesting that the mutation results in a cell autonomous lethal condition. Short-term rescue of the homozygous-induced mitotic arrest can be achieved, however, by cytoplasmic injection of polyadenylated RNA obtained from a rapidly dividing embryo-derived stem cell line.
An alliance based peering scheme for peer-to-peer live media streaming

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) streaming has emerged as a scalable method for media distribution in recent years. While recent measurement studies have shown the effectiveness of P2P network in media streaming, there have been questions raised about the Quality of Service (QoS), reliability of streaming services and sub optimal uplink utilization in particular. We present a new model for P2P media streaming where nodes cluster into groups, called alliances, for a symbiotic association in order to share the media content. We show that alliance formation is an effective way to organize the peers in loosely coupled groups. The node topology formed using alliances generates a Small World Network, which exhibit efficient overlay structures in terms of path lengths between the nodes and robustness to network perturbations like churn. We present a comparative performance evaluation of our model with CoolStreaming/DONet on QoS metrics.
Energy Levels in Sc 49 from Ca 48 ( He 3 , d ) Sc 49 and Other Reactions Proceeding from Ca 48

The ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{48}({\mathrm{He}}^{3},d){\mathrm{Sc}}^{49}$ reaction at ${{E}_{\mathrm{He}}}^{3}=12.00$ MeV has been studied with a broad-range magnetic spectrograph. Twenty-four energy levels have been identified up to an excitation energy of 7 MeV. Distorted-wave Born-approximation calculations have been used to assign $l$ values and extract spectroscopic factors for most of the transitions. Some information obtained with the ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{48}({\mathrm{He}}^{3},\ensuremath{\alpha}){\mathrm{Ca}}^{47}$, ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{48}(d,t){\mathrm{Ca}}^{47}$, ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{48}(d,p){\mathrm{Ca}}^{49}$, and ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{48}(\ensuremath{\alpha},p){\mathrm{Sc}}^{51}$ reactions is also given.
Merging chemical ecology with bacterial genome mining for secondary metabolite discovery

The integration of chemical ecology and bacterial genome mining can enhance the discovery of structurally diverse natural products in functional contexts. By examining bacterial secondary metabolism in the framework of its ecological niche, insights into the upregulation of orphan biosynthetic pathways and the enhancement of the enzyme substrate supply can be obtained, leading to the discovery of new secondary metabolic pathways that would otherwise be silent or undetected under typical laboratory cultivation conditions. Access to these new natural products (i.e., the chemotypes) facilitates experimental genotype-to-phenotype linkages. Here, we describe certain functional natural products produced by Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacteria with experimentally linked biosynthetic gene clusters as illustrative examples of the synergy between chemical ecology and bacterial genome mining in connecting genotypes to phenotypes through chemotype characterization. These Gammaproteobacteria share a mutualistic relationship with nematodes and a pathogenic relationship with insects and, in select cases, humans. The natural products encoded by these bacteria distinguish their interactions with their animal hosts and other microorganisms in their multipartite symbiotic lifestyles. Though both genera have similar lifestyles, their genetic, chemical, and physiological attributes are distinct. Both undergo phenotypic variation and produce a profuse number of bioactive secondary metabolites. We provide further detail in the context of regulation, production, processing, and function for these genetically encoded small molecules with respect to their roles in mutualism and pathogenicity. These collective insights more widely promote the discovery of atypical orphan biosynthetic pathways encoding novel small molecules in symbiotic systems, which could open up new avenues for investigating and exploiting microbial chemical signaling in host-bacteria interactions.
A proposal for input-output conventions in ALGOL 60

The ALGOL 60 language as first defined made no explicit reference to input and output processes. Such processes appeared to be quite dependent on the computer used, and so it was difficult to obtain agreement on those matters. As time has passed, a great many ALGOL compilers have come into use, and each compiler has incorporated some input-output facilities. Experience has shown that such facilities can be introduced in a manner which is compatible and consistent with the ALGOL language, and which (more importantly) is almost completely machine-independent. However, the existing implementations have taken many different approaches to the subject, and this has hampered the interchange of programs between installations. The ACM ALGOL committee has carefully studied the various proposals in an attempt to define a set of conventions for doing input and output which would be suitable for use on most computers. The present report constitutes the recommendations of that committee.
Cooking Chicken Breast Reduces Dialyzable Iron Resulting from Digestion of Muscle Proteins.

The purpose of this research was to study the effect of cooking chicken breast on the production of dialyzable iron (an in vitro indicator of bioavailable iron) from added ferric iron. Chicken breast muscle was cooked by boiling, baking, sauteing, or deep-frying. Cooked samples were mixed with ferric iron and either extracted with acid or digested with pepsin and pancreatin. Total and ferrous dialyzable iron was measured after extraction or digestion and compared to raw chicken samples. For uncooked samples, dialyzable iron was significantly enhanced after both extraction and digestion. All cooking methods led to markedly reduced levels of dialyzable iron both by extraction and digestion. In most cooked, digested samples dialyzable iron was no greater than the iron-only (no sample) control. Cooked samples showed lower levels of histidine and sulfhydryls but protein digestibility was not reduced, except for the sauteed sample. The results showed that, after cooking, little if any dialyzable iron results from digestion of muscle proteins. Our research indicates that, in cooked chicken, residual acid-extractable components are the most important source of dialyzable iron.
High-resolution measurements of the anisotropic directional correlation between γ rays and KX rays in 169Tm

Abstract A high resolution measurement of the directional correlation between KX rays and the 131 keV γ ray verifies the existence of the anisotropy previously reported. We find: A22(Kα1, γ)=-0.032±0.007, A44(Kα1, γ)=+0.014±0.008A22(Kα2, γ)=-0.017±0.007 and A44(Kα2, γ)=+0.012±0.007.
Integrated optical glucose sensor fabricated using PDMS waveguides on a PDMS substrate

This paper describes the design and fabrication of an integrated optical glucose sensing system using the combination of the oxygen sensitive dye tris(2,2’-bipyridyl) dichlororuthenium(II) hexahydrate and glucose oxidase. Layer-by-layer self-assembly is used to immobilize the dye/enzyme system onto the surface of the waveguides. Changes in the enzyme/dye system as it interacts with the surrounding environment are monitored using end-face interaction with light injected into waveguides. The waveguides are thermally-defined monolithic polydimethlysiloxane (PDMS) waveguide system, fabricated on a PDMS substrate. The method of waveguide fabrication is a radical departure from conventional microscale waveguide systems, and offers unique opportunities for integration of this sensor into existing microfluidic systems.
Enterobiasis in children

Summary 1. A new technique for the diagnosis of enterobiasis has been discussed, and the results of the use of this technique on 228 unselected clinic children have been presented. 2. Of the 228 children, 31.3 per cent were positive for pinworm eggs. 3. Of the positive patients, 41.3 per cent had repeated abdominalpains, 49.4 per cent were “nervous,” 41.4 per cent were underweight, 38.6 per cent were poor sleepers, 38.6 per cent had anorexia, 21.3 per cent had pruritus ani, and 17.3 per cent had enuresis. 4. Of the forty positive girls, 27.5 per cent had vaginal discharge. During the period of this study, fourteen girls were seen in the clinic with vaginal discharge. Eleven of them had oxyuris ova in both perianal and vulvar regions.
MORE INVARIANT PROPERTIES OF SPURIOUS WAVES IN NUMERICAL COMPUTATIONS

It is shown that some of the properties of spurious waves that occur in computational fluid dynamics calculations (in particular in the inviscid case, when time stepping is conservative) are largely independent of how numerical time stepping is implemented. They depend primarily on the manner in which the spatial part of the equations is approximated. The properties that are shown to be invariant are the location of the turning points of the rays followed by sinusoidal components of those spurious waves, and, when they are generated by initial data, the asymptotic distribution of their energy.
Reversible Binding of DNA to Mica for AFM Imaging

Controlling DNA adsorption to atomically flat surfaces is crucial for studying protein- DNA interactions with the atomic force microscope (AFM). We present a method that enables reversible binding of this molecule to mica during AFM imaging in liquids. This can be acheived using a flow-through system which allows the exchange of different buffers that promote and inhibit the DNA adhesion to the surface. The DNA adsorption is controlled primarily through the divalent cation concentration. The DNA visibility in the AFM was investigated as a function of pH and cation concentration.
A detailed kinetic and heat transport model for the hydrolysis of lignocellulose by anhydrous hydrogen fluoride vapor

Abstract Anhydrous Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) vapor at ambient conditions efficiently and rapidly hydrolyzed lignocellulose to glucose and lignin. The unsteady-state reaction of HF vapor with a single lignocellulose chip was mathematically modeled under conditions where external and internal mass-transfer resistances were minimized. The model incorporated physical adsorption of HF vapor onto the lignocellulosic matrix and solvolysis of cellulose to glucosyl fluoride by adsorbed HF into the differential material and energy balance expressions. Model predictions for the temperature distribution and global glucose yield in the HF-reacting lignocellulose chip as a function of reaction time and HF vapor stream temperature agreed reasonably with the complimentary experimental data. The model correctly predicted that even when mass-transfer resistances for the reaction of HF vapor with a single lignocellulose chip are minimized, external and internal heat-transfer resistances are still significant.
Observations of Umbral Flashes and Running Sunspot Waves with the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph

We present simultaneous, high-resolution, multi-temperature observations of running waves and umbral flashes in a sunspot with the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph. We analyze intensity variations in slit-jaw images to investigate the relationship between running waves in the 1400 ? (Si IV/transition region) passband and umbral flashes in the 2796 ? (Mg II/chromosphere) passband. Using global wavelet analysis, we find that the dominant wave periods increase from approximately 150 s near the sunspot center to about 300 s in the penumbra in both passbands. This coincides extremely well with the radially increasing inclination of magnetic field lines observed with Solar Dynamics Observatory/Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager, suggesting that the waves are propagating vertically along the inclined field lines. Furthermore, apparent horizontal velocities for running waves decrease from about 12 km s?1 in the umbra to about 4 km s?1 in the penumbra which is predicted by the same inclined field geometry. Finally, we find that umbral flashes lead running waves in both the spatial and temporal domains. The former result is attributable to the inclined field geometry; however, the geometry does not predict the radially increasing time lag which is likely due to the opacity difference between the emission lines that dominate the two passbands. These results suggest that running waves and umbral flashes both originate from photospheric p-mode oscillations and are manifestations of upward-propagating slow magnetoacoustic modes at different altitudes and temperatures. The apparent trans-sunspot propagation of running waves is not real but rather an image of these upward-propagating modes traveling along field lines of radially increasing inclination.
Immunocytochemical localization of dopamine-β-hydroxylase in adrenal chromaffin granules

Abstract Electron microscopic localization of dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) was carried out in bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin granule fractions and in intact bovine adrenal medulla by means of a peroxidase-antiperoxidase unlabelled antibody technique according to Sternberger , Hardy , Cuculis and Meyer (1970). Adrenal medullary chromaffin granule fractions showed retention of DBH despite successive fractionation, fixation and prolonged washing procedures, indicating that a portion of the DBH in the chromaffin granule is quite tightly bound. Under these circumstances the electron-opaque granular matrix was absent, implying loss of the more soluble constituents of the chromaffin granules, including matrix-associated DBH. Intact bovine adrenal medulla which was fixed, sectioned and subjected to immunocytochemical localization of DBH showed the enzyme to be present throughout the matrix of the chromaffin granule and demonstrated that, under these less vigorous conditions, the electron-opaque granule matrix was not removed. It would therefore appear to be feasible to differentiate directly between the “soluble” and “bound” forms of DBH by immunocytochemical procedures and to apply this technique to elucidate the process of exocytosis in adrenal medulla and adrenergic nerve terminals.
On the Properties of Single Cubic Zinc Sulfide Crystals

Single cubic crystals of ZnS grown by a method previously reported by two of the authors have been investigated for optical and electrical properties, i.e., index of refraction, optical absorption, photoconductivity, dielectric constant, and lattice parameters. The method of growing crystals has been refined over the previously reported method so that larger crystals and greater yield per individual run were obtained. Both hexagonal and cubic crystals have been grown.
Nucleotide binding to the multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein as studied by ESR spectroscopy.

Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy using spin-labeled ATP was used to study nucleotide binding to and structural transitions within the multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein, P-gp. Spin-labeled ATP (SL-ATP) with the spin label attached to the ribose, was observed to be an excellent substrate analogue for P-gp. SL-ATP was hydrolyzed in a drug-stimulated fashion at about 14% of the rate for normal ATP and allowed reversible trapping of the enzyme in transition and ground states. Equilibrium binding of a total of two nucleotides per P-gp was observed with a binding affinity of 366 μM in the presence of Mg2+ but in the absence of transport substrates such as verapamil. Binding of SL-ATP to wild-type P-gp in the presence of verapamil resulted in reduction of the protein-bound spin-label moiety, most likely due to a conformational transition within P-gp that positioned cysteines in close proximity to the spin label to allow chemical reduction of the radical. We circumvented this problem by using a mutant ...
Experimental methods to quantify the accuracy of 3D particle field measurements via digital holography.

In-line digital holograms are obtained of particles immersed in a clear viscous liquid. Comparison of reconstructed particle sizes and displacements to their known values reveals good agreement with theory while highlighting needs for development.
Deixis and the Format of the Business Letter

The format of the business letter reflects the necessary adjustments that writers must make to communicate successfully in the written medium. The heading, inside address, salutation, complimentary...
Ca2+ responses in cytomegalovirus-infected fibroblasts of human origin.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection of fibroblasts of human origin is associated with a cascade of cellular responses (rounding, "contraction," "relaxation," and enlargement). Since in other systems these cellular responses are regulated by intracellular free Ca2+ activity ([Ca2+]i), we measured intracellular Ca2+ responses to CMV infection. At relatively high multiplicities of infection (m.o.i), an influx of Ca2+ was observed within the first hour after CMV infection (p.i.) at which time it was at its maximum rate. Both the time of occurrence and the magnitude of this Ca2+ influx were dependent on the calculated input m.o.i. In CMV-infected cells, [Ca2+]i rose gradually from 80 nM at 0 hr to 174 nM at 48 hr p.i. (about 2.7 times the [Ca2+]i found in mock-infected cells at this time). At 8 and 12 hr p.i. CMV-infected cells consistently contained a somewhat greater level of 45Ca2+ than mock-infected cells, despite the fact that there was only a small increase in [Ca2+]i between CMV and mock-infected cells in the same period. This observation suggests that there may be significant amounts of Ca2+ taken up into intracellular stores. This Ca2+ in intracellular stores may, at later times after infection, contribute to the increase in [Ca2+]i observed from 12 to 48 hr p.i. Ca2+ influx blockers, such as nifedipine and verapamil, inhibited the rise in [Ca2+]i. The increase in [Ca2+]i in response to CMV infection was shown to be dependent on the m.o.i., require infectious virus, and occur under conditions consistent with the expression of immediate-early CMV genes. The capability of inducing such Ca2+ responses was conserved among three laboratory strains of CMV. The CMV-induced Ca2+ responses may be related not only to the development of CMV cytopathology, but also to the replication of CMV, since in other studies cyclic nucleotide modulators and Ca2+ influx blockers were found to inhibit the replication of CMV.
Ancient Suture Zones Within Continents

Ancient suture belts within continents are deformed regions which contain the remnants of former ocean basins. They form when two continents or island arcs that earlier were separated by an ocean basin converge and collide during plate tectonic activity. These belts provide the only record we have of deep oceanic crust and of ancient sea-floor processes for the first 94 percent of the earth9s history, that is, prior to the oldest preserved crust in the oceans. Ten criteria for the recognition and interpretation of these ancient belts are discussed. A comprehensive program for the study of these belts should have great scientific and economic benefit for the United States and would be relatively cheap compared to other large national scientific efforts.
Recruitment of female police officers in New York City

Abstract As part of a larger study, forty-two female police officers in New York City were asked to articulate their motivations for selecting police work as a career. The reasons given are presented, and comparisons are made with the reasons given in the few other studies of male and female officers. It is felt that a better understanding of the motivations behind this career choice will help the police agencies recruit more effectively and more appropriately select candidates for openings.
Significance, definition, classification and risk factors of chronic kidney disease in South Africa

Renal dysfunction or chronic kidney disease (CKD) is found in 10% of the global population and is classified into five stages according to the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). No matter where a patient lives, estimation of the GFR is mandatory for decision-making and obtained by the simple measurement of a serum creatinine level. The objective of diagnosing CKD lies in its future prevention, early detection and proper treatment, which will prevent or delay functional deterioration. Primary hypertension (PH) occurs in 25% of South Africa (SA)s black population and is the putative cause of stage 5 CKD in 40 - 60% of these patients. Moreover, in this group, stage 5 CKD occurs at a relatively young age (35 - 45 years) compared with other population groups in whom stage 5 CKD resulting from PH usually occurs between 60 and 70 years of age. In the cohort study, PH has been found in 12 - 16% of black school learners (mean age 17 years) compared with 1.8 - 2% of other ethnic groups (mixed race, Asian, white). End-stage renal failure (ESRF) is the fifth most common cause of death in SA, excluding post-traumatic cases. In addition, undiagnosed or poorly controlled PH is a potent risk factor for other cardiovascular disease (CVD), e.g. congestive cardiac failure, myocardial infarction, stroke. Significant protein is also associated with CVD and protein >1 g/d is a significant risk factor for ESRF.
One-dimensional spatial localization of spin-lattice relaxation times using rotating-frame imaging

La localisation spatiale des signaux RMN utilisant un gradient de champ RF peut etre decrit comme une formation d'image a cadre tournant
A DISCRIMINATION INDEX FOR ITEMS IN INSTRUMENTS USING GROUP RESPONSES

Item discrimination for instruments used to measure characteristics by means of group responses is stressed. It is argued that a percentage of the total sum of squares which is due to groups can appropriately be used as an index of item discrimination.
Structure of the Type IVa Major Pilin from the Electrically Conductive Bacterial Nanowires of Geobacter sulfurreducens

Several species of δ proteobacteria are capable of reducing insoluble metal oxides as well as other extracellular electron acceptors. These bacteria play a critical role in the cycling of minerals in subsurface environments, sediments, and groundwater. In some species of bacteria such as Geobacter sulfurreducens, the transport of electrons is proposed to be facilitated by filamentous fibers that are referred to as bacterial nanowires. These nanowires are polymeric assemblies of proteins belonging to the type IVa family of pilin proteins and are mainly comprised of one subunit protein, PilA. Here, we report the high resolution solution NMR structure of the PilA protein from G. sulfurreducens determined in detergent micelles. The protein is >85% α-helical and exhibits similar architecture to the N-terminal regions of other non-conductive type IVa pilins. The detergent micelle interacts with the first 21 amino acids of the protein, indicating that this region likely associates with the bacterial inner membrane prior to fiber formation. A model of the G. sulfurreducens pilus fiber is proposed based on docking of this structure into the fiber model of the type IVa pilin from Neisseria gonorrhoeae. This model provides insight into the organization of aromatic amino acids that are important for electrical conduction.
Transflective display using a polymer-stabilized blue-phase liquid crystal

A wide view, submillisecond response, and single-cell-gap transflective display using a blue-phase liquid crystal (BPLC) is proposed. To balance the optical phase retardation between transmissive (T) and reflective (R) regions, in-plane protrusion electrodes are formed with different gaps in the two regions. This display exhibits reasonably high optical efficiency and well matched voltage dependent transmittance and reflectance curves. Using biaxial films and broadband wide-view circular polarizers, the viewing angle with 100:1 contrast ratio is obtained over the entire viewing cone in the T region, and 10:1 over 50 degrees in the R region. The potential application is emphasized.
Weakening the locality conditions in algebraic nonlocality proofs

Abstract Using the Kochen-Specker theorem, we derive a simple algebraic contradiction between various locality assumptions and the predictions of quantum mechanics. Unlike previous algebraic nonlocality proofs, this proof invokes locality conditions uniformly weaker than those needed to derive Bell's inequality. Consequently, our proof rules out a broader class of hidden variable theories.
Tachyphylaxis develops to bradykinin-induced plasma extravasation in the rat

Bradykinin, an inflammatory mediator produced from plasma kallikreins, has potent effects on vascular functions, including increasing plasma extravasation and vasodilation. Attenuation in the response (desensitization to maintained exposure or tachyphylaxis to repeated administration) to bradykinin actions on synovial vasculature, a critical variable with respect to the role of bradykinin in sustained or chronic synovial inflammation, has not been elucidated. In the present study, we determined if tachyphylaxis and desensitization for bradykinin-induced plasma extravasation in the knee joint occur. Bradykinin-induced plasma extravasation into the knee joint cavity was determined spectrophotometrically by measuring the concentration of Evans blue dye extravasation into the joint perfusate. To examine for the development of tachyphylaxis, perfusion of bradykinin (160 ng/ml) was repeated after a 40-min wash with normal saline. Continuous intra-articular perfusion of bradykinin produced an increase in plasma extravasation that remained relatively stable with only a small, approximately 15%, decrease over 170 min. On the other hand, the levels of plasma extravasation produced by intermittent perfusion of bradykinin were dramatically lower than that induced by the first exposure (i.e., tachyphylaxis). We conclude that bradykinin-induced plasma extravasation develops marked tachyphylaxis but only minimal desensitization.
Least-squares reconstruction of objects with missing high-frequency components

A least-squares estimation procedure was recently proposed for the restoration of an object that has had some high-frequency components removed [ J. Opt. Soc. Am.71, 95 ( 1981)]. We provide further discussion of the use of least-squares techniques for this purpose. We use the singular-value decomposition (SVD) of an appropriate matrix to explore the relationships among bandwidth, measurement noise, a priori constraints on the object, and the quality of the restoration. We show how the effects of ill conditioning, which arise as the bandwidth of the observation is reduced, can be mitigated by using an appropriate regularization technique. Finally, we describe a conjugate gradient descent (CGD) algorithm that yields a reconstruction nearly identical with that obtained by using the regularized SVD algorithm. The CGD algorithm has been adapted to two-dimensional objects for which the computational complexity of the SVD algorithm is impracticably high.
Genetic Advances in Ophthalmology: The Role of Melanopsin-Expressing, Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells in the Circadian Organization of the Visual System

Daily changes in the light-dark cycle are the principal environmental signal that enables organisms to synchronize their internal biology with the 24-hour day-night cycle. In humans, the visual system is integral to photoentrainment and is primarily driven by a specialized class of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) that express the photopigment melanopsin (OPN4) in the inner retina. These cells project through the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) to the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus, which serves as the body's master biological clock. At the same time, the retina itself possesses intrinsic circadian oscillations, exemplified by diurnal fluctuations in visual sensitivity, neurotransmitter levels, and outer segment turnover rates. Recently, it has been noted that both central and peripheral oscillators share a molecular clock consisting of an endogenous, circadian-driven, transcription-translation feedback loop that cycles with a periodicity of approximately 24 hours. This review will cover the role that melanopsin and ipRGCs play in the circadian organization of the visual system.
Holistic synthesis in the social studies: A new approach to enrichment

The social sciences discipline relies heavily on five of the six levels of Bloom's Taxonomy — knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis and evaluation — generally termed left brain functions. Synthesis is often neglected because it is difficult to implement. A holistic approach can direct the synthesis process so that the “big picture” is experienced and visualized, and meaningful integration of previously analyzed components can be accomplished. Holistic synthesis provides an alternative to traditional instruction, supplying the stepping stone to more effective problem solving in the social sciences
Nitrous Oxide Emissions from an Irrigated Cornfield

During the 1978 growing season, nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions from a typical well-managed northern Colorado field of corn ( Zea mays L. ) totaled approximately 2.6 kilograms of nitrogen per hectare, or about 1.3 percent of the applied fertilizer nitrogen. Thirty percent of the loss occurred during the 3 weeks following fertilization while ammonia was being rapidly nitrified, and 59 percent was emitted during the week after the field9s first irrigation, when restricted oxygen diffusion favored denitrification. Considering the large spatial and temporal variability of N 2 O emissions from soil, micrometeorological estimates of vertical N 2 O flux density compared favorably with estimates based on a simple soil cover method .
572 THE MOLECULAR ANATOMY OF A HUMAN GENE

The ability of bacterial restriction endonuclease to recognize specific senuences in DNA makes them a potent tool for dissection of the human nenome. The organization of ribosomal nenes in normal and neoplastic human tissues has been studied by the restriction of purified DNA. Franments of DNA produced by the restriction endonucleases EcoRI and HindIII were separated accordinn to size by agarose gel electronhoresis. DNA franments which contained ribosomal genes were identified by hybridization to 125I-labelled human ribosomal RNA and autoradiography. Analysis of these studies showed that EcoRI cleaves ribosomal DNA from human spleen into fragments of three sizes (molecular weights 12, 5, and 4.2 × 106). Digestion with HindIII yields fragments of two sizes (molecular weights 9.3, and 8.4 × 106). These data permit the construction of a single map for the human ribosomal gene of 17 × 106 daltons. A similar analysis of human DNA from several fibroblast and tumor cell lines shows variation only at a single EcoRI site. Despite marked alterations in karyotype, the organization of ribosomal nenes has been strongly conserved in the neoplastic tissues so far examined.
On a numerical method for liquid filled systems

Abstract In this paper, an unconditionally stable algorithm is proposed for the dynamic analysis of incompressible fluid filled systems. This approach decouples the fluid and structural effective stiffness matrices via a mixed finite element method. The two resulting matrices are shown to be symmetric and sparse and the semibandwidths of both matrices are small when they are compared to that of the traditional implicit method. Consequently, the potential saving in computer storage and cost is clearly significant. The comparisons of this numerical method with the traditional implicit method are also given in this paper. Results show: (1) the algorithm is accurate and unconditionally stable; (2) there are large increases in computational efficiency; and (3) the computer storage reduction factor can be higher than 12.
Convolution of a Doppler line by a Gaussian instrument function

A simple and direct method is obtained for assessing the distortion of a Doppler line by a Gaussian instrument function. It is suggested that a close approximation to the width of a Gaussian instrument function, or an almost Gaussian function, may be obtained by measuring a line with a Doppler absorption coefficient. The method is applicable to diode laser measurements, and may be used whenever a Gaussian instrument function is a reasonable approximation to real conditions
Issues regarding the ozone air quality standards

We have proposed a robust two-component testing scheme for attainment status. It aims at reducing the impact of fluctuations, such as the 1988 heat wave, that push the long-standing attainment areas into nonattainment. The scheme is not protective of the status of attainment areas with an upward ozone trend, be the trend due to a change in ozone-precursor emissions or persistent adverse meteorology. The scheme is applicable to an ozone standard that uses an order statistic like the annual second-highest value or the annual 95th percentile. We also discuss the stringency of the California ozone air quality standard and the nonattainment-transitional status introduced by the Staff of the California Air Resource Board.
Incorporation of transmissive scene element modeling in multispectral image simulation tools

In order for advanced image simulation systems to properly model the image formation phenomenology of remotely sensed imagery, simulations need to account for the effects of transmissive objects in a scene. These transmissive effects are important in simulating imagery of littoral scenes, vegetation canopies, meteorological clouds, and gas plume discharges. This is especially true for imaging scenarios in the long wave infrared region where very complex target- background radiational and thermal interactions are critically affected by transmission. The digital imaging and remote sensing (DIRS) Laboratory's synthetic image generation (DIRSIG) model has recently been improved to include the general simulation of transmissive scene elements. The model emphasizes quantitative prediction of the radiance reaching sensors with bandpass ranges between 0.28 and 20 micrometer. It includes spectral radiation propagation using MODTRAN, thermal modeling based on the environmental history, and extensive target-background interactions. An overview of DIRSIG's capabilities is presented along with the methodology and mechanism of simulating transmissive scene elements. Imagery illustrating the various scenarios and imaging phenomenologies are presented and discussed.
Neurocognitive late effects of chemotherapy in children: the past 10 years of research on brain structure and function

Advances in the treatment of childhood cancers have greatly improved survivorship. Success has not come without cost, however, as survivors are at risk for late effects of treatment, including neurocognitive late effects (e.g., difficulties with thinking and reasoning). In the advent of chemotherapy-only protocols, researchers are examining neurocognitive sequelae of these agents to understand the specific role of chemotherapy in neurocognitive changes and the mechanism through which these occur. In this review, we examine the state of the literature on neurocognitive late effects after chemotherapy and their proposed neural mechanisms.
Mining the HapMap to dissect complex traits.

A report on the Keystone Symposium 'Genome Sequence Variation and the Inherited Basis of Common Disease and Complex Traits', Big Sky, USA, 8-13 January 2006.
Using Out-of-Level Items in Computerized Adaptive Testing

Out-of-level testing refers to the practice of assessing a student with a test that is intended for students at a higher or lower grade level. Although the appropriateness of out-of-level testing for accountability purposes has been questioned by educators and policymakers, incorporating out-of-level items in formative assessments for accurate feedback is recommended. This study made use of a commercial item bank with vertically scaled items across grades and simulated student responses in a computerized adaptive testing (CAT) environment. Results of the study suggested that administration of out-of-level items improved measurement accuracy and test efficiency for students who perform significantly above or below their grade-level peers. This study has direct implications with regards to the relevance, applicability, and benefits of using out-of-level items in CAT.
Aggregation in Input–Output Models: a Comprehensive Review, 1946–71

This paper consists of two parts. The first surveys the theory of aggregation that had been developed in Input–Output analysis up to 1971. This review provides a comprehensive portraft of the development of aggregation theory in relation to the concepts of aggregation bias and consistency. The second part surveys the theory of aggregation that has evolved through the extension of the concept of entropy and information theory. It reviews the theory of correlational measures of aggregation and the linear aggregation coeficient. The objective of the paper is to summarize studies of various authors who have demonstrated how the trade-offs between the smaller order of aggregation and the infusion of aggregation bias may be minimized with a view toward developing an optimal aggregation system in Input–Output models.
A Measure for Crisis Instability with an Application to Space-Based Antimissile Systems

Crisis instability is the danger of war due to each side's fear that the other is about to attack. An index is defined to measure the degree of instability in a situation and is justified by a set of persuasive criteria that any such measure should satisfy, and also by a set of axioms based in the theory of games. Some past measures are summarized and compared. In the second part, we give a simple quantitative model of a nuclear exchange and look at the stability consequences of changing various weapons parameters and of adding a space-based missile defense system, with and without submarines. Defenses tend to harm stability unless they are both very large and designed so that the government that strikes first does not have a relative advantage in attacking the opponent's defenses.
Past, Present, and Future of Therapeutic Lumbar Spine Interventional Procedures

This article discusses in detail lumbar epidural injections, in all their manifestations, and pain management procedures related to the lumbar zygapophyseal joints are discussed in detail as relates to their formulation, current use, and potential future endeavors.
Metabolic and hemodynamic responses to concurrent voluntary arm crank and electrical stimulation leg cycle exercise in quadriplegics.

This study determined the metabolic and rately. Therefore, hybrid exercise may provide more hemodynamic responses in eight spinal cord injured (SCI) advantageous central cardiovascular training effects in quadriplegics (C5-C8/T1) performing subpeak arm crank quadriplegics than either ACE or FES-LCE alone. exercise (ACE) alone, subpeak functional electrical stimu- lation 1% cycle c~ercise (FES-LCE) alone, and subpeak Key words: aerobic metabolism, cardiopulmonary, exer- FES-LCE COncurfent with subpeak ACE (hybrid exer- tion, functional neuromuscular stimulation, rehabilita- cise). Subjects completed 10 minutes of each exercise tion, spinal cord injury, therapy. mode during which steady-state oxygen uptake (VO,), pulmonary ventilation (v,), heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), mean arterial pressure INTRODUCTION (MAP), arteriovenous oxygen difference (a-T 0, diff), and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were determined. Although meanV0, for both ACE alone and FES-LCE alone was matched at 0.66 l/min, individualized power outputs ranged from 0-30 W (5i = 19.4 t 1.3) and 0-12.2 W (fi = 2.3 + 0.6), respectively. Hybrid exercise elicited significantly higher VO, (by 54 percent), V, (by 39-53 percent), HR (by 19-33 percent), and CO (by 33-47 percent), and significantly lower TPR (by 2 1-34 percent) than ACE or FES-LCE performed alone (PsO.05). Stroke volume was similar between hybrid exercise and FES-LCE alone, and these two exercise modes evoked a significantly higher SV (by 41-56 percent) than during ACE alone. These data clearly demonstrate that hybrid exercise creates a higher aerobic metabolic demand and cardiac-volume load in SCI quadriplegics than either subpeak levels of ACE or FES-LCE performed sepa-
A practical large-signal global modeling simulation of a microwave amplifier using artificial neural network

We present a new technique to obtain large-signal global modeling simulation of a MMIC amplifier. The active device is modeled with a neural network trained with data obtained from a full hydrodynamic model. This neural network describes the nonlinearities of the equivalent circuit parameters of a MESFET implemented in an extended Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) mesh. We successfully represented the transistor characteristics with a one-hidden-layer neural network whose inputs are the gate voltage V/sub gs/, and the drain voltage V/sub ds/. Small-signal simulation is performed and validated by comparison with HP-Libra. Then, the large signal behavior is obtained, which demonstrates the successful use of artificial neural network (ANN) in the FDTD marching time algorithm.
Synthesis and f-element ligation properties of NCMPO-decorated pyridine N-oxide platforms

Stepwise syntheses of 2-{[2-(diphenylphosphoryl)acetamido]methyl}pyridine 1-oxide, 2-[Ph2P(O)CH2C(O)N(H)CH2]C5H4NO (6), 2-{[2-(diphenylphosphoryl)acetamido]methyl}-6-[(diphenylphosphoryl)methyl]pyridine 1-oxide, 2-[Ph2P(O)CH2C(O)N(H)CH2]-6-[Ph2P(O)CH2]C5H3NO (7) and 2,6-bis{[2-(diphenylphosphoryl)acetamido]methyl}pyridine 1-oxide, 2,6-[Ph2P(O)CH2C(O)N(H)CH2]2C5H3NO (8), are reported along with spectroscopic characterization data and single crystal X-ray diffraction structure determination for 6·2H2O, 7 and 2,6-[Ph2P(O)CH2C(O)N(H)CH2]2C5H3N·MeOH 18·MeOH, the pyridine precursor of 8. Molecular mechanics computations indicate that 6, 7 and 8 should experience minimal steric hindrance to donor group reorganization that would permit tridentate, tetradentate and pentadentate docking structures for the respective ligands on lanthanide cations. However, crystal structure determination for the lanthanide complexes, {[Yb(6)(NO3)3]·(MeOH)}n, {[Lu(6)(NO3)3]·(MeOH)}n, [Er(6)2(H2O)2](NO3)3·(H2O)4}n, {[La(13)(NO3)3(MeOH)]·(MeOH)}n, {[Eu(7)(NO3)2(EtOAc)0.5(H2O)0.5](NO3)}2·MeOH and [Dy3(7)4(NO3)4(H2O)2](NO3)5·(MeOH)5·(H2O)2 reveal solid-state structures with mixed chelating/bridging ligand : Ln(III) interactions that employ lower than the maximal denticity. The binding of 6 and 7 with Eu(III) in the solid state and in MeOH solutions is also accessed by emission spectroscopy. The acid dependence for solvent extractions with 6 and 7 in 1,2-dichloroethane for Eu(III) and Am(III) in nitric acid solutions is described and compared with the behavior of n-octyl(phenyl)-N,N-diisobutylcarbamoylmethylphosphine oxide (OPhDiBCMPO, 1b) and 2-[(diphenyl)phosphinoylmethyl]pyridine N-oxide (DPhNOPO, 4a).
The carbohydrate components of rat serum lipoproteins.

SummaryThe protein of low density rat serum lipoproteins contained 5.2% carbohydrate, consisting of galactose (33%), mannose (31%), glucose (9%), glucosamine (20%), and N-acetyl neuraminic acid (8%). The protein of high density rat serum lipoproteins contained 2.2% carbohydrate, consisting of galactose (23%), mannose (24%), glucose (8%), glucosamine (26%), and N-acetyl neuraminic acid (18%).
Preparing School Psychologists for Working with Diverse Students: Does Program Accreditation Matter?

The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree to which differences exist between accredited and non-accredited school psychology training programs on specific characteristics of training theorized to prepare graduates for working with racially, ethnically, and/or linguistically diverse students. Training directors from each of the 237 school psychology programs nationwide were solicited to complete a brief survey on program training characteristics. Independent-samples t tests and chi-square tests of independence were used to determine the existence of significant differences in training characteristics between the two program types. No significant differences emerged between accredited and non-accredited programs on any of the training characteristics theorized as important for working with diverse student populations. The results of this study can be used to draw inferences regarding the influence of accreditation bodies on the current presence of specific school psychology training program characteristics within training programs nationwide.