cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Klüver’s Mechanisms of Hallucinations as Illustrated by the Paintings of Max Ernst

Dr. Kluver has provided a lucid and consistent outline of the mechanisms of visual hallucinations [1]. A verbal description of visual mechanisms is unsatisfactory insofar as the listener must construct his own images. A pictorial representation of a hallucination is difficult to obtain. These circumstances have acted to delay considerations of the mechanisms of hallucination.
THE TRANSFER OF FLIGHT TRAINING PROCEDURES FROM AN ADVANCED AIRLINE FLIGHT SIMULATOR TO THE CLASSROOM

The current shortfall of aviation professionals has led employers to hire low-time, less experienced aviators to fill cockpit positions. Accordingly, the improved effectiveness and capacity of flight training programs has become a national priority. Collegiate aviation programs, in particular, are faced with resource constraints that mandate optimum use of available flight training devices. This paper suggests the use of off-the-shelf video teleconferencing technology to transmit certain aspects of flight training, such as systems operations and normal procedures, between the classroom and an advanced flight simulator or training device. Instruction that is normally limited to two or three students can now be given to a much larger audience and yet remain interactive. Limited sampling of student performance following flight simulator video teleconferencing sessions reflects the promise of this medium as a useful complement to other aviation training methodologies. This paper is not meant to be a formal research paper, but rather an overview of an innovative teaching technology that could lead to further study.
Chapter Seven A Developmental Approach to Visual Cognition in the Elderly

Summary Significant age-related influences on visual cognitive abilities are commonly reported. It is argued that methods derived from developmental theory and findings may be useful for the study of these influences. Such “age-by-task” methods involve the systematic and simultaneous manipulation of task-related and subject-related variables. Examples of the utility of these methods are drawn from the spatial perspective-taking and spatial memory literature. The application of this approach to problems of mental imagery, within a mental image rotation framework, is also demonstrated. A review of literature on mental image rotation and aging indicates that performance may depend upon a variety of subject- and task-related factors, including stimulus characteristics. A new experiment addressing some of these factors is reported. Subject age is shown to interact significantly with specific characteristics of the stimulus items employed. The results indicate that an age-by-task approach to problems of aging and mental imagery may lead to more comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing performance than would otherwise be possible.
Urban Educational Identity: Seeing Students on Their Own Terms

WINNER 2017 O.L. Davis, Jr. AATC Outstanding Book in Education Award WINNER 2017 American Educational Studies Association Critics Choice Award Through rich ethnographic detail, Urban Educational Identity captures the complexities of urban education by documenting the everyday practices of teaching and learning at a high-achieving, high-poverty school. Drawing on over two years of intensive fieldwork and analysis, author Sara M. Childers shows how students, teachers, and parents work both within and against traditional deficit discourses to demonstrate the challenges and paradoxes of urban schooling. It offers an up-close description of how macro-government policies are interpreted, applied, and even subverted for better or worse by students as active agents in their own education. The book moves on to develop and analyze the concept of "urban cachet," tracing how conceptions of race and class were deeply entwined with the very practices for success that propelled students towards graduation and college entrance. A poignant, insightful, and practical analysis, Urban Educational Identity is a timely exploration of how race and class continue to matter in schools.
Arthroscopic Lysis of Adhesions and Anterior Interval Release With Manipulation Under Anesthesia for Severe Post-traumatic Knee Stiffness: A Simple and Reproducible Step-by-Step Guide

Post-traumatic knee stiffness can present after injuries around the knee and surgery. Management is guided by the type of initial injury, amount of range-of-motion loss, time since injury, and cartilage status. Cases refractory to conservative management may conventionally be treated with manipulation under anesthesia (MUA), arthroscopic lysis of adhesions, or open quadricepsplasty. We describe our arthroscopic technique of lysis of adhesions with anterior interval release and intraoperative MUA, which has been shown to provide sustainable range-of-motion improvement in a subset of patients with severe knee arthrofibrosis. Although technically demanding, this technique benefits from being minimally invasive, allows for direct visualization of intra-articular structures, and allows all-round arthroscopic release of adhesions to improve patellar mobility and decrease the risk of fracture prior to MUA. A rigorous postoperative formal physical therapy protocol and patient compliance are imperative to achieve good outcomes.
RESPONSES OF JUVENILE AMERICAN ALLIGATORS (ALLIGATOR MISSISSIPPIENSIS) TO CONTACT CALLS

Abstract Crocodylians are known for their ability to vocalize throughout their lives in a variety of social and ecological contexts, particularly during their vulnerable juvenile life stage. Howeve...
Cost-Effective Reduction of Acute Care Utilization using Home-Based Heart Failure Program.

Background: Heart failure is the number one cause of hospital readmissions among Veteran Affairs (VA) patients. We implemented a home-based RN/LPN team who provided short-term, intensive CHF case management in collaboration with a cardiologist with the goal of reducing 30-day readmissions, ER visits, and hospitalizations. Methods: This retrospective study evaluated ER visits, admissions, 30-day readmission rates, and total inpatient days for 108 CHF patients at the Indianapolis VA Medical Center enrolled in the home-based CHF program from May 2016-September 2017. Data was retrieved from national VA databases as well as the electronic medical record. We compared patients’ acute care utilization six months prior to the program, during the program, and at six months post-program discharge using chi squared test. Results: 500 Veterans were admitted with HF at our hospital in 2016 with the 30-day readmission rate of 21% before our program start date. When comparing all 500 HF patients admitted at our VA with the 108 patients enrolled, the difference in 30-day readmissions was significant (p <.001), with only 7% of our patients having a 30-day readmission within the first 30 days of enrollment into the program. When comparing our study population itself six months pre-program versus during program, there was a large reduction in ER visits and admissions per patient during the program (0.537 vs. 0.361) and (1.63 vs. 0.296). When comparing 6 months pre-program vs. during program enrollment and 6 months post-program discharge, the number of total inpatient days per person was drastically reduced (9.31 vs. 1.33) (9.31 vs 2.73). Using the average cost of one day in the hospital, $3,400, the VA saved approximately $22,372 per patient during our study. The average cost for the CHF home care team yearly is $213, 004, whereas the approximate savings for this program per year is $4,832,352, giving a total annual cost savings of $4,619,348. Conclusions: Short-term, intensive home-based teams for high-risk Veterans with CHF can reduce ER visits, admissions, 30-day readmissions, and the number of inpatient days and be highly cost-effective. This home-based care model must also be noted for showing significant effect persisting after the formal program/intervention ended as there was a continued sizable reduction 6 months post-program discharge in total inpatient days.
Combating Child Summer Food Insecurity: Examination of a Community-Based Mobile Meal Program

Low-income children’s access to meals decreases during the summer months due to losing the benefit of the free and reduced-price lunches they normally receive during the school year. Few studies critically examine community-based approaches to providing summer meals. This mixed methods study examined a mobile meal program implemented in a community with large economic disparities. Parents and caregivers who attended the mobile meal program with a child at one of three sites completed surveys that screened for risk of food insecurity and examined access and utilization of community food resources. Interviews with a representative subsample of English- and Spanish-speaking participants elicited an in-depth understanding of food insecurity in the community and perspectives on the mobile meal program. Surveys (n = 284) were completed in English (78%) and Spanish (22%). Participants identified primarily as Asian (32%), Latino/Hispanic (29%), and White (27%), with 26% screening positive for risk of food insecurity within the past 12 months. Qualitative interviews (n = 36) revealed widespread support for meals served in public settings as they were perceived to be welcoming, fostered social interactions, and helped the community at large. Participants described the high cost of living as a key motivation for participating and cited immigration fears as a barrier to accessing public resources. Findings from this study suggest the importance of innovative community-based approaches to serving hard-to-reach children during the summer.
Successful Regional Anesthesia in a Patient with Epidermolysis Bullosa

The successful conduct of regional anesthesia for upper extremity surgery in a young patient with recessive epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica is described. A brief review of the primary disease and anesthetic considerations also are presented.
Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease Psychosis

Psychotic symptoms in Parkinson’s disease are relatively common and include hallucinations, illusions, and delusions. Psychosis is a major cause of disability and is one of the most distressing symptoms for both patients and caregivers. The management of psychosis is often complex and challenging and involves determining the degree and severity of psychotic symptoms and whether intervention is required. In this review, the authors describe the phenomenology and risk factors of Parkinson’s disease psychosis (PDP) and current evidence-based treatment options. In randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, pimavanserin was found to be effective and well-tolerated in PDP but its onset of benefit takes 4–6 weeks. Present reviews of evidence-based medicine suggest that low doses of clozapine can provide benefit without worsening PD motor symptoms. While quetiapine is frequently used, its efficacy is not supported by randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Clozapine and pimavanserin have proven efficacy in the treatment of PDP, without impairing motor function. Therefore, these agents should be considered first-line treatment of PDP at this time. Although quetiapine did not show efficacy in PDP, many PD experts use it as it does not worsen motor function and lacks the blood monitoring requirement of clozapine.
Race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic differences in incidence of pediatric embryonal tumors in the United States.

Background The etiology of childhood cancers and its social patterning remains largely unknown. Accounting for socioeconomic status (SES) when exploring the association between race/ethnicity and cancer incidence is necessary to better understand such etiology. We aimed to investigate differences in the incidence of embryonal tumors (ETs) by SES and race/ethnicity in the United States using population-based registries of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. Procedure Children with ETs aged 0-19 years diagnosed between 2000 and 2015 were ascertained from the census tract-level SEER database. SES was measured using a tract-level composite index. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by SES quintile and race/ethnicity were estimated using multivariable Poisson regression models. Results The majority of tumors had lower incidence among nonwhite children compared with non-Hispanic (NH) white children, after controlling for SES. NH blacks had a higher incidence of Wilms tumor than NH whites (IRR: 1.26; 95% CI, 1.13-1.39). There was an increasing linear trend (P = 0.0001) across increasing SES quintile for embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma after controlling for race/ethnicity. Effect modification by race/ethnicity of the relationship between SES and tumor incidence was observed for several groups. Hispanics had a significant, linear trend (P = 0.0005) in the incidence of Wilms tumor, while Asian/Pacific Islanders experienced a significant inverse trend (P = 0.0002). Conclusions Results from this study suggest differences in the incidence of several ETs by race/ethnicity and that these differences may be modified by SES. Investigation of potential risk factors that are socially patterned is warranted.
Fast Global Motion Planning for Dynamic Legged Robots

This work presents a motion planning algorithm for legged robots capable of constructing long-horizon dynamic plans in real-time. Many existing methods use models that prohibit flight phases or even require static stability, while those that permit these dynamics often plan over short horizons or take minutes to compute. The algorithm presented here resolves these issues through a reduced-order dynamical model that handles motion primitives with stance and flight phases and supports an RRT-Connect framework for rapid exploration. Kinematic and dynamic constraint approximations are computed efficiently and validated with a whole-body trajectory optimization. The algorithm is tested over challenging terrain requiring long planning horizons and dynamic motions in seconds – an order of magnitude faster than existing methods. The speed and global nature of the planner offer a new level of autonomy for legged robot applications.
Behavioral Weight Loss Intervention Preferences of Adolescents with Overweight/Obesity.

Background: Behavioral lifestyle interventions are the foundation of adolescent obesity treatment. Tailoring an intervention using adolescent stakeholder engagement during the development process c...
Trends in breast cancer incidence among young women aged 20 to 49 years in the United States.

10573Background: Breast cancer in young women is diagnosed at more advanced stages and has a less favorable prognosis. We investigated trends in breast cancer incidence by race/ethnicity, hormone r...
Scalable Recursive First Fit: An Optimal Solution to the Spectrum Allocation Problem

We revisit the classical spectrum allocation (SA) problem, a fundamental subproblem in optical network design, and make three contributions. First, we show how some SA problem instances may be decomposed into smaller instances that may be solved independently without loss of optimality. Second, we prove an optimality property of the well-known first-fit (FF) heuristic. Finally, we leverage this property to develop a recursive algorithm that applies the FF heuristic to find an optimal solution efficiently. This recursive first-fit (Rec-FF) algorithm complements our recent algorithm that recursively searches the routing space, and may be combined with it to solve large routing and spectrum allocation (RSA) problem instances to optimality.
Effective therapy of AML with RUNX1 mutation by co-treatment with inhibitors of protein translation and BCL2.

Abstract Majority of RUNX1 mutations in AML are missense or deletion-truncation and behave as loss-of-function mutations. Following standard therapy, AML patients expressing mtRUNX1 exhibit inferior clinical outcome than those without mutant RUNX1. Studies presented here demonstrate that as compared to AML cells lacking mtRUNX1, their isogenic counterparts harboring mtRUNX1 display impaired ribosomal biogenesis and differentiation, as well as exhibit reduced levels of wild-type RUNX1, PU.1 and c-Myc. Compared to AML cells with only wild-type RUNX1, AML cells expressing mtRUNX1 were also more sensitive to the protein translation inhibitor homoharringtonine (omacetaxine) and BCL2 inhibitor venetoclax. HHT treatment repressed enhancers and their BRD4 occupancy, as well as was associated with reduced levels of c-Myc, c-Myb, MCL1 and Bcl-xL. Consistent with this, co-treatment with omacetaxine and venetoclax or BET inhibitor induced synergistic in vitro lethality in AML expressing mtRUNX1. Compared to each agent alone, co-treatment with omacetaxine and venetoclax or BET inhibitor also displayed improved in vivo anti-AML efficacy, associated with improved survival of immune depleted mice engrafted with AML cells harboring mtRUNX1. These findings highlight superior efficacy of omacetaxine-based combination therapies for AML harboring mtRUNX1.
Liberty: Thriving and Civic Engagement Among America′s Youth

Foreword - Ralph Smith, The Annie E. Casey Foundation Preface 1. Ideals and Human Development 2. Evolution and the Emergence of Liberty 3. Social Relationships and Human Development 4. Developmental Theory as a Frame for Understanding Liberty 5. On the Nature of Thriving 6. Programs Promoting Positive Youth Development and Civil Society 7. Policies Promoting Positive Youth Development and Civil Society References Name Index Subject Index About the Author
Multilingualism, citizenship, and identity: Voices of youth and symbolic investments in an urban, globalized world, by Byrd Clark, J.

This ambitious and thoughtful book reflects on a good handful of topical questions: How is multilingualism constructed by Canadian youth, and who counts as multilingual in Canada? How does multilin...
Real Time 3D Brain Shift Compensation

Surgical navigation systems are used intraoperatively to provide the surgeon with a display of preoperative and intraoperative data in the same coordinate system and help her or him guide the surgery. However, these systems are subject to inaccuracy caused by intraoperative brain movement (brain shift) since commercial systems in use today typically assume that the intracranial structures are rigid. Experiments show brain shifts up to several millimeters, making it the cause of the dominant error in the system. We propose an image-based brain shift compensation system based on an intraoperatively guided deformable model. We have recorded a set of brain surface points during the surgery and used them to guide and/or validate the model predictions. Initial results show that this system limits the error between its brain surface prediction and real brain surfaces to within 0.5 mm, which is a significant improvement over the systems that are based on the rigid brain assumption, that in this case would have an error of 3 mm or greater.
Constitutive Model Parameter Study For Armor Steel And Tungsten Alloys

A computational parametric study was performed to assess the influence of the selection of Johnson- Cook constitutive model parameters on the numerical simulation of tungsten rods penetrating rolled homogeneous armor (RHA) steel targets. The parameter space involved two sets of Johnson-Cook model parameters for RHA, two sets of Johnson-Cook parameters for the tungsten rod material, four tungsten rod length-to-diameter (L/D) ratios, and two continuum mechanics codes. Striking velocities considered in the study ranged from approximately 1000 – 2000 m/s. The study revealed that no single combination of Johnson-Cook model parameters provides superior overall prediction of penetration depth over the other possible combinations across the full range of rod L/D considered. The study provides valuable guidance on the selection of material model parameters future studies of kinetic energy penetration.
Changing the behavior of parametric resonance in MEMS oscillators by tuning the effective cubic stiffness

Nonlinearity plays a critical role on the behavior of oscillators operating in the parametric resonance mode. Here, we study the effects of effective nonlinear parameter, (effective cubic stiffness), /spl gamma//sub 3eff/, on the behavior of parametric resonance in a micro electro mechanical oscillator. The value of /spl gamma//sub 3eff/ can be tuned by changing the amplitude of applied voltage. Varying the sign of /spl gamma//sub 3eff/ can switch bi-stable area from one side of the parametric resonance area to the other side. Both experiment and analysis show this switch and the results agree very well with each other.
Evidence of d x 2 − y 2 symmetry in the tunneling conductance density of states of Tl 2 Ba 2 CuO 6

Tunnel junctions have been made on single crystals of ${\mathrm{Tl}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{6}$ with a ${T}_{c}$\ensuremath{\sim}91 K using a mechanical point-contact method. Both superconductor--insulator--normal-metal (SIN) and superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) junctions were obtained using Au and Nb tips, respectively. The tunneling conductances obtained are reproducible, with sharp, well-defined energy gap structures and are characterized by a cusplike feature at zero bias. These conductances can be fit to a simple, momentum-averaged density of states (DOS) obtained from a superconducting order parameter with ${d}_{{x}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{y}^{2}}$ symmetry. The SIS data display a weak Nb gap feature which is consistent with the subgap DOS observed in the SIN data.
Overview: Engineering transgenic constructs and mice

Cell biology research encompasses everything from single cells to whole animals. Recent discoveries concerning particular gene functions can be applied to the whole animal for understanding genotype-phenotype relationships underlying disease mechanisms. For this reason, genetically manipulated mouse models are now considered essential to correctly understand disease processes in whole animals. This unit reviews the basic mouse technologies used to generate conventional transgenic mice, which represent a gain-of-function approach. First, an overview of transgenic construct design is presented. This unit then explains basic strategies for the identification and establishment of independent transgenic mouse lines, followed by comments on historical and emerging techniques. It then describes typical problems that are encountered when researchers start to generate transgenic mice.
The wavelength dependence of ultraviolet light-induced cell killing and mutagenesis in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells.

The wavelength dependence of ultraviolet radiation-induced cell killing and mutagenicity in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells has been determined from 235 nm to 313 nm. Cells were irradiated in phosphate buffered saline at 20°C. The amount of cell killing was determined by cloning in soft agar medium immediately after irradiation. Mutation frequency was determined, after a 3-day expression time, by cloning in soft agar medium in the presence and the absence of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdUrd). The endpoint used to quantitate lethal effects was the exposure necessary to reduce the surviving fraction to 10%, while the endpoint for mutagenesis was the exposure necessary to increase the frequency of BrdUrd-resistant colonies ten-fold over the background level. Data were corrected for quantum energy and the action spectra for cell killing and mutagenesis were plotted as relative biological effectiveness per quantum vs wavelength, relative to the effect at 265.2 nm. Both action spectra show broad maxima at 270 nm, and are very similar to the action spectra determined by Rothman and Setlow (1979) for pyrimidine dimer formation and cell killing in V-79 cells.
Alpha-Class Glutathione S-Transferases in Wild Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo): Characterization and Role in Resistance to the Carcinogenic Mycotoxin Aflatoxin B1

Domestic turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) are one of the most susceptible animals known to the toxic effects of the mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a potent human hepatocarcinogen, and universal maize contaminant. We have demonstrated that such susceptibility is associated with the inability of hepatic glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) to detoxify the reactive electrophilic metabolite exo-AFB1-8,9-epoxide (AFBO). Unlike their domestic counterparts, wild turkeys, which are relatively AFB1-resistant, possess hepatic GST-mediated AFBO conjugating activity. Here, we characterized the molecular and functional properties of hepatic alpha-class GSTs (GSTAs) from wild and domestic turkeys to shed light on the differences in resistance between these closely related strains. Six alpha-class GST genes (GSTA) amplified from wild turkeys (Eastern and Rio Grande subspecies), heritage breed turkeys (Royal Palm) and modern domestic (Nicholas strain) turkeys were sequenced, and catalytic activities of heterologously-expressed recombinant enzymes determined. Alpha-class identity was affirmed by conserved GST domains and four signature motifs. All GSTAs contained single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in their coding regions: GSTA1.1 (5 SNPs), GSTA1.2 (7), GSTA1.3 (3), GSTA2 (3), GSTA3 (1) and GSTA4 (2). E. coli-expressed GSTAs possessed varying activities toward GST substrates 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene (DCNB), ethacrynic acid (ECA), cumene hydroperoxide (CHP). As predicted by their relative resistance, livers from domestic turkeys lacked detectable GST-mediated AFBO detoxification activity, whereas those from wild and heritage birds possessed this critical activity, suggesting that intensive breeding and selection resulted in loss of AFB1-protective alleles during domestication. Our observation that recombinant tGSTAs detoxify AFBO, whereas their hepatic forms do not, implies that the hepatic forms of these enzymes are down-regulated, silenced, or otherwise modified by one or more mechanisms. These data may inform of possible molecular mechanisms of resistance to AFB1, and may also have the benefit of identifying genetic markers which could be used to enhance AFB1 resistance in modern domestic strains.
Supervisory control of a multi-echelon supply chain: A modular Petri net approach for inter-organizational control

Petri nets (PNs) are frequently utilized to model system dynamics due to their ability to handle concurrencies and sequential dependence. In this paper, a portion of the supply chain operations reference (SCOR) model has been extracted and modeled using PNs for the purpose of exerting supervisory control upon a multi-echelon supply chain (SC). The activities of source, make and deliver, inherent in the SCOR model form the basis of the representation of the PN model for each echelon considered in the SC model. Two control nets are utilized: one above the base model of each echelon to exert local constraints and an enterprise level supply chain manager (SCM). The local constraints are at the tactical and operational levels while the SCM enforces additional constraints consisting of long term planning goals at the strategic level. Place invariants are used to create the supervisors. Performance measures of the total SC are formulated to determine the effectiveness of any partnership. An efficient method for finding the current state of the system is developed which is used to determine the performance measures of each echelon. This paper presents a modular approach to the overall structure and PN modeling for a SC system. It is intended to extend the use of supervisory control from a shop-floor level to an inter-organizational facility and enterprise level.
Will business model innovation replace strategic analysis

Purpose – This masterclass aims to consider a number of recent business articles and books that can help practitioners clarify the distinction between the strategy development and business model approaches and decide which is appropriate for their situation.Design/methodology/approach – The article defines the difference between the two approaches this way: business models explain who your customers are and how you plan to make money by providing them with value; strategy identifies how you will beat competitors by being different.Findings – The paper reveals that a business model approach has limitations. It will not help an organization develop a competitive advantage, outperform its competition, acquire or merge with another organization, or diversify. However, corporate strategy does not identify how to deliver unique value to meet customers' needs.Practical implications – The main reason why organizations fail at business‐model innovation is too much “tweaking” – incremental attempts at improvement i...
A Reexamination of Active and Passive Tumor Targeting by Using Rod-Shaped Gold Nanocrystals and Covalently Conjugated Peptide Ligands

The targeted delivery of nanoparticles to solid tumors is one of the most important and challenging problems in cancer nanomedicine, but the detailed delivery mechanisms and design principles are still not well understood. Here we report quantitative tumor uptake studies for a class of elongated gold nanocrystals (called nanorods) that are covalently conjugated to tumor-targeting peptides. A major advantage in using gold as a “tracer” is that the accumulated gold in tumors and other organs can be quantitatively determined by elemental mass spectrometry (gold is not a natural element found in animals). Thus, colloidal gold nanorods are stabilized with a layer of polyethylene glycols (PEGs), and are conjugated to three different ligands: (i) a single-chain variable fragment (ScFv) peptide that recognizes the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR); (ii) an amino terminal fragment (ATF) peptide that recognizes the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR); and (iii) a cyclic RGD peptide that recognizes the avb3 integrin receptor. Quantitative pharmacokinetic and biodistribution data show that these targeting ligands only marginally improve the total gold accumulation in xenograft tumor models in comparison with nontargeted controls, but their use could greatly alter the intracellular and extracellular nanoparticle distributions. When the gold nanorods are administered via intravenous injection, we also find that active molecular targeting of the tumor microenvironments (e.g., fibroblasts, macrophages, and vasculatures) does not significantly influence the tumor nanoparticle uptake. These results suggest that for photothermal cancer therapy, the preferred route of gold nanorod administration is intra-tumoral injection instead of intravenous injection.
LIVELIHOOD IN RURAL TRINIDAD IN 1900

ABSTRACT Former indentured plantation laborers from India established village settlements near sugar estates in western Trinidad in the late nineteenth century. Livelihood activity in two such villages between 1890 and 1910 consisted of food production, cash cropping, and wage labor. Both villages were on marginal lands between cane plantations and coastal swamps. Each family in each village exploited a continuum of microenvironments from swamps to canelands. Daily or seasonal movements among these microenvironments maintained a balance between village activity and plantation labor.
A group-oriented inpatient CBT programme: a pilot study

The inpatient unit faces many challenges in the effort to deliver comprehensive psychiatric care to acutely ill patients with minimal lengths of stay. Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), a structured, problem-focused, time-limited form of treatment has been shown to be a promising intervention with the inpatient population. This paper describes a group-oriented inpatient CBT programme for women and reports pilot data on the experiences of 78 adult female patients. Repeated-measures ANOVAs revealed that participants exhibited improved psychosocial functioning from admission to discharge, with gains maintained at 1 month post-discharge. Partial correlations indicated that participation and engagement in CBT groups is related to improved functioning at discharge. Participants diagnosed with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and psychotic disorders all evidenced similar positive treatment trajectories, suggesting that group-oriented CBT programming may be a useful addition to standard inpatient care.
Efficacy of body ventilation system for reducing strain in warm and hot climates.

This study determined whether a torso-vest forced ambient air body ventilation system (BVS) reduced physiological strain during exercise-heat stress. Seven heat-acclimated volunteers attempted nine, 2-h treadmill walks at 200 W m−2 in three environments, −40°C, 20% rh (HD), 35°C, 75% rh (HW), and 30°C, 50% rh, (WW) wearing the Army Combat Uniform, interceptor body armor (IBA) and Kevlar helmet. Three trials in each environment were BVS turned on (BVSOn), BVS turned off (BVSOff), and no BVS (IBA). In HD, BVSOn significantly lowered core temperature (T re), heart rate (HR), mean skin temperature (T sk), mean torso skin temperature (T torso), thermal sensation (TS), heat storage (S), and physiological strain index (PSI), versus BVSOff and IBA (P < 0.05). For HW (n = 6), analyses were possible only through 60 min. Exercise tolerance time (min) during HW was significantly longer for BVSOn (116 ± 10 min) versus BVSOff (95 ± 22 min) and IBA (96 ± 18 min) (P < 0.05). During HW, BVSOn lowered HR at 60 min versus IBA, T sk from 30 to 60 min versus BVSOff and IBA, and PSI from 45 to 60 min versus BVSOff and at 60 min versus IBA (P < 0.05). BVSOn changes in T re and HR were lower in HD and HW. During WW, BVSOn significantly lowered HR, T sk, and T torso versus BVSOff and IBA (P < 0.05) during late exercise. Sweating rates were significantly lower for BVSOn versus BVSOff and IBA in both HD and WW (P < 0.05), but not HW. These results indicate that BVSOn reduces physiological strain in all three environments by a similar amount; however, in hot-dry conditions the BVSOff increases physiological strain.
A cross-cultural analysis of recruitment into all male groups: An ethological perspective

Empirical data were gathered on proxemic behaviors between adults and children in 10 cultures. The results were analyzed by gender composition of adult groups, by gender of child and by age of child. Across the 10 culture sample, the older boy-adult male dyad was uniquely over-represented compared to the five other combinations of adult groups and children. This asymmetry of association of the older boy-man dyad is discussed in reference to the asymmetrical division of labor by gender which was presumed extant during the development of the genus Homo . It is assumed that for pre-agrarian Homo , hunting was a male prerogative. Consequently, persistent and strong selective pressures would be generated upon men to develop male-male bonds and to recruit older boys into all male hunting groups. It is suggested that the “bonding” behaviors are mediated and canalized by the neural and hormonal systems which in turn are subtended by particular constellations of genetic material operating within a normative and generalized environment.
Real-time refolding studies of 6-19F-tryptophan labeled Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase using stopped-flow NMR spectroscopy.

Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase (ecDHFR, EC1.5.1.3) contains 5 tryptophan residues that have been replaced with 6-19F-tryptophan. Five native and four of the five unfolded tryptophan resonances can be resolved in the 1D 19F NMR spectra and have been assigned [Hoeltzli, S. D., & Frieden, C. (1994) Biochemistry 33, 5502-5509]. This resolution allows the behavior of the native and the unfolded resonances assigned to each individual tryptophan to be monitored during the unfolding or refolding process. We now use these assignments and stopped-flow NMR to investigate the real-time behavior of specific regions of the protein during refolding of DHFR after dilution from 4.6 to 2.3 M urea (midpoint of the transition = 3.8 M) at 5 degrees C. Approximately half of the intensity of each of the four unfolded resonances is present at the first measurable time point (1.5 s). Little native resonance intensity is detectable at this time. The remaining unfolded resonance intensities present then disappear in two phases, with rates similar to the two slowest phases observed by either stopped-flow fluorescence or circular dichroism spectroscopy upon refolding under the same conditions. Substantial total resonance intensity is missing during the first 20 s of the refolding process. The appearance of the majority of native resonance intensity (as assessed by the height of each of the five native tryptophan resonances) is slow and similar for all five tryptophans. In contrast, the largest amplitude changes observed by either stopped-flow far-UV circular dichroism spectroscopy or fluorescence spectroscopy, and the greatest loss of unfolded resonance intensity, occur much more rapidly. We conclude from these studies: (1) that, under these conditions, the unfolded state remains substantially populated after initiation of refolding; (2) that the early steps in refolding involve a solvent protected intermediate containing substantial secondary structure, but (3) that the stable native side chain interactions form slowly and are associated with the final rate-limiting phase of the refolding process. Preliminary analysis of the area of broadened native resonances suggests that these resonances may appear at different rates, indicating that some regions of the protein begin to sample a native-like side chain environment while side chain environment in other regions of the protein remains less ordered. The results of this study are consistent with the earlier studies demonstrating that mobility of side chains is an early step in unfolding [Hoeltzli, S. D., & Frieden, C. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92, 9318-9322] and that recovery of enzymatic activity occurs as a late step in the folding process [Frieden, C. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 4413-4416].
ASPHYXIA AS A CAUSE OF LACTOSE MALABSORPTION IN IDENTICAL PREMATURE TWINS

Previous studies have shown lactose malabsorption to be a frequent occurrence in the premature infant. We analyzed breath hydrogen in two sets of identical prematurely born twins of 30 & 34 weeks gestation. Except for perinatal asphyxia in one infant all had uncomplicated antenatal and postnatal courses. The lactose intake was similar for each infant (g/kg). Breath hydrogen determinations (PPMH2) are listed below: The only asphyxiated infant (IIB) had higher peak breath hydrogen levels than its own twin (IIA) or twins I A & B. These elevated values are associated with lactose malabsorption. Although the number of subjects in the study is small, the two sets of identical twins offer a unique opportunity to study the effects of asphyxia on lactose malabsorption in premature infants. These data in identical twins support our previous preliminary findings of lactose malabsorption associated with asphyxia in the newborn. The findings may have implications on the initial choice of feeding in asphyxiated premature infants.
Searching the animal psyche with Charles Le Brun.

Summary Around 1670 the French court painter and Academician Charles Le Brun produced a series of drawings featuring naturalistic animal heads, as well as imaginary heads in which he refashioned various nonhuman animal species to make humanoid physiognomies. What were the purpose and significance of these unusual works? I argue that they show Le Brun's interest in what we today would call animal psychology: focusing upon the sensory organs and their connections with the animal's brain, Le Brun studied his animals as conscious protagonists of the natural realm. One source that may have served him in this project was Marin Cureau de La Chambre's De la Connoissance des bestes of 1645, in which the physician argued that animals possess a conscious soul grounded in the senses. However, Le Brun's animal-humans have no clear place in the artist's taxonomy—nor, indeed, in any seventeenth-century understandings of species. It is rather John Locke, at his most skeptical, who offers the best parallel in the realm of...
Spatial model fitting for large datasets with applications to climate and microarray problems

Many problems in the environmental and biological sciences involve the analysis of large quantities of data. Further, the data in these problems are often subject to various types of structure and, in particular, spatial dependence. Traditional model fitting often fails due to the size of the datasets since it is difficult to not only specify but also to compute with the full covariance matrix describing the spatial dependence. We propose a very general type of mixed model that has a random spatial component. Recognizing that spatial covariance matrices often exhibit a large number of zero or near-zero entries, covariance tapering is used to force near-zero entries to zero. Then, taking advantage of the sparse nature of such tapered covariance matrices, backfitting is used to estimate the fixed and random model parameters. The novelty of the paper is the combination of the two techniques, tapering and backfitting, to model and analyze spatial datasets several orders of magnitude larger than those datasets typically analyzed with conventional approaches. Results will be demonstrated with two datasets. The first consists of regional climate model output that is based on an experiment with two regional and two driver models arranged in a two-by-two layout. The second is microarray data used to build a profile of differentially expressed genes relating to cerebral vascular malformations, an important cause of hemorrhagic stroke and seizures.
Lack of prostate cancer radiosensitization by androgen deprivation

Abstract Purpose: The majority of clinical trials have shown that high-grade prostate cancer patients treated with androgen deprivation (AD) plus radiation (RT) have a survival advantage over those treated with RT alone. One possible mechanism for such a favorable interaction is that AD sensitizes cells to radiation. Animal model studies have provided suggestive evidence that AD sensitizes cells to radiation, but this mechanism is difficult to confirm conclusively in vivo . This question was investigated in LNCaP cells grown in vitro . Methods and Materials: LNCaP cells were cultured in vitro in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM)-F12 medium, containing 10% fetal bovine serum (complete medium [CM]). AD was achieved by culture in charcoal-stripped serum (SS)-containing medium. Replacement of androgen was done by adding the synthetic androgen R1881 at 1 × 10 −10 M to SS. Apoptosis was measured with a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Clonogenic survival was used to determine overall cell death, and the results were corrected for differences in plating efficiency from the various growth conditions. Results: LNCaP cells were grown in CM, SS, or SS + R1881 medium, and cell counts obtained at 3, 4, and 5 days. Cell number increased exponentially in CM, whereas no increase in cell number was observed in SS medium. Cell counts from growth in SS + R1881 were intermediate between these extremes. Apoptosis was measured to determine if the combination of AD + RT in vitro resulted in supra-additive cell death, as has been previously described in an in vivo model system. The cells were cultured for 3 days before RT and apoptosis quantified 24 h after RT. There was a consistent supra-additive increase in apoptosis in cells exposed to AD + RT (2 or 8 Gy), as compared to either treatment given individually. In contrast, significant radiosensitization by AD was not observed by clonogenic survival even when the conditions of AD were varied. No radiosensitization was observed upon incubation in SS medium for 3, 4, or 5 days before RT, or extending AD after RT for 6 h before plating or 24 h after plating. Conclusion: The results show that in LNCaP prostate tumor cells supra-additive apoptosis does not translate into radiosensitization by clonogenic survival. Because clonogenic survival is a measure of overall cell death, either the level of apoptosis is too small a component of overall cell death or the increases in apoptosis occurred in a subpopulation that would have been killed by other mechanisms. Although the findings indicate that AD does not act by sensitizing prostate cancer cells to RT, the additive cell death and growth inhibitory effects of AD + RT are clinically meaningful.
GENETIC CONTROL OF PIGMENT DIFFERENTIATION IN SOMATIC CELLS

The process of cellular differentiation may be studied by using the techniques of a variety of biological disciplines. Embryologists may approach problems of in? duction, cell recognition and contact, induced enzyme synthesis, etc. through use of biochemical or biophysical techniques, but often the powerful tool of genetic analysis is left unused. One facet of this problem which might be particularly sus? ceptible to analysis by use of genetic tech? niques is implicit in the title of this paper: the genetic control of pigment differenti? ation. By the term "genetic control" it is meant to imply that not only is the process of cellular differentiation a species specific one and determined by the individual's own genetic constitution, but also in most cases the cells of a tissue which have differentiated in a similar fashion are related
A coupled mode formulation by reciprocity and a variational principle

A coupled mode formulation for parallel dielectric waveguides is presented via two methods: a reciprocity theorem and a variational principle. In the first method, a generalized reciprocity relation for two sets of field solutions (E^{(1)}, H^{(1)}) and (E^{(2)}, H^{(2)}) satisfying Maxwell's equation and the boundary conditions in two different media \epsilon^{(1)}(x,y) and \epsilon^{(2)}(x,y) , respectively, is derived. Based on the generalized reciprocity theorem, we then formulate the coupled mode equations. The second method using a variational principle is also presented for a general waveguide system which can be lossy. The results of the variational principle can also be shown to be identical to those from the reciprocity theorem. The exact relations governing the "conventional" and the new coupling coefficients are derived. It is shown analytically that our formulation satisfies the reciprocity theorem and power conservation exactly, while the conventional theory violates the power conservation and reciprocity theorem by as much as 55 percent and the Hardy-Streifer theory by 0.033 percent, for example.
Mycorrhizal type determines the magnitude and direction of root-induced changes in decomposition in a temperate forest.

Summary Although it is increasingly being recognized that roots play a key role in soil carbon (C) dynamics, the magnitude and direction of these effects are unknown. Roots can accelerate soil C losses by provisioning microbes with energy to decompose organic matter or impede soil C losses by enhancing microbial competition for nutrients. We experimentally reduced belowground C supply to soils via tree girdling, and contrasted responses in control and girdled plots for three consecutive growing seasons. We hypothesized that decreases in belowground C supply would have stronger effects in plots dominated by ectomycorrhizal (ECM) trees rather than arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) trees. In ECM-dominated plots, girdling decreased the activity of enzymes that break down soil organic matter (SOM) by c. 40%, indicating that, in control plots, C supply from ECM roots primes microbial decomposition. In AM-dominated plots, girdling had little effect on SOM-degrading enzymes, but increased the decomposition of AM leaf litter by c. 43%, suggesting that, in control plots, AM roots may intensify microbial competition for nutrients. Our findings indicate that root-induced changes in soil processes depend on forest composition, and that shifts in the distribution of AM and ECM trees owing to climate change may determine soil C gains and losses.