cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Malpractice reform must include steps to prevent medical injury.

In the current malpractice insurance crisis, physicians have focused their advocacy and energy primarily on rapidly increasing liability premiums, problems in access to care, and demands for legal reform, especially caps on damages. An even more important focus, however, is prevention of injury and improvement of patient safety. Physicians largely control patient care and can play a critical role in systematically reducing injury. Reforms should go beyond liability issues; they should also harness and enhance physicians' ability to act. More visible efforts by physicians to reduce harm, better communication with patients and others, and true evidence of improved patient safety should reduce patient anger and litigiousness. Individually and collectively, physicians can and should ensure that doing no harm comes first in the malpractice debate. (Annals of Internal Medicine 140(1): 51?53, 2004.)
Open Carry: Radical Stillness

At the Blue Mesa Grill in Arlington, Texas, a gathering of members of Moms Demand Action for Gun Sense were confronted outside the restaurant by two dozen men and women carrying rifles. The activists of Open Carry Texas insisted that they were doing nothing. But what were their guns doing?
Some basic results in elementary number theory in function fields

Abstract In this paper, we introduce a Carlitz module analogue of the classical Euler totient function, and prove a function field analogue of Euler's theorem by using the Carlitz action and the Carlitz module analogue of the Euler totient function. We propose a function field analogue of Carmichael's totient function conjecture. In contrast to the classical case, we answer the function field analogue of Carmichael's conjecture in the negative. We also propose a function field analogue of Sierpinski's conjecture, and discuss some special cases of this analogue.
Thermal and Electrical Properties of Li 2 0-V 2 0 5 -TeO 2 Glassy System

Oxide glasses had receive a great deal of attention on the last couple of years because of their potentially high cationic transport. Interesting features have been found on Li2O-V2O5-TeO2 glassy system. Such materials were prepared under open air at 800°C and traditional quenching. Glass formation was been found up to 45% alkali concentration on the V2O5-TeO2 binary system. Upon addition of Li2O the glass transition temperature lowered systematically up to values near 175°C. Structural correlation between glass transition and structure are made. Those materials show high promise as electrolytes for solid-state batteries applications.
Encapsulation of Living Cells within Giant Phospholipid Liposomes Formed by the Inverse‐Emulsion Technique

Liposomes form spontaneously by the assimilation of phospholipids, the primary component of cell membranes. Due to their unique ability to form selectively permeable bilayers in situ, they are widely used as nanocarriers for drug and small-molecule delivery. However, there is a lack of straightforward methodologies to encapsulate living microorganisms. Here we demonstrate the successful encapsulation of whole cells in phospholipid vesicles by using the inverse-emulsion technique of generating unilamellar vesicles. This method of liposome preparation allows for a facile encapsulation of large biomaterials that previously was not easily attainable. Using Escherichia coli as a model organism, we found that liposomes can protect the bacterium against external protease degradation and from harsh biological environments. Liposomes prepared by the inverse-emulsion method were also capable of encapsulating yeast and were found to be naturally susceptible to hydrolysis by enzymes such as phospholipases, thus highlighting their potential role as cell delivery carriers.
Predictable Cross-Industry Heterogeneity in Industry Dynamics

Technological change affects industry dynamics, by influencing whether an industry experiences a shakeout and attains a concentrated market structure. Decades-long competitive processes are similar for matched industries in different nations, indicating that competitive processes — not just eventual concentration levels — arise systematically from causes that might be traced. The television manufacturing industry in the United States and the United Kingdom is used to illustrate common processes at work.
Hormonal profiles of captive Galapagos Tortoises (Chelonoidis nigra)

Monthly blood samples, daily mating observations from Galapagos tortoises (Chelonoidis nigra), and local rainfall and temperature were collected at the Honolulu Zoo as part of a fertility evaluation. Testosterone concentrations were measured for males (n = 6), two of which were seen copulating and were considered sexually active. Estrone sulfate and progesterone concentrations were measured for female tortoises (n = 9), two of which nested and only one had laid eggs. Testosterone profiles were similar for both sexually active and sexually inactive males, both of which were positively correlated with temperature but not rainfall. Peak testosterone concentrations (12.0 ± 1.4 ng/ml sexually active animals vs. 14.4 ± 2.4 ng/ml sexually inactive animals) occurred at the end of the nesting season, from April to July. Estrone sulfate concentrations were similar for nesting (n = 2) and non-nesting (n = 7) female tortoises, rising from non-detectable concentrations (September), and increasing to peak concentrations during the nesting season. Progesterone concentrations remained low and spiked (9.44 ng/ml) only for the female that nested and laid eggs. Testosterone was negatively correlated with mating behavior, and the male tortoises were likely capable of spermatogenesis even though only two of them engaged in mating behavior. The female tortoises were not senescent, as the estrone sulfate concentrations likely reflected waves of ovarian follicular activity. Endocrine parameters were not in synchrony with rainfall, and a disconnect between the timing of reproductive events and the environmental milieu may help to explain the poor fertility of these tortoises. Zoo Biol. 35:237-245, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
POSTPOLLINATION EFFECTS ON SEED PATERNITY: MECHANISMS IN ADDITION TO MICROGAMETOPHYTE COMPETITION OPERATE IN WILD RADISH.

After pollen arrives on a stigma, the paternity of seeds may be influenced by microgametophyte competition, maternal choice, genetic complementation between parents, and embryo competition. While microgametophyte competition has been well accepted, the other mechanisms are more difficult to demonstrate, and their effects are often confounded. Here, wild radish plants were pollinated with single and mixed pollen loads, and some plants were stressed such that reproduction was reduced. Effects of pollen donors, maternal families, maternal × paternal interaction, pollen donor number, and stress on fruit abortion, seed number per fruit, seed weight, and total seed weight per fruit were measured. Maternal-plant × pollen-donor interaction effects were found for all variables, indicating that genetic complementation or maternal choice occurred. Values of the components of reproduction were generally higher for multiply sired fruits than for singly sired fruits, indicating that either competition among embryos changed under multiple paternity or maternal choice for multiply sired fruits occurred. Finally, when maternal plants were stressed, the components of reproduction were more strongly affected by seed and fruit paternity. This result indicates that either competitive regimes among embryos were affected by stress or maternal plants become more selective under stress. In both cases where embryo competition might have been an explanation of the results, variation in seed weight within fruits was unaffected, suggesting that competitive regimes were unchanged. Clearly, mechanisms in addition to microgametophyte competition are important in sorting the pollen that arrives on stigmas of wild radish. These data suggest that maternal choice is likely to be important. In addition, these processes are likely to occur in the field, since the effects are stronger in stressed than in control plants.
Control of Hornworms by Trapping with Blacklight and Stalk Cutting in North Carolina

Studies were continued in 1963 and 1964 near Oxford, North Carolina, to determine the effectiveness of a combination of traps equipped with blacklight lamps plus stalk cutting for large-area control of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (Johannson), and the tomato horn-worm, M. quinque (Haworth) on flue-cured tobacco. In 1963, the numbers of eggs and small larvae at the center of the 113-square-mile study area decreased 83% compared with the numbers 6 miles outside the area. In 1964, the estimated damage from the tobacco hornworm at the center of the trapping area was 77 and 91% less than that 6 and 14 miles outside the area. Marked increases in stalk cutting in the trapping area in the fall of 1962 and 1963 probably increased the control. In 1963, 90% fewer applications of insecticide for hornworm control were made inside the trapping area than outside; in 1964, 60% fewer applications of insecticides for control of all tobacco insects were made inside the area.
The Crisis of South African foreign policy: Diplomacy, leadership and the role of the African National Congress

Mathew Graham's, The Crisis of South African Foreign Policy seeks to shed new light on an old line of inquiry. Not long after South Africa's democratic transition, observers began to comment on the...
Process of Cultivating Energy in Middle Aged Women Practicing Dan Jeon Breathing

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the process of cultivating energy in middle-aged women doing Dan Jeon Breathing and to develop a grounded theory of Dan Jeon Breathing. Method: Data was collected by means of an in-depth interview using tape- recordings from 15 participants who practice Dan Jeon Breathing. The data was analyzed using the grounded theory method proposed by Strauss and Corbin(1998). Results: The core category was identified as "cultivating energy of the mind and the body together". The process of this could be further divided into 4 stages: the stages are cessation of an 'energetic life', 'depending on Dan Jeon Breathing', 'going through a difficult practice process' and 'getting used to Dan Jeon Breathing'. The participants began Dan Jeon Breathing because they were unable to retain their energetic lifestyle. They were dependent on Dan Jeon Breathing for recovery of health. Also, they were going through a difficult process. Finally, they entirely approved of Dan Jeon Breathing as a method of health promotion. Conclusion: This study provided the understanding needed for the training process of Dan Jeon Breathing. Therefore, women can pursue Dan Jeon Breathing for their health.
Adolescent Tanning Practices: Understanding the Popularity of Excessive Ultraviolet Light Exposure

The sun and other sources of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, such as tanning beds, are major contributors to the development of premature cutaneous aging and skin cancer. The popularity of tanning salons and the limited use of sun protection have caused a dramatic increase in skin cancer, especially among adolescents. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and melanoma have all been linked to UV exposure. SCC is correlated with total lifetime UV damage and prolonged occupational exposure, whereas BCC and melanoma are associated with intermittent and recreational exposure. Although the carcinogenic properties of UVA and UVB are not proportional, both forms of UV radiation have proven to be carcinogenic. The indoor tanning industry has become a multibillion-dollar-a-year business and is widely popular among adolescents, especially teenage females. Because the effects of UV exposure are cumulative and adolescents are particularly vulnerable to UV damage, the widespread use of indoor tanning facilities by adolescents is a major public health problem. This trend is complex and influenced by multiple variables; however, the majority of teens tan to gain an “attractive” appearance. Although many policies have been enacted to regulate indoor tanning, stricter legislation and policy enforcement are needed. Natural tanning has also had a significant impact on the rising prevalence of skin cancer. Research has shown that suntanning without appropriate protection, such as sunscreen, is also common among adolescents. Some studies even indicate that the actual process of tanning can be addictive. Because tanning practices are strongly associated with the rising incidence of skin cancer, limiting adolescent tanning behavior should be a major public health focus. A comprehensive approach, including stricter tanning salon legislation, parental guidance, patient education, and educational campaigns at the primary and secondary school level might be effective.
Inhibition of Bacillus anthracis metallo-β-lactamase by compounds with hydroxamic acid functionality

AbstractMetallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) that catalyze hydrolysis of β-lactam antibiotics are an emerging threat due to their rapid spread. A strain of the bacterium Bacillus anthracis has its ability to produce and secrete a MBL, referred to Bla2. To address this challenge, novel hydroxamic acid-containing compounds such as 3-(heptyloxy)-N-hydroxybenzamide (compound 4) and N-hydroxy-3-((6-(hydroxyamino)-6-oxohexyl)oxy)benzamide (compound 7) were synthesized. Kinetic analysis of microbial inhibition indicated that the both sides of hydroxamic acids containing compound 7 revealed a reversible, competitive inhibition with a Ki value of 0.18 ± 0.06 μM. The result has reflected that the both sides of dihydroxamic acids in a molecule play a crucial role in the binding affinity rather than monohydroxamic containing compound 4 which was unable to inhibit Bla2. In addition, in silico analysis suggested that compound 7 was coordinated with a zinc ion in the active site of enzyme. These observations suggest that the dih...
National Topographic Mapping

The present status of topographic mapping of the United States and its possessions leaves much to be desired. Many of the maps are inadequate, and most are in danger of becoming obsolete. Changing ...
The making of a population: Challenges, implications, and consequences of the quantification of social difference

How do we make a difference? This paper traces the connections made between quantified knowledge, population health, and social justice by examining the efforts of population scientists to assess sexuality as a point of difference within population-based data systems, including on national health and social surveys, electronic medical records, and the Census. Population scientists emphasize the importance of measuring social difference in order to identify and remedy structural disadvantage. This evaluation requires the assessment of difference and the comparison of distinct groups across standardized outcome measures. In quantifying social difference, however, population scientists obscure or minimize several difficulties in creating comparable populations. I explore some of these challenges by highlighting three central tensions: the separation of difference from other aspects and categories of social experience, the reduction of difference through the use of one over several possible measures, and the enactment of difference as quantified knowledge loops back into society. As a theoretical inquiry into the form of social difference as it is conceptualized, operationalized, and materialized across the science-society nexus, this paper identifies the various commitments made during processes of scientific evaluation. By attending to the values and priorities that exist within and through practices of quantification, I aim to address the problem of measuring social difference as it pertains to the issues of social justice and health equity.
Bisphenol A substitutes and obesity in US adults: analysis of a population-based, cross-sectional study.

Summary Background Bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS) are increasingly used in consumer products as substitutes for bisphenol A (BPA), a widespread environmental endocrine disruptor and putative obesogen. However, studies on the effects of BPF and BPS on obesity in human beings are scarce. We examined the associations of BPA, BPF, and BPS exposure with obesity in US adults. Methods We included participants aged 20 years or older, who had available data on concentrations of BPA, BPF, and BPS (n=1709), from a cross-sectional study, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–14. Participants who were pregnant or had cancer were excluded from the analysis. Urinary BPA, BPF, and BPS concentrations were measured using on-line solid phase extraction coupled to high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. We used body-mass index to define general obesity and waist circumference to define abdominal obesity. We used logistic regression with sample weights to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) for obesity. Findings 1521 participants were included in the analysis. Higher BPA, BPF, and BPS concentrations were observed in adults who were obese than adults who were not obese; median concentration 1·5 ng/mL (IQR 0·7–2·8) versus 1·1 ng/mL (0·5–2·3) for BPA, 0·4 ng/mL (0·1–1·3) versus 0·3 ng/mL (0·1–0·9) for BPF, and 0·4 ng/mL (0·2–1·0) versus 0·3 ng/mL (0·1–0·8) for BPS. After adjustment for demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors, and urinary creatinine concentrations, BPA, but not BPF or BPS, was significantly associated with obesity. The OR for general obesity was 1·78 (95% CI 1·10–2·89; p=0·04 for trend) comparing the highest with lowest quartile of BPA, 1·02 (0·70–1·47; p=0·81 for trend) for BPF, and 1·22 (0·81–1·83; p=0·30 for trend) for BPS. The corresponding OR for abdominal obesity was 1·55 (1·04–2·32; p=0·02 for trend) for BPA, 1·05 (0·68–1·63; p=0·99 for trend) for BPF, and 1·16 (0·72–1·88; p=0·54 for trend) for BPS. Interpretation Whereas there were significant associations of BPA exposure with general and abdominal obesity, concentrations of BPF or BPS were not significantly associated with obesity in US adults at current exposure levels. Continued biomonitoring of these bisphenols and further investigation into their health effects on human beings are warranted. Funding National Institutes of Health.
Social norms: More details, please.

The words we use matter. The concept of a social norm exists in many social and behavioral science disciplines and research traditions (1). Because the general term “social norm” is a hypernym, an explicit definition is crucial to discussions of its place and usefulness in solving complex social–environmental issues (cf. ref. 2). In their discussion of incentives, Lubchenco et al. (3) suggest that social norms are a type of behavioral incentive reflected in “both reputation and self-image of individual actors.” However, no formal definition of social norm is provided. The authors state that a social norm includes, “reputation-driven and personally motivated norms” and reference … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: wallenk3{at}gmail.com. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Atrophia maculosa varioliformis cutis: Report of two cases and review of the literature

Atrophia maculosa varioliformis cutis was initially described in 1918 as an entity in which both linear and punctate scars appeared spontaneously on normal facial skin. To the best of our knowledge, only five additional cases have been described. We describe two patients, 14 and 20 years of age, whose histories and clinical lesions fit the description of atrophia maculosa varioliformis cutis. The histologic findings are also described, and the literature to date is reviewed.
Evaluation of Community Care Network (CCN) system in a rural health care setting.

Concurrent Engineering Research Center (CERC), under the sponsorship of NLM (National Library of Medicine) is in the process of developing a computerized patient record system for a clinical environment distributed in rural West Virginia. This realization of the CCN (Community Care Network), besides providing computer-based patient records accessible from a chain of clinics and one hospital, supports collaborative health care processes like referral and consulting. To evaluate the effectiveness of the system, a study was designed and is in the process of being executed. Three surveys were designed to provide subjective measures, and four experiments for collecting objective data. Data collection is taking place in several phases: baseline data are collected before the system is deployed; the process is repeated with minimal changes three, then six months later or as often as new versions of the system are installed. Results are then to be compared, using whenever possible matching techniques (i.e. the preliminary data collected on a provider will be matched with the data collected later on the same provider). Surveys are conducted through questionnaires distributed to providers and nurses and person-to-person interviews of the patients. The time spent on patient-chart related activities is measured by work-sampling, aided by a computer application running on a laptop PC. Information about missing patient record parts is collected by the providers, the frequency by which new features of the computerized system are used will be logged by the system itself and clinical outcome measures will be studied from the results of the clinics' own patient chart audits. Preliminary results of the surveys and plans for the immediate and distant future are discussed at the end of the paper.
Quanta v. LG Electronics : Frustrating Patent Deals by Taking Contracting Options Off the Table?

The Supreme Court's unanimous decision in Quanta v. LG Electronics may make it significantly more difficult to structure transactions involving patents. While this decision does make a group of players into winners in the immediate term for existing patent deals (this group includes any customer who, like Quanta, buys patented parts without buying a patent license), almost everyone is likely to come out a loser going forward. The Court in Quanta decided that a patent license that LG Electronics sold only to Intel - and explicitly limited to exclude Intel's customers, like Quanta, and priced to reflect these modest ambitions - would be treated by the Court as extending permission under the patent to those Intel customers. The legal "hook" on which the Court hung its decision is the patent law doctrine called "first sale" or "exhaustion." The Quanta decision is likely to have a serious negative effect on the nuts and bolts of patent licensing agreements. On one reading, it stands for little more than the unremarkable proposition that the actual patent license contract at issue was just badly written. But that would be a simple matter of applying state contract law to the underlying facts of the contract - not the type of issue that typically gains the Supreme Court's attention. So the real motivating force behind the Court's decision to take the case is probably something else. The extensive briefing and commentary, as well as the opinion's colorful dicta, all suggest that the true import of the case is the way it speaks about what patent contracting can be done - as a matter of Court-created policy for federal patent law. If this view of Quanta is correct, then the decision may be remarkably important in several respects. It may greatly frustrate the ability of commercial parties to strike deals over patents. It may also stand as an example of a seemingly conservative Court acting in direct contravention of clear congressional action.
Co-located Accelerated Testing of Module Level Power Electronics and Associated PV Panels

In order to study the relative degradation between co-located PV modules and microinverters in an ACPV configuration, four 260 Watt PV modules and four 250 W microinverters purchased on the open market have been co-located in a thermal chamber set at a static temperature (69°C). Instantaneous electrical/thermal measurements have been taken on the microinverters with periodic dark IV measurements on the modules. After over 10,000 hours of testing, no failures or observable degradation have been seen in either the module or microinverter. Using average measured field-temperature data with Military Handbook analysis, this indicates an approximate field use of 44 years of operation lifetime for PV modules, and 13 years of operation for microinverters with reliability of 66.87% with a lower one-sided confidence level of 80%.
On the asymptotic normality of persistent Betti numbers

Persistent Betti numbers are a major tool in persistent homology, a subfield of topological data analysis. Many tools in persistent homology rely on the properties of persistent Betti numbers considered as a two-dimensional stochastic process $ (r,s) \mapsto n^{-1/2} (\beta^{r,s}_q ( \mathcal{K}(n^{1/d} S_n))-\mathbb{E}[\beta^{r,s}_q ( \mathcal{K}( n^{1/d} S_n))])$. So far, pointwise limit theorems have been established in different set-ups. In particular, the pointwise asymptotic normality of (persistent) Betti numbers has been established for stationary Poisson processes and binomial processes with constant intensity function in the so-called critical (or thermodynamic) regime, see Yogeshwaran et al. [2017] and Hiraoka et al. [2018]. In this contribution, we derive a strong stabilizing property (in the spirit of Penrose and Yukich [2001] of persistent Betti numbers and generalize the existing results on the asymptotic normality to the multivariate case and to a broader class of underlying Poisson and binomial processes. Most importantly, we show that the multivariate asymptotic normality holds for all pairs $(r,s)$, $0\le r\le s<\infty$, and that it is not affected by percolation effects in the underlying random geometric graph.
Hétérogénéité moléculaire des cancers du sein: quelles implications pour la sélection des patientes en vue d’une chimiothérapie adjuvante?

Bien que le benefice de la chimiotherapie adjuvante dans le cancer du sein soit etabli, son effet absolu reste modeste. Il y a donc un besoin d’identifier des biomarqueurs qui permettraient de selectionner des patientes beneficiant de ce traitement. Malgre des recherches intenses dans ce domaine, aucun biomarqueur n’a ete demontre capable de predire le benefice de la chimiotherapie adjuvante dans la pratique quotidienne. Ceci peut etre explique en partie par le fait que l’entite «cancer du sein» comprendenre alite plusieurs maladies. Dans cet article, nous discuterons pourquoi l’approche de la recherche actuelle fondee sur un seul biomarqueur pour l’ensemble de la population est limitee dans le contexte d’une heterogeneite inter-tumorale. Nous proposerons ensuite trois solutions pour ameliorer les resultats actuels dans ce domaine, i. e. se concentrer sur un nombre limite de biomarqueurs dans une seule sous-classe homogene, evaluer des tests multi-marqueurs, et utiliser des voies fonctionnelles pour predire l’efficacite d’un medicament donne.
Vanishment: Girls, Punishment, and the Education State:

Background/ContextThis article emerges from several scholarly traditions, chief among them feminist and critical ethnography; school–prison nexus; and critical feminist and race theories.Focus of S...
Synthesis, characterization, and biological properties of rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complexes bearing nitrogen-donor ligands

Abstract Rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complexes have properties that make them valuable for various biomedical applications, such as imaging, cancer treatment, and bactericidal uses. The ability to modify the ligand coordination sphere of these complexes enables researchers to fine-tune and optimize their properties for biological use. In this study, we explored the role of axial nitrogen-donor ligands. Specifically, the compounds fac-[Re(CO)3(phen)(L)]+, where phen = 1,10-phenanthroline and L = pyridine (Re-py), piperidine (Re-pip), morpholine (Re-morph), and thiomorpholine (Re-thio), were synthesized and characterized. X-ray crystal structures of these complexes show that they obtain an expected pseudo-octahedral geometry with the three CO ligands arranged in a facial manner. Additionally, the X-ray crystal structure of a byproduct from these reactions, the hydroxo-bridged dinuclear Re compound [(CO)3(phen)Re(μ-OH)Re(phen)(CO)3]+, is described. The photophysical properties of these complexes were investigated in detail, revealing that they are photoluminescent in air-equilibrated pH 7.4 phosphate-buffered saline with quantum yields ranging from 1.7 to 3.1%. Both the quantum yields and emission energies were found to correlate with the basicity of the axial nitrogen donor, whereby more basic ligands give rise to smaller quantum yields and lower-energy emissions. These four compounds were further evaluated for their potential as fluorescence microscopy imaging agents. Of the four compounds, only Re-py showed detectable intracellular luminescence in HeLa cells. Lastly, the cytotoxicities of these compounds in HeLa cells were determined. None of the four compounds is significantly cytotoxic as reflected by their 50% growth inhibitory concentrations that exceed 30 μM.
Characterization of Structural Changes in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy With Recurrent Ventricular Tachycardia After Ablation: Insights From Repeat Electroanatomic Voltage Mapping.

Background: Data characterizing structural changes of arrhythmogenic right ventricular (RV) cardiomyopathy are limited. Methods: Patients presenting with left bundle branch block ventricular tachyc...
Valuing natural habitats for enhancing coastal resilience: Wetlands reduce property damage from storm surge and sea level rise.

Storm surge and sea level rise (SLR) are affecting coastal communities, properties, and ecosystems. While coastal ecosystems, such as wetlands and marshes, have the capacity to reduce the impacts of storm surge and coastal flooding, the increasing rate of SLR can induce the transformation and migration of these natural habitats. In this study, we combined coastal storm surge modeling and economic analysis to evaluate the role of natural habitats in coastal flood protection. We focused on a selected cross-section of three coastal counties in New Jersey adjacent to the Jacques Cousteau National Estuarine Research Reserve (JCNERR) that is protected by wetlands and marshes. The coupled coastal hydrodynamic and wave models, ADCIRC+SWAN, were applied to simulate flooding from historical and synthetic storms in the Mid-Atlantic US for current and future SLR scenarios. The Sea Level Affecting Marshes Model (SLAMM) was used to project the potential migration and habitat transformation in coastal marshes due to SLR in the year 2050. Furthermore, a counterfactual land cover approach, in which marshes are converted to open water in the model, was implemented for each storm scenario in the present and the future to estimate the amount of flooding that is avoided due to the presence of natural habitats and the subsequent reduction in residential property damage. The results indicate that this salt marshes can reduce up to 14% of both the flood depth and property damage during relatively low intensity storm events, demonstrating the efficacy of natural flood protection for recurrent storm events. Monetarily, this translates to the avoidance of up to $13.1 and $32.1 million in residential property damage in the selected coastal counties during the ‘50-year storm’ simulation and hurricane Sandy under current sea level conditions, and in the year ‘2050 SLR scenario’, respectively. This research suggests that protecting and preserving natural habitats can contribute to enhance coastal resilience.
Improving out-of-hospital notification in traumatic cardiac arrests with novel usage of smartphone application.

Introduction Timely out-of-hospital notifications in patients with traumatic cardiac arrest are associated improvements in mortality. Details surrounding these events are often limited, and decisions to perform advanced resuscitative procedures must be made based on limited data. This study evaluated the ability of a mobile application (app) called Citizen (sp0n Inc., New York, NY) to address these issues by providing a novel, secondary source of out-of-hospital information in traumatic cardiac arrest. Citizen sends notifications to mobile devices in response to nearby detected public safety events, and we sought to evaluate its utility in prenotification for traumatic cardiac arrest. Methods This was a retrospective observational study. Patients ≥ 15 years of age with traumatic cardiac arrest attributed to penetrating trauma were included. The 2 coprimary outcomes observed were the time difference between the app notification and emergency medical services notification, and the app's success rate in generating a notification for each patient in traumatic cardiac arrest. Results From February 2, 2019 to October 10, 2019, there were 43 patients who met the criteria for this study. On average, the Citizen app notification arrived 12.9 minutes before emergency medical services radio notification (95% confidence interval, 9.2-16.6; P < 0.001). Citizen generated a notification for 36 of 43 patients (84%). Conclusion The Citizen app generates earlier notifications in traumatic cardiac arrest compared with standard radio communications. It also provides a previously unavailable secondary source of information for making rapid resuscitative decisions upon the arrival of the arresting patient to the emergency department. Further research is needed to determine how to optimally integrate the app into existing trauma systems.
Flux through mitochondrial redox circuits linked to nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase generates counterbalance changes in energy expenditure.

Compensatory changes in energy expenditure occur in response to positive and negative energy balance, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Under low energy demand, the mitochondrial electron transport system is particularly sensitive to added energy supply (i.e. reductive stress), which exponentially increases the rate of H2O2 (JH2O2) production. H2O2 is reduced to H2O by electrons supplied by NADPH. NADP+ is reduced back to NADPH by activation of mitochondrial membrane potential–dependent nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT). The coupling of reductive stress-induced JH2O2 production to NNT-linked redox buffering circuits provides a potential means of integrating energy balance with energy expenditure. To test this hypothesis, energy supply was manipulated by varying flux rate through β-oxidation in muscle mitochondria minus/plus pharmacological or genetic inhibition of redox buffering circuits. Here we show during both non-ADP– and low-ADP–stimulated respiration that accelerating flux through β-oxidation generates a corresponding increase in mitochondrial JH2O2 production, that the majority (∼70–80%) of H2O2 produced is reduced to H2O by electrons drawn from redox buffering circuits supplied by NADPH, and that the rate of electron flux through redox buffering circuits is directly linked to changes in oxygen consumption mediated by NNT. These findings provide evidence that redox reactions within β-oxidation and the electron transport system serve as a barometer of substrate flux relative to demand, continuously adjusting JH2O2 production and, in turn, the rate at which energy is expended via NNT-mediated proton conductance. This variable flux through redox circuits provides a potential compensatory mechanism for fine-tuning energy expenditure to energy balance in real time.
Link between past threatening experience and future neophobic behaviour depends on physiological stress responsiveness

Past threatening experiences, such as exposure to a predator or a capture event, can influence an animal's future behaviour, with profound consequences on its survival and ultimate fitness. We hypothesize that an animal's physiological stress response phenotype modulates the influence of past experiences on future behaviour in the Florida scrub-jay, Aphelocoma coerulescens, a species that exhibits individual physiological stress response phenotypes that are repeatable across a life span. We subjected young, trap-capture-naive Florida scrub-jays to a standardized capture and restraint protocol to quantify stress-induced levels of circulating glucocorticoids. Twenty-four hours later, we assessed their response to a novel object and compared this measure of neophobia to age-matched individuals that had never been captured in a trap. We predicted that individuals trapped prior to novel object trials would be more neophobic than noncaptured controls. Furthermore, we predicted that scrub-jays with high glucocorticoid responses would be the most neophobic. Indeed, previously captured individuals had longer latencies to approach and enter a novel ring compared to controls. Past trap experience interacted with a bird's physiological phenotype to influence their neophobic behaviour. Contrary to our predictions, trapped birds with a low glucocorticoid response phenotype were more neophobic compared to low response controls, whereas trapped individuals with a high response phenotype where less neophobic compared to high response controls. Our results demonstrate that experience can affect individuals differently depending on their physiological phenotype. This novel finding highlights the need to consider how differential responses to invasive and captive protocols may confound results of behavioural studies involving free-living subjects.
Focusing and imaging with mode selection through multimode fibers

We present high-resolution imaging using arbitrary illuminations from a multimode fiber such as naturally occurring speckle patterns. Further, we demonstrate focusing at the output of the fiber using a selected mode composition via wavefront shaping.
Zones of Discretion at Common Law

Scott Keller argues in an important forthcoming article that the common law recognized forms of qualified immunity. This reply suggests that Keller’s authorities comprise a body of administrative law, rather than a body of qualified immunity law. Many of the doctrines Keller identifies operate much the way Chief Justice Marshall’s account of judicial review operated in Marbury v. Madison. Marshall acknowledged that matters lawfully assigned to the discretion of the executive branch were beyond the scope of judicial review. But where an official’s lawful discretion ended, and legal boundaries were transgressed, the common law was available (indeed obliged according to Marshall) to supply a remedy. In much of what Keller points to, common law courts were acknowledging that executive officials enjoyed zones of lawful discretion. But the common law did not confer immunity when those boundaries were transgressed.
Exploring the Effect of Mindfulness on Burnout in a Pediatric Emergency Department (PED)

Background Burnout can adversely affect medical providers’ mental health, quality of patient care, and job satisfaction, especially those in front line access of care. While mindfulness-based interventions and programs have been shown to decrease levels of burnout, many require a significant time commitment and may not be feasible for PED staff due to the high acuity, varying shift schedules, large patient volume, or lack of available spaces of ED setting. The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of short on-shift mindfulness-based interventions on burnout among …
Development of high-fiber and sugar-free frozen pancakes: Influence of state and phase transitions on the instrumental textural quality of pancakes during storage

Abstract In this study, we investigate the influence of flour replacement and sugar removal on the thermal and mechanical properties of frozen pancakes, along with the measurement of accompanying ice recrystallization. Results demonstrate that the moisture content and chemical composition of the pancakes influence their thermal properties. Sugars enabled the detection of glass transition temperature of pancake components: −11.8 ± 0.3 °C. Pancakes containing refined wheat flour with sugars were most susceptible to increased chewiness (20.8 ± 0.52 N to 54.8 ± 4.55 N) during storage, while those containing whole wheat flour without sugars were most susceptible to changes in springiness upon thawing (0.62 ± 0.03 to 0.74 ± 0.03). Sugar-free pancakes were susceptible to increased ice crystal size due to temperature fluctuations (increase in equivalent diameter between 30% and 57%). Findings imply significant ice recrystallization in frozen pancakes of sugar free-recipe, while the use of whole wheat flour leads to changes in springiness. Pancakes containing whole wheat flour without sugars were the most robust, and need improvement to be closest to the control pancakes in terms of select properties. As a result, food product developer may consider changes in textural properties during storage that may affect consumer acceptability when formulating sugar-free, whole grain flour based-frozen foods.
Economic and Performance Analysis of PV System and Grid Supply for High Rise Building and Luxury Villa in Pakistan

Electrical energy sector is very rapidly moving towards a more sustainable and greener future due to the widespread installations of Distributed Generators (DGs). Among other DGs, the Photovoltaic system is one of the most promising technologies which can easily meet our future energy demand while mitigating climate change. Due to this reason, many developing countries are shifting very rapidly from fossil fuel power generators to the solar photovoltaic power system. However, to successfully implement a PV system at a residential or commercial scale, performance and economic analysis are necessary before its practical installation to analyze the future benefits, suitability, and outcomes. In this paper, we have used PVsyst software to simulate and design a PV system for a luxury villa and a set of three high-rise buildings located in Islamabad, Pakistan. A detailed payback analysis has been carried out for both upfront cash purchasing or by taking a loan from the bank (financing) for installing the PV system. The performance ratio has also been calculated for the PV plant for both locations. Moreover, a comparison between cash back saving for 25%, 50%, and 100% PV systems for both locations is also presented in this research work.
The Wandering Nerve: Positional Variations of the Cervical Vagus Nerve and Neurosurgical Implications.

ABSTRACT Background The vagus (“wandering”) nerve is the longest cranial nerve with the largest territory of innervation in the human body. Injury during various operative procedures involving the anterior or lateral neck may lead to serious complications. Per “textbook” descriptions, the cervical vagus nerve (CVN) commonly locates within the carotid sheath, in-between the common carotid artery (CCA) and internal jugular vein (IJV). However, anatomic variations in its positioning may occur more often than expected and intraoperative identification may anticipate potential surgical pitfalls. Materials and Methods A literature review was conducted per PRISMA guidelines for all studies describing positional variations of the CVN within the carotid sheath. A rare and potentially dangerous variation, occurring in only 0.7% of all reported cases, is illustrated with a cadaveric case. Results Overall, 10 anatomic CVN variations have been described across 971 specimens. The non-textbook variations (26.5%) consist of: lateral (4.7%), anterolateral (8.7%), posteromedial (0.2%), posterior (5.8%), anterior (3.1%), medial (0.7%), and anteromedial (0.4%) to the CCA, as well as posterolateral (0.3%) and posterior (2.6%) to IJV. The “textbook” anatomic location is posterolateral to CCA (73.5%). Moreover, an increase in variability is reported on the left side (17.1%) compared to the right (11.3%). Our cadaveric dissection revealed a right-sided CVN directly medial to the CCA. Conclusions Positional variations of the CVN occur in over 26% of patients and may add difficulty to an array of surgical procedures. Knowledge of these variations and their prevalence may aid the surgeon in conducting a more precise dissection possibly preventing significant potential adverse sequelae.
RNA binding protein DDX5 directs tuft cell specification and function to regulate microbial repertoire and disease susceptibility in the intestine.

Objective Tuft cells residing in the intestinal epithelium have diverse functions. In the small intestine, they provide protection against inflammation, combat against helminth and protist infections, and serve as entry portals for enteroviruses. In the colon, they had been implicated in tumourigenesis. Commitment of intestinal progenitor cells to the tuft cell lineage requires Rho GTPase Cell Division Cycle 42 (CDC42), a Rho GTPase that acts downstream of the epidermal growth factor receptor and wingless-related integration site signalling cascades, and the master transcription factor POU class 2 homeobox 3 (POU2F3). This study investigates how this pathway is regulated by the DEAD box containing RNA binding protein DDX5 in vivo. Design We assessed the role of DDX5 in tuft cell specification and function in control and epithelial cell-specific Ddx5 knockout mice (DDX5ΔIEC) using transcriptomic approaches. Results DDX5ΔIEC mice harboured a loss of intestinal tuft cell populations, modified microbial repertoire, and altered susceptibilities to ileal inflammation and colonic tumourigenesis. Mechanistically, DDX5 promotes CDC42 protein synthesis through a post-transcriptional mechanism to license tuft cell specification. Importantly, the DDX5-CDC42 axis is parallel but distinct from the known interleukin-13 circuit implicated in tuft cell hyperplasia, and both pathways augment Pou2f3 expression in secretory lineage progenitors. In mature tuft cells, DDX5 not only promotes integrin signalling and microbial responses, it also represses gene programmes involved in membrane transport and lipid metabolism. Conclusion RNA binding protein DDX5 directs tuft cell specification and function to regulate microbial repertoire and disease susceptibility in the intestine.
FOOD INSECURITY AND EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT: A MULTI-LEVEL GENERALIZATION OF POISSON REGRESSION

This research examined the relationship between food insecurity, the National School Lunch Program (NSLP), and academic achievement in Georgia’s public school system. Georgia is located in the southern U.S. states, where food insecurity has been particularly prevalent. A multilevel Poisson generalized linear model was used to examine the relationship between food insecurity and academic achievement. Findings confirm a strong inverse relationship between food insecurity, as exhibited by participation in the National School Lunch Program, and academic achievement for elementary-age children. The strength of the relationship between food insecurity and academic achievement was different for the younger, elementary-age students (fifth grade) than for the older, middle school-age (eighth grade) students, a key distinction between this study and other research.
Decentralized Interaction Control for Flexible Structures

A control scheme for bringing flexible structures into interaction is developed using an auxiliary interaction control which augments a simple nominal interaction controller. Two types of auxiliary interaction control are theoretically investigated to improve the stability of the interaction, one using open loop modal (OLM) information, the other closed loop modal (CLM) information. The implementation of the nominal interaction control with each method of auxiliary interaction control is investigated on a computer model designed to simulate a simple space station to space shuttle `docking' maneuver.