cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Planning and programming in the European Common Market

Abstract This paper has examined the experience of the European Common Market with medium-term planning and programming since its establishment in 1968. It has been shownthat planning on the industry level and an inward-oriented economic policy are closely interrelated and that French planning was successful in a more-or-less autarchical environment. With entry into the Common Market, however, much of the usefulness of French planning has disappeared. In turn, its generally outward-looking stance, reflecting the interests of the other EEC countries in trade with non-member nations, has not been conducive to applying French methods of planning on the Common Market level. Programming in the EEC has been largely limited to the preparation of five-year projections and guidelines for policy making. But there have been substantial differences between projections and realization, and the projections have been of little value for public and private decision-making. Nor is there evidence that the Community's policy guidelines would have been followed by member country governments. The usefulness of projections could be enhanced if these were prepared for periods of 2–3 years and linked to multinational budgeting as well as to short-term policy making. In turn, a draft programme prepared by a group of senior statesmen, assisted by high-level experts, and subject to public discussion could provide a basis for reaching agreement on structural policies to be carried out during a four-year period corresponding to the tenure of the Commission. In this say, medium-term programming could become a programme of action for the Common Market.
Elimination of the differential chemoresistance between the murine B-cell lymphoma LY-ar and LY-as cell lines after arsenic (As2O3) exposure via the overexpression of gsto1 (p28)

Purpose Arsenic, in the form of As2O3, has gained therapeutic importance because it has been shown to be very effective clinically in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Via numerous pathways arsenic induces cellular alterations such as induction of apoptosis, inhibition of cellular proliferation, stimulation of differentiation, and inhibition of angiogenesis. Responses vary depending on cell type, dose and the form of arsenic. GSTO1, a member of the glutathione S-transferase superfamily omega, has recently been shown to be identical to the rate-limiting enzyme, monomethyl arsenous (MMAV) reductase which catalyzes methylarsonate (MMAV) to methylarsenous acid (MMAIII) during arsenic biotransformation. In this study, we investigated whether arsenic trioxide (As2O3) induces apoptosis in both chemosensitive and chemoresistant cell lines that varied in their expression of p28 (gsto1), the mouse homolog of GSTO1.
Down-regulation of expression and function of nucleoside diphosphate kinase in insulin-secreting β-cells under in vitro conditions of glucolipotoxicity

Previously, we reported a significant reduction in expression and the activity of nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDP kinase) in islets derived from the Goto-Kakizaki rat (GK rat), an animal model for type 2 diabetes. Herein, we examined the effects of chronic exposure of insulin-secreting β-(INS 832/13) cells to high glucose (a model for glucotoxicity), palmitate (a model for lipotoxicity), or glucose plus palmitate (a model for glucolipotoxicity) on the expression and activity of nm23-H1 (NDP kinase A) and nm23-H2 (NDP kinase B). Our findings indicate a marked reduction in the expression of both nm23-H1 and nm23-H2 and the associated NDP kinase activity under each of these conditions. A cell-permeable analog of ceramide (CER) also mimicked the effects of palmitate in significantly reducing the expression of nm23-H1 and nm23-H2 and NDP kinase activity in these cells. These findings suggest that de novo generation of intracellular CER from palmitate might represent at least one of the signaling steps involved in lipid-induced effects on NDP kinase expression and function in β-cells. Based on these data, we conclude that glucolipotoxic conditions significantly impair expression and function of NDP kinase in pancreatic β-cells. Potential significance of these findings, specifically at the level of abnormal G-protein activation and impaired insulin secretion under glucolipotoxic conditions is discussed.
Dislocations emitted from a fatigue crack II: Burgers' vectors of both signs

Abstract When dislocations of both signs are emitted from a propagating fatigue crack under mode II or mode III loading, the crack growth is much less than in the case in which dislocations of only one sign are emitted. The crack advances only during the period in which the total number of dislocations in the plastic zone is increasing. The crack growth per cycle increases with increasing applied stress ratio (the ratio of the minimum to the maximum applied stress intensity factors). Accelerated crack growth begins at a ΔK a (the difference between the maximum and the minimum applied stress intensity factors) at which the total number of dislocations abruptly changes from increasing with increasing ΔK a to decreasing with increasing ΔK a .
Concrete Means and Abstract Goals: Papago Experiences in the Application of Development Resources.

Institutions providing resources for development goal attainment in Papago-Indian communities are evaluated in terms of their consistency with the abstract goals of community development. Specifically resources are analysed in terms of their location, focus of application, goal orientation, duration, linkage with community organization, and propensity to encourage the creation of new social structures. It is concluded that generally the resources available to Papago communities are inconsistent with the abstract goals of community development. There is sufficient variation in the characteristics of the available resources to allow rational, maximized selection by individuals interested in achieving community development goals.
Abuse Potential of Morphine/Dextromethorphan Combinations

The potentiation of morphine analgesia by dextromethorphan raises the issue of whether dextromethorphan also potentiates those actions of morphine that lead to abuse. Clinical pharmacology experiments indicated that dextromethorphan does not potentiate the euphorigenic and miotic actions of morphine. Morphine suppresses the dysphoric action of dextromethorphan. A second set of experiments indicated that dextromethorphan does not alter the response to naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. In a third set of experiments, dextromethorphan did not alter the morphine-induced depression in the slope of the increase in minute volume in response to breathing increased CO2. In contrast to potentiation of analgesia, dextromethorphan does not enhance the euphorigenic, physical dependence, and respiratory depressant actions of morphine. These findings indicate that dextromethorphan does not enhance the abuse potential of morphine and that the potentiation of analgesia appeared to be selective.
Reversible Sequestration of Nitric Oxide by Hemoglobin During Hemodialysis in End-Stage Renal Disease

ABSTRACT Background During hemodialysis, patients whose plasma concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) products increase reportedly experience hypotension. Therefore, whether NO bound to hemoglobin (Hb) could contribute to various clinical and laboratory changes during hemodialysis was explored in patients with endstage renal disease (ESRD). Methods Ten patients were studied during 3 hemodialysis treatments with samples of blood analyzed for RBC nitrosyl Hb (HbNO), Larginine, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), plasma nitrite + nitrate (NOx), and buffy coat NO synthase (NOS) activities. Results HbNO before and during hemodialysis varied considerably. Those with higher predialysis levels had lower HbNO values during dialysis, whereas HbNO levels in those with lower levels before dialysis increased. Plasma NOx did not correlate with HbNO, but change in HbNO in the first hour and change in NOx in the first 2 hours correlated with drop in diastolic and systolic blood pressures (BP), respectively. HbNO concentrations increased in patients with > 35% drop in systolic BP, whereas in those with 3-fold increase in the > 35% group. HbNO levels were higher in men than in women, and levels and changes correlated with the hematocrit, skin temperatures, plasma ADMA, arginine, and buffy coat NOS. Conclusions In patients with > 35% drop in systolic BP, NO was scavenged by Hb in the circulating RBCs, undoubtedly attenuating the degree of hypotension. These data indicate that the amount of NO that is scavenged or released by Hb in the circulating RBCS during dialysis is highly variable and reversible. Various predialysis factors relate to the concentration of HbNO before and during dialysis, which in turn influence clinical findings that occur during the interdialytic period.
Single nucleotide polymorphism discovery and haplotype analysis of Ca2+-dependent K+ channel beta-1 subunit.

The large-conductance, Ca 2+ -dependent K + channel plays a key role in the control of vascular tone. Variation in the gene encoding the p-1 subunit of the Ca 2+ -dependent K + channel (KCNMB1) has been reported to be associated with hypertension, however, variants in KCNMB1 have not been systematically characterized to date. In this study, we have performed the most comprehensive evaluation to date of single nucleotide polymorphisms in KCNMB1 using genomic DNA from 60 individuals of European, African and native American ancestry. We identified and characterized single nucleotide polymorphisms in the exons, intron/exon junctions, upstream region and 3' untranslated regions of KCNMB1 using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography combined with direct DNA sequencing. A total of 25 single nucleotide polymorphisms in KCNMB1 were identified. Seven of the polymorphisms (28%) are novel single nucleotide polymorphisms not reported previously. Allele frequencies range from less than 1.7 to 50% and 19 single nucleotide polymorphisms had a minor allele frequency greater than 5%. A lack of strong linkage disequilibrium among the 25 single nucleotide polymorphisms was observed in all three race/ethnicity groups; therefore the identification of haplotype 'tag' single nucleotide polymorphisms for genetic association studies is not likely to be appropriate for KCNMB1. Multiple species comparative analysis and in-silico functional analysis were performed to identify potential functionally important single nucleotide polymorphisms within the gene. These data highlight that a tag single nucleotide polymorphism approach will not be appropriate for the study of genes such as KCNMB1, although potentially important functionally significant single nucleotide polymorphisms are suggested for future studies investigating the influence of this gene's variability on disease and drug response.
Reductive cleavage mechanism of methylcobalamin: elementary steps of Co-C bond breaking.

Density functional theory has been applied to the investigation of the reductive cleavage mechanism of methylcobalamin (MeCbl). In the reductive cleavage of MeCbl, the Co−C bond is cleaved homolytically, and formation of the anion radical ([MeCbl]•-) reduces the dissociation energy by ∼50%. Such dissociation energy lowering in [MeCbl]•- arises from the involvement of two electronic states: the initial state, which is formed upon electron addition, has dominant π*corrin character, but when the Co−C bond is stretched the unpaired electron moves to the σ*Co-C state, and the final cleavage involves the three-electron (σ)2(σ*)1 bond. The π*corrin−σ*Co-C states crossing does not take place at the equilibrium geometry of [MeCbl]•- but only when the Co−C bond is stretched to 2.3 A. In contrast to the neutral cofactor, the most energetically efficient cleavage of the Co−C bond is from the base-off form. The analysis of thermodynamic and kinetic data provides a rationale as to why Co−C cleavage in reduced form req...
Complexation of Fullerenes with Bis-calix[n]arenes Synthesized by Tandem Claisen Rearrangement1

Bis-calix[n]arenes that are singly and doubly bridged at the upper rims with 2-butenyl or 2-methylenepropyl moieties have been prepared by tandem Claisen rearrangement of bis-calix[n]arenes that are singly and doubly bridged via ether linkages at the lower rims with these same spanners. The complexation behavior of these bis-calixarenes toward C60 and C70 has been measured, and a calix[5]arene singly bridged at the upper rims with a 2-butenyl spanner and carrying allyl groups at all of the other available p-positions has been found to be particularly effective.
Assay of tissue ferritin

Abstract A new method for the assay of tissue ferritin iron and protein concentrations is described. It combines partial chemical purification procedures with quantitative immunochemistry and depends on the titration of ferritin with calibrated, specific antiserum under controlled conditions. It is applicable, in principle, to any tissue and avoids some of the pitfalls of methods that have preceded it.
Compassion fatigue is similar in emergency medicine residents compared to other medical and surgical specialties.

Introduction: Compassion fatigue (CF) is the emotional and physical burden felt by those helping others in distress, leading to a reduced capacity and interest in being empathetic towards future suffering. Emergency care providers are at an increased risk of CF secondary to their first responder roles and exposure to traumatic events. We aimed to investigate the current state of compassion fatigue among emergency medicine (EM) resident physicians, including an assessment of contributing factors. Methods: We distributed a validated electronic questionnaire consisting of the Professional Quality of Life Scale with subscales for the three components of CF (compassion satisfaction, burnout and secondary traumatic stress), with each category scored independently. We collected data pertaining to day- versus night-shift distribution, hourly workload and child dependents. We included residents in EM, neurology, orthopedics, family medicine, pediatrics, obstetrics, and general surgery. Results: We surveyed 255 residents, with a response rate of 75%. Of the 188 resident respondents, 18% worked a majority of their clinical shifts overnight, and 32% had child dependents. Burnout scores for residents who worked greater than 80 hours per week, or primarily worked overnight shifts, were higher than residents who worked less than 80 hours (mean score 25.0 vs 21.5; p=0.013), or did not work overnight (mean score 23.5 vs 21.3; p=0.022). EM residents had similar scores in all three components of CF when compared to other specialties. Secondary traumatic stress scores for residents who worked greater than 80 hours were higher than residents who worked less than 80 hours (mean score 22.2 vs 19.5; p=0.048), and those with child dependents had higher secondary traumatic stress than those without children (mean score 21.0 vs 19.1; p=0.012). Conclusion: CF scores in EM residents are similar to residents in other surgical and medical specialties. Residents working primarily night shifts and those working more than 80 hours per week appear to be at high risk of developing compassion fatigue. Residents with children are more likely to experience secondary traumatic stress. [West J Emerg Med. 2014;15(6):–0]
Increasing Use of Computed Tomographic Perfusion and Computed Tomographic Angiograms in Acute Ischemic Stroke From 2006 to 2010

Background and Purpose—Our objective was to study nationwide utilization trends of computed tomographic (CT) angiogram (CTA) and CT perfusion (CTP) in acute ischemic stroke and particularly in the context of use of reperfusion therapies. Methods—We reviewed the Premier Perspective Database for ischemic stroke–related hospitalizations of adult patients during a 5-year period, 2006 to 2010. Use of multimodal CT-based imaging and reperfusion therapies was determined through the procedure and billing codes. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of utilization of imaging studies and reperfusion treatments. Results—An increasing proportion of ischemic strokes received CTA each year: 3.8% in 2006, 5.6% in 2007, 6.5% in 2008, 7.5% in 2009, and 9.1% in 2010 (P<0.0001). The proportion of acute strokes that were imaged with CTP imaging also increased each year: 0.05% in 2006, 0.05% in 2007, 0.9% in 2008, 2.2% in 2009, and 2.9% in 2010 (P<0.0001). Reperfusion treatment was more common among those who we...
Segmenting Shadows from synthetic aperture radar imagery using edge-enhanced region growing

An enhanced region-growing approach for segmenting regions is introduced. A region-growing algorithm is merged with stopping criteria based on a robust noise-tolerant edge-detection routine. The region-grow algorithm is then used to segment the shadow region in a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image. This approach recognizes that SAR phenomenology causes speckle in imagery even to the shadow area due to energy injected from the surrounding clutter and target. The speckled image makes determination of edges a difficult task even for the human observer. This paper outlines the edge-enhanced region grow approach and compares the results to three other segmentation approaches including the region-grow only approach, an automated-threshold approach based on a priori knowledge of the SAR target information, and the manual segmentation approach. The comparison is shown using a tri-metric inter- algorithmic approach. The metrics used to evaluate the segmentation include percent-pixels same (PPS), the partial- directed hausdorff (PDH) metric, and a shape-based metric based on the complex inner product (CIP). Experimental results indicate that the enhanced region-growing technique is a reasonable segmentation for the SAR target image chips obtained from the Moving and Stationary Target Acquisition and Recognition (MSTAR) program.
The Effects of Family Support, Anxiety, and Post-Treatment Nausea on the Development of Anticipatory Nausea: A Latent Growth Model

Although the degree of a patient's anxiety and symptoms of post-treatment nausea have been suggested as predictors of anticipatory nausea, little attention has been given to the impact of family support on the development of anticipatory nausea. This study examines the role of family support in the development of the severity of anticipatory nausea, both directly and mediated through a patient's anxiety. Five hundred thirty-nine patients with breast cancer were studied. The results from latent growth modeling showed that family support was associated with the severity of anticipatory nausea mediated by the levels of a patient's anxiety and post-treatment nausea severity. In addition, family support had a direct impact on the severity level of anticipatory nausea. The findings suggest that helping patients and their families communicate in more satisfactory and supportive ways and maintain an organized family system might be beneficial in reducing the symptoms of chemotherapy-related nausea.
Davida Teller Award Lecture 2013: The importance of prediction and anticipation in the control of smooth pursuit eye movements

The ability of smooth pursuit eye movements to anticipate the future motion of targets has been known since the pioneering work of Dodge, Travis, and Fox (1930) and Westheimer (1954). This article reviews aspects of anticipatory smooth eye movements, focusing on the roles of the different internal or external cues that initiate anticipatory pursuit.We present new results showing that the anticipatory smooth eye movements evoked by different cues differ substantially, even when the cues are equivalent in the information conveyed about the direction of future target motion. Cues that convey an easily interpretable visualization of the motion path produce faster anticipatory smooth eye movements than the other cues tested, including symbols associated arbitrarily with the path, and the same target motion tested repeatedly over a block of trials. The differences among the cues may be understood within a common predictive framework in which the cues differ in the level of subjective certainty they provide about the future path. Pursuit may be driven by a combined signal in which immediate sensory motion, and the predictions about future motion generated by sets of cues, are weighted according to their respective levels of certainty. Anticipatory smooth eye movements, an overt indicator of expectations and predictions, may not be operating in isolation, but may be part of a global process in which the brain analyzes available cues, formulates predictions, and uses them to control perceptual, motor, and cognitive processes.
Über eine charakteristische eigenschaft der plasmocytomlipide in bezug der serumlipidausfällung mit dextransulfatlösung

Abstract 15 plasmocytoma sera were examined for lipid compounds by means of onedimensional paper electrophoresis, before and after precipitation of the serum lipids with dextran sulphate, in the presence of calcium ions. Of the sera examined, all but one, referring to a case which did not exhibit significant deviations from the normal protein picture either and only paraproteins in the urine, presented the same characteristic property after precipitation: besides the well-known loss of β-lipids, despite dextran sulphate precipitation, sharply delimited plasmocytoma lipid fractions persisted in the lipidogram of the serum centrifugate, proving that they do not have the capacity of complex binding with dextran sulphate. This specific property of myeloma lipids in the precipitation of serum lipids with dextran sulphate solution could be used in the diagnosis of such diseases.
Neuronal precursor cells in the chick neural tube express neurofilament proteins.

Biochemical and immunological differences have been demonstrated in intermediate-sized (or 10-nm) filaments (IFs) from a variety of cell types (for reviews see refs 1–4). Neurofilaments, the IFs of neurones (NIF), are composed of three proteins that differ from those of non-neuronal IFs5–12. Yet, in the 2-day-old chick neural tube, virtually all the replicating neuroepithelial cells, the precursor population to spinal cord neurones and glia, contain IF proteins that are immunologically and biochemically identical to the major IF protein present in chick fibroblasts, FIF protein (vimentin13, decamin14); they contain neither NIF proteins nor the IF proteins characteristic of astrocytes (glial fibril-lary acidic protein15,16), muscle cells (desmin17, skeletin18) and epithelial cells (prekeratin19,20)21. As the neuronal progeny of these cells mature, they synthesize NIF proteins and cease expression of FIF protein10,21. In this study, we have used antisera against different IF proteins to show that, at a time when neurones are withdrawing from the cell cycle, NIF proteins are present in a small percentage of replicating neuroepithelial cells, probably appearing during the terminal cell cycle of the neuronal precursor; and that for a brief period the postmitotic neuroblast expresses both NIF and FIF proteins.
Reproductive Issues for Adults With Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a common disorder. However, the consequences of ADPKD on male and female reproductive health are not widely known. Several abnormalities are found in men with ADPKD, including necrospermia, immotile sperm, seminal vesicle cysts, and ejaculatory duct cysts. Female fertility is not affected. Affected women with ADPKD and normal renal function have a high rate of successful uncomplicated pregnancies. Pregnant women with ADPKD with compromised kidney function should be monitored carefully for the development of hypertension and preeclampsia. Their fetuses should be examined sonographically for signs of uteroplacental insufficiency, such as intrauterine growth restriction and oligohydramnios. The diagnosis of ADPKD should always be considered when prenatal sonographic findings of hyperechogenic enlarged kidneys are found. In this setting, a family history and renal sonogram of both parents is indicated. Sequencing of the PKD1 and PKD2 genes is available and can be used for both prenatal and preimplantation genetic diagnosis. We review in detail these topics to familiarize physicians taking care of patients with ADPKD with the reproductive issues that confront affected individuals.
40 GSPS opto-electronic polyphase analog-to-digital converter

ABSTRACT A novel opto-electronic polyphase analog-to-digital converter scheme that entails parallel optical sampling of different phases of an input analog signal is presented. With this scheme higher sampling rate can be attained by scaling. We demonstrate the basic tenets of this approach by upsca ling a 160MSPS optoelectronic analog -to-digital ADC system to design and implement a 40.96G SPS four-channel polyphase opt oelectronic analog-to-digita l system. An optoelectronic divide-by-two decimation technique is implemented for demultiplexing digital samples having a repetition rate f into its even and odd subsamples with each subsample having a repetition rate of f /2 . A two stage concatenation of the basic divide-by-two decimation scheme is employed to demultiplex the 40.96GSPS sampled RF signals into 8 channels of demultiplexed data, each channel having a data-rate of 5.12GSPS. Detailed design parameters and experimental results are presented for both the 160MSPS and the 40GSPS, including the design and implementation of optical clock networks, polyphase RF sampling networks, and decimation or demultiplexing networks. In addition, the electronic quantization network for the 160MSPS ADC system is presented. The 160MSPS system was found to have effective bit-resolution of 6.97, third-harmonic distortion of 43.73dB, signal-to-noise-distortion of 43.73dB, and spurious free dynamic range of 41dB.
Vortex Dynamics of Ruptured and Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms

Intracranial aneurysms are a potentially devastating pathological dilation of brain arteries that affect 1–5 % of the population. In this study we investigated the vortex structures of both unruptured and ruptured intracranial aneurysms as a discriminating property. We performed pulsatile computational fluid dynamic simulations on 204 patient-specific aneurysm models (57 ruptured and 147 unruptured) derived from patient angiographic imaging. Using Q-criterion we analyzed the coherent structures both throughout the aneurysm volume and at the wall. The relative surface area with positive Q values (indicating vortices at the wall) was able to differentiate ruptured and unruptured aneurysms. For the first time, in a large patient cohort, mechanistic fluid analysis is leading to insights into rupture pathways.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
The Relationship between Physical Activity and Body Mass Index: Issues in Model Specification

To investigate the best statistical models that describe the effect of physical activity on BMI.*Design:* Cross-sectional analyses of physical activity and BMI data. Subjects: 107 obese, overweight, and healthy college students (mean duration of physical activity for the normal, overweight, and obese students: 89, 59, and 24 months, respectively; mean BMI for the normal, overweight, and obese students: 21.61, 27.07, and 35.54 kg/m^2^, respectively).*Measurements:* Inverse linear, inverse logarithmic, and inverse logistics models were used to analyze survey data for physical activity (measured by both frequency and duration of exercise) and BMI. Gender, age, and physical intensity variables were also statistically controlled. Coefficients of determination, r-squared, showed the inverse logarithmic model is more accurate in describing the effect of physical activity on BMI than is the inverse linear model. The inverse logistic method also showed physical activity affects BMI. Although the inverse logarithmic method can be used in some cases, the inverse logistic model seems to be theoretically and empirically best suited in describing the relationship between physical activity and body weight.
Minimal Access Surgery in the Neonate

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Review physiologic, anatomic, and technical issues related to minimal access surgery in the neonate. 2. Describe conditions in which minimal access surgery can be used in neonates. Historically, pediatric surgeons were slow to adapt to minimal access surgery (MAS) techniques compared with the adult surgical community. However, MAS now is widely established in infants and children. Differences in size and physiology have necessitated a number of surgical and technological modifications to apply MAS techniques to this population. This review outlines the important differences between children and adults with respect to MAS and provides examples of the use of MAS for diseases seen in infants. ### Physiologic Issues The physiologic response to pneumoperitoneum in children is more pronounced than in adults. Peritoneal insufflation with carbon dioxide has been shown to cause hypercarbia, acidemia, and decreased oxygenation in the pediatric piglet model. (1) In infants, however, there is no detrimental effect on blood pressure, heart rate, or oxygen saturation during short periods of pneumoperitoneum, and elevations in end-tidal CO2 can be counteracted readily by increasing the minute ventilation. (2) Hypercarbia-induced pneumoperitoneum in infants is associated with changes in cerebral blood flow and cardiac output. Nevertheless, laparoscopic procedures have been performed safely with proper anesthetic management in children who have even severe congenital cardiac abnormalities such as hypoplastic left heart syndrome. (3) Hypothermia also can be a concern due to rapid insufflation of unwarmed CO2 gas, mandating the moderation of flow rates. (4) ### Anatomic Issues A number of anatomic factors set children apart from adults and must be accounted for when performing laparoscopic surgery in this age group. Young children and infants have thinner abdominal walls than adults, so extreme care must be exercised when placing trocars. Due to the small size of the abdomen, the working …
Dynamic Phases of Vortices in Superconductors with Periodic Pinning

We present results from extensive simulations of driven vortex lattices interacting with periodic arrays of pinning sites. Changing an applied driving force produces a rich variety of novel dynamical plastic flow phases which are very distinct from those observed in systems with random pinning arrays. Signatures of the transition between these different dynamical phases include sudden jumps in the current-voltage curves as well as marked changes in the vortex trajectories and vortex lattice order. Several dynamical phase diagrams are obtained as a function of commensurability, pinning strength, and spatial order of the pinning sites.
Hypercolor unification without cosmological domains

Grand unified models are considered in relation to the cosmological constraint of vanishing domain walls, to solving the strong-CP problem and hypercolor unification. A semisimple theory of (SU(9))/sup 3/ is found to be the best example.
Comparative analysis of SNR for image sensors with enhanced dynamic range

Dynamic range is a critical figure of merit for image sensors. Often a sensor with higher dynamic range is regarded as higher quality than one with lower dynamic range. For CCD and CMOS sensors operating in the integration mode the sensor SNR monotonically increases with the signal. Therefore, a sensor with higher dynamic range, generally, produces higher quality images than one with lower dynamic range. This, however, is not necessarily the case when dynamic range enhancement schemes are used. For example, suing the well capacity adjusting scheme dynamic range is enhanced but at the expense of substantial degradation in SNR. On the other hand, using multiple sampling dynamic range can be enhanced without degrading SNR. Therefore, even if both schemes achieve the same dynamic range the latter can produce higher image quality than the former. The paper provides a quantitative framework for comparing SNR for image sensors with enhanced dynamic range. We introduce a simple model to describe the sensor output response as a function of the photogenerate signal, dark signal, and noise for sensors operation in integration mode with and without dynamic range enhancement schemes. We use the model to quantify and compare dynamic range and SNR for three sensor operation modes, integration with shuttering, using the well capacity adjusting scheme, and using multiple sampling.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ab initio Monte Carlo Investigations of Small Lithium Clusters

Structural and thermal properties of small lithium clusters are studied using ab initio-based Monte Carlo simulations. The ab initio scheme uses a Hartree-Fock/density functional treatment of the electronic structure combined with a jump-walking Monte Carlo sampling of nuclear configurations. Structural forms of Li{sub 8} and Li{sub 9}{sup +} clusters are obtained and their thermal properties analyzed in terms of probability distributions of the cluster potential energy, average potential energy and configurational heat capacity all considered as a function of the cluster temperature. Details of the gradual evolution with temperature of the structural forms sampled are examined. Temperatures characterizing the onset of structural changes and isomer coexistence are identified for both clusters.
Multisatellite low‐altitude observations of a magnetopause merging burst

[1] A fortuitous multisatellite observation of a dayside merging event driven by a sharp southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) turning illuminates several ionospheric particle and auroral reconnection signatures. Shortly after the southward IMF turning, as propagated from ACE, DMSP F13 observed a region equatorward of the cusp emptied of magnetospheric ions and bounded by two sharp intensifications of electron energy flux. The equatorward electron burst occurred at 74.4° magnetic latitude. That is also both the boundary to which magnetospheric ions were depleted and to which magnetosheath ions appeared in a DMSP F12 satellite pass 4 min later. These latter ions evinced a low-energy cutoff, implying that about 4-5 min elapsed since merging. The equatorward electron burst observed by F13 reached an intensity of 8.6 ergs/cm 2 s, and thus must have produced a strong auroral signature. Indeed, Polar UVI observed a dayside auroral transient at the appropriate latitude and local time. This burst was likely Alfvenic (it was not monoenergetic (not associated with a quasi-static electric field)). The poleward electron burst observed by F13 (up to 4.6 ergs/cm 2 s), was at the equatorward edge of the old cusp and also had a broadband (Alfvenic) signature. Drift meter data on F13 indicates that the merging burst produced flow speeds up to 2 km/s and a 47 kV cusp contribution to the polar cap potential, of which 25 kV was in a narrow high-speed spike. Thus, this event probably constituted a significant fraction of the cross-polar cap potential.
Identification of genetic alterations induced by ethyl methanesulfonate in Neurospora crassa.

Abstract The genetic alterations in ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-induced ad- 3 B mutants of Neurospora crassa have been identified by tests for specific revertibility after treatment with O -methyl-hydroxylamine (OMHA), nitrous acid (NA), ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), and a monofunctional acridine mustard (ICR-170). Mutants classified as base-pair substitutions reverted after treatment with at least 1 of the first 3 compounds, whereas mutants classified as base-pair insertions or deletions reverted only after treatment with ICR-170. A random sample of 82 EMS-induced ad-3B mutants were analyzed; 76 were characterized by their reversion response, and 6 were excluded because of their high rate of spontaneous reversion or leaky growth. The mutants characterized as to reversion mechanism and type of unidentified genetic alteration consisted of (1) base-pair transitions: AT to GC, 41%, and GC to AT, 17%; (2) base-pair insertions or deletions, 9%; (3) nonrevertible, 7%; (4) mutants which only revert spontaneously and not after treatment with any of the four mutagens, 18%. It is likely that a part of the mutants in the latter class result from a base-pair substitution. Of the mutants which only reverted spontaneously, 13% out of the total of 18% had a nonpolarized complementation pattern and are therefore likely to result from a base-pair substitution. As a result of these considerations, a range from 58% to 79% of the EMS-induced mutants may result from single base-pair substitutions. The correlation between complementation pattern and genetic alteration at the molecular level found previously by us among NA-induced ad-3B mutants was also found within EMS-induced mutants. Mutants with nonpolarized complementation patterns resulted mainly from base-pair substitutions, whereas mutants with polarized complementation patterns and noncomplementing mutants are derived from a variety of genetic alterations. In addition, the data on the EMS-induced mutants provide further support for the hypothesis that an AT pair at the mutant site gives rise to polarized or noncomplementing mutants more often than a GC pair at the mutant site.
Correlation Between Student Estimated Grades and Actual Grades: A Reply to Blass

In response to questions raised by Blass (1976) regarding the interpretation of our data (Page & Roy, 1975), a partial reanalysis using actual grades rather than student estimated grades was undertaken. None of the new results seemed to support the arguments of Blass. The original interpretation of the data still I seems to be the most plausible one.
Not Just Chlorthalidone: Evidence-Based, Single Tablet, Diuretic Alternatives to Hydrochlorothiazide for Hypertension

Accounting for 15 % of deaths worldwide, hypertension is often treated with hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) (50 million prescriptions annually). HCTZ has a <24-h duration of action, is less potent than chlorthalidone and all major antihypertensive drug classes, and is inferior to four antihypertensive drugs for cardiovascular event (CVE) reduction. If there were alternative diuretics, why prescribe HCTZ? Chlorthalidone is often offered as an alternative to HCTZ, but has limited pharmaceutical formulations. However, there are seven evidence-based, single-tablet, alternative diuretics. For reducing CVE, the following are superior to their comparators: chlorthalidone versus four antihypertensives in multiple hypertensive populations; indapamide versus placebo in elderly Chinese (and versus enalapril for left ventricular hypertrophy), triamterene–HCTZ versus placebo in elderly Europeans, amiloride–HCTZ versus three antihypertensives, and indapamide–perindopril versus placebo in three populations. Additionally, chlorthalidone–azilsartan and spironolactone–HCTZ are potent combinations The aldosterone antagonist component of the latter combination has been shown to reduce total mortality by 30 % in heart failure. Five of these seven have multiple dose formulations. Six cost $4–$77 monthly. In conclusion, based on both scientific and practical grounds, new prescriptions for HCTZ are rarely justified.
Toward a comprehensive understanding of existential threat: Insights from paul tillich

Experimental existential psychology (XXP) empirically investigates how people's motives for meaning and personal value influence their lives, and how symbolic self-awareness undergirds these motives and experienced threats to their fulfillment. The authors attempt to synthesize the insights that have already accumulated from XXP, and simultaneously point to a new direction for this field. Researchers have debated whether there is a “core threat” in human experience, but the authors propose that a more fruitful direction for research is to examine the simultaneous independence and interdependence of different existential threats. Paul Tillich's (1952) theory of existential threat is put forward as one model for understanding how a core threat to non-being (mortality) can nevertheless be experienced in proximally different forms, in terms of anxieties about meaninglessness or condemnation of the self. In addition to presenting Tillich's theory, the authors make several concrete suggestions for how future re...
Techniques for reducing consistency-related communication in distributed shared-memory systems

Distributed shared memory (DSM) is an abstraction of shared memory on a distributed-memory machine. Hardware DSM systems support this abstraction at the architecture level; software DSM systems support the abstraction within the runtime system. One of the key problems in building an efficient software DSM system is to reduce the amount of communication needed to keep the distributed memories consistent. In this article we present four techniques for doing so: software release consistency; multiple consistency protocols; write-shared protocols; and an update-with-timeout mechanism. These techniques have been implemented in the Munin DSM system. We compare the performance of seven Munin application programs: first to their performance when implemented using message passing, and then to their performance when running on a conventional software DSM system that does not embody the preceding techniques. On a 16-processor cluster of workstations, Munin's performance is within 5% of message passing for four out of the seven applications. For the other three, performance is within 29 to 33%. Detailed analysis of two of these three applications indicates that the addition of a function-shipping capability would bring their performance to within 7% of the message-passing performance. Compared to a conventional DSM system, Munin achieves performance improvements ranging from a few to several hundred percent, depending on the application.
Uncertainty bounds using sector theory

An approach based on sector-stability theory can furnish a description of the uncertainty associated with the frequency response of a model, given sector-bounds on the individual parameters of the model. The application of the sector-based approach to the formulation of useful uncertainty descriptions for linear, time-invariant multivariable systems is presently explored, and the approach is applied to two generic forms of parameter uncertainty in order to investigate its advantages and limitations. The results obtained show that sector-uncertainty bounds can be used to evaluate the impact of parameter uncertainties on the frequency response of the design model.
Detecting and tracking low-observable targets using IR

Detecting and Tracking Low—Observable Targets Using IRM. F. Fernandez, A. Aridgides, and D. BrayGE Advanced Technology LaboratoriesElectronics Parkway, Syracuse, N.Y. 13221ABSTRACTSensitivity to low—observable targets—-given a sequence of N frames of pre—processed(e.g., spatial/time-filtered) but unthresholded data—-may be enhanced by selecting,from among all possible paths traversing these frames, those containing anyindication that a target may be present. However, since only upper bounds regardingtarget velocities are usually known, explicit formulation of all feasible paths (andaccompanying confidence factors) becomes a formidable task even for small values ofN. In this paper we address this problem by utilizing a Dynamic Programming("Viterbi") algorithm to efficiently generate and evaluate, in an unthresholdedfashion, all possible paths through the N frames. Trajectories are tracedrecursively by assigning accumulated trajectory scores to each entry in a givenframe of data so as to maximize that entry's updated score. This Viterbi Track-Before—Detect procedure differs from standard Multiple Hypothesis Testing (MHT)methods in two ways. First, while in the MHT method the number of plausible pathsgrows exponentially (hence the need for introducing thresholds), in the Viterbiapproach they remain constant, equal to the number of data entries in a frame.Second, whereas in the MHT method trajectories are updated by selecting for eachexisting trajectory the best current (thresholded) detection, in the Viterbiapproach each current data value is updated with the best trajectory up to thatpoint. Simulation results show that application of the Viterbi Track-Before-Detectalgorithm over ten frames of IR data yields roughly a 7 dB improvement in detectionsensitivity over conventional thresholding/peak-detection procedures.1. BACKGROUNDOur philosophy in addressing the low-observable target detection problem (regardlessof the number of sensors being used) is that the closer the data processingfunctions can be brought to the sensor, the better the attainable performance. Inother words, the "detection" (or "threshold exceedence") decision should be avoidedor retarded because, quite simply, as soon as a thresholding function is invoked,information gets irretrievably lost. The low-observable detection/tracking problemthen becomes how to efficiently process the data so as to keep a manageable falsealarm rate and thus maintain a feasible computational load.For an infrared (IR) sensor, given a sequence of N frames of pre—processed (i.e.,clutter—filtered) but unthresholded data, sensitivity to low—observable targets maybe further enhancedThy selecting, from among all possible paths traversing theseframes, those containing any indiation that a target may be present. If thevelocity of the targets were known--and assuming that the filtered data has beensufficiently decorrelated between frames-—simple addition of the target strengthscould theoretically produce a Signal—to—Clutter ratio (SCR) gain of up to lOlogN dB.
Erosion of a dental specialist’s referral network: an economic loss template for cyber-defamation

Cyber-defamation of physicians is increasingly common and the viral capability of the internet entails that cyber-defamation carries great potential for sizable professional harm. Accordingly, an important research question involves how to determine the business losses associated with internet libel of medical specialists. Because of the relative newness of these cases, and the nascent state of the literature, a framework for assessing damages is posited through the dissemination of a related case study; namely, the unravelling of a dental-specialty partnership in which a junior associate departs and the incumbent specialist subsequently experiences an economic contraction. The key insight linking the approaches is that cyber-defamation, like an unravelled partnership, will manifest itself in the erosion of patient referrals and associated procedures. Thus, while the antecedent for the economic contraction differs, the techniques forwarded in this study’s loss assessment are utilised in establishing an approach for estimating cyber-defamation damages.
Workplace violence. A focus on verbal abuse and intent to leave the organization.

PURPOSE To describe the experience of verbal abuse in a large multihospital system and determine the relationship of verbal abuse with intent to leave the organization. DESIGN Descriptive correlational design using mailed questionnaires. SAMPLE Randomized sample of 1000 nurses received questionnaire; 46% response rate, with a final useable sample of 461 surveys. FINDINGS Of the respondents, 91% had experienced verbal abuse in the past month. The physician was the most frequent source of verbal abuse, followed by patients, patient families, peers, supervisors, and subordinates. More than 50% of the sample did not feel competent in responding to verbal abuse. Amount of abuse and intent to leave were significantly related (r = .211, p < .01). DISCUSSION Organizations must adopt zero-tolerance policies for professional verbal abuse. Education and coaching are needed to help nurses to improve their skills when responding to patient-to-nurse and professional-to-professional verbal abuse.
Toward a new framework for office support

Office automation is the outgrowth of one form of corporate information technology—the office products category. If we are really to enhance the total office function, however, we will need a much broader concept of office information systems. This paper proposes one such concept, which we call office support.