cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methadone versus buprenorphine for the treatment of opioid abuse in pregnancy: science and stigma

The past decade has seen an increase in rates of opioid abuse during pregnancy. This clinical challenge has been met with debate regarding whether or not illicit and prescription opioid-dependent individuals require different treatment approaches; whether detoxification is preferable to maintenance; and the efficacy of methadone versus buprenorphine as treatment options during pregnancy. The clinical recommendations resulting from these discussions are frequently influenced by the comparative stigma attached to heroin abuse and methadone maintenance versus prescription opioid abuse and maintenance treatment with buprenorphine. While some studies have suggested that a subset of individuals who abuse prescription opioids may have different characteristics than heroin users, there is currently no evidence to suggest that buprenorphine is better suited to treatment of prescription opioid abuse than methadone. Similarly, despite its perennial popularity, there is no evidence to recommend detoxification as an efficacious approach to treatment of opioid dependence during pregnancy. While increased access to treatment is important, particularly in rural areas, there are multiple medical and psychosocial reasons to recommend comprehensive substance abuse treatment for pregnant women suffering from substance use disorders rather than office-based provision of maintenance medication. Both methadone and buprenorphine are important treatment options for opioid abuse during pregnancy. Methadone may still remain the preferred treatment choice for some women who require higher doses for stabilization, have a higher risk of treatment discontinuation, or who have had unsuccessful treatment attempts with buprenorphine. As treatment providers, we should advocate to expand available treatment options for pregnant women in all States.
Towards Autonomic Grid Data Management with Virtualized Distributed File Systems

Grid data management is a challenging task because of the heterogeneous, dynamic and largescale nature of Grid environments. This paper proposes an autonomic Grid data management architecture based on virtualized distributed file systems and WSRF-compliant management services. Autonomic functions are integrated into the services to provide self-managing control over the different entities of Grid-wide file system sessions in accordance with high-level objectives and operate together to automatically achieve the desired data provisioning behaviors. Important autonomic features are designed and implemented in this system in the aspects of cache configuration, data replication and session redirection. Experiments with a prototype demonstrate that this architecture can automatically and substantially improve the performance and reliability of Grid data access.
Mergers of Teaching Hospitals in Boston, New York, and Northern California

John A. Kastor, MD 456 pp. Ann Arbor, Mich: University of Michigan Press; 2001. $59.50. ISBN 0472111965 In the last decade, the nation’s academic health centers have encountered forces so great and perilous that their mission and survival are at risk. These forces are economic and are being applied by managed care (HMOs and insurance companies), governmental policy (the Balanced Budget Act of 1997), and by competition from community medical centers. Kastor engagingly tells the story of how 6 of the premier teaching hospitals and the faculties of 5 of the most distinguished medical schools in the nation have tried to cope with this tumult. This informative, highly readable, and instructive volume opens with a chapter on the history of insurance for health care, an explanation of managed care, and the effects of this system on hospitals and faculties. This material provides a useful framework for understanding the impetus for the “merger …
Frequency-specific SSFP for hyperpolarized 13C metabolic imaging at 14.1 T

Metabolic imaging of hyperpolarized [1-13C] pyruvate co-polarized with [13C]urea by dynamic nuclear polarization with rapid dissolution is a promising new method for assessing tumor metabolism and perfusion simultaneously in vivo. Novel pulse sequences are required to enable dynamic imaging of multiple 13C spectral lines with high spatiotemporal resolution. The goal of this study was to investigate a new frequency-specific approach for rapid metabolic imaging of multiple 13C resonances using the spectral selectivity of steady-state free precession pulse (SSFP) trains. Methods developed in simulations were implemented in a dynamic frequency-cycled balanced SSFP pulse sequence on a 14.1-T animal magnetic resonance imaging scanner. This acquisition was tested in thermal and hyperpolarized phantom imaging studies and in a transgenic mouse with prostate cancer.
Growth and Characterization of N-Polar GaN Films on Si(111) by Plasma Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy

Smooth N-polar GaN films were epitaxially grown by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PAMBE) on on-axis p-Si(111). The structural quality of the as-grown GaN films was further improved by insertion of AlGaN/GaN superlattice structures, resulting in reduced threading dislocation density and also efficient stress management in the GaN film to mitigate crack formation. The structural quality of these films was comparable to N-polar GaN grown on C-SiC by MBE. Convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) imaging and KOH etch studies were performed to confirm the N-polarity of the sample. Room temperature photoluminescence measurements revealed strong GaN band-edge emission.
Über den Mechanismus der Bildung von Diphenyl aus Fluorbenzol und Phenyllithium

Isotopic carbon has been used to show that biphenyl is formed from fluorobenzene and phenyllithium through operation of an elimination-addition mechanism involving a symmetrical intermediate, probably C_6H_4 (benzyne).
Thermal transport in composites of self-assembled nickel nanoparticles embedded in yttria stabilized zirconia

We investigate the effect of nickel nanoparticle size on thermal transport in multilayer nanocomposites consisting of alternating layers of nickel nanoparticles and yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) spacer layers that are grown with pulsed laser deposition. Using time-domain thermoreflectance, we measure thermal conductivities of k=1.8, 2.4, 2.3, and 3.0 W m−1 K−1 for nanocomposites with nickel nanoparticle diameters of 7, 21, 24, and 38 nm, respectively, and k=2.5 W m−1 K−1 for a single 80 nm thick layer of YSZ. We use an effective medium theory to estimate the lower limits for interface thermal conductance G between the nickel nanoparticles and the YSZ matrix (G>170 MW m−2 K−1), and nickel nanoparticle thermal conductivity.
An Ocean Analysis System for Seasonal to Interannual Climate Studies

Abstract A dynamical model-based ocean analysis system has been implemented at the National Meteorological Center (NMC). This is used to provide retrospective and routine weekly analyses for the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Retrospective analyses have been performed for the period mid-1982 to mid-1993. The analyses are used for diagnostics of past climatic variability, real-time climate monitoring, and as initial conditions for coupled multiseason forecasts. The assimilation system is based on optimal interpolation objective analysis solved using an equivalent variational formulation. Analysis errors are estimated by comparisons to independent datasets such as temperature data from moorings and sea level information from tide gauges. In the near equatorial zone rms errors in thermocline depth are of order of 6–15 m. Comparisons of sea level estimates from the reanalyses with the records from tide gauges indicate that the rms sea level errors for monthly analysis are of the order of 0.04–0.09 m. For the we...
Friends Forever: A Longitudinal Exploration of Intimacy in Same-Sex Friends and Platonic Pairs

In this paper, we report on the results of a 4-year longitudinal study that explored predictors of future closeness in nonromantic friendship pairs. Subjects were forty-five pairs representing male-male, female-female, and male-female (platonic) friendships. The first phase of data collection took place in 1983; the follow-up study took place in 1987 and included 93 percent of the original subjects. The results revealed no significant predictors for closeness among female-female or platonic pairs. Several significant predictors emerged for male-male friendships, including status similarity, proficiency at Password, prior room mate status, the number of areas that partners avoided in normal conversation and geographical distance. The results support the notion of overall partner similarity as an important predictor of continued friendship.
Realism and relevance in the economics of a free society: the Knight–Hutchison debate

The methodological debate between Frank Knight and Terence Hutchison is usually framed in terms of the philosophical debates between positivism and intuitionism, or between empirical knowledge and theoretical knowledge. Hutchison's argument was, after all, a defense of the need for empirically-based economic knowledge, using the justificatory framework provided by logical positivism, and Knight was widely known for his defense of the understanding of economic theory often associated with Lionel Robbins. But the dispute between Knight and Hutchison was much more than a battle over the epistemological status of economics' basic postulates. For Knight, Hutchison's positivism posed risks for the discussion at the heart of liberal democracy. Hutchison, also, aimed his methodological criticism of economic theory at a similar target: the economic objectives of all societies would be achieved sooner if planners were guided by an empirical economic science.
Using a Poetry Reading on Hemoglobin to Enhance Subject Matter.

Poetry reading is identified as a fun way to review chemistry topics and spark student interest in the beauty and mystery of chemistry. A reading of the poem "Jerry-Built Forever" (on various aspects of hemoglobin) is used as an example; the poem is included in the article. Details of how the reading was performed and reactions of the students are presented.
Performing organizational learning with machine apprentices

Abstract Organizational learning typically focuses on implicit adaptation in the firm's internal environment. This paper discusses organizational learning in the extended enterprise: consisting of the turbulent competitive/political environment of threats and opportunities, and the organization's internal environment - traditionally consisting of people and their institutions - extended to include the information technology platform. Here, internal and external policies need to be modeled for an effective adaptation of the enterprise. Artificial intelligence and machine learning methods are applied to organizational design in monitoring and analyzing decisions based on the impact and structure of the organization - monitoring changes as part of the learning and adaptation cycle.
Alternaria: A Sinonasal Pathogen of Immunocompromised Hosts

Fungal infections remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. Although Candida and Aspergillus species are the most common fungal isolates, other less common fungal isolates such as Alternaria species are emerging as opportunistic pathogens associated with discrete clinical syndromes. We reviewed a 16-year consecutive series of bone marrow-transplant recipients and describe the presentation, treatment approach, and outcome of six cases of localized invasive sinonasal infection caused by Alternaria species in this series. At presentation, minimal or no symptoms were present, and nasal lesions of suspicious origin were often an incidental finding in evaluation of unexplained fever. Findings of sinus roentgenograms were normal for five of six patients. Infection occurred prior to white blood cell recovery in five of six cases. All infections were localized to the sinonasal region without evidence of dissemination. Treatment included systemic antifungal therapy and surgical debridement in all patients; granulocyte transfusions were performed for four patients. The infections resolved without sequelae in all but one patient who died of postoperative complications. Alternaria has a predilection for causing localized invasive sinonasal infection in immunocompromised hosts that can be successfully treated with an aggressive approach of combined modalities.
Financially motivated transfers and discharges: administrators' ethics and public expectations.

In response to a competitive environment, hospital administrators are pressuring physicians to discharge Medicare patients “sicker and quicker” and to transfer indigent patients from their emergency rooms. This paper compares health administrators' ethics to public expectations regarding financially motivated hospital transfers and discharges. Health administrators use balancing strategies: code morality, survivalism, mission dependency, and tithing. Public expectations, exemplified in P.L. 99–272, P.L. 99–509, and recent case law, are based on norms of potential for patient harm and patient occupancy. These norms are morally preferable to those of health administrators; they reinforce the value of identified lives and the reliability of the health care system.
Extensible Dress: The Future of Digital Clothing

The purpose of this article is to explore current trends in the social psychology of clothing, postmodernism, and advancing technologies that suggest a concept of clothing in the future. New techno...
Diethyldithiocarbamic acid-methyl ester: A metabolite of disulfiram and its alcohol sensitizing properties in the disulfiram-ethanol reaction

Diethyldithiocarbamic-acid-methyl ester (DDTC-Me) is a major metabolite of disulfiram. When given to rats, DDTC-Me was found to inhibit the liver mitochondrial low Km aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) without having any effect on the high Km isoenzyme. Inhibition of low Km ALDH by DDTC-Me in vivo exhibited a dose-response relationship, with inhibition of ALDH from 11% to 90% found when DDTC-Me was administered in a dose range from 1.8 to 158 mg/kg, IP. After a single dose of DDTC-Me (41.2 mg/kg, IP), the low Km ALDH was inhibited for 168 hours suggesting an irreversible enzyme inhibition. After an ethanol challenge to DDTC-Me-treated rats, a decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and increase in heart rate was observed. Decreases in MAP occurred almost immediately after ethanol challenge and remained low throughout a four hour post-ethanol period. These results suggest that in vivo administration of DDTC-Me can cause an alcohol-sensitizing reaction, and that DDTC-Me actually may be the metabolite of disulfiram which produces the disulfiram-ethanol reaction. It is proposed the reaction be more correctly identified as the DDTC-Me-Ethanol Reaction or D-MER.
Antithrombotics in heart failure: Background to the WARCEF study

Abstract Three controlled clinical studies in the early 1950s reported that warfarin reduced death and thromboembolism in patients with heart failure. Uncontrolled studies have suggested a reduction of stroke by warfarin in “cardiomyopathy” and many clinicians use warfarin for this purpose. The stroke rate in heart failure is low (about 2% per year) and this makes clinically useful risk reduction difficult and a prospective study costly. As for atrial fibrillation, there may be subgroups of heart failure patients with high-stroke risk who could benefit from warfarin and these need to be defined. Cognitive impairment is increasingly recognized as a complication of heart failure, and its risk factors need to be characterized. WARCEF (Warfarin vs. Aspirin in Reduced Cardiac Ejection Fraction) study reduces its sample size by combining death and stroke as the primary endpoint and by including patient with prior stroke.
Modulation of CaV2.1 Channels by the Neuronal Calcium-Binding Protein Visinin-Like Protein-2

Ca V 2.1 channels conduct P/Q-type Ca 2+ currents that are modulated by calmodulin (CaM) and the structurally related Ca 2+ -binding protein 1 (CaBP1). Visinin-like protein-2 (VILIP-2) is a CaM-related Ca 2+ -binding protein expressed in the neocortex and hippocampus. Coexpression of Ca V 2.1 and VILIP-2 in tsA-201 cells resulted in Ca 2+ channel modulation distinct from CaM and CaBP1. Ca V 2.1 channels with β 2a subunits undergo Ca 2+ -dependent facilitation and inactivation attributable to association of endogenous Ca 2+ /CaM. VILIP-2 coexpression does not alter facilitation measured in paired-pulse experiments but slows the rate of inactivation to that seen without Ca 2+ /CaM binding and reduces inactivation of Ca 2+ currents during trains of repetitive depolarizations. Ca V 2.1 channels with β 1b subunits have rapid voltage-dependent inactivation, and VILIP-2 has no effect on the rate of inactivation or facilitation of the Ca 2+ current. In contrast, when Ba 2+ replaces Ca 2+ as the charge carrier, VILIP-2 slows inactivation. The effects of VILIP-2 are prevented by deletion of the CaM-binding domain (CBD) in the C terminus of Ca V 2.1 channels. However, both the CBD and an upstream IQ-like domain must be deleted to prevent VILIP-2 binding. Our results indicate that VILIP-2 binds to the CBD and IQ-like domains of Ca V 2.1 channels like CaM but slows inactivation, which enhances facilitation of Ca V 2.1 channels during extended trains of stimuli. Comparison of VILIP-2 effects with those of CaBP1 indicates striking differences in modulation of both facilitation and inactivation. Differential regulation of Ca V 2.1 channels by CaM, VILIP-2, CaBP1, and other neurospecific Ca 2+ -binding proteins is a potentially important determinant of Ca 2+ entry in neurotransmission.
A wire-sheath system for MR-guided biopsy and drainage: laboratory studies and experience in 10 patients.

On the basis of laboratory experiments, we devised a wire-sheath system for MR-guided biopsy and drainage and then evaluated that system in 10 patients. The localizing system consisted of a 20-gauge plastic sheath into which a stainless-steel alloy wire had been inserted. In laboratory studies, we compared this wire-sheath assembly with other materials to determine its optimal visualization on MR images. We then used the same wire-sheath system to perform 16 procedures (in 10 patients), including six biopsies, five diagnostic fluid aspirations, and five catheter drainages of infected and noninfected fluid collections. The laboratory results showed that the wire-sheath assembly cast a 7-mm artifact, was visualized well on all pulse sequences, and was safe within the magnet (minimal attraction). The assembly was visualized well in each patient and provided adequate localization. MR-guided biopsy and drainage can be performed with high-resolution detail by using this wire-sheath system. Potential uses of thi...
Evidence for a relativistic electron-pair model of nuclear particles

A positroniumlike, relativistic electron-pair model previously found to describe the properties of the pion and hadron resonances is tested for its prediction of the hadron-to-muon production ratioR in high-energye+e− collisions. It is found that the model leads to the observed magnitude ofR and its stepwise increase with energy. The model predicts a series of further rises ofR as the available energy is increased, beginning at about 7.9 Gev.
The inadequacy of sodium dodecyl sulfate as a dissociative agent for brain proteins and glycoproteins.

Abstract Sodium dodecyl sulfate and mercaptoethanol quantitatively solubilized delipidated bovine brain proteins and glycoproteins. Chromatography on Sepharose 4-B gave three distinct peaks. Each of the peaks were identical with respect to their amino acid composition and disc-gel electrophoresis pattern. When one of the peaks was rechromatographed on the same column it redistributed to give the same three peaks, each of which were identical by amino acid composition and disc-gel pattern. It is concluded that sodium dodecyl sulfate can solubilize but not dissociate brain proteins and glycoproteins. It is suggested that membrane proteins and other water-insoluble proteins may drastically differ from water-soluble proteins in their resistance to dissociating reagents and that molecular weights of membrane proteins obtained by sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis may give erroneous results.
Effect of intestinal location on growth and function of neomucosa

Growing intestinal neomucosa in patched intestinal defects has been investigated as a means of permanently increasing the absorptive capacity in the short bowel syndrome. Several factors, including luminal contents, appear to affect the growth and function of the neomucosa. The purpose of this study was to compare function and rate of growth of neomucosa in patched defects of the jejunum and ileum. In both the jejunum and ileum of 11 New Zealand white male rabbits 2 × 5-cm patched intestinal defects were created using the serosal surface of adjacent colon. The animals were sacrificed at 4 weeks (n = 6) and 8 weeks (n = 5) after operation. Grossly there was more complete coverage of the defect by neomucosa in the ileum at both 4 and 8 weeks (99.1 ± 1.1% vs 92.6 ± 6.3% overall P < 0.005). Villous height of the ileal neomucosa was similar to normal mucosa at 8 weeks (209 ± 21 vs 244 ± 18 m) but was significantly less in the jejunum (209 ± 16 vs 273 ± 16 m, P < 0.005). Glucose uptake by neomucosa was greater in the ileum than the jejunum (3.34 ± .84 vs 2.39 ± .46 nmole/min/mg, P < 0.05) but was similar to normal mucosa at both sites. Disaccharidase activity (lactase, sucrase, and maltase) was similar in both jejunum and ileum but was significantly less in ileal neomucosa than in normal mucosa (P < 0.005). Taurocholate uptake was greater in the ileum in both normal mucosa (0.76 ± 0.12 vs 0.44 ± 0.11 nmole/min/mg, P < 0.1) and neomucosa (0.68 ± 0.15 vs 0.41 ± 0.05, P < 0.1). Neomucosa grows faster in the ileum than the jejunum. Glucose and taurocholate uptake are greater in the ileal neomucosa, reflecting the longitudinal specialization of the gut. The ileum would be the most desirable site for growing neomucosa in the clinical setting.
Vertebral Artery Dissection After Iatrogenic Cervical Subcutaneous Emphysema

We report a case of spontaneous vertebral artery dissection (VAD) in a patient who developed extensive subcutaneous emphysema following the removal of a chest tube after a cardiac transplant. The pathophysiology and management of this uncommon complication are reviewed. Although vertebral and carotid artery dissections are unusual events occurring in 2.5 to 3 per 100,000 people, they are increasingly acknowledged to be important causes of stroke in the young and middle-aged adult population accounting for up to 25% of such cases. VADs are associated with a variety of minor traumatic mechanisms including painting a ceiling, yoga, chiropractic manipulation of the spine, and driving. These events cause injury to the vessel wall either by shearing forces secondary to rotational injuries or direct trauma to the vessel wall on bony prominences, especially the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae. We present a case of a patient with documented previously normal vertebral arterial anatomy who developed a VAD after mediastinal tube removal resulted in subcutaneous emphysema tracking through fascial planes into his neck. (J Card Surg 2011;26:54-56)
Ontogenetic studies of tolerance development: effects of chronic morphine on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

Endogenous opiates are important regulators of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in rats. Tolerance clearly develops to morphine-induced stimulation of the HPA axis in adult rats (Ignar and Kuhn 1990). The goal of the present study was to determine whether tolerance to morphine-induced stimulation of the HPA axis developed in neonatal and weanling rats treated chronically with morphine. Rats were injected with morphine or saline between days 4-8 postnatal (pups) or days 21-25 (weanlings) and tolerance assessed by determining dose-response curves for ACTH and corticosterone secretion following an acute morphine challenge. Weanlings displayed marked tolerance to the stimulation of ACTH and corticosterone secretion by morphine. Tolerance was also observed in pups to morphine-stimulated ACTH and corticosterone release. These findings suggest that the relative adaptability of the HPA axis to chronic morphine in neonatal and weanling rats is similar.
Improved ruggedness for flow-based kinetic methods of analysis

This paper introduces a new approach to improve the ruggedness of flow-based kinetic determinations. After reagents and sample are mixed, the flow is stopped, signal vs. time data are recorded by an on-line computer, and curve-fitting methods are used to compute the signal that would be measured if the reaction were monitored to equilibrium. The new approach is evaluated using the Mo(VI) catalyzed oxidation of iodide to triiodide by hydrogen peroxide. Time-dependent concentrations of triiodide are monitored by changes in absorbance at 360 nm. Effects of changes in pH as well as the concentrations of iodide and Mo(VI) are evaluated using four different data-processing options, two of which were expected to exhibit poor ruggedness to changes in these variables and two of which were expected to exhibit significantly improved ruggedness. All data-processing options yielded linear calibration plots and had similar degrees of precision. As expected, the principal difference among the options was the ability to reject effects of changes in experimental variables. The new options are 10- to 70-fold less dependent on changes in pH and concentrations of iodide and molybdate than the more conventional options.
Just Like Nathan Hale

Steven Johnson, The Truth about Patriotism, Durham: Duke University Press, 2007, x +283 pp. Robert Stam and Ella Shohat, Flagging Patriotism: Crises of Narcissism and Anti-Americanism New York: Rou...
Topology Optimization of an Aircraft Wing

Abstract : A Topology Optimization (TO) was conducted on an aircraft wing in order to mathematically determine an ideal structural case for future aircraft. TO generally involves iteratively reducing individual elemental density until the desired mass or volume constraint is met. Two di erent TO styles where approached: a global three-dimensional concept and a more traditional two-dimensional rib and spar optimization which more closely mimics the baseline model. All optimizations were compared against a baseline wing for von-Mises stress, displacement, and buckling. The objective of this research was to develop a design procedure maintaining the baseline structural integrity of the wing while reducing weight. As with many TO designs, Additive Manufacturing (AM) was studied as a means to produce the wing concerning both the feasibility of manufacture and as a logistical advantage compared to traditional means. Additionally, a fuel tank was integrated into the wing structure as a proof-of-concept for the potential benefits of AM. Finally, a 3D lattice structure was utilized as a conceptual method for improving current design methodology.
Nonneural vascular smooth muscle tone in arterioles of the hamster cheek pouch.

Abstract The object of the present study was to employ specific pharmacological agents and the chemical sympatholytic drug 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) to characterize the neural and adrenergic control of vascular smooth muscle tone in arterioles of the hamster cheek pouch. Arteriolar diameters were measured in the superfused cheek pouch of anesthetized male golden hamsters. All orders of arterioles constricted in response to norepinephrine (10 −7 g/ml) and increased superfusion solution P O 2 , and dilated in response to isoproterenol (10 −7 g/ml) and adenosine (10 −4 M ). Tetrodotoxin (10 −6 g/ml), phentolamine (10 −6 g/ml), and propranolol (10 −6 g/ml) had no effect upon arteriolar diameters under resting conditions. However, phentolamine and propranolol completely blocked vessel responses to norepinephrine and isoproterenol, respectively. Arterioles dilated during superfusion with either 6-OHDA (300 μg/ml) or its acidic vehicle. However, vessel diameters returned toward control values during the subsequent 2-hr washout period and exhibited no net dilation following recovery from 6-OHDA or its vehicle. This study suggests that neural and adrenergic mechanisms are not the primary determinants of arteriolar tone in the hamster cheek pouch.
ADDITIONAL ARCHAEOMAGNETIC DATA ON THE SOUTH-WEST USA MASTER GEOMAGNETIC POLE CURVE*

Archaeomagnetic dating in the American south-west is progressing rapidly in terms of both method and application. Of particular importance has been the creation of a master curve of geomagnetic direction change for the region. However, confirmation, extension and refinement of this curve are always welcome contributions to the technique. So, efforts are under way to accumulate a large body of well-dated virtual geomagnetic pole positions and document these through publication so that the basis for dating samples of unknown age can be evaluated. This article adds 23 new dated pole positions to the list discussed in Eighmy (1991) and reports the results of our experiments with refining the south-west USA master curve, especially the creation of a new south-west master curve, SWCV595.
Is reperfusion injury an important cause of mucosal damage after porcine intestinal ischemia

Background. Intestinal ischemic injury is exacerbated by reperfusion in rodent and feline models because of xanthine oxidase-initiated reactive oxygen metabolite formation and neutrophil infiltration. Studies were conducted to determine the relevance of reperfusion injury in the juvenile pig, whose low levels of xanthine oxidase are similar to those of the human being. Methods. Ischemia was induced by means of complete mesenteric arterial occlusion, volvulus, or hemorrhagic shock. Injury was assessed by means of histologic examination and measurement of lipid peroxidation. In addition, myeloperoxidase, as a marker of neutrophil infiltration, and xanthine oxidase-xanthine dehydrogenase were measured. Results. Significant ischemic injury was evident after 0.5 to 3 hours of complete mesenteric occlusion or 2 hours of shock or volvulus. In none of these models was the ischemic injury worsened by reperfusion. To maximize superoxide production, pigs were ventilated on 100% O2, but only limited reperfusion injury (1.2-fold increase in histologic grade) was noted. Xanthine oxidase-xanthine dehydrogenase levels were negligible (0.4 ±0.4 mU/gm). Conclusions. Reperfusion injury may not play an important role in intestinal injury under conditions of complete mesenteric ischemia and low-flow states in the pig. This may result from low xanthine oxidase-xanthine dehydrogenase levels, which are similar to those found in the human being.
Crossing the "Valley of Death": Transitioning Cybersecurity Research into Practice

New and innovative technologies will only make a difference if they're deployed and used. It doesn't matter how visionary a technology is unless it meets user needs and requirements and is available as a product via user-acceptable channels. One of the cybersecurity research community's biggest ongoing challenges is transitioning technology into commercial or open source products available in the marketplace. This article presents an R&#x0026;D execution model to increase the success rate of technology transition along with several examples of successful technology transition from the US Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate's cybersecurity R&#x0026;D program.
Clustering of phenotypic variables and construction of an identification scheme for human isolates of Haemophilus

Summary Isolates of Haemophilus from clinical laboratories were subjected to 35 biochemical tests with the data posted to a random matrix. Following rearrangement of the information, 13 clusters organisms were identified. H. influenza was found to be a species of considerable heterogenity that could be divided into a number of the clusters. Important tests for the identification of Haemophilus were determined to be indole production and fermentation of fructose, xylose, maltose, galactose, mannose and sucrose.
Effects of phase variations and attenuations on solitary waves in forward four-wave mixing

Work on solitary waves in four-wave mixing is extended by considering the suitable forward wave mixing, phase variations, and attenuations in interactions. General solutions are obtained first, and then effects on solitary waves are discussed. Phase variations have no effect on the solitary waves except some phase shift. Attenuations destroy the dark solitary waves and can compress the bright solitary waves. It is shown that very short pulses can be obtained with the help of attenuations.
How to Create and use Experiential Case-Based Exercises in a Management Classroom:

The popular case-discussion teaching method provides a real-world, decision-oriented focus that can capture complex problems in bounded scenarios. Unfortunately, the method can de-emphasize important process aspects of organizational decision making. Furthermore, overuse of cases can make them formulaic and repetitive. The case-based role play is an interactive technique that engages students in experiential, process-oriented activities based on the familiar case format. This article discusses the pedagogical benefits of the activity and describes the process of choosing appropriate cases, preparing for the class session, and running the role play. It also provides sample debriefing questions and some options for using the format.
RETURN OF THE SOLID SOUTH? EXPLORING PARTISAN REALIGNMENT IN MISSISSIPPI

Modern Republican gains in the South culminating in the 1994 GOP congressional landslide have sparked renewed interest in the possibility that we are in a realigning era. Statewide opinion polls from a key southern state over a sixteen-year time frame illustrate considerable change in the public's partisan identifications, especially among white conservatives. Republican gains may also be prompted by positive public reactions to GOP presidents and a governor and negative reactions to their Democratic counterparts. Yet adroit actions by pragmatic white Democratic officeholders and emerging Republican factionalism have hindered further GOP gains in state offices, illustrating the continuing relevance of dealignment as people vote for the candidate instead of the party.
Medicare prescription drugs and reform: what the new law will mean to gastroenterologists and their patients.

Medicare Prescription Drugs and Reform: What the New Law Will Mean to Gastroenterologists and Their Patients
Extracellular fluid volume changes in very low birth weight infants during first 2 postnatal months

Serial extracellular volume (ECV) changes were measured in 18 infants of less than 32 weeks gestation. Results were compared with changes in body weight, fluid and sodium intake, urine output, and serum sodium concentration. Mean +/- SD ECV decreased from 550 +/- 116 mL/kg on day 1 to 359 +/- 66 mL/kg on day 14. Thereafter, mean ECV/kg remained between 336 +/- 42 and 349 +/- 54 mL/kg. Clinical hydration and serum sodium concentration usually remained normal during this reduction of stabilization of ECV/kg. Six episodes of hyponatremia occurred at 11 to 31 days of age. Mean ECV/kg was significantly lower in infants with hyponatremia compared with infants of similar age with normal serum sodium concentration (303 +/- 36 mL/kg vs 368 +/- 56 mL/kg, P less than 0.01). Sodium intake in the two groups was similar. We conclude that ECV in the VLBW infant decreases postnatally and is regulated within a range similar to that in older infants, and that postnatal natriuresis in the first 2 weeks of life represents physiologic reduction of the expanded ECV of the fetus. Late hyponatremia may indicate excessive sodium loss and ECV depletion.
Influence of climate factors on spatial distribution of Texas cattle breeds

This paper investigates the spatial distribution of cattle breeders in Texas to quantify how climate factors influence cattle breed selection. A multivariate probit model is employed to examine the county-level binary choices of Bos taurus, Bos indicus and composite breeds derived from cattle breed association membership data. The estimation results suggest that summer heat stress is a significant factor for breed selection: positive for Bos indicus and negative for Bos taurus and composite breeds, with the average marginal effects on breed membership probability being 9.7 %, −26.5 % and −7.9 %, respectively. The intensity of the summer heat impacts can lead to noteworthy changes in spatial distributions of Texas cattle breeds in the event of climate change.
Provider insights about palliative care barriers and facilitators: results of a rapid ethnographic assessment.

Palliative care remains underutilized in the United States. This may represent failure of translation of research into practice (diffusion of innovation). Qualitative methods can identify barriers to and facilitators of diffusion of innovation. The aim is to identify potential barriers to and facilitators of inpatient palliative care utilization at a large urban hospital, as articulated by health professionals. Rapid ethnographic assessment methods were used among health professionals with subsequent extraction of predominant themes illuminating factors influencing adoption of palliative care services. In all, 3 stakeholder categories and 7 major themes emerged. Analysis revealed consistent need for organized, cross-disciplinary education/training services and a clearly-defined team approach. Denial at all stakeholder levels and in most themes was a barrier to implementation of palliative care. Consistent, defined educational, policymaking, and procedural standards were requirements for best adoption of p...
Collagen arthritis in the rat is initiated by CD4+ T cells and can be amplified by iron

The role of iron in arthritis was studied by administering ferric citrate (Fe-cit) to age-matched, female Sprague-Dawley rats immunized with chick type II collagen on Day 0. Rats received intravenously (iv) either Fe-cit (7.7 mg/kg body wt) or an identical concentration of sodium citrate on varying days after immunization. Transferrin saturation peaked (88-95%) 1 hr post-Fe-cit and returned to baseline values within 24 hr. Injection of Fe-cit on either Day 3 or Day 5, but not on Day 7 or Day 9, significantly (P less than 0.03) increased the incidence of arthritis. Synovium from the infrapatellar fat pad was harvested on Days 0-10 for analysis by immunocytochemistry. The inceptual morphologic change in the synovium following collagen immunization in rats not injected iv was an increase in the number of CD4+ and transferrin receptor+ mononuclear cells in perivascular regions; compared to Day 0 both cell types had increased two- to threefold by Day 3. On Day 7, an increase in CD8+ mononuclear cells occurred and the first polymorphonuclear leukocytes were noted. These alterations resulted in a peak in the CD4-CD8 ratio on Day 3, with a gradual decline thereafter. Although Fe-cit administration promoted the ingress of these mononuclear cells, it did not change the CD4-CD8 ratio significantly or recruit polymorphonuclear leukocytes into the joint tissue. Serum antibody titers to type II collagen, measured 20 days after immunization by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and delayed-type hypersensitivity to collagen, measured by a radiometric ear assay on Day 23, did not differ significantly between the groups. As well as showing that the initial intrasynovial event in collagen arthritis is perivascular infiltration by members of the CD4+ T cell subset displaying a phenotypic sign of activation, these findings demonstrate that iron administered at a critical time after immunization enhances the induction of collagen arthritis. The coincidence of this brief period of susceptibility with maximum CD4-CD8 ratios within the synovium and its occurrence prior to the stage of neutrophil infiltration are consistent with the possibility that the augmenting effect of iron is mediated by the inducer T cell subset.
Sulfated oxysterol, 25HC3S, is a potent regulator of lipid metabolism in human hepatocytes

Recently, a novel oxysterol, 5-cholesten-3beta, 25-diol 3-sulfate (25HC3S) was identified in primary rat hepatocytes following overexpression of the cholesterol transport protein, StarD1. This oxysterol was also detected in human liver nuclei. In the present study, 25HC3S was chemically synthesized. Addition of 25HC3S (6 microM) to human hepatocytes markedly inhibited cholesterol biosynthesis. Quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis showed that 25HC3S markedly decreased HMG-CoA reductase mRNA and protein levels. Coincidently, 25HC3S inhibited the activation of sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs), suggesting that inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis occurred via blocking SREBP-1 activation, and subsequently by inhibiting the expression of HMG CoA reductase. 25HC3S also decreased SREBP-1 mRNA levels and inhibited the expression of target genes encoding acetyl CoA carboxylase-1 (ACC-1) and fatty acid synthase (FAS). In contrast, 25-hydroxycholesterol increased SREBP1 and FAS mRNA levels in primary human hepatocytes. The results imply that 25HC3S is a potent regulator of SREBP mediated lipid metabolism.
Imaging Indoor Tracer-Gas Concentrations with Computed Tomography: Experimental Results with a Remote Sensing FTIR System

This work demonstrates for the first time the feasibility of computed tomography (CT) reconstructions of pollutant concentrations in a real room setting. A remote sensing Fourier transform infrared spectrometer was mounted on a moving base in a controlled ventilation chamber. A passive tracer was released from a point source into the room under constant ventilation conditions. A series of experiments gathered multiple path-averaged measurements in a two-dimensional plane for CT reconstruction. Simultaneous readings were gathered with a multiple-point sampling array for later comparison to the CT reconstructed concentrations. Good qualitative agreement between the reconstruction and point sample data was obtained. Limitations encountered due to the temporal resolution, size, and geometry of the experimental apparatus are clearly surmountable with better instrumentation.
Simulation of the performance and cost calculations of the surface pump

Abstract The photovoltaic (PV) energy has an important advantage to contribute in the socio-economic development of the remote regions and particularly in the Sahara areas. In Algeria a large number of PV pumps are used to supply water for drinking needs, irrigation, and many other purposes. These pumps are installed mostly in the large Algerian Sahara areas ; the submersible and the surface centrifugal pumps present the state-of-the-art for most applications. This paper presents the electrical and hydraulic performance of a surface centrifugal pump. The performances are calculated for three PV array sizes (1050, 1400 and 1750 Watts peak) and several total dynamic heads. The results which are analyzed are illustrated by tables and curves. The study of this surface pump shows the cost of the water per cubic metre for low total dynamic head (less than 14 metres) , thus it will be able to contribute in supplying water in the remote Sahara regions.
Temperature Regulation, Hibernation, and Aestivation in the Little Pocket Mouse, Perognathus longimembris

The little pocket mouse, Perognathus longimembris , was selected for a study of temperature regulation because (1) it is one of the smallest North American rodents (adult weight, 6.5 to 10 grams); (2) it is a member of the highly specialized family Heteromyidae; (3) it is locally very abundant; (4) it is readily maintained in captivity; and (5) nothing was previously known about its temperature regulation. Despite the abundance of pocket mice, very little has been published on the physiology of any member of the genus Perognathus . Hall (1946) adduced circumstantial evidence for the occurrence of hibernation in some species of pocket mice and its absence in others. Scheffer (1938) found that Perognathus parvus showed an irregular dormancy during the winter but he determined no body temperatures. We are unaware of any other published information concerning temperature regulation in the genus. P. longimembris occurs commonly in eastern and southern California, extreme northwestern Mexico, and throughout much of the Great Basin, reaching the northern limit of its distribution in southeastern Washington. It lives from below sea level in the Salton Sink to an altitude of at least 6500 feet in the Sierra Nevada. The present study was made between June and September, 1955, and is based on 23 adult animals trapped in the Antelope Valley and Walker Pass areas of the Mohave Desert of southern California. The captive animals were individually housed in glass jars or plastic boxes partly filled with fine sand. They were given no water and remained in excellent condition throughout the study on a diet of mixed bird seed. All temperatures were measured with 30 gauge copper-constantan thermocouples coated with baked insulating enamel and connected to a recording potentiometer. Oral and rectal temperatures were taken with thermocouples inserted to a depth of at least 2 cm.; …
Integrated backscatter for quantification of left atrial spontaneous echo contrast

Abstract Objectives. This study was designed to develop a quantitative method of spontaneous echo contrast (SEC) assessment using integrated backscatter and to compare integrated backscatter SEC measurement with independent qualitative grades of SEC and clinical and echocardiographic predictors of thromboembolism. Background. Left atrial SEC refers to dynamic swirling smoke-like echoes that are associated with low flow states and embolic events and have been graded qualitatively as mild or severe. Methods. We performed transesophageal echocardiography in 43 patients and acquired digital integrated backscatter image sequences of the interatrial septum to internally calibrate the left ventricular cavity and left atrial cavity under different gain settings. Patients were independently assessed as having no, mild or severe SEC. We compared intensity of integrated backscatter in the left atrial cavity relative to that in the left ventricular as well as to the independently assessed qualitative grades of SEC. Fourier analysis characterized the temporal variability of SEC. The integrated backscatter was compared with clinical and echocardiographic predictors of thromboembolism. Results. The left atrial cavity integrated backscatter intensity of the mild SEC subgroup was 4.7 dB higher than that from the left ventricular cavity, and the left atrial intensity of the severe SEC subgroup was 12.5 dB higher than that from the left ventricular cavity. The left atrial cavity integrated backscatter intensity correlated well with the qualitative grade. Fourier transforms of SEC integrated backscatter sequences revealed a characteristic dominant low frequency/high amplitude spectrum, distinctive from no SEC. There was a close relationship between integrated backscatter values and atrial fibrillation, left atrial size, left atrial appendage flow velocities and thrombus. Conclusions. Integrated backscatter provides an objective quantitative measure of SEC that correlates well with qualitative grade and is closely associated with clinical and echocardiographic predictors of thromboembolism. The relationship between integrated backscatter measures and cardioembolic risk will be defined in future multicenter studies.