cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Analysis of the Global Emergence of Social Enterprise

This article compares the emerging concept, practice, and context of social enterprise across seven regions and countries of the world. Broadly defined as the use of market-based approaches to address social issues, social enterprise provides a “business” source of revenue for civil society organizations. However, within these broad parameters, world regions have come to identify different concepts and contexts with the social enterprise movement in their areas. Largely lacking in the social enterprise literature are explanations of what these regional differences are, and whether and how socioeconomic context may play a role in these variations. Drawing on social origins theory, recent social enterprise comparative research, and socioeconomic data, this article examines the different factors shaping social enterprise in seven regions and countries. It finds that variations in socioeconomic contexts appear to account for international differences in social enterprise. These findings have practical implications for the development and transfer of social enterprise internationally.
Blind adaptation of zero forcing projections and oblique pseudo-inverses for subspace detection and estimation when interference dominates noise

In much of modern radar, sonar, and wireless communication, it seems more reasonable to model "measurement noise" as subspace interference-plus-broadband noise than as colored noise. This observation leads naturally to a variety of detection and estimation problems in the linear statistical model. To solve these problems, one requires oblique pseudo-inverses, oblique projections, and zero-forcing orthogonal projections. The problem is that these operators depend on knowledge of signal and interference subspaces, and this information is often not at hand. More typically, the signal subspace is known, but the interference subspace is unknown. We prove a theorem that allows these operators to be estimated directly from experimental data, without knowledge of the interference subspace. As a byproduct, the theorem shows how signal subspace covariance may be estimated. When the strict identities of the theorem are approximated, then the detectors, estimators, and beamformers of this paper take on the form of adaptive subspace estimators, detectors, and Capon beamformers, all of which are reduced in rank. The fundamental operator turns out to be a certain reduced-rank Wiener filter, which we clarify in the course of our derivations. The results of this paper form a foundation for the rapid adaptation of receivers that are then used for detection and estimation. They may be applied to detection and estimation in radar, sonar, and hyperspectral imaging and to data decoding in multiuser communication receivers.
Predicting Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection

As physicians and scientists, we often forget how it feels to be a patient. I was acutely reminded of the patient perspective after the recent birth of my twins, when I became infected with Clostridium difficile —with multiple relapses. C. difficile infection (CDI) is a major cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea that is increasingly prevalent in the community-based setting. CDI is often associated with precedent antibiotic use, which is probably due to the eradication of competing bacteria. C. difficile , an anaerobic bacterium, secretes toxins that result in loss of cell-cell adhesion in the colon, as well as a robust inflammatory infiltrate that can lead to pseudomembranous colitis and toxic megacolon in a subset of cases. To date, prediction of which patients may develop symptomatic CDI and subsequent relapses has been challenging. A recent article by Garey et al. addresses the role of interleukin-8 (IL-8) gene polymorphisms in predicting recurrent CDI—defined as the return of watery diarrhea associated with a positive toxin assay within 3 months of initial diagnosis—in a prospective cohort of 96 hospitalized patients who developed disease. IL-8 represents one of a number of cytokines that appear to influence the immune response after infection, promoting increased inflammatory/neutrophil infiltrate during disease. The current study reveals that patients with the A/A genotype at –251 of the IL-8 promoter have a significantly increased likelihood of recurrent CDI and represents a novel finding of host genetic influence on recurrence of C. difficile . In a disease that can follow a protracted course with unpredictable recurrences—and with effects as psychological as much as physical—the finding of a predictor for recurrence provides some “rhyme and reason” to patients and offers a unique opportunity for further understanding and potential treatment of this disease. K. W. Garey et al ., A common polymorphism in the interleukin-8 gene promoter is sssociated with an increased risk for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 51 , 1406–1410 (2010). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21058913
Design and application of single fluorophore dual-view imaging system containing both the objective- and prism-type TIRF

Simultaneous detection of two fluorescent markers is important in determination of distance, relative motion and conformational change of nanoparticles or nanodevices. We constructed an imaging system which combines deep-cooled sensitive EMCCD camera with both the objective- and prism-type TIRF. A laser combiner was introduced to facilitate laser controls for simultaneous dual-channel imaging by deliver lasers with different wavelength synchronically via an optic fiber to the sample. The system produces stable signal with extremely low background fluorescence for singlefluorophore detection. It has been applied to study the structure, stoichiometry, and function of the phi29 DNA packaging motor. Single-molecule photobleaching combined with binomial distribution analysis clarified the stoichiometry of pRNA on the motor and elucidated the mechanism of pRNA hexamer assembly. The feasibility of single-molecule FRET with this system was demonstrated. Distance rulers of dual-labeled molecule standards were used to evaluate the system. We have also re-engineered the energy conversion protein, gp16, of phi29 motor for single fluorophore labeling to facilitate the single-molecule studies of motor mechanism. The potential applications of singlemolecule high-resolution imaging with photobleaching (SHRImP) and single molecule high resolution with colocalization (SHREC) approaches to the study of the phi29 nanomotor are under investigation.
Factors Associated with Quality of Life in Adolescents with Spina Bifida

Adolescents with complex neurological conditions such as spina bifida require a holistic approach to their health care. Quality of Life (QOL) and the factors associated with QOL are important and understudied variables for these adolescents. A sample of 60 adolescents and their parents was interviewed to determine a) the adolescent's and family's QOL, b) condition/adolescent/family factors associated with QOL measures, and c) the relationship between adolescent and parent ratings on QOL measures. QOL was moderately high in these families. Few condition measures were related to QOL. However, several adolescent and family factors were significantly related to both overall QOL and health-related quality of life. There was no difference between adolescents and their parents on overall adolescent and family QOL items. Holistic practitioners need to be aware of areas perceived positively and negatively by these adolescents and their families as well as factors associated with outcomes.
B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia with isolated t(14;19)(q32;q13) abnormality involving the CEBPG gene

Chromosomal translocations involving the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus (IGH) are recurrent, but rare, in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL), and various partner genes have b...
Control of underwater robots in working mode

The authors present the application of discrete-time adaptive control to an underwater robotic vehicle (URV) having a mechanical manipulator. During the working mode, the coordinated control system compensates for errors due the manipulator motion and provides high performance in terms of speed and accuracy. Therefore, by using the control approach presented, one can achieve the efficient operation of the vehicle and its manipulator for the desired performance. The control strategy presented does not require prior knowledge about the vehicle system parameters. >
Different Roles of Mast Cells in Obesity and Diabetes: Lessons from Experimental Animals and Humans

Mast cells (MCs) play an important role in allergic hyperresponsiveness and in defending microorganism infections. Recent studies of experimental animals and humans have suggested that MCs participate in obesity and diabetes. MC distribution and activities in adipose tissues may vary, depending on the locations of different adipose tissues. In addition to releasing inflammatory mediators to affect adipose tissue extracellular matrix remodelling and to promote inflammatory cell recruitment and proliferation, MCs directly and indirectly interact and activate adipose tissue cells, including adipocytes and recruited inflammatory cells. Plasma MC protease levels are significantly higher in obese patients than in lean subjects. Experimental obese animals lose body weight after MC inactivation. MC functions in diabetes are even more complicated, and depend on the type of diabetes and on different diabetic complications. Both plasma MC proteases and MC activation essential immunoglobulin E levels are significant risk factors for human pre-diabetes and diabetes mellitus. MC stabilization prevents diet-induced diabetes and improves pre-established diabetes in experimental animals. MC depletion or inactivation can improve diet-induced type 2 diabetes and some forms of type 1 diabetes, but also can worsen other forms of type 1 diabetes, at least in experimental animals. Observations from animal and human studies have suggested beneficial effects of treating diabetic patients with MC stabilizers. Some diabetic patients may benefit from enhancing MC survival and proliferation — hypotheses that merit detailed basic researches and clinical studies.
Rita Nealon Cooley

Professor Rita Nealon Cooley died on October 1, 2006, in her home in New York City. She was born in New York in 1919 and attended a Catholic School in the Bronx where she won the Classics prize and was the Class Valedictorian. After graduating from Hunter College in 1940, cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa, and as winner of the Constitutional Law prize, she was awarded the Penfield Fellowship by the department of politics at NYU in 1943 and began taking courses in the graduate school.
Overutilization of endoscopic surveillance in nondysplastic Barrett's esophagus: a multicenter study

Background Guidelines suggest that patients with nondysplastic Barrett's esophagus (BE) undergo endoscopic surveillance every 3 to 5 years, but actual use of surveillance endoscopy and the determinants of variation in surveillance intervals are not known. Objective To measure use of surveillance endoscopy and its variation in patients with nondysplastic BE. Design Multicenter, cross-sectional study. Setting Three sites in Arizona, Minnesota, and North Carolina. Patients This study involved patients who had prevalent BE without a history of high-grade dysplasia or esophageal adenocarcinoma. Intervention Participants were given validated measures of quality of life, numeracy, and cancer risk perception, and the total number of prior endoscopic surveillance examinations was measured. Main Outcome Measurements Oversurveillance was defined as >1 surveillance examination per 3-year period. Results Among 235 patients with nondysplastic BE, 76% were male and 94% were white. The average (± standard deviation [SD]) duration of BE was 6.5 ± 5.9 years. The mean (± SD) number of endoscopies per 3-year period was 2.7 ± 2.6. Oversurveillance was present in 65% of participants, resulting in a mean of 2.3 excess endoscopies per patient. Neither numeracy skills nor patient perception of cancer risk were associated with oversurveillance. Limitations Endoscopies were measured by patient report, which is subject to error. Results may be generalizable only to patients seen in academic centers. Conclusion Most patients with nondysplastic BE had more surveillance endoscopic examinations than is recommended by published guidelines. Patient factors did not predict oversurveillance, indicating that other factors may influence decisions about the interval and frequency of surveillance examinations.
Current and future pharmacological treatments for diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome

Introduction: Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) affects about one-third of patients with IBS, which is observed in about 12% of people across five continents. The ultimate goal ...
Age and Satisfaction: Data from Several Large Surveys.

The authors studied the relationship between age and variables measuring satisfactions with specific domains of life as well as global satisfaction and happiness. Data from several large, mostly na...
Childhood overweight and obesity among Kenyan pre-school children: association with maternal and early child nutritional factors

OBJECTIVE: To report on the prevalence of overweight and obesity among pre-school children in Kenya and examine the associations between childhood overweight and selected maternal and child-related factors. DESIGN: Demographic Health Survey data multistage stratified cluster sampling methodology. SETTING: Rural and urban areas of Kenya. SUBJECTS: A total of 1495 children between the ages of 3 and 5 years in Kenya. RESULTS: Over 30 % of the children were stunted approximately 16 % were underweight 4 % were wasted approximately 18 % were overweight and 4 % were obese; 8 % were both overweight/obese and stunted. Maternal overweight and obesity higher levels of maternal education being a large or very large child at birth and being stunted were each associated with higher odds of overweight and obesity among Kenyan children. Older children and large household size were each associated with lower odds of overweight and obesity among Kenyan children. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis demonstrates the presence of under- and overnutrition among Kenyan pre-school children and the importance of focusing on expanding efforts to prevent and treat malnutrition within this population. It also identifies some of the modifiable factors that can be targeted in these efforts.
Attribution—Affect relationships following classroom performance

Abstract Two studies that examine distinct affect—attribution linkages in the context of an actual examination are reported. The results provide partial support for Weiner's model but also suggest that attributions are related to positive affect when the attributions are associated with the potential of satisfactory performance. That is, attributions generate positive affect to the extent that such attributions help ensure good performance.
Estimating Water Needs of Landscape Palms in Mediterranean Climates

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. evapotranspiration, irrigation, leaf production, plant growth, visual quality SUMMARY. The responses of five landscape palm species [king palm (Archontophoenix cunninghamiana), mediterranean fan palm (Chamaerops humilis), queen palm (Syagrus romanzoffiana), chinese windmill palm (Trachycarpus fortunei), and california fan palm (Washingtonia filifera)] to three levels of irrigation [50%, 25%, and 0% (no irrigation) of reference evapotranspiration] were evaluated in a coastal mediterranean climate in Irvine, CA. Cumulative leaf production varied greatly among the species, but only king and chinese windmill palms produced more leaves with additional irrigation. All species maintained at least minimally acceptable visual quality at the no-irrigation treatment. Mediterranean fan and california fan palms expressed near optimum performance with no irrigation. Many established landscape palms can maintain at least minimally acceptable appearance for an extended period with little or no supplemental water in coastal mediterranean climates. However, when rainfall plus irrigation is less than 50% of reference evapotranspiration, sensitive landscape palms could be expected to appear less attractive and grow less. Responses of palm species in this study were similar to those of many other landscape tree and shrub species, but the water needs of landscape palms are considerably less than those of commercial date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), or coconut palm (Cocos nucifera).
Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in the evaluation of infective endocarditis.

Endocarditis is a potentially life-threatening disease. Although it is rare, endocarditis is a common concern in the differential diagnosis of many day-to-day clinical situations, because its many manifestations can mimic other systemic infections and inflammatory states. The annual incidence of endocarditis is increasing, with 20,000 to 30,000 new cases per year, particularly among newborn and elderly patients. The implications for these patients are serious and lifelong, despite advances in antimicrobial therapy and diagnostic and surgical techniques. A time- and cost-efficient strategy for the detection of endocarditis is critical for avoiding long-term sequelae and for prompt management of major systemic complications, including mycotic aneurysms, splenic abscess, and focal ischemia secondary to embolism. Echocardiography is the primary technique for the detection of vegetations and cardiac complications that result from endocardial infection. As imaging has improved, the role of echocardiography in the diagnosis and management of patients with endocarditis has become defined clearly. Formal diagnostic criteria for endocarditis 13 recently have been developed to underscore the importance of echocardiographic findings in establishing or ruling out the presence of endocarditis.
Ethnic disparities in the use of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation in an equal access health care system.

Abstract Purpose. To examine ethnic variations in the use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) in an equal access health care system. Design. Cross-sectional survey. Setting. Eighteen Veterans Affairs medical and ambulatory care centers. Subjects. A cohort of male current smokers (n = 1606). Measures. Use of NRT (nicotine patch or nicotine gum), ethnicity, sociodemographics, health status, smoking-related history, and facility prescribing policy. Results. Overall, only 34% of African-American and 26% of Hispanic smokers have ever used NRT as a cessation aid compared with 50% of white smokers. In the past year, African-American smokers were most likely to have attempted quitting. During a serious past-year quit attempt, however, African-American and Hispanic smokers reported lower rates of NRT use than white smokers (20% vs. 22% vs. 34%, respectively, p = .001). In multivariate analyses, ethnicity was independently associated with NRT use during a past-year quit attempt. Compared with white smokers, Afric...
Student-friendly java-based multiagent event handling

This work describes a student-friendly, pedagogy-oriented event-handling system for managing multiagent AI simulations in a classroom environment.
Closing the irrigation deficit in Cambodia: Implications for transboundary impacts on groundwater and Mekong River flow

Summary Rice production in Cambodia, essential to food security and exports, is largely limited to the wet season. The vast majority (96%) of land planted with rice during the wet season remains fallow during the dry season. This is in large part due to lack of irrigation capacity, increases in which would entail significant consequences for Cambodia and Vietnam, located downstream on the Mekong River. Here we quantify the extent of the dry season “deficit” area in the Cambodian Mekong River catchment, using a recent agricultural survey and our analysis of MODIS satellite data. Irrigation of this land for rice production would require a volume of water up to 31% of dry season Mekong River flow to Vietnam. However, the two countries share an aquifer system in the Mekong Delta, where irrigation demand is increasingly met by groundwater. We estimate expansion rates of groundwater-irrigated land to be >10% per year in the Cambodian Delta using LANDSAT satellite data and simulate the effects of future expansion on groundwater levels over a 25-year period. If groundwater irrigation continues to expand at current rates, the water table will drop below the lift limit of suction pump wells, used for domestic supply by >1.5 million people, throughout much of the area within 15 years. Extensive groundwater irrigation jeopardizes access for shallow domestic water supply wells, raises the costs of pumping for all groundwater users, and may exacerbate arsenic contamination and land subsidence that are already widespread hazards in the region.
Omnichannel Retail Operations with Buy-Online-and-Pickup-in-Store

Many retailers have recently started to offer customers the option to buy online and pick up in store (BOPS). We study the impact of the BOPS initiative on store operations. We build a stylized model where a retailer operates both online and offline channels. Consumers strategically make channel choices. The BOPS option affects consumer choice in two ways: by providing real-time information about inventory availability and by reducing the hassle cost of shopping. We obtain three findings. First, not all products are well-suited for in-store pickup; specifically, it may not be profitable to implement BOPS on products that sell well in stores. Second, BOPS enables retailers to reach new customers, but for existing customers, the shift from online fulfillment to store fulfillment may decrease profit margins when the latter is less cost effective. Finally, in a decentralized retail system where store and online channels are managed separately, BOPS revenue can be shared across channels to alleviate incentive conflicts; it is rarely efficient to allocate all the revenue to a single channel.
Prognosis for Women With Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease.

Differences in clinical outcomes between men and women, including mortality rates and complications, have been reported in cardiovascular (CV) disease for many years. Although progress has been made in reducing both the morbidity and the mortality of heart disease in both men and women since 1980, the decrease in observed events has been less in women. Whether this is related to underlying biologic differences or disparities in care as a result of inadequate treatment is still unclear. Furthermore, the fact that these differences in outcomes remain in an era of overall declining mortality from CV disease, as well as improved treatment of risk factors and increased recognition of CV disease among women, further supports the existence of sex-specific differences. In a previous issue of Angiology, Gijsberts et al sought to answer this very question. Their findings are interesting and merit further discussion. Of the 1763 participants (only 480 of whom were women) in the Utrecht Coronary Biobank (UCORBIO) cohort of a Dutch population undergoing coronary angiography, the overall incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) over a mean 2.1-year follow-up was nearly identical among men and women (20.7% vs 21.3%, P 1⁄4 .744). What the investigators also found, however, is that both women who underwent angiography for myocardial infarction (MI) and women who had multivessel disease had a higher hazard ratio for MACE as compared with men (1.66 and 1.41, respectively). This finding is not at all surprising, given the recent evolving knowledge on the pathophysiology of both heart failure and coronary artery disease (CAD) in women.
Reducibility of Polynomials of Odd Degree (II)

(1969). Reducibility of Polynomials of Odd Degree (II) The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 76, No. 8, pp. 919-921.
Capillary Column Gas Chromatography Determination of Sodium Valproate Syrup

Objective:To establish the content determination method of sodium valproate syrup by capillary column gas chromatography.Metheds:Sodium valproate was inverted into valproic acid at pH4.5,and was extracted and purified.Valproic acid was separated and indentified on capillary column (15 m×0.25 mm×0.33 μm)by GC.The column temperature 180℃,split injection;injector temperature 215℃;detector:FID,temperature:215℃,carrier gas N_218 mL·min~(-1);Air 150 mL·min~(-1);H_262 mL·min~(-1);makeup (N_2) 10 mL·min~(-1).Results:Valproic acid had good resolution.The linear ranges of valproic acid was 2-20 mg·mL~(-1) with the correlation coefficients 0.9997.The RSD in the reproducibility test was less than 1.7%.The average recoveries was upper 99.7%.Con- clusion:The method is simple,rapid,accurate,and is suitable for sodium valproate syrup.
Carotid endarterectomy should not be based on consensus statement duplex velocity criteria.

Abstract Objective Randomized trials support carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in asymptomatic patients with ≥60% internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis. The widely referenced Society for Radiologists in Ultrasound Consensus Statement on carotid duplex ultrasound (CDUS) imaging indicates that an ICA peak systolic velocity (PSV) ≥230 cm/s corresponds to a ≥70% ICA stenosis, leading to the potential conclusion that asymptomatic patients with an ICA PSV ≥230 cm/s would benefit from CEA. Our goal was to determine the natural history stroke risk of asymptomatic patients who might have undergone CEA based on consensus statement PSV of ≥230 cm/s but instead were treated medically based on more conservative CDUS imaging criteria. Methods All patients who underwent CDUS imaging at our institution during 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. The year 2009 was chosen to ensure extended follow-up. Asymptomatic patients were included if their ICA PSV was ≥230 cm/s but less than what our laboratory considers a ≥80% stenosis by CDUS imaging (PSV ≥430 cm/s, end-diastolic velocity ≥151 cm/s, or ICA/common carotid artery PSV ratio ≥7.5). Study end points included freedom from transient ischemic attack (TIA), freedom from any stroke, freedom from carotid-etiology stroke, and freedom from revascularization. Results Criteria for review were met by 327 patients. Mean follow-up was 4.3 years, with 85% of patients having >3-year follow-up. Four unheralded strokes occurred during follow-up at Conclusions Patients with intermediate asymptomatic carotid stenosis (ICA PSV 230-429 cm/s) do well with medical therapy when carefully monitored and intervened upon using conservative CDUS criteria. Furthermore, a substantial number of patients would undergo unnecessary CEA if consensus statement CDUS thresholds are used to recommend surgery. Current velocity threshold recommendations should be re-evaluated, with potentially important implications for upcoming clinical trials.
Rhetoric and Ethics Revisited: What Happens When Rhetorical Scholars Go Into the Field

As rhetorical scholars adopt field methods to complement traditional text-based criticism, it is necessary to reflect on the ethical standards that guide our practice of rhetorical criticism and an...
The Escherichia coli BolA Protein IbaG Forms a Histidine-Ligated [2Fe-2S]-Bridged Complex with Grx4.

Two ubiquitous protein families have emerged as key players in iron metabolism, the CGFS-type monothiol glutaredoxins (Grxs) and the BolA proteins. Monothiol Grxs and BolA proteins form heterocomplexes that have been implicated in Fe–S cluster assembly and trafficking. The Escherichia coli genome encodes members of both of these proteins families, namely, the monothiol glutaredoxin Grx4 and two BolA family proteins, BolA and IbaG. Previous work has demonstrated that E. coli Grx4 and BolA interact as both apo and [2Fe-2S]-bridged heterodimers that are spectroscopically distinct from [2Fe-2S]-bridged Grx4 homodimers. However, the physical and functional interactions between Grx4 and IbaG are uncharacterized. Here we show that co-expression of Grx4 with IbaG yields a [2Fe-2S]-bridged Grx4–IbaG heterodimer. In vitro interaction studies indicate that IbaG binds the [2Fe-2S] Grx4 homodimer to form apo Grx4–IbaG heterodimer as well as the [2Fe-2S] Grx4–IbaG heterodimer, altering the cluster stability and coordin...
Effects of Home-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for Depression on Anxiety Symptoms among Rural, Ethnically Diverse Older Adults.

ABSTRACTBackground: We examined the effects of home-delivered cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for depression on anxiety symptoms in an ethnically diverse, low resource, and medically frail sample of rural, older adults.Method: This was a secondary analysis of a randomized clincial trial with 134 rural-dwelling adults 65 years and older with decreased quality of life and elevated psychological symptomatology. Anxiety symptoms were assessed with the anxiety and phobic anxiety subscales of the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R).Results: Compared to a minimal support control condition, CBT for depression resulted in significantly greater improvements in symptoms of anxiety and phobic anxiety from pre-treatment to post-treatment.Conclusion: Home-delivered CBT for depression can be an effective treatment for anxiety in a hard-to-reach older populations.Clinical Implications: Additional research should explore integrated anxiety and depression protocols and other treatment modalities, including bibliothe...
Re/Thinking Critical Thinking: The Seductions of Everyday Life

The way that critical thinking has been framed as aneducational objective has led, on the one hand, to itssuccessful saturation of educational discourse and, onthe other, to an equation of critical thinking withdemonstrable rhetorical skills. This essay suggeststhat both critical thinking and obstacles tosuccessful critical thinking are most commonly foundin the activities of everyday life. Humans deploycritical thinking in expressions of socialimagination, illuminations of our selves andrelationship, and in ethical choices and publicengagements. By reframing critical thinking,educators may find ways to enrich its exercise both inand out of the classroom.
Progress in complementary and alternative medicine research: Yale Research Symposium on Complementary and Integrative Medicine.

Integrative Medicine at Yale and the Yale Center for Continuing Medical Education (CME) sponsored the Yale Research Symposium on Complementary and Integrative Medicine in March 2010 at the university’s School of Medicine. Delivering the keynote address, Dr. Josephine P. Briggs, Director of the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), highlighted recent progress made in the field of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM).
The Modifying Effects of Race/Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status on the Change in Physical Activity From Elementary to Middle School

Abstract Purpose Youth physical activity (PA) levels differ by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES). It is well established that various multilevel factors may influence changes in PA. The present study examined whether the association between the change in individual, interpersonal, and environmental factors and the change in PA is modified by race/ethnicity or SES. Methods This study followed 643 youths and their parents from suburban and rural South Carolina participating in the Transitions and Activity Changes in Kids (TRACK) Study in 2008–2009 and 2010–2011. We assessed total PA in youth using accelerometry and categorized youth and parent survey data into blocks based on the socioecological model. Multivariate regression growth curve models evaluated whether the association between change in independent variables and change in PA was modified by race/ethnicity or SES. Results PA declined from fifth to seventh grade among all racial/ethnic and SES groups. Associations between the range of variables and change in PA were modified by race/ethnicity but not SES. Blacks did not share any common predictors of change in PA with whites or Hispanics. However, child-reported number of active friends was associated with total PA, and enjoyment of PA was associated with change in PA among both whites and Hispanics. Significant interactions by time varied by racial/ethnic group. Conclusions The factors that influence changes in youth PA vary by race/ethnicity but not SES. These findings reinforce the complex nature of addressing PA behavior in diverse samples and further support the need for culturally appropriate interventions to promote PA in youth.
Demystifying Functions: The Historical and Pedagogical Difficulties of the Concept of the Function

In this study, the author discusses the concept of function from a historical and pedagogical perspective. The historical roots, ranging from ancient civilizations all the way to the twentieth century, are summarized. The author then details several different function representations that have emerged over the course of its history. Special attention is paid to the idea of abstraction and how students understand functions at different levels of abstraction. Several middle school, high school, and college textbooks are then analyzed and evaluated based on their portrayal of the function concept. The author describes several common misconceptions that students have about functions and finally proposes a short educational module designed to help older high school students grow to a deeper level of understanding of this complex and often misunderstood concept.
Differences in soil fungal assemblages associated with native and non-native tree species of varying weediness

Here we characterize and compare the diversity of belowground fungal communities of maples (Sapindaceae: Acer) varying in both nativity and weediness, and interpret our findings in the context of multiple non-exclusive theories on tree invasions and fungal associations. We made our fungal community comparisons based on high-throughput Illumina sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region of fungal ribosomal DNA of soil samples associated with the roots of different species of maple collected from six sites throughout Central Pennsylvania. In our system, we found that weedy species, regardless of nativity, had the greatest soil fungal richness and that the nonnative invasive Norway maple had the highest abundance of mycorrhizal mutualists. Despite that much of the fungal community variability in our system was attributable to inter-site variability, we found that the core fungal communities associated with nonnative tree species were an inclusively larger set that included nearly all of those associated with native trees in addition to many not found with the natives, and the core communities of non-weedy species were largely a subset of those associated with weedy maples. In addition to confirming the strong influence that site variation has on soil fungal communities, our findings are also largely consistent with positive feedback from native fungal communities, possible co-invasion by fungal associates that are only associated with the nonnative trees, and generally add to the growing number of studies that have observed a greater abundance of mutualists associated with invasive trees that interact with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
Effects of age and gender on reference levels of biomarkers comprising the pediatric Renal Activity Index for Lupus Nephritis (p-RAIL).

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disease that disproportionately effects women and children of minorities. Renal involvement (lupus nephritis, or LN) occurs in up to 80% of children with SLE and is a major determinant of poor prognosis. We have developed a non-invasive pediatric Renal Activity Index for Lupus (p-RAIL) that consists of laboratory measures that reflect histologic LN activity. These markers are neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP-1), adiponectin (APN), ceruloplasmin (CP) and hemopexin (HPX). A major gap in the knowledge base and a barrier to clinical utility is how these markers behave in healthy children. We set out to establish a reference range for the p-RAIL markers in a population of healthy children, and to determine if levels of these markers fluctuate with age or gender. Urine was collected from 368 healthy children presenting to Cincinnati Children’s primary care clinic for well child visits and assayed for NGAL, KIM-1, MCP-1, APN, CP and HPX using commercially available kits or assay materials. Specimens were grouped by age (0–5 years (n = 94); 5–10 (n = 89); 10–15 (n = 93); 15–20 (n = 91)) and gender (M = 184, F = 184). For age and gender comparisons, values were log transformed prior to analysis. The medians (minimums, maximums) of each marker in the combined population were as follows: NGAL 6.65 (0.004, 391.52) ng/ml, KIM-1416.84 (6.22, 2512.43) pg/ml, MCP-1209.36 (9.49, 2237.06) pg/ml, APN 8.05 (0.07, 124.50) ng/ml, CP 465.15 (8.02, 7827.00) ng/ml, HPX 588.70 (6.85, 17,658.40)ng/ml. All p-RAIL biomarkers but adiponectin had weak but significant positive correlations with age, with NGAL being the strongest (r = 0.33, p < 0.001). For gender comparisons, NGAL, CP and HPX were elevated in females vs males (86%, p < 0.0001; 3%, p = 0.007, and 5%, p = 0.0005 elevation of the log transformed mean, respectively). We have established a reference range for the p-RAIL biomarkers and have highlighted age and gender differences. This information is essential for rational interpretation of studies and clinical trials utilizing the p-RAIL algorithm.
Can We All Get Along? Incentive Contracts to Bridge the Marketing and Operations Divide

The marketing and operations management arms in a firm must work in coordination: marketing efforts to create demand go to waste if supply is suboptimal, and vice versa. However, achieving this coordination has remained a long-standing problem, because in most firms these units are managed in a decentralized manner. A major source of conflict is that marketing compensation is usually heavily weighted towards sales whereas operations compensation is usually heavily weighted towards expense reduction. In this paper, we invoke agency theory to determine compensation plans for sales and operations managers to coordinate their activities in the best interests of the firm. We first show in a single product scenario that, by rewarding the sales manager for increasing sales and the operations manager for reducing total cost, a firm cannot coordinate the two functions. Furthermore, a simple profit-sharing contract does not work, either, because of the free-rider problem. However, we show that each of the following two contract schemes can always achieve coordination: (1) rewarding the operations manager separately for increasing sales and reducing costs, and (2) rewarding him separately for reducing missed sales and leftover supply. We thus show that choosing the right performance metrics (before choosing the contract parameters) can mean the difference between being able to align the interests of the salesforce with those of the firm and not being able to do so. We identify coordination between demand and supply as a new driver of compensation structure and find, for instance, that the sales commission for the sales manager, even in the presence of risk aversion, can increase with uncertainty in demand, a conclusion that runs contrary to results from classic agency theory. In a multiproduct scenario, when one manager manages several products, the coordinating contracts are fairly complicated. However, we show that choosing the right form of workforce allocation: either a sales-focused organization (a separate sales manager for every product, one operations manager for all products) or an operations-focused organization (a separate operations manager for every product, one sales manager for all products) can help a firm to achieve near-perfect coordination. This is in line with the observation that most firms have either a "sales image" or a "cost image," and sheds some light on how the underlying objective of aligning marketing and operations, while keeping the size of the salesforce small and compensation contracts simple, can influence the organization of a firm.
Mutation in the Zebrafish cct2 Gene Leads to Abnormalities of Cell Cycle and Cell Death in the Retina: A Model of CCT2-Related Leber Congenital Amaurosis.

Purpose The compound heterozygous mutations in the β subunit of chaperonin containing TCP-1 (CCT), encoded by CCT2, lead to the Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA). In this study, a cct2 mutant line of zebrafish was established to investigate the role of CCT2 mutations in LCA in vertebrates. Methods A cct2 mutant zebrafish line was produced using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Changes in the eyes of developing wild-type and mutant larvae were monitored using microscopy, immunostaining, TUNEL, and EdU assays. Phenotypic rescue of mutant phenotype was investigated by injection of CCT2 RNA into zebrafish embryos. Results The cct2 mutation (L394H-7del) led to the synthesis of a mutated cctβ protein with the L394H replacement and deletion of 7 amino acid residues (positions 395-401). The homozygous cct2-L394H-7del mutant exhibited a small eye phenotype at 2 days post fertilization (dpf) and was embryonically lethal after 5 dpf. In homozygous cct2-L394H-7del mutants, the retinal ganglion cell differentiation was attenuated, retinal cell cycle was affected, and the neural retinal cell death was significantly increased at 2 dpf compared with wild-type. Injection of RNA encoding wild-type human CCTβ rescued the small eye phenotype, reduced retinal cell death, and restored the levels of CCTβ protein and the major client protein Gβ1 that were significantly reduced in the homozygous cct2-L394H-7del mutant compared with wild-type. These results indicate that cct2 plays an essential role in retinal development by regulating the cell cycle. Conclusions The retinal pathology observed in the homozygous cct2-L394H-7del mutants resembles the retinal pathology of human LCA patients.
Visualizing Gaze Information from Multiple Students to Support Remote Instruction

Technologically-mediated learning environments are becoming increasingly popular, however remote learning still lacks many of the important interpersonal features that are leveraged in effective co-located learning. Recent work has started to build in non-verbal cues to support remote collaboration, such as showing pairs where their partner is looking on the screen. This method of displaying gaze visualizations has been shown to support coordination and learning in remote collaborative tasks. However, we have yet to explore how this technique scales to support multiple students with one teacher in a technology-mediated learning environment. In this study, we design and evaluate a system for displaying real time gaze information from multiple students to a single teacher's display during a computer science studio session. Our results suggest that multiple gaze visualizations can improve the teaching experience in remote settings. Further, we provide design recommendations for future systems based on our preliminary results.
Reflux and aspiration in the intensive care unit

Critical illness often involves multisystem organ dysfunction and/or failure. Therapeutic interventions aimed at one source of illness may have undesired consequences elsewhere. Gastroesophageal reflux is common in critically ill patients, and is promoted or further exacerbated by the initiation of mechanical ventilation necessitated by respiratory failure. Prophylaxis against stress ulcers of the gastrointestinal mucosa may promote bacterial overgrowth and perhaps ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) by eliminating protective gastric acidity. Identification of which subgroups of critically ill patients should receive stress-ulcer prophylaxis, and which pharmacological agents should be used for this purpose, are areas of ongoing investigation. Provision of enteral nutrition is an essential therapeutic intervention for critically ill patients; however, risk of aspiration of oropharyngeal and gastric contents is increased by the administration of feeds to the gastrointestinal tract. Delivery of enteral feeds beyond the gastric pylorus directly into the small intestine has been supported as a strategy to decrease the incidence of aspiration and to optimize the amount of nutrition delivered to the patient, however supportive data are not robust and debate continues. The severe consequences of VAP have stimulated the development of multi-component patient care “bundles” (including head-of-bed elevation and oral care with chlorhexidine) that have shown some success in decreasing occurrence of VAP and other unwanted iatrogenic consequences in the intensive care unit (ICU), but outcomes to date have been mixed, and individual components of the bundle have shown discordant effects on patient-centered outcomes.
Default-reasoning with models

Reasoning with model-based representations is an intuitive paradigm, which has been shown to be theoretically sound and to possess some computational advantages over reasoning with formula-based representations of knowledge. In this paper we present more evidence to the utility of such representations. In real life situations, one normally completes a lot of missing "context" information when answering queries. We model this situation by augmenting the available knowledge about the world with context-specific information; we show that reasoning with model-based representations can be done efficiently in the presence of varying context information. We then consider the task of default reasoning. We show that default reasoning is a generalization of reasoning within context, in which the reasoner has many "context" rules, which may be conflicting. We characterize the cases in which model-based reasoning supports efficient default reasoning and develop algorithms that handle efficiently fragments of Reiter's default logic. In particular, this includes cases in which performing the default reasoning task with the traditional, formula-based, representation is intractable. Further, we argue that these results support an incremental view of reasoning in a natural way.
Die Ellipse als Kreisprojektion. Fläche der Ellipse

Es liege eine Ellipse und der grose Scheitelkreis gezeichnet vor. Nach § 40 Gl. (1) ist \(PC = \frac{b}{a} \cdot QC\). Denken wir uns nun den Scheitelkreis aus der Papierebene, der Ebene der Ellipse, um den Durchmesser A 1 A 2 herausgedreht, bis der Punkt D senkrecht uber B 1 liegt, dann liegt jeder andere Kreispunkt genau senkrecht uber oder unter dem entsprechenden Ellipsenpunkt. Man kann also die Ellipse als Orthogonalprojektion des Kreises auffassen. Denn die Ordinate QC hat in der Projektion die Lange QC·cos α, wenn α den Winkel zwischen Kreis- und Papierebene bedeutet.