cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advertiser-Agency Relations: A Review and Synthesis of Research

The relationship between marketing enterprises and their advertising agencies is one of the most important associations in marketing. However, despite the importance of this association, and its significant role in marketing management, surprisingly little scholarly attention has been focused on issues pertaining to this relationship. This paper reviews the available academic literature on advertising-agency relationships, and attempts to provide a framework to organize research issues, and provides directions for future research.
Speaking With Species in Our Profession: An interview with a cow

Speaking With Species in Our Profession: An interview with a cow DOI:10.2458/azu_rangelands_v32i3_srm
Majolica from Excavations at San Xavier Del Bag, 1968–1969

ABSTRACTSite Arizona AA: 16: 10 is located immediately west of the present day mission. Excavations by Bernard L. Fontana in 1968–9 have identified the structure on this site as Father Alonso Espinosa's church in use from 1756–1796. New historical material on San Xavier del Bac appears in this report courtesy of Dr. Fontana.
Statistical Analysis of the Random Telegraph Noise in a 1.1 μm Pixel, 8.3 MP CMOS Image Sensor Using On-Chip Time Constant Extraction Method

A study of the random telegraph noise (RTN) of a 1.1 μm pitch, 8.3 Mpixel CMOS image sensor (CIS) fabricated in a 45 nm backside-illumination (BSI) technology is presented in this paper. A noise decomposition scheme is used to pinpoint the noise source. The long tail of the random noise (RN) distribution is directly linked to the RTN from the pixel source follower (SF). The full 8.3 Mpixels are classified into four categories according to the observed RTN histogram peaks. A theoretical formula describing the RTN as a function of the time difference between the two phases of the correlated double sampling (CDS) is derived and validated by measured data. An on-chip time constant extraction method is developed and applied to the RTN analysis. The effects of readout circuit bandwidth on the settling ratios of the RTN histograms are investigated and successfully accounted for in a simulation using a RTN behavior model.
Volatility in the effective size of a freshwater gastropod population

Despite the utility of gastropod models for the study of evolutionary processes of great generality and importance, their effective population size has rarely been estimated in the field. Here, we report allele frequency variance at three allozyme-encoding loci monitored over 7 years in a population of the invasive freshwater pulmonate snail Physa acuta (Draparnaud 1805), estimating effective population size with both single-sample and two-sample approaches. Estimated Ne declined from effectively infinite in 2009 to approximately 40-50 in 2012 and then rose back to infinity in 2015, corresponding to a striking fluctuation in the apparent census size of the population. Such volatility in Ne may reflect cryptic population subdivision.
Searching for Justice in International Trade Negotiations: A Feminist-Informed Multi-Sited Ethnographic Study of the Commonwealth Caribbean

World Trade Organization negotiations involve asymmetrical parties. This has led to issues of justice and power being raised at various stages of the negotiations. Yet the voices of the small, developing, less powerful states in this context remain severely understudied. In this chapter, Samuel demonstrates that feminist-informed multi-sited ethnography allows for the uncovering and analysis of the viewpoints of elites from these states responsible for framing trade-negotiating strategy and policy. This methodological approach elucidates the metaphor around which such policies and strategies are formulated: that of “justice” as involving global economic governance processes which allow for the development of state capacities for autonomous decision-making, and which involves inclusive democratic processes that acknowledge differences between states and the significance of such differences in the context of international trade. This reformulation of justice that takes into account such differences between states allows for more adequate policy responses than those offered in the absence of such understandings. The results of this study also yield guidance for policy makers and researchers as to how to reference, and implement, this particular conceptualization of justice to improve the effectiveness of international trade negotiations and their outcomes.
Banded chromosome abnormalities in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Correlations with morphology, immunologic phenotype and clinical course

Limited data are available regarding chromosomal abnormalities in malignant lymphoma, other than Burkitt’s. The few reported studies of banded chromosomes have generally been based on small series (less than 50 cases) and have often included many incomplete karyotypes. Bone marrow, blood or effusions have frequently been studied rather than lymph nodes or other primary tumor masses, and relatively few patients have been studied at diagnosis. Moreover, for a given lymph node, chromosome findings have rarely been correlated with histology and immunologic phenotype. Since July 1978, we have been prospectively studying chromosomal abnormalities in lymph nodes from patients with lymphoma and correlating them with histology, immunologic phenotype and clinical findings [1, 2]. In this manuscript we briefly review our findings in the first 115 patients.
INSECT CHEMOSTERILANTS: THEIR CHEMISTRY AND APPLICATION.

Sexual sterilization of insects by ionizing radiation and the practical application of this process to insect control have been adequately reviewed in the literature by Baumhover et al. (1955), Bushland and Hopkins (1951 and 1953), Knipling (1955, 1959, 1960 a, and 1960 b), and Lindquist (1955). It is sufficient here to mention briefly the principles and shortcomings of the radiation-sterilization method which provided the impetus to the search for chemosterilants and thus paved a way for this new and promising insect-control tool.
A Guide to Safe Working Practices for Contaminated Sites

In the UK there is continued pressure to redevelop contaminated sites. As part of a major initiative into technical aspects of relevant investigations and remediation/control, CIRIA (Construction Industry Research and Information Association) - with funding from UK industry and Department of the Environment - commissioned WS Atkins Environment to prepare a guide to safe working practices. The Guide was prepared principally for site conditions where the scale of contamination was modest - with possible hot spots - and where gross contamination would be addressed by specialist contractors with appropriate environmental controls. It is intended for use by a wide readership, ranging from general civil engineers to environmental scientists and is scheduled for publication during 1993.
Declining Lung Function and Cardiovascular Risk: The ARIC Study

Abstract Background Pulmonary dysfunction predicts incident cardiovascular disease (CVD). Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether longitudinal decline in lung function is associated with incident heart failure (HF), coronary heart disease (CHD), and stroke. Methods Among 10,351 participants in the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities) study free of CVD, rapid lung function decline was defined as the greatest quartile (n = 2,585) of decline in either forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) (>1.9% decline/year) or forced vital capacity (FVC) (>2.1% decline/year) over 2.9 ± 0.2 years. The relationship between rapid decline in FEV1 or FVC and subsequent incident HF, CHD, stroke, or a composite of these was assessed using multivariable Cox regression adjusting for the baseline spirometry value, demographics, height, body mass index, heart rate, diabetes, hypertension, low-density lipoprotein, use of lipid-lowering medication, N-terminal fragment of prohormone for B-type natriuretic peptide, and smoking. Results The mean age was 54 ± 6 years, 56% were women, and 81% were white. At 17 ± 6 years of follow-up, HF occurred in 14%, CHD 11%, stroke 6%, and the composite in 24%. Rapid decline in FEV1 and in FVC were both associated with a heightened risk of incident HF (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.17; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04 to 1.33; p = 0.010; and HR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.12 to 1.44; p Conclusions A rapid decline in lung function, assessed by serial spirometry, is associated with a higher incidence of subsequent CVD, particularly incident HF.
NGOs’ HIV/AIDS Discourse on Social Media and Websites: Technology Affordances and Strategic Communication Across Media Platforms

Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) play a pivotal role in combating HIV/AIDS. Yet research on the social construction of HIV/AIDS has investigated the discourse of the government, media, and the public but not NGOs. Drawing on the technology affordance framework, this study examines NGOs’ discourse on social media and websites in China to understand how they communicate HIV/AIDS issues. Results of semantic network analysis reveal overlapping themes about HIV/AIDS across social media and websites, including promoting public policy, public education, and social support. Additionally, NGOs leverage social media to mobilize various institutional and community health care resources and highlight their engagement with the government. This study underscores the pivotal role of NGOs in HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment, and destigmatization. It also advances the technology affordance literature by shedding light on the convergent yet distinct affordances of different digital media for strategic health communication and the constraints of the sociopolitical context on organizations’ communicative practices.
Physical Aspects of Pediatric Nuclear Medicine Imaging

There have been a number of advances in nuclear medicine imaging in the past decade, particularly with regard to SPECT, PET, hybrid imaging, image processing, and tomographic reconstruction. Many of these advancements can be applied to improve the quality of nuclear medicine imaging in children. Often this has led to imaging with higher sensitivity or image quality improvements with few counts allowing for the extension of advanced technologies to smaller children or the reduction of radiation dose to the patient while still providing high-quality clinical results. The application of nuclear medicine to children takes special care with respect to the approach to image acquisition, the choice of instrumentation including collimation, and the application of new processing and reconstruction techniques. A clear understanding of how these choices can enhance or hinder the quality of the nuclear medicine study is essential in these precious and challenging patients.
Use of a handheld near infrared spectrometer and partial least squares regression to quantify metanil yellow adulteration in turmeric powder

The efficacy of using a handheld near infrared spectrometer to predict metanil yellow (MY) adulteration levels (0-30% w/w) in dried turmeric powder was tested against a benchtop near infrared spect...
Nature in Built Space in Asia and the Pacific

The Asia and Pacific region has been experiencing many problems arising from heightened levels of urbanization, population growth, and industrialization. These factors have exacerbated many problems in built space, especially those relating to energy, food and water shortages as well as traffic congestion and air pollution. Paradoxically, these problems have been compounded by the unprecedented levels of economic growth experienced in the region in the recent past. For instance, problems of traffic congestion, noise and air pollution were relatively absent from the region until the dawn of its ‘economic miracle.’ This chapter has shed some light on efforts to promote nature in built space in the face of the identified problems. In particular, the chapter has discussed the many ways by which the region’s political, economic, social, technological, ecological, cultural and historical contexts have affected initiatives to create and maintain forests, gardens, parks, and green infrastructure in general in its built space.
Inflammation in Acute Coronary Syndromes

Coronary atherosclerosis without acute thrombosis is generally a benign disease that is asymptomatic or presents as chronic stable angina. The great majority of patients can be treated pharmacologically. For those with intractable angina, percutaneous and surgical revascularization are available with high initial success and good long-term prognosis. Acute manifestations of coronary atherosclerosis either unstable angina, acute myocardial infarction, or sudden cardiac death share a common pathophysiologic phenomenon: acute coronary thrombosis. This life threatening complication occurs usually at the site of plaque fissure or rupture. Several studies have shown that plaque rupture plays a key role in the pathophysiology of acute coronary syndromes [1, 2].
Development of a speed invariant deep learning model with application to condition monitoring of rotating machinery

The application of cutting-edge technologies such as AI, smart sensors, and IoT in factories is revolutionizing the manufacturing industry. This emerging trend, so called smart manufacturing, is a collection of various technologies that support decision-making in real-time in the presence of changing conditions in manufacturing activities; this may advance manufacturing competitiveness and sustainability. As a factory becomes highly automated, physical asset management comes to be a critical part of an operational life-cycle. Maintenance is one area where the collection of technologies may be applied to enhance operational reliability using a machine condition monitoring system. Data-driven models have been extensively applied to machine condition data to build a fault detection system. Most existing studies on fault detection were developed under a fixed set of operating conditions and tested with data obtained from that set of conditions. Therefore, variability in a model’s performance from data obtained from different operating settings is not well reported. There have been limited studies considering changing operational conditions in a data-driven model. For practical applications, a model must identify a targeted fault under variable operational conditions. With this in mind, the goal of this paper is to study invariance of model to changing speed via a deep learning method, which can detect a mechanical imbalance, i.e., targeted fault, under varying speed settings. To study the speed invariance, experimental data obtained from a motor test-bed are processed, and time-series data and time–frequency data are applied to long short-term memory and convolutional neural network, respectively, to evaluate their performance.
Temozolomide treatment outcomes and immunotherapy efficacy in brain tumor

Glioblastoma (GBM) has a survival rate of around 2 years with aggressive current standard of care. While other tumors have responded favorably to trials combining immunotherapy and chemotherapy, GBM remains uniformly deadly with minimal increases in overall survival. GBM differ from others due to being isolated behind the blood brain barrier, increased heterogeneity and mutational burden, and immunosuppression from the brain environment and tumor itself. We have reviewed clinical and preclinical studies investigating how different doses (dose intense (DI) and metronomic) and timing of immunotherapy following TMZ treatment can eradicate tumor cells, alter tumor mutational burden, and change immune cells. Recent clinical trials with standard of care (SoC), DI and metronomic TMZ regimes are no able to completely eradicate GBM. Elevated TMZ levels in DI treatment can overcome MGMT resistance but may result in hypermutation of surviving tumor cells. Higher levels of TMZ will also generate a higher degree of lymphopenia compared to SoC and metronomic regimes in preclinical studies. The different levels of lymphopenia and tumor eradication discussed in this review suggest possible beneficial pairings between immunotherapy and TMZ treatment. Treatments resulting in profound lymphopenia will allow for expansion of vaccine specific T cells or of CAT T cells. Clinical and preclinical studies are currently comparing different combinations of TMZ and immunotherapy timing to treat GBM through a balance between tumor killing and immune cell expansion. More frequent immune monitoring time points in ongoing clinical trials are crucial for further development of these combinations.
ENTROPIC FORCE AND ITS FLUCTUATION IN EUCLIDEAN QUANTUM GRAVITY

In this paper, we study the idea about gravity as entropic force proposed by Verlinde. By interpreting Euclidean gravity in the language of thermodynamic quantities on holographic screen, we find the gravitational force can be calculated from the change of entropy on the screen. We show that normal gravity calculation can be reinterpreted in the language of thermodynamic variables. We also study the fluctuation of the force and find the fluctuation acting on the point-like particle can never be larger than the expectation value of the force. For a black hole in AdS space, by gauge/gravity duality, the fluctuation may be interpreted as arising from thermal fluctuation in the boundary description. And for a black hole in flat space, the ratio between fluctuation and force goes to a constant at infinity.
Incidence of Deep Venous Thrombosis and its Impact on Outcomes after Heart Transplantation

Purpose We sought to characterize deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in heart transplant recipients and describe its impact on clinical outcomes. Methods Adult (≧ 18 years) patients undergoing heart transplantation from 2015 to 2018 at our center were retrospectively reviewed. Re-transplantation and combined transplantation were excluded from the analysis. Post-transplant DVT was defined as newly diagnosed venous system thrombus by imaging studies. Results There were 173 patients. The median age of cohort was 56 years, and 27% were female. A total of 29 (16.7%) patients were diagnosed with DVT, including 1 (0.5%) with lower extremity DVT, 1 (0.5%) with right atrium, and 27 (16.1%) with upper extremity DVT. The median time to diagnosis was 11 days. One patient developed pulmonary embolism 29 day after transplant. The cumulative incidence of DVT was 19.6 % at 30-days (Figure 1). Thrombosis was associated with longer hospital stay (21 days vs 26 days, p=0.012. However, there was no difference in one-year survival between groups (non-DVT 93.0% vs, DVT 92.9%, log-rank p=0.988) (Figure 2). On the univariable logistic regression analysis, posttransplant extracorporeal membrane oxygenation usage was associated with an increased risk of DVT during hospital stay (OR 4.134, 95% CI 1.729-9.888, p=0.001). Conclusion DVT after heart transplant is common and significantly increased the length of hospital stay. Appropriate preventive measures, and post-diagnostic treatment strategies are warranted.
Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior of Zn and 55%Al-Zn Alloy Coatings by Salt Sptay Test

The corrosion behavior of Zn and 55%Al-Zn alloy coatings was studied by salt spray test which is designed to simulate the practical service situation, coupling with measurments of polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) as well. While corrosion products were characterized by XRD. The results show that the corrosion rate of two coatings exhibited different trends during the test. Compared with Zn coating, 55%Al-Zn alloy coating had better corrosion resistance,which may be related to the different composition and microstructure of coatings and corrosion products formed at different test stages.
Development and Validation of a Novel Indicator of Visual Disability in the National Health and Aging Trends Study

Background and Objectives The National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS) is an ongoing, nationally representative panel study of older adults that collects data on health and disability, including measures on self-reported visual disability (SRVD). Prior studies assessing the association of SRVD with other measures of healthy aging have classified participants as having or not having SRVD, which does not capture the full spectrum of SRVD reported by participants. Therefore, we sought to develop and validate an ordinal indicator of SRVD to facilitate research on the impact of late-life SRVD on health and disability in NHATS. Research Design and Methods We used 2015 NHATS data with community-dwelling participants who answered survey questions about visual functioning and vision aid use. Based on responses, participants were categorized into one of 6 groups: blind, near and distance SRVD without vision aid use, near and distance SRVD with vision aid use, near or distance SRVD without vision aid use, near or distance SRVD with vision aid use, or no SRVD. Multivariable Poisson regression models assessed convergent validity of the ordinal SRVD scale with functional activity and well-being scores, while adjusting for demographic factors and medical comorbidities. Results Of the 7061 eligible individuals, 8.3% (n = 742) reported SRVD. Using our novel ordinal indicator of SRVD in NHATS, higher levels of SRVD were significantly associated with lower functional activity scores (p < .001 for all) and subjective well-being (p < .001), except for participants reporting blindness. Significant differences between SRVD groups were found, which could not be captured using a binary SRVD variable. Discussion and Implications A novel 6-level SRVD scale in NHATS demonstrated convergent validity with functional activity and well-being scales. This scale provides a new tool with improved measurement precision to study the impact of late-life SRVD on health and disability in a nationally representative study of older adults.
Reduction in Late Mortality Among Patients With Multiple Myeloma Treated With Autologous Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation-A Blood or Marrow Transplant Survivor Study Report.

Abstract Therapeutic practices for multiple myeloma (MM) have evolved, such that novel-agent–based therapy and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (aPBSCT) is the current standard. Whether cause-specific mortality has changed with time remains unclear. We examined late cause-specific mortality among patients with MM receiving aPBSCT from 1989 to 2014. We conducted a prospective cohort study using participants enrolled in the enrolled in the Blood or Marrow Transplant Survivor Study. We created 3 eras to reflect changing MM therapy:
Sympathy: a debugging system for sensor networks [wireless networks]

This work presents a preliminary design and evaluation of Sympathy, a debugging tool for pre-deployment sensor networks. Sympathy consists of mechanisms for collecting system performance metrics with minimal memory overhead; mechanisms for recognizing events based on these metrics; and a system for collecting events and their spatio-temporal context. Sympathy introduces the idea of correlating seemingly unrelated events, and providing context for these events, in order to track down bugs and find their root causes. Eventually, Sympathy will be part of a system that can aid in debugging sensor networks both pre- and post-deployment.
[13] Computer-assisted microscopic image analysis in neuroimmunology

Publisher Summary Microscopic computer-assisted image analysis represents a new methodology in studying both living and dead tissues/cells. Image analysis has the potential to differentiate between drug treatments. Furthermore, since many of the compounds that are employed in stimulating immunocytes are endogenous to the organism we may be able to obtain fresh cells and, by observing their conformation and behavior, be able to surmise that molecules are influencing their behavior. Thus, the potential to determine the relative physiological state of an organism by noting the “condition” of the immunocytes may be possible. These techniques may also be used to study the growth and development of cells in culture as well as the effects of drug alterations on this process.
Design Issues of Terabit Capacity Photonic Network in Broadband Services Era

This paper highlights the design issues of the terabit capacity photonic network in the broadband services era. Power safety and energy issues are considered, as is the network restructuring needed to meet the coming changes in the characteristics of IP data traffic.
Abstract 15850: Desmin Expression is Abnormal in Myofibers of the Gastrocnemius of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease and is Associated With Impaired Mitochondrial Respiration and Reduced Muscle Strength

Introduction: Patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) develop a myopathy in their ischemic limbs which is characterized by myofiber degeneration, mitochondrial dysfunction and decreased muscle force production. Desmin, a cytoskeletal protein of the myofiber, is central to maintenance of the structure, shape and function of the myofiber and its organelles especially the mitochondria. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that desmin expression in myofibers of the gastrocnemius of PAD patients is abnormal and correlates with decreased mitochondrial respiration and reduced muscle strength. Methods and Results: We quantified desmin protein and gene transcripts in myofibers of gastrocnemius biopsies from 30 PAD patients and 29 controls and determined their association with myofiber morphology, mitochondrial respiration and calf muscle strength. Compared to control, desmin protein and gene transcripts were increased in myofibers of PAD gastrocnemius. Increased expression was associated with a diffuse appearance o...
Squeezing in a coupled two-mode optomechanical system for force sensing below the standard quantum limit

Optomechanics allows the transduction of weak forces to optical fields, with many efforts approaching the standard quantum limit. We consider force sensing in a mirror-in-the-middle optomechanical setup and use two coupled cavity modes originated from normal mode splitting for separating pump and probe fields. We find that this two-mode model can be reduced to an effective single-mode model if we drive the pump mode strongly and detect the signal from the weak probe mode. We show that the optimal force sensitivity at zero frequency (dc) beats the standard quantum limit via squeezing and is limited by mechanical thermal noise and optical losses. We also find that the bandwidth is proportional to the cavity damping in the resolved sideband regime. Finally, the squeezing spectrum of the output signal is calculated and it shows that almost perfect squeezing at dc is possible by using a high-quality factor and high-frequency mechanical oscillator. Considering a homodyne measurement efficiency of 99%, the squeezing will be limited to 23 dB, with requires input power ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ smaller than conventional single-mode optomechanical systems.
Conduit Reconstruction of Right Ventricular Outflow Tract: Experience with 17 Patients

Evaluation was made of 17 patients who underwent conduit reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract (for anomalies other than truncus arteriosus) at the Texas Heart Institute between December, 1965, and June, 1974. Fifteen patients survived the operation and have shown substantial clinical improvement. Several different conduits were used, principally an allograft aorta with the aortic valve and mitral leaflet attached, a woven Dacron prosthesis containing a xenograft (porcine) valve, and a valveless Dacron tube graft. Allograft conduits are sometimes difficult to procure and keep and tend to calcify with passage of time. Woven Dacron prostheses are favored because they are readily available in a wide range of sizes. We believe it is not necessary for the conduit to contain a valve unless the patient has pulmonary hypertension, in which case we use a xenograft (porcine) valve because this valve does not require the long-term use of anticoagulants, a difficult regimen to manage in children. The largest possible prosthesis must be used; otherwise right ventricular hypertension will persist. Indications for conduit reconstruction include anomalous coronary arteries crossing the right ventricular outflow tract, discontinuity of the pulmonary arteries, and pulmonary atresia with a ventricular septal defect. Our current method of managing pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (pseudotruncus arteriosus) includes palliative shunting to relieve hypoxemia during infancy and to permit full development of the pulmonary arteries for eventual total correction at a more optimal age when a larger conduit may be used.
Investigation of dual-bridge matrix converter operating under unbalanced source voltages

The dual-bridge matrix converter concept has been gaining recognition as a promising circuit alternative in recent years. A direct feed-forward unbalance control method with power factor adjustment ability is developed for a 9-switch dual-bridge matrix converter system. It firstly detects the line side source voltages. Then, after adjusting the switching functions of only the line side converter, the system can provide balanced output voltage with slightly distortion of line side current. Analysis demonstrates that the output voltage capacity and power factor adjustability is limited under unbalanced conditions. Theory analysis, simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the effectiveness of this control method.
Investigation of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) Attachment onto Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs) Using Combinatorial Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation (QCM-D) and Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (SE)

Understanding protein adsorption kinetics to surfaces is of importance for various environmental and biomedical applications. Adsorption of bovine serum albumin to various self-assembled monolayer surfaces including neutral and charged hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces was investigated using in-situ combinatorial quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation and spectroscopic ellipsometry. Adsorption of bovine serum albumin varied as a function of surface properties, bovine serum albumin concentration and pH value. Charged surfaces exhibited a greater quantity of bovine serum albumin adsorption, a larger bovine serum albumin layer thickness, and increased density of bovine serum albumin protein compared to neutral surfaces at neutral pH value. The quantity of adsorbed bovine serum albumin protein increased with increasing bovine serum albumin concentration. After equilibrium sorption was reached at pH 7.0, desorption of bovine serum albumin occurred when pH was lowered to 2.0, which is below the isoelectric point of bovine serum albumin. Our data provide further evidence that combinatorial quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation and spectroscopic ellipsometry is a sensitive analytical tool to evaluate attachment and detachment of adsorbed proteins in systems with environmental implications.
Changes in Cigarette Smoking Behavior Among US Young Workers From 2005 to 2010: The Role of Occupation

INTRODUCTION Young adult workers (18-24 years) in the United States have been identified as a high-risk group for smoking. This study compares changes in smoking behavior by occupational class among this group between 2005 and 2010. METHODS Data were pooled from the Tobacco Supplement in the 2005 and 2010 National Health Interview Survey. All respondents 18-24 years who reported that they were employed during the two surveys were selected (n = 1880 in 2005; and n = 1531 in 2010). Weighted percentages and 95% confidence interval were reported. Logistic regression analyses were performed to compare smoking behavior between occupational groups (white-collar, blue-collar, and service) and between years (2005-2010), and to examine correlates of smoking, successful quit attempt, and heavy smoking. RESULTS Smoking prevalence and daily smoking declined in 2010 in white-collar. Smoking prevalence and intensity decreased while age of smoking initiation increased in blue-collar workers. Young workers were more likely to smoke in 2005 than 2010. Service and blue-collar workers were more likely to smoke than white-collar workers. Older young adults, whites, individuals with a high school/or less education, those without health insurance were more likely to smoke. White workers and individuals with a high school/or less education were more likely to be heavy smokers. CONCLUSIONS White-collar workers have benefited the most from tobacco control efforts. Although improvements were seen in smoking behavior among blue-collar workers, smoking prevalence remained the highest in this group. Smoking behavior among service workers did not change. Young service workers and blue-collar are priority populations for workplace tobacco control efforts. IMPLICATIONS The current study examines changes in smoking behavior among young adult workers (18-24 years) by occupational class (white-collar, blue-collar, and service workers) between 2005 and 2010. Data were pooled from the Tobacco Supplement in the 2005 and 2010 National Health Interview Survey. Smoking prevalence and daily smoking declined significantly in white-collar workers. No change in smoking behavior was observed among service workers. Positive changes in smoking behavior were observed among blue-collar workers, but smoking prevalence remained the highest in this group. Blue-collar and service workers are priority groups for future workplace tobacco control efforts.
Human endothelial cells: use of heparin in cloning and long-term serial cultivation

Endothelial cells from human blood vessels were cultured in vitro, with doubling times of 17 to 21 hours for 42 to 79 population doublings. Cloned human endothelial cell strains were established for the first time and had similar proliferative capacities. This vigorous cell growth was achieved by addition of heparin to culture medium containing reduced concentrations of endothelial cell growth factor. The routine cloning and long-term culture of human endothelial cells will facilitate studying the human endothelium in vitro.
Three-Dimensional Water Vapor and Cloud Variations Associated with the Madden–Julian Oscillation during Northern Hemisphere Winter

Abstract The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is the dominant form of intraseasonal variability in the Tropics. In previous studies, intraseasonal variability has usually been characterized in terms of wind or convection anomalies, while the structure of MJO-related moisture variations has been greatly unexplored. This work focuses on the behavior of moisture and related hydrological fields associated with MJO events during Northern Hemisphere winter. Five-day averaged (1979–99) Television Infrared Observational Satellite (TIROS) Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) moisture soundings from the NASA Pathfinder data were used, providing global coverage at specific pressure levels. The TOVS moisture, as well as the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) cloud fraction anomaly data, were composited based on MJO events selected via an index constructed from Xie–Arkin bandpassed pentad rainfall data. Analysis of the three-dimensional structure and evolution of precipitation, water vapor, and cl...
Incorporating pore blocking, cake filtration, and EPS production in a model for constant pressure bacterial fouling during dead-end microfiltration

Microfiltration is used in a wide range of municipal and industrial settings to remove particulate matter including pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria and protozoa. As more water is filtered at constant pressure, the accumulation of retained particles on the membrane decreases the filtration rate; a process commonly referred to as fouling. Mathematical treatment of flux decline has proved to be a useful tool in diagnosing filtration data even though the mathematical underpinnings are not completely understood. In particular, little is known about the transition between fouling phenomena (e.g. pore blocking to cake filtration). Moreover, less is known about the effect of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production by bacteria when they accumulate on a membrane over extended durations. In this manuscript, we develop a novel approach to model bacterial microfiltration by considering the effects of both differential binding and exopolymer production. Spatial gradients in bacteria concentrations initially occur due to the non-uniform membrane surface porosity and differential deposition caused by the stochastic nature of microorganism adhesion. These heterogeneities in bacterial deposition and associated pore blocking result in variable secretion of extracellular polymers. Long-term fouling is quantified as the cumulative resistance posed by both bound bacteria and EPS. We compare numerical simulations quantitatively and qualitatively to previously published experimental data and investigate variations of microbial deposition patterns across the membrane. We find substantial agreement between the model and experimental observations. We are also able to conclude that fluid dynamics must be important if the dominant variability is in the membrane structure, rather than in bacterial adhesion. However, variation in bacterial adhesion alone can also induce substantial spatial heterogeneity.
Corner Markov processes

In this work, a “corner Markov” type of property is suggested as a multiparameter interpretation of the classical Markov property. The first result presents one-dimensional conditions on a random field {ξ z },z∈ℛ + 2 , which, together with a Cairoli-WalshF4-type of condition, are sufficient for this “corner Markov” property. In the second part of this work two approaches to relevant strong Markov properties are discussed.
A bibliography on proposal writing

Since World War II, proposal writing, especially that which involves government funding, has become one of the most important communicative functions of the industries that employ engineers and technical writers. An immense literature on the subject of how to prepare, write, and submit proposals has grown up in the last 25 years. The 80-item bibliography provided here is designed to help the engineer, the technical writer, and the engineering manager find and use the literature most appropriate and helpful in the overlapping realms of industry and government. The bibliography lists sources of information under the topics of education, evaluation, format and preparation, general, grantsmanship, management, and style and rhetoric. The precis provide a general guide to each of these topics; occasional annotations supplement this information.
Growth of scalar-field quantum fluctuations in Robertson-Walker universes

We investigate the behavior of the quantum expectation value of ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{2}$ where \ensuremath{\varphi} is a massless, minimally coupled scalar field in a spatially flat Robertson-Walker universe. The scale factor is a(t)\ensuremath{\propto}${t}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$, where t is the comoving time. If \ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\gg}1, this metric is locally approximately de Sitter space. It is found that 〈${\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{2}$〉 grows linearly in time for a finite interval during which it is approximated by the de Sitter-space result: 〈${\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{2}$〉=${H}^{3}$t/(4${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}$). It subsequently approaches a constant value. If ${R}_{0}$ denotes the value of the scalar curvature at the time that growth begins, then the interval of growth lasts for a time of the order of \ensuremath{\Delta}t=\ensuremath{\alpha}(3/${R}_{0}$${)}^{1/2}$ and the asymptotic value of 〈${\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{2}$〉 is \ensuremath{\alpha}${R}_{0}$/(96${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}$).
Bismut Superconnections and the Chern Character for Dirac Operators on Foliated Manifolds

In this paper, we show how to define a Bismut superconnection for generalized Dirac operators defined along the leaves of a compact foliated manifold M. Using the heat operator of the curvature of the superconnection, we define a (nonnormalized) Chem character for the Dirac operator, which lies in the Haefliger cohomology of the foliation. Rescaling the metric on M by 1/a and letting a -+ 0, we obtain the analog of the classical cohomologicaI formula for the index of a family of Dirac operators. In certain special cases, we can also compute the limit as a ~ oo and show that it is the Chern character of the 'index bundle' given by the kernel of the Dirac operator. Finally, we discuss the relation of our results with the Chem character in cyclic cohomology. Key wards: Bismut superconnection, generalized Dirac operators, foliations. 1. Bismut Superconnection for Foliations In this section, we follow pages 454-458 of (BV) making the necessary changes to adapt it to the foliation case. Let M be a C °° n dimensional manifold and F a C a p dimensional foliation on M. Let go be a metric on M. This induces a metric gr on each leaf L of F. We assume that the tangent bundle TF of F is oriented and that it is spin with a fixed spin structure. Assume that p is even and denote by So = S + ® S o the bundle of spinors along the leaves of F. Given a leaf L of F, denote by V ° the Levi-Civita connection on L and on SOIL. We denote also by V ° the connection on TF over M given by the orthogonal projection of the Levi-Civita connection for go on TM. Note that V ° on TF over M restricted to a leaf L is just the V ° above. Let £ be a complex vector bundle over M with Hermitian metric and connection. Denote by V ° the tensor product connection on So ® £JL. These data determine a smooth f amily D @ £ = (DL ® g) of Dirac operators, where DL @ g acts on sections of So @ £1L. They also determine another family of Dirac operators, D 6 g = (D (~ gx)~:eM where D @ £~ acts on sections of ~r*(S0 @ gIL~) where 7r : Lx -+ Lz is the holomony cover of the leaf through x. Thus D@£ is a smooth family of Dirac operators on g, the graph of F,
Characterization of glycosphingolipids by supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Abstract Gangliosides have been characterized by supercritical fluid chromatography—chemical ionization mass spectrometry (SFC-CIMS) as permethyl and pertrimethylsilyl derivatives, using carbon dioxide as the SFC mobile phase and CI reagent gas. Ganglioside classes and ceramide heterogeneity within each class are well resolved by SFC. Direct SFC-interfacing allows the analytical manipulations of single-ion monitoring, total-ion plots, background subtraction, library searches, and spectral reconstruction algorithms. Addition of ammonia to the CI ion chamber (NH3 as a CI reagent gas) yields abundant molecular-weight-related ions, (MH)+ and (MNH4)+ from analyte derivatives. Substitution of methanol for ammonia yields considerable parent-ion fragmentation, providing structural information on carbohydrate sequence, fatty acid, and sphingoid components. Under these latter conditions a unique α-cleavage fragment is observed which differentiates fatty acid from sphingosine heterogeneity. For ganglioside samples, the carboxyl group of neuraminyl residue(s) have been esterified with pentafluorobenzyl bromide and the products analyzed by negative ion chemical ionization MS. This modification improves chemical selectivity and greatly enhances detecting sensitivity. These “soft” ionization conditions provide abundant molecular-weight-related anions for collision-induced dissociation and subpicogram detection.
Increased intracranial pressure and the cerebrospinal fluid spaces

Increased intracranial pressure is a frequent accompaniment to many of the disease processes affecting the brain and its coverings. Such increased pressure is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This article briefly reviews the pathophysiology of increased intracranial pressure and addresses the clinical and neuroradiological presentation of increased pressure. As part of the discussion, the concept of hydrocephalus and its treatment and complications are addressed.
JView, an information visualization paradigm

The framework for JView, a Java based runtime re-configurable simulation visualizer, was described in two previous publications1. Many augmentations and substitutions have taken place in the JView API, brought about by working closely with customers from various agencies as well using the API on internal projects. However, the core mantra that JView is based upon has made it through these alterations unscathed and with more concrete proof of its utility. JView demystifies the world of 3D graphics programming, allowing users to concentrate solely on the task of visualization instead of concentrating their efforts on the art of complicated 3D graphics. It is a cross platform technology that is engineered to save time, money, and effort while meeting a variety of visualization needs. Its Java implementation, which provides cross-platform functionality while utilizing the OpenGL API, allows for platform dependent hardware acceleration. This paper contains concepts that the JView architecture utilizes as well as a brief introduction to its new 2D engine concepts.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Re-Visioning Medicine

Studies suggest that medical students and physicians have higher rates of anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation than their peers in the general population. Some authors have suggested that medical culture perpetuates these problems by erecting “barriers to treatment,” preventing students and physicians from getting the help they need. Here, the author begins a broader examination of the potential role of culture by examining the myths and symbols that form the basis for medical culture and the medical self-image. The author argues that a medical self-image based on a de-contextualized medical mythology, the Asclepius myth, results in a sense of professional identity that is unbalanced, dehumanized, and characterized by unattainable expectations. The outward expression of this medical self-image, the medical culture, is often a-relational, unhealthy, stressed, or even toxic. The author suggests some ways of re-modeling medical culture, including its rituals and symbols, and medical education in ways that incorporate what is currently kept in its shadow.
Interleukin‐8 promotes non‐rapid eye movement sleep in rabbits and rats

Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a cytokine found in the brain. In this study, the ability of IL-8 to induce sleep in rabbits and rats was investigated. Twenty-seven Sprague-Dawley rats and 16 male New Zealand White rabbits were provided electroencephalographic (EEG) electrodes, a brain thermistor, and a lateral intracerebroventricular cannula. The animals were injected intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) with pyrogen-free saline and, one of the following doses of IL-8 on a separate day: 1.25 or 12.5 ng in rabbits and 10, 50, or 100 ng in rats. EEG, brain temperature, and motor activity were recorded for 23 h after the i.c.v. injections. IL-8 increased time spent in non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) without affecting rapid eye movement sleep (REMS). In rabbits, both doses of IL-8 promoted NREMS. In rats, the 10 and 50 ng doses of IL-8 failed to affect sleep, but the 100 ng dose of IL-8 enhanced NREMS. EEG slow-wave activity during NREMS was increased after the high dose of IL-8 in rabbits. IL-8 also induced fever in rabbits but not rats. Heat inactivated IL-8 did not alter any of the parameters measured. Current results support the notion that the brain cytokine network plays a role in sleep regulation.