cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using third-harmonic microscopy to easure ultrafast phase m transition in vanadium dioxide

Nonlinear optical properties exhibit a strong dependence on the electronic and crystal structure of materials. One of the most interesting phase transitions is a reversible, solid-solid, semiconductor-conductor phase transition in vanadium dioxide (VO2) that occurs at a temperature of ~68°C [1]. The conductivity of this material increases by several orders of magnitude across this phase transition and results in a change of the linear optical properties as well [2–3]. Recently this phase transformation has been studied using time-resolved optical transmission [4–5] and time-resolved X-ray diffraction [6]. Both experiments demonstrated a rather short (<500 fs) time required for this phase transition to occur.
Seventh Symposium on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration Noordwijk, The Netherlands, June 7–9, 2006

The Seventh Symposium on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration was held at the European Space Technology Centre (ESTEC), in Noordwijk, The Netherlands, on June 7–9, 2006. The host for this conference was the European Space Agency (ESA). The conference was co-sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI). There have been six previous NASA-sponsored symposia in this series. Written proceedings of the first five symposia, held between 1965–1970 in Pensacola, Florida, are available from the NASA Technical Reports Server (http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp, and enter “Role of Vestibular Organs” as the search term). The Sixth NASA Symposium was held in Portland, Oregon in 2002. The program and abstracts from this meeting were published by the Journal of Vestibular Research as part of Volume 11 (3–5); these abstracts can be accessed through the IOS Press web site (http://iospress.metapress.com/home/main.mpx). In addition, most of the papers from the Sixth Symposium were submitted to the Journal of Vestibular Research and appear as Volume 13 (4–6). Each of the seven Symposia on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration address the adverse physiological effects mediated by the vestibular system in humans exposed to microgravity. A European venue was particularly appropriate for the Seventh Symposium, since the space neurovestibular field has become increasingly international. Researchers from many countries have had the opportunity to conduct experiments on the Russian Mir station, the US Space Shuttle, and the International Space Station. Symposium participants included more than one hundred scientists, flight surgeons, postdoctoral fellows and students from Europe, the US, Canada, Russia and Japan. It was an exciting three day meeting: More than 50 platform presentations and 20 posters were presented, describing results from investigations in spaceflight, parabolic flight, and ground laboratories. Session topics included the vestibulo-ocular reflex, clinical assessment of vestibular disorders, neurophysiology, spatial orientation, spaceflight countermeasures, balance and locomotion, motion sickness, otolith and semicircular canal physiology, and artificial gravity. The meeting concluded with an international panel discussion on challenges and opportunities in space research. We would like to thank the Journal of Vestibular Research for this Special Issue devoted to papers presented at this Symposium. We would also like to thank the presenters who submitted full papers, which underwent peer-review, for this special issue. The web site for the Symposium (http://www.congrex.nl/06a07/) contains the full scientific program; many of the slide presentations and posters are also available at this web site.
Purification of human plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) from Escherichia coli and separation of its active and latent forms by hydrophobic interaction chromatography

Summary Human recombinant PAI-1, expressed in Escherichia coli , was purified and separated into its active and latent components by chromatography on heparin- and phenyl-substituted agarose under conditions which favour the stability of the active inhibitor. Two columns, with a combined volume of less than 40ml, were used to purify and separate up to 40mg of PAI-1 in one day. Purified fractions of PAI-1 were analysed by SDS-PAGE, fluorescence spectroscopy and thermostability measurements. A method for concentrating the inhibitor and conditions for storage of concentrated PAI-1 were established. Since PAI-1 spontaneously refolds its reactive-centre loop in a way similar to what is believed to occur in the proteinase-serpin complexes, studies with this inhibitor may play an important role in elucidating the mechanism of serpin action. The method we are presenting yields highly purified fractions of active and latent PAI-1 with relative ease and facilitates detailed investigations of its reaction mechanism.
Growth mechanism of long aligned multiwall carbon nanotube arrays by water-assisted chemical vapor deposition.

Highly aligned arrays of multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) on layered Si substrates have been synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The effect of the substrate design and the process parameters on the growth mechanism were studied. Adding water vapor to the reaction gas mixture of hydrogen and ethylene enhanced the growth which led to synthesis of longer CNT arrays with high density. Environmental scanning electron miscroscopy (ESEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to analyze the CNT morphology and composition. Quadrupole mass spectroscopy (QMS) provided in-situ information on the gas spices within the reaction zone. On the basis of results, we verified the top growth mechanism and evaluated the reason of decline and stoppage of the CNT growth after extended period of deposition. Multilayered Si substrates with a top film of Al2O3, having appropriate roughness, provide favorable conditions to form catalyst islands with uniform distribution and...
SU-E-T-625: A Method to Estimate Lung Doses under a Block during Total Body Irradiation (TBI) Treatment

Purpose: Total Body Irradiation(TBI) treatment with photon beams has been accepted as an important radiotherapytreatment for a variety of malignant diseases. Usually lung blocks are used to minimize the lungdose and prevent radiation‐induced pneumonitis. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the mid‐plane lungdoses under block during TBI treatments. Methods: The accuracy of the dose calculations under a block from a commercial planning system was first studied. The central axis depth doses under a block were measured using a parallel plate chamber in homogeneous solid water phantom at 100SSD for both 6MV and 18MV beams. A 7.5cm thick, 15×15cm2 cerrobend block positioned on the central axis was used to attenuate the beam with a setting of 30×30cm2. The measurements were compared with calculations generated with the Pinnacle treatment planning system. In addition, measurements were performed in a heterogeneous phantom positioned in a TBI geometry. The phantom consisted of two 4cm solid water slabs sandwiched 16cm foam slabs simulating lung tissues. A parallel plate chamber, garfchromic films and optically stimulated luminescent(OSL) dosimeters were used to measure depth doses for both 6MV and 18MV beams. These data were used to model the mid‐plane lungdoses under the blocks. Results: The depth dose curves calculated by Pinnacle showed significant deviations from measurements. An estimate of the mid‐plane doses was calculated by taking the average of measured doses at depth of 2cm and 24cm for 6MV, 4cm and 24cm for 18MV. Our estimated value for the mid‐plane doses within ±7% of measurement. Conclusions: We have observed that the Pinnacle cannot accurately model the dose in the build‐up region under a central block. A method to estimate the mid‐plane lungdose under a block was proposed. More measurements and Monte Carlo simulations are proceeding to investigate the robustness of this method.
Production of lactic acid from pulp mill solid waste and xylose using Lactobacillus delbrueckii (NRRL B445).

Using the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) technique, pulp mill solid waste cellulose was converted into glucose using cellulase enzyme and glucose into lactic acid using NRRL B445. SSF experiments were conducted at various pH levels, temperatures, and nutrient concentrations, and the lactic acid yield ranged from 86 to 97%. The depletion of xylose in SSF was further investigated by inoculating NRRL B445 into a xylose-only medium. On prolonged incubation, depletion of xylose with lactic acid production was observed. An experimental procedure with a nonglucose medium was developed to eliminate the lag phase. From xylose fermentation, Lactobacillus delbrueckii yielded 88–92% lactic acid and 2–12% acetic acid.
Model waveform accuracy standards for gravitational wave data analysis

Model waveforms are used in gravitational wave data analysis to detect and then to measure the properties of a source by matching the model waveforms to the signal from a detector. This paper derives accuracy standards for model waveforms which are sufficient to ensure that these data analysis applications are capable of extracting the full scientific content of the data, but without demanding excessive accuracy that would place undue burdens on the model waveform simulation community. These accuracy standards are intended primarily for broadband model waveforms produced by numerical simulations, but the standards are quite general and apply equally to such waveforms produced by analytical or hybrid analytical-numerical methods.
CMOS circuits made in thin SIMOX films

MOS transistors and ring oscillators have been fabricated in thin (100 nm) SIMOX films. As has been theoretically predicted, no 'kink' effect is observed in the n-channel devices, the inverse subthreshold slope is lower than in bulk devices (70mV/decade against HOmV/decade in bulk), and the dependence of threshold voltage on gate length is much less pronounced than in the bulk.
Function and plasticity of homologous coupling between AII amacrine cells

The AII amacrine cells are critical elements in the primary rod pathway of the mammalian retina, acting as an obligatory conduit of rod signals to both on- and off-center ganglion cells. In addition to the chemical synaptic circuitry they subserve, AII cells form two types of electrical synapses corresponding to gap junctions formed between neighboring AII cells as well as junctions formed between AII cells and on-center cone bipolar cells. Our recent results indicate that coupling between AII cells and cone bipolar cells forms an obligatory synapse for transmission of scotopic visual signals to on-center ganglion cells. In contrast, AII-AII cell coupling acts to maintain the sensitivity of the primary rod pathway by allowing for summation of synchronous activity and the attenuation of asynchronous background noise. Further, the conductance of AII-AII cell gap junctions is highly dynamic, regulated by ambient light conditions, thereby preserving the fidelity of rod signaling over the scotopic operating range from starlight to twilight.
Single crystal silicon oscillator studies of spin glasses with reduced dimensionality

We report on the use of a high-Q torsional silicon oscillator as a sensitive magnetometer to study the remanent magnetization of spin glass films. We have observed the spin glass transition in CuMn (1 at. %) films. We have also observed the saturation of these spin glass systems at high fields. This technique allows us to study large isolated spin glass films and to control film geometry.
Hippocampal lesions and activity

Rats with hippocampal damage, neocortical damage, and unoperated controls were given three tests of spontaneous activity. Hippocampal destruction was produced either by aspiration or electrolytic fulguration. Both hippocampally damaged groups spontaneously alternated at only “chance rates.” Both were more active in exploration, but the aspiration group failed to display the normal decrements over time. The electrolytic hippocampals ran more in the exercise wheel, while the aspiration hippocampals ran less.
Activation of Phasic Pontine-Wave Generator Prevents Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Deprivation-Induced Learning Impairment in the Rat: A Mechanism for Sleep-Dependent Plasticity

Animal and human studies of sleep and learning have demonstrated that training on various tasks increases subsequent rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and phasic pontine-wave (P-wave) activity, followed by improvement in performance on the learned task. It is well documented that REM sleep deprivation after learning trials blocks the expected improvement in performance on subsequent retesting. Our aim was to test whether experimentally induced P-wave generator activation could eliminate the learning impairment produced by post-training REM sleep deprivation. Rats were trained on a two-way active avoidance-learning task. Immediately thereafter, two groups of those rats received a control vehicle (100 nl saline) microinjection and one group received a carbachol (50 ng in 100 nl saline) microinjection into the P-wave generator. The carbachol-injected group and one of the two control saline microinjected groups were selectively deprived of REM sleep during a 6 hr polygraphic recording session. All rats were then tested on the avoidance-learning task. The rats that received both the control saline injection and REM sleep deprivation showed learning deficits compared with the control saline-injected rats that were allowed to sleep normally. In contrast, the rats that received the carbachol microinjection and REM sleep deprivation demonstrated normal learning. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that carbachol-induced activation of the P-wave generator prevents the memory-impairing effects of post-training REM sleep deprivation. This evidence supports our hypothesis that the activation of the P-wave generator during REM sleep deprivation enhances a physiological process of memory, which occurs naturally during post-training REM sleep.
A mouse growth hormone-binding protein RIA: concentrations in maternal serum during pregnancy.

A RIA for mouse growth hormone-binding protein (mGHBP) was developed. A 28-amino acid synthetic peptide corresponding to the carboxyl-terminal 27 amino acids of mGHBP plus an additional cysteine residue at the aminoterminus was coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin and used as the antigen for antiserum production. The ability of the antiserum to recognize mGHBP was demonstrated by incubating mouse serum with 1251-iodomouse GH (mGH) in the presence of increasing concentrations of antiserum and subsequent immunoprecipitation. The antiserum precipitated mGHBP in a dose-dependent manner. The uncoupled synthetic peptide was used as the standard and radioligand in the RIA. Serial dilutions of sera from non-pregnant or 17-days-pregnant mice yielded displacement curves parallel to the synthetic peptide, with serum from 17-days-pregnant mice being 32 times more effective than serum from non-pregnant mice for a given dilution. The relative concentration of mGHBP in maternal serum on days 5. 11, and 15 of pregnancy was 1, 17, and 39, respectively. GH exerts its biological effects through a membrane-bound GH receptor (GHR) and GH interacts with a serum GHBP. The GHBP is biochemically [l] and immunologically [2] related to the GHR. While the exact mechanism for generation of the GHBP of most species is not understood, in rats [3] and mice [4] it is known that the GHBP is produced by a mRNA that is distinct from the GHRencoding mRNA. Cloning of mouse liver cDNAs derived from the mGHBP-encoding and mGHRencoding mRNAs [4] has demonstrated that the predicted proteins are identical in the aminoterminal hormone-binding domain. The mGHBP amino acid sequence has a 27-amino acid hydrophilic “tail” substituted for the predicted transmembrane domain of the receptor. The presence of this hydophilic tail is thought IO facilitate the secretion of mGHBP 141. In rabbits and humans, it has been speculated that the GHBP is produced by proteolytic cleavage of the extracellular domain of the GHR [I]. Previously, mGHBP assays have relied on gel chromatography [5] or immunoprecipitation [6] of 1 251-GH bound to mGHBP. These assays are cumbersome, time consuming, and require large sample sizes in order to obtain accurate estimates of relative GHBP concentrations. The availability of a quick and sensitive assay for mGHBP is needed IO study changes in serum mGHBP concentration that result from different physiological states or from experimental manipulation. This report describes the development of a mGHBP RIA using antiserum generated against a synthetic pcptide corresponding to the carboxylterminus of the mGHBP amino acid sequence, and the use of this RIA to measure serum mGHBP during pregnancy.
Regulation of Glycan Structures in Murine Embryonic Stem Cells: COMBINED TRANSCRIPT PROFILING OF GLYCAN-RELATED GENES AND GLYCAN STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS *

The abundance and structural diversity of glycans on glycoproteins and glycolipids are highly regulated and play important roles during vertebrate development. Because of the challenges associated with studying glycan regulation in vertebrate embryos, we have chosen to study mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells as they differentiate into embryoid bodies (EBs) or into extraembryonic endodermal (ExE) cells as a model for cellular differentiation. We profiled N- and O-glycan structures isolated from these cell populations and examined transcripts encoding the corresponding enzymatic machinery for glycan biosynthesis in an effort to probe the mechanisms that drive the regulation of glycan diversity. During differentiation from mouse ES cells to either EBs or ExE cells, general trends were detected. The predominance of high mannose N-glycans in ES cells shifted to an equal abundance of complex and high mannose structures, increased sialylation, and increased α-Gal termination in the differentiated cell populations. Whereas core 1 O-glycan structures predominated in all three cell populations, increased sialylation and increased core diversity characterized the O-glycans of both differentiated cell types. Increased polysialylation was also found in both differentiated cell types. Differences between the two differentiated cell types included greater sialylation of N-glycans in EBs, whereas α-Gal-capped structures were more prevalent in ExE cells. Changes in glycan structures generally, but not uniformly, correlated with alterations in transcript abundance for the corresponding biosynthetic enzymes, suggesting that transcriptional regulation contributes significantly to the regulation of glycan expression. Knowledge of glycan structural diversity and transcript regulation should provide greater understanding of the roles of protein glycosylation in vertebrate development.
Variance Reduction in Particle Methods for Solving the Boltzmann Equation

We present a new particle scheme for solving the Boltzmann equation; this scheme incorporates a recently developed variance reduction technique discussed in [L. L. Baker and N. G. Hadjiconstantinou, Physics of Fluids, vol. 17, art. no 051703, 2005] which exhibits a significant computational efficiency advantage for low speed flows, compared to traditional particle methods. This paper describes how this variance reduction approach, achieved by simulating only the deviation from equilibrium, can be implemented as a particle simulation method. The new scheme is validated using time dependent shear flow calculations.© 2006 ASME
A Cavitand−Porphyrin Hybrid

Host−guest complexes of a new open-ended cavitand show unprecedented stabilities. Simultaneous binding in the cavity and at the metalloporphyrin affects both the kinetics and the thermodynamics of caviplex formation.
Practical management of acute liver failure in the Intensive Care Unit.

Purpose of reviewAcute liver failure is an uncommon condition affecting about 2500 patients each year in the United States. Optimal medical management in the ICU is one of the more important factors impacting survival with or without liver transplantation. This review focuses on the practical aspect
Comparison of 201Tl Scintigraphy and Low-Dose Dobutamine Echocardiography for the Noninvasive Assessment of Myocardial Viability

Noninvasive assessment of myocardial viability has proved clinically useful to distinguish hibernating or stunned myocardium from irreversibly injured myocardium in patients with chronic CAD or recent myocardial infarction who exhibit severe regional and global LV dysfunction. A variety of noninvasive methodologies are undergoing investigation and validation for determination of accuracy in the detection of preserved viability in akinetic and severely hypokinetic myocardium. These techniques include SPECT perfusion imaging with 201Tl or one of the new 99mTc-labeled agents, such as 99mTc sestamibi; SPECT imaging of 123I-labeled fatty acid analogs; PET imaging of regional flow and 18F-labeled FDG uptake; and assessment of inotropic reserve by use of dobutamine echocardiography. A major clinical objective when one of these techniques is used in CAD patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy is to identify those who will benefit most from coronary revascularization with respect to postoperative improvement in regional and global LV function, heart failure symptoms, functional capacity, and enhanced long-term survival. Several observational studies1 2 3 4 showed substantial survival benefit with revascularization compared with medical therapy in patients whose low ejection fraction was primarily due to viable but hibernating myocardium. Similarly, preliminary data5 suggest that patients with low ejection fractions, multivessel CAD, and preserved viability who undergo CABG have a lower perioperative mortality and morbidity and a greater long-term survival rate than patients with a comparable degree of LV dysfunction and angiographic extent of CAD who undergo surgery but who manifest poor myocardial viability preoperatively. Gioia et al1 reported a 13% annual mortality rate in CAD patients with LV dysfunction and presence of viability by 201Tl criteria who were treated medically compared with 6% for those with comparable viability who underwent revascularization. DiCarli et al2 reporteda 50% mortality rate at 1 year in patients with …
ASCL1 and RET expression defines a clinically relevant subgroup of lung adenocarcinoma characterized by neuroendocrine differentiation

ASCL1 is an important regulatory transcription factor in pulmonary neuroendocrine (NE) cell development, but its value as a biomarker of NE differentiation in lung adenocarcinoma (AD) and as a potential prognostic biomarker remains unclear. We examined ASCL1 expression in lung cancer samples of varied histologic subtype, clinical outcome and smoking status and compared with expression of traditional NE markers. ASCL1 mRNA expression was found almost exclusively in smokers with AD, in contrast to non-smokers and other lung cancer subtypes. ASCL1 protein expression by immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis correlated best with synaptophysin compared with chromogranin and CD56/NCAM. Analysis of a compendium of 367 microarray-based gene expression profiles in stage I lung adenocarcinomas identified significantly higher expression levels of the RET oncogene in ASCL1-positive tumors (ASCL1(+)) compared with ASCL1(-) tumors (q-value <10(-9)). High levels of RET expression in ASCL1(+) but not in ASCL1(-) tumors was associated with significantly shorter overall survival (OS) in stage 1 (P=0.007) and in all AD (P=0.037). RET protein expression by IHC had an association with OS in the context of ASCL1 expression. In silico gene set analysis and in vitro experiments by ASCL1 shRNA in AD cells with high endogenous expression of ASCL1 and RET implicated ASCL1 as a potential upstream regulator of the RET oncogene. Also, silencing ASCL1 in AD cells markedly reduced cell growth and motility. These results suggest that ASCL1 and RET expression defines a clinically relevant subgroup of ∼10% of AD characterized by NE differentiation.
Nonlinear resonances and suppression of chaos in the rf-biased Josephson junction.

The response of rf-biased Josephson junctions to special aperiodic driving forces is studied through theory and numerical simulation. It is shown that aperiodic driving forces of very small amplitude can transform the junction from a stationary state into the rotation state. In addition, it can be shown that the resulting dynamics is not chaotic, in contrast to the generic dynamics resulting from a sinusoidal driving force. We discuss possible experimental applications.
Comparison of Aspirin Resistance in Type 1 Versus Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

This study sought to determine the frequency of aspirin resistance in an ambulatory population of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Platelet aggregation was assessed during the routine clinical evaluation of 203 ambulatory patients with diabetes (T1D, n = 92; T2D, n = 111) who were recommended aspirin for primary or secondary cardiovascular protection. Consecutively received laboratory samples were evaluated using the Ultegra Rapid Platelet Function Assay-ASA. Resistance to aspirin was detected in 18.7% of diabetic aspirin users, with similar rates in T1D (21.7%, p = 0.5) and T2D (16.2%, p = 0.6). Aspirin resistance was not related to age, glycohemoglobin, total cholesterol, or a history of cardiovascular disease. Female gender was a strong independent predictor of aspirin resistance in patients with T1D (p = 0.001). Platelet aggregation was correlated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in the entire cohort (r = 0.21, p = 0.005) and in patients with T1D (r = 0.32, p = 0.04) or T2D (r = 0.21, p = 0.04), such that patients with low HDL cholesterol levels were more likely to be aspirin sensitive. The results suggest that aspirin can inhibit platelet aggregation in most patients with diabetes and is a reasonable first-line antiplatelet agent in patients with diabetes.
Hydrogen storage properties of modified lithium borohydrides

Abstract This paper reports the results of using various metal oxides and metal chlorides as additives to modify lithium borohydride for reversible hydrogen storage. Two approaches – element substitution and additive interaction – were attempted for reducing dehydriding temperatures and improving dehydriding–rehydriding reversibility. The oxide-modified borohydride, LiBH4 75% + TiO2 25%, desorbed 9 wt% hydrogen from 100 °C to 600 °C and absorbed 8 wt% hydrogen at 600 °C and 70 bar. The chloride-modified borohydride, LiBH4 + 0.2MgCl2 + 0.1TiCl3, desorbed 5 wt% hydrogen from 60 °C to 450 °C and absorbed 4.5 wt% hydrogen at 600 °C and 70 bar. XRD analysis evidences that LiBH4 reacts with the additives. The residual gas analyzer (RGA) spectra show no diborane evolved from the above materials during dehydrogenation. The reduction of desorption temperature can be attributed to additives interaction with lithium borohydrides rather than element substitution. The reversibility of oxide-modified LiBH4 deteriorates during repeatedly dehydriding–rehydriding due to increasing formation of Li3BO3 and sequent deficiency of boron and lithium.
Hysteresis and multimodal convergence in cells of mesencephalic V.

Abstract The responses of cells of the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (MeNV) in the cat were studied while stretching the muscles of the jaw. Although the rate of firing elicited by moving the jaw was dependent on the final position it achieved, it was also dependent on the direction of jaw movement. In addition, despite claims that only muscle spindle and periodontal receptor are represented here, cells with extraoral cutaneous input were also located. The latter finding together with observations by others of extraocular input to MeNV may require a reevaluation of the function of the nucleus.
A Short History of Waste Management at the Hanford Site

Abstract The world’s first full-scale nuclear reactors and chemical reprocessing plants built at the Hanford Site in the desert of southeastern Washington State produced two-thirds of the plutonium generated in the United States for nuclear weapons. Operating these facilities also created large volumes of radioactive and chemical waste, some of which was released into the environment exposing people who lived downwind and downstream. Hanford now contains the largest accumulation of nuclear waste in the Western Hemisphere. Hanford’s last reactor shut down in 1987 followed by closure of the last reprocessing plant in 1990. Today, Hanford’s only mission is cleanup. Most onsite radioactive waste and nuclear material lingers inside underground tanks or storage facilities. About half of the chemical waste remains in tanks while the rest persists in the soil, groundwater, and burial grounds. Six million dollars each day, or nearly two billion dollars each year, are spent on waste management and cleanup activities. There is significant uncertainty in how long cleanup will take, how much it will cost, and what risks will remain for future generations. This paper summarizes portions of the waste management history of the Hanford Site published in the book “Hanford: A Conversation about Nuclear Waste and Cleanup.” ( Gephart, 2003 ).
Interpreting the neutron's electric form factor: Rest frame charge distribution or foldy term?

The neutron's electric form factor contains vital information on nucleon structure, but its interpretation within many models has been obscured by relativistic effects. The author demonstrates that, to leading order in the relativistic expansion of a constituent quark model, the Foldy term cancels exactly against a contribution to the Dirac form factor F{sub 1} to leave intact the naive interpretation of G{sup n}{sub E} as arising from the neutron's rest frame charge distribution.
Draft Genome Sequence of Moraxella bovoculi Strain 237T (ATCC BAA-1259T) Isolated from a Calf with Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis

Moraxella bovoculi is a recently identified species, recovered from the bovine eye, which is under investigation as an etiological agent of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. A draft genome sequence of the Moraxella bovoculi type strain 237(T) has been determined to identify features that may be important during host colonization.
Ethoxylated Soybean Polyols for Polyurethanes

Soybean polyols prepared by ring opening reactions of epoxidized soybean oil with hydrogen active compounds (water, alcohols, organic or inorganic acids, thiols, hydrogen etc.) have a low reactivity in the reaction with isocyanates because the hydroxyl groups are secondary. This paper presents a simple and convenient method to increase the reactivity of soybean polyols with secondary hydroxyl groups by ethoxylation reactions with the preservation of triglyceride ester bonds. The method uses mild reaction conditions: low alkoxylation temperature of 35–45 °C, low pressure of 0.1–0.2 MPa (15–30 p.s.i.) and a superacid as catalyst (HBF4). The new soybean polyols have a higher reactivity toward isocyanates in polyurethane formation due to the high percentage of primary hydroxyl groups. The primary hydroxyl content was determined by the second order kinetics of polyol reaction with phenyl isocyanate.
Disruption of the Na+ ion binding site as a mechanism for positive allosteric modulation of the mu-opioid receptor

Positive allosteric modulation of the mu-opioid receptor (MOPr), the site of action of all clinically used opioids, represents a potential approach for the management of pain. We recently reported on positive allosteric modulators of MOPr (mu-PAMs), a class A G protein coupled receptor (GPCR). This study was designed to examine the mechanism of allostery by comparing the degree to which opioid ligand structure governs modulation. To do this we examined the interaction of the mu-PAM, BMS-986122, with a chemically diverse range of MOPr orthosteric ligands. Generally, for full agonists BMS-986122 enhanced the binding affinity and potency to activate G protein with no alteration in the maximal effect. In contrast, lower efficacy agonists including morphine were insensitive to alterations in binding affinity and showed little to no change in potency to stimulate G protein. Instead, there was an increase in maximal G protein stimulation. Antagonists were unresponsive to the modulatory effects of BMS-986122. Sodium is a known endogenous allosteric modulator of MOPr and alters orthosteric agonist affinity and efficacy. The sensitivity of an orthosteric ligand to BMS-986122 was strongly correlated with its sensitivity to NaCl. In addition, BMS-986122 decreased the ability of NaCl to modulate agonist binding in an allosteric fashion. Overall, BMS-986122 displayed marked probe dependence that was based upon the efficacy of the orthosteric ligand and can be explained using the Monod–Wyman–Changeux two-state model of allostery. Furthermore, disruption of the Na+ ion binding site may represent a common mechanism for allosteric modulation of class A GPCRs.
Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn due to multiple maternal antibodies

Objective The objective of the study was to determine whether women with combinations of red blood cell antibodies are more likely to develop significant hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn than those with single antibodies. Study Design A retrospective exposure cohort study was conducted of pregnant women with red blood cell antibodies. The development of significant hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn was then compared between patients with single antibodies and those with multiple antibodies. Data analysis was limited to pregnancies delivering since the year 2000. Results Thirteen percent of the patients referred to our program had multiple red blood cell antibodies. Odds of developing significant hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn for patients with anti-Rh(D) combined with at least 1 additional red blood cell antibody were 3.65 times the odds for women with anti-Rh(D) antibodies in isolation (95% confidence interval, 1.84–7.33). In the setting of multiple antibodies including anti-Rh(D), Rh-positive fetuses/neonates have an increased odds of developing significant hemolytic disease even if the fetus is negative for the other corresponding red blood cell antigen. Conclusion Women with multiple red blood cell antibodies are more likely to develop significant hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn than those with a single antibody especially in the presence of anti-(Rh)D. This pathophysiology may suggest a more aggressive immune response in women who develop more than 1 red blood cell antibody.
Dysregulation of Npas2 leads to altered metabolic pathways in a murine knockout model

In our primate model of maternal high fat diet exposure, we have described that fetal epigenomic modifications to the peripheral circadian Npas2 are associated with persistent alterations in fetal hepatic metabolism and non-alcoholic fatty liver. As the interaction of circadian response with metabolism is not well understood, we employed a murine knockout model to characterize the molecular mechanisms with which Npas2 reprograms the fetal hepatic metabolic response. cDNA was generated from Npas2-/- and +/+ (wild type) livers at day 2 (newborn) and at 25 weeks (adult) of life. Newborn samples were analyzed by exon array (n = 3/cohort). Independent pathway analysis software determined that the primary dysregulated pathway(s) in the Npas2-/- animals uniformly converged on lipid metabolism. Of particular interest, Ppargc1a, which integrates circadian and metabolism pathways, was significantly (p < .01) over expressed in newborn (1.7 fold) and adult (1.8 fold) Npas2-/- animals. These findings are consistent with an essential role for Npas2 in programming the peripheral circadian response and hepatic metabolism, which has not been previously described.
The primitive equations of the ocean with delays

Abstract In this article, we study the primitive equations (PEs) of the ocean with delays. We prove the existence and uniqueness of their strong solution when the external force contains some delays. We also discuss the asymptotic behaviour of their weak solutions and the stability of their stationary solutions.
Effective supervision of a robot team through user interface design

In this paper, we describe a work in progress multimodal multi -- robot user interface. This interface is designed to accommodate the limited cognitive abilities of the operator in a way to facilitate cooperative work between the robot team and the single human operator. It is the goal of the interface to take the data presented from various robots and provide this data as information in such a way that the operator is not overwhelmed. By shifting the data fusion required in a multi-robot system from the operator to the interface the operator will be able to maintain situation awareness while supervising multiple robots.
Brain Reactivity to Smoking Cues Prior to Smoking Cessation Predicts Ability to Maintain Tobacco Abstinence

Background Developing the means to identify smokers at high risk for relapse could advance relapse prevention therapy. We hypothesized that functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) reactivity to smoking-related cues, measured before a quit attempt, could identify smokers with heightened relapse vulnerability. Methods Before quitting smoking, 21 nicotine-dependent women underwent fMRI during which smoking-related and neutral images were shown. These smokers also were tested for possible attentional biases to smoking-related words using a computerized emotional Stroop (ES) task previously found to predict relapse. Smokers then made a quit attempt and were grouped based on outcomes (abstinence vs. slip: smoking > or = 1 cigarette after attaining abstinence). Prequit fMRI and ES measurements in these groups were compared. Results Slip subjects had heightened fMRI reactivity to smoking-related images in brain regions implicated in emotion, interoceptive awareness, and motor planning and execution. Insula and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) reactivity induced by smoking images correlated with an attentional bias to smoking-related words. A discriminant analysis of ES and fMRI data predicted outcomes with 79% accuracy. Additionally, smokers who slipped had decreased fMRI functional connectivity between an insula-containing network and brain regions involved in cognitive control, including the dACC and dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex, possibly reflecting reduced top-down control of cue-induced emotions. Conclusions These findings suggest that the insula and dACC are important substrates of smoking relapse vulnerability. The data also suggest that relapse-vulnerable smokers can be identified before quit attempts, which could enable personalized treatment, improve tobacco-dependence treatment outcomes, and reduce smoking-related morbidity and mortality.
Validation of WAIS-III four-subtest short forms in patients with traumatic brain injury.

In an effort to identify four-subtest Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition (WAIS-III) short forms valid for estimating Full-Scale IQ (FSIQ) among individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI), seven tetrad versions of the WAIS-III were evaluated in a convenience sample of patients referred for neuropsychological assessment (n = 176). Estimated FSIQ scores were compared to actual FSIQ scores via correlation analyses, repeated-measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs), and frequency analyses. All short form-estimated FSIQ scores correlated highly with actual scores (all rs > .91, ps < .001). Repeated-measures ANOVAs identified no significant differences between actual and short form-estimated FSIQ scores for two of the seven short forms. These same two short forms had the highest percentage of scores within ±5 points of actual FSIQ scores (75.6% and 71.6%). Thus, two tetrad versions were consistently superior to others in accuracy of estimating FSIQ; these may be helpful when time constraints or oth...
AN ANCIENT SEPULCHER AT PLACERES DEL ORO, STATE OF GUERRERO, MEXICO

A N archeological discovery of great interest and in a region new to most students of Mexican art was made in June, 19Io, by Mr William Niven, of Mexico City. Mr Niven has for years studied and collected the antiquities of the west coast of Mexico, particularly in the state of Guerrero. Representative collections made by him are now in the Museo Nacional of Mexico City, in the American Museum of Natural History, and in the Peabody Museum of Harvard University. Mr Niven's investigations have shown that the state of Guerrero contains many extensive ruins which bear witness to a large prehistoric population and to a fairly high culture. The numerous pyramids and platform mounds of this region are, however, merely loose masses of natural or roughly cut boulders, and the temples which once crowned their summits are now in utter ruin. Thus, because they lack in spectacular interest, even the most important sites have never been adequately explored. The collections so far gathered consist, for the most part, of occasional finds of small carved stones, either implements or ornaments. The few slight excavations have revealed carved specimens of jadeite, serpentine, and obsidian, as well as objects of gold and copper. The series of remarkable objects that will presently be described is evidence of much higher and more intensified culture than has hitherto been suspected. The discovery in question was made in the valley of the Rio del Oro, near the mining town of Placeres del Oro, which lies in the municipality of Coyuca de Catalan, on the Rio Balsas, about two hundred miles southwest of Mexico City. The Rio del Oro, rising in the high sierras of interior Guerrero, flows in its upper courses through a deep cation. A few miles above the town of Milpa 29
Effect of water and temperature on absorption of CO2 by amine-functionalized anion-tethered ionic liquids.

Amine-functionalized anion-tethered ionic liquids (ILs) trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium asparaginate [P66614][Asn], glutaminate [P66614][Gln], lysinate [P66614][Lys], methioninate [P66614][Met], prolinate [P66614][Pro], taurinate [P66614][Tau], and threoninate [P66614][Thr] were synthesized and investigated as potential absorbents for CO2 capture from postcombustion flue gas. Their physical properties, including density, viscosity, glass transition temperature, and thermal decomposition temperature were determined. Furthermore, the CO2 absorption isotherms of [P66614][Lys], [P66614][Tau], [P66614][Pro], and [P66614][Met] were measured using a volumetric method, and the results were modeled with two different Langmuir-type absorption models. The most important result of this study is that the viscosity of [P66614][Pro] only increased by a factor of 2 when fully complexed with 1 bar of CO2 at room temperature. This is in stark contrast to the other chemically reacted ILs investigated here and all other amin...
Coronal Holes and Open Magnetic Flux

Coronal holes are low-density regions of the corona which appear dark in X-rays and which contain “open” magnetic flux, along which plasma escapes into the heliosphere. Like the rest of the Sun’s large-scale field, the open flux originates in active regions but is subsequently redistributed over the solar surface by transport processes, eventually forming the polar coronal holes. The total open flux and radial interplanetary field component vary roughly as the Sun’s total dipole strength, which tends to peak a few years after sunspot maximum. An inverse correlation exists between the rate of flux-tube expansion in coronal holes and the solar wind speed at 1 AU. In the rapidly diverging fields present at the polar hole boundaries and near active regions, the bulk of the heating occurs at low heights, leading to an increase in the mass flux density at the Sun and a decrease in the asymptotic wind speed. The quasi-rigid rotation of coronal holes is maintained by continual footpoint exchanges between open and closed field lines, with the reconnection taking place at the streamer cusps. At much lower heights within the hole interiors, “interchange reconnection” between small bipoles and the overlying open flux also gives rise to coronal jets and polar plumes.
Similarity and Attraction: A Longitudinal Study:

Although it is generally acknowledged that psychological similarity influences the development of same-sex friendship, empirical studies often fail to delineate the differential impact of attitude, personality, value, construct and structural similarity as predictors of attraction. The present naturalistic study examines the discriminability of these similarity subtypes, and notes the impact of each upon friendship formation over 8 weeks of assigned dyadic interaction. Factor analyses of the similarity subtypes reflected the emergent nature of relationship development, with greater subtype differentiation occurring over time. Regression analyses suggested that similarity subtypes may be hierarchically related, with some being more accessible than others for purposes of social comparison. More specifically, attitude similarity was a significant predictor of initial attraction across pairs, whereas only personality and cognitive-structural similarity predicted later attraction. With regard to overall relati...
Effect of Tillage and Nitrogen Rate on Corn Yield and Nitrogen and Phosphorus Uptake in a Corn-Soybean Rotation

Understanding tillage, N, and P interactions can contribute to improved N and P utilization and crop response. This study examined the interaction effects of tillage and N rate of two N sources on N and P uptake by corn (Zea mays L.). The study was conducted on Kenyon loam (fine loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludolls) soil at the Iowa State University Northeast Research and Demonstration Farm near Nashua, IA. A randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement in three replications was used for the two separate N source experiments. The tillage systems consist of no-tillage (NT), strip-tillage (ST), and chisel plow (CP) as main plots. Within each tillage four N rates (0, 85, 170, and 250 kg N ha -1 ) were assigned as subplots for each N source of manure (total N) and fertilizer (anhydrous ammonia) in a corn-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation. Tillage and increase in N rate beyond 85 kg ha -1 had no effect on corn grain yield with both N sources. Tillage x N rate had a significant effect on plant N and P uptake, especially at early growth stages with both N sources. Recovery percentage of applied N across all tillage systems and N rates was 40% and 27% for manure and fertilizer sources, respectively, at the 12th-leaf growth stage of corn (V12). Plant N and P uptake at V12 growth stage was 44% and 37%, respectively, across tillage systems, N sources, and N rates. The findings indicate that the N rate and seasonal variability have more influence on plant N and P uptake than does the tillage system.
Artificial dura film for femoral vessel coverage after inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy

Eleven patients undergoing inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy for carcinoma of the vulva had the femoral vessels covered with Dura Film (Codman, Randolph, MA); a total of 21 groins were explored. The Dura Film was sutured to the inguinal ligament, sartorius muscle fascia, and adductor longus fascia. Nine of the 21 groins became infected with 3 of these breaking down; each of these 3 required removal of the Dura Film to achieve satisfactory healing. One patient developed a unilateral inflammatory groin mass requiring surgical removal of the Dura Film. One patient developed a chronic draining sinus that required surgical intervention. Seven groins developed lymphocysts. The morbidity was high with 9 of the 11 patients experiencing complications. Coverage of the femoral vessels with Dura Film after inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy is not an effective alternative to human dura mater or sartorius muscle transplant.