cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nutrition education in the medical school curriculum: a proposal for action: a curriculum design

Nutrition has been traditionally taught in medical schools with emphasis on clinical management of disease states with modified diets. However, the science of nutrition can no longer be considered only in terms of the diagnosis and treatment of nutritional deficiency diseases. Prevention of disease-care rather than cure-must be emphasized. Using the nutrition concepts that evolved from the 1972 Williamsburg Conference encompassing the science and the sociology of nutrition, the author offers a proposal for action-a sequential nutrition curriculum design for years, I, II, and III of undergraduate medical education based on the experiences of the Nutrition Division, Department of Community Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine-City University of New York.
Risk of thromboembolic events after protocolized warfarin reversal with 3-factor PCC and factor VIIa

Abstract Bleeding events and life-threatening hemorrhage are the most feared complications of warfarin therapy. Prompt anticoagulant reversal aimed at replacement of vitamin K–dependent clotting factors is essential to promote hemostasis. A retrospective cohort study of warfarin-treated patients experiencing a life-threatening hemorrhage treated with an institution-specific warfarin reversal protocol (postimplementation group) and those who received the prior standard of care (preimplementation group) was performed. The reversal protocol included vitamin K, 3-factor prothrombin complex concentrate, and recombinant factor VIIa. Demographic and clinical information, anticoagulant reversal information, and all adverse events attributed to warfarin reversal were recorded. A total of 227 patients were included in final analysis, 109 in the preimplementation group and 118 in the postimplementation group. Baseline patient characteristics were similar in both groups, with the exception of higher average Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores in the postimplementation group ( P = .0005). The most common indication for anticoagulation reversal was intraparenchymal hemorrhage. Prereversal international normalized ratios (INRs) were similar in both groups. Attainment of INR normalization to less than 1.4 was higher, and rebound INR was lower in the postimplementation group ( P P = .0013). Thromboembolic complications were significantly higher in the postimplementation group ( P = .003). Elevated baseline Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score and mechanical valve as an indication for anticoagulation were independently associated with thrombotic complications ( P = .005). A warfarin reversal protocol consisting of 3-factor prothrombin complex concentrate, recombinant factor VIIa, and vitamin K more consistently normalized INR values to less than 1.4 as compared to the prior standard of care in a diverse patient population. This success came at the cost of a 2-fold increase in risk of thromboembolic complications.
Multi-scale modelling and canonical dual finite element method in phase transitions of solids

This paper presents a multi-scale model in phase transitions of solid materials with both macro and micro effects. This model is governed by a semi-linear nonconvex partial differential equation which can be converted into a coupled quadratic mixed variational problem by the canonical dual transformation method. The extremality conditions of this variational problem are controlled by a triality theory, which reveals the multi-scale effects in phase transitions. Therefore, a potentially useful canonical dual finite element method is proposed for the first time to solve the nonconvex variational problems in multi-scale phase transitions of solids. Applications are illustrated. Results shown that the canonical duality theory developed by the first author in nonconvex mechanics can be used to model complicated physical phenomena and to solve certain difficult nonconvex variational problems in an easy way. The canonical dual finite element method brings some new insights into computational mechanics.
In Vitro Studies on Methanogenic Rumen Bacteria. II. Fermentation of Butyric and Valeric Acid

Summary Stabilized enrichment cultures which produced methane from butyric and valeric acids were readily obtained from bovine rumen fluid. All attempts to obtain methanogenic enrichment cultures which convert propionic acid to methane were unsuccessful. Butyric acid was completely oxidized to methane and carbon dioxide. The oxidation of valeric acid was not carried to completion, and in such cultures the propionic acid from the oxidation of valeric acid, coupled with the reduction of carbon dioxide, accumulated in the fermentation medium as an end product. The acetic acid from the oxidation of butyric and valeric acid, coupled with the reduction of carbon dioxide, was readily dissimilated by the cultures. The rate of acetate utilization was equal to or greater than the rate of butyrate and valerate oxidation. The presence of methane bacteria in rumen fluid, which biochemically are closely related to Methanobacterium suboxydans , suggests that butyric and valeric acids are the reductants, with carbon dioxide the oxidant as an additional pathway of in vivo formation of rumen methane.
A wide bandwidth computer based potentiostat for fast voltammetry at microelectrodes

Abstract The small interfacial area of microelectrodes results in low interfacial capacitance and a correspondingly small cell time constant, permitting measurements on the microsecond time scale. The current obtained at a microelectrode is generally in the nanoamp or picoamp range. These measurement conditions place rather severe demands on the measurement system, namely, the need for high gain and wide bandwidth at a reasonable signal-to-noise ratio. A potentiostat design based on a voltage follower circuit is described. The potentiostat can be constructed from inexpensive operational amplifiers and has a bandwidth of 10 kHz at 100 pA full scale (10 V output), 100 kHz at 10 nA full scale, and over 2 MHz at 1 μA (or more) full scale. Since the working electrode in this configuration is no longer at ground potential, a differential controller has been designed to control the potential difference between working and reference electrodes directly.
Stilled but Unquiet Voices: The Loss of a Parent

ABSTRACT Persons who have lost parents provided narratives about their loss experiences. The narratives were analyzed for main themes, including rich imagery about the lost loved one and the events surrounding the death; long-lasting, sometimes unresolved emotions; and attempts to cope with the loss, memorialize the loss, and give back to others based on the loss. These narratives were interpreted as examples of account-making about the important events of our lives.
Gas-phase, cloud and rain-water measurements of hydrogen peroxide at a high-elevation site

Abstract Gas-phase hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) measurements were made at the summit of Whitetop Mountain (1689 m), VA, during the summer and fall of 1986. Aqueous-phase (clouds and rain) H 2 O 2 measurements were made at the same location during the spring, summer and fall of 1986. Measurements indicate a strong seasonal dependence for H 2 O 2 , with highest levels in the summer and lower concentrations in spring and fall. The mean gas-phase H 2 O 2 concentration measured during the summer study was 0.8 ppb while the fall mean was 0.15 ppb. Gas-phase concentrations were strongly correlated with O 3 , ambient temperature and dew-point and only weakly correlated with light intensity. Hydrogen peroxide exhibited a slight diurnal variation with daytime values exceeding night-time levels by 26%. Cloud-water H 2 O 2 showed no significant correlation with any of the major ions present in cloud-water. The cloud-water H 2 O 2 levels reported include the highest value (247 μM) thus far reported in the literature. The H 2 O 2 concentrations in cloud samples were usually, but not always higher than concentrations measured in rain samples. However, samples collected during a simultaneous cloud-rain event yielded higher H 2 O 2 concentrations in the rain, indicating that H 2 O 2 levels aloft exceeded those measured near the ground.
Imaging of the Temporal Bone

A variety of congenital, infectious, inflammatory, vascular, and benign and malignant neoplastic pathology affects the temporal bone. Knowledge of normal temporal bone anatomy and space-specific differential diagnoses is key to imaging interpretation of temporal bone. Correlation with clinical history and physical examination is vital to making the correct diagnosis or providing an appropriate differential. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are complementary imaging modalities in the evaluation of temporal bone abnormalities.
Extended cognition, personal responsibility, and relational autonomy

The Hypothesis of Extended Cognition (HEC)—that many cognitive processes are carried out by a hybrid coalition of neural, bodily and environmental factors—entails that the intentional states that are reasons for action might best be ascribed to wider entities of which individual persons are only parts. I look at different kinds of extended cognition and agency, exploring their consequences for concerns about the moral agency and personal responsibility of such extended entities. Can extended entities be moral agents and bear responsibility for actions, in addition to or in place of the individuals typically held responsible? What does it mean to be “autonomous” when one’s cognition is influenced and supported by a milieu of environmental factors? To answer these questions, I explore strong parallels between HEC’s critique of individualism in cognition, and feminist critiques of individualist accounts of self, agency, and autonomy. This relational and social conception of autonomous agency, as scaffolded and supported (or undermined and impaired) by a milieu of social, relational, and normative factors, has important lessons for HEC. Drawing together these two visions of distributed and decentralized aspects of personhood highlights how cognition, action, and responsibility are inextricably linked. It also encourages a reconceptualization of all cognition and all concerns about responsibility for actions, not simply as sometimes “extended” around individuals, but as fundamentally communal, social, and normative, with individual cognition and individual moral responsibility being derivative special cases, not the paradigm examples. Individuals are merely one of many possible loci of cognition, action, and responsibility.
Symmetries of knotted hypothetical molecular graphs

We obtain examples of knotted hypothetical molecular bond graphs which are achiral but have no topologically accessible symmetry presentations. Such a graph is one which can be deformed to its mirror image, yet it cannot first be deformed to a position which can then be rotated to its mirror image.
Polyploid Mosaics Induced by Cytochalasin B in Landlocked Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar

Abstract Polyploid mosaicism was induced in landlocked Atlantic salmon by treatment of fertilized eggs with 10 mg/liter solution of cytochalasin B. On the basis of nuclear size in 3,025 erythrocytes and chromosome counts we judged the treated fish to be polyploid mosaics of diploid, triploid, and tetraploid cells. The dominant polyploid cell type in test fish was triploid rather than tetraploid, in contrast to previous reports of Atlantic salmon exposed to cytochalasin B. Control groups had mainly diploid cells but a few triploid cells were measured in most individuals.
Combustion stability analysis of preburners in liquid propellant rocket engines during shutdown

A linearized one-dimensional lumped-parameter model capable of predicting the occurrence of the low frequency combustion instability (chugging) experienced during preburner shutdown in the Space Shuttle Main Engines is discussed, and predictions are compared with NASA experimental results. Results from a parametric study of parameters including chamber pressure, fuel and oxygen temperatures, and the effective bulk modulus of the liquid oxidizer suggest that chugging is probably affected by conditions at shutdown through the fuel and oxidizer temperatures. It is suggested that chugging is initiated when the fuel, oxidizer, and helium temperature and flow rates pass into an unstable region, and that chugging may be terminated by decaying pressures.
Serial distribution of airway diameters from input impedance and computed tomography

Indirect measures of airway diameter such as respiratory system input impedance (Z in) have been widely used to infer or quantify bronchoconstriction, or bronchodilation. One such measure,Z in above 100 Hz has been shown to be primarily influenced by airway geometry and airway walls but not by lung and chest wall tissues. We used a recently developed method based on a complex asymmetrically branched network of tubes with nonrigid walls to analyzeZ in from 100 to 2,000 Hz in control and bronchoconstricted (histamine injection) dogs. The resulting estimates of airway diameters indicated that peripheral airways were constricted far more (≈30% of their control diameters) than central airways (i.e., 0% in the trachea). Separate measurements of changes in airway diameters were made in an excised dog lung using high resolution computed tomography. The observed changes in airway diameter between lung volumes of total lung capacity (TLC) and functional residual capacity (FRC) were quantitatively consistent with those obtained fromZ indata in our control dogs atFRC. We conclude that this systems identification method can be used to estimate the distribution of airway diameters fromZ in.
Mate similarity for substance dependence and antisocial personality disorder symptoms among parents of patients and controls.

Abstract Substance dependence (SD) and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) are highly comorbid and aggregate in families. Mating assortment may be an important process contributing to this familial aggregation. Hypothesis: Symptom counts of substance dependence, antisocial personality disorder, and retrospectively assessed conduct disorder (CD) will be correlated significantly among parents of youth in treatment for substance use and conduct problems and, separately, among parents of community controls. Methods: We examined SD, ASPD, and CD among 151 pairs of parents of adolescents in treatment for substance use and conduct problems, and in 206 pairs of parents of control subjects. Results: For average dependence symptoms (ADS) (the sum of across-drug substance dependence symptoms divided by the number of substance categories meeting minimum threshold use) mother–father correlations were 0.40 for patients and 0.28 for controls. Mother–father correlations for ASPD symptom count were 0.33 for patients and 0.26 for controls and for CD symptom count were 0.31 for patients (all P P =0.14). Conclusions: Spousal correlations for ADS and ASPD, suggest substantial non-random mating. Results support gender differences in homogamy for SD. Behavior genetic studies of these disorders need to account for assortment to avoid biases in estimates of genetic and environmental effects.
Isotopically anomalous xenon in meteorites - A new clue to its origin

The CCF xenon component in primitive meteorites, which has been attributed either to fission of a superheavy element or to nucleosynthesis in a supernova, does not show the large enrichment in Xe-129 (from decay of 16 Myr I-129) expected for supernova ejecta. Although this problem can be circumvented by ad hoc assumptions, a fission origin of CCFXe seems more likely.
Spectroscopic Study of B−Kr Nonbonding Interactions

The fluorescence excitation spectrum of the BKr van der Waals complex in the vicinity of the B atomic 2s2p2 2D ← 2s22p 2P transition is reported. A vibrational progression in this spectrum is assigned to the D2Π ← X2Π1/2 transition, in analogy with BAr. The lifetimes of BKr(D2Π) vibrational levels are considerably smaller than the B(2s2p2 2D) atomic lifetime, indicative of an excited state predissociation. From the observed threshold for B(2s2p2 2D) + Kr continuum excitation, we obtain estimates of the BKr dissociation energies for the ground X2Π1/2 (D0‘‘ = 159.4 ± 1.2 cm-1) and the excited D2Π (D0‘ = 120.6 ± 1.2 cm-1) states. Two weak bands recorded in the same spectral region are tentatively assigned to the E2Σ+ ← X2Π1/2 transition. In the spectral region around the B atomic 2s23s 2S ← 2s22p 2P transition to the lowest Rydberg state, no bands assignable to diatomic BKr are found, in contrast to the BNe and BAr systems. Instead, complicated fluorescence excitation features are observed, and these are bel...
A ninth opinion

A mother relates five months of struggle to obtain a proper diagnostic study for her fifteen-year-old daughter's illness.
Progress toward a new injury severity characterization: severity profiles.

Abstract Presented is a new seven-dimensional injury severity profile. The profile includes three physiologic assessments and four variables which express the number, location, and severity of a patient's injuries in terms of ‘Abbreviated injury scale’ values. The physiologic assessments are coded values for the ‘Glasgow coma scale’, systolic blood pressure, and respiratory rate. Also presented are survival-death predictive values of a cluster model based on survival rates of clusters of profiles of 2569 blunt-injured and penetrating-injured patients. The cluster model has a relative information gain (R) of 0.90. R is a measure of predictive value relative to an infallible predictor. It varies from 0 to 1, the higher the value the better the predictive value. The model had 26 false negatives (deaths predicted to survive) and 35 false positives (survivors predicted to die) giving rise to a false negative rate of 9.3%, a false positive rate of 1.4% and a misclassification rate of 2.4%. The R value and false negative rate are particularly noteworthy, the R value being higher than, and the false negative rate much lower than typical values of 30–40% achieved by TRISS (a combination index based on trauma score, injury severity score and patient age). Also noteworthy is that the clustering was independent of survival/death outcome information and that the good results were achieved even though patient age has not yet been incorporated into the model.
Charge-changing cross sections for H - ions incident on a Na vapor target

Measurements are reported for the total charge-changing cross sections ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{-}0}$ for 1-25-keV ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ions incident on a Na vapor target and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{-}+}$ for 7.5-25-keV ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ions incident on a Na vapor target. The cross section ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{-}0}$ is 4.2 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at 1 keV and falls monotonically to 1.5 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at 25 keV. The cross section ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{-}+}$ is 9 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}18}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at 7.5 keV and rises to 4.0 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}17}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at 25 keV.
Steroids and oxygen solubility

Determinations of oxygen solubility in serum were made utilizing various concentrations of corticosteroids in the serum. Within a certain concentration range dexamethasone and betamethasone caused an increase in oxygen solubility. None of the other steroids tested demonstrated this property.
Selection or drift−isozyme allele frequency changes among channel catfish selected for rapid growth

Abstract Enzyme allele frequencies at 28 loci were determined within nine lines of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus selected for rapid growth and within their respective control lines. Thirteen of the 28 loci were polymorphic. There were differences among lines for frequencies of alternative alleles and for heterozygosity. Related lines had similar biochemical genetic character, but significant differences in allele frequencies were noted between control and select lines in as little as one generation. Lines derived by crossbreeding followed by selection had the least genetic variability. In general, selected lines had lower mean heterozygosity, lower percentages of polymorphic loci, and fewer alleles per locus than control lines. Heterogeneity of Wright's fixation indices, and the observed magnitude of change for allele frequencies compared to that expected from genetic drift, indicated selection for rapid growth caused the differences in enzyme allele frequencies between select and control lines at s...
Psychogenic Elaboration of Simple Partial Seizures

Seizures that cause loss of consciousness (LOC) can be classified as epileptic or nonepileptic based on evaluation of ictal semiology and analysis of changes in EEG events, recorded with continuous scalp EEG and video monitoring. We report 3 patients who had hippocampal electrographic seizures documented with intracranial EEG recording with no accompanying scalp EEG change immediately preceding psychogenic unresponsiveness. Each patient also had complex partial seizures (CPS) originating in the hippocampus. Some individuals can have complex interactions of epileptic and nonepileptic seizures.
The Future of Peer Education: Broadening the Landscape and Assessing the Benefits.

The Editor considers the opportunities presented by peer education for deeper learning, personal development, and strengthening campus community.
Autopsy your dead…and living: a proposal for fisheries science, fisheries management and fisheries

Ghoti papers Ghoti aims to serve as a forum for stimulating and pertinent ideas. Ghoti publishes succinct commentary and opinion that addresses important areas in fish and fisheries science. Ghoti contributions will be innovative and have a perspective that may lead to fresh and productive insight of concepts, issues and research agendas. All Ghoti contributions will be selected by the editors and peer reviewed. Etymology of Ghoti George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950), polymath, playwright, Nobel prize winner, and the most prolific letter writer in history, was an advocate of English spelling reform. He was reportedly fond of pointing out its absurdities by proving that ‘fish’ could be spelt ‘ghoti’. That is: ‘gh’ as in ‘rough’, ‘o’ as in ‘women’ and ‘ti’ as in palatial. Abstract Concerns abound about the state of the world's fisheries, and by association fisheries science and fisheries management. An important question is the cause of the problems with fisheries, which are managed based on advice given by practioners of the discipline of fisheries science. These scientists provide advice in two distinct forms, one ‘policy supporting’ and the other ‘policy forming’. Policy supporting advice is given within an existing management setting and is typically provided only after rigorous and standardized evaluation. In contrast, there is no formal basis for evaluating policy-forming advice. Criteria for evaluating the adequacy of policy forming advice are difficult to define, and the absence of such criteria poses difficulties for both fisheries scientists and managers. Following a medical practice analogy, we propose rigorously conducting ‘autopsies’ of fisheries as an approach for evaluating policy-forming advice. A systematic approach to conducting such autopsies is suggested, with the recognition that this may be crucial for the further development of fisheries science as a scientific discipline rather than as an art form.
Cotrafficking of SV2 and synaptotagmin at the synapse

Synaptic vesicles are specialized cycling endosomes that contain a unique constellation of membrane proteins. Proteins are sorted to vesicles by short amino acid sequences that serve as binding sites for clathrin adaptor proteins. Here we show that a tyrosine-based endocytosis motif in the vesicle protein SV2 is required for trafficking to synaptic vesicles of both SV2 and the calcium sensor protein synaptotagmin. Aberrant neurotransmission in cultured hippocampal neurons lacking SV2 was rescued by expression of wild-type SV2A, but not by SV2A-Y46A, a mutant containing a disrupted endocytosis motif in SV2A's cytoplasmic N terminus. Neurons expressing SV2A-Y46A had significantly more SV2 on the plasma membrane, indicating reduced internalization. A screen for proteins that preferentially bound wild-type SV2A identified multiple endocytosis-related proteins, and in vitro binding studies confirmed binding to the clathrin adaptors AP2, EPS15, and amphiphysin 2/Bin1. Neurons lacking SV2 contained less synaptotagmin and had a higher proportion of synaptotagmin on the plasma membrane. Expression of either wild-type SV2A or SV2A-Y46A restored synaptotagmin expression levels; however, only wild-type SV2A restored a normal proportion of synaptotagmin on the plasma membrane. These findings indicate that SV2 influences the expression and trafficking of synaptotagmin via separate mechanisms. Synaptic vesicles immunoisolated from SV2A/B double knock-out mice had significantly less synaptotagmin than vesicles isolated from wild-type mice. Our results indicate that SV2 plays a major role in regulating the amount of synaptotagmin in synaptic vesicles and provide an explanation for the observation that synapses lacking SV2 have fewer vesicles competent for calcium-induced fusion.
The pictorial superiority effect in recognition memory

To test the hypothesis, recently advanced by Nelson, Reed, and Walling (1976), that pictures are more memorable than words because of a superior sensory rather than conceptual code, concept memory was tested so that stimulus form could be divorced from stimulus meaning. In a recognition memory task, subjects in two experimental conditions were instructed to identify test items as “old” only if they appeared in the opposite form from their study form (i.e., study pictures tested as words and study words tested as pictures), and to identify as “new” previously shown items tested in the same form and completely new items. Memory of old concepts was identical for experimental groups compared to control groups, who were tested with same-form items, and there was no difference between groups instructed prior to study about the changed-form tests and those instructed only prior to test. Thus, changing the rule for identifying old and new items had no effect on recognition memory, nor did providing an opportunity for differential encoding by prior instructions. The present results suggest that concepts represented as pictures are remembered better than concepts represented as words, regardless of how such memory is tested, and thus that the pictorial superiority effect stems from superior meaning codes as well as superior sensory codes.
Numerical investigation of light-scattering spectra of microparticles with complicated shapes and textures

It is well recognized that the spectral characteristics of light scattered from living tissue can provide valuable diagnostic information. In order to address the gap in the understanding of light scattering by complex cellular and tissue structures, we developed analytical and computational methods to characterize light scattering signals from irregular shapes. Recently, we investigated the total-scattering-cross-section (TSCS) spectra of complicated geometries based on the finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) simulations. We found that the TSCS spectra of many inhomogeneous and nonspherical particles can be approximated with those of their best-fitting homogeneous ellipsoidal counterparts, and calculated using a simple formula provided by the equiphase-sphere approximation. Furthermore, we have characterized backscattering spectra of inhomogeneous particles with stochastic distribution of interior refractive index. We have investigated the backscattering signals of a wide range of inhomogeneous micro-particles based on the FDTD method and the Gaussian Random Field model. Our numerical results indicate that, contrary to the TSCS, the backscattering spectrum is sensitive to small structures within a particle, with scales down to tens of nanometers. We also note that the spectroscopic properties of the backscattering signals are directly linked to the coherence length of the interior refractive index distribution, which characterizes the texture of the inhomogeneous particle. The implication of this study is the possibility of using spectroscopic techniques to detect cellular morphological and textural changes within scales several-times smaller than the wavelength.
Construction and Characterization of an Infectious Murine Gammaherpesivrus-68 Bacterial Artificial Chromosome

Here we describe the cloning of a sequenced WUMS isolate of murine gammaherpesvirus-68 (MHV-68, γHV-68, also known as MuHV-4) as a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC). We engineered the insertion of the BAC sequence flanked by loxP sites into the left end of the viral genome before the M1 open reading frame. The infectious viruses were reconstituted following transfection of the MHV-68 BAC DNA into cells. The MHV-68 BAC-derived virus replicated indistinguishably from the wild-type virus in cultured cells. Excision of the BAC insert was efficiently achieved by coexpressing the Cre recombinase. Although the BAC insertion did not significantly affect acute productive infection in the lung, it severely compromised the ability of MHV-68 to establish splenic latency. Removal of the BAC sequence restored the wild-type level of latency. Site-specific mutagenesis was carried out by RecA-mediated recombination to demonstrate that this infectious BAC clone can be used for genetic studies of MHV-68.
Optimal charging of ultracapacitors during regenerative braking

Finding the optimal charging profile of an ultra-capacitor energy storage system during a regenerative braking event is the focus of this paper. After showing that resistive losses can be high during a high power regeneration event, we formulate the charging problem in an optimal control framework with the objective of maximizing the energy recuperated into the ultracapacitor bank while satisfying braking power demands. We employ Pontryagin's maximum principle to understand the necessary conditions the solution should satisfy and use numerical techniques to find such optimal solution(s). The result should provide more insight into the maximum achievable regeneration efficiency with ultracapacitors under different braking conditions and can also aid in sizing an ultracapacitor energy storage system and the associated power electronics device.
Ligand substitution in the halo-bridged diruthenium compound [Ru(CO)3Cl2]2 by 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-4-cyclopenten-1,3-dione (bpcd). Synthesis, spectral properties, and X-ray diffraction structures of cis(CO), trans(Cl)-RuCl2(CO)2 (bpcd) and cis(CO)-RuCl[C(O)Et](CO)2(bpcd)

The reaction between 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-4-cyclopenten-1,3-dione (bpcd) and the chlorobridged diruthenium complex [Ru(CO)3Cl2]2 (1) proceeds readily at room temperature in CH2Cl2 to give the new ruthenium compounds cis(CO),trans(Cl)-RuCl2(CO)2(bpcd) (2) and cis(CO)-RuCl[C(O)Et](CO)2(bpcd) (3) as the major and minor products, respectively. Compound 2 was isolated and fully characterized in solution, and the molecular structure was established by X-ray diffraction analysis. cis(CO),trans(Cl)-RuCl2(CO)2(bpcd) crystallizes in the triclinic space P-1, a = 9.931(5) A, b = 12.093(7) A, c = 13.529(7) A, α = 72.886(9)°, β = 74.739(9)°, γ = 76.851(9)°, V = 1478.2(1) A3, Z = 2, and d calc = 1.556 mg/m3; R = 0.0841, R w = 0.1880 for 4137 reflections with I > 2σ(I). The chlorine atoms in 2 adopt a trans geometry at the octahedral ruthenium center, with the two CO groups exhibiting a cis orientation and trans to the bpcd ligand. cis(CO)–RuCl[C(O)Et](CO)2(bpcd) crystallizes as two independent molecules in the unit cell in the triclinic space P-1, a = 9.941(2) A, b = 14.867(2) A, c = 22.414(3) A, α = 80.257(3)°, β = 84.796(2)°, γ = 75.207(3)°, V = 3152.6(8) A3, Z = 4, and d calc = 1.504 mg/m3; R = 0.0428, R w = 0.0962 for 8242 reflections with I > 2σ(I). The two CO groups are situated cis to each and are opposite to chlorine and phosphine moieties. The production of the minor propionyl compound 3 is discussed with respect to the trace amount of EtOH that is present in the CHCl3 solvent that is used in the preparation of [Ru(CO)3Cl2]2.
Regulation of Private Equity in the U.S. Reveals Deep Problems for Investors

Probably no one is more shocked than the partners in the 3,300 private equity fi rms headquartered in the U.S. to learn that the weak oversight of their activities mandated in the wake of the recent fi nancial crisis may have actual consequences for them. About 1,100 partners in these private equity fi rms serve as the General Partners (GPs) of the PE investment funds their fi rms sponsor. These GPs are advisors to the PE funds and make all decisions about the funds’ investments. Public sector and private pension funds, university endowments, sovereign wealth funds and very wealthy individuals are the Limited Partners (LPs) or investors in the PE funds. They typically commit 98 percent of the capital in a PE fund, with the GPs (i.e. the PE fi rm partners) contributing the remaining two percent. The LPs pay management fees to the GPs for managing the fund and its investments.
Thermal Taylor dispersion in an insulated circular cylinder—II. Applications

Abstract The thermal dispersion theory derived in Part I is here applied to convective heat transfer in an externally insulated tube possessing a finite wall thickness. Expressions are derived for the mean axial thermal propagation velocity U U★ and thermal dispersivity \ ga★ of the composite system for both laminar and turbulent flows. For each, the effect of the nonzero wall thickness is such that U U★ is always less than the average fluid velocity V . In a laminar flow system, \ ga★ can either be larger or smaller than the fluid diffusivity α f , depending upon the thermal properties of the fluid and wall, as well as upon the magnitude of the Peclet number. For turbulent flows, \ ga★ can be either larger or smaller than both α f and the zero wall thickness effective thermal dispersivity, \ ga★ 0 , although now it further depends upon the Prandtl number.
A systematic review of validated methods for identifying patients with rheumatoid arthritis using administrative or claims data.

Abstract Purpose To review the evidence supporting the validity of billing, procedural, or diagnosis code, or pharmacy claim-based algorithms used to identify patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in administrative and claim databases. Methods We searched the MEDLINE database from 1991 to September 2012 using controlled vocabulary and key terms related to RA and reference lists of included studies were searched. Two investigators independently assessed the full text of studies against pre-determined inclusion criteria and extracted the data. Data collected included participant and algorithm characteristics. Results Nine studies reported validation of computer algorithms based on International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes with or without free-text, medication use, laboratory data and the need for a diagnosis by a rheumatologist. These studies yielded positive predictive values (PPV) ranging from 34 to 97% to identify patients with RA. Higher PPVs were obtained with the use of at least two ICD and/or procedure codes (ICD-9 code 714 and others), the requirement of a prescription of a medication used to treat RA, or requirement of participation of a rheumatologist in patient care. For example, the PPV increased from 66 to 97% when the use of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and the presence of a positive rheumatoid factor were required. Conclusions There have been substantial efforts to propose and validate algorithms to identify patients with RA in automated databases. Algorithms that include more than one code and incorporate medications or laboratory data and/or required a diagnosis by a rheumatologist may increase the PPV.
Isolation and growth of human mammary epithelial cells

Techniques for the isolation and culture of human mammary epithelial cells are described. The isolation procedure consists of dissection followed by partial enzymatic digestion with collagenase and hyal-uronidase and subsequent filtration to separate the epithelial clusters from the digested stromal elements. Culture procedures utilizing two different growth media are presented. A serum-free medium, MCDB170, permits long-term growth (45 to 60 population doublings) of a pure epithelial population; a less defined medium, MM, yields fewer population doublings but increased expression of some mammary-specific properties.
Intergranular J/sub c/ determination in toroidal high temperature superconductors using a soft-core closed magnetic circuit

An examination of weak-link coupling between grains has been made using a noncontact magnetic technique. Intergranular J/sub c/(T) measurements for unaligned and grain-aligned sintered YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-x/ (YBC) toroids are reported. Supercurrent is deduced from measurement of the net current encircling the core, and J/sub c/ is found from supercurrent saturation in contrast to onset pickup voltage criteria. Agreement with recently reported direct transport measurements on the aligned sample suggests that the conduction mechanism is the same as for direct transport. A universal normalized J/sub c/(T) behavior which follows the same junction critical current temperature dependence previously reported in bicrystal transport measurements is found. It is proposed that this technique may be extended for the measurement of critical currents in thin-film samples and that present bulk intergranular current densities appear to be high enough to produce a soft-material limited superconducting electromagnet at 77 K.
Property Rights, Taxpayer Rights, and the Multiscalar Attack on the State: Consequences for Regionalism in the United States

Niedt C. and Weir M. Property rights, taxpayer rights, and the multiscalar attack on the state: consequences for regionalism in the United States, Regional Studies. Studies of ‘new regionalism’ often focus on the new actors or goals characteristic of contemporary regional coalitions, at the cost of recognizing how competing social movements might constrain regional policy. This paper considers the recent evolution of the property rights and taxpayer movements in the United States, and how their attacks on state regulatory and tax capacity have affected regional governance. The development and strategic use of ‘scalar repertoires’ and framing strategies has enabled these movements to take advantage of political opportunities at different scales. Regionalists have been slow to build the versatile scalar repertoires needed to respond to these challenges. Niedt C. et Weir M. Les droits de propriete, les droits des contribuables, et l'attaque contre l'Etat de tous cotes: les consequences pour le regionalisme a...
Theory of bipolaron lattices in quasi-one-dimensional conducting polymers.

We present a theory of the bipolaron lattice in the Peierls-distorted system with nondegenerate ground states. First, we obtain an exact solution for the order parameter of a bipolaron lattice in terms of the Weierstrass \ensuremath{\zeta} function for the continuum model of Brazovskii and Kirova. Making use of the exact solution, we determine the complete band structure of a bipolaron lattice. In addition to the conduction and valence bands, we find two bipolaron bands symmetrically located about the middle of the Peierls energy gap. We also calculate the electronic density of states and the energy of formation of a bipolaron lattice as a function of the bipolaron density ${n}_{b}$. The chemical potential of a bipolaron determines the domain of stability of the lattice as a function of the confinement parameter \ensuremath{\gamma}. In the weak-coupling limit (infinite momentum cutoff \ensuremath{\Lambda}) the bipolaron-bipolaron interaction decays as a repulsive exponential while for finite \ensuremath{\Lambda} it decays inversely proportional to the distance and is attractive. This yields the possibility of phase separation in doped quasi-one-dimensional conducting polymers with nondegenerate ground states. For higher dopant concentrations we describe a possible first-order phase transition to a metallic phase consisting of an array of polaronlike distortions from a lattice of charged bipolarons. As well, the optical absorption spectrum of a bipolaron lattice is briefly discussed. Our results apply to cis-polyacetylene as well as to a class of heterocyclic compound polymers, namely, polypyrroles, polythiophenes, and their derivatives. Finally, we make contact with recent experiments which study the evolution of ordered phases during the electrochemical doping of polyparaphenylene by alkali atoms and indicate the possibility of a bipolaron lattice.
A revision of the rat schematic eye.

Abstract Based on measurements of excised eyes and Philipson's (1969) measured index of refraction of the rat lens, a revision of Block's (1969) schematic rat eye was made. The new eye accurately predicts the measured ammetropia of about + 17 diopters (vertex distance = 1.5cm.) as determined by retinoscopy and ophthalmoscopy.
γ2 Chain of Laminin-5 Is Recognized By Monoclonal Antibody GB3

Herlitz junctional epidermolysis bullosa is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by generalized blistering at the lamina lucida of the cutaneous basement membrane. The monoclonal antibody GB3 has been used as a diagnostic probe because of its lack of reactivity in patient skin. The antigen recognized by GB3 has been identified as laminin-5, a glycoprotein consisting of three subunits (α3, beta;3 and γ2). To identify the laminin-5 protein chain that contains the epitope recognized by GB3 and to determine if chain assembly is required for antibody recognition, we expressed a γ2 protein constructed from a full-length γ2 cDNA. Radioimmunoprecipitation of the culture medium from 293 cells revealed that both GB3 and anti-γ2 polyclonal antibodies were capable of directly precipitating recombinant γ2 without coprecipitation of other proteins. In immunodepletion experiments, each antibody removed most of the protein that was reactive with the other antibody. The epitope recognized by GB3 is present only when the complex is in the native conformation because GB3 reacted only with the non-reduced laminin-5, but not the reduced laminin-5 in immunoblots. Moreover, because GB3 reacted with laminin-5 of SCC25 cells (γ2 in the heterotrimer) but not recombinant γ2 in 293 cells (γ2 alone) during indirect immunofluoresence staining, this epitope may be dependent upon a less stable conformation of γ2. We conclude that GB3 recognizes the γ2 chain of laminin-5 and that the epitope is entirely contained in the native form of the γ2 chain.
Isolation of Paracoccus denitrificans cytochrome cd1: Comparative kinetics with other nitrite reductases

Abstract The dissimilatory nitrite reductase of the cytochrome cd 1 type was purified from Paracoccus denitrificans (ATCC 13543) by a novel procedure that avoided conventional ion-exchange techniques. The characterization of this enzyme was extended to include amino acid composition, extinction coefficients, and kinetic properties not previously reported. Cytochromes cd 1 from Alicaligenes faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were also isolated and assayed with electron donor proteins. The enzymes from all three sources were shown to obey the same integrated rate law. Cross-reactivities were measured in which a reduced donor protein from one strain was assayed with cytochrome cd 1 from another strain using nitrite as ultimate acceptor. Donors included c -type cytochromes and azurins. In general, the enzymes showed specificity for a donor from the same strain; interspecies cross-reactions were typically slower on the order of 10-fold than corresponding native rates. Notable exceptions were Paracoccus cytochrome cd 1 , which alone reacted with eukaryotic horse cytochrome c at appreciable rates, and the Pseudomonas cd 1 -Alcaligenes c 554 reaction, which was 4-fold faster than the native Alcaligenes cd 1 -Alcaligenes c 554 reaction. For all three enzymes, competitive kinetics were measured in which the alternative substrates, nitrite and oxygen, competed for enzyme in the same assay. It was found that the competitive kinetics were dominated by nonenzymatic reactions involving an enzyme product, nitric oxide.
Extrapyramidal Side Effects in Patients With Alzheimer's Disease Treated With Low-Dose Neuroleptic Medication

The authors examined whether the presence of extrapyramidal side effects (EPS), measured before neuroleptic treatment was initiated, could be used to predict the development and severity of neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism (NIP) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Twenty-four newly medicated probable AD patients were assessed with a battery of measures of extrapyramidal motor function. Assessments were made before neuroleptic therapy, and 3 and 9 months after treatment. Posttreatment clinical findings revealed that 66.7% of the AD patients developed NIP. Patients who developed NIP exhibited more severe pretreatment bradykinesia on instrument-derived measures. These findings suggest that a substantial proportion of AD patients treated with neuroleptics develop significant EPS and that the risk for EPS can be estimated before intervention by use of instruments measuring motor function.
Immunohistochemical Localization of Carboxypeptidases E and D in the Human Placenta and Umbilical Cord

Carboxypeptidase E (CPE) is highly concentrated in neuroendocrine tissues and is the only carboxypeptidase detected in mature secretory vesicles. Carboxypeptidase D (CPD), a carboxypeptidase with C...
Perceptual illumination components: a new approach to efficient, high quality global illumination rendering

In this paper we introduce a new perceptual metric for efficient, high quality, global illumination rendering. The metric is based on a rendering-by-components framework in which the direct, and indirect diffuse, glossy, and specular light transport paths are separately computed and then composited to produce an image. The metric predicts the perceptual importances of the computationally expensive indirect illumination components with respect to image quality. To develop the metric we conducted a series of psychophysical experiments in which we measured and modeled the perceptual importances of the components. An important property of this new metric is that it predicts component importances from inexpensive estimates of the reflectance properties of a scene, and therefore adds negligible overhead to the rendering process. This perceptual metric should enable the development of an important new class of efficient global-illumination rendering systems that can intelligently allocate limited computational resources, to provide high quality images at interactive rates.
Odd-Particle Systems in the Shell Model Monte Carlo Method: Circumventing a Sign Problem

The shell model Monte Carlo method is a powerful technique to calculate thermal and ground-state properties of strongly correlated finite-size systems. However, its application to odd-particle-number systems has been hampered by the sign problem that originates from the projection on an odd number of particles. We circumvent this sign problem for the ground-state energy by extracting the ground-state energy of the odd-particle-number system from the asymptotic behavior of the imaginary-time single-particle Green's function of the even-particle-number system. We apply this method to calculate pairing gaps of nuclei in the iron region. Our results are in good agreement with experimental pairing gaps.
Discussion of Shernoff's Paper: Sudden Retirement of a Psychotherapist Due to Terminal Illness

This discussion explores the themes of the paper “When a therapist is diagnosed with a terminal illness.” Issues discussed include the meaning of a long term survivor of HIV/AIDS being diagnosed with a terminal cancer, abruptly closing a therapy practice and terminating with patients, and the personal process of coping with death and dying.