cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Band edge emission properties of CdTe

Abstract Near band edge, fluorescent emission in CdTe is described. Longitudinal optical phonon spacing between emission lines is observed at 20°K. Analogous spectra in ZnS, CdS, ZnSe, CdSe and ZnTe show this to be a general rule for II–VI compounds. Emission lines of instrumentally limited width kT were observed in CdTe, ZnTe and ZnSe. In conjunction with similar prior observations in Si, CdS and SiC, one concludes that such narrow line emission must also be of general occurrence near the band edge in semiconducting materials. A preliminary investigation of the dependence of the CdTe spectra on impurity content and conductivity type, and of the influence of temperature on position and relative intensity of emission provides useful correlations to guide further study.
ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF SODIUM-RICH MAJORITE GARNET

The adiabatic elastic moduli of a high-pressure sodium-rich majorite garnet have been measured at ambient conditions using Brillouin spectroscopy. This garnet has the composition, Na1.87Mg1.18Si4.94O12, with sodium and magnesium in eight-fold coordination and silicon in octahedral and tetrahedral coordination. While the adiabatic bulk modulus, Ks = 173.5 GPa, falls within the range of common garnets, the shear modulus, μ = 114.7 GPa, is unusually large; sodium garnet is elastically similar to the low-pressure garnet grossular. The variation of elastic properties for garnets of differing composition within the cubic garnet structure can be expressed as a linear function of the ratio of average cation radii in the eight-fold versus the six-fold site. The cations in the AO8 polyhedra apparently brace the structure by controlling rotational freedom within corner-linked chains of alternating tetrahedra and octahedra.
A seesaw model for intermolecular gating in the kinesin motor protein

Recent structural observations of kinesin-1, the founding member of the kinesin group of motor proteins, have led to substantial gains in our understanding of this molecular machine. Kinesin-1, similar to many kinesin family members, assembles to form homodimers that use alternating ATPase cycles of the catalytic motor domains, or “heads”, to proceed unidirectionally along its partner filament (the microtubule) via a hand-over-hand mechanism. Cryo-electron microscopy has now revealed 8-A resolution, 3D reconstructions of kinesin-1•microtubule complexes for all three of this motor’s principal nucleotide-state intermediates (ADP-bound, no-nucleotide, and ATP analog), the first time filament co-complexes of any cytoskeletal motor have been visualized at this level of detail. These reconstructions comprehensively describe nucleotide-dependent changes in a monomeric head domain at the secondary structure level, and this information has been combined with atomic-resolution crystallography data to synthesize an atomic-level "seesaw" mechanism describing how microtubules activate kinesin’s ATP-sensing machinery. The new structural information revises or replaces key details of earlier models of kinesin’s ATPase cycle that were based principally on crystal structures of free kinesin, and demonstrates that high-resolution characterization of the kinesin–microtubule complex is essential for understanding the structural basis of the cycle. I discuss the broader implications of the seesaw mechanism within the cycle of a fully functional kinesin dimer and show how the seesaw can account for two types of "gating" that keep the ATPase cycles of the two heads out of sync during processive movement.
Counselor, Social Worker, Psychologist: Let's “Ecumenicalize”

This paper examines the possibility of a closer relationship between the school counselor, the school psychologist, and the school social worker. It describes the background of each of the trio, then describes the various functions and the professional education of counselors, psychologists, and social workers. The various steps that might be taken to inaugurate an “ecumenical movement” between the three professional groups are then discussed. School counselors are described as being the logical individuals to take the initial steps in such a proposed movement, and the new functional title suggested for each of the three is “school counseling psychologist.”
Comparison of auditory-vocal interactions across multiple types of vocalizations in marmoset auditory cortex

Auditory-vocal interaction, the modulation of auditory sensory responses during vocal production, is an important but poorly understood neurophysiological phenomenon in nonhuman primates. This sensory-motor processing has important behavioral implications for self-monitoring during vocal production as well as feedback-mediated vocal control for both animals and humans. Previous studies in marmosets have shown that a large portion of neurons in the auditory cortex are suppressed during self-produced vocalization but have primarily focused on a single type of isolation vocalization. The present study expands previous analyses to compare auditory-vocal interaction of cortical responses between different types of vocalizations. We recorded neurons from the auditory cortex of unrestrained marmoset monkeys with implanted electrode arrays and showed that auditory-vocal interactions generalize across vocalization types. We found the following: 1) Vocal suppression and excitation are a general phenomenon, occurring for all four major vocalization types. 2) Within individual neurons, suppression was the more general response, occurring for multiple vocalization types, while excitation tended to be more specific to a single vocalization type. 3) A subset of neurons changed their responses between different types of vocalization, most often from strong suppression or excitation for one vocalization to unresponsive for another, and only rarely from suppression to excitation. 4) Differences in neural responses between vocalization types were weakly correlated with passive response properties, measured by playbacks of acoustic stimuli including recorded vocalizations. These results indicate that vocalization-induced modulation of the auditory cortex is a general phenomenon applicable to all vocalization types, but variations within individual neurons suggest possible vocalization-specific coding.
Conditioning of Langerhans cells induced by a primary CD8 T cell response to self-antigen in vivo.

Using a previously described model of autoimmune skin disease, we addressed the question of how CD8 T cell responsiveness to self-Ag is regulated during chronic inflammation. In this model, CD8 T cells expand and induce tissue pathology directed at an epidermal self-Ag. However, we show here that this primary CD8 T cell response prevented subsequent expansion of a second CD8 T cell population with the same specificity. This lack of T cell accumulation was not due to Ag elimination, nor was it due to competition between the two T cell populations. However, skin-specific dendritic cells that present Ag in this model–Langerhans cells–underwent significant phenotypic changes associated with a compromised ability to stimulate naive T cells. Our study suggests that conditioning of dendritic cells may play a role in maintaining unresponsiveness to self-Ag during chronic inflammation.
THE BIO-LOGIC AND MACHINERY OF PLANT MORPHOGENESIS'

Morphogenesis (the development of organic form) requires signal-trafficking and cross-talking across all levels of organization to coordinate the operation of metabolic and genomic networked systems. Many biologists are currently converging on the pictorial conventions of computer scientists to render biological signaling as logic circuits supervising the operation of one or more signal-activated metabolic or gene networks. This approach can redact and simplify complex morphogenetic phenomena and allows for their aggregation into diagrams of larger, more "global" networked systems. This conceptualization is discussed in terms of how logic circuits and signal-activated subsystems work, and it is illustrated for examples of increasingly more complex morphogenetic phenomena, e.g., auxin-mediated cell expansion, entry into the mitotic cell cycle phases, and polar/lateral intercellular auxin transport. For each of these phenomena, a posited circuit/subsystem diagram draws rapid attention to missing components, either in the logic circuit or in the subsystem it supervises. These components must be identified experimentally if each of these basic phenomena is to be fully understood. Importantly, the power of the circuit/subsystem approach to modeling developmental phenomena resides not in its pictorial appeal but in the mathematical tools that are sufficiently strong to reveal and quantify the synergistics of networked systems and thus foster a better understanding of morphogenesis.
Geropsychiatric nursing: Planning for the future.

A strategic planning format comprised three small group sessions focused on research, education, or practice followed by a large group meeting in which common priority areas were identified. These were to achieve field identity and definition, enhance translational and interdisciplinary research and dissemination, and secure human and organizational resources. Meeting these goals will require effective strategies and fiscal resources to recruit scientists, educators, and clinicians to the field; change attitudes within and outside nursing; and build on previous successes in psychiatric mental health and gerontological nursing. Common strategies to address these priorities spanned three main areas: visibility, communication, and marketing; leveraging the related activities of partner organizations and other entities; and developing leadership.
A Call for a Community of Practice to Assess the Impact of Emerging Technologies on Undergraduate Biology Education

Recent recommendations for educational research encourage empirically tested, theory-based, completely transparent, and broadly applicable studies. In light of these recommendations, we call for a research standard and community of practice in the evaluation of technology use in the undergraduate life science classroom. We outline appropriate research methodology, review and critique the past research on technology usage and, lastly, suggest a new and improved focus for research on emerging technologies.
The Melodramatic Structure of New Age Tourist Desire

This essay explores the relationship between media form and tourist imaginations of Sedona, AZ, USA. In particular, it examines the ways in which a pervasive narrative form – melodrama – maps onto ...
Pervasive Modeling in InP HBT Technology Development

With InP HBT technologies rapidly scaling into the deep submicron regime and the rise of new heterogeneously integrated technologies, the ability to model InP HBTs from device concept to device development and on through to IC production has grown significantly. This work highlights the key modeling challenges for InP HBTs and highlights the critical role modeling plays in the technology development cycle.
Differential estimation of verbal intelligence and performance intelligence scores from combined performance and demographic variables: the OPIE-3 verbal and performance algorithms.

Data from the WAIS-III standardization sample(The Psychological Corporation, 1997)was used to generate VIQ and PIQ estimation formulae using demographic variables and current WAIS-III subtest performances. The sample(n = 2,450)was randomly divided into two groups; the first was used to develop formulas and the second to validate the regression equations. Age, education, ethnicity, gender, region of the country as well as Vocabulary, Matrix Reasoning, and Picture Completion subtests raw scores were used as predictor variables. Prediction formulas were generated using a single verbal and two performance subtest algorithms. The VIQ OPIE-3 model combined Vocabulary raw scores with demographic variables. The PIQ estimation algorithm used Matrix Reasoning and Picture Completion raw scores with demographic variables. The formulas for estimating premorbid VIQ and PIQ were highly significant and accurate in estimation. Differences in estimated VIQ and PIQ scores were evaluated and the OPIE-3 algorithms were found ...
Performance and energy costs associated with scaling infrared heater arrays for warming field plots from 1 to 100 m

To study the likely effects of global warming on open-field vegetation, hexagonal arrays of infrared heaters are currently being used for low-stature (<1 m) plants in small (≤3 m) plots. To address larger ecosystem scales, herein we show that excellent uniformity of the warming can be achieved using nested hexagonal and rectangular arrays. Energy costs depend on the overall efficiency (useable infrared energy on the plot per electrical energy in), which varies with the radiometric efficiency (infrared radiation out per electrical energy in) of the individual heaters and with the geometric efficiency (fraction of thermal radiation that falls on useable plot area) associated with the arrangement of the heaters in an array. Overall efficiency would be about 26% at 4 m s−1 wind speed for a single hexagonal array over a 3-m-diameter plot and 67% for a 199-hexagon honeycomb array over a 100-m-diameter plot, thereby resulting in an economy of scale.
Improved test of the flavor independence of strong interactions

We present an improved comparison of the strong coupling of the gluon to light ${(q}_{l}=u+d+s),$ c, and b quarks, determined from multijet rates in flavor-tagged samples of hadronic ${Z}^{0}$ decays recorded with the SLC Large Detector at the SLAC Linear Collider between 1993 and 1995. Flavor separation among primary ${q}_{l}{q}_{l},$ $c\overline{c},$ and $b\overline{b}$ final states was made on the basis of the reconstructed mass of long-lived heavy-hadron decay vertices, yielding tags with high purity and low bias against \ensuremath{\geqslant} 3-jet final states. We find: ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}^{c}/{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}^{\mathrm{uds}}={1.036\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.043(\mathrm{stat})}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}0.045}^{+0.041}{(\mathrm{syst})}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}0.018}^{+0.020}(\mathrm{theory})$ and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}^{b}/{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}^{\mathrm{uds}}={1.004\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.018(\mathrm{stat})}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}0.031}^{+0.026}{(\mathrm{syst})}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}0.029}^{+0.018}(\mathrm{theory}).$
Liquid and Gas Phase Velocity Measurements for Two Phase Flow in a Branching Microchannel Network

This is a work in progress. The objective of the present work is to develop techniques for assessing velocity deficits in branching microchannel networks. Liquid velocity distributions were acquired using μPIV in gas-liquid flows through the initial branch in a fractal-like branching microchannel flow network. Gas interface velocities were determined along the centerline of the channel. The flow rate of air and water were 0.0016 g/min and 20 g/min, respectively. The primary observed flow regime was elongated bubbles. Experimental liquid velocities well matched the 0.20 m/s superficial liquid velocity. Experimental interface velocities were approximately an order of magnitude higher than the superficial gas velocity of 0.01 m/s. Velocity deficits based on measurements are on the order of 0.065 m/s. Using interfacial velocities at the channel centerline, the trailing edge velocity was observed to be 15% percent faster, on average, than the leading edge velocity. This could be attributed to bubbles expanding into the bifurcation. Twenty percent standard deviations in average interface velocities were attributed to insufficient samples as well as projected to be a consequence of changing shape of the interface between consecutive image pairs. Changes in bubble shape may also be responsible for the observed differences between leading and trailing edge velocities.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Obliged by Grace: Edward Jurji’s Legacy in the History of Religions at Princeton Theological Seminary, 1939–77

A study in the history of the history of religions at Princeton Theological Seminary, the article reflects on the contribution of an under-appreciated figure on the faculty, Edward Jurji, a Syrian ...
Kashmir and Hyderabad

Both India and Pakistan have made long strides toward stability since winning their freedom from British rule in 1947. What are the prospects for stability in the immediate future, and for their exerting a steadying influence throughout Southeast Asia? Despite the disorganization and bitterness that accompanied the partition of India, the two young Dominion Governments have thwarted severe early threats to their internal security and have restrained their respective extremists from precipitating a war on the sub-continent. They have each proceeded with political reorganization of the largest populations extant—since the disintegration of China—in non-Communist Asia. Other Asian nations have tentatively accepted the leadership of India in such international issues as Indonesia. In an Asia hard-pressed to adjust to new conditions, the future roles of India and Pakistan may have critical importance.
Real-world treatment patterns and costs in a US Medicare population with metastatic squamous non-small cell lung cancer.

Abstract Objectives Despite advances in the treatment of nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), therapeutic choices and overall disease course for squamous NSCLC have remained relatively unchanged over the past several years. We provide a detailed account of current treatment patterns, healthcare use, and survival in real-world clinical settings for metastatic squamous NSCLC. Materials and methods Patients aged ≥65 years with metastatic squamous NSCLC diagnosed 2001–2009 were identified and followed through 2010 using the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results-Medicare database. Treatment patterns were descriptively analyzed. Multivariate logistic regressions were estimated to identify predictors of treatment pattern events; generalized linear models were estimated for total all-cause and NSCLC-related costs to assess cost drivers. Results Of 17,133 patients, 72% received cancer-directed therapy (surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or biologic therapy), whereas 28% received only supportive care. Median survival was significantly longer in patients receiving cancer-directed therapy (8 months) than in patients receiving supportive care only (2 months) ( P Conclusions Our study shows that prognosis remains poor for patients with metastatic squamous NSCLC, even among those receiving treatment, but particularly for patients limited to supportive care only, highlighting the continuing unmet medical need in this population. Additionally, our analysis indicates that selections for second-line and third-line chemotherapies are not necessarily consistent with National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines.
The effects of trunk stimulation on bimanual seated workspace

This study explores the effects of functional electrical stimulation (FES) of the lumbar trunk extensors on the seated posture and bimanual workspace of subjects with spinal cord injury (SCI). Four subjects with motor complete SCI with implanted intramuscular stimulating electrodes to activate the lumbar erector spinae were studied. The positions of markers on the pelvis, trunk, and hands were monitored by a motion capture system during bimanual reaching maneuvers. To define three-dimensional functional workspace boundaries, subjects swept their hands through the extremes of their range of motion without losing balance while sitting. To characterize forward reach, subjects reached to targets in the sagittal plane while carrying various masses with and without FES. Reaching trials were rated on the seven-point usability rating scale to determine effort and subject preference and change in pelvic angle with stimulation was monitored. There was a consistent change in the seated posture with FES in all subjects that resulted in significant forward or upward (6.85 cm /spl plusmn/ 2.15 cm) shifts in the workspace. Workspace volumes increased for two of the four subjects tested. FES caused significant anterior rotation of the pelvis to restore a more natural lumbar curve without a backrest (19.81/spl deg/ /spl plusmn/ 8.75/spl deg/). With a backrest, the change in posture with FES allowed individuals with SCI to reach further in the sagittal plane and carry heavier masses by shifting the trunk, allowing increased elbow extension, or a combination of the two mechanisms. Reaching with FES was consistently preferred over reaching without FES. This preliminary study is encouraging for future research on trunk stability and reaching ability with FES.
Evolution of an eldercare technology system to monitor motion and detect falls

Falls are a major cause of injuries in the elderly, and in some cases, these injuries may be fatal. We are developing a system to monitor the elderly and detect falls. We used a novel technique of signal scavenging to detect presence of the person. Aluminum foil sensors on two faux floor, one sized 1m × 1m (3feet × 3feet) and the other 2.3m × 1m (7feet × 3feet) provided a signal when activated by steeping on the foil. The noisy sensor signal was conditioned and converted into digital format, the digital signal was interfaced to a micro-controller and displayed on a PC. Graphical analysis with ROC space and personal experience with utilization of the faux floor system gave us confidence to develop a full size floor, 3.6m × 3.6m (12feet × 12feet). The results obtained on both floor showed a high degree of sensitivity, with low false positive and false negative rates. Observed problems like cross-talk, noise interference and abrupt output behavior of the sensor system were avoided with careful manufacturing of the flooring. With the development of the full floor, we can create a prototype with high reliability, high accuracy to detect motion, and can be used for further research.
Imaging of Cyclosporine Inhibition of P-Glycoprotein Activity Using 11C-Verapamil in the Brain: Studies of Healthy Humans

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) can significantly limit drug transport into the brain in, for example, chemotherapy of brain cancer (1,2). Drug efflux at the BBB is mediated by several transport proteins, of which P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is the most important (3–5). P-gp markedly restricts BBB transport of a broad range of drugs (6,7). Several strategies have been reported to improve delivery of therapeutics to the brain through circumvention of the BBB. One such strategy is the selective inhibition of P-gp, which has been shown in human studies to increase both drug delivery to the brain and therapeutic efficacy (8) of chemotherapeutic drugs. Methods to measure P-gp activity at the human BBB are required to assess this strategy. We have recently developed a method to measure P-gp activity at the human BBB using PET (9). In that study, the distribution of 11C-verapamil, a well-established P-gp substrate, across the BBB was quantitatively monitored by the brain-to-blood ratio of the area under the radioactivity concentration curves (AUCbrain/AUCblood), or the AUCR. In healthy subjects before and after treatment with the P-gp inhibitor cyclosporine A (CsA), brain uptake of 11C-verapamil increased the AUCR by 88%. This analysis did not take into consideration either the presence of verapamil metabolites or the changes in cerebral blood flow produced by CsA. To provide additional insight into the factors that govern the transfer of verapamil across the human BBB over a range of P-gp activity, we examined human 11C-verapamil PET data obtained before and during pharmacologic inhibition of BBB P-gp activity by CsA using compartmental modeling. Reports quantifying verapamil uptake using a variety of methods have recently appeared (10,11). However, these models were developed on the basis of data obtained from verapamil studies without P-gp inhibition, in which transport into brain tissue is quite limited. We and others (10,12–14) have explored both 1-tissue-compartment (1C) models, with exchangeable transfer only, and 2-tissue-compartment (2C) models, which include trapping, in application to human verapamil PET brain data. Here, we apply 1C and 2C models to human 11C-verapamil data and compare other nonmodeling methods of estimating P-gp activity.
Ultrasound detection of guidewire position during central venous catheterization.

Abstract Introduction Ultrasound guidance decreases complications of central venous catheter (CVC) placement, but risks of arterial puncture and inadvertent arterial catheter placement exist. Ultrasound-assisted detection of guidewire position in the internal jugular vein could predict correct catheter position before dilation and catheter placement. Methods Ultrasound examinations were performed in an attempt to identify the guidewire before dilation and catheter insertion in 20 adult patients requiring CVC placement. Central venous pressures were measured after completion of the procedure. Results Guidewires were visible within the lumen of the internal jugular vein in all subjects. Central venous pressures confirmed venous placement of catheters. Ultrasound visualization of the guidewire predicted venous CVC placement with 100% sensitivity (95% confidence interval 80-100%) and 100% specificity (95% confidence interval 80%-100%). Conclusions Ultrasound reliably detects the guidewire during CVC placement and visualization of the wire before dilation and catheter insertion may provide an additional measure of safety during ultrasound-guided CVC placement.
Considerations for High-Performance Concrete Paving: Recommendations from 20 Years of Field Experience in Texas

Presented are recommendations for high-performance concrete paving (HPCP) practice drawn from 20 years of design and monitoring of the performance of continuously reinforced concrete (CRC) pavements in Texas. Performance indicators used were crack spacing distribution, crack width, crack randomness, delamination spalling, and vertical distribution of tensile strength. Variables studied were aggregate type, aggregate blending, placement season, placement time of day, placement above 32°C (90°F), use of crack initiators, use of skewed transverse steel, evaporation rate, percent steel reinforcement, and steel bar diameter. The variables studied are ranked in the order they affected performance, to identify which are significant and can be controlled in the design and construction phases. The focus is on the most recent experimental pavements designed and built specifically to study HPCP in Texas—85 CRC test sections built at eight locations between 1986 and 1995 in the greater Houston area. Each project cons...
Creating Instructional Materials for All Pupils Try COLA

With the increasing diversity of pupils in general education classes, teachers are seeking simple methods to teach all of their pupils while maintaining the integrity of the curriculum. COLA is a mnemonic device to help teachers apply the principles of layout and design when creating instructional materials. Use of the COLA strategy can enhance the ability of all pupils to identify, comprehend, and demonstrate knowledge of critical classroom concepts.
Tracking Internal Auditor Salaries: Information From Twenty-One Years Of Research

This research tracks from 1985 through 2006 salaries and other characteristics of the internal auditing function in the United States. Prior to 1985, the Institute of Internal Auditors, Inc. (IIA) had no formal way of determining salary levels for internal auditors and providing such data for use in field audit offices. A survey instrument was designed to obtain salaries and other job market information. The IIA approved the survey instrument and sent it on a biannual basis to the more than 3000 internal auditing directors who were members of the IIA. This paper provides tables that track mean level audit director salaries, staff level auditor salaries, and auditor salaries in selected industries and regions of the country through 2006. Causes for differences in gender salaries are explored. The paper comments on research findings using the 1990 and 2000 salary data. That research indicates that overall national statistics may distort gender comparisons of salary levels because adequate attention is not usually given to type of organization, size of organization, and level of director experience. Salaries for directors, staff level positions, and within selected industries are tracked against the consumer price index and tables indicate the extent to which the profession has maintained pace. The research indicates that high staff turnover rates combined with more female than male graduates in accounting are currently changing the gender composition of the profession. At the entry staff level in 2006 there were more women than men hired. Despite all of the changes in the profession, a majority of the auditors believe their salary is fair, that they are treated as a valued consultant, and would recommend an internal auditing career.
REALISTIC ECONOMIC BENEFITS FROM BEACH NOURISHMENT

A method is presented and Illustrated with examples to establish appropriate storm damage reduction and recreational benefits from beach nourishment projects. Unlike previous methods, benefits to project adjacent areas are recognized due to sand transport out of the project area and deposition on adjacent beaches. Assuming homogeniety along the shoreline, the character of storm damage reduction and recreational benefit relationships are such that sand transported from a project area and deposited on adjacent beaches always results in an increase rather than a reduction in benefits. A central element in calculating storm damage reduction benefits is the establishment of a proportional damage curve for upland structures as a function of beach width and storm return period. To illustrate the method, limiting cases are presented in which (A) all sediment remains within the area placed, and (B) all sediment spreads out immediately over a long segment of shoreline. Using Monte Carlo simulation to represent the random character of the storms, the method is applied to 15 realistic cases with varying project lengths, representative wave heights, added beach widths and interest rates. The present worth storm damage reduction and recreational benefits are calculated to demonstrate the effects of the various parameters. It is found that for short project lengths and relatively large wave heights, the benefits from project adjacent areas exceed those in the project area where the sand is placed. Although no littoral control structures, such as jetties are included in the present application, the method could be extended readily to include their effects.
Lipid Metabolism and Function in Insects

Publisher Summary One of the fundamental questions concerning the role of lipids in the physiology of the insect concerns the quantity of lipid contained upon, and interior to, the rigid exoskeleton. Lipids are of vital importance to many insects as substrates for embryogenesis, metamorphosis and flight. Although several problems of the function and metabolism of lipid in insects have been unraveled in recent years, this research area remains ripe for invasion by both the entomologist and biochemist. The task of assuring that insects utilize the same metabolic pathways as micro-organisms and vertebrates has not yet been completed. This chapter concentrates on developments within the past ten years but also discusses older literature when applicable to the historical development of the topic. In most cases, sophisticated experiments have been conducted on only a few species of “domesticated” insects and the result cannot be extrapolated to all insects. The multitude of different ecological niches and behavioral characteristics are no doubt reflected in a great number of metabolic variations on perhaps more than one basic theme.
Spinal Deformities in Pediatric Burn Patients.

Abstract Introduction Extensive third-degree burns in pediatric patients can be associated with the development of spinal deformities. Methods Forty pediatric burn patients with scoliosis and one with kyphosis were identified based on a retrospective review of patient records at the Shriners Hospital for Children in Galveston, Texas. Results Average age at time of burn was 7 years 4 months. Average age at follow-up was 11 years 10 months. Twenty-one patients had a thoracolumbar curve, with an average of 20 degrees. Sixteen patients had a thoracic curve, with an average of 16 degrees. Three patients had a lumbar curve, with an average of 9 degrees. Five patients had scoliosis greater than 40 degrees. The kyphosis was 90 degrees. All patients had contractile burn scar on the trunk on the concavity of the curve. Discussion Mild scoliosis curves are common following third-degree burns in the pediatric population, but extensive burns at a young age can cause severe curves. Risk factors include burn scar traversing the entire length of the trunk, young age, greater total body surface area burn, and greater percentage of third-degree burn. Soft tissue procedures and bracing may be used to treat flexible curves. Posterior stabilization may be needed for more severe curves.
Historic Early Endorsement of Community Water Fluoridation

This article discusses the history of implementation of water fluoridation in the United States dating back to the mid-20th century. The author examines the fears surrounding the possible toxicity of fluoride and analyzes the development of regulations by the Environmental Protection Agency regarding appropriate fluoride levels in community water.
Informal trail creation: hiking, trail running, and mountain bicycling in shortgrass prairie

ABSTRACTThis study considers initial impacts on vegetation cover caused by mountain bicycling, trail running, and hiking in a shortgrass prairie environment. Vegetation cover measurements were taken at multiple intervals following experimental recreational use on three uphill and three downhill trail segments. All three activities caused statistically significant increases in bare ground cover between the first baseline measurement and post-treatment sampling one year later. Short-term effects were more variable: walking and bicycling caused statistically significant increases in bare ground, but running did not. The study suggests that impacts to vegetation differ not just between uses, but also within a single type of recreational activity depending upon site-specific characteristics, and that the timing of use and recovery are important factors in informal trail creation. The rapid creation of trail impacts also has management implications, especially as recreational pressures increase and recreationis...
Dive in! Tips for Teaching Economics Through 'Shark Tank'

ABC’s “Shark Tank” fan base is rapidly growing beyond its TV audience. Teachers are beginning to discover its attraction for students and application to the classroom. Assignments and simulations based on the show engage students and make the concepts memorable. We help navigate five seasons of the show by capturing and organizing clips in categories that relate to common economic topics and making suggestions for how they may be used in the classroom. Our project will culminate in an online repository of clips and teaching suggestions.
TO Cultivate Industrial Engineer with China Characteristics

The distinctions and shortages between china enterprises and foreign enterprises are analysed. And the significance of carrying out industrial engineering in china industrial enterprises is provided. Also. it is necessary that our own high quality industrial engineers should be trained.
Study on epidemiological trends and risk factors of hand-foot-mouth disease in Qingpu District,Huai'an City,2009- 2012

Objective To study epidemiological trend and risk factors of hand foot and mouth diseases in Qingpu District,Huai'an City,Jiangsu province,so as to provide scientific evidence for further prevention and control.Methods All cases of HFMD between 2009 and 2010 in Qingpu District,Huai'an City were selected for the analysis of epidemiological trends.Risk factors were analyzed by the single factor and the multi-factor logistic regression.Results The annual average incidence rate of HFMD cases was 197.37 /100 000 during 2009-2012.The HFMD annual average incidence rate in urban population and rural population were 217.19 /100 000 and 174.56 /100 000,respectively(x2= 30.682,P 0.001).The HFMD annual average incidence rate in male and female were 242.15 /100 000 and 152.28 /100 000,respectively(x2= 135.475,P 0.001).Cases concentrated in 1-3 years old children and between April to June.Sucking fingers,contact history with HFMD and guardian with low degree of culture were the risk factors of HFMD.In addition,washing hands before meals can significantly reduce the incidence of HFMD.Conclusions The cases of HFMD is on the rise in Qingpu District,Huai'an City from 2009 to 2012.The high HFMD incidence rate has been a major challenge.Effective measures for HFMD control should be taken.
Spinal intramedullary cavernoma: clinical presentation and surgical outcome.

Object. Improved neuroimaging techniques have led to an increase in the reported cases of intramedullary cavernomas. The purpose of this study was to define the spectrum of presenting signs and symptoms in patients with spinal intramedullary cavernomas and to analyze the role of surgery as a treatment for these lesions. Methods. The authors reviewed the charts of 16 patients who underwent surgery for spinal intramedullary cavernomas. All patients underwent preoperative magnetic resonance imaging studies. Cavernomas represented 14 (5.0%) of 280 intramedullary lesions found in adults and two (1.1%) of 181 intramedullary lesions found in pediatric cases. A posterior laminectomy and surgical resection of the malformation were performed in all 16 patients. Conclusions. Magnetic resonance imaging is virtually diagnostic for spinal cavernoma lesions. Patients with spinal intramedullary cavernomas presented with either an acute onset of neurological compromise or a slowly progressive neurological decline. Acute n...
Confronting Mystery with Method

The Doomed Detective: The Contribution of the Detective Novel to Postmodern American and Italian Fiction. By Stefano Tani. Carbondale: Southern Illinois Univ. Press, 1984. 199 pp. $17.95.
Hepatitis C virus NS5A promotes insulin resistance through IRS-1 serine phosphorylation and increased gluconeogenesis.

Hepatitis C virus NS5A promotes insulin resistance through IRS-1 serine phosphorylation and increased gluconeogenesis
Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy in Morbidly Obese Patients

Management of urolithiasis in morbidly obese patients is usually associated with higher morbidity and mortality compared to nonobese patients. In morbidly obese patients, since the kidney and stone are at a considerable distance from the skin (compared to nonobese patients), difficulty may be encountered in positioning the patient so that the stone is situated at the F2 focal point of the lithotriptor. Using various aids, such as the extended shock pathway and abdominal compression, we treated 81 patients weighing more than 300 pounds using the Medstone STS tubless second generation lithotriptor. The stone-free rate at 3 months or longer was 68%, with another 10% having asymptomatic fragments of 4 mm. or less in diameter. Thus, a clinical stone-free rate of 78% was achieved. The retreatment rate was 11% and the post-lithotripsy secondary procedures rate was 3%. Since these results are comparable to those obtained when treating patients less than 300 pounds, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy can be used successfully to treat urolithiasis in morbidly obese patients.
Guided Lamb wave–based structural health monitoring using a novel wave packet tracing method for damage localization and size quantification

In guided Lamb wave–based structural health monitoring, the interpretation of collected signals is a complex task because of the dispersive and multi-modal characteristics of guided Lamb waves. In this work, a novel wave packet tracing method for damage localization and size quantification is presented. This method involves creating time–space representations of the guided Lamb waves collected at a series of locations with a spatially dense distribution along paths at pre-selected angles with respect to the direction normal to the direction of wave propagation. The fringe patterns due to wave dispersion, which depends on the phase velocity, are selected as the primary features that carry information regarding the wave propagation and scattering. Simulated damage of various sizes, shapes, and locations is analyzed to visually and quantitatively demonstrate the wave packet tracing method.
Managing key polarities in a post-crisis organisational learning initiative

This paper explores how the design and implementation of a management development program addressed tensions arising from common challenges faced by multinational corporations as they reposition themselves for competitive advantage after a global financial crisis. These challenges include pressure to support growth with lean resources in the recovery period beyond a financial crisis, pressure to balance global consistency with local relevance, and pressure to maintain a simultaneous orientation towards performance and growth. How do you create an effective large-scale program with small-scale resources that is globally consistent yet locally relevant, both reflectively introspective yet immediately actionable, and one that maximises impact while minimising cost? These tensions are not problems to be solved but polarities to be managed. Three factors have been identified in the effective management of these polarities including the design team's culture, the program's design and the implementation strategy. Several recommendations are offered for designers of such organisational learning initiatives to consider when faced with similar tensions.
A DNA Crosslinker Collects Mitotic Chromosomes.

Incorporating each set of daughter chromosomes into a single nucleus at the end of mitosis is essential for genome stability. In a recent Cell paper, Samwer et al. (2017) show that by non-covalently crosslinking DNA, BAF promotes chromosome coalescence, preventing nuclear membranes from enwrapping individual chromosomes to form micronuclei.
For Whom Do Parenting Interventions to Prevent Adolescent Substance Use Work

Adolescent substance use continues to be a significant public health problem. Parent training interventions are effective preventive strategies to reduce youth substance use. However, little is known about differences in effectiveness for youth across demographic characteristics. This review assessed the effectiveness of parent training programs at reducing adolescent substance use by participant gender, age, and race/ethnicity. Pubmed/MEDLINE, ERIC, CINAHL, and PsycINFO were searched from database origin to October 31, 2016. We included randomized controlled trials that evaluated parent training interventions; reported youth initiation or use of tobacco, alcohol, or other illicit substances; and included adolescents aged 10 to 19. Two independent reviewers extracted data. Disagreements were resolved by consensus or a third researcher. Data were synthesized using harvest plots stratified by participant demographics. A total of 1806 publications were identified and reviewed; 38 unique studies were included. Risk of bias of included studies was high. No studies targeted male teens or youth in late adolescence. Few studies targeted Asian-American, Black/African-American, or Hispanic/Latino adolescents. Overall, interventions including male and female youth and youth in early adolescence (age 10 to 14 or in 5th to 8th grade) were more beneficial than interventions including female-only or both young and older adolescents. Programs tailored to specific racial/ethnic groups, as well as programs designed for youth from multiple races/ethnic groups, were effective. Current evidence supports the benefits of offering parenting guidance to all families with adolescent children, regardless of the gender, age, or race/ethnicity of the adolescent.
Revisiting the Glorious Revolution: property rights, economic institutions and the developing world

This paper evaluates the merits of new institutional economics (NIE, hereafter) versus the critical institutionalist method. The paper sketches how the Glorious Revolution, a seminal event in British economic and political history, has been analysed by NIE. This paper argues that the NIE analysis, in general, and that of the Glorious Revolution, in particular, shows a considerable amount of theoretical weakness. This paper utilises the critical institutionalist (critical-realism and original institutional economics) method to present a comprehensive institutional analysis of the Glorious Revolution. The paper underscores the changing nature of resource distribution and culture in Britain as key variables. The paper also highlights the role of the Whigs as key agents in bringing about the events associated with the Glorious Revolution.
Resistance to BET Inhibitor Leads to Alternative Therapeutic Vulnerabilities in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer

BRD4 plays a major role in the transcription networks orchestrated by androgen receptor (AR) in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Several BET inhibitors (BETi) that displace BRD4 from chromatin are being evaluated in clinical trials for CRPC. Here, we describe mechanisms of acquired resistance to BETi that are amenable to targeted therapies in CRPC. BETi-resistant CRPC cells displayed cross-resistance to a variety of BETi in the absence of gatekeeper mutations, exhibited reduced chromatin-bound BRD4, and were less sensitive to BRD4 degraders/knockdown, suggesting a BRD4-independent transcription program. Transcriptomic analysis revealed reactivation of AR signaling due to CDK9-mediated phosphorylation of AR, resulting in sensitivity to CDK9 inhibitors and enzalutamide. Additionally, increased DNA damage associated with PRC2-mediated transcriptional silencing of DDR genes was observed, leading to PARP inhibitor sensitivity. Collectively, our results identify the therapeutic limitation of BETi as a monotherapy; however, our BETi resistance data suggest unique opportunities for combination therapies in treating CRPC.
An ultrafast broadband digital signal processing approach to pulse echo measurements

Pulse-Echo (PE) measurements are commonly used to determine the sound velocity in a sample of known length. In PE measurements, the interface between the transducer and buffer rod, and that between the buffer rod and sample, introduces a total phase shift, Φ, to the acoustic wave that must be accounted for if high accuracy in the velocity is desired. The appropriate time correction, τ=Φ/ω, is traditionally determined by measuring the time-of-flight of multiple acoustic waves with different angular frequencies, ω. A single PE measurement can take several minutes, depending on experimental details such as the number of frequencies measured and the amount of signal averaging performed. Several minutes of data acquisition is tolerable for static experiments, but it is too long for many dynamic processes of interest in biology, pulsed magnetic fields, or any other rapidly changing system. This work describes an approach to PE in which a single broadband signal is collected and later processed offline using sta...