cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FTABLE Generation Method Effects on Instream Fecal Bacteria Concentrations Simulated With HSPF1

Abstract: Computer simulation models are used extensively for the development of total maximum daily loads (TMDLs). Specifically, the Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF) is used in Virginia for the development of TMDLs for bacteria impairments. HSPF estimates discharge from a reach using function tables (FTABLES). The FTABLE relates stream stage, surface area, and volume to discharge from a reach. In this study, five FTABLE estimation methods were assessed by comparing their effect on various simulation outputs. Four “field-based” methods used detailed cross-sectional data collected via site surveys. A fifth “digital-based” method used digital elevation data in combination with the Natural Resources Conservation Service Regional Hydraulic Geometry Curves. Sets of FTABLEs created using each method were used in simulations of instream bacteria concentration for a Virginia watershed. Several statistics relating to instream bacteria including long-term average concentration, die-off, and the violation rate of Virginia’s bacteria criterion were compared. The pair-wise Student’s t-test was used for the comparison. The HSPF simulations that used FTABLES estimated from digitally based data consistently produced significantly higher long-term average instream fecal bacteria concentrations, significantly lower instream fecal bacteria die-off, which is related to differences in residence time in the streams, and significantly higher water quality criterion violation rates.
Upregulation of fibronectin and the α5β1 and αvβ3 integrins on blood vessels within the cerebral ischemic penumbra

Following focal cerebral ischemia, blood vessels in the ischemic border, or penumbra, launch an angiogenic response. In light of the critical role for fibronectin in angiogenesis, and the observation that fibronectin and its integrin receptors are strongly upregulated on angiogenic vessels in the hypoxic CNS, the aim of this study was to establish whether angiogenic vessels in the ischemic CNS also show this response. Focal cerebral ischemia was established in C57/Bl6 mice by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCA:O), and brain tissue analyzed 7 days following re-perfusion, a time at which angiogenesis is ongoing. Within the ischemic core, immunofluorescent (IF) studies demonstrated vascular expression of MECA-32, a marker of leaky cerebral vessels, and vascular breakdown, defined by loss of staining for the endothelial marker, CD31, and the vascular adhesion molecules, laminin, dystroglycan and α6 integrin. Within the ischemic penumbra, dual-IF with CD31 and Ki67 revealed the presence of proliferating endothelial cells, indicating ongoing angiogenesis. Significantly, vessels in the ischemic penumbra showed strong upregulation of fibronectin and the fibronectin receptors, α5β1 and αvβ3 integrins. Taken together with our recent finding that the α5β1 integrin plays an important role in promoting cerebral angiogenesis in response to hypoxia, these results suggest that stimulation of the fibronectin-α5β1 integrin signaling pathway may provide a novel approach to amplifying the intrinsic angiogenic response to cerebral ischemia.
Parents' experiences in choosing a health plan for their children with special health care needs.

To investigate the information sources, and the perceived helpfulness of each source, that parents used when choosing a health plan for their children with special health care needs (CSHCN) and to determine how parents’ perceptions varied by their sociodemographic characteristics and their children’s enrollment status (newly versus previously enrolled). In Florida, a cross sectional study was carried out using 2007 telephone survey data from 500 parents. Sixty-three percent of parents used at least one information source to choose a health plan for their CSHCN. More parents used the Help Line, yet more parents found it to be the least helpful resource. Multivariate analyses suggest that Hispanic parents were 79% more likely and parents of prior enrollees were 1.2 times less likely to use one of the four information sources versus their referent groups. African American parents were 85% more likely and parents residing in Broward County were 55% less likely to indicate that the process was easy versus their referent groups. Hispanic parents were 77% more likely, African American parents were 67% more likely and college graduates were 59% less likely to report that the information they received was adequate versus their referent groups. The results did not highlight one source of information as more useful and helpful. Race and ethnicity seemed to have the most systematic effect on the parents’ experiences in choosing a health plan for their CSHCN, highlighting the need for further research to ensure that information is appropriate across subgroups.
The sporting nature of science.

There are some intriguing analogies that can be drawn between sports and science. Both are very competitive and require a set of skills that take time to learn, practice, and master. Both involve some degree of experimentation and risk-taking by both the coach and the players. In science as in sports, the battle can be exhausting. But the wins make it easy to forget the often intellectual and physical exhaustion required in the effort.
Transistor voltage regulator

THIS paper describes a transistor voltage regulator circuit which takes advantage of the high voltage gain and low emitter resistance exhibited by the junction transistor. Emphasis is on a regulator circuit using a single transistor.
The importance of reviewing pathology specimens before Mohs surgery.

BACKGROUND The review of outside biopsy slides before performing surgery is the standard of care in many surgical specialties. Previous studies have shown high discrepancy rates between the original and second-opinion diagnoses. The frequency with which this practice changes the diagnosis and management of patients undergoing Mohs surgery is undocumented in the literature. It is standard practice at our institution to review all outside biopsy slides before Mohs surgery. OBJECTIVE To investigate how often review of outside biopsies by an internal dermatopathologist changes patients' initial referral diagnosis and subsequent management. METHODS & MATERIALS This is a retrospective review of all patients referred to Mohs surgery from January 2003 through March 2007. The number of cases in which the diagnosis changed and how this change affected management were recorded. RESULTS Seventy-four of 3,345 (2.2%) cases were identified in which the diagnosis changed after review of the biopsy slides. Management was affected in the majority (61%) of cases. Board-certified dermatopathologists originally read nearly half of the biopsies. CONCLUSION Review of outside biopsy slides before surgery can change the diagnosis in a large proportion of patients, with a resulting change in management. This quality-assurance practice may improve patient care.
Tissue Carbon Incorporation Rates and Diet-to-Tissue Discrimination in Ectotherms: Tortoises Are Really Slow

AbstractUnderstanding carbon incorporation rates and diet-to-tissue discrimination (Δ13Ctissue-diet) in animals is necessary to interpret stable isotope data collected from animals in the field. Our current understanding of the carbon dynamics in terrestrial ectotherms such as snakes, lizards, and turtles is poorly developed. Here we use a diet switch experiment to estimate carbon incorporation rates and diet-to-tissue discrimination factors in growing desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii). Average carbon retention times for red blood cells (RBCs) and plasma were and days, respectively. Tissue carbon incorporation rates were affected by both growth and metabolism, with growth accounting for 50% of the carbon turnover in RBCs and 13% of carbon turnover in plasma. At equilibrium, scute keratin () and plasma () showed enriched discrimination values (Δ13C) compared to the test diet, but RBC Δ13C values were indistinguishable from diet (). We also found that new keratin continued to contribute significant mate...
THE ANTIGENICITY OF PARAMYOSIN.

Abstract Paramyosin from the mollusc Venus mercenaria is a very good antigen in the rabbit: it elicits an average of 300 to 1200 μg antibody nitrogen per ml of serum. The paramyosin molecule contains at least 30 antigenic sites of which 13 are very strong determinants, 10 are fairly strong determinants, and 7 are weak determinants. Arguments based on the lack of cross-reactivity among the antibody-antigen systems of paramyosin and various synthetic polypeptides suggest that the antigenic sites on paramyosin are composed entirely of amino acids arranged in the α-helical conformation.
Effect of Puromycin on Insulin-stimulated Amino-acid Transport in Muscle

INSULIN stimulates both the transport1,2 of amino-acids and their incorporation3 into protein in skeletal muscle. Previous attempts to associate these two effects have failed4–7. That is, inhibition of new protein synthesis by puromycin did not impair the stimulatory effect of insulin on amino-acid transport. It was therefore concluded that the stimulation of amino-acid transport by insulin did not depend on the synthesis of new protein. Recent studies have shown that the transport of neutral amino-acids in embryonic bone8, foetal calvarium (G. A. Finerman, S. J. Downing and L. E. Rosenberg, unpublished results), diaphragm9 and kidney cortex10 was impaired by puromycin or cycloheximide when 2 h of incubation8 or preincubation9,10 with these antibiotics preceded the uptake study. Because previous experiments with insulin and puromycin in diaphragm muscle did not measure amino-acid uptake after such intervals of preincubation with puromycin, we carried out experiments to reinvestigate the effect of prolonged inhibition of protein synthesis on the stimulation by insulin of amino-acid transport in muscle.
Membrane changes in a single photoreceptor cause associative learning in Hermissenda

Single type B photoreceptors in intact, restrained Hermissenda were impaled with a microelectrode and exposed to either paired or unpaired presentations of light and depolarizing current to simulate natural stimulus effects during conditioning with light and rotation. Paired, but not unpaired, stimulus presentations produced cumulative depolarization and increased input resistance in type B cells. These membrane changes are similar to those observed after pairings of light and rotation are administered to either intact animals or isolated nervous systems or when light is paired with electrical stimulation of the vestibular system in isolated nervous systems. One and two days after treatment, pairing- and light-specific suppression of phototactic behavior was observed in recovered animals. These findings indicate that the membrane changes of type B cells produced by pairing light with current injections cause acquisition of the learned behavior.
Happiness: Exploring relationship with information and place in information science research and education

Research in information seeking behavior has looked at the way a person goes about looking for information when faced with a need for information. However, the relationship between happiness and information and how this information impacts happiness is often left out of the picture. Also, higher education in the field has not explored happiness as a learning outcome even though research has shown that a person can learn and practice to be happy. This paper discusses the concepts of information and happiness. Though a listing of my 7 commandments in life, a preliminary attempt will be made to highlight the possible inter-relationships between happiness and information. This is a step in the direction to try and find synergies between information and happiness. Also, the possible role of happiness in Information Science research and in Information Science education will be discussed. By recognizing happiness as a construct and taking up the teaching and learning of happiness, we should be able to bring about transformative learning.
Restoration of correct splicing in thalassemic pre-mRNA by antisense oligonucleotides.

Abstract Antisense 2'-O-methylribooligonucleotides were targeted against specific sequence elements in mutated human beta-globin pre-mRNAs to restore correct splicing of these RNAs in vitro. The following mutations of the beta-globin gene, A-->G at nt 110 of the first intron (beta 110), T-->G at nt 705 and C-->T at nt 654 of the second intron (IVS2(705) and IVS2(654), respectively), which led to aberrant splicing of the corresponding pre-mRNAs, were previously identified as the underlying causes of beta-thalassemia. Aberrant splicing of beta 110 pre-mRNA was efficiently reversed by an oligonucleotide targeted against the branch point sequence in the first intron of the pre-mRNA but not by an oligonucleotide targeted against the aberrant 3' splice site. In both IVS2(705) and IVS2(654) pre-mRNAs, correct splicing was restored by oligonucleotides targeted against the aberrant 5' splice sites created by the mutations in the second intron or against a cryptic 3' splice site located upstream and activated in the mutated background. These experiments represent an approach in which antisense oligonucleotides are used to restore the function of a defective gene and not, as usual, to down-regulate the expression of an undesirable gene.
Segmentation of the Cerebellar Peduncles Using a Random Forest Classifier and a Multi-object Geometric Deformable Model: Application to Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 6

The cerebellar peduncles, comprising the superior cerebellar peduncles (SCPs), the middle cerebellar peduncle (MCP), and the inferior cerebellar peduncles (ICPs), are white matter tracts that connect the cerebellum to other parts of the central nervous system. Methods for automatic segmentation and quantification of the cerebellar peduncles are needed for objectively and efficiently studying their structure and function. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) provides key information to support this goal, but it remains challenging because the tensors change dramatically in the decussation of the SCPs (dSCP), the region where the SCPs cross. This paper presents an automatic method for segmenting the cerebellar peduncles, including the dSCP. The method uses volumetric segmentation concepts based on extracted DTI features. The dSCP and noncrossing portions of the peduncles are modeled as separate objects, and are initially classified using a random forest classifier together with the DTI features. To obtain geometrically correct results, a multi-object geometric deformable model is used to refine the random forest classification. The method was evaluated using a leave-one-out cross-validation on five control subjects and four patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6). It was then used to evaluate group differences in the peduncles in a population of 32 controls and 11 SCA6 patients. In the SCA6 group, we have observed significant decreases in the volumes of the dSCP and the ICPs and significant increases in the mean diffusivity in the noncrossing SCPs, the MCP, and the ICPs. These results are consistent with a degeneration of the cerebellar peduncles in SCA6 patients.
The Battle of Calicheamicin γ

The first total synthesis of calicheamicin γ was achieved approximately a year ago. In this article, the author presents a personal account of the events, in chronological order, that led to this success story in total synthesis.
Role of the C2 domain of factor VIIIa in the assembly of factor-X activating complex on the platelet membrane.

Optimal rates of factor X (FX) activation require binding of factor IXa (FIXa), factor VIII(a) [FVIII(a)], and FX to activated platelet receptors. To define the FVIIIa domains that mediate platelet interactions, albumin density gradient washed, gel-filtered platelets (3.5 × 108/mL) activated by the thrombin receptor peptide, SFLLRN (25 μM), were incubated with 125I-labeled FVIII C2 domain, or 125I-FVIIIa, or 125I-FVIII(LC), or peptides from the C2 domain region, with or without anti-C2 domain monoclonal antibodies (MoAb), ESH4 or ESH8. FVIIIa (Kd ∼ 1.7 nM), FVIII(LC) (Kd ∼ 3 nM), and the C2 domain (Kd ∼ 16 nM) all interacted with ∼700−800 binding sites/platelet. Unlike FVIIIa, the C2 domain did not respond to the presence of excess EGR−FIXa (45 nM) and FX (1.5 μM) with enhanced binding stoichiometry and affinity. Both the MoAb ESH4 and a synthetic peptide corresponding to FVIII residues 2303−2332 (epitope for FVIII MoAb, ESH4) inhibited FVIIIa binding to platelets, whereas MoAb ESH8 and a C2 domain peptid...
The role of personal experience in the neural processing of action-related language

We investigated how auditory language processing is modified by a listener's previous experience with the specific activities mentioned in the speech. In particular, we asked whether neural responses related to language processing depend on one's experience with the action-based content of this language. Ice-hockey players and novices passively listened to sentences about ice-hockey and everyday situations during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). When listening to action-related sentences, neural activation in left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and left dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) depended on one's actual (physical) experience with the action described in the sentence: hockey experts showed greater activity in these regions than novices for hockey sentences, but not for everyday-action sentences. Thus, personal experience with linguistic content modulated activity both in regions associated with language comprehension (IFG) and in those related to complex action planning (PMd). Moreover, hockey experts (who have extensive experience with both hockey and everyday situations) showed greater activity in left IFG regions for hockey relative to everyday sentences. This suggests that the degree to which one finds information personally relevant (i.e., over and above one's direct experience with it) also modulates processing in brain regions related to semantic-level processing.
Is there circannual variation of human platelet 5-HT2A binding in depression?

Abstract Background : Seasonal variations in onset of mood disorders and in serotonergic function are reported, but their relationship is unclear. Methods : Circannual variation in platelet 5-HT 2A binding was measured in 68 healthy subjects and 121 patients with a major depressive episode. In 73 patients the current episode began during Spring or Fall. Results : Significant, but different, circannual variations were found in patients compared with controls. Controls had two peaks of B max , one in Spring and another in Fall. Fall and Winter K D was 41% lower compared with Spring and Summer K D . Patients had a peak of B max in early Spring and a lesser one in late Fall. B max during Spring and Fall was 12% higher compared with Winter and Summer. K D was higher during October through February compared with the rest of the year. B max in patients was higher compared with controls in March. The opposite difference was observed in September–December. These differences from controls were mostly due to patients with an onset of the current major depressive episode during Spring or Fall. Conclusions : Patients with a major depressive episode differed from controls in circannual variation of platelet 5-HT 2A binding. This may reflect a vulnerability to seasonal effects in patients with mood disorders.
Neurobehavioral outcome of children's mild traumatic brain injury

Brain damage is underestimated as a public health and personal problem. The common belief in a good prognosis for childhood brain damage is unsubstantiated. It is based on lack of rigorous study and examiner satisfaction with a low response level. Occult brain trauma plagues victims into maturity. Above a rather low threshold of injury (even without focal neurologic findings), cognitive, personality, and adaptive dysfunctions are common and impairing. Child abuse signals were described. Brain lesions impair both matured functions and those expressed later. Dysfunctions were discussed for these neurobehavioral systems: consciousness, attention and tonic motor level; sensorimotor and body schema; neurophysiologic; cerebral personality; intelligence; memory; language; information processing; posttraumatic stress and mood; identity and insight; adaptivity in the community. Outcome evolves from complex pathologic, neurologic, anatomic, and personality parameters, the postinjury interval and child's age, the maturity and developmental trajectory of the function, social support, and emotional reaction to impairment. Assessment should study the entire range of functions, utilizing records, collaterals, observation, and qualitative and psychometric measurement. Complex, challenging, and ecologically relevant tasks are appropriate. There are several patterns of outcome: immediate permanent deficits; improvement through compensatory mechanisms, but with subclinical deficits; and initial progress with delayed expression (premature plateau of cognitive and personality maturity; physiologic developmental deficits). Confirmation of mild TBI may require several years of observation to determine late dysfunctions and deviation from preinjury or postinjury performance or expected level of development. Language: en
Critical Volume Fraction: Second Model

With respect to the report I co-authored with S. F. Ackley and V. I. Lytle, “The percolation phase transition in sea ice” (18 Dec. 1998, p. [2238][1]), I would like to thank Jay Janzen for making me aware of his work on the critical volume fraction ϕc for conduction in a compressed powder of large polymer particles and much smaller metal particles. Had I been aware of two of his papers ([1][2], [2][3]) (which were not mentioned in some subsequent reviews of this field), I most certainly would have referenced them. In addition, I would have given in my footnote 23 his form of the approximate formula for ϕc, along with R. P. Kusy's ([3][4]). Upon reading Janzen's papers, I found them more theoretically appealing than Kusy's approach, although, as remarked in the abstract of Janzen's 1980 Journal of Applied Physics paper ([2][3]), the two models yield quantitative results that are “practically equivalent.” I find that both approaches shed significant light on the problem. 1. [↵][5]1. J. Janzen , J. Appl. Phys 46, 966 (1975). [OpenUrl][6][CrossRef][7] 2. [↵][8]1. J. Janzen , ibid 51, 2279 (1980). [OpenUrl][9] 3. [↵][10]1. R. P. Kusy , ibid 48, 5301 (1977). [OpenUrl][11] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.282.5397.2238 [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #ref-2 [4]: #ref-3 [5]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [6]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJ.%2BAppl.%2BPhys%26rft.volume%253D46%26rft.spage%253D966%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1063%252F1.321629%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [7]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1063/1.321629&link_type=DOI [8]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2 in text" [9]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253Dibid%26rft.volume%253D51%26rft.spage%253D2279%26rft.atitle%253DIBID%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [10]: #xref-ref-3-1 "View reference 3 in text" [11]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253Dibid%26rft.volume%253D48%26rft.spage%253D5301%26rft.atitle%253DIBID%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx
Electrode supported solid oxide fuel cells: Electrolyte films prepared by DC magnetron sputtering

Abstract An electrode supported fuel cell concept with DC magnetron sputtered electrolyte films on the fuel electrode has been demonstrated. NiO/yttria-zirconia substrates with porosity up to 32% were used for depositing thin films (5–16 μm) of yttria stabilised zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte. By controlling film deposition parameters and surface porosity of the substrate, and by careful annealing of deposited films, highly dense and impervious films of YSZ have been produced. The annealed electrolyte films as well as cross-sections of half cells before and after reduction of NiO in hydrogen atmosphere have been carefully characterised by scanning electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction studies indicate the presence of a single cubic phase in the annealed film. The conductivity has been measured by impedance spectroscopy. Complete fuel cells have been prepared and evaluated in the temperature range of 700–800 °C. Their current-voltage characteristics have been determined with a current interruption technique. Early results on small cells have shown power densities in the vicinity of 600 mW cm −2 for air/H 2 (2–3% H 2 O) at 800 °C, 440 mW cm −2 at 750 °C and 210 mW cm −2 at 700 °C. The preparation of dense and impervious electrolyte films on 50 mm × 50 mm anode supports has been successfully demonstrated.
Validity of the Postrotary Nystagmus Test for Measuring Vestibular Function

This study examined the validity of the Postrotary Nystagmus (PRN) test as a measure of vestibular functioning by examining the relations of scores from the PRN test with those from other variables measuring similar functions and through conducting a group comparison study. The PRN test is one of 17 tests included in the Sensory Integration and Praxis Tests (SIPT). Using SIPT scores from 575 children, sensory motor performance among children with depressed, average duration, and prolonged nystagmus was compared. The results indicated that children with low-duration postrotary nystagmus scored more poorly than children with average or prolonged postrotary nystagmus on other SIPT tests measuring aspects of vestibular function. Statistically significant, although weak correlation, coefficients were also obtained, demonstrating low-duration postrotary nystagmus may be associated with sensory motor deficits. The results of this study contribute to evidence supporting the PRN test's validity as a measure of som...
Effect of exogenous lipids on membrane-bound ceramide glycosyltransferases of rat brain.

Abstract Rat brain microsomal UDP-galactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase was stimulated 5-to 8-fold when a mixture of bovine spinal cord lipid was added to the assay system. The optimal stimulation was obtained with 1 mg/tube of the lipid mixture. When the equivalent amount of lipid was added in a membrane-bound form, it was ineffective. Rat brain UDP-glucose:ceramide glucosyltransferase showed qualitatively similar but quantitatively less prominent responses to the added lipids. Among the individual lipids tested, ethanolamine phospholipid from bovine brain, at 1 mg/tube, gave the most effective stimulation of the galactosyltransferase. Synthetic dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine, however, was ineffective. On the other hand, phosphatidylcholine from bovine brain stimulated the activity of the glucosyltransferase most effectively. Some lipids, particularly unsaturated fatty acids, were inhibitory to these glycosyltransferases. Activities of microsomal UDP-galactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase from 20- to 35-day old rat brains were stimulated more effectively by exogenous ethanolamine phospholipid than those from other developmental stages. This resulted in a shift of the maximum activity of the enzyme during development from 18 days without added ethanolamine phospholipid to 26 days with exogenous ethanolamine phospholipid. While the precise mechanism of the stimulation by exogenous lipid is difficult to assess because of the crude nature of the enzyme source, these observed phenomena might suggest a potential role of lipids in in vivo regulation of these membrane-bound synthetic enzymes.
Control of the Dark Rice Field Mosquito with FLIT® MLO

Small-plot and outfield tests were conducted to determine the amount required and best method of FLIT® MLO application to control Psorophora confinnis (Lynch-Arribalzaga) in Louisiana. Larval mortality was determined 24 hours following application. At the 0.5 gal/acre rate, the spray and pour-on applications of the material caused 97% mortality to first-stage larvae, while the drip-bucket and capsule applications effected 94 and 90% mortality, respectively. In small-plot tests, the film caused 96% or greater larval mortality at the 2.0 gal/acre rate regardless of the method of application. Spray and capsule application of the material at 0.5 gal/acre resulted in 99% larval mortality in the outfield tests, while 1.0 gal/acre rates were necessary to achieve the same degree of control with the drip-bucket and pour-on methods. The yields of rice in 1968 and 1969 for each method and rate of application indicated that no reduction occurred through use of the surface film. FLIT MLO was not detected in rice grain or straw from plots which had been sprayed with 2.0 gal/acre. An LC50 of 0.34 gal/acre equivalent and an LC90 of 0.53 gal/acre equivalent were determined for P. confinnis pupae.
The Polls: U.S. Military Intervention

IN LIGHT of recent events in Lebanon, El Salvador, and the Falklands, not to mention Poland, Afghanistan, and Iran, it seems appropriate to take a look at American attitudes toward military intervention. Senator John Tower, Chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee, remarked at the commencement exercises at the U.S. Military Academy last May that the American people are traditionally antimilitaristic (New York Times, May 27, 1981), yet the United States has been involved in a number of wars and other types of military interventions since World War II. A look at some long-term trends in attitudes toward the use of American troops should shed some light on this seeming ambiguity of American foreign reiations. It is clear that since World War II the American public has not been isolationist. When asked if it would be best for the country to take an active part in world affairs or to stay out, Americans have consistently favored taking an active part (Table 1). But in the minds of many Americans, taking an active part in world affairs does not necessarily mean using American troops abroad. In February 1979, CBS News/New York Times asked the question in general terms: "Aside from an attack on the United States, is there any other situation when you might approve sending American troops to fight overseas?" Of the respondents offering an opinion, 69 percent said there was no other such situation. When asked about more specific hypothetical situations that might justify the use of American troops, the American public tends to reject such an option. The Roper Organization has asked a number of such hypothetical questions (Table 2) and in most instances respondents oppose the use of troops, the most prominent exceptions being if Soviet troops invaded Western Europe and if the Soviet Union attacked West Berlin.' Furthermore, even in
Advances in High-Pulse Energy Excimer Laser and Applications

Pulsed excimer lasers offer a unique combination of high pulse energy and short pulse duration in the UV wavelengths. These characteristics combine to provide an exceptional photonics tool for the commercialization of novel applications such as pulsed laser deposition in thin-film manufacturing, LTPS annealing in FPD, surface hardening in automotive, and direct patterning in advanced packaging markets.
Massenspektrometrie und ihre Anwendung auf strukturelle und stereochemische Probleme. CCXXVI. Wasserabspaltung durch Elektronenstoß von 3-Hydroxy-5β-cholanen

3-Hydroxysteroide der 5β-Reihe spalten auffallend leicht Wasser ab, insbesondere die 3α-Alko-hole. Durch Deuterierung der 9α-Position im 5β-Cholan-3α-ol ergab sich, das die Hydroxyl-gruppe bei der Dehydratisierung nach Umklappen des Ringes A in die Bootform das Deuterium abstrahiert. Fur das entsprechende [9α-D1]-5β-Cholan-3β-ol mus ein anderer Mechanismus wirksam sein, da hier nur H2O eliminiert wird. Der Abstand der Hydroxylgruppe zu einem aktivierten Wasserstoff scheint ganz allgemein fur das Ausmas der Wasserabspaltung masgebend zu sein. Die Konformation spielt bei der Reaktion von Ionen offenbar eine ahnliche Rolle wie bei Umsetzungen von Molekulen in Losung. The Electron Impact Induced Elimination of Water from 3-Hydroxy-5β-steroids 3-Hydroxysteroids of the 5β-series eliminate water very readily, in particular the 3α-alcohols. Deuteriation of 5β-cholan-3α-ol at C-9 proved that the hydroxyl group abstracts the deuterium in the course of the dehydration, after ring A has changed to the boat conformation. A different mechanism must operate in the corresponding decomposition of [9α-D1]-5β-cholan-3β-ol, because only H2O is ejected. In general, the spatial distance of the hydroxyl group to an activated hydrogen seems to govern the extent of the water elimination. At least in this instance, the ring conformation has the same importance in reactions of radical ions in the gas phase as it has in reactions of molecules in solution.
Time-dependent toxicity of dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene to Hyalella azteca.

Temporal effects on body residues of dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) associated with mortality in the freshwater amphipod Hyalella azteca were evaluated. Toxicokinetics and body residues were determined from water-only exposures that varied from 4 to 28 d, and DDE concentrations ranging from 0.0013 to 0.045 μmol L−1. Uptake and elimination parameters were not affected significantly by the various temporal and concentration treatments. Uptake rate coefficients ranged from 134.3 to 586.7 ml g−1 h−1, and elimination rate coefficients ranged from 0.0011 to 0.0249 h−1. Toxicity metric values included body residue for 50% mortality at a fixed sample time (LR50) and mean lethal residue to produce 50% mortality from individual exposure concentrations (MLR50) for live organisms and dead organisms. A twofold increase occurred in the MLR50 values calculated using live organisms compared to MLR50 values using dead organisms. Toxicity and kinetic data were fit to a damage assessment model that allows for the time course for toxicokinetics and damage repair, demonstrating the time-dependence of body residues to toxicity. The DDE appeared to act through a nonpolar narcosis mode of action for both acute and chronic mortality in H. azteca. Furthermore, the temporal trend in the toxic response using body residue as the dose metric is steep and found to be similar to another chlorinated hydrocarbon, pentachlorobenzene, but was more potent than that found for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
A Fearsome Trap: The will to know, the obligation to confess, and the Freudian subject of desire

The author examines the relation between Michel Foucault's corpus and Freudian psychoanalysis. He argues that Foucault had a complex and changing relationship to psychoanalysis for two primary reasons: his own psychopathology, personal experience, and expressed desire, and due to an ineluctable contradiction at the heart of psychoanalysis itself. The author examines the history of Foucault's personal and scholarly interest in psychology and psychiatry, tracing the emergence, development, and shift in his thought and work. He then argues that Foucault's critique of psychoanalysis can be extended to the constitution of the Western educated subject, and that Foucault ultimately resolved his personal dilemma in relation to psychoanalysis by rejecting the ‘will to knowledge’ and refusing the notion of a stable and fixed identity.
Pushing the limits of targeted therapy in chronic myeloid leukaemia

Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy targeting the BCR-ABL1 kinase is effective against chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), but is not curative for most patients. Minimal residual disease (MRD) is thought to reside in TKI-insensitive leukaemia stem cells (LSCs) that are not fully addicted to BCR-ABL1. Recent conceptual advances in both CML biology and therapeutic intervention have increased the potential for the elimination of CML cells, including LSCs, through simultaneous inhibition of BCR-ABL1 and other newly identified, crucial targets.
Observation of superparamagnetism in rf-sputtered films of zinc ferrite

Abstract Structural and magnetic properties of rf-sputtered zinc ferrite, ZnFe2O4, have been studied in using X-ray diffraction, susceptibility, and high-field magnetization measurement techniques. Films prepared by radio-frequency sputtering in argon, oxygen or mixed argon-oxygen atmospheres contain a microcrystallilne phase, most likely nonstoichiometric wustite FezO. Argon-sputtered samples show spin freezing below 60 K. For samples deposited in pure or partial oxygen atmospheres, data on temperature and field dependence of susceptibility and magnetization provide strong evidence for a superparamagnetic character. Anomalous variations are observed in the ferromagnetic resonance line with at temperatures close to the spin freezing temperature. Ferrimagnetically ordered clusters are suggested to cause the superparamagnetic behavior.
Network traffic anomaly detection based on growing hierarchical SOM

Network anomaly detection aims to detect patterns in a given network traffic data that do not conform to an established normal behavior. Distinguishing different anomaly patterns from large amount of data can be a challenge, let alone visualizing them in a comparative perspective. Recently, the unsupervised learning method such as the K-means [3], self-organizing map (SOM) [2], and growing hierarchical self-organizing map (GHSOM) [1] have been shown to be able to facilitate network anomaly detection [4][5]. However, there is no study addressing both mining and detecting task. This study leverages the advantage of GHSOM to analyze the network traffic data and visualize the distribution of attack patterns with hierarchical relationship. In the mining stage, the geometric distances between each pattern and its descriptive information are revealed in the topological space. The density and the sample size of each node can help to detect anomalous network traffic. In the detecting stage, this study extends the traditional GHSOM and uses the support vector machine (SVM) [6] to classify network traffic data into the predefined categories. The proposed approach achieves (1) help understand the behaviors of anomalous network traffic data (2) provide effective classification rule to facilitate network anomaly detection and (3) accumulate network anomaly detection knowledge for both mining and detecting purpose. The public dataset and the private dataset are used to evaluate the proposed approach. The expected result is to confirm that the proposed approach can help understand network traffic data, and the detecting mechanism is effective for identifying anomalous behavior.
Long-term consequences of child abuse and neglect on adult economic well-being

Child abuse and neglect represent major threats to child health and well-being; however, little is known about consequences for adult economic outcomes. Using a prospective cohort design, court substantiated cases of childhood physical and sexual abuse and neglect during 1967-1971 were matched with nonabused and nonneglected children and followed into adulthood (mean age 41). Outcome measures of economic status and productivity were assessed in 2003-2004 (N 1/4 807). Results indicate that adults with documented histories of childhood abuse and/or neglect have lower levels of education, employment, earnings, and fewer assets as adults, compared to matched control children. There is a 14% gap between individuals with histories of abuse/neglect and controls in the probability of employment in middle age, controlling for background characteristics. Maltreatment appears to affect men and women differently, with larger effects for women than men. These new findings demonstrate that abused and neglected children experience large and enduring economic consequences.
RNA Polymerase I: A Multifunctional Molecular Machine

In this issue, Kuhn et al. (2007) report the complete structure of the 14-subunit yeast RNA polymerase (Pol) I enzyme at 12 A resolution using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). Their study reveals that three subunits of Pol I perform functions in transcription elongation that are outsourced to the transcription factors TFIIF and TFIIS in the analogous Pol II transcription system.
Cloud Activity on Mars Near the Equinox: Comparison of the 1937 and 1969 Oppositions

Four classes of manifestations of cloud activity observed in 1937 and 1969 near the autumn equinox of the northern hemisphere (165° < L s < 192°) are discussed: (1) formation of the north polar haze cap, (2) unusual cloud systems on the disk, (3) recurrent or persistent cloud activity at the sunset limb, (4) clouds seen in projection above the sunrise terminator.
The secondary positive reinforcing properties of the cue in “automated” discriminated escape conditioning

Two albino rats were given extensive discriminated escape training where a leverpress on a VR-5 schedule produced an auditory SD, in the presence of which a pigeon key response terminated a light and brief shock. Following leverpress extinction, Ss received either the SD or a neutral SN on a VI-5 schedule, but no escapes. Each of the four tests involving SD for each S showed greater R reacquisition than for SN tests, demonstrating that the SD functioned as a secondary positive reinforcer.
Learning and Memory: Considerations for Toxicology

The goal of this article is to outline a strategy for assessing chemical-induced dysfunction of learning and memory in laboratory animals. Toward that end, several questions are raised, including if tests of learning and memory should be included in a primary screening effort, what considerations should guide the selection of particular test methods, and experimental designs. Examples are provided demonstrating that tests of learning and memory can be simple and cost-effective, yet still provide meaningful data on the specificity of effects and on the neural mechanisms involved in chemically induced neurotoxicity.
Electrodeposited Cu2ZnSnSe4 thin film solar cell with 7% power conversion efficiency

High performance Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe) photovoltaic materials were synthesized by electrodeposition of metal stack precursors followed by selenization. A champion solar cell with 7.0% efficiency is demonstrated. This is the highest efficiency among all of the CZTSe solar cells prepared from electrodeposited metallic precursors reported to-date. Device parameters are discussed from the perspective of material microstructure and composition in order to improve performance. In addition, a high performance electrodeposited CZTS (S only) solar cell was demonstrated and its device characteristics were compared against the CZTSe (Se only) cell. Using secondary ion mass spectrometry for the analysis of the chemical composition of the absorber layer, a higher concentration of oxygen in the electrodeposited absorber is thought to be the root cause of the lower performance of the electrodeposited CZTS or CZTSe solar cells with respect to a solar cell fabricated by evaporation. The grain boundary areas of Sn-rich composition are thought to be responsible for the lower shunt resistance commonly observed in CZTSe devices. We measured the longest minority carrier lifetime of 18 ns among all reported kesterite devices. This work builds a good baseline for obtaining higher efficiency earth-abundant solar cells, while it highlights electrodepositon as a low cost and feasible method for earth-abundant thin film solar cell fabrication. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sex rights for the disabled

The public discourse surrounding sex and severe disability over the past 40 years has largely focused on protecting vulnerable populations from abuse. However, health professionals and activists are increasingly recognising the inherent sexuality of disabled persons and attempting to find ways to accommodate their intimacy needs. This essay explores several ethical issues arising from such efforts.
Linking metapopulation structure to elk population management in Idaho: a genetic approach

Wildlife managers are challenged to manage spatially structured populations efficiently and effectively, therefore dispersal and gene flow are vital to understand and manage, particularly for a harvested species. We used a genetic approach to describe the metapopulation structure of Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) in Idaho to assess past patterns of population distribution and influences of harvest. We used elk tissue and DNA samples (n ¼ 216) to examine genetic dissimilarity between 7 regions and 9 elk management zones throughout Idaho using microsatellite loci (n ¼ 11). Using 5 approaches, including pairwise FST-values, assignment tests, and a Bayesian model–based clustering of genotypes, we examined the distribution of genetic variation. The distribution of genetic variation between elk populations indicated low levels of genetic differentiation among regions (expected heterozygosity [HE] ¼ 0.55–0.61, overall FST ¼ 0.011) and elk management zones (HE ¼ 0.54–0.60, overall FST ¼ 0.017). Assignment tests and migration rates indicated directional gene flow between elk populations. A patchy metapopulation best describes the distribution of genetic variation among Idaho elk populations because likely enough individual interchange occurs between geographically separated populations. The elk populations we sampled could be part of a geographically larger patchy metapopulation potentially stretching from Yellowstone National Park through Idaho into western Canada. Because of historical translocations of elk from Yellowstone National Park, insufficient time may have passed to detect differences in genetic variation. Subtle differences in the distribution of genetic variation were observed in 2 of the 9 elk management zones within 2 different regions of the state. Our findings indicate management of Idaho elk populations and dispersal are maintaining sufficient gene flow. Metapopulation structure of a harvested species based on the distribution of genetic variation is an indicator of potential genetic consequences of harvesting and sustainable harvest levels.
The Molecule Pages database

The UCSD-Nature Signaling Gateway Molecule Pages (http://www.signaling-gateway.org/molecule) provides essential information on more than 3800 mammalian proteins involved in cellular signaling. The Molecule Pages contain expert-authored and peer-reviewed information based on the published literature, complemented by regularly updated information derived from public data source references and sequence analysis. The expert-authored data includes both a full-text review about the molecule, with citations, and highly structured data for bioinformatics interrogation, including information on protein interactions and states, transitions between states and protein function. The expert-authored pages are anonymously peer reviewed by the Nature Publishing Group. The Molecule Pages data is present in an object-relational database format and is freely accessible to the authors, the reviewers and the public from a web browser that serves as a presentation layer. The Molecule Pages are supported by several applications that along with the database and the interfaces form a multi-tier architecture. The Molecule Pages and the Signaling Gateway are routinely accessed by a very large research community.