cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TRAUMATIC INJURY OF THE CERVICOTHORACIC TRACHEA AND MAJOR BRONCHI

Interstate highways and crowded urban areas have become the "battlefields" of the 1990s. The weapons are motor vehicles, handguns, and knives. This article relates the historical perspective, diagnosis, and management of traumatic injury to the cervicothoracic trachea and major bronchi. The etiologic factors are explained in depth. Examples of the current management of cervicothoracic tracheal injuries, including resection, primary repair, and the use of autogenous tissue to buttress or wrap the repair, are explained and illustrated.
Data-Driven Worked Examples Improve Retention and Completion in a Logic Tutor

Research shows that expert-crafted worked examples can have a positive effect on student performance. To investigate the potential for data-driven worked examples to achieve similar results, we generated worked examples for the Deep Thought logic tutor, and conducted an experiment to assess their impact on performance. Students who received data-driven worked examples were much more likely to complete the tutor, and completed the tutor in less time. This study demonstrates that worked examples, automatically generated from student data, can be used to improve student learning in tutoring systems.
Effect of treatment with growth hormone on somatostatin in the median eminence of hypophysectomized rats.

SummaryTreatment of rats with growth hormone partially prevented depletion of somatostatin from the median eminence when therapy was begun immediately following hypophysectomy, and partially restored somatostatin when treatment was initiated after a prolonged posthypophysec-tomy interval. These observations suggest that growth hormone tends to increase the store of somatostatin in the median eminence.
Structure, magnetization and Mössbauer study of nanostructured Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 ferrite powders

Nanostructured ferrites possess more advantages than the conventional ferrite materials and have been a research focus recently. In this work, a series of nanostructured Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 were synthesized by a citrate reaction method followed by calcining at various temperatures with the goal of obtaining pure phase Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticle while keeping the size small. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, SQUID magnetometry and Mossbauer spectroscopy (ME) have been employed to characterize the crystal structure, phase homogeneity, particle size, the conditions for reaction completion, and the magnetic properties. The results show that the saturation magnetization Ms at both 10K and 300K increase with increasing calcination temperature T ca, but particle size also increases with T ca. Three factors, the incomplete reaction for ferrite phase formation, the surface effect and superparamagnetic behavior, are found to be responsible for low Ms values at lower T ca. Based on a detailed analysis of nanostructure and magnetic properties in ferrites, the optimal conditions for synthesizing nanostructured Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 have been established.
Substance Ontology Cannot Determine the Moral Status of Embryos

Assigning the appropriate moral status to different stages of human development is an urgent problem in bioethics. Many philosophers have attempted to assess developmental events using strict ontological principles to determine when a developing entity becomes essentially human. This approach is not consistent with recent findings in reproductive and stem cell biology, including the discovery of the plasticity of early embryonic development and the advent of induced pluripotent stem cells. Substance ontology should therefore not be used to determine the moral status of the embryo.
Modeling the Impact of CAFOs on Nitrate Contamination in the Middle Trinity Aquifer of Central Texas

Elevated levels of nitrate, well in excess of drinking water standards, occur in the Middle Trinity aquifer underlying Central Texas. Agricultural businesses such as Concentrated Animal Feed Operations (CAFOs) are common in this region; improper management of waste, particularly manure, at these sites has resulted in the impairment of water resources by nutrients such as nitrogen. While several studies have investigated the impact of such chemicals released from CAFOs on the Bosque River, there have been limited attempts to characterize the vulnerability of the Middle Trinity aquifer, a major source of drinking water to the largely rural community. In this study, we have evaluated the risk of groundwater nitrate contamination via logistic regression techniques coupled with a GIS framework. Model inputs included hydrogeologic, geographic, land-use and climate data compiled from a variety of local and state sources. A unique aspect of this study is the development of a feature that captures the potential migration pathways from CAFOs by considering the gradient of the water table, proximity of CAFOs to drinking-water wells, and permitted waste application-rates at CAFOs. A logistic regression model for predicting nitrate contamination based on this feature demonstrated a statistically significant relationship (p < 10 -11 ), and the area under the ROC curve was 0.77. Future models will incorporate additional hydrogeologic variables such as depth to water table, soil properties, and annual rainfall. The results of this study highlight the need for promoting best management practices (BMPs) to minimize the impact of nutrients from CAFOs on natural ecosystems and human health.
Clock tree analysis and synthesis considering process parameters and variability

Clock distribution is vital to all synchronous integrated circuits; a poor clock distribution network can result in limited speed, high power consumption, and non-functional circuits. As process dimensions continue to scale, clock distribution faces ever increasing numbers of clock sinks and increased uncertainty in physical and electrical parameters that can significantly limit the yield of manufactured chips. This thesis examines clock tree analysis and synthesis in the presence of process parameters and variation by introducing concepts in statistical analysis, clock tree routing, and clock tree buffer/wire tuning. The efficient statistical analysis techniques developed enable optimization to route and tune variation-aware clock trees. A discretized algorithm for robust clock routing is presented that considers nominally unequal metal layers in addition to metal variations. Then, after the routes are buffered for slew reliability, the buffers and wires are tuned to minimize skew and increase robustness with optional power constraints using heuristics in both the deterministic and statistical timing domain. A novel sensitivity-matching algorithm is presented that allows clock tree skews to be correlated with data-path sensitivies to ameliorate sensitivity to variation. The result from the contributions in this thesis is improved robustness of clock trees in the presence of process variation. Our methods of routing, deterministic tuning, and statistical tuning showed improvements of 32.4%, 24.1%, and 16.3%, respectively, in terms of expected clock skew over traditional algorithms.
277 RACIAL/ETHNIC DISPARITIES IN PEDIATRIC ASTHMA ADMISSION SEVERITY AND HOSPITAL UTILIZATION.

Background Asthma is an ambulatory care-sensitive condition, one in which hospital admission can be avoided with adequate preventive medical care. Black and Hispanic children have less access to preventive care than nonminorities. Objective To examine inpatient pediatric admission severity, hospital utilization, and mortality for evidence of racial/ethnic disparities. Methods Data from the 2000 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids Inpatient Database (HCUP KID), a national inpatient sample, were used to examine hospital admissions for children 0-18 yrs admitted with a primary discharge diagnosis of asthma. Admission severity is defined as emergent or nonemergent. Hospital utilization is defined by length of stay (LOS) and total charges. Mortality is defined as inpatient mortality. Race/ethnicity is defined as white, black, Hispanic, and other. LOS and total charge are reported as means. Bivariable associations between race/ethnicity were assessed using chi-square tests and simple linear regression for categorical and continuous variables, respectively. The analysis accounted for complex sample design. Results Asthma accounted for 5.8% of all pediatric non-newborn admissions in 2000. Black children were more likely to be admitted emergently than white children (64% vs 44%; p Conclusions Racial/ethnic disparities exist for pediatric asthma admissions. Minority children are admitted emergently more often and have increased hospital utilization per admission as compared to white children. These differences are potentially a result of different access to medical care.
Youth Advocacy in SNAs: Challenges for Addressing Health Disparities

Social networking applications (SNAs) have been touted as promising platforms for activism: they provide a platform by which voices can be heard and collective action mobilized. Yet, little work has studied the suitability of existing SNAs for enabling youth advocacy efforts. We conducted an intensive 5-week qualitative study with 10th graders to understand how existing SNAs support and inhibit youth advocacy. We contribute to the field of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) by explicating several themes regarding the barriers youth face when using SNAs for advocacy, features in existing SNAs that are not suitable for youth advocacy, and the peer pressure youth perceive when advocating for serious issues in these environments. We conclude with recommendations for how existing SNA features could be reformed to better support youth advocacy.
Three-Dimensional Endoanal Ultrasonography in Anal Fistulas

The configuration of perianal sepsis and the relationship of abscesses or fistulae with internal and external sphincters are the most important factors influencing the results of surgical management. In this chapter, the accuracy and reliability of three-dimensional endoanal ultrasonography in the preoperative identification of all loculate purulent areas, and definition of the anatomy of the primary fistulous tract, secondary extensions, and the internal opening will be discussed. Ultrasound evaluation plays an important role in adequate planning of the operative approach, in order to ensure complete drainage of abscesses, prevent early recurrence after surgical treatment, and minimize iatrogenic damage of sphincters and the risk of minor or major degrees of incontinence.
Improving communication for persons with dementia

Older adults with hearing loss and dementia may be particularly at risk for further cognitive and functional decline due to the combined effects of hearing loss and dementia on communication and social engagement. Further, the presence of hearing loss can exacerbate and magnify dementia symptoms, making the disease stage appear more severe than the person’s true cognitive function. Importantly, behaviors commonly assessed for guiding dementia care–including, depression, agitation, anxiety, apathy, and irritability–may be lessened by improved communication. The purpose of this project is to provide simple hearing intervention services in a group care environment to overcome some of the communication barriers as well as access to treatment issues faced by older adults with dementia and their families. By integrating services into an interdisciplinary, comprehensive health program, this project aims improve communication for at risk adults attending a Day Health Center for social engagement opportunities. Developing and implementing an affordable and accessible intervention that improves the listening environment, staff awareness, and use of amplification devices among individuals with dementia in group care settings provides a low-risk, low-cost, non-pharmacological treatment that may improve social engagement and reduce dementia-related behavioral symptoms.
Mathematical modelling of membrane gas separation using the finite difference method

Abstract Membrane gas separation has been recognized as the main technology that is used in chemical engineering for hydrogen recovery, air separation, natural gas sweetening, helium recovery, natural gas dehydration, and so on. Membrane-based gas separation processes have great potential for these industrial applications because of their environmental friendliness, energy efficiency and ease of scale up. Mathematical modelling of the membrane-based gas separation process can be useful to predict the performance of such separation processes. An improved mathematical model has been implemented in this research for the separation of a binary gas mixture using a membrane separator. The finite difference method (FDM) is applied to predict the membrane gas separation behaviour. The method is helpful as it involves the least effort and computational time because algebraic equations are used instead of differential equations. Different configurations, such as single stage and double stage, are used in this study. The results of the FDM simulation are compared with the simulation results of the model and the experimental data of several membrane systems.
Triangular Voltage Sweep (TVS) characterisation for Through-Silicon-Via (TSV) reliability

We demonstrate the use of TVS for reliability characterization of TSV. TVS complements conventional methods of dielectric reliability characterization such as VBD and TDDB. TVS is used to study copper diffusion out of the TSV and the impact of TSV process on neighboring devices.
Hippocampal Mismatch Signals Are Modulated by the Strength of Neural Predictions and Their Similarity to Outcomes.

The hippocampus is thought to compare predicted events with current perceptual input, generating a mismatch signal when predictions are violated. However, most prior studies have only inferred when predictions occur without directly measuring them. Moreover, an important but unresolved question is whether hippocampal mismatch signals are modulated by the degree to which predictions differ from outcomes. Here we conducted a human fMRI study in which subjects repeatedly studied various word-picture pairs, learning to predict particular pictures (outcomes) from the words (cues). Following initial learning, a subset of cues were paired with a novel, unexpected outcome whereas other cues continued to predict the same outcome. Critically, when outcomes changed, the new outcome was either ‘near’ to the predicted outcome (same visual category as the predicted picture) or ‘far’ from the predicted outcome (different visual category). Using multi-voxel pattern analysis, we indexed cue-evoked reactivation (prediction) within neocortical areas and related these trial-by-trial measures of prediction strength to univariate hippocampal responses to the outcomes. We found that prediction strength positively modulated hippocampal responses to unexpected outcomes, particularly when unexpected outcomes were close–but not identical–to the prediction. Hippocampal responses to unexpected outcomes were also associated with a tradeoff in performance during a subsequent memory test: relatively faster retrieval of new (updated) associations but relatively slower retrieval of the original (older) associations. Together, these results indicate that hippocampal mismatch signals reflect a comparison between active predictions and current outcomes and that these signals are most robust when predictions are similar, but not identical, to outcomes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Although the hippocampus is widely thought to signal ‘mismatches’ between memory-based predictions and out- comes, previous research has not directly linked hippocampal mismatch signals to neural measures of prediction strength. Here, we show that hippocampal mismatch signals increase as a function of the strength of predictions in neocortical regions. This increase in hippocampal mismatch signals was particularly robust when outcomes were similar, but not identical, to predictions. These results indicate that hippocampal mismatch signals are driven by both the active generation of predictions as well as the similarity between predictions and outcomes.
Plasma microRNAs: Novel markers of cardiotoxicity in children undergoing anthracycline chemotherapy.

10083 Background: Early detection of anthracycline cardiotoxicity may allow cardioprotective intervention(s) prior to irreversible damage. microRNA (miRNA) modulation in anthracycline cardiotoxicit...
Effect of Sitting Posture on Thoracic Configuration and Changes in Volume of Hemithoraces

Background: Poor posture is detrimental to breathing. Our purpose was to investigate the effect of upright and hunchbacked sitting on thoracic configuration and changes in the volume of the thorax during quiet and volitional deep breathing.Methods: The participants were 11 healthy men with a mean age of 21.6 years, mean body mass of 59.8 kg, mean height of 169.7 cm and a body mass index of 20.7 kg/m2. Eighty-four reflective markers were placed on the trunk. Three-dimensional motion analysis measured the volume within the hemithoraces. To calculate upper and lower thoracic volumes, six imaginary hexahedra were visualized using four reflective markers for each on both aspects of the thorax. Each hexahedron was divided into three imaginary triangular pyramids to calculate positional vectors. Finally, the volume for the hexahedra and triangular pyramids was calculated. Upper thoracic volume encompassed a space from the sternal notch to a midpoint on the ventral aspect of the third rib and the lower thoracic volume from the xiphoid process to the midpoint on tenth rib’s dorsal aspect.Results: In hunchbacked sitting during quiet breathing the left lower hemithorax yielded a significantly larger volume (p=0.003), and both breathing patterns during inspiration and expiration yielded a significantly greater change in thoracic configuration (p=0.01, p=0.016).Conclusion: Findings suggested that, in a hunchbacked sitting, there was decreased thoracic asymmetry with re-establishment of thoracic vertebral alignment, consequently stabilizing the sitting position, but breathing was suppressed and tidal volume decreased. Physiotherapy should aim at ensuring correction of hunchbacked posture and maintenance of thoracic symmetry.
RESPIRATORY SENSATION AND RESPIRATORY MUSCLE ACTIVITY

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on respiratory sensation and respiratory muscle activity. In the study described in the chapter, magnitude scaling methods were used to compare, in a group of normal subjects, the sensations produced by ventilatory elastic and resistive loading. In keeping with the psychophysical power law, the relationships between the physical magnitude of the load and the subjective intensity of the sensation were linear when plotted on log-log coordinates. The exponent for the magnitude estimation of elastic loads in the normal subjects was 1.02 ± SE 0.06 while the exponent for the estimation of resistive loads was 0.71 ± 0.05. The exponents for the estimation of elastic and resistive ventilatory loads were closely correlated, suggesting a common basis for the sensation produced by the two types of loads. However, the perceptual acuity for elastic loads was greater than that for resistive loads; a twofold change in elastic load produced the equivalent change in sensation as a 2.7-fold change in resistive load. This difference in perceptual sensitivity was consistent with the observations that the maximum tolerable resistive load greatly exceeds the maximum elastic load and may in part explain the finding that hypercapnic ventilatory responses are better maintained during elastic loading than resistive loading.
Towards an Expert Multivariable Controller

Abstract Multivariable control techniques have not been as widely adopted in process plants as their developers had hoped and expected. This can be attributed to the dependency on an accurate process model and their inability to handle effectively abnormal conditions. To safeguard against such shortcomings an Expert Multivariable Controller (EMC) is proposed to make the control of multivariable processes as effective and fail-safe as possible. It diagnoses process malfunctions and makes appropriate structural changes to the controller structure, control algorithms and control parameters in order to achieve as tight control of the process as possible. The expert controller uses plant-independent control systems knowledge and plan dependent knowledge. A preliminary version of this controller is demonstrated in the control of a batch PVC polymerization reactor.
Hierarchical Overlapping Coordination for Large Scale Systems

Abstract The basic hierarchical overlapping coordination method is briefly reviewed. Three generalizations to this method with respect to convergence, problem formulation, and multiple objectives are presented. It is explained how a potential convergence problem in the basic scheme can be overcome by additional optimizations with respect to some interaction variables. In the problem formulation extension, the different decompositions are allowed to have different variables. Classical hierarchical methods are used for the overlapping coordination scheme resulting in a three-level structure. The single-objective hierarchical overlapping scheme is extended to multiple objectives using the Surrogate Worth Trade-off (SWT) method. Overlapping coordination and the Dantzig-Wolfe algorithm are compared. A simple example is used to articulate the respective attributes. Finally, the concept of hierarchical holographic modeling, obtained as an extension of the concept of hierarchical overlapping coordination, is presented with some preliminary mathematical results and illuminating examples.
Reaching out to the Diaspora: The Liberian State’s Formulation of a Diaspora Engagement Policy

Over the past three decades, Liberia has experienced numerous power and policy shifts that have impacted Liberians living in the USA. After 2005, the democratically elected government in Liberia began actively encouraging the involvement of the diaspora in the Truth and Reconciliation Commission process and as financiers of the rebuilding effort. Even as the 2014 Ebola epidemic crippled the nation, Liberia pursued significant initiatives aimed at engaging the diaspora. This chapter examines migration and diaspora engagement policy from the Liberian side, detailing the Liberian state’s role in creating a transnational space and a transnational citizen identity for Liberians in the diaspora.
Do characteristics of marijuana use correspond to overall health levels for medical marijuana patients

The current study assesses how characteristics of medical marijuana use are related to general health status and past year change in health. An analytic sample of 312 patients were recruited from 16 medical marijuana dispensaries across Los Angeles, California. Patients completed a short intercept survey and a longer patient survey. Surveys asked information about health, marijuana use behaviors, preferred ways to use marijuana, marijuana recommendation, and sociodemographic information. Data were analyzed using hierarchical linear modeling of patients nested within dispensaries. For general health status, patients who smoke marijuana, have more medical conditions for which they received their medical marijuana recommendation, and use marijuana more times per day report lower levels of general health. The number of days using marijuana per month was related to worse health in the past year. Medical marijuana use does not appear to improve overall health status according to the results presented here, but is limited by the cross-sectional nature of the study. As the legalization of medical marijuana use continues to grow across the United States, identifying how marijuana is related to health will allow physicians to better determine who may benefit from its use.
Unspoken barriers to change in the medical learning environment

Dear SirThe Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) Graduation Questionnaire (GQ) asks graduating medical students to anonymously evaluate their learning environments. Medical schools use s...
Teachers’ adaptations to and orientations towards an adolescent literacy curriculum

This study examines teacher implementation of an adolescent literacy curriculum designed as an intervention for students reading two years below grade level. Specifically, this work focuses on the ...
Moments, Binomial Moments and Combinatorics

The relation of Bonferroni-type inequalities to combinatorial problems is demonstrated. An urn model in this setting leads to a statistical paradox as well as to an open problem concerning a statistical test of goodness of fit. An extension of Bonferroni-type inequalities to quadratic inequalities is discussed, which are then applied to the analysis of the structure of pairwisely independent events and of exchangeable events.
Status and Ceramics in Spanish Colonial Archaeology

Archaeologists have long used ceramics, especially majolica, as a key indicator of status in the Spanish colonial Americas. In actuality, archaeological evidence for the relationship between status and ceramics varies greatly. Requisitions and invoices (memorias and facturas) from two presidio settlements in Alta California provide valuable information about pricing of ceramic goods and the terminology that colonial officials used to describe them. Analysis of these documents suggests that ceramics were peripheral to Spanish colonial negotiations of status and rank. Some ceramics commonly assumed to indicate high status, such as majolica, are among the least expensive wares shipped to the province. Vessel function appears to have been more important to colonial officials than the ware types or decorative types emphasized by archaeologists. While the findings of this study are specific to Alta California, these results suggest that a broader re-examination of archaeological interpretations of Spanish colonial ceramics may be in order.
Biophysical Mechanisms for the Metabolic Component of Impaired Heart Function

This chapter explores metabolic basis of cardiac decompensation through maladaptative changes in metabolic enzyme expression that leads to dysregulation of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. The consequences of this metabolic dysregulation are examined in detail with respect to inefficiencies in energy production in the myocardium that contribute to the energy starved heart and dysregulation of lipid metabolism that contributes to the potential for lipotoxicity. The initial section considers the link between early metabolic changes and early manifestations of impaired contractility in the decompensating, myopathic heart. Changes in the metabolic fate of the primary fuel for ATP in the heart, long chain fatty acids, occur in the decompensated and failing heart at the level of gene expression. As discussed below, long chain fatty acid oxidation and storage are both impaired in failing hearts, leading to a general dysregulation of lipid dynamics in the cardiomyocyte that contributes to the energy starved condition of the heart. The consequential metabolic adaptations in the cardiomyocyte invoke changes in the cytosolic and mitochondrial metabolism of not only lipids but also carbohydrates, as glucose is inefficiently metabolized for the production ATP. With changes in glycolytic activity and the reduction/oxidation state in the cytosolic space, transport of metabolic intermediates across the mitochondrial membrane serves to transduce the pathophysiological state of the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix, while reciprocal exchange of intermediates from oxidative pathways links mitochondrial activity to the reduction/oxidation state of the cytosol. The latter sections of this chapter examine the details of altered mitochondrial transporter activity in response to the bioenergetic and biophysical state of the cell.
Late Cenozoic Vegetation Change, Atmospheric CO2, and Tectonics

Great changes in the geochemistry of the oceans, in climate, in vegetation, and in tectonics have taken place in the Cenozoic. The 87Sr/86Sr and 187Os/186Os ratios in the ocean have undergone substantial alternations, which have been attributed to modifications in weathering related to the uplift of the Himalayas.1–11 Global climate has undergone cooling through most of the Tertiary as documented by δ18O records in marine foraminifera, which have increased by about 4‰ from the Eocene to the present.12 The increase in 18O is due to both temperature and the ice-volume effect.
Emotion Regulation and Psychopathology

Emotions play a central role in human life. They help us to respond to problems and challenges in our environment; they help us to organize our thoughts and actions, both explicitly and implicitly; and they guide our behavior. Perhaps because our emotions exert such widespread influence, we spend a good deal of time trying to influence or regulate how we feel and how we present our emotions to others. Given their centrality, it is not surprising that emotion disturbances figure prominently in many different forms of psychopathology. By one analysis, as many as 85% of psychological disorders include disturbances in emotional processing of some kind (Thoits, 1985), whether they be “excesses” in emotion; “deficits” in emotion, or the lack of coherence among emotional components. Indeed, as illustrated in Table 14.1, many of the disorders found in the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text revision; DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) include one or more symptoms reflecting an emotion disturbance, Research designed to uncover the nature of emotion disturbances in different psychological disorders has flourished in the last 15 years (for reviews, see Berenbaum, Raghavan, Le, Vernon, & Gomez, in press; Keltner & Kring, 1998; Kring, 2001). At the same time, research in the emerging field of emotion regulation has also burgeoned, with an emphasis on understanding the basic properties associated with the regulation of the experience and expression of emotion (e.g., Cicchetti, Ackerman, & Izard, 1995; Gross, 1998; Thompson, 1994). As the aforementioned quote illustrates, the notion that unregulated emotions lead to madness has a firm place in history. Moreover, contemporary writings on emotion and psychopathology often cast emotion disturbances as problems in regulation. Unfortunately, the framing of emotion disturbances in psychopathology as problems in emotion regulation has often been done with limited empirical support. The central goal of this chapter is to critically consider the extent to which the emotion disturbances in psychopathology can be construed as problems in emotion regulation. To do so, we first discuss current definitions of emotion and emotion regulation and the ways in which these two constructs may (or may not) be distinguishable. Second, we consider the concept of emotion dysregulation and the ways in which dysregulation can be distinguished from regulation. Next, we review the evidence for emotion regulation problems in different types of psychological disorders, focusing our attention primarily on disorders that affect adults (for consideration of emotion regulation problems and developmental psychopathology, see Calkins & Howse, this volume). Finally, we conclude with a consideration of the implications that emotion regulation problems in psychopathology have for assessment and treatment, with an eye toward future research.
Literature and Cultural Capital in Early Modern and Contemporary Pedagogy

This essay argues that Shakespeare’s work is a uniquely powerful site of negotiation and potentiality, at which students can better understand the interaction between cultural capital, class, and power. Shakespeare’s work is suffused with discussions of the possibility of effecting social and political change via the tools bestowed on students by education. Additionally, I argue that Shakespeare’s own career is an object lesson in the ambivalent benefits of humanist—and by extension, liberal-arts—education. His own ascent from the merchant class to the gentry through the skills he learned during his humanist grammar-school education enabled him to create, in his plays, a lasting critique of the structures of power and privilege that education also helps to maintain.
Zirconium metal-organic framework functionalized plasmonic sensor

Exposure to chemicals in everyday life is now more prevalent than ever. Air and water pollution can be delivery mechanisms for toxins, carcinogens, and other chemicals of interest (COI). A compact, multiplexed, chemical sensor with high responsivity and selectivity is desperately needed. We demonstrate the integration of unique Zr-based metal organic frameworks (MOFs) with a plasmonic transducer to demonstrate a nanoscale optical sensor that is both highly sensitive and selective to the presence of COI. MOFs are a product of coordination chemistry where a central ion is surrounded by a group of ligands resulting in a thin-film with nano- to micro-porosity, ultra-high surface area, and precise structural tunability. These properties make MOFs an ideal candidate for gaseous chemical sensing, however, transduction of a signal which probes changes in MOF films has been difficult. Plasmonic sensors have performed well in many sensing environments, but have had limited success detecting gaseous chemical analytes at low levels. This is due, in part, to the volume of molecules required to interact with the functionalized surface and produce a detectable shift in plasmonic resonance frequency. The fusion of a highly porous thin-film layer with an efficient plasmonic transduction platform is investigated and summarized. We will discuss the integration and characterization of the MOF/plasmonic sensor and summarize our results which show, upon exposure to COI, small changes in optical characteristics of the MOF layer are effectively transduced by observing shifts in plasmonic resonance.
Approach for Introducing a Single Metal Complex into a Polymer Chain: Metallo-Chain Transfer Agents in CO2 or COS/Epoxide Copolymerization Processes

We have designed and synthesized poly(monothiocarbonate)s containing a single well-defined metal complex in the polymers’ backbone via the immortal copolymerization of carbonyl sulfide and propylen...
Emotion Regulation and Immune Functioning During Grief: Testing the Role of Expressive Suppression and Cognitive Reappraisal in Inflammation Among Recently Bereaved Spouses.

ABSTRACTObjectiveLosing a spouse is a distressing life event that can negatively affect both mental and physical health. Stress-induced health consequences often include increased risk of cardiovascular disease and altered immune system functioning marked by increased inflammation. Here, we sought t
NOTCH3 is non-enzymatically fragmented in inherited cerebral small-vessel disease

The small-vessel disorder cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) arises from mutations in the human gene encoding NOTCH3 and results in vascular smooth muscle cell degeneration, stroke, and dementia. However, the structural changes in NOTCH3 involved in CADASIL etiology are unclear. Here, we discovered site-specific fragmentation of NOTCH3 protein in pathologically affected vessels of human CADASIL-affected brains. EM-based experiments to pinpoint NOTCH3 localization in these brains indicated accumulation of NOTCH3 fragmentation products in the basement membrane, collagen fibers, and granular osmiophilic material within the cerebrovasculature. Using antibodies generated against a disease-linked neo-epitope found in degenerating vascular medium of CADASIL brains, we mapped the site of fragmentation to the NOTCH3 N terminus at the peptide bond joining Asp80 and Pro81. Cleavage at this site was predicted to separate the first epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domain from the remainder of the protein. We found that the cleavage product from this fragmentation event is released into the conditioned medium of cells expressing recombinant NOTCH3 fragments. Mutagenesis of Pro81 abolished the fragmentation, and low pH and reducing conditions enhanced NOTCH3 proteolysis. Furthermore, substitution of multiple cysteine residues of the NOTCH3 N terminus activated proteolytic release of the first EGF-like repeat, suggesting that the elimination of multiple disulfide bonds in NOTCH3 accelerates its fragmentation. These characteristics link the signature molecular genetic alterations present in individuals with CADASIL to a post-translational protein alteration in degenerating brain arteries. The cellular consequences of these pathological NOTCH3 fragments are an important area for future investigation.
Impact of Bleeding Complications on Outcomes Following Total Artificial Heart Implantation

Purpose Bleeding complications are well recognized phenomena following left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation and have been associated with increased morbidity and mortality. This complication and its consequences, however, remain undefined for total artificial heart (TAH) implantation. Methods A prospectively maintained database was used to identify all patients receiving TAH from January 2012 to May 2019 at a single institution. Baseline demographics and outcomes were retrospectively reviewed. The INTERMACS definition of major bleeding was used for stratification. Results Ninety-three patients underwent TAH implantation (age 50.0 ± 12.8, male 82.8%) between January 2012 and May 2019. The predominant cardiac diagnoses were idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (n=39, 41.9%), ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (n=23, 24.7%), and restrictive cardiomyopathies (n=14, 15.1%). Most patients were INTERMACS profiles 1 and 2 (53% and 31%, respectively). The overall survival was 62.4%, with a median follow-up of 1.5 years [0.1, 4.2]. Fifty-six patients (60.2%) were successfully bridged to transplantation, with 1-year post-transplant survival of 91.1%. Thirty-four patients (36.6%) experienced major bleeding. There were no significant differences in baseline demographics, disease etiology, or INTERMACS profiles between the bleeding and non-bleeding cohorts. A trend towards increased overall mortality (HR 1.54 [0.84-2.81], p=0.143) and decreased rates of transplantation (50% vs 66%, p=0.185) were noted in the major bleeding cohort. Post-transplant survival at 1-year were 82.4% and 94.9% in the bleeding and non-bleeding cohorts, respectively (p=0.158). Three rejection episodes (17.6%) were noted in the bleeding cohort and 6 (15.4%) in the non-bleeding cohort (p>0.999). Conclusion Major bleeding events occurred in over one-third of patients undergoing TAH implantation. This complication, however, did not appear to significantly impact survival or allograft rejection rates.
Temporal and Steric Analysis Of Ionic Permeation and Binding in Na+,K+-ATPase via Molecular Dynamic Simulations

Abstract: The Na+, K+-ATPase is ubiquitous in animal cells. Yet, many atomic-level details of the structure/function relationship of its electrogenic translocation process remain unanswered. This work employs computational methods to investigate the specific amino acid residues that constitute the two K+ and three Na+ ion binding sites. Putative lumenal and cytoplasmic ion permeation pathways are also determined. Homology models of the human α1 isoform of the Na+, K+-ATPase based on X-ray structures of the SERCA Ca2+-ATPase in several conformations (E1, E2, and E2P) were created using the Modeller homology modeling software. The sequence alignment incorporated an array of experimental results and consensus with similar proteins (e.g. H+, K+-ATPase). The E2P homology model presented here agrees well with the recent X-ray crystallographic structure of the Na+, K+-ATPase. The three models were simulated in a water/lipid environment with the GROMACS molecular dynamics package. Established equilibration techniques were followed by several nanoseconds of analyzable production run trajectories for each conformation. Atomic trajectories were analyzed with the steric pathway tool, CAVER, to provide putative ion permeation pathways. These pathways were consistent with regions of negative potential determined via time-averaged electrostatic calculations of the same trajectories. The electrostatic calculations provide a 3D view of the potential landscape encountered by cations. Amino acid residues (as suggested by SERCA structures and mutagenesis studies) involved in the creation of putative binding sites were investigated by placing Na+ and K+ ions at these locations and evaluating protein-ion interactions during simulation trajectories. In addition to the results of the Na+, K+-ATPase simulations, the homology models and methodology presented here provide a blueprint for the study of the larger class of P-type ATPases.
Special Session: Survey of Test Point Insertion for Logic Built-in Self-test

This article surveys test point (TP) architectures and test point insertion (TPI) methods for increasing pseudo-random and logic built-in self-test (LBIST) fault coverage. We present a history of TPI approaches, including TPI for increasing stuck-at fault coverage, compressing test patterns, detecting path delay faults, and reducing test power. We discuss some known weaknesses of TPs and explore research directions to overcome them.
Tick-borne relapsing fever

A previously healthy 58-year-old man presented to an emergency department with a 3-day history of intermittent drenching sweats with rigours, diarrhoea, fatigue and decreased oral intake. These symptoms began a week after the patient returned from a summer vacation to a rural community in Central
Validating first-principles molecular dynamics calculations of oxide/water interfaces with x-ray reflectivity data

Metal oxide/water interfaces play a crucial role in many electrochemical and photocatalytic processes, such as photoelectrochemical water splitting, the creation of fuel from sunlight, and electrochemical $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ reduction. First-principles electronic structure calculations can reveal unique insights into these processes, such as the role of the alignment of the oxide electronic energy levels with those of liquid water. An essential prerequisite for the success of such calculations is the ability to predict accurate structural models of these interfaces, which in turn requires careful experimental validation. Here we report a general, quantitative validation protocol for first-principles molecular dynamics simulations of oxide/aqueous interfaces. The approach makes direct comparisons of interfacial x-ray reflectivity (XR) signals from experimental measurements and those obtained from ab initio simulations with semilocal and van der Waals functionals. The protocol is demonstrated here for the case of the ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}(001)$/water interface, one of the simplest oxide/water interfaces. We discuss the technical requirements needed for validation, including the choice of the density functional, the simulation cell size, and the optimal choice of the thermodynamic ensemble. Our results establish a general paradigm for the validation of structural models and interactions at solid/water interfaces derived from first-principles simulations. While there is qualitative agreement between the simulated structures and the experimental best-fit structure, direct comparisons of simulated and measured XR intensities show quantitative discrepancies that derive from both bulk regions (i.e., alumina and water) as well as the interfacial region, highlighting the need for accurate density functionals to properly describe interfacial interactions. Our results show that XR data are sensitive not only to the atomic structure (i.e., the atom locations) but also to the electron-density distributions in both the substrate and at the interface.
IR-Improved DGLAP Theory: Kernels, Parton Distributions, Reduced Cross Sections

It is shown that exact, amplitude-based resummation allows IR-improvement of the usual DGLAP theory. This results in a new set of kernels, parton distributions and attendant reduced cross sections, so that the QCD perturbative result for the respective hadron-hadron or lepton-hadron cross section is unchanged order-by-order in $\alpha_s$ at large squared-momentum transfers. We compare these new objects with their usual counter-parts and illustrate the effects of the IR-improvement in some phenomenological cases of interest with an eye toward precision applications in LHC physics scenarios.
Monopoly Power and Distribution in Fragmented Markets: The Case of Groundwater

Evidence from Pakistan's Punjab indicates that monopoly power in the market for groundwater (irrigation water extracted using private tubewells) results in a substantial resource misallocation. But despite this substantial misallocation of groundwater, a welfare analysis shows that monopoly pricing of groundwater has limited effects on equity and efficiency. Policies aimed at eliminating monopoly pricing would do little to help the poorest farmers. Using data from Pakistan's Punjab, Jacoby, Murgai, and Rehman examine monopoly power in the market for groundwater - irrigation water extracted using private tubewells - a market characterized by barriers to entry and spatial fragmentation. Simple theory predicts that tubewell owners should price-discriminate in favor of their own share tenants. And this analysis of individual groundwater transactions over an 18-month period confirms such price discrimination. And among those studied, tubewell owners and their tenants use considerably more groundwater on their plots than do other farmers. Jacoby, Murgai, and Rehman also provide evidence that monopoly pricing of groundwater leads to compensating - albeit small - reallocations of canal water, which farmers exchange in a separate informal market. Despite the substantial misallocation of groundwater, a welfare analysis shows that monopoly pricing has limited effects on equity and efficiency. In the long run, a policy aimed at eliminating monopoly pricing would do little to help the poorest farmers. This paper - a product of Rural Development, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to examine the role of policy and policy reform on rural development. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Market Development and Allocative Efficiency: Irrigation Water in the Punjab.
Transactional associations among adolescents' depressive symptoms and self- and friend-reported friendship experiences

Abstract Despite theoretical propositions regarding the transactional interplay between depressive symptoms and friendship experiences (e.g., Coyne, 1976 ), few studies have tested interpersonal theories of depression in adolescence. The current study used cross-lagged panel models to test longitudina, reciprocal associations of adolescents' depressive symptoms with self- and friend-reported positive friendship quality, conflict, and detachment over 3 time points spanning 6 months in a community sample (N = 186; 69.9% female; 87.6% White; Mage = 15.68 years). Gender and age differences were also considered. Results support theories positing both friendship- and symptom-driven change for associations between depressive symptoms and positive quality, whereas detachment predicted a cycle of increased depressive symptoms and later increased detachment. Moreover, only adolescents' (not friends') perceptions of friendship were linked with adolescents' depressive symptoms. Implications for future research on interpersonal theories of depression and for intervention efforts to reduce depressive symptoms and support adolescents' relationships are discussed.
Longitudinal MRI brain findings in the R1349Q pathogenic variant of CACNA1A

Pathogenic CACNA1A gene variants are associated with a spectrum of disorders including migraine with or without hemiplegia, ataxia, epilepsy, and developmental disability. We present a case of a pathogenic variant (c.4046G>A, p.R1349Q) in the CACNA1A gene associated with a clinical phenotype of global developmental delay, left hemiparesis, epilepsy, and stroke-like episodes. Longitudinal neuroimaging demonstrates hemispheric encephalomalacia with mismatched perfusion and angiographic imaging, in addition to progressive cerebellar atrophy.