cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Water Content on Muscular Efficiency.

Since little or no specific knowledge is to be had regarding water and the physiological activity of cells, it was thought desirable to investigate the relationship between the variation in total water content and muscular efficiency.The gastrocnemii muscles of normal frogs were removed by the usual method. After weighing they were suspended in an ordinary muscle chamber. Contractions were obtained by stimulating with an electric current of known strength. All the muscles were forced to lift a known weight, thus leaving the variation in height of contractions as the criterion of efficiency. Readings were made at onehalf to one-hour intervals, with the experiments extending from 3 to 6 hours.The variation in water content was produced osmotically by using Ringer's solution of different concentrations. All the solutions were prepared from a known stock solution. The muscles were immersed in the solutions at all times except when contractions were being taken.The right gastrocnemius in all cases served as a ...
The surgical treatment of intractable asthma.

This is a preliminary report on the surgical treatment of intractable asthma. While temporary dramatic relief has been obtained in severe cases of intractable asthma by unilateral left sided parasympathetic denervation and destruction of the pulmonary plexus, none of the cases in this series has been followed for a long enough period to predict the final outcome. Although final adoption of the surgical treatment of asthma must await extensive clinical and laboratory investigations, this report is published primarily to revive an interest in the subject.
Dynamic interaction between myogenic and TGF mechanisms in afferent arteriolar blood flow autoregulation.

The dynamic activity of afferent arteriolar diameter (AAD) and blood flow (AABF) responses to a rapid step increase in renal arterial pressure (100–148 mmHg) was examined in the kidneys of normal S...
Change of fatty acid-binding protein in viral myocarditis in children and its significance

Objective: To detect fatty acid-binding protein level in viral myocarditis(VMC) in children in order to confirm its clinical value.Methods: Fifty-eight patients with VCM were chosen into a positive group and thirty-six healthy children into a control group,and h-FABP,cTnI and CK-MB of both groups were detected.The correlation analysis and comparisons on various heart functions were made.Results: The level of h-FABP,cTnI and CK-MB in patients with VMC were obviously higher than those in the control group(P0.01).After treatment they all decreased(P0.01).The level of h-FABP had significant correlation to that of cTnI and CK-MB(r=0.754,0.683,P0.01).The level of h-FABP was different according to various heart functions,and statistic study displayed a higher level of h-FABP and a worse heart function which was significant(P0.05).Conclusions: h-FABP is a indicator of diagnosis,cardiac function appraisal and prognosis in patients with VMC.
From Second Law Violations to Continuum Mechanics

The violations of the Second Law become relevant as the length and/or time scales become very small. The Second Law then needs to be replaced by the fluctuation theorem and, mathematically, the irreversible entropy evolves as a submartingale. Next, a framework thermomechanics relying on stochastic functionals of energy and entropy is outlined. This allows a study of diffusion-type problems with random field constitutive coefficients not required to satisfy the positive definiteness everywhere. Finally, a formulation of stochastic micropolar fluid mechanics is developed, accounting for the lack of symmetry of stress tensor on molecular scales.
Dairy product purchases by southern households

Dairy product purchases of 1,061 southern households in 1972 and 1973 were analyzed. Quantities purchased increased with income. Whites bought more dairy products than blacks. Fluid milks represented approximately three-quarters of the dairy products purchases. Also, from mid-1972 to late-1973, households bought similar quantities of the various fluid milks despite price increases. They did not switch their purchasing practices from fluid milks higher in saturated fat and cholesterol to those that are lower. Dairy product purchases would have contributed significantly to "advised" intakes of calories, protein, calcium, fat, and cholesterol.
Dynamic sensing scheduling to prolong network lifetime under practical requirements

We propose a unique Dynamic Sensing Scheduling (DSS) scheme to prolong the lifetime of a sensor network. Different from most existing works, we study the sensor network lifetime under two practical requirements: sensing coverage and network connectivity. A sensor node is considered critical if its depletion of energy would cause either a violation of the sensing coverage requirement (specified by the application) or a disconnection of the routing tree. The key idea of DSS is to adjust the sensing duties of sensor nodes according to their nodal lifetime as well as their criticality. Under this design principle, DSS schedules more sensing duties to non-critical nodes (even at the cost of losing them more quickly) so that critical nodes may stay alive for a longer period of time, thus extending the network lifetime. DSS adjusts the sensing duties between neighboring nodes only, and is a distributed and lightweight solution. Simulation results show that DSS performs well under various network setups, close to a theoretical upper bound.
Defect Production During Neutron Doping of Si

It is of interest to observe and classify the various defects which exist immediately after irradiation since it is at this point that differences in the neutron energy spectra of different reactors are most apparent. We will discuss methods of estimating the displacement rate at which Si atoms are dislodged from their normal lattice sites during a neutron irradiation induced displacement cascade. We also will present the results of a variety of measurements using EPR, optical absorption, Raman scattering and DLTS which have been used to observe a number of defects which have been produced in Si by room temperature neutron irradiation. The numbers of displacements observed by these techniques will be compared to a simple Kinchin-Pease cascade model.1–3
Automated Proposition Density Analysis for Discourse in Aphasia.

Purpose This study evaluates how proposition density can differentiate between persons with aphasia (PWA) and individuals in a control group, as well as among subtypes of aphasia, on the basis of p...
Pinatubo paints the sky

Sun watchers may have recently witnessed some dramatic sunsets – brilliant reds, deep blues, and, late in the evening, delicate violets. These displays are the result of the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines last June.
Actual Causation in the Second and Third Restatements: Or, the Expulsion of the Substantial Factor Test

This chapter contrasts the Restatement (Third) of Torts: Liability for Physical Harm’s Chapter Five (on Factual Cause) and Chapter Six (on Scope of Liability) with the treatment of causation in the Restatement (Second) of Torts’ Chapter 16 (“Legal Cause”). It was written for a book on causation in both common law and civilian jurisdictions. The chapter examines in some detail the arguments that led the Reporters of the Third Restatement to reject the expression “substantial factor” and how the work done by this phrase in the domain of cause-in-fact was handled by and expanded conception but-for causation to which was added the idea of the “causal set model”, or NESS Test. The work done by the phrase “substantial factor” in the domain of proximate cause is now done by the concept of “scope of the risk” and variants of the risk rule. The chapter emphasizes the seriousness with which the Third Restatement sought to remove from the question of cause-in-fact any subjective judgment it deemed a matter of proximate cause. The chapter points argues that this focus on rendering cause-in-fact judgments purely objective, when combined with the causal set model, produces a final product where much of the normative work that was once done in causation is now pushed off into questions of apportionment.
Practical methods for the reduction of radiation from printed circuit boards

The paper examines common techniques for reducing radiation from high speed multi-layered printed circuit boards from a theoretical perspective. The focus is on boards using transmission lines of the microstrip or the stripline type. Numerical results giving the relative magnitude of the emission reduction feasible are provided.
Examining relationships among epistemic motivation, perspective taking, and prejudice: A test of two explanatory models

Abstract In the present research, we take an individual difference approach and test two models examining relationships among epistemic motivation (Openness to Experience, need for cognitive closure), perspective taking, and prejudice toward low-status groups. We refer to these as the perspective-taking-explanation and epistemic-motivation-explanation models. Across three studies, results only supported the epistemic-motivation-explanation model. Openness to Experience and need for cognitive closure statistically accounted for the negative relationship between perspective taking and prejudice, but perspective taking did not account for the relationship between these epistemic motivation constructs and prejudice. Results from the present investigation consistently suggest epistemic motivation is an underappreciated link that explains why those who take the perspective of others tend to report less prejudice toward low-status groups.
Daily challenges for sustainable lifestyles: design implications from a mobile intervention study

A key challenge in the field of behavior intervention technology is to help people address habit-related issues such as depression, diet, exercise, and smoking. For these issues, theories suggest that small behavioral prompts delivered on a daily basis might be one effective way to motivate incremental shifts that accumulate into sustainable change. However, while this approach is appealing, we still know very little about how to design effective behavioral prompts that work in the context of everyday life. To fill this gap, we have developed a mobile intervention that sends people one sustainable lifestyle challenge every day. In a 20-day field trial with 139 participants, we collected logs from our mobile app, surveys, and post-study interviews. Participants completed a total of 1,921 daily challenges. In this paper, we report on participants' feelings and reactions to this daily challenge approach. This feedback suggests new design opportunities for mobile behavior interventions that use daily prompts.
Sodium Channel β2 Subunits Prevent Action Potential Propagation Failures at Axonal Branch Points.

Neurotransmitter release depends on voltage-gated Na+ channels (Navs) to propagate an action potential (AP) successfully from the axon hillock to a synaptic terminal. Unmyelinated sections of axon are very diverse structures encompassing branch points and numerous presynaptic terminals with undefined molecular partners of Na+ channels. Using optical recordings of Ca2+ and membrane voltage, we demonstrate here that Na+ channel β2 subunits (Navβ2s) are required to prevent AP propagation failures across the axonal arborization of cultured rat hippocampal neurons (mixed male and female). When Navβ2 expression was reduced, we identified two specific phenotypes: (1) membrane excitability and AP-evoked Ca2+ entry were impaired at synapses and (2) AP propagation was severely compromised with >40% of axonal branches no longer responding to AP-stimulation. We went on to show that a great deal of electrical signaling heterogeneity exists in AP waveforms across the axonal arborization independent of axon morphology. Therefore, Navβ2 is a critical regulator of axonal excitability and synaptic function in unmyelinated axons. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels are fulcrums of neurotransmission that convert electrical inputs into chemical outputs in the form of vesicle fusion at synaptic terminals. However, the role of the electrical signal, the presynaptic action potential (AP), in modulating synaptic transmission is less clear. What is the fidelity of a propagating AP waveform in the axon and what molecules shape it throughout the axonal arborization? Our work identifies several new features of AP propagation in unmyelinated axons: (1) branches of a single axonal arborization have variable AP waveforms independent of morphology, (2) Na+ channel β2 subunits modulate AP-evoked Ca2+-influx, and (3) β2 subunits maintain successful AP propagation across the axonal arbor. These findings are relevant to understanding the flow of excitation in the brain.
Attenuation of Accelerated Renal Cystogenesis in Pkd1 Mice by Renin Angiotensin System Blockade

The intrarenal renin angiotensin system (RAS) is activated in polycystic kidney disease. We have recently shown in the Pkd1 mouse that Gen 2 antisense oligonucleotide (ASO), which suppresses angiot...
A Latent Propriospinal Network Can Restore Diaphragm Function After High Cervical Spinal Cord Injury

Summary Spinal cord injury (SCI) above cervical level 4 disrupts descending axons from the medulla that innervate phrenic motor neurons, causing permanent paralysis of the diaphragm. Using an ex vivo preparation in neonatal mice, we have identified an excitatory spinal network that can direct phrenic motor bursting in the absence of medullary input. After complete cervical SCI, blockade of fast inhibitory synaptic transmission caused spontaneous, bilaterally coordinated phrenic bursting. Here, spinal cord glutamatergic neurons were both sufficient and necessary for the induction of phrenic bursts. Direct stimulation of phrenic motor neurons was insufficient to evoke burst activity. Transection and pharmacological manipulations showed that this spinal network acts independently of medullary circuits that normally generate inspiration, suggesting a distinct non-respiratory function. We further show that this "latent" network can be harnessed to restore diaphragm function after high cervical SCI in adult mice and rats.
Dissociation Constants of Cytochrome P450 2C9/Cytochrome P450 Reductase Complexes in a Lipid Bilayer Membrane Depend on NADPH: A Single-Protein Tracking Study

Cytochrome P450-reductase (CPR) is a versatile NADPH-dependent electron donor located in the cytoplasmic side of the endoplasmic reticulum. It is an electron transferase that is able to deliver electrons to a variety of membrane-bound oxidative partners, including the drug-metabolizing enzymes of the cytochrome P450s (P450). CPR is also stoichiometrically limited compared to its oxidative counterparts, and hypotheses have arisen about possible models that can overcome the stoichiometric imbalance, including quaternary organization of P450 and diffusion-limited models. Described here are results from a single-protein tracking study of fluorescently labeled CPR and cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) molecules in which stochastic analysis was used to determine the dissociation constants of CPR/CYP2C9 complexes in a lipid bilayer membrane for the first time. Single-protein trajectories demonstrate the transient nature of these CPR–CYP2C9 interactions, and the measured Kd values are highly dependent on the redox sta...
Case 6: 17-year-old Girl with a Skin Reaction from a Home Remedy.

1. Tyler Fick, MD* 2. Ramya Keshavaram, MD* 3. Douglas McLaughlin, MD* 1. *Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH A 17-year-old previously healthy girl with no chronic medical conditions presents to the clinic with a rash on her face. Three days before presentation, she awoke with the painful red rash. The day before onset she had pruritus of her chin without any other signs or symptoms and no other changes to the skin per her report. She has no history of eczema or allergies. She uses foundation for makeup and has not changed brands in more than a year. She notes no changes in soap or skin care products. There is no new exposure to detergents, plants, latex, nickel, or jewelry. No family members have similar skin lesions. She has not applied any other creams/lotions to the rash. Over the next 2 days the rash became more erythematous and painful but less pruritic. On presentation to the clinic the rash is erythematous and patchlike, with central ulcerations, well-demarcated borders, and overlying healing bullae along the chin and lower face (Fig). Vitals are all within normal limits. No other rashes are present on physical examination, and there are no other abnormal findings on examination. Figure. Clinical images of the chin and face with the described rash on presentation to our clinic, obtained via secure methods. On further …
Adjudicatory and Dispositional Decision Making in Juvenile Justice

Juvenile court judges and others working in the juvenile justice system have a wide variety of dispositional and sentencing options available for the juvenile offenders under their jurisdiction. For serious, violent or chronic offenders, these options increasingly involve transferring juveniles from juvenile court for trial and sentencing in the criminal court as well as blended juvenile and adult sentences. This chapter provides an overview of the adjudicatory and dispositional options available for handling juvenile offenders in the juvenile and criminal justice systems. The research on adjudicatory and dispositional decision making is reviewed, and directions for future law and policy development are proposed.
Historical Perspective of Cardiovascular Devices and Techniques

The era from 1950 to 1967 was an incredible time of innovation within the University of Minnesota’s Department of Surgery in the newly emerging field of open heart surgery. There were many reasons for this, but most importantly it was attributable to the following: (1) the university had excellent facilities, including a unique privately funded 80-bed heart hospital for pediatric and adult patients, and (2) the Department of Surgery was led by a chair, Owen H. Wangensteen, MD, who “created the milieu and the opportunities for great achievements by many of his pupils,” and was considered the “mentor of a thousand surgeons” (Fig. 1, Table 1) (1).
Relative-Position Formation Control of Satellites using Electromagnetic Actuation with Piecewise-Sinusoidal Controls

We present a decentralized relative-position formation control algorithm for satellites with electromagnetic actuation. Each satellite's actuation system is driven by a sum of sinusoidal signals, each having different frequencies and piecewise constant amplitudes, which are considered as the controls. The piecewise-sinusoidal controls are designed to interact with neighbor satellites while decoupling interactions with non-neighbor satellites. Each satellite has relative-position and relative-velocity feedback of neighboring satellites, and the communication structure is a connected undirected graph. An ideal controller is designed based on an average dynamic model, and an optimal allocation scheme is used to compute the amplitude controls. The algorithm is demonstrated with a numerical example and a single-degree-of-freedom experiment.
Neuronal TLR4 signaling enhances AMPA currents and drives posttraumatic epileptogenesis

Summary Traumatic brain injury is a major risk factor for acquired epilepsies and understanding the mechanisms underlying the early pathophysiology could yield viable therapeutic targets. Growing evidence indicates a role for inflammatory signaling in modifying neuronal excitability and promoting acquired epilepsies. Here we identify that signaling through an innate immune receptor toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), in neurons, augments calcium permeable AMPA currents in the hippocampal dentate gyrus after brain injury. Blocking TLR4 signaling in vivo early after brain injury reduced dentate network excitability and seizure susceptibility. TLR4 antagonism suppressed cellular inflammatory responses after injury without impacting sham controls. However, blocking TLR4 signaling augmented both network excitability and seizure susceptibility in uninjured controls. TLR4 antagonists failed to reduce post-injury seizure susceptibility when treatment was delayed and was less efficacious when AMPA currents were transiently enhanced during TLR4 antagonist treatment. These data identify a direct immune receptor regulation of post-traumatic neuronal excitability which is independent of glia. Moreover, the results demonstrate a causal association between TLR4-dependent early increase in dentate excitability and epileptogenesis. The findings suggest that the mechanisms underlying the aberrant TLR4 mediated increase in CP-AMPA after injury could be identified and selectively targeted to prevent epileptogenesis after traumatic brain injury. Graphical Abstract
Prolonged SARS-CoV2 Viral Shedding in an Elderly Patient

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been devastating to the elderly population, especially due to a lack of clear guidelines for treatment. Corticosteroids have been the mainstay in treating the cytokine storm caused by the virus. In the past, prolonged viral shedding of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) was noted in patients treated with high-dose corticosteroids. It is unclear whether this also holds true for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV2). To our knowledge, this case report highlights the longest reported disease course of SARS-CoV2, lasting approximately 210 days.
Effective Dielectric Passivation Scheme in Area-Selective Front/Back Poly-Si/SiO x Passivating Contact Solar Cells

Despite the high efficiencies reached by heavily doped poly-Si/SiO x passivating contact solar cells, challenges like the high front parasitic absorption still limit their performance. Previously, we showed a wet etching technique using self-aligned metal grids to remove the front poly-Si in the non-metallized region. Here, we focus on the effective dielectric passivation on this tunneling oxide/n+ in-diffused region. The effect of poly-Si thickness was studied to balance between the passivation quality and the current gain. We then compared various dielectric passivation schemes using SiN x , Al 2 O 3 , and stacks thereof via injection-level dependent lifetime and the transfer length method. We demonstrate a SiN x /Al 2 O 3 stack yielded the best passivation performance within device process limitation and obtained an improved front/back poly-Si/SiO x passivating contact device, with a short circuit current density of 41.8 mA/cm2 and an efficiency of 21.8%.
The glass podium: Gender representation within the American Association of Endocrine Surgeons (AAES) from 2010 to 2019.

Abstract Background Despite increasing numbers of women in surgery, female underrepresentation in surgical societies remains an ongoing issue. We sought to determine the gender composition of presenters at the American Association of Endocrine Surgery annual meetings. Methods Utilizing previous meeting data, we collected gender information for presenters from 2010 to 2019, including first/senior author combinations. Awards winners and invited lecturers were also reviewed. We performed binomial testing to analyze proportions of male to female presenters, with significance set at P Results Fifty-six percent of American Association of Endocrine Surgery fellows and 36% of members are female. Of 354 podium and 477 poster presentations, women were listed less often as first (42.7%, P = .007) and senior (30.6%, P Conclusion Women are underrepresented as American Association of Endocrine Surgery presenters and less likely to receive awards or deliver invited lectures. Although female first authorship increased over time, women continued to lag behind men as senior authors and mentors to trainees and junior faculty. Opportunities to improve speaker and awardee representation should be explored.
Flow around Cylinder between Parallel Walls

The potential flow of fluid around a circular cylinder, which is located mid-way between two parallel walls, is a seemingly simple problem that evokes the recurring interest of hydrodynamicists. But previous investigators report quantitatively differing numerical results, with some differences exceeding 15%. This note reports the application of a refined finite element technique to this problem in an attempt to resolve these differences.
The Fight for Legitimacy: Liberal Democracy Versus Terrorism

Abstract : This study uses an interdisciplinary approach to address the challenge of transnational threats, namely terrorism, to liberal democracies. Terrorism poses unique challenges to the liberal democratic state, and the transnational nature of terrorism necessitates cooperation between and among states. However, terrorism must be analyzed in a political and strategic context. The forces of globalization and fragmentation and the increasing claims of irredentism and secession, require a reexamination of state legitimacy. The best way for states to win legitimacy vis a vis terrorists is by adhering to liberal democratic values and cooperating with other such states. Such cooperation, which affects domestic and foreign policies, requires a convergence of political cultures among those cooperating states. This study analyzes three cases: the Basques in Spain, the ethnic Albanians in Macedonia, and the Kurds in Turkey. This study sheds light on how academics and policymakers ought to characterize and categorize terrorism, and it provides insights on the concepts of political legitimacy, liberal democracy, political culture, and political community. As the US assesses its homeland defense posture, it must resist any temptation to weaken its liberal democratic values, and as a superpower, it must encourage other states to adhere to liberal democratic values as well. Liberal democracy is not just a normative concern, it is a security imperative in today"s transnational security environment.
Trade and Volatility at the Core and Periphery of the Global Economy

Gray, Julia and Philip B.K. Potter. (2012) Trade and Volatility at the Core and Periphery of the Global Economy. International Studies Quarterly, doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2478.2012.00748.x © 2012 International Studies Association Researchers typically assume that economic openness increases volatility. But the conventional empirical shorthand for economic openness (trade as a share of overall income) fails to account for crucial distinctions in the way that states trade. States that are deeply incorporated into the core of the international trading network have very different experiences than states at the periphery with fewer, more marginalized trading partners. This article demonstrates that a position at the core of the international trading system rather than the periphery actually diminishes volatility. Thus, a country’s position in the world economy can, independently of its overall volume of trade, moderate the risks of exposure to international markets. To demonstrate how this distinction might impact political outcomes and future scholarship, we show that this reduction in volatility allows governments to minimize compensation to their domestic publics.
In Vitro Comparison of the Apatite Inducing Ability of Three Different SBF Solutions on Ti6A14V

Coating of titanium-based biomedical devices with a layer of carbonated, apatitic calcium phosphate (CaP) increases their bone-bonding ability. Synthetic or simulated body fluids (SBF) have the ability of forming apatiticcalcium phosphates on the immersed titanium alloys within few days to 2 weeks. Apatite-inducing ability of 5 M NaOH-etched surfaces of Ti6Al4V strips (10 x 10 x 1 mm) were tested by using three different SBF solutions all concentrated by a factor of 1.5. SBF solutions used in this comparative study were i) 4.2 mM HCO 3 - TRIS-HCl buffered SBF (conventional SBF or c-SBF), ii) 27 mM HCO 3 - TRIS-HCl buffered SBF (Tas-SBF), and iii) 27 mM HCO 3 - HEPES-NaOH buffered SBF (revised SBF or r-SBF). c-SBF (4.2 mM HCO 3 - ) was quite slow in forming CaP on Ti6Al4V strips after 1 week of soaking at 37°C, whereas Tas-SBF of 27 mM HCO 3 - was able to fully coat the immersed samples. Cell viability, protein concentration and cell attachment were tested on the coated Ti6Al4V strips by using mouse osteoblasts (7F2).
Statistical Summaries of Data

This class introduces simple, effective ways of describing data. All of the computations and graphing will be done by JMP. Our task — and it is the important task — is to learn how to selectively interpret the results and communicate them to others. The priorities are as follows: first, displaying data in useful, clear ways; second, interpreting summary numbers sensibly.
Dependence of hole concentration on oxygen vacancy order in YBa2Cu3O7−δ: A chemical valence model

Abstract Using a simple chemical model, the hole concentration is calculated for YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ as a function of oxygen stoichiometry δ. For the calculations, it is assumed that 2-coordinated Cu is monovalent while 3- and 4-coordinated Cu's are nominally divalent. Because monovalent Cu's bind more electrons than do divalent Cu's, the degree of hole doping of the conduction band depends on the oxygen vacancy configuration. We examine extreme ordering conditions and apply the chemical valence model to an extended phase field of the double-cell (Ortho II) structure. For δ > 0.2, the dependence of the calculated hole concentration on δ, obtained for the (defect) double-cell structure, is similar to the observed dependence of T c on δ suggesting a simple relationship between T c and hole concentration. If T c is assumed to depend quadratically on hole concentration (as observed for other oxide superconductors), then the calculated T c versus δ corresponds closely with experiment. Low temperature aging behavior is also simulated in the model.
Numerical simulation of scattering from rough surfaces using a fast far-field iterative physical optics approach

The application of a fast far-field iterative physical optics (FIPO) method in conjunction with a Monte Carlo simulation for characterizing the bistatic scattering coefficient of random rough surfaces is examined in this paper. The FIPO method offers decreased memory and computation time restrictions compared to the standard numerical methods such as the method of moments (MoM), and decreased computation time compared to an exact iterative PO method. Results from the FIPO method are compared to the standard electric field integral equation (EFIE), the magnetic field integral equation (MFIE), a complete iterative PO (IPO), as well as the existing theoretical solutions for rough surfaces. It is demonstrated that memory requirements and computation time is significantly deceased while providing fairly accurate results for surfaces with moderate to low RMS slope.
Limits to Privacy

The legal alibis that the State employs to justify its infringement of our privacy are numerous, and range from 'public interest to 'security of the state to the 'maintenance of law and order'. In this paper, I attempt to build a catalog of these various justifications, without attempting to be exhaustive, with the objective of arriving at a rough taxonomy of such frequently invoked terms. In addition I also examine some the more important justifications such as 'public interest' and 'security of the state' that have been invoked in statutes and upheld by courts to deprive persons of their privacy. The paper begins with a brief introduction to privacy jurisprudence developed by the Supreme Court by expanding the Right to Life under Article 21 and the Freedom of Expression under Article 19. This is followed by sections that each evaluate the right to privacy in the context of our communications, our homes, our bodies (including reproductive rights of women) and our records.
The Chemical Ecology of Sirex noctilio

The recent detection of an established Sirex noctilio F. (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) population in New York, USA highlighted an urgent need to develop a trapping system so that the wasp’s distribution and density can be monitored effectively. This review is of research that has been done on the insect’s biology and chemical ecology towards this goal. This includes detailed work on the volatile composition of pine trees and the antennal responses they elicit in S. noctilio. Despite the testing of several promising volatile blends, there is still no effective lure that is as attractive as a funnel trap placed on trees stressed by injection with a herbicide. The possibility of a pheromone attractant between the sexes has also been studied at both the morphological and chemical level. This work has led to the identification of three sex pheromone components, (Z)-7-heptacosene, (Z)-7-nonacosene and (Z)-9-nonacosene to which males respond at short range. There is currently no evidence that S. noctilio has a long-range sex pheromone. Behavioral cues for host and mate selection (olfactory, visual and/or auditory) clearly need to be investigated further if we are to develop a monitoring trap that is more effective than a chemically stressed ‘trap tree’.
“To make the tacit explicit”: Teacher education, emerging discourse, and conceptions of teaching

Abstract The influence of teacher education on teaching is a problematic area, both in practice and in research. Often, because much research adopts a “first-order” perspective which focuses on teachers' behaviors, influences of teacher education are seen as temporary, negligible, or difficult to determine. The study reported here grew out of a general concern to document, via a “second-order” perspective which examines their thinking and perceptions, how teachers modify or improve what they do through formal teacher education. It addresses three important areas which have received little attention in recent research: foreign language teaching, in-service graduate education, and the role of a shared, professional discourse in developing teachers' conceptions of teaching. The paper presents a summary of the findings of an 18-month longitudinal study which examined how foreign language teachers' conceptions of their classroom practice developed as they took part in an in-service teacher education program. The paper discusses how the program's shared professional discourse contributes to increasing the complexity of the teachers' thinking about their teaching and suggests that as they learn to articulate their de facto ways of thinking in the shared discourse, the teachers gain greater control over their classroom practice and are thus more able to shape it to their own ends.
Indicators of low-temperature geothermal resources in northern Louisiana and central Mississippi

Measurements of heat flow and near-surface (< 500 m) geothermal gradients in the Gulf Coastal Plain suggest a zone of low-grade geothermal resources extending from northern Louisiana across south-central Mississippi. Subsurface temperatures exceeding 50°C, suitable for space-heating use, seem probable at depths of 1 km. Thermal conditions within the zone are comparable to those known for areas having attractive thermal energy prospects on the Atlantic Coastal Plain.
Local uptake of (14)C-labeled acetate and butyrate in rat brain in vivo during spreading cortical depression.

Spreading depression severely disrupts ion homeostasis, causes sensory neglect and motor impairment, and is associated with stroke and migraine. Glucose utilization (CMR(glc)) and lactate production rise during spreading depression, but the metabolic changes in different brain cell types are unknown. Uptake of (14)C-labeled compounds known to be preferentially metabolized by the glial tricarboxylic acid cycle was, therefore, examined during unilateral KCl-induced spreading cortical depression in conscious, normoxic rats. [(14)C]Metabolites derived from [(14)C]butyrate in K+ -treated tissue rose 21% compared to that of untreated contralateral control cortex, whereas incorporation of H(14)CO(3) into metabolites in K+ -treated tissue was reduced to 86% of control. Autoradiographic analysis showed that laminar labeling of cerebral cortex by both (14)C-labeled acetate and butyrate was elevated heterogeneously throughout cortex by an average of 23%; the increase was greatest (approximately 40%) in tissue adjacent to the K+ application site. Local uptake of acetate, butyrate, and deoxyglucose showed similar patterns, and monocarboxylic acid uptake was highest in the structures in which apparent loss of labeled metabolites of [6-(14)C]glucose was greatest. Enhancement of net uptake of acetate and butyrate in cerebral cortex during spreading depression is tentatively ascribed to increased astrocyte metabolism.
A 10.6μm × 10.6μm CMOS SPAD with integrated readout

Single photon avalanche diodes (SPAD) are sensitive optical sensing tools. Incoming photons trigger avalanche events resulting in large device currents. In this paper, we show experimental results for a 10.6 μm × 10.6 μm perimeter gated SPAD with integrated readout circuitry in 0.5 μm 2 poly, 3 metal standard CMOS process. The dark count rate demonstrates a functional relationship with the gate and the excess bias voltage. A compact readout topology is used which takes advantage of the Miller effect to reduce the readout area footprint, thus increasing the pixel fill factor.
Studies on the Effects of Particle Size and Substrate Surface Properties on the Deposition Dynamics of Inkjet-Printed Colloidal Drops for Printable Photovoltaics Fabrication

Using fluorescence microscopy, the inkjet deposition dynamics of monodispersed polystyrene particles in the size range of 0.02 to 1.1 μm have been studied on glass, Ar plasma cleaned glass, and PDMS coated glass substrates. The results show that the substrate properties play an important role in determining the final dried patterns formed by the colloidal particles. Our observations also reveal that particle size and contact angle formed by the solvent in the dispersion determine how close to the contact line the particles can be deposited. It is found that smaller particles can move closer to the deposited contact line than particles with bigger sizes. This study can serve as a realistic experimental model system for a number of fundamental queries on how the final deposition microstructure depends on the ink formulation and substrate properties. The knowledge obtained here can be explored further to optimize process parameters for the fabrication of hybrid solar cells with improved morphology and device properties.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The Synthesis and Evaluation of New α-Hydrogen Nitroxides for "Living" Free Radical Polymerization

Three N-alkoxyamines were synthesized for use in nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization. Upon thermolysis, they generate new acyclic a-hydrogen nitroxides: one adamantyl substituted and two diol-containing nitroxides. The initiators were tested in polymerization reactions in direct comparison with the initiator derived from the nitroxide TIPNO.
Dynamic lot sizing with setup reduction

Abstract This paper extends previous work on reducing setup cost in the dynamic lot-sizing problem with deterministic but time-varying demands. Using a marginal cost approach, a simple heuristic is developed to find the optimal production schedule for the reduced setup cost and the optimal investment in setup reduction. A numerical example is solved for the declining linear and exponential setup cost reduction functions, which respectively yield a concave and a convex total cost. Furthermore, an extensive experiment is performed to evaluate the efficiency of the heuristic, which is found to perform well in certain operational settings.
Physical analysis of virus particles using electrospray differential mobility analysis

This review critically examines an emerging tool to measure viral clearance from biomanufacturing streams, monitor assembly of viruses and virus-like particles, rapidly identify viruses from biological milieu, assay virus neutralization, and prepare bionanoconjugates for bacterial detection. Electrospray differential mobility analysis (ES-DMA) is a tool of choice to simultaneously determine viral size and concentration because it provides full multimodal size distributions with subnanometer precision from individual capsid proteins to intact viral particles. The review contrasts ES-DMA to similar tools and highlights expected growth areas including at-line process sensing as a process analytical technology (PAT), bioseparating as a distinct unit operation, monitoring viral reactions, and interrogating virus–host protein interactions.
The effect of SiC particle reinforcement on the creep behavior of 2080 aluminum

The influence of SiC particle reinforcement on the creep behavior of 2080 aluminum is investigated between 150 °C and 350 °C. The effect of particle size (F-280, F-600, and F-1000), volume fraction (10, 20, and 30 vol pct), and heat treatment (T6 and T8) on creep behavior is studied. In both the T6 and T8 conditions all composites are less creep resistant than similarly heat-treated monolithic materials when crept at 150 °C. These results contradict continuum mechanics predictions for steady-state creep rate, which predict composite strengthening. A high dislocation density is observed near SiC particles. It is proposed that strain localization near the reinforcements leads to microstructural breakdown and the subsequent reduction in creep resistance. When both materials are severely overaged or when they are tested at very high temperatures (350 °C), composite materials exhibit improved creep resistance relative to monolithic material. In these cases, the strengthening is consistent with continuum predictions for direct composite strengthening.
Tell the Next Generation: Racial and Ethnic Minority Scholars and the Future of Biblical Studies

L'A. traite des theologiens americains qui proviennent de minorites, de l'avenir des etudes bibliques aux Etats-Unis et du probleme de la sous representation des minorites ethniques et raciales dans le corps des professeurs et les programmes.
Evidence for a two-step electron-transfer process in the electrode reactions of tetraisopropylhydrazine, tetracyclohexylhydrazine and their radical cation salts

The heterogeneous electron-transfer kinetics of tetraisopropylhydrazine (4), tetraisopropylhydrazine radical cation hexafluoroantimonate (4+radical dot SbF_6^−), tetracyclohexylhydrazine (5) and tetracyclohexylhydrazine radical cation hexafluoroantimonate (5+radical dot SbF_6^−) have been studied by cyclic voltammetry at a gold working electrode in acetonitrile containing 0.10 M tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate. Results were obtained at eight scan rates between 0.2 and 40 V s^−1 and six temperatures ranging from −15 to 50°C. The results were analyzed according to two models: (1) A direct, one-step electron transfer in which structural change and electron transfer are concerted. (2) A two-step process in which structural change is considered as a separate chemical reaction that precedes or follows the electron-transfer event. Specifically, a square scheme is proposed in which the favored untwisted radical cation can convert to a twisted version, which then receives an electron to form the favored twisted neutral hydrazine. Also, the favored twisted neutral can convert to an untwisted version, which can give up an electron to form the favored untwisted radical cation, thus completing the square. It was found that the one-step model was unable to account for the voltammetric data. On the other hand, analysis by the two-step mechanism produced substantially better agreement between simulation and experiment, particularly for 4 and 4+radical dot SbF_6^−. The present experiments provide the first evidence that two-step electron transfer reactions occur with acyclic tetraalkylhydrazines.
Definitions and Counter-examples

In his paper'A Function for Thought Experiments', T. S. Kuhn asks: Ought we demand of our concepts, as we do of our laws and theories, that they be applicable to any and every situation that might conceivably arise in any possible world? Is it not sufficient to demand of a concept, as we do of a law or theory, that it be unequivocally applicable in every situation which we expect ever to encounter?' It is clear that Kuhn favours the second of the above alternatives. It is not so clear what it means for a concept to be unequivocally applicable in every situation we expect to encounter. With respect to a law such as that all A's are B's, its being unequivocally applicable in every situation we expect to encounter might just mean that with respect to everything we expect to encounter, it is unequivocal whether it is an A, and if it is an A, it will unequivocally be a B. That is, 'applicable' would be explained in terms of 'applies truly'. But it isn't like that with concepts, since most concepts, with the exception of such concepts as 'thing' or 'existent' are not applicable truly to all things. What can be done, though, is to give criteria for applying a concept, or a definition for a concept. And these are like laws in allowing for a meaningful application of 'unequivocally applicable in every situation we expect ever to encounter'. That is, criteria or definitions may be said, truly or falsely, to have this feature. Kuhn's principal example is what he calls 'the Aristotelian concept of speed', as reflected in a passage in his Physics 232a25-27, which Kuhn says 'can pass for a definition of "faster motion"': 'The quicker of two things traverses a greater magnitude in an equal time, an equal magnitude in less time, and a greater magnitude in less time'. Kuhn says that in this passage 'the implicit notion of speed is very like what we should call "average speed", a quantity we equate with the ratio of total distance to total elapsed time' (p. 11). He goes on to say that ... Aristotle is not, from a modern viewpoint, everywhere entirely consistent'. This is because at other passages in his writings he seems to be'. . . grasping directly, and perhaps perceptually, an aspect of motion which we should describe as "instantaneous velocity", and which has properties quite different from average velocity'.
Partial-wave analysis of the low-mass π + π + π − system produced by incident π + mesons at 13 GeV c

Results are presented of a spin-parity analysis of the (${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$) system formed opposite a proton by incident $13\ensuremath{-}\frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{c} {\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ mesons in a bubble chamber exposure of 750 000 pictures in hydrogen. Relative proportions of the contributing ${J}^{P}$ states are given for ${(3\ensuremath{\pi})}^{+}$ masses between 0.9 and 1.4 $\frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{{c}^{2}}$ and their dependence on ${t}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3\ensuremath{\pi}$ is also discussed. Measurement of the phase between interfering production amplitudes gives information about the resonance status of the ${A}_{1}$, ${A}_{2}$ mesons. The method employs the University of Illinois three-body partial-wave analysis program.
Is the Japanese marketing system changing? An empirical study

Abstract This paper compare the findings of a survey of US firms operating in Japan in the seventies with the findings of a similar survey which was conducted in the nineties. Experiences of these firms with distributing their products, direct marketing, Japanese consumer preferences, and other aspects of marketing, are analyzed. Responses of firms selling consumer products are compared to those of firms selling only industrial products. Findings from this study will provide insights to both business executives as well as researchers.