cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Luminosity Function of QSO Host Galaxies

We present some results from our HST archival image study of 71 QSO host galaxies. The objects are selected to have z less than or equal to 0.46 and total absolute magnitude M(sub v) less than or equal to -23 in our adopted cosmology (H(sub 0) = 50 kilometers per second Mpc(sup-1), q(sub 0) = 0.5, lambda = 0)). The aim of this initial study is to investigate the composition of the sample with respect to host morphology and radio loudness, as well as derive the QSO host galaxy luminosity function. We have analyzed available WFPC2 images in R or I band (U in one case), using a uniform set of procedures. The host galaxies span a narrow range of luminosities and are exceptionally bright, much more so than normal galaxies, usually L greater than L*(sub v). The QSOs are almost equally divided among three subclasses: radio-loud QSOs with elliptical hosts, radio-quiet QSOs with elliptical hosts, and radio-quiet QSOs with spiral hosts. Radio-loud QSOs with spiral hosts are extremely rare. Using a weighting procedure, we derive the combined luminosity function of QSO host galaxies. We find that the luminosity function of QSO hosts differs in shape from that of normal galaxies but that they coincide at the highest luminosities. The ratio of the number of quasar hosts to the number of normal galaxies at a luminosity L*(sub v) is R = (Lv/11.48L*(sub v))(sup 2.46), where L*(sub v) corresponds to M*(sub v)= -22.35, and a QSO is defined to be an object with total nuclear plus host light M(sub v) less than or equal to -23. This ratio can be interpreted as the probability that a galaxy with luminosity L(sub V) will host a QSO at redshift z approximately equal to 0.26.
Ambiguous Model Learning Made Unambiguous with 1/f Priors

What happens to the optimal interpretation of noisy data when there exists more than one equally plausible interpretation of the data? In a Bayesian model-learning framework the answer depends on the prior expectations of the dynamics of the model parameter that is to be inferred from the data. Local time constraints on the priors are insufficient to pick one interpretation over another. On the other hand, nonlocal time constraints, induced by a 1/f noise spectrum of the priors, is shown to permit learning of a specific model parameter even when there are infinitely many equally plausible interpretations of the data. This transition is inferred by a remarkable mapping of the model estimation problem to a dissipative physical system, allowing the use of powerful statistical mechanical methods to uncover the transition from indeterminate to determinate model learning.
SplitMEM: A graphical algorithm for pan-genome analysis with suffix skips

MOTIVATION: Genomics is expanding from a single reference per species paradigm into a more comprehensive pan-genome approach that analyzes multiple individuals together. A compressed de Bruijn graph is a sophisticated data structure for representing the genomes of entire populations. It robustly encodes shared segments, simple SNPs, and complex structural variations far beyond what can be represented in a collection of linear sequences alone. RESULTS: We explore deep topological relationships between suffix trees and compressed de Bruijn graphs and introduce an algorithm, splitMEM, that directly constructs the compressed de Bruijn graph in time and space linear to the total number of genomes for a given maximum genome size. We introduce suffix skips to traverse several suffix links simultaneously, and use them to efficiently decompose maximal exact matches (MEMs) into graph nodes. We demonstrate the utility of splitMEM by analyzing the 9-strain pan-genome of Bacillus anthracis and up to 62 strains of Escherichia coli, revealing their core-genome properties. Availability: Source code and documentation available open-source http://splitmem.sourceforge.net CONTACT: mschatz@cshl.edu.
Probative inference from phenomenal coincidence: demystifying the doctrine of chances

The doctrine of chances remains a divisive rule in the law of evidence. Proponents of the doctrine argue that evidence of multiple unlikely events of a similar nature supports an objective, statistical inference of lack of accident or random chance on a particular occasion. Opponents argue that admissibility is improper because the underlying inference ultimately requires a forbidden form of character or propensity reasoning. Using formal probability modeling and simple numerical examples, this article shows that neither side is correct. Contrary to the claims of its proponents, the doctrine of chances provides no novel or independent theory of relevance. But contrary to the claims of its opponents, the doctrine of chances does not require character or propensity reasoning. An intuitive way to understand these properties is to interpret the doctrine-of-chances inference as a weak form of any inference that could be permissibly drawn if extrinsic events were simply bad acts for which culpability or intent were certain. Language: en
Multiple - quantum magic - angle spinning NMR: a new technique for probing quadrupolar nuclei in solids

We have recently described a new technique capable of recording high resolution NMR spectra of half - integer quadrupolar nuclei in solid samples, based on the combined use of magic - angle - spinning (MAS) and multiple - quantum (MQ) spectroscopy1. This review summarizes the basic theoretical aspects underlying this high resolution MQMAS NMR experiment, emphasizing as well practical aspects involved in the optimization of its signal - to - noise. We also describe the features of MQMAS spectral lineshapes, and exemplify these with a number of applications on various quadrupolar nuclei. Also discussed is the occurrence of unusual spinning sideband patterns along the multiple - quantum domain; additional references to ongoing progress in the area that has appeared in the recent literature are also presented.
Sphere-constrained ML detection for frequency-selective channels

The maximum-likelihood (ML) sequence detection problem for channels with memory is investigated. The Viterbi algorithm (VA) provides an exact solution. Its computational complexity is linear in the length of the transmitted sequence, but exponential in the channel memory length. On the other hand, the sphere decoding (SD) algorithm also solves the ML detection problem exactly, and has expected complexity which is a low-degree polynomial (often cubic) in the length of the transmitted sequence over a wide range of signal-to-noise ratios. We combine the sphere-constrained search strategy of SD with the dynamic programming principles of the VA. The resulting algorithm has the worst-case complexity determined by the VA, but often significantly lower expected complexity
Learning Topic Models -- Going beyond SVD

Topic Modeling is an approach used for automatic comprehension and classification of data in a variety of settings, and perhaps the canonical application is in uncovering thematic structure in a corpus of documents. A number of foundational works both in machine learning and in theory have suggested a probabilistic model for documents, whereby documents arise as a convex combination of (i.e. distribution on) a small number of topic vectors, each topic vector being a distribution on words (i.e. a vector of word-frequencies). Similar models have since been used in a variety of application areas, the Latent Dirichlet Allocation or LDA model of Blei et al. is especially popular. Theoretical studies of topic modeling focus on learning the model's parameters assuming the data is actually generated from it. Existing approaches for the most part rely on Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), and consequently have one of two limitations: these works need to either assume that each document contains only one topic, or else can only recover the {\em span} of the topic vectors instead of the topic vectors themselves. This paper formally justifies Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (NMF) as a main tool in this context, which is an analog of SVD where all vectors are nonnegative. Using this tool we give the first polynomial-time algorithm for learning topic models without the above two limitations. The algorithm uses a fairly mild assumption about the underlying topic matrix called separability, which is usually found to hold in real-life data. Perhaps the most attractive feature of our algorithm is that it generalizes to yet more realistic models that incorporate topic-topic correlations, such as the Correlated Topic Model (CTM) and the Pachinko Allocation Model (PAM). We hope that this paper will motivate further theoretical results that use NMF as a replacement for SVD -- just as NMF has come to replace SVD in many applications.
Strategic Complementarities and the Twin Crises

The economic literature has emphasized the role of strategic complementarities in generating banking crises and currency crises. Motivated by evidence from recent financial crises, we study a model, where strategic complementarities exist, not only within a group of creditors or within a group of currency speculators, but also between the two groups. The additional type of strategic complementarities generates a vicious cycle between banking crises and currency crises. This vicious cycle magnifies the correlation between the two crises and destabilizes the economy. We discuss some empirical implications and policy implications, and, in particular, show that due to the interaction between the banking sector and the currency market, a Lender of Last Resort might not be able to prevent bank runs.
Inventory in Vertical Relationships with Private Information and Interdependent Values

We study the use of inventory when a distributor is better informed about demand than a manufacturer. We …nd that when distributor and manufacturer values are interdependent it is optimal to endow the distributor with some inventory before it obtains its private information. We characterize the …nal allocation of the good and show that the distributor may have too few (many) units relative to the e¢ cient allocation when demand is high (low). Forthcoming in International Journal of Economic Theory
On "the complete basis set limit" and plane-wave methods in first-principles simulations of water.

Water structure, measured by the height of the first peak in oxygen–oxygen radial distributions, is converged with respect to plane-wave basis energy cutoffs for ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, confirming the reliability of plane-wave methods.
Design and implementation of MPICH2 over InfiniBand with RDMA support

Summary form only given. For several years, MPI has been the de facto standard for writing parallel applications. One of the most popular MPI implementations is MPICH. Its successor, MPICH2, features a completely new design that provides more performance and flexibility. To ensure portability, it has a hierarchical structure based on which porting can be done at different levels. In this paper, we present our experiences in designing and implementing MPICH2 over InfiniBand. Because of its high performance and open standard, InfiniBand is gaining popularity in the area of high-performance computing. Our study focuses on optimizing the performance of MPl-1 functions in MPICH2. One of our objectives is to exploit remote direct memory access (RDMA) in InfiniBand to achieve high performance. We have based our design on the RDMA channel interface provided by MP1CH2, which encapsulates architecture-dependent communication functionalities into a very small set of functions. Starting with a basic design, we apply different optimizations and also propose a zero-copy-based design. We characterize the impact of our optimizations and designs using microbenchmarks. We have also performed an application-level evaluation using the NAS parallel benchmarks. Our optimized MPICH2 implementation achieves 7.6/spl mu/s latency and 857 MB/s bandwidth, which are close to the raw performance of the underlying InfiniBand layer. Our study shows that the RDMA channel interface in MPICH2 provides a simple, yet powerful, abstraction that enables implementations with high performance by exploiting RDMA operations in InfiniBand. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first high-performance design and implementation ofMPICH2 on InfiniBand using RDMA support.
Benzene Formation in the Inner Regions of Protostellar Disks

Benzene (c-C6H6) formation in the inner 3 AU of a protostellar disk can be efficient, resulting in high abundances of benzene in the midplane region. The formation mechanism is different to that found in interstellar clouds and in protoplanetary nebulae, and proceeds mainly through the reaction between allene (C3H4) and its ion. This has implications for PAH formation, in that some fraction of PAHs seen in the solar system could be native rather than inherited from the interstellar medium.
Regioselective synthesis of 6-fluorodopamine, 6-fluoro-m-tyramine and 4-fluoro-m-tyramine using elemental fluorine, oxygen difluoride and acetyl hypofluorite

Abstract 6-Fluorodopamine was regioselectively synthesized in good yields from N -(trifluoroacetyl)-3,4-di-t-butoxycarbonyloxy-6-(trimethylstannyl)phenylethylamine (6) via a fluorodestannylation reaction using F 2 OF 2 or CH 3 COOF followed by acid hydrolysis. Similarly, 6-fluoro- m -tyramine (14) and 4-fluoro- m -tyramine (20) were prepared from their corresponding trimethylstannyl derivatives. All precursors and products were fully characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and high resolution mass spectrometry.
Generalizing Magnus' Characterization of Free Groups to Some Free Products

A residually nilpotent group is k-parafree if all of its lower central series quotients match those of a free group of rank k. Magnus proved that k-parafree groups of rank k are themselves free. In this note we mimic this theory with finite extensions of free groups, with an emphasis on free products of the cyclic group C p , for p an odd prime. We show that for n ≤ p Magnus’ characterization holds for the n-fold free product within the class of finite-extensions of free groups. Specifically, if n ≤ p and G is a finitely generated, virtually free, residually nilpotent group having the same lower central series quotients as , then . We also show that such a characterization does not hold in the class of finitely generated groups. That is, we construct a rank 2 residually nilpotent group G that shares all its lower central series quotients with C p *C p , but is not C p *C p .
An Automated Procedure for Computing Flutter Eigenvalues

A new, fast, and economical automated procedure for implementing the traditional V-g method of flutter solution is described. The procedure requires as input the generalized aerodynamic forces for a range of reduced frequencies obtained from an aerodynamic program. These aerodynamic forces are interpolated with respect to reduced frequency using a newly developed, partially tabulated cubic spline that is both fast in execution and economical in storage. The flutter solution is then obtained using an eigenvalue routine that has been developed to take advantage of the parametric nature of the V-g type of solution. Furthermore, the routine takes care of the fundamental and troublesome problem of properly sorting the output eigenvalues. By solving the root-sorting problem, the interpolation for flutter crossings and automatic plotting are accomplished efficiently. The computational techniques used in this new program are described and some sample results are given.
Effect of attitude constraints on solar--electric geocentric transfers

Attitude constraints on both the thrust vector and the plane of the solar cell arrays have been considered for vehicles such as the SERT-C solar electric propulsion spacecraft. The attitude constraints introduce com- plications because power becomes a function of position and attitude and because the maneuverability domain may be no neon vex. Corners with control switchings may exist. A derivation of a nearly optimal control is presented for the attitude-constrained case of zero pitch and roll. This suboptimal control is nearly time optimal but uses less fuel than the time-optimal solution. Comparisons are made between the constrained and un- constrained cases. Dependence of flight time and AF on launch time of day is shown for a particular spacecraft example. Other characteristics of a particular trajectory are illustrated. OST of the geocentric trajectory analyses for solar electric spacecraft have assumed fully articulated spacecraft where the solar array and the thrust vector both can be pointed in their respective optimum directions.1"4 However, it may be desirable to introduce constraints on the solar panel or thrust orientation in order to simplify vehicle design or to reduce attitude sensor requirements. An example of such constraints is one of the SERT-C designs.5 This par- ticular design constrains the thrust vector to yaw motion in a plane at right angles to the radius vector. The solar panels can rotate around an axis that is orthogonal to both the radius vector and the thrust vector. Such a design reduces attitude sensor requirements.5 However, it couples the power developed to the thrust direction. Most thrust orientations do not allow maximum power to be developed. The flight time is increased both because of this coupling and because of the thrust direction constraint. The present paper is intended to assess the increase in flight time and fuel consumption due to introducing these attitude constraints. Nearly time-optimal trajectories are generated for both the constrained and unconstrained cases. The un- constrained cases were generated with the code described in Refs. 1 and 6-8. The constrained cases were generated with the code described in Refs. 9 and 10. The discussion in this paper is limited to thrusting in an inverse square gravity field. To obtain trajectories for the attitude-constrained problem, the method of averaging is used in combination with a non- singular set of orbital elements, the equinoctial orbital elements.11 Optimization is carried out by the indirect method, with the resulting two-point boundary-value problem being solved by a shooting method. Problem Statement
Applications of harmonic generation of picosecond pulses from a free electron laser

Abstract Using nonlinear crystals we have produced harmonics of the Mark III infrared free electron laser at wavelengths from 495 nm to .1 μm. Optimization of energy conversion efficiency as a function of temporal walkoff, Poynting-vector walkoff, finite line width and length will be discussed. Preliminary results on an optimized coated crystal system will be presented and compared to theory.
Temporal and spatial characteristics of the area at risk investigated using computed tomography and T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging

Background Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging can measure the myocardial area at risk (AAR), but the technique has received criticism for inadequate validation. CMR commonly depicts an AAR that is wider than the infarct, which in turn would require al ateral perfusion gradient within the AAR. We investigated the presence of a lateral perfusion gradient within the AAR and validated CMR measures of AAR against 3 independent reference standards of high quality. Methods Computed tomography (CT) perfusion imaging, microsphere blood flow analysis, T1-weighted 3T CMR, and fluorescent microparticle pathology were used to investigate the AAR in a canine model (n=10) of ischemia and reperfusion.
Measuring long-horizon security price performance

Abstract Our simulation results show that tests for long-horizon (i.e.. multi-year) abnormal security returns around firm-specific events are severely misspecified. The rejection frequencies using parametric tests sometimes exceed 30% when the significance level of the test is 5%. Our results are robust to many different abnormal-return models. Conclusions from long-horizon studies require extreme caution. Nonparametric and bootstrap tests are likely to reduce misspecification.
Inhibitors of phosphoinositide-3-kinase: a structure-based approach to understanding potency and selectivity

Phosphoinositide-3-kinase is a pivotal protein involved in a wide variety of signaling cascades and there has been a great deal of interest in the development of potent and selective inhibitors of this enzyme. In this review, the potency and selectivity of the known inhibitors is presented along with key structural information that helps rationalize the observed trends.
Stereospecific synthesis of EET metabolites via Suzuki-Miyaura coupling

Abstract Bioactive, chain-shortened EET metabolites, viz. 8,9-epoxytetradec-5(Z)-enoic acid and 9,10-epoxyoctadec-6(Z),12(Z)-dienoic acid, were prepared via Suzuki–Miyaura cross-couplings of n-alkylboronic acids with chiral vinyl iodides.
Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and cancer

Mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species (mROS) as a natural by-product of electron transport chain activity. While initial studies focused on the damaging effects of reactive oxygen species, a recent paradigm shift has shown that mROS can act as signaling molecules to activate pro-growth responses. Cancer cells have long been observed to have increased production of ROS relative to normal cells, although the implications of this increase were not always clear. This is especially interesting considering cancer cells often also induce expression of antioxidant proteins. Here, we discuss how cancer-associated mutations and microenvironments can increase production of mROS, which can lead to activation of tumorigenic signaling and metabolic reprogramming. This tumorigenic signaling also increases expression of antioxidant proteins to balance the high production of ROS to maintain redox homeostasis. We also discuss how cancer-specific modifications to ROS and antioxidants may be targeted for therapy.
Static and Dynamic Response of Graphite-Epoxy Curved Frames

Experiments were conducted to measure the three-dimensional static and vibratory response of two graphite-epoxy, thin-walled, open section frames. The frames are semi-circular with a radius of three feet. One specimen has an I cross section and the other had a channel cross section. The experimental data is used to evaluate a mixed finite element model of the frames that is based on Vlasov-type, thin-walled, open section curved beam theory.
Selectivity Guidelines and a Reductive Elimination-Based Model for Predicting the Stereochemical Course of Conjugate Addition Reactions of Organocuprates to γ-Alkoxy-α,β-enoates

Current models used to predict the stereochemical outcome of organocopper conjugate addition processes focus on the nucleophilic addition step as stereochemistry-determining. Recent kinetic, NMR, kinetic isotope effect, and theoretical density functional studies strongly support the proposal that stereochemical preferences in these processes are dictated by the reductive elimination step, transforming Cu(III) to Cu(I) intermediates. A new model that considers various steric and stereoelectronic factors involved in the transition state of the reductive elimination step is proposed and then used to interpret the results of systematic studies of arylcuprate conjugate addition reactions with cis and trans gamma-alkoxy-alpha,beta-enoates. The results give rise to the following selectivity guidelines for this process. To achieve high anti-addition diastereoselectivities the use of trans esters with a bulky nonalkoxy substituent at the gamma-position is recommended. While stereoelectronics disfavor syn-addition, a judicious choice of properly sized gamma-substituents may lead to the predominant formation of syn-products, especially with cis enoates. However, high syn-selectivities may be achieved by using gamma-amino-alpha,beta-enoates.
Episodic post-shock dust formation in the colliding winds of Eta Carinae

Eta Carinae shows broad peaks in near-infrared (IR) JHKL photometry, roughly correlated with times of periastron passage in the eccentric binary system. After correcting for secular changes attributed to reduced extinction from the thinning Homunculus nebula, these peaks have IR spectral energy distributions (SEDs) consistent with emission from hot dust at 1400-1700 K. The excess SEDs are clearly inconsistent, however, with the excess being entirely due to free-free wind or photospheric emission. One must conclude, therefore, that the broad near-IR peaks associated with Eta Carinae's 5.5 yr variability are due to thermal emission from hot dust. I propose that this transient hot dust results from episodic formation of grains within compressed post-shock zones of the colliding winds, analogous to the episodic dust formation in Wolf-Rayet (WR) binary systems like WR 140 or the post-shock dust formation seen in some supernovae like SN 2006jc. This dust formation in Eta Carinae seems to occur preferentially near and after periastron passage; near-IR excess emission then fades as the new dust disperses and cools. With the high grain temperatures and Eta Car's C-poor abundances, the grains are probably composed of corundum or similar species that condense at high temperatures, rather than silicates or graphite. Episodic dust formation in Eta Car's colliding winds significantly impacts our understanding of the system, and several observable consequences are discussed.
A high-frequency, low volume, point-of-load power supply for distributed power systems

A resonant version of the DC-DC forward converter is presented in which both the primary-side switch and the secondary-side diode are either on or off at the same time. Such a topology is capable of operation in the 10-MHz range, and can be used for very-low volume point-of-load conversion in distributed power systems. This type of converter takes advantage of a very low transformer leakage inductance to achieve zero-voltage switching of all its power semiconductor devices. Its resonant ring is also independent of load current. A 50-W prototype operating at 3.6 MHz is presented along with a discussion of the changes necessary to achieve 10 MHz. >
Coherent raman amplification

The paper describes the dynamics of the coherent Raman amplification from a semi-classical viewpoint and it takes into account some significant aspects of the process. The effects of the depletion of the pump and of the saturation on the coupling process are considered. In this connection a sensitive method for the measurement of relaxation times for molecular Raman active vibrations in gases is proposed. The effect of the gain enhancement arising in the quasi-resonant case is considered by taking into account the contribution to the saturation effect due to the first-order absorption at the Stokes frequency. A threshold condition for the quasi-resonant process is given. Finally, the paper deals with the stimulated Raman scattering by polarization waves and with the coherent infra-red generation by noncentrosymmetric crystals and polar fluids. The induced parametric coupling effect in centrosymmetric media is considered.
Frequency dependent thermal expansion in binary viscoelastic composites

The effective thermal expansion coefficient beta* of abinary viscoelastic composite is shown to be frequency dependent even ifthe thermal expansion coefficients beta A and beta B of both constituentsare themselves frequency independent. Exact calculations for binaryviscoelastic systems show that beta* is related to constituent valuesbeta A, beta B, volume fractions, and bulk moduli KA, KB, as well as tothe overall bulk modulus K* of the composite system. Then, beta* isdetermined for isotropic systems by first bounding (or measuring) K* andtherefore beta*. For anisotropic systems with hexagonal symmetry, theprincipal values of the thermal expansion beta*perp and beta*para can bedetermined exactly when the constituents form a layered system. In allthe examples studied, it is shown explicitly that the eigenvectors of thethermoviscoelastic system possess non-negative dissipation -- despite thecomplicated analytical behavior of the frequency dependent thermalexpansivities themselves. Methods presented have a variety ofapplications from fluid-fluid mixtures to fluid-solid suspensions, andfrom fluid-saturated porous media to viscoelastic solid-solidcomposites.
Bit-Wise Unequal Error Protection for Variable-Length Block Codes With Feedback

The bit-wise unequal error protection problem, for the case when the number of groups of bits l is fixed, is considered for variable-length block codes with feedback. An encoding scheme based on fixed-length block codes with erasures is used to establish inner bounds to the achievable performance for finite expected decoding time. A new technique for bounding the performance of variable-length block codes is used to establish outer bounds to the performance for a given expected decoding time. The inner and the outer bounds match one another asymptotically and characterize the achievable region of rate-exponent vectors, completely. The single-message message-wise unequal error protection problem for variable-length block codes with feedback is also solved as a necessary step on the way.
Economic News and the Impact of Trading on Bond Prices

This paper studies the impact of trading on government bond prices surrounding the release of macroeconomic news. The results show a significant increase in the informational role of trading following economic announcements, which suggests the release of public information increases the level of information asymmetry in the government bond market. The informational role of trading is greater after announcements with a larger initial price impact, and the relation is associated with the surprise component of the announcement and the precision of the public information. The results provide evidence that government bond order flow reveals fundamental information about riskless rates.
Three Conceptions of Federal Criminal-Lawmaking

This article describes and evaluates three competing conceptions of federal criminal-lawmaking. The first, which can be called the legislative supremacy position, conceives of federal crimes as purely legislative in origin. This is the dominant understanding of how federal criminal-lawmaking does and should work. It also happens to be a rank fiction. The second conception of federal criminal-lawmaking can be called the common-law position. It depicts the operative rules of federal criminal law as judicial in derivation in much the way that the operative rules of federal antitrust and labor law clearly are. The common-law conception offers the best description of federal criminal-lawmaking as it currently exists. It is also normatively superior to the conventional legislative-supremacy position, although it is afflicted with some fairly obvious pathologies. The third and final conception of federal criminal-lawmaking can be called the administrative-law position. On this view, defining operative rules of federal criminal law would be the responsibility of the Executive Branch of government, which would carry out this task either by promulgating legally binding rules akin to the Federal Sentencing Guidelines, or by announcing statutory interpretations that courts would be bound to defer to in criminal prosecutions. The administrative conception is not the system of criminal lawmaking that we have or that anyone thinks we have. Nevertheless, it's the system that we ought to have, and one we easily could with only modest doctrinal innovation.
Corporate Earnings and the Equity Premium

Abstract Corporate cash flows are highly volatile and strongly procyclical. We examine the asset-pricing implications of the sensitivity of corporate cash flows to economic shocks within a continuous-time model in which dividends are a stochastic fraction of aggregate consumption. We provide closed-form solutions for stock values and show that the equity premium can be represented as the sum of three components which we call the consumption-risk, event-risk, and corporate-risk premia. Calibrated to historical data, the model implies a total equity premium many times larger than in the standard model. The model also generates levels of equity volatility consistent with those experienced in the stock market.
Scene synchronization for real-time interaction in distributed mixed reality and virtual reality environments

Advances in computer networks and rendering systems facilitate the creation of distributed collaborative environments in which the distribution of information at remote locations allows efficient communication. One of the challenges in networked virtual environments is maintaining a consistent view of the shared state in the presence of inevitable network latency and jitter. A consistent view in a shared scene may significantly increase the sense of presence among participants and facilitate their interactivity. The dynamic shared state is directly affected by the frequency of actions applied on the objects in the scene. Mixed Reality (MR) and Virtual Reality (VR) environments contain several types of action producers including human users, a wide range of electronic motion sensors, and haptic devices. In this paper, we propose a novel criterion for categorization of distributed MR/VR systems and present an adaptive synchronization algorithm for distributed MR/VR collaborative environments. In spite of significant network latency, results show that for low levels of update frequencies the dynamic shared state can be kept consistent at multiple remotely located sites.
Bounded-hops power assignment in ad hoc wireless networks

Motivated by topology control in ad hoc wireless networks, Power Assignment is a family of problems, each defined by a certain connectivity constraint (such as strong connectivity). The input consists of a directed complete weighted digraph G = (V, c) (that is, c: V × V → R+). The power of a vertex u in a directed spanning subgraph H is given by pH (u) = maxuv∈E(H)c(uv), and corresponds to the energy consumption required for node u to transmit to all nodes v with uv ∈ E(H). The power of H is given by p(H) = Σu∈V pH u). Power Assignment seeks to minimize p(H) while H satisfies the given connectivity constraint.Min-Power Bounded-Hops Broadcast is a power assignment problem which has as additional input a positive integer d and a r ∈ V. The output H must be a r-rooted outgoing arborescence of depth at most d. We give an (O(log n), O(log n)) bicriteria approximation algorithm for Min-Power Bounded-Hops Broadcast: that is, our output has depth at most O(d logn) and power at most O(log n) times the optimum solution.For the Euclidean case, when c(u, v) = c(v, u) = ||u, v||k (here ||u, v|| is the Euclidean distance and K is a constant between 2 and 5), the output of our algorithm can be modified to give a O((log n)K) approximation ratio. Previous results for Min-Power Bounded-Hops Broadcast are only exact algorithms based on dynamic programming for the case when the nodes lie on the line and c(u, v) = c(v, u) = ||u, v||K.Our bicriteria results extend to Min-Power Bounded-Hops Strong Connectivity, where H must have a path of at most d edges in between any two nodes. Previous work for Min-Power Bounded-Hops Strong Connectivity consists only of constant or better approximation for special cases of the Euclidean case.
The author-topic model for authors and documents

We introduce the author-topic model, a generative model for documents that extends Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA; Blei, Ng, & Jordan, 2003) to include authorship information. Each author is associated with a multinomial distribution over topics and each topic is associated with a multinomial distribution over words. A document with multiple authors is modeled as a distribution over topics that is a mixture of the distributions associated with the authors. We apply the model to a collection of 1,700 NIPS conference papers and 160,000 CiteSeer abstracts. Exact inference is intractable for these datasets and we use Gibbs sampling to estimate the topic and author distributions. We compare the performance with two other generative models for documents, which are special cases of the author-topic model: LDA (a topic model) and a simple author model in which each author is associated with a distribution over words rather than a distribution over topics. We show topics recovered by the author-topic model, and demonstrate applications to computing similarity between authors and entropy of author output.
Pruning 2-Connected Graphs

Given an undirected graph G with edge costs and a specified set of terminals, let the density of any subgraph be the ratio of its cost to the number of terminals it contains. If G is 2-connected, does it contain smaller 2-connected subgraphs of density comparable to that of G? We answer this question in the affirmative by giving an algorithm to pruneG and find such subgraphs of any desired size, incurring only a logarithmic factor increase in density (plus a small additive term). We apply our pruning techniques to give algorithms for two NP-Hard problems on finding large 2-vertex-connected subgraphs of low cost; no previous approximation algorithm was known for either problem. In the k-2VC problem, we are given an undirected graph G with edge costs and an integer k; the goal is to find a minimum-cost 2-vertex-connected subgraph of G containing at least k vertices. In the Budget-2VC problem, we are given a graph G with edge costs, and a budget B; the goal is to find a 2-vertex-connected subgraph H of G with total edge cost at most B that maximizes the number of vertices in H. We describe an O(log nlog k) approximation for the k-2VC problem, and a bicriteria approximation for the Budget-2VC problem that gives an $O(\frac{1}{\epsilon}\log^{2} n)$ approximation, while violating the budget by a factor of at most 2+e.
To Know and to Care: How Awareness and Valuation of the Future Jointly Shape Consumer Spending

Reducing spending in the present requires the combination of being both motivated to provide for one’s future self (valuing the future) and actively considering long-term implications of one’s choices (awareness of the future). Feeling more connected to the future self—thinking that the important psychological properties that define your current self are preserved in the person you will be in the future—helps motivate consumers to make far-sighted choices by changing their valuation of future outcomes (e.g., discount factors). However, this change only reduces spending when opportunity costs are considered. Correspondingly, cues that highlight opportunity costs reduce spending primarily when people discount the future less or are more connected to their future selves. Implications for the efficacy of behavioral interventions and for research on time discounting are discussed.
Laser Anemometer Measurements in a Transonic Axial Flow Compressor Rotor

A laser anomometer system employing an efficient data acquisition technique has been used to make measurements upstream, within, and downstream of the compressor rotor. A fluorescent dye technique allowed measurements within endwall boundary layers. Adjustable laser beam orientation minimized shadowed regions and enabled radial velocity measurements outside of the blade row. The flow phenomena investigated include flow variations from passage to passage, the rotor shock system, three-dimensional flows in the blade wake, and the development of the outer endwall boundary layer. Laser anemometer measurements are compared to a numerical solution of the streamfunction equations and to measurements made with conventional instrumentation.
Computational Studies of the Primary Phototransduction Event in Visual Rhodopsin

This Account addresses recent advances in the elucidation of the detailed molecular rearrangements due to the primary photochemical event in rhodopsin, a prototypical G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) responsible for the signal transmission cascade in the vertebrate vision process. The reviewed studies provide fundamental insight on long-standing problems regarding the assembly and function of the individual residues and bound water molecules that form the rhodopsin active site, a center that catalyzes the 11-cis/all-trans isomerization of the retinyl chromophore in the primary step of the phototransduction mechanism. Emphasis is placed on the authors' recent computational studies, based on state-of-the-art quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) hybrid methods, addressing the structural refinement of the retinyl chromophore binding site in high-resolution X-ray structures of bovine visual rhodopsin, the energy storage mechanism, and the molecular origin of spectroscopic changes due to the primary p...
Lewis acid-catalyzed tandem Diels-Alder reaction/retro-Claisen rearrangement as an equivalent of the inverse electron demand hetero Diels-Alder reaction.

A highly stereoselective formal inverse electron demand hetero Diels−Alder reaction (HDA) occurs on reaction of 2-aryl-α,β-unsaturated aldehydes with cyclopentadiene. The major pathway for this transformation is shown to be a Lewis acid-catalyzed tandem Diels−Alder reaction/retro-Claisen rearrangement.
Photoelectric injector design code

A computer code based on an analysis for an emittance growth mechanism for electron beams in photoelectric injectors is described. The analysis leads to a generic injector design with a single external solenoid used for both focusing the beam and reducing the correlated emittance. The position of the solenoid is given by a complicated integral expression, depending on the accelerating gradient and RF focusing. The computer code described integrates this expression and calculates the best solenoid lens position for a given phasing and given field amplitudes of the accelerating cavities. >
The Spirit of Capitalism and Asset Pricing: An Empirical Investigation

We extend and test two models of asset pricing that feature status-seeking through accumulation of not only financial and real assets but also human capital. We use weak-identification robust tests to confront these models with U.S. aggregate data. Contrary to previous results, we find that the spirit of capitalism hypothesis, modeled as either direct preference for wealth or pursuit of relative wealth status, is rejected. Therefore, adding status motive alone to an otherwise standard model may not be sufficient to resolve the equity premium puzzle.
Parameters controlling roughness effects in a separating boundary layer

Abstract The effects of wall roughness were examined experimentally for two different rough-wall cases involving flow over a ramp with separation and reattachment. For these cases, the roughness Reynolds number was matched at two different momentum thickness Reynolds numbers. Both flow conditions were fully rough. The effect of increasing the wall roughness was to increase the friction velocity and increase the separation region size. The two rough-wall cases produced different size separation regions and different friction velocity values. This shows that the roughness Reynolds number is not sufficient to characterise the roughness effects. Another parameter such as the ratio of the roughness height to the boundary layer thickness is also necessary. In both cases, the outer layer turbulence was mainly affected by the change in the friction velocity.
Controversies of prophylactic hypothermia and the emerging use of brain tissue oxygen tension monitoring and decompressive craniectomy in traumatic brain-injured children

Background Despite being the leading cause of death and disability in the paediatric population, traumatic brain injury (TBI) in this group is largely understudied. Clinical practice within the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) has been based upon adult guidelines however children are significantly different in terms of mechanism, pathophysiology and consequence of injury. Aim To review TBI management in the PICU and gain insight into potential management strategies. Method To conduct this review, a literature search was conducted using MEDLINE, PUBMED and The Cochrane Library using the following key words; traumatic brain injury; paediatric; hypothermia. There were no date restrictions applied to ensure that past studies, whose principles remain current were not excluded. Results Three areas were identified from the literature search and will be discussed against current acknowledged treatment strategies: Prophylactic hypothermia, brain tissue oxygen tension monitoring and decompressive craniectomy. Conclusion Previous literature has failed to fully address paediatric specific management protocols and we therefore have little evidence-based guidance. This review has shown that there is an emerging and ongoing trend towards paediatric specific TBI research in particular the area of moderate prophylactic hypothermia (MPH).
The death of the trade regime

In recent years, 'trade and' issues - such as trade and labour and trade and environment - have moved from the periphery to the centre of the trade agenda. But meaningful multilateral agreement in many of these areas has proven elusive. Why are these issues so intractable? Can the trade system accommodate these new issues - or do they call into question fundamental premises of the trade regime? This article explores these issues by analysing the challenges that 'trade and' issues pose to the leading economic, game theoretic and political science understandings of the trade regime. I show how, by presenting different and oftentimes novel types of difficulties, 'trade and' issues problematize the accuracy and appropriateness of the assumptions underlying these models. But models and ideas - particularly those embedded in international institutions - often have political implications, and this article outlines some of the political consequences of the efficiency model's triumph. Finally, I argue that World Trade Organization panels risk delegitimizing WTO dispute resolution if they continue to address 'trade and' issues, and detail a strategy that panels can use to advance both the conflicting values present in 'trade and' disputes and the WTO's institutional legitimacy. In recent years, 'trade and' issues - such as trade and labour and trade and environment - have moved from the periphery to the centre of the trade agenda. But meaningful multilateral agreement in many of these areas has proven elusive. Why are these issues so intractable? Can the trade system accommodate these new issues - or do they call into question fundamental premises of the trade regime? This article explores these issues by analysing the challenges that 'trade and' issues pose to the leading economic, game theoretic and political science understandings of the trade regime. In particular, by presenting different and oftentimes novel types of difficulties, 'trade and' issues suggest that, in each instance, the model has identified the wrong problem. Second, the 'solutions' offered by each model rests upon a number of
Synthesis of aryl-substituted 3-alkenamides via palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of aryl iodides and 4-alkenyl-2-azetidinones

Abstract Palladium catalyzes the cross-coupling of aryl iodides and 4-alkenyl-2-azetidinones to give good yields of aryl-substituted 3-alkenamides.
Mechanical Actuators for Guidance of a Supersonic Projectile

*† ‡ In this paper, the results of a series of experiments funded by DARPA to determine the feasibility of using small actuators to provide directional control for a supersonic projectile are presented. Controlling the flight of the projectile was accomplished by taking advantage of complex shock-boundary layer interactions produced by mechanical devices. Experimental tests were conducted at GTRI to screen several control concepts and actuator locations. Further experiments were conducted on a scale projectile in a supersonic stream to investigate the rise time of the forces. Several different mechanical actuators were tested which served to provide guidance for future actuator designs. CFD results were also used to predict the results in flight as well as gain insights into the fluid mechanics involved.