cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigating a Model for Fetal Alcohol Damage in Caenorhabditis elegans

INVESTIGATING A MODEL FOR FETAL ALCOHOL DAMAGE IN CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS Lindsay Miyoko Kondo A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2012 Director: Dr. Jill C. Bettinger Assistant Professor Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Alcohol use and abuse has many harmful effects, especially to children exposed prenatally, including fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). The disabilities due to fetal alcohol exposure continue throughout life and cause major financial burdens to society. The molecular mechanisms underlying FASDs are not well understood. We have taken a genetic approach to characterize ethanol’s effect on changing a discrete cell fate decision during embryogenesis in the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Our preliminary data suggest that ethanol can affect the development of
Perceptions of urban land use and degradation of water bodies in Kumasi, Ghana

Abstract The availability of freshwater is vital not only for the survival of the human race, but also the survival of the ecosystems upon which humans depend for a number of services. However, with rapid urbanization and associated land uses there is increasing degradation of water bodies, especially in the developing world. In sub-Saharan African cities, it is well known from the literature that the lack of appropriate land use regulations, low compliance to existing regulations, and the lack of enforcement are enhancing degradation of water bodies. However, little is known about how urban residents perceive land use and water body degradation. Relying on data collected through semi-structured interviews and transect walks, this study investigates perceptions and knowledge of land use and water body degradation in a poor community and an affluent community in Kumasi, Ghana. The study demonstrates that both communities have a good knowledge on land use and water degradation, but that of the affluent community is richer than the poor community. However, in both communities there is limited knowledge on how estate development exert impacts on water bodies. The study recommends that education and stakeholder participation (community involvement) should constitute the key components of any environmental regulations and policies aimed at protecting urban water bodies.
Progressive Changes of Vibrio Serotypes in Germ-free Mice Infected with Vibrio cholerae

Germ-free mice inoculated with Vibrio cholerae became colonized with vibrios throughout the gastrointestinal tract, but they did not become ill. High vibrio concentrations in the feces were observed throughout the 3 months of observation in spite of the presence of serum antibody. Reciprocal conversions of both Inaba and Ogawa serotypes occurred regularly after inoculation and could be correlated temporally with the appearance of serum-agglutinating antibody. Both of these smooth serotype were later progressively replaced by rough vibrios. Rough to smooth serotype reversions were also found in mice inoculated with a rough vibrio strain. Studies employing immunosuppression and selective vaccination suggested that such serotypic changes were a result of the selective effect of antibody within the intestinal lumen.
Crystallization Behavior and Properties of BaO · Al2O3 · 2SiO2 Glass Matrices

Glass of stoichiometric celsian composition, BaO-Al2O3-SiO2, has a density of 3.39 g/cu cm, a thermal expansion coefficient of 6.6 x 10 to the -6th/C, a glass-transition temperature of 910 C, and a dilatometric softening point of 925 C. On heat treatment, only hexacelsian crystallized out on the surface, but both celsian and hexacelsian were present in the bulk. Effects of cold isostatic pressing (CIP), sintering, and hot-pressing, in the presence and absence of an additive, on the formation of the celsian phase in the glass have been studied. CIP'd samples, after appropriate heat treatments, always crystallized out as celsian, whereas presence of 5-10 wt pct of an additive was necessary for formation of celsian in sintered as well as hot-pressed specimens. Green density increased with CIP'ing pressure but had no effect on sintered density. Hot-pressing resulted in fully dense samples.
Insertional mutagenesis: transposon-insertion libraries as mutagens in yeast.

Publisher Summary Transposon-based insertional libraries are exceptionally useful as a means of screening for desired phenotypes and expression patterns. As compared to mutations generated by classical methods of chemical treatment and ultraviolet irradiation, transposon insertions are easy to identify: the transposon-encoded sequence serves as a marker or tag through which sites of insertion may be rapidly identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification or plasmid rescue. Additionally, transposon insertion alleles can be uniquely informative: a single insertion may be sufficient to generate a gene disruption, reporter gene fusion, epitope-tagged allele, and conditional mutation. Transposons, if engineered appropriately, may also serve as gene traps identifying novel coding sequences. The chapter provides comprehensive protocols for the use of insertional libraries as mutagens in yeast. From the protocols presented, a plasmid-based library of transposon-mutagenized yeast DNA may be used to generate and identify yeast mutants of interest; transposon insertion sites within these mutants may be characterized by vectorette PCR as also described in the chapter. Also, by employing insertional libraries carrying a specially designed multipurpose transposon, insertions may be modified in yeast to generate corresponding epitope-tagged alleles for a variety of functional studies.
Stability and stabilization: discontinuities and the effect of disturbances

This expository paper deals with several questions related to stability and stabilization of nonlinear finite-dimensional continuous-time systems. The topics covered include a review of stability and asymptotic controllability, an introduction to the problem of stabilization and obstructions to continuous stabilization, the notion of control-Lyapunov functions, and a discussion of discontinuous feedback and methods of nonsmooth analysis. An emphasis is placed upon relatively new areas of research which concern stability with respect to noise, including the notion of insensitivity to small measurement and actuator errors as well as the more global notion of input-to-state stability.
Connection Rerouting for Wireless ATM Networks

Wireless ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) is an emerging technology designed to provide multimedia and other Quality of Service-oriented applications to mobile users by extending ATM connections to involve wireless links. The use of wireless ATM has also been motivated by an increasing deployment of ATM technology in backbone networks and also due to the need to support emerging services in the next generation (broadband) wireless networks, both terrestrial and satellite based. Since ATM was originally designed for high bandwidth and low error rate environment to support stationary users, the use of ATM in wireless environment raises many interesting issues. These include managing end-to-end ATM connection (using connection re-routing), maintaining location information about users as they move, supporting transmission of ATM cells over wireless links, and supporting quality of service )QoS( requirements in limited bandwidth environment. As users move, the end-to-end ATM connections need to be rerouted to support continued communications. The design of such rerouting schemes has recently received some consideration in literature, however many important issues including support for multicast and overhead requirements have not been fully addressed. In this paper, we present a detailed treatment of connection rerouting issues, design and performance evaluation of two rerouting schemes, and the support for multicast rerouting.
Adult Children of Divorce Revisited

Abstract The prevalence of families experiencing divorce has lead to an increase in studies examining the consequences of parental divorce for children and also for young adults. The literature, especially focusing on young adults, is characterized with inconsistent findings. The purpose of this study was to explore these young adults' accounts, their attitudes toward cohabitation, marriage, and divorce, their dating behavior, and trust and commitment issues for them. Results based on sixty in-depth interviews indicated that parental conflict, quality of parents' new relationship(s), and parents' supportiveness during and after divorce were important factors affecting these respondents' attitudes and behavior. Age at which divorce occurred seemed to affect trust and commitment the most.
En busca de la voz de los herederos de la Revolución: Un análisis de los documentos producidos por los niños, 1921-1940

The aim of this article is to identify and describe some advantages and problems involved in the use of historical documents produced by children during Mexico’s post-revolutionary period. The history of children has always been subject to interpretations by adults and, generally speaking, what we know of their past comes down to us through records generated by social assistance institutions, government agencies, teachers and family members. However, in the early decades of the 20th century, programs stemming from the revolution and technological advances in the mass media opened new spaces for social and civic participation by children; a political and cultural context in which they left their mark in documental form. The goal of writing the history of childhood obliges us to integrate records produced by children in order to elucidate their role as historical agents.
Note on the Structure of the Republic

THREE RECENT articles in Phronesis,1 stemming from one in The Classical Quarterly,2 discuss the extent of justice (and the other virtues) in the Republic and raise the basic issue of the true structure of this treatise. According to Prof. Demos a major external inconsistency is: "...the citizens of the ideal city will develop but one part of the soul according to their class and so will be limited to one virtue exclusively. Since justice is defined as the harmonious development of all the parts of the soul, the citizens will not be just" (i68). To this paradox Prof. Demos offers three possible solutions: i) The ideal city is metaphorical; 2) We may assume that Plato contradicts himself and leave it at that; 3) The concern and authority of the ruler "is restricted to the institutional fabric of society" (i 70). Dismissing briefly the first two solutions, Prof. Demos presents his preference for the third, and candidly admits: "The theory I have proposed does not agree with all the evidence in the text, but perhaps it agrees better with such evidence than alternative theories. It is not a question of decisive proof but of probability. Since my theory has the advantage over alternative interpretations that it makes sense out of the paradox, I suggest that its probability is greater than theirs and sufficient to make it acceptable" (I73-4.) Although one may doubt the basic premise of the paradox that the citizens will develop only one part of the soul and only one virtue exclusively 3it is the first possible solution which merits additional comment. In favor of the first solution Prof. Demos agrees: "In the first place, Plato asserts not once but at least twice that he brings up the ideal city in order to enable us to visualize the just individual. A syllable written out in large letters will help us read the same syllable when
Intramolecular4+3cycloadditions. Model studies toward the synthesis of ingenanes

Cyclic oxyallyls derived from 7, 10 and 12-membered ring precursors undergo intramolecular4+3cycloaddition with a tethered furan to give polycyclic products. The cycloadduct7a derived from cycloheptanone possesses the ABC ring structure of the diterpene isoingenol. Those from cyclodecanone and cyclododecanone are tris and pentakis(homo) C ring analogues of7a and possess the in-out stereochemistry at theB/C ring juncture characteristic of ingenol.
Failure Analysis of Heat Exchanger Tubes

This paper presents a failure analysis performed to investigate the leak of heat exchanger tubes. The objectives of the investigation are to identify the failure mechanism and possible contributing factors and suggest corrective actions to prevent reoccurrence of similar failure. Thorough failure analysis showed that sulfur was obviously detected on both tube side surfaces (OD and ID). Probably, the source of this sulfur can be DMDS or the feedstock. The mechanism of the failures occurred in the heater exchanger tubes is due to external thinning that was most likely caused by combination of impact fretting and corrosion. It is recommended to ensure that the system is dry in heat exchangers shell side. Closely monitor sulfur contents in the heat exchanger stream. If possible, monitor the thickness of all tubes, especially area under/near the baffle to tube interface, during scheduled turnarounds to reduce the possibility of sudden failures. The condition of the other heat exchangers should be assessed. Ensure that the tube bundle as a whole “tightens up” and will act as one rigid entity. Anti-Vibration Supports might be helpful to be inserted between tubes and close to the baffle plates to mitigate the vibration as a result of fluid flow.
DISPERSION FORCES AND LONG-RANGE ELECTRONIC TRANSITION DIPOLE MOMENTS OF ALKALI-METAL DIMER EXCITED STATES

A formalism of degenerate perturbation theory is presented, in which the initial basis set of functions is fully adapted to the perturbation. This full adaptation is obtained by imposing a simple condition which leads to an iteration procedure free of singularities. The formalism includes as a special case nondegenerate perturbation theory. By using it we calculate the dispersion coefficients of alkali-metal dimers for molecular states which dissociate into one atom in the ground state and the other in one of the first two S, P, or D excited states. The dispersion forces are extracted from the first- and second-order energy corrections. Model potentials are used in order to describe the motion of the valence electron in the field of the alkali-metal positive-ion core. Using the first-order wave-function correction, we investigate the leading terms of the long-range expansion of the electronic transition dipole moments. An extension of the Dalgarno-Lewis method is developed in order to handle the radial matrix elements which involves a reduced Green's function for real and complex energies. The results are compared with previous computations.
ACQUISITION AND EXTINCTION OF SCHEDULE-INDUCED POLYDIPSIC CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL AND WATER

16 Charles River (cd) rats were trained to bar-press on an FI 60 schedule for varying number of days, half with water present and half with alcohol. Predictably, schedule-induced fluid consumption resulted. 10 days of extinction of bar-pressing followed. During FI 60 both groups bar-pressed approximately equally often but greater fluid consumption occurred in the group on water. During extinction, both groups showed reduced bar-pressing behavior. Whereas water consumption was extinguished in two days, alcohol consumption remained high and quite variable after bar-pressing had stopped. Results suggest that bar-pressing and fluid consumption are independent behaviors which finding argues against explanations of schedule-induced polydipsia based on adventitious reinforcement. For some rats, the termination of alcohol intake prior to the end of an FI 60 session without an associated cessation of bar-pressing suggested that schedule-induced polydipsia may have been a function of the aversiveness of the reinfor...
Changing Academic Support in the Home for Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Family-Based Clinical Protocol for Improving School Performance.

Abstract Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is highly prevalent among adolescent clinical populations and associated with myriad deficits in school functioning. Yet, behavior therapists have few developmentally appropriate tools for addressing school problems in this group. This article introduces a behavioral protocol designed to fill the gap: Changing Academic Support in the Home for Adolescents With ADHD (CASH-AA). CASH-AA is a family-based intervention that targets home environment, adolescent skills, and family-school partnership characteristics in order to improve school performance. Protocol components are derived from three evidence-based approaches for adolescent behavior problems: family psychoeducation, clinical family interventions to heighten adolescent and caregiver motivation to change, and training interventions for homework planning and organization skills. CASH-AA contains four treatment modules: (1) Psychoeducation: ADHD and Academic Functioning; (2) Motivation and Preparation: Home Academic Environment; (3) Behavior Change: School Attendance and Homework Plan; (4) Collaboration: Therapist-Family-School Partnership. The protocol can be implemented as a stand-alone intervention for ADHD or an adjunct to other behavioral interventions for co-occurring disorders. Two case examples with markedly different treatment profiles are presented to illustrate the utility and flexibility of the protocol.
Growth and properties of oxide films on Zn(0001)

Abstract The initial stages of the formation of ZnO films on cleavage planes of Zn single crystals have been studied. The growth rate is found to be linear in pressure and independent of temperature over the range from 77 to 425 K. The growth law is consistent with the rate limiting step being the adsorption of oxygen rather than ion transport through the oxide layer. Both the atomic and electronic structure have been monitored during oxygen exposure. The LEED patterns and intensity-voltage data indicate that at low temperatures the oxide is either amrophous or a fine grained polycrystal while above room temperature it is single crystal ZnO epitaxially oriented on Zn(0001). The changes during oxygen exposure of the Zn M 23 M 45 M 45 , M 23 M 45 V, M 23 VV and corresponding M 1 Auger spectra have been studied in some detail. The details of the spectra are identified through comparison with calculated and measured band structures and with previous observations of LMM transitions. The relaxation energy associated with the two d-band holes in the final state (i.e., δ E (M 45 M 45 )] is found to be ∼9 eV in good agreement with a recent calculation. The corresponding relaxation energy for the oxide is ∼13.5 eV. The development of the electron energy loss spectra with oxygen exposure has been followed for a range of primary energies. A growth model which is consistent with the LEED observations, Auger peak heights and lineshapes and energy loss spectra is that the oxide grows heterogeneously on the Zn surface with no distinguishable precursor adsorbed state. However, contrary to previous models, it is shown that the surface is completely covered by oxide at a mean thickness of 2–3 monolayers. LEED, Auger and energy loss data for the two polar cleavage faces of ZnO are presented for comparison with those from the oxide overlayer.
Electronic properties of the linear ladder polymer, poly[4‐(3‐pyridyl),8‐methyl,2,3–6,7‐quinolino] (PPMQ)

Electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and conductivity of pristine and iodine-doped PPMQ were studied. The pristine polymer EPR signal exhibited a Lorentzian line shape. Unpaired spin density measurements indicated that the spin concentrations of the undoped polymer lie in the range of one spin per 150–190 repeat units at room temperature. The peak-to-peak width doubled, the line shape became asymmetric and the spin concentration in the polymer increased slightly after doping with iodine. EPR saturation experiments show that the spin lattice relaxation time T1 is sensitive to trace impurity. Considerable reduction of T1 after doping with iodine shows strong coupling between the spin system and N-iodonium nucleus. Conductivity increases up to 5 orders of magnitude by iodine doping; at room temperature, the best value found was 0.017 S/cm. The activation energy for conductance after doping is about half that of pristine polymer.
On the Brunn-Minkowski theorem

Let K1 and K2 be n-dimensional convex bodies. If V denotes volume the Brunn-Minkowski theorem in its simplest form states that \(V(K_1 + K_2 )^{1/n} \geqslant V(K_1 )^{1/n} + V(K_2 )^{1/n} \), and that equality holds if and only if K1 and K2 are homothetic. We consider the following associated stability problem: If \(V(K_1 + K_2 )^{1/n} \) differs not more than e from \(V(K_1 )^{1/n} + V(K_2 )^{1/n} \) how close is K1 (in terms of the Hausdorff metric) to a nearest homothetic copy of K2? Several theorems that answer questions of this kind are proved. These results can also be expressed as inequalities that are stronger than the original Brunn-Minkowski inequality. Furthermore, some consequences concerning stability statements for other geometric inequalities are discussed.
Epidermal growth factor as a candidate for ex vivo expansion of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells.

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) are pluripotent cells capable of differentiating into several cell types and are thus an attractive cell source for connective tissue engineering. A challenge in such a use is expansion and directed seeding in vitro, requiring proliferation and survival, and directed migration, respectively, prior to functional differentiation. The epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) is the prototypal growth factor receptor and elicits these responses from a wide variety of stromal, epithelial, and endothelial cells. Ligands for this receptor are appealing for use in tissue engineering because they are relatively resistant to biological extremes and amenable to high-volume production. Therefore, we determined whether an EGFR ligand, EGF, could be used for ex vivo expansion of BMMSCs. EGF stimulated motility in rat and immortalized human BMMSCs. EGF-induced proliferation was observed in immortalized human BMMSCs but was not apparent in rat BMMSCs under our experimental conditions. EGF did not, however, rescue either type of BMMSC from apoptosis due to lack of serum. During our examination of key signaling intermediaries, EGF caused robust phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) and protein kinase B/akt (AKT) but only minimal phosphorylation of EGFR and phospholipase C-γ in rat BMMSCs, whereas in the human BMMSCs these intermediaries were all strongly activated. EGF also induced robust ERK activation in primary porcine mesenchymal stem cells. EGF pretreatment or cotreatment did not interfere with secondarily induced differentiation of either type of BMMSC into adipogenic or osteogenic lineages. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) effects were similar to but not additive with those elicited by EGF, with some quantitative differences; however, PDGF did interfere with the differentiation of these BMMSCs. These findings suggest that EGFR ligands could be used for ex vivo expansion and direction of BMMSCs.
Patient misconceptions concerning lumbar spondylosis diagnosis and treatment

OBJECT Patient outcome measures are becoming increasingly important in the evaluation of health care quality and physician performance. Of the many novel measures currently being explored, patient satisfaction and other subjective measures of patient experience are among the most heavily weighted. However, these subjective measures are strongly influenced by a number of factors, including patient demographics, level of understanding of the disorder and its treatment, and patient expectations. In the present study, patients referred to a neurosurgery clinic for degenerative spinal disorders were surveyed to determine their understanding of lumbar spondylosis diagnosis and treatment. METHODS A multiple-choice, 6-question survey was distributed to all patients referred to a general neurosurgical spine clinic at a tertiary care center over a period of 11 months as a quality improvement initiative to assist the provider with individualized patient counseling. The survey consisted of questions designed to assess patient understanding of the role of radiological imaging in the diagnosis and treatment of low-back and leg pain, and patient perception of the indications for surgical compared with conservative management. Demographic data were also collected. RESULTS A total of 121 surveys were included in the analysis. More than 50% of the patients indicated that they would undergo spine surgery based on abnormalities found on MRI, even without symptoms; more than 40% of patients indicated the same for plain radiographs. Similarly, a large proportion of patients (33%) believed that back surgery was more effective than physical therapy in the treatment of back pain without leg pain. Nearly one-fifth of the survey group (17%) also believed that back injections were riskier than back surgery. There were no significant differences in survey responses among patients with a previous history of spine surgery compared with those without previous spine surgery. CONCLUSIONS These results show that a surprisingly high percentage of patients have misconceptions regarding the diagnosis and treatment of lumbar spondylosis, and that these misconceptions persist in patients with a history of spine surgery. Specifically, patients overemphasize the value of radiological studies and have mixed perceptions of the relative risk and effectiveness of surgical intervention compared with more conservative management. These misconceptions have the potential to alter patient expectations and decrease satisfaction, which could negatively impact patient outcomes and subjective valuations of physician performance. While these results are preliminary, they highlight a need for improved communication and patient education during surgical consultation for lumbar spondylosis.
A dynamic model for optimally phasing in CO2 capture and storage infrastructure

CO"2 capture and storage (CCS) is a climate-change mitigation strategy that requires an investment of many billions of dollars and tens of thousands of miles of dedicated CO"2 pipelines. To be effective, scientists, stakeholders, and policy makers will have to understand how as well as when to deploy large-scale CCS infrastructure. This will require comprehensive modeling that takes into account detailed costs, engineering, and environmental concerns. We introduce a new and comprehensive model, SimCCS^T^I^M^E, that is capable of spatially and temporally optimizing CO"2 management-capture, transport, and storage of large quantities of CO"2. The model minimizes CCS infrastructure costs while simultaneously deciding where, how much, and when to capture, transport, and store CO"2. We demonstrate the SimCCS^T^I^M^E model using real data from the Texas panhandle. Results show that the model minimizes CCS costs, while meeting rising demand to capture and store CO"2, by gradually expanding the CCS network. The model identifies non-intuitive cost savings by overbuilding infrastructure in early time periods, and then fully utilizing this infrastructure in later years. Further, results show that there is significant benefit for planning a cooperative and integrated CCS system. Finally, we show how SimCCS^T^I^M^E offers significant advantages over myopic models that cannot integrate infrastructure through time.
Dissolution and adsorption of hydrogen at smooth Pd wires at potentials of the alpha phase in sulfuric acid solution

Abstract After stepping the electrode potential rapidly down from 0.7 V, hydrogen atoms were allowed to diffuse into Pd wires for 10 or 1 s at constant potential in the region of the alpha phase. Subsequently the anodic current due to hydrogen removal at 0.7 V was recorded by the oscilloscope. The current was found to decay after a certain time according to a law characteristic for the diffusion of hydrogen from the interior of the Pd wire to the surface as rate-controlling process. The bulk concentration SCH of hydrogen atoms directly below the surface was computed on the basis of the diffusion process. The amount QH of hydrogen adsorbed on the surface was determined as the difference between the integral charge Q from the experimental current-time curves and the integral charge Q′ computed for the diffusion process within a suitable interval of time. The dependence of the bulk concentration SCH and of the hydrogen coverage QH upon potential were established and discussed.
Mechanism of Porphyrin-Induced Sonodynamic Effect: Possible Role of Hyperthermia

The biological effects of ultrasound have been investigated vigorously for various applications including the thermal coagulation of tissues, the opening of tight junctions, and localized gene or drug introduction. The synergistic cell killing effect of ultrasound and porphyrin derivatives, the so-called sonodynamic effect, holds promise for cancer treatment. Although several models to explain the sonodynamic effect have been proposed, its exact mechanism, especially in vivo, remains unknown. We examined the effect of a porphyrin derivative, protoporphyrin IX, on ultrasound-induced killing of HeLa cells. In some experiments, the intracellular protoporphyrin IX concentration was increased by 5-aminolevulinic acid treatment of the cells. Although extracellular protoporphyrin IX showed an enhanced cell killing effect by microbubble-enhanced ultrasound, intracellular protoporphyrin IX did not. On the other hand, intracellular protoporphyrin IX enhanced the cell killing effect of hyperthermia, which can be produced by ultrasound exposure, in a moderately acidic environment (pH 6.6). Because porphyrin derivatives are generally imported into the intracellular component in vivo, our results suggest that hyperthermia caused by ultrasound may play an important role in the sonodynamic effect induced by porphyrin derivatives.
Fungi occurring in freshly harvested and in-market pecans.

In a survey of fungi associated with freshly harvested and market pecans, 44 genera and 119 species were identified. These included 10 phycomycetes, 13 ascomycetes, and 96 deuteromycetes. Thirty ge...
Measurement of the dynamic interfacial tension and interfacial dilatational viscosity at high rates of interfacial expansion using the maximum bubble pressure method. II. Liquid—liquid interface

Abstract A technique proposed previously for determining the surface dilatational viscosity at a gas-liquid surface is modified to examine liquid—liquid interfaces. Interfacial dilatational viscosities for aqueous solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate in contact with several oil phases are reported.
General Weissenberg effect in free surface rheometry part I: analytical considerations

The steady free surface motion of a layered medium of viscoelastic fluids driven by a vertical rotating rod and the free surface motion of a viscoelastic fluid between vertical, eccentric, rotating cylinders is solved by means of domain perturbations. The flow field, the shape of the free surfaces and the interface and the climb at the rod are determined by expanding the stress in a series of Rivlin-Ericksen tensors and developing the theory as a perturbation of the rest state in powers of the angular frequencyΩ of the rod or of the cylinders. It is shown that rheometrical measurements in the rotating rod geometry are reliably reproducible whilst concentric cylinder geometry presents important practical problems in measuring rheological constants.
Value-based Care in the Management of Spinal Disorders: A Systematic Review of Cost-utility Analysis

Background Spinal disorders are a major cause of disability and compromise in health-related quality of life. The direct and indirect costs of treating spinal disorders are estimated at more than $100 billion per year. With limited resources, the cost-utility of interventions is important for allocating resources.
Lead halide perovskite nanowire lasers with low lasing thresholds and high quality factors

The remarkable performance of lead halide perovskites in solar cells can be attributed to the long carrier lifetimes and low non-radiative recombination rates, the same physical properties that are ideal for semiconductor lasers. Here, we show room-temperature and wavelength-tunable lasing from single-crystal lead halide perovskite nanowires with very low lasing thresholds (220 nJ cm(-2)) and high quality factors (Q ∼ 3,600). The lasing threshold corresponds to a charge carrier density as low as 1.5 × 10(16) cm(-3). Kinetic analysis based on time-resolved fluorescence reveals little charge carrier trapping in these single-crystal nanowires and gives estimated lasing quantum yields approaching 100%. Such lasing performance, coupled with the facile solution growth of single-crystal nanowires and the broad stoichiometry-dependent tunability of emission colour, makes lead halide perovskites ideal materials for the development of nanophotonics, in parallel with the rapid development in photovoltaics from the same materials.
Conductivity monitoring by an amperometric detector with a Cu(II)‐containing poly(3‐methylthiophene) electrode

A conducting, chemically synthesized, Cu(II)-containing poly(3-methylthiophene) powder was pressed into a pellet and used as the working electrode of a three-electrode system in a thin-layer amperometric cell unit to detect ionic analytes in an aqueous stream by flow-injection analysis. The electrode response was linearly correlated with the applied voltage, which was varied between 0.2 and 3.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCI). It was shown that the electrode possesses favorable sensitivity and stability in comparison with other metallic electrodes such as stainless steel and Pt. During a period of more than a year, it showed no deterioration in its performance.
On the formation of adrenergic amine storage granules as measured by reserpine labeling.

Reserpine appears to be bound specifically and irreversibly to amine storage granules in the adrenergic neuron. The presence of reserpine persistently attached to amine granule should reflect the life span of the vesicles, and any additional binding of reserpine should then measure the rate of appearance of newly formed amine granules.
Comparative antigenicity and immunogenicity of 1976 influenza virus vaccines: results of mouse protection experiments.

During the 1976 National Immunization Program large scale clinical studies of A/New Jersey/76, A/Victoria/75 and B/Hong Kong influenza virus vaccines were performed. These vaccines have now been tested in mice for their ability to induce serum HI antibody and to confer resistance to challenge infection. Vaccines were compared on the basis of their hemagglutinin content, rather than their CCA titer. The results indicate that sub-unit influenza A vaccines are less antigenic than equal doses of whole virus vaccine given to non-primed mice but that the relative antigenicity of a specific manufacturer's sub-unit vaccine may vary depending on the virus strain. Influenza B vaccines were of similar antigenicity in mice, regardless of the method of manufacture. A good correlation between serum HI antibody titer and resistance to challenge infection was found for all vaccines. Comparison of the results of these mouse protection experiments and the findings from the human studies with the same vaccines indicates that only in some general areas are mouse responses an indicator of human responses.
Area Partitioning for Channel Network Extraction Using Digital Elevation Models and Remote Sensing

Digital elevation models (DEMs) have been widely used in drainage network extraction; however, DEM-based methods often experience challenges in flat areas, where remote sensing imagery is usually informative. This letter proposes an idea of area partition in drainage network extraction. The entire study area is partitioned based on the number of maximum elevation gradients (MEGs). Areas with multiple MEGs (MMEGs) normally include flat areas and, therefore, can be problematic when using DEM-based methods. Remote sensing information can be used together with DEMs to extract drainage networks in these areas. On the contrary, drainage networks can be well defined solely from DEMs in single MEG areas. In a case study, the area partition strategy has been applied and tested in the Yarlung Tsangpo River basin in the southern region of the Tibetan Plateau. Validated using a manually interpreted channel network from high-resolution data sets, this approach generated a nonbroken channel network covering 98.0% of the reference network. These results show that applying remote sensing information only in MMEG areas performs better than throughout the entire study area.
COULOMB DISPLACEMENT ENERGIES FROM ISOBARIC ANALOGUE RESONANCES

An analysis of isobaric analogue resonances is performed to yield the Coulomb displacement energies. The resonances are produced in proton reactions on heavy nuclei. A discussion of the corrections to the resonance data is included. The Coulomb displacement energies can be fitted using the formula: $\ensuremath{\Delta}{E}_{c}={B}_{1}+\frac{{B}_{2}Z}{{A}^{\frac{1}{3}}}$, where ${B}_{1}$ is found to be -1.032\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.056 MeV, and ${B}_{2}$ is 1.448\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.006 MeV. There is no evidence for shell, deformation, or pairing effects within the accuracy of this analysis; however, the effects that one would expect to find due to deformations are of the order of the errors in the experiment. The parameters obtained are compared with other measurements of Coulomb displacement energies.
Neonatal chorda tympani transection alters adult preference for ammonium chloride in the rat.

The immature gustatory system of the neonatal rat is characterized by sensitivity to disruption by early interventions such as receptor or nerve damage. The present studies examined the effect of chorda tympani transection (neoCTX) of neonates on adult preference for salt and nonsalt stimuli. NeoCTX at 10 days of age led to a striking change in adult rats' preference for NH 4 Cl solutions but little change in preference for other solutions, including NaCl and KCl. Permanent anatomical effects of neoCTX included failure of the nerve to regenerate and a loss of all fungiform taste buds. Preference for NH 4 Cl was not due to an inability to discriminate it from NaCl. Following taste aversion conditioning to NaCl, neoCTX rats clearly distinguished between NaCl and NH 4 Cl. The effects on NH 4 Cl preference reflect a sensitive period during development because adult rats receiving similar surgery did not show any change in NH 4 Cl preference.
Fusion-based methods for target identification in the absence of quantitative classifier confidence

In an era of reduced defense budgets, there is increased pressure to reuse any available technology or capability to the extent possible. For data fusion applications, this requirement can lead to situations where the output of disparate individual algorithms would like to be fused; ideally, this would be done in the most quantitative way possible. This paper reviews, integrates, and comments on various prior works in both the data fusion, remote sensing, and character recognition communities which are helpful to the data fusion algorithm/process designer dealing, in particular, with target identification and classification problems. It is shown that generalized voting and rank-based methods may be useful in these cases; the issue of source reliability is also addressed and methods for incorporating assigned reliabilities are described.
The Synthesis of Ethyl 5-Vinyl-2-Quinuclidine Carboxylate

Abstract The synthesis of the minor indolic cinchona alkaloid, cinchonexine (1), from ethyl-5-vinyl-2-quinuclidine carboxylate (2) was reported in 19581 but the preparation of 2 was not described until several years later2. No further reports on this problem have since appeared. Since 2 was previously obtained in very poor yield from the Beckmann rearrangement of quininene oxine2 a more direct approach to its preparation was initiated in order to complete the total synthesis of cinchonexine from synthetically available precursors. Maroquinine (3a) which not only has been prepared in both racemic 3 and optically active3b forms but is also readily available from quinine4 was selected as the starting material fro this synthetic sequence.
Neutral composite fermions in QED2

Abstract We study neutral composite fermions in QED 2 as a simple but exactly solvable model of fermions substructure. We find that the two-point function for a neutral fermion does not exhibit a pole in momentum space, and hence the neutral composite fermion operator does not create an asymptotic state. A correlation inequality is also derived. Implications for composite fermion models are discussed.
Direct injection of organic solvent extracts for capillary electrophoresis

It is demonstrated here that organic solvents immiscible in water used in sample extraction, such as chloroform, can be injected directly and successfully on the capillary without the need for evaporation and reconstitution. Current continuity was maintained all the time during the run. In order to avoid the rapid evaporation of the organic solvent during the analysis, the aqueous layer was left over the chloroform. This simplified the extraction step, and enabled the injection from the same vial over several hours without dealing with problem of evaporation. The relative peak heights in the electropherograms can be modified by the inclusion in the chloroform of a more polar solvent, by adjusting the pH, or adjusting the salt content of the sample. Addition of a polar solvent to the chloroform improved greatly the precision of the analysis for both the peak height and migration time.
Phosphorus release behaviors of poultry litter biochar as a soil amendment

Abstract Phosphorus (P) may be immobilized and consequently the runoff loss risks be reduced if poultry litter (PL) is converted into biochar prior to land application. Laboratory studies were conducted to examine the water extractability of P in PL biochar and its release kinetics in amended soils. Raw PL and its biochar produced through 400 °C pyrolysis were extracted with deionized water under various programs and measured for water extractable P species and contents. The materials were further incubated with a sandy loam at 20 g kg− 1 soil and intermittently leached with water for 30 days. The P release kinetics were determined from the P recovery patterns in the water phase. Pyrolysis elevated the total P content from 13.7 g kg− 1 in raw PL to 27.1 g kg− 1 in PL biochar while reduced the water-soluble P level from 2.95 g kg− 1 in the former to 0.17 g kg− 1 in the latter. The thermal treatment transformed labile P in raw PL to putatively Mg/Ca phosphate minerals in biochar that were water-unextractable yet proton-releasable. Orthophosphate was the predominant form of water-soluble P in PL biochar, with condensed phosphate (e.g., pyrophosphate) as a minor form and organic phosphate in null. Release of P from PL biochar in both water and neutral soils was at a slower and steadier rate over a longer time period than from raw PL. Nevertheless, release of P from biochar was acid-driven and could be greatly promoted by the media acidity. Land application of PL biochar at soil pH-incorporated rates and frequency will potentially reduce P losses to runoffs and minimize the adverse impact of waste application on aquatic environments.
The Jihadist threat to Pakistan

The dangers of Islamic radicalism in the short run have been exaggerated. However, unless steps are taken now to rebuild a moderate Pakistan, it could truly become one of the world's most dangerous states within a decade.
Dietary supplementation with curcumin enhances metastatic growth of Lewis lung carcinoma in mice

Our study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with curcumin [(1E,6E)-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione] on spontaneous metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) in C57BL/6 mice. Mice were fed with the AIN93G control diet or with the diet supplemented with 2 or 4% curcumin for 5 weeks at which time they were injected subcutaneously with 2.5 × 10(5) viable LLC cells. The subcutaneous primary tumor was surgically removed when it reached ~ 8 mm in diameter, and the experiment was terminated 10 days after the surgery. There was no difference in pulmonary metastatic yield among the groups. Curcumin supplementation at either dietary level did not significantly increase the size of metastatic tumors; however, the combined data from both curcumin groups showed that curcumin treatment increased metastatic tumor cross-sectional area by 46% (p < 0.05) and volume by 70% (p < 0.05) compared to the controls. Curcumin supplementation increased plasma concentrations of angiogenic factors angiogenin (p < 0.05), basic fibroblast growth factor (p < 0.05) and vascular endothelial growth factor (p < 0.05), as well as inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (p < 0.05) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (p < 0.05), compared to the controls. These results demonstrate that curcumin does not prevent metastasis and indicate that it can enhance metastatic growth of LLC in mice, perhaps through upregulation of angiogenesis and inflammation.
Endovascular grafting in patients with short proximal necks: an analysis of short-term results.

Objectives: To evaluate the safety of endovascular graft placement in patients with short proximal aneurysm necks, and assess factors contributing to endoleak formation. Methods: 55 patients were enrolled over a two year period from five centers following the placement of a Talent® endograft with a suprarenal stent. Preoperative and 30-day post-implant CT scans were retrospectively analyzed in a blinded fashion by two physicians. Aortic measurements were obtained, the amount of thrombus was subjectively graded, and any extravasation of contrast into the aneurysm sac defined an endoleak. The data were analyzed using a t-test. Analyses compared patients with proximal necks<10 mm (SN), n=13) to those with longer necks (LN, n=42), and then contrasted patients with endoleaks (n=12), to those without (n=43). Results: Endoleak rates were identical in the SN and LN groups (21 and 23%). Maximal aneurysm size was larger in the SN group (63 vs 56 mm, P<0.05). Endoleaks were more frequently noted in larger aneurysms (P<0.05), but not related to SN (P=0.6). There was no correlation between endoleaks and the amount of thrombus, aneurysm length, proximal neck diameter or other morphologic characteristics. One of 12 endoleaks resulted from a problem with proximal fixation, nine were due to perfusing vessels, and two were undefined. The proximal neck diameter increased (0.9 mm) over the 30 days (P<0.005). Conclusions: Short-term proximal fixation can be achieved in proximal necks measuring less than 10 mm. The narrow margin of acceptable seal mandates careful follow-up. Larger aneurysms were associated with an increased incidence of endoleaks. SNs were associated with larger aneurysms, but not with an increased incidence of endoleaks. Proximal neck dilation was noted, but likely relates to the placement of an oversized endograft during this brief period of observation.
Hemispheric asymmetries during six- to eight- year-olds performance of piagetian conservation and reading tasks

Abstract To investigate children's hemispheric processing, their EEG's were recorded and alpha asymmetries were computed for each task or subtask. Piagetian conservation and reading tasks shifted from greater right-hemispheric processing during encoding of information to greater left-hemispheric processing during retrieval and verbal/logical expression of the information, which suggests interhemispheric processing within these tasks. Conserving responses and high reading scores were related to greater interhemispheric or bilateral processing during information retrieval. It is suggested that Piagetian Conservation tasks are behavioral measurements of interhemispheric integration and that progression through Piagetian stages may parallel cortical myelin development.