cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SVPWM technique with varying DC-link voltage for common mode voltage reduction in an indirect matrix converter

This paper discusses a modified space vector technique applied to an indirect matrix converter (IMC) which results in the reduction of common mode voltages and other advanced features. The conventional indirect space vector pulse-width modulation (SVPWM) method of controlling matrix converters involves the usage of two adjacent active vectors and one zero vector for both rectifying and inverting stages of the converter. By suitable selection of space vectors, the rectifying stage of the matrix converter can generate different levels of virtual DC-link voltage. This capability can be exploited for operation of the converter in different ranges of modulation indices for varying machine speeds. This results in lower common mode voltage and improves the harmonic spectrum of the output voltage, without increasing the number of switching transitions as compared to conventional modulation. The effectiveness of the algorithm is substantiated by simulations in MATLAB/Simulink and experiments on a laboratory prototype.
Galactosylceramide synthesis in the peripheral nerve of normal and Quaking mice

Abstract The activity of UDP-galactose-ceramide galactosyltransferase, which catalyzes the last synthetic step of the myelin-characteristic lipid, galactosylceramide, was determined in the sciatic nerve of normal and Quaking mice between the ages of 5 and 40 days, and the results compared with those from brain microsomes. The newly developed assay procedure that utilized acceptor-incorporated liposomes, permitted reliable assays on very small amounts of tissues. Homogenates of the normal mouse sciatic nerve showed surprisingly high activities of the enzyme, with the specific activities similar to or higher than those of the brain microsomal fractions. The normal developmental changes were similar to those in the brain, except that the entire curve was shifted to younger ages with the peak activity occurring at 15 days. The activity in the Quaking nerve was moderately but significantly decreased already at 5 days. The difference became greater at older ages, reaching 20% of normal. This observation was similar to that in Quaking brain, except that the abnormally low activity was evident at 5 days when no significant difference could be found between normal and Quaking brains. Positive diagnosis of affected mice was possible even at 5 days by light and electron microscopic examinations. The developmental changes in the normal sciatic nerve are consistent with the known earlier myelination in the peripheral nervous system, and the finding on the Quaking nerve indicated that biochemical abnormalities accompany the pathological changes also in the peripheral nerves, as in the brain.
The Mobilizer's Dilemma: Crisis, Empowerment, and Collective Action

Collective action can be problematic for two reasons - we may get little or no additional benefitfrom our own efforts should we choose to contribute (the "efficacy problem"), yet we will enjoy the benefits of others' efforts even if wefail to contribute (the "free-rider problem"). Movement mobilizers address the free-rider problem by issuing crisis messages that call attention to impending disaster and the urgent need for action. These messages discourage free riding by making clear that soon there may be no more public resources to enjoy for free. Mobilizers address the efficacy problem by issuing empowerment messages that emphasize the fact that positive change is possible and is, in fact, happening. Crisis messages are especially prominent in the "tragedy of the commons" because of the accelerating impact of overconsumption. The "mobilizer's dilemma" is that crisis messages may actually backfire by undermining belief in the ability to "make a difference," while empowerment messages affirm efficacy but encourage free riding. We tested the hypothesized effects of crisis and empowerment messages under controlled conditions in the laboratory. In two separate experiments, members of a large group were confronted with a resource depletion problem under conditions of uncertainty. We manipulated the content of persuasive messages and measured the effect on selfrestraint in harvesting the commons. The results confirmed the mobilizer's dilemma and pointed to a way out. Whether we realize it or not, we are now engaged in an epic battle to right the balance of the earth, and the tide of this battle will turn only when the majority of people in the world become sufficiently aroused by a shared sense of urgent danger to join an all-out effort.
Activity of a novel anti-folate (PDX, 10-propargyl 10-deazaaminopterin) against human lymphoma is superior to methotrexate and correlates with tumor RFC-1 gene expression.

PDX (10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin) is a novel anti-folate with improved membrane transport and polyglutamylation in tumor cells. In prior studies, PDX exhibited enhanced efficacy over methotrexate (MTX) in lung and breast carcinoma xenografts. Because MTX is active in the treatment of aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), we compared the efficacy of PDX and MTX against five lymphoma cell lines: RL (transformed follicular lymphoma), HT, SKI-DLBCL-1 (diffuse large B cell), Raji (Burkitt's), and Hs445 (Hodgkin's disease). After 5-day continuous in vitro exposure, PDX demonstrated >10-fold greater cytotoxicity than MTX in all cell lines (IC 50 PDX =3-5 nM, IC 50 MTX =30-50 nM ). We then compared the in vivo effects of anti-folates against three established human NHL xenografts in NOD/SCID mice. Tumor bearing animals were treated with saline (control) or the maximum tolerated doses of MTX (40 mg/kg) or PDX (60 mg/kg) via an intraperitoneal route twice weekly for 2 weeks. Almost 90% of HT lymphomas treat...
Low-Energy Neutrino Majorana Phases and Charged-Lepton Electric Dipole Moments

If the neutrinos are Majorana fermions, there are at least three new, potentially observable $CP$-odd phases that parametrize $CP$-invariance violating phenomena. We currently have no information regarding any of them and know that two out of the three, the so-called Majorana phases, are very hard to access experimentally. Here, we discuss the effect of Majorana phases on charged-lepton electric dipole moments (EDM), and explicitly show that neutrino Majorana phases induce EDMs even in the absence of other sources of $CP$-invariance violation. We also argue that while the Majorana neutrino contribution to EDMs is tiny, there is one generic ultraviolet completion to the standard model plus massive Majorana neutrinos---the standard model plus a triplet Higgs boson---that leads to significantly enhanced contributions which are still proportional to the low-energy neutrino Majorana phases. If this particular scenario is realized in nature, it seems possible, at least in principle, to measure the Majorana phases by precisely measuring charged-lepton EDMs.
Possible influence of band bending on the normal state properties of grain boundaries in high-Tc superconductors

The normal state transport properties of grain boundaries in high-Tc superconductors, of central importance for a large number of electronic applications, still lack a thorough explanation. In this contribution we consider the implications of grain boundaries on the electronic band structures of high-Tc cuprates. It is shown that the normal state properties observed may be caused by depletion layers formed at the interfaces.
Perovskite oxides for semiconductor-based gas sensors

The oxygen partial pressure dependence of the point defect concentration, and thus conductivity, in oxide semiconductors allows for their use in high-temperature gas sensors. In addition to responding to oxygen partial pressure, the resistance of oxide semiconductors can be affected by other gases, such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and ethanol, which creates opportunities for developing new sensors, but also leads to interference problems. The most common oxide used in such sensors is tin oxide, although other simple oxides, and some mixed oxides, are also used. The focus of this paper is on the use of perovskite oxides in semiconductor-based gas sensors. The perovskite structure, with two differently-sized cations, is amenable to a variety of dopant additions. This flexibility allows for control of the transport and catalytic properties, which are important for improving sensor performance.
Why is it so easy to underestimate systematic errors when measuring G

Before this Theo Murphy Meeting, my working hypothesis was that human activity during the measurement of G significantly affects the measurement itself. Noise caused by the gravity gradient of huma...
THE MORPHOLOGY AND VASCULAR ANATOMY OF THE PISTILLATE FLOWER OF THE CUCUMBER

This investigation has been carried on to throw light on the true nature of the pistillate flower of Cucumis sativus L. by a study of the origin and arrangement of its parts. Some contradictory discussion appears in the literature regarding the nature of the pistillate flower, but very little is known concerning the origin and development of its structures. A study of these during their early stages helps considerably in distinguishing and properly interpreting them in their later ones. An investigation of the vascular structures and of their development was made to aid in the proper interpretation of the parts of the pistillate flower.
Repetition and laterality effects on recognition memory for words and pictures

Recognition memory for a list of words was tested by presenting a series of items with Ss instructed to make positive responses to targets (list items) and negative responses to distractors (nonlist items). The test items were either words or pictures, and they were presented tachistoscopically either to the left or right visual field. The results showed mean response latencies to be generally faster for stimuli presented to the right visual field. Response times were faster for target and distractor stimuli on their second test presentations than on initial tests, but this effect was much larger for targets. Repetitions were shown to decrease the amount of time necessary to execute the stimulus encoding and initial retrieval stages of recognition. This was also true, although to a lesser extent, if different stimulus forms (words or pictures) were used on the two tests. Subsequent recognition stages, including memory search and decision processes. were apparently independent of test stimulus form.
The Effect of Rank on Police Women Coping With Discrimination and Harassment

Qualitative data from 21 in-depth interviews with women in two metropolitan departments reveals how rank and tenure affected responses to negative coworker actions and attitudes. Most women abandoned putting up with harassment and bias after their earliest years in policing, but consistently felt compelled to respond to officers’ tests of their abilities. High-rank women used coping strategies that provided some protections from assaults on their identities and negative treatment from coworkers. Certain coping strategies may enable some women to move up in rank. The power that comes with rank enabled women to take on unique approaches to addressing workplace discrimination and harassment.
Hot-electron effects in Silicon-on-insulator n-channel MOSFET's

Hot-electron degradation has been measured in short-channel bulk and SOI MOSFET's. The presence of a floating substrate in the SOI devices appears to increase the drain-saturation voltage and, therefore, to reduce the drain electric field. This effect is even further enhanced when thin fully depleted films are considered. Electrical stress measurements and device modeling suggest that hot-electron degradation should be smaller in SOI MOSFET's than in their bulk counterparts.
A new photoaffinity probe, 4-amino-2-[4-(4-azidocinnamoyl)piperazino]-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline, for α1-adrenoceptors

Abstract A photoaffinity probe for α 1 -adrenoceptors was synthesized and its properties examined on rat brain membrane preparations. The binding of 4-amino-2-[4-(4-azidocinnamoyl)piperazino]-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline (ACP) to these receptors was of high affinity (K D = 1.05 nM) and reversible in the dark. A dose-dependent decrease in the concentration of [ 3 H]prazosin binding sites without a change in K D was observed when membranes were preincubated with ACP, photolyzed, and then extensively washed prior to assay. This reduction in receptor concentration was prevented by α 1 -adrenergic ligands. The specificity of ACP for α 1 -receptors was further demonstrated by its inability to compete with [ 3 H]dihydroalprenolol and [ 3 H]yohimbine binding in these same membranes. Also, the concentrations and affinity constants of β-adrenoceptors and α 2 -adrenoceptors were unaffected in membranes which had been photolyzed after preincubation with ACP. No reduction in concentration of α 1 -adrenoceptors was detected if ACP was photolyzed prior to incubation with receptors or if ACP was maintained in darkness throughout the experiment. The results suggest that ACP is a specific and sensitive photoprobe that may be useful for further studies on α 1 -adrenoceptor coupled systems and that may be particularly suited for use in cell culture work.
Engelmann's disease (progressive diaphyseal dysplasia)

Summary 1. An additional case of Engelmann's disease has been reported. This is the twelfth of its kind. 2. Clinical examination shows that the disease is systemic, indicated by the presence of muscular weakness and nutritional failure. 3. Roentgen studies reveal that the main lesions of Engelmann's disease are progressive, symmetrical, endostial, and periosteal new-bone formation in the diaphysis of long bones. 4. Microscopically, the lesion is simply that of a solid osteopetrosis. 5. The etiology and pathogenesis of the disease is unknown. The authors believe that the work of Thiersch in developing experimental bone lesions may be of considerable importance in the further investigation of all bone diseases characterized by osteopetrosis.
The Variability of Water Vapor in the Stratosphere

Abstract Monthly measurements of stratospheric water vapor concentration, initiated as an IQSY program, have continued from a site near Washington, D.C., and now constitute a six-year time series of homogeneous data which may be examined for evidence of stratospheric water vapor variability. A regression analysis was performed for six pressure levels (100–mb) to examine the variability of water vapor concentration in terms of two components, a linear trend and an annual cycle. A highly significant trend of increasing mixing ratio from 2 to 3 ppm is found for all pressure levels over the six-year interval. A significant annual cycle is indicated for the higher pressure levels. Study of the literature indicates that similar annual cycles and trends have been observed in the height of the tropical tropopause and in temperatures at or near the tropopause. It is suggested that variability in the drying potential of the tropical tropopause region leads to corresponding variability in stratospheric mixing ratio ...
Games for training

DARPA simulations teach habits of thought so soldiers respond on the first day of combat as if they had been there a week. More often than not, it's don't shoot, talk instead.
Optimal Design of a Hybrid Electric Powertrain System

Optimal design of an electric hybrid powertrain system using a decomposition-based approach is presented. In this approach, a general system design problem is first formulated without specifying objectives. The mathematical model is analyzed using partitioning techniques, and an optimal design problem that can be readily decomposed and solved using an appropriate coordination strategy is derived. Basic concepts for hybrid powertrains in automotive applications and a mathematical design model are introduced. Different ways of synthesizing a hierarchically decomposed optimization problem statement are described, and one such problem is solved using a sensitivity-based coordination strategy.
Addressing conversion cascading constraint in OBS networks through proactive routing

The negative impact of cascaded wavelength conversions has been largely ignored in optical burst switching performance evaluations. When optical bursts are transmitted all optically from source to destination, each wavelength conversion performed along the lightpath may cause some signal-to-noise deterioration. If the distortion of the signal quality becomes significant enough, the receiver would not be able to recover the original data. In this paper we examine the performance degradation when an upper bound on the number of wavelength conversions that a signal can go through is enforced. We refer to this constraint as conversion cascading constraint. We propose a novel proactive routing scheme under this constraint that considers the instantaneous link congestion at the moment when the bursts arrive. It has three major advantages: (1) utilize the same offset times for the same node pairs while providing dynamic routing without using any fiber delay lines (FDL); (2) decrease burst loss probability to a great extent; (3) mitigate unfairness among the bursts with different hop counts, which is even worse under the conversion cascading constraint if without any special treatment. We also extend the proposed mechanism to embrace a variant of regulated deflection routing which can further improve network performance.
Having Relevance and Impact The Benefits of Integrating the Perspectives of Design Science and Organizational Development

This introductory article argues building intentional design capabilities is a primary approach to bridging theory and practice. To address the complexity and challenges of today’s organizational environments, the organizational development (OD) profession’s focus on humanistic development should be complemented by equally strong attention to bringing expertise to help design solutions to thorny problems. This requires attention to management as design and development of a design science to provide content and methodological knowledge to guide the design process. Treatments of organizational design science, just as other design sciences such as architecture, must juxtapose development of the guiding knowledge of the field with the descriptions of designing processes that bring to bear the perspectives, aspirations, and experiences of varied participants. The combination of the perspectives of organizational development and organization design science is critical to provide a knowledge foundation to build ...
Astigmatic wavefront correction of a gain-guided laser-diode array using anamorphic diffractive microlenses

A diffractive microlens array was used to collimate a one-dimensional array of gain-guided AlGaAs lasers. The astigmatism of the lasers was removed by using anamorphic microlenses. The Strehl ratio of the resulting wavefront was 0.98. The microlens array was placed in an external cavity to produce a single coherent diffraction-limited beam from the AlGaAs laser array.
Use of gamma Ray computed tomography (CT) and computer aided radioactive particle tracking (CARPT) in multiphase reactors

This brief review focuses on the work performed at the Chemical Reaction Engineering Laboratory (CREL) at Washington University, St. Louis, in using Computer Aided Radioactive Particle Tracking (CARPT) and Gamma Ray Computed Tomography (CT), in generating velocity and phase holdup profiles in different multiphase reactors. This data is used for validation of the Euler-Euler interpenetrating fluid model executed in the framework of FLUENT and CFDLIB. Data for holdup and velocity profiles, as well as for mixing parameters, obtained in liquid-solid and gas-solid risers, slurry bubble columns, and stirred tanks, are discussed. It is shown that Euler-Euler simulations are capable of predicting such data well for the cases studied. Extension of CARPT-CT to industrial systems is briefly discussed.
Analysis of a solar-heated biogas fermenter

Abstract This study investigates the performance of a solar heated biogas fermenter running continuously at 35°C. Performance analysis includes engineering design and economic evaluation of such hybrid systems. A heat recovery equipment and an active solar water heating unit operate in series to raise the fermenter temperature to 35°C. The study concludes that one of the best applications of solar energy is its utilization in producing large quantities of low temperature hot water used in slurry mixing in biogas fermenters.
Estimating a mental workload redline in a simulated air-to-ground combat mission.

Mental workload assessment is an important human performance component of the testing and evaluation of aviation systems. An acceptable mental workload should be below a critical redline level identified using the Subjective Workload Assessment Technique (SWAT). The authors used a simulated air-to-ground combat mission with an objective performance criterion to estimate a SWAT redline and compared it to a previously established acceptable range. They describe their experiment and the implications and limitations of their approach.
CP Violation in K Decays

As in the case for much of contemporary research in high energy physics, the area of CP (the product of charge conjugation and parity) violation in K decays is to be seen in the context of a much broader effort of looking for physics beyond the Standard Model. One of the specific types of such physics is represented by the possibility of a fourth family, as exemplified by the title and main focus of this conference. From the broader perspective of looking for new physics of any kind, there are two principal avenues:
IRB Inconsistency: Be Careful What You Wish For

First you say you do, and then you don't. Then you say you will, and then you won't. you're undecided now, so what are we going to do?” (Sid Robins and Charlie Shavers, “Undecided” 1938) Robert Kli...
Sessilanthera, a new genus of American iridaceae

A new genus is proposed for plants heretofore included in Nemastylis latifolia Weatherby. Sessilanthera is related to Tigridia, Rigidella, and Fosteria in tribe Tigrideae.
Time course of tolerance to apomorphine in parkinsonism.

We sought to determine if tolerance developed to the antiparkinsonian effects of apomorphine and, if so, what temporal factors influenced its development. Seven patients with parkinsonism and motor fluctuations received short (6-hour) and long (22- to 31-hour) apomorphine infusions. Tolerance was evaluated by comparison of the responses to test doses of apomorphine that were administered before and after each infusion. The responses to the test doses that followed either infusion were reduced by 35% after the short infusion and by 68% after the long infusion, although plasma apomorphine levels were similar to or higher than levels achieved with preinfusion test doses. The duration of improvement in parkinsonism after discontinuation of the long infusion was briefer than that after the short infusion. We conclude that tolerance to apomorphine occurs in parkinsonism, and the loss of response is greater after longer periods of drug administration. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1992) 52, 504–510; doi:10.1038/clpt.1992.178
Illumination effects on image formation in X-ray proximity printing

Abstract Image intensity profile calculations using the XMAS simulation program are presented for storage ring X-ray lithography proximity printing under several illumination conditions. The calculations indicate considerable widening of the process window for simultaneous replication of several kinds of submicron features by decreasing the image coherence using various techniques.
Concrete form Work, Injury and Musculoskeletal Disorders

We present hospital emergency room data on 154 injuries of carpenters and laborers working for one contractor on one large project over four years. This contractor was in charge of concrete form construction, a task that entails significant ergonomic risks. The carpenters working for this contractor had a higher percentage of injuries diagnosed as strains and sprains, while the laborers had more injuries from “struck-by/struck-against” than other crafts. We will discuss possible strategies to decrease ergonomic hazards and injuries in form construction
Some Differences in Modes of Use of an Environmental Education Programme by School Teachers and Community Leaders.

Summaries English An attempt was made to compare the types of outdoor activities chosen by school teachers versus community centre leaders. OBIS (Outdoor Biology Instructional Strategies) was used as a model of an environmental programme. Results show that teachers relate outdoor activities to subjects studied by children in class; they choose activities according to concepts presented and group activities around a common topic. Teachers are equally divided by their preferences for activity form: simulation, organism study or game. Community leaders most often chose activities in the form of games and they attribute more importance to the ‘fun’ of the activity and its attractiveness to children. Both groups did not consider participation in a workshop as an important factor in choosing the activities. It was concluded that in order to spread environmental knowledge, it is necessary to provide many activities to select from, rather than a few units heavily burdened with subject matter.
Ventilatory responses of the shrimp Palaemon adspersus to sublethal concentrations of crude oil extract

The shrimp Palaemon adspersus Rathke was exposed to the water soluble fraction (WSF: 50; 100; 200 ppb) of North Sea crude oil. The ventilatory behaviour, measured with impedance techniques, was followed for 2 wk and in a subsequent recovery period for 5 wk. Exposure to WSF caused a gradual increase in arrhythmic scaphognathite activity. After 6 d of exposure to 200 ppb shrimps spent more than 50% of the time beating arrhythmically, persisting and sometimes increasing to 100% during the remainder of the exposure period. In the 100 and 50 ppb groups, the proportion of time spent beating arrhythmically increased gradually with exposure time reaching 30 and 20% respectively. After 4 wk in clean seawater no signs of recovery were evident for individuals previously exposed to 200 ppb while those previously in 50 ppb had all recovered. After 5 wk those previously in 100 ppb had recovered and the 200 ppb group showed signs of recovery. The disturbances in ventilatory behaviour when exposed to WSF is considered to be due to damage to gill membranes or to nerve tissue, especially to the neurons in the suboesophageal ganglion controlling scaphognathite activity.
Effect of laser pulse shape on optical limiting properties of reverse saturable absorbers

Using an analytical approach we quantitatively very estimate the effects of the pulse shape and of material parameters on the intensity-dependent transmittance of reverse saturable absorbers. Irradiance levels required to fully exploit the nonlinearity are estimated.
Angiotensin II-induced activation of Na(+)-H+ exchange in adrenal glomerulosa cells is mediated by protein kinase C.

Modulation ofNa+-H+exchange (Na/H EXCH) by hormones and growth factors may be important in cell growth. We have previously shown that Na/H EXCH in adrenal glomerulosa cells is activated by angiotensin II (ANG II), a potent stimulator of aldosterone secretion. In the present paper, we have investigated the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in the activation of Na/H EXCH by ANG II. To accomplish this, we monitored cytosolic pH (pHi) in cells loaded with 2,7-bisearboxyethyl- 5(6)-carboxyflourescein and measured initial rates of 22Na uptake into glomerulosa cells in the presence or absence of dimethylamiloride. Both phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ANG II increased the activity of Na/H EXCH similarly when studied under basal conditions (pHi 7.1). This was accompanied by alkalinization of pHi and an increase in dimethylamiloride-sensitive Na+ influx. Study of kinetics of the antiporter activation showed that both ANG II and PMA led to an increase in the maximal rate (Vmax) and a decrease in the Michaelis...
Environmental NGOs and Institutional Dynamics in China

Environmental non-governmental organizations are becoming increasingly visible players in China's environmental politics. Adopting a field perspective, this article shows how the rise of environmental NGOs has taken place in interactions with four institutional fields. They not only respond to political conditions, but also to opportunities offered by the media, the internet and international NGOs. In this process, organizational entrepreneurs play a crucial role in mobilizing resources while other individuals participate in search of self-fulfilment or social experience. These arguments underscore the multi-institutional dynamics of civil society development without underestimating state-centred and market-centred explanations. In conclusion, the article discusses how environmental NGOs can serve as both sites and agents of democratic social change in China.
Negative Ion Photoelectron Spectroscopy Confirms the Prediction that (CO)5 and (CO)6 Each Has a Singlet Ground State

Cyclobutane-1,2,3,4-tetraone has been both predicted and found to have a triplet ground state, in which a b2g σ molecular orbital (MO) and an a2u π MO are each singly occupied. In contrast, (CO)5 and (CO)6 have each been predicted to have a singlet ground state. These predictions have been tested by generating the (CO)5•– and (CO)6•– radical anions in the gas phase, using electrospray vaporization of solutions of, respectively, the croconate (CO)52– and rhodizonate (CO)62– dianions. The negative ion photoelectron (NIPE) spectrum of the (CO)5•– radical anion gives an electron affinity of EA = 3.830 eV for formation of the singlet ground state of (CO)5. The triplet is found to be higher in energy by 0.850 eV (19.6 kcal/mol). The NIPE spectrum of the (CO)6•– radical anion gives EA = 3.785 eV for forming the singlet ground state of (CO)6, with the triplet state higher in energy by 0.915 eV (21.1 kcal/mol). (RO)CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ//(U)B3LYP/6-311+G(2df) calculations give EA values that are only approximately 1...
Syringomycin action gene SYR2 is essential for sphingolipid 4-hydroxylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae geneSYR2, necessary for growth inhibition by the cyclic lipodepsipeptide syringomycin E, is shown to be required for 4-hydroxylation of long chain bases in sphingolipid biosynthesis. Four lines of support for this conclusion are presented: (a) the predicted Syr2p shows sequence similarity to diiron-binding membrane enzymes involved in oxygen-dependent modifications of hydrocarbon substrates, (b) yeast strains carrying a disrupted SYR2 allele produced sphingoid long chain bases lacking the 4-hydroxyl group present in wild type strains, (c) 4-hydroxylase activity was increased in microsomes prepared from a SYR2 overexpression strain, and (d) the syringomycin E resistance phenotype of asyr2 mutant strain was suppressed when grown under conditions in which exogenous 4-hydroxysphingoid long chain bases were incorporated into sphingolipids. The syr2 strain produced wild type levels of sphingolipids, substantial levels of hydroxylated very long chain fatty acids, and the full complement of normal yeast sphingolipid head groups. These results show that the SYR2gene is required for the 4-hydroxylation reaction of sphingolipid long chain bases, that this hydroxylation is not essential for growth, and that the 4-hydroxyl group of sphingolipids is necessary for syringomycin E action on yeast.
Some additional characteristics of methionine transport in the chicken intestine.

Aufnahme und Abgabe von Methionin wurden an Darmstucken des Huhnes gemessen und die Wirkung von Athionin sowie von DNP studiert. Ferner wurde der Einfluss des kalten Methionins in der Aussenlosung auf die Abgabe von markiertem Methionin untersucht.
Holliday junction cleavage by yeast Rad1 protein

INSaccharomyces cerevisiae, of the many genes required for excision repair of ultraviolet-damaged DNA, only RAD1 and RAD10 also function in genetic recombination1. Complex formation between the RAD1 and RAD10 gene products1 activates an endo-nucleolytic function that nicks single-stranded DNA2,3 and negatively supercoiled double-stranded DNA2. To characterize the recombination role of the proteins Radl and Radl0, we have investigated their interaction with the Holliday junction, a four-stranded structure that results from single-stranded crossover between two duplex DNA molecules and whose resolution is obligatory for the generation of mature recombinants. We show that Radl binds specifically to a Holliday junction and, in the presence of magnesium, catalyses the endonucleolytic cleavage of the junction. Junction cleavage by Radl proceeds sufficiently without Radl0, thus identifying Radl as the catalytic subunit of Radl/Radl0 endonuclease.
New copolymers from electrophilic trisubstituted ethylenes and electron-rich vinyl comonomers

Ten new alternating, either 1∶1 or 1∶2, copolymers of electrophilic trisubstituted ethylenes with electron-rich vinyl monomers, were synthesized by free radical copolymerization.
Diamond-Metal Interfaces and the Theory of Schottky Barriers

A self-consistent pseudopotential calculation of the diamond-metal interface is used to examine interface states and empirical correlation for the dependence of the Schottkybarrier height and interface index, $S$, on ionicity. The properties of diamond are crucial because of its large gap and zero ionicity. Predictions based on experimental extrapolations give $S\ensuremath{\approx}0$. Our calculations give $S=0.4$ and a barrier height of 2.2 eV; the latter is in good agreement with experiment.
The Chemical Potential of Cholesterol Regulates the Pro-Metastatic Phenotype in a Cell Culture Model of Breast Cancer

We have developed a simple and reliable method to determine the chemical potential of cholesterol in plasma membranes of living cells in vitro. For a variety of cultured cells, including non-metastatic breast cancer cells, the chemical potential of cholesterol is maintained at a level of about −1.9 kBT per moleculerelative to crystalline cholesterol. But for a metastatic breast cancer cell line, this chemical potential is appreciably greater, at about −0.7 kBT per molecule. In light of these observations and recent reports of cholesterol's role in breast cancer progression we have developed a method to alter and maintain the chemical potential of cholesterol in plasma membranes of cultured cells at any desired level. Through this technique, we lowered the chemical potential of cholesterol in the metastatic cell line to that of the non-metastatic line and found that this significantly reduced the expression levels of several key proteins implicated in breast cancer progression and metastatic spread.
Light acclimation in Porphyridium purpureum (Rhodophyta): growth, photosynthesis, and phycobilisomes

Acclimation to three photon flux densities 10, 35, 180 {mu}E{center dot}m{sup {minus}2}{center dot}s{sup {minus}1} was determined in laboratory cultures of Porphyridium purpureum Bory, Drew and Ross. Cultures grown at low, medium, and high PPFDs had compensation points of <3, 6, and 20 {mu}E{center dot}m{sup {minus}2}{center dot}s{sup {minus}1}, respectively, and saturating irradiances in the initial log phase of 90, 115, 175 {mu}E{center dot}m{sup {minus}2}{center dot}s{sup {minus}1} and up to 240 {mu}E{center dot}m{sup {minus}2}{center dot}s{sup {minus}1} in late log phase. High light cells had the smallest photosynthetic unit size (phycobiliproteins plus chlorophyll), the highest photosynthetic capacity, and the highest growth rates. Photosystem I reaction centers (P700) per cell remained proportional to chlorophyll at ca. 110 chl/P700. However, phycobiliprotein content decreased as did the phycobilisome number (ca. 50%) in high light cells, whereas the phycobilisome size remained the same as in medium and low light cells. We concluded that acclimation of this red alga to varied PPFDs was manifested by the plasticity of the photosystem II antennae with little, if any, affect noted on photosystem I.
Rotor velocity/flux control of induction motors with improved efficiency

A singularity-free controller is presented for an induction motor which yields global exponential rotor velocity/flux tracking despite the lack of rotor flux measurements. For the rotor velocity/flux setpoint control problem it is illustrated how the desired setpoint for the magnitude of the rotor flux can be selected to minimize the copper loss in the machine; furthermore, a mild set of assumptions is used to show that the proposed nonlinear controller reduces to a simple three phase frequency controller. Some experimental results are provided to validate the theoretical concepts.
Application of porcelain enamel as an ultra-high-vacuum-compatible electrical insulator

Many accelerator vacuum system components require electrical insulation internal to the vacuum system. Some accelerator components at Brookhaven National Laboratory are installed in ultra-high-vacuum systems which require the insulation to have excellent vacuum characteristics, be radiation resistant, and be able to withstand high temperatures when used on baked systems. Porcelain enamel satisfies all these requirements. This article describes the process and application of coating metal parts with porcelain enamel to provide electrical insulation. The mechanical and vacuum testing of Marman flanges coated with porcelain and using metal Helicoflex seals to form a zero-length electrical break are detailed. The use of porcelain enameled parts is attractive since it can be done quickly, is inexpensive and environmentally safe, and most of all satisfies stringent vacuum system requirements.
Commentary on Krueger and Eaton's "Personality traits and the classification of mental disorders: toward a more complete integration in DSM-5 and an empirical model of psychopathology": real-world considerations in implementing an empirically based dimensional model of personality in DSM-5

In their article, Krueger and Eaton (pp. 97-118, this issue) advocate for a "more complete and extensive integration of personality traits in future DSMs [Diagnostic and Statistical Manuals of Mental Disorders], via the explicit inclusion of an empirically based, dimensional personality trait model" (p. 97) and review the "diverse ways in which the inclusion of an empirically based personality trait model could constitute a critical innovation in the transition from DSM-IV to DSM-5" (p. 113). Krueger and Eaton's proposal that (DSM-5) adopt a dimensional personality trait approach exemplifies the difficulties of devising a classification scheme that satisfies the needs of the both the clinical and research communities. In this instance, the challenge is adapting a complex dimensional trait scheme developed and utilized almost exclusively by the research community, for clinical use.
EMG of the human flexor pollicis longus muscle: implications for the evolution of hominid tool use.

Modern humans possess a distinct and well-developed flexor pollicis longus muscle, an extrinsic thumb flexor which is "either rudimentary or absent" in great apes (Straus, 1942, p. 228). Previous workers (e.g., Napier, 1962; Susman, 1988) have related the origin of a well-developed flexor pollicis longus muscle to the acquisition of precision grasping and stone tool making capabilities in early hominids. The proposed functional association between flexor pollicis longus activity, precision grasping, and stone tool manufacture has, however, never been tested experimentally. This study uses electromyographic techniques (EMG) to investigate the role of flexor pollicis longus during a variety of tool making, tool using, and manipulatory behaviors in order to determine the functional and evolutionary significance of the human flexor pollicis longus muscle. Our results indicate that flexor pollicis longus is recruited during forceful tool using and stone tool making behaviors, regardless of the power or precision grip used to hold the tool. In particular, both stone tool use and stone tool making employing three- and four-jaw chuck precision grips elicit consistently high levels of FPL activity. Flexor pollicis longus activity increases most when resistance is increased to the thumb's volar pad during these hammering, cutting, and knapping behaviors. In contrast, we observed relatively low levels of flexor pollicis longus activity during the fine manipulation of food items, the making of slender wooden probes, and the use of these probes as tools. The paleontological, archaeological, and experimental data suggest that a well-developed flexor pollicis longus muscle functioned initially in the hominid lineage to stabilize the terminal pollical phalanx against loads applied to the thumb's apical pad during the frequent and forceful use of unmodified stones as tools.
Phylogenetic and metabolic diversity of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)-transforming bacteria in strictly anaerobic mixed cultures enriched on RDX as nitrogen source.

Five obligate anaerobes that were most closely related to Clostridium bifermentans, Clostridium celerecrescens, Clostridium saccharolyticum, Clostridium butyricum and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans by their 16S rRNA genes sequences were isolated from enrichment cultures using hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) as a nitrogen source. The above isolates transformed RDX at rates of 24.0, 5.4, 6.2, 2.5, 5.5 μmol h−1 g (dry weight) of cells−1, respectively, to nitrite, formaldehyde, methanol, and nitrous oxide. The present results indicate that clostridia are major strains responsible for RDX removal, and all isolates seemed to mainly transform RDX via its initial reduction to MNX and subsequent denitration. Since clostridia are commonly present in soil, we suggest that they may contribute to the removal of RDX in the subsurface (anoxic) soil.
Low-cost manufacturing techniques for passive-integrated optical devices

A manufacturing process was developed to reduce the cost of integrated optical components. The process uses a molding operation to form the optical waveguide pattern and dye diffusion process to form the high index region. Waveguide patterns with 5 micrometer lines have been formed in highly transparent thermoplastics.
The effect of carbon monoxide on lipid metabolism of human coronary arteries.

Abstract Human coronary arteries were perfused under sterile conditions in vitro with blood containing high or low concentrations of carbon monoxide. Lipid synthesis in the arterial wall was investigated by incorporating [ 14 C]acetate; synthesis of the following lipids was measured: cholesterol, cholesterol ester, di- and triglycerides and phospholipids. Cholesterol uptake by the arterial wall was studied by using [ 3 H]-cholesterol as a tracer. No influence of CO on lipid synthesis in the arterial wall could be demonstrated. In contrast, arteries which were exposed to CO showed a higher uptake of cholesterol as compared to their corresponding control. The concentration of CO in the perfusate did not alter the degree of cholesterol uptake. These results are in general agreement with those of others, who found that CO significantly increases the permeability of endothelial membranes.
A critical analysis of two statistical spoken dialog systems in public use

This paper examines two statistical spoken dialog systems deployed to the public, extending an earlier study on one system [1]. Results across the two systems show that statistical techniques improved performance in some cases, but degraded performance in others. Investigating degradations, we find the three main causes are (non-obviously) inaccurate parameter estimates, poor confidence scores, and correlations in speech recognition errors. We also find evidence for fundamental weaknesses in the formulation of the model as a generative process, and briefly show the potential of a discriminatively-trained alternative.
Stimulation of Division of Yl Adrenal Cells by a Growth Factor Isolated from Bovine Pituitary Glands

The effect of Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) on the initiation of DNA synthesis and on the rate of division of the Yl adrenal cell line has been investigated. In sparse populations ofYl cells (4 × 103cells/cm2) maintained in 0.2% calf serum, FGF was able to initiate DNA synthesis to the same extent that an optimal concentration of serum could. Cells maintained in 0.2% calf serum sustained continuous growth when given 5 ng/ml of FGF daily. Cultures fixed and stained with crystal violet showed FGF colonies to be of equivalent size and quantity as those with serum alone. Insulin had no mitogenic activity of itsown at concentrations as high as 500 ng/ml nor did it have any potentiating effect on themitogenic activity of FGF. Glucocorticoids (0.1 µg/ml to 1 µg/ml) inhibited (25%) the initiation of DNA synthesis as well as the rate of division induced by FGFACTH (0.75 IU/ml) was clearly inhibitory. Not only did it reduce the rate of division of cellsin serum but it also reduced the rate of DNA synthesis and inh...
Expression of the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) in hippocampus produces an antidepressant effect

Abstract Background: Recent studies have demonstrated that chronic antidepressant treatment increases the expression of the cyclic amp (cAMP) response element binding protein (CREB) in rat hippocampus. The study presented here was conducted to determine if CREB is a relevant target that produces an antidepressant-like effect. Methods: We employed the herpes simplex virus (HSV)–mediated gene transfer technique to overexpress CREB and determined its effect on the learned helplessness and forced swim tests, two established models used for pharmacological screening of antidepressant drugs. Results: In the learned helplessness model, rats that received bilateral microinjection of HSV-CREB into the dentate gyrus showed significantly fewer escape failures in the subsequent conditioned avoidance test than those injected with control vector (HSV-LacZ). In contrast, microinjection of HSV-CREB in either the CA1 pyramidal cell layer of hippocampus or the prefrontal cortex did not produce an antidepressant response. In the forced swim test, CREB expression in the dentate gyrus resulted in a significantly shorter immobility time than those injected with HSV-LacZ. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that over-expression of CREB in hippocampus results in an antidepressant effect and suggest that CREB may serve as a potential molecular target for novel therapeutic agents.
Web document text and images extraction using DOM analysis and natural language processing

Web has emerged as the most important source of information in the world. This has resulted in need for automated software components to analyze web pages and harvest useful information from them. However, in typical web pages the informative content is surrounded by a very high degree of noise in the form of advertisements, navigation bars, links to other content, etc. Often the noisy content is interspersed with the main content leaving no clean boundaries between them. This noisy content makes the problem of information harvesting from web pages much harder. Therefore, it is essential to be able to identify main content of a web page and automatically isolate it from noisy content for any further analysis. Most existing approaches rely on prior knowledge of website specific templates and hand-crafted rules specific to websites for extraction of relevant content. We propose a generic approach that does not require prior knowledge of website templates. While HTML DOM analysis and visual layout analysis approaches have sometimes been used, we believe that for higher accuracy in content extraction, the analyzing software needs to mimic a human user and understand content in natural language similar to the way humans intuitively do in order to eliminate noisy content.In this paper, we describe a combination of HTML DOM analysis and Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques for automated extractions of main article with associated images from web pages.