cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Provenance variation and within-provenance genetic parameters in Eucalyptus urophylla across 125 test sites in Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, South Africa and Venezuela

Provenance and within-provenance genetic variation for stem volume growth in Eucalyptus urophylla was examined in a large trial series of 125 provenance/progeny tests in five countries. In general, heritability (within-provenance) for age-3 volume was around 0.15 for Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, and South Africa and was slightly lower in Venezuela, where tree volume was lower. Provenances from all seven islands in Indonesia where the species occurs were included in the trials. Substantial provenance variation was observed in all countries, with the best provenances showing from 25 to 30 % more volume than the mean. The average of between-country genetic correlation estimates for growth traits was 0.72, both among and within provenances. Provenance and family performance between Mexico and Venezuela were very similar, with estimated provenance and within-provenance genetic correlations of 1.00 and 0.90, respectively. There was some tendency for lower-elevation provenances to show better volume growth, but there were also very large differences observed between provenances located very close to one another. The results underscore the value of extensive provenance collections throughout the range of a species in order to ensure that the very best provenances are being captured.
COURTS Juveniles: Redefine Designated Felony Act

The Act amends Georgia's Designated Felony Law by providing that a juvenile will be subject to the provisions of the Designated Felony Law if the juvenile commits an act which would be a felony if committed by an adult and the juvenile has been adjudicated three times previously for acts which, if done by an adult, would have been felonies. July 1, 1987
Seasonality and synchrony of reproduction in three species of nectarivorous Philippines bats

Background Differences among species and among years in reproductive seasonality (the tendency for clusters of events to fall at approximately the same point in each year) and synchrony (amount of clustering of events within a year) have been intensively studied in bats, but are difficult to assess. Here, we use randomization methods with circular statistics to test for synchrony and seasonality of reproduction in three species of nectarivorous megachiropteran bats on Negros Island in the central Philippines.
Enhancement of the epithermal neutron beam at the Brookhaven Medical Research Reactor

The Brookhaven Medical Research Reactor (BMRR)1 became operational in 1959 to support Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) research in the Medical Department of the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). The research was interrupted in 1961 after the failure of initial BNCT trials to show efficacy.
Isolation and partial characterization of bacteriophage T5 mutants deficient in the ability to induce deoxynucleoside monophosphate kinase

Two mutants of bacteriophage T5 deficient in the ability to induce wild-type levels of deoxynucleoside monophosphate kinase were isolated and partially characterized. Both mutations were demonstrated to be in a structural gene for the kinase. One of the mutants, designated dnk 10, induces no detectable levels of dCMP, dGMP, or dTMP kinase activity. Because the mutant can successfully infect nonpermissive cells, phage-induced deoxynucleoside monophosphate kinase appears to be an unessential function for phage production. DNA synthesis in dnk 10-infected cells, however, is reduced to 30% of that observed in wild-type-infected cells; phage production is reduced by a comparable amount. The dnk mutation has been mapped and located on the "C" region of the T5 genetic map, 6.3 map units from the C1 locus.
Second chromosome genes required for heart development in Drosophila melanogaster.

Heart development is an evolutionarily conserved process. The cardiac organ of Drosophila melanogaster is the dorsal vessel, a linear contractile tissue with cellular and morphogenetic similarities to the primitive heart tube formed at an early stage of vertebrate heart formation. Abundant evidence shows comparable intercellular signaling pathways and transcription factor networks are utilized in Drosophila and vertebrates, to specify cardiac progenitor cells and instruct their differentiation and function in forming the mature heart. With this proven conservation in mind, we screened the second chromosome of Drosophila for genetic intervals that harbor additional loci required for normal dorsal vessel morphogenesis. Our studies identified numerous regions, that when deleted, culminated in dorsal vessels with abnormal cell numbers and/or structural properties. Certain of the deficiency intervals were further characterized to identify individual genes essential for proper cardiac organ formation. Our analyses identified eight genes of diverse functions that are needed for dorsal vessel development. Several of these sequences have known vertebrate homologues, further supporting a conserved genetic basis for heart formation in Drosophila and higher eukaryotes. genesis 45:607–617, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Design of new macromolecular architectures by using quasi-equivalent monodendrons as building blocks

Quasi-equivalent building blocks are chemically identical subunits which self-control their shape by switching between different conformational states. Classic biological examples are the flat-tapered and conical protein coats which jacket nucleic acids during the self-assembly of rod-like and icosahedral viruses, respectively. This paper advances the hypothesis that monodendrons can act as synthetic quasi-equivalent building blocks. The rational design of flat-tapered and cone shaped quasi-equivalent monodendrons and their use in the construction of three dimensional supramolecular and macromolecular rod-like and spherical systems demonstrates the above hypothesis. Mechanisms which interconvert the spherical systems into rod-like ones by using the same monodendron building blocks, thus demonstrating their quasi-equivalence, will be exemplified.
Animal behaviour: Chimpanzee choice and prosociality (Reply)

Beninger and Quinsey 1 argue that we provide no evidence that chimpanzees show other-regarding preferences in the two-option test situation under conditions in which they would be expected to show such a preference. This criticism is misdirected, because our aim was not to determine whether chimpanzees would demonstrate prosocial preference under any circumstances. Instead, it was to determine whether chimpanzees show pro-social preferences in situations similar to those in which these occur routinely in humans.
LOSS OF FIMBRIAL ADHESION WITH THE ADDITION OF VACCINUM MACROCARPON TO THE GROWTH MEDIUM OF P-FIMBRIATED ESCHERCHIA COLI

AbstractPurpose: Vaccinium macrocarpon-the American cranberry-irreversibly inhibits the expression of P-fimbriae of E. coli. Further effects on the function and expression of P-fimbriae were studied by growing P-fimbriated E. coli in solid media laced with cranberry juice.Methods: Cranberry concentrate at pH 7.0 was added to CFA medium to a final concentration of 25%. E. coli strains JR1 and DS17 were plated on this medium with a plain CFA control and incubated at 37C. Cultures were tested for ability to agglutinate P-receptor specific beads. Bacteria were washed in PBS and agglutination retested. Cultures were also replated on plain CFA agar and rechecked for their ability to agglutinate. Transmission electron micrographs were performed on positive control and test bacteria.Results: For E. coli strain JR1, P-fimbrial agglutination was inhibited after the third plating. DS17 was fully inhibited after the second plating. Washing in PBS did not affect agglutination, but replating on CFA agar allowed aggluti...
Low back pain and musculoskeletal symptoms among Kansas farmers.

Background Farming continues to rank as one of the most dangerous occupations in the United States. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of low back pain and other musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among the farmers and to examine the factors associated with occupational back pain. Farmers in a predominately corn and soybean growing region of Kansas served as the study sample. Methods Questionnaires were mailed out to 499 active farmers of a Farmers' Cooperative in Southeast Kansas. The self-administered questionnaire was used to determine the prevalence of self-reported symptoms of back pain and other MSDs and to determine the strength of associations between back pain and work factors. Results The participation rate was 57.2%. The low back was the anatomical area with the highest prevalence of self-reported work-related pain (37.5%), followed by the shoulders (25.9%), knees (23.6%), and neck (22.4%). Close to 60% of the farmers reported that they experienced farm work-related MSD symptoms in at least one of the nine body areas in the previous year. Nearly one quarter of the farmers reported seeing a physician for their low back symptoms, and one in five farmers had to modify their work habits due to low back symptoms during the previous year. Conclusions Low back pain and other musculoskeletal conditions are a significant problem for Kansas farmers. This group of Kansas farmers experienced low back pain at a much higher rate than the general working population and higher than other groups of farmers previously studied. Am. J. Ind. Med. 49:547–556, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An algorithm for generating artificial test clusters

An algorithm for generating artificial data sets which contain distinct nonoverlapping clusters is presented. The algorithm is useful for generating test data sets for Monte Carlo validation research conducted on clustering methods or statistics. The algorithm generates data sets which contain either 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 clusters. By default, the data are embedded in either a 4, 6, or 8 dimensional space. Three different patterns for assigning the points to the clusters are provided. One pattern assigns the points equally to the clusters while the remaining two schemes produce clusters of unequal sizes. Finally, a number of methods for introducing error in the data have been incorporated in the algorithm.
New advancements in charge-coupled device technology - Sub-electron noise and 4096 x 4096 pixel CCDs

This paper reports on two new advancements in CCD technology. The first area of development has produced a special purpose CCD designed for ultra low-signal level imaging and spectroscopy applications that require sub-electron read noise floors. A nondestructive output circuit operating near its 1/f noise regime is clocked in a special manner to read a single pixel multiple times. Off-chip electronics average the multiple values, reducing the random noise by the square-root of the number of samples taken. Noise floors below 0.5 electrons rms are reported. The second development involves the design and performance of a high resolution imager of 4096 x 4096 pixels, the largest CCD manufactured in terms of pixel count. The device utilizes a 7.5-micron pixel fabricated with three-level poly-silicon to achieve high yield.
Reversal of migration in the labor reserves of Zimbabwe? Prospects for change

Changing patterns of migration in Zimbabwe over time are reviewed with particular reference to rural-urban migration and the governments efforts to slow out-migration from rural areas. The author notes that the recently established resettlement schemes are achieving a level of success in lowering rates of out-migration. However he also observes that adequate credit for the purchase of equipment and cattle is necessary if out-migration is to be reduced. (ANNOTATION)
Approaches for efficient stiction compensation in process control valves

Limit cycles caused due to valve nonlinearity such as stiction can be eliminated with proper valve maintenance. Valve maintenance is undertaken during production stops, which are scheduled once every 6 months to 3 years. The loss of energy and product quality during this intermediate period can be quite high. Stiction compensation algorithms can mitigate this problem to a large extent. In this paper, two novel approaches for stiction compensation are proposed: (a) a simple two-move approach and (b) an optimization based approach much in the spirit of predictive control strategies. Both the approaches are based on a data-driven model for stiction. The merits and demerits of both these approaches are discussed. The results are illustrated using simulation case studies. The two-move approach is also validated on a liquid level system.
Gastroduodenal ulceration in rabbits producing antibodies to prostaglandins

Abstract The consistent occurrence of gastric and duodenal ulcers was observed in laboratory rabbits used for production of high-titer plasma antibody to 6-keto PGF 1α and PGE 2 . Perforations developed in 7 of 10 animals, usually just distal to the pyloroduodenal junction. The remaining rabbits showed gross and/or microscopic evidence of imperforate ulcers and erosions. These lesions appeared to be direct pathologic complications of an immune response directed against prostaglandins since animals immunized against met-enkephalin with similar methods had no ulcers.
Imaging techniques in retinal research

In recent years, retinal research has benefited from major advances in optical imaging approaches. Investigations of the structural and functional organization of the vertebrate retina using live preparations have been facilitated by improvements in cell labeling methods, and by microscopy techniques that permit high-resolution of cells in vitro and in vivo. In particular, the generation of transgenic animals with fluorescently labeled retinal cells has permitted real-time visualization of cell generation, migration, differentiation and growth in the developing retina. Neuronal activity can also be examined by optical imaging using activity reporters directed to specific retinal cell types. Optical techniques such as multiphoton microscopy and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) have helped unravel the physiological properties and function of retinal cells. Here, we focus on the latest cell labeling methods that have proven highly useful in many aspects of retinal research. We also highlight several examples of how newly developed imaging technology itself has facilitated investigations that have advanced our understanding of retinal circuits and their development.
Sources of distress among women in treatment with their alcoholic partners

We examined sources of psychological and relationship distress among 90 nonalcoholic women with alcoholic male partners seeking outpatient, conjoint alcohol treatment. Results indicated that greater psychological distress among these women was most strongly associated with lower satisfaction with the marital relationship, presence of domestic violence, lower frequency of male partner's drinking, lower perceived social support from family, and more frequent attempts to cope with the partner's drinking. Controlling for psychological distress, greater marital satisfaction was associated most strongly with greater attempts to reinforce positively the partner's abstinence and with less effort to detach from the partner's drinking. Severity of partner's alcohol problems was unexpectedly associated with greater marital satisfaction in multiple regression analyses, though not in bivariate analyses. Results highlight the close connection between psychological and relationship distress and potential relations between alcohol-related coping behaviors and both psychological and relationship distress.
Diagnostic testing in modeling energy demand

Abstract In recent years, a number of formal diagnostic tests for identifying misspecification of models and criteria for comparing alternative models have been proposed. Not many of them, however, have found common use among energy analysis. This paper provides a comprehensive listing of these techniques and describes them in a manner easily accessible to modelers of energy demand. The methods suggested are illustrated with an application to the modeling of peak electricity demand in a utility service area in the upper midwest.
Mexican Immigrant Networks and Home-School Connections

As the 2000 census makes clear, the Latino population in the United States is growing faster than any other group. Much of the growth is due to immigration from Mexico and other countries in Latin America, and many immigrants are settling in cities and towns far from traditional "receiving communities," in areas of the country that have historically had little contact with non-English speakers.
Multipotent stem cells from trabecular meshwork become phagocytic TM cells.

Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide and the second leading cause of blindness overall in the United States.1 Glaucoma damages the optic nerve leading to progressive visual field loss and eventual blindness. For most forms of glaucoma, elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and aging remain the most important risk factors.2 Although the pathogenesis is multifactorial, optic nerve damage is strongly associated with increased IOP. Experimental animal models demonstrate that elevated IOP is sufficient to produce glaucoma-like optic nerve damage.3 The main outflow pathway for aqueous humor in the eye consists of a series of endothelial cell–lined channels in the angle of the anterior chamber comprising the trabecular meshwork (TM), Schlemm's canal, the collector channels, and the episcleral venous system. The TM, especially the juxtacanalicular region, and the inner wall of Schlemm's canal are thought to be the source of the most resistance to aqueous outflow. The cells lining the lamellae of the TM play two primary roles: secretion of specific enzymes and extracellular matrix and phagocytosis of debris in the aqueous humor.4 Both functions help maintain aqueous outflow over the trabecular lamellae.5 Reduced cellularity within the TM is observed with age and correlates with increased outflow resistance and elevated IOP.6–9 Current therapies for IOP control involve pharmacologic reduction of aqueous humor production and surgical enhancement of outflow. These therapies are effective but still have significant limitations; toxicity, side effects, complications, failure, and patient noncompliance are common. Resident pools of somatic stem cells in many organs are responsible for tissue maintenance and repair.10 Many of these stem cells expanded in vitro exhibit effective tissue regeneration when introduced to pathologic tissues in vivo.11 Cell-based restoration of TM function to glaucomatous eyes is a potential therapy not yet explored due to lack of cells that maintain TM phenotype in vitro and home to the TM in vivo. Several studies have reported cells in TM which express properties of adult stem cells (Challa P, et al. IOVS 2003;44:ARVO E-Abstract 3164)12–14; however, characterization of the presumptive TM stem cells (TMSCs) is incomplete. Our present study demonstrates isolation of a multipotent population of adult stem cells from human TM, which can be greatly expanded in vitro while maintaining the novel ability to differentiate to TM cells.
Elevated temperature deformation behavior of a dispersion-strengthened Al-Fe,V,Si alloy

The deformation behavior of a rapidly solidified, dispersion-strengthened Al alloy containing 11.7 pct Fe, 1.2 pct V, and 2.4 pct Si was studied at test temperatures up to 450 °C using constantstress creep and constnt strain-rate tensile tests. Apparent stress exponents (n) up to ∼24 and an activation energy of 360 kJ/mol were obtained with the standard Arrhenius type power-law creep equation, which also suggested a change in behavior at ∼300 °C. Substructure-invariant and dislocation/dispersoid interaction models were found to be inadequate for explaining the behavior. When the data were replotted as\(\dot \varepsilon ^{1/n} \)vs σ, two regimes were found between 350 °C and 450 °C. A model with a pseudothreshold stress (σTh′) for the higher stress regime resulted inn ∼3, indicating solute drag in this regime. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed departureside pinning of dislocations at higher stresses. In the lower stress regime, TEM showed dislocation subgrain structures. Here, the model resulted in a stress exponent of ∼4.5 indicating the dislocation climb mechanism. At temperatures below ∼300 °C, a single regime was found along with lower activation energies and a stress dependence of ∼3. Dislocation pipe diffusion is proposed to explain the lower activation energy. The origin ofσTh′ has been tied to dislocation generation at the grain boundaries.
Finite-time vortex singularity in a model of three-dimensional Euler flows.

An analytical model of three-dimensional Euler flows which exhibits a finite-time singularity is given. The singularity in vorticity occurs at a velocity field null (stagnation point) which lies on the line joining two vorticity field nulls. It is shown that the vorticity diverges inversely with time.
A role for BLyS in the activation of innate immune cells

B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand superfamily. Although BLyS costimulates adaptive immune cells, the ability of BLyS to stimulate innate immune cells has not been described. Here, we show that BLyS strongly induces human monocyte survival, and activation as measured by proinflammatory cytokine secretion and up-regulation of costimulatory molecule expression. In addition, monocytes cultured with BLyS differentiated into macrophage-like cells. Regarding BLyS receptor(s) expression, freshly isolated monocytes bound low levels of exogenous BLyS and expressed primarily intracellular TACI, and cell surface TACI levels increased following monocyte activation. Of interest, bone marrow monocytes from some multiple myeloma patients expressed significant levels of cell surface TACI at isolation. Our findings indicate that BLyS plays a role in activating innate immune cells. Moreover, this study may explain more clearly why high BLyS production is often correlated with certain inflammatory autoimmune diseases and B-lymphocyte malignancies.
Experimental studies of critical heat flux for low flow of water in vertical annuli at near atmospheric pressure

Abstract Experiments are performed to measure the critical heat flux (CHF) for low flow of water in vertical annuli near atmospheric pressure (0.118 MPa). CHF data are collected for water inlet subcooling ranging from 44 K (or 182 kJ kg−1) to 75 K (or 312 kJ kg−1), and mass fluxes from 0 to 260 kg m−2 s−1. The CHF values vary from 155 kW m−2 for zero inlet flow to a maximum of 1418 kW m−2 for a water mass flux of 260 kg m−2 s−1. The data are classified and correlated according to the flow transition which occurred at CHF. Two CHF correlations are developed, one for the slug-churn and the churn-annular flow transitions and the other for the annular-annular mist flow transition. The heat flux at incipient flow chugging is also measured and found to vary from a minimum of about 40% of the CHF values in the smallest annulus (annulus ratio = 1.575) to a maximum of approximately 88% of CHF in the other larger annuli (annulus ratio = 1.72 and 2.0). Results also show that the heat flux at incipient chugging increases as either the water mass flux or inlet subcooling increases. The CHF values for zero inlet flow are predicted within ±25% using Block and Wallis' flooding correlation.
A cytological study of the Golgi substance of striated muscle of vertebrates

The silver chromate method used by Cajal, Fusari, and others supporters of the ‘network’ theory, fixes the contraction bands and (M) membranes in contracted muscle and the (Z) membranes and borders of the (Q) discs in relaxed fibers. The same structures are preserved by fixation in gold chloride. Kolatchev, and Bouin solutions. Muscle tissue subjected, prior to fixation, to fat extractives: ether, chloroform, etc., and subsequently fixed by these methods has an appearance similar to control preparations. The Cajal-Fusari ‘network’ is therefore considered to result from an impregnation of the membranes and bands; the various types of ‘nets’ described by these observers being due to fixation of fibers in different stages of contraction. The true Golgi substance of striated muscle consists of osmiophilic bodies located in the sarcoplasm in proximity to the nuclei. Cone, saucer, or crescent-shaped osmiophilic bodies occur at the poles, and granules, rods or curved rods of similar staining material along the sides of the nuclei. The disposition of these structures varies from nucleus to nucleus. Heart muscle possesses a relatively larger amount of the substance than does skeletal muscle.
Information Exploitation By Downy Woodpeckers in Mixed-Species Flocks

Downy woodpeckers (Picoides pubescens) benefit from foraging in mixed-species winter flocks by decreasing their vigilance level and increasing their feeding rate. I investigated one mechanism, auditory cues, downy woodpeckers use to obtain information on the presence of other flock members and potential predators. Experiments with predator models and with recorded alarm calls and contact calls from flock members yielded the following results. Downy woodpeckers use the contact calls of other flock members to assess the presence of flocks members. Woodpeckers foraging alone but with the recorded contact calls of flock members showed lower vigilance levels and higher feeding rates than woodpeckers foraging alone with no recordings or with the control recordings. Woodpeckers respond to the other species' alarm calls as an indication of potential predators and also to their contact calls as an all clear signal afterwards. Downy woodpeckers decreased their vigilance levels and resumed foraging faster when the contact calls followed the presentation of predator models or alarm calls than when these were presented alone.
GMM estimation of the new Phillips curve

Abstract This paper applies test statistics developed by Stock and Wright [Econometrica 68 (2000) 1055] to examine the two specifications of the New Keynesian Phillips curve in Gali and Gertler [Journal of Monetary Economics 44 (1999) 195]. The new test statistics demonstrate the inadequacy of conventional GMM methodology by indicating two features that are neglected by Gali and Gertler: observational equivalence in the baseline model and weak identification in the hybrid model.
Some Future Directions in Medical Genetics

The future organization of our complex health care system and its regulation will be an important factor in personnel requirements in medical genetics. There are many problems. Over 40 million people are uninsured. How can we provide appropriate genetic services to this underserved population, and how should that be done? Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) are here to stay for some time. To reduce costs, these organizations utilize cost-effectiveness analysis to define the needs for genetic services. A likely outcome is increasing utilization of genetic counselors, rather than of medical geneticists in HMO settings, which is already happening in cancer genetics. There is likely to be more patient education in matters of genetics with attention to prevention—a welcome development. The specific organization of various genetic services and the role of genetics in medical care is difficult to predict at this time and will depend on scientific developments and how health care in the U.S.A. will be administered in the future. There is no question, however, that our field of science and practice will play an important role in the medicine of the future.
Realizing Critical Geographies of the University

This paper argues that current changes underway in the daily lives of faculty at US research universities need to be understood contextually. A critical contextualization is a first step in realizing critical geographies of and in the university. This argument is elaborated in a consideration of three situations the author has faced: teaching undergraduate economic geography in an era of globalization; the professionalization of graduate students, and universities' indifference to the fuller lives of (in this case) faculty.
State recognition of same-sex relationships and preparations for end of life among lesbian and gay boomers

The authors compared 793 nonheterosexual baby boomers on their relationship status (single or in a civil union) and the state in which they lived (did or did not recognize same-sex civil unions). Analyses revealed patterns attributable to participants’ relationship status, state recognition, and the combination of these variables. Findings showed that state recognition of same-sex unions has an impact not only on nonheterosexual individuals’ current quality of life but also on their future plans and emotional responses to those plans. A lack of legal recognition requires nonheterosexuals to take greater action to ensure that their end-of-life wishes will be carried out, and may lead to their having increased fears about late life.
Depression reduces perceptual sensitivity for positive words and pictures.

There is evidence of maladaptive attentional biases for lexical information (e.g., Atchley, Ilardi, & Enloe, 2003; Atchley, Stringer, Mathias, Ilardi, & Minatrea, 2007) and for pictographic stimuli (e.g., Gotlib, Krasnoperova, Yue, & Joormann, 2004) among patients with depression. The current research looks for depressotypic processing biases among depressed out-patients and non-clinical controls, using both verbal and pictorial stimuli. A d′ measure (sensitivity index) was used to examine each participant's perceptual sensitivity threshold. Never-depressed controls evidenced a detection bias for positive picture stimuli, while depressed participants had no such bias. With verbal stimuli, depressed individuals showed specific decrements in the detection of positive person-referent words (WINNER), but not with positive non-person-referent words (SUNSHINE) or with negative words. Never-depressed participants showed no such differences across word types. In the current study, depression is characterised both...
Liquid Crystal Display Research in Japan

Abstract The technology development of liquid crystal display started having a remarkable influence on the technology innovation of up-to-date electronic calculator. While a digital display using liquid crystal display has been developed in its earlier stage as the segment type which sets a limit of display to numeric and certain symbols, it is also spent an effort to develop the X - Y matrix type which can display alpha-numeric and moreover kana characters. As a practical application of the X - Y matrix type liquid crystal display, an alpha-numeric type scientific electronic calculator and electronic translator will be reported. Further, the present status of liquid crystal display applications and trend of R&D in other consumer and industrial electronic industries in Japan will be reported. Finally, activities in the Japanese academic circles will be presented.
Proteomics Reveals a Physical and Functional Link between Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4α and Transcription Factor IID

Proteomic analyses have contributed substantially to our understanding of diverse cellular processes. Improvements in the sensitivity of mass spectrometry approaches are enabling more in-depth analyses of protein-protein networks and, in some cases, are providing surprising new insights into well established, longstanding problems. Here, we describe such a proteomic analysis that exploits MudPIT mass spectrometry and has led to the discovery of a physical and functional link between the orphan nuclear receptor hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) and transcription factor IID (TFIID). A systematic characterization of the HNF4α-TFIID link revealed that the HNF4α DNA-binding domain binds directly to the TATA box-binding protein (TBP) and, through this interaction, can target TBP or TFIID to promoters containing HNF4α-binding sites in vitro. Supporting the functional significance of this interaction, an HNF4α mutation that blocks binding of TBP to HNF4α interferes with HNF4α transactivation activity in cells. These findings identify an unexpected role for the HNF4α DNA-binding domain in mediating key regulatory interactions and provide new insights into the roles of HNF4α and TFIID in RNA polymerase II transcription.
Comparisons of whole body energy content of captive fasting age zero Alaskan Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi Valenciennes) and cohorts over-wintering in nature

Abstract Changes in whole body energy content (WBEC) of captive age-0 Pacific herring ( Clupea pullasi Valenciennes) forced to fast during winter was measured and compared to cohorts collected in the field. Somatic energy content (kJ·g −1 wet wt) of fasting captives declined at a rate of 23 J·g −1 wet wt per day from 1 December 1995 to 25 January 1996 (56 days) at a mean temperature of 6.6°C. In another observation, fish captured on 1 December 1995 and held without feeding until 1 April 1996 (122 days) had an average WBEC that changed from 5.2 to 3.2 kJ·g −1 wet wt during captivity at about 5.2°C. Fish that died during fasts had WBEC values ranging from 2.8 to 3.6 kJ·g −1 wet wt. During March 1996 the WBEC of field collected age-0 herring averaged 3.8 kJ·g −1 , with ≈40% having WBEC ≤3.6 kJ·g −1 wet wt. Thus, by March the average recruit had used most of its stored energy. These observations confirm that in the northern Gulf of Alaska region age-0 herring rely heavily on stored energy to survive their first winter.
NASA's progress in nuclear electric propulsion technology

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has established a requirement for Nuclear Electric Propulsion (NEP) technology for robotic planetary science mission applications with potential future evolution to systems for piloted Mars vehicles. To advance the readiness of NEP for these challenging missions, a near-term flight demonstration on a meaningful robotic science mission is very desirable. The requirements for both near-term and outer planet science missions are briefly reviewed, and the near-term baseline system established under a recent study jointly conducted by the Lewis Research Center (LeRC) and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is described. Technology issues are identified where work is needed to establish the technology for the baseline system, and technology opportunities which could provide improvement beyond baseline capabilities are discussed. Finally, the plan to develop this promising technology is presented and discussed.
Effects on the pituitary-thyroid axis and prolactin secretion of single and repetitive oral doses of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).

ABSTRACT The effects of single and repetitive oral doses of synthetic TRH were studied in healthy young men and women. Administration of single doses of TRH, from 2.5 to 160 mg, to each of 18 subjects resulted in increasing maximum increments in serum levels of thyrotropin (TSH), thyroxine (T4, triiodothyronine (T3), and prolactin. The peak incremental responses were these: maximum Δ TSH, 27.1 ± 2.6 μU/ml (to the 80 mg TRH dose); maximum Δ T3, 113 ± 19 ng/100 ml (160 mg); maximum Δ T4, 4.2 ± 0.3 μg/100 ml (160 mg); maximum Δ prolactin in women 46.2 ± 8.2 ng/ml (80 mg); and the maximum Δ prolactin in men, 35.0 ± 3.9 ng/ml (80 mg). Administration of 10 mg of TRH every 8 hr for 22 consecutive doses to each of 9 normal young women resulted in raised mean serum T3 and T4 concentrations, which reached new steady-state levels in 4 and 3 days. The new steady-state T3 levels were approximately 30% higher than the pretreatment T3 level, and the new steady-state T4 levels were approximately 40% higher than the pretr...
Enhancement of FDOCT imaging range by sub-pixel spectral shifting

Spectral shifting increases the axial image range of Fourier domain optical coherence tomography. Second measurement of the spectral interference after shifting by one-half pixel doubles the imaging range and increases the signal to noise ratio.
Evidence for allochthonous prey delivery to Lake Michigan's Mid-Lake Reef Complex: Are deep reefs analogs to oceanic sea mounts?

Lake Michigan's Sheboygan Reef is contained in a refuge for lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) restoration, and is one of several deep midlake reefs that historically were productive spawning and fishery grounds. The summits of these reefs are rocky and deeper than the photic zone. We propose that the basis of trophic support for lake trout and their prey is allochthonous and based, at least in part, on the principle of “topographic blockage” of descending vertical migrators (Mysis diluviana), as has been proposed for oceanic seamounts. We estimated slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus) and Mysis densities via ROV (unmanned submersible) electroshocking and collected slimy sculpins for diet analyses via ROV and beam trawl. Slimy sculpin densities were greater or similar to that for its shallow-water (photic zone) congener, the mottled sculpin (C. bairdi), and not distinguishable from a random distribution. Mysis densities were highly contagious. The diet of the slimy sculpin was variable: Mysis typically predominated, followed by Diporeia and midge larvae. We argue that Mysis and Diporeia originate from off Sheboygan Reef because the summit of Sheboygan Reef is much shallower than the preferred daytime depth of Mysis and there is no suitable soft substrate for Diporeia, which is a burrowing amphipod. The probable mechanism for delivery of these two prey to Sheboygan Reef is topographic blockage.
Effect of bronchoconstrictive aerosols on pulmonary gas trapping in the A/J mouse

We exposed conscious A/J mice to several challenge aerosols and measured gas trapped within excised lungs by quantitating their buoyancy in saline (Archimedes' principle). The temporal stability of the excised lung gas volume (ELGV) measurement was also examined. ELGV increased in a dose proportional manner with increasing concentrations of methacholine and reached a maximum of 338 ± 33% above vehicle-exposed controls. The A/J mice were 100 times more responsive to aerosol methacholine compared to hyporesponsive C3H/HeJ mice. Aerosol challenges of U-46619, a thromboxane A2 mimetic, and serotonin resulted in a 40% and 135% increase in ELGV's versus their controls, respectively. ELGV's were not increased after aerosols of leukotriene C4, histamine, substance P, N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine and platelet activating factor. Both normal (filtered air-exposed) and hyperinflated (methacholine-exposed) excised lungs lost about 10% of their initial volume by 30 min and 40–65% of initial volume by 4 h. Occlusion of the trachea in either group did not affect the total gas lost, suggesting that the majority of the gas loss was via transpleural diffusion. We conclude that determination of ELGV in mice, when performed soon after challenge testing, is a simple, rapid and reliable estimate of airway obstruction.
Population structure and genetic signs of population bottlenecks in the endangered Hawaiian tree snail Achatinella sowerbyana

The native Hawaiian tree snail Achatinella sowerbyana has, along with its remaining congeners, experienced drastic population reductions in the past century. The species is endemic to O’ahu, and currently persists in fragmented wild populations and in a captive breeding facility at the University of Hawai’i at Manoa. We used seven microsatellite loci to examine genetic diversity and population structure, to look for genetic effects of population reductions, and to estimate current effective population sizes of four sampling locations on O’ahu, Hawai’i. We also sought to test the genetic similarity of the captive snails to the wild samples. Our results show low levels of inbreeding, but relatively low levels of genetic diversity. Bottleneck tests identified bottlenecks at each of the four populations, and current effective population sizes ranged from 9 to 68, indicating that continued reductions in genetic diversity are likely due to drift. There was measurable structure among populations, including significant FST values between all sampling locations, and two main clusters, each containing two populations. Attempts to assign the captive bred individuals to wild populations indicated they were more closely related to the southern populations, but that they were divergent from any of the wild populations. Our results indicate that, although introduced predators and habitat fragmentation still threaten A. sowerbyana, genetic concerns must also be addressed in managing this species. Strategies that retain the highest amount of genetic diversity and that are mindful of the population structure detected will provide A. sowerbyana the best chance for persistence.
Impact of imipenem/cilastatin therapy on normal fecal flora

The impact of parenteral imipenem/cilastatin therapy on the bowel flora of six patients was evaluated. Stool samples were collected before and during therapy and qualitative and quantitative bacteriologic studies were performed. Imipenem had no effect on total microorganism counts. Two patients acquired Candida albicans during therapy, and three patients acquired Proteus species. Pseudomonas species in one patient acquired resistance. Imipenem appears to have a relatively modest effect on the bowel flora and apparently does not readily induce resistance in the resident flora as compared with other agents.
Economic realities of utilizing renewable energy in agriculture

Abstract The paper examines the socio-economic realities of utilizing renewable energy resources such as wind, solar, geothermal and effluent heat in agriculture. It points out that these socio-economic realities, such as large initial investment and high risk involved in such projects, are likely to be the main obstacle for a wide application of these energy sources. Some of the propositions made in the paper are demonstrated by an analysis of greenhouse heating systems in Israel.
Wading measurements of vertical velocity profiles

Abstract Increasingly, there is a recognized need to enhance research of hydraulic, geomorphic and sediment-transport processes in rivers. This research often includes studies of the velocity distribution in rivers. This paper describes the use of the topsetting wading rod and a table and an analytical expression to more easily obtain vertical velocity profiles in rivers.
Anomalous Orbital Structures Resulting in Unusual Strabismus

Anomalous orbital structures are a rare cause of strabismus. These structures attach to the globe and produce a mechanical restriction, resulting in incomitant motility disorders. Three types of anomalous structures have been described. The first arise from the extraocular muscles themselves and insert in abnormal locations. The second are fibrous bands located beneath the rectus muscles. The third are discrete anomalous muscles that originate in the posterior orbit and insert in abnormal locations on the globe. These structures have been associated with unusual patterns of strabismus. Clinical findings that suggest the presence of anomalous orbital structures include globe retraction not associated with Duane retraction syndrome, very large vertical strabismus, and an elevation deficit that is worse in abduction. When looking for anomalous orbital structures in patients with atypical strabismus, imaging studies should be considered.
Influence of Miscibility on Viscoelasticity, Structure, and Intercalation of Oligo-poly(caprolactone)/Layered Silicate Nanocomposites

Nanocomposites of oligo-poly(caprolactone) (o-PCL) with layered silicates having a variety of organic modifiers have been prepared by simple mechanical mixing. The effect of organic modifier type o...
Effect of intrastriatal administration of cholinergic and GABAergic agonists on apomorphine-induced circling.

The objectives of this study were (1) to clarify the effects of muscarinic and GABAergic agonists administered directly into the striatum on the circling behavior produced by dopamine (DA) receptor stimulation and (2) to determine whether the effects produced by these drugs are independent or are mediated through an interaction with GABAergic or cholinergic neuronal systems. Circling behavior was produced by the administration of apomorphine (AP) to rats previously injected into their right substantia nigra with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). The circling induced by AP (0.5 mg/kg SC) reached a peak rate 5–10 min after injection. The intrastriatal administration of pilocarpine, a muscarinic receptor agonist, 10 min after AP administration produced a dose-dependent inhibition of the AP-induced circling. Similarly, several GABAmimetic drugs (muscimol, GABA, chlordiazepoxide, sodium valproate) also inhibited AP-induced circling in a dose-dependent manner. The intrastriatal administration of scopolamine, which blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors, reversed the inhibitory effect of pilocarpine but not that of muscimol. However, picrotoxin, the GABAergic antagonist, reversed the inhibitory effect of both pilocarpine and muscimol. These results suggest that the stimulation of either muscarinic or GABAergic receptors in the striatum inhibits the effects of DA receptor stimulation. The inhibitory effect produced by pilocarpine may involve the activation of GABAergic receptors, presumably through stimulation of GABAergic neurons and subsequent release of GABA.
Literacy and disciplinary practices: opening and closing perspectives

Abstract There are widespread (and correct) beliefs that the writing tasks that students are asked to undertake as they move through their undergraduate and graduate years show a broadly upward progression in terms of length, complexity of resources utilized, and sophistication expected. Even so, we also suggest that a number of uncertainties persist: whether these writings are “real” or “school” products; whether there is a coherent audience, and if so, how best can it be identified; and what role there might be for a personal voice. To support this argument, we present two explorations of EAP practice. The first looks at the situation of dissertation writers, explores their rhetorical and other difficulties, and suggests some ways of mitigating them. The second deals with students at the opposite end of the spectrum of student experience; that of entering undergraduates taking their first class in anthropology and assisted by a linked course designed to initiate them into disciplinary literary practices. Despite the huge differences between these two sets of circumstance, we conclude that the writers' problems are surprisingly similar, as are the strategies for rendering them assistance.
Fermi surface curvature factor for platinum and palladium

The curvature factor, C=|∂2 A/∂KH2|−1/2, appearing in the expression of the amplitude of the de Haas-van Alphen effect oscillation has been computed for the cubic harmonic description of the Fermi surface. Its values have been determined over a wide range of orientation of the gamma-centered electron sheet and the X-centered hole pocket of the Fermi surface of platinum and palladium. These values, along with those of ∂4 A/∂KH4, are reported in graphical form, and their uses to measure the spin-splitting factor and to interpret the theoretical de Haas-van Alphen signal amplitude are discussed.