cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Separation of Powers and the Madisonian Model: A Reply to the Critics

This article critically examines the commonly held proposition that Madison advocated separation of powers as a means of thwarting majority rule, or, conversely, of protecting identifiable minority interests. Rather, Madison's chief purpose in advancing the doctrine of separation of powers–one which was shared by the majority of his contemporaries–was to prevent governmental tyranny whose characteristic feature was seen as arbitrary and capricious rule resulting in government of men, not of laws. Many modern critics' analyses of the Madisonian model (most notably, Burns, Dahl, and advocates of a responsible party system) are seriously deficient because they fail to take into account this dimension of the model. Madison's writings, principally in The Federalist, as well as his remarks at the Philadelphia convention, clearly indicate that one of his central concerns was simultaneously to provide for protection against governmental tyranny and to guarantee popular control of government. This article examines in some detail certain critical aspects of this endeavor.
Effect of pyrethroid insecticides on EEG activity in conscious, immobilized rats

Abstract Preseizure and seizure EEG patterns elicited by the pyrethroid insecticides, deltamethrin and cis -permethrin, were compared in immobilized Sprague-Dawley rats. Deltamethrin (1–3 mg/kg, iv) produced a preseizure EEG pattern of high-amplitude, slow, 2- to 5-Hz synchronized cortical waves or spike-wave complexes. cis -Permethrin (20–40 mg/kg, iv) elicited an immediate EEG change characterized by 6- to 12-Hz high-amplitude waves with intermingled high-voltage spikes. DDT (50–70 mg/kg, iv) produced a sustained EEG activation similar to that seen after cis -permethrin, but of higher frequency. All three insecticides produced generalized EEG seizure activity, but this was more prominently associated with poisoning due to deltamethrin. cis -Permethrin and DDT gave rise to EEG seizures only at lethal doses. Electrodes stereotaxically positioned in ventral hippocampus, caudate, putamen, thalamus, septum, red nucleus, and cerebellum detected no preferential activation of any of these subcortical sites in either preconvulsive or convulsive phases of poisoning. These results indicate that both deltamethrin and cis -permethrin can have marked effects on mammalian EEG activity. This does not support the hypothesis of differing sites of action, i.e., peripheral vs. central, for the two types of compound. The more pronounced seizure-inducing action of deltamethrin may instead reflect a greater efficacy of cyanopyrethroids at target sites within the central nervous system.
Opioid κ-receptor agonists suppress sexual behaviors in male rough-skinned newts (Taricha granulosa)

Abstract Four experiments were performed to evaluate a possible opioid involvement in the regulation of sexual behavior (amplectic clasping of a female) in intact adult male rough-skinned newts ( Taricha granulosa ) during the breeding season. It was found that an ip injection of bremazocine, a κ-receptor opiate agonist, can markedly reduce sexual activity and that an ip injection of naloxone can reverse this inhibition in a dose-dependent fashion. In contrast, in male newts that were sexually inactive before treatment, injections of naloxone failed to induce sexual behavior, suggesting that opioid mechanisms do not normally exert a tonic inhibition of amphibian sexual behavior. In addition, an injection of ethylketocyclazocine (another κ-receptor agonist), but not morphine (a μ-receptor agonist) suppressed sexual behaviors of male newts. These results indicate that opioid mechanisms that include κ-type opioid receptors may contribute to the regulation of sexual behavior in nonmammalian vertebrates.
Bilateral asymmetry in striatal dopamine metabolism: implications for pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia.

Abstract Normal rats previously tested for rotation (circling behavior) were injected with either haloperidol (0.125 mg/kg) or vehicle and their brains analyzed bilaterally for striatal dopamine metabolites. DOPAC was significantly higher in the striatum ipsilateral to the dominant direction of rotation for vehicle-treated animals, and contralateral for those receiving haloperidol. It was concluded that haloperidol has a bilateral asymmetrical action on nigrostriatal pathways which may be related to its clinical pharmacotherapeutic effectiveness.
NASA satellites point to cleaner U.S. air

People living in major U.S. cities now enjoy better air quality than they did a decade ago, according to satellite images released by NASA last month. Data from the agency's Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) show that Americans are breathing less nitrogen dioxide, a yellow-brown gas that can cause respiratory problems. The gas is produced by the combustion of gasoline in vehicle engines and coal power plants.
DYNAMICS OF GLOMERULAR ULTRAFILTRATION IN THE NEONATE KIDNEY

Wolgast, M., Elinder, G. and Kallskog, O. (Department of Physiology and Medical Biophysics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, and Department of Paediatrics, Karolinska Institute, St. Goran's Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden). Dynamics of glomerular ultrafiltration in the neonate kidney. Acta Paediatr Scand, Suppl. 305: 66–69, 1983.—In the neonate kidney the glomerular filtration rate is generally depressed both in absolute terms and when calculated per gram kidney weight. Micropuncture studies have revealed that this phenomenon is due, not to changes in the driving pressures or the hydraulic conductivity of the glomerular capillary membrane, but to a retarded glomerular blood flow. A retarded flow will thus mean a steep rise in the protein concentration in parallel to the filtration of the protein-free filtrate. The corresponding steep rise of the colloid osmotic pressure will then induce cessation of the filtration in the distal parts of the glomerular capillary. In dehydrated states this phenomenon will be even more aggravated. An extracellular volume expansion with saline induces relaxation of the two arterioies with subsequent rise in the glomerular blood flow. The rise in the colloid osmotic pressure along the capillary is then less and the filtration can proceed along the whole of the glomerulus. Accordingly the glomerular filtration rate will be increased, reaching figures typical of the mature kidney.
The future credibility of the british independent deterrent

(1985). The future credibility of the british independent deterrent. Defense Analysis: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 137-138.
Barriers for Control of Cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Damage to Concord Grape Buds

Concord grape, Vitis labrusca (L.), vines which had Teflon-coated fabric strips around the trunks alone or on trunks and trellis posts had significantly greater yield and less bud injury from cutworms than vines without barriers. Although cutworm injury on the vines with barriers was greater than expected, the presence of barriers increased the return up to 1,592 per ha over controls (based on 176.37/metric ton).
Fatty Acids of Cannabis Seeds

The chemical composition of the fatty acids in twenty four different samples of cannabis seeds was determined by gas liquid chromatography with flame ionization detector and coupled with a mass spectrometer. The identification of twenty fatty acids was based on comparison with authentic samples. In addition six other components were detected in some samples and shown to be oxygenated acids. The data showed that the seeds could be divided broadly into two groups, one with saturated and unsaturated fatty acids averaging 9.5±1.7% and 89.4±1.9% respectively, and the other with averages of 60.1±4.1% and 21.9±6.1% of the respective fatty acids. Examination of the effect of seed maturity on the fatty acid composition showed that the more mature the seeds are, the higher is the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids and the lower the percentage of saturated ones. Detection of oxygenated low molecular weight acids in the second group could be attributed to ageing. Comparison of the fatty acid composition of seeds of drug and fibre types showed no significant difference among mature seeds. In addition, there was no correlation between the fatty acid composition of the seeds and their geographical origin.
Continuous-wave and Pulsed EPR Characterization of the [2Fe-2S](Cys)3(His)1 Cluster in Rat MitoNEET

CW EPR spectra of reduced [2Fe-2S](Cys)(3)(His)(1) clusters of mammalian mitoNEET soluble domain appear to produce features resulting from the interaction of the electron spins of the two adjacent clusters, which can be explained by employing the local spin model. This model favors the reduction of the outermost iron with His87 and Cys83 ligands, which is supported by orientation-selected hyperfine sublevel correlation (HYSCORE) characterization of the uniformly (15)N-labeled mitoNEET showing one strongly coupled nitrogen from the His87 N(delta) ligand with hyperfine coupling (15)a = 8 MHz. The (14)N and (15)N HYSCORE spectra also exhibit at least two different cross-peaks located near diagonal in the (++) quadrant, with frequencies approximately 2.8 and 2.4 MHz (N2), and the other approximately 4.0 and 3.5 MHz (N1), but did not show any of the larger splitting approximately 1.1-1.4 MHz previously seen with Rieske proteins. Further analysis with partially (15)N(3)-His-labeled protein indicates that His87 N(epsilon) cross-peaks produce resolved features (N2) in the (14)N spectrum but contribute much less than weakly coupled peptide nitrogen species to the (++) quadrant in the (15)N spectrum. It is suggested that these quantitative data may be used in future functional and theoretical studies on the mammalian mitoNEET [2Fe-2S] cluster system.
Demography of critical congenital heart disease.

Abstract In a retrospective study, the incidence of critical congenital heart disease in the State of Wisconsin was determined for the years 1969–1970. Two hundred sixty-two infants were identified in 5 pediatric cardiology centers giving an incidence of 1.7 cases per 1,000 live births. Patients were admitted to the study on the basis of cardiac catheterization (192), autopsy (53), or surgery without prior catheterization (17). Lesions most commonly encountered were ventricular septal defects (19 per cent), transposition of the great arteries (13 per cent), patent ductus arteriosus (11 per cent), hypoplastic left heart (10 per cent), and tetralogy of Fallot (9 per cent). Analysis was made to relate the specific cardiac anomaly to the age at which diagnostic and/or therapeutic intervention was required. One hundred nine surgical procedures were performed. These included: pulmonary artery banding (31), ligation of a PDA (24), systemic-to-pulmonary anastamoses (18), resection of aortic coarctation (8), and atrial septectomy (8). Survival rate of all surgical procedures was 71 per cent. At the end of 1 year of follow-up, 139 patients were alive (54 per cent). However, if patients who died without the opportunity for surgery or catheterization are excluded, survival rate was increased to 66 per cent.
Evolution of an invasive phenotype: shift to belowground dominance and enhanced competitive ability in the introduced range

In response to novel selection pressures in an introduced range, non-native species may evolve more competitive phenotypes unique from those of their native range. We examined the existence of an invasive phenotype in the herbaceous perennial Artemisia vulgaris, a frequent invader of the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic US. Populations from both the native (European) and the introduced (North American) ranges were grown in intra-specific competition (same population), inter-specific competition with the native perennial herb Solidago canadensis, and alone in a common garden to quantify shifts in resource allocation and neighbor effects on performance and competitive ability. Without competition, introduced A. vulgaris populations were much shorter than native populations, but germinated earlier, produced more ramets, more belowground and total biomass, and maintained higher root-to-shoot ratios. Under inter- and intra-specific competitions, introduced A. vulgaris populations were shorter, but produced more ramets, belowground, and total biomass than native populations. S. canadensis belowground and total biomass were more highly suppressed by introduced than native A. vulgaris. Our data suggest that since the introduction to North America, A. vulgaris has evolved a more competitive invasive phenotype characterized by many short ramets with more extensive root/rhizome networks. This rapid evolutionary shift likely benefits A. vulgaris in its introduced range by allowing establishment and subsequent dominance in dense stands of existing vegetation.
A Simple Analytical Model for Specific Heat of Nanofluid With Tube Shaped and Disc Shaped Nanoparticles

In this study we present a simple analytical model for estimating the specific heat capacity of nanofluids containing tube shaped and disc shaped nanoparticles dispersed in a solvent. The model includes the effect of an ordered liquid layer formed at the solid-liquid interface between a tube or disc shaped nanoparticle and the liquid phase. The size and thermo-physical properties of the ordered liquid layer are calculated based on the results of molecular dynamic (MD) simulation. The model is applied to nanofluid dispersed carbon nanotube (CNT) nanoparticles with tube shape in a liquid phase of alkaline metal carbonate salt eutectic mixture (Li2 CO3 :K2 CO3 in 62:38 molar ratio). In addition, the specific heat of nanofluid with graphite nanoparticles with disc shape is calculated using the simple analytical model. The alkaline salt mixture as well as the corresponding nanofluid has potential applications as thermal energy storage (TES) material for solar thermal energy conversion. Hence, the specific heat is an important thermo-physical property for determining the thermal efficiency of the solar thermal energy system. To identify the effect of particle size and mass concentration, the specific heat capacity is plotted as a function of particle size and mass concentration. The experimental data is used to validate the simple analytical model for the effect of particle shape on the specific heat. The results show that the specific heat of nanofluid increases with the mass concentration of nanoparticles. Furthermore, nanoparticles with diameters less than 6 nm can cause anomalous enhancement in the specific heat of nanofluid. The results also show that tube shaped nanoparticles are more effective in enhancing the specific heat capacity of nanofluids than disc shaped nanoparticles due to the higher specific surface area of tube shaped nanoparticles compared to disc shaped nanoparticles of similar mass.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Nephrogenic adenoma in urethral diverticulum

A nephrogenic adenoma located within a urethral diverticulum of a female was found incidental to a diverticulectomy. Cases of this apparently benign lesion have been reported previously, but the lesions were located in the bladder, particularly in older males with a history of chronic cystitis.
Roots of Polynomials Modulo Prime Powers

In general, not every set of values modulonwill be the set of roots modulonof some polynomial. In this note, some characteristics of those sets which are root sets modulo a prime power are developed, and these characteristics are used to determine the number of different sets of integers which are root sets of polynomials modulo some prime powers.
Partial N-terminal amino acid sequence of rat transplantation antigens.

THE major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a genetic region in mammals that controls various immunologically related phenomena. For example, the major histocompatibility complex of the mouse, the H–2 complex, can be divided into four major regions—K, I, S and D—by recombinational analysis1,2. The K and D regions code for transplantation antigens, cell-surface glycoproteins of 45,000 molecular weight which elicit skin, tissue and tumour graft rejection. The I region codes for immune response genes and for the Ia poly-peptides, cell-surface glycoproteins composed of heterodimers of approximately 35,000 and 28,000 MW, respectively3,4. The S region contains structural or regulatory genes that control the levels of certain complement components5,6. Functional and genetic analyses of these immunological traits suggest that these apparently disparate functions may be closely linked in the major histocompatibility complex of other mammals as well as the mouse7. The major histocompatibility complexes of humans, guinea pigs, rats and mice have been shown to have certain significant structural homologies to one another. In rats, the MHC is designated AgB or H–1 (refs 8 and 9, respectively). To date, at least 13 haplotypes, or combinations of allelic, linked genes within AgB, have been identified, based on data from skin grafting and serological testing (ref. 10 and O. Stark, personal communication). Here we present the partial N-terminal sequences of the transplantation antigens isolated from rats of the AgB4 haplotype. Our results demonstrate that the rat AgB4 transplantation antigen is homologous to those of the mouse, human and guinea pig. The sequence data also suggest that at least two major components are present. These sequences may represent the rat homologues of the mouse K and D transplantation antigens.
Preparation of suboxides in the Ti-O system by reactive sputtering

Abstract The preparation of non-stoichiometric TiOx films by reactive sputtering of titanium in an argon-oxygen plasma was studied in an r.f. diode sputtering system at 2 keV bias voltage. The properties of titanium oxide films deposited from oxidized and non-oxidized Ti targets were explored to determine the composition of the deposited phases. The mole fraction x of oxygen in the deposited films was determined from a combined analysis of deposition rate, substrate density and UV and IR spectra. The results indicate that phases with x = 0, x = 1.0 and x>1.6 (the Magneli phases and TiO2) can be readily produced during reactive sputtering in argon plasmas containing an oxygen mole fraction in the range 0-0.15. The deposition of suboxide phases other than α-TiOδ, TiO1±δ required stringent control of the processing variables.
The question of classical localization A theory of white paint

Abstract The expected behaviour of localizing media for classical wave propagation is analysed. Some possible examples in electromagnetic and acoustic phenomena are given.
Energetics of polycrystals

The energetics of polycrystalline solids at high temperatures is treated using topological methods. The theory developed represents individual irregular polyhedral grains as a set of symmetrical abstract geometric objects called average N-hedra (ANH’s), where N, the topological class, equals the number of contacting neighbor grains in the polycrystal. ANH’s satisfy network topological averages in three-dimensions for the dihedral angles and quadrajunction vertex angles, and, most importantly, can act as “proxies” for irregular grains of equivalent topology. The present analysis describes the energetics of grains represented as ANH’s as a function of their topological class. This approach provides a quantitative basis for constructing more accurate models of three-dimensional well-annealed polycrystals governed by capillarity. Rigorous mathematical relations, derived elsewhere, for the curvatures, areas, and volumes of ANH’s yields quantitative predictions for the excess free energy. Agreement is found between the analytic results and recently published computer simulations.
Complexity of the ELSP with general cyclic schedules

We show that the Economic Lot Schedule Problem (ELSP) is NP-hard in the strong sense under General Cyclic Schedules (GSC), Zero-Inventory Cyclic Schedules (ZICS), Time-Invariant Cyclic Schedules (TICS), Lot-Invariant Cyclic Schedules (LICS), and Basic Period Cyclic Schedules (BPCS).
Paradigms and Politics: The Cultural Construction of Environmental Policy in Ethiopia

Abstract In the wake of the 1985 famine, the Ethiopian government launched an ambitious program of environmental reclamation supported by donors and nongovernment organizations and backed by the largest food-for-work program in Africa. In retrospect, it is clear that much of this effort was wasted or counterproductive. While many factors contributed to the reclamation program's poor performance, this essay is primarily concerned with the role of a neo-Malthusian environmental policy narrative that was used by government and donors alike to justify the rapid, massive and widespread use of standardized environmental management “packages” without research on their environmental impact or their economic costs and benefits. Understanding the context in which this happened is important for key elements of the narrative still inform thinking and planning in Ethiopia. There is mounting evidence that the use of narratives in this type in environmental management programs and, more generally, in many other types of development planning is widespread and costly.
Behavioural response of the Mexican free-tailed bat, Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana, to visible and infra-red light

Comparaison des reponses comportementales de chauves-souris placees face a des lumieres visible et infrarouge dans une situation de choix entre deux branches d'un labyrinthe en Y
Breast cancer-related lymphedema: Symptoms, diagnosis, risk reduction, and management.

The global burden of breast cancer continues to increase largely because of the aging and growth of the world population. More than 1.38 million women worldwide were estimated to be diagnosed with breast cancer in 2008, accounting for 23% of all diagnosed cancers in women. Given that the 5-year survival rate for breast cancer is now 90%, experiencing breast cancer is ultimately about quality of life. Women treated for breast cancer are facing a life-time risk of developing lymphedema, a chronic condition that occurs in up to 40% of this population and negatively affects breast cancer survivors’ quality of life. This review offers an insightful understanding of the condition by providing clinically relevant and evidence based knowledge regarding lymphedema symptoms, diagnosis, risk reduction, and management with the intent to inform health care professionals so that they might be better equipped to care for patients.
Biomimetic Microenvironment Modulates Neural Stem Cell Survival, Migration, and Differentiation

Biomaterial matrices presenting extracellular matrix (ECM) components in a controlled three-dimensional configuration provide a unique system to study neural stem cell (NSC)-ECM interactions. We cultured primary murine neurospheres in a methylcellulose (MC) scaffold functionalized with laminin-1 (MC-x-LN1) and monitored NSC survival, apoptosis, migration, differentiation, and matrix production. Overall, MC-x-LN1 enhanced both NSC survival and maturation compared with MC controls. Significantly lower levels of apoptotic activity were observed in MC-x-LN1 than in MC controls, as measured by bcl-2/bax gene expression and tetramethylrhodamine-dUTP nick end labeling. A higher percentage of NSCs extended neurites in a β₁-integrin-mediated fashion in MC-x-LN1 than in MC controls. Further, the differentiation profiles of NSCs in MC-x-LN1 exhibited higher levels of neuronal and oligodendrocyte precursor markers than in MC controls. LN1 production and co-localization with α₆β₁ integrins was markedly increased within MC-x-LN1, whereas the production of fibronectin was more pronounced in MC controls. These findings demonstrate that NSC microenvironments modulate cellular activity throughout the neurosphere, contributing to our understanding of ECM-mediated NSC behavior and provide new avenues for developing rationally designed couriers for neurotransplantation.
UFDC, and nanoscale FinFET-CMOS design and performance projections

A process/physics-based compact model for the nonclassical double-gate (DG) MOSFETs with ultra-thin bodies is overviewed, and then used in Spice3, to explore optimal design for nanoscale DG-FinFET CMOS and to project possible performances near the end of the SIA 2003 ITRS.
A conformational study of agarose by vacuum UV CD.

Agarose films were prepared using a variety of casting conditions, heat treatments, and solvation treatments. Films represented the high temperature sol, the room temperature gel, and a high temperature state with cross-links intact. The vacuum uv CD of the film samples varies considerably, but the similarities between the film CD and the previously reported solution CD show that dehydration per se does not affect the CD. Combining the CD results for the dried sol with the x-ray results of Foord and Atkins leads to a description of the high temperature sol in terms of locally extended chain conformations. The CD of the gel and its peculiarly high uv absorption are satisfactorily, albeit not uniquely, interpreted in terms of the double-helix model of the gel, in agreement with previous conformational studies based on chiroptical properties. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Interprocedural optimization: eliminating unnecessary recompilation

While efficient new algorithms for interprocedural data flow analysis have made these techniques practical for use in production compilation systems, a new problem has arisen: collecting and using interprocedural information in a compiler introduces subtle dependences among the procedures of a program. If the compiler depends on interprocedural information to optimize a given module, a subsequent editing change to another module in the program may change the interprocedural information and necessitate recompilation. To avoid having to recompile every module in a program in response to a single editing change to one module, we must develop techniques to more precisely determine which compilations have actually been invalidated by a change to the program's source. This paper presents a general recompilation test to determine which procedures must be compiled in response to a series of editing changes. Three different implementation strategies, which demonstrate the fundamental tradeoff between the cost of analysis and the precision of the resulting test, are also discussed.
10 Micron Imaging of Seyfert Galaxies from the 12 Micron Sample

We present small-aperature(15) photometry and new high-resolution images at 10 mu (N band) for 87 Seyfert galaxies from the Extended 12 mu Sample drawn from the IRASX database.
Inducible nitric oxide expression in equine articular chondrocytes: effects of antiinflammatory compounds

Abstract Objective To determine the effects of recombinant equine IL-1β and a number of antiinflammatory compounds on the expression and activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in cultured equine chondrocytes. Design RT-PCR methods were used to amplify a portion of the equine iNOS message to prepare an RNA probe. Northern blot analysis was used to quantify the expression of iNOS in first passage cultures of equine articular chondrocytes propagated in the presence or absence of recombinant equine interleukin-1β (reIL-1β), dexamethasone (DEX), polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (PSGAG), hyaluronan (HA), and phenylbutazone (PBZ), each at concentrations of 10 and 100μg/ml. Nitrite concentrations in conditioned media of similarly treated cells were used to quantify iNOS activity. Results Recombinant equine IL-1β increased the expression of iNOS in a dose-dependent manner. This result was paralleled by an increased concentration of nitrite in the culture media of reIL-1β-treated cells. DEX and PSGAG significantly reduced iNOS gene expression and media supernatant nitrite concentrations in cytokine-stimulated cultures. HA and PBZ had no consistent effect on the expression of iNOS and did not significantly influence nitrite content of conditioned media. Conclusions NO is considered an important mediator in the pathophysiologic processes of arthritis and an inducible NOS is expressed by equine chondrocytes. Pre-translational regulation of the iNOS gene by DEX and PSGAG appears to contribute to the cartilage-sparing properties of these compounds.
Targeting cannabinoid receptors to treat leukemia: Role of cross-talk between extrinsic and intrinsic pathways in Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-induced apoptosis of Jurkat cells

Targeting cannabinoid receptors has recently been shown to trigger apoptosis and offers a novel treatment modality against malignancies of the immune system. However, the precise mechanism of apoptosis in such cancers has not been previously addressed. In this study, we used human Jurkat leukemia cell lines with defects in intrinsic and extrinsic signaling pathways to elucidate the mechanism of apoptosis induced by Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). We observed that Jurkat cells deficient in FADD or caspase-8 were partially resistant to apoptosis, while dominant-negative caspase-9 mutant cells were completely resistant to apoptosis. Use of caspase inhibitors confirmed these results. Furthermore, overexpression of Bcl-2 rendered the cells resistant to THC at early time points but not upon prolonged exposure. THC treatment led to loss of Deltapsi(m), in both wild-type and FADD-deficient Jurkat cells thereby suggesting that THC-induced intrinsic pathway was independent of FADD. THC treatment of wild-type Jurkat cells caused cytochrome c release, and cleavage of caspase-8, -9, -2, -10, and Bid. Caspase-2 inhibitor blocked THC-induced caspase-3 in wild-type Jurkat cells but not loss of Deltapsi(m). Together, these data suggest that the intrinsic pathway plays a more critical role in THC-induced apoptosis while the extrinsic pathway may facilitate apoptosis via cross-talk with the intrinsic pathway.
Intercultural perceptions in United States subsidiaries of Japanese companies

Abstract Japanese and U.S. managers working together in eight Japanese-owned commercial banks in the United Stales participated in the study. Senior and upper-middle level managers of both nationalities rated employees from each national group on 13 bipolar semantic differential adjective items. In contrast to typical studies of intercultural stereotypes between groups having no actual contact with one another, the present study focuses on groups working together in international businesses. Individual responses were analyzed to compare perceived similarities and differences by the two employee groups. As anticipated, considerable differences were found. Implications for mutual understanding between these cultural groups in international business are discussed.
INVESTIGATIONS ON OP‐RESISTANCE OF TWO GENETICALLY DIFFERING POPULATIONS OF TETRANYCHUS URTICAE K

In the work presented two genetically different populations of Tetranychus urticae Koch and their reaction to M-Systox-R. were characterized. The Leverkusen-R population shows a pronounced dynamic resistance on the basis of vitality depressing r-factors: dominant semilethals and a major, recessive, mendelian factor. Contrary to this is the static resistance in the Blauvelt population, in which an intermediate resistance level even under strong and longlasting selection pressure could not be increased more than two to four fold. This stability is interpreted by the possibility of a major r-gene present in homozygous condition. Obviously it does not decrease viability and is hardly influenced by modifying genes. D.m. determinations over a period of one year showed fluctuations in response to M-Systox-R in both populations which apparently were due to seasonal influences through nutrition. The term “vigor tolerance” can be applied correctly to classify these fluctuations. For future toxicological and genetical work on spider mites the Slide-Dip Method used in this work was proposed to standardize results. Zusammenfassung UNTERSUCHUNGEN ZUR OP-RESISTENZ ZWEIER GENETISCH VERSCHIEDENER POPULATIONEN VON TETRANYCHUS URTICAE KOCH In vorliegender Arbeit wurden zwei genetisch verschiedene Populationen von Tetranychus urticac K. und ihre Reaktion gegenuber M-Systox-R charakterisiert. Die Leverkusen-R-Population zeigte eine ausgesprochen dynamische Resistenz auf der Basis von vitalitatsmindernden R-Faktoren, und zwar dominanten Semilethalfaktoren und einem groseren, rezessiven und mendelnden Gen. Im Gegensatz dazu steht die statische Resistenz in der Blauvelt-Population, bei der ein mittlerer Resistenzgrad auch bei starker und langdauernder Selektion nicht uber das Doppelte bis Vierfache zu steigern war. Diese Stabilitat kann so erklart werden, das ein groseres R-Gen in homozygotem Zustand in der Population vorliegt. Offenbar setzt es die Vitalitat nicht herab und wird kaum durch modifizierende Gene beeinflust. Dosis-Mortalitats-Bestimmungen uber den Zeitraum von einem Jahr zeigten in beiden Populationen Schwankungen in der Reaktion gegenuber M-Systox-R, die offenbar auf jahreszeitliche Einflusse uber die Ernahrung zuruckzufuhren sind. Die Bezeichnung “vigor tolerance” kann zur Klassifizierung dieser Schwankungen richtig verwandt werden. Fur zukunftiges toxicologisches und genetisches Arbeiten mit Spinnmilben wird die in vorliegender Arbeit verwandte Slide-Dip-Methode zur Vereinheitlichung der Versuchsergebnisse vorgeschlagen.
On the streaming phenomenon—I. Static considerations

Abstract The elastic interaction between locally transformed regions in the CuAu and Fe-29 at.% Ni systems with screw and edge dislocations are calculated. For both systems the interaction is the greatest when the locally transformed region is oriented in a [001] direction for screw dislocations lying along [110]. For edge dislocations along [112] directions, the orientation of the transformed region for maximum interaction is [153] in the CuAu system and [110] in the Fe-29 at.% Ni system. Inclusion of the chemical and surface free energies shows that a local ordering transition with a coherent interface can occur along a screw dislocation in the CuAu system at the temperatures where streaming has been observed [2] only if the interfacial free energy between the ordered and disordered phases is below 20 erg/cm 2 . As the actual interfacial free energy is estimated to be greater than 23 erg/cm 2 , the streaming phenomenon in the CuAu system is likely due to fluctuations in order near the dislocation and at the free surface. A local transition should occur, however, in the Fe-29 Ni system because of the large Bain strain and cold worked crystal should exhibit a central phonon peak above the martensitic transformation temperature.
Treatment of endometrial carcinoma with radiation therapy alone

Of 393 patients treated at Tufts-New England Medical Center for endometrial carcinoma from 1968-1977, 66 patients underwent radiation therapy alone because of medical contraindications to surgery. The median age for this group was 70 years. The patient distribution was Stage I (39), Stage II (11), and Stage III and IV (16). Therapy consisted of pelvic irradiation to a dose of 4000-5000 rads followed by an intrauterine radium application (3000-5000 mg hr.) and a vaginal radium application (2000-4000 rads to the surface). Local control was achieved in 37 of 50 patients with Stages I and II disease with a three-year actuarial survival of 78%. Patients with Stages III and IV disease had a median survival of 15 months; 4 of 16 patients survived for 36 months. In this group of patients, bleeding pain, and vaginal discharge was palliated. Four patients in the series had treatment-related bowel complications requiring colostomy. This is an effective method of treatment for endometrial carcinoma patients who are not surgical candidates.
Strong Tests of Developmental Ordering Hypotheses: Integrating Evidence From the Second Moment

Developmental ordering is a fundamental prediction in developmental science. However, tests of ordering hypotheses are not generally available for continuously developing variables. One promising test of developmental ordering, the shape of the relationship between 2 variables, requires that changes in each underlying variable are captured equally well across the developmental span (measures are linearly related to the variables). If either measure is more sensitive to earlier or later developmental changes in the underlying variable, the shape of the relationship changes radically. The article demonstrates that the viable alternative hypotheses for an observed developmental relationship require specific types of nonlinearity in measurement and, therefore, have testable predictions for the residuals (the second moment). Ordering as evidence in developmental science is discussed.
Echoes of Vietnam? Casualty Framing and Public Perceptions of Success and Failure in Iraq

In the early stages of the counterinsurgency campaign in Iraq, military leaders resisted the release of body count and “casualty ratio” data. However, in the spring of 2004, the U.S. military (and ...
PrivatePond: Outsourced Management of Web Corpuses

With the rise of cloud computing, it is increasingly attractive for end-users (organizations and individuals) to outsource the management of their data to a small number of largescale service providers. In this paper, we consider a user who wants to outsource storage and search for a corpus of web documents (e.g., an intranet). At the same time, the corpus may contain condential documents that the organization does not want to reveal to the service provider. While past work has considered the problems of secure keyword search and secure indexing, all of the proposed tools require signicant modications to existing search engines and infrastructure. In this paper, we propose a system called PrivatePond, which allows condential outsourced web search using an unmodied search engine. The system is built around the central idea of a secure indexable representation, which is attached to each document in the corpus, and constructed with the goal of balancing condentiality and searchability. In addition, a secure local proxy is used to provide transparency to the end-user. While the idea of a secure indexable representation is very general, we propose a preliminary instantiation of this idea, which provides practical condentiality. In addition, an experimental evaluation indicates that this indexable representation can provide high-quality search and ranking, similar to what is available using the unmodied corpus.
Suppression of the nuclear factor-κB activation pathway by spice-derived phytochemicals: Reasoning for seasoning

A BSTRACT : The activation of nuclear transcription factor k B has now been linked with a variety of inflammatory diseases, including cancer, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, diabetes, allergy, asthma, arthritis, Crohn’s disease, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, osteoporosis, psoriasis, septic shock, and AIDS. Extensive research in the last few years has shown that the pathway that activates this transcription factor can be interrupted by phytochemicals derived from spices such as turmeric (curcumin), red pepper (capsaicin), cloves (eugenol), ginger (gingerol), cumin, anise, and fennel (anethol), basil and rosemary (ursolic acid), garlic (diallyl sulfide, S -allylmercaptocysteine, ajoene), and pomegranate (ellagic acid). For the first time, therefore, research provides “reasoning for seasoning.”
Pattern Recognition of Longitudinal Trial Data with Nonignorable Missingness: An Empirical Case Study

Methods for identifying meaningful growth patterns of longitudinal trial data with both nonignorable intermittent and drop-out missingness are rare. In this study, a combined approach with statistical and data mining techniques is utilized to address the nonignorable missing data issue in growth pattern recognition. First, a parallel mixture model is proposed to model the nonignorable missing information from a real-world patient-oriented study and concurrently to estimate the growth trajectories of participants. Then, based on individual growth parameter estimates and their auxiliary feature attributes, a fuzzy clustering method is incorporated to identify the growth patterns. This case study demonstrates that the combined multi-step approach can achieve both statistical generality and computational efficiency for growth pattern recognition in longitudinal studies with nonignorable missing data.
Tolerance, limb regeneration and collagen fibrogenesis under high oxygen concentrations by the adult newt, Diemictylus viridescens

Adult newts placed in an atmospheric environment of 85% oxygen, saturated humidity, and at a temperature of 20 ± 1°C survived particularly well a 44-day test period. They did not succumb to “oxygen toxicity” as has been frequently reported for other vertebrate species. Having established the newt's tolerance of high oxygen atmosphere, the effect of oxygen on growth and development in the regenerating newt limb was investigated. Under the atmospheric conditions described above, and under 92% oxygen, the regeneration of adult newt limbs appeared to be retarded during the first 25 days after amputation when compared with regenerating limbs of control animals kept under a normal atmosphere of 21% oxygen (air). Thereafter, little or no difference could be discerned between the regeneration of experimental and control limbs. It is known that molecular oxygen participates directly in the hydroxylation of proline to hydroxyproline in the synthesis of collagen. Sectioned regenerates stained specifically for collagen were examined to determine if collagen synthesis was induced in experimental animals. Two regeneration-inhibited limbs of oxygenated newts showed cicatrical repair of the apical limb stump 25 days after amputation. However, the majority of the experimental animals revealed no obvious increase in collagen fibers. These results contraindicate any marked “oxygen toxicity” affecting the life of the newts, or regeneration of their limbs. It is suggested that a change in collagen fiber type might have been induced by the high-oxygen atmosphere. Investigations to test this hypothesis are currently underway.
Numerical evaluation of the damping‐solvent extraction method in the frequency domain

The damping-solvent extraction method for the analysis of unbounded visco-elastic media is evaluated numerically in the frequency domain in order to investigate the influence of the computational parameters—domain size, amount of artificial damping, and mesh density—on the accuracy of results. An analytical estimate of this influence is presented, and specific questions regarding the influence of the parameters on the results are answered using the analytical estimate and numerical results for two classical problems: the rigid strip and rigid disc footings on a visco-elastic half-space with constant hysteretic material damping. As the domain size is increased, the results become more accurate only at lower frequencies, but are essentially unaffected at higher frequencies. Choosing the domain size to ensure that the static stiffness is computed accurately leads to an unnecessarily large domain for analysis at higher frequencies. The results improve by increasing artificial damping but at a slower rate as the total (material plus artificial) damping ratio ζt gets closer to 0.866. However, the results do not deteriorate significantly for the larger amounts of artificial damping, suggesting that ζt≈0.6 is appropriate; a larger value is not likely to influence the accuracy of results. Presented results do not support the earlier suggestion that similar accuracy can be achieved by a large bounded domain with small damping or by a small domain with larger damping. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genes that guide growth cones along the C. elegans ventral nerve cord

During nervous system development, growth cone pioneering and fasciculation contribute to nerve bundle structure. Pioneer growth cones initially navigate along neuroglia to establish an axon scaffold that guides later extending growth cones. In C. elegans, the growth cone of the PVPR neuron pioneers the left ventral nerve cord bundle, providing a path for the embryonic extensions of the PVQL and AVKR growth cones. Later during larval development, the HSNL growth cone follows cues in the left ventral nerve cord bundle provided by the PVPR and PVQL axons. Here we show that mutations in the genes enu-1, fax-1, unc-3, unc-30, unc-42 and unc-115 disrupt pathfinding of growth cones along the left ventral nerve cord bundle. Our results indicate that unc-3 and unc-30 function in ventral nerve cord pioneering and that enu-1, fax-1, unc-42 and unc-115 function in recognition of the PVPR and PVQL axons by the AVKR and HSNL growth cones.
Response of the canine lung to fractionated irradiation: pathologic changes and isoeffect curves

Canine lungs were irradiated with a range of total doses given in 2, 3, or 4 Gy per fraction. Sequential histopathologic evaluations were done at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Pathologic changes in canine lungs were found to be similar to those found in other species demonstrating a clinically latent period, a pneumonitis phase, and late fibrosis and vascular damage. The relative impact of endothelial cell and pneumocyte injury on either early or late radiation injury of the lung is difficult to resolve. Therefore, it is not possible to define a target cell for lung injury at this time. The alpha/beta ratios determined in this study indicate that the target cell or cells associated with lung consolidation are slowly proliferating and represent late responding tissues. Lungs were evaluated histomorphometrically for alveolar air space and radiographically for alveolar consolidation at 6 months after irradiation. Alpha/beta ratios of 3 Gy and 4 Gy were calculated respectively. Both assays demonstrated an increasing effect on lung damage with increasing fraction size from 2 to 4 Gy. Application of the LQ model and use of alpha/beta ratios for calculation of dose adjustments remains theoretical. Clinical data are insufficient to define specific alpha/beta ratios for the various normal tissues at risk in radiation therapy. The data are sufficient to demonstrate the sparing effects of decreasing size of dose per fraction for late responding tissue. Results of this study suggest caution against the use of large doses per fraction for radiation therapy fields which include large lung volumes.
Symmetry groups and spectrum generating groups

In this article we want to explain how groups are used in quantum physics. Conventionally, in physics a group is used as the group of motion of an elementary particle. These groups are the symmetry groups. Their irreducible representation spaces describe the space of physical states of an elementary particle. Most elementary particles become, when the energy increases, extended quantum physical objects. The symmetry group then describes the center of mass motion of the extended object. In addition to the center of mass motion, an extended object can perform intrinsic motions. Examples of intrinsic motions are rotations about the center of mass or vibrations of various kinds. Intrinsic motions are described by the spectrum generating group (also called dynamical group). Different intrinsic motions are described by different spectrum generating groups. Simple intrinsic motions, like rigid rotations of a dumbbell about its center of mass, are described by small groups (groups with a. small number of parameters). Complicated intrinsic motions, like combinations of rotations and various kind of oscillations, require a large spectrum generating group.
Comparing Time-Frequency Representations for Directional Derivative Features

We compare the performance of Directional Derivatives features for automatic speech recognition when extracted from different time-frequency representations. Specifically, we use the short-time Fourier transform, Mel-frequency, and Gammatone spectrograms as a base from which we extract spectrotemporal modulations. We then assess the noise robustness of each representation with varied number of frequency bins and dynamic range compression schemes for both word and phone recognition. We find that the choice of dynamic range compression approach has the most significant impact on recognition performance. Whereas, the performance differences between perceptually motivated filter-banks are minimal in the proposed framework. Furthermore, this work presents significant gains in speech recognition accuracy for low SNRs over MFCCs, GFCCs, and Directional Derivatives extracted from the log-Mel spectrogram.