cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does binocular disparity or familiar size information override effects of relative size on judgements of time to contact

Previous studies indicate that non-tau sources of depth information, such as pictorial depth cues, can influence judgements of time to contact (TTC). The effect of relative size on such judgements, the size-arrival effect, is particularly robust. However, earlier studies of the size-arrival effect did not include binocular disparity or familiar size information. The effects of these cues on relative TTC judgements were measured. Results suggested that disparity can eliminate the size-arrival effect but that the amount of disparity needed to do so is greater than typical stereoacuity thresholds. In contrast, familiar size eliminated the size-arrival effect even when disparity information was not available. Furthermore, disparity contributed more to performance when familiar size was present than when it was absent. Consistent with previous studies, TTC judgements were influenced by multiple sources of information. The present results suggested further that familiar size is one such source of information an...
“No man can face the past”: Eva Gore-Booth and Reincarnation as Feminist Historical Understanding

In his poem, “In Memory of Eva Gore-Booth and Con Markiewicz,” W. B. Yeats recalls a scene from the Gore-Booth home in County Sligo:The light of evening, Lissadell,Great windows open to the south,T...
Observations on the Preparation of β-Lactose Octaacetate

Attempts to substantially increase the relative proportion of β-lactose octaacetate in products of acetylation of α-lactose monohydrate using various acetylation protocols failed. Nevertheless, the revised protocol for isolation and crystallization, based on the classical work by Hudson and Johnson, rendered preparation of β-lactose octaacetate less labor intensive. It is proposed that the melting point and [α]D value are not reliable criteria of purity of β-lactose octaacetate, which can be confidently determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy.
An analysis of data from wave recorders on the Pacific Coast of the United States

The wave heights and periods from wave recorders installed off Point Sur, California, and Heceta Head, Oregon, have been compared for the period from April 1947 to June 1948. These data, together with some obtained at Point Arguello, California, showed that the ratio of the maximum wave recorded each day to the average of the highest ten per cent for that day was 1.46 and the ratio of the average of the highest ten per cent to the average of the highest one-third of the waves each day was 1.29 for any place along this section of the Pacific Coast. It was also found that the average period of the swells (that is, excluding the local storm “chop”) was 12 sec.
Methotrexate cytotoxicity determination using the MTT assay following enzymatic depletion of thymidine and hypoxanthine

Methotrexate, an important agent in the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, has generally failed to induce dose-dependent cytotoxicity of patient-derived leukaemic blasts when tested in the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. This effect is apparently due to salvage from the medium, by surviving leukaemic cells, of metabolites such as hypoxanthine and thymidine. In an attempt to address this problem, we have examined the effect, on leukaemic cell populations, of enzymatically depleting these metabolites from the culture medium employed during the MTT assay, using xanthine oxidase and thymidine phosphorylase. Specifically we have assessed methotrexate cytotoxicity in the paediatric acute lymphoblastic T cell leukaemia, GKTL, which is maintained as a xenograft, and like primary leukaemias, has poor viability in vitro. Although little cytotoxicity of GKTL cells was observed when the MTT assay was performed in supplemented RPMI-1640 medium, dose-dependent cytotoxicity of these cells was clearly apparent when the same medium was enzymatically depleted. In contrast, the ID50 for methotrexate of control CCRF-CEM cells was unaltered in enzymatically depleted medium. In the absence of methotrexate, enzymatic depletion of the medium did not affect leukaemic cell survival. We are currently investigating the general applicability of this approach for assaying the response to methotrexate of primary leukaemia samples.
Comment on “The Effect of Same-Sex Marriage Laws on Different-Sex Marriage: Evidence From the Netherlands”

In the recent Demography article titled "The Effect of Same-Sex Marriage Laws on Different-Sex Marriage: Evidence From the Netherlands," Trandafir attempted to answer the question, Are rates of opposite sex marriage affected by legal recognition of same-sex marriages? The results of his approach to statistical inference-looking for evidence of a difference in rates of opposite-sex marriage-provide an absence of evidence of such effects. However, the validity of his conclusion of no causal relationship between same-sex marriage laws and rates of opposite-sex marriage is threatened by the fact that Trandafir did not also look for equivalence in rates of opposite-sex marriage in order to provide evidence of an absence of such an effect. Equivalence tests in combination with difference tests are introduced and presented in this article as a more valid inferential approach to the substantive question Trandafir attempted to answer.
The Dramaturgy of Politics

ANY SERIOUS student of politics who nowadays takes it upon himself to introduce new conceptual frameworks, new priorities, and new terms into the study of politics should tread carefully indeed. The proliferation of theory and speculation in political science defies our capacity to absorb, integrate, synthesize, and choose. Ideally, perhaps, ours should be a period more of consolidation and careful exploitation of what we already have than of mad dashes after yet more abstruse, more ambitious, and more doubtful formulae. It is therefore with apprehension that I approach the question of the relationships between the political process and notions of the drama.' This unease is, however, not unmitigated. I do not propose that the considerations I put forth be taken as a theory; indeed, they have few of the characteristics of a theory. I merely mean to suggest, first, that in addition to its other characteristics politics incorporates specific dramatic characteristics because politicians use dramatic devices; that at some points in the political process these devices are particularly salient; that, therefore, it is useful to know some principles of dramatic construction in order to appreciate politics fully; and finally, that these dramatic devices must become part of the traditional categories we use to analyze politics. I do not claim that the political process can be compared exactly to dramatic entertainment. Concepts which are similar by analogy are also different in important ways. Of course, the audience in the theater remains aware of its separation from the events on the stage.2 Rare indeed is the theatergoer who mistakes the play for real life. The use of a proscenium stage emphasizes the distance between audience and performance, and the introduction of theater-in-the-round reduces this gulf
Intermittent Hypoxia-Induced Cognitive Deficits Are Mediated by NADPH Oxidase Activity in a Murine Model of Sleep Apnea

Background In rodents, exposure to intermittent hypoxia (IH), a hallmark of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), is associated with neurobehavioral impairments, increased apoptosis in the hippocampus and cortex, as well as increased oxidant stress and inflammation. Excessive NADPH oxidase activity may play a role in IH-induced CNS dysfunction. Methods and Findings The effect of IH during light period on two forms of spatial learning in the water maze and well as markers of oxidative stress was assessed in mice lacking NADPH oxidase activity (gp91phox_/Y) and wild-type littermates. On a standard place training task, gp91phox_/Y displayed normal learning, and were protected from the spatial learning deficits observed in wild-type littermates exposed to IH. Moreover, anxiety levels were increased in wild-type mice exposed to IH as compared to room air (RA) controls, while no changes emerged in gp91phox_/Y mice. Additionally, wild-type mice, but not gp91phox_/Y mice had significantly elevated levels of NADPH oxidase expression and activity, as well as MDA and 8-OHDG in cortical and hippocampal lysates following IH exposures. Conclusions The oxidative stress responses and neurobehavioral impairments induced by IH during sleep are mediated, at least in part, by excessive NADPH oxidase activity, and thus pharmacological agents targeting NADPH oxidase may provide a therapeutic strategy in sleep-disordered breathing.
A Proposed Life Cycle of Minchinia nelsoni (Haplosporida, Haplosporidiidae) in the American Oyster Crassostrea virginica

SYNOPSIS. A developmental sequence is proposed for the haplosporidan Minchinia nelsoni Haskin, Stauber and Mackin, 1966, based on study of oyster infections over the past 5 years in Chesapeake Bay. Uninucleate stages develop by nuclear division into multinucleate plasmodia which proliferate in the tissues by plasmotomy. Relatively small plasmodia containing what are considered to be gametic nuclei originate by unequal plasmotomy of large plasmodia. These have been interpreted to aggregate and fuse to form large plasmodia which contain prozygotes. Pairing and fusion of nuclei occur within each plasmodium to produce zygote nuclei (synkaryons) which undergo division, possibly meiotic, to form sporonts. Sporoblasts differentiate into spores with the development of spore walls and opercula. Cystoid plasmodia develop during times of unfavorable conditions. An anomalous but common sequence involving sexuality and mitosis is described, and the occurrence of various life cycle stages within the host thruout the year is discussed.
BGA MPI socket analysis and validation

The design of a ball grid array metalized particle interconnect (BGA MPI) socket is presented. A novel design using static force system using less force and components instead of a dynamic one is shown. The performance of MPI socket has been characterized mechanically as deformation value and electrically as S parameters for different compression force. The MPI has been validated at laboratory using continuity, resistance and validation test. All of tests successfully passed which probed the socket design.
Rapid assessment of left ventricular systolic function in a pacemaker clinic using a hand-carried ultrasound device.

Pacemaker recipients with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction are potential candidates for upgrades to implantable defibrillators or cardiac resynchronization devices. This study sought to determine if a hand-carried ultrasound (HCU) device could be used for rapid, inexpensive identification of LV dysfunction in a busy pacemaker clinic. Eighty patients undergoing routine pacemaker check were enrolled. Patients underwent HCU imaging in the sitting position during device interrogation, by an internist who had 20 h of didactic training and 20 practice examinations. LV dysfunction was defined as ejection fraction (EF) <40%. Patients also underwent echocardiography limited to EF assessment by a sonographer using a full-feature platform. The mean age was 75 ± 13 years; 49% were female. Coronary artery disease was present in 29%; 82% were NYHA class I or II. At the time of HCU imaging, 48% of patients were receiving RV pacing. HCU images were interpretable in 91% (73/80) and required 3.7 ± 0.9 min to complete. Based on the full-feature echo, LV dysfunction prevalence was 17/80 (21%); 25% of these patients were NYHA class I. The sensitivity of the HCU exam was 75%, specificity was 91%, negative predictive value was 93%, positive predictive value was 71%, and accuracy was 88%. HCU screening in a pacemaker clinic by a non-cardiologist can rapidly and accurately identify pacemaker recipients with at least moderate LV dysfunction who might be candidates for device upgrades. Ventricular dyssynchrony associated with RV pacing does not limit HCU identification of LV dysfunction.
Microwave plasma synthesis of TiN and ZrN nanopowders

This work demonstrates that TiN and ZrN nanopowders can be prepared by microwave plasma synthesis method. The effects of flow rate of plasma forming gas, flow rate of carrier gas and feeding rate of precursor raw material to the average particle size were studied. The TiN and ZrN nanopowders were characterized by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).
The effect of fictive temperature on the structure of E-glass: A high resolution, multinuclear NMR study

Abstract The variation of the structure of E-glass with fictive temperature has been examined with high resolution, multinuclear (11B, 27Al, 29Si, 17O, and 19F) MAS NMR. The previously observed decrease in 4-coordinated boron with increasing fictive temperature is confirmed and, for the first time, is directly correlated with an increase in non-bridging oxygens. An increase in 5-coordinated Al is also observed, and is linked to an increase in association of F with Al at higher fictive temperature.
Primary Social Attitudes of the 1960s and Those of the 1930s

Summary.-The author reports a duplication, upon the basis of data secured in the 19605, of factor analyses conducted and reported in the late 1930s and early 1940s. He shows, in general, that the factor structure of three primary social attitudes (Religionism, Humanitarianism, and Nationalism) was in the late 1960s nearly the same as it was in the late 1930s and early 1940s. Differences, when they appear, imply that che structure in the more recent period hangs together more loosely than it did in the earlier period. Finally, he points out that Factors I and Id1 (Religionism and Nationalism) might be collapsed into one factor and (so collapsed) might represent--on the author's specificirygenerality continuum-a Level 4 syndrome: namely, Eysenck's tender-toughminded variable. In a series of articles in the late 1930s and early 1940s the author (Ferguson, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1944, 1946; Ferguson & Lawrence, 1942) described the results of each of several factor analyses of the intercorrelations among Thurstone-edited equal-appearing-interval attitude scales. In those analyses, he isolated three clearly definable factors that seemed to meet (or nearly meet) Thurstone's criteria for simple structure (see Guilford, 1936, p. 498); hence, he dubbed them primary social attitudes. These factors were (and are) I: Religionism, 11: Humanitarianism, and 111: Nationalism. Factor I (Religionism) provided a general measure of one's more specific attitudes toward belief in the reality of God (positive pole) and attitudes toward evolution and birth control (negative pole). Factor I1 (Humanitarianism) provided a general measure of one's more specific attitudes toward war, capital punishment, and the treatment of criminals. Attitudes in favor of war, in favor of capital punishment, and in favor of the harsh treatment of criminals placed one toward the negative pole; antithetical attitudes, toward the positive pole. Factor III (Nationalism) provided a general measure of one's more specific attitudes toward communism (negative pole); and attitudes favorable to law, censorship, and patriotism (positive pole).
Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Proteins in Cerebrospinal Fluid during Human Development and Aging

Abstract We analyzed samples of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in neurologically normal patients from one day after birth to age 76 years. CSF samples were separated on SDS–PAGE and then transferred to nitrocellulose membranes where IGFBPs were detected by Western ligand blot using [ 125 I]-IGF-II, confirming other reports where we found the presence of IGFBP-2, 3, 4, 5. The 34 kDa IGFBP-2 was present in all samples, and progressively decreased with age. A broad 28- to 30-kDa IGFBP band, having the appearance of IGFBP-5, was triphasic: faint during infancy, barely detectable at 6 months, but intense in adult and aged individuals. The 24-kDa IGFBP-4 band was only seen in neonatal CSF samples, while the IGFBP-3 doublet gradually increased during aging. Thus, these present results show that IGFBP-2, 3, 4 and 5 in CSF are developmentally regulated, suggesting roles for these molecules in the development of the nervous system.
Heisenberg Inequalities for Wavelet States

Abstract We prove a number of uncertainty results for wavelet states, the simplest one being that if a wavelet state is real-valued or, more generally, has zero expected momentum, then the Heisenberg uncertainty is at least 3 2 instead of the universal 1 2 . For wavelet states having a very mildnth-order decay property, we establish a similar result for the uncertainty based on thenth powers of position and momentum, with a lower bound that grows rapidly withn.The proof is extremely elementary. Other Heisenberg inequalities are proven which involve the deviations about the origin of phase space rather than about the mean position of the wavelet in phase space, and the scaling generator plays an even more direct role than in the result mentioned above. The proof is still very elementary, combining the interscale orthogonality property with an iterated application of Rolle's Theorem. Naturally, the lower bounds are much greater for these deviations about the origin of phase space, but this yields consequences for how much “off-center” a wavelet must be if its uncertainty is approximately minimized.
Appetitive Learning Requires the Alpha1-Like Octopamine Receptor OAMB in the Drosophila Mushroom Body Neurons

Associative learning is a fundamental form of behavioral plasticity. Octopamine plays central roles in various learning types in invertebrates; however, the target receptors and underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Drosophila provides a powerful system to uncover the mechanisms for learning and memory. Here, we report that OAMB in the mushroom body neurons mediates the octopamine's signal for appetitive olfactory learning. The octopamine receptor OAMB has two isoforms (OAMB-K3 and OAMB-AS), differing in the third cytoplasmic loop and downstream sequence. The activation of each OAMB isoform increases intracellular Ca2+ similar to the alpha1 adrenergic receptor, while OAMB-K3 additionally stimulates cAMP production. The oamb -null mutants showed severely impaired learning in appetitive olfactory conditioning that tests flies' capacity to learn and remember the odor associated with sugar reward. This deficit was also seen in the hypomorphic mutant with reduced OAMB expression in the mushroom bodies, the brain structure crucial for olfactory conditioning. Consistently, the oamb mutant's learning phenotype was fully rescued by conditional expression of either OAMB isoform in the mushroom body αβ and γ neurons. These results indicate that the OAMB receptor is a key molecule mediating the octopamine's signal for appetitive olfactory learning and its functional site is the mushroom body αβ and γ neurons. This study represents a critical step forward in understanding the cellular mechanism and neural circuit mediating reward learning and memory.
An evaluation of the American Cancer Society research scholar program.

Background The American Cancer Society (ACS) allocated competitive funding for Research Project Grants (RPG) to investigators and health care professionals early in their careers. This study explored the process of applying for an ACS grant and determined the differences, if any, in applicants that were funded and applicants that were not funded.Methods. Applicants applying for RPG funding in the spring of 1996 were sent a questionnaire.Results. Most variables between funded and unfunded applicants did not show significant differences. The perception of the application process varied significantly between groups.Conclusions. The application process of RPG was highly valued among funded applicants.
Effects of fixation and demineralization on bone collagen D-spacing as analyzed by atomic force microscopy.

AbstractPurpose/Aim: Collagen’s role in bone is often considered secondary. As increased attention is paid to collagen, understanding the impact of tissue preservation is important in interpreting experimental results. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that bone fixation prior to demineralization would maintain its collagen ultrastructure in an undisturbed state when analyzed using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM).Materials/Methods: The anterior diaphysis of a pig femur was cut into 6 mm pieces along its length. Samples were mounted, polished and randomly assigned to control or fixation groups (n = 5/group). Fixation samples were fixed for 24 h prior to demineralization. All samples were briefly demineralized to expose collagen, and imaged using AFM. Mouse tail tendons were also analyzed to explore effects of dehydration and fixation. Measurements from each bone sample were averaged and compared using a Mann–Whitney U-test. Tendon sample means were compared using RMANOVA. To investigate diffe...
Effects of Sometribove on Performance, Carcass Composition, and Chemical Blood Characteristics of Dairy Calves

Abstract Ten intact male Holstein calves averaging 75kg of BW and 59 d of age were used to study the effects of daily injections of 0 (control) or 10mg of sometribove (recombinant methionyl bST) for 6 wk on performance, health, carcass composition, N metabolism, chemical blood characteristics, and hormone profiles. Average daily gain, feed intake, feed:gain ratio, and height at withers, hip, and hock were not influenced by bST. Carcasses from bST-treated calves contained 5% more protein and 36% less lipid than controls. Circulating concentrations of Ca, P, glucose, urea N, alkaline phosphatase, creatine phosphokinase, insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin were not affected by bST. Packed cell volume was decreased about 7% (29.9 vs. 32.4%) in the bST calves. Hormone injection did not adversely affect health of the calves as measured by body temperature and by pulse and respiration rates. The most profound effects of sometribove were a reduction in carcass lipid and an increase in body proteins. These effects may be of some practical importance when leanness of carcass is desirable.
Enhanced MR imaging of tenosynovitis of hand and wrist in inflammatory arthritis

The purpose of this study is to describe the appearance of tenosynovitis in various tendon groups in the wrist and hand and to compare MR enhanced and non-enhanced imaging evaluation of tenosynovitis of hand and wrist in inflammatory arthritis. We reviewed 72 MRI studies of hands and wrists, including coronal, axial and sagittal images in 30 consecutive patients with inflammatory arthritis and tenosynovitis. We compared the degree of synovitis on T2-weighted vs contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images, using a predetermined scale. We also measured the extent of tenosynovitis in three dimensions. The tendons were assigned to volar, dorsal, ulnar and radial groups in the wrist and to extensor, flexor and thumb groups in the hand. Degree of tenosynovitis (graded 0–3), cross-sectional area and volume of the inflamed synovium in various tendon groups were then compared by statistical analysis. Review of the medical records revealed the following diagnoses in our patient population: rheumatoid arthritis (n=16), unspecified inflammatory polyarthritis (n=9), psoriatic arthritis (n=2), CREST syndrome (n=1), systemic lupus erythematosus (n=1), paraneoplastic syndrome with arthritis (n=1). The average T2 brightness scores and post-gadolinium enhancement scores were 1.0 and 1.7, respectively (P<0.001) in the wrist studies. The average T2 brightness scores and post-gadolinium enhancement scores were 0.7 and 1.4, respectively (P<0.001) in the hand studies. The average sensitivity of T2-weighted imaging for detection of tenosynovitis was 40% in the hand and 67% in the wrist tendons, when contrast-enhanced images were used as a reference. Carpal tunnel flexor tendons were the most frequently affected tendons of the wrist. The most frequently affected tendons of the hand were second and third flexor tendons. The hand flexors demonstrated higher degrees of enhancement and larger volumes of the inflamed tenosynovium than did the hand extensors and tendons of the thumb. Enhanced MR imaging of the hand and wrist is a superior technique for detection of tenosynovitis. We observed carpal tunnel flexor tendons to be the most frequently affected tendons of the wrist. The flexor tendons of the second and third digits were the most frequently affected tendons of the hands. Higher contrast-enhancement scores and inflammation were noted in the hand flexor than in the extensor tendons.
Emergent properties and the context objection to reduction

Reductionism is a central issue in the philosophy of biology. One common objection to reduction is that molecular explanation requires reference to higher-level properties, which I refer to as the context objection. I respond to this objection by arguing that a well-articulated notion of a mechanism and what I term mechanism extension enables one to accommodate the context-dependence of biological processes within a reductive explanation. The existence of emergent features in the context could be raised as an objection to the possibility of reduction via this strategy. I argue that this objection can be overcome by showing that there is no tenable argument for the existence of emergent properties that are not susceptible to a reductive explanation.
Current State of Strain in the Central Cascadia Margin Derived from Changes in Distance between GPS Stations

Using continuously operating Global Positioning Stations in the Pacific Northwest of the United States, over 100 station-station baseline length changes were determined along seven West-East transects, two North-South transects and in three localized areas to determine both the average annual strains over the past several years, and the variation in strain over the central Cascadia convergent margin. The North-South transects (composed of multiple baselines) show shortening. Along West-East transects some baselines show shortening and others extension. The direction of the principle strains calculated for two areas 100 km from the deformation front are close to per-pendicular to the deformation front. The North-South strains are 10?8 a?1, which is an order-of-magnitude less than the West-East strains (10?7 a?1). Along several West-East transects, the magnitude of the strain increases away from the deformation front. All West-East transects showed a change in strain 250 km inland from deformation front.
Supporting Teachers' Use of Research-Based Instructional Sequences.

In this paper, we frame the dissemination of the products of classroom design studies as a process of supporting the learning of large numbers of teachers. We argue that high-quality pull-out professional development is essential but not sufficient, and go on to consider teacher collaboration and one-on-one coaching in the classroom as additional supports. We then illustrate that it is also important to identify other aspects of the school context that need to be addressed by a dissemination design, such as school instructional leadership and teachers’ access to colleagues who have already developed relatively accomplished instructional practices. We conclude by discussing how researchers who conduct classroom design studies can make the challenges of dissemination more tractable by designing with an eye towards large-scale implementation. Our suggestions include that they make the design study teacher’s relatively sophisticated instructional practices an explicit focus of analysis and that they assess whether it is realistic to expect teachers to learn to enact the products of the study effectively given their current instructional practices and the capacity of educational systems to support their learning.
Meltdown Iceland: Lessons on the World Financial Crisis from a Small Bankrupt Island

Meltdown Iceland: Lessons on the World Financial Crisis from a Small Bankrupt Island Roger Boyes New York, Bloomsbury, 2009, 216 pp., $25.00 hardcover ISBN 978-1-60819-018-8Meltdown Iceland is a co...
Crush Head Injuries in Infants and Young Children: Neurologic and Neuropsychologic Sequelae:

Neurologic and neuropsychologic sequelae of crush head injury, which is produced by static forces occurring when the head is stationary and pinned against a rigid structure, were studied prospectiv...
SCF calculations of aromatic hydrocarbons the variable β approximation

The transition energies and intensities of naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene, and azulene are calculated with a variable β modification of the Pariser-Parr-Pople method. In this procedure each β is determined from the bond order after every iteration. The dependence of β on bond order is given by β = −0.51 p + A 0 eV where A 0 is −1.90 eV (naphthalene and azulene), −1.84 eV (anthracene and phenanthrene), and −1.82 eV (pyrene). Precise knowledge of the molecular geometry is not required and the results are in good agreement with experiment.
Engineered Pt‐Doped Nanoceria for Oxidase‐Based Bioelectrodes Operating in Oxygen‐Deficient Environments

The use of Pt-doped nanoceria as a new catalytic amplification system for first-generation electrochemical oxidase-based biosensors is described. The catalytic activity and oxygen-rich surface of nanoceria, combined with the high conductivity of noble-metal Pt electrocatalysts, provide enhanced performance characteristics of mediatorless glucose oxidase biosensors for the detection of glucose in oxygen-deficient environments. The Pt-doped nanoceria particles act as both an internal oxygen reservoir to satisfy the oxygen requirement for the enzymatic reaction and a catalytic amplification system for the detection of enzymatically generated H2O2. The biosensor allows detection of glucose in anaerobic conditions with a detection limit of 37.4 μM. The proposed strategy can be widely applicable to other oxidase-based biosensors that require measurements of their substrates in oxygen-deficient conditions.
Visual sensitivity as a function of phase of cardiac cycle.

After preliminary threshold determination, each of 25 Ss was given 120 trials (24 blank, 96 signal) in a visual signal detection task, with signal presentation being recorded with S's EKG. There was no relationship between hit rate and phase of cardiac cycle whether assessed over four measured phases, or as the difference in hit rate for signals presented either in the P-wave or the QRS complex. Implications for theory are discussed.
H93G myoglobin cavity mutant as versatile template for modeling heme proteins: magnetic circular dichroism studies of thiolate- and imidazole-ligated complexes.

Recent ligand binding and spectroscopic investigations of the myoglobin H93G cavity mutant are reviewed, revealing it to be a versatile template for the preparation of model heme complexes of defined structure. The H93G myoglobin cavity mutant is shown to be capable of forming mixed ligand adducts because of the difference in accessibility of the two sides of the ferric heme iron. With imidazole bound in the proximal cavity, H93G myoglobin also forms reasonably stable oxyferrous and oxoferryl derivatives, thereby providing a potential system to use for the study of such complexes with proximal ligands other than imidazole. In addition, thiolate-ligated ferric H93G derivatives are described that serve as spectroscopic models for the high-spin ferric state of cytochrome P450. All of the complexes described are characterized with magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy, and they are compared to the appropriate derivatives of native myoglobin and P450.
Effect of Stefan number on thermoelastic instabilities in unidirectional solidification

Abstract During the casting process, thermoelastic distortion of the partially solidified material affects the contact pressure at the solid/mold interface, which in turn can affect the thermal contact resistance, thus coupling the heat transfer and thermomechanical problems. This coupled system has the potential for instability. In this paper, the effect of Stefan number on the stability of unidirectional solidification is investigated, under the simplifying assumption that the solidified material is linear elastic. The Stefan number is a measure of the influence of thermal capacity on the solution and previous analyses have generally been restricted to the case of zero Stefan number, corresponding to a solidifying material of zero thermal capacity. This generalization necessitates a numerical solution, which is here implemented using the finite difference method. However, since the growth of the perturbation is linear, the two-dimensional stability problem is reduced to two one-dimensional numerical problems which can be solved sequentially. The results show that, in all cases, an initial sinusoidal perturbation grows to a maximum amplitude in the solidification front and then decays, the maximum being reached when the mean solidified layer thickness is about half the wavelength of the perturbation. In general, increasing Stefan number has a stabilizing effect on the process. This effect is most noticeable in cases where the zero Stefan number approximation predicts substantial growth of an initial perturbation, e.g. where the thermal contact resistance is very sensitive to pressure.
All in-situ GaSb MOS structures on GaAs (001): Growth, passivation and high-k oxides

Abstract The GaSb-on-GaAs growth was optimized for the fabrication of metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors (Caps) with low interface state trap density ( D it ) using in-situ deposited amorphous silicon (a-Si) interface passivation layer (IPL) and high-k oxides. The best top surface with the average roughness R a =0.37 nm and with spiral type “step-flow” growth mode was observed in the GaSb structure with the initial 0.5 μm grown at 410 °C and the top 0.5 μm grown at 485 °C. N- and p-type GaSb MOSCaps with reasonable capacitance–voltage(C–V) characteristics at room temperature (RT) were demonstrated using all in-situ 0.5 nm a-Si IPL and 10 nm Al 2 O 3 +HfO 2 or Al 2 O 3 . A-Si IPL was found essential for n-MOSCaps but not in the case of p-MOSCaps where comparable C–V characteristics with a similarly low D it =1–2×10 12 cm −2 eV −1 were demonstrated without IPL.
Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding murine fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase

Hereditary tyrosinemia type I is caused by deficiency of the enzyme fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) (EC 3.7.1.2), the final step in tyrosine degradation. We report here the cloning and sequencing of a full length cDNA coding for murine FAH. This cDNA is highly homologous to the previously cloned human and rat genes.
Metabolic acidosis occurring during administration of paraldehyde.

Abstract A case report is presented of a patient in whom metabolic acidosis developed during paraldehyde ingestion. The study of this patient sheds no light on the mechanism but this complication of excessive paraldehyde intake is worthy of more clinical attention.
The thermodynamic speed limit and its violation in axisymmetric numerical simulations of tornado‐like vortices

Abstract Processes that regulate the central pressure and maximum wind speeds of tornado‐like vortices are explored with an axisymmetric numerical model. The model consists of a rotating cylinder of fluid enclosed within rigid boundaries. The momentum diffusivity is a fixed function of height. In the rotating reference frame, relative motion is induced by a buoyancy force in the vicinity of the rotation axis, leading to the formation of a central vortex. The work done by the central buoyancy force on a parcel rising along the axis defines theoretical and empirical wind speed bounds on both the updraft and the low‐level vortex. Certain processes are found that allow for the vortex to greatly exceed this wind speed bound, or the so‐called thermodynamic speed limit; however, in most of the parameter space the vortex wind speeds are close to the thermodynamic speed limit. The most effective limit‐breaking process involves a supercritical end‐wall vortex with an axial jet. In steady state, the supercritical vo...
Role of Orbital Cortex in Regulation of Thalamocortical Electrical Activity

The orbital region of the cortex in the cat is essential to the occurrence of spontaneous spindle bursts and thalamically induced recruiting responses, observed in both cortex and thalamus. Ablations of the entire dorsal convexity, and of the mesial and cingulate regions of the cortex, failed to interfere with the spindle bursts and recruiting responses, whereas ablations confined to the orbital cortex alone abolished completely these potentials in the cortex and thalamus. Therefore, the orbital cortex appears to be the only region of the neocortex to play a crucial role in the regulation of thalamocortical synchronizing and integrating functions. These functions are believed to be associated with a nonspecific system governing internal inhibition which manifests itself in inattention, drowsiness, and sleep.
Synaptic and neurochemical features of calcitonin gene-related peptide containing neurons in the rat accessory optic nuclei.

Within the rodent visual system, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is selectively expressed in neurons in the accessory optic nuclei (AON), including the dorsal terminal nucleus (DTN), lateral terminal nucleus (LTN) and medial terminal nucleus (MTN). To determine whether CGRP-immunoreactive neurons are involved in visual circuitry, electron microscopic preparations were analyzed from normal rats and rats with optic nerve transections. A co-localization analysis was also made because CGRP-labeled neurons had features of GABAergic neurons. Thus, sections were prepared for light microscopy to determine whether CGRP-containing neurons also had glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and other markers for GABAergic neurons, such as calcium binding proteins: calbindin (CB), calretinin (CR) and parvalbumin (PV). Electron microscopy of the DTN and LTN showed CGRP-labeled somata and dendrites that were postsynaptic to axon terminals forming asymmetric synapses. Many of these axon terminals degenerated following optic nerve transection indicating that retinal ganglion cells form synapses with CGRP-labeled neurons in the AON. In the DTN, LTN and MTN, CGRP-labeled axon terminals formed symmetric synapses with unlabeled somata as well as dendritic shafts and spines. Consistent with this type of synapse being GABAergic were the co-localization data showing that about 90% of the CGRP-labeled neurons co-localized GAD in the AON. Many CGRP-labeled neurons showed immunostaining for CR (40%) whereas only a few had labeling for CB (5%). No CGRP-labeled neurons had PV. These data show that CGRP-containing neurons receive direct retinal input and represent a subpopulation of GABAergic neurons which differentially co-express calcium-binding proteins.
The separate roles of subgrains and forest dislocations in the isotropic hardening of type 304 stainless steel

Tests on 304 stainless steel were conducted involving first warm working in torsion, then cold working in torsion, and finally measurement of the elevated-temperature yield strength in compression. These tests permitted separation of the effects of subgrain size and forest dislocation density on the isotropic part of the flow stress. Forest dislocation strengthening appears to dominate in this material. The results are best fitted by a root-mean-square summation of strength terms representing the contributions of solutes, forest dislocations, and subgrain boundaries. The same equation successfully predicts the flow stress during elevated-temperature transient deformation (under both constant strain rate and variable strain rate) from the transient dislocation substructure.
Effect of harvest method and date on lesquerella seed yields

Abstract Field trials were conducted to compare the harvested yields of lesquerella seed obtained from windrow combining to those obtained by direct combining following spraying with a desiccant. The mean harvested yield for windrow combining was less than for direct combining. The difference was statistically significant for the detailed trials, but not for the commercial trials. Delaying crop termination by two weeks significantly increased yield regardless of harvesting method. This suggests that prolonging the season may be beneficial provided adverse weather conditions do not result in increased losses due to shattering.
Aristotle on Scientific Explanation

The problem. The purpose of this paper is to provide a general discussion of Aristotle's views on scientific explanation, by which I mean a discussion of Aristotle's treatment of scientific explanation, its structure and its principles, as distinct from Aristotle's own principles of explanation. By means of this distinction I hope to be excused from a discussion of Aristotle on form and matter, potentiality and actuality, and the four causes, and to avoid so far as possible the controversy among commentators concerning the respective merits of Aristotle qua naturalist and Aristotle qua pre-Thomist Thomist. I wish to be excused from treating these problems in order to approach directly Aristotle's formal treatment of scientific explanation as given in the Posterior Analytics, but if I were to be accused of introducing a distinction between parts of the Aristotelian corpus for which there is insufficient warrant, if I were told that I am making an illegitimate abstraction from the whole of which the Posterior Analytics is but a part, I should plead not guilty.
The metabolic basis of recovery after fatiguing exercise of human muscle

We investigated the metabolic basis of human muscular fatigue and recovery utilizing 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy and measurements of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). We produced fatigue by sustained MVC for 4 minutes in 2 different muscles (adductor pollicis, tibialis anterior) and obtained similar results in both muscles. During fatiguing exercise, there was a nonlinear relationship between MVC and both phosphocreatine and total inorganic phosphate. By contrast, there was a roughly linear relationship between the decline in MVC and the accumulation of both H + and H 2 PO 4 − . However, during recovery after exercise, MVC rapidly returned to control levels while H + recovered with a much slower time course. On the other hand, H 2 PO 4 − rapidly returned to control values with a time course similar to MVC. In addition, the relationship of H 2 PO 4 − to MVC was similar during both fatigue and recovery. Thus, during fatigue as well as during recovery, changes in MVC correlate best with H 2 PO 4 − , suggesting that this metabolite is an important factor in human muscle fatigue.
Answering Imprecise Queries over Autonomous Web Databases

Current approaches for answering queries with imprecise constraints require user-specific distance metrics and importance measures for attributes of interest - metrics that are hard to elicit from lay users. We present AIMQ, a domain and user independent approach for answering imprecise queries over autonomous Web databases. We developed methods for query relaxation that use approximate functional dependencies. We also present an approach to automatically estimate the similarity between values of categorical attributes. Experimental results demonstrating the robustness, efficiency and effectiveness of AIMQ are presented. Results of a preliminary user study demonstrating the high precision of the AIMQ system is also provided.
Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 functions as a tumor suppressor

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a key player in inflammatory bowel disease and has been variably associated with carcinogenesis, but details of the cross talk between inflammatory and tumorigenic pathways remain incompletely understood. It has been shown that, in C57BL/6 mice, signaling via TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) is protective from injury and inflammation in experimental colitis. Therefore, we hypothesized that loss of TNFR1 signaling would confer increased risk of developing colitis-associated carcinoma. Using three models of murine tumorigenesis based on repeated bouts of inflammation or systemic tumor initiator, we sought to determine the roles of TNF and TNFR1 with regard to neoplastic transformation in the colon in wild-type (WT), TNFR1 knockout (R1KO), and TNF knockout (TNFKO) mice. We found R1KO animals to have more severe disease, as defined by weight loss, hematochezia, and histology. TNFKO mice demonstrated less weight loss but were consistently smaller, and rates and duration of hematochezia were comparable to WT mice. Histological inflammation scores were higher and neoplastic lesions occurred more frequently and earlier in R1KO mice. Apoptosis is not affected in R1KO mice although epithelial proliferation following injury is more ardent even before tumorigenesis is apparent. Lastly, there is earlier and more intense expression of activated β-catenin in these mice, implying a connection between TNFR1 and Wnt signaling. Taken together, these findings show that in the context of colitis-associated carcinogenesis TNFR1 functions as a tumor suppressor, exerting this effect not via apoptosis but by modulating activation of β-catenin and controlling epithelial proliferation.
Progesterone blockade of a luteinizing hormone surge blocks luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone Fos activation and activation of its preoptic area afferents

Progesterone is capable of facilitating or blocking the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge, depending on the timing of its administration. However, the precise targets of progesterone's actions are unknown. Since recent studies described the presence of a periventricular preoptic area (pePOA) neuron population afferent to LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) neurons that is co-activated to express c-Fos with LHRH neurons at the time of the LH surge, the present study was designed to determine if the pePOA neurons contain progesterone receptors (PRs) and whether progesterone inhibition is manifested by a failure of LHRH and pePOA neurons to become activated at the time of an LH surge. For progesterone facilitation, a group of immature rats each received a silastic capsule (1.57 mm i.d., 3.18 mm o.d., 1.5 cm long) containing estradiol-17β (E2) in peanut oil (150 μg/ml) at 09.00 h on postnatal day 28 followed 24 h later by a progesterone implant (crystalline, 1.57 mm i.d., 3.18 mm o.d., 1.5 cm long). For progesterone inhibition, a second group of rats received the estrogen capsule and a progesterone capsule (3.35 mm i.d., 4.65 mm o.d., 3.0 cm long) together at 09.00 h on day 28, and 24 h later received only a blank capsule. On the afternoon of postnatal day 29, all animals were anesthetized and perfused for localization of c-Fos and LHRH, PRs alone, or c-Fos and PRs. The present studies determined that following a progesterone-inhibition paradigm, along with blockade of the LH surge, both activation of LHRH and pePOA neurons was low or absent. Staining of PRs in progesterone-facilitated and progesterone-inhibited rats indicated that the pePOA neurons contained PRs in similar patterns. Double labeling of c-Fos and PRs in progesterone-facilitated rats indicated that nearly all the c-Fos-positive neurons of the pePOA (80±4.2%) co-expressed PRs; in progesterone-inhibited rats, only 32±12% of few c-Fos-positive neurons also contained PRs. In no instance were LHRH neurons found to contain PRs. Taken together, these data suggest that both progesterone facilitation and inhibition likely involve direct actions of progesterone on the pePOA neurons, and are consistent with a role for the pePOA neurons in transducing steroid effects on LHRH neurons.