cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Central Pain Processing in Shoulder Pain: Converging Results From 2 Musculoskeletal Pain Models

Abstract Recent reports suggest deficits in conditioned pain modulation (CPM) and enhanced suprathreshold heat pain response (SHPR) potentially play a role in the development of chronic pain. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether central pain processing was altered in 2 musculoskeletal shoulder pain models. The goals of this study were to determine whether central pain processing: 1) differs between healthy subjects and patients with clinical shoulder pain; 2) changes with induction of exercise-induced muscle pain; and 3) changes 3 months after shoulder surgery. Fifty-eight patients with clinical shoulder pain and 56 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects were included in these analyses. The healthy cohort was examined before inducing EIMP, and 48 and 96 hours later. The clinical cohort was examined before shoulder surgery and 3 months later. CPM did not differ between the cohorts, however; SHPR was elevated for patients with shoulder pain compared to healthy controls. Induction of acute shoulder pain with EIMP resulted in increased shoulder pain intensity but did not change CPM or SHPR. Three months following shoulder surgery, clinical pain intensity decreased but CPM was unchanged from preoperative assessment. In contrast, SHPR was decreased and showed values comparable with healthy controls at 3 months. Therefore, the present study suggests that: 1) clinical shoulder pain is associated with measurable changes in central pain processing; 2) exercise-induced shoulder pain did not affect measures of central pain processing; and 3) elevated SHPR was normalized with shoulder surgery. Collectively our findings support neuroplastic changes in pain modulation were associated with decreases in clinical pain intensity only, and could be detected more readily with thermal stimuli. Perspective Longitudinal studies involving quantitative sensory testing are rare. In exploring 2 musculoskeletal shoulder pain models (exercise-induced muscle pain and surgical pain), conditioned pain modulation was unchanged from pre- to post-assessment in both models. Suprathreshold heat pain response decreased after shoulder surgery and was comparable to healthy controls, suggesting this measure may be sensitive to decreases in clinical pain intensity.
Pregnancy-Related Allograft Rejection following Heart Transplant:

Current recommendations do not discourage pregnancy in stable, orthotopic heart transplant (OHT) recipients who are more than 1 year posttransplant, although a highly specialized level of care with a multidisciplinary team is recommended. These patients may incur significant risk to themselves, their allograft, and/or their fetuses. Recognition and treatment of posttransplant complications in pregnancy also may be difficult. Although the risk of recurrent pregnancies in patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is well defined, the risk of pregnancy after a PPCM patient has undergone OHT is unknown. A case of severe allograft rejection in a woman with a history of PPCM who became pregnant nearly 3 years after OHT is presented and her subsequent management is described. The data available on pregnancy after transplant are based on case reports, registry data, and reviews. The decision to become pregnant should be preceded by an extensive discussion including the patient, her partner, her obstetrician,...
Drift wave vortices in inhomogeneous plasmas

Drift wave turbulence in weakly driven or decaying states possesses strong correlations requiring the concept of a weakly correlated vortex gas. Recent progress on the effects of inhomogeneities on the structure, stability and life-time of the vortices is reviewed. In particular, two cases (i) of a finite temperature gradient, and (ii) of a shearing of the magnetic field across the vortex structure are analyzed. A new formulation of drift wave turbulence proposed by Zakharov (1991) in terms of the separation of short and long scales is applied.
Contrasts in Physical Design between LSI and VLSI

In the last five years, there has been rapid growth in logic and memory chip circuit density. The number of different digital processors and the typical size of such processors has also grown. With all this growth, alternatives in VLSI design style as well as packaging have to be considered. These consist, on the one hand, of powerful automated placement and wiring routines, indispensable on large regular package images, and, on the other, of techniques facilitating rapid, interactive adaptation of functional logic design to the layout and interconnection of "macros" on large chips. Some results from study of each method are presented.
Small-sample degrees of freedom with multiple imputation

An appealing feature of multiple imputation is the simplicity of the rules for combining the multiple complete-data inferences into a final inference, the repeated-imputation inference (Rubin, 1987). This inference is based on a t distribution and is derived from a Bayesian paradigm under the assumption that the complete-data degrees of freedom, ν com , are infinite, but the number of imputations, m, is finite. When ν com is small and there is only a modest proportion of missing data, the calculated repeated-imputation degrees of freedom, ν m , for the t reference distribution can be much larger than ν com , which is clearly inappropriate. Following the Bayesian paradigm, we derive an adjusted degrees of freedom, ν m , with the following three properties: for fixed m and estimated fraction of missing information, ν m monotonically increases in ν com ; ν m is always less than or equal to ν com ; and ν m equals ν m when ν com is infinite. A small simulation study demonstrates the superior frequentist performance when using ν m rather than ν m .
Infra-sonic Waves from Aurorae

Auroral infrasonics and interpretation of wave- form periodicity of atmospheric traveling auroral pressure wave
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN FUNCTIONAL OUTCOME AND VENTRICULAR MECHANICS IN EISENMENGER SYNDROME: A SPECKLE TRACKING STUDY

The association between ventricle function and functional class (FC) in Eisenmenger Syndrome (ES) is not well described. Speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) is suggested to be sensitive and more accurate for analyzing ventricular function. We sought to compare RV and left ventricular (LV)
Solid phase synthesis of [3,5,7]-1H-imidazo[1,5-a]imidazol-2(3H)-ones

Abstract The solid phase synthesis of [3,5,7]-1 H -imidazo[1,5- a ]imidazol-2(3 H )-ones from acylated dipeptides via cyclization using Bischler–Napieralski conditions is described.
Four T7 RNA polymerase promoters contain an identical 23 bp sequence

Abstract The DNA sequences of four promoters for the bacteriophage-specified T7 RNA polymerase have been determined. All four regions contain an identical 23 bp sequence 5′ pTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAG-A DH which includes the 17 bp prior to and the first 6 bp of the transcribed region. They are located at 46.5, 55, 57 and 87% on the standard T7 map, thereby corresponding to the in vitro T7 class III RNA species Illa, IV, V and Illb, respectively. The precise RNA initiation sites were determined by 5′ terminal RNA sequence analysis of the transcripts synthesized from promoter-containing DNA fagments. The comparative properties of these promoters for the monomeric T7 RNA polymerase and those for the multimeric E. coli RNA polymerase are discussed.
Using Markov Models to Simulate Electron Spin Resonance Spectra from Molecular Dynamics Trajectories

Simulating electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra directly from molecular dynamics simulations of a spinlabeled protein necessitates a large number (hundreds or thousands) of relatively long (hundreds of nanoseconds) trajectories. To meet this challenge, we explore the possibility of constructing accurate stochastic models of the spin label dynamics from atomistic trajectories. A systematic, two-step procedure, based on the probabilistic framework of hidden Markov models, is developed to build a discrete-time Markov chain process that faithfully captures the internal spin label dynamics on time scales longer than about 150 ps. The constructed Markov model is used both to gain insight into the long-lived conformations of the spin label and to generate the stochastic trajectories required for the simulation of ESR spectra. The methodology is illustrated with an application to the case of a spin-labeled poly alanine R helix in explicit solvent. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra are rich in information that can be related to the structure and function of the spinlabeled biomolecule. Nonetheless, inferring the molecular detail from the spectra is difficult because of the complexity introduced by the internal dynamics of the spectroscopic reporter. A thorough understanding of the conformational freedom and dynamics of the spin label, therefore, is highly desirable. In a previous study, 1 (Paper I from now on), we performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of a fully solvated, poly alanine R helix containing one spin-labeled cysteine residue at its central position: the most commonly used side chain R1, which results from linking the spin label MTSSL to a cysteine through a disulfide bond. This system was chosen as an idealized model of R1 at a solvent-exposed helix surface site in proteins. Because of the relatively small size of the system, we were able to simulate 18 independent trajectories, each extending for 100 ns. In spite of the reasonably long duration of the simulations, each individual trajectory failed to exhaustively sample all the conformations that were accessible to the spin label. As a result, the times that the R1 was observed to spend in its various conformations do not necessarily reflect the correct state probabilities but likely depend on the starting conformations. On the other hand, when taken together, the trajectories seemed to explore a significant realm of conformational possibilities. Even the disulfide torsion angle with an energy barrier of 7 kcal/mol 2 was observed to make 10 transitions between its two stable conformations. There are compelling reasons to believe that the combined information from all the simulations ought to provide a good estimate of the populations of the various conformations and the rates of exchange between them. The
Direct isolation of thiol-containing peptides from insulin using a water-insoluble organomercurial copolymer of ethylene and maleic acid

Abstract A water-insoluble organomercurial copolymer of ethylene and maleic acid was used to bind the SH-peptides of a peptic digest of insulin in which the disulfide bridges had been reduced with sodium borohydride. Elution of the resin with mercaptoethanol followed by alkylation of the eluted peptides with iodoacetic acid yielded a mixture of carboxy-methylated peptides each of which were purified by ion-exchange chromatography and high-voltage paper electrophoresis. From the composition of each of these peptides it could be concluded these peptides had been derived solely from the region of the 3 disulfide bonds of the insulin molecule.
Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Prevention of Neonatal Anemia

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the best methods of evaluating neonatal anemia. 2. Delineate the most important mechanism of anemia among critically ill term and preterm infants. 3. List the mechanisms of anemia of prematurity. 4. Describe how safe and efficacious criteria for blood transfusion are established. 5. Describe the role of clinical and laboratory postdischarge evaluation with regard to neonatal anemia. Evaluating the etiology of neonatal anemia can be a daunting task. The numerous and diverse causes of this condition can be grouped into three broad pathogenetic categories: 1) decreased erythrocyte production, 2) increased erythrocyte destruction, and 3) blood loss (Table 1⇓ ). View this table: Table 1. Pathophysiologic Classification of Neonatal Anemia The importance of obtaining a complete and accurate history and performing a physical examination for diagnosing anemia cannot be overemphasized. In particular, the infant’s family history and the mother’s obstetric history often are of critical importance in narrowing down the etiologic possibilities. The decision of whether a particular hemoglobin (Hb) value is sufficiently low to meet the criteria for neonatal anemia must be based on the infant’s birthweight, postnatal age, and the site of blood sampling. Failure to consider these factors adequately can lead to errors in diagnosis and unnecessary laboratory tests. At birth and for the first 2 to 3 months of life, healthy preterm infants have lower Hb levels than term infants. Normative data for postnatal Hb levels are readily available in standard neonatology and pediatric textbooks. Values below two standard deviations of the mean are diagnostic of anemia. It is also important to appreciate that Hb determinations performed on capillary blood samples, especially in the first days of life, are higher than those obtained from venous or arterial samples because of red blood cell (RBC) sludging in low-flow capillaries with resultant transudation of plasma. At any …
Projections of the intermediate subdivision of the central amygdaloid nucleus to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial diencephalon

The forebrain projections of the intermediate subdivision of the central amygdaloid nucleus (CI) were studied using the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde transport technique. Injections of wheatgerm agglutinin-conjugated HRP into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial thalamus resulted in moderate retrograde labeling in CI while injections into the medial hypothalamus produced very dense cell labeling in CI. The dorsal hypothalamic area appears to be the main target of the efferents to the hypothalamus. Although previous histochemical studies have suggested that CI may be part of the lateral subdivision of the central nucleus (CL), the projection of CI to the medial diencephalon clearly distinguishes CI from CL.
At high temperature lipid production in Ettlia oleoabundans occurs before nitrate depletion

Temperature and light intensity effects on biomass and lipid production were investigated in Ettlia oleoabundans to better understand some fundamental properties of this potentially useful but poorly studied microalgal species. E. oleoabundans entered dormant state at 5 °C, showed growth at 10 °C, and when exposed to light at 70 μmol photons per square meter per second at 10 °C, cells reached a biomass concentration of >2.0 g L−1 with fatty acid methyl esters of 11.5 mg L−1. Highest biomass productivity was at 15 °C and 25 °C regardless of light intensity, and accumulation of intracellular lipids was stimulated by nitrate depletion under these conditions. Although growth was inhibited at 35 °C, at 130 μmol photons per square meter per second lipid content reached 10.37 mg L−1 with fatty acid content more favorable to biodiesel dominating; this occurred without nitrate depletion. In a two-phase temperature shift experiment at two nitrate levels, cells were shifted after 21 days at 15 °C to 35 °C for 8 days. Although after the shift growth continued, lipid productivity per cell was less than that in the 35 °C cultures, again without nitrate depletion. This study showed that E. oleoabundans grows well at low temperature and light intensity, and high temperature can be a useful trigger for lipid accumulation independent of nitrate depletion. This will prove useful for improving our knowledge about lipid production in this and other oleaginous algae for modifying yield and quality of algal lipids being considered for biodiesel production.
Two sides to the brain

Human Cerebral Asymmetry. By John L. Bradshaw and Norman C. Nettleton. Prentice-Hall: 1983. Pp.335. $24.95, £22.45.
Brittle–ductile transition in F82H and effects of irradiation

Abstract We present here a computer simulation model for prediction of the shift in the brittle–ductile transition with irradiation dose. The model is based on discrete dislocation simulation, and is applied to the ferritic/martensitic steel, F82H. The simulated crack system involves microcracks embedded in the plastic zone of a macrocrack. The inherent scatter in fracture toughness measurements are studied by using a size distribution for microcracks, distributed on the crack plane of the macrocrack. The criterion for fracture is the propagation of any of these microcracks located at a distance ahead of the macrocrack. The fracture toughness of F82H at various temperatures is estimated by using measured irradiated and unirradiated yield stress values. Using the yield stress–temperature dependence; the shift in the transition temperature with the irradiation dose is simulated and compared with experiments. Furthermore, the observed scatter in fracture toughness measurements is found to be the result of the distribution in the size of microcracks.
The axon guidance gene lola is required for programmed cell death in the Drosophila ovary

longitudinals-lacking (lola) was identified in Drosophila as a gene encoding several alternatively spliced transcription factors involved in axon guidance. Here we report that lola also plays a critical role in programmed cell death in the ovary. lola mutant germline clones show a high percentage of egg chambers with nurse cell nuclei persisting past stage 13, indicating a block in developmental nurse cell death. Mutants also show a disruption in the induced programmed cell death that occurs during mid-oogenesis in response to starvation. Further characterization revealed that lola germline clones exhibit abnormal nuclear organization which becomes increasingly severe with age. Chromatin appears diffuse and fails to condense properly or undergo DNA fragmentation in dying nurse cells. Masses of nuclear material accumulate in the ovaries of older flies containing lola germline clones. We propose that lola is necessary for complete chromatin condensation which occurs during programmed cell death in the ovary. Alleles differed in the strength of their phenotypes but interestingly, the severity of their ovarian phenotypes was independent of the strength of their neuronal phenotypes, suggesting a differential requirement for individual lola isoforms in the ovary and nervous system.
MODIS spectral response anomaly when using a double monochromator operating in the subtractive mode

ABSTRACT The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) will be one of the primary instruments observing the earth onthe Earth Observing System (EOS) scheduled for launch in 1999. The relative spectral response of MODIS is an importantpart of the radiometric calibration train. A double filter grating monochromator operating in a subtractive mode was used inthe characterization of the relative spectral response. During the initial usage of this monochromator anomalous spectralresponse was observed in some MODIS bands but not in others. Special tests were made which illustrated a spectral cyclicstructure which should not have been present. A computer model was built of the double monochromator that enabled smallperturbations to be introduced for the first and second monochromator sections. A parametric study illustrated that theanomalous spectral response behavior could be duplicated by assuming a constant and a variable offset between the first andsecond monochromator sections. The cause of this was found and a simple solution was implemented. The solution was tohave the first monochromator section have a larger spectral slit function than the second section. Selected data will be shownto illustrate the phenomena.Keywords: MODIS, spectral response, monochromator, anomalies, subtractive mode
Detection of Escherichia coli in blood using flow cytometry

A rapid method for the detection of Escherichia coli in blood has been developed. The method employs blood cell lysis, staining of bacteria with ethidium bromide, and detection of stained bacteria using flow cytometry. The detection protocol requires less than 2 h sample handling time and is not dependent on bacterial growth. This method has been applied to human donor blood specimens seeded with various E. coli concentrations and to two rabbit model systems. Bacterial detection is evident from the in vitro human blood studies at levels of 10 E. coli/ml and from in vivo rabbit model studies at less than 100 E. coli/ml.
The Composite Data Model: A Unified Approach for Combining and Querying Multiple Data Models

In this paper, we combine the characteristics of three fundamental data models in order to represent their semantics in a common framework. These fundamental data models include the familiar concepts of modeling (1) object classes (or entities), their properties (attributes) and relationships between them, (2) multidimensional objects and attributes that can be summarized over the dimensions, and (3) hierarchical structures. This model, called the Composite Data Model , facilitates combinations of these three model structures to be represented jointly in a single schema, thus providing more expressive and natural queries over them. The main advantage of the composite data model (CDM), and a composite query language (CQL) over it, is that any combination of the three fundamental models can be represented jointly based on explicit semantics of each of the fundamental data models. This is unlike existing data models that represent each data model individually or obscure the semantics of additional features being modeled. In order to develop a query language over the combined schemas, we introduce a new concept, referred to as anchor , which is an object class that acts as the focus of the query. We provide in the query language path structures relative to the anchor that facilitate data navigation and data manipulation. We develop the syntax and semantics of the proposed language, and illustrate its expressive power through numerous query examples, and comparisons to three other query languages: OQL, SPARQL, and XQuery.
Methods of Design Sensitivity Analysis in Structural Optimization

Design sensitivity analysis plays a central role in structural optimization, since virtually all optimization methods require computation of derivatives of structural response quantities with respect to design variables. Three fundamentally different approaches to design sensitivity analysis are presented. These have been used extensively in the structural optimization literature. They are the virtual load method, the state space method, and the design space method. An analysis of these methods indicates that the state space and design space methods are more general than the virtual load method. Moreover, the virtual load method, when applicable, is a special case of the state space method. Any one of these procedures may be incorporated into an optimality criterion or a mathematical programming method for structural optimization.
Stimulated hepatic tissue repair underlies heteroprotection by thioacetamide against acetaminophen-induced lethality☆☆☆

Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic drug that causes massive centrilobular hepatic necrosis at high doses, leading to death. The objectives of this study were to test our working hypothesis that preplaced cell division and hepatic tissue repair by prior thioacetamide (TA) administration provides protection against APAP-induced lethality and to investigate the underlying mechanism. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with a low dose of TA (50 mg/kg, intraperitoneally [i.p.]) before challenge with a 90% lethal dose (1,800 mg/kg, i.p.) of APAP. This protocol resulted in a 100% protection against the lethal effect of APAP. Because TA caused a 23% decrease of hepatic microsomal cytochromes P-450, the possibility that TA protection may be caused by decreased bioactivation of APAP was examined. A 30% decrease in cytochromes P-450 induced by cobalt chloride failed to provide protection against APAP lethality. Time course of serum enzyme elevations (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and sorbitol dehydrogenase) indicated that actual infliction of liver injury by APAP peaked between 12 to 24 hours after the administration of APAP, whereas the ultimate outcome of that injury depended on the biological events thereafter. Although liver injury progressed in rats receiving only APAP, it regressed in rats pretreated with TA. Acetaminophen t1/2 was not altered in TA-treated rats, indicating that significant changes in APAP disposition and bioactivation are unlikely. Moreover, hepatic glutathione was decreased to a similar extent regardless of TA pretreatment, suggesting that decreased bioactivation of APAP is unlikely to be the mechanism underlying TA protection. [3H]Thymidine incorporation studies confirmed the expected stimulation of S-phase synthesis, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen studies showed a corresponding stimulation of cell division through accelerated cell cycle progression. Intervention with TA-induced cell division by colchicine antimitosis ended the TA protection in the absence of significant changes in the time course of serum enzyme elevations during the inflictive phase of APAP hepatotoxicity. These studies suggest that hepatocyte division and tissue repair induced by TA facilitate sustained hepatic tissue repair after subsequent APAP-induced liver injury, producing recovery from liver injury and protection against APAP lethality.
Calculation of stress on rapidly opened flanges of a quenching vacuum furnace under high pressure by means of a three-dimensional finite element method (3D-FEM)

Abstract The vacuum high-pressure and gas quenching furnace is new gas quenching equipment. It is a recent development. A gas quenching furnace has many advantages and is more versatile. The design of vacuum high-pressure and gas quenching furnace has to overcome three difficulties: (1) design of high-pressure electric fan; (2) calculation of exchanger; and (3) stress calculation of fast-open flange. In this paper, as an example of stress calculation of fast-open flange of inner-cyclic, spin-cover, high-pressure and gas quenching furnace, the method of calculating stress of fast-open flange using the three-dimensional finite element method is discussed. The methods to build reasonable model, divide element, decide boundary condition and so on are introduced. It has been expounded that above methods are available and efficacious.
Research on co-morbidity, contextual barriers, and stigma: an introduction to the special issue.

The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) is pleased to collaborate with the National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences (OBSSR) to promote research on co-morbid mental disorders and diabetes, renal disease, and obesity (MD/DRDO). A range of studies has shown that many individuals suffer from mental and other physical disorders at the same time. The suffering experienced by individuals as a result, and the cost to the nation in lost productivity and health expenditures, is magnified well beyond the suffering and costs associated with either mental or other physical disorders alone. Evidence shows that there is a reciprocal
Low-dose rate prostate brachytherapy is well tolerated in patients with a history of inflammatory bowel disease

Purpose: We report on the follow-up of 24 patients with a prior history of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treated with brachytherapy for early-stage prostate cancer. Methods and Materials: Twenty-four patients with a history of inflammatory bowel disease (17 with ulcerative colitis (UC), 7 with Crohn’s disease [CD]) underwent prostate brachytherapy between 1992 and 2004. Fifteen patients were treated with I-125 implantation and 6 patients were treated with Pd-103 alone or in combination with 45 Gy external beam radiation. Charts were reviewed for all patients, and all living patients were contacted by phone. National Cancer Institute common toxicity scores for proctitis were assigned to all patients. Actuarial risk of late toxicity was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. Follow-up ranged from 3 to 126 months (median, 48.5 months; mean, 56.8 months). Results: None of the patients experienced Grade 3 or 4 rectal toxicity. Four patients experienced Grade 2 late rectal toxicity. The 5-year actuarial freedom from developing late Grade 2 rectal toxicity was 81%. At a median follow-up of 48.5 months, 23 patients were alive and had no evidence of disease with a median prostate-specific antigen for the sample of 0.1 ng/mL (range, Conclusions: Prostate brachytherapy is well tolerated in patients with a history of controlled IBD. Therefore, brachytherapy should be considered a viable therapeutic option in this patient population.
The Biology of Campoplex haywardi (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), A Primary Parasite of the Potato Tuberworm

Campoplex haywardi Blanchard, a solitary, internal parasite of larvae of the potato tuberworm, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), was studied under insectary conditions of approximately 80°F and 50% RH. Its white, slightly curved eggs, averaging 0.27×0.12 mm, had an incubation period of 2–3 days in the host's body cavity, where the larvae developed. Larvae spent 3 days in the first instar, 2 in the second, and 2–3 clays in the third instar; these instars differed distinctly in shape and mandibular size. Mature larvae normally emerged from hosts after the latter had spun cocoons; their own cocoons, averaging 5.5×1.8 mm, were spun inside those of the hosts. With the minimum pupal period 7 days, the shortest interval between egg deposition and adult emergence was 17 days. More than half the adults emerged within 19 days, but total developmental time reached 23 days for some females and 28 days for some males. Copulation took place soon after emergence of either sex, and the female's preoviposition period was less than 24 hr. Females over 24 hr old were rather reluctant to mate, and those over 3 days old often rejected pursuing males. The oviposition sequence began with the female tapping the potato surface with her antennae, locating and examining frass deposited by burrowing tuberworm larvae. When the tunnel opening had been located by probing with the ovipositor, the ovipositor was inserted into it to find the host and deposit an egg in it. Oviposition was accomplished in 1–2 sec. Adult life was longest in groups given water and honey, averaging 13.8 and 18.3 days (maximum 28 and 36 days) for males and nonovipositing females, respectively. Adults not given food or water survived 3 days at most. Four unmated females of this arrhenotokous species had an average adult longevity of 15.3 days and produced an average of 60.3 male progeny. Eight mated females had an average oviposition period of 9.25 clays (maximum 16 days) and produced an average of 87.3 progeny of both sexes (maximum 143). These 8 females had an average adult longevity of only 10.5 days (maximum 19 days), and the sex ratios (♂/♀) of their respective groups of progeny ranged from 0.05 to 1.93, with an average of 0.65.
Survival of Immature Telenomus podisi (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) and Rice Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Embryos After Field Applications of Methyl Parathion and Carbaryl

Survival (percent emergence) of immature Telenomus podisi Ashmead and rice stink bug, Oebalus pugnax F., embryos after field applications of methyl parathion and carbaryl was detennined in split-split plot experiments. Two stages (2–3 d and 6–8 d old) of immature T. podisi were placed either 40 or 70 em above the water in the rice canopy. T. podisi immatures that were located near the top of the rice canopy had reduced survival compared with those placed at the lower canopy, regardless of age. Compared with immature T. podisi , rice stink bug embryos in the upper canopy were significantly more susceptible to the insecticides. Insecticides had no significant effect on immature T. podisi or stink bug eggs located in the lower canopy. Methyl parathion reduced survival of T. podisi immatures and rice stink bug embryos more than carbaryl.
A Limited Interval of Delayed Modest Hypothermia for Ischemic Brain Resuscitation Is Not Beneficial in Neonatal Swine

This investigation determined if a short interval of modest hypothermia (1 h) initiated 30 min after brain ischemia provided neuroprotection. The rationale for the time and duration of brain cooling reflects the likelihood that the implementation of neuroprotective strategies will occur at an interval shortly after ischemia, and that long-term maintenance of normothermia is a cornerstone of neonatal stabilization. Studies were performed in 22 ventilated neonatal mini-swine in a superconducting magnet to obtain 31P magnetic resonance spectra. After a control period all animals underwent 15 min of global brain ischemia and were maintained normothermic for the first 30 min post-ischemia. In one group of 11 swine normothermia was continued. In the other group of 11 swine, modest hypothermia was initiated at 30 min post-ischemia, continued for 1 h and followed by resumption of normothermia. Animals were subsequently weaned from ventiltor support, removed from the magnet, and underwent neurobehavioral and histologic assessment at 72 h post-ischemia. Both groups had similar severity of ischemia, as indicated by identical changes in arterial blood pressure and pH, alterations in brain beta-nucleotide triphosphate (% of control where control = 100%, 32 +/- 28 vs 27 +/- 26% for normothermic and hypothermic groups, respectively), and the extent of intraischemic brain acidosis (6.13 +/- 0.19 vs 6.14 +/- 0.14 for normothermic and hypothermic groups, respectively). In both groups the distribution of stages of encephalopathy were the same: 1 normal and 10 abnormal (4 mild, 2 moderate, and 4 severe) normothermic, and, 3 normal and 8 abnormal (4 mild, 2 moderate, and 2 severe) hypothermic animals. There was no difference in the extent of neuronal injury between groups. We conclude that a 1-h interval of modest hypothermia initiated at 30 min post-ischemia does not confer neuroprotection.
Kinetics of methane clathrate formation and dissociation under Mars relevant conditions

Abstract Spectral observations have detected methane within the martian atmosphere (Formisano, V., Atreya, S., Encrenaz, T., Ignatiev, N., Giuranna, M. [2004]. Science 306, 1758–1761; Mumma, M.J. et al. [2009]. Science 323, 1041–1045), however, the origin of the methane has not been determined. Methane clathrate (also referred to as methane hydrate) has been suggested as a potential subsurface reservoir, storing and releasing biologic and/or abiogenic methane. In this study, rates of methane hydrate formation and dissociation were measured experimentally at 234–264 K and 1.4–4.7 MPa to test the clathrate reservoir hypothesis. Initial formation rates range from 4.3 × 10−6 to 8.1 × 10−5 mol m−2 s−1. Results show decreasing rates of formation over time in individual experiments, indicating initial rapid clathration, followed by diffusion-limited transport of methane into the ice through the previously formed hydrate. These experiments indicate increased pressure results in increased formation rates, likely the result of higher concentration gradients, enhancing the methane diffusion flux into the solid phase. Experiments conducted at elevated temperatures produced faster initial rates of formation, resulting from increased kinetic energy of methane molecules and/or thickening of the Quasi-Liquid Layer. Based on this temperature dependence, the activation energy for methane hydrate formation from ice was determined to be 35.9 kJ/mol. Hydrate dissociation experiments initiated by depressurization or warming at conditions between 222 K and 265 K and 0.1–2.0 MPa were conducted following each formation experiment, yielding methane hydrate dissociation rates from 3.01 × 10−6 to 9.92 × 10−5 mol m−2 s−1. While both hydrate dissociation and formation showed decreasing instantaneous rates over the course of each experiment, the transition between the initial rate of dissociation and the interpreted diffusion-limited period of continued dissociation was more abrupt than that observed in formation experiments, supporting an ice shielding effect. The initial concentration of methane in the solid phase had a significant effect on hydrate dissociation rates. Higher methane concentrations in the solid phase produce faster initial rates, likely due to increased concentration gradients, thus increasing the diffusion component of dissociation. Increased temperatures also produced faster dissociation rates, yielding an activation energy for dissociation of 32.7 kJ/mol. The rates determined within this study suggest that small near-surface methane hydrate reservoirs are a feasible source for recent methane plumes detected on Mars. Rates of methane release from gas hydrates also indicate that gas hydrate dissociation may have played a role in forming ancient chaos terrain and associated outflow channels.
Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Pathways

Members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family recognize conserved microbial structures, such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide and viral double-stranded RNA, and activate signaling pathways that result in immune responses against microbial infections. All TLRs activate MyD88-dependent pathways to induce a core set of stereotyped responses, such as inflammation. However, individual TLRs can also induce immune responses that are tailored to a given microbial infection. Thus, these receptors are involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses. The mechanisms and components of these varied responses are only partly understood. Given the importance of TLRs in host defense, dissection of the pathways they activate has become an important emerging research focus. TLRs and their pathways are numerous; Science's Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment's TLR Connections Map provides an immediate, clear overview of the known components and relations of this complex system.
Categorizing Deer Hunters by Typologies Useful to Game Managers: A Latent-Class Model

Game managers emphasize hunting as the only realistic large-scale management tool currently available to control deer densities. Identifying the characteristics of hunters who place importance on deer hunting as a management tool, view deer damage as significant, or believe that current deer densities are too high could be valuable to game managers. Additionally, identifying demographic and behavioral characteristics of these hunters may allow innovative licensing regulations to reduce deer overabundance. Our analysis concluded that a determination of hunter typology is well suited to the method of latent-class analysis (LCA). We identified four categories of hunters, distinguished by their attitudes toward recent hunting regulation changes in Pennsylvania, damage deer cause to their surroundings, current deer populations, and availability of hunting land. We discuss the implications of these categories for game managers.
Diagnostic yield of the routine dilated fundus examination

Objective: This study aimed to estimate the risk of errors of omission inherent in the elimination of the routine dilated fundus examination in asymptomatic patients presenting for routine eye checkups, or in patients with purely refractive complaints. Design: The study design was a retrospective chart review. Participants: The authors reviewed the records of initial visits of more than 3800 patients drawn from the practices of 3 board-certified ophthalmologists with substantial general ophthalmology components. Patients with best-corrected visual acuity in either eye of poorer than 20/25, myopia greater than −3.00 diopters, or other risk factors for disease of the fundus or optic nerve (such as ocular hypertension, glaucoma, previous ocular surgery, diabetes mellitus, and history of retinal detachment) were excluded. The authors identified 1094 such records that documented the findings of dilated fundus examination, including indirect ophthalmoscopy. Main Outcome Measures: The authors recorded the prevalence of all fundus abnormalities, of those deemed clinically significant, and those beyond the view of routine examination with the direct ophthalmoscope. Findings were stratified by patient age. Results: Of the 1094 eligible records, 53 (4.84%) had recorded fundus abnormalities. Of these, 23 were of no adverse ophthalmologic consequence and were considered clinically insignificant. Of the 30 (2.74%) potentially significant findings, only 3 were located beyond the view of routine examination with the direct ophthalmoscope (0.274%; 95% confidence limits: 0.56%–0.80%). The prevalence of fundus findings increased strongly with increasing patient age, from 2.4% younger than age 20 to 14.8% older than age 60. Clinically significant findings increased from 0.8% younger than age 20 to 8.9% older than age 60. Conclusions: The authors estimate the rate of detection through routine dilated fundus examination of clinically significant fundus lesions in asymptomatic patients at 2.73% (95% confidence limits, 1.86%–3.80%). One tenth of these are beyond the view of the direct ophthalmoscope. The prevalence of fundus abnormalities increases tenfold with increasing patient age.
Engineering cocrystal thermodynamic stability and eutectic points by micellar solubilization and ionization

Pharmaceutical cocrystals are of great interest because of their potential to enhance solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Cocrystal development is however limited by their poor thermodynamic stability in aqueous environments. The work presented here describes the mechanisms by which cocrystal stability can be fine-tuned via micellar solubilization and ionization of cocrystal components. An important feature of cocrystal solution equilibria is the existence of eutectic points involving coexistence of three phases, a liquid and two solids. The solution composition at the eutectic points is a critical parameter that defines the conditions of thermodynamic stability. Equations that describe the sensitivity of eutectic points and phase diagrams to micellar surfactants and pH are presented. Predictions are in excellent agreement with the behavior of several carbamazepine cocrystals in aqueous solutions of sodium lauryl sulfate. Increasing the magnitude of micellar solubilization for one of the cocrystal components is found to confer greater thermodynamic stability to the cocrystal and expand its stability region. These findings provide an unprecedented level of control over cocrystal-solution phase behavior, and are applicable to multiple additives and solubilization mechanisms that may be required for the stabilization of highly soluble cocrystals.
Monitoring remotely executing shared memory programs in software DSMs

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) cycle sharing over the Internet has become increasingly popular as a way to share idle cycles. A fundamental problem faced by P2P cycle sharing systems is how to incrementally monitor and verify, with low overhead, the execution of jobs submitted to a remote untrusted hosting machine, or cluster of machines. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of GripCop DSM, a novel incremental execution monitoring and verification scheme for software distributed shared memory (SDSM) programs running on remote clusters. Our scheme maximally leverages the shared memory abstraction provided by the SDSM system by extending the shared memory abstraction to the monitoring process by replicating one of the processes running on the host cluster to verify intermediate results at runtime. Our GripCop DSM employs two monitoring schemes: (i) a full-scale monitoring scheme that completely replicates the computation of a process running on the cluster, and (ii) a decoy monitoring scheme that deceives the host cluster into believing that full-scale monitoring is being performed without it ever actually being done, thereby incurring negligible overhead. Experiments show that the combined use of full-scale and decoy monitoring ensures faithful execution with low performance impact, even over a wide area network.
Flexible Tactile Sensor for Tissue Elasticity Measurements

This paper presents a novel tactile sensing technique for tissue elasticity measurements. A prototype flexible tactile sensor has been successfully fabricated using polydimethylsiloxane as the structural material. The proposed sensor comprises an array of capacitors with no active elements used. By varying the sizes of sensing membranes within the capacitors, different stiffnesses of sensing diaphragms can be achieved. The elasticity of the targeted object can be thereafter measured based on the relative deflections of the sensing diaphragms. The fabricated sensor has been calibrated by an off-the-shelf polymer durometer hardness selector pack. The results show a sensing resolution of 0.1 MPa for elasticity measurement and a force sensing resolution as small as 5 mN. This flexible tactile sensor can be embedded on the distal portions of various endoscopic instruments for in vivo tissue elasticity measurements.
Quantitative analysis of border cell migration

Drosophila border cells are a genetically tractable model to study collective cell migration. With recent advances of culture conditions ex vivo, it becomes possible to observe the dynamics of this process in time-lapse image sequences. However, the complexity and heterogeneity of cell behaviors between experiments make it difficult to relate migration phenotypes back to the underlying genotypes. In this study, we propose image analysis algorithms to identify the boundary of border cell clusters, to track boundary movements and map them into a spatiotemporal space called morpho-dynamic profile, in which the effect of molecular perturbations can be quantitatively characterized. To this end, we design informative numerical features and train a support vector machine classifier to recognize cell migration patterns of different genotypes. Experimental results demonstrate that our technique can effectively quantify the morphological dynamics of border cell clusters, despite the substantial experimental heterogeneity, and identify similar movement patterns among different genotypes. These methods are now being combined with genetic approaches to systematically map out, by epistasis experiments, the interaction of multiple chemotactic pathways.
Solar flare impacts on ionospheric electrodyamics

The sudden increase of X-ray and extreme ultra-violet irradiance during flares increases the density of the ionosphere through enhanced photoionization. In this paper, we use model simulations to investigate possible additional contributions from electrodynamics, finding that the vertical E X B drift in the magnetic equatorial region plays a significant role in the ionosphere response to solar flares. During the initial stage of flares, upward E X B drifts weaken in the magnetic equatorial region, causing a weakened equatorial fountain effect, which in turn causes lowering of the peak height of the F2 region and depletion of the peak electron density of the F2 region. In this initial stage, total electron content (TEC) enhancement is predominantly determined by solar zenith angle control of photoionization. As flares decay, upward E X B drifts are enhanced in the magnetic equatorial region, causing increases of the peak height and density of the F2 region. This process lasts for several hours, causing a prolonged F2-region disturbance and TEC enhancement in the magnetic equator region in the aftermath of flares. During this stage, the global morphology of the TEC enhancement becomes predominantly determined by these perturbations to the electrodynamics of the ionosphere.