cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social Learning and Behavior Transmission

One way of acquiring behavior is by genetic transmission, but this method is not always the most advantageous one. Social learning allows individuals to acquire new information and adapt to environmental changes. The most common behaviors that are learned socially involve food acquisition, subsistence activities, mate-choice, and predator avoidance, all of which have direct survival benefits; whereas other behaviors such as body care, communication signals, and tool-use techniques have less direct benefits and, in some cases, no apparent benefit at all. Cultural variants between populations reflect these socially transmitted behaviors, and differences between how each species learns socially reflect the many ways in which individuals learn from one another. These differences are found in the types of mechanisms involved in social learning, and have been the focus of much of the research on social learning and behavior transmission in animals.
Neonatal Care and Data

Neonatology encompasses the care of all infants: from term newborns to extremely premature infants, from healthy infants to those suffering from severe infections or genetic disorders. While the management of infants can vary greatly, there are essential core data and knowledge that is needed to care for them.
The Continuum Model: Application to G1-Arrest and G(0)

The G1 period, the period between mitosis and the start of DNA synthesis, is generally believed to contain the crucial events which are involved in the regulation of cell growth. A number of papers have appeared supporting the idea that there are functions occurring in, and specific for, the G1 period which are required for the regulation of the initiation of DNA synthesis (1–11).
Virtual Reality: Its Potential Impact on Embedded Training

Virtual Reality (VR) denotes a multi-sensory realtime simulation that immerses the user in 3d graphical space, allows freedom of movement within the space, and supports complex interactions including the modification of most features of the space itself.
Tides, Geothermal Heat, and the Big Winds

Wind generators, or “aerogenerators,” are often called by their older name: windmills. These were first seen in the twelfth century, and have been used mainly to drive machinery for farming industry, i.e., grinding grains. Modern wind generators can be seen on farms today. The rotors have generators linked to them, often behind the rotor. Such a generator is small and produces 1 or 2 kW, even in fairly strong winds of 20 km/hr. The modern wind generator on a farm is used to charge batteries which are kept I near its base, and these are used to supply the electrical needs inside the farm house at all times, independent of the momentary wind strength.
Point-of-Care Ultrasound Needs Assessment, Curriculum Design, and Curriculum Assessment in a Large Academic Internal Medicine Residency Program.

OBJECTIVES Internal medicine (IM) residency point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) curricula are being developed but often are limited in scope or components. In this article, we discuss the demonstration of a need for POCUS training in our large academic IM residency program; the development of a longitudinal curriculum; and the impact of the curriculum on POCUS knowledge, use, and confidence. METHODS In 2014, we designed a cross-sectional POCUS survey and knowledge test for all IM residents at the University of California, San Francisco. The results of this assessment drove the design of a longitudinal POCUS curriculum that included a 2-hour workshop for all IM interns and a 1-month elective offered to all IM residents. Residents were tested on their POCUS knowledge and image interpretation before the elective and were given the same test 6 months after the elective. The posttest included a survey of self-reported POCUS use and confidence. RESULTS In the needs assessment, residents scored a mean of 27% on the knowledge test, and across all applications the percentage of residents reporting confidence in their POCUS skills was lower than the percentage reporting use of the application in clinical practice. Residents scored a mean of 37% on the elective pretest and 74% on the posttest, an increase of 37% (95% confidence interval 31.6-42.8, P < 0.001), with improvements seen across all applications. After the elective, self-reported use of POCUS and confidence in POCUS skills were increased for the applications, using the needs assessment as an approximate baseline. For core cardiac and pulmonary applications, 76% to 95% of residents, depending on application, reported "high" or "very high" use and 79% to 100% reported "high" or "very high" confidence in their POCUS skills. CONCLUSIONS We used a needs assessment to guide the development of a longitudinal, multidisciplinary POCUS curriculum. Residents who completed all components showed substantial long-term gains in knowledge in all major applications and high use of and confidence in cardiac and pulmonary applications.
Targeting Professional Development for Beginning Physical Education Teachers

This article discusses the professional development needs of beginning physical education teachers based on data extracted from the 2011–2012 Schools and Staffing Survey. The authors identified ways to enhance professional development in a manner that addresses the specific needs of both newly hired and veteran physical education teachers. They also provided recommendations related to advocating for professional development opportunities specific to the needs of physical education teachers. Overall, this article features professional development opportunities designed to enhance the knowledge and skills needed to become a more skillful physical education teacher.
The Essential Asset Theory - Protection of Essential Assets of the Debtor Under Judicial Reorganization

This article aims to identify a legal precept resulting from jurisprudence stating that essential assets of a company undergoing judicial reorganization must be protected and to offer a structured vision of the protection of essential assets theory.
A meta-analytic review of the relationship between social constructs and athlete burnout

Abstract Objectives Athlete burnout is a maladaptive sport experience characterized by emotional and physical exhaustion, perceptions of reduced accomplishment, and sport devaluation. Physical and psychosocial factors can initiate athlete burnout perceptions, making the social context of sport an important consideration when seeking to understand this experience. To advance understanding of the sport social context and athlete burnout perceptions, there is a need to inventory what social constructs have been examined and to assess their respective strengths of association with burnout perceptions. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to systematically review and quantify the relationships between social constructs and athlete burnout perceptions. Design Meta-analytic review. Method A comprehensive search of athlete burnout literature from 2001 forward was conducted and meta-analytic procedures were applied to data from studies meeting inclusion criteria. Results Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria, with three predominant social constructs represented (social support, n = 8 studies; relatedness, n = 10 studies; negative social interactions, n = 3 studies). Meta-analysis using random effects models showed low-to-moderate inverse relationships of burnout dimensions with social support and relatedness and low-to-moderate positive relationships of burnout dimensions with negative social interactions. Conclusions Positive aspects of the sport social context have potential to mitigate athlete burnout perceptions. However, only two positive social constructs are prevalently studied. A broader span of social constructs should be included in quantitative athlete burnout research, particularly those capturing negative aspects of the sport social context, to better understand social contributors to athlete burnout perceptions.
Generative models and abstractions for large-scale neuroanatomy datasets.

Neural datasets are increasing rapidly in both resolution and volume. In neuroanatomy, this trend has been accelerated by innovations in imaging technology. As full datasets are impractical and unnecessary for many applications, it is important to identify abstractions that distill useful features of neural structure, organization, and anatomy. In this review article, we discuss several such abstractions and highlight recent algorithmic advances in working with these models. In particular, we discuss the use of generative models in neuroanatomy; such models may be considered ‘meta-abstractions’ that capture distributions over other abstractions.
DNA testing in sexual assault cases: When do the benefits outweigh the costs?

Abstract Objectives We examined 1200 sexual assault cold cases from Denver, Colorado to ascertain the rate of successful prosecution in which there was a DNA suspect match and the cost per conviction. Results Nearly 40% of the cases in which there was a DNA match failed to result in an arrest or prosecution primarily because victims were uncooperative or their testimony was judged to be unreliable. Other factors affecting conviction included crime context, victim availability, and the ability of the defendant to mount a consensual sex defense. Once an arrest had been made, however, the conviction rate exceeded 90%. We estimate that Denver's sexual assault DNA testing program cost roughly $16,000 per conviction. Conclusion Our results lend strong support to the value of testing sexual assault kits (SAKs) even in cold cases. This suggests that programs such as Federal Solving Cold Cases with DNA Program are well worth the investment.
Surface Oxide-Derived Nanoporous Gold Catalysts for Electrochemical CO2-to-CO Reduction

Electrochemical CO2 reduction (ECR) has become a viable option as the cost of renewable energy continues to decrease. One of the major obstacles that prevents its widespread use is the lack of effi...
Smart Power Grids

Energy technology plays a central role in societal economic and social development. Fossil fuel-based technologies have advanced our quality of life, but at the same time, these advancements have come at a very high price. Fossil fuel sources of energy are the primary cause of environmental pollution and degradation; they have irreversibly destroyed aspects of our environment. Global warming [4, 75, 76] is a result of our fossil fuel consumption. Our relentless search for and need to control the valuable fossil fuel resources such as oil and natural gas have promoted political strife. We are now dependent on energy sources that are unsustainable as our energy needs grow and we deplete our limited resources. As oil supplies dwindle, it will become increasingly urgent to find energy alternatives that are sustainable as well as safe for the environment and humanity.
The SOX9-Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Axis Determines Resistance to Chemotherapy in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Chemotherapy resistance and tumor relapse are the major contributors to low patient survival, and both have been largely attributed to cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) or tumor-initiating cells (TICs). Moreover, most conventional therapies are not effective against CSCs, which necessitates the discovery of CSC-specific biomarkers and drug targets. Here, we demonstrated that the embryonic transcription factor SOX9 is an important regulator of acquired chemoresistance in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Our results show that SOX9 expression is elevated in NSCLC cells after treatment with the chemotherapeutic cisplatin and that overexpression of SOX9 correlates with worse overall survival in lung cancer patients. We further demonstrated that SOX9 knockdown increases cellular sensitivity to cisplatin, whereas its overexpression promotes drug resistance. Moreover, this transcription factor promotes the stem-like properties of NSCLC cells and increases their aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity, which was identified to be the key mechanism of SOX9-induced chemoresistance. Finally, we showed that ALDH1A1 is a direct transcriptional target of SOX9, based on chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assays. Taken together, our novel findings on the role of the SOX9-ALDH axis support the use of this CSC regulator as a prognostic marker of cancer chemoresistance and as a potential drug target for CSC therapy.
Why Does Awe Have Prosocial Effects? New Perspectives on Awe and the Small Self:

Awe is an emotional response to stimuli that are perceived to be vast (e.g., tall trees, sunsets) and that defy accommodation by existing mental structures. Curiously, awe has prosocial effects despite often being elicited by nonsocial stimuli. The prevailing explanation for why awe has prosocial effects is that awe reduces attention to self-oriented concerns (i.e., awe makes the self small), thereby making more attention available for other-oriented concerns. However, several questions remain unaddressed by the current formulation of this small-self hypothesis. How are awe researchers defining the self, and what implications might their theory of selfhood have for understanding the "smallness" of the self? Building on theories regarding psychological selfhood, we propose that awe may interact with the self not just in terms of attentional focus but rather at multiple layers of selfhood. We further reinterpret the small self using the notion of the quiet ego from personality psychology. Linking awe to an enriched model of the self provided by personality psychology may be fruitful for explaining a range of phenomena and motivating future research.
Competition between Solvation and Intramolecular Hydrogen-Bonding in Microsolvated Protonated Glycine and β-Alanine.

Infrared predissociation (IRPD) spectroscopy is used to reveal and compare the microsolvation motifs of GlyH+(H2O)n and β-AlaH+(H2O)n. The chemical structure of these amino acids differ only in the...
INFLUENCE OF ERGOT DERIVATIVES ON THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF DOPAMINE RECEPTORS AND ON OTHER AMINE RECEPTORS IN PRIMATE BRAIN

ABSTRACT Primate ( Cebus and rhesus monkey) brain regions, retina and both anterior and posterior pituitary contain dopamine receptors coupled to adenylate cyclase (AC). Detailed pharmacological studies of some of these regions using various dopamine agonists and antagonists have revealed three distinguishable types of dopamine receptors: one type present in caudate nucleus, hypothalamus and retina, a second type present in anterior limbic cortex and a third type present in frontal cortex. Preliminary studies have indicated also that dopamine-stimulated AC in anterior pituitary resembles most closely one of the cortical receptor types. Anterior limbic cortex and primary auditory cortex AC activities are stimulated markedly by low concentrations of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and also by mescaline, while enzymes of caudate nucleus, frontal cortex and retina exhibit no significant activation by these agents. Anterior limbic cortex also contains a very active serotonin-stimulated AC and the agonistic effect of LSD appears to involve both this system and the DA-stimulated AC. LSD is also an antagonist with greater potency than other ergots tested, of all three types of central DA-receptor AC systems and of β-adrenergic AC present in cultured cells of non-neuronal origin. However, LSD does not inhibit histamine-stimulated AC of monkey frontal cortex or prostaglandin E1 stimulated AC of cultured SV-40 virus transformed WI-38 fibroblasts. Lergotrile, bromocriptine and ergonovine act as mixed agonist-antagonists of the DA-ACs of monkey anterior limbic cortex, frontal cortex and anterior pituitary, with agonist activity in most instances evident only at high concentrations. However, some selectivity is indicated by the absence of this agonist activity even at high concentration in caudate and retina.
Meet the National Institutes of Health (NIH)

Abstract The Research Committee will organize this workshop in collaboration with program officers from the NIMH and NIA, who will serve as presenters. All independent researchers and interested research trainees are invited to participate.
Crystallizing difference in Latin America

de la Cadena, Marisol. 2015. Earth Beings: Ecologies of Practice across Andean Worlds. Durham: Duke University Press. Gomez-Barris, Macarena. 2018. Beyond the Pink Tide: Art and Political Undercurr...
Hearing Impairment and Loneliness in Older Adults in the United States

Hearing impairment impacts fluidity of communication and social interactions and thus may contribute to loneliness. We investigated the cross-sectional association between hearing impairment and loneliness in community-dwelling older U.S. adults using data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (N = 3,196). Individuals reporting fair/poor hearing had 50% (95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.09-2.05]) higher odds of any loneliness compared with those reporting excellent hearing after adjusting for comorbidity index, functional and cognitive ability, self-reported health, and demographic characteristics. Test for trend suggests a dose-response relationship over levels of hearing impairment. Hearing impairment is highly prevalent and may be an important target for consideration in interventions to reduce loneliness. Further investigation of whether treatment of hearing impairment alleviates loneliness and its disabling effects is also needed.
Nonvascularized Toe Joint Transfers to the Hand in Young Children: Technique Revisited.

Background Small joint reconstruction of the hand poses a significant challenge, especially in children where both functional motion and preservation of the epiphysis are desired. Auto-transplantation of whole joints is the only way to reconstruct a functional joint that maintains growth potential. Historically, nonvascularized toe-to-finger joint transfer has been criticized for high rates of avascular necrosis and joint dissolution, while vascularized transfers seemingly resulted in increased durability of the joint space and epiphysis. However, certain populations remain poor candidates for microvascular reconstruction, such as those with congenital deformities or sequelae from trauma or infection. In our case series, we demonstrate that a simplified nonvascularized surgical technique and careful patient selection can produce stable, functional joints. Methods Nonvascularized toe-to-finger joint transfer was performed in 3 children between the ages of 4 and 6. Reconstructed joints included 2 proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints and 1 metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint. Donor grafts consisted of second toe PIP joints harvested en bloc to include the epiphysis of the middle phalanx, collateral ligaments, volar plate, and a diamond-shaped island of extensor tendon with its central slip attachment. Results Follow-up ranged from 7 to 29 months. Each patient demonstrated functional improvements in joint motion and stability. Postoperative radiographs confirmed adequate joint alignment and persistence of the joint spaces. Epiphyseal closure was observed in 1 patient as early as 25 months postoperatively. Conclusions Nonvascularized joint transfer should remain a practical consideration for small joint reconstruction of the hand in certain pediatric patients.
Using Top Ten Lists to Encourage Faith Integration Discussion in Economics Courses

This article describes the use of top ten lists as a way to break the ice with students and begin a discussion about integrating one's faith into the subject matter of a course. The literature has shown that the use of top ten lists has proven to be an attention-grabbing way of introducing a topic that encourages student participation and incites class discussion. The use of Biblically inspired top ten lists in economics classes was investigated with results similar to those observed in the literature.
Automatic Object Recoloring Using Adversarial Learning

We propose a novel method for automatic object recoloring based on Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). The user can simply give commands of the form recolor to which will be executed without any need of manual edit. Our approach takes advantage of pre-trained object detectors and saliency mask segmentation networks. The segmented mask of the given object along with the target color and the original image form the input to the GAN. The use of cycle consistency loss ensures the realistic look of the results. To our best knowledge, this is the first algorithm where the automatic recoloring is only limited by the ability of the mask extractor to map a natural language tag to a specific object in the image (several hundred object types at the time of this writing). For a performance comparison, we also adapted other state of the art methods to perform this task. We found that our method had consistently yielded qualitatively better recoloring results.
The Positive Association between Proton Pump Inhibitors and Clostridium Difficile Infection.

Background Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are among the most commonly used medications by patients due to its availability over the counter and frequent prescribing by physicians to treat and alleviate symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Recently, the FDA issued a warning with respect to the utilization of PPIs and risk of developing Clostridium difficile infections (CDI). The most commonly known medications to cause CDI are antibiotics. However, available studies suggest an association and increase in risk for CDI with PPI use as well. Objective The purpose of this research is to review and summarize data currently available on the association between PPIs and CDI. Methods To search for eligible studies, EBSCO engines were investigated using proton pump inhibitors or PPIs and Clostridium difficile or C. diff. as search terms. Meta analyses and systematic reviews published between 2000 and 2020 on adult patients were considered. Results Eight meta-analyses and systematic reviews met the inclusion criteria. They included studies conducted in the US, Europe, Asia and Canada on inpatient and outpatient adults. The final result for all 8 studies showed a statistically significant association between PPIs and CDI ranging from mild to high risk. Conclusion Currently available data suggest a positive association between PPIs and CDI.
Descartes on Numerical Identity and Time

According to most contemporary philosophers, the Indiscernibility of Identicals is obviously true. We might therefore expect earlier philosophers to endorse it. But I will use a puzzle about identi...
Interfund Lending in Mutual Fund Families: Role in Liquidity Management

The Investment Company Act of 1940 restricts interfund lending and borrowing within a mutual fund family, but families can apply for regulatory exemptions to participate in such transactions. We find that the monitoring mechanisms and investment restrictions influence the family’s decision to apply for the interfund lending programs. We document several benefits of such programs for equity funds. First, participating funds reduce cash holdings and increase investments in illiquid assets. Second, fund investors exhibit less run-like behavior. Third, it helps mitigate asset fire sales after extreme investor redemptions. Offsetting these benefits, money market funds in participating families experience investor outflows.Received May 26, 2018; editorial decision November 27, 2018 by Editor Itay Goldstein. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Relational Theory for Clinical Practice

1. The History of Social Work Through a Relational Lens 2. Relational Theory in a Nutshell 3. The Client-Worker Relationship 4. Relational Theory and Empathy: A Feminist Perspective 5. Assessment: A Relational Point of View 6. Intervention: A Relational Point of View 7. Ethics and Values: A Relational Perspective
Dual Delivery of EPO and BMP2 from a Novel Modular Poly-ɛ-Caprolactone Construct to Increase the Bone Formation in Prefabricated Bone Flaps

Poly-ɛ-caprolactone (PCL) is a biocompatible polymer that has mechanical properties suitable for bone tissue engineering; however, it must be integrated with biologics to stimulate bone formation. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) delivered from PCL produces bone when implanted subcutaneously, and erythropoietin (EPO) works synergistically with BMP2. In this study, EPO and BMP2 are adsorbed separately on two 3D-printed PCL scaffold modules that are assembled for codelivery on a single scaffold structure. This assembled modular PCL scaffold with dual BMP2 and EPO delivery was shown to increase bone growth in an ectopic location when compared with BMP2 delivery along a replicate scaffold structure. EPO (200 IU/mL) and BMP2 (65 μg/mL) were adsorbed onto the outer and inner portions of a modular scaffold, respectively. Protein binding and release studies were first quantified. Subsequently, EPO+BMP2 and BMP2 scaffolds were implanted subcutaneously in mice for 4 and 8 weeks, and the regenerated bone was anal...
Effects of Cortisone and ACTH

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the effects of cortisone and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). The early investigations on the dog and rat, employing single doses of cortisone, suggested that its characteristic effect might be to increase urinary excretion of sodium and chloride. It was shown further in the partially depancreatized rat, and in the dog that cortisone and 17-hydroxycorticosterone may cause an increase in excretion of sodium and chloride. The physiological effects of ACTH depend on its ability to stimulate the adrenal cortices to increase their output of steroid hormones, some of them closely related to cortisone. Consequently, cortisone and ACTH have many effects in common. In many instances there is no definite line of demarcation between actions of the two agents. In this chapter, the effects of cortisone and ACTH are considered together, except in certain situations in which significant differences are apparent. Relation of glutathione to effects of ACTH and cortisone on carbohydrate metabolism is described. Effects on lymphoid tissue, blood lymphocytes, and eosinophils are discussed. Infections, bacterial allergic reactions and other inflammatory reactions are also described.
Assessing uncertainty in best management practice effectiveness under future climate scenarios

Uncertainty of best management practice (BMP) performance in future climates is an important consideration for water resources managers. The objective of this study was to quantify the level of uncertainty in performance of seven agricultural BMPs due to climate change in reducing sediment, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus loads. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool coupled with mid-21st century climate data from the Community Climate System Model were used to develop climate change scenarios for the Tuttle Creek Lake Watershed of Kansas and Nebraska. Uncertainty level of each BMP was determined using Latin Hypercube Sampling, a constrained Monte Carlo sampling technique. Samples were taken from distributions of several variables (monthly precipitation, temperature, CO2, and BMP implementation parameters). Cumulative distribution functions were constructed for each BMP, pollutant, and climate scenario combination. Results demonstrated that BMP performance uncertainty is amplified in the extreme climate scenario. Among BMPs, native grass replacement generally had higher uncertainty level but also had the greatest reductions. This study highlights the importance of incorporating uncertainty analysis into mitigation strategies aiming to reduce negative impacts of climate change on water resources. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Results from a theoretical study of fuel drop ignition and extinction.

Results from a recent theory for deflagration of fuel drops have been used to study the ignition and extinction characteristics of liquid fuel droplets in an oxidizing atmosphere. A stationary spherical droplet undergoing one-step over-all reaction is assumed, and the model employed retains the features of finite kinetics. Flame temperature, fuel mass fraction at the flame surface, and mass burning rate as a function of ambient environment temperature are presented, and the resultant curves show both an ignition temperature and, in certain cases, an extinction temperature. By varying concentration of ambient oxidizer as a function of ambient temperature, it is shown that there is a lower limit for oxidizer concentration below which ignition cannot occur at any ambient temperature. It is also shown, for a given reaction rate, that there is a lower limit temperature for ignition at any ambient oxygen concentration.
Is Free Information Really Free? Information Supply into an IT-Based Organizational Memory System

Information sharing is a critical issue facing businesses today. In the United States some 90 percent of large private sector and 40 percent of public sector enterprises are reported to have at least one initiative in place to assist in the sharing of information. In contrast, the realities of not sharing information are great with estimates of up to $12 billion wasted each year as employees duplicate one another’s work. Information sharing is often facilitated by an IT-based organizational memory system, and this paper examines one such system at a large U.S.-based IT consulting firm. Our study examines what impacts information supply into the system. Using a wide-scale survey deployed to over 1,200 professionals with over a 30 percent response rate, we use structural equation modeling to show that information supply by an individual is a result of weighing up the personal costs and benefits of such supply. While the costs of information supply have been covered in depth in the literature, the benefits side of the equation has received little attention. This paper addresses that gap, and shows that the ability to influence is a critical component of the benefits the information supplier expects to receive to offset the costs of supplying information. We conclude by noting how this research may impact managers, suppliers and users of information sharing systems, and present ideas for future research.
Recent Results in Astronomy III: Interstellar Masers

This lecture is aimed at reviewing some of the recent results arising from VLBI observations of Galactic objects. Bryan Anderson has discussed stellar VLBI, pulsar observations and the spectacular VLBI data obtained on objects such as SS433. I shall concentrate on molecular masers, the Galactic Centre and the study of the interstellar medium. I make no claim to the completeness of this review, it is merely an attempt to summarize the present state of the field.
The Simple Analytics of Informed Finance

The paper derives two analytical consequences of informed finance: Equity leads to under-financing, while debt leads to over-financing. We show that our model can explain key qualitative and quantitative features of informed venture capital finance in the United States. Using only four model parameters we match: (1) the venture capitalist's equity share; (2) the venture capitalist's expected return and (3) its standard deviation; (4) the probability that a project receives funding; and (5) the probability the venture capitalist loses money on an investment. Our estimated parameters reveal the average quality of an unfunded project; the percentage of uncertainty resolved by the venture capitalists investigation; the percentage of total surplus accruing to the venture capitalist, and the magnitude of underfinancing associated with venture capital finance.
Games: Sequential Bargaining

Sequential bargaining games involve one player responding to the offers from another player. They provide a structured opportunity to test game-theoretic hypotheses about subject motivation and cognitive processes. Keywords: bargaining; common knowledge; expectations; experiments; fairness
Konzeption eines theoretischen Modells zu ausgewählten Kompetenzen von Technikern der Fachschule Bautechnik

Im Beitrag werden auf der Grundlage einer empirischen Analyse zu landerspezifischen Curricula der Fachschule fur Bautechnik und einer bereichsspezifischen Stellenausschreibungsanalyse zu Bautechnikern sowie im Anschluss an den empirischen Forschungsstand in der beruflichen Erstausbildung und der akademischen Bildung theoretische Modellierungen zu ausgewahlten bautechnischen Kompetenzen von Schulerinnen und Schulern der Grundstufe der Fachschule Bautechnik vorgenommen. Schlusselworter: Kompetenzen von Technikern, Mathematische Kompetenzen von Technikern, Kompetenzen in Baukonstruktion, Kompetenzen in Bauphysik, Kompetenzen in Tragwerkslehre
Micro-RNA-122 levels in acute liver failure and chronic hepatitis C

MicroRNA-122 (miR-122) is the foremost liver-related micro-RNA, but its role in the hepatocyte is not fully understood. To evaluate whether circulating levels of miR-122 are elevated in chronic-HCV for a reason other than hepatic injury, we compared serum level in patients with chronic hepatitis C to other forms of liver injury including patients with acute liver failure and healthy controls. MiR-122 was quantitated using sera from 35 acute liver failure patients (20 acetaminophen-induced, 15 other etiologies), 39 chronic-HCV patients and 12 controls. In parallel, human genomic DNA (hgDNA) levels were measured to reflect quantitatively the extent of hepatic necrosis. Additionally, six HIV–HCV co-infected patients, who achieved viral clearance after undergoing therapy with interferon and ribavirin, had serial sera miR-122 and hgDNA levels measured before and throughout treatment. Serum miR-122 levels were elevated approximately 100-fold in both acute liver failure and chronic-HCV sera as compared to controls (P < 0.001), whereas hgDNA levels were only elevated in acute liver failure patients as compared to both chronic-HCV and controls (P < 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed that chronic-HCV sera with normal aminotransferase levels showed elevated miR-122 despite low levels of hepatocyte necrosis. All successfully treated HCV patients showed a significant Log10 decrease in miR-122 levels ranging from 0.16 to 1.46, after sustained viral response. Chronic-HCV patients have very elevated serum miR-122 levels in the range of most patients with severe hepatic injury leading to acute liver failure. Eradication of HCV was associated with decreased miR-122 but not hgDNA. An additional mechanism besides hepatic injury may be active in chronic-HCV to explain the exaggerated circulating levels of miR-122 observed. J. Med. Virol. 86:1507–1514, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Further reductions of Poincaré-Dulac normal forms in {{}}^{{}+1}

In this paper, we will consider (germs of) holomorphic mappings of the form (f(z), λ 1 w 1 (1 + g 1 (z)),...,λ n w n (1 + g n (z))), defined in a neighborhood of the origin in C n+1 . Most of our interest is in those mappings where f(z) = z + a m z m +... is a germ tangent to the identity and g i (0) = 0 for i = 1,..., n, and i i 6 C possess no resonances, for these are the so-called Poincare-Dulac normal forms of the mappings (z + 0(2), λ 1 ω + O(2) λ n ω + 0(2)). We construct formal normal forms for these mappings and discuss a condition which tests for the convergence or divergence of the conjugating maps, giving specific examples.
Adipose tissue of Drosophila melanogaster. IV. The effect of the corpus allatum and synthetic juvenile hormone on the tissue of the adult male.

Abstract A cytometric analysis was made on the adult adipose tissue of sectioned abdomens of normal and experimentally treated adult male Drosophila melanogaster . The cell size and proportions of reserve substances in the fat cells did not vary significantly over a 1-week period from 10–19 days of age. Ring glands transplanted from late third-instar, male larvae into male adults caused no significant changes in cell size and proportion of lipid in the male host cells. However, corpus allatumcorpus cardiacum complexes transplanted from adult D. melanogaster or D. virilis females into adult males caused the host fat cells to increase in size about 1.3 times and the amounts of lipid and glycogen deposits became significantly larger. Similar effects were obtained using corpora allata from D. virilis females. Synthetic juvenile hormone injected into males caused a 1.7-fold increase in cell size and the amounts of lipid and glycogen deposits increased significantly.
Some Limitations of Experimental Psychologists' Criticism of the American Trial

Psychologists have for decades conducted experiments that have suggested severe limitations on human cognitive capacities. Many have suggested that these results have important, and largely negative, consequences for an assessment of the reliability of the American trial. They have pointed persuasively at the disturbing number of exonerations of those convicted after trial. And some have gone on to make specific proposals for the incremental, and sometimes radical, changes in the conduct of the adversary trial. This essay places these studies in a normative context and argues that they are more powerful in suggesting changes in pretrial process than in the conduct of trial itself.
The whole crack singular element for 2-D boundary element analysis of multiple straight cracks in the general anisotropic solids

We develop a singular crack element for the general anisotropic solids in two dimensions for the mixed mode boundary element analysis of multiple straight cracks. Given a normalized crack along an interval (âˆ’1, +1) on the X-axis, we represent the crack opening displacement (COD) by the continuous distribution of dislocation dipoles, which is interpolated by the Chebyshev polynomials with the p1 âˆ’ X2 weight function. The analytical integration of the dislocation dipole distribution leads to a closed form displacement formula for the crack with the pr COD and the 1/pr stress singularity at its tips. In the BE solution, the stress intensity factors are determined, along with the unknown boundary displacements and tractions, without the post-processing. The proposed crack element, called the whole crack singular element (WCSE), drastically simplifies the mixed mode analysis of multiple straight cracks in the general anisotropic solids with no sacrifice of the accuracy.
The distribution of early recombination nodules on zygotene bivalents from plants.

Early recombination nodules (ENs) are protein complexes ~100 nm in diameter that are associated with forming synaptonemal complexes (SCs) during leptotene and zygotene of meiosis. Although their functions are not yet clear, ENs may have roles in synapsis and recombination. Here we report on the frequency and distribution of ENs in zygotene SC spreads from six plant species that include one lower vascular plant, two dicots, and three monocots. For each species, the number of ENs per unit length is higher for SC segments than for (asynapsed) axial elements (AEs). In addition, EN number is strongly correlated with SC segment length. There are statistically significant differences in EN frequencies on SCs between species, but these differences are not related to genome size, number of chromosomes, or phylogenetic class. There is no difference in the frequency of ENs per unit length of SC from early to late zygotene. The distribution of distances between adjacent ENs on SC segments is random for all six species, but ENs are found at synaptic forks more often than expected for a random distribution of ENs on SCs. From these observations, we conclude that in plants: (1) some ENs bind to AEs prior to synapsis, (2) most ENs bind to forming SCs at synaptic forks, and (3) ENs do not bind to already formed SCs.
Eye-specific IOP-induced displacements and deformations of human lamina cribrosa.

Author(s): Sigal, Ian A; Grimm, Jonathan L; Jan, Ning-Jiun; Reid, Korey; Minckler, Don S; Brown, Donald J | Abstract: PurposeTo measure high-resolution eye-specific displacements and deformations induced within the human LC microstructure by an acute increase in IOP.MethodsSix eyes from donors aged 23 to 82 were scanned using second harmonic-generated (SHG) imaging at various levels of IOP from 10 to 50 mm Hg. An image registration technique was developed, tested, and used to find the deformation mapping between maximum intensity projection images acquired at low and elevated IOP. The mappings were analyzed to determine the magnitude and distribution of the IOP-induced displacements and deformations and contralateral similarity.ResultsImages of the LC were obtained and the registration technique was successful. IOP increases produced substantial, and potentially biologically significant, levels of in-plane LC stretch and compression (reaching 10%-25% medians and 20%-30% 75th percentiles). Deformations were sometimes highly focal and concentrated in regions as small as a few pores. Regions of largest displacement, stretch, compression, and shear did not colocalize. Displacements and strains were not normally distributed. Contralateral eyes did not always have more similar responses to IOP than unrelated eyes. Under elevated IOP, some LC regions were under bi-axial stretch, others under bi-axial compression.ConclusionsWe obtained eye-specific measurements of the complex effects of IOP on the LC with unprecedented resolution in uncut and unfixed human eyes. Our technique was robust to electronic and speckle noise. Elevated IOP produced substantial in-plane LC stretch and compression. Further research will explore the effects of IOP on the LC in a three-dimensional framework.
Submicron Single-Layer Lithography Using Reactive Ion Etching

This paper describes the application of reactive ion etching to submicron single-layer lithography. It is shown that the etch selectivity of silicon containing resists is a strong function of the ion energy; that is, the selectivity increases for low ion energies. That supports the use of magnetically enhanced ion etchers for the development of single-layer silylated photoresists since the ion energy in these reactors is low for most process conditions. This paper shows that by a proper design of the reactor and the process good selectivity can also be achieved in a reactive ion etcher. This allows for the use of a simple reactor for some dry-develop lithography applications. The conditions leading to good selectivity as well as several submicron applications are described in this paper.
Has international education been politicized

Education for information transfer has become a critical factor in the socioeconomic development process. International information education is carried out by formal programs, nonformal strategies, and informal activities. Areas in need of strengthening include (1) information management and professional decision making, (2) information support to small, national, and multinational enterprises, (3) indigenous cultures and resources, (4) research and its diffusion, and (5) training the trainers. The international atmosphere of these activities is politically charged and interculturally sensitive, presenting a challenge to projects such as the International Clearinghouse for Information Education and Training which provides assistance to educators in developing countries. © 1988 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Long-term follow-up of patients with cardiac sarcoidosis and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators.

Background Ventricular tachyarrhythmias are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in cardiac sarcoidosis. To date, the prevalence and incidence of ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation (VT/VF) in this population remain unknown. Objectives To determine the prevalence and incidence of ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis and to identify the clinical attributes associated with appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapies. Methods We studied 45 patients with ICDs, biopsy-proven systemic sarcoidosis, and cardiac involvement, as evidenced by histopathology, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and/or 18 F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose-positron emission tomography imaging. Device logs and medical records were retrospectively reviewed. Results Appropriate ICD therapies for VT/VF were observed in 37.8% of the patients with an incidence of 15% per year. Inappropriate ICD therapies occurred in 13.3% of the patients. Longer ICD follow-up (4.5 ± 3.1 years vs 1.5 ± 1.5 years; P = .001), depressed left ventricular ejection fraction (35.5% ± 15.5% vs 50.9% ± 15.5%; P = .002), and complete heart block (47.1% vs 17.9%; P = .048) were associated with appropriate ICD therapy. While there was no significant difference in the total number of shocks/antitachycardia pacing–terminated events between primary (n = 29) and secondary (n = 16) prevention groups, there was a trend toward more events in the secondary prevention arm after 2 years. Conclusions Ventricular tachyarrhythmias requiring ICD therapy were common in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis, with an estimated incidence rate of 15% per year. Longer follow-up, left ventricular systolic dysfunction, and complete heart block were associated with VT/VF. Patients with primary prevention ICDs had high rates of appropriate ICD therapy but not as high as did secondary prevention patients. In the absence of reliable risk stratification techniques, consideration should be given to prophylactic ICD implantation in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis.
Reaction mechanism of aspartate transcarbamylase from mouse spleen

Abstract The reaction mechanism of aspartate transcarbamylase from mouse spleen has been determined, using steady-state kinetics, isotope-exchange experiments, inhibition studies with a transition-state analog, and product-inhibition studies. Intersecting reciprocal plots obtained when one substrate was varied against different concentrations of the second substrate indicate that the mechanism is sequential. The transition-state analog, N -(phosphonacetyl)- l -aspartate, was a powerful inhibitor of aspartate transcarbamylase, with an inhibition constant ( K i ) of 2.6 × 10 −8 m at 37 °C and pH 7.4 in 0.05 m Na HEPES buffer. PALA gave competitive inhibition with carbamyl phosphate and noncompetitive inhibition with l -aspartate, indicating that carbamyl phosphate must bind before aspartate for catalysis to occur. A ping-pong mechanism in which carbamyl phosphate binds first was excluded by isotope-exchange experiments, since [ 32 P]inorganic phosphate was not incorporated into carbamyl phosphate in the absence of aspartate. Product-inhibition studies showed that only inorganic phosphate and carbamyl phosphate gave a competitive pattern; all other combinations of substrate and product gave noncompetitive inhibition patterns when incubations were carried out at subsaturating concentrations of the second substrate. These inhibition patterns showed that carbamyl phosphate binds first, aspartate binds second, carbamyl aspartate dissociates first, and phosphate dissociates second.
Suicide in the home in relation to gun ownership

Abstract Background. It has been suggested that limiting access to firearms could prevent many suicides, but this belief is controversial. To assess the strength of the association between the availability of firearms and suicide, we studied all suicides that took place in the homes of victims in Shelby County, Tennessee, and King County, Washington, over a 32-month period. Methods. For each suicide victim (case subject), we obtained data from police or the medical examiner and interviewed a proxy. Their answers were compared with those of control subjects from the same neighborhood, matched with the victim according to sex, race, and age range. Crude and adjusted odds ratios were calculated with matched-pairs methods. Results. During the study period, 803 suicides occurred in the two counties, 565 of which (70 percent) took place in the home of the victim. Fifty-eight percent (326) of these suicides were committed with a firearm. After excluding 11 case subjects for various reasons, we were able to inter...