cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of safety distributed control under bounded time-varying communication delay

This paper addresses the design of a distributed safety controller for two agents, subject to communication delay. The control objective is to ensure safety, meaning that the state of the two-agent system does not enter an undesired set in the state space. Our approach is based on the computation of the complementary set to the maximal controlled invariant set, and on a state estimation procedure which guarantees control agreement between the two agents. We solve the safety control problem for any bounded communication delay, assuming that the two agents share the same internal clock. Performance of the controller and relevance of the proposed approach are discussed in light of simulations performed for a collision avoidance problem between two semi-autonomous vehicles at an intersection.
Consideration of maintenance objectives in the design and development of software

Factors are addressed that affect the total cost of developing, deploying and supporting software systems. The experiences are drawn from a large computerized facility incorporating over half a million lines of application code. The operational and support activities dominate the cost considerations over program life. Techniques are presented in this paper to ensure early design considerations of these operational and support activities and to reduce their cost. Thus, the focus is the life cycle cost factors of the system software.
Si TEXTURING WITH SUB-WAVELENGTH STRUCTURES

Si surface reflection has been investigated with textured structures smaller than the optical wavelengths. This physical optics approach relies on absorption through a wave-guide mechanism, and has been realized for both uniform and random structures. Laser interferometric lithography techniques have been combined with conventional wet and reactive ion etching of Si to form a wide range of nanoscale 1-D and 2-D structures in both single poly-crystalline Si substrates. Maskless reactive ion etching of Si has also been employed to form highly absorptive nanoscale structures. For identically etched structures, uniform structures showed an order of magnitude smaller reflectance than random structures.
Schumpeterian Churn Dynamics And Re-gional Productivity Performance

This study tests empirically the Schumpeterian premise that the incessantturbulence of an economy in motion, apart from a production function comprised of static inputs, is capable of explaining patterns of economic growth and change. Localized employment churn"registered as job creation/destruction dynamics isused to account forvariations in U.S. metro-regional economic productivity performancesduring the 1986-99 period. The empirical results suggest that employment turnover and replacementdynamics have large and significant positive effects on localized productivity growth independent of a variety of industrial restructuring processes occurring simultaneously. While employment churn effectsare robust across U.S. Census regions, they do not exert a uniform influence on metro-regional productivity performances across time. Until 1996, job creation and destruction dynamics often canceled each other out as metro-regions underwent continued industrial restructuring. Since 1996, however, the positive effects on metro-region productivity growth have been consistently strong. In addition toa strong positiveeffect on productivity of the emergence of a localized IT sector, both an expanding service sector share of regional employment and a rising public spending share of regional outputexert powerful downward pressure on productivity growth rates.
VACM-1 receptor is specifically expressed in rabbit vascular endothelium and renal collecting tubule

The vasopressin-activated calcium-mobilizing (VACM-1) protein is a novel arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptor that shares sequence homology with a cullin multigene family but not with the AVP recept...
Politics as a Peculiar Business: Reason, Sentiment, and Electoral Competition

This is a preliminary draft of the fourth of what will be eight chapters in a book titled Politics as a Peculiar Business: Public Choice in a System of Entangled Political Economy. This chapter starts by explaining that a universal feature of competition is its selection for excellence among competitors. This is a purely formal attribute of competition. Just what qualities are actually selected through competition depends on the context of competition, which is myriad in number. One can, for instance, be an excellent swimmer without being a terrific diver. Most of this chapter explains how the triadic character of democratic processes selects for different qualities than the dyadic character of market processes.
Immunofluorescent localization of eosinophil granule major basic protein in fatal human cases of Baylisascaris procyonis infection.

Abstract We examined eosinophil degranulation in tissues from patients infected with Baylisascaris procyonis as shown by the extracellular deposition of granule major basic protein (MBP). We utilized immunofluorescence to localize MBP in eosinophils and at sites of degranulation to study specimens from 2 fatal cases of B. procyonis infection. Large numbers of intact eosinophils were present in the brain around blood vessels and necrotic migration tracks and in mesenteric granulomata. Extensive extracellular MBP deposition was present in the necrotic migration tracks in the brain and around larvae in the mesenteric granulomata in association with the radiating eosinophilic deposits characteristic of the "Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon." The Splendore-Hoeppli deposits consist in part of eosinophil granule MBP. Release of the cytotoxic MBP in response to invading larvae may cause tissue damage. Central nervous system tissue damage by cytotoxic eosinophil granule proteins may contribute to the neurologic symptoms of B. procyonis infection.
When the Child is a Parent: Effective Advocacy for Teen Parents in the Child Welfare System

This article highlights some of the common legal issues and vulnerabilities that arise for parents who are teenagers and become involved in the child welfare system.
Evaluation of a maximum a posteriori (MAP) reconstruction method using an anatomical prior for improved dose-rate volume histogram estimation

267 Objectives Advanced image-based radiobiological dosimetry promises improved prediction of normal organ response in targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT), but requires accurate estimates of the activity distribution as an input. ECT images are, however, degraded by partial volume effects (PVEs) and noise. Availability of multimodality ECT/CT systems provides high resolution anatomical information that can potentially be used to improve activity estimates. In previous work, we proposed a convergent accelerated MAP algorithm for a region mean prior to improve activity distribution estimates. The prior penalizes deviations from the mean in a volume of interest (VOI). Here we evaluated the algorithm in the context of TRT for the case of non-uniform activity distributions inside VOIs. Methods We investigated 2 types of non-uniform activity distributions: liver uptake with a lumpy texture and a tumor with a necrotic core. We used the 3D XCAT phantom to model patient anatomy. We generated simulated analytic In-111 projection data that modeled image degrading effects in SPECT. Images were reconstructed with compensation for degrading effects using both the proposed MAP method and OS-EM. OS-EM images were optionally post-filtered. Dose-rate distributions were estimated and methods were compared in terms of the shape and fidelity of the cumulative dose-rate volume histogram for the liver and tumor using optimal filtering and prior weight parameters. Results The proposed MAP algorithm substantially reduced image noise and PVEs and thus more faithfully reproduced the histograms, even with non-uniform activity distributions inside VOIs. The MAP method reduced PVEs when boundaries were known and exhibited PVEs comparable to OS-EM when boundaries were not known. Conclusions The MAP reconstruction algorithm based on a region mean prior provided improved dose rate estimates compared to OS-EM even for VOIs with non-uniform activity distributions
Dual Use of Power Lines for Design-for-Testability—A CMOS Receiver Design

As the circuit complexity increases, the number of internal nodes increases proportionally, and individual internal nodes are less accessible due to the limited number of available I/O pins. To address the problem, we proposed power line communications (PLCs) at the IC level, specifically the dual use of power pins and power distribution networks for application/ observation of test data as well as delivery of power. A PLC receiver presented in this paper intends to demonstrate the proof of concept, specifically the transmission of data through power lines. The main design objective of the proposed PLC receiver is the robust operation under variations and droops of the supply voltage rather than high data speed. The PLC receiver is designed and fabricated in CMOS 0.18- $\mu \text{m}$ technology under a supply voltage of 1.8 V. The measurement results show that the receiver can tolerate a voltage drop of up to 0.423 V for a data rate of 10 Mb/s. The power dissipation of the receiver is 3.26 mW under 1.8 V supply, and the core area of the receiver is 74.9 $\mu {\rm m} \times 72.2~\mu \text{m}$ .
Preparation, structures, and reactivities of compounds with double bonding between the heavier group 5A elements

Abstract The synthesis of diphosphenes (RP[dbnd]PR′), phosphaarsenes (RPxydAsR′), phosphastibenes (RP[dbnd]SbR′), and diarsenes (RAs[dbnd]AsR′) is discussed. X-ray crystallographic studies have been performed on representative double-bonded compounds. The reactivities and coordination chemistry of selected compounds have been explored.
Cortical processing during smartphone text messaging

Objective The objective of this study was to report the EEG features of text messaging using smartphones. Methods One hundred twenty-nine patients were prospectively evaluated during video-EEG monitoring (VEM) over 16months. A reproducible texting rhythm (TR) present during active text messaging with a smartphone was compared with passive and forced audio telephone use, thumb/finger movements, cognitive testing/calculation, scanning eye movements, and speech/language tasks in patients with and without epilepsy. Statistical significance was set at p Results Twenty-seven patients with a TR were identified from a cohort of 129 (93 female, mean age: 36; range: 18-71) unselected VEM patients. Fifty-three out of 129 patients had epileptic seizures (ES), 74/129 had nonepileptic seizures (NES), and 2/129 were dual-diagnosed. A reproducible TR was present in 27/129 (20.9%) specific to text messaging (p Conclusions Our results suggest that the TR on scalp EEG represents a novel technology-specific neurophysiological alteration of brain networks. We propose that cortical processing in the contemporary brain is uniquely activated by the use of PEDs. Significance These findings have practical implications that could impact industry and research in nonverbal communication.
Practice Research Report of Emergency Medical Equipment Supervision

Reasonable use of emergency equipment has much to do with the health and safety of patients and medical staffs.Combining with the usage of emergency medical equipment in Yuhuan district,this paper analyzes the important notice of emergency medical equipment supervision,expounds on the influencing factors about validity and safety of emergency medical equipment,and puts forward suggestions of enhancing the supervision of emergency medical equipment.
Intraoperative Fluorescence Angiography for Head and Neck Reconstruction

Reconstruction of head and neck defects that cannot be closed primarily often requires the use of complex locoregional, pedicled, or microvascular flaps. Success of the reconstruction relies on the vascular supply of these flaps to prevent major and sometimes life-threatening wound complications. Intraoperative fluorescence angiography is an emerging aspect of the field that can be used as an adjunct to other methods to identify vascular compromise before, during, and after reconstruction. Laser-assisted near-infrared angiography with intravenous indocyanine green (ICG) dye has been used to perform optical angiography in plastic surgery to help determine the recipient tissue perfusion at the defect site as well as the perfusion of the tissue used for reconstruction. This method allows for quantification of perfusion in skin and soft tissue reconstruction. Laser-assisted near-infrared angiography with intravenous ICG dye is fast, reliable, safe and can have many uses in head and neck reconstruction including the ability to quantitatively assess perfusion in perforators and angiosomes in flap design, prior to completion of harvest, during, and after the microvascular anastomosis, and in the distal edges of rotational and pedicled flaps. It can also be used to objectively view the native tissue prior to reconstruction, especially in patients with a history of radiation or chemotherapy.
Water and the politics of sustainability transitions: from regime actor conflicts to system governance organizations

This study contributes to the analysis of the politics of sustainability transitions by developing a focus on regime actor conflicts and a processual model for how these conflicts develop and are r...
Projective low-rank subspace clustering via learning deep encoder

Low-rank subspace clustering (LRSC) has been considered as the state-of-the-art method on small datasets. LRSC constructs a desired similarity graph by low-rank representation (LRR), and employs a spectral clustering to segment the data samples. However, effectively applying LRSC into clustering big data becomes a challenge because both LRR and spectral clustering suffer from high computational cost. To address this challenge, we create a projective low-rank subspace clustering (PLrSC) scheme for large scale clustering problem. First, a small dataset is randomly sampled from big dataset. Second, our proposed predictive low-rank decomposition (PLD) is applied to train a deep encoder by using the small dataset, and the deep encoder is used to fast compute the low-rank representations of all data samples. Third, fast spectral clustering is employed to segment the representations. As a non-trivial contribution, we theoretically prove the deep encoder can universally approximate to the exact (or bounded) recovery of the row space. Experiments verify that our scheme outperforms the related methods on large scale datasets in a small amount of time. We achieve the state-of-art clustering accuracy by 95.8% on MNIST using scattering convolution features.
Abstract 365: Differential Regulation of NOX2, NOX4 and SOD Expression in the Heart and Kidneys by PPAR-α During Angiotensin II Hypertension

Previous reports suggest peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) agonist attenuates hypertension by suppressing oxidative stress and increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. We...
Family and Household

The centrality of the familial institution in pre-industrial societies is taken for granted by demographers, and the variation in kinship structure has often been suggested as a key to explaining the variation in natural fertility between and within pre-industrial populations (Freedman, 1961/62, p. 50). Particular attention has been given to the influence of kinship structure on the proximate (intermediate) variables.
Prostaglandins and serotonin in diarrheogenic syndromes.

Infusion of prostaglandins E2 and F2α (PGE2 and PGF2α) in man causes diarrhea1,2. This effect is due to alterations in both intestinal motility and absorption of water and electrolytes. By virtue of their direct effects on intestinal smooth muscle cells, PGE2 and PGF2α contract the longitudinal smooth muscle, but, in addition, PGF2α also contracts the circular smooth muscle layer3,4,5. The increased motility is manifested by abdominal cramps6 and shortened intestinal transit time7. In addition, PGE compounds have been shown to enhance intestinal secretion rather than absorption of water and electrolytes8–11, an effect which appears to be mediated by cyclic nucleotides12,13. This secretory phenomenon contributes significantly to the prostaglandin-induced watery diarrhea. Because of their substantial diarrheogenic properties, we have investigated the role of PGE and PGF compounds in a number of diarrheogenic syndromes. Despite early observations that levels of bioassayable PGF compounds were elevated in a number of endocrine tumors and in the plasma of patients harboring these tumors14,15, we have consistently found better correlation between diarrhea and circulating levels of PGE.
Historical records of the digger wasps, Astata Latreille 1796 (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae: Astatinae), from the United States and Canada in the Oregon State Arthropod Collection

A dataset of 345 observational records is presented for the genus Astata (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae: Astatinae) based on 329 museum specimens and 16 photo vouchers. Summary information for the Pacific Northwest records is provided, including the species present, seasonality and county records for Oregon.
HER2 Activating Mutations in Estrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancer

HER2 activating mutations are a new, druggable mutation identified by next-generation DNA sequencing (NGS) of breast cancer. Here, we review the recent data on the diagnosis and treatment of HER2 mutated, metastatic breast cancer. Pre-clinical studies have shown that HER2 activating mutations accelerate tumor growth and can be inhibited by HER2 targeted drugs, including trastuzumab and the second-generation, pan-HER tyrosine kinase inhibitor, neratinib. HER2 mutations can be diagnosed by NGS testing on either a tumor biopsy or circulating tumor DNA obtained from peripheral blood. Case reports provided initial evidence that HER2 targeted therapies can effectively treat patients with HER2 mutated, metastatic breast cancer. Two phase II clinical trials, MutHER and SUMMIT, both demonstrate that neratinib monotherapy has clinical efficacy for these patients, with clinical benefit rate of 31–40%. HER2 targeted therapies are effective for HER2 mutated breast cancer but emergence of drug resistance remains a problem. Clinical trials are now testing neratinib-containing drug combination regimens for HER2 mutated, metastatic breast cancer patients.
Profitability of organic vegetable production in Northwest Vietnam: evidence from Tan Lac District, Hoa Binh Province

This study compares the profitability of organic and conventional vegetable production in Tan Lac, a mountainous area in Northern Vietnam. The study is motivated by three questions: (1) Is organic vegetable production profitable, compared with conventional production? (2) Who among the vegetable farmers in Tan Lac tended to adopt organic production methods? And (3) what could be done to improve the overall success of organic farmers in Tan Lac? Data were collected from a household survey of 95 smallholder farmers. Focus group discussions and key informant interviews were also used to learn about farming practices and challenges in the area. A series of regressions are used to examine the comparative profitability of organic and conventional vegetable production and common characteristics of organic adopters. The results show that, on average, 1 ha of vegetables produced organically is about 41% less profitable than 1 ha of vegetables produced using conventional methods. However, this average difference can be attributed largely to the success of a small number of conventional farmers in the sample. Quantile regression results show that median outcomes did not differ significantly between the two groups. The choice of marketing channel is correlated with profitability. Organic farming success could be improved if marketing plans were established in conjunction with production plans and if smallholders cooperated on production and marketing plans.
“A Forgotten History” and Related Risks for Speech Genre Users in Trauma Mental Health: A Commentary

This paper utilizes the concept of the “speech genre” as defined by the Russian literary scholarly Mikhail Bakhtin to examine several discourses related to trauma psychotherapy. It explores the theme of “A Forgotten History” in trauma mental health and then relates it to current problematic patterns in trauma mental health work with international survivors of human rights violations. It considers the theme of “A Forgotten History” which has been an important narrative in shaping the trauma mental health movement. It argues that it may put genre users at risk of undesirable practices, and cites as examples current trends in torture treatment and trauma training being used with international survivors of human rights violations. Several recommendations for how the trauma mental health field can better conduct itself as a speech genre are proposed.
Respiratory exchange of Mytilus californianus

The oxygen uptake of Mytilus californianus between 12 and 24° C. varies greatly with different samples, from approximately 0.3 to 2.0 cc. per 10 gms. of wet weight.. Similar values are found for the carbon dioxide production. Respiratory quotients as high as 2.2 were found; they are explained by the buffering action of the shell. Toxic mussels do not differ from normal ones in their gas metabolism.
A preliminary model for faculty workload for a highly integrated curriculum delivered by team-based learning

Abstract Introduction We detail the process of developing a workload calculation model (WCM) for a highly integrated curriculum delivered by team-based learning, rationale for workload multipliers, and preliminary results of our effort to implement the WCM. Methods Our WCM includes teaching, service, and scholarship, with a time buffer. The WCM utilizes multipliers for most work activities (teaching and service). For other activities, a fixed number of hours per year was used. The WCM was set up using Microsoft Excel. The development of the WCM was an iterative process in collaboration with the school's Faculty Affairs Committee, each department, and then individually with all faculty members. Results The WCM had three sections. A section each for teaching and service workload calculations and a dashboard section to summarize workload calculations per department that added in time for scholarship and a buffer calculation (to allow flexibility for faculty). Teaching included classroom, experiential, and academic advising, all of which had unique multipliers. Service included committee work at all levels and student organization advising. A fourth section for time spent at individual faculty practice sites. Calculations were kept consistent between departments for most activities. Conclusion We developed a novel WCM to accommodate all of the major areas of workload for faculty at a private institution. The unique approach to building it included representing teaching in a highly integrated curriculum delivered via team-based learning and creating a buffer category to allow for workload individualization. The WCM is actively used in our school to proactively manage workload.
Evaluating effective population size and genetic diversity of a declining kit fox population using contemporary and historical specimens.

Loss of genetic diversity has serious conservation consequences (e.g., loss of adaptive potential, reduced population viability), but is difficult to evaluate without developing long‐term, multigenerational datasets. Alternatively, historical samples can provide insights into changes in genetic diversity and effective population size (N e). Kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis) are a species of conservation concern across much of their range. In western Utah, kit fox abundance has declined precipitously from historical levels, causing concern about population persistence. We analyzed genetic samples from museum specimens and contemporary scats to evaluate temporal changes in (a) genetic diversity and (b) N e for kit foxes in western Utah, and (c) discuss our findings with respect to population risk and conservation. The N e of kit foxes in western Utah has decreased substantially. When compared to established conservation thresholds for N e (e.g., the 50/500 rule), observed levels suggest the population may be at risk of inbreeding depression and local extinction. In contrast, we found no significant decrease in genetic diversity associated with declining N e. We detected evidence of low levels of immigration into the population and suspect genetic diversity may have been maintained by this previously undescribed gene flow from adjacent populations. Low or intermittent immigration may serve to temper the potential short‐term negative consequences of low N e. We recommend that kit fox conservation efforts focus on evaluating and maintaining landscape connectivity. We demonstrate how historical specimens can provide a baseline of comparison for contemporary populations, highlighting the importance of natural history collections to conservation during a period of declining funding and support.
Assessment of quantitative methods for enhancement measurement on vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of intracranial atherosclerosis.

Quantitative measures of vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging (vwMRI) for the evaluation of intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) offers standardization not available with previously used qualitative approaches that may be difficult to replicate. vwMRI studies performed to evaluate ICAD that had caused a stroke were analyzed. Two blinded reviewers qualitatively rated culprit lesions for the presence of enhancement on T1 delay alternating with nutation for tailored excitation (DANTE) SPACE images. At least 3 months later, quantitative analysis was performed of the same images, comparing lesion enhancement to reference structures. Cohen’s kappa and intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated to assess agreement. Ratios of enhancement of lesions to references were compared to qualitative ratings. Studies from 54 patients met inclusion criteria. A mean of 49 (90.7%) lesions were qualitatively rated as enhancing, with good inter-rater agreement (κ = 0.783). Among reference structure candidates, low infundibulum demonstrated the highest inter-rater agreement on pre- and post-contrast imaging. The ratio of percentage increase in plaque signal following contrast to the same measure in low infundibulum demonstrated the highest agreement with qualitative assessment, with highest agreement seen with a ratio of 0.8 set as a threshold (κ = 0.675). Quantitative metrics can yield objective data to better standardize techniques and acceptance of vwMRI evaluation of ICAD. The low infundibulum had the highest inter-rater agreement on both pre- and post-contrast images and is best suited as a normally enhancing reference structure. Such quantitative techniques should be implemented in future research of vwMRI for the evaluation of ICAD.
Older People: Nutritional Management of

As many as one-third of elderly in the US may be undernourished, which increases their risk of death and complications resulting from disease and adds substantially to the cost of health care.
An Assessment of Bleeding Complications Necessitating Blood Transfusion across Inpatient Plastic Surgery Procedures: A Nationwide Analysis Using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Database.

Background This study described the prevalence of bleeding complications necessitating blood transfusion across plastic surgery procedures and identified those procedures that may be associated with higher rates of bleeding. Methods The authors retrospectively identified patients who suffered from postoperative bleeding complications from 2010 to 2015 using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. This is defined by the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program as the need for transfusion of at least one unit of packed or whole red blood cells. Patient characteristics were described using summary statistics, and National Surgical Quality Improvement Program and univariate analysis of patient characteristics and bleeding complications was performed. Results Overall, 1955 of 95,687 patients experienced bleeding complications. Patients with bleeding complications were more likely to be diagnosed with hypertension, have a longer total operative time, and have a previously diagnosed bleeding disorder. The most common primary plastic surgery procedure associated with bleeding complications was breast reconstruction with a free flap, and breast reconstruction with a pedicled transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap had the highest rate of bleeding. A return to the operating room was required in 539 patients (27.6 percent) who suffered a postoperative bleeding complication. Patients with a preexisting bleeding disorder [n = 1407 (1.5 percent)] were more likely to be diabetic, have a lower preoperative hematocrit, and have a longer operative time. In addition, these patients were more likely to suffer from other nonbleeding complications (1.29 percent versus 0.35 percent; p Conclusions Complex procedures (i.e., free flap breast reconstruction) have a higher prevalence of bleeding requiring a transfusion. Furthermore, patients undergoing combined procedures-specifically, breast oncologic and reconstructive cases-may be at a higher risk for experiencing bleeding-related complications. Clinical question/level of evidence Therapeutic, III.
Shifting baselines in coastal forests: Rising seas transform plant communities from the ‘ground’ up

Abstract Increases in the rate of sea level rise are likely to result in changes to disturbance-adapted coastal forests and associated freshwater resources over the next several decades. In this study, we investigated how the press disturbance of two decades of sea level rise altered island hydrology and interacted with pulse disturbances (frequent hurricane impacts) to alter coastal forest composition and structure. The research was conducted on two low-elevation islands located within the lower Florida Keys: Big Pine and Upper Sugarloaf Keys. Groundwater salinity and vegetation structure and composition were sampled in the early 1990s prior to impact from two hurricanes – Hurricanes Georges (1998) and Wilma (2005) – and again in 2012/2013 in permanent plots inside and outside the boundaries of the islands’ freshwater lenses. Using linear mixed effects modeling, we examined whether groundwater salinity varied over time among locations, and investigated whether this variation was reflected in changes in forest structure and composition in three height strata. The results of this analysis revealed that groundwater salinity underlying plots outside the freshwater lens increased over the two decades, while salinity of groundwater at plots inside the freshwater lens remained stable. The greatest shift in composition occurred in the understory strata along a gradient of increasing salinity, and plots located outside the freshwater lens gained species typical of tidally-influenced buttonwood forest and lost glycophytic species. Viewed against the background of recurring hurricane impacts, these findings suggest that sea level rise is currently altering both groundwater resources and the composition of coastal forests in the Florida Keys. Similar dynamics should be observed in low-lying coastal forests within ocean basins subject to increased tropical cyclone activity. Management of these island coastal forests must now consider the continually shifting nature of the resource in light of acceleration in sea level rise.
International Law, the Use of Force in Self-Defense and the Southern African Conflict

This article argues that the South African government's policy of apartheid constitutes a threat to international peace and security. Hence, a United Nations-sponsored use of force against South Africa is legal. Even if it is argued that apartheid does not constitute such a threat, the South African government's use of force in the territory of its neighbors violates both the established principles of international law and the U.N. Charter. This is so even when South African force in the territory of its neighbors is directed against guerrillas alone. Section II of this article discusses the legal rules governing the use of force against insurgents operating from a neighboring territory under both customary international law and the Charter. Section III examines the illegal use of force by the South African government against neighboring countries. Section IV analyzes the illegality of apartheid, the illegitimacy of the South African government, and the legality of the use of force against South Africa. The South African government's flagrant disregard for its international responsibilities demands a firm response. Section V suggests one form such a response might take.
LSTFCoDel: CoDel with LSTF-Style Priority Queuing

Congestion control is vastly important in computer networks. Arising naturally from the bursty nature of Internet traffic, congestion plagues not only the network edge, but also the network core. Many remedies have been proposed to fight congestion; active queue management (AQM) is one such proposal. AQM seeks to prevent congestion by actively avoiding it. Some queuing disciplines such as Random Early Detection (RED) will prematurely drop a random packet (with some probability) when the queue nears capacity to signal the sender to back off. However, RED utilizes queue length as a mechanism to indicate congestion. On the other hand, the Controlled Delay (CoDel) queuing discipline uses queuing delay as an indication of congestion. The problem with both RED and CoDel are that they indiscriminately treat all packets the same. Normally implemented using a FIFO queue, CoDel simply enqueues and dequeues packets in a first-come, first-served manner. Priority queuing can be carefully utilized to selectively service packets utilizing the very same metric CoDel uses for AQM, queuing delay. That said, Least Slack Time First (LSTF), a multi-processor scheduling algorithm employs priority scheduling, which coincidentally, is also based on delay. In the context of computer networks LSTF can be applied in the control plane or in the data plane. At the control plane, LSTF functions across the entire network, but in doing so requires all intermediary routers to implement it; LSTF also requires support at the packet level in terms of a slack entry. Within the data plane, LSTF can be implemented as a queuing mechanism based on delay spent in the router (just like CoDel AQM). This paper applies data plane level LSTF to CoDel AQM to enable delay-based packet classification within the confines of the CoDel AQM algorithm.
Circulating Progenitor Cells in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease and Renal Insufficiency.

Highlights •Patients with CAD and renal insufficiency (eGFR •CPC counts, an index of endogenous vascular regenerative capacity, may help stratify risk in patients with CAD and renal insufficiency. •Renal insufficiency is associated with lower CPC counts in old, but not young, patients with established CAD. •The increased risk of adverse outcomes with CAD and renal insufficiency is limited to patients with low, but not high, CPC counts.
Toxoplasma encephalitis presenting as neoplastic disease: A single institution case series

Abstract Toxoplasma gondii is one the most prevalent opportunist infections worldwide and can cause a severe and potentially fatal encephalitis. Toxoplasma encephalitis (TE) often presents in the setting of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), however, diagnosing TE can be challenging in patients with no signs of being immunocompromised. Here we report unusual presentations of TE in an immunocompetent patient, a patient four years post orthotopic liver transplantation, and two patients with undiagnosed AIDS that underwent prolonged workup for lesions that mimicked intracranial neoplasm. This report highlights the difficulties in diagnosing TE in patients with atypical presentations and unknown risk factors. A high clinical suspicion should be maintained to allow rapid treatment and to avoid significant morbidity and mortality.
The Un-Lived Life

“The Death of Ivan Illych by Leo Tolstoy is a story that quite frankly, shook me to my core.” This chapter features an essay written by a student in my English 110: Introduction to Literature class, Lauren Sills, about Leo Tolstoy’s famous novella, “The Death of Ivan Ilych.” Readers of this chapter have the opportunity to see a community college student in deep conversation with Tolstoy, with this story, and with the profound questions Tolstoy invites readers to reflect on. Lauren’s essay shows a community college student doing something we seldom see acknowledged in published research and scholarship. We see a fully engaged community college student, saying important and interesting things, reading an assigned text carefully and skillfully, and producing a strong piece of writing.
Construction of energy internet technology architecture based on general system structure theory

Abstract Based on electrical power systems, leveraging renewable energy generation technology, and information technology, the energy internet fuses power grids, gas networks, heat/cold supply networks, electric transportation networks, etc. into an interconnected energy sharing network. The energy internet is an important technology for promoting renewable energy integration and improving energy efficiency. However, due to the complexity of multiple energy networks and the significant differences between them, the planning, operation, and control of energy internet presents several technical difficulties. Mainstream research only divides the complex system of energy internet into three systems: energy grid system, value creation system, and information support system. Under each system, how the State Grid Corporation of China develops related technologies has not been detailed, and the technical system framework composed of internal logical connection of each technical point is not yet mature. Based on general system structure theory, the technical system framework for the provincial power grid corporations to construct regional energy internet is constructed, and it proposes a technical route for the development of provincial energy internet based on local conditions in this paper. It can guide different affiliated companies in the field of energy internet technology that should be focused on research, and support the development of related technologies.
Cyber-physical Systems can Make Emergency Response Smart☆

This paper from the Humanitarian Technology: Science, Systems and Global Impact 2015 conference proceedings discusses the Smart Emergency Response System prototype built in the context of the SmartAmerica Challenge 2013-2014 by a team of nine organizations led by MathWorks.
Mathematical Model for Flood Risk Evaluation

A mathematical model is developed for use with partial-duration data that relates design flow to several different measures of risk. The analysis is based on the Poisson probability law and the probability theory of sums of a random number of random variables. Finally, a statistical procedure is presented for estimating design equation parameters from a partial-duration series of data. A graphical procedure for solving these equations is also presented.
Freud and the Anthropologists

George W. Stocking, Jr. ed. Malinowski, Rivers, Benedict and Others. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1986. viii. 257 pp.
Detrimental for Some? Heterogeneous Effects of Maternal Incarceration on Child Wellbeing

Research Summary We use data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 3,197) to consider the heterogeneous effects of maternal incarceration on 9-year-old children. We find that maternal incarceration has no average effects on child wellbeing (measured by caregiver-reported internalizing problem behaviors, caregiver-reported externalizing problem behaviors, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Third Edition scores, and child-reported early juvenile delinquency) but that the effects vary by mothers' propensities for experiencing incarceration. Maternal incarceration is deleterious for children of mothers least likely to experience incarceration but mostly inconsequential for children of mothers more likely to experience incarceration. Policy Implications It is important that public policies take into account the fact that not all children experience similar effects of maternal incarceration. For children of mothers who are unlikely to experience incarceration, the negative consequences of maternal incarceration could be driven by at least three factors, all of which may operate simultaneously and all of which potentially call for different policy interventions: (a) jail incarceration as opposed to prison incarceration, (b) incarceration for a crime that did minimal--or no--harm to their children, and (c) inadequate family supports for coping with maternal incarceration. We discuss these policy implications. Language: en
Non-Gaussianities in models with a varying inflaton decay rate

We consider the expected level of primordial non-Gaussianities in models in which density perturbations are produced by spatial fluctuations in the decay rate of the inflaton. We consider non-Gaussianities resulting from the self-coupling of the field that controls the decay rate of the inflaton and non-Gaussianities resulting from the nonlinear relation between field and curvature perturbations. We show that in these scenarios non-Gaussianities are of the ``local'' form, i.e., well described by the ansatz $\mathcal{R}={\mathcal{R}}_{g}{+f}_{\mathrm{NL}}^{\mathcal{R}}({\mathcal{R}}_{g}^{2}\ensuremath{-}〈{\mathcal{R}}_{g}^{2}〉).$ This is a consequence of the fact that they were created when modes were already outside the horizon. We show that ${f}_{\mathrm{NL}}^{\mathcal{R}}$ is naturally of the order of a few in these models, much larger than what is expected in the standard one field models of inflation ${(f}_{\mathrm{NL}}^{\mathcal{R}}\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2})$ and possibly accessible to observations.
An inhibitor of sequence-specific proteolysis that targets the substrate rather than the enzyme.

Abstract Background: Traditional protease inhibitors target the active site of the enzyme. However, since most proteases act on multiple substrates, even the most specific protease inhibitors will affect the levels of a number of different proteins. However, if substrate-targeted inhibitors could be developed, much higher levels of specificity could be achieved. In theory, compounds that bind the cleavage site of a particular substrate could block its interaction with a protease without having any effect on the processing of other substrates of that protease. Results: A model system is presented that demonstrates the feasibility of substrate-targeted inhibition of proteolysis. A peptide selected genetically to bind a 14-residue epitope that encompasses the cleavage site of human pro-IL-1β was shown to inhibit interleukin-converting enzyme (ICE)-mediated proteolysis of model substrates containing the 14-mer target sequence. However, the peptide had no effect on the cleavage of other ICE substrates with different amino acids flanking the minimal cleavage site. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the feasibility of substrate-targeted inhibition of proteolysis. More potent compounds must be developed before substrate-targeted inhibitors can be used routinely. Nonetheless, this novel strategy for protease inhibition seems promising for the development of extremely selective molecules with which to manipulate the maturation of many important pro-hormones, -cytokines and -proteins.
The incidence coloring conjecture for graphs of maximum degree 3

The incidence coloring conjecture, or ICC, states that any graph can be incidence-colored with @D+2 colors, where @D is the maximum degree of the graph. After being introduced in 1993 by Brualdi and Massey, ICC was shown to be false in general by Guiduli in 1997, following the work of Algor and Alon. However, Shiu, Lam and Chen conjectured that the ICC holds for cubic graphs and proved it for some classes of such graphs. In this paper we prove the ICC for any graph with @D=3.
Bahian carnival and social carnivalesque in trans-Atlantic context

This article outlines strands of carnival theory from Bakhtin to Black Atlantic and East African post-colonial scholarship, then describes the carnival of Bahia, Brazil. In New World carnivals, race is a critical rhetorical category in the exchange between everyday authority and the subaltern cultures whose energies manifest in the event. The most racially self-conscious of such carnivals, the Bahian carnival is generally considered a beacon of Afro-centricity and constant aesthetic evolution, and associated with resistance to patriarchal order. Here, as elsewhere, however, carnival praxes can be read as a reflection of social conflicts and collusions, but not as a transparent translation of material relations. As well as individual affirmation and traditional group identities, carnival now fosters consumer cultures. As to its symbolic logic, progressive rhetoric is contradicted by the surprising viability of a conservative agenda in which ‘dissidents’ often collude. Bahian carnival is less an inversion o...
An aspiration-level interactive method (AIM) for decision making

An Aspiration-Level Interactive Method (AIM) for decision making provides a simple, eclectic approach for solving discrete alternative multiple criteria decision problems. The program utilizes the concept of aspiration level for different objectives in an interactive personal computer environment. It is designed for use by decision makers who are willing to use feedback on their aspirations to choose an alternative from a set of alternatives.
Polysaccharide monoxygenases: giving a boost to biofuel production.

In this issue of Structure, Li et al. present high resolution crystal structures of two fungal polysaccharide monoxygenases. Unexpectedly, they observe oxygen species bound at the active sites that inform on the chemistry that can be supported by these enzymes. Additionally, the organization of aromatic amino acids and glycosylation on the carbohydrate binding surfaces suggests that regiospecificity and cellulose orientation can be predicted.
Relativistic corrections to perturbation theory for pionic and kaonic atoms

Abstract We derive the relativistically correct perturbation theory for bound-state eigenenergies of the Klein-Gordon equation, using the formulation of Feshbach and Villars. The relativistic corrections are of the order of (Zα/n)2 ≈ (v/c)2, as expected, and are evaluated numerically for some pionic atom levels of interest. We also present some simple analytic expressions which give a reasonable estimate of the correction factors.
High-Throughput Analysis of Plasma Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Employing Robotic Transesterification and Fast Gas Chromatography

Fatty acid analysis is an important research tool, and indices derived from essential fatty acid contents serve as useful biomarkers related to cardiovascular and other chronic disease risk. Both clinical and basic studies of essential fatty acid composition are becoming ever larger in magnitude leading to delays while the rather laborious lipid analyses are performed. A robotic transesterification procedure has been developed for high-throughput analysis of plasma fatty acid methyl esters. In this approach, robots perform most steps including plasma and reagent transfer, transesterification reaction via heating at 80 °C in open tubes with multiple reagent additions, followed by two-phase extraction and transfer of lipid extracts to GC vials. The vials are then placed directly onto a GC autosampler carousel for robotic sample injection. An improved fast GC method is presented in which the peaks of interest are eluted within 6 min. This method is readily scalable to prepare and analyze 200 samples per day (1,000 samples per week) so that large clinical trials can be accommodated.