cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Culture of photomixotrophic soybean and pine in a modified fermentor using a novel impeller

Photomixotrophic suspensions of Glycine max (soybean) and Pinus elliottii (slash pine) have been successfully cultured in a hybrid stirred tank photobioreactor using a novel cell-lift impeller. A cell-lift impeller exhibited cell viabilities over 90% and an average cell aggregate size of 1.0 mm or less. Flat-bladed turbines produced equivalent biomass to the cell-lift impeller, but cell viability was reduced (85%) and cell aggregate size increased (3–5 mm diameter). Maximum fresh weights of 82 g L−1 (soybean) and 52 g L−1 (slash pine) were achieved in 15 days using continuous lighting (90–100 μE m−2 s−1) and supplemental 2% CO2 inlet gas. Maximum biomass was achieved using an impeller speed of 60 rpm with air-flow rate of 0.2 vvm for the cell-lift impeller and the pair of flat bladed turbines. The lag and early exponential phases were characterized by (1) rapid hydrolysis of sucrose followed by preferential use of glucose and (2) a reduction in chlorophyll levels. Carbon dioxide (2%–5%) was an essential nutrient for photomixotrophic cell culture in the bioreactors.
Optical design in high density and high capacity multi-layer data storage system

Fundamental requirements for optical system design for volume recording system is identified. Anastigmatic objective lens design is required for conventional page-based system, whereas for multi-layer volume recording systems, an Aplanatic and zoom optical design is needed with an afocal sub-optical system including a high numerical aperture (NA) objective element. An NA 0.4 and four element design is feasible by only using off-the-shelf components. Recording depth ranges of 0.4 mm for wavelength 532 nm and 0.2 mm for 405 nm. The design demonstrates sufficiently small as-built wavefront error, less than 0.1 waves while implementing focusing and tracking capabilities to the design.
Ground state of doped cuprates from first-principles quantum Monte Carlo calculations

The author reports on high-fidelity simulations of charge carriers in the high-${T}_{c}$ cuprate materials using quantum Monte Carlo techniques applied to the first-principles Hamiltonian. With this high accuracy technique, the doped ground state is found to be a spin polaron, in which charge is localized through a strong interaction with the spin. This spin polaron has calculated properties largely similar to the phenomenology of the cuprates, and may be the object which forms the Fermi surface and charge inhomogeneity in these materials. The spin polaron has some unique features that should be visible in x-ray, EELS, and neutron experiments.
Generating Efficient Tensor Contractions for GPUs

Many scientific and numerical applications, including quantum chemistry modeling and fluid dynamics simulation, require tensor product and tensor contraction evaluation. Tensor computations are characterized by arrays with numerous dimensions, inherent parallelism, moderate data reuse and many degrees of freedom in the order in which to perform the computation. The best-performing implementation is heavily dependent on the tensor dimensionality and the target architecture. In this paper, we map tensor computations to GPUs, starting with a high-level tensor input language and producing efficient CUDA code as output. Our approach is to combine tensor-specific mathematical transformations with a GPU decision algorithm, machine learning and auto tuning of a large parameter space. Generated code shows significant performance gains over sequential and Open MP parallel code, and a comparison with Open ACC shows the importance of auto tuning and other optimizations in our framework for achieving efficient results.
Catalytic Thermochemical Conversion of Glycerol to Simple and Polyhydric Alcohols Using Raney Nickel Catalyst

The crude glycerol from biodiesel production possesses low economic values and alternative ways of converting it to valuable chemicals are needed to sustain the biodiesel industry. This study aimed...
Partial Inhibition by Cycloheximide of Hyaluronate Synthesis in Cell Culture

SummaryThe incorporation of glucosamine-3H into hyaluronate-3H by cultured mouse fibroblasts and human synovial cells is only partially reduced by cycloheximide or puromycin, under conditions where protein synthesis by these cells is almost completely inhibited.
Hydration control of the mechanical and dynamical properties of cellulose.

The mechanical and dynamical properties of cellulose, the most abundant biomolecule on earth, are essential for its function in plant cell walls and advanced biomaterials. Cellulose is almost always found in a hydrated state, and it is therefore important to understand how hydration influences its dynamics and mechanics. Here, the nanosecond-time scale dynamics of cellulose is characterized using dynamic neutron scattering experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The experiments reveal that hydrated samples exhibit a higher average mean-square displacement above ∼240 K. The MD simulation reveals that the fluctuations of the surface hydroxymethyl atoms determine the experimental temperature and hydration dependence. The increase in the conformational disorder of the surface hydroxymethyl groups with temperature follows the cellulose persistence length, suggesting a coupling between structural and mechanical properties of the biopolymer. In the MD simulation, 20% hydrated cellulose is more rigid ...
Hydrophobic Collapse of Foldamer Capsules Drives Picomolar-Level Chloride Binding in Aqueous Acetonitrile Solutions

Aqueous media are competitive environments in which to perform host–guest chemistry, particularly when the guest is highly charged. While hydrophobic binding is a recognized approach to this challenge in which apolar pockets can be designed to recognize apolar guests in water, complementary strategies are required for hydrophilic anions like chloride. Here, we present evidence of such an alternative mechanism, used everyday by proteins yet rare for artificial receptors, wherein hydrophobic interactions are shown to be responsible for organizing and stabilizing an aryl-triazole foldamer to help extract hydrophilic chloride ions from increasingly aqueous solutions. Therein, a double-helical complex gains stability upon burial of ∼80% of the π surfaces that simultaneously creates a potent, solvent-excluding microenvironment for hydrogen bonding. The chloride’s overall affinity to the duplex is substantial in 25% water v/v in acetonitrile (log β2 = 12.6), and it remains strong (log β2 = 13.0) as the water con...
Angle Resolved Photoemission from Ultrathin Films of Cu/Ni(001)

We present a study of the quantum well states observed in Cu/Ni(001). Several reports in the recent past have shown that these states, which are derived from the bulk, disperse through the Fermi level at a thickness of about 6 ML. Using angle-resolved photoemission, we have imaged the photoelectron angular distributions from several thicknesses of Cu/Ni(001). We observe that these states have s,p like symmetry and are located near the zone edge.
Memorable Patients: A Contrast Effect

An account of how contrasting events in my work with two clients, occurring on the same day, converged to change my outlook.
The NRC booklet: A group technique for studying word arousal phenomena as a function of Ss

A booklet has been designed which can be used with large, intact classes of Ss yet it permits the programming of idiosyncratic training material in experiments on learning and retention.
The disintegrin tzabcanin inhibits adhesion and migration in melanoma and lung cancer cells.

Abstract Integrins play an essential role in cancer survival and invasion, and they have been major targets in drug development and design. Disintegrins are small (4–16 kDa) viperid snake venom proteins that exhibit a canonical integrin-binding site (often RGD). These non-enzymatic proteins inhibit integrin-mediated cell–cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions, making them potential candidates as therapeutics in cancer and numerous other human disorders. The present study examined the cytotoxic, anti-adhesion, and anti-migration effects of a recently characterized disintegrin, tzabcanin, towards melanoma (A-375) and lung (A-549) cancer cell lines. Tzabcanin inhibits adhesion of both cells lines to vitronectin and exhibited very weak cytotoxicity towards A-375 cells; however, it had no effect on cell viability of A-549 cells. Further, tzabcanin significantly inhibited migration of both cell lines in cell scratch/wound healing assays. Flow cytometric analysis indicates that both A-375 and A-549 cell lines express integrin αvβ3, a critical integrin in tumor motility and invasion, and a major receptor of the extracellular matrix protein vitronectin. Flow cytometric analysis also identified αvβ3 as a binding site of tzabcanin. These results suggest that tzabcanin may have utility in the development of anticancer therapies, or may be used as a biomarker to detect neoplasms that over-express integrin αvβ3.
Production of a low-mass dπ+π− enhancement

A broad threshold dπ+π− enhancement has been observed in π−d → dπ+π−π− at 15 GeV/c. It can be described by a model which assumes terms involving intermediate N12∗ production, plus a Deck type enhancement. A simple calculation based on π±p data is successful in reproducing the main features of the data.
Preventive Control of Scirtothrips dorsalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) with Biological Insecticides, 2011

The objectives of this study was 1) to evaluate the efficacy of the selected entomopathogens against a new invasive thrips pest, chilli thrips (CT) Scirtothrips dorsalis (Hood), in pepper as a preventive control strategy and 2) to compare potential of entomopathogens with a chemical standard. The trial was conducted at Tropical Research and Education Center in Homestead, FL, to find an alternative to standard effective chemistries used in thrips control. The peppers were grown in Fafard 2 Mix (Canadian Formula; Conrad Fafard, Inc., Agawam, MA) from …
Association of Immune Responsiveness to Cytomegalovirus Infection with Survival of Renal Allografts

AbstractThe association of immune responsiveness to cytomegalovirus infection was studied in relation to survival of renal allografts. The presence of anti-cytomegalovirus antibody in the pre-transplant patient was not associated with any detrimental effect on the graft survival. The presence or absence of cytomegalovirus antigen or of cytomegalovirus antibody, or later development of cytomegalovirus antibody, in no way affected the graft survival. The same conclusion was reached in cases when kidneys from male donors were used in cytomegalovirus antibody-positive patients.
The emerging markets handbook: An analysis of the investment potential in 18 key emerging market economies

The purpose of this section of the Journal of Business & Finance Librarianship (JBFL) is to review academic books related to subject areas within business. Although there is a major focus upon refe...
Nano Futures: shaping the nanoscience landscape

Nano Futures™ is a new journal, dedicated to bringing together the latest and most important results and perspectives from across nanoscience and related technologies. Highly selective, the journal's primary aim is to become the home for high urgency work that will define the future direction of new and emerging fields across nanoscience, with the expectation for lasting scientific and technological impact.
Evolution of Otology and Neurotology Education in the United States.

A brief history of the evolution of Otology and Neurotology training in the United States is presented. The development of the Neurotology Fellowship accreditation process by the Accreditation Council on Graduate Education and the certification of neurotology fellows by the American Board of Otolary
Look Before You Analyze: Visualizing Data in Criminal Justice

Criminal justice data are hardly ever linear, normal, and/or independent, but most statistical techniques rely on the assumptions of linearity, normality and/or independence. Moreover, since the data are often entered by hand, they are prone to error. Plotting the data permits the analyst to determine the extent to which the assumptions are valid and to catch obvious errors in data entry. Moreover, while standard statistical techniques are useful in testing hypotheses, visualization allows the data to tell its story and thus is useful in generating hypotheses. This chapter provides some examples of how visualizing criminal justice data contributes to a fuller understanding of the processes that produced the data.
Mental Health and Rural Schools: An Integrated Approach with Primary Care

According to the Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General an estimated 21 % of children and adolescents aged 9–17 in the U.S. have a diagnosable mental health or addictive disorder. However, according to the same report approximately 70 % of children and adolescents who need mental health services do not receive them (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1999). These numbers translate into a significant challenge that our nation’s schools and communities face. Where do these afflicted youth and their families receive services? In rural settings, these services are typically delivered by physicians in primary health care settings and staff in the child’s school.
The Role of Presence in Healthcare Technology Applications

This chapter addresses the role of presence or “the perceptual illusion of nonmediation” [26] in user responses to technologies for healthcare, with particular attention to intelligent decision support systems (IDSS). It begins by defining presence and reviewing relevant research on presence-related responses to agents, virtual reality systems, and other technologies. It then discusses the implications of presence to researchers and health practitioners with an interest in IDSS, including a series of recommendations.
Automata vs Linear-Programming Discounted-Sum Inclusion

The problem of quantitative inclusion formalizes the goal of comparing quantitative dimensions between systems such as worst-case execution time, resource consumption, and the like. Such systems are typically represented by formalisms such as weighted logics or weighted automata. Despite its significance in analyzing the quality of computing systems, the study of quantitative inclusion has mostly been conducted from a theoretical standpoint. In this work, we conduct the first empirical study of quantitative inclusion for discounted-sum weighted automata (DS-inclusion, in short).
Reactivity of the Major Product of C5'-Oxidative DNA Damage in Nucleosome Core Particles.

The major pathway for DNA damage following hydrogen atom abstraction from the C5'-position results in direct strand scission and concomitant formation of a 5'-aldehyde-containing nucleotide (e.g., T-al). We determined that the half-life of alkali-labile T-al in free DNA under physiological conditions varies from 5-12 days. T-al reactivity was examined at three positions within nucleosome core particles (NCPs). β-Elimination increased >2.5-fold when T-al was proximal to the lysine-rich histone H4 tail. No difference in reactivity between free DNA and NCPs was observed when T-al was distal from the histone tails. The position-dependent involvement of histone tails in T-al elimination was gleaned from experiments with sodium cyanoborohydride and histone protein variants. The enhancement of T-al elimination in NCPs is significantly smaller than previously observed for abasic sites. Computational studies comparing elimination from T-al and abasic sites indicate that the barrier for the rate-determining step in the latter is 2.6 kcal mol-1 lower and is stabilized by a hydrogen bond between the C4-hydroxy group and phosphate leaving group. The long lifetime for T-al in NCPs, combined with what is known about its repair suggests that this DNA lesion might pose significant challenges within cells.
Planning Improves Vocal Fluency and the Appearance of Concern When Communicating Emotional Support

Emotional support is often conveyed to people with cancer; however, not all support messages are effective, leading some potential supporters to fear appearing incompetent when communicating suppor...
Bifactor and Hierarchical Models: Specification, Inference, and Interpretation.

Bifactor and other hierarchical models have become central to representing and explaining observations in psychopathology, health, and other areas of clinical science, as well as in the behavioral ...
An Overview of Government Revenues

A budget is not simply a collection of revenues and expenditures; it is much more than that. It is a reflection of the general economic condition of a political jurisdiction, its revenue base, the critical needs for public goods and services, and how the government plans to meet those needs. Therefore, to understand the budgetary activities of a government, in particular the range of goods and services it provides, it is important to have a good knowledge of the totality of the revenue base from which the government collects its revenues, including the process by which it raises those revenues and spends them on public goods and services. Having a good knowledge of the revenue base and its structure is also important to understand how much flexibility a government has in raising the needed revenue from the various sources. Accordingly, the chapter begins with a general discussion of the principal sources of government revenue, in particular, tax revenue—their underlying structure, characteristics, and some common concerns. This is followed by a discussion of alternatives to current taxes, especially income tax, which has become important in recent years. The chapter also looks at various other sources of revenue, besides taxes, that play an important role in the overall revenue structure of a government, and concludes with a brief discussion on the tradeoff between tax and non-tax revenue.
CA-RICH CARBONATE MELTS: A REGULAR-SOLUTION MODEL, WITH APPLICATIONS TO CARBONATITE MAGMA+VAPOR EQUILIBRIA AND CARBONATE LAVAS ON VENUS

A thermochemical model of the activities of species in carbonate-rich melts would be useful in quantifying chemical equilibria between carbonatite magmas and vapors and in extrapolating liquidus equilibria to unexplored PTX. A regular-solution model of Ca-rich carbonate melts is developed here, using the fact that they are ionic liquids, and can be treated (to a first approximation) as interpenetrating regular solutions of cations and of anions. Thermochemical data on systems of alkali metal cations with carbonate and other anions are drawn from the literature; data on systems with alkaline earth (and other) cations and carbonate (and other) anions are derived here from liquidus phase equilibria. The model is validated in that all available data (at 1 kbar) are consistent with single values for the melting temperature and heat of fusion for calcite, and all liquidi are consistent with the liquids acting as regular solutions. At 1 kbar, the metastable congruent melting temperature of calcite (CaCO3) is inferred to be 1596 K, with (Delta)bar-H(sub fus)(calcite) = 31.5 +/- 1 kJ/mol. Regular solution interaction parameters (W) for Ca(2+) and alkali metal cations are in the range -3 to -12 kJ/sq mol; W for Ca(2+)-Ba(2+) is approximately -11 kJ/sq mol; W for Ca(2+)-Mg(2+) is approximately -40 kJ/sq mol, and W for Ca(2+)-La(3+) is approximately +85 kJ/sq mol. Solutions of carbonate and most anions (including OH(-), F(-), and SO4(2-)) are nearly ideal, with W between 0(ideal) and -2.5 kJ/sq mol. The interaction of carbonate and phosphate ions is strongly nonideal, which is consistent with the suggestion of carbonate-phosphate liquid immiscibility. Interaction of carbonate and sulfide ions is also nonideal and suggestive of carbonate-sulfide liquid immiscibility. Solution of H2O, for all but the most H2O-rich compositions, can be modeled as a disproportionation to hydronium (H3O(+)) and hydroxyl (OH(-)) ions with W for Ca(2+)-H3O(+) (approximately) equals 33 kJ/sq mol. The regular-solution model of carbonate melts can be applied to problems of carbonatite magma + vapor equilibria and of extrapolating liquidus equilibria to unstudied systems. Calculations on one carbonatite (the Husereau dike, Oka complex, Quebec, Canada) show that the anion solution of its magma contained an OH mole fraction of (approximately) 0.07, although the vapor in equilibrium with the magma had P(H2O) = 8.5 x P(CO2). F in carbonatite systems is calculated to be strongly partitioned into the magma (as F(-)) relative to coexisting vapor. In the Husereau carbonatite magma, the anion solution contained an F(-) mole fraction of (approximately) 6 x 10(exp -5).
P7 Providing perinatal substance use services: a qualitative study in 5 acts

Background While pregnancy is an opportune time to intervene in problematic substance use, multiple barriers exist for women requiring these services. Perinatal substance use necessitates a complex coordination of healthcare and social services for the mother-child dyad. This coordination is further complicated by intersectional stigma. Qualitative methodologies can be instrumental for understanding these complexities and can benefit advocacy work by providing contextualized, narrative accounts to policy and decision-makers. Aim This presentation will describe how, in five separate acts, an academic-community collaborative study supported several local service provision initiatives over a six-year span. Methods The study employed a grounded theory design to understand how services are provided to pregnant women affected by substances. Data collection included interviews and focus groups with service providers as well as observations and informal conversations at community meetings, conferences and workshops around the topic area. Publicly available documents were also collected and reviewed. Situational analysis and research poetics were used to elucidate and crystalize the complexities of the data. Results Findings are presented in 5 acts that demonstrate how the researcher was able to engage with the community and allow findings to be applied in real time. In addition to developing a process model of service delivery (Act 1), the researcher: supported the development and implementation of an integrated reproductive health program (Act 2); tracked, documented, and evaluated a knowledge transfer intervention on maternal opioid use (Act 3), and helped design a county-wide demonstration project to improve service utilization for the population (Act 4). The fifth act outlines future directions for a full-scale dissemination study. Conclusions The community-engaged approach shaped the study’s emerging design, which then influenced subsequent program development and delivery. Qualitative methodologies, when combined with community-engaged approaches, can support the timely application of contextualized findings that are delivered through established relationships, using persuasive formats.
Dispersal of Epithelium-Associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms

Pseudomonas aeruginosa grows in highly antibiotic-tolerant biofilms during chronic airway infections. Dispersal of bacteria from biofilms may restore antibiotic susceptibility or improve host clearance. We describe models to study biofilm dispersal in the nutritionally complex environment of the human airway. P. aeruginosa was cocultured in the apical surface of airway epithelial cells (AECs) in a perfusion chamber. Dispersal, triggered by sodium nitrite, a nitric oxide (NO) donor, was tracked by live cell microscopy. Next, a static model was developed in which biofilms were grown on polarized AECs without flow. We observed that NO-triggered biofilm dispersal was an energy-dependent process. From the existing literature, NO-mediated biofilm dispersal is regulated by DipA, NbdA, RbdA, and MucR. Interestingly, altered signaling pathways appear to be used in this model, as deletion of these genes failed to block NO-induced biofilm dispersal. Similar results were observed using biofilms grown in an abiotic model on glass with iron-supplemented cell culture medium. In cystic fibrosis, airway mucus contributes to the growth environment, and a wide range of bacterial phenotypes are observed; therefore, we tested biofilm dispersal in a panel of late cystic fibrosis clinical isolates cocultured in the mucus overlying primary human AECs. Finally, we examined dispersal in combination with the clinically used antibiotics ciprofloxacin, aztreonam and tobramycin. In summary, we have validated models to study biofilm dispersal in environments that recapitulate key features of the airway and identified combinations of currently used antibiotics that may enhance the therapeutic effect of biofilm dispersal.IMPORTANCE During chronic lung infections, Pseudomonas aeruginosa grows in highly antibiotic-tolerant communities called biofilms that are difficult for the host to clear. We have developed models for studying P. aeruginosa biofilm dispersal in environments that replicate key features of the airway. We found that mechanisms of biofilm dispersal in these models may employ alternative or additional signaling mechanisms, highlighting the importance of the growth environment in dispersal events. We have adapted the models to accommodate apical fluid flow, bacterial clinical isolates, antibiotics, and primary human airway epithelial cells, all of which are relevant to understanding bacterial behaviors in the context of human disease. We also examined dispersal agents in combination with commonly used antipseudomonal antibiotics and saw improved clearance when nitrite was combined with the antibiotic aztreonam.
Bruegel’s Cloak: On the Relationship Between Architecture and Subject

We are never quite sure who the Others are. Our daily collective realm is a blur of strangers, passersby, workers, shoppers, performers, merchants, dreamers, and the homeless, among many who shape ...
The impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) on the tumor immune microenvironment (TME) in patients with colorectal cancer with liver metastases (CRCLM).

124Background: Microsatellite stable (MSS) colorectal cancer and CRCLM are highly resistant to current immunotherapeutic approaches. Understanding the TME and the impact of standard chemotherapeuti...
Recent degradation of interior Alaska permafrost mapped with ground surveys, geophysics, deep drilling, and repeat airborne lidar

Abstract. Permafrost underlies one-quarter of the Northern Hemisphere but is at increasing risk of thaw from climate warming. Recent studies across the Arctic have identified areas of rapid permafrost degradation from both top-down and lateral thaw. Of particular concern is thawing syngenetic “yedoma” permafrost which is ice-rich and has a high carbon content. This type of permafrost is common in the region around Fairbanks, Alaska, and across central Alaska expanding westward to the Seward Peninsula. A major knowledge gap is relating belowground measurements of seasonal thaw, permafrost characteristics, and residual thaw layer development with aboveground ecotype properties and thermokarst expansion that can readily quantify vegetation cover and track surface elevation changes over time. This study was conducted from 2013 to 2020 along four 400 to 500 m long transects near Fairbanks, Alaska. Repeat active layer depths, near-surface permafrost temperature measurements, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), deep ( > 5 m) boreholes, and repeat airborne light detection and ranging (lidar) were used to measure top-down permafrost thaw and map thermokarst development at the sites. Our study confirms previous work using ERT to map surface thawed zones; however, our deep boreholes confirm the boundaries between frozen and thawed zones that are needed to model top-down, lateral, and bottom-up thaw. At disturbed sites seasonal thaw increased up to 25 % between mid-August and early October and suggests measurements to evaluate active layer depth must be made as late in the fall season as possible because the projected increase in the summer season of just a few weeks could lead to significant additional thaw. At our sites, tussock tundra and spruce forest are associated with the lowest mean annual near-surface permafrost temperatures while mixed-forest ecotypes are the warmest and exhibit the highest degree of recent temperature warming and thaw degradation. Thermokarst features, residual thaw layers, and taliks have been identified at all sites. Our measurements, when combined with longer-term records from yedoma across the 500 000 km 2 area of central Alaska, show widespread near-surface permafrost thaw since 2010. Projecting our thaw depth increases, by ecotype, across the yedoma domain, we calculate a first-order estimate that 0.44 Pg of organic carbon in permafrost soil has thawed over the past 7 years, which, for perspective, is an amount of carbon nearly equal to the yearly CO 2 emissions of Australia. Since the yedoma permafrost and the variety of ecotypes at our sites represent much of the Arctic and subarctic land cover, this study shows remote sensing measurements, top-down and bottom-up thermal modeling, and ground-based surveys can be used predictively to identify areas of the highest risk for permafrost thaw from projected future climate warming.
An in vitro vascularized micro-tumor model of human colorectal cancer recapitulates in vivo responses to standard-of-care therapy

Around 95% of anti-cancer drugs that show promise during preclinical study fail to gain FDA-approval for clinical use. This failure of the preclinical pipeline highlights the need for improved, physiologically-relevant in vitro models that can better serve as reliable drug-screening and disease modeling tools. The vascularized micro-tumor (VMT) is a novel three-dimensional model system (tumor-on-a-chip) that recapitulates the complex human tumor microenvironment, including perfused vasculature, within a transparent microfluidic device, allowing real-time study of drug responses and tumor–stromal interactions. Here we have validated this microphysiological system (MPS) platform for the study of colorectal cancer (CRC), the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths, by showing that gene expression, tumor heterogeneity, and treatment responses in the VMT more closely model CRC tumor clinicopathology than current standard drug screening modalities, including 2-dimensional monolayer culture and 3-dimensional spheroids.
Pressure Dependence of the Raman Scattering in CuCl to 37 Kbar

Raman scattering in CuCl has been the subject of many studies which were in part motivated by its anomalous transverse optic (TO) region [1].** CuCl has the zincblende structure; the first-order Raman spectrum should show one TO phonon peak and one longitudinal optic (LO) phonon peak. A peak occurs at about 210 cm−1 which can be identified from polarization selection rules as the LO phonon peak. In the region of the TO phonon (140 to 180 cm−1) a two-peak structure occurs with the peaks labeled β and γ. This entire structure shows the overall polarization selection rules for the TO phonon.
Supplement to Boone's “Algebraic Systems”

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses several supplements to Boone's “algebraic systems.” It presents a uniform construction of an algebraic system for word problems of degree D ( D ≠ 0 and D = 0).
Improve constantly and forever

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of Deming's ideas on the twenty‐first century.Design/methodology/approach – A ProQuest search of articles is done mentioning “Deming” and “quality” or “legacy” in the title published between 1994 (Deming died in December 1993) and 2006.Findings – It is found that 136 articles described Deming's legacy. Legacy in five areas are examined: professional accreditation, customer satisfaction, business ethics, human error, and supply‐side management.Practical implications – Deming's ideas have furthered not only quality management but have also touched areas in the social sciences, such as ethics and organizational relationships.Originality/value – This paper shows that Deming's ideas continue to flourish in areas that he emphasizes, such as the importance of customer satisfaction and understanding human error, and areas that he did not foresee, such as business ethics and supply‐side management.
MAML1, a human homologue of Drosophila mastermind, is a transcriptional co-activator for NOTCH receptors.

Notch receptors are involved in cell-fate determination in organisms as diverse as flies, frogs and humans1. In Drosophila melanogaster , loss-of-function mutations of Notch produce a 'neurogenic' phenotype in which cells destined to become epidermis switch fate and differentiate to neural cells. Upon ligand activation, the intracellular domain of Notch (ICN) translocates to the nucleus2, and interacts directly with the DNA-binding protein Suppressor of hairless (Su(H)) in flies, or recombination signal binding protein Jκ (RBP-Jκ) in mammals3, to activate gene transcription4. But the precise mechanisms of Notch-induced gene expression are not completely understood. The gene mastermind has been identified in multiple genetic screens for modifiers of Notch mutations in Drosophila5,6,7,8. Here we clone MAML1, a human homologue of the Drosophila gene Mastermind, and show that it encodes a protein of 130 kD localizing to nuclear bodies. MAML1 binds to the ankyrin repeat domain of all four mammalian NOTCH receptors, forms a DNA-binding complex with ICN and RBP-Jκ, and amplifies NOTCH-induced transcription of HES1. These studies provide a molecular mechanism to explain the genetic links between mastermind and Notch in Drosophila and indicate that MAML1 functions as a transcriptional co-activator for NOTCH signalling.
In the Aftermath of the "Terminator" Technology Controversy: Intellectual Property Protections for Genetically Engineered Seeds and the Rights to Save and Replant Seed

Throughout history, farmers have engaged in the practice of saving seed from each harvest to use in planting the following year's crap. This practice, however; has been a significant concern for those developing new varieties of seed. The "terminator" technology was developed to prevent the saving and replanting of genetically engineered seeds by blocking the germination of these seeds after one growing season. The terminator technology, however; caused worldwide controversy over the scope of intellectual property protections for genetically engineered seeds used in agriculture because farmers believed that seeds incorporating the terminator technology would interfere with the traditional and historical right to save and replant seed. This Note argues that use of the terminator technology in genetically engineered seeds would be an effective way to enforce existing intellectual property protections and that public property doctrines would fail to recognize a common law right to save and replant seed.
Comparative Study of Biosorption of Copper(II) by Lipid Extracted and Non‐Extracted Chlorella sorokiniana

Algal biomass is currently being pursued as a source for conversion to jet fuel because of its renewable, biodegradable, and nontoxic fuel properties. To reduce fresh water consumption used in the production of biomass, research has shifted to growing algae on wastewater. Algal biomass grown on wastewater is noncompetitive to feed sources. In this research, the lipid extracted algal biomass of Chlorella sorokiniana is repurposed as a biosorbent to remove copper(II) from wastewater. A comparative recovery study of Cu(II) is presented with whole algal biomass and lipid extracted algae (LEA). The Fourier transform IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy results demonstrate the binding types of ion exchange electrostatic interaction with various surface sites of carboxyl, hydroxyl, and metal groups. The Cu capture maximum for the whole biomass and LEA is capable of removing similar quantities of Cu(II) with a sorption–desorption life of six cycles. Hence, the LEA is a viable substitute for whole algae as a means to remove Cu from wastewater while preserving the lipid for conversion into biodiesel, jet fuel, or the like. Extrapolation of these results could provide justification for using LEA as a pretreatment for heavy metal removal from wastewater, whether generated from industrial or municipal processes.
The Role of Rearrangement at the Second Ig Heavy Chain Locus in Maintaining B Cell Tolerance to DNA

In recently generated B6.56R anti-DNA autoantibody-transgenic mice, it was noted that a substantial fraction of the B cells that had avoided DNA reactivity had done so through the rearrangement and usage of the endogenous, nontargeted H chain (HC) allele. This suggested that rearrangement at the second HC locus might be an important mechanism through which self-reactive B cells might successfully revise their initial Ag specificity. To test the importance of this mechanism in B cell tolerance, we generated B6.56R/56R mice that possessed the 56R anti-DNA H chain transgene inserted into both HC loci. These transgenic homozygotes developed higher titers of anti-DNA Abs, with an expanded population of B220lowMHC class IIlow B cells, enriched for CD21lowCD23low preplasmablasts. The analysis of hybridomas from these mice revealed that the only avenue by which these B cells could avoid DNA reactivity was through the use of the editor L chains, Vk20 or Vk21. Hence, in addition to LC editing, rearrangement and usage of the second HC locus/allele constitutes an important safety valve for B cells the primary BCR of which confers DNA reactivity. In contrast to these tolerance mechanisms, editing the first rearranged HC locus (through HC replacement) and somatic mutations appear to be less frequently used to edit/revise self-reactive B cells.
Role of chemotaxis in the ecology of denitrifiers.

A modification of the Adler capillary assay was used to evaluate the chemotactic responses of several denitrifiers to nitrate and nitrite. Strong positive chemotaxis was observed to NO3− and NO2− by soil isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Pseudomonas stutzeri, with the peak response occurring at 10−3 M for both attractants. In addition, a strong chemoattraction to serine (peak response at 10−2 M), tryptone, and a soil extract, but not to NH4+, was observed for all denitrifiers tested. Chemotaxis was not dependent on a previous growth on NO3−, NO2−, or a soil extract, and the chemoattraction to NO3− occurred when the bacteria were grown aerobically or anaerobically. However, the best response to NO3− was usually observed when the cells were grown aerobically with 10 mM NO3− in the growth medium. Capillary tubes containing 10−3 M NO3− submerged into soil-water mixtures elicited a significant chemotactic response to NO3− by the indigenous soil microflora, the majority of which were Pseudomonas spp. A chemotactic strain of P. fluorescens also was shown to survive significantly better in aerobic and anaerobic soils than was a nonmotile strain of the same species. Both strains had equal growth rates in liquid cultures. Thus, chemotaxis may be one mechanism by which denitrifiers successfully compete for available NO3− and NO2−, and which may facilitate the survival of naturally occurring populations of some denitrifiers.
Studies of intrinsic luminescence in KCl

Abstract Measurements have been made of the luminescence intensity, lifetime, emission spectra, and thermoluminescence associated with self-trapped exciton states in KCl, at temperatures of 7°K and above. These results indicate the presence of another exciton-like state in addition to the well-known state that decays by emission at 2.32 eV. Thermoluminescence glow peaks and spectra are correlated with F + Vk and F + H recombination processes.
Radiographic manifestations of a lung carcinoma with metastases to the anterior maxilla.

Abstract Cancer of the lung causes more deaths annually in the United States than cancer of any organ. A case of undifferentiated large-cell carcinoma of the lung with metastasis to the anterior maxilla in a 71-year-old white man is reported. Intraoral dental radiographs and biopsy were instrumental in identifying the cell type at the primary site.
Fathers’Birth Attendance, Early Extended Contact, and Father‐Infant Interaction at Five Months Postpartum

: Forty couples and their 5-month old infants were observed in their homes in a study of the relationships between fathers’birth attendance, early extended contact, and involvement with their babies at five months postpartum. Fathers who were excluded from the birth were more involved with their babies, in the presence of their wives, than were fathers who attended births. The three aspects of early extended contact that were found to be significantly associated with fathers’caregiving and social involvement at five months were time of first contact, length of first contact, and total hours fathers spent with children in the hospital. The implications for research and for policy concerning early father-infant contact are discussed.
Estimation of J scales for unidimensional unfolding

In Coombs' unidimensional unfolding theory each individual ranks all stimuli, often in terms of preference judgments. These ranks, calledI scales, are used to infer the latent continuum called aJ scale which is presumed to have generated theI scale rankings. A major problem concerns the inference of theJ scale given a set ofI scales because anI scale is not unique to any oneJ scale. This paper presents a procedure for estimatingJ scale probabilities given a set ofI scales. Models for three and four or more stimuli are presented. Results of computer tests are reported.
Semantic approach for designing e-business protocols

Business processes involve interactions among autonomous partners. We propose that these interactions be specified modularly as protocols. Protocols can be published, enabling implementors to independently develop components that respect published protocols and yet serve diverse interests. A variety of business protocols would be needed to capture subtle business needs. We propose that the same kinds of conceptual abstractions be developed for protocols as for information models. Specifically, we consider (1) refinement: a subprotocol may satisfy the requirements of a superprotocol, but support additional properties; and (2) aggregation: a protocol may combine existing protocols. In support of the above, this paper develops a semantics of protocols and an operational characterization of them. This supports judgments about the potential subclass-superclass relations between protocols, which are a result of protocol refinement. It also enables protocol aggregation by splicing a protocol into another protocol.
Sesquiterpenes in the osmeterial secretion of a papilionid butterfly, Battus polydamas

Abstract The defensive gland (osmeterium) of the caterpillar of the papilionid butterfly Battus polydamas secretes two sesquiterpenes (β-selinene and selin-11-en-4α-ol) not known to be produced by other animals. The food plant of the larva ( Aristolochia elegans ) lacks the compounds in detectable amounts.
Disposition of 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE153) and its interaction with other polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in rodents.

The disposition of the 14C-labelled polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexaBDE (BDE153) was investigated in rodents following single and multiple doses and in a mixture with radiolabelled 2,2′,4,4′-tetraBDE (BDE47) and 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentaBDE (BDE99). In single exposure studies there was little or no effect of dose on BDE153 disposition in male rats in the range 1–100 µmol kg−1. No major sex or species differences in the in vivo fate of BDE153 were detected. BDE153 was absorbed in rats or mice following gavage by approximately 70%; retained in tissues; and poorly metabolized and slowly excreted. Mixture studies indicated that, relative to each other, more BDE47 was distributed to adipose tissue, more BDE153 accumulated in the liver, and BDE99 was metabolized to the greatest extent. BDE153 was probably retained in the liver due to minimal metabolism and elimination after ‘first-pass’ distribution to the tissue following gavage.
A synthesis of the bicyclo[3.3.0]octene core of geodin A

A synthesis of the bicyclo[3.3.0]octene core of the macrolactam tetramic acid geodin A is described. The key steps are a tandem metathesis and a Wharton rearrangement.
Interaction of carbon particles with tracheal epithelium in organ culture

Abstract Organ cultures of hamster, porcine, and guinea pig trachea were exposed in vitro to different types and concentrations of carbon particles. At intervals thereafter, morphological changes in the mucosa were documented by light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. Secretory cells formed prominent polymorphic cytoplasmic protuberances that were partially filled with secretory granules within minutes after the addition of carbon to cultures. These processes were produced by particles of various sizes; their number increased with the concentrations of carbon in the medium. Differentiated cells of the epithelium sloughed after exposure to carbon for several hours. Subsequently, basal cell hyperplasia was observed. Larger particles of carbon (⩾ 15 μm) occasionally produced squamous metaplasia in the epithelium. Smaller particles (0.5 – 1μm) were transported to the submucosa, where they were taken up by mesenchymal cells. These studies show that the mucosa of the trachea responds to carbon particles in a unique, but characteristic, fashion.
Analysis of a Clonal Selection Event during Transposon-Mediated Nested-Deletion Formation in Rare BAC and PAC Clones

Nested deletions from one end of the genomic DNA in bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) and P1 artificial chromosomes (PACs) are readily generated by inserting a loxP site-containing Tn10 minitransposon into the recombinant clone and transducing with P1 phage. Although the size of clones in the deletion series is largely random, in about 5% of BACs and PACs the distribution appears skewed to a certain length, and in rare cases (<1%) is definitely skewed to a particular size. Here we investigate this relatively rare phenomenon and validate that sequence-specific transposon insertions are not the cause of such skewed nested-deletion libraries. Instead, a detailed analysis of our experiments with a BAC clone demonstrating this unusual feature indicates that deletions of a certain size arise from clonal expansion of a transposon insertion as a result of transient derepression of the transposase gene prior to IPTG induction. Transposition itself shows no bias to any particular region of insert DNA in the clone. We suggest a simple modification to the procedure for generating nested-deletions that allows all BACs and PACs to produce nested-deletions of random size. These findings should provide additional insight into the causes of site selectivity in genomic clones with other inducible transposon systems.
Dynamical behavior of epidemiological models with nonlinear incidence rates

Epidemiological models with nonlinear incidence rates λIpSqshow a much wider range of dynamical behaviors than do those with bilinear incidence rates λIS. These behaviors are determined mainly by p and λ, and secondarily by q. For such models, there may exist multiple attractive basins in phase space; thus whether or not the disease will eventually die out may depend not only upon the parameters, but also upon the initial conditions. In some cases, periodic solutions may appear by Hopf bifurcation at critical parameter values.
Outcomes of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass versus laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding in adolescents.

Background The goal of this study is to compare the outcomes of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) and laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) in obese adolescents.