cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A computer model for the growth and differentiation of a fungal colony on solid substrate

Mold growth and differentiation are closely related to the formation of secondary products. In solid-substrate fermentations this interrelationship is often more completely realized than in submerged cultures. Solid substrate reactions are used commercially in a limited manner in the western world, but are relatively common in Asia. Basic studies in solid-substrate fermentation should yield results applicable to all types of commercial mold fermentations for the production of a secondary product. This paper presents a relatively simple model for the growth of a mold colony on a solid surface with a defined medium utilizing glucose. Unlike submerged cultures the model must account for both cellular differentiation and the spatial heterogeneity in the system. Model parameters were estimated independently using literature values. The results of the simulation studies suggest that mass transfer limitations are at least partially responsible for the proliferation of differentiated structures on solid substrates as compared to liquid cultures. Since the concentration profile depends on the depth of the substratum, conditions that enhance conidia production can be achieved by controlling the depth of the solid medium.
Electronic aids to education and practice in radiology: The personal computer in the radiologist’s office

What is the idea] personal computer (PC) system? There ate as many opinions as there are computers. The answer depends on the user's goals and reasons for purchasing a computer system. A typical, reasonably powerful system can be purchased for $3,000 to $5,000. My own recommendations for a
Fetal breasts in normal and down syndrome fetuses

To assess the validity of fetal breast size measurement as a sonographic marker in fetuses with Down syndrome. Methods: Fetal breasts were studied in 26 fetuses with trisomy 21 and 78 fetuses with normal chromosomes. Breasts were identified and measured in a cross-sectional plane of the fetal chest at the level of the four-chamber view of the heart. Normal fetuses had a mean breast size of 3.8 mm ± 1.1 mm. Fetuses with Down syndrome had a mean breast size of 1.9 mm ± 0.7 mm (p ⩽ 0.0001). Diminished breast size measured by ultrasound in the second trimester may be helpful in identifying fetuses with Down syndrome. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Solubilization and partial purification of aromatase from chicken ovary.

Abstract Aromatase, the cytochrome P-450 that converts androgen to estrogen, has been solubilized from chicken ovarian microsomes with the nonionic detergent Emuigen 913. Following chromatography on gel filtration, anion exchange, dye affinity, and hydrophobic media, ovarian aromatase is purified up to 27-fold with 10–15% recovery. Separation of the cytochrome P-450 aromatase from NADPH cytochrome P-450 reductase is achieved during the purification. The partially purified enzyme is stable for as long as 6 months when frozen in liquid nitrogen in buffer containing dithiothreitol, glycerol, Emuigen and 150mM KCl.
Improved Hot Workability by Control of Non-Metallic Inclusions in Steels

The hot workability of two types of alloy steels at two different levels of cleanliness has been assessed using hot torsion tests. It is found that the hot ductility and the peak ductility temperatures improve with improved cleanliness. However, the high temperature deformation mechanism appears to be insensitive to the cleanliness of the steels studied in this investigation.
Parametric effects on lift force of an airfoil in unsteady freestream

We present the experimental results for a NACA 0012 airfoil. The freestream velocity was varied over a large range of amplitudes and frequencies. Effect of the operating parameters was discussed with the help of flow visualization, velocity, and lift measurements
Base Temperature and Growing-Degree-Hour Requirements for the Emergence of Canola

Spring canola (Brassica napus L. and B. rapa L.) is sometimes planted when soil temperatures are below the optimum, causing farmers to have stand losses because of seed rotting in cold soil. Knowledge of the growing-degree hours (GDH) required for emergence of canola from different planting depths could help producers decide when and how deep to plant this crop. Out objectives were to quantify the base temperature (the minimum temperature required) for emergence, the number of GDH required for initial emergence of five cultivars of spring and winter canola, and to evaluate temperature x planting depth interactions of spring canola. 'Alto', 'Global', Tobin', 'Crystal', and 'Glacier' cultivars were planted 1 cm deep into pots of Weld silt loam (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic aridic Paleustolls). Pots were incubated at 0, 2, 4, and 16°C. Seedlings emerged were counted daily for all temperatures and twice daily during rapid emergence at 16°C. Simple-linear and segmented-nonlinear-regression were used to determine base temperatures and GDH requirements for initial emergence. Calculated base temperatures were between 0.4 and 1.2°C. Regardless of the constant temperature regime, emergence began between 1560 and 1940 GDH for the spring canola. Winter canola emerged at 1600 to 2800 GDH. Two cultivars (Tobin and Global) were also planted at 1-, 2-, 2.5-, 3-, and 4-cm depths and incubated at 4, 8, 12, and 16°C to investigate planting depth x temperature interactions. A reduction in emergence, as a function of an interaction between temperature and planting depth, was found for Global but not Tobin at the temperatures and planting depths used in this study. A match between the accumulated heat units in early spring for a location and the GDH required for initial emergence of the spring cultivars tested can be used to determine early spring canola planting dates. This analysis indicates that severe reductions in stand are possible when canola is planted at soil temperatures that are sustained much below 8°C. The heat unit approach used allows for the transfer of the relationships developed in this study to other locations.
A General Coverage Theory for Shotgun DNA Sequencing

The classical theory of shotgun DNA sequencing accounts for neither the placement dependencies that are a fundamental consequence of the forward-reverse sequencing strategy, nor the edge effect that arises for small to moderate-sized genomic targets. These phenomena are relevant to a number of sequencing scenarios, including large-insert BAC and fosmid clones, filtered genomic libraries, and macro-nuclear chromosomes. Here, we report a model that considers these two effects and provides both the expected value of coverage and its variance. Comparison to methyl-filtered maize data shows significant improvement over classical theory. The model is used to analyze coverage performance over a range of small to moderately-sized genomic targets. We find that the read pairing effect and the edge effect interact in a non-trivial fashion. Shorter reads give superior coverage per unit sequence depth relative to longer ones. In principle, end-sequences can be optimized with respect to template insert length; however,...
Democracy, civic education, and the problem of neutrality

(1988). Democracy, civic education, and the problem of neutrality. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 27, Civic Learning, pp. 256-261.
Video-assisted thoracic surgery sympathectomy for hyperhidrosis

Hypothesis Video-assisted thoracic surgery sympathectomy is efficacious for patients with hyperhidrosis. Design An experience with patients undergoing bilateral video-assisted thoracic surgery sympathectomy was reviewed to evaluate the operative technique and to determine morbidity and outcomes. Setting Academic health center. Patients The cohort included 31 patients (22 women and 9 men). All but 2 patients were of Asian descent, and the average age was 24.9 years. All patients had palmar hyperhidrosis. Two patients also had craniofacial hyperhidrosis, and another 2 had pedal hyperhidrosis. Interventions Bilateral video-assisted thoracic surgery sympathectomy with resection of the second and third ganglia was performed in all patients. Small chest tubes were removed on the first postoperative day. In 30 patients, the procedures were simultaneous; and in 1, it was staged to accommodate lumbar sympathectomy for pedal disease. Results Perioperatively, no patients died. The only hospital complication was an intraoperative injury to an intercostal artery that required conversion to an open thoracotomy. The average hospital length of stay was 1.2 days (range, 1-3 days). No patient developed Horner syndrome. Long-term follow-up was 2.6 years (range, 3 months to 7 years). Both hands in all patients were warm and dry at the last follow-up, as were the face and scalp in the 2 with craniofacial hyperhidrosis. Ten patients (32%) experienced compensatory sweating, which improved within 6 months. Conclusions In this experience, palmar hyperhidrosis is predominantly a disease of young Asian women. Simultaneous bilateral video-assisted thoracic surgery sympathectomy is effective and can be accomplished with minimal morbidity and a short hospitalization. Compensatory sweating occurs in a third of patients, but is generally self-limiting.
WE‐A‐224‐01: Educational Course Therapy: Implanted Target Surrogates for Radiation Treatment Verification

Target surrogates have been extensively used in radiation therapy, especially imaging guided radiation therapy and radiosurgery, for the purposes of target localization and treatment verification. A wide variety of surrogates have been used including gold markers (seeds or coils), surgical clips, long‐lasting contrast agents, brachytherapy seeds, and electro‐magnetic markers. This course will review different types of applications of target surrogates in radiation therapy and discuss the issues related to marker implantation, such as patient complication, marker migration, dropping, deformation, minimum numbers of fiducials, and timing between the implantation and planning imaging acquisition. Application for specific treatment sites, such as prostate, lung,liver, pancreas, and breast will be addressed. Issues related to image guidance techniques with target surrogates will be discussed. Planning target volume (PTV) margin requirements for implanted marker guided setup will be discussed for each individual site. Marker applications in verifying the accuracy of respiratory gated treatments will also be discussed. Quality assurance with respects to marker stability during the whole course of radiation therapy, deformability with specific implantation sites, and geometrical accuracy will be addressed. Learning objectives: 1. Attendees will learn how to assess the quality of marker placement. 2. Attendees will learn how to set up QA programs for treatment with implanted target surrogates.
Is ATLS a mechanism for teaching core competency in ethics

An original idea that Dr. Hanlon’s comments would initiate a sequence and series of papers from the Association of Women Surgeons regarding ethics is just now coming to fruition. However, the seemingly precipitous advent of core competencies and the need to address those special areas as part of accredited surgical education makes his introduction more significant than ever. Indeed, under the leadership of Professor Serge Martinez, M.D., FACS, J.D., we have initiated a popular certificate course in our Department that addresses medicine, law, ethics, and business. It serves as a mini-introduction to these dramatic and interesting fields and has been attended by residents, fellows, and sophisticated senior students. There has been substantial concern on the part of directors of small training programs in surgery regarding their capacity to fully embrace the letter and spirit of the requirements regarding education in the core competencies. Certainly a large department of surgery could conceivably mount a program showcasing ethics that might be reasonably successful. However, this may be very difficult for small surgery departments constituting half of the accredited training programs in America. I close this brief comment on Dr. Hanlon’s eloquent article by simply asking, do we need something along the lines of advanced trauma life support (ATLS) that could be exported to other training programs that address issues such as ethics, law, and business? I think the answer may be “yes,” but responses to this editorial comment will clarify this better. * Corresponding author. Tel.: 1-502-852-5442; fax: 1-502-8528915. E-mail address: hcpolk01@gwise.louisville.edu The American Journal of Surgery 187 (2004) 6
HYBRID ORIGIN OF POLYPLOIDY IN FRESHWATER SNAILS OF THE GENUS BULINUS (MOLLUSCA: PLANORBIDAE).

Species of the Bulinus truncatusltropicus complex of freshwater snails occur naturally in a polyploid series which includes diploids (2n = 2x = 36), tetraploids (2n = 4x = 72), hexploids (2n = 6x = 108) and octoploids (2n = 8x = 144) (Burch, 1960, 1967a, 1967b; Patterson and Burch, 1978). The biology of these snails is further of interest because several species of Bulinus are important vectors of one form of human schistosomiasis, a disease second only to malaria in its impact on world health (Ansari, 1973). Bulinus, a facultatively selfing hermaphroditic animal, provides an excellent opportunity to study the origin, evolution, and ecology of polyploidy. Although polyploidy accounts for perhaps 50% of all species in some plant groups, it is comparatively rare in animals (White, 1973). A number of reasons have been proposed to explain the rarity of polyploidy in animals as opposed to plants (reviewed by White, 1973, 1978). These include disturbance of the sex-determination mechanism, problems a newly arisen tetraploid organism would have in finding a mate with which fertile progeny may be produced, and the greater histological complexity of animals as opposed to plants. It has been suggested that hybridity, sometimes associated with polyploidy, may
Cognitive, Cultural, and Linguistic Sources of a Handshape Distinction Expressing Agentivity

In this paper the cognitive, cultural, and linguistic bases for a pattern of conventionalization of two types of iconic handshapes are described. Work on sign languages has shown that handling handshapes (H-HSs: those that represent how objects are handled or manipulated) and object handshapes (O-HSs: those that represent the class, size, or shape of objects) express an agentive/non-agentive semantic distinction in many sign languages. H-HSs are used in agentive event descriptions and O-HSs are used in non-agentive event descriptions. In this work, American Sign Language (ASL) and Italian Sign Language (LIS) productions are compared (adults and children) as well as the corresponding groups of gesturers in each country using "silent gesture." While the gesture groups, in general, did not employ an H-HS/O-HS distinction, all participants (signers and gesturers) used iconic handshapes (H-HSs and O-HSs together) more often in agentive than in no-agent event descriptions; moreover, none of the subjects produced an opposite pattern than the expected one (i.e., H-HSs associated with no-agent descriptions and O-HSs associated with agentive ones). These effects are argued to be grounded in cognition. In addition, some individual gesturers were observed to produce the H-HS/O-HS opposition for agentive and non-agentive event descriptions-that is, more Italian than American adult gesturers. This effect is argued to be grounded in culture. Finally, the agentive/non-agentive handshape opposition is confirmed for signers of ASL and LIS, but previously unreported cross-linguistic differences were also found across both adult and child sign groups. It is, therefore, concluded that cognitive, cultural, and linguistic factors contribute to the conventionalization of this distinction of handshape type.
Conformation of Fk506 in X-Ray Structures of its Complexes with Human Recombinant Fkbp12 Mutants

Abstract In the X-ray structure of the FK506 complex with an FKBP12 double-mutant (R42K+H87V), the ligand is seen to adopt a conformation in its effector domain region that is distinctly altered compared to that found in the complex structure with native FKBP12. Nonetheless, molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the FK506 conformations seen in the native and mutant complex structures are energetically equivalent. Our observations suggest caution in the application of drug design strategies for calcineurin-mediated immunosuppressants that are based on mimicry of the FK506 conformation seen in the structure of the ligand complex with native FKBP12.
Polymer stretch in dilute fixed beds of fibres or spheres

A theory is developed to describe the conformation change of polymers in flow through dilute, random fixed beds of spheres or fibres. The method of averaged equations is used to analyse the effect of the stochastic velocity fluctuations on polymer conformation via an approach similar to that used in our previous analysis of particle orientation in flow through these beds (Shaqfeh & Koch 1988 a, b ). The polymers are treated as passive tracers, i.e. the polymeric stress in the fluid is neglected in calculating the stochastic flow field. Simple dumbbell models (either linear or FENE) are used to model the polymer conformation change. In all cases we find that the long-range interactions provide the largest contribution (in the limit of vanishingly small bed volume fraction) to an evolution equation for the probability density of conformation. These interactions create a conformation-dependent diffusivity in such an equation. Solutions for the second moment of the distribution demonstrate that there is a critical pore-size Deborah number beyond which the radius of gyration of a linear dumbbell will grow indefinitely and that of the FENE dumbbell will grow to a large fraction of its maximum extensibility. This behaviour is shown to be related to the development of ‘algebraic tails’ in the distribution function. The physical reasons for this critical condition are examined and its dependence on bed structure is analysed. These results are shown to be equivalent to those which we derive by the consideration of a polymer in a class of anisotropic Gaussian flow fields. Thus, our results are explicitly related to recent work regarding polymer stretch in model turbulent flows. Finally, the effect of close interactions and their modification of our previous results is discussed.
Scheme-Theoretic Complete Intersections in ℙ1 × ℙ1

The zero-dimensional subschemes of &#x1d4ac; = ℙ1 × ℙ1 arising as scheme-theoretic complete intersections of two curves are considered. The main goal is to describe the possible Hilbert functions and to give some information on the graded Betti numbers of such schemes.
Raman spectroscopic study of mechanically deformed poly-L-alanine

Raman spectroscopy has been used in investigating the conformational transitions of poly-L-alanine (PLA) induced by mechanical deformation. We see evidence of the alpha-helical, antiparallel beta-sheet, and a disordered conformation in PLA. The disordered conformation has not been discussed in previous infrared and X-ray diffraction investigations and may have local order similar to the left-handed 31 poly glycine helix. The amide III mode in the Raman spectrum of PLA is more sensitive than the amide I and II modes to changes in secondary structure of the polypeptide chain. Several lines below 1200 cm−1 are conformationally sensitive and may generally be useful in the analysis of Raman spectra of proteins. A line at 909 cm−1 decreases in intensity after deformation of PLA. In general only weak scattering is observed around 900 cm−1 in the Raman spectra of antiparallel beta-sheet polypeptides. The Raman spectra of the amide N–H deuterated PLA and poly-L-leucine (PLL) in the alpha-helical conformation and poly-L-valine (PLV) in the beta-sheet conformation are presented. Splitting is observed in the amide III mode of PLV and the components of this mode are assigned. The Raman spectrum of an alpha-helical random copolymer of L-leucine and L-glutamic acid is shown to be consistent with the spectra of other alphahelical polypeptides.
Long-Range Electrostatic Contributions to Protein-Ligand Binding Estimated Using Protein Charge Ladders, Affinity Capillary Electrophoresis, and Continuum Electrostatic Theory

Affinity capillary electrophoresis and protein charge ladders are used together to measure the contributions of long-range electrostatic interactions to binding of substituted benzene sulfonamide inhibitors to derivatives of human carbonic anhydrase II. The results are analyzed by continuum electrostatic calculations, which afford a detailed analysis of interactions of individual members of a population from a charge ladder. A Monte Carlo simulation of the experimental data using calculated contributions of individual lysine side chains to inhibitor binding shows that a large number of different patterns of acetylation are consistent with the experimental results. The calculations predict significant differences in the contributions of some lysines to ΔG and simulations suggest that experimental resolution must be enhanced to be able to measure such differences.
Universal Wavelet Kernel Implementation Using Reconfigurable Hardware

Designing a universal embedded hardware architecture for discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is a challenging problem due to the diversity among wavelet kernel filters. In this work, we present three different hardware architectures for implementing multiple wavelet kernels. The first scheme utilizes fixed, parallel hardware for all the required wavelet kernels whereas the second scheme employs a processing element (PE) based datapath that can be configured for multiple wavelet filters during run-time. The third scheme makes use of partial runtime configuration of FPGA units for dynamically programming any desired wavelet filter. We present FPGA synthesis results for simultaneous implementation of six different wavelets for the proposed methods. Performance analysis and comparison of area, timing and power results are presented for the Virtex-II Pro FPGA implementation.
Patient-Specific Multiscale Modeling of Blood Flow for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery

We present a computational framework for multiscale modeling and simulation of blood flow in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) patients. Using this framework, only CT and non-invasive clinical measurements are required without the need to assume pressure and/or flow waveforms in the coronaries and we can capture global circulatory dynamics. We demonstrate this methodology in a case study of a patient with multiple CABGs. A patient-specific model of the blood vessels is constructed from CT image data to include the aorta, aortic branch vessels (brachiocephalic artery and carotids), the coronary arteries and multiple bypass grafts. The rest of the circulatory system is modeled using a lumped parameter network (LPN) 0 dimensional (0D) system comprised of resistances, capacitors (compliance), inductors (inertance), elastance and diodes (valves) that are tuned to match patient-specific clinical data. A finite element solver is used to compute blood flow and pressure in the 3D (3 dimensional) model, and this solver is implicitly coupled to the 0D LPN code at all inlets and outlets. By systematically parameterizing the graft geometry, we evaluate the influence of graft shape on the local hemodynamics, and global circulatory dynamics. Virtual manipulation of graft geometry is automated using Bezier splines and control points along the pathlines. Using this framework, we quantify wall shear stress, wall shear stress gradients and oscillatory shear index for different surgical geometries. We also compare pressures, flow rates and ventricular pressure–volume loops pre- and post-bypass graft surgery. We observe that PV loops do not change significantly after CABG but that both coronary perfusion and local hemodynamic parameters near the anastomosis region change substantially. Implications for future patient-specific optimization of CABG are discussed.
On the use of omnidirectional sonars and downwards-looking echosounders to assess pelagic fish distributions during and after midwater trawling

Small pelagic fish can play an important role in the structure and function of ecosystems, and there is increasing interest in their nonmarket value. At the scale of fish aggregations, however, the impact of fishing has received relatively little attention, with most effort devoted to impacts of vessel and gear avoidance on stock size estimates. We used concurrent deployment of a downwards-looking echosounder (Simrad ES60 system) and an omnidirectional sonar (Simrad SP90 system) during commercial pairtrawling operations for Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) in the Gulf of Maine to examine their potential for studying the impacts of fishing on herring aggregations. We compared a number of aggregation metrics to illustrate similarities and differences between the two systems, and then qualitatively examined their properties during and after pairtrawling events to illustrate potential applications. Our results suggest that using both downwards-looking and omnidirectional systems provides complementary information on fish aggregation metrics. Future applications of these systems in before– after – control-impact (BACI) designs may help inform management agencies when evaluating potential impacts of fishing at the time and space scales of pelagic fish aggregations.
Learning in Computer Vision and Image Understanding

There is an increasing interest in the area of Learning in Computer Vision and Image Understanding, both from researchers in the learning community and from researchers involved with the computer vision world. The field is characterized by a shift away from the classical, purely model-based, computer vision techniques, towards data-driven learning paradigms for solving real-world vision problems.
NMR analysis of the configuration and conformation of N‐acetylneuraminosyl‐(2 → 3)‐lactose

1D and 2D 13C NMR spectra of N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2 3)-lactose were recorded and the sign and magnitude of the geminal couplings between C-2 and the H-3 protons of the N-acetylneuraminic acid residue were determined. The C-2,H-3ax coupling constant was −8.0 Hz, indicative of an α-configuration at C-2. The vicinal coupling between C-2 and H-3′ of the β-D-galactose unit was measured to be 5.2 Hz. This result gave a set of four solutions for the dihedral angle ψ at the 2 3 glycosidic linkage: ±16°; ±149°. NOE experiments established close contacts between the sialic acid and the galactose protons. Force field calculations determined up to eight conformational minima with comparable energy distributed over the whole range of ϕ angles but only within a band of ψ angles, −60° < ψ <60°. This indicated a highly flexible 2 3 glycosidic linkage. However, by considering only the two most favored conformations (ϕ, ψ = −161°, −21° and −67°,−4°), good agreement with the coupling constant and the NOE data was found. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Continuous and non-invasive quantification of heat-induced changes in blood flow in the skin and RIF-1 tumour of mice by laser Doppler flowmetry.

The changes in blood flow in the skin and in the periphery of RIF-1 tumours of C3H mice could be monitored continuously during heating with the use of the laser doppler flowmetry. The laser probe was placed gently on the skin or tumour surface and the change in blood flow was quantified from the output signal from the monitor during the heating of the tissues with temperature-controlled water. The blood flow in the tumour increased significantly during the first 20–30 min of heating at 42.5–44.5°C and then began to decline during the second half of one hour of heating. The skin blood flow either continuously increased or remained elevated during 1 h heating at 42.5–44.5°C. These results were generally similar to the previous reports on the heat-induced changes in blood flow in the skin and tumours measured by other methods.
Optimal control of linear time-delay systems

A method is presented whereby an optimal control may be obtained for a linear time-varying system with time delay. The performance criterion is quadratic with a fixed, finite upper limit, and results in a set of differential equations with boundary conditions whose solution yields an optimal feedback control. A numerical technique is developed for the solution of the differential equations, and two examples are worked.
THE PEPTOLYTIC POWER OF LIVER, SPLEEN, AND KIDNEYS IN POISONING BY PHOSPHORUS AND CHLOROFORM

1. Glycerol extracts of liver, spleen, and kidney contain an ereptic ferment capable of splitting peptone into amino-acids. 2. Poisoning by phosphorus appears to reduce the ereptic power of the liver, and to a less extent that of the kidneys. 3. Poisoning by chloroform appears to have no appreciable effect upon the ereptase content of the liver, spleen, or kidneys. 4. Feeding of sugar to normal animals has little or no effect upon the ereptic power of the liver, spleen, or kidneys. 5. Feeding of sugar before and after poisoning with phosphorus appears to prevent the reduction of ereptic power of the liver.
Discrepancy Score Analysis: A Computer Simulation of Classification Stability:

Although the identification of a severe discrepancy between achievement and intellectual ability has been proposed as a diagnostic indicator of learning disabilities, questions regarding the technical adequacy of severe discrepancy score classification have not been carefully examined. This study simulated the effects of measurement error, instrument selection, and the cutoff standards used to define “severe” underachievement on the stability of severe discrepancy score classification decisions. A statistical software package was used to generate aptitude and achievement data, calculate regression-prediction discrepancy scores, and classify cases of severe underachievement for a hypothetical population of 5,000 cases. The results indicated that the actuarial classification of severe underachievement was disproportionately related to chance and instrument selection. The results are generalizable to any psychometrically-based classification procedure.
Reinforcing Stimulus Functions of Drugs: Interpretations

The organization of this book, according to ways in which drugs can function as stimulus would have been unthought of 15 years ago. Now behavioral pharmacology is dealing with defined and objectively measurable variables; one can see, at last, an end to the times when pharmacologists, scientists in dealing with other types of drug effects, were content to quote Shakespeare, De Quincey, and Huxley when giving an account of the behavioral effects of drugs.
The Transition to Parenthood and Marital Quality

An extensive literature demonstrates a negative correlation between the presence of children and marital quality. Few of these studies are designed to test the reasons for this relationship. Using a national panel study, we examine two possible paths: that people who choose to have children differ from those who do not in ways that affect marital quality, and that having a child changes marital structure and process. The results of the analysis support neither hypothesis. Although marital quality deteriorated over the three-year period, the transition to parenthood does not seem to affect changes in marital happiness, interaction, disagreements, division of labor, satisfaction with division of labor, or number of marital problems. Having a child did, however, seem to deter divorce and permanent separation.
The forces exerted by aquatic suction feeders on their prey

Successful prey capture by aquatic suction feeders depends on the ability of the predator to generate a flow of water external to the mouth that overcomes any movements and forces that the prey uses to resist the suction flow. Elucidating the nature and magnitude of these forces is a key to understanding what limits suction feeding performance. We identify three potential forces produced by the suction flow field: drag, acceleration reaction and the fluid pressure gradient. Using a mathematical model parametrized with empirical data from feeding bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus, we explore the relative magnitude of these forces under three encounter scenarios with a 5mm diameter, spherical prey: an immobile mid-water prey; a similar prey that executes an escape response; and a prey item that grips a substratum. Contrary to the almost exclusive emphasis on drag in the suction feeding literature, it made a minor contribution to the total forces in all three cases. In all three scenarios, the pressure gradient is the largest of the three forces. These results are important because previous researchers have emphasized drag and have not explicitly recognized a role for the pressure gradient force in suction feeding. The simulations suggest previously unrecognized mechanisms that suction feeders can use to enhance the forces that they exert, by increasing the steepness of the pressure gradient that the prey item is exposed to. This can be accomplished either by increasing the rate of increase in fluid velocity or by restricting the size of the mouth aperture, which creates a steeper spatial gradient in pressure.
Interactive simulation for planning, coordination and control: mathematical decision support systems in education

Complexities in educational management, inherent in the strategic planning of multiple alternatives as well as the tactical control of limited resources, encourage a continued restructuring and export of industrial engineering methods for the educational domain. Such engineering methods, defined broadly as operations research or mathematical modeling techniques, provide a valuable diversity of technical approaches to organizing, analyzing, and interpreting the vast amounts of data stored in electronic management information systems. Given the availability of technology in the forms of high-speed personal computers and low-cost decision modeling software, competing alternative decisions may readily be simulated in order to measure each alternative’s impact upon the operating policy in an educational governance system.
Fernando Corbató: Time-Sharing Pioneer, Part 1

Fernando Corbato is best known for his work developing time-sharing operating systems. Early in his career, Corbato had a key role in the development of both the Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) and Multics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the 1960s. In 1990, Corbato received the Turing Award "for his pioneering work in organizing the concepts and leading the development of the general-purpose, large-scale, time-sharing and resource-sharing computer systems," and he was made a fellow of the Computer History Museum (CHM) in 2012. This interview is the first in a two-part Annals series based on an oral history conducted by Steven Webber for the CHM in February 2006.
Why Zeolites Have So Few Seven-Membered Rings

Known zeolite structures have relatively few seven-membered rings. Previous quantum mechanical calculations suggest there is no particular energy penalty for seven-membered rings. Predicted zeolite structures sampled from all possible symmetries also do not explain why there are so few observed seven-membered rings. Here, we analyze the ring size distributions of predicted structures as a function of energy and density. We show that predicted structures with low density, in the range where known zeolites exist, have relatively few seven-membered rings. It appears that the constraint of proximity to the low-density edge of predicted structures is what leads to a low probability of seven-membered rings. These results suggest that low-density predicted structures are similar to known zeolites and of greatest interest as new synthetic targets.
Comparative validity of the MMPI-168 and the MMPI-168E in discrimination of neurotic and psychotic MMPI profiles.

Attempts to improve the reliability and validity of MMPI short forms appear warranted in light of their increasing acceptance among clinicians. Moreland (1983) has recently suggested that the most cost-effective way of improving existing MMPI short forms would be to include the entire K scale along with other abbreviated scales. The rationale for this suggestion includes the obvious improvement in the accuracy of the K scale as well as the expected improvement in those scales (Hs, Pd, Pt, Sc, and Ma) to which K corrections are added prior to scoring. Moreland (1983) compared the MMPI-168 with a version of the MMPI-168 containing the entire K scale (referred to as the MMPI-168E) by extracting both short forms from the MMPI protocols of 1181 psychiatric inpatients and 1258 normals. Utilization of the MMPI-168E increased the correlations between abbreviated and standard scales, especially for the Hs and Pd scales. This smdy is an attempt to determine whether the MMPI-168E is more effective than the MMPI-168 when the MMPI is used to make neurotic/psychotic discriminations using the Taulbee-Sisson (1957) signs. The full MMPls of 30 male and 28 female psychiatric inpatients were scored using the Taulbee-Sisson rules. This resulted in 13 neurotic, 19 psychotic, and 26 indeterminate classifications. The MMPI-168 and MMPI-168E were then extracted from the full MMPI and scored using the Taulbee-Sisson signs. Agreement with the full MMPI occurred in 7 (57%) of the neurotic, 6 (36%) of the Psychotic and 21 (84%) of the indeterminate classifications when the MMPI-168E was used. The corresponding numbers (percentages) for the MMPI-168 were 7 (61%) for the neurotic, 4 (26%) for the psychotic, and 21 (84%) for the indeterminate classifications. Inspection of the percentages indicates that inclusion of the full K scale in the MMPI-168 results in no increase in the accuracy with which the MMPI-168 predicts neurotic/psychotic diagnostic classifications of the full MMPI. Comparison of the two short forms with each other indicated agreement in classification in 53 of the 58 subjects. These data are consistent with the previous results in that they offer little or no reason to believe that one form is superior to the other. It should be noted that the two short forms were extracted from the full MMPI. It is not known if similar results would be found with independent administrations of the
Learning from Your Mistakes—And Teaching from Them

2005 w Perspective on Physician Assistant Education w Volume 16, Number 2 Authors desiring to contribute to “Just Ethics” should forward submissions to F.J. Gianola, PA, University of Washington MEDEX Northwest, Division of Physician Assistant Studies, 4311 11th Avenue NE, Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98105-4608. Telephone: 206-616-4001; fax: 206-616-3889; e-mail: ggianola@u.washington.edu. Both visual and written media will be considered for publication. Visual media should be accompanied by a brief narrative. J u s t E t h i c s
Do Heterologous Proteins Pass from Mother to Fetus in Cow, Cat and Guinea Pig?

SummaryHuman albumin was injected into pregnant cows, and human albumin, bovine albumin, and human gamma globulin were injected into pregnant cats and guinea pigs. Subsequently, the blood and other fluids were obtained from the fetus or newborn and titrated with specific antisera against the 3 proteins. In cows near term no human albumin passed to the fetus. In cats both human and bovine albumins passed in large amounts into fetal blood and into the fluids of exocoelom, amnion, and stomach; but human gamma globulin passed to fetal serum in only small amounts and was virtually absent in the other fetal fluids. In guinea pigs, all 3 proteins were found in high titers in the fetal serum, but only traces of them were found in other fetal fluids.
Developing Data to Estimate Price-quantity Relationships:

Many researchers are turning to experimentation in order to obtain sufficient variation in prices to study their relationship to quantity sold. This article discusses the results of comparing three...
SUSTAINABLE VITICULTURE ACTIVITIES IN TURKEY

Turkey is one of the most favorable viticulture area, vine culture was began first in there, and rich by wild (Vitis vinifera ssp. Sylvestris) and culture grape (Vitis vinifera ssp. Sativa) genetic resources that collected more than 1100 in National Collection Vineyard (NCV) in Tekirdag Viticulture Research Institute (VRI). Nowadays there is about 3.5 million tons grapes producing in 530.000 hectares mainly utilize for raisin (37%), table grape (30%), fruit juice (30%), and wine (3%) with around 80 standard cultivars grafted on almost 6 standard rootstocks in 9 viticulture regions in that Aegean and Mediterranean are more fruitful as economic aspect. Turkey is the most important raisin grape producer by cv Sultani (synonym Sultana) around 75% has been exporting different countries, and fifth big table grape producer that also has been exporting different countries. There is well development of organically certificated grape production in last decade as raisin and table grape production. In this paper, Turkeys grape germplasm evaluation, variety and rootstock utilization, planting material propagation, planting, constructing the trellis, some production practices such as ground work, pruning and trellising, grape leaf production, pest management, irrigation, floor management and harvesting topics briefly described and analyzed.
Analysis of Automatic Early Warning Information on Infectious Diseases

Objective To approach effect on the automatic early warning system.Methods We conducted the trial study of early warning about the eight kinds of infectious diseases under the key infectious disease automatic early warning system platform with the way of daily warning,the early warning threshold value,that is,P50,P60、P70、P80 and P90 was set up.The warning information was produced when the present value is equal to or above P50 of the historical surveillance data over last 3 years.Results There were 256 items of information issued from the system in 1-31 August,2006.There was significant difference on warning information in the different areas(χ2=363.95,P0.01).The results also showed significant difference of warning threshold value and trigger value between the common and seldom infections.Conclusions This early warning system is very sensitive.The threshold value should be set up respectively in different areas and different communicable diseases.
Risk Assessment Index of Dynamic Stability for Large-Scale Interconnected Grids and Its Application

The concept and index of risk assessment of dynamic stability for large-area interconnected power grid are proposed and risk assessment of a certain practical large-area interconnected power grid is performed. For interconnected power grid with multi sending ends,the risk of dynamic instability can be reduced by coordinating the sending outputs among sending ends. It is proved that by means of widely configuring PSSs and applying HVDC modulation the dynamic instability risk can be reduced. Under the condition that dynamic instability risk is borne by grid side,values of increased transmission capability under different risk levels are given,which provides reference for a trade-off between economy and security.
Mechanism of high-frequency signaling at a depressing ribbon synapse.

Ribbon synapses mediate continuous release in neurons that have graded voltage responses. While mammalian retinas can signal visual flicker at 80-100 Hz, the time constant, τ, for the refilling of a depleted vesicle release pool at cone photoreceptor ribbons is 0.7-1.1 s. Due to this prolonged depression, the mechanism for encoding high temporal frequencies is unclear. To determine the mechanism of high-frequency signaling, we focused on an "Off" cone bipolar cell type in the ground squirrel, the cb2, whose transient postsynaptic responses recovered following presynaptic depletion with a τ of ∼0.1 s, or 7- to 10-fold faster than the τ for presynaptic pool refilling. The difference in recovery time course is caused by AMPA receptor saturation, where partial refilling of the presynaptic pool is sufficient for a full postsynaptic response. By limiting the dynamic range of the synapse, receptor saturation counteracts ribbon depression to produce rapid recovery and facilitate high-frequency signaling.
X-Mem: A cross-platform and extensible memory characterization tool for the cloud

Effective use of the memory hierarchy is crucial to cloud computing. Platform memory subsystems must be carefully provisioned and configured to minimize overall cost and energy for cloud providers. For cloud subscribers, the diversity of available platforms complicates comparisons and the optimization of performance. To address these needs, we present X-Mem, a new open-source software tool that characterizes the memory hierarchy for cloud computing.
Digital Image Processing for Microscopy

The author introduces some of the basic concepts in the theory and mechanics of digital signal processing techniques as applied to microscopy. With the right software and a sound approach, a great deal of information can be retrieved from noisy or degraded images. The author also discusses manipulation of images in order to produce a clearer images for the observer.
Broad luminescence band in codoped ErPr:Ge 33 As 12 Se 55 glass

Several properties of Ge33As12Se55 glass make this material an attractive candidate for rare-earth-doped planar-waveguide devices operating in the 1550-nm range. These properties include infrared transparency, high refractive index, and the ability to pattern waveguides by the photodarkening technique. We have previously investigated the 1540-nm Er3+ and the 1640-nm Pr3+ emissions in singly doped Ge33Asl2Se55 glasses.1,2 The photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectra of these PL bands exhibit the expected 980-nm (Er3+) and 1040-nm (Pr3+) intra-F-band absorption lines. In addition, the PLE spectra show identical broad absorption bands (~550–1000 nm), which we attribute to below-gap defect states in the glass that efficiently transfer energy to the rare-earth centers. In an Er-Pr codoped sample, the overlapping 1540-nm Er3+ and 1640-nm Pr3+ PL bands create a single broad emission band from ~1500 nm to ~1750 nm.
Turning on the Lights inside Neutrophils

![][1] Cells of the innate immune compartment provide critical functions in protective responses to infectious agents as well as in other types of immune responses. Responses to infections and tissue inflammation are initiated by innate cell receptors that sense conserved pathogen- and/or
Exploring If US & EU Antitrust Law Differences Are Substantive or Superficial by Re-Trying US Cases in the EU

This article canvases several types of antitrust violations. It discusses the legal standards in both the U.S. and EU, explains an illustrative case from each jurisdiction, discusses the differences in the law by comparing and contrasting the cases, and then retries the U.S. case under EU law to see how those differences shape the outcome, if at all.
Scaling to the final frontier: Reliability challenges in sub 20 nm technologies

Summary form only given. At the Industrial Surveillance Day, ASFINAG and the Alpen Adria Universitt Klagenfurt (in particular the Institute of Information Technology and the Institute of Networked and Embedded Systems) demonstrate a show case of their video-based level of service (LOS) classification for smart cameras. This LOS classification system has been developed in a joint Lakeside Labs project in Klagenfurt, Austria. It is part of a case study which aims at improving the quality of traffic messages for the two particular traffic situations level-of-service (LOS) and weather-related road conditions (WRRC) on two dedicated test tracks on Austrian motorways. Using a live connection to a smart camera at one of these test tracks, we plan to show a live demonstration for visual speed estimation and LOS classification. This demo is coordinated with our partner SLR Engineering, which provided the smart cameras for the case study.