cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Research of passive measuring distance technique based on continuously-measuring angle

In the electronic warfare,it needs to detect the distance of the target to determine its position.The passive detection has the characters of far range,good imperceptibility and strong viability.The IRST can detect the distance of the target by getting the data of its angles.Based on this technique,the paper presented the model in the system of polar coordinate,and analyzed the observability.Through selecting the filtering algorithm,simulation experiments were processed.The simulation experimental results indicate that this method of measuring distance has highly practical value because of the quick speed of convergence and the high precision(reach to 5%).
Meiosis in the grasshopper. 3. Chiasma frequencies in females after elevated temperature.

The effect of high temperature on chiasma formation during oogenesis has been studied in the grasshopper Melanoplus femur-rubrum. Prolonged heat treatment (40° C.) during mid-prophase of meiosis causes a reduction in the mean chiasma frequency per cell. Only those bivalents in which more than one chiasma occurs are affected by the heat. The pattern of chiasma frequency response to heat is similar to that which occurs in males of the same species.
Evaluation of OLED and edge-lit LED lighting panels

Solid-state lighting (SSL) offers a new technology platform for lighting designers and end-users to illuminate spaces with low energy demand. Two types of SSL sources include organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). OLED is an area light source, and its primary competing technology is the edge-lit LED panel. Generally, both of these technologies are considered similar in shape and appearance, but there is little understanding of how people perceive discomfort glare from large area light sources. The objective of this study was to evaluate discomfort glare for the two lighting technologies under similar operating conditions by gathering observers’ reactions. The human factors study results showed no statistically significant difference in human response to discomfort glare between OLED and edge-lit LED panels when the two light sources produced the same lighting stimulus. This means both technologies appeared equally glary beyond a certain luminance.
Clinical Presentation, Natural History, and Classification of Kienböck’s Disease

Although incompletely understood, the natural history of Kienbock’s disease is an essential consideration in the development of a comprehensive treatment plan. The disorder typically occurs in patients 20–40 years old, but can also be found in the pediatric and geriatric age groups. The classification system developed in 1977 by the senior author, and modified in 1993, provides a widely used treatment algorithm based on the structural changes that occur during the natural history of the disorder. While useful for adults, its applicability is limited in the pediatric and elderly age groups because the natural history for the three groups varies considerably. From skeletal maturity to middle age, the disease progresses stepwise through several distinct stages over a period of years. Surgical intervention provides the most reliable result for adults and is based on the specific stage at the time of diagnosis. In skeletally immature patients, however, spontaneous revascularization and restoration of lunate architecture frequently occur and aggressive surgical treatment may not be required. Elderly patients appear to tolerate Kienbock’s symptoms without the need for surgical intervention.
Hospital Quality, Medical Charge Variation, and Patient Care Efficiency: Implications for Bundled Payment Reform Models

Patient-centric healthcare reform models pursue lower healthcare costs, improved care quality, and better patient population health outcomes. Many patient-centric reform models focus on standardizing treatment protocols and reducing care delivery variability. Yet the structure of reform models themselves may lead to unintended process variability, the implications of which researchers should analyze. Prior research has not determined whether the reform models can potentially drive better patient-centric outcomes. A distinct challenge in analyzing their potential impact concerns a lack of publicly available historical data on reform models. We circumvent this challenge by recasting available data into relevant metrics, and examining how variation in hospital medical charges relates to patient-centric reform model goals. To do so, we develop a hospital-condition level measure called weighted average coefficient of variation (WACV) to identify the degree of variation in hospital medical charges resulting from underlying care process variability. WACV contributes by capturing unwarranted process variation in medical care protocols after controlling for warranted variation due to patient distributions of illness severity. Using Medicare data from New York state, we find evidence that higher charge variation (WACV) levels are indeed associated with lower hospital technical efficiency. Secondly, we show that prior-period process quality (that measures how well a hospital adheres to evidence-based medical guidelines) has a significant negative association with WACV. In contrast, the prior-period outcome quality measures are not associated with WACV. For policy-makers, the results imply that managerial incentives and interventions based on process quality may be more effective for changing operational behaviors, compared to basing incentives and interventions solely on outcome quality. Further, the results imply that WACV should play a role in the design of healthcare reform models. We examine these implications for bundled payment programs, which fix the amount of reimbursement for hospitals within a predefined boundary of patient care episode. Empirical results suggest that the current bundled payment provider selection mechanism does not consider the degree of unwarranted variation in charges, which we claim to be the improvement opportunity for each participating provider. In doing so, our results contribute by demonstrating that existing bundled payment program policies may not achieve intended goals.
Overexpression of Stat3α, but Not Statβ, in Myeloid Cells Results in Neutrophil Expansion through Reduced Apoptosis and Modulation of a Unique Set of Apoptosis Pathway Genes.

Normal neutrophil development requires G-CSF signaling, which includes activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3. The role of Stat3 in myelopoiesis is controversial--studies in murine myeloid cell lines indicate that Stat3 inhibits apoptosis and promotes myeloid differentiation, while results from transgenic mouse models are conflicting. One possible explanation for this confusion is that the two Stat3 isoforms co-expressed in myeloid cells, α (p92) and β (p83), which are derived from a single gene by alternative mRNA splicing, have distinct biological functions. Stat3α contains a 55 residue C-terminal transactivation domain (TAD) and is transcriptionally active while Stat3β lacks the TAD, is transcriptionally inactive and contains 7 unique C-terminal residues that encode prolonged (>3 hr) nuclear retention. The effects of altered expression of only one isoform in myeloid cells lines or within the myeloid lineage of mice have not been determined. We conditionally overexpressed either Stat3α or Stat3β in the murine myeloid cell line 32Dcl3, using a two-vector system--one encoding a transactivator that requires glucocorticoid and a tetracycline derivatives for nuclear translocation and DNA binding, respectively, and a second vector encoding Stat3α or Stat3β downstream of a tetracycline response element. Two clones showing overexpression of each isoform following exposure to dexamethasone (100 nM) and doxycycline (1 μg/ml) (dex/dox) were expanded for further studies: α5, α6, β1, and β15. Cells were induced with dex/dox (I), or left uninduced (U), for 48 hr, followed by G-CSF simulation (GS; 100 ng/ml). At 7 days, I/GS α5 cells generated 15.5-fold more neutrophils than U/GS α5 cells (p
Rotation of endosomes demonstrates coordination of molecular motors during axonal transport

Long-distance axonal transport is critical to the maintenance and function of neurons. Robust transport is ensured by the coordinated activities of multiple molecular motors acting in a team. Conventional live-cell imaging techniques used in axonal transport studies detect this activity by visualizing the translational dynamics of a cargo. However, translational measurements are insensitive to torques induced by motor activities. By using gold nanorods and multichannel polarization microscopy, we simultaneously measure the rotational and translational dynamics for thousands of axonally transported endosomes. We find that the rotational dynamics of an endosome provide complementary information regarding molecular motor activities to the conventionally tracked translational dynamics. Rotational dynamics correlate with translational dynamics, particularly in cases of increased rotation after switches between kinesin- and dynein-mediated transport. Furthermore, unambiguous measurement of nanorod angle shows that endosome-contained nanorods align with the orientation of microtubules, suggesting a direct mechanical linkage between the ligand-receptor complex and the microtubule motors.
Automatic target recognition with uncertain scattered signal distributions

One of the primary challenges for performing robust automated target recognition (ATR) is how to compensate the signatures for environmental propagation effects. ATR algorithms tend to function well only in the specific terrain and atmospheric conditions for which they were trained. This is particularly true for acoustic signals, which undergo strong frequency-dependent scattering and refraction in both outdoor and underwater environments. To address this problem, we formulate a Bayesian sequential updating method, which accounts for realistic signal and noise distributions, and uncertainties in the parameters of these distributions. The formulation utilizes physics-based scattering models for signal fading and the cross coherence between frequencies and transmission paths. We discuss how, in a Bayesian context, the scattering models correspond to likelihood functions, which are conveniently paired with their conjugate priors to efficiently update the uncertain signal parameters (hyperparameters). The ori...
Dual Quantum Dot Superlattice

In this paper, we propose a structure using four layers of quantum dots on crystalline silicon. The quantum dots site-specifically self-assembled in the p-type material due to the electrostatic attraction. This quantum dot super lattice (QDSL) structure will be constructed using a mixed layer of Germanium (Ge) and Silicon (Si) dots. Atomic Force Microscopy results will show the accurate stack height formed from individual and multi stacked layers. This is the first novel characterization of 4 layers of 2 separate self assemblies. This was also applied to a quantum dot gate field effect transistor (QDG-FET).
Role of Aneuploidy in Early and Late Stages of Neoplastic Progression of Syrian Hamster Embryo Cells in Culture

There is increasing evidence in support of the somatic mutation theory of carcinogenesis (2,6,8,12–15,21,36,49,50,56,57,60,70). The recent demonstrations of the involvement of point mutations in the activation of the ras oncogenes (49,60), the associations of chromosomal rearrangements with proto-oncogenes (50,70), and the amplification of oncogenes (36,56,57) in certain tumors add to other lines of evidence, such as the demonstration of DNA as a critical target in neoplastic transformation (6,8) and the correlation between mutagenesis and carcinogenesis (2,8,12,13) with most chemicals (see Ref. 8, 41, and 51 for discussion of the arguments against the somatic mutation theory).
Far Lateral Lumbar Disc Herniations

Far lateral and related lumbar disc herniations that feature cephalad migration of fragments away from their disc space of origin can no longer be considered rare. Contemporary imaging techniques now reveal these herniations commonly. The anatomy of the foraminal and extraforaminal (far lateral) regions has been described and should be familiar to all spine surgeons. Each surgeon should be capable of recognizing the distinct entity of the far lateral disc herniation and should be adept at surgery in this region by one of several available techniques. I prefer a posterior, direct microsurgical approach through a midline incision featuring foraminotomy because of its ease, exposure, adaptability, and efficacy.
Hemodynamic Assessment of Aortic/Mitral Stenosis and Regurgitation

Accurate hemodynamic measurements is important for the accurate assessment of valvular lesions, especially when the decision for invasive surgical therapy has to be made. Though guidelines recommend imaging modalities as the standard for valvular assessment, the catheterization laboratory still remains important for accurate measurements and the confirmation of diagnoses, especially in patients with suboptimal or equivocal imaging results
PERIGLACIAL LANDFORMS | Active Layer Processes

The active layer is defined as the layer of ground subject to annual thawing and freezing in areas underlain by permafrost. This layer is an important component of permafrost regions because most geomorphic, hydrological, and biological activity occurs within it. The thickness is highly variable in time and over space and is proportional to summer temperature. The spatial variability is determined by a suite of physical-geographical factors, including topoclimate, moisture content, substrate thermal properties, and surface cover. Sustained climatic warming could induce a widespread increase of active-layer thickness. Although empirical records are not long enough to establish a firm link between active-layer thickness and contemporary climatic change, abundant evidence exists in the Quaternary stratigraphic record for large increases in the depth of thaw. In areas where massive ground ice occurs in the upper layers of permafrost, a widespread increase in active-layer thickness could lead to differential thaw settlement and development of thermokarst terrain, with profound effects on ecosystems and human settlements.
Classification of Crash and Near-Crash Events from Dashcam Videos and Telematics

The identification of dangerous events from sensor data is a fundamental sub-task in domains such as autonomous vehicles and intelligent transportation systems. In this work, we tackle the problem of classifying crash and near-crash events from dashcam videos and telematics data. We propose a method that uses a combination of state-of-the-art approaches in computer vision and machine learning. We use an object detector based on convolutional neural networks to extract semantic information about the road scene, and generate video and telematics features that are fed to a random forest classifier. Computational experiments on the SHRP2 dataset show that our approach reaches more than 0.87 of accuracy on the binary problem of distinguishing dangerous from safe events, and 0.85 on the 3-class problem of discriminating between crash, near-crash, and safe events.
Low-cost ultrasound and optical gelatin-based phantoms

In this study, a low-cost procedure using evaporated milk is followed to make a gelatin-based phantom with ultrasound and optical properties close to soft tissues. To find out the effect of concentrations of gelatin and evaporated milk on the ultrasound properties, we first made two sets of phantoms. The first set was made by mixing different amounts of gelatin with deionized water (no evaporated milk in this set), while in the second set, evaporated milk concentration was changed (constant gelatin concentration). We measured the ultrasound attenuation of these phantoms at low and high frequency ranges and show that when the gelatin concentration is kept at 5 %, the ultrasound attenuation can vary from 0.4 to 0.6 dB/MHz/cm as the evaporated milk concentration increases from 20 % to 50 %. After getting some idea about the proper concentrations of evaporated milk and gelatin on ultrasound properties, n-propanol alcohol, glass microspheres, and Germall plus preservative were added to our recipe. We then measured the optical properties of the resulted phantom. A diffuse optical tomography system (DOT) was employed for this purpose to measure the optical absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of our phantom at four different wavelengths.
Comparative Observation of Immediate and Late Placement of Dental Implants With Immediate Loading: A 14-Year Follow-Up Case Report

A 63-year-old healthy female presented in 2002 for implant replacement of her maxillary right premolars following failure of a three-unit bridge replacing the second premolar. In a single appointme...
Should we stay or should we go now? Factors affecting evacuation decisions at Pacaya volcano, Guatemala

Abstract The current paper reports the results of a survey on past and future evacuation decision-making in response to a volcanic eruption (or the threat thereof) at Pacaya volcano, Guatemala. In 2010, Pacaya experienced its largest eruption in over half a century, causing more than 2500 evacuations and resulting in the damage or destruction of hundreds of homes, injuries to dozens of people, and the death of one journalist. Despite a pronounced increase in eruptive activity and the high threat of injury or death, many residents surrounding Pacaya volcano chose to stay in their homes throughout the eruption event. Our study seeks to understand why some households ignored social cues, physical hazards, and evacuation messages, and instead chose to stay in harm's way during a volcanic crisis. Using data obtained from a door-to-door survey conducted in the Pacaya region in October 2016, we found that evacuation behavior during the 2010 eruption was influenced most strongly by one's exposure to hazards, perception of hazards, and perception of readiness. We also found that prior evacuation experience from the 2010 eruption, perceptions of home vulnerability, and warning messages all have a strong influence on one's intention to evacuate in a future volcanic crisis. Finally, we found that perceived risk to one's home or property may have less of an impact on evacuation intention than emergency personnel tend to assume. Building on these findings, we discuss ways to improve evacuation communication in the face of a future eruption.
Williamson’s Welfare Trade-Off Around the World

Fifty years ago, Williamson (Am Econ Rev 58:23, 1968) argued that an efficiency-enhancing merger that reduces production costs but increases market power could be saved from antitrust condemnation if the cost savings created by the merger offset the allocative inefficiency. In this paper, we discuss some extensions of Williamson’s basic welfare tradeoff, and explore the attitudes of several countries around the world toward merger efficiencies. In spite of its economic logic, Williamson’s analysis has not been embraced by most of the antitrust authorities around the world. We explore different reasons why antitrust authorities have failed to adopt an explicit social-welfare standard.
The Effects of Vasopressin and Vasopressin Analogues upon Renal Synthesis of Prostaglandins

The interactions of vasopressin and renal prostaglandins have elicited substantial interest since the original demonstration by Orloff et al. in 1965 that prostaglandin (PG) El reduced the effect of vasopressin on water transport in the toad bladder.1 Subsequently, it has been well documented that prostaglandins, particularly of the E series, inhibit vasopressin-stimulated water reabsorption in the toad bladder2–5 and in the microperfused rabbit collecting tubule.6 This inhibitory or negative feedback effect of prostaglandins upon vasopressin-mediated water transport is undoubtedly a result of prostaglandin antagonism of vasopressin-stimulated adenylate cyclase.1,3–7 Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, in vivo, with indomethacin, meclofenamate, or aspirin enhances the antidiuretic effect of vasopressin in rats,8,9 dogs,10,11 and humans.8 In the aggregate, these experiments over the last 15 years strongly implicate renal prostaglandins as negative feedback modulators which alter the renal actions of vasopressin (for recent reviews see Ref. 12–15).
A Community Capitals Framework for Identifying Rural Adaptation in Maternal-Child Home Visiting

Objective To understand how maternal and child home-visiting programs are adapted, enhanced, and expanded to meet the unique needs of rural communities. Design We explored factors shaping the role of home visiting with data from a 2013-2015 statewide evaluation of Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting-funded programs. Features unique to a rural experiences were mapped onto the Community Capitals Framework. Setting Individual, semistructured interviews were conducted at 11 of 38 home-visiting sites across Pennsylvania. Participants Program administrators, home visitors, and clients. Main outcome measure Program adaptation. Results Our analysis represents 150 interviews with 11 program sites serving 14 counties. We document how rural home-visiting programs address community-wide limitations to maternal and child health by adapting program content to better meet the needs of families in rural areas. Data demonstrate how rural home-visiting program's provision of economic and social services reach beyond maternal child health care, building the capacity of individual families and the broader community. Conclusions Home-visiting programs should be viewed as a vehicle for improving community well-being beyond health outcomes. These programs have become an integral part of our public health framework and should be leveraged as such.
"I Find Myself Isolated and Alone": Black Women's Experiences of Microaggressions at an Hispanic-Serving Institution.

This article explores the experiences of Black women students attending an Hispanic serving institution (HSI) in a large urban area with a disproportionately low number of Black students. A narrati...
Bub3 and Bub1 maintain the balance of kinetochore-localized Aurora B Kinase and Protein Phosphatase I to Regulate Chromosome Segregation and Anaphase Onset in Meiosis

Abstract Accurate chromosome segregation depends on proper attachment of kinetochores to spindle microtubules prior to anaphase onset. The Ipl1/Aurora B kinase corrects improper attachments by phosphorylating kinetochore components and so releasing aberrant kinetochore-microtubule interactions. The localization of Ipl1 to kinetochores in budding yeast depends upon multiple pathways, including the Bub1/Bub3 pathway. We show here that in meiosis, Bub3 is crucial for correction of attachment errors. Depletion of Bub3 results in reduced levels of kinetochore-localized Ipl1, and concomitant massive chromosome mis-segregation caused by incorrect chromosome-spindle attachments. Depletion of Bub3 also results in shorter metaphase I and metaphase II due to premature localization of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) to kinetochores, which antagonizes Ipl1-mediated phosphorylation. We propose a new role for the Bub1-Bub3 pathway in maintaining the balance between kinetochore-localization of Ipl1 and PP1, a balance that is essential for accurate meiotic chromosome segregation and timely anaphase onset. Summary Cairo et al show that in S. cerevisiae meiosis, spindle checkpoint proteins Bub1 and Bub3 have an essential role in preventing chromosome mis-segregation and setting the normal duration of anaphase I and anaphase II onset by regulating the kinetochore-localization of Ipl1 and PP1.
A Brief Historical and Theoretical Perspective on Patient Autonomy and Medical Decision Making: Part I: The Beneficence Model

As part of a larger series addressing the intersection of law and medicine, this essay is the first of two introductory pieces. This article explores the nature of the physician-patient relationship and of the practice of medicine dating from the Hippocratic tradition to the end of the 19th century, a period during which a beneficence-based medical ethic remained relatively stable. The medical literature dating from the Hippocratic texts to the early codes of the American Medical Association did not include a meaningful role for the patient in the decision-making process. In fact, the practice of benevolent deception--the deliberate withholding of any information thought by the physician to be detrimental to the patient's prognosis--was encouraged. However, as philosophers identified an inherent value in respecting patient self-determination and the law imposed a duty on physicians to obtain informed consent, 2,400 years of relative stability under the beneficence model gave way to the autonomy model.
Being extraordinary: How CEOS' uncommon names explain strategic distinctiveness

Research summary We build upon recent theories and studies about relational self to explain how a CEO's uncommon name may be related to a firm's strategic distinctiveness. Our theory explains why CEOs with uncommon names tend to develop a conception of being different from peers and accordingly pursue strategies that deviate from industry norms. We further suggest that the positive relationship between CEO name uncommonness and strategic distinctiveness is strengthened by the CEO's confidence, power, and environmental munificence. Using name commonness data from the U.S. Social Security Administration and financial data of 1,172 public firms over a 19‐year period, we find support for our theoretical predictions. Managerial summary Using 19 years of data on 1,172 public firms, we show that firms' distinctive strategies are systematically linked to their CEOs' uncommon names. Psychological studies suggest that individuals with uncommon names tend to have a self‐conception of being different from their peers. Although many people may not have the confidence to exhibit how unique they believe themselves to be, CEOs do—they are generally confident individuals. It is thus predicted that CEOs with more uncommon names tend to pursue strategies that deviate more from their peer firms'. This pattern is even clearer when CEOs have a higher level of confidence, possess greater power, and operate businesses in an environment with more growth opportunities. Looking for unconventional leaders? You can often tell by their names.
The chest wall gender divide: females have better cardiopulmonary function and exercise tolerance despite worse deformity in pectus excavatum.

Pectus excavatum (PE) is a chest wall deformity of variable severity and symptomatology. Existing female-specific literature highlights breast asymmetry and cosmetic reconstruction. We sought to evaluate gender differences in cardiopulmonary function. Cardiac MRIs, pulmonary function tests (PFTs), and cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPETs) were reviewed in 345 patients undergoing preoperative evaluation for PE. Regression modeling was used to evaluate associations between gender and clinical endpoints of cardiopulmonary function. Mean age was 15.2 years, 19% were female, 98% were white. Pectus indices included median Haller Index (HI) of 4.8, mean depression index (DI) of 0.63, correction index (CI) of 33.6%, and Cardiac Compression Index (CCI) of 2.79. Cardiac assessment revealed decreased right and left ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF, LVEF) in 16% and 22% of patients, respectively. PFTs and CPETs were abnormal in ~ 30% of patients. While females had deeper PE deformities—represented by higher pectus indices—they had superior function with higher RVEF, LVEF Z-scores, FEV1, VO2 max, O2 pulse, work, and breathing reserve (p < 0.05). Despite worse PE deformity and symptomatology, females had a better cardiopulmonary function and exercise tolerance than males. Further research is needed to assess the precise mechanisms of this phenomenon and postoperative outcomes in this population.
Frequency of Transition to Oral Loop Diuretics Prior to Discharge

Introduction Heart failure guidelines recommend that patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) be transitioned to oral (PO) loop diuretics prior to discharge but little evidence supports this recommendation. Objectives We sought to identify the frequency that patients admitted for ADHF are transitioned to PO loop diuretics prior to discharge, identify predictors for transitioning to PO loop diuretics, and compare outcomes between patients converted to PO loop diuretics (PO group) to those who were not (IV group). Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of unique adult patients hospitalized for ADHF at our facility between 9/1/2017 and 8/31/2019. Patients hospitalized for ADHF (ICD-10 I50.xx) with evidence of fluid overload, treated with IV loop diuretics during the first 24 hours of admission, and discharged home with a prescription for PO loop diuretic were included. Patients were excluded if they were on dialysis, left against medical advice, received palliative care referral while inpatient, or had a history of cirrhosis or received > 50mg of aldosterone antagonist a day. Patient demographics, clinical features, and practice patterns were characterized to identify predictors of PO transition. Thirty-day readmission rates were compared between the PO and IV groups. Results Among 240 patients included, 155 (65%) patients were transitioned to PO loop diuretics prior to discharge (PO group). Mean age was 63 years, most were men (55%) of African American (66%) descent. Compared to the IV group, the PO group had higher baseline potassium (4.3 vs 4.1 mEq/L, p=0.010), lower eGFR (52 vs 60 mL/min/1.73m2, p=0.016), were less likely to be on hydralazine (12.9% vs 24.7%, p=0.020), and more likely to be on a thiazide-type diuretic (9.7% vs 2.4%, p=0.034) on admission. Neither age, gender, blood pressure, renal function, nor electrolytes were significant predictors of transitioning to PO loop diuretics prior to hospital discharge. Within 30 days, 36 (23.2%) patients in the PO group were rehospitalized compared to 19 (22.4%) patients in the IV group (p=0.88). Conclusions Most patients admitted for ADHF were transitioned to PO loop diuretics prior to discharge. Although differences were noted in baseline characteristics, we did not identify any significant predictors for patients transitioned to PO diuretics. Thirty-day readmission rates were similar between patients who were and were not transitioned. Further study is warranted to identify the best approach for transitioning ADHF patients to PO diuretics prior to discharge.
Neuropsychological aspects of internet-based transit navigation skills in older adults.

Older adults commonly experience difficulties efficiently searching the Internet, which can adversely affect daily functioning. This study specifically examined the neuropsychological aspects of on...
Calculated IR absorption spectra for perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS) molecules

We calculate with density functional theory (DFT) the IR spectra of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in water. The specific PFAS molecules studied are C4F8-SO2, C4F9-OH, C4F9-O-C2H5, C2F6CH2-SO3, and C8F17-SO3. The IR calculations can be usefully compared with experimentally measured IR spectra for the same molecules. Calculated IR spectra will be used as a basis for detection of contaminants, and for interpretation of experimental spectra of contaminants. The DFT-IR calculations presented here are implemented using the commercial computer program Gaussian.
The roles of attachment and emotion dysregulation in the association between childhood maltreatment and PTSD in an inner-city sample

Abstract Background Most people will experience a traumatic event in their lifetime, but only a subset ( Objective To facilitate prevention and intervention of PTSD, it is important to understand how risk and resilience factors interact with one another to explain individual differences in risk for PTSD, especially in underprivileged groups, who often experience greater burden of trauma and PTSD. Method The current study utilized multiple and moderated regression to examine the relation between childhood maltreatment and adulthood PTSD risk in the context of various attachment patterns and emotion dysregulation in a sample (n = 856) of mostly low-income, African American participants. Results Moderation analysis indicated that the strongest association between self-reported childhood maltreatment and PTSD symptoms was manifest in participants reporting the highest levels of both attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance (b = 0.22, 95% CI [0.15, 0.29], p Conclusions These findings suggest more secure attachment may buffer against the deleterious effects of childhood maltreatment, and both attachment difficulties and emotion dysregulation serve as robust correlates of adulthood PTSD.
The Amusement Park Theory of Creativity.

The amusement park theory of creativity grew out of the “overlapping skills” or “varying gradient of generalizability” model discussed in the previous chapter. That rather vague initial model was, in turn, a response to the many ideas of the contributors to this volume. We have linked these ideas to data we have been collecting for 2 years about how people conceptualize creativity to create the amusement park theory of creativity. Although our data set is not yet complete-we eventually hope to factor analyze the responses of more than 2,000 subjects from a wide range of fields-what it has revealed thus far dovetails nicely with the combined ideas of experts writing about creativity in diverse domains. Our theory has been nourished from the ideas presented by the contributors to this volume, and we therefore thought it proper to present it for the first time here, although it is incomplete in some respects, as a kind of coda to the book. Because it remains a work in progress, this chapter is something of a promissory note for an evolving theory that we hope will become a useful addition to creativity theory.
Further pathologic observations on the syndrome of peptic ulcer and multiple endocrine tumors.

Summary The clinical and pathologic findings in a 32-year-old white man with peptic ulcers of the duodenum and jejunum associated with hyperplasia of the parathyroids and adrenal cortices, amphophils and basophils of the adenohypophysis, and an α-cell tumor of the pancreas are presented. Gonadal atrophy was also present. These pathologic alterations are identical to those exhibited by a male sibling with this syndrome. Unlike the latter, however, the patient of this report experienced diarrhea; this represents an uncommon manifestation of this complex. The relationship of the diarrhea to a duodenal carcinoid present in this patient is discussed. The findings in this case are presented as further evidence concerning the significance of hyperplasia of the pituitary in producing end organ tumors and subsequent clinical manifestations, including peptic ulceration. Hyperplasia of the pituitary resulting from gonadal atrophy, as encountered in this patient, is indicated.
Modified aerospace R&QA method for wind turbines

This paper describes the Safety, Reliability and Quality Assurance (SR&QA) approach developed for the first large wind turbine generator project, MOD-OA. The SR&QA approach to be used had to assure that the machine would not be hazardous, would operate unattended on a utility grid, would demonstrate reliable operation, and would help establish the quality assurance and maintainability requirements for wind turbine projects. The final approach consisted of a modified Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) during the design phase, minimal hardware inspections during parts fabrication, and three documents to control activities during machine construction and operation.
Philosophers and the Words ‘Human Body’

J. L. Austin once began a paper by listing specimens of sense and specimens of nonsense. I shall do the same.
Economic Regulation and the Courts 1982 to 2001: Ten Cases That Made a Difference

The author has selected ten “landmark” cases for their likely impact on regulation and regulatory economics. His choice is unashamedly his own personal one and he recognizes that other legal scholars would not make the identical selection. However, there is likely to be substantial agreement on the importance of a majority of the cases. The ten cases are concerned with five themes: antitrust policy, contracting around the regulatory state, constitutional and contractual limits on regulation, the distribution of regulatory authority, and economics in the courtroom.
Solubilization and Purification of trans-Farnesyl Pyrophosphate-Squalene Synthetase

Abstract A trans-farnesyl pyrophosphate-squalene synthetase has been isolated in a soluble form from yeast extracts and purified 45-fold. The molecular weight of the enzyme estimated from sucrose density gradient centrifugation and gel filtration chromatography is 426,000. Solubilization of the squalene synthetase is achieved with deoxycholate. Treatment with the detergent markedly lowers squalene synthetase activity but when deoxycholate is removed by Amberlite XAD-2, the soluble enzyme regains full activity. Such synthetase preparations are relatively labile. They can be stabilized by glycerol and 2-mercaptoethanol. Both TPNH and DPNH serve as electron donors for the squalene synthetase. Their Km values are 122 µm and 310 µm, respectively. The two pyridine nucleotides differ somewhat in their effects on the Hill coefficient for the bimolecular condensation of farnesyl pyrophosphate to squalene. With DPNH the Hill slope is 2.0 and with TPNH 1.4. The purified synthetase catalyzes not only the formation of squalene from farnesyl pyrophosphate but also accumulates presqualene pyrophosphate (in the absence of pyridine nucleotide) and converts biosynthetic presqualene pyrophosphate to squalene.
OPEC Pricing and Output Decisions A Partition Function Approach to OPEC Stability

This paper is concerned with the stability of OPEC as a cartel, in particular the bargaining within OPEC over price and output shares for its member countries.
Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences

This book systematically investigates the past accomplishments and future agendas of contemporary comparative-historical analysis. Its core essays explore three major issues: the accumulation of knowledge in the field over the past three decades, the analytic tools used to study temporal process and historical patterns, and the methodologies available for making inferences and for building theories. The introductory and concluding essays situate the field as a whole by comparing it to alternative approaches within the social sciences. Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences will serve as an invaluable resource for scholars in the field, and it will represent a challenge to many other social scientists - especially those who have raised skeptical concerns about comparative-historical analysis in the past.
Polymorphic Type Inference with Overloading and Subtyping

We show how the Hindley/Milner polymorphic type system can be extended to incorporate overloading and subtyping, by using constrained quantification. We describe an algorithm for inferring principal types and outline a proof of its soundness and completeness. We find that it is necessary in practice to simplify the inferred types, and we describe techniques for type simplification that involve shape unification, strongly connected components, transitive reduction, and the monotonicities of type formulas.
Probabilistic algorithms for sparse polynomials

In this paper we have tried to demonstrate how sparse techniques can be used to increase the effectiveness of the modular algorithms of Brown and Collins. These techniques can be used for an extremely wide class of problems and can applied to a number of different algorithms including Hensel's lemma. We believe this work has finally laid to rest the bad zero problem.
Early development of the cerebral cortex.

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the early development of the cerebral cortex. As a biological system, the mammalian cerebral cortex represents unrivaled functional and architectural diversity. The organization of the cerebral cortex is particularly striking in its extensive cellular variety, precise laminar stratification, and a regionalization that belies functional specialization. In the developing embryo, daughter cell fates are frequently influenced by the immediate environment of the dividing progenitor cell (including cell-cell contact, cell-matrix contact and the binding of diffusible factors to cellular receptors). On the other hand, other progenitors appear to be indifferent to such environmental influences and demonstrate a commitment to a particular pattern of differentiation. Lineage analysis and transplantation experiments in the cerebral cortex have produced some surprising findings, but ones that correlate in interesting ways with developing knowledge of neural progenitor behavior in vitro . The lineage patterns hold promise to form a framework for interpreting the actions of a burgeoning variety of molecules isolated in the developing cortex.
PARAMESH: A Parallel, Adaptive Grid Tool

Publisher Summary The chapter provides a general description of PARAMESH and the algorithms it uses. The chapter also provides an overview of some of the applications for which PARAMESH is being used. PARAMESH is a portable high-performance software toolkit that enables parallel, adaptive-mesh, computer simulations. PARAMESH was originally conceived to support hydrodynamic and MHD applications of the solar atmosphere. It has been so successful that it is now being used in a much broader range of applications that include general relativistic models of colliding compact objects in preparation for the laser interferometer space antenna (LISA) mission, space weather models of the sun, inner heliosphere and magnetosphere, and models of radiation hydrodynamics in novae, supernovae, and gamma-ray bursts. These different applications stress the PARAMESH package in different ways.
Phosphorus Nutrition and Fasting: Interrelated Factors which Affect the Survival of Young Chickens Exposed to High Ambient Temperature

The interaction of phosphorus nutrition and fasting on the tolerance of young chickens acutely exposed to high temperature was studied. We also investigated a possible relationship between plasma phosphate (Pi) and body temperature (Tr) of chicks during heat exposure. Survival time (ST) of 24-hour fasted (F-24) chicks previously fed a low-phosphorus diet (LP) was markedly lower than ST of F-24 chicks fed an adequate phosphorus diet (AP). Diet, however, had no effect on ST of chicks fasted 12 hours (F-12). The apparent metabolic responses of F-24 chicks were qualitatively different than those of F-12 chicks suggesting that the effect of previous phosphorus nutrition was dependent on metabolic status of chicks before heat exposure. The concentration of Pi during heat exposure of F-24 chicks fed the experimental diets was highly (P less than 0.001) correlated with Tr. At heat-induced exhaustion, Tr of chicks fed either diet was not different. Pi of these groups at this point was nearly identical despite marked differences in the time at which this event occurred. An investigation concerning a possible relationship between Pi and the respiratory failure known to occur in hyperthermic chickens, revealed that respiratory muscular fatigue is not the primal cause of respiratory failure. Our results demonstrated that phosphorus nutrition, Pi and metabolic status are dependent factors related to the tolerance of young chickens exposed to high temperature.
Torsion impregnated cloth analysis (TICA): A forced torsion technique to study resins supported by inert substrate†

Torsion Impregnated Cloth Analysis (TICA) uses fiber glass cloth as support for polymeric resins and measures the clothresin composite's in-phase and out-of-phase dynamic mechanical responses with a Rheometrics mechanical spectrometer. The TICA thermoscan results of a thermoplastic were compared with that of the neat material. A similar comparison was made between the isothermal curing results of a thermosetting resin and the corresponding parallel plate and TBA measurements. The peaks associated with the vitrification were verified to correspond to those in the glass transition region. Conventional thermoscans of partially cured specimens with known Tg were shown under certain conditions to give erroneous results about the glass transition temperatures. A reduced parameter (T-Tg) was introduced to describe the response of a specimen undergoing additional cure while being subjected to a thermoscan. Examples using this parameter to understand seemingly complex experimental results are given.
Revised duplex criteria and outcomes for renal stents and stent grafts following endovascular repair of juxtarenal and thoracoabdominal aneurysms

Objectives To assess outcomes and develop duplex scan criteria that will reliably determine the luminal status of covered and uncovered renal stents following fenestrated and branched endovascular repair. Methods A prospective database of patients treated with fenestrated and branched endografts between 2001 and 2006 was reviewed. All patients with evidence of renal artery pathology including duplex scan assessed peak systolic velocity (PSV) 200 cm/s, renal aortic ratio (RAR) >3.5, elevation of the serum creatinine >30%, computed tomography (CT) evidence of renal stenosis underwent further analyses including medical chart review, and a review of CT and duplex scan imaging data. Correlations of ultrasound scan, CT, angiographic, and clinical outcomes were conducted and receiver operator curve (ROC) analysis was performed. Freedom from stenosis or occlusion was determined by Kaplan-Meier analysis with differences assessed by log rank tests. Results A total of 518 renal arteries were treated with uncovered or covered renal stents (287 patients). Mean follow-up was 25 months. The estimated freedom from stenosis at 12, 24, and 36 months were 95% (95% confidence interval [CI] 93-98), 92% (89-96), and 89% (85-93) for uncovered stents, and 98% (96-100), 97% (95-100), and 95% (91-100) for covered stents (log rank P = .04). Secondary interventions were performed in 20% of the patients who developed stenoses. Only one of the detected stenoses that was not treated with a secondary intervention progressed to occlusion. Duplex scan criteria derived from ROC analysis correlating with curved planar reconstruction (CPR) from axial imaging data calculated a 60-99% in-stent stenosis to be associated with a PSV >280 cm/s or RAR >4.5. Occlusions were best identified by a mid renal artery PSV Conclusion Revised ultrasound scan criteria have been developed to improve the sensitivity and specificity of non-invasive interrogation of renal stents following endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). Covered renal stents are associated with a lower incidence of in-stent stenosis and are thus recommended over uncovered stents for use in fenestrated or branched endografts.
Socioeconomic and environmental impacts of biofuels: evidence from developing nations

As countries around the world struggle with rural poverty, domestic energy provision, and global climate change mitigation, many have chosen to create public policies aimed at promoting the develop...