cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photochemical determinants of the efficiency of photogalvanic conversion of solar energy

A photogalvanic cell is a battery in which the cell solution absorbs light directly to generate species which, upon back reaction through an external circuit with the aid of suitable electrodes, produces electric power; photoactivation of the electrodes is not involved. The charge-carrying species have storage capacity if they are long-lived and can be prevented from engaging in degradative back reactions in bulk solution. The efficiency of a photogalvanic cell for the conversion of photon energy into electrical energy is determined by photochemical and electrochemical factors. Among the latter are the choice of electrode materials and the kinetics of electron transfer at the heterogeneous surfaces. In this paper we examine the photochemical determinants of the efficiency of photogalvanic cell operation: the absorption spectral characteristics of the cell solution, the efficiency of formation of separated charge carriers, and the lifetimes of the carriers toward back electron transfer. Modulation of bulk solution dynamics can be achieved by variation of the solution medium. The photochemical determinants are discussed with particular reference to the use of thionine or Ru(bpy) 3 3+ as the light absorbing species.
Medical Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the colon with an increasing incidence worldwide. The medical management of this disease continues to expand as drugs to induce and maintain remission are sought to avoid the need for colectomy. This article will review the standard of care for the treatment of mild, moderate, and severe ulcerative colitis. The efficacy, optimal usage, and adverse events profile of agents such as 5-aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, azathioprine, and cyclosporine will be discussed and an algorithm for their use will be developed. Alternative and experimental therapies such as monoclonal antibodies, probiotics, and heparin will also be addressed.
Labeling of steroids by activated tritium

Steroid hormones and derivatives are labeled to high specific activities with activated tritium generated by microwave discharge of tritium gas. The steroid nucleus is not degraded by reactions with tritium; the hydroxyl and oxo groups at 3, 11, 17, and 20 positions of the steroid nucleus are not displaced by tritium but are oxidized or reduced to form the labeled by-products. Saturation of A ring occurs readily, but tritium addition to the isolated CC double bond occurs in the order of Δ1 > Δ4 > Δ5. Steroids with the 21-hydroxyl group are not tritiated. Despite the addition reaction, the final products from the unsaturated steroids may still contain significant amounts of the labeled parents. Specific activities of the labeled by-products steroids can approach 29 Ci/mM.
Amorphous systems in athermal, quasistatic shear.

We present results on a series of two-dimensional atomistic computer simulations of amorphous systems subjected to simple shear in the athermal, quasistatic limit. The athermal quasistatic trajectories are shown to separate into smooth, reversible elastic branches which are intermittently broken by discrete catastrophic plastic events. The onset of a typical plastic event is studied with precision, and it is shown that the mode of the system which is responsible for the loss of stability has structure in real space which is consistent with a quadrupolar source acting on an elastic matrix. The plastic events themselves are shown to be composed of localized shear transformations which organize into lines of slip which span the length of the simulation cell, and a mechanism for the organization is discussed. Although within a single event there are strong spatial correlations in the deformation, we find little correlation from one event to the next, and these transient lines of slip are not to be confounded with the persistent regions of localized shear---so-called ``shear bands''---found in related studies. The slip lines give rise to particular scalings with system length of various measures of event size. Strikingly, data obtained using three differing interaction potentials can be brought into quantitative agreement after a simple rescaling, emphasizing the insensitivity of the emergent plastic behavior in these disordered systems to the precise details of the underlying interactions. The results should be relevant to understanding plastic deformation in systems such as metallic glasses well below their glass temperature, soft glassy systems (such as dense emulsions), or compressed granular materials.
Comparison between phase shift derived and exactly calculated nucleon--nucleon interaction matrix elements

A comparison is made between matrix elements calculated using the uncoupled channel Sussex approach to second order in DWBA and matrix elements calculated using a square well potential. The square well potential illustrated the problem of the determining parameter independence balanced with the concept of phase shift difference. The supersoft core potential was used to discuss the systematics of the Sussex approach as a function of angular momentum as well as the relation between Sussex generated and effective interaction matrix elements. In the uncoupled channels the original Sussex method of extracting effective interaction matrix elements was found to be satisfactory. In the coupled channels emphasis was placed upon the /sup 3/S/sub 1/-/sup 3/D/sub 1/ coupled channel matrix elements. Comparison is made between exactly calculated matrix elements, and matrix elements derived using an extended formulation of the coupled channel Sussex method. For simplicity the potential used is a nonseparable cut-off oscillator. The eigenphases of this potential can be made to approximate the realistic nucleon-nucleon phase shifts at low energies. By using the cut-off oscillator test potential, the original coupled channel Sussex method of determining parameter independence was shown to be incapable of accurately reproducing the exact cut-off oscillator matrix elements. Themore » extended Sussex method was found to be accurate to within 10%. The extended method is based upon more general coupled channel DWBA and a noninfinite oscillator wave function solution to the cut-off oscillator auxiliary potential. A comparison is made in the coupled channels between matrix elements generated using the original Sussex method and the extended method. Tables of matrix elements generated using the original uncoupled channel Sussex method and the extended coupled channel Sussex method are presented for all necessary angular momentum channels.« less
Identification of a gain-of-function mutation in a Golgi P-type ATPase that enhances Mn2+ efflux and protects against toxicity.

P-type ATPases transport a wide array of ions, regulate diverse cellular processes, and are implicated in a number of human diseases. However, mechanisms that increase ion transport by these ubiquitous proteins are not known. SPCA1 is a P-type pump that transports Mn2+ from the cytosol into the Golgi. We developed an intra-Golgi Mn2+ sensor and used it to screen for mutations introduced in SPCA1, on the basis of its predicted structure, which could increase its Mn2+ pumping activity. Remarkably, a point mutation (Q747A) predicted to increase the size of its ion permeation cavity enhanced the sensor response and a compensatory mutation restoring the cavity to its original size abolished this effect. In vivo and in vitro Mn2+ transport assays confirmed the hyperactivity of SPCA1-Q747A. Furthermore, increasing Golgi Mn2+ transport by expression of SPCA1-Q747A increased cell viability upon Mn2+ exposure, supporting the therapeutic potential of increased Mn2+ uptake by the Golgi in the management of Mn2+-induced neurotoxicity.
Response to 'Remarks on the article of Packard: Julian Huxley, Uca pugnax and the allometric method'.

Professor Geraert and I agree on the importance of examining arithmetic data instead of logarithmic transformations but we disagree on other issues pertaining to the fitting of statistical models in bivariate allometry. The most important of our differences concerns the utility of quadratic
Weak Ties, Strong Ties: Network Principles in Mexican Migration

Five network principles are elaborated from literature on Mexican immigrants and from research that I conducted on immigration from a rancho in Jalisco state to a variety of destinations within the United States. These principles are, first, that networks are multilocal, encompassing a number of geographical destinations. The importance of destinations, however, may change over time. Second, the anchoring points at any given geographical location are the work sites where immigrants find employment. Thus, labor market conditions structure where immigrants go and where they stay. Third, new geographical locations are often accessed through the "strength of weak ties," leading to geographic dispersion. Over time, some weak ties may be converted to strong ties though marriage or compadrazgo. Fourth, both dense networks and diffuse, weak-tie, or acquaintance networks constitute "social capital" for their members. Fifth, given the geographical dispersion at the work site and/or work type clustering found among ...
Optimal Planner for Spacecraft Formations in Elliptical Orbits

An optimal planner for spacecraft formations in elliptical reference orbits is presented. A fast solution to an individual spacecraft minimum time or fuel maneuver using the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman formulation is developed using spline approximations to evaluate thrust effect integrals. The individual optimal spacecraft maneuvers use realistic low-thrust, bounded inputs similar to future electric propulsion systems. A formation optimal planner is then formulated using the individual spacecraft maneuvers as a basis. The formulation is easily scalable to larger clusters, provably optimal over the formation, and numerically robust; it also requires minimal communication between fleet members. An example is presented of a tetrahedron formation in a highly elliptical reference orbit (e = 0.8), with solutions to both formation minimum-time and minimum-fuel problems given. Comparison with linear programming techniques show a distinct savings in fuel usage for high-eccentricity examples.
Joint extensions in families of contractive commuting operator tuples

Abstract In this paper we systematically study extension questions in families of commuting operator tuples that are associated with the unit ball in C d .
Optical response of Cermet composite films in the microstructural transition region

Measurements of the intrinsic optical constants $n$ and $k$ have been made on Au-${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ Cermet thin films with metal-fill fractions above and below the percolation threshold. The simple Maxwell-Garnett effective-medium theory, which is successful at low-metal-fill fractions, is shown to be inadequate in the description of the system near this threshold, where the microstructure of the composite undergoes a radical change. A modified effective-medium theory, based on a probabilistic growth model recently introduced by Sheng [Phys. Rev. Lett. 45, 60 (1980)], is found to predict the optical response in the transition region with few adjustable parameters.
Replicative bypass of abasic site in Escherichia coli and human cells: similarities and differences.

Abasic [apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP)] sites are the most common DNA damages, opposite which dAMP is frequently inserted (‘A-rule’) in Escherichia coli. Nucleotide insertion opposite the AP-site in eukaryotic cells depends on the assay system and the type of cells. Accordingly, a ‘C-rule’, ‘A-rule’, or the lack of specificity has been reported. DNA sequence context also modulates nucleotide insertion opposite AP-site. Herein, we have compared replication of tetrahydrofuran (Z), a stable analog of AP-site, in E. coli and human embryonic kidney 293T cells in two different sequences. The efficiency of translesion synthesis or viability of the AP-site construct in E. coli was less than 1%, but it was 7- to 8-fold higher in the GZGTC sequence than in the GTGZC sequence. The difference in viability increased even more in pol V-deficient strains. Targeted one-base deletions occurred in 63% frequency in the GZG and 68% frequency in GZC sequence, which dropped to 49% and 21%, respectively, upon induction of SOS. The full-length products with SOS primarily involved dAMP insertion opposite the AP-site, which occurred in 49% and 71% frequency, respectively, in the GZG and GZC sequence. dAMP insertion, largely carried out by pol V, was more efficient when the AP-site was a stronger replication block. In contrast to these results in E. coli, viability was 2 to 3 orders of magnitude higher in human cells, and the ‘A-rule’ was more rigidly followed. The AP-site in the GZG and GZC sequences gave 76% and 89%, respectively, Z→T substitutions. In human cells, targeted one-base deletion was undetectable, and dTMP>dCMP were the next preferred nucleotides inserted opposite Z. siRNA knockdown of Rev1 or pol ζ established that both these polymerases are vital for AP-site bypass, as demonstrated by 36–67% reduction in bypass efficiency. However, neither polymerase was indispensable, suggesting roles of additional DNA polymerases in AP-site bypass in human cells.
INDUSTRIAL MARKET STRUCTURE ANALYSIS IN A MAJOR MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION

With the advent of fierce international competition in today's industrial business environment, it has become imperative for companies to reevaluate the cost/price/value relationship of their products. In particular, highly competitive products require much closer attention to and control of the cost/price/value relationship to ensure continuing profitability. This paper examines one such product in an actual industrial setting (pseudonyms have been used to maintain data confidentiality) using a rather comprehensive conceptual framework based on Market Structure Analysis concepts. The proposed framework basically represents the industrial buying decision process which is both multiattribute and multiagent in nature. As pointed out by Sheth (1973) and Choffray and Lilien (1980), these industrial decision processes tend to become extremely complex due to heterogeneity among decision makers.
Dose-dependent biphasic alterations in the spontaneous activity of neurons in the rat neostriatum produced by D-amphetamine and methylphenidate

A dose-response analysis was performed on D-amphetamine- and methylphenidate-induced changes in neuronal activity in the neostriatum of immobilized, phenidate-induced changes in neuronal activity in the neostriatum of immobilized, locally anesthetized rats. Whereas a marked depression of firing rate characterized the response to intraperitoneal injections of 2.5 mg/kg D-amphetamine or 10 mg/kg methylphenidate, increasing the dose (5.0--7.5 mg/kg D-amphetamine and 20--25 mg/kg methylphenidate) shifted this response pattern to a prolonged increase in activity. Both stimulant-induced increases and decreases in neostriatal activity are reversed by 2.0 mg/kg haloperidol. In contrast to the response of neostriatal neurons, the firing rate in the substantia nigra pars compacta was inhibited by both stimulants, even at doses that increased the activity of neurons in the neostriatum. The possible mechanisms underlying these drug-induced changes in firing rate are discussed along with the behavioral implications of a stimulant-induced dose-dependent shift in neostriatal unit activity.
Amino Acid Sequence and Membrane Binding for a Series of Closely related Amphipathic Peptides

We have investigated the dependence of peptide activity on the amino acid sequence for a series of synthetic peptides derived from δ-lysin. δ-Lysin is a 26 amino acid, N-terminally formylated, hemolytic peptide that forms an amphipathic α-helix bound at membrane-water interfaces. A shortened peptide, lysette, was derived from δ-lysin by deletion of the 4 N-terminal amino acid residues. Five variants of lysette were synthesized by altering the amino acid sequence under the constraint that the overall hydrophobic moment be essentially the same for all peptides. Peptide-lipid equilibrium dissociation constants and helicities of peptides bound to zwitterionic lipid vesicles were determined by stopped-flow fluorescence and circular dichroism. We then compared the thermodynamics of peptide binding calculated using the Wimley-White hydrophobicity scale with the experimentally determined free energy of binding. We found a systematic deviation of the experimentally determined dissociation constant and that predicted by the Wimley-White scale. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest two factors that account for the very favorable experimental binding free energy. (1), in all δ-lysin-derived peptides simulated, the initial bilayer contact is made with the polar peptide face, allowing charged residues to establish strong interactions with the bilayer headgroup region early on. (2), if the two aspartate residues contained in the lysette sequences are located at the C-terminus, they remain exposed to water and are, thus, effectively removed from the bilayer headgroup region.
Pseudopotential crystal-structure stability calculations on black phosphorous as a function of pressure

The pseudopotential approach is used to make exploratory calculations of the structure-dependent part of the cohesive energy ${U}_{s}$ of black phosphorous in a variety of crystal structures as a function of atomic volume. The calculations assume black phosphorous to be a simple $\mathrm{sp}$ metal, and empirical local pseudopotentials from the literature were used to fit a modified "empty-core" pseudopotential form. The effects of considering covalent contributions are also considered but not calculated here. At the 1-bar atomic volume, the $A\ensuremath{-}7$ structure is found to be more stable than the observed black P orthorhombic. However, the difference between ${U}_{s}$ (orthorhombic) and ${U}_{s}(A\ensuremath{-}7)$ increases as the atomic volume is decreased, in agreement with the observed transition from the orthorhombic structure to the $A\ensuremath{-}7$ at 50 kbar. At smaller atomic volumes, the calculations also yield a first-order $A\ensuremath{-}7$ to simple cubic transition which corresponds to the one observed experimentally at 110 kbar. Although it is possible to imagine a continuous, second-order deformation of the $A\ensuremath{-}7$ to the simple cubic, the calculations predict discontinuous behavior. The simple cubic is predicted to remain more stable than the fcc, bcc, or hcp structure for a wide range of very high pressures.
Sweet Biofriendly Silicates

Conventional glass, a cornerstone of modern society created by fusing sand, limestone, and soda ash at extremely high temperatures within a furnace (typically between 1400 and 1600°C), is obviously incompatible with biology. An ambient solution (wet) route to glasses based on the sol-gel method, on the other hand, offers a unique window into the study of encapsulated, confined, or otherwise 'crowded' biological species. In particular, entrapment of a suitable biorecognition element (e.g. antibody, enzyme, regulatory protein, nucleic acid, or even a whole cell) within a solid, transparent sol-gel-derived glass 'honeycombed' with a three-dimensional pore system has become an attractive and generic means for elaborating biosensors and enzymatic supports due to its simplicity and synthetic flexibility. [ 1 - 4 ] In principle, virtually any desired dopant can be incorporated within a physicochemically robust inorganic or composite host matrix by this approach (SiO 2 is the most popular sol-gel material, however other metal centers, such as Al, Ti, V, or Ce and mixed oxides, are also possible). Designer organically modified silane hybrid nanocomposites can be made by co-condensation of conventional tetraalkoxysilane monomer such as tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and a mono-, di-, or tri-functional silane carrying non-hydrolyzable addenda. Pathways for creating periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs) are also opened by use of bridged (RO) 3 Si-X-Si(OR) 3 precursors in the presence of appropriate structure-directing mesophases. As depicted in Fig. 1, the sol-gel process typically initiates with preliminary acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of a molecular precursor, Si(OR) x (R') 4 - x . Subsequent condensation and further hydrolysis result in the formation of a range of linear, branched, and oligomeric polysiloxanes, namely the sol solution. Continued polymerization results in bioimmobilization of a desired entity within the growing network, often in a functional state. However, the story does not end there.
Auto-antibodies in chronic active hepatitis may bind to cancer antigens

Abstract Auto- antibodies in auto-immune chronic active hepatitis (AICAH) are hypothesized to bind to cancer antigens.
Stent-grafts improve secondary patency of failing hemodialysis grafts.

PurposeFailing hemodialysis grafts continue to pose a challenge in the care of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). We review our experience using percutaneous stent-grafts for the treatme...
Divestiture policy considerations in an information services world

Abstract The ‘line of business’ restrictions imposed upon the local Bell operating companies after their divestiture from AT&T were justified as necessary to prevent the undue exercise of market power in local exchange service through cross-subsidization or discriminatory tactics. However, these restrictions are widely viewed as impeding the provision of ‘information services’ by the BOCs. The author investigates here the usefulness of alternative rules to police against this conduct — such as ex post antitrust enforcement, regulatory reform such as ‘price caps’ and ‘open network architecture’ policies, accounting rules including incremental costs test, and tests in the antitrust literature designed to detect and deter predatory conduct. He concludes with speculation as to alternate causes for the lack of development of information services markets.
Educating students about interpersonal violence: Comparing two methods

This pilot study (N=63) used a mixed methods design to compare the impact of peer theater education, traditional peer education, and a comparison group on the in-depth attitudes and knowledge concerning interpersonal violence (IPV) among social work students in an introductory social work course. Six focus groups were conducted with students to assess their attitudes and thoughts about IPV prior to the intervention and 2 months after the intervention. The results indicate greater knowledge and healthier attitudes toward IPV for both the peer education and peer theater groups, with little change in the comparison group. Participants in the peer theater group, however, communicated a better ability to integrate their knowledge with real-life situations and practically apply this knowledge.
Assessment of motion media on believability and credibility: An exploratory study

Abstract The radical shift by news audiences away from newspaper to motion media (video stories on TV, web, cell phones, handhelds) prompted the assessment of media modality (text, text + picture, video) and source (public relations, news, user-generated content [UGC]) effects on credibility and more importantly perceived veridicality, a perception of an object as being accurate and believable regardless of the source, as well as impact of messages. The findings revealed that motion media modality significantly enhances believability judgments and perceived veridicality, which is independent of source cue, in which news source garnered no greater credibility than PR or UGC source.
Revisiting animal models of aortic stenosis in the early gestation fetus.

Background Mechanisms leading to left ventricular hypoplasia and endocardial fibroelastosis in the fetus remain unknown. Prevailing theory is that obstruction to blood flow through the left ventricle leads to elevated end-diastolic pressures, compromised myocardial perfusion, and endocardial ischemia. Fetal interventions are now being performed, based on the presumption that they would prevent such pathogenic mechanisms. Methods Forty first-trimester fetal sheep (mean gestational age, 53 days) were studied. Severe fetal left ventricular outflow obstruction was created by banding the ascending aorta in 25 fetuses; 15 control fetuses underwent "sham" surgery with thoracotomy. Serial fetal echocardiography was used to assess left ventricular growth and fetal hemodynamics. Findings were correlated to morphologic and histopathologic changes, and intracardiac pressure measurements obtained from fetal cardiac catheterization. Results Surviving banded fetuses (n = 13) had one of two phenotypes: compensatory left ventricular hypertrophy (n = 7) or noncompensatory left ventricular dilatation (n = 6) with hydrops and severe left ventricular dysfunction. All fetuses had elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressures (mean, 21 mm Hg; range, 14 to 28 mm Hg), which correlated to the gradient across the ascending aorta (mean, 41 mm Hg; range, 28 to 73 mm Hg). In vivo echocardiography findings were incongruous with those at autopsy, and demonstrated preservation of left ventricular growth indices in all fetuses. Endocardial fibroelastosis and myocardial fibrosis were not observed in any banded fetus. Conclusions While early gestational obstruction to flow can compromise left ventricular function in the fetus, it does not retard normal growth. Similarly, an elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure is not sufficient to cause myocardial fibrosis or endocardial fibroelastosis in the fetus.
Automorphisms with unipotent values

In this paper we obtain the following result: ifR is a prime ring andg is an automorphism ofR such that (g(x)−x)n=0 for allx∈R, wheren≥1 is a fixed integer, theng=1.
Continuous infusion of aldosterone: Correlates of body weight gain

Aldosterone stimulated body weight gain in adrenalectomized male rats across all but the highest of seven doses delivered by continuous infusion. Gains were especially strong in the latter part of the 12-day infusion period peaking at values twice those of adrenalectomized rats given only glucocorticoid replacement or sham infusions. The gains were not related to skeletal growth, and hematocrit and percent tissue water were only modestly and inversely related to weight gain (rs = -.24). In contrast, epididymal fat pad mass correlated strongly (r = .72), indicating that the gains were partly or wholly attributal to adipose tissue hypertrophy.
‘Just War’ or Just War? The Future(s) of a Tradition:

The greatest virtue of the just war lies in its ability to pass judgement on war (the announced aims) and its conduct (the adopted strategy). But how coherent is this synthesis of ideas that assumes a unity between force, political expediency and morality? Can individual wars be morally assessed, and how useful is the just war in this respect? This article assesses the modern relevance of the tradition before suggesting directions for further research in the light of the recent Kosovo Crisis.
Correlation Functions for a Heisenberg Ferromagnet

It is shown that the ac longitudinal susceptibility of a Heisenberg ferromagnet is proportional to the Fourier transform of a dynamical $\mathrm{zz}$ correlation function of the spins, $z$ being the direction of the spontaneous magnetization. The susceptibility can also be calculated by the Tyablikov decoupling approximation. Hence, the dynamical $\mathrm{zz}$ correlation function is obtained by taking the inverse Fourier transform of the latter result. This expression for the correlation function is an interpolation formula which agrees with the noninteracting spin-wave theory at very low temperatures and with the statistical theory at very high temperatures. The applications of these correlation functions to specific heat, susceptibility, and electrical conductivity are also discussed.
What do stakeholders need to manage for climate change and variability? A document-based analysis from three mountain states in the Western USA

Resource managers and governments at all scales are becoming more aware of the challenges and opportunities that climate change and variability pose for their operational goals. At the same time, providers of climate information are learning that simply creating and disseminating information without context does not necessarily serve the needs of decision makers. As a result, calls for new ways of supporting decision making and supplying information abound. Many of these calls suggest that much more consultation with stakeholders is necessary in order to effectively serve their needs and provide usable information. While this is undoubtedly true, there is also in many cases an existing wealth of experience understanding needs of stakeholders that could be assessed before additional interaction is warranted. The goal of this study was to produce a baseline of stakeholder needs with respect to climate-related decision making from existing documents in three interior western states in the USA to examine patterns of needs and avoid stakeholder fatigue. The results suggest that stakeholders express needs for additional data and research, improved communication and coordination among data and information providers, education of their various publics, and changes to policy and legal frameworks to better manage under a changing climate. Stakeholders express these needs in the context of trying to assess expected impacts, characterize their current and future vulnerability, and manage for future change. The needs and gaps identified suggest opportunities for additional interagency coordination, methods for prioritizing and funding data streams, and partnerships for understanding future climate scenarios.
Price determination and dynamic adjustments: An inverse demand system approach to meat products in the United States

In this study the process of retail meat price determination is depicted in the form of an inverse demand system taking into consideration the dynamic adjustments present in monthly consumption data. The general dynamic framework identifies both long run and short run effects in a systematic manner and allows direct estimation of the long run price and scale flexibilities that are consistent with theory. The empirical application based on monthly U.S. meat products data provides reasonable and promising results.
Rapid Thermal Annealing And Solid Phase Epitaxy Of Ion Implanted InP

The production and annealing of damage in (100) InP implanted with Si ions at 77K, room temperature and 200°C have been studied by channeling, Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS), Hall measurement and electrochemical profiling. An ion energy of 180 keV and a fluence of 10 14 cm -2 produces an amorphous layer which extends to the surface in samples implanted at 77K or room temperature, while samples implanted at 200°C with a fluence as high as 10 15 cm -2 remain crystalline. For room temperature or 77K implants, the maximum epitaxial regrowth thickness is about 2000A. An amorphous layer less than 2000A thick can be nearly completely recrystallized by epitaxial growth, at a temperature of 250°C. The post-anneal residual disorder of thicker layers, following furnace annealing (FA) at 750°C for 15 minutes, is linearly dependent on the initial amorphous layer thickness. A high degree of electrical activation is reached for high temperature implants and low annealing temperature (500°-600°C). In contrast, for room temperature implants annealing at higher temperature using furnace or rapid thermal annealing was required to activate the dopants. The percentage of electrical activation of both low and high fluence ion doses is nearly the same at the optimal condition for rapid thermal annealing (RTA) or furnace annealing, even for the case of residual disorder layers following room temperature implants and furnace annealing. Comparison of the SIMS Si profile with the carrier concentration profile shows compensation at the damage-crystalline interface.
Isolation and characterization of bioactive principles of the leaves and stems of Physalis philadelphica

Abstract An ethyl acetate-soluble extract of the leaves and stems of Physalis philadelphica has been investigated, leading to the isolation of three new withanolides, philadelphicalactones A ( 1 ) and B ( 2 ), and ixocarpalactone B ( 3 ), four known withanolides, ixocarpalactone A ( 4 ), withaphysacarpin ( 5 ), 18-hydroxywithanolide D ( 6 ), and withanone ( 7 ), one new ceramide, (2S,3S,4R,9E)-1,3,4-trihydroxy-2-[(2′R)-2′-hydroxytetracosanoylamino]-9-octadecene ( 8 ), two known ceramides, (2S,3S,4R)-2-[(2′R)-2′-hydroxytetracosanoylamino]-1,3,4-octadecanetriol ( 9 ), and (2S,3S,4R)-2-tetracosanoylamino-1,3,4-octadecanetriol ( 10 ), as well as the known chlorophyllide a ( 11 ). The structures of the new compounds were elucidated based on spectroscopic and chemical methods. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was used to confirm the relative stereochemistry of compounds 1 and 4 . The absolute stereochemistry of compounds 1–4 and 8 was established by Mosher ester methodology and chemical transformation. All isolates were evaluated for their potential cancer chemopreventive properties utilizing in vitro assays to determine quinone reductase induction and inhibition of murine epidermal JB6 cell transformation.
Neurologic anomalies of Perrault syndrome

We report on an 18-year-old man with neurosensory hearing loss and his sister with neurosensory hearing loss, ovarian dysgenesis, mental retardation, generalized ataxia of the trunk and limbs, and saccadic dysmetria. A CT scan showed cerebellar hypoplasia. The cardinal manifestations of Perrault syndrome in females are neurosensory hearing loss and ovarian dysgenesis. Other anomalies, including neurologic and skeletal, have been reported in other individuals with Perrault syndrome. We review the neurologic anomalies in previous patients with Perrault syndrome. Neurologic data are available on 14 of 21 girls; 7 of 14 had neurologic abnormalities. The high incidence of neurologic anomalies suggest that ataxia or mental retardation may not be just coincidental findings, but pleiotropic manifestations of Perrault syndrome.
Generation of energetic (>15?MeV) neutron beams from proton- and deuteron-driven nuclear reactions using short pulse lasers

A roadmap is proposed for the production of high-energy (>15 MeV) neutrons using short pulse lasers. Different approaches are suggested for the two limiting cases of small (E1 ≪ Q) and large (E1 ≫ Q) projectile energies E1 depending on the Q-value of the nuclear reaction. The neutron fluence from many converter materials is evaluated for two projectiles: protons and deuterons. We found profound differences between proton- and deuteron-driven reactions with regard to both converter material and generated neutron fluence. The optimum converter material for deuteron-driven reactions is low-Z elements such as Li and Be, while for proton-driven reactions the converter material is not critical. For a projectile energy of 50 MeV the deuteron-driven reactions are two orders of magnitude more efficient compared to the proton-driven reactions. Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations have been performed for laser pulses with peak intensity 3 × 1020 W cm−2, pulse duration 40 fs, spot size 5 µm and energy 3 J interacting with ultrathin (0.1 µm) CD foil. The calculated deuteron beam is highly directional along the laser propagation direction with maximum energy of 45 MeV. The interaction of the deuteron beam with a lithium converter and the production of neutrons is modeled using a Monte Carlo code. The computed neutron spectra show that a forward directed neutron beam is generated with an opening angle of ∼1 sr, maximum energy of 60 MeV and a fluence in the forward direction 1.8 × 108 n sr−1, ∼20% of which are with energy above 15 MeV.
Orthogonal queries in segments

We consider theorthgonal clipping problem in a set of segments: Given a set ofn segments ind-dimensional space, we preprocess them into a data structure such that given an orthogonal query window, the segments intersecting it can be counted/reported efficiently. We show that the efficiency of the data structure significantly depends on a geometric discrete parameterK named theProjected-image complexity, which becomes ź(n2) in the worst case but practically much smaller. If we useO(m) space, whereK log4dź7nźmźn log4dź7n, the query time isO((K/m)1/2 logmax{4, 4dź5}n). This is near to an Ω((K/m)1/2) lower bound.
Multiple solutions to symmetric boundary value problems for second order ODEs: Equivariant degree approach

Abstract For a long time, a vector nonlinear pendulum equation (VNPE) stands as a paradigmatic example of nonlinear analysis. Under the so-called Hartman–Nagumo conditions, the solvability of the Dirichlet boundary value problem for the VNPE was established by Hartman (using the Schauder Fixed Point Theorem). In this paper, we establish a general framework for studying the impact of symmetries to multiple symmetric solutions to Dirichlet/Neumann BVP for VNPE based on the usage of the equivariant degree method. Abstract results are supported by concrete computations related to VNPE respecting dihedral group symmetries.
Time-Range Adaptive Processing for pulse agile radar

Some radar systems utilize pulse agility to mitigate interference or synthesize bandwidth. Transmitting different waveforms on a pulse-to-pulse basis can have deleterious effects when traditional pulse-Doppler processing is employed. In this paper a recursive MMSE-based receiver design, denoted as Time-Range Adaptive Processing, is presented. The new method jointly adapts in range and Doppler, thus yielding enhanced sensitivity when compared to adaptation in each dimension separately.
The Rewarding Properties of NMDA and MK-801 (Dizocilpine) as Indexed by the Conditioned Place Preference Paradigm

N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) ([R]-2-[Methylamino]succinic acid) is a specific excitatory amino acid. Two experiments were conducted to determine the rewarding properties of this compound using the conditioned place preference paradigm. In the first experiment, 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats received place preference conditioning for a 4 day period. The conditioned place preference apparatus consisted of two chambers with distinct visual and tactile cues, separated by a removable door. On days 2 and 4, rats were systemically administered NMDA (1.0, 15.0, and 30.0 mg/kg) paired with one chamber. On days 3 and 5, rats were systemically administered saline paired with the other chamber. Day 6 was the test day, and the rat was allowed free run of the entire apparatus in a drug-free state. Time spent in each side of the apparatus was computer recorded. NMDA produced a significant increase in the amount of time spent on the side previously paired with drug for 15.0 and 30.0, but not 1.0 mg/kg NMDA. In the second experiment, systemic administration of NMDA (30.0 mg/kg) paired with the noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801 (0.5 mg/kg), resulted in neither place preference nor place aversion.
The nuclear volume observable

Abstract The nuclear volume is measured by the determinant of the mass monopole-quadrupole tensor Q . This is demonstrated by both macroscopic and microscopic arguments, under the assumption that moments beyond the quadrupole are negligible. Firstly, the square of the volume of the nucleus is shown to be proportional to det Q in the geometrical Bohr-Mottelson model. Secondly, since det Q is invariant under the group of volume-preserving linear transformations of Euclidean space, it must be a function of the volume. Volume conservation is achieved in a microscopic theory by adding to the nuclear hamiltonian the volume observable, det Q , as a Lagrange multiplier constraint. This constraint is enforced for the collective states of 20 Ne in the symplectic collective shell model.
Correlates and mediators of functional disability in obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Background: This study examined factors associated with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) related functional disability in 87 treatment-seeking adults with OCD. Methods: A trained evaluator administered the Yale-Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale and Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale. Patients completed the Sheehan Disability Scale, Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory-Revised, Interpretation of Intrusions Inventory, Thought–Action Fusion Scale, Beck Depression Inventory Second Edition, and State Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait Version. Results: Results indicated that OCD symptoms, anxiety, depression, and the tendency to misinterpret the significance of intrusive thoughts were related to functional disability. Two variables—depressive symptoms and the extent to which a patient attempts to resist and is able to control OCD symptoms—emerged as unique predictors of functional disability. Mediational analyses indicated that both of these variables fully mediated the relationship between OCD-related distress and functional disability. Conclusions: Results are discussed in terms of predictors of functional disability in OCD and in terms of implications for assessment and treatment. Depression and Anxiety, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The ATP Synthase a-subunit of Extreme Alkaliphiles Is a Distinct Variant MUTATIONS IN THE CRITICAL ALKALIPHILE-SPECIFIC RESIDUE LYS-180 AND OTHER RESIDUES THAT SUPPORT ALKALIPHILE OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

A lysine residue in the putative proton uptake pathway of the ATP synthase a-subunit is found only in alkaliphilic Bacillus species and is proposed to play roles in proton capture, retention and passage to the synthase rotor. Here, Lys-180 was replaced with alanine (Ala), glycine (Gly), cysteine (Cys), arginine (Arg), or histidine (His) in the chromosome of alkaliphilic Bacillus pseudofirmus OF4. All mutants exhibited octylglucoside-stimulated ATPase activity and β-subunit levels at least as high as wild-type. Purified mutant F1F0-ATP synthases all contained substantial a-subunit levels. The mutants exhibited diverse patterns of native (no octylglucoside) ATPase activity and a range of defects in malate growth and in vitro ATP synthesis at pH 10.5. ATP synthesis by the Ala, Gly, and His mutants was also impaired at pH 7.5 in the presence of a protonophoric uncoupler. Thus Lys-180 plays a role when the protonmotive force is reduced at near neutral, not just at high pH. The Arg mutant exhibited no ATP synthesis activity in the alkaliphile setting although activity was reported for a K180R mutant of a thermoalkaliphile synthase (McMillan, D. G., Keis, S., Dimroth, P., and Cook, G. M. (2007) J. Biol. Chem. 282, 17395–17404). The hypothesis that a-subunits from extreme alkaliphiles and the thermoalkaliphile represent distinct variants was supported by demonstration of the importance of additional alkaliphile-specific a-subunit residues, not found in the thermoalkaliphile, for malate growth of B. pseudofirmus OF4. Finally, a mutant B. pseudofirmus OF4 synthase with switched positions of Lys-180 (helix 4) and Gly-212 (helix 5) retained significant coupled synthase activity accompanied by proton leakiness.
Plasma ascorbate concentrations and blood cell dehydroascorbate transport in patients with diabetes mellitus

Rates of dehydroascorbate uptake by blood granulocytes and mononuclear cells are slower, and plasma ascorbate concentrations are lower, among persons with diabetes mellitus than in nondiabetic subjects. These measurements do not correlate with one another or with simultaneously measured plasma glucose or glycosylated hemoglobin; they do not differ with type of diabetes or mode of treatment. In those diabetic granulocytes that exhibit slow dehydroascorbate uptake, maximal velocity (Vmax) transport rates for dehydroascorbate, 2-deoxyglucose, and 3-O-methylglucose are decreased, each to the same degree, while Km values for transport of these ligands are not different from those observed in nondiabetic cells. Since diffusion of these ligands is facilitated by a common transporter, these observations may reflect decreased numbers of glucose transporters in the plasma membranes of some diabetic leukocytes.
Investigating Fluid Flow Properties of Fractured Formations Using Ground-penetrating Radar

Characterization of fluid flow properties of fractured formations is of particular interest because they rapidly transmit fluids, such as groundwater, contaminants, and hydrocarbons. This study presents the use of groundpenetrating radar (GPR) to investigate groundwater flow in a hydraulically anisotropic, fractured carbonate aquifer. Three-dimensional radar reflection surveying imaged varying carbonate lithofacies, bedforms, lithologic discontinuities, dissolution zones, a diagenetic zone and horizontal fractures. Velocity analysis of common midpoint data identified cyclic velocity variations correlating to cyclic alternating middle and inner shelf carbonate facies, which characterize the hydrostratigraphy of the site. Radar reflector amplitude variation up to one order of magnitude along known fracture surfaces suggested centimeter-scale fracture aperture variation and mapped flow conduits and flow barriers in three dimensions. Reflector amplitude and waveform variations were correlated to changes in the water saturation of a subhorizontal fracture and were used for real-time monitoring of aquifer response to a pumping test. This study illustrates that in addition to high resolution reflection surveying, velocity and amplitude analysis of GPR data can be used to provide quantitative information about the fluid flow properties of fractured formations.
Residential redistribution of socioeconomic strata in metropolitan areas

This paper is a preliminary report on an ecological analysis of recent changes in the spatial distribution of socioeconomic strata within 363 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (or substituted units) in the United States. The central hypothesis guiding the study is that certain population subgroups in and around the larger urban areas are shifting their residential locations in predictable directions. Changes in the distribution of educational classes between the central city (or cities) and their surrounding rings from 1950 to 1960 are traced by using census data. A special feature of the analysis is the inclusion of 163 “lquasi-metropolitan areas” centered on cities that had 25,000–50,000 inhabitants in 1960.
Fast-time scale dynamics of outer membrane protein A by extended model-free analysis of NMR relaxation data

Abstract In order to better understand the dynamics of an integral membrane protein, backbone amide 15 N NMR dynamics measurements of the β-barrel membrane protein OmpA have been performed at three magnetic fields. A total of nine relaxation data sets were globally analyzed using an extended model-free formalism. The diffusion tensor was found to be prolate axially symmetric with an axial ratio of 5.75, indicating a possible rotation of the protein within the micelle. The generalized order parameters gradually decreased from the mid-plane towards the two ends of the barrel, counteracting the dynamic gradient of the lipids in a matching bilayer, and were dramatically reduced in the extracellular loops. Large-scale internal motions on the ns time scale indicate that entire loops most likely undergo concerted (“sea anemone”-like) motions emanating from their anchoring points on the barrel. The case of OmpA in DPC micelles also illustrates inherent limitations of analyzing the data with even the most sophisticated current models of the model-free formalism. It is likely that conformational exchange processes on the ms–μs also play a role in describing the motions of some residues, but their analysis did not produce unique results that could be independently verified.