cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pediatric Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis and Long-Term Dental Morbidity: A Clinical Evaluation and Review of the Literature:

Objectives: Pediatric mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO) is an increasingly common surgical procedure used to lengthen the mandible. Little is known about the long-term effects of MDO on den...
Plumage balances camouflage and thermoregulation in Horned Larks (Eremophila alpestris)

Animal coloration serves many biological functions and must therefore balance potentially competing selective pressures. For example, many animals have camouflage, in which coloration matches the visual background against which predators scan for prey. However, different colors reflect different amounts of solar radiation and may therefore have thermoregulatory implications as well. In this study, we examined geographic variation in dorsal patterning, color, and solar reflectance among Horned Larks (Eremophila alpestris) of the western United States. We found associations between dorsal plumage brightness, hue, and patterning relative to the soil conditions where specimens were collected. Specifically, brighter dorsal plumage corresponded to brighter soil, while redder, more saturated hues in dorsal plumage corresponded to redder soils. Furthermore, backs with more high-contrast patterning were more common among females and also associated with soil that had coarser soil fragments, suggesting that lark plumage has been selected to optimize background matching in different environments. We also found that larks exhibited higher solar reflectance in hotter and more arid environments, which lowers the water requirements for homeothermy. Taken together, these findings suggest that natural selection has balanced camouflage and thermoregulation in Horned Larks across a wide variety of soil types and abiotic conditions.
A Comparison of Priors When Using Bayesian Regression to Estimate Oral Reading Fluency Slopes

Bayesian regression has emerged as a viable alternative for the estimation of curriculum-based measurement (CBM) growth slopes. Preliminary findings suggest such methods may yield improved efficien...
Evaluating the Effects of the Circadian Clock and Time of Day on Plant Gravitropic Responses.

Circadian rhythms are regular oscillations of an organism's physiology with a period of approximately 24 h. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, circadian rhythms regulate a suite of physiological processes, including transcription, photosynthesis, growth, and flowering. The circadian clock and external rhythmic factors have extensive control of the underlying biochemistry and physiology. Therefore, it is critical to consider the time of day when performing gravitropism experiments, even if the circadian clock is not a focus of study. We describe the critical factors and methods to be considered and methods to investigate the possible circadian regulation of gravitropic responses.
Usability enhancement based on usability heuristics: An examination of the underlying mechanism utilizing the psychological-refractory-period paradigm.

Abstract User Interface (UI) design practices often abide by popular usability heuristics such as Nielsen’s (1994) “10 usability heuristics for user interface design” or Gerhardt–Powals' (1996) cognitive engineering principles. To examine the underlying mechanism of user performance enhancement by following some of these usability heuristics, we compared user performance between two device conditions: one representing design practices following two selected sets of usability heuristics (experimental condition) and the other without following them (control condition). As a research framework, we adopted the psychological–refractory–period (PRP) paradigm along with the locus–of–slack logic, a well–established dual–task paradigm for examining the nature of cognitive benefits caused by experimental manipulations. Results showed that the experimental–device condition that followed the usability heuristics yielded faster performance than the control condition, especially when the stimulus–onset–asynchrony between the two tasks was long than when it was short. According to the locus–of–slack logic, these results suggest that the nature of cognitive benefits caused by following the usability heuristics is more likely to be due to shortening of the response–activation stage (rather than the response–selection stage). These findings suggest that following the two usability heuristics tends to facilitate a specific stage of the information processes more than other stages.
National Mobile Olympic Academy

(1978). National Mobile Olympic Academy. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 49, No. 3, pp. 74-75.
The Kuo Cumulus Parameterization

The Kuo cumulus parameterization (Kuo 1965, 1974) is one of the earliest and most enduringly popular schemes for parameterizing cumulus convection. The purposes of this paper are to describe the scheme and some of the more notable variations on it and to make a critical evaluation of its suitability for use under various circumstances.
Models for the spread of white pine blister rust

White pine blister rust (WPBR, Cronartium ribicola) is a fungal pathogen and a threat to whitebark pines (Pinus albicaulis). It has a complex life cycle that requires two hosts, a white pine and an alternate host, typically a currant or gooseberry (Ribes spp.). WPBR is transmitted between hosts by means of two types of airborne spores whose average dispersal distances differ by several orders of magnitude. In this paper, we introduce a discrete-time model based on the life cycle of WPBR. We then extend this model to include a continuous spatial domain, disease-induced mortality in the pines, and a latency period. After each extension, we find the pathogen's asymptotic speed of invasion analytically using exponential transforms and the method of steepest descent. Our results show that invasion speeds are strongly reduced by the latency period in the pine host. In addition, these speeds are highly dependent on the carrying capacity and infectiousness of each host type. If these parameters are sufficiently small, high mortality in pines may stop the spread of WPBR completely.
Capital movement as a substitute for technology transfer: A comment

Abstract A simple proof using duality theory is furnished of some results of McCulloch and Yellen (1982) relating to a two-commodity, two-factor, two-country model with identical technologies in one industry. If the developed country has uniformly superior technology (hence uniformly lower unit costs at each set of factor rentals) in the other industry, with international capital mobility the less developed country will specialize in the good produced with the identical technology; nevertheless wages as well as rentals of capital will be equalized. The same techniques are used to extend the proposition to the case of wage rigidity and unemployment.
THE MORTAR ELEMENT METHOD WITH LOCALLY NONCONFORMING ELEMENTS

We consider a discretization of linear elliptic boundary value problems in 2-D by the new version of the mortar finite element method which uses locally nonconforming Crouzeix-Raviart elements. We show that if a solution of the original differential problem belongs to the space H2(Ω), then an error is of the same order as in the standard nonconforming finite element method. We also propose an additive Schwarz method of solving the discrete problem and show that its rate of convergence is almost optimal.
Background to software patenting in Australia

For many years, up to the late 1980s, the Australian Patent Office (APO) routinely rejected patent applications involving computer software. Since Australian practice was diverging from the more liberal practices which were emerging in other countries, particularly in the USA, in March 1986 the APO published a new set of guidelines: Guidelines for Considering the Patentability of Computer Program Related Inventions. These guidelines incorporated the test developed by the US courts, known as the two part Freeman-Walter-Abele test (J. Swinson, 1993), the application of which subsequently led to the APO granting a number of software related patents (D. Webber). The question of whether computer software related inventions constitute a "manner of manufacture", as required by the Patents Act 1990 and are therefore patentable subject matter, first came before an Australian court in 1992 and a patent was granted. Following this decision in IBM, in August 1992, the APO issued new guidelines for determining the patentability of software related inventions. The new test simply poses the question: "does the invention claimed involve the production of some commercially useful effect?" Examiners are directed not to object to applications on the basis of the earlier US authorities which were adopted in the 1986 APO guidelines. Illustrations of the test are provided in the Patent Office Guidelines (1992).
Direction-finding based on the theory of super-resolution in sparse recovery algorithms

The problem of recovering directions-of-arrival in the sparse signal model with multiple snapshots is considered. Based on the theory of super resolution, multiple snapshots are used to jointly estimate directions-of-arrival in the continuous domain. Instead of uniformly discretizing the search range, interpolation preprocessing on the estimated super-resolution directions is suggested leading to a sparse convex optimization formulation. Moreover, a first order iterative algorithm is employed to reduce the computational time. A good selection of regularization parameter is guaranteed via the modified generalized cross validation (GCV). Numerical results demonstrate the performance of the proposed methods.
Design of an Integrated DBMS to Support Advanced Applications

New applications of DBMS’s in areas of sciences, engineering and offices have produced new requirements that are not satisfied in current DBMS’s. Included among these requirements are support for both the normalized and non-normalized models directly at the system interface level, support for text processing, and support of the temporal domain. To provide these supports, one can try to build additional functions on top of or into an existing DBMS. This approach has been deemed to be inefficient. It is believed that much can be gained by designing a new system to satisfy the new requirements more directly.
Plus-strand origin for human immunodeficiency virus type 1: implications for integration.

The start site for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 plus strands within the polypurine tract was mapped by an in vitro analysis to the sequence 5'-ACTG....From this result, it can be inferred that integration of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 must be accompanied by the loss of two base pairs from the polypurine tract-primed long terminal repeat end.
NEIGHBORHOOD DISORDER, PERCEPTIONS OF NEIGHBORHOOD SOCIAL CAPITAL, AND MATERNAL STRESS: EXPLORATION OF A MEDIATING MECHANISM

Stress is a critical precipitant of depression and other symptoms of mental disorder, and it is especially a concern for single mothers, given their vulnerability to various stressors. Although there is emerging research interest in parenting stress issues, few studies have examined the association between neighborhood environment and maternal stress. Even fewer studies have examined the mechanism that contributes to this relationship. Using data from a national study, the current study investigates relationships among neighborhood disorder, perceived social capital, and maternal stress among a sample of single mothers. The study finds that neighborhood disorder is positively associated with single mothers’ maternal stress, and this relationship is mediated by these mothers’ perceived social capital in the neighborhood. The findings suggest the importance of considering responsive policies and strategies to buffer the detrimental effect of problematic neighborhood environments on single mothers’ social capital, which should in turn decrease maternal stress.
An investigation of machining performance for controlled surface quality requirements in porous tungsten [for dispenser cathodes]

The proposed work in this paper will concentrate on modeling and optimization of face-contour turning of porous tungsten for controlled surface quality requirements. A study of the combined effects of workpiece geometry, work material properties, tool geometry (i.e., cutting edge radius, nose radius, rake angle, inclination angle, etc.), tool material properties (carbide and diamond tool inserts), and machining conditions (cutting speed, depth of cut, and feed) on the porosity in face-contour turning of porous tungsten was undertaken. There are many analyzable characteristics of the cutting phenomenon that can be determined from the output of the system. The empirical data needed for developing accurate modeling equations can be acquired from this output criteria. The cutting edge radius of the tool insert can be measured before and after the machining process with a white light interferometer to determine the initial patterns of wear on the cutting edge. The chips being removed will be gathered and classified. The forces applied to the workpiece will be measured with a multi axis Fischer dynamometer to determine the resultant and component forces at the insert to material interface.
Native gold in a Hawaiian alkalic magma

Native gold found in fresh basanite glass from the early submarine phase of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, may be the first documented case of the transport of gold as a distinct precious metal phase in a mantle-derived magma. The gold-bearing glass is a grain in bedded volcanic glass sandstone (Japan Marine Science and Technology Center (JAMSTEC) sample S508-R3) collected by the submersible Shinkai 6500 at 3879 m depth off Kilauea’ south flank. Extensive outcrops there expose debris-flow breccias and sandstones containing submarine-erupted alkalic rock fragments and glasses from early Kilauea. Precipitation of an immiscible gold liquid resulted from resorption of magmatic sulfides during crystallization-differentiation, with consequent liberation of sulfide-hosted gold. Elevated whole-rock gold concentrations (to 36 ppb) for fresh lavas and clasts from early Kilauea further show that some magmas erupted at the beginning stages of Hawaiian shield volcanoes were distinctly gold rich, most likely owing to limited residual sulfide in their mantle source. Alkalic magmas at other ocean islands may also be gold rich, and oceanic hot-spot provinces may contain underappreciated gold resources.
Autonomous versus dependent: A classification of bilateral language representation by intracarotid amobarbital procedure☆

Abstract Many studies have reported and analyzed the results of the intracarotid amobarbital procedure (IAP). Our study objective was to investigate bihemispheric language representation. We retrospectively reviewed the results of 165 IAPs performed in the evaluation of candidates for epilepsy surgery. Language function was assessed primarily by the duration of speech arrest. Three different sets of criteria were used: absolute duration, side-to-side difference, and laterality index. Only subjects whose dominance for language was classified as bilateral by two of the three methods were considered bilateral. There were 126 (76%) patients with language representation only in the left hemisphere, and 20 (12%) had language representation only in the right. Nineteen patients (12%) had evidence of speech in both hemispheres. Of these 19, 10 demonstrated return of speech soon after each injection; the remaining 9 patients demonstrated prolonged speech arrest after both injections. We conclude that two distinct patterns of bilateral language representation may exist: one in which each hemisphere is dependent on the other ("bilateral dependent") and one in which each hemisphere can support language independently ("bilateral autonomous").
Cesium-uranium-oxygen chemistry in uranium-plutonium oxide fast reactor fuel pins

The Cs-U-O system has been reinvestigated in light of recently reported thermodynamic data for Cs2U4O12 and recent phase data showing the existence of a new Cs-U-O compound with an O(U + Cs) atom ratio less than that of Cs2UO4. Our experiments have confirmed the existence of a new phase, allowed the formula Cs2UO3.56 to be assigned, and generated thermodynamic data for this new compound. This new phase exists only at oxygen potentials that are too negative to be encountered in uranium-plutonium oxide fast reactor fuel pins. The compound Cs2UO4 appears to be the most likely one to be formed, with the formation occurring at the fuel-blanket interface.
Genetic variation in CYP27B1 is associated with congestive heart failure in patients with hypertension.

Aims: We tested the hypothesis that genetic variation in vitamin D-dependent signaling is associated with congestive heart failure in human subjects with hypertension. Materials & methods: Functional polymorphisms were selected from five candidate genes: CYP27B1, CYP24A1, VDR, REN and ACE. Using the Marshfield Clinic Personalized Medicine Research Project, we genotyped 205 subjects with hypertension and congestive heart failure, 206 subjects with hypertension alone and 206 controls (frequency matched by age and gender). Results: In the context of hypertension, a SNP in CYP27B1 was associated with congestive heart failure (odds ratio: 2.14 for subjects homozygous for the C allele; 95% CI: 1.05–4.39). Conclusion: Genetic variation in vitamin D biosynthesis is associated with increased risk of heart failure.
Transgenic swine lungs expressing human cd59 are protected from injury in a pig-to-human model of xenotransplantation

Background: Pulmonary xenotransplantation is currently limited by hyperacute rejection mediated in part by xenoreactive natural antibody and complement. Transgenic swine organs that express the human complement regulatory protein CD59 have demonstrated improved survival in models of pig-to-primate xenotransplantation. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate transgenic swine lungs that express the human complement regulatory protein CD59 in a model of pig-to-human xenotransplantation. Methods: Transgenic swine lungs (n = 5, experimental group) and outbred swine lungs (n = 6, control group) were perfused with fresh, whole human blood through a centrifugal pump on an ex vivo circuit. Functional data were collected throughout perfusion. Immunoglobulin and complement studies were performed on perfusate samples, and both histologic and immunofluorescent analyses were performed on tissue sections. Results: Mean lung survival for the experimental group was increased when compared with controls, 240 ± 0 minutes versus 35.3 ± 14.5 minutes, respectively, with a P value of less than .01. A decreased rise in pulmonary vascular resistance at 15 minutes was observed in the experimental group (343 ± 87 mm Hg · L–1 · min–1, in contrast to the control group (1579 ± 722 mm Hg · L–1 · min–1; P < .01). Pulmonary compliance at 15 minutes was improved for the experimental group versus control group (9.31 ± 1.41 mL · cm–2 H2O and 4.11 ± 2.84 mL · cm–2 H2O, respectively; P < .01). SC5b-9 generation in the plasma perfusate was delayed for the experimental group versus the control group. Immunofluorescent examination of tissue sections demonstrated equivalent deposition of immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, C1q, and C3 in both groups, with reduced deposition of C9 in the experimental group. Conclusions: Transgenic swine pulmonary xenografts that express the human complement regulatory protein CD59 demonstrated improved function and survival in an ex vivo model of pig-to-human xenotransplantation. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;119:690-9)
The terrestrial economy of helium and argon

Abstract Using a model of continuous degassing of the earth and recent data on the chemical composition of chondritic meteorites, a “degassing constant,” α, is determined from the argon-40 economy of the earth. The value of α, assuming an earth 4.55 × 109 years old, is 2.81 × 10−11 year−1. On the assumption that α is constant for all volatiles escaping from the earth, the helium economy of the earth is discussed. On the same premise the primordial water concentration of the solid earth, devoid of a hydrosphere, is determined to be 2300 p.p.m. which compares favourably with 2650 p.p.m. for chondrites. The small size of α indicates that the rate of water release from the earth has been sensibly constant over the past 4.55 × 109 years.
Melting of a porous medium saturated with water near its density maximum

Abstract We report on an experimental and theoretical study of a liquid-saturated porous medium in a test cell with large dimensions, instrumented with a grid of 100 thermocouples. Well characterized, uniform-size glass beads with a nominal diameter of 0.6 cm have been chosen as the porous medium to facilitate the modelling of the transport processes in both the liquid and frozen regions. Experiments have been conducted to determine the variation of temperature as a function of position and time when a melting front initiated at the top of the test cell propagates downward. In these experiments, the water-saturated frozen porous medium is heated from above through the sudden imposition of a constant high-temperature boundary condition (i.e. T = 4°C at the top isothermal plate). Throughout the experiments, the mixture of ice and the porous matrix of glass beads is initially at 0°C, sharing the same temperature with the low-temperature bottom isothermal plate. The remaining boundaries have been thermally insulated. The experiments have provided evidence that conduction had been the dominant mode of heat transfer, initially. Comparison between our experiments and an analytically derived solution for front propagation based purely on heat conduction has indicated that at times larger than 25 h, natural convection prevails. The experiments also have suggested the establishment of two, counter-rotating flow circulation loops due to natural convection which move the fluid down along the outside bounding walls and up in the middle portion of the heat-transfer domain. The shape and size of the observed loops change with time as the melting front sweeps through the frozen fully-saturated porous medium.
Travel in the United States: Fourteen of the most entertaining magazines

Looking for vacation suggestions, conference locations, or just a little light reading? Help is available, depending on your need, in many useful and entertaining travel magazines. As the number of vacationers increases each year, so does the demand for these journals. Both business and recreational travelers can find interesting and informative articles within the pages of various travel publications. Members of the tourism industry and industry watchers are also numbered among this readership. Travel magazines provide information on places to go and ways to get there, the kind of accommodations that can be expected and their cost, as well as what to see and where to eat after you arrive. Some of the more sophisticated publications provide armchair reading and even educate while they entertain. Yet often the public is unaware of, or does not have access to, these useful resources. The purpose of this article is to help librarians address this need by highlighting the more useful and interesting titles. In order to compile a comprehensive list of titles for review and then recommend some of the best, several standard periodical sources were consuited. Ulrich's International Periodicals Directory, IMS Directory of Publications, and Magazines for Libraries were all essential to the search. The faculty of the University of New Orleans School of Hotel, Restaurant, and Tourism offered several suggestions. The Louisiana Office of Tourism mentioned not just titles, but also travel writers who might be contacted for other ideas. Several phone calls later, the list was ready for initial review. The preliminary handling of the sample issues resulted in the elimination of several categories
It takes a (virtual) village: crowdsourcing measurement consensus to advance survivorship care planning

We report results from the use of an innovative tool (the Grid-Enabled Measures (GEM) database) to drive consensus on the use of measures evaluating the efficacy and implementation of survivorship care plans. The goal of this initiative was to increase the use of publicly available shared measures to enable comparability across studies. Between February and August 2012, research and practice communities populated the GEM platform with constructs and measures relevant to survivorship care planning, rated the measures, and provided qualitative feedback on the quality of the measures. Fifty-one constructs and 124 measures were entered into the GEM-Care Planning workspace by participants. The greatest number of measures appeared in the domains of Health and Psychosocial Outcomes, Health Behaviors, and Coordination of Care/Transitional Care. Using technology-mediated social participation, GEM presents a novel approach to how we measure and improve the quality of survivorship care.
AutoTutor: a tutor with dialogue in natural language.

AutoTutor is a learning environment that tutors students by holding a conversation in natural language. AutoTutor has been developed for Newtonian qualitative physics and computer literacy. Its design was inspired by explanation-based constructivist theories of learning, intelligent tutoring systems that adaptively respond to student knowledge, and empirical research on dialogue patterns in tutorial discourse. AutoTutor presents challenging problems (formulated as questions) from a curriculum script and then engages in mixed initiative dialogue that guides the student in building an answer. It provides the student with positive, neutral, or negative feedback on the student’s typed responses, pumps the student for more information, prompts the student to fill in missing words, gives hints, fills in missing information with assertions, identifies and corrects erroneous ideas, answers the student’s questions, and summarizes answers. AutoTutor has produced learning gains of approximately .70 sigma for deep levels of comprehension.
Microwave Beam Steering Reflector Based on a Tunable Impedance Surface

We describe a new kind of beam steering reflector consisting of a textured surface covered with an array of tiny resonators. The surface is mechanically tuned using a motion of only 0.01 wavelength. By individually tuning the resonators, the effective impedance of the surface, and thus the microwave reflection phase, can be varied. By configuring the surface with a reflection phase gradient, it can steer a reflected beam by as much as +/-38°. The concept is also amenable to electrically tunable structures, which can provide faster steering, and greater functionality.
Vitamin E Modulation of Cardiovascular Disease

Endothelium in the vascular system is an important modulator of vasomotor tone and coagulation, and it plays a crucial role in the inhibition of adhesion and activation of platelets and leukocytes. Evidence indicates that dietary antioxidants may modulate these endothelium-dependent vascular functions through several mechanisms and may contribute to the prevention of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. Several cell cultures as well as animal and human clinical and observational studies have tested the efficacy of vitamin E on vascular function and the prevention of atherosclerosis. Our cell culture studies have indicated that vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) inhibits the activation of endothelial cells stimulated by high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and pro-inflammatory cytokines. This inhibition is associated with the suppression of chemokines, the expression of cell surface adhesion molecules, and the adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells, all of which contribute to the development of lesions in the arterial wall. The molecular mechanisms by which alpha-tocopherol and other tocopherols modulate endothelial cells and smooth muscle functions have been delineated. We, and others, have also demonstrated a positive effect of dietary vitamin E on endothelium and vascular function in animal models of atherosclerosis. Several human clinical trials have also shown an improvement in the surrogate markers of atherosclerosis and vascular function by vitamin E supplementation. However, these findings have been contradicted by several vitamin E supplementation trials for the prevention of secondary cardiovascular events showing null effect. Intervention at a relatively late stage of disease and the single use of vitamin E rather than in combination with other antioxidants might have contributed to these contradictory findings. Evidence from cell cultures, as well as animal and human clinical and observational studies, strongly supports the contribution of dietary vitamin E to the maintenance of vascular function and health, in particular when it is used in combination with other dietary antioxidants, which are found in fruits, vegetables, and nuts.
Quality and assessment in context: a brief review

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a general review for USA and international academic faculty and administrators of the dominant themes and history of quality and assessment in both industry and Higher Education, and how they relate to each other in order to stimulate and encourage debate as well as influence policy.Design/methodology/approach – A range of published works (1976‐2005) in both the fields of industrial quality and quality and assessment in higher education are reviewed and arranged contextually so as to tell a collective “story” about their origins, similarities, and differences. This general review provides the reader with a structured historical examination of these concepts with practical emphasis on potential lessons learned.Findings – Provides information on the major quality theorists and relates the types of quality (as defined in industrial terms) to the enterprise of higher education. Even more important, quality and assessment are defined within the context of US hi...
Razorbacks: Feral Pigs as Agricultural Pests, Disruptors of Ecosystems, Reservoirs of Contagion, and Favored Game for Sport and Subsistence Hunters: A Review of the Literature, 2005–2011

Whether they are called “razorbacks,” as is common in the southern United States (and where they are notably the official sports mascots of the University of Arkansas), or “wild boar,” in much of the rest of the world, feral pigs are interbreeding subtypes of Sus scrofa, the same pig domesticated over 5,000 years ago. Once they have become established in the wild, these formerly manageable animals rapidly undergo a dramatic reversion to a wild appearance, may display aggression toward humans, engage in agriculturally and ecologically damaging behaviors, and spread diseases to both livestock and humans. They are the targets of many ongoing, increasingly sophisticated, science-based, eradication efforts.
Functional reconstitution of a highly purified μ-opioid receptor protein with purified G proteins in liposomes

A mu-opioid receptor protein (mu-ORP) purified to homogeneity from bovine striatal membranes has been functionally reconstituted in liposomes with highly purified heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins (G proteins). A mixture of bovine brain G proteins, predominantly GoA, was used for most of the experiments, but some experiments were performed with individual pure G proteins, GoA, GoB, Gi1, and Gi2. Low Km GTPase was stimulated up to 150% by mu-opioid receptor agonists when both mu-ORP and a G protein (either the brain G protein mixture or a single heterotrimeric G protein) were present in the liposomes. Stimulation by a selective mu-agonist was concentration dependent and was reversed by the antagonist (-)-naloxone, but not by its inactive enantiomer, (+)-naloxone. The mu selectivity of mu-ORP was demonstrated by the inability of delta and kappa agonists to stimulate GTPase in this system. High-affinity mu-agonist binding was also restored by reconstitution with the brain G protein mixture and with each of the four pure Gi and G(o) proteins studied. The binding of mu agonists is sensitive to inhibition by GTP gamma S and by sodium.
Chronic septal lesions cause upregulation of cholinergic but not noradrenergic hippocampal phosphoinositide hydrolysis

The functional integrity of hippocampal muscarinic and noradrenergic receptors was assessed utilizing phosphatidyl inositol (PI) hydrolysis. Four months following septal lesions an enhanced hippocampal PI response to carbachol stimulation (61%) was observed while no effect was found in maximal noradrenergic stimulation.
Parental Beliefs and Values Related to Family Risk, Educational Intervention, and Child Academic Competence.

Traditional, authoritarian and progressive, democratic beliefs about child rearing and education, and self-directing and conforming values for children were contrasted in parents of 126 children entering kindergarten. Eighty-three parents were socioeconomically disadvantaged; their children were at risk for mild mental retardation and school failure and had taken part in an experimental study of early childhood educational intervention. Forty-three subjects were parents of randomly selected kindergarten peers from the local population. Mothers of at-risk children with preschool intervention scored lower on traditional beliefs; such beliefs by parents were negatively correlated with child achievement in reading. Parents of children at risk differed from local population parents in both beliefs and values.
Effect of a Grocery Store Intervention on Sales of Nutritious Foods to Youth and Their Families

Grocery stores represent a unique opportunity to initiate nutrition interventions. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a 12-week, child-focused intervention at one grocery store. An observational uninterrupted time-series design was implemented from May to September 2009. The Healthy Kids campaign consisted of a point-of-purchase kiosk featuring fruits, vegetables, and healthy snacks as well as a sampling pod comprised of food items from the kiosk. Data collection included changes in sales for featured products; observations of customers at the kiosk/intervention; and brief questionnaires for customers who engaged with the kiosk. Descriptive statistics were computed for questionnaire responses and observational data. Correlational analyses were conducted to identify potential predictors of engagement. Sales data were analyzed using analysis of variance. Results showed an overall increase in the proportion of sales of the featured items to total store sales during the intervention period (P<0.05). Individual items that increased sales during the intervention period included whole-wheat bagels, bananas, radishes, honey, sunflower seeds, baked tortilla chips, and almond butter (P<0.05). Almost two thirds (61.7%) of the patrons interviewed noticed the Healthy Kids kiosk, with about one quarter (28.7%) indicating that they purchased at least one item. Fifty-eight percent reported that the kiosk encouraged them to buy healthier foods.
Methods for the design and analysis of relationship and partner effects on sexual health.

Sexual intercourse involves two people and many aspects of sexual health are influenced by, if not dependent on, interpersonal processes. Yet, the majority of sexual health research involves the study of individuals. The collection and analysis of dyadic data present additional complexities compared to the study of individuals. The aim of this article was to describe methods for the study of dyadic processes related to sexual health. One-sided designs, including the PLM, involve a single individual reporting on the characteristics of multiple romantic or sexual relationships and the associations of these factors with sexual health outcomes are then estimated. This approach has been used to study how relationship factors, such as if the relationship is serious or casual, are associated with engagement in HIV risk behaviors. Such data can be collected cross-sectionally, longitudinally or through the use of diaries. Two-sided designs, including the actor–partner interdependence model, are used when data are obtained from both members of the dyad. The goal of such approaches is to disentangle intra- and inter-personal effects on outcomes (e.g., the ages of an individual and his partner may influence sexual frequency). In distinguishable datasets, there is some variable that allows the analyst to differentiate between partners within dyads, such as HIV status in a serodiscordant couple. When analyzing data from these dyads, effects can be assigned to specific types of partners. In exchangeable dyadic datasets, no variable is present that distinguishes between couple members across all dyads. Extensions of these approaches are described.
Individual Accessibility Revisited: Implications for Geographical Analysis in the Twenty-first Century

Analytical methods for evaluating accessibility have been based on a spatial logic through which the impedance of distance shapes mobility and urban form through processes of locational and travel decision making. These methods are not suitable for understanding individual experiences because of recent changes in the processes underlying contemporary urbanism and the increasing importance of information and communications technologies (ICTs) in people's daily lives. In this paper we argue that analysis of individual accessibility can no longer ignore the complexities and opportunities brought forth by these changes. Further, we argue that the effect of distance on the spatial structure of contemporary cities and human spatial behavior has become much more complicated than what has been conceived in conventional urban models and concepts of accessibility. We suggest that the methods and measures formulated around the mid-twentieth century are becoming increasingly inadequate for grappling with the complex relationships among urban form, mobility, and individual accessibility. We consider some new possibilities for modeling individual accessibility and their implications for geographical analysis in the twenty-first century.
Ethanol oral self-administration and rewarding brain stimulation☆

Abstract The effects of orally self-administered ethanol (ETOH) on responding for rewarding brain stimulation were studied. Bipolar electrodes were implanted in either the lateral hypothalamic region of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB-LH) or the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of 6 male F-344 rats. After surgery subjects were trained in a continous reinforcement procedure (CRF) for constant current rewarding brain stimulation. On alternate days subjects were allowed to drink an ethanol and sucrose solution (12% and 5%, respectively) for 30 min and subsequently tested on the brain stimulation procedure. All subjects showed facilitation of responding (increase in rate) after ingesting low to moderate doses of ETOH (0.4–1.7 g/kg). Depression of responding (decrease in rate) or return to baseline levels (control solution rate) was observed only in those subjects which ingested 2 g/kg or greater during the drinking period. These results indicate that low to moderate doses of self-administered ethanol will increase responding for rewarding brain stimulation. Further, the results suggest that this facilitation of responding is, at least in part, a function of the method of administration and/or the contingent nature of the ethanol delivery (self-administration).
Overlap in Facebook Profiles Reflects Relationship Closeness

ABSTRACTWe assessed the association between self-reported Inclusion of Other in the Self (IOS) and Facebook overlap. Ninety-two participants completed online measures of IOS and investment model constructs. Researchers then recorded Facebook data from participants’ profile pages. Results from multilevel models revealed that IOS predicted Facebook overlap. Furthermore, Facebook overlap was associated with commitment and investment in ways comparable to self-reported IOS. These findings suggest that overlap in Facebook profiles can be used to measure relationship closeness.
Testosterone down-regulates the levels of androgen receptor mRNA in smooth muscle cells from the rat corpora cavernosa via aromatization to estrogens

Androgens down-regulate the levels of androgen receptors (AR) and AR mRNA in the penis and prostate of castrated rats, and are assumed to cause their decrease during sexual maturation in the penile smooth muscle of intact rats. In order to determine whether these effects occur directly at the target cell level, and to what extent they are due to testosterone (T) or to their metabolites, we have measured AR mRNA in cultures of smooth muscle cells from the adult rat corpora cavernosa treated in vitro with sex steroids. T at high concentrations (100 nM) acted like dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in increasing moderately the levels of AR mRNA in both proliferating and contact-inhibited cells. However, when conversion of T to DHT was blocked by the 5-alpha reductase inhibitor finasteride, the levels of AR mRNA were considerably down-regulated by T (10-500 nM), particularly in the contact-inhibited cells. Finasteride by itself was inactive. These effects in both types of cultures were inhibited by platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) (20 ng/ml), a growth factor that up-regulates AR mRNA levels, and by fadrozole (100 nM), an aromatase inhibitor of the T/estrogen conversion. Estradiol (50 nM) was even more potent than T in decreasing AR mRNA levels. With the exception of PDGF none of the treatments affected significantly cell growth, as measured by DNA synthesis and content. Our results indicate that it is possible to modulate in vitro AR mRNA levels in the penile smooth muscle cells, and that under normal conditions DHT and T act as moderate up-regulators. When DHT formation is inhibited, the aromatization pathway of T to estradiol will prevail and induce a pronounced down-regulation of AR mRNA levels. We assume that the in vivo AR down-regulation in the penile smooth muscle by androgens is an indirect effect mediated by a paracrine or endocrine mechanism elicited in another tissue.
Directional solidification with ACRT

Abstract The interfacial mass transfer rate between the endwall and the bulk liquid in a vertical Bridgman configuration was measured during spin-up and spin-down (ACRT). The enhancement of mass transfer rate caused by spin-up and spin-down persisted much longer than the Ekman time after an impulsive change of the ampoule rotation rate. A periodic fluctuation of mass transfer rate was observed during short period ACRT. Directional solidification of Te-doped InSb with ACRT in a vertical Bridgman-Stockbarger furnace produced striations in the crystals. Application of current interface demarcation (CID) showed that the growth rate varied during each ACRT cycle. Several CID-induced striations were missing, suggesting that backmelting occurred during each ACRT cycle.
Cost-effectiveness of a new rotavirus vaccination program in Pakistan: a decision tree model.

Background Rotavirus gastroenteritis places a significant health and economic burden on Pakistan. To determine the public health impact of a national rotavirus vaccination program, we performed a cost-effectiveness study from the perspective of the health care system.
An X-Ray Observation of the L1251 Dark Cloud

An X-ray image of the L1251 dark cloud in Cepheus was obtained with the XMM-Newton telescope. More than three dozen sources were detected above a 3 delta limit in X-ray luminosity of L(sub X = 10(exp 29) ergs/s. Among the detections are eight optically visible T Tauri stars, which had been identified in earlier work from their emission at H(alpha). The two strongest X-ray sources have steady luminosities of L(sub X) approx. 10(exp 31) ergs/s and are at the saturation limit for X-ray activity in late-type stars, L(sub X)/L(sub bol) approx. 10(exp -3). X-ray emission was also observed from two CO emission cores in L1251, core C (L1251A) and core E (L1251B). Both regions contain high-velocity molecular gas, bright IRAS sources (Class I protostars), thermal radio sources, and Herbig-Haro (HH) jets. In L1251A strong X-ray emission was discovered in close proximity to the near-inbred and radio source IRSA/VLA 7 and to IRAS 22343+7501. IRSA/VLA 7 thus appears to be the most likely source of the molecular and HH outflows in L1251A. In L1251B X-ray emission was observed from a visible T Tauri star, KP2-44, which is thought to be the driving source for HH 189. Also reported is the tentative detection of X-ray emission from VLA 3, a thermal radio continuum source in L1251B that is closely associated with the extreme Class I protostar IRAS 22376+7455.
Mathematical modeling of suspended solids and particulate phosphorus transport in farm conveyance systems of the everglades agricultural area

The Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) is one of several large tracts of the original Everglades that were channelized and drained for development. Drainage waters from the agricultural lands in the EAA contribute nutrients, primarily phosphorus, to downstream regions, including Everglades National Park. The growers in the EAA are participating in a major program to implement agricultural management practices that minimize the nutrient load attributed to their discharge waters. Farm– and basin–scale studies showed that the bulk of exported particulate phosphorus (PP) originates from biotic material growing in farm canals. This was contrary to previous assumptions that soil erosion was the primary PP contributor. Computer modeling of PP transport can allow economical evaluation of various control schemes. Such an effort requires a mathematical model that accurately describes the spatial and temporal variation of the biologically sourced suspended solids encountered in the EAA. This work presents a lumped–parameter mathematical model that describes sourcing, mobilization, transport, and demobilization of phosphorus–containing organic matter on the farm scale. The model was calibrated and validated on a 518–ha sugarcane farm in the EAA. It was then used to evaluate several typical management practices.
Analysis of Policy Issues Concerning Social Integration

Empirical policy analysis can often contribute information relevant to public policy-making that affects different kinds of social integration. Policy analyses concerning social integration in a variety of settings face common analytical issues and potential statistical problems. As an example of this type of empirical analysis, this paper uses survey and census data from the Detroit metropolitan area to analyze the effect of neighborhood racial composition on residents' satisfaction with their neighborhoods.