cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Color center annealing in γ - irradiated polystyrene, under vacuum and air atmospheres

A primary effect of low doses of ionizing radiation on polystyrene is the production of absorption centers in the UV and Visible regions of the spectrum. There are two types of color centers: “annealable” and “permanent”. Annealable centers are most likely due to the formation of cyclohexadienyl, radicals in the polymer. These species have not only strong UV absorption bands (largely obscured by the parent polystyrene absorption) but also weak visible absorptions above 420nm. Post-irradiation annealing has been associated with diffusion of O2 into the solid polymer sample. We now find that annealing can also occur in the absence of oxygen. These two annealing mechanisms can be understood in terms of colored free radicals, trapped within the irradiated solid matrix, which form colorless products upon reaction with O2 or reaction with other (nearby) radicals. The rate of ambient temperature annealing in vacuum is drastically slower than in air. Annealing rates increase significantly with increasing temperature, particularly in vacuum where annealing times under ambient conditions are on the order of months or years, compared with several days at 80°C. In all cases, samples which were irradiated in vacuum and subsequently exposed to air, developed sharp annealing fronts. Front movement rates were found to be dose-dependent with an apparent saturation effect occuring at the high end of the dose range. Analyses of the front movements allowed estimates to be made of the oxygen consumed during the annealing process.
Comparison of Protein Concentrate, Protein Isolate and Wet Sieving Processes for Enriching DDGS Protein

Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is a coproduct of the dry grind ethanol process. Due to its high fiber content, use of DDGS is limited as an ingredient in ruminant animal diets. Reducing fiber and increasing protein content will increase the value of DDGS. Further increase in protein content and decrease in fiber content can be achieved by removing oligosaccharides and other soluble carbohydrates from DDGS. Two DDGS samples were produced: one using the conventional dry grind process (conventional DDGS) and another using a modified dry grind process (E-Mill DDGS). Three protein enrichment processes were used on E-Mill and conventional DDGS. These enrichment processes were protein concentrate and isolate processes, adapted from soybean industry, and a wet sieving process. For E-Mill DDGS, protein contents of protein concentrate, protein isolate and sieved coproducts were 48, 52 and 51 % (db), respectively, compared to 42 % (db) for E-Mill DDGS. For conventional DDGS, protein contents of protein concentrate, protein isolate and sieved coproducts were 33, 37 and 40 % (db), respectively compared to 34 % (db) for conventional DDGS. Among the three processes, the wet-sieving process resulted in the highest protein content for conventional and E-Mill DDGS samples.
An analysis of flow-induced miscibility of polymer blends

Abstract The phase behavior of blends of polystyrene and poly(vinyl methyl ether) undergoing shearing flow was examined. Experiments conducted at a constant level of flow-induced strain found that such flow elevates the phase boundary and pro-motes miscibility. In the framework of the Cahn-Hilliard model for spinodal decomposition, an expression was developed which predicts the effect of an external flow field on the spinodal. The basis for this expression is the minimization of strain energy in a two-component polymer system that is in a thermodynamic state near its phase-separation point. The zero shear viscosities of the blends were measured and demonstrated to be an indication of one- or two-phase flow.
Indirect carotid-cavernous fistula presenting with unilateral ptosis, limitation of extraocular movements, proptosis, and conjunctival injection.

A 72-year-old woman awoke with double vision. Her physical examination revealed partial ptosis (Figure 1A); limitation of upgaze (Figure 1B), downgaze (Figure 1C), lateral gaze (Figure 1C), and medial gaze (Figure 1D); conjunctival injection (Figure 1E); and proptosis of the right eye. Computed tomography angiogram demonstrated an indirect carotid-cavernous fistula that was supplied by branches of the internal and external carotid arteries (Barrow D) and drained via superior ophthalmic, facial, and frontal cortical veins (Figure 1F). Given the risk of vision loss and intracerebral hemorrhage from retrograde cortical venous drainage,1 endovascular embolization was performed. One day following this, her conjunctival injection and double vision had improved (Figure 1G). Figure 1. Photographs of patient's extraocular examination prior to treatment demonstrating ptosis, gaze palsy, and conjunctival injection (A-E), computed tomography angiogram revealing dilated right superior ophthalmic and facial veins due to arteriovenous shunting ...
THE POLITICS OF VIRTUE TODAY: A CRITIQUE AND A PROPOSAL

Burtt initially distinguishes various strands of thought on civic virtue, particularly a public, participatory republican version (e.g., Rousseau or Tocqueville) and a more private, less participatory liberal orientation (e.g., J. S. Mill). Then, drawing especially on Machiavelli and Rousseau, Burtt argues that classical conceptions of civic virtue simply demand too much from humans who are typically concerned with personal ambition and comfort. Burtt finds that some contemporary versions of civic virtue (Barber 1984; Bellah et al. 1985; Etzioni 1996; Sandel 1982; 1996) are similarly unrealistic. Finally, drawing on the eighteenth-century English classic Cato’s Letters and two contemporary American political analysts (Elkin 1987; Ackerman 1984), Burtt argues that civic virtue can be envisioned in a much more practical and socially salutary way by basing it on citizen self-interest.
The anxiogenic β-carboline FG-7142 inhibits locomotor exploration similarly in postweanling and adult rats

The β-carboline FG-7142 exerts many stress-like effects in the adult rat, including the inhibition of locomotor exploration. However, comparable effects in immature animals have not been reported. Stress-like effects of FG-7142 are mediated via its inverse agonist actions on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. GABA systems change considerably with development and GABA agonists such as diazepam have opposite behavioral actions in immature and adult rats. Accordingly, we compared FG-7142 effects on locomotor exploration in postweanling and adult rats. Postweanling male rats (24 days) and adult rats (90 days) received a single injection of vehicle or FG-7142 (15 mg/kg i.p.) and 15 min later were placed in photocell monitors for 1 h. Although postweanling animals traveled a smaller distance overall than adults, FG-7142 inhibited locomotor exploration to a similar degree in both groups. We conclude that FG-7142 exerts stress-like effects in postweanling rats and may be considered for use as a model of childhood stress.
Laparoscopic nephrectomy for pediatric giant hydronephrosis.

OBJECTIVES To describe our experience with pediatric laparoscopic nephrectomy (LN) and laparoscopic nephroureterectomy (LNU) for giant hydronephrosis. METHODS A retrospective review was conducted of all pediatric patients undergoing a transperitoneal LN or LNU. Five of these patients had giant hydronephrosis in a nonfunctioning kidney. Because of chronic infection and the massive nature of hydronephrosis, the system was internally decompressed with an end-hole stent. Partial decompression provided space in the abdomen for adequate visualization while maintaining enough turgidity to facilitate dissection. RESULTS Three LNs and two LNUs were performed in children with giant hydronephrosis. All cases were completed laparoscopically. Vascular anatomy and/or orientation were anomalous in all cases because of mass effect. Mean patient age was 9 years (range, 3 to 17 years). Average surgery time was 281 minutes (range, 225 to 410 minutes), and mean estimated blood loss was 27 mL (range, 5 to 50 mL). Mean time to oral intake was 6.5 hours (range, 4 to 11 hours). All patients were discharged on postoperative day 3, and there were no major or minor complications. CONCLUSIONS Although pediatric LN and LNU for giant hydronephrosis present unique challenges owing to the large renal volume in a small abdominal cavity, these procedures can be safely performed with careful attention to the altered anatomic relationships.
“Punctuated equilibria”: Rhetorical dynamics of a scientific controversy

A case study in the rhetoric of science, this essay follows the development of a controversy through a series of different audiences and interpretive frames. Originating as an attack on gradualistic assumptions in paleontology, the theory of “punctuated equilibria” was then posed as a broad challenge to evolutionary biology, prompting a range of responses within and without the scientific community. The essay highlights the problematic role of expertise as a scientific and rhetorical construction.
The Localized Geographies of Violence in the North Caucasus of Russia, 1999–2007

The second Chechen war, starting in the North Caucasus in August 1999, shows few signs of a ceasefire after eleven years, although the level of violence has declined from the peaks of the war's first two years. Initially framed by both sides as a war of separatists versus the federal center, the situation is now complicated by the installation of a Moscow ally into power in Chechnya and by the splintering of the opposition into groups with diverse aims and theaters of operation. The main rebel movement has declared the establishment of an Islamic caliphate in all the Muslim republics of the North Caucasus as its ultimate goal. Fears of regional destabilization of the entire North Caucasus of Russia are propelled by reports of increased militant activism in republics adjoining Chechnya due to possible contagion effects of violence in these poor areas. Temporal and spatial descriptive statistics of a large database of 14,177 violent events, geocoded by precise location, from August 1999 to August 2007, prov...
Uruguay nunca más: Human Rights Violations, 1972-1985

Preface Acknowledgments Introduction Lawrence Weschler Abbreviations Part I: The Historical Process 1. The Decline of the Democratic System, I: Crisis, Social Mobilization, and Authoritarianism 2. The Decline of the Democratic System, II: Ascendancy of the Military 3. The Military Dictatorship, I: Social Control and State Militarization 4. The Military Dictatorship, II: Military Failure and the Restoration of Democracy Part II: The Practice of State Terrorism 5. Arrests 6. Torture 7. Military Justice 8. The Long Imprisonment 9. Prison Medical Care 10. Deaths 11. Forced Disappearances 12. Doctors', Psychologists', and Paramedics' Participation in Torture 13. Coordination among Military Operations in the Southern Cone Part III: Beyond Prison 14. The Dismantling of Civilian Life 15. The Long Exile 16. The Scars of Terrorism Epilogue: Final Words Appendix A: Methodology Appendix B: Persons Who Dies as a Result of the Political Violence Beginning April 14, 1972 Appendix C: Uruguayans Who Were Arrested and Disappeared Notes Index
Video-Assisted Mitral Valve Surgery: Using the Chitwood Clamp

Mitmnally invasive, or linffted access, cardiac surgery llas become polndar over the past 4 years. Early data suggest tlmt these new ollerations are safe and effective and provide excellent resLdts. Advantages of mhfimal-access valve surgery added to the accuracy and success of conventional ai)proaches shmfld yiehl an ideal apllroach and resldts. Elements of the ideal nfftral valve oi)eration are listed hi Table 1. To attain these goals, surgeons adopted a stepwise pattern. The evolution l)egan with modifications of conventional al)l)roaches and arrived cpffcldy at nffcroand near-l)ort incisions. Many surgeons are using modified sternal approaches and altered perfitsion teclnfir to aclffeve safe direct-vision minimal access valve surgery. 1,2 At East Carolhm Ulfiversity, we lmve moved from using smaller, direct-vision incisions for mitral snrgery (level I) to assistant-hehl video assistance (level II), to video-directed voice-activated robotic (Aesop 3000; Computer Motion, Inc., Santa Barl)ara, CA) teclnff(ptes (level III), and, most recently, to complete robotic nfftral valve repairs using the DaXrlnci system (Inttfftive Surgical, Inc., Momltain View, CA) (level IV). Tiffs is the classification proposed by Lmdmet and accurately describes our ascension. Tiros, a series of "camps" or conffort levels were established before advancing toward a completely endoscopic nfftral valve operation. Today, we nearly lmve aclffeved our original goal---endoscolffC nfftral valve repair/replacements---but
The Nursing Home Compare report card: consumers' use and understanding.

The Nursing Home Compare report card provides information on the World Wide Web about quality measures for almost every nursing home in the United States. In this research, we first examined whether consumers were using Nursing Home Compare. Second, we examined whether consumers could accurately interpret the quality information given in Nursing Home Compare. Data were collected from 4754 family members of nursing home residents. A comprehension index was used to examine whether the information contained in Nursing Home Compare for each quality measure was understood by family members. We found that 31% of these consumers used the Internet in choosing a nursing home, and 12% recalled using Nursing Home Compare. We also found that, in general, the comprehension index scores were high, indicating good understanding. Simply having the Nursing Home Compare report card available does not mean that it will be used, nor does it mean that it can influence consumers in any meaningful way. The findings show that co...
Low energy proton-deuteron and neutron-deuteron scattering

Abstract Experimentally, one knows that the doublet (D) and quartet (Q) scattering lengths for neutron-deuteron scattering are ADnd = (0.7±0.3) fm and ArQnd = (6.38±0.06 fm) orADnd = (8.26±0.12) fm and AQnd = (2.6±0.2) fm. Using a minimum principle as opposed to a variational principle, it was shown previously with the use of central potentials which matched the low energy two-body data that upper bounds of about 1.1 fm and of about 6 fm could be obtained for the doublet and quartet scattering lengths, respectively. These bounds would lead unambiguously to the choice of the first set of values were it not for the assumption about the potentials. For proton-deuteron scattering we here show that AQpd ≤ 13.2 fm; we once again assume central potentials, but the results are obtained in an effective range type of approach which is largely independent of the radial dependence and of the exchange nature of the central potential. Since the experimentally deduced value is AQpd = (12.5±1.0) fm, the argument that it is the first set of n-d scattering lengths, while still not conclusive, is considerably strengthened. Bounds are also obtained on a number of other parameters which characterize low energy nucleon-deuteron scattering.
PHOTODYNAMIC DAMAGE TO EGG LECITHIN LIPOSOMES

— Egg lecithin liposomes were lysed by singlet oxygen (1O*2) generated by red light irradiation of oxygenated methylene blue (MB+) and by superoxide (O−2) generated by blue-green irradiation of oxygenated riboflavin (RF) in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). The MB+/O2 sensitized process is more efficient in alkaline solutions, attributed to the stabilization of the triplet state di-cation. The small increase of the lysis efficiency from pH4 to pH9 for the RF/EDTA/O2 system suggests that HO−2 may be more damaging than O−2. Estimates based on large-target reaction kinetics indicate that 1O*2 is about 200 times more effective than superoxide for inducing liposome lysis. Similar experiments with saturated 1-α-phosphatidylcholine dipalmitoyl liposomes showed no photosensitized lysis for either system.
Multiple Modality Treatment Regimen in an Aggressive Resistant Fungal Hand Infection: A Case Report

Cutaneous fungal infections are a rare but significant complication associated with immunocompromised states. Lesions allowed to progress to disseminated fungemia are associated with a near 80% mortality rate. Treatment guidelines aimed at local control are vague, centering on wide local excision with systemic antifungal medications. We present the case of a 3-year-old female who, while receiving induction chemotherapy, developed a progressive Aspergillus flavus infection. Involvement included the distal palm and common and proper neurovascular bundles to two fingers. Initial treatments with serial debridement and topical Dakin’s solution were unsuccessful in eliminating this fungal infection. A novel treatment using topical voriconazole mixed with Aquaphor® (Beiersdorf AG; Hamburg, Germany) was compounded in the hospital pharmacy to maintain a moist wound healing environment followed by the use of the Vacuum Assisted Closure (VAC®, Kinetic Concepts, San Antonio, TX). Significant improvement was noted within 4 days with this new dressing regimen. Topical voriconazole therapy followed by VAC allowed progressive healing and eventual closure with a split thickness skin graft. The wound was then durably closed, allowing critical chemotherapy to resume. No evidence of systemic fungemia developed, and her clinical recovery preceded laboratory evidence of immune system recovery. Fungal skin infections can be a threat to both life and limb in immunocompromised patients. The armamentarium available to combat this rare but difficult problem is imperfect. In certain infections not responsive to other therapies, the therapeutic regimen described herein should be considered if wide local excision carries significant functional morbidity.
First-order phase transitions in the hard-ellipsoid fluid from variationally optimized direct pair correlations.

The statistical mechanics of a fluid of hard prolate ellipsoids of revolution is addressed using density-functional methods. A variational approach is introduced for the calculation of the direct pair correlation function of the isotropic liquid, which is then used in a density-functional theory for the first-order transitions in the fluid. These calculations use, for the first time, a density functional that can properly describe the narrow real-space peaks at the crystallization transitions, and that can accommodate simultaneous or separate translational and orientational ordering. As a result, transitions to the solid, as well as to the plastic and nematic phases, are obtained. The resulting phase diagram is in good agreement with Monte Carlo results.
Rads and Ruds the Toxic Induction of Asthma and Rhinitis

AbstractInhalation exposures can produce asthma and rhinitis by several mechanisms. Sensitization with the production of IgE specific for a substance can lead to symptoms on reexposure via mast cell degranulation and the release of inflammatory mediators. Some substances, known as environmental adjuvants, enhance the immune response to concomitant exposures with the environmental adjuvant. Respiratory irritants can lead to asthma and rhinitis through interaction with chemical irritant receptors in the airway, leading to release of substance P from sensory nerves and neurogenic inflammation. The reactive airways dysfunction syndrome is a chronic asthma-like syndrome resulting from a single acute exposure to a respiratory irritant, while the reactive upper-airways dysfunction syndrome is chronic rhinitis stemming from an irritant exposure. The dysregulation of neurogenic inflammation by chemical exposures may be an important mechanism in the toxic induction of reactive airways dysfunction syndrome and react...
Small-x Evolution in the Next-to-Leading Order

The high-energy behavior of amplitudes in gauge theories can be reformulated in terms of the evolution of Wilson-line operators. In the leading order this evolution is governed by the non-linear BK equation. The NLO corrections define the scale of the running-coupling constant in the BK equation and in QCD, its kernel has both conformal and non-conformal parts. To separate the conformally invariant effects from the running-coupling effects, we calculate the NLO evolution of the color dipoles in the conformal N=4 SYM theory, then we define the 'composite dipole operator' with the rapidity cutoff preserving conformal invariance, and the resulting Mobius invariant kernel for this operator agrees with the forward NLO BFKL calculation.
Domain formation in diamond nucleation on iridium

Domain formation in epitaxial diamond nucleation on Ir(001) surfaces using the bias-enhanced nucleation (BEN) procedure has been studied. Bright areas of up to several microns lateral size with negligible topographic contrast are observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after ion bombardment. When a growth step is applied after BEN, these domains develop into islands of identical shape consisting of epitaxial diamond with a high local area density of oriented grains. Outside the domains the nucleation density is either orders of magnitude lower or the grains are completely non-oriented. The diamond nuclei or precursors which are formed during the BEN step proved to be very stable: They still yielded oriented diamond islands when the samples were stored in air for 1 year before the growth step. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) patterns taken from inside and outside the domains immediately after BEN did not show any significant difference. This allows the conclusion that the modification of the iridium crystal lattice accompanied with diamond nucleation is either very faint or only restricted to a very thin layer at the surface. Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) measurements indicate a reduced work function within the domains.
Direct measurements of deuterium kinetic isotope effects in anionic, gas-phase substitution and elimination reactions.

Reactions with dianion nucleophiles were used to determine deuterium kinetic isotope effects (KIE's) in gas-phase E2 and SN2 reactions. This approach allows for the direct identification of elimination and substitution products in the reactions of simple alkyl halides. In general, the E2 reactions give large KIE's (∼7) for perdeutero substrates; however, elimination isotope effects are attenuated in reactions that occur near the collision-controlled limit. In a very slow elimination, a large KIE (>20) is observed, presumably due to lifetime effects in the collision complex. The SN2 reactions all give secondary deuterium isotope effects near unity, with the exception of one system, where suppression of the E2 channel in the perdeutero substrate leads to an enhancement of the SN2 rate and causes a modest inverse isotope effect.
Transformations in stochastic DEA models

Abstract A set of transformations based on the Lp-norm are used to generate alternative parametric and nonparametric formulations of production frontiers. Particular attention is paid to the cases p = 1 (least absolute value estimation) and p = ∞ (Chebyshev estimation). A class of generalized transformations of inputs and outputs by using the Box-Cox transformations is also explored and illustrated.
Toxicology of Selected Nitric Oxide-Donating Xenobiotics, with Particular Reference to Azide

Nitric oxide (NO) has been discovered recently to be a ubiquitous, endogenous mediator, which is responsible for a variety of normal physiological functions. However, NO also has been implicated in several pathophysiological processes. For example, the pulmonary toxicity of various nitrogen oxides, including NO, found in photochemical smog has been studied for decades; endogenous NO also is associated with bleomycin-induced lung damage, as well as other adverse effects. Recently, a variety of xenobiotics have been shown to owe their biological activity in vivo to their biotransformation to NO. Thus, the therapeutic vasodilatation produced by drugs such as nitroglycerin and sodium nitroprusside is now believed to result from their release of NO, which then mimics the effects of endogenously synthesized NO. The toxic effects of NO prodrugs are, therefore, a matter of concern, especially the extent to which, if any, NO contributes to their toxicity. As reviewed here, NO does not appear to contribute importantly to the toxicity of the NO donors nitrite, hydroxylamine, or nitroprusside. However, it is by no means clear whether or not the NO generated in vivo from sodium azide contributes in a major way to its toxicity. Azide is almost as acutely toxic as cyanide, with which it shares a number of biological effects; yet, azide also has certain cardiovascular actions in common with nitrite. Unlike either cyanide or nitrite, some evidence suggests a tendency for azide to produce low-grade cumulative toxicity. In laboratory animals, azide frequently produces nonasphyxial convulsions, whereas most human deaths appear to be the result of cardiovascular collapse. Neither of these azide-induced syndromes appears to be due to the inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase. Azide is widely used as a preservative in aqueous laboratory reagents and as the propellant in automobile air bags and aircraft escape chutes. Both of these inflable systems are generally safe, and will prevent untold numbers of injuries and deaths. However, to protect workers who handle these devices and others who may come into contact with the sodium azide propellant in these systems, our rudimentary knowledge of azide toxicity needs to be expanded.
Diagenesis of the Purington Shale in the Illinois Basin and Implications for the Diagenetic State of Sedimentary Rocks of Shallow Paleozoic Basins

Abstract The clay minerals, micas, and feldspars of the Pennsylvanian‐age Purington Shale have been more diagenetically active than generally recognized. They have undergone diagenetic changes comparable to those of Cenozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks buried three to four times as deeply and heated to approximately twice the temperature. The Purington Shale on the Western Shelf of the Illinois Basin has experienced maximum burial of ≤1.0 km and was never heated to more than 60°C, except for a very brief time at about 80°C. The illite/smectite (I/S) of the Purington Shale has ≥90% illite. The chemical compositions of the feldspar assemblage in the 0.09–0.063‐mm fraction differ from most modern detrital suites of feldspars but are similar to diagenetic sequences described by others from much greater burial depths and are extensively, but not completely, albitized. The simplest interpretation of the apparently advanced stage of diagenesis is that the diagenetic processes have been operating at less press...
take and tell: a practical classification from the San Blas Cuna

The San Bias Cuna of Panama classify crops and wild forest products according to the kinds of access people other than their owners may have to them. In addition to a formal analysis of the classification itself and a discussion of its significance for “cognitive anthropology,” we show the relevance of the classification to everyday life, in particular to such critical problems in Cuna social and economic organization as theft, generosity, and a conflict between cash crops and the subsistence economy. We demonstrate that the Cuna disagree about the application of access rules to particular crops and conclude by considering the implications of this disagreement.
Current known range of the Platte River caddisfly, Ironoquia plattensis, and genetic variability among populations from three Nebraska Rivers

The Platte River caddisfly (Ironoquia plattensis Alexander and Whiles 2000) was recently described from a warm-water slough along the Platte River in central Nebraska and was considered abundant at the type locality. Surveys of 48 sites in 1999 and 2004 found eight additional sites with this species on the Platte River. The caddisfly was not found at the type locality in 2004 and one additional site in 2007, presumably because of drought conditions. Because of its apparent rarity and decline, the Platte River caddisfly is a Tier I species in Nebraska. For this project, surveys for the caddisfly were conducted at 113 new and original sites primarily along the Platte, Loup, and Elkhorn Rivers between 2009 and 2011. These surveys identified 30 new sites with the caddisfly. Larval densities were quantified at a subset of inhabited sites, and there was a large variation of densities observed. Seven sites on other Nebraska drainages were found to support morphologically similar caddisflies, presumably the Platte River caddisfly. Because of the discovery of populations outside the Platte River drainage, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) was used to determine the amount of genetic variability and breeding among sites on the Platte, Loup, and Elkhorn Rivers. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) suggested moderate gene flow among the three river systems and that there was more genetic variation within populations than between populations. Differentiation, but not total divergence, was exhibited by the northernmost population from the Elkhorn River. Because it may be considered an indicator species and is vulnerable to ongoing habitat loss and degradation, all Platte River caddisfly populations should be conserved.
Social Aspects of Muskellunge Management in Wisconsin

Abstract Public opinion plays an important part in the successful development of a fisheries management plan. We used a mail questionnaire to survey 1,400 anglers who fish for muskellunge Esox masquinongy in Wisconsin. The survey included defined groups of muskellunge anglers separated by muskellunge club affiliation and geographic location and general anglers selected from a random sample of angler license sales. The survey questions were designed to obtain opinions regarding muskellunge fishery and trophy management in Wisconsin in terms of angling behaviors, regulation options, and perceived problems. All anglers generally preferred fishing with artificial lures and practiced the voluntary live release of legal-length muskellunge. Muskellunge anglers considered a trophy muskellunge to be at least 40 in long, with a preferred length of 50 in or longer. Muskellunge anglers also supported regulations for muskellunge that were based on a water's biological potential, along with increased restrictions on re...
Association of harm avoidance with dopamine D2/3 receptor availability in striatal subdivisions: a high resolution PET study.

Abstract We examined the relationship between the personality trait of harm avoidance (HA) and the dopamine D 2/3 receptor availability in striatal subdivisions using high resolution positron emission tomography (PET) with [ 11 C]raclopride. Twenty-one healthy subjects completed 3 T magnetic resonance imaging and high resolution PET scans with [ 11 C]raclopride in order to measure D 2/3 receptor availability in subregions of the striatum. The D 2/3 receptor availability was obtained on the basis of the Logan graphical method. The Temperament and Character Inventory was used to measure the biogenetic temperament of HA. The analysis revealed that the HA score had significant negative correlations with D 2/3 receptor availability in the pre-commissural dorsal caudate and post-commissural putamen, suggesting that HA is associated with D 2/3 receptor availability in the associative and sensorimotor subdivisions of the striatum, which are mainly involved in cognition and locomotion. Further research is required to determine if pathological states have similar dopaminergic mechanisms in specific striatal subdivisions.
Implementation of 3-D prestack Kirchhoff migration, with application to data from the Ouachita frontal thrust zone

A 3-D prestack Kirchhoff migration is implemented and successfully applied to a 3-D data set from the Ouachita frontal thrust zone in southeastern Oklahoma. The algorithm uses data decomposition and operates efficiently both in multiprocessor vector and parallel environments. Image time maps are precomputed once for each survey point, regardless of how many times it is a source or receiver, and stored in random access disk files. These files, and the data traces, are read asynchronously during migration. Image time computation is done by two‐point ray tracing to avoid interpolation between irregularly spaced rays or points on wavefronts. The same software can be used to depth migrate all input data geometries (stacked sections, common‐source or common‐receiver, or common‐offset or common‐midpoint gathers). The output images from the Ouachita field data show structural closure on folded thrust sheets of Wapanucka limestone, and repetition of lithology caused by lateral displacement on the thrusts.
Assessment of freshwater ecosystem services in the Tualatin and Yamhill basins under climate change and urbanization

Abstract We estimate and map the provision of freshwater ecosystem services (ES) for the Tualatin and Yamhill basins of northwestern Oregon under a series of urbanization and climate change scenarios centered on the year 2050 using the Integrated Valuation of Environmental Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) modeling toolset. Results for the study area suggest that water yield estimates are highly sensitive to climate, especially in the lowlands, while nutrient export and retention estimates are overwhelmingly driven by land cover. Sediment exports and retention are projected to increase throughout the study area due to higher erosivity from increasing winter rainfall. When the ES estimates are summarized as bundles, the spatial patterns of the levels of ES provision are largely consistent regardless of climate and urbanization scenarios. InVEST has utility as a landscape planning tool, and the presented analysis supports a conclusion that restoration efforts in the Yamhill basin would have a greater effect than those in the Tualatin in improving water quality downstream. The estimated relative changes in ES provision under different climate and urbanization scenarios are valuable for land management decisions because they show potential tradeoffs between provisioning and regulating ES.
Oxidative Stress Induces Protein Kinase C-mediated Activation Loop Phosphorylation and Nuclear Redistribution of Protein Kinase D

Oxidative stress induced by cell treatments with H2O2 activates protein kinase D (PKD) via a protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent signal transduction pathway (Waldron, R. T., and Rozengurt, E. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 17114–17121). Here we show that oxidative stress induces PKC-dependent activation loop Ser744 and Ser748 phosphorylation to mediate dose- and time-dependent activation of PKD, both endogenously expressed in Swiss 3T3 cells and stably overexpressed in Swiss 3T3-GFP.PKD cells. Although oxidative stress induced PKD activation loop phosphorylation and activation with identical kinetics, both were dose-dependently blocked by preincubation of cells with selective inhibitors of PKC (GF109203X and Go6983) or c-Src (PP2). Inhibition of Src tyrosine kinase activity eliminated oxidative stress-induced direct PKD tyrosine phosphorylation, but only partially attenuated activation loop phosphorylation and activation. Mutation of a putative tyrosine phosphorylation site on PKD, Tyr469 to phenylalanine, had no effect on its activation by oxidative stress in transfected COS-7 cells. Similarly, a mutant with Tyr469 replaced by aspartic acid had increased basal activity but was also further activated by oxidative stress. Thus, PKD tyrosine phosphorylation at this site neither produced full activation by itself nor was required for oxidative stress-induced activation mediated by activation loop phosphorylation. In addition to PKD activation, activation loop phosphorylation in response to oxidative stress also redistributed activated PKD to cell nuclei, as revealed by PKD indirect immunofluorescence, imaging of a PKD-green fluorescent protein fusion construct (GFP-PKD), and analysis of nuclear pellets. Cell preincubation with Go6983 strongly diminished H2O2-induced nuclear relocalization of GFP-PKD. Taken together, these results indicate that PKC-mediated PKD Ser744 and Ser748 phosphorylation induced by oxidative stress integrates PKD activation with redistribution to the nucleus.
Reconstruction of periodic unit cells of multimodal random particulate composites using genetic algorithms

Abstract We develop a procedure for characterization and reconstruction of periodic unit cells of highly filled, multimodal, particulate composites. Rocpack, a particle packing software, is used to generate the solid propellant microstructures and one- and two-point probability functions are used to describe its statistical morphology. The reconstruction is carried out using a parallel Augmented Simulated Annealing algorithm with a novel mutation operator based on a mass–spring system to eliminate overlap and improve the code performance. Results from the reconstruction procedure, for four-phase random particulate composites of 40–70% packing fraction, are detailed to demonstrate the capabilities of the reconstruction model. The presented results suggest good convergence and repeatability of the optimization scheme, even for high volume fractions, and good scalability of the algorithm.
Effect of propylene carbonate on the low temperature performance of Li-ion cells

Abstract The effect of propylene carbonate (PC) on the low temperature performance of Li-ion cells was studied by comparing two electrolytes of 1 m LiPF6 3:7 ethylene carbonate (EC):ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC) and 1 m LiPF6 1:1:3 PC:EC:EMC. We found that addition of PC to the electrolytes can significantly improve the low temperature performance of Li-ion cells. However, use of PC will cause a slight decrease in the ionic conductivity of the electrolytes owing to its high viscosity, especially at low temperatures. This result suggests that ionic conductivity of the electrolytes would not be the main limitation to the low temperature operation of the Li-ion cells. Analysis of the impedance spectra of fully charged Li-ion cells shows that at 20 °C these two cells without and with PC, respectively, have solid electrolyte interface (SEI) of similar resistance, however, the presence of PC can substantially decrease its dependence on the temperature. Therefore, the improved low temperature performance using PC can be ascribed to the relatively higher conductivity of the SEI film on the interfaces between electrolyte and electrodes.
Medicine for a sickly world

Whether they are natural or weapons of bioterrorism, infectious diseases need to be dealt with on a global scale, says Harvey Rubin
G-Spot or C-Spot? Toward a New Conception of Sex

Most women in my extensive anonymous research report they have no difficulty reaching orgasm by themselves during ‘masturbation’which they do via a consistent soft massage of the clitoral area (or *c-spot*, my new term). However, ‘common wisdom’abounds stating that ‘women have difficulty reaching orgasm’during ‘the sex act’or intercourse; the highly-publicized ‘g-spot’idea -- the idea that there is a spot inside the vagina that can lead to orgasm in women during intercourse -- was launched twenty years ago to keep the focus on the vagina, but has not proved to be effective, since there is no diminution in the statistics of women who do not reach orgasm during sex. The logical conslusion? *C-spot* stimulation should be included in the standard version of sex, our view of what is ‘the climactic point of sex'should change. I conclude that *c-spot* stimulation needs to be included during sex, rather than relying on a mystical g-spot to lead to female orgasm.
Relaxation Kinetics of Nanostructures on Polymer Surface: Effect of Stress, Chain Mobility, and Spatial Confinement

Relaxation and chain dynamics of polymer nanostructures after release of spatial confinement were studied using line gratings as small as 33 nm on polystyrene surface fabricated by nanoimprint lithography. The temperature for “slumping”—rapid line height relaxation—decreased as the line width diminished for all molecular masses (MWs), but a simple explanation based on enhanced surface mobility fails to explain the results. When MW was low and the structure was large, the line height monitored with an AFM reduced as surface tension overcame the polymer viscosity. Interesting and complex behaviors were observed when the radius of gyration (Rg) of the polymer molecules was not small compared with the dimension of the nanostructure. Careful examination of the surface viscosity shows that confinement of polymer chains into space comparable to or even smaller than its Rg appears to enhance relaxation, which is the major factor for the surprisingly low temperature at which nanostructures of high MW slumps.
Two new species of Leptotrombidium (Ascarina, Trombiculidae) from Malaysia.

Two new species of trombiculid larvae from Malaysia are described. Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) furcagaleala from Sabah has 8 small mammal hosts; the holotype is from the mountain tree shrew, Tupaia montana . The name derived from its invariably bifurcate galeal setae. In other respects this species has the general appearance of L. deliense. Leptotrombidium (Ericotrombidium) cosmetopode is described from Selangor; the type series was found in a rat hole. Its long, whiplike leg setae form a useful link between Leptotrombidium sensu stricto and Lorillatum .
Heavy ions, temperatures and winds in Titan's ionosphere: Combined Cassini CAPS and INMS observations

Abstract Multiple Titan encounters by the Cassini spacecraft have shown that ion chemistry in Titan's upper atmosphere is much more complex than previously thought. As well as showing a great variety of species present below 100 amu, they also include the detection of negative ions and of large abundances of ions above 100 amu. Here, we use data from two Cassini instruments, the Cassini plasma spectrometer's ion beam sensor (CAPS/IBS) and the ion and neutral mass spectrometer (INMS) during fourteen Cassini encounters with Titan's upper atmosphere. By simultaneous analysis of the combined data, we are able to determine the ion temperature, one component of the wind speed and spacecraft potential. Using these derived quantities, we are also able to extend the analysis of CAPS/IBS data to quantify the abundance of ions above 100 amu and to statistically estimate their composition.
Angular momentum on the lattice : The case of nonzero linear momentum

The irreducible representations (IRs) of the double cover of the Euclidean group with parity in three dimensions are subduced to the corresponding cubic space group. The reduction of these representations gives the mapping of continuum angular momentum states to the lattice in the case of nonzero linear momentum. The continuous states correspond to lattice states with the same momentum and continuum rotational quantum numbers decompose into those of the IRs of the little group of the momentum vector on the lattice. The inverse mapping indicates degeneracies that will appear between levels of different lattice IRs in the continuum limit, recovering the continuum angular momentum multiplets. An example of this inverse mapping is given for the case of the ``moving'' isotropic harmonic oscillator.
Rural–urban disparities in the prevalence of diabetes and coronary heart disease

Summary Objectives To examine the rural–urban differences in the prevalence of diabetes and coronary heart disease, and the extent to which they are explained by the presence of established risk factors including poverty. Study design Cross-sectional study of more than 214,000 respondents using data from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) 2008 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Methods Logistic regression models were utilized; prevalence odds ratios with corresponding confidence intervals and P-values are provided. Results The crude prevalence rates of diabetes and coronary heart disease were 8.6% (P = 0.001) and 38.8% (P Conclusions The higher prevalence of diabetes and coronary heart disease in rural populations in the USA presents a formidable public health challenge. It exacerbates many of the pre-existing rural health disparities, including a lack of access to financial resources and primary care providers.
Molecular Orbital Comparison With Conformation of Oxotremorine and a Comparison With the Muscarinic Pattern

The conformational preference of oxotremorine has been calculated using extended Huckel molecular orbital theory. The molecule was found to be comparatively free in regard to the relationship of the two rings and the rotation of the lactone ring. The energy-permitted stereochemistry allows the quaternary nitrogen, the triple bond, and the carbonyl oxygen to assume the same relationship as previously calculated for the muscarinic pharmacophore, if the triple bond in oxotremorine is assumed to mimic the electronic character of the ether oxygen in the muscarinics.
Calpain Expression in Lymphoid Cells INCREASED mRNA AND PROTEIN LEVELS AFTER CELL ACTIVATION

Although calpain is ubiquitously present in human tissues and is thought to play a role in demyelination, its activity is very low in resting normal lymphocytes. To determine the nature of calpain expression at the mRNA and protein levels in human lymphoid cells, we studied human T lymphocytic, B lymphocytic, and monocytic lines as well as peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Stimulation of cells with the phorbol ester phorbol myristate acetate and the calcium ionophore A23187 resulted in increased calpain mRNA and protein expression. Calpain mRNA expression is also increased in human T cells stimulated with anti-CD3. A dissociation between the increases of RNA and protein suggested that calpain could be released from the cells; the subsequent experiments showed its presence in the extracellular environment. 5,6-Dichloro-1b-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole, a reversible inhibitor of mRNA synthesis, reduced calpain mRNA levels by 50-67% and protein levels by 72-91%. Its removal resulted in resumption of both calpain mRNA and protein synthesis. Cycloheximide, a translational inhibitor, reduced calpain protein levels by 77-81% and calpain mRNA levels by 96% in activated THP-1 cells. Interferon-γ induced calpain mRNA and protein in U-937 and THP-1 cells. Dexamethasone increased mRNA expression in THP-1 cells. Our results indicate that activation of lymphoid cells results in de novo synthesis and secretion of calpain.
Brooding and Pondering Isolating the Active Ingredients of Depressive Rumination With Exploratory Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling

Depressive rumination, as assessed by Nolen-Hoeksema’s Response Styles Questionnaire (RSQ), predicts the onset, chronicity, and duration of depressed mood. However, some RSQ items contain depressive content and result in a heterogeneous factor structure. After the a priori elimination of items potentially confounded with depressed item content, Treynor, Gonzalez, and Nolen-Hoeksema identified two factors within the remaining RSQ rumination sub-scale that were differentially related to depression: brooding and pondering. However, Treynor et al. used a nonstandard form and administration of the RSQ. The present study sought to address these methodological idiosyncrasies and replicate the factor structure of Treynor et al. through exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Findings support the brooding and pondering solution and demonstrate that brooding relates more strongly to depression and anxiety than does pondering.