cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frequency of ST-segment depression produced by mental stress in stable angina pectoris from coronary artery disease

Abstract Physical exertion is a well-documented trigger of transient myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary disease. More recently, studies have shown that mental stress may also be a cause of myocardlal ischemia. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of physical activities and perceived mental states to myocardial ischemia while patients were going about their normal dally activities. Twenty-eight patients with documented coronary artery disease underwent ambulatory monitoring of the electrocardiogram. Physical activity and perceived mental status were recorded by patients in a diary which was then graded according to intensity of the activity. Analyses of the continuous electrocardiographic recordings were done separately from the analysis of the diaries. The time of each episode of ischemia, the duration of each episode in minutes and the number of episodes in each 24-hour period were calculated. A total of 372 episodes of ST-segment depression occurred in 912 hours of monitoring. Ischemic events occurring during usual physical and usual mental activities were most frequent (36%). Twenty-six percent of ischemic episodes occurred during increased physical activity, but usual mental activities. Interestingly, 22% of the ischemic events occurred at high levels of mental stress, but low physical activity. Ten percent of episodes occurred during sleep. Although the majority of events occurred during usual dally activities, when duration of ischemia was normalized for time spent in each category, increasing physical or mental activity was associated with an increasing duration of ischemia per unit time (p
Novel Agents in the Treatment of Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia

Abstract Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia is a B-cell disorder characterized by bone marrow infiltration with lymphoplasmacytic cells and demonstration an immunoglobulin M monoclonal gammopathy. Despite advances in therapy, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia remains incurable. As therapeutic agents are needed for the treatment of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. In ongoing efforts, we and others have sought to exploit made in the understanding of the biology of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia so as to better target therapeutics for this malignancy. Importantly, part of these efforts, we have prioritized the development of stem cell–sparing drugs because autologous stem cell transplantation remains salvage option in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. These efforts have led to the development of several novel agents for treating Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, including bortezomib; monoclonal antibodies and/or blocking protein targeting CD40, CD52, or CD70, a proliferation- ligand and B-lymphocyte stimulator; the immunomodulator thalidomide as an enhancer of rituximab activity, as well as agents interfering cell factor, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt, phosphodiesterase, cholesterol, and protein kinase C β signaling. This report provides biologic studies and clinical efforts for the development of these novel agents in the treatment of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia.
Team Function in Obstetrics to Reduce Errors and Improve Outcomes

Crew resource management (CRM), adapted from aviation for the practice of medicine, offers the potential of reducing medical errors, increasing employee retention, and improving patient satisfaction. CRM, however, requires a culture that promotes teamwork and acceptance of new concepts. Leadership is needed to transform the culture, as well as to train, coach, and sustain the behavior CRM demands. Culture change can be fostered through teamwork activities that, when made part of a daily routine, provides the basis for modeling teamwork skills and sets the stage for sustained culture change. New tools are available to measure processes as well as patient and staff satisfaction.
Inflammation and thrombosis

Systemic inflammation is a potent prothrombotic stimulus. Inflammatory mechanisms upregulate procoagulant factors, downregulate natural anticoagulants and inhibit fibrinolytic activity. In addition to modulating plasma coagulation mechanisms, inflammatory mediators appear to increase platelet reactivity. In vivo, however, natural anticoagulants not only prevent thrombosis, but they also dampen inflammatory activity. Some insights into the evolution and linkages between inflammatory mechanisms and the coagulation/anticoagulation mechanisms have become evident from recent structural studies. This review will summarize the interactions between inflammation and coagulation.
The potential of geographic analysis in solving environmental dilemmas.

We live in an era in which once geographically discreet locales, experiences and perceptions are increasingly integrated into a complex global system. Neither traditional science nor policy directives alone can meet the challenges of this integrated world. An interdisciplinary approach to environmental solutions that links political, social, economic and ecological systems across space is required. Geography can provide this perspective. This paper explores the application of a geographic analysis to a local water conservation problem in south Florida. By constructing a unique framework that combines soil and water–flow analysis, mapping of demographic and ethnographic data, and a spatialized political economy approach, comprehensive solutions to local problems may be developed.
Postoperative anticoagulation in patients with mechanical heart valves following surgical treatment of subdural hematomas.

Background Thromboembolic events and anticoagulation-associated bleeding events represent frequent complications following cardiac mechanical valve replacement. Management guidelines regarding the timing for resuming anticoagulation therapy following a surgically treated subdural hematoma (SDH) in patients with mechanical valves remains to be determined.
Worm burrows and oxic microniches in marine sediments. 2. Distribution patterns of ciliated protozoa

It is shown that in sandy sediments the occurrence of aerobic and microaerobic ciliated protozoa at several centimetres depth is due to the presence of oxic microhabitats brought about by small burrowing invertebrates. The characteristic vertical zonation patterns, which have previously been described in the literature, are due to the diminishing volume fraction of such aerobic microhabitats rather than to redox conditions which become monotonously more reducing with depth. At the surface of defaunated sediments as well as in sediments surrounding worm burrows the zones harbouring aerobes and microaerobes are compressed to a thickness of a few millimetres. Chemosensory behaviour explains how the organisms find and maintain themselves in oxic microniches.
An advanced LC-MS (Q-TOF) technique for the detection of amino acids in atmospheric aerosols.

Methodology for detection of native (underivatized) amino acids (AA) in atmospheric aerosols has been developed. This article describes the use of LC-MS (Q-TOF) and microwave-assisted gas phase hydrolysis for detection of free and combined amino acids in aerosols collected in a Southeastern U.S. forest environment. Accurate mass detection and the addition of isotopically labeled surrogates prior to sample preparation allows for sensitive quantitation of target AA in a complex aerosol matrix. A total of 16 native AA were detected above the reporting threshold as water-soluble free AA, with an average concentration of 22 ± 9 ng m−3 (N = 13). Following microwave-assisted gas phase hydrolysis, the total AA concentration in the forest environment increased significantly (70 ± 35 ng m−3) and additional compounds (methionine, isoleucine) were detected above the reporting threshold. The ability to quantify AA in aerosol samples without derivatization reduces time-consuming preparation procedures while providing the advancement of selective mass determination for important organic nitrogen (ON) species. Details on sample preparation that eliminates the freeze-drying approach typically practiced for water removal with biological samples, and vapor phase microwave hydrolysis parameters are provided. Method application for determination of atmospheric ON is discussed.
Thalamic arterial pattern: an endocast and scanning electron microscopic study in normotensive male rats.

Rat cerebral vasculature serves as a model for study of the pathophysiology of stroke in humans. Human thalamic anteries show a high incidence of stroke. The objective is to describe the thalamic arterial vascular pattern in normotensive male rats as the initial step for quantitative histochemical studies of enzyme activities in the walls of these vessels. Intracardiac injections of methyl methacrylate monomer provide detailed vascular endocasts. The thalamic vascular bed defined by in situ dissection, serial reconstruction, and light and scanning electron microscopy of endocasts contained four groups of vessels: (1) ventral medial thalamic arteries, (2) thalamic branches from the posterior cerebral artery, and (3) ventral lateral and (4) ventral anterior thalamic arteries. Thalamic vessels are muscular arterioles that, after three to four bipinnate branches, feed into a continuous capillary bed (no loops). The parent vessels and their subsequent branches have been evaluated in terms of their mean internal diameters, mean interbranch intervals, and branch angles. The arterial patterns to rat and human thalami are very similar, with the exception of the anterior choroidal artery which is missing in the rat. The branches supplying the thalamus in both the rat and human are closely associated with the circle of Willis; however, the constituent parts of the circle in rat vary from the pattern in human brain. The rat thalamic arteries show morphological features similar to those seen in the stroke-prone ganglionic arteries in the human basal ganglia.
Tactile stimulation inhibits locomotion produced by stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus in the anesthetized rat.

Abstract Rats were anesthetized with Nembutal and suspended in a stereotaxic apparatus so that their limbs contacted the outer surface of a 30-cm diameter wheel. Stimulation in the lateral hypothalamus (0.5 msec cathodal pulses at 50 Hz, up to 150 μA) produced locomotor stepping which turned the wheel. During continuous locomotion maintained by electrical stimulation, tactile stimulation was applied manually for 5-sec periods to various body regions in six subjects. Profound inhibition of locomotor stepping was produced in all subjects by mild pressure applied to the nose or the vibrissae pad. Vibrissae pad stimulation either ipsilateral or contralateral to the stimulation site was effective. Stroking of the vibrissae inhibited locomotion in only 2 of 6 subjects and in these cases the effective stimulation was contralateral to the brain stimulation site. With pressure applied to more caudal body regions, including the dorsum, the abdomen and the tail, the inhibition was less pronounced and less consistent than that produced by pressure on the snout region. The findings indicate that the tactile system provides an important modulation of locomotion and that the anesthetized locomoting rat offers a useful preparation for its further study.
Effect of Al2O3 Nanolubricant on a Turbo-BII R134a Pool Boiling Surface

This paper quantifies the influence of Al2O3 nanoparticles on the pool boiling performance of R134a/polyolester mixtures on a Turbo-BII-HP boiling surface. An Al2O3 nanolubricant (a lubricant containing dispersed nano-size particles) was made by suspending nominally 10 nm diameter Al2O3 particles in a synthetic polyolester to roughly a 1.0% volume fraction. The nanoparticles caused, on average, a 12% degradation in the boiling heat transfer relative to that for R134a/polyolester mixtures without nanoparticles for the three lubricant mass fractions that were tested. The degradation was nearly constant for heat fluxes between 20 kW/m2 and 120 kW/m2. It was speculated that the boiling heat transfer degradation was primarily due to a combination of (1) film boiling in the reentrant cavity rendering the nucleate boiling enhancement mechanism of the nanoparticles ineffective and (2) a reduction in bubble frequency due to the increased surface wetting as caused by the nanoparticles. In addition, these degradation factors might be mitigated with increased nanoparticle loading.
Making Meaning Using Creativity and Spirituality.

Abstract This article describes two creative techniques utilized when working with clients. With the increased attention on issues of spirituality, multiculturalism, and creativity, the “Give Away Ceremony” and “Spiritual Symbolism” is demonstrated via a case study approach. Additionally, a brief history of the immersion of spirituality in the counseling profession is addressed.
Pharmacogenomics of antidepressants for major depressive disorder

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common disorder, affecting approximately 10% of adults in the United States each year. The primary treatment options for moderate to severe MDD are antidepressant medications, mainly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Current guidelines recommend an initial trial of 4–8 weeks to determine if a medication is effective for a patient. Through the use of pharmacogenomics, it may be possible to predict whether patients will respond to and tolerate SSRIs. This article discusses several genes and alleles that may play a role in a patient's response to SSRIs.
Therapeutic potential of FOXP3+ regulatory T cells and their interactions with dendritic cells

Abstract FOXP3 + regulatory T cells, a unique subset of T cells, are critical for orchestrating an immune response and preventing self-reactivity. With the increasing prevalence and unsatisfactory treatment of autoimmunity, allergic diseases, cancer and chronic infections, much attention has been focused on understanding their mechanisms of action in order to manipulate their function. One goal is to develop drugs or biologics that can enhance or abrogate their functions. Another approach is to utilize Tregs in adoptive cell-based therapy to treat autoimmune diseases or transplant-related complications. This review will focus on their therapeutic potential and mechanisms of action, particularly their interaction with dendritic cells.
Cushing's Disease with Intermittent Hypercortisolism

In a patient with proved pituitary-dependent Cushing's syndrome (Cushing's disease), 24-hour urinary excretion of free cortisol fluctuated between normal (69 percent of the time, often in the low range and for several days in sequence) and high values. Increased urinary free cortisol excretion occurred unpredictably within the context of a persistent, progressive clinical picture. This case stands in contrast with previous reports of urinary steroid levels varying in a periodic infradiem pattern. Even with normal baseline cortisol indexes, control of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis (as indicated by the suppression test and by the circadian cortisol pattern in plasma) remained abnormal. This patient emphasizes the fact that abnormal control regulation, more than cortisol hypersecretion, is at times indicative of Cushing's disease. Hence, sensitive accurate screening requires not only urinary free cortisol measurement (the usefulness of which may be improved by assay of more than one, possibly nonsequential, 24-hour urine sample), but also dexamethasone suppression testing and late-evening plasma cortisol determination, even if baseline indexes are within the range of normal.
Role of hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical in pyrite oxidation by molecular oxygen

Abstract Hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical are readily formed during the oxidation of pyrite with molecular oxygen over a wide range of pH conditions. However, pretreatment of the pyrite surface influences how much of the intermediates are formed and their fate. Acid-washed pyrite produces significant amounts of hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical when suspended in air-saturated water. However, the hydrogen peroxide concentration shows an exponential decrease with time. Suspensions made with partially oxidized pyrite yield significantly lower amounts of hydrogen peroxide product. The presence of Fe(III)-oxide or Fe(III)-hydroxide patches facilitates the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water. Hence, the degree to which a pyrite surface is covered with patches of Fe(III)-oxide or Fe(III)-hydroxide patches is an important control on the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in solution. Hydrogen peroxide appears to be an important intermediate in the four-electron transfer from pyrite to molecular oxygen. Addition of catalase, an enzyme that decomposes hydrogen peroxide to water and molecular oxygen, to a pyrite suspension reduces the oxidation rate by 40%. By contrast, hydroxyl radical does not appear to play a significant role in the oxidation mechanism. It is estimated on the basis of a molecular oxygen and sulfate mass balance that 5–6% of the molecular oxygen is consumed without forming sulfate.
Physiological monitoring of brain function with a broadband multifiber continuous-wave optical system

An instrument designed for physiological monitoring should be relatively inexpensive, take readings rapidly and be able to discriminate optical signals due to specific chromophores. A cw, broadband, multifiber system can potentially meet these requirements. The use of a steady- state light source rather than making time-resolved or frequency-domain measurements means that the system is relatively inexpensive. Simultaneous detection of signals from multiple optical fibers means that multiple measurements can be made simultaneously. By making broadband measurements it is possible to discriminate amongst the many chromophores which contribute the optical signal. We have developed a cw, broadband, multifiber system and are testing it in vivo. A possible application is noninvasive, optical monitoring of the brain which has the potential to be a real-time, noninvasive method for clinical monitoring as well as being a technique for studying fundamental aspects of brain function.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Insights into Eph receptor tyrosine kinase activation from crystal structures of the EphA4 ectodomain and its complex with ephrin-A5.

Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and their ephrin ligands mediate cell signaling during normal and oncogenic development. Eph signaling is initiated in a multistep process leading to the assembly of higher-order Eph/ephrin clusters that set off bidirectional signaling in interacting cells. Eph and ephrins are divided in two subclasses based on their abilities to bind and activate each other and on sequence conservation. EphA4 is an exception to the general rule because it can be activated by both A- and B-class ephrin ligands. Here we present high-resolution structures of the complete EphA4 ectodomain and its complexes with ephrin-A5. The structures reveal how ligand binding promotes conformational changes in the EphA4 ligand-binding domain allowing the formation of signaling clusters at the sites of cell–cell contact. In addition, the structural data, combined with structure-based mutagenesis, reveal a previously undescribed receptor–receptor interaction between the EphA4 ligand-binding and membrane-proximal fibronectin domains, which is functionally important for efficient receptor activation.
Behavior analysis and neuroscience

Darwin proposed a powerful functional principle-natural selection-to interpret phylogenetic diversity and complexity. Nevertheless, some 70 years elapsed before even biologists embraced his account. The triumph of natural selection required two additional factors: (a) biological mechanisms that implemented the functional principle (i.e. genetics); and (b) quantitative procedures that traced its cumulative effects (i.e. population genetics). Thorndike and, later, Skinner proposed a functional principle-selection by reinforcement-that interpreted ontogenetic diversity and complexity. This principle has been substantially refined by subsequent experimental and theoretical work and now provides an equally powerful functional account. However, a purely functional principle has once again not persuaded most scientists (apart from the behavior-analytic minority) that complex behavior can be understood by a selection principle. If the history of ontogeny recapitulates the history of phylogeny, the biological mechanisms that implement selection by reinforcement must be discovered and quantitative techniques that trace its effects must be devised. In short, the triumph of reinforcement may await the integration of behavior analysis with the neurosciences and the development of coordinated quantitative procedures. This article identifies specific interrelations with neuroscience that form the basis for a behavior-analytically faithful interpretation of reinforcement using neural-network techniques. Implications for the architecture of networks and for the learning algorithm are emphasized.
Biosynthesis of internally branched monomethylalkanes in the cockroach Periplaneta fuliginosa

Abstract Sodium [1- 14 C]acetate, sodium [1- 14 C]propionate, sodium [2- 14 C]propionate, sodium [3- 14 C]propionate and sodium [ methyl - 14 C]methylmalonate were readily incorporated into the cuticular hydrocarbons of nymphal stages of the cockroach Periplaneta fuliginosa both in vivo and in vitro , whereas no incorporation of [ methyl - 14 C]methionine was observed. The alkanes of the nymphal stages of this insect are 25+% n -alkanes, 14% 3-methylalkanes, and 59+% internally branched monomethylalkanes, principally 13-methylpentacosane. Sodium [1- 14 C]acetate was incorporated into each class of alkane at about its percentage composition. In contrast, labeled sodium propionate and sodium methylmalonate were preferentially incorporated into the branched fractions. Radio-gas-liquid chromatography showed that sodium [1- 14 C]propionate was incorporated almost exclusively into 3-methyltricosane and 13-methylpentacosane, whereas sodium [1- 14 C]acetate was incorporated into each glc peak at about its percentage composition. These data suggest that propionate, incorporated during chain elongation, serves as the branching methyl group donor for both the 3-methyl and the internally branched monomethylalkanes in insects. The location of hydrocarbon synthesis in P. fuliginosa was studied using an in vitro tissue slice system. Excised cuticle slices, with adhering fat body tissue removed, gave good incorporation of labeled substrates into the hydrocarbon fraction. No hydrocarbon synthesis was observed in fat body preparations.
Hydroxylation and N-demethylation of N, N-dimethyltryptamine.

Der intermediare Stoffwechsel des psychotropen N,N-Dimethyltryptamins wurde untersucht. N-Methyltryptamin, als Produkt der Demethylierung, und 6-Hydroxy-N,N-Dimethyltryptamin, als Produkt der Hydroxylierung, wurden nachgewiesen und papierchromatographisch charakterisiert. An weiteren Stoffwechselprodukten wurden nachgewiesen: N,N-Dimethyltryptamin-N-oxyd und sein 6-Hydroxy-Derivat (in vitro), sowie Tryptamin, Indol-3-essigsaure und 6-Hydroxyindol-3-essigsaure (in vivo).
Menstrual Patterns and Treatment of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding in Adolescents with Bleeding Disorders

Abstract Study Objective To characterize menstrual bleeding patterns and treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding in adolescents with bleeding disorders. Design, Setting, and Participants We conducted a retrospective review of female patients aged nine to 21 years with known bleeding disorders who attended a pediatric gynecology, hematology, and comprehensive hematology/gynecology clinic at a children's hospital in a metropolitan area. Main Outcome Measures Prevalence of heavy menstrual bleeding at menarche, prolonged menses, and irregular menses among girls with bleeding disorders and patterns of initial and subsequent treatment for heavy menstrual bleeding in girls with bleeding disorders. Results Of 115 participants aged nine to 21 years with known bleeding disorders, 102 were included in the final analysis. Of the 69 postmenarcheal girls, almost half (32/69, 46.4%) noted heavy menstrual bleeding at menarche. Girls with von Willebrand disease were more likely to have menses lasting longer than seven days. Only 28% of girls had discussed a treatment plan for heavy menstrual bleeding before menarche. Hormonal therapy was most commonly used as initial treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding. Half (53%) of the girls failed initial treatment. Combination (hormonal and non-hormonal therapy) was more frequently used for subsequent treatment. Conclusions Adolescents with bleeding disorders are at risk of heavy bleeding at and after menarche. Consultation with a pediatric gynecologist and/or hematologist prior to menarche may be helpful to outline abnormal patterns of menstrual bleeding and to discuss options of treatment in the event of heavy menstrual bleeding.
Femtosecond vibrational relaxation of large organic molecules

Abstract The intramolecular relaxation time of highly excited states of the vibronic manifold of the first excited singlet state of large organic molecules such as Nile Blue, Rhodamine 640, DODC iodide, Cresyl Violet, and Oxazine 725 in solution is shown to be extremely fast, less than 30 fs. We believe that this is a characteristic time of the relaxation due to anharmonic coupling among the many degrees of freedom of the molecule.
Vacancies and antisite defects in ordered alloys

Equations for the concentrations of vacancies and antisite defects in ordered alloys in thermodynamic equilibrium at and near stoichiometry have been derived as functions of defect energies and a Lagrangian parameter. While the resulting equations cannot be solved analytically and in general require iterative calculations, an approximation is given that permits simple numerical evaluation with just a minor loss of accuracy. Using defect energies obtained from an embedded-atom method calculation for Cu3Au, it is found that the adjustment for off-stoichiometric compositions is accounted for primarily by the creation of antisite defects rather than vacancies, and the vacancy concentration on Au sites is orders of magnitude less than that on Cu sites. There is a significant increase in the Au vacancy concentration but a slight decrease in the net vacancy content with increasing Cu fraction.
Modeling and Fracture Prediction of Single Ply Cord-Rubber Composites

This paper presents finite element and experimental results for single ply strips of unidirectional cord-rubber composite using two types of finite elements: rubber elements and cord-rubber elements. The finite element model takes into account the large strain and nonlinear behavior of the rubber material, bimodular material behavior and geometrical nonlinear behavior due to reorientations of the cords. To illustrate the be havior of strips of single ply composites, results are presented in the form of load- displacement, deformed shapes and cord strains for three polyester cord rubber composite specimens. It is shown that the rubber between cords may contract or bulge, depending on the cord angle. The effect of the material models for rubber material and cord-rubber com posite material on the load displacement behavior is also presented. Utilizing this finite el ement model and critical tearing energy criterion, an attempt is made to predict the critical loads for crack growth initiation and final fractu...
A thermodynamic description of the double layer surrounding hydrous oxides

Abstract A thermodynamic description of the double layer surrounding hydrous oxides has been formulated. Parameters of the theory are the surface site density, and the standard free energies of adsorption of the hydrogen ion and the cations and anions of the support electrolyte. The independent variables are pH and concentration of electrolyte. Dependent variables are the ζ-potential and the surface concentrations of adsorbed ions. Adsorption of salts onto charged and neutral sites cause qualitatively different behavior in the computed curves. Adsorption of ions of the supporting electrolyte onto charged sites control the extremum values of the ζ-potential. Unequal adsorption of cations and anions onto charged sites causes shifts in the observed pzc and unequal adsorption onto uncharged sites causes shifts in the observed ieps. Nonlinear regression is used to estimate the parameters. It is shown that information about site density cannot be obtained from electrophoresis data alone. The random mixing approximation for the activity of surface sites becomes inadequate at high concentrations of salt.
Chemical synthesis of 1-O-alkyl and 1-O-acyl dihydroxyacetone-3-phosphate

Abstract A method for the chemical synthesis of 1-O-hexadecyl dihydroxyacetone-3-phosphate is described. The synthesis was started with the preparation of O-hexadecyl glycolic acid by condensing 1-iodohexadecane with ethyl glycolate in the presence of silver oxide, followed by saponification and free acid liberation with HC1. O-Hexadecyl glycolic acid was converted to the acid chloride (with oxalyl chloride) which was condensed with diazomethane in diethyl ether to form hexadecyloxy diazoacetone. The diazoketone was decomposed by H3PO4 in dioxane to give the desired product, 1-O-hexadecyl dihydroxyacetone-3-phosphate. The product was purified by chromatography on silicic acid column followed by an acid wash. The final yield was 50% starting from O-hexadecyl glycolic acid. Analytical, spectral (IR, NMR) and chromatographic properties of 1-O-hexadecyl dihydroxyacetone-3-phosphate are described. The method described here may be used to prepare different acyl and alkyl derivatives of dihydroxyacetone phosphate in good yield as illustrated by describing the procedure for the synthesis of 1-O-palmitoyl dihydroxyacetone-3-phosphate, 1-O-hexadecyl dihydroxyacetone-3-[32P] phosphate and the dimethyl ketal of 1-O-palmitoyl [2-14C]dihydroxyacetone phosphate.
Dynamic, Nondestructive Imaging of a Bioengineered Vascular Graft Endothelium

Bioengineering of vascular grafts holds great potential to address the shortcomings associated with autologous and conventional synthetic vascular grafts used for small diameter grafting procedures. Lumen endothelialization of bioengineered vascular grafts is essential to provide an antithrombogenic graft surface to ensure long-term patency after implantation. Conventional methods used to assess endothelialization in vitro typically involve periodic harvesting of the graft for histological sectioning and staining of the lumen. Endpoint testing methods such as these are effective but do not provide real-time information of endothelial cells in their intact microenvironment, rather only a single time point measurement of endothelium development. Therefore, nondestructive methods are needed to provide dynamic information of graft endothelialization and endothelium maturation in vitro. To address this need, we have developed a nondestructive fiber optic based (FOB) imaging method that is capable of dynamic assessment of graft endothelialization without disturbing the graft housed in a bioreactor. In this study we demonstrate the capability of the FOB imaging method to quantify electrospun vascular graft endothelialization, EC detachment, and apoptosis in a nondestructive manner. The electrospun scaffold fiber diameter of the graft lumen was systematically varied and the FOB imaging system was used to noninvasively quantify the affect of topography on graft endothelialization over a 7-day period. Additionally, results demonstrated that the FOB imaging method had a greater imaging penetration depth than that of two-photon microscopy. This imaging method is a powerful tool to optimize vascular grafts and bioreactor conditions in vitro, and can be further adapted to monitor endothelium maturation and response to fluid flow bioreactor preconditioning.
The developmental promise of information and communications technology in India

How do developing nations react to rapid conversion into information societies? This article examines the growth of information and communications technology in India, with the state's universal internet access policy (part of its ‘IT for All’ initiative) at the center of its investigation. The rapid development of technology and access to telecommunications over the next decade is inevitable in India, and what the universe of ‘universal access’ will be is open to speculation. India's human development, especially the geographic structure of education and economic opportunities, threaten to create a divisive threshold. Since the organization of the information society is reliant principally on skill and knowledge networks, the benefits system may exponentially increase, and perhaps entrench, the gap between the haves and the have-nots if the speed of basic development does not catch up with that of technology spread. Will the factor of relative disempowerment outweigh the benefits of ‘IT for All’ in India?
Stabilizer choice for rapid dissolving high potency itraconazole particles formed by evaporative precipitation into aqueous solution.

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of stabilizer type on the physicochemical properties, including dissolution, of ultra-high potency powders containing itraconazole (ITZ) formed by evaporative precipitation into aqueous solution (EPAS). ITZ was dissolved in dichloromethane, which was then atomized through a heated coil at 80 °C into an aqueous solution over precise periods of time. Stabilizers were present in either the aqueous, organic or both phases. The dispersions were centrifuged and the supernatant was removed. Three hydrophilic stabilizers were investigated, including polysorbate 80, polyvinyl pyrrolidone and poloxamer 407. Rapid dissolving ultra-high potency of ITZ powders was successfully produced. Greater than 80% of ITZ was dissolved in 5 min compared to only 13% of ITZ bulk powders. The resulting stabilizer-coated drug particles had high drug-to-stabilizer ratios greater than 12, corresponding to potencies (wt drug/wt drug + wt surfactant) as high as 93%. An increase in dissolution rate was correlated with the amount of stabilizer adsorbed and the wettability. The combination of polysorbate 80 and poloxamer 407 present in the aqueous and organic phases, respectively, was superior in achieving high wetting and rapid dissolving ITZ powders. The ability to control the adsorption behavior of stabilizers by using synergistic combinations affords the opportunity to achieve high dissolution rates with higher potencies compared to previously reported values.
EVALUATION OF PRETERM INFANT ADRENAL RESPONSE WITH ILLNESS ACUITY AND NEONATAL CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE. † 1440

EVALUATION OF PRETERM INFANT ADRENAL RESPONSE WITH ILLNESS ACUITY AND NEONATAL CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE. † 1440
ChemChains: A platform for simulation and analysis of biochemical networks aimed to laboratory scientists

New mathematical models of complex biological structures and computer simulation software allow modelers to simulate and analyze biochemical systems in silico and form mathematical predictions. Due to this potential predictive ability, the use of these models and software has the possibility to compliment laboratory investigations and help refine, or even develop, new hypotheses. However, the existing mathematical modeling techniques and simulation tools are often difficult to use by laboratory biologists without training in high-level mathematics, limiting their use to trained modelers. We have developed a Boolean network-based simulation and analysis software tool, ChemChains, which combines the advantages of the parameter-free nature of logical models while providing the ability for users to interact with their models in a continuous manner, similar to the way laboratory biologists interact with laboratory data. ChemChains allows users to simulate models in an automatic fashion under tens of thousands of different external environments, as well as perform various mutational studies. ChemChains combines the advantages of logical and continuous modeling and provides a way for laboratory biologists to perform in silico experiments on mathematical models easily, a necessary component of laboratory research in the systems biology era.
Topic development, syntax, and social class

A conclusion of 20 years’ research into social class differences in speech is that working‐class speakers make greater use of pronouns as compared to nouns and use fewer subordinate constructions than do middle‐class speakers. These syntactic findings have been linked, in the work of Basil Bernstein and others, to hypothesized differences in class‐based language orientations or “codes.” The present study uses data from adolescent discussion groups to argue that social class differences in syntax result instead from differences in the conversational styles of working‐class and middle‐class speakers. Contrasting styles of topic development are documented: a working‐class approach which makes use of anaphoric reference and ellipses across speaker turns, and a middle‐class approach which identifies topics with full NP's in each new speaker's turn. These approaches to topic development are first tied to differences in the group's turn‐taking styles and are then related to observed patterns of pronominal refere...
The Real Guide to Fake Barns: A Catalogue of Gifts for Your Epistemic Enemies

Perhaps the concept of knowledge, prior to its being fashioned and molded by certain philosophical traditions, never offered any stable negative verdict in the original fake barn case.
Sharing culture or selling out? Developing the commodified persona in the heritage industry

Native American professionals in the heritage industry often describe their work as “sharing culture” when they are involved in processes of transforming features of their cultures into alienable products for consumption. Participation in the heritage industry can be a powerful catalyst for local cultural reproduction, but it also poses a danger to those aspects of culture that Natives consciously protect from commodification. Drawing from a case study of a Native American–owned cultural-tourism business in Alaska, I explore the ways that tourism workers respond to this threat through the construction of what I call a “commodified persona.”[cultural commodification, representation, Northwest Coast, tourism]
Synthesis and characterization of interpenetrating polymer networks with nonlinear optical properties

We report the synthesis and characterization of interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) exhibiting nonlinear optical (NLO) properties. The network consists of aliphatic polycarbonate urethane (PCU) and poly(methyl methacrylate-co-N,N-disubstituted urea), with a nonlinear optical (NLO) chromophore incorporated into N,N-disubstituted urea. The full IPNs have only one Tg, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), together with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations, suggest a single phase morphology. The thin films of IPNs are transparent and the unpoled samples produced second harmonic generation (SHG) signals at room temperature. This result indicates that the NLO chromophore is oriented noncentrosymmetrically during the IPN formation process and is tightly held between the permanent entanglements of the two component networks of the IPN. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Use of very low departure aspheric surfaces in high quality camera lenses

Aspheric surfaces offer great benefits in aberration correction but there are departure related issues in their use for high performance lenses. We present design considerations and examples for cine designs using very low departure aspheres.
Pastors' Counseling Practices and Perceptions of Mental Health Services: Implications for African American Mental Health:

The purpose of the current study was to investigate pastors' perceptions about and practice of mental health services within their churches. Thirty nine pastors completed an online survey. Results of the survey indicated that pastors who had more positive attitudes toward mental health services reported (1) counseling parishioners more times per month and (2) counseling parishioners on a greater variety of topics. Implications for pastoral care and counseling and future directions in training are discussed.
Using positive youth development to predict contribution and risk behaviors in early adolescence: Findings from the first two waves of the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development.

Theories of positive youth development (PYD) regard such development as bases of both community contributions and lessened likelihood of risk/problem behaviors. Using data from the 4-H Study of PYD, we tested these expectations by examining if PYD in Grade 5 predicted both youth contributions and risk behaviors and depression in Grade 6. Results of random effects regression and SEM models indicated that, as expected, PYD in Grade 5 predicted higher youth contributions and lower risk behaviors and depression at Grade 6. There were significant sex differences for contribution (girls had higher scores) and for risk behaviors (boys had higher scores), but not for depression. In turn, the structural model fit was equivalent for boys and girls. Results are discussed in regard to promoting PYD to enhance successful development, or thriving, and to reduce problem behaviors.
Inverse problem of central configurations and singular curve in the collinear 4-body problem

In this paper, we consider the inverse problem of central configurations of n-body problem. For a given $${q=(q_1, q_2, \ldots, q_n)\in ({\bf R}^d)^n}$$ , let S(q) be the admissible set of masses denoted $${ S(q)=\{ m=(m_1,m_2, \ldots, m_n)| m_i \in {\bf R}^+, q}$$ is a central configuration for m}. For a given $${m\in S(q)}$$ , let S m (q) be the permutational admissible set about m = (m 1, m 2, . . . , m n ) denoted $$S_m(q)=\{m^\prime | m^\prime\in S(q),m^\prime \not=m \, {\rm and} \, m^\prime\,{\rm is\, a\, permutation\, of }\, m \}.$$ The main discovery in this paper is the existence of a singular curve $${\bar{\Gamma}_{31}}$$ on which S m (q) is a nonempty set for some m in the collinear four-body problem. $${\bar{\Gamma}_{31}}$$ is explicitly constructed by a polynomial in two variables. We proved:
A Procedure For the Systematic Interpretation of Body Wave Seismograms-I. Application to Moho Depth and Crustal Properties

SUMMARY Teleseismic body waves represent a natural tool for the investigation of Earth structure, but most studies have used only a very small part of the available information. We present a general procedure for the interpretation of body wave seismograms, which allows us to incorporate information from the entire set of body wave arrivals, and which is based on a new method for the calculation of synthetic seismograms. These ‘Complete Ordered Ray Expansion’ (CORE) seismograms are both complete, in the sense of incorporating all significant energy contributions, and interpretable, in the sense that we can identify all such contributions explicitly. We show how our procedure can form the basis for a waveform inversion scheme, exploiting the natural division of body wave arrivals into main phases associated with smooth structure, and families of interaction phases associated with discontinuities. We present the results of applying this technique to the Moho beneath various RSTN and DWWSSN stations, showing that it is possible to obtain very consistent values of crustal thickness from single deep focus events, using phases associated with both the P and S arrivals. By incorporating such arrivals in a linearized waveform inversion, we also obtain estimates of a mean Poisson’s ratio for the crust.
DETERMINANTS OF OBESITY: RESULTS FROM A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF ADOLESCENTS AND ADULTS LIVING IN AN URBAN AREA,

This study examined the relation of cigarette smoking, psychological symptoms (e.g., depressive symptoms, anxiety), physical activity, and body mass index (BMI) separately by sex. The sample consisted of 815 African Americans and Puerto Ricans (324 males, 491 females). The participants were originally 14 years of age, and were followed to 32 years of age, and gave information on smoking, depressive symptoms, anxiety, physical activity, and BMI. Structural equation modeling showed that for males cigarette smoking in mid/late adolescence was related to cigarette smoking in emerging adulthood and early adulthood. Finally, cigarette smoking in early adulthood was negatively related to BMI in adulthood only for male participants. For female participants, cigarette smoking in adolescence was related to psychological symptoms (e.g., depressive symptoms, anxiety) in emerging adulthood and early adulthood. Psychological symptoms in early adulthood predicted less physical activity in adulthood, which in turn, was related to BMI. With one exception, all of the standardized coefficients were statistically significant. Implications for preventive interventions are discussed.
Motivational interviewing results in minimal change in behavior among adolescent smokers

Among adolescent smokers, is motivational interviewing (MI) more likely than structured brief advice (SBA) to result in behavioural change?
The Context and Dynamics of Intimate Aggression Against Women

This article presents a series of working observations on the context and dynamics of intimate aggression perpetrated against women. These reflections flow from our research, and are woven together with the work of scholars from diverse fields, from feminism to marital communication to social constructivism. Our reflections emphasize that intimate aggression is sustained not only by powerful dynamics of dominance and control, but also by the very ways in which we view, experience, and talk about relationships and aggression.
The Plastic Hinge

The plastic hinge concept was introduced in Chapter 1 when the “hinge-by-hinge” method was applied to solve the fixed-ended beam problems. In this chapter, we shall elaborate the concept of the plastic hinge and plastic moment. The methods of computing the plastic moment and the methods of using plastic moment in the design of a cross section will be presented first. The plastic moment capacity of a section is significantly affected by factors such as axial and shear forces on the section, and the compactness of the section. The effects of these factors on the plastic moment capacity of a section will then be described. Since the strength of a connection of a given member to the adjoining members may govern the ultimate moment-carrying capacity of the member, methods of estimating the strength of a given connection and methods of designing the connection under a given loading will be presented in the later part of this chapter.
Consumer myths and the gay men and women who believe them: a qualitative look at movements and markets

Using focus group data from six different conversations in two U.S. cities, this study examines how advertising, corporate policies toward sexual minority employees, and sponsorship of events and charities central to the gay and lesbian community affect the perceived “gay-friendly” status of brands and companies. This study also explores how gay and lesbian respondents understand their role as distinct consumers in relation to gay social movements. In contrast to cultural critiques that argue that constructions of gay consumer markets are antithetical to gay social movements, this study shows how actual gay and lesbian consumers not only understand this dialectic, but also use it as both self-validation and as leverage in achieving social gains. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Punishing Terrorists A Re-Examination of U.S. Federal Sentencing in the Postguidelines Era

The empirical literature on the theory and practice of sentencing politically motivated offenders such as terrorists in U.S. federal courts is limited. Thus, we know relatively little about the dea...