cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Varicella and Zoster

It has been more than 30 years since Michiaki Takahashi of Osaka, Japan, attenuated the varicella–zoster virus (VZV) to produce the Oka vaccine strain of live, attenuated varicella vaccine. The initial trials of safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy were carried out in Japan in the early 1970s. Subsequently, large-scale confirmatory studies of immunogenicity and safety were performed mainly in the United States. Initially, these involved immunocompromised children, but later healthy children were immunized, and there was greater interest in vaccinating healthy populations than immunocompromised ones. These clinical trials culminated in the licensure of a single dose of varicella vaccine for all American children in 1995. Currently, the vaccine is used to prevent chickenpox worldwide and has been licensed for universal vaccination in many countries including Australia, Canada, Germany, Israel, Qatar, Sicily, South Korea, Taiwan, and Uruguay (Gershon et al. 2008). While it has not achieved general acceptance in Japan, interest in its use there is increasing. While it took many years to gain general acceptance in Japan, the vaccine is now being used more and more in that country. The latest exciting advance regarding the Oka vaccine is that a high-titered formulation is now being used as a therapeutic vaccine to boost immunity to VZV in the elderly with latent infection in order to prevent zoster. This chapter discusses the almost 40-year saga of the development of vaccines against VZV.
Combating corruption in Pakistan

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the current state of corruption in Pakistan and evaluate attempts by the government to combat its entrenched corruption culture. Design/methodology/approach – The paper shows that Pakistan’s legacy of British colonial rule, its ethno-linguistic conflict and alternating civilian governments and military coups have weakened institutional capabilities, hindered capacity building and allowed systemic corruption to flourish there. Pakistan’s many anti-corruption efforts failed because they were used to attack political foes instead of strengthening institutional capabilities. Findings – Pakistan has maintained its highly authoritarian form of governance inherited from the British in 1947. The ruling elite view the state as a milch cow for their personal enrichment and this attitude is also reflected in the performance of its bureaucracy. Existing rules of conduct and administration are not enforced as citizens encounter corruption in their dealings with officia...
On the Singular Set of Harmonic Maps into Dm-complexes

* Introduction* Harmonic maps into NPC spaces and DM-complexes* Regular and singular points* Metric estimates near a singular point* Assumptions* The Target variation* Lower order bound* The Domain variation* Order function* The Gap Theorem* Proof of Theorems 1-4* Appendix A.* Appendix 1* Appendix B.* Appendix 2* Bibliography
Design of a 4-Seat, General Aviation, Electric Aircraft

DESIGN OF A 4-SEAT, GENERAL AVIATION, ELECTRIC AIRCRAFT By Arvindhakshan Rajagopalan Range and payload of current electric aircraft is limited primarily due to low energy density of batteries. However, recent advances in battery technology promise storage of more than 1 kWh of energy per kilogram of weight in the near future. This kind of energy storage makes possible the design of an electric aircraft comparable to, if not better than existing state-of-the art general aviation aircraft powered by internal combustion engines. This thesis explores through parametric studies the effect of liftto-drag ratio, flight speed, and cruise altitude on required thrust power and battery energy and presents the conceptual and preliminary design of a four-seat, general aviation electric aircraft with a takeoff weight of 1750 kg, a range of 800 km, and a cruise speed of 200 km/h. An innovative configuration design will take full advantage of the electric propulsion system, while a Lithium-Polymer battery and a DC brushless motor will provide the power. Advanced aerodynamics will explore the greatest possible extend of laminar flow on the fuselage, the wing, and the empennage surfaces to minimize drag, while advanced composite structures will provide the greatest possible savings on empty weight. The proposed design is intended to be certifiable under current FAR 23 requirements.
Double Taxation: Identifying the Hidden Tax Burden in America's Cities

Double taxation occurs to varying degrees in all but a few states. It is especially great in the Southeast. Interest in double taxation has been particularly intense in Georgia and Florida, where n...
Isolation and identification of the bacteria interacted agglutination with Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157

Objective:To study the Bacteria interacted agglutination with Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157,and provide reference for avoiding misdiagnose.Methods:The bacterium was identified by morphology,serology and API 20E biochemical test.Results:The 18 strains of Enteric Bacilli bacteria were identified as Proteus,Enterobacter cloacae,Enterobacter Citrobacte by biochemical identification,in which 11 strains intersected agglutination with Salmonella polyvalent serum,7 strains cross agglutination with Escherichia coli O157.Conclusion:It is easy to produce wrong conclusions in identification of Enterobacteriaceae by the serological only.In order to ensure the accuracy of strain identification,serological should be combined with comprehensive biochemical tests.
Analysis of workers’ compensation claims data for machine-related injuries in metal fabrication businesses

BACKGROUND: Metal fabrication workers are at high risk for machine-related injury. Apart from amputations, data on factors contributing to this problem are generally absent. METHODS: Narrative text analysis was performed on workers' compensation claims in order to identify machine-related injuries and determine work tasks involved. Data were further evaluated on the basis of cost per claim, nature of injury, and part of body. RESULTS: From an initial set of 4,268 claims, 1,053 were classified as machine-related. Frequently identified tasks included machine operation (31%), workpiece handling (20%), setup/adjustment (15%), and removing chips (12%). Lacerations to finger(s), hand, or thumb comprised 38% of machine-related injuries; foreign body in the eye accounted for 20%. Amputations were relatively rare but had highest costs per claim (mean $21,059; median $11,998). CONCLUSIONS: Despite limitations, workers' compensation data were useful in characterizing machine-related injuries. Improving the quality of data collected by insurers would enhance occupational injury surveillance and prevention efforts. Am. J. Ind. Med. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Language: en
Updated standards for validating elliptic curves.

We give a concise statement of a test for security of elliptic curves that should be inserted into the standards for elliptic curve cryptography. In particular, current validation for parameters related to the MOV condition that appears in the latest draft of the IEEE P1363 standard [3, Section A.12.1, Section A.16.8] should be replaced with our subfield-adjusted MOV condition. Similarly, the Standards for Efficient Cryptography Group’s document SEC 1 [4] should make adjustments accordingly.
Autophagy and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Tenon Fibroblasts from Exfoliation Glaucoma Patients

Purpose To test the hypothesis that autophagy dysfunction is involved in exfoliation syndrome (XFS), a systemic disorder of extracellular elastic matrices that causes a distinct form of human glaucoma.
Endoscopic re-establishment of urethral continuity after traumatic disruption of the membranous urethra.

Abstract We report 3 cases of complete traumatic disruption of the membranous urethra treated by transurethral section of the scar tissue with transvesical endoscopic guidance and digital rectal control. Postoperatively, the patients required an average of 3 subsequent urethrotomies. They remain well, continent and free of voiding symptoms for 28,11 and 14 months after re-establishment of urethral continuity. We suggest that this treatment be considered as an alternative to conventional surgical repair, particularly in elderly and other high risk patients.
Alkylations of Enols and Enolates

The α-alkylation of carbonyl compounds by their conversion into nucleophilic enolates or enolate equivalents and subsequent reaction with electrophilic alkylating agents provides one of the main avenues for regio- and stereo-selective formation of carbon–carbon σ-bonds.1–6 Classical approaches to α-alkylation typically involve the deprotonation of compounds containing doubly activated methylene or methine groups and having pKa values of 13 or below by sodium or potassium alkoxides in protic solvents. Since these conditions lead to monoenolates derived from deprotonation only at the α-site of the substrate, the question of the regioselectivity of C-alkylation does not arise (however, there is competition between C- and O-alkylation in certain cases). In more recent years, dienolates of β-dicarbonyl compounds have been utilized in γ-alkylations with excellent success.
War Injuries and Advances in Body Part Replacement in the Context of Class Society

Since the end of the Vietnam War, the United States has relied on 'volunteer' armed services. Depending on volunteers for military defense-or military aggression-requires significantly different motivational 'scripts' and inducements than reliance on inductees. However, unlike the armed services, few commercial enterprises need to successfully manage the negative features of potential death and physical or mental disablement. One means of managing their effect is to support advances in body part replacement while alternating official silence regarding the extent of such injuries; patriotic rhetoric aimed at whipping up public support and morale; and scripting positive outcome scenarios (career enhancement; character building; and cash incentives). Research shows that financial support for, and medical advances in, body part research and design coincides historically with American involvement in military actions.
The outsider in the plays of John Osborne

Colin Wilson described the Outsider as one who sees life as it really is and who does something about those aspects of society he believes need changing. John Osborne is an Outsider who attacks society through his plays. His spokesman may be a character who is a true Outsider, or he may be only a partial Outsider. At other times Osborne's perspective emerges mainly through situation rather than character.
Integrando la Práctica Deliberada en Sistemas de Simulación para Educación Médica

In this paper, we review some aspects of simulation-based medical education systems and show how the incorporation of deliberate practice processes can augment the learning effectiveness and overcome simultaneously two detected issues on medical education: reduction of available time of experts and a serious limitation of patient availability. We then describe the notion of deliberate practice and show how it can be implemented through an intelligent tutoring system. Finally, we conclude that the implementation of intelligent tutoring systems is a robust method to make more effective the learning of actual capabilities of high fidelity simulation systems for medical education.
How variability in hymenoplasty recommendations leads to contrasting rates of surgery in the Netherlands: an ethnographic qualitative analysis

Hymenoplasty is surgery to alter the shape of the hymen membrane in the vaginal canal, commonly performed to minimise the aperture. This medical operation is often requested by women who expect that their virginity will be under scrutiny, particularly during their first sexual encounter on their wedding night. Despite increasing demand for the surgery all over the globe, there is no one standard of practice in performing hymenoplasty. In the Netherlands, the manner in which medical consultations concerning the procedure take place depends heavily on the consulting physician. This paper looks at two different approaches to hymenoplasty consultation in the Netherlands: a pedagogical philosophy adopted in a public hospital and a practical approach employed by a private clinic. Each approach culminates in a contrasting result: patients in one medical establishment are twice as likely to undergo hymenoplasty than those visiting the other.
Development of methods to improve soybean yield estimation and predict plant maturity with an unmanned aerial vehicle based platform

Abstract Advances in phenotyping technology are critical to ensure the genetic improvement of crops meet future global demands for food and fuel. Field-based phenotyping platforms are being evaluated for their ability to deliver the necessary throughput for large scale experiments and to provide an accurate depiction of trait performance in real-world environments. We developed a dual-camera high throughput phenotyping (HTP) platform on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and collected time course multispectral images for large scale soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] breeding trials. We used a supervised machine learning model (Random Forest) to measure crop geometric features and obtained high correlations with final yield in breeding populations (r = 0.82). The traditional yield estimation model was significantly improved by incorporating plot row length as covariate (p
Microfluidic Tools To Probe the Spatial Dynamics of Coagulation.

Abstract To investigate the biophysical mechanisms that regulate the spatial dynamics of blood coagulation, we have developed a set of microfluidic tools that allow analysis and perturbation of blood coagulation on the micrometer scale with precise control of fluid flow, geometry, and surface chemistry. Physiological coagulation occurs in a localized manner; specifically, coagulation is believed to occur exclusively at regions of substantial vascular damage and does not spread throughout the entire vascular system. In vitro analysis and characterization of these spatial dynamics requires the ability to reproduce and perturb this system, an ability that is not provided by the mixed reactor systems commonly used for in vitro studies of blood coagulation. We developed microfluidic devices with micrometer-scale channels and methods to coat these channels with various phospholipids, including components of the blood coagulation network such as thrombomodulin and tissue factor, to reproduce in vitro the geometry and surface chemistry of blood vessels in vitro. In a microfluidic device with channels coated with phospholipids and thrombomodulin, we demonstrated that clots propagate in a wave-like fashion with a constant velocity in the absence of flow. We also showed that propagation of coagulation from an occluded channel to a channel with flowing blood plasma can be regulated by the geometry of the junction and the shear rate in the channel with flowing plasma. We also developed microfluidic tools to probe the spatial dynamics of initiation of clotting by patterning surfaces with tissue factor reconstituted into phospholipids bilayers. When human plasma or whole blood was exposed to these surfaces in a microfluidic device, clotting occurred only on patches of tissue factor larger than a threshold size. This threshold patch size is controlled by the rate of activation of clotting factors at the patch and the rate of transport of activated factors off the patch. These results suggest a mechanism for how tissue factor can circulate in blood without causing clotting, and how small regions of vascular damage can exist without causing clotting. These results also suggest new biophysical mechanisms that may control interactions between the coagulation cascade and bacterial surfaces.
Metabolic Management of the Patient with Head Injury

Metabolic homeostasis is disrupted after severe head injury. Certain metabolic sequelae such as hypermetabolism, hypercatabolism, the effect of nutrition on outcome from head injury, the effect of hyperglycemia on outcome, and enteral versus parenteral nutritional supplementation are controversial issues. In this article, these issues are reviewed based on the latest results of research in these areas.
Primary atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor in the adult spine.

Background Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) is a highly aggressive tumor of the central nervous system (WHO grade IV), which is most frequently found intracranially in young children and infants. Only three prior cases of primary ATRT involving the adult spine were found following a literature review, and the average survival for these patients was only 20 postoperative months. Case description A 43 year-old female presented with an acute exacerbation of chronic neck pain. While awaiting magnetic resonance (MR) studies of the cervical spine, she was found pulseless in her room. Although cardiopulmonary resuscitation was successful, she was found to be quadriplegic. The subsequent cervical MR imaging revealed a C1-3 intradural, extramedullary ventrolateral mass, markedly compressing the upper cervical spinal cord. Following successful surgical resection of the lesion, which proved pathologically to be an ATRT, she was treated with a full course of fractionated radiation therapy. Over the successive 6-month period, her neurological examination continued to improve to 4-/5 functional strength in her upper extremities, however, remained with 2/5 nonfunctional strength in her legs. Conclusions ATRT involving the adult spine are rare and may often be misdiagnosed. This study points out that aggressive surgery followed by radiation therapy may improve outcome.
Flow-Induced Transport of Tumor Cells in a Microfluidic Capillary Network: Role of Friction and Repeated Deformation

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in microcirculation undergo significant deformation and frictional interactions within microcapillaries. To understand the physical parameters governing their flow-induced transport, we studied the pressure-driven flow of cancer cells in a microfluidic model of a capillary network. Our microfluidic device contains an array of parallel constrictions separated by regions where cells can repetitively deform and relax. To characterize the transport behavior, we measured the entry time, transit time, and shape deformation of tumor cells as they squeeze through the network. We found that entry and transit times of cells are much lower after repetitive deformation as their elongated shape enables easy transport in subsequent constrictions. Furthermore, upon repetitive deformation, the cells were able to relieve only 25% of their 40% imposed compressional strain, suggesting that tumor cells might have undergone plastic deformation or fatigue. To investigate the influence of surface friction, we characterized the transport behavior in the absence and presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA) coating on the constriction walls. We observed that BSA coating reduces the entry and transit time significantly. Finally, using two breast tumor cell lines, we investigated the effect of metastatic potential on transport properties. We found that the cell lines could be distinguished only upon surface treatment with BSA, thus surface-induced friction is an indicator of metastatic potential. Our results suggest that pre-deformation can enhance the transport of CTCs in microcirculation and that frictional interactions with capillary walls can play an important role in influencing the transport of metastatic CTCs.
A Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing the Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Substance‐Dependent Domestic Violence Offenders: An Integrated Substance Abuse‐Domestic Violence Treatment Approach (SADV)

The current study evaluates a therapy for substance-dependent perpetrators of partner violence. Sixty-three males arrested for partner violence within the past year were randomized to a cognitive behavioral substance abuse-domestic violence (SADV; n = 29) or a drug counseling (DC; n = 34) condition. Seventy percent of offenders completed eight core sessions with no differences between SADV and DC conditions in the amount of substance or aggression at pretreatment. SADV participants had fewer cocaine-positive toxicology screens and breathalyzer results during treatment, were less likely to engage in aggressive behavior proximal to a drinking episode, and reported fewer episodes of violence than DC participants at posttreatment follow-up. SADV shows promise in decreasing addiction and partner violence among substance-dependent male offenders.
Projet « pelvisuisse – Toilette » : Projet partiel de Frauenfeld

Introduction L’incontinence urinaire touche environ 200 millions de personnes dans le monde ; environ 400 000 personnes en Suisse. L’association pelvisuisse, association de physiotherapeutes specialises dans la reeducation du plancher pelvien, et l’association suisse d’insuffisance de la vessie, association regroupant des specialistes en matiere de sante et les personnes concernees, se sont fixe pour tâche d’expliquer a la population les problemes d’incontinences et de presenter des propositions therapeutiques. En 2014, ces deux associations ont lance un projet commun « pelvisuisse-Toilette » dans le but de developper des plans de villes qui indiquent des toilettes publiques. Le but de ce projet global est de faciliter la recherche de toilettes et de soutenir la participation a la vie publique. Jusqu’a present, les plans des villes de St-Gall, Aarau, Arbon, Zurich et Winterthur ont ete developpes. Le but de ce travail de validation de Bachelor en Sciences etait de completer l’offre a disposition et de developper un plan a Frauenfeld. Methode Les toilettes qui pouvaient eventuellement etre utilisees ont ete selectionnees selon des criteres determines (heures d’ouverture, centralite de position dans la vieille ville, accessibilite, anonymat, designation avec le logo « pelvisuisse » et formation du personnel) et leurs detenteurs contactes par e-mail. Resultats Sur 55 entreprises et institutions contactees (restaurants, cafes, commerces d’articles medicaux, cabinets medicaux, institutions culturelles et de loisirs), 35 n’ont pas repondu, 13 ont decline et 7 se sont declarees d’accord de soutenir ce projet. Celles-ci ont alors ete indiquees avec leur adresse et les heures d’ouverture sur un plan de la ville de Frauenfeld. Conclusions Le retour d’information de 36,3 % doit etre considere comme positif, de meme que le taux de succes de 12,5 %. La forme moderne de communication qu’est l’e-mail a permis d’avoir plus de reponses. L’accessibilite a des toilettes est repartie de maniere homogene dans la vieille ville et devrait faciliter le sejour des personnes qui en ont potentiellement besoin. Signification Une feuille d’information sur l’incontinence adressee aux personnes concernees et celles qui ne le sont pas devrait se trouver dans chaque cabinet medical ou hopital de la region et egalement etre remise personnellement. Les personnes qui mettent des toilettes a disposition et qui sont impliquees dans ce projet devraient regulierement etre contactees. Il serait bien que d’autres villes suivent.
They call them 'good-luck polka dots': disciplining bodies, bird biopower, and human-animal relationships at the Aquarium of the Pacific

The Aquarium of the Pacific is a 501(c)3 institution in the United States, beholden to ticket sales for its survival. In this article I show how its staff, and its animals, co-participate in an "edutainment" project, where the institution governs the bodies of Lorikeets through regulatory technologies crafted to ensure guests have a satisfying experience and become more conservation-minded. In this way, the Lorikeets are politically deployed to support the fiscal survivability of the institution, and in its conservation education project that imagines visitors as "advanced liberal" consumers, insofar as they choose their edutainment experiences and their environmentally responsible behaviors. The resulting guest-Lorikeet interactions promote sanitized encounters with wildness, limiting the development of empathic human-animal relationships. Staff, however, do develop empathic and intersubjective relationships with the birds. Keywords: biopolitics, biopower, green governmentality, human-animal relationships, person-based identification, egomorphism, Lorikeets (Trichoglossus haematodus)
Gain enhancement of low profile cavity backed spiral antenna at low frequencies

The proposed cavity backed spiral antenna has a compact size of 60.5 mm × 37.5 mm with operating frequencies from 2–18GHz. In cavity-backed spiral antennas, the most crucial thing is the depth limitation of the cavity which in turn limits the absorption of the back-radiation especially at lower end of the operating frequency band (2–18 GHz) and thus have a negative impact on the gain of the antenna. The aim of this paper is to enhance the gain in the lower part of the operating frequency band by introduction of an additional absorber called hybrid absorber in the cavity of the antenna.
Investigating Speech Recognition and listening effort with different device configurations in adult cochlear implant users.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate speech recognition in noise and listening effort among a group of adults with cochlear implants (CIs). Two main research questions were addr...
Carrot Diseases and their Management

Wherever carrots are grown, a variety of diseases reduces both the yield and the market value of the roots. Roots destined for the fresh market must be almost blemish-free; yet, at least three bacteria and twelve fungi cause lesions that reduce their value. Bunching carrots must have damage-free tops as well as roots but foliage, too, is attacked by a large number of pathogens. While tops are not an issue for bulk, cello-packed, or lightly processed carrots (e.g., ‘cut and peel’), healthy tops are critical for harvest since the undercut carrots are often mechanically picked up by the leaves. The presence of heavy infections causes inefficient harvesting and yield losses. Several viruses and phytoplasmas also cause damage to carrots both in the form of malformed roots and direct yield losses of plants. Because of the nature of the carrot root, damage caused by various nematodes is an important limiting factor in carrot production. Some nematodes, for example, have a ‘zero tolerance’ threshold, i.e., the presence of nematodes in soil at the start of the season will result in some crop loss. Various pest control strategies, including cultural practices, such as irrigation management, crop rotation, the production of clean seed, and bed preparation, in addition to chemical disease control, are used to limit economic losses to diseases.
Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy Has the Same Operative Risk as Routine Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy.

Abstract Background Laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) is the treatment of choice for aldosteronomas and other adrenal tumors. Despite evidence that surgical cure of aldosteronomas is superior to medical treatment, reluctance remains to refer patients for LA. Here we compared the safety profile of LA to laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), a commonly performed laparoscopic procedure. Materials and methods Patients undergoing LA or LC from 2012 to 2015 were selected from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Patients who had an LA for an adrenal adenoma or aldosteronoma were compared to those who had LC for biliary colic or cholelithiasis. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to analyze postoperative outcomes between the two groups, controlling for patient factors. Results A total of 19,315 patients met inclusion criteria (n = 1458 LA, n = 17,857 LC). Patients undergoing an LA were older (median 53 versus 46 y old, P Conclusions After comparing postoperative outcomes between patients undergoing LA and LC, operation type was not independently associated with an increased incidence of complications. Therefore, physicians should consider LA as having a similar overall risk profile to LC when deciding whether to refer patients to surgery.
Adrenocortical hyperplasia: a review of clinical presentation and imaging

Adrenal hyperplasia is non-malignant enlargement of the adrenal glands, which is often bilateral. It can be incidental or related to indolent disease process and may be related to benign or malignant etiologies causing biochemical alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis which controls steroidogenesis and in particular cortisol production. Clinical significance of the adrenal hyperplasia is variable ranging from asymptomatic finding to serious manifestations of Cushing syndrome. This is often associated with anatomical changes in the adrenal glands, which typically manifests as diffuse and sometimes nodular enlargement of the adrenal glands radiologically. Approaching adrenal hyperplasia requires careful clinical and biochemical evaluation in correlation with imaging review to differentiate ACTH-dependent and ACTH-independent etiologies. CT is the primary modality of choice for adult adrenal imaging owing to reproducibility, temporal and spatial resolution and broader access, while MRI often serves a complimentary role. Ultrasound and MRI are most commonly used in pediatric cases to evaluate congenital adrenal hyperplasia. This article will discuss the clinical presentation and imaging features of different types and mimics of adrenal cortical hyperplasia.
Identification of Cross-linked Peptides Using Isotopomeric Cross-linkers

Chemical cross-linking combined with mass spectrometry (CL-MS) is a powerful method for characterizing the architecture of protein assemblies and for mapping protein-protein interactions. Despite its proven utility, confident identification of cross-linked peptides remains a formidable challenge, especially when the peptides are derived from complex mixtures. MS cleavable cross-linkers are gaining importance for CL-MS as they permit reliable identification of cross-linked peptides by whole proteome database searching using MS/MS information. Here we introduce a novel class of MS cleavable cross-linkers called isotopomeric cross-linkers (ICLs), which allow for confident and efficient identification of cross-linked peptides by whole proteome database searching. ICLs are simple, symmetrical molecules that asymmetrically incorporate heavy and light stable isotopes into the two arms of the cross-linker. As a result of this property, ICLs automatically generate pairs of isotopomeric cross-linked peptides, which differ only by the positions of the heavy and light isotopes. Upon fragmentation during MS analysis, these isotopomeric cross-linked peptides generate unique isotopic doublet ions that correspond to the individual peptides in the cross-link. The doublet ion information is used to determine the masses of the two cross-linked peptides from the same MS2 spectrum that is also used for peptide spectrum matching (PSM) by sequence database searching. Here we present the rationale for and mechanism of cross-linked peptide identification by ICL-MS. We describe the synthesis of the ICL-1 reagent, the ICL-MS workflow, and the performance characteristics of ICL-MS for identifying cross-linked peptides derived from increasingly complex mixtures by whole proteome database searching.
Solving the Problem with an Additional Source of Information

Line triangulation already displays important features of a ‘perfect’ single-shot principle but lacks high data density. Hence, current line triangulation sensors, like Flying Triangulation, are far away from being ‘perfect’. The reason is the profound ambiguity problem. The majority of measurement principles (see Chap. 3) buys correlation information by sacrificing feature and data resolution or/and temporal resolution.
Corporate Social Responsibility on Wild Public Networks: Communicating to Disparate and Multivocal Stakeholders:

On December 4, 2017, Patagonia launched its “The President Stole Your Land” initiative on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. In so doing, the longtime corporate social responsibility (CSR) leader en...
Neonatal Thyroid Stimulating Hormone and Subsequent Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders and Intellectual Disability

Hypothyroid conditions in early life, if left untreated, are associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes, including intellectual disability (ID). However, evidence addressing the role of neonatal thyroid hormone insufficiencies in the altered neurobiology underlying autism spectrum disorders (ASD), particularly among its subphenotypes, is limited. We conducted a population-based, case-control study among a sample of children born during 2000-2003 in Southern California. We examined neonatal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) measured during routine newborn screening among children later diagnosed with ASD (n = 518) or ID (n = 145) and general population (GP) controls (n = 399). TSH was further analyzed in relation to ASD subgroups of intellectual ability and onset type (early-onset ASD vs. ASD with regression) ascertained by expert review of developmental services records. Odds ratios (ORs) of the differences in TSH between groups were obtained from multivariate logistic regression. We examined neonatal TSH as continuous (ln-transformed) and as quartiles. We found no association between continuous neonatal TSH levels and ASD (adj-OR: 1.00, 95% CI: 0.79-1.26) nor ID (adj-OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.73-1.40). Among ASD subphenotypes, we observed a suggestive inverse trend between ASD with regression and TSH, though the association only reached statistical significance in the highest TSH quartile (adj-OR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.26-0.98). While there was little evidence that neonatal TSH is related to overall ASD risk, more work is needed to understand the influence of thyroid hormones on ASD subphenotypes. Autism Res 2020, 13: 444-455. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research,Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Low levels of thyroid hormone at birth can negatively impact brain development. We studied whether newborn levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and its subtypes in a sample of children born in California. Newborn TSH was not related to the overall risk of ASD or intellectual disability. However, the relationships of thyroid hormone levels at birth and specific subtypes of ASD, particularly ASD with developmental regression, may need more research.
Vulvar Skin Punch Biopsy

Vulvar lesions consist of a wide array of benign, premalignant, and malignant lesions that involve the vulva. The decision to biopsy is determined by many factors including the time course of the lesion, uncertainty of diagnosis, symmetry of the lesion, irregularity of the borders, bleeding tendencies of the lesion, family history of vulvar malignancy, and patient concerns. All of these factors independently play a role in the decision to biopsy.
Knowledge and Attitude Among Lebanese Women Toward Hazardous Chemicals Used in Nail Cosmetics

Middle Eastern women seek frequently for self-adornment. Harmful effects of chemicals used in nail care services have involved women worldwide. This study was performed to determine Lebanese women’s knowledge and attitudes toward adverse effects of compounds used in nail cosmetics. A national cross-sectional study was carried out using an online questionnaire and targeting women in Lebanon. Data was collected on sociodemographic characteristics, nail cosmetics’ application, preventive measures, perceived knowledge and self-reported side effects associated with nail cosmetic’s use. A total cumulative knowledge score was calculated to categorize consumer knowledge. A total of 573 women completed the survey. Young women with a high school education or beyond were overrepresented. Most of the participants preferred applying classic manicure and removers on a weekly basis. Over 82% had poor/fair knowledge about health hazards associated with chemical compounds used in nail cosmetics with their levels of education acting as a key factor. Skin and neurological symptoms were the more frequently self-reported symptoms. Interestingly, the use of a nail hardener was linked to a higher prevalence of headache, nausea, allergy, skin irritation, itching and burn. The prevalence of the three later symptoms was higher among gel users. Moreover, few participants read nail cosmetics’ labels or questioned their safety. Although nail cosmetics’ application was common among Lebanese women, there is poor knowledge regarding their harmful effects. Based on these findings, it is warranted to launch health awareness campaigns and introduce a cosmetovigilance system to ensure the safety of the consumer products.
41 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THYMINE AND URACIL METABOLISM IN HEALTHY PERSONS AND IN A PATIENT WITH DIHYDROPYRIMIDINE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY

41 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THYMINE AND URACIL METABOLISM IN HEALTHY PERSONS AND IN A PATIENT WITH DIHYDROPYRIMIDINE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY
IL-22 Plays a Critical Role in Maintaining Epithelial Integrity During Pulmonary Infection

Pulmonary infection is a leading cause of hospitalization in world. Lung damage due to infection and host mediated pathology can have life threatening consequences. Factors that limit lung injury and/or promote epithelial barrier function and repair are highly desirable as immunomodulatory therapeutics. Over the last decade, interleukin-22 has been shown to have pulmonary epithelial protective functions at the mucosal immune interface with bacterial and viral pathogens. This article summarizes recent findings in this area and provides perspective regarding the role of IL-22 in mucosal host defense.
Metaphor and theory in island archaeology

Anthropologists after World War II were vocal in saying the apparent remoteness and marginality of islands in the Pacific made them laboratories of a sort. In 1997, however, Terry Hunt, Chris Gosde...
Robust data assimilation with noise: Applications to cardiac dynamics.

Reconstructions of excitation patterns in cardiac tissue must contend with uncertainties due to model error, observation error, and hidden state variables. The accuracy of these state reconstructions may be improved by efforts to account for each of these sources of uncertainty, in particular, through the incorporation of uncertainty in model specification and model dynamics. To this end, we introduce stochastic modeling methods in the context of ensemble-based data assimilation and state reconstruction for cardiac dynamics in one- and three-dimensional cardiac systems. We propose two classes of methods, one following the canonical stochastic differential equation formalism, and another perturbing the ensemble evolution in the parameter space of the model, which are further characterized according to the details of the models used in the ensemble. The stochastic methods are applied to a simple model of cardiac dynamics with fast–slow time-scale separation, which permits tuning the form of effective stochastic assimilation schemes based on a similar separation of dynamical time scales. We find that the selection of slow or fast time scales in the formulation of stochastic forcing terms can be understood analogously to existing ensemble inflation techniques for accounting for finite-size effects in ensemble Kalman filter methods; however, like existing inflation methods, care must be taken in choosing relevant parameters to avoid over-driving the data assimilation process. In particular, we find that a combination of stochastic processes—analogously to the combination of additive and multiplicative inflation methods—yields improvements to the assimilation error and ensemble spread over these classical methods.
A Preliminary Investigation into the Environmental and Social Dimensions on the Sustainability Triple Bottom Line

The triple of corporate sustainability is considered the apple of the eye of sustainability. Formed by three dimensions, the social, environmental and economic, each conceptualized in a particular way, which has been helping companies to break new paradigms, in the face of innovation, globalization, the difficulty of survival of the same and the unsustainable use of non-renewable resources, significantly altering their decision-making. In this sense, this study verified the equalization of the social and environmental dimensions in the triple bottom line, since, in its initial stages, only the economic dimension has been evident. In order to achieve the objectives, a theoretical essay was carried out, based on research in current articles on the CAPES journals portal—Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel. The study allowed to conclude that the coexistence and the interaction between the three dimensions, considered prerogatives for the equalization of the dimensions of the triple bottom line were established, so that companies had a model to be followed, however, there should be initiatives from them, for this to actually happen. The analysis allowed us to understand that the attempt to unite the dimensions is done in an unbalanced way and that they still have a relative scarcity of scientific research on the theme in Brazil. Therefore, the triple will never be supported by just two pillars, just as corporate sustainability will not be in harmony, without the balance between product, process and people.
Nurses' experiences of working while pregnant: A qualitative descriptive study.

Abstract Background Healthcare work environments are fraught with occupational hazards that can impact nurse health as well as patient care. However, little is known about how these hazards impact nurse health during pregnancy, and the experiences of nurses in the work environment during pregnancy and upon their return postpartum. Objective To describe registered nurses’ (RNs’) experiences of working while pregnant and returning to work postpartum. Specifically, their experiences related to the work environment and work-related hazards. Design A qualitative descriptive design was utilized to describe nurse experiences at work, occupational hazards during pregnancy, and experiences of returning to work after pregnancy. Participants and Setting A convenience sample of twenty nurses working in direct patient care roles across the United States were recruited for virtual semi-structured interviews. Method Participants were interviewed using a semi-structured question guide to explore nurse experiences, specifically occupational hazards at work during pregnancy and upon returning to work. Interview transcripts were analyzed using deductive and inductive content analysis. Results Deductive findings for occupational hazards and risks during pregnancy and postpartum included exposure to infectious diseases, imaging, physical tasks (e.g., lifting and performing CPR), cleaning products, patient violence, and medication administration. Inductive thematic findings included: support needed avoid occupational hazards and make necessary modifications; desire to be ‘supernurses’ and put the patient first even when it meant taking risks for our health and that of their child; and fear of the consequences of occupational hazards and exposures. Conclusions Occupational hazards experienced by nurses during pregnancy that may impact their health and that of their baby were broader than previously studied. Pregnant nurses should receive education from their healthcare providers early in their pregnancies about the occupational hazards themselves and the potential modifications they should seek. Managers, occupational health and other health system leaders, and policymakers should be aware of occupational hazards for nurses, including pregnant nurses, and support workplace modifications. Future research should focus on assessing the prevalence of these hazards, the longitudinal impact of exposures that can lead to negative consequences for nurse and fetal health, and reducing the risk of exposure to these hazards for pregnant nurses. Tweetable abstract RNs described a variety of occupational hazards of working while pregnant and postpartum. Inconsistent ability to modify work to protect self and baby leads to completing work demands known to be hazardous.
Functions predict horizontal gene transfer and the emergence of antibiotic resistance.

Phylogenetic distance, shared ecology, and genomic constraints are often cited as key drivers governing horizontal gene transfer (HGT), although their relative contributions are unclear. Here, we a...
Perspectives on early language from typical development and down syndrome

Publisher Summary The developing infants and children achieve major perceptual and productive developments in the first few years of life. This chapter provides an overview of perceptual and productive abilities of the developing infants and children for language in the first few years of life. It presents what is known about language development in this age period for Down syndrome to highlight potentially important descriptive gaps. Thereafter, it discusses infant vocalizations, early semantic development, syntactic development, and relationships with language comprehension. Infants can perceive speech sounds in a categorical-like manner, combine visual and auditory input in speech perception, and extract the underlying rhythmic and musical interval structures from tone sequences. In the visually reinforced infant speech discrimination paradigm, Down syndrome infants younger than one year seem unable to establish the necessary connection between a change in the auditory stimulus and the presentation of a visual reinforce. Description of the early language difficulties of Down syndrome children may result in the development of effective strategies for augmenting the language development of these children that may not be possible later in life.
Die Berücksichtigung von Medienwirkungen in der Mediaplanung

Der folgende Beitrag thematisiert Eigenschaften des Mediums, in dem Werbung platziert wird. Zu den wichtigsten Mediakategorien werden Zeitungen und Zeitschriften, Fernsehen und Rundfunk, Plakate und andere in der Offentlichkeit sichtbare Werbeflachen (z. B. Busse), Schaufenster und Messen, Produktverpackungen, Direktwerbung, d.h. per Post oder Email versandte Werbebriefe, elektronische Medien wie z. B. Websites und Videospiele sowie Events wie bspw. Werksfuhrungen oder in der Offentlichkeit durchgefuhrte Veranstaltungen, in deren Rahmen geworben wird (z. B. Skirennen), gerechnet (Schweiger und Schrattenecker 2005, S. 280 ff.). Diese Liste konnte um weitere originelle Medien erganzt werden wie z. B. T-Shirts mit Aufdruck und Filme mit Produktplacement. Auch der Verkaufer, der den Kunden berat, ist ein Werbemedium.
Occurrence of Two Cleavages Preceding Inactivation of Bovine Temporary Trypsin Isoinhibitor A

Abstract A modification of the method of Burck ((1970) Methods Enzymol. 19, 906–914) is described that allows the isolation of each of the three isoinhibitors present in the crystalline inhibitor of Kazal (Kazal, L. A., Spicer, D. S., and Brahinsky, R. A. (1948) J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 70, 3034–3040). All three have identical amino acid compositions, except that isoinhibitor A has six free carboxyl groups, B 7, and C 8. The location of the missing amide groups has not been determined. Each of the three isoinhibitors was virgin, with the reactive site bond intact. The modified form of each isoinhibitor with the Arg 18-Ile 19 bond cleaved has been prepared and found active, confirming and extending previous reports. The reversibility of the modification step was shown for each of the three isoinhibitors. The pathway leading to the inactive forms starting with the modified form is the major, but not the only pathway. Part of the isoinhibitor A is first hydrolyzed at Arg 5-Glu 6. This form is active and susceptible to the modifying cleavage.