cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward the Humanistic Study of Law

LAW schools are in trouble with their students. They are not able to interest, inspire, or even hold on to many of their best college graduates. It is true that for most students the first year is exciting. The fresh incisiveness of approach, the active classroom, the impatience with fuzzy college ways are a great experience. But after the first year the excitement fades. Students cannot find courses they want to take. Having caught on to the classroom method, they drowse through increasingly obvious repetitions. They try to find new interest outside the classroom in legal aid, practice trials or law journal work. All too often law school ends with students merely marking time. Law schools are also no longer attracting as many of the best and most imaginative college graduates. College students today valuethe intellectual life more than their predecessors. They like courses which are searching and speculative; law seems to them to require a narrow confinement of the intellect. College graduates are increasingly idealistic, and increasingly skeptical about the commercial society in which they have grown up. They regard the legal profession as an adjunct of business, and lawyers as hired special pleaders for the established values. Moreover, students reject a role as a gun for hire a secondary being. Many come to law school with no real intention of practicing law, hoping that they can find a career in public service or teaching; some of the top students will not even interview the large firms. Doubt and self-criticism are certainly not new to the law schools. But the doubt and self-criticism have not been deep enough, and the many attempts at reform have not succeeded. Law schools must keep seeking new answers, or see their position of leadership gradually lost.
Antecedent-Based Interventions for Young Children at Risk for Emotional and Behavioral Disorders:

Following descriptive functional assessment procedures, a brief structural analysis was used to confirm the hypothesized antecedent conditions that preceded problem behavior across three children e...
Zika in 2018: Advising Travelers Amid Changing Incidence.

Many gaps in our knowledge about key features of Zika virus infection make it difficult to counsel patients who are contemplating travel to Zika-affected countries and to determine appropriate test...
Inoculating science against potential pandemics and information hazards

The recent de novo assembly of horsepox is an instructive example of an information hazard: published methods enabling poxvirus synthesis led to media coverage spelling out the implications, efficiently disseminating true information that might be used to cause harm. Whether or not the benefits justified the risks, the horsepox saga provides ample reason to upgrade the current system for screening synthesized DNA for hazardous sequences, which does not cover the majority of firms and cannot reliably prevent the assembly of potentially pandemic pathogens. An upgraded system might leverage one-way encryption to confidentially scrutinize virtually all commercial production by a cooperative international network of servers whose integrity can be verified by third parties. Funders could support participating institutions to ease the transition or outright subsidize the market to make clean DNA cheaper, while boycotts by journals, institutions, and funders could ensure compliance and require hardware-level locks on future DNA synthesizers. However, the underlying problem is that security and safety discussions among experts typically follow potentially hazardous events rather than anticipating them. Changing norms and incentives to favor preregistration and advisory peer review of planned experiments could test alternatives to the current closeted research model in select areas of science. Because the fields of synthetic mammalian virology and especially gene drive research involve technologies that could be unilaterally deployed and may self-replicate in the wild, they are compelling candidates for initial trials of early-stage peer review.
Targeted genotyping for the prediction of celiac disease autoimmunity development in patients with type 1 diabetes and their family members

Targeted genotyping for the prediction of celiac disease autoimmunity development in patients with type 1 diabetes and their family members
The Uses of Business Theory in Antitrust Litigation

Antitrust has been impoverished as a discipline by systematically devaluing business discourse in favor of a nearly exclusive reliance on one form of economics as its guiding discipline. I have previously discussed elsewhere the historical reasons why antitrust has ignored the theories that motivate the very decision makers whose behavior antitrust seeks to motivate. See Spencer Weber Waller, The Language of Law and the Language of Business, 52 Case. W. L. Rev. 283 (2001), available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=253732&high=%20spencer%20waller. In this paper, I discuss how business theory is becoming an increasingly valuable tool for antitrust analysis. I primarily analyze two recent cases. In the first case, Conwood Tobacco, a knowledge of modern marketing is necessary to understand the facts and legal liability at issue. In the second case, LePage's, business theory would have provided both plaintiffs and defendants in a controversial bundling case with better tools to argue their position. Finally, I conclude with a briefer look at a series of other cases where business theory issues have been raised and would have been a valuable addition to the standard tools of antitrust analysis.
Why States Can Tax the GILTI

A centerpiece of the 2017 federal tax legislation’s reforms to international corporate income tax rules is the new global intangible low-taxed income regime (or GILTI). In a prior essay, we argued that U.S. state governments should conform to GILTI. But might there be constitutional restrictions preventing state governments from doing so? This essay argues that state governments can constitutionally conform to the federal GILTI rules and thereby tax GILTI income as part of the states’ corporate income tax bases. However, in doing so, we explain that state governments will need to be attentive to background constitutional principles.
Risk preference and adoption of autonomous vehicles

Abstract Despite an increasingly large body of research that focuses on the potential demand for autonomous vehicles (AVs), risk preference is an understudied factor. Given that AV technology and how it will interact with the evolving mobility system are highly risky, this lack of research on risk preference is a critical gap in current understanding. By using a stated preference survey of 1142 individuals from Singapore, this study achieves three objectives. First, it develops one measure of psychometric risk preference and operationalizes prospect theory to create two economic risk preference parameters. Second, it examines how these psychometric and economic risk preferences are associated with socioeconomic variables. Third, it analyzes how risk preference influences the mode choice of AVs. The study finds that risk preference parameters are significantly associated with socioeconomic variables: the elderly, poor, females, and unemployed Singaporeans appear more risk-averse and tend to overestimate small probabilities of losses. Furthermore, all three risk preference parameters contribute to the prediction of AV adoption. These modeling results have policy implications at both the aggregate and disaggregate levels. At the aggregate level, people misperceive probabilities, are overall risk-averse, and hence under-consume AVs relative to the social optimum. At the disaggregate level, the elderly, poor, female, and unemployed are more risk-averse and thus are less likely to adopt AVs. These results suggest that it might be valuable for governments to implement policies to encourage technology adoption, particularly for disadvantaged social groups, although caution remains due to uncertainty in the long-term effects of AVs. Individualized risk preference parameters could also inform how to design regulations, safety standards, and liability allocations of AVs since many regulations are essentially mechanisms for risk allocation. One limitation of the paper is that risk preference is measured and modeled only as individual-specific but not alternative-specific variables. Future studies should examine the relationship between the multiple components of risk preference and the multiple risky aspects of AVs.
Optimization of a Chemical Reaction Using the Modified Quasilinearization Algorithm

In this work we revisit the Modified Quasilinearization Algorithm as method to solve Nonlinear Programming Problems. The algorithm structure is first derived from the necessary conditions for a candidate solution to be an extremal. Secondly, we apply the numerical method to determine the optimal solution for a chemical reaction problem. The motivation for this application is the challenge of deciding the chemical mixture composition of any complex combination held under chemical equilibrium conditions. The problem mostly arises in the implementation and analysis of the performance of fuels and propellants that is used to aerospace propulsion. Moreover, the algorithm can also be virtually applied to the study of complex organic compounds.
Evaporation-driven crumpling and assembling of two-dimensional (2D) materials: A rotational spring – mechanical slider model

Abstract Crumpling of suspended two-dimensional (2D) materials by droplet evaporation creates a new form of aggregation-resistant ultrafine particles with more scalable properties such as high specific surface areas. However, the underpinned fundamental mechanics theory that addresses large deformation, severe instability and self-assembly of 2D sheets under dynamic solid-liquid interactions during liquid evaporation is lacking. In the present study, we propose a theoretical mechanics framework to quantitatively describe the simultaneous process of crumpling and self-assembling of 2D materials and their competition during droplet evaporation. In this theory, a rotational spring is developed to describe the out-of-plane deformation of crumpling sheets, and a mechanical slider is implemented to describe the interactive binding energy in self-folding of a single sheet or overlapping of neighboring sheets. The spring-slider mechanics model is calibrated with the energy-based continuum mechanics analysis by crumpling a single sheet, and is further extended to a network model to characterize the crumpling and assembling of multiple sheets in the droplet. An equivalent pressure model is developed to unify the resultant forces associated with liquid evaporation including capillary force, vapor pressure, gas pressure, vapor recoil pressure and capillary flow-induced force. A coarse-grained model of 2D materials is developed and its dynamic interaction with liquid molecules during evaporation is mimicked by proposing a controllable virtual van der Waal force field. Molecular dynamics simulation results show remarkable agreement with theoretical predictions, from crumpling and assembling energies of graphene during liquid evaporation to overall size and accessible area of the crumpled particles after the complete evaporation of liquid. Besides, both theoretical predictions and simulation results agree well with independent experiments. The effect of concentration, size, shape, number and size distribution of 2D material graphene sheets in liquid droplets on crumpling and self-assembling energy and shape, size and surface morphology of crumpled particles is also discussed. The mechanics theories and coarse-grained modeling established here are expected to offer immediate and quantitative application guidance to control the crumpling and self-assembling process of 2D materials by liquid solution evaporation processing to fine tune particle size and morphology. More importantly, the fundamental understanding of large deformation, instability, and self-assembly of 2D materials in such dynamic liquid environments could be extended to aerosol-like processing of a broad scope of other low-dimensional nanomaterials such as lipid membranes, nanowires, nanotubes, nanofibers and nanoparticles, for their emerging applications including ultrafine particle manufacturing and various printing processes.
Stress Response Gadd45a Gene as Tumor Suppressor in MYC Expressing Myeloid Cells Is Cytokine Specific.

Abstract Abstract 1481 Poster Board I-504 MYC, which regulates proliferation, apoptosis/survival and differentiation, is implicated in the etiology of a wide variety of hematologic malignancies. Multiple cooperating molecular pathways of cell survival and apoptosis determine if a cell lives or dies, and understanding how c-MYC interfaces with these pathways to influence the survival of cells is important to understand tumor initiation and progression, and response of tumors to different treatment regimens. Previously, this laboratory has shown that deregulated c-MYC blocks terminal myeloid differentiation and prematurely recruits both the Type I and Type II CD95/Fas apoptotic pathways, promoting an incompletely penetrant apoptotic response (Amanullah et al., Oncogene 19:2967-77, 2000; Amanullah et al., Oncogene 21;1600-10, 2002). Here we provide data to show that the response of myeloid cells to deregulated MYC expression depends on the status of the Gadd45 family of stress response genes. The gadd45 gene family plays pivotal roles as stress sensors that modulate signaling in response to physiological and environmental stressors, also modulating susceptibility of cells for transformation in vitro and tumor development in vivo. Gadd45 behaves as either tumor suppressor or oncogene depending upon the transforming oncogene and the cell type (Tront et al., Cancer Research 66:8448-54, 2006; Tront et al., manuscript in press). To elucidate the role Gadd45a plays in response to the proto-oncogene c-MYC in myeloid cells, bone marrow (BM) cells from wild type (WT) and Gadd45a null mice were retrovirally infected to constitutively express c-MYC. We showed that Gadd45a null BM expressing constitutive c-MYC exhibited less apoptosis than its WT counterpart in expansion media (IL-3, IL-6, SCF), demonstrating that Gadd45a is required for optimal MYC mediated apoptosis. In addition, enhancement of cell cycle progression was observed. Therefore, loss of gadd45a in conjunction with constitutive MYC expression results in enhanced proliferation. Furthermore, in GM-CSF treated cells the MYC–mediated block/delay in differentiation was more extensive in the Gadd45a null cells compared to similarly treated WT cells. Interestingly, the percent of apoptosis was higher in the Gadd54a null cells expressing constitutive MYC as compared to the WT counterpart. This observation was in contrast to the results seen in expansion media, suggesting that the role Gadd45a plays in the presence of deregulated MYC may be cytokine specific. Data will be presented to explain how gadd45 regulates both the apoptotic response, depending upon the specific cytokine, and differentiation of MYC-expressing myeloid cells. Furthermore, experiments to determine how loss of gadd45a influences MYC-mediated leukemia, including assessing the effect of manipulating the cytokine milieu, are currently underway. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Extracting many-body correlators of saturated gluons with precision from inclusive photon + dijet final states in deeply inelastic scattering

We highlight the principal results of a computation [1] in the color glass condensate effective field theory of the next-to-leading order (NLO) impact factor for inclusive $\mathrm{photon}+\mathrm{dijet}$ production at Bjorken ${x}_{\text{Bj}}\ensuremath{\ll}1$ in deeply inelastic electron-nucleus ($\mathrm{e}+\mathrm{A}\text{ }\text{DIS}$) collisions. When combined with extant results for next-to-leading log ${x}_{\text{Bj}}$ JIMWLK renormalization group (RG) evolution of gauge invariant two-point (``dipole'') and four-point (``quadrupole'') correlators of lightlike Wilson lines, the inclusive $\mathrm{photon}+\mathrm{dijet}$ $\mathrm{e}+\text{A DIS cross section can be determined}$ to $\ensuremath{\sim}10%$ accuracy. Our computation simultaneously provides the ingredients to compute fully inclusive DIS, inclusive photon, inclusive dijet, and inclusive $\mathrm{photon}+\text{jet}$ channels to the same accuracy. This makes feasible quantitative extraction of many-body correlators of saturated gluons and precise determination of the saturation scale ${Q}_{S,A}({x}_{\text{Bj}})$ at a future Electron-Ion Collider. An interesting feature of our NLO result is the structure of the violation of the soft gluon theorem in the Regge limit. Another is the appearance in gluon emission of timelike nonglobal logs which also satisfy JIMWLK RG evolution.
Successful management of fibrosing mediastinitis with severe vascular compromise: Report of two cases and literature review

Fibrosing mediastinitis is a rare disorder characterized by the invasive proliferation of fibrous tissue within the mediastinum. This fibrosis can result in compression of intrathoracic structures including the pulmonary vasculature leading to clinical symptoms and complications like pulmonary hypertension. Here, we present two cases of young patients with fibrosing mediastinitis complicated by pulmonary artery stenosis requiring medical and endovascular management with excellent results.
Discovery of a Small Side Cavity in Sphingosine Kinase 2 that Enhances Inhibitor Potency and Selectivity.

The sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signaling pathway is an attractive drug target due to its involvement in immune cell chemotaxis and vascular integrity. The formation of S1P is catalyzed by sphingosine kinase 1 or 2 (SphK1 or SphK2) from sphingosine (Sph) and ATP. Inhibition of SphK1 and SphK2 to attenuate levels of S1P has been reported to be efficacious in animal models of diseases such as cancer, sickle cell disease, and renal fibrosis. While inhibitors of both SphKs have been reported, improvements in potency and selectivity are still needed. Toward that end, we performed structure-activity relationship profiling of 8 (SLM6031434) and discovered a heretofore unrecognized side cavity that increased inhibitor potency toward SphK2. Interrogating this region revealed that relatively small hydrophobic moieties are preferred, with 10 being the most potent SphK2-selective inhibitor (Ki = 89 nM, 73-fold SphK2-selective) with validated in vivo activity.
Lions of Malebo: Population and Conflicts with Humans

Lions (Panthera leo) have disappeared in large portions of their African range, which historically covered most of the countries. Yet, the species population has never been comprehensibly assessed in Central African though distribution maps indicate lions occur therein fragmentally. The lions of the Bateke Plateaus were absent from scientific records, though local communities report the presence of the species in the region in historical times. However, based on field observations dated between December 2006 and September 2008, 21 lion’s calls have been recorded from the research field base at Malebo and footprints were observed along roads and were measured. Combining measurements of footprints and the fact that attacks on cattle herds occurred at different geographic locations, the study estimated that there were, at least 4 groups at Malebo. The mean group size was 3 individuals per group, with at least, 12 lions in the entire region of Malebo. Direct encounter with lions were also recorded four times and one person was killed by lions. The incidents of lions killing livestock were also reported, raising therefore the conflict between human and lions.
A University and School District Principalship Preparation Partnership Program

A School District Principal Preparation Partnership Program is designed to establish collaboration between a University and school districts that employ the school leaders graduated by the universi...
Estradiol Modulates Neural and Behavioral Arousal in Women With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder During a Fear Learning and Extinction Task.

Abstract Background Fear responding in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is sexually heterogeneous and varies with hormonal fluctuations throughout the menstrual cycle. While research suggests that estrogen levels affect PTSD symptoms among women, there is a dearth of research on modulatory effects of estrogen on fear responding among women with PTSD, and neural outcome measures are lacking. Methods A sample of 42 women with PTSD underwent 2 consecutive alternating blocks of fear conditioning and extinction training, during which a CS+ conditioned stimulus, but not a CS−, predicted the occurrence of an electric shock in an acquisition context but not in an extinction context. Assayed saliva determined estradiol levels. Skin conductance response and whole-brain voxelwise activity during functional magnetic resonance imaging were outcome variables in linear mixed-effects models, with estradiol level, PTSD severity, and task contrasts as predictors. Results Skin conductance response exhibited a significant estradiol × PTSD severity × habituation interaction (t = 3.180, p = .002), such that PTSD severity was correlated with increased arousal responding between training blocks among women with lower estradiol (t = −3.985, p Conclusions Estradiol moderated the relationship between PTSD severity and arousal response habituation between fear conditioning and extinction training sessions, such that high estradiol protected against the negative impact of severe PTSD symptoms on fear habituation. These findings suggest that estrogen enhances habituation among women with severe PTSD, potentially influencing the efficacy of extinction-based therapies.
Adjoint DSMC for nonlinear Boltzmann equation constrained optimization

Abstract Applications for kinetic equations such as optimal design and inverse problems often involve finding unknown parameters through gradient-based optimization algorithms. Based on the adjoint-state method, we derive two different frameworks for approximating the gradient of an objective functional constrained by the nonlinear Boltzmann equation. While the forward problem can be solved by the DSMC method, it is difficult to efficiently solve the high-dimensional continuous adjoint equation obtained by the “optimize-then-discretize” approach. This challenge motivates us to propose an adjoint DSMC method following the “discretize-then-optimize” approach for Boltzmann-constrained optimization. We also analyze the properties of the two frameworks and their connections. Several numerical examples are presented to demonstrate their accuracy and efficiency.
Investigation of Li Ion Dynamics in Garnet Oxide Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12 Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation

To overcome the safety issue of liquid electrolytes in conventional lithium-ion batteries, various solid-state inorganic electrolytes have been studied. Among them, lithium garnet oxides have been attracting research interests due to their high ionic conductivity, Li7-xLa3Zr2-xTaxO12 (LLZTO) with have a at room temperature with a maximum value around x = 0.51,2. There are two different structures of lithium garnet oxides, a cubic structure with space group Iad and a tetragonal phase with space group I41/acd. The cubic structure has two types of Li sites, i.e., tetrahedral (Td) 24d sites and octahedral (Oh) 48g sites. The tetragonal structure has four types of Li sites, i.e., Td-8a, Td-16e, Oh-16f, and Oh-32g sites. The fully empty 16e sites and fully occupied the other sites in tetragonal structure makes its conductivity about 2 orders lower than the cubic phase. However, the complexity of structure hindered the understanding of the mechanism of lithium ion conduction. In this paper, we performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulation on Li6.5La3ZrTaO12 based on classic MD simulation from both the interatomic potential and DFTB methods to study its structure and properties including lattice parameters, diffusion parameters, ionic conductivities, dielectric constants, and elastic moduli. The results are extracted through correlation function that was used for simple liquids3. The consistency of our results with the reported experimental ones helped us to understand the Li diffusion mechanism. References(1) Y. X. Wang and W. Lai "High Ionic Conductivity Lithium Garnet Oxides of Li7-xLa3Zr2-xTaxO12 Compositions," Electrochem. Solid State Lett. 2012, 15, A68-A71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.024205esl(2) Y. T. Li, J. T. Han, C. A. Wang, H. Xie, and J. B. Goodenough "Optimizing Li+ conductivity in a garnet framework," J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22, 15357-15361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2jm31413d(3) In Theory of Simple Liquids (Fourth Edition); J.-P. Hansen and I. R. McDonald, Eds.; Academic Press: Oxford, 2013, p i.
Dengue Vaccines: The Promise and Pitfalls of Antibody-Mediated Protection

Summary More than 390 million human dengue virus (DENV) infections occur each year, worldwide. Dengvaxia, a live-virus tetravalent vaccine from Sanofi Pasteur, was recently approved for human clinical use, although vaccine performance against the four DENV serotypes is highly variable. Other dengue vaccines in advanced clinical testing also demonstrate variability in efficacy. In this review, we outline the benefits and challenges of developing a safe, effective, and balanced DENV vaccine that can provide uniform protection against all four serotypes. Even though T cell biology plays an important role in establishing protective immunity, this review focuses on B cell responses. We discuss the leading dengue vaccine candidates and review the specificity of antibody responses and the known immune correlates of protection against DENV infection. A better understanding of immune correlates of protection against DENV infection will inform the development of a vaccine that can provide long-term, uniform protection.
Investor-Driven Governance Standards and Firm Value

We ope-rationalize a corporate governance framework developed and promoted by a diverse, influential group of diverse institutional investors. We find positive associations between consistency with the proposed framework and firm value for smaller firms in recent years, and negative associations for S&P 500 firms in recent years. We detect some evidence of improved monitoring outcomes for firms whose governance provisions are more consistent with provisions eventually included in the framework. However, we do not find that measures of consistency with the framework are more strongly associated with firm outcomes than the much simpler entrenchment index is.
Impact of Smart Snacks Intervention on College Students' Vending Selections.

To place Smart Snacks in vending machines and determine if different sales strategies affect Smart Snack selection.University students living in resident hallsVending machines included 50% Smart Sn...
IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON THE PEOPLE OF DELTA STATE IN THE PERIOD OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC: doi>10.24250/jpe/ no2/2021/EUO/JOCO

The paper x-rayed on impact of social media on the people ofAsaba in Delta State in the period of COVID-19. Theoutbreak of corona virus, known as COVID -19 by the worldhealth organisation has thrown the global community intofear and anxiety. In course of COVID-19, the use of socialmedia contributed in the dissemination of information andinformation overload among individuals. Social media havelong been recognized as powerful forces shaping how weexperience the world and ourselves. The following subheadingswere discussed; concept of Coronavirus andCOVID- 19, challenges of Asaba people in the period ofCOVID -19 pandemic, concept of social media, importance ofsocial media and impact of social media during COVID 19 toAsaba people. The work emphasized the role social mediaplatforms which really contributed a lot to the people ofAsaba to gain information about COVID-19. The followingrecommendation were made among others; a way toencourage Asaba people productivity and students’ academicefficacy during this COVID-19 pandemic. It is equallyimportant that government and school authorities checkmateand regulate the use of social media among people of Asaba.This would enhance in building on the positive use of socialnetworking sites such as joining students in group andhelping them meet other student groups online. By this, theycan bring to limelight the risks and benefits associated withthe use of the social sites and help students to overcome the vices behaviourassociated with these sites as well aseducating students on the best and most efficient ways ofusing these sites to support learning.
Low Power Impulse Radio Transceivers

Spectral allocation is critical for any radio architecture. A radio working within a given slice of spectrum has to cope with unwanted but co-existing interferers. These interferers can severely limit performance. To enable efficient and effective utilization of spectral resources government agencies across the world regulate the use of spectrum domestically and internationally. In the US, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) designates different frequency bands for different applications while limiting radiation characteristics of radios operating in a specific band. While various commercial wireless communication systems such as GSM, CDMA etc. work on a licensed spectrum, FCC also provides various unlicensed spectral-bands, where one can transmit legally by simply complying with the radiation emission mask. Since cost of operation is an important factor for wireless sensor network deployment, operating radios in the unlicensed band is also desired. In this chapter, we specifically look at the FCC’s UWB spectral mask, and provide an example of a multi-band radio that operates in compliance with the spectral mask constraints placed by the FCC.
Orthodox Social Choice Versus Veto Players Theory: Theory and Evidence

We propose a theory of comparative political institutions based on social choice theory. This yields a typology quite similar to Lijphart Patterns of Democracy (1999), but with very different theoretical underpinnings. Lijphart’s approach has had considerable predictive power with phenomena such as income inequality (Birchfield and Crepaz 1998), participation, female representation and environmental policy (Lijphart 1999). Furthermore, domestic institutions are increasingly being used as independent variables in work on international relations. However, Lijphart’s typology is undertheorized, and the theoretical assumptions lead to some erroneous conclusions. Other approaches built of similar premises, such as Tsebelis’ (2002) veto player approach, are also theoretically and empirically problematic. We will show that this has significant consequences for patterns of government spending and public policy issues such as the reform of welfare states.
Effects of extended sleep on female athlete's performance and nutrition (633.2)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of one extra hour of sleep on physical performance and nutrition behaviors on college female track athletes. Eleven females (age 20.6 ± 1.6 ...
CPG15 and the dynamics of retinotectal synapses

Overexpression of an activity-dependent protein, CPG15, in Xenopus tectal cells promotes growth of tectal dendrites and retinal axons, and may coordinate their development.
Effects of Iron, Copper, Cobalt, and Their Chelators on the Cytotoxicity of Bleomycin

Bleomycin is widely used for treating several types of human tumors as well as a variety of experimental tumors. The ability of this antibiotic to bind and to damage DNA has been proposed to be responsible for its antitumor effect. Bleomycin is also a good chelator for several metals, e.g., iron, copper, and others. Bleomycin:metal complexes have been investigated in detail particularly for their action on isolated DNA. The conclusions from these studies indicate that metal-chelated bleomycin either is ineffective or more effective in damaging DNA. In this paper, we tested the effect of iron, copper, cobalt, and their chelators on bleomycin cytotoxicity. Our results suggest that chelating bleomycin with copper or adding an iron chelator (deferoxamine), diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid, and a copper chelator (penicillamine) shows no effect on bleomycin cytotoxicity. On the other hand, iron dextran and a metal chelator, diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC), with bleomycin show enhanced cytotoxicity. Cobalt-chelated bleomycin is not cytotoxic but is cytotoxic when combined with DDC. We suggest that different mechanisms are contributing to the enhanced toxicity of bleomycin with iron dextran and DDC. Bleomycin acts as a ferrous oxidase which promotes the iron toxicity. In the case of DDC, it can act as a reducing agent or it can help to maintain the bleomycin:metal complex in the reduced form which can generate radicals.
Chapter 4 Intrahousehold distribution and the family

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on intrahousehold allocations and explains the roles in such allocations of endowments, preferences, human resource investment prices, household resource levels, labor market opportunities, and marriage markets. Intrahousehold allocations appear to be important in the determination of time use, human resource investments, and intra- and inter-generational transfers. The nature of such allocations have significant implications for efficiency, equity, and the efficacy of micro- and macro-economic policies, as well as, for the analysis of the impact of human resources on economic outcomes. In contrast to many areas of economics, many of the interesting studies in the economic analysis of intrahousehold allocations have been for developing countries because of the recent expanded availability of interesting micro household data sets for such countries. The nonconsensus models of household behavior emphasize that different household members, usually husband and wife, may have different preferences and different command over resources. On the basis of casual observations, this seems an important feature of households in many societies.
A Concept Analysis of Personalized Health Care in Nursing

Purpose The purpose of the study is to identify the concept of personalized health care in nursing and to address future direction in person-centered nursing care. Background Personalized health care has attracted increased attention in the twenty-first century. As more and more preclinical studies are focusing on cost-effective and patient-centered care, there also has been an identified need for a personalized health care in nursing. Yet the term lacks clear definition and interests among healthcare professionals. Review Methods Rodgers’ strategy for concept analysis was used in this analysis. A literature review for 1960–2014 was conducted for the following keywords: nursing care, personalized, and health care. Results The analysis demonstrates that personalized health care in nursing is an intangible asset, including explicit attributes (interprofessional collaboration and individualized care approach) and implicit attributes (managing personal vulnerabilities: molecular-based health information and self-health-seeking behaviors). The result of this analysis provides a guide for further conceptual and empirical research and clinical practice in the personalized healthcare era. Conclusion This concept analysis represents an effort to describe the attributes of a concept regarded as representing an important feature of nursing care and to promote discourse that will enhance maturation of the concept into one that is established with clearly delineated characteristics.
Interactions between location and task affect the spatial and directional firing of hippocampal neurons

When rats forage for randomly dispersed food in a high walled cylinder the firing of their hippocampal "place" cells exhibits little dependence on the direction faced by the rat. On radial arm mazes and similar tasks, place cells are strongly directionally selective within their fields. These tasks differ in several respects, including the visual environment, configuration of the traversable space, motor behavior (e.g., linear and angular velocities), and behavioral context (e.g., presence of specific, consistent goal locations within the environment). The contributions of these factors to spatial and directional tuning of hippocampal neurons was systematically examined in rats performing several tasks in either an enriched or a sparse visual environment, and on different apparati. Place fields were more spatially and directionally selective on a radial maze than on an open, circular platform, regardless of the visual environment. On the platform, fields were more directional when the rat searched for food at fixed locations, in a stereotypic and directed manner, than when the food was scattered randomly. Thus, it seems that place fields are more directional when the animal is planning or following a route between points of special significance. This might be related to the spatial focus of the rat's attention (e.g., a particular reference point). Changing the behavioral task was also accompanied by a change in firing location in about one-third of the cells. Thus, hippocampal neuronal activity appears to encode a complex interaction between locations, their significance and the behaviors the rat is called upon to execute.
Pathological Correlation of the Rose Bengal I131 Photoscan in Liver Disease

Summary Hepatic photoscanning is less reliable in the diagnosis of diffuse liver disease than it is in discrete lesions of the liver. The patchy photoscan, although consistent with the diagnosis of cirrhosis, hepatitis, or fatty metamorphosis, may occur as a result of nonspecific functional or structural hepatic alteration as well as metastatic seeding of the liver. The hepatic photoscan does not preclude the need for biochemical studies of liver function or liver biopsy.
A new infrared spectroscopoic marker for cochleate phases in phosphatidylserine-containing model membranes.

Fourier transform-infrared (IR) spectroscopic and electron microscopic studies are reported for 1,2-dimyristoylphosphatidylserine (DMPS) and for DMPS/1,2-dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine mixtures in the presence and absence of Ca2+ ion. The frequency of the methyl symmetric deformation mode near 1,378 cm-1, previously assumed insensitive to changes in lipid morphology, has been found to respond to cochleate phase formation by undergoing an approximately 8 cm-1 increase. The new IR spectroscopic marker at 1,386 cm-1 has been used to identify and verify structures suggested from the phase diagram of J. R. Silvius and J. Gagne (1984. Biochemistry. 23:3241–3247) for this system. In addition, the ability of Mg2+ ion to induce cochleate formation has been demonstrated. Higher Mg2+ than Ca2+ levels are required for this process. Finally, IR spectroscopy has been used to monitor dehydration of the lipid surface through changes in the asymmetric PO2- stretching mode. Dehydration precedes cochleate phase formation (i.e., occurs at a lower Ca2+/phosphatidylserine level).
#84-S short course antiretroviral treatment in the prevention of perinatal HIV-1 transmission

Abstract PURPOSE: To evaluate efficacy of a short course nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) antiretroviral treatment in the prevention of perinatal HIV-1. METHODS: Studies published prior to January 2002 were searched using computerized databases and manual methods. Randomized, placebo-controlled trials of short course NRTI treatment in pregnant HIV-infected women were included in the analysis. Study quality was assessed by one of the reviewers using a previously validated scale. Characteristics of study design and participants, treatment regimens, and outcomes were independently extracted by two reviewers. Odds ratio, absolute risk difference, and number needed-to-treat were estimated to evaluate the efficacy of NRTI. Due to homogeneity in risk estimates across studies, the fixed-effects model was used in analysis. Sensitivity analyses were performed to determine whether the pooled estimates were robust to different study and participant characteristics. A series of multivariate linear regression models were performed to explore the influence of covariates on the effects of the antiretroviral treatment and perinatal HIV-1 transmission. The potential for publication bias was examined using a funnel plot. RESULTS: Data were analyzed for 7 eligible (out of 9 initially identified) clinical trials with 2,468 participants. Treatment was associated with a 41% proportional reduction in perinatal HIV-1 transmission (odds ratio[OR], 0.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.49–0.73; p CONCLUSION: These results confirm the findings of individual studies that short course NRTI treatment decreases the risk of perinatal HIV transmission.
Canonical momenta and numerical instabilities in particle codes

Abstract A set of warm plasma dispersion relations appropriate to a large class of electromagnetic plasma simulation codes is derived. The numerical Cherenkov instability is shown by analytic and numerical analysis of these dispersion relations to be the most significant nonphysical effect involving transverse electromagnetic waves. The instability arises due to a spurious phase shift between resonant particles and light waves, caused by a basic incompatibility between the Lagrangian treatment of particle positions and the Eulerian treatment of particle velocities characteristic of most PIC-CIC algorithms. It is demonstrated that, through the use of canonical momentum, this mismatch is alleviated sufficiently to completely eliminate the Cherenkov instability. Collateral effects on simulation accuracy and on other numerical instabilities appear to be minor.
Renal response to ringer expansion in developing rats

Male rats were studied between 20 and 60 days of age. Standard renal clearance techniques were used. The efficiency of the diuretic response, the sodium response, and the potassium response were calculated as defined previously. Results indicate that both diuretic and sodium efficiency is lower between the ages of 20 and 30 days as compared to 40 and 60 days of age, whereas potassium efficiency shows no age deoendence. In morphological studies, it has been observed that the proximal tubule cells of 22-day-old rats show changes in lateral intercellular spaces with comparable features to those of mature animals. The spaces widened during volume expansion. The change is quantitatively the same as that found in mature rats. Both blood pressure and hematocrit show continuous increase with age. The response of Ringer infusion in both immature and mature animals may be a mixed response involving changes in physical factors and renal responses to volume expansion per se.
Using Adobe Acrobat software to facilitate global collaboration in the enterprise — Interview with Rak Bhalla of Adobe Systems Incorporated

Michael Moon interviews Rak Bhalla of Adobe Systems, discussing how the Portable Document Format and Adobe's Acrobat software family, particularly Acrobat 3D, help facilitate collaboration in a globally extended work environment.
Immediate early gene activation during the initial phases of the excitotoxic cascade

Direct brain injections of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor agonist quinolinic acid (QA) trigger an excitotoxic cascade characterized by rapid neuronal death and glial/immune cell activation. The present study compared the timing of immediate early gene (IEG; c-fos, c-jun, jun-B, and zif/268) induction with the response of neuronal ranscripts during the first 24 hr of a QA lesion within the rodent striatum. Following QA exposure, IEG mRNA induction periods extended from 30 min to 24 hr. Several characteristics of this prolonged transcriptional response suggest that separate cell populations (neuronal vs. glial) originate individual IEG phases during the first day of the lesion. The first IEG phase was rapid and peaked at 60 min. This initial IEG phase, likely neuronal in origin, was dominated by robust increases in the expression of c-fos, jun-B, and zif/268 mRNAs in contrast to small increases in c-jun expression. A second, delayed IEG phase was initiated after the first hour and extended to 24 hr. This IEG phase was more intense and continued beyond the period of neuronal survival as detected by the loss of neurotransmitter-specific mRNAs (preprotachykinin, preproenkephalin, and glutamic acid decarboxylase). During this phase, c-jun mRNA levels coordinately increased with c-fos. Interestingly, the transcriptional peak of the delayed IEG phase occurred between 4 and 12 hr, the time which corresponded to the rapid decline of neuronal transcripts. The temporal association of a delayed phase of IEG induction, possibly originating in nonneuronal cells, with neuronal death during the acute phases of the excitotoxic cascade suggest a link between glial IEG activation and the spreading cascade of neuronal damage characteristic of excitatory amino acid receptor overstimulation. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A random search algorithm for laboratory computers

The small laboratory computer is ideal for experimental control and data acquisition. Postexperimental data processing is often performed on large computers because of the availability of sophisticated programs, but costs and data compatibility are negative factors. Parameter optimization can be accomplished on the small computer, offering ease of programming, data compatibility, and low cost. A previously proposed random-search algorithm ('random creep') was found to be very slow in convergence. A method is proposed (the 'random leap' algorithm) which starts in a global search mode and automatically adjusts step size to speed convergence. A FORTRAN executive program for the random-leap algorithm is presented which calls a user-supplied function subroutine. An example of a function subroutine is given which calculates maximum-likelihood estimates of receiver operating-characteristic parameters from binary response data. Other applications in parameter estimation, generalized least squares, and matrix inversion are discussed.
The early dredgers: “naturalizing” in British seas, 1830–1850

The leading landmark of oceanography in the nineteenth century was without a doubt the three-and-a-half-year circumnavigation of H. M. S. Challenger. Observations made by Challenger's scientific staff during the years 1872-1876 and later published in the fifty volumes of Challenger Reports have since been widely acknowledged as the foundation of all the varied branches of this hybrid science.' But probably the single most remarkable achievement of this undertaking, the achievement which distinguished the Challenger expedition from all previous naturalist voyages, was the repeated use of the dredge to sample the substrates and inhabitants of the world's ocean floors. Dredging and trawling were attempted at nearly 250 of the 362 stations occupied by the ship, with living organisms being brought up from depths as great as 5716 meters.2 While establishing the basis for future oceanographic research, the Challenger expedition was also the culmination of forty years of dredging experience in British seas. By nineteenth century standards the expense of marine exploration was great, prohibitive in fact, except for