cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Field Cotamination of Sorghum with Zeralenone and Deoxynivalenol in North Carolina: Density Segregation to Remove Mycotoxins

Studies by Hagler et al. (1987) from 1981-1985 revealed that much of the grain sorghum grown in North Carolina was, except in 1983, contaminated at - harvest with zearalenone (ZE), deoxynivalenol (DON), and toalesser degree, aflatoxins (AF) B1 and B2. These studies defined some factors controlling occurrence of these mycotoxins in grain sorghum. Rainfall during flowering and early maturation was associated with the Increased incidence and concentration of ZE and DON. In 1983, there was a drought during this critical period which apparently prevented ZE and DON contamination (Bowman et al. , 1986; Hagler et al. , 1987). Zearalenone had been reported in grain sorghum previously (Schroeder and Hein, 1975; Bennett and Shot well, 1979; Shotwell et al. , 1980; M c Millian et al. , 1983). Deoxynivalenol, which frequently occurs with ZE in corn ( Thiel et al. , 1982), had not been previously reported as a contaminant of sorghum until 1981 (Hagler et al. , 1987).
Anaerobic Production of Single-Domain Magnetite by the Marine, Magnetotactic Bacterium, Strain MV-1

Bacteria whose direction of motility is influenced by the earth’s and applied magnetic fields are collectively referred to as the magnetotactic bacteria (Blakemore, 1975). These microorganisms represent a morphologically diverse group of bacteria that are ubiquitous in aquatic habitats and are apparently worldwide in distribution (Blakemore, 1982; Blakemore et al., 1989). Despite their ubiquity, the magnetotactic bacteria have proven notoriously difficult to isolate and grow in axenic culture (Moench and Konetzka, 1978; Blakemore, 1982). Since the report of their discovery in 1975 (Blakemore, 1975), only one species has been isolated and studied in any detail, Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum (Maratea and Blakemore, 1981). Recently, however, a second isolate has been obtained and designated strain MV-1 (Bazylinski et al., 1988). This organism, unlike A. magnetotacticum, is marine in origin and produces intracellular magnetite (Fe3O4) under strict anaerobic conditions (Bazylinski et al., 1988) and is the subject of this paper. A third species has apparently been isolated by Matsunaga and coworkers (T. Matsunaga, personal communication) but has only been described as a microaerophilic spirillum.
Automated pesticide residue analysis and screening.

In the United States, with probably the most intense and diversified agriculture in the world, there are registered for permitted use more than 900 chemical compounds1 in more than 60,000 pesticidal formulations (Freeman 1965). In this country uses of these materials on more than 2,500 crop items (Kirk 1964) and other foodstuffs are regulated by joint considerations of the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (F.D.A.) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (U.S.D.A.) (Harris and Cummings 1964), with assignments of tolerances or permitted residue values for amounts of particular chemicals to be legally acceptable on and in particular raw agricultural commodities at time of sale or consumption. These values may range from an actual zero to more than 100 parts per million (p.p.m.), depending in large measure upon the pharmacology and toxicology of the candidate chemical. Until recently and in broadest terms “zero” as interpreted by regulatory agencies could mean either numerical tolerance denied, because of probable hazard to be associated with the projected use, or a number less than unity predicated upon residue analytical capabilities and credulity at the moment. For certain pesticide chemicals which were of widespread application on certain major crops or products, and which were also of pharmacological concern, as residue analytical methodology improved in minimum detectability, and in reliability, some “zero” and other tolerance values have been lowered with certain commodities (e.g., milk) to accommodate a new analytical capability; present tolerances often reflect residues that could remain at harvest. This completely unsatisfactory dynamic tolerance situation has existed particularly with several of those pesticides which contain organically bound halogens, such as dieldrin, endrin, and heptachlor. It has also been involved both legally and morally with numerous chemicals previously registered by the U.S.D.A., and with F.D.A. concurrence, on a “no-residue” basis (Harris and Cummings 1964): at the time the “no-residue” registration was granted finite residues were not demonstrable yet subsequendly analytical detection of persisting residues was made possible by improvements in methodology, usually through exploitation of modern analytical instrumentation, and the original specific registration was revoked.
Elementary Properties of Probability Spaces

This chapter discusses the elementary properties of probability spaces. The theorem for the addition rule states that for any two events A and B , one has P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) − P ( A ∩ B ). The corollary of this theorem can be extended to an arbitrary number of events. Bayes' Theorem is sometimes called Bayes' rule for the probability of causes. The reason for this name is that the theorem has the following interpretation, if it is assumed that the occurrence of any event A j of the exhaustive set { A j } has an effect on the event B . Then one can regard the A j as causes for the event B , and interpret the conditional probability P ( A j | B ) as the probability that the observed event B was caused by the event A j . This probability can be computed from Bayes' theorem, provided that the a priori probabilities P ( A j ) and the conditional probabilities P ( B | A j ) are given. If Bayes' rule is applied when these two conditions are not satisfied then the conclusions are invalid.
Interstitial lung disorders

Interstitial lung disorders are a heterogeneous group of pulmonary disorders displaying diffuse parenchymal lung changes. There are over 130 specific lung disorders that are considered interstitial lung disorders. Included are …
Was Leibniz’s Deity an Akrates ?

Leibniz tried to justify God’s ways to men even more directly than Milton, and in a purely intellectual respect he was distinctly more successful than his poetic rival. In the seventeenth-century historical and ideological context, the main problems which a conciliatory and synthetic thinker like Leibniz faced were those prompted by the rise of modern science and especially by its leading idea that the universe is governed by strictly universal, mathematically expressible natural laws. How can such an idea be reconciled with the presence of freedom and contingency in the world? And how can the reality of exceptionless natural laws be reconciled with the accepted tenet that the world was created freely by an epistemologically and morally perfect deity? Moreover, Leibniz faced also the perennial problem of theodicy, of reconciling God’s goodness, omniscience and omnipotence with the blatant imperfections of the world.
Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Regorafenib and TAS-102 in Refractory Metastatic Colorectal Cancer in the United States

Abstract Background Regorafenib and TAS-102 are standard treatment options in refractory metastatic colorectal cancer based on improvement in overall survival by 6 and 8 weeks, respectively, when compared with best supportive care alone (BSC). Given the small incremental clinical benefit, we evaluated their cost-effectiveness from a United States payer’s perspective. Materials and Methods A Markov model was constructed to compare costs and effectiveness of regorafenib, TAS-102, and BSC. Model inputs for clinical efficacy and adverse events were from the CORRECT trial (Regorafenib monotherapy for previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer: an international, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial) for regorafenib and the RECOURSE trial (Randomized, Double Blind, Phase 3 Study of TAS-102 plus Best Supportive Care [BSC] versus Placebo plus BSC in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Refractory to Standard Chemotherapies) for TAS-102. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were reported to compare treatments. Model robustness was checked with univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analyses as well as a scenario analysis using the CONCUR trial data for regorafenib. Results In our base case, regorafenib and TAS-102 had the ICERs of $395,223 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) and $399,740 per QALY versus BSC, respectively. Compared with regorafenib, TAS-102 provided an additional 0.041 QALY at the cost of $16,608 or $406,104 per QALY, but the differences were not robust in sensitivity analyses. The most influential parameters on the ICERs were efficacy and health state utility parameters as well as the cost of treating neutropenia. In probabilistic sensitivity analysis using cost-effectiveness acceptability curves, BSC was more cost-effective than both regorafenib and TAS-102 in 50% of repetitions at the willingness-to-pay threshold of $330,000 per QALY. Conclusion Neither TAS-102 nor regorafenib are cost-effective at standard willingness-to-pay thresholds (ie, $150,000 per QALY) relative to BSC. There is no clear evidence that either treatment has better relative value.
Spanning the habitat gradient: Red-headed woodpecker nest-site selection in three distinct cover types

Abstract Understanding species habitat relationships is fundamental to ecology and underpins conservation-based management. Species with broad habitat preferences and wide geographic ranges are capable of fulfilling breeding requirements in different habitat contexts. Habitat selection in these species may vary in a context-specific way, so determining the factors driving habitat selection requires spanning the habitat gradient. Complex landscapes offer a unique opportunity to compare habitat selection across habitat gradients within a single study site. Here, we used a comparative approach to model scale-dependent nest-site selection of the red-headed woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus) in three distinct cover types at Fort A.P. Hill military installation, Virginia. We found that nest preferences varied among cover types for several patch-scale habitat features. In closed forests, red-headed woodpeckers selected patches with an open canopy characteristic that lacked holly (Ilex opaca) in the understory and contained large pines. In open forests, patches with a high percentage of canopy cover were also avoided. In wetlands, patches with low percent stem cover were preferred. We also found a single variable, medium/large snag density, was highly influential in models for all cover types at the patch scale, indicating the importance of suitable snags for nesting, irrespective of cover type. Models at the tree scale showed similar results for all cover types: red-headed woodpeckers consistently preferred large snags with less bark. Our results demonstrate the value of comparing habitat selection across a habitat gradient. Managers charged with promoting red-headed woodpecker populations would do well to manage for large, partially decayed snags while also considering context-specific habitat needs.
Chapter 8 – Porphyrins and the Porphyrias

Publisher Summary This chapter presents some basic concepts related to porphyrins and the porphyrias. The metal–porphyrin complexes are found widespread in nature as constituents of compounds of fundamental importance in the metabolic processes of life. The photosynthetic pigment of plants, chlorophyll, is a magnesium porphyrin. The iron–porphyrin complexes of animals are found as prosthetic groups of proteins, including the hemoglobins, myoglobins, and the heme enzymes peroxidase, catalase, and the cytochromes. The porphyrins also exist in nature in their free state or as zinc complexes, and it is this group that is associated with the porphyrias and the porphyrinurias. The term porphyria is used to define those disease states that have a hereditary basis with increased urinary or fecal excretion of uroporphyrins and coproporphyrins. Depending on the fundamental biochemical defect, the porphyrias can be broadly classified on the basis of their tissue of origin, the erythropoietic system, or the liver. The term porphyrinuria is used to define those acquired conditions in which the principal porphyrins being excreted are the coproporphyrins. Excess coproporphyrin excretion is observed in a wide variety of conditions including infections, hemolytic anemias, liver disease, and lead poisoning. The screening test for coproporphyrinuria has been especially useful for detecting exposure to lead. This chapter discusses the structure of porphyrins, and also elaborates the synthesis of porphyrins and heme. The chapter concludes with discussing classification of porphyrias, erythropoietic porphyrias, hepatic porphyrias, and porphyrinurias.
Observation of transition-metal-boron triple bonds in IrB 2 O − and ReB 2 O −

Multiple bonds between boron and transition metals are known in many borylene (:BR) complexes via metal dπ →BR back-donation, despite the electron deficiency of boron. An electron-precise metal-boron triple bond was first observed in BiB2 O- [Bi≡B-B≡O]- in which both boron atoms can be viewed as sp-hybridized and the [B-BO]- fragment is isoelectronic to a carbyne (CR). To search for the first electron-precise transition-metal-boron triple-bond species, we have produced IrB2 O- and ReB2 O- and investigated them by photoelectron spectroscopy and quantum-chemical calculations. The results allow to elucidate the structures and bonding in the two clusters. We find IrB2 O- has a closed-shell bent structure (Cs , 1 A') with BO- coordinated to an Ir≡B unit, (- OB)Ir≡B, whereas ReB2 O- is linear (C∞v , 3 Σ- ) with an electron-precise Re≡B triple bond, [Re≡B-B≡O]- . The results suggest the intriguing possibility of synthesizing compounds with electron-precise M≡B triple bonds analogous to classical carbyne systems.
Combined Non-Invasive Cardiac Imaging and Genetic Testing of Elite Volleyball Players: A Ten-Year Experience

Sudden cardiac death in athletes is a devastating event. Although significant progress has been made in identifying the underlying pathophysiology and genetic basis for sudden cardiac death in young athletes, controversy exists regarding cost-effective screening measures to identify at-risk individuals. In this report we describe our ten-year experience performing cardiovascular assessments on 150 members of the United States Men’s and Women’s National Volleyball teams. Through a combination of history, physical, echocardiography and genetic testing, we have identified one previously undiagnosed athlete with Marfan syndrome, along with four others with a possible aortopathy. Taken together, this approach is a cost-effective strategy for the identification of at-risk tall athletes leading to potentially lifesaving interventions, and raises the issue of the feasibility of screening for all tall individuals.
Tarasoff Duties after Newtown: Currents in Contemporary Bioethics

After recent tragedies involving mass murders on a college campus in Virginia, an Army base in Texas, a congressional constituent event at a shopping center in Arizona, and a movie theater in Colorado, one might have assumed the public had become numb to horrendous and senseless acts of killing. If so, one would have been wrong. The public was not prepared for the brutal and cold-blooded murder of 20 first-grade school children and six teachers and staff at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut, on December 14, 2012. Following the all-too-familiar emotional stages of shock, grief, and anger, many members of the public and elected officials turned to the issue of how to prevent such tragedies in the future. Two main questions quickly became the focus of policy makers.
E-cigarette Devices, Brands and Flavors Attract Youth: Informing FDA's Policies and Priorities to Close Critical Gaps

Abstract Purpose Identify e-cigarette devices, brands and flavor types used by adolescents and young adults soon after the enactment of flavor restrictions, youth access laws, FDA’s enforcement prioritization against some flavored pod/cartridge-based e-cigarettes, and during COVID-19 pandemic-related school closures. Methods National cross-sectional online survey (N = 4,351) in May 2020 assessed popularity, ever- and past-30-day use of e-cigarette device types (pod/cartridge-based, disposables, others), brands, flavor types and flavor-enhancers, by age group (under age 21 and 21 and over). Results While pod/cartridge-based e-cigarettes had the highest ever-use (82.7% 21, 46.2% ≥ 21), and sweet/dessert/candy flavor types (pod/cartridge-based: 24.4% Conclusion Soon after FDA’s January 2020 announcement of prioritized enforcement against flavored pod/cartridge-based e-cigarettes and during the pandemic lock-down, adolescents’ and young adults’ past 30-day use included mostly flavored disposables rather than pod/cartridge-based e-cigarettes, mint/menthol flavors, and some used add-on flavor enhancers. To reduce youth use, comprehensive regulation of e-cigarette devices and flavors should be enacted and enforced at federal, state, and local levels.
Lattice Absorption, Phonon Assignments, and Image Spoiling Properties of Cvd ZnS in the Infrared

Chemical-vapor-deposited zinc sulfide (CVD ZnS) has been established as a highly promising material for advanced infrared imaging applications and is attracting attention as a potential window material at HF/DF laser wavelengths. The present contribution concerns work that has been carried out in the context of assessing the optical characteristics of CVD-ZnS blanks, particularly with regard to: (a) lattice absorption. Careful examination of transmission traces at wavelengths up to 25 μm indicates that multiphonon processes dominate at frequencies below 1000 cm - 1 ; peak-absorption assignments in terms of zone-boundary phonons have been made on the basis of best available inelastic neutron-scattering results for zincblende ZnS. (b) Temperature dependence. Absorption coefficients at temperatures up to 600 K have been investigated in light of spectral transmittance and emittance measurements supplemented by calorimetric data at HF, DF, CO, and CO 2 -laser wavelengths. (c) Image spoiling. Line-spread functions in conjunction with index-inhomogeneity maps demonstrate that wavefront distortions resulting from the presence of a CVD-ZnS window do not inject any detectable degradation in contrast transmittance.
Failure modes and conditions of a cohesive, spherical body due to YORP spin-up

This paper presents transition of the failure mode of a cohesive, spherical body due to YORP spin-up. On the assumption that the distribution of materials in the body is homogeneous, failed regions first appearing in the body at different spin rates are predicted by comparing the yield condition of an elastic stress in the body. It is found that as the spin rate increases, the locations of the failed regions move from the equatorial surface to the central region. To avoid such failure modes, the body should have higher cohesive strength. The results by this model are consistent with those by a plastic finite element model. Then, this model and a two-layered-cohesive model first proposed by Hirabayashi et al. are used to classify possible evolution and disruption of a spherical body. There are three possible pathways to disruption. First, because of a strong structure, failure of the central region is dominant and eventually leads to a breakup into multiple components. Second, a weak surface and a weak interior make the body oblate. Third, a strong internal core prevents the body from failing and only allows surface shedding. This implies that observed failure modes may highly depend on the internal structure of an asteroid, which could provide crucial information for giving constraints on the physical properties.
The Mathematical Theory of an Enhanced Nonequilibrium Traffic Flow Model

This paper establishes the mathematical theory of an enhanced nonequilibrium traffic flow model. The innovation of the model is that it addresses the anisotropic feature of traffic flows. We show rigorously that this new theory reduces to the celebrated LWR theory when the relaxation time goes to zero, that global solutions for this theory exist for initial data of bounded total variation under certain mild conditions, and that the solutions approach the equilibrium solutions exponentially fast. The results justify rigorously the asymptotic equivalence of the relaxation model and the equilibrium equation. Our analysis is based on a generalized Glimm scheme which incorporates the effect of the relaxation source.
Perseverance and Play: Making a Movie for the YouTube Generation

In place of a traditional library orientation lecture at Fairfield University, librarians created a choose-your-own- adventure movie for use in the classroom with an audience response system (ARS), allowing students to vote using clickers. The library administration took a risk by sponsoring the project, but the library director believed in her staff and let us run with our ideas. When we proposed the movie, we did not have an idea for the script; we simply knew we wanted to make a movie and show it in class. Why did we decide to do this when the status quo wasn't disastrous? Like people in any industry, we were pushing ourselves to change with the times, to make our information delivery more engaging—entertaining even. Working under the charge to constantly evaluate and assess our instruction program, we questioned whether it mattered if librarians or professors liked the lecture. Who was the audience after all? If we were going to be successful, we had to captivate our students, the "Millennials," by showcasing the library, its spaces and its services, as the answer to many of their varied needs: social, educational, and recreational. In pursuit of this end, we worked with the Media Center, recruited student filmmakers, employed plenty of brainstorming, wrote a successful script, and produced Fairfield Beach: the Library. The ingredients were simple: perseverance and play. What follows is how we put them together.
Mixed lineage leukemia: roles in gene expression, hormone signaling and mRNA processing

Mixed lineage leukemias (MLLs) are an evolutionarily conserved trithorax family of human genes that play critical roles in HOX gene regulation and embryonic development. MLL1 is well known to be rearranged in myeloid and lymphoid leukemias in children and adults. There are several MLL family proteins such as MLL1, MLL2, MLL3, MLL4, MLL5, Set1A and Set1B, and each possesses histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4)-specific methyltransferase activity and has critical roles in gene activation and epigenetics. Although MLLs are recognized as major regulators of gene activation, their mechanism of action, target genes and the distinct functions of different MLLs remain elusive. Recent studies demonstrate that besides H3K4 methylation and HOX gene regulation, MLLs have much wider roles in gene activation and regulate diverse other genes. Interestingly, several MLLs interact with nuclear receptors and have critical roles in steroid-hormone-mediated gene activation and signaling. In this minireview, we summarize recent advances in understanding the roles of MLLs in gene regulation and hormone signaling and highlight their potential roles in mRNA processing.
Employer and Worker Contributions to Health Reimbursement Arrangements and Health Savings Accounts, 2006-2013

This paper presents findings from the 2008-2013 EBRI/Greenwald & Associates Consumer Engagement in Health Care Survey (CEHCS) as well as the 2006 and 2007 EBRI/Commonwealth Fund Consumerism in Health Care Surveys. It examines the availability of health reimbursement arrangements (HRAs) and health savings account (HSA)-eligible plans (consumer-driven health plans, or CDHPs). It also looks at employer and individual contribution behavior. According to the 2013 CEHCS, 11.8 million adults ages 21-64 (9.7 percent of the U.S. population) were enrolled in a plan with an HRA or HSA. An additional 9.3 million reported that they were in an HSA-eligible plan but had not opened such an account. Thus, overall, 21 million adults ages 21-64 with private insurance, representing 17.3 percent of that market, were either in a CDHP or an HSA-eligible plan but had not opened the account. When their children were included, 26.1 million individuals with private insurance, representing 15 percent of the market, were either in a CDHP or an HSA-eligible plan. Seven out of 10 workers (71 percent) with an HRA or HSA reported that their employers contributed to the account in 2013. Workers with employee-only coverage dropped their contributions, but those with family coverage kept their contribution levels steady. The report found a correlation between health engagement and individual contributions to an HSA. Those defined as being engaged in their health reported that they did at least one of the following: checked whether their health plan would cover their care or medication; checked the price of a doctor’s visit, medication, or other health care service before receiving care; checked the quality rating of a doctor or hospital before receiving care; talked to their doctor about prescription options, costs, other treatment options and costs; used an online cost tracking tool provided by their health plan to manage health expenses; developed a budget to manage health care expenses; asked for a generic drug instead of a brand name drug; or asked their doctor to recommend a less costly prescription drug. It was found that individuals with some engagement with the health care system contributed higher amounts to their HSA than those with no engagement. The PDF for the above title, published in the February 2014 issue of EBRI Notes, also contains the fulltext of another February 2014 EBRI Notes article abstracted on SSRN: “IRA Withdrawals, 2011.”
The MPI 2.2 Standard and the Emerging MPI 3 Standard

The Message Passing Interface (MPI) 2.1 standard (http://www.mpi-forum.org) has served the parallel technical and scientific applications community well over the last decade, and has become the ubiquitous communications application programming interface for this community. However, this extensive use has also exposed areas where this standard can be strengthened to meet the challenges of emerging ultra-scale computing. This talk will describe the changes introduced to the standard in latest version of the MPI standard, 2.2, and current work targeting version 3 of this standard.
An examination of initial shareholdings in tender offer bids

We examine the initial shareholdings taken by bidders prior to making tender offer bids ("toeholds") in order to test predictions of selected models of tender offers. Our data suggest a significantly negative relationship between first bidder premia and toeholds, which is consistent with the models of Shleifer and Vishny (1986) and Hirshleifer and Titman (1990), but inconsistent with the models of Harrington and Prokop (1993), Chowdhry and Jagadeesh (1994), and Burkart (1995).
Dentigerous cyst of the maxillary sinus causing elevation of the orbital floor: Report of a case

Abstract A case of a dentigerous cyst involving the left maxillary antrum is reported. This case is of interest because the lesion contained an impacted molar tooth, encased in a bony crypt, which elevated the floor of the left orbit. Differential diagnoses are discussed, and the value of complete enucleation of the cyst is stressed.
Applying Model Transformations to Optimizing Real-Time QoS Configurations in DRE Systems

The quality of a software architecture for component-based distributed systems is defined not just by its source code but also by other systemic artifacts, such as the assembly, deployment, and configuration of the application components and their component middleware. In the context of distributed, real-time, and embedded (DRE) component-based systems, bin packing algorithms and schedulability analysis have been used to make deployment and configuration decisions. However, these algorithms make only coarse-grained node assignments but do not indicate how components are allocated to different middleware containers on the node, which are known to impact runtime system performance and resource consumption. This paper presents a model transformation-based algorithm that combines user-specified quality of service (QoS) requirements with the node assignments to provide a finer level of granularity and precision in the deployment and configuration decisions. A beneficial side effect of our work lies in how these decisions can be leveraged by additional backend performance optimization techniques. We evaluate our approach and compare it against the existing state-of-the-art in the context of a representative DRE system.
Fiscal Adjustment in Transition : Evidence from the 1990s

In the 1990s, transition countries underwent large fiscal adjustments to address the fiscal imbalances that existed at the start of the transition process. This paper examines whether the factors identified in the empirical literature on advanced economies, namely the size and composition of fiscal adjustments are also important in determining the success of fiscal adjustment in transition economies. The main findings are that larger consolidations were more successful in addressing the fiscal imbalances on a durable basis. There is evidence that policies that focused on expenditure were more successful in addressing the imbalances than those that relied on revenue increases. The paper finds little evidence of expansionary fiscal contractions, but fiscal contractions were not associated with a significantly negative impact on growth either. For those that attempted fiscal stimulus in the 1990s, few succeeded in boosting growth significantly above the average country-specific growth rate for the 1990s.
Axial: A Sound Art Work of an Oceanographic Expedition

Axial is a sound installation in which a cargo container is employed as a resonant object: resonant in its acoustic sense because the container is used as sound generator, but also resonant in its metaphorical connotation because the container and the generated sounds translate and represent the geological properties of Axial, an active submarine volcano on the Juan de Fuca Ridge located about 250 miles off the coast of Oregon (U.S.A.). The container is also the space-instrument for interpreting the scientific data obtained during the oceanographic expedition Enlighten10, organized by the Ocean Observatory Initiative. During this expedition I recorded the sounds of the hydrothermal vents located in the area at depths of over 4,500 feet. This Ph.D. thesis describes in detail the entire compositional process as well as the concepts, procedures and context of the artwork. It also describes the concept of digital plurifocality and presents the properties of the Plurifocal Events Controller, a technological infrastructure for creating spatially distributed sound works. The thesis also describes Juum, a piece of software that helps to organize and create digital artworks using an extended timeline logic employing scripting programming.
Shepherd Or Servant: Centralization And Decentralization In Information Technology Governance

Information Technology (IT) governance deals with how decision-making authority concerning IT is distributed across the firm. Based upon that distribution of authority, different behaviors and consequent decisions can be observed. A fundamental question is the degree of centralization and decentralization of that authority and the ability to standardize. Standardization often has benefits, but there can be negative repercussions if the standard does not take into account localized needs. The dominant governance mechanism has changed as technology and available tradeoffs have changed.
The structures of the tetraamminecopper(II)dihalocuprates(I) II. The structures of Cu(NH3)4(CuBr2)2 and Cu(NH3)4(CuCl2)2·H2O

Abstract The structures of Cu(NH3)4(CuBr2)2 and Cu(NH3)4(CuCl2)2 · H2O were determined by X-ray single-crystal analysis. Both compounds belong to space group I4/mmm, and there are two formula weight units per unit cell. The structures were solved by Patterson sections, Fourier and difference-Fourier analyses, and refined by block-diagonal least squares. Each copper(II) ion lies in the plane of four nitrogen atoms. The copper(I) ions are tetrahedrally coordinated to four halide ions. The tetrahedra are joined on edges and extend as infinite chains along the c axis. There are eight equally spaced halide ions about copper(II) at a distance of 4·2 A which is much greater than those normally associated with copper(II) halide covalent bonds. The visible spectra of these compounds can be explained in terms of crystal field splittings of the d orbitals while that of the iodide complex [2] may also be due to charge transfer transitions which involve both the cupricammine plane and cuprous iodide chains.
Re‐conceptualizing professional development of teacher educators in post‐Soviet Latvia

During the first decade of post‐socialist transformation in Eastern Europe, the majority of education reform projects focused on in‐service teacher education. Governments, international agencies and non‐governmental organizations prioritized various in‐service teacher education programs to help teachers deal with rapid changes in schools. This has consequently created a gap between school teachers, who had multiple in‐service development opportunities, and pre‐service teacher educators, who were largely left out of the reform processes. Using Latvia as a case study, this article examines one of the first efforts to create professional development opportunities for a group of pre‐service teacher educators and explains how this short‐term project had contributed to re‐conceptualizing professional development for the participants involved in the initiative. Based on document analysis and in‐depth interviews with 18 teacher educators, this article: examines the motives behind ongoing, voluntary professional d...
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometric and liquid chromatographic–mass spectrometric studies on the metabolism of synthetic dynorphin A peptides in brain tissue in vitro and in vivo

Abstract Metabolic stability of synthetic dynorphins [N-terminal fragments of dynorphin A (Dyn A)] were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. These peptides were applied at concentrations 100–1000 times higher than those of the endogenous dynorphins. Degradation kinetics of these peptides were studied in rat brain homogenate by using microbore gradient RP-LC assay, and limited information on their metabolism was obtained by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) of the isolated metabolites. In vivo cerebral microdialysis, in which the peptides were introduced via the probe placed in striatum region of the brain of the experimental animals, was used to circumvent contamination arising from autoproteolysis of brain during incubation of the samples in vitro. Metabolites of Dyn A (1-13) and Dyn A (1-11) were identified from electrospray ionization mass spectra of the microdialysates without chromatographic separation; the identification of peptides in the mixtures were supported by medium resolution ESI Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance MS. LC–MS was used to fully characterize the complex peptide mixture obtained after the striatal perfusion of Dyn A (1-12).
Embryonic Origins of Auditory Brain-Stem Nuclei in the Chick Hindbrain

The auditory nuclei of the chick brain stem have distinct morphologies and highly specific synaptic connectivity. Nucleus magnocellularis (NM) and nucleus angularis receive tonotopically ordered cochlear input. NM in turn projects tonotopically to nucleus laminaris (NL), maintaining binaural specificity with projections to either dorsal or ventral NL dendrites. NM and NL arise from a common anlage, which differentiates as the cells migrate and acquire their mature morphologies. NM and NL cells are closely associated during embryogenesis and synapse formation. However, the morphologies of the nuclei and of the cells within the nuclei differ greatly between NM and NL. While later maturation of these nuclei has been described in considerable detail, relatively little is known about the early embryonic events that lead to the formation of these nuclei. We examined the embryonic origins of cells in brain-stem auditory nuclei with particular emphasis on NM and NL. Lipophilic dyes were injected into small regions of the embryonic hindbrain prior to the birth and migration of cells that contribute to these nuclei. We found that NM arises from rhombomeres r5, r6, and r7, and NL arises mostly from r5 with a few cells arising from r6. NM and NL thus have partially overlapping rhombomeres of origin. However, we found that the precursors for NM and NL are found in distinct regions within rhombomere 5, with NM precursors in medial regions and NL precursors in lateral regions. Our results do not support a lineage relationship between NM and NL cells and they suggest that NM and NL are specified prior to migration of precursors to the auditory anlage.
Minimal pairs of polynomial degrees with subexponential complexity

Abstract The goal of extending work on relative polynomial time computability from computations relative to sets of natural numbers to computations relative to arbitrary functions of natural numbers is discussed. The principal techniques used to prove that the honest subrecursive classes are a lattice are then used to construct a minimal pair of polynomial degrees with subexponential complexity; that is two sets computable by Turing machines in subexponential time but not in polynomial time are constructed such that any set computable from both in polynomial time can be computed directly in polynomial time.
The galactosyl moiety of brain cerebrosides

Thirteen years ago I found that galactosyl ceramide undergoes metabolic conversion in the brain of young ratsa). Month-old rats were injected with 14C-galactose, rats were sacrificed at various intervals, and the brain lipids were fractionated according to the following scheme (fig. 1). The radioactivity in the galactose of each lipid group is shown in fig. 2, which plots total activity against time. The top curve, from cerebrosides, shows a slow but distinct conversion of brain cerebroside. Judging by the somewhat slower rate of rise in sulfatide activity (bottom curve), this conversion could - in part, at least - be due to conversion of cerebroside to sulfatide. Confirmation of this guess came from the work of Bachhawat and McKhann some years later z, 3). (The middle curve, for gangliosides, shows this group of lipids has a higher turnover rate than cerebrosides.) There was some reason to believe that another portion of the metabolic conversion of cerebrosides involved hydrolysis of the galactosidic linkage. Fujino 4) and Thannhauser and Reichel ~) had reported rather incomplete evidence for the presence in brain of a cerebroside galactosidase, and it was also known that cerebrosides can disappear in demyelinative processes. Accordingly, we made some radioactive cerebroside and looked for the hydrolysis. The preparation of the labeled lipid was based on a procedure of Carter and Fujino 6) for the formation of psychosine sulfate (fig. 3). The first reaction is formulated in an unusual way in order to explain something we found a few years later: when a mixture of cerebrosides is used, containing both hydroxy and nonhydroxy fatty acids, one obtains a great deal of unhydrolyzed cerebroside of the latter type. Carter and Koob simultaneously made a similar observation. We have not made a serious study of the reaction, but it looks as though only the hydroxy fatty acid amide bond is attacked by the barium ions, and I suggest the effect involves formation of a barium chelate ofhydroxy fatty acids, shown in the top equation. The last step in the synthesis is an adaptation of the procedure of Shapiro
Extramarital sexual affairs

Abstract In this essay, sexual acting out is subdivided into four forms in order to better define their separate meanings to the unfaithful spouse, the partner, and the therapist: affairs, just-sex, making-do sex, imaginary partner sex. The conventional justifications for considering any sexual acting out a form of psychopathology are presented. These justifications are more compelling in some forms of acting out than others. Love affairs, the major subject of this paper, can also be understood as an existential choice that arises within a large array of social and Psychological situations. The conscious experience of the betrayed and the betrayer is explored. Guidelines for the therapist's role in dealing with individuals and couples involved in these life-changing experiences are offered .
Measurements of peroxyacetyl nitrate (pan) and peroxypropionyl nitrate (ppn) at selected urban, rural and remote sites

PAN and PPN were measured in a series of eight field studies performed at urban, rural and remote locations in the contiguous U.S. during 1983-1985. Seven of the eight studies were performed in the winter/spring period, a period of sparsely available data. Nearly 2000 air samples were analyzed during these studies. Mean PAN and PPN levels in the range of 45-1600 ppt (max. 7.9 ppb) and 5-230 ppt (max. 0.9 ppb), respectively, were measured. Despite a great deal of observed variability, PAN and PPN showed virtually identical behavior at all sites and in all seasons, supporting the view that these nitrogenous compounds are produced and destroyed by very similar mechanisms. On the average PPN concentrations were about 8 percent (range 3-14 percent) of PAN values. It is inferred that PPN/PAN ratio is highest in urban areas and declines as polluted air masses are transported over long distances.
A Note on the Quantization of Dissipative Systems

The work of E. Kanai shows that the quantization of dissipative systems by use of a Hamiltonian formalism involving the time explicitly leads to results in disagreement with experience. We discuss the quantization of dissipative systems in a manner such that the time does not enter explicitly. It is shown that in the Heisenberg representation the only kind of dissipative forces consistent with the formalism are those which are functions of the coordinates alone. There exists no Schr\"odinger representation unless the forces are non-dissipative.
Advantages of scaled and unscaled physical models for FMS research and instruction

Abstract The instruction of flexible manufacturing systems principles and analysis of these systems has been hindered by a lack of hands-on equipment to be used for both research and instruction. Full-size, scaled and graphical models of flexible manufacturing systems are beginning to appear at both universities and industries throughout the U.S. In this paper, the evolution of a flexible manufacturing system development methodology is discussed. A modular approach to NC machine development and flexible manufacturing systems development is also presented. The cost trade-offs and other advantages of these modeling approaches are also discussed.
The coulometric response of tubular electrodes applied to flow-injection determinations

Abstract The equation derived in the preceding paper for the amperometric response of a tubular electrode for applications to flow-injection determinations is integrated to predict the relationship of peak area to the experimental parameters. The peak area is shown to be independent of the extent of dispersion of the sample. Ratios of the observed and predicted peak areas had an average value of 0.992 with a relative standard deviation of 2%.
Engaging Students' Intellects: The Immersion Approach to Critical Thinking in Psychology Instruction

Critical thinking has been defined as a disposition of reflective skepticism. This article describes an approach to the teaching of psychology that is aimed at fostering this disposition. The goal is to teach in such a way that students define their task as thinking about the ideas of psychology, not simply memorizing psychological information. The methods include (a) using ideas as the units of the course, (b) modeling thought in lectures and other classroom activities, (c) teaching study techniques that involve elaborative rather than rote rehearsal, (d) holding discussion meetings at which students really contribute, and (e) testing and grading in a way that rewards thought and discourages rote memory.
Reduced rhizosphere colonization ability of Agrobacterium tumefaciens chromosomal virulence (chv) mutants

Mutations in the chromosomal virulence (chv) region ofA. tumefaciens strain A723 reduce virulence, motility, and ability of the bacteria to bind to plant cells. We conducted experiments to assess the ability ofchv mutants to colonize the rhizosphere ofPisum sativum. The mutation had no effect on ability of bacteria to grow with a defined number of root cap cells as the sole carbon and nitrogen source. Ten days after inoculation, there were up to 103-fold more wild type thanchv mutant bacteria present in the rhizosphere of inoculated plants.
Memory function parametrization in the gle-ghost atom formalism: A microscopic approach

Abstract The memory function used in the GLE approach to solid atom motion is modeled as a generalization of the position autocorrelation function for a multidimensional Brownian oscillator. The exact microscopic memory function and the assumed form are required to agree in two limits: at short times and for the low frequency density of states. This suffices to specify all the parameters, including those which control the memory of correlated motion between primary zone atoms as mediated by the rest of the solid. Determination of these parameters utilizes as the fundamental input the frequency matrix for the solid. An example is presented for various fcc solid surfaces assuming Lennard-Jones (12, 6) forces between the solid atoms. The approach is capable, in principle, of treating such interesting structures as high Miller index surfaces, molecular solids and adsorbed species while retaining only a small number of primary zone atoms.
Simultaneous determination of estramustine phosphate and its four metabolites in human plasma by liquid chromatography-ionspray mass spectrometry.

A sensitive and selective method, using liquid chromatography–ionspray mass spectrometry, was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of Estracyt (estramustine phosphate) and its four metabolites, estramustine, estromustine, estrone and estradiol, in human plasma. Deuterated internal standards were available for all analytes. The ﬁve compounds were extracted from plasma by protein precipitation with acetonitrile. The chromatographic separation was performed using a Zorbax SB C18, (150 × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm) reversed-phase column under gradient conditions with a mobile phase containing 2 mm ammonium acetate buffer (pH 6.8) and acetonitrile. MS detection was by electrospray ionization with multiple reaction monitoring in the positive ion mode for estramustine phosphate, estromustine and estramustine, and in the negative ion mode for estrone and estradiol. The limit of quantitation was 10 ng/mL for estramustine phosphate, 3 ng/mL for estromustine, estramustine and estrone and 30 ng/mL for estradiol. Linearity was veriﬁed from these LLOQs up to about 4000 ng/mL for the parent drug and 2000 ng/mL for the metabolites. Inter-day precision and accuracy values were all less than 15%. This assay was applied successfully to the routine analysis of human plasma samples collected in cancer patients administered estramustine phosphate intravenously. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.