cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A 32-year perspective on the origin of wind energy in a warming climate

Abstract Based on assimilated meteorological data for the period January 1979 to December 2010, the origin of wind energy is investigated from both mechanical and thermodynamic perspectives, with special focus on the spatial distribution of sources, historical long-term variations and the efficiency for kinetic energy production. The dry air component of the atmosphere acts as a thermal engine, absorbing heat at higher temperatures, approximately 256 K, releasing heat at lower temperatures, approximately 252 K. The process is responsible for production of wind kinetic energy at a rate of 2.46 W/m2 sustaining thus the circulation of the atmosphere against frictional dissipation. The results indicate an upward trend in kinetic energy production over the past 32 years, indicating that wind energy resources may be varying in the current warming climate. This analysis provides an analytical framework that can be adopted for future studies addressing the ultimate wind energy potential and the possible perturbations to the atmospheric circulation that could arise as a result of significant exploitation of wind energy.
Thermosensitive Liposome Formulated Indocyanine Green for Near-Infrared Triggered Photodynamic Therapy: In Vivo Evaluation for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Purpose The focus of this research was to formulate and evaluate a theranostic liposomal delivery system using indocyanine green (ICG) as a photosensitizer, triggered by near infrared (NIR) irradiation, for in vivo photodynamic therapy (PDT) of breast cancer.
Early stage Parkinson's disease patients and normal volunteers: comparative mechanisms of sequence learning.

Early-stage nondemented Parkinson's disease (PD(es)) patients can learn short but not long sequences as well as controls. We have previously shown that to achieve normal performance, PD(es) patients activated the same right-sided cortical regions as controls plus the homologous left sided cortex and bilateral cerebellum. In this study, we evaluated two related hypotheses to explain the behavioral abnormalities and the increased bilateral brain activation observed in the PD(es) group. Hypothesis 1 proposed that PD(es) patients recruit regions from a normal bilateral network specialized for sequence learning that healthy controls would activate if performing difficult tasks. Thus, PD(es) patients can learn short sequences as well as controls. Hypothesis 2 proposed that information processing within the network in the PD(es) group is impaired. Thus, PD(es) patients cannot learn as difficult a sequence as controls. To test hypothesis 1, we increased task difficulty and statistical power in the control group and showed that the control and the PD(es) groups activated the same regions. To test hypothesis 2, we analyzed the equal performance data using two partial least squares (PLS) multivariate analyses. The task-PLS analysis showed that to perform equally with controls, the PD(es) group expressed the normal bilateral network more than the control group. The behavior-PLS analysis showed that the correlation between learning performance and regional activation was significantly different between the groups. We conclude that PD(es) patients have near normal learning if task difficulty is moderate because they can recruit additional regions from a normal bilateral network specialized for sequence learning. However, when a difficult task would normally require bilateral activation, PD(es) patients fail to learn because information processing within the network is impaired. Hum. Brain Mapp. 20:246–258, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Solving stochastic resource-constrained project scheduling problems by closed-loop approximate dynamic programming

Abstract Project scheduling problems with both resource constraints and uncertain task durations have applications in a variety of industries. While the existing research literature has been focusing on finding an a priori open-loop task sequence that minimizes the expected makespan, finding a dynamic and adaptive closed-loop policy has been regarded as being computationally intractable. In this research, we develop effective and efficient approximate dynamic programming (ADP) algorithms based on the rollout policy for this category of stochastic scheduling problems. To enhance performance of the rollout algorithm, we employ constraint programming (CP) to improve the performance of base policy offered by a priority-rule heuristic. We further devise a hybrid ADP framework that integrates both the look-back and look-ahead approximation architectures, to simultaneously achieve both the quality of a rollout (look-ahead) policy to sequentially improve a task sequence, and the efficiency of a lookup table (look-back) approach. Computational results on the benchmark instances show that our hybrid ADP algorithm is able to obtain competitive solutions with the state-of-the-art algorithms in reasonable computational time. It performs particularly well for instances with non-symmetric probability distribution of task durations.
Regulation of the NF-ηB/rel transcription factor and IηB inhibitor system

The interplay between proteins of the NF-ηB/rel and IηB families is a tightly regulated process that ensures appropriate responses to specific environmental and developmental signals. Various mechanisms are utilized in regulating NF-ηB/rel and IxB activities, some unique to this transcription factor system. All of these regulatory strategies converge towards one purpose, namely the controlled nuclear translocation of activated NF-ηB/rel protein complexes. The variety of rel-related and ankyrin repeat containing subunits makes regulation of this system both rich and complicated.
Cardiovascular disease risk factors related to sexual maturation: the Oslo Youth Study.

Abstract This paper focuses on cardiovascular disease risk factors as they are influenced by sexual maturation. Serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, fasting triglycerides, blood pressure, height, weight and triceps skinfold thickness were investigated longitudinally in a population of 550 Norwegian adolescents aged 10–14 years at the onset. Two identical surveys were conducted, the first in 1979 and the last in 1981. Included in the study was a measure of developmental age, assessed by using sex maturity ratings formalized by Tanner. The physiological endpoints (except triglycerides) were more strongly related to developmental age than to age in years. Among 11 and 12 year old males, values not adjusted for sexual maturation stage underestimated height, weight and blood pressure and overestimated skinfold thickness, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol. In 15 and 16 year old males, unadjusted values overestimated height, weight and blood pressure, and underestimated total and HDL cholesterol. For females, unadjusted Values underestimated height, weight, body mass index, triceps skinfold thickness and blood pressure among 11–12 year olds and overestimated the same variables for 15 and 16 year olds. These findings indicate that for adolescents, an index of physiological development more precise than chronological age should be included in epidemiological studies.
Completion of the Mass-20 Isospin Quintet by Employing a Helium-Jet-Fed On-Line Mass Separator

Observation of $\ensuremath{\beta}$-delayed protons from the decay of the mass-separated ${T}_{z}=\ensuremath{-}2$ nuclide $^{20}\mathrm{Mg}$ (${t}_{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{\sim}95$ ms) establishes the mass excess of the lowest $T=2({0}^{+})$ state in $^{20}\mathrm{Na}$ (13.42 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.05 MeV), thereby completing the mass-20 isospin quintet. All members of this multiplet are bound to isospin-allowed particle-decay modes, providing the first test of the isobaric multiplet mass equation for such a quintet. Excellent agreement is observed using only the quadratic form of this equation.
Identification of an aminoacridine derivative that binds to RNA tetraloops.

RNA folds into diverse structures that form unique targets for small molecules and thus provide significant potential for controlling biological processes involving RNA with small-molecule ligands. We are investigating molecular recognition of tetraloop RNA by small molecules. RNA tetraloops are four-nucleotide stem loops with unusual stability that are involved in biological processes involving RNA by forming binding sites for proteins and other RNAs. We have sequentially used the docking programs DOCK and AutoDock to screen 1990 small molecules in the NCI diversity set to identify molecules selective for RNA tetraloops over double-stranded RNA. The compounds predicted to bind to tetraloop RNA were evaluated for binding RNA tetraloops using 1H NMR spectroscopy and fluorescence techniques. An aminoacridine derivative (AD2) was identified that binds to a GAAA tetraloop in a 2:1 ratio with dissociation constants of 1.0 and 4.0 μM. AD2 binds with approximately 20-fold and 9-fold higher affinity to tetraloop ...
Polarization Induced Charge at Heterojunctions of the III–V Nitrides and Their Alloys

We examine the bound charge present when the III-nitride alloys, AlGaN, InGaN, and AlInN, are pseudomorphically grown on templates of relaxed GaN, InN, and AlN epitaxial layers. The advantages of yet unrealized heterojunctions, such as AlInN/InN, are compared with the more common AlGaN/GaN heterojunction. Special attention is paid to AlInN/GaN where a lattice matched and a zero total bound charge heterojunction are possible.
Use of a Single, Triplicate Arbitrarily Primed-PCR Procedure for Molecular Fingerprinting of Lactic Acid Bacteria

Arbitrarily primed (AP)-PCR can be used to generate characteristic DNA fingerprint patterns. However, small changes in reaction conditions can cause band irreproducibility. In this study, a single methodology encompassing triplicate reactions, which were intentionally exposed to three different annealing temperatures, enabled bands that were reproducibly generated to be recognized. A single triplicate AP-PCR (TAP-PCR) procedure, using an 18-mer primer, was developed and used to fingerprint representative isolates from the major genera of lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacterium to the strain level.
Improved pulmonary outcome after exogenous surfactant therapy for respiratory failure in term infants requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

A blinded, randomized, controlled study was designed to test whether multiple-dose surfactant therapy would improve pulmonary outcome in term infants with respiratory failure, resulting in a shortened period of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Infants > or = 34 weeks of gestational age in severe respiratory failure and receiving ECMO were stratified by diagnosis and then randomly assigned to the treatment or the control group. Four doses of modified bovine lung surfactant extract (beractant) were administered to the surfactant group (n = 28), and an equal volume of air was administered to the control group (n = 28). Lung compliance was initially low in both groups; after treatment, values were higher with time in the surfactant group (F = 5.40, p = 0.026). The ECMO treatment period was significantly shorter in the surfactant group (mean +/- SD: 107 +/- 33 hours vs 139 +/- 54 hours for the control group; U = 232, p = 0.023). Tracheal aspirate concentrations of surfactant protein A were low in both groups, and then increased steadily to a higher level in the surfactant group (F = 2.58, p = 0.04). The overall incidence of complications after ECMO was decreased in the surfactant group (18% vs 46% for the control group; chi-square value = 5.004, p = 0.025). Radiographic scores, echocardiographic findings, incidence of intracranial or pulmonary hemorrhage and bronchopulmonary dysplasia, time to extubation, duration of oxygen therapy, and duration of hospitalization did not differ between the two groups. Beractant in this population improved pulmonary mechanics, increased surfactant protein A content in tracheal aspirate, decreased time on ECMO duration, and reduced disease complications.
New fossil hominids from Laetolil, Tanzania

New fossil hominid specimens from the Laetolili fossil locality in Tanzania are described. The material includes mandibles and teeth derived from reliably-dated deposits of Pliocene age. Preliminary descriptions, measurements and illustrations are presented.
Bunch length measurement of picosecond electron beams from a photoinjector using coherent transition radiation

Abstract The bunch length of an electron beam derived from the UCLA Saturnus photoinjector has been measured using a 45° CTR foil. The sudden change of electrons boundary conditions cause them to radiate (transition radiation) with the spectral power entirely dependent upon the degree of coherency, which strongly relates to the beam size. A polarizing Michelson interferometer allowed measurement of the auto-correlation of the coherent transition radiation signal. An analysis method was developed to compensate for undetected low-frequency radiation and systematically extract the bunch length information for a specific beam model. This analysis allowed observation of pulse lengthening due to the space charge, as well as compression with the variation of the RF injection phase. The hypothesis of a satellite beam has been also tested using this analysis.
Modeling large nucleic acids

During the past year, a variety of methods have been developed with which to investigate the structures of large nucleic acids. Modeling techniques are assisting in the refinement of structures, particularly for large RNAs. Supercoiled DNA plasmids are being investigated using models that mimic the known elastic properties of the molecule. The level of detail in a particular modeling method must be appropriate to the question being posed.
Anne Spry Rush, Bonds of Empire: West Indians and Britishness from Victoria to Decolonization

Bonds of Empire: West Indians and Britishness from Victoria to Decolonization Anne Spry Rush New York: Oxford University Press, 2011 viii +274. ISBN 978-1-19-958855-8 (hb). Those familiar with Andr...
Quantitative phase evaluation of dynamic changes on the cell membrane during laser microsurgery

Digital holographic microscopy allows determination of dynamic changes in the optical thickness profile of a transparent object with sub-wavelength accuracy. Here, we report a quantitative phase laser microsurgery system, which takes advantage of the precise optical manipulation by the laser microbeam and quantitative phase imaging by digital holographic microscopy with high spatial and temporal resolution. This system would enable absolute quantitation of localized alteration/damage to transparent phase objects, such as the cell membrane or intra-cellular structures, being exposed to the laser microbeam, which was not possible using conventional phase-contrast microscopy.
Oligodeoxyribonucleotide Phosphorothioates: Substantial Reduction of (N-1)-mer Content Through the Use of Trimeric Phosphoramidite Synthons

Abstract Use of fully protected trimeric phosphoramidite synthons in the synthesis of oligonucleotide phosphorothioate shows a substantial reduction (>85%) in (n-1)-mer content as compared to oligomers synthesized through coupling of standard phosphoramidite monomers. A 20-mer oligodeoxyribonucleotide phosphorothioate which is in phase I clinical trials was chosen as an example for the studies.
Derrida and the Future(s) of Phenomenology

This paper seeks to examine the significance of Derrida's work for an understanding of the basic tenets of phenomenology. Specifically, via an analysis of his understanding of the subject's relation to the future, we will see that Derrida enhances the phenomenological understanding of temporality and intentionality, thereby moving the project of phenomenology forward in a unique way. This, in turn, suggests that future phenomenological research will have to account for an essential (rather than merely a secondary) role for both linguistic mediation and cultural and political factors within the phenomenological subject itself.
IGF-I and Insulin in the Acquisition of Limb-Forming Ability by the Embryonic Lateral Plate

Abstract Acquisition of limb-forming ability by discrete regions of the lateral plate of the chick embryo is dependent on a medial–lateral inductive signaling cascade moving sequentially from the area of Hensen's node to the somitic mesoderm, the intermediate mesoderm, and then to the prospective limb-forming regions of the lateral plate. IGF-I and insulin are expressed by medial tissues as they are influencing the prospective limb-forming regions of the lateral plate. Here we report that IGF-I and insulin, but not FGF-2 or FGF-4, induce the formation of limb bud-like structuresin vitrofrom prospective limb regions before they have acquired the ability to form limbs independent of medial tissues, and also induce the formation of limb bud-like structures from the prospective flank. The limb bud-like structures induced by IGF-I and insulin possess a thickened cap of ectoderm along their distal tips that resembles the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) and this thickened distal apical ectoderm expresses the AER-characteristic homeobox-containing geneMsx-2.Like in normal limb buds, a population of highly proliferating cells which express the homeobox-containing geneMsx-1are localized in the mesoderm directly subjacent to the thickened AER-like structures induced by IGF-I and insulin. However, the limb bud-like structures induced by IGF-I and insulin do not expresssonic hedgehog,which encodes a secreted signaling molecule that has been implicated in regulating the anteroposterior patterning of the developing limb bud. IGF-I- and insulin-treated prospective limb explants give rise to rudimentary limbs containing identifiable skeletal elements when grafted into the coelom or to somites of host embryos. Overall, these results suggest that IGF-I and insulin may be endogenous signals produced by medial tissues that are involved in conferring limb-forming ability to the lateral plate and may promote the initial outgrowth of limb buds and possibly induce the AER. However, other signals are necessary to promote the expression of genes such assonic hedgehogthat regulate the patterning of the developing limb.
Estimation of the Common Risk Difference in Stratified Paired Binary Data with Homogeneous Stratum Effect

McNemar's test is commonly used to test for the risk difference between two binary variables on matched pairs. For stratified paired binary data, recently a test for the homogeneous stratum effect (HSE) has been developed. If HSE is rejected, then McNemar's test should be applied by stratum; otherwise, in this article we propose a concept of common risk difference (CRD) across the strata and derive point estimators and confidence intervals for CRD. We use a cancer study for illustration and conduct simulations to recommend point estimators and associated confidence intervals with good statistical properties.
Descemet detachment after femtosecond-laser-assisted placement of intrastromal ring segments in pellucid marginal degeneration

We report the case of a 46-year-old man with pellucid marginal degeneration who had uneventful placement of Intacs intrastromal corneal ring segments (Addition Technology) in the left eye because of poor best spectacle-corrected visual acuity and contact lens intolerance. The IntraLase femtosecond laser (IntraLase Corp.) was used to create the channels for the 2 ring segments. Initially, there was subjective visual improvement and the Intacs segments were well positioned. One week after surgery, corneal edema secondary to a large inferior Descemet membrane detachment was seen. The Intacs segments were removed, and an air bubble was placed in the anterior chamber. The Descemet detachment did not resolve, and penetrating keratoplasty was eventually performed.
Optimal Control of Spinning Axisymmetric Spacecraft: A Pseudospectral Approach

Shen and Tsiotras considered the case where the axisymmetric rigid body was subject to only two control torques which spanned the plane perpendicular to the axis of symmetry. They used a cascaded computational scheme which involved both direct and indirect methods of optimization. Additionally, their method required initial costate guesses which further complicated numerical results. They concluded that two torques were sucient to achieve a time-optimal maneuver. In this work the Legendre Pseudospectral method will be used to solve the two-torque problem with only a two-point guess to demonstrate the method’s superiority. Additionally, it will be demonstrated that while reorientation of the spin axis is possible with two control torques spanning the plane perpendicular to the spin axis, the addition of a third control torque about the axis of symmetry further reduces the objective function. It will be shown that this new solution has significantly dierent characteristics form the previously published work.
La persistance de l’exclusion : les musées d’art et les artistes

La realite a laquelle sont confrontes les artistes fait partie de ces controverses du milieu des arts qui bravent les limites de sa propre sphere pour deborder sur la societe en general en captant l’attention du public. Bien qu’ils jouent un role central dans le processus de la creation artistique, les artistes sont loin d’occuper une position de force dans la mise en scene de cette production. Au contraire, ils sont de simples pions dans le jeu des grandes institutions, des marchands, des critiques et des autres joueurs du milieu des arts auxquels ils sont confrontes. Aux Etats-Unis en particulier, la plupart des artistes, a l’exception des rares « vedettes », sont a la merci de pouvoirs sur lesquels ils n’ont a peu pres pas de controle. A la lumiere d’une reflexion sur les relations entre les musees americains et les artistes vivants — tant dans l’histoire qu’a l’heure actuelle — l’auteure tente de demontrer que les artistes et les musees, y compris ceux qui se specialisent en art contemporain, communiquent rarement directement. De facon generale, leurs rapports s’etablissent a travers la mediation de collectionneurs et de critiques. Les rapports qu’entretiennent les musees avec les communautes d’artistes sont habituellement tendus. Ces tensions peuvent etre decelees a travers les positions que prennent les musees envers les artistes contemporains et leurs oeuvres. Elles permettent de comprendre pourquoi les artistes ne forment que rarement des communautes qui durent et elles soulevent des questions concernant la possibilite d’un art autonome. Finalement, l’emergence de certains types de communautes d’artistes pourrait conduire a la remise en question des paradigmes actuels de l’art.
Antimyelin antibodies in neurologic diseases. Immunofluorescent demonstration.

Antimyelin binding activity was determined in patients with multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, other neurologic diseases, and normals. There was an increase in the group mean titer of antimyelin antibodies in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) in acute exacerbation, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Guillain-Barre syndrome. A lesser degree of binding was found in normals of all ages. There was an increase in the incidence of antimyelin antibodies in the IgM class in patients with ALS and MS. The interaction between human immunoglobulins and myelin seems to be immunologically specific and has the nature of an antigen-antibody reaction.
An evaluation of cyclosporine alone for the treatment of early recurrences of thombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.

*Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; !Department of Pathology, OhioState University, Columbus, OH; "Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, The University ofPennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; and §Hematology-Oncology Section, Department of Medicine, University of OklahomaHealth Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USATo cite this article: Cataland SR, Jin M, Zheng XL, George JN, Wu HM. An evaluation of cyclosporine alone for the treatment of early recurrencesof thombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4: 1162–4.
Using erlotinib to treat patients with non-small cell lung cancer who continue to smoke

Erlotinib is active for unselected patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Patients who smoke, however, are less likely to respond and less likely to experience toxicity. These patients rapidly metabolize erlotinib and experience lower drug exposure when treated with standard doses. A recent dose escalation study established 300 mg daily as the recommended Phase II dose in patients who continue to smoke. Pharmacokinetic profiles of erlotinib in current smokers taking 300 mg daily were comparable to non-smokers taking 150 mg daily. Current smokers taking 300 mg daily had a toxicity profile comparable to the toxicity profile for patients in the BR.21 trial. Determining the best strategy for overcoming erlotinib resistance may require understanding both pharmacokinetic and tumor-specific resistance mechanisms. Individually, the selection and dosing of erlotinib for the treatment of lung cancer patients who continue to smoke is a clinical challenge.
Within-Cluster Resampling for Analysis of Family Data: Ready for Prime-Time?

Hoffman et al. [1] proposed an elegant resampling method for analyzing clustered binary data. The focus of their paper was to perform association tests on clustered binary data using within-clusterresampling (WCR) method. Follmann et al. [2] extended Hoffman et al.’s procedure more generally with applicability to angular data, combining of p-values, testing of vectors of parameters, and Bayesian inference. Follmann et al. [2] termed their procedure multiple outputation because all “excess” data within each cluster is thrown out multiple times. Herein, we refer to this procedure as WCR-MO. For any statistical test to be useful for a particular design, it must be robust, have adequate power, and be easy to implement and flexible. WCR-MO can be easily extended to continuous data and is a computationally intensive but simple and highly flexible method. Considering family as a cluster, one can apply WCR to familial data in genetic studies. Using simulations, we evaluated WCR-MO’s robustness for analysis of a continuous trait in terms of type I error rates in genetic research. WCR-MO performed well at the 5% α-level. However, it provided inflated type I error rates for α-levels less than 5% implying the procedure is liberal and may not be ready for application to genetic studies where α levels used are typically much less than 0.05.
Oleic acid uptake by in vitro English sparrow skeletal muscle

Studies of prolonged avian flight have shown it to require large amounts of energy supplied mainly by free fatty acids (FFA). In the present study, the high levels of plasma ketone bodies found in sparrows (2.58 mmol l(-1)) are supportive of the use of fatty acids for flight. To determine the nature of fatty acid (oleic acid, OA) uptake, various pharmacological agents were used. The uptake of OA was examined using the extensor digitorum communis (EDC) muscle of English sparrows incubated in vitro. Initial studies demonstrated that radiolabeled OA uptake decreased in the presence of increasing unlabeled OA, suggesting that uptake occurred by a facilitative transport process. To further characterize OA uptake, EDC muscles were incubated with either: insulin (2 ng ml(-1)), insulin-like growth factor isoform-1 (IGF-I; 48 ng ml(-1)), 5'-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR; 2 mmol) or caffeine (5 mmol). Insulin, but not IGF-I, significantly increased OA uptake by avian EDC (P < 0.01). Caffeine and AICAR were ineffective at increasing OA uptake. A specific inhibitor of FFA transport by fatty acid transporters (FAT/CD36), sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate (SSO; 500 micromoles), significantly decreased OA uptake at 2.5 min. The effectiveness of SSO suggests that a FAT/CD36-like protein is expressed in avian tissues. As uptake of OA was not completely blocked by SSO, it is likely that other mechanisms for FFA movement across membranes, such as diffusion, may be present.
Transient analysis of a three-dimensional plate by the ray grouping technique☆

Abstract The propagation of transient waves in an elastic plate excited by an arbitrary loading is investigated. Exact three-dimensional transform solutions are derived for a plate suddenly loaded on one of its bounding surfaces, with the inversion effected by Cagniard's technique. The solution is based on three canonical problems for finding the n -th reflected waves from only the information on the ( n − 1)-th reflected waves. The technique automatically groups rays which arrive simultaneously at one point, thus simplifying the computations needed by the ray tracing technique. A nonaxially symmetric sample loading is selected for demonstrating the technique, and numerical results are presented. The Ray Grouping Technique can be extended to the layered medium case.
High-power coherent GaAs-based monolithic semiconductor lasers

Stable-beam operation to high coherent powers from large aperture devices can only be obtained from active-photonic- lattice (APL) structures of large built-in index step. Resonant phase-locked arrays of antiguides, so called ROW array, have provided 1.6W CW coherent power from 200micrometers - wide apertures. Two-dimensional surface-emitting APLs combining ROW arrays and DFB-DBR structures with central (pi) phase-shift are capable of providing coherent powers in the multi-watt range. ARROW-type devices, simpler APL structures, hold the potential for emitting 1W single-mode CW power reliability in stable beam patterns.
Territorial Dynamics: Persistence in Territorial Species

The widely studied and very controversial northern spotted owl, along with many other threatened and endangered species, exhibits territorial behavior. That is, adult pairs claim and defend a home range encompassing sufficient resources and of sufficient size to allow the pair to survive and reproduce successfully. Readers may be familiar with population models such as the logistic growth model, the Gompertz model, the Ricker model, and the Beverton-Holt model. These all capture the basic concept of limited growth (carrying capacity); however, they fail to exhibit some fundamental characteristics of the dynamics of territorial species. In particular, they do not exhibit a threshold in the density of suitable habitat below which the species is destined for extinction even if some suitable habitat is still available. In this paper, we develop a model first proposed by Lamberson and Carroll [1] for the dynamics of a territorial animal or bird population. It consists of a continu ous model for dispersal which distinguishes between adults?individuals who hold territories?and juveniles?those (nonterritorial) individuals that have not yet secured a home range. Here we think of birth not as the time of physical birth, but the time at which juveniles leave their natal territory and begin the search for their own home range. The model explicitly considers the cost of dispersal by including an ongoing rate of mortality due to pr?dation and starvation while animals search for a territory. We establish that there is a threshold for density of suitable habitat, below which the population must decrease to extinction and above which the population tends to a stable positive equilibrium size. Within populations of territorial animals we frequently find individuals that have not had the good fortune to secure a home range. These individuals, sometimes called floaters, usually occupy habitat of marginal quality and not suitable for attracting a mate. Usually, they eke out a secretive existence on the fringes of territories already claimed by other individuals. The dynamics of this floater population is important in understanding the overall behavior of the species, especially if the species is threat ened or endangered. In our model, the floaters are considered part of the population of juveniles since they have not yet secured a suitable territory. In this paper, we use a simple system of differential equations to describe the dy namics of a territorial species. The behavior of the system will be studied under both equilibrium and nonequilibrium conditions. For equilibrium conditions, we will es tablish: the fixed points, their stability, and the critical threshold in habitat density for persistence of the population.
Effects of sex role stereotyping among European American students on domestic violence culpability attributions

Effects of European American students' sex role stereotyping and domestic violence participants' race and relationship intimacy were examined for culpability attributions. In addition to a man's responsibility rating and a sentencing measure, five factors were identified from the dependent measures; these were Sympathy with Man, Incident as Abusive, Generalness of Incident, Seriousness of Incident, and Man as Abuser. Results indicated that sex role stereotyping was influential in culpability attributions, as those with traditional orientations showed a favorable bias toward the man, particularly a married man. Traditionalists provided a shorter sentence for the man and thought the incident less abusive when the woman was African American, in comparison to egalitarians. Both egalitarians and traditionalists expressed more sympathy toward the man when the woman was African American and married. Although we had anticipated higher culpability ratings for women involved in interracial relationships, we found that the European American man was thought less responsible when the woman was African American, but no differences emerged when the woman was European American. It is suggested future research examine the specific content of various stereotypic subtypes of actors involved in domestic violence and how these stereotypic subtypes bias culpability attributions.
Annual economic impacts of seasonal influenza on US counties: Spatial heterogeneity and patterns

Economic impacts of seasonal influenza vary across US counties, but little estimation has been conducted at the county level. This research computed annual economic costs of seasonal influenza for 3143 US counties based on Census 2010, identified inherent spatial patterns, and investigated cost-benefits of vaccination strategies. The computing model modified existing methods for national level estimation, and further emphasized spatial variations between counties, in terms of population size, age structure, influenza activity, and income level. Upon such a model, four vaccination strategies that prioritize different types of counties were simulated and their net returns were examined. The results indicate that the annual economic costs of influenza varied from $13.9 thousand to $957.5 million across US counties, with a median of $2.47 million. Prioritizing vaccines to counties with high influenza attack rates produces the lowest influenza cases and highest net returns. This research fills the current knowledge gap by downscaling the estimation to a county level, and adds spatial variability into studies of influenza economics and interventions. Compared to the national estimates, the presented statistics and maps will offer detailed guidance for local health agencies to fight against influenza.
Sparing action of protein on the pantothenic acid requirement of the rat

SummaryRats maintained either from birth or from weaning on a pantothenic aciddeficient diet containing 64% casein grow more and survive longer than littermates maintained on a 24% casein-deficient diet under the same conditions. Several possible explanations for this sparing action are given.
Effect of Reactivity Addition Rate and of Weak Neutron Source on the Fission Yield of Uranium Solutions

The fission yield of an accidental assembly of a supercritical volume of uranyl-nitrate solution will depend on several variables, two of which are discussed here: the rate of reactivity addition, ...
Alterations in renal cortex cation homeostasis during mercuric chloride and gentamicin nephrotoxicity

To help better understand the role of changes in cellular cation homeostasis in the pathogenesis of renal tubular cell injury, the alterations in cation content of renal cortex and isolated renal cortical mitochondria occurring during models of nephrotoxicity secondary to gentamicin and HgCl2 were determined both during a developing phase of injury prior to the appearance of cell necrosis and after advanced injury when cell necrosis was present. At 3 hr after 5 mg/kg HgCl2 or after 4 daily doses of 100 mg/kg gentamicin, tubular cell integrity was still intact but mitochondrial functional changes were present. There were no alterations of renal cortex tissue electrolytes at this stage in the HgCl2 model but tissue K+, and more prominently, tissue Mg2+ were decreased in the gentamicin model. K+ and Mg2+ contents of isolated mitochondria were slightly reduced after HgCl2. Only K+ content was slightly reduced after gentamicin. No evidence for tissue or mitochondrial Ca2+ overload was present in either model. At 12 hr after 5 mg/kg HgCl2 or after 10 daily 100 mg/kg doses of gentamicin, widespread areas of tubular cell necrosis were present and the function of isolated mitochondria was severely compromised. Tissue electrolytes at this stage of injury in both models were characterized predominantly by a twofold increase in Na+ content and five- to sixfold increases in Ca2+. Isolated mitochondria showed marked decreases in K+ content and marked increases in content of Na+ and Ca2+. These data suggest that neither cellular and mitochondrial Ca2+ overload nor substantial changes in cellular Na+ and K+ homeostasis can be implicated in the early stages of renal tubular cell injury produced by gentamicin and HgCl2.
Separate precursor cells for macrophages and microglia in mouse brain: immunophenotypic and immunoregulatory properties of the progeny

The brain contains two populations of macrophages: the microglia of brain parenchyma, and the central nervous system (CNS) macrophages located in the perivascular spaces, the leptomeninges and the choroid plexus. The microglia are characterized, in part, by their paucity of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and lack of constitutive antigen (Ag)-presenting activity for naive CD4+ T-cells. Some CNS macrophages, on the other hand, constitutively express MHC molecules and present Ag to naive CD4+ T-cells. We have reported that mouse brain contains precursor cells that, in the presence of colony-stimulating factor-1, the macrophage growth factor, give rise to clones of cells that differ in their ability to constitutively present Ag to naive CD4+ T cells. Here we report that this population of precursor cells can be separated into two discrete subpopulations based on differences in cell density and that the two cell populations give rise to progeny that differ in their content of cells constitutively expressing MHC class II and CD86 molecules, and the ability to present Ag to naive CD4+ T-cells. A comparison of the level of CD45 staining of the progeny, an indication of a microglial or a CNS macrophage origin, suggests that one population of precursor cells yields immunologically immature microglia and the other CNS macrophages.
The indirect effects of cytomegalovirus infection on the outcome of organ transplantation.

The evolution of organ transplantation from an interesting experiment in human immunobiology to a highly successful, practical approach for rehabilitating patients with end-stage kidney, heart, liver, and lung disease is one of the great successes of modern medicine. However, the very success of organ transplantation has created in an ever-increasing number of individuals a series of phenomena that have no precedent in medicine or biology: (1) the long-term presence of vascularized organs that differ from the host at a variety of major and minor histocompatibility loci, (2) the lifelong intake of broadly active immunosuppressive agents to permit the continued function of the allograft, and (3) the reactivation, tissue invasion, and continued proliferation of certain infectious agents, particularly the herpes group of viruses, within the individual. The net result of these phenomena are a series of clinical syndromes and effects that are unique to the transplant recipient. Among the most important
Selective exposure reporting and Medline indexing limited the search sensitivity for observational studies of the adverse effects of oral contraceptives

Abstract Objective To explore development of possible approaches leading to a sensitive and precise Medline search to identify observational studies of the association between oral contraceptives and breast cancer, an adverse event. Study Design and Setting We compared the results of a series of Medline searches to a gold standard comprising 58 reports from a 1996 systematic review examining the relationship between oral contraceptives and the development of breast cancer. Sensitivity (the proportion of gold standard publications identified) and precision (the proportion of retrieved publications that were included in the gold standard) were calculated for each Medline search. Results We identified all 58 articles when the search was not limited by terms related to oral contraceptives, but precision was less than 1% (58 of 6,120). Indexing was problematic when oral contraceptives or hormones were not mentioned in the title or abstract (n = 8) or full text (n = 2). Conclusion Search strategies identifying all relevant studies were possible but arguably impractical; additional research is needed to generalize our findings. Authors and editors should ensure that all interventions and outcomes examined are reported and indexers should make sure they are indexed. Central registration of observational studies and all variables they examined should be considered to assure identification of studies examining adverse events associated with health interventions.
Thermochemistry of explosives

Abstract The kinetics constants for the decomposition reaction of an explosive can be used to calculate the lowest temperature (critical temperature, Tm) at which any specific size and shape of explosive can self heat to explosion; however, the accuracy of the calculation is in doubt without an independent experimental determination of a critical temperature for a known size and shape of the explosive. A method is presented for the experimental determination of critical temperatures on a routine basis, and it is shown that agreement between calculated and experimental values is excellent for most common explosives.
Infrared Observations of Methanol in Comet P/Swift-Tuttle

Abstract We present infrared spectroscopic observations of Comet P/Swift-Tuttle obtained with the Cryogenic Spectrometer at Kitt Peak on 1992 November 8, 9, and 12 and December 8 and 10. The spectra cover the 2.9-3.6-μm region. We detect emission from the v3 band of cometary methanol at 3.52 μm in all of our spectra. During this time, the production rate of methanol was QCH3OH = 2-6 × 1028 sec-1, with weak evidence for short-term temporal variability in QCH3OH. We find the weighted average for the relative abundance of methanol with respect to water to be 7 ± 1%, which supports the notion that methanol constitutes a significant fraction of the volatile carbon in comets. Our spectra of Comet P/Swift-Tuttle indicate that the v2 and v9 bands of methanol comprise approximately 60% of the "cometary organic feature" centered near 3.4 μm. Formaldehyde was not detected in these spectra; upper limits are presented.
Multivariable Calculus and the Plus Topology

Among the most subtle concepts in multivariable calculus are the concepts of continuity and differentiability of functions of two (or more) variables. These concepts are designed to tell us about the local behavior of a function near a point. Since "local" is defined by reference to the standard topology on R2, the definitions of continuity and differentiability must take into account the fact that a neighborhood of a point in this topology includes nearby points in all directions, not just the coordinate directions. As a result, these definitions involve limits in which a point (x, y) approaches a point (a, b), and such limits cannot be understood in terms of limits in which the variables x and y approach the limits a and b separately. This explains why, for example, differentiability of a function of two variables is not the same as existence of the two first partial derivatives. But now suppose we are interested in studying the partial derivatives of a function. Since the partial derivatives are defined in terms of limits with respect to the independent variables separately, they cannot be thought of as giving us information about the local behavior of the function near a point-at least, not if "local" is defined by reference to the standard topology. But what if we use a different topology? Is there some topology on R2 that is appropriate for the study of partial derivatives, in the same way that the standard topology is appropriate for the study of continuity and differentiability? My purpose in this paper is to show that there is such a topology, and that the study of this topology can shed light on some of the subtleties of multivariable calculus. The standard topology on R2 is defined by reference to e-balls, where for any 8 > 0 and any point (a, b) c R2, the 8-ball centered at (a, b) is defined to be the set
Electron Interaction in Solids. General Formulation

A general Hamiltonian formalism is developed to treat from first principles the motion of electrons in solids, including their mutual Coulomb interaction. By a series of canonical transformations it is shown that under suitable circumstances (which obtain in nearly all solids) plasmons (a quantized collective plasma oscillation of the electron gas) represent a well-defined elementary excitation of the solid. The "existence criterion" for plasmons is found to be a high electronic polarizability. Where plasmons exist, we are able to give a satisfactory description of their properties when the majority of the individual electron oscillator strengths correspond to transitions in which the energy change is large or small with respect to the plasmon energy, $\ensuremath{\hbar}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p}=\ensuremath{\hbar}{(\frac{4\ensuremath{\pi}N{e}^{2}}{m})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$. After the plasmon modes are separated out, the remaining electron interaction is found to be screened, with a range of the order of the interelectronic spacing. The usefulness of this effective Hamiltonian for the calculation of the electronic energy levels and cohesive energy in solids is discussed briefly.
Properties of plain weave metallic wire mesh screens

Abstract Porous structures made of metallic wire mesh screens are receiving renewed interests from researchers due to their large potential for enhancing heat transfer. Accurate estimation of key porous parameters undoubtedly helps understand heat transfer mechanisms inside those porous structures. This study presents a new methodology for calculating volumetric porosity, specific surface area, and in-plane thermal conductivity for porous structures made of square-shaped and diamond-shaped wire screens. Analytical models were developed accordingly. Affecting factors including mesh number, wire diameter, compactness factor, and stacking patterns were systematically studied. This work, for the first time, considers the cases when the wire mesh screens are cold compressed. The models developed in this study are compared with typical existing models. Satisfactory agreement was shown.