cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular interactions of degradable and non-degradable polymers with hydroxyapatite influence mechanics of polymer-hydroxyapatite nanocomposite biomaterials

Implant materials composed of hard and soft phases (composite materials) have shown much promise for total bone replacement. Interfacial interactions between the components in these composite biomaterials affect the overall mechanical response. Here, the role of interfacial interactions on the load deformation behaviour of soft phase (polymer) have been analysed using constant velocity Steered Molecular Dynamics (v-SMD). From v-SMD simulations, it has been observed that the stiffness of polymers changes significantly when these polymers interact with the hydroxyapatite (HAP) surface. It appears that the reasons for the altered stiffness are different for non-degradable and calcium binding polymers such as polyacrylic acid (PAAc) and degradable and non-calcium binding polymers such as polycapralactone (PCL). These results indicate that mineral proximity affects the mechanical response of both polymers but differently so. The role of different pulling velocities on the load-deformation behaviour of polymers is also analysed. The pulling velocity appears to have a marginal effect on stiffness of the polymers.
An Evaluation of the “Recovery of Hope” Program

The Recovery of Hope program was initiated in 1981 to address the problem of couples entering marriage enrichment events whose distress levels indicated a need for therapy rather than enrichment. An ex post facto evaluation was conducted for this divorce prevention program, surveying 190 spouses who had been involved in the program prior to October 1984. Returns were obtained from 34 wives and 27 husbands on post-test and retrospective pre-test marital satisfaction measures, along with a variety of other items and demographic data. Program completion appeared to assist couples in either improving their rclationship or in deciding to divorce, as opposed to continuing with an unsatisfactory marital relationship.
Network effects and valuing social network services

Models including network effects are often invoked to justify the high value of social network services like Facebook. Yet as time passes and user numbers grow, inevitably so does reach across social circles, creating "online tension" or, as we term it, mismatch of social display. This leads to reduced participation. Social network services respond with efforts to segment networks through efforts like separate 'friend lists'. We provide a conceptual framework and a visualization to incorporate these insights into models of network effects and social network value.
What is the Added Benefit of Cervical Ultrasound to 99mTc-Sestamibi Scanning in Primary Hyperparathyroidism?

Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism depends on accurate preoperative imaging, which is traditionally accomplished by 99mTc-sestamibi scanning. Cervical ultrasound is gaining in use, but it is unclear how much information it adds to the routine use of 99mTc-sestamibi scans. A prospectively maintained database of patients undergoing parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism was queried, and the utility of cervical ultrasound in preoperative planning was analyzed. Between July 2002 and November 2009, 310 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism underwent both 99mTc-sestamibi and ultrasound imaging. Ultrasound added new information to 99mTc-sestamibi in 43 patients (14%) by finding either the correct enlarged gland (n = 40, 88%) or additional enlarged glands (n = 5, 12%). Ultrasound correctly localized glands in 38 of 85 (45%) patients with a negative 99mTc-sestamibi, allowing for a minimally invasive parathyroidectomy in those patients. However, in the 206 patients (66%) who had a 1-gland positive 99mTc-sestamibi, ultrasound only added information for 8 patients (4%). When compared with radiology-performed ultrasound, surgeon-performed ultrasound was successful in localizing additional glands in 27 (15%) versus 17 patients (10%) (P < 0.001). Ultrasound led to additional localization information in 14% of patients, although this benefit was less in patients with a clearly positive 1-gland 99mTc-sestamibi scan. Cervical ultrasound provides added benefit to 99mTc-sestamibi scanning in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, but its greatest utility is when performed by a surgeon in patients with a negative 99mTc-sestamibi scan.
Efficient data restructuring and aggregation for I/O acceleration in PIDX

Hierarchical, multiresolution data representations enable interactive analysis and visualization of large-scale simulations. One promising application of these techniques is to store high performance computing simulation output in a hierarchical Z (HZ) ordering that translates data from a Cartesian coordinate scheme to a one-dimensional array ordered by locality at different resolution levels. However, when the dimensions of the simulation data are not an even power of 2, parallel HZ ordering produces sparse memory and network access patterns that inhibit I/O performance. This work presents a new technique for parallel HZ ordering of simulation datasets that restructures simulation data into large (power of 2) blocks to facilitate efficient I/O aggregation. We perform both weak and strong scaling experiments using the S3D combustion application on both Cray-XE6 (65,536 cores) and IBM Blue Gene/P (131,072 cores) platforms. We demonstrate that data can be written in hierarchical, multiresolution format with performance competitive to that of native data-ordering methods.
Survival costs of chick rearing in black-legged kittiwakes

1. We tested for costs of chick rearing in the black-legged kittiwake Rissa tridactyla (Linnaeus) by removing entire clutches from 149 of 405 randomly selected nests, in which one or both mates was colour-banded. After the manipulation, we monitored adult nest attendance and body condition at unmanipulated and manipulated nests, and measured the survival and fecundity of these adults the following year. 2. Late in the chick-rearing period, adults from unmanipulated nests (i.e. with chicks) went on significantly longer foraging trips, and were significantly lighter for their size, than adults from manipulated nests (i.e. without chicks). 3. Adults from unmanipulated nests also survived to the following nesting season at a significantly lower rate than those from the manipulated nests (0·898 vs. 0·953), suggesting that attempting to raise chicks can reduce life expectancy by 55%. 4. There was a tendency for adults from nests that were unmanipulated in year one to have lower reproductive success in year two, primarily because of reduced fledging success, and a higher incidence of non-breeding. 5. These findings suggest that mass loss in kittiwakes during chick rearing may not be adaptive. Raising chicks can lead to reproductive costs, and the causal mechanism appears to be a reduction in body condition. 6. We compare our results with previous brood (or clutch) size manipulation experiments that have measured adult body condition, survival and/or future fecundity. Although the empirical evidence suggests that long-lived species are more likely to experience survival costs than short-lived species, we believe the opposite may be true. We suggest that shifting the experimental protocol of cost of reproduction studies from brood enlargements (an approach taken in most prior studies) to brood reductions will provide more accurate quantifications of naturally occurring costs. 7. The cost of reproduction is one mechanism proposed to explain the reduced survival rates reported for kittiwake populations in the North Atlantic relative to those in the North Pacific ocean. Oceanographic data, however, suggest that lower food availability may limit survival of kittiwakes in the North Atlantic where a deeper mixed layer and reduced primary production combine to make conditions less favourable for this seabird during the winter months.
Methods for the Topographical Patterning and Patterned Surface Modification of Hydrogels Based on Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate

Hydrogels have gained broad acceptance as a class of biocompatible materials. In this paper, we report the topographic patterning and regiospecific functionalization of hydrogel surfaces. Both photolithography and soft lithography are combined in a hybrid process to form these topographic features. By functionalization of a base layer surface followed by lithographic patterning steps, it is possible to introduce chemical functions to specific regions of the patterned surface. The model systems investigated were based on 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), which is well-known for its low toxicity and widespread use in biomedical applications. Tests of Ni-NTA modified hydrogel surfaces showed successful binding of fluorescently labeled proteins to selected regions of the patterned hydrogel surface. These processes can be expanded to a wide range of monomer systems.
Note: On the misere version of game Euclid and miserable games

Recently, Gabriel Nivasch got the following remarkable formula for the Sprague-Grundy function of game Euclid: g^+(x,y)[email protected]?|x/y-y/x|@? for all integers x,y>=1. We consider the corresponding misere game and show that its Sprague-Grundy function g^-(x,y) is equal to g^+(x,y) for all positions (x,y), except for the case when (x,y) or (y,x) equals (kF"i,kF"i"+"1), where F"i is the ith Fibonacci number and k is a positive integer. It is easy to see that these exceptional Fibonacci positions are exactly those in which all further moves in the game are forced (unique) and hence, the results of the normal and misere versions are opposite; in other words, for these positions g^+ and g^- take values 0 and 1 so that g^-=1-g^+=(-1)^i^+^1+g^+. Let us note that the good old game of Nim has similar property: if there is at most one bean in each pile then all further moves are forced. Hence, in these forced positions the results of the normal and misere versions are opposite, while for all other positions they are the same, as it was proved by Charles Bouton in 1901. Respectively, in the forced positions g^+ and g^- take values 0 and 1 so that g^-=1-g^+=(-1)^i^+^1+g^+, where i is the number of non-empty piles, while in all other positions g^+=g^-.
Polar cloud structure as derived from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter

Vertical absorption coefficient profiles of the Venus clouds in the north polar regions recorded by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter on orbits 9, 18, and 19 at the S band indicate dense cloud decks at the 1.5 to 4.7 bar levels in the Venus atmosphere. These cloud decks are at lower altitudes than the clouds detected by Mariner 10 and Pioneer Venus probes, and are uniform in absorption characteristics in the polar regions. The regions close to the polar hot spots have depressed the upper cloud heights and increased polar density; these areas are free of thermal inversions characteristic of the north polar regions away from the hot spots.
Soil Electrical Conductivity as a Crop Productivity Measure for Claypan Soils

Inexpensive and accurate methods for spatially measuring soil properties are needed that enhance interpretation of yield maps and improve planning for site-specific management. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship of apparent profile soil electrical conductivity (EC a ) and grain yield on claypan soils (Udollic Ochraqualfs). Grain yield data were obtained by combine yield monitoring and EC a by a mobile, on-the-go electromagnetic (EM) induction meter. Investigations were made on four claypan fields between 1993 and 1997 for a total of 13 site-years. Crops included five site-years of corn (Zea mays L.), seven site-years of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and one site-year of grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench]. Transformed EC a (1/EC a ) was regressed to topsoil thickness giving r 2 values > 0.75 for three of the four fields. The relationship between grain yield and EC a was examined for each site-year in scatter plots. A boundary line using a log-normal function was fit to the upper edge of data in the scatter plots. A significant relationship between grain yield and EC a (boundary lines with r 2 > 0.25 in nine out of 13 site-years) was apparent, but climate, crop type, and specific field information was needed to explain the shape of the potential yield by EC a interaction. Boundary line data of each site-year fell into one of four condition categories: Condition 1-site-years where yield increased with decreasing EC a ; Condition 2-site-years where yield decreased with decreasing EC a ; Condition 3-where yield was less at low and high EC a values and highest at some mid-range values of EC a ; and Condition 4-site-years where yield variation was mostly unrelated to EC a . Soil EC, provided a measure of the within-field soil differences associated with topsoil thickness, which for these claypan soils is a measure of root-zone suitability for crop growth and yield.
Attempt at Resilient Modulus Modeling Using Artificial Neural Networks

The pitfalls inherent in the indiscriminate application of artificial neural networks to numerical modeling problems are illustrated. An example is used of an apparently successful (but ultimately unsuccessful) attempt at training a neural network constitutive model for computing the resilient modulus of gravels as a function of stress state and various material properties. Issues such as the quantity and quality of data needed to successfully train a neural network are explored, and the importance of an independent test set to verify network performance is examined.
A Force of Nature

Our educational system does little to prepare computer science students for making the transition to the working world.
The complete amino acid sequence of oncomodulin — a parvalbumin‐like calcium‐binding protein from Morris hepatoma 5123tc

Oncomodulin is an acidic calcium-binding protein of 108 amino acids which has been detected only in tumors. The complete amino acid sequence of rat oncomodulin has been established, and the N-terminus shown to be N-acetylserine. Homology of the oncomodulin sequence with members of the troponin C superfamily of calcium-binding proteins was demonstrated, and putative calcium-binding domains were located. A further degree of homology was established between oncomodulin and the parvalbumins, including rat parvalbumin. Oncomodulin was therefore considered to be a parvalbumin-like calcium-binding protein.
An in vitro microplant bioassay using clonal white ash to test for tall fescue allelopathy

Axillary shoots from three selected white ash (Fraxinus americana L.) clones were harvested from in vitro shoot cultures. Roots were initiated by pulsing excised shoots for eight days in the dark in MS medium supplemented with 2% sucrose, 0.7% agar, 5 μM NAA, and 1 μM IBA. Pulsed shoots were transferred to a root elongation medium consisting of 25% MS macrosalts, full-strength microsalts and organics, 1% sucrose, 0.7% agar and no auxins. When roots were visible (6–10 days after transfer to root elongation medium), microplants were transferred to vessels containing the same minimal medium and tall fescue (Festuca elatior var. arundinacea (Schreb.) Wimm.) leaf extracts, leaf leachates, or soil leachates from plant boxes with and without tall fescue sod. After four weeks in vitro, primary adventitious and secondary root growth was reduced by extracts obtained from 5 and 10 g ground leaves per 100 ml of medium. Leachates obtained from 5 g soaked leaves per 100 ml of medium stimulated primary root growth. Soil leachates from bare soil also stimulated primary root growth. Variation was observed among the clones for root growth when plantlets were grown in extracts or leachates from tall fescue.
The Effect of Digoxin on the Intermediary Metabolism of the Heart as Measured by Glucose-C14 Utilization in the Intact Dog

Administration of a therapeutic dose level of digoxin in the intact dog resulted in an augmentation of the glucose utilization of the myocardium accompanied by a greatly increased rate of glycolytic and oxidative activity. The contribution of glucose to the total metabolism of the heart was increased, and the utilization of noncarbohydrate substrates was decreased. These metabolic changes occurred in the absence of changes in the dynamic functions of the heart, indicating that the metabolic alterations were due to a primary effect of the drug rather than an effect secondary to an altered state of cardiac activity.
Paradigms, exemplars and social change

Researchers’ social-cultural organization influences the scope, quality, quantity, coherence, dissemination, utilization and impact of research-based, theoretically sound knowledge. Five concepts—paradigm, exemplar, segment, network and gatekeeper—are salient to research on researchers’ organization. Autobiographical reflections signal these concepts’ salience to knowledge generation, school program designs and researchers’ career patterns. These reflections also indicate the selectivity and potential limitations of conventional paradigms. Rapid, dramatic social change compels strategic searches, which are prerequisite to ‘re-search.’ After all, today's physical education programs, like the schools that harbor them, are industrial age institutions. These institutions are out-of-step with contemporary realities. A new century search, research and development agenda directed toward physical education's reformation and transformation may begin with selected design criteria. These criteria and this larger age...
Gamma Interferon Production by Bovine γδ T Cells following Stimulation with Mycobacterial Mycolylarabinogalactan Peptidoglycan

A large percentage of lymphocytes in the blood of cattle express the γδ T-cell receptor, but specific functions for these cells have not yet been clearly defined. There is evidence, however, that human, murine, and bovine γδ T cells have a role in the immune response to mycobacteria. This study investigated the ability of bovine γδ T cells to expand and produce gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in response to stimulation with mycobacterial products. Bovine γδ T cells, isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy cattle, expanded following in vitro stimulation with live mycobacteria, mycobacterial crude cell wall extract, and Mycobacterium bovis culture filtrate proteins. In addition, purified γδ T cells, cocultured with purified monocytes and interleukin-2, consistently produced significant amounts of IFN-γ in response to mycobacterial cell wall. The IFN-γ-inducing component of the cell wall was further identified as a proteolytically resistant, non-sodium dodecyl sulfate-soluble component of the mycolylarabinogalactan peptidoglycan.
Response of Apanteles militaris to a toxin produced in a granulosis-virus-infected host☆

Abstract The development of the parasitoid, Apanteles militaris, is adversely affected by a toxin produced by an infection of the synergistic strain of a granulosis virus in the armyworm. The plasma from the virus-infected armyworm larva is toxic to the parasitoids even after the infectious viral particles have been removed by centrifugation. The toxin seems to be effective against the parasitoids only when it is injected parenterally into the armyworm host. Whole capsules, dissolved capsule proteins, and virus particles are not toxic to the parasitoids when injected into the host. The site of synthesis of the toxin is not known. In addition to the Hawaiian isolate of the granulosis virus, the isolates collected in the fields of California and Illinois also produce the toxin. Plasma from virus-infected Trichoplusia ni and Spodoptera exigua larvae is also toxic to the parasitoids. A granulosis virus isolated from field-collected Trichoplusia ni produces a similar toxic response in A. militaris. An ichneumonid parasitoid, Venturia canescens, in an Anagasta host is not affected by the toxin, but a braconid parasitoid, Phanerotoma flavitestacea, in an Anagasta host shows a toxic response. The plasma from healthy S. exigua larvae contains a substance which adversely affects the development of the parasitoid.
Planar RF Antenna Reconfiguration With Ni-Ti Shape Memory Alloys

Nickel-titanium shape memory alloys (SMA) are utilized to achieve a multi-band RF (radio frequency) antenna through reconfiguration. Switches made from shape memory alloys electronically connect together a planar antenna arrangement, creating several electrical signal pathways and reconfiguration to be realized. The changes in geometry induced by the switching create different working frequencies of the antenna leading to multiple bands. The switches open and close due to an induced phase change from martensite to austenite via resistive heating from a separate electric circuit. Switch design is based on a previously successful switch geometry with the goal of miniaturizing the reconfigurable antenna system. Simulations were performed to determine an optimal geometry for reconfiguration with the switches to generate measurable changes in working frequency in a planar antenna. Based on these simulations, a planar antenna consisting of a dielectric material between conductive copper layers was designed and constructed for use with the SMA switches. The antenna design is based on a patch antenna that is reconfigured to new geometries as the SMA switches are activated. The working frequency of the planar antenna arrangement can be tuned to between 2.25 GHz and 2.43 GHz depending on geometry as measured with S11 signal reflection.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Role of P-Selectin Cytoplasmic Domain in Granular Targeting In Vivo and in Early Inflammatory Responses

P-selectin is an adhesion receptor for leukocytes expressed on activated platelets and endothelial cells. The cytoplasmic domain of P-selectin was shown in vitro to contain signals required for both the sorting of this protein into storage granules and its internalization from the plasma membrane. To evaluate in vivo the role of the regulated secretion of P-selectin, we have generated a mouse that expresses P-selectin lacking the cytoplasmic domain (ΔCT mice). The deletion did not affect the sorting of P-selectin into α-granules of platelets but severely compromised the storage of P-selectin in endothelial cells. Unstored P-selectin was proteolytically shed from the plasma membrane, resulting in increased levels of soluble P-selectin in the plasma. The ΔCT–P-selectin appeared capable of mediating cell adhesion as it supported leukocyte rolling in the mutant mice. However, a secretagogue failed to upregulate leukocyte rolling in the ΔCT mice, indicating an absence of a releasable storage pool of P-selectin in the endothelium. Furthermore, the neutrophil influx into the inflamed peritoneum was only 30% of the wild-type level 2 h after stimulation. Our results suggest that different sorting mechanisms for P-selectin are used in platelets and endothelial cells and that the storage pool of P-selectin in endothelial cells is functionally important during early stages of inflammation.
Normal Reference Values for the Adult Right Ventricle by Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The purpose of this study was to establish reference ranges for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements of the adult right ventricle stratified by gender. Cardiovascular MRI is increasingly used for evaluating the right ventricle in congenital and acquired heart disease, but gender-specific normative values are currently unavailable. Study participants included 500 subjects free of clinical cardiovascular disease who were participants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). All subjects underwent MRI according to a standard protocol. The endocardial margins of the right ventricle were manually contoured on short-axis images, and right ventricular (RV) volumes were calculated using a summation-of-disks method. RV dimensions were measured on 4-chamber gradient-echo images and in the short-axis plane. Except for the ejection fraction, all unadjusted RV parameters were significantly greater in men than in women (p <0.001). In the entire study population, RV volumes and linear dimensions each correlated significantly with height (r = 0.38 to 0.64, p = 0.001 for all) and body surface area (r = 0.41 to 0.64, p = 0.001 for all). Gender differences persisted after adjustment for subject height. After adjustment for body surface area, volumetric variables remained significantly greater (p = 0.001) in men than in women. Even after adjusting for body surface area and height, Chinese participants had significantly lower RV volumes compared with Caucasians. In conclusion, gender-specific normal values for the adult right ventricle by MRI are presented. Cardiovascular MRI measures of RV volumes and linear dimensions differ significantly according to gender and body size. These values will be useful to differentiate RV health from diseases that result in abnormal RV structure and function.
Completion norms for final words of sentences using a multiple production measure

Sentence-completion norms for sentences using a multiple production measure are presented. A subset of these items were taken from the Bloom and Fischler (1980) sentence-completion norms in order to compare the Cloze measure with the present multiple production measure. For both measures, the sentence constraint correlated negatively with the number of responses generated across subjects. Although the Cloze measure and the multiple production measure were highly correlated, sentence predictability was higher when the multiple production measure was used. These sentence norms provide an alternative to norms derived using the Cloze procedure.
The nature of a virus-induced cellular resistance to Rous sarcoma virus.

Abstract A virus (RIF) of the avian leucosis group which occurs in normal chick embryos infects cells in tissue culture and renders them resistant to infection with RSV. The nature of the resistance has been examined by quantitative methods, and it has been shown that a RIF-infected culture is composed of cells which are all of enhanced resistance to RSV infection but which are infectible by single RSV particles. Prior infection of a cell with RIF merely reduces the probability for successful infection by RSV by a factor of 40 or greater.
Mass spectral studies of thermal decomposition of metal nitrates

Residual gas analysis and static secondary ion mass spectrometry are used in an attempt to elucidate the process responsible for the appearance of metal oxides in the gas phase during low temperature nitrate decomposition of Pb, Cu, Cd and Ag nitrates in vacuo. Observed signals for MO, MNO3+ together with M2+ species in the gas phase during the decomposition of some of the metal nitrates indicate that a physical expulsion mechanism is probably responsible for the low temperature production of these metal-containing species. The “gasification mechanism” provided by L'vov states that metal nitrates decompose in a single mechanistic step to product MO(g), O2 and NO2 and that the temperature of the decomposition is predictable from thermodynamics. The observation of unexplained gas phase species, the absence of O2 during CuO+ production, and the lack of agreement between activation energies and appearance temperatures fail to support the gasification model. Instead, it is suggested that during the decomposition, which is governed by the kinetics of the process, the evolution of the gaseous products, such as O2 and NO2, carry the observed metal-containing species into the vapor phase when the liquid state is present on the surface (e.g. AgNO3, Cu(NO3)2 or Cd(NO3)2). The crystal rearrangement of the solid (e.g. conversion of Pb(NO3)2 to PbO) and subsequent loss of integrity of the crystal lattice results in the dislocation of the metal-containing species, which are swept from the surface during the O2 and NO2 evolution.
The Emergency and Post-Lubrication System of TCA Turbochargers

For the TCA turbocharger series a new emergency and post-lubrication system has been developed. This new system is supposed to maintain more than 10 seconds full load operation after an oil pump blackout. Moreover, the system has to efficiently supply oil for the run-out period and for cooling the bearings. In order to check this development target turbocharger TCA 77 was subjected to some tests. The tests were carried out under extreme conditions, i.e. maximum oil inlet temperature and minimum oil pressure. At maximum speed = 14900 rpm, toil = 60°C and poil = 1.3 bar the turbocharger continued its operation after stop of the oil pump without temperature increase in the bearings for 14 seconds before the pressure control device interrupted the fuel supply at 0.6 bar oil pressure. The pressurized part of the tank was sufficient for another 35 seconds during which the turbocharger speed dropped from 14900 rpm to a speed of about 7000 rpm. Both journal bearings and the axial bearings received oil for 2.5 minutes after pump stop. At this point the turbocharger still had a speed of 1500 rpm. After that the turbine bearing was cooled over a period of 1-1/2 hours by a geodetic driven oil flow. The maximum temperature at the turbine bearing of 180 °C (admissible approx. 220 °C) was achieved after 2 hours.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
In vivo binding of putative δ-selective opioid antagonists to central opiate receptors

Abstract The in vivo opiate receptor binding of three putative δ-selective opioid antagonists, the irreversible oripavine ligand NIH 10236 and two enkephalin analogs, ICI 154,129 and ICI 174,866, was studied in rat brain. Following i.c.v. injection, potent and apparently irreversible opiate receptor binding was observed for NIH 10236 with similar affinity for μ, δ and κ sites. However, opiate receptor binding was not evident either after s.c. injection of NIH 10236 or ICI 154,129, or following i.c.v. administration of ICI 154,129 or ICI 174,864. The receptor sites that mediate the pharmacological effects of these drugs should be reevaluated.
Respiratory mechanics in sedated and nonsedated adult llamas.

Objective—To validate the use of noninvasive pulmonary function testing in sedated and nonsedated llamas and establish reference range parameters of respiratory mechanical function. Animals—10 healthy adult llamas. Procedures—Pulmonary function testing in llamas included the following: measurement of functional residual capacity (FRC) via helium dilution, respiratory inductance plethysmography (RIP) to assess breathing pattern and flow limitations, esophageal-balloon pneumotachography, and a monofrequency forced oscillatory technique (FOT; 1 to 7 Hz) before and after IM administration of xylazine (0.2 mg/kg). Results—The following mean ± SD measurements of respiratory function were obtained in nonsedated llamas: FRC (5.60 ± 1.24 L), tidal volume (1.03 ± 0.3 L), dynamic compliance (0.83 ± 0.4 L/cm H2O), pulmonary resistance (RL; 1.42 ± 0.54 cm H2O/L/s), and respiratory system resistance (2.4 ± 0.9, 2.3 ± 0.7, 2.2 ± 0.6, 2.7 ± 0.7, and 2.5 ± 0.5 cm H2O/L/s at 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 Hz, respectively) by use of FO...
Acetylation of adenovirus E1A regulates binding of the transcriptional corepressor CtBP

Abstract Adenovirus E1A mediates its effects on cellular transformation and transcription by interacting with critical cellular proteins involved in cell growth and differentiation. The amino terminus of E1A binds to CBP/p300 and associated histone acetyltransferases such as P/CAF. The carboxyl terminus binds to the carboxyl-terminal binding protein (CtBP), which associates with histone deacetylases. We show that 12S E1A can be acetylated by p300 and P/CAF and map one of the acetylation sites to Lys-239. This Lys residue is adjacent to the consensus CtBP binding motif, PXDLS. Mutation of Lys-239 to Gln or Ala blocks CtBP binding in vitro and disrupts the E1A–CtBP interaction in vivo. Peptide competition assays demonstrated that the interaction of E1A with CtBP is also blocked by Lys-239 acetylation. Supporting a functional role for Lys-239 in CtBP binding, mutation of this residue to Ala decreases the ability of E1A to block cAMP-regulated enhancer (CRE)-binding protein (CREB)-stimulated gene expression. Finally, we demonstrate that Lys-239 is acetylated in cells by using an antibody directed against an acetyl-Lys-239 E1A peptide. CtBP interacts with a wide variety of other transcriptional repressors through the PXDLS motif, and, in many instances, this motif is followed by a Lys residue. We suggest that acetylation of this residue by histone acetyltransferases, and the consequent disruption of repressor complexes, might be a general mechanism for gene activation.
DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF SELF‐MONITORING ATTENTION, ACCURACY, AND PRODUCTIVITY

Effects of self-monitoring on-task behavior, academic productivity, and academic accuracy were assessed with 6 elementary-school students with learning disabilities in their general education classroom using a mathematics task. Following baseline, the three self-monitoring conditions were introduced using a multiple schedule design during independent practice sessions. Although all three interventions yielded improvements in either arithmetic productivity, accuracy, or on-task behavior, self-monitoring academic productivity or accuracy was generally superior. Differential results were obtained across age groups: fourth graders' mathematics performance improved most when self-monitoring productivity, whereas sixth graders' performance improved most when self-monitoring accuracy.
Isoelectric components of mouse, human, and rabbit interferons.

Abstract Interferon preparations derived from mouse, human, and rabbit cells were examined by electrofocusing in ampholyte gradients. All materials exhibited considerable heterogeneity of electric charge, and the distribution of major zones of biologic activity varied according to the source of interferon. Peaks of L cell interferon induced by NDVuv or poly I:C were situated predominantly between pH 6 and 9. Human interferon stimulated by NDVuv or poly I:C in foreskin fibroblasts was more acidic (pH 3–5) than that elicited by NDV in primary peripheral leukocytes (pH 4–7). Rabbit interferon produced by NDVuv or poly I:C was more homogeneous in composition than either mouse- or virus-induced human interferons, most of the activity being located near pH 6. The isoelectric composition of mouse interferon was essentially unaltered by 300-fold purification on carboxymethyl Sephadex and electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels.
Cost of universal influenza vaccination of children in pediatric practices.

OBJECTIVES: The goals were to estimate nationally representative pediatric practices9 costs of providing influenza vaccination during the 2006–2007 season and to simulate the costs pediatric practices might incur when implementing universal influenza vaccination for US children aged 6 months to 18 years. METHODS: We surveyed a stratified, random sample of New York State pediatric practices ( N = 91) to obtain information from physicians and office managers about all practice resources associated with provision of influenza vaccination. We estimated vaccination costs for 2 practice sizes (small and large) and 3 geographic areas (urban, suburban, and rural). We adjusted these data to obtain national estimates of the total practice cost (in 2006 dollars) for providing 1 influenza vaccination to children aged 6 months to 18 years. RESULTS: Among all respondents, the median total cost per vaccination was $28.62 (interquartile range: $18.67–45.28). The median component costs were as follows: clinical personnel labor costs, $2.01; nonclinical personnel labor costs, $7.96; all other (overhead) costs, $10.43. Vaccine purchase costs averaged $8.22. Smaller practices and urban practices had higher costs than larger or suburban practices. With the assumption of vaccine administration reimbursement for all Vaccines for Children (VFC)-eligible children at the current Medicaid median of $8.40, the financial loss across all US pediatric practices through delivery of VFC vaccines would be $98 million if one third of children received influenza vaccine. CONCLUSION: The total cost for pediatric practices to provide influenza vaccination is high, varies according to practice characteristics, and exceeds the average VFC reimbursement.
A Long-Neglected Mother of Contemporary Ethnography Annie Marion MacLean and the Memory of a Method

As ethnographers look forward, we risk losing sight of the past. Short memories are common, and most sociologists have a certain “amnesia” (Gans 1992). Sometimes old scholarship is best forgotten, but this is not always the case. We argue that the neglected ethnographic work of Annie Marion MacLean— who was writing at the turn of the last century—deserves our attention despite its age. To the extent that contemporary ethnography has a metaphorical “genetic code” in common, MacLean's work has these traits, and we argue that her work speaks to contemporary concerns: it gives us perspective on the realist-postmodernist debate, it demonstrates the challenges of ethnography as a career and how it can change over the life-course, and it forces us to reflect on our short scholarly recall. Much can be learned from MacLean and other relevant but neglected ethnographers. Failing to engage these works stunts our ethnographic growth.
Meet Editorial Board Member Deborah L. Schofield

48 Dr. Deborah L. Schofield is a veteran nurse practitioner in the areas of emergency medicine, neurointerventional radiology, and moderate sedation. She currently is the program manager and works clinically for these areas at the University of Maryland Medical Center in Baltimore, Maryland. She completed her master’s degree at the University of Maryland School of Nursing (UMSON) in 1995, achieving national certification as an adult nurse practitioner. In 2009, she obtained theDoctor ofNursing Practice (DNP)
MCAM: Multiple Clustering Analysis Methodology for Deriving Hypotheses and Insights from High-Throughput Proteomic Datasets

Advances in proteomic technologies continue to substantially accelerate capability for generating experimental data on protein levels, states, and activities in biological samples. For example, studies on receptor tyrosine kinase signaling networks can now capture the phosphorylation state of hundreds to thousands of proteins across multiple conditions. However, little is known about the function of many of these protein modifications, or the enzymes responsible for modifying them. To address this challenge, we have developed an approach that enhances the power of clustering techniques to infer functional and regulatory meaning of protein states in cell signaling networks. We have created a new computational framework for applying clustering to biological data in order to overcome the typical dependence on specific a priori assumptions and expert knowledge concerning the technical aspects of clustering. Multiple clustering analysis methodology (‘MCAM’) employs an array of diverse data transformations, distance metrics, set sizes, and clustering algorithms, in a combinatorial fashion, to create a suite of clustering sets. These sets are then evaluated based on their ability to produce biological insights through statistical enrichment of metadata relating to knowledge concerning protein functions, kinase substrates, and sequence motifs. We applied MCAM to a set of dynamic phosphorylation measurements of the ERRB network to explore the relationships between algorithmic parameters and the biological meaning that could be inferred and report on interesting biological predictions. Further, we applied MCAM to multiple phosphoproteomic datasets for the ERBB network, which allowed us to compare independent and incomplete overlapping measurements of phosphorylation sites in the network. We report specific and global differences of the ERBB network stimulated with different ligands and with changes in HER2 expression. Overall, we offer MCAM as a broadly-applicable approach for analysis of proteomic data which may help increase the current understanding of molecular networks in a variety of biological problems.
The type localities of the mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus (Rafinesque, 1817), and the Kansas white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus macrourus (Rafinesque, 1817), are not where we thought they were

Abstract Among the iconic mammals of the North American West is the mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). This species and a western subspecies of the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus macrourus) were two of seven mammals originally named and described as new species in 1817 by Constantine S. Rafinesque. Rafinesque never saw the animals that he named. Instead, he followed the then-acceptable practice of basing his new species on animals characterized in another published work, in this case the putative journal of Charles Le Raye, a French Canadian fur trader who was said to have traversed the upper Missouri River region before the Lewis and Clark Expedition and whose journal described some of the wildlife in detail. Unlike the mule deer, whose existence has been established by generations of biologists, wildlife management professionals, and sportsmen, Le Raye and his journal have since been proven to be fraudulent. Because Rafinesque's names were published in accordance with the taxonomic conventions ...
FRAGMENTATION IN CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOLOGY: A DIALECTICAL SOLUTION

The author proposes a dialectical/realist solution to the problem of multiple paradigms in psychology. Specifically, he argues that theoretical models in psychology are akin to various two-dimensional maps of the three-dimensional, spherical earth. In cartography each projection serves as a complementary, if ultimately inadequate, perspective on the whole, in a context where a "total perspective" is impracticable. Like such cartographic projections, each paradigm in psychology (biological, behavioral, cognitive, systems, psychoanalytic, phenomenological, etc.) necessarily distorts certain aspects of human mind and behavior while being accurate regarding others which are, in turn, distorted by other points of view. The author argues that the various paradigms in psychology emerge as a result of (combinations of) answers to fundamental problems in the philosophy of psychology. These are the problems of: (1) free will vs. determinism, (2) materialism vs. phenomenology, (3) reductionism vs. emergent properties, (4) public vs. private criteria for psychological propositions, (5) the individual vs. the system as the basic unit of inquiry and description, (6) facts vs. interpretations (hermeneutics) as the datum of psychology, and (7) knowledge vs. unknowability as a basic methodological assumption. Psychologists have been mistaken in their assumption that the oppositions or "antinomies" represented in these problems must lead to mutually exclusive ideas. Instead, the polarities (e.g. free will and determinism) are better conceived dialectically as complementary, interdependent ideas; each idea only making sense by assuming the truth of its presumed contrary. When the complementarity of these contraries is recognized the problem of multiple paradigms and factionalization in psychology is cast in a new light. Psychologists can continue to flesh out details in their various maps, secure that they are contributing to the exploration of a (dialectically) integrated whole. _____ At the close of its most distinguished century, psychology appears to be no closer to resolving the issues that divide it than in the past. It is perhaps symptomatic that the disorders of identity, the borderline pathologies, and multiple personality disorder (recently renamed dissociative identity disorder) should draw so much attention from psychologists at a time when the identity of their own profession is itself open to such question.
Interactions between Non-Physician Clinicians and Industry: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND: With increasing restrictions placed on physician-industry interactions, industry marketing may target other health professionals. Recent health policy developments confer even greater importance on the decision making of non-physician clinicians. The purpose of this systematic review is to examine the types and implications of non-physician clinician-industry interactions in clinical practice. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We searched MEDLINE and Web of Science from January 1, 1946, through June 24, 2013, according to PRISMA guidelines. Non-physician clinicians eligible for inclusion were: Registered Nurses, nurse prescribers, Physician Assistants, pharmacists, dieticians, and physical or occupational therapists; trainee samples were excluded. Fifteen studies met inclusion criteria. Data were synthesized qualitatively into eight outcome domains: nature and frequency of industry interactions; attitudes toward industry; perceived ethical acceptability of interactions; perceived marketing influence; perceived reliability of industry information; preparation for industry interactions; reactions to industry relations policy; and management of industry interactions. Non-physician clinicians reported interacting with the pharmaceutical and infant formula industries. Clinicians across disciplines met with pharmaceutical representatives regularly and relied on them for practice information. Clinicians frequently received industry information, attended sponsored education, and acted as distributors for similar materials targeted at patients. Clinicians generally regarded this as an ethical use of industry resources, and felt they could detect promotion while benefiting from industry information. Free samples were among the most approved and common ways that clinicians interacted with industry. Included studies were observational and of varying methodological rigor; thus, these findings may not be generalizable. This review is, however, the first to our knowledge to provide a descriptive analysis of this literature. CONCLUSIONS: Non-physician clinicians' generally positive attitudes toward industry interactions, despite their recognition of issues related to bias, suggest that industry interactions are normalized in clinical practice across non-physician disciplines. Industry relations policy should address all disciplines and be implemented consistently in order to mitigate conflicts of interest and address such interactions' potential to affect patient care. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.
Sensorless temperature measurement based on ADC Input noise measurement

All published temperature sensors convert temperature into an intermediate signal from which temperature is extracted. Nonlinearity is introduced in all steps. Researchers have focus on improve accuracy of temperature measurement, which makes the circuit more and more complicated. This paper develops a new method for measuring temperature based on thermal noise measurement. Input noise of a low resolution ADC is measured in digital domain, in which little nonlinearity is introduced. Profit from inherently proportional relation between noise and temperature, the method has very good linearity. The method has been validated by MATLAB simulations.
Expression and alternative splicing of N-RAP during mouse skeletal muscle development.

N-RAP alternative splicing and protein localization were studied in developing skeletal muscle tissue from pre- and postnatal mice and in fusing primary myotubes in culture. Messages encoding N-RAP-s and N-RAP-c, the predominant isoforms of N-RAP detected in adult skeletal muscle and heart, respectively, were present in a 5:1 ratio in skeletal muscle isolated from E16.5 embryos. N-RAP-s mRNA levels increased three-fold over the first three weeks of postnatal development, while N-RAP-c mRNA levels remained low. N-RAP alternative splicing during myotube differentiation in culture was similar to the pattern observed in embryonic and neonatal muscle, with N-RAP-s expression increasing and N-RAP-c mRNA levels remaining low. In both developing skeletal muscle and cultured myotubes, N-RAP protein was primarily associated with developing myofibrillar structures containing α-actinin, but was not present in mature myofibrils. The results establish that N-RAP-s is the predominant spliced form of N-RAP present throughout skeletal muscle development.