cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE INDUCED RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY

Cardiomyopathy (CM) has myriad causes, for which a systematic workup is essential. Here, we describe a rare case of restrictive cardiomyopathy from glycogen storage disease. 54 year old woman with history of unspecified connective tissue disease on hydroxychloroquine and breast cancer s/p
OpenCL*, heterogeneous computing, and the CPU

• OpenCL defines a plat form-API / framework for heterogeneous computing … not just GPGPU or CPU-offload programming • OpenCL has the potent ial to deliver portably performant code; but only if its used correctly: - Implicit SIMD data parallel code has the best chance of mapping onto a diverse range of hardware … once OpenCL implementation quality catches up with mature shader languages • The future is clear: - Braided parallelism mixing task parallel and data parallel code in a single program … balancing the load among ALL OF the plat form's resources - OpenCL can handle this … and emerging plat forms such as Larrabee are well suited to support this model
Diel variation in the vertical distribution of deep-water scattering layers in the Gulf of Mexico

Abstract Sound scattering layers (SSLs) are important components of oceanic ecosystems with ubiquitous distribution throughout the world's oceans. This vertical movement is an important mechanism for exchanging organic matter from the surface to the deep ocean, as many of the organisms comprising SSLs serve as prey resources for linking the lower trophic levels to larger predators. Variations in abundance and taxonomic composition of mesopelagic organisms were quantified using repeated discrete net sampling and acoustics over a 30-h survey, performed during 26–27 June 2011 at single site (27°28’51”N and 88°27’54”W) in the northern Gulf of Mexico. We acoustically classified the mesopelagic SSL into four broad taxonomic categories, crustacean and small non-swimbladdered fish (CSNSBF), large non-swimbladdered fish (LNSBF), swimbladdered fish (SBF) and unclassified and we quantified the abundance of mesopelagic organisms over three discrete depth intervals; epipelagic (0–200 m); upper mesopelagic (200–600 m) and lower mesopelagic (600–1000 m). Irrespective of the acoustic categories at dusk part of the acoustic energy redistributed from the mesopelagic into the upper epipelagic (shallower than 100 m) remaining however below the thermocline depth. At night higher variability in species composition was observed between 100 and 200 m suggested that a redistribution of organisms may also occur within the upper portion of the water column. Along the upper mesopelagic backscatter spectra from CSNSBF migrated between 400 and 460 m while spectra from the other categories moved to shallower depths (300 and 350 m), resulting in habitat separation from CSNSBF. Relatively small vertical changes in both acoustic backscatter and center of mass metrics of the deep mesopelagic were observed for CNSBF and LNSBF suggesting that these animals may be tightly connected to deeper (below 1000 m) mesopelagic habitats, and do not routinely migrate into the epipelagic.
Brain mechanisms of anxiety's effects on cognitive control in major depressive disorder.

Background Adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) demonstrate increased susceptibility to interfering effects of anxiety on cognitive control; although under certain conditions adults with MDD are able to compensate for these effects. The brain mechanisms that may facilitate the ability to compensate for anxiety either via the recruitment of additional cognitive resources or via the regulation of interference from anxiety remain largely unknown. To clarify these mechanisms, we examined the effects of anxiety on brain activity and amygdala–prefrontal functional connectivity in adults diagnosed with MDD. Method A total of 22 unmedicated adults with MDD and 18 healthy controls (HCs) performed the Tower of London task under conditions designed to induce anxiety, while undergoing a functional magnetic resonance imaging assessment. Results During the easy condition, the MDD group demonstrated equivalent planning accuracy, longer planning times, elevated amygdala activity and left rostrolateral prefrontal cortex (RLPFC) hyperactivity relative to HCs. Anxiety mediated observed group differences in planning times, as well as differences in amygdala activation, which subsequently mediated observed differences in RLPFC activation. During the easy condition, the MDD group also demonstrated increased negative amygdala–dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) connectivity which correlated with improved planning accuracy. During the hard condition, HCs demonstrated greater DLPFC activation and stronger negative amygdala–DLPFC connectivity, which was unrelated to planning accuracy. Conclusions Our results suggest that persons with MDD compensate for anxiety-related limbic activation during low-load cognitive tasks by recruiting additional RLPFC activation and through increased inhibitory amygdala–DLPFC communication. Targeting these neural mechanisms directly may improve cognitive functioning in MDD.
The Pattern of Burmese History

In my work on Burmese Drama,1 published nearly thirty years ago, I endeavoured to point out the similarity in the pattern of development of English Elizabethan drama and the Burmese drama before 1886, and I explained that the similarity was due to the fact that both England and Burma, because of their peculiar geographical positions, remained cut off from their neighbours. The same reason may perhaps be given for the early rise of nationalism among the English and the Burmese. Recent writers on South-east Asia have maintained that nationalism in South-east Asia was unknown before the coming of the Europeans, and was the direct result of colonial rule. This contention may be true in the case of a few Asian countries, but perhaps untrue of the majority, and certainly untrue of Burma and Ceylon. In fact, hemmed in by the teeming millions of China on one side and of India on the other, the Burmese were able to survive as an independent people, mainly because of their strong sense of nationalism. It is true of course that they were protected on three sides by mountain ranges and on the fourth side by the sea, but the barriers were not insurmountable. Until the 19th century, the sea was more or less an effective barrier, but the Burmese had to watch carefully the passes in the northern mountains through which they themselves had come.
Chemicals from fuels

Natural gas, petroleum, and coal are commonly thought of as fuels - that is, substances which are burned as sources of energy. Such a view, however, neglects the full scope of the potential of these materials. Despite their diverse characteristics, natural gas, petroleum, and coal are all organic materials containing abundant amounts of carbon. As we consider the best ways of using these materials for the benefit of humanity, it is important to recognize that natural gas, petroleum, and coal in fact represent immense stores of organic compounds, which the skillful industrial organic chemist can transform into wide array of non-fuel products. If concerns for global warming caused by combustion of fossil fuels accelerates the evolution to an energy economy based on nuclear, solar, or other sources, such a change by no means represents an end to research on the chemistry of natural gas, petroleum, and coal, but rather is the opening of an exciting new era.
Chiaroscuro in Colonial Brazil

At first sight the position of persons of African descent in the society of Portuguese America permitted little room for interpretation or ambiguity. In terms of civil status they were either slaves or freedmen. In the former case their status had been established by laws promulgated primarily for metropolitan Portugal but which were equally binding on the colonies of empire. To these could be added the so-called ‘extraordinary legislation’, comprising royal letters and edicts with force of law. In broad terms such laws discussed the responsibilities of slaves to owners, and vice-versa. In addition, there were generally accepted community standards of behaviour between slaves and masters. While there can be no doubt but that the letter of the law was all too frequently observed only in the breach, nevertheless the historian should be careful of accepting as constituting the norm horror stories of atrocities committed by masters against slaves. As for the persons of African descent, either by virtue of birth as free persons or by virtue of their cartas de alforria, they were in a position indistinguishable in the eyes of the law from other free persons in Brazil regardless of ethnic origin. Indeed, for this reason the crown made little or no attempt to promote legislation specifically directed toward the free coloured sector of the population.
Coping as an Individual Difference Variable

Bill, a 20-year-old psychology major at Bucknell University, is experiencing numerous life stresses. In addition to the expected academically related events, Bill is also “stressed” about his transition from college to the real world. Questions about what he can do with a psychology degree, what he should do about a long-standing romantic relationship, and where he will live after graduation are each associated with substantial psychological and emotional discomfort. Understanding how Bill deals with these stresses, why he uses the strategies he uses, and what impact these efforts have on his adjustment have long been of interest to coping researchers. In obtaining answers to these three issues, coping researchers have, over the preceding 15 years, taken a decidedly situation-specific view. Of paramount concern has been understanding how characteristics of the situation itself and one’s view of that situation influence coping strategy use. While providing us with a wealth of detailed information about what individuals do when confronted with particular life circumstances, the situation-specific view has to some extent neglected the role played by stable aspects of the individual.
Submyeloablative Allogeneic HSCT for Hematologic Malignancies: Effect of Body Weight.

Being underweight or markedly overweight is associated with poorer outcome after myeloablative allogeneic HSCT. The role of body weight after reduced-intensity HSCT is unknown. The outcome of 91 patients (19–71 y, median 53) with hematologic malignancies undergoing submyeloablative allogeneic HSCT was studied to determine the effect of weight. 8 patients were >10% underweight (A), 33 were from ≤10% underweight to ≤10% overweight (B), 41 were >10% but ≤50% overweight (C), and 9 were >50% overweight (D). Donors were HLA-matched siblings (n=51), 10/10 allele-matched unrelated (n=29), or 1-locus/allele mismatched (n=11). The conditioning comprised 100 mg/m2 melphalan with (n=50; no prior auto) or without (n=41; prior auto) 50 mg/kg cyclophosphamide. Cyclophosphamide dose was based on actual weight in underweight patients and adjusted ideal weight [ideal + 0.25(actual-ideal)] in overweight patients, while melphalan dose was usually based on the actual weight if it did not exceed ideal weight by >20%. Above that, adjusted ideal weight was used. GVHD prophylaxis comprised cyclosporine-mycophenolate (HLA-matched sibs) or tacrolimus-mycophenolate (others). G/GM-CSF were not given routinely. Supportive care was uniform. As the figure above shows, weight affected overall (OS) and disease-free (DFS) survival significantly. When analyzed as a continuous variable, increasing difference between actual and ideal weight (i.e. increasing overweight) had a detrimental effect on OS (RR 1.0017; 95% CI 1.0036–1.0198; P=0.005) and DFS (RR 1.0092; 95% CI 1.0012–1.0173; P=0.023). Weight difference was also analyzed in a Cox model with chemosensitivity (refractory or not), performance status (PS; 0/1 or 2/3), donor age ( Further Cox analysis showed that relapse was significantly affected by chemosensitivity, donor age, and weight difference. Transplant-related mortality was affected by donor age and LDH. The effect of PS on TRM disappeared when weight difference was introduced in the model although there was no correlation between weight difference and PS. This observation of lower weights affecting outcome favorably through lower relapse is somewhat unexpected, and requires confirmation in other series of patients undergoing submyeloablative allografts. Possible reasons for this may be a greater amount of chemotherapy delivered based on actual weight in group A compared to groups B, C and D, and leptin-mediated immunomodulation with attenuation of graft-vs-tumor effects with increasing weight.
Adapting Game Technology to Support Individual and Organizational Learning.

It is well known that traditional educational techniques can be complemented by simulation to achieve a more effective learning experience. One would expect the same phenomenon to be true in software development. However, the simulation techniques used thus far have not been effective. This paper introduces a novel approach to simulation for software development education that is based on the adaptation of game technology. Specifically, we propose to build a simulation environment that interacts with its users much like games such as SimCity and The Sims. In providing direct, graphical feedback, we hypothesize that this approach allows individuals to develop an understanding of the software processes used in their organization, while organizations as a whole benefit from the ability to explore different approaches to their software devel-
Charge transfer dissociation of phosphocholines: gas-phase ion/ion reactions between helium cations and phospholipid cations.

Phospholipid cations formed by electrospray ionization were subjected to excitation and fragmentation by a beam of 6 keV helium cations in a process termed charge transfer dissociation (CTD). The resulting fragmentation pattern in CTD is different from that of conventional collision-induced dissociation, but analogous to that of metastable atom-activated dissociation and electron-induced dissociation. Like collision-induced dissociation, CTD yields product ions indicative of acyl chain lengths and degrees of unsaturation in the fatty acyl moieties but also provides additional structural diagnostic information, such as double bond position. Although CTD has not been tested on a larger lipid sample pool, the extent of structural information obtained demonstrates that CTD is a useful tool for lipid structure characterization, and a potentially useful tool in future lipidomics workflows. CTD is relatively unique in that it can produce a relatively strong series of 2+ product ions with enhanced abundance at the double bond position. The generally low signal-to-noise ratios and spectral complexity of CTD make it less appealing than OzID or other radical-induced methods for the lipids studies here, but improvements in CTD efficiency could make CTD more appealing in the future. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hands: Visible and Invisible

Theoretical work in linguistics, mathematics, and physics has created changes in academic problem formulation. This meta-analysis presents the nature of the new academic environment using precepts from “New Historicism” to suggest connections with “the New Economy.” The marketplace is often the court of last appeal in conflict resolution. This can be as basic as determining a fair price for a goose in a farmers' market to the disposition of pension funds in an international merger. Economist Lawrence Summers provides insights into theory and practice. Game theory leads from John Nash's “equilibrium point” to modeling in economics. A University of Chicago economist discusses the application of market reforms to Chile. He worked with Chilean economists called “The Chicago Boys.” A call for unification, which includes economics, follows.
Pass-through Constrained Vendor Funds for Promotion Planning

We analyze how pass-through constrained vendor funds impact promotion planning of both suppliers and retailers. Vendor funds are trade deals in which a supplier offers a retailer a short-term discount on a specific product, encouraging the retailer to discount the product. Past vendor funds have had significant shortcomings. In this paper, we propose the pass-through constrained vendor fund in which the supplier requires the retailer to pass-through a minimal fraction of the discount. The vendor fund offer and selection problem is modeled as a bi-level optimization problem in which a supplier wishes to determine what pass- through constrained vendor fund to offer to a retailer that can accept or reject the offer. First, we formulate the lower-level retailer model as an integer quadratic optimization model to help retailers decide on which vendor funds to accept. Using Lagrangian relaxation methods we create an efficient algorithm with theoretical guarantees and near-optimal performance on Oracle Retail client data. Second, we analyze a bi-level supplier model to determine which vendor fund a supplier should offer. We show that the vendor fund with pass- through constraint mitigates forward-buying by the retailer and coordinates supply chains on the short-term.
NeutronSTARS: A segmented neutron and charged particle detector for low-energy reaction studies

Abstract NeutronSTARS ( Neutron - S ilicon T elescope A rray for R eaction S tudies) consists of 2.2-tons of gadolinium-doped liquid scintillator for neutron detection and large area silicon detectors for charged particle identification. This detector array is intended for low-energy-nuclear-reaction measurements that result in the emission of neutrons such as ( n , x n ) and fission. This paper describes the NeutronSTARS experimental setup, calibration, and the array’s response to neutral and charged particles.
MHD Collimation Mechanism in Arched Flux Ropes Characterized Using Volumetric, Time-Dependent B-Vector Measurements

Laboratory measurements of B(x,t) in a volume enclosing portions of two arched flux ropes show flux rope collimation driven by gradients in axial current density. These measurements verify the three predictions of a proposed MHD collimation mechanism: (1) axial magnetic forces exist in current channels with spatially varying minor radius, (2) these forces can drive counterpropagating axial flows, and (3) this process collimates the flux rope. This mechanism may explain the axial uniformity of solar loops and is relevant to other systems with current channels of varying minor radius such as solar prominences and astrophysical jets.
Choosing the system configuration for high-volume manufacturing

When designing a new large manufacturing system with high throughput, the corporation should weigh several factors: the capital investment cost, the system’s responsiveness to future varying market demand, the production losses due to disruptive events, and the product quality. These performance metrics depend heavily on the system configuration. In this paper, typical configurations of large-volume manufacturing systems for mechanical products are compared from cost, responsiveness and product quality perspectives. In addition to traditional serial lines and pure parallel systems, we also discuss two practical configurations – parallel serial lines, and reconfigurable manufacturing systems. The results offer managerial insights for selecting the system configuration that creates the maximum economic value over the lifetime of the system, and fits the corporation needs and culture.
BCR/ABL Oncogene

The BCR/ABL oncogene is the product of the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome, the derivative (22q) product of a balanced translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, t(9;22) (q34.1;q11.21). The BCR/ABL gene fusion is the genetic signature of the hematologic malignancy chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). It is also present in a smaller subset of predominantly adult onset B cell-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), where it confers a poor prognosis when treated with standard chemotherapy. Expression of the BCR/ABL fusion protein results in constitutively activated tyrosine phosphorylation of many cellular proteins with subsequent activation of a large number of cell signaling pathways, ultimately leading to neoplastic transformation. CML has been successfully treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as imatinib, although increasing problems with acquired resistance to the inhibitor has led to alternate related drug therapies. Recently, studies have shown high rates of complete remission with the addition of imatinib to treatment protocols for Ph-positive B-ALL.
A propensity score matched comparison of readmissions and cost of laparoscopic cholecystectomy vs percutaneous cholecystostomy for acute cholecystitis.

Abstract Background Percutaneous cholecystostomy (PC) is an initial alternative to laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) for complicated acute cholecystitis (AC). No studies have directly compared costs of index hospitalization and readmissions between PC and LC patients. Methods The Nationwide Readmissions Database was queried for patients undergoing PC or LC for AC from 2013 through 2014. Primary outcomes including length of stay, and index and total hospital costs at 30- and 60-days were evaluated after 1:1 propensity score matching for patient and hospital characteristics. Results PC patients had increased index hospital length of stay: 6 days vs 5 days (p Conclusions PC patients were more frequently readmitted, had longer hospital stays, and increased hospital costs compared to those undergoing LC.
Stable Stock Market Prediction Using NARX Algorithm

Computational technologies have offered faster and efficient solutions to many diverse areas including the financial sector. In the financial market, the advancements in computational field have been mainly achieved through the use of neural networks and machine learning tools that delivered a number of financial applications. These applications include: stock market prediction, bankruptcy prediction, risk assessment etc. Thus, in this paper, we are developing a technique to predict the stock market index for the "Dow Jones" using deep learning algorithms. We propose a model based on an adaptive NARX neural network that can predict the closing price of a moderately stable market. In our model, non-linear auto regressive exogenous input model inserts delays into the input as well as the output acting as memory slots thereby raising the accuracy of the prediction. This model uses a time series analysis to improve the prediction accuracy. In addition, Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm has been used for training the network. The accuracy of the model is determined by the mean squared error between the predicted and the actual prices.
African Americans are less likely to have elective endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms

Abstract Objective Recently published Society for Vascular Surgery guidelines recommend endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) for both elective and emergent treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm in patients with suitable anatomy. Racial disparities in health care are well known. The aim of this study was to stratify the patients undergoing EVAR on the basis of their racial differences and to determine the differences in preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative variables among patients of different races. Methods The 2013 EVAR targeted American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Participant Use Data Files were used for this retrospective study. Patients were divided into three groups by race: whites for non-Hispanic whites, blacks for non-Hispanic blacks, and Hispanic. Bivariate analysis was performed for the patients' demographics and preoperative risk factors. Multivariable analysis was used to determine associations of independent variables with elective surgery as the primary outcome. Results A total of 1991 patients (18.7% female, 81.3% male) underwent EVAR in 2013. Among these patients, 1824 (91.6%) were white, 121 (6.1%) were black, and 46 (2.3%) were Hispanic. When all patients undergoing EVAR are stratified on the basis of race, we found the following differences: a larger proportion of Hispanic patients were older than 80 years (43% vs 30% for white patients; P Conclusions Black patients were less likely to have elective EVAR compared with Hispanic and white patients. The incidence of nonelective EVAR among black patients was higher compared with white patients. Future studies are warranted to investigate whether reduced frequency of elective EVAR among the black population leads to need for nonelective EVAR.
A Lesson from Gestalt Psychology.

As a group, the five institutes have been highly productive of good quality research that is directly related to the work of teachers and clinicians. It is disappointing to note the lack of longitu...
Transcatheter Treatment of Coronary Artery Disease

This chapter describes the various methods of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), including balloon angioplasty, stenting, thrombectomy, and atherectomy, and the application of intravascular ultrasound. It also illustrates the use of PCI in special cases, as in acute coronary syndromes, acute myocardial infarction, chronic total occlusion, severe calcification of the coronary arteries, and aneurysmal disease. PCI is now the primary method of coronary revascularization. PCI originated as balloon angioplasty, first performed in humans by Andreas Gruntzig in 1978, but it has evolved into a variety of catheter-based methods to treat coronary disease [1]. PCI has revolutionized modern cardiovascular care, enabling patients with myocardial ischemia to be treated less invasively by avoiding a surgical approach. As experience accrued and the technology advanced, the number of patients and angiographic lesion subsets increased dramatically – up to the current era in which PCI is now more commonly performed than coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. When available and performed in experienced centers by well-trained, expert physicians and teams, it has become the procedure of choice for acute coronary syndromes, acute myocardial infarction, single-vessel coronary artery disease, and many patients with two- and three-vessel coronary artery disease. In addition, it has become the treatment of choice for saphenous vein bypass graft stenoses.
Ab initio calculation of the transition-state properties and addition rate constants for atomic hydrogen + acetylene and selected isotopic analogs

GVB-POL-CI ab initio calculations of the geometries, energetics, and normal mode frequencies of C/sub 2/H/sub 2/, C/sub 2/H/sub 3/, and the transition state for the addition reaction of H + C/sub 2/H/sub 2/ are presented. In addition, normal mode frequencies for the isotopic variants D + C/sub 2/D/sub 2/, D + C/sub 2/H/sub 2/, and H + C/sub 2/D/sub 2/ are preented. These results are compared to experimental values for C/sub 2/H/sub 2/ and to ab initio values of Hagase and Kern, and semiempirical values of Keil, Lynch, Cowfer, and Michael. The results are also used to calculate the apparent bimolecular addition rate constant using conventional RRKM theory for chemical activation. The calculated rate constants and their isotopic variants are compared as a function of temperature and pressure to available experimental information. The agreement is little different from that obtained by Keil et al. with a similar calculation using semiempirical values for acetylene, transition-state, and vinyl radical properties. In particular, the calculated high-pressure limit of the rate constant appears to be at least 1 order of magnitude higher than the experimental limit. Several possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.
Systemic Air Embolization During Percutaneous Transthoracic Needle Biopsy: Imaging Findings, Management Strategies, and Review of the Literature

Percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsy is an indispensable tool that allows the minimally invasive characterization of pulmonary nodules, masses, and inflammatory disease. Systemic air embolism is a very rare complication resulting from percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsy and can be catastrop
Incomplete expansion of transcatheter aortic valves is associated with propensity for valve thrombosis

Objectives Clinical and subclinical leaflet thromboses are increasingly recognized complications following transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Identification of the risk factors is important to mitigate the occurrence of leaflet thrombosis in transcatheter aortic valves (TAVs) and ensure their long-term function. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of incomplete expansion of TAVs on the likelihood of leaflet thrombosis following transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Methods Using experimental and computational methods, 3-dimensional unsteady flow fields of 26-mm SAPIEN 3 valves expanded to 3 different diameters (i.e. 26.0 mm, 23.4 mm and 20.8 mm) were determined in patient-specific geometries. The diameters corresponded to 100%, 90% and 80% stent expansion, respectively. To address the potential difference in the likelihood of leaflet thrombosis, blood residence time (i.e. stasis) and viscous shear stress on the surface of TAV leaflets were quantified and compared. Results The results indicated that TAV underexpansion increased blood stasis on the TAV leaflets. Blood residence time on the surface of the leaflets after 80% and 90% TAV expansion on average was 9.4% and 4.1% more than that of the fully expanded TAV, respectively. In addition, areas of blood stasis time of more than 0.5 s, which are highly prone to platelet activation, increased linearly as the degree of TAV underexpansion increased. Conclusions Incomplete expansion of TAVs increases blood stasis on the surface of TAV leaflets. Regions of blood stasis promote platelet activation and thrombotic events. TAV underexpansion can therefore increase the risk of leaflet thrombosis in patients with transcatheter aortic valve replacement.
The Privileged Sex? An Examination of Gendered Beliefs and Well-Being in Evangelical Men:

The current study sought to investigate the relationship between benevolent sexism, gender role ideologies, and well-being in Evangelical men. Despite recent research that has established a relatio...
The double fence: Overlapping institutions and deforestation in the Colombian Amazon

Abstract There is evidence that suggests that both the creation of Protected Areas (PAs) and indigenous Reserves (IRs) has helped to reduce deforestation. Nevertheless, there are some overlapping zones between these institutions in the Colombian Amazon that have not been studied. Are these overlaps affecting the deforestation in the IRs? How are the indigenous communities responding to these overlaps? In this paper I estimate the impacts of these overlaps on the deforestation inside the IRs using a Propensity Score Matching (PSM) methodology. I use important determinants of the location of PAs and deforestation to create a valid counterfactual within the IRs. My results suggest that the overlap significantly reduces the deforestation, but that there is a differential effect depending on the IR's size. These results suggest that the extra legal restriction imposed by the central government favor the territorial control inside the IRs. This paper provides a starting point to analyze the current relationship between the central government, the indigenous communities and how it affects deforestation.
A Phantom Study of the Spatial Precision and Accuracy of Stereotactic Localization Using Computed Tomography Imaging with the Leksell Stereotactic System.

Background Stereotactic localization of neurosurgical targets traditionally relies on computed tomography (CT), which is considered the optimal imaging modality for geometric accuracy. However, in-depth investigations that characterize the precision and accuracy of CT images are lacking. We used a CT phantom to examine interscanner precision and interprotocol accuracy in coordinate localization. Methods A polymethylacrylate phantom was scanned with Toshiba Aquilion 64 and GE Healthcare LightSpeed 16 CT scanners, using both helical and incremental single-slice (SS) image acquisition protocols. The X, Y, and Z coordinates of 94 points across 6 surfaces of the phantom were physically measured. The CT scan–derived coordinates were compared with the phantom coordinates and with each other to determine accuracy and precision, respectively. Results Using the SS imaging protocol, the mean (SD) interscanner disparity in localization was 0.93 (0.39) mm, given by the average Euclidean distance between the coordinates of the 2 scanners. This discrepancy significantly varied by axis and surface, with the greatest discrepancy in the Z-axis of 0.30 mm (95% confidence interval, 0.25–0.35; P = 0.05) and on the superior surface of 1.30 mm (95% confidence interval, 1.15–1.45; P = 0.05). SS acquisition was significantly more accurate than the helical protocol. Conclusions We found evidence of clinically relevant inconsistency between 2 CT scanners used for stereotactic localization. SS image acquisition was superior to helical scanning with respect to localization accuracy. Interscanner consistency cannot be assumed. Institutions would benefit from identifying the errors inherent in their CT scanners.
Chapter 39 – Mycotoxins

Many species of fungi colonize food crops such as rice, corn, wheat, barley, oats, peanuts, cottonseed, and soybeans which are the basic ingredients of many human and animal foods, including livestock and companion and laboratory animal diets. Under certain conditions, fungi produce mycotoxins, secondary fungal metabolites, which cause biochemical, physiologic, and/or pathologic changes in other species. Mycotoxicoses, syndromes resulting from poisoning by mycotoxins, occur worldwide and have been recognized for centuries. The mycotoxins of most concern are aflatoxins, fumonisins, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, trichothecenes such as deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 toxin, and ergot alkaloids. The main route of exposure is ingestion via the diet, so mycotoxins are a food safety concern. While severe life-threatening toxicoses are uncommon in humans in developed countries, exposure to the carcinogenic mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 is a major cause of liver disease, including cancer, in Africa and China. In addition, the potential for subclinical disease due to low-level chronic exposure causes significant agricultural losses due to export restrictions on grains and production losses in livestock. Outbreaks of mycotoxicoses in livestock and companion animals occur periodically. Mycotoxins continue to attract worldwide attention because of their impacts on human health and agricultural losses.
For the Sciences They Are A-Changin’: A Response to Commentaries on Núñez et al.’s (2019) “What Happened to Cognitive Science?”

A recent issue of Topics in Cognitive Science featured 11 thoughtful commentaries responding to our article "What happened to cognitive science?" (Nunez et al., 2019). Here, we identify several themes that arose in those commentaries and respond to each. Crucial to understanding our original article is the fundamental distinction between multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary endeavors: Cognitive science began (and has stayed) as multidisciplinary but has failed to move on to form a cohesive interdisciplinary field. We clarify and elaborate our original argument and reiterate the importance of a data-driven evaluation of the current status of the field, which exhibits a marked disciplinary imbalance, a lack of a coherent conceptual core, and a striking absence of a consistent curriculum in the institutions that grant degrees in this domain. Half a century after the creation of cognitive science, it may now be a good time to revisit goals and visions for how to best approach the ever-fascinating scientific study of the mind(s).
The fate of small-mammal carrion is affected by carcass size and visual conspicuousness in a Neotropical rainforest

Scavenging of carrion is essential to terrestrial ecosystems and can shape food webs and behavior. The prevalence and importance of scavenging has often been underestimated and overlooked in food web studies. Small-mammal carrion is even less studied and difficult to estimate, especially in the Neotropics. This project explored small-mammal carcass scavenging in a Neotropical, mid-elevation rainforest, and specifically studied the rate of carcass removal by scavengers, how the conspicuousness and weight of carcasses affect scavenging, and what vertebrate scavengers utilize this carrion resource. I deployed 194 mouse carcasses of various weights, above and below the leaf litter, and surveyed them daily until disappearance. I paired each carcass with a trail camera to help identify vertebrate scavengers. A general linear model analysis showed that most mouse carcasses disappeared within 1 to 2 days. Carcasses above the leaf litter were removed quicker and larger mice generally lasted longer. Only 6.25 % of the carcasses were removed by vertebrates. Most carcasses were removed by something too small to trigger the trail cameras, likely scarab beetles. The results of this study show that small-mammal carcasses are a sought-after resource in Neotropical forests, and that invertebrates are able to quickly hoard and secure small carrion more efficiently than vertebrate scavengers. A better understanding of scavenging ecology in Neotropical forests will help in developing a broader framework of the trophic interactions within and across ecosystems.
The spreading rate dependence of three‐dimensional mid‐ocean ridge gravity structure

We analyze over 1300 km of high resolution along-axis gravity profiles at ridges with half-spreading rates ranging from 1.2 to 5.5 cm/yr. The results show consistently higher along-axis gradients of mantle Bouguer anomaly at the slow-spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) (0.3–1.2 mgal/km) than at the intermediate- to fast-spreading Cocos-Nazca Ridge and East Pacific Rise (EPR) (0.1–0.2 mgal/km). The regional peak-to-trough amplitude of mantle Bouguer anomaly is also greater along the MAR (30–60 mgal) than the Cocos-Nazca Ridge and the EPR (10–20 mgal). With increasing spreading rate, the regional peak-to-trough amplitude of axial seafloor depth decreases from 1000–1700 m to 200–700 m. 3-D numerical experiments suggest that mantle contributions to the gravity can be significant only near large-offset transforms. At the more commonly observed non-transform offsets, gravity anomalies will reflect crustal thickness variations. The along-axis gravity data thus indicate that the amplitude of along-axis crustal thickness variation decreases with increasing spreading rate. We propose that this spreading rate dependent crustal accretion style may originate in the mantle: finite-amplitude mantle upwelling is intrinsically plume-like (3-D) beneath a slow-spreading ridge but more sheet-like (2-D) beneath a fast-spreading ridge. Such a transition in mantle upwelling may occur if the relative importance of passive upwelling over buoyant upwelling increases with increasing spreading rate. Small amplitude 3-D upwellings may occur at a fast-spreading ridge, but their effects on crustal thickness variations will be significantly reduced by along-axis melt flows along a persistent low-viscosity crustal magma chamber. In contrast, the large crustal thickness variations due to 3-D mantle upwellings will be maintained at a slow-spreading ridge because less along-axis melt flows can occur in the colder and more rigid crust there.
First trimester fasting plasma glucose screen in advanced maternal age women: a cost-effectiveness analysis

The prevalence of preexisting type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the United States is on the rise. Women of advanced maternal age (AMA, ≥35 years) are more likely to have preexisting T2DM in pregna...
Observational Equivalence between the Malmquist Index and the Solow Residual for the G-7 Countries

This study examines the empirical validity of the equivalence proposition on two productivity indexes, studied by Caves, Christensen, and Diewert (1982). Based on permutation tests, this study shows that the measured Malmquist index and the Solow residual are observationally equivalent for the U.S., Canada, France, Germany, and Italy. While the Solow residual is predominantly used in the existing macroeconomic studies, findings suggest that the Malmquist index is empirically compatible to the Solow residual.
Selecting Selectors and Flipping Books

Last year (2016) was supposed to be our second round of conducting an open, two-step process for picking “exemplary legal writing” honorees for the Green Bag Almanac & Reader. Unfortunately, it did not work out very well. Our best guess is that we were victims of our own success. In recent years, some legal writers have begun to value recognition in the Green Bag Almanac & Reader. We had some inkling of this pleasing trend, but developments during the 2016 nomination process really brought it home. We had imagined experts who read widely and wrote seriously in their day jobs — judges, litigators, law professors, and so on — applying their wisdom and experience to identify and honor the best legal writing they found anywhere. We did not imagine them focusing on putting their own work (or the work of their closest associates) in the spotlight. But we were wrong. Maybe the experts — more worldly than the naifs at the Green Bag — know that “read global, nominate local” is the best way to operate in this context. Or maybe, in the real world, experts don’t have time to read outside their own circles. Or maybe something else. Wrong or right, though, we felt we had failed at the nominations stage of our process in 2016. So, we called off the vote and set to tinkering again. And we were fortunate to have a ready fix at our fingertips.
A Computational Approach in Understanding the Low-Velocity Impact Behavior and Damage of 3D-Printed Polymer Lattice Structures

The remarkable mechanical characteristics of sandwich lattice structures have attracted the attention of many researchers and make it a good candidate for various applications. However, there is limited published research concerning the development of general-purpose dynamic models mimicking the impact behavior of lattice configurations made from polymeric materials. As such, the main focus of this research is to develop efficient computational finite element models simulating the dynamic impact behavior of various lattice configurations embedded in sandwich panels that are made from Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) material. In this case, the sandwich panel consists of a 3D-printed polymer lattice core covered with the skin of a Kevlar sheet. Four designs with different configurations of lattice structures were investigated experimentally in previous studies. The first configuration was the basic body centered cubic (BCC) with unit cell dimensions of 5 mm × 5 mm × 5 mm, and a strut diameter of 1 mm. The second configuration was produced by adding the vertical struts at alternative nodes layer by layer, referred to as BCCA. The third configuration was created by adding the struts with uniform gradient distributions, termed as BCCG. The last configuration was designed by adding vertical struts at all nodes on the BCC configuration, denoted as BCCV. In this research, the FEA software ABAQUS Explicit was used to model all four configurations under low-velocity impact loads. Then, the results from the FEA modeling of the four different sandwich structures were compared with the experimental observations. Significantly, the good agreement in the results between the FEA and the experimental work reveals the capability of the developed models to capture the dynamic impact behavior of various lattice configurations and is considered the main contribution of the current research. In addition, in situ deformation along with failure mechanisms, detailed information, visualization, and sufficient data of the lattice impact test has been obtained through the developed models. This in turn leads to saving human time and effort, providing better realization and deep analysis of impact deformation behavior reducing the size of the experimental work and the expenses associated with it.
Trends in Adjuvant and Neoadjuvant Radiotherapy for Cancer Treatment From 1973 to 2011.

Purpose Cancer care is becoming increasingly complicated, in particular with the integration of radiation and surgery. Institutions may need to increase coordination between multidisciplinary clinical teams to optimize patient care. This study examines historical trends in adjuvant and neoadjuvant radiation therapy (ANRT) before or after cancer-directed surgery to identify disease sites that may benefit from coordinated care. Methods The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was queried to identify patients with bladder cancer; breast cancer; cervical cancer; colorectal cancer; kidney cancer; cancer of the lung, bronchus, and pleura; lymphoma; melanoma; cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx; ovarian cancer; pancreatic cancer; prostate cancer; thyroid cancer; and uterine cancer from 1973 to 2011. Number and percentage of patients who received ANRT were calculated from 1973 to 2011. Results Adjuvant and neoadjuvant radiation therapy usage increased from 14% in 1973 to 19% in 2011. Adjuvant and neoadjuvant radiation therapy use for breast, oral cavity/pharynx, and thyroid cancers increased from 24%, 16%, and 9% in 1973 to 53%, 32%, and 46% in 2011, respectively. Changes in ANRT were seen in gynecologic and genitourinary cancers, with increased use of ANRT in cervical cancer and declines in uterine, ovarian, bladder, prostate, and kidney cancers. There were minimal changes in ANRT usage for patients within other diagnosis groups. Discussion Overall usage of ANRT is increasing over time, with increased need for coordinated care in breast and head and neck cancers. Adjuvant and neoadjuvant radiation therapy in genitourinary and gynecologic cancers is undergoing significant change.
Operating systems should support business change

Existing enterprise information technology (IT) systems often inhibit business flexibility, sometimes with dire consequences. In this position paper, I argue that operating system research should be measured, among other things, against our ability to improve the speed at which businesses can change. I describe some of the ways in which businesses need to change rapidly, speculate about why existing IT infrastructures inhibit useful change, and suggest some relevant OS research problems.
Pre-service teacher training in mathematics using tablet PC technology

This study focuses on the use of innovative Tablet PC technology in learning and teaching mathematics. Specifically the effects of incorporating Tablet PC technology in pre-service teachers' mathematics education were analyzed. The significant impact of technology use in mathematics education was assessed by evaluating and comparing students' final project and course grades. Grade performance of two groups of students was compared. One group was the treatment group where students extensively used Tablet PCs to work on mathematical investigations and explorations and to create lesson plans and animated games through PowerPoint presentations. The other group was the control group where students worked on identical mathematics investigations and created lesson plans without utilizing any technology. The outcome shows that the technology enhanced group achieved significantly higher scores than the control group. This outcome indicates a greater improvement in the treatment group's understanding of mathematical content versus that of the control group's.
Bimodal Star Formation, Starbursts, and Galaxy Formation

A phenomenological approach is developed for studying star formation in the galactic disk, in starbursts, and in protogalaxies. The evidence is reviewed for bimodal star formation, and physical mechanisms are mentioned. A simple expression for the star formation rate in the disk is derived, and applied to estimate star formation time scales in the disk, in starbursts, and in protogalaxies. A specific model for a protogalaxy is developed, and I discuss the origin of magnetic fields and primordial star formation in the protogalactic setting. Implications include formation of dwarf galaxies, globular star clusters, chemical evolution, and the origin of compact galactic nuclei.