cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interwar Fascist Popularity in Europe and the Default of the Left

More than fifty years have passed since the end of World War II and the collapse of interwar fascist regimes. Yet many questions persist regarding the allure that interwar fascism had for millions of Europeans. Why fascism succeeded in attracting a sizeable following in Italy and Germany but not in England and France is one question that has received considerable scholarly attention. Explanations for national variation in interwar fascist popularity abound. However, while each thesis may explain the success or failure of interwar fascism in one or two countries, each proves unsatisfactory when extended beyond a few cases. Of the five general explanations of fascist popularity, the 'red menace' theory has the greatest potential to become generalizable. The failure of the 'red menace' argument to offer a more systematic explanation of fascist popularity derives from scholars' restrictive interpretation of that argument. Scholars have tended to place the emphasis on the 'fear of socialism' interpretation while neglecting the fact that fascism grew where leftist parties refused to abandon their maximalist revolutionary rhetoric. In particular, what was critical to interwar fascist popularity were the positions the political left held on property rights
A More Representative United States House of Representatives

The unrepresentativeness of the U.S. House of Representatives–in terms of ethnicity, gender, race, and socioeconomic status—and its nearly closed system for election have generated questions about the legitimacy and authority of the House as an institution which “represents’ citizens and whether the membership of the House should reflect the citizenry at-large. The articles collected for this symposium offer answers to some of these questions.
Reorientation Of Tryptophan And Simple Peptides: Onset Of Internal Flexibility

The absorption anisotropies of tryptophan (Trp) and some simple peptides are reported with a time resolution of 1 ps. The results are compared with those from fluoresence anisotropy, molecular dynamics simulations and Debye-Stokes-Einstein hydrodynamics. The rotational correlation time of tryptophan in aqueous solution (pH 7.0, 20°C) is 35 ps, obtained using time-resolved absorption anisotropy, which agrees with previous fluorescence anisotropy data. However, the rotational correlation time of Trp obtained from molecular dynamics simulations is three times faster than the experimental value, which indicates that the force field used in the simulation requires refinement. The data also show that polar interactions retard the reorientational motion significantly, which is qualitatively consistent with the results obtained from Debye-Stokes-Einstein hydrodynamic theory. Within the time resolution of the experiment (q,1 ps), all dipeptides show single exponen-tial anisotropy decays with rotational correlation times ranging from 40 to 60 ps. This suggests that the low initial value of the fluorescence anisotropy is attributable either to vibronic coupling or to one or more ultrafast processes in the excited state.
The promoter for tomato 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase gene 2 has unusual regulatory elements that direct high-level expression.

The promoter region of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase gene 2 (HMG2) has been analyzed using the transient expression of HMG2-luciferase fusions in red fruit pericarp. The mRNA for HMG2 accumulates to high levels during fruit ripening, in a pattern that coincides with the synthesis of the carotenoid lycopene. Unlike most promoters, the region that is upstream of the HMG2 TATA element is not required for high-level expression. The 180-bp region containing the TATA element, the 5[prime] untranslated region, and the translation start site are comparable in strength to the full-length 35S cauliflower mosaic virus promoter. Pyrimidine-rich sequences present in the 5[prime] untranslated leader are important in regulating expression. Also, the ATG start region has been found to increase translation efficiency by a factor of 4 to 10. An alternative hairpin secondary structure has been identified surrounding the HMG2 initiator ATG, which could participate in the translational regulation of this locus. HMG2 appears to be a novel class of strong plant promoters that incorporate unusual, positive regulators of gene expression.
Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament and Other Ligaments of the Knee

Management of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries remains challenging, even to the most experienced orthopaedic surgeon. There is currently no uniformly accepted surgical technique that has been identified to reproducibly restore the normal anatomy and biomechanics of the knee, while protecting the articular surface from premature arthritic change. A thorough knowledge of the functional anatomy of the PCL and associated ligamentous structures is essential for the accurate diagnosis and management of these injuries. In addition, numerous biomechanical studies exist to help us sort through both the injury mechanics as well as various reconstructive techniques available for both isolated and combined PCL reconstruction.
A re-evaluation of the urinary parameters of acid production and excretion in patients with chronic renal acidosis

A re-evaluation of the urinary parameters of acid production and excretion in patients with chronic renal acidosis. We have studied acid-base balance in 32 patients attending the renal clinic of Mount Sinai Hospital. The parameters of acid-base balance measured included acid production measured as urinary sulfate and organic anions, net acid excretion measured as urinary ammonia plus titratable acid minus bicarbonate, and net GI absorption of alkali measured by a new method utilizing urinary electrolytes. Net GI absorption of alkali by urinary electrolytes measures alkali addition to the body from the GI tract as well as from any other sources, including bone. All patients had a creatinine clearance less than 80ml/min and they were divided into two groups: those with normal serum bicarbonate (Group 1; N=12) and those with subnormal serum bicarbonate (Group 2; N=20). Hydrogen ion balance was -0.6 ± 9 mEq/day in the first group, while those in the second group had a hydrogen ion balance of +16 ± 5 mEq/day. A group of 8 normal controls had a hydrogen ion balance of -0.3 ± 5 mEq/day. When the sum of all cations was compared with the sum of all anions in the urine, a cation gap of exactly the same magnitude as the positive hydrogen ion balance was found in patients with low serum bicarbonate. In conclusion, our data show that patients with decreased GFR and low serum bicarbonate appear to have a significantly positive hydrogen ion balance. However, we believe that the positive hydrogen ion balance is only apparent, but not real for the following reasons. If the positive hydrogen balance shown by the previous investigators were due to bone buffering, the positive balance should have disappeared in our study since we included the contribution of bone buffers in the calculation of acid-base balance. Moreover, the positive hydrogen ion balance in our study would indicate the presence of a cation gap, a theoretical impossibility. The most likely explanation for the apparently positive hydrogen ion balance, shown only in the low bicarbonate group, is a systematic technical error in the current methods for measurement of parameters of acid-base balance, either an underestimation of net acid excretion or an overestimation of acid production. Further studies are needed to delineate the sources of technical errors.
Energy-transducing nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase: Nucleotide sequences of the genes and predicted amino acid sequences of the subunits of the enzyme from Rhodospirillum rubrum

Based on the amino acid sequence of the N-terminus of the soluble subunit of theRhodospirillum rubrum nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase, two oligonucleotide primers were synthesized and used to amplify the corresponding DNA segment (110 base pairs) by the polymerase chain reaction. Using this PCR product as a probe, one clone with the insert of 6.4kbp was isolated from a genomic library ofR. rubrum and sequenced. This sequence contained three open reading frames, constituting the genesnntA1, nntA2, andnntB of theR. rubrum transhydrogenase operon. The polypeptides encoded by these genes were designated α1, α2, and β, respectively, and are considered to be the subunits of theR. rubrum transhydrogenase. The predicted amino acid sequence of the α1 subunit (384 residues; molecular weight 40276) has considerable sequence similarity to the α subunit of theEscherichia coli and the N-terminal 43-kDa segment of the bovine transhydrogenases. Like the latter, it has a βαβ fold in the corresponding region, and the purified, soluble α 1 subunit cross-reacts with antibody to the bovine N-terminal 43-kDa fragment. The predicted amino acid sequence of the β subunit of theR. rubrum transhydrogenase (464 residues; molecular weight 47808) has extensive sequence identity with the β subunit of theE. coli and the corresponding C-terminal sequence of the bovine transhydrogenases. The chromatophores ofR. rubrum contain a 48-kDa polypeptide, which cross-reacts with antibody to the C-terminal 20-kDa fragment of the bovine transhydrogenase. The predicted amino acid sequence of the α2 subunit of theR. rubrum enzyme (139 residues; molecular weight 14888) has considerable sequence identity in its C-terminal half to the corresponding segments of the bovine and the α subunit of theE. coli transhydrogenases.
The environmental degradation mechanism and protective organic thin film coatings on a high-temperature bismuth–cuprate superconductor

Abstract The degradation mechanism for Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O x (Bi-2212) in a highly humid air has been investigated. Using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, different reaction steps for carbonate formation with aging time were found to occur on the surface of the superconductors. During the initial stage, the calcium carbonate species mainly formed due to the preferred hydration of calcium ions because of their lower ionic–dipole interaction energy. At a later stage, the strontium carbonate species became the more dominant species because of the kinetics of this step along with the higher molar ratio of Sr 2+ to Ca 2+ . In addition to the carbonates, larger amounts of Sr(OH) 2 · n H 2 O ( n =1 or 8) and CuBi 2 O 4 , along with relatively small amounts of Ca(OH) 2 were also found on the surface along with Sr(OH) 2 . The formation of larger amounts of strontium-related degradation products also led to larger amounts of Bi 2 CuO 4 being formed. The effect of stearic acid coating on the degradation of the superconductor was also investigated with respect to long term durability in a very humid atmosphere. These coatings strongly prevented the formation of carbonates on the surface of (Bi,Pb) 2 Sr 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O y (Bi,Pb-2223). Strong complex bonds between the carboxylate groups of the organic acids and the metal ions on the surface of the superconductor were formed, which helped to retard the degradation process for the superconducting phase.
The control of grain size and distribution of particles in a (6061 alloy m /(Al 2 O 3 ) P composite by solutionizing treatment

The grain growth during an isothermal treatment at a solutionizing temperature of 540°C has been studied in a composite containing 6061 aluminum alloy matrix with A12O3 particles. The grain growth law is generally applicable to the composites containing 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 volume fraction of the A12O3 particles (VFAP). It has been observed that the grain growth process involves the disintegration of the agglomerated particles first and then particles coalesce at longer solutionizing times in the composite containing 0.20 VFAP. The process of coalescence has not been observed up to a heating time of 20 hours at this temperature in the composites containing 0.10 and 0.15 VFAP. The trans-mission electron microscopy (TEM) study indicates the generation of a large number of dislocations in both the matrix and the area adjacent to the particles. The dislocation densities at these two locations in the composites increase with an increase in VFAP and the particle size. The microhard-ness measurements confirm the microstructural observations, and the hardness values for the com-posite and the matrix appear to be more sensitive to the particle distribution and the particle size compared to the grain size.
Perception of daily cigarette consumption in the office environment

A study was undertaken to investigate how closely smokers and nonsmokers agree in their perception of the number of cigarettes smoked. Information was collected by means of a self-report comfort and environment questionnaire. A secondary objective of the study was to determine whether repeated application of the same questionnaire had any effect on the responses over time. The information obtained from 163 respondents in 49 office work areas shows that nonsmokers perceived the number of cigarettes smoked within their office work areas as significantly lower than either the number perceived or the number reported consumed by smokers. There were no significant differences, however, between smokers’ perceptions of cigarette consumption and their reported consumption. Repeated application of the same questionnaire, or sensitization, had no effect on either the smokers or nonsmokers and their perceived frequency of smoking.
RISK‐EFFICIENT THRESHOLDS FOR PEST CONTROL DECISIONS

Risk and uncertainty are incorporated in an economic model to develop risk-efficient pest control advice similar in character to advice currently being offered by researchers to farmers. An example to illustrate computation of risk-efficient advice is presented and implications of risk aversion for efficient pest control advice and average pesticide use are examined.
L∞ Parameter estimates for volumetric error in models of machine tools

Abstract Software error compensation is becoming an increasingly important aspect of numerically controlled machine tools. Currently, the error models are identified using the least-squares criterion. This criterion does not necessarily reflect the evaluation criteria of a machine's performance. In this paper, we develop a method for identifying the error model of a machine tool using a Chebyshev norm. The model parameter identification procedure becomes a linear program, and the resulting error models minimize the maximum error of the machine across its workspace thus affording strict on the errors produced by the machine.
THz oscillators based on bulk GaAs crystal

We show that multiple-bonded, orientation-patterned, and single GaAs plates can be used to achieve tunable THz waves with subpicosecond pulse-width and high repetition-rate based on synchronously-pumped optical parametric oscillation.
Influence of genetic strain on the induction of lung cancer in hamsters by alpha radiation.

Abstract The response was studied of four inbred strains of Syrian hamsters to multiple intratracheal instillations of the alpha emitting radionuclide polonium-210 adsorbed onto hematite particles. Marked differences occurred among strains in their tolerance to the instillations. There also appeared to be significant differences in the tumor induction times, but the frequency of lung tumors was similar in the four strains-varying between 33% and 50%. The influence of genetic strain might well be more marked with chemical carcinogens in which mechanisms of activation or detoxification become important factors which come under genetic control.
Buy, Build, or Lease: Managing Serials for Scholarly Communications

The sustainability of the current model for scholarly journal publishing is being seriously questioned. Price increases for journals exceed increases in libraries' resources and the use of the subscription-based business model is seen as reducing access to research results in a time when digital distribution should be increasing access to research. New models for scholarly communications like Open Access (OA) are emerging but there are questions concerning their ability to fix current problems. If neither the current models nor new models are sustainable, then what are the strategies libraries can implement to continue to provide resources to their users and remain valuable partners in the scholarly communications process?
Probing the Topological Tolerance of Multimeric Protein Interactions: Evaluation of an Estrogen/Synthetic Ligand for FK506 Binding Protein Conjugate

Bivalent small molecules composed of a targeting element and an element that recruits endogenous proteins have been shown to block protein-protein interactions in some systems. We have attempted to apply such an approach to disrupt the interaction of the estrogen receptor α with either its associated coactivators or with its dimerization partner (i.e., another estrogen receptor). We show here that a conjugate capable of simultaneously binding both the estrogen receptor and a recruited protein (FK506 Binding Protein 12 kDa) is, however, incapable of disrupting the multimeric estrogen receptor dimer/coactivator complex both in vitro and in cell-based reporter gene assays. We postulate why it may not be possible to disrupt this particular protein-protein complex—as well as other systems having high topological tolerance—with such bivalent inhibitors.
Silicon nanowire anode: Improved battery life with capacity-limited cycling

a b s t r a c t Silicon nanowires grown on a stainless steel current collector were evaluated as Li ion battery anodes in an ionic liquid consisting of butyl-trimethyl ammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide. The electrodes showed good performance in the ionic liquid electrolyte with a stable discharge capacity of ∼2000 mAh g−1 and coulombic efficiency of 97% after 50 cycles. However, the large internal stresses caused by the volumetric expansion of the Si during lithiation limits the long-term cycle life of the battery in both ionic and organic electrolytes due in-part to the repeated disruption and reformation of the solid electrolyte interface layer on the Si. In contrast, when the same Si nanowire electrode was cycled at relatively shallow discharges, similar to those of carbon anodes, 320 mAh g−1, the battery showed better performance with cycle life greater than 650 cycles and coulombic efficiency close to 100% in the ionic liquid electrolyte. Cycling at 1000 mAh g −1 showed lifetimes in excess of 200 cycles in an organic electrolyte without cell degradation. The effect of Si doping, and amount of electrolyte in contact with the anode on the battery capacity and cycle life are also presented. © 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Second-order dust acoustic wave theory

A second-order perturbation theory for non-dispersive, undamped dust acoustic waves is presented. The analysis leads to a second-order wave equation with source terms consisting of (nonlinear) products of first-order terms. The nonlinear effects included in this analysis might be useful in explaining the non-sinusoidal waveforms that are observed with large-amplitude, self-excited dust acoustic waves.
The personal computer and society: a technology assessment

The University of Southern California has initiated a technology assessment of the personal computer. The assessment is partially supported by the National Science Foundation. The ultimate purpose of a technology assessment is to help provide a more human future with less shock. This technology assessment is directed toward examining the potential future impacts of personal computers and identifying the public policy issues associated with these possibilities. This article summarizes the major factors that we intend to explore during the assessment.
Cervical Disc Height During Dynamic In Vivo Flexion-Extension

Cervical disc degeneration is a common and potentially debilitating disease. Over 100,000 surgical procedures are performed per year in the US to treat degenerative cervical spines1. However, the in vivo kinematics and arthrokinematics of the cervical spine have yet to be adequately characterized due to the inability to precisely track vertebral movement during dynamic motion. We have recently established the validity of a set of tools, including a biplane x-ray system, a model-based tracking technique and custom software, to precisely measure in vivo cervical spine kinematics and arthrokinematics with sub-millimeter accuracy2. Consequently, we can now begin to investigate the interdependent relationship between cervical vertebral kinematics and disc morphology and mechanical properties.© 2011 ASME
Chemiluminescence: a sensitive and versatile method for analyte detection.

Abstract The generation of light from the oxidation of oxalic esters with hydrogen peroxide has been applied to the detection of luminescent materials. In order to improve the efficiency of this method, which is Application to the detection and quantitation of met- and leu-enkephalins which have been labelled with naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxyaldehyde/cyanide provides support for this methodology. Other bioanalytical applications are presented.
Distraction Osteogenesis Using Modified External Fixation Devices in Five Dogs

Distraction osteogenesis was used to treat five dogs with limb deformities or limb shortening. The affected bones underwent osteotomy, and modified external fixators were attached. Complications included pin loosening, implant breakage, and soft-tissue contracture. Adequate limb length was attained in all cases, but clinical results varied from poor to excellent. Two dogs were not lame after the procedure, two dogs had improved function but were still lame, and one dog had complications necessitating amputation.
Sample size selection in optimization methods for machine learning

This paper presents a methodology for using varying sample sizes in batch-type optimization methods for large-scale machine learning problems. The first part of the paper deals with the delicate issue of dynamic sample selection in the evaluation of the function and gradient. We propose a criterion for increasing the sample size based on variance estimates obtained during the computation of a batch gradient. We establish an $${O(1/\epsilon)}$$ complexity bound on the total cost of a gradient method. The second part of the paper describes a practical Newton method that uses a smaller sample to compute Hessian vector-products than to evaluate the function and the gradient, and that also employs a dynamic sampling technique. The focus of the paper shifts in the third part of the paper to L 1-regularized problems designed to produce sparse solutions. We propose a Newton-like method that consists of two phases: a (minimalistic) gradient projection phase that identifies zero variables, and subspace phase that applies a subsampled Hessian Newton iteration in the free variables. Numerical tests on speech recognition problems illustrate the performance of the algorithms.
Higher derivative regulation of supersymmetric theories

Abstract The rigid N = 1 supersymmetric theories are regulated using higher derivatives, supplemented with one-loop Pauli-Villars regulator fields. This scheme preserves supersymmetry as well as background and quantum gauge invariances.
The in vivo effect of hepatotrophic factors augmenter of liver regeneration, hepatocyte growth factor, and insulin‐like growth factor‐II on liver natural killer cell functions

Fine balanced sequential changes of the levels of circulating hepatotrophic factors are essential for normal liver regeneration. Our recent studies have indicated that liver-resident natural killer (NK) cells are important regulators of liver regeneration and have raised the possibility that hepatotrophic factors might mediate their activities through NK cells. In the present study, we assessed the effects of in vivo administration of three hepatotrophic factors (augmenter of liver regeneration [ALR], insulin-like growth factor-II [IGF-II], and hepatocyte growth factor [HGF]) on NK cells in normal rats. Each of the three, given over a 1-day period in doses known to produce hepatotrophic activity, induced inhibition of NK cell cytotoxic activities in the population of mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) in the liver, but not in MNL from the spleen or peripheral blood. In contrast to these results obtained by the whole animal treatment, the three molecules had no effect on NK cell functions when added to cultures of MNL from the livers, spleens, or blood of untreated rats. These data support and extend our previously advanced hypothesis that ALR and other hepatotrophic factors play an important role in liver regeneration by regional regulation of NK cells through some as-yet-unknown intermediary mechanism.
For the public good: Urban youth advocacy and the fight for public education

Abstract This article examines a grassroots movement for public education that has recently emerged to challenge corporate-style education reformers. These reformers became well-established in the early 21st century promoting the business strategies of capitalism such as school choice, competition, privatization, and closure. To understand how and why local communities are fighting for public education while embracing a much older, traditional notion of the common good, this article takes Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as a case study, situating the struggle for public education in historical and political contexts. It also places the corporate-reform and grassroots movements in a social and economic framework, and it pays special attention to the urban youth who stand at the center of much of the policy debate on public education, considering the ways in which young people themselves express political agency through activism.
A MULTIPLE SUCTION ELECTRODE SYSTEM.

Abstract A suction electrode system is described with the following properties: 1. 1. It can be adapted to a large number of leads. 2. 2. The electrodes will adhere to skin or mucosa.
Multiple approaches to the reduction of dental fear.

Abstract Participant modeling, symbolic modeling, and graduated exposure were compared with each other and with two control treatments for effectiveness in reducing fear of dentistry in 33 adults who had avoided dental treatment for from 1 to 10 yr. Assessment of in-chair psychological responsiveness and overt behavior showed no significant pre-post change for any group although all of them reported significant reduction in state anxiety and expected pain. During the 24 months following treatment, from 50 to 87.5% of the subjects were able to return to regular dental care with the highest “return” rate appearing in the participant modeling condition.
A Fabrication Technique for Significantly Reducing the Capacitance of Large-Volume Ge LID Detectors

Practical drift depths for Ge LID detectors are limited to less than 15 mm so that large-volume detectors have a relatively high capacitance because of their increased junction area. A fabrication technique has been developed and evaluated which significantly reduces this capacitance by increasing the effective thickness of the intrinsic material between the junctions and decreasing the junction area. In making a large-volume, low-capacity detector, a conventional Ge diode is first drifted to a depth greater than 1 cm. The original junctions used for the drifting operation are then removed and new junctions are applied to the compensated material in a more favorable geometry. A number of these detectors have been fabricated with a contact structure consisting of a gold surface-barrier P-type contact and a diffused-lithium N-type contact. The diodes that were made had an active volume of 4.5 cm3 and a final capacity of less than 2 pF as compared to their original capacity of 9 pF. The detector performance with a preamplifier and a source confirmed the improvement in resolution that would be expected for this decrease in the diode capacitance without a significant reduction in the active detector volume. This technique may be extended to larger detectors and would make possible the fabrication of a 30-cm3 Ge LID detector with a capacitance less than 5 pF.
Chromatographich analysis of organic compounds in the atmosphere

Abstract Fused silica capillary columns with thick films of cross-linked coatings have been used to separate many of the organic compounds that are present in the volatile fraction of automobile exhaust and in ambient air. Techniques have been developed that allow reversible collection and pre-concentration of organic compounds in ambient air on polymeric sorbents with minimal artifacts. The exhaust samples, which are directly injected without pre-concentration on sorbents, contain many of the same organic compounds that are found in sorbent-collected samples of urban ambient air. Similar anthropogenic organic compounds are not, in general, detected (
Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (Stat) Are Detectable in Mouse Trigeminal Ganglion Neurons

We studied signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stat) expression in mouse trigeminal ganglia (TG) to gain an understanding of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection and reactivation. Mouse TG were harvested and were either frozen for Western blot analysis or preserved in 4% paraformaldehyde for subsequent immunohistochemistry study. The thawed specimens were homogenized, and nuclear/cytoplasmic extractions were performed for Western blots and immunoprecipitation. Immunohistochemistry showed that Stat1, Stat3, Stat4, Stat5b, and phosphotyrosine Stat3 localized to TG neurons, not surrounding satellite cells. Western blot of TG nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts confirmed the presence of these Stat at the appropriate molecular weights. Stat2 was undetectable in TG by these methods. Immunoprecipitation of TG nuclear extracts did not confirm the presence of Stat-Stat dimers in these specimens. These studies show that several Stat, including phosphotyrosine Stat3, are present in TG neurons, the site ...
Acrylamide Gel Electrophoretic Studies of Extracellular Sucrose-Metabolizing Enzymes of Streptococcus mutans

Acrylamide gel electrophoretic methods were used to assess the numbers and types of sucrose-metabolizing enzymes elaborated by Streptococcus mutans strains HS-6, SL-1, FA-1, and NCTC 10449. Two types of polysaccharide-synthesizing enzymes and one invertaselike enzyme were distinguished. The patterns of extracellular proteins and enzymes were distinctive for each strain.
3d transition metal impurities in aluminum: A first-principles study

In this work, appropriate description of interactions of $3d$ transition metals in aluminum $(\text{Al}\text{\ensuremath{-}}3d)$ is attained from first-principles using $\text{LDA}+U$ potential within density-functional theory. By reproducing diffusion coefficients of $3d$ transition metals in aluminum in agreement with reliable data from experiments, activation energies, and diffusion prefactors along with different aspects of the $\text{Al-}3d$ systems are presented. Al alloy with dilute concentration of $3d$ solutes Fe, Cr, or Mn is magnetic. The physics underlying the anomalously low diffusivities of $3d$ solutes in Al is discussed.
Faulting along the Southeastern Margin of the Reelfoot Rift in Northwestern Tennessee Revealed in Deep Seismic-reflection Profiles

Approximately 320 km of deep seismic-reflection profiles in northwestern Tennessee reveal the structure of a major portion of the southeastern margin of the Reelfoot Rift. This rift margin consists of at least two major down-to-the-west late Precambrian to Cambrian normal faults. Maximum fault displacement at one location is 3 km. These two faults strike N50°E, in their northern portions; over their southern extent they trend N30°E however. Numerous faults in these reflection lines displace Paleozoic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary reflectors. The dominantly reverse faulting, folding, and positive flower structures in the shallower section indicate Eocene or younger transpression. We believe the late Tertiary faulting is due to reactivation of the basement faults, because on some of the reflection lines basement normal faults can be traced into Tertiary reverse faults, the Tertiary faults parallel the basement faults, and the Tertiary faults overlie or are adjacent to the basement faults. Numerous faults displace the highest (youngest) reflectors and therefore we do not know how recently faulting has occurred. Previous studies have identified Quaternary faulting within the southeastern Reelfoot Rift margin of western Tennessee, however. Thus, we believe all of the late Tertiary faults identified in this research should be evaluated for possible Quaternary movement.
Experimental Encephalitozoonosis in Neonatal Dogs

The in vivo infection of neonatal dogs by the microsporidian protozoan parasite, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, was studied. Microscopic examination of tissues from infected animals showed granulomatous nephritis, meningoencephalitis, hepatitis, and pneumonitis. A large component of the inflammatory infiltrate consisted of plasma cells and lymphocytes. In addition, hyperplasia of B-lymphocyte-dependent regions of lymph nodes and erythrophagocytosis were consistently seen in infected dogs. Infected dogs developed lymphocytosis, hypergammaglobulinemia, anti-encephalitozoon antibodies, and an antigen-specific blastogenic response to E. cuniculi spores. Lymphocyte blastogenic responses to the lectin phytohemagglutinin A (PHA) were depressed compared to controls. Dogs dying during the 2-month experimental trial were bacteremic. The findings of these experiments suggest that postnatal infection results in a demonstrable although seemingly ineffective immune and inflammatory response without detectable clinical disease.
Hearing Loss in Older Adulthood What It Is and How It Interacts With Cognitive Performance

Adult aging is accompanied by declines in many areas of cognitive functioning, including reduced memory for new information. Potential sources of these declines are well established and include slowed processing, diminished working-memory capacity, and a reduced ability to inhibit interference. In addition, older adults often experience sensory decline, including decreased hearing acuity for high-frequency sounds and deficits in frequency and temporal resolution. These changes add to the challenge faced by older adults in comprehension and memory for everyday rapid speech. Use of contextual information and added perceptual and cognitive effort can partially offset the deleterious effects of these sensory declines. This may, however, come at a cost to resources that might otherwise be available for “downstream” operations such as encoding the speech content in memory. We argue that future research should focus not only on sensory and cognitive functioning as separate domains but also on the dynamics of the...
Real-World Performance of Longitudinal Barriers Struck by Large Trucks

Very little is known about the real-world performance of traffic barriers when subjected to impacts by large trucks. This study investigated real-world impacts of large trucks into traffic barriers to determine barrier crash involvement rates, the impact performance of barriers not specifically designed to redirect large trucks, and the real-world performance of barriers specifically designed for large trucks. Data sources included the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (2000 to 2009), the General Estimates System (2000 to 2009), and the Large Truck Crash Causation Study (155 in-depth crashes of large trucks into barriers). Impacts of large trucks into longitudinal barriers constituted 3% of all police-reported impacts into longitudinal barriers and roughly the same proportion of barrier fatalities. A logistic regression model predicting barrier penetration showed that the risk of a large truck penetrating a barrier increased by a factor of 6 for impacts with barriers designed primarily for passenger vehi...
Reducing Contact Resistance Using Compliant Nickel Nanowire Arrays

Electrical contact resistance can be reduced using an array of compliant and conductive nanowires which make a large area of intimate contact with an opposing surface. In this paper, analyses of electrical contact resistance, fabrication methods, and experimental results of contact resistance for compliant nickel nanowires are presented. To analyze, predict, and measure the contact resistance, models of surface contact between an array of conductive nanowires and a spherical tip probe are presented. Then, an estimate of real area of contact from the measured contact resistance is discussed. The fabrication methods elaborate on electroforming nickel fibers using commercially available nano-porous filters. Finally, experimental results of contact resistance between a spherical tip probe and arrays of nickel nanowires as well as the contact resistance between a flat tip probe and arrays of nickel nanowires are presented. From these experimental results, we show resistance reduction by a factor of more than 20 at a load of 10 mN or less, compared to contact with a flat sheet, and a reduction by a factor of 3 using a spherical probe.
The Development of the Seventh-day Adventist Understanding of Ellen G. White’s Prophetic Gift, 1844-1889

Topic. This study is a historical investigation examining the development of the Seventh-day Adventist understanding of Ellen White's prophetic gift between 1844 and 1889. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and analyze the stages of the development of the Seventh-day Adventist understanding of Ellen G. White's prophetic gift from 1844 through 1889 from a historical perspective only. This research is not a theological study and therefore it is beyond its scope to judge, to prove, or to disprove the prophetic gift of Ellen White. It starts with 1844 when Ellen White claimed to have received her first vision and finishes with 1889 when the major essential arguments for and against her prophetic gift were in place. Sources. This research examined published and unpublished primary sources and documents related to Ellen White's prophetic gift from 1844 to 1889. Secondary sources were only used for background or historical context. The primary documents included periodicals, books, tracts, letters, and manuscripts written against or in defense of Ellen White. The majority of the sources were found in the General Conference Archives, the Ellen White Estate Office in Silver Spring, Maryland, and the Center for Adventist Research at Andrews University. Conclusions. The study identified four general stages in the development of the Seventh-day Adventist understanding of Ellen White's prophetic gift. Stage one covered the period from 1844 to 1850 during which the Sabbatarian group established some initial arguments for its acceptance of Ellen White's claim of having the gift of prophecy. Stage two examined the years from 1851 to 1862 during which the movement developed a more systematic biblical reasoning for the validity of the modern display of the gift of prophecy and saw it as one of the identifying marks of God's true people. In stage three, from 1863 to 1881, Ellen White's prophetic gift became a part of the Seventh-day Adventist statement of beliefs. The denomination also clarified questions related to the relationship between Ellen White's writings and the Bible. Stage four, from 1882 to 1889, refined Adventism's understanding of Ellen White's prophetic gift in relation to the doctrine of inspiration and questions of suppression and plagiarism. By the end of 1889 Seventh-day Adventists had developed their major arguments for their belief in Ellen White and were convinced that she possessed the genuine gift of prophecy.
The rhetorical functions of consciousness‐raising in third wave feminism

The rhetorical practice of consciousness‐raising has changed since communication theorists first began to apply its functions and style, as a small group, face‐to‐face practice, in the early 1970s. In this essay, we argue that in feminist activism and theory, the practice of consciousness‐raising has evolved in response to shifting cultural conditions. Our examination of consciousness‐raising rhetoric produced by self‐labeled “third wave” feminists reveals how contemporary social contexts have generated different rhetorical problems and discursive responses for feminists. Specifically, we show how third wave feminist consciousness‐raising instills a critical perspective that focuses on personal and social injustices. We argue that these rhetorical responses raise consciousness in the public sphere, through mass media, popular culture, and college classrooms, fostering both public and private dialogue about gender inequities that aims at self‐persuasion.
CPOE: sufficient, but not perfect, evidence for taking action.

Computerized provider order entry (CPOE) systems facilitate safe, effective care for patients by insuring that clinical care directions are communicated in a timely, accurate, and complete manner. Integrating clinical decision support functions into CPOE systems enhances the value of the CPOE systems by incorporating contemporary knowledge and best practice recommendations into the clinical management process. Insuring the quality, accuracy, and relevance of the decision logic integrated within CPOE systems is a sine qua non of safe and effective practice. The special section on CPOE presented within this issue of JAMIA offers practical advice on taking the next steps toward insuring the availability of CPOE systems enriched by decision support. Institutions hoping to deploy decision-support enhanced CPOE systems require evidence to justify acquisition and use of such systems. They require evidence that the CPOE developers have embedded and maintained a sufficient quantity and quality of knowledge upon which to … Correspondence and reprints: Professor Patricia Flatley Brennan, The University of Wisconsin—Madison, School of Nursing and College of Engineering, 600 Highland Avenue (H6241 CSC), Madison, WI 53792-2455; Tel: (608) 263-5251; Fax: (608) 263-5252; e-mail:
Analytical and clinical performance of a homogeneous enzymatic LDL-cholesterol assay compared with the ultracentrifugation-dextran sulfate-Mg2+ method

LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration is currently determined in most clinical laboratories by the Friedewald calculation. This approach has several limitations and may not meet the current total error requirement in LDL-C measurement of ≤ 12%. We evaluated the analytical and clinical performance of the direct N-geneous LDL-C assay (Equal Diagnostics). The N-geneous method correlated highly with the modified beta-quantification assay ( r = 0.95; y = 0.91 x + 70.6 mg/L; n = 199), showed no significant effect of increased triglyceride or other common interferants, and performed adequately in serum samples from nonfasting individuals. This assay demonstrated a mean total error of 6.75% over a wide range of LDL-C concentrations. In addition, at the medical decision cutoff points, this LDL-C assay showed positive predictive values of 78–95% and negative predictive values of 84–99%. We conclude that the N-geneous LDL-C meets the currently established analytical performance goals and appears to have a role in the diagnosis and management of hypercholesterolemic patients.
Multi-sensor fusion: a perspective

A survey of the state of the art in multisensor fusion is presented. Papers related to fusion have been surveyed and classified into six categories: scene segmentation, representation, 3-D shape, sensor modeling, autonomous robots, and object recognition. A number of fusion strategies have been employed to combine sensor outputs. These strategies range from simple set intersection, logical and operations, and heuristic production rules to more complex methods involving nonlinear least-squares fits and maximum-likelihood estimates. Sensor uncertainty has been modeled using Bayesian probabilities and support and plausibility involving the Dempster-Shafer formalism. >
Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients

An increased intake of foods providing plant cell walls (or dietary fiber) almost invariably results in an increase in fecal wet weight, fecal dry matter, and the energy content of the feces. Although this increased fecal loss is to be expected because the diet provides an increased intake of indigestible cell wall material, many workers have argued that there is also evidence for effects on the digestion and absorption of other nutrients (McCance and Walsham, 1948; Widdowson, 1960; Southgate and Durnin, 1970).
Molecular characterization of mutants affected in the osmoprotectant-dependent induction of phospholipase C in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1.

Production of the two phospholipases C (PLCs) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 is induced under conditions of phosphate limitation, or by the osmoprotectants choline or glycine betaine. Tn5 mutagenesis was performed on strain PAO1 to isolate mutants deficient in choline-dependent induction of PLC. Two mutants, Tn5T1 and Tn5G19, were identified which produce decreased levels of PLC in phosphate-replete media supplemented with choline. A total of 136 and 496 bp of flanking DNA from Tn5G19 and Tn5T1 was cloned by an inverse polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. The DNA flanking the Tn5T1 insertion contains an open reading frame predicted to encode a peptide that is approx. 60% identical to the N-terminus of a previously identified protein (P35) of unknown function from Escherichia coli. The P35 gene, which is located in the nusA–infB operon in E. coli, was designated orp (osmoprotectant regulator of PLC). Haemolytic titres, total PlcH protein and β-galactosidase activity expressed from a chromosomally inserted plcH–lacZ operon fusion werereduced in strain Tn5T1 in comparison with the parental strain (PAO1) carrying the same fusion. However, this mutant expressed several-fold higher levels of plcH message than strain PAO1 in the presence of choline, while the phosphate-starvation-dependent transcript of plcH could not be detected in this mutant. The defects in Tn5T1 are complemented by a DNA fragment, isolated from a genomic library of PAO1, that carries the orp gene. The deduced amino acid sequence of the DNA fragment cloned from Tn5G19 exhibits 84% identity with the betB gene product of E. coli that has betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase activity. This enzyme catalyses the conversion of betaine aldehyde to glycine–betaine. Unlike the parental strain, the Tn5G19 mutant could not utilize choline as a sole carbon, nitrogen and energy source, and it was deficient in betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase activity. Also, consistent with a disruption of betB in Tn5G19, choline inhibited growth of this strain in media containing 0.7 M NaCl, while glycine–betaine restores growth to wild-type levels. The defects in Tn5G19 are complemented by a DNA fragment from PAO1 that carries the betB gene. The orp gene is located between 0.6 to 6.6 min while betB is located between 10.5 to 12.5 min on the chromosome of PAO1.