cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preemptive multiprocessor scheduling with rejection

Abstract The problem of online multiprocessor scheduling with rejection was introduced by Bartal et al. (SIAM J. Discrete Math. 13(1) (2000) 64–78). They show that for this problem the competitive ratio is 1+φ≈2.61803 , where φ is the golden ratio. A modified model of multiprocessor scheduling with rejection is presented where preemption is allowed. For this model, it is shown that better performance is possible. An online algorithm which is (4+ 10 )/3 -competitive is presented. We prove that the competitive ratio of any online algorithm is at least 2.12457. We say that an algorithm schedules obliviously if the accepted jobs are scheduled without knowledge of the rejection penalties. We also show a lower bound of 2.33246 on the competitive ratio of any online algorithm which schedules obliviously. As a subroutine in our algorithm, we use a new optimal online algorithm for preemptive scheduling without rejection. This algorithm never achieves a larger makespan than that of the previously known algorithm of Chen et al. (Oper. Res. Lett. 18(3) (1995) 127–131), and achieves a smaller makespan for some inputs.
Amphibian ocular malformation associated with frog virus 3

During an on-going amphibian ecology study, a free-ranging American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) metamorph was captured in a pitfall trap adjacent to a constructed farm pond at the Plateau Research and Education Center (PREC) on the Cumberland Plateau near Crossville, Tennessee, USA. Grossly, the right eye was approximately 50% the size of the left. Stereo and light microscopic examination revealed two granulomas within the orbit. Electron microscopic examination revealed virus particles scattered throughout one structure but mostly aggregated toward the center. Subsequent PCR and sequencing (GenBank accession Number EF175670) confirmed frog virus 3 (FV3). This represents the first report of a malformation in an anuran associated with FV3.
Laboratory subjects as multiproduct monopoly firms: An experimental investigation

Abstract Previous experimental research demonstrates that market responses of laboratory subjects as monopoly firms converge to theoretic predictions. This research increases the complexity of market decisions facing such subjects. Each subject is established as a multiproduct monopoly firm, capable of producing two distinct goods. In this environment the seller must select a selling strategy from limited alternatives and offer prices. Results show that market responses of subjects are more likely to converge to multiproduct monopoly model predictions when strategy options are relatively simple, or when greater rewards are present. Results are consistent with profit maximizing behavior.
Radical-based asymmetric synthesis: an iterative approach to 1, 3, 5, ... (2n + 1) polyols.

A conceptually novel approach to 1, 3, 5, ... (2n + 1) polyols based on iterative stereocontrolled homologation of chiral hydroxyalkyl radicals is reported. Starting from α-keto ester precursors, the general sequence of (1) ketone reduction, (2) auxiliary attachment, (3) saponification, (4) Barton esterification, and (5) radical addition provided the two-carbon homologue in 70−80% overall yield. The simplicity and generality of this iterative strategy for 1, 3, 5, ... (2n + 1) polyol synthesis suggests an attractive alternative for the preparation of molecules containing this structural motif.
Transverse Magnetic Wave Propagation in Sinusoidally Stratified Dielectric Media

The problem of the propagation of TM waves in a sinusoidally stratified dielectric medium is considered. The propagation characteristics are determined from the stability diagram of the resultant Hill's equation. Numerical results show that the stability diagrams for Hill's equation and those for Mathieu's equation are quite different. Consequently, the dispersion properties of TM waves and TE waves in this stratified medium are also different. Detailed dispersion characteristics of TM waves in an infinite stratified medium and in waveguides filled longitudinally with this stratified material are obtained.
Humoral Immunity in Japanese Quail Following Surgical Bursectomy at Various Ages

Abstract Four separate experiments were conducted to determine the effects of surgical bursectomy (BSX) at periodic intervals on subsequent antibody production in Japanese quail. At 0, 1, 3, 7, and 28 days of age, BSX resulted in graduated increments in humoral immune responsiveness. Quail BSX at 0 and 1 day of age exhibited significantly reduced primary hemagglutinin responses, as well as reduced mercaptoethanol resistant (IgG) antibody levels. The production of mercaptoethanol sensitive antibody (IgM) levels were affected to a lesser degree in BSX quail than in controls. At 7 and 28 days of age, BSX resulted in no significant effects. At 3 days of age, BSX resulted in an intermediate effect with minimal reduction in antibody levels. Secondary antibody responses were reduced to a lesser extent than the primary responses. At 0 day, BSX reduced hemagglutinin and mercaptoethanol sensitive antibody levels during the early stages of the secondary responses. At other times, however, BSX did not affect secondary antibody responses.
The influence of irrelevant information on speeded classification tasks

Multidimensional stimuli, which could vary on one, two, or all three dimensions within a particular series, were presented to Ss who were required to classify each stimulus on the basis of its value on a specified dimension. The prior relevance of the irrelevant dimensions and the difficulty of the task were varied. Latency and error data indicated that Ss were unable to gate the irrelevant information effectively. It was further concluded that this lack of perfect gating cannot be simply attributed to competing responses learned during the experiment.
Emerging Role of Hemoglobin Solutions in Trauma Care

SUMMARY Most authorities believe that the greatest need for blood substitutes is in patients with unanticipated acute blood loss, and trauma is the most likely scenario. The blood substitutes reaching advanced clinical trials today are red blood cell (RBC) substitutes, derived from hemoglobin. The hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) tested currently in FDA Phase III clinical trials are polymerized hemoglobin solutions. In the USA, the standard approach to restoring oxygen delivery in hemorrhagic shock has been crystalloid administration to expand intravascular volume, followed by stored RBCs for critical anemia. Allogeneic RBCs, however, may have adverse immunoinflammatory effects that increase the risk of postinjury multiple organ failure (MOF). Phase II clinical trials, as well as in vitro and in vivo work, suggest that resuscitation with a HBOC – in lieu of stored RBCs – attenuates the systemic inflammatory response invoked in the pathogenesis of MOF. Specifically, a HBOC has been shown to obviate stored RBC provoked neutrophil (PMN) priming, endothelial activation, and systemic release of interleukins 6,8, and 10. Based on this background and work by others, we have initiated a multicenter prehospital trial in which severely injured patients with major blood loss (SBP < 90 mm Hg) are randomized to initial field resuscitation with crystalloid versus HBOC. During the hospital phase the control group is further resuscitated with stored RBCs, whereas the study group receives HBOC (up to 6 units) in the first 12 hours. The primary study endpoint is 30-day mortality, and secondary endpoints include reduction in allogeneic RBCs, hemoglobin levels < 5 g/dL, uncrossmatched RBCs, and MOF. The potential efficacy of HBOCs expands beyond the temporary replacement for stored RBCs. Hemoglobin solutions might ultimately prove superior in delivering oxygen to ischemic or injured tissue. The current generation of HBOCs can be lifesaving for acute blood loss today, but the next generation might be biochemically tailored for specific clinical indications.
Key Intelligence Topics (KITs) and Key Intelligence Questions (KIQs) in safety signal intelligence

Key Intelligence Topics (KITs) and Key Intelligence Questions (KIQs) are routinely used in various intelligence endeavors. This presentation will explore their application to cross‐functional signal intelligence in a biopharmaceutical company. We will describe the rationale for choosing the KIT/KIQ approach, highlighting some of the key challenges shared across traditional intelligence and safety signal intelligence. Our methodology for implementing a KIT/KIQ process across Safety, Product Complaints and Medical Inquiries will be described in detail. We will also share results of early work to visualize and analyze cross-functional data. Future work on cross-functional governance and approaches to question management will also be discussed. These topics are relevant to preserving corporate memory and enabling collaborative collection, analysis and production of intelligence products.
Deconstructing the photon stream from single nanocrystals: from binning to correlation

Prior to the advent of single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy, many of the fundamental optical properties of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystal quantum dots were obscured by ensemble averaging over their inherent inhomogeneities. Single quantum dot spectroscopy has become a leading technique for the unambiguous determination of the governing excitonic physics of these quantum-confined systems. The analysis and interpretation of the timing and energies of photons emitted from individual nanocrystals have uncovered unexpected and fundamental electronic processes at the nanoscale. We review several different paradigms for deconstructing the photon stream from single nanocrystals, ranging from intensity “binning” techniques to more sophisticated methods based on single-photon counting. In particular, we highlight photon correlation – a powerful developing paradigm in single-nanocrystal studies. The application of photon-correlation techniques to single nanocrystals is changing the study of multiexcitonic recombination dynamics, uncovering the basic processes governing spectral linewidths and spectral diffusion, and enabling the extraction of single-nanocrystal properties directly from an ensemble with high statistical significance. These single-molecule techniques have proven invaluable for understanding the physics of nanocrystals and can provide unique insight into other heterogeneous and dynamical systems.
Driving Under the Influence, Public Policy, and Pharmacy Practice

Motor vehicle accidents due to prescription drug impairment have increased in the past decade. Typically, impairment is associated with medications causing excessive drowsiness, such as opioids or benzodiazepines, but the scope of driving under the influence (DUI)-drug charges is reaching into medications that are not typically considered impairing, such as antipsychotics, antiepileptics, and mood stabilizers. Data associating medication use with driving impairment are growing, especially with agents not typically thought of as impairing. Forty-three states currently train drug recognition experts who employ a 12-step evaluation to detect the presence of drug impairment. Seventeen states have instituted “per se” laws, which make it illegal to drive with the presence of drugs or metabolites in the body. Pharmacists should recognize an ethical, professional, and perhaps legal responsibility to inform patients of the risk of impaired driving with prescription agents. Pharmacists should reconsider how they ar...
Enhancing the immune response through next generation polymeric vaccine adjuvants

The search for improved vaccine adjuvants has intensified recently with the growing popularity of subunit vaccines. These vaccines can induce efficient antibody response and cellular immunity without the safety constraints of live vaccines, but must overcome their poor immunogenicity. Next-generation vaccine adjuvants offer several advantages over conventional adjuvants and can be rationally designed to meet the requirements of the antigen. This review analyzes current research in the field of vaccine adjuvant design, with an emphasis on polymeric vaccine adjuvants.
Environmental assessment of manufacturing with carbon nanotubes

Given the uncertain environmental, health, and safety risks for using carbon nanotubes (CNTs), it is prudent to assess the environmental attributes of nanomanufacturing processes using CNTs while in the developmental phase. This information can provide insights for development of safe, economically competitive, and environmentally responsible nanotechnologies. Environmental assessments of manufacturing two CNT applications were investigated: a CNT switch and a CNT-polymer mesh. Results indicate significant environmental impact contribution to airborne inorganics, climate change, and fossil fuels due to materials used in cleansing processes and significant electricity consumption.
The determinants of livestock prices in Niger

Not only does livestock makes an important contribution to rural incomes and export earnings in the Sahel, it is also kept as insurance against weather risk. Fluctuations in livestock prices can therefore trigger food entitlement failures. Using monthly price data from Niger, we show that livestock prices respond to droughts and pasture availability. They are also exposed to aggregate shifts in export revenues and meat demand that affect Niger and its southern neighbor, Nigeria. These shifts add an important element of risk to the livelihood of Sahelian farmers and pastoralists. Famine early warning systems should keep an eye not only on weather shocks but also on macroeconomic conditions and other factors affecting the livestock economy.
The Effectiveness of Social Media Marketing: The Impact of Facebook Status Updates on a Campus Recreation Event

Social media marketing, including the use of Facebook, is becoming a prevalent part of the promotional marketing mix by recreation and sport organizations. While use of Facebook as a marketing tool is common, empirical evidence of its use is lacking. This study examined the effectiveness of social media marketing on college students in a campus recreation setting. Specifically, the effectiveness of Facebook status messages were assessed via a 2 × 2 repeated factorial within-subjects design to determine their influence on awareness of, interest in, and intention to participate in a campus recreation special event. Participants were assigned to experimental (n = 26) or control (n = 29) groups. ANCOVAs revealed significant differences in awareness based on the treatment, but not in interest or intention. Findings suggest that social media marketing was effective in increasing awareness, and the study served as an empirical foundation for future research.
The impact of protocol assignment for older adolescents with hodgkin lymphoma.

Background and Purpose: Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) treatment has evolved to reduce or avoid radiotherapy (RT) dose and volume and minimize the potential for late effects. Some older adolescents are treated on adult protocols. The purpose of this study is to examine the protocol assignment of older adolescents and its impact on radiation dose to relevant thoracic structures. Material and Methods: Cooperative group data were reviewed and 12 adolescents were randomly selected from a pediatric HL protocol. Treatment plans were generated per one pediatric and two adult protocols. Dose volume histograms for heart, lung and breast allowed comparison of radiation dose to these sites across these 3 protocols. Results: A total of 15.2% of adolescents were treated on adult HL protocols and received significantly higher radiation dosage to heart and lung compared to pediatric HL protocols. Adolescents treated on either pediatric or adult protocols received similar RT dose to breast. Conclusions: Older adolescents treated on adult HL protocols received higher RT dose to thoracic structures except breast. Level of nodal involvement may impact overall RT dose to breast. The impact of varying field design and RT dose on survival, local, and late effects needs further study for this vulnerable age group.
Cloud Activation Characteristics of Airborne Erwinia carotovora Cells

Abstract Several strains of plant pathogenic bacteria, Erwinia carotovora carotovora and E. carotovora atroseptica, were observed to be active as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). The CCN supersaturation spectra of bacterial aerosols were measured in the laboratory and compared to the activity of ammonium sulfate. Approximately 25%–30% of the aerosolized bacterial cells activated droplets at 1% water supersaturation compared to 80% activation of the ammonium sulfate aerosol. Physical and numerical simulations of cloud droplet activation and growth on bacteria were also performed. Both simulations predict that aerosolized bacteria will be incorporated into cloud droplets during cloud formation. Results strongly support the hypothesis that significant numbers of the tested bacterial strains are actively involved in atmospheric cloud formation and precipitation processes following natural aerosolization and vertical transport to cloud levels.
Effect of Hog Intrinsic Factor on the Absorption of the Coenzyme Form of Vitamin B12 (5,6-dimethylbenzimidazolylcobamide)

KUNIo OKUDA, M.D.� AND BACON F. CHOW, PH D.11 T HE isolation of 5,6-dimnethylbenzimidazolylcobamide (Co-B,2),”2 the coenzyme of vitamin B,,, prompted us to investigate whether or not this compound, when given orally to patients with pernicious anemia or to clinically healthy subjects, is readily absorbed and whether or not the absorption can be improved by the coadministration of intrinsic factor. To these ends, the radioactive coenzyme of vitamin B1, or vitamin B,, alone (cyanocobalamin) was administered orally to subjects, with or without intrinsic factor with known activity. The absorption was estimated by the urinary excretion test of Schilling.3 The results of these studies are now reported.
Oropharyngeal Cancer: Gastrointestinal Features

Oropharyngeal cancer comprises the malignant pathologies involving the tissues of the oropharynx. This includes the tongue, tonsils, soft palate, and walls of the pharynx. These cancers are generally divided into those that are human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive and those that HPV-negative (generally related to smoking or alcohol).
From the Cardiovascular to the Central Nervous System — An Adventure in the Pharmacology of Dihydropyridines

My interest in Ca2+ antagonists dates back to the early 1970s. After having read the initial publications of Fleckenstein [1,2], I suggested to the management of a pharmaceutical company, which employed me at that time, a research project involving a search for novel Ca2+ antagonists. In the opinion of the research management, however, the blockade of Ca2+ entry into the cells was most likely to be associated with severe side effects, so that Ca2+ antagonists were not likely to succeed. The company entered the Ca2+ antagonist field eventually with a licensed „me-too“ compound, but 10–15 years too late.
The mixed problem for the Lamé system in two dimensions

We consider the mixed problem for L the Lame system of elasticity in a bounded Lipschitz domain Ω⊂R2. We suppose that the boundary is written as the union of two disjoint sets, ∂Ω=D∪N. We take traction data from the space Lp(N) and Dirichlet data from a Sobolev space W1,p(D) and look for a solution u of Lu=0 with the given boundary conditions. In our main result, we find a scale-invariant condition on D and an exponent p0>1 so that for 1<p<p0, we can find a unique solution of this boundary value problem with the non-tangential maximal function of the gradient in Lp(∂Ω). We also establish the existence of a unique solution when the data is taken from Hardy spaces and Hardy–Sobolev spaces with p in (p1,1] for some p1<1.
TRADIÇÃO E MODERNIDADE NA POESIA DE APPARÍCIO SILVA RILLO, DE 1959 A 1983

Analysis of Apparicio Hissing Rillo’s poetry, one of the most important and popular regionalism poets from Rio Grande do Sul state, a member of the gauchesca’s literature system, i. e. the one that takes place in the privileged countryside area – the pampa gaucho, where the main character is the farm worker – o peao, and emphasizes the style of the regional language. The aim of the enquiry is to observe the amount of Modernism influence in his literary work since the sul rio-grandense regionalistic movement is not opposed to the national spirit which endorses it. Additionally it’s of our interest the modernism of the language.
AN ENDOGENOUS MODEL OF CYCLICAL GROWTH

THE state of 'steady growth' without inflation or unemployment represents how we should like to see our industrial society behave. But what we have in the real world is the mixed phenomenon of 'cyclical growth'.' Recently a number of attempts have been made to explain this phenomenon, and yet the most crucial question of comparative dynamics still remains largely unanswered, namely: 'By what mechanism, if any, are these two [the rate of growth of effective demand and the rate of growth of productive capacity] brought into alignment ? '2 For the prevailing models would have us believe as if intrinsically irregular exogenous shocks could logically account for essentially regular cycles common to all growing advanced market economies,3 as if the structure of a growing economy were fundamentally so unstable as to require exogenous constraints (e.g. a ceiling and a floor) for recurrent oscillations,4 or as if self-limiting cycles capable of occurring without growth could realistically be associated with growth.5 This note implies a criticism of all these models of cyclical growth. However, the main purpose of this note is to suggest an alternative approach to cyclical growth in terms of purely endogenous variables and in the belief that such an approach would be more useful in clarifying the essentially self-generating nature and process of cyclical growth without resort to artificial exogenous constraints (including non-economic erratic shocks) or to superfluous autonomous growth factors. The main proposition of this note is that endogenously determined investment is the common maker of cycles and growth. I shall implement this proposition by building a different model of cyclical growth on appropriate assumptions. Our comparative dynamic system has its demand side and its supply side. The latter side presents no particular difficulty, though the choice
Size and Interface Effects in Patterned Magnetic and Superconducting Thin Films

An overview is presented of magnetic, electrical transport, and ferromagnetic resonance studies of thin films of superconducting and magnetic materials with patterned features that are laterally confined on the scale of 10 nm to 1 μm. Emphasis is given to finite-size and correlation effects found at the limiting size scale of stability of long-range magnetic order, and the power of superconductivity as a probe of nanoscale magnetism. A summary is given of state-of-art methods of fabricating highly ordered arrays of ferromagnetic features precisely patterned by electron beam and laser interference techniques. Certain directions for future research in the theoretical description of small magnetic features, and the crucial role of mesoscale phenomena in nanotechnology are discussed.
Precisely Extracting Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy Blood Flow Index by Integrating Nth-order Linear Model with Monte Carlo Simulation

A new algorithm integrating N-order linear model with Monte Carlo simulation for extracting blood flow index from diffuse correlation spectroscopy measurements was validated on computer models of large flat tissue and small mouse head.
Wetland Birds: Habitat Resources and Conservation Implications

Wetland birds provide us with some of nature's most wonderful sights, from vast flocks wheeling overhead to newly-hatched chicks drying in the sun. Apart from their beauty, recreational and economic importance, they are excellent indicators of water quality and measures of biodiversity. But how do they use wetland habitats, and how can we best conserve and maintain them for the future? Here, Milton Weller describes the ecology of wetland birds by identifying patterns of habitat use and typical bird communities that result from the use of resources such as food, cover and breeding sites. He integrates basic and practical information on bird/habitat relationships for researchers, landowners, managers and keen birders alike. As wetlands continue to decline, this book will help us to understand the potential and limits of wetlands as bird habitats now and in the future.
Influence of Electronic Type Purity on the Lithiation of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have emerged as one of the leading additives for high-capacity nanocomposite lithium ion battery electrodes due to their ability to improve electrode conductivity, current collection efficiency, and charge/discharge rate for high power applications. However, since as-grown SWCNTs possess a distribution of physical and electronic structures, it is of high interest to determine which subpopulations of SWCNTs possess the highest lithiation capacity and to develop processing methods that can enhance the lithiation capacity of underperforming SWCNT species. Toward this end, SWCNT electronic type purity is controlled via density gradient ultracentrifugation, enabling a systematic study of the lithiation of SWCNTs as a function of metal versus semiconducting content. Experimentally, vacuum-filtered freestanding films of metallic SWCNTs are found to accommodate lithium with an order of magnitude higher capacity than their semiconducting counterparts, which is consistent wit...
Radiophosphorus uptake by normal, hyperplastic, and tumorous mammary tissues of mice.

SummaryThe hyperplastic nodule of the nonpregnant C3H/He mouse mammary gland shows a radiophosphate (P32) uptake intermediate between that of normal and tumorous mammary tissue. The relative P32 incorporation (tumor > hyperplastic nodule > normal) was not appreciably affected by any of a series of endocrine manipulations (ovariectomy; androgen, estrogen, or cortisol administration). However, during the second half of pregnancy, the uptake by both normal and hyperplastic tissues increases.
Filtration dynamics and natriuretic response to volume expansion in humans.

We used differential solute clearances and a theoretical analysis of glomerular ultrafiltration and dextran sieving to characterize the hemodynamic response of nine healthy humans to infusion of isoncotic, 5% albumin in saline or saline vehicle alone. During albumin infusion (10.2 +/- 0.2 ml.kg-1.30 min-1) plasma volume increased by 18%, but oncotic pressure rose by only 0.8 mmHg. Despite the hypervolemia, renal blood flow (RBF) declined by 140 ml/min and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) declined by 16 ml/min during the infusion. RBF increased progressively postinfusion, exceeding baseline by 135 ml/min after 4 h; GFR was restored to baseline. Although oncotic pressure declined by 2 mmHg, a similar transient decline in GFR (-13 ml/min) was associated also with infusion of saline vehicle alone (9.4 +/- 0.3 ml.kg-1.30 min-1), which increased plasma volume by 9%. Sieving coefficients of dextrans (radius 32–42 A) were lowered during and after either infusion, a phenomenon that we compute to reflect a reductio...
Sclerosing cholangitis: Biliary reconstruction with Silastic transhepatic stents

Because of multiple areas of stricturing and small fibrotic ducts, sclerosing cholangitis has generally not been amenable to direct reconstructive procedures. In reviewing the cholangiograms of 29 patients with sclerosing cholangitis, it became apparent that despite diffuse disease, the hepatic duct bifurcation was often (22 patients) the most severely narrowed area. Because of this finding it was decided to manage patients who have sclerosing cholangitis, persistent jaundice, and hepatic duct bifurcation narrowing with a direct surgical approach. In 11 patients the extrahepatic biliary tree including the bifurcation was resected and the right and left hepatic ducts were dilated. Bilateral 6 mm silicone rubber (Silastic) transhepatic biliary stents were inserted and bilateral hepaticojejunostomy was performed. Eight patients were men, three were women, and the mean age was 41.9 years. At the time of surgery the mean serum bilirubin concentration was 15.3 mg/dl (range 1 to 50 mg/dl). The disease had been present clinically for a mean duration of 3.6 years. There was one hospital death. Nine of the ten remaining patients have responded with a decrease in serum bilirubin concentration to a mean of 2.9 mg/dl. These nine patients have returned to normal activity. The tenth patient has done poorly and awaits liver transplantation. Follow-up ranges from 4 to 36 months (mean 18 months). The stents have been left in position permanently.
HTLV-1 Infection and Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma—A Tale of Two Proteins: Tax and HBZ

HTLV-1 (Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1) is a complex human delta retrovirus that currently infects 10–20 million people worldwide. While HTLV-1 infection is generally asymptomatic, 3%–5% of infected individuals develop a highly malignant and intractable T-cell neoplasm known as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) decades after infection. How HTLV-1 infection progresses to ATL is not well understood. Two viral regulatory proteins, Tax and HTLV-1 basic zipper protein (HBZ), encoded by the sense and antisense viral transcripts, respectively, are thought to play indispensable roles in the oncogenic process of ATL. This review focuses on the roles of Tax and HBZ in viral replication, persistence, and oncogenesis. Special emphasis is directed towards recent literature on the mechanisms of action of these two proteins and the roles of Tax and HBZ in influencing the outcomes of HTLV-1 infection including senescence induction, viral latency and persistence, genome instability, cell proliferation, and ATL development. Attempts are made to integrate results from cell-based studies of HTLV-1 infection and studies of HTLV-1 proviral integration site preference, clonality, and clonal expansion based on high throughput DNA sequencing. Recent data showing that Tax hijacks key mediators of DNA double-strand break repair signaling—the ubiquitin E3 ligase, ring finger protein 8 (RNF8) and the ubiquitin E2 conjugating enzyme (UBC13)—to activate the canonical nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells (NF-κB) and other signaling pathways will be discussed. A perspective on how the Tax-RNF8 signaling axis might impact genomic instability and how Tax may collaborate with HBZ to drive oncogenesis is provided.
Examination of the Effect of Vacancy Detachment Rates on Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulations of bcc Metals

A Kinetic Monte Carlo simulation, using a modified version of the SPPARKS code, of simple defects and complex vacancy clusters was run on a bcc lattice. In this simulation the complexity of void formation was varied by introducing a detachment rate for individual vacancies leaving the void and either treating this value as constant for all size voids or having this value be dependent on the size of the void. Molecular Dynamics simulations were used to determine the binding energies of vacancies for voids of varying size. The simulation was then run over long time periods to determine the number of defects in the simulation under irradiation conditions. It was found that the additional complexity of size dependent void detachment rates had little effect on the defect concentrations and thus a constant barrier should be sufficient for simulations of voids in bcc metals.
Part C Early Intervention Enrollment in Low Birth Weight Infants At-Risk for Developmental Delays

Objectives To investigate enrollment patterns in Part C Early Intervention (EI) for low birth weight (LBW) infants (≤2500 g). A secondary aim is to characterize LBW infants that are not enrolled in EI, but would qualify by meeting criteria for a condition associated with a "high-probability" for developmental delays (i.e., Intraventricular Hemorrhage grade III or higher, Apgar score of ≤5 at 5 min, and/or birth weight of ≤1200 g). Methods Data were gathered from 165 LBW infants participating in a high-risk infant follow-up program. Developmental assessment was completed. Basic demographic information and data regarding enrollment in EI were collected via parent questionnaire. Medical variables were extracted from each infant's electronic medical record. Results 71.5 % of LBW infants were not enrolled in EI. Factors influencing probability of EI enrollment included birth weight, gestational age, developmental test scores, and insurance status. Of the 107 infants living in Oregon who were not enrolled in EI, 42.1 % would qualify for services due to an early medical condition identified in Oregon as a condition associated with a "high-probability" for developmental delays. Conclusions Less than one third of LBW infants were enrolled in EI by their first visit to a high-risk infant follow-up program. Those infants demonstrating developmental delays and public insurance were more likely to be enrolled. The majority of infants who have readily identifiable medical risk factors that qualify them for EI were not enrolled. This study was limited by the constraints implicated by using a clinical sample.
Label-free photoacoustic tomography of whole mouse brain structures ex vivo

Capitalizing on endogenous hemoglobin contrast, photoacoustic-computed tomography (PACT), a deep-tissue high-resolution imaging modality, has drawn increasing interest in neuroimaging. However, most existing studies are limited to functional imaging on the cortical surface and the deep brain structural imaging capability of PACT has never been demonstrated. Here, we explicitly studied the limiting factors of deep brain PACT imaging. We found that the skull distorted the acoustic signal and blood suppressed the structural contrast from other chromophores. When the two effects are mitigated, PACT can potentially provide high-resolution label-free imaging of structures in the entire mouse brain. With 100-μm in-plane resolution, we can clearly identify major structures of the brain, which complements magnetic resonance microscopy for imaging small-animal brain structures. Spectral PACT studies indicate that structural contrasts mainly originate from cytochrome distribution and that the presence of lipid sharpens the image contrast; brain histology results provide further validation. The feasibility of imaging the structure of the brain in vivo is also discussed. Our results demonstrate that PACT is a promising modality for both structural and functional brain imaging.
Impact of Parallelism and Memory Architecture on FPGA Communication Energy

The energy in FPGA computations is dominated by data communication energy, either in the form of memory references or data movement on interconnect. In this article, we explore how to use data placement and parallelism to reduce communication energy. We show that parallelism can reduce energy and that the optimal level of parallelism increases with the problem size. We further explore how FPGA memory architecture (memory block size(s), memory banking, and spacing between memory banks) can impact communication energy, and determine how to organize the memory architecture to guarantee that the energy overhead compared to the optimally matched architecture for the design is never more than 60p. We specifically show that an architecture with 32 bit wide, 16Kb internally banked memories placed every 8 columns of 10 4-LUT logic blocks is within 61p of the optimally matched architecture across the VTR 7 benchmark set and a set of parallelism-tunable benchmarks. Without internal banking, the worst-case overhead is 98p, achieved with an architecture with 32 bit wide, 8Kb memories placed every 9 columns, roughly comparable to the memory organization on the Cyclone V (where memories are placed about every 10 columns). Monolithic 32 bit wide, 16Kb memories placed every 10 columns (comparable to 18Kb and 20Kb memories used in Virtex 4 and Stratix V FPGAs) have a 180p worst-case energy overhead. Furthermore, we show practical cases where designs mapped for optimal parallelism use 4.7 × less energy than designs using a single processing element.
Concealed floral rewards and the role of experience in floral sonication by bees

Pollinators frequently use complex motor routines to find and extract floral rewards. Studies of pollinators foraging for nectar rewards indicate these routines are typically learned, and that constraints associated with learning and memory give pollinators incentive to continue foraging on these flowers. However, plants offer rewards besides nectar, including pollen, lipids and essential oils. In particular, bees use a complex motor routine termed floral sonication to extract pollen, their primary source of protein, from the more than 6% of flowering plant species (>22 000 species) that conceal pollen rewards within tube-like poricidal anthers. If floral sonication requires learning, this pollen extraction behaviour could contribute to floral fidelity. However, no studies have quantified the effect of experience on flower handling for bees extracting pollen from poricidal species. We therefore examined the degree to which floral sonication behaviour was modified by experience. We found that the key elements of the sonication motor routine appeared in full-blown form in a flower-naive bee's first visit to a flower. We additionally found consistent, albeit modest, effects of experience on certain aspects of sonication behaviour. The latency to sonicate slightly decreased with experience. Bees also adjusted the length and amplitude of their sonication buzzes in response to pollen receipt. We conclude that the role of experience in foraging for concealed pollen rewards is different from that reported for nectar rewards. We offer an alternative explanation for its function in sonication. Finally, we discuss alternative hypotheses for the function of poricidal anthers and for how pollen-bearing plants may ensure floral fidelity even in the absence of a significant impact of experience on pollen extraction behaviour.
A procura do ambiente otimo

The author proposes that love is responsible for the optimal environment, indicating that this has not been studied by Environmental Psychology. He describes some results obtained in research based on psychotherapy, on treatment of juvenile delinquency, on treatment and prevention of heart disease and on work environment. Each one of these studies represents a series of diverse environments where a broader classification of love – as a supportive and affirmative aspect of any social environment – would elucidate its importance to Environmental Psychology. He concludes the article manifesting his wish that the “Love Factor” comes to be considered as the most important behavior to be measured in any and every environment.
Foodborne Viruses: Their Importance and Need for Research1

All viruses known to be normally transmissible through foods and of concern to human health emanate from the human intestine. The outbreaks of hepatitis A and recently of gastroenteritis attributed to Norwalk-like viruses most likely developed from feces-contaminated fingers of infected food handlers or water polluted with feces. With few exceptions no recorded outbreak has depended on the ability of virus to withstand even limited heating in food. New and better methods of detection are needed for hepatitis A and Norwalk viruses in foods. It has been well documented that international trade in food products of animal origin can result in the introduction of animal disease into areas in which the disease does not exist. This fact has given rise to programs of research and development for industrially applicable technology to rid animal products from the agents of animal diseases. The survival of viruses inclusive of etiological agents of foot-and-mouth disease, African swine fever, swine vesicular disease and hog cholera virus is reviewed in this paper and new research approaches are suggested. The general need for additional research of foodborne viruses is discussed.
Phytochrome and Sensitization in Germination Control

The germination behavior of light-dependent seeds in response to temperature change, growth hormones, and chemical regulators displays broad and complex light requirements. Such treatments, as well as the varying soil temperature of the natural environment, induce high levels of germination in darkness, or very high light sensitivity for promotion of germination. One aspect of such behavior has been the absence of clear correlations between germination response and phototransformation of the photoreceptor, phytochrome. Interpretation of behavior in terms of underlying mechanisms has therefore been difficult. Research progress during the past decade in several laboratories now indicates the involvement of sensitization of the phototransduction system to very low levels of the active, far- red absorbing form of phytochrome, Pfr. Several lines of evidence now demonstrate phytochrome to be a molecular dimer. Studies of sensitization have led to the development and support of a dimeric model for the molecular action of phytochrome. Although additional direct evidence is yet required, these and related studies indicate a role of increased membrane fluidity in sensitization. This report summarizes progress and discusses some of the current questions in this research area.
1-D and 2-D phosphine coordination materials based on a palladium(II) PCP pincer metalloligand

Abstract Ancillary functionalization of a PCP pincer ligand with para -carboxylic acids provides a simple route to the subsequent preparation of crystalline coordination polymers using pre -cyclometallated complexes as polymer building blocks. This synthetic strategy is demonstrated here using air- and moisture-stable PCP-PdCl metalloligands to prepare new coordination polymers with both 1-D (chain) and 2-D (sheet) networks, named PCM-29 and PCM-30, respectively. The single crystal X-ray structures and solid-state gas sorption properties of both materials are presented. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of PCM-30 was found to be 302 m 2 g −1 using CO 2 as the probe gas, indicating permanent porosity and reversible small molecule diffusion between the 2-D sheets.
Quantification of synthesized hydration products using synchrotron microtomography and spectral analysis

Abstract The use of x-ray computed tomography (CT) as a standalone method has primarily been used to characterize pore structure, cracking and mechanical damage in cementitious systems due to low contrast in the hydrated phases. These limitations have resulted in the inability to extract quantifiable information on such phases. The goal of this research was to address the limitations caused by low contrast and improving the ability to distinguish the four primary hydrated phases in portland cement; C-S-H, calcium hydroxide, monosulfate, and ettringite. X-ray CT on individual layers, binary mixtures of phases, and quaternary mixtures of phases to represent a hydrated portland cement paste were imaged with synchrotron radiation. Known masses of each phase were converted to a volume and compared to the segmented image volumes. It was observed that adequate contrast in binary mixing of phases allowed for segmentation, and subsequent image analysis indicated quantifiable volumes could be extracted from the tomographic volume. However, low contrast was observed when C-S-H and monosulfate were paired together leading to difficulties segmenting in an unbiased manner. Quantification of phases in quaternary mixtures included larger errors than binary mixes due to histogram overlaps of monosulfate, C-S-H, and calcium hydroxide.
Novel 3D-printing enabled antenna design for future wireless intra-chip interconnect

A novel antenna design that is enabled by 3D printing technology for future wireless intra-chip communications is proposed in this work. Vertical quarter-wavelength monopoles are used for intra-chip communication, which avoids substrate-caused low antenna radiation efficiency. The monopoles are surrounded by specially-designed dielectric distribution. This additional design degree of freedom allowed by 3D printing technology is used to tailor antenna radiation pattern that enhances the desired link and reduces the undesired crosstalk spatially. A 60 GHz prototype is designed, fabricated and measured. The measurement results agree well with the simulation results. The demonstrated path loss of the desired link at a distance of 17 mm is only 12 dB, which is more than 10 dB better than the theoretical value for 60 GHz monopoles based on Friis transmission equation and previously reported work.
Haptic Links: Bimanual Haptics for Virtual Reality Using Variable Stiffness Actuation

We present Haptic Links, electro-mechanically actuated physical connections capable of rendering variable stiffness between two commodity handheld virtual reality (VR) controllers. When attached, Haptic Links can dynamically alter the forces perceived between the user's hands to support the haptic rendering of a variety of two-handed objects and interactions. They can rigidly lock controllers in an arbitrary configuration, constrain specific degrees of freedom or directions of motion, and dynamically set stiffness along a continuous range. We demonstrate and compare three prototype Haptic Links: Chain, Layer-Hinge, and Ratchet-Hinge. We then describe interaction techniques and scenarios leveraging the capabilities of each. Our user evaluation results confirm that users can perceive many two-handed objects or interactions as more realistic with Haptic Links than with typical unlinked VR controllers.
Greenhouse Gas Management: A Case Study of a Typical American City

Climate change is arguably the single over-riding sustainability issue of our time and directly influences environmental, social, and economic well-being. This chapter focuses on climate change mitigation in the United States and reviews federal, state, and local governments’ efforts to manage greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Cities are often described as innovators in climate protection policy, and we utilize Kansas City, Missouri, as a case study to illustrate the efforts and challenges faced by a local government following a “typical” trajectory among climate-active cities in the United States. Like many other cities, its efforts are occurring in a context of limited resources, competing priorities, and political disagreement. Its experience informs a discussion about obstacles to widespread locally led GHG mitigation efforts and lessons-learned for circumventing these challenges.