cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modelling effects of subgrid-scale mixture fraction variance in LES of a piloted diffusion flame

A posteriori analysis of the statistics of two large-eddy simulation (LES) solutions describing a piloted methane–air (Sandia D) flame is performed on a series of grids with progressively increased resolution reaching about 10.5 million cells. Chemical compositions, density and temperature fields are modelled with a steady flamelet approach and parametrised by the mixture fraction. The difference between the LES solutions arises from a different numerical treatment of the subgrid scale (SGS) mixture fraction variance – an important quantity of interest in non-premixed combustion modelling. In the first case (model I), the variance transport equation is solved directly, while in the second (model II), an equation for the square of the mixture fraction is solved, and the variance is computed from its definition. The comparison of the LES solutions is based on the convergence properties of their statistics with respect to the turbulence resolution length scale. The dependence of the LES statistics is analyse...
The Effect of Prolonged Stimulus Repetition on Autonomic Response and EEG Activity in Normal Subjects, Schizophrenic, and Nonschizophrenic Patients

The effects of prolonged stimulus repetition were studied in 40 schizophrenics, 40 normal controls, and 40 nonschizophrenic patients. 1000-Hz, 1-sec tones with 25-msec rise times were repeated 70 times at 60 or 90 dB while skin conductance (SCR), finger pulse volume (FPV), and EEG were recorded. Consistent with their hyporesponsiveness in the initial orienting response (OR), schizophrenics displayed less increment in responsiveness with prolonged stimulation, whether in terms of the overextinction (OE) criterion adopted here or of Zahn's post-habituation response-rate score. Among the schizophrenics, those with relatively higher post-habituation response rates showed less emotional withdrawal and greater suspiciousness. OE was more frequent in FPV than in SCR, Since the reverse was true for initial ORs, it is unlikely that the greater FPV-OE simply reflects bias due to normal arrhythmias. The major incidence of OE response occurred within a narrow range of trials, similar in SCR and FPV. OE response in SCR (but not in FPV) was accompanied by renewed alpha blockade. SCR-OE was not related to initial SCR-OR activity, but the data were less consistent for FPV-OE, leaving the initial OR-OE relationship somewhat ambiguous. OE was not associated with evidence of cortical inhibition. Instead, electrodermal OE was preceded by a heightening of skin conductance level suggesting some (limited) role for arousal state. Differences between OE and initial OR were discussed.
How Should Psychiatrists Dress?—A Survey

Personal attire is an important part of being a professional. This survey is an attempt to determine the patient’s and psychiatrists view point about how a psychiatrist should dress to work. A human subjects research board approved survey of seven questions was offered to patients and a similar survey of nine questions was offered to psychiatrists. The replies obtained were combined and tabulated. One hundred patients and 77 psychiatrists responded to the survey. Both the patients and psychiatrists considered dress to be an important part of the doctor–patient relationship. The psychiatrists appear to be more concerned and critical about their dress as compared to patients.
Connecting the Dots: Potential of Data Integration to Identify Regulatory SNPs in Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease GWAS Findings

Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) is a multifactorial disorder with over twenty loci associated with disease risk. Given the number of genome-wide significant variants that fall outside of coding regions, it is possible that some of these variants alter some function of gene expression rather than tagging coding variants that alter protein structure and/or function. RegulomeDB is a database that annotates regulatory functions of genetic variants. In this study, we utilized RegulomeDB to investigate potential regulatory functions of lead single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified in five genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of risk and age-at onset (AAO) of LOAD, as well as SNPs in LD (r2≥0.80) with the lead GWAS SNPs. Of a total 614 SNPs examined, 394 returned RegulomeDB scores of 1–6. Of those 394 variants, 34 showed strong evidence of regulatory function (RegulomeDB score <3), and only 3 of them were genome-wide significant SNPs (ZCWPW1/rs1476679, CLU/rs1532278 and ABCA7/rs3764650). This study further supports the assumption that some of the non-coding GWAS SNPs are true associations rather than tagged associations and demonstrates the application of RegulomeDB to GWAS data.
Vortex Waves in Superfluid 4 He

The motion of ions along vortex lines in the presence of a transverse radio-frequency electric field has been investigated. An anomaly in the velocity-versus-electric-field relation, associated with the "resonant" generation of vortex waves, is observed. These measurements constitute the first observation of vortex waves at frequencies larger than a few hertz.
Cure rate models: power of the logrank and generalized Wilcoxon tests.

This paper reports the results of simulations that compare the power of the logrank and generalized Wilcoxon tests in situations where the cure rate model is appropriate.
Energy, water, and economic savings of improved production systems on the Texas High Plains

The purpose of this paper was to quantify economic and energy use implications of new improved irrigation and limited tillage production systems for the Texas High Plains. Per hectare uses of natural gas and electricity under alternative irrigation distribution systems for corn, sorghum, wheat, cotton, and soybeans were utilized to estimate total amounts of natural gas and electricity used in the production of these crops on the High Plains of Texas. The amount of diesel fuel used was estimated for conventional and limited tillage systems under dryland and irrigation production. Total amounts of water used for the five crops under the improved and conventional irrigation systems were also estimated for the High Plains. Results indicated improved irrigation and limited tillage systems reduced energy and water use on the High Plains. Total natural gas and electricity were estimated to decline over 20 percent, diesel fuel declined 32 percent, and water use for irrigation declined about 23 percent. Use of the improved irrigation and limited tillage production systems was also shown to significantly increase annual net returns to farmers ($40.0 million or 13.3 percent).
Folate and other one-carbon metabolism–related nutrients and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort

BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies of the association of folate intake with breast cancer risk have been inconclusive, and few have investigated how related nutrients modify this association. OBJECTIVE We investigated the association of dietary (food folate plus folic acid from fortification) and total folate (food folate, folic acid from fortification, and folic acid from supplements), vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, methionine, and alcohol intakes with postmenopausal breast cancer among women in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. The modification of the folate associations by the other nutrients was also investigated. DESIGN This prospective cohort study included 70,656 postmenopausal women for whom dietary information was collected in 1992. Of these, 3898 developed breast cancer between enrollment in 1992 and June 2005. Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to calculate multivariate-adjusted hazard rate ratios and 95% CIs. RESULTS Compared with the lowest quintile, the highest quintile of dietary folate intake was associated with a higher risk of breast cancer (rate ratio: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.24). However, the test for trend was not significant (P for trend = 0.15). No association was found for total folate, vitamin B-6, or vitamin B-12, but methionine was inversely associated with breast cancer risk (P for trend = 0.04). The association of dietary folate with breast cancer was not modified by other nutrients or alcohol. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that dietary folate intake may be positively associated with postmenopausal breast cancer. However, no dose-response relation was observed. The extent to which increased supplement use and folate fortification contributes to breast cancer risk warrants further research.
Alpha-synuclein loss in spinal muscular atrophy

Spinal muscular atrophy, the most prevalent hereditary motor neuron disease, is caused by mutations in the survival motor neuron (SMN) 1 gene. A significant reduction in the encoded SMN protein leads to the degeneration of motor neurons. However, the molecular events leading to this process are not well understood. The present study uses a previously developed neuronal cell culture model of spinal muscular atrophy for a multiplex transcriptome analysis. Furthermore, gene expression analysis was performed on in vitro cell cultures, as well as tissue samples of spinal muscular atrophy patients and transgenic mice. RNA and subsequent Western blot protein analyses suggest that low SMN levels are associated with significantly lower alpha-synuclein expression. Examination of two genes related to vesicular transport showed a similar though less dramatic decrease in expression. The 140-amino acid protein alpha-synuclein, dominant mutations of which have previously been associated with an autosomal dominant form of Parkinson's disease, is strongly expressed in select neurons of the brain. Although not well understood, the physiologic functions of alpha-synuclein have been linked to synaptic vesicular neurotransmitter release and neuroprotection, suggesting a possible contribution to Smn-deficient motor neuron pathology. Furthermore, alpha-synuclein may be a genetic modifier or biomarker of spinal muscular atrophy.
In Vivo Assessment of the Risk Profile of Evolving Individual Coronary Plaques A Step Closer

The natural history of coronary plaques within an individual patient with coronary disease is highly heterogeneous. Over time, each plaque may exhibit a different temporal pattern of progression, quiescence, or regression, as well as a variable rate of change. The trajectory of the natural history of a particular plaque depends on the level of systemic risk factors and patient-specific genetics, as well as local phenomena, such as the detailed local blood flow patterns, arterial wall characteristics, including plaque size and shape, and arterial remodeling characteristics. Local endothelial shear stress (ESS) is one of the most fundamental factors influencing endothelial structure and function, and it is the central factor responsible for the localization of coronary atherosclerotic plaque formation and progression.1 Recent methodological innovations allow detailed in vivo characterization of local ESS and remodeling behavior of the artery based on biplane angiography, intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), reconstruction of the artery in 3-dimensional space, and computational fluid dynamics calculations.2,3 Analysis of the radiofrequency patterns from the IVUS signal has also been used to estimate plaque composition.4 These methodologies not only allow detailed characterization of plaque at a single point in time but, if studied in a serial manner, now allow prognostic insight into how plaques change over time and what antecedent features predict the future behavior of that plaque. Article see p 779 Animal models have been extremely helpful in identifying the anatomic natural history of coronary plaque because in vivo serial studies can be performed over time and histological validation of the in vivo IVUS studies can be performed at the end of an animal's course of study. Such investigations have demonstrated that the formation of plaque and the remodeling response of the arterial wall to that plaque are highly variable and change dramatically over time.5 Focal …
Marx generator using pseudospark switches

The design and preliminary operation of the major subsystems of a Marx style pulse generator using advanced pseudospark devices are presented. The bank consists of three 150 nF / 40 kV capacitors connected with three floating FS2000 type pseudospark switches. These switches can hold off 35 kV and pass up to 10 kA at repetition rates approaching 1 kHz. The expected lifetime of >200 kC and the relatively low housekeeping power of <50 W make the pseudospark switch an excellent candidate in compact Marx generator applications. Preliminary operation of the floating housekeeping units essential to the Marx generator is presented in detail.
Circadian Expression of the Maize Catalase Cat3 Gene Is Highly Conserved Among Diverse Maize Genotypes With Structurally Different Promoters

The Cat3 gene of maize exhibits a transcriptionally regulated circadian rhythm. In the present study we examined the following: (1) the extent of the circadian Cat3 expression between maize genotypes of diverse origin; (2) the functional significance of a Tourist transposable element located in the Cat3 promoter of the inbred line W64A, which harbors putative regulatory elements (GATA repeat, CCAAT boxes) shown to be involved in the light induction and circadian regulation of the Arabidopsis CAB2, as well as other plant genes; and (3) aspects of the physiological role of CAT-3 in maize metabolism. Results confirm that the circadian Cat3 expression is a general phenomenon in maize. Regulation of Cat3 gene expression is not dependent on the presence of the Tourist element in the promoter of the gene nor on the presence of motifs similar to those found significant in the circadian expression of the Arabidopsis CAB2 gene. Structural diversity was revealed in the Cat3 promoters of maize genotypes of diverse origins. However, highly conserved regions with putative regulatory motifs were identified. Relevance of the conserved regions to the circadian regulation of the gene is discussed. Possible physiological roles of CAT-3 are suggested.
ICESat waveform measurements of within-footprint topographic relief and vegetation vertical structure

[1] The Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) mission determines land surface vertical structure within laser footprints due to topographic relief and vegetation using received waveforms recorded by the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS). In low-relief areas with tree cover the waveforms and derived elevation products provide useful biophysical parameters, including maximum canopy height, crown depth, the outer-canopy ruggedness, and a measure of canopy cover. For areas where within-footprint topographic relief is large compared to vegetation height, interpretation of the waveforms is complex. The contribution of canopy and ground to received waveforms is illustrated by comparing them with co-located waveforms computed using an instrument model applied to high resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). The model includes representations of the transmit pulse's spatial and temporal distributions, and the receiver field-of-view sensitivity and temporal smoothing. This provides a means to validate GLAS waveforms, elevation products, and footprint geolocation.
Study of coilgun performance and comments on powered armatures

Electromagnetic launch technology is being developed at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) for applications such as high-speed transit, military defense, and space vehicle launching. A lumped-parameter circuit simulation code called Slingshot was developed by SNL to simulate launcher performance (B.M. Marder, 2001). This software calculates self and position-dependent mutual inductances, and temperature-dependent resistances to determine the electrical circuit response self-consistently with the equations of motion for the projectile. The software was designed to simulate high velocity projectile applications where an inductively driven armature was desirable. The armature is modeled as series RL circuit to represent a conductive single-turn loop or a coil winding and did not include any sources. However under some circumstances, such as lower velocity designs for missile launchers, a powered projectile may have some advantages. Such coils could be powered by a small onboard capacitor bank, batteries, or through an external supply. This paper will discuss the operation and some of the design parameters for a general coil gun as well as the circumstances under which a powered armature is desirable
Lewis acidic zeolite Beta catalyst for the Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley reduction of furfural

The catalytic properties of tin-, zirconium- and hafnium-containing siliceous zeolite Beta were investigated in the Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley reduction of furfural using a liquid-phase plug-flow microreactor at temperatures between 328–358 K. Catalytic rates varied widely with the highest turnover frequency observed on Hf-Beta (4.6 min−1), followed by Zr- and Sn-Beta (1.8 min−1 and 0.51 min−1, respectively). The lowest activation energy was observed on Hf-Beta (49.6 kJ mol−1) while Zr- and Sn-Beta showed higher but similar activation energy (60.7 and 60.4 kJ mol−1, respectively). The catalysts deactivate with time on stream (with a half-life of 3.5 hours or longer) and are poisoned by the reaction product furfuryl alcohol. Deactivation is caused partly by the polymerization of reactants and products that are retained in the zeolite pores and block access to active sites, but operation at higher temperature (408 K) slows the rate of deactivation significantly. The catalytic properties of the materials can be regenerated by calcination in air.
Does the surgical approach in one stage bilateral total hip arthroplasty affect blood loss

Purpose It is not clear whether type of surgical approach affects the amount of blood loss in one-stage bilateral total hip arthroplasty (THA). This study therefore aims to examine if type of surgical approach can affect peri-operative blood loss and allogeneic blood transfusion in patients undergoing one-stage bilateral THA.
THE FINANCIAL RESEARCH PROGRAM OF THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH

The Financial Research Program of the National Bureau of Economic Research was started in March 1938, on the basis of recommendations made to the National Bureau by its Exploratory Committee on Research in Finance. This Committee was appointed to investigate the status of financial research at the time and the need for further work. I need not repeat the Committee's recommendations; they are available in A Program of Financial Research, Volume I, which the National Bureau published in 1937. From the organizational point of view, the Program consists of a Central Staff and a larger group of senior research associates, operating as an integral division of the National Bureau, and a Committee on Research in Finance, composed of representatives of public and private agencies and of university scholars. This Committee advises the Central Staff of the program on the planning and execution of research undertakings. Two features of the way research has been conducted are important to bear in mind. First, the Program research has been conducted on a project basis, that is, by means of a number of related studies directed to the comprehensive examination of a defined area of the credit system. This requires a considerable amount of pre-research planning, and naturally calls for centralized direction over work in progress. Second, the Program has been conducted on a cooperative basis, with numerous arrangements whereby individuals on the staffs of public agencies, private institutions, and universities have been associated in the active conduct of research. As a practical matter this is the only method we can follow in our research activities, considering the kind of problem to be studied, the method of conducting research, and the resources available. Furthermore the necessity of making extensive compilations of primary data from the records of public agencies and private financial institutions has made these cooperative relationships an absolute essential to the conduct of our work. It would be interesting to describe these cooperative arrangements in considerable detail but selected examples should serve to illustrate their salient features. University scholars have been able to associate themselves with the Program's activities through special leaves of absence and through sabbatical leaves and, in a number of cases, arrangements have been worked out for the joint conduct of studies by the National Bureau and an interested uni-
Tumor-Infiltrating Foxp3−CD4+CD25+ T Cells Predict Poor Survival in Renal Cell Carcinoma

Purpose: Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been implicated as inhibitors of antitumoral immunity, and evidence suggests that elimination of Tregs may augment natural and pharmacologic immunity. We tested for the presence of putative Tregs within renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tumors. Experimental Design: We identified 170 patients who underwent radical or partial nephrectomy for clear cell RCC between 2000 and 2002. Specimens were stained with anti-CD4, anti-CD25, and anti-Foxp3 antibodies and examined using confocal microscopy. Associations of CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 − and CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + T cells with death from RCC were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results: At last follow-up, 46 of 170 patients had died; of these, 37 died from RCC at a median of 1.4 years following nephrectomy (range, 0-4.4). Among the 124 remaining patients, median follow-up was 3.7 years (range, 0-5.7). Forty-three (25.3%) tumors harbored CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + T cells. The presence of Foxp3 + T cells was not significantly associated with RCC death univariately. One hundred forty-three (84.1%) tumors harbored CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 − T cells. The indicator for ≥10% CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 − T cells was significantly associated with RCC death univariately [risk ratio (RR), 2.60; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.35-4.98; P = 0.004], after adjusting for tumor B7-H1 expression (RR, 2.53; 95% CI, 1.32-4.85; P = 0.005) and lymphocytic infiltration (RR, 2.53; 95% CI, 1.32-4.87; P = 0.005). Conclusions: Increased presence of CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + T cells was not significantly associated with RCC death. In contrast, CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 − T cells, which may represent a unique set of Tregs or activated helper T cells, was significantly associated with outcome.
A Patient’s Guide to Taking Coumadin/Warfarin

Warfarin (brand names Coumadin and Jantoven) is a prescription medication used to prevent harmful blood clots from forming or growing larger. Beneficial blood clots prevent or stop bleeding, but harmful blood clots can cause a stroke, heart attack, deep vein thrombosis, or pulmonary embolism. Because warfarin interferes with the formation of blood clots, it is called an anticoagulant. Many people refer to anticoagulants as “blood thinners”; however, warfarin does not thin the blood but instead causes the blood to take longer to form a clot. The formation of a clot in the body is a complex process that involves multiple substances called clotting factors. Warfarin decreases the body’s ability to form blood clots by blocking the formation of vitamin K–dependent clotting factors. Vitamin K is needed to make clotting factors and prevent bleeding. Therefore, by giving a medication that blocks the clotting factors, your body can stop harmful clots from forming and prevent clots from getting larger. The goal of warfarin therapy is to decrease the clotting tendency of blood, not to prevent clotting completely.Therefore, the effect of warfarin must be monitored carefully with blood testing. On the basis of the results of the blood test, your daily dose of warfarin will be adjusted to keep your clotting time within a target range. The blood test used to measure the time it takes for blood to clot is referred to as a prothrombin time test, or protime (PT). The PT is reported as the International Normalized Ratio (INR). The INR is a standardized way of expressing the PT value. The INR ensures that PT results obtained by different laboratories can be compared. It is important to monitor the INR (at least once a month and sometimes as often as twice weekly) to make sure that the level of warfarin remains …
Trusting That of God in Everyone: Three Examples of Quaker-Based Social Service in Disadvantaged Communities

This article explores the concept of social capital through case studies of three Quakerbased social service organizations engaged in work in disadvantaged communities. Social capital represents relationships among members of a community built on shared understandings, behaviors, and patterns of trust. Accessing the social capital resources of a community often depends on exhibiting the cultural capital of network members. The article illustrates two points: (a) successfully mobilizing the social capital of a religious body depends on the ability of religious-based organizations to maintain both network relations and appropriate cultural capital behaviors expected by members of the founding religion, and (b) sharing social capital can take several forms. Organizations can use religious-based resources to serve outsiders without expanding boundaries to include the communities served, to expand social capital by enculturating newcomers into their practices, or to change the cultural cues considered appropriate to access the social resources of the religious organization.
pH Fractionation and identification of proteins: Comparing column chromatofocusing versus liquid isoelectric focusing techniques

In proteomic investigations, a number of different separation techniques can be applied to fractionate whole cell proteomes into more manageable fractions for subsequent analysis. In this work, utilizing HPLC and mass spectrometry for protein identification, two different fractionation methods were compared and contrasted to determine the potential of each method for the simple and reproducible fractionation of a bacterial proteome. Column-based chromatofocusing and liquid-based isoelectric focusing both utilized pH gradients to produce similar results in terms of the numbers of proteins successfully identified (402 and 378 proteins) and the consistency of proteins identified from one experiment to the next (<10% change). However, there was limited overlap in the protein sets with <50% of the proteins identified as common between the sets of proteins identified by the different systems. In addition to the numbers of proteins identified and consistency of those identified, the reduced monetary costs of experimentation and increased assay flexibility produced by using isoelectric focusing was considered in order to adopt a system best suited for comparative proteomic projects.
Communication Technologies in Democratic and Totalitarian Countries

This chapter contains sections titled: New Communication Technologies Telephone Technologies and Services Technology, Politics, and Governance
Eponymous: Perfect “Title” and the Emblazoned Name in Othello

This article examines the cultural history of the name in early modern England, focusing in particular on the laudatory surname, anonymity, and un-naming in Othello. Reading across generic boundaries, Shakespeare’s play text is aligned with John Ferne’s 1586 treatise, The Blazon of Gentrie; Robert Tofte’s 1615 annotated translation, The Blazon of Jealousy; and Sir Edward Dering’s seventeenth-century alteration of a thirteenth-century heraldic roll of arms, the “Dering Roll.” A masterwork of semiotic freeplay, Othello presents a broadly diffused inquiry into the potential for destruction embedded in the name’s vulnerable manipulability. Through a reading of the play’s engagement with the form of the blazon, described by Ferne as a means to “open up and spread out” the subject’s identity, the analysis explores how deep-seated anxieties surrounding the early modern name combine with acts of misrepresentation to appropriate, subvert, or utterly destroy that specialized sign’s considerable cultural power.
Fifth Graders as App Designers: How Diverse Learners Conceptualize Educational Apps

AbstractInstructional designers are increasingly considering how to include students as participants in the design of instructional technologies. This study provides a lens into participatory design with students by examining how students conceptualized learning applications in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) by designing paper prototypes of a learning application related to circuits and electricity. Eighty-nine fifth grade students, including students with learning disabilities and English language learners, participated in this study. Findings of this study indicated that all students conceptualized learning applications as a game and built scaffolds into the gameplay to encourage both content mastery and advancement in the game. Each of the paper prototypes that the students developed provided opportunities for progressive complexity of gameplay related to electricity and circuits as well as options for customization and building background knowledge. Finally, this article iden...
Screening Orthodontic Patients for Temporomandibular Disorders

The traditional oro-dental screening includes three major components: (1) caries history and current dental situation, (2) periodontal history and current findings of concern, and (3) oral cancer screening and soft tissue exam. Orthodontists also must screen every new patient for temporomandibular disorder signs and symptoms.
Psychological Approaches to the Connection of Health and Behaviour

Although Health Psychology was recognised as a speciality area by the American Psychological Association in 1978, research publications within its domain appeared in the 1930s and earlier. These publications focused on a variety of topics such as treatment for stuttering and rehabilitation from neurological disorders. Current topics in health and behaviour cover a much wider array of issues, and behavioural health research has been described by many investigators as ranging 'from the cell to society'. This is an ambitious caption for any discipline and it is impossible to cover all aspects of the discipline in this brief summary. The first section of this article, 'Pathways from society to cell', describes three themes that characterise much of contemporary behavioural health research. The second section provides a thumbnail sketch of two behavioural health topics: research aimed at disease prevention (primary prevention) and research on stress management, which examines the biological pathways for prevention and the management of existent disease. The third section focuses on the self-management of chronic illness (secondary prevention). It provides a brief overview of research spearheaded by our laboratory and by investigators in laboratories elsewhere. The section pays special attention to the theoretical issues involved in generating a psychological model of health behaviour. We conclude with a brief comment on how these theoretical issues might apply to behavioural health research in emerging nations.
Bifurcation Analysis of Wastewater Treatment Processes

A comprehensive investigation of wastewater treatment operation is provided through utilization of a validated dynamic model, historical data from a real plant, and bifurcation theory. Bifurcation analysis was carried out with wastewater flow rate, stormwater flow rate, airflow rate, water temperature, and influent ammonia concentration as the free parameters. A two-parameter continuation using airflow rate and water temperature simultaneously was also performed. Results indicate an overall robustness of the plant toward disturbances, which comes at the cost of excessive energy usage. Even then, transients caused by those disturbances are inevitable and can cause violations of regulatory permits on effluent ammonia and dissolved oxygen concentrations. Another important finding is the excessive air usage in aeration tanks, which can be cut by 50% on average without affecting the effluent quality.
Assessment of Bridge Joint Performance in the Northeastern States

The University of Massachusetts, Amherst conducted a research project to determine the best practices for bridge expansion joints and headers in the northeastern United States. This research included understanding how joints and headers are used and maintained, and what factors and practices have affected joint and header performance positively and negatively. The initial research included reviewing the literature on previous joint research and compiling information on the existing bridge joint inventory in Massachusetts. Next, information was collected on bridge joints, headers, and practices within the Massachusetts Department of Transportation (DOT), by meeting with and interviewing personnel from each of the six district offices. These meetings identified significant variation in joint preferences and performance between districts within a single DOT. A survey on the use and performance of joints and headers that included questions specific to installation, repair, maintenance, and overall practice wa...
Resident recognition of open-angle glaucoma: effects of an educational intervention.

To test an educational intervention’s effect on improving detection of glaucoma by direct ophthalmoscopy, 14 medicine residents examined five patients, two with ophthalmoscopic changes of glaucoma and three with normal fundi. The residents observed a standardized slide/narrative educational intervention reviewing glaucomatous ophthalmoscopic changes and then re-examined the same patients eight to 12 weeks later. The intervention’s odds of improving residents’ diagnostic impression were significant (OR=2.2; 95% CI=1.3–36), with significant improvement in sensitivity (p=0.02) and a trend toward improved specificity. These findings confirm that the diagnosis of glaucomatous ocular changes on eye examinations by medicine residents can be improved with a brief educational intervention.
Balancing Adduct Formation and Ligand Coupling with the Bulky Allyl Complexes [1,3-(SiMe3)2C3H3]2M (M = Fe, Co, Ni)

Passage of CO at atmospheric pressure through solutions of A′2M (M = Fe, Co, Ni; A′ = [1,3-(SiMe3)2C3H3]−) in hexanes produces the corresponding allyl complexes A′2Fe(CO)2, A′Co(CO)3, and A′2Ni(CO), respectively. Although the iron and nickel species can be isolated as pure liquids, the cobalt complex is accompanied by the coupling product 1,3,4,6-tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)-1,5-hexadiene. A′Co(CO)3 was independently prepared from the reaction of Co2(CO)8, A′Br, and PhCH2N(C2H5)3+Cl– in aqueous base. The IR stretching frequencies of A′2Fe(CO)2 and A′Co(CO)3 are lower than those in the unsubstituted analogues, indicating that the trimethylsilated allyl ligand is a better electron donor than the parent version. Density functional theory calculations were performed on various conformations of the complexes, which reproduced the frequency-lowering effect of the trimethylsilyl groups. They also indicate that the thermodynamics of the formation of A′2Ni(CO) and the unknown (C3H5)2Ni(CO) are similar, suggesting that...
When do molecular bowls encapsulate metal cations

Curved carbon π surfaces have chemical and physical properties suitable for exploitation for chemical microencapsulation and the self-assembly of nanoscale materials. Advances will greatly benefit from more understanding of their host−guest interactions with guests such as metal cations. Here, quantitative predictions are made for the binding of metal cations to three prototypical surfaces using density functional theory calculations: the buckybowls C20H10, C30H10, and C40H10. The focus was on finding the most favorable binding sites, assessing whether binding is more favorable inside or outside the bowl, and exploring factors influencing the binding site preference. Classes of cations studied included small and large monocations and cations with multiple charges: Na+, Cs+, NH4+, Ba+, Ba2+, and La3+. Factors found to favor inside binding were large ion size and high ion charge, suggesting that polarization interactions as well as short-range interactions are important in determining the preferred binding ...
Study on the status of pollution by Legionella species in hot spring vacation center and the related factors

Objective To study the pollution status of Legionella species in hot spring vacation center and the related factors.Methods Field surveys were performed in four big hot spring vacation centers of Changping district.Uniform questionnaires was used and colony count was made together with the isolation of Legionella species from hot spring water based on mip gene typing.Results 47 isolates of Legionella pneumophila (Lp) from 87 samples showed 4 serotypes as Lp1,Lp6,Lp12,Lp5 with percent of 57.45 %,21.28%,14.89%,6.38% respectively.The hot spring centers controlled the temperature of recycled water between 34-47℃by hot water heating and filtrating system.All the isolates were cultured from the hot water with temperature between 34-44℃:56.75% (21/37) in high temperature (40-47℃) and 61.90 % (26/42) in low temperature (34-39.9℃).There were no statistically significant difference between the high and the low temperature samples (P＞0.05).In the four hot spring vacation centers,the pH value was under control at 6.4-7.3 and the ambient temperature was under control between 26-28℃. The humidity was controlled between 56%-69% relative humidity,which were the best growing conditions for the Legionella species.Disinfectors as chlorine deviratives was used in the four hot spring vacation centers.Though the concentration of chlorine in the water was 0.3-0.5mg/L,14.29%-48.00% of the samples were still positive of having Legionella species.Conclusion The pollution of Legionella species was considered to be quite serious in the four hot spring vacation centers and the predominant serotype was Lp1.The pH and temperature of the hot spring water,ambient temperature and humidity and the way of heating up the water were the best conditions for the growth of Legionella species in these centers.Because of the high temperature of the hot spring water,chlorine of the disinfector volatilized quickly,affecting the effect of disinfection.The result revealed that water temperature achieving 44℃could have had the effect of prevention.
Adolescent interest in human sexuality: the questions kids ask.

AbstractThis study demonstrated a method for obtaining data on developmental changes in adolescents' interest in human sexuality. A content analysis was done on a sample of 874 student-generated questions. The data were broken down by gender and by grade (7th and 8th vs. 10th). Younger students showed more interest in the meaning of slang terms, their reproductive physiology, and intercourse. Older students showed greater interest in contraception and health risks. Males were interested in slang and intercourse while females were more concerned with health risks and communication. These results are discussed as they apply to the developmental process and to the content of sex-education curricula.
Innate immune evasion strategies of DNA and RNA viruses

Upon infection, both DNA and RNA viruses can be sensed by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in the cytoplasm or the nucleus to activate antiviral innate immunity. Sensing of viral products leads to the activation of a signaling cascade that ultimately results in transcriptional activation of type I and III interferons, as well as other antiviral genes that together mediate viral clearance and inhibit viral spread. Therefore, in order for viruses to replicate and spread efficiently, they must inhibit the host signaling pathways that induce the innate antiviral immune response. In this review, we will highlight recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms by which viruses evade PRR detection, intermediate signaling molecule activation, transcription factor activation, and the actions of antiviral proteins.
Effects of Irradiation on Corrosion and Environmentally Assisted Cracking

A growing concern for electric power utilities worldwide has been the degradation of core components in nuclear power reactors, which provide approximately 17 % of the world’s electric power needs. Service failures have occurred in boiling water reactor (BWR) core components and, to a somewhat lesser extent, in pressurized water reactor (PWR) core components consisting of iron- and nickel-base stainless alloys that have achieved a significant neutron fluence in environments that span oxygenated to hydrogenated water at 270–340 °C. Because cracking susceptibility depends on many factors, such as alloy composition and microstructure, stress, radiation, and the environment, the failure mechanism has been termed irradiation-assisted stress corrosion cracking (IASCC).
3D Shear wave imaging: A simulation and experimental study

The wave equation describing shear wave propagation in three-dimensional (3-D) viscoelastic media is solved numerically with a finite differences time domain (FDTD) method. Solutions are simulated in terms of scatterer velocity waves and verified via comparison to 3-D experimentally acquired wave fields in a heterogenous hydrogel phantom. The numerical algorithm is used as a tool to study wave refraction occurring at the surface of heterogeneities and its effect on complex shear modulus estimation. We used an algebraic reconstruction technique for direct inversion of the wave equation to image the shear modulus and study artifacts produced when reconstructing moduli from 2-D and 3-D velocity data. Although 3-D velocity estimates are required in general, there are object geometries where 2-D reconstructions provide accurate estimations of the material properties.
The Influence of Viscosity on the Static and Dynamic Properties of PS-PEO Covered Emulsion Drops

Polymer stabilized emulsions are commonplace in industries ranging from cosmetics and foods to pharmaceuticals. Understanding the physical properties of emulsions is of critical importance to the rapid advancement of industrial applications. In this work, we use a sessile drop geometry to examine the effects of viscosity changes of the surrounding glycerine/water solution on polystyrene-b-polyethylene oxide (PS-PEO) covered toluene droplets. In the experiment, emulsion drops are driven by the buoyant force into a smooth mica surface. The drops buckle as they approach the mica, trapping some of the outer fluid which slowly drains out over time. The characteristic time of the drainage process as well as the surface tension was measured as a function of glycerine/water concentration. The surface tension is found to have a minimum at a glycerine concentration of approximately 50% (by weight to water) and the drainage rate is shown to be well described by a recent model. The simple experiment not only shows how critical features of emulsion stability can be easily and reliably measured, but also identifies important new features of the drainage process.
Adapting Training to Meet the Preferred Learning Styles of Different Generations.

This article considers how training professionals can respond to differences in training preferences between generational groups. It adopts two methods. First, it surveys the existing research and finds generally that preferences for training approaches can differ between groups and specifically that younger employees are perceived to leverage technology more at work. Second, it uses a qualitative grounded theory approach to examine the perspectives of a sample of older and a sample of younger workers in the United States. It finds that both samples perceive a greater comfort level of younger employees in leveraging technology-enabled training and that the older sample were more comfortable with on-the-job and mentorship development efforts than more formal approaches. The implication for practice is that training needs to be more innovative so that, for any particular training intervention, potential trainees have a degree of freedom of choice of learning style. Possible approaches are discussed.
Structural characterization of Porphyromonas gingivalis enoyl‐ACP reductase II (FabK)

Enoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase II (FabK) is a critical rate-limiting enzyme in the bacterial type II fatty-acid synthesis (FAS II) pathway. FAS II pathway enzymes are markedly disparate from their mammalian analogs in the FAS I pathway in both structure and mechanism. Enzymes involved in bacterial fatty-acid synthesis represent viable drug targets for Gram-negative pathogens, and historical precedent exists for targeting them in the treatment of diseases of the oral cavity. The Gram-negative organism Porphyromonas gingivalis represents a key causative agent of the costly and highly prevalent disease known as chronic periodontitis, and exclusively expresses FabK as its enoyl reductase enzyme in the FAS-II pathway. Together, these characteristics distinguish P. gingivalis FabK (PgFabK) as an attractive and novel narrow-spectrum antibacterial target candidate. PgFabK is a flavoenzyme that is dependent on FMN and NADPH as cofactors for the enzymatic reaction, which reduces the enoyl substrate via a ping-pong mechanism. Here, the structure of the PgFabK enzyme as determined using X-ray crystallography is reported to 1.9 A resolution with endogenous FMN fully resolved and the NADPH cofactor partially resolved. PgFabK possesses a TIM-barrel motif, and all flexible loops are visible. The determined structure has allowed insight into the structural basis for the NADPH dependence observed in PgFabK and the role of a monovalent cation that has been observed in previous studies to be stringently required for FabK activity. The PgFabK structure and the insights gleaned from its analysis will facilitate structure-based drug-discovery efforts towards the prevention and treatment of P. gingivalis infection.
Hybrid POI Recommendation System for Tourism

Due to the increase in amount of available information, finding places and planning of the activities to be done during a tour can be strenuous. Tourists are looking for information about a place in which they have not been before, which worsen the selection of places that fit better with user’s preferences. Recommendation systems have been fundamentally applicable in tourism, suggest suitable places, and effectively prune large information from different locations, so tourists are directed toward those places where are matched with their needs and preferences. Several techniques have been studied for point-of-interest (POI) recommendation, including content-based which builds based on user preferences, collaborative filtering which exploits the behavior of other users, and different places, knowledge-based method, and several other techniques. These methods are vulnerable to some limitations and shortcomings related to recommendation environment such as scalability, sparsity, first-rater or gray sheep problems. This paper tries to identify the drawbacks that prevent wide spread use of these methodologies in recommendation. To improve performance of recommendation systems, these methods are combined to form hybrid recommenders. This paper proposes a novel hybrid recommender system which suggests tourism destinations to a user with minimal user interaction. Furthermore, we use sentiment analysis of user’s comments to enhance the efficiency of the proposed system.