cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TH‐C‐AUD‐07: Variations in Scanned Beam Proton Therapy Doses Due to Random Magnetic Beam Steering Errors

Purpose: To study perturbations to delivered dose due to steering uncertainties of magnetically scanned proton beams. Understanding the effect of these perturbations on the delivered dose will help in determination of appropriate treatment structure volume (TS) expansions to ensure adequate coverage. Method and Materials:Monte Carlo simulations were performed using a model of a clinical scanned‐beam treatment nozzle to calculate the delivered dose spots from magnetically scanned proton pencil beams. Using a simple dose calculation program, the simulated dose spots were used to create a treatment plan to deliver a uniform 75 Gy dose to a TS within a water phantom. To determine effects of steering uncertainties, small random magnetic field perturbations (ΔB⩽±0.1%) were added to the steering parameters used to deliver a uniform TS dose. Variations in the dose delivered to the TS and an adjacent critical structure (CS) due to magnetic steering uncertainties were determined. This included determination of dose hot and cold spots in the TS, and changes to the dose volume histogram (DVH) of the TS and CS. Results: The TS volume receiving 95% of the prescribed dose decreased by as much as 7% and the maximum TS dose increased by as much as 13% due to random magnetic steering uncertainties. For the CS, very little change was observed in the DVH with the maximum dose increasing by up to 10%. The maximum possible dose hot and cold spots created by deliberately moving adjacent spots in the TS were calculated to be 187% and 52% of the prescription dose, respectively. Conclusion: For the expected range of ΔB values within the beam‐scanning steering magnets, significant variations in the dose delivered were observed. We conclude that magnetic steering uncertainties should be considered when determining appropriate expansions during treatment planning.
Speakers, addressees, and frames of reference: Whose effort is minimized in conversations about locations?

When speakers describe locations, they must choose among taking their own perspective, their addressee's, a shared frame of reference, and a neutral frame of reference that avoids the issue, among other options. This study examines whether speakers choose spatial perspectives that minimize effort for themselves, for their partners, or for both. It also examines whether perspectives are taken for particular individuals, for the speaker or addressee, or for the person who knows the information to be communicated. Three possible models are proposed for exactly how descriptions in a particular perspective are more difficult when speaker and addressee view a scene from different offsets. In a communication task, speakers described locations on a complex display for addressees who shared their vantage point or were offset by 90° or 180°. In these conversations, both partners either took the perspective of the person who did not know the location or used descriptions that helped them avoid choosing one or the ot...
Low-Temperature Combustion Chemistry of n- Butanol: Principal Oxidation Pathways of Hydroxybutyl Radicals

Reactions of hydroxybutyl radicals with O2 were investigated by a combination of quantum-chemical calculations and experimental measurements of product formation. In pulsed-photolytic Cl-initiated oxidation of n-butanol, the time-resolved and isomer-specific product concentrations were probed using multiplexed tunable synchrotron photoionization mass spectrometry (MPIMS). The interpretation of the experimental data is underpinned by potential energy surfaces for the reactions of O2 with the four hydroxybutyl isomers (1-hydroxybut-1-yl, 1-hydroxybut-2-yl, 4-hydroxybut-2-yl, and 4-hydroxybut-1-yl) calculated at the CBS-QB3 and RQCISD(T)/cc-pV∞Z//B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) levels of theory. The observed product yields display substantial temperature dependence, arising from a competition among three fundamental pathways: (1) stabilization of hydroxybutylperoxy radicals, (2) bimolecular product formation in the hydroxybutyl + O2 reactions, and (3) decomposition of hydroxybutyl radicals. The 1-hydroxybut-1-yl + O2 re...
SULFATED GLYCANS STIMULATE ENDOCYTOSIS OF THE CELLULAR ISOFORM OF THE PRION PROTEIN, PRPC, IN CULTURED CELLS

There is currently no effective therapy for human prion diseases. However, several polyanionic glycans, including pentosan sulfate and dextran sulfate, prolong the incubation time of scrapie in rodents, and inhibit the production of the scrapie isoform of the prion protein (PrPSc), the major component of infectious prions, in cultured neuroblastoma cells. We report here that pentosan sulfate and related compounds rapidly and dramatically reduce the amount of PrPC, the non-infectious precursor of PrPSc, present on the cell surface. This effect results primarily from the ability of these agents to stimulate endocytosis of PrPC, thereby causing a redistribution of the protein from the plasma membrane to the cell interior. Pentosan sulfate also causes a change in the ultrastructural localization of PrPC, such that a portion of the protein molecules are shifted into late endosomes and/or lysosomes. In addition, we demonstrate, using PrP-containing bacterial fusion proteins, that cultured cells express saturable and specific surface binding sites for PrP, many of which are glycosaminoglycan molecules. Our results raise the possibility that sulfated glycans inhibit prion production by altering the cellular localization of PrPC precursor, and they indicate that endogenous proteoglycans are likely to play an important role in the cellular metabolism of both PrPC and PrPSc.
DFT/ECP Study of C−H Activation by (PCP)Ir and (PCP)Ir(H)2 (PCP = η3-1,3-C6H3(CH2PR2)2). Enthalpies and Free Energies of Associative and Dissociative Pathways†

(PCP)Ir(H)2 (PCP = η3-1,3-C6H3(CH2PR2)2) complexes are highly effective catalysts for the dehydrogenation of alkanes; in particular, they are the first efficient molecular catalysts for alkane dehydrogenation that do not require a sacrificial hydrogen acceptor. Using density functional theory/effective core potential methods, we have examined C−H bond cleavage in alkanes and arenes by both (PCP)Ir and (PCP)Ir(H)2. C−H addition to the dihydride is accompanied by loss of H2; both associative and dissociative pathways for this exchange reaction have been examined. The energetic barrier (ΔE⧧) for associative displacement of H2 by benzene is much lower than the barrier for a dissociative pathway involving initial loss of H2; however, the pathways have very comparable free energy barriers (ΔG⧧). Extrapolation to the higher temperatures, bulkier phosphine ligands, and the alkane substrates used experimentally leads to the conclusion that the pathway for the “acceptorless” dehydrogenation of alkanes is dissociati...
P300 Amplitude and Topography in an Autobiographical Oddball Paradigm Involving Simulated Amnesia

Abstract The P300 component of the event-related potential was recorded during two blocks of an autobiographical oddball task. All participants performed honestly during the first block (Phone), i.e., the oddball stimuli were phone numbers. During the second block (Birthday), in which the oddball stimuli were participants' birthdays, a Truth group (N = 13) performed honestly and a Malinger group (N = 14) simulated amnesia. Amnesia simulation significantly reduced P300 amplitudes, both between groups and within the Malinger group (Phone vs. Birthday), possibly because of an increase in task difficulty in the Malinger condition. Analysis of scaled amplitudes also indicated a trend for a feigning-related alteration in P300 topography. Bootstrapping of peak-to-peak amplitudes detected significantly more (93%) Malinger individuals than bootstrapping of baseline-to-peak amplitudes (64%). Bootstrapping also provided evidence of a feigning-related amplitude difference between oddball stimuli (i.e., Phone > Birthd...
societal attachments, offending frequency, and techniques of neutralization

This study investigates the influence of societal attachments and offending frequency on the use of neutralization techniques. To do this, 42 auto thieves were interviewed. Findings indicate that socially attached offenders are more likely to use neutralizations than less attached offenders. In addition, when offenders in the low-attached group did use neutralizations, they did not use the same ones that high-attached offenders used. No difference was found between high and low frequency offenders in their likelihood of using neutralizations. They did differ in the types of neutralizations used, and there is considerable variation in the nature of neutralization techniques. Findings are consistent with Sykes and Matza's (1957) original conception of the theory.
Cascade defect evolution processes: Comparison of atomistic methods

Abstract Determining defect evolution beyond the molecular dynamics (MD) time scale is critical to bridging the gap between atomistic simulations and experiments. The recently developed self-evolving atomistic kinetic Monte Carlo (SEAKMC) method provides new opportunities to simulate long-term defect evolution with MD-like fidelity to the atomistic processes involved. To demonstrate this capability, three examples are presented in which SEAKMC has been used to investigate the evolution of typical radiation-induced defects in bcc iron. Depending on the particular example, SEAKMC results are compared with those obtained using two other on-the-fly KMC techniques, object KMC, and MD. The three examples are: (1) evolution of a vacancy-rich region similar to the core of a displacement cascade, (2) the stability of recently reported interstitial clusters with a structure similar to the C15 Laves phase, and (3) long-term aging of atomic displacement cascade debris. In the various examples, the SEAKMC approach provides better agreement with MD simulations, highlights the importance of the underlying atomistic processes, and provides new information on long-term defect evolution in iron.
“In My Opinion . . .”: Justices’ Opinion Writing in the U.S. Supreme Court, 1946–1997

Objectives. We develop hypotheses to explain the opinion writing by justices on the U.S. Supreme Court from 1946–1997. Methods. We use data from the U.S. Supreme Court Database, Phases I and II, to examine the proportion of cases in which a justice writes an opinion each term as well as the differences between writing majority, dissenting, and concurring opinions. OLS regression with robust standard errors is the estimation procedure. Results. We find that a justice's position as Chief Justice, professional and education background, reputation ranking, and tenure on the Court can explain a justice's opinion writing. At the same time, we discover that particular variables have different affects on writing majority, dissenting, or concurring opinions. Conclusions. This study demonstrates the importance of both structural and personal background variables in explaining judicial behavior. It also shows the importance of analyzing different kinds of judicial opinions when explaining the justices’ opinion writing.
Citrinin mycotoxicosis in the rat. II. Clinicopathological observations.

Abstract Sprague-Dawley rats weighing about 200 g were given either a single ip dose of 50 mg citrinin/kg or the dimethylsulphoxide-50% ethanol vehicle alone in a volume of 5 ml/kg and several clinicopathological parameters were examined. Alterations found during the first 48 hr after administration of citrinin were indicative of nephrosis. Concentrations of glucose and blood were increased in the urine of citrinin-treated rats and the concentrations were greatest 3 hr after treatment. Protein in the urine increased from a mean of less than 2 + in untreated rats to 3 + 48 hr after citrinin treatment (solvent control = 1 +). A decrease in protein concentration in the urine of solvent-control rats was due to diuresis induced by the dimethylsulphoxide-ethanol solvent. The mean hourly excretions of chloride and sodium in the urine of citrinin-treated rats were 1·5-2·0 times those of solvent-control rats, while potassium excretion was only slightly greater (101 compared with 92 mequiv/litre) in the citrinin-treated than in the solvent-control rats. Activities of glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase in the urine of citrinin-treated rats were 15-20 times those of solvent control rats 36 hr after treatment. The blood urea nitrogen increased to 114 mg/100 ml 48 hr after treatment, about five times the normal concentration, Activities of lactic dehydrogenase and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase in the serum were only slightly elevated in citrinin-treated rats. Serum potassium concentration was elevated and serum sodium and chloride concentrations were reduced.
Upper urinary tract inverted papillomas

Inverted papilloma is a rare, benign tumor. Only 33 cases to date have been reported to have occurred in the upper urinary tract. These lesions have a male predominance, are difficult to diagnose, and are associated with urothelial malignancy. Because transitional cell carcinoma can present even 8 years after surgery and in other sites within the urinary system, careful follow-up is essential. This article adds 2 new cases and 1 follow-up of a previously reported case from 1990.
11. Windbreaks: Benefits to orchard and vineyard crops

Abstract Windbreaks provide substantial benefits in the production of orchard and vineyard crops. Year-round protection is critical to the survival and proper development of trees and vines. Tall windbreaks may cause the microclimate within the orchard to become isolated from the atmosphere above the orchard. This decoupling enhances the orchard microclimate, thus improving conditions for pollination and fruit set which in turn result in greater yields. Reductions in windspeed within the orchard reduce the amount of mechanical damage caused by the whipping of leaves, branches, buds, flowers and fruits. This improves fruit quality and results in substantial economic gain. In addition, windbreaks reduce tree deformation and root breakage in young fruit trees. Proper windbreak design and careful selection of windbreak species will increase flexibility in orchard and vineyard management. Reduced windspeed allows for timely application and efficient use of pesticide. Water management is enhanced owing to more efficient water distribution and reduced evaporation. With proper design, windbreaks may also aid in frost management.
First report of occurrence of choroid plexus papilloma and medulloblastoma in the same patient

Choroid plexus papilloma is a benign epithelial brain tumour showing a striking predilection for infants and occurring most frequently in the lateral and fourth ventricles. Medulloblastoma, on the other hand, is a primitive neuroectodermal tumour and is the most frequent malignant brain tumour of the posterior fossa in children. In this study, we report a metachronous occurrence of choroid plexus papilloma and medulloblastoma in the same patient, which has not been reported before to the best of our knowledge. The authors describe the case of a girl who presented with an atypical choroid plexus papilloma on the posterior wall of the left lateral ventricle at 3 months of age that was resected completely. She was followed up regularly after surgery and made good progress with normal development. At 8 years of age, she presented with right cerebellar medulloblastoma. The authors review literature for incidence and aetiology of the two tumours.
Multiuser differential-PSK demodulators for DS/CDMA signals

Second-order multipath channel estimation procedures for direct-sequence code-division-multiple-access communications induce phase ambiguity that necessitates differential phase- shift-keying (DPSK) modulation and detection. The maximum likelihood (ML) single-symbol multiuser DPSK/CDMA detector is derived with direct generalization to multiple-symbol (block) multiuser DPSK/CDMA detection. Exponential complexity requirements limit the use of the ML rule to theoretical lower-bound bit-error-rate benchmarking. Linear filter DPSK demodulators are viewed as a practical alternative. Phase-ambiguous RAKE filtering followed by RAKE-output differential detection is considered. The familiar minimum-variance-distortionless-response (MVDR) PSK/CDMA filter (designed for minimum filter output energy under the constraint of distortionless response in a given RAKE vector direction) adds the valuable feature of active interference suppression; however, minimum disturbance variance at the differential logic output can be claimed formally only in the absence of multipath (no inter-symbol- interference). Short-data-record adaptive alternatives to costly and slow adaptive MVDR implementations are sought in the context of auxiliary-vector filtering. Numerical and simulation studies illustrate the developments.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Your nimble servant — The electron

A summary of the present scientific understanding of electronic theory presented briefly in non-technical language.
Metal and anion content of some inorganic materials via TGA in active atmospheres

Abstract Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) yields valuable information for inorganic chemists and for scientists working with solid-state materials especially when only very small amounts of sample are available. TGA on many inorganic compounds in appropriate atmospheres offers an elegant method for analysis, for example determining metal content, oxygen from oxides and sulfur from sulfides. The purity of single crystals of Fe, Co, and Ni disulfides was determined. Rare earth sesquisulfides were transformed to rare earth oxysulfides. An analytical method is given for the determination of the ratio of Fe0: FeII: FeIII when present as a mixture of iron and iron oxides supported on an inert material. Purity and thermal stability of prospective standards for X-ray fluorescence, atomic absorption and wet chemistry analyses have been checked by TGA.
In situ measurement of transport between subchondral bone and articular cartilage

Subchondral bone and articular cartilage play complementary roles in load bearing of the joints. Although the biomechanical coupling between subchondral bone and articular cartilage is well established, it remains unclear whether direct biochemical communication exists between them. Previously, the calcified cartilage between these two compartments was generally believed to be impermeable to transport of solutes and gases. However, recent studies found that small molecules could penetrate into the calcified cartilage from the subchondral bone. To quantify the real-time solute transport across the calcified cartilage, we developed a novel imaging method based on fluorescence loss induced by photobleaching (FLIP). Diffusivity of sodium fluorescein (376 Da) was quantified to be 0.07 +/- 0.03 and 0.26 +/- 0.22 microm(2)/s between subchondral bone and calcified cartilage and within the calcified cartilage in the murine distal femur, respectively. Electron microscopy revealed that calcified cartilage matrix contained nonmineralized regions (approximately 22% volume fraction) that are either large patches (53 +/- 18 nm) among the mineral deposits or numerous small regions (4.5 +/- 0.8 nm) within the mineral deposits, which may serve as transport pathways. These results suggest that there exists a possible direct signaling between subchondral bone and articular cartilage, and they form a functional unit with both mechanical and biochemical interactions, which may play a role in the maintenance and degeneration of the joint.
Uptake and incorporation of amino acids in minute mutants of Drosophila.

Uptake into blood and incorporation into tissue protein of cystine-35S were assayed in larvae of controls and of five heterozygous Minute mutants of Drosophila melanogaster. The mutants studied were M(2)S-10, M(2)12, M(2)z, M(3)y and M(3)w. In all mutants, the level of cystine in the blood was significantly higher than in controls and differences in concentration between these mutants were evident. All mutants incorporated cystine into protein, although the specific activities obtained were dependent on genotype. The fraction of the cystine in the blood pool which was incorporated into protein was directly correlated with viability and rate of growth. In contrast, the radioactivity of leucine-1-14C, both in blood and in tissue proteins, was not different in M(2)12 and M(3)w heterozygotes as compared to controls, although in M(2)12 the fraction of leucine in the blood pool incorporated into protein was lowered. It was concluded that these mutants possessed a common inability to withdraw cystine (or other sulfur-containing compounds) from the blood into various metabolic pathways. Feeding activity, digestion and absorption of nutrients appeared normal in these mutants.
Estimation of Dynamic Fuel Parameters in Automotive Engines

Many automotive engine models exist for the development of control algorithms. These models should include the important lags and delays which can affect the response of the overall controlled system. One of the most important, and most difficult parts of the engine to estimate is the fuel delivery model, from when the demand for fuel is calculated to intake valve closing. This paper describes procedures for estimating the parameters of a fuel delivery model, and provides experimental results using these techniques
Lithium tetraborate transducers

Lithium tetraborate is a tetragonal material of considerable promise for frequency control and signal processing applications. It exhibits piezoelectric coupling values that fall between those of lithium niobate and quartz, but possesses orientations for which the temperature coefficient of frequency and delay time is zero for bulk and surface acoustic waves. The properties of two doubly rotated bulk wave resonator orientations having first- and second-order temperature coefficients equal to zero are discussed. These are suitable for shear and compressional wave transducers in applications where very low temperature sensitivity is required simultaneously with moderately strong piezocoupling coefficients. >
Inactivation of DDT by soils.

WE have read with interest the recent communication in Nature from H. Maes1. His report of the work of I. Vincke, who has observed a rapid loss of insecticidal power of DDT on the walls of certain African houses in the Belgian Congo, provides further evidence for the sorption of DDT on lateritic soils described by us in 19512. It is also useful to find described a method for preventing this loss of efficiency; but we believe that the connexion between ability of soils to dehydrochlorinate DDT at elevated temperatures and loss of biological effectiveness is misinterpreted by Maes, and that the effect of spraying walls with phosphates is not due to inhibition of decomposition of DDT.
Integration of membrane proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum requires GTP

We have examined the requirement for ribonucleotides and ribonucleotide triphosphate hydrolysis during early events in the membrane integration of two membrane proteins: the G protein of vesicular stomatitis virus and the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein of Newcastle disease virus. Both proteins contain a single transmembrane-spanning segment but are integrated in the membrane with opposite orientations. The G protein has an amino-terminal signal sequence and a stop-transfer sequence located near the carboxy terminus. The HN glycoprotein has a single sequence near the amino terminus that functions as both a signal-sequence and a transmembrane-spanning segment. Membrane insertion was explored using a cell-free system directed by transcribed mRNAs encoding amino-terminal segments of the two proteins. Ribosome-bound nascent polypeptides were assembled, ribonucleotides were removed by gel filtration chromatography, and the ribosomes were incubated with microsomal membranes under conditions of defined ribonucleotide content. Nascent chain insertion into the membrane required the presence of both the signal recognition particle and a functional signal recognition particle receptor. In the absence of ribonucleotides, insertion of nascent membrane proteins was not detected. GTP or nonhydrolyzable GTP analogues promoted efficient insertion, while ATP was comparatively ineffective. Surprisingly, the majority of the HN nascent chain remained ribosome associated after puromycin treatment. Ribosome-associated HN nascent chains remained competent for membrane insertion, while free HN chains were not competent. We conclude that a GTP binding protein performs an essential function during ribosome-dependent insertion of membrane proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum that is unrelated to protein synthesis.
Expression of biologically active and antigenically authentic parainfluenza Type 3 virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein by a recombinant baculovirus

The hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene of human type 3 parainfluenza virus has been inserted into a baculovirus expression vector under the control of the polyhedrin promoter. HN protein produced in insect cells by the recombinant baculovirus appeared to be glycosylated, was transported to the cell surface, and was biologically active. All of the HN epitopes previously mapped functionally to a region(s) involved in neuraminidase and/or hemagglutination activities were conformationally unaltered on the recombinant protein. The HN produced in this system also induced a protective immune response in immunized cotton rats. From these studies we conclude that the HN expressed in insect cells represents a source of authentic HN glycoprotein suitable for structural analysis and immunization.
Optimal treatment of multiple ipsilateral primary breast cancers.

Abstract Introduction The success of breast-conservation therapy (BCT) for patients with multiple ipsilateral invasive breast cancers (MIBC) is sparsely documented. Methods A retrospective review of single-institution experience. Patients with 2 or more invasive cancers separated by normal breast tissue were included; patients with 1 invasive cancer with additional in situ lesions and those receiving neoadjuvant therapy were excluded. Results One hundred forty-nine patients were treated over 19 years. Fifty-eight (39%) patients underwent BCT. Preoperatively, multiple tumors were suspected in more mastectomy patients than BCT patients (75% versus 62%). Most patients had 2 tumors and 1 histology. Fifty-five percent of patients with tumors within 1 quadrant underwent BCT versus 10% of patients with tumors in more than 1 quadrant. One hundred eight patients underwent sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy. Twenty-seven percent (34) were SLN positive. There were no regional recurrences among the SLN-negative patients. Six patients recurred: 1 nodal, 1 local, and 4 distant. The locoregional BCT recurrence rate was 3.4%. Discussion MIBC patients can safely undergo BCT with low recurrence risk. SLNB can be performed with minimal risk of regional recurrence.
DIFFERING RATES OF DEATH AT INNER AND OUTER SURFACES OF THE PROTOPLASM: I. EFFECTS OF FORMALDEHYDE ON NITELLA

When protoplasm dies it becomes completely and irreversibly permeable and this may be used as a criterion of death. On this basis we may say that when 0.2 M formaldehyde plus 0.001 M NaCl is applied to Nitella death arrives sooner at the inner protoplasmic surface than at the outer. If, however, we apply 0.17 M formaldehyde plus 0.01 M KCl death arrives sooner at the outer protoplasmic surface. The difference appears to be due largely to the conditions at the two surfaces. With 0.2 M formaldehyde plus 0.001 M NaCl the inner surface is subject to a greater electrical pressure than the outer and is in contact with a higher concentration of KCl. In the other case these conditions are more nearly equal so that the layer first reached by the reagent is the first to become permeable. The outer protoplasmic surface has the ability to distinguish electrically between K+ and Na+ (potassium effect). Under the influence of formaldehyde this ability is lost. This is chiefly due to a falling off in the partition coefficient of KCl in the outer protoplasmic surface. At about the same time the inner protoplasmic surface becomes completely permeable. But the outer protoplasmic surface retains its ability to distinguish electrically between different concentrations of the same salt, showing that it has not become completely permeable. After the potential has disappeared the turgidity (hydrostatic pressure inside the cell) persists for some time, probably because the outer protoplasmic surface has not become completely permeable.
Counselor Reactions to Work in Prison Settings.

Abstract Based on fieldwork and an employee survey conducted in three California prisons, this paper discusses the work responsibilities of correctional counselors and compares their work adjustment to other prison personnel. Counselors were described as primarily casework services providers and similar to the other uniformed staff included in the study in their reactions to prison work. The divergent group was found to be other mental health providers, psychologists and psychiatrists, who reported lower stress levels, but also Tower work satisfaction and were less positive about co-workers.
The histone acetyltransferases CBP and Chameau integrate developmental and DNA replication programs in Drosophila ovarian follicle cells

DNA replication origin activity changes during development. Chromatin modifications are known to influence the genomic location of origins and the time during S phase that they initiate replication in different cells. However, how chromatin regulates origins in concert with cell differentiation remains poorly understood. Here, we use developmental gene amplification in Drosophila ovarian follicle cells as a model to investigate how chromatin modifiers regulate origins in a developmental context. We find that the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) Chameau (Chm) binds to amplicon origins and is partially required for their function. Depletion of Chm had relatively mild effects on origins during gene amplification and genomic replication compared with previous knockdown of its ortholog HBO1 in human cells, which has severe effects on origin function. We show that another HAT, CBP (Nejire), also binds amplicon origins and is partially required for amplification. Knockdown of Chm and CBP together had a more severe effect on nucleosome acetylation and amplicon origin activity than knockdown of either HAT alone, suggesting that these HATs collaborate in origin regulation. In addition to their local function at the origin, we show that Chm and CBP also globally regulate the developmental transition of follicle cells into the amplification stages of oogenesis. Our results reveal a complexity of origin epigenetic regulation by multiple HATs during development and suggest that chromatin modifiers are a nexus that integrates differentiation and DNA replication programs.
Productivity Measurement in the Presence of “Poorly Priced” Goods

The objective of this paper is to present Hickssian general equilibrium approaches to productivity measurement in the presence of market failure.
A perspective on the significance of maternally mediated developmental toxicity.

Abstract The significance of maternally mediated developmental toxicity has been controversial from both a biological and a regulatory point of view. The open literature has at times been interpreted to mean that a number of the effects seen in fetuses from dams exposed to maternally toxic doses of chemicals were secondary consequences of maternal toxicity rather than direct effects on the conceptus. Recent experimental studies, however, indicate that although certain relatively species-specific manifestations of developmental toxicity may at times be maternally mediated, most are not. On occasion, even severe maternal toxicity can apparently occur without causing readily discernible effects on the embryo/fetus. The most important concern of a regulatory agency with regard to developmental toxicity is the possibility of the causation of significant, irreversible harm to the offspring. In practical terms, the margin of safety for exposure to a developmental toxicant is of much more importance than whether or not the agent's effects are maternally mediated. For protection of the unborn, it is obviously the end result that matters, regardless of the mechanism. Safeguarding the conceptus from specific developmental toxicants (i.e., agents with relatively high A D ratios) requires the use of safety factors based on the developmental toxicity NOEL. Protecting the conceptus against agents with A D ratios near unity could be based on the maternal toxicity NOEL, however, as the true NOEL for developmental toxicity may be near that for the mother, but the adult NOEL is likely to be more readily determinable.
Linear demasking techniques are unreliable for estimating the circadian phase of ambulatory temperature data.

Clinical investigators often use ambulatory temperature monitoring to assess the endogenous phase and amplitude of an individual's circadian pacemaker for diagnostic and research purposes. However, an individual's daily schedule includes changes in levels of activity, in posture, and in sleep-wake state, all of which are known to have masking or evoked effects on core body temperature (CBT) data. To compensate for or to correct these masking effects, many investigators have developed “demasking” techniques to extract the underlying circadian phase and amplitude data. However, the validity of these methods is uncertain. Therefore, the authors tested a variety of analytic methods on two different ambulatory data sets from two different studies in which the endogenous circadian pacemaker was not synchronized to the sleep-wake schedule. In both studies, circadian phase estimates calculated from CBT collected when each subject was ambulatory (i.e., free to perform usual daily activities) were compared to those...
A beamforming algorithm for slow FH spread-spectrum systems

A beamforming algorithm is presented for the uplink of a slow frequency-hopping wireless access point which does not require prior knowledge of direction-of-arrival. The algorithm is motivated by Bluetooth and 802.11 FH networks, in which training sequences are transmitted to establish connections. Using prior knowledge of the training sequence, or post-beamforming data decisions, it is shown that correlation matrices containing interference-only and interference-plus-signal are readily formed. SNR maximization techniques are then employed to jointly suppress interference spatially, and beamform in the direction of the desired signal. Algorithms for joint synchronization and beamforming are also presented, and overall system performance is evaluated via simulation and bit-error rate analysis.
Krüppel -Like Factor 8 is a Stress-Responsive Transcription Factor that Regulates Expression of HuR

Background/Aims: HuR is an RNA-binding protein that regulates the post-transcriptional life of thousands of cellular mRNAs and promotes cell survival. HuR is expressed as two mRNA transcripts that are differentially regulated by cell stress. The goal of this study is to define factors that promote transcription of the longer alternate form. Methods: Effects of transcription factors on HuR expression were determined by inhibition or overexpression of these factors followed by competitive RT-PCR, gel mobility shift, and chromatin immunoprecipitation. Transcription factor expression patterns were identified through competitive RT-PCR and Western analysis. Stress responses were assayed in thapsigargin-treated proximal tubule cells and in ischemic rat kidney. Results: A previously described NF-κB site and a newly identified Sp/KLF factor binding site were shown to be important for transcription of the long HuR mRNA. KLF8, but not Sp1, was shown to bind this site and increase HuR mRNA levels. Cellular stress in cultured or native proximal tubule cells resulted in a rapid decrease of KLF8 levels that paralleled those of the long HuR mRNA variant. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that KLF8 can participate in regulating expression of alternate forms of HuR mRNA along with NF-κB and other factors, depending on cellular contexts.
Cell directional spread determines accuracy, precision, and length of the neuronal population vector.

The neuronal population vector (NPV) for movement direction is the sum of weighted neuronal directional contributions. Based on theoretical considerations, we proposed recently that the sharpness of tuning will impact the directional precision, accuracy, and length of the NPV, such that sharper tuning will yield NPV with higher precision, higher accuracy, and shorter length (Mahan and Georgopoulos in Front Neural Circuits 7:92, 2013). Furthermore, we proposed that controlling the inhibitory drive in a local network could be the mechanism by which the sharpness of directional tuning would be varied, resulting in a continuous specification and control of movement’s directional precision, accuracy, and speed (Mahan and Georgopoulos in Front Neural Circuits 7:92, 2013, Fig. 5). As a first step in testing this idea, here we analyzed data from 899 cells recorded in the motor cortex during performance of a center → out task. There were two major findings. First, directional selectivity varied with cell activity, such that it was higher in cells with lower mean discharge rates. And second, NPVs calculated from subsets of cells with higher directional selectivity (and, correspondingly, lower mean discharge rates) were more accurate (i.e., closer to the movement), precise (i.e., less variable), and shorter (i.e., slower; Schwartz in Science 265:540–542, 1994). These findings confirm our predictions above made from modeling (Mahan and Georgopoulos in Front Neural Circuits 7:92, 2013) and provide a simple mechanism by which desired attributes of the directional motor command can be implemented. We hypothesize that the inhibitory drive in a local network is controlled directly and independently of recurrent collaterals or common excitatory inputs to other cells. This could be achieved by a private excitation/inhibition of key inhibitory interneurons in a way similar to that in operation for Renshaw cells in the spinal cord. The presence of such a private line of inhibitory control remains to be investigated.
Voicing Silence and Imagining Citizenship: Dialogues about Race and Whiteness in a ''Postracial'' Era

Narrating and reflecting on our experiences as organizers and facilitators of campus dialogues about race, we perform the possibilities of silence to speak about, with, and to matters of race and citizenship in the United States today. Starting with our own experiences of silence in the context of dialogue, we open them to readings and responses. This article offers our reading, but ends with the silence of a punctuation—a dash— leaving the space for readers’ responses to contribute to exploration of how pedagogies of silence can work toward social justice.
The Diffusion of Personal Computers among Business School Faculty: A Longitudinal Study of Attitudes, Expectations and Uses:

Perhaps the "hottest" topic in education today is the introduction and development of the personal computer in the classroom. It is apparent that the integration of the computer in the classroom is...
Multiple Myeloma: New Uses for Available Agents, Excitement for the Future

With the availability of a new proteasome inhibitor, carfilzomib, and a new immunomodulatory drug, pomalidomide, the treatment of multiple myeloma has become more effective. The updated NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology for Multiple Myeloma provide new recommendations for use of carfilzomib and pomalidomide. As new classes of drugs such as monoclonal antibodies become available, the treatment landscape will be rendered even brighter.
Dietary Vitamin C and Vitamin E Interact to Influence Growth and Tissue Composition of Juvenile Hybrid Striped Bass (Morone chrysops ♀ × M. saxatilis ♂) but Have Limited Effects on Immune Responses

Juvenile hybrid striped bass (initially 12.0 g) were fed diets containing deficient, adequate or excessive amounts of vitamin C and/or vitamin E in a factorial arrangement to investigate potential nutritional interaction and effects on immune responses. Nine semipurified diets were supplemented with 0, 25 or 2500 mg vitamin C/kg and 0, 30 or 300 mg vitamin E/kg and fed to fish in triplicate aquaria for 10 wk. Weight gain, feed efficiency, mortality and tissue vitamin levels were significantly (P < or = 0.05) affected by dietary vitamin levels. In addition, a significant interaction between vitamin C and vitamin E was observed. At inclusion levels of 25 and 2500 mg/kg, dietary vitamin C improved feed efficiency and protected fish fed vitamin E-deficient diets from growth depression and mortality. At inclusion levels of 30 and 300 mg/kg, vitamin E prevented mortality in fish fed vitamin C-deficient diets; however, 300 mg vitamin E/kg was necessary to prevent growth depression in vitamin C-deficient fish but was unable to improve feed efficiency. Lysozyme, bacterial killing ability, as well as plasma protein and total immunoglobulin levels of fish were not affected by dietary vitamin levels, whereas respiratory burst activity increased with vitamin E supplementation. Thus, interactions between vitamin C and vitamin E were observed in hybrid striped bass. These interactions may be due to the ability of vitamin C to regenerate vitamin E to its functional form but also suggest an ability of vitamin E to spare vitamin C.
Moderate Excitation Leads to Weakening of Perceptual Representations

A fundamental goal of memory research is to specify the conditions that lead to the strengthening and weakening of neural representations. Several computational models of memory formation predict that learning effects should vary as a nonmonotonic function of the amount of excitation received by a neural representation. Specifically, moderate excitation should result in synaptic weakening, while strong excitation should result in synaptic strengthening. In vitro investigations of plasticity in rodents have provided support for this prediction at the level of single synapses. However, it remains unclear whether this principle scales beyond the synapse to cortical representations and manifests changes in behavior. To address this question, we used electroencephalogram pattern classification in human subjects to measure trial-by-trial fluctuations in stimulus processing, and we used a negative priming paradigm to measure learning effects. In keeping with the idea that moderate excitation leads to weakening, moderate levels of stimulus processing were associated with negative priming (slower subsequent responding to the stimulus), but higher and lower levels of stimulus processing were not associated with negative priming. These results suggest that the same principles that account for synaptic weakening in rodents can also account for diminished accessibility of perceptual representations in humans.
High‐Pressure Research in Mineral Physics

Advances in high-pressure science and technology have transformed solid Earth geophysics. In the last decade, high-pressure researchers have reproduced the full range of Earth pressure and temperature conditions in the laboratory, and they have synthesized single crystals of dense silicate phases, unknown at the Earth's surface yet suspected to comprise most of the Earth's volume. These and other extraordinary accomplishments are chronicled in High-Pressure Research in Mineral Physics, an outgrowth of the third U.S.-Japan High-Pressure seminar, held in Kahuku, Hawaii, January, 13–16, 1986. The well produced and reasonably priced volume is dedicated to Syun-iti Akimoto, dean of Japanese high-pressure research, who recently retired from the University of Tokyo. Akimoto's fascinating historical account of pressure research at the Institute for Solid State Physics at the University of Tokyo is the leadoff article.
Cyclic Peptides as Non-carboxyl-terminal Ligands of Syntrophin PDZ Domains*

Syntrophins, a family of intracellular peripheral membrane proteins of the dystrophin-associated protein complex (DAPC), each contain a single PDZ domain. Syntrophin PDZ domains bind C-terminal peptide sequences with the consensus R/K-E-S/T-X-V-COOH, an interaction that mediates association of skeletal muscle sodium channels with the DAPC. Here, we have isolated cyclic peptide ligands for syntrophin PDZ domains from a library of combinatorial peptides displayed at the N terminus of protein III of bacteriophage M13. Affinity selection from a library of X10C peptides yielded ligands with the consensus X-(R/K)-E-T-C-L/M-A-G-X-Psi-C, where Psi represents any hydrophobic amino acid. These peptides contain residues (underlined) similar to the C-terminal consensus sequence for binding to syntrophin PDZ domains and bind to the same site on syntrophin PDZ domains as C-terminal peptides, but do not bind to other closely related PDZ domains. PDZ binding is dependent on the formation of an intramolecular disulfide bond in the peptides, since treatment with dithiothreitol, or substitution of either of the two cysteines with alanines, eliminated this activity. Furthermore, amino acid replacements revealed that most residues in the phage-selected peptides are required for binding. Our results define a new mode of binding to PDZ domains and suggest that proteins containing similar conformationally constrained sequences may be ligands for PDZ domains.
Multidetector Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiography Pitfalls in the Evaluation of Pulmonary Embolism With Emphasis in Technique

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is considered the third most common acute cardiovascular disease after myocardial infarction and stroke.Most preventable deaths associatedwith PE can be attributed to missed diagnosis, rather than therapy failure; thus, accurate and fast diagnosis of PE is important and greatly influences patient outcome. Computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) was first introduced as a diagnostic test for PEwith the arrival of helical CT scanners in the early 1990s. Less than a decade later, with improvements in resolution, acquisition speed, and image quality, multidetector CTPA (MDCTPA) became the most used diagnostic modality in the evaluation of PE. In 2007, the Fleischner Society declared that MDCTPA had fulfilled the conditions to replace conventional pulmonary angiography as the standard of reference for diagnosing acute PE. The recent introduction of dual-source MDCT technology adds functional assessment to the established anatomical evaluation, potentially further enhancing the capability of CTPA to determine the presence and clinical significance of pulmonary thromboembolism. The sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of PE since the era of single-slice helical CTPA has improved from 53%91% and 78%-97%, respectively, to 83%-100% and 89%97%, respectively, with MDCTPA. Several studies on single-slice and early-generation MDCTPA have reported “indeterminate” results ranging from 0.5%-10%, with a mean at approximately 6%. In a more recent study with 40-slice MDCT, 3.2% of 220 consecutive reports were deemed