cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changing the landscape: more institutions pursue online offerings

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the trends in the growth of online learning since 2002 and the change in the opinions and strategies of chief academic officers.Design/methodology/approach – Annual surveys of chief academic officers from 2002‐2006 are summarized.Findings – The paper finds that online courses and programs continue to grow at a rate of 20 percent or more per year and the quality of these courses continues to improve. Online education is part of the long‐term strategy of a majority of chief academic officers. Faculty lag in their acceptance of online courses.Originality/value – This survey provides the first estimates of the number of online learners, online courses, and online programs. This is the first survey on the attitudes of chief academic officers towards online learning.
The total minimum impulse for orbit atmospheric plane change

Abstract In this paper using the atmospheric plane change of the low orbits, a simplified method is proposed in order to determine the total impulse (total velocity requirement). The method is applicable for circular orbits. By total impulse is meant the descent impulse from the initial orbit ΔV1, the compensation impulse ΔV2 (along the atmospheric segment of the trajectory), and the recirculation impulse ΔV3 (to the rotated orbit). To minimize the compensation impulse which is dominant in the total impulse, is to maximize the terminal velocity. In this paper an analytical solution for the maximum terminal velocity is established in two distinct ways. The method can be considered optimal because of the insignificant differences obtained in the total impulse evaluation by comparison to the results supplied by the variational maximum principle, while the computational time is significant reduced.
Cognitive therapy with people with intellectual disabilities: a selective review and critique

The literature on cognitive therapy with people with intellectual disabilities was selectively reviewed, including application to problems such as anger management, depression and offending. The literature on anger management showed the most promise. The literature on depression was weak. Research on offenders was promising, but no controlled trials were found. Much of the literature incorrectly identified behavioral interventions as cognitive interventions. Many interventions, such as anger management, were in fact packages that included many behavioral interventions, such as relaxation and social skills training, alongside cognitive methods, such as cognitive restructuring. Hence, evaluations of anger management packages can not tell us anything about the effectiveness of cognitive therapy, since cognitive therapy is confounded with behavior therapy. Future directions for research include well controlled experimental trials to evaluate the effectiveness of these packages and the contribution of cognitive therapy to treatment outcome. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystal structure at 1.7 A of the bovine papillomavirus-1 E2 DNA-binding domain bound to its DNA target.

The dominant transcriptional regulator of the papiIlomaviruses, E2, binds to its specific DNA target through a previously unobserved dimeric ant i para I lei β-barrel. The DNA is severely but smoothly bent over the barrel by the interaction of successive major grooves with a pair of symmetrically disposed α-helices. The specific interface is an 'interwoven' network of interactions where the identifying base pairs of the target contact more than one amino-acid side chain and the discriminating amino acids interact with more than one base pair.
Venous disease of the central nervous system

Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is characterized by an extreme variability in its clinical presentation and mode of onset. The combination of magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance venography is currently the best method for diagnosis of CVT. It can also be done by computed tomography venography. Catheter angiography is only rarely necessary. Numerous causes have been described, and an extensive work-up is required. The prognosis, although better than previously thought, remains unpredictable, and should be initiated emergently in all cases. It is based on the combination of the treatment of the etiology, symptomatic treatment of seizures and intracranial hypertension, and antithrombotics. Heparin remains the first-line antithrombotic treatment for CVT. Recent studies have confirmed its safety even in patients with hemorrhagic parenchymal lesions. Local thrombolysis or mechanical thrombectomy are indicated in the rare cases of deterioration despite adequate anticoagulation.
Young children's use of spatial categorization as a mnemonic strategy☆

Abstract The interdependence of knowledge and strategic behavior is becoming increasingly well established. The purpose of this research was to determine whether young children could use spatial categorization—a cognitive skill well within the repertoire of even 2-year-olds—as a mnemonic strategy. The results of three studies revealed that young children are capable of spatially organizing objects as a strategy in the service of future retrieval. There were clear developmental trends in the strategic deployment of categorization. Although there was some evidence of the mnemonic use of perceptually defined categories by 2- and 3-year-olds, these children rarely executed the strategy effectively. Four-year-old children were quite successful at exploiting perceptually defined categories to aid retrieval. By five years of age, children were able, in addition, to actively construct physical categories based on an internal representation and use them in the service of memory.
Dislocation structures of monocrystalline copper during corrosion fatigue in 0.1 M perchloric acid

We have studied the dislocation structures of single crystals of copper cycled in 0.1 M perchloric acid and under different polarization potentials. TEM samples were cut from representative specimens both after saturation and after fracture. Although much higher strain localization was observed in the crystals cycled at anodic potentials, the dislocation structures observed were very similar to those of specimens tested at cathodic potentials and in air. For a plastic shear strain amplitude of 2×10−3, regular loop patches and dipolar walls were observed. For a higher strain amplitude of 4×10−3, dipolar walls associated with secondary slip were found in addition to regular primary walls. We believe this structure to be associated with breaking the primary persistent slip bands (PSB's) into truncated groups, of which the truncations were lined up along the traces of the secondary slip plane. Dislocation structures observed after final fracture of the crystals were different from those formed by cycling just into saturation; dipolar walls formed first and cell structures developed later. Thus, we confirmed the transition of dipolar walls into cells, reported by other investigators. Moreover, the transition of loop patches into “rungs” structure, the embryo of the PSB, was also observed in the late stages of life.
Vitamin E status of young women on combined-type oral contraceptives

Differences in vitamin E status between young Caucasian women using oral contraceptives (OCs) for 1 yr or more and control females were obtained with regard to the following parameters: 1) hemolysis, 2) plasma total tocopherols by spectrophotometric analysis, 3) individual tocopherols by a thin-layer gas-liquid chromatographic (TLC-GLC) technique, and 4) dietary intakes of vitamin E, polyunsaturated and saturated lipids, cholesterol and kilocalories. Ten subjects were on Ortho-Novum- or Norinyl-1/50, 8 on Ortho-Novum- or Norinyl-1/80, and 10 had never taken OCs. Analyses of 24-hr recalls and 7-day dietary records revealed no significant differences among groups for intakes of nutrients listed above. No significant differences among groups were observed from hemolytic values. Plasma total tocopherol concentrations measured by spectrophotometric and TLC-GLC techniques revealed that OC-1/80 subjects had significantly lower values than controls. Marginally inadequate vitamin E status as assessed by the various techniques was observed in approximately one subject in the control and OC-1/50 groups and in 2 of the OC-1/80 women. Large individual variations in vitamin E status were observed for subjects in all groups on similar estimated vitamin E intakes. TLC-GLC measurements of total tocopherols in plasma seemed to be perhaps a more sensitive indicator of vitamin E status of subjects than spectrophotometric analysis of tocopherols.
Chlorine promoters in selective ethylene epoxidation over Ag(111): A comparison with Ag(110)

Chlorine promoters are added in the silver-catalyzed oxidation of ethylene (C2H4 + 12 O2 → C2H4O) in order to improve the selectivity for ethylene epoxide production. We have recently (Campbell, C. T., and Paffett, M. T., Appl. Surf. Sci. 19, 28, 1984; Campbell, C. T., and Koel, B. E., J. Catal. 92, 272, 1985) modeled the role of chlorine promoters in this reaction by depositing chlorine adatoms onto the Ag(110) surface in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) and monitoring the resultant effects on the medium-pressure (~1 atm) kinetics of the epoxidation reaction. This was accomplished with an apparatus that allowed rapid (<20 s) transfer of the model catalyst between the UHV chamber for surface analysis (XPS, AES, LEED, AES) and a high-pressure microreactor for kinetics. That work led to a detailed picture of the role of chlorine promoters in this reaction. This present study is an extension of that work to include the Ag(111) surface, which behaves much differently than Ag(110) in dissociative oxygen adsorption [(a) Campbell, C. T., Surf. Sci. 157, 43, 1985; (b) Campbell, C. T., submitted for publication but nevertheless displays very similar catalytic behavior for this reaction (Campbell, C. T., J. Catal. 94, 436, 1985). The results indicate that the effects of chlorine addition are very similar on Ag(111) and (110). They can be explained with the same reaction mechanism involving adsorbed oxygen and ethylene. The steady-state atomic oxygen coverage (under catalytic reaction conditions) goes through a large maximum with chlorine coverage on Ag(111), not seen with Ag(110). This is due to the very low reactivity of atomic oxygen on Ag(111) in the presence of chlorine. Evidence is presented that suggests that the standard method of measuring the Ag surface area of supported catalysts via oxygen chemisorption is very unreliable.
Development of pathogenic concepts in glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: the challenge.

Summary: The purpose of this review is to set the stage for discussions that follow about the biochemical and molecular bases of glutaric acidaemia type I, and about the pathogenesis of the characteristic acute striatal necrosis that often occurs during the first years of life.
Microbial community composition and function across an arctic tundra landscape.

Arctic landscapes are characterized by a diversity of ecosystems, which differ in plant species composition, litter biochemistry, and biogeochemical cycling rates. Tundra ecosystems differing in plant composition should contain compositionally and functionally distinct microbial communities that differentially transform dissolved organic matter as it moves downslope from dry, upland to wet, lowland tundra. To test this idea, we studied soil microbial communities in upland tussock, stream-side birch-willow, and lakeside wet sedge tundra in arctic Alaska, USA. These are a series of ecosystems that differ in topographic position, plant composition, and soil drainage. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analyses, coupled with compound-specific 13 C isotope tracing, were used to quantify microbial community composition and function; we also assayed the activity of extracellular enzymes involved in cellulose, chitin, and lignin degradation. Surface soil from each tundra ecosystem was labeled with 13 C- cellobiose, 13 C-N-acetylglucosamine, or 13 C-vanillin. After a five-day incubation, we followed the movement of 13 C into bacterial and fungal PLFAs, microbial respiration, dissolved organic carbon, and soil organic matter. Microbial community composition and function were distinct among tundra ecosystems, with tussock tundra containing a significantly greater abundance and activity of soil fungi. Although the majority of 13 C-labeled substrates rapidly moved into soil organic matter in all tundra soils (i.e., 50-90% of applied 13 C), microbial respiration of labeled substrates in wet sedge tundra soil was lower than in tussock and birch-willow tundra; ; 8% of 13 C-cellobiose and ;5% of 13 C-vanillin was respired in wet sedge soil vs. 26-38% of 13 C- cellobiose and 18-21% of 13 C-vanillin in the other tundra ecosystems. Despite these differences,
Children of "the Troubles" in Northern Ireland: Perspectives and Intervention:

The chronology of investigations focusing on the effects of "the Troubles" on the children of Northern Ireland is presented. Studies by Belfast psychiatrists, visitors from the United States, and Scottish and English psychologists dominated the first decade of the 25-year-old conflict and were marked by a distinctly pessimistic appraisal of the impact of the troubled situation on the children. Developmental psychologists from within Northern Ireland have been very active studying the children of their own country for the second decade of the crisis. The view from the "inside" is more complicated and, in some ways, more optimistic than the view from the "outside". In addition, results are reported from preliminary investigations involving children participating in a widely practised intervention scheme developed to ameliorate the detrimental effects of the troubled situation. The intervention programme may foster improvement in an individual child's self-perception but not necessarily in that child's perce...
You say genomics and i say genetics

Many articles in academic and lay publications have predicted that massively parallel whole genome sequencing (NGS) will quickly replace all molecular testing modalities currently in place. These pundits ignore some of the major obstacles that will be necessary to overcome before NGS becomes a routine part of molecular testing. These include issues of accuracy (sensitivity and speci-ficity), pseudogenes, variants of unknown clinical significance, post-translational modifications, informatics, repeat expansion diseases, gene conversions, cost, through-put, sequence assembly, platform stability, reimbursement, reporting, consenting, and regulatory (USA). Subsequently I will review the current offerings of exome sequencing and more limited gene panels performed by advanced sequencing currently that are offered in US laboratories and reagent manufacturers for heritable conditions and cancer. This presentation will examine each of these issues in detail to provide the attendee with knowledge that will aid him or her in evaluating potential opportunities in this field.
Plasmapheresis--the Indiana connection.

Abstract 1. 1. It is shown that quantities of blood plasma may be withdrawn from an animal without apparent injury that exceed several times the maximum quantity of blood that can be safely drawn by the usual method of venesection provided that the corpuscular elements of the blood suspended in Locke's solution (0.6 per cent NaCl) be returned to the vascular system after each bleeding. 2. 2.Their pocedure, which we have ventured to call plasmaphaeresis (from aaiϱϵσiζa withdrawal) has been applied by us in a number of preliminary experiments on dogs for the relief of the symptoms consequent on bilateral nephrectomy. The improvement in the clinical condition of the animals treated was marked, and in all but one case of accidental overbleeding they lived distinctly longer than the control animals. It appears probable from this preliminary work that a considerably greater prolongation of life by this method will be attained in future experiments, when the limits of the procedure and the details of the most advantageous technique have been developed.
Using data mining to detect crop insurance fraud: is there a role for social scientists?

Defines data mining as the extraction of potentially useful information from large databases. Shows how data mining can be applied to detecting anomalous behaviour in American agriculture and thus support the Risk Protection Agency in its compliance mission to detect fraud in crop insurance, using corn as the crop studied and percentage of acres harvested as the key indicator for “proof of concept”. Indicates potential areas of improvement, such as the development of a single data warehouse, and the role of social scientists with knowledge of data analysis and agricultural management. Concludes that data mining could be more effective than the current technique of random selection for investigation of individual entities.
Fine structure of cultured epithelial cells derived from voided urine of normal adults

Cultures of epithelial cells can be initiated with the sediment of voided urine of normal adults. Tightly or loosely packed colonies were formed by cells of diverse morphologic configuration. Ultrastructural studies revealed that the proliferating cells formed abundant desmosomes, imperfectly formed tight junctions and lamina densa, all typical of epithelial cells. Some cells were lined by the characteristic asymmetric unit membrane, thus confirming the urothelial derivation of the cultures. Peculiar, apparently hitherto not described multivesicular bodies, seemingly of cytoplasmic origin, were observed near the surfaces of some cells. The urinary cell culture system is a potentially useful tool for diagnostic and research purposes.
A double-blinded comparative study of sultamicillin and potassium penicillin V in the treatment of childhood streptococcal pharyngitis*

Fifty-two children with positive pharyngeal cultures for group A streptococci were randomized to receive phenoxymethyl penicillin or sultamicillin, an ester of ampicillin and sulbactam. By serological and bacteriological criteria, sultamicillin was effective in 100% of the 20 evaluable cases of infection and carriage while penicillin was effective in six out of eight (75%) and three out of eight (93%) respectively. Of the eight children with infections treated with sultamicillin, three (37.5%) became recolonized with the organism compared to none of the children in the penicillin group. These differences were not statistically significant.
Cardiovascular and metabolic responses to thyroid hormones in animals after sympathectomy or treatment with nerve growth factor.

Abstract The cardiovascular and metabolic effects of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) were examined in rats and mice with decreased or permanently enhanced adrenergic innervations to the heart. 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and the antiserum to the nerve growth factor (AS) were administered to damage sympathetic fibers; the density of the cardiac adrenergic plexus was increased through the use of the nerve growth factor (NGF). Some animals were additionally adrenal demedullated or treated with N,N-diisopropyl- N′-isoamyl-N′-diethylaminoethylurea (P-286) to reduce circulating catecholamine levels. The results of these experiments showed that the rise in heart phosphorylase a activity produced by thyroid hormones was absent after adrenal demedullation and significantly inhibited after chemical sympathectomy with 6-OHDA. Interference with adrenal medullary function by P-286 in combination with chemical or immunological sympathectomy similarly prevented the hormone-induced activation of myocardial phosphorylase a. While an increase in the density of the peripheral sympathetic fibres to the heart accentuated the tachycardia characteristic of hyperthyroidism, the high metabolic rate which accompanies thyrotoxicosis was unaltered either by proliferation of adrenergic fibres or sympathectomy.
A comprehensive framework for service quality: an investigation of critical conceptual and measurement issues through a longitudinal study

Abstract This study finds that factors relevant to service quality are better conceived as its antecedents rather than its components and that customer satisfaction strongly mediates the effect of service quality on behavioral intentions. The article discusses the application of this chronological framework in understanding and predicting service quality and its consequences. The study also finds that perceptions and measured disconfirmation offer several advantages over computed disconfirmation (i.e., difference scores), and that a cross-sectional measurement design for service quality is preferred to a longitudinal design. The article discusses the implications of these findings for practitioners and for future research on service quality.
Design of multispan composite plates to maximize the fundamental natural frequency

With laminated composite materials, it is possible to tailor the lay-up for each application. In this study, rectangular plates with arbitrary support conditions along the edges and any number of internal line supports are considered. The natural frequencies are determined using the Rayleigh-Ritz method with polynomial approximation functions. The constitutive equations are written in terms of non-dimensional lamination parameters and only four parameters are needed to describe all symmetric lay-ups. For symmetric lay-ups the effect of the bending-twisting coupling terms is shown to become negligible for laminates with more than six plies. For laminates with many plies, only two lamination parameters are then necessary. This formulation is used to determine the lamination schemes that maximize the first natural frequency of the plate, and results are presented for several cases. For all the cases considered here, the optimal lay-up was a symmetric angle-ply laminate, and the effect of the material properties on the optimal design was found to be minimal for the commonly available material systems. Therefore, the results presented here for graphite/epoxy, glass/epoxy and boron/epoxy are expected to be applicable when other material systems are used.
Fertility and the need for family planning among the rural poor in the United States

Effective and accessible family planning services for rural people c an contribute toward the alleviation and prevention of poverty. The incidence of rural poverty and fertility are explored. Income housing and unemployment as effective indicators of poverty are discussed and the connection between fertility and migration presented. Along with an expressed desire among rural poor for family planning there is a need for subsidized services. Approximately 5.3 million women are in need of subsidized family planning. There are perhaps even more if all persons at risk are considered. The ratio of benefits to cost however would be about 26:1. Current federal programs and expenditures are summarized. There is a great need for a national population policy which would be coordinated with poverty employment housing agriculture and transportation; which would encompass all major aspects of population--fertility mortality migration growth compostion and distribution; which would encompass both public and private sectors; and which would be administered by a top-level commission of advisors.
Identifying neonates at a very high risk for mortality among children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia managed with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify mortality risk factors in children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and generate a prediction score for those at a very high risk for mortality. Methods Data on first ECMO runs of all neonates with CDH, between January 1997 and June 2007, were obtained from the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization registry (N = 2678). The data were split into “training data (TD)” (n = 2006) and “validation data” (n = 672). The primary outcome analyzed was in-hospital mortality. Modified Poisson regression was used for analyses. Results Overall in-hospital mortality among 2678 neonates (males, 57%; median age at ECMO, 1 day) was 52%. The univariate and multivariable analyses were performed using TD. An empirically weighted mortality prediction score was generated with possible scores ranging from 0 to 35 points. Of 69 who scored 14 or higher in the TD, 62 died (positive predictive value [PPV], 90%), of 37 with 15 or higher, 35 died (PPV, 95%), of 23 with 16 or higher, 22 died (PPV, 96%). A cut-off point of 15 was chosen and was tested using the separate validation dataset. In validation data, the cut-off point 15 had a PPV of 96% (23 died of 24). Conclusion Scoring 15 or higher on the prediction score identifies neonates with CDH at a very high risk for mortality among those managed with ECMO and could be used in surgical decision making and counseling.
Angiotensin receptor blockers: how important is selectivity?

Abstract During the last decade, angiotensin-receptor blockers have established themselves as effective antihypertensive agents with impressive safety profile and placebo-like tolerability. Additionally, these compounds provide benefits beyond the reduction in blood pressure, in conditions such as heart failure and in patients with type 2 diabetes and renal insufficiency. It is tempting to group all angiotensin-receptor blockers together as a class, but a closer look reveals differences, for example, in chemical structure, metabolism, dissociation rates, and receptor affinities. Recent findings on the respective roles of the angiotensin receptors AT 1 and AT 2 have raised the possibility that the degree of selectivity for AT 1 over AT 2 might affect the performance of the drug. This review attempts to put the concept of selectivity in context and to assess the potential benefits in different organs, with focus on the kidney, endothelium and the heart.
Physical therapy continuing education part II: Motivating factors

AbstractMotivation is the causal factor, the mediator, and the consequence of learning. This study reports on the motivational orientations of physical therapists in Georgia for obtaining continuing education. Therapists had a Knowledge Goal Orientation for interest in seeking programs. Meeting cont
Improving on-line assessment: an investigation of existing marking methodologies

We are in the process of developing an on-line marking system for use in our large-scale CS1 and CS2 courses. To better accommodate the needs of our numerous raters, we investigated their current methodologies in marking students' work; this paper presents our findings from recording "think out loud" marking sessions and surveys. A prototype for an on-line assessment software tool is described; this tool allows markers to view students' work at various degrees of detail ranging from complete, low-level to "meta-level." We believe such a system is beneficial for improving the marking process in large-scale and distance classes.
Influence of age and season on whole-body lipid content of Plathypena scabra (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Daily and seasonal changes in concentrations of whole-body lipids were examined in adult green cloverworms, Plathypena scabra (F.), to determine if seasonal trends were present. Laboratory-reared moths had a greater percentage of whole-body lipids overall compared with field-reared 5-d-old adults. Laboratory-reared males contained a significantly higher percentage of whole-body lipids than laboratory-reared females. Field-reared male adults contained a greater percentage of whole-body lipids during March, September, October, and November than those adult males reared in July and August. This may indicate a preparation for diapause or migration. Field-reared females showed no temporal differences in whole-body lipids. Inability to detect differences in females may be related to reproductive status.
The biodistribution of radiolabeled antilymphocyte monoclonal antibody in the rat

The biodistribution of radiolabeled mouse anti-pan T monoclonal antibody (W313) against rat lymphocytes was examined in normal rats. Monoclonal antibody to human prostate-associated antigens (PAA) served as a control. In vitro studies demonstrated a 38% maximum binding of radiolabeled W313 to lymphocytes, which was significant (P < 0.001) when compared with the control (PAA) value of 3.4%. In vivo, intravenously administered 111In labeled W313 and 131I labeled W313 exhibited similar tissue distribution patterns. The localization of W313 in lymphoid tissue was significantly greater than that achieved with PAA. W313, however, did not demonstrate significant localization in the intact thymus and accumulated to a higher degree (6–10% ID/g) than expected in bone marrow at 24 h. These findings suggest that radiolabeled anti-lymphocyte monoclonal antibodies may not be well suited for the treatment of lymphoreticular neoplasms and allograft rejection in patients.
Electron microscopy study of the AuGe/Ni/Au contacts on GaAs and GaAlAs

Abstract The structure of ohmic contacts AuGe/Ni/Au and their interfaces with GaAs and GaAlAs were investigated using electron microscopy techniques combined with analytical methods. The semiconductor interface in alloyed contacts was very rough, and the number of triangular protrusions increased with Al content of the GaAs. The calculations of the contact resistance according to Braslau model are presented. It is suggested that dislocations on the interfaces can contribute to low contact resistance.
Cardiotonic steroids I: Importance of 14β‐hydroxy group in digitoxigenin

Analogs of digitoxigenin and its 3-acetate, in which the stereochemistry and nature of the substituent at the 14-position are varied, were synthesized and assayed for inhibition of myocardial Na+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase. Among the 3-acetates, the 14β-H and 14α-H analogs were less active than 3-acetoxy-digitoxigenin by a factor of 1000, with the 14β-chloro analog slightly more active than the others. The corresponding 14β, 15β-epoxide was 0.03 as active as 3-acetoxydigitoxigenin, but the isomeric 14α, 15α-epoxide was virtually inactive. In the 3-OH series, digitoxigenin was significantly more active than any analog. The 14β-H analog was 10-fold more active than the 14α-H analog. These results suggest the desirability of cis-C,D-ring fusion and a highly selective function for the 14β-OH group of digitoxigenin, possibly based upon its ability to receive a hydrogen in hydrogen bonding. Syntheses of the 14β-H, 14α-H, and 14β-Cl analogs were accomplished by converting the known 15-ketones to ethylene thioketals and desulfurizing with Raney nickel. Attempts to prepare a 14β-NH2 analog were unsuccessful.
REACTIONS OF TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES WITH FULLERENES (C60, C70, ETC.) AND RELATED MATERIALS

A. Lanthanum, Yttrium, and Scandium 2126 B. Hafnium, Zirconium, and Titanium 2126 C. Tantalum, Niobium, and Vanadium 2127 D. Tungsten, Molybdenum, and Chromium 2127 E. Rhenium, Technetium, and Manganese 2128 F. Osmium, Ruthenium, and Iron 2128 1. Osmylation 2128 2. Reactions with Zerovalent Compounds 2131 3. Other Addition Reactions 2133 4. Redox Reactions 2134 5. Cocrystallizations 2134 G. Iridium, Rhodium, and Cobalt 2135 1. Adduct Formation with Vaska-Type Complexes, Ir(CO)Cl(PR3)2 2135
The changing character of criminality and policing in post-socialist Lithuania: From fighting organized crime to policing marginal populations?

This paper argues that the character ofcriminality in post-socialist Lithuania isundergoing a significant change. Up untilthe mid 1990s criminality was defined bythe conflict between the state and criminalgroups who challenged the state's authorityin the re-distribution of state property.Criminal groups used violence to challengethe state's rules and regulations regardingthe process and outcomes of privatization. The state responded by legal andinstitutional reforms leading tomilitarization and centralization of thepolice force.Successful legal and police reformsinitiated during the early 1990s led to adramatic decline in organized crimeactivities. Crime rates also began tostabilize because of the improvingsocio-economic situation in the country. As a result, by the mid 1990s the characterof criminality began to change. There aresigns that it is increasingly associatedwith the growing social and economicmarginalization of those segments of thepopulation, which did not (or could not)adapt to the introduction of competitivemarkets. The situation was aggravated by arapid decline of employment within theLithuanian economy and significantcurtailment of social welfare provided bythe state. A growing number ofindividuals, especially males with poorskills and education whose employmentopportunities were severely restricted withthe decline in manufacturing industries,were dropping out from the labor force evenin the presence of jobs; were not marrying;and were increasingly plagued by a varietyof social pathologies and health problemsincluding crime, alcoholism, drug abuse,and depression. New forms of entrenchedpoverty unknown during the socialist erasuch as vagabonds and homelessness,including homeless children, has nowdeveloped and is associated with itsapparently inevitable concomitant increasedpetty criminality.
Characterization of mesoporous alumina molecular sieves synthesized by nonionic templating

Mesoporous aluminas were produced by nonionic supramolecular templating and characterized to determine the stability of their physical structure during extended calcination at elevated temperatures. The effect of synthesis temperature on the physical structure of these materials and the resulting thermal evolution from synthesized aluminum hydroxide to transitional alumina was studied using thermogravimetric analysis. A high resolution multiple quantum magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy method was used to determine quantitatively the evolution of the aluminum coordination during the thermal processing. The mesoporous alumina exhibited high stability upon prolonged heating, which is essential for their future applications in catalytic chemistry.
Concurrent human and canine histoplasmosis from cutting decayed wood.

Excerpt Few types of pneumonia infect humans and their pets at the same time. Blastomycosis may occur in hunters and their dogs when both are exposed to an infective site (1, 2). Focal infiltrates ...
Statistical Tests for Signals in Categorial Temporal Data

This paper describes methods for using categorical temporal data to detect differences in behavior between a treated group and a control group. The first-level output from the data is typically a set of many different correlated test statistics comparing the two groups. In previous work, a decision was made by counting the number of significant individual tests and calibrating with bootstrap simulation. This article goes further, suggesting two possible alternative statistics: the sum of the squared individual test statistics and a Wald-like combination of the individual test statistics. All three overall comparison statistics are defined and a method for computing critical values from simulated distributions using a bootstrap method is given. The use of all three methods is then demonstrated on each of three data sets. Finally, a simulated power study reveals that the Wald-like statistic is much better than the other two, leading to the suggestion of its use in place of the other two statistics.
Composition of Optimal Service Workflows with Quality-of-Service Enabled Multi-Criteria Uniform Cost Search Algorithm

This paper proposes a search-based method to partly automate the workflow composition, including the planning and execution stages, with web services in a service-oriented architecture. The proposed methodology models the workflow composition problem as a directed and weighted graph, henceforth called the service-oriented architecture graph, where vertices are associated with the degree of completion of the overall task at hand and edges represent service executions. Edge weights are formulated based on the quality of services as defined by the user. A uniform cost search algorithm is adapted and applied to identify the optimal path based on user input, which constitutes an ordered sequence of service executions, from a given initial state to a user-defined goal state. The proposed approach for service oriented workflow composition was applied to an information-technology domain problem to demonstrate its utility through a simulation study. Simulation results indicated that the proposed methodology is feasible and optimal solutions can be computed within reasonable computational cost bounds.
Reliability and validity of destination-specific barriers to walking and cycling for youth.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the psychometric properties of a new measure of barriers youth encounter while walking to specific destinations and to validate the measure with self-reported walking to these destinations. METHODS: In 2005 in Boston, Cincinnati and San Diego, parents of youth (n=289, aged 5-18) and adolescents (n=189, aged 12-18) completed surveys in a two-week test-retest study design. Seventeen items assessed participant agreement with the influence of different barriers to walking or cycling to three types of destinations: 1) parks, 2) shops and restaurants and 3) school. Participants also reported whether or not they walked or cycled to the destinations at least once a week. RESULTS: Principal components analysis identified three barrier subscales labeled 'environmental', 'psychosocial/planning', and 'safety', which were consistent across the three destinations and two respondent groups. Internal consistency for the subscales was good (alphas> .70) and two-week test-retest reliability was moderately high (ICCs .56-.81) for both parents and adolescents for all destinations. Psychosocial and environmental barriers were higher in adolescents who did not walk (p< .003). Parents of younger children reported high environmental barriers. CONCLUSION: The three barrier subscales to active commuting to multiple destinations demonstrated good reliability and some initial evidence of validity. Language: en
Influence of Age, Sex, and Production Class on Liver Zinc Concentration in Calves

Determination of zinc concentrations in the liver of calves and young stock is commonly requested by practitioners and nutritionists to assess whether they receive an appropriate amount of zinc in their diet. However, interpretation of liver zinc concentrations is currently based on information reported for adult cattle for which the health status was unknown and irrespective of production class, sex, and age. A retrospective study of necropsy reports was undertaken to assess the relationships between liver zinc concentrations and age, sex, and production class for calves that did not have a history compatible with zinc toxicosis or zinc deficiency. Results of a generalized least squares, polynomial regression analysis of 474 records found that zinc concentration was not affected by sex (P = 0.29) or production class (P = 0.50). Zinc concentration was significantly associated with linear (P < 0.00001) and nonlinear (quadratic, P = 0.0039) functions of age (r2 = 0.1503), where the concentration decreased from 93 mg/kg wet weight at 30 days of age to 57 mg/kg wet weight at 9 months of age, after which it began to increase. The age-specific 95% confidence limits of the mean concentration for a group of calves and the 95% prediction limits of a single concentration value for an individual animal estimated in this study suggest reconsideration of the recommended limits for liver zinc concentration in calves. As a consequence of the significant influence of age on liver zinc concentration of calves presumably not experiencing zinc toxicosis or deficiency, diagnosis of zinc imbalances based on liver zinc concentration needs to consider age as a diagnostic covariate.
TECHNIQUE FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF NITROUS OXIDE/OXYGEN SEDATION TO ENSURE PSYCHOTROPIC ANALGESIC NITROUS OXIDE (PAN) EFFECTS

This past year the 160th anniversary of the discovery of nitrous oxide as an analgesic/psychotropic anesthetic by an American dentist, Horace Wells, was celebrated in Hartford, Connecticut, USA. This useful gas has been in continuous use longer than any other anesthetic agent and has withstood the test of time. Applications in clinical practice over a variety of health disciplines are presented. This article provides technique guidelines for the administration of nitrous oxide/oxygen sedation to maximize and to customize individual gas dosages for optimal psychotropic and analgesic efficacy. Titration will be discussed with the intent for this manuscript to enable the proper concepts for nitrous oxide/oxygen administration and to customize individual gas dosages to achieve optimal doses of nitrous oxide consistent with psychotropic analgesic nitrous oxide (PAN).
Chapter 7 a-Si: H FET-Addressed LCD Panel

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the application of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) field-effect transistors( FETs) to a liquid crystal display (LCD). There is an introductory review of the principles involved in changing the orientation of light-polarizing liquid crystals, leading to the possibility for high-contrast imaging using either transmitted or scattered light. Hence, the driving bias must be periodically reversed. Thus, a symmetrical back-to-back pair of Schottky diodes could be used to switch liquid crystals allowing several hundred lines of 1-mm-square pixels to be addressed. If a high-mobility semiconductor were used, electrical considerations would require that the drivers be made at the limits of lithographic resolution. In contrast, the low-mobility a-Si:H is ideally suited for making large FETs having a high OFF-resistance. A-Si:H has the advantage of low-temperature processing so that it can be deposited onto inexpensive soda-lime glass that serves as a transparent substrate. An experimental structure is described that uses a square FET in which the gate surrounds a square drain electrode.
Immune responses to hapten-modified self and their regulation in normal individuals and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

Purified T cells from normal subjects and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were studied for their abilities to respond to hapten modified self antigens and to antigens on autologous non T cells. Primary and secondary proliferative T cell responses to trinitrophenyl modified (TNP) non T cells were markedly impaired in patients with active SLE as compared with normal subjects or patients with inactive SLE. In contrast, patients with active SLE had significantly stronger cytotoxic activity against TNP modified autologous non T cells. Patients with active SLE had impaired proliferative responses to nonmodified autologous non T cells (auto-MLR). A significant negative correlation was observed between the degree of the auto-MLR and the degree of cytotoxic ability against TNP modified autologous cells in patients with SLE. This observation suggests that cells capable of proliferating in the auto-MLR might regulate the generation of cytotoxic T cell responses against modified self. We then analyzed the ability of anti T cell antibodies from patients with active SLE to preferentially interfere with this naturally occurring suppressor T cell function.
Language Revitalization and New TECHNOLOGIES: Cultures of Electronic Mediation and the Refiguring of Communities

▪ Abstract Recently, language activists and linguists have begun using new technologies in projects aimed at revitalizing the practice of lesser-used languages. This review explores related work, emphasizing how practices of electronic mediation enabled by such technologies both shape and are informed by linguistic ideologies, which in turn crucially influence the possible revived use or abandonment of linguistic varieties. New technologies are treated as part of cultures of electronic mediation, connecting sociocultural valuations to mediated discourse. Their use often has important political implications, given that projects of language revitalization are often linked to claims of ethnolinguistic recognition. Finally, because documentation of lesser-used languages using digital technologies also results in the production of new cultural objects to be stored, displayed, and circulated, attention is also focused on the forms of sociality sustained by the creation and exchange of such electronic artifacts.
Developmental Neurotoxicity Evaluation of the Avermectin Pesticide, Emamectin Benzoate, in Sprague–Dawley Rats

The potential of emamectin benzoate (EB) to cause developmental neurotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats was assessed using a study design by the US EPA. Dosages of 0 (deionized water), 0.1, 0.6, or 3.6 mg/kg/day were administered at 5 ml/kg by oral gavage from gestational day (GD) 6 to lactational day (LD) 20 to groups of 25 mated females each. Between GD 17 and 20 the high dose was reduced to 2.5 mg/kg/day because of pup tremors observed at this dose level in a concurrent two-generation study. Females were allowed to deliver and the young were evaluated for survival, growth, development, behavior, and histological changes to brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerve, and skeletal muscle. Behavioral assessment of the offspring consisted of open field motor activity, auditory startle habituation, and passive avoidance tests; each was conducted on weanling and adult animals (one animal/sex/litter). Histopathological examination of the CNS and PNS was conducted on one animal/sex/litter on postnatal days (PND) 11 and 60. There were significant increases in average F0 maternal body weight gains during gestation in the 0.6 and 3.6/2.5 mg/kg/day groups, but no other effects were observed in pregnant females of these or the low-dose groups during the study. Beginning on PND 6, tremors were observed in high-dose pups, and this was followed by hindlimb splay in all high-dose pups by PND 15-26. Both of these physical signs disappeared by PND 34 (i.e., 10-11 days after weaning). There were no compound-related deaths in F1 offspring. Beginning on PND 11, progressive decreases in preweaning average weights were observed in the high-dose group (to 42% below control in females on PND 21). Average weight gain during the postweaning period was significantly decreased in the 3.6/2.5 mg/kg/day group. There were EB-related effects in behavioral tests only in the high-dose group. A significant increase in PND 13 average horizontal motor activity was due to stereotypical movements. Average horizontal activity was decreased on PND 17 and in adult females, but there was no effects on PND 21. Average peak auditory startle response amplitude was decreased on PND 22 and in adults. There were no EB-related effects in the passive avoidance test, relative brain weights, or in the histological examination (including morphometry) of the nervous system. These results demonstrate that the high-dose EB exposure during gestation and lactation to rats produced evidence of neurotoxicity in the F1 offspring, and a clear No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for developmental neurotoxicity of EB was determined to be 0.6 mg/kg/day.