cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Symmetry-Agnostic Coordinated Management of the Memory Hierarchy in Multicore Systems

In a multicore system, many applications share the last-level cache (LLC) and memory bandwidth. These resources need to be carefully managed in a coordinated way to maximize performance. DRAM is still the technology of choice in most systems. However, as traditional DRAM technology faces energy, reliability, and scalability challenges, nonvolatile memory (NVM) technologies are gaining traction. While DRAM is read/write symmetric (a read operation has comparable latency and energy consumption as a write operation), many NVM technologies (such as Phase-Change Memory, PCM) experience read/write asymmetry: write operations are typically much slower and more power hungry than read operations. Whether the memory’s characteristics are symmetric or asymmetric influences the way shared resources are managed.We propose two symmetry-agnostic schemes to manage a shared LLC through way partitioning and memory through bandwidth allocation. The proposals work well for both symmetric and asymmetric memory. First, an exhaustive search is proposed to find the best combination of a cache way partition and bandwidth allocation. Second, an approximate scheme, derived from a theoretical model, is proposed without the overhead of exhaustive search. Simulation results show that the approximate scheme improves weighted speedup by at least 14p on average (regardless of the memory symmetry) over a state-of-the-art way partitioning and memory bandwidth allocation. Simulation results also show that the approximate scheme achieves comparable weighted speedup as a state-of-the-art multiple resource management scheme, XChange, for symmetric memory, and outperforms it by an average of 10p for asymmetric memory.
Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) for Biomedical Imaging

We have achieved video rate CARS imaging of live animals with vibrational contrast. We demonstrate this important biomedical application of CARS microscopy by showing real-time chemical characterization of skin tissue of a live mouse.
Surface-functionalized nanoparticle permeation triggers lipid displacement and water and ion leakage.

Functionalized nanoparticles (NPs) are considered suitable carriers for targeted drug delivery systems. However, the ion and water leakage induced by permeation of these nanoparticles is a challenge in these drug delivery methods because of cytotoxic effects of some ions. In this study, we have carried out a series of coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the effect of length of ligands on permeation of a nanoparticle across a protein-free phospholipid bilayer membrane. Water and ion penetration as well as incidence of lipid flip-flop events and loss of lipid molecules from the membrane are explored in this study while varying the nanoparticle size, length of ligand, ion concentration gradient, pressure differential across the membrane, and nanoparticle permeation velocity. Some results from our studies include (1) the number of water molecules in the interior of the membrane during ligand-coated nanoparticle permeation increases with nanoparticle size, ligand length, pressure diffe...
Social Behavior in Captive Virginia Opossums, Didelphis virginiana

To examine social behavior in Virginia opossums ( Didelphis virginiana ) systematically, spontaneous interactions and nesting behavior of three mixed-sex groups of adults were observed in a seminatural setting during a 7-month period including segments of breeding and nonbreeding seasons. Interactions were predominantly affiliative or nonagonistic, and nesting associations also indicated a greater capacity for social tolerance than generally is recognized for didelphid marsupials. The overall frequency of social interactions peaked with onset of breeding in January, and intrasexual agonistic encounters (primarily female-female) occurred more often than male-female encounters. Opossums readily formed stable linear-dominance hierarchies, with females usually dominant. These data suggest that opossum sociality is better developed than generally recognized, and that seasonal influences should be considered when assessing social complexity in this species.
Traumatic pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm with concomitant pulmonary embolism

Traumatic pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysms are rare, with only 25 previously documented cases. We present a case of traumatic pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm in a 27-year-old male with concomitant pulmonary embolism which presented eight days after injury. He was treated with coil embolization of the pseudoaneurysm along with inferior vena cava filter placement. This unique case of concomitant traumatic pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm and pulmonary embolism made management challenging given the competing priorities.
The Challenge of Inclusive Growth for the Scottish Economy

“Inclusive Growth” is the new approach to economic policy in Scotland. This Perspective summarises the thinking underlying this approach, including whether and how far it reflects a substantive change in policy. It suggests how the issues raised will frame economic policy in Scotland over the 2016-2021 Parliament, and underlines the importance of work based learning, as one example of how the Scottish Government is putting inclusive growth into practice. It concludes that a broad perspective is required to promote prosperity and address inequality in Scotland in an integrated way.
Diffraction response of photorefractive polymers over nine orders of magnitude of pulse duration.

AFOSR [FA9550-10-1-0207]; National Science Foundation through CIAN NSF ERC [EEC-0812072]; Office of Naval Research [N00014-14-1-0505]
THE ADDITION OF HYDROGEN BROMIDE TO SIMPLE ALKENES

This experiment describes the addition of HBr (in acetic acid) to a series of simple alkenes. NMR analysis of the products shows ionic addition with alkenes capable of forming tertiary carbocations, whereas other alkenes give anti-Markovnikov products. Preemptive destruction of peroxides allows the slow ionic addition to the latter alkenes.A preparative scale synthesis of 1-bromohexane is also described.
Zika virus: History, epidemiology, transmission, and clinical presentation.

Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne positive-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae (genus Flavivirus), is now causing an unprecedented large-scale outbreak in the Americas. Historically, ZIKV spread eastward from equatorial Africa and Asia to the Pacific Islands during the late 2000s to early 2010s, invaded the Caribbean and Central and South America in 2015, and reached North America in 2016. Although ZIKV infection generally causes no symptoms or only a mild self-limiting illness, it has recently been linked to a rising number of severe neurological diseases, including microcephaly and Guillain-Barre syndrome. Because of the continuous geographic expansion of both the virus and its mosquito vectors, ZIKV poses a serious threat to public health around the globe. However, there are no vaccines or antiviral therapies available against this pathogen. This review summarizes a fast-growing body of literature on the history, epidemiology, transmission, and clinical presentation of ZIKV and highlights the urgent need for the development of efficient control strategies for this emerging pathogen.
Hydrogenic-impurity ground state in GaAs − Ga 1 − x Al x As multiple—quantum-well structures

We report the results of a variational calculation for the hydrogenic-impurity ground state in a multiple---quantum-well structure consisting of alternating slabs of GaAs and ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Al}}_{x}\mathrm{As}$. Calculations have been carried out with the assumption that the impurity envelope wave function spreading beyond the next-nearest-neighbor GaAs wells is negligible. Impurity envelope wave functions have been plotted for some typical GaAs well and ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Al}}_{x}\mathrm{As}$ barrier thicknesses to find the extent of wave-function spreading. The binding energy is found to vary substantially as a function of the barrier thickness. Calculations are performed for the variations of the binding energy as a function of the well thickness and also as a function of the barrier thickness. The main peak in the impurity binding energy in superlattices with equal well and barrier thickness is shifted towards a thickness larger than that in single-well systems. A secondary peak appears at a very small thickness, which arises because the model includes only three wells. The results of the present calculation in various limiting cases agree with previous results.
Cocaine-Induced Structural Plasticity in Input Regions to Distinct Cell Types in Nucleus Accumbens

Abstract Background The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a brain region implicated in pathological motivated behaviors such as drug addiction and is composed predominantly of two discrete populations of neurons, dopamine receptor-1– and dopamine receptor-2–expressing medium spiny neurons (D1-MSNs and D2-MSNs, respectively). It is unclear whether these populations receive inputs from different brain areas and whether input regions to these cell types undergo distinct structural adaptations in response to the administration of addictive drugs such as cocaine. Methods Using a modified rabies virus–mediated tracing method, we created a comprehensive brain-wide monosynaptic input map to NAc D1- and D2-MSNs. Next, we analyzed nearly 2000 dendrites and 125,000 spines of neurons across four input regions (the prelimbic cortex, medial orbitofrontal cortex, basolateral amygdala, and ventral hippocampus) at four separate time points during cocaine administration and withdrawal to examine changes in spine density in response to repeated intraperitoneal cocaine injection in mice. Results D1- and D2-MSNs display overall similar input profiles, with the exception that D1-MSNs receive significantly more input from the medial orbitofrontal cortex. We found that neurons in distinct brain areas projecting to D1- and D2-MSNs display different adaptations in dendritic spine density at different stages of cocaine administration and withdrawal. Conclusions While NAc D1- and D2-MSNs receive input from similar brain structures, cocaine-induced spine density changes in input regions are quite distinct and dynamic. While previous studies have focused on input-specific postsynaptic changes within NAc MSNs in response to cocaine, these findings emphasize the dramatic changes that occur in the afferent input regions as well.
Genetic Disorders of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldsterone System Causing Hypertension

Because hypertension is a significant underlying cause of cardio- and cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality, much effort has been devoted to identifying genetic risk factors for its development. Thus far, all known genetic causes of human hypertension involve dysregulation of sodium resorption in the distal nephron.
Combined extraction method for metabolomic and PLFA analysis of soil

Abstract Characterization of the soil metabolome contributes to our understanding of how soil microbial community functions, central to sustainable agriculture, are impacted by agricultural management practices. The aim of this study was to refine the Bligh-Dyer 2-phase extraction method, commonly used in soil phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA), to enhance soil metabolite detection and use this refined method to look at the impact of specific crop production factors on the soil metabolome. We modified the Bligh-Dyer 2-phase extraction method through the addition of the volatile salt, 0.25 M ammonium bicarbonate, to increase the number of metabolites extracted from soil. A greenhouse pot study with three soil types and two crop species was conducted, and soil metabolites extracted using this refined Bligh-Dyer 2-phase extraction, to determine the impact of soil type and crop species treatments on the soil metabolome. Numerous amino acids, carbohydrates, TCA cycle intermediates, and fatty acids as well as the potentially inhibitory compounds ferulic acid, caffeic acid, oxalic acid, and quinic acid differed significantly with treatment. At the onset of the greenhouse pot experiment the three soil types differed significantly in metabolite composition and at the end of the 6 week experiment both soil and crop had significant impacts on the soil metabolome. Substituting the volatile salt 0.25 M ammonium bicarbonate for phosphate buffer in the Bligh-Dyer 2-phase extraction did not significantly impact PLFA analysis of the three soils. The extract was also found to be useable in lipidomic analysis. We conclude that the addition of this volatile salt to the Bligh-Dyer 2-phase extraction provided an effective method for analysis of both the soil metabolome and soil PLFA.
Data Poisoning Attacks against MRMR

Many machine learning models lack the consideration that an adversary can alter data at the time of training or testing. Over the past decade, the machine learning models’ vulnerability has been a concern and more secure algorithms are needed. Unfortunately, the security of feature selection (FS) remains an under-explored area. There are only a few works that address data poisoning algorithms that are targeted at embedded FS; however, data poisoning techniques targeted at information-theoretic FS do not exist. In this contribution, a novel data poisoning algorithm is proposed that targets failures in minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance (mRMR) . We demonstrate that mRMR can be easily poisoned to select features that would not normally have been selected.
Exploring harnessing wind power in moving reference frames with application to vehicles

The possibility of extracting wind power from unique configurations embedded in moving vehicles using microturbine devices has been investigated. In such environments with moving frames or platform...
Catalysis of the oxidation of 1,4-cyclohexadiene to benzene by electroactve binuclear rhodium complexes

Electrochemical oxidation of Rh2(TMB)42+ (TMB = 2,5-diisocyano-2,5-dimethylhexane) in the presence of 1,4-cyclohexadiene produces benzene and two protons. It is probable that a key step in the reaction is hydrogen-atom transfer from 1,4-cyclohexadiene to electrochemically generated Rh2(TMB)43+. The H-atom abstraction apparently is facilitated by the presence of a dσ* hole in the Rh23+2 complex.
iTrustSO: an intelligent system for automatic detection of insecure code snippets in stack overflow

Despite the apparent benefits of modern social coding paradigm such as Stack Overflow, its potential security risks have been largely overlooked (e.g., insecure codes could be easily embedded and distributed). To address this imminent issue, in this paper, we bring a significant insight to leverage both social coding properties and code content for automatic detection of insecure code snippets in Stack Overflow. To determine if the given code snippets are insecure, we not only analyze the code content, but also utilize various kinds of relations among users, badges, questions, answers and code snippets in Stack Overflow. To model the rich semantic relationships, we first introduce a structured heterogeneous information network (HIN) for representation and then use meta-path based approach to incorporate higher-level semantics to build up relatedness over code snippets. Later, we propose a novel hierarchical attention-based sequence learning model named CodeHin2Vec to seamlessly integrate node (i.e., code snippet) content with HIN-based relations for representation learning. After that, a classifier is built for insecure code snippet detection. Integrating our proposed method, an intelligent system named iTrustSO is accordingly developed to address the code security issues in modern software coding platforms. Comprehensive experiments on the data collections from Stack Overflow are conducted to validate the effectiveness of our developed system iTrustSO by comparisons with alternative methods.
Effect of bronchialveolar lavage on mechanical ventilation in children with severe pneumonia

Objective To investigate the efficacy and application of bronchoalveolar lavage in children with severe pneumonia undergoing mechanical ventilation. Methods Using a prospective randomized controlled clinical study, 202 children with severe pneumonia received mechanical ventilation in Hunan Children′s Hospital from January 2016 to January 2018 were selected as the subjects.According to the digital method, all cases were divided into treatment group (101 cases) and control group (101 cases) randomly.The patients in the control group were given conventional treatment (anti-infection and symptomatic therapy). The treatment group was treated with bronchoalveolar lavage on the basis of conventional treatment.The basic situation, the respiratory function before and after the treatment, the inflammation index, the curative effect and the prognosis of two groups were analyzed. Results There were no significant differences between the two groups in gender, age, course pre-admission, pediatric critical illness score, respiratory function and inflammation index (P>0.05). The respiratory function indexes of the treatment group were obviously improved 2 hours after the treatment and the PaO2, PaO2/FiO2 and SaO2 were significantly higher than those of the control group[PaO2: (82.4±6.4) mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) vs.(74.0±5.5) mmHg, PaO2/FiO2: (360.2±21.3) mmHg vs.(332.6±23.5) mmHg, SaO2: (94.9±8.2)% vs.(88.6±10.3)%], while the PaCO2 were significantly lower than the control group[(37.3±10.3) mmHg vs.(45.8±5.5) mmHg], and the differences were statistically significant (P 0.05]. Conclusion The bronchoalveolar lavage can improve the respiratory function, reduce the inflammatory reaction, shorten mechanical ventilation duration and PICU stay in children with severe pneumonia undergoing mechanical ventilation obviously.It is worth popularizing in the PICU because of the improvement of curative effect in these children. Key words: Mechanical ventilation; Bronchoalveolar lavage with fiberoptic bronchoscopy; Inflammatory biomarker; Severe pneumonia; Children
How Do Firms Manage Hypocrisy in Response to Auto Recalls? Balancing Purposeful Hypocrisy

Organizational hypocrisy has received extensive scholarly attention in the corporate social responsibility context. We extend that literature to examine how firms engage in both purposeful hypocris...
Characterization and quantification of railroad spiral-joint discontinuities

In this study, a new approach is proposed for the characterization and quantification of the spiral transitions in railroad vehicle system algorithms. Definitions of the super-elevation and balance...
Artificial intelligence research within reach: an object detection model to identify rickets on pediatric wrist radiographs

Artificial intelligence models have been successful in analyzing ordinary photographic images. One type of artificial intelligence model is object detection, where a labeled bounding box is drawn around an area of interest. Object detection can be applied to medical imaging tasks. To demonstrate object detection in identifying rickets and normal wrists on pediatric wrist radiographs using a small dataset, simple software and modest computer hardware. The institutional review board at Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta approved this study. The radiology information system was searched for radiographic examinations of the wrist for the evaluation of rickets from 2007 to 2018 in children younger than 7 years of age. Inclusion criteria were an exam type of “Rickets Survey” or “Joint Survey 1 View” with reports containing the words “rickets” or “rachitic.” Exclusion criteria were reports containing the words “renal,” “kidney” or “transplant.” Two pediatric radiologists reviewed the images and categorized them as either rickets or normal. Images were annotated by drawing a labeled bounding box around the distal radial and ulnar metaphases. The training dataset was created from images acquired from Jan. 1, 2007, to Dec. 31, 2017. This included 104 wrists with rickets and 264 normal wrists. This training dataset was used to create the object detection model. The testing dataset consisted of images acquired during the 2018 calendar year. This included 20 wrists with rickets and 37 normal wrists. Model sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were measured. Of the 20 wrists with rickets in the testing set, 16 were correctly identified as rickets, 2 were incorrectly identified as normal and 2 had no prediction. Of the 37 normal wrists, 33 were correctly identified as normal, 2 were incorrectly identified as rickets and 2 had no prediction. This yielded a sensitivity and specificity of 80% and 95% for wrists with rickets and 89% and 90% for normal wrists. Overall model accuracy was 86%. Object detection can identify rickets on pediatric wrist radiographs. Object detection models can be developed with a small dataset, simple software tools and modest computing power.
Intercalation as a versatile tool for fabrication, property tuning, and phase transitions in 2D materials

Recent advances in two-dimensional (2D) materials have led to the renewed interest in intercalation as a powerful fabrication and processing tool. Intercalation is an effective method of modifying the interlayer interactions, doping 2D materials, modifying their electronic structure or even converting them into starkly different new structures or phases. Herein, we discuss different methods of intercalation and provide a comprehensive review of various roles and applications of intercalation in next‐generation energy storage, optoelectronics, thermoelectrics, catalysis, etc. The recent progress in intercalation effects on crystal structure and structural phase transitions, including the emergence of quantum phases are also reviewed.
The C2 domain of calpain 5 contributes to enzyme activation and membrane localization

The enzymatic characteristics of the ubiquitous calpain 5 (CAPN5) remain undescribed despite its high expression in the central nervous system and links to eye development and disease. CAPN5 contains the typical protease core domains but lacks the C terminal penta-EF hand domain of classical calpains, and instead contains a putative C2 domain. This study used the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line stably transfected with CAPN5-3xFLAG variants to assess the potential roles of the CAPN5 C2 domain in Ca2+ regulated enzyme activity and intracellular localization. Calcium dependent autoproteolysis of CAPN5 was documented and characterized. Mutation of the catalytic Cys81 to Ala or addition of EGTA prevented autolysis. Eighty μM Ca2+ was sufficient to stimulate half-maximal CAPN5 autolysis in cellular lysates. CAPN5 autolysis was inhibited by tri-leucine peptidyl aldehydes, but less effectively by di-Leu aldehydes, consistent with a more open conformation of the protease core relative to classical calpains. In silico modeling revealed a type II topology C2 domain including loops with the potential to bind calcium. Mutation of the acidic amino acid residues predicted to participate in Ca2+ binding, particularly Asp531 and Asp589, resulted in a decrease of CAPN5 membrane association. These residues were also found to be invariant in several genomes. The autolytic fragment of CAPN5 was prevalent in membrane-enriched fractions, but not in cytosolic fractions, suggesting that membrane association facilitates the autoproteolytic activity of CAPN5. Together, these results demonstrate that CAPN5 undergoes Ca2+-activated autoproteolytic processing and suggest that CAPN5 association with membranes enhances CAPN5 autolysis.
Sport Consumption Intentions during a Crisis: The COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic brought a disruption to daily life and to the sport industry not seen before by generations of consumers. The purpose of the present study was to examine the impact of three e...
Bottleneck Routing Games on Grids

We consider routing games on grid network topologies. The social cost is the worst congestion in any of the network edges (bottleneck congestion). Each player’s objective is to find a path that minimizes the bottleneck congestion in its path. We show that the price of anarchy in bottleneck games in grids is proportional to the number of bends β that the paths are allowed to take in the grids’ space. We present games where the price of anarchy is \({\widetilde O}(\beta)\). We also give a respective lower bound of Ω(β) which shows that our upper bound is within only a poly-log factor from the best achievable price of anarchy. A significant impact of our analysis is that there exist bottleneck routing games with small number of bends which give a poly-log approximation to the optimal coordinated solution that may use an arbitrary number of bends. To our knowledge, this is the first tight analysis of bottleneck games on grids.
Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases as targets for new anti-infectives

Because resistance has developed to mainline antibiotics, including vancomycin, new antibiotics are now being aggressively sought. For this purpose, aminoacyl tRNA synthetases are being pursued as targets for new drugs. These enzymes are universal and are essential for cell viability. The key to their usefulness lies in being able to find drugs that inhibit a pathogen synthetase but not its human cell counterpart. The possibility for species-specific inhibition was originally demonstrated with a natural product and has now been demonstrated with prototypical drugs that are based on the structure of an intermediate of the aminoacylation reaction. Efficacy of a rationally designed inhibitor has been shown in vivo with a pathogen infection established in an animal model. Although many challenges remain, these early results suggest that synthetases will continue to be of major interest for development of new anti-infectives.
Perceptions of policy choice in contemporary democracies

Though the concept of choice is essential to democracy, little is known about how citizens make sense of the diversity of policies offered by political elites. Research has found that institutional arrangements such as low electoral thresholds and multiple party competitors are associated with greater policy choice. Other work emphasises non-institutional factors. No research, however, examines what the voters think. In this article these alternative explanations are assessed in terms of whether citizens believe parties to provide choice over policy. Evidence from 25 democracies reveals that electoral and party systems have no direct effect. Choice perceptions are instead affected by non-policy factors: social heterogeneity and individual political dispositions. This result contrasts with analyses showing a strong connection between electoral rules and the diversity of messages communicated by parties during campaigns. The article also shows how choice perceptions matter for political behaviour. Overall, study findings imply that the promise of institutions for fostering representation is weaker than previously assumed.
A Comparison Of Constructive Placement Algorithms

This paper presents experimental results on four constructive techniques for the placement of modules on a printed wiring or wire-wrap board. The four techniques reported upon are the pair-linking, the cluster development, the minimal-interconnected subgraph, and the stochastic methods. The results indicate that for problems larger than 50 modules cluster-development yields better placements, but at the expense of more computer time.
Ecotoxicology Problems and Approaches

Virtually any discussion of the the risk assessment of releasing chemicals into the environment begins by organizing the fundamental considerations into three categories: evaluation of fate, transport, and effects. Each of these is contingent on the ecosystem into which the chemical is introduced; therefore none can be resolved adequately without a perspective that considers the ecosystem and its interactions with the introduced chemicals. Yet, as discussed further in Chapter 2 (Kelly and Harwell), it is a long step from this recognition to the development and implementation of methods that address these needs.
Analysis of immunoglobulin domain interactions. Evidence for a dominant role of salt bridges.

Abstract Available crystallographic data for homologous immunoglobulin constant domains were correlated with measured association constants for these domains. High correlation was found between the association constant and both the buried surface area (number of interdomain contacts) and the number of salt bridges formed in the interaction, whereas no correlation with the number of hydrogen bonds between domains was evident. The total free energy of binding, as determined from the association constant, was related to the number of contacts, hydrogen bonds and salt bridges found in the domain: domain interface by the crystallographic studies. These calculations yielded reasonable average energy terms for each interaction category.
The Double-Edged Sword of Goal Engagement: Consequences of Goal Pursuit in Bipolar Disorder

A series of studies suggest that bipolar disorder is related to high sensitivity to incentives and that incentive sensitivity (or sensitivity of the approach system) can predict the course of mania. Incentive sensitivity in bipolar disorder seems to be related to two processes: a tendency to invest in difficult-to-attain goals and an over-reactivity to cues of goal progress versus thwarting. Both of those processes appear relevant to symptom generation. Hence, bipolar disorder seems related to a greater emphasis on reaching goals and also a problematic reactivity to reaching those highly desired goals. We suggest directions for treatment development focused on these issues in goal regulation.
Surprising results: Hiv testing and changes in contraceptive practices among young women in malawi

This study uses eight waves of data from the population-based Tsogolo la Thanzi study (2009-2011) in rural Malawi to examine changes in young women's contraceptive practices, including the use of condoms, non-barrier contraceptive methods and abstinence, following positive and negative HIV tests. The analysis factors in women's prior perceptions of their HIV status that may already be shaping their behaviour and separates surprise HIV test results from those that merely confirm what was already believed. Fixed-effects logistic regression models show that HIV testing frequently affects the contraceptive practices of young Malawian women, particularly when the test yields an unexpected result. Specifically, women who are surprised to test HIV positive increase their condom use and are more likely to use condoms consistently. Following an HIV-negative test (whether a surprise or expected), women increase their use of condoms and decrease their use of non-barrier contraceptives; the latter may be due to an increase in abstinence following a surprise negative result. Changes in condom use following HIV testing are robust to the inclusion of potential explanatory mechanisms, including fertility preferences, relationship status and the perception that a partner is HIV positive. The results demonstrate that both positive and negative tests can influence women's sexual and reproductive behaviours, and emphasize the importance of conceptualizing of HIV testing as offering new information only insofar as results deviate from prior perceptions of HIV status.
f-Element/crown ether complexes. 1. Synthesis and structure of [Y(OH2)8]Cl3·(15-crown-5)

Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of [Y(OH2)8]Cl3·(15-crown-5) has been determined by single- crystal X-ray diffraction. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with Z = 4. Lattice parameters are a = 9.202(2), b = 17.247(3), c = 15.208(3) A, and β = 92.39(2)°. The structure was solved by Patterson and Fourier techniques and refined by least-squares to a final conventional R value of 0.081. The Y(III) ion is eight coordinate, bonded to the oxygen atoms of the eight water molecules. Three of the water molecules are hydrogen bonded to crown ether molecules. The three chloride ions participate in hydrogen bonds with the remaining five water molecules. The YO(water) distances range from 2.322(6) to 2.432(7) A and average 2.37(4) A. The average O(water)···Cl and O(water)···O(crown) hydrogen bonded separations are 3.08(4) and 2.76(7) A, respectively.
Concepts of memory in contemporary composition

The five canons, parts, faculties, or functions of rhetoric are among the most constant features in the systematic treatment of the art (Scaglione 14). In many respects, they constitute the basic pattern of all theoretical and critical investigations into rhetorical art and practice (Thonssen 86). The five--invention (content, discovery), disposition (arrangement, organization), style (diction, elocution), memory, and delivery (presentation)--were canonized in Latin rhetoric as inventio, dispositio, elocutio, memoria, and pronuntiatio or actio. They were important in Greek rhetoric as heurisis, taxis, lexis, mneme, and hypocrisis. While the exact origin of the canons is unknown, the five recur in rhetorical theory from antiquity to the present, where they command attention individually and collectively. Studying rhetoric, most agree, requires studying its canons. They are the sub-disciplines of the main, the lesser arts of the greater (Connors 64). They allow separate analysis and study of a complete five-part system (Murphy 83). They are the aspects of composing which work together in a recursive, synergistic, mutually dependent relationship (Welch "Paradox" 5-6). In part, the very history of rhetoric consists in changing relationships and interrelationships between them (Mahony 14). The canons apply to both encoding and decoding, forming a complete system for both generating and analyzing discourse (Welch "Ideology" 270). They represent not only the concepts with which the rhetor must deal and which he must master, but also the aspects of the rhetorical act which the critic examines and evaluates (Thonssen 86). In speech studies, minor changes in the meanings of the five terms have been developed in various treatises, but the pattern remains the same (Thonssen 86). In composition studies, the five canons are one of two prmary theories which dominate the discipline (Welch "Ideology" 269). The structure which has dominated both disciplines' textbooks, however, is a truncated one. Rarely has the five-part scheme been presented completely and explicitly. In speech studies, the fourth canon--memory--has virtually been dropped and usually receives incidental treatment (Thonssen 87). In composition studies, the first three canons--invention, arrangement, style--organize the vast majority of current textbooks, but the last two--memory and delivery--are typically deleted without a word of explanation (Welch "Paradox" 5, "Ideology" 270). This deletion, when explained, has been attributed to changed conditions in the law courts (Kennedy 105), to memory's absorption under disposition (Kennedy 210; Mahony 14) and, most often, to the western world's shift from orality to literacy. The tendency has been for modern rhetorical theory to abandon, remove, neglect, limit, or misunderstand both memory and delivery. On the other hand,
Anisotropic instabilities in trapped spinor Bose-Einstein condensates

We theoretically investigate the effect of an anisotropic trap on the instability of the polar $({m}_{F}=0)$ phase of a spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensate. By considering rigorously the spatial quantization, we show that the growth of the nascent ferromagnetic phase at short times becomes anisotropic, with stronger oscillations in the magnetization correlation function along the unconfined direction.
Fibrosarcoma in a Rabbit following β-Irradiation of the Skin

THIS communication describes the gross and histological appearance of a fibrosarcoma which occurred four years after exposing an area of rabbit skin to 16,000 rads from a phosphorus-32 plaque. The only previous observation of skin tumours in rabbits resulting from radiation exposure is contained in a recent communication by Sissons and Vaughan1. These workers described squamous cell carcinomas in the external auditory meat us of rabbits injected with strontium-90 at an early age. The available literature indicates a low natural incidence of tumours in rabbits2,3.
Stimulation of intrachromosomal homologous recombination in mammalian cells by ain inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribosylation)

We determined the effect of 3-methoxybenzamide (3-MB), a competitive inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (E.C. 2.4.2.30), on intrachromosomal homologous recombination in mouse Ltk- cells. We used a cell line that contained in its genome two defective Herpes thymidine kinase (tk) genes as closely linked direct repeats. Intrachromosomal homologous recombination events were monitored by selecting for tk-positive segregants that arose during propagation of the cells and recombination rates were determined by fluctuation analysis. We found that growth of cells in the continuous presence of 2mM 3-MB increased intrachromosomal recombination between 3 and 4-fold. Growth of cells in the presence of 2mM m-anisic acid, a non-inhibitory analog of 3-MB, had no effect on intrachromosomal recombination rates. Additionally, we found that 3-MB increased both gene conversions and crossovers to similar extents, adding to the evidence that these two types of intrachromosomal rearrangements share a common pathway. These findings contrast with our previous studies [Waldman, B.C. and Waldman, A.S. (1990) Nucleic Acids Res., 18, 5981-5988] in which we determined that 3-MB inhibits illegitimate recombination and has no effect on extrachromosomal homologous recombination in mouse Ltk- cells. An hypothesis is offered that explains the influence of 3-MB on different recombination pathways in mammalian cells in terms of the role that poly(ADP-ribosylation) plays in DNA break-repair.
Kernel Feature Template Matching for Spectrum Sensing

Feature template matching (FTM) was proposed by Zhang and Qiu in 2011 for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio. Theoretical analysis for FTM is, however, missing in the literature. This paper will address this issue. Another new direction suggested by this paper is a nonlinear version of FTM, which is called kernel FTM (KFTM). The proposed nonlinear algorithm is performed on data mapped to a kernel space usually with higher dimension by a general nonlinear mapping. The high-dimensional data are cheaply operated with the so-called kernel trick. Furthermore, higher order statistics is considered in the proposed algorithm. Simulations using the real-world measurements of digital television (DTV) signal show that a gain of more than 4 dB can be achieved for KFTM over its linear counterpart FTM. Theoretical analysis is conducted for KFTM (that can be directly applied to FTM). For the first time, a theoretical justification is also performed for FTM. The concentration inequalities of KFTM, which are valid for arbitrary dimensions, are established as a result of concentration of measure phenomenon. The closed-form expressions of the probability distributions (under null hypothesis) are derived for both FTM and KFTM under different kernel functions. The obtained closed-form results agree with simulations. The closed-form expressions of the decision thresholds for a target false-alarm probability are obtained as well. The thresholds are noise power independent; thus, the proposed algorithm overcomes the difficulty of noise uncertainty.
Understanding the cross-section of the U.S. housing bubble: The roles of lending, transaction costs, and rent growth

Abstract This paper establishes baseline valuations for housing assets using rent cash flows in 22 regions of the U.S. in a Lucas (1978) framework. The model matches the unconditional averages of the price–rent ratios from 1978 to 2012 quite well; however, the model valuations after 2002 are well below the market price–rent ratios. We explore three mechanisms to understand these housing overvaluations in the post-2002 period relative to the consumption-based model: (1) using cross-sectional subprime consumer and commercial lending characteristics; (2) transaction costs; and (3) turning off the pro-cyclicality of the rent growth in the data. We find that all three factors explain some fraction of the bubble in valuations, but none alone is enough to understand the full extent of post-2002 valuations.
Pad test by mail for home evaluation of urinary incontinence

Aims To present a simple, cost-effective, and convenient method of home pad test using the mail system and evaluating change in pad weight over time. Materials and Methods A series of nine kinds of commonly available commercial brands of urinary incontinence pads ranging from thin liners less than 10 g in dry weight to large diapers weighing over 100 g each were assembled. Two or three of each variety were individually weighed on an OHAUS LS2000 Portable Standard scale accurate to +/− 1 g. The pads were then wet uniformly with 20 cc of saline, placed individually in sealable plastic bags, sealed, and reweighed. Random groups of three pads were mailed by standard 1st class mail to the Urocenter of New York. The sealed pads were reweighed at 8 and 14 days from the original wetting. Concurrently, ten incontinence pads soiled with urine were similarly examined to confirm that there would be no detectable difference between urine and saline for the purpose of the study. In the second part of the study, 20 pads of the same type (13 inch-long pads with absorbent gel) were divided into 4 groups of 5 pads; each group was uniformly wet with 5, 10, 20, or 50 g of saline. These pads were mailed and reweighed at 7 and 14 days from the initial wetting. Results Twenty-four pads were used in the first part of the study. The dry weights of 22/24 (92%) of the pads were within 2 g of the average weight for their brand. At the first reweighing, 22 pads (92%) weighed within 2 g of their initial wet weights (Fig. 1). Only two pads on day 8 differed substantially from their initial weights: one pad appeared to have lost 4 g and another one 9 g. On day 14, 23/24 pads remained within 1 g of their day 8 weight and 1 differed by 2 g, and the total weight of the 24 pads on day 14 was only 4 g different from their initial weight (P = 0.71, Fig. 1). The soiled pads exhibited weight changes that were indistinguishable from the saline pads. The average cost of mailing the pads by 1st class mail was $4 and the average length of time in the mail was 5 days +/− 1 day. In the second part of the study, 18/20 pads had lost less than 1 g at 1 week, and at 2 weeks, 19/20 had lost less than 2 g when compared to their initial weights (Fig. 2). One pad had lost 3 g. Pads in the low volume groups (5 and 10 g) lost an average of 1.4 and 1.2 g, respectively, while pads in the high volume groups (20, 50 g) lost an average of 1.8 and 2 g at 2 weeks. Conclusions Dry pads of any single brand have a relatively standard weight that varies insignificantly between pads. Up to 2 weeks of delay in the weighing of individually sealed pads does not significantly affect the clinical measurement of weight at a variety of low (5 g) or high (50 g) volumes of simulated incontinence. Home pad test using the mail system is a feasible, inexpensive, and clinically accurate method of evaluating incontinence. Patients can be instructed in techniques for home pad test, allowing for greater compliance, and convenience for both physicians and patients. Neurourol. Urodynam. 23:127–129, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An improved method for the preparation of derivatives of reducing oligosaccharide with 2-(4-aminophenyl)ethylamine

Amelioration du procede de preparation de derives d'oligosides reduits avant fixation sur porteurs ou supports solides. La methode decrite augmente les rendements de production des derives, ceci quelque soit la taille des oligosides
Cation diffusion in titanomagnetites

Interdiffusion couple experiments were performed with titanomagnetite single crystals at 1,000°C, 1,100° C and 1,200° C in various buffered atmospheres. The dependence of the interdiffusion coefficient on oxygen fugacity, composition and temperature was interpreted in terms of point defect structure. Estimates of the cation tracer diffusivities indicate that Fe migrates via a point defect mechanism, involving mixed tetrahedral-octahedral site jumps, with an activation energy of 33 Kcal/mole; whereas Ti migration is one to two orders of magnitude slower, is restricted to octahedral sites and has an activation energy of 60 Kcal/mole.
The present status of irradiation of foods in the U.S.A.--meat, poultry and fish.

The present stauas of radiosterilization of foods in the United States is reviewed briefly. (C.H.)
Incidence and Management of Elevated Intraocular Pressure with Antivascular Endothelial Growth Factor Agents

AbstractPurpose: To review recent literature regarding ocular hypertension following intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factors (anti-VEGF). Method: An electronic literature search was performed using MEDLINE, OVID, and PubMed. Key search terms were elevated IOP, anti-VEGF, sustained IOP elevation in anti-VEGF, chronic intraocular pressure elevation in anti-VEGF, high IOP with anti-VEGF, acute elevation in intraocular pressure with anti-VEGF, glaucoma and anti-VEGF. Result: Transient elevation of intraocular pressure after intravitreal anti-VEGF injection is due to temporary increase in volume, and the acute spike generally does not affect a healthy eye. Caution should be taken in a glaucomatous eye, and pretreatment with an IOP-lowering medication is recommended. Persistent elevation of intraocular pressure is more common than previously thought and may be correlated to several factors including increased number of intravitreal injections. Conclusion: Persistent ocular hypertension may be assoc...
Global mapping of Al, Cu, Fe, and Zn in-use stocks and in-ground resources

Human activity has become a significant geomorphic force in modern times, resulting in unprecedented movements of material around Earth. An essential constituent of this material movement, the major industrial metals aluminium, copper, iron, and zinc in the human-built environment are mapped globally at 1-km nominal resolution for the year 2000 and compared with the locations of present-day in-ground resources. While the maps of in-ground resources generated essentially combine available databases, the mapping methodology of in-use stocks relies on the linear regression between gross domestic product and both in-use stock estimates and the Nighttime Lights of the World dataset. As the first global maps of in-use metal stocks, they reveal that a full 25% of the world's Fe, Al, Cu, and Zn in-use deposits are concentrated in three bands: (i) the Eastern seaboard from Washington, D.C. to Boston in the United States, (ii) England, Benelux into Germany and Northern Italy, and (iii) South Korea and Japan. This pattern is consistent across all metals investigated. In contrast, the global maps of primary metal resources reveal these deposits are more evenly distributed between the developed and developing worlds, with the distribution pattern differing depending on the metal. This analysis highlights the magnitude at which in-ground metal resources have been translocated to in-use stocks, largely from highly concentrated but globally dispersed in-ground deposits to more diffuse in-use stocks located primarily in developed urban regions.
Surface Roughness by Contact versus Tapping Mode Atomic Force Microscopy

To evaluate and compare tapping mode and contact mode AFM measurements of surface roughness, images of quartz and mica were acquired by both methods and the height distributions and variance correlation functions analyzed. Significant deviation from the expected Gaussian profiles for the height distributions were observed for contact mode images of quartz but not for tapping mode images. Additionally, variance correlation functions were found to be highly scan size dependent for contact mode images and scan size invariant for tapping mode images. One possible explanation for the observed differences is that the scan speed limit is exceeded in contact mode for linear scan velocities as low as 0.5 μm/s.