cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimation of Bridge Foundation Stiffness from Forced Vibration Data

ABSTRACT A variational form of Rayleigh's Principle was used to estimate the foundation stiffnesses of a single span bridge from forced vibration data. Although this concept is easily applied to simple structures, its application to more complex, continuous structures with three dimensional response is more tedious but still straightforward. The success of the approach for the single span bridge was possible because the response recorded by the accelerometers, placed on the bridge deck, abutment walls and footings during the vibration tests, provided a reasonably accurate indication of several three-dimensional mode shapes. The mode at 6.4 Hz was particularly suited for determining the foundation stiffnesses because it involved significant translational and rotational response of each footing. Modal-displacement functions, consistent with the response data in this mode, were assumed for a simplified model of the bridge-foundation system, in which the interaction was modeled by Winkler springs. Potential and kinetic energy expressions were derived in terms of the displacement variables representing the motion of the model, and approximate equations of motion were then derived using Lagrange's formula applied to the foundation displacement variables. The stiffnesses of the Winkler springs, the only unknowns in these equations, were obtained. Substituting these stiffness values for Winkler springs supporting a detailed three-dimensional finite element model of the structure and solving the resulting eigenvalue problem yielded natural frequencies within 2 percent of the natural frequencies observed during the vibration tests for the first, second and fourth modes, and within 7 percent of the third-mode frequency. This similarity suggests that the approach can be used in lieu of formal system-identification methods, if such methods are not available to the user, or can be used to obtain initial estimates of unknown foundation-stiffness parameters for such methods.
Carcinoma of the fallopian tube.

Because of a lack of familiarity with this rare disease, physicians who encounter cases of tubal carcinoma may face perplexing diagnostic and therapeutic problems. This article contributes to an understanding of its natural history, clinical manifestations, and evaluation of factors influencing survival.
Greenwashing in hotels: A structural model of trust and behavioral intentions

Abstract This study developed a model linking perceived greenwashing, green trust, intention to revisit, intention to participate, and intention to spread negative word of mouth, based on Attribution Theory and Trust-Based Marketing Theory. A self-report survey utilizing two real green hotel practice scenarios (towel reuse vs. energy saving sign) was initiated. Results suggest that perceived greenwashing had a significant negative influence on green trust, which in turn was positively associated with revisit intention and intention to participate in the green practice and negatively associated with negative word of mouth. Moreover, prior experience with green hotel was found to moderate the relationship between green trust and the three behavioral intentions such that the relationships are weaker for consumers with prior experience than for those without. However, the moderation only worked in the towel reuse scenario. Numerous implications for marketers and hotel operators are suggested.
Influencing Mindsets and Motivation in Procedural Skills Learning: Two Randomized Studies

Objectives An incremental (growth) theory of intelligence (mindset), compared with an entity (fixed) mindset, has been associated with improved motivation and performance. Interventions to induce incremental beliefs have improved performance on non-surgical motor tasks. We sought to evaluate the impact of 2 brief interventions to induce incremental beliefs in the context of learning a surgical task. Design Two randomized experiments. Participants and setting Secondary school students participating in medical simulation-based training activities at an academic medical center. Interventions We created 4 instructional messages intended to influence mindsets (two 60-second videos in Study 1, 2 fabricated "journal articles" in Study 2). In each study, one message emphasized that ability improves with practice (incremental); the other emphasized that ability is fixed (entity). After reviewing their randomly-assigned message, participants completed a laparoscopic cutting task as many times as they desired. Measurements included performance (product quality, self-reported task, and completion time), task persistence (repetitions), and entity beliefs. Results Two hundred and three students completed Study 1. Postevent entity beliefs (1 = lowest, 6 = highest) were similar between groups (incremental, 2.0vs entity, 2.0; p = 0.78). Contrary to hypothesis, the incremental video group demonstrated slower time (276vs 191 seconds; p Conclusions Brief motivational interventions can influence procedural performance and motivation. We need to better understand motivation and other affective influences on procedural skills learning. Mindset theory shows promise in this regard.
Laparoscopic Herniorrhaphy with Porcine Small Intestinal Submucosa: A Preliminary Study

Introduction Using mesh or a synthetic prosthesis during the laparoscopic repair of inguinal hernias has been demonstrated to be safe and effective. A new material, porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS mesh), has been successfully used in canine and rodent animal models with excellent results. This mesh is degradable and resorbable with a marked decrease in the possibility of becoming infected. However, the amount of fibroblast ingrowth is equal to that with polypropylene mesh. Methods A comparison was made between this new SIS mesh to repair 15 inguinal hernias in 12 patients and polypropylene mesh used in 12 similar patients. A preperitoneal approach with balloon dissection was used in all patients. Results Demographics were similar in both groups. The results were excellent and compared equally. Complications (seroma, discomfort) were minimal in both groups and were similar. Conclusions Porcine small intestinal submucosa, SIS mesh, can be used for laparoscopic repair of inguinal hernias. Long-term follow-up will be necessary to confirm these preliminary results.
The stigma of poverty: A critique of poverty: 2nd Edition By Chaim Waxman New York: Pergamon Press, 1983, 159 pp., $8.95.

(1987). The stigma of poverty: A critique of poverty. The Social Science Journal: Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 216-218.
Anatomy and Physiology of the Esophagus and Lower Esophageal Sphincter

As surgeons address foregut disease in their patients with different procedures, a review of relevant anatomy and physiology of the esophagus and LES will complement discussion with their patients and decision-making. As will be apparent in this chapter, the esophagus is more than a conduit that directs liquids and food to other organs, deters reflux, and serves as a passageway for radiographic contrast or endoscopes to define more distant foregut disease/disorders. Instead, the esophagus is a very complex organ whose function is directed by CNS and intrinsic esophageal control that is implemented by skeletal and smooth muscle.
PFKFB3 inhibition reprograms malignant pleural mesothelioma to nutrient stress-induced macropinocytosis and ER stress as independent binary adaptive responses.

The metabolic signatures of cancer cells are often associated with elevated glycolysis. Pharmacological (PFK158 treatment) and genetic inhibition of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3), a critical control point in the glycolytic pathway, decreases glucose uptake, ATP production, and lactate dehydrogenase activity and arrests malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) cells in the G0/G1 phase to induce cell death. To overcome this nutrient stress, inhibition of PFKFB3 activity led to an escalation in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) activity and aggravated ER stress mostly by upregulating BiP and GADD153 expression and activation of the endocytic Rac1-Rab5-Rab7 pathway resulting in a unique form of cell death called “methuosis” in both the sarcomatoid (H28) and epithelioid (EMMeso) cells. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis showed the formation of nascent macropinocytotic vesicles, which rapidly coalesced to form large vacuoles with compromised lysosomal function. Both immunofluorescence microscopy and co-immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that upon PFKFB3 inhibition, two crucial biomolecules of each pathway, Rac1 and Calnexin interact with each other. Finally, PFK158 alone and in combination with carboplatin-inhibited tumorigenesis of EMMeso xenografts in vivo. Since most cancer cells exhibit an increased glycolytic rate, these results provide evidence for PFK158, in combination with standard chemotherapy, may have a potential in the treatment of MPM.
The Birth of Modernism: How the Science of Aesthetics Created One of the Most Popular Periods of Art

Despite contemporary post-modernist decades the still relatively recent paintings of Whistler, Gauguin, Van Gogh, Picasso, and Ernst Ludwig Kirchner remain in the ascendant in popularity. We think of these artists as Modern, but just when and how did Modernism in art come about?
Efficient Energy Funneling in Quasi-2D Perovskites: From Light Emission to Lasing

Quasi-2D Ruddlesden-Popper halide perovskites with a large exciton binding energy, self-assembled quantum wells, and high quantum yield draw attention for optoelectronic device applications. Thin films of these quasi-2D perovskites consist of a mixture of domains having different dimensionality, allowing energy funneling from lower-dimensional nanosheets (high-bandgap domains) to 3D nanocrystals (low-bandgap domains). High-quality quasi-2D perovskite (PEA)2 (FA)3 Pb4 Br13 films are fabricated by solution engineering. Grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering measurements are conducted to study the crystal orientation, and transient absorption spectroscopy measurements are conducted to study the charge-carrier dynamics. These data show that highly oriented 2D crystal films have a faster energy transfer from the high-bandgap domains to the low-bandgap domains (<0.5 ps) compared to the randomly oriented films. High-performance light-emitting diodes can be realized with these highly oriented 2D films. Finally, amplified spontaneous emission with a low threshold 4.16 µJ cm-2 is achieved and distributed feedback lasers are also demonstrated. These results show that it is important to control the morphology of the quasi-2D films to achieve efficient energy transfer, which is a critical requirement for light-emitting devices.
Distinctive immunophenotypic features of t(8;21)(q22;q22) acute myeloblastic leukemia in children.

Thirty cases of newly diagnosed pediatric acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) with French-American-British (FAB) M2 morphology were analyzed with cytogenetics and a comprehensive panel of monoclonal antibodies reactive with lymphoid-, natural killer (NK)-cell-, and myeloid-associated antigens. The t(8;21)(q22;q22), or t(8;21;V)(q22;q22;V), translocation was identified in 16 of the 30 cases. Cases with the t(8;21) did not differ significantly from the remaining M2 cases with respect to expression of CD11b, CD13, CD14, CD15, CD33, CD34, CD36, CD41a, CD42b, CDw65, TdT, or HLA-DR. Expression of the B-cell antigen CD19 was detected in 13 of the 16 t(8;21) cases (81%), but in only 1 of the 14 (7%) other M2 cases (P = .00006). Expression of the CD56 NK-cell antigen was also significantly more frequent among t(8;21) cases (63% v 14%; P = .01). Coexpression of CD19 and CD56 was found only in the t(8;21) group (9 of 16 cases, P = .0009). Furthermore, this phenotype was not found in 48 evaluable cases of de novo AML of the FAB M1, M3, M4, M5, or M7 subtypes. The 14 M2 AML cases lacking the t(8;21) commonly expressed CD2 (n = 5) or CD7 (n = 8). However, no case with the t(8;21) expressed either antigen (P = .01 and .0005, respectively). Thus, the t(8;21) biologic subgroup of pediatric M2 AML has distinct immunophenotypic characteristics that distinguish it from other types of de novo AML.
Mirror, Mirror, How Do I Look in the Outfit? Exploring Consumers’ Preferences of Using a Magic Mirror in Apparel Shopping.

The research aims to examine consumers’ behavioral intention to use the magic mirror to virtually try-on during purchasing clothing, and apparel in fashion retail shops. An extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) framework has been developed to analyze consumer behavior from technology, enjoyment, and privacy perspectives. A total of 200 usable responses (44.5% female, and 54% male) were used for analysis. A structural equation model was conducted to test the proposed research hypothesis. Findings show that perceived usefulness, and perceived enjoyment have significant influence while privacy and perceived ease of use remained less influential on consumers' attitude and behavioral intention to use a magic mirror. In order to understand how the magic mirror is contributing to improving consumers' shopping experience, the retailers must know which this research aims to examine. Implications have also been given to researchers and manufacturers of the magic mirror technology.
On the Alignment Between Self-Declared Gender Identity and Topical Content from Wikipedia

Wikipedia is an important information source for much of the world. One well-established problem is that editors of Wikipedia are overwhelmingly men. This gender gap in participation has resulted in a concern that the content suffers biases as a result of the bias in participation. This problem is hard to study, because the relationships between participation, gender identity, and content have not been established. Prior studies, mostly with children, have shown some differences in topical preferences based on sex. However, this issue has not been studied with adults and has not been considered from more than a binary stance. In this study, we work to understand how gender identity relates to topical preferences. Through an empirical study, we ask participants to declare a gender identity and then present them with pairs of topical article content from Wikipedia. Through thousands of participants and tens of thousands of paired content trials, we uncover relationships between self-declared gender identity and topical preferences. Further, by focusing on topics that have a statistically significant bias, we leverage two of Wikipedia's category systems to illustrate relative categorical differences that are similar to categorical differences described in prior work. The discussion focuses on the subtly of these differences, potential future research, and the implications for interventions based on topical content. Further, the results help us reflect on relationships that might explain the persistent and worsening gender gap in participation.
Why do Patients Undergoing Extremity Prosthetic Reconstruction for Metastatic Disease get Readmitted

Background Orthopaedic oncology patients are particularly susceptible to increased readmission rates and poor surgical outcomes, yet little is known about readmission rates. The goal of this study was to identify factors independently associated with 90-day readmission for patients undergoing oncologic resection and subsequent prosthetic reconstruction for metastatic disease of the hip and knee. Methods This was a retrospective comparative cohort study of all patients treated from 2013-2019 at a single tertiary care referral institution who underwent endoprosthetic reconstruction by an Orthopaedic Oncologist for metastatic disease of the extremities. The primary outcome measure was unplanned 90-day readmission. Results We identified 112 patients undergoing 127 endoprosthetic reconstruction surgeries. Metastatic disease was most commonly from renal (26.8%), lung (23.6%), breast (13.4%). The most common type of skeletal reconstruction performed was simple arthroplasty (54%). There were 43 readmissions overall (33.9%). When controlling for confounding factors, BMI >40, insurance status, peripheral vascular disease and longer hospital length of stay were independently associated with risk of readmission (p Conclusions Readmission rates for endoprosthetic reconstructions for metastatic disease are high. While predicting readmission remains challenging, risk stratification presents a viable option for helping minimize unplanned readmissions.
The Chemistry of Dairy Powders with Reference to Baking

Publisher Summary Accompanying the expanding knowledge of the precise composition of foods is an increasing body of information concerning the multitude of actual and potential interactions that transpire during the preparation, processing, and storage of many food commodities. Much of the science of food chemistry has been acquired by studying model systems, i.e., studying the interactions of specific chemical compounds under controlled conditions, and in many instances reaction mechanisms have been hypothecated from analysis of end products of such interactions. With the increasing integration and automation of food processing operations, there is a need for an improved understanding of the chemistry and biochemistry of food systems, in order to exploit the appropriate properties of the various constituents under specific circumstances and to avoid unnecessary interactions. Milk and dairy products, i.e., various powders, casein, whey, and butterfat, are widely used in the preparation of various food items. The quality of dairy powders is generally excellent, and these powders not only influence the quantitative criteria of the food products to which they are added but significantly improve the nutritional quality of foods and markedly increase consumption of such foods by virtue of their superior organoleptic characteristics. Notwithstanding, the function of the dairy constituents in many formulations has not been elucidated. Frequently, they are added because they improve the quality of the food. This chapter reviews the composition and chemistry of the various components of dairy powders as they influence products of the baking industry, particularly bread. The widespread adoption of the mechanized continuous bread-making process has dramatized the relative state of ignorance that prevails with regard to the chemistry and physical effects of dairy powders in breads.
Antigen binding to lymphoid cells from unimmunized mice. II. High frequency of antigen-binding cells for several protein antigens by a morphologically distinct Ig-bearing population of T- and B-lymphocytes.

Abstract In cell suspensions prepared from bone marrow or spleen of unimmunized mice and with splenic T-cells and cortisone-resistant thymocytes, a subpopulation of cells may be defined on the basis of a characteristic staining pattern with fluorochrome-labeled anti-Ig. In this population are found most of the cells which bind enzymatically active or fluorochrome-labeled protein antigens. These antigens are bound in the same characteristic pattern as is anti-Ig and antigen binding is inhibited by anti-μ. These patterned antigen-binding cells (ABC) shed their receptors rapidly and the cells must be fixed to demonstrate them. Among the patterned ABC subpopulation, the frequency of cells binding a large, multideterminant antigen is very high: 30–50% of these cells bear Ig receptors for any of five different proteins. Patterned ABC in splenic T-cell preparations or among cortisone-resistant thymocytes bear T-antigen as well as surface Ig.
Serving Up a Plate of Chromosomes

Before being pulled into their respective daughter cells, duplicated chromosomes line up at the center of the cell. Video microscopy and high-resolution electron microscopy show how this precise arrangement is set up by the cell.
Digital Ridgelet Transform Based on True Ridge Functions

Abstract We study a notion of ridgelet transform for arrays of digital data in which the analysis operator uses true ridge functions, as does the synthesis operator. There are fast algorithms for analysis, for synthesis, and for partial reconstruction. Associated with this is a transform which is a digital analog of the orthonormal ridgelet transform (but not orthonormal for finite n). In either approach, we get an overcomplete frame; the result of ridgelet transforming an n × n array is a 2n × 2n array. The analysis operator is invertible on its range; the appropriately preconditioned operator has a tightly controlled spread of singular values. There is a near-parseval relationship. Our construction exploits the recent development by Averbuch et al. (2001) of the Fast Slant Stack, a Radon transform for digital image data; it may be viewed as following a Fast Slant Stack with fast 2-d wavelet transform. A consequence of this construction is that it offers discrete objects (discrete ridgelets, discrete Radon transform, discrete Pseudopolar Fourier domain) which obey inter-relationships paralleling those in the continuum ridgelet theory (between ridgelets, Radon transform, and polar Fourier domain). We make comparisons with other notions of ridgelet transform, and we investigate what we view as the key issue: the summability of the kernel underlying the constructed frame. The sparsity observed in our current implementation is not nearly as good as the sparsity of the underlying continuum theory, so there is room for substantial progress in future implementations.
Studies in optimization—II: Optimum temperature gradients in tubular reactors

Abstract The method of dynamic programming is used to solve the general problem of finding the temperature gradient in a tubular reactor, which will maximize some function expressing the profit made by the reaction. As an introductory example the reaction A → B → C when the yield of B is to be maximized is considered. This is followed by a detailed analysis of this reaction for first order kinetics, which confirms and extends the work of Amundson and Bilous. The solution of the general problem for a number of simultaneous reactions is then presented and some extensions discussed.
Target fish communities for restoration of waterways supporting society and nature

Summary A set of methods are developed and demonstrated for setting clear and measurable fish community targets for environmental restoration in contemporary waterways. Two case studies illustrate the application and value of these methods: a small northeast United States river and the Hudson River estuary in New York City. A target fish community can be used to diagnose impediments to a desired fish fauna, define needed restoration activities, and identify precisely the fish community for restoration. A target fish community defines species composition and community proportions by species. In the small river case, observed fish community had underrepresented species that were mostly fluvial fishes and overly abundant species that were mostly habitat generalists or lentic oriented species. Results indicated flowing water habitat improvement was the highest priority. The estuary case defined species composition and community proportions for shorelines in New York City. While this estuarine ecosystem had a high diversity of fishes and few missing species, the shoreline community was determined to be highly biased toward fishes using open pelagic waters. Departures from target conditions were used to define clear and practical restoration needs in this intensely urbanized waterway: shallow shoreline waters with cover. Integrating restoration policy, objective zoogeography analyses, and theory-based parameters of community structure yields restoration specifications that are future oriented, meaningful to the public, and scientifically justified.
Bioelectric properties of gerbil middle ear epithelia.

• Biochemical analysis of middle ear effusions provides indirect evidence of epithelial function, but no direct studies of middle ear epithelial function have been published. This study uses cell culture techniques to study the bioelectric properties of these cells and their response to pharmacologic agents. Middle ear epithelial cells were isolated by protease and DNase digestion and cultured on collagen matrices. A transepithelial potential difference (PD) measured by calomel half cells peaked by day 8 in culture (PD=−8.6±1.6 mV). Resistance and short-circuit current (ISC) were calculated to be 307 ± 46 Ω/cm 2 and 28 ± 4.1 A/cm 2 , respectively. At peak PD, cultures were mounted in flux chambers (Ussing), and pharmacologic agents were applied. Amiloride (10 −4 mol/L), an inhibitor of Na transport, decreased ISC by 52.3% ± 4.9% but had no effect when added basolaterally. Carbachol (10 −4 mol/L), a cholinergic agonist, had no effect when added to the apical bath but increased ISC by 62.9%±12.4% when added basolaterally. Isoproterenol (10 −4 mol/L), a β-adrenergic agonist, increased ISC by 4.8%± 1.8% when added apically but had no effect when added basally. These results indicate that the epithelium lining the middle ear plays a role in regulating the quantity and composition of liquid in the middle ear by ion transport and that cell culture may be useful in studying this phenomenon. ( Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 1991; 117:416-421)
Ethnic tourism and nationalism in wales

Abstract This paper examines the role of ethnic tourism in nationalist movements. The colonial experience is a double victimization in that cultural devaluation often accompanies material conquest and exploitation. Nationalist rhetoric reflects this experience, projecting a dual message of historical injustice and cultural revaluation. This study focuses on the potential of ethnic tourism in Wales to serve as a medium for the nationalist message, by projecting an image of the Welsh both as victims of injustice and as bearers of a distinctive culture. Analysis of Welsh attractions suggests that tourism provides a resource for the nationalist movement, by furnishing yet another outlet for its message.
One-electron reduction of chromate by NADPH-dependent glutathione reductase.

Electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements provide evidence for the formation of Cr(V) intermediates in the enzymatic reduction of Cr(VI) by glutathione reductase (GSSG-R) in the presence of NADPH, indicating an initial single-electron transfer step in the reduction mechanism. Depending on the pH, at least two different Cr(V) species are generated which are relatively long-lived. In addition, we have detected the hydroxyl (⋅OH) radical formation during the GSSG-R catalyzed reduction of Cr(VI) by spin trapping, employing 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) and α-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone (4-POBN) as spin traps. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) causes only a minor effect on the ⋅OH radical and Cr(V) formation, indicating that the O2− is not significantly involved in the reaction mechanism. Catalase enhances the Cr(V) formation and substantially inhibits the ⋅OH radical formation, indicating the involvement of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the reaction mechanism. Addition of H2O2 suppresses Cr(V) and enhances the ⋅OH radical formation. Measurements involving N-ethylmaleimide show that the Cr(V) species, produced enzymatically by the reduction of Cr(VI) by GSSG-R, react with H2O2 to generate ⋅OH radicals, which might participate in the initiation of Cr(VI) carcinogenicity.
Wnt5a Directs Polarized Calcium Gradients by Recruiting Cortical Endoplasmic Reticulum to the Cell Trailing Edge

Wnt5a directs the assembly of the Wnt-receptor-actin-myosin-polarity (WRAMP) structure, which integrates cell-adhesion receptors with F-actin and myosin to form a microfilament array associated with multivesicular bodies (MVBs). The WRAMP structure is polarized to the cell posterior, where it directs tail-end membrane retraction, driving forward translocation of the cell body. Here we define constituents of the WRAMP proteome, including regulators of microfilament and microtubule dynamics, protein interactions, and enzymatic activity. IQGAP1, a scaffold for F-actin nucleation and crosslinking, is necessary for WRAMP structure formation, potentially bridging microfilaments and MVBs. Vesicle coat proteins, including coatomer-I subunits, localize to and are required for the WRAMP structure. Electron microscopy and live imaging demonstrate movement of the ER to the WRAMP structure and plasma membrane, followed by elevation of intracellular Ca2+. Thus, Wnt5a controls directional movement by recruiting cortical ER to mobilize a rear-directed, localized Ca2+ signal, activating actomyosin contraction and adhesion disassembly for membrane retraction.
Differential spectrophotometric determination of tartrate with chloranilic acid

Abstract A differential spectrophotometric method for the determination of tartrate using chloranilic acid is described. Standard and sample solutions containing slightly more tartrate than the reference solution, are measured relative to it. The procedure is applicable to the determination of tartrate in baking powder; the results obtained compared favorably with the official A.O.A.C. method.
Ingestion of the dinoflagellate, Pfiesteria piscicida, by the calanoid copepod, Acartia tonsa

Abstract The dinoflagellate, Pfiesteria piscicida , can form harmful algal blooms in estuarine environments. The dominant copepod species usually found in these waters is Acartia tonsa . We tested the ability of A. tonsa to graze the non-toxic zoospore stage of P. piscicida and thus serve as a potential biological control of blooms of this algal species. A. tonsa grazed the non-toxic zoospore stages of both a non-inducible P. piscicida strain (FDEPMDR23) and a potentially toxic strain (Tox-B101156) at approximately equal rates. Ingestion of P. piscicida increased with cell concentration and exhibited a saturated feeding response. Both the maximum number of cells ingested ( I max ) and the slope of the ingestion curve ( α ) of A. tonsa feeding on P. piscicida were comparable to these ingestion parameters for A. tonsa fed similar-sized phytoplankton and protozoan species. When these laboratory ingestion rates were combined with abundance estimates of A. tonsa from the Pocomoke Estuary and Chesapeake Bay, we found that significant grazing control of the non-toxic zoospore stage of P. piscicida by A. tonsa would only occur at high copepod abundances (>10 copepods L −1 ). We conclude that under most in situ conditions the potential biological control of blooms of P. piscicida is exerted by microzooplankton grazers. However, in the less saline portions of estuaries where maximum concentrations of copepods often occur with low abundances of microzooplankton, copepod grazing coefficients can be similar to the growth rates of P. piscicida .
Novel variants of CD44 arising from alternative splicing: Changes in the CD44 alternative splicing pattern of MCF‐7 breast carcinoma cells treated with hyaluronidase

Abstract CD44 is a cell-surface glycoprotein postulated to play a role in a variety of biological processes, including lymphocyte homing and tumor-cell metastasis. Several isoforms of CD44 have been identified in human cells, and the genesis of some of these isoforms has been attributed to alternative splicing. In the study presented here we amplified three novel transcript variants of CD44 from human cell lines using a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction strategy. Two of the novel isoforms differed from previously described CD44 isoforms as a result of alternative splicing that occurred at previously reported splice junctions. The third novel CD44 isoform was generated from a previously unreported alternative splice junction near the 5' end of the open reading frame. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA revealed that these novel isoforms and all of the previously described CD44 isoforms arose from alternative splicing. The capability of cells to modify their CD44 alternative splicing pattern was demonstrated in MCF-7 cells, which altered their CD44-isoform expression pattern in response to treatment with hyaluronidase. A better understanding of mechanisms regulating CD44 alternative splicing may provide insights into diverse processes, including tumor-cell metastasis and lymphocyte homing.
From barriers to bridges: chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in neuropathology

Emerging studies have revealed new roles for the neural extracellular matrix in neuropathologies. The structure of this matrix is unusual and uniquely enriched in chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, particularly those of the lectican family. Historically, lecticans have attracted considerable interest in the normal and injured brain for their prominent roles as inhibitors of cellular motility, neurite extension and synaptic plasticity. However, these molecules are structurally heterogeneous, have distinct expression patterns and mediate unique interactions, suggesting that they might have other functions in addition to their traditional role as chemorepulsants. Here, we review recent work demonstrating unique modifications and structural microheterogeneity of the lecticans in the diseased CNS, which might relate to novel roles of these molecules in neuropathologies.
Collection evaluation and academic review

An academic library collection evaluation methodology conceived and planned within the broader context of assessment is described. Focusing on the evaluation of a library's collection of special education and counseling monographs, the pilot methodology calls for several collection-centered and client-centered evaluation techniques. The OCLC/AMIGOS Collection Analysis CD, selected as one collection-centered evaluation method, is described, and its value as an evaluation tool for monographic holdings is discussed.
Roche potentials including radiation effects

A modified Roche potential which incorporates the effects of radiation pressure due to one component of a binary system is mathematically explored. In some cases, the resulting potentials do not exhibit the familiar contact surfaces of the classical Roche potential. The concept of a contact surface, which has been fundamental to the investigations of close binary systems, must be used with discretion for close binaries in which one component is very luminous. A convenient criterion for the existence of a contact surface is given by (1-μ) ≃ 3δc 3/2 $$(1 - 2(\tfrac{2}{3})^4 \delta _c )$$ , (δc≪1) where μ is the mass of the very luminous star in terms of the system mass. For systems of given μ, no contact surface exists if δ is greater than δc where δ is the ratio of radiation pressure force to gravitational attraction. Furthermore, energy considerations of the modified Roche potential indicate that binary systems with δ < δc should have a greater tendency to form rings than those with δ < δc.
The stability of deoxycytidine photohydrates in the mononucleotide, oligodeoxynucleotides and DNA

Abstract The stability of deoxycytidine photohydrates was determined for deoxycytidylic acid and deoxycytidine residues in oligodeoxynucleotides by optical measurements and in native and denatured DNA by a chemical assay. The half lives at 20° in 10 −2 M tris buffer, pH 7.7, were 102 min. for the mononucleotide, 128 min. for dpApGpG, 152 min. for MeOdpTpCpA, 51 min. for denatured E . coli DNA and 58 min. for native E . coli DNA (at pH 8.1). It is concluded that the stability of deoxycytidine photohydrates is sufficient that they cannot at present be dismissed as lesions of possible biological importance in ultraviolet irradiated cells.
Consistency of field equations in “Self-Creation” cosmologies

It is pointed out that the field equations in one of Barber's two “self-creation” cosmologies are not only in disagreement with experiment, but are actually inconsistent, in general. The construction of consistent general relativistic field equations involving field variables, such asϕ, without invoking Lagrangian techniques, requires careful checking that sufficient functional freedom has been provided so as to produce a consistent set of equations.
Respiration, photosynthesis and carbon metabolism in planktonic ciliates

Release of14C-labelled carbon dioxide from uniformly labelled cells was used to measure respiration by individual ciliates in 2-h incubations in 1989 and 1990. In a strictly heterotrophic ciliate,Strobilidium spiralis (Leegaard, 1915), release of labelled carbon dioxide was equivalent to ca. 2.8% of cell C h−1 at 20°C, and there was no difference between rates in the dark and light. In the chloroplast-retaining ciliatesLaboea strobila Lohmann, 1908,Strombidium conicum (Lohmann, 1908) Wulff, 1919 andStrombidium capitatum (Leegaard, 1915) Kahl, 1932, release of labelled carbon dioxide was less in the light than in the dark in experiments done at 15°C. InL. strobila release of radiolabel as carbon dioxide was equivalent to ca. 2.4% of cell C h−1 in the dark but ca. 1% at 50µE m−2 s−1, an irradiance limiting to photosynthesis. InS. conicum release of radiolabel as carbon dioxide was equivalent to ca. 4.4% of cell C h−1 in the dark, but at an irradiance saturating to photosynthesis (250 to 300µE m−2 s−1) there was no detectable release of labelled carbon dioxide. InS. capitatum release of radiolabel as carbon dioxide was equivalent to ca. 4.3% of cell C h−1 in the dark but at an irradiance saturating to photosynthesis was ca. 2.4% of cell C h−1. These data, combined with data from photosynthetic uptake experiments, indicate that14C uptake underestimates the total benefit of photosynthesis by 50% or more in chloroplastretaining ciliates.
The economics of using plug-in hybrid electric vehicle battery packs for grid storage

Abstract We examine the potential economic implications of using vehicle batteries to store grid electricity generated at off-peak hours for off-vehicle use during peak hours. Ancillary services such as frequency regulation are not considered here because only a small number of vehicles will saturate that market. Hourly electricity prices in three U.S. cities were used to arrive at daily profit values, while the economic losses associated with battery degradation were calculated based on data collected from A123 Systems LiFePO 4 /Graphite cells tested under combined driving and off-vehicle electricity utilization. For a 16 kWh (57.6 MJ) vehicle battery pack, the maximum annual profit with perfect market information and no battery degradation cost ranged from ∼US$140 to $250 in the three cities. If the measured battery degradation is applied, however, the maximum annual profit (if battery pack replacement costs fall to $5000 for a 16 kWh battery) decreases to ∼$10–120. It appears unlikely that these profits alone will provide sufficient incentive to the vehicle owner to use the battery pack for electricity storage and later off-vehicle use. We also estimate grid net social welfare benefits from avoiding the construction and use of peaking generators that may accrue to the owner, finding that these are similar in magnitude to the energy arbitrage profit.
Forced Walking Prepartum for Dairy Cows of Different Ages

Fifty-three 2-yr-old Holstein heifers and 63 cows from 3 to 7 yr old were exercised 5 days/wk for 8 wk before calving. Three treatments were: 1) control (no forced exercise); 2) walk 1.6 km/day; and 3) walk 8.0 km/day. Exercise was at 4.0 km/h in a circular lane with a motor-driven gate. Daily feed intake and weekly body weights were recorded during the prepartum period and 50 days postpartum. Daily milk production and semimonthly milk composition were recorded for the complete lactation. Exercise did not affect feed intake during the prepartum period. Weight gain was reduced during the dry period, more for older than for young cows, and particularly less gain for the longer distance. There was no benefit to production or feed efficiency from exercise for any age of cows. Production of protein and solids not fat was higher for combined ages of cows on the shorter than the longer distance. Protein percentage in milk for the lactation was higher for exercised than for control cows; solids-not-fat percentage in milk was higher for exercise for shorter than for longer distance; and fat percentage in milk was not affected by exercise. Number of services per conception and number of days open were less for exercised cows.
Long-time behavior of Ginzburg-Landau systems far from equilibrium

Using singular-perturbation techniques, we study the stability of modulated structures generat­ ed by driving Ginzburg-Landau systems far from equilibrium. We show that, far from equilibri­ um, the steady-state behavior is controlled by an effective Lagrangian which possesses the same functional form as the original free energy but with renormalized coefficients. We study both linear and nonlinear sources and determine their influence on the long-term stability of the bi­ furcating solutions.
Gene-environment interaction between SCN5A-1103Y and hypokalemia influences QT interval prolongation in African Americans: the Jackson Heart Study.

Background African-American ancestry, hypokalemia, and QT interval prolongation on the electrocardiogram are all risk factors for sudden cardiac death (SCD), but their interactions remain to be characterized. SCN5A -1103Y is a common missense variant, of African ancestry, of the cardiac sodium channel gene. SCN5A -1103Y is known to interact with QT-prolonging factors to promote ventricular arrhythmias in persons at high risk for SCD, but its clinical impact in the general African-American population has not been established. Methods We genotyped SCN5A -S1103Y in 4,476 participants of the Jackson Heart Study, a population-based cohort of African Americans. We investigated the effect of SCN5A -1103Y, including interaction with hypokalemia, on QT interval prolongation, a widely-used indicator of prolonged myocardial repolarization and predisposition to SCD. We then evaluated the two sub-components of the QT interval: QRS duration and JT interval. Results The carrier frequency for SCN5A -1103Y was 15.4%. SCN5A -1103Y was associated with QT interval prolongation (2.7 milliseconds; P P = .02). SCN5A -1103Y had opposing effects on the two sub-components of the QT interval, with shortening of QRS duration (−1.5 milliseconds; P = .001) and prolongation of the JT interval (3.4 milliseconds; P P Conclusions SCN5A -1103Y potentiates the effect of hypokalemia on prolonging myocardial repolarization in the general African-American population. These findings have clinical implications for modification of QT prolonging factors, such as hypokalemia, in the 15% of African Americans who are carriers of SCN5A -1103Y.
Instantons and hypercontact structures. Part II

Abstract We find sufficient conditions for the components of an SU (2) connection to form a hypercontact structure. The hypercontact structure obtained depends canonically on the connection. The result implies that the components of any 1-(anti) instanton form a hypercontact structure on S 7 .
On the concept of state in decentralized control

An examination of the axiomatic properties of state shows that critical properties of a centralized state do not generalize to the decentralized case. This eliminates a class of possible approaches to decentralized control from consideration, and suggests that any viable approach to decentralized control will require a fundamental reformulation of the concept of state.
Investigation of low profile, conformable, dielectric resonator antennas

An experimental investigation studied a cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna placed in a conducting well. Both the resonant frequency and input impedance increased as the wells became smaller, but the radiation patterns remained essentially unchanged. Resonators with smaller height-to-diameter ratios showed these effects to a lesser degree.
The role of rotational excitation in the activated dissociative chemisorption of vibrationally excited methane on Ni(100).

We have measured the sticking probability of methane excited to = 1 of the ν3 antisymmetric C–H stretching vibration on a clean Ni(100) surface as a function of rotational state (J = 0, 1, 2 and 3) and have investigated the effect of Coriolis-mixing on reactivity. The data span a wide range of kinetic energies (9–49 kJ mol−1) and indicate that rotational excitation does not alter reactivity by more than a factor of two, even at low molecular speeds that allow for considerable rotation of the molecule during the interaction with the surface. In addition, rotation-induced Coriolis-splitting of the ν3 mode into F+, F0 and F− states does not significantly affect the reactivity for J = 1 at 49 kJ mol−1 translational energy, even though the nuclear motions of these states differ. The lack of a pronounced rotational energy effect in methane dissociation on Ni(100) suggests that our previous results for ( = 1, ν3, J = 2) are representative of all rovibrational sublevels of this vibrational mode. These experiments shed light on the relative importance of rotational hindering and dynamical steering mechanisms in the dissociative chemisorption on Ni(100) and guide future attempts to accurately model methane dissociation on nickel surfaces.
Sodom's Daughters: The Removed and Forgotten Black Female of Punk Culture

This is a sketch, a blueprint – collective thoughts and research which detail the inspiration and development of a one-woman show on black females in punk rock culture. My title speaks to the disap...
Abstract IA25: Linking genetic features of human cancers and histone-modifying enzymes for future cancer therapies

Small-molecular therapeutics targeting chromatin-modifying enzymes offer promise for future treatment of cancers, but the most suitable ways to use such agents is still largely unknown. This lecture will explore several avenues of research aimed at advancing chromatin-based therapeutics, including the identification of cancer genetic dependencies involving chromatin, the creation of new cancer dependencies by altering cell states through chromatin modifications, and the discovery of novel small molecules that alter chromatin states. Citation Format: Stuart L. Schreiber. Linking genetic features of human cancers and histone-modifying enzymes for future cancer therapies. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Chromatin and Epigenetics in Cancer; Jun 19-22, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(13 Suppl):Abstract nr IA25.
How does the modular organization of entorhinal grid cells develop

The entorhinal-hippocampal system plays a crucial role in spatial cognition and navigation. Since the discovery of grid cells in layer II of medial entorhinal cortex (MEC), several types of models have been proposed to explain their development and operation; namely, continuous attractor network models, oscillatory interference models, and self-organizing map (SOM) models. Recent experiments revealing the in vivo intracellular signatures of grid cells (Domnisoru et al., 2013; Schmidt-Heiber & Hausser, 2013), the primarily inhibitory recurrent connectivity of grid cells (Couey et al., 2013; Pastoll et al., 2013), and the topographic organization of grid cells within anatomically overlapping modules of multiple spatial scales along the dorsoventral axis of MEC (Stensola et al., 2012) provide strong constraints and challenges to existing grid cell models. This article provides a computational explanation for how MEC cells can emerge through learning with grid cell properties in modular structures. Within this SOM model, grid cells with different rates of temporal integration learn modular properties with different spatial scales. Model grid cells learn in response to inputs from multiple scales of directionally-selective stripe cells (Krupic et al., 2012; Mhatre et al., 2012) that perform path integration of the linear velocities that are experienced during navigation. Slower rates of grid cell temporal integration support learned associations with stripe cells of larger scales. The explanatory and predictive capabilities of the three types of grid cell models are comparatively analyzed in light of recent data to illustrate how the SOM model overcomes problems that other types of models have not yet handled.