cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Getting to Better Prescription Drug Information

In addition to alchemy, medicine, botany, astrology and the occult, the great Renaissance polymath Paracelsus was a master of sound bites. His statement, “all drugs are poisons” certainly grabs your attention.1 But what does it mean? That people should avoid all medications? Certainly not. Paracelsus devised quite a few medicines himself. He meant that when it came to medications, you have to be careful. Used correctly, they can save lives. Used wrongly, they can kill. Five hundred years later, two articles in this issue of JGIM show how modern drug regulators, researchers, doctors and patients continue to grapple with Paracelsus’ concern about medications. In the first article, Cooper Bailey, et al.2 focus on an obvious—but surprisingly understudied—way to maximize the benefit and minimize the harms of medications: improving the instructions on pill bottles so patients take them correctly. The authors tested whether enhanced pill bottle instructions—previously shown to help English-speaking patients take prescribed medications correctly3—worked for patients with limited English proficiency. Patients were randomized to receive pill bottles with either enhanced instructions based on health literacy “best practices” (take 2 pills in the morning and 2 pills at bedtime), or standard chain pharmacy instructions (TAKE TWO TABLETS TWICE DAILY). All instructions were translated into the patient’s language (Chinese, Korean, Russian, Spanish or Vietnamese). These simple wording and formatting changes made a difference. The enhanced instructions improved understanding of how to take a single drug (83 % vs. 66 % placed pills into the correct time slot on a dosing tray), and how to take multiple drugs (median number of drugs correctly placed on a dosing tray: four out of five vs. three out of five). In the second article, Wolf, et al.4 examined another effort to maximize the safe use of drugs: Medication Guides. The guides are documents that pharmacies are required to distribute when dispensing certain prescription drugs. These documents, which are written by industry and approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), are meant to alert patients about especially serious side effects. Unfortunately, after reviewing 185 Medication Guides, Wolf, et al. concluded that they were “of little value to patients” because they were too complex and written at too high a reading level. In a second study reported in the same paper, these findings were confirmed: on average, primary care patients shown three Medication Guides were only able to correctly answer about half the comprehension questions asked. Wolf calls for substantial revisions to Medication Guides. We agree. Fundamental changes in the presentation and content are needed to ensure that patients get the information that Medication Guides should communicate. Here are some suggestions based on the findings of Wolf et al.,4 other recent literature,3,5–8 and our own work in this area over the past decade :9–15
A dynamic analysis of women's employment exits.

This research examines women’s rates of leaving a job to become nonemployed (unemployed or out of the labor force) using a stochastic, continuous-time model. The data consist of employment histories of white women constructed from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women (1968-1973). The results demonstrate the importance of examining the underlying processes in women’s employment. Several differences are found between the determinants of employment exits and what might be expected from the cross-sectional and panel literature on female labor force participation. The findings also provide evidence of the interdependence of fertility and employment, with young children increasing rates of employment exits and with high wages on ajob decreasing rates ofleaving a job because of a pregnancy. Finally, involuntary employment terminations are examined, and their transition rates are found to decrease with job wages and job tenure and to increase when a woman has children.
Simulating consistency effects and individual differences in nonword naming: A comparison of current models

Abstract The mechanisms underlying nonword pronunciation have a been a focus of debates over dual-route and connectionist models of reading aloud. The present study examined two aspects of nonword naming: spelling-sound consistency effects and variability in the pronunciations assigned to ambiguous nonwords such as MOUP. Performance of a parallel distributed processing model was assessed over multiple runs, representing multiple subjects with varying reading experience. The model provided a good account of behavioral data concerning these phenomena. In contrast, the Dual Route Cascaded model does not produce consistency effects and does not account for the alternative pronunciations that subjects produce. The results highlight the importance of considering multiple aspects of a phenomenon such as nonword naming in assessing computational models.
Cost of tumor necrosis factor blockers per patient with rheumatoid arthritis in a multistate Medicaid population

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to estimate the annual cost per treated patient for the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) blockers, etanercept, adalimumab, and infliximab in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients covered by Medicaid. METHODS The MarketScan Medicaid Multistate Database was used to identify adult RA patients who used etanercept, adalimumab, or infliximab (index agents) from 2007 to 2011. The index date was the first claim preceded by 180 days and followed by 360 days of continuous enrollment. Patients with other conditions for which these agents are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration were excluded. "Continuing" patients had one or more pre-index claim for their index biologic, and "new" patients did not. Cost per treated patient was calculated in the 360 day post-index period for each index agent as the total index drug and administration cost to the payer and the costs of switched-to agents divided by the number of patients who received the index agent. RESULTS A total of 1,085 patients met the study criteria. Forty-eight percent received etanercept (n=521); 37% received adalimumab (n=405); and 15% received infliximab (n=159). Patient characteristics were similar across groups (mean age 47.4 years, 83% female). The annual cost per treated patient was lowest for etanercept ($18,466), followed by adalimumab ($20,983) and infliximab ($26,516). For all agents, annual costs were lower for new patients ($17,996 for etanercept, $18,992 for adalimumab, and $24,756 for infliximab) than for continuing patients ($19,004 for etanercept, $24,438 for adalimumab, and $28,127 for infliximab). CONCLUSION Etanercept had lower costs per treated patient than adalimumab or infliximab in both new and continuing Medicaid enrollees with RA.
Children's dietary reporting accuracy over multiple 24-hour recalls varies by body mass index category

Abstract This secondary analysis investigated the influences of body mass index (BMI) category and sex on reporting accuracy during multiple 24-hour dietary recalls. On 3 occasions, each of 79 children (40 girls; 39 boys) was observed eating school meals and then interviewed the next morning about the previous day's intake, with 25 days or more between any 2 consecutive occasions for a child. Using age/sex BMI percentiles, we categorized 48 children as having a healthy weight (≥5th but P = .079); over trials, this outcome was stable for children with a healthy weight, decreased and stabilized for children at risk of being overweight, and stable and decreased for overweight children. This outcome was greatest for overweight children and least for children with a healthy weight ( P = .015). For items reported, no significant effect was found. For omission rate ( P = .028) and intrusion rate ( P = .083), the BMI Category × Trial interaction was significant and marginally significant; over trials, both decreased for children with a healthy weight, decreased and stabilized for children at risk of being overweight, and increased and stabilized for overweight children. Total inaccuracy decreased slightly over trials ( P = .076); this outcome was greater for boys than for girls ( P = .049). The results suggest that children's dietary reporting accuracy over multiple recalls varies by BMI category. Validation studies with adequate samples for each BMI category, sex, and race are needed.
Acquisition Time Reduction through New Design for Assembly Heuristics

SUMMARY SUMMARY Rearranging component positions and orientations inside products can reduce the acquisition times associated with handling distance and component orientation. Modeling the acquisition process with an information-based design for assembly methodology identifies and quantifies acquisition difficulty for manual and automatic processes. Heuristics based on evaluations of acquisition difficulty guide the relocation and reorientation of components inside the product to reduce assembly time. Since acquisition time averages one third of the total assembly time, significant improvements are shown to be feasible. A new information flow from downstream assembly issues to product design is demonstrated
Charring rate of wood for ASTM E 119 exposure

Analytical methods that predict the endurance of structural wood members in a fire are based on the reduction of the cross section of the member caused by wood being charred. To define the charring rate in terms of more fundamental properties, empirical models were established. Eight species were tested for charring rates and material properties. Regression analysis was used to develop the models. The predictor variables for the initial factorial design included density, moisture content, treatability, and hardwood-softwood classification. The addition of char contraction simplified the model and reduced the predictor variables to the char contraction factor, density, and moisture content. Our results show the importance of surface recession and moisture content to wood charring.
Iron, Iron‐binding Proteins and Immune System Cells

In summary, the work reviewed in the present paper indicates that 1. Iron and the iron-binding proteins can act as regulators of immune function, and not only as a result of a nutritional dependence of lymphoid cells on transferrin and transferrin-iron. Subsets of cells of the immune system respond differently to increases in iron concentration in vitro and in vivo. 2. Macrophages and lymphocytes differ in the H and L subunit content of the ferritins synthesized in response to increases in iron concentration in vitro. 3. NK activity by adherent and nonadherent cells differ in their susceptibility to the enhancing effect of lactoferrin in vitro. 4. Responses to mitogen stimulation by PHA and Con A are diminished, while the PWM response remains unaffected by exposure to acidic ferritins or by increasing concentrations of iron in vitro and in vivo. 5. Pretreatment of effector but not target cells with iron results in diminished responses in the MLR, an effect that appears to be related to the HLA-A locus. 6. In situ hybridization studies indicate that transferrin is synthesized by a specific subset of the T lymphocytes. 7. Transient increases in serum iron concentration above the full saturation of transferrin, reproducing the clinical situation frequently seen in hereditary hemochromatosis, are followed by a series of cellular changes in the synovium that can be correlated to changes in the course of an experimental model of arthritis in the rat.
Effect of DTNB light chain on the interaction of vertebrate skeletal myosin with actin

MYOSIN from vertebrate skeletal muscles contains four low molecular weight subunits which are thought to play a functional role in the enzymic activity of myosin1,2 Removal of ‘alkali light chains’ (21,000 and 17,000 g mol−1) results in complete loss of ATPase activity, but dissociation of ‘DTNB light chain’ (18,000 g mol−1) leaves the enzymic activity of myosin essentially unaffected3–6. Since harsh solvents are required to dissociate alkali light chains from heavy chains (as the name implies), it is unclear whether the activity loss is related primarily to denaturation of the heavy chain or to removal of the light chain7.
Transformation-induced alterations in fibroblast adhesion: masking by trypsin treatment.

Abstract As assessed by initial rates of cell aggregation, adhesivity of EDTA-suspended cells is increased by SV 40 transformation of mouse 3T3 and human WI 38 fibroblasts. Preparation of cell suspensions by trypsin treatment decreases the aggregation rate and abolishes the difference between transformed and untransformed cells. These findings suggest that increased cellular adhesivity accompanies the surface alterations induced by viral transformation and that trypsinization masks these changes. Thus, use of freshly trypsinized cells in quantitative assessments of cellular adhesivity may yield results which do not reflect the actual cell properties.
Test for ion dynamic dependence of plasma red shifts in neutral hydrogen

The plasma red shifts of H/sub ..cap alpha../ and D/sub ..cap alpha../ were measured in an atmospheric-pressure wall-stabilized arc, which was operated in argon with a small admixture of either hydrogen or deuterium. The measurements have yielded, within the experimental uncertainties, the same red shifts for H/sub ..cap alpha../ and D/sub ..cap alpha../, i.e., zero mass dependence.
NUCLEATION OF METAL CRYSTALS ON IONIC SURFACES.

Abstract A systematic experimental study of the kinetics of nucleation of gold vapor onto the (100) cleavage face of magnesium oxide was made over the temperature range from 209–381°C in ultra high vacuum. The degree to which preferred nucleation occurred was found to depend on the defect structure of the surface. The experimental results are in quantitative agreement with a nucleation model originally developed for a defect-free surface and extended in this study to account for the contribution of point defects.
Proteomics of Transformed Lymphocytes from a Family with Familial Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Rationale: Not all family members with BMPR2 mutations develop pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), implying that additional modifier genes or proteins are necessary for full expression of the disease.Objectives: To determine whether protein expression is altered in patients with familial PAH (FPAH) compared with obligate carriers and nondiseased control subjects.Methods: Protein extracts from transformed blood lymphocytes from four patients with FPAH, three obligate carriers, and three married-in control subjects from one family with a known BMPR2 mutation (exon 3 T354G) were labeled with either Cy3 or Cy5. Cy3/5 pairs were separated by standard two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis using a Cy2-labeled internal standard of all patient samples. Log volume ratios were analyzed using a linear mixed-effects model. Proteins were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization, time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and tandem TOF/TOF MS/MS.Measurements and Main Results: Hierarc...
MgO/Fe(100) Interface: A Study of the Electronic Structure

Epitaxial MgO(100) films, deposited on the Fe(100) surface by direct evaporation of stoichiometric magnesium oxide under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions, are examined by spin-polarized valence-band photoemission and magnetic linear dichroism in core-level spectroscopy. The excellent quality of the MgO films prepared in this way is clearly revealed by relatively small photocurrent intensity observed above the MgO valence-band maximum and by spectral features in the photoemission data. No evidence of the formation of an interfacial FeO layer is found in this MgO/Fe(100) system. Only a structural reordering is promoted by annealing the interface up to 400{sup o}C , as evident by the minute changes in the photoemission spectra. Further annealing to 500{sup o}C , however, leads to more substantial changes in the spectra, possibly related to further ordering of the interface and/or partial uncovering of the Fe(100) metal due to MgO desorption and/or clustering. The influence of screening effects from the Fe(100) substrate to the photohole created by the photoemission process in the MgO overlayer is also examined.
Rigid-body displacement of asymmetric grain boundaries

The importance of asymmetric grain boundaries has made it necessary to examine the reference frame for rigid body translations in asymmetric GBs. It is proposed that the volume expansion is determined relative to the interplanar spacing that maintains the bulk density at the GB and which is given by the average of the interplanar spacings of the planes that are joined at the GB, d{sub i} = (d{sub 1} + d{sub 2})/2. When d{sub 1} {ne} d{sub 2}, s is the case for most asymmetric GBs, the coincidence site lattice construction increases the atomic density at the GB to higher than bulk values. The bulk density can be restored either by a O'th order rigid-body translation or by the removal of a suitable number of lattice planes at the GB. HREM appears to be a useful tool for determinations of rigid-body translation components perpendicular to the tilt axis in low index tilt GBs. Information on the detailed atomic structure of the GB core is necessary for absolute determinations of the volume expansion and the total excess volume of the GB.
Correlation of Hydrate-Film Growth Rate at the Guest/Liquid-Water Interface to Mass Transfer Resistance

The correlation of hydrate-film growth rate at the guest/liquid-water interface to mass transfer limitations is considered. Most of the hydrate-film growth rate data from the literature are compiled based on the system subcooling (ΔT), suggesting predominant heat transfer limitations. In this communication, we investigate how existing data on hydrate-film growth is better correlated to solubility differences of the guest species in equilibrium with bulk fluid and hydrate.
Capillary forces between surfaces with nanoscale roughness

The flow and adhesion behavior of fine powders (approx. less than 10 μm) is significantly affected by the magnitude of attractive interparticle forces. Hence, the relative humidity and magnitude of capillary forces are critical parameters in the processing of these materials. In this investigation, approximate theoretical formulae are developed to predict the magnitude and onset of capillary adhesion between a smooth adhering particle and a surface with roughness on the nanometer scale. Experimental adhesion values between a variety of surfaces are measured via atomic force microscopy and are found to validate theoretical predictions.
Structure, function and interfacial allosterism in phospholipase A2: insight from the anion-assisted dimer☆

Enzymes that function on membrane surfaces offer many challenges to understanding structural and functional details due to the difficulties of obtaining relevant information of the protein in a physiological environment. Focusing on this aspect of structural biology, it is important to develop conditions that mimic the interaction of membrane proteins with their binding surface and ultimately the mechanisms of action. This approach has been used to characterize the allosteric nature of secreted phospholipase A2 (PLA2) to its substrate interface. The breakthrough here was to crystallize the pancreatic group-IB PLA2 in an anion-assisted dimer with five coplanar phosphate anions bound. In the anion-assisted dimer structure one molecule of a tetrahedral mimic inhibitor and five anions are shared between the two subunits of the dimer. The sn-2-phosphate of the inhibitor, which mimics the tetrahedral intermediate of the esterolysis reaction, is bound in the active site of one subunit, and the alkyl chain extends into the active site slot of the second subunit across the subunit-subunit interface. This interface-bound structural mimic provided insight into the active site environment and specific anionic interactions to the i-face of the protein. The presence or absence of a single critical active site water, corresponds to the difference between the activated or inactivated form of the enzyme. The anion-assisted dimer structure supports a calcium coordinated nucleophilic water mechanism, with its pK(a) modulated by this assisting water. This working model has been further strengthened with an enzyme-product complex structure solved with the hydrolysis products of the substrate PAF also bound to the anion-assisted dimer form of PLA2. Additional confirmation of the assisting-water mechanism comes from a structure of the inactive zymogen proPLA2 also crystallized in an anion-assisted dimer. Remarkably, the assisting water present in the activated complex is absent in this proPLA2 structure.
A DYNAMIC MODEL FOR SCIENCE AND RELIGION : INTERACTING SUBCULTURES

Abstract: I argue that for psychological and social reasons, the traditional “Conflict Model” of science and religion interactions has such a strong hold on the nonexpert imagination that counterexamples and claims that interactions are simply more complex than the model allows are inadequate to undermine its power. Taxonomies, such as those of Ian Barbour and John Haught, which characterize conflict as only one among several possible relationships, help. But these taxonomies, by themselves, fail to offer an account of why different relationships prevail among different communities and how they succeed one another within particular communities—that is, they contain no dynamic elements. To undermine the power of the “Conflict Model,” we should be seeking to offer alternative models for science and religion interactions that can both incorporate the range of stances articulated by scholars like Barbour and which can offer an account of the process by which differing attitudes succeed one another. As a step toward this goal, I propose a general “interacting subcultures model” and illustrate its applicability in a small number of mini-case studies from Early Modern Britain and France and with glances toward contemporary America.
Factor Structure of the Children’s Behavior Questionnaire in Children with Williams Syndrome

To examine the factor structure of temperament in 5-10-year-olds with Williams syndrome, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted on the responses of parents of 192 children on the children's behavior questionnaire. Four factors were identified. Two corresponded to factors reported for typically developing children: effortful control and extraversion/surgency and two corresponded to the temperament constructs of withdrawal/inhibition and irritability/frustration and activity, observed in typically developing infants. Parents of 109 of the 192 participants also completed the anxiety disorders interview schedule, parent version. Children with an anxiety disorder other than specific phobia differed significantly from children without an anxiety disorder on all factors except extraversion/surgency. Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) differed significantly from children without ADHD on effortful control and extraversion/surgency.
Gene therapy treatments for erectile and bladder dysfunction

The postgenomic age presents many exciting challenges and opportunities for the application of molecular medicine to the treatment of lower urinary tract diseases. Chief among these are the therapeutic possibilities afforded to selectively modulate/alter gene expression in somatic cells to “normalize” aberrant cellular responses to the existing hormonal milieu. In this paper, this therapeutic strategy will be referred to as gene therapy or gene transfer. This article specifically reviews the potential use of gene therapy/transfer to the treatment of bladder and erectile dysfunction. Available treatments for both of these common urologic diseases/disorders have contraindications, untoward side effects, or limited efficacy in certain patient populations. Moreover, that genetic material can be locally administered in the bladder and penis removes a major therapeutic obstacle to the use of gene transfer. Thus far, “proof-of-concept” has been demonstrated in preclinical studies using cellular and molecular strategies on a variety of gene targets. The continuing evolution of gene transfer vectors and gene delivery technologies is expected to further enhance the selectivity, efficacy, and duration of gene therapy, making it a viable treatment option for the amelioration of lower urinary tract diseases/disorders.
LU decomposition of M-matrices by elimination without pivoting

Abstract It is shown that if A or − A is a singular M -matrix satisfying the generalized diagonal dominance condition y T A ⩾0 for some vector y ⪢ 0, then A can be factored into A = LU by a certain elimination algorithm, where L is a lower triangular M -matrix with unit diagonal and U is an upper triangular M -matrix. The existence of LU decomposition of symmetric permutations of A and for irreducible M -matrices and symmetric M -matrices follow as colollaries. This work is motivated by applications to the solution of homogeneous systems of linear equations Ax = 0, where A or − A is an M -matrix. These applications arise, e.g., in the analysis of Markov chains, input-output economic models, and compartmental systems. A converse of the theorem metioned above can be established by considering the reduced normal form of A .
Parameters and Factor Structure of a Three-Phase Code Transformation Task (3P-COTRAN).

Three phase code transformation task for human subjects, determining memory aid role in problem solving phase from factor analysis
The bilinear programming problem

The paper deals with bilinear programming problems and develops a finite algorithm using the “piecewise strategy” for large-scale systems. It consists of systematically generating a sequence of expanding polytopes with the global optimum within each polytope being known. The procedure then stops when the final polytope contains the feasible region.
Hope Among Franchise Leaders: Why Hope has Practical Relevance to Franchising – An Exploratory Study

Using a sample of members of the International Franchising Association, we examined the relationship of future hope to a variety of variables of interest in the franchising context. Though future hope was not significantly related to entrepreneurial leadership, it was positively related to affective organizational commitment. Franchisees and franchisors did not differ in future hope, though the latter group scored higher on entrepreneurial leadership. The position held in the firm was positively associated with having a controlling interest. Contrary to expectations, neither executive level membership nor having a controlling interest was positively related to entrepreneurial leadership or to organizational commitment. Copyright © 2011 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Defining the Environment in Gene–Environment Research: Lessons From Social Epidemiology

In this article, we make the case that social epidemiology provides a useful framework to define the environment within gene–environment (G×E) research. We describe the environment in a multilevel, multidomain, longitudinal framework that accounts for upstream processes influencing health outcomes. We then illustrate the utility of this approach by describing how intermediate levels of social organization, such as neighborhoods or schools, are key environmental components of G×E research. We discuss different models of G×E research and encourage public health researchers to consider the value of including genetic information from their study participants. We also encourage researchers interested in G×E interplay to consider the merits of the social epidemiology model when defining the environment.
Isomorphic classical molecular dynamics model for an excess electron in a supercritical fluid

Ring polymer molecular dynamics (RPMD) is used to directly simulate the dynamics of an excess electron in a supercritical fluid over a broad range of densities. The accuracy of the RPMD model is tested against numerically exact path integral statistics through the use of analytical continuation techniques. At low fluid densities, the RPMD model substantially underestimates the contribution of delocalized states to the dynamics of the excess electron. However, with increasing solvent density, the RPMD model improves, nearly satisfying analytical continuation constraints at densities approaching those of typical liquids. In the high density regime, quantum dispersion substantially decreases the self-diffusion of the solvated electron. In this regime where the dynamics of the electron is strongly coupled to the dynamics of the atoms in the fluid, trajectories that can reveal diffusive motion of the electron are long in comparison to {beta}{h_bar}.
Under the Influence? Intellectual Exchange in Political Science

I ntellectual exchange is central to progress in any discipline, including political science. The transfer of knowl edge, ideas, and techniques takes place in many forums (e.g., advisor-student meetings, conferences, department lounges) and it is no simple task to sys tematically identify or quantify this inter change. In general though, the fruition of a successful or insightful idea is a pub lished joumal article or book. The way in which the author(s) of a published piece of work acknowledges previous or contemporary work that contributed to its development is via references or cita tions. Thus, while we cannot easily keep track of the entire process of intellectual exchange that leads to publication, cita tions inform us of other (usually pub lished) work that influenced and contributed to the articles and books that make up the research output of the field. Peer-reviewed joumals are one of the most prestigious places in which scholars publish their research.' Almost all cutting-edge research in political science that becomes highly influential is pub lished, in some version, in the top peer reviewed jouruals, such as the American Political Science Review, American Journal of Political Science, Inter national Organization, Comparative Politics, and the Journal of Politics. Un derstanding the role and importance of different jourmals in communicating knowledge is thus a crucial part of un derstanding how the field progresses. This is the task we undertake here. As we explain below, we are hardly the first scholars to evaluate jouruals and attempt to quantify their contributions to the discipline. Current techniques and measures typically utilize raw counts of citations which, we contend, are poor proxies for the true variables of interest, or they rely on political scientists' assess ments of various journals which are, by definition, subjective and relatively ex pensive to obtain. By contrast, in this paper, using commonly available cita tions data and the way that journals cross-reference each other, we show a way to systematically assess their contri bution to intellectual exchange. As we show, this simple approach that uses in formation about the total pattern of cita tions between journals, first used in statistics by Stigler (1994), greatly ex pands our understanding of how the field communicates and advances.
Gene Expression Programs during Shoot, Root and Callus Development in Arabidopsis Tissue Culture

Shoots can be regenerated from Arabidopsis ( Arabidopsis thaliana ) root explants in tissue culture through a two-step process requiring preincubation on an auxin-rich callus induction medium. Regenerating tissues can be directed along different developmental pathways leading to the formation of shoots, new roots, or callus by transferring to the appropriate organ induction medium. Using gene-profiling methods, we identified groups of genes that serve as molecular signatures of the different developmental processes, i.e. genes that were specifically up- or down-regulated on one developmental pathway, but not on others. One transcription factor gene that was up-regulated during early shoot development was RAP2.6L (At5g13330), a member of the ERF (ethylene response factor) subfamily B-4 of the ERF/ APETALA2 transcription factor gene family. RAP2.6L functions in shoot regeneration because T-DNA knockdown mutations in the gene reduced the efficiency of shoot formation in tissue culture, but not normal embryo or seedling development. RAP2.6L promoter: β -glucuronidase fusions demonstrated that the up-regulation of the gene during shoot regeneration was, at least in part, transcriptionally controlled. The promoter: β -glucuronidase fusions also demonstrated that RAP2.6L expression was localized to the shoot and emerging leaves, but expression declined in the leaf lamina as leaves expanded. T-DNA knockdown mutations in RAP2.6L reduced the expression of many genes that are normally up-regulated during shoot development including CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON2 that is involved in shoot meristem specification. Thus, RAP2.6L appears to be part of a network involved in regulating the expression of many other genes in shoot regeneration.
Pseudo-serving: a user-responsible paradigm for Internet access

Abstract As demand for bandwidth on the Internet continues to rocket, it becomes increasingly important to expand the existing infrastructure and to fairly allocate scarce network resources to improve user welfare. This paper introduces a paradigm for accessing information on the Internet whereby previously unused resources, those of the users themselves, play a central role in allowing users to bypass network congestion under “flash-crowd” conditions, where a large number of users from many networks retrieve the same set of files from a server over a short period of time. Simulations demonstrate the feasibility of this approach: a user obtains speedy access to files on servers under flash-crowd conditions in exchange for holding the file for a short period of time, within which, she serves at most two other users.
Analysis of multiscale methods for stochastic differential equations

We analyze a class of numerical schemes proposed in [26] for stochastic differential equations with multiple time scales. Both advective and diffusive time scales are considered. Weak as well as strong convergence theorems are proven. Most of our results are optimal. They in turn allow us to provide a thorough discussion on the efficiency as well as optimal strategy for the method. c ! 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of Stress-Free Edges in Plane Shear of a Rectangular Orthotropic Region

Abstract : The plane elastic problem of a rectangular orthotropic region is considered; subject to the boundary conditions of prescribed equal and opposite tangential displacements and zero normal displacements on the upper and lower edges and zero stresses on the remaining edges. The effect of the stress-free edges on the stiffness coefficient relating the tangential displacement and the corresponding shearing force is estimated in the form of upper and lower bounds for this coefficient. (Author)
Micromachined Radial Thermoelectric Modules for Power Generation Using Hot Gas Streams

This paper presents the design, fabrication, and characterization of silicon-micromachined thermoelectric generator (TEG) modules (13-mm diameter and 0.36 mm thick) for power generation from hot gas streams. Individual TEG modules consist of radially oriented thermoelements on a thermally insulating annular polyimide layer spanning between inner and outer silicon fin structures. Hot gas flows through a center orifice, establishing a radial thermal gradient across the thermopile, thus generating an output voltage. The concept is demonstrated using thin-film metal thermoelements, where, for a 195°C gas stream, an open-circuit voltage of 80 mV is generated and 0.8 μW of power (0.02 mW/cm3 power density) is delivered to a 2-kΩ resistive load. Analytic thermal and electrical models are presented and shown to match well the experimental thermal and electrical measurements. This paper serves as a stepping stone toward the development of superior-performing TEG modules using semiconductor thermoelements.
Evaluation of an inpatient service by consumer feedback.

SynopsisOver the past few years, the Sound View-Throgs Neck Community Mental Health Center has conducted a number of studies of client satisfaction with our services. The findings suggest that the majority of clients are generally satisfied with the help they receive. However, the level of satisfaction apparently depends on specific aspects or features of the program being evaluated, as well as the particular unit which is providing the services.We have used face-to-face, telephone, and mail survey procedures in these studies; and we have sampled both clients who have completed their treatment and those in the early phases of the treatment process.In one of the studies, the former SVTN-CMHC patients we surveyed had been hospitalized in the inpatient unit located at Bronx Municipal Hospital Center. We randomly selected one hundred patients who had been discharged from the unit during the first six months of 1971. After excluding children under the age of sixteen, patients who were subsequently hospitalized...
Good Guys With Guns: Hegemonic Masculinity and Concealed Handguns

In most states in the U.S. it is legal to carry a concealed handgun in public, but little is known about why people want to do this. While the existing literature argues that guns symbolize masculinity, most research on the actual use of guns has focused on marginalized men. The issue of concealed handguns is interesting because they must remain concealed and because relatively privileged men are most likely to have a license to carry one. Using in-depth interviews with 20 men, this article explores how they draw on discourses of masculinity to explain their use of concealed handguns. These men claim that they are motivated by a desire to protect their wives and children, to compensate for lost strength as they age, and to defend themselves against people and places they perceive as dangerous, especially those involving racial/ethnic minority men. These findings suggest that part of the appeal of carrying a concealed firearm is that it allows men to identify with hegemonic masculinity through fantasies of...
Global multimedia collaboration system

Collaboration systems enable people in remote places to communicate and cooperate together. It will bring substantial benefits to Internet users if we can build an integrated collaboration environment, which combines conferencing, streaming, instant messaging as well as other collaborations into a single easy-to-use, intuitive environment. However, traditional collaboration system can only provides limited collaboration capabilities to a small group people in a local or private community. They have features that sometimes can be compared but often the systems make implicit architecture and implementation assumptions that hamper interoperability and functionality. The objective of the tutorial is to give a comprehensive overview of well-known multimedia collaboration technologies and introduce a more general framework to cover the wide range of collaboration solutions and allow different users from the different communities to collaborate. This tutorial will present Web-Services based solutions and discuss two open source systems "NaradaBrokering" and "Global Multimedia Collaboration System" as an illustration about how to apply Web-services and overlay networking in massive scale collaborations.
Making Sense of Methods and Measurement: Significance

In educational research we are often interested in whether one treatment or teaching strategy yields substantially different results than another treatment or teaching strategy. We could chose a t-test calculation to compare exam scores between a group of students who were taught using simulators and a group of students who were taught using clinical case studies. In this situation, we could calculate the statistical significance to help us determine if the score differences were due to a real variation between the groups or a chance measurement. We might set our significance level at p < .05 and the finding of a statistically significant difference between group scores would indicate that detected differences were not likely (<5%) due to chance. In research reports, the word significant is never ambiguous. The author’s use of the term significant or nonsignificant clearly indicates the likelihood that the results of the study were due to chance (Cohen, 1994). But while the use of the word significant may not be ambiguous, it may not be terribly useful either. In this month’s column, we will describe the difference between statistical significance and clinical (or practical) significance and lay the groundwork for a future exploration of measures of statistical significance, statistical power, and effect size.
Elevated CO2 increases nitrogen fixation and decreases soil nitrogen mineralization in Florida scrub oak

Summary We report changes in nitrogen cycling in Florida scrub oak in response to elevated atmospheric CO2 during the first 14 months of experimental treatment. Elevated CO2 stimulated above-ground growth, nitrogen mass, and root nodule production of the nitrogen-fixing vine, Galactia elliottii Nuttall. During this period, elevated CO2 reduced rates of gross nitrogen mineralization in soil, and resulted in lower recovery of nitrate on resin lysimeters. Elevated CO2 did not alter nitrogen in the soil microbial biomass, but increased the specific rate of ammonium immobilization (NH4+ immobilized per unit microbial N) measured over a 24-h period. Increased carbon input to soil through greater root growth combined with a decrease in the quality of that carbon in elevated CO2 best explains these changes. These results demonstrate that atmospheric CO2 concentration influences both the internal cycling of nitrogen (mineralization, immobilization, and nitrification) as well as the processes that regulate total ecosystem nitrogen mass (nitrogen fixation and nitrate leaching) in Florida coastal scrub oak. If these changes in nitrogen cycling are sustained, they could cause long-term feedbacks to the growth responses of plants to elevated CO2. Greater nitrogen fixation and reduced leaching could stimulate nitrogen-limited plant growth by increasing the mass of labile nitrogen in the ecosystem. By contrast, reduced nitrogen mineralization and increased immobilization will restrict the supply rate of plant-available nitrogen, potentially reducing plant growth. Thus, the net feedback to plant growth will depend on the balance of these effects through time.
The interaction between the ER membrane protein UNC93B and TLR3, 7, and 9 is crucial for TLR signaling

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) sense the presence of microbial and viral pathogens by signal transduction mechanisms that remain to be fully elucidated. A single point mutation (H412R) in the polytopic endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–resident membrane protein UNC93B abolishes signaling via TLR3, 7, and 9. We show that UNC93B specifically interacts with TLR3, 7, 9, and 13, whereas introduction of the point mutation H412R in UNC93B abolishes their interactions. We establish the physical interaction of the intracellular TLRs with UNC93B in splenocytes and bone marrow–derived dendritic cells. Further, by expressing chimeric TLRs, we show that TLR3 and 9 bind to UNC93B via their transmembrane domains. We propose that a physical association between UNC93B and TLRs in the ER is essential for proper TLR signaling.
Berechnung der Turbokompressoren

Das umlaufende Schaufelrad gibt die ihm zugefuhrte Energie an die durchfliesende Luft ab und bringt in ihr eine Druckerhohung hervor, die sich bei reibungsloser, idealer Stromung aus $$ H = \frac{{{u_2}^2 - {u_1}^2}}{{2g}} + \frac{{{w_1}^2 - {w_2}^2}}{{2g}} + \frac{{{c_2}^2 - {c_1}^2}}{{2g}} $$ (1) berechnet. Das erste der drei Glieder stellt die Wirkung der Fliehkraft dar; die beiden andern folgen aus der Umsetzung der Geschwindigkeit in Druck im Laufrad und im Leitrad (Difusor). Die Bedeutung der Bezeichnungen ist aus Fig. 14 ersichtlich. Die Summe H der drei Glieder ist die erzeugte theoretische Druckhohe, gemessen in Meter Flussigkeitssaule. in unserem Fall also Meter Luftsaule; wie die Gleichung zeigt, ist diese Druckhohe unabhangig von der Natur des zu fordernden Stoffes.
Large-scale unsteadiness in a compressible, turbulent reattaching shear layer

The large-scale unsteadiness that occurs in shock-wave/boundary layer interactions imposes severe aero-thermo-acoustic loads on high-speed aircraft. Much progress has been made on this problem in the last two decades: these interactions can now be tackled with large eddy simulation, at least for relatively low Reynolds numbers. Further, a large body of evidence now suggests that the physical mechanism for the unsteadiness lies in the selective amplification, within the separated flow, of large-scale disturbances originating in the incoming turbulent flow. The present paper examines the kinematics of these incoming structures in a turbulent boundary layer, and the scaling of the corresponding response of a reattaching shear layer flow. In particular, it presents an overview of the influence on recent research of experimental work carried out by Smits’ group at Princeton University in the 1990s.
DNA-binding sequence specificity of DUX4

Misexpression of the double homeodomain transcription factor DUX4 results in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). A DNA-binding consensus with two tandem TAAT motifs based on chromatin IP peaks has been discovered; however, the consensus has multiple variations (flavors) of unknown relative activity. In addition, not all peaks have this consensus, and the Pitx1 promoter, the first DUX4 target sequence mooted, has a different TAAT-rich sequence. Furthermore, it is not known whether and to what extent deviations from the consensus affect DNA-binding affinity and transcriptional activation potential. Here, we take both unbiased and consensus sequence-driven approaches to determine the DNA-binding specificity of DUX4 and its tolerance to mismatches at each site within its consensus sequence. We discover that the best binding and the greatest transcriptional activation are observed when the two TAAT motifs are separated by a C residue. The second TAAT motif in the consensus sequence is actually (T/C)AAT. We find that a T is preferred here. DUX4 has no transcriptional activity on “half-sites”, i.e., those bearing only a single TAAT motif. We further find that DUX4 does not bind to the TAATTA motif in the Pitx1 promoter, that Pitx1 sequences have no competitive band shift activity, and that the Pitx1 sequence is transcriptionally inactive, calling into question PITX1 as a DUX4 target gene. Finally, by multimerizing binding sites, we find that DUX4 transcriptional activation demonstrates tremendous synergy and that at low DNA concentrations, at least two motifs are necessary to detect a transcriptional response. These studies illuminate the DNA-binding sequence preferences of DUX4.
Combining Molecular Recognition, Optical Detection, and Chemometric Analysis

The mammalian olfactory and gustatory systems have inspired an emergent area of molecular recognition, which utilizes arrays of semiselective sensors to create patterns to distinguish analytes. Pattern-based recognition, combined with chemometric analysis, has provided chemists the tools necessary to create sensing ensembles that far exceed our ability to rationally design and synthesize sensors for complex molecules. These differential sensing arrays have been used for several biological, environmental, and industrial applications, and are becoming increasingly relevant to real world problems. Herein, we will examine the progress that has been made through differential molecular recognition. We will also discuss the different array platforms that have been employed and provide a brief introduction to the most commonly used chemometric analytical methods.
Movie Review: Drugstore Cowboy

STUDENT AND FACULTY PERSPECTIVE Drugstore Cowboy takes place in the early 1970's, in the wake of the cultural revolution when recreational drug use was more widely tolerated. The film stars Matt Dillon as a young man named Bobby who becomes addicted to opioids, including hydromorphone, at a young age. The movie features him traveling the country with his wife and another couple, stealing prescription drugs from local pharmacies and hospitals in search of the next high.