cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seeing Selves and Imagining Others

From his early childhood, Stanley Cavell learned to tread carefully the intervening space between twin pillars: of aesthetic sensibility on the one hand, and political belonging on the other. Early in his memoir Little Did I Know, Cavell establishes a set of differences between his mother and father that far exceed both gender and age (his father was ten years older than his mother), as he notes the starkly contrasting dispensations of their respective families:The artistic temperament of my mother’s family, the Segals, left them on the whole, with the exception of my mother and her baby brother, Mendel, doubtfully suited to an orderly, successful existence in the new world; the orthodox, religious sensibility of my father’s family, the Goldsteins, produced a second generation—some twenty-two first cousins of mine—whose solidarity and severity of expectation produced successful dentists, lawyers, and doctors, pillars of the Jewish community, and almost without exception attaining local, some of them national, some even a certain international, prominence.From his mother’s family, Cavell would inherit the musical sensibility that, had he not ventured into the world of academic philosophy, might have led him towards a career as a musician or in music. In his father’s family Cavell observes a religious belonging that, in the decades in which Cavell is raised, becomes morally inseparable from political belonging, as the rise of European anti-Semitism and the threat of Hitler’s ascent to power would drastically alter the political significance of Jewish religious identification.
Golf as meaningful play: a philosophical guide

Golf as Meaningful Play is both an insightful philosophic analysis of golf and a loving tribute to the game. It is an eclectic book – part golf instruction, part history of the game, part social cr...
Synthesis and Characterization of Ionene-Polyamide Materials as Candidates for New Gas Separation Membranes

A new family of six ionenes containing aromatic amide linkages has been synthesized from ready available starting materials at scales up to ~50 g. These ionene-polyamides are all constitutional isomers and vary only in the regiochemistry of the amide linkages (para, meta) and xylyl linkages (ortho, meta, para) which are present in the polymer backbone. This paper details the synthesis of these ionenes and associated characterizations. Ionene-polyamides exhibit relatively low melting points (~150 oC) allowing them to be readily processed into films and other objects. These ionene-polyamide materials are being developed for further study as polymer membranes for the separations of gases such as CO2, N2, CH4 and H2.
RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF BIOLOGICAL FLOW SYSTEMS

This paper describes briefly some of the non-Newtonian flow phenomena encountered in the flow of biological fluids. Primary emphasis is put on the interaction of shear-dependent and scale-dependent effects which occurs for slow flow in small tubes. Non-Newtonian fluid models are discussed and the experimental data for the pressure drop and velocity distribution of blood flow in small tubes are reviewed. A transformation parameter is described which stretches the radial dimension in such a way that the velocity distribution gives a direct indication of the viscosity variation across the flow. Simple analytic models are described which reproduce many features of the experiments.
MEMS Technologies and Devices for Single-Chip RF Front-Ends

Micromechanical (or “μmechanical”) components for communication applications fabricated via IC-compatible MEMS technologies and capable of low-loss filtering, mixing, switching, and frequency generation, are described with the intent to not only miniaturize and lower the parts counts of wireless front-ends via higher levels of integration, but also to eventually raise robustness (against interferers) and lower power consumption when used in alternative architectures that take advantage of the abundant frequency control enabled by RF MEMS devices. Among the devices described are vibrating micromechanical resonators with Q's exceeding 10,000 at GHz frequencies; mechanical circuits comprised of such vibrating resonators; tunable MEMS-based capacitors and inductors with much higher Q than achievable by conventional IC counterparts; and RF MEMS switches with insertion losses and linearity superior to those attainable by present-day semiconductor switches.
Neighborhood locations of Section 8 housing certificate users with and without mental illness.

OBJECTIVE The study examined whether participants with mental illness in the federal Section 8 housing subsidy program settle in neighborhoods different from those of Section 8 participants without mental illness. The nature of these differences and the reasons they occur were also examined. METHODS Data sources included the Section 8 survey for Baltimore and Cincinnati of the national evaluation of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Program on Chronic Mental Illness, police records, and 1990 census tract files, supplemented with the addresses of all Section 8 users and mental health services in both cities. Analyses consisted of calculations of dissimilarity indexes, comparisons of means, and multiple regressions. RESULTS Dissimilarity index scores were .54 for Baltimore and .48 for Cincinnati, indicating that roughly half of all Section 8 users with mental illness would have to move to eliminate neighborhood disparities between them and Section 8 users without mental illness. Section 8 users with mental illness settled in somewhat better neighborhoods than those without mental illness. This finding was largely attributable to the sizable disparities in the racial composition of the two groups of Section 8 users: a greater proportion of users with mental illness were white. CONCLUSIONS The neighborhood quality of Section 8 users with mental illness was found to be at least as high as that for users without mental illness. It is not clear whether the Section 8 program of the Program on Chronic Mental Illness disproportionately served whites, although the racial composition of the Section 8 program in both cities is disproportionately black.
Kinetics and Mechanism of C-H Activation Following Photoexcitation of (η5-C5H5) Ir(CO)2 in Hydrocarbon Solutions

The homogeneous catalytic activation of carbon-hydrogen bonds using transition metal complexes has been a challenging goal for organometallic chemists in the past few years. This process is of fundamental importance to the petrochemical industry, and has attracted considerable attention [1–7]. The activation of the C-H bonds of aromatics and saturated hydrocarbons is of particular interest because these are an abundant source of organic compounds but are normally inert due to their high C-H bond energies. Recently, it has been shown that (η5-C5H5)M(PMe3)H2 (M = Rh, Ir) [8,9] and (η5-C5R5)Ir(CO)2 (R = H, Me) [10,11] undergo stoichiometric oxidative addition to the C-H bonds of benzene and alkanes under relatively mild photo- chemical conditions. This paper reports steady-state photolysis, quantum yield, and kinetic data for the C-H bond activation of a variety of hydrocarbon solvents by the photoexcited (η5-C5H5)Ir(CO)2 complex.
$gamma$-p TOTAL HADRONIC CROSS SECTIONS AT 7.5 GeV.

The total hadronic $\ensuremath{\gamma}p$ cross section has been measured using 7.5-GeV positron-electron annihilation radiation in a hydrogen bubble chamber. A value of 126 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 17 \ensuremath{\mu}b is found, excluding reactions with only one charged particle (\ensuremath{\sim}3 \ensuremath{\mu}b).
Molecules of Theoretical Interest

The effects of electron-donating substituents on the bond alternations in pentalene have been evaluated by using the Pariser-Parr-Pople-type SCF MO CI method in conjunction with a variable bond-length technique [257]. A valence bond treatment of aromaticity, first introduced by Mulder and Oosterhoff, has now been applied to pentalene [258]. MNDO, UMDDO, and MNDO/CI calculations have also been reported for pentalene [259].
Molecular Biological Approaches to Studies of Alcohol-Metabolizing Enzymes

Many questions about the mechanisms by which alcohol affects organisms and about inherited differences in alcohol metabolism can be answered using molecular biological/molecular genetic approaches.
A preference for minimal deformation constrains the perceived depth of a stereokinetic stimulus

Abstract The current study examined whether the ‘slow and smooth’ hypothesis (Hildreth, 1984; Yuille & Grzywacz, 1989; Weiss, Simoncelli, & Adelson, 2002) could be extended to explaining a three-dimensional (3D) stereokinetic percept by specifying the smoothness term as a preference for minimal deformation. Stereokinetic stimuli are two-dimensional (2D) configurations that lead to 3D percepts when rotated in the image plane. In particular, a rotating ellipse with an eccentric dot gives rise to the percept of a cone with a defined height. In the current study, the spatial relationship between the ellipse and dot varied across trials in terms of the dot’s relative location and the aspect ratio of the ellipse. During each trial, participants (n = 8) adjusted the length of a 2D bar centered along the minor axis of the ellipse to indicate their perceived height of the cone. Upon rotation, the 2D bar was perceived to be perpendicular to the circular base of the cone. Our results were qualitatively and quantitatively consistent with the traditional hypothesis of minimum object change ( Jansson & Johansson, 1973 ), which is also similar to the maximal rigidity assumption ( Ullman, 1979 ). As the dot shifted from the major axis towards the minor axis of the ellipse, observers consistently reported an increasingly taller cone. The results illustrate the tendency of observers to perceive the apex of the cone at a height that minimized its 3D distance to the surface normal at the center of the circular base of the cone to reduce the relative motion between the dot and the base of the cone. The current study provides empirical evidence suggesting that, when presented with an ambiguous stereokinetic stimulus, the visual system prefers the interpretation that corresponds to a 3D percept that is slowest and maximally rigid.
Impact of acidic pH on plant cell wall polysaccharide structure and dynamics: insights into the mechanism of acid growth in plants from solid-state NMR

Acidification of plant primary cell walls causes cell wall expansion and plant growth. To understand how acidic pH affects the molecular structure and dynamics of wall polysaccharides, we have now characterized and compared Arabidopsis thaliana primary cell walls in neutral (pH 6.8) and acidic (pH 4.0) conditions using solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Quantitative 13C solid-state NMR spectra indicate that the pH 4.0 cell wall has neutral galacturonic acid residues in homogalacturonan (HG) and rhamnogalacturonan (RG). 13C INEPT spectra, which selectively detect highly dynamic polymers, indicate that some of the HG and RG chains in the interfibrillar region have become more dynamic in the acidic wall compared to the neutral cell wall, whereas other chains have become more rigid. Consistent with this increased dynamic heterogeneity, C–H dipolar couplings and 2D 13C–13C correlation spectra indicate that some of the HG backbones are partially aggregated in the acidic cell wall. Moreover, 2D correlation spectra measured with long mixing times indicate that the acidic cell wall has weaker cellulose–pectin interactions, and water-polysaccharide 1H spin diffusion data show that cellulose microfibrils are better hydrated at low pH. Taken together, these results indicate a cascade of chemical and conformational changes of wall polysaccharides due to cell wall acidification. These changes start with neutralization of the pectic polysaccharides, which disrupts calcium crosslinking of HG, causes partial aggregation of the interfibrillar HG, weakens cellulose–pectin interactions, and increases the hydration of both cellulose microfibrils and matrix polysaccharides. These molecular-level structural and dynamical changes are expected to facilitate polysaccharide slippage, which underlies cell wall loosening and expansion, and may occur both independent of and as a consequence of protein-mediated wall loosening.
Calculus with Curtains

Certain optimization problems seen in calculus have well-known solutions: If a wire can be cut and bent into a square and a circle, then the maximum enclosed area results from using the entire leng...
Transcriptome Profiling and Genome-Wide Association Studies Reveal GSTs and Other Defense Genes Involved in Multiple Signaling Pathways Induced by Herbicide Safener in Grain Sorghum

Herbicide safeners protect cereal crops from herbicide injury by inducing genes and proteins involved in detoxification reactions, such as glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and cytochrome P450s (P450s). Only a few studies have characterized gene or protein expression profiles for investigating plant responses to safener treatment in cereal crops, and most transcriptome analyses in response to safener treatments have been conducted in dicot model species that are not protected by safener from herbicide injury. In this study, three different approaches were utilized in grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) to investigate mechanisms involved in safener-regulated signaling pathways. An initial transcriptome analysis was performed to examine global gene expression in etiolated shoot tissues of hybrid grain sorghum following treatment with the sorghum safener, fluxofenim. Most upregulated transcripts encoded detoxification enzymes, including P450s, GSTs, and UDP-dependent glucosyltransferases (UGTs). Interestingly, several of these upregulated transcripts are similar to genes involved with the biosynthesis and recycling/catabolism of dhurrin, an important chemical defense compound, in these seedling tissues. Secondly, 761 diverse sorghum inbred lines were evaluated in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to determine key molecular-genetic factors governing safener-mediated signaling mechanisms and/or herbicide detoxification. GWAS revealed a significant single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associated with safener-induced response on chromosome 9, located within a phi-class SbGST gene and about 15-kb from a different phi-class SbGST. Lastly, the expression of these two candidate SbGSTs was quantified in etiolated shoot tissues of sorghum inbred BTx623 in response to fluxofenim treatment. SbGSTF1 and SbGSTF2 transcripts increased within 12-hr after fluxofenim treatment but the level of safener-induced expression differed between the two genes. In addition to identifying specific GSTs potentially involved in the safener-mediated detoxification pathway, this research elucidates a new direction for studying both constitutive and inducible mechanisms for chemical defense in cereal crop seedlings.
Diagnosis of Light Chain Amyloidosis Is the Primary Risk Factor for Engraftment Syndrome after Autologous Stem Cell Transplant in a Contemporary Cohort

Engraftment syndrome (ES) after autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) is characterized by non-infectious fevers, skin rash, hypoxia, acute kidney injury (AKI) among other signs and is defined by the Spitzer or Maiolino criteria. It is a significant cause of morbidity and rarely mortality; risk factors and etiology are poorly understood. We sought to perform an analysis of risk factors and outcomes in patients with ES in a contemporary cohort. We performed a retrospective analysis of consecutive patients with lymphoma or plasma cell dyscrasia who received their first ASCT between 01/2012 and 06/2018. ES was defined according to the Spitzer criteria. Chi-square or Fisher's exact test is used to compare categorical variables and t-test is used for continuous variables. Logistic regression was performed for binary outcomes. Kaplan Meier estimator and cox model were used to explore associations between predictors and time-to-event outcomes. Stepwise regression was used for variable selection. We included 188 patients in this analysis. Median follow up was 28 months. Leading primary diagnosis was myeloma (n=73, 38.3%), followed by NHL (n=53, 28.2%), Amyloidosis (n=31, 16.5%), Hodgkin lymphoma (n=24, 12.8%), and POEMS (n=5, 2.7%). Seventeen patients developed ES (n=17, 9.0%) and 13 patients were treated with corticosteroids. Complete resolution was seen in 16 patients, 1 patient with ES died shortly after engraftment. Two patients treated with corticosteroids had relapse of ES and required a second course of corticosteroids, one of whom required a third course. ES was associated with the primary diagnosis (p=0.0014) and age (p=0.033) but was not associated with gender (p=0.20), use of plerixafor (p=0.68), TNC cell dose (p=0.82), CD34 cell dose (p=0.66), and graft volume (p=0.91). Patients with ES had a higher rate of steady state mobilization which approached significance (94.1% vs 74.3%, p=0.053). Logistic regression analysis confirmed diagnosis of amyloidosis as the primary risk factor for ES (OR of 7.62, p=0.0002). ES had no impact on OS (p=0.91, fig 1) or PFS (p=0.79, fig 2). 1-year survival rate was 98.1% in patients without ES and 94.1% in patients with ES whereas 1-year PFS rates were 87.1% and 78.1% respectively according to Kaplan Meier estimates. ES remains common in a contemporary cohort of ASCT recipients. Use of plerixafor, which has been increasingly common, did not impact incidence. Primary diagnosis of amyloidosis was the most important risk factor. While one mortality was attributed to ES, ES had no impact on OS or PFS in the overall cohort.
600.53 Mortality Advantage of Mitraclip in Patients with Heart Failure and Mitral Regurgitation: An Updated Meta-Analysis

In patients with symptomatic mitral regurgitation who are high-risk for surgery, transcatheter mitral valve repair has been shown to be safe and improve clinical outcomes. However, its impact on survival has shown conflicting results in recent trials. PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases
Plasmonics sheds light on superresolution imaging by dielectric microspheres (Conference Presentation)

By using virtual imaging through dielectric microspheres as well as through coverslips with embedded high-index microspheres, point-like nanoscale objects are imaged in two different configurations - without and with nanoplasmonic arrays. The nanoplasmonic arrays with various periods are used to provide structured illumination of fluorescent nanospheres and/or F-actin protein filaments. To study the nanoplasmonic contributions to the resolution of nanoscale structures, we investigated several combinations of spectral emission bands (blue, green fluorescent nanospheres) with various spectral positions of localized surface plasmonic resonances (LSPRs) in the Au and Al arrays located in close proximity to nanospheres. It is demonstrated that the resolution about λ/7, where λ is the emission wavelength, can be obtained under conditions of spectral overlap between the emission and LSPRs. We show that the microsphere-based imaging has a solid immersion lens-limited resolution, however use of short-period nanoplasmonic arrays allows reaching ~λ/7 resolution. The mechanism of the observed superresolution effects is related to efficient coupling of the object’s emission to diffraction orders of the nanoplasmonic array, resembling the basic physics of localized plasmonic structured illumination microscopy and far-field superlens. However, we show that neither postimaging processing nor all-optical hardware after superlens such as additional layers of metal with surface gratings are required in our approach.
Alignment of library services with the research lifecycle

Objectives: This study sought to understand the needs of biomedical researchers related to the research lifecycle and the present state of library support for biomedical research. Methods: Qualitative interview data were collected from biomedical researchers who were asked to describe their research activities from identifying a problem to measuring the impact of their findings. Health sciences library leaders were surveyed about the services that they currently provide or plan to provide in supporting biomedical research. Results: Library services were strongest at the beginning and end of the research lifecycle but were weaker in the conducting phase of the research. Co-occurrence of codes from the qualitative data suggests that library services are on the fringe of rather than integrated into the research lifecycle. Discussion: Findings from this study suggest that tradition-based service models of health sciences libraries are insufficient to meet the needs of biomedical researchers. Investments by libraries in services that integrate with the conducting phase of research are needed for libraries to remain relevant in their support of the research lifecycle.
The ?other woman?: The end of the long affair

Based on interviews with 26 single women who have had long-term intimate relationships with married men, a power continuum of management styles is derived. At one end are women who are hyper-submissive; at the other end, women who are hyper-dominant. Reasons for ending the relationship and the role of the other woman in that decision are discussed. The kind of ending is classified into three types: the shock-out, the drag-out, and the peter-out.
A comparison of treatment preferences, decision making, and psychosocial outcomes in advanced cancer patients with and without minor children: A matched cohort study.

91Background: Patients with advanced cancer who have minor children face unique challenges when coping with their life-limiting illness and the impact of their illness on their families. The goal o...
Quantifying Overinsurance Tied to the Tax Exclusion for Employment-Based Health Insurance and Its Variation by Health Status.

The exclusion of employment-based health insurance from income and payroll taxes is thought to increase the generosity of insurance coverage and, in turn, increase the overutilization of low-value ...
Labor Unions in the Trump Administration: Courts, Congress, and the National Labor Relations Board

In the 2016 presidential election, Donald Trump received crucial support from white male workers without college educations, many of whom were attached to labor unions. That demographic traditionally favored Democratic candidates in political contests. During his first two years in office, Trump enacted policies which primarily benefitted higher income earners and disadvantaged the middle class. The consequences of those policies, and the political appointees nominated to implement them, will have adverse consequences for labor enduring beyond Trump’s tenure in office.
Stable and Efficient Piece-Selection in Multiple Swarm BitTorrent-like Peer-to-Peer Networks

Recent studies have suggested that the BitTorrent’s rarest-first protocol, owing to its work-conserving nature, can become unstable in the presence of non-persistent users. Consequently, in any stable protocol, many peers are at some point endogenously forced to hold off their file-download activity. In this work, we propose a tunable piece-selection policy that minimizes this (undesirable) requisite by combining the (work-conserving) rarest-first protocol with only an appropriate share of the (non-work conserving) mode-suppression protocol. We refer to this policy as "Rarest-First with Probabilistic Mode-Suppression" or simply RFwPMS.We study RFwPMS under a stochastic model of the BitTorrent network that is general enough to capture multiple swarms of non-persistent users - each swarm having its own altruistic preferences that may or may not overlap with those of other swarms. Using a Lyapunov drift analysis, we show that RFwPMS is provably stable for all kinds of inter-swarm behaviors, and that the use of rarest-first instead of random-selection is indeed more justified. Our numerical results suggest that RFwPMS is scalable in the general multi-swarm setting and offers better performance than the existing stabilizing schemes like mode-suppression.
Examining the social cognitive determinants of collegiate recreational sport involvement and outcomes

Sedentary behavior and health concerns are rising among young adults, making it necessary to understand antecedents of physical activity to promote health programming. This study integrates multipl...
Reintroduction of Diazoxide after Diagnosis of Pulmonary Hypertension in a Patient with Transient Hyperinsulinism

Our case describes the reintroduction of diazoxide despite life-threatening pulmonary hypertension in our infant due to lack of therapeutic options for congenital hyperinsulinism.
Competition in the Black Market: Estimating the Causal Effect of Gangs in Chicago

I study criminal street gangs using new data that describes the geospatial distribution of gang territory in Chicago and its evolution over a 15-year period. Using an event study design, I show that city blocks entered by gangs experience sharp increases in the number of reported batteries (6%), narcotics violations (18.5%), weapons violations (9.8%), incidents of prostitution (51.9%), and criminal trespassing (19.6%). I also find a sharp reduction in the number of reported robberies (-8%). The findings cannot be explained by pre-existing trends in crime, changes in police surveillance, crime displacement, exposure to public housing demolitions, reporting effects, or demographic trends. Taken together, the evidence suggests that gangs cause small increases in violence in highly localized areas as a result of conflict over illegal markets. I also find evidence that gangs cause reductions in median property values (-$8,436.9) and household income (-$1,866.8). Motivated by these findings, I explore the relationship between the industrial organization of the black market and the supply of criminal activity. I find that gangs that are more internally fractured or operate in more competitive environments tend to generate more crime. This finding is inconsistent with simple, market-based models of criminal behavior, suggesting an important role for behavioral factors and social interactions in the production of gang violence.
Direct growth of hexagonal boron nitride on non-metallic substrates and its heterostructures with graphene.

Summary Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and its heterostructures with graphene are widely investigated van der Waals (vdW) quantum materials for electronics, photonics, sensing, and energy storage/transduction. However, their metal catalyst-based growth and transfer-based heterostructure assembly approaches present impediments to obtaining high-quality and wafer-scale quantum material. Here, we have presented our perspective on the synthetic strategies that involve direct nucleation of h-BN on various dielectric substrates and its heterostructures with graphene. Mechanistic understanding of direct growth of h-BN via bottom-up approaches such as (a) the chemical-interaction guided nucleation on silicon-based dielectrics, (b) surface nitridation and N+ sputtering of h-BN target on sapphire, and (c) epitaxial growth of h-BN on sapphire, among others, are reviewed. Several design methodologies are presented for the direct growth of vertical and lateral vdW heterostructures of h-BN and graphene. These complex 2D heterostructures exhibit various physical phenomena and could potentially have a range of practical applications.
A Literature Review on Louisiana Plantation Society

This paper is a review of secondary literature on plantation society in antebellum Louisiana. The paper evaluates the accuracy of previous works written about the subject and works to dispel long-standing rumors about plantations during this time period.
MDL for Mixtures of Normal Distributions

In this paper, I apply Rissanen’s minimum description length (MDL) principle to select the number of components in a mixture of Gaussian distributions and estimate the parameters of those distributions. Wolfe’s (1970) and Day’s (1969) maximum likelihood approaches to this problem do not apply directly to the case of unequal component covariance matrices, because the likelihood function diverges. The MDL approach successfully extends maximum likelihood to cover such cases, though. I apply the MDL method to three data sets from the literature. In general, the MDL approach selects simpler models than classical approaches do.
Applying Analytics to Improve Hardware and Software Maintenance Support Services

Organizations providing large scale software and hardware maintenance support services typically capture detailed metrics of each service request (SR) for a customer. Examples of such metrics include the time taken to resolve the problem, success of the resolution, escalations across levels of support, field engineer site visit statistics, and parts replacement data -- the latter two for hardware maintenance only. For some SRs, targeted customer surveys may be conducted to elicit feedback about how effectively the end-to-end problem resolution process was performed. Application of analytics to such data to enable continuous improvement of the operational efficiencies of providing maintenance services is an open area of research. This paper describes the authors' experience with several analytics projects in this domain. Improvement of maintenance support services can lead to faster and better problem resolution, leading to reduced down time and an increase in the overall resiliency of a computing environment.
Expression of Endogenous Retroviral Genes in Leukemic Guinea Pig Cells

The expression of guinea pig retrovirus (5-bromodeoxyuridine[BUdR]-induced GPV) was studied in guinea pig L 2 C leukemic lymphoblasts by use of molecular hybridization of viral complementary DNA (cDNA) to cellular RNA. It was found that L 2 C leukemic lymphoblasts, leukemic spleen, and BUdR-induced virus-producing cells contain virus-specific RNA: 0.05% (800 to 960 copies per cell), 0.02% (360 copies per cell), and 0.3% (5,120 copies per cell), respectively. Adult normal liver and spleen, on the other hand, contain less than 0.2 copy of viral RNA per cell. Both BUdR-induced cells and L 2 C leukemic lymphoblasts contained 14S, 22S, 35S, and 70S RNA species of total and cytoplasmic virus-specific RNA as determined by sucrose velocity gradient analysis and hybridization of sucrose gradient fractions to cDNA. Virus-specific mRNA was identified in both BUdR-induced cells and L 2 C leukemic lymphoblasts by the criterion that it cosedimented with purified polyribosomes in a sucrose gradient and that it changed to a lower sedimentation value if polyribosomes were disaggregated with EDTA prior to centrifugation. Virus-specific mRNA obtained from either the polyribosome region of purified polyribosomes or the released messenger region of EDTA-disaggregated purified polyribosomes consisted of 14S, 20S, and 35S species in both BUdR-induced cells and L 2 C leukemic lymphoblasts. Hybridization of cDNA to the RNA of L 2 C leukemic lymphoblasts and BUdR-induced cells was essentially complete. Additionally, leukemic lymphoblast RNA could displace 95% of the hybridization of BUdR-induced GPV 70S RNA to guinea pig DNA. The midpoints of thermal denaturation of hybrids formed between GPV cDNA and the RNA of either L 2 C leukemic lymphoblasts or the 70S RNA of BUdR-induced GPV were both 89°C in 2× concentrated 0.15 M NaCl plus 0.015 M sodium citrate. These results show that BUdR-induced GPV genes are essentially completely expressed in L 2 C leukemic lymphoblasts and that virus-specific mRNA is present, although fewer copies of RNA are present in L 2 C leukemic lymphoblasts than in BUdR-induced cells.
The galactic rotation curve at R > Ro from observations of the 21 cm line of atomic hydrogen

It is a great honour to be invited to talk on the subject of the structure of the Galaxy on the occasion of Frank Kerr's retirement, for this is a subject to which he has made so many fundamental contributions. It is also a great pleasure. I love doing astronomy, and that I get to do it at all is in large part thanks to his having been willing to put up with me as a graduate student. The following paper is offered with respect, affection and gratitude.
Biases in Thorpe-Scale Estimates of Turbulence Dissipation. Part II: Energetics Arguments and Turbulence Simulations

AbstractThis paper uses the energetics framework developed by Scotti and White to provide a critical assessment of the widely used Thorpe-scale method, which is used to estimate dissipation and mixing rates in stratified turbulent flows from density measurements along vertical profiles. This study shows that the relevant displacement scale in general is not the rms value of the Thorpe displacement. Rather, the displacement field must be Reynolds decomposed to separate the mean from the turbulent component, and it is the turbulent component that ought to be used to diagnose mixing and dissipation. In general, the energetics of mixing in an overall stably stratified flow involves potentially complex exchanges among the available potential energy and kinetic energy associated with the mean and turbulent components of the flow. The author considers two limiting cases: shear-driven mixing, where mixing comes at the expense of the mean kinetic energy of the flow, and convective-driven mixing, which taps the ava...
Implementation of a practical digital imaging system for routine gross photography in an autopsy environment.

Abstract Background.—The autopsy environment places stringent requirements on a digital imaging system. These requirements must be addressed if the system is to be functional, easy to use, and reliable. Design.—After clearly defining the requirements for such a system, we implemented routine digital imaging in a busy academic autopsy suite. Results.—The new technology was immediately accepted by both the resident staff and the technical staff. Although a 35-mm camera was always available for traditional photography, it was rarely used. An interesting side effect of implementing digital imaging was a nearly twofold increase in the number of images taken per autopsy case. The requirements, features, and utility of a digital imaging system are discussed. Conclusion.—Digital imaging in an autopsy environment can be both practical and cost-effective. It provides many advantages over traditional 35-mm photography and can be the first step toward numerous additional improved services.
2-Hydroxylation of estrogens in the brain participates in the initiation of the preovulatory LH surge in the rat.

Abstract Estradiol-2-hydroxylase, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of estrogens to catechol estrogens was measured in the brain of female rats at specific stages of the estrus cycle. Radiometric measurements of the enzyme activity in microsomal, mitochondrial, and synaptosomal fractions of the brain revealed a sharp increased in activity at proestrus just prior to the preovulatory LH surge. The enzyme activity declined to lower levels at diestrus and metestrus. No comparable fluctuations were noted in the liver enzyme. These changes in brain enzyme activity in conjunction with demonstrated positive feedback of exogenous catechol estrogens on pituitary LH release, suggest that a rise in endogenous catechol estrogen formation in the brain may be responsible for the physiological induction of the preovulatory LH surge.
Prayer, cognition, and culture

Abstract Religious texts, symbols, and practices have long been recognized as important aspects of culture, and yet they are less often the focus of empirical observation than are crude indicators obtained in surveys (such as religious preference and attendance). Prayer is one such topic: widely practiced, and yet treated mostly without regard to its cognitive content or cultural framing. Eleven empirical studies are presented here which examine prayers and prayer-related aspects of religion in contexts including advocacy groups, hospitals, congregations, the Internet, homilies in mosques, religious television, children's books, art, testimonials, inspirational guides, and interviews. The studies illuminate methods and data for studying cultural content of these kinds and draw connections with recent work in cognitive sociology and cognitive anthropology.
Adenine nucleotide control of the rate of oxygen uptake by rat heart mitochondria over a 15- to 20-fold range.

Abstract Rat heart mitochondria oxidizing pyruvate (in the presence of 20% as much malate) took up nearly the amount of oxygen required for complete oxidation to CO2. Thus pyruvate, a physiological substrate of the citrate cycle, is oxidized through the entire cycle in these mitochondria, and they seem suitable for study of regulation of integrated mitochondrial energy transduction. By addition of graded amounts of hexokinase or pyruvate kinase to the suspending medium (in the presence of excess glucose or phosphoenolpyruvate), a wide range of steady-state values of the ATP ADP concentration ratio was obtained. At a constant concentration of phosphate, the steady-state rate of oxygen uptake by rat heart mitochondria oxidizing pyruvate was a function of the adenylate energy charge or of the ATP ADP ratio, and relatively independent of the absolute concentrations of these nucleotides. The oxygen uptake rates typically spanned a range of about 20-fold. At very high values of the ATP ADP ratio, the rate of oxygen uptake is much lower than the “state 4” rate seen after added ADP has been phosphorylated. This result suggests that “state 4” respiration, at least in these freshly prepared mitochondria, measures the rate at which ADP is made available by ATPase activity, rather than indicating uncoupling of electron transport from phosphorylation. The concentration of orthophosphate affected the rate of oxygen uptake and the pattern of response to the ATP ADP ratio or the energy charge, but the effects did not seem interpretable in terms of the mass-action expression for hydrolysis of ATP, (ATP ADP) (Pi.
Parasite immune evasion and exploitation: reflections and projections

Recent developments in parasite immune evasion and exploitation are reviewed with special reference to the papers presented in this volume. Parasites, broadly defined, of animals with good immune responses have evolved many strategies that adapt them to survive and reproduce. These strategies may be passive, or may involve active intervention with host immune regulation, and can be categorized as immune evasion, immune exploitation and molecular piracy. The concept of immune evasion began with Paul Ehrlich's demonstration of antigenic variation in African trypanosomes and was reinforced by later ideas on molecular mimicry. Molecular mimicry is updated in the light of recent discoveries about degeneracy and plasticity of TCR/MHC-peptide recognition. Possible connections between two of its postulated consequences, evasion and autoimmunity, are discussed. Another putative consequence of molecular mimicry, host antigenic polymorphism, is also updated. The concept of exploitation of host immune responses by parasites has been reinforced by new data on its first known examples, especially the immune dependence of schistosome egg excretion. Newer examples include use of host cytokines as parasite growth factors, virokines, viroreceptors and helminth pseudocytokines. Finally, questions of host gene capture by viruses and possible horizontal gene transfer between host and parasite mediated by retroviruses are examined. The latter is compared with molecular conservation as a source of molecular mimicry and other aspects of host--parasite coevolution.
Estimation of Drug Effectiveness by Modeling Three Time-Dependent Covariates: An Application to Data on Cardioprotective Medications in the Chronic Dialysis Population

In a population of chronic dialysis patients with an extensive burden of cardiovascular disease, estimation of the effectiveness of cardioprotective medication in the literature is based on calculation of a hazard ratio comparing hazard of mortality for two groups (with or without drug exposure) measured at a single point in time or through the cumulative metric of proportion of days covered (PDC) on medication. Though both approaches can be modeled in a time-dependent manner using a Cox regression model, we propose a more complete time-dependent metric for evaluating cardioprotective medication efficacy. We consider that drug effectiveness is potentially the result of interactions between three time-dependent covariate measures, current drug usage status (ON vs. OFF), proportion of cumulative exposure to drug at a given point in time, and the patient's switching behavior between taking and not taking the medication. We show that modeling of all three of these time-dependent measures illustrates more clea...
A possible survival advantage in adults with acute leukemia receiving ABO-identical platelet transfusions

In a small cohort of leukemic patients participating in a randomized trial of ABO-identical vs. ABO-unmatched platelet transfusions, a statistically significant decrease in remission duration and increase in mortality were observed in patients receiving ABO-unmatched platelet transfusions. This difference was unexplained by previously described prognostic factors for remission duration and survival. Further study of this association is warranted. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Embeddedness of Networks: Institutions, Structural Holes, and Innovativeness in the Fuel Cell Industry

Plentiful research suggests that embeddedness in alliance networks influences firms’ innovativeness. This research, however, has mostly overlooked the fact that interorganizational ties are themselves embedded within larger institutional contexts that can shape the effects of networks on organizational outcomes. We address this gap in the literature by arguing that national institutions affect the extent to which specific network positions, such as brokerage, influence innovation. We explore this idea in the context of corporatism, which fosters an institutional logic of collaboration that influences the broker’s ability to manage its partnerships and recombine the knowledge residing in its network as well as the extent of knowledge flows among network participants. We argue that differences in institutional logics lead brokerage positions to exert different effects on firm innovativeness. We propose that the firm spanning structural holes obtains the greatest innovation benefits when the firm the broker or its alliance partners are based in highly corporatist countries, or under certain combinations of broker and partner corporatism. We find support for these ideas through a longitudinal study of cross-border fuel cell technology alliance networks involving 109 firms from nine countries between 1981 and 2001.
A Comparison of Statistics for Assessing Model Invariance in Latent Class Analysis

Latent class analysis (LCA) is a widely used statistical technique for identifying subgroups in the population based upon multiple indicator variables. It has a number of advantages over other unsupervised grouping procedures such as cluster analysis, including stronger theoretical underpinnings, more clearly defined measures of model fit, and the ability to conduct confirmatory analyses. In addition, it is possible to ascertain whether an LCA solution is equally applicable to multiple known groups, using invariance assessment techniques. This study compared the effectiveness of multiple statistics for detecting group LCA invariance, including a chi-square difference test, a bootstrap likelihood ratio test, and several information indices. Results of the simulation study found that the bootstrap likelihood ratio test was the optimal invariance assessment statistic. In addition to the simulation, LCA group invariance assessment was demonstrated in an application with the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS). Implications of the simulation results for practice are discussed.
Teaching assistants, neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) and special educational needs: ‘reframing’ the learning experience for students with mild SEN

This study examines how an understanding of two NLP concepts, the meta-model of language and the implementation of reframing, could be used to help teaching assistants enhance class-based interactions with students with mild SEN. Participants (students) completed a pre-intervention and a post-intervention ‘Beliefs About my Learning Experiences Scale’ (BALES). The BALES has good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = .85) and moderate test–retest reliability (r = .75), indicating that the BALES is a psychometrically sound instrument for assessing beliefs about learning experiences. The intervention group were exposed to positive verbal influencing strategies via ‘reframing’ over an intervention period of 12 weeks from TAs who received training in the use of these specific aspects of NLP. Following the intervention, semi-structured interviews were conducted with TAs to elicit information about the perceived utility of the NLP strategies. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted with the students to exam...
Auto-hypnosis in long distance runners.

Abstract Four hundred twenty-four runners completed a questionnaire concerning their running habits and the mental processes which occur while running. Over half of the respondents experience a trance-like state with wide variation in depth, along with increased receptivity to internal events, absorption, and vivid visual imagery, all hallmarks of auto-hypnosis. The techniques used to get into a trance are the same as those commonly employed in heterohypnosis; rhythmical deep breathing, imagery, eye fixation, and repetition of a sound or phrase. Many of the runners become more creative during these trance-like states, and some feel their athletic performance is enhanced. The author suggests that runners represent an important resource for further study of auto-hypnosis.
Chemical vapor deposition-derived graphene with electrical performance of exfoliated graphene.

While chemical vapor deposition (CVD) promises a scalable method to produce large-area graphene, CVD-grown graphene has heretofore exhibited inferior electronic properties in comparison with exfoliated samples. Here we test the electrical transport properties of CVD-grown graphene in which two important sources of disorder, namely grain boundaries and processing-induced contamination, are substantially reduced. We grow CVD graphene with grain sizes up to 250 μm to abate grain boundaries, and we transfer graphene utilizing a novel, dry-transfer method to minimize chemical contamination. We fabricate devices on both silicon dioxide and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) dielectrics to probe the effects of substrate-induced disorder. On both substrate types, the large-grain CVD graphene samples are comparable in quality to the best reported exfoliated samples, as determined by low-temperature electrical transport and magnetotransport measurements. Small-grain samples exhibit much greater variation in quality and...
Automated analysis of 15N and 14C in biological samples

Abstract An automated method for the simultaneous analysis of total N, total C, 15N and 14C in small plant and soil samples is described. A commercial C‐N analyser ‐ continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer (ANCA‐MS) has been extended to also measure CO2 and collect 14CO2 produced by sample combustion. Samples containing 20 ‐ 200 μg N and up to 5 mg C can be analysed directly with no sample preparation other than drying and fine grinding. The precision of total elemental analysis is comparable to that by conventional methods. The average standard deviation of 15N analyses of plant material at natural abundance was ±1 ‰. This is accurate enough for all 15N studies except those using natural abundance and possibly long term studies of soil organic matter. Recovery of 14C in test samples was 100%. The instrument can be operated by graduate students under supervision and operating costs are primarily for sample cups, combustion catalyst and quartz tubes.