cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two T Lymphocyte Populations as Effector Cells for IgG Dependent Cytotoxicity

The characteristics and proportions of human lymphocyte populations capable of lysing IgG coated target cells were studied. Monolayers of target erythrocytes coated with rabbit IgG were employed to detect and isolate the lytic effector lymphocytes. Normal peripheral blood effector lymphocytes were shown to express IgG receptors, and a total of four cell types possessing different surface markers were identified. An average of 68% (range 51–80%) of the effector lymphocytes had T lymphocyte antigen and were capable of SRBC rosette formation, and 32% of the lymphocytes lacked T lymphocyte markers. Two populations of these T lymphocytes were identified: one possesses SRBC and IgG receptors, and the other possesses SRBC, IgG and complement receptors. The proportion of the former was estimated as 53.2% and the latter as 14.8% of the total effector cell population. Two other cell types were distinguished among the non-T lymphocytes. One type of lymphocytes bear IgG receptors (21.6%) and the other has both IgG an...
SU‐E‐T‐79: Comparison of Doses Received by the Hippocampus in Patients Treated with Single Vs Multiple Isocenter Based Stereotactic Radiation Therapy to the Brain for Multiple Brain Metastases

Purpose: To investigate the doses received by the hippocampus and normal brain tissue during a course of stereotactic radiotherapy utilizing a single isocenter (SI) versus multiple isocenter (MI) in patients with multiple intracranial metastases. Methods: Seven patients imaged with MRI including SPGR sequence and diagnosed with 2–3 brain metastases were included in this retrospective study. Two sets of stereotactic IMRT treatment plans, (MI vs SI), were generated. The hippocampus was contoured on SPGR sequences and doses received by the hippocampus and whole brain were calculated. The prescribed dose was 25Gy in 5 fractions. The two groups were compared using t-test analysis. Results: There were 17 lesions in 7 patients. The median tumor, right hippocampus, left hippocampus and brain volumes were: 3.37cc, 2.56cc, 3.28cc, and 1417cc respectively. In comparing the two treatment plans, there was no difference in the PTV coverage except in the tail of the DVH curve. All tumors had V95 > 99.5%. The only statistically significant parameter was the V100 (72% vs 45%, p=0.002, favoring MI). All other evaluated parameters including the V95 and V98 did not reveal any statistically significant differences. None of the evaluated dosimetric parameters for the hippocampus (V100, V80, V60, V40, V20, V10, D100, D90, D70, D50, D30, D10) revealed any statistically significant differences (all p-values > 0.31) between MI and SI plans. The total brain dose was slightly higher in the SI plans, especially in the lower dose regions, although this difference was not statistically significant. Utilizing brain-sub-PTV volumes did not change these results. Conclusion: The use of SI treatment planning for patients with up to 3 brain metastases produces similar PTV coverage and similar normal tissue doses to the hippocampus and the brain compared to MI plans. SI treatment planning should be considered in patients with multiple brain metastases undergoing stereotactic treatment.
Synthesis of the arachno-4-CB(8)H(12)(2)(-) monocarbaborane dianion and NMR/computational studies of the fluxional processes observed in the isoelectronic nine-vertex arachno anions: arachno-4-CB(8)H(12)(2)(-), arachno-4-CB(8)H(13)(-), and arachno-4-SB(8)H(11)(-).

The new monocarbaborane dianion, arachno-4-CB 8 H 1 2 2- has been synthesized from the reaction of arachno-4-CB 8 H 1 4 with 2 equiv of NaH in polar solvents. DFT/GIAO computations at the B3LYP/6-311G*//B3LYP/6-311G* level, in conjunction with 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic studies, have confirmed that the dianion results from deprotonation of both the endo-CH and one bridging hydrogen of the parent arachno-4-CB 8 H 1 4 . While the DFT calculations indicate that a C 1 symmetric structure is lowest in energy, the experimental solution NMR data are consistent with the dianion having a C s symmetric structure, thus suggesting that it is fluxional in solution. Transition state calculations located a low-energy pathway with an activation energy of only 2.7 kcal/mol that allows the migration of the bridging hydrogen between the two enantiomeric forms of the dianion. The process can occur by a single-step, simple rotation through a transition state structure containing a -BH 2 group at the B7 boron. Averaging the calculated 1 1 B NMR chemical shifts of the resonances for those atoms in the static enantiomeric structures that become equivalent by this fluxional process then gives excellent agreement with the solution NMR data. Transition state calculations of the fluxional behavior previously observed for the isoelectronic arachno-4-CB 8 H 1 3 - and arachno-4-SB 8 H 1 1 - monoanions have likewise revealed related low-energy (0.3 and 5.0 kcal/mol, respectively) rearrangement mechanisms involving the simultaneous rotation of three hydrogens (two bridging and one -BH 2 ) through a C s symmetry transition state containing three -BH 2 groups.
Workstation-based logic animation and microarchitecture emulation for teaching introduction to computer engineering

The authors describe two software tools used for teaching logic design and analysis and basic computer organization in the introductory course on computer engineering at the authors' department. The first computer-aided instruction tool described is a schematic capture, simulation, and logic animation package targeted for teaching combinational and sequential logic concepts. The tool incorporates logic animation capability rather than waveform displays, which allows students to view and control logic values propagating throughout the entire network. The second tool teaches computer organization, including microprogramming concepts, by means of the graphical display of an instructional microprocessor architecture in which users are allowed to view and control internal registers, memory locations, and microcontrol store. Both of the computer-aided instructional tools run on UNIX workstations, with graphics displays, local hard-disk mass storage, and mouse input. >
The processing of bathythermograph data: A picture analysis approach

Abstract This paper proposes using picture processing techniques in the automatic analysis of bathythermograph records. It is shown that by treating and displaying this type of data as a digital picture a much more extensive and useful analysis is possible than with conventional techniques. A description is given of results obtained with an interactive program developed to implement such processing. This program, amongst other things, allows the operator to suppress noise, sharpen edges, enhance various structures and detect events of particular interest.
High-temperature creep in fine-grained polycrystalline CaTiO3, an analogue material of (Mg, Fe)SiO3 perovskite

High-temperature creep in fine-grained polycrystalline CaTiO3 perovskite was studied to get some insight into the rheology of the lower mantle. Polycrystalline specimens with grain-size ranging from 5 to 63 μm were prepared by hot-pressing and subsequently deformed under room pressure or at 300 MPa confining pressure, temperatures of T = 1453–1573 K, and stresses of σ = 6–100 MPa under the controlled oxygen fugacity of fO2 = 0.24 × 105−10−10 Pa. Under all the tested conditions, the strain rate increases nearly linearly with stress and is inversely proportional to the second power of grain-size, a result consistent with the volume diffusion creep model. The comparison of the creep data with the diffusion coefficients and point defect models suggests that the diffusion of titanium or calcium ions through vacancy mechanism may be the rate-controlling process and that impurities play an important role. Both creep and grain-growth kinetics are shown to be significantly enhanced in the temperature range of T = 1515–1525 K, presumably related to a structural phase transformation. A deformation mechanism map is constructed based on our data on diffusion creep and on the data on dislocation creep in coarse-grained polycrystals. Conditions under which diffusion creep dominates in CaTiO3 perovskite are wide which is presumably due to the role of twin boundaries to suppress dislocation creep but not diffusion creep. Assuming that the creep properties of (Mg, Fe)SiO3 perovskite are similar to CaTiO3 when compared at the same homologous temperature, the present results suggest that diffusion creep may dominate in a significant portion of the lower mantle and therefore significant rheological softening may occur associated with grain-size reduction after the transformation of spinel to perovskite + magnesiowustite. Also the structural phase transformation from the orthorhombic to higher symmetry structures (such as the tetragonal structure) in perovskite may reduce the creep strength.
Alignment of transferred angular momentum in deeply inelastic collisions from discrete γ-ray angular correlations

The in-plane to out-of-plane ratio of discrete γ-rays of known multipolarity has been measured in coincidence with projectile-like reaction products for the 86Kr +166Er reaction at 600 MeV. The 6+ → 4+ and 4+ → 2+ transitions in several residual nuclei exhibit a large ratio of in-plane to out-of-plane yield, confirming the large alignment of the transferred angular momentum in deeply inelastic collisions previously observed in sequential fission studies. A comparison with continuum γ-ray studies indicates that stretched E2 γ-rays do not dominate the continuum spectrum to the extent previously assumed.
An explicit 1-factorization in the middle of the Boolean lattice

Abstract An explicit definition of a 1-factorization of Bk (the bipartite graph defined by the k- and (k + 1)-element subsets of [2k + 1]), whose constituent matchings are defined using addition modulo k + 1, is introduced. We show that the matchings are invariant under rotation (mapping under σ = (1, 2, 3, …, 2k + 1)), describe the effect of reflection (mapping under p = (1, 2k + 1)(2, 2k)…(k, k + 2)), determine that there are no other symmetries which map these matchings among themselves, and prove that they are distinct from the lexical matchings in Bk.
The biology and life history of Nosema tracheophila sp. n. (protozoa:Cnidospora:Microsporidea) found in Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus (coleoptera:Coccinellidae)

Abstract The life cycle of a new microsporidian parasite, Nosema tracheophila sp. n. is described in adults of the coccinellid beetle, Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus. The spore is ovoid in shape (4.0–5.3 × 2.2–3.1 μ); upon proper stimulation it extrudes a long polar filament (89–178 μ) from which a binucleate sporoplasm (2.8 × 1.5 μ) emerges. The sporoplasm divides, forming short chains of mononucleated schizonts (4.0 × 1.3 μ); the individual mononucleated schizonts then undergo nuclear division forming two, four, then eight nucleate meronts or daughter schizonts (3.1–4.4 × 1.8–2.2 μ). A diplokaryon stage was not observed; however, since the sporonts (4.2 × 3.1 μ) were observed and since they each give rise to one spore, this microsporidian is placed in the genus Nosema . The schizogonic stages are found primarily in hemocytes, while the sporogonic stages are in the connective tissue.
Study of optimal filler size for high performance polymer-filler composite optical reflectors

Polymer-based diffuse reflectors are cost-effective and high performance alternatives to metallic reflectors and multilayered dielectric mirrors in optical and photonic modules. In this study, we optimized the reflectance of high performance polymer-based reflectors by controlling filler particle size. We use a simple analytical model to investigate the critical size of inorganic fillers required to obtain the highest reflectance with a lower filler volume fraction and reflector thickness. The key model predictions show good agreement with our experimental data using Al2O3-silicone and TiO2-silicone composite reflectors. Our results demonstrate for the first time that for inorganic fillers, the effect of filler size on reflectance is non-monotonic, and a critical filler size ranging from one submicron to several microns provides the maximum reflectance. We observed a 50% difference in optical reflectance between 1 micron and 35 micron Al2O3 at 0.1 volume fraction. A significant improvement in reflectance for polymer-filler reflectors can be realized by utilizing optimized filler size, in order to increase the performance-price ratio for optical and photonic devices.
Strategic Product Design for Multiple Global Markets

Designing products for multiple global user populations has been the focus of numerous studies. Based on an understanding of the current state of knowledge, this paper outlines three broad top-down design strategies to satisfy varying user, business, and regulatory requirements across target markets, and to do so in a resource-efficient manner. The first strategy results in a set of optimal, robust, or reconfigurable designs for the markets. The second strategy is the development of a static platform-based design, with variants of the product for the different target markets. In the third strategy, flexibility is embedded into a platform itself; the manufacturer can then release the product in a few target markets, and can leverage the platform at later stages when entering additional markets or adapting to changing requirements. The implementation of the proposed strategies is explored in the context of three different products: (1) the Adidas Jabulani soccer ball, (2) left- and right- hand drive vehicles, and (3) the Apple suite of mobile and tablet devices. The observations in these case studies highlight the importance of the three global product design strategies, and help define certain questions for future research.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Arachidonic acid and its metabolites: evolving roles as transmembrane signals for insulin release.

Arachidonatc (AA) comprises about 17’;. of the (rlleilsured) islet fatty acids (4) Of SpragueDawlcy rats. but a somewhat lower pcrcentagc of (all) fatty acids in islets from Wistar rats (5). In other cells. insulin is known to activate (and glucagon possibly to inhibit) the dcsaturascs Involved in the synthesis of AA from shorter chain, less unsaturated omega-h fatty acids. Therefore. the release of islet hormones has the potential both to regulate AA availability. ;I> well as to be rcgulatcd by it. Thcrc is little dispute that islet cells ot neonatal or adult rats metabolize AA via the cycle-oxygcnase (CYCLX) and lipoxygenasc (LPX) pathways; however, only a very small percentage of released AA (-4%~) is oxygenated by islets. CYCLX-mediated products include prostaglandin (PG) E2. PGF,,,. I%12 and. argu-
The Use and Abuse of the Enthymeme in New Testament Scholarship

Though the enthymeme is usually defined as a truncated syllogism, that definition does not go back to Aristotle. By the first century ce there were four ways of understanding the enthymeme in both Greek and Latin rhetorical theory, of which the truncated syllogism was just one. Aristotle's theory of the enthymeme had little effect on the subsequent history of the enthymeme, just as his Rhetorica had only a restricted circulation and impact from the first century bce on. In light of these considerations, the work of seven scholars who have used the enthymeme to understand argumentation in the NT is reviewed and critiqued.
New approximation for the effective energy of nonlinear conducting composites

Approximations for the effective energy and, thus, effective conductivity of nonlinear, isotropic conducting dispersions are developed. This is accomplished by using the Ponte Castaneda variational principles [Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. A 340, 1321 (1992)] and the Torquato approximation [J. Appl. Phys. 58, 3790 (1985)] of the effective conductivity of corresponding linear composites. The results are obtained for dispersions with superconducting or insulating inclusions, and, more generally, for phases with a power-law energy. It is shown that the new approximations lie within the best available rigorous upper and lower bounds on the effective energy.
Effects of Food Availability on Survival and Growth of Larval Razorback Suckers in Ponds

Abstract The reasons for consistent failure of razorback sucker Xyrauchen texanus year-classes in Lake Mohave, Arizona–Nevada, are not entirely understood. To date, egg and larval predation by nonnative fishes is considered the most likely explanation, but food limitation may influence larval mortality. Our experiments in rearing razorback sucker larvae in ponds fertilized at three levels (“high,” “medium,” and “low”) with mean invertebrate densities of 43.3, 23.7, and 12.5 organisms/L, respectively, did not result in significant differences in larval survival (77.0, 89.8, and 67.4%, respectively). However, total larval growth was greater at the two higher invertebrate densities. Biovolume of food but not numbers of food organisms in guts increased linearly with growth of larvae. Numbers and biovolumes of food items did not differ relative to fertilization treatment. First foods of larval razorback suckers were diatoms, detritus, and algae, Soon thereafter, small rotifers and chironomids were taken, and l...
Aromatic H—D exchange with HCo(CO)4

Abstract When 1,3-dimethoxybenzene-2,4,6- d 3 in methylene chloride is stirred at room temperature with HCo(CO) 4 and then 9-benzylidenefluorene added, the latter compound is hydrogenated to the corresponding 9-benzylfluorene- d 2 . The. D—H exchange of the aromatic protons is ascribed to the electrophilic character of HCo(CO) 4 .
Determination of methylmercury in blood by gas chromatography

Abstract A sensitive gas chromatographic method for the determination of methyl-mercury concentrations in milliliter samples of whole blood is described. The method employs oxalic acid as a hydrogen ion source, potassium iodide as a halide ion source, sodium hydroxide to remove unwanted impurities and radioactive 203Hg for the precise calculation of recovery. Ethylene glycol succinate (2%) on a solid support of Chromosorb G or Chromosorb T was used as column packing. The advantages and disadvantages of both these packing materials are discussed.
Two-dimensional menisci in nonaxisymmetric capillaries

Abstract Calculation of meniscus shapes is often difficult because the contact line is usually a free boundary. We describe a method which avoids this difficulty by using a disjoining force to eliminate the free contact line. Thus, a free-boundary problem is converted to a problem with a known domain boundary. We solve numerically the augmented Young—Laplace equation and recover the solution of the Young—Laplace problem with a contact line by a limiting procedure. The method is demonstrated by calculating the shapes of two-dimensional gravity-free menisci in elliptic, eye-shaped, and star-shaped capillaries. The numerical results are confirmed by comparison with previously known analytic solutions.
Paclitaxel-eluting balloon: from bench to bed.

Since the first clinical angioplasty by Gruntzig in 1977, restenosis has been the primary drawback of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). In the balloon era. restenosis was correlated with elastic recoil and negative remodeling of the arterial wall. Later, introduction of stents proved to be a significant advance in reducing the elastic recoil and negative remodeling at the treatment site but stimulated proliferation, migration of smooth muscle cells, and neointimal hyperplasia, thereby generating a new type of restenosis, in-stent restenosis. Brachytherapy and drug-eluting stents (DES) may be considered the two breakthroughs against neointimal hyperplasia. However, concerns about stent thrombosis and incomplete elimination of in-stent restenosis with DES in complex lesions and patients justify the pursuit of research in this field. Non-stent based local drug delivery and particularly the use of paclitaxel-eluting balloons could be one of these strategies. We aimed to review the concept, preclinical-, and clinical data available with non-stent based local drug delivery and, in particular, with paclitaxel-eluting balloons. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Traffic Allocation in Delay-Tolerant Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

We analyze the problem of minimizing the energy required to send a fixed amount of data subject to delay constraints on portable networks. We develop a traffic allocation algorithm based on dynamic programming using a finite time horizon, and assuming that the network topology is uncertain. We demonstrate that portability reduces the energy consumption of wireless networks compared with stationary configurations. The proposed traffic allocation algorithm adaptively finds the optimal allocation strategy for the delay-constrained traffic by exploiting the statistics of portability in wireless networks. The quantitative results show that the proposed algorithm saves a total energy of up to 55% over a strategy which allocates a constant amount of traffic per stage.
Light-Scattering Study of Diblock Copolymers in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: CO2 Density-Induced Micellization Transition

The behavior of polymeric surfactant polyvinyl acetate (PVAC)-b-poly(1,1,2,2-tetrahydroperfluorooctyl acrylate) (PTAN) in supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) was investigated using static and dynamic light scattering. We observed three regions on the phase diagram of the copolymer in supercritical CO2: (i) two-phase region at low CO2 density; (ii) solutions of spherical micelles at intermediate CO2 densities; (iii) solutions of unimers (individual copolymer chains) at high CO2 densities. The aggregation number (the number of copolymer chains in a micelle) decreases with an increasing density of supercritical CO2 in region (ii). An increase of the CO2 density corresponds to the improvement of solvent quality for both blocks of the copolymer (PVAC and PTAN). The hydrodynamic radius of micelles and unimers was measured using dynamic light scattering in regions (ii) and (iii), respectively. This light-scattering study is the first one reporting a solvent density-induced transition between spherical micelles a...
THE JEWISH COLONY OF SOSÚA

In the early 1940s approximately 1,000 Jewish refugees from Europe established a colony on the north coast of the Dominican Republic and became successful dairy farmers. A symbiotic relationship between the Jews and the Dominicans was mutually beneficial, but the former prospered while the latter remained poor. The present Jewish population is small and aged, tourism is making noticeable inroads, and wealthy Dominicans are settling in the area; most signs of the original colony will disappear within a few decades.
Assessment and measurement of oral mucositis

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To discuss the assessment and monitoring of mucositis and provide an overview of instruments available to assess or measure mucositis. DATA SOURCE: Published journal articles, texts, and clinical experience. CONCLUSION: The lack of consistent use of valid and reliable instruments for the assessment of mucositis have limited progress in the prevention and management of mucositis. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Nurses play a key role in the assessment of oral cavity changes. Using valid and reliable measures will foster the ability to predict risk for mucositis and to test the effectiveness of protocols for its prevention and treatment.
Stability of motion of nonlinear systems with fuzzy characteristics of parameters

We study the stability of stationary solutions of fuzzy dynamical systems by the generalized direct Lyapunov method.
Developmental and contextual perspectives on bereaved college students

Theories of college student development and campus ecology provide helpful perspectives on how students cope with bereavement.
GATA-3 promotes Th2 responses through three different mechanisms: induction of Th2 cytokine production, selective growth of Th2 cells and inhibition of Th1 cell-specific factors

Naive CD4 T cells can differentiate into at least two different types of T helpers, Th1 and Th2 cells. Th2 cells, capable of producing IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, are involved in humoral immunity against extracellular pathogens and in the induction of asthma and other allergic diseases. In this review, we summarize recent reports regarding the transcription factors involved in Th2 differentiation and cell expansion, including Stat5, Gfi-1 and GATA-3. Stat5 activation is necessary and sufficient for IL-2-mediated function in Th2 differentiation. Enhanced Stat5 signaling induces Th2 differentiation independent of IL-4 signaling; although it does not up-regulate GATA-3 expression, it does require the presence of GATA-3 for its action. Gfi-1, induced by IL-4, promotes the expansion of GATA-3-expressing cells. Analysis of conditional Gata3 knockout mice confirmed the critical role of GATA-3 in Th2 cell differentiation (both IL-4 dependent and IL-4 independent) and in Th2 cell proliferation and also showed the importance of basal GATA-3 expression in inhibiting Th1 differentiation.
Uridine uptake inhibition as a cytotoxicity test: correlations with the Draize test.

Abstract The effects of 25 xenobiotic chemicals on the uptake of [3H]-uridine by Balb/c 3T3 cells were assessed. The test compounds, which included alcohols, ethers, esters, ketones, amides, acids and a detergent, inhibited uridine uptake at concentrations lower than those required to kill the cells; thus uridine uptake inhibition is a more sensitive indicator of toxic action than is cell lethality. The concentration of agent required to induce a 50% inhibition in uridine uptake rates after 4 h treatment was determined for each agent, and this value (UI-50) was used to rank the potency of the test agents. This ranking correlatedm well with published data on the chemicals' capacity to induce ocular irritation in rabbits (the Draize test). Combinations of agents with differing functional groups produced additive uridine uptake inhibitory effects, suggesting the utility of this approach for the analysis of mixtures. Cells treated with levels of agents that reduced uridine uptake by 60–80% were able to recover most of their uridine uptake capacity after refeeding, indicating that the test shares with in vivo tests the ability to demonstrate recovery from toxic insult. This uridine uptake assay system provides a quantitative and rapid method for assessing toxicity that correlates well with Draize test results.
Understanding Health Literacy for Strategic Health Marketing: eHealth Literacy, Health Disparities, and the Digital Divide

ABSTRACT Even despite policy efforts aimed at reducing health-related disparities, evidence mounts that population-level gaps in literacy and healthcare quality are increasing. This widening of disparities in American culture is likely to worsen over the coming years due, in part, to our increasing reliance on Internet-based technologies to disseminate health information and services. The purpose of the current article is to incorporate health literacy into an Integrative Model of eHealth Use. We argue for this theoretical understanding of eHealth literacy and propose that macro-level disparities in social structures are connected to health disparities through the micro-level conduits of eHealth literacy, motivation, and ability. In other words, structural inequities reinforce themselves and continue to contribute to healthcare disparities through the differential distribution of technologies that simultaneously enhance and impede literacy, motivation, and ability of different groups (and individuals) in ...
Ethanol yields and cell wall properties in divergently bred switchgrass genotypes.

Genetic modification of herbaceous plant cell walls to increase biofuels yields is a primary bioenergy research goal. Using two switchgrass populations developed by divergent breeding for ruminant digestibility, the contributions of several wall-related factors to ethanol yields was evaluated. Field grown low lignin plants significantly out yielded high lignin plants for conversion to ethanol by 39.1% and extraction of xylans by 12%. However, across all plants analyzed, greater than 50% of the variation in ethanol yields was attributable to changes in tissue and cell wall architecture, and responses of stem biomass to diluteacid pretreatment. Although lignin levels were lower in the most efficiently converted genotypes, no apparent correlation were seen in the lignin monomer G/S ratios. Plants with higher ethanol yields were associated with an apparent decrease in the lignification of the cortical sclerenchyma, and a marked decrease in the granularity of the cell walls following dilute-acid pretreatment. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Importance of Membrane Fusion Mediated by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoproteins for Lysis of Primary CD4-Positive T Cells

In established T-cell lines, the membrane-fusing capacity of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoproteins mediates cytopathic effects, both syncytium formation and single-cell lysis. Furthermore, changes in the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins are responsible for the increased CD4 + T-cell-depleting ability observed in infected monkeys upon in vivo passage of simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) chimeras. In this study, a panel of SHIV envelope glycoproteins and their mutant counterparts defective in membrane-fusing capacity were expressed in primary human CD4 + T cells. Compared with controls, all of the functional HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins induced cell death in primary CD4 + T-cell cultures, whereas the membrane fusion-defective mutants did not. Death occurred almost exclusively in envelope glycoprotein-expressing cells and not in bystander cells. Under standard culture conditions, most dying cells underwent lysis as single cells. When the cells were cultured at high density to promote syncytium formation, the envelope glycoproteins of the passaged, pathogenic SHIVs induced more syncytia than those of the respective parental SHIV. These results demonstrate that the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins induce the death of primary CD4 + T lymphocytes by membrane fusion-dependent processes.
Microscopic analogs of the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger experiment

This paper shows how analogs of the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger experiment, which demonstrates the impossibility of certain types of local hidden-variable theories in quantum mechanics, can be performed using nuclear magnetic resonance on spins in molecules at finite temperature. Because of their microscopic nature, these experiments cannot rule out the presence of nonstandard interactions that could cause classical variables to imitate quantum variables. Instead, they are designed to reveal the peculiarly quantum-mechanical correlations on which the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger effect is based.
Interactions of Fluorophores with Iron Nanoparticles: Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence

Different density iron nanoparticulate substrates were fabricated by thermal vapor deposition in order to study the interactions of fluorophores with iron nanoparticles. We observed metal-enhanced fluorescence (MEF), when fluorophores were placed in close proximity, in the near-field, to the iron nanoparticle deposited substrates. There is often a strong net absorption effect caused by the localized enhanced electromagnetic field of the incident excitation field, when the luminophore is placed near the metal. Subsequently,the electromagnetic field distributions around different size Fe nanoparticles were simulated using FDTD, which revealed that the maximum electric field intensity is predicted to occur over the ∼400−550 nm wavelength range. In addition, the decay time of fluorophores was also reduced near the iron substrates, suggesting both an enhanced electric field and a plasmon-coupling component are the mechanisms for fluorescence enhancement, consistent with our laboratory’s current interpretation ...
Priority-driven Coding and Transmission of Progressive JPEG Images for Real-Time Applications

Since high-quality image/video systems based on the JPEG/MPEG compression standards often require power-expensive implementations at relatively high bit-rates, they have not been widely used in low-power wireless applications. To alleviate this problem, we designed, implemented, and evaluated a strategy that can adapt to different compression and transmission rates. (1) It gives important parts of an image higher priority over unimportant parts. Therefore, the high-priority parts can achieve high image quality, while the low-priority parts, with a slight sacrifice of quality, can achieve huge compression rate and thus save the power/energy of a low-power wireless system. (2) We also introduce a priority-driven scheduling approach into our coding algorithm, which makes the transmission of important parts earlier with more data than other parts. Through a balanced trade-off between the available time/bandwidth/power and the image quality, this adaptive strategy can satisfy users with desired images quality and lead to a significant reduction of the important parts' deadline misses.
Identification and Characterization of an Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis‐Like Condition in Cats

Interstitial lung diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders with a variety of causes. In veterinary medicine, such lung diseases with a prominent fibrotic component of unknown etiology are often called idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). In human medicine, this term is reserved for a distinct disease entity with specific histologic findings labeled as usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP). We identified 23 cats displaying histologic criteria of UIP The purpose of this retrospective study is to describe the presentation and response to therapy of these cats to better define this disease entity. All but 2 cats were middle aged to older (median 8.7 years), with no apparent sex or breed predisposition. Complaints included respiratory distress (n = 18) and cough (13). Duration of signs was less than 6 months in 17 cats. Physical-examination abnormalities included tachypnea, inspiratory or mixed inspiratory and expiratory effort, and adventitial lung sounds. No consistent hematologic or biochemical abnormalities, parasites, or positive serologic results for feline retroviruses, heartworms, or toxoplasmosis were present. Radiographic changes included dense patchy or diffuse interstitial, bronchiolar, and alveolar infiltrates. Analysis of bronchial lavage fluid revealed mild neutrophilic inflammation (n = 6) with no consistent pathogen growth. Clinical condition of 5 cats worsened after lavage. Coincident pulmonary neoplasia was identified in 6 cats. Response to therapy (corticosteroids, antibiotics, bronchodilators, and diuretics) was poor, and most cats died within days to months. Cats with histologic changes compatible with UIP had signs that mimicked many of the clinical findings of human IPF, and treatment response was similarly unrewarding.
The preliminary critical current and infrared experimental measurements of YBa2Cu3Oy

Abstract The critical current measurements of YBa 2 Cu 3 O y indicate that there is no two different superconducting mechanisms in the orthorhombic sample. The far infrared part (100−20 cm -1 ) of the spectrum presented here has been reported for the first time.
The colorimetric determination of mono- and disubstituted guanidines.

Abstract Modification of the colorimetric procedures of Voges-Proskauer and Staron-Allard have been investigated which when used in conjunction with ion exchange chromatography permit the isolation and identification of a variety of guanidino derivatives. Utilizing these colorimetric techniques, a simple, quantitative approach has been developed for detecting and differentiating mono- and disubstituted guanidines in biological fluids. The effects of reagent concentration and reaction conditions for optimum color development are discussed.
Serum β2 microglobulin levels in patients with testicular cancer

To determine whether serum β2 microglobulin could be useful as a tumor marker in patients with testicular cancers, sera stored in our serum bank from 23 patients were assayed by radioimmunoassay for β2 microglobulin levels. Sera were selected from 12 preorchiectomy patients, 8 patients who had undergone orchiectomy, and 3 patients who had undergone orchiectomy and retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy. Patients with other genitourinary tract disorders and normal age and sex-matched controls were assayed for comparison. The laboratory range for normal serum β2 miccroglobulin values was 1.1 to 2.4 mg. /L. Patients without documented testicular tumors had values ranging from 1.4 to 9.7 mg. IL. Values for normal controls ranged from 1.7 to 2.4 mg./L. Only 3 patients (12.5 per cent) had elevated serum β2 microglobulin values. Serum β2 microglobulin seems to have no value as a tumor marker in patients with testicular tumors.
Hurricane Sandy and Saharan dust

There is evidence that dust aerosols played a non-trivial role in the formation of Sandy. A Saharan dust event transported significant amounts of mineral dust into the troposphere along the path of the tropic wave Invest 99L, which formed into Hurricane Sandy. The Terra/Aqua-MODIS observations clearly define the spatial distribution of the coarse/fine aerosols, while the CALIPSO observations of Sandy development provide a clear view, vertical structure and aerosols type of the dust-laden layer. CALIPSO aerosol types map revealed the varying dust abundance before, during and after Sandy development. Six zones between the West African coast and the central Caribbean were examined during the period that the mineral dust moved across the mid-Atlantic. Increased AOD, followed by increased precipitation and a decrease in cloud top temperature was observed.
Mapping evacuation risk on transportation networks using a spatial optimization model

The focus of this paper is on the development of a methodology to identify network and demographic characteristics on real transportation networks which may lead to significant problems in evacuation during some extreme event, like a wildfire or hazardous material spill. We present an optimization model, called the critical cluster model, that can be used to identify small areas or neighborhoods which have high ratios of population to exit capacity. Although this model in its simplest form is a nonlinear, constrained optimization problem, a special integer-linear programming equivalent can be formulated. Special contiguity constraints are needed to keep identified clusters spatially connected. We present details on how this model can be solved optimally as well as discuss computational experience for several example transportation networks. We describe how this model can be integrated within a GIS system to produce maps of evacuation risk or vulnerability. This model is now being utilized in several research projects, in Europe and the US.
Garveyism in Cleveland, Ohio and the history of the diasporic Midwest, 1920–1975

This article explores the history of the Garvey movement in Cleveland, Ohio (United States). Captivated by Jamaican Marcus Garvey's message of race pride and black self-determination, thousands of working-class black Clevelanders joined his transnational Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). At its peak in the early 1920s, the UNIA claimed 6 million members worldwide. Following Garvey's death in 1940, the UNIA relocated its world headquarters to Cleveland, placing the city at the centre of the transnational Garvey movement. Black Clevelanders came to see themselves through Garveyism as connected to the global African diaspora, with women playing a visible role in fostering these transnational linkages. Simultaneously, the UNIA recognized the Midwest as a central player in this worldwide black movement. Recovering this largely unknown story provides insight a broader history of what I call the ‘diasporic Midwest’. I use the term as an empirical and theoretical framework for examining black Midwes...
U.S. bioenergy crop economic analyses: status and needs.

Abstract U.S. bioenergy crop production cost, supply curve, and transportation cost studies are summarized and compared. Production cost estimates range from
Sociology at the University of Kansas, 1889–1983: An Historical Sketch

Sociology at the University of Kansas began in 1889, making it one of the oldest departments in the country. This paper sketches its first 94 years, with special attention given to courses offered, faculty development, and the expansion of its graduate program. Suggestions for further research are made regarding sociology not only at this university, but others as well.
Multiplex Windings for D-C. Machines

With the increase in capacity of d-c. machines, the question of their successful operation has become more and more important. It is thought that multiplex windings offer creditable advantages if they are designed so that cross-connections can be suitably applied and the circuits thereby kept balanced, a feature which was not given thorough consideration when multiplex windings were first tried. This paper describes machines in which the proper design may be secured when standard construction is used. Both the lap and wave types of windings are considered. The principles are applied to duplex windings in this paper, but if so desired they may be applied also to triplex and other multiplex windings. A brief description of ``frog-leg windings,'' a recently developed type of multiplex winding, is also given.
Bodies That Matter: Transgenderism, innocence and the politics of 'unprofessional' pedagogy

The sexual identities of youth constructed within a school context are integrally tied to how the public manages, interprets and presents the embodied performances of the sexual/gendered identities of teachers. Drawing from popular media representations of one case--namely the removal of a transgendered teacher, Dana Rivers, from Center High School outside of Sacramento, California--we examine the complicated terrain of embodied practice and the arbitrary, yet powerful, relationships between public/private and body/mind. In this cultural critique, we argue that the discursive strategy of her opponents to articulate the removal of Dana Rivers, not as an issue of sexuality, but as resulting from 'unprofessional' pedagogy, relies on a limited conceptualization of both teachers and students, and works to neutralize the educational landscape by denying the construction of schools as heteronormative spaces.
An application of the on-surface radiation condition to the scattering of acoustic waves by a reactively loaded sphere

Abstract The problem of scattering plane waves off a reactively loaded sphere is studied by using the on-surface radiation condition method. This technique relates the surface pressure and velocity by a linear partial differential equation. This equation is approximately solved by the WKBJ method which yields an explicit formula for the surface pressure. Although this result is strictly valid for high frequencies it gives good qualitative results for acoustically hard spheres and excellent quantitative approximations for reactively loaded spheres in the resonant frequency regime.
Age at trauma exposure and PTSD risk in young adult women

The aim of the current study was to test the independent and joint contributions of 8 different types of trauma to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) risk using data from a young adult female cohort. Associations of traumatic events with PTSD onset were examined using Cox proportional hazards models. Differences in risk as a function of age at trauma were tested. Childhood sexual assault, physical abuse, and neglect were stronger predictors of PTSD onset than adolescent and early adult occurrence of these events in individual models. In a model including all traumatic events, differential risk by age remained for sexual assault and physical abuse. Early sexual assault was the strongest predictor of risk, but additional traumatic events increased risk even in its presence. Language: en
Collaborative Practice - A Collaborative Approach to Providing Care for HIV-Infected Adolescents.

Adolescents, in general, are among the most challenging groups to engage in care. Caring for HIV-infected adolescents is a complex process that is further complicated by the wide range of adolescents' psychosocial needs. In addition, understanding the developmental stages and tasks for these adolescents is imperative. Multiple disciplines must collaborate in order to provide optimal and comprehensive health care to this subpopulation of adolescents.
A bootstrapping method to assess the influence of age, obesity, gender, and gait speed on probability of tripping as a function of obstacle height

Tripping is a common mechanism for inducing falls. The purpose of this study was to present a method that determines the probability of tripping over an unseen obstacle while avoiding the ambiguous situation wherein median minimum foot clearance (MFC) and MFC interquartile range concurrently increase or decrease, and determines how the probability of tripping varies with potential obstacle height. The method was used to investigate the effects of age, obesity, gender, and gait speed on the probability of tripping. MFC was measured while 80 participants walked along a 10-m walkway at self-selected and hurried gait speeds. The method was able to characterize the probability of tripping as a function of obstacle height, and identify effects of age, obesity, gender, and gait speed. More specifically, the probability of tripping was higher among older adults, higher among obese adults, higher among females, and higher at the slower self-selected speed. Many of these results were not found, or clear, from the more common approach on characterizing likelihood of tripping based on MFC measures of central tendency and variability.
Glomerular uptake of nucleosomes: Evidence for receptor-mediated mesangial cell binding

DNA-containing immune complexes (IC) are believed to have a central causal role in the glomerulonephritis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Extracellular DNA which provides the antigenic source for these ICs circulates as oligonucleosomes (ON). The in vivo glomerular uptake of radiolabeled ON in rats, as well as its binding by cultured rat mesangial cells, was examined. The data show that the binding of ON to kidney, and specifically glomeruli, was almost fourfold greater than that of purified DNA. Uptake appeared dose-dependent and saturable, while there were no differences in hepatic or splenic uptake. Most of the nucleosomal DNA recovered from glomeruli was TCA-precipitable, and on gel electrophoresis was about 100 to 300 bp, a size sufficient to allow formation of large ICs. In vitro studies demonstrated that ON are bound by cultured mesangial cells in a dose-dependent and saturable manner, with a dissociation constant of 1.25 x 10(-10) M/liter and 750 binding sites per cell. Autoradiography of cell cultures incubated with radiolabeled ON showed deposition along the plasma membrane which was inhibited by excess unlabeled ON. The data show that binding of ON to glomeruli exceeds that of purified DNA and may be mediated by histones. ON bind to mesangial cells in a receptor-mediated fashion. The data support the hypothesis of in situ formation of DNA-containing ICs and suggest a role for the mesangial cell in lupus glomerulonephritis.