cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In vivo optical imaging of dihydroethidium oxidation in the mouse brain employing fluorescence intensity and lifetime contrast

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are believed to be involved in many diseases and injuries to the brain, but the molecular processes are not well understood due to a lack of in vivo imaging techniques to evaluate ROS. The fluorescent oxidation products of dihydroethidium (DHE) can monitor ROS production in vivo. Here we demonstrate the novel optical imaging of brain in live mice to measure ROS production via generation of fluorescent DHE oxidation products (ox-DHE) by ROS. We show that in Sod2+/- mice, which have partial loss of a key antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase-2, that ox-DHE fluorescence intensity was significantly higher than in hSOD1 mice, which have four-fold overexpression of superoxide dismutase-1 activity, which had almost no ox-DHE fluorescence, confirming specificity of ox-DHE to ROS production. The DHE oxidation products were also confirmed by detecting a characteristic fluorescence lifetime of the oxidation product, which was validated with ex vivo measurements.
Dynamic longitudinal relations between emotion regulation difficulties and anorexia nervosa symptoms over the year following intensive treatment.

OBJECTIVE Emotion regulation difficulties have been implicated in theoretical models of anorexia nervosa (AN) development/maintenance, and several treatments for AN have been designed to target emotion dysregulation. However, no research has used longitudinal methodology to examine whether emotion regulation difficulties predict the maintenance of AN symptoms, or vice versa. The current study evaluated dynamic longitudinal relations between emotion dysregulation and AN symptom severity over the year following discharge from intensive treatment in order to enhance theoretical models and treatments for AN. METHOD Participants were 191 patients with AN recruited during intensive treatment. Assessments including the Eating Disorders Examination and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale were completed at discharge from treatment and at 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-ups. Bivariate latent change score models were used to examine the direction of associations between emotion dysregulation and AN symptom severity across time. RESULTS Emotion dysregulation predicted change in AN symptom severity, but the reverse relationship did not occur. Individuals with high levels of emotion dysregulation experienced an increase and subsequent maintenance of AN psychopathology, whereas low emotion dysregulation predicted a decreasing AN symptom trajectory. Importantly, these dynamic temporal relationships could not be accounted for by body mass index or depressive symptoms and were present for patients with the restricting and binge-eating/purging subtypes of AN. CONCLUSIONS Emotion regulation difficulties appear to be involved in the maintenance of AN symptom severity over time. Findings provide support for an increasing emphasis on emotion regulation in the development of novel treatments for AN.
Did the Thermocline Deepen in the California Current after the 1976/77 Climate Regime Shift?

Abstract The 55-yr California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI) dataset in the southern California Current reveals a significant surface-intensified warming and stratification (buoyancy frequency) change across the 1976/77 climate regime shift. However, the average depth of the thermocline, defined as the maximum gradient of temperature, did not change significantly across the regime shift. The maximum-gradient criterion for thermocline depth may be more appropriate than following an isotherm because the isotherm necessarily deepens in the presence of surface-intensified warming. As the surface heating changed the strength of stratification, it also changed the slope of the nitrate–temperature relation for the middepth waters (roughly 30–200 m). Thus, the quality of upwelled water may have been fundamentally altered after the shift.
The Pursuit of Ecotopia: Lessons from Indigenous and Traditional Societies for the Human Ecology of Our Modern World

Review of The Pursuit of Ecotopia: Lessons from Indigenous and Traditional Societies for the Human Ecology of Our Modern World . Eugene N. Anderson. 2010. Praeger Publishers, Santa Barbara. Pp. 251. $44.95 (Hardcover). ISBN 0313381305.
Firing behaviour of squirrel monkey eye movement-related vestibular nucleus neurons during gaze saccades.

The firing behaviour of vestibular nucleus neurons putatively involved in producing the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) was studied during active and passive head movements in squirrel monkeys. Single unit recordings were obtained from 14 position-vestibular (PV) neurons, 30 position-vestibular-pause (PVP) neurons and 9 eye-head-vestibular (EHV) neurons. Neurons were sub-classified as type I or II based on whether they were excited or inhibited during ipsilateral head rotation. Different classes of cell exhibited distinctive responses during active head movements produced during and after gaze saccades. Type I PV cells were nearly as sensitive to active head movements as they were to passive head movements during saccades. Type II PV neurons were insensitive to active head movements both during and after gaze saccades. PVP and EHV neurons were insensitive to active head movements during saccadic gaze shifts, and exhibited asymmetric sensitivity to active head movements following the gaze shift. PVP neurons were less sensitive to ondirection head movements during the VOR after gaze saccades, while EHV neurons exhibited an enhanced sensitivity to head movements in their on direction. Vestibular signals related to the passive head movement were faithfully encoded by vestibular nucleus neurons. We conclude that central VOR pathway neurons are differentially sensitive to active and passive head movements both during and after gaze saccades due primarily to an input related to head movement motor commands. The convergence of motor and sensory reafferent inputs on VOR pathways provides a mechanism for separate control of eye and head movements during and after saccadic gaze shifts.
Feasibility Study of a Torsional-Bending Piezoelectric Actuator

The objective of this paper is to show the feasibility of a novel actuator capable of inducing torsional, bending and longitudinal control loads in a thin-walled structural member using piezoelectric elements. Torque is generated by extension/compression action of a set of piezoelectric elements surface bonded to the walls of a structural element. The same set of elements may be used to control torsional, bending and longitudinal vibrations. Analytical and experimental validations of the concept are presented.
An Edible Film of Lipids and Cellulose Ethers: Performance in a Model Frozen‐Food System

An edible, lipid-cellulose ether composite film was fabricated and tested as a barrier to internal moisture migration in a bicomponent food product stored under abusive conditions of frozen storage (-6.7°C for 9 wk). The product consisted of bread and a tomato-based sauce; the film was situated at the interface of the two components. The film effectively retarded migration of moisture from the sauce to the bread during storage. As a consequence, desirable sensory properties that were related to stabilization of moisture gradients, as measured following cooking, were maintained significantly better (P < 0.05) in the presence of the film than they were in its absence.
Designing Polyaniline (PANI) and Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Based Electrically Conductive Nanocomposites: Preparation, Characterization and Blood Compatible Study

Novel electrically conducting and biocompatible composite hydrogel materials comprising of poly (aniline) (PANI) nanoparticles dispersed in a poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) – g–poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) matrix were prepared by in situ polymerization of aniline. The prepared ionic hydrogels were evaluated for their water uptake capacity in distilled water. While structural insights into the synthesized polymer was sought by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X–Ray Diffraction (XRD) techniques, morphology and dimension of PANI particles embedded into the colored optically semi–transparent polymer films were evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis and Transmittance Electron Microscopy (TEM) while thermal behavior of composite hydrogel was investigated by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Electrical conductivity of composite hydrogels containing different PANI percentage was determined by LCR. Considering the potential of electrically conductive nanocomposites materials in ...
School Psychology and Special Education in Mexico: An Introduction for Practitioners.

Very little information is currently available to practising school psychologists regarding the educational experience of individuals whose home country is Mexico. This limitation is particularly true for practitioners attempting to learn about school psychology and special education services which might have been received in Mexico. The number of school-age children who immigrate from Mexico to other countries each year highlights the importance of a shared understanding of available services. This article provides practising school psychologists with an introduction to school psychology and special education services in Mexico. Information gained from a review of the available literature, in-depth interviews with special education administrators working in Mexico and tours of facilities throughout the nation is presented. While focusing on Mexico, the information gathering procedures utilized in the present study may serve as a model for practitioners from various nations who serve populations of childr...
Preparation of and magnetic scattering in Nd2−xCexCuO4−δ

Abstract Samples of Nd 2- x Ce x CuO 4- δ were prepared by annealing under a high vacuum (10 −5 torr). Powder x-ray diffraction patterns indicated that the samples consisted of a single phase Nd 2 CuO 4 -type tetragonal structure with crystal symmetry I4/mmm. The normal state resistivity of the superconducting samples shows a logarithmic temperature dependence, which we show is a common feature in the electron cuprate superconductors. The absence of significant phonon-induced scattering by the lattice in the resistivity data indicates that the dominant contribution to the normal state resistivity in the electron cuprate superconductors comes from the magnetic scattering.
Vagal control of satiety and hormonal regulation of appetite.

The paradigm for the control of feeding behavior has changed significantly. In this review, we present evidence that the separation of function in which cholecystokinin (CCK) controls short-term food intake and leptin regulate long-term eating behavior and body weight become less clear. In addition to the hypothalamus, the vagus nerve is critically involved in the control of feeding by transmitting signals arising from the upper gut to the nucleus of the solitary tract. Among the peripheral mediators, CCK is the key peptide involved in generating the satiety signal via the vagus. Leptin receptors have also been identified in the vagus nerve. Studies in the rodents clearly indicate that leptin and CCK interact synergistically to induce short-term inhibition of food intake and long-term reduction of body weight. The synergistic interaction between vagal CCK-A receptor and leptin is mediated by the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription3 (STAT3), which in turn, activates closure of K+ channels, leading to membrane depolarization and neuronal firing. This involves the interaction between CCK/SRC/phosphoinositide 3-kinase cascades and leptin/Janus kinase-2/phosphoinositide 3-kinase/STAT3 signaling pathways. It is conceivable that malfunctioning of these signaling molecules may result in eating disorders.
I'm Like You and You're Like Me: Social Projection and Self-Stereotyping Both Help Explain Self-Other Correspondence

Social projection and self-stereotyping are rival explanations for self-other correspondence, in which people tend to perceive a high degree of similarity between themselves and others. The present research shows that both accounts are correct-that is, that knowledge of the self and knowledge of others are mutually constraining. In Study 1, participants whose self-views were experimentally manipulated revised their judgments of an immediate ingroup. In Study 2, an analogous manipulation of ingroup traits altered participants' self-views. In Study 3, participants who were ascribed a trait readily projected to and stereotyped from their relevant ingroup, but not to or from an outgroup. Finally, Study 4 provides reaction-latency evidence for social projection and self-stereotyping as judgmental processes leading to self-other correspondence. In this task, participants referenced self-knowledge when reaching ingroup-descriptiveness judgments (evidence for social projection) and ingroup knowledge when judging the self (evidence for self-stereotyping). Implications for the debate between protocentric and egocentric accounts of person perception are discussed.
Relativistic images of Schwarzschild black hole lensing

We model massive dark objects at centers of many galaxies as Schwarzschild black hole lenses and study gravitational lensing by them in detail. We show that the ratio of mass of a Schwarzschild lens to the differential time delay between outermost two relativistic images (both of them either on the primary or on the secondary image side) is extremely insensitive to changes in the angular source position as well as the lens-source and lens-observer distances. Therefore, this ratio can be used to obtain very accurate values for masses of black holes at centers of galaxies. Similarly, angular separations between any two relativistic images are also extremely insensitive to changes in the angular source position and the lens-source distance. Therefore, with the known value of mass of a black hole, angular separation between two relativistic images would give a very accurate result for the distance of the black hole. Accuracies in determination of masses and distances of black holes would however depend on accuracies in measurements of differential time delays and angular separations between images. Deflection angles of primary and secondary images as well as effective deflection angles of relativistic images on the secondary image side are always positive. However, the effective deflection angles of relativistic images on the primary image side may be positive, zero, or negative depending on the value of angular source position and the ratio of mass of the lens to its distance. We show that effective deflection angles of relativistic images play significant role in analyzing and understanding strong gravitational field lensing.
Black Civitas: An Examination of Carter Woodson's Contributions to Teaching About Race, Citizenship, and the Black Soldier

In this article the authors interrogate the historical meaning of the African American soldier in order to widen the discussion of race and citizenship in the field of social studies education. The article has two overarching purposes. First, the authors attend to the recent call in the field of social studies for a more rigorous analysis of issues of race and racism. The authors focus attention on the history of the Black soldier in order to document the nuanced and paradoxical ways in which race and citizenship have intersected in the lives and military service of these men. Second, the authors situate the work of Carter G. Woodson as foundational to discussions about race and citizenship. They give specific attention to Woodson's textbook writings in order to highlight how he employed the genre of curriculum writing to challenge the historical narratives found in K-12 texts and in the academic literature about the Black soldier.
A Trait-state-error model of adult hassles over two years: Magnitude, sources, and predictors of stress continuity

There are stable individual differences in exposure to stressful circumstances over time. The current study employed a latent trait-state model to estimate the magnitude of that stability and its sources. Adults (N = 327; age M = 43.9 years, SD = 6.15) provided reports of hassles and depressive symptoms every three months for two years. A Trait-State-Error model suggested that 60% of the variance in self-reports of hassles was attributable to stable, between-persons factors. Of the remaining variance, 20% was attributable to an autoregressive factor and 20% was attributable to either unique state factors or error. Moreover, average depressive symptoms, family income, and family conflict reported at baseline were significant predictors of the stable trait factor. These findings suggest that adults' self-reports of stressful experiences show marked stability over time, and that this stability may have significant implications for understanding the occurrence and impact of stress.
Raman study of the structure of glasses along the join SiO2GeO2

Abstract In order to better understand the distribution of tetrahedra in multicomponent tetrahedral network structures of melts and glasses, we have investigated the Raman spectra of binary SiO 2 GeO 2 glasses. We compare the Raman spectral features of the end-member glasses and discuss their vibrational origins. The mixing of GeO 2 and SiO 2 melts results in a continuous random network structure of TO 4 tetrahedra (T  Si, Ge) in the glass. Raman bands corresponding to the asymmetric stretch ( v as ) of oxygen in GeOGe, SiOSi and SiOGe bonds are observed in the glasses having intermediate compositions along the SiO 2 GeO 2 join. The presence of three distinct v as (TOT) bands in the spectrum of a glass having Si/Ge one reveals that a considerable degree of SiGe disorder exists in the glass. The presence of a single symmetric oxygen stretching band in the spectra of binary SiO 2 GeO 2 glasses indicates that the symmetric stretch modes ( v s ) of oxygen in SiOSi, SiOGe and GeOGe bonds are strongly coupled. An observed decrease in the halfwidth of the v s (TOT) band in the spectra of SiO 2 GeO 2 glasses with increasing concentration of GeO 2 may be attributed to a decrease in the average TOT bond angle and a predominance of six-membered ring structures. Results of the present study support the assignment of the bands in the 900–1200 cm −1 region of the alumino-silicate glasses, spectra to the v as (AlOSi) and v as (SiOSi) modes. In contrast to the alumino-silicate glasses, however, the SiO 2 GeO 2 glasses have a much higher degree of disorder of the network-forming cations.
Three points concerning extreme compressions in shocked deuterium

Abstract Those models, that show agreement with the Hugoniot data of Da Silva et al., over a large pressure range, are fit to the reflected wave experiment of Holmes et al. In these works it is assumed that the reflected wave is a single stable shock, in contradiction to the data. We change the picture to allow for multiwave-reflected waves and show that such is completely consistent with all data. The reflected wave is more accurately approximated by an adiabat than a Hugoniot and the fitted models should be adjusted to account for this difference. This is our first point. We then review from previous work the relevant physics that determines the maximum compression along a Hugoniot. This is our second point. Finally, with this understanding we are able to determine from experimental data on other molecular systems, such as nitrogen and benzene, whether the large compressions seen in the laser Hugoniot data for deuterium are reasonable. They are not.
Comparison of impedance cardiography to direct Fick and thermodilution cardiac output determination in pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Cardiac output (CO) is an important diagnostic and prognostic tool for patients with ventricular dysfunction. Pulmonary hypertension patients undergo invasive right heart catheterization to determine pulmonary vascular and cardiac hemodynamics. Thermodilution (TD) and direct Fick method are the most common methods of CO determination but are costly and may be associated with complications. The latest generation of impedance cardiography (ICG) provides noninvasive estimation of CO and is now validated. The purpose of this study was to compare ICG measurement of CO to TD and direct Fick in pulmonary hypertension patients. Thirty-nine enrolled patients were analyzed: 44% were male and average age was 50.8±17.4 years. Results for bias and precision of cardiac index were as follows: ICG vs. Fick (−0.13 L/min/m2 and 0.46 L/min/m2), TD vs. Fick (0.10 L/min/m2 and 0.41 L/min/m2), ICG vs. TD (respectively, with a 95% level of agreement between −0.72 and 0.92 L/min/m2; CO correlation of ICG vs. Fick, TD vs. Fick, and ICG vs. TD was 0.84, 0.89, and 0.80, respectively). ICG provides an accurate, useful, and cost-effective method for determining CO in pulmonary hypertension patients, and is a potential tool for following responses to therapeutic interventions.
STIM, ORAI AND TRPC CHANNELS IN THE CONTROL OF CALCIUM ENTRY SIGNALS IN SMOOTH MUSCLE

Ca2+ entry signals are crucial in the control of smooth muscle contraction. Smooth muscle cells are unusual in containing plasma membrane (PM) Ca2+ entry channels that respond to voltage changes, receptor activation and Ca2+ store depletion. Activation of these channel subtypes is highly coordinated. The TRPC6 channel, widely expressed in most smooth muscle cell types, is largely non-selective to cations and is activated by diacylglycerol arising from receptor-induced phosholipase C activation. Receptor activation results largely in Na+ ion movement through TRPC6 channels, depolarization and subsequent activation of voltage-dependent L-type Ca2+ channels. The TRPC6 channels also appear to be activated by mechanical stretch, resulting again in depolarization and L-type Ca2+ channel activation. Such a coupling may be crucial in mediating the myogenic tone response in vascular smooth muscle. The emptying of stores mediated by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors triggers the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ sensing protein stromal-interacting molecule (STIM) 1 to translocate into defined ER-PM junctional areas in which coupling occurs to Orai proteins, which serve as highly Ca2+-selective low-conductance Ca2+ entry channels. These ER-PM junctional domains may serve as crucial sites of interaction and integration between the function of store-operated, receptor-operated and voltage-operated Ca2+ channels. The STIM, Orai and TRPC channels represent highly promising new pharmacological targets through which such control may be induced.
Evolution and phylogeny of the New Zealand cicada genus Kikihia Dugdale (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae) with special reference to the origin of the Kermadec and Norfolk Islands' species

Aim Determine the phylogeny and dispersal patterns of the cicada genus Kikihia in New Zealand and the origin of the Norfolk, Kermadec, and Chatham Island cicadas. Location New Zealand, Norfolk Island, Kermadec Islands and Chatham Island. Methods DNA sequences from 16 species and four soon to be described species of cicadas from New Zealand and Norfolk Island (Australia) were examined. A total of 1401 base pairs were analysed from whole genome extraction of three mitochondrial genes (cytochrome oxidase subunit II, ATPase6 and ATPase8). These DNA sequences were aligned and analysed using standard likelihood approaches to phylogenetic analysis. Dates of divergences between clades were determined using a molecular clock based on Bayesian statistics. Results Most species in the genus Kikihia diverged between 3 and 5 million years ago (Ma) coincident with a period of rapid mountain building in New Zealand. Cicada species on the Kermadec and Norfolk Islands invaded recently from New Zealand and are closely related to the New Zealand North Island species Kikihia cutora. Main conclusions Speciation in the genus Kikihia was likely due in large part to the appearance of new habitats associated with the rise of the Southern Alps, starting c. 5 Ma. Dispersal of Kikihia species within mainland New Zealand probably occurred gradually rather than through long-distance jumps. However, invasion of Norfolk, the Kermadecs and Chatham Islands had to have occurred through long-distance dispersal.
Voiding dysfunction in the orthotopic neobladder

The orthotopic neobladder has become the preferred method of handling the urinary tract after removal of the bladder in men and women. However, an improved quality of life compared to urinary diversion fails to be realized when voiding dysfunction arises. These difficulties with urination range from retention to incontinence. Voiding dysfunction following neobladder construction that persists beyond 6-12 months warrants fluoro-urodynamic evaluation to determine the cause and plan therapy. Although colonic, ileocolonic, gastric, and ileal neobladders have all been deemed acceptable, the S or W-configured, spheroidal shaped neobladders created from ileum are the most popular. Voiding pressures and micturition patterns depend on the type, length, and configuration of bowel segment harvested. These variables also determine the risk of voiding dysfunction, along with the choice of surgical technique, and the age and sex of the patient. Urinary retention is more common in women, especially after urethral nerve sparing. Obstruction is often due to inferior displacement of the bladder neck, which can angulate the urethra. Daytime stress incontinence arises from reduced urethral outlet resistance accentuated by low neobladder capacity, reduced compliance, or elevated neobladder pressures. Night-time incontinence develops as a consequence of absent sensation that permits excessive nocturnal volumes to overcome the impaired continence mechanisms of the bladder outlet. This situation is exacerbated by the loss of physiological storage reflexes. Therapy for retention rests primarily with intermittent self-catheterization. Stress urinary incontinence can be treated with periurethral bulking agents or an artificial urethral sphincter. Nocturnal enuresis is often effectively managed by the use of an alarm clock to awaken the patient several times per night. Knowledge of the pathogenesis and identification of risk factors implies that prevention through proper design of the neobladder, meticulous surgical technique, and patient selection is paramount.
Concurrent OH imager and sodium temperature/wind lidar observation of localized ripples over northern Colorado

[1] On 3 and 5 September 2002 the OH all-sky imager at Platteville, Colorado (40.2°N, 104.7°W), observed small-scale, wavelike patterns (known as ripples), with horizontal wavelengths of ∼9 km and ∼7 km and lifetimes of ∼9 min and ∼15 min, respectively. The Colorado State University sodium lidar at nearby Fort Collins, Colorado (40.6°N, 105°W), also made concurrent observations of temperature and zonal and meridional winds, which allowed us to determine the nature of the ripples observed. Our observations suggest that the 3 September ripple was induced by a convective instability located at 87.5 km and the 5 September ripple was induced by a dynamic instability at 88.5 km. The ripples clearly advected as packets with the background wind. Lidar measurements also allowed us to relate the directions of wind shear to the phase front alignments of both the ripples and the nearby short-period atmospheric gravity waves. These spatial relationships provided a meaningful comparison with previously observed ripples as well as with current theoretical models. Using the 16-hour continuous lidar data set for each case, we deduced that long-period waves created an unusually large temperature perturbation at the ripple times on 3 September and an unusually large wind shear perturbation on 5 September. These perturbations prepared the background atmosphere to be near the verge of local instability, but, as revealed again by lidar observation, it was the superposition of smaller-scale perturbations at the time of the ripples that helped to actually reach the conditions required for instability and generation of the ripples.
Hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of cyclohexene on Pt(1 0 0): A sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopic and kinetic study

Abstract Sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy and kinetic measurements were performed during cyclohexene hydrogenation/dehydrogenation over a range of pressures (10 −8 –5 Torr) and temperatures (300–500 K) on the Pt(1 0 0) surface. Upon adsorption at pressures below 1.5 Torr and at 300 K, cyclohexene dehydrogenates to form π-allyl c-C 6 H 9 and hydrogenates to form cyclohexyl (C 6 H 11 ) surface intermediates. Increasing the pressure to 1.5 Torr produces adsorbed 1,4-cyclohexadiene, π-allyl c-C 6 H 9 , and cyclohexyl species. These adsorbed molecules are found both in the absence and presence of excess hydrogen on the Pt(1 0 0) surface at high pressures and up to 380 K and 360 K, respectively. π-Allyl c-C 6 H 9 and cyclohexyl are adsorbed on the surface up to 440 K in the absence of excess hydrogen and 460 K in the presence of excess hydrogen, at which point they are no longer detectable by SFG. Kinetic studies in the absence of excess hydrogen show that the apparent activation energy for the dehydrogenation pathway (14.3 ± 1.2 kcal/mol) is similar to that of the hydrogenation pathway (12.9 ± 0.6 kcal/mol). Different apparent activation energies are observed for the dehydrogenation pathway (22.4 ± 1.6 kcal/mol) and the hydrogenation pathway (18.8 ± 0.9 kcal/mol) in the presence of excess hydrogen.
Fault-tolerant control of nonlinear system

The design strategies of fault-tolerant control system (FTCS) are developed, which are categorized into two types: redundant design and fault compensation. In the first type, a certain degree of redundancy is introduced to controller. The resulting closed-loop system is stable not only when all actuators are operational but also only when one actuator experiences fault. In the second type, the online fault-tolerant control (FTC) scheme is developed based on the fuzzy logic system. The closed-loop stability is established based on Lyapunov’s sense. The resulting closed-loop system is stable by using the corrective control law. Compared with the existing results, the fault is accommodated by the fault compensator. The updating control law is so derived that all the parameters of the closed-loop system are bounded. The advantage of redundant design is that it is unnecessary to know the position and magnitude of the fault and is performed without FDI, which reduce the computing time and avoid the false alarms, non-detection and delay due to FDI. The advantage of fault compensation is the dynamics caused by faults that can be accommodated online. Examples of the proposed design indicate that the approaches are effective.
Composition of the photoactive subcellular particles from Chromatium.

Abstract The gross composition and some of the chemical components of the chromatophores isolated by differential centrifugation from extracts of the purple sulfur bacterium Chromatium , strain D, have been studied. Kinetic studies have been made on cell rupture and release of particles of different types from Chromatium cells, and on conversion of the bacterial chromatophores to small fragments by sonic oscillation. The data suggest that the bacterial chromatophore is rigidly attached to an internal cell component, probably the internal surface of the cell wall and consequently is not immediately released on cell rupture. The bacterial chromatophore fraction contains, as major components, polysaccharide and an ethanolamine phospholipoprotein, with which are associated bacteriochlorophyll, carotenoids, and cytochromes, in molar ratios of 10:5:1. Each chromatophore is estimated to contain 200 molecules of chlorophyll. Assuming an average molecular weight of 50,000 for the proteins of the chromatophore gives one mole of protein per mole chlorophyll and an estimated molecular weight of 25 million for the chromatophore. This value agrees well with data obtained by ultracentrifugal analysis. Cleavage of the chromatophore into small-particle subunits by sonic oscillation results in loss of polysaccharide, decrease in protein, and doubling of the chlorophyll, carotenoid, and cytochrome content on a protein basis with concomitant doubling of phospholipide. Acid-soluble constituents, including iron, phosphorus, pyridine nucleotide, and flavine, are decreased in fragments of the chromatophore. Little loss of soluble protein accompanies rupture of chromatophores, and the permeability of the chromatophore and small derived fragment to various neutral and ionic substrates is found to be essentially the same. These results suggest that the bacterial chromatophore is not compartmentalized structurally, but consists of repeating subunits of similar macromolecular constitution.
Modeling large strain electrostriction of ferroelectrics under combined electromechanical loads

A computational model for investigating domain switching and macroscopic electromechanical properties of ferroelectric materials is developed. Various aspects of domain nucleation and growth, and their effects on macroscopic hysteresis are examined. The model is validated against recent experimental observations. It is thus validated as a design tool to investigate various aspects of a novel thin film ferroelectric microactuator in future work.
Discovering the Secrets of the Candida albicans Agglutinin-Like Sequence (ALS) Gene Family—a Sticky Pursuit

The agglutinin-like sequence (ALS) family of Candida albicans includes eight genes that encode large cell-surface glycoproteins. The high degree of sequence relatedness between the ALS genes and the tremendous allelic variability often present in the same C. albicans strain complicated definition and characterization of the gene family. The main hypothesis driving ALS family research is that the genes encode adhesins, primarily involved in host-pathogen interactions. Although adhesive function has been demonstrated for several Als proteins, the challenge of studying putative adhesins in a highly adhesive organism like C. albicans has led to varying ideas about how best to pursue such investigations, and results that are sometimes contradictory. Recent analysis of alsdelta/alsdelta strains suggested roles for Als proteins outside of adhesion to host surfaces, and a broader scope of Als protein function than commonly believed. The availability and use of experimental methodologies to study C. albicans at the genomic level, and the ALS family en masse, have advanced knowledge of these genes and emphasized their importance in C. albicans biology and pathogenesis.
A duality principle for lattices and categories of modules

Let R be a ring with 1, Rop the opposite ring, and R-Mod the category of left unitary R-modules and R-linear maps. A characterization of well-powered abelian categories A such that there exists an exact embedding functor A→R-Mod is given. Using this characterization and abelian category duality, the following duality principles can be established. Theorem. There exists an exact embedding functor A→R-Mod if and only if there exists an exact embedding functor Aop→Rop-Mod. Corollary. If R-Mod has a specified diagram-chasing property, then Rop-Mod has the dual property. A lattice L is representable by R-modules if it is embeddable in the lattice of submodules of some unitary left R-module; L(R) denotes the quasivariety of all lattices representable by R-modules. Theorem. A lattice L is representable by R-modules if and only if its order dual L∗ is representable by Rop-modules. That is, L(Rop)={L∗:LϵL(R)}. If R is a commutative ring with 1 and a specified diagram-chasing result is satisfied in R-Mod, then the dual result is also satisfied in R-Mod. Furthermore, L(R) is self-dual: L(R)= {L∗:LϵL(R)}.
Refined Solution Structure of the Iron-responsive Element RNA Using Residual Dipolar Couplings

Abstract The iron-responsive element (IRE) is a 30 nt RNA motif located in the non-coding regions of mRNAs of proteins involved in iron regulation. In humans, the IRE plays a direct role in the control of iron levels by post-transcriptional regulation of the ferritin and transferrin receptor proteins through highly specific recognition by IRE-binding proteins. The IRE fold is representative of many RNA motifs that contain helical domains separated by a bulge or internal loop. The global structures of such extended multi-domain RNAs are not well defined by conventional NMR-distance and torsion angle structural restraints. Residual dipolar couplings ( RDC s) are employed here to better define the global structure of the IRE RNA in solution. RDC s contain valuable long-range structural information that compliments the short-range structural data derived from standard NOE-distance and torsion angle restraints. Several approaches for estimating alignment tensor parameters and incorporating RDC s into RNA structure determinations are compared. Both the local and global structure of the IRE are improved significantly by refinement with RDC s. These RDC refinements provide insight on the conformational dynamics of the IRE. These studies highlight some issues that need to be addressed when incorporating RDC s in solution structure determinations of nucleic acids. The approach used here should prove valuable for structure determinations of various multi-domain systems.
Comparison of reproductive parameters in male yellow-blotched map turtles (Graptemys flavimaculata) from a historically contaminated site and a reference site.

Abstract From May to September of 1998, we collected monthly plasma samples from male yellow-blotched map turtles captured at two sites in the Pascagoula River drainage, Mississippi. One site (Vancleave) has a documented history of pollution from industrial sources (principally 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin, TCDD). Fish consumption advisories at the Vancleave site were lifted in 1996 and current impacts appear minimal. However, the yellow-blotched map turtle, a federally protected species, continues to decline in numbers. To determine if endocrine disruption could be a factor in the low reproductive rates observed in Vancleave turtles, we examined levels of plasma testosterone ( T ) and estradiol-17β (E 2 ) from males at this site and a second site (Leaksville), which has no known source of industrial pollution. Plasma was also tested for vitellogenin (VTG), which, in males, can be a biomarker of exposure to estrogenic contaminants. No males had detectable plasma VTG nor did mean monthly E 2 levels differ between sites. However, 10% of males from the historically polluted site were found to have high levels of E 2 (equivalent to levels found in females) and T was significantly lower for males captured at this site for 3 of 5 months. Our data suggest that the current impact of contaminants on reproduction in this population is limited. However, a portion of the population may have been affected developmentally, as represented by differences in reproductive parameters detected between sites.
First-time DWI offenders are at risk of recidivating regardless of sanctions imposed

OBJECTIVE: Research demonstrates that punitive approaches to DWI employed by the judiciary have failed to significantly reduce recidivism. However, little is known about the deterrent effects of administrative and diversion sanctions. We examine whether such sanctions deter first-time DWI offenders. METHODS: We grouped combinations of administrative, judicial, and diversion sanctions routinely employed in the state of Maryland for processing drivers arrested for DWI into one of eight mutually exclusive disposition sequences. We applied this classification to Maryland drivers who had been licensed in the state and had precisely one DWI on their record prior to January 1, 1999. We then used a proportional hazards model to estimate the probability of remaining free of a new DWI during a 6-year period (January 1, 1999 - December 31, 2004) as a function of the disposition of the index violation, and of selected factors that could affect that probability. RESULTS: Drivers with a prior DWI were at relatively high risk of recidivating regardless of how they were sanctioned. Those who received administrative and alternative sanctions had a risk of recidivating similar to that of drivers who were convicted. CONCLUSION: All dispositions sequences, not just convictions, indicate that first-time DWI offenders are at high risk of recidivating.
Determination of Stroke Volume from Left Ventricular Isovolumetric Contraction and Ejection Times

Examination was made of the relationship of left ventricular isovolumetric contraction and ejection times to stroke volume. These studies were performed in humans at cardiac catheterization using the dye dilution technique and in open-chest dogs with electromagnetic flowmeters. The cardiac phases were measured from intracardiac catheters in humans and were calculated from the flow curves in dogs. While the isovolumetric and ejection periods independently gave correlations of only marginal significance with stroke volume, the ratio of these intervals was highly significant: r=0.92 for humans and r=0.86 for dogs.
Formation of Acylmonogalactosyldiglyceride and Degradation of Polar Lipids in Leaf Homogenates of Tobacco

Acylmonogalactosyldiglyceride (acyl-MGDG) was isolated from leaf homogenates of tobacco, and its structure was determined to be 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-(6-O-acyl-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol by decomposition analyses, PMR, CMR and GC-MS. This compound had an identical structure with that found in disrupted spinach leaves, except for a significant difference in fatty acid composition. This compound was detected in disrupted leaves of tobacco but was not found in normal green, senescent and cured leaves. Monogalactosyldiglyceride and digalactosyldiglyceride decreased abruptly during incubation of leaf homogenates, which was accompanied by the rapid formation of acyl-MGDG.
A cohesive model of fatigue of ferroelectric materials under electro-mechanical cyclic loading

A cohesive fatigue-crack nucleation and growth model for ferroelectric materials under electro-mechanical loading is presented. The central feature of the model is a hysteretic cohesive law which couples the mechanical and electrical fields. This law can be used in conjunction with general constitutive relations of bulk behavior, possibly including domain switching, in order to predict fatigue crack growth under arbitrary loading conditions. Another appealing feature of the model is its ability to predict fatigue-crack nucleation. Despite the scarcity and uncertainty of the experimental data, comparisons with PZT fatigue-life data are encouraging.
Discovery of persistent threat structures through temporal and geo-spatial characterization in evolving networks

The focus of this paper is to characterize the behavior of large, evolving networks, in terms of central nodes to identify patterns that may be conducive to persistent threat structures over time and geo-spatial regions. We propose an approach to monitor central nodes to determine Consistency and Inconsistency (CoIn) in their availability across time periods. Our approach also identifies the time periods and spatial regions associated with CoIn. We present experimental results using real world internet traffic trace data which indicates the potential of our approach to identify actionable information in terms of identifying locations of interest and patterns of deviations.
Biogotchi!: An Exploration of Plant-Based Information Displays

In this paper, we discuss the opportunity to use plants as living information displays. This work focuses on systematic plant manipulation for affective individual feedback. Building on centuries of explicit plant manipulation and recent work in HCI, we explore the combination of personal informatics and plant-mediated feedback. We argue that plant-based information displays could offer affective, multi-sensorial and sometimes ambiguous signs for users. We describe our plant manipulation system and report the results of four experiments in this novel design space. We provide guidelines and suggestions for how designers can incorporate plant-based information displays into their work and conclude by exploring specific domains where plant-based displays could be effective as information displays for personal behavior, harnessing their accepted use in everyday settings and affective affordances.
Automated business application discovery

When planning a data center migration it is critical to discover the client's business applications and on which devices (server, storage and appliances) those applications are deployed in the infrastructure. It is also important to understand the dependencies the applications have on the infrastructure, on other applications, and in some cases on systems external to the client. Clients can only rarely provide that information in a complete and accurate manner. The usual approach then has been to obtain the information by asking the client's application and platform owners a series of questions but in most cases clients do not have the tools or skills to acquire the requested information. The lack of accurate information leads to project delays, increased cost and higher levels of risk. In this paper we present an algorithm and tools for programmatically identifying and locating business application instances in an infrastructure, based on weighted similarity metric. We discuss results from our preliminary evaluation and the correctness of the algorithm. Such automated approach to application discovery significantly helps clients to achieve their project objectives and timeline without imposing additional work on the application and platform owners.
NATURALLY OCCURRING HYDROCARBONS IN THE GULF OF MEXICO AND THE CARIBBEAN

ABSTRACT Results are presented of 8 years of research on naturally occurring hydrocarbons in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean. They are found beneath the bottom, on the bottom, in the water column, and floating on the surface. The geographic emphasis has been in the Gulf and the Caribbean, but data on hydrocarbons floating at or near the surface have also been collected along a profile from Dakar, Africa, to Trinidad. Tar samples were also collected seasonally along the entire Texas coast, as well as off the eastern Mexican coast and the western Florida coast. Various types of geologic, geophysical, and oceanographic data were obtained from research vessels and a submersible. They corroborate historical evidence of tar on beaches from naturally occurring seeps, including its use in pottery by the Karankawa Indians in pre-Columbian times and for caulking ships by early Spanish explorers. Charts published in 1902 through 1909 indicate heavy oil slicks off the Louisiana and Texas coasts, and in 1903, oil...
Shhh! Silencing by microRNA-155

Small RNAs mediate a diverse pot-pourri of post-transcriptional silencing mechanisms, ranging from ‘classical’ RNA interference (RNAi), to gene repression by microRNAs (miRNAs), to maintenance of genomic stability by repeat-associated small RNAs. Here, we review recent findings on the function of miR-155, particularly its roles in mammalian innate and adaptive immunity, viral infection and oncogenesis.
High school athletic participation and adolescent suicide - a nationwide US study.

Suicide is the third leading cause of death among US adolescents aged 15-24, with males incurring higher rates of completion than females. This study used hierarchical logistic regression analysis to test whether athletic participation was associated with lower rates of suicidal ideation and behavior among a nationally representative sample of over 16,000 US public and private high school students. Net of the effects of age, race/ethnicity, parental educational attainment, and urbanicity, high school athletic participation was significantly associated with reduced odds of considering suicide among both females and males, and reduced odds of planning a suicide attempt among females only. Though the results point to favorable health outcomes for athletes, athletic participation was also associated with higher rates of injury to male athletes who actually attempted suicide.