cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Systematic Analysis of Errors in Target Localization and Treatment Delivery for Stereotactic Radiosurgery Using 2D/3D Image Registration.

Purpose:To determine the localization uncertainties associated with 2-dimensional/3-dimensional image registration in comparison to 3-dimensional/3-dimensional image registration in 6 dimensions on a Varian Edge Linac under various imaging conditions.Methods:The systematic errors in 6 dimensions were assessed by comparing automatic 2-dimensional/3-dimensional (kV/MV vs computed tomography) with 3-dimensional/3-dimensional (cone beam computed tomography vs computed tomography) image registrations under various conditions encountered in clinical applications. The 2-dimensional/3-dimensional image registration uncertainties for 88 patients with different treatment sites including intracranial and extracranial were evaluated by statistically analyzing 2-dimensional/3-dimensional pretreatment verification shifts of 192 fractions in stereotactic radiosurgery and stereotactic body radiotherapy.Results:The systematic errors of 2-dimensional/3-dimensional image registration using kV–kV, MV–kV, and MV–MV image pair...
Feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a telerehabilitation approach to group adapted tango instruction for people with Parkinson disease.

People with Parkinson disease (PD) demonstrate improvements in motor function following group tango classes, but report long commutes as a barrier to participation. To increase access, we investiga...
A Working Class Critique of Criminological Theory

The absence of a thoroughly developed, working class critique of criminological theory has resulted in bias in the creation of knowledge regarding crime and deviance. Much as feminist writings illuminated the unique problems related to gender, and works by those discussing racial and ethnic minorities highlighted the special concerns related to race and ethnicity, a working class perspective can expose the particular issues having to do with class. A brief discussion will be presented dealing with the portrayal of working class people in the media, and the complicity of academia in allowing working class stereotypes to persist. A sketch of a working class perspective will then be developed, and it will be used to critique fourteen of the major criminological theories today in terms of their relative sensitivities and considerations of the class factor in crime and justice issues. The final section places each of the fourteen theories on a continuum from those that do not consider the working class experience at all to those that give the working class experience full consideration.
Technical Standards and Guidelines for Use of Clinical Genomic Microarray Analysis in Hematopoietic and Other Neoplastic Disorders: A Draft From a Working Group of the American College of Medical Genetics Laboratory Quality Assurance Committee

Abstract 4906 Interrogation of the genome utilizing microarray technologies (copy number array-CGH with or without single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) probes) allows detection of genomic gains and losses with unprecedented resolution. Array findings are increasing our knowledge of the genetic basis of hematologic and other malignancies. However, prior to the clinical use of these new analytic tools, laboratories must extensively validate multiple parameters such as their platform(s), software, methods, detection limits, and quality control metrics. The laboratory must demonstrate expertise in the performance of the test and interpretation of the results by testing numerous samples, different sample types, and samples from patients with different types of diseases; these array results should then be compared with the results obtained using the gold standard methods. A working group of the Laboratory Quality Assurance committee of the American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG), a professional organization of board-certified clinical and laboratory geneticists, has drafted technical standards and guidelines for clinical laboratories that intend to offer clinical testing using these technologies. The ACMG Technical Standards and Guidelines provide support for clinical laboratory geneticists to help them provide quality laboratory genetic services. The guidelines discuss array design, selection and coverage of the genomic microarray platforms, manufacturer9s premarket analytical validation recommendations (assay performance characteristics, quality parameters, and software specifications), laboratory validation recommendations for each neoplastic disorder and tissue type (blood, bone marrow, and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue), quality control metrics and documentation, and methods for confirmation of the copy number aberrations (e.g., conventional cytogenetics, FISH, PCR, MLPA, or a different microarray). Data analysis, interpretation and reporting recommendations relating to clonal diversity, limitations of the assay, and the assessment of the clinical significance of array findings are included. Quality assurance guidelines address laboratory personnel training and certification, proficiency testing, and clinically appropriate turnaround times. Clinical laboratory medical professionals with appropriate training and certification will correlate clinical and pathological information with array findings for final reporting. The ACMG Laboratory QA committee welcomes input as the draft guidelines are being formulated. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Computational wave field modeling in anisotropic plate

In this paper, the wave field has been computationally modeled in the anisotropic plate. The Christoffel’s equation is solved to calculate the phase velocity of different wavefronts present at any point in the problem geometry. The calculated phase velocity is then used to develop the Green’s function. The anisotropic Green’s function was developed by implementing Radon transform and Spectral theorem into governing elastodynamic equation. Then the wave behavior in the anisotropic plate is simulated and studied by instigating the calculated Green’s function into the computational non-destructive evaluation (CNDE) technique, distributed point source method (DPSM). The wave propagation with different actuation angles for the transducer are simulated in plate with various forms of anisotropy such as transversely isotropic, orthotropic and, monoclinic plate. The study was performed such that the different anisotropic wave behaviors can be understood to the maximum extent in simplest form. The actuation angle used is normal incidence angle from the perpendicular to problem geometry surface with the actuation frequency of 1MHz. MATLAB is used for coding and simulation.
Alexander as Anarchist

This essay, written for a festschrift for Professor Larry Alexander, considers the implications of Alexander’s rigorously intentionalist account of legal interpretation for the problem of legal and political authority. The essay argues (or so it seems) that Alexander’s hermeneutics, though persuasive, and though respectable enough in their exoteric meaning, constitute a surreptitious project aimed at producing anarchy.
Factors associated with the pricing of childhood vaccines in the U.S. public sector

Vaccine purchase cost has grown substantially over the last few decades. A closer look at vaccine prices reveals that not all vaccines shared the same increasing pattern. Various factors, such as vaccine attributes, competition, and supply shortages, could relate to price changes. In this study, we examined whether a variety of factors influenced the prices of noninfluenza childhood vaccines purchased in the public sector from 1996 to 2014. The association differed among price-capped vaccines and combination vaccines. There was an increasing time trend in real prices for non-price-capped vaccines, which was mostly offset by the effect of market longevity. The effect of competition in lowering prices was more pronounced among non-price-capped vaccines when manufacturer and vaccine component fixed effects were excluded. Supply shortage, manufacturer name change, and number of vaccine doses in series showed no effect. The results may help policy makers better understand price behaviors and make more informed decisions in vaccine planning and financing.
Biomimetic Creatures Teach Mechanical Systems Design

For over a decade, mechanical creatures have formed the basis for the final project in a large engineering class on mechanical systems design. Each year a different real or fictitious animal provides the inspiration and design requirements for synthesizing, fabricating, and analyzing mechanisms and power transmission systems to achieve a plausible biomimetic motion. We explore why biomimetic creatures are particularly suited to learning about mechanisms, and discuss implementation details and pedagogical insights based on our experience.
Temperature-dependent Brillouin light scattering spectra of magnons in yttrium iron garnet and permalloy

In the field of spin caloritronics, knowledge of the magnon temperature is crucial. We investigate the temperature sensing capabilities of Brillouin light scattering (BLS), a technique which is commonly used in studying magnons. The magnon BLS spectra are characterized by three parameters: peak frequency, linewidth, and integrated intensity, each of which can be used for temperature sensing. The BLS spectra of magnons in both an insulator (yttrium iron garnet or YIG) and a metal (permalloy $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{i}}_{80}\mathrm{F}{\mathrm{e}}_{20}$ or Py) are measured at different temperatures as the sample is uniformly heated. Unexpectedly, we find the temperature dependence of the BLS integrated intensity is opposite between YIG and Py. The mechanisms contributing to the temperature dependence of the three BLS spectra parameters are discussed and the temperature precision of each parameter is determined.
Palladium- and Nickel-Catalyzed Decarbonylative C-S Coupling to Convert Thioesters to Thioethers.

This Letter describes the development of a catalytic decarbonylative C–S coupling reaction that transforms thioesters into thioethers. Both Pd- and Ni-based catalysts are developed and applied to the construction of diaryl, aryl alkyl, and heterocycle-containing thioethers.
Metabolic Syndrome in Childhood as a Risk Factor for Type 2 Diabetes

The worldwide epidemic of childhood obesity in the last decades is responsible for the occurrence in pediatrics of disorders once mainly found in adults, such as the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. A key factor in their pathogenesis is insulin resistance, a phenomenon occurring mainly in obese subjects with a general resistance to the insulin effect only on carbohydrates metabolism. Given that the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes in youths are driven by obesity, the prevalence of the latter will strongly influence their prevalence. Although obesity is the most frequent cause of insulin resistance in youths, it should be taken into consideration that a transient physiological insulin-resistant state occurs in children during puberty, maybe due to the increase in growth hormone and sex steroids, and that this state may worsen the insulin resistance present in obese children accelerating the progression to metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Thus, the key points to understand the progression leading to the occurrence of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes are (1) when and how insulin resistance occurs in obese children and adolescents and (2) what are the underlying putative defects leading to glucose dysregulation.
Comparison of excitation wavelengths for in vivo deep imaging of mouse brain

The attenuation of excitation power reaching the focus is the main issue that limits the depth penetration of highresolution imaging of biological tissue. The attenuation is caused by a combination of tissue scattering and absorption. Theoretical model of the effective attenuation length for in vivo mouse brain imaging has been built based on the data of the absorption of water and blood and the Mie scattering of a tissue-like phantom. Such a theoretical model has been corroborated at a number of excitation wavelengths, such as 800 nm, 1300 nm , and 1700 nm ; however, the attenuation caused by absorption is negligible when compared to tissue scattering at all these wavelength windows. Here we performed in vivo three-photon imaging of Texas Red-stained vasculature in the same mouse brain with different excitation wavelengths, 1700 nm, 1550 nm, 1500 nm and 1450 nm. In particular, our studies include the wavelength regime where strong water absorption is present (i.e., 1450 nm), and the attenuation by water absorption is predicted to be the dominant contribution in the excitation attenuation. Based on the experimental results, we found that the effective attenuation length at 1450 nm is significantly shorter than those at 1700 nm and 1300 nm. Our results confirm that the theoretical model based on tissue scattering and water absorption is accurate in predicting the effective attenuation lengths for in vivo imaging. The optimum excitation wavelength windows for in vivo mouse brain imaging are at 1300 nm and 1700 nm.
Radiographic and Clinical Outcomes of Anterior and Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusions: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Comparative Studies.

Study Design:Systematic review and meta-analysis.Objective:Compare the radiographic and clinical outcomes of anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) to transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF).Summary of Background Data:ALIF and TLIF are 2 methods of achieving spinal arthrodesis. There are conf
SORCE Daylight-Only Operations

The recent experience of the SORCE flight operations team offers an excellent example of innovative engineering using limited resources. The goal of this paper is to extend to the space operations community the lessons learned during this critical redesign in order to aid other missions facing equally daunting challenges. The end result is a mission extended well beyond its designed life continuing to return important data to the science community to extend the climate record.
Gas breakdown in atmospheric pressure microgaps with a surface protrusion on the cathode

Gas breakdown in atmospheric pressure microgaps with a cathode surface protrusion is highly sensitive to the protrusion geometry. The breakdown voltage is identified when the discharge enters the subnormal region, according to voltage-current curves calculated by a two-dimensional fluid model. The effects of the protrusion size and the aspect ratio on the gap breakdown voltage are examined. It is found that the protrusion size can have a more profound effect on the breakdown voltage than the protrusion's aspect ratio. The breakdown voltage versus the protrusion aspect ratio will show a minimum value if the aspect ratio varies in a wider range. Shrinking the size of cathode protrusion can increase the breakdown voltage faster than enlarging the gap distance in the absence of a protrusion in the same scale. The effect of the aspect ratio of the microgap on the breakdown voltage is also presented.
Opioids, receptors, and immunity.

One property common to all drugs that are abused is that they act on the central nervous system to produce feelings that are deemed desirable. Along with producing these so-called desirable effects, however, the drugs produce many other effects. These may be due to indirect actions resulting from the fact that all systems interact, or they may be due to the presence of specific receptors for a particular drug in many parts of the body. Receptors may be defined as chemical structures that first bind the drug and then produce an effect when they are activated. This definition is in contradistinction to a binding site or acceptor site, which binds the drug but does not produce a biological effect.
Journalism, Publishing, and Writing

When pitching a story, prepare beforehand. Research the story idea before presenting it – it is more effective than simply asking for an opportunity. Find an angle on the story that makes it original and reflects your significant insight. Don’t save the best for last. Get right to the point of your article, starting it in the first paragraph.
Respiratory Sensations and the Behavioral Control of Breathing

Humans can perceive a wide range of respiratory sensations—motion, position, irritation, and generalized feelings including respiratory discomfort. In addition, peripheral and central chemoreceptors’ afferents may be perceived and it is believed that information related to the magnitude of respiratory drive is sent to sensory areas of the cortex where they are perceived (‘corollary discharge’). Many of these afferent pathways can contribute to the constellation of sensations that comprise clinical reports of dyspnea. In studying these mechanisms, the situation is further complicated by the fact that breathing can be reflexly controlled and voluntarily controlled, and the sensations may be different depending on the source of the motor command to breathe. Our experiments have been designed to examine the basic mechanisms of one specific respiratory sensation: the ‘urge to breathe’ or ‘air hunger’ that accompanies derangements in arterial blood gases, exercise and breath-hold. We have documented robust relationships between three interacting variables: the level of ventilation, the level of respiratory drive (induced during hypercapnia or exercise) and the level of the sensation of ‘air hunger’. We found that mild hypercapnia induces air hunger; increases in ventilation help relieve this sensation; this relief can be provided by pulmonary stretch receptors; and that people adapt to the prevailing level of arterial carbon dioxide. We also found that the level of ventilation needed to alleviate air hunger during induced hypercapnia is less than the level of spontaneous ventilation. This suggests that spontaneous breathing during blood gas derangement is not behaviorally controlled to minimize discomfort. All of our studies are consistent with the hypothesis that air hunger is caused by a parallel copy of increased brainstem respiratory motor activity (‘corollary discharge’).
X-ray structure and redox chemistry of the heptacobalt cluster Co3(CO)9[μ3-CCO2CH2CCH{Co4(CO)10}]

The tetrahedrane cluster $${\text{Co}}_3 ({\text{CO}})_9 (\mu _3 {\text{ - CCO}}_{\text{2}} {\text{CH}}_{\text{2}} {\text{C}} \equiv {\text{CH)}}$$ reacts with Co4(CO)12 to furnish the heptacobalt compound Co3(CO)9[μ3-CCO2CH2CCH{Co4(CO)10}] in high yield. Substitution of the pendant alkyne group by the Co4(CO)10 moiety was ascertained by IR and 1H NMR spectroscopies, and the solid-state structure of Co3(CO)9[μ3-CCO2CH2CCH{Co4(CO)10}] was unequivocally determined by X-ray crystallography. Co3(CO)9[μ3-CCO3CH3CCH{Co4(CO)10}] crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2 1/n, a = 12.895(13) A, b = 18.803(18) A, c = 13.748(13) A, β = 97.27(2)°, V = 3307(6) A3, Z = 4, d calc = 2.087 mg/m3; R = 0.0493, R w = 0.0989 for 4310 observed reflections with I > 2σ(I). The X-ray structure confirms the presence of an intact tetrahedral Co3 moiety and an alkyne-tethered Co4 butterfly cluster moiety. The cyclic voltammetric properties of Co3(CO)9[μ3-CCO2CH2CCH{Co4(CO)10}] were examined and three reduction waves were found. The first two reduction waves correspond to the regionally localized 0/1− redox couples on the tetra- and tricobalt moieties, respectively, while the third redox process is assigned to the 1−/2− reduction associated with the tetracobalt residue. Both 0/1− redox couples are reversible, while the 1−/2− reduction exhibits only quasi-reversible behavior. No evidence for electronic communication between the Co3 and Co4 portions of the complex was observed. Extended Huckel MO calculations support the site of the first reduction occurring solely on the tetracobalt moiety of this Co7 cluster.
Why Americans Need Information on Dietary Supplements

Until a decade ago, no dietary supplement (DS) databases with open access for public use existed in the United States. They were needed by researchers, since half of American adults use dietary DSs and, without information on supplement use and composition, exposures could not be estimated. These articles on Challenges and Future Directions for Dietary Supplement Databases describe subsequent progress. They begin by describing why information on DSs is needed by the government and how it is used to ensure the health of the public. Current developments include: application of DS information to meet public health needs; research efforts on DS quality, efficacy, and safety (as conducted by the Office of Dietary Supplements and other federal agencies); enhanced regulatory activities implemented by the FDA Office of Dietary Supplement Programs, the FDA Office of Enforcement, and the Federal Trade Commission; and initiatives for broader development and dissemination of DS databases for commercial and public use. Other contributions in this journal supplement describe the challenges of working with DSs and the progress that has been made. Additional articles describe surveys of DS use among the general US population and also among special groups such as high supplement users, illustrating why there is a need in the United States for information on supplements. Likely directions for the future of DS science are summarized.
Do speakers maintain clear speech throughout natural conversation

Previous studies have shown that speakers tend to speak more clearly when they speak with a listener in adverse listening conditions in naturalistic settings. Most previous studies assumed that when speakers speak more clearly, they maintain the style throughout the conversation. However, a clear speech style deviates from speakers’ conversational speaking style, and extra effort is required in order to produce clear speech. Therefore, it is possible that speakers begin a conversation in a clear speaking style and revert back to a conversational style at some point during the conversation. This study aims to examine whether native English speakers use and maintain a clear speaking style while participating in a conversation with non-native speakers in naturalistic settings. Native English listeners will respond to sentences from naturalistic conversations. The sentences are from either a conversation between two native English speakers or a conversation between a native English speaker and a non-native English speaker. Intelligibility (typing what the listeners heard) and comprehensibility (rating how easy it is to understand the sentences) are measured to examine the usage of clear speech throughout the conversations. The results of this study will provide a better understanding of the circumstances under which speakers use clear speech.Previous studies have shown that speakers tend to speak more clearly when they speak with a listener in adverse listening conditions in naturalistic settings. Most previous studies assumed that when speakers speak more clearly, they maintain the style throughout the conversation. However, a clear speech style deviates from speakers’ conversational speaking style, and extra effort is required in order to produce clear speech. Therefore, it is possible that speakers begin a conversation in a clear speaking style and revert back to a conversational style at some point during the conversation. This study aims to examine whether native English speakers use and maintain a clear speaking style while participating in a conversation with non-native speakers in naturalistic settings. Native English listeners will respond to sentences from naturalistic conversations. The sentences are from either a conversation between two native English speakers or a conversation between a native English speaker and a non-native En...
Design of Structures With Multiple Equilibrium Configurations

Being able to design structures with multiple equilibrium configurations is the basis for the design of multi-stable structures, which are of interest for future research on multi-configuration structures that require ‘simple’ actuation schemes. It is already known that adding elastic springs to a rigid mechanism can create structures with multiple equilibrium configurations. The spring properties, such as their rest positions, can be taken as design parameters that can be used to achieve specific equilibrium configurations of the structure. This paper provides a linearized formulation for the equilibrium constraints that can be solved for the rest positions of the springs. This method allows the design of specific equilibrium configurations. It can also handle more complex problems and is easier to solve in comparison to existent techniques. An example design of a four-bar linkage that has 5 equilibrium configurations is presented.
Prediction of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) activity score (NAS) with multiparametric hepatic magnetic resonance imaging and elastography

To investigate the use of MR elastography (MRE)–derived mechanical properties (shear stiffness (|G*|) and loss modulus (G″)) and MRI-derived fat fraction (FF) to predict the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) activity score (NAS) in a NAFLD mouse model. Eighty-nine male mice were studied, including 64 training and 25 independent testing animals. An MRI/MRE exam and histologic evaluation were performed. Pairwise, nonparametric comparisons and multivariate analyses were used to evaluate the relationships between the three imaging parameters (FF, |G*|, and G″) and histologic features. A virtual NAS score (vNAS) was generated by combining three imaging parameters with an ordinal logistic model (OLM) and a generalized linear model (GLM). The prediction accuracy was evaluated by ROC analyses. The combination of FF, |G*|, and G″ predicted NAS > 1 with excellent accuracy in both training and testing sets (AUROC > 0.84). OLM and GLM predictive models misclassified 3/54 and 6/54 mice in the training, and 1/25 and 1/25 in the testing cohort respectively, in distinguishing between “not-NASH” and “definite-NASH.” “Borderline-NASH” prediction was poorer in the training set, and no borderline-NASH mice were available in the testing set. This preliminary study shows that multiparametric MRI/MRE can be used to accurately predict the NAS score in a NAFLD animal model, representing a promising alternative to liver biopsy for assessing NASH severity and treatment response. • MRE-derived liver stiffness and loss modulus and MRI-assessed fat fraction can be used to predict NAFLD activity score (NAS) in our preclinical mouse model (AUROC > 0.84 for all NAS levels greater than 1). • The overall agreement between the histological-determined NASH diagnosis and the imaging-predicted NASH diagnosis is 80–92%. • The multiparametric hepatic MRI/MRE has great potential for noninvasively assessing liver disease severity and treatment efficacy.
Spirituality, Religiosity, Shame and Guilt as Predictors of Sexual Attitudes and Experiences:

This study examines the relationship among levels of spirituality, religiosity, shame, and guilt on sexual attitudes and experiences. A convenience sample that included graduate and undergraduate s...
Pharmacokinetics of Luteolin and Metabolites in Rats

The pharmacokinetic parameters of luteolin and its glucuronide/sulfate conjugates were studied in rats after a single 50 mg/kg dose of luteolin administered as intravenous bolus or oral solution. P...
Emphysematous Gastritis Associated with Sarcina ventriculi .

Emphysematous gastritis is a rare and lethal gastrointestinal emergency if not promptly identified and managed. In rare cases, emphysematous gastritis is associated with Sarcina ventriculi infection, usually in patients with delayed gastric emptying. Here we report a lethal case of S. ventriculi-associated emphysematous gastritis in the absence of delayed gastric emptying in which the diagnosis was confirmed postmortem. This case provides an opportunity to review the clinical presentation, pathophysiology, and management of emphysematous gastritis so that the condition can be promptly diagnosed and managed to prevent significant morbidity and mortality.
A Qualitative Synthesis of the Effects of Rising Cost-Sharing Requirements in the United States

In diesem Beitrag evaluiere und synthetisiere ich Ergebnisse aus zehn Jahren qualitativer Forschung zu den Effekten steigender Selbstbeteiligungsanforderungen in der Gesundheitsversorgung. Wahrend das Gros an Forschung in diesem Feld quantitativ ausgerichtet war und ist, will ich mit meiner Analyse dazu beitragen, die Perspektiven und Erfahrungen der Patient/innen und der Dienstanbieter/innen nachzuvollziehen. Ein Ergebnis ist, dass steigende Selbstbeteiligungsanforderungen viele Amerikaner/innen veranlassen, auf Gesundheitsdienstleistungen zu verzichten. Dies gilt auch fur medizinisch erforderliche Behandlungen fur sie selbst und fur ihre Familienmitglieder, und zwar auch im Falle von der Mittelklasse zugehorigen Familien, bei denen Angehorige in regularen Arbeitsverhaltnissen stehen und versichert sind. Zweitens zeige ich, dass diese Anforderungen zu Konfusion, Sorge, Stress und einer allgemeinen Angstlichkeit aufseiten der Patient/innen beitragen. Meine Befunde sind komplementar zu denen aus dem RAND Health Insurance Experiment, einer grosen experimentellen Studie zu Gesundheitskosten und der Nutzung von Gesundheitsdienstleistungen, die von 1974 bis 1982 durchgefuhrt wurde, um die Effekte von Krankheitsfolgekosten nachvollziehen zu konnen. Diese Befunde sind kritisch, weil aufseiten einiger politischer Entscheidungstrager/innen eine weitere Steigerung der Selbstbeteiligung unterstutzt wird. Ich diskutiere auch Grenzen und mogliche Folgerichtungen solcher Untersuchungsansatze.
The Effect of Asphyxia Arrest Duration on a Pediatric End-Tidal CO2-Guided Chest Compression Delivery Model.

Objectives To determine the effect of the duration of asphyxial arrest on the survival benefit previously seen with end-tidal CO2-guided chest compression delivery. Design Preclinical randomized controlled study. Setting University animal research laboratory. Subjects Two-week-old swine. Interventions After either 17 or 23 minutes of asphyxial arrest, animals were randomized to standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation or end-tidal CO2-guided chest compression delivery. Standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation was optimized by marker, monitor, and verbal feedback about compression rate, depth, and release. End-tidal CO2-guided delivery used adjustments to chest compression rate and depth to maximize end-tidal CO2 level without other feedback. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation for both groups proceeded from 10 minutes of basic life support to 10 minutes of advanced life support or return of spontaneous circulation. Measurements and main results After 17 minutes of asphyxial arrest, mean end-tidal CO2 during 10 minutes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation was 18 ± 9 torr in the standard group and 33 ± 15 torr in the end-tidal CO2 group (p = 0.004). The rate of return of spontaneous circulation was three of 14 (21%) in the standard group rate and nine of 14 (64%) in the end-tidal CO2 group (p = 0.05). After a 23-minute asphyxial arrest, neither end-tidal CO2 values (20 vs 26) nor return of spontaneous circulation rate (3/14 vs 1/14) differed between the standard and end-tidal CO2-guided groups. Conclusions Our previously observed survival benefit of end-tidal CO2-guided chest compression delivery after 20 minutes of asphyxial arrest was confirmed after 17 minutes of asphyxial arrest. The poor survival after 23 minutes of asphyxia shows that the benefit of end-tidal CO2-guided chest compression delivery is limited by severe asphyxia duration.
The Continuing Relevance of Private International Law and Its Challenges: Judicial Jurisdiction and Forum Access—The Search for Predictable Rules

In this paper for a 2018 NYU Conference on “The Continuing Relevance of Private International Law and Its Challenges”, Professor Silberman surveys recent developments in judicial jurisdiction in the United States. Her overall thesis is that the Supreme Court is striving to develop predictable rules on judicial jurisdiction. To that end, she highlights the dramatic change in U.S. general jurisdiction resulting from the Supreme Court’s 2014 decision in Daimler AG v. Bauman. Professor Silberman also discusses the Court’s later 2017 decision in Bristol-Myers Squibb v. Superior Court, which put certain limitations on assertions of specific jurisdiction, and draws attention to the potential impact of Bristol-Myers on nationwide class action litigation as that issue continues to develop in the lower courts. Professor Silberman also offers her views as to how the 2014 Supreme Court decision in Walden v. Fiore may affect jurisdiction in internet-defamation cases, and adds a comparative perspective with discussions of the recent ECJ decision in Bolagsupplysningen OU v. Svensk Handel AB and the recent Canadian Supreme Court decision in Haaretz.com v. Goldhar.
SRA Does Not Detect Potentially Relevant HIT Antibodies.

Even before the nature of the heparin:platelet factor 4 (H:PF4) antigenic target was identified, it was known that pathogenic activity in sera/plasma from Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT) patients could be recovered in the immunoglobulin G (IgG) fraction. In in vitro diagnostic tests, blockade of platelet FcγIIa receptors completely prevents platelet activation by HIT sera. For these reasons, the IgG isotype is considered the predominant HIT pathogenic agent. H:PF4 ELISA techniques have made it possible to distinguish between antibodies (Abs) of the IgG, IgA and IgM isotypes, and have shown that IgA and IgM Abs are more prevalent than previously thought. In a group of 247 H:PF4 ELISA-positive specimens studied at Loyola University Medical Center, 65% contained IgG, 53% had IgA, and 56% had an IgM component. The biological activity and pathogenic relevance of non-IgG H:PF4 Abs is as yet unknown. These studies were undertaken to specifically test whether H:PF4 IgA or IgM isotypes, in the absence of IgG, could cause platelet activation in the Serotonin Release Assay (SRA), the reference standard activation assay for diagnosis of HIT. Four SRA positive specimens with multiple isotypes were fractionated using Protein G (Amersham Biosciences) chromatography to separate IgGs. Isotyping of the fractions demonstrated that the H:PF4 IgA and IgM were present in the flow through peak; IgGs were in fractions eluted from the Protein G by low pH. Only fractions that bound to Protein G, ie IgG isotype, caused the characteristic SRA positive response of platelet activation in the presence of low heparin (0.1 U/ml) and not in the presence of excess heparin (100 U/ml). Study of an SRA positive specimen that tested negative for the IgG isotype, showed that the SRA activity was in fractions that bound to Protein G even though the antibody was not detected in the ELISA. Another four SRA positive specimen with multiple isotypes were fractionated using immobilized jacalin chromatography (Pierce, Rockford IL) to separate IgA Abs. Isotyping demonstrated that IgG Abs did not bind to the column; IgA Abs were in fractions eluted from the jacalin column in the presence of melibiose. Only the flow through H:PF4 IgG, and not the eluted IgA Abs, tested positive in the SRA. However, three of the isolated H:PF4 IgAs elicited some degree of platelet serotonin release in the absence of heparin only, without the characteristic 2-point response to heparin. In conclusion, the platelet activation by SRA positive specimens with multiple isotypes is attributable to the IgG component only. Neither IgA nor IgM H:PF4 Abs are detected in the 2-point SRA. While the SRA does not detect IgA or IgM Abs, these isotypes may still have pathogenic activity. Preliminary studies with H:PF4 IgA, indicate that these Abs can bind to platelets and cause serotonin release in the absence of heparin. Until there is better understanding of in vivo biological activity of non-IgG HIT isotypes, it should be noted that the SRA, the reference standard activation assay for HIT, may not detect all physiologically relevant H:PF4 Abs.
Locke’s Influence on the Exegesis of Peirce, Hallett, and Benson

When Locke died in 1704, he had written paraphrases and notes on five of the epistles traditionally ascribed to Paul: Galatians, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Romans, and Ephesians. At the time of his death his work on Galatians was already in the hands of the printer, and both Galatians and the work on the other epistles appeared posthumously. Commentaries on books of the Bible in the form of paraphrases and notes were not new with Locke. It was already a popular fashion and continued to be so after Locke’s death. Three writers in particular carried on Locke’s work by writing paraphrases and notes on those New Testament epistles on which he had not commented. All three were dissenting ministers, and all three departed from orthodoxy in important points of doctrine. They were James Peirce, Joseph Hallett, who completed Peirce’s work on the Epistle to the Hebrews, and George Benson. All three of them were learned and scholarly writers, and all of them held pastoral office in dissenting congregations.
Revisiting the Population Genetics of Human Height.

Context Recent advances in genetics and genomics present unique opportunities for enhancing knowledge of human physiology and disease susceptibility. An outstanding example of these new insights may be seen in the study of human height, of which it has been estimated that approximately 80% is genetically determined. Over the past decade, large-scale population analyses have led to the identification of novel variation in genes and loci individually associated with changes in adult height of as much as 2 cm. Objective To assess these same variants in the genomes of 213 158 individuals compiled by the Genome Aggregation Database (GnomAD) consortium, representing different population groups from around the world. Results The majority of these height-changing alleles are substantially less prevalent in GnomAD than found previously in other cohorts, with 4 of 5 amino acid substitution variants with the largest impact on adult height being more frequent in the European population than in other groups. Conclusions A larger-scale analysis of individuals from diverse backgrounds will be necessary to ensure a full and accurate understanding of the genetic underpinnings of human height throughout the world, and additional studies will be needed to discern the biochemical and molecular mechanisms governing the physiological processes that explain how these variant proteins might selectively impact the biology of the growth plate. Broader understanding of the genetics of height also should set the stage for more comprehensive investigation into the causes of prevalent polygenic human diseases.
Teacher political disclosure in contentious times: A “responsibility to speak up” or “fair and balanced”?

Quality civic education is often understood as involving discussions of controversial social and political issues, a task made more difficult for teachers amidst the kind of political polarization ...
Identification and phylogenetic analysis of Coxsackie-virus B5 that caused an outbreak of viral encephalitis in Henan area

Objective To identify the pathogen that caused an outbreak of viral encephalitis in Henan area in 2011.Phylogenic analysis was carried out on Coxsackie-virus B5 (CVB5) which was isolated during this outbreak.Methods Five throat swab,21 stool and 14 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens were collected from 29 inpatients during this outbreak.Viral isolation and real time RT-PCR were then performed for all specimens.Viral nucleic acid of enterovirus 71 (EV71),coxsackievirus A 16 (CA16) and pan-enterovirus (PE)were detected by real time RT-PCR.Phylogenetic tree based on entire VP1 sequences was constructed among CVB5 isolates from 2 stool and 3 CSF specimens of 5 inpatients and others published data retrieved from GenBank.Results The real time RT-PCR results showed that the PE nucleic acid positive rates of throat swab,stool and CSF specimens were 60.0％ (3/5),61.9％ (13/21) and 85.7％ (12/14) respectively.All of these specimens were negative for EV71 and CA16.The isolation rates of throat swab,stool and CSF specimens were 20.0％ (1/5),25.0％ (5/21) and 29.0％ (4/14),respectively.BLAST with both VP1 and 5′-UTR sequences and molecular typing indicated that CVB5 was the main pathogen.Analysis among the 5 positve isolates based on the complete VP1 sequences showed 97.9％-99.5％ homology.Data from homologous comparisons indicated that these isolates had the highest nucleotide acid identity with the Changchun CVB5 CC10/10/Changchun strain (97.1％-98.1％) which caused hand,foot,and mouth disease (HFMD) outbreak in Changchun in 2010,and lower identity (89.0％-89.6％ and 91.8％-92.5％) with the COXB5/Henan/2010 and 03001N strain isolated from Pingdingshan,Henan in 2010 and 2012,respectively.Phylogenetic tree in VP1 region showed that isolates of this outbreak belonged to genotype D,the same clade with Changchun strain.Conclusion CVB5 was the major etiological agent correlated with this outbreak.The shift of predominant genotype might serve as one of the causes that associated with this outbreaks. Key words: Viral encephalitis; Coxsackie-virus B5; Phylogenetic analysis
Single-molecule orientation localization microscopy I: fundamental limits.

Precisely measuring the three-dimensional position and orientation of individual fluorophores is challenging due to the substantial photon shot noise in single-molecule experiments. Facing this limited photon budget, numerous techniques have been developed to encode 2D and 3D position and 2D and 3D orientation information into fluorescence images. In this work, we adapt classical and quantum estimation theory and propose a mathematical framework to derive the best possible precision for measuring the position and orientation of dipole-like emitters for any fixed imaging system. We find that it is impossible to design an instrument that achieves the maximum sensitivity limit for measuring all possible rotational motions. Further, our vectorial dipole imaging model shows that the best quantum-limited localization precision is 4%–8% worse than that suggested by a scalar monopole model. Overall, we conclude that no single instrument can be optimized for maximum precision across all possible 2D and 3D localization and orientation measurement tasks.
Integrated dielectrophoretic and impedimetric biosensor provides a template for universal biomarker sensing in clinical samples

The detection and quantification of nucleic acid and proteomic biomarkers in bodily fluids is a critical part of many medical screening and diagnoses. However, majority of the current detection platforms are not ideal for routine, rapid, and low-cost testing in point-of-care settings. To address this issue, we developed a concept for a disposable universal point-of-care biosensor that can detect and quantify nucleic acid and proteomic biomarkers in diluted serum samples. The central tenet of sensing is the use of dielectrophoresis, electrothermal effects, and thermophoresis to selectively and rapidly isolate the biomarkers of interest in electrodes and then quantify using electrical impedance. When the sensor was applied to quantify microRNA and antigen biomarker molecules directly in diluted serum samples, it produced a LOD values in the fM range and sensitivity values from 1012 to 1015 Ω/M with a 30 min assay time and assay cost of less than $50 per assay.
Contracting Externalities and Mandatory Menus in the US Corporate Bankruptcy Code

Our article offers the first justification for the US bankruptcy code, in which firms are not allowed to commit themselves ex ante in their lending agreements either to (Chapter 7) liquidation or to (Chapter 11) reorganization in case of distress ex post. If fire-sale liquidation imposes negative externalities on their peers, then firms can be collectively better off if they are all forced into a no-opt-out choice (a mandatory "menu"). This is the case even though they would individually want to commit themselves to liquidation, and it is collectively better for them than voluntary contract choice or mandatory liquidation. Our article’s innovation is thus to show not when a later choice should be prohibited, but when a later choice should be mandatory. Equivalent analyses could justify when other ex post choices should remain inalienable (not contractible). (JEL G33, D62, K12)
Cognitive and Motivational Predictors of Narrative and Informational Text Comprehension

The present study employed regression analyses to examine the influence of cognitive competencies (decoding ability, vocabulary knowledge, prior knowledge) and intrinsic motivation (curiosity and i...
Bridging topology optimization and additive manufacturing

Topology optimization is a technique that allows for increasingly efficient designs with minimal a priori decisions. Because of the complexity and intricacy of the solutions obtained, topology optimization was often constrained to research and theoretical studies. Additive manufacturing, a rapidly evolving field, fills the gap between topology optimization and application. Additive manufacturing has minimal limitations on the shape and complexity of the design, and is currently evolving towards new materials, higher precision and larger build sizes. Two topology optimization methods are addressed: the ground structure method and density-based topology optimization. The results obtained from these topology optimization methods require some degree of post-processing before they can be manufactured. A simple procedure is described by which output suitable for additive manufacturing can be generated. In this process, some inherent issues of the optimization technique may be magnified resulting in an unfeasible or bad product. In addition, this work aims to address some of these issues and propose methodologies by which they may be alleviated. The proposed framework has applications in a number of fields, with specific examples given from the fields of health, architecture and engineering. In addition, the generated output allows for simple communication, editing, and combination of the results into more complex designs. For the specific case of three-dimensional density-based topology optimization, a tool suitable for result inspection and generation of additive manufacturing output is also provided.
Robust Stabilizing Controllers for a Class of Nonlinear Flexible Mechanical Systems

In this paper, we treat the problem of robustness of stability with respect to unmodelled flexibilities for a class of mechanical systems subject to memoryless feedback controllers. We take a singular perturbation approach and first present some results for the robust stability of a class of nonlinear singularly perturbed systems containing marginally stable boundary systems. Using these results, we present a condition which guarantees that a stabilizing controller whose design is based on a rigidified model of a flexible mechanical system also stabilizes the flexible system, provided that the components, whose flexibilities are neglected in the rigidified model, are sufficiently stiff. This condition involves the location of the rate sensors and is independent of the location of the displacement sensors. The results are illustrated by an example.
Diseases caused by oral bacteria

Abstract The chapter describes the characteristic and diverse collection of microorganisms that generally live in harmony with, and provide benefit to, the host by contributing to the normal development of the physiology and host defences of the oral cavity. The chapter then explains how this harmony can break down on occasions owing to changes in the local environment, which increases the competitiveness of previously minor components of the microbiota, thereby increasing the risk of dental caries and periodontal diseases. The chapter concludes by describing how many oral microbes are also opportunistic pathogens and can cause acute and chronic infection either within the mouth or at distant sites in the body.