cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applied Cryptography for Computer Science programs: A practitioner's approach

The current ACM/IEEE Joint Computer Science Curriculum guidelines require “... substantial attention to security matters be regarded as compulsory for all computing graduates”. In order to meet ACM/IEEE guidelines, the Department of Computer Science and Information Systems at Bradley University, designed and developed undergraduate and graduate Software, Web, and Computer Network Security academic programs (SWCN concentrations). These programs are based on a set of interrelated courses, including “Applied Cryptography”, “Computer Networks and System Security”, “Software and Web Applications Security”, and “Information Security”. This paper presents the main components of the developed “Applied Cryptography” undergraduate and graduate courses within SWCN concentrations; these components are based on most recent ACM/IEEE guidelines and focused on practitioner's approach in teaching.
Comparison of two artificial tear formulations using aberrometry

Background: This study investigates the effect of artificial tears of different viscosities on aberrations of healthy eyes.Methods: We recruited subjects from the student population of the Northe...
Region-Specific Neural Corticosterone Patterns Differ From Plasma in a Male Songbird

The adrenal hormone corticosterone (CORT) acts on brain to mediate physiology and behavior. In songbirds, behavioral effects of CORT vary across species, environmental conditions, and life history stage, with several mechanisms proposed to account for these divergent results. Although blood CORT levels are well characterized, few studies measure CORT within the brain itself. Here we used in vivo microdialysis to measure CORT in two regions of the zebra finch brain, the hippocampus (HP) and caudal nidopallium (cNp). Our results show that we can successfully measure physiological levels of CORT in brain within 15- to 30-minute intervals of dialysate collection. Moreover, we found that levels in the cNp were generally lower than levels in the HP. Surprisingly, whereas plasma CORT levels increased in response to a standard stressor, no stress-induced surge was detected in the HP or cNp. In addition, although a diel CORT rhythm was observed in plasma, the rhythm in brain was attenuated and only observed when levels were integrated over a 4-hour time period. Regional differences in brain CORT levels were reflected in local mRNA expression levels of the CORT-inactivating enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 with levels elevated in the cNp relative to the HP. Region-specific CORT metabolism may therefore play a role in buffering the brain from CORT fluctuations.
Self-Checked Metamorphic Testing of an Image Processing Program

Metamorphic testing is an effective technique for testing systems that do not have test oracles, for which it is practically impossible to know the correct output of an arbitrary test input. In metamorphic testing, instead of checking the correctness of a test output, the satisfaction of metamorphic relation among test outputs is checked. If a violation of the metamorphic relation is found, the system implementation must have some defects. However, a randomly or accidently generated incorrect output may satisfy a metamorphic relation as well. Therefore, checking only metamorphic relations is not good enough to ensure the testing quality. In this paper, we propose a self-checked metamorphic testing approach, which integrates structural testing into metamorphic testing, to detect subtle defects in a system implementation. In our approach, metamorphic testing results are further verified by test coverage information, which is automatically produced during the metamorphic testing. The effectiveness of the approach has been investigated through testing an image processing program.
microRNAs: Master Regulators as Potential Therapeutics in Cancer

It has been demonstrated that all the known processes involved in cancer, including apoptosis, proliferation, survival, and metastasis, are regulated by small regulatory noncoding RNAs consisting of approximately 19-25 nucleotides; these are named microRNAs (miRNAs). Both loss and gain of miRNA function contribute to cancer development through the upregulation and silencing, respectively, of different target genes. Experimental evidence indicates that the use of miRNA mimics or anti-microRNAs may represent a powerful therapeutic strategy to interfere with key molecular pathways involved in cancer. This review provides insights about how micro- RNAs act as oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes and how these findings, along with our increasing understanding of miRNA regulation, can be applied to optimize recent miRNA-based technologies and make them suitable for clinical applications.
Loosening the Link Between Childhood Poverty and Adolescent Smoking and Obesity The Protective Effects of Social Capital

Pervasive, lifelong inequalities in physical health begin in early childhood and are driven, in part, by social gradients in risk factors such as smoking and obesity. Yet not all low-income children have elevated physical-health risks as adults. The relation between income-to-needs ratio at age 9 and smoking prevalence and body fat (body mass index) at age 17 was examined in a sample of 196 rural adolescents. Income-to-needs ratio is the U.S. federal government’s defined index of household income as a proportion of the poverty line. This is the first study to show that links between childhood poverty and subsequent physicalhealth outcomes can be loosened. At-risk youth in communities with a relatively rich array of social capital did not smoke more or have greater excess body fat compared with their more affluent counterparts.
Self-efficacy and reasoned action: Predicting oral health status and behaviour at one, three, and six month intervals

Abstract This study tested the usefulness of the theory of reasoned action and the addition of self-efficacy to this model for the prediction of oral health behaviour as part of a larger intervention at the State University of New York at Buffalo School of Dental Medicine. Self-efficacy is a belief in one's ability to perform a particular behavior. The theory of reasoned action is an attitudinal model focused on predicting behavior. One hundred and sixty-six patients volunteered for an intervention and assessment program at the Oral Health Enhancement Clinic. Participants visited the clinic 7 times over a 14 month period. Relationships among social cognitive model variables and clinical and self-report outcome measures were examined at three different time points over increasingly longer time spans. Results indicated that the theory of reasoned action model was useful in predicting oral health behavior, and adding self-efficacy to the model significantly increased the reliability of predictions of outcome...
Construction of an E. Coli genome-scale atom mapping model for MFA calculations.

Metabolic flux analysis (MFA) has so far been restricted to lumped networks lacking many important pathways, partly due to the difficulty in automatically gen- erating isotope mapping matrices for genome-scale meta- bolic networks. Here we introduce a procedure that uses a compound matching algorithm based on the graph theore- tical concept of pattern recognition along with relevant reaction information to automatically generate genome- scale atom mappings which trace the path of atoms from reactants to products for every reaction. The procedure is applied to the iAF1260 metabolic reconstruction of Escher- ichia coli yielding the genome-scale isotope mapping model imPR90068. This model maps 90,068 non-hydrogen atoms that span all 2,077 reactions present in iAF1260 (previous largest mapping model included 238 reactions). The expanded scope of the isotope mapping model allows the complete tracking of labeled atoms through pathways such as cofactor and prosthetic group biosynthesis and histidine metabolism. An EMU representation of imPR90068 is also constructed and made available. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011;xxx: xxx-xxx.
Spiritual and religious struggles in the workplace

Recent research on spirituality in the workplace has documented its potential benefits. This article complements these prior writings by providing a brief overview of spiritual and religious struggles in work settings. Struggles could occur at the organizational level, as leaders wrestle with decisions about whether and how to encourage expressions of spirituality or religion in the workplace. Other conflicts could surround interpersonal disagreements in religious beliefs or values. Some employees may also experience more private spiritual struggles at work involving the pursuit of virtue, doubts and shifts in belief, crises of meaning, and anger or other negative feelings toward God or a Higher Power. Although any of these spiritual or religious challenges could create stress in work settings, they could also serve as catalysts for growth and positive change. We propose that the time is ripe for increased research on spiritual and religious struggles within the workplace.
Functional neurological symptom disorders in a pediatric emergency room: diagnostic accuracy, features, and outcome.

Abstract Background In children, functional neurological symptom disorders are frequently the basis for presentation for emergency care. Pediatric epidemiological and outcome data remain scarce. Objective Assess diagnostic accuracy of trainee's first impression in our pediatric emergency room; describe manner of presentation, demographic data, socioeconomic impact, and clinical outcomes, including parental satisfaction. Methods (1) More than 1 year, psychiatry consultations for neurology patients with a functional neurological symptom disorder were retrospectively reviewed. (2) For 3 months, all children whose emergency room presentation suggested the diagnosis were prospectively collected. (3) Three to six months after prospective collection, families completed a structured telephone interview on outcome measures. Results Twenty-seven patients were retrospectively assessed; 31 patients were prospectively collected. Trainees' accurately predicted the diagnosis in 93% (retrospective) and 94% (prospective) cohorts. Mixed presentations were most common (usually sensory-motor changes, e.g. weakness and/or paresthesias). Associated stressors were mundane and ubiquitous, rarely severe. Families were substantially affected, reporting mean symptom duration 7.4 (standard error of the mean ± 1.33) weeks, missing 22.4 (standard error of the mean ± 5.47) days of school, and 8.3 (standard error of the mean ± 2.88) of parental workdays (prospective cohort). At follow-up, 78% were symptom free. Parental dissatisfaction was rare, attributed to poor rapport and/or insufficient information conveyed. Conclusions Trainees' clinical impression was accurate in predicting a later diagnosis of functional neurological symptom disorder. Extraordinary life stressors are not required to trigger the disorder in children. Although prognosis is favorable, families incur substantial economic burden and negative educational impact. Improving recognition and appropriately communicating the diagnosis may speed access to treatment and potentially reduce the disability and cost of this disorder.
Expression of Cholesterol Sulfotransferase (SULT2B1b) in Human Platelets

Background— Cholesterol sulfate, the most important sterol sulfate in the human circulation, has emerged as a multifaceted molecule. Among its many demonstrated regulatory actions is its ability to influence blood clotting and fibrinolysis. Additionally, cholesterol sulfate is a constituent of human platelets, where it has been shown to support platelet aggregation. Methods and Results— We have documented the presence of the enzyme (SULT2B1b) that sulfonates cholesterol in human platelets and examined the influence of plasma lipoproteins on the expression and activity of this enzyme. SULT2B1b mRNA was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and found to be the only steroid/sterol sulfotransferase expressed in these discoid anucleate particles. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction for quantification, we found that the level of SULT2B1b mRNA in platelets was maintained at 4°C but substantially diminished over a period of 4 hours at 37°C. The loss of SULT2B1b mRNA, however, was marke...
Impact of vaccination on the epidemiology of varicella.

Thank you for publishing reviews of our paper (Baxter R, Tran TN, Ray P, et al. Impact of vaccination on the epidemiology of varicella: 1995-2009. Pediatrics 2014;134:24-30), and for giving us a chance to respond. We agree with all the reviewers, that our study was very reassuring, in that it did not show a trend to worsening disease in older individuals, as a result of broad immunization of younger children. We appreciate the discussion of other areas of the world which are not as well immunized as our integrated medical care organization (Kaiser Permanente) (1,2), and the finding that even lower levels of immunization have been found to provide herd immunity.
“We the People”: The “Modern” Rhetorical Popular Address of the Presidents during the Founding Period

This article examines the usage of popular address rhetoric within all the State of the Union Addresses to determine whether presidents have consistently used this rhetorical tool, or whether the introduction of going public is indeed a “modern” development that was little used in the rhetorical past of the presidency. By looking at instances in which the president identifies himself with the people, Congress, or as president, the author finds that many formerly “traditional” presidents exhibit “modern” tendencies, which suggests inconsistencies with the “traditional/modern” divide that is a commonly utilized paradigm in presidential study.
Size-dependent elastic fields of embedded inclusions in isotropic chiral solids

Abstract A chiral solid exhibits handedness i.e. broken reflection or mirror symmetry. In the present work, utilizing the concept of a hemitropic micropolar medium, Eshelby's classical elastic treatment of embedded inclusions is extended to chiral solids. Unlike the classical elastic case, in addition to exhibiting chirality, the derived “chiral Eshelby tensors” are size-dependent exhibiting a characteristic length scale related to the inclusion size. Closed-form results are presented for the spherical and circular cylindrical shape. In a chiral solid even a purely dilating inclusion exhibits microrotations and moment stresses. Such an effect has no counterpart in classical elasticity or even in the conventional indeterminate couple stress and centrosymmetric micropolar theories. In fact, the latter yields just the classical elastic results for pure dilatation problems. Unlike the classical elastic case, the modified Eshelby tensors for chiral solids are inhomogeneous within the interior of the inclusion. The present work is likely to find applications in diverse areas such as biological inclusions, inhomogeneities in structures such as wood, foams, chiral sculptured thin films, bones and other complex materials exhibiting axial–twist coupling.
Structure and function relations with a T-cell-activating polysaccharide antigen using circular dichroism

Studies centered on understanding how molecular structure affects biological function have historically focused on proteins. Circular dichroism (CD) is commonly used to analyze protein secondary structure, yet its application to other molecules is far less explored. In fact, little is known about how glycan conformation might affect function, likely because of a lack of tools for measuring dynamic structural changes of carbohydrates. In the present study, we developed a method based on CD to monitor conformational changes in the zwitterionic T-cell-activating glycoantigen polysaccharide A1 (PSA). We found that PSA helical structure produces a CD spectrum that is strikingly similar to proteins rich in α-helical content and is equally sensitive to nonpolar solvents. Like conventional T-cell-dependent proteins, PSA requires processing before major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) binding. CD spectra of PSA fragments of varying sizes indicated that fragments smaller than three repeating units lack helical content and are incapable of MHCII binding. Likewise, neutralization of charged groups in the repeating unit resulted in major conformational changes as measured by CD, which correlated with a lack of MHCII presentation. These data represent two significant findings: CD can be used to measure conformational changes in carbohydrates and the functional epitope from PSA is dependent on a specific conformation that is stabilized by adjacent repeating units and a zwitterionic charge motif. As a result, this work demonstrates that CD is a valuable tool for use in functional glycomics efforts that seek to align chemical and conformational structure with biological activity.
Characteristic Fixed-Point Sets of Semifree Actions on Spheres

A group action is semifree if it is free away from its fixed-point set. P. A. Smith showed that when a finite group of orderqacts semifreely on a sphere, the fixed set is a modqhomology sphere. Conversely, given a modqhomology sphere as a subset of a sphere, one may try to construct a group action on the sphere fixing the subset. The converse question was first systematically studied by Jones and then by many others. In this note, we give new numerical congruences satisfied by the homology of the fixed sets and give a definitive solution to the problem for characteristic fixed-point sets. c !1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Event-Related Theta Power during Lexical-Semantic Retrieval and Decision Conflict is Modulated by Alcohol Intoxication: Anatomically Constrained MEG

Language processing is commonly characterized by an event-related increase in theta power (4-7 Hz) in scalp EEG. Oscillatory brain dynamics underlying alcohol's effects on language are poorly understood despite impairments on verbal tasks. To investigate how moderate alcohol intoxication modulates event-related theta activity during visual word processing, healthy social drinkers (N=22, 11 females) participated in both alcohol (0.6 g/kg ethanol for men, 0.55 g/kg for women) and placebo conditions in a counterbalanced design. They performed a double-duty lexical decision task as they detected real words among nonwords. An additional requirement to respond to all words that also referred to animals induced response conflict. High density whole head MEG signals and midline scalp EEG data were decomposed for each trial with Morlet wavelets. Each person’s reconstructed cortical surface was used to constrain noise-normalized distributed minimum norm inverse solutions for theta frequencies. Alcohol intoxication increased reaction time and marginally affected accuracy. The overall spatiotemporal pattern is consistent with the left-lateralized fronto-temporal activation observed in language studies applying time domain analysis. Event-related theta power was sensitive to the two functions manipulated by the task. First, theta estimated to the left-lateralized fronto-temporal areas reflected lexical-semantic retrieval, indicating that this measure is well suited for investigating the neural basis of language functions. While alcohol attenuated theta power overall, it was particularly deleterious to semantic retrieval since it reduced theta to real words but not pseudowords. Second, a highly overlapping prefrontal network comprising lateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex was sensitive to decision conflict and was also affected by intoxication, in agreement with previous studies indicating that executive functions are especially vulnerable to alcohol intoxication.
Characteristics of West German demand for international tourism in the northern Mediterranean region

The purpose of this paper is to establish the economic determinants of West Germany's demand for international tourism in six northern Mediterranean nations. The methodology makes use of the translog utility function. Homotheticity and additivity restrictions of the utility theory are tested as hypotheses. Expenditure (income), own and cross-price elasticities are claculated for each of the twenty years from 1966 to 1985.
Tropical forest soil microbial communities couple iron and carbon biogeochemistry

We report that iron-reducing bacteria are primary mediators of anaerobic carbon oxidation in upland tropical soils spanning a rainfall gradient (3500-5000 mm/yr) in northeast Puerto Rico. The abundant rainfall and high net primary productivity of these tropical forests provide optimal soil habitat for iron-reducing and iron-oxidizing bacteria. Spatially and temporally dynamic redox conditions make iron-transforming microbial communities central to the belowground carbon cycle in these wet tropical forests. The exceedingly high abundance of iron-reducing bacteria (up to 1.2 x 10(9) cells per gram soil) indicated that they possess extensive metabolic capacity to catalyze the reduction of iron minerals. In soils from the higher rainfall sites, measured rates of ferric iron reduction could account for up to 44% of organic carbon oxidation. Iron reducers appeared to compete with methanogens when labile carbon availability was limited. We found large numbers of bacteria that oxidize reduced iron at sites with high rates of iron reduction and large numbers of iron reducers. The coexistence of large populations of iron-reducing and iron-oxidizing bacteria is evidence for rapid iron cycling between its reduced and oxidized states and suggests that mutualistic interactions among these bacteria ultimately fuel organic carbon oxidation and inhibit CH4 production in these upland tropical forests.
Nonlinear quantum dot composite material produced by MeV silver ion implantation into lithium niobate

Summary form only given. Solids containing metal quantum dots are of great interest due to their large third-order optical susceptibility and short (of the order of picosecond) nonlinear optical response time. Ion implantation has been shown to produce a high density of metal quantum dots in various materials. The high-precipitate volume fraction and small size of quantum dots lead to values for the third-order susceptibility much greater than those for metal doped solids. Lithium niobate (LiNbO/sub 3/) has proved to be a good material for optical waveguides produced by Ag ion implantation. Light confinement in these waveguides is produced by an optical isolation barrier with a low refractive index in nuclear stopping region of the ions. Implantation of LiNbO/sub 3/ with Ag MeV metal ions can therefore result in nonlinear optical waveguide structures with great potential in a variety of device applications.
Natural killer cells and regulatory T cells: how to manipulate a graft for optimal GVL

Two of the major complications that limit the efficacy of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) are disease relapse and GVHD. Due to their rapid recovery early after allo-HCT and their ability to kill malignant targets without prior exposure, natural killer (NK) cells have been considered one of the main effector cells that mediate early GVL reactions. Conversely, regulatory T ells (Tregs) have proven to be critical in facilitating self-tolerance. Both murine and human studies have demonstrated a significant role for Tregs in the modulation of GVHD after allo-HCT. This article reviews the mechanisms of how these 2 cell types carry out these functions, focusing on the post-allo-HCT period. Surprisingly, relatively few studies have addressed how Tregs and NK cells interact with one another and whether these interactions are antagonistic. Although preclinical studies suggest active cross-talk between NK cells and Tregs, early clinical studies have not shown a detrimental impact of Treg therapy on relapse. Despite this, interruption of tolerogenic signals may enhance the efficacy of NK effector functions. Methods to transiently impair Treg functions and augment NK cell alloreactivity will be discussed.
Visualizing Competitive Behaviors in Multi-User Virtual Environments

We present a system for enhancing observation of user interactions in virtual environments. In particular, we focus on analyzing behavior patterns in the popular team-based first-person perspective game Return to Castle Wolfenstein: Enemy Territory. This game belongs to a genre characterized by two moderate-sized teams (usually 6 to 12 players each) competing over a set of objectives. Our system allows spectators to visualize global features such as large-scale behaviors and team strategies, as opposed to the limited, local view that traditional spectating modes provide. We also add overlay visualizations of semantic information related to the action that might be important to a spectator in order to reduce the information overload that plagues traditional overview visualizations. These overlays can visualize information about abstract concepts such as player distribution over time and areas of intense combat activity, and also highlight important features like player paths, fire coverage, etc. This added information allows spectators to identify important game events more easily and reveals large-scale player behaviors that might otherwise be overlooked.
Emergent cricothyroidotomies for trauma: training considerations.

Background: Emergent cricothyroidotomy remains an uncommon, but life-saving, core procedural training requirement for emergency medicine (EM) physician training. We hypothesized that although most cricothyroidotomies for trauma occur in the emergency department (ED), they are usually performed by surgeons. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of all emergent cricothyroidotomies for trauma presentations performed at 2 large level I trauma centers over 10 years. Operators and assistants for all procedures were identified, as well as mechanism of injury and patient demographics were examined. Results: Fifty-four cricothyroidotomies were analyzed. Patients had a mean age of 50 years, 80% were male, and 90% presented as a result of blunt trauma. The most common primary operator was a surgeon (n = 47, 87%), followed by an emergency medical services (EMS) provider (n = 6, 11%) and an EM physician (n = 1, 2%). In all cases, except those performed by EMS, the operator or assistant was an attending surgeon. All EMS procedures resulted in serious complications compared with in-hospital procedures (P b .0001). Conclusions: (1) Prehospital cricothyroidotomy results in serious complications. (2) Despite the ubiquitous presence of EM physicians in the ED, all cricothyroidotomies were performed by a surgeon, which may present opportunities for training improvement. © 2011 Published by Elsevier Inc.
Hazard assessment of selenium to endangered razorback suckers (Xyrauchen texanus).

Abstract A hazard assessment was conducted based on information derived from two reproduction studies conducted with endangered razorback suckers ( Xyrauchen texanus ) at three sites near Grand Junction, CO, USA. Selenium contamination of the upper and lower Colorado River basin has been documented in water, sediment, and biota in studies by US Department of the Interior agencies and academia. Concern has been raised that this selenium contamination may be adversely affecting endangered fish in the upper Colorado River basin. The reproduction studies with razorback suckers revealed that adults readily accumulated selenium in various tissues including eggs, and that 4.6 μg/g of selenium in food organisms caused increased mortality of larvae. The selenium hazard assessment protocol resulted in a moderate hazard at the Horsethief site and high hazards at the Adobe Creek and North Pond sites. The selenium hazard assessment was considered conservative because an on-site toxicity test with razorback sucker larvae using 4.6 μg/g selenium in zooplankton caused nearly complete mortality, in spite of the moderate hazard at Horsethief. Using the margin of uncertainty ratio also suggested a high hazard for effects on razorback suckers from selenium exposure. Both assessment approaches suggested that selenium in the upper Colorado River basin adversely affects the reproductive success of razorback suckers.
Glucose, insulin, and growth hormone studies in long-term users of oral contraceptives

Abstract A standard oral glucose tolerance test was performed on 62 subjects who had been taking either a sequential or a combination-type oral contraceptive for a prolonged period of time (6+ and 8.3+ years, respectively). The blood was analyzed for its glucose, insulin, and growth hormone (HGH) content. The results showed that the sequential drug group had 23 (74.2 per cent) normal, 7 (22.6 per cent) borderline abnormal, and 1 (3.2 per cent) abnormal glucose curves. The combination drug group had 7 (22.6 per cent) normal, 12 (38.7 per cent) borderline abnormal, and 12 (38.7 per cent) abnormal glucose curves. The plasma insulin curves were altered in both the borderline abnormal and abnormal groups, demonstrating both a prolonged time period to the peak insulin level and also a higher level at the peak. There was no difference in the fasting ambulatory level of HGH. The amount of suppression of HGH was similar in all subgroups.
Antecedents of the Attraction Effect: An Information-Processing Approach:

Many researchers have demonstrated the existence of an attraction effect that increases the choice probability of an existing “target” brand by the introduction of a relatively inferior “decoy” bra...
Signal Specialization and Evolution in Mammals

After chemical identification of many active and presumably “inactive” constituents of mammalian signaling secretions, the time is ripe for a formal and comprehensive search for design features of chemical signals. How might the ultimate functions of bluffing, mimicry and honest signaling be coded in chemical signals? For proximate mechanisms, I will consider efficiency of sending behavior, receiving behavior, and the signals themselves in turn. Inspired by earlier studies of auditory and visual signals, known and potential examples of chemosensory redundancy, conspicuousness, small repertoire, typical intensity, and alerting components of chemical signals are discussed. For each of these five aspects, I examine the functional structure of signals at three levels: multisensory displays, multiple scent sources (chemical modality only), and signal compounds in multicomponent secretions.
Recent Trends in Population Genetics: More Data! More Math! Simple Models?

Recent developments in population genetics are reviewed and placed in a historical context. Current and future challenges, both in computational methodology and in analytical theory, are to develop models and techniques to extract the most information possible from multilocus DNA datasets. As an example of the theoretical issues, five limiting forms of the island model of population subdivision with migration are presented in a unified framework. These approximations illustrate the interplay between migration and drift in structuring gene genealogies, and some of them make connections between the fairly complicated island-model genealogical process and the much simpler, unstructured neutral coalescent process which underlies most inferential techniques in population genetics.
Intracranial and Blood Pressure Variability and Long-Term Outcome After Aneurysmal Sub-arachnoid Hemorrhage

Monitoring and management of arterial blood pressure (ABP) and intracranial pressure (ICP) are key components of critical care nursing of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) due to a ruptured cerebral aneurysm. Both medical and nursing clinical interventions are directed at maintaining ABP and ICP within set ranges. In keeping with this focus, research examining the association between physiologic variables and outcome has traditionally focused on determining the optimal level or range of values for these variables. However, there is growing interest in examining the dynamics of physiologic variables, such as trends and variability over time. Research has begun to show a relationship between greater physiologic regularity and decreased physiologic complexity, and disease, aging and mortality [1–9]. Decreased physiologic variability is thought to reflect uncoupling of system components normally involved in regulatory processes [10]. The diminished communication between system components results in a decreased ability to respond appropriately to internal or external challenges to the system. In addition to the systemic integration of physiologic system components involved in ABP and ICP regulation, cerebrovascular regulatory mechanisms normally respond to local pressure and metabolic changes in an attempt to ensure adequate cerebral perfusion. ICP variability may also reflect the specific responsiveness of these mechanisms. Thus consideration of the dynamic variability of ABP and ICP may provide additional information about physiologic functioning, potentially reflecting dimensions of adaptive capacity. Such information could be clinically useful in identifying patients who have decreased capacity to respond to physiologic perturbations, such as a drop in ABP or oxygenation, and are also at greater risk for adverse response to nursing care, such as sustained increased ICP in response to positioning, that may contribute to secondary brain injury and poorer outcome. The purpose of this study is to examine the association between measures of ABP and ICP variability, and outcome in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for the management of SAH.
Polarographic Studies in Acetonitrile and Dimethylformamide V . Behavior of Aromatic Ketones and Aldehydes

Benzophenone, acetophenone, p‐methoxyacetophenone, benzaldehyde, and anisaldehyde are reduced stepwise polarographically in anhydrous dimethylformamide. Large‐scale electrolytic reduction of benzophenone indicates that the ketyl anion is formed as a stable intermediate since, in the presence of carbon dioxide and ethyl iodide, benzilic acid and diphenylethylcarbinol are formed, respectively. Acetophenone, benzaldehyde, and anisaldehyde form principally pinacols under these conditions. The reduction of p‐methoxyacetophenone is complicated by tar formation.
Withdrawal of Antithrombotic Agents and the Risk of Stroke

Background and Purpose Antithrombotic medications are effective for ischemic stroke prevention, but stoppage of these medications is associated with an increased risk of thromboembolism. The frequency of antithrombotic withdrawal in the general population is unknown. Methods We conducted a random phone sample of 2036 households in the Greater Cincinnati metropolitan area, representative of the stroke population by age, sex, and race, to determine the frequency of antithrombotic medication use and stoppage by physicians for medically indicated procedures. Results Sixty-two percent of survey respondents reported that they were on an antithrombotic medication. Ten percent of participants reported that they had stopped taking their medication within the past 60 days for a medically indicated intervention. Of those who stopped taking the medication, it was more common for persons taking an anticoagulant to stop their medication (20%) than those taking an antiplatelet agent (9%). Colonoscopies and orthopedic surgeries were the most common reasons for withdrawal of antiplatelet agents, whereas orthopedic and vascular surgeries were the most common reason for withdrawal of anticoagulants. Conclusions Recommended discontinuation of antithrombotic medication for surgical or diagnostic procedures is common practice for persons in the community representative of a stroke population. Because stoppage of these medications is associated with an increased risk of thromboembolic stroke, further clinical trials are needed to determine best management practices in this setting.
Difference Modeling of Stream Pollution

Finite-difference methods are developed for the numerical analysis of BOD and dissolved oxygen profiles confined to cases which may be treated as one-dimensional problems. Temporal and spatial variations of hydraulic parameters and sources and sinks of BOD and dissolved oxygen can be incorporated into the models developed. Results obtained by the methods developed compare favorably to the results of available analytical solutions. For estuaries, the methods are applicable to the analysis of the variations of BOD and dissolved oxygen profiles within a tidal cycle. Significant variations of these profiles from those obtained by the commonly used quasi steady-state approach are demonstrated. The spreading which results from the tidal velocity variation is shown to have a significant effect on the BOD and dissolved oxygen profiles. The methods developed should prove useful in studies of estuaries in which the tidal variations are large and the temporal variations in the strengths of the BOD and dissolved oxygen inputs are great.
Effect of Inhalation of High Oxygen Concentrations, With and Without Carbon Dioxide, on the Electrocardiogram

SummaryInhalation of 100% oxygen has been shown to result in the elevation of the T wave in the electrocardiogram in 20 of 26 cardiac cases, and in 2 of a group of 8 normal and miscellaneous cases. When 97 or 96% oxygen with 3 or 4% carbon dioxide was tested, similar electrocardiographic changes were observed although the degree of change was frequently less marked; thus, in 7 of 20 cardiac cases the T wave was distinctly more elevated after inhalation of 100% oxygen than after the oxygen-carbon dioxide mixture. The significance of these observations is discussed. It seems likely that inhalation of 100% oxygen shortens the recovery period of cardiac muscle.
CORONARY ARTERY REVASCULARIZATION AFTER ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN PATIENTS WITH LIVER CIRRHOSIS

Cirrhotic patients are considered a high risk group for coronary revascularization. We assessed in-hospital mortality in these patients with myocardial infarction (MI) undergoing coronary revascularization. We used the National Inpatient Sample from 2003-2012 to identify cirrhotic patients with MI
Factors Affecting Alkaline Coagulation of Egg White

Abstract IT HAS been reported in a patent authored by Blick and Hopkins (1956) that an alkaline egg white gel, when liquified and neutralized, could be added to normal egg white to improve its foaming properties. It was stated that the utilization of this product resulted in angel cakes of desirable texture and was especially beneficial when used in egg whites having very poor whipping qualities. Only limited information was presented relative to factors effecting the formation of the alkaline egg white gel. Thus, it was decided to study the coagulation of egg white at high pH values and to further evaluate the use of this product as an additive with respect to egg white functional capacity. Few references could be found in the literature concerning the coagulation of whole egg white; however, considerable work has been done using individual egg white proteins, particularly ovalbumin. Anson and Mirsky (1931) used acids, …
Breast Imaging BINGO: an Educational Game to Supplement the Traditional Assessment Style

Breast Imaging Bingo (BIB) follows the traditional bingo game format. Multiple choice questions were created by one of the authors, a breast imaging fellowship trained radiologist with 14 years of experience, and every bingo ball was associated with a multiple choice question. A session of BIB was conducted at the 2015 American Osteopathic College of Radiology (AOCR) Breast Imaging Innovations Conference, where 125 radiologists were in attendance. Reception to BIB was positive. Participants found the game enjoyable (89 %) and would use an educational gaming format like BIB to supplement the traditional series of case conferences or didactic lectures (91 %).
Toward a Theory of Ideological Change: The Case of the Radical Reformation

This paper argues for the validity of treating ideology as an independent variable along with economic and political variables in theories of social change. Complementary theories of economic, political, and ideological change should enrich grand theories of social change like those of Max Weber. The logical/analytical structures of Wallerstein's theory of the world economic system and Collins' theory of geopolitical change are used to propose some elements of a theory of ideological change. Finally, some applications of the theory are suggested as possible contributions to ongoing questions in studies of the radical Reformation
Optimization of the operational parameters of De-oiling compound hydrocyclone

The flow rate,electromechanical rotation rate and split ratio are the main operational parameters which can affect the separation characteristics of the compound hydrocyclone.Orthogonal experimental technique is adopted to optimize the operational parameters,and we have obtained the primary and secondary status of different operational parameters to influece the separation characteristics and determined the optimal work range and operational parameter.The test result indicates: To the compound hydrocyclone in experiment,effecting the stalling characteristic primary and secondary factors are the flow rate,the electric motor rotational speed,the split ratio.We obtain the best work parameters and sectors as follows: the flow rate is 5.5 m~3·h~(-1),the electric motor rotational speed is 1 734 r·min~(-1),the split ratio is 5% and the flow rate in 5.0 to 6.0 m~3·h~(-1),the electric motor rotational speed is 1 700 to 2 023 r·min~(-1),the split ratio is 5% to 15%.
Diagnostic value of combined measurement of serum cystatin C and homocysteine in children diabetes nephropathy in early stage

Objective To study the value of combined measurement of serum cystatin C(Cys-C) and homocysteine(HCY) in diagnosing diabetic nephropathy in early phase. Methods 92 children patients with diabetes were divided into 3 groups according to their urinary albumin excretion rate(UAER):group B (normal albuminuria, UAER/24 h30 mg,33 cases);group C (microalbuminuria,30 mg≤UAER/24 h≤300 mg,28cases) and group D (substantial albuminuria UAER/24 h300 mg, 31 cases). Group A was control (healthy children,42 cases). Serum cystatin C, Homocysteine, serum creatinine (Scr), uric acid and urea nitrogen were measured, and creatinine clearance rate (Ccr) was calculated. All indexes in each group were compared and analyzed. Results The levels of Cys-C, HCY, Scr, BUN and UA in each diabetic group were higher than those in group A,and the levels were correlated with the elevation of the urinary albumin excretion rate. The Ccr in each diabetic group was lower than that in group A. The levels of Cys-C and HCY in group B, C and D were significantly higher than those in group A. There were significant differences of all indexes between two groups in diabetic groups(P0.05).The positive rate of combined measurement of serum cystatin C and Homocysteine was 76.1%. It was higher than that of the single one (59.8%,56.5%,P0.05). Conclusion Serum Cys-C and HCY can be used as an earlier diagnostic marker for children diabetes nephropathy.
The 1988 Harry G. Armstrong lecture: contributions of NIH to aerospace medicine.

But, activite et organisation du National Institutes of Health. Interet pour la recherche en medecine aerospatiale
Mutation Detection inTGF-β Receptors

The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) receptors are an important class of tumor suppressor gene. TGF-β markedly inhibits the growth of many epithelial cell types; whereas in contrast, cancers of many different tissue types are commonly TGF-β resistant (10). Many cancer cell lines are resistant to the growth suppressive effects of TGF-β and display evidence of disruption of TGF-β signal transduction (10,4,10). To date, this resistance appears to often result from mutations in the TGF-β receptors or the smad family of TGF-β signaling proteins (5,11,12,14,16).
Electronic and optical properties of Ga3−xIn5+xSn2O16: An experimental and theoretical study

Experimental measurements of optical and electronic properties and local-density approximation (LDA) calculations on polycrystalline Ga3−xIn5+xSn2O16—the so-called “T-phase” in the Ga2O3-In2O3-SnO2 ternary system—have revealed it to be a good candidate for n-type transparent conducting oxide applications, particularly in the replacement of tin-doped indium oxide as a transparent electrode in organic photovoltaics. Room temperature conductivity of over 1000 S cm−1 was measured in polycrystalline bulk samples. Band structure calculations reveal a highly dispersed conduction band, corresponding to an electron effective mass of about 0.2 me. Normalized carrier mobility and concentration trends indicate that conductivity changes in T-phase are attributable to changes in carrier concentration, with mobility remaining relatively constant through the range of processing conditions and sample composition. Screened exchange LDA calculations yield a fundamental band gap of about 2.60 eV. A relatively constant optica...
Christian Nurture of Children in the Writings of Horace Bushnell and Ellen G. White

ABSTRACTUntil the 20th century, the spiritual nurture of children was not a high priority for the Christian church. In fact, for most of Christian history, reflection on the nature of children and their faith formation was often considered “beneath” the work of theologians. Two 19th-century American Christian writers, however, stand in sharp contrast to this trend: Horace Bushnell (1802–1876) and Ellen G. White (1827–1915). This article examines, compares, and contrasts the thoughts of these two thinkers on Christian nurture within the context of their lives and theologies of human nature and salvation.
Generalized functional theory of interacting coupled Liouvillean Quantum Fields of condensed matter

A large class of time-dependent quantum problems involves strongly interacting coupled fields requiring self-consistent non-perturbative and non-adiabatic approaches. We present here a general framework for analyzing these, based on Liouvillean Quantum Field Dynamics. Thus a multifunctional extension of the time-dependent density functional approach to many-body problems is set up. We also generalize the time-dependent non-equilibrium Green function method of Schwinger and Keldysh including all the relevant fields. We thus enlarge the context of the φ-derivable, effective action functional theory of Baym for transport phenomena involving all relevant fields consistent with the conservation laws. This formalism is essential in understanding very-short time quantum dynamics of coupled fields of electrons, ions, and electromagnetic fields, as in nanoelectronic and optoelectronic devices, quantum dots in intense laser beams, micro-cavity quantum electrodynamics, as well as strongly coupled electron-phonon (high TC), electron-photon (laser-atom systems), and molecular dynamic systems.
Surveillance of Milk Products for Penicillin as Done by the Dairy Division of the U.S. Department of Agriculture

In 1974 a State regulatory agency found penicillin in an interstate shipment of nonfat dry milk (NDM). Food and Drug Administration checks in the source State showed that industry and regulatory follow up on offending producers was not always adequate to assure segregation of adulterated milk from use either in fluid or manufactured products. Other States reported the USDA their findings of penicillin-positive NDM. Dairy Division in March, 1975 inaugurated a penicillin surveillance program on NDM offered for official grading. Official grading is required for NDM purchased under the government price support program and by several commercial buyers. There was prompt action by industry to cooperate with State regulatory agencies in educational work with farmers and veterinarians to keep penicillin-positive milk from the market. Industry stepped up its testing of fluid and dry milk products. The results to date show much has been accomplished toward eliminating penicillin and other antibiotics from raw milk s...
Physics where it hurts

Impacts from bomb blasts and in contact sports can cause incurable mental problems for soldiers and athletes, with changes in the brain similar to those seen from Alzheimer's disease. Sidney Perkowitz explores the physical analysis that is forming a critical part of the scientific and clinical attack on this insidious disease.