cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Versatile Optical Model Applied to CdTe and CdSe 1–y Te y Alloys: Sensitivity to Film Composition and Relative Defect Density

A parametric optical model is developed for use in analyzing spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) measurements of CdTe and $CdSe_{1-y}Te_{y}$ alloy films. Through fitting to measurements of a series of CdCl2 treated alloys spanning the full range of compositions, a database describing the optical response of $CdSe_{1-y}Te_{y}$ as a function of y is compiled. More specifically, spectral features are mathematically related to y, including bandgap-bowing. Additionally, the parametric model has the capability of quantitatively describing defect-induced sub-bandgap absorption through the determination of an Urbach energy (Eu). The accuracy of the SE-determined Eu is verified through complementary photothermal deflection spectroscopy measurements. For instance, Eu describing a CdTe film is measured to decrease from 42 to 20 meV after undergoing CdCl2 treatment. External quantum efficiency simulations of full solar cell structures making use of this database can be compared to actual measurements of devices to identify the source of performance gains and or losses as well as the composition of alloyed material within such devices.
Blue Stragglers in the Core of the Globular Cluster 47 Tucanae

High resolution imaging observations of the core of the globular cluster 47 Tucanae with the Faint Object Camera (FOC) on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) reveal a very high surface density of blue stragglers. This discovery supports the hypothesis that they are among the most massive objects in globular clusters, concentrated in the core by mass segregation. Taken together with the presence in 47 Tue of an X-ray source, eleven millisecond and binary pulsars, and two high-velocity stars ejected out of the core, these observations favour the scenario that blue stragglers are either mergers formed through coalescent collisions, or binaries formed through close encounters.
112 Gb/s PAM4 ADC Based SERDES Receiver for Long-Reach Channels in 10nm Process

A 112 Gb/s PAM4 ADC based SERDES receiver is implemented on Intel 10 nm FinFET process. The receiver consists of a low noise analog front end (AFE), a 64-way time interleaved analog to digital converter (ADC) and a clock/data recovery (CDR) loop utilizing a 7GHz digitally controlled oscillator (DCO). The receiver supports long reach, -35 dB at Nyquist, channels with a pre-forward error correction bit error rate (BER) $\lt 1\mathrm{e} -6$ making it compatible with existing and projected Reed-Solomon FEC.
It Depends on the Situation: Women’s Identity Transformation in Prison, Jail, and Substance Abuse Treatment Settings:

Scholars have examined women’s identity development in prisons. Less is known if and how identity development affects women in different stages of the correctional system. This study applies narrat...
Non-Bipolar Sentiment Assessment of Text Reviews

With the evolution and blooming of Internet, an indeterminately great number of mankind devote their time profusely for browsing, especially on social media. Public share their perspective in the form of opinions about various entities like ongoing affairs or a particular locality or their shopping experience etc. in internet. In the early stages, individuals practiced writing mode for this motive. But gradually accounting the headway made by technology the channel broadened from text to other diverse modes to convey their opinions like images, audio, video. These means were well received and prevailed so far. Because simple movements of face and pictures convey treasure of information. The voice tune changes along with the change in opinion. Thus these mediums are more descriptive than text. These feelings and conceptions exhibit their sentiments which shape the public opinion. Opinions are usually based on knowledge or experience. It is more concrete whereas Sentiments are feelings one feels about something. An Opinion is composed of Sentiment(s). A particular or group of sentiments leads to a concrete Opinion. Though these two terms are used interchangeably, these two terms are very close but slightly differ in their meanings. People express their held sentiments about an entity socially. A general opinion can be derived or extracted from these sentiments. These Sentiments collectively shape a particular Opinion like positive, negative or neutral which in turn impact and aids other customers, traders, or society in deciding their deals. Additionally, many trends keep recreating dynamically. With this rate of advancement, people keep refreshing their approaches and practices. Hence their sentiments. Thus, these sentiments propagate to others via social media. In the meantime, the pertinent authority can adapt to these changes before the change signals the call and grow wider every day and thus stay connected with customers. Apart from customers, they must be knowledgeable globally with surfacing trends and challenges, new needs and envision the demands. Accordingly, the sentiments circulate swiftly in online system]. But the exiting work on social network sentiment is just to distinguish the sentiment polarity of public opinion i.e., Positive or Negative which can be termed as Bipolarity. Bi-means two and Polarity means two opposite poles or opinions. Current research is confined to bipolar assessment of an opinion and multi-modal sentiment analysis is expecting more attention. This paper mainly presents a survey on these two areas.
They're Moving in Spaces They're Not Used to: Examining the Racialized Experiences of African American Students in a High School STEAM Academy.

In this study, we explored how an urban high school with a STEAM (Science, Technology, Arts, and Mathematics) theme approached racialized student experiences as learning opportunities. We were inte...
Clinical Profiles of Nalfurafine Hydrochloride for the Treatment of Pruritus Patients.

Nalfurafine hydrochloride is a selective kappa-opioid agonist that has antipruritic effects. Here we describe the clinical trials for treatment of uremic pruritus in dialysis patients and on hepatic pruritus in patients with chronic liver disease. Among cytochrome P-450 (CYP) isoforms in humans, CYP3A4 is the major isoform involved in metabolic decyclopropylmethylation of nalfurafine hydrochloride. Nalfurafine hydrochloride was found to be a substrate for P-glycoprotein (P-gp), but had no inhibitory effects on P-gp-mediated transport. The efficacy of oral nalfurafine hydrochloride at 2.5 and 5 μg for refractory pruritus in hemodialysis patients was observed within the first 7 days of treatment, and the effects persisted for the 52-week treatment period. Nalfurafine hydrochloride is also effective in the treatment of conventional refractory pruritus in peritoneal dialysis patients. Moreover, nalfurafine hydrochloride at 2.5 and 5 μg is effective for the treatment of refractory pruritus in chronic liver disease patients within the first 7 days of drug administration. In all the clinical trials, most adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were mild and resolved quickly and there was no clinical safety problem. Following 52 weeks of treatment, hemodialysis patients did not develop physical or psychological dependence, indicating no addiction risks. In summary, nalfurafine hydrochloride administered orally at doses of 2.5 and 5 μg was safe and effective for treatment of refractory pruritus in patients undergoing hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis and in chronic liver disease patients.
A phenotypically diverse family with an atypical 22q11.2 deletion due to an unbalanced 18q23;22q11.2 translocation

The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2 DS) is the most common deletion syndrome in humans. In most cases, it occurs de novo. A rare family of three with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2 DS) resulting from an unbalanced 18q;22q translocation is reported here. Their deletion region is atypical in that it includes only 26 of the 36 genes in the minimal critical 22q11.2 DS region but it involves the loss of the centromeric 22q region and the entire p arm. The deletion region overlaps with seven other rare atypical cases; common to all cases was the loss of a region including SEPT5-GP1BB proximally and most of ARVCF distally. Interrogation of the deleted 22q region proximal to the canonical 22q11.2 deletion region in the DECIPHER database showed seven cases with isolated or combined traits of 22q11.2 DS, including three with clefts. The phenotypes in the present family thus may result from the loss of a subset of genes in the critical region, or alternatively the loss of other genes or sequences in the proximal 22q deletion region, or interactive effects among these. Despite the identical deletion locus in the three affected family members, expression of the 22q11.2 DS traits differed substantially among them. These three related cases thus contribute to knowledge of 22q11.2 DS in that their unusual deletion locus co-occurred with the cardinal features of the syndrome while their identical deletions are associated with variable phenotypic expression.
Children and Youth as Subjects, Objects, Agents: An Introduction

Children and Youth as Subjects, Objects, Agents illustrates a wide range of innovative approaches to the interdisciplinary study of childhood and youth. Childhood/youth studies as an interdisciplinary academic field has long rejected universal definitions of childhood and has instead explored different conceptualizations of childhood and youth and varying manifestations of the agency and subject status of young people. The chapters in this book illustrate how different approaches can illuminate the wide variety of ways in which childhood and youth have been conceptualized and experienced in different times and places.
Efficient estimation in a partially specified nonignorable propensity score model

Abstract Consider the regression setting where the response variable is subject to missing data and the covariates are fully observed. A nonignorable propensity score model, i.e., the probability that the response is observed conditional on all variables depends on the missing values themselves, is assumed throughout the paper. In such problems, model misspecification and model identifiability are two critical issues. A fully parametric approach can produce results that are sensitive to the model assumptions, while a fully nonparametric approach may not be sufficient for model identification. A new flexible semiparametric propensity score model is proposed where the relationship between the missingness indicator and the partially observed response is totally unspecified and estimated nonparametrically, while the relationship between the missingness indicator and the fully observed covariates is modeled parametrically. The proposed estimator is constructed via a semiparametric treatment and is proved to be semiparametrically efficient. Comprehensive simulation studies are conducted to examine the finite-sample performance of the estimators. While the naive parametric method leads to heavily biased estimator and poor coverage results, the proposed method produces estimator with negligible finite-sample biases and also correct inference results. The proposed method is further illustrated via an electronic health records (EHR) data application for the albumin level in the blood sample. The empirical analyses demonstrated that the proposed semiparametric propensity score model is more sensible than a purely parametric model. The proposed method could be very useful to uncover the unknown and possibly nonlinear dependence of the propensity score model to the albumin level, and is recommended for practical use.
Telehuman Services Improves the Engagement of Low-Income Populations

The paper describes a range of evidence-informed strategies that a Historically Black, Colleges and University (HBCU) work readiness program adopted to increase the engagement of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program participants during the COVID-19 pandemic. The program successfully engaged half of the program participants through two-generational (2Gen) approach. The 2Gen approaches target low-income children and parents from the same household and combine parent and child interventions to interrupt the cycle of poverty. These approaches emphasize early childhood education, economic supports, postsecondary education, social capital and health and well-being to create a legacy of economic security. The paper highlights the human services delivery strategies utilized to engage individuals into work readiness training activities during the pandemic. The paper presents data where certain 2Gen activities engaged TANF participants more than other 2Gen activities. The data reveals that half of the participants completed online digital literacy courses and earned training certifications. The intent of the paper is to offer state and local human service agency policymakers’ guidance on strategies to increase TANF participant engagement.
Reassessing Dilthey’s Social Ontology

Following Gadamer, Dilthey’s philosophy of the social world is beset by an implicit subjectivism which puts into question the very possibility of shared understanding. This subjectivism is taken to lie behind Dilthey’s emphasis on empathy (or “re-experiencing”), which becomes a condition of our understanding of others and knowledge of the socio-historical world generally. I argue that Dilthey does not give primacy to subjectivity, particularly in his later works. Dilthey’s own notion of sociality, accounted for in terms of the common realm of “objective spirit,” is akin to Gadamer’s own anti-subjectivist account of the human sciences and understanding. Through objective spirit, Dilthey shows that understanding cannot be conceived in terms of an aggregation of individual mental acts but is instead an irreducibly social accomplishment.
Microscale Vertical Profiles of N2 Fixation, Photosynthesis, O2, Chlorophyll a, and Light in a Cyanobacterial Assemblage

Profiles of 15N2 fixation, O2 production (gross photosynthesis), O2 concentration, chlorophyll a concentration, and photon fluence rates were measured with 50-μm resolution in colonies of the heterocyst-forming cyanobacterium Nostoc parmelioides. Microelectrode measurements were made after 20 h of incubation under 15N2 gas. Colonies were frozen, and 50-μm sections were prepared by using a freezing microtome and analyzed for 15N enrichment and chlorophyll a concentration. Colonies exhibited steep spatial gradients in rates of gross photosynthesis, O2 concentration, and irradiance, with the highest values generally occurring at the surface. O2 concentration, photosynthesis, and irradiance all showed positive correlations, but chlorophyll a concentrations varied independently of photosynthesis and irradiance. Forty-four percent of the variation in 15N incorporation was explained by gross photosynthesis (a positive correlation) when incorporation of 15N was expressed per unit of biomass (chlorophyll a).
Aging in the United States: Challenges to Social Policy and Policy Practice

For decades gerontologists in the United States, Europe, Japan, and elsewhere in economically advantaged capitalist and socialist countries, as well as gerontologists who were working with nongovernmental organizations, such as Help Age International and governmental organizations serving India, China, and other developing countries, have advocated for attention to the increasing numbers of older persons. These advocacy efforts have focused on both the needs of older adults as well as issues related to their societal roles. At the turn of the century, the dramatic increase in the number of older adults in countries around the world, the increasing percentage of national populations represented by those 65 and older, increased longevity, concerns about the dependency ratio, and, to a lesser extent, growing diversity within this older population—both worldwide and within national jurisdictions—have generated attention. Policy practice targeting governmental, private-foundation, and organizational/agency policies can be a major contributor to the development of opportunities for expansion of social work interventions in a wide variety of new settings or in settings in which social work is poorly represented. In addition to the development of more diverse settings, opportunities for implementation of new models of practice and practice approaches that are not often supported in existing settings must be supported in both new and existing social work settings. The development of settings that promote efficacy-building and partnership approaches to intervention can greatly enhance the partnerships with older adults critical to social action and policy change. Keywords: aging; policy practice; advocacy
Immunomodulation Therapy for Severe Aplastic Anemia -ALG Versus ALG Plus Cyclosporin A-

Immunosuppressive treatment of aplastic anemia has been increasingly used as an alternative treatment to bone marrow transplantation. In this study, the additive effect of Cyclosporin A (CSA) (5mg/kg/day, at least 3 months) for maintenance of immunosuppression after antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) therapy (40mg/kg/day for 4 days) was compared to the previous ALG alone treatment (15mg/kg/day for 10 days). A high dose of methylprednisolone (20mg/kg/day for 5 days and 10mg/kg/day for 5 days) to the ALG group and a low dose of methylprednisolone (2mg/kg/day for 5 days) to the ALG plus CSA group were administered simultaneously. The results were as follows: Sixteen (69.6%) out of twenty-three patients treated with ALG plus Cyclosporin A showed higher responses (CR: 48%, PR: 22%). On the contrary, nine out of nineteen in the ALG group showed lower responses (CR: 21%, PR: 26%). Our data showed a tendency that male patients in age ranging from sixteen to thirty years showed an excellent response to ALG therapy (12/23: 52.2%). The ALG plus CSA group revealed a faster response compared to the ALG alone group (15/16 within 6 months). We speculate that ALG plus CSA therapy might be the treatment of choice for patients with a moderate degree of aplastic anemia. Adding CSA to ALG increased the chance of infection, such as those with URI-like symptoms, but it did not affect the mortality rate. Our data suggest that the ALG plus CSA regimen may be a more useful therapeutic modality for patients with severe aplastic anemia who cannot be candidates for bone marrow transplantation and a randomized multicenter study is needed for confirmation of our preliminary study.
Investing in nanotechnology

Summary form only given. Nanotechnology is currently the focus of much investment in the USA and worldwide. In the USA, the federal government has an initiated a broad and ambitious program entitled the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI). It is important to realize that the NNI involves almost all the various US government agencies that are involved in sponsoring basic research and development. The NNI can be viewed as an umbrella for funding research at the forefront of fields across the hard and soft sciences. It should also be noted that the significant budgets now being dedicated to the NNI are not all 'new' money. In many cases, they represent a redirection of existing budget lines. In addition to this federal program, there are a number of equally ambitious state based programs sponsoring nanotechnology. The California investment is perhaps the most visible and includes the creation of the California Nanosystems Institute. Other states have adopted a similar strategy of leveraging their own investment by attracting federal and private funding. A significant fraction of these state investments is going into bricks and mortar and can perhaps best be viewed as a way to boost investment in the infrastructure of university based research. Ultimately, it is believed that the current US investment in nanotechnology will be beneficial to the economic prosperity of the USA. Interestingly, venture capital firms are investing in nanotechnology start-ups. This comes at a time when venture capital financing has dropped dramatically from the last few years. It seems certain that the range of products and applications will be as diverse as the current nanotechnology investment.
Motherland or home state? Allegiance of the Indian diaspora and its effect on reverse FDI

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the potential regional preferences of the diaspora and explain how such preferences affect their decision when engaging in reverse Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Since diasporas often act as conduits for trade and investment, the author is interested in whether these regional preferences affect their choice of destination for FDI. Design/methodology/approach – The author developed and pre-tested a questionnaire that was administered in pen and paper as well as online. Totally, 158 professional, managers and entrepreneurs with Indian diasporic background in the USA and Canada participated in the study. Follow-up interviews were conducted with 25 participants. Findings – Participants indicated that they did not favor their region of origin over the entire country. However, most of the participants only invested in their region of origin. Research limitations/implications – Interviews were based on the original survey questionnaire and did not further probe...
Post Data Mining Analysis for Decision Support through Econometrics

Data warehousing and data mining are important tools for creating information that is relevant for decision making.i¾ i¾ Still, much additional post data mining analysis is needed to provide complete decision making support.i¾ i¾ Econometric models offer additional tools that can transform data mining information into knowledge for effective decision making.i¾ i¾ This manuscript discusses the role of data mining in decision support, outlines the shortcomings of the approach, and examines how these shortcomings can be reduced through econometrics.i¾ i¾ The concepts are illustrated with an application at the U.S. Department of Defense.i¾ i¾ Implications for decision support are then discussed
Early Growth Response Gene 1 Provides Negative Feedback to Inhibit Entry of Progenitor Cells into the Thymus

The size of the thymus can be greatly influenced by changes in the small number of early progenitors in the thymus. However, it is not known whether thymic cellularity feeds back to regulate the recruitment, survival, and expansion of progenitors. The transcription factor early growth response gene 1 (Egr1) has been implicated in controlling proliferation and survival in many cell types. We have previously shown that mice deficient in Egr1 have increased thymic cellularity. We now show that Egr1 regulates a negative feedback signal that controls the entry of cells into the thymus. Egr1-deficient mice have higher percentages of early T lineage progenitors in the thymus, yet Egr1-deficient mice have normal numbers of myelolymphoid progenitors in the bone marrow, and Egr1-deficient thymocytes show normal rates of apoptosis and proliferation at all stages of development. Evidence from mixed bone marrow chimeras shows that the ability of Egr1 to control progenitor recruitment is mediated by bone marrow-derived cells, but is not cell autonomous. Furthermore, Egr1-deficient thymuses have increased P-selectin expression. The data suggest that Egr1 mediates a feedback mechanism whereby the number of resident double negative thymocytes controls the entry of new progenitors into the thymus by regulating P-selectin expression on thymic endothelial cells.
Systematics of the mealybug tribe Xenococcini (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae), with a discussion of trophobiotic associations with Acropyga Roger ants

The mealybug tribe Xenococcini (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) comprises three genera, Eumyrmococcus Silvestri, Neochavesia Williams & Granara de Willink and Xenococcus Silvestri, trophobiotically associated with ants of the genus Acropyga Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Alate Acropyga queens vertically transmit trophobionts by carrying them along on the nuptial flight, a unique behaviour termed trophophoresy. Xenococcine mealybugs have never been collected without ant associates, and putatively only associate with Acropyga. Xenococcine mealybugs are characterized by the absence of dorsal ostioles, presence of distally cup-shaped circuli and a female pupal instar rather than a third feeding instar. The phylogeny of this tribe is derived for the first time using morphological data from adult females (53 characters) through Bayesian inference and maximum parsimony methods. Monophyly of the clade is strongly supported and a discussion of their taxonomy is included. The Neotropical genus Neochavesia was recovered as monophyletic. Eumyrmococcus, as previously defined, was recovered as paraphyletic, and thus two species are transferred to Xenococcus: Xenococcus kinomurai (Williams & Terayama) comb.n. and Xenococcus neoguineensis (Williams) comb.n. Two species groups are recognized within Eumyrmococcus: the Eumyrmococcus scorpioides species group, restricted to the eastern Mediterranean and Afrotropics, and the Eumyrmococcus smithii species group, restricted to the Orient and Indo-Australasia. Six new species are described: Eumyrmococcus adornocapillussp.n. from Australia; Eumyrmococcus sarnatisp.n. from Fiji; Eumyrmococcus ordinotersussp.n. and Xenococcus baryglobosussp.n. from the Solomon Islands; Neochavesia cephalonodussp.n. from French Guiana; and Neochavesia linealumasp.n. from Guyana. The systematics and biology of the xenococcine mealybugs is discussed in the context of obligate ant symbiosis.
Structural Evolution and Alignment of Cylinder-Forming PS-b-PEP Thin Films in Confinement Studied by Time-Lapse Atomic Force Microscopy

We have utilized time-resolved high-temperature atomic force microscopy (AFM) to investigate the mechanism by which topographic templates induce alignment of cylinder-forming diblock copolymer thin films. By tracking the same sample spot during thermal annealing, we observed that the structural evolution and alignment of thin films in confinement involve an intermediate state with disordered morphology and the evolution and annihilation of disclination quadrupoles guided by the channel edges, which ultimately lead to the essentially perfect alignment of cylindrical microdomains.
Arousal threshold in the cat as a function of sleep phase and stimulus significance.

Chez le Chat eveille apres conditionnement au moyen de clicks et de lait, les clicks declenchent le reveil de maniere plus efficace qu'en l'absence de conditionnement. Le seuil d'eveil s'est avere plus bas lors d'un sommeil accompagne d'ondes lentes de haut voltage que pendant le sommeil paradoxal.
Applying pharmacogenomics to enhance the use of biomarkers for drug effect and drug safety

Pharmacogenomics is used to improve patient outcome by maximizing the likelihood of desired effects and minimizing the risk of adverse events using an individual's genetic profile. As such, pharmacogenomics can be used to improve current risk-management strategies (improving the risk–benefit balance). Two areas of great promise for pharmacogenomics in this regard are emerging: (i) the pharmacogenomics of modulating disease biomarkers (to provide insight into novel mechanisms of drug response and to identify the patients most likely to respond to a drug in a favorable way); and (ii) using pharmacogenomics to enhance drug safety. Given that novel biomarkers could enable the earlier detection of many diseases and more-widespread therapies for primary prevention, pharmacogenomics provides the opportunity to identify the patients most likely to respond to these therapies, thereby preserving valuable health-care resources. The use of pharmacogenomics in pharmacovigilance could also be useful for risk-stratifying patients and for helping to identify the mechanisms involved in adverse events.
Estrogens before birth and development of sex-related reproductive traits in the female guinea pig

Influences of estrogens on the differentiation of psychosexual traits in the female guinea pig were studied. Pregnant animals were injected intramuscularly with either 1, 2, or 3.3 micrograms estradiol benzoate (EB) or with 1 or 3 micrograms diethylstilbestrol dipropionate (DESDP). Injections were started on the 29th day of pregnancy, given daily for 6 days, and continued every other day until parturition. Female offspring were evaluated for onset of puberty, ovarian function, and lordosis and mounting behavior in adulthood. Prenatal treatment with 3 micrograms DESDP caused delayed puberty, impaired ovarian function, reduced responsiveness of lordosis to EB and P in adulthood (defeminization), augmented mounting in the absence of hormones (masculinization), and reduced responsiveness of mounting to exogenous EB and P in adulthood (defeminization). Prenatal treatment with 1 microgram DESDP produced similar but less pronounced effects. Prenatal treatment with 3.3 micrograms EB also caused a delay in puberty. However, responsiveness of lordosis to EB and P in adulthood was enhanced by treatment with either 1 or 3.3 micrograms EB prenatally. Further, neither mounting in the absence of hormones nor mounting in response to EB and P in adulthood were affected in any measurable way by any prenatal treatment with EB. These results show that estrogens can have masculinizing and defeminizing effects on sexually dimorphic reproductive traits in guinea pigs. The failure of EB to duplicate or parallel the effects of DESDP is not completely understood at this time, but it may indicate that less of the active substance reaches the target tissues following maternal and placental metabolism of EB than of DESDP.
The psychodynamics of patients with false memory syndrome (FMS).

Abstract The False Memory Syndrome (FMS) diagnosis was very much in vogue from the late 1980s to the mid-1990s. It was an outgrowth of the belief held by many therapists that childhood sexual abuse was one of the most common causes of all forms of psychopathology. Although no longer in-vogue, the diagnosis is more recently being used for people who are falsely claiming that they were sexually abused by their priests. As was true in the earlier era, there were indeed many people who were sexually abused in childhood, but there were also many who were not and actually came to believe that they were, especially under the influence of therapists conducting “repressed memory therapy.” Similarly, sexual abuse by priests has been a widespread phenomenon. Yet, there are still false accusers who are being led to believe by their overzealous therapists that they were indeed abused. As a psychoanalyst who has been asked to do forensic evaluations in many of these cases, I automatically ask myself questions about the...
Designing a Natural Experiment to Evaluate a National Health Care–Community Partnership to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes

To address the growing incidence of type 2 diabetes in the United States, UnitedHealth Group, the YMCA of the USA, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have partnered to bring a group-based adaptation of the Diabetes Prevention Program lifestyle intervention to a national scale. Researchers at Northwestern and Indiana universities are collaborating with these partners to design a robust evaluation of the reach, effectiveness, and costs of this natural experiment. We will employ a quasi-experimental, cluster-randomized study design and combine administrative, clinical, and programmatic data from existing sources to derive reliable, timely, and policy-relevant estimates of the program’s impact and potential for sustainability. In this context, evaluation results will provide information about the unique role of a health care–community partnership to prevent type 2 diabetes.
Interfacial reaction kinetics of coated SiC fibers with various titanium alloys

The kinetics of the reaction between the silicon carbide fibers and the titanium-based alloy matrix was investigated at temperatures from 800 to 1000 C for several titanium-based alloys (including Ti-1100 alloy and BETA 21S) and unalloyed Ti, reinforced with coated silicon carbide fiber SCS-6. The reaction zone growth kinetics was studied by exposing vacuum encapsulated samples to temperatures from 700 to 1000 C for times up to 150 hrs, followed by SAM observations of samples which were polished perpendicular to the fiber axis and etched. It was found that the reaction zone growth kinetics of the alpha (hcp) and beta (bcc) phases of unalloyed titanium reacting with SCS-6 fibers exhibited different values of the apparent activation energy and of the preexponential factor. Additions of other metals to Ti was found to slow down the reaction kinetics. Among the alloys studied, the Ti-1100 was the slowest reacting conventional alloy and the Ti-14Al-21Nb (in wt pct) was the slowest overall.
Effects of heat treatment on the mechanical properties and microstructures of four different heats of a precipitation hardening HSLA steel

ASTM A710 is a high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel whose strength is a result of both a fine-grained microstructure and a dispersion of copper precipitates. For these reasons, the tensile and impact properties of an A710 plate depend both on the thermomechanical history of each plate and on its chemistry. Since plates shipped from steel suppliers are frequently heat treated under different conditions, it is difficult to know whether property differences are due to chemistry variations or to heat treatment variations or a combination of both. Heat-to-heat property differences should be determined for a specific, known heat treatment. This report describes the variability observed in the mechanical properties of four plates made from four different heats of steel that have received known and carefully controlled heat treatments at the National Bureau of Standards. The sensitivity of the resultant mechanical properties to heat treatment variations within each heat is reported here. Optical and transmission electron metallographic techniques were used to determine as-received and heat treated microstructures.
Unilateral Nasal Hemianopia as a Sign of Intracranial Optic Nerve Compression

A 52-year-old woman complained of progressive loss of vision in the right eye. Although the visual acuity was normal, there was a relative afferent pupillary defect, a mild decrease in color vision, mild optic disk pallor, and a nasal field defect along the central vertical meridian. The left eye was normal. Craniotomy disclosed a giant right-sided carotidophthalmic artery aneurysm.
Rho kinase inhibition in diabetic nephropathy.

Purpose of review The Rho GTPases and their downstream effectors Rho-associated kinases (ROCKs) appear to be the molecules that converge numerous pathophysiological signals triggered by the diabetic milieu and represent promising molecular targets for nephroprotective treatment in diabetes. The review discusses recent studies exploring the consequences of diabetes-induced Rho-ROCK activation in the kidney and the effects of ROCK inhibition (ROCKi) in experimental diabetic nephropathy. Recent findings Recent studies in models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes have indicated blood-pressure-independent nephroprotective actions of ROCKi in diabetic nephropathy. The underlying mechanisms include attenuation of diabetes-induced increases in renal expression of prosclerotic cytokines and extracellular matrix, resulting in slower development of glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis. The studies have also shown antiproteinuric affects of ROCKi that could be related to reductions in permeability of glomerular barrier and beneficial effects on podocytes. Moreover hemodynamic mechanisms might be also involved. Summary Despite remaining questions in this field, such as the specificity of currently available ROCKi, or the roles of individual ROCK isoforms, recent evidence in experimental diabetes, together with evidence generated in models of nondiabetic kidney disease and in clinical studies in patients with various cardiovascular disorders, suggest that ROCKi might in future broaden the spectrum of treatments available for patients with diabetic nephropathy.
Association Between Adolescent Suicide Ideation, Suicide Attempts and Emotional Self-Efficacy

This cross-sectional study investigated relationships between suicide ideation, suicide behavior and emotional self-efficacy in a sample of high school adolescents in grades 9–12 with an age range of 12–18 (n = 3,836) in South Carolina. The hypothesis of the study proposed that low levels of emotional self-efficacy would be significantly associated with higher levels of suicide ideation and suicide attempts for study participants. A brief emotional self-efficacy scale was added to the CDC Youth Risk Behavior Survey to investigate associations with suicide ideation and suicide attempts. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression analysis and multivariate models constructed separately for sex and race were employed. Tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine use; relationship violence; depressed mood; socioeconomic status; and weapon/gun access were included as covariates in the adjusted models. Nearly all suicide variables were significantly related to emotional self-efficacy in the unadjusted models for the four race/sex groups. In adjusted models, suicide ideation, planning a suicide attempt, attempting suicide and a suicide attempt resulting in injury were associated (α ≤ .05) with reduced emotional self-efficacy for black females. For white males, suicide ideation, attempting suicide and a suicide attempt resulting in injury were associated (α ≤ .05) with reduced emotional self-efficacy. Suicide ideation for black males was associated (α ≤ .05) with reduced emotional self-efficacy. No significant associations were established for white females. Results have implications for health services and suicide prevention programs for adolescents. Measures of emotional self-efficacy as a part of adolescent mental health assessments might be useful for field work, intervention, and program evaluation efforts.
Cholesterol-dependent infection of Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines by Epstein-Barr virus.

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection is a multi-step process, first requiring virus binding to the host cell, followed by fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell plasma membrane. Efficient EBV entry into B cells requires, at the minimum, the interaction of the EBV-encoded glycoproteins gp350 with cellular CD21 and gp42 with MHC class II proteins. In this study, use of the cholesterol-binding drugs methyl-β-cyclodextrin and nystatin efficiently inhibited EBV infection of target Burkitt's lymphoma B-cell lines, indicating an important role for cholesterol and suggesting the involvement of lipid rafts in EBV infection.
The other half of the equation: Serving young men in a young women's reproductive health clinic.

CONTEXTEfforts to improve reproductive health typically target women. Family planning agencies serving high-risk young women may be particularly suited to integrating young men in their health promotion efforts. METHODSIn 2001, a family planning clinic in San Francisco serving primarily young women opened a male clinic as part of a male involvement program that includes education and outreach components. Client volume was assessed by reviewing billing data. New male clients completed questionnaires on their demographic characteristics, sexual and health-seeking behavior, and reason for clinic visit. Before and after the male clinic opened, female clients completed questionnaires assessing their satisfaction with services and their attitudes on males' being served at the clinic. Data were analyzed by using descriptive and chi-square statistics. RESULTSIn the first year of the male clinic, the number of adolescent and adult male clients served at the facility increased by 192% and 119%, respectively, over the previous year. Among 110 males making first visits, 88% came for sexually transmitted disease testing or treatment. Three-quarters had learned of the clinic by word of mouth–from a sexual partner (37%), friend (29%) or sibling (6%)–rather than directly from outreach efforts. The proportion of female respondents very or mostly satisfied with their care was similarly high before (98%) and after (92%) the male clinic opened. CONCLUSIONSIncreasing capacity within the female reproductive health model to serve males is feasible. To reach at-risk males, “in-reach” efforts with female clients may be as important as targeted outreach efforts. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 2003, 35(5):208-214.
Scanning tunneling microscopy study of the evolution of the GaAs(001) surface during the (2 × 4)−(4 × 2) phase transition

Abstract Evolution of the GaAs(001) surface during the transition from the As-rich 2 × 4 to the Ga-rich 4 × 2 phase has been studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). It was found that the (2 × 4) → (4 × 2) transition proceeds via the formation of intermediate multi-domain phases exhibiting 3 × 6 and 4 × 6 low-energy electron-diffraction (LEED) patterns. The STM images reveal that the 3 × 6 phase is composed of regions of the ‘2 × 6’ and another phase with no long-range order, while the 4 × 6 phase in addition contains 4 × 2 domains. A new structural model for the ‘2 × 6’ phase based on the analysis of high-resolution dual polarity bias STM images is proposed.
Primary photochemical processes in the photolysis of alkyl nitrites at 366 nm and 23°C in the presence of 15NO

The alkyl nitrites, C2H5ONO, n-C3H7ONO, n-C4H9ONO, and i-C4H9ONO were photolyzed at 23°C in the presence of 15NO at 366-nm incident radiation. The quantum yields of the corresponding isotopically-enriched alkyl nitrites were measured by mass spectrometry. The results indicated that only part of the absorption leads to photodecomposition. The remainder forms an electronically excited state which isotopically exchanges with 15NO. The indicated reactions of the electronically excited state RONO*, are where k3/k2 = 0.50 ± 0.10, 0.62 ± 0.20, 0.42 ± 0.06, and 0.24 ± 0.03 torr, and that k2a/k2 = 1.0, 1.0, 0.64 ± 0.04, and 0.56 ± 0.03, respectively, for C2H5ONO, n-C3H7ONO, n-C4H9ONO, and i-C4H9ONO.
Monte Carlo model for SEM linewidth metrology

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) can be used to measure the dimensions of the microlithographic features of integrated circuits. However, without a good model of the electron-beam/specimen interaction, accurate edge location cannot be obtained. A Monte Carlo code has been developed to model the interaction of an electron beam with a line lithographically produced on a multi-layer substrate. The purpose of the code is to enable one to extract the edge position of a line from SEM measurements. It is based on prior codes developed at NIST, but with a new formulation for the atomic scattering cross sections and the inclusion of a method to simulate edge roughness or rounding. The code is currently able to model the transmitted and backscattered electrons, and the results from the code have been applied to the analysis of electron transmission through a gold line on a thin silicon substrate, such as used in an x-ray lithographic mask.
The Strauss-Kahn affair and the culture of privacy: mistreating and misrepresenting women in the French public sphere

Synopsis The 2011 prosecution in New York City of former IMF chief and potential French presidential challenger Dominique Strauss-Kahn (DSK) for charges of ‘non-consensual forced sexual acts’ on hotel maid Nafissatou Diallo became a transnational affair. The ‘malestream discourse’ that swept through the French media shortly thereafter revealed a stubborn tolerance for sexual violence rooted in French history and public philosophy. A culture of privacy and privilege inherited from the monarchy, incompletely challenged by the revolution, has left the republic with a public philosophy glorifying a masculine form of virile citizenship confining women to the private sphere. This has led to a partially democratized polity and a malfunctioning of the public sphere. From a political theory perspective, and based on content analysis, the article shows how the DSK Affair exemplifies the simultaneous over-publicization and over-privatization at work in the French Republic, leading to both the misrepresentation of women in politics and an anachronistic understatement of their private-sexual mistreatment.
On an F-type statistic for testing one-sided hypotheses and computation of chi-bar-squared weights

Abstract A natural generalization of the well-known F-statistic is introduced for testing one-sided hypotheses. The exact finite sample null distribution of this statistic is shown to be a weighted sum of F-distributions. This resembles the large sample null distribution of the likelihood ratio statistic, a chi-bar squared distribution, which is a weighted sum of χ 2 distributions. It turns out that the weights in these two distributions are identical; this is an important feature because we can use essentially the same computer programs for computing the p -values for the F- and the likelihood ratio statistics. A general stimulation procedure for computing the chi-bar-squared weights when the linear inequalities in the alternative hypothesis are not independent is introduced
Rapid Progression of Primary Vaginal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in a Young HIV-Infected Woman

Abstract Background. The association of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection with rapid progression of cervical and anal squamous cell carcinoma has been clearly established by several studies. Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection of the anogenital tract is believed to be the causative agent of cervical, anal, vaginal, and vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. While a myriad of reports exist in the literature pertaining to the rapid progression of cervical and anal carcinoma in HIV-infected patients, no association of HIV infection and vaginal carcinoma has been reported. We present an unusual case of a young woman infected with HIV who was diagnosed with advanced vaginal carcinoma and succumbed to her disease shortly thereafter despite aggressive treatment. Case. A 40-year-old woman with a 2-year history of HIV infection presented with Stage IVA squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina and a large vesicovaginal fistula from the tumor eroding through the posterior bladder wall. Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen and pelvis revealed a large tumor replacing the vagina with mild hydronephrosis and diffuse pelvic and inguinal lymphadenopathy. She underwent urinary diversion with a transverse colon conduit followed by pelvic radiation with weekly cisplatin chemosensitization. A repeat CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis upon completion of her treatment revealed progression of disease with multiple liver metastases and gastrohepatic ligament adenopathy. She subsequently died of advanced metastatic vaginal carcinoma 2 months after completion of treatment. Conclusion. Due to the rarity of primary vaginal carcinoma, the clinical behavior of this neoplasm in the HIV-infected patient is poorly understood. Our case indicates that, although vaginal carcinoma is a disease of the elderly, young women infected with HIV and HPV are predisposed not only to develop cervical or anal carcinoma but also may be at increased risk for vaginal carcinoma with more aggressive and less responsive disease. Furthermore, although vaginal carcinoma is usually a slow-growing neoplasm, this case illustrates the aggressive behavior of such a tumor when associated with HIV infection.