cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Templated electrokinetic directed chemical assembly for the fabrication of close-packed plasmonic metamolecules

Colloidal self-assembly combined with templated surfaces holds the promise of fabricating large area devices in a low cost facile manner. This directed assembly approach improves the complexity of assemblies that can be achieved with self-assembly while maintaining advantages of molecular scale control. In this work, electrokinetic driving forces, i.e., electrohydrodynamic flow, are paired with chemical crosslinking between colloidal particles to form close-packed plasmonic metamolecules. This method addresses challenges of obtaining uniformity in nanostructure geometry and nanometer scale gap spacings in structures. Electrohydrodynamic flows yield robust driving forces between the template and nanoparticles as well as between nanoparticles on the surface promoting the assembly of close-packed metamolecules. Here, electron beam lithography defined Au pillars are used as seed structures that generate electrohydrodynamic flows. Chemical crosslinking between Au surfaces enables molecular control over gap spacings between nanoparticles and Au pillars. An as-fabricated structure is analyzed via full wave electromagnetic simulations and shown to produce large magnetic field enhancements on the order of 3.5 at optical frequencies. This novel method for directed self-assembly demonstrates the synergy between colloidal driving forces and chemical crosslinking for the fabrication of plasmonic metamolecules with unique electromagnetic properties.
Special Concerns of Intraoperative Management in Orthopedic Procedures

The incidence of all forms of orthopedic procedures in the geriatric population is continuing to grow as the population ages and continues to desire to be as active as possible. This chapter explores the most common procedures regarding preanesthetic markers for poor or undesirable outcomes and reviews the evidence for proposed anesthetic techniques. The process used is based primarily on currently developed and promulgated guidelines and pathways where available, ERAS protocols if available and large prospective or retrospective trials where there are no guidelines, pathways, or protocols. There are recommendations regarding anesthetic selection where appropriate and the use of special monitoring techniques if supported by outcome data. The most robust protocols and pathways exist for joint replacement procedures followed by lumbar spinal surgery at a very distant second. There are only nascent pathways and protocols in existence for cervical spine surgery; thus, spine surgery generally represents an area that seems ripe for future research and development.
Nectar yeasts: a natural microcosm for ecology

The species of yeasts that colonize floral nectar can modify the mutualistic relationships between plants and pollinators by changing the chemical properties of nectar. Recent evidence supporting this possibility has led to increased interest among ecologists in studying these fungi as well as the bacteria that interact with them in nectar. Although not fully explored, nectar yeasts also constitute a promising natural microcosm that can be used to facilitate development of general ecological theory. We discuss the methodological and conceptual advantages of using nectar yeasts from this perspective, including simplicity of communities, tractability of dispersal, replicability of community assembly, and the ease with which the mechanisms of species interactions can be studied in complementary experiments conducted in the field and the laboratory. To illustrate the power of nectar yeasts as a study system, we discuss several topics in community ecology, including environmental filtering, priority effects, and metacommunity dynamics. An exciting new direction is to integrate metagenomics and comparative genomics into nectar yeast research to address these fundamental ecological topics.
Breast Cancer Brain Metastases Alter Chemokine and Cytokine Profiles in the Cerebrospinal Fluid (P5.171)

Objective: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from breast cancer patients with brain metastases were analyzed for differences in cytokine and chemokine levels to illuminate relationships between the tumor and host immune system, and to correlate with patient outcome. Background: Intricate relationships exist between tumors and the host immune system that are necessary for evasion of immune elimination, homeostatic support, tissue invasion, and metastasis. At clinical presentation, tumors have been selected by a lengthy process of tumor-immune evolution where one of several different possible configurations for these relationships might be established. Since cytokines and chemokines are crucial mediators of many of these processes, they likely reflect the immune biology of individual tumors. CSF contains cytokines and chemokines secreted by tissues and parenchyma, and can thus be used to analyze such immune activity. Design/Methods: The levels of 42 cytokines and chemokines in the CSF of metastatic breast cancer patients (n=72) and normal controls (n=19) were quantified by Luminex. These were correlated with hormone receptor status, demographics, clinically-tested proteins, and other prognostic factors. An unsupervised heat-map analysis was used to segregate patients by chemokine/cytokine profile, and subgroups were analyzed for clinical response differences. Results: Heat-map and dendrogram analysis revealed normal patients clustering together, separate from most disease patients. One cluster (n=26) had significantly better overall survival (p=0.0409), and its immune profile was characterized by elevated IL-9 (p 45 mg/dL) levels in CSF exhibited shorter median survival following metastasis to the brain. Conclusions: Analysis of CSF from breast cancer patients with brain metastasis show significantly altered configurations of both clinical factors and cytokine/chemokine levels. Specific variances within these levels may predict differences in the efficacies of cancer treatments, thus supporting the development of personalized immunotherapy. Study Supported by: A Reason to Ride research fund Disclosure: Dr. Fong has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lok has nothing to disclose. Dr. Swanson has received research support from Novocure. Dr. Wong has received personal compensation for activities with Novocure. Dr. Wong has received research support from Novocure, Angiochem, Northwest Biotherapeutics, Novocure, Plexxicon, and Tocagen.
Photoreactivation of Pyrimidine Dimers Generated by a Photosensitized Reaction in RNA of Insect Embryos (Smittia Spec.)

Insect eggs are large cells, ranging from a few tenths to several millimeters in length. The egg cell is surrounded by a vitelline membrane, and an outer shell, the chorion. The yolk-rich and opaque endoplasm contains glycoproteid spheres, lipid droplets, and glycogen particles, whereas the superficial periplasm is yolk-free. After fertilization or parthenogenetic activation, the nucleus undergoes a series of mitotic divisions within the yolk endoplasm. This period is referred to as intravitelline cleavage, although the egg cell is not cleaved. Rather, the embryo develops in a plasmodial state, containing eventually hundreds of energids, i.e. nuclei with jackets of cytoplasm. During nuclear migration stages, most energids move into the yolk-free periplasm, where they become enclosed by infoldings of the plasmalemma of the egg cell. The resulting blastoderm cells may be eventually separated from the yolk endoplasm, or may remain connected to it by cytoplasmic bridges. While cellularization is in progress, nuclear divisions may continue. Following this period of nuclear proliferation and the formation of an apparently homogeneous layer of blastoderm cells, regional differentiation begins. Many of the blastoderm cells build the originally unsegmented germ anlage while the remainder form the embryonic membranes. After gastrulation and segmentation, the embryo reaches the germ band stage which already reflects the basic organization of the larva. Recent descriptions of early Drosophila embryogenesis have been given by Fullilove and Jacobson (1978), Turner and Mahowald (1976), and Zalokar and Erk (1970). For reviews on insect development see Counce and Waddington (1972, 1973).
Security in wireless sensor networks: key intrusion detection module in SOOAWSN

Due to restrictions and limited resources in wireless sensor networks, clustering for routing organization have been proposed literature to increase system throughput, decrease system delay and save energy. Although these algorithms proposed some degree of security, but because of their dynamic nature of communication, most of their security solutions are not suitable. In this paper, we propose two methods of intrusion detection techniques that can be used during wireless sensor networks communications. The proposed solution perfectly fits all kinds of wireless sensor networks that follow the clustering hierarchy distribution. In addition, it may fit many other distribution techniques. The proposed solution is integrated in a complete solution for wireless sensor network that covers all the network lifecycle from the time it deployed which is called Secure Object Oriented Architecture for Wireless Sensor Networks (SOOAWSN).
Metaphor as Change of Representation: An Interaction Theory of Cognition and Metaphor

Imagine a poet comparing hawthorn (a wild flower shrub) to water. What are the similarities between the two? Suppose someone tells you that the ocean is like a harp. What can she possibly mean? How can a harp be similar to the ocean? In each of these cases, there seem to be no similarities between the two objects. Yet, in the poem White Hawthorn in the West of Ireland, Eavan Boland boldly likens hawthorn to water: “I drove West// ... past splashes of coltsfoot,// I assumed// the hard shyness of Atlantic light// and the superstitious aura of hawthorn.// All I wanted then was to fill my arms with// sharp flowers,// to seem, from a distance, to be part of// that ivory downhill rush ...// ... So I left it// stirring on those hills// with a fluency// only water has. And, like water, able// to redefine land. ...”; and in his classic poem Seascape, Stephen Spender compares the ocean to a harp: “There are some days the happy ocean lies// Like an unfingered harp, below the land.// Afternoon gilds all the silent wires// into a burning music for the eyes.” Each of these metaphors is quite unconventional and strikes a jarring chord when we encounter it at first. But after the metaphor is assimilated, we are left with beautiful, fresh and vivid imagery. In fact much of the beauty of these two poems comes from the novelty of their metaphors.
Dependence of cerebral capillary hematocrit on red cell flow separation at bifurcations: a computer simulation study.

Previously, we have attempted to estimate hemodynamic parameters of the cerebrocortical microcirculation based on complete geometrical and topological information of a cortical microvascular network (Hudetz et al, 1989). An important element of the calculations is the model of partitioning of red blood cells at vascular bifurcations which primarily determines local vessel hematocrit. The preference of erythrocytes to enter branches with higher flow has been reported and mathematically modeled (Schmid-Schoenbein et al, 1980; Papenfuss and Gross, 1981; Klitzman and Johnson, 1982; Fenton et al, 1985; Levin et al, 1986; Secomb et al, 1989; etc.). The influence of this effect on the calculated hematocrit distribution has not been evaluated systematically, except the recent abstract by Hsu and Cokelet (1989).
Effector-Binding-Directed Dimerization and Dynamic Communication between Allosteric Sites of Ribonucleotide Reductase.

Proteins forming dimers or larger complexes can be strongly influenced by their effector-binding status. We investigated how the effector-binding event is coupled with interface formation via computer simulations, and we quantified the correlation of two types of contact interactions: between the effector and its binding pocket and between protein monomers. This was achieved by connecting the protein dynamics at the monomeric level with the oligomer interface information. We applied this method to ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), an essential enzyme for de novo DNA synthesis. RNR contains two important allosteric sites, the s-site (specificity site) and the a-site (activity site), which bind different effectors. We studied these different binding states with atomistic simulation and used their coarse-grained contact information to analyze the protein dynamics. The results reveal that the effector–protein dynamics at the s-site and dimer interface formation are positively coupled. We further quantify the re...
Intraneural Hemangioma: Case Report of a Rare Tibial Nerve Lesion

An intraneural hemangioma is a rare, benign mesodermal lesion. We present a case of a three-year-old female with the inability to straighten her right knee and fullness over the right popliteal fossa for one year. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a T2 hyperintense lesion of the popliteal fossa, within the tibial nerve. The patient underwent an uncomplicated right knee excisional biopsy, which confirmed the diagnosis of an intraneural hemangioma. Although rare, an intraneural hemangioma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a soft tissue lesion located in the expected course of a peripheral nerve.
Effects of delaying character instruction in a Chinese as a foreign language classroom on affective outcomes

This study surveyed 58 sixth grade students in four different Chinese as a second language classrooms about their anxiety, self-efficacy and attitudes towards learning Chinese as a foreign language when taught using three different approaches: Pinyin only instruction (POI), character only instruction (COI) and character instruction with Pinyin located above the character (PCI). All participants completed a fivepoint Likert scale battery of 38 affective items and six open-ended questions. Our findings indicate that students in the POI condition reported significantly lower anxiety levels than participants in the COI condition. Our findings suggest that POI has potential benefits for learners in that it lowers anxiety while providing similar levels of motivation as COI and PCI.
Theoretical Analysis of Energy Efficiency and Bandwidth Limit of Silicon Photonic Modulators

Parallel optical interconnects at the extreme scale hold the key to resolve the grand challenge of moving enormous amount of data between on-chip cores and within multi-chip modules. Silicon photonic modulators, as one of the most pivotal devices conducting electronic to photonic signal conversion, must excel in energy efficiency and bandwidth density in order to meet the stringent requirement of extreme scale photonic interconnects. In this manuscript, the energy efficiency and bandwidth limit of ultra-compact resonator-based silicon photonic modulators are analyzed from three fundamental perspectives: free carrier dispersion strength of the active materials, Purcell factors of the resonators, and electrical configuration of the capacitors. Our simulation results reveal convincing advantages of photonic crystal nanocavity over micro-ring and micro-disk resonators in terms of energy efficiency and device footprint. While for the electro-optic modulation region, metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors truly outperform reversed PN junctions due to the large capacitance density. However, all resonator-based silicon photonic modulators suffer the intrinsic trade-off between energy efficiency and resistance-capacitance-delay limited bandwidth. The general model developed herein lays the theoretical foundation and identify possible routes to achieve atto-joule per bit energy efficiency and how to approach the bandwidth limit of silicon photonic modulators.
Tracking a Sound Source with Unknown Dynamics Using Bearing-Only Measurements Based on A Priori Information

The problem of sound source localization has attracted the interest of researchers from different disciplines ranging from biology to robotics and navigation. It is in essence an estimation problem trying to estimate the location of the sound source using the information available to sound receivers. It is common practice to design Bayesian estimators based on a dynamic model of the system. Nevertheless, in some practical situations, such a dynamic model may not be available in the case of a moving sound source and instead, some a priori information about the sound source may be known. This paper considers a case study of designing an estimator using available a priori information, along with measurement signals received from a bearing-only sensor, to track a moving sound source in two dimensions.
Positioning Heterochromatin at the Nuclear Periphery Suppresses Histone Turnover to Promote Epigenetic Inheritance.

Summary In eukaryotes, heterochromatin is generally located at the nuclear periphery. This study investigates the biological significance of perinuclear positioning for heterochromatin maintenance and gene silencing. We identify the nuclear rim protein Amo1NUPL2 as a factor required for the propagation of heterochromatin at endogenous and ectopic sites in the fission yeast genome. Amo1 associates with the Rix1PELP1-containing RNA processing complex RIXC and with the histone chaperone complex FACT. RIXC, which binds to heterochromatin protein Swi6HP1 across silenced chromosomal domains and to surrounding boundary elements, connects heterochromatin with Amo1 at the nuclear periphery. In turn, the Amo1-enriched subdomain is critical for Swi6 association with FACT that precludes histone turnover to promote gene silencing and preserve epigenetic stability of heterochromatin. In addition to uncovering conserved factors required for perinuclear positioning of heterochromatin, these analyses elucidate a mechanism by which a peripheral subdomain enforces stable gene repression and maintains heterochromatin in a heritable manner.
Predictors of Cognitive Skills Development among International Students: Background Characteristics, Precollege Experiences, and Current College Experiences.

For international students, seeking a tertiary education outside of their home countries has been a common practice for centuries. However, recent years have brought a significant influx in the number of international students entering the United States to procure a postsecondary education. In 2018–2019, Open Doors (Institute for International Education, 2019) reported an increase in the number of international students studying in the United States for the 14th consecutive year. Because maintaining this stream of international students is of utmost importance to university officials, they strive to meet the educational goals of this student population. Understanding factors that impact the academic achievement of international students is critical. The background characteristics, precollege characteristics, and college experiences of international students have been found to predict cognitive skills development, and cognitive skills development has been linked to optimal academic achievement and student satisfaction.
Removal of heavy metals from water using electrospun polyelectrolyte complex fiber mats

Abstract This study investigated the removal of heavy metals from water using electrospun polyelectrolyte (PE) complex fibers of polyacrylic acid (PAA) and polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH). PE fiber mats were fabricated under various electrospinning operating conditions to optimize fiber size and stability in aqueous solution. The stable fiber mats were evaluated for their efficiency in removing heavy metals in synthetic metal solutions. The effect of water matrix on heavy metal removal using the PAA/PAH fiber mats was probed by comparing metal removals in the presence and absence of natural organic matter (NOM). The fiber mats exhibited approximately 63 %, 42 %, and 21 % removals of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and copper (Cu), respectively in synthetic metal solutions at pH 3.4. Furthermore, approximately 70 %, 98 %, and 92 % removals of Pb, Cd, and Cu, respectively were observed at a higher pH (7.4). The heavy metal removal by the PAA/PAH complex fiber mats may be attributed to the association of the metal ions with carboxylate ions from the fibers. The presence of NOM in the metal-spiked solutions resulted in higher removal of metals by the fiber mats. This can be attributed to the availability of NOM-derived carboxylic acid groups, which resulted in increased metal-carboxylate complexations. This study implies that water matrix plays an important role that must be evaluated when removing metals using PE complex fibers.
Effects of gene flow between Bt and non-Bt plants in a seed mixture of Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab corn on performance of corn earworm in Arizona.

Background Using natural populations of Helicoverpa zea from Arizona, we tested the hypotheses that gene flow between Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) plants and non-Bt plants in a seed mixture of 10% non-Bt corn and 90% Bt corn producing Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab reduces larval performance on ears from non-Bt plants, or increases performance on ears from Bt plants. Results Gene flow was not detected in blocks of non-Bt or Bt corn but was extensive in seed mixtures. Analyses of larval weight and abundance over a period of 3 to 4 weeks did not indicate consistent effects of gene flow on development rate and survival. However for non-Bt plants, the ear area damaged and percentage of ears with exit holes were significantly lower in the seed mixtures than blocks. By contrast, the percentage of ears with exit holes and ear damage did not differ significantly between the seed mixtures and blocks for Bt plants. Nearly 100% of the ears were damaged and the damaged area was substantial, showing that H. zea is a major ear-feeding pest in Arizona. Relative to non-Bt corn, the pyramided Bt corn did not significantly reduce the percentage of damaged ears and only reduced the ear area damaged by 21 to 39%, indicating that H. zea may have evolved resistance to Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab, or both. Conclusions Our results indicate that gene flow between Bt and non-Bt plants in seed mixtures reduced effective refuge size, and that block refuges may be needed to manage the evolution of H. zea resistance to Bt corn in Arizona. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Response to “Death at home may not always be the best option. In reference to ‘National trends in location of death in patients with end‐stage liver disease’”

Thank you to Drs. Thakur and McFarlin for their very important comments to our study. As we noted in our discussion, we agree that location of death is an imperfect marker of quality of end-of-life (EOL) care, particularly in patients without access to adequate care, support, or insurance coverage1 . We agree that EOL needs for patients with end-stage liver disease (ESLD), which can include debilitating hepatic encephalopathy or variceal bleeding as terminal events, may require substantially more support in management than can be adequately provided in the home or even hospice setting. Additionally, patients with inadequate insurance coverage or limited caregiver support may not be able to get the daily care at home that they need to manage symptoms as they approach EOL.
Beyond the Usual Suspects: An Analysis of the Performance Measurement Literature on Social Equity Indicators in Policing

This article provides an analysis of the empirical and theoretical research on performance measurement in the field of policing. The primary purpose is to ascertain the degree to which measures of social equity are relied on as performance indicators. The literature tells us that social equity indicators do exist, but they remain marginal. Rather, performance measures for effectiveness are largely prominent, whereas efficiency indicators occupy a less influential place. Relying heavily on effectiveness as well as efficiency indicators at the expense of social equity has serious repercussions, particularly in policing. Suggestions for future research are offered that stress the importance of the need for a balanced mix of performance indicators that includes social equity.
Children's oral health-related behaviours and early childhood caries: A latent class analysis.

Objective In this cross-sectional study in a large community-based sample of preschool-age children, we sought to identify distinct clusters of modifiable early childhood oral health-related behaviours (OHBs) and quantify their association with clinical and parent-reported measures of early childhood oral health. Methods We relied upon a questionnaire (n = 8033; 11% in Spanish) and clinical oral health data (n = 6404; early childhood caries [ECC] prevalence = 54%] collected in the context of an epidemiologic study of early childhood oral health among 3- to 5-year-old children in North Carolina. Latent class analysis was used to identify clusters of modifiable OHBs based on parents' responses to 6 questionnaire items pertaining to their children's oral hygiene, diet and dental home. The optimal number of clusters was determined based on measures of model fit and interpretability. We examined associations of OHB clusters with clinical and parent-reported child oral health status (ie, ECC prevalence, severity and proportion with untreated disease) using bivariate association tests and multivariable regression modelling with marginal effects estimation accounting for clustered data. We used Mplus v.8.6 (Muthen & Muthen, Los Angeles, CA, USA) and Stata v.16.1 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA) for data analyses. Results We identified 2 OHB clusters, a favourable (74%) and an unfavourable (26%) one. Children in the favourable OHB cluster had better oral hygiene practices (ie, tooth brushing frequency and fluoridated toothpaste use), lower consumption frequency of sugar-containing snacks and beverages, less frequent reports of night-time bottle-feeding history and a higher likelihood of a dental home. Children in the unfavourable cluster had significantly higher ECC prevalence (57% vs 53%), caries burden (mean dmfs = 9.3 vs 7.6), untreated disease (43% vs 33%) and worse parent-reported oral health status than the favourable cluster. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate the importance and utility of clustering common, modifiable ECC risk factors in population studies - health promotion efforts may centre on groups of people rather than individual behavioural risk factors.
Copyright Policies and Workflows in Libraries: A Concise Handbook: Mower, A. (2020). Allyson Mower, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. 147 pp. $35.00 (pbk), ISBN 978-1-5381-3321-7

This book provides simple explanations and guidance for libraries on copyright policies and workflows related to copyright issues. The focus is on developing good copyright policies as a communicat...
Late gestation hyperthermia: epigenetic programming of daughter's mammary development and function.

Abstract Exposure to stressors during early developmental windows, such as prenatally (i.e., in utero), can have life-long implications for an animal's health and productivity. The mammary gland starts developing in utero and, like other developing tissues and organs, may undergo fetal programming. Previous research has implicated factors, such as prenatal exposure to endocrine disruptors or alterations in maternal diet (e.g., maternal over or undernutrition), that can influence the developmental trajectory of the offspring mammary gland in postnatal life. However, the direct links between prenatal insults and future productive outcomes are less documented in livestock species. Research on in utero hyperthermia effects on early-life mammary development is scarce. This review will provide an overview of key developmental milestones taking place in the bovine mammary gland during the pre- and postnatal stages. We will showcase how intrauterine hyperthermia, experienced by the developing fetus during the last trimester of gestation, derails postnatal mammary gland development and impairs its synthetic capacity later in life. We will provide insights into the underlying histological, cellular, and molecular mechanisms taking place at key postnatal developmental life stages, including birth, weaning and the first lactation, that might explain permanent detriments in productivity long after the initial exposure to hyperthermia. Collectively, our studies indicate that prenatal hyperthermia jeopardizes the normal developmental trajectory of the mammary gland from fetal development to lactation. Further, in utero hyperthermia epigenetically programs the udder, and possibly other organs critical to lactation, yielding a less resilient and less productive cow for multiple lactations.
Managing Software Reuse Economics: An Integrated ROI-based Model

Several cost models have been proposed in the past for estimating, predicting, and analyzing the costs of software reuse. In this paper we propose an integrated ROI-based cost model which attempts to encompass existing models. Our approach is to analyze existing models, identify their dimensions of variance, classify the models along these dimensions, then provide an integrated cost model that makes explicit provisions for these dimensions of variance. In this paper, we also discuss in what sense our model encompasses existing models, present a prototype that supports the cost model, and illustrate the model with a sample example.
College Students' Evaluations of Teaching and Grade Inflation

This study investigated the question: Has the use of student evaluations of teaching effectiveness been a contributing factor to a trend of grade inflation in a mid-sized, public university in the upper midwest? Aggregating the data for 983,491 student evaluations of more than 37,000 course sections, this study examined the trends in the percentage of students expecting the grades of A or A− and students' composite ratings of teaching effectiveness in courses offered between 1980 and 1999. Statistically significant second order polynomial trends over 40 semesters were found for the percentage of A/A− grades and for students ratings of teaching effectiveness. The percentage of students expecting A/A− grades increased steadily by a total of more than 10 percentage points during the 1990s after remaining stable during the 1980s. Student ratings of teaching gradually, but steadily, increased by more than one-tenth of a point after remaining relatively stable during the first half of the 1980s. The predictive relationship between student ratings of teaching and expected grades was significant even after variables related to alternative explanations were statistically controlled. The conclusion that, although generally valid as measures of teaching effectiveness, college students' ratings of instruction may be used in ways that raise questions of consequential validity, specifically by encouraging grade inflation, was supported.
Enron's Tangled Web: Complex Relationships; Unanswered Questions

This essay originally was presented orally at the University of Cincinnati College of Law's Sixteenth Annual Corporate Law Symposium. The essay describes corporate agency and agency-related relationships as implicated in the "Enron affair" and explores ways in which the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 fails or attempts to address the alleged malfunctions in these relationships. The essay concludes that the reforms enacted in Sarbanes-Oxley provide little assistance in resolving agency and agency-related problems associated with Enron's public misstatements and omissions. Ultimately, the essay exhorts scholars and practicing lawyers to work together to resolve these problems through (among other things) additional research into cognitive and behavioral science and direct client assistance both in the decision making process and in the search for and selection of corporate directors and officers.
Environmental variability and the ecological effects of spawning Pacific salmon on stream biofilm

Summary 1. Variation in resource subsidies can create or reinforce heterogeneity in recipient ecosystems. Related activities of organisms delivering resource subsidies, such as ecosystem engineering by Pacific salmon spawners (Oncorhynchus spp.), also alter heterogeneity. We studied whether heterogeneity in stream environmental conditions and spawner abundances were reflected in the net ecological effects of salmon (i.e. enrichment by resource subsidies and disturbance by ecosystem engineering) on benthic biofilm. 2. We sampled seven Southeast Alaska streams over 3 years, both before and during the salmon run. In each stream and year, stream environmental characteristics and their influence on responses of benthic biofilm [mean and coefficient of variation of chlorophyll a (chl a), ash-free dry mass (AFDM) and autotrophic index (AFDM:chl a)] to spawners were assessed. 3. Streams and periods before and during the salmon run were distinct based on their environmental characteristics. The responses of most biofilm metrics to spawners were stream- and year-specific, suggesting that the ecological effect of spawners ranged from net enrichment to net disturbance depending on the stream or year studied. The environmental context, especially temperature, large wood, and sediment size, explained >50% of biofilm variability during the run, but <30% over the entire study, suggesting that salmon can alter environmental constraints. 4. Precision of biofilm estimates improved by increasing either the number of streams or the number of years sampled (i.e. spatial or temporal replication). However, combining data from different North Pacific Rim ecoregions inflated the confidence interval as compared with a single ecoregion, indicating the importance of regional environmental contexts for net salmon effects. 5. Our results suggest that biofilm responses to salmon can vary greatly, even within a single ecoregion, and that environmental conditions can modify net salmon effects. Consequently, generalisations about biofilm responses across the native range of salmon may be challenging.
Property: Legal Aspects

Property encompasses the governance of resources – real property (land), natural resources, and personal property (chattels and intangibles, including copyrights, patents, stocks, claims of right). Private property finds support in Locke's labor theory, as well as libertarian, utilitarian, and personhood philosophical traditions. Distributive justice, civic republicanism, and ecological theories take more qualified stances on the protection of private property, while Marxist ideology rejects private property as a vestige of exploitation and alienation of the worker class. Modern conceptions of property trace their roots to Blackstone's inviolate, unified bundle of rights (see following). As societies moved beyond agrarian modes of production, and as legal relations evolved from status to contract, the bundle of rights gradually came to be seen as malleable instruments to be tailored by legislatures, courts, government agencies, and markets. By the twentieth century, zoning and other governmental regulations significantly qualified the rights of property owners, and scholars developed frameworks for analyzing the economic, distributive, and other moral implications of different systems of resource governance. A new conception of property integrating the many institutional structures governing resources, the cultural contingency of governance regimes, and the dynamism of governance institutions has emerged. This broader framework provides the basis for tackling the new frontiers of resource governance.
Epigenetics of human melanoma: promises and challenges

Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer with rising incidence and mortality rates. Although early-stage melanoma is highly curable, advanced-stage melanoma is refractory to treatment. This underscores the importance of prevention and early detection as well as the need to improve treatment and prognostication of human melanoma. Elucidating the underlying mechanisms of the initiation and progression of human melanoma can help identify potential targets of intervention for prevention, diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis of this disease. Aberrant DNA methylation and histone modifications are the best-established epigenetic mechanisms of carcinogenesis. The occurrence of epigenetic changes prior to clinical diagnosis of cancer and their reversibility through pharmacologic/genetic approaches offer a promising avenue for basic and translational research on human melanoma. Candidate gene(s) or genome-wide aberrant DNA methylation and histone modifications have been observed in human melanoma tumor tissues and cell lines, and correlated to cellular and functional characteristics and/or clinicopathological features of this malignancy. The present review summarizes the published researches on aberrant DNA methylation and histone modifications in connection with human melanoma. Representative studies are highlighted to set forth the current state of knowledge, gaps in the knowledgebase, and future directions in these epigenetic fields of research. Examples of epigenetic therapy applied for human melanoma in vitro, and the challenges of its in vivo application for clinical treatment of solid tumors are discussed.
ESTRATÉGIAS E INTERVENÇÕES PEDAGÓGICAS PARA APRENDIZAGEM DE MATEMÁTICA EM EDUCAÇÃO A DISTÂNCIA

Neste artigo apresentamos o relato e resultados de uma pesquisa realizada no Departamento de Matematica e Estatistica da Universidade de Caxias do Sul, envolvendo estudantes de Calculo Diferencial e Integral. A mesma constituiu-se, basicamente, na criacao, utilizacao e analise de um ambiente de aprendizagem implementado e utilizado durante tres edicoes do Programa em Educacao a Distância para a Melhoria das Condicoes de Aprendizagem de Matematica. Realizamos uma investigacao aplicada sobre a real possibilidade de fundamentar uma proposta pedagogica diferenciada, a partir da criacao de estrategias que permitissem interferir na melhoria dos processos de ensino-aprendizagem de Matematica. Buscamos desenvolver um modo educativo, atraves do qual fosse possivel proporcionar condicoes de aprendizagem em ambiente que se diferenciasse dos que se caracterizam pela transmissao de informacoes e conteudos, e primasse por acoes reflexivas, por formas de pensar que propiciam a compreensao de conceitos e ideias matematicas, atraves da qualidade das atividades promovidas e dos recursos utilizados. Confirmamos essa possibilidade criando um ambiente para educacao a distância incrementado por recursos que permitem a comunicacao e a realizacao de atividades que promovem a construcao de uma cultura informatizada e um saber cooperativo, por acoes que privilegiam a interacao.
Disputing Irony: A Systematic Look at Litigation About Mediation

Although mediation has been institutionalized successfully in courts and other contexts, questions abound regarding its impact and effectiveness. A universal complaint is the lack of relevant empirical data. Numerous scholars have called for new research to help determine what is occurring in the mediation process. Our study is designed to address several questions. First, to what extent does the mediation process create, as opposed to resolve, subsequent litigation? Where is the litigation taking place and what issues are being litigated? What can we learn from the litigated process and about the proper roles and conduct for counsel and for the mediator? Finally, how are the courts dealing with the conflict between the need for confidentiality in the mediation process and the need for evidence when mediation conduct becomes an issue in subsequent litigation? The article analyzes 1,223 state and federal court mediation decisions from 1999 to 2003. The article further examines specific mediation issues summarizing key trends and providing illustrative examples. Finally, the article makes recommendations for statute and rule reform, ranging from the use of “cooling off” periods during which parties are free to exercise a right of rescission of a mediated settlement, to the adoption of special confidentiality rules regarding third party access to mediation evidence.
Positron emission tomography agent 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose has a therapeutic potential in breast cancer.

Novel approaches are needed for breast cancer patients in whom standard therapy is not effective. 2-Deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG) was evaluated as a potential radiomolecular therapy agent in breast cancer animal models and, retrospectively, in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Polyoma middle T antigen (PyMT) and mouse mammary tumor virus-NeuT transgenic mice with tumors 0.5–1 cm in diameter were imaged with 18F-FDG, and tumor to liver ratios (TLRs) were calculated. The radiotoxicity of 18F-FDG administration was determined in healthy mice. PyMT mice with small (0.15–0.17 cm) and large (more than 1 cm) tumors were treated with 2–4 mCi of 18F-FDG, and control C3H/B6 mice with 3 mCi of 18F-FDG. At 10 days after treatment the tumors and control mammary glands were analyzed for the presence of apoptotic and necrotic cells. Five patients with breast cancer and metastatic disease were evaluated and standardized uptake values (SUVs) in tumors, maximum tolerated dose, and the doses to the tumor were calculated. Doses up to 5 mCi proved to be non-radiotoxic to normal organs. The 18F-FDG uptake in mouse tumors showed an average TLR of 1.6. The treatment of mice resulted in apoptotic cell death in the small tumors. Cell death through the necrotic pathway was seen in large tumors, and was accompanied by tumor fragmentation and infiltration with leukocytes. Normal mammary tissues were not damaged. A human 18F-FDG dose delivering 200 rad to the red marrow (less than 5% damage) was calculated to be 4.76 Ci for a 70 kg woman, and the dose to the tumors was calculated to be 220, 1100 and 2200 rad for SUVs of 1, 5 and 10, respectively. We have shown that positrons delivered by 18F-FDG to mammary tumors have a tumoricidal effect on cancer cells. The study of breast cancer patients suggests that the tumor and normal organ dosimetry of 18F-FDG makes it suitable for therapy of this malignancy.
1‐Pyrroline 1‐Oxide

[24423-88-9] C4H7NO (MW 85.12) InChI = 1S/C4H7NO/c6-5-3-1-2-4-5/h3H,1-2,4H2 InChIKey = SIZSLAYQYNQFCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N (prototypical cyclic nitrone for intermolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions1, 2) Physical Data: bp 74–76 °C/0.1 mmHg. Solubility: sol dichloromethane, chloroform, ether, aromatic hydrocarbons, water. Form Supplied in: not commercially available. Preparative Methods: usually prepared by oxidation of 1-hydroxypyrrolidine with two equivalents of yellow Mercury(II) Oxide (HgO) in dichloromethane or chloroform at 0–10 °C.3 After 4 h, the mixture is filtered to remove mercury salts and the nitrone is most often used without further purification, with or without solvent exchange. An alternative procedure is the direct oxidation of pyrrolidine with 30% aqueous Hydrogen Peroxide catalyzed by Na2WO4·H2O in water, followed by extraction with dichloromethane and chromatographic purification.4 Although the yield is lower, this method has the advantages of pyrrolidine as the starting material and of avoiding the use and disposal of large quantities of mercury(II) salts. A regiospecific oxidative decarboxylation of N-alkyl-α-amino acids under phase transfer conditions using H2O2 and Na2WO4 catalyst has been used successfully with proline to afford 1-pyrroline 1-oxide in 55% yield.10 The method appears to be efficient and convenient for other cyclic as well as acyclic nitrones.
Evidence of Chromosomal Breaks near the Mating-Type Locus of SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE That Accompany MATalpha xMATalpha Matings.

In order for two heterothallic MATalpha haploids of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to mate, one parent must apparently become, at least transiently, an a-like cell. Only about 25% of the matings result from an actual transposition of MATa sequences to replace MATalpha, and about 1% result from a deletion joining MAT to the normally silent HMRa allele. The majority of matings occur after an apparent chromosome break that deletes MATalpha and all of the known markers more distal on the right arm of chromosome III.--The chromosome break occurs at or very near MAT, invariably leaving the distal marker tsm1 hemizygous, but the closely linked proximal marker cry1 usually is heterozygous. The resulting diploid containing the broken chromosome is mitotically unstable; about 10% of the colonies contain visible sectors in which the rest of the broken chromosome is lost. The region close to the breakpoint (i.e., cry1) is unusually active in recombination. About 20% of the intact homologues remaining after chromosome loss were gene-converted for cry1. In addition, the broken end participated in reciprocal recombination events that joined the chromosome to the distal portion of the intact homologous chromosome.--The unstable diploids may also become stable and no longer give rise to mitotic segregants. We have found two distinct ways in which stabilization occurs. Most often the diploid becomes euploid by a recombination event that yields a cell homozygous for all markers distal to (and sometimes including) cry1. In one of 9 cases so far analyzed, the stable diploid was still hemizygous for MATalpha and for other markers distal to MAT. This last case is similar to the healing of broken chromosomes in maize described by McClintock (1939, 1941, 1951).
Detection of Argon by Penning Ionization and Competitive Absorption Using a Sensitized Photoionization Detector

A novel application of a commercial photoionization detector for the quantification of argon is described and applied to the headspace analysis of water. Using an argon lamp as the excitation source, argon is measured indirectly by its effect on an ionizable gas present in the detection cell. Nitric oxide is added to the effluent of a gas chromatography column, resulting in an elevated background ion current in a photoionization detector. By varying the amount of nitric oxide added to the detection cell, two modes of operation were demonstrated: a competitive absorbance mode in which a high background of nitric oxide photoionization was reduced in response to the presence of argon and a Penning ionization mode in which a relatively lower background of nitric oxide photoionization was enhanced in response to the presence of argon. Optimized Penning ionization detection with a nitric oxide concentration at ∼940 ppmv was used to analyze air and the headspace of water samples. The limit of detection was dete...
Contributions of cell-extrinsic and cell-intrinsic factors to the differentiation of a neural-crest-derived neuroendocrine progenitor cell.

A central question in developmental neurobiology concerns the mechanisms that generate cellular diversity in the vertebrate nervous system. Cell lineage analyses have established that many progenitor cells in the developing nervous system are multipotent (Turner and Cepko 1987; Holt et al. 1988; Wetts and Fraser 1988). However, the mechanisms that control the differentiation of such progenitor cells are poorly understood.
Prophylactic Efficacy of Vitamin A and Certain Compounds Against Histomoniasis in Turkeys

Abstract THE relationship of vitamin A nutrition to certain diseases has been studied. Plasma vitamin A and carotene levels were significantly lower in chickens infected with coryza, cholera and Newcastle disease (Squibb et al., 1955). Squibb and Veros (1961) reported that Newcastle virus infection in White Leghorn cockerels did not prevent absorption of vitamin A during the active period of the disease, nor were vitamin A reserves depressed. Sayedain and Kenzy (1960) found that adequate vitamin A in the diet was important in maintaining the resistance of chickens which were exposed to Candida albicans. Hepatic vitamin A reserves in chickens heavily infested with Ascaridia galli were much lower than in birds reasonably free of parasites (Pande and Krishnamurty, 1959). Boyd and Edwards (1962) reported that Mycoplasma gallisepticum and E. coli infections in the chick had no direct influence on vitamin A absorption or metabolism. High dietary levels of vitamin A have . . .
Come and Go: Samuel Beckett's Play for Women

Come and Go, a Beckett play perhaps even more cryptic than Waiting for Godot, is less than two minutes long. Three women, “ages undeterminable,” sit together on a bench, 1 Flo on Vi's right, Ru on ...