cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric distribution of phosphatidylethanolamine fatty acyl chains in the membrane of vesicular stomatitis virus.

Abstract The membrane of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) contains two distinct pools of phosphatidylethanolamine molecules which reside in the inner and outer phospholipid monolayers, respectively. 36% of the total membrane phosphatidylethanolamine is found in the outer monolayer while 64% is found in the inner. The two pools of VSV phosphatidylethanolamine can be distinguished operationally by the fact that only outer phosphatidylethanolamine is reactive in intact virions with the membrane-impermeable reagent trinitrobenzenesulfonate (TNBS). We have made use of this property to separate inner from outer VSV phosphatidylethanolamine and to determine the fatty acyl chain compositions of the two phosphatidylethanolamine pools separately. The results show that compared to outer phosphatidylethanolamine, inner phosphatidylethanolamine molecules contain a significantly higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acyl chains. Furthermore, whereas the proportion of unsaturated fatty acyl chains was found to be quite similar at the 1 and 2 glycerol carbon atoms in inner phosphatidylethanolamine, a marked dissimilarity was observed in outer phosphatidylethanolamine; outer phosphatidylethanolamine was enriched in saturated fatty acyl chains at the 1 position and in unsaturated fatty acyl chains at the 2 position. The differential fatty acyl chain composition of inner compared to outer phosphatidylethanolamine indicates that rapid, random transmembrane migration (flip-flop) of phosphatidylethanolamine does not occur in the VSV membrane. The nature of the fatty acyl chain asymmetry observed in VSV phosphatidylethanolamine does not support the view that the
Role of 4-hydroxynonenal and its metabolites in signaling.

AbstractAvailable evidence from a multitude of studies on the effects of 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) on cellular processes seem to converge on some common themes: (i) concentration-dependent opposing effects of HNE on key signaling components (e.g. protein kinase C, adenylate cyclase) predict that certain constitutive levels of HNE may be needed for normal cell functions – lowering of this constitutive HNE level in cells promotes proliferative machinery while an increase in this level promotes apoptotic signaling; (ii) HNE is a common denominator in stress-induced apoptosis caused by H2O2, superoxide, UV, heat or oxidant chemicals such as doxorubicin; and (iii) HNE can modulate ligand-independent signaling by membrane receptors such as EGFR or Fas (CD95) and may act as a sensor of external stimuli for eliciting stress-response. Against a backdrop of various reported effects of HNE, in vitro and in vivo, we have critically evaluated the above mentioned hypotheses suggesting a key role of HNE in signaling.
Cysteine supplementation of total parenteral nutrition: the effect in beagle pups

Total parenteral nutrition solutions supplemented with cysteine-HCl (S-TPN, 0.8 mmol/kg/day) were infused into beagle pups from day 10 of life to day 20 (n = 6). Another group of pups received unsupplemented TPN solutions (US-TPN) (n = 6). Fluid, protein, and energy intake from nonprotein sources were similar in both groups. Data from these two groups were compared and similar measurements in normally suckled pups were also compared with the two TPN groups (n = 6). There were significant differences in the rate of weight gain between the pups that received TPN and the pups that were suckled (P less than 0.01). Weight gain, hepatic DNA and protein concentrations, and cerebral DNA and protein concentrations in the pups that received TPN supplemented with cysteine were not different from similar measurements in pups that received unsupplemented TPN. Plasma total cyst(e)ine (Cyst(e)ine refers to the mixture in any proportion of the sulfhydryl (cysteine) and the disulfide (cystine) forms of this compound) concentrations in the cysteine-supplemented pups (7.9 +/- 1.2 mumol/DL, X +/- SD) were significantly greater than in the unsupplemented pups (4.9 +/- 1.8 mumol/DL). Hepatic glutathione concentrations in the supplemented pups (583 +/- 85 mumol/100 g liver) were also significantly greater than in the unsupplemented pups (392 +/- 113 mumol/100 g liver). These data suggest that the supplementation of TPN solutions with cysteine, even in an animal enzymatically capable of cysteine synthesis, has significant effects on glutathione synthesis.
Role of the Food and Drug Administration in the use of molecular techniques in immunohematology.

Experts in the field are well aware that blood incompatibility remains a significant problem in transfusion medicine and that some of these problems reflect certain inherent limitations of the major technology being used, i.e., hemagglutinationbased testing. In brief, these limitations include the weak reactivity of certain clinically significant antibodies, weak expression of some red blood cell (RBC) antigens, the lack of universal test methods for antibody detection and identification, and the subjective nature of the tests performed. There are also a number of issues related to the reagents themselves, e.g., the variability in the reagents, the different reactivity of monoclonal antibodies compared with polyclonal antibodies, and the lack of reagent grade antibodies. More specifically, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has growing concerns because of many reports of problems, both directly to the FDA and in the published literature, that are related to weak activity of clinically significant antibodies, especially anti-E, anti-K, anti-Jk a , and anti-Jk b . The FDA is also aware of failures to detect and identify these antibodies. As more transfusion services adopt the electronic or computer crossmatch, it is feared that failure to detect and identify clinically significant antibodies in the initial testing stages may allow a patient to qualify for the electronic crossmatch erroneously, which means the patient will not have a serologic crossmatch performed. Although it has long been recognized that the serologic crossmatch may not detect all important incompatibilities, the FDA is aware of some fatalities related to these antibodies and is interested in finding ways to reduce or eliminate this residual risk. There have been suggestions that molecular methods could be used to provide probable genotype information on RBC donors when antisera are not available to determine the phenotype, as is currently the case with typing for Do a and Do b . Another suggested use of molecular methods is for the selection of RBCs from known homozygous donors, rather than the current practice of identifying RBCs presumed to be from homozygous donors on the basis of phenotype results. This could possibly increase the chance of detecting weak but clinically significant antibodies, particularly Jk a
DNA sequencing, anatomy, and calcification patterns support a monophyletic, subarctic, carbonate reef-forming Clathromorphum (Hapalidiaceae, Corallinales, Rhodophyta)

For the first time, morpho-anatomical characters that were congruent with DNA sequence data were used to characterize several genera in Hapalidiaceae-the major eco-engineers of Subarctic carbonate ecosystems. DNA sequencing of three genes (SSU, rbcL, ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit gene and psbA, photosystem II D1 protein gene), along with patterns of cell division, cell elongation, and calcification supported a monophyletic Clathromorphum. Two characters were diagnostic for this genus: (i) cell division, elongation, and primary calcification occurred only in intercalary meristematic cells and in a narrow vertical band (1-2 μm wide) resulting in a "meristem split" and (ii) a secondary calcification of interfilament crystals was also produced. Neopolyporolithon was resurrected for N. reclinatum, the generitype, and Clathromorphum loculosum was transferred to this genus. Like Clathromorphum, cell division, elongation, and calcification occurred only in intercalary meristematic cells, but in a wider vertical band (over 10-20 μm), and a "meristem split" was absent. Callilithophytum gen. nov. was proposed to accommodate Clathromorphum parcum, the obligate epiphyte of the northeast Pacific endemic geniculate coralline, Calliarthron. Diagnostic for this genus were epithallial cells terminating all cell filaments (no dorsi-ventrality was present), and a distinct "foot" was embedded in the host. Leptophytum, based on its generitype, L. laeve, was shown to be a distinct genus more closely related to Clathromorphum than to Phymatolithon. All names of treated species were applied unequivocally by linking partial rbcL sequences from holotype, isotype, or epitype specimens with field-collected material. Variation in rbcL and psbA sequences suggested that multiple species may be passing under each currently recognized species of Clathromorphum and Neopolyporolithon.
Analysis of Planar Chromatograms by Fast Atom Bombardment and Laser Desorption Mass Spectrometry

Abstract The applications of fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry coupled with thin-layer chromatography in a study of phospholipids, alkaloids derived from bloodroot rhizomes, and diuretics are summarized. Use of the mass spectrometric data to trace compounds via characteristic fragment ions increases the effective resolution of the chromatographic resolution. Quantitative values derived in TLC/FAB experiments for the diuretic amiloride hydrochloride is linear over two orders of magnitude encompassing the clinically useful range. The use of a laser desorption ionization method and Fourier transform mass analysis for TLC plate detection is also described; matrix and concentration effects are significant in this case, but several successful applications are described. An interface device for the linkage
Thermal conductivity and thermopower of graphite at very low temperatures

Measurements of the in-plane thermal conductivity and thermopower of graphite have been performed from 70 mK to 8 K. The thermal conductivity exhibits a crossover from a ${T}^{n}$ (ng2) dependence above 1 K to a ${T}^{1.14\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02}$ law at lower temperatures, behavior attributed to a combination of increasing carrier conduction and a lattice component varying slower than ${T}^{2}$ from 1 K down to about 0.3 K. The thermoelectric power is negative throughout the range; below 2 K, it is a linear function of temperature, the magnitude of the slope being proportional to the degree of structural imperfection of the samples.
Can the riparian invader, Arundo donax, benefit from clonal integration?

Summary Resource sharing through rhizomes of clonal plants supplements locally available nutrients to enhance recruitment and growth in resource-limited environments. We investigated whether Arundo donax ,a n invasive clonal plant, can benefit from clonal integration. Sharing resources between ramets can facilitate resprouting from mowing, fire and herbicide treatments, but it is unknown whether clonal integration contributes to A. donax invasion success. Our first objective was to determine whether A. donax rhizomes transported water between ramets. Hydrogen isotopic– enriched water was applied on three 1 m diameter areas, and rhizome and soil samples were collected beyond the watering zone after 5, 24 and 48 h of the last watering. Logistic modelling indicated that water was able to move laterally at least 3.5 m. The second objective was to determine whether clonal integration enhanced growth and survival of A. donax ramets. We compared growth-related responses in paired 1 m 2 plots with severed and intact rhizomes. In the first 19 days, rhizome severing nearly doubled ramet density, while by 77 days, the intact rhizomes produced 67% taller stems with 49% greater diameter and showed higher survival rate after flooding. This study provides initial evidence that physiological integration could be an important mechanism in A. donax, which can enhance its competitive abilities, accelerate rates of encroachment and strengthen its capability to recolonise disturbed areas. Our results highlight an important consideration of clonal invasive species in weed management.
Recurrent extreme breast involution following pregnancy and susceptibility to breast cancer: a hypothesis.

Abstract Nine multiparous women were found to have breast development resembling the prepubertal “flat-chested” state. During their pregnancies, the breasts of all nine women had developed and enlarged, and five had successfully nursed for two or more months. The remaining four women did not attempt to breastfeed. Following cessation of lactation in the women who had breastfed, and after delivery in those who had not suckled, the breasts of all nine women completely regressed to their prepregnant “flat-chested” physical state. Based on the findings of normal health and regular menses in these women, we hypothesize that the breast epithelium of these and other flat-chested women may have an elevated threshold of estrogen sensitivity in the nonpregnant state which may reduce susceptibility to mechanisms of carcinogenesis.
Dynamic modeling and analysis of generalized unified power flow controller

Abstract This paper presents a unified solution to compute power quality indices in the generalized unified power flow controller (GUPFC) during steady and transient conditions using a dynamic harmonic domain technique. This technique allows the user to analyze harmonics generated in the GUPFC more precisely than using time domain techniques. The derivation of a model is presented and then simulated in the presence of voltage disturbances to demonstrate its use in power quality assessment. The results of the proposed model are validated against time domain simulations.
Stimulus specificity in flavor acceptance learning

Abstract Infusing rats with 6% carbohydrate whenever they drank a test fluid stimulated their intake of 0.03–0.3% saccharin, 0.9% sodium chloride, and 0.5% oligosaccharide solutions within 1 to 3 days, but did not greatly increase intake of cherry-flavored water, 2% saccharin, 0.45% sodium chloride, monosodium glutamate, 0.025% sucrose octaacetate, or 0.4% maltodextrin, when food was available ad lib. In general, it was more difficult to detect an effect with aversive stimuli, but it was possible to detect a significant effect with one such aversive flavor by either increasing the number of animals to permit detection of a small effect, or by using a preference test. For most stimuli, however, rats that had been trained with food available and then tested when food deprived showed significant increases in fluid intake, compared to rats that had been given the same flavor without carbohydrate infusions, even when plain water was infused in all rats during the food deprivation test. The following forms of evidence indicate that the increased intake is due to a form of Pavlovian conditioning. It tends to increase over repeated trials and to persist for a day after the carbohydrate infusions have been discontinued. Indeed, in one experiment, increased intake even persisted for a day when the infusion conditions were reversed, such that control rats were infused with carbohydrate and experimental rats were infused with water. Increased ingestion is attenuated by preexposure to the infusion in the absence of an appropriate taste solution. Increased ingestion is attenuated by preexposure to the taste solution in the absence of infusions (i.e., latent inhibition). Although increased intake is a form of associative conditioning, it is unlike malaise-conditioned taste aversions because taste aversions were conditioned to monosodium glutamate, cherry flavor, and saccharin with equal ease. The ease with which infusion increased intake is influenced by at least three different factors, degree of aversiveness, stimulus intensity, and rats' innate predisposition to acquire certain stimulus-response relationships more readily than others.
Accelerated Exchange of Oxygen-18 Through a Membrane Containing Oxygen-Saturated Hemoglobin

Membranes containing hemoglobin solution were subjected to identical oxygen pressures on both sides, which were high enough to fully saturate the hemoglobin. The exchange of oxygen through the membrane was studied by means of oxygen-18, and it grossly exceeded that obtained with membranes containing methemoglobin or only water.
Hypertension and congestive heart failure: Benefits of converting enzyme inhibition (captopril)

Congestive heart failure is a frequent complication of hypertension. This is a brief review of the mechanisms precipitating heart failure, as well as the various approaches to treatment of this complication. Emphasis is given to the rationale for treating congestive heart failure with vasodilation and by chronic angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition with captopril. A summary is presented of clinical experience with this agent over the past few years together with an outline of the characteristics that make it different from pharmacologic vasodilators.
Exceptional kinetic propensity of hydroxymethyl phosphanes toward Rh(III) stabilization in water.

The reactions of (HOCH2)2P(C6H4)P(CH2OH)2 (HMPB) and P(CH2OH)3 (THP) with RhCl3·xH2O in aqueous media gave water-soluble complexes cis-[RhCl2{η2-(HOCH2)2P(C6H4)P(CH2OH)2}2]Cl (3) and fac-[RhCl3(P(CH2OH)3)3] (4) respectively in good yields, X-ray crystal structures of 3 and 4 confirmed their molecular constitution. These reactions provide the first examples demonstrating the kinetic propensity of hydroxymethyl phosphanes to stabilize Rh in +3 oxidation state in water.
Resistant childhood psoriasis: an analysis of patients seen in a day-care center.

: During a three-and-one-half-year period, 54 children aged 1 to 16 years, all of whom had resistant psoriasis, were seen at a day-care center. The female: male ratio was 3:2. In 74% of the patients, the onset of psoriasis occurred when they were below 10 years of age. Papules and plaques occurred in 78% of cases, guttate lesions in 16%, and nail involvement in 21%. A family history of psoriasis was present in 69% of cases, preceding upper respiratory tract infections occurred in 35%, and prior cradle cap and/or diaper rash in 50%. In the day-care center, Goeckerman therapy was given to 31 children. The average duration of treatment was 12 days, producing maximum clearing of over 90% in 64% of patients, with substantial improvement in the remainder. After three months, the psoriasis in 83% of these patients was over 90% clear; 43% showed maximum clearing at one year. Two patients were treated with anthralin and ultraviolet light alone, one with good results. One patient with nail psoriasis alone was not treated. The remaining 20 patients were either unable to attend for treatment at the center or had less extensive psoriasis. Home treatment was prescribed for them, with less satisfactory results.
Electrically Excited CO 2 Lasers

The development of high power electrically excited CO2, gas lasers is traced from their inception to their rather sophisticated present day orm. Particular attention is paid to the optical homogeneity problems which limit the degree of diffraction limitness attainable with a given laser.© (1975) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Numerical solution of Bloch's equation for neutron spin precession

Abstract The increasing importance of polarization in neutron scattering instrumentation for condensed matter research means that Monte Carlo design tools must be able to track neutron spin during neutron transport. In particular, we must be able to solve Bloch's precession equation for arbitrary magnetic induction configurations, including time-dependence. Since Monte Carlo simulations require averaging a large number of neutron histories, the computational procedure must be fast, as well as accurate and precise. A suitable algorithm is presented here, in the context of the Neutron Instrument Simulation Package (NISP), a Monte Carlo package developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory for neutron scattering instrument design. Accuracy is assessed by the comparison to simple cases for which analytical expressions are known, and precision and execution time are shown for a case with a non-uniform magnetic induction field.
The many faces of depression in primary care

One of the difficulties facing primary care physicians in accurately diagnosing patients with depression is that these patients present more than two thirds of the time with one or more physical symptoms and worry about their physical health.1 Recent studies also have shown that depressed primary care patients have significantly more medical comorbidity,2 adverse health behaviors such as obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and smoking,3 nonadherence to medical regimens,4,5 and social stressors6 compared to patients who are not depressed. Depressed patients also have a higher likelihood of having had experiences of childhood adversity (i.e., physical and sexual abuse)7 and adult domestic violence.8 This multitude of problems certainly leads to many “competing priorities” for both the physician and the patient during a brief primary care visit.9 It also probably explains why cross-sectional primary care studies show worse accuracy of diagnoses of depression compared to studies that measure accuracy of diagnosis over a 6-month period.10 The longer time period allows the physician to “sift” through the multiple problems that many depressed patients have in order to make an accurate diagnosis. Three articles in this month's Journal of General Internal Medicine address several of these competing issues primary care physicians face in diagnosing and treating patients with depression.
ALCHEMIES OF THE MIND: RATIONALITY AND THE EMOTIONS

Jon Elster has written a comprehensive, wide-ranging book on the emotions in which he considers the full range of theoretical approaches. Drawing on history, literature, philosophy and psychology, Elster presents a complete account of the role of the emotions in human behaviour. While acknowledging the importance of neurophysiology and laboratory experiment for the study of emotions, Elster argues that the serious student of the emotions can learn more from the great thinkers and writers of the past, from Aristotle to Jane Austen. He attaches particular importance to the work of the French moralists, notably La Rochefoucauld, who demonstrated the way esteem and self-esteem shape human motivation. The book also maintains a running dialogue with economists and rational-choice theorists. Combining methodological and theoretical arguments with empirical case-studies and written with Elster's customary verve and economy, this book has great cross-disciplinary appeal.
Measurement of QED and Hyperfine Splitting in the 2 s 1 / 2 - 2 p 3 / 2 X-Ray Transition in Li-like B 209 i 8 0 +

A measurement of the ${2s}_{1/2}\ensuremath{-}{2p}_{3/2}$ x-ray transition in trapped Li-like ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{80+}$ ions was made that resolved the $0.820\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.026\mathrm{eV}$ hyperfine splitting of the $({1s}^{2}2s{)}_{F\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}4,5}$ ground configuration, providing the first such measurement in a multielectron highly charged ion. The intensity ratio of the two components is shown to be a new electron density diagnostic. The statistically averaged $2788.139\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.039\mathrm{eV}$ energy of the ${2s}_{1/2}\ensuremath{-}{2p}_{3/2}$ transition provides the most accurate test of QED in a high- $Z$ ion to date, demonstrating the need for including higher-order terms in the Lamb shift calculations.
Analytic Studies of Colloid Transport in Fractured Porous Media

We analyze the interactive migration of radioactive colloids and solute in fractured rock. Two possible interactions between radionuclides as colloids and as solute are considered: solute sorption on nonradioactive colloids to form pseudocolloids, and dissolution of radioactive colloids. Previous studies have discussed the formation and transport of colloids in porous media, including removal of colloids by filtration and sedimentation. Colloids can migrate faster than solute because of weaker sorption on stationary solids and because of hydrochromatography of colloid particles in flow channels. However, the migration of colloids and pseudocolloids can be retarded by the interaction of colloids with solute, and the migration of solute in local equilibrium with colloids can be more rapid than if colloids were not present. Here we present a new quantative analysis to predict the interactive migration of colloids and solute in porous and fractured media. 4 figs.
The interconversion of phosphorylase a and phosphorylase b from dog heart muscle.

Abstract 1. 1. The purification from dog heart of phosphorylase a, a phosphorylase phosphatase and a dephosphophosphorylase kinase has been described. 2. 2. Inorganic phosphate was formed during the conversion of heart phosphorylase a to b by the phosphorylase phosphatases from heart and liver. No inorganic phosphate formation was detected when this conversion was catalyzed by trypsin. 3. 3. Heart phosphorylase b, formed by the action of the phosphorylase phosphatases, could be converted to the a form in the presence of ATP, Mg++ and the dephosphophosphorylase kinases from either heart or liver. Heart phosphorylase b, formed by the action of trypsin, was not converted to the a form.
Anatomic Considerations in Penetrating Gluteal Wounds

• A retrospective study of 81 patients with penetrating gluteal wounds was performed to determine if the site of penetration was useful in predicting the likelihood of associated vascular or visceral injury. There were 53 gunshot wounds and 28 stab wounds, including one impalement. The gluteal region was divided into upper and lower zones by determining whether entry occurred above or below the greater trochanters. Sixty-six percent of all penetrating gluteal wounds entered the upper zone. Thirty-two percent of patients with upper zone penetration had associated vascular or visceral injury. Only one of 27 patients with lower zone penetration sustained major injury. The site of entry plays a critical role in determining the likelihood of serious injury associated with penetrating gluteal wounds. Wounds penetrating above the greater trochanters demand thorough evaluation, especially gunshot wounds. ( Arch Surg . 1992;127:407-410)
Water chemistry preferences of five nonnative aquatic macrophyte species in Connecticut: a preliminary risk assessment tool

Abstract Our analysis of 156 lakes and 5 nonnative aquatic macrophyte species suggest that 4 water chemistry variables can be used to assess the risk associated with species invasion in Connecticut lakes. Our analysis showed that water chemistry and longitude explained a significant amount of the total data variance (33%). Additionally, individual species logistic regressions suggest that these species’ distributions were determined by the specific conductance and pH of the water body. Lakes were then placed into one of the following groups: (1) Cabomba caroliniana/ Myriophyllum heterophyllum (CM), (2) Myriophyllum spicatum/Najas minor/Potamogeton crispus (MNP), (3) Mixed (Mixed), or (4) No Invasive (NI). Multivariate analysis of variance suggests that water chemistry of the groups CM and MNP differed significantly (p < 0.001), and the variables that contributed to this difference were specific conductance (F = 22.16), alkalinity (F = 19.40), and pH (F = 18.61). The Mixed and No Invasive groups were not s...
Aortic regurgitation in the elderly.

Abstract The incidence of aortic insufficiency was determined in 291 patients over the age of 65 who were admitted consecutively to the medical services of the District of Columbia General Hospital. The subjects were examined independently by three physicians for the presence of a diastolic blowing murmur. Twelve per cent of the patients had a murmur characteristic of aortic insufficiency. Other causes of a diastolic blowing murmur were excluded clinically. Syphilis appeared to be a major cause of aortic regurgitation, since serologic evidence to substantiate this diagnosis was found in 72 per cent (23 of 32) of the patients with aortic incompetence. In this age group, 7.9 per cent of the patients admitted to this hospital had aortic regurgitation associated with syphilis. These data suggest that syphilis may be a common contributing cause of incompetence of the aortic valve in such a patient population as that on which our study was based. The pathogenesis of aortic incompetence in those patients with syphilis who did not have characteristic chest roentgenographic evidence of the disease may be a minimal aortitis which accentuates the normal aging process of aortic dilatation. Of patients examined, 3.1 per cent had idiopathic aortic regurgitation. Treatment of anemia, congestive heart failure, or hypertension did not result in disappearance of the murmur. The murmur was undetected by the ward physicians in 53 per cent of the patients with aortic insufficiency. Although it has been recognized that the faint diastolic blowing murmur is frequently over-looked, this is the first time that the extent of this error has been documented. It is recommended that, when the murmur is found, antibiotic prophylaxis for bacterial endocarditis be instituted.
LAMENTING THE LOSS OF A WOMAN-CENTERED POLITY: MERCY WARREN'S CRITIQUE OF THE U.S. CONSTITUTION

Mercy Otis Warren was the only known female anti-federalist writer of the founding era in American politics; and, according to Herbert Storing, she was the most philosophically sophisticated of all the anti-federalist writers. While much work has been done to highlight her anti-federalism, her theory of gender remains to be uncovered. In this article I argue that Warren's vision of woman citizenship was that of the married republican mother, which she believed would be threatened by the Constitution. I argue that Warren opposed the Federalist Constitution because it destroyed the preconditions for a female-centered polity that she imagined republicanism ideally to be. Warren's feminist critique of the Constitution was not mentioned directly in her anti-federalist pamphlet. This is not surprising because, according to contemporary moral standards, women were not supposed to engage in political discussions, much less those that appeared to show self-interest. Part of her philosophical sophistication was necessary, I argue, to hide her concern for gender relations. By focusing on the foundational level of federalism as a degradation of virtue and male citizenship, Warren was able to criticize Federalism without mentioning its degradation of female citizenship. Yet in her private correspondence it is clear she believed that the political contributions of women would be severely limited by Federalist politics.
Spatial correlation and irradiance statistics in a multiple-beam terrestrial free-space optical communication link

By means of numerical simulations we analyze the statistical properties of the power fluctuations induced by the incoherent superposition of multiple transmitted laser beams in a terrestrial free-space optical communication link. The measured signals arising from different transmitted optical beams are found to be statistically correlated. This channel correlation increases with receiver aperture and propagation distance. We find a simple scaling rule for the spatial correlation coefficient in terms of the propagation distance and we are able to predict the scintillation reduction in previously reported experiments with good accuracy. We propose an approximation to the probability density function of the received power of a spatially correlated multiple-beam system in terms of the parameters of the single-channel gamma-gamma function. A bit-error-rate evaluation is also presented to demonstrate the improvement of a multibeam system over its single-beam counterpart.
Are nanophase grain boundaries anomalous

The grain boundary regions of nanophase Cu metal are investigated using the x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) technique. Typical samples made by standard techniques need to be greatly thinned if measured in transmission in order to eliminate experimental artifacts which erroneously lower the apparent coordination number. To avoid this problem the samples were measured by the total electron yield technique. The results indicate a grain boundary structure which, on the average, is similar to that in conventional polycrystalline Cu, contrary to previous XAFS measurements made in transmission which indicated a lower coordination number. {copyright} {ital 1995} {ital The} {ital American} {ital Physical} {ital Society}.
Universities and Interpreter Certification

Interpreter certification is a relatively recent trend in the translation and interpretation profession, but it is rapidly gaining favor as a mechanism for guaranteeing quality for the users of interpreting services. This chapter begins with a definition of terms and a brief discussion of the history of interpreter certification in different countries. Then it analyzes the thorny issues that have arisen as different certification programs have developed, most particularly the contrast between high expectations and the lack of training for prospective interpreters. It discusses the roles that academic and government institutions have played in the process, and makes recommendations for improving certification procedures, with particular emphasis on the contributions that universities can make in terms of curricular development and research.
Documents on early Christian and Byzantine architecture

There are many models in the entire history of architecture which have travelled across the world, from one to another part of the big world. For various reasons, very frequently not at all scientific or professional, in our part of the world, be it Serbian or Yugoslav, or south Slav, some like to remain silent, when it comes to the transition of a Byzantine model, which by nature is rooted in the Orthodox Christian faith at the south east of Europe and the outmost west of Asia, to their areas, pervaded to a great extent by the Roman Catholic Christian belief, or Islam. There are numerous evidences of the transition of a model, one of many which found their new home on the west-European soil after the fall of Byzantium, mostly after the Crusades, when looters, but also scientists and artists in Italy, came by new wealth, and new knowledge, in the capital of the fallen Empire, observing its magnificent edifices, and taking its parts to their boats and shipping them to Venice and other cities in Italy and placing them on their buildings and squares, as they have done with the columns of the Augusteion of Constantinople, the square dedicated to Justinian's mother Augusta, which now decorate the square near the famous Venetian church of Saint Marco. Some other, also numerous accounts, explain how the Ottoman Turkish architecture in almost the same way, adopted its mosque construction model at the same place, in the same manner, retaining the actual structures but changing the religious insignia, or by copying this Byzantine model in building the new mosques.
Angular and Energy Distributions of RH Atoms Desorbed in an Excited State from Ion-Bombarded Rh{100}

Multiphoton resonance ionization spectroscopy has been used to determine the polar-angle and the kinetic-energy distributions of rhodium atoms desorbed from ion-bombarded Rh{100} surface in the fine-structure components of the a 4Fj (J=9/2 and 7/2) ground-state multiplet. The peak in the energy distribution of the metastable level (4F7/2 with excitation energy of 0.2 eV) is found to occur roughly at the same value as the ground-state (4F9/2) distribution but decays more gradually at higher energies. The measured spectra have been used to investigate the dependence of the excitation probability on the takeoff angle (θ) as well as the emission velocity (v). It is shown that the excitation probability depends strongly on these parameters, approaching an exponential dependence on l/[v cos(θ)] at higher velocities (> 5×l05cm/sec).
Calcite dissolution kinetics in Na–Ca–Mg–Cl brines

Abstract Sedimentary basins can contain close to 20% by volume of pore fluids commonly classified as brines. These fluids can become undersaturated with respect to calcite as a result of migration, dispersive mixing, or anthropogenic injection of CO2. This study measured calcite dissolution rates in geologically relevant Na–Ca–Mg–Cl synthetic brines (50–200 g L−1 TDS). The dissolution rate dependency on brine composition, pCO2 (0.1–1 bar), and temperature (25.0–82.5 °C) was modeled using the empirical rate equation R = k ( 1 - Ω ) n where R is the rate, k and n are empirical fitting terms and 1 − Ω the degree of disequilibrium with respect to calcite. When Ω is defined relative to an apparent steady-state solubility, n can be assumed first-order over the range of Ω investigated (Ω = 0.2–1.0). Rates increased with increasing pCO2 as did its sensitivity to increased brine total dissolved salt (TDS) concentration. At 0.1 bar, rates were nearly independent of the TDS (k = 13.0 ± 2.0 × 10−3 mol m−1 h−1). However, at higher CO2 partial pressures, rates became composition dependent and the rate constant, k, was shown to be a function of temperature, pCO2, ionic strength and calcium and magnesium activity. The rate constant (k) can be estimated from a multiple regression (MR) model of the form k = β 0 + β 1 ( t ) + β 2 ( pCO 2 ) + β 3 ( I ) + β 4 a Ca 2 + + β 5 a Mg 2 + . A relatively high activation energy (Ea = 20 kJ mol−1) was measured, along with a stirring rate independence suggesting that the dissolution is dominated by surface-controlled processes at Ω > 0.2 in these calcium-rich brines. The addition of 1 g L−1 SO 4 2 - resulted in a rate inhibition that was highly sensitive to increasing concentrations of calcium and magnesium. Consequently, even though sulfate concentrations in subsurface formation waters are generally less than that in seawater, at TDS concentrations greater than 200 g L−1, its effect on the rate may be of similar magnitude. These findings provide an opportunity to improve reaction-transport models in carbonate-bearing saline reservoirs, where pCO2 is >0.1 atm (pH
Richard Neutra and the search for modern architecture : a biography and history

The story of Richard Neutra's life is, in many ways, the story of modern architecture. In his lifetime, Neutra experienced the buoyant struggles of the movement's early years, the heady excesses of its mid-century ascendancy, and the strains of its slow demise. Through his study of Richard Neutra, the most distinguished architect to have worked on the west coast from the 1920s to the 1960s, Thomas Hines explores the efforts of the modernists to find new forms and meaning for their work in the twentieth century.
Cloning and characterization of partial cDNAs for Woodchuck cytokines and CD3ε with applications for the detection of RNA expression in tissues by RT-PCR assay

Immunologic reagents and methodology are essential to develop further the woodchuck and woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) as a model of immune response, inflammation, and immunotherapy in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Partial cDNA clones for the woodchuck CD3ϵ marker of T cells (536 bp) and for selected woodchuck cytokines were developed, including IL-1β (332 bp), IL-2 (249 bp), IL-4 (205 bp), IL-10 (476 bp), IFN-γ (476 bp), and TNF-α (381 bp). This panel of markers includes sets to measure RNAs for T cells (CD3ϵ), immune response induction (IL-1β, IL-2), TH subsets (TH1, IL-2/IFN-γ vs. TH2, IL-4/IL-10), and effector molecules that regulate hepadnavirus replication and liver injury (IFN-γ, TNF-α). Primers representing highly conserved segments of genes from other species were used to derive the partial cDNA clones. Target RNA was obtained from woodchuck peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) that were stimulated in vitro with ConA, LPS, and human rIL-2. The cDNA clones were validated by 1) comparison with other species for homologies in the nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences and 2) a first generation assay demonstrating induction of the respective RT-PCR products in stimulated woodchuck PBMC. The corresponding RNAs were also detectable in most cases in the total RNA from the livers of uninfected and WHV-infected woodchucks and differential expression of IFN-γ and TNF-α RNAs was suggested. Second generation, semi-quantitative assays for the RNAs were validated using RT-PCR and dot-blot hybridization with 32P-oligomers derived from the internal sequences of the respective clones. Continued study of the woodchuck immune response to WHV infection using these assays will provide insight into the kinetics and immune mechanisms that initiate and maintain chronic hepadnavirus infection and, hence, enable development of improved immunotherapies for established chronic HBV infection. J. Med. Virol. 53:85–95, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The ergonomics of shovelling and shovel design—an experimental study

In spite of increased automation, there is still a need for ergonomically designed manual tools in the modern consumer and industrial environment. For example, many studies have examined the work physiology involved in shovelling, but few have referred to the shovel-design parameters needed to make the task more efficient. To this end, a two-phase experimental study examined the effects of the following parameters: lift angle, the size and shape of the blade, the hollow- and the closed-back design, the handle length on shovelling performance, the energy expenditure, the predicted low-back compressive forces and the subjective ratings of perceived exertion. The results indicated the following recommendations in shovel design: a lift angle of approximately 32°, a large, square-point blade for shovelling, a round-point blade for digging, a hollow-back construction to reduce weight, a solid socket for strength in heavy duty uses, a step for digging in hard soil and a long tapered handle.
Low Complexity H.264 Intra MB Coding

The H.264 video coding standard is highly efficient and at the same time highly complex. The complexity of encoding is substantially higher than prior standards such as H.263 and makes H.264 video encoding on mobile devices expensive. The few existing encoding solutions on mobile devices restrict the features used there by sacrificing quality for complexity. Fast encoding algorithms are necessary to fully exploit the advanced compression features offered by H.264. In this paper we present a novel machine learning based approach to reducing the complexity of intra MB coding. The results show that machine learning has a great potential and can reduce the complexity substantially with negligible impact on quality. The results show that the proposed method reduces encoding time to about 1/3 of the reference implementation with a negligible loss in quality.
Electronic Transport in Insulating Films

This paper gives a brief review of various electronic transport processes in insulating films. The topics include a brief consideration of energy bands and the concepts of extended and localized states; the properties of traps with emphasis on Shockley-Reed theory; the space-charge limitation of currents for one-carrier injection; the bulk trap limitation of currents including hopping conduction, the Poole-Frenkel effect, and field emission from traps; and ionic conduction.
SYSTEMIC RETINOID THERAPY

Systemic retinoids represent a growing armamentarium in the treatment of a wide range of skin disorders and malignancies. Although these drugs can have substantial toxicities, their wise use can result in safe and efficacious therapy that can alter dramatically the lives of individuals with severe skin disorders.
Erdheim-Chester Disease Associated with Marginal Zone Lymphoma and Monoclonal Proteinemia

Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) is a rare non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis. We report a fatal case of ECD with extensive cardiac involvement associated with a marginal zone lymphoma and monoclonal proteinemia in a young man. This is the first reported association of ECD with a monoclonal gammopathy or a lymphoma.
The relative roles of theory and acquisition studies

Radford (1988: 2) and others before and after have argued that the core theoretical question (i) ‘How are human languages structured?’ is logically prior to another core theoretical question (ii) ‘How are human languages acquired?’ This is said to be so because the answer to (i), the structure of human language, is the real target of question (ii) – language acquisition is about acquiring the structure of a human language. Thus, we can't ask about how a thing is learned before we know what it is. Bearing this dictum in mind, consideration of both Crain & Thornton (1998) (C&T) and the Drozd critique (present volume) raises an interesting question: is linguistic theory and the data on which it is established sufficiently developed to inform ‘external’ empirical studies in areas such as language acquisition? At this point, it isn't clear that it is. The data of theoretical linguistics is often idealized and sometimes rather narrow. A given construction may be narrowly investigated (cited) for its apparent interest as a side-light on another area or a more general theoretical issue rather than being investigated more fully/paradigmatically in its own right. Further, the latter sort of investigation might shed a very different light on a phenomenon only investigated narrowly. So paradoxically, it is often only in the context of doing experimental work such as acquisition or variation research that such fuller investigation takes place, possibly revealing new and crucial facts which may prove relevant to theory construction.
Molecular sensing by the aptamer domain of the FMN riboswitch: a general model for ligand binding by conformational selection

Understanding the nature of the free state of riboswitch aptamers is important for illuminating common themes in gene regulation by riboswitches. Prior evidence indicated the flavin mononucleotide (FMN)-binding riboswitch aptamer adopted a 'bound-like' structure in absence of FMN, suggesting only local conformational changes upon ligand binding. In the scope of pinpointing the general nature of such changes at the nucleotide level, we performed SHAPE mapping experiments using the aptamer domain of two phylogenetic variants, both in absence and in presence of FMN. We also solved the crystal structures of one of these domains both free (3.3 A resolution) and bound to FMN (2.95 A resolution). Our comparative study reveals that structural rearrangements occurring upon binding are restricted to a few of the joining regions that form the binding pocket in both RNAs. This type of binding event with minimal structural perturbations is reminiscent of binding events by conformational selection encountered in other riboswitches and various RNAs.
Pulmonary hypertension in lung diseases: Survey of beliefs and practice patterns

Summary Introduction Pulmonary hypertension can be associated with decreased functional capacity and poor prognosis in patients with parenchymal lung diseases (PLD). Yet, little attention has been given to current beliefs and practice patterns. Methods An 18-question survey was submitted electronically to members of four Networks of the American College of Chest Physicians. Results Analyzable responses were received from 453 physicians. Most (95%) respondents reported testing for PH in patients with PLD using transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) or right-heart catheterization (RHC) and believed that PH could occur in the absence of severe compromise in pulmonary function (70%) and hypoxemia (50%). Approximately 30% of physicians reported not performing RHC to confirm a diagnosis of PH before initiating therapy. Most respondents (92%) felt that medical therapy was effective and the medication of first choice was either bosentan or sildenafil. Most respondents believed that treating PH in these patients improves quality of life (63%) and dyspnea (67%), but were less sure about the impact on functional capacity and survival. Conclusions Approximately 30% of physicians do not perform RHC to confirm this diagnosis prior to initiating therapy. Despite relatively little supportive evidence, most physicians treat with vasoactive medications and believe that medical therapy confers benefit.