cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neutron Transfer to Excited States in N 15 in the Reaction N 14 (N 14 ,N 13 )N 15

The neutron-transfer reaction, ${\mathrm{N}}^{14}$(${\mathrm{N}}^{14}$,${\mathrm{N}}^{13}$)${\mathrm{N}}^{15}$, was investigated from 6\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} c.m. with 28-Mev ${\mathrm{N}}^{14}$ ions accelerated in the Oak Ridge 63-inch cyclotron. Circular strips of aluminum foil, each encompassing a known angular increment, were used to stop the radioactive ${\mathrm{N}}^{13}$ (10-min). Excited states in ${\mathrm{N}}^{13}$ are unstable with respect to proton emission; the first excited state in ${\mathrm{N}}^{15}$ is 5.28 Mev above ground. Therefore, ${\mathrm{N}}^{13}$ nuclei resulting from transfers to the ground state of ${\mathrm{N}}^{15}$ are at least 5 Mev more energetic than those resulting from transfers to ${\mathrm{N}}^{15}$ excited states. The two groups of ${\mathrm{N}}^{13}$ particles were distinguished by placing suitable absorbers in front of the aluminum catcher foils. It was found that transfers to excited states become more abundant relative to ground state transfers as the incident ${\mathrm{N}}^{14}$ energy is lowered.
To us insectometers, it is clear that insect decline in our Costa Rican tropics is real, so let’s be kind to the survivors

We have been field observers of tropical insects on four continents and, since 1978, intense observers of caterpillars, their parasites, and their associates in the 1,260 km2 of dry, cloud, and rain forests of Area de Conservacion Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica. ACG's natural ecosystem restoration began with its national park designation in 1971. As human biomonitors, or "insectometers," we see that ACG's insect species richness and density have gradually declined since the late 1970s, and more intensely since about 2005. The overarching perturbation is climate change. It has caused increasing ambient temperatures for all ecosystems; more erratic seasonal cues; reduced, erratic, and asynchronous rainfall; heated air masses sliding up the volcanoes and burning off the cloud forest; and dwindling biodiversity in all ACG terrestrial ecosystems. What then is the next step as climate change descends on ACG's many small-scale successes in sustainable biodevelopment? Be kind to the survivors by stimulating and facilitating their owner societies to value them as legitimate members of a green sustainable nation. Encourage national bioliteracy, BioAlfa.
An economic evaluation of site-specific input application Rx maps: evaluation framework and case study

Commercial consultants frequently sell site-specific crop input management recommendation maps (Rxs) to their farmer-clients. This study proposes a method to empirically evaluate the efficacy of commercial Rxs. The method takes three steps: (1) it uses precision agriculture technology to conduct randomized on-farm precision experiments; (2) it estimates yield response functions for the Rx’s management zones using the data; and (3) it conducts economic analysis to test the hypothesis that implementing the Rx is an economically optimal strategy. The method is illustrated using data from a 2018 on-farm nitrogen and seed rate precision experiment on a 31-ha Ohio field, for which nitrogen and seed Rxs were created by the farmer’s professional consultant. The study demonstrates the promise of improving input management through on-farm precision experimentation and data analysis. Future research must conduct trials over multiple years to account for weather. A call is made for the development of public and private research infrastructure to lower the costs on-farm precision experimentation and data analysis.
NMDAR Neurotransmission Needed for Persistent Neuronal Firing: Potential Roles in Mental Disorders

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) generates the mental representations that are the foundation of abstract thought, and provides top-down regulation of emotion through projections to the medial PFC and cingulate cortices. Physiological recordings from dlPFC Delay cells have shown that the generation of mental representations during working memory relies on NMDAR neurotransmission, with surprisingly little contribution from AMPAR. Systemic administration of low "antidepressant" doses of the NMDAR antagonist, ketamine, erodes these representations and reduces dlPFC Delay cell firing. In contrast to the dlPFC, V1 neuronal firing to visual stimuli depends on AMPAR, with much less contribution from NMDAR. Similarly, neurons in the dlPFC that respond to sensory events (cue cells, response feedback cells) rely on AMPAR, and systemic ketamine increases their firing. Insults to NMDAR transmission, and the impaired ability for dlPFC to generate mental representations, may contribute to cognitive deficits in schizophrenia, e.g., from genetic insults that weaken NMDAR transmission, or from blockade of NMDAR by kynurenic acid. Elevated levels of kynurenic acid in dlPFC may also contribute to cognitive deficits in other disorders with pronounced neuroinflammation (e.g., Alzheimer's disease), or peripheral infections where kynurenine can enter brain (e.g., delirium from sepsis, "brain fog" in COVID19). Much less is known about NMDAR actions in the primate cingulate cortices. However, NMDAR neurotransmission appears to process the affective and visceral responses to pain and other aversive experiences mediated by the cingulate cortices, which may contribute to sustained alterations in mood state. We hypothesize that the very rapid, antidepressant effects of intranasal ketamine may involve the disruption of NMDAR-generated aversive mood states by the anterior and subgenual cingulate cortices, providing a "foot in the door" to allow the subsequent return of top-down regulation by higher PFC areas. Thus, the detrimental vs. therapeutic effects of NMDAR blockade may be circuit dependent.
Congenital Inferior Vena Cava Agenesis with Ulceration and Deep Vein Thrombosis

Objectives This is one of the few case reports of congenital inferior vena cava atresia (IVCA) with extensive bilateral lower extremity ulcers. Background IVCA is a congenital anomaly characterized by poor venous return in the lower extremities with increased risk of deep vein thrombi (DVTs) and, rarely, non-healing ulcers. Results A 45-year-old woman with history significant for DVTs presented with extensive bilateral lower extremity ulcers, and a CT scan revealed congenital IVCA. Oedema management, DVT prevention, routine wound care and skin grafts resolved the ulcers. Conclusion Congenital venous abnormalities should be included in the differential diagnosis of multiple unprovoked DVTs and non-healing ulcers. LEARNING POINTS There are very few reports in the English literature describing inferior vena cava atresia with extensive bilateral lower extremity ulcers.We present our findings as well as new insights into the congenital causes of bilateral lower extremity ulcers and deep vein thrombi (DVTs).Especially for young adults with a history of multiple DVTs and non-healing ulcers, venous abnormalities should be included in the differential diagnosis and advanced imaging should be utilized.
Apollinaire et les fiançailles du verbe

Le present article examine l’unite (ou le manque d’unite) des « Fiancailles », et secondairement du « Brasier », poemes composes a partir de 1908. Ces poemes neosymbolistes suscitent le desir d’une cle de lecture definitive autant qu’ils frustrent ce desir : le lecteur doit chercher un chemin dans la dispersion. La tension entre l’unite et la multiplicite est sans cesse rejouee au cours des « Fiancailles », dans leur mode de composition par collage ou montage, comme dans leur logique figurale.
Comparison of Different Pulse Modulation Modes for Holmium:YAG Laser Lithotripsy Ablation in a Benchtop Model

Introduction: Manipulation of Holmium:YAG (Ho:YAG) laser parameters such as pulse energy, frequency, and duration can impact laser lithotripsy ablation efficiency. In 2017, Lumenis introduce...
Saved information is remembered less well than deleted information, if the saving process is perceived as reliable.

Prior research has shown that people are more likely to remember information that is deleted from a computer than information that is saved on a computer, presumably because saving serves as a form...
Substitution-based equipment balancing in service networks with multiple equipment types

Abstract Package express companies routinely operate multiple equipment types in their service networks. Nevertheless, the weekly schedule of movements used to transport packages through the network leads to changes in equipment inventory at the facility level, which will hinder their normal operations if it is not carefully taken care of. Traditional rebalancing seeks to move the equipment empty in the most cost efficient way. In contrast, we investigate a substitution-based equipment balancing which has been rarely considered. More specifically, we try to reduce this change, i.e., the equipment imbalance associated with the schedule of movements, by substituting the equipment types initially assigned to movements. Consequently, substantial unnecessary empty repositioning needed to restore balance can be avoided at the end. We conduct complexity analysis of the underlying optimization problems, i.e., finding the minimum imbalance of the network and minimizing the number of substitutions required to achieve the minimum network imbalance. In addition, we develop integer programming (IP) models and propose an efficient two-phase decomposition heuristic for solution. Furthermore, we perform a computational study using real-world instances to analyze the performance of the IP solution approach and assess the benefits of substitution-based equipment balancing.
Roadway Measurements of Diesel Exhaust Aerosols

Physical characterization of the exhaust aerosols produced by two diesel-powered automobiles was done using the Mobile Air Pollution Laboratory (UMML) built by the University of Minnesota Particle Technology Laboratory. The two automobiles were a VW Rabbit and an Oldsmobile 5.7 liter V-8. Plume dilution ratios were measured using NOx as a tracer gas. Samples were taken in the exhaust plume at a point approximately one second after exhaust. Aerosol number, surface and volume concentration, and size distribution were measured using an electrical aerosol analyzer contained in the UMML. The total number concentration of submicron aerosol was measured using a condensation nuclei counter. General characteristics of the roadway aerosol size distribution were similar to those measured when using a jet pump diluter in laboratory dynamometer studies.
From Founding Father to Pious Son: Filiation, Language, and Royal Inheritance in Alfonso X, the Learned

The influence of King Alfonso X of Castile (reg. 1252–1284) has been so wide that modern historians have stressed Alfonso’s foundational role as a ‘father’ of many Castilian cultural institutions and areas of writing, including prose literature, science, the legal code, and vernacular historiography. This paper argues that the modern focus on Alfonso’s foundational, ‘fatherly’ role, while logical in the context of modern literary historiography, is at odds with Alfonso’s own medieval view of himself as a ‘son’ and heir, one who inherited rather than founded cultural institutions. It proposes that a reorientation of Alfonsine studies according to this medieval worldview, one focused less on Alfonso’s innovations and foundations and more on his continuty with and dependance on his forebears, will permit a clearer portrayal of Alfonso’s importance in medieval literary history. To this end, it explores Aflonso’s representation of himself as the ‘son’ of his father, King Fernando III, in the prologues to his scientific translations, in his encomium of his father known as the Setenario , and in song 292 of his Cantigas de Santa Maria . A reading of these examples is offered as a first step towards the study of filiation and ‘sonship’ in the vast Alfonsine historiographical and legal corpuses.
Luna: What Did We Learn and What Should We Expect?

This presentation presents a look at the space program's background prior to lunar exploration and highlights the Apollo program and lessons learned from lunar exploration. The possibilities of exposures and difficulties attributed to lunar dust are described, including obscured vision, clogged equipment, coated surfaces, and inhalation, among others. A lunar dust simulant is proposed to support preliminary studies. Lunar dust is constantly activated by meteorite lunar dust, UV radiation and elements of solar wind - this active dust could produce reactive species. Methods of deactivation must be determined before new lunar missions, but first we must understand how to reactivate dust on Earth. Activation methods tested and described here include crushing/grinding or UV activation. Grinding time has a direct effect on amount of hydroxyl radicals produced upon addition of ground quartz to a solution. An increase in hydroxyl production was also seen for a lunar simulant with increased grinding.
Atomic-Scale View of Epitaxial Layers with Cross-Sectional STM

This paper reports the recent advances in the application of scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy on cross sections of grown semiconductor multilayer structures. It is shown that with this technique we are able to derive crystallographic, elemental and electronic information on the atomic and near-atomic scale in such semiconductor multilayers. In particular, for III-V multilayers we present atomically resolved interfaces, direct observation of interface roughness, evidence of alloy fluctuation, and variation of the band structure across an interface, while for Si device structures we measure the variation of the conduction band across a p-n junction, which is equivalent to the carrier profile.
Evaluation of model-predicted hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) near a mid-sized U.S. airport

Abstract Accurate modeling of aircraft-emitted pollutants in the vicinity of airports is essential to study the impact on local air quality and to answer policy and health-impact related issues. To quantify air quality impacts of airport-related hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), we carried out a fine-scale (4 × 4 km horizontal resolution) Community Multiscale Air Quality model (CMAQ) model simulation at the T.F. Green airport in Providence (PVD), Rhode Island. We considered temporally and spatially resolved aircraft emissions from the new Aviation Environmental Design Tool (AEDT). These model predictions were then evaluated with observations from a field campaign focused on assessing HAPs near the PVD airport. The annual normalized mean error (NME) was in the range of 36–70% normalized mean error for all HAPs except for acrolein (>70%). The addition of highly resolved aircraft emissions showed only marginally incremental improvements in performance (1–2% decrease in NME) of some HAPs (formaldehyde, xylene). When compared to a coarser 36 × 36 km grid resolution, the 4 × 4 km grid resolution did improve performance by up to 5–20% NME for formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. The change in power setting (from traditional International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) 7% to observation studies based 4%) doubled the aircraft idling emissions of HAPs, but led to only a 2% decrease in NME. Overall modeled aircraft-attributable contributions are in the range of 0.5–28% near a mid-sized airport grid-cell with maximum impacts seen only within 4–16 km from the airport grid-cell. Comparison of CMAQ predictions with HAP estimates from EPA's National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA) did show similar annual mean concentrations and equally poor performance. Current estimates of HAPs for PVD are a challenge for modeling systems and refinements in our ability to simulate aircraft emissions have made only incremental improvements. Even with unrealistic increases in HAPs aviation emissions the model could not match observed concentrations near the runway airport site. Our results suggest other uncertainties in the modeling system such as meteorology, HAPs chemistry, or other emission sources require increased scrutiny.
Chapter 6 Information about Band-Tail States from Time-of-Flight Experiments

Publisher Summary This chapter uses the time-of-flight experiment to determine the density of states in the energy gap. The time-of-flight experiment follows the motion of electrons or holes produced by a short flash of light in a strong electric field. The current decays in time according to two different power laws—first, with a power smaller than one, and then with a power larger than one. This behavior indicates dispersive transport. The holes have a drift mobility two orders of magnitude lower than electrons, and they suffer a great dispersion. The model that accounts for the observed time dependence following two power laws involves an assumed exponential density of states decreasing from the mobility edges toward the center of the energy gap. Within 10 −12 sec after the optical excitation, all the carriers thermalize to traps in the tails. Only carriers above the mobility edge are available for transport and can drift across the sample in the classical way. But along their travel down the field, their number is depleted by the still empty traps, where the optical excitation did not penetrate. Thus, the occupation probability in the tail decreases, making this trapping process dominate the current after one transit time. From the formalism of this model, the values of 42 and 27 meV are derived for the characteristic shapes of the exponential valence-band and conduction-band tails, respectively.
Probabilistic inference and non-monotonic inference

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses probabilistic inference and non-monotonic inference. It argues that many of the usual arguments against probabilistic inference are equally applicable to other forms of nonmonotonic reasoning and that once the single hurdle of inconsistency is overcome, probabilistic inference offers advantages (in some contexts) or at least no disadvantages (in most contexts) compared to other forms of nonmonotonic reasoning. It also argues that the ability to live comfortably with certain sorts of inconsistency is an important feature of probabilistic inference and that it allows to take as a basis for planning exactly those individual probable conclusions that are collectively impossible to credit. All this is not to say that the various forms of nonmonotonic reasoning that have been explored are not useful for special purposes. It suggests both that specific instances of nonmonotonic argument can be justified by reference to probabilities and that any sort of inference that was incompatible with probabilistic inference would have some strikes against it.
The quality of geospatial context

The location of an event or feature on the Earth's surface can be used to discover information about the location's surrroundings, and to gain insights into the conditions and processes that may affect or even cause the presence of the event or feature. Such reasoning lies at the heart of critical spatial thinking, and is increasingly implemented in tools such as geographic information systems and online Web mashups. But the quality of contextual information relies on accurate positions and descriptions. Over the past two decades substantial progress has been made on the theory and methods of geospatial uncertainty, but hard problems remain in several areas, including uncertainty visualization and propagation. Web 2.0 mechanisms are fostering the rapid growth of user-generated geospatial content, but raising issues of associated quality.
Recent Developments in Perturbation Theory

Publisher Summary The purpose of this chapter is to provide information on the recent developments in perturbation theory. In recent years, there is a great increase of interest in the application of perturbation theory to the fundamental problems of quantum chemistry. Perturbation theory is designed to deal systematically with the effects of small perturbations on physical systems when the effects of the perturbations are mathematically too difficult to calculate exactly, and the properties of the unperturbed system are known. The new applications have been mainly to atoms where the reciprocal of the atomic number, l/Z, provides a natural perturbation parameter. These may be divided into two groups. The first consists of calculations of energy levels, and is a natural outgrowth of Hylleraas's classic work on the 1/Z expansion for two-electron atoms. The applications in the second group are to the calculation of expectation values and other properties of atoms and molecules, and are of much more recent origin. There are two principal reasons for the success of these new applications: (1) sufficient accuracy is frequently obtained from knowledge of a first-order perturbed wave function, and (2) a great advantage of perturbation theory is that the functional form of the perturbed wave function is shaped by the perturbation itself.
The IBM Personal Communicator-design considerations

Today's mobile professionals must not only stay connected any time, anywhere and with anybody, but they must have the ability to communicate many types of information anywhere and with anybody. The accelerating trend in information appliances for people on the go is setting new standards. The latest advances in computer and communication technologies has made possible an entirely new breed of hand-held communications/information appliance. This article describes the communicator, and discusses the technical challenges of integrating a fully functional computer with an RF transmitter/receiver, modem, fax, etc. into the IBM Personal Communicator. >
Track association and fusion with heterogeneous local trackers

Summary form only given. The problem of track-to-track association and track fusion has been considered in the literature where the local trackers assume the same target motion model and send their local state estimates to the fusion center on demand. Many issues arise when local trackers use different target motion models or even operate on different target state spaces. In this case, selecting an appropriate track association method at the fusion center is essential to the performance of the overall tracking system. In this paper, we examine several track association methods with different assumptions on the target distribution in a surveillance region. We found that the track association performance can be very different among these methods even when they have the same desired significance level of the correct association probability. We recommend to use the track association method that best approximates the likelihood ratio test with complete knowledge of the target distribution. In addition, existing track fusion techniques have to be modified to account for the model mismatch among some of the local trackers. The track association and fusion problem is illustrated by a two dimensional tracking example with both radar tracks and electronic support measures (ESM) tracks.
Authoritarianism, religiosity and reactions to deviance

A modified F-Scale and a deviance-control scale were administered to a sample of 116 police science students and a random representative sample of 91 state university students. No overall relationship was found between respondents' preference to control deviance and their authoritarianism, nor did the F-Scale discriminate between the two groups. However, the police sample favored the control of deviance significantly more. Evidence of response bias to the F-Scale was also found. It was concluded that the source of the criminal sanction usually typified as moral indignation, was more a cognitively based evaluation than an emotionally based reaction.
α-Agostic Interactions in Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)2 and Related Nitrosyl Complexes

The solid-state molecular structure of Cp*W(NO)(CH2CMe3)2 (1) has been shown to contain one “strongly agostic” and one “weakly agostic” methylene hydrogen atom by a neutron diffraction analysis at 120 K and by an X-ray diffraction analysis at −100 °C. The X-ray diffraction analysis of Cp*W(NO)(CH2SiMe3)2 (2) at −20 °C reveals that its solid-state molecular structure possesses a crystallographically imposed mirror plane. Consequently, only the average existence of a relatively strong C−H···M interaction for each hydrocarbyl ligand in 2 in the solid state can be established. The 1H and gated 13C{1H} NMR spectra of representative Cp‘M(NO)(R)(R‘) (M = Mo, W; R = hydrocarbyl, R‘ = hydrocarbyl, halide, amide) complexes exhibit spectral parameters for the α-H and α-C atoms (i.e., δH, δC, ΔδH, ΔJHC, and JHW) that provide evidence for the presence of α-agostic interactions in the molecular structures of these complexes in solution. The picture that has emerged from these investigations is that these complexes do a...
A General Framework for Control Systems Approach to Collaborative Human-Machine Systems

This paper presents a new work for the effective management of human-machine collaboration by applying a model-based control systems approach. One fundamental idea is that contemporary machines are assumed to be equipped with human assistance systems (HAS) with varying levels of intelligences. Thus, machines are collaboratively managed by both the human and HAS. This view goes beyond the full automation paradigm which is considered as a special case and is more general than the human-machine interaction paradigm. Another fundamental idea is to take a control systems view of collaborative human-machine systems, especially the so-called model-based control systems paradigm. The HAS technology is developed based on these two views. This paper in particular describes details of these two views along with a preliminary development of a HAS system for management of human cognitive engagement through regulating a multi-modal interface in a car-following case study. HAS revoked drivers’ cognition engagement for decision making first and retained the right of action interception as last. This approach demonstrated reduced driver intrusion while maintaining similar driving safety. In general, this approach minimized the deviation between the required human cognitive interference with the human state and the actual level of the interference based on the machine state.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
SU‐E‐T‐30: National Radiation Oncology Registry: Concept to Design Specification

Purpose: To present the design and system architecture of the National Radiation Oncology Registry (NROR) to electronically collect aggregated data on cancer patients treated with radiotherapy with the goal of evaluating comparative effectiveness of competing radiotherapytreatments, outcomes, “patterns of care”, gaps in quality, safety, and cost. Methods: The design requirements include a secure automatic upload and archival of anonymized patient data, a web‐based upload/download tool for reviewing the collected data in a distributed database environment. The system design and architecture utilizes Web‐based technology and current available commercial products to automatically abstract dosimetric parameters from the treatment planning systems and outcome parameters from clinician reported outcome (CRO) portal, patient reported outcome (PRO) portal, and radiotherapy electronic medical record (RT‐EMR) systems. A centralized NROR Server would contain interfaces, templates and data dictionary, allowing integration of all collected patient data into a centralized data base and would provide a web ‐based tool to manage, review and analyze these data for outcome and competitive effectiveness research (OCER). Results: The design and system architecture is ready for implementation. A pilot registry of prostate cancer patients treated with different modalities of radiation treatments is planned to test the electronic infrastructure for registry data collection. The system will be initially deployed at a limited number of volunteer institutions (approximately 20) to test the concepts and sustainability of the NROR. These institutions will be selected in such a way that they represent a population‐based sample for OCER. Conclusions: The establishment of the National Radiation Oncology Registry will be of great benefit to treating radiation oncologists and other care providers, payors, vendors, policy‐makers and most importantly cancer patients by capturing reliable information on population based treatment delivery and health outcomes.
Knowledge of heart disease risk in a multicultural community sample of people with diabetes.

Background: Prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) is a primary goal of diabetes management. Unfortunately, CHD risk knowledge is poor among people with diabetes.Purpose: The objective is to determine predictors of CHD risk knowledge in a community sample of people with diabetes.Methods: A total of 678 people with diabetes completed the Heart Disease Facts Questionnaire (HDFQ), a valid and reliable measure of knowledge about the relationship between diabetes and heart disease.Results: In regression analysis with demographics predicting HDFQ scores, sex, annual income, education, and health insurance status predicted HDFQ scores. In a separate regression analysis, having CHD risk factors did not predict HDFQ scores, however, taking medication for CHD risk factors did predict higher HDFQ scores. An analysis of variance showed significant differences between ethnic groups for HDFQ scores; Whites (M = 20.9) showed more CHD risk knowledge than African Americans (M = 19.6), who in turn showed more than Latinos (M = 18.2). Asians scored near Whites (M = 20.4) but did not differ significantly from any other group. Controlling for numerous demographic, tsocioeconomic, health care, diabetes, and cardiovascular thealth variables, the magnitude of ethnic differences was attenuated, but persisted.Conclusion: Education regarding modifiable risk factors must be delivered in a timely fashion so that lifestyle modification can be implemented and evaluated before pharmacotherapy is deemed necessary. African Americans and Latinos with diabetes are in the greatest need of education regarding CHD risk.
Trityl-based EPR probe with enhanced sensitivity to oxygen.

Abstract An asymmetric derivative of the triarylmethyl radical, TAM-H, containing one aldehyde and two carboxyl groups, was synthesized. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum of TAM-H is characterized by a doublet of narrow lines with a linewidth of 105 mG under anoxic conditions and hyperfine interaction constant of 245 mG. The partial overlap of the components of the doublet results in enhanced sensitivity of the spectral amplitudes ratio to oxygen compared with oxygen-induced linewidth broadening of a single line. Application of the TAM-H probe allows for EPR measurements in an extended range of oxygen pressures from atmospheric to 1 mm Hg, whereas the EPR spectrum linewidth of the popular TAM-based oxygen sensor Oxo63 is practically insensitive to oxygen partial pressures below 20 mm Hg. Enhanced sensitivity of the TAM-H probe relative to Oxo63 was demonstrated in the detection of oxygen consumption by Met-1 cancer cells. The TAM-H probe allowed prolonged measurements of oxygen depletion during the hypoxia stage and down to true anoxia (≤ 1.5 mm Hg).
Effects of Selected Laundering and Drycleaning Pretreatments on the Colors of Naturally Colored Cotton

Naturally colored cottons have recently appeared in mass produced products. However, consumers need information about possible differences between naturally colored cotton and white or dyed cotton. This study evaluates changes in color in Coyote (brown), green, and white cottons due to 12 selected laundry and drycleaning stain pretreatments. Samples of each cotton were pretreated and then laundered or drycleaned 15 times. Instrument color readings were done on a MacBeth Series 1500 Color Measurement System. A panel of four judges evaluated the samples, using the Color Change by Gray Scale instrument. Pearson's r correlation analysis, ANOVAs, and Scheffi post hoc tests were done using SPSSx. Significant differences werefound in allfabric colors due to both laundry and drycleaning pretreatments. Green cotton was more affected than Coyote or white, and naturally colored cottons changed in ways that white cotton did not change. Ammonia and chlorine bleach resulted in the greatest changes in the colored cottons.
Temporal patterns in near-surface CO2 concentrations over contrasting vegetation types in the Phoenix metropolitan area

Abstract Few studies have examined concentrations of near-surface CO 2 in urban areas and none have considered the effect of vegetation type. To investigate this, we monitored near-surface (2 m) CO 2 concentrations and meteorological variables over four contrasting sites in the metropolitan area of Phoenix, AZ, from 15 March to 3 April 2000. These four sites represented a 2×2 factorial design of high productivity turf (golf course fairways dominated by perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne ) or low productivity desert (dominated by creosote bush, Larrea tridentata ) near the center and at the edge of the Phoenix metropolitan area. Our main objective was to assess the influence of urbanization on near-surface CO 2 concentrations. Additionally, we assessed how well meteorological variables and traffic density patterns appeared to explain hour-to-hour and day-to-day variability in concentrations. Concentrations were higher over sites near the urban center than the metropolitan edge at all hours of the day, with the greatest differences at night. When we attempted to isolate the influence of urbanization by restricting our comparisons to periods when sites were upwind of the urban center, we found that CO 2 concentrations near the urban center averaged 19 ppm higher over the course of the day (396 ppm near the urban center versus 377 ppm at the edge of the metropolitan area), 8 ppm higher during the day-time (383 versus 375 ppm), and 24 ppm higher during the night (409 versus 385 ppm). Concentrations were higher over turf than desert sites during the night, but lower over turf during the middle of the day (09:00–15:00 h), probably due to the greater CO 2 source/sink strength of turf. Patterns of hourly CO 2 concentrations at the sites were similar and involved: (1) high, somewhat variable, night-time concentrations; (2) an abrupt decline in concentrations around sunrise; (3) low, less variable, concentrations through the day-time, and (4) a rise in concentrations around sunset. In general, CO 2 concentrations were low at high photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and high wind speeds. Regression analyses between logarithmically transformed meteorological variables and hourly CO 2 concentrations revealed that during the day-time, explained the greatest amount of variability in concentrations over turf, whereas wind speed explained the greatest amount of variability over desert. During the night, wind speed explained the greatest amount of variability in hourly CO 2 concentrations at all sites. The variability in day-to-day average CO 2 concentrations was not well correlated with meteorological variables, although night-to-night variability was correlated with wind speed at all sites. Our findings show that near-surface concentrations of CO 2 were enhanced near the center of the Phoenix metropolitan area, even over large patches of vegetation several hectares in size, and vegetation type influenced this enhancement.
Therapeutic Strategies for Rheumatoid Arthritis

A better understanding of the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis, together with influential trials aimed at treating early stages of the disease, has altered therapy. This article considers approaches that have resulted in markedly better clinical outcomes, including early diagnosis and treatment; the advent of combinations of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and agents that target cytokines; and recognition and treatment of important coexisting conditions, particularly cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis.
The Growth Effects of Property Rights: The Role of Finance

Summary Using a variety of statistical approaches, we show that the relationship between property rights and growth is nonlinear; stronger enforcement of property rights raises growth up to a point before growth begins to decline. We provide a simple theoretical rationale for this conclusion using a model with informational asymmetries in the financial sector. Stronger property rights have two opposing effects. On the one hand it increases capital formation and growth. On the other hand it encourages bad borrowing practices. Thus there exists an optimal level of property rights which maximizes growth. However, as financial markets mature, the negative effects associated with stronger property rights become weaker.
Genomic scan for alcohol craving in Mission Indians.

Alcohol dependence is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Native Americans, yet etiologic factors contributing to the disorder remain obscure. Complex psychiatric disorders may be influenced by a number of genes that may be difficult to detect because each has a small effect on a disorder that is broadly defined within a social context. However, such genes might be detected if they have a major effect on a more narrowly defined phenotype. Underlying alcohol dependence are appetitive drive states or instincts that lead to drug ‘craving’, contribute to compulsive drug usage, and influence relapse following abstinence. A whole genome scan in Mission Indian families provides evidence for genetic linkage to ‘craving for alcohol’ on chromosome 5. Identification of genes contributing to alcohol craving may give clues to the etiology of the disorder and also provide targets for the development of new medications to treat alcohol dependence.
Circularly polarized meshed patch antenna using coplanar Y‐shaped coupling feed

This article describes a circularly polarized optically transparent meshed patch antenna designed for small satellite applications. The antenna consists of a nearly square meshed patch that is fed with a coplanar Y-shaped feed. The configuration of the antenna and feed network has the advantage of being integrable with solar panels of small satellites to resolve the limited surface area issue. The results for a prototyped left-handed circularly polarized antenna operating at 2.34 GHz are presented. The axial ratio is 2 dB, and the gain is 4.7 dB at the center frequency. The 10-dB impedance bandwidth is close to 2% and the 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth is 7 MHz. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:487–489, 2014
Sex and marital status in relation to the treatment and outcome of alcoholic patients

This article focuses on gender and marital status differences in the treatment process, posttreatment experiences, and outcome of 332 alcoholic patients and explores the utility of several sex-role models in explaining the observed findings. Among men patients, being married is related to better treatment outcome, but the marital status difference is negligible among women patients. Participation in group therapy is related to better outcome for men relative to women; exposure to educational materials on alcoholism is associated with better outcome of women relative to men. Men and women patients also differ in the way in which their perceptions of the treatment environment are related to outcome. After discharge, unmarried women and married men are most likely to receive aftercare outpatient treatment, which is also related to better outcome among men patients. The findings underscore the importance of gender and marital status factors and of patient-program congruence effects in the treatment outcome of alcoholic patients.
Milrinone is superior to epinephrine as treatment of myocardial depression due to ropivacaine in pigs.

Purpose: To determine whether milrinone is more effective than epinephrine in the resuscitation of ropivacaine induced cardiotoxicity in pigs.
RR Lyrae Stars: A Theoretical Study of Bailey Type C Variables

New theoretical models of stars pulsating in the first overtone have been constructed to simulate RR Lyr variables of Bailey type c. Despite the use of different opacities, these new models agree very well with earlier models built by Christy and Stellingwerf. Quantitative comparisons using empirical light curves and velocity curves of metal-poor type c variables confirm the validity of the models. Masses of 0.55-0.65 solar mass and luminosities of 40-50 solar luminosities derived here for the type c variables, are consistent with previous results obtained for type ab variables. A Christy echo of the kind normally associated with fundamental-mode pulsators was detected in the interior velocity structure of one first-overtone model that happens to have a large velocity amplitude.
Untuning the tumor metabolic machine: Targeting cancer metabolism: a bedside lesson.

Several decades of scientific observations followed by years of basic and now clinical research support the notion that the metabolic power of tumor cells can provide the long-desired Achilles' heel of cancer. Yet many questions remain as to what defines the true metabolic makeup of a tumor and whether well-known factors and pathways involved in metabolic signaling act as tumor suppressors or oncogenes. In 'Bedside to Bench', Kivanc Birsoy, David M. Sabatini and Richard Possemato discuss how retrospective studies of diabetic individuals with pancreatic cancer treated with the antidiabetic drug metformin point to a possible anticancer effect for this drug. Further research will need to discern whether this drug acts at the organismal level or by directly targeting the power plant of tumor cells. In 'Bench to Bedside', Regina M. Young and M. Celeste Simon peruse the complex function of a key metabolic factor that mediates the cell's response to low oxygen levels, often found in tumors. This hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) comes in two flavors, which can be either tumor promoting or tumor suppressive, depending on the type of cancer. Because of this, the therapeutic use of HIF inhibitors must proceed with caution. Further defining the relationship between metabolic regulation of HIF and tumor progression may open up new diagnostic tools and treatments.
TEM Investigation of Formation Mechanism of Monocrystal-Thick b-Oriented Pure Silica Zeolite MFI Film

The first direct transmission electron microscopic (TEM) observation has been carried out on the continuous monocrystal-thick b-oriented pure silica zeolite MFI films produced by in situ crystallization. The self-supporting film samples for TEM study were fabricated by dissolving the steel substrate with acid. This TEM study is free of those artifacts that are typically associated with TEM sample preparations, and allows us to investigate the "true" structure and texture of a very large area of the film and at the same time to focus at will on each individual zeolite crystal in the film. Abundant TEM information including crystallographic orientation relationships among crystals in the film (both out-of-plane and in-plane), grain boundaries, and each crystal grain was obtained. This TEM investigation provides direct unambiguous new evidence to support the homogeneous nucleation mechanism, by which the films form through homogeneous nucleation and crystal growth in the bulk to form equal-sized disk-shape crystals, followed by self-assembly of these crystals onto the substrate to produce a two-dimensional close-packed structure. The last stage of the film formation involves simultaneous space-limited growth and rotation of the individual crystals to realize the in-plane crystallographic control within the film.
Uses of vitamins A, C, and E and related compounds in dermatology: A review

Vitamins have been increasingly used as prophylactic and therapeutic agents in the management of skin disorders. The current literature is replete with studies that promote the potential benefits of these compounds and attempt to elucidate their mechanisms of action. We review the literature and discuss the roles, safety, and efficacy of vitamins A, C, and E and related compounds in cutaneous health and disease.
Mathematical analysis of potentiometric oxygen sensors for combustion-gas streams

The mathematical tools necessary to describe quantitatively the chemical processes that dictate the performance of exhaust oxygen sensors are developed. Such sensor are used commonly to monitor exhaust streams generated by internal-combustion processes. Calculated results compared will with available experimental results, although several open questions are identified that require more experimental data. The mathematical formalism for describing the transport of gaseous species through the porous spinel structure protecting the platinum electrode on the exhaust side of the sensor is developed based on the Stefan-Maxwell equations. The kinetic processes occurring at the interface formed by the platinum electrode and the spinel structure, including the oxidation of hydrogen and carbon monoxide and various adsorption-desorption reactions, enter as boundary conditions for the transport equations. The analysis enables one to calculate the sensor's voltage response as a function of the air-to-fuel ratio [lambda] and to investigate phenomena such as the magnitude of the voltage jump in going from rich to lean gas mixtures and the [lambda] value at which the jump occurs.
Lingua Franca in goldoni's Impresario delle Smirne

L'A. examine, dans une perspective linguistique, la lingua franca parlee par un marchand turc dans une comedie italienne de Goldoni (1761): «Impresario delle Smirne», comedie ecrite dans la tradition de la Commedia dell'arte. La lingua franca etait la langue parlee le long de la cote sud-orientale de la mediterranee. Elle est utilisee dans cette comedie a des fins stylistiques (creation d'un effet comique). L'A. decrit certaines caracteristiques de cette langue: le systeme verbal, l'ordre des mots et l'omission des articles
Role of the compensatory pause in the production of concealed bigeminy

Abstract In experiments conducted on anesthetized dogs, a single prolonged cardiac cycle caused an increase in the duration of the refractory period of the ventricular myocardium. The refractory period remained prolonged for one or two additional cardiac cycles after the basic cycle length was resumed. In concealed bigeminy, a 2:1 block in a reentry path is postulated. The compensatory pause that follows a manifest extrasystole results in a prolongation of the refractory period. If the refractory period exceeds the propagation time of the next ectopic impulse conducted through the reentry path, that ectopic impulse will be concealed. However, if the refractory period does not exceed the propagation time, another extrasystole will occur, and a bigeminal sequence will ensue. Consecutive compensatory pauses appear to exert a cumulative effect on refractory period duration, so that for critical propagation times, the bigeminal pattern will be terminated briefly when an ectopic impulse becomes concealed. A quadrigeminal pattern occurs when the propagation time in the reentry loop lies between the refractory period durations of the beat terminating a compensatory pause and the beat that occurs two sinus cycles later. In concealed bigeminy where an odd number of conducted beats greater than five lies between extrasystoles, the propagation time in the reentry path is just less than the refractory period of the ventricular cells during normal sinus rhythm at the prevailing heart rate. Random increases in propagation time or decreases in refractory period result in manifest extrasystoles.