cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinician burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic before vaccine administration.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has disrupted pharmacy practice. Little research has been done to assess how COVID-19 has affected pharmacists' employment, workload, and feelings of burnout. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to characterize the impact of COVID-19 on pharmacists' employment status, workload, and feelings of burnout, as well as to examine emotional health concerns related to COVID-19. METHODS: Wisconsin pharmacists were surveyed using an online instrument between August 25, 2020, and September 22, 2020. The data analysis, performed in December 2020, examined employment status, 3 common burnout risk factors (workload, rewards, and social depersonalization), and emotional health concerns related to COVID-19. RESULTS: Of the 1300 pharmacists, 439 completed the survey (33.8%). The study analysis included pharmacists in community (n = 127) and hospital or health system (n = 107) settings. With regard to employment changes and workload, hospital pharmacists (36%) were more likely to have their hours reduced than community pharmacists (13%) (P < 0.01), and, conversely, community pharmacists (19%) were more likely to have their hours increased than hospital pharmacists (8%) (P = 0.01). For the burnout domain of workload, 45% of the pharmacists reported increased feelings of physical exhaustion at work, and 53% reported increased feelings of emotional exhaustion at work, with no difference between settings. Regarding the burnout domain of rewards, 6% of the hospital pharmacists and 1% of the community pharmacists experienced a reduction in hourly wages or salaries as a result of COVID-19. For the burnout domain of depersonalization, 25% of the pharmacists reported that their ability to connect with colleagues and patients decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additional emotional health concerns reported by the pharmacists included 40% experiencing more anxiety and 25% experiencing more sadness or depression during the COVID-19 pandemic, with no difference between settings. CONCLUSION: This study found that the burnout domains related to workload, rewards, and depersonalization were negatively affected by COVID-19. Pharmacy managers need to proactively combat burnout as well as be reactive when employees show signs of burnout to maintain their workforce and meet the COVID-19-associated challenges.
A pioneer of acrylic painting: new insights into Carmen Herrera's studio practice.

Carmen Herrera, born on May 30th, 1915, is a Cuban American abstract minimalist artist, whose first solo show was held at the Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, in 2016-2017. On this occasion, a scientific study of five paintings from the artist's time in Paris (1948-1953) revealed her pioneering use of solvent-based acrylic paints in post-war Europe. This article presents a second phase of research into Herrera's work aiming to shed light on her studio practice and ascertain the possible presence of other early acrylic paints in her pre-1963 artistic production. A selection of four paintings, namely Iberia #25 (1948), Iberic (1949), Flights of Colors #16 (1949), and Early Dynasty (1953), was subjected to an analytical campaign that relied on both non-invasive and micro-invasive techniques. Results confirmed the use of both oil and solvent-based acrylic paints, supporting our primary research and uncovering the first-known occurrence of acrylic binders in Herrera's Iberia #25. In all cases, the ground layer consists of a mixture of titanium white in its tetragonal form of rutile, anhydrite, and talc, while the color palette was found to be based on both traditional and modern pigments. In most areas, several paint layers appeared to be overlaid on top of one another, revealing a creative process that developed through subsequent compositions. Remnants of earlier paint layers, which appeared to have been scraped off before new ones were applied, were observed directly above the ground in some of the samples examined. In addition, Iberia #25 and Iberic, with analogous geometric and chromatic schemes, underwent technical imaging, which exposed pencil lines and notes underneath the paint layers likely indicative of the intended design and polychromy. Besides corroborating a major alteration in the current scholarship on the availability and use of acrylic-based artists' paints in post-war Europe, this research provides new insights into Herrera's materials, techniques, and studio practice. In addition, the results of this scientific study assisted the development of a suitable treatment plan for Iberic in preparation for its display in The Metropolitan Museum of Art's galleries as part of the museum's 150th anniversary exhibition Making The Met, 1870-2020. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40494-021-00603-3.
Inactivation of the Phosphoenolpyruvate-Dependent Phosphotransferase System in Various Species of Bacteria by Vinylglycolic Acid

The alkenoic hydroxyacid 2-hydroxy-3-butenoic acid (vinylglycolate) specifically inhibited the phosphotransferase system in a variety of bacteria while not affecting respiration-coupled transport systems.
Placing students at the center: the Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child model.

BACKGROUND: Students are the heart of the Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child (WSCC) model. Students are the recipients of programs and services to ensure that they are healthy, safe, engaged, supported, and challenged and also serve as partners in the implementation and dissemination of the WSCC model. METHODS: A review of the number of students nationwide enjoying the 5 Whole Child tenets reveals severe deficiencies while a review of student-centered approaches, including student engagement and student voice, appears to be one way to remedy these deficiencies. RESULTS: Research in both education and health reveals that giving students a voice and engaging students as partners benefits them by fostering development of skills, improvement in competence, and exertion of control over their lives while simultaneously improving outcomes for their peers and the entire school/organization. CONCLUSIONS: Creating meaningful roles for students as allies, decision makers, planners, and consumers shows a commitment to prepare them for the challenges of today and the possibilities of tomorrow. Language: en
Basic nonlinear acoustics: an introduction for radiological physicists.

Presented is a brief introduction to nonlinear acoustics, a topic of increasing importance in modern diagnosticultrasound. Specifically treated is shock wave and harmonic production in lossless media. We also present a description of linear attenuation mechanisms in soft tissue and finally nonlinear propagation in soft tissue.
The production of gender among Black and White women and men: The case of household labor

Using the National Survey of Families and Households (N = 13,017; 11.09% Black, 79.99% White), we compare the household labor time of Black and White women and men, and assess the extent to which the time constraint, relative resource, and ideology explanations account for racial and gender differences in housework time. We find that although time constraint, relative resource, and ideology explanations account for some of the variation in housework time, they do not account for all of the gender and racial differences. We also find that paid work and housework trade off differently for Black men than for White men and also for women and men. Finally, a variety of relative resource, time constraint, and ideology factors are associated differently with women’s and men’s housework time. We argue that our findings lend support to the production of gender approach to understanding the division of household labor and that this approach can be used to help us understand racial differences in housework time as well.
Delooping controlled pseudo-isotopies of Hilbert cube manifolds

Abstract This paper is concerned with the controlled simple homotopy theory and controlled pseudo-isotopy theory of a Hurewicz fibration p : E → B from a compact Hilbert cube manifold E to a compact polyhedron B . The main result is that the controlled pseudo-isotopy space is homotopy equivalent to the loop space of the controlled Whitehead space.
Endpoints in Clinical Trials of Fluid Resuscitation of Patients with Traumatic Injuries

Abstract : Trauma is a is a worldwide problem with severe and extensive consequences impacting individuals and society as a whole. Death due to traumatic injuries is the leading cause of death of individuals between the ages of 1 and 44 years. Hemorrhage is a major contributor to the predicament of traumatic injury and care. The initial treatment of patients with traumatic injuries who are hypotensive because of hemorrhage is believed to be paramount to their survival. After assuring adequate respiration and control of bleeding, early resuscitation with fluids has been advocated for victims of traumatic injuries. The goal of fluid intervention is to replace the volume of blood lost during hemorrhage, thus increasing oxygen delivery to the tissues and ultimately improving survival. In addition, adequate fluid resuscitation is postulated to reduce the incidence of secondary complications such as acute respiratory failure, renal failure, and infection. Of the fluids used presently for the resuscitation of hypotensive trauma victims, however, none has been demonstrated to improve survival or decrease the incidence of secondary complications. Solutions have been approved for other clinical indications and then applied to care of the trauma patient. The absence of validation of the indication of these fluids in patients with traumatic injuries is due to a number of factors, including the heterogeneity of the trauma patient population and the focus on near-term resuscitation endpoints rather than end-points related to clinical outcome.
Effect of Antibiotics on L-Form Induction of Neisseria meningitidis

Conditions have been developed that permit highly efficient conversion in vitro of all serogroups of Neisseria meningitidis to the L-form. During the course of the studies, optimal parameters for cultivation and propogation were determined and compared with those found in studies done by previous workers on meningococci. The plasma expander polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) (molecular weight, 40,000) has been incorporated into the medium as an osmotic stabilizer. A method is outlined for removing toxicity (due to impurities in PVP) reported in some earlier studies done in this laboratory. Light and scanning electron microscopy of the L-form inductants and of a stable L-form have shown characteristics distinctive among the strains observed. Finally, the effects of both cell wall and other antibiotics were studied. It was shown that cell wall antibiotics other than the commonly used potassium penicillin G could induce N. meningitidis to the L-form, using the PVP-stabilized medium base. Furthermore, the antibiotics vancomycin, colistin, nystatin, and trimethoprim, used at the concentrations found in commercially prepared Transgrow formulations, did not adversely affect meningococcal L-form induction. The system described herein will hopefully serve as an effective tool, specifically in the study of “aseptic” meningitis and possible meningococcal L-form etiology and, more generally, in evaluating the ability of bacterial L-forms to cause disease. Images
Nationalizing the Olympics Around and Away from “Vulnerable” Bodies of Women The NBC Coverage of the 1996 Olympics and Some Moments after

This article examines print media responses to the 1996 NBC coverage of the Olympic Games and the actual coverage of the women’s gymnastics competition. Whereas print media critics of the coverage emphasize NBC’s feminization of the Olympics, which they imagine as a unique televisual event, this article underscores the nationalizing function of the narratives (stories of personal trauma). By focusing on the production of women gymnasts as sites of national investment, the author shows how the coverage narratives function to contain other nationals and the individual vulnerabilities of the American gymnasts. More specifically, the author argues that even as “America” is separated and distinguished from other nations, and individual vulnerabilities are translated into the invulnerability of Team USA, both the coverage and the reactions to it attest to an anxiety that accompanies the production of “little girls” as main sites of national investment.
SM-20 Is a Novel Mitochondrial Protein That Causes Caspase-dependent Cell Death in Nerve Growth Factor-dependent Neurons

Sympathetic neurons undergo protein synthesis-dependent apoptosis when deprived of nerve growth factor (NGF). Expression of SM-20 is up-regulated in NGF-deprived sympathetic neurons, and ectopic SM-20 is sufficient to promote neuronal death in the presence of NGF. We now report that SM-20 is a mitochondrial protein that promotes cell death through a caspase-dependent mechanism. SM-20 immunofluorescence was present in the cytoplasm in a punctate pattern that colocalized with cytochrome oxidase I and with mitochondria-selective dyes. Analysis of SM-20/dihydrofolate reductase fusion proteins revealed that the first 25 amino acids of SM-20 contain a functional mitochondrial targeting sequence. An amino-terminal truncated form of SM-20 was not restricted to mitochondria but instead localized throughout the cytosol and nucleus. Nevertheless, the truncated SM-20 retained the ability to induce neuronal death, similar to the wild type protein. SM-20-induced death was accompanied by caspase-3 activation and was blocked by a general caspase inhibitor. Additionally, overexpression of SM-20, under conditions where cell death is blocked by a general caspase inhibitor, did not result in widespread release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. These results indicate that SM-20 is a novel mitochondrial protein that may be an important mediator of neurotrophin-withdrawal-mediated cell death.
Total reconstruction of the temporomandibular joint with a stock prosthesis.

Indications for temporomandibular joint (TMJ) reconstruction include bony ankylosis, failed previousalloplasticandautogenousjointreplacement,posttraumaticcondylarinjury,avascularnecrosis, posttumor reconstruction, developmental abnormalities, functional deformity, and severe inflammatory conditionsthathavefailedtoresolvewithconservativetreatments.SuccessfulTMJreplacementrequires careful preoperative planning, reasonable patient expectations, proper intraoperative technique, regimented postoperative physical therapy, close follow-up, and adequate pain management. Achieving successful TMJ replacementoftenrequires multidisciplinary care from oral and maxillofacial surgeons, pain specialists, internists, physical therapists, and general dentists to optimize patient outcome. Alloplastic joint reconstruction currently offers several advantages compared with autogenous replacements. These advantages include lack of donor morbidity, reduced intraoperative surgical time, immediate functioning, the ability to correct malocclusion (with bilateral replacement), and, most importantly, improved predictability. The most widely used autogenous graft for TMJ reconstruction is the costochondral graft. Compared with alloplastic joint reconstruction, costochondral grafting has a higher complication rate. Complications include graft resorption, overgrowth, and ankylosis. Alloplastic joint reconstruction allows for a stable platform in which retrognathia and facial asymmetry may be corrected in a single surgical procedure. Unacceptable failure rates have been reported in previous alloplastic TMJ implant systems, which haveprovidedvaluableinputforthedevelopmentofnewerimplantsapprovedbytheUSFoodandDrug Administration (FDA). Appreciation of biomechanical and orthopedic principals, along with appropriate clinical trials, has helped in the development of safe and effective devices. These devices still have limitations, such as finite life expectancy, limited translation, the development of wear debris, and the size of the devices. Because fewer patients are requiring revision arthroplasty from previous faileddevices,itcanbeexpectedthatmoreprimaryjointreconstructionwillbeperformedforconditions such as severe inflammatory arthritides, trauma, and ankylosis. A stock prosthetic device has the advantagesofimmediateavailability,single-stagesurgery,noneedforrecapitulationfromastereolithic model, and lower cost. Contraindications to alloplastic joint placement include the presence of active infection, skeletal immaturity, and severe or compromised bone deformity. Patients with severe bone anatomic discrepancies may be candidates for patient-matched custom implants.
Justice in voting by demand revelation

The demand-revealing method of making public choices, in its standard form,1 has a feature that many people regard as unjust, namely that it gives more voting power to a rich man than to a poor one. Although it can be argued, in defense of the method, that a rich man has more political power anyway, it remains true that the method gives him additional power. It is the purpose of this note to suggest a modification of the method that can remove this objection. The modification can also be used to increase the power of the rich still more if that is considered desirable.
1.55-μm vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with directly grown AlGaAs/GaAs and Al x O y /GaAs DBR mirrors

It is possible to grow defect-free strained layers on patterned substrates (mesas or grooves) up to thicknesses far exceeding thecritical thickness. Defect nucleation and propagation are inhibited in such growth. We have exploited this property to designand fabricate InP-based 1 .55im vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs). Careful photoluminescence and ThMstudies have confirmed that there are no propagating defects in the GaAs/AlGa1As DBR grown on the patterned activeregion, or the MQW region. Lasers have been made with InP/InGaAsP bottom mirrors, laterally oxidized InAlAs currentconfining layers and GaAs/AlO top DBR mirrors. Lasers with 8-4O.tm diameter have been characterized. A thresholdcurrent of 5mA is observed at 15°C for a 8j.tm diameter device; and up to 6OiW of light output is recorded.Keywords: VCSEL, long wavelength, patterned growth, oxide-confined, InAlAs wet-oxidation, oxide/semiconductor DBR
Effects of the Self-Directed Individualized Education Program on Self-Determination and Transition of Adolescents With Disabilities:

The 1990 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) reauthorization introduced transition mandates that included a “student involvement in transition planning” requirement, creating an emph...
Cyanine Dye N744 Inhibits Tau Fibrillization by Blocking Filament Extension: Implications for the Treatment of Tauopathic Neurodegenerative Diseases†

Tau fibrillization is a potential therapeutic target for Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases. Small molecules capable of both inhibiting aggregation and promoting filament disaggregation have been discovered, but knowledge of their mechanism of action and potential for testing in biological models is fragmentary. To clarify these issues, the interaction between a small-molecule inhibitor of tau fibrillization, 3,3‘-bis(β-hydroxyethyl)-9-ethyl-5,5‘-dimethoxythiacarbocyanine iodide (N744), and full-length four-repeat tau protein was characterized in vitro using transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. Analysis of reaction time courses performed in the presence of anionic fibrillization inducers revealed that increasing concentrations of N744 decreased the total filament length without modulating lag time, indicating that filament extension but not nucleation was affected by inhibitor under the conditions that were investigated. Critical concentration measurements confirme...
Evaluation of Sulfonic Acid-Based Solutions for Electrochemical Mechanical Removal of Tantalum

A fundamental study was undertaken to evaluate the usefulness of a sulfonic acid-based chemical system for the removal of tantalum under electrochemical mechanical planarization conditions. Tantalum as well as copper samples were polished at low pressures (-0.5 psi) under galvanostatic conditions in dihydroxy benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) solutions maintained at different pH values. At a current density of 0.5 mA/cm 2 and pH 10, tantalum removal rate of ∼200 A/min with a 1:1 selectivity to copper has been obtained in 0.3 M DBSA solutions containing 1.2 M H 2 O 2 . The presence of a small amount (∼0.1%) of colloidal silica particles is required to obtain good removal rates.
Very High-dose Cholecalciferol and Arteriovenous Fistula Maturation in ESRD: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study:

Purpose While vitamin D is critical for optimal skeletal health, it also appears to play a significant role in vascular homeostasis. This pilot study compared arteriovenous access outcomes following cholecalciferol supplementation compared to placebo in end-stage renal disease patients preparing to undergo AV access creation.
trans-W(Cmesityl)(dmpe)2H: revealing a highly polar W-H bond and H-mobility in liquid and solid state.

The isotopomeric complexes trans-W(Cmesityl)[(C(H,D)3)2PCH2CH2P(C(H,D)3)2]2(H,D) 1−4 were prepared. 2 (W(Cmesityl)(dmpe)2D) was used to study the Deuterium Quadrupole Coupling Constant (DQCC) and the ionicity of the W−D bond (DQCC = 34.1 kHz; ionicity 85%). 1 (W(Cmesityl)(dmpe)2H) shows several dynamic exchange processes in solution, such as HW/HW, HW/ortho-Memesityl, and HW/H2 exchanges observed by NMR in combination with deuterium labeling studies and double label crossover experiments. Except for the HW/H2, these reactions comprise elementary steps, which also appear along the isomerization pathway of 1 into (2,3,5-trimethylphenylcarbyne)(dmpe)2WH (5) at 60 °C. 5 was characterized by an X-ray diffraction study. In the solid state only an HW/Mep exchange process prevails appearing at higher temperatures, which was identified by NMR and by Quasielastic Neutron Scattering. The latter also provided an activation barrier of 5 kcal/mol and a “jump width” for the moving H nucleus in agreement with the HW···Me...
Exercise and obesity in children

Abstract Research on exercise and childhood obesity is presented. The components of energy balance are reviewed, with particular emphasis on relating decreased expenditure versus increased intake as causes for obesity. The role of sedentary behaviors as a risk factor for obesity was considered, and research on choice between vigorous and sedentary behavior briefly reviewed. The majority of the review focuses on the use of exercise and diet plus exercise in the treatment of childhood obesity. This research suggests exercise alone is not a sufficient treatment for obesity, and the combination of diet plus exercise is more effective for long-term, rather than short-term, changes. Finally, suggestions for new research are presented.
Induction of Hypothalamic Aphagia and Adipsia in Goats

Abstract Electrolytic lesions were made in the hypothalamic region of a series of goats. In three of the goats, bilateral lesions in the lateral area caused temporary aphagia lasting from 4 to 12 days. Adipsia lasted 8 and 23 days, respectively, in the aphagic goats. In a fourth goat, bilateral lesions in the anterior hypothalamic area caused aphagia and hypodipsia lasting 17 days, then the goat was sacrificed. During this time the goat had a rectal temperature of about 1.5 C higher than normal. The first three goats showed symptoms similar to those shown by rats with lateral hypothalamic lesions. Lesions in the fourth goat probably caused a malfunction of the heat-loss center. Feed and water intakes of goats with lesions in other regions of the hypothalamus are presented; these goats did not show similar feeding and drinking responses. The results of this experiment suggest that the central nervous system has a similar function in the control of feed intake in both ruminants and monogastric animals in spite of the fact that there are probably differences in the feedbacks and receptors making energy balance possible in the two types of animals.
Application of elliptic grid generation technique to the solution of hydrodynamics and heat transfer of droplet arrays at intermediate Reynolds numbers

Abstract The objective of the present study is to employ the numerical grid generation technique for the solution of hydrodynamics and heat transfer in a three-droplet array. Elliptic partial differential equations are used to generate grids in the physical plane. The Navier-Stokes equations in vorticity-stream-function form and the energy equation have been solved numerically by the finite difference method for the Reynolds number range of 10–200. Numerical solutions in terms of drag coefficient and Nusselt number have been obtained. The results are compared with the results obtained in an earlier study as well as those in the literature.
Improving Smoking Prevention Programs

Recent research has yielded promising strategies for large; scale smoking prevention. Programs that help adolescents resist peer pressure to smoke have reduced experimentation with cigarettes among middle-class white youths. Other groups are more resistant to current prevention approaches. This article reviews past prevention strategies and the need for broader prevention efforts to meet the needs of high-risk youths. A self-control skills model is discussed as the foundation for a generalized social competency approach for future smoking prevention programs for adolescents.
Free-surface density profile and tension of liquid He 3

A new variational method based on varying an assumed effective surface potential is used to study the free-surface density profile and tension of liquid $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ at zero temperature. Given the radial distribution function of homogeneous liquid $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ (measured by x-ray scattering) as input, the theory yields a surface tension of 0.134 K${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$, which compares reasonably well with the extrapolated experimental value of 0.11 K ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$. Features of the model presented here include: (i) the prediction of a "work function" of about 0.20 K for a surface $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ atom, (ii) the prediction of a surface region that is about two atomic layers in thickness, and (iii) the determination of the position of the Gibbs surface, which indicates a rather asymmetrical distribution of atoms in the surface layer. In contrast to the recent calculation of Mackie and Woo, however, no highdensity region results even though we used the same radial distribution function as input.
Extinction: past and present.

The fossil record, together with modern data, can provide a deeper understanding of biological extinction and its consequences.
Sex differences in the assignment of responsibility for an accident

Two experiments examined the proposition that females assign less responsibility than males to a perpetrator in a feminine occupation and males assign less responsibility than females to a perpetrator in a masculine occupation. The results from Experiment 1 indicated that females assigned less responsibility than males to a perpetrator in a feminine occupation, whereas males and females assigned equal responsibility to a perpetrator in a masculine occupation. These results did not generalize to measures of causality, foreseeability, intent, or justification. Therefore, they suggest that responsibility may have been assigned on the basis of reliability of the perpetrator's behavior and that a measure of reliability may be more appropriate than a measure of responsibility. The results from Experiment 2 supported the contention. Females judged the behavior of a perpetrator in a feminine occupation to be more reliable than did males, and males judged the behavior of a perpetrator in a masculine occupation to be more reliable than did females.
Moving the needle, computer architecture research in academe and industry

The goal of computer architecture research is to move the needle, that is to affect the future of computing in a positive way. Publications, prototypes, and studies are all just different means to this common end. This talk will address how to move the needle in academic and industrial settings discussing what works and what doesn't. Our work is constrained by applications, technology, and commercial reality. The architecture funnel starts with many concepts that proceed through stages of evaluation and refinement. A relatively few successful concepts make it out the far side to deployment. Most concepts fail, and good researchers cut their losses early. The funnel has many years of latency and good researchers aim for results that are relevant beyond this latency. Academics are best at the early stages of the concept funnel -- where their long-term perspective and freedom from constraints are advantages. Industry excels at the later stages of the pipeline where resources and experience are well suited to refining ideas for deployment. Too often good concepts fall into a chasm between the two. Good partnerships are needed to bridge this chasm. This talk will give illustrate this exploration of architecture research with numerous examples of successes and failures. It will give recommended best practices for academic and industrial research. I will close with a glimpse of the future of architecture.
Abstract 5433: Analysis of the short-term and long-term in vitro cytotoxic effects of the anticancer drug Ukrain in breast cancer models

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Ukrain is a semisynthetic compound derived from the extract of the plant Chelidonium majus L. Studies indicate that this anticancer drug exhibits cytostatic and cytolytic activity against several human cancer cell lines including colon, brain, ovarian, melanoma and lymphoma without adverse harmful side effects on healthy human cells. However, such activity has not been thoroughly investigated in a breast cancer model. In order to assess the in vitro cytotoxicity of Ukrain, we used mouse (4T07 and TUBO) and human (SKBR-3) breast cancer cell lines. 4T07 and TUBO are highly tumorigenic, nonmetastic tumor cell lines derived from spontaneous carcinomas in BALB/cfC3H and BALB-neuT mice, respectively. The TUBO and SKBR-3 cell lines constitutively express the HER-2/neu oncogene, which is overexpressed in 30% of human breast cancer patients. Tumor cells were trypsinized after reaching 90-95% confluency and plated with varying concentrations of Ukrain. Following 24, 48 and 72 hour treatment with Ukrain, cell number and viability was determined using the trypan blue exclusion method. To assess whether the tumor cells retained the capacity for unlimited proliferation, a clonogenic assay was conducted. Cells were seeded out in appropriate dilutions to form colonies within 2-3 weeks. Colonies were fixed and stained with crystal violet (0.5% w/v) and counted by microscopy. Lastly, to determine whether the cytotoxic effects of Ukrain are due to the induction of apoptosis, we carried out intracellular staining for active caspase-3. We observed a dose-dependent and time-dependent inhibition of tumor cell growth. As low as 50 υg/mL of Ukrain led to a significant decrease in tumor cell viability when compared to untreated cells. The clonogenic assay showed the inability of treated tumor cells to form colonies and regain their proliferative capacity whereas the untreated cells formed multiple colonies. We observed a several fold increase in caspase 3 activation of Ukrain treated cells compared to untreated cells confirming apoptosis as the cytotoxic mechanism of action. In conclusion, our data suggest that Ukrain could be effective as an anticancer drug for breast cancer due to its short-term and long-term inhibitory effects on tumor cell viability and proliferation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5433. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5433
Effect of pulmonary hypertension on clinical outcomes in advanced heart failure: Analysis of the Evaluation Study of Congestive Heart Failure and Pulmonary Artery Catheterization Effectiveness (ESCAPE) database

Background Pulmonary hypertension has been shown to predict hospitalizations and mortality in patients with heart failure. We aimed to define the prevalence of mixed pulmonary hypertension (MPH; mean pulmonary artery pressure ≥25 mm Hg, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure >15 mm Hg, and pulmonary vascular resistance ≥3 Wood units), identify clinical predictors of MPH, and determine whether MPH predicts adverse outcomes in patients hospitalized with severe heart failure. Methods This is a subgroup analysis of patients assigned to pulmonary artery catheter placement in the Evaluation Study of Congestive Heart Failure and Pulmonary Artery Catheterization Effectiveness (ESCAPE) trial. Patients with and without MPH were compared with respect to baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes, including NYHA class, 6-minute walk distance, quality of life, days hospitalized, and 6-month mortality. Results Of the 171 patients studied, 80 (47%) had MPH. Older age was the only significant predictor of MPH. MPH patients had lower cardiac index (1.8 ± 0.5 L/min vs 2.1 ± 0.5 L/min, P = .001) and higher systemic vascular resistance index (3,179 ± 1,454 vs 2,550 ± 927 dynes·s/cm 5 ·m 2 , P 2 /beat) in MPH patients. There were no significant differences in clinical outcomes between the two groups. Conclusions Mixed pulmonary hypertension is common in patients hospitalized with advanced heart failure and is not associated with adverse short-term clinical outcomes over and above the poor prognosis of ADHF patients without MPH.
Targeted enrichment of the black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) gene space using sequence capture.

High-throughput re-sequencing is rapidly becoming the method of choice for studies of neutral and adaptive processes in natural populations across taxa. As re-sequencing the genome of large numbers of samples is still cost-prohibitive in many cases, methods for genome complexity reduction have been developed in attempts to capture most ecologically-relevant genetic variation. One of these approaches is sequence capture, in which oligonucleotide baits specific to genomic regions of interest are synthesized and used to retrieve and sequence those regions. We used sequence capture to re-sequence most predicted exons, their upstream regulatory regions, as well as numerous random genomic intervals in a panel of 48 genotypes of the angiosperm tree Populus trichocarpa (black cottonwood, or ‘poplar’). A total of 20.76Mb (5%) of the poplar genome was targeted, corresponding to 173,040 baits. With 12 indexed samples run in each of four lanes on an Illumina HiSeq instrument (2x100 paired-end), 86.8% of the bait regions were on average sequenced at a depth ≥10X. Few off-target regions (>250bp away from any bait) were present in the data, but on average ~80bp on either side of the baits were captured and sequenced to an acceptable depth (≥10X) to call heterozygous SNPs. Nucleotide diversity estimates within and adjacent to protein-coding genes were similar to those previously reported in Populus spp., while intergenic regions had higher values consistent with a relaxation of selection. Our results illustrate the efficiency and utility of sequence capture for re-sequencing highly heterozygous tree genomes, and suggest design considerations to optimize the use of baits in future studies.
Unsteady Half-Annulus Computational Fluid Dynamics Calculations of Thermal Migration Through a Cooled 2.5 Stage High-Pressure Turbine

This paper presents an industrial perspective on the potential use of multiple-airfoil row unsteady computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations in high-pressure turbine design cycles. A sliding-mesh unsteady CFD simulation is performed for a high-pressure turbine section of a modern aviation engine at conditions representative of engine take-off. The turbine consists of two stages plus a center-frame strut upstream of the low-pressure turbine. The airfoil counts per row are such that a half-annulus model domain must be simulated for periodicity. The total model domain size is 170 MM computational grid points and the solution requires approximately nine days of clock time on 6288 processing cores of a Cray XE6 supercomputer. Airfoil and endwall cooling flows are modeled via source term additions to the flow. The endwall flowpath cavities and their purge/leakage flows are resolved in the computational meshes to an extent. The time-averaged temperature profile solution is compared with static rake data taken in engine tests. The unsteady solution shows a considerable improvement in agreement with the rake data, compared with a steady-state solution using circumferential mixing planes. Passage-to-passage variations in the gas temperature prediction are present in the 2nd stage, due to nonperiodic alignment between the nozzle vanes and rotor blades. These passage-to-passage differences are quantified and contrasted.
Decadal Variability in the Northeast Pacific in a Physical-Ecosystem Model: Role of Mixed Layer Depth and Trophic Interactions

[1] A basin-wide interdecadal change in both the physical state and the ecology of the North Pacific occurred near the end of 1976. Here we use a physical-ecosystem model to examine whether changes in the physical environment associated with the 1976–1977 transition influenced the lower trophic levels of the food web and if so by what means. The physical component is an ocean general circulation model, while the biological component contains 10 compartments: two phytoplankton, two zooplankton, two detritus pools, nitrate, ammonium, silicate, and carbon dioxide. The model is forced with observed atmospheric fields during 1960–1999. During spring, there is a ∼40% reduction in plankton biomass in all four plankton groups during 1977–1988 relative to 1970–1976 in the central Gulf of Alaska (GOA). The epoch difference in plankton appears to be controlled by the mixed layer depth. Enhanced Ekman pumping after 1976 caused the halocline to shoal, and thus the mixed layer depth, which extends to the top of the halocline in late winter, did not penetrate as deep in the central GOA. As a result, more phytoplankton remained in the euphotic zone, and phytoplankton biomass began to increase earlier in the year after the 1976 transition. Zooplankton biomass also increased, but then grazing pressure led to a strong decrease in phytoplankton by April followed by a drop in zooplankton by May: Essentially, the mean seasonal cycle of plankton biomass was shifted earlier in the year. As the seasonal cycle progressed, the difference in plankton concentrations between epochs reversed sign again, leading to slightly greater zooplankton biomass during summer in the later epoch.
Analysis of a California Catalina Eddy Event

During the period 26-29 May 1968 a shallow cyclonic circulation, known locally as a Catalina eddy, developed in the offshore waters of southern California. A synoptic and mesoscale analysis of the event establishes the following: (1) the incipient circulation forms on the coast near Santa Barbara downwind of the coastal mountains, (2) cyclonic shear vorticity appears offshore in response to lee troughing downstream of the coastal mountains between Vandenberg and Pt. Mugu, California, (3) mountain wave activity may be aiding incipient eddy formation in association with synoptic-scale subsidence and the generation of a stable layer near the crest of the coastal mountains, (4) a southeastward displacement and offshore expansion of the circulation occurs following the passage of the synoptic-scale ridge line, and (5) dissipation of the eddy occurs with the onset of a broad onshore flow.
The Major Resistance Gene Cluster in Lettuce Is Highly Duplicated and Spans Several Megabases

At least 10 Dm genes conferring resistance to the oomycete downy mildew fungus Bremia lactucae map to the major resistance cluster in lettuce. We investigated the structure of this cluster in the lettuce cultivar Diana, which contains Dm3. A deletion breakpoint map of the chromosomal region flanking Dm3 was saturated with a variety of molecular markers. Several of these markers are components of a family of resistance gene candidates (RGC2) that encode a nucleotide binding site and a leucine-rich repeat region. These motifs are characteristic of plant disease resistance genes. Bacterial artificial chromosome clones were identified by using duplicated restriction fragment length polymorphism markers from the region, including the nucleotide binding site-encoding region of RGC2. Twenty-two distinct members of the RGC2 family were characterized from the bacterial artificial chromosomes; at least two additional family members exist. The RGC2 family is highly divergent; the nucleotide identity was as low as 53% between the most distantly related copies. These RGC2 genes span at least 3.5 Mb. Eighteen members were mapped on the deletion breakpoint map. A comparison between the phylogenetic and physical relationships of these sequences demonstrated that closely related copies are physically separated from one another and indicated that complex rearrangements have shaped this region. Analysis of low-copy genomic sequences detected no genes, including RGC2, in the Dm3 region, other than sequences related to retrotransposons and transposable elements. The related but divergent family of RGC2 genes may act as a resource for the generation of new resistance phenotypes through infrequent recombination or unequal crossing over.
Any two irreducible Markov chains of equal entropy are finitarily Kakutani equivalent

We show here that any two finite state irreducible Markov chains of the same entropy are finitarily Kakutani equivalent. By this we mean they are orbit equivalent by an invertible measure preserving mapping that is almost continuous and monotone in time when restricted to some cylinder set. Smorodinsky and Keane have shown that any two irreducible Markov chains of equal entropy and period are finitarily isomorphic. Hence, all that is necessary to obtain our result is to show that for every entropy h > 0 and period p ∈ ℕ there exists two irreducible Markov chains σ 1, σ 2 both of entropy h, where (1) σ 1 is mixing (2) ς 2 has period p and (3) σ1 and σ 2 are finitarily Kakutani equivalent.
Facilitated diffusion in starling erythrocytes

Abstract 1. 1. A densimeter was used to make a kinetic study of the permeability of starling ( Sternus vulgaris ) erythrocytes to the four nonelectrolytes, urea, thiourea, ethylene glycol and glycerol. 2. 2. Exit studies with urea and thiourea gave kinetics of facilitated diffusion. 3. 3. Urea inhibited the exit of thiourea and vice versa. 4. 4. Entrance studies with glycerol did not give any evidence of saturation. The penetration of glycerol, however, was inhibited by ethylene glycol. 5. 5. It was concluded that these four nonelectrolytes cross the membrane of starling erythrocytes by facilitated diffusion.
Rotavirus: the major etiologic agent of severe infantile diarrhea may be controllable by a "Jennerian" approach to vaccination.

Major strides have been made during the past decade in elucidating the etiological agents of diarrhea of infants and young children. Prior to the 1970s, not a single viral agent could be implicated as an important etiological agent of infantile diarrhea. Moreover, bacterial and parasitic agents known at that time failed to fill this etiologic void since they characteristically were associated with only approximately one-third the hospitalizations for diarrhea of infants and young children [1]. The discovery of the Norwalk virus in 1972 and the rotavirus in 1973 ushered in a new era in the delineation of etiologic agents of gastroenteritis [2, 3]. The 27-nm Norwalk virus was associated with outbreaks of a self-limited form of gastroenteritis affecting primarily adults and older children; these illnesses only rarely led to dehydration [4, 5]. However, the 70-nm rotavirus (which has a characteristic morphologic appearance resembling a "wheel" [rota = wheel]) was soon found in worldwide studies to be the long sought after, elusive, major etiologic agent of severe diarrhea of infants and young children [6, 7]. Both viruses were detected initially by electron microscopic techniques: the Norwalk virus by immune electron microscopy using an infectious stool preparation that was reacted with a patient's convalescent serum to enable viral recognition [2]; and the rotavirus by thin-section electron microscopy of duodenal tissue obtained from pediatric patients with diarrheal illness [3]. Soon, however, rotaviruses were detected readily by direct examination of stool preparations by negative-stain electron microscopy [8, 9]. Presently, many techniques are available for detection of rotaviruses, but the most popular is the
Fractal model of radon emanation from solids.

A fractal model of radon emanation from solids was developed, based on \ensuremath{\alpha} recoil from the \ensuremath{\alpha} decay of radium. Range straggling of the recoiling radon atoms in the solid state was included and the fractal geometry was employed to describe the roughness of the emanating surface. This allowed derivation for the first time of the relation between the radon emanating power and the specific surface area as measured by the gas adsorption. It is suggested that emanating-power measurements can be used to determine the fractal dimensions of surfaces on the scale from tens to hundreds of nanometers.
Inauthenticity and depression : Assessing the consequences of interactive service work

Interactive service jobs are an increasingly important feature of the occupational landscape. Despite over a decade of rising employment within this segment of the economy, researchers are only beg...
Tomographic inversion of satellite photometry.

An inversion algorithm capable of reconstructing the volume emission rate of thermospheric airglow features from satellite photometry has been developed. The accuracy and resolution of this technique are investigated using simulated data, and the inversions of several sets of observations taken by the Visible Airglow Experiment are presented.
Exvivo ultrasound attenuation coefficient for human cervical and uterine tissue from 5 to 10 MHz.

Abstract Attenuation estimation and imaging in the cervix has been utilized to evaluate the onset of cervical ripening during pregnancy. This feature has also been utilized for the acoustic characterization of leiomyomas and myometrial tissue. In this paper, we present direct narrowband substitution measurement values of the variation in the ultrasonic attenuation coefficient in ex vivo human uterine and cervical tissue, in the 5–10 MHz frequency range. At 5 MHz, the attenuation coefficient values are similar for the different orientations of uterine tissue with values of 4.1–4.2 dB/cm, 5.1 dB/cm for the leiomyoma, and 6.3 dB/cm for the cervix. As the frequency increases, the attenuation coefficient values increase and are also spread out, with a value of approximately 12.6 dB/cm for the uterus (both parallel and perpendicular), 16.0 for the leiomyoma, and 26.8 dB/cm for the cervix at 10 MHz. The attenuation coefficient measured increases monotonically over the frequency range measured following a power law.