cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anatomy of a Train Wreck Causes of the Mortgage Meltdown

Why did the mortgage market melt down so badly? Why were there so many defaults when the economy was not particularly weak? Why were the securities based upon these mortgages not considered anywhere as risky as they actually turned out to be? It is the thesis of this chapter that, in an attempt to increase homeownership, particularly by minorities and the less affluent, an attack on underwriting standards was undertaken by virtually every branch of the government since the early 1990s. The decline in mortgage underwriting standards was universally praised as an ‘innovation’ in mortgage lending by regulators, academic specialists, GSEs, and housing activists. This weakening of underwriting standards succeeded in increasing home ownership and also the price of housing, helping to lead to a housing price bubble. The bubble increased the number of housing speculators with estimates indicating that one quarter of all home sales were speculative sales prior to the bubble bursting. The recent rise in foreclosures is not related to the subprime/prime distinction since both markets had similar size increases in foreclosures that occurred at exactly the same time. Instead, the adjustable-rate/fixed-rate distinction is the key to understanding the rise in foreclosures. This is consistent with speculators turning and running when housing prices stopped rising. It is not consistent with the nasty-subprime-lender hypothesis currently considered to be the cause of the mortgage meltdown.
Quantifying ultraviolet radiation mortality risk in bluegill larvae: effects of nest location.

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation (280–400 nm) is an increasing threat to aquatic organisms due to stratospheric ozone depletion and reductions in concentrations of dissolved organic carbon. Because fish are most vulnerable to UV during the egg and larval stages, parental spawning site selection can strongly influence mortality risk. We examined the role of nest location in determining UV-induced mortality risk for bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) in Lake Giles, Pennsylvania, USA. In a series of five short-term incubation experiments, we found that survival of yolk sac larvae across the range of depths at which bluegill spawn was significantly lower in the presence of ambient-UV levels relative to larvae that were shielded from UV radiation. In addition, survival decreased as a function of cumulative UV exposure, as measured by the number of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers per megabase DNA in DNA dosimeters. Although UV had the potential to significantly reduce larval survival, DNA dosimeters placed in bluegill nest...
Perioperative clopidogrel and postoperative events after hip and knee arthroplasties.

Background Hip and knee arthroplasties are widely performed and vascular disease among patients having these procedures is common. Clopidogrel is a platelet inhibitor that decreases the likelihood of thrombosis. It may cause intraoperative and postoperative bleeding, but its discontinuation increases the risk of vascular events. There is currently no consensus regarding the best perioperative clopidogrel regimen that balances these concerns.
Neuropsychological impairments following hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

Recently an outbreak of acute respiratory infection associated with the hantavirus occurred in the southwestern United States. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a life threatening illness that carries with it a high mortality rate. Patients with HPS experience prolonged periods of hypoxemia requiring mechanical ventilation and treatment in intensive care units. We have recently seen 2 survivors of HPS. A neuropsychological test battery was administered immediately following their acute hospitalization and at 1 year postrecovery from HPS. Both patients exhibited cognitive impairments immediately following HPS as well as persistent cognitive impairments at 1 year. The cognitive impairments seen in these two HPS survivors are similar to those seen in other patients who have experienced brain anoxia, including memory impairments. It is also possible that hantavirus may directly cause brain injury with concomitant cognitive impairments. Additional research needs to be carried out in order to determine the extent and severity of the cognitive impairments in survivors of HPS.
Surfactant lavage for meconium aspiration: a word of caution.

Meconium has the potential to wreak havoc when it contaminates the lower airway of a newborn. First, when the particulate material becomes trapped in small distal airways, it tends to function as a ball valve—permitting air to enter alveoli, but not evacuate, thus resulting in ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) imbalance and overinflation of the lung. The abnormally high lung volume predisposes to development of air leaks, such as pneumothorax or pulmonary interstitial emphysema. Second, if the meconium reaches the alveoli, it will inactivate endogenous surfactant, thus leading to atelectasis and further contributing to V/Q mismatch. Overdistension of the lung through air trapping and ventilator therapy may also damage alveolar integrity, leading to leakage of serum proteins and further inactivation of surfactant. Third, the hypoxemia resulting from the airway problems may result in pulmonary vasoconstriction, thus leading to extrapulmonary right-to-left shunting and more V/Q mismatch. Therefore, there are many reasons why the concept of washing meconium from the lungs of infants with meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) is appealing. Elsewhere in this issue, Wiswell et al1 have reported the results …
Hereditary sensory neuropathy with deafness A familial multi system atrophy

We report a 39-year-old woman with hereditary sensory neuropathy-type I (HSN-I) and deafness—Hicks9 disease. The cochlea showed cell loss in the organ of Corti, and spiral ganglia and atrophy of acoustic nerves. Morphometric and quantitative studies of the ventral cochlear nucleus disclosed mild changes resulting from transynaptic atrophy. There was, however, neuronal as well as severe dendritic loss and gliosis in the auditory and sensory cortex that could not have been caused by their functional deprivation or have resulted from a chain reaction of transynaptic atrophy, since their corresponding lower relay nuclei did not display significant atrophy. The finding of cell loss and gliosis in the thalamus in nuclei that do not sub serve these two pathways as well as in the red nuclei, inferior olivary nuclei, and claustrum suggested that HSN-I with deafness is nosologically related to familial multi system atrophy.
Adiabatic Thermal Equilibrium for Axisymmetric Intense Beam Propagation

Summary form only given. An adiabatic equilibrium is obtained for an intense, axisymmetric charged-particle beam propagating through a periodic solenoidal focusing field. The thermal beam distribution function is constructed. The beam rms envelope equation is derived, and the self-consistent nonuniform density profile is calculated. Other statistical properties such as flow velocity, temperature, total emittance and rms thermal emittance, equation of state, and Debye length are discussed. Good agreement is found between theory and a recent high-intensity beam experiment.
Improving spatiotemporal resolution of USPIO-enhanced dynamic imaging of rat kidneys.

This paper addresses the problem of enhancing spatiotemporal resolution of ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO)-enhanced dynamic MRI of rat kidneys. To alleviate the limited resolution problem of conventional full-scan Fourier imaging methods, we use a generalized series-based imaging scheme to reduce coverage of k-space. Experimental results demonstrate that the generalized series imaging method with basis functions constructed using two references (pre- and post-contrast) can reduce the number of phase encodings measured during the dynamic contrast wash-in process by a factor of 4 with a negligible or minimal loss of image quality. The method is expected to make 3D studies possible using USPIO-enhanced dynamic imaging of rat kidneys, and prove valuable for early detection of renal rejection after kidney transplantation.
ALS Patient Stem Cells for Unveiling Disease Signatures of Motoneuron Susceptibility: Perspectives on the Deadly Mitochondria, ER Stress and Calcium Triad

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a largely sporadic progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting upper and lower motoneurons (MNs) whose specific etiology is incompletely understood. Mutations in superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1), TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TARDBP/TDP-43) and C9orf72, have been identified in subsets of familial and sporadic patients. Key associated molecular and neuropathological features include ubiquitinated TDP-43 inclusions, stress granules, aggregated dipeptide proteins from mutant C9orf72 transcripts, altered mitochondrial ultrastructure, dysregulated calcium homeostasis, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and an unfolded protein response (UPR). Such impairments have been documented in ALS animal models; however, whether these mechanisms are initiating factors or later consequential events leading to MN vulnerability in ALS patients is debatable. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a valuable tool that could resolve this “chicken or egg” causality dilemma. Relevant systems for probing pathophysiologically affected cells from large numbers of ALS patients and discovering phenotypic disease signatures of early MN susceptibility are described. Performing unbiased ‘OMICS and high-throughput screening in relevant neural cells from a cohort of ALS patient iPSCs, and rescuing mitochondrial and ER stress impairments, can identify targeted therapeutics for increasing MN longevity in ALS.
Neuropsychological Testing Identifies Patients with Pathologic Levels of β-Amyloid in the Living Brain as Demonstrated by Florbetapir F18 Positron Emission Tomography (P07.141)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical utility of neuropsychological testing in identifying patients with pathologic levels of β-amyloid in the living brain. BACKGROUND: The newly FDA-approved florbetapir F18 PET ligand with high affinity and specificity to β-amyloid permits in vivo quantitative assessment of this objective biomarker of AD. DESIGN/METHODS: A case series was conducted including 11 participants, aged 60 - 89 years, with histories of cognitive dysfunction. A neuropsychological test battery evaluating attention, executive functioning, language, motor speed, learning and memory was administered. A clinical diagnosis (i.e., amnestic MCI, AD, FTLD, vascular-related dementia or clinically normal) was made by neuropsychologists who were blind to PET findings. All participants underwent florbetapir PET scans for clinical evaluation which were visually scored by nuclear medicine as positive or negative for pathologic levels of β-amyloid aggregation. RESULTS: Five participants were diagnosed with amnestic MCI, 4 with FTLD, 2 with clinically normal presentations, and none with AD or vascular-related dementia. Positive florbetapir F18 PET scans were found in 4 of those with MCI; 0 of those with FTLD and 0 of those deemed normal. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that neuropsychological testing has robust clinical utility in identifying patients with amnestic MCI who exhibit biomarkers of AD on florbetapir F18 PET imaging. These data underscore the benefit of neurometrics in the early identification process, thereby facilitating accurate diagnosis and informing treatment planning. Disclosure: Dr. Bender has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mitsis has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sano has received personal compensation for activities with Aventis, Bayer, Forest, Glaxo SmithKline, Jansen, Medication, Bristol Myer Squib, OrthoMcNeil and Takeda as a consultant and advisor. Dr. Sano received compensation for serving as scientific advisor to Voyager Pharmaceutical. Dr. Martin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Woehr has nothing to disclose. Dr. Miley-Akerstedt has nothing to disclose. Dr. Towns has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kostakoglu has nothing to disclose. Dr. Goldstein has nothing to disclose. Dr. Machac has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gandy has received personal compensation for activities with Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer Inc, Alzheimer Immunotherapy Alliance, Diagenic, Amicus, and Baxter.
Bi2Sr2M’2M”O11.5 [(M’ = Nb, Ta) and (M” = Al, Ga)], Synthesis and Characterization of Oxygen-Deficient Aurivillius Phases

Oxygen-deficient layered bismuth oxides, Bi2Sr2M’2M”O11.5 [(M’ = Nb, Ta) and (M” = Al, Ga)] were synthesized. Powder X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were usedto characterize the new materials’ structures. The ionic conductivity was measuredusing impedance spectroscopy which indicated the existence of multiple conductive states in the new oxygen-deficient materials. Arrhenius plots of the conductivity showed discontinuities which were attributed to transitions between different conductive states. At 800oC, Bi2Sr2Nb2GaO11.5 and Bi2Sr2Nb2A1O1.5, have ionic conductivities of 2.0×10−2 S/cm and 1.2×10−2 S/cm, respectively. Differential thermal analysis showed phase transitions in the oxygen-deficient materials. These transitionsoccurred at temperatures similar to those at which discontinuities were observed in the Arrhenius plots of the conductivity and are attributed to oxygen vacancy order/disorder transitions. The transference number was calculated for some of the samples by measuring both the EMF and the conductivity as a function of oxygen partial pressure. Under atmospheric conditions the new materials are predominantly ionic conductors.
Neutron Depth Profiles of Boron Implanted Semiconductors

The nondestructive neutron depth profile (NDP) technique has been used to measure boron (10B) distributions in Si and Hg0.7Cd0.3 Te after multiple energy ion implants. The NDP results are compared with simulations generated by TRIM and SUPREM computer codes. The influence of SiO2 films on the boron profiles was examined and the effects of thermal anneals are also described.
Further considerations of exact equations for peak capacity in isocratic liquid chromatography.

Further consideration is made of the exact equation for peak capacity by Potts, L. W.; Carr, P. W. Anal. Chem. 2011, 83, 7614–7615 for liquid chromatographs with significant extra-column broadening...
Structure Dependence of Long-Chain [18F]Fluorothia Fatty Acids as Myocardial Fatty Acid Oxidation Probes

In vivo imaging of regional fatty acid oxidation (FAO) rates would have considerable potential for evaluation of mammalian diseases. We have synthesized and evaluated 18F-labeled thia fatty acid analogues as metabolically trapped FAO probes to understand the effect of chain length, degree of unsaturation, and placement of the thia substituent on myocardial uptake and retention. 18-[18F]Fluoro-4-thia-(9Z)-octadec-9-enoic acid (3) showed excellent heart/background radioactivity concentration ratios along with highest retention in heart and liver. Pretreatment of rats with the CPT-1 inhibitor, POCA, caused >80% reduction in myocardial uptake of 16-[18F]fluoro-4-thiahexadecanoic acid (2) and 3, indicating high specificity for FAO. In contrast, 18-[18F]fluoro-4-thiaoctadecanoic acid (4) showed dramatically reduced myocardial uptake and blunted response to POCA. 18-[18F]Fluoro-6-thiaoctadecanoic acid (5) showed moderate myocardial uptake and no sensitivity of myocardial uptake to POCA. The results demonstrate r...
Battlefield Perspectives on the Laws of War

This chapter focuses on the US military's experience with the laws of armed conflict. It describes the practical application of these laws to the battlefield and shows how that application has developed over the last 20-30 years. It describes issues facing soldiers, airmen and drone operators and the lawyers that advise them on the modern battlefield. It illustrates how the laws of armed conflict have been successfully injected into the decision making of soldiers and airmen while also providing examples of situations in which the law failed to prevent harm to civilians.
Role of the kynurenine metabolism pathway in inflammation-induced depression – Preclinical approaches

Physically ill patients with chronic inflammation often present with symptoms of depression. Our understanding of the pathophysiology of inflammation-associated depression has benefited from preclinical studies on the mechanisms of sickness and clinical studies on the symptoms of sickness and depression that develop in patients treated with immunotherapy. Sickness behavior develops when the immune system is activated by pathogen- or damage-associated molecular patterns. It is a normal biological response to infection and cell injury. It helps the organism to mobilize its immune and metabolic defenses to fight the danger. Depression emerges on the background of sickness when the inflammatory response is too intense and long lasting or the resolution process is deficient. The transition from sickness to depression is mediated by activation of the kynurenine metabolism pathway that leads to the formation of neurotoxic kynurenine metabolites including quinolinic acid, an agonist of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. The neuroimmune processes and molecular factors that have been identified in the studies of inflammation-associated depression represent potential new targets for the development of innovative therapies for the treatment of major depressive disorders.
Glucosylation Drives the Innate Inflammatory Response to Clostridium difficile Toxin A

Clostridium difficile is a major, life-threatening hospital-acquired pathogen that causes mild to severe colitis in infected individuals. The tissue destruction and inflammation which characterize C. difficile infection (CDI) are primarily due to the Rho-glucosylating toxins A and B. These toxins cause epithelial cell death and induce robust inflammatory signaling by activating the transcription factor NF-κB, leading to chemokine and cytokine secretion. The toxins also activate the inflammasome complex, which leads to secretion of the pyrogenic cytokine IL-1β. In this study, we utilized glucosylation-deficient toxin A to show that activation of the inflammasome by this toxin is dependent on Rho glucosylation, confirming similar findings reported for toxin B. We also demonstrated that tissue destruction and in vivo inflammatory cytokine production are critically dependent on the enzymatic activity of toxin A, suggesting that inhibiting toxin glucosyltransferase activity may be effective in combating this refractory disease.
Mechanisms of PTH-induced rise in cytosolic calcium in adult rat hepatocytes

Available data indicate that the liver is a target organ for parathyroid hormone (PTH) and that this effect is most likely mediated by PTH-induced calcium entry into hepatocytes. The present study examined the effects of both PTH-(1-84) and its amino-terminal fragment [PTH-(1-34)] on cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) of hepatocytes and explored the cellular pathways that mediate this potential action of PTH. Both moieties of PTH produced a dose-dependent rise in [Ca2+]i, but the effect of PTH-(1-84) was greater (P < 0.01) than an equimolar amount of PTH-(1-34). This effect required calcium in the medium and was totally [PTH-(1-34)] or partially [PTH-(1-84)] blocked by PTH antagonist ([Nle8,18,Tyr34]bPTH-(7-34)-NH2] and by verapamil or nifedipine. Sodium or chloride channel blockers did not modify this effect. 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), an activator of protein kinase C, dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (DBcAMP), and G protein activator also produced a dose-dependent rise in [Ca2+]i. Staurosporine abolished the effect of TPA, and both staurosporine and calphostin C partially inhibited the effect of PTH. Staurosporine and verapamil together produced greater inhibition of PTH action than each alone. Rp-cAMP, a competitive inhibitor of cAMP binding to the R subunit of protein kinase A, and N-[2-(p-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide (H-89), a protein kinase A inhibitor, blocked the effect of both DBcAMP and PTH, but the effect of these agents was greater (P < 0.01) on DBcAMP action. G protein inhibitor and pertussis toxin partially blocked the action of PTH. The data indicate that 1) PTH increases [Ca2+]i of hepatocytes; 2) this action of the hormone is receptor mediated; 3) the predominant pathway for this PTH action is the stimulation of a G protein-adenylate cyclase-cAMP system, which then leads to stimulation of a calcium transport system inhibitable by verapamil or nifedipine or activation of L-type calcium channels; 4) activation of protein kinase C is also involved; and 5) the PTH-induced rise in [Ca2+]i is due, in major parts, to movement of extracellular calcium into the cell.
Short Communication: Effect of Antiretroviral Therapy on Circulating Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules and CD4 Immune Reconstitution in HIV-Infected Individuals.

Abstract We examined levels of the damage-associated molecular pattern molecules, HMGB1 and S100A9, in individuals for whom stored samples were available before and after antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation, to determine their association with CD4 reconstitution. Mean HMGB1 levels (1.95 ng/ml vs. 3.02 ng/ml) and the proportion of individuals with detectable S100A9 (19.6% vs. 43.1%) significantly increased after ART. Detectable post-ART S100A9 was independently associated with impaired immune reconstitution.
A fast parallel 3D Poisson solver with longitudinal periodic and transverse open boundary conditions for space-charge simulations

Abstract A three-dimensional (3D) Poisson solver with longitudinal periodic and transverse open boundary conditions can have important applications in beam physics of particle accelerators. In this paper, we present a fast efficient method to solve the Poisson equation using a spectral finite-difference method. This method uses a computational domain that contains the charged particle beam only and has a computational complexity of O ( N u ( l o g N m o d e ) ) , where N u is the total number of unknowns and N m o d e is the maximum number of longitudinal or azimuthal modes. This saves both the computational time and the memory usage of using an artificial boundary condition in a large extended computational domain. The new 3D Poisson solver is parallelized using a message passing interface (MPI) on multi-processor computers and shows a reasonable parallel performance up to hundreds of processor cores.
A global biodiversity estimate of a poorly known taxon: phylum Tardigrada

Knowledge of global biodiversity is essential for a basic understanding of Earth's ecosystems and for the conservation of life. Although many estimates of species numbers have been attempted using various techniques, many smaller phyla remain poorly known without such estimates. For most of these it is unclear if they are species-poor or just poorly studied. The phylum Tardigrada is one of these phyla. Specialists have created a regularly updated checklist for the known tardigrade species, which as of 15 July 2013 listed 1190 taxa (species and subspecies). Of these, 1008 are limnoterrestrial and 182 are marine. These were the most up-to-date data at the time of our analysis. As species accumulation curves show little sign of levelling out, they do not provide a useful tool for estimating global tardigrade diversity from existing species numbers. A new technique has recently been developed that uses the more complete knowledge of higher taxonomic levels to estimate the asymptotic number of species. We applied this technique to limnoterrestrial and marine tardigrades. We estimate that the global total for limnoterrestrial tardigrades is 1145 (upper 95% CI = 2101), and the global total for marine tardigrades is 936 (upper 95% CI = 1803). This yields 87% completeness for our knowledge of limnoterrestrial tardigrades, and only 19% completeness for our knowledge of marine tardigrades. Thus, although many more marine species remain to be discovered, it appears that tardigrades are both poorly studied and relatively species poor.
Demonstrating next-generation CD uniformity with today's tools and processes

It is now a widely held opinion that the current and projected reticle CD (critical dimension) uniformity specification demands will continue to task the ability of reticle manufacturers. Similarly wafer lithography tool suppliers are being challenged to demonstrate next generation printing capability in advance of the development of the required reticle manufacturing tools and processes. Although reticle manufacturers are continuing their diligent work in improving CD uniformity, there exists a window of time in which these specification needs for demonstration purposes by the wafer lithography tool developers exceeds those current deans of the broader semiconductor industry. This paper presents an approach to reticle manufacturing for the specific purpose of qualifying an advanced 4X reduction scanner. Typical e-beam reticles written on current generation tools in PBS [Poly(butene-1-sulfone)] resist and wet etched demonstrate CD uniformity of 65 nm - 80 nm expressed as total measured range in both the horizontal and vertical axis across the scanner field of 110 mm by 133 mm. This paper examines methodology employed using PBS and wet etching to generate a demonstration reticle which exhibits such CD range properties. Both reticle properties and wafer results are examined.
The abstraction/implementation model of problem reformulation

A good problem representation incorporates important problem constraints while hiding superfluous detail. This paper presents methods for abstracting a problem representation by making implicit problem properties into explicit properties of the representation. The mathematics of the abstraction search space are given in terms of model theory and universal algebra. The Behavioral Abstraction method uses predefined representation maps to lift a problem representation to an abstract theory. The Behavioral Congruence method generates abstract theories and representation maps which incorporate problem constraints expressed as Behavioral Equivalences. Two meta-level methods for generating Behavioral Equivalence theorems are given. The STRATA automatic programming system described in this paper is currently being implemented.
Ethnoracial Diversity across the Rural-Urban Continuum.

Scholarship and popular opinion regard cities as more racially and ethnically diverse than rural communities. However, recent trends hint at the possibility of less distinctive diversity profiles o...
Quality of life among postmenopausal women enrolled in the Minnesota Green Tea Trial.

Abstract Background Postmenopausal symptomatology has not been elucidated in large, long-term human clinical trials. Our objective was to measure quality of life in postmenopausal women aged 50–70 years. Methods A Menopause-Specific Quality of Life-Intervention (MENQOL) questionnaire was completed by women enrolled in the Minnesota Green Tea Trial (n = 932) to assess vasomotor, physical, sexual, and psychosocial symptoms in the years following menopause. Responses were coded; mean overall and domain scores ranged from 1 to 8. A higher score indicated more severe symptoms. Results Mean overall MENQOL scores were highest in women aged 50–54.9 years. A pattern of reduced symptom severity with increasing age was observed overall and within each domain. Women aged 50–54.9 years had more severe night sweats and sweating than other age groups (P ≤ 0.001) and more severe hot flashes than women aged ≥ 60 years (P ≪ 0.001). No differences between age groups were seen on mean score in the Sexual domain. Compared with women aged 50.0–54.9 years (the reference group), study participants aged 60–64.9 and ≥ 65 years had lower MENQOL scores in the Psychosocial domain (P = 0.029 and P ≪ 0.001). Women aged 50–54.9 years had more severe symptoms related to negative mood than women ≥65 years (P ≤ 0.009). Compared with women aged 50–54.9 years, those in the age groups 60–64.9 and ≥ 65 years had lower scores for “poor memory” (2.98 ± 1.75 and 2.66 ± 1.68 vs. 3.43 ± 1.87, P ≪ 0.001). Women ≥ 65 years reported lower scores for “feeling tired or worn out”, “difficulty sleeping”, and “lack of energy” than all other age groups (P ≤ 0.003). Conclusion The findings of this descriptive analysis of postmenopausal women may help clinicians counsel women about expectations and treatment options to address menopause-associated symptoms and the relationship between postmenopausal symptoms and overall health.
National Trends in the Prevalence of Suicidal Ideation and Behavior Among Young Adults and Receipt of Mental Health Care Among Suicidal Young Adults.

Objective This study examined national trends in the prevalence of suicidal ideation and behavior among young adults and receipt of mental health care among suicidal young adults. Method We examined restricted data from 145,800 persons aged 18 to 25 years who participated in the 2009 to 2015 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health. Descriptive analyses and bivariable and multivariable logistic regressions were applied. Results Among US young adults during 2009 to 2015, the 12-month prevalence of suicidal ideation increased from 6.1% to 8.3%, the 12-month prevalence of suicide plan increased from 2.0% to 2.7%, and 12-month prevalence of suicide attempt increased from 1.1% to 1.6%. After adjusting for personal factors and changes in residing county’s population characteristics, we found upward trends in suicidal ideation among non-Hispanic whites and Hispanics, an upward trend in suicide plan among young adults overall, and an upward trend in suicide attempt among those without major depressive episodes (MDE). Among young adults with MDE, the prevalence of suicide attempt remained high and unchanged. During 2009 to 2015, trends in receipt of mental health care remained unchanged among most suicidal young adults and declined slightly among uninsured suicidal young adults. The annual average prevalence of receipt of mental health care was 36.2% among suicidal young adults. Conclusion During 2009 to 2015, suicidal ideation, suicide plan, and suicide attempt increased among young adults overall, but receipt of mental health care among suicidal young adults did not increase. Our results suggest that effective efforts are needed for suicide prevention and promotion of mental health care among young adults.
Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase C2B and TRIM27 Function to Positively and Negatively Regulate IGE Receptor Activation of Mast Cells

Cross linking of the IgE receptor (FceRI) on mast cells plays a critical role in IgE-dependent allergy including allergic rhinitis, asthma, anaphylaxis, and immediate type hypersensitivity reactions. Previous studies have demonstrated that the K+ channel, KCa3.1, plays a critical role in IgE-stimulated Ca2+ entry and degranulation in both human and mouse mast cells. We now show that the class II phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase C2b (PI3KC2b) is necessary for FceRI stimulated activation of KCa3.1, Ca2+ influx, cytokine production and degranulation of bone marrow derived mast cells (BMMC). In addition, we found that the E3 ubiquitin ligase, tripartite motif containing protein 27 (TRIM27), negatively regulates FceRI activation of KCa3.1, and downstream signaling by ubiquitinating and inhibiting PI3KC2b.TRIM27-/- mice are also more susceptible in vivo to acute anaphylaxis. These findings identify TRIM27 as an important negative regulator of mast cells in vivo, and suggests that PI3KC2b is a potential new pharmacologic target to treat IgE mediated disease.
Electrophoretic Separations in Ultrathin Channels Using Microelectrode Array Detection

Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) has become a highly efficient separation technique especially suitable for the investigation of low-volume samples. This technique has been widely applied to provide high-resolution separations of species in biological microenvironments in and around single cells. CZE, however, is a serial technique in which a small plug of material is injection and then separated. In order to monitor constantly changing cellular microenvironments a technique is needed that combines the advantages of CZE with continuous injection. A method has been developed which employs a capillary to introduce sample into a thin rectangular channel for subsequent electrophoretic separation. Dynamic separations are achieved by moving the capillary across the width of the channel and detecting the eluting species via an integrated array of platinum electrodes. Neurotransmitter separations have been achieved with channels as thin as 0.6 μm using this method.
Legal Theory Lexicon 057: Realist Deconstruction of Formal Legal Categories

This entry in the "Legal Theory Lexicon" series examines a powerful move associated with the American legal realists. The move can be called the "realist deconstruction of formal legal categories." This move might be schematized as containing three steps: Step One: Categorization. A given fact situation, F, is categorized as falling into some formal legal category, C. Step Two: Rule Identification. A legal rule that incorporates the category is identified and stated. The simplest rules have the following form: If the fact situaation, F, falls under category, C, then legal rule R, requires outcome, O. Step Three: Rule Application: In the instant case, F is C, therefore O. In other words, in the case before the court, the fact situation does fall under the relevant legal category and so the rule requires a particular outcome. This form or style of reasoning suggests that the legal work is really done in step two - where we identify the legal rule that produces the outcome. Step one looks like it is just factfinding, we are just describing the facts in terms of a legal category. The legal realists were famous for showing that step one frequently concealed something that was not factfinding at all. When the facts were categorized, what was really going on was an instrumentalist or policy-driven process, where the judge was deciding which legal category to apply on the basis of the judge's decision about which outcome was best. This insight deconstructs the process of legal reasoning - showing that the apparent form of the legal argument conceals the real process of legal decisionmaking. Let's do an example and then we can come back to the theory.
Decision table development and application to the construction of fault trees

A systematic methodology for the construction of fault trees based on the use of decision tables has been developed. These tables are used to describe each possible output state of a component as a set of combinations of states of inputs and internal operational or T states. Two methods for modeling component behavior via decision tables have been developed, one inductive and one deductive. These methods are useful for creating decision tables that realistically model the operational and failure modes of electrical, mechanical, and hydraulic components as well as human interactions inhibit conditions and common-cause events. A computer code CAT (Computer Automated Tree) has been developed to automatically produce fault trees from decision tables. A simple electrical system was chosen to illustrate the basic features of the decision table approach and to provide an example of an actual fault tree produced by this code. This example demonstrates the potential utility of such an automated approach to fault tree construction once a basic set of general decision tables has been developed.
Preparation of Teachers to Work with Communicatively Handicapped Students in Rural Schools.

There is a shortage of qualified speech-language pathologists in rural school districts throughout the United States. As a result, many communicatively handicapped students in rural areas are under...
Adapting Irrigated Agriculture to Drought in the San Joaquin Valley of California

Webster’s dictionary defines drought as a continuous state of dryness but does not define a cause for that dryness, just the existence. Irrigated agriculture is in a continuous state of drought by definition, simply because water is supplied by stored surface or groundwater supplies. This results in agriculture being in constant competition for that supply with municipal, industrial, and environmental uses—any one of which may have a higher right to the water supply than agriculture. Thus, even in times of plentiful water supply, a drought condition still could exist in irrigated agriculture. The challenge for agriculture is how to improve water productivity to compensate for any potential losses to competing demands. This chapter presents options for improved water productivity; including changing irrigation systems, improving use of water and fertilizer, and employing irrigation water management strategies, including deficit irrigation. Alternative water management strategies will be discussed, including defining production goals based on the available water supply, integrated water management of irrigation and drainage systems, cropping alternatives, and physical management of crops (e.g., pruning and thinning).
Advanced equivalent source methodologies for near-field acoustic holography

Abstract The equivalent source method (ESM) based near-field acoustic holography (NAH) has been used successfully in the reconstruction of the acoustical field over arbitrarily shaped vibrating structures from measurements of the pressure field on a nearby conformal surface. In this work we study the use of the ESM dipole and a combined source representation for NAH reconstructions. Using numerically generated data from an elastic spherical shell acoustic response, the studies are focused on the correct positioning and distribution of the source points in relation to the vibrating surface, accuracy over problematic frequencies and spatial aliasing. Finally, we utilize physical data from a vibrating ship-hull structure to validate the proposed ESM reconstructions.
Kappa opioid regulation of depressive-like behavior during acute withdrawal and protracted abstinence from ethanol.

The dynorphin/kappa opioid receptor (DYN/KOR) system appears to be a key mediator of the behavioral effects of chronic exposure to alcohol. Although KOR opioid receptor antagonists have been shown to decrease stress-related behaviors in animal models during acute ethanol withdrawal, the role of the DYN/KOR system in regulating long-term behavioral changes following protracted abstinence from ethanol is not well understood. The objective of the current study was to further explore the role of the DYN/KOR system in regulating stress-related behavioral changes associated with acute withdrawal and protracted abstinence from ethanol. More specifically, the present experiments sought to examine the ability of the KOR antagonist norbinaltorphimine (nor-BNI) to reverse depressive-like behavior in the forced swim test in rats exposed to chronic ethanol. In the first experiment, rats were fed an ethanol or control liquid diet for 28–30 days, and then 24 hours after removal of the diet, were exposed to inescapable swim stress. Immediately following this procedure, rats were injected with nor-BNI (20 mg/kg) or saline and then tested 24 hours later in the forced swim test. A second experiment used a similar procedure to examine the effects of nor-BNI on behavioral changes during protracted abstinence in rats tested in the forced swim test 3 weeks after exposure to the ethanol liquid diet procedure. Ethanol-dependent rats showed increased immobility, which is thought to indicate a depressive-like state, when examined during acute withdrawal and protracted abstinence compared to controls, an effect attenuated by nor-BNI. These results suggest that the DYN/KOR system plays role in mediating both short- and long-term behavioral changes associated with depression following chronic alcohol exposure.
Annual Nationwide Infection Trends for Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty

Several recent intraoperative and wound management techniques have been developed and implemented in the United States over the past decade; however, it is unclear what the effects of these newer modalities have on reducing surgical site infection (SSI) rates. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to track the annual rate and trends of (1) overall, (2) deep, and (3) superficial SSIs following revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was queried for all revision TKA cases performed between 2011 and 2016, which yielded 9,887 cases. Cases with superficial and/or deep SSIs were analyzed separately and then combined to evaluate overall SSI rates. After an overall 6-year correlation and trends analysis, univariate analysis was performed to compare the most recent year, 2016, with the preceding 5 years. Correlation coefficients and chi-square tests were used to determine correlation and statistical significance. No significant correlations between combined, deep, and/or superficial SSI rates and year were noted (p > 0.05). The lowest overall SSI incidence was in 2012 (1.16%), while the greatest incidence was in 2014 (1.76%). The deep SSI incidence over the 6 years was 0.67% (66 out of 9,887 cases). Deep SSI rate decreased by 10% in 2016 compared with 2011 (0.50 vs. 0.56%, p > 0.05). In this 6-year period, 94 cases out of 9,887 were complicated by a superficial SSI, an incidence of 0.95%. The lowest superficial SSI incidence occurred in 2015 (n = 17, 0.77%). Overall, the incidence of SSIs in revision TKA has remained fairly low with some annual variance, indicating room for improvement. These variations likely as revision surgeries can be more complex and have several associated confounding factors influencing outcomes, when compared with primary cases. Further research is needed to identify revision-specific strategies to reduce the risk of surgical site infections.
Immigrant Citizens and Racial Resentment in International Policy Perspective: The Role of Nativity and Racial Resentment in Shaping Support for US Foreign Assistance Expenditure, 2002–2016

While there is a well-developed literature on public opinion and foreign aid policy, studies have only recently explored the role of survey respondent nativity and have yet to explore the role of racial resentment. In a repeated cross-sectional data analysis (2002–2016), the article exposes that non-native born respondents see more benefit to increased foreign aid than do comparably situated native born citizens. Racial resentment appears to be linked to a lack of generosity towards individuals in need of development aid.
Influence of Nesting Characteristics on Health of Wild Bee Communities

Nest site availability and quality are important for maintaining robust populations and communities of wild bees. However, for most species, nesting traits and nest site conditions are poorly known, limiting both our understanding of basic ecology for bee species and conservation efforts. Additionally, many of the threats commonly associated with reducing bee populations have effects that can extend into nests but are largely unstudied. In general, threats such as habitat disturbances and climate change likely affect nest site availability and nest site conditions, which in turn affect nest initiation, growth, development, and overwintering success of bees. To facilitate a better understanding of how these and other threats may affect nesting bees, in this review, I quantify key nesting traits and environmental conditions and then consider how these traits may intersect with observed and anticipated changes in nesting conditions experienced by wild bees. These data suggest that the effects of common threats to bees through nesting may strongly influence their survival and persistence but are vastly understudied. Increasing research into nesting biology and incorporating nesting information into conservation efforts may help improve conservation of this declining but critical group.
Effects of Extended Retail Display on Metmyoglobin Reducing Activity in Ground Beef Model

ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of extended retail display on metmyoglobin reducing activity in ground beef model.Materials and MethodsTwo retail display trials were conducted using 2 ground beef batches with 91 and 93% lean. Thirty-six 454-g ground beef loaves per trial were produced, placed on black Styrofoam trays, overwrapped with PVC film (O2 permeability of 1.21 mL/cm2/d and water vapor permeability of 0.022 g/cm2/d; LINPAC Packaging-Filmco Inc., Aurora, OH), and displayed at 2°C under fluorescent light (900 lux) for up to 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, 192, 216, 240, 264, 288, and 312 h (n = 4 per time point). Two randomly selected loaves per time point per trial were withdrawn for further analysis. The pH value was determined by placing 1 g of meat in 10 mL of D-water (Accumet AE150 pH Benchtop Meter; Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA). Aerobic Plate Count (APC, log CFU/g) was determined using 3M APC Petrifilm (3M Corporation, St. Paul, MN). Lean redness and reflectance spectra (400 to 700 nm) were recorded with illuminant A at 10° angle (MiniScan EZ 4500L, Hunter Associates Laboratory, Inc., Reston, VA). Metmyoglobin reducing activity (MRA) was measured by reacting extracted reductases with horse skeletal metmyoglobin and measuring absorbance by deoxymyoglobin at 580 nm (Spectramax Plus 384; Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA). Statistical analysis was performed by using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC) at 0.05 level of significance.ResultsThe APC was increased by 0.7 log CFU/g from 0 to 168 h (P = 0.022), which coincided with an increase in pH from 5.61 to 5.88 (P < 0.001). As expected, redness was decreased from 30.83 (0 h) to 13.48 (96 h; P < 0.001), which coincided with 10.56% decrease in surface oxymyoglobin (P = 0.001). However, lean redness and surface oxymyoglobin was increased after 120 h up to 216 h (P < 0.001). Although MRA remained constant from 0 to 120 h of retail display (7.03 to 8.58 µM/min/g; P ≥ 0.220), it was increased up to 16.01 µM/min/g by 288 h (P ≤ 0.004), following a quadratic relationship that could be fit as MRA = 7.68 + 0.0001 × time2 (R2 = 0.67; P < 0.001).ConclusionThese findings were in contrast with the conventional wisdom that beef color continues to deteriorate as retail display progresses. The current study indicated that microorganisms in meat might contribute to the increase in metmyoglobin reducing activity, which may be used as novel technology to maintain meat color stability.
Tarsal fractures: part 2

Both calcaneal and central tarsal bone fractures are commonly encountered in the racing greyhound. While isolated fractures of the numbered tarsal bones are uncommon, malleolar fractures are encoun...
A Review of Affective Computing Research Based on Function-Component-Representation Framework

Affective computing, a field that bridges the gap between human affect and computational technology, has witnessed remarkable technical advancement. However, theoretical underpinnings of affective computing are rarely discussed and reviewed. This paper provides a thorough conceptual analysis of the literature to understand theoretical questions essential to affective computing and current answers. Inspired by emotion theories, we proposed the function-component-representation (FCR) framework to organize different conceptions of affect along three dimensions that each address an important question: function of affect (why compute affect), component of affect (how to compute affect), and representation of affect (what affect to compute). We coded each paper by its underlying conception of affect and found preferences towards affect detection, behavioral component, and categorical representation. We also observed coupling of certain conceptions. For example, papers using the behavioral component tend to adopt discrete representation, whereas papers using the physiological component tend to adopt dimensional representation. The FCR framework is not only the first attempt to organize different theoretical perspectives in a systematic and quantitative way, but also a blueprint to help conceptualize an AC project and pinpoint new possibilities. Future work may explore how the identified frequencies of FCR framework combinations may be applied in practice.