cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Latest Studies of the SM Higgs Boson Couplings to Fermions at ATLAS

Abstract This proceeding presents the latest studies on the Yukawa couplings of the Standard Model Higgs boson with 139 fb−1 data collected using the ATLAS detector at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. A first direct probe of CP violation in the top-quark Yukawa coupling using events where the Higgs boson is produced in association with top quarks ( t t ‾ H and tH), and decays into two photons (H → γγ) is discussed. The latest results on the Higgs boson production in association with a W or Z boson (VH) in the H → b b ‾ channel are depicted as well. Finally, the searches for Higgs boson decays into two muons (H → μ+μ−) and two electrons (H → e+e−) are presented.
Serological Prevalence Survey Among the High-Risk Populations of Brucellosis-Endemic Areas - China, 2019-2020.

What is already known about this topic? Timely screening of high-risk population is important to improve the early detection of brucellosis among the endemic areas during the high incidence seasons, which is also required by the National Brucellosis Prevention and Control Plan (2016–2020) (NBPCP). What is added by this report? Seroepidemiological characteristics of brucellosis in high-risk populations were obtained and special occupational populations were found. The seroprevalence of brucellosis has been decreasing compared with that reported in the recent years due to the ongoing implementation of control measures in endemic areas. What are the implications for public health practice? Special occupational populations could be promptly detected using routine screening, which makes it possible to initiate standardized treatment for infected patients as early as possible. It also reminds us to pay attention to special occupational populations to improve their knowledge of brucellosis and reduce the risk of infection.
A “rough test” of a delinquent coping process model of general strain theory☆

Abstract Purpose We examine a coping-process model Agnew (2013) proposed in his recent extension of general strain theory (GST). We also test whether combining variables conducive to criminal coping increases the chance of detecting their conditioning the effects of strain and negative emotions on coping. Methods We applied structural equation modeling to analyze representative data from two waves of the Korean Youth Panel Survey, collected when respondents were eleventh and twelfth graders. Results Holding the respondent's prior deviance and sociodemographic and theoretical controls constant, we found the criminogenic effect of objective strain on delinquent coping to be fully mediated by the objective strain's cognitive appraisal (i.e., subjective strain) and the emotional outcomes of strain. In addition, anger was found to increase internalizing (drug use) as well as externalizing coping (non-drug delinquency), whereas depression/anxiety was not related to drug use, though it decreased non-drug delinquency. However, we found little evidence that combining variables conducive to criminal coping is likely to help detect their conditioning effects than using the variables individually. Conclusions This study provides empirical support for the coping-process model of extended GST, including the conceptual distinction between objective and subjective strain, except the suggested combinational method to detect a conditioning effect.
A general model for the qualitative analysis of hybrid dynamical systems

First formulates a definition of hybrid dynamical system which covers a very large number of classes of hybrid systems and which is suitable for the qualitative analysis of such systems. Next, the authors present several specific examples of hybrid dynamical systems.
Searching for Joy in Residency by Listening to Our Patients.

phrases or answers while driving to and from hospital and while walking my dog. Once I began to approach communication as a procedure, learning it became more exciting. I came to understand that patients and families are not angry at me, but they are emotionally overwhelmed. By paying enough attention to their emotional distress and trying to explain the complicated situation as simply as possible, I discovered, to my great surprise, that they were tremendously grateful for my communication despite the fact that I kept delivering the worst news in the world. After a year-long palliative care fellowship, my communication skills improved considerably. Now I can conduct difficult communication independently, but I realize that mastering family meetings will be a career-long process. It will require continuous deliberate practice for that skill to grow. That is exactly how I felt at the end of my surgical residency. Based on these experiences in both surgery and palliative care, I have learned 2 lessons: communication, like surgery, is not something trainees are (or are not) good at doing by nature. Second, communication skills, like surgical skills, are something that can be taught, learned, and practiced in a structured way. In sharing these lessons with residents and fellows, I have found a way to continue on the path that both my surgical and palliative medicine mentors so deftly laid out for me.
A First Step

Mexico in the 1980's recognized the importance of education for its leadres of the future. However, economic crises called for some innovative solutions. Among other concerns, the need for research materials and information access influenced the United States Embassy in Mexico City to make inquiries reaching the Universirty of Texas at El Paso, a Texas border university which promotes U.S.-Mexico educational endeavors. After much planning, in the summer of 1989 twenty-five U.S. AMIGOS liibraries and six Mexican private colleges and universities began the U.S.-Mexico Interlibrary Loan Project. Although Mexican researchers have benefited from the project more that U.S. researchers, the project has proved to be a very successful cooperative effort between the two countries. The pilot project of six months ersulted in a decision to continue the project indefinitely. The forecast for the future is for growth and expansion-more libraries participating in more interchange of information. The U.S.-Mexico Interlib...
Mapping the Core-Mantle Boundary

Louise H. Kellogg Deep within Earth lies a boundary between the solid iron core and the mantle, where seismologists see an abrupt change in seismic wave velocity. As Kellogg discusses in her Perspective, new studies are revealing many details about this core-mantle boundary, including two reports in the same issue. Revenaugh and Meyer report studies of the core-mantle boundary beneath Tonga, Japan, and Central America suggesting that it is partially molten. Earle and Shearer use new data processing methods to reveal details of the fine structure of the core-mantle boundary.
Flow robustness of multilevel networks

The Internet topology can be viewed at the physical-, router-, PoP-, and AS-level. Intuitively, a richly connected lower level can improve the resilience of a service at higher levels. Understanding the structure of the Internet from a multilevel point of view is more realistic than examining its properties at individual levels. We have developed a framework to analyse the robustness of multilevel and multiprovider networks. We show that multilevel graphs exhibit different performance from single level graphs. Moreover, our framework validates the robustness of the Internet core due to its rich connectivity.
Surface Crystalline Carbon Temperature Sensor

During development of instrumentation for a rocket test of the properties of superfluid helium in zero-gravity field, a surface sensor was needed to measure small temperature changes. Requirements of the sensor included high sensitivity, rapid response, small size, reproducibility, and ease of application to a test surface. A sensor formed from a thin film of commercially available carbon colloidal suspension (Electrodag +501)‡ was found to be satisfactory both as a static temperature sensor and as a detector of transient temperature changes. As a static sensor it exhibited an accuracy and reproducibility better than 10 mK. As a transient detector, it was capable of detecting changes of 1 mK with a rise time of 10 msec. These films can also be used as surface heaters with power dissipation of 1 W/cm2 at temperatures as high as 250°C.
23. Neutron Crystallography of Proteins

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the neutron crystallography of proteins. The x-ray diffraction of single crystals provides the atomic structure of several hundred biological macromolecules, including many diverse proteins, viruses, t-RNA (tranfer ribonucleic acid) and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These studies resulted in models that provide a basis for understanding enzyme catalytic mechanisms, ligand binding, and molecular function. Neutron diffraction provides an experimental method of directly locating hydrogen atoms, because of their relatively large neutron scattering lengths. The chapter present the current status of single-crystal neutron diffraction studies of proteins. The advantages and disadvantages of neutron diffraction is discussed. Neutron diffraction can locate light atoms such as hydrogen and deuterium, because they have scattering lengths similar to those of heavier atoms. The strategy of data collection is strongly dependent on the instrument used for that purpose. In x-ray protein crystallography, the multiple isomorphous replacement technique has been widely used to obtain the initial estimate of phases. The procedures used for structure refinement in x-ray crystallography can be classified as real-space, difference Fourier, and reciprocal-space techniques. These procedures differ in the function that is minimized. The results of hydrogen-exchange experiments and of methyl rotor analyses provide unique methods for correlating the dynamic properties of proteins with their three-dimensional structures. Such motions in proteins play an important role in their function and may affect processes such as ligand binding, enzyme catalysis, and electron transfer.
Application of Ultrahigh Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Treatment of Brain Tumors: A Meta-Analysis

Background Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the imaging modality of choice for the clinical management of brain tumors, and the majority of scanners operate with static magnetic field strengths of 1.5 or 3.0 Tesla (T). During the past decade, ultrahigh field (UHF) MRI has been investigated for its clinical applicability. This meta-analysis evaluates studies pertaining to the application of UHF MRI to patients with brain tumors. Methods The authors performed a systematic review of the literature. Articles relating to application of UHF MRI to brain anatomy and brain tumors with living subjects were included. Studies were grouped into 1 of 3 categories based on area of focus: "Anatomical Structures Involved with Brain Tumors," "Tumor characterization," and "Treatment Monitoring." Comparison studies with extractable outcomes measure data were analyzed for performance of UHF MRI versus clinical field strengths (1.5 T and 3 T). Results Twenty-four studies (361 subjects) met inclusion criteria. The field of study was heterogeneous and rigorous statistical analysis was not possible. Overall, 279 patients with brain tumors scanned at UHF MRI have been reported. Of these, glioma and glioblastoma multiforme are the most commonly studied lesions (38.9% and 24.4%, respectively). In comparison studies between UHF MRI and clinical field strengths, 24 of 51 patients had outcome measures that were better with UHF MRI, 17 of 24 were equivalent at both field strengths, and 9 were worse at UHF MRI. The most common causes of a worse performance were susceptibility artifacts and magnetic field inhomogeneities (3 of 9). Imaging of the pituitary gland, pineal gland veins, cranial nerves, and tumor microvasculature were all shown to be feasible. Conclusions UHF MRI shows promise to improve detection and characterization of brain tumors, preoperative planning for neurosurgical resection, and longitudinal monitoring of the effects of radiation and antibody-based therapies. Technical innovations are needed to overcome field inhomogeneity and susceptibility artifacts in certain regions of the skull. Finally, larger studies comparing 1.5 T, 3.0 T, and 7.0 T or greater will determine whether UHF MRI gains acceptance as a clinical standard.
Photolithographic laboratory instruction at Rochester Institute of Technology

Describes the topics covered by Microlithography I and II laboratories and the Advanced Microelectronic Chemistry Laboratory at the Rochester Institute of Technology. Involvement in Microlithography I lab introduces the students to photoresist application and measurement experiments, radiometric characteristics of photolithographic systems. optical exposure and overlay methods, linewidth measurement, and image evaluation using a scanning electron microscope. Microlithography II lab introduces the students to some advanced state-of-the-art lithography techniques being used in IC fabrication at the micrometer and submicrometer levels. Advanced Microlithography introduces the students to the characteristics of image formation and image recording and their matching for optimum performance. >
NPN calculi: a family of three strict Q-algebras

NPN (negative-positive-neutral) calculi, a family of three mathematical structures are introduced for qualitative reasoning. NPN crisp logic extends the usual 4-valued model (+, -, 0, ?) to a 6-valued model (1, 0, +1, (-1, 0), (0, +1), (-1, +1)) and adds one more level of specification to the usual model. NPN fuzzy logic extends the NPN model to the space ( For all (x,y) mod x, y epsilon (-1, 1) and x >
The VASP Road to NAFLD: A Macrophage Detour

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a common clinical disorder, is increasing largely due to increasing consumption of diets high in fructose and fat (1–3). Indeed, NAFLD has been reported to be present in up to 30% of the U.S. population (3), closely mirroring the prevalence of obesity. Its presence carries an increased risk for type 2 diabetes, end-stage liver disease, and cardiovascular disease (2). Obesity and type 2 diabetes are characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation in which maladaptive immune responses contribute to the development of resistance to the metabolic actions of insulin, thus generating a proinflammatory milieu that leads to steatosis and fibrosis of the liver (4). A critical event in the pathophysiology of tissue inflammation is the shift in the polarization status of macrophages from an anti-inflammatory (M2) to a proinflammatory (M1) phenotype of macrophages (5,6). M1 polarization of hepatic Kupffer cells (KCs) plays an important role in the genesis of hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in response to chronic overnutrition (6). M1 polarization results in increased expression of proinflammatory mediators, such as CD11c, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL)-6, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (7). Conversely, the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype secretes preferentially CD206, arginase1, and IL-10 (8). The role of macrophage M1/M2 polarization status in conditions of insulin resistance has been explored using myeloid-specific knockout …
Extramedullary hematopoiesis of the liver in a child with sickle cell disease: A rare complication

We present the case of a 7-year-old Cameroonian girl with sickle cell disease (SCD) who presented with progressive abdominal distension, fever, severe anemia, respiratory distress, and fatigue. Abdominal ultrasound showed a 15.3 cm × 11.5 cm × 15.5 cm solid echogenic mass within the left lobe of the liver. Fine-needle aspiration showed features of extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH). Despite transfusions, antibiotics, and initiation of hydroxyurea the patient died of respiratory failure during the hospital stay. There is a paucity of information on EMH in the pediatric sickle cell population, especially from resource-limited settings such as western Africa. EMH, however, is a known complication of SCD and should be considered in patients presenting with mass lesions in the setting of chronic anemia. With limited therapeutic interventions for EMH, including radiation and hydroxyurea, the emphasis should be on improving overall treatment of patients with chronic and untreated hemolytic anemia, especially in low-income countries.
DNA damage in brain mitochondria caused by aging and MPTP treatment.

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) treatment leads to marked depletion of dopamine (DA) levels in the nigrostriatal pathway and dopaminergic neuronal degeneration in caudate-putamen and substantia nigra. MPTP is believed to inhibit complex I of the electron transport system leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species. We sought to test the hypotheses that MPTP treatment: (1) leads to dopamine depletion; (2) causes extensive mitochondrial DNA damage, and (3) that these effects would be age dependent. The levels of dopamine and its metabolites, DOPAC and HVA were analyzed by HPLC equipped with electrochemical detection. DNA damage was measured by quantitative PCR in both mitochondrial and nuclear (β-polymerase) targets from the caudate-putamen, substantia nigra and cerebellum regions of control and MPTP-treated mice. The age groups studied were 22 days and 12 months. MPTP produced no significant effect on the levels of dopamine and its metabolites in young mice whereas in old, there was a significant decrease in this neurotransmitter system after MPTP administration. These 12-month-old mice, when compared to the young mice, showed a significant increase in mitochondrial DNA damage in the caudate-putamen and cerebellum. The latter region also displayed a significant increase in DNA damage in a nuclear gene. After treatment with MPTP, there was an age-dependent increase in DNA damage in mitochondria of the caudate-putamen while there was no significant DNA damage in the nuclear target. MPTP treatment led to damage in both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA of the substantia nigra, while there was no damage in either mitochondria or nucleus in cerebellum which was used as a negative control.
Dual-wavelength-excitation single-particle fluorescence spectrometer/particle sorter for real-time measurement of organic carbon and biological aerosols

We report the development of a Single-Particle Fluorescence Spectrometer (SPFS) system capable of measuring two UV-laser excited fluorescence spectra from a single particle on-the-fly. The two dispersed fluorescence spectra are obtained from excitation by two lasers at different wavelengths (263 nm and 351 nm). The SPFS samples single particles with sizes primarily in the 1–10 µm range. The fluorescence spectra are recorded from 280 nm to 600 nm (in 20 channels) for 263 nm excitation and from 370 nm to 700 nm (in 22 channels) for 351 nm excitation. The elastic scattering (channel 4 and 9) is also recorded for sizing each particle. A time stamp for single particles is marked with a variable time interval resolution from 10 ms to 10 minutes. The SPFS employs a virtual-impactor concentrator to concentrate respirable-sized particles with a resulting (size-dependent) effective flow rate of around 100 liters/min. The SPFS can measure single-particle spectra at a maximum rate of 90,000/sec, although the highest rates we have experienced for the ambient are only several hundred/sec. When the SPFS is combined with an aerodynamic deflector (puffer) to sort particles according to their fluorescence spectral characteristics, the SPFS/puffer system can selectively deflect and collect an enriched sample of targeted particles (at rates limited by the puffer) of 1200 particles/sec, for further examination. In laboratory tests, aerosol particles with similar UV-LIF spectra (e.g. B. subtilis and E.coli) are puffed into the reservoir of a micro-fluidic cell, where fluorescent-labeled antibodies bind to them and were classified by their labeled fluorescence. Measurements of the background ambient aerosol with the SPFS system made at sites with different regional climate (Connecticut, Maryland, and New Mexico) were clustered (unstructured hierarchical analysis) into 8-10 groups, with over 90% of all the fluorescent particles contained within these clusters (threshold dot product=0.9). However, the percentage of aerosols in each profile differed by sampling location. The unique features and performance of the SPFS/puffer system compared to other fluorescence-based bio-aerosol sensors will be discussed, with emphasis on reduction of false alarm rates.
Cooperative formation of high-order oligomers by retinoid X receptors: an unexpected mode of DNA recognition.

Abstract Nuclear hormone receptors are ligand-regulated transcription factors that function in metazoan homeostasis and differentiation. We report here that DNA recognition by at least one class of nuclear receptors, the retinoid X receptors (RXRs), can occur through an unanticipated mechanism involving the cooperative formation of protein tetramers and other high-order oligomers. Formation of these oligomeric complexes enables RXRs alpha and gamma, but not beta, to efficiently regulate transcription through response elements poorly recognized by RXR dimers. Thus, oligomer formation plays an important role in determining the specificity of DNA recognition by nuclear receptors and contributes to isoform-dependent differences in gene regulation.
Discovery of LY2457546: a multi-targeted anti-angiogenic kinase inhibitor with a novel spectrum of activity and exquisite potency in the acute myelogenous leukemia-Flt-3-internal tandem duplication mutant human tumor xenograft model

LY2457546 is a potent and orally bioavailable inhibitor of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases involved in angiogenic and tumorigenic signalling. In biochemical and cellular assays, LY2457546 demonstrates potent activity against targets that include VEGFR2 (KDR), PDGFRβ, FLT-3, Tie-2 and members of the Eph family of receptors. With activities against both Tie2 and Eph receptors, LY2457546 possesses an activity profile that distinguishes it from multikinase inhibitors. When compared head to head with sunitinib, LY2457546 was more potent for inhibition of endothelial tube formation in an in vitro angiogenesis co-culture model with an intermittent treatment design. In vivo, LY2457546 inhibited VEGF-driven autophosphorylation of lung KDR in the mouse and rat in a dose and concentration dependent manner. LY2457546 was well tolerated and exhibited efficacy in a 13762 syngeneic rat mammary tumor model in both once and twice daily continuous dosing schedules and in mouse human tumor xenograft models of lung, colon, and prostate origin. Additionally, LY2457546 caused complete regression of well-established tumors in an acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) FLT3-ITD mutant xenograft tumor model. The observed efficacy that was displayed by LY2457546 in the AML FLT3-ITD mutant tumor model was superior to sunitinib when both were evaluated using equivalent doses normalized to in vivo inhibition of pKDR in mouse lung. LY2457546 was well tolerated in non-clinical toxicology studies conducted in rats and dogs. The majority of the toxicities observed were similar to those observed with other multi-targeted anti-angiogenic kinase inhibitors (MAKs) and included bone marrow hypocellularity, hair and skin depigmentation, cartilage dysplasia and lymphoid organ degeneration and necrosis. Thus, the unique spectrum of target activity, potent in vivo anti-tumor efficacy in a variety of rodent and human solid tumor models, exquisite potency against a clinically relevant model of AML, and non-clinical safety profile justify the advancement of LY2457546 into clinical testing.
Basic Science and The NIH

The following is an edited version of the Keynote Speech delivered at the Annual Meeting of the American Society for Cell Biology by Harold Varmus, Director of the National Institutes of Health. The address, entitled Basic Science and the NIH, was given at the opening of the meeting in New Orleans on December 11, 1993. It was Varmus' first public policy talk as NIH Director.
Maximum Missile Velocity From Boiling-Liquid Expanding-Vapor Explosions (BLEVE) Using Exergy Analysis

One of the hazards from a boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE) is the formation and projection of missiles. The design of safeguards for protection from missiles, such as barricades or buffer zones, requires an estimate of the maximum kinetic energy of the missiles. In this paper we demonstrate the use of exergy analysis to estimate the maximum available work of the explosion, and then use a modified Gurney method to estimate the partitioning of exergy into the kinetic energy of the saturated vapor, the saturated liquid, and the missiles. The advantage of using exergy analysis to evaluate the maximum work of an explosion is that exergy is a state variable: its value depends only on the initial conditions of the high pressure fluid and the specification of the dead state. The advantage of using the Gurney method for evaluating the kinetic energy of missiles is that it does not require the selection of an equation of state for the high pressure fluid. The methodology is illustrated for several pure component fluids, and is then compared with other estimation methods.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Establishing research objectives to address issues of climate change

Abstract The implications of global climate change are enormous. However, there are major questions concerning whether climate change is occurring. If it is, subsequent questions should consider when and how the changes will affect society. There are numerous possible expensive research projects that could address each of the many facets of these questions. Wise decision making about global climate change research is thus seen as important. This paper describes a systematic process to identify and structure the objectives of research on global climate change. The result is a hierarchy of 81 important research objectives. This hierarchy was constructed based on interviews with a diverse set of individuals knowledgeable about climate change, and on discussions at an international workshop on global climate research objectives. The participants in both exercises included scientists, policy analysts, and executives of utility companies and national agencies from Europe, Asia, and North America. The main uses of these objectives should be to promote constructive communication about research programs designed to examine climate change issues, to stimulate the creation of potentially significant research tasks, and to provide a basis for evaluating and comparing research tasks.
A programming system for xeon phis with runtime SIMD parallelization

The Intel Xeon Phi offers a promising solution to coprocessing, since it is based on the popular x86 instruction set. However, to fully utilize its potential, applications must be vectorized to leverage the wide SIMD lanes, in addition to effective large-scale shared memory parallelism. Compared to the SIMT execution model on GPGPUs with CUDA or OpenCL, SIMD parallelism with a SSE-like instruction set imposes many restrictions, and has generally not benefitted applications involving branches, irregular accesses, or even reductions in the past. In this paper, we consider the problem of accelerating applications involving different communication patterns on Xeon Phis, with an emphasis on effectively using available SIMD parallelism. We offer an API for both shared memory and SIMD parallelization, and demonstrate its implementation. We use implementations of overloaded functions as a mechanism for providing SIMD code, which is assisted by runtime data reordering and our methods to effectively manage control flow. Our extensive evaluation with 6 popular applications shows large gains over the SIMD parallelization achieved by the production (ICC) compiler, and we even outperform OpenMP for MIMD parallelism.
The Development and Validation of a Measure of Student Attitudes Toward Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (S-STEM)

Using an iterative design along with multiple methodological approaches and a large representative sample, this study presents reliability, validity, and fairness evidence for two surveys measuring student attitudes toward science, technology, engineering, and math (S-STEM) and interest in STEM careers for (a) 4th- through 5th-grade students (Upper Elementary S-STEM) and (b) 6th- through 12th-grade students (Middle/High S-STEM). Findings from exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) suggested the use of a four-factor structure to measure student attitudes toward science, math, engineering/technology, and 21st century skills. Subject matter experts and literature reviews provided evidence of content validity. Reliability levels were high for both versions. Furthermore, both the Upper Elementary S-STEM and Middle/High S-STEM Surveys demonstrated evidence of configural, metric, and scalar invariance across grade levels, races/ethnicities, and genders. The findings support the ...
A Torque Based Sliding Mode Control of an Eddy Current Braking System for Automotive Applications

A sliding mode controller based on a polynomial-based eddy current machine model is presented in this paper. The controller provides a novel torque tracking control strategy that does not require any torque measurement. The enhanced parametric model captures the steady state torque-speed-current characteristics of the eddy current machine. The model parameters are experimentally estimated using a two stage least square type algorithm. Simulation of the proposed controller using a SIMULINK model incorporating the controller model, the eddy current brake model and a 14 degree of freedom vehicle model is performed. Simulation results are presented for the proposed controller in the context of an automobile braking application. The simulation results show good torque tracking performance of the proposed controller.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Future high density memories for computing applications: Device behavior and modeling challenges

Memory elements existing and under research are compared for their suitability in computer memory applications. Cross point arrays of phase change elements with matched isolation devices are found to be particularly attractive and the challenge to model them is analyzed.
LEAD AND HYPERACTIVITY

Abstract Hyperactive children were compared with a non-hyperactive control group on two measures that reflect the presence of body lead—blood-lead levels and urine levels after challenge by a single oral dose of the chelating agent penicillamine. Hyperactive children had significantly higher values on both measures than did the controls. More than half the hyperactive children had blood-lead levels in the range considered to be raised but not "toxic", and 60% of post-penicillamine urine levels were in the " toxic " range. It is concluded that there is an association between hyperactivity and raised lead levels; that a large body-lead burden may exert consequences that have been hitherto un-realised; that the definition of what is a toxic level for blood-lead needs re-evaluation; and that physicians should look for raised lead levels in children with hyperactivity.
MINIMIZING THE NATURAL FUEL REQUIREMENT FOR NUCLEAR REACTOR POWER SYSTEMS: A NONSTANDARD OPTIMAL CONTROL PROBLEM.

A class of model problems in nuclear reactor economics is defined and shown to be equivalent to a linear optimal control problem to which present versions of the maximum principle apparently cannot be applied. It is shown that the search for an optimal control can be restricted tocontrols of maximum fuel utilization (Comfu), and that theComfu's are in a one-to-one correspondence with the functions which satisfy certain inequalities and are solutions of a nonlinear Volterra integral equation containing the value of the cost functional as a parameter. In the general case, one can establish an iterative procedure, involving solution of the integral equation at each iteration, for approximating the optimalComfu. For some important special cases, a point on the solution corresponding to the optimalComfu is knowna priori, and thus the optimalComfu can be obtained by solving the integral equation only once. Some possible generalizations of the original economic model are also discussed.
Buoyancy-driven wall flows in enclosure fires

Buoyancy-induced flows frequently arise adjacent to the walls of an enclosure with a fire. Such flows are important since they may lead to a substantial redistribution of mass and energy between the two zones that idealize the environment in an enclosure fire. In this paper, an analytical study of wall flows generated in enclosure fires is carried out, in order to determine the mass, momentum and energy transported by such flows. Employing integral analysis, the resulting flow rates in the boundary layer are computed and compared with those in the corresponding fire plumes. It is found that, for most enclosure fires, the wall flows are important and should be included in zone model analysis in order to accurately predict the changing environment in the enclosed space. The procedure to take these effects into account is outlined.
Review of Water Resources Planning by Andrew A. Dzurik

This is the third edition of a basic text on the broad subject of water resources planning. The author has apparently added new material in the form of a Web site listing, some new text, and new tables to update dated material, such as a listing of models in use. All-in-all, however, the text appears to be little changed from the author’s first two editions. In any event, the author offers an interesting sample of water resources planning and management topics, written at a basic level. This is a very broad field, and, as the author acknowledges, it is difficult to stipulate prerequisites for learning in such a broad field. Prerequisites, according to the author, would be basic math and science, intellectual maturity, and an interest in the subject. The author is a professor of environmental engineering at the FSU-FAMU College of Engineering, located at Florida State University. He has served as a resident scholar with the Corps of Engineers where he obtained federal experience. He teaches and writes in the fields of water planning and environmental policy. As with the earlier editions, the current volume is a clear and straightforward presentation of a range of topics. These include hydrology, law, organization, legislation, the planning process, economics, applications, models, environmental issues, and future directions. Having also prepared a text on the same topic, this reviewer concurs in general with the book’s organization and scope but would differ on the details of the list of important topics. One surprise was the author’s chapter on ‘‘Federal Water Agencies and Legislation.’’ The reviewer expected to find text about agency structure, programs, and politics, but the chapter is really an extension of the previous one, and covers water and environmental law. The chapter’s introduction specifies that it is divided into two parts, but the second part dominates. Moreover, the chapter’s introduction specifies that it is an introduction to the federal ‘‘regulatory scheme,’’ but federal agency resource activities go beyond regulatory programs. The book apparently meets a demand for a clear presentation of the basic aspects of water resources planning. Its features that seem worthy of praise include broad coverage, a clear presentation, and the author’s success in writing to a wide audience. Also, the new inclusion of a listing of Web sites should be useful. Although the book is comprehensive in scope, a number of important topics are either left out or not covered in detail. For example, there is no coverage of irrigation, one of the most important water management topics in the West. Similarly, there is no coverage of planning for wastewater treatment infrastructure. Also, in the midst of one of the worst droughts in memory for parts of the country, there is no mention of droughts or drought contingency planning. Environmental issues in planning seem mostly relegated to a chapter on ‘‘other planning issues.’’ Knowing the author is more up-to-date than that, this reviewer suspects
EFFECT OF THE MUTILATION OF WINGS ON THE REPRODUCTION OF THE BEAN APHID APHIS FABAE SCOP

Mutilation of the wings by pinching and twisting them immediately after the aphid emerged hastened its reproduction. The hastening was more striking among individuals so treated which were kept in light than those kept in dark. Reproduction was also hastened, but to a slighter degree, among individuals with naturally deformed wings. It has been shown by earlier workers that bodily exercises hastened reproduction. The facts revealed in the present paper suggest that the nervous changes resulting from bodily exercise are more important than the actual exercises themselves. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG DIE WIRKUNG DER FLUGELVERSTUMMELUNG AUF DIE FORTPFLANZUNG DER SCHWARZEN BOHNENLAUS, APHIS FABAE SCOP. Verstummelung der Flugel durch Zusammenpressen und -drehen gleich nach der Hautung beschleunigte die Fortpflanzung der Blattlause. Diese Beschleunigung war unter im Licht gehaltenen Tieren auffallender als unter solchen, die in der Dunkelheit gehalten wurden. Die Fortpflanzung ging auch bei solchen Blattlausen — wenn auch im geringeren Grade — schneller vor sich, die ohne kunstlichen Eingriff schon mit verstummelten Flugeln schlupften. Von fruheren Autoren ist gezeigt worden, das auch korperliche Betatigung die Fortpflanzung beschleunigte. Die Befunde der vorliegenden Arbeit weisen nun darauf hin, das die durch korperliche Bewegung verursachte Nerventatigkeit wichtiger ist als die Ausubung selbst.
A Concentrator of E. coli in Water Flow

The objective of this research is to design and optimize a mini/micro-channel based concentrator of E. coli and integrate it with an acoustic wave biosensor. A computational research has been carried out using the state of the art computational software, CFD-ACE with water as bacteria bearing fluid. E. coli bacteria have been modeled as random discrete particles tracked by solving the Lagrangian equations. The design challenges are to achieve high particle to water ratio, high enough Reynolds number to avoid bacteria swimming, and various particle boundary conditions. The optimized design has achieved concentration of more than an order of magnitude higher than the inlet concentration at a flow velocity much higher than the bacteria swimming speed under various particle-boundary interactions. Bypass channels have been used to separate concentrated water-particle mixture and to put this mixture directly onto the biosensor’s bacteria detecting surface for safe and precise installation of the biosensor in the fluidic chip.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
The effect of high frequency ventilation on precerebral blood flow in a piglet model. † 1512

Infants treated with high frequency ventilation (HFV) may experience inadvertent increases in mean airway pressure (Paw) despite improving compliance. This may lead to increased intrathoracic pressure and reduced cerebral blood flow. We measured precerebral blood flow (PCBF) via an ultrasonic flow probe placed around the common carotid artery. Ten 1-2 week old piglets, without underlying lung disease, were sequentially placed on the following modes of ventilation: conventional (CV), high frequency (HF) (Infant Star Model 950+), high frequency with increased Paw (HFH), high frequency(HF2), high frequency with sigh breaths (HFIMV) and conventional (CV2). Initial CV settings maintained PaO2 80-120mmHg and PaCO2 35-45mmHg. Paw was identical for all modes except HFH, where Paw was increased by 4 cm H2O. PaO2and PaCO2 values were maintained within 5mmHg. There were no significant differences in mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate or blood gas results. PCBF was unchanged in the CV, HF, HF2, HFIMV and CV2 groups. PCBF fell 27.1% ±1.89 in the HFH group when compared to baseline CV (p<0.0007). In this model of HFV without lung disease, increased Paw led to a significant reduction in PCBF. This implies that infants with normal or improving compliance may experience reduced PCBF if Paw is not judiciously controlled while receiving HFV.Table
A Rapid and Efficient Method for Assessing Pathogenicity of Ustilago maydis on Maize and Teosinte Lines

Maize is a major cereal crop worldwide. However, susceptibility to biotrophic pathogens is the primary constraint to increasing productivity. U. maydis is a biotrophic fungal pathogen and the causal agent of corn smut on maize. This disease is responsible for significant yield losses of approximately $1.0 billion annually in the U.S.(1) Several methods including crop rotation, fungicide application and seed treatments are currently used to control corn smut(2). However, host resistance is the only practical method for managing corn smut. Identification of crop plants including maize, wheat, and rice that are resistant to various biotrophic pathogens has significantly decreased yield losses annually(3-5). Therefore, the use of a pathogen inoculation method that efficiently and reproducibly delivers the pathogen in between the plant leaves, would facilitate the rapid identification of maize lines that are resistant to U. maydis. As, a first step toward indentifying maize lines that are resistant to U. maydis, a needle injection inoculation method and a resistance reaction screening method was utilized to inoculate maize, teosinte, and maize x teosinte introgression lines with a U. maydis strain and to select resistant plants. Maize, teosinte and maize x teosinte introgression lines, consisting of about 700 plants, were planted, inoculated with a strain of U. maydis, and screened for resistance. The inoculation and screening methods successfully identified three teosinte lines resistant to U. maydis. Here a detailed needle injection inoculation and resistance reaction screening protocol for maize, teosinte, and maize x teosinte introgression lines is presented. This study demonstrates that needle injection inoculation is an invaluable tool in agriculture that can efficiently deliver U. maydis in between the plant leaves and has provided plant lines that are resistant to U. maydis that can now be combined and tested in breeding programs for improved disease resistance.
The use of bulbocapinine in electroencephalography of children

Abstract Administration of bulbocapnine in doses of 3–5 mg/kg. is an effective method of reducing movement artefacts in the EEG of restless, uncooperative children. Abnormal discharges were preserved in the records obtained under the conditions described.
Diffusive motion in alkali silicate melts: An NMR study at high temperature

Abstract Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy at high temperature is an excellent tool for studying the atomic scale diffusive processes in molten silicates which control their transport and thermodynamic properties. We present here 23Na and 29Si NMR data on lineshapes, spin-lattice, and spin-spin relaxation times in a series of alkali silicate and aluminosilicate melts from room temperature to about 1200°C. 29Si lineshapes show that exchange of oxygens between bridging and non-bridging sites takes place at the microsecond to nanosecond time scale at liquidus temperatures, making the lifetimes of silicate “molecules” very short. This process is probably a fundamental step in viscous flow and configurational entropy generation. 23Na relaxation time data suggest that the motion that causes relaxation is closely related to that of through-going diffusion, and the mixed-alkali effect is detectable in activation energies. The mechanism for 29Si spin-lattice relaxation changes at or near the glass transition, showing a close link between local diffusive motion and bulk thermodynamic properties.
Unsaturated properties for non-Darcian water flow in clay

Clay rock formations, and compacted clay (e.g., bentonite) used as backfill within disposal drifts, have been considered as natural and engineered barriers, respectively, for isolating high-level nuclear wastes in mined geologic repositories. Accurately modeling unsaturated flow in those clay materials is important for assessing the performance of a geological repository. While the non-Darcian behavior of water flow in clay materials has been demonstrated in the literature, a systematic study of modeling unsaturated non-Darcian flow is still lacking. Based on a hypothesis that pore water in clay becomes non-Newtonian as a result of water–clay interaction, we propose new constitutive relationships for unsaturated flow, including a relationship between water flux and hydraulic gradient and those among capillary pressure, water saturation, and hydraulic conductivity. An evaluation based on a set of laboratory experimental observations supports the usefulness of the proposed relationships. More experimental studies are desirable for further confirming the non-Newtonian water flow behavior in clay materials and evaluating the proposed relationships.
Formation and decay of styrene-amine exciplexes

Abstract The formation and decay of the fluorescent exciplexes formed between two styrenes ( trans -1-phenylpropene and trans -1-(4-cyanophenyl)propene) and two trialkylamines (triethylamine and diisopropylethylamine) were investigated using steady state and transient fluorescence measurements. The standard exciplex kinetic scheme has been expanded for the first time to include quenching of a reversibly-formed exciplex by ground state amine. Analysis of the data for the four exciplex systems provides examples of the four possible modes of exciplex formation (reversible and irreversible) and decay (quenched and unquenched). An anticipated, an increase in the driving force for exciplex formation leads to a decrease in the rate constant for exciplex dissociation, while an increase in the steric bulk of the amine leads to a decrease in the rate constant for exciplex quenching by ground state amine.
Relationship between ventilatory expired gas and cardiac parameters during symptom-limited exercise testing in patients with heart failure.

PURPOSE This study investigates the relationship between ventilatory expired gas and cardiac parameters measured during exercise testing in patients with heart failure. METHODS Twenty-five subjects (12 male, 13 female) diagnosed with compensated heart failure underwent symptom-limited exercise testing with ventilatory expired gas analysis. Metabolic and cardiac measures of interest were collected during testing. RESULTS Mean peak oxygen consumption (VO2), minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production (VE/VCO2) slope, percentage of age predicted maximal heart rate achieved during exercise testing (%APMHR), and peak respiratory exchange ratio were 14.7 +/- 4.7 mL O2/kg/min-1, 33.8 +/- 9.8, 76% +/- 15%, and 1.1 +/- 0.11, respectively. The VE/VCO2 slope was significantly correlated with the following: %APMHR (r = -0.81, P < 0.001), peak VO2 (r = -0.83, P < 0.001), VO2 at ventilatory threshold (r = -0.70, P < 0.001), and the dead space to tidal volume ratio (VD/Vt) (r = 0.65, P < 0.001). The ability of peak VO2 and %APMHR to predict the VE/VCO2 slope was significant (r = 0.86, r2 = 0.72, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the importance of analyzing multiple exercise test parameters, including metabolic measures, in patients with heart failure.