cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Industrial Sales Meeting Subject Content: A Comparison of Subject Importance

A survey was conducted among Fortune 500 companies to determine sales meeting subject content and the time spent on each subject in these sales meetings. Analysis of the data indicated that product knowledge and salesmanship techniques were considered most important and given the most time among all other subjects covered.
Bacteriological, Physicochemical, and Sensory Quality of Fresh Pork Chops with Low-Dose Irradiation and Modified-Atmosphere Packaging

The combined effects of low-dose irradiation and modified-atmosphere packaging treatments were studied with respect to survival and growth of salmonellae and changes in physicochemical and sensory characteristics of fresh pork loin chops. Fresh trimmed pork loin chops were inoculated with salmonellae (about 103 to l04 CFU/g), packaged with air, vacuum, 25% CO2, 50% CO2, or 75% CO2 balanced with N2, and irradiated by 0 or 1.0 kGy electron beam. All samples were stored at 2 to 4°C for 2 weeks, followed by storage at 25°C for 1 day. Uninoculated samples were also subjected to the same treatments and stored at the same refrigeration temperature for 4 weeks with weekly measurements of color, purge loss, and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values, as well as panel evaluations for color and odor. The number of salmonellae was initially reduced by 0.3 to 1.4 log cycles by 1.0 kGy irradiation, depending on packaging atmospheres applied. Salmonellae were more sensitive to irradiation in the presence of air. Using combinations of 1.0 kGy irradiation with a vacuum or elevated CO2 levels resulted in no survival of salmonellae after 2 weeks of storage at 2 to 4°C, and no further recovery after one more day at abuse temperature. Combined treatments also helped to slow the physicochemical and sensory changes in irradiated fresh pork chops. Vacuum packaging maintained pink color in irradiated pork, but showed greater purge loss and relatively high TBA values in comparison with CO2 atmospheres; all CO2 atmospheres resulted in less desirable irradiated pork color after 2 weeks of storage.
The Process and Factors of Industrial Cluster Formation: A Flowchart Approach to Industrial Cluster Policy in Japan

Throughout the early 1990s, the chief aim of Japan’s industrial policy with regards to outlying economies (i.e. areas outside the major cities) was to promote local development in those areas, by relocating various industries out of the major cities and by creating industrial agglomerations. However, in the late 1990s, so-called “deindustrialization” accelerated, as factories began leaving outlying areas and relocating overseas in reaction to the stronger yen and the industrialization of China and ASEAN. This made it impossible for Japan’s outlying economies to attract companies from large cities.
Relaxation of the Comic Sublime

After the composition of Saint Joan there was a five year pause (August 1923 to November 1928) in the writing of plays. During this time, Shaw put his major effort into The Intelligent Woman’s Guide to Socialism and Capitalism, a judicious summing up of ideas expressed over the years (concerning particularly the moral directionlessness of capitalism), as if to mark the completion of an extended period of creative development.1
Time Domain Analysis

An enhanced strip theory, basically like that described in the last chapter, has been developed and used extensively over recent years for the analysis of planing boat performance and in designing planing power boats. The mechanics of this book now shifts, by both necessity and availability, from semi-analytical to more semi-numerically predicted boat behavior, but still with an emphasis on craft design and engineering. It stops well short of any attempt to solve the fundamental field equations applicable to planing boat hydrodynamics, as such would not readily suit the intent of this work. This represents a shift from time-steady physics, where much of the basic behavior must be known, or estimated, in advance. The jump is to initial value solutions where only a realistic initial condition and boundary conditions must be known in advance. Time-varying predictions approaching steady state are often adequate for design decisions of practical benefit.
Applying the scientific method to cybersecurity research

The cyber environment has rapidly evolved from a curiosity to an essential component of the contemporary world. As the cyber environment has expanded and become more complex, so have the nature of adversaries and styles of attacks. Today, cyber incidents are an expected part of life. As a result, cybersecurity research emerged to address adversarial attacks interfering with or preventing normal cyber activities. Historical response to cybersecurity attacks is heavily skewed to tactical responses with an emphasis on rapid recovery. While threat mitigation is important and can be time critical, a knowledge gap exists with respect to developing the science of cybersecurity. Such a science will enable the development and testing of theories that lead to understanding the broad sweep of cyber threats and the ability to assess trade-offs in sustaining network missions while mitigating attacks. The Asymmetric Resilient Cybersecurity Initiative at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is a multi-year, multi-million dollar investment to develop approaches for shifting the advantage to the defender and sustaining the operability of systems under attack. The initiative established a Science Council to focus attention on the research process for cybersecurity. The Council shares science practices, critiques research plans, and aids in documenting and reporting reproducible research results. The Council members represent ecology, economics, statistics, physics, computational chemistry, microbiology and genetics, and geochemistry. This paper reports the initial work of the Science Council to implement the scientific method in cybersecurity research. The second section describes the scientific method. The third section in this paper discusses scientific practices for cybersecurity research. Section four describes initial impacts of applying the science practices to cybersecurity research.
An Enhanced Smoothing Algorithm for MPM to Stabilize Hydrodynamic Impact Problems with Embedded Solids

Abstract The impact of debris carried by floods or tsunamis can cause severe damage to structures, but the complex phenomena involved are difficult to model. The Material Point Method (MPM) provides one framework for modeling such systems, with the capability of incorporating combined fluid/solid behavior with complex interaction. Conventional MPM uses regular grids with tri-linear interpolation. However, linear functions introduce volumetric locking for (nearly) incompressible materials, posing problems when modeling liquids. To eliminate locking, hybrid formulations similar to those used with finite elements were adapted by Mast et al. [1] . This approach introduced two classes of anti-locking algorithms for nearly incompressible materials: a cell-based and a node-based variant. Both variants filter incompatible strains and stresses, but also affect the stability of the time integration. For hydrodynamic problems the cell-based algorithm is prone to checker-board stress fields, while the node-based algorithm can introduce excessive dissipation. This paper presents a new numerical flux smoothing algorithm to produce smooth stress fields in complex hydrodynamic problems while enhancing numerical stability. The goal is to combine the stability of the node-based anti-locking approach with the cell-based variant's capability to effectively solve hydrostatic problems. The improved algorithm is validated using a hydrostatic problem to isolate and minimize the effect of integration errors. A complex hydrodynamic problem involving an embedded solid block is then used as an example to display the new algorithm's modeling capabilities.
Teaching Transnasal Endoscopy to Graduate Students Without a Hospital or Simulation Laboratory: Pool Noodles and Cadavers.

Purpose This study reports on a training opportunity in endoscopy in which speech-language pathology graduate students use inanimate objects and cadavers. Best practices for transnasal endoscopy in...
Abstract 95: Exercise Training Prevents Attenuation of Nrf2/ARE-Antioxidant Signaling in Aging Myocardium

Background: Aging promotes accumulation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) in cardiomyocytes, which lead to contractile dysfunction and cardiac abnormalities. These conditions are promin...
Optimal management of physeal elbow injuries in the skeletally immature athlete remains undefined: a systematic review

Importance Physeal elbow injury remains common for the youth athlete. In this patient population, the most effective treatment strategy for these injuries is not established. Objective This systematic review aimed to synthesise current literature regarding treatment and outcomes of physeal elbow injuries in the skeletally immature athlete. Evidence review A systematic literature review was completed using two databases (PubMed and ScienceDirect). Search terms included ‘paediatric elbow injury', ‘adolescent elbow injury', ‘elbow physeal injury', ‘avulsion fracture medial epicondyle' and ‘little league elbow'. Inclusion criteria were: English language, Level of Evidence I–IV, physeal elbow injury as a direct consequence of athletic activity, involvement of a distinct treatment modality and/or outcome, publication after 1989 and skeletal immaturity demonstrated through radiographic measurements. Findings Twelve studies consisting of treatment of avulsion fractures of the medial epicondyle, medial epicondyle fragmentation, olecranon stress fractures and olecranon apophysitis met criteria and were included in this study. The most common injury was avulsion fracture of the medial epicondyle. Of these patients, 68.5% underwent operative fixation with average return to play at 3.3 months and 31.5% underwent non-operative treatment with an average return to play of 8.4 months. For medial epicondylar fragmentation, 90.2% of patients were treated non-operatively with average return to play at 3.8 months. Operative intervention was performed on 85.7% of patients with olecranon epiphysial stress fractures and average return to play was at 7 months. Operative intervention was performed on 87.5% of patients with persistence of the olecranon physis with average return to play of 4 months. All cases of olecranon apophysitis were treated non-operatively and return to play was not documented. Conclusions and relevance This systematic review demonstrates the heterogeneity of the treatment options for physeal injury in the adolescent athlete. This analysis supports that operative management may expedite return to play for avulsion fracture of the medial epicondyle, though medial epicondylar stress fractures can be successfully managed non-operatively. Limited data suggest surgical intervention of olecranon epiphysial stress fractures and persistence of the olecranon physis may allow athletes faster return to play. Level of evidence IV.
Untimely oxidative stress in β-cells leads to diabetes – Role of circadian clock in β-cell function

Diabetes results from a loss of β-cell function. With the number of people with diabetes reaching epidemic proportions globally, understanding mechanisms that are contributing to this increasing prevalence is critical. One such factor has been circadian disruption, with shift-work, light pollution, jet-lag, increased screen time, all acting as potential contributory factors. Though circadian disruption has been epidemiologically associated with diabetes and other metabolic disorders for many decades, it is only recently that there has been a better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms. Experimental circadian disruption, via manipulation of environmental or genetic factors using gene-deletion mouse models, has demonstrated the importance of circadian rhythms in whole body metabolism. Genetic disruption of core clock genes, specifically in the β-cells in mice, have, now demonstrated the importance of the intrinsic β-cell clock in regulating function. Recent work has also shown the interaction of the circadian clock and enhancers in β-cells, indicating a highly integrated regulation of transcription and cellular function by the circadian clock. Disruption of either the whole body or only the β-cell clock leads to significant impairment of mitochondrial function, uncoupling, impaired vesicular transport, oxidative stress in β-cells and finally impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and diabetes. In this review, we explore the role of the circadian clock in mitigating oxidative stress and preserving β-cell function.
Band structure and orientation of molecular adsorbates on surfaces by angle-resolved electron spectroscopies

Publisher Summary Band structure is the energy dependence of electron states as a function of wave vector. This is the result of the combination of atomic orbitals in a periodic lattice. Similarly, molecular orbitals can also combine to form a band structure. Though molecular orbitals are highly localized in molecular overlayers and molecular crystals, there is sufficient interaction among adjacent molecules to result in dispersion, as in many examples of crystalline molecular overlayers and thin films. The band structure of the occupied and unoccupied molecular orbitals can be measured using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES or ARUPS) and angle-resolved inverse photoemission spectroscopy (ARIPES). It is important that the molecular overlayer or crystal be ordered if electronic band structure is to be clearly and accurately determined. Such ordering includes well-defined molecular orientation(s). The dipole and symmetry selection rules in photoemission and the principles for mapping the experimental band structure have long been applied to the study of small molecule overlayers.
Pelvic Incidence Changes Between Flexion and Extension.

Abstract Study Design Retrospective single-center. Objectives To investigate changes in pelvic incidence from flexion to extension. To assess interobserver error in the measurement of pelvic incidence. Background Pelvic incidence (PI) has been considered a static parameter since it was originally described. But recent studies have shown that PI can change with age and after spinal procedures. Changes in PI based on position have not been investigated. Methods Seventy-two patients who had obtained flexion and extension radiographs of the lumbar spine were identified using strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. PI along with pelvic tilt (PT), sacral slope (SS), and lumbar lordosis were measured in both flexion and extension by two independent measurers. Variations in all parameters and interobserver measurement reliability were analyzed for the entire group. Results PI changed significantly from flexion to extension with a general tendency to decrease: mean (–0.94°), p .001). Obesity significantly contributed to differences in PI between flexion and extension (p = .003). Conclusions PI is a dynamic parameter that changes between flexion and extension. Changes in SS are the main factor involved in these changes, implicating movement through the sacroiliac joints as the cause. Obese patients have greater changes in PI from flexion to extension. Level of Evidence Level II.
Aerosol Optical Thickness: Organic Composition, Associated Particle Water, and Aloft Extinction

Over the contiguous United States, the strongest remotely sensed aerosol optical thickness (AOT) is observed in the east, where aerosol liquid water (ALW) and extinction per unit PM2.5 dry mass are highest. Positive associations between ALW due to sulfate and nitrate with remotely sensed AOT offer a contributing explanation for geospatial patterns in AOT seasonality. We seek to further resolve patterns in ALW-AOT relationships by investigating organic mass (OM) fractionation, converted from organic carbon (OC) measurements using regionally specific OM:OC ratios, and the associated impacts on ALW. ALW is integrated from the surface through the boundary layer and estimated from measured particle chemical composition using ISORROPIAv2.1 and κ-Kohler theory at eight Interagency Monitoring of PROtected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) sites in areas of contrasting AOT seasonality. Two groups of four sites each, clustered by chemical climatology, are compared to AOT derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spe...
Driver's License Suspension in North Carolina

In this Article, we analyze data concerning driver's license suspension for traffic offenses. The interest of a person in a driver’s license is “substantial,” and the suspension of a license by the state can result in “inconvenience and economic hardship suffered,” as the U.S. Supreme Court has observed, including because a license may “essential in the pursuit of a livelihood.” However, in this analysis of North Carolina data, we found that there are 1,225,000 active driver’s licenses suspensions in North Carolina for non-driving related reasons, relating to failure to pay traffic fines and court courts, and failure to appear in court for traffic offenses. These suspensions constitute about 15% of all adult drivers in the state. Of those, 827,000 are for failure to appear in court, 263,000 for failure to comply with orders to pay traffic costs, fines, and fees, and 135,000 for both. These suspensions are disproportionately imposed on minority residents. Of those with driver’s license suspensions, 33% of those with failure to appear suspensions are black and 24% Latinx, while 35% were white. The demographics for all North Carolina residents who are of driving age include: 65% white, 21% black, and 8% Latinx. Still more severe consequences, DWLR charges, also disproportionately fall on minority residents. We also conducted a series of mixed-model linear regressions on North Carolina driver’s license suspensions from 2010-2017, analyzing the effects of race, poverty, population size, traffic court cases and traffic stops on suspensions per county. Overall, population accounts for most of the variation in suspensions: the more people in the county, the more people have suspended licenses. When we control for population, we see little evidence that traffic stops or traffic cases are driving suspensions. We find that the relationship between the number of people in poverty and the number of suspensions in a county is dependent on race. Put another way, increasing a county’s population by one white individual below poverty increases the number of suspensions by a greater amount than increasing the county’s population by one white above poverty. However, increasing the population by one black individual below poverty increases the number of suspensions by less than increasing the county population by one black individual above poverty. This suggests that poverty functions differently for whites than it does for blacks. We conclude by setting out questions for future research, and describing both law and policy responses to driver’s license suspensions in other jurisdictions, including: constitutional challenges, restoration efforts, dismissals of charges, and legislative efforts to restore licenses and end the suspension of driver’s licenses for non-driving related traffic offenses.
Ultrafast imaging of surface-exclusive carrier dynamics in silicon

Understanding the dynamics of charge carriers at the semiconductor surfaces and interfaces is fundamental to the further development of photocatalytic, photovoltaic, and optoelectronic devices. Here, we study the surface photovoltage (SPV) dynamics in intrinsic and doped silicon using scanning ultrafast electron microscopy (SUEM). SUEM is a surface sensitive technique that allows the direct imaging of carriers at ultrafast time scales, thereby elucidating their spatiotemporal response to optical excitation. We first discuss the mechanism of image formation in SUEM. We then use these images to show that carrier dynamics on the silicon surface depends strongly on the doping type and concentration, though not always dictated by SPV. The numerical simulation of the drift-diffusion model suggests that this is due to the formation of complex transport processes, driven by intrinsic and photoinduced fields in the excited volume. This work refines our current understanding of the surface-exclusive dynamics in semiconductors by introducing a means to study their evolution in space and time and providing a model to explain the underlying mechanism.
Application of an innovative high-throughput liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous analysis of 18 hazardous drugs to rule out accidental acute chemotherapy exposures in health care workers.

ObjectivesDespite safe handling guidelines published by several groups, health care worker exposure to hazardous drugs continues to occur due to suboptimal engineering controls and low use of prote...
Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia for the Perioperative and Critical Care Clinician

This review will illustrate the importance of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in the intraoperative and critical care settings. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) occurs more frequently in surgical patients compared with medical patients due to the inflammatory release of platelet factor 4 and perioperative heparin exposure. Recognition of this disease requires a high index of suspicion. Diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies have been expanded and refined in recent years. HIT is a condition where antibodies against the heparin/platelet factor 4 complex interact with platelet receptors to promote platelet activation, aggregation, and thrombus formation. Our review will focus on intraoperative and postoperative considerations related to HIT to help the clinician better manage this rare but often devastating hypercoagulable disease process.
Family resilience and health among adolescents with asthma only, anxiety only, and comorbid asthma and anxiety

The objectives were to examine the relationships between current asthma and anxiety and family resilience and overall health status in US adolescents. Data were from parents of adolescents (12–17 y...
Cost-Effectiveness of Treatment Strategies with Biologics in Accordance with Treatment Guidelines for Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Patient-Level Model.

BACKGROUND: Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a form of rheumatic disease caused by chronic inflammation of the axial skeleton. Patients with AS experience significant functional limitations and reduc...
Creating a "Culture of Triage": A Dual-Perspective Study of Interruptions During ICU Rounds.

Objectives To explore interrupters' and interruptees' experiences of interruptions occurring during morning rounds in a PICU in an attempt to understand better how to limit interruptions that threaten patient safety. Design Qualitative ethnographic study including observations, field interviews, and in-depth interviews. Setting A 55-bed PICU in a free-standing, quaternary-care children's hospital. Subjects participants Attending physicians, fellow physicians, frontline clinicians (resident physicians and nurse practitioners), and nurses working in the PICU. Interventions Data collection occurred in two parts: 1) field observations during morning rounds with brief field interviews conducted with participants involved in an observed interruption and 2) in-depth interviews conducted with selected participants from prior field observations. Measurements and main results Data were coded using a constant comparative method with thematic analysis, clustering codes into groups, and subsequently into themes. We observed 11 rounding encounters (17 hr of observation and 48 patient encounters), conducting 25 field interviews and eight in-depth interviews. Themes included culture of interruption triage, interruption triage criteria, and barriers to interruption triage. Interruptees desired forming a culture of triage, whereby less-urgent interruptions were deferred until later or addressed through an asynchronous method; this desire was misaligned with interrupters who described ongoing interruption triage based on clinical changes, time-sensitivity, and interrupter comfort, despite not having a formal triage algorithm. Barriers to interruption triage included a lack of situational awareness and experience among interrupters and interruptees. Conclusions Interrupters and interruptees did not have a shared understanding of the culture of triage within the PICU. Although interrupters attempted to triage interruptions, no formal triage algorithm existed and interruptees did not perceive a triaging culture. Using data from this study, we created a triage algorithm that could inform future studies, potentially decrease unnecessary interruptions, and optimize information sharing for essential interruptions.
Abstract 15228: Role of Sympathetic Innervation in the Pathogenesis of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

Introduction: The objective of this study is to understand the role of neurological factors, specifically those from the perivascular sympathetic nervous system (SNS), on the initiation and develop...
Transparency is key to ethical vaccine research-Response.

Estep and Church depict as their end goal the development of a safe and effective vaccine. We have a different goal: the production of a safe and effective vaccine that the majority of possible recipients will choose to use and that has regulatory and industry backing that permits its widespread deployment. In our view, what the Rapid Deployment Vaccine Collaborative (RaDVaC) gains in speed, it loses many times over by not producing the reliable data vital to engendering trust in the vaccine and enabling regulatory review. No open-source vaccine, no matter how simple, will be widely used globally; industry and regulators must be a part of any successful vaccine program. RaDVaC supporters point to a long history of scientific self-experimentation to justify their actions, but the development of a COVID-19 vaccine has been politicized, making this precisely the wrong moment to do anything that might cause an eventual vaccine to be viewed as suspect or not fully tested. Whether it is deemed “DIY” or citizen science, the RaDVaC effort—which has no animal or safety trials; no dosage studies; no independent review of the candidate vaccine, protocol, or recruitment of volunteers; no plan to record all users or to systematically follow them; and no plan to provide help or compensation to anyone harmed by their participation—cannot meet society's needs. Estep and Church maintain that their “first ethical duty is to not restrict access [or information] to a privileged inner circle.” This commitment to transparency is laudable, but it should be met through peer-reviewed publication, not by posting information on a website. Furthermore, we disagree that either transparency or making their candidate vaccine available to those beyond “a privileged elite” is their first ethical duty. The maxim “first do no harm” applies here. Trust is the key ingredient in any effort to facilitate a vaccine solution to the current pandemic. Transparency is often a key component to trust, but we believe that this effort will only breed further confusion about the process and standards of vaccine development, further alarming those who are already mistrustful of potential COVID-19 vaccines. We agree with C. J. Guerrini et al. (“Self-experimentation, ethics, and regulation of vaccines,” Policy Forum, 25 September, p. [1570][1]) that citizen scientists have heightened responsibilities when public health is at stake. Equity in access is essential when it comes to vetted medical products, but there is no ethical obligation to provide equitable access to an experimental product that is not being developed according to the rigorous standards created to protect the welfare and interests of users. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/369/6511/1570
Ambient L-lactic acid crystal polymorphism

Only one crystalline phase of the metabolite, L-lactic acid (LLA), has been described since its isolation from sour milk as long ago as 1780. Herein, we report the structures of two new crystalline polymorphs of LLA obtained from supercooled melts and characterized by X-ray diffraction and micro-Raman spectroscopy, as well as their transformations from one phase to another. None of the three crystal structures are consistent with the aggregate geometries of LLA in cold matrices, in solution, or those predicted by quantum chemical computations. The latter aggregates feature typical cyclic carboxylic acid dimers not represented in any of the crystal structures. These differences underscore the difficulty of reasoning solid state structure from associations in other media.
Thomas Hobbes and the Contractarian Theory of Law

The revival of interest in contractarian theories of morals and politics may encourage us to enquire into the prospects for a contractarian theory of law. Such a theory would be normative, aiming, not at the best explanation or justification of our actual legal practices and institutions, but rather at a rational reconstruction of those practices and institutions from the perspective of agreement among maximizing individuals. It would offer a secular and instrumental rationale for law that requires no dubious assumptions about the objectivity of values or the existence of moral order in the universe. Of course, such a reconstruction might fail, leading to a skeptical conclusion. Rational individuals, in a position to decide on their terms of interaction, might reject any structure that we should recognize as a legal framework. But this must seem unlikely. We may compare law with morality, recognizing that both have arisen in a framework of teleological and theological understandings that are themselves no longer plausible to us, without supposing that either must therefore be wanting from the perspective of rational agreement.
The relationship between the timing of luteectomy and the incidence of complete abortions

Abstract Earlier studies 1–4 demonstrated that as early as 3 weeks after the missed menstrual period the human placenta already contributes to progesterone (P) genesis to such a degree that it reduces the effect of luteectomy. Therefore, the validity of the premise 5 that luteectomy conducted earlier induces abortion predictably, by provoking rapid and continued P withdrawal and the evolution of intrauterine pressure (IUP) and oxytocin response (OR) was examined. Clinical trials in 8 normal pregnant patients, luteectomized 12.8 ± 1.2 days after the missed menstrual period, verified this expectation. Continued P withdrawal and the evolution of IUP and OR were rapid, and all of the 8 patients aborted in 75.1 ± 4.4 hours, 6 completely and 2 incompletely. The causal relationship between the rate of continued P withdrawal and the subsequent physiologic and clinical events was supported further by the observation that the combined procedures of luteectomy plus salpingectomy (removing the entire conceptus sac in a case of tubal pregnancy) increased the speed of the evolution of IUP, OR, and withdrawal bleeding by further increasing the rate of P withdrawal.
Tn5-Induced Mutations in the Enterobacterial Phytopathogen Erwinia chrysanthemi

Escherichia coli (2492/pJB4JI) matings with Erwinia chrysanthemi produced kanamycin resistant (Km) transconjugants, a majority of which were gentamicin sensitive (Gm). A small proportion (about 0.8%) of the Km Gm clones were either auxotrophic or failed to catabolize galacturonate (Gtu). The R plasmid (pJB4JI) DNA was detected in the parent E. coli strain and in a Km Gm transconjugant, but not in Km GmE. chrysanthemi strains carrying Tn5-induced mutations. In Hfr crosses, Km (Tn5) was found linked with most mutations. A majority (>95%) of prototrophic recombinants were Km, except for Leu and Arg recombinants which were 30 to 50% Km. Spontaneous revertants were obtained for all markers except car, gtu, lys, thr, and trp. Prototrophic revertants, with the exception of Met, Leu, or His clones, were Km. We conclude from both genetic and physical data that Tn5 transposed from pJB4JI into different sites on the chromosome of E. chrysanthemi.
Measuring information systems service quality: SERVQUAL from the other side

There has been much debate as of late over the use of the SERVQUAL instrument to measure Information Systems service quality. Detractors argue that the difference score leads to unreliable measures and that the dimensionality and validity is erratic. Proponents argue for the diagnostic power of the gap between expectations and perceived delivery while demonstrating some empirical stability and reliability. To extend the discussion requires the examination of the instrument from the viewpoint of the information system professional. Importantly, a large variety of samples must view the instrument and measures in the same light for the instrument to have applicability. Likewise, analysis of differences between users and providers requires that both populations have similar structural views of the instrument. Empirical evidence collected from information system professionals demonstrated a structure similar to previously published studies with adequate reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. The structure is the same as is found for a gap between users and IS professionals.
Enhancement of insulin binding to rat white adipocytes at 15 degrees C by 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid). Independence of the reagent's sulfhydryl group reactivity.

Abstract Insulin binding to isolated rat white adipocytes at 15 degrees C, a temperature at which cellular degradation of insulin is negligible, has been found to be described by the Two-step Binding Model: R + I in equilibrium RI in equilibrium R'I (Lipkin, E. W., Teller, D. C., and de Haen, C. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 1702-1711). RI is the initially formed complex between the receptor, R, and insulin, I, and R'I is the complex in an altered state or cellular location. Here the possibility was examined that R'I results from disulfide exchange between the receptor and insulin, an exchange proposed by Clark and Harrison (Clarke, S., and Harrison, L. C. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 12239-12244) to occur at 37 degrees C. A number of sulfhydryl reagents representing various chemical reactivities did not affect insulin binding. The exception was 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), which enhanced the number of insulin-binding sites up to 2-fold with no effect on the equilibrium constant. The data suggested that this enhancement was due to activation of cryptic binding sites pre-existing on the cell surface, possibly by increasing the valency of the receptor from 1 to 2. Insulin binding was also enhanced by structural congeners of DTNB devoid of sulfhydryl reactivity, the simplest one being benzoic acid. It was concluded that the effects were not related to modification of sulfhydryl groups, that modification of sulfhydryl groups on the receptor either did not take place or was without effect on binding, and finally, that disulfide exchange between insulin and the receptor was an unlikely explanation for the formation of R'I. Also, since it is possible to show insulin action at 15 degrees C, contrary to the proposal by Clark and Harrison (Clark, S., and Harrison, L. C. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 11434-11437), disulfide exchange does not appear to be necessary for signal transmission by the occupied receptor.
Structural and Functional Analysis of BipA, a Regulator of Virulence in Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.

The translational GTPase BipA regulates the expression of virulence and pathogenicity factors in several eubacteria. BipA-dependent expression of virulence factors occurs under starvation conditions, such as encountered during infection of a host. Under these conditions, BipA associates with the small ribosomal subunit. BipA also has a second function to promote the efficiency of late steps in biogenesis of large ribosomal subunits at low temperatures, presumably while bound to the ribosome. During starvation, the cellular concentration of stress alarmone guanosine-3′, 5′-bis pyrophosphate (ppGpp) is increased. This increase allows ppGpp to bind to BipA and switch its binding specificity from ribosomes to small ribosomal subunits. A conformational change of BipA upon ppGpp binding could explain the ppGpp regulation of the binding specificity of BipA. Here, we present the structures of the full-length BipA from Escherichia coli in apo, GDP-, and ppGpp-bound forms. The crystal structure and small-angle x-ray scattering data of the protein with bound nucleotides, together with a thermodynamic analysis of the binding of GDP and of ppGpp to BipA, indicate that the ppGpp-bound form of BipA adopts the structure of the GDP form. This suggests furthermore, that the switch in binding preference only occurs when both ppGpp and the small ribosomal subunit are present. This molecular mechanism would allow BipA to interact with both the ribosome and the small ribosomal subunit during stress response.
Type-Based Taint Analysis for Java Web Applications

Static taint analysis detects information flow vulnerabilities. It has gained considerable importance in the last decade, with the majority of work focusing on dataflow and points-to-based approaches. In this paper, we advocate type-based taint analysis. We present SFlow, a context-sensitive type system for secure information flow, and SFlowInfer, a corresponding worst-case cubic inference analysis. Our approach effectively handles reflection, libraries and frameworks, features notoriously difficult for dataflow and points-to-based taint analysis. We implemented SFlow and SFlowInfer. Empirical results on 13 real-world Java web applications show that our approach is scalable and also precise, achieving false positive rate of 15%.
Application partitioning on programmable platforms using the ant colony optimization

Modern digital systems consist of a complex mix of computational resources, e.g. microprocessors, memory elements and reconfigurable logic. System partitioning - the division of application tasks onto the system resources - plays an important role for the optimization of the latency, area, power and other performance metrics. This paper presents a novel approach for this problem based on the Ant Colony Optimization, in which a collection of agents cooperate using distributed and local heuristic information to effectively explore the search space. The proposed model can be flexibly extended to fit different design requirements. Experiments show that our algorithm provides robust results that are qualitatively close to the optimal with minor computational cost. Compared with the popularly used simulated annealing approach, the proposed algorithm gives better solutions with substantial reduction on execution time for large problem instances. Moreover, a hybrid approach that combines our algorithm and SA achieves even better results with great runtime reduction.
Hydrogen Production Using High-Temperature Steam Electrolysis Supported by Advanced Gas Reactors with Supercritical CO2 Cycles

Hydrogen production using high-temperature steam electrolysis (HTSE) supported by a supercritical CO2 (SCO2) recompression Brayton cycle that is directly coupled to an advanced gas-cooled reactor (...
Cilia Grow by Taking a Bite out of the Cell

Autophagy and primary cilium assembly have long been known to be induced by the same conditions in cultured cells. Two recent studies in Nature-Tang et al. (2013) and Pampliega et al. (2013)-link the two processes, suggesting that a specialized autophagy pathway near the basal body regulates cilium assembly.
Male Skeletal Health and Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis has long been considered to be a disease of the aging female skeleton. As awareness of the pervasiveness of this disorder heightens, men are also being shown to be at risk for osteoporosis. The purpose of this article is to review what is known about the factors in the male that lead to acquisition, maintenance and loss of bone, as well as new insights into a group of men whose osteoporosis, although severe, remains to be explained.
A generalization of the Levin–Rubin–Schapiro Factorization Theorem

Abstract Given a map f : X → Y of compact Hausdorff spaces, the Mardesic Factorization Theorem provides us a factorization f = q j , j : X → Z , q : Z → Y through a compact Hausdorff space Z with dim Z ⩽ dim X and weight of Z being at most weight of Y. The theorem has been generalized several times in various contexts with the Levin–Rubin–Schapiro Factorization Theorem being one of the most notable developments. This paper introduces a new generalization in which the factoring space Z inherits the extension property for every map in the spirit of the Levin–Rubin–Schapiro Factorization Theorem. Such inheritance of extension properties is expressed by a new notion of extensional equivalence. Furthermore, we study the impact of such a generalization on the extension relation between maps, fτi.
sAC as a model for understanding the impact of endosymbiosis on cell signaling.

Abstract As signaling pathways evolve, selection for new functions guides the co-option of existing material. Major transitions in the history of life, including the evolution of eukaryotes and multicellularity, exemplify this process. These transitions provided both strong selection and a plenitude of available material for the evolution of signaling pathways. Mechanisms that evolved to mediate conflict during the evolution of eukaryotes may subsequently have been co-opted during the many independent derivations of multicellularity. The soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) signaling pathway illustrates this hypothesis. Class III adenylyl cyclases, which include sAC, are found in bacteria, including the α-proteobacteria. These adenylyl cyclases are the only ones present in eukaryotes but appear to be absent in archaeans. This pattern suggests that the mitochondrial endosymbiosis brought sAC signaling to eukaryotes as part of an intact module. After transfer to the proto-nuclear genome, this module was then co-opted into numerous new functions. In the evolution of eukaryotes, sAC signaling may have mediated conflicts by maintaining metabolic homeostasis. In the evolution of multicellularity, in different lineages sAC may have been co-opted into parallel tasks originally related to conflict mediation. Elucidating the history of the sAC pathway may be relatively straightforward because it is ubiquitous and linked to near universal metabolic by-products (CO 2 /HCO 3 − ). Other signaling pathways (e.g., those involving STAT and VEGF) present a greater challenge but may suggest a complementary pattern. The impact of the mitochondrial endosymbiosis on cell signaling may thus have been profound. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The role of soluble adenylyl cyclase in health and disease.
Fluctuation-induced excess dc conductivity with spectral cutoff: closed form results for bulk anisotropic and layered superconductors

Abstract The excess dc conductivity due to Gaussian fluctuations above the mean-field transition temperature in bulk anisotropic and layered superconductors is investigated. It is demonstrated that even with the inclusion of a high-frequency cutoff in the fluctuation spectrum, closed form results may be obtained for both three-dimensional continuous superconductors and for Lawrence–Doniach-type models of stacked Josephson-coupled layers. The latter include equal or unequal Josephson coupling between successive layers. The resulting additional temperature dependence in the excess dc conductivity due to the cutoff(s) is made explicit. Comparisons to previous analytic results and sample data are made. Possible extensions of the theory are discussed, and applications in the fitting of fluctuation conductivity data are described.
Quail Sulf1 Function Requires Asparagine-linked Glycosylation

The heparan sulfate endosulfatases Sulf1 and Sulf2 are cell-surface enzymes that control growth factor signaling through regulation of the 6-O-sulfation states of cell-surface and matrix heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Here, we report that quail Sulf1 (QSulf1) is an asparagine-linked glycosylated protein. Domain mapping studies in combination with a protein glycosylation prediction program identified multiple asparagine-linked glycosylation sites in the enzymatic and C-terminal domains. Glycosylation inhibitor studies revealed that glycosylation of QSulf1 is essential for its enzymatic activity, membrane targeting, and secretion. Furthermore, N-glycanase cleavage of asparagine-linked sites in native QSulf1 provided direct evidence that these N-linked glycosylation sites are specifically required for QSulf1 heparin binding and its 6-O-desulfation activity, revealing that N-linked glycosylation has a key role in the control of sulfatase enzymatic function.
A Wavelet Filtering Scheme for Noise and Vibration Reduction in High-frequency Signal Injection-Based Sensorless Control of PMSM at Low Speed

This paper presents a technique for noise and vibration reduction in low-speed sensorless control algorithm of surface mounted permanent magnet synchronous machines (SM-PMSM). The signal processing involved in high-frequency-based sensorless control algorithms has a significant effect on the vibration and noise accompanying such algorithms. Therefore, a wavelet filtering approach is proposed. This wavelet filter is capable of extracting the position information even at low values of injection voltage amplitude where conventional filters fail to extract the information. This leads to a reduction in the machine's noise and vibration. Furthermore, an optimization using hardware-in-the-loop method based on genetic algorithms was implemented in real time to obtain the optimum value of the injected voltages amplitude and frequency causing the least possible vibration with acceptable position estimation accuracy. Consequently, a significant reduction in vibration and noise was achieved. The proposed techniques were implemented on a 2-hp SM-PMSM motor both experimentally and through simulations. Comparisons between numerical and test results confirm the validity of the proposed techniques.
On Undercompressive Shocks and Flooding in Countercurrent Two-Layer Flows

We consider the countercurrent flow of two incompressible immiscible viscous fluids in an inclined channel. This configuration may lead to the phenomena of ‘flooding’, i.e. the transition from a countercurrent regime to a cocurrent regime. This transition is marked by a variety of transient behaviour, such as the development of large-amplitude waves that impede the flow of one of the fluids to the reversal of the flow of the denser fluid. From a lubrication approximation based on the ratio of the channel height to the downstream disturbance wavelength, we derive a nonlinear system of evolution equations that govern the interfacial shape separating the two fluids and the leading-order pressure. This system, which assumes fluids with disparate density and dynamic viscosity ratios, includes the effects of viscosity stratification, inertia, shear and capillarity. Since the experimental constraints for this effective system are unclear, we consider two ways to drive the flow: either by fixing the volumetric flow rate of the gas phase or by fixing the total pressure drop over a downstream length of the channel. The latter forcing results in a single evolution equation whose dynamics depends non-locally on the interfacial shape. From both of these driven systems, admissible criteria for Lax shocks, undercompressive shocks and rarefaction waves are investigated. These criteria, through a numerical verification, do not depend significantly on the inertial effects within the more dense layer. The choice of the local/non-local constraints appears to play a role in the transient growth of undercompressive shocks, and may relate to the phenomena observed near the onset of flooding.