cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Environmental tele-monitoring: a flexible GSM-DECT based solution

This paper describes a low cost standard solution for environmental monitoring. The advent of modern wireless communication technologies have added flexibility to data collection from remotely distributed sensors. In particular, nowadays wireless Wide Area Network (WAN) like Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and satellite telephone services are ubiquitous: it becomes feasible to place and collect data from remote sensors at locations which were previously inaccessible due to distance or extremely restrictive conditions. The shortcoming of this approach can be found in the need of a subscription to the telephone service provider. Authors propose to overcome this limitation realizing a "local" cellular network exploiting a free and standard technology like DECT, typically used for cordless handsets. The link with existing infrastructures can be satisfied with a sort of access point implementing, for example, both the DECT and GSM controller. A working prototype has been realized and some experimental results have been reported. It has been possible to demonstrate the feasibility of a sampling station that is truly autonomous, since it is battery powered.
Competition and cooperation in neuronal processing

A new type of model neuron is introduced as a building block of an associative memory. The neuron, which has a number of receptor zones, processes both the amplitude and the frequency of input signals, associating a small number of features encoded by those signals. Using this two-parameter input in our model compared to the one-dimensional inputs of conventional model neurons (e.g., the McCulloch Pitts neuron) offers an increased memory capacity. In our model, there is a competition among inputs in each zone with a subsequent cooperation of the winners to specify the output. The associative memory consists of a network of such neurons. A state-space model is used to define the neurodynamics. We explore properties of the neuron and the network and demonstrate its favorable capacity and recall capabilities. Finally, the network is used in an application designed to find trademarks that sound alike.
A Novel Image Similarity Measure for Registration of 3-D MR Images and X-Ray Projection Images

Most existing methods for registration of three-dimensional tomographic images to two-dimensional projection images use simulated projection images and either intensity-based or feature-based image similarity measures. This paper suggests a novel class of similarity measures based on probabilities. We compute intensity distributions along simulated rays through the 3-D image rather than ray sums. Using a finite state machine, we eliminate background voxels from the 3-D image while preserving voxels from air filled cavities and other low-intensity regions that are part of the imaged object (e.g., bone in MRI). The resulting tissue distributions along all rays are compared to the corresponding pixel intensities of the real projection image by means of a probabilistic extension of histogram-based similarity measures such as (normalized) mutual information. Because our method does not compute ray sums, its application, unlike DRR-based methods, is not limited to X-ray CT images. In the present paper, we show the ability of our similarity measure to successfully identify the correct position of an MR image with respect to a set of orthogonal DRRs computed from a co-registered CT image. In an initial evaluation, we demonstrate that the capture range of our similarity measure is approximately 40mm with an accuracy of approximately 4 mm.
Studies on the teratogenic properties of trypan blue and its components in mice

Since the discovery of the teratogenicity of trypan blue by Gillman, Gilbert, Gilhnan and Spence (1948) the dye has offered a very concise and convenient method for studying teratogenesis in mammals. Dijkstra & Gillman (1960) fractionated the dye and found that the purple component stimulated the endothelial system in rats, thereby raising the speculation that the varied effects of the dye were caused by contamination. According to our previous experiments (1957, 1963) and those of Wilson, Beaudoin & Free (1959) one aspect of the problem has remained fairly constant, namely, the narrow time limit of the maximal effect of the dye and the stability of the pattern of malformations. Wilson and his associates suggest that the teratogenic effect is due to direct access of the dye to the embryo before the visceral yolk-sac is completely formed.
The Fatty Acid Composition of Maternal Diet Affects Lung Prostaglandin E2 Levels and Survival from Group B Streptococcal Sepsis in Neonatal Rat Pups

Dietary fatty acid effects upon the immune system may be mediated in part by effects upon the synthesis of proinflammatory mediators. The effects of maternal dietary fatty acid composition upon lung prostaglandin (PG) E 2 levels and survival from group B streptococcal (GBS) infection were investigated in neonatal rat pups. Beginning on d 2 of gestation and throughout lactation, pregnant dams were fed a purified diet whose fat source (22% of energy) was either corn oil or menhaden fish oil. On postnatal d 3, pups were randomly cross-fostered to dams of the same diet group to minimize litter effects; litters were then culled to 10 pups per dam. On postnatal d 7, pups were either injected with 1 x 10 7.5 GBS organisms or were killed for determination of lung tissue levels of PGE 2 and lung and erythrocyte fatty acid composition. Arachidonic acid and PGE 2 levels were significantly higher in the lungs of pups in the corn oil group compared with the fish oil group. Forty-nine percent of pups in the corn oil group survived the GBS challenge compared with 79% of pups in the fish oil group (P = 0.0005). These data suggest that the fatty acid composition of pre- and/or postnatal diet affects the neonatal response to immune challenge, which may be due in part to effects upon the synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators.
On bedform growth and nonequilibrium sediment transportThis paper is one of a selection of papers in this Special Issue in honour of Professor M. Selim Yalin (1925-2007).

Starting from the model proposed by the authors to analyze the time-evolution of bedforms growing on the surface of an initially flat sand bed, the present study explores associated features of the bedform growth processes, including (i) mechanisms of growth, (ii) evolution of the bedform-induced drag, (iii) transition to antidunes, and (iv) non-equilibrium bedload sediment transport.
Dynamic joint stiffness and co-contraction in subjects after total knee arthroplasty.

Background Although total knee arthroplasty reduces pain and improves function, patients continue to walk with asymmetrical movement patterns, that may affect muscle activation and joint loading patterns. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the specific biomechanical abnormalities that persist after total knee arthroplasty and examine the neuromuscular mechanisms that may contribute to these asymmetries.
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance of Primary Tumors of the Heart: A Review

Overall, the prevalence of primary cardiac neoplasms is approximately 0.3% and these masses should be distinguished from the myriad of other primary and secondary processes that can occur in the heart. Tumors within, attached to, or near the heart can cause direct cardiac damage, can result in thrombus formation, can compromise blood flow and can embolize distally. Hence, proper diagnosis is clinically important. It has been suggested that cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is a useful tool for diagnosing and characterizing cardiac tumors. In this report, we present a case example of a patient with a large, mobile right atrial myxoma imaged by CMR with results of histopathologic analysis after excision. We also demonstrate the utilization of CMR for characterization of cardiac lesions, review the basic characteristics of primary cardiac neoplasms, provide an overview of published cases describing use of CMR, and give suggested guidelines for imaging of cardiac masses with emphasis on diagnosis of cardiac tumors. CMR is an important technique for diagnosing and characterizing cardiac tumors.
Function-based dynamic compaction and its impact on test set sizes

Due to the limited amount of available resources and time used for manufacture testing of integrated circuits, there is great interest in minimizing the number of test patterns applied while maintaining a large number of defect detections. Many methods have been developed to generate compact test pattern sets, and this paper extends the concepts of one such method (pattern-based dynamic compaction) into the functional realm. We will show that function-based dynamic compaction yields very compact test sets, and it retains compact performance for fault models of different difficulty.
Remembering Robert Zajonc: The Complete Psychologist:

This article joins with others in the same issue to celebrate the career of Robert B. Zajonc who was a broad, as well as deeply talented, psychologist. Beyond his well-known focus in social psychology, the work of Zajonc also involved, at one time or another, forays into nearly every other subfield of psychology. This article focuses specifically on his studies that extended into biopsychology, which deserve special highlighting in order to be recognized alongside his many major achievements in emotion and related social topics. The biopsychological focus is offered here in the hope that all his diverse contributions be savored together when celebrating the complete psychology of Robert Zajonc.
Summer Peaks in Uptake of Human Papillomavirus and Other Adolescent Vaccines in the United States.

Background: Seasonality in human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination could have a large impact on national cancer prevention efforts. We hypothesized that uptake of HPV vaccine and other adolescent vaccines in the United States would be highest in the summer. Methods: Data came from health care provider–verified vaccination records for 70,144 adolescents (ages 13–17 years) from the 2008 to 2012 versions of the National Immunization Survey-Teen. Using the Edwards method for testing annual trends, we examined seasonal patterns in the uptake of HPV and other recommended adolescent vaccines [tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (Tdap) booster and meningococcal vaccine]. HPV vaccine initiation (receipt of the first of the three-dose series) data were for female adolescents. Results: Uptake for HPV and other adolescent vaccines peaked in the summer across years and states (all P < 0.001). Uptake was five times as frequent at the peak as at the trough for HPV vaccine, and HPV vaccine initiation was highest in June, July, and August (percent of doses delivered in these months: 38.7%). The same pattern existed for Tdap booster and meningococcal vaccine. Concomitant (same-day) vaccination of HPV vaccine with other adolescent vaccines also demonstrated summer peaks each year nationally (all P < 0.001). Conclusion: Uptake of adolescent vaccines increased dramatically in summer months. These summer peaks are an important opportunity for interventions focused on concomitant vaccination. Impact: The potential cancer prevention impact of HPV vaccination programs could be increased, for example, by delivering messages about concomitant vaccination during the summer, when adolescents and their parents might be most open to them. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(2); 274–81. ©2015 AACR . This article is featured in Highlights of This Issue, [p. 227][1] [1]: /lookup/volpage/25/227?iss=2
Transforming growth factor β1 treatment of AKR-2B cells is coupled through a pertussis-toxin-sensitive G-protein(s)

Abstract Transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta 1) is a potent regulator of DNA synthesis and cellular proliferation. In this study, we investigated whether the growth stimulatory signal of TGF beta 1 is transduced intracellularly by guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins (G-proteins). In plasma membranes from AKR-2B cells, TGF beta 1 increased binding of the radiolabelled, non-hydrolysable GTP analogue, guanosine 5'-[gamma-[35S]thio]triphosphate (GTP[35S]), in a dose-dependent manner. Maximal effects occurred between 0.4 and 1.0 nM-TGF beta 1. Specific binding of GTP[35S] occurred with a Kd of 3.2 x 10(-8) M which was not affected by addition of TGF beta 1. Instead, TGF beta 1 increased the number of available binding sites for GTP[35S] from 16.2 +/- 1.2 to 21.6 +/- 2.1 pmol/mg of protein. GTP[35S] binding was both nucleotide- and growth-factor-specific. Only guanine nucleotides were able to compete for binding, and of the growth factors tested (epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, insulin, TGF beta 1 and TGF beta 2) only TGF beta 1 affected GTP[35S] binding. TGF beta 1 increased GTPase activity, as determined by the release of 32PO4(3-) from GTP gamma[32P], from 116 +/- 5.5 to 175 +/- 4.3 pmol/mg of protein following a 15 min incubation. Pretreatment of the membranes with pertussis toxin inhibited both TGF beta 1-stimulated binding of GTP[35S] as well as TGF beta 1-stimulated GTPase activity. These inhibitory actions of pertussis toxin were associated with toxin-induced ADP-ribosylation of a 41 kDa protein. Furthermore, the stimulatory effects of TGF beta 1 on c-sis mRNA expression were shown to be pertussis-toxin sensitive and could be mimicked by direct activation of G-proteins with AIF4-. These results demonstrate that in AKR-2B cells a pertussis-toxin-sensitive guanine nucleotide regulatory protein(s) is coupled to TGF beta 1 receptor binding.
Where Equal Justice Begins: Mandatory Pro Bono in American Legal Education

Attorneys have a long history of voluntarily providing legal services free of charge to the indigent. Such service is a tenet of the Anglo-American tradition of lawyer professional responsibility. Mandatory pro bono, by contrast, has been reviled by many in the legal profession as a contradiction in terms and, even worse, as tantamount to involuntary servitude. Mandatory pro bono programs in American law schools, however, are on the rise, in part because they advance the aspirational and pedagogical goals of law schools in many ways. In this Essay, we reflect on the role of mandatory pro bono in American legal education, relate how mandatory pro bono at Texas Wesleyan University School of Law evolved from an idea to a reality in less than one year and analyze the data emerging from the two years since the program was implemented. In the course of our examination of how the spirit of pro bono became part of the educational mission and culture of Texas Wesleyan, we call upon other American law schools to adopt pro bono graduation requirements.
The role of Artificial Intelligence Tools in Pharmaceutical Industries: Special Reference to Expert System and Automation Tools

The paper is based on survey of pharmaceutical industries. The paper highlights the important role of artificial intelligence tool like automation and expert system in pharmaceutical industries and how these tools are perform the important role in the pharmaceutical business. In this paper it has been highlighted that how India is top third in world to produce the pharmaceutical products. There are various expert system are available in the world and in this paper it also gave the name of companies that produces various expert system to the pharmaceutical industries. In the paper the survey is made on 15 pharmaceutical industries in that 5 are small scale and 10 are large scale industries. Paper highlights important applications of automation and expert system in the industries. Different types of automation tools are explained and what are the uses of these tools in the concern industries. In paper it has also explained that how automation and expert system provide keen role in the production.
The use of three types of suture and stainless steel wire tension banding for the fixation of simulated olecranon fractures: A COMPARISON STUDY IN CADAVER ELBOWS

Using an osteotomy of the olecranon as a model of a transverse fracture in 22 cadaver elbows we determined the ability of three different types of suture and stainless steel wire to maintain reduction when using a tension-band technique to stabilise the bone. Physiological cyclical loading simulating passive elbow movement (15 N) and using the arms to push up from a chair (450 N) were applied using an Instron materials testing machine whilst monitoring the osteotomy site with a video extensometer. Each osteotomy was repaired by one of four materials, namely, Stainless Steel Wire (7), No 2 Ethibond (3), No 5 Ethibond (5), or No 2 FiberWire (7). There were no failures (movement of > 2 mm) with stainless steel wire or FiberWire and no significant difference in the movements measured across the site of the osteotomy (p = 0.99). The No. 2 Ethibond failed at 450 N and two of the five of No. 5 Ethibond sutures had a separation of > 2 mm at 450 N. FiberWire as the tension band in this model held the reduction as effectively as stainless steel wire and may reduce the incidence of discomfort from the hardware. On the basis of our findings we suggest that a clinical trial should be undertaken.
Simulation of Buried Arch Bridge Response to Backfilling and Live Loading

AbstractIn this study, soil–structure interaction in a buried arch bridge system is numerically investigated with two models. Model predictions of arch bending moments and ultimate capacities are compared with the load test performance results of two buried structures from a companion paper. A novel finite-element model was developed using an arch discretized with beam elements and soil discretized with spring elements initialized during progressive backfill simulation. Nonlinear soil-spring force is determined from vertical overburden pressure and earth pressure coefficient dependent on arch deflection. A nonlinear soil-continuum finite-element model was developed using software with Mohr-Coulomb soil plasticity. Experimental moments are compared with model results for backfilling, a series of service-level line loads, and ultimate capacity with an apex line load. The soil-spring model does reasonably well at predicting arch moments and ultimate capacity, and the incorporation of deflection-dependent ear...
Lack of edema in toad lungs after pulmonary hypertension

Pulmonary hypertension and hyperperfusion were experimentally induced in conscious toads (Bufo marinus) to test whether excessive transcapillary filtration might result in pulmonary edema. Elimination of pulmocutaneous baroreceptor afferent input by bilateral sectioning of recurrent laryngeal nerves caused mean pulmonary arterial pressure to increase by nearly 25 mmHg and pulmonary blood flow to increase fourfold. Left lungs of control (normotensive) and hypertensive toads were isolated by snares at the hilus and excised for compartmental lung fluid analysis. Total lung water was significantly elevated in hypertensive toads (8.44 +/- 0.30 ml/g dry mass) compared with control animals (7.15 +/- 0.22 ml/g dry mass), but this increase was apparently not due to an accumulation of transcapillary filtrate (extravascular fluid volumes = 4.57 +/- 0.21 and 4.35 +/- 0.17 ml/g dry mass, respectively). Instead, significant increases in pulmonary intravascular fluid volume accounted for 83% of the increase in total lung water. Such absence of pulmonary edema under these extreme cardiovascular states suggests that mobilization of pulmonary lymph is unusually effective in these animals.
Beyond the checklist: achieving practice excellence.

Over the past few years, I have certainly been a zealot when it comes to promoting the perioperative checklist. As with religion, once you “see the light,” all you want to do is bask in it and encourage others to do the same. Paradoxically, this mission has been a labor of love. The majority of my colleagues, of every surgical persuasion, have not adopted checklists as earnestly as I have delivered the message. Looking back, I have heard “everything”: from understandable hindrances caused by institutional barriers, to apathetic excuses immunized by the sanctum of private practice. Perhaps the only way to become a believer is to create your own operative checklist, conduct your own “controlled” experiment, and experience your own revelation: seeing is truly believing.1 Clearly, there can never be a level I study to otherwise prove this outcome. No one would allow for random logistical errors and chart their consequences. As I reflect on my own 15-year checklist experience, my team would be quick to point out the innumerable instances in which the checklist has prevented “near-miss” events: errors that I have called errors of omission. Decidedly, my checklist has become part of a larger personal philosophy; a singular expression of an overarching goal: put simply, to get better. This should come as no surprise to plastic surgeons. It is in our DNA to strive to get better, all the time. This is what simultaneously drives us, haunts us, inspires us and, together, pushes our field forward. Our everyday practices are simply honing stones on which our skills should be sharpened. The key word is “should,” because it is insidiously easy to establish a standard of care that is too comfortable. In fact, we have only ourselves to move the target a little farther away every time we rashly think we have reached it. Otherwise, a practice ceases to be a true “practice” and instead evolves into a mill. To this end, the surgeon must embed multiple prophylactic modalities, beyond my original “operating room checklist.” For this purpose I now propose a more encompassing mandate: a “practice checklist.” This checklist extends the narrow scope of procedural mandates to encompass the holistic elements of managing the entire patient experience, from the design of the incision to the longevity of the outcome. This broader effort goes beyond reducing errors of omission to include those of commission. Notably, these errors should not only encompass the usual litany of “physical” complications. As aesthetic surgeons, we must be willing to consider our “aesthetic” complications as well. To this end, the following list of surgical criteria and goals fittingly reads like entries within the Guinness Book of World Records:
Success of Chain-Of-Command Oral Communication In A Manufacturing Management Group

Oral chain-of-command communication in a manufacturing management group was surveyed using ecco analysis. Routine information was blocked by operating management, but production information was eff...
Accuray, Inc.: A Neurosurgical Business Case Study

Accuray Incorporated designs, develops and sells the CyberKnife Stereotactic Radiosurgery System, an image-guided radiosurgical instrument used to ablate diverse benign and malignant lesions. In 2001, Accuray received clearance from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to market the CyberKnife for radiosurgical treatment of lesions anywhere in the body where radiation is indicated. From its inception in 1994 until 2009, the CyberKnife has been used at more than 180 installations worldwide to treat more than 80,000 patients. This is the story of how a neurosurgeon conceptualized, developed, and implemented the CyberKnife idea, and the lessons I learned from founding and eventually managing a biomedical device company. Most people who hear this story are surprised to learn that so much of Accuray, Inc's formation was uncalculated. This should not really be surprising, given the typical young aspiring academic I was when this journey began. Categories: Radiation Oncology, Miscellaneous, Neurosurgery
Studies of Biologic Properties of a Polysulfated Chondroitin, A73025

AbstractThe chemical composition of a “heparin analog” (A73025) was studied and its biologic properties were compared with those of a heparin preparation from intestinal mucosa. A73025 was characterized as a polysulfated chondroitin with a molecular weight of about 10,000 Mr. Unlike heparin, A73025 showed poor anticoagulant activity in vitro by Stypven clotting time, partial thromboplastin time, and thrombin time assays. A73025, like heparin, although to a lesser extent, inhibited thrombin induced platelet aggregation, released lipoprotein lipase when injected into rabbits, and complexed with serum low and very low density lipoproteins.
Oxygen, Oxidation Stacking Faults, and Related Phenomena in Silicon

Some salient features of the phenomena of oxidation stacking faults (OSF) and oxidation enhanced diffusion(OED) are summarized, and some theories of OSF growth are critiqued. Then a new theory is developed which shows the growth to be reaction controlled, and the retrogrowth to be naturally a regime in the entire OSF growth process. The theory has provided an estimated bound on the activation energy of self-diffusion in silicon. It is shown that the observed power law growth kinetics can be explained quite naturally by a bimolecular annihilation process of the excess self-interstitials. A possible physical model of such an annihilation process is discussed. A number of phenomena related to the nucleation of oxygen precipitates in silicon are reported. Then a model of nucleation is presented which is shown to be consistent with all observed phenomena.In this model, the homogeneous nucleation proceeds not merely via the agglomeration of oxygen atoms, but in combination with small vacancy clusters. Evidence from the OSF and OED phenomena, and the nucleation of oxygen precipitates thus necessitates the dualism of vacancies and interstitials as thermal defects in silicon at high temperatures.
Modality-Driven Classification and Visualization of Ensemble Variance

Advances in computational power now enable domain scientists to address conceptual and parametric uncertainty by running simulations multiple times in order to sufficiently sample the uncertain input space. While this approach helps address conceptual and parametric uncertainties, the ensemble datasets produced by this technique present a special challenge to visualization researchers as the ensemble dataset records a distribution of possible values for each location in the domain. Contemporary visualization approaches that rely solely on summary statistics (e.g., mean and variance) cannot convey the detailed information encoded in ensemble distributions that are paramount to ensemble analysis; summary statistics provide no information about modality classification and modality persistence. To address this problem, we propose a novel technique that classifies high-variance locations based on the modality of the distribution of ensemble predictions. Additionally, we develop a set of confidence metrics to inform the end-user of the quality of fit between the distribution at a given location and its assigned class. Finally, for the special application of evaluating the stability of bimodal regions, we develop local and regional metrics.
Second-Order Linear Equations

In this chapter we study second-order linear differential equations of the form $$a{x''} + b{x'} + cx = f(t)$$
La recuperación de la Memoria Histórica en las series de ficción a través de las redes sociales: el caso de España y Chile / Recovery of Historical Memory in Fiction Series through Social Networks. The case of Spain and Chile

ABSTRACT Thetimelivingfiction serieson television isauspiciousbecauseits subject,technical and professional quality, and an exampleof this is theseriesofhistorical character.Its productioninvolves not onlydesigningthe product forthe small screen,but alsodo charitablework throughthe distribution of theircontentthrough social networks, generating an activecontact withviewers whoare bothfollowersinthe respective platformsdigital. In this papera study onthe recovery ofhistorical memory infiction seriesthroughInternetsocial networksdevelops.Thesample corresponds totheSpanishseriesAmar es para siempreandCuentame Como Paso, whichit has been appliedto the speechcontent analysisto understand whatvariables, users delveon the recoveryof memory insocial networks. RESUMEN El momento que viven las series de ficcion en television es auspicioso gracias a su calidad tematica, tecnica y profesional, y un ejemplo de ello son las series de caracter historico. Su produccion no solo involucra proyectar el producto por la pantalla chica, sino ademas realizar un trabajo benefico a traves de la distribucion de sus contenidos por las redes sociales, generando un contacto activo con los televidentes que son al mismo tiempo, seguidores en las respectivas platafor-mas digitales. En esta comunicacion se desarrolla un estudio sobre el rescate de la memoria historica en las series de ficcion a traves de las redes sociales por Internet. La muestra corresponde a las series espanolas Amar es Para Siempre y Cuentame Como Paso, donde se aplico un analisis de contenido al discurso para comprender bajo que variables, los usua-rios profundizan sobre el rescate de la memoria en las redes sociales.
Saving Sex: Sexuality and Salvation in American Evangelicalism, by Amy DeRogatis, New York: Oxford University Press, 2014, 224 pp., ISBN 978-019-994225-1, US$26.95 (hardcover)

At 14 or 15 years old, I made the trip with my church youth group from our suburban Washington, D.C., community to a multiday, evangelical rock-music festival in a Southern state. We slept in tents...
Toward a Theory of Social Goals and Objective Formation in Cost-Benefit Analysis

In this chapter we shall discuss dimensions of social goals and objectives in cost-benefit analysis, project studies and social decisions. These dimensions may be related to national aspirations and interests. As such we shall examine how national or collective goals may be formed to reflect democratic ideals in the decision space. In other words, we want to advance a theory of social objective formation. The essential objective of the theory is to investigate how cost-benefit analysis may be developed to support an increasing chance of realizing the collective or social goals. This approach may also be extended into analysis of objectives of automatic mechanical systems that are constructed for self-adjustments.
Effect of Screw Perpendicularity on Compression in Scaphoid Waist Fractures.

Background Central and perpendicular (PERP) screw orientations have each been described for scaphoid fracture fixation. It is unclear, however, which orientation produces greater compression. Questions/Purposes This study compares compression in scaphoid waist fractures with screw fixation in both PERP and pole-to-pole (PTP) configurations. PERP orientation was hypothesized to produce greater compression than PTP orientation. Methods Ten preoperative computed tomography scans of scaphoid waist fractures were classified by fracture type and orientation in the coronal and sagittal planes. Three-dimensional models of each scaphoid and fracture plane were created. Simulated Acutrak 2 (Acumed, Hillsboro, OR) screws were placed into the models in both PERP and PTP orientations. Engagement length and screw angle relative to the fracture were measured. Compression strength was calculated from the shear area, average density, and angle acuity. Results The PTP angle between screw and fracture ranged from 36 to 84 degrees. By definition, the PERP screw-to-fracture angle was 90 degrees. Perpendicularity of the PTP screw to the fracture was positively correlated to compression strength. PERP screws had greater compression than PTP screws when the PTP screw-to-fracture angle was 80 degrees, approximating the PERP screw. Conclusion Increasing screw perpendicularity resulted in higher compression when the screw-to-fracture angle of the PTP screw was Clinical Relevance These results provide guidelines for optimal screw placement in scaphoid waist fractures.
Parameter estimation using unidentified individual data in individual based models

In physiological experiments, it is common for measurements to be collected from multiple subjects. Often it is the case that a subject cannot be measured or identified at multiple time points (referred to as unidentified individual data in this work but often referred to as aggregate population data [5, Chapter 5]). Due to a lack of alternative methods, this form of data is typically treated as if it is collected from a single individual. This assumption leads to an overconfidence in model parameter values and model based predictions. We propose a novel method which accounts for inter-individual variability in experiments where only unidentified individual data is available. Both parametric and nonparametric methods for estimating the distribution of parameters which vary among individuals are developed. These methods are illustrated using both simulated data, and data taken from a physiological experiment. Taking the approach outlined in this paper results in more accurate quantification of the uncertainty attributed to inter-individual variability.
Relationships between longitudinal neutrophil to lymphocyte ratios, body weight changes, and overall survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.

Abstract Background There is emerging evidence showing a significant relationship between overall survival (OS) in non-small cell lung cancer NSCLC patients and weight change during chemotherapy or chemoradiation. A high neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) at baseline and at follow-up is associated with shorter survival in cancer patients and may be a surrogate for ongoing inflammation, implicated in cancer cachexia and tumor progression. The objective of this study is to explore potential relationships between OS, serial weights, and serial NLRs in advanced NSCLC patients receiving chemotherapy. Methods One hundred thirty-nine patients with chemotherapy-naive NSCLC, predominantly with stage III/IV disease, were treated with first-line platinum doublets from June, 2011 to August, 2012. NLR, tumor response, and body weight were recorded at baseline, 6, and 12 weeks from initiation of therapy and correlated with OS. The association between NLR and OS was assessed using Cox PH (proportional hazards) analysis, the association between NLR and weight change was assessed using a simple regression analysis, and the association between NLR and tumor response was assessed using the Fisher’s exact test. Results One hundred thirty-nine patients with median age 68, PS 0-1/2 = 83/17%, male/female = 58%/42%. Median NLR at baseline was 3.6 (range 0.1898 to 30.910), at 6 weeks 3.11 (range 0.2703 to 42.11), and at 12 weeks 3.52 (range 0.2147 to 42.93). A Higher NLR at baseline, 6, and 12 weeks was associated with decreased OS (baseline: HR 1.06, p p = 0.001; 12 weeks: HR 1.05, p p p = 0.001), and weight change and NLR were inversely related at 12 weeks (cor = −0.371, p p 5, there was a significant association between progressive disease and NLR > 5 at 6 weeks ( p = 0.02) and 12 weeks ( p = 0.03). Conclusions High baseline and progressive increases in NLRs are associated with progressive disease, inferior OS and weight loss in NSCLC patients. In addition to having prognostic significance, these observations suggest that studying molecular mediators of cachexia/inflammation and their relationships to tumor progression may identify new therapeutic targets in the large subset of NSCLC patients who have cancer cachexia.
The JPL Data Decoder Assembly for mission independent sequential decoding.

Implementation of the Fano sequential decoding algorithm as one of the functions of the Data Decoder Assembly. Installation of these systems at all stations in the Deep Space tracking network has been completed, and the systems will be used to support future deep space missions which will be using long constraint length convolutional codes at medium rates (less than 2048 bits/sec). The design philosophy and the performance of the sequential decoder are discussed.
Mesozoic invasion of crust by MORB-source asthenospheric magmas, U.S. Cordilleran interior

Mafic and ultramafic xenoliths entrained in lavas of the Cima volcanic field have Nd and Sr isotopic ratios indicative of a source similar to that of mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB). Nd and Sr internal isochrons demonstrate a Late Cretaceous intrusion age. These results, combined with evidence for emplacement in the lower crust and upper mantle, indicate invasion of the lower crust by asthenospheric magmas in the Late Cretaceous. Constituting the first prima facie evidence for depleted-mantle magmatism in the Basin and Range province prior to late Cenozoic volcanism, these results lend key support to models suggesting crustal heating by ascent of asthenosphere in the Mesozoic Cordilleran interior.
Fuel-Cladding Chemical Interaction in U-Pu-Zr Metallic Fuels: A Critical Review

Fuel-cladding chemical interaction (FCCI) is a phenomenon that occurs at the fuel-cladding interface during the irradiation of U-Zr and U-Pu-Zr metallic nuclear fuel and stainless steel cladding. T...
Core–skin debonding detection in honeycomb sandwich structures through guided wave wavefield analysis

Ultrasonic guided waves have proven to be an effective and efficient method for damage detection and quantification in various plate-like structures. In honeycomb sandwich structures, wave propagat...
Blossom: A Tensile Social Robot Design with a Handcrafted Shell

We describe the design and implementation of Blossom, a social robot that diverges from convention by being flexible both internally and externally. Internally, Blossom»s actuation mechanism is a compliant tensile structure supporting a free-floating platform. This design enables organic and lifelike movements with a small number of motors and simple software control. Blossom»s exterior is also flexible in that it is made of fabric and not rigidly attached to the mechanism, enabling it to freely shift and deform. The handcrafted nature of the shell allows Blossom to take on a variety of forms and appearances. Blossom is envisioned as an open platform for user-crafted human-robot interaction.
Michael Harris, Mathematics without Apologies: Portrait of a Problematic Vocation (Science Essentials)

This is a review of mathematician Michael Harris’s book “Mathematics without Apologies: Portrait of a Problematic Vocation.”
RISK FACTORS FOR INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS

The incidence of endocarditis is increased in patients with cardiac lesions causing turbulent flow. A 400-fold increase is observed in patients with prosthetic valves and a prior history of endocarditis. Other high risk lesions include rheumatic valvular disease, cyanotic congenital heart disease, and degenerative valve lesions. The smaller increased incidence in patients with mitral valve prolapse is important because of the high prevalence of mitral valve prolapse in the population. In addition, intravenous drug use and nosocomial bacteremia have emerged as important factors among patients with endocarditis.
Robust Constant-Amplitude Input Shapers with Selectable Duration

Vibration is a problem for many mechanical systems. Although there are many sources of vibration, simply moving a flexible system will generally cause it to vibrate. One technique for limiting unde...
Pressurized liquid extraction of six tetracyclines from agricultural soils

Veterinary antibiotics used in agriculture can be introduced into the environment through land application of animal manure, accumulating in soils and groundwaters and posing a significant risk to ...
Imaging Episodic Memory During Development and Childhood Epilepsy.

Epilepsy affects 2.2 million adults in the USA, with 1 in 26 people developing epilepsy at some point in their lives. Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of focal epilepsy as medial structures, and the hippocampus in particular, are prone to generating seizures. Selective anterior temporal resection (which removes the hippocampus) is the most effective intractable TLE treatment, but given the critical role of the mesial temporal lobe in memory functioning, resection can have negative effects on this crucial cognitive skill. To minimize the adverse impact of temporal lobe surgery on memory functioning, reliable pre-surgical guides are needed. Clinical functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) provides reliable, noninvasive guidance of language functioning and plays a growing role in the pre-surgical evaluation for epilepsy patients; however, localization of memory function in children with epilepsy using fMRI has not been established. Aside from the lack of neuroimaging memory studies in children with TLE, studies of typical development are limited. This review will focus on the functional anatomy of memory systems throughout development, with a focus on TLE. TLE provides the ideal model from which to understand memory function and the limits of plasticity and compensation/reorganization throughout development.
Problematic Internet Use and Associated High-Risk Behavior in an Adolescent Clinical Sample: Results from a Survey of Psychiatrically Hospitalized Youth.

Abstract Problematic Internet use (PIU) is a growing clinical concern to clinicians working in adolescent mental health, with significant potential comorbidities like depression and substance use. ...
Polygenic Risk Score Is Associated With Intraocular Pressure and Improves Glaucoma Prediction in the UK Biobank Cohort.

Purpose Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is an important risk factor for glaucoma. We constructed polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for IOP using the UK Biobank (UKB) data set to test whether the PRSs are associated with IOP and whether using them improves glaucoma prediction. Methods We conducted this study using 435,678 European participants from the UKB. We constructed weighted and unweighted PRSs using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) derived from the UKB data and previously reported IOP SNPs. We examined the associations of the PRSs with IOP and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) using linear and logistic regression, respectively. To quantify the discriminatory ability of the PRSs on POAG, we used the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Results The weighted PRS was significantly associated with IOP (P ∼ 10-200), after adjusting for age and sex. The PRS explained an additional 4% of variance in IOP. The weighted PRS was also significantly associated with POAG (P = 1.8 × 10-77). Subjects in the top quintile of the IOP PRS were 6.34 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.82-8.33; P = 2.1 × 10-57) times more likely to have POAG, compared to those in the bottom category. The weighted PRS improved the discriminatory power for POAG (AUC increased by 5%, P = 6.2 × 10-22) when added to the other covariates. The unweighted PRS exhibited similar results. Conclusions We determined that IOP PRSs are significantly associated with IOP and improve the prediction of POAG. Translational Relevance PRSs help reduce the burden of glaucoma by early detection of genetically susceptible individuals.
A New Analysis Strategy for Designs With Complex Aliasing

Nonregular designs are popular in planning industrial experiments for their run-size economy. These designs often produce partially aliased effects, where the effects of different factors cannot be...
Methane in the Precambrian atmosphere

Abstract Biological methane production occurs in anoxic terrestrial wetlands and in sulfate depleted marine sediments. It has been suggested that methanogens may have flourished in the anoxic and sulfate-poor environments of the Precambrian ocean, generating large amounts of methane that would have accumulated in the atmosphere and warmed the early Earth. However, modern ferruginous and sulfate-poor environments such as Lake Matano are not very efficient at generating methane, converting only about 5% of organic carbon to CH4 despite the lack of alternative remineralization pathways. We apply this restriction to a simple model of marine carbon cycling in order to generate new estimates of methane concentrations in the Precambrian atmosphere. Our results suggest that, if the ancient biosphere were similarly inefficient, atmospheric methane concentrations did not exceed 1 ppm, or about twice the pre-industrial value, at any time during the Proterozoic. Following the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis, the maximum methane concentration in the Archean atmosphere was order 100 ppm, but no more than 1 ppm if steady state oxygen concentrations were greater than 10−8 present atmospheric levels. Substantially larger methane concentrations are only possible before the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis.
Partial Relay Selection for Secure Outdated-CSI AF in Untrusted-Relay Networks

In this paper, we study secure outdated-channelstate-information amplify-and-forward (SO-CSI-AF) relaying network using partial relay selection method. The best relay node is chosen based on the maximum instantaneous signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) of the first hop. We analyze a system with one source, multiple untrusted relays and one destination, where the relays act as eavesdroppers and a source-assisted-jamming technique is adopted. The jamming signal is transmitted by the source node to convey the information signal. We provide a closed-form expression for ergodic secrecy capacity considering Rayleigh fading channels. The accuracy of our proposed analysis is well demonstrated by simulation results. Moreover, we compare partial relay selection with reactive relay selection in secure untrusted relay networks. We obtain that our proposed system provides better performance especially when the relay is placed closer to the destination.
Stream primary producers relate positively to watershed natural gas measures in north-central Arkansas streams.

Abstract Construction of unconventional natural gas (UNG) infrastructure (e.g., well pads, pipelines) is an increasingly common anthropogenic stressor that increases potential sediment erosion. Increased sediment inputs into nearby streams may decrease autotrophic processes through burial and scour, or sediment bound nutrients could have a positive effect through alleviating potential nutrient limitations. Ten streams with varying catchment UNG well densities (0–3.6 wells/km 2 ) were sampled during winter and spring of 2010 and 2011 to examine relationships between landscape scale disturbances associated with UNG activity and stream periphyton [chlorophyll a (Chl a )] and gross primary production (GPP). Local scale variables including light availability and water column physicochemical variables were measured for each study site. Correlation analyses examined the relationships of autotrophic processes and local scale variables with the landscape scale variables percent pasture land use and UNG metrics (well density and well pad inverse flow path length). Both GPP and Chl a were primarily positively associated with the UNG activity metrics during most sample periods; however, neither landscape variables nor response variables correlated well with local scale factors. These positive correlations do not confirm causation, but they do suggest that it is possible that UNG development can alleviate one or more limiting factors on autotrophic production within these streams. A secondary manipulative study was used to examine the link between nutrient limitation and algal growth across a gradient of streams impacted by natural gas activity. Nitrogen limitation was common among minimally impacted stream reaches and was alleviated in streams with high UNG activity. These data provide evidence that UNG may stimulate the primary production of Fayetteville shale streams via alleviation of N-limitation. Restricting UNG activities from the riparian zone along with better enforcement of best management practices should help reduce these possible impacts of UNG activities on stream autotrophic processes.