cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The mechanical properties, dimensional tolerance and microstructural characterization of micro-molded ceramic and metal components

Metal and ceramic micro-components with ∼10 μm features were fabricated by molding nano-powder-binder mixtures in micro-molds produced from LiGA-formed masters and then sintering to achieve the desired density and properties. The mechanical properties of the metals nickel and 316L stainless steel were measured in tension using miniature dog bone shaped, micro-molded test specimens. The sintering temperature controlled yield stress (YS), the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and the ductility of the nickel with the YS and the UTS decreasing and the ductility increasing with increasing sintering temperature. For the stainless steel, the YS was nearly 400 MPa, UTS was 650 MPa and the ductility was 3%. The mechanical properties of aluminum oxide ceramics were determined using 4-point bending on miniature micro-molded bend bars. The average modulus of rupture (MOR) was 260 MPa. Careful measurements were made of the dimensional tolerance of the micro-molded parts both before and after sintering using automated optical metrology. The variability in the dimensions of a sintered SS gear after sintering was <3 μm. Finally microscopic examination of the micromolded components indicated that the final grain size was generally less than 1 μm with minimal residual porosity.
Fertility response of yearling beef heifers after prebreeding energy manipulation, estrous synchronization and timed artificial insemination.

The effect of dietary energy and weight class on the fertility of yearling beef heifers (Angus, Hereford, and Angus x Hereford) was investigated over 2 years. In year 1, heifers (n=58) were classed as heavy (HW; > or =340 kg) or light weight (LW; or =335kg) or light weight ( LE) and free choice hay over 47 or 42 days (year 1 and year 2, respectively). To synchronize estrus, heifers were fed capsules containing MGA (0.5 mg/animal each day) beginning 11 days before the end of the feeding trial (day 0), PGF(2alpha) (25mg i.m.) and estradiol benzoate (Ebeta; 400 microg i.m.) was given on days 8 and 10, respectively. Estrous behavior was observed (days 10 and 11) and all heifers were inseminated on day 11. Following AI, heifers were re-grouped and a bull was introduced (days 27-39) for the second service in both years. Pregnancy diagnosis for the first (days 41-42) and second services (days 69-97) was performed by transrectal ultrasonography. Transrectal ultrasonic observations of ovarian follicle number and size were completed for a subset of heifers (n=5-8) from each experimental group at the end of the feeding trial. The effect of year was not significant for any of the reproductive performance variables measured. The mean ADG was (0.72 +/- 0.04 kg/day) and was greater in LW than HW heifers and in heifers in the HE than LE treatment groups (P <0.05). In heifers receiving the LE diet, ADG was lower in HW than LW heifers (weight x diet; P=0.02; 0.54 +/- 0.04 and 0.62 +/- 0.03 kg/day for HW and LW heifers, respectively). The diameter of the largest follicle was greater in heifers receiving the HE diet (P < 0.05; 11.3 +/- 0.4 mm) than those on the LE diet (10.3 +/- 0.3), and in LW (P <0.05) compared to HW heifers. The HE diet increased the size of the largest follicle in LW but not HW heifers (diet x weight, P <0.05). The percentage of pubertal heifers at the end of the feeding period (59.3%), estrous response (56.4%), conception rate (47.7%), ovulation rate (88.9%), and first service pregnancy rate (36.2%) were not significantly affected by initial weight or diet. There was a tendency for first service pregnancy rates to be greater in LW than HW heifers consuming the LE diet (diet x weight, P <0.1; 54.2 +/- 15 and 30.3 +/- 10% for LELW and LEHW heifers, respectively). Pregnancy rate after two services was greater (P=0.01) in LW (82 +/- 10%) than in HW (64.5 +/- 10%). The LE diet achieved moderate rates of gain and allowed high level of reproductive performance in LW but not HW heifers.
Experimental studies of nonlinear phenomena in ferromagnetic metals

Abstract In this paper we report the first observation of microwave subharmonic generation in ferromagnetic metals. The nonlinear phenomena described here might be of use in determining the temperature dependence of the exchange parameters of metals and alloys.
Scale and Public Health: Missouri's Cigarette Tax Rate

Proposition B, which would have raised the tobacco tax in Missouri from 17 cents per pack to 90 cents, narrowly failed in the 2012 general election, leaving Missouri with the lowest tobacco tax in the United States. Despite scientific and economic evidence demonstrating the health and economic benefits of higher tobacco taxes, Missouri remains reluctant to cave into pressure levied by various organizations to raise the rate. There are eight other cigarette tax jurisdictions along Missouri's borders, and three of the states have per-pack taxes of over 1 dollar. This presents an economic opportunity, as Missouri border towns have become a destination for large cigarette purchases. Based on the competitive advantage Missouri cigarette vendors have over similar vendors in adjacent states, we intend to explore the results of the Proposition B vote to examine whether certain border areas were most strongly against the Proposition because it might hurt their local economy.
Branching effects on the segmental dynamics of polyethylene melts

13C NMR spin–lattice relaxation time and nuclear Overhauser effect measurements are reported for linear polyethylene, polyethylene with long branches, and linear polyethylene with infrequent short branches at 75 MHz over the temperature range of 400–535 K. A quantitative description of the segmental dynamics of the main-chain methylene units and the branch points is obtained for linear polyethylene with ethyl branches. At 400 K, the correlation time is 29 ps for the segmental dynamics of the branch point but 5 ps for the segmental dynamics of the main-chain methylene units. The activation energy for the segmental dynamics of the main-chain methylene units (4 kcal/mol) is significantly less than the flow activation energy (Eη = 7.2 kcal/mol). In contrast, the activation energy for the segmental dynamics at the branch point (6.4 kcal /mol) is much closer to Eη. This result supports our earlier hypothesis that the lack of side groups in polyethylene allows conformational transitions to happen without substantial intermolecular cooperation. Thus, in contrast to many other polymers, conformational transitions are not the fundamental motion for flow in polyethylene. Branches as small as a methyl group introduce intermolecular cooperation into conformational transitions at the branch point, so conformational transitions at the branch points have a stronger temperature dependence. No difference in local dynamics was found for methylene units in linear polyethylene and polyethylene with long branches. Therefore, local dynamics are not relevant for understanding the factor-of-two difference in the flow activation energies of these two polymers. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 38: 2634–2643, 2000
Regarding “German science and black racism—roots of the Nazi Holocaust”

I read the essay in FASEB J. of January 2008 (F. Haas: German science and black racism—roots of the Nazi Holocaust), and it contains a body of interesting information. However, the statement on page 336, column 2, paragraph 2: “German SS military units, which with some notable exceptions, treated white POWs according to the Geneva Convention . . .” is misleading. I doubt that such a clear-cut difference between the military and other units of SS existed. Besides the execution of Jewish or American prisoners at Malmedy in the Battle of the Bulge or prisoners who escaped from a Stalag, hundreds of thousands or probably many more Soviet POWs were outright killed or perished in captivity. In addition, in the concentration camp, Sachsenhausen at Berlin, where Soviet, Italian, and very likely other POWs were delivered, they were shot execution-style by the SS (Death Head’s Division). The victims included Lieutenant Dzhugashvili, Stalin’s son. I wanted to bring that up to dispel any illusion about the SS unintentionally generated by the article.
Temporal order judgment of auditory stimulus offset.

The temporal order judgment threshold for the offset asynchronies of pairs of tones at least 10 msec in duration was found to follow a pattern of parameter dependencies which is similar to that found for the onset of acoustic stimuli. Both thresholds increase with increased stimulus duration, but both appear not to depend upon the intensity or frequency of the component stimuli. Temporal order judgment thresholds for offset asynchronies appear to be briefer than onset asynchronies, probably due to the availability of some form of echoic information in the offset condition. Implications for models of temporal order perception and for the perceptions of temporally contrasted CV and VC syllables are discussed.
CD30 Expression in High-Risk Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndromes

Background We assessed for CD30 expression in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or high-grade myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) to examine the possibility that anti-CD30 could be targeted therapy in these patients.
Research on How to Draw the Galloping Distribution Plan for Power Transmission Line Based on a Meteorological Geographical Model

this paper presents the rendering method of galloping distribution plan for power transmission line based on the meteorological geographical model by summarizing theory on division of galloping region, e.g. frequency method and galloping coefficient method. Meteorological geographical method is to account and analyze icing galloping conditions of power transmission line over the years and sum up meteorological and topographic features and laws to create meteorological and topographic model for icing galloping and work out division and classification if galloping region based on running experience so as to establish standard technical system for rendering galloping distribution plan and complete the galloping distribution plan.
Diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin (DCLHB): involvement of adrenergic mechanisms in the pressor effect.

Diaspirin cross-linked Hemoglobin (DCLHbTM) (400 mg/kg, i.v.), a resuscitative solution, produces a pressor effect in rats and several other species. Studies were conducted to determine the role of the central nervous system and adrenal medulla in the pressor effect of DCLHb in rats. Intravenous administration of DCLHb produced an increase in blood pressure in cervical sectioned animals, which was comparable to that observed in normal rats. This indicates that the pressor effect of DCLHb was mediated through the peripheral vascular system rather than through the central nervous system. DCLHb produced a pressor effect in bilateral adrenal demedullated rats that was similar to normal rats, suggesting that the pressor effect is not through the release of catecholamines or other pressor substance from the adrenal medulla. The effects of DCLHb pretreatment on norepinephrine (0.5 μg/kg), phenylephrine (5 μg/kg) and clonidine induced blood pressure and heart rate responses were also studied. DCLHb significantly ...
Cardiopulmonary function in Fallot's tetralogy after palliative shunting operations

Abstract We report the results of hemodynamic, exercise, and pulmonary function studies in a group of patients with Fallot's tetralogy and an aortopulmonary shunt of more than 5 years' duration. None of the patients had developed severe pulmonary hypertension or histological evidence of pulmonary vascular disease. Exercise tolerance was always limited, usually by tiredness in the legs rather than dyspnea. The patients with the largest pulmonary flows and pressures had the least drop in arterial oxygen saturation when they were standing and were able to work at the largest loads. The effect of high pulmonary blood flow and pulmonary venous congestion on the lung volumes was similar to that produced by pulmonary congestion in other diseases.
Inequality and fertility.

This article focuses on the relationship between inequality and fertility with empirical analysis only of direct influences. Whereas much of the literature seems to be based on 0-order correlations the present study uses multiple regression analysis to test the strength of the evidence for a relationship between inequality and fertility when competing hypotheses are also considered. In addition this study attempts to clarify some of the issues surrounding the measurement of inequality and to show how these may affect empirical results. It appears from the results presented here that research into the relative status of women as an influence on fertility holds considerable promise. In particular it is interesting that a measure of the relative status of women (ratio of female school enrollment to male school enrollment) that is highly correlated with absolute educational status of people in the nation in general and even more highly correlated with absolute educational status of women emerges as one of 3 important predictors of fertility. The other measure of the relative educational status of women (female school enrollment ratio minus male school enrollment ratio) which has lower correlations with absolute educational status both of women and people in general does not appear important although it should be an equally valid indicator of womens status. It also has lower correlations with total fertility rates. 1 focus of further research should be an attempt to disentangle the effects of the relative status of women from absolute status of women and absolute status of people in the nation as a whole. Less promising is the prospect of future work on the relationship between income inequaltiy and fertility. The results are unencouraging with respect to both sampling problems and the actual magnitude of the effect of inequality on fertility. Overall it appears that the importance of income inequality as an influence on fertility may have been overstated in the past.
Movie induced tourism

Abstract Movies provide the objects and subjects for the gaze of many people, and for some people, movies induce them to travel to the locations where they were filmed. The data gathered at 12 US locations supports earlier anecdotal accounts of movie-induced tourism. This paper extends from earlier studies by suggesting a variety of reasons for this type of gaze and documents some of the impacts on movie-induced tourism locations. Visitation data were gathered from a variety of settings and were aggregated to show the power of movies when inducing people to locations. Data analysis showed at least four years of visitation increases after movies were released.
Evaluating the USFS State and Private Forestry Redesign: A first look at policy implications

Recently a shift has occurred in the way in which the United States Forest Service (USFS) distributes funds to states through its State and Private Forestry (S&PF) program. Traditionally S&PF has distributed money to states and territories formulaically. Now, under the 2008 Redesign Initiative, 15% of these funds are allocated through a competitive process. In this paper we analyze this initiative through the lens of institutional economics.Using budget, interview and survey data, we evaluate the new allocation process on the criteria of allocative ef?ciency, transaction costs, and distributional effects. Additionally, we examine a trade-off the Redesign Initiative faces between short-term innovations and funding programs that meet long-term USFS goals. We conclude that, while there is some positive evidence that the program is achieving some of its stated goals, it is doing so at the expense of higher transaction costs and less certain long term projects. Moreover, we ?nd that the lack of procedures to evaluate competitively funded projects is an important ?aw that may prevent the new initiative from helping to create a high performing and adaptive governance system.
Substance Use Patterns and Consequences Among Lesbians, Gays, and Bisexuals

Substance abuse among gays and lesbians may be considered a “neglected area” of drug use research in criminology and criminal justice. In the current study, we seek to address the lack of scientific inquiry on substance use among lesbians, gays, and bisexuals by drawing from an availability sample of 179 lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adults to examine substance use patterns as well as the relationship of self-esteem with problems associated with using alcohol and drugs. Results showed consistency in the frequency of tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine use in the past year; however, more gay and bisexual men than gay and bisexual women reported problems stemming from substance use.
Quantitative Analysis of Students' Reasons for Nonsuiting and Support of Policy Change at One Urban Middle School

Purpose Physical activity participation in physical education is compromised when students nonsuit. We investigated: (a) reasons for nonsuiting/support of policy change and whether they differed by gender, ethnicity, or grade; and (b) the likelihood of nonsuiting based on the same demographics. Method Participants (N = 627) were 6th and 7th graders attending 1 urban middle school located in San Diego, CA. Students completed a questionnaire composed of 4 demographic items, level of agreement with 15 reasons for nonsuiting, and level of support of 6 proposed policy changes. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to classify reasons for nonsuiting items and policy change items. Demographic differences among resultant factor scores and individual items were analyzed using t tests. Associations between factors/items and nonsuit frequency and demographics were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression. Results Girls, Latinos, and 7th graders were more likely habitual nonsuits ( ≥ 4 nonsuits...
Results in the theory of linear differential games with an information time lag

The solution to a class of differential games in which one player has imperfect information in the form of a time lag on the availability of the state vector is presented. Open-loop and closed-loop strategies are obtained, and the results are shown to reduce to the well-known perfect-information results as the time lag vanishes. The effect of lag on the existence of the solutions to the game and other important qualitative aspects of the game are discussed.
SU-E-T-598: The Effects of Arm Speed for Quality Assurance and Commissioning Measurements in Rectangular and Cylindrical Scanners

Purpose: Cylindrical and rectangular scanning water tanks are examined with different scanning speeds to investigate the TG-106 criteria and the errors induced in the measurements. Methods: Beam profiles were measured in a depth of R50 for a low-energy electron beam (6 MeV) using rectangular and cylindrical tanks. The speeds of the measurements (arm movement) were varied in different profile measurements. Each profile was measured with a certain speed to obtain the average and standard deviation as a parameter for investigating the reproducibility and errors. Results: At arm speeds of ∼0.8 mm/s the errors were as large as 2% and 1% with rectangular and cylindrical tanks, respectively. The errors for electron beams and for photon beams in other depths were within the TG-106 criteria of 1% for both tank shapes. Conclusion: The measurements of low-energy electron beams in a depth of R50, as an extreme case scenario, are sensitive to the speed of the measurement arms for both rectangular and cylindrical tanks. The measurements in other depths, for electron beams and photon beams, with arm speeds of less than 1 cm/s are within the TG-106 criteria. An arm speed of 5 mm/s appeared to be optimal for fast and accurate measurements for both cylindrical and rectangular tanks.
Reappraisal of localized resection for subvalvar aortic stenosis

Abstract Between June 1972 and August 1989, we operated on 45 patients with fixed subaortic stenosis. Discrete membranous stenosis was present in 28 patients and tunnel stenosis, in 13. Four patients had subvalvar stenosis complicating double-outlet right ventricle. There were 33 male and 12 female patients. Mean age at operation was 7.1 ± 4.3 years (range, 6 months to 21 years). Local resection of the fibrous membrane was performed in 26 patients. Local resection was combined with myectomy in 18 patients. Aortoventriculoplasty (modified Konno procedure) was required at operation in 3 patients. There were three perioperative deaths at initial operation and two deaths at the time of reoperation. Follow-up ranges from 1 month to 17 years (average follow-up, 47.0 months). Reoperation for recurrent obstruction has been required in 12 patients (27%), and 3 patients have required a second reoperation. Mild to moderate aortic regurgitation was present in 17 patients. Subaortic stenosis is a spectrum of anatomical derangements ranging from a discrete fibrous membrane to a long, tortuous fibrous tunnel with aortic annulus hypoplasia. Successful removal of a discrete fibrous membrane can be followed later by recurrent stenosis necessitating myectomy or aortoventriculoplasty. Correction of subvalvar aortic stenosis can be followed by recurrent stenosis necessitating reoperation as long as 17 years after the initial procedure.
Environment and industrialization in Puerto Rico: disenfranchising the people

Abstract This paper explores the effects of industrialization policy on environmental regulation in Puerto Rico, focusing on implementation of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) review process. Adopted in 1970, the EIS process has been transformed to pave the way for extensive use of a concise, alternative mechanism for analysing project environmental impacts, one with less opportunity for public input. This policy shift, virtually replacing the full‐scale EIS, occurred as a way to mediate the conflict between environmental policy and industrialization policy. Formal public participation in environmental decision‐making became the target of reform by the Puerto Rican Government because it perceived that public review was interfering with the location of industry.
Semi-analytical approaches to modeling deep well injection of CO2 for geological sequestration

Abstract Geological sequestration of CO2 has been recognized as an important strategy for reducing the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. Simple and easy to use modeling tools would be valuable in assessing the performance of a deep well operation during and after injection. Presented here is a semi-analytical model to simulate the deep well injection of CO2 for geological sequestration. Equations governing the radial injection of an immiscible CO2 phase into saturated confined formations (representing deep saline aquifers and reservoirs), its axisymmetric flow around the injector and eventual buoyancy driven floating with simultaneous dissolution were formulated. The effect of pertinent fluid, reservoir and operational characteristics on the deep well injection of CO2 was investigated. The results indicate that the injected CO2 initially grows as a bubble radially outward, a part of which eventually dissolves in the formation waters, floats toward the top due to buoyancy and settles near the top confining layer. It was shown that the formation permeability and porosity, as well as the rate and pressure of injection, all have a significant influence on the growth and ultimate distribution of the immiscible CO2 phase. Further, dissolution of CO2 also was shown to have a significant effect on the growth and distribution of the CO2 bubble.
Regulation of TRPV5 Single-Channel Activity by Intracellular pH

The transient receptor potential channel TRPV5 contributes to the apical entry pathway for transcellular calcium reabsorption in the kidney. Acid load causes hypercalciuria in animals and humans. We have previously reported that intracellular protons directly inhibit TRPV5. Here, we examined the effects of intracellular pH on single-channel activity of TRPV5. We found that TRPV5 channels exhibit full and subconductance open states in excised inside–out patches of Chinese hamster ovary cells. The slope conductance values (Na+ as a charge carrier, between −25 and −75 mV) for full and subconductance opening at intracellular pH 7.4 were 59 ± 6 and 29 ± 3 pS, respectively. Intracellular acidification caused a small decrease in single-channel conductance. Importantly, intracellular acidification decreased open probability for the full and subconductance states and increased probability for closing. To investigate how intracellular protons decrease open probability of the channel, we proposed a simple three-state model for open–subconductance–closed state transition and examined the effects of acidification on the respective forward and reverse rate constants. We found that intracellular acidification decreases opening of TRPV5 predominantly by promoting a transition from the subconductance to the closed state. Thus, intracellular acidification directly inhibits TRPV5 by causing a conformational change(s) leading to a decrease of open probability of TRPV5 as well as of the single-channel conductance.
Compression of an adsorbed polymer layer of fixed mass : A Monte Carlo study

Lattice Monte Carlo simulations are used to analyze the normal force induced by interacting polymer chains between an athermal plane and an adsorbing plane in an athermal (good) solvent. The simulations are carried out under conditions of “restricted equilibrium” in which the amount of polymer in the system is not allowed to fluctuate. The results are compared with numerical lattice mean-field calculations. We observe that mean-field theory usually overestimates the magnitude of the force. A substantial improvement in the comparison is obtained when interpreted with respect to properties of the corresponding unconfined layer at equilibrium with the bulk solution. For instance, in the case of high coverage, simulations and numerical mean-field theory are in good agreement at the same relative coverage, e.g., the same ratio of surface coverage to saturation coverage. Comparison with asymptotic scaling predictions does not yield unequivocal results for these chain lengths, but the results are roughly consist...
Diffusion tensor imaging reveals widespread white matter abnormalities in children and adolescents with myotonic dystrophy type 1

Diffusion tensor imaging was used to evaluate cerebral white matter in 16 patients (ages 9–18) with myotonic dystrophy type 1 compared to 15 matched controls. Patients with myotonic dystrophy showed abnormalities in mean diffusivity compared to controls in frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital white matter and in all individual tracts examined. Whole cerebrum mean diffusivity was 8.6 % higher overall in patients with myotonic dystrophy compared to controls. Whole cerebrum fractional anisotropy was also abnormal (10.8 % low overall) in all regions and tracts except corticospinal tracts. Follow-up analysis of parallel and perpendicular diffusivity suggests possible relative preservation of myelin in corticospinal tracts. Correlations between Wechsler working memory performance and mean diffusivity were strong for all regions. Frontal and temporal fractional anisotropy were correlated with working memory as well. Results are consistent with earlier studies demonstrating that significant white matter disturbances are characteristic in young patients with myotonic dystrophy and that these abnormalities are associated with the degree of working memory impairment seen in this disease.
Polygenic threshold model with sex dimorphism in clubfoot inheritance: the Carter effect.

Background: Idiopathic clubfoot is approximately twice as common in males than in females. The reason for this discrepancy is unclear but may represent an inherent difference in the susceptibility to the deformity. If this difference is due to genetic factors it is predicted that in order to inherit clubfoot, females need to have a greater number of susceptibility genes than males. Females would also be more likely to transmit the disease to their children and have siblings with clubfoot. This phenomenon is known as the Carter effect, and the presence of such an effect supports a multifactorial threshold model of inheritance. Methods: Ninety-seven multiplex families with more than one individual with idiopathic clubfoot were studied. The study included 1093 individuals: 291 with clubfoot and 802 unaffected relatives. Rates of transmission by the thirty-seven affected fathers and twenty-six affected mothers were calculated, and the prevalence among siblings was determined in the nuclear families of affected persons. Results: Within these multiplex families, the prevalence of clubfoot was lowest in daughters of affected fathers (eight of twenty-four) and highest in sons of affected mothers (eleven of thirteen). Affected mothers transmitted clubfoot to 59% of their children (nineteen of thirty-two children), whereas affected fathers transmitted idiopathic clubfoot to 37% of their children (twenty-six of seventy children) (p = 0.04). Siblings of an affected female also had a significantly higher prevalence of clubfoot than siblings of an affected male (46% [fifty-four of 117] compared with 34% [sixty-seven of 197]; p = 0.03). Conclusions: This study demonstrates the presence of the Carter effect in idiopathic clubfoot. This effect can be explained by a polygenic inheritance of clubfoot, with females requiring a greater genetic load to be affected.
Localization of the monoglyceride pathway in subcellular fractions of rat intestinal mucosa.

Abstract The localization of the monoglyceride pathway in subcellular fractions of rat intestinal mucosa has been studied. The 2-octadecyl-(1- 14 C)-glyceryl ether was used as a model substrate to replace 2-monoglyceride in the in vitro systems. The ability of brush border membranes and microsomal fraction to synthesize higher glycerides, particularly triglyceride, was compared. The results show that the total activity and the specific activity of diglyceride transacylase were higher in brush border membranes than in microsomal membranes. The purity of the brush border and microsomal membranes was monitored by biochemical “marker substances.” Microsomal contamination in the brush border fraction could not account for triglyceride synthesis attributed to the brush border. Brush border contamination in the microsomal fraction could account for from 30–100% of the triglyceride synthesis attributed to the microsomal fraction. However, brush border contamination in the microsomal fraction could not explain the high level of diglyceride synthesis attributed to the microsomal fraction. A determination of the structure of the intermediate diglyceride synthesized in the brush border and microsomal fractions showed that 1,2-diglyceride is made at both sites. The distribution of radioactivity of the original glyceryl ether substrate in subcellular fractions isolated from incubated homogenates of rat mucosa was determined. The brush border fraction contained the highest percentage of total radioactivity.
SIDS risk factor awareness: assessment among nursing students.

Objective To test the hypotheses that nursing students (a) have limited knowledge of risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommendation of placing infants on their backs or sides for sleep, and (b) after careful education about SIDS, would retain this information and teach it to parents. Design: A pretest questionnaire was used to identify knowledge of 13 risk factors and personal recommendation for sleep position. Participants attended a lecture on SIDS and received written educational material. A posttest was completed after 6 weeks. Setting Nursing students were assessed during their family practice course. Participants Fifty-one 4th-year nursing students (mean age 28.4 years, SD = 7.6) enrolled in the BSN program completed the pretest; 29 completed the identical posttest. Intervention A lecture on SIDS and SIDS risk factors with written educational material after the pretest. Main Outcome Measures Pretest and posttest responses. Results The Mann-Whitney test and Mc-Nemar chi-square analyses were used to determine factors on the pretest which influenced the awareness of prone position and to compare pretest and posttest data. On the pretest, 69% of students were aware of the AAP recommendation but significantly more (92%) were aware on the posttest. Posttest responses increased significantly for 12 of the 13 risk factors; 41% of the students identified all 13 risk factors on the posttest, in contrast to 0% on the pretest. On both the pretest and posttest, 93% of students stated that it was important to discuss their infant's sleep position with parents. Posttest results showed that students unanimously recommend the side or back sleep position. Conclusion Nursing students were aware of the AAP recommendation, yet their knowledge of other risk factors was limited. A careful educational process resulted in retention of information about the AAP recommendation and other risk factors. In addition, students were willing to teach parents to place their infants on the back or side to sleep. JOGNN, 28, 68–73; 1999.
Characterization of the heterogeneous binding site affinity distributions in molecularly imprinted polymers

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are polymers that can be tailored with affinity and selectivity for a molecule of interest. Offsetting the low cost and ease of preparation of MIPs is the presence of binding sites that vary widely in affinity and selectivity. Presented is a review of methods that take into account binding site heterogeneity when calculating the binding properties of MIPs. These include the bi-Langmuir, Freundlich, and Langmuir-Freundlich binding models. These methods yield a measure of heterogeneity in the form of binding site affinity distributions and the heterogeneity index. Recent developments have made these methods surprisingly easy to use while also yielding more accurate measures of the binding properties of MIPs. These have allowed for easier comparison and optimization of MIPs. Heterogeneous binding models have also led to a better understanding of the imprinting process and of the advantages and limitations of MIPs in chromatographic and sensor applications.
Distribution of glutamic acid decarboxylase and gamma-aminobutyric acid in the hypoglossal nucleus in the rat.

Immunocytochemistry was used to investigate the distribution of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the hupoglossal nucleus (XII) of the adult rat. The distribution of GAD and GABA was found to be co-extensive throughout XII. Although immunoreactivity was moderately dense in all regions, the intensity of staining was greatest in the ventral district of XII particularly ventromedially in the caudal half of the nucleus. Immunoreactive terminal-like profiles were observed around motoneuron somata and dendrites. There also was evidence of sparse mediolaterally-oriented densities of immunoreactivety at the junction of XII and the dorsal vagal nucleus and between dorsal and ventral districts of XII. In addition, neurons staining positive for GABA were found scattered within XII laterally and immediately outside of XII in and around the nucleus of Roller. These observations suggest a complex, differential distribution of GABA in XII and are discussed in relation to tongue motor behavior.
Pregnancy following laparoscopic tubal electrocoagulation and division.

In a series of 3160 sterilization procedures performed by laparoscopic electrocoagulation and division 16 pregnancies were reported. 9 of these failures were attributable to surgical error for a surgical failure rate of .28%. It is suggested that these patients had microscopic tuboperitoneal fistulas in the cut ends of the tubes and that fertilization occurred on the ovarian surfaces rather than in the oviduct ampullae. 5 of the pregnancies were ectopic and all were found in the distal ends of the tube. The authors have modified the surgical technique by eliminiating division and using only wide electrocoagulation with the triple-burn technique of Wheeless and the Kleppinger bipolar forceps in hopes of improving the success rate. The modifications also eliminate the risk of burns from unipolar current and of hemorrahage from biopsy.
Reliable multicast: when many must absolutely positively receive it

Multicasting enables a group of hosts to communicate and share the information simultaneously. IP multicast technology allows the underlying IP network to transport a copy of the sending host's information to all members of the group, which can range in size from a few hosts to several thousand. Members of a multicast group are identified by a single group address rather than by their individual host addresses. The paper discusses the basics and the challenges facing IP multicast. It then focuses on reliable multicast issues.
Clostridium Difficile Toxin–Induced Colitis after Use of Clindamycin Phosphate Vaginal Cream

OBJECTIVE:To report a case of toxin-positive Clostridium difficile– induced colitis (CDIC) after use of clindamycin phosphate vaginal cream.CASE SUMMARY:A 25-year-old postpartum white woman developed multiple watery stools and abdominal cramping on day 6 of therapy with clindamycin vaginal cream for bacterial vaginosis. She received no other concomitant medications. The patient's stool sample was found to be positive for the C. difficile toxin. Due to the costs and risks of standard therapy, we decided to manage the patient supportively. Complete resolution of the diarrhea occurred shortly thereafter.DISCUSSION:No published clinical studies in patients receiving clindamycin vaginal cream for bacterial vaginosis have documented C. difficile toxin in stool samples of patients with diarrhea. Approximately 5–6% of intravaginal clindamycin is absorbed in the bloodstream, making systemic effects possible.CONCLUSIONS:This report indicates clindamycin phosphate vaginal cream as the most probable cause of CDIC due...
Prevalence of calcified carotid artery atheromas on the panoramic images of patients with syndrome Z, coexisting obstructive sleep apnea, and metabolic syndrome

Objectives The objective of this study was to compare the prevalence of calcified carotid artery atheromas (CCAAs) on panoramic images of individuals (n = 31) with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with individuals (n = 117) with syndrome Z (SZ: OSA with concomitant metabolic syndrome [MetS]). Study design Images of patients with OSA or SZ referred from the Sleep Service to Dentistry were evaluated. Descriptive statistics and t tests (Bonferroni correction) were conducted to determine significant differences between atheroma prevalence and proatherogenic factors (age, apnea-hypopnea index, body mass index, lipid profile, blood pressure, glucose) between OSA and SZ groups. Results Individuals with OSA had an atheroma prevalence of 35% and those with SZ 42% ( P = .52). Individuals with SZ also had significantly more severe atherogenic profiles (obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia) than OSA patients ( P ≤ .05). Greatest CCAA prevalence (63%) was evidenced by SZ patients with severe OSA and moderate MetS. Conclusion Individuals with SZ have significantly greater atherogenic burden and slightly higher prevalence of CCAAs when compared with individuals with OSA.
A visualization-based environment for top-down debugging of parallel programs

This paper describes a parallel debugging environment that applies visualizations in a top-down, structured approach for debugging. This environment, referred to as GOLD, uses visualization in the traditional way for examining a program state, but it also extends the use of visualizations in two directions. First, a technique is described for using visualizations to guide the operation of setting a causal distributed breakpoint for a set of processes. Second, a strategy is introduced for coordinating the use of different types of visualization when examining a program state. >
Regularly irregular: how groups reconcile cross-cutting agendas and demand in healthcare

The flow of technical work in acute healthcare varies unpredictably, in patterns that occur regularly enough that they can be managed. Acute care organizations develop ways to hedge resources so that they are available if they are needed. This pragmatic approach to the distribution of work among and across groups shows how rules can be used to manage a response to irregular demands for care. However, no rule set can be complete enough to cover this setting’s variety of care demands. Expertise is also needed to tie together the loose ends of conflicts that remain where rules no longer suffice. Many informal solutions to systemic problems go unnoticed unless they are the subjects of study. Naturalistic decision making (NDM) methods such as observational study, interviews, and process tracing reveal the activities of workers in their natural settings. Results of findings from such explorations of technical work can improve understanding of large scale work processes and, ultimately, patient safety. We have explored how practitioners cope with the demands that the system presents to them. While not all succeed, successful initiatives workers have developed demonstrate how their solutions create resilience at large scale.
Minimax predictive control

The authors derive a receding horizon control law based on the minimization of the H/sub infinity / norm of the integrand in the frequency domain representation of the generalized predictive control (GPC) performance criterion. The resulting control strategy, referred to as minimax predictive control (MPC), minimizes the peaks of the error spectrum, rather than its integral on the unit circle. The MPC turns out to have stabilizing properties superior to the GPC for identical horizons. An example is presented, where the MPC stabilizes a plant with an unstable zero between two unstable poles, for which the standard GPC is not capable of achieving stability. The MPC synthesis, based on spectral factorization and Diophantine equations, is much simpler than that of the standard state spaces H/sub infinity / optimal controller. The MPC is expected to inherit some of the robustness of H/sub infinity / design, due to both the minimax prediction and optimization, and the ability of receding horizons strategies to directly incorporate input constraints, which is a nontrivial task in the standard H/sub infinity / design. >
Comparison of elective and empiric cerclage and the role of emergency cerclage

We describe the maternal, obstetric, and neonatal outcomes of patients undergoing elective, empiric, and emergency cervical cerclage at our institution in an attempt to determine predictive factors for adverse perinatal and maternal outcomes. A retrospective chart review was conducted on patients who underwent cervical cerclage placement over a 7-year time span. Of 55 charts, 40 contained complete peripartum data satisfactory for review; 7 elective, 15 empiric, and 18 emergency cerclages were analyzed. There was no perinatal mortality in the elective group, and 5/7 patients delivered at term. The empiric population experienced a 20% neonatal mortality; 6/15 gestations progressed to term. The perinatal mortality was 44% in the emergency group and 2/18 patients delivered at term. Relative to neonatal outcome, elective cerclage was statistically significantly better than emergent cerclage; there was no statistically significant difference between the elective and empiric groups nor between the empiric and emergent groups. This relatively small series with a large number of variables appeared to favor an elective procedure rather than an empiric one. Although emergent cerclage was associated with only a 56% neonatal survival, it did have value in some patients.
Induction of a specific (LM) protein in the submandibular gland of the rat by repeated amputation of the lower incisor teeth.

Chronic administration of the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol (IPR) leads to marked hyperplastic/hypertrophic enlargements of the parotid and submandibular glands in rats and mice with concomitant changes in the composition of both the glands and the saliva. Conspicuous among the alterations of the submandibular saliva is the appearance of a 13,000 Mr protein, termed LM (large mobile) protein. Repeated amputation of the lower incisor teeth also causes enlargements of the major salivary glands in rats. In this study, we have compared the enlargements of submandibular glands of rats produced by IPR administration or teeth amputation with respect to the relative levels of the LM protein in gland extracts and saliva. Adminstration of IPR-HCI (40 mg/kg) twice daily for 5 days or amputation of the lower incisor teeth 3 times a week for 3 weeks resulted in a 2.2-fold increase in the weight of the submandibular gland. Amputation for one week led to a 1.4-fold increase in gland weight. Double immunodiffusion in agar antibodies against the purified LM protein gave a single preciptin line with gland extracts and saliva of IPR-treated and teeth-amputated rats, indicating immunological identity of the reacting antigens. No precipitin lines were seen with gland extracts or saliva of untreated rats. Immunoblots of pooled saliva obtained from IPR-treated or teeth-amputated rats revealed a single protein band of the same electrophoretic mobility in SDS-polyacrylamide gels when stained using anti-LM antibodies. The relative concentrations of LM protein in gland extracts and saliva were measured by a solid-phase enzyme-linked immunoabsorption assay using antibodies aginast the purified LM protein. In gland extracts of untreated rats, LM protein was not measurable. Both amputation and adminstration of IPR resulted in marked increase in the relative concentrations of the LM protein. However, the relative concentration of LM protein in extracts of glands of teeth-amputated rats was only about one-fifth of that found in extracts of glands of IPR -treated animals irrespective of the duration of the amputation. LM protein was localized immunocytochemically in the cytoplasm of acinar cells and in the striated duct cells. These data indicate that both amputation of incisor teeth and β-agonist administration lead to the induction of the same protein in the submandibular glands of rats, although the mechanism by which these two types of interventions cause enlargement of the gland may not be identical.
Sulfur Transfer through an Arbuscular Mycorrhiza

Despite the importance of sulfur (S) for plant nutrition, the role of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis in S uptake has received little attention. To address this issue, 35S-labeling experiments were performed on mycorrhizas of transformed carrot (Daucus carota) roots and Glomus intraradices grown monoxenically on bicompartmental petri dishes. The uptake and transfer of 35SO42− by the fungus and resulting 35S partitioning into different metabolic pools in the host roots was analyzed when altering the sulfate concentration available to roots and supplying the fungal compartment with cysteine (Cys), methionine (Met), or glutathione. Additionally, the uptake, transfer, and partitioning of 35S from the reduced S sources [35S]Cys and [35S]Met was determined. Sulfate was taken up by the fungus and transferred to mycorrhizal roots, increasing root S contents by 25% in a moderate (not growth-limiting) concentration of sulfate. High sulfate levels in the mycorrhizal root compartment halved the uptake of 35SO42− from the fungal compartment. The addition of 1 mm Met, Cys, or glutathione to the fungal compartment reduced the transfer of sulfate by 26%, 45%, and 80%, respectively, over 1 month. Similar quantities of 35S were transferred to mycorrhizal roots whether 35SO42−, [35S]Cys, or [35S]Met was supplied in the fungal compartment. Fungal transcripts for putative S assimilatory genes were identified, indicating the presence of the trans-sulfuration pathway. The suppression of fungal sulfate transfer in the presence of Cys coincided with a reduction in putative sulfate permease and not sulfate adenylyltransferase transcripts, suggesting a role for fungal transcriptional regulation in S transfer to the host. A testable model is proposed describing root S acquisition through the AM symbiosis.