cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the SAE J1735 Draft Proposal for a harmonized low-beam headlighting pattern

This study evaluated the SAE J1735 Draft Proposal for a low-beam headlighting pattern in relation to the current standards in the U.S., Europe, and Japan. The approach consisted of the following steps: (1) identifying a set of 15 important visual performance functions (including seeing and glare) for low-beam headlamps; (2) defining the relevant geometry relative to the visual performance functions; (3) setting criterion values of illumination for each of the visual performance functions based on the available empirical data; and (4) evaluating the standards relative to the criterion values by considering the worst-allowed-case approach. This involved using the minima specified by the standards for seeing functions, and the maxima for glare functions. Results indicate that the SAE J1735 Draft Proposal tended to require better performance than the current U.S., European, and Japanese standards.
Persistent expression of activated notch in the developing hypothalamus affects survival of pituitary progenitors and alters pituitary structure

Background: As the pituitary gland develops, signals from the hypothalamus are necessary for pituitary induction and expansion. Little is known about the control of cues that regulate early signaling between the two structures. Ligands and receptors of the Notch signaling pathway are found in both the hypothalamus and Rathke's pouch. The downstream Notch effector gene Hes1 is required for proper pituitary formation; however, these effects could be due to the action of Hes1 in the hypothalamus, Rathke's pouch, or both. To determine the contribution of hypothalamic Notch signaling to pituitary organogenesis, we used mice with loss and gain of Notch function within the developing hypothalamus. Results: We demonstrate that loss of Notch signaling by conditional deletion of Rbpj in the hypothalamus does not affect expression of Hes1 within the posterior hypothalamus or expression of Hes5. In contrast, expression of activated Notch within the hypothalamus results in ectopic Hes5 expression and increased Hes1 expression, which is sufficient to disrupt pituitary development and postnatal expansion. Conclusions: Taken together, our results indicate that Rbpj-dependent Notch signaling within the developing hypothalamus is not necessary for pituitary development, but persistent Notch signaling and ectopic Hes5 expression in hypothalamic progenitors affects pituitary induction and expansion. Developmental Dynamics 244:921–934, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
HoxA10 Terminates Emergency Granulopoiesis by Increasing Expression of Triad1

Expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Triad1 is greater in mature granulocytes than in myeloid progenitor cells. HoxA10 actives transcription of the gene encoding Triad1 (ARIH2) during myeloid differentiation, but the contribution of increased Triad1 expression to granulocyte production or function is unknown. Mice with bone marrow-specific disruption of the ARIH2 gene exhibit constitutive inflammation with tissue infiltration by granulocytes and B cells. In contrast, disruption of the HOXA10 gene in mice neither constitutively activates the innate immune response nor significantly alters steady-state granulopoiesis. This study explores the impact of HoxA10-induced Triad1 expression on emergency (stress) granulopoiesis. We found that mice with HOXA10 gene disruption exhibited an overwhelming and fatal emergency granulopoiesis response that was characterized by tissue infiltration with granulocytes, but reversed by re-expression of Triad1 in the bone marrow. We determined that HoxA9 repressed ARIH2 transcription in myeloid progenitor cells, antagonizing the effect of HoxA10 on Triad1 expression. Also, we found that differentiation-stage-specific ARIH2 transcription was regulated by the tyrosine phosphorylation states of HoxA9 and HoxA10. Our studies demonstrate a previously undescribed role for HoxA10 in terminating emergency granulopoiesis, suggesting an important contribution by Hox proteins to the innate immune response.
Expression of Re-Experiencing Symptoms in the Therapeutic Context: A Mixed-Method Analysis of Young Children Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence.

ABSTRACTAssessment, diagnosis and treatment of preschoolers with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an understudied domain, and translational research assisting practitioners in the real-life identification of PTSD symptoms is critical. The current study examined therapists’ behavioural notes of 56 children participating in a 10-session intervention following exposure to intimate partner violence. The notes were analysed to identify themes in children's expression of re-experiencing symptoms and examine the overlap of these symptoms with emotional and behavioural dysregulation. The majority of re-experiencing in the therapeutic context was verbally expressed (e.g. storytelling), but physical re-enactments had the most overlap with in-session emotional and behavioural dysregulation. Session content that addressed who is to blame for the violence, characteristics about families, and conflict resolution techniques elicited particularly high levels of re-experiencing symptoms. The findings indicate that...
A RADIOBIOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS

Abstract A Luria Latarjet type experiment has been performed on Newcastle disease virus-chick embryo cell complexes. It is shown that the resistance of the infective centers to ultraviolet light increases with time after infection. The inactivation curves remain exponential at all times, and maximum resistance is reached 4.5 hours after infection. This is probably a function of the virus rather than the host cell since similar results were obtained when human cells (strain HeLa) were used. Multihit inactivation curves were obtained after multiple infection of monolayer cultures. Evidence is presented that multiplicity reactivation of the virus occurs in chick embryo cells infected with virus which had been clumped following irradiation. It is suggested that multiplicity reactivation is the mechanism of the resistance phenomenon.
Testing apparatus and experimental procedure for position specific normalization of electromyographic measurements of distal upper extremity musculature.

Abstract Objective . An apparatus and procedure are described to determine position specific normalization coefficients for surface EMG of upper extremity musculature. Study design. Thirty-nine subjects were tested three times. Repeatability of EMG measurements across test sessions was determined by computing intraclass correlation coefficients. Two-way analysis of variance was used to test upper extremity position dependent differences in EMG measurements. Background. EMG measurements are susceptible to error from skin movement and muscle length changes, both of which may occur when upper extremity positions vary. Normalization of the EMG signal without consideration for such positional influences may lead to erroneous conclusions regarding muscle activation during functional tasks. Method. An apparatus was designed that allowed subjects to perform three repetitions of maximum elbow flexion, forearm pronation, wrist extension, and wrist flexion with the forearm in neutral and pronated positions. Surface EMG was sampled from eight muscles. Mean EMG on maximum voluntary contraction was computed, and resting EMG was subtracted to obtain EMG normalization coefficients. Results. Upper extremity position affected the EMG normalization coefficient for biceps brachii, which was lower in the pronated position, and extensor carpi radialis, which was higher in the pronated position ( P Conclusions. The apparatus accommodates various combined positions of the elbow, forearm and wrist. The normalization procedure is efficient for testing subjects who are being observed during functional tasks. Only two muscles were affected by upper extremity position, but group trends were not always consistent with individual behavior. This method would ensure the use of appropriate EMG normalization coefficients regardless of individual variation. Relevance This method is effective for normalizing EMG signals using task specific upper extremity positions. It may be used to test isometric exertions of distal upper extremity musculature for clinical and research purposes.
A simulation study of bursty data traffic with hybrid source smoothing in an ATM node

Abstract In this paper, we study the mean delay and maximum buffer requirements at different levels of burstiness for highly bursty data traffic in an ATM node. This performance study is done via an event-driven simulation program which considers both real-time and data traffic. We assume that data traffic is loss-sensitive. A large buffer (fat bucket) is allocated to data traffic to accommodate sudden long burst of cells. Real-time traffic is delay-sensitive. We impose input traffic shaping on real-time traffic using a leaky-bucket based input rate control method. Channel capacity is allocated based on the average arrival rate of each input source to maximize the utilization of channel capacity. Simulation results show that both the maximum buffer requirements and mean node delay for data traffic are directly proportional to the burstiness of its input traffic. Results for mean node delay and cell loss probability of real-time traffic are also analyzed. The simulation program is written in C++ and has been verified using the zero mean statistics concept by comparing simulation results to known theoretical or observed results.
Intestinal alkaline phosphatase prevents the systemic inflammatory response associated with necrotizing enterocolitis.

* Corresponding author. Division of General, Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229. Tel.: þ513 803 16 E-mail address: sundeep.keswani@cchmc 0022-4804/$ e see front matter a 2013 Elsev http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2013.01.041 Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) represents a heterogeneous group of pathologic processes in the intestines of neonateswho are commonly premature with very low birth weights. It is characterized by an intense inflammatory response and has mortality ratesashighas20%e40% [1,2].Despite theestablished relationship between necrotizing enterocolitis and a proinflammatory cascade, thepathophysiology is still not completely understood.The involvementofenteral feedings, compromised intestinal perfusion, and bacterial invasion are commonly accepted factors [3]. Therehasbeensignificant research into the pathophysiology of NEC; however, there have been few major advances in its treatment. The mainstay of medical treatment continues to be stabilization with bowel rest, gastrointestinal decompression, parenteralnutrition, andantibiotics [4]. Further therapeutic strategies are much less well defined. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) has been shown to be a promising pharmacologic target to reduce inflammation, with efficacy demonstrated in inflammatory bowel disease [5]. Multiple tissue-specific alkaline phosphatase isoforms have been described in humans, including intestinal, placental, and germ cell types. Within the intestine, IAP is localized to the brush border membrane and has been suggested to
Structural characterization of low temperature epi-silicon grown on {100} and {111} Si substrates using ultrahigh resolution cross-sectional TEM

Low defect-density epitaxial silicon was grown at 550°C, but it became polysilicon or amorphous silicon when the substrate was submitted to bombardment of ECR argon plasma prior to growth. Through carefully characterizing the interface and structure of low temperature epitaxial silicon films using ultrahigh resolution cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (UHRXTEM), defects were found to have different features in silicon epitaxial layers grown on {100} and {111} silicon substrates. Twinning was more likely to generate in the epitaxial layer grown on the {111} silicon substrate while stacking faults had priority in forming in the epitaxial layer grown on the {100} substrate. The probable causes of different defect formation mechanisms were analyzed and discussed with the help of UHRXTEM lattice images. The atom model of the twin boundary in the epitaxial silicon film was analyzed in detail.
Modulative and Generative Orientations in Psychology: Implications for Psychology in the Three Worlds

Psychology in the United States and the other industrialized nations, as well as in Third World societies, has tended to be modulative in orientation, in that it “reacts to” rather than instigates societal change. The urgent need in Third World societies to achieve fundamental change and modernization has led some psychologists to show interest in generative psychology, which attempts to initiate and influence macrolevel change. A greater emphasis on a generative orientation will have important implications for psychology in all three worlds, particularly with respect to “despecialization,” the relationship between psychology and power elites, the role of psychological factors in national development, and the relationship between the speed of change in psychological, economic, and other spheres.
Koch Agriculture Company's Domestic Milling Decisions: The Western Kansas Flour Mill Project

We initially developed this teaching case for multidisciplinary teams of students from an agribusiness-management capstone course, a grain-science capstone course, and an MBA strategic-business management course. Koch Milling Company is a relatively new division of Koch Agriculture Company, Inc. The division has been assigned the task of developing successful business opportunities in the grain/flour/baking industry. The advent of short-flow flour mills, agricultural producers' desire for value-added opportunities, and the vertical-integration expertise of agribusinesses have significantly reduced barriers to entry into flour milling. Nonetheless, such ventures are not without risk. This case illustrates the thought process used by a large agribusiness firm seeking partnerships with agricultural producers and baking companies.
Development and evaluation of a hybrid travel time forecasting model

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to develop and evaluate a hybrid travel time forecasting model with geographic information systems (GIS) technologies for predicting link travel times in congested road networks. In a separate study by You and Kim (cf. You, J., Kim, T.J., 1999b. In: Proceedings of the Third Bi-Annual Conference of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, 14–17 September, Taipei, Taiwan), a non-parametric regression model has been developed as a core forecasting algorithm to reduce computation time and increase forecasting accuracy. Using the core forecasting algorithm, a prototype hybrid forecasting model has been developed and tested by deploying GIS technologies in the following areas: (1) storing, retrieving, and displaying traffic data to assist in the forecasting procedures, (2) building road network data, and (3) integrating historical databases and road network data. This study shows that adopting GIS technologies in link travel time forecasting is efficient for achieving two goals: (1) reducing computational delay and (2) increasing forecasting accuracy.
Effect of number of trials, interstimulus interval, and dishabituation during CS habituation on subsequent conditioning in a CER paradigm

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of variables during habituation of a CS on a subsequent conditioning to that CS in a conditioned emotional response paradigm. Experiment I varied the number of habituation trials received before conditioning, and it was found that additional habituation trials resulted in a further attenuation of conditioning. Experiment II varied the interstimulus interval of the habituating stimulus, and it was found that the longer intervals produced the greater attenuation in conditioning. Experiment III examined the effect of interpolating another stimulus between habituation and conditioning (dishabituation), and it was found that the dishabituating stimulus augmented subsequent conditioning. It was concluded that manipulations during habituation training that produce the greatest decrement in response to a stimulus, when assessed under equivalent conditions for all animals, have the greatest attenuating effect on subsequent conditioning to that stimulus.
Increasing men's development of social justice attitudes and actions

This chapter explores obstacles to and strategies for developing social justice attitudes and actions with men.
Word frequency and context of use in the lexical diffusion of phonetically conditioned sound change

The literature on frequency effects in lexical diffusion shows that even phonetically gradual changes that in some cases are destined to be lexically regular show lexical diffusion while they are in progress. Change that is both phonetically and lexically gradual presents a serious challenge to theories with phonemic underlying forms. An alternate exemplar model that can account for lexical variation in phonetic detail is outlined here. This model predicts that the frequency with which words are used in the contexts for change will affect how readily the word undergoes a change in progress. This prediction is tested on data from /t, d/ deletion in American English. Finally, the effect of bound morphemes on the diffusion of a sound change is examined. The data suggest that instances of a bound morpheme can affect the rate of change for that morpheme overall.
EMIL Mobile: Development and Implementation of an Optimized Mobile Site for the North Shore–Long Island Jewish Health System Libraries

The North Shore–Long Island Jewish Health System, formed in 1997, consists of 16 hospitals, 3 skilled nursing facilities, and nearly 400 ambulatory and physician practices. It is the third largest,...
Importance of carbon active sites in coal char gasification-8 years later

Abstract The usefulness of the concept of carbon active sites in providing a quantitative understanding of the kinetics of coal char gasification is reviewed.
Frontal lobe functions in attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity: a review and research report.

We review 22 neuropsychological studies of frontal lobe functions in children with attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity (ADD/+H,ADD/-H). Some measures presumed to assess frontal lobe dysfunctions were not reliably sensitive to the deficits occurring in either form of ADD. Tests of response inhibition more reliably distinguished ADD/+H from normal children. Where impairments were found on other tests between ADD and normal subjects, they were highly inconsistent across studies and seemed strongly related to age of the subjects and possibly to the version of the test employed. Other methodological differences across studies further contributed to the discrepant reports. The co-morbidity of other disorders, such as learning disabilities (LD) and conduct problems, with ADD may be an additional confounding factor in some, though not all, of these studies. In a separate study, children with ADD/+H (n=12) were then compared on frontal lobe tests to three other groups: ADD/-H (n=12), LD but no ADD (n=11),and normal children (n=12) statistically covarying for differences in conduct problems across groups. Most measures did not distinguish among these groups. Both ADD groups made more omission errors on a Continuous Performance Test (CPT) than the normal group. All three clinical groups performed more poorly on the word and interference portions of the Stroop Test. Thus, while both types of ADD share some apparent similarities in deficits on a few frontal lobe tests in this study, the totality of existing findings suggests an additional problem with perceptual-motor speed and processing in the ADD/-H group.
Aberrant ROCK activation promotes the development of type I diabetes in NOD mice.

Aberrant production of IL-21 by T cells is critical for the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in NOD mice. The pathogenic effects of IL-21 are partly due to its ability to promote the generation of TH-17 cells. Interferon Regulatory Factor (IRF4) is a crucial regulator of IL-17 and IL-21 production. We recently found that the serine-threonine kinase ROCK2 phosphorylates IRF4 and regulates its ability to control IL-17 and IL-21 production. Here we show that NOD T cells aberrantly activate ROCK2. We furthermore demonstrate that ROCK inhibition corrects the abnormal IRF4 function in NOD T cells and diminishes their production of IL-17 and IL-21. Importantly, administration of a ROCK inhibitor to NOD mice protects against diabetes development. These studies thus support the idea that ROCK2 is inappropriately activated in NOD T cells and that ROCK kinases could represent important therapeutic targets for the treatment of T1D.
FIRE AND MAN IN SEQUOIA NATIONAL PARK

ABSTRACT Aboriginal Indian occupance of Sequoia National Park began about 1000 A. D. Periodic burning to aid in food gathering and lightning-caused fires led to the development of a vegetation cover considered to be “natural.'’In the 1860s, a period of resource exploitation began, as sheepherders drove their flocks throughout the area and set fires to increase forage. With the establishment of the Park in 1890, the federal government initiated a protectionist resource management policy; steps were taken to prevent and suppress all fires. Increased forest densities and fire dangers led to disagreement on this policy. In the 1960s, experiments were begun with controlled burning and natural fire zones; these led to the development of a management policy based on the natural functioning of ecosystems.
On the Stability of Convex Combination of Two Stable Irrational Polynomials

In this work, then method presented in [12] is extended to a class of the distributed parameter systems in order to determine the stability of the convex combination of two stable irrational polynomials. Two illustrative examples are included.
Modeling data flow in socio-information networks: a risk estimation approach

Information leakage via the networks formed by subjects (e.g., Facebook, Twitter) and objects (e.g., blogosphere) - some of whom may be controlled by malicious insiders - often leads to unpredicted access control risks. While it may be impossible to precisely quantify information flows between two entities (e.g., two friends in a social network), this paper presents a first attempt towards leveraging recent advances in modeling socio-information networks to develop a statistical risk estimation paradigm for quantifying such insider threats. In the context of socio-information networks, our models estimate the following likelihoods: prior flow - has a subject $s$ acquired covert access to object o via the networks? posterior flow - if s is granted access to o, what is its impact on information flows between subject s' and object o'? network evolution - how will a newly created social relationship between s and s' influence current risk estimates? Our goal is not to prescribe a one-size-fits-all solution; instead we develop a set of composable network-centric risk estimation operators, with implementations configurable to concrete socio-information networks. The efficacy of our solutions is empirically evaluated using real-life datasets collected from the IBM SmallBlue project and Twitter.
Poster 137: Pulmonary Embolism in a Patient With Quadriceps and Patella Tendon Rupture Repair With Long Leg Cast: A Case Report

events of the 2003 Built Ford Tough Series. Setting: 28 of 29 events from the PBR 2003 Series were retrospectively analyzed. Participants: Adult men 18 years of age and older ranked in the elite category by the PBR Inc. Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Frequency of injuries categorized as upper-extremity (UE) strains and groin injuries were recorded. Injury severity noted by missed events were tabulated. End of season ranking and percentage of bulls ridden were examined. Results: 72 professional bull riders sustained 157 injuries. 46 UE injuries occurred, were the most common type of injury, and resulted in 10 missed rides or events. 13 riders sustained a total of 16 groin injuries and missed 9 events or rides. The top 10 season finishers rode an average of 50.81% of their bulls while professional bull riders who sustained a groin injury only rode 33.6%. Points toward rankings were awarded to the top finishers for each of 3 rides per event and for the top finishers of each event. The top season finisher received a $1 million bonus. Only 1 of 13 riders who sustained a groin injury finished in the top 20 riders. Conclusions: Groin injuries are less common than UE injuries in professional bull riders but result in a larger percentage of missed rides and events and cause a significant decrease in world ranking. Furthermore, income is based on performance on each ride and endorsements are often given to the highest-ranking riders. An intensive rehabilitation program for riders with groin injuries should be initiated quickly to minimize lost income and ranking.
Potentiation of ethanol withdrawal by prior dependence

Thirty rats were randomly assigned to three groups. Group 1 was given a 21-day exposure to an ethanol (EtOH) liquid diet, while Groups 2 and 3 were given equivalent amounts of an isocaloric non-EtOH liquid diet. Group 1 rats had withdrawal syndromes following EtOH removal. After a two-week recovery period, Groups 1 and 2 were both exposed to an EtOH diet, while Group 3 again received an isocaloric non-EtOH liquid diet. Groups 1 and 2 were withdrawn after 12 days of EtOH exposure and were rated with a behavioral withdrawal rating scale, for which interobserver reliability estimates were determined. Previously dependent (Group 1) rats showed more severe withdrawal syndromes, including a higher incidence of seizures, than rats undergoing their initial withdrawal (Group 2). Studies that do not agree with this finding are discussed.
Dipeptide Structural Analysis Using Two-Dimensional NMR for the Undergraduate Advanced Laboratory.

A laboratory experiment was developed to introduce students in either an organic chemistry or biochemistry lab course to two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D NMR) spectroscopy using simple biomolecules. The goal of this experiment is for students to understand and interpret the information provided by a 2D NMR spectrum. Students are provided three unknown samples: a dipeptide and each of the two amino acids that make up the dipeptide. A Fourier transform-NMR (60 MHz) instrument is used to record standard proton (1H) NMR spectra for each of the unknown samples. By interpreting the 1H NMR spectra for the two single amino acid unknown samples, students identify the amino acids in the dipeptide. For the dipeptide molecule, students record the 1H and correlation spectroscopy (COSY or 1H–1H) NMR spectra. The students use the COSY spectrum information to assign all of the proton peaks in the more complicated 1D 1H spectrum of the dipeptide. A comparative analysis of the NMR spectra for dipeptides with ...
Congressional Response to Presidential Signing Statements

Popular and scholarly accounts argue that signing statements are important tools for presidents to shape the implementation of policy. Although signing statements might be important presidential tools, the legislative branch stands in the most immediate and direct competition with the executive for ultimate control of the bureaucracy. In this article, we assess whether congressional committees react to presidential signing statements with increased oversight. Using a data set that includes every oversight hearing held by the U.S. House between 1995 and 2007, we find evidence that congressional committees are sensitive to the number of objections raised by presidents in signing statements. As the president uses signing statements to object to a larger number of provisions in laws, the affected House committees respond with more oversight.
Use of shoot reduction treatments as a means of simulating hail injury to proso millet

Abstract Proso millet, Panicum miliaceum (L.), is a warm‐season annual grass well adapted for grain production in the western Great Plains of the United States, where risk of hail injury is greater than any other region of the United States. Because adjustment procedures and loss equations are not available, proso millet producers in this region have had limited access to crop hail insurance as a risk management tool. Our research was conducted to assess impact of shoot reduction treatments imposed at different crop growth stages on grain yield loss of proso millet grown under several environments. Our goal was to provide information for development of crop insurance adjustment procedures. We also wanted to determine the impact of shoot reduction on various grain yield components. Treatments consisted of a control and three levels of shoot reduction (33,66, and 100% of full stand) applied at four growth stages (emergence, 4‐leaf, boot, and heading stages). The experiments were conducted at two locations (...
Percutaneous Closure of Patent Foramen Ovale Is the Procedure of Choice for Paradoxical Embolism

To the Editor: Meier and Lock1 presented convincing evidence for the rationale for closure of patent foramen ovale (PFO) in stroke patients. Paradoxical embolism as a cause of stroke was first diagnosed by cardiac catheterization over a quarter of a century ago.2 With the advent of contrast echocardiography combined with the use of a Valsalva maneuver,3 the diagnosis can now be made noninvasively. Since the original report by Lechat …
Effects of subchronic exposure to a mixture of O3, SO2, and (NH4)2SO4 on host defenses of mice.

Mice exposed 5 h/d, 5 d/wk up to 103 d, to 0.2 mg O 3 /m 3 or to a mixture of O 3 , 13.2 mg SO 2 /m 3 , and 1.04 mg (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 aerosol/m 3 showed significantly greater susceptibility to group C streptococcal aerosol infection relative to filtered air controls. Pulmonary bactericidal activity by alveolar macrophages was significantly enhanced in the lungs of mice exposed to the mixture relative to those inhaling filtered air or O 3 alone. The total number and distribution of the free cells lavaged from the lungs, as well as cellular ATP levels, did not change due to the pollutant exposures. In vitro cytostasis in tumor target cells cocuitured with peritoneal macrophages from the exposed mice was significantly enhanced in the O 3 ‐exposed and in the mixture‐exposed treatment groups relative to controls and also in the mixture‐exposed relative to the O 3 ‐exposed group when a target‐to‐effector‐ceil ratio of 1:10 was used; no such effects were observed when this ratio was 1:20. Splenic T‐lymphocyte funct...
A simplified model for inhomogeneous subsurface scattering

In recent years there has been considerable interest in modeling realistic subsurface light scattering in materials such as marble, human skin, or clouds. Many of these models provide a solution for the transport equation in a homogeneous or layered scattering media. The model we present here exploits a diffusion mechanism to provide a simpler solution to the transport equation. Treating light flux as current we can use circuit analysis techniques and linear systems to solve directly for the steady state transport equation and ignore the transient values. Thus our model can simulate light transport in heterogeneous materials and complex geometry.
Allied health team management of rheumatoid arthritis patients.

The use of a coordinated team of allied health professionals (AHPs) to treat patients with rheumatoid arthritis assigned to experimental groups (EG) and comparison groups (CG) was assessed. The EG patients were evaluated regularly by each AHP team member, whereas CG patients were seen by AHPs only upon referral. Of the 10 EG and 13 CG patients who remained in the study for 2 years, the EG patients initially exhibited somewhat greater disease activity than CG (as reflected by erythrocyte sedimentation rate and duration of morning stiffness). After 2 years, EG patients demonstrated less disease activity than at the outset, whereas CG patients either showed little change in these parameters or deteriorated during the study. Grip strength, which was initially similar in the two groups, improved in EG patients but decreased in CG patients, so that after 2 years a significant difference was noted between the two groups (p less than .05). Tendency to lose hand range of motion was also greater in CG than in EG patients. Some EG patients showed improvement in finger flexion deformities during the study. Furthermore, EG patients showed a greater tendency to acquire positive attitudes regarding themselves and family relationships. These results suggest that ongoing "team care" may be more efficacious than episodic use of AHPs in management of patients with mild rheumatoid arthritis.
Expression and Putative Function of Innate Immunity Genes under In Situ Conditions in the Symbiotic Hydrothermal Vent Tubeworm Ridgeia piscesae

The relationships between hydrothermal vent tubeworms and sulfide-oxidizing bacteria have served as model associations for understanding chemoautotrophy and endosymbiosis. Numerous studies have focused on the physiological and biochemical adaptations that enable these symbioses to sustain some of the highest recorded carbon fixation rates ever measured. However, far fewer studies have explored the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of host and symbiont interactions, specifically those mediated by the innate immune system of the host. To that end, we conducted a series of studies where we maintained the tubeworm, Ridgeia piscesae, in high-pressure aquaria and examined global and quantitative changes in gene expression via high-throughput transcriptomics and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). We analyzed over 32,000 full-length expressed sequence tags as well as 26 Mb of transcript sequences from the trophosome (the organ that houses the endosymbiotic bacteria) and the plume (the gas exchange organ in contact with the free-living microbial community). R. piscesae maintained under conditions that promote chemoautotrophy expressed a number of putative cell signaling and innate immunity genes, including pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), often associated with recognizing microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Eighteen genes involved with innate immunity, cell signaling, cell stress and metabolite exchange were further analyzed using qPCR. PRRs, including five peptidoglycan recognition proteins and a Toll-like receptor, were expressed significantly higher in the trophosome compared to the plume. Although PRRs are often associated with mediating host responses to infection by pathogens, the differences in expression between the plume and trophosome also implicate similar mechanisms of microbial recognition in interactions between the host and symbiont. We posit that regulation of this association involves a molecular “dialogue” between the partners that includes interactions between the host’s innate immune system and the symbiont.
Periodic Forcing of Arrays of Chaotic Electrochemical Oscillators

Experiments on chaotically oscillating arrays of nickel electrodes in sulfuric acid were carried out. A global periodic forcing is added to a base state of 64 weakly coupled elements by means of variations in the applied potential. Intermittent, unstable chaotic clusters are observed at low forcing amplitudes. Stable clusters, first chaotic and then periodic, form as the forcing amplitude is increased. Stable cluster states consisting of two, three, and four different clusters are observed at forcing amplitudes below that at which synchronization occurs.
FlexOracle: predicting flexible hinges by identification of stable domains

Protein motions play an essential role in catalysis and protein-ligand interactions, but are difficult to observe directly. A substantial fraction of protein motions involve hinge bending. For these proteins, the accurate identification of flexible hinges connecting rigid domains would provide significant insight into motion. Programs such as GNM and FIRST have made global flexibility predictions available at low computational cost, but are not designed specifically for finding hinge points. Here we present the novel FlexOracle hinge prediction approach based on the ideas that energetic interactions are stronger within structural domains than between them, and that fragments generated by cleaving the protein at the hinge site are independently stable. We implement this as a tool within the Database of Macromolecular Motions, MolMovDB.org. For a given structure, we generate pairs of fragments based on scanning all possible cleavage points on the protein chain, compute the energy of the fragments compared with the undivided protein, and predict hinges where this quantity is minimal. We present three specific implementations of this approach. In the first, we consider only pairs of fragments generated by cutting at a single location on the protein chain and then use a standard molecular mechanics force field to calculate the enthalpies of the two fragments. In the second, we generate fragments in the same way but instead compute their free energies using a knowledge based force field. In the third, we generate fragment pairs by cutting at two points on the protein chain and then calculate their free energies. Quantitative results demonstrate our method's ability to predict known hinges from the Database of Macromolecular Motions.
Effects of hyperthermia and boric acid on skeletal development in rat embryos

BACKGROUND: The individual effects of boric acid (BA) and hyperthermia on the development of the axial skeleton have been reported previously. Both cause an increased incidence of axial skeletal defects including a decrease in the total number of ribs and vertebrae. Because of the similarity in the effects of the two agents, we examined their interaction when given in combination to pregnant rats on gestational day (GD) 10. METHODS: Dams were treated on GD 10 with BA (0, 250, or 500 mg/kg) and hyperthermia (37, 41, or 42°C) and allowed to deliver their pups. Doses of BA were based on results from a dose-finding study. Litters were evaluated on postnatal days (PND) 1 and 3 for number, gender, and weight of pups. On PND3, pups were examined externally and viscerally, and double-stained for skeletal evaluation. RESULTS: A dose-dependent, statistically significant increase in fetal skeletal defects was seen on PND 3 with BA or hyperthermia alone with even greater effects when given in combination. Defects included rib and vertebral fusions, split vertebral centra in the thoracic and lumbar areas, and a decrease in the total number of ribs and vertebrae. CONCLUSIONS: The increased incidence of skeletal defects resulting from combined exposure to hyperthermia and BA was additive for segmentation defects and synergistic for the reduction in numbers of vertebrae. Birth Defects Res B 74:268–276, 2005. Published 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Immunohistochemical staining patterns of p53 can serve as a surrogate marker for TP53 mutations in ovarian carcinoma: an immunohistochemical and nucleotide sequencing analysis

Immunohistochemical staining for p53 is used as a surrogate for mutational analysis in the diagnostic workup of carcinomas of multiple sites including ovarian cancers. Strong and diffuse immunoexpression of p53 is generally interpreted as likely indicating a TP53 gene mutation. The immunoprofile that correlates with wild-type TP53, however, is not as clear. In particular, the significance of completely negative immunostaining is controversial. The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship of the immunohistochemical expression of p53 with the mutational status of the TP53 gene in ovarian cancer. A total of 57 ovarian carcinomas (43 high-grade serous ovarian/peritoneal carcinomas, 2 malignant mesodermal mixed tumors (carcinosarcomas), 2 low-grade serous carcinomas, 4 clear cell carcinomas, 1 well-differentiated endometrioid carcinoma, and 5 carcinomas with mixed epithelial differentiation) were analyzed for TP53 mutations by nucleotide sequencing (exons 4-9), and subjected to immunohistochemical analysis of p53 expression. Thirty six tumors contained functional mutations and 13 had wild type TP53. Five tumors were found to harbor known TP53 polymorphism and changes in the intron region were detected in three. Tumors with wild-type TP53 displayed a wide range of immunolabeling patterns, with the most common pattern showing ≤10% of positive cells in 6 cases (46%). Mutant TP53 was associated with 60-100% positive cells in 23 cases (64% of cases). This pattern of staining was also seen in three cases with wild-type TP53. Tumors that were completely negative (0% cells staining) had a mutation of TP53 in 65% of cases and wild-type TP53 in 11%. Combining two immunohistochemical labeling patterns associated with TP53 mutations (0% and 60-100% positive cells), correctly identified a mutation in 94% of cases (P<0.001). Immunohistochemical analysis can be used as a robust method for inferring the presence of a TP53 mutation in ovarian carcinomas. In addition to a strong and diffuse pattern of p53 expression (in greater than 60% of cells), complete absence of p53 immunoexpression is commonly associated with a TP53 mutation. Accordingly, this latter pattern, unlike low-level expression (10-50% cells), should not be construed as indicative of wild-type TP53.
PLASMA LEPTIN DECREASES DURING LACTATION IN INSECTIVOROUS BATS

We previously demonstrated high leptin levels during late pregnancy in little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus). We now extend these observations to a second species, the big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), and also report that leptin increases after the first trimester of pregnancy. Leptin decreased to baseline 1 week following parturition, with a half-time decay of 2 days. During lactation, leptin was significantly correlated with body mass in E. fuscus, but not in M. lucifugus. No circadian pattern of leptin was observed in M. lucifugus. The decrease in post-partum leptin in bats may be partly explained by loss of putative placental leptin. The continued decrease may reflect depletion of body fat during this energy demanding period, at least in Eptesicus. Changes in leptin during lactation appeared to be independent of circadian effects and time of sampling. Our study provides additional evidence that leptin increases during pregnancy and declines during lactation in a free-ranging mammal, supporting the hypothesis that leptin plays important but yet undetermined roles in reproduction.
The fermi surface in YBa2Cu3O7−x BY 2D ACAR

Abstract Positron-annihilation two-dimensional angular correlation measurements (2D ACAR) have been performed on a YBa2Cu3O7−x single crystal with Tc = 93.6 K. Projections both parallel and perpendicular to the c-axis were obtained. On the basis of these experiments, we propose that the Fermi surface consists of four nearly cylindrical sheets, in substantial accord with band theory predictions. These are first Fermi surfaces measured directly via c-axis projection in a high-Tc superconductor.
Successful HIT Requires Inter-Team Communication

When compared to traditional medical centers, academic medical centers have additional complexity caused by tension between clinical research and patient care, which adds structural and organization differences within the organization. Many academic medical centers have a separate physician practice plan and hospital organization. Usually this means the medical school and its faculty are responsible for outpatient practices, and a separate hospital organization performs the daily management and sustainability of the affiliated academic hospitals. With separate governing and executive bodies, information technology IT has additional challenges not found in community hospital settings where one, unified entity exists. Two different financial entities for one unified care delivery model results in differences in technology used at both entities. The hospital organization might use one e-mail system, while the medical school might use another. Though one might argue e-mail system differences are inconsequential, the opposite is true. Different e-mail systems result in meeting cancellations not flowing to the other system, the possibility of an incomplete address book, and security problems. These shortcomings result in user frustration because of inconsistent user experience and inefficient communication between parties. It is important to minimize such frustrations and inefficiencies for user adoption to be successful. Electronic medical records EMRs have similar problems. Due to differences in legal and financial responsibilities, the hospital and physician practice plan may have separate EMRs for the inpatient and outpatient experience respectively. This can not only create an incomplete user experience, but also cause interoperability problems. Therefore, whenever the system is changed for enhancement or to fix bugs, careful consideration must be taken to reduce unnecessary user angst.
An Empirically Derived Model for the Adoption of Customer-based Interorganizational Systems*

Information systems (IS) researchers are now calling for the need to draw from the empirically rich field of organizational innovation. As the impact of strategic systems is increasingly being felt by organizations, the view that these systems are innovations or innovative uses of technology is becoming prevalent. Customer based interorganizational systems (CIOS) represent one of the most prominent types of such systems. This research investigates CIOS adoption. A model is constructed based on significant studies in innovation to identify factors facilitating the adoption decision of a CIOS. Data are gathered from 226 senior executives. Discriminant analysis is used to identify factors that distinguish adopters from nonadopters. Factor analysis of significant variables yielded a parsimonious model of CIOS adoption. The five factor model includes (1) a proactive technological orientation and (2) an internal push for the system as the two most significant sets of facilitators. Implications for research and practice are then discussed.
Analysis of anisotropic matrix elements in GaAs quantum wells oriented in the [112] crystal axis

Abstract We report the experimental confirmation of optical anisotropy in [112]-oriented GaAs/(Al,Ga) As quantum well structures. A theoretical calculation of the momentum matrix elements predicts the existence of this anisotropy and its dependence on the polarization of the incident radiation. It is found that recombination emission from photoluminescence excitation for the fundamental e→hh1 transition is anisotropic for incident light polarized along the two orthogonal [1¯10] and [111¯] crystallographic directions. No anisotropy is found in identically prepared [001]-oriented structures either theoretically, or experimentally.
Application of the polymerase chain reaction for detection of Listeria monocytogenes in foods: a review of methodology

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as applied to the detection of Listeria monocytogenes in foods encompasses a variety of cell extraction, cell lysis, and DNA purification techniques. These techniques have been applied to foods directly and to enrichment broths with wide variations in sensitivity reported by numerous investigators. The selection of the specific gene for amplification of a selected sequence is also important in that some genes associated with pathogenicity have been found to be present in certain of the other species of Listeria. This review constitutes a detailed presentation of all such factors along with the tabulation of primer sequences, the genes from which they are derived, and the size of the amplified PCR products, in addition to descriptions of the use of nested primers and multiplex PCR.