cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Breast milk of HIV-positive mothers has potent and species-specific in vivo HIV inhibitory activity

ABSTRACT Despite the nutritional and health benefits of breast milk, breast milk can serve as a vector for mother-to-child HIV transmission. Most HIV-infected infants acquire HIV through breastfeeding. Paradoxically, most infants breastfed by HIV-positive women do not become infected. This is potentially attributed to anti-HIV factors in breast milk. Breast milk of HIV-negative women can inhibit HIV infection. However, the HIV-inhibitory activity of breast milk from HIV-positive mothers has not been evaluated. In addition, while significant differences in breast milk composition between transmitting and nontransmitting HIV-positive mothers have been correlated with transmission risk, the HIV-inhibitory activity of their breast milk has not been compared. This knowledge may significantly impact the design of prevention approaches in resource-limited settings that do not deny infants of HIV-positive women the health benefits of breast milk. Here, we utilized bone marrow/liver/thymus humanized mice to evaluate the in vivo HIV-inhibitory activity of breast milk obtained from HIV-positive transmitting and nontransmitting mothers. We also assessed the species specificity and biochemical characteristics of milk9s in vivo HIV-inhibitory activity and its ability to inhibit other modes of HIV infection. Our results demonstrate that breast milk of HIV-positive mothers has potent HIV-inhibitory activity and indicate that breast milk can prevent multiple routes of infection. Most importantly, this activity is unique to human milk. Our results also suggest multiple factors in breast milk may contribute to its HIV-inhibitory activity. Collectively, our results support current recommendations that HIV-positive mothers in resource-limited settings exclusively breastfeed in combination with antiretroviral therapy. IMPORTANCE Approximately 240,000 children become infected with HIV annually, the majority via breastfeeding. Despite daily exposure to virus in breast milk, most infants breastfed by HIV-positive women do not acquire HIV. The low risk of breastfeeding-associated HIV transmission is likely due to antiviral factors in breast milk. It is well documented that breast milk of HIV-negative women can inhibit HIV infection. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, that breast milk of HIV-positive mothers (nontransmitters and transmitters) inhibits HIV transmission. We also demonstrate that breast milk can prevent multiple routes of HIV acquisition and that this activity is unique to human milk. Collectively, our results support current guidelines which recommend that HIV-positive women in resource-limited settings exclusively breastfeed in combination with infant or maternal antiretroviral therapy.
Assessing nonpoint‐source nitrogen loading and nitrogen fixation in lakes using δ15N and nutrient stoichiometry

Runoff from human-dominated watersheds has greatly altered nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycling in lakes. Nutrients from human sources are distinct from those from undisturbed ecosystems in several ways including lower N:P ratios, which can drive ecosystems to N-limited conditions, and enriched stable N isotope ratios. In this study, we used these distinct characteristics to estimate shifts in N sources to 27 lakes across a human density gradient in western Washington. We compared an N stable isotope two-source mixing model with a mixing model that coupled N stable isotopes to N:P stoichiometry and included N fixation. We found that a two-source mixing model (human and watershed sources) did not explain observed variation in d15 No f particulate organic matter (POM) and primary consumers (R2 5 0.60) as well as a model that included a third N source (N fixation; R2 5 0.72). When fixed N was facultatively added to the ecosystem below a critical N:P ratio, the more complex mixing model captured the observed patterns in POM and primary-consumer d15N among lakes extremely well. In lakes with P concentrations . 20 m gL 21 (N:P mass ratio , 15.3), N fixation became an increasingly important component of the N cycle, accounting for . 50% of lake N budgets. This model provides a novel way to estimate the contribution of nonpoint N sources and N fixation to lakes in watersheds subject to human nutrient inputs.
Two dimensional echocardiographic evaluation of patients with mitral insufficiency

Abstract One hundred forty patients with clinical mitral insufficiency were studied with two dimensional echocardiography. Cardiac catheterization was performed in 51 patients; all had mitral insufficiency. Thirty-three patients were surgically treated. An etiologic diagnosis was made in 133 patients. Mitral valve prolapse (41 patients) was the most common cause of mitral insufficiency; the amount of valve insufficiency did not correlate with the leaflet involved or the severity of the prolapse. Patients with rheumatic disease either had combined mitral stenosis and insufficiency (27 patients) or pure mitral insufficiency (10 patients). Echocardiographic measurement of the mitral valve area separated patients with combined lesions from those with pure insufficiency. Fourteen patients had ruptured chordae tendineae; surgical findings were confirmatory in each patient who had valve replacement. Nineteen patients had left ventricular dysfunction; angiographie findings were confirmatory in each patient who underwent cardiac catheterization. Two dimensional echocardiographic findings reliably differentiated mitral insufficiency secondary to valve disease from that secondary to ventricular or papillary muscle dysfunction. Other causes of mitral insufficiency included mitral anular calcification (11 patients), idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (5 patients), cleft anterior mitral leaflet (5 patients) and atrial myxoma (1 patient).
A variance-stabilizing transformation for gene-expression microarray data.

Motivation: Standard statistical techniques often assume that data are normally distributed, with constant variance not depending on the mean of the data. Data that violate these assumptions can often be brought in line with the assumptions by application of a transformation. Geneexpression microarray data have a complicated error structure, with a variance that changes with the mean in a non-linear fashion. Log transformations, which are often applied to microarray data, can inflate the variance of observations near background. Results: We introduce a transformation that stabilizes the variance of microarray data across the full range of expression. Simulation studies also suggest that this transformation approximately symmetrizes microarray data.
Initiation of assembly of tau(273-284) and its ΔK280 mutant: an experimental and computational study

The microtubule associated protein tau is essential for the development and maintenance of the nervous system. Tau dysfunction is associated with a class of diseases called tauopathies, in which tau is found in an aggregated form. This paper focuses on a small aggregating fragment of tau, 273GKVQIINKKLDL284, encompassing the (PHF6*) region that plays a central role in tau aggregation. Using a combination of simulations and experiments, we probe the self-assembly of this peptide, with an emphasis on characterizing the early steps of aggregation. Ion-mobility mass spectrometry experiments provide a size distribution of early oligomers, TEM studies provide a time course of aggregation, and enhanced sampling molecular dynamics simulations provide atomistically detailed structural information about this intrinsically disordered peptide. Our studies indicate that a point mutation, as well the addition of heparin, lead to a shift in the conformations populated by the earliest oligomers, affecting the kinetics of subsequent fibril formation as well as the morphology of the resulting aggregates. In particular, a mutant associated with a K280 deletion (a mutation that causes a heritable form of neurodegeneration/dementia in the context of full length tau) is seen to aggregate more readily than its wild-type counterpart. Simulations and experiment reveal that the ΔK280 mutant peptide adopts extended conformations to a greater extent than the wild-type peptide, facilitating aggregation through the pre-structuring of the peptide into a fibril-competent structure.
Regionalism and Permanent Diversion

We compare free trade reached through expanding regional trading blocks to free trade accomplished by multilateral negotiation. With sunk costs, the outcomes are different. Trade in an imperfectly competitive good flows disproportionately more between the original members of a regional agreement even after free trade is reached. They secure a higher welfare level from regionalism than from free trade achieved multilaterally; non-members, however, reach a lower welfare level. A surprising result is that world welfare during free trade is greater when it is achieved by the regional path. We conclude with some empirical evidence from the European Union that is consistent with the model.
Relation of Age to Left Ventricular Function and Systemic Hemodynamics in Uncomplicated Mild Hypertension

Previous studies in normotensive subjects have shown a slight decline in resting left ventricular pump function and midwall contractility with aging. We examined the relations of age to these variables and to peripheral resistance and vascular stiffness in 272 asymptomatic, unmedicated adults (25 to 80 years old) who had uncomplicated essential hypertension. Cardiac and carotid ultrasound and carotid pressure waveforms were obtained to measure left ventricular dimensions, endocardial and midwall left ventricular shortening, stroke index and cardiac index, end-systolic stress, and pulse pressure/stroke index and beta, pressure-dependent and independent measures of vascular stiffness, respectively. Endocardial and midwall stress-corrected left ventricular shortening assessed ventricular performance. Cardiac index and TPRI did not change with age in either gender, with age-related increases in systolic pressure offset by increasingly concentric ventricular geometry in women and enhanced ventricular systolic function in men. In contrast to the lack of age-related change in traditional hemodynamic indexes, pulse pressure/stroke volume and beta strongly increased with age (P<0.001). Thus, in uncomplicated, relatively mild essential hypertension, neither cardiac index nor peripheral resistance is associated with age. This hemodynamic stability is associated with age-related increased concentricity of ventricular geometry in women and increased ventricular performance indexes in hypertensive men. Vascular stiffness progressively increases with age, independent of change in mean pressure or resistance, possibly contributing to increased rates of cardiovascular events in older individuals.
Virus-Specific Deoxyribonucleic Acid in Simian Virus 40-Exposed Hamster Cells: Correlation with S and T Antigens

Several homologous hamster embryonic cell lines, transformed in association with simian virus (SV) 40 infection, were examined for the presence of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) complementary to SV40 ribonucleic acid (RNA) made in vitro. The methods employed permitted the detection of 10(-5) mug of viral DNA in 100 mug of cellular DNA, corresponding to one-fifth of an SV40 DNA molecule per cell. Those lines which contained both the SV40 surface (S) and tumor (T) antigens also contained DNA complementary to SV40 RNA synthesized in vitro. In contrast, neither of two lines which contained S, but not T, antigen contained detectable DNA complementary to SV40 RNA. These findings suggest that the production of S antigen does not depend upon the persistence of SV40 DNA in transformed cells.
SELECTION AND FIRM SURVIVAL: EVIDENCE FROM THE SHIPBUILDING INDUSTRY, 1825-1914

Several theories of firm performance can explain the well known observation that survival is positively related to age. However, a more mundane explanation—selection bias driven by variations in firm quality—may also underlie the phenomenon. This paper employs a 90 year plant-level panel data set on the U.S. iron and steel shipbuilding industry of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to discriminate between the explanations. The shipbuilding industry exhibits the usual joint dependence of survival on age and size, but this dependence is eliminated after controlling for heterogeneity by using preentry experience as a proxy for firm quality. The evidence points to a dominant role for selection bias in creating the age dependence of survival. At the same time, preentry experience is found to have a large and extremely persistent effect on survival, and this finding is inconsistent with standard explanations for the role of preentry experience on firm performance.
Driving Citations: Relationships With Criminal Behavior

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to examine relationships, if any, between the number of lifetime driving citations and the number of lifetime criminal charges. Methods: Using a cross-sectional, consecutive sample of internal medicine outpatients and a self-report survey methodology, we queried participants about the number of past driving citations as well as charges for any of 27 criminal behaviors as delineated by the crime cataloguing schema of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Results: Scores on the measure of driving citations were positively correlated with scores on the measure of different forms of illegal behavior (r = .39, p < .001). Additional analyses indicated that the relationship between driving citations and illegal behaviors did not vary by sex. Conclusions: Though the receipt of driving citations is fairly common, an increasing number of driving citations demonstrates a relationship with criminal behavior. This relationship may be mediated by a number of psychological ...
Optical forward-scattering for detection of Listeria monocytogenes and other Listeria species

We demonstrate here the development of a non-invasive optical forward-scattering system, called ‘scatterometer’ for rapid identification of bacterial colonies. The system is based on the concept that variations in refractive indices and size, relative to the arrangement of cells in bacterial colonies growing on a semi-solid agar surface will generate different forward-scattering patterns. A 1.2–1.5 mm colony size for a 1 mm laser beam and brain heart infusion agar as substrate were used as fixed variables. The current study is focused on exploring identification of Listeria monocytogenes and other Listeria species exploiting the known differences in their phenotypic characters. Using diffraction theory, we could model the scattering patterns and explain the appearance of radial spokes and the rings seen in the scattering images of L. monocytogenes. Further, we have also demonstrated development of a suitable software for the extraction of the features (scalar values) calculated from images of the scattering patterns using Zernike moment invariants and principal component analysis and were grouped using K-means clustering. We achieved 91–100% accuracy in detecting different species. It was also observed that substrate variations affect the scattering patterns of Listeria. Finally, a database was constructed based on the scattering patterns from 108 different strains belonging to six species of Listeria. The overall system proved to be simple, non-invasive and virtually reagent-less and has the potential for automated user-friendly application for detection and differentiation of L. monocytogenes and other Listeria species colonies grown on agar plates within 5–10 min analysis time.
Frequency of Medium-sized Mammal Road Kills in an Agricultural Landscape in California

Abstract Effects of different types of human activity on populations of medium-sized mammals were examined by counting road kills in the Central Valley of California. The mean number of road kills recorded from July 1997 to August 1999 was 1.2/100 km, most being black-tailed jackrabbits (Lepus californicus). Road kills showed no marked seasonal trends. For some species habitat type influenced where carcasses were located, carnivores being found predominantly in rural habitats. For other species, such as Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana), domestic cats (Felis catus) and rats (Rattus rattus), carcasses were located in both rural and suburban landscapes. Some important assumptions notwithstanding road kill data can be effective in discerning how mammals are influenced by different types of land use.
Treatment of hepatitis C in coinfected patients

HCV and liver disease have emerged as major causes of morbidity and mortality in HIV-positive patients. Treating HCV in patients with HIV has been challenging up until a few years ago due to poorer outcomes with interferon-based therapies in this population. The direct-acting antiviral (DAA) agents offer a new era in the treatment of HCV for all patients regardless of HIV status. This article reviews multiple aspects of the care of the coinfected patient with a focus on the modern DAA agents. HCV clinical treatment trials involving HIV-positive patients and antiretroviral therapy/DAA drug–drug interactions are reviewed in detail.
Pitfalls in phylogenetic analysis of large molecular data sets

Fundamental considerations of phylogenetic analysis are reviewed in the context of treating large molecular matrices. While molecular data sets with dozens or hundreds of taxa are increasingly common in phylogenetic inference studies, several computational issues, some unique to such large matrices, others general in phylogenetic inference, nonetheless confront molecular systematists. The most controversial of these, choice among phylogenetic inference methods, bears directly on the analysis of molecular data sets. Maximum likelihood methods have been implemented exclusively for molecular data, but their burdensome computational load becomes acute as the number of taxa being analyzed grows. While there are several reasons to prefer parsimony to maximum likelihood generally, the unfeasibility of using likelihood to treat matrices with many terminals and the desirability of combining morphological and molecular under simultaneous analysis lead to a preference for parsimony more or less by default. Terminal selection and the coding of subset polymorphisms and inapplicable character data are of no less critical concern to molecular systematists than to morphologists. Shortcuts such as collapsing taxa to form “composite” terminals should be viewed with caution. Measures of nodal support, all of which are problematic in one or more ways, may be computationally prohibitive for large matrices. The relatively novel technique of parsimony jacknifing may provide a desirable means of evaluating the robustness of phylogenetic inference, especially as the generation of sequence data becomes increasingly routine.
Thermoinactivation of a Calicivirus of the Navel Orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), and the Effect of High Temperature on Larval Resistance

The thermoinactivation of Amyelois calicivirus (ACV) was tested with samples incubated at 40 and 45°C for 2 to 8 h, 50°C for 0.25 to 6 h, and 55°C for 1 to 60 min. Larval thermal resistance was investigated at constant temperatures of 30, 32, and 34°C. Comparative potencies of viral samples after heat treatment were estimated from dose-mortality assays and from measurements of larval weight and length as an indication of the relative intensity of larval stunting caused by chronic infection. There was no significant ( P > 0.05) change in viral activity at 40°C, but a sharp decline was noted after 6 h at 45°C. Similarly, viral activity was almost completely lost after 1 h at 50°C. There was a lag phase during the first 10 min at 55°C, but then activity declined rapidly to reach minimal value after about 45 min incubation. Thermal resistance of larvae was strongly evident at 34°C and virus-treated larvae were not significantly different ( P > 0.05) from untreated controls. In some respects, the thermal responses of ACV were similar to those reported for infectious f1acherie virus of the silkworm and the pathogenic nonoccluded virus of the citrus red mite
Inhibition by glucose of the ethionine-induced fatty liver.

SummaryData are presented which support the hypothesis of Recknagel and Lombardi(4,5) on the genesis of fatty livers in general and especially the triglyceride accumulation after ethionine, postulating that the release from the liver into the plasma is blocked. Our data also indicate that triglyceride increase in the liver depends on both blocking of the release from, and fat mobilization into the liver from the periphery (for instance during fasting). Glucose seems to inhibit only the latter and by doing so prevents the increase of liver triglycerides by ethionine.
Mathematics and the Politics of Race: The Case of William Claytor (Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania, 1933)

William Claytor (1908-1967) entered the graduate program in mathematics at the University of Pennsylvania in 1930 after spending one year in the newly inaugurated master's program at Howard Univers...
The Interactions between Water-soluble Polymer and Copper (II ) in the Foam Treatment

Poly (methylacrylate) (PMA) prepared by radical polymerization of methylacrylate was allowed to react with 2-aminoethanol (AE) to obtain water soluble polymer “PMA-AE”. This polymer reacts with copper (II) ion in dilute aqueous solution to form complex which has a good foaming ability. The visible spectra of this complex slightly change with pH. The best removal effect of copper was obtained by foam treatment at pH 6 where the complex exhibits its absorption maximum, More than 85% of copper was recovered selectively at the same pH when (PMA-AE) was used for the foam treatment of a model leaching solution of manganese nodules.
HIV case managers’ attitudes toward empirically supported interventions

ABSTRACTAlthough empirically supported interventions (ESIs) have become increasingly important in social work practice, there is limited empirical research on HIV/AIDS case managers’ attitudes toward using these interventions in their work. The Evidence-Based Practice Attitudes Scale (EBPAS) was administered to a sample of HIV case managers (N = 79) who reported moderate attitudes toward adopting ESIs. The majority of respondents received their primary training to work with people with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) on the job. Our sample indicated that ESIs would be more appealing if case managers had adequate training to implement them. Group differences in attitudes were identified between male and female case managers and between more-experienced and less-experienced case managers. It is important to provide HIV case managers with ongoing on-the-job training in ESIs and, moreover, to educate these providers about the rationale and importance of adopting ESIs so their clients can receive the best services available.
Adaptability Evaluation of Different Chemical Demulsifiers on Dehydrating of Aging Crude Oil

The aging crude oil of oil fields is the oil over a long time and has a large number of breeds such as FeS,which is difficult to deal with.When the recovery fluid of complex nature such as ground raw oil,bailing oil into the electric dehydration system,the electric dehydration devices have frequent tripping and affect the normal production.According to"two-stage" process in Daqing Yushulin Oilfield gathering station,the experiment about adaptability evaluation on different chemical demulsifiers on dehydrating of aging oil is carried out.Indoor evaluation results show that,on the one hand the adaptation of agent directly related to moisture content of oil purification and oil indicators of wastewater after dehydration,on the other hand related to the level of electric current in electric dehydration.Non-ionic oil-soluble demulsifier licensing EC2020A with the adding amount of(40-50)mg/L,can respectively make the liquid recovery mixing ratio of 1.5% ground oil,50% of the proportion of bailing oil has less than 0.5% moisture content,sewage oil below 500mg/L after dehydration and dehydration electric current maintained at less than 100mA,which is helpful for easing the impact of electric field in electro-chemical dehydration.
Effect of Minimal Enteral Feeding and Mechanic Ventilation on Motilin in Premature Infants

Objective To study the effect of minimal enteral feeding and mechanic ventilation on motilin(MTL) in premature infants and find a new way to promote gastrointestinal motility especially in critical illness,so as to develop their nutritional condition.Methods From Nov.2004 to Jun.2006, 60 premature infants were recruited at NICU of Xi′an children′s hospital,who were assigned to minimal enteral feeding and normal feeding groups,mechanic ventilationor non-mechanic ventilation was conducted based on premature infants′ illness.Their peripheral vein blood was collected at different time respectively: before their first breast-feeding,3 and 7 days after their birth and their MTL levels was measured by radioimmunoassay.The effect of 2 factors on hormones were factorially analyzed.The difference of gastrointestinal motility between 2 feeding groups.Results Mechanic ventilation could not alter MTL levels.But minimal feeding could significantly promote motilin′s secretion(P0.05).There was no interaction between mechanic ventilation and minimal enteral feeding.Compared with normal feeding group(9.96±2.48),(8.08±1.18),(19.21±5.58) d,the time of meconium excretion, of recovering back to birth weight and of realizing full enteral nutrition of minimal enteral feeding group(7.66±2.33),(6.03±1.18),(13.11±4.05) d,were all apparently shortened(P_a0.05).Feeding intolerance of minimal enteral feeding group was 13.87% and 12.89%(χ~2=0.470 P0.05).None of patients suffered from necrotizing enterocolitis.Conclusion Minimal enteral feeding can significantly increase gastrointestinal motility of premature infants,as well as those infants who are conducted mechanic ventilation.
Phage display tools for blood typing.

Abstract Current technologies used in blood banks for blood group antigen typing and other pretransfusion tests are extraordinarily labor-intensive, prone to human error, and an order of magnitude more expensive per test than those in other clinical laboratories. With a growing shortage of skilled medical technologists, dwindling supplies of human plasma-derived phenotyping reagents, and an inherent difficulty in fully automating agglutination-based methodologies, the ability to perform rapid and accurate pretransfusion testing in a cost-effective manner has become a significant challenge. This paper reviews the latest advances in the use of phage display technologies to address these issues through the development of inexpensive and renewable blood bank testing reagents that are amenable to high-throughput, automatable assay systems.
In Vivo Footprinting and DNA Affinity Chromatography for Analysis of p53 DNA Binding Ability

p53 is a sequence-specific DNA binding protein. The p53 consensus is two copies of 5'- RRRC(A/T)(T/A)GYYY-3'. The interaction of p53 with specific DNA binding sites (DBS) has been analyzed extensively using electrophoretic mobility shift analysis (EMSA). These studies do not address the interaction of p53 with nuclear chromatin or the stability of p53-DBS interactions. In vivo footprinting examines the dynamic interactions of p53 protein in nuclear chromatin. p53 DBS affinity chromatography compares the stability of p53 from different cellular extracts with different DBS. Isogenic strains expressing high p53 levels, and deleted for p53, are required for controlled experiments using both methods. Different systems can be used to generate sufficient p53 protein (including DNA damage), and this results in the analysis of different forms of p53. A comparison of different cellular sources of high levels of p53 (in the presence and absence of DNA damage) vs different p53 DBS is required to appreciate the complexity of the regulation. Methods for comparing p53 from three different cellular sources with different DBS are presented here. The p53 research community needs to expand this analysis to complete the picture of how p53 differentially regulates transcription of target genes in nuclear chromatin.
Insulin Downregulates Alpha-2 Adrenergic Receptors in Cultured Glial Cells

Our previous studies have suggested that insulin can modulate central catecholaminergic systems. In the present study we have investigated this further by examining the actions of this peptide on the regulation of α2-adrenergic receptors in glial cells. Using [3H]-yohimbine as a ligand for α2-adrenergic receptors, we have demonstrated that insulin is able to decrease [3H]-yohimbine binding to glia in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Saturation experiments followed by Scatchard analyses revealed that this was due to a decreased number of α2-adrenergic receptors. These results suggest that insulin, by modulating α2adrenergic receptor levels, is able to regulate the amount of NE present in the synaptic cleft.
Cerebellar ataxias: Insights from recent preclinical and clinical studies

C ataxia is a rare neurological disorder characterized by the inability to control voluntary movements, and can manifest among other as gait ataxia, intention tremor or dysmetria. Cerebellar ataxias are a genetically heterogeneous group of related disorders, with different modes of inheritance, presenting in a number of diverse clinical phenotypes. Episodic Ataxias (EA) are channelopathies caused by mutations in ion channels and neurotransmitter transporters, including KV1.1, CaV2.1 and SLC1A3. However, to date there is no confirmed treatment for cerebellar ataxias, and responder rates for those existing drugs are generally low. Novel preclinical model systems that incorporate the molecular genetics of EA and closely resemble the human condition have brought about a paradigm change that requires us to revise our strategies for drug discovery and development for cerebellar ataxias. In this talk, the latest experimental findings in basic, translational and clinical research, discuss new drug targets and outline novel strategies for drug discovery that focus on restoring synaptic transmission in the EA-afflicted brain will be presented.
Compliance with Washington State's requirement for residential carbon monoxide alarms.

Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in the US. In response, a majority of states have passed legislation in recent years requiring the installation of residential CO alarms. There is, however, no published information evaluating compliance with such laws. Employees of a Seattle medical center were surveyed in 2008 regarding home use of CO and smoke alarms. Washington State enacted legislation requiring residential CO alarms by all residences by January 1, 2013. The survey was repeated in mid-2016 to evaluate compliance. In 2016, a total of 354 employees completed the survey and their responses were compared to an equal number of 2008 survey respondents matched by home ownership and ZIP code. Residential CO alarm use rose from 37% to 78% (p < 0.0001). Among homeowners, 78% had alarms while 80% of renters had them. Homeowners with the highest compliance (96%) had purchased their homes since January 1, 2013 while those with the lowest compliance (73%) had purchased them earlier. A majority (79%) of renters without alarms reported the reason was that their landlord did not provide one, a violation of the law. Only one-half to two-thirds of all equipped homes had the required number of either CO or smoke alarms. Use of residential CO alarms increased significantly in this study population three years after law required them. Areas for further improvement include education of landlords, tenants, and longtime homeowners about the law, as well as public education regarding the number of CO and smoke alarms needed.
Disrupted Glutamatergic Transmission in Prefrontal Cortex Contributes to Behavioral Abnormality in an Animal Model of ADHD

Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) are the most widely used animal model for the study of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Here we sought to reveal the neuronal circuits and molecular basis of ADHD and its potential treatment using SHR. Combined electrophysiological, biochemical, pharmacological, chemicogenetic, and behavioral approaches were utilized. We found that AMPAR-mediated synaptic transmission in pyramidal neurons of prefrontal cortex (PFC) was diminished in SHR, which was correlated with the decreased surface expression of AMPAR subunits. Administration of methylphenidate (a psychostimulant drug used to treat ADHD), which blocks dopamine transporters and norepinephrine transporters, ameliorated the behavioral deficits of adolescent SHR and restored AMPAR-mediated synaptic function. Activation of PFC pyramidal neurons with a CaMKII-driven Gq-coupled designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drug also led to the elevation of AMPAR function and the normalization of ADHD-like behaviors in SHR. These results suggest that the disrupted function of AMPARs in PFC may underlie the behavioral deficits in adolescent SHR and enhancing PFC activity could be a treatment strategy for ADHD.
Bidding and Urban Development

This chapter reviews recent urban studies and urban affairs scholarship on three major event-led development models: mega-events as a temporary catalyst for long-term development, as embedded within an urban regime governance strategy, and as a policy experiment. The critical question explored in this chapter is: why do certain cities continue to find it worthwhile to bid in an increasingly tumultuous urban political environment? We argue that the resilience of bidding politics hinges on the degree to which bids are integrated into longer term local development politics: the cities that are most likely to continue bidding are those which are less concerned with actually hosting the Games, but, instead with to use bidding as part of a more holistic development strategy.
Temperature Sensitive Polymers for Delivery of Macromolecular Drugs

Significant progress has been made for the last decade in the research of drug delivery systems. For the sustained action, to maximize efficiency and minimize side effects of drugs, novel polymeric carriers or devices have been introduced. Intelligent drug delivery systems can defined as a novel drug delivery which shows drug release based on metabolite concentration or regulated or modulated via external stimuli. In this paper, macromolecular drug delivery by using thermosensitive polymers is reviewed.
Introduction to Oncolytic Viruses

The second part of the book examines the dynamics of oncolytic viruses, i.e., viruses that have been engineered to specifically infect and kill cancer cells. The aim is for the virus to spread throughout the tumor cell population and to thereby drive the tumor into remission. Healthy cells are not productively infected as viral replication is shut down. Therefore, oncolytic viruses enable us to specifically target cancer cells without having to understand the exact cellular defects that initiate and maintain given tumors. While encouraging treatment results have been reported, consistent treatment success remains elusive. Mathematical models can play an important role, together with experimental studies, in our quest to understand the correlates of treatment success. This part of the book will discuss how mathematical models have been helpful in this respect. The current chapter provides biological background that is important for the modeling.
Historical and Conceptual Perspectives on Health Promotion

The historical development of health promotion has paralleled to some degree the sweeping changes that have occurred in the evolution of public health. The nature of these developmental changes have been strongly influenced by the current basic belief systems relating to concepts of disease causation, prevention, and intervention. Furthermore, the changing nature of the definition of “health” as well has affected how health promotion is defined and operationalized. Many varied definitions of health have surfaced throughout the years. The depiction of health as not merely the absence of disease imparted a positive value that had significant quality of life implications.
History of Three-Dimensional Imaging of Craniofacial Disorders

The ultimate understanding of the deranged anatomical state is derived by studying postmortem specimens. However, the craniofacial disorders, which are rare and predominantly nonfatal, provide a paucity of material for collection, study, and classification. Investigation of craniofacial disorders must then, by necessity, be directed to the living patient using the investigative tools at hand (chiefly noninvasive but occasionally invasive), relying on limited intraoperative photography and the keen memory of the surgeon.
Linear Spirals in the Finite Couette-Taylor Problem

We examine the transition from circular Couette flow to traveling waves (“spirals”) in the flow between counterrotating cylinders. Our linear analysis for finite-length cylinders reveals a preferred-helicity effect that is related to the axial group velocity of the spiral waves. We explain the implications of this effect on the experimental ob-servability of standing waves (“ribbons”), and compare our results to recent experiments.
The Shift of Japanese Foreign Policy: A Tilted Middle Way

This paper will take a closer look at where Japanese foreign policy made three remarkably orientational changes at the historical crossroads of the Meiji restoration in 1868, American occupation in 1945–1952, and in the post-cold war era of the 1990s. During the post-cold war era, there arose prolonged policy debates where political elites in Japan reached a consensus of its foreign policy’s new direction, namely a “middle way” mainstream policy. But this “middle way” can be defined as “tilted,” meaning that under different circumstances, different ruling elites would exhibit different tendencies. The policy consensus on this is reflected in some heated internal debates, which have had a profound impact on Japan’s relations with China and the USA.
Clusters and nanoparticles: The experimental–computational connection to understanding

Abstract In this chapter, we describe the experimental techniques used to generate clusters and nanoparticles as well as the technique applied to their analysis. For each technique, examples of reports that combine the experimental generation/analysis of clusters with density functional calculations of structure are provided to reinforce the complementary nature of the research in the field.
The use of chromium(III) complexes to enhance peptide protonation by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

The addition of trivalent chromium, Cr(III), reagents to peptide solutions can increase the intensity of doubly protonated peptides, [M + 2H]2+ , through electrospray ionization (ESI). Three model heptapeptides were studied: neutral (AAAAAAA), acidic (AAEEEAA), and basic (AAAKAAA). The neutral and acidic peptides form almost no 2+ ions in the absence of Cr(III). Twenty Cr(III) complexes were used as potential enhanced protonation reagents, including 11 complexes with nonlabile ligands and nine with labile ligands. The complexes that provide the most abundant [M + 2H]2+ , the greatest [M + 2H]2+ to [M + H]+ ratio, and the cleanest mass spectra are [Cr(H2 O)6 ](NO3 )3 ·3H2 O and [Cr(THF)3 ]Cl3 . Anions in Cr(III) reagents can also affect the intensity of [M + 2H]2+ and the [M + 2H]2+ to [M + H]+ ratio through cation-anion interactions. The influence of anions on the extent of peptide protonation follows the trend ClO4- ˃ SO42- ˃ Br- ˃ Cl- ˃ F- ≈ NO3- . Solvent effects and complexes with varying number of water ligands were investigated to study the importance of water in enhanced protonation. Aqueous solvent systems and Cr(III) complexes that have at least one bound water ligand in solution must be used for successful increase in the intensity of [M + 2H]2+ , which indicates that water is involved in the mechanism of Cr(III)-induced enhanced protonation. The ESI source design is also important because no enhanced protonation was observed using a Z-spray source. The current results suggest that this Cr(III)-induced effect occurs during the ESI desolvation process.
Using Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) data to identify missed opportunities for HPV vaccination

Despite high HPV prevalence and low vaccination rates in the military, HPV vaccination is not required upon military service initiation. Given that national HPV vaccination rates remain low among p...
The FY 2005 budget request

This presentation provides an overview of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy's FY 2005 budget request to Congress.
The canine therapist in a residential children's setting: qualifications, recruitment, training, and related matters.

Much has been written about the character and personality traits required of various members of the therapeutic team (Axline, 1947; Ginott, 1961; Ross, 1959), and in general one discovers in such writing a list of requisites (e.g., A child therapist is patient, optimistic, empathetic, sincere, alert, sensitive, straightforward, relaxed, spontaneous ...) which would not appear out of place in a Boy Scout handbook (A scout is trustworthy, loyal, helpful, friendly, courteous, kind, obedient, cheerful, thrifty, brave, clean, and reverent) or in an American Kennel Club standard for one of the recognized breeds of dogs (e.g., The Samoyed is intelligent, gentle, loyal, adaptable, alert, full of action, eager to serve, friendly but conservative ...). This descriptive similarity should not occasion surprise because, after all, therapists, boy scouts, and dogs share a single raison d'etre: to help people with some sort of problem (be it a man who is troubled by hearing accusing voices, a little old lady who is experiencing difficulty in getting across the street, a fellow with more sheep than he can conveniently keep in one place by himself, or what have you). Boy scouts are required to do something helpful every day; therapists and dogs help whenever they can. Problems, however, tend to occur in greater abundance than do helpful souls, and, most particularly, psychiatric problems tend to occur in greater abundance than do the people we customarily expect to deal with these problems (e.g., psychiatrists, social workers, psy-
Pericardial Cysts: a Contemporary Comprehensive Review

This is an in-depth review on the etiology, clinical manifestation, differential diagnosis, diagnostic modalities, complications, and management of pericardial cysts (PCs). PCs are the third most common type of mediastinal masses and are usually identified incidentally by chest x-ray (CXR) or transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). Although most PCs are asymptomatic, they might lead to serious complications such as cardiac tamponade. Diagnosis is confirmed by cardiac computed tomography or cardiac magnetic resonance. Cysts need to be followed by imaging every 1 to 2 years; however, a recent report suggested less frequent follow-up. Most cases resolve spontaneously, but if needed, aspiration or surgical resection can be done. PCs are rare entities and are usually detected incidentally after CXR or TTE. Providers should be aware of this condition since it could potentially lead to serious complications.
Evaluation and Management of Pediatric Nephrolithiasis

The incidence of nephrolithiasis in pediatrics is increasing. All children with nephrolithiasis should have a complete metabolic evaluation on initial presentation, as a metabolic risk factor may be found in the majority of children. Careful consideration in pediatric nephrolithiasis of rare genetic causes of kidney stones disease should be at the forefront of the evaluation, as many of these disorders present in childhood and are associated with a lifetime of morbidities related to nephrolithiasis as well as the risk for development of chronic kidney disease. Treatment of the underlying metabolic risk factors helps prevent further stone formation and the morbidities associated with stone formation, such as pain, surgery, and chronic kidney disease.
Epoxyeicosanoids in hypertension

Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are also known as epoxyeicosanoids that have renal and cardiovascular actions. These renal and cardiovascular actions can be regulated by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) that degrades and inactivates EETs. Extensive animal hypertension studies have determined that vascular, epithelial transport, and anti-inflammatory actions of EETs lower blood pressure and decrease renal and cardiovascular disease progression. Human studies have also supported the notion that increasing EET levels in hypertension could be beneficial. Pharmacological and genetic approaches to increase epoxyeicosanoids in several animal models and humans have found improved endothelial vascular function, increased sodium excretion, and decreased inflammation to oppose hypertension and associated renal and cardiovascular complications. These compelling outcomes support the concept that increasing epoxyeicosanoids via sEH inhibitors or EET analogs could be a valuable hypertension treatment.
“I Love Paw Patrol!”: Book Selection and the Allure of Popular Media Characters Among Preschoolers

In this quantitative study, we report the book preferences of a diverse group of preschool children (N = 61) from two distinct early childhood settings: an urban Head Start and a private preschool....
Building and Hacking an Exploitable WiFi Environment for your Classroom

With the current widespread use of WiFi, it is important for students to understand how WiFi access points can be exploited in practice in order to defend networks better. The theory behind exploiting WEP and WPA2 has been available for a number of years. However, it has not been easy to offer students the opportunity to apply these theories in a real environment. In this workshop, we demonstrate and discuss how to build an exploitable WiFi environment for your classroom, how Raspberry Pis can be used to act as the necessary clients for access points, different hacking scenarios where WEP access points have connected clients versus no connected clients, WEP vs WPA2 hacking and how to hack these access points. Then, you will get a chance to hack up to four WEP access points as well as a WPA2 access point.
The impact of teacher education courses for technology integration on pre-service teacher knowledge: A meta-analysis study

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of teacher education courses for technology integration (TECTI) on pre-service teacher knowledge. Knowledge is both the practical and conceptual knowledge that goes into technology integrated teaching and learning in PK12 classrooms. Subgroup analyses were executed to examine literature-based course design features (e.g., lesson planning) for TECTI and study features (e.g., measurement validity) hypothesized to moderate the effects. Following a carefully designed search strategy and coding process, this study narrowed down N = 2936 studies from five academic databases to a final set of n = 38 studies with k = 46 independent effect sizes. This meta-analysis captured the data from 3271 pre-service teachers with a statistically significant, positive effect size on knowledge at 1.057 (C.I. 0.836, 1.278) using a random-effects model. None of the course design features nor the study quality features were statistically significant. No evidence of publication bias was detected. A full discussion with limitations and future research is provided.
Decision Support Tool for Planning Neighborhood-Scale Deployment of Low-Speed Shared Automated Shuttles:

Increasing interest and investment in connected, automated, and electric vehicles as well as mobility-as-a-service (MaaS) concepts are paving the way for the next major transformation in transporta...