cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Replacement of fish meal in juvenile channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, diets using a yeast‐derived protein source: the effects on weight gain, food conversion ratio, body composition and survival of catfish challenged with Edwardsiella ictaluri

We examined the effects of a yeast-derived protein source (NuPro®) as a replacement for menhaden fish meal on weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), food conversion ratio (FCR), whole-body composition and disease resistance in juvenile channel catfish (9.9 ± 0.2 g fish−1). NuPro® replaced fish meal at six levels (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 g kg−1 diet). Catfish were sampled for whole-body composition and then challenged with the bacterium Edwardsiella ictaluri. Growth performance was negatively affected (P < 0.01) when NuPro® was added at 125 g kg−1 diet. The amount of whole-body fat decreased (P < 0.05) when NuPro® was added at 75 g kg−1 or more of the diet. Regardless of the amount of NuPro® added, survival after challenge with E. ictaluri was similar among treatments. Results indicate that up to 100 g kg−1 of NuPro® can be added without negatively affecting growth performance. The yeast-derived protein source used in this study is a sustainable protein alternative that could be used as a partial replacement for fish meal in juvenile channel catfish diets.
SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE EVALUATIONS OF STABILIZED DIESEL FUELS CONTAINING ALCOHOLS

Stabilized fuels containing methanol or ethanol, contamination water, and chemical stabilizer were evaluated in an ASTM cetane rating engine and commercial Direct (DI) and Indirect (IDI) injection engines. Engine speed and load conditions were selected to provide adequate smoke and particulate emissions for accurate measurements. All fuels were tested at equal energy input rates for the given engine. The cetane engine results were quite variable compared to those from the other engines. For operation with the stabilized fuels: All three engines demonstrated only minor changes in HC, CO, and NOX emissions and engine efficiency. The cetane engine demonstrated very little change in the smoke and particulate emissions; the DI engine showed substantial reduction in smoke and particulates; and the IDI engine showed a consistent but smaller reduction in smoke and particulates. The Soluble Organic Fraction of the particulate emissions increased significantly for the stabilized fuels operating in the DI engine. This increase was not as pronounced for the IDI engine. Fuel related operational problems are also described.
Regulation of antioxidant response element-dependent induction of detoxifying enzyme synthesis.

Publisher Summary An increase in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from the various sources is known to cause oxidative stress and have a profound impact on the survival of all living organisms. All the cell types, either prokaryotic or eukaryotic, face oxidative stress and must contain defensive mechanisms for their protection. Most of the studies on the mechanisms of protection against oxidative stress have come from the study of the bacteria Escherichia coli. A variety of oxidases, cellular respiration, and physiological responses including neutrophil activation produce ROS as by-products. Long-wavelength ultraviolet (UV) light (UVA and UVB) and radiolysis of water, caused by exposure to environmental radiation, leads to the formation of ROS. Interestingly, several ARE-binding negative transcription factors, in addition to positive factors, are also identified, which rapidly bring down the induced enzymes to their normal level. This may be because it is always necessary to have a small amount of ROS present to keep the cellular defenses active. As the activation of detoxifying enzymes and other defensive proteins leads to significant reduction in the levels of superoxide and other free radicals, the cell may require negative regulatory factors such as the small Mafs and c-Fos to keep the expression of defensive proteins “in check.”
Civil Liability of Government Officers: Property Rights and Official Accountability

The law under which government officials operate permits them to inflict injury on others, under prescribed circumstances, in established ways, and in carefully (and sometimes not so carefully) calibrated amounts. Indeed, the law goes further: it sometimes tells the official that a failure to injure-that is, to coerce compliance with a predetermined rule of conduct-is a dereliction of official duty. For although there may be interminable argument over the social goals that justify the state in using force, all but the most extreme libertarians concede some place to governmental, and therefore official, coercion. The legal system's permitting-or requiring-officially inflicted harms need not, however, be viewed as meaning that official harms have a peculiar legal position. At its most general level the law governing civil liability imposes an obligation to repair any negligent or intentional harm inflicted upon another.1 This liability rule obtains unless the harmful action can be justified by appeal to special circumstances.2 When harmful action is authorized by the statutes, regulations, customs, and interpretations empowering and instructing officials, such authorization may be viewed as merely one form of justification. Neither the constable who enters blackacre pursuant to a valid warrant nor the buyer who enters pursuant to a contract of sale will be held liable for trespass. But in fact, the major legal rules that govern the civil liability of government officers seem to be quite different from the model sketched above that harm requires reparation unless authorized. Indeed, the basic proposition governing official liability might be stated: Harm requires reparation unless
Preparation of oriented, fully hydrated lipid samples for structure determination using X-ray scattering.

This chapter describes a method of sample preparation called “the rock and roll method,” which is basically a solvent evaporation technique with controlled manual sample movement during evaporation of solvent from lipid/solvent mixtures that produces well-oriented thick stacks of about 2000 lipid bilayers. Many lipid types have been oriented using different solvent mixtures that balance solubilization of the lipid with uniform deposition of the lipid solution onto solid substrates. These well-oriented thick stacks are then ideal samples for collection of both X-ray diffraction data in the gel phase and X-ray diffuse scattering data in the fluid phase of lipids. The degree of orientation is determined using visual inspection, polarizing microscopy, and a mosaic spread X-ray experiment. Atomic force microscopy is used to compare samples prepared using the rock and roll method with those prepared by spin-coating, which produces well-oriented but less homogeneous lipid stacks. These samples can be fully hydrated through the vapor provided that the hydration chamber has excellent temperature and humidity control.
FUS2 LOCALIZES NEAR THE SITE OF CELL FUSION AND IS REQUIRED FOR BOTH CELL FUSION AND NUCLEAR ALIGNMENT DURING ZYGOTE FORMATION

Zygote formation occurs through tightly coordinated cell and nuclear fusion events. Genetic evidence suggests that the FUS2 gene product promotes cell fusion during zygote formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, functioning with the Fus1 plasma membrane protein at or before cell wall and plasma membrane fusion. Here we report the sequence of the FUS2 gene, localization of Fus2 protein, and show that fus1 and fus2 mutants have distinct defects in cell fusion. FUS2 encodes a unique open reading frame of 617 residues that only is expressed in haploid cells in response to mating pheromone. Consistent with a role in cell fusion, Fus2 protein localizes with discrete structures that could be of cytoskeletal or vesicular origin that accumulate at the tip of pheromone-induced shmoos and at the junction of paired cells in zygotes. Fus2 is predicted to be a coiled-coil protein and fractionates with a 100,000 g pellet, suggesting that it is associated with cytoskeleton, membranes, or other macromolecular structures. Fus2 may interact with structures involved in the alignment of the nuclei during cell fusion, because fus2 mutants have strong defects in karyogamy and fail to orient microtubules between parental nuclei in zygotes. In contrast, fus1 mutants show no karyogamy defects. These, and other results suggest that Fus2 defines a novel cell fusion function and subcellular structure that is also required for the alignment of parental nuclei before nuclear fusion.
Uncoupling Proteins: beyond Brown Adipose Tissue

Uncoupling protein, originally described in the inner mitochondrial membrane of brown adipose tissue, permits the oxidation of fuels without the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Closely related proteins have now been found in many other tissues and shown to be regulated by thyroid hormones and dietary factors. These uncoupling proteins may play a significant role in energy expenditure, with implications for the development of human obesity.
High resolution X-ray microcalorimeters

Abstract Recently we have produced X-ray microcalorimeters with resolving powers approaching 2000 at 5.9 keV using a spare XRS microcalorimeter array. In these experiments, we attached 400 μ m square, 8 μ m thick HgTe absorbers using a variety of attachment methods to an XRS array and tested the detector array at temperatures between 40 and 60 mK. The best results were for absorbers attached using the standard XRS absorber-pixel thermal isolation scheme utilizing SU-8 polymer tubes. In this scenario we achieved a resolution of 3.2 eV FWHM at 5.9 keV. Substituting a silicon spacer for the SU-8 tubes also yielded sub-5 eV results. In contrast, absorbers attached directly to the thermistor produced significant position dependence and thus degraded resolution. We discuss these new high resolution results, the various absorber attachment schemes, and planned future improvements.
Finite-size scaling analysis of the S=1 Ising model on the triangular lattice.

We study the S=1 Ising model, equivalent to the three-state lattice-gas model, with nearest-neighbor, pairwise interactions on a two-dimensional, triangular lattice. We pay particular attention to the antiferromagnetic phase diagrams. We show its relation to other well-studied models (S=(1/2 Ising, Blume-Capel, Blume-Emery-Griffiths), classify the ground states, and calculate finite-temperature phase diagrams using transfer matrices and finite-size scaling for infinite strips of three and six sites width. The phase diagrams are quite complicated, with surfaces of first- and second-order transitions that intersect along lines of multicritical points of various kinds, providing a rich laboratory for studying a number of first-order phase transitions, critical and multicritical phenomena within the framework of one single model.
A Simple Isocratic HPLC Method for the Determination of Metoclopramide in Plasma and Urine

Abstract Metoclopramide concentrations in plasma and urine were determined by high performance liquid chromatography using a cyanopropylsilane column and UV detection. The mobile phase consisted of 0.03M sodium acetate (pH 7.4) and acetonitrile. The plasma samples were extracted with dichloromethane after pH adjustment. Urine proteins were precipitated with acetonitrile. The reproducibility and precision of the methods were demonstrated by the analysis of samples containing 5 – 200 ng/ml plasma and 0.25 – 200 ug/ml urine. The glucuronide and sulfate conjugates of metoclopramide were also quantitated after differential acid hydrolysis of urine samples. The conditions for acid hydrolysis were studied. The methods have been applied to the analysis of plasma and urine samples obtained from human volunteers.
Erlotinib added to carboplatin and paclitaxel as first-line treatment of ovarian cancer: A phase II study based on surgical reassessment

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to determine whether adding the anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib to carboplatin/paclitaxel improved pathologic complete response (pCR) at reassessment surgery in epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancers (OFPC). Methods Patients with stage III–IV OFPC initiated treatment within 12weeks of initial cytoreductive surgery or, after histologic confirmation of diagnosis, neoadjuvantly. Treatment included paclitaxel (175mg/m 2 ) and carboplatin (AUC 6) every 3weeks for up to 6 cycles, plus oral erlotinib 150mg daily. The primary objective was to determine whether the pCR rate at reassessment surgery was at least 60% after optimal cytoreduction at initial surgery ( Results The study population included 56 patients with stage III-IV OFPC. EGFR gene amplification was present in 15% of the 20 tumors evaluated. Twenty-eight patients had protocol therapy after optimal cytoreduction (stratum I), 23 had protocol therapy either after suboptimal cytoreduction (stratum II), and 5 received neoadjuvant therapy prior to cytoreduction (stratum III). Pathologic CR was confirmed in 8 patients (29%; 95% confidence intervals 13%, 49%) in stratum I and 3 patients (11%, 95% C.I. 2%, 28%) in stratum II, which did not meet the prespecified efficacy endpoint in either stratum. Conclusions Among unselected patients, erlotinib plus carboplatin-paclitaxel did not improve pCR rates compared with historical experience with carboplatin-paclitaxel alone in patients with stage III–IV OFPC.
sine oculis in basal Metazoa.

We report the recovery of homologs of Six1/2/sine oculis (so), a homeodomain-containing member of the Six-gene family, from a diverse set of basal Metazoa, including representatives of the poriferan classes Demospongia, Calcarea and Hexactinellida, the cnidarian classes Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa and Anthozoa, as well as a ctenophore. so sequences were also recovered from a platyhelminth, an echiurid and two bivalve molluscs, members of the super-phyletic group Lophotrochozoa. In the case of the platyhelminth, multiple distinct so sequences were recovered, as well as a member of the related group Six4/5/D-Six4. Extended sequences of the so gene were recovered from the demosponge, Haliclona sp., and the scyphozoan Aurelia aurita via PCR, and 3′ RACE. The affinities of all recovered sequences were assessed using a parsimony analysis based on both nucleic and amino acid sequence and using successive character weighting. Our results indicate that so is highly conserved across the animal kingdom. Preliminary expression data for Aurelia reveal that transcripts of the so homolog are present in the manubrium as well as in the rhopalia, which contain the statocyst and eyes, in the free-swimming ephyra and juvenile stages of these jellyfish.
A Strategy to Design a Work-Rest Schedule for VDT Operators Performing Data Entry and Mental Tasks

An experiment was conducted with ten male subjects who performed data entry and mental tasks. Scores of subjective discomfort questionnaire, speed, accuracy, and performance of the subjects and electromyography measurements from trapezius and flexor carpi radialis muscles were recorded. Three different work-rest schedules were applied: 60-minute work/10-minute rest, 30-minute work/5-minute rest, and for the third schedule, the subjects received four breaks from Video Display Terminal (VDT) work each hour additional to a 14-minute break after two hours. Subjects were asked to enter randomly created alphanumeric data (last name, first name, and phone number) for data entry task and to solve randomly created addition and subtraction problems as mental task. Mental task resulted in a higher psychological discomfort, lower physical discomfort, and lower performance than data entry task. The results of the study suggest that the 15/micro schedule is superior to the longer and infrequent rest break schedules con...
The Transition to Home Ownership and the Black-White Wealth Gap

This paper analyzes differences in the likelihood that black and white families become homeowners. By following a sample of black and white renters over time, we are able to separately study racial differences in the likelihood of applying for a mortgage and in the likelihood that a mortgage application is accepted. Although its effect on the race gap in housing transitions is small, we find strong evidence that black applicants are almost twice as likely as comparable white households to be rejected, even when credit history proxies and measures of household wealth are accounted for. We show that the housing transition gap exists primarily because blacks are less likely to apply for mortgages in the first place. The analysis suggests that differences in income, family structure, and in the ability and willingness of parents to provide down-payment assistance are the primary reasons for this applications gap. We speculate that the portion of the gap that remains unexplained after controlling for income, d...
The Role of Interactions between Multiscale Circulations on the Observed Zonally Averaged Zonal Wind Variability Associated with the Madden–Julian Oscillation

AbstractThe mechanisms driving the upper-tropospheric zonal mean intraseasonal zonal wind associated with the Madden–Julian oscillation are examined through budget analysis during boreal winter. To diagnose the role of nonlinear and cross-scale interactions, the wind fields are decomposed into three temporal bands, including the intraseasonal time scale (30–100 days), and periods shorter and longer than the intraseasonal time scales. The intraseasonal zonal mean circulation and its driving mechanisms are first examined based on the leading EOFs of the intraseasonal zonal wind. Consistent with previous studies of intraseasonal atmospheric angular momentum, the upper-troposphere zonal mean intraseasonal zonal wind anomaly begins in the tropics and propagates poleward. Results show that interaction between the background state and intraseasonal-time-scale zonally symmetric and asymmetric circulation helps drive changes in the tropical intraseasonal zonal wind and its poleward propagation. The intraseasonal a...
Monolithic MOS high voltage integrated circuits

Two general classes of high voltage MOS IC's may be defined. The first is structured around a conventional NMOS or PMOS technology and adds ion implanted extended drain regions, offset or stacked gates, or lightly doped drain regions to produce high voltage (50-300 volt) output devices. Such devices are generally operated with a grounded source, have an enclosed geometry, are relatively high on-resistance, and have found some application primarily in display driving. A second, more flexible technology is structured around lateral DMOS devices similar to the discrete power FET devices now widely available commercially. This technology generally uses N-epitaxial layers on P-substrates, junction isolation, and is compatible with high voltage PMOS and N channel DMOS devices, and low voltage logic devices. This paper will primarily address the latter class of circuits and will consider practical problems of high voltage device design, power dissipation limitations, parasitic surface and bulk devices, and approaches to level shifting low level logic inputs to high voltages.
Implementation and Testing of a Frozen Density Matrix−Divide and Conquer Algorithm

The authors have implemented and tested a frozen density matrix (FDM) approximation to the basic divide and conquer (DC) semiempirical algorithm. Molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations were performed to estimate the advantages of the method. Results were compared to those obtained from the original DC method and the combined quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (WM/MM) method. The authors found that the FDM approximation speeds DC calculations up significantly, while only introducing small errors. They also found that the FDM DC scheme performs better than the standard QM/MM approach in terms of defining the electronic and structural properties of the systems studied herein.
EPR, ENDOR and DFT study of l-lysine·HCl·2H2O single crystals X-irradiated at 66 K

Abstract Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), Electron-Nuclear DOuble Resonance (ENDOR) and ENDOR-Induced EPR (EIE) results indicated at least three radicals produced in l -lysine·HCl·2H 2 O crystals irradiated at 66 K. EPR from radical R1 dominated the spectra and it was identified as the carboxyl anion, (H 2 OOĊ) CH (NH 3 ) + (CH 2 ) 4 (NH 3 ) + . Density-Functional Theory (DFT) calculations supported the assignment and indicated that the carboxyl group transformed from planar to a pyramidal configuration following electron trapping. Two small couplings detected from R1 were ascribed to protons transferred to the carboxyl group from neighboring molecules through intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Radical R2 was identified as the product of decarboxylation, ĊH (NH 3 ) + (CH 2 ) 4 (NH 3 ) + . Although it was not possible to obtain R2's α-coupling tensor from the experiment, EPR simulations and DFT calculations provided strong support for the identification. Radical R3 exhibited several β-couplings but could be detected only in one plane and could not be identified.
Correlation between a bicuculline-resistant response to GABA and GABAA receptor ρ1 subunit expression in single rat retinal bipolar cells

Using patch-clamp recording in combination with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we show in individual bipolar cells acutely dissociated from the adult rat retina a correlation between the expression of the GABAA receptor rho 1 subunit mRNA and a bicuculline-resistant, diazepam-insensitive component of the GABA-activated whole-cell current response. This "GABAC-like" response, contributing to approximately 42% of the GABA-activated whole-cell current and displaying variable sensitivity to picrotoxin, was found in bipolar cells but not in any of the ganglion cells examined. Expression profiling of GABAA receptor subunit mRNAs in individual electrophysiologically tested retinal neurons revealed that, while both bipolar cells and ganglion cells may express numerous GABAA receptor subunit isoforms, including that of rho 2, the expression of the rho 1 subunit was strictly limited to bipolar cells. We propose a possible link between the presence of a receptor with GABAC-like pharmacological profile and the expression of the retina-specific rho 1 subunit isoform. The results presented in this study constitute the first direct demonstration of such a correlation at the single-cell level.
Multiple visualizations and debugging: how do we co-ordinate these?

There are many popular Integrated Development Environments (IDE) that provide multiple visualizations and other sophisticated functionalities to facilitate program comprehension and debugging. To better understand the effectiveness and role of multiple visualizations, we conducted a preliminary study of java program debugging with a professional, multi-representation IDE. We found that program code and dynamic representations (dynamic viewer, variable watch and output) attracted the most attention of programmers. Static representations like Unified Modeling Language (UML) Diagrams and Control Structure Diagrams (CSD) saw significantly lesser usage. Interesting eye gaze patterns of programmers were also revealed by the study.
SU-E-T-389: Treatment Interruptions in Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) and Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS): Influence and Compensation

Purpose: Unscheduled treatment interruptions in SBRT/SRS can occur for a variety of reasons. As the fractional dose is much larger and the total treatment time much shorter, treatment prolongation may have larger influence in SBRT/SRS than in conventional radiotherapy. Methods: A biologically effective dose (BED) model was used to quantify the impact of interruptions with a daily equivalent repopulation constant K. The BEDs were calculated for regular daily treatment and interrupted treatments with various interruption schemes and K values. The dose required to compensate for the BED reduction due to interruption was then calculated. Results: For a typical five‐fraction SBRT assuming (α/β) 10Gy for tumor and 2Gy for normal tissue, K 0.5Gy/day, and a seven‐day gap, the dose per fraction required for the remainder of the treatments to compensate for treatment breaks (dnew) would be 103%, 104%, 106%, or 111% of the originally prescribed dose per fraction (d) with the gap after 1, 2, 3, or 4 fraction(s). For a four‐fraction SBRT, the dnew would be 104%, 106%, or 111% with the gap after 1, 2, or 3 fraction(s). For a three‐fraction SBRT, the dnew would be 106% or 111% with the gap after 1 or 2 fraction(s). With a fourteen‐day gap and same K, the increase Δd=[(dnew‐d)/d]×100% would double for the various scenarios respectively. If K increases from 0.5Gy/day to 1.0Gy/day, the Δd would roughly double for the various scenarios accordingly. Conclusion: According to our BED model, significantly higher dnew would be needed to compensate for the reduction in local control with interruptions, particularly for the large gaps and the late occurrings. Therefore, for anticipated interruptions, it is better to interrupt the treatment sooner than later. As our model depends on K, more clinical data would be needed to substantiate its validity for various lesions treated by SBRT/SRS.
Where is Ana Mendieta

It is with great pleasure that I introduce this dossier of the symposium, Where Is Ana Mendieta? – 25 Years Later. Just as many of Mendieta's works quickly decayed and disappeared into the natural ...
Magnetic Moment of the Proton in Units of the Bohr Magneton; the Magnetic Moment of the Electron

The details of a previously reported measurement of the proton magnetic moment in units of the Bohr magneton are given. This ratio of moments, which is obtained from common magnetic field observations of the nuclear magnetic resonance frequency of protons in a spherical sample of mineral oil and the cyclotron frequency of free low-energy electrons, is found to be $\frac{{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{p(\mathrm{oil})}}{{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{0}}={(657.462\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003)}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, where the uncertainty represents the estimated 50% probable error. The magnetic moment of the free proton is found, upon application of the appropriate diamagnetic correction factor, to be $\frac{{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{p}}{{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{0}}={(657.442\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003)}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The present result may be combined with reported values for the ratio of the magnetic moment of the electron to the moment of the proton to yield for the magnetic moment of the free electron in units of the Bohr magneton, ${\frac{{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{e}}{{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{0}},=1.001168\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000005}{=1+(\frac{\ensuremath{\alpha}}{2\ensuremath{\pi}})+(1.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.9)(\frac{{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}}{{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}}),}$ where the uncertainty is the estimated 50% probable error. This result is to be compared with the current theoretically estimated value for this quality, ${\frac{{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{e}}{{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{0}},=1+(\frac{\ensuremath{\alpha}}{2\ensuremath{\pi}})\ensuremath{-}0.328(\frac{{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}}{{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}})}{=1.0011596.}$
Differential laminar distribution of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase containing tangles in the cerebral cortex of Alzheimer's disease

A sensitive histochemical method for the visualization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity was used to determine the laminar distribution of cholinesterase-positive cortical tangles in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In many cortical areas AChE- and BChE-positive tangles displayed a completely overlapping distribution. In other areas the most superficial layers contained only AChE-positive tangles whereas the deepest layers contained only BChE-positive tangles. These observations suggest that some cholinesterase-positive tangles have a predominantly (if not exclusively) AChE-like reactivity whereas others have a reactivity that is predominantly BChE-like. The intermingling of AChE- and BChE-positive tangles in most cortical areas and layers suggests that there may also be a third population in which the two enzymes are equally prominent in the same tangle.
After initial anticoagulation for a first unprovoked venous thromboembolism, aspirin reduced recurrence

Source Citation Simes J, Becattini C, Agnelli G, et al; INSPIRE Study Investigators (International Collaboration of Aspirin Trials for Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism). Aspirin for the prevention ...
Phase Studies on Binary Systems of Cholesteryl Esters B. Three C18 Ester Pairs

Abstract Three binary systems for the cholesteryl esters of C18 aliphatic acids, the stearate plus oleate, the stearate plus linoleate, and the oleate plus linoleate were studied in order to determine the phase transitions and the conditions for the cholesteric and smectic mesophases. Phase diagrams were determined using Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC-1B) and a polarizing microscope with hot stage. Both individual unsaturated esters exhibit a polymorphism in the solid state. The metastable modifications are formed from highly supercooled melts. Prolonged standing produces recrystallization in the stable form. The formation and stability of metastable modifications are enhanced in investigated binary systems and result in complex behavior with solid-solid transitions and regions of metastability. Both stearate systems are of a eutectic type with a limited solid solubility. A continuous series of a solid solutions over the entire composition interval was found in the oleate-linoleate system. The mes...
Identification of tachistoscopically exposed symmetrical and asymmetrical letter arrays.

Six-letter arrays containing symmetrical, e.g., H, M, T, or asymmetrical letters, e.g., J, K, R, were tachistoscopically exposed bilaterally for 100 msec. to 100 college students. Significantly more asymmetrical than symmetrical letters were identified, and significantly more Ss identified more asymmetrical than symmetrical items. This experiment, which incorporated methodological considerations suggested by Harcum (1964) and Bryden (1968), corroborates their findings. Their ideas and other findings were used to account for the data. Asymmetrical letters have more intrinsic left-to-right directionality than symmetrical elements. The rapidly fading after-stimulation of tachistoscopically presented alphabetical material is usually scanned from left to right. Individual array letters might also be scanned in the same direction. Confluence of directionality of letter and scan, which obtains only with asymmetrical letters, might have typically allowed asymmetrical targets to be scanned more rapidly and, consequently, more efficiently than symmetrical displays.
Large-scale experimental design for decentralized SLAM

This paper presents an analysis of large scale decentralized SLAM under a variety of experimental conditions to illustrate design trade-offs relevant to multi-robot mapping in challenging environments. As a part of work through the MAST CTA, the focus of these robot teams is on the use of small-scale robots with limited sensing, communication and computational resources. To evaluate mapping algorithms with large numbers (50+) of robots, we developed a simulation incorporating sensing of unlabeled landmarks, line-of-sight blocking obstacles, and communication modeling. Scenarios are randomly generated with variable models for sensing, communication, and robot behavior. The underlying Decentralized Data Fusion (DDF) algorithm in these experiments enables robots to construct a map of their surroundings by fusing local sensor measurements with condensed map information from neighboring robots. Each robot maintains a cache of previously collected condensed maps from neighboring robots, and actively distributes these maps throughout the network to ensure resilience to communication and node failures. We bound the size of the robot neighborhoods to control the growth of the size of neighborhood maps. We present the results of experiments conducted in these simulated scenarios under varying measurement models and conditions while measuring mapping performance. We discuss the trade-offs between mapping performance and scenario design, including robot teams separating and joining, multi-robot data association, exploration bounding, and neighborhood sizes.
Inhaled Nitric Oxide Enables Artificial Blood Transfusion Without Hypertension

Background— One of the major obstacles hindering the clinical development of a cell-free, hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier (HBOC) is systemic vasoconstriction. Methods and Results— Experiments were performed in healthy mice and lambs by infusion of either murine tetrameric hemoglobin (0.48 g/kg) or glutaraldehyde-polymerized bovine hemoglobin (HBOC-201, 1.44 g/kg). We observed that intravenous infusion of either murine tetrameric hemoglobin or HBOC-201 induced prolonged systemic vasoconstriction in wild-type mice but not in mice congenitally deficient in endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS3). Treatment of wild-type mice by breathing NO at 80 ppm in air for 15 or 60 minutes or with 200 ppm NO for 7 minutes prevented the systemic hypertension induced by subsequent intravenous administration of murine tetrameric hemoglobin or HBOC-201 and did not result in conversion of plasma hemoglobin to methemoglobin. Intravenous administration of sodium nitrite (48 nmol) 5 minutes before infusion of murine tetram...
Effect of substrate orientation on film properties using AC reactive magnetron sputtering

Abstract CrN coatings were prepared by magnetron sputtering with target-substrate orientations varying between 0° and 90° and N 2 flow rates of 43, 40 and 30 sccm. The coatings were deposited on (111) Si wafers at a chamber pressure of 0.2 Pa for 1 h. Initial results indicate that the target-substrate orientation to the incoming flux of ionized species affects the microstructure, phase and preferred orientation of the crystallites in Cr–N coatings. The SEM studies of the film morphology showed a distinct change from coarser, less dense coatings to smooth, dense and fine-grained morphologies as a function of the changing orientation of the substrate, while the cross-sectional micrographs showed a columnar growth of the crystallites independent of substrate orientation. When the target-substrate angle was varied from 0° to 90°, the average roughness (Ra) decreased from 78 to 23 nm. We report on the details of the microstructural and chemical characterization of the films deposited in this study.
The influence of polytherapy on the relationships between serum carbamazepine and its metabolites in epileptic children

Abstract The influence of polytherapy on the relationships between the age, weight, carbamazepine (CBZ) dose, total clearance and intrinsic clearance, with concentrations, concentration ratios and level/dose ratios of CBZ, carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide (CBZ-E) and trans-10,1 l-dihydroxy-10,11-dihydro-carbamazepine (CBZ-H) are investigated. Three groups of patients with CBZ monotherapy, or receiving CBZ polytherapy by taking CBZ and valproic acid (VPA) or CBZ plus other antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) were studied. The significant correlations between serum CBZ concentrations and CBZ dose in patients taking CBZ alone were no longer significant in patients with polytherapy and the positive associations between serum CBZ-E concentrations and CBZ dose were lost in patients with CBZ + VPA. Only the concentrations of CBZ-H had significant correlations with CBZ dose in all three groups of patients. Results from this relationship study indicate a heteroinduction effect of other AEDs on CBZ metabolism and a relatively weak influence on CBZ-E elimination. Data also suggest that there is a block in the biotransformation from CBZ-E to CBZ-H in patients taking CBZ + VPA, presumably caused by the inhibition effect of VPA on epoxide hydrolase. Therapeutic drug monitoring of CBZ will benefit from the knowledge obtained from the relationship study.
An exact differential form to check analytical theories

As a result of a Von Zeipel's elimination of periodic arguments, the linear differential form ∑W i dv i , where theW i 's are the constant actions and thev i 's the mean motions of the averaged angles, is exact, because, as we prove here, it is the differential of the principal function averaged over the new angles. We propose to use this exact form to check the analytical expressions developed from an elimination of periodic arguments, and we take as an example the main problem of artificial satellites.
Behavior maintained by electrical stimulation of the rat cerebellum.

Abstract Thirty-two of 53 rats receiving electrical stimulation of the cerebellum (ESC) displayed at least one stimulusbound response, and grooming was the most frequently evoked behavior. In the absence of any special procedures, only 4 animals exhibited any additional oral behaviors. However, 26 other animals that groomed during the stimulation also began to eat, gnaw wood, and/or drink water when goal objects were presented manually. The failure of these stimulated animals to approach goal objects on their own could not be explained by a lack of stimulation experience with relevant goal objects. ESC also inhibited male sexual behavior and eating in food deprived rats. In both these cases, competing responses (usually grooming) were elicited throughout the stimulation interval. Positive, negative, and neutral reinforcing effects were obtained from electrode sites supporting oral behaviors; but other sites yielded only neutral and negative effects. ESC was ineffective in eliciting object-carrying behavior.
The web in education: a case of unrealized potential

The vast educational potential of the Web continues to be largely unrealized in schools. There are many reasons for this, including cultural lag and the speed of technical advancements. Specific problems include educational Web pages that lack interaction, educational fads, frantic implementation of distance education with no regard for quality control, lack of teacher training, lack of institutional technical and pedagogical infrastructure, limited Internet access, and antiquated hardware. The article concludes with a call for research into these problems.
A Second Opinion for Our Planet

The prolific Gribbins provide a short, authorized biography of Lovelock. In his own latest book, Lovelock argues that climatic change is likely to lead to a hotter Earth that is able to sustain only a small fraction of the world's current population.
Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon-Coated Lithium Transition Metal Phosphates LiMPO4 (M = Fe , Mn, Co, Ni) Prepared via a Nonaqueous Sol-Gel Route

An organic solvent-based sol-gel method has been utilized for the synthesis of lithium transition metal phosphates. With this simple and versatile method, particles with sub-μm size and uniform size distribution are obtained for all the LiMPO 4 (M = Fe, Mn, Co. Ni) materials investigated. Homogeneous in situ carbon coating of a few weight percent is achieved with all of them, except LiCoPO 4 , where the in situ carbon coating is only 0.6 wt %. The best-performing as-prepared LiFePO 4 , with in situ surface carbon coating of 1.8 wt %, achieves an electronic conductivity on the order of 10 -2 S/cm and exhibits highly promising electrochemical performance, with only slight dependence on the carbon content of the composite electrode in certain range. Carbon-coated LiFePO 4 samples prepared at lower temperatures exhibit lower electronic conductivity, evidently due to lower specific conductivity of the surface carbon. The dependence of the morphology and electrochemical performance of the synthesized LiFePO 4 on the precursor concentration and the aging time of the gel is investigated. The results also yield information for understanding of the mechanisms of the sol-gel synthesis process, which are discussed. Electrochemical performance of the carbon-coated LiMnPO 4 and LiCoPO 4 was tested and discussed.
Emerging antibiotic resistance

The clinical introduction of antimicrobial agents led to dramatic improvements in our ability to successfully treat serious bacterial infections in patients. Previously fatal diseases, such as endocarditis and meningitis, became medically treatable in a significant number of cases. The discovery of antibiotics was also accompanied by the emergence of bacteria resistant to these compounds, either through the mutation of cellular genes (as seen with the emergence of resistance to rifampin) or through the acquisition of novel resistance determinants (such as the staphylococcal [3-1actamase gene or the enterocoCccal vancomycin resistance
Establishment of a beam line at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory for proton radiography

A proton beam is extracted from the 200-MeV linear accelerator at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory to investigate the efficacy of proton radiography in medical diagnosis. Fluence rates from 2 x 10/sup 3/ to 2 x 10/sup 5/ protons/cm/sup 2/ s over a 28-cm diameter field are obtained with a full width at half-maximum beam-energy spread of less than 3.61 MeV. The system is designed to radiograph most parts of the human body, including the head, with high-speed screen-film as the imaging medium. Beam extraction and test results along with the medical implications of the beam quality are reported.
Conservative segregation of nucleosome core histones.

Density labelling studies have shown that nascent histones are not mixed with parental histones during the assembly of nucleosome cores1,2. However, experiments in other laboratories, examining histone deposition with respect to newly synthesized DNA, have been interpreted as suggesting that a substantial proportion of core histones (>15%) are randomized at each chromatin replication3–8. The data presented here support our previous results in showing that conservatively assembled nucleosome core histone octamers are conservatively segregated over successive cell generations. It is also shown that the nucleosome cores assembled during 1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine inhibition of DNA synthesis are conservatively segregated for a minimum of five or six cell generations. These results suggest that the nonrandom assembly of nucleosome cores is not merely a coincidence of the mechanism of histone transport into the nucleus and that the conservative mode of nucleosome segregation is a fundamental feature of chromatin replication, one which is stable to modulations in chromatin packaging.
Thermodynamic and energetic forces in thermoelasticity

Abstract Crack driving forces for thermoelasticity are derived on the basis of the general framework of Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes. It is demonstrated that the thermodynamic forces are distinct from conventional energetic forces. Relationships between the two types of forces are investigated and a possible experimental examination as to whether thermodynamic or energetic forces might be responsible for crack propagation is discussed.
Predictors of outcome in early revascularization after acute myocardial infarction

Summary We have reviewed 44 consecutive patients undergoing myocardial revascularization from 1 to 42 days after myocardial infarction. Operation within 12 days of transmural myocardial infarction carried a substantially high risk, particularly in patients with poor ventricular function. Patients with subendocardial infarction may be safely operated on shortly after infarction has occurred. In those with transmural infarcts, it may be advantageous to delay operation if early and aggressive medical therapy can effectively control the symptoms. This has to be counterbalanced, however, by the realization that the situation should not be allowed to slide into one of irreparable ventricular damage from infarct extension.
Using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in genome mapping.

Abstract Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) provides one of the most effective and rapid approaches for assigning and ordering DNA fragments within single eukaryotic chromosome bands. These techniques have wide applications not only for the mapping of the human genome and the genomes of other organisms, but also in clinical cytogenetics, somatic cell genetics, cancer diagnosis and gene expression studies 1–4 .
RBME coral temperature reconstruction: An evaluation, modifications, and recommendations

Abstract Rayleigh-Based Multi-Element (RBME) coral temperature reconstruction (Gaetani et al., 2011) is an important new method potentially allowing accurate ocean temperatures to be reconstructed from aragonitic corals without the need for in-situ calibration. RBME is based on a mathematical model which assumes that trace element uptake into coral skeleton is mediated by (1) temperature-dependent (inorganic) partition coefficients, and (2) a temperature-dependent change in the proportion of ions in a calcifying fluid that are precipitated as CaCO3. A time-series of Sr, Mg and Ba measurements can therefore be formulated as a set of simultaneous equations allowing temperatures and model fit-parameters to be solved numerically by least-squares minimization. Here, I critically review the RBME method, focusing on assumptions underlying the mathematical model, implementation of the numerical scheme, and the accuracy of temperature reconstruction. The equations in the RBME are highly nonlinear, and their number scales with the length of the time-series. These ‘high-dimensional nonlinear optimization’ problems are characterized by high computational cost, and the difficulty in finding the true ‘global’ minimum rather than false ‘local’ minima. Tests show that several of the RBME equations are highly sensitive to changing parameters thereby making it difficult for minimization algorithms to search broadly in parameter space. The method is therefore exceedingly slow and has a very strong tendency to find local optima that are close to the initial guess (which must be supplied by the user) making it very prone to ‘operator bias’. Here a new formulation of the RBME system is proposed that allows much faster optimization, and a much broader search of parameter space. Testing of the RBME method reveals a number of problems. Firstly, RBME can produce many solutions to a given set of Sr, Mg and Ba data that are nearly identical in their minimization function (i.e., are equally good) but which result in temperatures that are very different. This makes the accuracy of temperature reconstruction by RBME uncertain. Secondly, tests with an artificial Sr, Mg and Ba dataset reveal that even small perturbations, such as analytical noise or vital effects, are enough to destroy the uniqueness of a true ‘global’ solution to the RBME equations. Such sensitivity means that simplifying assumptions made in the mathematical representation of coral biomineralization cannot be safely ignored. Finally, arbitrary choices in the formulation of the equations for the temperature dependence of Rayleigh Fractionation and minimization function can be critical in determining the outcome of the method. I conclude with a list of recommendations for use of the RBME method and reporting of results so that uncertainties in the reconstructed temperatures are accurately represented.
Study 1-4: The Effect of Triangle-Pair Configuration Variation on Achievement of Selected Classes of Instructional Objectives in Plane Geometry.

4. Indicating that adequate instruction on the pair of classes (T, no) and (Re, co,) is more productive than on the pair (T, 0) and (Re, n o,,). Besides obvious replications and tests of other consequents of the general hypotheses, the author recommends in particular a study designed to test the transfer properties of the class (Re, n co ) on all other classes of the triangle-configuration matrix.
Quotations on the wall.

The author shares 17 quotations that he has framed and placed on the wall of a teaching conference room. These quotations illustrate a few principles that should be considered as physicians move in...