cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE ROLE OF ACTIVE WATER ABSORPTION IN AUXIN-INDUCED WATER UPTAKE BY AERATED POTATO DISCS.

In recent years, the concept of active water absorption has been utilized to explain a variety of experimental results. Levitt (2) has shown that some of these explanations are thermodynamically impossible and based on incorrect interpretations. The auxin-induced water uptake by potato discs has also been attributed to active water absorption [Reinders (3), Commoner et al. (5)]. In favor of this interpretation is Reinders' discovery that the auxin usually very markedly increases the respiratory loss of dry matter (3, 4). However, she also obtained the opposite result under certain conditions, van Overbeek (7) concluded that the evidence available is insufficient to permit a choice between active water absorption, reduced wall pressure, or both. Obviously, both the concept of water absorption and the mechanism of auxin action would be better understood if this problem were cleared up. As van Overbefk (V) has pointed out, since the auxin-induced water uptake can occur from distilled water, it is not associated with active salt absorption. The only active absorption possible under these conditions is that of water. By definition, active absorption involves uptake against a diffusion gradient. The diffusion pressure of the water in the cell must therefore be greater than that of the almost pure water outside the cell?i.e., the D.P.D. must have a negative value. This can be true only if the turgor pressure (or wall pressure) is increased to a value greater than the osmotic pressure of the cell. But the absorption of water by the cell will be associated with an increased T.P. (or W.P.) only if the wall has not previously reached its elastic limit. Thus an elastic (reversible) stretch involves an increase in T.P. and W.P., a plastic (irreversible) stretch, does not. Consequently, from the point of view of the kind of wall extension involved, there are two possible modes of active water absorption. (1) The absorption may occur against a diffusion gradient accompanied by an elastic stretch of the cell wall, both being reversible. Energy must be continually expended to retain this actively absorbed water in the cell. (2) The absorption may at first occur against a diffusion gradient, accompanied by a temporary elastic stretch of the wall. This elastic stretch is soon converted into a permanent set?i.e., it becomes a plastic stretch. The increased wall pressure simultaneously disappears, as does the negative diffusion gradient, and the actively absorbed water is now retained in diffusion equilibrium with the surrounding water. No energy need be expended to retain this water but some must be used initially to drive it into the cell.
Where is VEGF in the body? A meta-analysis of VEGF distribution in cancer

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a major target for the inhibition of tumour vascularisation and the treatment of human cancer. Many tumours produce large quantities of VEGF, and as a result, diagnosis and prognosis of cancer may be predicted by measuring changes in VEGF concentrations in blood. In blood, the VEGF may be located in the plasma, or in the blood-borne cells and formed elements, in particular, platelets and leukocytes. In this study, we collate the measurements of VEGF in platelets, leukocytes, plasma and serum for breast, prostate, colorectal and other cancers. In addition, we analysed the concentration of VEGF in tumour tissue itself, as well as for other tissues in the human body. Although the concentration of VEGF in tumours is high, the size of tumours is small compared to other tissues, in particular, skeletal muscle. Thus, the total quantity of VEGF in tumours and in blood is small compared to the quantity in muscles. This large reservoir of VEGF may have important implications for the treatment of cancer.
The influence of recruitment on within‐generation population dynamics of a mayfly

The relative contributions of recruitment and post-recruitment processes are pivotal to understanding the mechanisms influencing the population dynamics of organisms. We estimated recruitment by oviposition to populations of the mayfly Baetis bicaudatus in multiple streams of one drainage basin in western Colorado, USA, and subsequent changes in larval population densities of one cohort over one generation. Our goal was to compare the potential for recruitment limitation and post-recruitment processes to explain variation in population dynamics of one cohort in streams with predatory fish (brook trout) and fishless streams. We censused Baetis egg masses oviposited in 14 streams during summer 2001, and estimated larval densities of this cohort during September 2001, April and June 2002. There was substantial variability among streams in densities of eggs and subsequent larval densities, with qualitatively different larval dynamics in fish and fishless streams. In fishless streams egg densities were generally lower than in fish streams due to hydrogeomorphic habitat constraints; and increasing egg densities resulted in higher densities of early stage larvae. This pattern was consistent with recruitment limitation of population size of early stages, which persisted until April. In contrast, increasing egg densities in trout streams resulted in lower densities of early stage larvae, consistent with strong density-dependent losses due to post-recruitment processes. In both fish and fishless streams the loss rates of early stage larvae during winter were density-independent; but from April to June the pattern suggests strong density-dependent losses of larvae in fish streams, and weaker, although significant density-dependent losses in fishless streams as larvae developed to late instars from April to June. We conclude that recruitment can limit the population size of early larval stages of Baetis related to the availability of preferred oviposition sites for females; but post-recruitment processes eventually (in lower risk environments) or almost immediately swamp the effects of recruitment on population dynamics especially in fish streams. This study illustrates that the relative influences of recruitment limitation and post-recruitment processes on mayfly population dynamics varies across life stages and among environments with different habitat constraints and predation risks.
Large scale optimization strategies for zone configuration of simulated moving beds

Simulated moving bed (SMB) processes are widely used in sugar, petrochemical, and pharmaceutical industries. However, systematic optimization of SMB, especially finding the optimal zone configuration including the standard and modified non-standard configurations, is still a challenging problem. This paper proposes a simultaneous, fully discretized approach with an SMB superstructure using an interior-point solver. To find the optimal structure, two superstructures are analyzed to develop standard and non-standard configurations. In case studies of the linear and bi-Langmuir isotherms, optimal zone configurations have been successfully obtained without introducing discrete variables. Finally, the effect of the number of columns on the optimal throughput is investigated.
Identifying rims along nano-sized clusters as catalytically active sites – The case of CuOx/silica model catalysts nanofabricated by electron beam lithography

Abstract Using electron beam lithography (EBL) to nanofabricate model catalysts, we can prove that a standard probe molecule solely adsorbs along the rim of supported CuO cluster samples. Therefore, taking advantage of EBL, the active sites on the catalyst surface were identified using a simple kinetics technique.
Cisplatin-induced ototoxicity and the role of pharmacogenetic testing.

A 10-year-old white male presented with a chief complaint of swelling and pain in the left distal femur that worsened when he participated in sports at school. After several weeks of continued pain and swelling an x-ray was performed and revealed the presence of a large mass. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed a large primary bone tumor located on the left femur, and open biopsy subsequently confirmed the diagnosis of osteosarcoma. The tumor was 9 cm long in the axis and 7 cm in diameter. Further tests revealed that the disease was localized to that area. The patient weighed 36 kg and was 145 cm tall at the time of diagnosis, placing him in the 75th percentile for age and sex. The patient was started on chemotherapy based on a standard Children’s Oncology Group (COG) treatment protocol of high-dose methotrexate, doxorubicin, and cisplatin. He received cisplatin at a dose of 120 mg/m2 approximately every 5 weeks for a total of 4 treatments. For each treatment, cisplatin 60 mg/m2/day was administered via intravenous infusion on 2 consecutive days. Based on the patient’s body surface area of 1.2 m2, he received a cumulative dose of 576 mg of cisplatin (480 mg/m2). He was also placed on an appropriate antiemetic regimen per COG protocol. He was not on any other medications known to cause ototoxicity or nephrotoxicity. His renal function was normal at baseline and all subsequent lab tests thereafter. Genotyping for thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) mutations was not performed prior to initiation of cisplatin therapy. Standard audiometric monitoring was performed prior to administration of the first cisplatin dose, and the results were all within the normal range (Brock Grade 0 [Table]).1 The patient completed the full cisplatin treatment course, and audiometric monitoring was performed prior to administration of the second and third cisplatin treatments with no significant hearing impairment noted. On follow-up 2 months after completing the third treatment course, the patient reported having trouble hearing. The loss manifested initially as bilateral tinnitus and ultimately progressed to bilateral hearing loss. Audiometric monitoring performed at this visit revealed moderate to severe hearing loss, defined as a Brock score ≥2 (Table). This translates to educationally significant hearing loss presumed to be caused by the ototoxic effects of cisplatin. Hearing tests performed 6 months and 1 year later revealed that the patient’s hearing had declined slightly but remained in Brock Grade 2, suggesting that the initially observed hearing deficit was likely progressive and irreversible.
Toward a typology of preventively oriented dentists

This study identifies predictors of preventive behavior among dental general practitioners in New York State. A total of 217 clinicians was interviewed by telephone. Dentists practicing in an urban area (n = 120) and in a rural area (n = 97) were studied. A unit-weighted index of clinician preventive orientation was created, by summing z-score values for two preventive variables: the number of content items and the number of patient visits in an organized preventive program that entailed more than one visit. Multiple regression of this preventive orientation index on selected independent variables showed that, for the entire sample, variables representing involvement in academic and institutional dentistry, exposure to education through journals and courses, a predeliction for innovation, and the presence of a hygienist in the office, were most influential in creating a model that successfully predicted reported preventive behavior. Differences between urban and rural clinicians in predictors of preventive behavior are also identified. Data collected are compared with those of four previous studies that attempted to describe potential predictors of preventive behavior in dentists.
Oscillatory transport coefficients in InAs surface layers

Abstract The resistivity and Hall coefficient of gated n-InAs epilayers have been measured at low temperatures utilizing differential techniques and a magnetic field swept from zero to six tesla. When the InAs surface is in accumulation, three distinct series of oscillations, periodic in inverse magnetic field, are observed. These series are interpreted as the quantization of the surface electron energies into three subbands. The densities of these subbands are roughly linear in applied gate voltage and vanish as one approaches flatband. The temperature and magnetic field dependences of the oscillation amplitudes suggests an effective mass of 0.04 m e and a Dingle temperature of 26 K.
Genetic independence of manic-depression and schizophrenia

Increasingly sophisticated twin and adoption research has demonstrated major genetic contributions to the etiology of manic-depression and schizophrenia. But studies disagree concerning whether the two are genetically related illnesses. This lack of consensus could be due to individual, regional, and temporal differences in the criteria used to diagnose the two conditions. This study is the first to employ the new DSM-III criteria. Schizophrenia was no more common in the 1,098 first-degree relatives of 100 male and 100 female manic-depressives than it is in the population at-large. This would appear to strengthen the view that manic-depression and schizophrenia are genetically unrelated diseases.
Ipsilateral ptosis as main feature of tuberothalamic artery infarction

Tuberothalamic artery infarction (TTAI) results mainly in a myriad of neuropsychological symptoms such as memory impairment, euphoria, apathy, verbal perseverations, constructional apraxia and lack of spontaneity. Language disturbances, acalculia, buccofacial and limb apraxia occur prominently after left TTAI while visual spatial processing deficits and hemispatial neglect occur prominently after the right one. Some cases of TTAI causing Horner’s syndrome in addition of these wide-ranging neurobehavioral symptoms have been reported. Here, we report a case of TTAI with an ipsilateral ptosis as main clinical manifestation. This finding suggests that a Horner’s syndrome can be the main feature of TTAI when neuropsychological manifestations are inconspicuous.
Differences in Epidemiology, Histology, and Survival Between Cigarette Smokers and Never-Smokers Who Develop Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

Background: The impact that smoking cigarettes has on the characteristics and survival of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is disputed. Methods: A retrospective cohort study using a prospective database of patients with NSCLC over a 6-year period. Clinical and histologic characteristics and survival rates were compared between smokers and never-smokers. Results: There were 730 patients; 562 patients (77%) were smokers and 168 patients (23%) were never-smokers. The overall 5-year survival rate was greater in never-smokers (64%) compared to smokers (56%; p=0.031). Never-smokers were more likely to be younger (p = 0.04), female (p = 0.01), symptomatic at the time of presentation (p 20 pack-years. Conclusions: Never-smokers in whom NSCLC develops are more likely to be young, female, and have poorly differentiated tumors with higher maxSUV values on PET scans. Never-smokers with early-stage cancer have a significantly better survival rate than smokers. Patients with a smoking history of ≥ 20 pack-years have worse survival. Thus, smoking not only causes lung cancer, but once NSCLC is diagnosed, the prognosis becomes worse. A biological, hormonal, and genetic explanation is currently lacking to explain these findings, and these data may help to improve treatment and surveillance.
On the distribution of the number of successes in fourth- or lower-order Markovian trials

Abstract This paper presents an algorithm which may be used to compute the distribution of the number of successes in a sequence of binary trials which displays dependency. The case of independent trials is treated even in elementary texts, and these results are frequently extended in the literature to the case of first-order Markovian dependence. However, results are scarce for higher-order Markovian dependence. In this article, an algorithm is developed for computing the distribution of the number of successes in binary sequences, under the assumption that the dependence structure is fourth-order Markovian. The importance of using the best model order for a particular data set is discussed. Examination of the computed distribution estimates for various orders may assist in model determination. Scope and purpose Many statistical applications may be modelled as a sequence of n dependent trials, with outcomes which may be classified as either a “success” or a “failure”. This paper presents an algorithm which may be used to compute the distribution of the number of successes in such sequences. It is assumed that the probability of success on the nth trial depends on the outcome of trials n−v, n−v+1, …, n−1 , for some finite value of v, but is independent of trials before n−v. The algorithm extends algorithms given by Kedem [1] for v=1 or 2 to the case where v=4. The importance of selecting an appropriate value for v when modelling dependent trials is discussed.
Treatment of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis in the Biologic Age

Before the biologic era, treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) was often highly unsatisfactory, with children forced to endure the ill effects of lifelong disease, including pain and stiffness, disability, and even increased risk of mortality. Thanks in large part to improved understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of the disease, multiple new biologic agents have been developed and applied to these disorders, with remarkable effects. However, much information remains to be learned about applying particular therapies to the distinct categories of JIA, and there is still considerable room for improvement in individual patients.
Fishbein and Ajzen's Theory of Reasoned Action: Accurate Prediction of Behavioral Intentions for Enrolling in Distance Education Courses:

This study tested how well Fishbein and Ajzen's theory of reasoned action predicted respiratory care practitioners' participation intentions for completing a baccalaureate degree through distance e...
Two‐dimensional stresses in a saturated poro‐elastic foundation beneath a rigid structure—part. I. An impervious dam in a river

The problem of an impervious dam on a poro-elastic foundation is solved analytically. Using the known solution for the fluid pressure in the pores, the elastostatic stress field in the solid skeleton is analysed by reduction to two simpler problems whose solutions can be obtained by complex variable techniques. For welded contact, the rotation of the dam base is then found along with the stresses and strains in the ground. Modification for finite friction along the base is outlined in the appendix.
Neonatal Lupus Erythematosus: A Review

Neonatal lupus erythematosus is an uncommon type of lupus that in addition to cutaneous lesions may have systemic involvement. It is generally a benign condition unless complicated by complete heart block, which is irreversible and which carries a high mortality rate in the first year of life. Patients' mothers often show clinical and/or laboratory features of connective tissue diseases.
Effect of carbon black on adhesion to plastics in solventborne 2K polyurethanes

These studies show that when the pigment volume content (PVC) of carbon black particles increases in polyurethanes (PUR), NCO consumption increases, and the extent of H-bonded C=O species near the film-substrate (F-S) interface is enhanced. During crosslinking, polyurea (PUA) is produced, and its concentration levels near the F-S interface are diminished for unpigmented coatings, whereas for the same system containing carbon black, the PUA formation is enhanced. Although the presence of carbon black particles at the F-S interface results in diminished adhesion of 2K PUR to acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), adhesion is also affected by the presence of OH and C=O functionalities on ABS, which are potential sites for H—bonding to PUR. Stronger hydrogen donor affinity of N-H functionalities in PUA as compared to the N-H groups on PUR leads to increased H-bonding in the presence of carbon black. Enhanced intermolecular H-bonding in PUR due to the presence of carbon black particles competes with the F-S interfacial H-bonding that promotes adhesion.
Why different motives matter in sustaining online contributions

Organizations are using voluntary services of contributors on the Internet to increase the value they provide to customers. To sustain such sites, administrators need to encourage repeated contributions from individuals. This study draws upon the volunteer process model to develop a mid-range theory of sustained online contribution behavior at product review sites. I test this theory using a survey of 235 contributors, and their contribution and social network data at Amazon.com. The results support hypotheses on the positive influence of the understanding and social-adjustive motive toward specific others in sustaining two aspects of repeated contribution behavior: contribution frequency and contribution volume. The negative influence of the altruistic and social-adjustive motive toward general others on contribution volume suggests a theoretical extension. This study offers an approach to understanding the relative importance of motives in sustaining repeated contribution behavior in online contexts.
The primacyof visual information inthe analysis of letter strings

In Experiment 1, orthographic and phonetic information were separated by using artificial letters to represent English pseudowords and random letter strings. Subjects could learn to distinguish combinations of artificial letters on the basis of (1) orthographic, but not phonetic, information, (2) orthographic and phonetic information, (3) paired-associate verbal labels without orthographic information, and (4) neither orthographic nor phonetic information. By imposing a variety of response deadlines it appeared that subjects quickly exploited orthographic information without any contribution from phonetic correspondences. The only suggestion of a phonetic effect occurred in the absence of orthographic information and at longer latencies. Experiment 3 (using English letters) also suggested that phonetic information influenced the analysis of letter string pairs at only longer latencies, after visual analysis. Experiment 2 provided a demonstration that orthographic rules similar to those exploited in Experiment 1 were useful in visual discriminations regardless of the particular letter position affected by those rules. The results strain phonetic mediation models of performance in word-related tasks (e. g., Spoehr & Smith, 1975)and support models that emphasize visual analysis(Barron & Baron, 1977; Massaro, 1975; Pollatsek, Well, & Schindler, 1975).
Ion channels. Swimming with sperm.

Mice become infertile if they lack the gene encoding a newly discovered sperm-specific ion channel. Sperm are produced in normal quantities, but have trouble moving.
Ancillary ligand effects on C-H bond activation reactions promoted by β-diiminate iridium complexes

A series of β-diiminate iridium(I) olefin, diolefin, and hydride complexes have been synthesized and evaluated in carbon−hydrogen bond activation reactions. Treatment of [Ir(COE)2Cl]2 (COE = cyclooctene) with the lithio β-diiminate anions [Li(OEt2)][BDI] (BDI = ArNC(Me)CH(Me)CNAr; Ar = 2,6-Me2C6H3, 2,6-Et2C6H3, 2,6-iPr2C6H3) under an N2 atmosphere furnished the corresponding iridium(I) cycloctene dinitrogen complexes. Using a similar procedure, the analogous β-diiminate iridium(I) cyclooctadiene compounds have also been prepared and characterized. Addition of the sterically demanding β-diiminate anion (2,6-Me2C6H3)NC(CMe3)CH(CMe3)CN(2,6-Me2C6H3) to [Ir(COD)Cl]2 (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) yielded an unusual η5-arene complex that is stabilized by a significant contribution from an iminocyclohexadienyl resonance form. The relative electronic influence of each β-diiminate ligand has been evaluated by preparation of the corresponding iridium dicarbonyl complexes and reveals little electronic perturbation among...
Quantum Computation: From a Programmer’s Perspective

This paper is the second part of a series of two articles on quantum computation. If the first part was mostly concerned with the mathematical formalism, here we turn to the programmer’s perspective. We analyze the various existing models of quantum computation and the problem of the stability of quantum information. We discuss the needs and challenges for the design of a scalable quantum programming language. We then present two interesting approaches and examine their strengths and weaknesses. Finally, we take a step back, and review the state of the research on the semantics of quantum computation, and how this can help in achieving some of the goals.
A theoretical and experimental investigation of a three-degree-of-freedom structure

The response of a structure to a simple-harmonic excitation is investigated theoretically and experimentally. The structure consists of two light-weight beams arranged in a T-shape turned on its side. Relatively heavy and concentrated weights are placed at the upper and lower free ends and at the point where the two beams are joined. The base of the ‘T’ is clamped to the head of a shaker. Because the masses of the concentrated weights are much larger than the masses of the beams, the first three natural frequencies are far below the fourth; consequently, for relatively low frequencies of the excitation, the structure has, for all practical purposes, only three degrees of freedom. The lengths and weights are chosen so that the third natural frequency is approximately equal to the sum of the two lower natural frequencies, an arrangement that produces an autoparametric (also called an internal) resonance. A linear analysis is performed to predict the natural frequencies and to aid in the design of the experiment; the predictions and observations are in close agreement. Then a nonlinear analysis of the response to a prescribed transverse motion at the base of the ‘T’ is performed. The method of multiple scales is used to obtain six first-order differential equations describing the modulations of the amplitudes and phases of the three interacting modes when the frequency of the excitation is near the third natural frequency. Some of the predicted phenomena include periodic, two-period quasiperiodic, and phase-locked (also called synchronized) motions; coexistence of multiple stable motions and the attendant jumps; and saturation. All the predictions are confirmed in the experiments, and some phenomena that are not yet explained by theory are observed.
Association of periodontitis with blood pressure.

Inoue et al. [1] evaluated the association of periodontitis with blood pressure (BP) in a sample of Japanese workers examined at enrolment and 1 year later. They conducted cross‐sectional analyses ...
An Improved MILP Modeling of Sequence-Dependent Switchovers for Discrete-Time Scheduling Problems

This paper presents a new mixed-integer linear program (MILP) formulation for modeling sequence-dependent switchovers for uniform discrete-time scheduling problems. The new formulation provides solutions faster than the formulation found in the paper by Kondili et al. (Comput. Chem. Eng. 1993, 17, 211) and scales more efficiently. The key to this formulation is the use of memory operation logic variables that track the temporal unit-operation events occurring within the scheduling horizon for each unit. Four auxiliary dependent binary transition variables are required for every unit-operation independent binary variable, called the mode-operation setup variable. In this paper, “dependent” means that these variables are derived from the unit-operation variables and are integral at the solution without explicitly declaring them as binary search variables in the MILP formulation, hence reducing the computational effort. The four dependent variables are the startup, shutdown, switchover-to-itself, and memory ...
Factors Affecting Farmers' Hedging Decisions

Few farmers use futures markets in spite of theoretical research that says they should and educational efforts to get them to do so. This paper sought to determine the factors that explain why a sample of Indiana farmers use futures markets. Survey results showed that on average futures markets were perceived to both reduce risk and increase income. The most important factors explaining the use of futures markets were the individual's perception of the ability of futures markets to reduce risk and the individual's debt position.
Unknowns after the SNO Charged-Current Measurement

We perform a model-independent analysis of solar neutrino flux rates including the recent charged-current measurement at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO). We derive a universal sum rule involving SNO and SuperKamiokande rates, and show that the SNO neutral-current measurement cannot fix the fraction of solar ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$ oscillating to sterile neutrinos. The large uncertainty in the standard solar model ${}^{8}\mathrm{B}$ flux impedes a determination of the sterile neutrino fraction.
Relating the Couple and the Logos

SUMMARY With intent to evoke unaccustomed thoughts, two levels of discourse on communication are brought together. The first level focuses on the work of Virginia Satir, especially her placing the abstractions of several psychodynamic mechanisms in the realm of operationalized styles of communication. The second level concerns a Nordic myth which 1 interpret as revealing that the tools of communication are hard won, communication is complex and multi-leveled, and understanding is a numinous event. Examples are given of the deeper meaning strata of several words relevant to couples therapy, reflecting the logos as revealed in mytho-poesis.
A note on the optimum design of four bar crank-rocker mechanisms

Abstract In this paper, the classical transmission angle problem is discussed from a general approximation point of view. It is shown that the least square and Chebyshev optimizations are two closely related approaches to this problem. A least square optimum solution to this problem is investigated by means of a parametric representation for the link lengths, and results are compared with those available in literature. It is found that the computations for the least square method can be easily performed by using a pocket calculator.
Void fraction under high pressure, low flow conditions in rod bundle geometry

Abstract Void-fraction data are reported from a series of high pressure, low heat and mass flux experiments. Testing was performed in a heated vertical rod bundle with internal dimensions similar to a PWR fuel bundle. The results are of interest in analyses of small break loss of coolant accidents. The experiments showed that, at a given pressure, void-fraction data could be fitted to a drift-flux equation with a constant drift-velocity. The drift-velocity was observed to decrease with increasing pressure and was independent of void fraction; a characteristic normally associated with churn-turbulent flow. However, relevant drift-flux correlations found in the literature gave relatively poor predictions of void fraction. The best predictions were obtained from an empirical correlation based on dimensional analysis.
Gifted‐child pedagogy: Meaningful chimera?

(2003). Gifted‐child pedagogy: Meaningful chimera?. Roeper Review: Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 163-164.
Climatology and Variability of Precipitation in the Twentieth-Century Reanalysis

AbstractThe performance of the Twentieth-Century Reanalysis (20CR) in reproducing observed monthly mean precipitation over the global domain is compared to that of comprehensive reanalyses that also assimilate upper-air and satellite observations [the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), ECMWF Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim), and NCEP–U.S. Department of Energy reanalysis (NCEP2)] and to that of an atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) ensemble simulation [Global Ocean Global Atmosphere (GOGA)] that is forced with observed sea surface temperature (SST). Wintertime rainfall variability in the midlatitude continents and storm tracks is captured with great accuracy, similar to the comprehensive reanalyses, but summertime rainfall is not, probably in consequence of the greater importance of convection in the summer season. Over the tropics, the accuracy of all reanalyses is much less than over the midlatitudes. Over tropical land, the performance of 20CR is better than NCEP2 and similar to ERA-In...
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) crystallization as a method for microlithography

Thermal lithography on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is carried out by inducing crystallization through selective exposure of amorphous films to Infrared radiation. The obtained images can be smaller than the wavelength of the CO2 laser light. This circumvention of the diffraction limit is accomplished by taking advantage of the non-linear temperature dependence of the crystallization rate. The optical marking process is reversible through simple melting of the crystalline images. The complementary process, selective melting of an initially crystalline film, can also be accomplished. The use as a heat sink of a mask which forms the image pattern is demonstrated.
A compliation of some physico-chemical properties for chlorobenzenes

Abstract A compilation of some physico-chemical properties for chlorobenzenes are given. The literature values for the solution properties have been evaluated and whenever possible average values are given.
Pyramid nano-voids in GaN and InGaN

High resolution transmission electron microscopy and aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) reveal a new void defect in GaN, Si-doped GaN, and InGaN. The voids are pyramid shaped with symmetric hexagonal {0001} base facets and {10-11} side facets. The pyramid void has a closed or open core dislocation at the peak of the pyramid, which continues up along the [0001] growth direction. The closed dislocations have a 1/3 11-20 edge dislocation Burgers vector component, consistent with known threading dislocations. The open core dislocations are hexagonal shaped with pure screw character, {10-10} side facets, varying lateral widths, and varying degrees of hexagonal symmetry. STEM electron energy loss spectroscopy spectrum imaging revealed a larger C concentration inside the void and below the void than above the void. We propose that carbon deposition during metal organic chemical vapor deposition growth acts as a mask, stopping the GaN deposition locally. Subsequent layers of GaN deposited around the C covered region create the overhanging {10-11} facets, and the meeting of the six {10-11} facets at the pyramid's peak is not perfect, resulting in a dislocation.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of Combined Gamma-Irradiation and Storage on Biochemical Changes in Sweet Potato

Sucrose of uncured Red Jewel sweet potato increased from 3.8% to 10.7% after a combined treatment of a 300 Krad dose and 4 days storage at 24°C post‐irradiation (PI). Starch decreased from 16.8% to 6.1% after 16 days following a 500 Krad treatment. Phosphorylase, phosphoglucomutase and sucrose phosphate synthase enzyme specific activities increased 2.4‐, 1.8‐ and 1.3‐fold, respectively, after 3 days PI following 200 Krad exposures compared to nonirradiated roots. The beta‐Amylase, phosphoglucose isomerase and sucrose synthase specific activities increased 1.2‐fold. Sucrose synthesis in the irradiated sweet potato was attributed to beta‐amylase, phosphorylase, phosphoglucomutase, phosphoglucose isomerase and sucrose synthase. Copyright © 1988, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved
Ontogeny affects response of northern red oak seedlings to elevated CO2 and water stress: II. Recent photosynthate distribution and growth

Northern red oak in the western Lake States area of the USA exists on the most xeric edge of its distribution range. Future climate-change scenarios for this area predict decreased water availability along with increased atmospheric CO2. We examined recent photosynthate distribution and growth in seedlings as a function of CO2 mole fraction (400, 530 and 700 μmol mol−1 CO2), water regime (well watered and water-stressed), and ontogenic stage. Water stress effects on growth were largely offset by elevated CO2. Water stress increased root mass ratio without concurrently increasing allocation of recent photosynthate to the roots. However, apparent sink strength of water-stressed seedlings at the completion of the third growth stage tended to be greater than that of well watered seedlings, as shown by continued high export, which may contribute carbon reserves to support preferential root growth under water-stressed conditions. Elevated CO2 decreased apparent shoot sink strength associated with the rapid expansion of the third flush. Carbon resources for the observed enhanced growth under elevated CO2 could be provided by enhanced photosynthetic rate over an increased leaf area (Anderson & Tomlinson, 1998, this volume). Increased sink strength of LG seedlings under water-stressed conditions, together with decreased apparent shoot sink strength associated with growth in elevated CO2 provide mechanisms for offsetting water stress effects by growth in elevated CO2. Careful control of ontogeny was necessary to discern these changes and provides further evidence of the need for such careful control in mechanistic studies.
A regression approach to conceptualizing and analyzing marketing transactions

A conceptual approach is developed in this article using the logic and concepts of statistical regression to analyze marketing phenomena such as: attraction, power, conflict, stability, and competition. Marketing transaction is conceptualized as a perceptual phenomenon in the mind of the marketing agent determined by psychological contiguity between perceived benefits and costs. Theattraction felt by a marketing organization toward a target market is conceptualized as theslope of the regression line,power in theintercept of the regression line,stability in thecoefficient of determination, andconflict in thestandard error of the estimate. Competition is conceptualized in terms of theproportion of variance in benefits extracted by a target market accounted for by costs of one competitor marketing organization relative to the costs of other competitor firms. Marketing transactions can also be similarly analyzed from the perspective of the buying agent in dealing with one or more marketing organizations. Managerial implications, limitations, and future research are also discussed.
IJEE Soapbox: Prince Kropotkin meets the Hutchinsonian niche

(2009). IJEE Soapbox: Prince Kropotkin meets the Hutchinsonian niche. Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution: Vol. 55, No. 1, pp. 1-10.
The Puzzle of Russian Anti-Americanism: From ‘Below’ or From ‘Above’

Abstract The author challenges the dominant view about the deep roots of anti-Americanism in the Russian mentality. Using historical analysis, paying particular attention to the oscillation of Russian public opinion, he shows that attitudes toward the United States in Russia have mostly been shaped by the ruling elite. The population almost instantly changed its stance toward America under the impact of the media controlled by the government.
Genetic risk estimation in the Coriell Personalized Medicine Collaborative

Purpose: Recent genome wide-association studies have identified hundreds of single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with common complex diseases. With the momentum of these discoveries comes a need to communicate this information to individuals. Methods: The Coriell Personalized Medicine Collaborative is an observational research study designed to evaluate the utility of personalized genomic information in health care. Participants provide saliva samples for genotyping and complete extensive on-line medical history, family history, and lifestyle questionnaires. Only results for diseases deemed potentially actionable by an independent advisory board are reported. Results: We present our methodology for developing personalized reports containing risks for both genetic and nongenetic factors. Risk estimates are given as relative risk, derived or reported from representative peer-reviewed publications. Estimates of disease prevalence are also provided. Presenting risk as relative risk allows for consistent reporting across multiple diseases and across genetic and nongenetic factors. Using this approach eliminates the need for assumptions regarding population lifetime risk estimates. Publications used for risk reporting are selected based on the strength of the design and study quality. Conclusion: Coriell Personalized Medicine Collaborative risk reports demonstrate an approach to communicating risk of complex disease via the web that encompasses risks due to genetic variants along with risks caused by family history and lifestyle factors.
New intrinsic oxygen related defect bands in oxygen implanted silica

Abstract Type III silica samples were implanted with O using a multi-energy process that produced a layer of constant concentration to within ± 5% beginning ~ 80 nm from the surface and extending to ~ 640 nm below the surfaces of samples. The concentrations in the layer ranged from 0.035 atomic percent to ~ 2.1 atomic percent. The optical absorption was measured from 2 to 6.5 eV. The absorption due to the implanted ions was analyzed using the difference spectra of the various samples. These difference spectra showed that optical bands at ~ 4.7 eV, 5.35 eV, and ~ 6.2 eV were a primary result of O implantation. Based on these data, we attribute these bands to O-related centers. Comparison of the difference spectra of the O samples with those of Si samples implanted to approximately the same concentrations showed that bands at the three energies in the spectra of the O samples were not observed in the spectra of the Si samples. Based on the spin concentrations of peroxy radicals, spin concentrations of E′γ, and optical absorption coefficients at 4.8–5.0 eV and at 5.83 eV, the oscillator strengths of the peroxy band (~ 4.8 eV) was estimated, from the oscillator strength of the absorption band at 5.83 eV to be
Sign-Stability Concept of Ecology for Control Design with Aerospace Applications

The main aim of this research is to understand the underlying features of natural systems like Eco/Bio systems, which tend to be highly robust under perturbations, and then apply these principles to build a robust engineering system. Toward this direction, some fundamental qualitative features of ecological sign stability are reviewed and transformed into a set of mathematical results in matrix theory with quantitative information, which is usually encountered in engineering sciences. In particular, the effect of the signs of elements of a matrix on the matrix properties such as eigenvalues and condition number is shown. Similarly, it is also shown that under some assumptions on the magnitudes of the elements, predator-prey phenomena render some special properties like normality to matrices. These properties in turn are shown to impart superior robustness bounds for a class of sign-stable matrices. Then the issue of controller design is addressed, and efforts are made to identify target closed-loop systems that incorporate the desirable features of ecological systems. For a closed-loop system satisfying these properties, an algorithm for the design of controller is given. This control design procedure is illustrated with the help of two applications in the Aerospace field: satellite attitude control and aircraft lateral dynamics control. The results presented in this paper can assist in the use of ecological system principles to build highly robust engineering systems.
Fluoride uptake in hard tissues of fetal guinea pigs in response to various dose regimens.

Abstract This study was designed to explore various aspects of maternal-fetal fluoride metabolism. In its first phase, 57 female guinea pigs were bred and randomly assigned to a control group (I) or one of three experimental groups: (II) 3 parts/10 6 fluoride in drinking water, (III) a single daily oral dose and (IV) 3 parts/10 6 fluoride in water and a single daily oral fluoride dose. The total mean doses received by groups II and III were similar. The total mean dose received by group IV was approximately double that for groups II and III. Samples of maternal plasma, and fetal bone and enamel were collected on the 57th day of gestation. In its second phase, 53 pregnant guinea pigs were given drinking water containing 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8 parts/10 6 fluoride during gestation. On the 57th day of gestation samples of maternal and fetal enamel were collected. All samples in both phases of the study were assayed for fluoride using the microdiffusion, ion-selective electrode method. In the first part of the study, mean fetal enamel fluoride by group was: I, 21.6 parts/10 6 ; II, 38.6 parts/10 6 ; III, 33.5 parts/10 6 ; IV. 54.9 parts/10 6 . In the second phase, maternal enamel was linearly related to the fluoride dose. The same was true for fetal enamel except at the 8 parts 10 6 fluoride level in the water where there was no increase over the 6 parts/10 6 group. At all dose levels, fetal enamel fluoride uptake was approximately an order of magnitude less than maternal enamel fluoride uptake. In this model system, fetal enamel fluoride uptake was linearly related to dose, except at 8 parts 10 6 fluoride in the drinking water. Uptake was similar if the fluoride dose was given in the water or as a single daily oral dose. Fluoride uptake in fetal enamel is much lower than in maternal enamel.
P-18: Residual Gas Analysis on Various Tube Size and Different Process Stages in Cathode Ray Tubes

We have analyzed the residual gases in cathode ray tubes (CRT) quantitatively by the quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS). The analyses have been performed on different process stages and various tube size.(17″–32″) There are many changes in residual gases of CRT according to different process stages. And if all other conditions are same or similar, it can be said that the vacuum level of a big CRT is higher than the small one's. These results give us deeper information and understanding for CRT developing and manufacturing.
Sedentary Behavior in Individuals With Diabetic Chronic Kidney Disease and Maintenance Hemodialysis

Objective The objective of this study was to examine whether more advanced kidney failure is associated with sedentary behavior and whether demographics, comorbidity, nutritional, and inflammatory markers explain this association. Design Observational study. Setting Outpatients recruited from outpatient clinics and dialysis units. Subjects One hundred sixty patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or receiving maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). Methods Standardized questionnaires including Baecke physical activity questionnaire, standardized anthropometry examination, and blood draw. Main Outcome Measure Sedentary behavior (defined as answering "very often" for "during leisure time I watch television" or answering "never" for "during leisure time I walk") and being physically active (top 25th percentile of the total Baecke score). Results Nineteen percent of CKD and 50% of MHD patients were sedentary ( P Conclusions Sedentary behavior is highly prevalent among diabetic CKD or MHD patients. The strong association of MHD status with sedentary behavior is not explained by demographics, smoking, comorbidity, nutritional, and inflammatory markers. Interventions targeting obesity might improve sedentary behavior and physical activity, whereas interventions targeting inflammation might improve physical activity in these populations.