cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The determination of nitrite by ultraviolet absorption spectrometry in the gas phase

Abstract Aliquots of nitrite-containing solutions are injected into small aliquots of 8 M hydrochloric acid and the evolved gases are swept by a stream of carrier gas through an absorption cell where transient absorbance in the gas phase is measured at 195 nm. The detection limit is 0.2 μg NO2- ml-1 with the calibration curve remaining linear to 65 μg NO2- ml-1 Reproducibility is reflected in 2.4% relative standard deviation from the mean at the 5 μg NO2- ml-1 level. There is no interference from CO32-, NO3-, SO42-, Br-, CN-, CNO-, or NH4+, but SCN-, I-, S2- and SO32- interfere.
Aircraft control gain computation using an ellipsoid algorithm

We discuss the use of an ellipsoid algorithm for computing output feedback gains in a linear time-invariant control system. The gains are chosen to minimize a quadratic performance criterion subject to an explicit constraint on system stability. A numerical example is given in which not all of the state variables are accessible, and results obtained using the ellipsoid algorithm are compared to the published solution.
Utility of (His)6 tag for purification and refolding of proplasmepsin-2 and mutants with altered activation properties.

Plasmepsin-2 is a malarial aspartic proteinase that has been implicated in the initial steps of hemoglobin degradation in parasites and thus represents an attractive antimalarial target. Escherichia coli expressed proplasmepsin-2 is capable of activation at acidic pH by autocatalytic cleavage of the pro part region, which results in products of different length. We designed a 10-amino-acid deletion in the pro part region that allows faster generation of homogeneous enzyme upon activation. Incorporation of a (His)6 tag onto the N-terminus of the pro part enables on-column refolding of proplasmepsin-2 and simplifies proenzyme purification and pro part separation after activation. The proposed purification procedure results in highly pure and easily crystallizable enzyme.
The angular distribution of fragment ions produced from polyatomic ion collisions

Abstract Energy released to daughter ions from collision-induced dissociation of high energy (≈ keV) CH 4 + , CH 3 NO 2 + and CS 2 + is measured. Fragmentation mechanics are developed to enable calculation of the angular distribution of fragments due to energy released. Subsequent plots of fragment-ion relative abundance vs. laboratory angle fit published experimental data, even though collisional scatter is presumed negligible.
Luminescence and site distribution of Mn2+ in βAl2O3

Abstract The luminescence spectra of Mn 2+ in β alumina prepared by diffusion at high temperature and by exchange in molten MnCl 2 at moderate temperatures are compared. High temperature diffusion distributes Mn 2+ over the tetrahedral sites of the spinel block and gives rise to a green emission at 510 nm. Molten salt exchange places Mn 2+ on the easily exchangeable Na + site and generates a characteristic orange (590 nm) emission.
Attentional influence on the P50 component of the auditory event-related brain potential

To determine if attentional factors influence the suppression of the auditory P50 in a conditioning-testing paradigm, known as the 'sensory gating' effect, we tested 10 healthy young adults in four experimental conditions. The first condition was the traditional passive conditioning-testing paradigm in which a pair of identical auditory clicks is administered at an interstimulus interval fixed at 500 ms. The effect of interest is a reduction of P50 amplitude in response to the second stimulus. In the next condition, the second stimulus could be one of two possible frequencies and subjects were required to count one and to ignore the other. The third and fourth experimental conditions involved a motor response. In the third condition, subjects were required to make a unimanual button press to the occurrence of the second stimulus. In the fourth condition, subjects were required to discriminate among two possible second stimuli, and make a unimanual button press to the occurrence of the designated stimulus. Subjects also completed four matched blocks of single stimulus (i.e., unpaired) presentations to provide a baseline for assessing the effect of the warning stimulus on the evoked response. We found, in agreement with previous results, that passive exposure to the paired stimuli produced a suppression of P50 amplitude to the second stimulus. However, we also found that suppression of P50 amplitude was not evident when subjects selectively counted the designated stimuli, and was reduced in magnitude when a simple motor response was required and when a selective motor response was based on stimulus discrimination. In addition, we observed that the amplitude of the P50 was larger with unpaired single stimuli than it was either with the first or second stimulus of a pair, regardless of processing demands. Furthermore, variations in processing demands did not affect P50 amplitude when a single stimulus was presented. This pattern of results suggests that the 'sensory gating' effect is not a simple 'hard-wired' inhibitory phenomenon. Rather, it may be one manifestation of an attention regulation process that is activated by a warning stimulus and has either inhibitory or excitatory effects on neural transmission, determined by variations in processing demands. Presentation of a warning stimulus may have an additional, unselective suppressing effect, operating independently of this attention regulating process.
Ventricular septal defect closure without aortic valve plication in patients with aortic valve prolapse

Ventricular septal defect (VSD) with associated aortic regurgitation (AR) secondary to prolapse of an aortic valve cusp into the VSD poses a significant problem as to the appropriate timing and type of surgical intervention. Various centers have advocated surgical plication of the redundant aortic cusp tissue at the time of VSD closure.1–3 Results of aortic valve plication have been varied, both in our center and others.1–4 A major pathophysiologic factor in the development of aortic valve prolapse and subsequent AR in these patients is believed to be insufficiency in the conal septum, which should serve to support the aortic valve “anulus” from below.5,6 This lack of support allows the valve cusp to sag into the VSD and to be further distorted by hemodynamic factors.7 In an attempt to avoid the need for aortic valve plication in these patients, we have elected to close their VSDs at the earliest sign of AR or aortic valve prolapse, as determined by physical examination, echocardiography or angiography. We present our experience with patients undergoing early closure of a VSD with associated aortic valve prolapse.
DEPTOR regulates vascular endothelial cell activation and proinflammatory and angiogenic responses

The maintenance of normal tissue homeostasis and the prevention of chronic inflammatory disease are dependent on the active process of inflammation resolution. In endothelial cells (ECs), proinflammation results from the activation of intracellular signaling responses and/or the inhibition of endogenous regulatory/pro-resolution signaling networks that, to date, are poorly defined. In this study, we find that DEP domain containing mTOR interacting protein (DEPTOR) is expressed in different microvascular ECs in vitro and in vivo, and using a small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown approach, we find that it regulates mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 activation in part through independent mechanisms. Moreover, using limited gene arrays, we observed that DEPTOR regulates EC activation including mRNA expression of the T-cell chemoattractant chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, CX3CL1, CCL5, and CCL20 and the adhesion molecules intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (P < .05). DEPTOR siRNA-transfected ECs also bound increased numbers of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (P < .005) and CD3+ T cells (P < .005) in adhesion assays in vitro and had increased migration and angiogenic responses in spheroid sprouting (P < .01) and wound healing (P < .01) assays. Collectively, these findings define DEPTOR as a critical upstream regulator of EC activation responses and suggest that it plays an important role in endogenous mechanisms of anti-inflammation and pro-resolution.
Escherichia coli, enterococci, and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron qPCR signals through wastewater and septage treatment

Abstract Fecal indicators such as Escherichia coli and enterococci are used as regulatory tools to monitor water with 24 h cultivation techniques for possible input of sewage or feces and presence of potential enteric pathogens yet their source (human or animal) cannot be determined with routine methods. This critical uncertainty has furthered water pollution science toward new molecular approaches. Members of Bacteroides genus, such as Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron are found to have features that allow their use as alternative fecal indicators and for Microbial Source Tracking (MST). The overall aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration and fate of B. thetaiotaomicron , throughout a wastewater treatment facility and septage treatment facility. A large number of samples were collected and tested for E. coli and enterococci by both cultivation and qPCR assays. B. thetaiotaomicron qPCR equivalent cells (mean: 1.8 × 10 7 /100 mL) were present in significantly higher concentrations than E. coli or enterococci in raw sewage and at the same levels in raw septage. The removal of B. thetaiotaomicron target qPCR signals was similar to E. coli and enterococci DNA during the treatment of these wastes and ranged from 3 to 5 log 10 for wastewater and was 7 log 10 for the septage. A significant correlation was found between B. thetaiotaomicron marker and each of the conventional indicators throughout the waste treatment process for both raw sewage and septage. A greater variability was found with enterococci when compared to E. coli , and CFU and equivalent cells could be contrasted by various treatment processes to examine removal and inactivation via septage and wastewater treatment. These results are compared and contrasted with other qPCR studies and other targets in wastewater samples providing a view of DNA targets in such environments.
Learning of Negative Cue Validities as a Function of Statistical Sophistication and Instruction

The effects of cue-criterion instructions on subjects' achievement, consistency, and matching were examined. The probability-learning task involved two cues which were negatively related to the criterion. Subjects varied in their degree of mathematical training prior to the experiment. On all measures, mathematical sophistication enhanced rate of performance. Increasingly detailed information about cue-criterion relationships and negative linear functions greatly improved level of achievement, demonstrating that subjects can immediately utilize a negative rule if given thorough instruction. Results are discussed with respect to their implications concerning theoretical probability-learning processes and suggestions for improving human decision-making in probabilistic environments.
Family legacies and community networks shape private forest management in the western Upper Peninsula of Michigan (USA)

Nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) owners make thousands of uncoordinated land use decisions that collectively and critically impact forest ecology. Prior research generally assumes private land use decisions adhere to the rational choice paradigm, driven primarily by cost–benefit calculations, such as financial considerations. Thus, when aiming to coordinate land use change in landscapes dominated by private property, policy makers often use economic or educational incentives to encourage enrollment in voluntary programs. Despite these incentives, enrollment in voluntary programs is notoriously low. The current study offers a possible explanation for this problem. It highlights the role of social influence in shaping NIPF land use decision-making. Our research draws on qualitative data gathered from interviews with 37 landowners in the western Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA, to discover how social influence affects land management practices, such as decisions to join voluntary programs. We find evidence that family traditions, community relationships, and locally defined social norms play key roles in shaping the land use decision options available to individual landowners. Local norms against clear cutting and trust (or lack thereof) in local experts and organizations were found to be particularly important. We also found evidence of cognitive dissonance associated with conflict between Scandinavian versus American traditions of public access to private lands.
Fixed point techniques in a cone with applications

Abstract This article is concerned with the existence of fixed points of compact operators mapping a cone in a Banach space into itself. Applications to two-point boundary value problems in ordinary differential equations and to an integral equation of K. E. Swick, modeling single species population growth, are given. A main feature of our results is that nonzero fixed points are obtained even though zero is known to be a fixed point.
HIDden targets of microRNAs for growth control

How is the size of an animal determined? Why is it that humans grow larger than mice? Certainly, one of the most astonishing features of animal development is that every animal of a given species, and its organs and appendages, grow to approximately the same size. Surprisingly little is known about the biology of tissue growth and size control. Recent advances in Drosophila research have implicated a microRNA as an important regulator of animal size. These studies reveal an unexpected layer of size regulation in higher animals.
Applications of acoustic emission evaluation for civil infrastructure

Due to the state of aging civil infrastructure systems structural health monitoring and nondestructive evaluation have received increased attention recently. Events related to bridge collapses in Pennsylvania (partial) and Minnesota (catastrophic) combined with the levee failures in Louisiana have justifiably drawn the attention of the policy makers and the public at large. Therefore it appears likely that both monitoring efforts of existing systems and the development of more resilient systems will be increased. In the case of civil structures (bridges, dams, levees, and buildings) the most common type of sensors used are strain gages and accelerometers. While these sensors can be useful if used correctly they are limited in the types of data that can be gathered and are not well-suited for many applications. In contrast acoustic emission sensors are very rarely used for civil applications but can in fact provide useful information either as a stand-alone data type or to supplement the data gathered from other sensors. This paper describes several case studies where acoustic emission has been successfully used in civil infrastructure applications and summarizes both the advantages and challenges that are inherent in the method for such applications.
Moral Attributes in a Dictator Game

This paper investigates whether or not the moral factors captured in an emotional intelligence assessment matter in the economic decisions made by subjects in a dictator game. We find a statistically significant relationship between the amount of the dictator’s contribution and a few of the factors of the Intrapersonal Dimension of the EQ-i. We also find a significant relationship between dictator contributions and an adjusted EQ-i score, measures of independence, know-myown and empathy. Our results may be relevant to researchers interested in understanding the preference set of economic decision-makers. Moreover, for those interested in refining experimental design protocols, we show the EQ-i to be a useful resource to control for a few of the moral attributes Levitt et al. (2006) suggest are so very important in understanding laboratory and field experiments.
NIVAH: a composite index measuring violence and harm in the U.S.

The National Index of Violence and Harm (NIVAH) tracks levels of violence and harm in the United States and identifies trends over the study period 1995–2003. NIVAH is comprised of nineteen variables in the areas of interpersonal, intrapersonal, institutional and structural violence and harm as experienced by people in the U.S. Two composite indexes are formed to describe overall trends in the realms of personal and societal violence. In addition to describing the Index’s construction and most recent conclusions, various methodological issues and their impacts on index findings are investigated.
Experiences from NASA/Langley's DMSS Project

There is a trend in institutions with high-performance computing and data management requirements to explore mass storage systems with peripherals directly attached to a high-speed network. The Distributed Mass Storage System (DMSS) Project at the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) has placed such a system into production use. This paper describes the DMSS system and relates experiences from production use.
A "flying-adder" architecture of frequency and phase synthesis with scalability

Most of today's digital designs, from small-scale digital block designs to system-on-chip (SoC) designs, are based on "synchronous" design principle. Clock is the most important issue in these designs. Frequency and phase synthesis is closely related to the clock generation. A frequency and phase synthesis technique based on phase-locked loop is proposed in that delivers high performance, easy integration, and high stability. However, there are problems associated with this architecture, such as: 1) its highest deliverable frequency is limited by the speed of the accumulator and 2) the phase synthesis circuitry will not work well in certain ranges (dead zone) and in certain conditions (dual stability). This paper presents an improved architecture that addresses these problems. The new frequency synthesis circuitry has scalability for higher output frequency. It also has an internal node whose frequency is twice that of output signal. When duty cycle is not a concern, this signal can be used directly as clock source. The new phase synthesis circuitry is free of "dead zone" and "dual stability." The improved architecture has better performance, is simpler to implement, and is easier to understand.
Preparation of Viable islet Cells from Dogs by a New Method

A new method for the preparation of viable islet cells from the normal dog pancreas is described, based on the perfusion of the pancreatic duct with collagenase. Exposure of the acinar tissue to the highest concentrations of collagenase results in improved islet yield with decreased acinar contamination. After the selective digestion of the gland by ductal perfusion, mechanical dissociation liberates single cells and clumps. Analysis of the procedure by insulin yield and amylase attrition indicates a 57% B-cell recovery and a sixfold enrichment in B-cell concentration. The cells have been transplanted as autografts into dogs after pancreatectomy. In 5 of 7 transplanted dogs, normoglycemia was achieved postoperatively.
Building a practical HIPPI LAN

It is demonstrated that an effective 800-Mb LAN can be built from HIPPI-SC switches, at a cost that is reasonable for large systems. The limitations of HIPPI cables can be overcome by the use of fiber optic extenders. With a standard for address resolution and the addition of an ARP server to the LAN and gateways to conventional networks, one can have a LAN that is fully equivalent to networks known today, but with geometrically increased throughput and exponentially increased bandwidth. >
Microwave absorption on thin films and contaminants

Summary form only given. This paper examines the RF heating of the contaminants on a diamond window, and of TiN coatings on ceramic windows. This model has been extended to account for discontinuous surface films which have a patchy or island structure. An analysis of a 4 nm TiN film with an island structure showed that the average, global absorption coefficient of order 0.1-0.3 percent, which is on the same order of magnitude as that for diamond windows. An isolated contaminant, depending on its size and its complex electrical permittivity, may absorb RF power primarily through the electric field, or primarily through the time-varying magnetic field. It turns out that an internal graphite inclusion in a diamond window absorbs only a small amount of mm wave power primarily through the electric field, which results in negligible heating within the diamond window. On the other hand, aluminum contaminant of 100 /spl mu/m size near the surface of the maximum RF magnetic field (1 MA/m) of a microwave cavity (at X-band) may absorb significant RF power from the time-vary magnetic field to cause melting or even vaporization of the aluminum sphere.
Intersections and Sums of Subspaces

The orthogonality of a pair of subspaces was defined and discussed in Chapter 12. There are pairs of subspaces that are not orthogonal but that have a weaker property called essential disjointness—orthogonal subspaces are essentially disjoint, but essentially disjoint subspaces are not necessarily orthogonal. Unlike orthogonality, essential disjointness does not depend on the choice of inner product. The essential disjointness of a pair of subspaces is defined and discussed in the present chapter. The concept of essential disjointness arises in a very natural and fundamental way in results (like those of Sections 17.2, 17.3, and 17.5) on the ranks, row and column spaces, and generalized inverses of partitioned matrices and of sums and products of matrices.
Risk of Gastric Injury with Enteric- versus Nonenteric-Coated Aspirin

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate through clinical trials the risk of various aspirin preparations on the gastric mucosa.DATA SOURCES:Articles reporting clinical research were accessed through MEDLINE (1980–November 1998). Key search terms included enteric-coated aspirin, buffered aspirin, and gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding.DATA SYNTHESIS:Aspirin products are known to cause GI bleeding. Enteric-coated aspirin may provide an additional protective effect on gastric mucosa compared with buffered aspirin. An evaluation of studies comparing various aspirin preparations and the risk of gastric mucosal injury was conducted.CONCLUSIONS:For long-term use, enteric-coated aspirin may provide a safer alternative than buffered aspirin; however, further studies are necessary.
Effect of Scaffold End Frame Carrying Strategies on Worker Stepping Response, Postural Stability, and Perceived Task Difficulty:

Objective: This study determined the most favorable strategy for carrying scaffold end frames while minimizing the risk of injuries from being struck by an object, falling, and overexertion. Background: Scaffold erectors are at risk of high exposure to the aforementioned hazards associated with the dynamic human-scaffolding interface and work environments. Identifying an optimal work strategy can help reduce risk of injuries to the worker. Method: Three carrying methods, four types of work surfaces, two weights of scaffold frames, and three directions of stepping movement were tested in a laboratory with 18 construction workers. Results: The effects of carrying method on postural instability and task difficulty rating were significant for handling the 22-kg end frame. Response time, postural instability, and perceived task difficulty rating were significantly reduced when the 9-kg end frame was used as compared with the 22-kg frame. Conclusion: The symmetric side-carrying method was the best option for ha...
Enhancing the Impact of Counterstereotypic Information: Dispositional Attributions for Deviance

Counterstereotypic behavior by a single out-group member often fails to change out-group stereotypes because it can be dismissed as an exception to the rule. The impact ofthe exception can be strengthened by making the exception appear to be a typical out-group member and by encouraging a dispositional attribution for the exception's counterstereotypic behavior. These hypotheses were supported in 3 experiments using both artificial and real social categories and both positive and negative stereotypes. When counterstereotypic behavior by a typical member of the out-group was attributed to a stable internal cause, it was effective in moderating out-group stereotypes. However. the same behavior had virtually no impact when it was either performed by an atypical group member or attributed to external causes or to unstable internal causes.
Inferring progression models for CGH data

Motivation: One of the mutational processes that has been monitored genome-wide is the occurrence of regional DNA copy number alterations (CNAs), which may lead to deletion or over-expression of tumor suppressors or oncogenes, respectively. Understanding the relationship between CNAs and different cancer types is a fundamental problem in cancer studies. Results: This article develops an efficient method that can accurately model the progression of the cancer markers and reconstruct evolutionary relationship between multiple types of cancers using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) data. Such modeling can lead to better understanding of the commonalities and differences between multiple cancer types and potential therapies. We have developed an automatic method to infer a graph model for the markers of multiple cancers from a large population of CGH data. Our method identifies highly related markers across different cancer types. It then builds a directed acyclic graph that shows the evolutionary history of these markers based on how common each marker is in different cancer types. We demonstrated the use of this model in determining the importance of markers in cancer evolution. We have also developed a new method to measure the evolutionary distance between different cancers based on their markers. This method employs the graph model we developed for the individual markers to measure the distance between pairs of cancers. We used this measure to create an evolutionary tree for multiple cancers. Our experiments on Progenetix database show that our markers are largely consistent to the reported hot-spot imbalances and most frequent imbalances. The results show that our distance measure can accurately reconstruct the evolutionary relationship between multiple cancer types. Availability: All the code developed in this article are available at http://bioinformatics.cise.ufl.edu/phylogeny.html. Contact:nirmalya@cise.ufl.edu; tamer@cise.ufl.edu Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Caffeine‐induced [Ca2+] oscillations in neurones of frog sympathetic ganglia

Oscillations of cytosolic [Ca2+] (Berridge, 1990) in response to constant application of extracellular agonists is a form of Ca2+ signalling (Putney, 1998) present in a wide range of cell types (Nieman & Eisner, 1985; Foskett et al. 1991; Harootunian et al. 1991; Friel & Tsien, 1992a; Li et al. 1994; Tse et al. 1994; Friel, 1995b; Swann & Lai, 1997). The potential importance of [Ca2+] oscillations is that cells may respond to constant, elevated levels of extracellular agonists with a periodic intracellular signal. This periodic cytosolic signal can be sensed by intracellular mechanisms that decode the information transferred by the oscillation (e.g. Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, see Hanson et al. 1994; De Koninck & Schulman, 1998). In neurones of bullfrog sympathetic ganglia, rhythmic hyper- and depolarizations of the plasma membrane in the presence of caffeine have been attributed to caffeine-induced oscillations of cytosolic [Ca2+] (Kuba & Nishi, 1976). Early theoretical models considered calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) together with an active Ca2+ uptake system to be the main intracellular mechanisms underlying such [Ca2+] oscillations (Kuba & Takeshita, 1981). More recent studies showed that ryanodine receptors (RyRs; McPherson et al. 1991; McPherson & Campbell, 1993) of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER; Vertel et al. 1992) participate in the generation of fast Ca2+ release from the ER via CICR (McPherson et al. 1991; Friel & Tsien, 1992a, b; Friel, 1995a). As for the Ca2+ reuptake mechanism, the ATP-dependent Ca2+ pump in the ER membrane (SERCA) has generally been considered to be the major uptake system contributing to maintained [Ca2+] oscillations (Friel & Tsien, 1992a, b; Friel, 1995a). However, neurones of frog sympathetic ganglia may also exhibit a non-SERCA-type fast Ca2+ uptake mechanism which transfers Ca2+ from the cytosol to the ER and is only activated by Ca2+ release from the ER (Cseresnyes et al. 1997). This mechanism, called release-activated Ca2+ transport or RACT, has been shown to be highly effective in preventing Ca2+ loss from the cell via plasma membrane (PM) Ca2+ transporters. It thus seems probable that RACT would contribute to the maintained [Ca2+] oscillations observed in these neurones. In the present study we show that three kinetically distinct patterns of [Ca2+] oscillations exist in frog sympathetic ganglia neurones. Moreover, using a computer model which included both the SERCA and RACT contribution to Ca2+ reuptake and the CICR contribution to fast Ca2+ release, we were able to simulate each of the three different oscillation patterns experimentally observed in these neurones.
The asymptotic capacity of multiple-antenna Rayleigh-fading channels

We consider the asymptotic behavior of the capacity of multiple-antenna Rayleigh-fading channels in the limit as the transmit and receive arrays become large. We show that the capacity converges in distribution to a Gaussian random variable, and give closed-form formulas for its mean and variance. These results enable us to derive the first asymptotic formula for outage rates, as well as a sharper estimate of the error in previously reported asymptotic formulas for ergodic capacity. Although these formulas are asymptotic, we show by simulation that they are often quite accurate, even for relatively small arrays.
Biomass energy potential from livestock and poultry wastes in the Southern United States

Abstract Livestock and poultry wastes could be a significant source of energy if conventional energy prices continue to rise. This study estimates the economically recoverable energy potentially available from livestock and poultry wastes in the Southern United States for the base year 1980 with projections for 1990. Anaerobic digestion of dairy cow, hog, fed beef and laying hen manures could have produced 582 × 106m3 of methane gas in 1980 with little change projected for 1990. Direct burning of litter from broilers, turkeys and pullets could have resulted in 11·0 × 1012 kcal in 1980 and 14·8 × 1012 kcal in 1990. The total potential value of biomass energy from these enterprises ranged from $141 to $446 million in 1980 and $340 to $1.08 billion in 1990.
Treatment practices for Chiari malformation type I with syringomyelia: results of a survey of the American Society of Pediatric Neurosurgeons.

Object The purpose of this study was to report the results of a survey of the American Society of Pediatric Neurosurgeons (ASPN) on treatment of Chiari malformation Type I (CM-I) with syringomyelia. Methods A questionnaire was circulated during the 2006 meeting of the ASPN, in which surgeons were surveyed on their management of patients with CM-I and syringomyelia. The survey consisted of questions about 4 clinical scenarios, common causes of surgical failures, and complications. Results There were 72 respondents, representing more than 90% of attendees at the 2006 ASPN meeting and approximately half of the society's members. The majority of respondents (85%) reported that they perform posterior fossa decompression as first-line treatment for CM-I with syringomyelia. Seven percent perform bony decompression alone, 36% open the dura, and 27% shrink the tonsils. Very few respondents indicated that they offer syrinx drainage as first-line therapy (< 3%). Although all respondents reported that they treat symp...
Fever Therapy in the Control of Cecal and Liver Trichomoniasis in Turkeys

Abstract INTRODUCTION FEVERS induced by artificial methods have been employed successfully during the past 15 years in the treatment of certain human diseases, particularly paresis, a form of paralysis caused by syphilis. Previously it was the consensus of opinion among most physicians, as Carpenter and Page pointed out in 1930, that a rise in body temperature was a sign of disease, as is pain, and that to establish the comfort of a patient the excess heat must be dissipated. The evidence, however, which has accumulated during recent years indicates that fever, as it naturally occurs, may be a valuable weapon of the body against an infection. In the case of humans, various methods have been used to induce artificial fevers. The two most common methods employed today are the short radio waves and the air-conditioned cabinet. In the use of short radio waves, the patient rests upon some insulating material and . . .
A Dyadic Investigation of Collaborative Competence, Social Capital, and Performance in Buyer–Supplier Relationships

As supply chains become increasingly complex, the management of buyer–supplier relationships is essential for achieving superior performance. To enhance external collaborative relationships, many firms are investing in the development of internal relationship management skills. We propose that the development of internal collaborative process competence (CPC) is an important component for improving external collaborative relationships through the creation of social capital. Our research examines the potential for social capital, which is modeled as a second-order factor consisting of structural, cognitive, and relational capital, to mediate the relationship between CPC and operational performance. Our findings provide insights as to whether internal competence alone is sufficient for improving the operational performance of the relationship. Based on a dyadic comparison of buyers and suppliers, we find that investment in internal CPC without building external social capital does not lead to any improvement in operational performance. However, investment in CPC is beneficial in cases where buyers and suppliers have also built a high level of social capital, which, in turn, leads to desired operational performance for the relationship.
Changes in Gluconasturtiin Concentration in Chinese Cabbage with Increasing Cabbage Looper Density

Changes in the levels of gluconasturtiin (2-phenylethyl glucosinolate), an aromatic glucosinolate, was used to evaluate the response of 'Green Rocket' Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis L.) to the feeding of three and five cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni Hubner) larvae per plant. Plants were harvested 0, 10, and 17 days after infestation. The change in gluconasturtiin concentration resulting from decreased light capture from diminished leaf area was also studied. All samples were assayed for gluconasturtiin concentration using high-performance liquid chromatogra- phy. The gluconasturtiin concentration of plants subjected to five larvae per plant showed a 59% increase 10 days after infestation compared with noninfested plants. Difference in gluconasturtiin concentration between three and five larvae per plant was nonsignificant. Seventeen days after initial infestation and 7 days after larvae were removed (final harvest), gluconasturtiin concentration did not decrease compared with the previous harvest. Reduced light or leaf area removal did not significantly affect gluconasturtiin concentration.
Preparation and Analysis of N-Terminal Chemokine Receptor Sulfopeptides Using Tyrosylprotein Sulfotransferase Enzymes

In most chemokine receptors, one or multiple tyrosine residues have been identified within the receptor N-terminal domain that are, at least partially, modified by posttranslational tyrosine sulfation. For example, tyrosine sulfation has been demonstrated for Tyr-3, -10, -14, and -15 of CCR5, for Tyr-3, -14, and -15 of CCR8, and for Tyr-7, -12, and -21 of CXCR4. While there is evidence for several chemokine receptors that tyrosine sulfation is required for optimal interaction with the chemokine ligands, the precise role of tyrosine sulfation for chemokine receptor function remains unclear. Furthermore, the function of the chemokine receptor N-terminal domain in chemokine binding and receptor activation is also not well understood. Sulfotyrosine peptides corresponding to the chemokine receptor N-termini are valuable tools to address these important questions both in structural and functional studies. However, due to the lability of the sulfotyrosine modification, these peptides are difficult to obtain using standard peptide chemistry methods. In this chapter, we provide methods to prepare sulfotyrosine peptides by enzymatic in vitro sulfation of peptides using purified recombinant tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST) enzymes. In addition, we also discuss alternative approaches for the generation of sulfotyrosine peptides and methods for sulfopeptide analysis.
Patently Innovative: How Pharmaceutical Firms Use Emerging Patent Law to Extend Monopolies on Blockbuster Drugs and Intellectual Property, Pharmaceuticals and Public Health: Access to Drugs in Developing Countries

In taking two very different, but novel approaches, Ron A. Bouchard's Patently Innovative: How Pharmaceutical Firms Use Emerging Patent Law to Extend Monopolies on Blockbuster Drugs and Kenneth C. ...
Vegetables of Temperate Climates: Carrot, Parsnip, and Beetroot

Carrots, parsnips, and beets are horticultural root crops eaten around the world. These root vegetables have a long shelf life when kept in cold storage. Among them are sources of vitamin A, vitamin C, fiber, and other colorful pigments that provide antioxidant activity. Carrots come in many colors, but orange is predominant in the world today. Parsnips, typically white, look similar to and are often mistaken for carrots, but they are sweeter, especially when cooked. Beets are commonly deep red but are also grown in a variety of colors and are among the vegetables with the highest antioxidant content.
Preoperative Saline Implant Deflation in Revisional Aesthetic Breast Surgery.

Background Preoperative saline deflation is a clinically useful intervention in revisional breast surgery. It allows suspensory ligament recovery, reveals true glandular volume, and simplifies mastopexy markings. Presently unknown are the volumetric changes that occur after deflation. Objectives The authors report the three-dimensional (3D) changes that occur with preoperative deflation prior to revisional breast surgery. Methods We reviewed available charts of revisional breast surgery patients who underwent preliminary saline implant deflation. Our protocol is deflation 4 weeks prior to revision. Three weeks following deflation, the patient is evaluated to finalize the operative plan, including the need for implants, mastopexy, and adjunctive procedures. A subset underwent 3D imaging to quantify the volumetric changes over the 3-week deflation period. Results Between 2002 and 2014, 55 patients underwent saline implant deflation prior to 57 revisional surgeries. Seventeen were revised without implants and 40 with implants. The 3D subset of 10 patients showed a mean 15.2% volume increase and 0.18 cm notch-to-nipple distance decrease over the 3 weeks following deflation and prior to definitive surgical correction. Conclusions Breast volume increases and the notch-to-nipple distance decreases during the 3-week interval prior to reoperation. This “elastic breast recoil” occurs after the mass effect of the implant is removed, resulting in recovery of stretched suspensory ligaments and gland reexpansion. We believe 4 weeks is optimal for gland normalization. Ideal candidates include patients requiring secondary mastopexy without implants, implant downsizing in the same pocket, and secondary augmentation mastopexy. Preoperative saline deflation and 3D analyses are useful for preoperative planning in reoperative breast surgery. Level of Evidence 4![Graphic][1] Therapeutic [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Where the Law Lies : Constitutional Fictions and Their Discontents

My contribution to the volume Law and Lies begins with the observation that America is built on a lie. That lie inheres in its foundational text, the Constitution of the United States, which begins in the false claim to speak of and for “we the people” even as the majority of its population – in particular black men and all women – were denied access to the most basic forms of political participation. This simultaneous act of symbolic inclusion and material exclusion has never been fully acknowledged or confronted, which is another way of saying that it has never really ended. As many lies are, America’s constitutional lie is generative: it produces other, secondary, mutually reinforcing legal fictions that obscure the deception buried deep in the social and political structure. These fictions serve multiple purposes, including providing reassurance to those holding abstract commitments to equality as well as seducing and subduing excluded groups that might otherwise demand recognition and reparation for injustices done to them. As long as these constitutional fictions persist, the political existence of women and black men remains fundamentally unstable.
What are the relative roles of heating and cooling in generating solar wind temperature anisotropies

Temperature anisotropy in the solar wind results from a combination of mechanisms of anisotropic heating (e.g., cyclotron-resonant heating and dissipation of kinetic Alfv\'en waves) and cooling (e.g., Chew-Goldberger-Low double-adiabatic expansion). In contrast, anisotropy-driven instabilities such as the cyclotron, mirror, and firehose instabilities limit the allowable departure of the plasma from isotropy. This study used data from the Faraday cups on the Wind spacecraft to examine scalar temperature and temperature components of protons. Plasma unstable to the mirror or firehose instability was found to be about 3--4 times hotter than stable plasma. Since anisotropy-driven instabilities are not understood to heat the plasma, these results suggest that heating processes are more effective than cooling processes at creating and maintaining proton temperature anisotropy in the solar wind.
Simple Proofs of the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic

(1981). Simple Proofs of the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 54, No. 1, pp. 18-18.
Four Approaches to Cultural Change: A Systematic Assessment

of abilities and effort on the one hand and the pressures of social structuring on the other may illustrate one way of approaching the analysis of such dynamic forces as those which operate in election campaigns.17 Next steps for research and conceptualization in this area (as in many others) involve (1) clearer identification of the elements contained within the general clusters of variables here set forth, (2) more precise specification of the detailed relationships between these elements, and (3) the more definitive characterization of the continua and typologies through which broader sociological implications may be sought. 17 Some similar devices may become realistic tools for the measurement of leadership defined in terms of personal effectiveness in either overcoming structural handicaps or extending structural advantages.
Nickel Electroplating Bath Using Citric Acid

A new nickel electroplating bath called a “Nickel citrate bath” uses citric acid in place of boric acid. In order to clarify its properties, a Hull cell test and measurements of current efficiency and pH titration curves were performed. The results were compared with those obtained from a Watts bath. The citric acid in a Nickel citrate bath consists of various ratios of citrate ion and nickel-citrate complexes forming complex equilibrium at various pH levels. A Nickel citrate bath with a concentration of citric acid above 0.06M has a good appearance, current efficiency, and pH buffering action for the bath. The results were almost the same as those obtained with a Watts bath under the same conditions. This result is attributed to interaction of nickel-citrate complexes at the electrode surface in the Nickel citrate bath.
Photoacoustic imaging of biopotentials: a feasibility study

Photoacoustic imaging of biopotentials relies on transient absorption of light by voltage sensitive probes. PAI is less susceptible to optical scattering, which makes it an attractive noninvasive alternative to fluorescence-based voltage sensing.
Application of Photo-acoustic Spectroscopy Technology to Dissolved Gas Analysis of Oil-immersed Power Transformer

As the power system expands and develops fast,the on-line fault inspection for transformer is getting more and more attentions.This paper discusses the principle and system of transformer dissolved gas on-line monitoring which is based on the Photo-Acoustic spectroscopy.The reliability of Photo-Acoustic technology has been proved through comparing and analyzing the Photo-Acoustic spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography.The MULTITRANS system which is based on Photo-Acoustic spectroscopy is presented as well.
Patterns of Distant Metastases After Surgical Management of Non-Small-cell Lung Cancer.

Abstract Background Patients with limited metastases, oligometastases (OMs), might have improved outcomes compared with patients with widespread distant metastases (DMs). The incidence and behavior of OMs from non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) need further characterization. Patients and Methods The medical records of patients who had undergone surgery for stage I-III NSCLC from 1995 to 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. All information pertaining to development of the first metastatic progression was recorded and analyzed. Patients with DMs were categorized into OMs (1-3 lesions potentially amenable to local therapy) and DM subgroups. Results Of 1719 patients reviewed, 368 (21%) developed DMs with a median follow-up period of 39 months. A single lesion was diagnosed in 115 patients (31%) and 69 (19%) had 2 to 3 lesions (50% oligometastatic). The median survival from the DM diagnosis for oligometastatic and diffuse DM was 12.4 and 6.1 months, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.54; 95% confidence interval, 0.42-0.68; P Conclusion DMs and OMs are common in surgically managed NSCLC. Overall survival appears to be prolonged with OM.
Transhiatal esophagectomy for benign disease

Transhiatal esophagectomy without thoracotomy has been performed in 65 adult patients with dysphagia from benign esophageal disease: strictures (30), neuromotor dysfunction (24), acute iatrogenic perforation (five), acute caustic injury (four), and recurrent gastroesophageal reflux (two). Nearly 70% (45) had undergone at least one prior esophageal operation, and 26% (17) had a history of between two and four esophageal operations. The esophagus was replaced with stomach in 53 patients (82 %), colon being used only when there was a history of either prior gastric resection or caustic injury to the stomach (10 patients). Intraoperative blood loss averaged 1,050 ml. Intraoperative complications included pneumothorax in 38 patients (58%) and a tracheal laceration in one patient. Postoperative complications included transient recurrent laryngeal nerve paresis (11 patients, 17%), chylothorax (four patients, 6%), anastomotic leak (four patients, 6 %), and small bowel obstruction (two patients). There were five hospital deaths (8% mortality), none related to the technique of esophagectomy. Follow-up ranges from 1 to 84 months (average 28 months). Of 46 patients with a cervical esophagogastric anastomosis in the original esophageal bed, 42 have had an excellent functional result although 17 have required at least one postoperative esophageal dilation. Two have developed true anastomotic strictures. Clinically significant gastroesophageal reflux has not occurred. Transhiatal esophagectomy for benign disease is feasible and safe, even after multiple previous esophageal operations. The stomach appears to be a better visceral esophageal substitute than colon, because it allows an initially easier technical operation and superior long-term functional results.