cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A ligand field model for MCD spectra of biological cupric complexes

A ligand field calculation of magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra is described that provides new insights into the information contained in electronic spectra of copper sites in metalloenzymes and synthetic analogs. The ligand field model uses metal-centered p- and f-orbitals to model sigma, pi LMCT mixing mechanism for intensity, allowing the basic features of optical absorption, MCD, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectra to be simultaneously computed from a single set of parameters and the crystallographically determined ligand coordinates. We have used the model to predict changes in spectra resulting from the transformation of electronic wavefunctions under systematic variation in geometry in pentacoordinate ML5 complexes. The effectiveness of the calculation is demonstrated for two synthetic copper model compounds and a galactose oxidase enzyme complex representing limiting coordination geometries. This analysis permits immediate recognition of characteristic patterns of MCD intensity and correlation with geometry. A complementarity principle between MCD and CD spectra of transition metal complexes is discussed.
Effect of inoculum concentration ofPhytophthora infestans on potato late blight

Zoospore suspensions ofPhytophthora infestans applied to potato cultivars in the field with an exponential inoculum sprayer resulted in defoliation within a range of severity that was log-normal with respect to inoculum concentration. Regression lines for different cultivars differed in position and, depending upon moisture conditions, slope, indicating that the cultivars differed in resistance to penetration and to invasion of tissue by the pathogen.
The response of a freshwater wetland to long-term “low level” nutrient loads - marsh efficiency

Abstract Total phosphorus (TP) and nitrogen (TN) mass balances were calculated for Boney Marsh, a subtropical constructed freshwater wetland located along the floodplain of the Kissimmee River in south Florida, USA. River water was diverted through the marsh for a 9-year period (1978–1986). Monthly mean retention rates were 0.03 and 0.41 g m −2 month −1 for TP and TN, respectively, for the period of record. Nutrient retention rates and nutrient loading rates were strongly correlated for TP but not for TN. Total phosphorus removal efficiencies were consistently higher than TN removal efficiencies at all times, and remained relatively unchanged during the entire study period. The subtropical marsh was a net positive sink for TP year-round but not for TN. Boney Marsh nutrient assimilation capacity remained high and invariable for the period of record for TP but not for TN. Our analysis showed that studies which derive nutrient removal estimates from reductions in surface water concentrations, rather than mass balances, may under-represent mass retention by as much as 50 and 100% for TP and TN, respectively. Rainfall contributions to Boney Marsh nutrient budgets could be as high as 99 and 94% for TP and TN, respectively, depending on the season. An apparent net settling velocity for total phosphorus of 9.93 m year −1 provided independent confirmation of settling rates previously estimated for the Water Conservation Areas of southern Florida.
Update on Developmental Therapeutics for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

This is an exciting time in drug development for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). A confluence of trends makes it likely that highly effective new agents for ALL will be identified in the coming decade. One contributory factor is the development of more representative preclinical models of ALL for testing and prioritizing novel agents. Another important trend in ALL drug development is the increasing understanding at the molecular level of the genomic changes that occur in B-precursor and T-cell ALL. A final important trend is the increasing availability of new agents against relevant molecular targets. Molecularly targeted agents of interest discussed in this review include novel antibody-based drugs targeted against leukemia surface antigens, proteasome inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors, JAK inhibitors, Aurora A kinase inhibitors, and inhibitors of Bcl-2 family proteins.
Seasonal variations of infrasound detections and their characteristics in the western US

Automatic infrasound detection is analyzed with infrasonic data from the western US for the time period of November 2010 to October 2012. Data from nine University of Utah Seismograph Stations (UUSS) infrasonic arrays are supplemented by three additional arrays in Nevada, operated by Southern Methodist University (SMU). In this study, the detection procedure is based on an adaptive F-detector (AFD) that accounts for both correlated and uncorrelated noise by capturing the time-varying background noise conditions. The adaptation of the detector, characterized by time varying linear remapping of the F-distribution (C-value), depends on the background noise level at the arrays including weather conditions with seasonal variations and local site effects. The infrasound detection catalog consists of 580,177 signals, depending on time and space as well as data availability at individual stations. Based on the Ground-to-Space (G2S) specifications, the number of detections is shown to be correlated with seasonal variations in the stratospheric winds, illustrating the time varying nature of infrasound propagation. These seasonal variations of infrasound detections include the number of detections, correlation value, occurrences in time, phase velocity, and azimuth. The majority of events occur during working hours, Monday through Friday, suggesting a human cause. Based on the automatic detection results, we reviewed the waveforms generated from the known repeated sources such as Dugway Testing Ground (DTG) and Utah Test and Training Range (UTTR) in Utah, and New Bomb (NB) in Nevada. In order to validate the automatic infrasound detection catalog, we document the celerities of automatic infrasound arrivals during the summer and winter using the seismic origin times of NB explosions. Infrasound propagation is dependent on the seasonal variation of wind conditions as well as source location and array distribution.
Four beliefs that may impede progress in the treatment of smoking

The validity of four often-cited statements about smoking cessation is reviewed and their misinterpretation is discussed. "Most smokers are interested in quitting" is true; however, more important is the fact that smokers try to quit only once every 3.5 years. Thus motivating attempts to quit and removing barriers to treatment are important. "Most smokers quit on their own" is often interpreted to mean that smokers are not nicotine dependent; however, most dependent alcoholics and drug abusers who quit, do so on their own. This statement is also often interpreted to mean that most smokers do not need therapy, but the same was said about clinical depression in the early 1900s. "Quit rates with treatment are low"; however, most successful interventions for chronic disorders are the result of a series of treatments, not just one treatment. "Medication is effective only when accompanied by psychosocial therapy" is a tenet of treatment for traditional drug abuse; however, medications such as over-the-counter nicotine replacement therapies double quit rates even in the absence of psychosocial therapy. Keywords: smoking cessation; tobacco use; treatment
Immediate dentures and psychic trauma

Abstract Many people will cling to a mutilated and functionally hopeless dentition when confronted with the need for complete dentures because they fear that their dentures will not appear as their own teeth. A basis for communication between patient and dentist can develop during the course of the treatment. The patient can be made to realize that the dentist is cognizant of his fears and is prepared to meet his needs with the appropriate solution. Adequate provision must be made to acquaint the patient with the realities, some of them unpleasant, of the abrupt transition from natural teeth to immediate dentures.
Tolerance of red-fleshed grapefruit to a constant or stepped temperature, forced-air quarantine heat treatment

Abstract The quality of red-fleshed grapefruit after exposure to a constant (46 °C for 300 min), or stepped (40 °C for 120 min, 50 °C for 90 min, and 52 °C until the fruit center temperature is 48 °C) temperature, forced-air quarantine heat treatment was evaluated. Grapefruit exposed to either heat treatment had lower titratable acidity and slightly better flavor ratings than fruit not exposed to a heat treatment. Neither of the heat treatments resulted in external or internal damage to the fruit nor an increased incidence of decay during storage. The average center temperature of fruit exposed to the stepped temperature heat treatment reached 48 °C after 240 min of treatment, and exceeded that of fruit exposed to the constant temperature treatment by 2 °C for about 80 min. Though both heat treatments provide quarantine security against the Mexican fruit fly, the constant temperature heat treatment is preferred over the stepped temperature heat treatment because fruit are not exposed to high temperatures that, given sufficient duration of exposure, could potentially lower market quality.
Structure-selective modification of aromatic side chains with dirhodium metallopeptide catalysts.

The combination of peptide molecular recognition and residue-selective dirhodium catalysis allows modification of aromatic side chains that is selective for coil structures. A rate enhancement of >103 relative to nonselective dirhodium modification was observed. The increased reactivity of this approach creates the first selective chemical modification of the phenylalanine residue.
DNA strand transfer catalyzed by vaccinia topoisomerase: ligation of DNAs containing a 3′ mononucleotide overhang

The specificity of vaccinia topoisomerase for transesterification to DNA at the sequence 5'-CCCTT and its versatility in strand transfer have illuminated the recombinogenic properties of type IB topoisomerases and spawned topoisomerase-based strategies for DNA cloning. Here we characterize a pathway of topoisomerase-mediated DNA ligation in which enzyme bound covalently to a CCCTT end with an unpaired +1T nucleotide rapidly and efficiently joins the CCCTT strand to a duplex DNA containing a 3' A overhang. The joining reaction occurs with high efficiency, albeit slowly, to duplex DNAs containing 3' G, T or C overhangs. Strand transfer can be restricted to the correctly paired 3' A overhang by including 0.5 M NaCl in the ligation reaction mixture. The effects of base mismatches and increased ionic strength on the rates of 3' overhang ligation provide a quantitative picture of the relative contributions of +1 T:A base pairing and electrostatic interactions downstream of the scissile phosphate to the productive binding of an unlinked acceptor DNA to the active site. The results clarify the biochemistry underlying topoisomerase-cloning of PCR products with non-templated 3' overhangs.
An Improved Risk Based Design Method Based on a Novel Upper Bound Formulation

In this work, a novel framework is proposed for the risk based design optimization of engineering systems by minimizing the demand on the system components’ accuracy (which directly relates to their cost). The fundamental development of this work is an analytical upper bound for calculating the probability of failure. This is in contrast with First Order Reliability Method (FORM), where a lower bound is used in calculating the probability of failure. FORM is one of the most popular methods for reliability analysis of engineering systems. In this paper, we show that FORM results in an optimistic measure of risk, hence potentially catastrophic in engineering design. A more accurate measure of failure is proposed by utilizing an analytical upper bound for the distribution of reliability index (the length of the most probable point vector to origin). This distribution is a function of the eigenvalues of the linearized limit state function in the normal space which results in a better understanding of failure phenomenon. The proposed formulation is computationally efficient and straightforward to solve, since it only involves finding eigenvalues in each iteration. This algorithm is applicable to any linearizable continuous limit state function with any type of distribution for the design variables. The method is applied to two examples and its accuracy is compared with the Monte Carlo simulation and FORM, demonstrating its effectiveness and value.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Exploring the role of technology evaluation in the competitiveness of US electronics manufacturing companies

This paper presents the technology evaluation process in the US electronics manufacturing industry. Eleven major groups of evaluation attributes were identified: Flexibility and Efficiency, Strategic Attributes, Manufacturing Floor Requirements, Product Development, Tactical Costs, Strategic Costs, Competitiveness, Operational Social Concerns, Strategic Social Concerns, Uniqueness, and Industry Trends. They utilise three major groups of evaluation methodologies: Analytic Tools, Financial Tools, and Modelling Tools. Two major impacts resulting from the technology acquisitions have been identified in this study. The resulting impacts are: Organisational and Operational Competitiveness, Market and New Product Development Competitiveness.
Persistence of Neuropsychologic Deficits in the Remitted State of Late-Life Depression

Objective Cognitive impairment in late-life depression (LLD) is prevalent, disabling, and persists despite the remission of depressive symptoms. This article characterizes neuropsychologic functioning during remission in LLD. Methods The authors examined longitudinal performance on a comprehensive neuropsychologic battery in 56 nondemented subjects age 60 or older who initially presented with an episode of nonpsychotic unipolar major depression and 40 nondemented, age- and education-equated comparison subjects with no history of depression. Subjects were assessed at baseline (in a depressed state) and one year later (when remitted). Results After one year, 45% of the LLD subjects were cognitively impaired despite remission of depression. Visuospatial ability, information-processing speed, and delayed memory were most frequently impaired; 94% of the patients who were impaired at baseline remained impaired one year later. Twenty-three percent of the patients who were cognitively normal while depressed developed impairment one year later. Conclusions Most older individuals who are cognitively impaired during a depressive episode remain impaired when their depression remits. In addition, a substantial proportion of older depressed individuals who are cognitively intact when depressed are likely to be impaired one year later, although their depression has remitted.
Blind Memory: Visual Representations of Slavery in England and America 1780-1865

Throughout this important volume, the author underscores two vital themes: one, that visual presentation of slavery in England and America has been utterly dishonest to its subject, and the other a meditation on whether the ruptures of the slave experience - middle passage, bondage, and torture -- can be adequately represented and remembered.
Interiors of the giant planets: Recent advances

It is shown that new experimental evidence that the molecular to metallic transition in hydrogen takes place near 2 Mb rather than 3 Mb affects only slightly the current models of Jupiter but a more radical change has to be noted for the model of Saturn. Magnetic field and luminosity data indicate that in this planet the metallic H-He layer is actually split into an inhomogeneous upper layer and an He-rich lower layer. The recent three-layer model of Uranus accounts better for various observational constraints than the previous models despite the uncertainty about the planet's rotation period. The models of the interior of Neptune are still rather uncertain.
Improved design for the Thompson dowel semiprecision intracoronal retainer

The new design of the dowel differs from the previous one in that the dowel is in contact with the inner shelf line at all times but is eased to enable it to rotate out from the well. The exact alignment of the two shelves is important. Incorporation of anything more than the slightest flare is discourged unless the shelves are at different heights. Finally, the lingual walls do not need to be parallel or at right angles to the axis of rotation, except where the shelves correspond perfectly and are horizontal to the tissue surface. The only requirement is that they do not diverge in the path of rotation.
SU-GG-J-126: Markerless Gating for Lung Radiotherapy Based On Machine Learning Algorithms

Purpose: To develop computational algorithms based on machine learning techniques that allow high precision respiratory gated lungradiotherapy without implanted fiducial markers. Method and Materials: First, 15 seconds of fluoroscopic images are taken before the treatment. These images serve as training images. We apply machine learning techniques to analyze these training images and classify them into two classes—images corresponding to beam on (ON class) and off (OFF class) based on a preset gating window. From the classified training images,machine learning techniques can learn what features indicate beam on and what features indicate beam off. The trained machine learning technique can therefore analyze the fluoroscopic images obtained during the treatment, classify them, and thus generate correct gating signals. The accuracy of the proposed methods is assessed by comparing the results with the reference gating signals manually determined by an expert observer. Results: Two machine learning techniques are considered—artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector machine (SVM). 12 sequences of fluoroscopic images have been studied retrospectively. Results are reported in terms of precision, which represents the target coverage. For ANN, the precisions vary from 90% to 99%, with mean of 96.5%. For SVM, the range is in 96% and 100%, with mean of 98.8%. SVM achieves higher precisions at the cost of longer training time. For both ANN and SVM, their performances are better than the best method published in the literature—template matching method where the precision is from 88% to 99% with mean of 94.7%. Conclusion: We applied ANN and SVM to classify fluoroscopic images. Based on the classification results, treatment beam can be turned on and off correspondingly. This work provides an important clinical tool for fluoroscopic gating without implanting fiducial markers.
Hearts transfected with inducible nitric oxide synthase have accelerated restoration of cardiac function following ischemia/reperfusion associated with cardiac transplantation

Abstract Purpose: Our laboratory has demonstrated the novel effect of iNOS gene therapy in preventing the development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy. The effect of this therapeutic strategy on graft function needs to be evaluated prior to initiating clinical trials. This study documents the effect that iNOS transfection has on graft function following a period of ischemia/reperfusion similar to what would be incurred during cardiac transplantation. Procedure: Isografts were transfected via continuous antegrade coronary perfusion with either AdiNOS or the reporter gene AdEGFP (5X 10 8 pfu)prior to heterotopic transplantation. Grafts were harvested 4 days later and placed on a Langendorf apparatus. Grafts were then subjected to 20 minutes of warm ischemia and then reperfused. Coronary blood flow (CBF), contractility (dP/dT), diastolic relaxation (-dP/dT), and left ventricular pressures (LVP) were recorded at 20 and 120 minute intervals after reperfusion. Results: As shown in the table below, grafts transfected with AdiNOS had a significant restoration in contractility, diastolic relaxation and coronary blood flow at 120 minutes when compared to their respective AdEGFP controls. ∗ . Pre EGFP Post EGFP 20 minutes Post EGFP 120 minutes Pre iNOS Post iNOS 20 minutes Post iNOS 120 minutes CF 12.03 ± 0.61 6.15 ± 0.44 4.28 ± 0.35 12.180 ± 0.74 5.75 ± 0.21 9.08 ± 0.61 ∗ dP/dT 2503 ± 822 1202 ± 129 1156 ± 470 2075 ± 511 960 ± 46.5 1826 ± 479 ∗ −dP/dT −1959 ± 591 −792 ± 102 −691 ± 201 −1475 ± 432 −630 ± 107 −1320.2 ± 624 ∗ LVP 107.7 ± 11.4 41.5 ± 5.3 42.3 ± 7.1 87.0 ± 10.7 34.8 ± 3.0 69.5 ± 10.1 ∗ ∗ p Conclusions: AdiNOS gene therapy accelerates the restoration of baseline cardiac function following ischemia/reperfusion. The mechanism by which nitric oxide ameliorates the toxic effect of ischemia/reperfusion needs to be further studied. These data suggest further evaluation of this therapeutic strategy to prevent allograft vasculopathy is warranted and support the initiation of clinical trials.
Derivation of new and existing discrete-time Kharitonov theorems based on discrete-time reactances (digital signal processing)

The author first uses a discrete-time reactance approach to give a second proof of existing discrete-time Kharitonov-type results (1979). He then uses the same reactance language to derive a new discrete-time Kharitonov-type theorem which, in some sense, is a very close analog to the continuous-time case. He also points out the relation between discrete-time reactances and the technique of line-spectral pairs (LSP) used in speech compression. >
Aesthetic restoration of the severely disfigured face in burn victims: a comprehensive strategy.

Although highly specialized burn centers have significantly reduced mortality rates following extensive total body surface area burns, survivors are often left with grotesque facial disfigurement. The strategy of modern facial restoration emphasizes enhancement of aesthetics appearance as significantly as mitigation of functional impairment. Criteria for success are (1) an undistracted normal look at conversational distance, (2) facial balance and symmetry, (3) distinct aesthetic units fused by inconspicuous scars, (4) doughy skin texture appropriate for corrective makeup, and (5) dynamic facial expression. Since 1985, the author has successfully restored 17 severely disfigured burned faces by replacement of entire aesthetic units with microvascular prepatterned composite flaps blended into the facial canvas by cosmetic camouflage techniques. The series includes hemiface (2), neck/jaw (5), chin/lower lip (3), cheek/malar (5), periorbital (2), nose (3), upper lip (4), and ear reconstructions (4). Flaps represented are free preauricular (1), radial forearm (6), ulnar forearm (1), free scapular (6), ilio-osteocutaneous (2), temporoparietal (8), vascularized forehead island (3), supraclavicular (1), and SMAS (1). Important to outcome is extensive initial intraoperative sculpting to simulate normal planes and contours. Seams are placed at junctions of facial components. Three-dimensional imaging is used to assess architectural asymmetries, and bone grafts are aided by computer-generated acrylic models. Adjunctive procedures include tensor fasciae latae slings, intraoperative tissue expansion, suction-assisted lipectomy, and scar management. After restoration of facial form and texture, flesh color make-up and/or tattooing of beard, lips, scars, eyebrows, etc., aid to hide scars and pigment the skin to harmonize with the rest of the face. In all cases, facial integrity has been aesthetically restored and, in most instances, with makeup, is near normal in social settings at conversational distances. Facial animation is retained and color matches are excellent. One flap was lost early in the series.
A note on heat transfer to falling liquid films on vertical tubes

Abstract Results are presented for an experimental investigation of subcooled water films flowing down a vertical tube. Heat transfer coefficient and film breakdown heat flux data were obtained for 25.4 mm diameter copper tube uniformly heated. Heat flux were varied up to 20 kW/m 2 with a film Reynolds number of up to 1100.
On the coupling of finite volume and discontinuous Galerkin method for elliptic problems

The coupling of cell-centered finite volume method with primal discontinuous Galerkin method is introduced in this paper for elliptic problems. Convergence of the method with respect to the mesh size is proved. Numerical examples confirm the theoretical rates of convergence. Advantages of the coupled scheme are shown for problems with discontinuous coefficients or anisotropic diffusion matrix.
Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia, and Renal Damage

Experimental studies have demonstrated that a number of factors participate in the progression of renal disease. Systemic and glomerular hypertension have been shown to be critical factors in renal injury. Hyperlipidemia that frequently coexists with renal disease also has been suggested as an important participatory factor in nephron damage. Interestingly, both hypertension and hyperlipidemia seem to evoke glomerular growth, a factor that has also been postulated to be involved in glomerular and tubular destruction. Recently, experimental and clinical data suggest that an important interaction occurs between hyperlipidemia and hypertension. Not only do they frequently coexist, but hypertension dramatically exaggerates hyperlipidemic injury, and hyperlipidemia alters systemic and glomerular vascular production of vasoactive substances which maintain basal vascular tone. Thus, these recent observations underscore the interactive potential of the various risk factors that participate in progression of renal disease. They also suggest that multiple interventional strategies may be needed to optimally prevent progressive nephron loss.
The Nature and Scope of Stressful Spousal Caregiving Relationships

The caregiving literature provides compelling evidence that caregiving burden and depressive symptoms are linked with stressful care relationships, however, relational difficulties around caregiving are seldom described in the literature. This article presents findings from content analysis of baseline interviews with 40 Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) spousal caregivers enrolled in a home care skill-training trial who identified their care relationship as a source of care burden. Disappointment and sadness about the loss of the relationship; tension within the relationship; and care decision conflicts within the relationship were recurrent themes of relational stress in caregiving. These spousal caregivers had relationship quality scores below the mean and burden and depressive symptom scores above the means of other caregivers in the study. These findings provide support for developing dyadic interventions that help spouses manage relational losses, care-related tensions, and care decision-making conflicts.
A new tunneling-based sensor for inertial rotation rate measurements

Micro-electro-mechanical (MEM) technology promises to significantly reduce the size, weight, and cost of a variety of sensor systems. For vehicular and tactical-grade inertial navigation systems, high-performance MEM gyroscopes are required with 1 to 100°/h resolution and stability. To date, this goal has proven difficult to achieve in manufacturing for many of the previous approaches using Coriolis-based devices due, in part, to the need to precisely tune the drive and sense resonant frequencies. We have designed, fabricated, and tested a new highly miniaturized tunneling-based sensor that employs the high displacement sensitivity of quantum tunneling to obtain the desired resolution without the need for precise mechanical frequency matching. Our first tested devices with 300-μm-long cantilevers have demonstrated 27°/h/√Hz noise floors. Measurements indicate that this number can be reduced to near the thermal noise floor of 3°/h/√Hz when a closed loop servo, operating at the device's oscillation frequency, is implemented around the sensor.
Individual versus Household Migration Decision Rules: Gender and Marital Status Differences in Intentions to Migrate in South Africa

This research tests the thesis that the neoclassical microeconomic and the new household economic theoretical assumptions on migration decision-making rules are segmented by gender, marital status, and time frame of intention to migrate. Comparative tests of both theories within the same study design are relatively rare. Utilizing data from the Causes of Migration in South Africa national migration survey, we analyse how individually held “own-future” versus alternative “household well-being” migration decision rules effect the intentions to migrate of male and female adults in South Africa. Results from the gender and marital status specific logistic regressions models show consistent support for the different gender-marital status decision rule thesis. Specifically, the “maximizing one’s own future” neoclassical microeconomic theory proposition is more applicable for never married men and women, the “maximizing household income” proposition for married men with short-term migration intentions, and the “reduce household risk” proposition for longer time horizon migration intentions of married men and women. Results provide new evidence on the way household strategies and individual goals jointly affect intentions to move or stay.
Electrochemical reduction of 2-fluorenecarboxaldehyde : A mechanism with a grandparent-grandchild reaction

Abstract The electrochemical reduction of 2-fluorenecarboxaldehyde, 1 , has been investigated, principally in N , N -dimethylformamide. The initially formed anion radical undergoes an irreversible dimerization reaction with a rate constant of 2600 M −1 s −1 . The very basic dimer dianion is protonated by the starting material. This “grandparent–grandchild” reaction well accounts for the amount of conjugate base of 1 that is formed. The effect of adding various OH, NH and CH acids was investigated. The enhancement of the dimerization rate observed with the OH and NH acids is interpreted in terms of the formation of hydrogen-bonded complexes with the anion radical which in turn undergo more rapid dimerization reactions than does the uncomplexed anion radical.
The Electrical Resistivity of Copper-Zinc and Copper-Tin Alloys at Low Temperatures

A systematic investigation of the resistivity $\ensuremath{\rho}$ of the copper-zinc and copper-tin alpha-phase solid solution systems has been made in the temperature range 14.3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to room temperature. Measurements were taken on both annealed and hard-drawn specimens. For the annealed set, the resistivity varied linearly with the temperature above 70\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and with a higher power of $T$ at low temperatures, approaching a constant value below 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Above 70\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K the value of ($\frac{d\ensuremath{\rho}}{\mathrm{dT}}$) was found to increase linearly with atomic percent solute in variance with Matthiessen's rule. The residual resistivity increased with percent of added solute for both alloy systems, but not in agreement with Nordheim's theory, unless it be assumed that the effective number of free electrons per atom increases with added solute atoms or that the specimens were not true random solid solutions. The cold work produced some unexpected effects. Although the expected increase of resistivity with residual strain occurred in the Cu-Zn alloys, the specimens of zero to three atomic percent tin, which were hard-drawn through a 75 percent reduction and left in the strained state, showed a lower resistivity at low temperatures than did the corresponding annealed, quenched specimens. Possible explanations of this anomolous behavior are discussed.
Ulnotriquetral augmentation tenodesis: a reconstructive procedure for dorsal subluxation of the distal radioulnar joint.

Isolated posttraumatic dorsal subluxation of the distal ulna was surgically treated in eight patients by reduction of the subluxation and by a tenodesing procedure that used a tendon slip of flexor carpi ulnaris. The repair also imbricated the dorsal radioulnar ligament upon itself, and the forearm was secured in supination by a Kirschner wire. All patients had improved stability of the distal radioulnar joint; five had complete and three had satisfactory relief of pain. Slight residual joint laxity was noted in three patients and mild residual limitation of pronation in all, although the patients did not consider the limitation to be functionally important. All patients returned to improved functional activity.
Estimating the cost-effectiveness of stereotaxic biopsy for nonpalpable breast abnormalities: a decision analysis model.

Rationale and Objectives. We examined the clinical and economic trade-offs of shifting from surgical excisional biopsy to stereotaxic core breast biopsy for evaluating nonpalpable, mammographically detected breast lesions. Methods. A decision analysis model compared strategies beginning with excisional or stereotaxic core biopsy for hypothetical cohorts of 1,000 women. All women with negative initial biopsies had a 6-month follow-up mammogram. Sensitivities and specificities were based on the literature and expert estimates. Pretest probabilities of invasive cancer and in situ cancer were each 10% based on mammographic features. Adjusted costs were based on an audit of patients evaluated at the Medical College of Virginia and physician relative value units. Results. Per 1,000 women, with an expected rate of 100 invasive and 100 in situ cancers, the stereotaxic core biopsy strategy would initially miss 6.7 invasive and 12.4 in situ cases. Most of these would be detected at 6-month follow-ups. Of the women having a stereotaxic core biopsy, 75.7% avoided a surgical procedure. Using stereotaxic core biopsy saved $804 per woman. Continuing to initially use surgical biopsy, total management costs were an additional $42,100 per each case of early detected invasive or in situ cancer. A speculative sensitivity analysis, in which the prognosis of invasive cancer was worse if diagnosis was delayed by 6 months, indicated that surgical biopsy had an incremental cost of $156,700 per additional life year gained. Conclusion. Using conservative estimates for the false-negative rate of stereotaxic core breast biopsy, widespread use of stereotaxic biopsy is projected to have substantial cost savings with a slight compromise in the rate of early detection. Whether the decremental cost-effectiveness is acceptable is dependent on the natural history of cancers whose diagnosis is delayed.
Holocene cirque glacier activity in western Spitsbergen, Svalbard: sediment records from proglacial Linnévatnet

Holocene glacial variations of a presently ice-free cirque in western Spitsbergen are inferred from sediment records from the proglacial lake Linnevatnet. Glaciation is indicated in the core records by increased intensity of laminae derived from the cirque inflow and by increase in sediment accumulation rate. Radiocarbon ages on terrestrial plant macrofossils limit the onset of glaciation in the cirque to within the last six centuries. No evidence for earlier glaciation is recognized in the core records, indicating that the threshold for glaciation in the cirque was not reached during prior Neoglacial advances. Local climate events favouring glacier expan- sion were either of greater magnitude or of longer duration during the 'Little Ice Age' than at any other time during the Holocene.
The distribution of total variation distance, with applications to simultaneous confidence intervals

Abstract For a one parameter parametric family {Pθ, θϵΩ⊂R1} we study the total variation distance, D, between the unknown distribution Pθ0, and the estimated distribution P θ , where θ is the maximum likelihood estimator of θ0 based on a sample x1,…, xn from Pθ0. Knowledge of the distribution of D yields simultaneous confidence intervals for {Pθ0(A), Aϵβ} where β is the class of Borel sets in R1. In the case of a normal distribution with known variance the exact distribution is obtained. More generally the asymptotic distribution of √nD is derived and explicitly computed for several families of interest. For θ an m vector, m ⩾ 2, an asymptotically conservative set of confidence intervals for {Pθ0(A), Aϵβ} os constructed.
Flow Stagnation under Single and Two-Phase Natural Circulation Conditions in the APEX-CE Test Facility

Natural circulation experiments were conducted at Oregon State University using the advanced plant experiment (APEX-CE) integral system test facility as configured to simulate a typical Combustion Engineering nuclear steam supply system. This paper describes the mechanisms by which natural circulation flow was interrupted under single-phase and two-phase natural circulation conditions in APEX-CE.
Cellular Dynamics of Antisense Oligonucleotides and Short Interfering RNAs

We aim to compare quantitatively the dynamics of the effectiveness of antisense oligonucleotides (AS ODNs) versus short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and relate their effectiveness to sequence metrics (e.g., predicted free energy of binding). AS ODNs against a quantitative model target, pd1EGFP (destabilized enhanced GFP [green fluorescent protein]), were selected using our thermodynamic model, and siRNA sequences were designed to be identical to the AS ODN sequences in the antisense strand. We evaluated d1EGFP inhibition in transiently and stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells over time using flow cytometry. Overall, our results show that the rationally designed AS ODN and siRNA sequences proved effective inhibitors of GFP expression and suggest that certain regions of mRNA may be susceptible to both AS ODNs and siRNAs.
A model for phlogopite development in low magnesium rocks

Phlogopites containing anomalously high values of Zn, Mn and Li have been identified in low-magnesium feldspathic schists and quartzites from the Precambrian of northern New Mexico. The phlogopite is volumetrically minor (<2%) and coexists with muscovite. The presence of hematite and piemontite in the phlogopite-bearing samples indicates high oxidizing conditions, but their presence in phlogopite-free mica schists nearby demonstrates that high fo2 is insufficient to account for the phlogopite occurrences. A model for phlogopite development is presented which is based upon (1) high fo2 conditions, (2) limited H+ during metamorphism, and (3) early mobilization of Mg (and Zn, Mn, Li) during incipient metamorphism. The absence of phlogopite in associated rocks which refect high fo2 conditions is due to the larger amount of H+ available during metamorphism, resulting in the development of abundant muscovite rather than rare phlogopite.
Coulomb interaction energy in optical and quantum computing applications of self-assembled quantum dots

Electrons and holes confined in semiconductor quantum dots are affected energetically by Coulomb charge interactions. In this work, the influence of Coulomb interactions is considered for optical and quantum computing applications of quantum dots. For example, the operating frequencies of photoemitters and detectors depend on these transition energies, and some proposed charge-based quantum computing devices use these interactions to identify the binary state of a quantum qubit. To study these applications, the energy changes due to Coulomb attraction-repulsion effects are calculated here and compared with the transition energies for states confined in a single dot or occupying different, neighboring dots. The exciton binding energies for states within the same dot are non-negligible, even for large dots. The importance of this conclusion for quantum dot optical applications is discussed. Conversely, for realistic self-assembled lateral arrays of quantum dots, it is shown that the energy of charge interactions between neighboring dots is not high enough to be measured in practice. The difficulty that this poses for proposed charge-based quantum computing applications is discussed.
What is a Theatrical Performance

My aim here is to present a theory of theatrical performance. On my view, a theatrical performance is a particular kind of interaction between performers and observers (actors and audience members) in a shared physical space. A necessary component of this interaction is that the performers pretend that the interaction is something other than what it actually is and that the observers are aware of this pretense. I will proceed by critiquing the dominant view of theatrical performance, namely, that it is primarily an interpretation of a literary work. I will then distinguish theatrical performance from other, similar, art forms, such as film and television. This will allow me to locate the necessary and sufficient conditions of theatrical performance. Just as Plato famously banished poets from the just city, so Aristotle banished performance from any serious consideration of tragedy. In discussing his six parts of tragedy, Aristotle has this to say about "Spectacle"-the element of tragedy that involves the acting out of the other five parts: "The Spectacle, though an attraction, is the least artistic of all the parts, and has the least to do with the art of poetry. The tragic effect is quite possible without a public performance and actors; and besides, the getting-up of the Spectacle is more a matter for the costumier than the poet."' Aristotle's easy dismissal of the performative aspects of tragedy is part of a long tradition that sees theatrical performance as a kind of supplement to the written play.2 On this view, to perform a play is to form an idea about the meaning of that play and then express this idea on stage. Or, to put the point another way, a theatrical performance is simply an interpretation of a play. Let us call this view the literary theory of theatrical performance. To claim explanatory power over all extant theatrical phenomena, the literary theory has to i her ignore all theatrical performances not based around written scripts-such as improvisational performances or "guerilla theatre" productionsor it has to claim that where there is no written
Molecular Insights into γδ T Cell Costimulation by an Anti-JAML Antibody

γδ T cells bridge innate and adaptive immunity and function in immunosurveillance, immunoregulation, tumor cell recognition, and as first line of defense against microbial infection. Costimulation of epithelial γδ T cell activation by the JAML receptor can be induced by interaction with its endogenous ligand CAR or by binding of the stimulatory antibody HL4E10. We, therefore, determined the crystal structure of the JAML-HL4E10 Fab complex at 2.95 A resolution. HL4E10 binds the membrane-proximal domain of JAML through hydrophobic interactions that account for nanomolar affinity and long half-life, contrasting with the fast kinetics and micromolar affinity of the hydrophilic CAR interaction with the membrane-distal JAML domain. Thus, despite different binding sites and mechanisms, JAML interaction with these two disparate ligands leads to the same functional outcome, namely JAML triggering and induction of cell signaling. Several characteristics of the HL4E10 antibody might then be harnessed in therapeutic applications, such as promoting healing of acute or chronic wounds.
Envenomation by the lowland viper (Proatheris superciliaris): severe case profile documentation.

Abstract This case report represents a documentation of severe envenomation by Proatheris superciliaris, a species for which no specific antivenom exists. A 27-year-old male bitten on the finger by an adult P. superciliaris developed immediate severe pain radiating up the limb and local ecchymotic features with tissue necrosis ensuing over the following 36 h, requiring debridement of necrotic tissue. Approximately 72 h post-envenomation jaundice and hemoglobinuria were observed, but no other clinical signs of coagulopathy or hemorrhage. Hemolysis was evidenced by fragmented red blood cells and hyperbilirubinemia. Declining renal function ensued. Hematology revealed a reduction in reticulocyte count, schistocytosis, and a marked thrombocytopenia. The coagulation profile showed partial thromboplastin time and fibrinogen values within normal range and slight prothrombin time elevation. Thrombotic microangiopathy similar to hemolytic uremic syndrome developed, and daily plasmapheresis was initiated on day 4. Erythropoietin therapy was started on the 9th day. Gradual resolution of acute systemic complications followed over a 3-month period. The debrided bite site healed and the fingernail-beds demonstrated the return of normal capillary refill. Neurotoxic effects of venom were not observed.
Expression of oestrogen receptor and transforming growth factor-α in MCF-7 cells after exposure to fractionated irradiation

The expression of critical growth controlling genes was studied in MCF-7 cells after exposure to cumulative radiation doses of 20 and 60 Gy yielding cell lines called MCF-IR-1 and MCF-IR-3, respectively. The irradiated cell lines exhibited increased plating efficiencies but no differences in growth rates. MCF-IR-1/-IR-3 cells showed a reduced oestrogen responsiveness as indicated by their diminished response to tamoxifen-induced growth arrest and 17β-oestradiol (E2)-induced growth stimulation. The reduced expression of oestrogen receptor (ER) was determined by quantitative immune peroxidase staining of single cells and by total cellular E2 binding. There was also a radiation dose-dependent increase in the radiosensitivity of MCF-IR-3 cells as determined by the radiobiological parameters α, β, and D¯ (mean inactivation dose). Using RNA protection assays the irradiated cell lines produced steady-state ER mRNA at reduced levels while the levels of TGF-α were unchanged in MCF-IR-1 cells but increased 2·8-fold...
Electrochemical Preparation and EPR Studies of Lithium Phthalocyanine. Part 2: Particle-Size-Dependent Line Broadening by Molecular Oxygen and Its Implications as an Oximetry Probe

As an extension of our previous report (Ilangovan, G.; Zweier, J. L.; Kuppusamy, P. J. Phys. Chem. B 2000, 104, 4047) on the synthesis and characterization of lithium phthalocyanine (LiPc) as an el...
The Blood Contribution to Early Myocardial Reperfusion Injury Is Amplified in Diabetes

Cardiovascular disease is excessive in diabetes, and blood cell function is altered. It is not clear, however, if alterations in the blood contribute to the excessive cardiovascular complications of this disease. In this study, we compared the contribution of nondiabetic and diabetic blood to myocardial reperfusion injury. The recovery of cardiac contractile function following no-flow ischemia was studied in isolated diabetic and nondiabetic rat hearts perfused with diabetic or nondiabetic diluted whole blood. Hearts were isolated from 10- to 12-week-old diabetic (streptozotocin, 65 mg/kg, i.v.) and nondiabetic rats and perfused with a Krebs-albumin-red cell solution (K2RBC, Hct 20%). After a 30-min pre-ischemic control period, during which cardiac pump function was evaluated, diabetic and nondiabetic hearts were perfused for 5 min with diluted whole blood (DWB; Hct 20%) collected from either diabetic or nondiabetic donor animals. Coronary flow was then stopped and the hearts subjected to 30 min of no-flow ischemia. Following ischemia, the hearts were reperfused with the K2RBC perfusate. Cardiac contractile function was evaluated throughout the 60-min reperfusion period. Six groups were studied: diabetic and nondiabetic hearts perfused before ischemia with either K2RBC, nondiabetic DWB (NDDWB), or diabetic DWB (DDWB). Perfusion with DWB prior to ischemia impaired the recovery of contractile function in all cases. The impairment to recovery was greater with DDWB than with NDDWB. Although diabetic hearts perfused with K2RBC throughout recovered quite well, the effect of DDWB perfusion in the diabetic hearts was dramatic. In an effort to determine why diabetic blood impaired functional recovery, measures of blood filterability and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were made. We found that diabetic blood was less filterable than nondiabetic blood; that is, the diabetic blood cells tended to plug the 5-μm filter pores more readily than the nondiabetic blood cells. Also, we found that the diabetic blood was capable of generating significantly greater ROS (oxygen free radicals) than nondiabetic blood ( P