cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rutile saturation in hydrous siliceous melts and its bearing on Ti-thermometry of quartz and zircon

The TiO2 solubility of rutile-saturated hydrous siliceous melts has been investigated at P=1 GPa and T=650–1000 °C for several representative felsic compositions. The dissolution of a rutile crystal into a TiO2 undersaturated melt provides information on both TiO2 solubility and Ti diffusion. Results of this study confirm that TiO2 solubility is strongly dependent on both temperature and melt composition, but not on the amount of H2O present. For a given T ,T iO2 content decreases as the melts become more felsic. The solubility of TiO2 is given by: logðTi;ppm Þ¼ 7:95 � 5305 T þ 0:124FM
Online updating of context-aware landmark detectors for prostate localization in daily treatment CT images.

Purpose: In image guided radiation therapy, it is crucial to fast and accurately localize the prostate in the daily treatment images. To this end, the authors propose an online update scheme for landmark-guided prostate segmentation, which can fully exploit valuable patient-specific information contained in the previous treatment images and can achieve improved performance in landmark detection and prostate segmentation. Methods: To localize the prostate in the daily treatment images, the authors first automatically detect six anatomical landmarks on the prostate boundary by adopting a context-aware landmark detection method. Specifically, in this method, a two-layer regression forest is trained as a detector for each target landmark. Once all the newly detected landmarks from new treatment images are reviewed or adjusted (if necessary) by clinicians, they are further included into the training pool as new patient-specific information to update all the two-layer regression forests for the next treatment day. As more and more treatment images of the current patient are acquired, the two-layer regression forests can be continually updated by incorporating the patient-specific information into the training procedure. After all target landmarks are detected, a multiatlas random sample consensus (multiatlas RANSAC) method is used to segment the entire prostate by fusing multiplemore » previously segmented prostates of the current patient after they are aligned to the current treatment image. Subsequently, the segmented prostate of the current treatment image is again reviewed (or even adjusted if needed) by clinicians before including it as a new shape example into the prostate shape dataset for helping localize the entire prostate in the next treatment image. Results: The experimental results on 330 images of 24 patients show the effectiveness of the authors’ proposed online update scheme in improving the accuracies of both landmark detection and prostate segmentation. Besides, compared to the other state-of-the-art prostate segmentation methods, the authors’ method achieves the best performance. Conclusions: By appropriate use of valuable patient-specific information contained in the previous treatment images, the authors’ proposed online update scheme can obtain satisfactory results for both landmark detection and prostate segmentation.« less
Complementarity of regulation for the two glutamine synthetases from Bacillus caldolyticus, an extreme thermophile.

Abstract Regulation of the two glutamine synthetases, EI and EII, from Bacillus caldolyticus was found to occur at 70 °C in a complementary fashion, so that total enzyme activity responded to the full spectrum of feedback modifiers derived from glutamine. EI was more strongly inhibited than EII by Gly, l -Ala, and l -Ser, whereas EII was more strongly inhibited than EI by l -Gln, AMP, and 5-phosphorylribose-1-pyrophosphate. Both enzymes were strongly inhibited by ADP and CTP, but less strongly by NAD, Trp, and glucosamine-6-P. Upon variation of the concentration of individual feedback modifiers, initial velocity kinetics showed that at saturation many of the inhibitors gave only partial inhibition of enzyme activity. In addition, with EII the saturation curves for AMP, ADP, and NAD were nonhyperbolic. Upon variation of substrate concentration at several fixed concentrations of modifier, it was found for EI that MnADP was noncompetitive vs MnATP and that Gly, l -Ala, l -Ser, and CTP were all noncompetitive vs l -Glu. For EII, l -Gln both raised the S0.5for l -Glu and changed the Hill n value from less than to greater than 1.0; AMP was noncompetitive vs ATP, increased the S0.5 and the Hill n value for ATP binding, and also decreased V; CTP was competitive vs l -Glu, as were ADP and PRPP vs ATP. These kinetic data, along with independent heat stabilization experiments and fluorescence measurements with pairs of substrates and modifiers, were consistent with binding sites for many of the key feedback modifiers on EI and EII that are separate from the active site.
Why do clocks tick

Drawing on recent developments in the matrix model approach to string theory and the causal set program for quantum gravity we address the question of the origin of time as one aspect of the phase transition from a topological quantum field theory to a quantum theory of gravity. We construct a model with two phases which can be interpreted as containing clocks which either do not tick or tick exactly once. This demonstrates that while a theory based on causal sets may appear to have inherent notions of time and causality, the existence of a phase transition means, that as Saint Augustine wrote in hisConfessions, “the ‘time’, if such we may call it, when there was no time was not time at all.”
Calcium Absorption in Man: Based on Large Volume Liquid Scintillation Counter Studies

A technique has been developed for the in vivo measurement of absorption of calcium in man after oral administration of 1 to 5 microcuries of calcium-47 and continuous counting of the radiation in the subject's arm with a large volume liquid scintillation counter. The maximum value for the arm counting technique is proportional to the absorption of tracer as measured by direct stool analysis. The rate of uptake by the arm is lower in subjects with either the malabsorption syndrome or hypoparathyroidism. The administration of vitamin D increases both the absorption rate and the maximum amount of calcium absorbed.
Effects of Body Weight Groupings on Productivity, Feather Loss, and Nervousness of Caged Hens

Abstract Two experiments compared performance traits, feather loss, and nervousness of hens kept in contrasting homogeneous and heterogeneous body weight groupings. In addition, 15-day periods of daily uterine palpating vs nonpalpating for an egg in the uterus were compared for effects on egg production. Eighteen-wk-old pullets were weighed and characterized as light, medium, or heavy and housed in laying cages at 19 wk for a 50-wk production period. In Experiment 1, two hens were placed in each cage and there were three treatment groups: both light (L), mixed or 1 heavy and 1 light (X), and both heavy (H). In Experiment 2, three pullets were used per cage; a medium-weight group (M) was included and mixed cages included 1 heavy, 1 medium, and 1 light weight bird. In an ancillary experiment, 50-wk-old hens were also palpated or not palpated for an egg in the uterus over a single 15-day period. Results indicated that differences that were present in initial body weight groups persisted over the 50-wk period in Experiments 1 and 2 with no effect of weight grouping on body weight gain, egg production, and livability. Differences that were associated with weight groups were: age at sexual maturity, egg weight, egg mass, and nervousness score. No differences in mean feather scores were present among weight groups. Comparisons between individual hens of the same relative weight but kept in homogeneous or heterogeneous weight groups failed to indicate competitive advantages or disadvantages in egg production, feathering, and nervousness scores. No significant associations were found between nervousness scores of individual hens and other traits except for total body weight gain in Experiment 1, in which individuals that gained more were less nervous in the X groups (r = −.55). Palpating hens daily for two 15-day periods significantly increased hen-day egg production in Experiment 2 and nonsignificantly in Experiment 1, with no influence of palpation on hen-day egg production, egg weight, or egg mass in the ancillary experiment.
Flexible photodetector based on carbon nanotube fibers

We have developed a flexible photodetector by connecting two carbon nanotube (CNT) fibers with different doping levels. The photo-signal is produced through the photothermoelectric effect caused by a temperature gradient induced by optical absorption. This device combines the excellent mechanical and electrical properties of CNT fibers with their unique ability to absorb light in a broad range of wavelength.
IAU Colloquium 63—High‐Precision Earth Rotation and Earth‐Moon Dynamics, Lunar Distances, and Related Observations

IAU Colloquium 63 was held in Grasse, France, May 22–27, 1981. The colloquium was sponsored by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) and cosponsored by the Council of Scientific Unions, Committee on Space Research (COSPAR), and the International Association of Geodesy. The 51 participants at the conference were drawn from a wide geographical region and consisted of observers, responsible for collecting the data; analysts, who apply the data to determine polar motion and earth rotation; and theoreticians, who interpret the results and provide predictions to guide future observation efforts. The colloquium occurred at a particularly opportune time, since the short MERIT (Monitor Earth Rotation and Intercompare the Techniques of Observation and Analysis) campaign, conducted during August, September, and October 1980, provided a focus for both observation and analysis of efforts to obtain polar motion solutions. Independent solutions were provided by using data from the general categories: laser ranging (Lageos, Starlette and lunar), VLBI (Very Long Baseline Interferometry), satellite Doppler, astrometric (classical methods), and connected element interferometer.
Folylpolyglutamate Synthetase Gene Transcription is Regulated by a Multiprotein Complex that Binds the TEL-AML1 Fusion in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) non-random fusions influence clinical outcome and alter the accumulation of MTX-PGs in vivo. Analysis of primary ALL samples uncovered subtype-specific patterns of folate gene expression. Using an FPGS-luciferase reporter gene assay, we determined that E2A-PBX1 and TEL-AML1 expression decreased FPGS transcription. ChIP assays uncovered HDAC1,AML1, mSin3A, E2F, and Rb interactions with the FPGS promoter region. We demonstrate that FPGS expression is epigenetically regulated through binding of selected ALL fusions to a multiprotein complex, which also controls the cell cycle dependence of FPGS expression. This study provides insights into the pharmacogenomics of MTX in ALL subtypes.
Evaluation of Cueing Innovation for Pressure Ulcer Prevention Using Staff Focus Groups.

The purpose of the manuscript is to describe long-term care (LTC) staff perceptions of a music cueing intervention designed to improve staff integration of pressure ulcer (PrU) prevention guidelines regarding consistent and regular movement of LTC residents a minimum of every two hours. The Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) model guided staff interviews about their perceptions of the intervention’s characteristics, outcomes, and sustainability. Methods: This was a qualitative, observational study of staff perceptions of the PrU prevention intervention conducted in Midwestern U.S. LTC facilities (N = 45 staff members). One focus group was held in each of eight intervention facilities using a semi-structured interview protocol. Transcripts were analyzed using thematic content analysis, and summaries for each category were compared across groups. Results: The a priori codes (observability, trialability, compatibility, relative advantage and complexity) described the innovation characteristics, and the sixth code, sustainability, was identified in the data. Within each code, two themes emerged as a positive or negative response regarding characteristics of the innovation. Moreover, within the sustainability code, a third theme emerged that was labeled “brainstormed ideas”, focusing on strategies for improving the innovation. Implications: Cueing LTC staff using music offers a sustainable potential to improve PrU prevention practices, to increase resident movement, which can subsequently lead to a reduction in PrUs.
Play Behaviors of Young Children with Autism: Characteristics and Interventions

Autism has been shown to be associated with deficits in play behavior. The play behaviors of children with autism indicate that they tend to have severe deficits in play, both with toys and with regard to social behaviors. A consistent finding in the literature has been that both symbolic play and symbolic language are areas in which children with autism show specific impairments. Interventions to promote the play behaviors of these children have involved the use of either nonhandicapped or disabled peers, the use of specific instructions or verbal and physical prompts, highly structured one-to-one interactions involving adults and peers, or manipulation of the setting. Although different intervention techniques have been successful in promoting play behaviors, there is some concern about lasting effects after the intervention.
Phosphorylation of GAP and GAP-associated proteins by transforming and mitogenic tyrosine kinases

THE critical pathways through which protein-tyrosine kinases induce cellular proliferation and malignant transformation are not well defined. As microinjection of antibodies against p21ras can block the biological effects of both normal and oncogenic tyrosine kinases, it is likely that they require functional p21ras to transmit their mitogenic signals1,2. No biochemical link has been established, however, between tyrosine kinases and p21ras. We have identified a non-catalytic domain of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases, SH2, that regulates the activity and specificity of the kinase domain3–9. The presence of two adjacent SH2 domains in the p21ras GTPase-activating protein (GAP)6,10,11indicates that GAP might interact directly with tyrosine kinases. Here we show that GAP, and two co-precipitating proteins of relative molecular masses 62,000 and 190,000 (p62 and p190) are phosphorylated on tyrosine in cells that have been transformed by cytoplasmic and receptor-like tyrosine kinases. The phosphorylation of these polypeptides correlates with transformation in cells expressing inducible forms of thev-src or v-fps encoded tyrosine kinases. Furthermore, GAP, p62 and p190 are also rapidly phosphorylated on tyrosine in fibroblasts stimulated with epidermal growth factor. Our results suggest a mechanism by which tyrosine kinases might modify p21ras function, and implicate GAP and its associated proteins as targets of both oncoproteins and normal growth factor receptors with tyrosine kinase activity. These data support the idea4–6 that SH2 sequences direct the interactions of cytoplasmic proteins involved in signal transduction.
Thermal and resonance neutron capture gamma rays from Nd144 and Nd146

Abstract A number of neutron capture gamma rays following thermal and resonance neutron capture forming Nd 144 and Nd 146 have been investigated in the gamma-ray energy range below 1 MeV. Absolute intensities and isotopic assignments are reported.
Change in fibrinogen turnover in tumors by hyperthermia.

Abstract The effect of hyperthermia on the turnover of fibrinogen and albumin in the SCK tumor of A/J mice was studied. Immediately after heating at 43.5 °C for 30 min , the content of 131 I -labeled fibrinogen in the tumors was about 2.7 -fold that in the control tumor and remained elevated for 24 hr . On the other hand, the content of 125 I -labeled serum albumin in the tumor immediately after heating was only 1.7 -fold that in the control tumor and started to decrease soon after heating. The greater increase in the accumulation and the longer retention of the labeled fibrinogen as compared with the labeled albumin in the heated tumors appeared to be related to the heat-induced vascular damage accompanied by vascular occlusion, fibrination and subsequent thrombus formation.
Reliability and Validity of the Social Anxiety Scale for Children— Revised for Hispanic Children:

This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Social Anxiety Scale for Children–Revised (SASC-R) in a sample of 159 predominantly Dominican and Puerto Rican children. Participants were a nonclinical sample of fifth-and sixth-grade children aged 10 to 13 years attending an elementary school located in the Metropolitan New York City area. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the SASC-R three-factor structure. Internal consistencies were acceptable across subscales for gender and grade. Convergent validity of the SASC-R was supported with moderately positive relations through self-report measures of depressive symptomatology and loneliness. These findings provide initial support for the reliability and validity of the SASC-R in Hispanic children.
FETAL AND NEONATAL PARATHYROID GLAND FUNCTION: USE OF THE CYTOCHEMICAL BIOASSAY TO DETERMINE CIRCULATING LEVELS OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE PTH (bioPTH) IN NORMAL AND HYPOCALCEMIC NEONATES

Elevated fetal plasma total calcium (Ca), ionized calcium (Cai) and inorganic phosphorus (P) decline during the first 2-3 days of life. 1/3 to 1/2 of preterm infants will exhibit an exaggerated early neonatal hypocalcemia (ENH). Previous studies of immunoreactive PTH (iPTH) in ENH have yielded inconclusive results since some antisera are directed against biologically inactive forms of hormone. We used a sensitive cytochemical bioassay to measure circulating levels of bioPTH as well as iPTH. Assays were carried out in umbilical cord plasma (n=60) and plasma from normo- and hypocalcemic neonates from 25-42 weeks gestation (n=10). The bioassay is based on PTH mediated stimulation of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in distal convoluted tubules of guinea pig kidney. Cord plasma bioPTH was elevated (30.7±10.1 (SEM) pg/ml) compared to normal adults (9.2 ±1.0 pg/ml). Addition of antihuman PTH antibody to plasma extinguished bioactivity. Postnatal decline in Ca (7.2±0.2 mg/dl) and Cai (1.05±0.05 mM/l), even in extremely preterm infants, resulted in increased bioPTH levels (61.8±11.3 pg/ml). When Ca increased after day 3, bioPTH was suppressed to levels below those obtained from paired cord samples. iPTH also rose and fell inversely with Ca. Biologically active PTH is produced by the fetus and newborn infant, and circulating levels of hormone respond to physiological changes in Ca and Cai.
Tests of the helix dipole model for stabilization of α-helices

Charged groups play a critical role in the stability of the helix formed by the isolated C-peptide (residues 1-13 of ribonuclease A) in aqueous solution. One charged-group effect may arise from interactions between charged residues at either end of the helix and the helix dipole. We report here that studies of C-peptide analogues support the helix dipole model, and provide further evidence for the importance of electrostatic interactions not included in the Zimm-Bragg model for alpha-helix formation.
Introduction: Young American Muslim Identities

I : Y  A  M  I  Blackwell Oxford, The MUWO October ORIGINAL Muslim Hartford UK Publishing, ARTICLE World Seminary Ltd. The Muslim World Introduction: Young Volume American 95 Muslim October Identities Introduction: Young American Muslim Identities Karen Isaksen Leonard University of California Irvine, California T his issue of The Muslim World explores the multiple identities of young Muslim Americans. Together, they show that young American Muslims are understanding and practicing Islam in ways strongly shaped by the American historical context. This picture of emerging American versions of Islam has been sharpened and clarified by the traumatic events of September 11, 2001, and their aftermath. Since that day, Muslims in America have found themselves under greater scrutiny by others and are undertaking more self-scrutiny as well. Although not all Muslims see their religion as their most salient characteristic, non-Muslims may make that identification. This encourages young people of Muslim ancestry to examine how their religion relates to other aspects of their identity as Americans, for people are multi-faceted beings with hybrid and flexible identities. Muslim identities are discussed here in the plural to unsettle the perception that there is only one Muslim identity and that it is essentially and always a religious one, much as Stuart Hall discusses cultural identities, emphasizing instability, construction in context, and reinterpretations of the past in the present. “All identity is constructed across difference,” Hall says, 1 and the societal configurations of sameness and difference with which Muslims have lived and worked since Islam’s origins in seventh century Arabia have varied greatly. Identity is based on interactions, perceptions that one is the same or not the same as others, and elements of one’s personal or collective identity, including not only religion, but gender, race, ethnicity, class, nationality, and generation. Overview The United States is a country with a long-established Judeo-Christian tradition; it also has an indigenous and long-standing African American Muslim population with somewhat different understandings and practices of Islam. Immigrants work hard to define religious identity for their descendants, particularly where religion is increasingly viewed as a form of cultural
Fear the EAR: discovering and mitigating execution after redirect vulnerabilities

The complexity of modern web applications makes it difficult for developers to fully understand the security implications of their code. Attackers exploit the resulting security vulnerabilities to gain unauthorized access to the web application environment. Previous research into web application vulnerabilities has mostly focused on input validation flaws, such as cross site scripting and SQL injection, while logic flaws have received comparably less attention. In this paper, we present a comprehensive study of a relatively unknown logic flaw in web applications, which we call Execution After Redirect, or EAR. A web application developer can introduce an EAR by calling a redirect method under the assumption that execution will halt. A vulnerability occurs when server-side execution continues after the developer's intended halting point, which can lead to broken/insufficient access controls and information leakage. We start with an analysis of how susceptible applications written in nine web frameworks are to EAR vulnerabilities. We then discuss the results from the EAR challenge contained within the 2010 International Capture the Flag Competition. Finally, we present an open-source, white-box, static analysis tool to detect EARs in Ruby on Rails web applications. This tool found 3,944 EAR instances in 18,127 open-source applications. Finally, we describe an approach to prevent EARs in web frameworks.
Quantification of Neurosteroids in Rat Plasma and Brain Following Swim Stress and Allopregnanolone Administration Using Negative Chemical Ionization Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

A simplified method for the quantitative analysis of neurosteroids in rat plasma and brain is described. The method uses negative chemical ionization gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and involves the synthesis of pentafluorobenzyloxime/trimethylsilyl ether derivatives with excellent chromatographic and electron-capturing properties. Deuterium-labeled analogs of the steroids of interest were synthesized and used as internal standards. The steroids (allopregnanolone, epiallopregnanolone, pregnenolone, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone) were isolated from the plasma or brain matrix by a rapid and straightforward solid-phase extraction procedure. The mass spectrometer was operated in a selective ion monitoring mode, allowing for picograms of neurosteroids to be quantified from biological extracts. The method was linear (typical R(2) = 0.999) over the concentration range (100 to 8000 pg from 0.3 ml plasma and 250 to 8000 pg from 100 mg brain tissue) with good precision and accuracy. In experimental protocols, the procedure was suitable for measuring concentrations of endogenous neurosteroids in rat plasma and brain. Significant elevations (P < 0.001) were observed in the frontal cortex for allopregnanolone and pregnenolone following a swim stress and for allopregnanolone and epiallopregnanolone following allopregnanolone injection (8 mg/kg, sc). The present method allows accurate determination of neurosteroids and will be helpful in elucidating the role of neurosteroids in health and disease.
The Political History of Hydraulic Fracturing's Expansion Across the West

DOI 10.1515/cjpp-2013-0041 Calif. J. Politics Policy 2014; 6(1): 153–186 Robert E. Forbis Jr* The Political History of Hydraulic Fracturing’s Expansion Across the West Abstract: This article presents an historical-based analysis of how executive branch actions altered federal domestic energy policies and the effect of that shift on the Bureau of Land Management’s (BLM) domestic energy policies and resource alloca- tions. The analysis is supported by interview data collected from among Department of Interior officials who served during the Bush-Cheney administration as well as BLM administrators located in Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico. The analy- sis and interviews were conducted at the close of President Bush’s tenure in office (2008–2009). The article includes an analysis of archival and government documents describing executive branch actions directing the BLM to favor the energy develop- ment industry’s use of the hydraulic fracturing development process. First, these events are presented chronologically to illustrate how a president and his executive appointees established changes to federal energy policies at the agency level that led to the reallocation of resources favoring domestic energy development. Second, an interpretive analysis of the interview data is presented as a means of validating the initial, document-based analysis. As the article concludes, documents as well as the voices of those most closely involved in the policymaking process confirm that executive branch actions shifted federal domestic energy policies, which then resulted in increased numbers and types of federal development projects using the hydraulic fracturing and directional drilling energy resource development process expanded rapidly across the states of the Rocky Mountain West. Keywords: Bureau of land management; energy policy; environmental policy; executive branch; ­hydraulic fracturing; subgovernment theory. *Corresponding author: Robert E. Forbis Jr, Texas Tech University, Political Science, P.O. Box 41015, Lubbock, TX 79409-1015, USA, Tel.: 806-742-4047, Fax: 806-742-0850, e-mail: robert.forbis@ttu.edu 1 T he Political Will-Power to Achieve a Domestic Policy Objective Prior to being sworn in President George W. Bush announced his first nomina- tion to oversee the federal energy-related administrative agencies. In December of
Relationship between the number of ECS treatments and estrous disruption

Abstract Ninety female Sprague-Dawley rats were given daily vaginal smears for a period of 60 days. Eighty rats were selected from the initial 90 animal subject pool on the basis of stability of estrus. Then rats were assigned to one of ten treatment conditions. Treatments included: one, two, three, four, and five electroconvulsive shocks; and one, two, three, four, and five sham electroconvulsive shocks. Daily vaginal smears were continued during and following treatments. Results indicated that only rats in the three, four, and five electroconvulsive shock conditions showed a significant delay in the onset of estrus following treatment. Once estrus began following treatment, no additional delays in estrus were observed in any of the treatment conditions.
Acetylation of dendrimer-entrapped gold and silver nanoparticles

Surface functionalization of dendrimer-entrapped metal nanoparticles (NPs) is of great importance in the area of biological sensing and therapeutics. In this work, dendrimer-entrapped gold and silver NPs (Au DENPs and Ag DENPs) prepared using amine-terminated poly(amidoamine) dendrimers of generation 5 (G5.NH2) as templates were subjected to acetylation in order to neutralize the surface positive charges. UV-Vis spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), and ζ-potential measurements were utilized to characterize both Au DENPs and Ag DENPs modified with a defined degree of acetylation. The size, size distribution, optical properties, water solubility, and stability of Au DENPs do not change after acetylation, while their surface charges change. In contrast, acetylated Ag DENPs show optical properties that are slightly different from the unmodified ones, while reserving similar water solubility and stability. The surface charge decreases towards neutral with an increasing degree of acetylation. More interestingly, the size of partially acetylated Ag DENPs displays a bimodal distribution (2.9 nm and 11.0 nm), whereas the pristine Ag DENPs and the completely acetylated Ag DENPs are relatively monodisperse with sizes of 2.9 nm and 11.0 nm, respectively. It indicates that complete acetylation transfers Ag DENPs to dendrimer-stabilized Ag NPs (Ag DSNPs). The size and morphology changes of Au and Ag DENPs upon acetylation were further confirmed by molecular dynamics simulations. Such synthetic modifications are expected to reduce the toxicity of dendrimer-entrapped metal NPs and offer further biofunctionalization to produce multifunctional metal NPs for a range of biological sensing and therapeutics applications.
Inside-out neuropharmacology of nicotinic drugs

Upregulation of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) is a venerable result of chronic exposure to nicotine; but it is one of several consequences of pharmacological chaperoning by nicotine and by some other nicotinic ligands, especially agonists. Nicotinic ligands permeate through cell membranes, bind to immature AChR oligomers, elicit incompletely understood conformational reorganizations, increase the interaction between adjacent AChR subunits, and enhance the maturation process toward stable AChR pentamers. These changes and stabilizations in turn lead to increases in both anterograde and retrograde traffic within the early secretory pathway. In addition to the eventual upregulation of AChRs at the plasma membrane, other effects of pharmacological chaperoning include modifications to endoplasmic reticulum stress and to the unfolded protein response. Because these processes depend on pharmacological chaperoning within intracellular organelles, we group them as “inside-out pharmacology”. This term contrasts with the better-known, acute, “outside-in” effects of activating and desensitizing plasma membrane AChRs. We review current knowledge concerning the mechanisms and consequences of inside-out pharmacology.
Heavy Seasonal Grazing on Central Arizona Piñon–Juniper Rangeland: Risky Business?

On the Ground • This pinon–juniper rangeland in central Arizona experienced heavy seasonal (late-spring/early-summer) grazing, but with above average, well-timed and evenly distributed precipitation for the time of year; both cool- and warm-season native grasses recovered. • If this study had been conducted on rangeland that was typically more heavily grazed, and more susceptible to erosion, and done later in the growing season, the risk of exceeding targeted end-of-season grazing utilization would have been greater. • Planning for, or reacting to, grazing utilization that exceeds targeted levels should take site-specific risk factors into consideration.
El Dorado Borincano: La Economia de la Conquista 1510-1550

Jalil Sued Badillo El Dorado Borincano: La Economia de la Conquista 1510-1550; San Juan Ediciones Puerto, 2001. 515pp. ISBN: 0-942347-45-5
Document Recognition without Strong Models

Can a high-performance document image recognition system be built without detailed knowledge of the application? Having benefited from the statistical machine learning revolution of the last twenty years, our architectures rely less on hand-crafted special-case rules and more on models trained on labeled-sample data sets. But urgent questions remain. When we can't collect (and label) enough real training data, does it help to complement them with data synthesized using generative models? Is it ever completely safe to rely on synthetic data? If we can't manage to train (or craft) a single complete, near-perfect, application-specific "strong" model to drive recognition, can we make progress by combining several imperfect or incomplete "weak" models? Can recognition that is carried out jointly over weak models perform optimally while still running fast? Can a recognizer automatically pick a strong model of its input? Must we always pre-train models for every kind ("style") of input expected, or can a recognizer adapt to unknown styles? Can weak models adapt autonomously, growing stronger and so driving accuracy higher, without any human intervention? Can one model "criticize" -- and then proceed to correct -- other models, even while it is being criticized and corrected in turn by them? After twenty-five years of research on these questions we have partial answers, many in the affirmative: in addition to promising laboratory demonstrations, we can take pride in successful applications. I'll illustrate the evolution of the state of the art with concrete examples, and point out open problems.
The displacement field associated with line forces in a cracked orthotropic body

An explicit result is presented for the two-dimensional Green function for an orthotropic body containing a crack along an orthotropic plane and with its tip in an orthotropic direction. A formal solution and a numerical program for its calculation are presented for a crack on a plane rotated about an orthotropic direction. The use of such Green functions to couple a finite element mesh to a surrounding elastic continuum, thereby shortening finite element calculations for composite bodies with macroscopic orthotropic symmetry, is discussed.
Evaluating the Instructional Design of a Web-enhanced Educational Program for the Practice of Pharmaceutical Care

Objectives: The objectives of this project were (1) to develop the instructional design for a web-enhanced educational program to teach the fundamental principles of pharmaceutical care practice, and (2) to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the design effort. Materials and Methods: For the first objective, an Instructional Systems Design (ISD) approach was chosen to develop the instructional design. An expertise- oriented, heuristic evaluation was conducted as part of the instructional design to achieve the second objective. The heuristics were listed in a questionnaire format and were based on related research identified by a review of the professional literature. A total of 11 evaluators reviewed the software. Results and Discussion: A practical web-enhanced tool for teaching the practice of pharmaceutical care was developed. Results of the evaluation suggest that the heuristic approach is an effective method for determining the merit of the instructional design of innovative technology-enhanced educational programs in the health sciences.
Product Architecture Navigation Integration Tool: Redesign Towards Modular Architecture

Inherent to every product design and design process is the concept of architecture. Designers and engineers can use a product’s architecture as a roadmap towards achieving and maintaining a competitive edge in the rapidly changing global marketplace. Current engineering design tools such as computer-aided design (CAD) often focus exclusively on the geometric domain of product architecture and do not provide a convenient format or the tools for assessing product architecture. This paper describes tools that can represent product architecture in the form of two-dimensional graph layouts, called “interaction graphs.” These graphs display the arrangement of parts and their interfaces to other parts in an assembly, and they are useful for designers because they offer a direct display of the complexity and arrangement of a design. This is not apparent when viewing assemblies in a three-dimensional space, as in the case with solid modelers. Interaction graphs offer explicit insight into the modularity of a design because of the simplification from complex geometry to simple nodes and edges. This graph layout allows the designer to visualize the extent of design integration. Using graph theory tools and analysis, a designer can filter parts that are candidates for deletion and categorize the “base” part. With this knowledge and the functional requirements of the design, the alignment of the base part to the primary functions becomes an important concept when striving for efficient redesign. Cycles in designs that inhibit modularity can be targeted for elimination based on joint complexity, material type, relative motion, functional specifications, and other life cycle attributes.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Axonal Transport of [3H]Fucose‐Labeled Glycoproteins in Two Intra‐Brain Tracts of the Rat

[3H]Fucose was stereotaxically injected into the dorsalateral geniculate body (DLGB) of adult male rats, and 1 h to 10 days post-injection the DLGB and projection site (striate cortex) were dissected out and solubilized in 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. Each sample was analyzed for acid-precipitable radioactivity, and radioactivity in different molecular weight classes was determined following discontinuous gel electrophoresis in cylindrical gels. The specificity of transport of radioactive glycoprotein to the striate cortex was determined by autoradiography of brain sections. Acid-precipitable radioactivity in the DLGB peaked at 5 to 6 h, plateaued, and then declined over the time course studied. The electrophoretic distribution pattern was complex, five bands containing fucosylated protein being initially prominent, as a percentage of radioactivity on the gel, and then decreasing with time. Two discrete waves of glycoproteins arriving at the visual cortex (between 3 and 4 h and between 12 and 48 h) were observed. Quantitative differences in distribution of molecular weight classes were noted between glycoproteins transported in these two waves. Of particular interest were rapidly turning-over proteins of molecular weights of 110,000 and 120,000 (half-time of less than 1 day). A study of the hippocampal commissural pathway, following introduction of radioactivity into one hippocampal formation, was also conducted. The electrophoretic distribution patterns of proteins, and the changes in distribution with time, were similar to the situation in the DLGB. However, in the contralateral hippocampus three discrete waves of transport were resolved (2 to 3 h, 4 to 5 h, and then a continued gradual increase followed by another prominent rise between 1 and 2 days). Relative turnover times of different protein peaks in the hippocampal and DLGB-cortical system were also different.
Color graphics techniques for shaded surface displays of aerodynamic flowfield parameters

A variety of algorithms are presented that are useful in the color graphics displays of large sets of three-dimensional aerodynamic data. These methods augment established techniques for rapidly and interactively reviewing an assortment of smooth-shaded, color-coded illustrations for experimental and computational distributions of both scalar and vector quantities.
Reliability of rechargeable batteries in a photovoltaic power supply system

We investigated the reliability of a rechargeable battery acting as the energy storage component in a photovoltaic power supply system. A model system was constructed for this that includes the solar resource, the photovoltaic power supply system, the rechargeable battery and a load. The solar resource and the system load are modelled as stochastic processes. The photovoltaic system and the rechargeable battery are modelled deterministically, and an artificial neural network is incorporated into the model of the rechargeable battery to simulate damage that occurs during deep discharge cycles. The equations governing system behaviour are solved simultaneously in the Monte Carlo framework, and a first passage problem is solved to assess system reliability.
A field training guide for human subjects research ethics.

Maria Merritt and colleagues report on a Field Training Guide for Human Subjects Research Ethics that they have developed to help train field workers in ethics for research.
The psychology of anxiety: A phenomenological description.

Abstract The psychology of anxiety continues to be debated by researchers, as well as therapists. By investigating it with phenomenological methods, I have been able to determine its three existential preconditions; the way in which an anxious situation announces a crisis of one's efforts to surpass one's unacceptable incompleteness; being anxious as being impeded, if not fundamentally blocked, and moving beyond being anxious as either ambivalently reaffirming the viability of the projects and relations in which one was already invested, or as transformatively accepting those projects and relations as fundamentally uncertain and hence, as open to future determination.
A new coevolution process for conceptual design

Abstract Conceptual design involves coevolution of decisions between functional and physical domains. Different methods prescribe different processes to achieve coevolution, hence are suitable for different kinds of design practices. Analytical Target Cascading (ATC) features successive decompositions followed by coordinated optimizations to improve existing systems. Axiomatic Design Theory (ADT) follows a back-and-forth zigzagging process to create completely new systems. A new coevolution process, which is a hybrid between ATC and ADT, is developed from our Innovative Design thinking (IDT) research. This paper explains its theoretical underpinnings and illustrates its suitability for practices between the two extremes, e.g., innovative design on existing systems.
Cardiac Paraganglioma and Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor: A Pediatric Case of Carney-Stratakis Syndrome

The eponymous Carney triad reported the association of gastric leiomyosarcoma, also known as a gastrointestinal stromal tumor, extra-adrenal paraganglioma and pulmonary chondromata. Subsequently, Carney and Stratakis distinguished the inherited gastrointestinal stromal tumor with paraganglioma syndrome from the classical Carney Triad as an autosomal dominant condition in adult patients. This combination of gastrointestinal stromal tumor and cardiac paragangliomata in a child is almost unique.
Mania in children with pervasive developmental disorder revisited

ABSTRACT Objective Although a small literature of case reports suggests that mania co-occurs with pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), little is known about this overlap. The authors systematically investigated the overlap between mania and PDD in a consecutive sample of referred youths, examining its prevalence and correlates. It was hypothesized that children with PDD plus manic features have both disorders. Method Subjects were consecutively referred children meeting diagnostic criteria on structured interview for PDD without mania (n = 52), the comorbid condition PDD + mania (n = 14), and mania without PDD (n = 114). All subjects were evaluated using a comprehensive diagnostic battery that included assessment of psychopathology (structured diagnostic interview and Child Behavior Checklist), cognition, and functioning. Results Of the 727 referred children, 52 met criteria for PDD, 114 met criteria for mania, and 14 met criteria for both. The 14 children with both PDD + mania represented 21% of the PDD subjects and 11% of all manic subjects. Clinical characteristics of PDD were similar in PDD subjects with and without mania, and manic features were similar in manic children with and without PDD. Conclusions Children with PDD and mania may suffer from two disorders. Comorbid mania among patients with PDD may be more common than previously thought. Identification of the comorbid condition may have important therapeutic and scientific implications.
Modeling online service discontinuation with nonparametric agents

The internet and world wide web are an increasingly important resource, both as a market and as an information source, to both individual users and business entities. An estimated 120 million active web users exist in the United States alone. Access to these electronic marketplaces and information sources is accomplished through either a direct internet connection or through a service provider. Internet service providers (ISPs) enable internet and web access for most of these users either via dial-up modems (62.2 percent), or DSL connections (17 percent). Customers of ISPs frequently switch or discontinue service. The model selection perspective is used to extend previous work in this area through the development of a multi-agent system with neural network wrappers. The nonparametric (neural network) agents identify over 92 percent of those users that either stop or change service, which is a 15 percent increase over previous models.
The Changing Image of Hispanic Americans.

Data from surveys representative of the adult population of the United States were used to examine changes from 1990 to 2000 in the image of Hispanic Americans on wealth, work ethic, violence, and ...
On Applications of Van Der Waerden's Theorem

(1975). On Applications of Van Der Waerden's Theorem. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 142-148.
Relativistic Equations of State

WE offer a new approach to an old1 question: “Given a material medium with its equation of state, what conditions must be satisfied by that equation of state if the existence of such matter is to be consistent with the principles of special relativity?” Our object is to determine one such condition. Our approach has the advantage that it is not necessary to consider the detailed structure of the matter, but it has the disadvantage that it is not applicable in its present form to the most interesting case—that of nuclear matter at high densities.
Objects become her: The role of mortality salience on men's attraction to literally objectified women

Abstract From the perspective of terror management theory, men's attraction to women poses a threat in the context of salient mortality concerns. We hypothesized that literal objectification—associating women with (non-mortal) objects—reduces this threat. Reactions to advertisements featuring sexually provocative women merged with objects (e.g., a woman merged with a bottle of beer), or control ads in which the women were separated from the objects, were examined in conjunction with a mortality salience manipulation. Replicating previous research (Landau et al., 2006), men, but not women, reported lower attractiveness ratings for the (non-merged) woman in response to a morality reminder. In contrast, men's attractiveness ratings for the merged (i.e., literally objectified) woman increased when mortality was salient. Further, men primed with mortality reported higher attractiveness ratings for the merged woman, compared to the same woman depicted as separate from an object. These findings help explain the prevalence and appeal of literal objectification, and provide evidence of its existential function.