cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Natural History of Madagascar

S. M. Goodman, J. P. Benstead (eds.). 2003. The Natural History of Madagascar. University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1709 pp. ISBN 0-226-30306-3, price (hardbound), $85.00. The mini-continent of Madagascar has been renowned as a naturalist's paradise ever since Joseph-Philibert Commerson described it as such back in 1771. Yet, at least until this volume thudded on to my desk, I would have said that in comparison with the breadth and depth of the biological riches it offers, our knowledge of its natural history still remains curiously sketchy. With The Natural History of Madagascar in front of one, however, it is possible to appreciate just how much we have learned in recent years about the island's unique flora and fauna, due in no small part to the efforts of its first editor, an ornithologist who over the past decade and a half has in-defatigably organized faunal inventories throughout the island. This ambitious book brings together, mostly at a fair level of detail, a large part of what currently is known about Madagascar's biota. In assembling contributions by a very high proportion of the biologists currently conducting active field research in the island, it is a pretty accurate reflection of the current state of the art. And while, as a result, scanning through its vast table of contents quickly reveals as much about what is not known as about what is, it is difficult not to be impressed by what has lately been achieved by a growing band of dedicated researchers from all over the world, not least from Madagascar itself. The scope of this volume is enormous. It starts out with a strangely perfunctory overview of scientific exploration in Madagascar, then continues to a rather oddly assorted chapter on Geology and Soils that brings together a series of interesting and well-informed contributions on the island's geological …
Group B streptococcal colonization and antibody status in lower socioeconomic parturient women.

Abstract This investigation was undertaken to determine the prevalence of group B streptococcal vaginal and throat colonization among lower socioeconomic preganat women and the antibody concentration to the capsular polysaccharide antigen of type III group B streptococcus in their sera. Group B streptococci were recovered from 28.6 per cent of the 112 women studied; vaginal colonization was detected in 23.4 per cent, throat colonization in 4.7 per cent, and colonization at both sites in 0.9 per cent of the patients, respectively. Among these isolates of group B streptococci, serotypes III (39.5 per cent) and II (30.3 per cent) predominated. No differences were found between colonized and noncolonized women with respect to age, race, marital status, or parity. The majority of all women studied had low concentration of antibody in serum (
Cytochromes, Iron-Sulfur, and Copper Proteins Mediating Electron Transfer from the Cyt bc 1 Complex to Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complexes

Electron transfer between the photosynthetic reaction center and the cytochrome bc1 complexes is often mediated by a high redox potential soluble cytochrome. In purple non-sulfur bacteria, this electron donor is usually cytochrome c2 (Cyt c2), while cyanobacteria and green algae can use the distantly related cytochrome c6 protein. Genetic and biochemical support for the role of these soluble mediators has been obtained in purple bacteria Rhodobacter sphaeroides and Rb. capsulatus, and in several cyanobacteria and green algae. However, recent experiments indicate that photosynthetic organisms often contain redundant electron donors to light-oxidized reaction center complexes. For example, soluble or membrane-bound cytochromes can substitute for the normal electron donor, Cyt c2, in purple non-sulfur bacteria. In addition, the soluble copper protein, plastocyanin, is interchangeable with cytochrome c6 in cyanobacteria and green algae even though it is apparently the sole electron donor in green plants.
Quantifying the Effect of Hand Wash Duration, Soap Use, Ground Beef Debris, and Drying Methods on the Removal of Enterobacter aerogenes on Hands

Hand washing is recognized as a crucial step in preventing foodborne disease transmission by mitigating crosscontamination among hands, surfaces, and foods. This research was undertaken to establish the importance of several keys factors (soap, soil, time, and drying method) in reducing microorganisms during hand washing. A nonpathogenic nalidixic acid-resistant Enterobacter aerogenes surrogate for Salmonella was used to assess the efficacy of using soap or no soap for 5 or 20 s on hands with or without ground beef debris and drying with paper towel or air. Each experiment consisted of 20 replicates, each from a different individual with ∼ 6 log CFU/ml E. aerogenes on their hands. A reduction of 1.0 ± 0.4 and 1.7 ± 0.8 log CFU of E. aerogenes was observed for a 5-s wash with no soap and a 20-s wash with soap, respectively. When there was no debris on the hands, there was no significant difference between washing with and without soap for 20 s (P > 0.05). Likewise, there was no significant difference in the reductions achieved when washing without soap, whether or not debris was on the hands (P > 0.05). A significantly greater reduction (P 4.0 log CFU per towel) when hands are highly contaminated. Our results support future quantitative microbial risk assessments needed to effectively manage risks of foodborne illness in which food workers' hands are a primary cause.
Avidin-Biotin Radioimmunoassay for Human Rotavirus

RIAs have a number of advantages which make them ideally suited for use in diagnostic microbiology. These advantages include sensitivity, objectivity, and versatility. However, the widespread application of RIAs has been limited by the instability of the reagents required for the performance of available solid-phase RIAs. The relatively short half-life of gamma-emitting isotopes is particularly a problem in cases where multiple antigens must be assayed, since distinct radioactively labeled reagents are required for each antigen to be measured. The problems associated with the use of standard RIAs could be avoided if the specific immunoglobulin directed at the antigen were labeled with a stable, nonradioactive isotope and if a generally reactive radioactive ligand were bound in a subsequent reaction. We have thus developed RIA systems that use immunoglobulin linked with biotin by reaction with biotin N-hydroxysuccinamide ester [1]. The biotin bound to the solid phase is subsequently measured by reaction with unlabeled avidin and 3H-labeled biotin (New England Nuclear Corp, Boston). The reaction is quantitated by the measurement of tritiated biotin in a standard scintillation counter. This reaction format takes advantage of the stability of biotin-immunoglobulin conjugates, the high affinity of biotin to avidin, and the fact that a single molecule of avidin can react with four molecules of biotin [2]. We devised an avidin-biotin RIA that uses goat and guinea pig antisera directed at human rotavirus and used it to detect rotavirus in 44 stool specimens obtained from children with acute gastroenteritis during the winter months [3].(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Interest, Trade and ‘Character and Circumstances': John Campbell's (1708–1775) Earlier Work

SUMMARYJohn Campbell's (1708-1775) commercial theory in his early work demonstrates that he held more sophisticated views on British colonialism than previously thought. Campbell draws upon complex influences, which include Charles Davenant's notion of free trade and his ‘Old Whig’ arguments against corruption; Daniel Defoe's ‘new Whig’ arguments for progress and John Locke's arguments on industry and property; and Bolingbroke's Tory arguments for emphasizing common interest. By blending these ideas, Campbell offers a distinctive commercial theory that prioritizes the recognition of the interest and circumstances of all nations and peoples within an unconstrained and reciprocal exchange of commodities in order for the home nation simultaneously to resist corruption and flourish.
Figuración y realidad del escritor latinoamericano en la era global

Este ensayo explora la evolucion de la figura del autor latinoamericano como "personaje" dentro de su ficcion y como persona real, involucrada en los asuntos de su tiempo y afectada por ellos. Comienza su recorrido en el periodo del boom, cuando las novelas dominantes alardeaban de una escritura impersonal a la vez que los novelistas mismos eran exaltados como heroes culturales, y termina con la narrativa de principios del siglo XXI, cuando a traves de la "autoficcion" los narradores se inscriben mas profundamente dentro de sus ficciones. La conversion del autor en "personaje de si mismo", estimulada por Internet, los blogs y las redes sociales, borra las fronteras entre ficcion y autobiografia y torna al autor en una figura que, aunque es omnipresente en su ficcion, se proyecta con humildad autocritica, aceptando una nueva realidad que lo obliga a convivir con sus conciudadanos (y lectores) en un plano de igualdad cotidiana.
Nucleophilic Additions to β-Keto Phosphonates

Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl group of β-keto phosphonates has been studied with several Grignard reagents. Allyl magnesium halides have proven particularly effective.
Design and experimental implementation of an effective control system for thin film Cu(InGa)Se2 production via rapid thermal processing

Abstract Copper indium gallium diselenide, Cu(InGa)Se 2 (CIGS) solar cells have achieved efficiencies of 22.3% at the cell level and 17.5% at the module level. CIGS-based modules are also in the early stages of commercialization, with >1 GW annual production capacity. The most common method for producing CIGS in industry is via precursor reaction, which consists of depositing Cu-In-Ga precursor films and reacting them with gas-phase H 2 Se at 450–550 °C for 60 min or longer, and is commonly called selenization. Recently, interest has been growing in selenization by Rapid Thermal Processing (RTP), which is characterized by rapid temperature ramping, approximately 550 °C or higher temperature reactions, and improved process throughput. However, it has been difficult to commercialize RTP for CIGS film production in part because implementing a rapid, linear temperature ramp in the reacting thin film is complicated by two intrinsic process characteristics: (i) the temperature of the CIGS film cannot usually be measured directly; and (ii), the process is significantly nonlinear due to the dominance of radiative heat transfer at high temperatures. In this paper, we present the design and modeling, construction, and successful operation of a pilot-scale RTP selenization reactor utilizing a novel temperature control system. Our two-fold approach to the unique temperature control challenges involves the design and implementation of (i) a first-principles, model-based observer to estimate the desired surface temperature; and (ii) a specialized controller to enable effective tracking of the desired linear temperature ramp set point. Our experimental results demonstrate that the control system is effective in tracking rapid temperature ramps accurately, with performance limited only by the physical constraints of the experimental system.
Controlling smartphone user privacy via objective-driven context mocking

Smartphones represent the most serious threat to user privacy of any widely-deployed computing technology because these devices are always on and always connected, making them the perfect candidate to know most about the owner. Unfortunately, existing permission models provide smartphone users with limited protection, in part due to the difficulty to users in distinguishing between legitimate and illegitimate use of their data; for example, a mapping app may upload the same location information it uses to download maps (legitimate) to a marketing agency interested in delivering location-based ads (illegitimate). As a result, smartphone users find themselves forced to make burdensome and error-prone trade-offs between app functionality and privacy. To combat this, we propose a new approach called PocketMocker. By allowing substitution of real data streams with artificial or mocked data, PocketMocker allows users to manipulate impressions of their behavior in well-defined ways, such as appearing more fit, more social, or more on-time than they actually are. Instead of focusing on privacy, we explore providing users with better management of their smartphonederived digital identities. We discuss the design of PocketMocker, which uses user-initiated context trace recording and replay to enable objective-driven context mocking. Our evaluation shows that users want to use PocketMocker, that PocketMocker can mock popular smartphone apps, and that PocketMocker is usable.
The Inner Senses

This chapter briefly summarizes proprioceptive and enteroceptive nerve signals. Signals of afferents from muscle do not serve the sensing of the position or of the movement of limbs but are components of motor control. Afferents of joints provide the neural signals of position sense and of kinesthesia.
DevEventTracker: Tracking Development Events to Assess Incremental Development and Procrastination

Good project management practices are hard to teach, and hard for novices to learn. Procrastination and bad project management practice occur frequently, and may interfere with successfully completing major programming projects in mid-level programming courses. Students often see these as abstract concepts that do not need to be actively applied in practice. Changing student behavior requires changing how this material is taught, and more importantly, changing how learning and practice are assessed. To provide proper assessment, we need to collect detailed data about how each student conducts their project development as they work on solutions. We present DevEventTracker, a system that continuously collects data from the Eclipse IDE as students program, giving us in-depth insight into students' programming habits. We report on data collected using DevEventTracker over the course of four programming projects involving 370 students in five sections of a Data Structures and Algorithms course over two semesters. These data support a new measure for how well students apply "incremental development" practices. We present a detailed description of the system, our methodology, and an initial evaluation of our ability to accurately assess incremental development on the part of the students. The goal is to help students improve their programming habits, with an emphasis on incremental development and time management.
Regulation and the Structure of the Banking Industry

To this point, discussion of potential sources of interplay between bank market structure and regulation has emphasized how market structure influences the impacts of regulatory policies. This chapter focuses on regulatory and supervisory policies, particularly in the context of the Basel II standards, and how these policies themselves can impinge on the structure of banking markets. In addition, the chapter considers the implications of competition among bank regulators, a state of affairs that has been commonplace in the United States for some time and which likely will become more pervasive elsewhere in the coming years.
Functional Symptoms in Intensive Care: The Vicious Circle of Anxiety and Symptoms

This chapter reviews the functional symptoms likely to be encountered in the pediatric critical care setting. Considering symptoms to be “functional” implies that a psychological or emotional state contributes to the symptom. Thus functional symptoms overlap with related terms such as “psychogenic,” “psychosomatic,” and “nonorganic” symptoms. Functional symptoms occur on a daily basis in the intensive care unit (ICU) when a child’s anxiety intensifies unpleasant symptoms. At the same time, unpleasant symptoms amplify anxiety. And if there is a vicious circle of anxiety and symptoms for the child, this is also exacerbated by a vicious circle of anxiety among the child, family, and staff. Symptoms during routine care, procedures, or crises in the ICU can be controlled by a combination of pharmacological and nonpharmacological strategies. Functional symptoms may mimic a life threatening condition, on rare occasions, requiring a timely diagnostic evaluation.
The Unfair and the Unfortunate: Some Brief Critical Reflections on Secular Moral Claim Rights for the Disabled

Disease, early death, disability, and suffering mark the human condition. The hopes and aspirations of humans are often tragically and indeed inevitably foreshortened by illness and disability. We are finite mortal beings. Medicine is shaped by and directed to the amelioration of the tragic limitations and often uncontrollable suffering that burden much of human life. The response to the disease, suffering, and disability of others should be characterized by care and love. Failures of appropriate response to the needs and suffering of others are subject to moral judgments of being uncharitable, unkind, unfeeling, and unloving. However, it is far from self-evident that the domain of the unfortunate that encompasses disease, disability, and suffering can with conclusive secular rational justification be translated into claims of unfairness. That bad things happen and are an element of the human condition is surely unfortunate. The question is the extent to which this feature of human tragedy can be understood as being unfair in the sense of being a ground for claims based on considerations of justice that require others to provide care, support, and accommodation with such compelling character that it can warrant state enforcement. For the purposes of this article, claims to care, support, and accommodation grounded in considerations of justice are taken to have a force, if they are warranted, that can require the compliance of others, including the use of their property and their compliance to various policies established for the benefit of the disabled.
The architecture of parallel computers

Throughout this paper, we write lg x for log2 x, ln x for the natural logarithm log e x, and log x when the base is immaterial; we use log k x for (logx) k .
Reconsidering the Scientist-Practitioner Model for School Psychology Practice.

A reconsideration of the scientist-practitioner model is presented, following a brief historical account of its foundations and assumptions. The present reconsideration incorporates viewpoints of s...
Molecular gears: Structures of (9,10-triptyceno) crown ethers

The incorporation of 9,10-triptycene unit in a crown ether is examined from a structural perspective. Insertion of a triptycene group into 18-crown-6 stretches the crown into an ellipse, as seen in structures presented here of 9,10-triptyceno-22-crown-6 and its thallium complex. Symmetric addition of two triptycene groups into 18-crown-6 results in the sterically congested bis(9,10-triptyceno)-26-crown-6, whose crown cavity is filled with the {pi}-clouds of two arene groups. The larger bis(9,10-triptyceno)-32-crown-8 is more sterically relaxed. The structures of these bis(triptyceno)crown ether molecules are the first with two triptycene groups simultaneously linked through their 9 and 10 positions, thereby forming a simple molecular gearing mechanism. The compound 9,10-triptyceno-22-crown-6 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca with a = 10.7962(7), b = 15.826(3), c = 31.147(5) {angstrom}, V = 5321.8(12) {angstrom}{sup 3}, and Z = 8; its complex with TlNO{sub 3} crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2{sub 1}/c with a = 8.1884(14), b = 19.552(2), c = 20,575(4) {angstrom}, {beta} = 97.062(8){degree}, V = 3269.2(9) {angstrom}{sup 3}, and Z = 4; bis(9,10-triptyceno)-26-crown-6 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P{bar 1} with a = 8.6488(11), b = 10,7718(12), c = 12.3324(12) {angstrom}, {alpha} = 111.58(1), {beta} = 100.55(1), {gamma} = 106.43(1){degree}, V = 970.3(5)more » {angstrom}{sup 3}, and Z = 1; and bis(9,10-triptyceno)-32-crown-8 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pna2{sub 1} with a = 20.186(3), b = 8.558(2), c = 25.623(2) {angstrom}, V = 4426.2(14) {angstrom}{sup 3}, and Z = 4.« less
Adenosine attenuation of catecholamine-enhanced contractility of rat heart in vivo

The antiadrenergic action of adenosine was examined in open- and closed-chest preparations of anesthetized rats. The positive inotropic effects of a jugular vein infusion of either isoproterenol or epinephrine were attenuated by phenylisopropyladenosine, an adenosine A1-receptor agonist. 1,3-Dipropyl,8-cyclopentylxanthine, a specific A1-receptor antagonist, inhibited the action of phenylisopropyladenosine. The results indicate that adenosine receptor-mediated mechanisms are functional in the blood-perfused rodent heart and support the possibility of a physiological role for adenosine in modulating cardiac contractility.
Poling-induced birefringence in OEO materials under nanoscale confinement

Standard models for evaluating the electro-optic (EO) response of organic materials typically assume that the refractive index of the material in the absence of a RF modulation field is isotropic and homogeneous. Such assumptions work very well for low-concentration guest-host materials in bulk devices. However, current generation organic EO materials at high densities and under nanoscale confinement can show sufficient birefringence to affect device performance. We use computer simulations and spectroscopic experiments to characterize and predict changes in the index of refraction under poling. We also demonstrate that poling-induced birefringence can lead to a non-linear relationship between the apparent EO coefficient and poling field strength.
Boater Knowledge and Behavior Regarding Aquatic Invasive Species at a Boat Wash Station

Overland movement of recreational boaters between waterbodies is a significant pathway for spreading aquatic invasive species (AIS). Boater awareness of AIS and proper boat cleaning procedures may prove beneficial in reducing the transport, introduction, and establishment of invaders. Our objectives were to observe the use and determine the efficacy of a public boat wash station, gain a better understanding of boater knowledge on AIS and boat cleaning procedures, and help guide future educational outreach and AIS management. We conducted a three-tier human subjects survey at Tenmile Lake, Oregon over a two-year period in which a boat wash station was installed, allowing comparison of boater behavior and attitudes before and after the station was operational. The survey consisted of an observational survey, a short form (quick answer) survey, and an in-depth survey in which boaters could elaborate on their knowledge of AIS and regulations. The comparison between boaters surveyed before and after the installation of a boat wash station indicated discrepancies between what boaters say they will do and how they behave. While 76% of boaters said they would use a boat wash station prior to its installation, only 39% of boaters were observed using the station after it was installed. Additionally, the surveys identified knowledge gaps of boater AIS awareness, with > 20% of boaters unable to name any AIS. Our research indicates that even with innovative tools and targeted outreach, knowledge of AIS is still limited among the boating community and other education and management techniques need exploration.
Nanostructured MoOx films deposited on c-plane sapphire

Molybdenum oxide films were deposited on α-Al2O3 (0001) at 580 °C using MoO3 from a conventional molecular beam epitaxy Knudsen cell. A relatively smooth film (RMS roughness 1.1 nm) was deposited in 1 min at 580 °C using a Knudsen cell temperature of 620 °C; however, after 15 min deposition under these conditions, isolated islands (30–50 nm wide × 10–20 nm tall) develop that are stable to annealing at 600 °C for 60 min. XPS evidenced that the films are oxygen deficient with an average formula of MoO2.7. The authors infer that this oxygen deficiency is responsible for their thermal stability and may have significant effects on their catalytic and electronic properties. In contrast, stoichiometric MoO3 films deposited at 400 °C sublime completely during annealing at 600 °C.
A Review of Measles Outbreak Cost Estimates From the United States in the Postelimination Era (2004-2017): Estimates by Perspective and Cost Type.

Despite the elimination of measles in the United States (US) in the year 2000, cases continue to occur, with measles outbreaks having occurred in various jurisdictions in the US in 2018 and 2019. Understanding the cost associated with measles outbreaks can inform cost-of-illness and cost-effectiveness studies of measles and measles prevention. We performed a literature review and identified 10 published studies from 2001 through 2018 that presented cost estimates from 11 measles outbreaks. The median total cost per measles outbreak was $152 308 (range, $9862-$1 063 936); the median cost per case was $32 805 (range, $7396-$76 154) and the median cost per contact was $223 (range, $81-$746). There were limited data on direct and indirect costs associated with measles. These findings highlight how costly measles outbreaks can be, the value of this information for public health department budgeting, and the importance of more broadly documenting the cost of measles outbreaks.
N-butyl cyanoacrylate transvenous arteriovenous malformation embolization with arterial balloon assistance: Defining parameters for a transvenous approach as a potential upfront treatment option in managing cerebral arteriovenous malformations

Complete obliteration of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) using a transvenous approach as the primary and stand-alone treatment modality has been increasingly considered as a useful endovascular approach in the treatment of AVMs. AVMs are typically treated with microsurgery, stereotactic radiosurgery, endovascular embolization, or some combination of the three methods. Preservation of the draining vein is a key requisite common to all treatment modalities. Transvenous embolization (TVE) is conventionally not recommended as a stand-alone treatment for the vast majority of AVMs and has been thought to be best indicated when traditional approaches are considered less safe and when specific evaluation criteria are met. We report a case of a 35-year-old asymptomatic male diagnosed with a small intracranial AVM adjacent to the right motor strip which was managed utilizing this approach. We employed endovascular embolization via a transvenous approach with arterial balloon assistance due to the small size of the nidus, eloquent location, en passage arterial supply proximal to the venous varix, and a single draining vein from the fistula. This case illustrates the selective indications and technical nuances of TVE approach in managing AVMs as a potential upfront treatment option. When patients harbor AVMs with specific angio-architectural findings as outlined, TVE utilizing Onyx or N-butyl cyanoacrylate can be safely performed as a primary treatment modality.
Oncogenic BRAF Induces Whole-Genome Doubling Through Suppression of Cytokinesis

Abstract Melanomas and other solid tumors commonly have increased ploidy, with near-tetraploid karyotypes being most frequently observed. Such karyotypes have been shown to arise through whole-genome doubling events that occur during early stages of tumor progression. The generation of tetraploid cells via whole-genome doubling is proposed to allow nascent tumor cells the ability to sample various pro-tumorigenic genomic configurations while avoiding the negative consequences that chromosomal gains or losses have in diploid cells. Whereas a high prevalence of whole-genome doubling events has been established, the means by which whole-genome doubling arises is unclear. Here, we find that BRAFV600E, the most common mutation in melanomas, can induce whole-genome doubling via cytokinesis failure in vitro and in a zebrafish melanoma model. Mechanistically, BRAFV600E causes decreased activation and localization of RhoA, a critical cytokinesis regulator. BRAFV600E activity during G1/S phases of the cell cycle is required to suppress cytokinesis. During G1/S, BRAFV600E activity causes inappropriate centriole amplification, which is linked in part to inhibition of RhoA and suppression of cytokinesis. Together these data suggest that common abnormalities of melanomas linked to tumorigenesis – amplified centrosomes and whole-genome doubling events – can be induced by oncogenic BRAF and other mutations that increase RAS/MAPK pathway activity. Statement of Significance Whole-genome doubling is prevalent in many types of solid tumors and important in shaping tumor genomes, yet the causes of whole-genome doubling are not well understood. Here, we discover that oncogenic BRAFV600E can induce whole-genome doubling through suppression of cytokinesis, and BRAFV600E-induced whole-genome doubling can occur in melanocytes and be present in nascent melanoma cells upon tumorigenesis.
Federated Learning with Fair Worker Selection: A Multi-Round Submodular Maximization Approach.

In this paper, we study the problem of fair worker selection in Federated Learning systems, where fairness serves as an incentive mechanism that encourages more workers to participate in the federation. Considering the achieved training accuracy of the global model as the utility of the selected workers, which is typically a monotone submodular function, we formulate the worker selection problem as a new multi-round monotone submodular maximization problem with cardinality and fairness constraints. The objective is to maximize the time-average utility over multiple rounds subject to an additional fairness requirement that each worker must be selected for a certain fraction of time. While the traditional submodular maximization with a cardinality constraint is already a well-known NP-Hard problem, the fairness constraint in the multi-round setting adds an extra layer of difficulty. To address this novel challenge, we propose three algorithms: Fair Continuous Greedy (FairCG1 and FairCG2) and Fair Discrete Greedy (FairDG), all of which satisfy the fairness requirement whenever feasible. Moreover, we prove nontrivial lower bounds on the achieved time-average utility under FairCG1 and FairCG2. In addition, by giving a higher priority to fairness, FairDG ensures a stronger short-term fairness guarantee, which holds in every round. Finally, we perform extensive simulations to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms in terms of the time-average utility and fairness satisfaction.
Factors Influencing Patient Preferences for Telehealth Cancer Genetic Counseling During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

PURPOSE:With onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, telehealth became the primary modality for health care appointments. This study examined patient experiences with and preferences for telehealth at a ca...
Synchronization Schemas

We present a type-theoretic framework for data stream processing for real-time decision making, where the desired computation involves a mix of sequential computation, such as smoothing and detection of peaks and surges, and naturally parallel computation, such as relational operations, key-based partitioning, and map-reduce. Our framework unifies sequential (ordered) and relational (unordered) data models. In particular, we define synchronization schemas as types, and series-parallel streams (SPS) as objects of these types. A synchronization schema imposes a hierarchical structure over relational types that succinctly captures ordering and synchronization requirements among different kinds of data items. Series-parallel streams naturally model objects such as relations, sequences, sequences of relations, sets of streams indexed by key values, time-based and event-based windows, and more complex structures obtained by nesting of these. We introduce series-parallel stream transformers (SPST) as a domain-specific language for modular specification of deterministic transformations over such streams. SPSTs provably specify only monotonic transformations allowing streamability, have a modular structure that can be exploited for correct parallel implementation, and are composable allowing specification of complex queries as a pipeline of transformations.
Soft Sensing Model Visualization: Fine-tuning Neural Network from What Model Learned

The growing availability of the data collected from smart manufacturing is changing the paradigms of production monitoring and control. The increasing complexity and content of the wafer manufacturing process in addition to the time-varying unexpected disturbances and uncertainties, make it infeasible to do the control process with model-based approaches. As a result, data-driven soft-sensing modeling has become more prevalent in wafer process diagnostics. Recently, deep learning has been utilized in soft sensing system with promising performance on highly nonlinear and dynamic time-series data. Despite its successes in soft-sensing systems, however, the underlying logic of the deep learning framework is hard to understand. In this paper, we propose a deep learning-based model for defective wafer detection using a highly imbalanced dataset. To understand how the proposed model works, the deep visualization approach is applied. Additionally, the model is then fine-tuned guided by the deep visualization. Extensive experiments are performed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed system. The results provide an interpretation of how the model works and an instructive fine-tuning method based on the interpretation.
Der Follikel des Ovars

Die Follikelzellen des Ovars (N), die in der vorliegenden elektronenmikroskopischen Aufnahme in niedriger Vergroserung gezeigt werden, umgrenzen einen zystenformigen Hohlraum, in dem das Ei oder Ovum (O) heranreift. Der Follikel entsteht als Zellknospe aus der Rindenschicht des Ovars, dem Keimepithel. Eine der Zellen dieser Knospe wird zum Ei und bildet zusammen mit den anderen umhullenden Zellen den Primarfollikel. Diese Follikel stehen unter hormonaler Kontrolle, doch reagieren wahrend der Geschlechtsreife bei Saugern nur gewisse Primarfollikel auf das follikelstimulierende Hormon (FSH), das vom Hypophysenvorderlappen abgesondert wird. Dann machen Ei und Follikelepithel eine ausgedehnte Reifezeit durch. Das Stroma des Ovars ordnet sich als spharische Epithelhulle um das Ei und bildet so die Theka. Follikel und Theka zusammen bringen nicht nur die reife Eizelle hervor, sie produzieren auch zwei Hormone, die fur die Erhaltung des normalen Zyklus entscheidend sind.
Computer analysis of cerebrovascular hemodynamics during induction of anesthesia

The purpose of this project was to develop a computer model of cerebrovascular hemodynamics interacting with a pharmacokinetic drug model to examine the effects of various stimuli during anesthesia on cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure.
Couples of Mixed HIV Status

Abstract As individuals with HIV are living longer due to earlier diagnosis and advances in treatment, they are turning their attention to living with HIV/AIDS. Based on a study (n = 82) that explored how HIV may affect the intimacy of long-term couples of mixed HIV status, psychosocial issues are identified. Key findings include the identification of six themes. They are: (1) fear of HIV transmission, (2) HIV and health status, (3) shifts in emotional intimacy, (4) assumption of care-giver and patient roles, (5) reproductive issues, and (6) a perceived sense of power inequity present between the genders and between HIV positive and HIV negative partners. Implications for the practitioner are discussed.
Field Patching, Factorization, and Local–Global Principles

The method of field patching has proven useful in obtaining results on Galois theory, central simple algebras, and quadratic forms. A crucial ingredient for this was proving certain “factorization” results for connected, rational linear algebraic groups. In this paper, we explore other possible applications of field patching by examining the relationship between factorization results and local–global principles, and also by extending the known factorization results to connected, retract rational linear algebraic groups.
Challenges Facing a Proposed WIPO Treaty for Persons Who are Blind or Print Disabled

A multi-year negotiation at the World Intellectual Property Organisation seeking to create a flexible exception from copyright protection for people who are blind or have print disabilities has faced multiple challenges. Industry representatives, especially publishing and film, have been concerned that codifying globally enforced, minimum exceptions to copyright could create a template for additional limitations and exceptions that would ultimately benefit libraries, educators and students, researchers, and innovative businesses that rely on more flexible copyright rules. The United States and European Union have been the most recalcitrant negotiators, objecting primarily to language promoting easy cross-border exchange of e-accessible versions of print material. Regrettably, broad translation rights, audio-visual works and accessibility for hearing impaired persons has already been written out of the proposed treaty. There are further limitations that might condition access to circumstances where accessible content is not otherwise commercially available, limit access other than thorough authorized in-country exchanges, and allow contractual limitations on access rights. Only 7% of print materials are available in high-income countries and less than 1% is available in low- and middle-income countries. Failing to adopt a treaty or watering it down would be a huge setback in terms of the access of persons with vision and print disabilities to the fruits of the information age.
Reactions of family medicine community preceptors to teaching medical students

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In 1993, the University of California, Los Angeles introduced an interdisciplinary course called ?Doctoring? for all first-year medical students in which students visited family physicians' offices once a month for a total of four visits. The study's objectives were to ascertain preceptors' attitudes about having students in their offices and determine if this experience resulted in professional growth. METHODS A survey was mailed to the 101 preceptors recruited to teach in the ?Doctoring? course. Thirty of the respondents were selected randomly for a follow-up telephone interview. In addition, a second survey was mailed to the 31 preceptors who chose not to participate in the course the following year. RESULTS More than 75% of the preceptors surveyed reported that the medical students had positive effects on their patients' satisfaction with their care. However, interviews with some respondents revealed worries about balancing time with the student vs maintaining a busy practice. Preceptors reported professional growth in the teaching process and greater knowledge and skills in the specific medical content areas of the ?Doctoring? course. Preceptors who did not participate in the course during the subsequent year reported that their decision was based on issues other than satisfaction with the course. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results of the study, preceptors experience professional growth through students' direct presence in their offices. Time management while precepting is the greatest challenge reported by preceptors.
Synchronized Multi-Hop Scheduling for Real-Time Traffic on SDNs

Although supporting Quality of Service (QoS) on the traditional Internet has been extremely challenging, QoS supports are still highly desirable for many real-time applications. While existing QoS schemes often show poor scalability, low efficiency, and limited QoS supports, the fast development of Software Define Networks (SDNs) provides new opportunities to address QoS support with its centralized network control. In this paper, we propose a synchronized architecture to exploit the unique features of SDNs without conducting static reservations. Assume all routers are synchronized in time, we can precisely determine the upstream delay of a packet at a router. Meanwhile, because we also know the fairly accurate resource availability on its downstream routers (from the SDN controller), we can determine the packet's service priority on its current router based on its end-to-end (e2e) delay requirement and the expected delay that the packet may experience in its downstream. In particular, we propose a synchronized multi-hop scheduling (SMS) scheme to exploit both upstream information and downstream resource availability to speed up or slow down a packet. This is completely different from all existing per-hop or multi-hop schemes that mostly utilize upstream information. Furthermore, we propose to selectively drop a packet that is unlikely to meet its deadline. Our simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms existing schemes in packet missing rates.
A Strategy for Characterization of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in a Reference Material

Abstract The advent and adoption of next generation sequencing (NGS) is enabling analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at an unprecedented scale, limited primarily by multiplexing during the PCR amplification based enrichment step used for forensic applications. Since only a single nucleotide is assayed, PCR primers may be designed to generate small amplicons, making SNP markers well-suited to forensic DNA typing. Carefully selected panels of SNP markers have been previously established for forensic applications such as one-to-one matching, estimating biogeographical ancestry, and predicting externally visible phenotype [1–6]. To support the implementation of SNPs in forensic DNA analysis, NIST has examined the HID-Ion AmpliSeq Identity Panel and the HID-Ion AmpliSeq Ancestry Panel for the Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine (PGM). In total, over 289 SNP markers have been typed. NIST intends to use a strategy combining NGS on orthogonal platforms and Sanger sequencing for characterizing the SNP markers for varying levels of confidence. The outcome will be to report only the SNP allele calls, analogous to the mitochondrial sequence variants in NIST Standard Reference Material (SRM) 2392, and not the subsequent application of the information (e.g. prediction of ancestry or phenotype).
Cross-linking of T-cell surface molecules CD4 and CD8 stimulates phosphorylation of the lck tyrosine protein kinase at the autophosphorylation site

Abstract p56lck, a lymphocyte-specific tyrosine protein kinase, binds to the cytoplasmic tails of the T-cell surface molecules CD4 and CD8. Cross-linking of CD4 expressed on the surface of murine thymocytes, splenocytes, and CD4+ T-cell lines induced tyrosine phosphorylation of p56lck dramatically. Cross-linking of CD8 stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of p56lck strongly in murine L3 and GA4 cells, slightly in splenocytes, but not detectably in thymocytes. Differing effects of cross-linking on in vitro tyrosine kinase activity of p56lck were observed. An increase in the in vitro kinase activity of p56lck, when assayed with [Val5]-angiotensin II as an exogenous substrate, was found to accompany cross-linking of CD4 in three cell lines. No stimulation of the in vitro kinase activity, however, was observed after cross-linking of CD8 in L3 cells. The phosphorylation of p56lck at Tyr-394, the autophosphorylation site, was stimulated by cross-linking in all cell lines examined. Tyr-394 was the predominant site of increased tyrosine phosphorylation in two leukemic cell lines. In the other two cell lines, the phosphorylation of both Tyr-394 and an inhibitory site, Tyr-505, was found to increase. In contrast to cross-linking with antibodies, no striking increase in the tyrosine phosphorylation of p56lck was stimulated by antigenic stimulation. Therefore, the effect of antibody-induced aggregation of CD4 and CD8 on the tyrosine phosphorylation of p56lck differs, at least quantitatively, from what occurs during antigen-induced T-cell activation.
Abdominal Trauma - Child Abuse

To the Editor.— The development of severe abdominal pain and vomiting in an infant is frequently an ominous event with a large differential diagnosis including midgut volvulus, intussusception, and incarcerated hernia. Recently we cared for an infant who developed an acute abdomen as a result of child abuse which was not appreciated until after laparotomy. A 3-month-old girl was transferred to our hospital with a history of an acute onset of vomiting, diarrhea, fever, and lethargy.
Postpartum depression: The clinical disorder and application of PET imaging research methods.

Although postpartum depression (PPD) is a disorder with devastating effects on women, children, and families, it is generally a highly treatable illness once recognized. Increased clinical research of PPD has yielded a wide armamentarium of available treatments during lactation that was not available one decade ago. Study of birth outcomes after in utero selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor exposure has broadened the understanding of risks and benefits of available treatments in perinatal depression. The perinatal period is replete with intrapsychic, interpersonal, and biological adjustments that render many women vulnerable to mental illness onset and episode recurrence. Increased dissemination of information regarding these illnesses stands to improve recognition and treatment. Ongoing research efforts are needed to fine-tune the risk-benefit decision-making process for the use of psychotropics perinatally. In the absence of the ideal information database, sound clinical evaluation to select an efficacious drug (based on patient history and the literature) and a thorough risk–benefit discussion with patients is the mainstays of good perinatal psychiatric management. The nature of human maternal neuroplasticity and whether such neuroplasticity is possible in perinatal women with mental illness or susceptibility to mental illness) is an important area for future investigation. Because healthy maternal adaptation confers benefits to offspring at the level of emotional, cognitive, and physical development, insights into mental illness-related aberrant maternal brain changes will facilitate the development of treatments to foster healthier adaptation to the maternal role.
Is There a Link Between Chronic Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer

There are difficulties in studying etiologic factors of pancreatic cancer. Considering the short survival time of the patients after the initial diagnosis, the population-based studies have been based to some extent on proxy interviews. For this reason, most published studies of pancreatic cancer have been small, based on 100 or less cases, and the available data are conflicting. Considering the published reports, almost everybody seems to be at risk for pancreatic cancer, including those who consume margarine on a slice of bread [1] or a large amount of pasta [2], beauticians and those who use professional makeup, such as actors [3], and those who live at certain geographical latitudes [4], consume sugar, eggs, milk, and diary products or undergo a tonsillectomy or spontaneous abortion [5], just to name a few. Chronic pancreatitis also has been mentioned among these risk factors. The purpose of this report is to focus on whether there is any link between chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer based on review of the epidemiologic data and clinical and experimental experiences.
Xanthomonas maltophilia infection presenting as erythematous nodules.

Abstract Xanthomonas ( Pseudomonas ) maltophilia is increasingly being recognized as an opportunistic pathogen in hospitalized and debilitated patients. We describe X. maltophilia cellulitis in a neutropenic patient undergoing consolidation chemotherapy for acute lymphocytic leukemia. The patient had multiple, erythematous, nonulcerated nodules on the lower extremities. A biopsy specimen showed numerous gram-negative bacilli in the dermis and subcutis, without evidence of vasculitis. Tissue culture and subsequent blood cultures grew X. maltophilia . The cutaneous nodules and positive blood cultures resolved after treatment with intravenous ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;37:836-8.)