cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Innervation and structure of extraocular muscles in the monkey in comparison to those of the cat

Motoneurones that innervate the medial rectus, lateral rectus, and accessory lateral rectus muscles in the monkey have been identified and localized by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Medial rectus motoneurones were located within both dorsal and ventral regions of the oculomotor nucleus, with a differential distribution along the rostral-caudal axis of the nucleus. Lateral rectus motoneurones were located predominantly within the abducens nucleus, and were distributed throughout the rostral-caudal extent of the nucleus. Motoneurones that innervate the accessory lateral rectus muscle comprised a group of large cells located approximately 0.5 mm ventral to the rostral protion of the abducens nucleus, corresponding to the ventral abducens nucleus of Tsuchida ('06). The ventral subgroup of abducens motoneurones, which innervate both the lateral rectus and accessory lateral rectus muscles, thus do not occupy a brain stem location similar to the cat accessory abducens nucleus, whose motoneurones innervate the retractor bulbi muscle, to which the accessory lateral rectus muscle presumably is homologous. A few accessory lateral rectus motoneurones also were located within the abducens nucleus, overlapping the distribution of lateral rectus motoneurones. Electron microscope examination of the lateral rectus muscle revealed the presence of three morphological types of singly innervated muscle fibers and two morphological types of multiply innervated muscle fibers that exhibited a differential distribution within the orbital, intermediate, and global regions of the muscle. The accessory lateral rectus muscle resembled the global portion of the lateral rectus muscle in containing two morphological types of singly innervated fibers and one type of multiply innervated fiber. These findings indicate that the central differences in the brainstem locations of motoneurones that innervate the cat retractor bulbi and monkey accessory lateral rectus muscles are correlated with peripheral differences not only in the morphology, but also possibly in the mechanical roles, of the muscles they innervate. The accessory lateral rectus muscle thus appears to have evolved both structurally and functionally towards more of a role in patterned eye movement. Furthermore, with the phylogenetic regression of the retractor bulbi muscle, the various types of eye movement with which this muscle is associated in lower vertebrates may be assumed by the other extraocular muscles in higher mammals, including humans.
Computational cellphone microscopy

Within the last few years, cellphone subscriptions have widely spread and now cover even the remotest parts of the planet. Adequate access to healthcare, however, is not widely available, especially in developing countries. We propose a new approach to converting cellphones into low-cost scientific devices for microscopy. Cellphone microscopes have the potential to revolutionize health-related screening and analysis for a variety of applications, including blood and water tests. Our optical system is more flexible than previously proposed mobile microscopes and allows for wide field of view panoramic imaging, the acquisition of parallax, and coded background illumination, which optically enhances the contrast of transparent and refractive specimens.
The two CRYs of the butterfly.

(Current Biology 15, R953–R954; December 6, 2005)The authors wish to correct an omission in this Correspondence. Dr. Adriana D. Briscoe should be a coauthor for this paper, because she was the first to disclose to us the existence of a mammalian-like cryptochrome (CRY2) in Anopheles and other insects, a discovery that led directly to our searching and finding the monarch butterfly CRY2 in the EST library. Her name and address should be as above.
E-satisfaction and e-loyalty: A contingency framework

The authors investigate the impact of satisfaction on loyalty in the context of electronic commerce. Findings of this research indicate that although e-satisfaction has an impact on e-loyalty, this relationship is moderated by (a) consumers' individual level factors and (b) firms' business level factors. Among consumer level factors, convenience motivation and purchase size were found to accentuate the impact of e-satisfaction on e-loyalty, whereas inertia suppresses the impact of e-satisfaction on e-loyalty. With respect to business level factors, both trust and perceived value, as developed by the company, significantly accentuate the impact of e-satisfaction on e-loyalty. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Non-Linear Extremal Problem on the Hardy Space

We relate some classical extremal problems on the Hardy space to norms of truncated Toeplitz operators and complex symmetric operators.
Endotoxin-mediated bovine alveolar macrophage procoagulant induction is dependent on protein kinase C activation.

The induction of pulmonary alveolar macrophage (PAM) tissue factor-dependent procoagulant activity is central to the deposition of inflammatory fibrin in the pulmonary alveolus. The presence of enhanced tissue factor activity is often associated with pulmonary fibrin deposition, an important pathogenetic event that can delay resolution of pulmonary inflammation and promote the induction of pulmonary fibrosis. Since tissue factor synthesis induction and activation pathways are potential therapeutic targets for modulation of alveolar macrophage tissue factor (procoagulant) activity, we examined the pathways through which endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces bovine PAM tissue factor-dependent procoagulant activity. PAM procoagulant activity was markedly enhanced to 10 times the levels of freshly isolated PAM after 8 h of culture in the presence of either the protein kinase C (PKC) agonist phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or LPS. Both LPS-(P < 0.002) and PMA-induced activity (P < 0.007) was completely ablated by the PKC inhibitor 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H 7,100μM but was unaffected by the cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase inhibitorN-(2-guanidinoethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide (HA-1004, 100μM). The arachidonate cyclooxygenase pathway inhibitor phenylbutazone (10−4 M) had modest effects that were not statistically significant. The unstimulated increase of procoagulant activity in 8-h cultures was unaffected by the same inhibitory modulations. These results indicate that PKC-dependent signal transduction pathways are involved in the stimulation of PAM procoagulant activity and that inhibition of this protein kinase prevents LPS-induction of new activity. The results also suggest that the transduction pathways leading to either PMA- or LPS-induced procoagulant activity are similar to the extent that both appear to require an intact PKC system.
Predictive Microbiology for Monitoring Spoilage of Dairy Products with Time-Temperature Integrators

Time/temperature integrators (TTI) have a potential for monitoring time-temperature history of perishable foods, including dairy products. To correlate the end of shelf life of dairy products with different TTI's, kinetic data for growth of a dairy spoilage microorganism was obtained. Both Arrhenius and square root equations were used to model the growth of Pseudomonas fragi. A significant negative history effect was observed for P. fragi growth rate whereas history effect was positive on the lag phase, under certain nonisothermal conditions. A correlation scheme of P. fragi growth was developed with the TTI response. The application of TTI's for dairy products is feasible despite the history effects.
The Fungus-culturing Behavior of Ants

A colony of attine ants begins with a recently fecundated female carrying hyphae from the parental garden in a pellet in an infrabuccal pocket. All future food of the colony will be derived from this nucleus. She digs a cavity in the ground, ejects this pellet and manures it with her liquid excrement. As the hyphae proliferate, eggs are laid on them and the colony is launched. She continually licks both the hyphae and the brood. Thus, both salivary and anal excretions play a vital role in the beginning of a colony and this pattern is repeated by the resulting workers. About 60–65% of them in Atta are the minima and these are intimately involved in brood and fungus care. Their excretions are disproportionately large. About 1/3 of the workers in Atta are 4–6 mm media and these cut and prepare the substrate. The 7–9 mm maxima sizes and the soldiers (over 9 mm) are less directly involved in culturing the fungus. The effectiveness of fungus culturing is shown by the rapid build-up of gardens. The ants maintain their garden despite surrounding contamination after a fragment with ants is introduced to a plate of sterile nutrient agar.
Tat and the HIV-1 promoter: A model for RNA-mediated regulation of transcription

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) promoter is unique among RNA pol II transcription units in that it contains an element in the leader RNA (the trans-activation response element, or TAR) which regulates transcriptional induction by the virus-encoded regulatory protein, Tat. Tat acts through the TAR element to increase the efficiency of RNA transcript elongation, and under selected circumstances is also capable of enhancing the RNA initiation rate. Transcripts that initiate in the absence of Tat are elongated inefficiently and terminate at random, a process that we will refer to as attenuation. In this review, we consider the mechanism of trans-activation by Tat (including the role of TAR RNA) as well as the influence of host cell DNAbinding proteins on the assembly of productive and abortive transcription complexes at the HIV-1 promoter.
Uplifts, the Primary Structures of Deformation in the Shelf and Miogeosyncline of the Western United States: ABSTRACT

The large asymmetrical and elongate domes that constitute the basic structure of the ranges of the shelf province of Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, and the Colorado Plateau of Utah and Arizona are depicted as primary structures with the flanking thrusts as secondary gravity slide phenomena. End_Page 338------------------------------ The miogeosyncline of western Utah and eastern Nevada is analyzed for its pre-Basin and Range and pre-volcanic structures, and an outcrop pattern arrived at that shows uplifts similar to those of the shelf. A number of thrusts are believed to be gravity slide structures on the flanks of the uplifts, and most of the folds and associated thrusts are squeeze structures between the uplifts. These latter compose synclinoria with thick Pennsylvanian and Permian sections. The uplifts, including those of the Ancestral Rockies as well as some in the miogeosyncline, have had a history beginning with the Pennsylvanian. Vigorous uplifting reached a climax in the Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary. All of the uplifts owe their existence to magmatism, in which basalt from the mantle has risen to the interface between the granitic and basaltic layers to form megalenses or blisters. End_of_Article - Last_Page 339------------
Error identified as hysteresis in flexure testing of advanced ceramics

Flexure testing has been widely used to determine the strength, fracture toughness, fatigue and creep behavior of brittle ceramic materials at both ambient and elevated temperatures. The sources of error have been identified in detail by several investigators. A previous study by the present authors showed that friction between the support-rollers of a four-point flexure fixture and the specimen surface resulted in a well-defined hysteresis in the load (stress) versus strain cycle when the rollers were fixed. Based on the previous finding that hysteresis is a measure of stress error, a particular attempt was made in this study to establish a quantitative correlation between hysteresis and stress error for the four-point, fixed-roller fixture system. For this purpose, friction between support rollers and specimen surface was arbitrarily changed by using five different mediums at the contact points: air, distilled water, silicon oil, solid lubricant, and Teflon tape. The stress error thus obtained was correlated in terms of a hysteresis index that quantifies the degree of hysteresis. The frictional effect of various contact mediums was determined by loading a strain gaged silicon nitride specimen in a SiC, four-point flexure fixture with SiC rollers that were fixed in V-grooves.
Monte Carlo Simulation of Backscatter Signals Through Thin Scattering Layers for Biomedical Applications

Monte Carlo simulation of photon transport is formulated to solve transient radiative transfer equation through thin multilayered scattering-absorbing media with inhomogeneous properties. Though thin layers might seem to be geometrically insignificant, contribution of their radiative properties is relevant in predicting the behavior of most bioengineering, biomedical and space applications. Most traditional Monte Carlo models often fail to capture the presence of thin layers and account for its radiative properties. If the Monte Carlo model is implemented without unique features then the results of the simulation would show incorrect effect of thin layers since the path length of most photons would be significantly larger than the layer thickness and the evaluated photon travel path length would simply not feel the existence of the layer. Numerical and algorithmic features for computation of radiation transport through thin scattering and absorbing layers using the traditional Monte Carlo and an enhanced Monte Carlo model with features specifically developed for thin layers is presented and implemented for the analysis of backscattered radiation. It is observed that while Monte Carlo without special features defines the radiative effect of the layers, the refined technique indicates that layers have a great impact on the backscattered light, especially if the layer properties are distinctly different from those of the contiguous layers. The results have significant implications in the study of diagnostic applications of laser in biomedical applications since backscattered light is one of the non-invasive techniques available for detection of diseases and complements other known methods. Analyses of backscattered signals have also found use in the noninvasive methods of medical use especially in skin diagnostics.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Properties of single crystal and nearly bulk density high temperature superconductors

Abstract We present the results of transport and microstructural studies on large single crystal and nearly bulk density polycrystalline samples of (RE)Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7 superconductors. These samples were characterized by x-ray and electron diffraction, optical and scanning electron transmission microscopy, electrical resistance, magnetic susceptibility, and magnetic field and orientation dependent magnetization. Among some of the measurements we will report on are: unique features of the microstrure, superconducting fluctuations above the transition temperature, time dependent susceptibility, and critical currents.
The motivating opportunities model for performance SUCCESS: Design, development, and instructional implications

This article develops the motivating opportunities model from its previous conceptual framework to its design, development, and instructional implications. It includes building the utility of the model for implementation around the acronym SUCCESS, representing a systematic approach to analyzing and designing motivation for situational, utilization, competence, content, emotional, social, and systemic factors. Furthermore, it details the considerations and questions included in each of the seven components of a process of analysis and design using SUCCESS as a tool and procedural guide. Accompanying each component are specific strategies that support implementation by generating the motivating opportunities that the model supports using, with examples to illustrate cases of use. Following the development and strategies of the model are research questions that may illuminate motivation in instructional design and human performance technology, and the utilization of the model.
It is premature to abandon youth access to tobacco programs.

In a recent meta-analysis study, Fichtenberg and Glantz1 argue that youth access tobacco programs do not affect teen smoking prevalence because as fewer merchants sell tobacco to minors, teens will use social sources to obtain tobacco. They conclude, as well as in a recent editorial,2 that it is time to abandon youth access tobacco programs. The likely result of reversing this policy would be that the majority of merchants would once again sell minors tobacco, thereby providing them easy access to this dangerous substance. Previous studies that have investigated the relation of retail tobacco availability (RTA) to youth tobacco use have measured this factor as the proportion of retailers assessed who illegally sold cigarettes.3–6 Fichtenberg and Glantz7 concur that this is the most commonly used metric for assessing youth access programs, and if this is not an accurate reflection of youth access, “then none of the studies of youth access that base their effectiveness on merchant compliance are valid.” Unfortunately, this approach does not account for the relative density of tobacco retailers in each community, which may affect the likelihood that a youth will encounter a retailer who is not compliant with the tobacco sales law. As an example, in one town we recently studied,8 …
Identification of the adduct between a 4-Aza-3-ene-1,6-diyne and DNA using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

The interactions between a novel enediyne [1-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)-3-(3-phenylprop-2-ynyl)-3H-benzimidazolium] (1) and various cytosine-containing oligonucleotides were studied using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) in a flow injection analysis mode useful for small volumes. This enediyne ligand, developed as a potential alternative to the highly cytotoxic natural enediynes, some of which have been successfully used as anti-tumor agents, has previously been shown to interact with DNA through frank strand scission as well as via the formation of adducts that lead to 2′-deoxycytidine-specific cleavage. Through ESI-MS, the structures of these adducts were examined and a sequence dependence of the 2′-deoxycytidine-specific cleavage was noted. Collisionally activated dissociation of the observed adducts confirmed the strength of the interactions between the enediyne and DNA and supports a direct linkage between the enediyne and the cytosine nucleobase, likely the result of a nucleophilic attack of the phenylethynyl group by the cytosine amine.
Parallel solution of recurrences on a tree machine

The recurrencexo =aoxi =ai+bixi−1,i = 1, 2,...,n−1 requiresO(n) operations on a sequential computer. Elegant parallel solutions exist, however, that reduce the complexity toO(logN) usingN⩾n processors. This paper discusses one such solution, designed for a tree-structured network of processors.
Pulsed laser processing of epitaxial TiN/Si heterostructures

This paper reviews our recent work on laser processing and characterization of epitaxial TiN/Si heterostructures. Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique has been employed to grow TiN films on H- terminated Si(100) substrates at various temperatures in the range of 25 to 600 degree(s)C. A pulsed KrF excimer laser ((lambda) equals 248 nm, (tau) equals 25 X 10 -9 sec) was used with the deposition chamber maintained at a base pressure of 10 -7 Torr/. The films were characterized by x-ray diffraction technique, Auger electron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning and high resolution electron microscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy and four probe electrical resistivity. Auger and Raman spectroscopy revealed that the films were purely TiN and free from oxygen impurities. The x-ray diffraction and TEM results showed that the TiN films deposited at 600 degree(s)C were single crystal in nature with epitaxial relationship TiN Si. The RBS channeling yield for these films was found to be in the range of 10-13%. Four-point-probe electrical resistivity measurements showed characteristic metallic behavior of these films as a function of temperature with the lowest value of resistivity of about 15(mu) (Omega) -cm at room temperature. The epitaxial growth of TiN on Si(100) is rationalized in terms of domain matching epitaxy, where four unit cells of TiN match with three unit cells of Si with less than 4% misfit. This paper also describes the fundamental issues related to thin film growth, defect formation, atomic structure of defects and interfaces in semiconductor heterostructures.
Screening, risk assessment, and the approach to therapy in patients with prostate cancer

The major challenge in prostate cancer is to identify patients at higher risk of death and to distinguish them from those more likely to die from other causes. Stratification of patients into risk groups can be used to guide management decisions at each disease stage. This review discusses the measures, tools, and nomograms available for risk assessment in prostate cancer. For patients with localized hormone-sensitive disease, the choice is between active surveillance and radical treatment, with focal therapy an emerging option. Current guidelines recommend treatment of patients with a life expectancy ≥10 years, although active surveillance is being used with increasing frequency for low-risk patients, even with a long life expectancy. A number of risk stratification methods have been devised to assess the risk of biochemical recurrence (BCR) after treatment, with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, Gleason score, clinical stage, and tumor mass/volume all shown to be predictive of BCR. Among men with BCR after treatment, PSA doubling time (PSADT) was the best predictor of further progression. Although studies in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer have shown that PSA level and PSADT are associated with a risk of developing metastatic disease, there is currently no clear surrogate for disease progression or overall survival for this patient group and no standard second- or third-line therapy after progression on first-line chemotherapy. The use of newly developed risk-stratification models and markers of disease progression should assist in the earlier identification of disease progression, allowing the optimal treatment of such patients.
Hepatic fatty acid synthesis and oxidation in the parenterally-fed rat

Abstract Hepatic fatty acid synthesis and oxidation were studied in rats after low-fat (LF) or high-fat (HF) total parenteral nutrition (TPN) to ascertain the relationship between these metabolic processes and hepatic lipid content. Hepatic total lipid was elevated ≈30% with LF-TPN and ≈125% with HF-TPN compared to mean value of stock-diet fed rats. Five lipogenic enzymes were measured: acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACX), fatty, acid synthetase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme and ATP-citrate lyase. Activity of ACX decreased significantly with LF-TPN and HF-TPN, compared to stock-diet feeding. Fatty acid oxidation was assessed by measuring liver levels of carnitine, mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) and palmitate oxidation in vitro. Both CPT activity and palmitate oxidation increased significantly with HF-TPN compared to diet-fed or LF-TPN, whereas liver carnitine content was unaffected by either TPN. Mild fatty liver occurred with LF-TPN despite normal fatty acid oxidation parameters and lack of lipogenic enzyme stimulation. Fatty liver occurred with HF-TPN despite a significant increase in fatty acid oxidation and marked inhibition of ACX activity.
Noninvasive Vascular Laboratory for Evaluation of Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease. Part III—Clinical Applications: Nonatherosclerotic Lower Extremity Arterial Conditions and Upper Extremity Arterial Disease

THE noninvasive vascular laboratory is a group of techniques that have been devised and validated to assess a wide range of disease states in numerous vascular territories. In general, these techniques assess physiologic parameters such as local differences in blood pressure, disturbances in blood flow velocity or characteristics, or the skin oxygen tension. The first part of the three-part “State of the Art Review” series on the noninvasive vascular laboratory for evaluation of patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) dealt with the hemodynamic principles of normal and disturbed extremity blood flow and the devices commonly used by noninvasive laboratories (1). The second part focused on the techniques, results, and roles of tests used to evaluate chronic, usually atherosclerotic, lower extremity PAOD, and to assess the outcome of interventions and to screen for potential complications in patients after revascularization procedures (2). The third part focuses on applications for assessment of nonatherosclerotic conditions of lower extremity arteries, as well as a variety of upper extremity disease states of the arteries or hemodialysis access sites.
Herbaceous recolonization of the brookhaven irradiated forest: the first three years

Abstract Chronic γ-irradiation of an oak-pine forest in central Long Island, New York, has killed most species of higher plants originally present wherever average exposures exceeded 45 R/day. This central devastated zone is being invaded slowly by relatively radiation resistant herbs, including especially a sedge, Carex pensylvanica , which is indigenous to the forest. Of the other herbaceous invaders, such as Erechtites hieracifolia , set of viable seeds is reduced to less than 50 per cent by exposures of 100 R/day or more. There is a clear selection favouring perennial species with shielded perennating buds and vigorous asexual reproduction. This pattern is accentuated by rabbits which find the radiation-devastated zone an attractive feeding ground and check the expansion of populations of herbaceous plants by grazing the flowering stems. Grazing has been especially effective in limiting the spread of the common old-field successional species, Erigeron canadensis . The overall successional pattern indicates that invasion by Carex will predominate, ultimately resulting in a dense Carex mat, excluding even other radioresistant herbs.
Heterogeneous Catalysis on a Disordered Surface.

We introduce a simple model of heterogeneous catalysis on a disordered surface which consists of two types of randomly distributed sites with different adsorption rates. Disorder can create a reactive steady state in situations where the same model on a homogeneous surface exhibits trivial kinetics with no steady state. A rich variety of kinetic behaviors occur for the adsorbate concentrations and catalytic reaction rate as a function of model parameters.
Modulation of neuropeptide Y expression in rat brain neuronal cultures

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and its encoding mRNA were measured in neurons co-cultured from rat basal forebrain and cerebral cortex. NPY was synthesized and released in a manner consistent with secretion-synthesis coupling; depolarization increased each in a calcium-dependent manner. The accumulation of NPY encoding mRNA was elevated by a muscarinic receptor blocker, without changes in transmitter release or peptide synthesis, thereby consistent with a membrane potential-independent mechanism. Changes in intrinsic muscarinic transmission could nonetheless be expressed rapidly as an elevation in NPY levels by depolarizing the neurons subsequent to muscarinic receptor blockade. This depolarization-induced elevation of NPY subsequent to muscarinic receptor blockade was dependent on the presence of extracellular calcium ions. Forskolin and pertussis toxin also increased NPY encoding mRNA levels in a manner that was not additive with muscarinic receptor blockade. These results suggest that one or more muscarinic receptors may tonically modulate NPY synthesis via changes in adenylate cyclase activity, providing a model for the non-homeostatic modulation of neuropeptide turnover.
Ionization of hydrogen atoms by static and circularly polarized fields: Classical adiabatic theory

Classical mechanics has been applied in the theoretical study of the ionization of hydrogen atoms by static electric and circularly polarized electromagnetic fields. In both cases it was assumed that the ionizing field was adiabatically switched on. In the case of circular fields the calculations were performed for the initial energies and frequencies of the field for which . For such initial conditions almost all trajectories that lead to ionization are regular. The results of adiabatic theory and numerical simulations are compared with recent experiments.
Health-related quality of life in inflammatory bowel disease: Psychosocial, clinical, socioeconomic, and demographic predictors

Abstract Background and aims Individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have impaired health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Managing HRQOL is increasingly becoming an important treatment consideration in IBD. Understanding factors that impact HRQOL may facilitate interventions to improve HRQOL and overall IBD management. We hypothesized that psychosocial variables, namely perceived stress, perceived social support, and knowledge, would be associated with HRQOL among individuals with IBD. Methods A total of 134 adults with IBD were recruited online from IBD support groups. HRQOL was measured using the inflammatory bowel disease questionnaire (IBDQ). Perceived stress, perceived social support, and knowledge of IBD were measured using standardized questionnaires. Clinical and demographic variables were gathered through a 16-item study questionnaire. Univariate analyses were conducted to determine which variables were associated with HRQOL, and those that were statistically significant were entered into a multivariate regression model. Results Results from univariate analyses revealed significantly lower HRQOL in individuals who: reported higher perceived stress, higher number of previous hospitalizations and relapses, lower perceived support, lower income, were unemployed, and were female. Multivariate analyses revealed that the variables most strongly associated with HRQOL were perceived stress ( p p p p Conclusion Individuals with IBD who report higher perceived stress, lower perceived social support, greater number of relapses, or are female may be at increased risk for decreased HRQOL. Prospective studies should investigate how interventions addressing these factors may lead to improved HRQOL.
Utilization of nucleoside diphosphate glucoses in developing cotton fibers.

The capacity for biosynthesis of hot alkali-insoluble products using uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucose and guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-glucose as substrate has been studied in isolated cotton fibers harvested at various stages of development following anthesis. During the period of rapid elongation and primary wall synthesis (7-14 days postanthesis), incorporation of radioactivity from GDP-14C-glucose into hot alkali-insoluble product is high. This activity gradually declines and is not demonstrated in older fibers undergoing active deposition of secondary wall. With respect to all characteristics examined, the product from GDP-glucose resembles cellulose. Incorporation of UDP-14C-glucose into hot alkali-insoluble product was low in young fibers but increased to high levels in older fibers. This product was shown to be soluble in chloroform-methanol, and when chromatographed in lipid solvents it was separated into three components. Activity for the production of two of these three presumed glucolipids increased with increasing age of fibers.
Direct Confinement of Individual Viruses within Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Nanowells

Individual M13 viruses were spatially confined within wells fabricated from nanomolding of a PEG-based random copolymer. The viruses were selectively adhered to the region pretreated with an antibody against the virus, resulting in individual virus arrays. The polymer surface was found to be highly resistant to the attachment of the virus (∼0.02 μm-2), approximately 2 orders of magnitude lower than that on a bare silicon surface. The physical height of the template provided an additional barrier to the attachment of the virus due to entropic penalty in bending of a semi-flexible M13 virus. The effects of pattern size and barrier height were investigated, revealing that a certain critical height is needed to ensure successful confinement within the template for a given pattern size.
Tenderness and Sensory Evaluation of Pectoralis superficialis from Broilers Chilled in Potassium Chloride, Sodium Chloride, or Neobakasal® Salt Substitute

Abstract Cooked light meat from broiler carcasses chilled in either tap water, 5% sodium chloride (NaCl), 5% potassium chloride (KC1), or 5% Neobakasal® salt substitute was evaluated for tenderness, moisture content, chloride ion, and sodium ion content. Samples from selected treatments were comparatively evaluated for flavor differences by trained sensory panelists using a duo-trio test. All salt-chilling treatments significantly decreased shear values (improved tenderness), increased moisture content, and increased chloride ion content of the meat tissue. Only NaCl-chilled carcasses had significantly increased sodium levels in the meat tissue. While panelists were able to distinguish between Neobakasal®-chilled samples and NaCl-chilled samples or between KCl-chilled samples and water-chilled samples, they were unable to distinguish a difference between Neobakasal®-chilled samples and KCl-chilled samples. The panelists did not attribute a bitter flavor to either the KCl-chilled or Neobakasal®-chilled product.
Size‐resolved ultrafine particle composition analysis 2. Houston

[i] Between 23 August and 18 September 2000, a single-ultrafine-particle mass spectrometer (RSMS-II) was deployed just east of Houston as part of a sampling intensive during the Houston Supersite Experiment. The sampling site was located just north of the major industrial emission sources. RSMS-II, which simultaneously measures the aerodynamic size and composition of individual ultrafine aerosols, is well suited to resolving some of the chemistry associated with secondary particle formation. Roughly 27,000 aerosol mass spectra were acquired during the intensive period. These were classified and labeled based on the spectral peak patterns using the neural networks algorithm, ART-2a. The frequency of occurrence of each particle class was correlated with time and wind direction. Some classes were present continuously, while others appeared intermittently or for very short time durations. The most frequently detected species at the site were potassium and silicon, with lesser amounts of organics and heavier metals.
Towards the automatic detection of large misregistrations

In many cases three-dimensional anatomical and functional images (SPECT, PET, MRI, CT) ought to be combined to determine the precise nature and extent of lesions in many parts of the body. The images must be adequately aligned prior to any addition, substraction, or any other combination; registration can be done by experienced radiologists via visual inspection, mental reorientation and overlap of slices, or by an automated registration algorithm. To be useful clinically, the latter case requires validation. The human capacity to evaluate registration results visually is limited and the process is time consuming. This paper describes an algorithmic procedure that distinguishes between badly misregistered pairs and those likely to be clinically useful. Our algorithm used brain and/or skin/air contours and a function based on the principal axes of the contour volumes. The results of the present study indicate that the measure based on the combination of brain and skin contours and a principal-axis function is a good first step to reduce the number of badly registered images reaching the clinician.
Ethnographic evaluation of AIDS prevention programs: Better data for better programs

Ethnographic methods complement standard treatment or control group studies by providing contextual and culturally sensitive information to administrators and service providers in AIDS prevention programs.
A Note of Wavelet Variance

This paper proposes a definition of wavelet variance in integral form and explores some properties of the variance. By this definition, a method of parameter estimation for long memory processes is established. An example of the estimation is discussed.
Imagery and the microstructure of perception

Abstract Images, hallucinations, and illusions are moments in the process of object formation displayed prematurely by pathology. Images are incomplete objects, whereas objects are images which are completely unfolded. Images and objects are constructs or representations in cognition which are shaped by — but not derived from — sensory information at successive levels in forebrain evolution. From the pathological material we can reconstruct the microstructure of this process. It leads from a two-dimensional map of the body elaborated at upper midbrain to an egocentric, volumetric space at the limbic-temporal level. From this point, the image is exteriorized to a not fully independent space through parietal mechanisms. Illusory phenomena and deficits in eye-hand and constructional performance reveal the persistent link between body and image. Finally, the terminal featural analysis and exteriorization of the image to an independent object is accomplished through striate and circumstriate mechanisms.
Induction Therapy for Thymic Malignancies

Thymic malignancies are rare tumors of the chest that express a broad range of biological behaviors. Surgery remains the mainstay of therapy, and complete surgical resection is the primary predictor of long-term survival. Although there is a paucity of clinical trials assessing the role of induction/adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy in the treatment of thymic malignancies, existing data suggest that induction therapy should be offered for the treatment of advanced-stage disease, and postoperative radiation for specific stages.
Price-based global market segmentation for services

Abstract In business-to-business marketing, managers are often tasked with developing effective global pricing strategies for customers characterized by different cultures and different utilities for product attributes. The challenges of formulating international pricing schedules are especially evident in global markets for service offerings, where intensive customer contact, extensive customization requirements, and reliance on extrinsic cues for service quality make pricing particularly problematic. The purpose of this article is to develop and test a model of the antecedents of business customers’ price elasticities of demand for services in an international setting. The article begins with a synthesis of the services, pricing, and global marketing literature streams and then identifies factors that account for differences in business customers’ price elasticities for service offerings across customers in Asia Pacific, Europe, and North America. The findings indicate that price elasticities depend on ...
Life-span influences of apoE4 on CNS function.

A major question in neurogerontology is what determines elective vulnerability of neurons during “normal” aging, nd how does aging modulate vulnerability in neural disrders induced by challenges from environmental (toxins nd trauma), and genetic (biochemical homeostasis) factors. Normal” aging must be distinguished from the slowly proressing, early effects of incipient Alzheimer’s disease (AD). n AD, vulnerability has been related to plasticity (which is trictly defined as the capacity to change) [5,79]. But what about aging? It is important to define the major tages of CNS changes in life. Human brain development nds approximately after the second decade of life, and since his represents one major turning point [8,62], this can be efined as the start of many aging processes. Every neuon “population” has an inherent vulnerability to “degenerte” in response to aging and/or to challenge. Vulnerability an be manifested as a neuron’s place in regional, connecional (network), biochemical, and temporal schemes. During evelopment, degenerative vulnerability in neuron “pruning” s largely activity-dependent. In AD, vulnerability follows a haracteristic biochemical, regional and connectional process i.e. entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, etc), which is driven priarily by age (as the only universal risk factor), but clearly odified by environmental and genetic factors. Mechanisic commonalities between developmental pruning and AD tiology have been described [8,50]. The major questions are what are the mechanisms at work n aging and, equally important, when do they start, and with hat do they interact. These are the issues raised by the results
Phase-sensitive frequency-modulation noise spectroscopy with a diode laser

We have demonstrated phase-sensitive FM noise spectroscopy, using the frequency noise of a diode laser. We obtained the reference signal for this experiment by sending part of the diode-laser beam through a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, which acted as a frequency discriminator. Both the reference beam (prepared with an interferometer) and the probe beam (which probed a Fabry-Perot cavity) carried amplitude noise converted from the intrinsic frequency noise. Mixing the two noise signals allowed us to measure the absorptive and dispersive responses of the sample. This method may provide a simple and sensitive spectroscopic tool.
Teacher–Student Support, Effortful Engagement, and Achievement: A 3-Year Longitudinal Study

Measures of teacher-student relationship quality (TSRQ), effortful engagement, and achievement in reading and math were collected once each year for 3 consecutive years, beginning when participants were in 1st grade, for a sample of 671 (53.1% male) academically at-risk children attending 1 of 3 school districts in Texas. In separate latent variable structural equation models, the authors tested the hypothesized model, in which Year 2 effortful engagement mediated the association between Year 1 TSRQ and Year 3 reading and math skills. Conduct engagement was entered as a covariate in these analyses to disentangle the effects of effortful engagement and conduct engagement. Reciprocal effects of effortful engagement on TSRQ and of achievement on effortful engagement were also modeled. Results generally supported the hypothesized model. Year 1 variables had a direct effect on Year 3 variables, above year-to-year stability. Findings suggest that achievement, effortful engagement, and TSRQ form part of a dynamic system of influences in the early grades, such that intervening at any point in this nexus may alter children's school trajectories.
Pico-inplace-inversions between human and chimpanzee

Motivation: There have been several studies on the micro-inversions between human and chimpanzee, but there are large discrepancies among their results. Furthermore, all of them rely on alignment procedures or existing alignment results to identify inversions. However, the core alignment procedures do not take very small inversions into consideration. Therefore, their analyses cannot find inversions that are too small to be detected by a classic aligner. We call such inversions pico-inversions. Results: We re-analyzed human–chimpanzee alignment from the UCSC Genome Browser for micro-inplace-inversions and screened for pico-inplace-inversions using a likelihood ratio test. We report that the quantity of inplace-inversions between human and chimpanzee is substantially greater than what had previously been discovered. We also present the software tool PicoInversionMiner to detect pico-inplace-inversions between closely related species. Availability: Software tools, scripts and result data are available at http://faculty.cs.niu.edu/~hou/PicoInversion.html. Contact: mhou@cs.niu.edu
Railroad Valuation by the Interstate Commerce Commission

V. Cost. Facts and estimates, 261. — Commission procedure, 262. — Renewals and costs, 263. — Appreciation, 266. — Original cost determined by appraisal, 269. — Facts and estimates once more, 270. — VI. Intangibles. Commission doctrine, 271. — Franchise value, 272. — Going value and strategic value, 273. — Wisconsin deficit theory, 276. — VII. Final value, 277. — Confiscation and condemnation, 277. — Exchange value, 278. — Capitalization of earnings, 280. — The general rate structure, 283. — The reasonable return as a variable, 284. — The appeal to authority, 288. — Cost of reproduction as a basic fact, 289. — Land once more, 290. — Cost of reproduction and investment, 293. — The rule in Smyth v. Ames, 297. — The Commission and "final value," 298.
The Vanilloid Receptor: A Molecular Gateway to the Pain Pathway

▪ Abstract The detection of painful stimuli occurs primarily at the peripheral terminals of specialized sensory neurons called nociceptors. These small-diameter neurons transduce signals of a chemical, mechanical, or thermal nature into action potentials and transmit this information to the central nervous system, ultimately eliciting a perception of pain or discomfort. Little is known about the proteins that detect noxious stimuli, especially those of a physical nature. Here we review recent advances in the molecular characterization of the capsaicin (vanilloid) receptor, an excitatory ion channel expressed by nociceptors, which contributes to the detection and integration of pain-producing chemical and thermal stimuli. The analysis of vanilloid receptor gene knockout mice confirms the involvement of this channel in pain sensation, as well as in hypersensitivity to noxious stimuli following tissue injury. At the same time, these studies demonstrate the existence of redundant mechanisms for the sensation ...
Cost accounting for the radiologist.

OBJECTIVE. Cost accounting is the branch of managerial accounting that deals with the analysis of the costs of a product or service. This article reviews methods of classifying and allocating costs and relationships among costs, volume, and revenues. CONCLUSION. Radiology practices need to know the cost of a procedure or service to determine the selling price of a product, bid on contracts, analyze profitability, and facilitate cost control and cost reduction.
Role of House Flies in the Ecology of Enterococcus faecalis from Wastewater Treatment Facilities

Enterococci are important nosocomial pathogens, with Enterococcus faecalis most commonly responsible for human infections. In this study, we used several measures to test the hypothesis that house flies, Musca domestica (L.), acquire and disseminate antibiotic-resistant and potentially virulent E. faecalis from wastewater treatment facilities (WWTF) to the surrounding urban environment. House flies and sludge from four WWTF (1–4) as well as house flies from three urban sites close to WWTF-1 were collected and cultured for enterococci. Enterococci were identified, quantified, screened for antibiotic resistance and virulence traits, and assessed for clonality. Of the 11 antibiotics tested, E. faecalis was most commonly resistant to tetracycline, doxycycline, streptomycin, gentamicin, and erythromycin, and these traits were intra-species horizontally transferrable by in vitro conjugation. Profiles of E. faecalis (prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and virulence traits) from each of WWTF sludge and associated house flies were similar, indicating that flies successfully acquired these bacteria from this substrate. The greatest number of E. faecalis with antibiotic resistance and virulence factors (i.e., gelatinase, cytolysin, enterococcus surface protein, and aggregation substance) originated from WWTF-1 that processed meat waste from a nearby commercial meat-processing plant, suggesting an agricultural rather than human clinical source of these isolates. E. faecalis from house flies collected from three sites 0.7–1.5 km away from WWTF-1 were also similar in their antibiotic resistance profiles; however, antibiotic resistance was significantly less frequent. Clonal diversity assessment using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed the same clones of E. faecalis from sludge and house flies from WWTF-1 but not from the three urban sites close to WWTF-1. This study demonstrates that house flies acquire antibiotic-resistant enterococci from WWTF and potentially disseminate them to the surrounding environment.