cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of Interventions to Address Visual and Visual-Perceptual Impairments to Improve Occupational Performance in Adults With Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review.

Objective Visual and visual-perceptual impairments occur frequently with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and influence occupational performance. This systematic review examined the effectiveness of interventions within the scope of occupational therapy to improve occupational performance for adults with visual and visual-perceptual impairments as a result of TBI. Method Medline, PsycINFO, CINAHL, OTseeker, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched, and 66 full text articles were reviewed. Sixteen articles were included in the review. Results Strong evidence supports the use of scanning, limited evidence supports the use of adaptive strategies, and mixed evidence supports the use of cognitive interventions to improve occupational performance for adults with TBI. Evidence related to vision therapy varies on the basis of the specific intervention implemented. Conclusion Although the strength of the research varied, implications are discussed for practice, education, and research.
High resolution (p, p') on 207 Pb and 209 Bi

The inelastic scattering of protons from $^{207}\mathrm{Pb}$ and $^{209}\mathrm{Bi}$ has been measured with energy resolution on the order of $\frac{1}{5000}$. Many states were observed and a number of weak coupling multiplets were identified. Use of the collective model and weak coupling theory enabled spin and parity assignments to be made. Calculations for the observed single particle states with noncentral forces and with core polarization are presented.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{207}\mathrm{Pb}(p, {p}^{\ensuremath{'}})$, $^{209}\mathrm{Bi}(p, {p}^{\ensuremath{'}})$, $E=35$ MeV; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\theta})$, $\ensuremath{\theta}=10\ensuremath{-}100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$. Deduced $L$, ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{L}$; microscopic DWBA analysis.
Neurofibromatosis Type 1

Figure 1. Neurofibromatosis Type 1. Severe neurofibromatosis type 1 is shown in a 45-year-old woman who was admitted for a severe exacerbation of asthma. Inguinal freckling (known as Crowe's sign), cafe au lait macules (straight arrows), and neurofibromas (curved arrows) are present. The cafe au lait macules were noted at birth; the neurofibromas began to appear during puberty.
The custody of children tetralogy of fallot after radical operation

Objective To increase the nursing quality of custody after surgical operation of children petralogy of fallot(TOF). Methods To analyse and summarize the nursing quality and the complications after operation for 30 children of TOF. Results 29 examples survived,their living quality after operation was approved apparently;1 example died,death rate is 3.3%. Conclusion Close custody after surgical operation can reduce the incidence of operational complications and increase the success rate of surgical operation.
Interactive Practice Exercises for Psychiatric Classification

The purpose of this practice exercise is to learn more about the disorder that is affecting your child and your family. Please answer all questions or instructions fully.
Exercise-induced bronchospasm in children and adolescents.

This article reviews what is known to date about exercise-induced bronchospasm and what has developed recently with regard to this condition. Emphasis is on early recognition and appropriate management. Both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic management are discussed herein.
American Codes and Ciphers in France

This Manly article (Article II) contains more AEF anecdotes and a discussion of general methods of breaking codes and ciphers. It includes discussions of the weaknesses of the Playfair cryptographic system, the US Army Cipher Disk, and the Vigenere polyalphabetic system. This article repeats the story of Lt. J. Rives Childs and the US Army trench code. That story is told in more detail (and less accuracy) in Yardley’s American Black Chamber. This article also confirms the story from Ronald Clark’s biography of Lt. William Friedman breaking the Pletts cipher machine in 1918. The article ends with a cliffhanger about the ADFGX cipher.
Molecular Mechanisms Contributing to the Growth and Physiology of an Extremophile Cultured with Dielectric Heating

ABSTRACT The effect of microwave frequency electromagnetic fields on living microorganisms is an active and highly contested area of research. One of the major drawbacks to using mesophilic organisms to study microwave radiation effects is the unavoidable heating of the organism, which has limited the scale ( 60°C). This study identified changes in global gene expression profiles during the growth of Thermus scotoductus SA-01 at 65°C using dielectric (2.45 GHz, i.e., microwave) heating. RNA sequencing was performed on cultures at 8, 14, and 24 h after inoculation to determine the molecular mechanisms contributing to long-term cellular growth and survival under microwave heating conditions. Over the course of growth, genes associated with amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and defense mechanisms were upregulated; the number of repressed genes with unknown function increased; and at all time points, transposases were upregulated. Genes involved in cell wall biogenesis and elongation were also upregulated, consistent with the distinct elongated cell morphology observed after 24 h using microwave heating. Analysis of the global differential gene expression data enabled the identification of molecular processes specific to the response of T. scotoductus SA-01 to dielectric heating during growth. IMPORTANCE The residual heating of living organisms in the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum has complicated the identification of radiation-only effects using microorganisms for 50 years. A majority of the previous experiments used either mature cells or short exposure times with low-energy high-frequency radiation. Using global differential gene expression data, we identified molecular processes unique to dielectric heating using Thermus scotoductus SA-01 cultured over 30 h in a commercial microwave digestor. Genes associated with amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and defense mechanisms were upregulated; the number of repressed genes with unknown function increased; and at all time points, transposases were upregulated. These findings serve as a platform for future studies with mesophiles in order to better understand the response of microorganisms to microwave radiation.
Intracellular Cytokine Staining (ICS) on Human Lymphocytes or Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs).

Production of cytokines plays an important role in the immune response. Cytokines are involved in many different pathways including the induction of many anti-viral proteins by IFN gamma, the induction of T cell proliferation by IL-2 and the inhibition of viral gene expression and replication by TNF alpha. Cytokines are not preformed factors but are rapidly produced and secreted in response to cellular activation. Intracellular cytokine detection by flow cytometry has emerged as the premier technique for studying cytokine production at the single-cell level. It detects the production and accumulation of cytokines within the endoplasmic reticulum after cell stimulation, allowing direct TH1 versus TH2 determination. It can also be used in combination with other flow cytometry protocols for immunophenotyping using cell surface markers or with MHC multimers to detect an antigen specific response, making it an extremely flexible and versatile method. This capability, combined with the high throughput nature of the instrumentation, gives intracellular cytokine staining an enormous advantage over existing single-cell techniques such as ELISPOT, limiting dilution, and T cell cloning. The principle steps of intracellular cytokine staining is as follows: Cells are activated for a few hours using either a specific peptide or a non-specific activation cocktail; An inhibitor of protein transport (e.g. Brefeldin A) is added to retain the cytokines within the cell; Next, EDTA is added to remove adherent cells from the activation vessel;After washing, antibodies to cell surface markers can be added to the cells;The cells are then fixed in paraformaldehyde and permeabilized;The anti-cytokine antibody is added and the cells can be analyzed by flow cytometer.
Stratification and the Public Good: The Changing Ideology of Higher Education

The contemporary definition of racial, ethnic, and class diversity is very different than that of the late nineteenth-century. Then people identified what today we call ethnic groups as races; their distinctions within and among social classes also diverged from ours. Yet, by late nineteenth-century criteria—even by twentieth-century standards—higher education was expanding and becoming more diverse. Then, as now, elite groups claimed that expanding educational opportunities gave members of the working-class and also of some racial/ethnic groups a measure of upward mobility; however, the schools designed for them also functioned as agents of social control.
Teaching uniportal video-assisted thoracic surgery in Rome

Uniportal video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) has recently gained popularity as procedure for major lung resections, and actually seems to be the future of thoracic surgery. Uniportal VATS has shown to be feasible and safe as thoracotomy when a correct and appropriate learning curve is done. However, switching from open or triportal VATS to uniportal VATS approach requires a proper training and a consequent learning curve even among experienced thoracoscopic surgeons.
Assessing vulnerabilities and adapting to climate change in northwestern U.S. forests

Multiple climate change vulnerability assessments in the Pacific Northwest region of the USA provide the scientific information needed to begin adaptation in forested landscapes. Adaptation options developed by resource managers in conjunction with these assessments, newly summarized in the Climate Change Adaptation Library of the Western United States, provide an extensive choice of peer-reviewed climate-smart management strategies and tactics. More adaptation options are available for vegetation than for any other resource category, allowing vegetation management to be applied across a range of spatial and temporal scales. Good progress has been made in strategic development and planning for climate change adaptation in the Northwest, although on-the-ground implementation is in the early stages. However, recent regulatory mandates plus the increasing occurrence of extreme events (drought, wildfires, insect outbreaks) provide motivation to accelerate the adaptation process in planning and management on federal lands and beyond. Timely implementation of adaptation and collaboration across boundaries will help ensure the functionality of Northwest forests at broad spatial scales in a warmer climate.
Beyond Mastery: Interspecies Apprenticeship in Middle English Romance

Drawing upon Gala Argent’s theory of interspecies apprenticeship, this article illuminates animal agency at work in several Middle English romances: Bevis of Hampton, Sir Gawain and the Green Knigh...
Choroideremia: a clinical, electron microscopic, and biochemical report.

Abstract An asymptomatic 19-year-old male with choroideremia had diffuse loss of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and choroid except for the periphery and macula. Fluorescein angiography of the arteriovenous phase showed absence of retinal pigment epithelium and exaggerated visualization of choroidal vessels in involved areas. The mother was a typical carrier with pigment stippling of the midperipheral retina. Histopathologic examination of affected areas of one eye showed marked degeneration of the outer and midretina with loss of retinal pigment epithelium and Bruch's membrane, absence of choriocapillaris, chorioretinal adhesions and gliosis. Atrophy of inner and mid-choroid was also observed. Pigmented macrophage-like cells had migrated into the outer and midretinal layers. Electron microscopy disclosed macrophage-like cells with trilaminar structures and photoreceptor phagosomes in the RPE and outer retina. Remnants of photoreceptor outer segments were adherent to the plasma membranes of the macrophage-like cells. Biochemical analysis of retinal tissue samples for interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) showed marked reduction in the 146K bands in the equator and posterior pole in the patient compared to controls. Cyclic nucleotide content was altered in the retinal equator. Cyclic AMP was several-fold higher in the RPE-choroid complex of the affected eye than in the control
Discrete-time mixed-integer programming models for short-term scheduling in multipurpose environments

Abstract We present new discrete-time mixed-integer linear programming formulations for short-term scheduling in multi-purpose batch plants, the most general sequential production environment. We first discuss how multi-purpose batch plants can be expressed using State-Task Network and Resource-Task Network representations through batch-based definition of states (resources) and tasks. We then develop two models based on each representation that account for limited intermediate storage, and discuss extensions such as limited shared resources and time-varying resource availability/cost. Finally, we present several case studies to illustrate the applicability and performance of the proposed models.
Pulse Doppler Radar

This chapter throws light on the pulse Doppler radar. Doppler shifts are a key part of the detection and tracking of objects. For this reason, nearly all radar systems incorporate Doppler processing. It has been working since the ground returns are at the same range as the vehicle, the difference in velocity is the means of discrimination using Doppler measurements. It may be caused by a frequency shift called the Doppler Effect. Although we cannot sense this, the light waves are affected in the same way as the sound waves. The description has also revealed that the radar is ground-based and then all Doppler frequency shifts are due to the target object motion. If the radar is vehicle- or airborne-based, then the Doppler frequency shifts are due to the relative motion between the radar and target object. Target ranges, velocities, azimuths, and elevations may cross over each other. These changes need to be interpolated into a trajectory that can be matched to a specific target. Using radar digital signal processing followed by software-enabled target identification, tracking, monitoring, and classification, the radar system can automate all these functions.
Neuro-Immune Mechanisms of Anti-Cryptococcal Protection

Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is a life-threatening fungal disease affecting both immunosuppressed and immunocompetent people. The main causative agent of CM is Cryptococcus neoformans, a basidiomycete fungus prevalent in the environment. Our understanding of the immune mechanisms controlling C. neoformans growth within the central nervous system (CNS) is poor. However, there have been several recent advances in the field of neuroimmunology regarding how cells resident within the CNS, such as microglia and neurons, can participate in immune surveillance and control of infection. In this mini-review, the cells of the CNS are discussed with reference to what is currently known about how they control C. neoformans infection.
Reconcile quaternions convention for attitude representation

The aim of this paper is to reconcile quaternion conventions used in different aerospace institutions to determinate attitude and describe coordinate transformations and rotations of satellites, mini satellites, etc. The paper also provides a general knowledge of quaternion mathematics to people who are starting work on attitude determination using quaternions. The method is simple: we explain the Hamilton mathematic, demonstrate it and describe the parameters to consider to define a standard using Hamilton definitions. Then we describe the Synchronized Position Hold Engage and Reorient Experimental Satellite (SPHERE) standard created in MIT's Space System Laboratory (SSL), showing many examples using SPHERE simulations that have been created in the SSL and behave exactly the same way in the International Space Station. Further we describe the NASA Jet Propulsions Laboratory(JPL) and California Institute of Technology standard, using finding on quaternion kinematics in [CITATION Joa16\l 1033]. The concepts, examples and illustrations here can help people in other fields such as robotics, computer graphics and games development, since the SPHERES simulation makes visualizing how quaternions work easy. We create MATLAB® programs and functions that can make it simple to understand and do calculations. Understand the conventions makes a great start to getting involve in aerospace projects, and have a solid base to understand key concepts such as Kalman filters.
Accessible, Dynamic Web Content Using Instagram

This is a case study in dynamic content creation using Instagram’s API. An embedded feed of the Mansfield Library Archives and Special Collections’ most recent Instagram posts was created for their website’s home page. The process to harness Instagram’s API highlighted competing interests: web services’ desire to most efficiently manage content, Archives staff’s investment in the latest social media trends, and everyone’s institutional commitment to accessibility.
Analysis of Stable and Transient Protein–Protein Interactions

The assembly of proteins into defined complexes drives a plethora of cellular activities. These protein complexes often have a set of more stably interacting proteins as well as more unstable or transient interactions. Studying the in vivo components of these protein complexes is challenging as many of the techniques used for isolation result in the purification of only the most stable components and the transient interactions are lost. A technology called transient isotopic differentiation of interactions as random or targeted (transient I-DIRT) has been developed to identify these transiently interacting proteins as well as the stable interactions. Described here are the detailed methodological approaches used for a transient I-DIRT analysis of a multi-subunit complex, NuA3, that acetylates histone H3 and functions to activate gene transcription. Transcription is known to involve a concert of protein assemblies performing different activities on the chromatin/gene template, thus understanding the less stable or transient protein interactions with NuA3 will shed light onto the protein complexes that function synergistically, or antagonistically, to regulate gene transcription and chromatin remodeling.
The Person As a Unified Agent

The consciousness that persons have of themselves, their capacity for self-awareness or self-consciousness, distinguishes them from all other living beings including those that are most like them. Whatever the scope and limits of consciousness and self-consciousness may be, only the self-conscious being can know them as he inspects his activities, differentiates them, and relates them to each other and to any beings-events other than themselves.
History II.O

Science 2.0 is a concept of immense potential for the historical discipline. Throughout the world, researchers are undertaking different projects that attempt to harness the benefits of research efforts employing a wider community, be it fellow historians or the general public, and have reached different conclusions and results. Yet, most of these projects point to a clear direction in historical research of increasingly relying on the tremendous benefits that digital, and at times, Open Access to both scholarly work and primary sources has given them. While the idea of using Science 2.0 and crowd sourcing for historical research has produced a number of projects of great potential, Open Science and ideas of open publishing remain largely underutilized and avoided by the academic community of historians.
What Has Been Learned from Postmortem Studies

Infectious and noninfectious pulmonary diseases are commonly found on postmortem autopsy studies in patients with hematological malignancy. Despite the technological advances in diagnostic testing and imaging modalities, obtaining an accurate clinical diagnosis remains difficult and often not possible until autopsy. Major diagnostic discrepancies between clinical premortem diagnoses and postmortem autopsy findings have been reported in these patients. The most common missed diagnoses are due to opportunistic infections and cardiopulmonary complications. These findings underscore the importance of enhanced surveillance, monitoring and treatment of infections and cardiopulmonary disorders in these patients. Autopsies remain important in determining an accurate cause of death and for improved understanding of diagnostic deficiencies, as well as for medical education and quality assurance.
Common Procedures in the Intensive Care Unit: Thoracentesis, Lumbar Puncture, Paracentesis, and Pericardiocentesis

After studying this chapter, you should be able to do the following: Know the general methods of aseptic and local anesthesia techniques in most common ICU procedures. Know the most important indications and contraindications for thoracentesis, lumbar puncture, paracentesis, and pericardiocentesis. Know how to diagnose and treat complications associated with the described procedures. Know the common methods of performing thoracentesis, lumbar puncture, paracentesis, and pericardiocentesis.
Analysis of DRACS and DRACS-RVACS Decay Heat Removal Experiments

This paper reports on two large-scale decay heat removal experiments analyzed to support the validation of the thermal-hydraulic code COMMIX and the design of advanced liquid metal reactors (ALMRs). The experiments were performed in the reactor vessel auxiliary cooling system (RVACS) test facility, which provides a scaled simulation of the passive decay heat removal paths of a pool ALMR with the core simulated by electrically heated rods. The first experiment simulates a transient where decay heat is removed by the direct reactor auxiliary cooling system (DRACS) only. In the second experiment, heat is removed by both the DRACS and RVACS. These experiments are characterized by (a) three-dimensional in-pool sodium flows of very low velocity, driven by sodium density differences, (b) a significant pool thermal stratification, and (c) a complex heat sink.
Sol-Gel Processed Oxide Photocatalysts

The utilization of photochemical reaction on semiconductor materials has been investigated extensively. Photocatalysis is a reaction that uses light to induce chemical transformation on organic or inorganic substrates without being altered or consumed. Use of renewable solar light as a reagent under ambient conditions promotes photocatalysis as an economic and clean way to treat organic contaminants in polluted air and waste water. Among the several photocatalyst synthesis methods, the sol-gel technique has received attention due to the high chemical homogeneity achieved, low processing temperature required, and the possibility of controlling the various structural and morphological features of the synthesized product, such as the surface morphology, the surface area, nanocrystal size, the crystallinity, and the phase structure. Mechanism and a description of the attempts and possibilities to improve the reactivity along with summary of recent sol-gel synthesis of photocatalyst are discussed in detail in this chapter.
Nonlinearity Enhancement by Positive Pulse Stress in Multilevel Cell Selectorless RRAM Applications

Resistive random access memory (RRAM) using various metal oxides (i.e., SiO 2 [1], HfO 2 , NiO[2], Al 2 O 3 , NbO) have attracted a great deal of attention since the current nonvolatile memory (NVM) has been approaching the scaling limits. Meanwhile, the undesired sneak current through neighboring unselected cells deteriorates the read margin and limits the maximum size of a crossbar array (i.e. read margin $\sim$ 10%) [3]–[4]. And the selector devices have been used to resolve the sneak path current issue. However, the additional selector device in the so-called 1S-1R architecture (i.e. one selector-one resistor -Fig. 1 (a)) increases the cell size, process complexity, and cost. In this work, a nonlinear (NL) resistive switching (RS) in a multilevel lR-only selectorless RRAM cell has been demonstrated by using a graphite-based stacked RRAM device.
Prescribed Fire Effects on Rangeland Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae, Aphodiinae) in the Southern Great Plains☆

Abstract Rangeland dung beetles represent an important assemblage of insects for the Great Plains. In this study, we examine the effects of a postfire rangeland environment on a dung beetle assemblage in north-central Texas. We deployed baited pitfall traps to examine spring prescribed fire treatment, differences in vegetation visual obstruction, and dung density influence on dung beetle abundance and community composition. Using model-based multivariate methods, we did not find an influence of prescribed burning on the dung beetle assemblage. We report a negative influence of vegetation visual obstruction and no significant influence of dung density on dung beetle assemblages. These results suggest that prescribed fire may not negatively affect dung beetle species within the North American Great Plains; however, vegetation structure correlated to postfire rangeland environments may influence local beetle abundance.
Microbial communities controlling methane and nutrient cycling in leach field soils.

Abstract Septic systems inherently rely on microbial communities in the septic tank and leach field to attenuate pollution from household sewage. Operating conditions of septic leach field systems, especially the degree of water saturation, are likely to impact microbial biogeochemical cycling, including carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P), as well as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to the atmosphere. To study the impact of flooding on microbial methane (CH4) and nutrient cycling, two leach field soil columns were constructed. One system was operated as designed and the other was operated in both flooded and well-maintained conditions. CH4 emissions were significantly higher in flooded soils (with means between 0.047 and 0.33 g CH4 m−2 d−1) as compared to well-drained soils (means between −0.0025 and 0.004 g CH4 m−2 d−1). Subsurface CH4 profiles were also elevated under flooded conditions and peaked near the wastewater inlet. Gene abundances of mcrA, a biomarker for methanogens, were also greatest near the wastewater inlet. In contrast, gene abundances of pmoA, a biomarker for methanotrophs, were greatest in surface soils at the interface of CH4 produced subsurface and atmospheric oxygen. 16S rRNA, mcrA, and pmoA amplicon library sequencing revealed microbial community structure in the soil columns differed from that of the original soils and was driven largely by CH4 fluxes and soil VWC. Additionally, active microbial populations differed from those present at the gene level. Flooding did not appear to affect N or P removals in the soil columns (between 75 and 99% removal). COD removal was variable throughout the experiment, and was negatively impacted by flooding. Our study shows septic system leach field soils are dynamic environments where CH4 and nutrients are actively cycled by microbial populations. Our results suggest proper siting, installation, and routine maintenance of leach field systems is key to reducing the overall impact of these systems on water and air quality.
The Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Cardiomyopathy.

ABSTRACT Background Cardiomyopathy is the leading cause of death in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Standard cardiac biomarkers are poor indicators of DMD cardiovascular disease. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) regulate collagen turnover. Given the cardiac fibrosis seen in DMD, we hypothesized that MMPs and TIMPs correlate with severity of DMD cardiomyopathy. Methods and Results Prospectively enrolled DMD subjects (n = 42) underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for function and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE), including LGE severity from 0 (no LGE) to 4 (severe). Serum from DMD and healthy male control subjects (n = 15) analyzed for MMPs 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, and 10 and TIMPs 1–4. MMP1, MMP7, and MMP10 were higher in DMD than in control (respectively, median 5080 pg/mL vs 2120 pg/mL [P = .007], 2170 pg/mL vs 1420 pg/mL [P Conclusions Multiple MMPs are elevated in DMD compared with control subjects. MMP7 is related to DMD cardiac dysfunction and myocardial fibrosis, possibly through remodeling of the extracellular matrix.
Developing baseline design criteria for people with lower body mobility impairments using inclusive design

This research focused on developing apparel design criteria for men with lower-body mobility impairments and use a wheelchair to assist in mobility. The research procedure consisted of two phases of exploratory qualitative research: (a) a content analysis (Krippendorf, 1980) of adaptive apparel brands websites, products, and popular press articles, and (b) in-person interviews with men who use a wheelchair. Twelve adaptive apparel brands were collected. Seven male participants between the ages of 22-61 participated in the interviews. The researcher observed that ﬁt, ease of donning and dofﬁng, thermal protection, sensory sensitivity, storage, and easy care are essential functional aspects of adaptive clothing and the participants. In addition, independent living and social conformity were noted throughout the content analysis data and the interviews. Based on the ﬁndings, the researchers suggested baseline design criteria met the apparel needs of both PLBMI while also considering mainstream users in accordance with the IDC model.
Background and Tools for Understanding and Dealing with Recurrent Financial Crises

The events since 1970 make it clear that current-day mainstream macroeconomics does not provide an adequate framework for dealing with the financial crises that are increasingly part and parcel of free-market economies. As noted by Skidelsky (as well as others), the financial collapse of 2007–2009 reflects in great part “the intellectual failure of mainstream economics.” Neither of what are now the two standard textbook macroeconomic frameworks, the New Keynesian and New Classical Models, even admit of the possibility for financial crises to emerge, let alone offer provision for their alleviation. The problem is that neither framework allows for money to play its truly unique real-world role, namely, that of a risk-free store of value in the face of uncertainty. Missing, as well, is any notion in either model of a theory of production in which investment is determined not only by present-value considerations, but also by the availability and terms of finance. The purpose of this chapter is to develop a framework, based in substantial part on the long overlooked Chaps. 12 and 17 of the General Theory (and the equally overlooked work of the late Hyman Minsky), in which money and finance, on the contrary, are center-stage in determining the level and pace of economic activity. Our point of departure will be a revisit of uncertainty and liquidity preference as described and discussed by Keynes in Chap. 17 of the General Theory and in his 1937 rebuttal of Viner in the Quarterly Journal of Economics.
Cellular Senescence in Diabetic Wounds: When Too Many Retirees Stress the System.

Aging and cellular senescence are known contributors to the pathophysiology of diabetic nonhealing wounds. However, the dynamic interplay of senescent cells in diabetic wounds is not well understood. Wilkinson et al. show that macrophages, which constitute a large portion of accumulated senescent cells, release a senescence-associated secretory profile (SASP) that is rich in CXCR2 ligands, which drive fibroblasts toward a profibrotic and senescent phenotype. A selective CXCR2 antagonist promoted healing of diabetic wounds, showing a new avenue for potential therapeutic developments.
Effects of pen location on thermoregulation and growth performance in grow-finish pigs during late summer

The effects of pen location on swine thermoregulation and growth performance were determined over 6 weeks during late summer. A total of 128 mixed sex pigs [Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire)] were randomly assigned to 16 pens in two grow-finish barns (n = 8 pens/barn; 57.43 ± 1.33 kg initial body weight (BW)). Pen locations were determined based on orientation to ventilation fans and air inlets. Internal pens (IP; n = 4/barn) were in direct line of sight between the fans and air inlets while peripheral pens (PP; n = 4/barn) were located 0.70 ± 0.29 m to either side of a fan. Two sentinel gilts per pen were selected and vaginal temperature (TV) was measured in 10-min intervals using TV data loggers. Additionally, trunk skin temperature (TS) was measured with an infrared camera and respiration rate (RR) was measured by counting flank movements of the sentinel gilts twice daily (0800 and 1500 hours). Pen airspeed was measured twice daily (0800 and 1500 hours) at pig level with an anemometer. Individual pen ambient temperature (TA) and relative humidity (RH) were recorded daily in 10-min intervals. Feed consumption and BW were determined every 2 weeks. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS 9.4. Although airspeed was reduced overall (P = 0.01; 11%) in PP compared with IP, no differences (P > 0.10) in TA (27.53 ± 1.73 °C) or RH (68.47 ± 5.92%) were detected. An overall increase (P ≤ 0.02) in TV (0.23 °C), minimum TV (0.18 °C), and maximum TV (0.29 °C) was detected in PP versus IP housed pigs. Similarly, from 0800 to 1900 hours and 2000 to 0700 hours, TV was greater overall (P ≤ 0.01; 0.22 and 0.25 °C, respectively) in PP compared with IP housed pigs. An overall decrease in TS (P = 0.04) was observed in PP (37.39 ± 0.14 °C) compared with IP (37.61 ± 0.14 °C) housed pigs. No RR differences (P > 0.10; 76 ± 4 breaths per minute) were detected with any comparison. While no average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) differences were detected (P > 0.10; 0.74 ± 0.03 kg/d and 2.26 ± 0.08 kg/d, respectively), gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) was decreased (P = 0.02; 6%) in PP compared with IP housed pigs. In summary, pigs located in PP had greater body temperature and reduced G:F despite similarities in TA and RH between all pens.
SOM-Based Anomaly Detection and Localization for Space Subsystems

The aim of this paper is to contribute to machine-learning technology that expands real-time and offline Integrated System Health Management capabilities for future deep-space exploration efforts. To this end, we have developed Anomaly Detection via Topological feature-Map (ADTM), which leverages a Self-Organizing Map (SOM)-based architecture to produce high-resolution clusters of nominal system behavior. What distinguishes ADTM from more common clustering techniques (e.g. k-means) is that it maps high-dimensional input vectors to a 2D grid while preserving the topology of the original dataset. The result is a ‘semantic map’ that serves as a powerful tool for uncovering latent relationships between features of the incoming data points. We successfully modeled and analyzed datasets from a NASA Ames Research Center Graywater Recycling System which documents a real hardware system fault. Our results show that ADTM effectively detects both known and unknown anomalies and identifies the correlated measurands from models trained using just nominal data.
Consumer Psychology and the Problem of Fine Print Fraud

This Article investigates how laypeople respond to consumer contracts that are formed as a result of fraud. Across four studies, we show that contrary to the prevailing wisdom in contract law scholarship, fine print is not simply white noise. Rather, it has a significant and detrimental effect on lay consumers. We demonstrate that clauses that consumers neglect to read ex ante, at the time of signing, have a significant psychological effect ex post, when consumers discover that they were deceived about the terms of the transaction. Consumers who would otherwise complain about being cheated are demoralized by contractual fine print, and consequently decline to seek redress. This is because they erroneously assume that all contracts—even contracts induced by fraud—are binding. Our studies presented participants with cases in which a seller induces a consumer to buy a product or service by making a false representation. The false representation is directly contradicted by the written terms of the contract, which the consumer signs without reading. Our findings reveal that laypeople, unlike legally trained individuals, mistakenly believe that such agreements are consented to, and will be enforced as written, despite the seller’s material deception. Importantly, the presence of fine print discourages consumers from wanting to take legal action, initiate a complaint, or damage the firm’s reputation by telling others what happened, even when the contract contradicts what they were told. At the same time, the fact that the seller lied makes little difference to laypeople’s intuitions about whether the contract will be, or should be, enforced as written. Finally, we show that informing consumers about Anti-Deception Consumer Protection Laws alters their perceptions about the legal and moral status of contracts induced by fraud, although such information does not completely counteract their formalistic intuition that whatever the contract says is the final word. The implications of our study, we argue, are that prevailing methods for addressing deceptive business practices are inadequate because they fail to take account of consumer psychology.
A Pilot Study in Humans to Investigate the Relationship Between Circulating L-citrulline and Arginine After Watermelon Intake (rind, Flesh and Seeds) on Endothelial Function (P06-121-19)

Endothelial dysfunction is one of the early predictors of cardiovascular disease and proper functioning of the endothelium is dependent upon nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Watermelon is a rich source of bioactive components such as L-citrulline and arginine which can increase NO bioavailability directly and indirectly. The objective of this pilot study was to assess the effects of watermelon intake on endothelial function using Flow Mediated Dilation (FMD) and to assess the relationship of FMD overtime with circulating watermelon metabolites, such as L-citrulline and arginine in humans. Middle-age overweight/obese adults (n = 6; age 32.4± 8.0 y and BMI 29.0 ± 1.7 kg/m²) participated in a 4-arm, randomized, cross-over energy-controlled clinical trial. Subjects consumed one of four 100 kcal salads containing watermelon flesh (WF) or rind (WR) or seed (WS) or no watermelon components (Control) on four separate occasions. Blood samples were collected at baseline (t = 0 h) and then 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 5 h, 6 h, 7 h, 8 h, 24 h post meal. The FMD was assessed at baseline 0 h, 1 h, 3 h, 5 h and 7 h. L-Citrulline and arginine were extracted from plasma at each time point and quantified using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Maximum concentration (Cₘₐₓ) and peak time (Tₘₐₓ) for L-citrulline after WF intake was 153.1 ± 38.8 µmol/L with Tₘₐₓ of 1 h while after WR intake Cₘₐₓ was 153.9 ± 38.5 µmol/L with tₘₐₓ of 0.5 h. Cₘₐₓ of L-citrulline was 76.1 ± 20.9 µmol/L at time 1 h after WS consumption. Arginine peaked at 1 h after WF, WR, WS intake with Cₘₐₓ of 242.5 ± 35.8 µmol/L, 249.9 ± 38.7 µmol/L, and 249.5 ± 43.3 µmol/L respectively. An increase in %FMD was observed at 1 h after WF and WR compared to control, which coincided with the Cₘₐₓ and Tₘₐₓ of arginine and citrulline. However, the data was statistically not significant. The data from this pilot study is the first to show a possible association between %FMD increase and circulating L-citrulline and arginine concentrations providing support for future research on watermelon with a larger sample size in order to determine the potential clinical impact of watermelon intake on improvement of endothelial function. National Watermelon Promotion Board.
Down regulation of p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase in petunia uniquely alters the profile of emitted floral volatiles

Petunia × hybrida cv ‘Mitchell Diploid’ floral volatile benzenoid/phenylpropanoid (FVBP) biosynthesis ultimately produces floral volatiles derived sequentially from phenylalanine, cinnamic acid, and p-coumaric acid. In an attempt to better understand biochemical steps after p-coumaric acid production, we cloned and characterized three petunia transcripts with high similarity to p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase (C3H), hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT), and caffeoyl shikimate esterase (CSE). Transcript accumulation of PhC3H and PhHCT was highest in flower limb tissue during open flower stages. PhCSE transcript accumulation was also highest in flower limb tissue, but it was detected earlier at initial flower opening with a bell-shaped distribution pattern. Down regulation of endogenous PhC3H transcript resulted in altered transcript accumulation of many other FVBP network transcripts, a reduction in floral volatiles, and the emission of a novel floral volatile. Down regulation of PhHCT transcript did not have as large of an effect on floral volatiles as was observed for PhC3H down regulation, but eugenol and isoeugenol emissions were significantly reduced on the downstream floral volatiles. Together these results indicate that PhC3H is involved in FVBP biosynthesis and the reduction of PhC3H transcript influences FVBP metabolism at the network level. Additional research is required to illustrate PhHCT and PhCSE functions of petunia.
The Missing Link in Regional Integration in South Asia: The Case for Regional and Sub-regional Political Institutions:

Regional governance efforts in South Asia have been missing regional political institutions. There is no shortage of ideas and suggestions by scholars, practitioners, diplomats and others in terms ...
Measurement and analysis of fast transient instabilities

Abstract A novel beam diagnostics technique to detect fast beam transient instabilities and glitches has been developed at National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II). Vertical spikes of beam size and centroid have been observed occasionally and randomly during high current operations. These spikes are believed to be caused by ion instabilities associated with vacuum activity localized in the ring. With the functionality of gated beam position monitor (BPM), the newly developed technique utilizes turn-by-turn (TBT) data to detect beam centroid glitches. Whenever one turn trajectory deviates from a predefined window, a global control event is generated to trigger an online TBT data acquisition. The data acquisition is synchronized for all BPMs around the ring. In the meantime, the bunch-by-bunch (BxB) data, which is acquired from a single dedicated feedback BPM, has also been collected for analyzing possible coupled bunch instabilities (CBI). In addition to CBI caused mainly by ion bursts, other types of fast transient motions, such as, the top-off residual disturbance and fast orbit disturbance, have been captured with the new tool. The sources of the glitches can be approximately localized with the synchronized TBT data from multiple BPMs around the ring.
Knowledge Tracing to Model Learning in Online Citizen Science Projects

We present the design of a citizen science system that uses machine learning to guide the presentation of image classification tasks to newcomers to help them more quickly learn how to do the task while still contributing to the work of the project. A Bayesian model for tracking volunteer learning for training with tasks with uncertain outcomes is presented and fit to data from 12,986 volunteer contributors. The model can be used both to estimate the ability of volunteers and to decide the classification of an image. A simulation of the model applied to volunteer promotion and image retirement suggests that the model requires fewer classifications than the current system.
hnRNPA2B1: Fueling Antiviral Immunity from the Nucleus

In a recently published article in Science, Cao and colleagues (Wang et al., 2019) identify hnRNPA2B1 as a new DNA-binding protein that initiates and amplifies antiviral immunity, unveiling a new facet of DNA recognition in the nucleus.
Measurement of S 34 ( He 3 , p ) Cl 36 cross sections for nuclide enrichment in the early solar system

Isotopic studies of meteorites have provided ample evidence for the presence of short-lived radionuclides (SLRs) with half-lives of less than 100 Myr at the time of the formation of the solar system. The origins of all known SLRs are heavily debated and remain uncertain, but the plausible scenarios can be broadly separated into either local production or outside injection of stellar nucleosynthesis products. The SLR production models are limited in part by reliance on nuclear theory for modeling reactions that lack experimental measurements. Reducing uncertainty on critical reaction cross sections can both enable more precise predictions and provide constraints on physical processes and environments in the early solar system. This goal led to the start of a campaign for measuring production cross sections for the SLR $^{36}\mathrm{Cl}$, where Bowers et al. found higher cross sections for the $^{33}\mathrm{S}(\ensuremath{\alpha},p)^{36}\mathrm{Cl}$ reaction than were predicted by Hauser-Feshbach based nuclear reaction codes talys and non-smoker. This prompted re-measurement of the reaction at five new energies within the energy range originally studied, resulting in data slightly above but in agreement with talys. Following this, efforts began to measure cross sections for the next most significant reaction for $^{36}\mathrm{Cl}$ production, $^{34}\mathrm{S}(^{3}\mathrm{He},p)^{36}\mathrm{Cl}$. Activations were performed to produce nine samples between 1.11 MeV/nucleon and 2.36 MeV/nucleon. These samples were subsequently measured with accelerator mass spectrometry at two labs. The resulting data suggest a sharper-than-expected rise in cross sections with energy, with peak cross sections up to 30% higher than predictions from talys.
Comparison of pyrolysis of live wildland fuels heated by radiation vs. convection

Abstract During wildland fires, which include both planned (prescribed fire) and unplanned (wildfire) fires, live and dead plants may be subject to both radiative and convective heat transfer mechanisms. In this study, the pyrolysis of 14 live plant species native to the forests of the southern United States was investigated using a flat-flame burner (FFB) apparatus under three heating modes in order to mimic pyrolysis of plants during wildland fires. The heating modes were: (1) radiation-only, where the plants were pyrolyzed under a moderate heating rate of 4 °C s−1 (radiative flux of 50 kW m−2); (2) convection-only, where the FFB apparatus was operated at a high heating rate of 180 °C s−1 (convective heat flux of 100 kW m−2); and (3) a combination of convection and radiation, where the plants were exposed to both convective and radiative heat transfer mechanisms. Data were also compared with slow heating experiments (0.5 °C s−1). During the experiments, the pyrolysis products were collected and analyzed using GC–MS for the analysis of tars and GC-TCD for the analysis of light gases. The results indicate that the highest light gas and tar yields were obtained from the combined mode, which was performed at a higher pyrolysis temperature and heating rate. CO, CO2, CH4, and H2 were the major light gas species in all three heating modes. The radiation-only mode led to formation of primary tars and a few secondary tars consisting of aliphatic and 1–2 ring aromatic compounds with 1 to 3 attachments, including alkyl, hydroxyl, and methoxy groups.
Responding to failure: the promise of market mending for social enterprise

As more non-profits embrace social enterprise, it is important to examine the role social enterprise plays in society. Market failure is the prevailing economic theory explaining non-profits’ exist...