cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic terrestrial self-righting with a minimal tail

As small legged robots for search and rescue are deployed in collapsed buildings with unstructured terrain and steep drop-offs, they run the risk of flipping over and becoming incapacitated. A single degree of freedom low-mass tail is added to a 77.5 g, 18 cm long VelociRoACH legged robot with protective shell, which gives it the capability to dynamically self-right. Quasi-static analysis of terrestrial self-righting gives design requirements for the tail actuator. Dynamic simulation predicts that terrestrial self-righting is slower than aerial self-righting with a massive tail, but can be achieved without adding significant mass away from the base of leg support. Open-loop experiments on terrain with varying friction and roughness show that VelociRoACH can dynamically self-right using tail contact in as little time as 256 ms. Finally, an autonomous self-righting experiment on an obstacle with multiple step drops demonstrates that the robot can detect inversion and rapidly self-right while walking on challenging terrain.
The Use of Solicited Publishing by Academic Surgeons

Abstract Background Few details are known about open-access surgery journals that solicit manuscripts via E-mail. The objectives of this cross-sectional study are to compare solicitant surgery journals with established journals and to characterize the academic credentials and reasons for publication of their authorship. Methods We identified publishers who contacted the senior author and compared their surgery journals with 10 top-tier surgical journals and open-access medical journals. We assessed the senior authorship of articles published January 2017–March 2017 and utilized a blinded survey to determine motivations for publication. Results Throughout a 6-week period, 110 E-mails were received from 29 publishers distributing 113 surgery journals. Compared with established journals, these journals offered lesser publication fees, but also had lesser PubMed indexing rates and impact factors (all P Conclusion Despite their sparse PubMed indexing and low impact factors, many senior academic faculty publish in solicitant surgery journals. This study highlights the importance for the academic surgical community to be cognizant of the quality of a journal when reviewing the literature for research and evidence-based practice.
The Impact of Zika Virus Education on Selection of Birth Control Methods Among Cuban Refugees Resettling in Louisville, Kentucky in 2016.

BACKGROUND Cubans represented almost 40% of all refugees resettling in KY during 2015 and 2016. Their route to the United States included extended time in areas recognized as Zika endemic, making them vulnerable to Zika virus (ZV) exposure and infection. Early availability of birth control is one strategy stressed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to delay an unintended pregnancy after ZV exposure and prevent the catastrophic impact on a developing fetus. OBJECTIVES The objectives were to determine: (a) awareness of ZV among Cuban refugees, and (b) the impact of education regarding ZV on their initial birth control decisions. METHODS During May-November 2016, 167 Cuban men and women aged 19-50 were seen by advanced practice nurses (APNs) in the University of Louisville Global Health Center (UL GHC). During the visit, awareness regarding ZV, current planned birth control method(s), and education about ZV was imparted using information developed by the CDC and provided by clinic personnel competent in delivery of culturally, socially, and linguistically appropriate messaging. Anticipated methods of birth control were then reassessed. RESULTS Condom use was the most prevalent contraceptive method used before and after ZV education (29% and 58% respectively, p < .001). The influence of education regarding ZV and ZV infection on selection of birth control methods (condom use) was significant (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate education provided by APNs regarding ZV influence birth control selection among Cuban refugees.
Treatment-Induced Enteritis (Radiation- or Combination Therapy–Induced Enteropathies)

Combination cancer therapies, specifically radiation therapy, increase locoregional control and survival in patients, but significantly increase clinical toxicity in thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cancers, specifically including cervical, ovarian, prostate, bladder, testicular, sigmoid, or colorectal cancer malignancies.
The Virtual Interactive Project: Teaching Analysis and Design Through Narrative and Drama

A team-based project is a common feature of information systems courses involving analysis and design. The use of a project assignment helps to promote active learning through hands-on engagement within a collaborative learning context. Various strategies are available for staging such projects including field projects and projects based on written cases. Each of these options tends to have advantages and disadvantages, relative to the richness of the experience and the predictability and reliability of learning outcomes. This paper reports on an innovative approach, the Virtual Interactive Project (VIP), that explores the middle ground between field projects and text-based projects in an effort to achieve some of the advantages of both. Like the text-based project, the VIP is launched by means of a written case; however, this case gives only enough facts to get the project underway. The project then evolves through web-based and email interaction between students and a "virtual client" representing the firm in the case. By engaging students as players in an unfolding story the VIP becomes, in effect, "drama" and amplifies active learning by tapping the centrality of narrative in knowledge construction. Early experiences with the Virtual Interactive Project are described, and some directions for its further development and application are suggested.
Dentition of Adapis parisiensis and the Evolution of Lemuriform Primates

The fossil record of Madagascar unfortunately sheds no light on the origin of its unique lemur fauna, nor does it assist in determining the relationships of the Malagasy lemurs to other primates. The known fossil forms are at most 3000–4000 years old (Tattersall, 1973a), which makes them virtual contemporaries rather than ancestors of the living species. The only adequately known fossil primates possibly related to the ancestry of the lemurs are found in sediments of Eocene age in North America, Europe, and Asia. The European genus Adapis includes species which deserve special attention in this regard.
Reading and the Young Brain

The education field is awash in findings about brain development and its implications for the classroom. In addition to dozens of new books, there are national conferences dedicated to helping teachers understand the so-called brain-based education. We are both fascinated by, and skeptical of, the evidence collected thus far concerning the significance of brain research for teaching reading. In this chapter, we review current findings in neuroscience that have the potential for informing educators. We also present educational research that complements, or contradicts, the findings from neurosciences.
Toward Multi-Layered MPC for Complex Electric Energy Systems

This chapter formalizes a model predictive control (MPC) formulation for complex multi-temporal multi-spatial electric energy systems. It is motivated by the need for data-enabled decision-making in the changing industry in which different entities have the ability to predict uncertainties at different temporal and spatial granularity. It is explained that these needs arise because today’s industry practice relies on software tools which assume specific temporal and spatial decoupling. These no longer hold in the environment with highly intermittent resources and diverse decision makers. To account for temporal and spatial interdependencies, concepts of spatial and temporal lifting are utilized. These are partly motivated by a previously proposed Dynamic Monitoring and Decision Systems (DyMoNDS) framework for operating smart grids. These methods confirm the information exchange protocols required for near-optimal and highly reliable cost-effective and clean electricity services as proposed earlier. The use of DyMonDS tools is illustrated for efficient integration of temporally diverse generation and demand response. It is shown that this can be done while ensuring stable operation with minimal fast expensive storage.
Why Marginalized Groups Struggle to Leverage Digital Activism

Digital activism, political activism mediated by digital technologies, offers the promise of increased visibility and political power for marginalized groups. Yet, this has not been the case outside of a few exceptions such as Black Lives Matter. This paper offers theoretical, conceptual critical research that explores why successful digital activism may elude marginalized groups. We ask why many marginalized groups have been unable to harness the power of digital activism. We suggest that greater reliance on smartphones for internet access in marginalized groups may be at the heart of the problem.
Analytical modelling of point-to-point CCC-HVDC revisited

Weak AC grids are incapable of providing the reactive power needed by the line-commutated converter (LCC) converters to maintain an acceptable system voltage, which leads to several operational challenges. Although voltage source converter-high-voltage DC (HVDC) can solve these issues, its power rating has not matched that of the LCC technology as yet. The available alternative is the capacitor-commutated converter (CCC) technology, which is currently in operation using back-to-back configuration. In order to explore the capability of this technology for long-distance transmission, this study proposes a comprehensive non-linear state-space averaged phasor model of CCC-HVDC connected to weak grids on both sides of HVDC. To that end, the analytical model of CCC is revisited and the need of including the capacitor dynamics and the contribution of unbalanced capacitor voltages to get a closer match with the detailed switched model is investigated. The proposed model is used to present the root-cause analysis of the dynamic performance and quantify the interaction of various states in the system with different modes, which is not possible through a detailed switched model.
Robotic-assisted psoas hitch with ureteral reimplantation

Objective To demonstrate a robotic-assisted psoas hitch with ureteral reimplantation. Methods We gleaned video footage from a robotic-assisted psoas hitch procedure performed for a patient with an isolated pelvic recurrence of ovarian cancer. Results We demonstrate trocar placement and a robotic-arm docking strategy for pelvic recurrence of ovarian cancer. We also show surgical steps involved in a psoas hitch and reimplantation of a transected ureter into the bladder. Special emphasis is placed on guiding the surgeon using key robotic instruments and materials to optimize the robotic completion of this procedure. Key components of the procedure, including en bloc tumor excision and ureteral transection, are shown. The bladder is placed on traction using the fourth arm, and the avascular planes of dissection, including the space of Retzius and the paravesical spaces, are shown. The bladder is then backfilled to allow the surgeon to determine the ideal placement of the ureteral reimplantation to ensure the anastomosis is tension free. The surgeon then demonstrates where and how to place anchoring sutures from the bladder to the psoas muscle. The ureter is examined to determine where it can be implanted in the bladder with zero tension or angulation, which would compromise function and healing. The ureter is prepared for reimplantation, including trimming, tagging, and spatulation. An instrument tie technique is used to implant the ureter into the bladder and a ureteral stent is placed. Robotic-assisted psoas hitch with ureteral reimplantation has been described in the literature.1–4 Conclusions Through the use of still photographs and video, we demonstrate the technique of robotic-assisted psoas hitch with ureteral reimplantation.
Racial, Socioeconomic, and Attitudinal Disparities in Trajectories of Young Women's Willingness to Refuse Unwanted Sex.

Abstract Purpose We identify trajectories of young women's willingness to refuse unwanted sex, assess racial, socioeconomic, and attitudinal variation across trajectory groups, and describe the sexual and relationship behaviors of different trajectory groups. Methods Panel data from the Relationship Dynamics and Social Life study facilitate a latent class analysis identifying trajectories of women's willingness to refuse unwanted sex, followed by bivariate analyses illuminating demographic, attitudinal, experiential, and behavioral correlates of each trajectory. Results Three trajectories emerge confident (stable high), moderate (slightly declining moderate), and reluctant (low-U). Socially advantaged women were most likely to follow a confident trajectory. Black women, socially disadvantaged women, women with early sexual debut, women with early births, and women who adhere to rape myths were most likely to follow a reluctant trajectory. Women whose trajectory was moderate spent the most time in relationships and had sex most often. Conclusions How much young women are willing to refuse unwanted sex and how this willingness changes during the transition to adulthood vary with key characteristics of their demographic background, earlier sexual experiences, and perceptions of rape. The trajectories by which this willingness evolves further correspond with sexual and relationship behaviors during the transition to adulthood. Greater research on whether willingness to refuse unwanted sex affects behavior and/or vice versa is needed to more fully understand the diversity of women's sexual experiences and to develop effective interventions for improving women's willingness to refuse unwanted sex.
Let-7 miRNAs control auditory sensory progenitor behavior in the vertebrate inner ear

ABSTRACT The evolutionary conserved lethal-7 (let-7) family of microRNAs (miRNAs) is a well-known activator of terminal mitosis and differentiation. Surprisingly, we previously found that overexpression of let-7 miRNAs in the murine auditory organ accelerated the terminal mitosis of auditory sensory progenitors (pro-sensory cells) but failed to stimulate their differentiation into mechano-sensory hair cells (HCs). To further address the role of let-7 miRNAs in auditory sensory differentiation, we conducted gain and loss of function experiments in the developing chicken auditory organ, the basilar papilla (BP). Using a sponge approach, we show that the disruption of let-7 miRNA function in the developing BP delays pro-sensory cell exit and delays differentiation of auditory HCs, revealing that endogenous let-7 miRNAs limit pro-sensory cell self-renewal in the developing BP. However, consistent with the role of let-7 miRNAs in the murine auditory organ, let-7b overexpression in the developing BP delayed HC differentiation, suggesting that too low or too high let-7 miRNA levels disrupt HC differentiation. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the repressive role of let-7 miRNAs in HC differentiation may be due to its targeting of the chromatin remodeler CHD7. Mutation in the human CHD7 gene causes CHARGE syndrome, which amongst others is characterized by inner ear and hearing deficits. Using target prediction algorithms, we uncovered a highly predictive and evolutionary conserved let-7 binding site within the Chd7 transcript. Consistent with being a target of let-7 repression, we demonstrate that let-7b overexpression significantly reduced CHD7 protein expression in to the developing BP. Furthermore, utilizing an inducible let-7g transgenic mouse model, we show that let-7 miRNAs negatively regulate CHD7 protein expression in developing murine cochlear, retinal and brain tissue. CHD7 is dosage dependent and the here described regulation by let-7 miRNAs may be critical to fine tune CHD7 protein levels during sensory and neuronal development. SIGNIFICANCE The evolutionary highly conserved let-7 miRNAs are essential for proper timing of cell state transitions during embryogenesis. Even though abundantly expressed in the vertebrate auditory organ, surprisingly little is known about their function in auditory sensory differentiation. Here, we demonstrate that endogenous let-7 miRNAs are essential for limiting auditory sensory progenitor (pro-sensory) cell self-renewal. Furthermore, we find that precocious let-7 miRNAs expression interferes with auditory hair cell differentiation and identify chromatin remodeler CHD7 as a potential target gene of let-7 repressive function in HC differentiation.
No Bones About It: Small Molecules for Bone Regeneration.

In this issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Cook et al. (2019) report a new small-molecule activator that enhances osteogenesis and skeletal regeneration in developmental and adult animal models, respectively. This discovery has therapeutic potential for healing following traumatic bone injury, as well as bone remodeling in response to osteoporosis.
Psychometric properties of the perceived stigma towards substance users scale: factor structure, internal consistency, and associations with help-seeking variables.

Background: Stigma toward substance users is a barrier to seeking treatment.Objective: The aim for this paper was to examine the psychometric properties of the Perceived Stigma Toward Substance Use...
Reading Yani Tseng: Articulating Golf, Taiwanese Nationalism, and Gender Politics in Twenty-First-Century Taiwan

Media narratives reveal a variety of perspectives on Taiwanese golfer Yani Tseng in Taiwan during her dominant years, roughly from early 2008 to the end of 2013. Tseng, a former top-ranked woman go...
Effects of Diet and Intraspecific Scaling on the Viscera of Muraenid Fishes

Diet has a strong influence on the morphology and physiology of vertebrates. Members of numerous fish clades have provided excellent comparative models for examining the effects of diet, primarily carnivory vs. herbivory, on organ systems. In this study, we comparatively examined the effects of carnivory, specifically independent evolutions of piscivory and durophagy, on body dimensions, organ topology, and organ proportions between nine moray species (Muraenidae). We found that organ placement via the anteroposterior organ positions differed between members in the two diet categories, although general organ topology is conserved. The stomach (31 - 55%) and intestine (68 - 76%) consistently occupied the majority of the body cavity irrespective of diet. Diet was shown to influence overall body dimensions and relative organ proportions across all moray species. Durophagous morays have shorter head lengths and body depths, and shorter heart, liver, gall bladder, and spleen lengths compared to piscivorous species. There was also greater variation in organ lengths among durophagous species than within piscivorous species. We attribute this greater variation in organ lengths to the multiple independent origins of durophagy within Muraenidae. Our single intraspecific comparison of the California moray, Gymnothorax mordax, a piscivorous species, revealed that all organs scale isometrically with body cavity length over ontogeny. The stomach grows proportionally with body cavity length and is the second longest organ in G. mordax at all ontogenetic stages, with the longest being the intestine. This suggests that morays can consume large quantities of prey or relatively large individual prey throughout their life history. In addition to scaling patterns of G. mordax, our study is the first to investigate the effects of diet and the intraspecific scaling patterns on the viscera of members of the Muraenidae, a clade of obligate carnivores that inhabit most marine ecosystems.
Representation of Color, Form, and their Conjunction across the Human Ventral Visual Pathway

Abstract Despite decades of neuroscience research, our understanding of the relationship between color and form processing in the primate ventral visual pathway remains incomplete. Using fMRI multivoxel pattern analysis, this study examined the coding of color with both a simple form feature (orientation) and a mid-level form feature (curvature) in human early visual areas V1 to V4, posterior and central color regions, and shape areas in ventral and lateral occipito-temporal cortex. With the exception of the central color region (which showed color but not form decoding), successful color and form decoding was found in all other regions examined, even for color and shape regions showing univariate sensitivity to one feature. That said, all regions exhibited significant feature decoding biases, with decoding from color and shape regions largely consistent with their univariate preferences. Color and form are thus represented in neither a completely distributed nor a completely modular manner, but a biased distributed manner. Interestingly, coding of one feature in a brain region was always tolerant to changes in the other feature, indicating relative independence of color and form coding throughout the ventral visual cortex. Although evidence for interactive coding of color and form also existed, the effect was weak and only existed for color and orientation conjunctions in early visual cortex. No evidence for interactive coding of color and curvature was found. The predominant relationship between color and form coding in the human brain appears to be one of anatomical coexistence (in a biased distributed manner), but representational independence.
Max's Taxes: A Tax-Based Analysis of Pet Trusts

Humans and charities are no longer the primary entities many individuals wish to benefit upon death. Instead, there is a growing interest in providing for Rover, Fluffy, and Polly, that is, our beloved pets. There has been a recent surge of public interest in pet planning as high-profile individuals have died with significant provisions in their wills or trusts for the benefit of their animals. This increase in the special estate planning needs of pet owners is reflected by legal scholarship, continuing legal education programs, and legislative action in the pet trust arena. But little time has been devoted to the tax ramifications of pet trusts although brief discussions are included in several articles. The purpose of this article is to fill this gap and give practitioners guidance as to how pet trusts are treated for tax purposes and to suggest to Congress how the Internal Revenue Code should be amended to clarify taxation issues.
Three-dimensional nonlinear displacement-based beam element for members with angle and tee sections

Abstract Asymmetric thin-walled sections such as steel angles and tees are widely used in a range of steel structures. To address extreme limit states that these structures encounter due to extreme events such as hurricanes and earthquakes, it is important to capture their response due to large deformations caused by static or dynamic loading. In the nonlinear large deformation regime, these members have coupled axial-flexural–torsional deformation due to the so-called Wagner effect and the noncoincident shear center and centroid. A three-dimensional corotational total Lagrangian beam element is formulated and implemented in the OpenSees corotational framework to account for these coupling effects by invoking Green-Lagrange strains referenced to a basic system. In the basic system, shear forces and torque are defined with respect to the shear center, axial force is referred to the centroid, and flexure is defined around the section principle axes but in the planes containing the shear center. The element tangent stiffness matrix is derived through linearization of the governing equation obtained from the principle of virtual work. Cubic Hermitian functions for the transverse displacements and a linear shape function for the axial and torsional deformation are adopted in the development. Before conducting the corotational transformation, all element end forces and displacements are transformed to act about the shear center. In order to remedy membrane locking in the inextensional bending mode, the high order bending terms in the axial strain are replaced by a constant effective strain. Cyclic material nonlinearity is considered by discretizing the cross section into a grid of fibers, tracking the steel uniaxial stress–strain constitutive at each fiber, and performing numerical integration over the cross section to obtain the section stiffness matrix. The formulation is compared against a set of experimental and numerical results to validate that the element can model geometric and material nonlinearities accurately and efficiently.
Effect of a chemical dispersant (Corexit 9500A) on the structure and ion transport function of blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) gills.

Abstract Chemical dispersants are commercially available mixtures of surfactants and solvents that have become important tools in the remediation of spilled oil. Given the importance of oil to the world economy, the recurring nature of spills, and the prevalence of dispersant use in remediation, there is a critical need to understand potential toxic impacts of dispersants on invertebrate and vertebrate animals. Blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) play ecologically important roles in the environments they inhabit and support economically important fisheries along the Atlantic Coast and in the Gulf of Mexico. In studies reported here, we assessed the impact of a chemical dispersant, Corexit 9500A, on the structure and ion transport function of blue crab gills. Exposure of blue crabs to Corexit 9500A for 24 h (0–300 ppm in artificial seawater under static conditions) revealed a 24-h lethal concentration 50 (LC50) estimate of 210 ppm. A histological analysis of gills from crabs exposed for 24 h to a sub-lethal concentration of Corexit 9500A (125 ppm) revealed evidence of loss or disruption of cuticle, and an increase in stained amorphous material in the hemolymph spaces of gill lamellae. Quantitative image analysis of stained gill sections revealed the area/length ratio of gill lamellae in crabs exposed to Corexit 9500A (24 h, 125 ppm), was greater than that in gill lamellae from control crabs; the results are consistent with the presence of edematous swelling in gill lamellae from dispersant-exposed crabs. Quantitative PCR was used to measure the relative abundance of transcripts encoding three ion transport proteins (Na+/K+ ATPase, plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA), and sarcoplasmic reticulum/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA)) in gills from Corexit-exposed and control crabs. In general, the abundance of transcripts encoding each ion transport protein was lower in gills from dispersant-exposed crabs than in gills from control crabs. The combined results are consistent with the hypothesis that 24-h exposure of blue crabs to a sublethal concentration of Corexit 9500A impacts both the structure and ion transport function of gills.
Case 14-2021: A 64-Year-Old Woman with Fever and Pancytopenia.

A Woman with Fever and Pancytopenia A 64-year-old woman with multiple sclerosis was admitted with fever and pancytopenia after a 7-month illness that began with nausea and fatigue. CT revealed sple...
Modulating Oral Delivery and Gastrointestinal Kinetics of Recombinant Proteins via Engineered Fungi

A new modality in microbe-mediated drug delivery has recently emerged wherein genetically engineered microbes are used to locally deliver recombinant therapeutic proteins to the gastrointestinal tract. These engineered microbes are often referred to as live biotherapeutic products (LBPs). Despite advanced genetic engineering and recombinant protein expression approaches, little is known on how to control the spatiotemporal dynamics of LBPs and their secreted therapeutics within the gastrointestinal tract. To date, the fundamental pharmacokinetic analyses for microbe-mediated drug delivery systems have not been described. Here, we explore the pharmacokinetics of an engineered, model protein-secreting Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which serves as an ideal organism for the oral delivery of complex, post-translationally modified proteins. We establish three methods to modulate the pharmacokinetics of an engineered, recombinant protein-secreting fungi system: (i) altering oral dose of engineered fungi, (ii) co-administering antibiotics, and (iii) altering recombinant protein secretion titer. Our findings establish the fundamental pharmacokinetics which will be essential in controlling downstream therapeutic response for this new delivery modality.
Graphs and how to make them

We encounter graphs all around us both in the physical world and in representations of that world. It turns out that simple graphs are intuitively easy for people to understand, and so they are often used to represent information. Our families are collections of entities (people) who have relationships to one another (marriage or by birth). Science has found a great many uses for graphs as they explore systems which have a great many actors and numerous relationships among them. They have devised numerous methods over the years to explore these graphs and quantify their characteristics. This chapter introduces a few graphs we encounter in everyday life, and then explores some common characteristics of graphs. It discusses some of the challenges related to modeling systems as graphs. Finally it provides a brief overview of major categories of graph analytic techniques.
Picosecond Time-Resolved Resonance Raman Anti-Stokes Spectroscopy: Vibrationally-Excited Populations in the Bacteriorhodopsin Photocycle

Picosecond transient absorption (PTA) and picosecond time-resolved fluorescence (PTRF) results suggest that vibrationally-excited 1Ag retinal is formed following 5 ps optical initiation of the bacteriorhodopsin (BR) photocycle [1]. This interpretation has been confirmed experimentally by the observation of antiStokes resonance Raman (RR) scattering arising from vibrationally “hot” 1Ag populations in Br-570 (BR’) [2]. These picosecond time-resolved RR (PTR3) antiStokes data demonstrate that the BR’ levels are populated by non-radiative decay from the excited electronic state of BR (BR*) produced by 5 ps optical excitation. PTR3 measurements using a pump-probe experimental arrangement also have shown that the BR’ levels relax with a rate of ≈ 7 ps. [2]. Shifts of the positions of band maxima to lower ferquency displacements on both antiStokes and Stokes RR bands provide an estimate of the 1Ag vibrational anharmonicities. A detailed kinetic model of the excitation process in the BR phtocycle derived from PTA and PTRF data together with the intensity dependencies of the antiStokes RR bands can be used to establish a clearer understanding of the role of vibrational relaxation and energy redistribution in both the optical excitation process and the BR photocycle.
Oxygen metabolism and pH in coastal ecosystems: Eddy Covariance Hydrogen ion and Oxygen Exchange System (ECHOES)

An aquatic eddy covariance (EC) system was developed to measure the exchange of oxygen (O2) and hydrogen ions (H+) across the sediment-water interface. The system uses O2 optodes and a newly developed micro-flow cell H+ ion selective field effect transistor; these sensors displayed sufficient precision and rapid enough response times to measure concentration changes associated with turbulent exchange. Discrete samples of total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon were used to determine the background carbonate chemistry of the water column and relate the O2 and H+ fluxes to benthic processes. The ECHOES system was deployed in a eutrophic estuary (Waquoit Bay), and revealed that the benthos was a sink for acidity during the day and a source of acidity during the night, with H+ and O2 fluxes of ± 0.0001 and ± 10 mmol m−2 h−1, respectively. H+ and O2 fluxes were also determined using benthic flux chambers, for comparison with the EC rates. Chamber fluxes determined in 0.25 h intervals co-varied with EC fluxes but were ∼ 4 times lower in magnitude. This difference was likely due to suppressed pore-water advection in the chambers and changes in the chemistry of the enclosed chamber overlying water. The individual H+ and O2 fluxes were highly correlated in each dataset (EC and chambers), and both methods yielded H+ fluxes that could not be explained by O2 metabolism alone. The ECHOES system provides a new tool for determining the influence of benthic biogeochemical cycling on coastal ocean acidification and carbon cycling.
The Curious Incident of Gross and the Significance of Congress's Failure to Bark

This Response to Professor Deborah Widiss's Texas Law Review article, Undermining Congressional Overrides: The Hydra Problem in Statutory Interpretation, is generally sympathetic to Widiss's concerns but cautions that she may be according Gross v. FBL Financial Services too much weight. Gross held that an amendment to Title VII liberalizing that statute's causation standard did not apply to the Age Discrimination in Employment Act. Professor Widiss sees Gross as potentially creating a presumption that a congressional override of one statute requires related but unamended statutes to be interpreted differently than the amended enactment. While I agree that such a rule would be problematic, I argue that not only is Gross a deeply flawed decision unlikely to carry much precedential heft outside the situation it addressed but also that Professor Widiss underestimates the significance of a key limiting fact: the statute that amended Title VII to dilute the causation requirement also amended the ADEA, albeit in another respect. Surely, it is easier to infer in this setting an intent not to coordinate Title VII and ADEA causation standards than it would be had the Age Act never been addressed at all. More generally, while I share Professor Widiss's preference for a more nuanced approach to statutory interpretation than the current Court manifests, I argue that courts should be hesitant to draw inferences from congressional silence since, Sherlock Holmes to the contrary notwithstanding, dogs don't bark for a lot of reasons.
The Growing Importance and Value Implications of Recreational Hunting Leases to Agricultural Land Investors

This study considers the evolution and explosive growth of recreational hunting leases in America. The traditional European practice of leasing rural lands for the exclusive rights of tenants to hu...
Foaming and Air Entrainment in Automatic Transmission Fluids

The Ford Dynamic Aeration Test Apparatus is used to evaluate the foaming, air entrainment and air release properties of selected automatic transmission fluids. By this method it is possible to evaluate fluids under conditions which approach those of the automatic transmission operation. The effects of changes in aeration rate, temperature, pressure and air humidity on the foaming and air entrainment characteristics are evaluated and a rating procedure for automatic transmission fluid behavior is suggested.
Environmental Effects of Oil Pollution

Until recently, oil pollution has been considered a hazard primarily for its visible effects on birds and beaches. However, greater resource damage may occur from the less visible effects of spilled oil on marine life. These effects are a complex result of the type and quantity of oil and circumstances of the spill. A recent, moderately-sized spill of distillate fuel oil off Cape Cod caused extensive damage to many types of coastal marine life, including a massive initial kill and uptake and persistence of oil in sediments and in tissues of shellfish. A review of the literature indicates that these observations were not unique, but had been observed with previous spills, depending on the type of oil and how much was dispersed into the water column. More damage may be occurring to marine life from oil spills, especially chronic spills, than has been previously assumed. Proper observation and investigation is required to reveal this damage.
MOTOR NERVE CONDUCTION VELOCITIES IN LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS

Serial nerve conduction velocities were performed during the first year of life on 8 term infants and 11 prematurely born infants weighing under 2,500 gm. The slowest velocities obtained at birth were in the most immature infants. By 12 months, the two groups had attained similar values. This technique affords an objective measurement of the maturity of the peripheral nervous system and the gestational age of the infant.
Automated Advice-Giving Strategies for Scientific Inquiry

We describe a prototype advisor for students using Belvedere, an environment for conducting discussions about scientific controversies. The advisor has two strategic components, syntactic and consistency-based. Syntactic strategies are based on structural and categorical patterns in argument representations constructed by the students, and suggest ways in which students can continue their inquiry. Consistency-based strategies check student-made links between pairs of statements against the pairwise relations specified between corresponding units in a knowledge base constructed by a teacher or expert, and identify information that may challenge or corroborate relationships proposed by the students.
AMPK-TBC1D4–Dependent Mechanism for Increasing Insulin Sensitivity of Skeletal Muscle

Insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, the major site of insulin-stimulated blood glucose clearance, is a primary defect in the development of type 2 diabetes. Accordingly, there is great interest in interventions that improve muscle insulin sensitivity. A single exercise session can substantially enhance muscle insulin sensitivity for up to 24–48 h postexercise (1–11), but full discernment of the specific processes responsible for this health benefit remains elusive. Illuminating these mechanisms may be helpful for designing optimally effective exercise protocols. Furthermore, because of the very limited exercise capacity of many insulin-resistant people, these insights may enable the development of other therapies that improve insulin sensitivity by engaging the exercise-induced mechanisms. In vivo exercise influences many physiological systems, making it challenging to isolate the specific events that account for improved insulin sensitivity. A strategy to eliminate systemic exercise responses is to electrically stimulate the contraction of isolated rodent skeletal muscles. Using this approach, Gao et al. (5) discovered that ex vivo contractions could induce subsequently greater insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Although ex vivo contraction is much less complicated than in vivo exercise, it still produces complex effects on calcium, tension, high-energy phosphates, glycogen and lipids, metabolic intermediates, redox potential, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and many enzymes. An even simpler strategy is to incubate an isolated muscle with a chemical that triggers a limited subset of exercise’s numerous consequences without causing muscle contraction. AMPK, which is stimulated by exercise/contraction, …
An automatic object inlining optimization and its evaluation

Automatic object inlining [19, 20] transforms heap data structures by fusing parent and child objects together. It can improve runtime by reducing object allocation and pointer dereference costs. We report continuing work studying object inlining optimizations. In particular, we present a new semantic derivation of the correctness conditions for object inlining, and program analysis which extends our previous work. And we present an object inlining transformation, focusing on a new algorithm which optimizes class field layout to minimize code expansion. Finally, we detail a fuller evaluation on eleven programs and libraries (including Xpdf, the 25,000 line Portable Document Format (PDF) file browser) that utilizes hardware measures of impact on the memory system. We show that our analysis scales effectively to large programs, finding many inlinable fields (45 in xpdf) at acceptable cost, and we show that, on some programs, it finds nearly all fields for which object inlining is correct, and averages 40% of such fields across our benchmarks. We implement our analyses in an advanced analysis infrastructure, and we show that, compared to traditional 1-CFA, that infrastructure provides better results and lower and more scalable cost. Across all programs, analysis identified about 30% of objects as inlinable on average. Our transformation increases code size by only 20% while inlining this 30% of fields. Inlining these objects eliminated on average 28% of field reads, 58% of object creations, 12% of all loads. Further, the optimized programs have significantly improved memory reference behavior, producing 25% fewer L1 data cache misses and 25% fewer read stalls. On average the runtime improved by 14%.
Electrochemical analysis of azurin thermodynamic and adsorption properties at monolayer-protected cluster film assemblies - evidence for a more homogeneous adsorption interface.

Abstract Thermodynamic and adsorption properties of protein monolayer electrochemistry (PME) are examined for Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin (AZ) immobilized at an electrode modified with a networked film of monolayer-protected clusters (MPCs) to assess if nanoparticle films of this nature offer a more homogeneous adsorption interface compared to traditional self-assembled monolayer (SAM) modified electrodes. Specifically, electrochemistry is used to assess properties of surface coverage, formal potential, peak broadening, and electron transfer (ET) kinetics as a function of film thickness. The modification of a surface with dithiol-linked films of MPCs (Au 225 C6 75 ) provides a more uniform binding interface for AZ that results in voltammetry with less peak broadening ( 120–130 mV). Improved homogeneity of the MPC interface for protein adsorption is confirmed by atomic force microscopy imaging that shows uniform coverage of the gold substrate topography and by electrochemical analysis of film properties during systematic desorption of AZ, which indicates a more homogeneous population of adsorbed protein at MPC films. These results suggest MPC film assemblies may be used in PME to provide greater molecular level control of the protein adsorption interface, a development with applications for strategies to study biological ET processes as well as the advancement of biosensor technologies.
The physician questionnaire: a useful tool in psychiatric drug research.

This paper has discussed a 10 item Physician Questionnaire, a simple instrument for rating neurotic symptomatology. The results of a factor analysis were presented. The sensitivity of both the 3 derived factor and 2 clinical cluster scores in detecting differences among psychotropic drugs was demonstrated.
Fear of success, sex role attitudes, and career salience and anxiety levels of college women

Abstract This study examined, for 99 female undergraduate students, both the relationship between fear of success, sex role attitudes, and career salience, and the relationship between fear of success, career salience, and trait anxiety. Fear of success was assessed using the Fear of Success Scale, while sex role attitudes were assessed using the Attitudes towards Women Scale. Career Salience was measured by the Career Salience Scale, and trait anxiety was assessed by the trait subscale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The results indicated that fear of success and sex-role attitudes, in combination, significantly predicted the level of career salience in a multiple regression analysis. The women higher in fear of success and more traditional tended to be lower in career salience. Trait anxiety levels of women did not differ significantly as a function of fear of success, career salience, or the combination of the two.
A comparison of the analgesic and behavioral effects of [D-Ala2] met-enkephalinamide and morphine in the mesencephalic reticular formation of rats

Abstract [D-Ala 2 ]Met-enkephalinamide (DALA) injected intracerebrally (IC) at low doses into specific sites of the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF), produced a profound, long-lasting analgesia that was blocked by naloxone, a specific opiate antagonist. Morphine was only half as potent as DALA because morphine, injected IC at similar sites in the MRF, yielded a comparable analgesia only when injected at twice the dose. The analgesic effects of morphine were also antagonized by naloxene. Both DALA and morphine produced specific behavioral effects. Naloxone blocked the behavioral effects of DALA, but not those produced by morphine.
Distribution of biologic, anthropogenic, and volcanic constituents as a proxy for sediment transport in the San Francisco Bay Coastal System

Abstract Although conventional sediment parameters (mean grain size, sorting, and skewness) and provenance have typically been used to infer sediment transport pathways, most freshwater, brackish, and marine environments are also characterized by abundant sediment constituents of biological, and possibly anthropogenic and volcanic, origin that can provide additional insight into local sedimentary processes. The biota will be spatially distributed according to its response to environmental parameters such as water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, organic carbon content, grain size, and intensity of currents and tidal flow, whereas the presence of anthropogenic and volcanic constituents will reflect proximity to source areas and whether they are fluvially- or aerially-transported. Because each of these constituents have a unique environmental signature, they are a more precise proxy for that source area than the conventional sedimentary process indicators. This San Francisco Bay Coastal System study demonstrates that by applying a multi-proxy approach, the primary sites of sediment transport can be identified. Many of these sites are far from where the constituents originated, showing that sediment transport is widespread in the region. Although not often used, identifying and interpreting the distribution of naturally-occurring and allochthonous biologic, anthropogenic, and volcanic sediment constituents is a powerful tool to aid in the investigation of sediment transport pathways in other coastal systems.
Invitations to love: Literacy, love letters, and social change in Nepal

Laura Ahearn , Invitations to love: Literacy, love letters, and social change in Nepal . Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2001. Pp. xvi, 295. Pb $24.95. “Sarita, I'm helpless….” Laura Ahearn begins her ethnography with a love letter, 21-year-old Bir Bahadur's first to Sarita, “whose long, black hair, fashionable Punjabi outfits, and demure giggles had caught his eye” (p. 3). Ahearn ponders the increasing use of such letters amid changes in literacy and marriage practices, understandings and expressions of emotions, and efforts of the Nepali state and other organizations to develop places like Junigau, the village in which most of the book's action takes place. By the book's conclusion, Ahearn has provided the means to understand the subtle paradox in Bir Bahadur's letter – that he asserts that he is “helpless” at the same time that he initiates an invitation. Ahearn demonstrates in exquisite detail that such expressions must be considered within the wider, shifting context of practices through which they emerge: that which instantiates the expression, literacy in all of its guises, and that which makes the expression meaningful, the emergence of a discourse of development that characterizes people, places, and activities.
Pathologic Response and Long-Term Follow-up in Breast Cancer Patients Treated With Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy: A Comparison Between Classifications and Their Practical Application

Context.—Breast cancer is increasingly treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy to improve surgical resectability and evaluate tumor response, which is assessed histopathologically. Several histopatho...
Will Fisher, Materializing Gender in Early Modern English Literature and Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2006)

This book review considers Will Fisher's Materializing Gender in Early Modern English Literature and Culture .