cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solvent dependent bergman cyclization of 2,3-diethynylquinoxaline

Abstract Kinetics of thermocyclization of 2,3-diethynylquinoxaline have been studied in various solvents. The cyclization rates observed were surprisingly solvent dependent. The half-lives varied from 361 in CH 3 CN to 16 min in THF. The half-life data show a good correlation with the solvents' spectroscopic E t (30) values and dielectric constants.
Weathering rinds as a relative-age criterion: Application to subdivision of glacial deposits in the Cascade Range

The thickness of weathering rinds on surface and near-surface clasts of Teana-way Basalt from alpine drift sheets in the southeastern North Cascade Range varies systematically with age of deposit. The rinds, which can be measured to the nearest 0.1 mm, result from oxidation of mafic minerals and mineraloids. Rind thicknesses for outermost moraines of three principal Pleistocene drift sheets are 1.96 ± 0.24 mm, 1.10 ± 0.11 mm, and 0.71 ± 0.12 mm. Sample variance may result from differences in composition and texture of clasts, microclimatic differences at sample sites, and incorporation of previously weathered stones. Weathering rinds can be used to construct relative time-distance curves for Cascade glaciers, but because rate of rind formation appears to be nonlinear, the true age of drift sheets cannot be obtained unless the weathering rate is calibrated by radio-metric dating.
Discovery of Potent, Orally Available Vanilloid Receptor-1 Antagonists. Structure−Activity Relationship of N-Aryl Cinnamides

The vanilloid receptor-1 (TRPV1 or VR1) is a member of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of ion channels and plays a role in regulating the function of sensory nerves. A growing body of evidence demonstrates the therapeutic potential of TRPV1 modulators, particularly in the management of pain. As a result of our screening efforts, we identified (E)-3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-N-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)acrylamide (1), an antagonist that blocks the capsaicin-induced and pH-induced uptake of (45)Ca(2+) in TRPV1-expressing Chinese hamster ovary cells with IC(50) values of 17 +/- 5 and 150 +/- 80 nM, respectively. In this report, we describe the synthesis and structure-activity relationship of a series of N-aryl cinnamides, the most potent of which (49a and 49b) exhibit good oral bioavailability in rats (F(oral) = 39% and 17%, respectively).
Differential cytokine and chemokine production characterizes experimental autoimmune meningitis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

Abstract After primary immunization with myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, CD28 −/− mice developed experimental autoimmune meningitis (EAM) rather than experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Cytokine and chemokine production in EAE and EAM were compared to understand the differences in disease phenotype. T cells from the central nervous system lesions of mice with either EAE or EAM expressed intracellular TNF-α. Splenic T cells from mice with EAM produced TNF-α and IL-6 but no IL-2. Conversely, EAE-derived splenic T cells produced TNF-α and IL-2 but no IL-6. Altered T cell differentiation in EAM was not due to a Th1 to Th2 shift, because equivalent amounts of T cell IFN-γ mRNA were produced in both diseases. Neutrophils also produced inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α and IL-6 in EAM. Autocrine production of MIP-2 mRNA was observed in neutrophils from mice with EAM but not EAE. Therefore, distinct patterns of cytokines and chemokines distinguish EAE and EAM.
Research and Application of Static Security Check for Monthly Maintenance Schedule

Monthly maintenance schedule has an important guiding significance to day ahead maintenance arrangement. However, the current management of monthly maintenance schedule is short of quantitative analysis methods. Consequently it can’t effectively take the security risk that may exist under monthly maintenance schedule. This paper presents a static security checking method for monthly maintenance schedule. First, established the monthly power grid network model based on the realtime model and device state changes, including the commissioning and decommissioning devices and maintenance devices. Next, the month-contract energy was decomposed to every day and every hour, then combined with monthly load forecast and maintenance schedule, the power system typical operation modes were generated automatically. Finally, quantitative assessment of monthly maintenance schedule was completed by power flow calculation, security analysis and evaluation indexes, including load supply adequacy and equivalent generation capacity loss. This method is instructive for monthly maintenance arrangement and its feasibility is proved by practical application.
Enhanced 200-GeV/c K+ Beam Using Beryllium Filter

Abstract Using beryllium as a selective hadron filter, the kaon fraction of a positively charged 200 GeV/ c secondary beam has been increased from 3% to ∼15% without an appreciable effect on tagging efficiency.
Types of Violence against Women and Factors Influencing Intimate Partner Violence in Togo (West Africa)

Violence against women has been recognized as an important social and human rights issue that affects all cultures and societies. Although this issue has been more frequently studied in high-income countries, such as the United States, the scholarly research of violence against women in Africa, especially West Africa, has been scarce. Using a representative sample, this study examined violence against women in Togo, particularly the types of violence that Togolese women endure, and factors that affect a Togolese woman’s chance of being victimized by her intimate partner. The findings indicated that Togolese women experienced different forms of violence. Also, some covariates at the individual level significantly affected a woman’s risk of experiencing intimate partner violence. Several policy recommendations have been made.
Web Map Server Performance and Client Design Principles

The OGC Web Map Service facilitates sharing geospatial information via the World Wide Web. However, this approach presents performance challenges because some Web mapping servers are not well optim...
Determination of clofilium, a new antifibrillatory agent, in plasma by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry.

Abstract A sensitive and selective method for the assay of the new quaternary amine antifibrillatory agent clofilium is described. Plasma samples were extracted with dichloromethane (98.5 ± 0.2% recovery) and analyzed by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry operating in the electron-impact mode. The method involves a Hofmann elimination of an N-alkyl radical from clofilium and the internal standard in the presence of a strong nucleophile in the injector of the gas chromatograph. The resulting tertiary amines are chromatographed and detected by selective ion monitoring. The ratio of the clofilium base peak ( m/z 224) to the internal standard peak ( m/z 210) was linear relative to the plasma clofilium concentration over the range of 25–1000 ng/ml plasma.
Pituitary LH response to LHRH in rats after treatment with PMS-hCG or ovariectomy followed with estrogen and progesterone.

SummaryLong–term ovariectomized rats primed with estrogen and progesterone responded to exogenous LHRH at dosages of 40 and 100 ng with a sharp rise in plasma LH, peaking at 10–20 min after injection and gradually returning to control levels. In contrast, intact rats treated a week earlier with PMS followed by hCG completely failed to respond to even the higher dosage of LHRH: plasma LH levels remained almost undetecable in these animals. Assays of pituitary extracts revealed a similar concentration and content of prolactin but very depressed values for pituitary LH in these PMS–hCG–treated rats compared with earlier studies in OVX–E2–P animals.We thank Dr. A. V. Schally for supplying the synthetic LHRH and Dr. A. F. Parlow and the NIAMDD Hormone Distribution Program for making the RIA kits available. Ms. Frances Smith, Virginia Hoover, and Katherine Bangs and Mr. David Whitmoyer supplied valuable technical assistance.
Prebiotic sugar synthesis: hexose and hydroxy acid synthesis from glyceraldehyde catalyzed by iron(III) hydroxide oxide.

Iron(III) hydroxide oxide [Fe(OH)O] efficiently catalyzed the condensation of 25 MM dl-glyceraldehyde to ketohexoses at 25°C (pH 5–6). At 16 days the yields were sorbose (15.2%), fructose (12.9%), psicose (6.1%), tagatose (5.6%), and dendroketose (2.5%) with 19.6% of triose unreacted. Analysis at 96 days showed no decomposition of hexoses. Under these conditions Fe(OH)O also catalyzed the isomerization and rearrangement of glyceraldehyde to dihydroxyacetone and lactic acid, respectively. In these reactions, about 10% of the glyceraldehyde was oxidized to glyceric acid with concurrent reduction of the iron(III) to iron(II). The partial reduction of Fe(OH)O did not noticeably reduce its ability to catalyze hexose synthesis. The relationship of these results to prebiotic sugar synthesis is discussed.
A Stochastic Model for Gravity Effects in Particle-Laden Turbulent Flows

A stochastic model is presented for the prediction of the gravity effects on velocity and temperature fluctuations in turbulent flows laden with solid particles. Both temporal and spatial correlations as well as the anisotropy of turbulence are included in the model. It is found that the inclusion of the spatial correlation is imperative for capturing the gravity effects. The performance of the stochastic model is assessed by comparisons of the results with direct numerical simulation data for isotropic and homogeneous shear turbulent flows. The comparisons are also used to investigate the effect of the empirical constant that appears in the expression used for the spatial correlation
A refinement of strong sequentiality for term rewriting with constructors

strong sequentiahty to describe the class of linear term rewriting systems for which call-by-need computation is practical. This paper introduces an improved version of strong sequentiality called ieff sequentiality. Unlike strong .sequentiality, left sequentiality is based on possible rather than arbitrary (and often impossible) sequences of reductions. We show that left sequentiality is more general than strong sequentiality when applied to individual terms, but is equivalent to the latter when cosidered as a property of admissible sets of left-hand sides for systems of equations. Huet-Levy (1979) showed that there are safe redex selection algorithms, i.e., algorithms deriving normal forms whenever possible, for systems based on strongly sequential sets of left-hand sides. We show that there is no algorithm which is safe for all systems based on a set of left-hand sides if that set is not left sequential. In other words, left sequentiality is not only sufficient, it is also necessar~~ for safe computation based on the analysis of left-hand sides alone.
Neutron Irradiation Effects on Diffused GaAs Laser Diodes

The effects of fast neutron damage on diffused GaAs laser diodes have been studied by observing the pre- and post-irradiation current-voltage characteristics and electroluminescence (EL) spectra at several temperatures between 75°K and 300°K. The pre-irradiation diode current at high temperature is dominated by nonradiative space-charge region recombination. The principal emission band at 300°K results from band-to-acceptor recombination in the p-region. A secondary band at 1.28 eV occurs via donor-acceptor pair recombination in the depletion region. At low temperature the dominant diode current flow is by nonradiative tunneling while the principal emission band contains radiative tunneling and band-filling components. Neutron irradiation increases the constant-voltage diode current. The additional current is due to space-charge region recombination (SC) at high temperatures and both SC and tunneling at low temperatures. The room-temperature damage constant is somewhat larger than that found in epitaxial GaAs laser diodes and in silicon p+n diodes. The constant-voltage principal emission band intensity decreases with fluence at a rate such that the resultant damage constant is about half that of the SC current damage constant. Irradiation to a fluence of 1.8 × 1015 n/cm2 (> 10 keV) has no effect on the constant-voltage secondary emission band intensity.
Characterization of the β-lactamase promoter of pBR322

The beta-lactamase promoter of pBR322, derived from Tn3, has been characterized using several techniques. The transcription initiation site is located 35 base pairs from the translation initiation codon of beta-lactamase. The mRNA produced in vitro has a 5' pppGpA terminus. RNA polymerase bound at this start site protects a region from about -50 to +20 from DNase I cleavage using the footprinting technique. RNA polymerase binds rapidly to the beta-lactamase promoter. The half-time of association is less than one-half minute. The half-time of dissociation is approximately 6 hr. A study of the binding of RNA polymerase at different temperatures showed a large change between 11 degrees and 15 degrees C. Comparison of these parameters with those reported for other promoters is discussed.
Adsorption Characterization of Ordered Mesoporous Silicas with Mercury-Specific Immobilized Ligands

Nitrogen adsorption was employed to study the surface properties of organically modified ordered mesoporous silicas (OMS) of different structures as potential adsorbents for environmental applications. MCM41, MCM48, and SBA15 materials were functionalized via post-synthesis, one-pot synthesis and template-displacement synthesis with organic ligands containing mono- or multiple binding sites for heavy metal ions adsorption. Nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77 K were used to evaluate the specific surface area, pore volume, pore size and pore accessibility of OMS after surface modification. It is shown that the adsorption and structural properties of OMS can be tailored by introducing multifunctional ligands of desired affinity towards mercury ions.
An iterative approach to determine composition and heat treatment from the mechanical yield strength of an aluminum-lithium alloy

The development of a model to predict an alloy's microstructure and processing variables from specific mechanical properties or desired mechanical properties was the general emphasis of this investigation. The processing variables included the alloy's overall heat treatment, which involves the aging practice (time and temperature) and the solution heat treatment practice, and also the manufacturing processing of the alloy which involved direct extrusion processing. The particular mechanical property of interest for the aluminum-lithium demonstration alloy was the mechanical tensile strength. The microstructure was used as the basis for determining both the composition and the heat treatment processing requirements for obtaining the desired mechanical property. Specifically, a materials design model was designed to determine microstructural parameters from mechanical properties as the basis for prediction and/or specification of the heat treatment processing parameters. An iterative approach was taken to improve the initial determination of thermal processing and composition. The overall approach will design a precipitation hardened alloy heat treatment and composition to satisfy the design tensile strength and microstructure requirements of a given materials design and manufacturing program.
Beyond Authoritarianism: The Conceptualization of Hybrid Regimes

This paper appraises the state of the field on hybrid regimes by depicting the tensions and blurred boundaries of democracy and authoritarianism “with adjectives.” An alternative conceptualization and ordering of regimes are subsequently introduced using a configurative approach. Rather than place regimes on a linear continuum from authoritarianism to democracy, it highlights the multi-dimensional arrangements possible for the construction of regime types. The configurative approach also provides an analytically useful way to measure and integrate hybrid regimes into our classificatory schemes. As a result, it helps alleviate the conceptual confusion in the literature and contributes to a discussion of hybrid regimes beyond the framework of authoritarianism. The paper concludes by presenting a list of all hybrid regimes in the world between 1990 and 2009 identified with this method.
Characterization of a third generation lentiviral vector pseudotyped with Nipah virus envelope proteins for endothelial cell transduction

Lentiviruses are becoming progressively more popular as gene therapy vectors due to their ability to integrate into quiescent cells and recent clinical trial successes. Directing these vectors to specific cell types and limiting off-target transduction in vivo remains a challenge. Replacing the viral envelope proteins responsible for cellular binding, or pseudotyping, remains a common method to improve lentiviral targeting. Here, we describe the development of a high titer, third generation lentiviral vector pseudotyped with Nipah virus fusion protein (NiV-F) and attachment protein (NiV-G). Critical to high titers was truncation of the cytoplasmic domains of both NiV-F and NiV-G. As known targets of wild-type Nipah virus, primary endothelial cells are shown to be effectively transduced by the Nipah pseudotype. In contrast, human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors were not significantly transduced. Additionally, the Nipah pseudotype has increased stability in human serum compared with vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotyped lentivirus. These findings suggest that the use of Nipah virus envelope proteins in third generation lentiviral vectors would be a valuable tool for gene delivery targeted to endothelial cells.
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance of Photosensitive Iron Transition Group Impurities in ZnS and ZnO

The photosensitive iron transition group impurities Fe, Ni, and V in cubic ZnS and Ni in ZnO have been studied by electron paramagnetic resonance. The charge states ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}$, ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{3+}$, and ${\mathrm{V}}^{3+}$ were observed after excitation with ultraviolet light, and, in the case of ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{3+}$, after excitation with blue light. The magnetic properties are those to be expected for a $3{d}^{7} ({\mathrm{Fe}}^{+} \mathrm{and} {\mathrm{Ni}}^{3+})$ and a $3{d}^{2} ({\mathrm{V}}^{3+})$ configuration in tetrahedral coordination. The quantitative features of the spectra reflect the systematic variations produced by covalency.
Studies on the magnetic field of a permanent magnet undulator for a free electron laser

Abstract The magnetic structure of a permanent magnet undulator is described. This device is designed for use with the free electron laser (fel) being built at Brookhaven at the present time. To obtain the high quality magnetic field needed for the fel, each magnetic block was individually measured and the magnets were arranged in the undulator by means of a computer procedure. The results of measurements of the assembled undulator and a study of the electron trajectories are also presented.
Diurnal Winds Near the Martian Polar Caps

Abstract Large, diurnally varying surface temperature gradients occur at the polar cap periphery during Martian spring and summer. A primitive equation numerical model having grid points lying in the meridional plane is developed to calculate the wind field in this intensely baroclinic region. The atmosphere is assumed at rest initially, with the developing circulation being driven solely by the oscillating surface temperature gradient. Maximum winds of approximately 20 m s−1 develop when the atmosphere is initially isothermal. Model sensitivity to surface boundary layer depth is examined, while in other experiments the initial lapse rate is varied. Heating rates due to planetary radiation, though large, are found to have a negligible influence upon the flow. Convective heat transfer is the dominant diabatic process. Bagnold's (1941) theory of sand-grain movement, adapted to Martian surface conditions, is utilized to investigate the dust-lifting potential of the polar winds. As modelled, the surface wind ...
An “optical” theorem for acoustic scattering by baffled flexible surfaces

Abstract The classical optical theorem for scattering by compact obstacles is a forward scattering theorem. That is, the total cross section of the obstacle is proportional to the imaginary part of the far field directivity factor evaluated in the forward scattering direction. An analogous theorem is derived in this paper for the scattering of acoustic waves by baffled membranes and plates. In this “optical” theorem the directivity factor is evaluated in the direction of the specularly reflected wave, so that it is a reflected scattering theorem.
Consequences of a tax on the brain drain for unemployment and income inequality in less developed countries

Abstract Welfare implications of an income tax paid by emigrant skilled workers are analyzed in a model which assumes international capital mobility and allows for unemployed labor in the modern sector of a developing country. The tax discourages overinvestment in education and also contributes to the welfare of those remaining through the direct revenue effect. However, expected earnings of unskilled workers decline as a result of the tax, while those of non-migrant skilled workers rise. The tax may thus exacerbate domestic income inequality. In addition, modern sector employment, output, and capital stock may fall.
Campus parking supply impacts on transportation mode choice

Parking demand is a significant land-use problem in campus planning. The parking policies of universities and large corporations with facilities located in small urban areas shape the character of their campuses. These facilities will benefit from a simplified methodology to study the effects of parking availability on transportation mode mix and impacts on recruitment and staffing policies. This paper, based on a case study of North Dakota State University in the United States, introduces an analytical framework to provide planners with insights about how parking supply and demand affects campus transportation mode choice. The methodology relies only on aggregate mode choice data for the special generator zone and the average aggregate volume/capacity ratio projections for all external routes that access the zone. This reduced data requirement significantly lowers analysis cost and obviates the need for specialized modelling software and spatial network analysis tools. Results illustrate that the framewo...
Motor-Evoked Potentials Recorded from Lumbar Erector Spinae Muscles: A Study of Corticospinal Excitability Changes Associated with Spinal Manipulation

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to determine if high-velocity, low-amplitude spinal manipulation (SM) altered the effects of corticospinal excitability on motoneuron activity innervating the paraspinal muscles. In a previous study using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), augmentation of motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) from the gastrocnemius muscle after lumbar SM was reported. To date, there is no known report of the effect of SM on paraspinal muscle excitability. Methods The experimental design was a prospective physiologic evaluation of the effects of SM on corticospinal excitability in asymptomatic subjects. The TMS-induced MEPs were recorded from relaxed lumbar erector spinae muscles of 72 asymptomatic subjects. The MEP amplitudes were evaluated pre-SM and post-SM or conditions involving prethrust positioning and joint loading or control. Results There was a transient increase in MEP amplitudes from the paraspinal muscles as a consequence of lumbar SM (F [6,414] = 8.49; P P > .05). These data findings were substantiated by a significant condition × time interaction term (F [12,414] = 2.28; P Conclusions These data suggest that there is a postsynaptic facilitation of α motoneurons and/or corticomotoneurons innervating paraspinal muscles as a consequence of SM. It appears that SM may offer unique sensory input to the excitability of the motor system as compared to prethrust positioning and joint loading and control conditions.
Physiologic changes with a simple relaxation method.

Abstract This paper reports changes in galvanic skin resistance (GSR) in subjects using a clinically effective relaxation method. A highly predictable effect was found in a single session with naive subjects. Several hypotheses regarding predictability of responses and correlations between GSR and independently rated clinical responses are examined.
Premature Ovarian Failure in Mice with Oocytes Lacking Core 1-Derived O-Glycans and Complex N-Glycans

Premature ovarian failure (POF) affects up to 1.4% of women under the age of 40 yr and less than 30% of cases have a known cause. Here we describe a new mouse model of POF resulting from oocyte-specific ablation of core 1-derived (mucin) O-glycans and complex and hybrid N-glycans. Females carrying floxed alleles of both the C1galt1 (T-syn) and Mgat1 glycosyltransferase genes and a ZP3Cre transgene, generate oocytes lacking complex O- and N-glycans following oocyte-specific deletion at the primary follicle stage. We previously showed that few double-mutant females are fertile, and those produce only a single small litter. Here we show that ovarian function declined rapidly in double-mutant females with less than 1% ovulating at 11 wk of age after superovulation with exogenous gonadotropins. Ovary weight was significantly decreased in double-mutant females by 3 months of age, consistent with a decrease in the number of developing follicles. FSH levels in double-mutant females were elevated at 3 months of age, and testosterone and inhibin A were decreased, showing that the loss of complex N- and O-glycans from oocyte glycoproteins affected hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal feedback loops. The absence of developing follicles, ovary dysfunction, reduced testosterone and inhibin A, and elevated FSH in double-mutant females lacking C1galt1 and Mgat1 in oocytes represents a new mouse model for the study of follicular POF.
Safety and efficacy of fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for acoustic neuromas.

Background: The treatment of acoustic neuromas (AN) has historically involved surgical excision or stereotactic radiosurgery, with a relatively limited number of reports available describing the use of fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (FSRT). To enhance the existing knowledge regarding the safety and efficacy of this treatment modality, we describe our initial experience with FSRT for AN. Methods: From 1999–2005, 20 patients (12F, 8M) with AN underwent FSRT. All patients were treated using the Radionics X-Knife 4.0 3D planning system, receiving 54 Gy in 1.8 Gy daily fractions with a prescription isodose line of 90%. Treatments were delivered stereotactically using a dedicated Varian 6/100 linear accelerator, with immobilization achieved via the Gill-Thomas-Cosman relocatable frame. Median tumor size (maximum diameter) was 2.1 cm (range, 1.1–3.4 cm). Median patient age was 49.5 years, with median follow-up of 22 months (range, 1–66 months). All patients were evaluated with pre- and post-gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Results: Following FSRT, local tumor control was achieved in every patient, with the treatment well-tolerated by all patients. No patient experienced acute complications or facial nerve weakness. Two patients experienced permanent trigeminal nerve morbidity manifesting as facial numbness. All nine patients with preserved hearing before treatment had hearing preservation at last follow-up, although four of these patients experienced hearing decline following FSRT. Conclusion: In our series of 20 patients with AN, all had local tumor control following FSRT, with minimal morbidity. These results support the growing body of literature demonstrating the safety and efficacy of FSRT in achieving local control for AN, further validating the viability of FSRT as a treatment modality for this patient population.
Distribution and ecology of campylobacters in coastal plain streams (Georgia, United States of America).

Campylobacter is the leading cause of bacterium-associated diarrhea in the United States and most developed countries. While this disease is considered a food-borne disease, many clinical cases cannot be linked to a food source. In rural and agrarian areas environmental transmission may be an important factor contributing to case loads. Here we investigated the waterborne prevalence of campylobacters in a mixed-use rural watershed in the coastal plain of southern Georgia (United States). Six sites representing various degrees of agricultural and human influence were surveyed biweekly to monthly for 1 year for the presence of culturable thermophilic campylobacters and other measures of water quality. Campylobacters were frequently present in agricultureand sewage-impacted stretches of streams. The mean campylobacter counts and overall prevalence were highest downstream from a wastewater treatment plant that handled both human and poultry slaughterhouse waste (<595 CFU ml 1 ; 100% positive); the concentrations were significantly higher than those for the four upstream sites (P < 0.05). The counts were significantly correlated with the number of fecal coliform bacteria, conductivity, pH, and concentrations of nutrients (NO3 ,P O4 3 , and NH3). Campylobacters were isolated more frequently and larger numbers were present during the summer months, similar to the occurrence of clinical cases of campylobacteriosis in this region. A multivariate model showed that the levels were significantly influenced by increasing precipitation, which also peaked in the summer. The results indicate that loading from both human and domestic animal waste may be high in the watershed studied during the summer months. Mixed-use watersheds supporting agriculture production, human populations, and wildlife may be at risk for contamination by campylobacters and may be an important route for human exposure.
A Novel Motor Energy Monitoring Scheme using Wireless Sensor Networks

Advances in micro-electro-mechanical systems, wireless communications, and highly integrated electronics have enabled the implementation of low-cost wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The unique characteristics of WSNs make them the ideal structure for energy monitoring and management in industrial environments. This paper presents a novel motor energy monitoring scheme using WSNs. Low-cost IEEE 802.15.4 functioned sensor devices are installed at the motor control centers to collect the motor terminal voltages and currents. These data are then sent through a WSN to the central supervisory station, where energy usage efficiencies and health conditions of the motors are estimated using nonintrusive methods. As a continuation of the authors' pervious work, this paper specifically focuses on the experimental realization and validation of the proposed scheme. A test bed is demonstrated with prototype wireless sensors. Four induction motors with different physical conditions are fully tested and the experimental results are analyzed.
Perceptual Experience and Its Contents

The contents of perceptual experience, it has been argued, often include a characteristic "non-conceptual" component (Evans, 1982). Rejecting such views, McDowell (1994) claims that such contents are conceptual in every respect. It will be shown that this debate is compromised by the failure of both sides to mark a further, and crucial, distinction in cognitive space. This is the distinction between what is doubted here as mindful and mindless modes of perceiving: a distinction which cross-classifies the conceptual/non-conceptual divide. The goal of the paper is to show that there can be both mindful personal level perceptual experiences whose content cannot be considered conceptual - pace McDowell (1994) - and that there are mindless personal level perceptual experiences whose content cannot be considered - pace Evans (1982) -non-conceptual. The resulting picture yields a richer four dimensional carving of the space of perceptual experience, and provides a better framework in which to accommodate the many subtleties involved in our sensory confrontations with the world.
Empirical evaluation of latency-sensitive application performance in the cloud

Cloud computing platforms enable users to rent computing and storage resources on-demand to run their networked applications and employ virtualization to multiplex virtual servers belonging to different customers on a shared set of servers. In this paper, we empirically evaluate the efficacy of cloud platforms for running latency-sensitive multimedia applications. Since multiple virtual machines running disparate applications from independent users may share a physical server, our study focuses on whether dynamically varying background load from such applications can interfere with the performance seen by latency-sensitive tasks. We first conduct a series of experiments on Amazon's EC2 system to quantify the CPU, disk, and network jitter and throughput fluctuations seen over a period of several days. We then turn to a laboratory-based cloud and systematically introduce different levels of background load and study the ability to isolate applications under different settings of the underlying resource control mechanisms. We use a combination of micro-benchmarks and two real-world applications--the Doom 3 game server and Apple's Darwin Streaming Server--for our experimental evaluation. Our results reveal that the jitter and the throughput seen by a latency-sensitive application can indeed degrade due to background load from other virtual machines. The degree of interference varies from resource to resource and is the most pronounced for disk-bound latency-sensitive tasks, which can degrade by nearly 75% under sustained background load. We also find that careful configuration of the resource control mechanisms within the virtualization layer can mitigate, but not eliminate, this interference.
Remarks on Weak Compactness in L1(μ,X)

Let (Ω,Σ,μ) be a finite measure space and X a Banach space. Denote by L1 (μ,X) the Banach space of (equivalence classes of) μ-strongly measurable X-valued Bochner integrable functions f:Ω→X normed byThe problem of characterizing the relatively weakly compact subsets of L1(Ω, X) remains open. It is known that for a bounded subset of L1(μ, X) to be relatively weakly compact it is necessary that the set be uniformly integrable; recall that K ⊆ L1, (μ, X) is uniformly integrable whenever given e >0 there exists δ > 0 such that if μ (E) ≦ δ then ∫E∥f∥ dμ ≦ δ, for all f ∈ K. S. Chatterji has noted that in case X is reflexive this condition is also sufficient [4]. At present unless one assumes that both X and X* have the Radon-Nikodym Property (see [1]), a rather severe restriction which, for purposes of potential applicability, is tantamount to assuming reflexivity, no good sufficient conditions for weak compactness in L1(μ, X) exist. This note puts forth such sufficient conditions; the basic tool is the recent factorization method of W. J. Davis, T. Figiel, W. B. Johnson and A. Pelczynski [3].
Innovative Applications of Surface Wettability Measurements for Plasma‐Modified Three‐Dimensional Porous Polymeric Materials: A Review

This review addresses state-of-the-art of wettability measurements for plasma-modified, three-dimensional (3D), porous, polymeric materials. Inherent challenges associated with evaluating wettability of these complex constructs are discussed, including expanding techniques from 2D to 3D substrates and collection of both static and dynamic contact angle (CA) data. Dynamic data include advancing and receding CA measurements, as well as changes in CA as a function of time. Limitations in analysis and interpretation of wettability data are highlighted to best represent wetting characteristics of plasma-treated porous materials, as is the importance of placing wettability data in context with simultaneous surface chemistry and roughness assessment. A list of best practices recommendations is provided.
Reference and Ethnic-Group Terms

The increasingly pluralistic character of modern societies has led to questions, not only about the proper use of ethnic-group terms, but also about the correct semantic analysis of them. Here I argue that ethnic-group terms are analogous to other linguistic expressions whose extension is fixed in the way suggested by a causal theory of reference. My view accommodates precisely those scenarios of communication involving ethnic-group terms that will be seen puzzling to Fregeans. At the same time, it undermines the plausibility of skepticism about those terms.
Microgel formation in the free radical crosslinking polymerization of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA). I. Experimental

An important feature of free radical crosslinking polymerization of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) resin is the formation of heterogeneous structure through intramolecular reaction. Such structure formation affects not only the cure behavior and rheological changes of the resin but also the physical properties of the formed polymers. In this study, the reaction kinetics, morphological changes, and characteristics of formed polymers were examined by a differential scanning calorimeter, a Rheometrics Dynamic Analyzer, a dynamic light scattering goniometer, and a Fourier transfer infrared spectrometer. Experimental data showed the formation of bimodal polymers before gelation. These polymers are partially crosslinked and can be considered as microgel particles. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Do Speeding Tickets Reduce the Likelihood of Receiving Subsequent Speeding Tickets? A Longitudinal Study of Speeding Violators in Maryland

Objective. Speeding tickets are the most commonly used tool to deter speeders, yet little is known about how speeding citations affect individual drivers' behavior over time. This study examined the effects of being cited for speeding and types of legal consequences on drivers' subsequent speeding citations, which are an indicator of speeding behavior. Methods. A cohort of 3,739,951 Maryland licensed drivers were identified and followed for one year. Drivers were categorized by whether or not they received a speeding citation in May 2002. Among those cited for speeding in May 2002, drivers were grouped by type of penalty (fines and points; probation before judgment [PBJ, which results in fines but no points]; or no legal consequences). The relative risks (RR) and 95 percent confidence intervals (CI) of receiving a speeding citation during follow-up were compared between drivers ticketed and not ticketed in May 2002, as well as among different penalty groups. Cox proportional hazards regression modeling wa...
ALGORITMO DE INTEGRACIÓN PARA MATERIALES NO LINEALES CONSIDERANDO LOS EFECTOS DE VISCOPLASTICIDAD, ENDURECIMIENTO CINEMÁTICO NO LINEAL Y DAÑO

En el Metodo de Elementos Finitos (MEF) la respuesta de materiales no lineales se considera por mediode formulaciones incrementales introduciendo una variable de tiempo. En el caso de materiales cuya respuesta es independiente de la velocidad de deformacion, dicha variable se considera como un seudotiempo; encaso contrario, dicha variable tiene significado fisico. Debido a su formulacion incremental, el modelo constitutivo o debe ser integrado en el tiempo a nivel local. En este articulo se discute un algoritmo de uso comun enla literatura, pero incorporando adicionalmente los efectos acoplados de leyes de endurecimiento cinematicono lineal, viscoplasticidad y dano. El algoritmo se implementa en una plataforma de elementos finitos. Como procedimiento de validacion del algoritmo, el modelo se particulariza para una ley de flujo viscoplasticodisponible en la literatura para soldaduras electricas. Los resultados de las simulaciones se comparan con respuestas experimentales existentes. Abstract: In the Finite Element Method (FEM) material non-linearities are considered through incrementalformulations in terms of a pseudo-time variable for the case of rate independent models and a real time variable in the case of rate-dependent models. The incremental statement of the problem implies that the constitutive models need to be time-integrated at the local level. In this article we discuss a standard algorithm available inthe literature where additionally we have incorporated the effects of non-linear kinematic hardening, viscoplasticity, and damage. The algorithm is incorporated into a FEM code. In order to verify the correctness of our implementation we have particularized the model to the case of a creep law available from literature for solder alloys. Numerical simulation results are compared with experiments taken from the literature.
Functional identification of an aggression locus in the mouse hypothalamus

Electrical stimulation of certain hypothalamic regions in cats and rodents can elicit attack behaviour, but the exact location of relevant cells within these regions, their requirement for naturally occurring aggression and their relationship to mating circuits have not been clear. Genetic methods for neural circuit manipulation in mice provide a potentially powerful approach to this problem, but brain-stimulation-evoked aggression has never been demonstrated in this species. Here we show that optogenetic, but not electrical, stimulation of neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus, ventrolateral subdivision (VMHvl) causes male mice to attack both females and inanimate objects, as well as males. Pharmacogenetic silencing of VMHvl reversibly inhibits inter-male aggression. Immediate early gene analysis and single unit recordings from VMHvl during social interactions reveal overlapping but distinct neuronal subpopulations involved in fighting and mating. Neurons activated during attack are inhibited during mating, suggesting a potential neural substrate for competition between these opponent social behaviours.
How snowpack heterogeneity affects diurnal streamflow timing

[1] Diurnal cycles of streamflow in snow-fed rivers can be used to infer the average time a water parcel spends in transit from the top of the snowpack to a stream gauge in the river channel. This travel time, which is measured as the difference between the hour of peak snowmelt in the afternoon and the hour of maximum discharge each day, ranges from a few hours to almost a full day later. Travel times increase with longer percolation times through deeper snowpacks, and prior studies of small basins have related the timing of a stream's diurnal peak to the amount of snow stored in a basin. However, in many larger basins the time of peak flow is nearly constant during the first half of the melt season, with little or no variation between years. This apparent self-organization at larger scales can be reproduced by employing heterogeneous observations of snow depths and melt rates in a model that couples porous medium flow through an evolving snowpack with free surface flow in a channel.
Reveromycin A-Induced Apoptosis in Osteoclasts Is Not Accompanied by Necrosis.

Reveromycin A (RM-A), a small natural product isolated from Streptomyces bacteria, is a potential osteoporosis therapeutic in that it specifically induces apoptosis in osteoclasts but not osteoblasts. The purpose of the study presented here was to further elucidate the intracellular mechanisms of RM-A death effects in mature osteoclasts. A specific clone of RAW264.7 murine macrophages that was previously characterized for its ability to acquire an osteoclast nature on differentiation was differentiated in the presence of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL). Subsequent staining was performed for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase to confirm their osteoclast character. These osteoclasts were treated with ten micromolar RM-A for 2, 4, 6, 24, and 48 h at a pH of 5.5. Peak apoptosis induction occurred at 4-6 h as measured by caspase 3 activity. Lactate dehydrogenase release assay revealed no significant RM-A-induced necrosis. Western blot analysis of cytoplasmic extracts demonstrated activation of caspase 9 (2.3-fold at 2 h and 2.6-fold at 4 h, each P < 0.05) and no significant changes in Bcl-XL . In nuclear extracts, NFκB levels significantly increased on differentiation with RANKL but then remained constant through RM-A treatment. Over the extended time course studied, RM-A-induced apoptosis in osteoclasts was not accompanied by necrosis, suggesting that RM-A would likely have limited effects on immediate, neighboring bone cell types. This specific cell death profile is promising for potential clinical investigations of RM-A as a bone antiresorptive.
POTENTIAL OF NUCLEAR MHD ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS.

Turbo-MHD cycle technology of nuclear electric power systems with high temperature reactor for space and terrestrial applications
Riemann Invariants, Entropy, and Uniqueness

There are better results known for pairs of conservation laws than for systems with more than two equations. We have already seen an example of this in the last chapter; namely, the interaction estimates are stronger when n = 2 than when n > 2. This was due to the existence of a distinguished coordinate system called Riemann intervariants, which in general exists only for two equations. We shall study the implications one can draw using these coordinates. It turns out that the equations take a particularly nice form when written in terms of the Riemann invariants, and using this we can prove that for genuinely nonlinear systems, global classical solutions generally do not exist. (We only know this now for a single conservation law; see Chapter 15, §A.)
Microbial activity and decomposition of fine particulate organic matter in a Louisiana cypress swamp

AbstractFine particulate organic matter (FPOM) is an important source of C and energy in aquatic systems, but the decomposition of FPOM has rarely been studied. Litterbags were used to study the decomposition of particles in 2 size fractions of FPOM in surface sediments of a cypress swamp in southeastern Louisiana for slightly over 1 y. Particles in both size fractions followed linear decay models, but fine particles (0.25–1 mm) derived from the remains of coarser material decomposed more slowly than very fine particles (0.063–0.25 mm) that probably were derived from a number of sources. The activities of 6 microbial extracellular enzymes involved in the degradation of lignocellulose also were analyzed, and enzymatic decomposition models were developed to relate the decomposition of particles in each size fraction of FPOM to microbial activity. Very fine particles decomposed more rapidly than fine particles, although enzyme activities were lower, suggesting that this material was more efficiently degraded...
Interleukin 1: regulation of hepatic carbohydrate metabolism by insulin or insulinomimesis.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of interleukin 1 (IL 1) on glucocorticoid-regulated hepatic metabolism. Steroid binding in liver cytosol, plasma glucose, plasma corticoster-one, and phosphenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity were assayed in C3H/HeJ mice after IL 1 administration. Mice received 5 pyrogenic U (PU) of rabbit IL 1 i.p. and were sacrificed 4 hr later. In adrenal-intact mice, steroid binding and plasma glucose were significantly decreased (63 and 64% of control) and plasma corticosterone was significantly elevated threefold. In adrenalectomized mice, IL 1 (5 PU) treatment produced similar results in steroid binding (66% of control) and plasma glucose (71% of control). PEPCK was measured in intact mice fasted overnight and treated with 5 PU of IL 1. PEPCK was induced in fasted control animals (23.1 ± 1.4 U/mg) vs fed control animals (15.9 ± 0.7 U/mg). IL 1 treatment inhibited the induction of PEPCK in fasted animals (13.4 ± 2.0 U/mg) and caused a significant decrease in steroid binding (78% of fasted control) and plasma glucose (82% of fasted control). No difference in plasma corticosterone was seen in IL 1-treated mice and fasted control mice. These data indicate that IL 1 decreases intracellular steroid receptors, resulting in decreased induction of PEPCK and subsequent reduced gluconeogenesis and plasma glucose. We propose that IL 1 plays a regulatory role in glucocorticoid-regulated hepatic metabolism.
After the victory: Making funding equity make a difference

(1994). After the victory: Making funding equity make a difference. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 33, Financing Education, pp. 98-103.