cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Migration and development: Implications and recommendations for policy

The conventional wisdom on the relationship between migration and development in the Caribbean Basin can be summarized in two propositions: that migration from the region to the United States is an “escape valve,” benefitting the sending countries; and that development reduces the pressures for migration. This article examines both propositions and concludes they are misleading, or inaccurate. Emigration costs the sending countries in serious ways and often impedes development. Secondly, development does not stem migration; in the short-term, rapid development is more likely to exacerbate the pressures of migration than to reduce those pressures. Besides analyzing the relationship between migration and development in the Caribbean Basin, this article offers development proposals to reduce pressures leading to migration and enhance the positive effects of migration on development.
Floquet Theory Based Approach for Stability Analysis of the Variable Speed Face-Milling Process

This paper presents a new method for stability analysis of the variable spindle speed face milling process whose dynamics are described by a set of differential-difference equations with periodic coefficients and time varying time delay. Fourier analysis and Floquet theory applied to the system equations result in a characteristic equation of infinite order with constant coefficients. Its truncated version is used to determine the limit of stability by employing standard techniques of control theory. Analytically predicted stability boundaries are compared with lobes generated by time domain simulations. Experimental results are also presented that validate the proposed analytical method for chatter stability analysis. Finally an example is presented that demonstrates the advantage of using spindle speed variation when machining a workpiece having multiple modes of vibration.
Anatomic and kinematic analysis of the human forearm using high-speed computed tomography

A new technique using computerised tomographic images was investi gated that allows a noninvasive description of the anatomy and kinematics of the human musculoskeletal system. These images were generated by the Dynamic Spatial Reconstructor, a high-speed CT scanner, with the ability to simultaneously scan multiple thin slices. Pronation/supination in a cadaveric forearn was used as the model for investigation. Three-dimensional shaded surface displays of the bony forearm were generated. These images are dimensionally accurate and allow the superposition of the results of mathematical modelling on the image for visual examination. The spatial location of bony markers was measured and calculated screw axis data superimposed on a computer generated surface display of the forearm skeleton. Applications of the technique include anatomic measurements not easily made with other systems, such as radial-ulnar interosseous distance as a function of forearm rotation and length and the amount of forearm rotation possible at various levels of forearm lengths.
Spinal analysis using a three-dimensional radiographic technique

Abstract This paper presents an in vivo clinical method for describing the three-dimensional configuration of spinal segments. The technique is based upon the characterization of each vertebral segment by four points in three-dimensional space using bi-plane roentgenography and subsequent analysis by computer aided descriptive geometry techniques. Tests were conducted to determine the system's accuracy and repeatability. The results of these tests using both a calibrated mechanical model of the spine and actual in vivo spine evaluations are presented.
Cytochrome oxidase and reductase in muscle from vitamin E-deficient rabbits.

Abstract 1. 1. One member of a pair of male litter mate New Zealand rabbits was placed on a vitamin E-deficient diet, and the other member was pair-fed the same diet supplemented with vitamin E. 2. 2. Cytochrome c reductase and oxidase enzyme determinations were carried out on biopsy material obtained at weekly intervals. 3. 3. Cytochrome c reductase was elevated in deficient animals in the terminal stages of deficiency. This elevation was apparent when the enzyme activity was expressed in units of activity per milligram of nondialyzable nitrogen, enzyme activity per milligram dry weight, or units of enzyme activity per milligram of wet weight. 4. 4. Cytochrome c oxidase tended to decrease in the first week and then returned to normal levels. 5. 5. These results strongly suggest that disruption of the cytochrome system may be a part of the biochemical metabolic defect in nutritional muscular dystrophy.
Observations and theory of Terfenol-D inchworm motors

SatCon is developing linear and rotary motors that rely on the peristaltic motion of a Terfenol-D element along a tight-fitting channel. Magnetostrictive inchworm motors offer extended or unlimited travel, as well as those attributes normally associated with magnetostrictive actuators: high force and torque densities, quick response, and fine resolution motion. Unlike Kiesewetter's cylindrical design, the Terfenol-D element is a rectangular slab placed between two tight-fitting plates that are spring-loaded to maintain proper contact in spite of wear. Also, the excitation coils do not enclose the Terfenol-D element, allowing extension of the concept to rotary motors. A model for inchworm performance has been developed, based on observations of a prototype linear inchworm motor. Speed is approximately the product of peak magnetostrictive strain and phase velocity of the magnetic field, but is reduced by the finite element of the contact zone between the Terfenol- D and the plates. As a result, speed drops with load, since magnetostrictive strain is reduced and the contact zone grows longer with increasing applied load. The speed was limited by the skin effect present in the Terfenol-D element. A second prototype employs composite Terfenol-D with its high resistivity, in order to permit operation at higher speeds. SatCon is also developing a rotary motor and making improvements to the design of linear motors.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Recent advances in atomic modeling

Precision spectroscopy of solar plasmas has historically been the goad for advances in calculating the atomic physics and dynamics of highly ionized atoms. Recent efforts to understand the laboratory plasmas associated with magnetic and inertial confinement fusion, and with X-ray laser research, have played a similar role. Developments spurred by laboratory plasma research are applicable to the modeling of high-resolution spectra from both solar and cosmic X-ray sources, such as the photoionized plasmas associated with accretion disks. Three of these developments in large scale atomic modeling are reviewed: a new method for calculating large arrays of collisional excitation rates, a sum rule based method for extending collisional-radiative models and modeling the effects of autoionizing resonances, and a detailed level accounting calculation of resonant excitation rates in FeXVII. 21 refs., 5 figs., 2 tabs.
Enthalpy distribution for the alpha-helix/random coil transition in a model peptide: a study of two-state behavior.

We use heat capacity data of Taylor et al. to calculate the enthalpy distribution of a model peptide using the moments/maximum-entropy method. The peptide was designed with small covalent loops at both ends of the molecule to nucleate alpha-helix thus giving a system that would be expected to show a helix-coil transition that is very close to being two state. If we subtract a background contribution from the heat capacity data, then the enthalpy distribution we obtain shows two distinct peaks representing helix and coil. The difference in the peak enthalpy values agrees closely with the DeltaH obtained from the two-state analysis. On the other hand, if we use the complete heat capacity without subtracting background we then obtain an enthalpy distribution that has only a single peak at all temperatures. We show that this result can be consistent with the existence of two states, helix and coil, but only if the range of variation of the enthalpy of each species is so large as to make the notion of a species fairly meaningless.
Social Disruption, Immunity, and Susceptibility to Viral Infection: Role of Glucocorticoid Insensitivity and NGF

: Glucocorticoid (cort) responses have been shown to suppress inflammatory reactions by inhibiting the trafficking of immune cells. Recently, it was demonstrated that restraint stress (RST) and psychosocial stress (social reorganization; SRO) differentially affected the pathophysiology and survival in the mouse influenza viral infection model. While both stressors activated the HPA axis, only SRO affected survival. in RST, elevated cort diminished recruitment of inflammatory cells following intranasal challenge of C57BL/6 mice with A/PR8 virus. However, infected SRO mice developed hypercellularity in the lungs and were more likely to die from lung consolidation than controls. Since elevated cort failed to be anti-inflammatory in SRO mice, the hypothesis that psychosocial stress induced steroid insensitivity was tested. An in vitro cort suppression test was performed by stimulating splenocytes from SRO and control mice with mitogen in the presence or absence of cort. Proliferation of ConA-stimulated cells was inhibited by cort in a dose-dependent fashion in controls, but splenocytes from SRO mice stimulated with ConA were resistant to cort-induced suppression. Thus, psychosocial stress induced a state of steroid insensitivity. SRO also induced the release of nerve growth factor (NGF) from the salivary glands into circulation; plasma NGF correlated with development of steroid insensitivity. NGF has been reported to negatively regulate the expression of type II glucocorticoid receptors, and thus may be a key factor in the induction of steroid insensitivity.
Destabilizing science from the right: the rhetoric of heterosexual victimhood in the World Health Organization's 2008 HIV/AIDS controversy.

This article examines the 2008 World Health Organization/Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS controversy through original reports and media coverage. Analysis reveals that discourse rhetorical...
Regulation of immunoglobulin gene transcription in a teleost fish: identification, expression and functional properties of E2A in the channel catfish

The function of the transcriptional enhancer, Eμ3′, of the IgH locus of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, involves the interaction of E-protein and Oct family transcription factors. The E-proteins [class I basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) family] are encoded in mammals by three genes: E2A (of which E12/E47 are alternatively spliced products), HEB, and E2-2. An E2A homologue has been identified in a catfish B-cell cDNA library and contains regions homologous to the bHLH and activation domains of mammalian and other vertebrate E2A proteins. E2A message is widely expressed, being readily detected in catfish B cells, T cells, kidney, spleen, brain, and muscle. Its expression is lower than that previously observed for TF12/CFEB, the catfish homologue of HEB. E2A strongly activated transcription of a μE5 motif-dependent construct in catfish B cells, and also activated transcription from the core region of the catfish IgH enhancer (Eμ3′) in a manner dependent on the presence of the μE5 site. Catfish E2A, expressed in vitro, bound the μE5 motif present in the core region of Eμ3′. These results document the conservation of structure and function in vertebrate E2A and suggest a potential role of E2A in driving expression of the IgH locus at the phylogenetic level of a teleost fish.
The Zipper: a method for using personal identifiers to link data while preserving confidentiality

OBJECTIVE: This report describes a method for linking separate confidential data sets that contain personal identifying information while preserving required anonymity. METHODS: Research data were linked with child abuse and neglect (CAN) report data by an independent "safe" analyst using an identical set of unique identifier codes assigned to each case in both data sets after all personal identifiers had been removed. RESULTS: The research team never learned CAN report status of individuals, the state agency never saw the research data, and the desired analyses were completed using the merged data set. CONCLUSIONS: The method was successfully used to merge data from separate sources without divulging confidential information. Language: en
Stereoselective binding of an enantiomeric pair of stromelysin-1 inhibitors caused by conformational entropy factors

Isothermal titration calorimetry was used to analyze the binding of an enantiomeric pair of inhibitors to the stromelysin-1 catalytic domain. Differences in binding affinity are attributable to different conformational entropy penalties suffered upon binding. Two possible explanations for these differences are proposed.
Origin of ferroelectricity in perovskite oxides

FERROELECTRIC materials are characterized by a switchable macroscopic polarization. Most technologically important ferroelectrics are oxides with a perovskite structure. The origin of their ferroelectric behaviour is unclear, however, and there is incomplete understanding of why similar, but chemically different, perovskites should display very different ferroelectric behaviour. The great sensitivity of ferroelectrics to chemistry, defects, electrical boundary conditions and pressure arises from a delicate balance between long-range Coulomb forces (which favour the ferroelectric state) and short-range repulsions (which favour the nonpolar cubic structure). To model the transition accurately, total-energy techniques are required which incorporate the effects of charge distortion and covalency. Here I report results of electronic-structure calculations on two classic examples of ferroelectric perovskites, BaTiO3 and PbTiO3, and demonstrate that hybridization between the titanium 3d states and the oxygen 2p states is essential for ferroelectricity. The different ferroelectric phase behaviour of the two materials is also clear: in PbTiO3, the lead and oxygen states hybridize, leading to a large strain that stabilizes the tetragonal phase, whereas in BaTiO3 the interaction between barium and oxygen is completely ionic, favouring a rhombohedral structure.
Electromagnetic generation of gigahertz sound in ferromagnetic metals.

Calculations of the transmission of ultrasonic energy through ferromagnetic metallic slabs in the normal conductivity regime have been compared with experimental results. The longitudinal sound was generated by incident microwaves at the slab's front surface and subsequently detected by the reemission of microwaves at the back surface. The configuration studied was the one in which the applied magnetic field and microwave magnetic field were parallel and both were in the slab's plane. The sound was generated through the stress arising from the inhomogeneous Zeeman energy at the slab's surface. The reemission at the back surface was proportional to the volume magnetostriction and bulk modulus. Neither the magnetoelastic constants ${B}_{1}$ and ${B}_{2}$, the imbalance between the Lorentz force and the electronic collision force on the lattice, nor the antisymmetric stress tensor terms played a significant role in the transmission. Comparison of the calculation to experimental data on iron indicate that the electronic attenuation of 9.4-GHz longitudinal sound is \ensuremath{\approxeq}0.05 dB/\ensuremath{\mu}m at room temperature. The experimental data also suggest that work hardening iron tends to increase the volume magnetostriction appreciably.
Shell condition and survival of Puget Sound pteropods are impaired by ocean acidification conditions.

We tested whether the thecosome pteropod Limacina helicina from Puget Sound, an urbanized estuary in the northwest continental US, experiences shell dissolution and altered mortality rates when exposed to the high CO2, low aragonite saturation state (Ωa) conditions that occur in Puget Sound and the northeast Pacific Ocean. Five, week-long experiments were conducted in which we incubated pteropods collected from Puget Sound in four carbon chemistry conditions: current summer surface (∼460–500 µatm CO2, Ωa≈1.59), current deep water or surface conditions during upwelling (∼760 and ∼1600–1700 µatm CO2, Ωa≈1.17 and 0.56), and future deep water or surface conditions during upwelling (∼2800–3400 µatm CO2, Ωa≈0.28). We measured shell condition using a scoring regime of five shell characteristics that capture different aspects of shell dissolution. We characterized carbon chemistry conditions in statistical analyses with Ωa, and conducted analyses considering Ωa both as a continuous dataset and as discrete treatments. Shell dissolution increased linearly as aragonite saturation state decreased. Discrete treatment comparisons indicate that shell dissolution was greater in undersaturated treatments compared to oversaturated treatments. Survival increased linearly with aragonite saturation state, though discrete treatment comparisons indicated that survival was similar in all but the lowest saturation state treatment. These results indicate that, under starvation conditions, pteropod survival may not be greatly affected by current and expected near-future aragonite saturation state in the NE Pacific, but shell dissolution may. Given that subsurface waters in Puget Sound’s main basin are undersaturated with respect to aragonite in the winter and can be undersaturated in the summer, the condition and persistence of the species in this estuary warrants further study.
Mediated Medication-Risk Messages: A Content Analysis of Print News Coverage of Increased Medication Risk

The social amplification of risk framework approaches risk as a combination of the objective risk of physical harm and the process through which individuals interpret the hazard. Within that framework, this study included a content analysis of media coverage of a changed risk profile of prescription medication. Considering frequency of news coverage as one cue to audience attention, results indicate that veterans as an at-risk population garner more media attention than children as an at-risk population. The concept of amplification was associated with an amplifying lead, the use of narrative, the identification of children as the at-risk population, and article length.
Predictive value of hCG level 14 days after embryo transfer.

Objective : It has been reported that the quantitative serum hCG level 14 days after embryo transfer (ET) correlated with pregnancy outcome as well as a likelihood ofa multiple gestation pregnancy. This prospective study was designed to assess the predictive value of a 14-day post-ET hCG level with pregnancy outcome and multiple gestation pregnancies. Methods : Patients undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) and ET were monitored by serum quantitative hCG levels 14 days after ET. If positive, serial values of hCG were obtained and transvaginal ultrasound was performed 3 weeks after ET and weekly until fetal cardiac activity was seen. Ongoing pregnancies were defined as greater than 20 weeks. Results : One hundred eleven patients had positive serum quantitative hCG levels 14 days post-ET ; 89/111, or 80.2%, had ongoing pregnancies. The spontaneous miscarriage rate was, therefore, 19.8% (22/111). If the level was less than 300, the ongoing multiple pregnancy rate was 9% (5/57). If the level was between 300 and 600, the ongoing pregnancy rate was 40% (10/25). If the hCG level was greater than 600, the multiple pregnancy rate was 100% (7/7). Conclusions : These data support the hypothesis that hCG levels greater than 200 mlU/ml on 14 days post-ET are more likely to have ongoing pregnancies ; hCG levels greater than 600 have a high likelihood ofa multiple gestation pregnancy.
Combined Effects of Paired Ventricular Pacing and Propranolol on Ischemic Myocardial Injury

Abstract In 30 dogs, acute myocardial infarction was produced by coronary artery ligation, and the dogs were divided into three groups. Group A animals (n = 10) had coronary ligation only. In Group B (n = 12), paired ventricular pacing was initiated 30 minutes following infarction. Group C (n = 8) was identical to Group B except that propranolol, 0.2 mg per kilogram of body weight, was given intravenously 10 minutes before the initiation of paired ventricular pacing. High-fidelity left ventricular pressures, acceleration of aortic flow (max dQ/dt), coronary sinus creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and epicardial mapping were recorded serially before and after coronary artery ligation. The incidence of ventricular fibrillation was not statistically different in Groups A and C (2/10 and 2/8, respectively), but it was higher in Group B (6/12) ( p p
Analytical-form model observers for decompressed images

We report a method for evaluating the performance of model observers for decompressed images in analytical form using compression noise statistics. It derives test statistics and detectabilities for the ideal observer, the nonprewhitening observer, the Hotelling observer, and the channelized Hotelling observer (CHO) on decompressed images. The derived CHO performance is validated using the Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) compression algorithm. The validation results show that the derived CHO receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) and areas under ROC curves predict accurately their corresponding estimated values. These analytical-form quality measures of decompressed images provide a way to optimize compression algorithms analytically, subject to a model-observer performance criterion. They also provide a theoretical foundation for efforts to create a model observer for decompressed images.
USE OF THE DSM IN MARRIAGE AND FAMILY THERAPY PROGRAMS: CURRENT PRACTICES AND ATTITUDES

The DSM has largely become the common language of behavioral health which its authors intended. Although family systems theory resulted in part from the study of major mental illness, it later became distanced from considerations of individual psychopathology. No studies have assessed current practices and views within the field of family therapy on teaching students the use of the DSM. Member training programs of the Education and Training Council of the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy were surveyed regarding their practices in teaching the DSM. Seventy-nine of 177 surveys (45%) were returned. Ninety-one percent of these programs offered training in the DSM, and in 93% of those such training was mandatory. Written comments indicated that pragmatic concerns about students being able to speak a common language with other behavioral health providers were among the primary reasons for teaching the DSM.
Incident Cardiovascular Disease Events in Metabolically Benign Obese Individuals

Nearly one-third of obese individuals are classified as metabolically benign; however whether this subgroup is at a lower risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is unclear. Using pooled data from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities and Cardiovascular Health Studies, we assessed incident CVD (coronary heart disease and stroke) using three definitions of the metabolically benign phenotype: (i) the ATP-III metabolic syndrome definition (≤2 of the ATP-III components, excluding abdominal obesity (ii) the expanded ATP-III definition (≤1 of: any ATP-III components, insulin resistance (IR), or systemic inflammation), and (iii) the IR-based definition (sex-specific lowest quartile of the HOMA(IR) distribution). The sample included 6,106 normal weight, 7,115 overweight, and 4,323 obese participants. Among obese, 27.0%, 18.1%, and 20.4% were metabolically benign by the three definitions, respectively. The CVD incidence rates (mean follow-up 11.8 years) were 7.1, 5.8, and 8.4 per 1,000 person-years in metabolically benign obese via the three definitions, respectively, compared to 14.3, 13.8, and 13.3 in at-risk obese, and 7.5, 6.7, and 8.2 in metabolically benign normal weight participants. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios of incident CVD in metabolically benign obese compared to their at-risk obese counterparts were 0.59 (95% CI 0.47-0.73), 0.52 (0.39-0.68), and 0.71 (0.57-0.90), respectively; and 1.24 (0.99-1.57), 1.16 (0.86-1.56), and 1.28 (1.01-1.62) compared to metabolically benign normal weight individuals. Only 28.7% of obese participants classified as metabolically benign by at least one definition were "metabolically benign" by all three definitions. Despite similar CVD risk estimates, the three definitions identified different subgroups of the obese population, perhaps suggesting distinct etiologies.
Online Signature Verification on Mobile Devices

This paper studies online signature verification on touch interface-based mobile devices. A simple and effective method for signature verification is developed. An online signature is represented with a discriminative feature vector derived from attributes of several histograms that can be computed in linear time. The resulting signature template is compact and requires constant space. The algorithm was first tested on the well-known MCYT-100 and SUSIG data sets. The results show that the performance of the proposed technique is comparable and often superior to state-of-the-art algorithms despite its simplicity and efficiency. In order to test the proposed method on finger drawn signatures on touch devices, a data set was collected from an uncontrolled environment and over multiple sessions. Experimental results on this data set confirm the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in mobile settings. The results demonstrate the problem of within-user variation of signatures across multiple sessions and the effectiveness of cross session training strategies to alleviate these problems.
Review of Industrial Applications of Heat Transfer to Electronics

Applications of heat transfer to electronic components and devices are presented and discussed. The major objectives are to review the state of the art in such applications and to indicate the need for a better grasp of the science of heat transfer in aiding the creative engineering of new electronic devices operating at extreme conditions of temperature, heat flux, air density, etc. The recent rapid growth of heat-transfer applications to electronics is analyzed in terms of the changing specifications resulting from the introduction of the supersonic and hypersonic aircraft and missiles. The general thermal problem of a given piece of electronic equipment is discussed and analyzed in terms of different modes of heat transfer. A simple method of comparing heat removal by means of natural convection, radiation, forced convection, and evaporative cooling is presented in chart form. The design philosophy of heat-transfer applications to industrial electronic equipment is discussed. Four specific illustrations of industrial applications of heat transfer to electronic components and equipment are presented. The first describes use of heat transfer and fluid mechanics to predict accurately the thermal performance of a newly developed vacuum tube which dissipates 25 kw. The second presents the analysis and some samples of the cold-plate technique used to cool highly compact miniaturized electronic equipment. The third example discusses the recent development of high temperature vacuum tubes, which can operate reliably at ambient temperatures in excess of 250°C. The final illustration discusses evaporatively-cooled magnetic components, in particular, transformers, by means of fluorochemical dielectrics.
Mapping plow zone soil magnetism to delineate disturbed archaeological site boundaries

Abstract This paper presents the results of a magnetic susceptibility survey at Ocmulgee National Monument, a large archaeological site located in central Georgia. Ocmulgee consists of numerous bluffs, each subjected to plowing and erosion. Archaeological remains preserved differentially better on some bluffs, while remains on other bluffs have been obliterated. Magnetic susceptibility readings were recorded in the plow zone on Mound X Ridge, an area of the site that is significantly disturbed. Although the archaeological site is no longer intact, superparamagnetic micro-particles from daub, ceramics, or charcoal have been mixed from 100 years of plowing and remain in the plow zone. The goal of the project was to delineate the northern boundary of this activity area. Thirty posthole tests were excavated and the presence or absence of artifacts from each posthole test was recorded. Magnetic susceptibility values were also recorded in the plow zone following excavation of each test. The positive correlation of high susceptibility values with presence of artifacts indicates this method is useful for mapping disturbed site boundaries of plowed archaeological sites. This method is quicker than more traditional invasive testing and does not further disturb archaeological remains if posthole tests are not excavated below the plow zone.
The Cluster-Merger Shock in 1E 0657–56: Faster than a Speeding Bullet?

Shock waves driven in the intergalactic medium during the merging of galaxy clusters have been observed in X-ray imaging and spectroscopy. Fluid motions inferred from the shock strength and morphology can be compared to the cold dark matter (CDM) distribution inferred from gravitational lensing. A detailed reconstruction of the CDM kinematics, however, must take into account the nontrivial response of the fluid intracluster medium to the collisionless CDM motions. We have carried out two-dimensional simulations of gas dynamics in cluster collisions. We analyze the relative motion of the clusters, the bow shock wave, and the contact discontinuity, and relate these to X-ray data. We focus on the Bullet Cluster, 1E 0657-56, a near-head-on collision of unequal-mass clusters, for which the gas density and temperature jumps across the prominent bow shock imply a high shock velocity, 4700 km s^(-1). The velocity of the fluid shock has been widely interpreted as the relative velocity of the CDM components. This need not be the case, however. An illustrative simulation finds that the present relative velocity of the CDM halos is ~16% lower than that of the shock. While this conclusion is sensitive to the detailed initial mass and gas density profile of the colliding clusters, such a decrease of the inferred halo relative velocity would increase the likelihood of finding 1E 0657-56 in a ΛCDM universe.
The Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) is not sensitive to cognitive impairment in bariatric surgery candidates

Abstract Background Cognitive dysfunction is common among bariatric surgery candidates and associated with poorer weight loss outcomes. Identification of a brief screening measure to detect cognitive impairment in this population is needed, because comprehensive neuropsychological evaluations may not be available in all clinical settings. Methods The present study examined the utility of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for detecting cognitive impairment in 30 bariatric surgery candidates by comparing impairment on the MMSE (at varying cutoffs) to impairment on a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. Results Results indicated that the MMSE showed low sensitivity and specificity in identifying impairment, even at the more stringent MMSE cutoffs of 27 and 28. Conclusion These findings suggest that the MMSE is a poor screener for cognitive impairment in bariatric surgery candidates. Future research is needed to identify or develop cognitive screeners for use in this population.
Attributions of Self-Blame and Perceived Control as Moderators of Adjustment in Battered Women

The present study explored the relationship among attributions of self-blame, perceived control, and psychological adjustment in battered women. A total of 160 women who experienced physical violence in an intimate relationship completed ratings of characterological self-blame, behavioral self-blame, perceived control, and adjustment. Women currently involved with violent partners reported the highest rates of characterological and behavioral self-blame and the lowest level of perceived control. Both dimensions of self-blame were positively correlated with symptoms. Perceived control was associated with lower symptoms. Characterological self-blame, behavioral self-blame, and perceived control moderated the relationship between violence and adjustment. The implications for understanding the process by which self-blame and perceived control moderate psychological adjustment are discussed.
Developmental Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule Expression Suggests Multiple Roles for a Vascular Adhesion Molecule

Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM) is used extensively as a murine vascular marker. PECAM interactions have been implicated in both vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. To better understand the role of PECAM in mammalian development, PECAM expression was investigated during differentiation of murine embryonic stem (ES) cells and in early mouse embryos. Undifferentiated ES cells express PECAM, and as in vitro differentiation proceeds previously unidentified PECAM-positive cells that are distinct from vascular endothelial cells appear. PECAM expression is gradually restricted to endothelial cells and some hematopoietic cells of differentiated blood islands. In embryos, the preimplantation blastocyst contains PECAM-positive cells. PECAM expression is next documented in the postimplantation embryonic yolk sac, where clumps of mesodermal cells express PECAM before the development of mature blood islands. The patterns of PECAM expression suggest that undifferentiated cells, a prevascular cell type, and vascular endothelial cells express this marker during murine development. PECAM expression in blastocysts and by ES cells suggests that PECAM may function outside the vascular/hematopoietic lineage.
Molecular imaging of lymphoid organs and immune activation by positron emission tomography with a new [18F]-labeled 2'-deoxycytidine analog

Monitoring immune function with molecular imaging could have a considerable impact on the diagnosis and treatment evaluation of immunological disorders and therapeutic immune responses. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a molecular imaging modality with applications in cancer and other diseases. PET studies of immune function have been limited by a lack of specialized probes. We identified [(18)F]FAC (1-(2'-deoxy-2'-[(18)F]fluoroarabinofuranosyl) cytosine) by differential screening as a new PET probe for the deoxyribonucleotide salvage pathway. [(18)F]FAC enabled visualization of lymphoid organs and was sensitive to localized immune activation in a mouse model of antitumor immunity. [(18)F]FAC microPET also detected early changes in lymphoid mass in systemic autoimmunity and allowed evaluation of immunosuppressive therapy. These data support the use of [(18)F]FAC PET for immune monitoring and suggest a wide range of clinical applications in immune disorders and in certain types of cancer.
Vibration suppression of smart structural systems using predictive control

Model predictive control (MPC) is a control method which uses future predicted outputs of a system to determine the inputs to the system. The predictive control methods are well suited for systems where model identification is difficult and expensive or where the parameters of the plant and environment change frequently. All of the predictive control methods are tracking controllers by nature. Most predictive control algorithms have been developed for use in the process control industry for set point tracking. The main advantage of MPC controllers over other tracking controllers is that they can act in advance of the actual time when there is a change in the set point. The use of predictive control for vibration suppression of smart structural systems investigated in this paper. For vibration suppression purposes, the set point of the predictive control is set to zero and the effect of the disturbances on the system performance is to be minimized. Many of the predictive control algorithms do not allow for the system output to substantially depart from its predicted values. However, the predictive controller proposed by Gawronski allow the prediction to converge to the correct value after a disturbance has occurred, even if the disturbance causes the output to oscillate as in the vibrations of smart structures. We have proposed a modification to the predictive control algorithms by incorporating the prescribed degree of stability concept in the design. In order to demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed predictive controllers, we have designed and implemented the controllers on two simple test structures. The experimental closed-loop response of single input/single output and multi-input/multi-output structures is presented in the paper. The response of the predictive control system is compared with that of Linear Quadratic Gaussian controllers. The advantages and limitations of the predictive controllers are discussed in the paper.
Moving-weighted-average smoothing extended to the extremities of the data. I. Theory

Abstract The use of a symmetrical moving weighted average of 2m + 1 terms to smooth equally spaced observations of a function of one variable does not yield smoothed values of the first m and the last m observations, unless additional data beyond the range of the original observations are available. By means of analogies to the Whittaker smoothing process and some related mathematical concepts, a natural method is developed for extending the smoothing to the extremities of the data as a single overall matrix-vector operation having a well defined structure, rather than as something extra grafted on at the ends. The matrix approach is shown to be equivalent to an extrapolation algorithm.
binding states of CO and H2 on clean and oxidized (111)Pt

Abstract The binding states and sticking coefficients of CO and H2 on clean and oxide covered (111)Pt are examined using flash desorption mass spectrometry and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). On the clean surface at 78 K there is one major binding state of CO with a desorption activation energy which decreases with coverage plus a second smaller state, while H2 exhibits three binding states with peak temperatures of 140, 230 and 310 K and saturation density ratios of 0.5 : 1 : 1. Desorption kinetics of CO are consistent with a first order state with a normal pre-exponential factor of 1013 ± 1 sec−1, while all three peaks of H2 are broader than expected. Interpretations in terms of anomalous pre-exponential factors, coverage dependent desorption activation energies, and desorption orders are considered. On the oxidized surface saturation densities of both gases are nearly identical to those on the clean surface, but desorption temperatures are increased significantly and the initial sticking coefficient on the oxide decreases slightly for CO and increases slightly for H2.
Preparation of a porous microparticulatee anion-exchange chromatography support for proteins

Abstract A hydrophilic, durable anion-exchange material has been developed for high- performance liquid chromatography of proteins. Polyethyleneimine and simpler amines are adsorbed to porous, microparticulate silicas so strongly that the adsorbed coatings may be crosslinked into a stable layer by a wide variety of reagents in organic solution. Epoxy resins, alkyl bromides, and nitro alcohols are the best cross- linkers. The resulting pellicular coating is more stable in aqueous media than the underlying silica. Porous glass, alumina, and titania can also be coated in this manner. The materials are quite reproducible and of high ion-exchange capacity: up to 2.7 mequiv./g. Columns of polyethyleneimine-coated silica resolve proteins quickly and efficiently with excellent recoveries of enzyme activity. Nucleotides are also well resolved. Efficiency does not change during a column's lifetime.
Semi-Streaming Quantization for Remote Sensing Data

We describe a strategy for reducing the size and complexity of very large, remote sensing datasets acquired from NASA's Earth Observing System. We apply the quantization paradigm from, and algorithms developed in, signal processing to the problem of summarization. Because data arrive in discrete chunks, we formulate a semi-streaming strategy that partially processes chunks as they become available and stores the results. At the end of the summary time period, we re-ingest the partial summaries and summarize them. We show that mean squared errors between the final summaries and the original data can be computed from the mean squared errors incurred at the two stages without directly accessing the original data. The procedure is demonstrated using data from JPL's Atmospheric Infrared Sounder.
Singular control of bilinear discrete systems

This paper introduces singular optimal control for bilinear discrete systems. The complex structures of the singular arc are studied in detail. Two special features for the second-order bilinear discrete systems are discovered. These two features which are novel are different from the higher-order bilinear discrete systems. Existence, uniqueness, and optimality of the singular arc are proved.
The Challenge of Diversification in the Caribbean

It is typically assumed that countries in the Caribbean suffer from a lack of output and export diversification. Contrary to this popular perception, we find no evidence that output variability is higher in Caribbean countries than in larger, more diversified, developing economies. In addition, we find no evidence that export earnings are more volatile in the Caribbean economies than elsewhere. In fact, export earnings are quite stable in the Caribbean, reflecting the fact the region is rather unique in that most of its export earnings are generated from service exports, which tend to be considerably less volatile than goods exports.
Feels Like the Third Wave: The Rise of Fundraising in the Community College.

Not so long ago, the word “fundraising” scarcely made an appearance in the community college lexicon. Along came worldwide social, technological, and economic upheavals. Welcome to the future and the new realities of community college advancement.
Intracardiac abscess with cutaneous fistula secondary to ventricular septal defect repair simulating sternal wound infection.

Cutaneous fistula as a clinical presentation of intracardiac abscess of the right side is such an unusual occurrence that it has not until now been reported in the English-language medical literature. We present a rare case of right-sided infective endocarditis caused by Achromobacter xylosoxidans in which recurrent infection presented as sternal wound discharge. The infection was found to have an intracardiac origin and was successfully managed by radical debridement on cardiopulmonary bypass.
Progress in the development of SIS quasiparticle mixers

A summary is presented of recent SIS quasiparticle heterodyne mixer work done at Berkeley. Developments related to millimeter wavelength waveguide mixers include techniques for accurate measurements of noise and gain, integrated RF matching elements for large instantaneous bandwidths, large scaled modeling experiments, new W-band mixers with wide tuning bandwidth and only one mechanical adjustment, observation of very large coupled gain, systematic studies of the properties of array mixers, analysis of the effect of saturation on mixer measurements, very low noise in mixers with high quality junctions, and computer modeling to test the quantum theory of mixing. Developments related to planar lithographed mixers with quasi-optical antennas include construction of test apparatus, large scale modeling, and the design and evaluation of mixers which use RF matching structures integrated with bow tie antennas.
Synthesis and α‐adrenolytic activity of chiral β‐haloethylamines

Abstract Several series of N, N ‐diaralkyl‐ and N ‐aryloxyalkyl‐ N ‐aralkyl‐β‐haloethylamines were synthesized containing centers of chirality in the aralkyl substituent and in the β‐haloethyl moiety to study the stereoselectivity of α‐adrenolytic activity of the β‐haloethylamines. These compounds were synthesized from starting materials of known absolute configuration via synthetic schemes that did not alter the stereochemical integrity of the chiral centers. Evaluation of the α‐adrenolytic activities of these β‐haloethylamines on rat vas deferens indicated a variable degree of stereoselectivity of adrenergic blockade, which is interpreted in terms of drug‐receptor interactions.
Generalization between receptive and expressive language in young children with autism

Generalization between expressive and receptive language was studied in six boys with autism (chronological age 47–76 months, language age 13–42 months). Each participant received training on three or four word pairs (e.g. hot/cold). Half the pairs were taught expressively and then receptively; the other half were taught in the reverse order. Data were obtained on generalization from the trained to untrained modality, generalization errors, and between- and within-subject differences. Across participants, the ‘expressive first’ condition led to cross-modal generalization more often than the ‘receptive first’ condition. However, one child displayed the opposite pattern, and three other children's patterns varied across training stimuli. Error analyses indicated that, when children failed to demonstrate receptive-to-expressive generalization, they did generalize in another manner: responding based on physical resemblance between cues used in the study and those used in previous training. The results suggest ways to individualize instruction and better understand cross-modal generalization. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TRANSFORMING THE DILEMMA

How does natural selection lead to cooperation between competing individuals? The Prisoner's Dilemma captures the essence of this problem. Two players can either cooperate or defect. The payoff for mutual cooperation, R, is greater than the payoff for mutual defection, P. But a defector versus a cooperator receives the highest payoff, T, where as the cooperator obtains the lowest payoff, S. Hence, the Prisoner's Dilemma is defined by the payoff ranking T > R > P > S. In a well-mixed population, defectors always have a higher expected payoff than cooperators, and therefore natural selection favors defectors. The evolution of cooperation requires specific mechanisms. Here we discuss five mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation: direct reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, kin selection, group selection, and network reciprocity (or graph selection). Each mechanism leads to a transformation of the Prisoner's Dilemma payoff matrix. From the transformed matrices, we derive the fundamental conditions for the evolution of cooperation. The transformed matrices can be used in standard frameworks of evolutionary dynamics such as the replicator equation or stochastic processes of game dynamics in finite populations.