cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mesoscale Convective Complexes over the United States during 1985

Abstract Digital GOES infrared imagery is used to document mesoscale convective complexes (MCCs) over the United States during 1985. The introduction of digital imagery to this process, which has been carried out since 1978, has made possible a partial automation of the MCC documentation procedure and subsequently expanded opportunities for research. In conjunction with these improvements, the definition of an MCC has been slightly modified from that proposed by Maddox in 1980. The warmer threshold area measurement (⩽−32°C) of Maddox's original criteria has been dropped from consideration because its measurement was too subjective, and also was determined to be unnecessary. In 1985, 59 MCCs were identified; this total is approximately 20 to 40 more than in any year since 1978, when these annual summaries began. The monthly distribution and seasonal progression of MCCs in 1985 are similar to those of prior years. The enhanced MCC activity in June 1985 is associated with a persistent favorable quasi-geostro...
Treatment cascade for hepatitis C virus in young adult people who inject drugs in San Francisco: Low number treated.

Abstract Objective To understand the number of young adult people who inject drugs (PWID) with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection accessing direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment and their barriers and facilitators to treatment uptake. Methods Using prospective cohort data from young adult PWID in San Francisco with newly identified HCV infection, we calculated the number who: (i) accepted referral to DAA therapy, (ii) initiated DAA therapy, (iii) completed DAA therapy, and (iv) achieved sustained virologic response (SVR) or cure. Behavioral survey data identified possible barriers and facilitators to DAA therapy. Results Of 60 young adult PWID with new HCV infection identified between February 2015 and January 2018, thirty accepted a referral to HCV care; five initiated and completed HCV treatment and achieved cure. Barriers to DAA uptake included fear of medical establishments, competing basic needs, and delaying care because they were feeling well. Conclusion While few HCV-positive young adult PWID engaged in DAA therapy, all those who did achieved cure. Youth-tailored services that overcome the stigma and marginalization related to injection drug use are needed to improve treatment uptake.
Evidence-based Faculty Development Programming for Regional Medical Campuses and the BASK Framework

Medical schools’ regional campuses respond to vital needs in medical education. About one third of US medical schools have regional campuses. It is important to create and maintain, in all geographically separate locations, climate and culture conducive to effective teaching and learning. An evidence-based approach to designing and implementing faculty development programs for regional medical campuses is described, and the BASK assessment framework is introduced, recognizing the interconnectedness between desired changes in behaviors, and learners’ attitudes, skills and knowledge. IRB approval was obtained for the completion of this study.
Climate-induced trends in global riverine water discharge and suspended sediment dynamics in the 21st century

Abstract Anthropogenic climate change, particularly through increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, is projected to impact 21st century precipitation distribution, altering fluvial processes such as riverine water discharge and sediment dynamics, worldwide. Changes in fluvial water and sediment discharges can have profound impacts on the functioning and connectivity of earth's natural systems. In this paper, we study the natural sensitivity of water discharge and suspended sediment fluxes in large global river systems to predicted climate change in the 21st century. A global-scale hydro-geomorphic model (WBMsed) was forced with precipitation and temperature projections generated by five General Circulation Models (GCMs), each driven by four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). Anthropogenic drivers were excluded from the simulations in order to isolate the signal of 21st century climate change. The results, based on an ensemble of model outputs, revealed that global river discharge and sediment dynamics are highly sensitive to anthropogenic climate change in the 21st century. Increasing global warming will lead to more extreme changes and greater rates of changes (increasing or decreasing) in both variables. Despite substantial regional heterogeneity, a global net increase is projected for both natural river discharge and sediment flux toward the end of the 21st century under all climate change scenarios. These increases are larger with increasing levels of atmospheric warming. At the end of this century, projected climate changes under RCP 2.6, 4.5, 6.0 and 8.5 scenarios, will lead to 2%, 6%, 7.5% and 11% increases respectively in mean global river discharge relative to the 1950–2005 period, while mean global suspended sediment flux will show 11%, 15%, 14% and 16.4% increases under pristine conditions. In addition to magnitudes, inter-annual variability also increases with increasing warming. Changes in sediment flux closely follow the patterns predicted for discharge, and are mostly driven by climate warming-induced spatial and temporal variation in precipitation. However, the relationship between precipitation, discharge and sediment flux was found to be non-linear both in space and time, demonstrating the utility of explicit modeling of both hydrology and geomorphology.
Chapter 6 – Field Theory

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the development of the path integral representation of quantized field processes. A simple mathematical model is used in the chapter to derive the path integral measure of a free field theory, which is used as a heuristic device to motivate later techniques. The chapter discusses the formulation of relativistic invariance in terms of a symmetry transformation of the fields and presents the scalar, spinor, and vector representations. The action functionals consistent with free or linear theories are constructed for scalar and spinor fields and the Euler–Lagrange equation is derived in the chapter. The chapter also explains Noether's theorem and demonstrates the implications of relativistic invariance for conservation laws at the classical level. The chapter further discusses the quantization of the free fields and the development of the Fock space representation. It defines the S-matrix whose elements are reduced to give an expression to transition amplitudes in terms of the time-ordered products of field operators. The chapter also illustrates the coherent states for the field-theortic case and concludes with combining the results to derive the path integral representation of the vacuum persistence functional in a nonlinear field theory.
Cognitive-Behavioral, Anger-Control Intervention for Elementary School Children: A Treatment-Outcome Study

The effectiveness of a 10-session, weekly, anger-control intervention for aggressive fourth- and fifth-grade boys was investigated. Thirty-three boys, aged 9–11, were referred by teachers and school psychologists due to anger-related problems and assigned to four- to seven-member groups, which received either cognitive-behavioral treatment or no treatment. All participants and their teachers completed a pre- and post-test battery, which included the Pediatric Anger Expression Scale, the Children's Inventory of Anger, and the Teacher Rating Scale. The treatment condition used cognitive-behavioral training to help the students identify the experiences and control the expression of their anger. Compared to the attention-control condition, participants of the treatment groups displayed a significant reduction on teacher reports of aggressive and disruptive behavior (p < .02) and a significant improvement on self-reports of anger control (p < .05). Results are discussed in terms of the effectiveness of the behavioral and cognitive components of the program.
A Coordinated Approach to Food Safety and Land Use Law at the Urban Fringe

Much has been written about the rise of the local food movement in urban and suburban areas. This essay tackles an emerging outgrowth of that movement: the growing desire of urban and suburban dwellers to engage rural areas where food is produced not only to obtain food but also as a means of tourism and cultural activity. This represents a potentially much-needed means of economic development for rural areas and small farmers who are increasingly dependent on non-farm income for survival. The problem, however, is that food safety and land use laws struggle to keep up with these changes and, as a result, often waffle between over-regulation and de-regulation. This essay posits a legal path forward to steer clear of regulatory extremes and to help the local food movement grow and prosper at the urban fringe.
Congress Should Stop Abrogating Its Spending Power and Rein in the USDA Slush Fund

Over the past few years, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has set a terrible precedent by greatly expanding its use of the Agriculture Secretary’s discretionary spending authority under the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) Charter Act. This new and expansive use of the CCC creates a USDA slush fund that allows the Agriculture Secretary to spend money on almost anything. The USDA’s use of the CCC in recent years for trade aid to farmers was based on questionable authority, and now the Biden Administration may push for programs that are even less likely to be authorized under the law, such as climate change programs. Congress needs to stop abrogating its spending power and restore some normalcy back to the discretionary use of the CCC, which had generally been used in a limited manner.
The Value of Statistical Studies of the Cancer Problem

Once upon a time there was a proposal to put to the test the relative merits of two systems of bidding at Contract Bridge. The manner of testing was to be a match of 150 rubbers. What could be said of the proposal? Certainly that it involved statistical considerations. It must involve them because, entirely apart from the system of bidding, and entirely apart from differences of ability in the players, the fall of the cards might well throw the match one way or the other within limits. The theory of probability would permit us to calculate that the probability of a division of 150 rubbers evenly between two sides of equal ability, using two systems of equal merit, would be about 1 in 16. It would, therefore, be something rather rare to have the play come out even. That one side or the other should win over the other by not more than two rubbers (including a tie) would have a probability of just under 1 in 5, and that the winning side should have a lead of not more than four rubbers (score 77 to 73 or closer) would have a probability of under 1 in 3. Thus there are better than 2 chances in 3 that, with everything equal, the score would be more uneven than 77 to 73. And so one could go on. There are only about 7 chances in 10 that the score would be as close as 81 to 69. And unhappily a probability of 0.7 is not very sure evidence of anything. This indicates that before one could reasonably eliminate the chance fall of the cards from a judgment on the results one would have to have a decidedly uneven score—possibly as uneven as 87 to 63 or worse.
UpdateSearch: A New Dynamic Channel Allocation Scheme for Mobile Networks That Can Adjust to System Loads

Distributed dynamic channel allocation techniques are an integral part of distributed mobile computing systems where nodes communicate among themselves via wireless radio channels. The channel allocation schemes can be broadly categorized as search based or update based. Search based techniques have low messaging complexity and are suited for high system load and low request rates. On the other hand update based schemes have higher messaging complexity but are more suitable for low system load and high request rates. This paper presents a combined scheme, called UpdateSearch, which provides the advantages of both types of schemes. UpdateSearch is parameterized by the number of channel classes k, 1≤k≤n, where n is the total number of channels in the system. The parameter k can be adjusted to control the number of concurrent searches and degree of contention between cells competing for channels in the system. For ke1 and ken the scheme respectively behaves as basic search and basic update scheme l2r. A simple analytical model is used to compare the performance of UpdateSearch for various values of k with the basic update and search techniques in terms of channel allocation time and number of simultaneous channel selections allowed in the system under different system loading conditions.
An object-oriented approach for model integration within virtual human: a computational environment for physiological modeling

This project applies object-oriented principles and hierarchical design to improve the structure and run-time performance of a large simulation package. At Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Virtual Human (VH) is being developed as a simulation platform to investigate a wide range of human biological and physical responses to stimuli. The long-term goal of VH is to produce a comprehensive simulation of the structure and function of the entire human body that would integrate smaller models of individual organs, body processes, cells, and even neurons in the brain. While earlier development of VH enabled simulation of various physiological models, each time the integration of a new model to this platform requires more coding. The goal of this project is to modify VH's architecture so that it is more independent of individual models. In this project, the VH platform regards each model as an independent object. A model's XML configuration file and its function code are made to plug into the VH environment. A model's graphic user interface (GUI) is made more flexible and extensible by a set of painting objects, all of which extend a universal super class. As a result of this work, the VH architecture is now more general and easier to expand for inclusion of more features and connection to new models. Simulation runs are faster than previous architecture.
Activity of gatifloxacin compared to those of five other quinolones versus aerobic and anaerobic isolates from skin and soft tissue samples of human and animal bite wound infections.

The activity of gatifloxacin against 308 aerobes and 112 anaerobes isolated from bite wound infections was studied. Gatifloxacin was active at ≤0.016 μg/ml against all 148 Pasteurella isolates (eight species and three subspecies) tested and all other aerobes tested, including Actinobacillus-Haemophilus spp., Eikenella corrodens, Neisseria weaveri, Weeksella zoohelcum, staphylococci, and streptococci. Fusobacteria were sometimes resistant. Gatifloxacin MICs at which 90% of the isolates were inhibited were 0.125 μg/ml against Bacteroides tectum and Prevotella spp., 0.25 μg/ml against Porphyromonas spp., and 0.5 μg/ml against peptostreptococci.
Semidiurnal Baroclinic Tides on the Central Oregon Inner Shelf

AbstractSemidiurnal velocity and density oscillations are examined over the mid- and inner continental shelf near Heceta Bank on the Oregon coast. Measurements from two long-term observation networks with sites on and off the submarine bank reveal that both baroclinic velocities and displacements are dominated by the first mode, with larger velocities on the midshelf and northern parts of the bank. Midshelf sites have current ellipses that are near the theoretical value for single, progressive internal tidal waves compared to more linearly polarized currents over the inner shelf. Baroclinic current variability is not correlated to the spring–neap cycle and is uncorrelated between mooring locations. An idealized model of two internal waves propagating from different directions reproduces some of the observed variability in semidiurnal ellipse parameters. At times, the phasing between moorings along a cross-shelf transect are consistent with onshelf wave propagation, a characteristic also present in the out...
Specific Loss of Newly Replicated Deoxyribonucleic Acid in Nalidixic Acid-Treated Bacillus subtilis 168

Abstract Bacillus subtilis 168 thyA, thyB cells degrade and lose from 20 to 30% of their deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in 3.5 hr of exposure to 20 μg of nalidixic acid per ml. Degradation appears to be initiated at the replication point and to proceed sequentially along the chromosome from the most recently synthesized DNA to “older” DNA. Both DNA strands appear to be degraded equally, and essentially all of the products of degradation are soluble in cold acid.
Causes and palliation of transfusion-associated vaginal bleeding in patients with metastatic cancer

Park and others described a 28 year-old-woman who presented with “massive vaginal bleeding and anemia”[1]. After biopsy-confirmation of a recurrent alveolar soft part sarcoma diagnosed 6 years earlier, this patient went on to receive 6 Gy of vaginal radiation, which controlled her bleeding. Indeed, the published medical literature is peppered with similar cases or case series of vaginal bleeding in cancer patients who have required a spectrum of invasive, targeted, and otherwise infrequently-used palliative interventions. These include radiation, surgery, uterine artery embolization or ligation, balloon tamponade, vaginal packing, or unusual topical interventions, such as Mohs paste, cisplatin, or acetone [2–16]. This literature also suggests that in patients with major bleeding or with a concurrent bleeding diathesis, blood product support, antifibrinolytics, or vitamin K can be used. Aptly, this literature describes how patients can die from this cancer-related complication but how the interventions mentioned above can be life-saving. Are such interventions necessary for the majority of cancer patients who develop transfusion-associated vaginal bleeding? Based on the totality of published reports, the implication is that patients with metastatic cancer and transfusion-associated vaginal bleeding often must rely on such invasive, heroic interventions for palliation. To some clinicians, it may remain unclear whether these published palliative interventions are representative of current practice or whether they illustrate a predilection to publish only the more aggressive and successful reports. Hence, the current study was undertaken with a twofold purpose. First, it sought to capture a clinically relevant, systematically-collected series of patients with metastatic cancer and vaginal bleeding with the goal of capturing a more inclusive array of management approaches and outcomes. It was thought that such a systematic approach might provide a more grounded perspective on current practice. Second, it sought to provide healthcare providers with a higher level of evidence-based insight on how best to manage patients with metastatic cancer and transfusion-associated vaginal bleeding.
A new signature approach for retrieval of documents from free-text databases

Abstract Among the techniques used for retrieval of information from free-text or document databases, signature methods have proven to be more efficient in terms of storage overhead and processing speed. Signature methods, however, present the problem of “false drops” in which a document is identified but does not satisfy the user query. In the signature approaches such as Word Signature, and Superimposed Coding, the number of false drops is directly related to the hashing function selected, signature size, and number of signature buffers used for each document. Hashing functions also generate collisions, which will result in false drops. In addition, these signature methods do not take into account the length of the words or the positional information of the characters that constitute the word. The use of “Don't Care Characters” in the queries, therefore, is not possible. This paper presents a new signature approach in which the sizes of the signature files are dependent on the number of unique symbols in the alphabet, and therefore for all documents containing English text, the size is constant. The signature generated in this technique maintains the positional information of characters and therefore allows for Don't Care Characters to be used in the queries. Implementation results and comparison of this technique to the Superimposed Coding method is presented.
Fiber digestion, VFA production, and microbial population changes during in vitro ruminal fermentations of mixed rations by monensin-adapted and unadapted microbes

a b s t r a c t Mixed ruminal microbes were incubated for 24 h in vitro with mixed forage and concentrate rations under conditions that differed in starch level (200 or 300 g/kg dry matter (DM)), initial pH (6.3 or 6.7) and corn oil (0 or 10 g/kg DM), in order to determine effects on fermentation (fiber digestibility, volatile fatty acid (VFA) production) and relative population sizes (RPS) of various bacterial taxa (expressed as a percentage of 16S ribosomal RNA gene copies determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)). Within the range of in vitro conditions tested, monensin-adapted inocula incubated in the presence of monensin did not differ in in vitro fiber digestibility relative to inocula from the same cows prior to adaptation and incubated in the absence of monensin. Although total VFA production did not differ among in vitro treatments, a shift from acetate toward propionate production was generally observed at the higher starch level, lower pH, and presence of corn oil. Surprisingly, monensin cultures displayed slightly decreased proportions of propionate and increased proportions of butyrate and valerate. After 24 h in vitro incubations containing 300 g starch/kg DM and in the absence of monensin, the RPS of 13 of the 16 taxa examined differed (P<0.01) from that of the inoculum. In vitro incubation increased the RPS of the Ruminococcus albus, Selenomonas ruminantium, Succinivibrio dextrinisolvens, and Megasphaera elsdenii, and decreased the RPS of the genus Prevotella, and the species P. brevis, P. bryantii, P. ruminicola, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Eubacterium ruminantium, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and Streptococcus bovis. The RPS of Ruminobacter amylophilus, the genus Ruminococcus and the Domain Archaea did not change after 24 h in vitro incubation. Shifts in RPS during in vitro incubation were remarkably independent of initial pH or corn oil. The data indicate that in vitro conditions can substantially change the quantitative distribution of ruminal bacterial populations, and that these changes are both inherent in the in vitro method, and distinct from specific differences in divergent in vitro environmental conditions.
A decap placement methodology for reducing joule heating and temperature in PSN interconnect

Power Supply Networks (PSN) are susceptible to electromigration failure and increased resistance due to high on-chip temperatures and large power supply currents. Joule heating, which leads to increased localized interconnect temperatures and higher resistivity in the PSN interconnect, exacerbates this reliability problem and is only expected to worsen in future technologies. The best method of reducing interconnect Joule heating is by reducing the RMS current within the interconnect. Consequently, we propose the first gradient-based decoupling capacitance placement method to reduce the magnitude of the current spikes in the interconnect. Our experiments show that our propose approach can reduce interconnect temperatures by 12.5 K which results in a 4.7% decrease in resistivity and an increase of 66.3% in electromigration lifetime.
Compressed Sensing for Radar Signature Analysis

Fast and accurate reproduction of the radar signature of a target is important for many radar applications, such as target identification and hardware-in-the-loop simulations. Real-world targets are electrically large, and the Nyquist criteria require fine sampling in frequency and angle to fully characterize the radar signature. Because of the fine sampling requirement, acquiring the radar signature is time and memory intensive. Even though fine sampling is required in the frequency and angle domains, most targets are sparse in a point scatter domain. This paper shows that the Nyquist criteria can be overcome through compressed sensing theory by leveraging the point scatter representation of a target. This greatly reduces the amount of data needed to characterize the radar signature for these defense applications.
Genetic structure and gene flow in chinook salmon populations of California

Abstract We analyzed genetic variation in 35 populations of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from northern California by use of allozymes detected by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. Products of 53 loci from 27 enzyme systems were used to characterize the genetic structure, assess hierarchical relationships, and estimate levels ofgene flow among the populations. Average heterozygosity, 0.038, and percent polymorphic loci, 41 %, found in California populations were similar to previously reported values from more northern locations. Ten hatchery populations were included in the analysis and generally possessed levels ofgenetic variability similar to nearby wild populations. Although estimated average gene flow was 1.16, high from an evolutionary standpoint, and genetic identities were greater than 0.990, we observed genetic differentiation among populations. Distribution of specific alleles, cluster analysis based on genetic identity estimates, and gene diversity analyses indicated that inland ...
Ethanol production from cellulose by a coculture of Zymomonas mobilis and a clostridium

Zymomonas mobilis and a mesophilic cellulolytic clostridium (strain C7) were grown in coculture in a medium containing cellulose as fermentable substrate. The coculture was stable through at least ten serial transfers and produced markedly higher amounts of ethanol than monocultures of the cellulolytic clostridium. Glucose and cellobiose, derived from the breakdown of cellulose, accumulated in strain C7 monocultures, but not in cocultures. The molar ratio of ethanol to acetate was higher in cocultures than in monocultures of strain C7. The cellulolytic clostridium was relatively ethanol-tolerant, inasmuch as it grew and fermented cellulose in media containing up to 7 g of ethanol/100 ml. Cellulase (Avicelase) activity of strain C7 was inhibited by cellobiose, but not by glucose.
Robert F. Kennedys university of Capetown address

Robert F. Kennedy's University of Capetown Address is an example of an epideictic speech in which values are a matter of conflict rather than social consensus. The situation facing Kennedy in Capetown in 1966 posed a difficult rhetorical challenge. It involved a politically explosive climate, an audience with a need for direction and support, and a set of moral imperatives that required skillful treatment. This evaluation focuses on Kennedy's artful management of deliberate ambiguity in achieving his rhetorical success.
A real-time skin dose tracking system for biplane neuro-interventional procedures

A biplane dose-tracking system (Biplane-DTS) that provides a real-time display of the skin-dose distribution on a 3D-patient graphic during neuro-interventional fluoroscopic procedures was developed. Biplane-DTS calculates patient skin dose using geometry and exposure information for the two gantries of the imaging system acquired from the digital system bus. The dose is calculated for individual points on the patient graphic surface for each exposure pulse and cumulative dose for both x-ray tubes is displayed as color maps on a split screen showing frontal and lateral projections of a 3D-humanoid graphic. Overall peak skin dose (PSD), FOV-PSD and current dose rates for the two gantries are also displayed. Biplane- TS uses calibration files of mR/mAs for the frontal and lateral tubes measured with and without the table in the beam at the entrance surface of a 20 cm thick PMMA phantom placed 15 cm tube-side of the isocenter. For neuro-imaging, conversion factors are applied as a function of entrance field area to scale the calculated dose to that measured with a Phantom Laboratory head phantom which contains a human skull to account for differences in backscatter between PMMA and the human head. The software incorporates inverse-square correction to each point on the skin and corrects for angulation of the beam through the table. Dose calculated by Biplane DTS and values measured by a 6-cc ionization chamber placed on the head phantom at multiple points agree within a range of -3% to +7% with a standard deviation for all points of less than 3%.
2-(9,10-Anthraquinon-2-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole-3-oxide-1-oxyl: polymorphism in a conjugated anthraquinone-substituted nitronylnitroxide

Two polymorphs of an anthraquinone-nitronylnitroxide radical, AntQNN, were isolated, both with antiferromagnetic (AFM) exchange attributed to chain-type inter-radical contacts: one with J1D/k ≈ −3 K, and one with J1D/k ≈ −17 K.
The Effect of the Polar Moiety of Lipids on the Ion Permeability of Bilayer Membranes

Bilayer membranes were prepared with the negatively charged lipids phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol, the positively charged lipid lysyl phosphatidylglycerol, the zwitterionic lipid phosphatidylethanolamine, and an uncharged glycolipid, diglucosyldiglyceride, all isolated from gram-positive bacteria. Bilayer membranes of all these lipids manifested specific resistances of 107 to 109 Ω cm2 and capacitances of 0.3 to 0.4 μF cm−2. The membrane potentials of these bilayers were measured as a function of the sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and hydrogen chloride transmembrane concentration gradients (0.01 to 0.10m) and were found to be linear with the logarithm of the salt activity gradients. Membranes made from lysyl phosphatidylglycerol (one net positive charge) were almost completely chloride selective, whereas membranes from phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol (one and two net negative charges, respectively) were highly cation selective. Membranes prepared with either diglucosyldiglyceride or phosphatidylethanolamine showed only slight cation selectivity. These findings indicate that the charge on the polar head group of membrane lipids plays an important role in controlling the ion-selective permeability of the bilayer.
Comparative photoreactivation of ultraviolet light-inactivated tobacco mosaic virus ribonucleic acid on Chenopodium, pinto bean, and tobacco plants.

Tobacco mosaic virus nucleic acid (TMV-RNA), inactivated by ultraviolet light, 2537 A, was photoreactivated on leaves of Chenopodium, Pinto bean, and tobacco. There was greater photoreactivation on tobacco leaves than on the leaves of the other two plants. The quantum yield for the inactivation of the nucleic acid was about the same regardless of which plant was used as host when leaves were infected and left in the dark. This finding indicates the lack of dark recovery mechanisms in plant leaves for repair of TMV-RNA inactivated at 2537 A. Illuminated leaves had higher temperatures than leaves left in the dark. This temperature difference did not influence the extent of photoreactivation, nor did the presence of bentonite in the inoculum.
Static inference of modes and data dependencies in logic programs

Mode and data dependency analyses find many applications in the generation of efficient executable code for logic programs. For example, mode information can be used to generate specialized unification instructions where permissible, to detect determinacy and functionality of programs, generate index structures more intelligently, reduce the amount of runtime tests in systems that support goal suspension, and in the integration of logic and functional languages. Data dependency information can be used for various source-level optimizing transformations, to improve backtracking behavior and to parallelize logic programs. This paper describes and proves correct an algorithm for the static inference of modes and data dependencies in a program. The algorithm is shown to be quite efficient for programs commonly encountered in practice.
Picket fence suppression of secondary electrons

It is shown that a picket fence magnetic field can successfully suppress secondary-electron emission at the boundary of a magnetized plasma Secondary electrons are essentially eliminated from the main plasma by the self-consistent electric fields and magnetic fields associated associated with the picket fence.
Distribution and mechanisms of strain within rocks on the northwest ramp of Pine Mountain block, southern Appalachian foreland: A field test of theory

Fractures, faults, stylolites, and strain determined from an analysis of twinning in calcite in the Mississippian Newman Limestone at the base of the Pine Mountain block show that deformation was accomplished primarily by a combination of bedding-plane slip and layer-parallel shortening. Poles to joints are either parallel to strike of the thrust sheet or are in the transport plane. Small slip surfaces with syntaxial calcite fibers lie either parallel to bedding or parallel to the strike of the Pine Mountain block and dip steeply. Movement along the former is in the direction of transport of the block, whereas movement on the latter is approximately along strike. Tectonic stylolites are rare but appear to be controlled by subtle changes in lithology. Wackestones contain more stylolites than do packstones. Strains in calcite from closely spaced samples show the converse relationship. They are highest in units without stylolites (maximum shortening strain, e 1 = −10.4%) and lowest in units with stylolites or small faults (e 1 = −2.0%). The maximum principal shortening-strain directions, however, are identical within the error and are parallel to both bedding and the transport direction. A sequence of events in this portion of the Pine Mountain block is (1) layer-parallel shortening producing tectonic stylolites and a strong preferred orientation of compression axes; (2) development of fractures parallel to the strike of the block on the lower hinge of the ramp to accommodate stretching parallel to the transport direction (these strike- parallel fractures can also be interpreted as having occurred quite late); (3) during (2) above and continuing, the start of bedding-plane slip marked by syntaxial calcite fibers which trend in the direction of transport; and (4) complications, such as shear parallel to the strike of the Pine Mountain fault, as a result of motion of the entire block between bounding tear faults. Events (2) through (4) most likely overlapped in time. These data suggest that the acquisition of dip of the rocks on the ramp was primarily accomplished by bedding-plane slip on the slip surfaces which experienced a shear stress of
Measuring growth, production and yield of the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera

Harvestable yield of the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Agardh, is important to its use as a commercial source of phycocolloids and to development of marine biomass as an energy resource. Accurate prediction of yields from natural populations and from crop plants on future marine farms is necessary for optimum utilization of the natural resource and for optimum design and management of the cultivated resource. The nature of the yield parameter - a single value integrating a number of dynamic processes over a relatively long time period - makes accurate prediction difficult. Temporal and spatial variability in growth, biomass production and loss, population structure and density might preclude reliable extrapolation of empirical yield values to populations at other sites or times. To determine the magnitude of short-term temporal variability and better to define relationships between kelp growth, biomass production and yield, we held a population of adult M. pyrifera under partially controlled conditions. Nutrient supply, plant density, and holdfast depth were controlled. Irradiance and temperature were not controlled but were monitored continuously. Growth and population parameters were measured over relatively short intervals. Harvestable yield was determined empirically for the entire study period.
The relationship between personality impression formation and sex: An application of information integration theory

Ss were asked, for each of 200 adjectives, to rate the likability of a “woman your age” (Group W), a “man your age” (Group M), a “person your age” (Group P), or a “child” (Group C). There were 32 men and 32 women in each group. The ratings of Groups W and M were more polarized for Ss rating the opposite sex than for Ss rating their own sex. In other words, when positive adjectives were ascribed, women Ss rated men as more likable than women and men Ss rated women as more likable than men, while, when negative adjectives were ascribed, the opposite sex was rated as more unlikable. The results are considered in the context of information integration theory, employing a weighted average model of personality impression formation.’
Synthesis of germanium nanocubes by a low-temperature inverse micelle solvothermal technique.

We present a low-temperature inverse micelle solvothermal approach for the synthesis of germanium nanocubes using the surfactant heptaethylene glycol monododecyl ether as a capping agent. X-ray diffraction results indicate that the as-prepared nanocubes are diamond-type pure germanium. Transmission electron microscopy observations show that the as-prepared germanium nanocubes have an edge length of 100 ± 20 nm, highly crystallized.
On Noise Control in Turbomachinery Using an Automated Multidisciplinary Design Optimization System

In this work, we review our recent efforts to develop and apply an expanding database of aerodynamic and aeroacoustic prediction technologies for exploring new conceptual designs of propulsion system turbomachinery components optimized for high-efficiency performance with minimum noise radiation. In this context, we first discuss construction of our automated, distributed, industry-like multi-disciplinary design optimization (MDO) environment used in all the studies. The system was developed on the basis of commercially available optimization modules, and involves a user-friendly interface that provides an easy link to user-supplied response analysis modules. We address various issues in the automated optimization procedure with focus on turbomachinery design, including proper geometry parameterization, algorithms selection, and transparent interconnections between different elements of the optimization process. In a benchmark study testing the performance of the system in application to aero/acoustic optimization, we consider a problem of optimal blade design to minimize fan noise, a dominant source of sound radiation both in high-speed fan applications (such as high-bypass-ratio turbofans, propellers of turboprop and IC engines in general aviation, and helicopter rotors) and low-speed ones (including applications in automotive, computer, air-conditioning and other industries). Two approaches are investigated, with the first relying on commercial CFD software coupled with an unstructured mesh generator, and the second employing a panel-based aerodynamic code integrated with an integral acoustic solver. Success of various optimization algorithms (including gradient-based and evolutionary) in finding global minima of the objective function for a noise metric in both unconstrained and constrained optimization processes is examined.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Laser-Assisted Machining of Magnesia-Partially-Stabilized Zirconia

Laser-assisted machining (LAM) of magnesia-partially-stabilized zirconia (PSZ) is investigated to determine the effect of heating on machinability, as determined by tool wear, cutting energy, surface integrity, and material removal mechanisms. It is found that PSZ can be successfully machined with a polycrystalline cubic boron nitride tool and that tool life increases with material removal temperature up to a maximum of 121 minutes. The benefit of laser-assistance in material removal is also demonstrated by the 2.5 fold decrease in the specific cutting energy with increased temperature. It is shown surface roughness varies significantly with tool wear with little dependence on cutting temperature unlike in LAM of other ceramics. Evidence of mixed brittle and ductile material removal mechanisms is presented, and the optimum condition within the test matrix is established.
The Leftouts: Disadvantaged Children In Heterogeneous Schools by Sandra A. Warden. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1968. 208 pp. $3.95

(1970). The Leftouts: Disadvantaged Children In Heterogeneous Schools by Sandra A. Warden. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1968. 208 pp. $3.95. The Educational Forum: Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 283-285.
Behavior of an aerosol cloud in a plastic chamber

Abstract A series of preliminary experiments were performed to determine the effects on life of an aerosol cloud in a plastic chamber when the walls of the chamber were either coated with an antistatic agent or left untouched. Measurements were made of the concentration in six particle-size ranges from 1 to 8 μ as a function of time for 10 min. It was concluded that the wall-loss constant for the uncoated chamber changes more rapidly at the beginning of the experiment than later as a result of changes in the electric-charge distribution on the surface of the uncoated plastic. Experimenters utilizing plastic chambers for aerosol study are cautioned with regard to the possibility of error due to random charge distribution on the surface of the plastic.
Evidence review of technology and dietary assessment

Significance: Diets high in fruit and vegetable consumption are associated with a decrease in chronic diseases. Dietary factors are linked to 4 of the 10 leading noncommunicable causes of death: cardiovascular disease, some cancers, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. Accurately measuring dietary patterns has many challenges. Dietary intake measurement has traditionally relied on self-report instruments such as 24-hour recall, food record, and food frequency questionnaires to record consumption history. These methods have inherent limitations in detecting small but important changes in fruit and vegetable consumption patterns. Promising advances in technology have made more sophisticated techniques for recording dietary intake possible. Computers and Web-based programs, handheld personal digital assistants with cameras and telephone cards, smart phones, cameras, and video recorders options may reduce the burden of recording what has been consumed. Furthermore, technology-based methods of dietary assessment may provide a higher degree of reliability and validity in visually determining fruit and vegetable consumption, and additional study is warranted. Purpose: The purpose of this article is to present a review of the evidence on the effectiveness of technology-based methods for dietary assessment, which included fruit and vegetable consumption. Approach: One hundred and eighty-seven articles published between 1998 and 2008 were initially identified. Fifteen met the study inclusion criteria and were evaluated by an interdisciplinary team using the Stetler Strength of Evidence Scale. Results: Six technology-based methods for dietary assessment were identified. Findings from validity and reliability testing of technology-based methods are encouraging and need replication. Clinically important features offered through technology may reduce reporting burden and offer behavioral feedback to users. Methodologically sound, empirical research into using technology-based application for dietary assessment in a variety of populations of sufficient size is needed.
A Measure of the Efficiency of Alternating and Direct Current Fish Shockers

Abstract Two shockers, one powered with a 500-watt, 110-volt, 60-cycle alternating current generator, the other with a 2,500-watt, 230-volt, direct current unit, were compared in two blocked-off sections of Spring Brook, Kalamazoo County, Michigan. An indication of the efficiency of the D.C. unit in recovering marked fish from extremely turbid water was obtained in an unblocked section of Wilder Creek, Calhoun County, Michigan, where the use of the A. C. machine was impracticable. In one Spring Brook section, the fish were shocked, marked, and recovered first with the A. C. unit and then with the D. C. The procedure on the other section was similar except that D. C. was used first. In the swifter section, recoveries of individual species varied from 0.0 to 100.0 percent with both shockers. Of the total marked fish present, 44.8 percent were recovered with D. C., 28.8 percent with A. C. In the other section, the recoveries by species varied from 9.1 to 66.7 percent. Here, 41.2 percent of all marked fish pr...
Dysplasia complicating chronic ulcerative colitis: is immediate colectomy warranted?

PURPOSE: Inflammatory bowel disease surveillance strategies are designed to identify patients at greater than average risk for the development of invasive colonic carcinoma. Colonoscopic detection of mucosal dysplasia is considered the best available surveillance tool. However, the usefulness of dysplasia as a marker for cancer is uncertain. Furthermore, when dysplasia is found some suggest immediate colectomy, whereas others opt for continued surveillance. The aim of this study is to determine whether an association between dysplasia grade and cancer exists in patients with chronic ulcerative colitis, to ascertain the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of dysplasia as a cancer marker, and to clarify what action to take once dysplasia is discovered. METHODS: The pathology reports of 590 patients who underwent total proctocolectomy or restorative proctocolectomy for chronic ulcerative colitis were reviewed for dysplasia, grade of dysplasia, presence of carcinoma, and tumor stage. One hundred sixty of these patients had undergone colonoscopic examination within the year before surgery. Findings from these studies were also reviewed. RESULTS: Seventy-seven specimens (13.1 percent) contained at least one focus of dysplasia. Invasive cancers were found in 38 specimens (6.4 percent). Cancers were significantly more common among specimens with dysplastic changes (33/77vs. 5/513;P<0.001). Specimens with dysplasia of any grade were 36 times more likely to harbor invasive carcinoma. Stage III disease was found in association with indefinite or low-grade dysplasia in 5 of 26 (19.2 percent) of cases. Tumor stage did not correlate with dysplasia grade. Preoperative colonoscopy identified neoplastic changes in 57 (69.5 percent) cases. Dysplasia, cancer or both were missed in 25 cases. Lesions were correctly identified in only 31 (39.7 percent) of cases. Colonoscopically diagnosed dysplasia as a marker for synchronous cancer had a sensitivity of 81 percent and a specificity of 79 percent. The positive predictive value of a finding of preoperative dysplasia of any grade was 50 percent. The positive predictive value of a finding of low-grade dysplasia was 70 percent. CONCLUSIONS: Dysplasia is an unreliable marker for the detection of synchronous carcinoma. However, when dysplasia of any grade is discovered at colonoscopy, the probability of a coexistent carcinoma is relatively high. Colonoscopic evidence of low-grade dysplasia has a higher positive predictive value than either dysplasia associated mass or lesion or high-grade dysplasia. Dysplasia grade does not predict tumor stage. Because advanced cancer can be found in association with dysplastic changes of any grade, confirmed dysplasia of any grade is an indication for colectomy.