cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The dog programming language

Today, most popular software applications are deployed in the cloud, interact with many users, and run on multiple platforms from Web browsers to mobile operating systems. While these applications confer a number of benefits to their users, building them brings many challenges: manually managing state between asynchronous user actions, creating and maintaining separate code bases for each desired client platform and gracefully scaling to handle a large number of concurrent users. Dog is a new programming language that provides a solution to these challenges and others through a unique runtime model that allows developers to model scalable cross-client applications as an imperative control-flow --- simplifying many development tasks. In this paper we describe the key features of Dog and show its utility through several applications that are difficult and time-consuming to write in existing languages, but are simple and easily written in Dog in a few lines of code.
Do comets have chondrules and CAIs? Evidence from the Leonid meteors

Chondrules, silicate spheres typically 0.1 to 1 mm in diameter, are the most abundant constituents in the most common meteorites falling on Earth, the ordinary chondrites. In addition, many primitive meteorites have calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs). The question of whether comets have chondrules or CAIs is relevant to understanding what the interior of a comet is like and what a cometary meteorite might be like. In addition, one prominent model for forming chondrules and CAIs, the X-wind model, predicts their presence in comets, while most other models do not. At present, the best way to search for chondrules and CAIs in comets is through meteor showers derived from comets, in particular, the Leonid meteor shower. Evidence potentially could be found in the overall mass distribution of the shower, in chemical analyses of meteors, or in light curves. There is no evidence for a chondrule abundance in the Leonid meteors similar to that found in chondritic meteorites. There is intriguing evidence for chondrule- or CAI-sized objects in a small fraction of the light curves, but further work is required to generate a definitive test.
Equipoise trumps randomization

Ensuring the adequacy of informed consent is a cornerstone of human subjects' protection in clinical research. A reasonable axiom regarding what must be disclosed and what ought to be understood re...
British Liberals and Irish Land: The Late Victorian Transformation

(1983). British Liberals and Irish Land: The Late Victorian Transformation. The Historian: Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 167-185.
Influence of Porosity and Two-Phase Flow on Diffusional/Thermal Instability of a Deflagrating Energetic Material

ABSTRACT The combustion of condensed materials is known to admit diffusional/thermal instabilities that can lead to various oscillatory modes of burning. In the present work, asymptotic analyses are developed for nonsteady multiphase deflagration of porous energetic solids, such as degraded nitramine propellants, that experience significant gas flow in the solid preheat region and are characterized by the presence of exothermic reactions in a bubbling melt layer at their surfaces. Relative motion between the gas and condensed phases is taken into account in both regions, and the derived asymptotic model is analyzed to obtain an explicit solution for steady, planar deflagration and a dispersion relation describing its linear stability. The latter determines a pulsating neutral stability boundary in the nondimensional activation energy-disturbance wavenumber plane beyond which nonsteady. nonplanar solutions are anticipated. Focusing on the realistic limit of small ratios of gas-phase to condensed-phase dens...
Ultrastructural study of corpora amylacea in human thyroid gland.

Summary Large cytoplasmic inclusions, corpora amylacea, were found in the follicle epithelial cells of a thyroid with medullary carcinoma. They were varied in size from 1.5 to 10 μm in dimension and the shapes were from fusiform to irregularly formed. Fine fibrils 8 to 23 nm in diameter were randomly arranged within the inclusions. The findings from our work and experience of others suggest that the inclusion bodies may be nonspecific or that an accumulation of abnormal cellular inclusions could be caused by various illness.
Capturing the daylight dividend in buildings: why and how?

Abstract This article reviews the literature on daylighting, the design of buildings to use light from the Sun. Daylighting supports human health and activities and reduces energy demand. Current research suggests health, productivity, and economic benefits from daylighting. Good daylighting techniques include configuring buildings properly, elongating buildings along an east–west axis, locating critical visual tasks near the building's perimeter, bringing the light in high, admitting daylight from more than one side of a space, controlling direct sunlight, using light-colored interior surfaces, and locating workstations and computer screens perpendicular to windows.
Pigmented squamous cell carcinoma in situ of the conjunctiva in 5 cases.

Purpose To describe 5 patients with pigmented conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma in situ. Design Retrospective noncomparative case series. Participants Five patients. Methods Clinical and histopathologic features were reviewed. Main Outcome Measures Relationship of clinical and histopathologic features to carcinoma pigmentation. Results All 5 patients were male. Two were Hispanic, 2 were Caucasian, and 1 was Asian Indian. Localized racial melanosis was evident in 3 cases and no case showed diffuse racial melanosis. The tumor showed leukoplakia (n = 1) and was at the temporal limbus (n = 4) or nasal limbus (n = 1). The mean tumor basal dimension was 9.2 mm and mean thickness was 3.2 mm. Brown pigment was present deep within the tumor in all 5 cases, involving 50% to 90% of the mass. In each case, pigmented squamous cell carcinoma was suspected; melanoma was a second possibility. Histopathology revealed in situ squamous cell carcinoma (conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia) with pigmented dendritic melanocytes in all 5 cases. Pigment was also found within neoplastic cells (n = 2). After surgical resection, there was no recurrence over mean follow-up of 23 months. Conclusions Squamous cell carcinoma in situ can manifest as a pigmented tumor, resembling melanoma, in both Caucasians and non-Caucasians, primarily due to intratumoral pigmented dendritic melanocytes. Financial Disclosure(s) The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Numerical Modeling of Helical Static Mixers for Water Treatment

To improve the understanding of how static mixers work and how to better utilize them in environmental engineering (or, specifically, drinking water treatment), a numerical model for simulating turbulent flows in helical static mixers is developed. The model solves the three-dimensional, Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations, closed with the k-ω turbulence model, using a second-order-accurate finite-volume numerical method. Numerical simulations are carried out for a two-element helical static mixer, and the computed results are analyzed to elucidate the complex, three-dimensional features of the flow. The results show that the flow field within the mixer is characterized by the presence of pockets of reversed flow and the growth and interaction of strong longitudinal vortices. As an example of the kind of practical insights that can be gained from such detailed three-dimensional computations, the simulated flow field is used to investigate two quantities that are often used to characterize mixing wit...
The relative value of trajectory prediction and conflict-resolution algorithms

In the future, air traffic controllers will most likely come to rely on decision-support tools and increased levels of automation to help manage and separate aircraft. Conflict-detection and conflict-resolution are examples of two key areas where increased automation and improved accuracy are considered imperatives to the future efficiency of airspace systems. The inclusion of decision-support tools for conflict-detection and resolution is expected to reduce controller workload by decreasing the mental stress associated with identifying potential conflicts and maintaining aircraft separation. Despite the benefits of such systems, there has been limited study into the relative importance of improved conflict-detection tools as compared to the introduction of conflict-resolution algorithms for decision-support in order to manage the taskload associated with conflict-resolution. Taking aim at such an analysis, our goal is to understand how efforts into improved conflict-detection and conflict-resolution tools should be appropriated as part of a future research portfolio.
Localization and size effects in single-crystal Au films.

We show that localization effects can be significantly enhanced in the presence of quantum size effects. We have made measurements on single-crystal gold films of thicknesses less than 10 nm. An enhanced logarithmic temperature dependence of the resistance and a negative magnetoresistance provide qualitative support for this model.
Time-dependent origin-destination demand estimation: Challenges and methods for large-scale networks with multiple vehicle classes

This paper proposes a modified bi-level optimization algorithm to estimate the time-dependent origin-destination trip matrices for large-scale networks with multiple vehicle classes. Methodologies are presented to overcome the challenges caused by the scale of the problem. The upper-level problem, a bound-constrained quadratic problem, had many variables and parameters for a network with around 68,000 links, 28,000 nodes, and 3,700 zones. Techniques to reduce the number of variables and parameters are described in this study, along with an approach to reduce the time and memory requirement of the lower-level problem. Furthermore, the basic approach, which had been applied only to a single vehicle class, was extended and adapted in this study to estimate matrices for single-occupancy and high-occupancy vehicles jointly. Two solution packages, MINOS and KNITRO, were tested for the upper-level problem. The solution package KNITRO was run with an option to use an interior point-conjugate gradient algorithm, w...
Dimensional accuracy of an epoxy resin die material using two setting methods.

Abstract Statement of problem. Resinous die materials have several important advantages including strength, abrasion resistance, and detail reproduction. Despite these advantages, the shrinkage of resinous die materials during polymerization has limited their widespread acceptance. Purpose. This study determined whether a retarded setting reaction could improve the accuracy of an epoxy resin die system, and compared the accuracy of this epoxy resin system with gypsum-based die materials. Material and methods. Four groups were compared: an epoxy resin manipulated according to manufacturer's instructions (Ivoclar, Schaan, Liechtenstein); the same epoxy resin manipulated to undergo a retarded set; a high-strength high-expansion gypsum (Die Keen); and a resin-filled gypsum (Resin Rock). Ten dies were fabricated for each material from a master metal model using conventional prosthodontic laboratory techniques. The mean of 3 independent measurements recorded using a toolmaker's microscope and digital positioners was used to describe each die. Results. One-way ANOVA revealed that significant differences existed among the materials ( P P Conclusion. Retarding the setting reaction of an epoxy resin die material improved its accuracy. Of the materials tested, retarded set epoxy dies had the least mean dimensional change from the metal master. Epoxy resin die materials had a net shrinkage, but the gypsum-based materials had a net expansion. The epoxy resin materials exhibited more variability than the gypsum-based materials. (J Prosthet Dent 2000;83:301-5.)
Van der Waals density functional: an appropriate exchange functional

In this Rapid Communication, an exchange functional which is compatible with the nonlocal Rutgers-Chalmers correlation functional [van der Waals density functional (vdW-DF)] is presented. This functional, when employed with vdW-DF, demonstrates remarkable improvements on intermolecular separation distances while further improving the accuracy of vdW-DF interaction energies. The key to the success of this three-parameter functional is its reduction in short-range exchange repulsion through matching to the gradient expansion approximation in the slowly varying/high-density limit while recovering the large reduced gradient, $s$, limit set in the revised Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (revPBE) exchange functional. This augmented exchange functional could be a solution to long-standing issues of vdW-DF lending to further applicability of density-functional theory to the study of relatively large, dispersion bound (van der Waals) complexes.
Optics and the Theory of Stochastic Processes

The study of the wave phenomena of physical optics and of quantum mechanics must take into account the fact that experimental instruments operate linearly on the field quantities, while all measured values depend only on their mean squares. The latter circumstance necessitates a statistical approach to these theories. Certain questions must be re-examined in the light of this fact. We analyze the most important of these, namely that of the limitations causality (the directedness of time in physical phenomena) imposes on the nature of the transformations an optical instrument can perform on the light admitted to it.
Data Simulation with an On-Line Computer as a Diagnostic and Analytical Tool

A hybrid approach has been adopted in the use of an on-line computer in setting up and analyzing nuclear physics experiments. In addition to the usually cited advantage of online flexibility and the ability to do off-line calculations, the general purpose computer can simulate data by presenting the results of offline calculations to the experimenter in a format identical to that used for data display. As compared with off-line calculations at a computer center with subsequent hand or machine plotting, the use of the built-in display hardware provides a more convenient comparison of theory with experiment, as well as greater ease and speed. The advantages of on-line data transformation are preserved without accompanying limitations on the rate of data taking. The data from the experiment consisted of energy correlations in two-particle coincidence experiments. The loci of points in energy-energy space fulfilling energy and momentum conservation were calculated, displayed, and photographed before each experimental run. Interpretation of the experimental data was assisted by modulation of the loci (i. e., of the number of counts per channel) according to the predictions of various models.
Acquisition of Route Network Knowledge by Males and Females

Abstract Male and female subjects were tested for spatial ability and were shown slides depicting pairs of intersecting suburban routes. They saw each route either one or three times. Pairs of test slides were then presented, and measures were taken of the judged angle and direct distance between the two scenes as well as of the time taken to make the judgment. In addition, subjects made judgments of the travel distances and placed target locations on a sketch map of the route network. The crucial comparison was between those judgments made across routes and those made within routes. Because these did not differ, it appeared that network knowledge had been acquired during original learning. Males were more accurate than females in angular judgment and in travel distance estimation. Further analysis of the angular estimates, using circular statistics, illustrated a tendency for females to underestimate the wider angles. The correlations between the various measures of spatial ability were low, suggesting t...
Robot hand-eye coordination based on stereo vision

This article describes the theory and implementation of a system that positions a robot manipulator using visual information from two cameras. The system simultaneously tracks the robot end-effector and visual features used to define goal positions. An error signal based on the visual distance between the end-effector and the target is defined, and a control law that moves the robot to drive this error to zero is derived. The control law has been integrated into a system that performs tracking and stereo control on a single processor with no special-purpose hardware at real-time rates. Experiments with the system have shown that the controller is so robust to calibration error that the cameras can be moved several centimeters and rotated several degrees while the system is running with no adverse effects. >
Likelilood ratio gradient estimation: an overview

The likelihood ratio method for gradient estimation is briefly surveyed. Two applications settings are described, namely Monte Carlo optimization and statistical analysis of complex stochastic systems. Steady-state gradient estimation is emphasized, and both regenerative and non-regenerative approaches are given. The paper also indicates how these methods apply to general discrete-event simulations; the idea is to view such systems as general state space Markov chains.
Triple-transgenic Alzheimer's disease mice exhibit region-specific abnormalities in brain myelination patterns prior to appearance of amyloid and tau pathology.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressively debilitating brain disorder pathologically defined by extracellular amyloid plaques, intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles, and synaptic disintegrity. AD has not been widely considered a disease of white matter, but more recent evidence suggests the existence of abnormalities in myelination patterns and myelin attrition in AD-afflicted human brains. Herein, we demonstrate that triple-transgenic AD (3xTg-AD) mice, which harbor the human amyloid precursor protein Swedish mutant transgene, presenilin knock-in mutation, and tau P301L mutant transgene, exhibit significant region-specific alterations in myelination patterns and in oligodendrocyte marker expression profiles at time points preceding the appearance of amyloid and tau pathology. These immunohistochemical signatures are coincident with age-related alterations in axonal and myelin sheath ultrastructure as visualized by comparative electron microscopic examination of 3xTg-AD and non-transgenic mouse brain tissue. Overall, these findings indicate 3xTg-AD mice represent a viable model in which to examine mechanisms underlying AD-related myelination and neural transmission defects that occur early during pre-symptomatic stages of the disease process.
Neuroimaging in hepatic encephalopathy

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a poorly defined, complex neuropsychological disorder that often accompanies portal hypertension. Although the mechanisms underlining HE and the characterization of HE are still under investigation, the information derived from functional neuroimaging of patients with HE complemented by laboratory investigation and neuropsychological and neurophysiological studies have clarified much of the neuroanatomical defects. In this review, we have provided an outline of the understood mechanisms of HE and the associated findings on neuroimaging.
Augmentation of cytotoxicity using combinations of interferons (types I and II), tumor necrosis factor-α, and tamoxifen in MCF-7 cells

The cytotoxic effect of a combination of interferons (type I and II) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), with an antiestrogenic drug, tamoxifen (TAM), was investigated in the estrogen receptor positive human breast carcinoma cell line, MCF-7. Cytotoxicity was measured by the MTT assay. In an attempt to define the molecular basis for the interaction between the interferons (IFNs) and TNF or any one of the cytokines with TAM, the induction characteristics of a number of IFN-induced mRNAs in response to IFNs, TNF, and TAM were studied. We observed an augmentation of the cytotoxic effect of TNF when it was combined with TAM. There appears to be an overlap in signalling mechanisms of IFNs and TNF as two of the IFN-inducible genes, 1-8 and 6-16 are also induced by TNF. mRNA 1-8 was induced by both IFN-alpha (type I) and IFN-gamma (type II). We conclude that TNF potentiates the cytotoxic effects of TAM in MCF-7 cells and that the three cytokines IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, and TNF share some pathways that lead to specific induction of some cytokine responsive genes.
Measurement of Soil Resilient Properties Using Noncontacting Proximity Sensors

The utility of noncontacting proximity sensors for the measurement of small strains in resilient modulus tests is evaluated. The proximity sensor measurements of resilient modulus were compared with those obtained from linear variable differential transformers. The important issue of granular soil sample preparation and its effect on the magnitude of resilient modulus was evaluated. Two methods were proposed to facilitate sample preparation and to provide good contact between the soil and the loading platen. The effect of conditioning sequence on sample integrity was also investigated for the two proposed methods of compaction. In addition to the experimental program, a number of constitutive models, used for prediction of resilient modulus of granular soils, were examined; and model predictions were compared with the test data.
Integrating mind and body: Graduate psychology education in primary behavioral health care

Extensive research supports the biopsychosocial model, but the current health care system generally operates according to a model of mind-body dualism. Integrated primary behavioral health care offers an alternative to this dualism. This paper describes the University of Louisville Graduate Psychology Education (GPE) program, a pre-doctoral integrated primary behavioral health care training program. This program emphasizes four shared psychosocial determinants that have been associated with physical health status: Victimization and potentially traumatic stress exposure, emotional functioning, social relationship functioning, and illness representations. It does so within the broader context of providing care for individuals who are underserved and economically disadvantaged. The initial phase of the program is evaluated and implications for graduate psychology education and patient care are discussed.
Interlaboratory comparison of InGaAsP ex situ characterization

Abstract The accuracy of ex situ characterization of InGaAsP materials for optoelectronics has been assessed by circulating a single specimen set among different laboratories. Six InGaAsP thin film specimens, with nominal photoluminescence (PL) peak wavelengths of 1.1, 1.3 and 1.5 μm, were measured with X-ray diffraction and PL. X-ray measurement reproducibility appears to be dominated by specimen nonuniformity. The distributions of the X-ray rocking-curve peak separations measured by the different laboratories had standard deviations from 1 to 11 arcsec, depending on the specimen, while the lateral variations across specimens were between 9 and 150 arcsec. In contrast, the variation among PL measurements was larger than the variation within individual samples. Consistent relative offsets between instruments were observed, but these had no apparent correlation with factors such as pump wavelength, wavelength calibration, sample temperature, pump power density, and peak identification. Analysis of the raw PL data with identical methods revealed that the variations are intrinsic to the data, not artifacts of the methods used to extract a characteristic energy from the PL spectra.
Enhanced detection of glycoproteins in polyacrylamide gels.

Abstract A highly sensitive and simple method to enhance detection of glycoproteins resolved by either one- or two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is described. The method is a modification of the procedure described by D. Fargeaud et al. ( D. Fargeaud, J. C. Benoit, F. Kato, and G. Chappuis (1984) Arch. Virol.80, 69–82 ) that uses concanavalin A conjugated with fluorescein isothyocyanate to detect the carbohydrate moiety of glycoproteins. Briefly, the electrophoresed gel is exposed to the fluorescent lectin, thoroughly washed, and sequentially transferred to 50% methanol in deionized water and to absolute methanol. The result is an abrupt dehydration of the gel which turns evenly white and stiff. At least a twofold enhancement of fluorescence is obtained as detected by exposing the treated gel to an appropiate uv source. The sensitivity of the procedure allows us to detect purified immunoglobulin molecules by their carbohydrate content in the range of 0.2 μg of total protein. The specificity of the detection is demonstrated by a comparison with the corresponding polypeptide profile obtained by silver nitrate staining of the gel.
Elevation of ceramide in serum lipoproteins during acute phase response in humans and mice: role of serine–palmitoyl transferase

Recent studies have indicated that ceramide generated in the liver is secreted into the bloodstream as component of very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL). This manuscript investigates the effect of host acute phase response to inflammation on lipoprotein ceramide levels. In humans, two different patterns of responses were found. One group of volunteers experienced transient increases in serum ceramide at 1.5h after LPS administration. Second group showed prolonged increases that reached up to 10-fold above the basal level and continued for up to 24h. Increases in ceramide were found only in VLDL and LDL particles. LPS administration induced similar increases in mice. These increases were accompanied by activation of secreted sphingomyelinase in serum and serine-palmitoyl transferase in liver. ASMase knockout mice retained LPS-induced increases in serum ceramide, thus suggesting that the elevation of VLDL and LDL ceramide content is attributed at least in part to activation of de novo synthesis of ceramide in the liver.
SHELLED ACTIVATION DETECTORS FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF NEUTRON SPECTRA ESPECIALLY AT KILOVOLT ENERGIES.

Abstract A “shelled activation detector (SAD)” is a neutron measuring instrument consisting of a small, spherical, cadmium-covered resonance-absorbing core surrounded by a concentric thick shell of polyethylene and, in some cases, by an outer layer of boron. The rate at which the core absorbs neutrons is determined later from its induced radioactivity. How a measurement by any spherically symmetric detector is related to the scalar flux that would have been at its center if it were absent is derived for an arbitrarily anisotropic angular flux. The absorption rate, as a function of the energy of neutrons entering the SAD, has a single maximum at an energy that depends on the dimensions of the SAD regions. Such response functions, obtained from the “adjoint flux” calculated by the one-dimensional, multigroup, transport code ANISN, were used to design a set of SAD's for the kilovolt energy range. Some experiments with nearly mono-energetic photoneutrons were compared with the calculations.
Fatty Acid Binding Protein-4 is expressed in the mouse placental labyrinth, yet is dispensable for placental triglyceride accumulation and fetal growth

Introduction Fatty Acid Binding Protein-4 (FABP4) is a member of a family of FABP proteins that regulate intracellular lipid trafficking in diverse tissues. We recently showed that FABP4 regulates triglyceride accumulation in primary human trophoblasts. To assess the function of placental FABP4 in vivo, we tested the hypothesis that FABP4 is expressed in the murine placenta, and regulates placenta triglyceride accumulation.
Induction of 6-thioguanine resistance in human cells treated with N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene

Induction of 6-thioguanine resistance was studied in human cells treated with the direct-acting chemical carcinogen N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (NA-AAF). At low concentrations (2.5–7.5 μM) induction of resistant clones was linear and followed one-hit kinetics, while at 10 μM the yield of resistant clones was higher and appeared to result from the combination of one-hit and two-hit kinetics. A study of about 50 resistant clones revealed that most had reduced levels of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) activity (25–85% of controls) and were able to use exogenous hypoxanthine for growth (“Type II mutants,” deMars, 1974); a few had very low HGPRT activity (1–8% of controls) and were unable to use exogenous hypoxanthine (“Type I mutants”). Use of [914-C]NA-AAF allowed us to examine the frequency of induction of thioguanine resistance as a function of binding to DNA (μmole AAF/mole DNA-P). Calculations from these data suggest that most “hits” on the HGPRT locus do not result in detectable mutations: At three different levels of binding and induced mutation frequency, the yield was 2.5–3 detectable mutants/10 000 molecules of acetylaminofluorene bound to the HGPRT locus. These data suggest that most bound acetylaminofluorene molecules either produce no change in the primary sequence of DNA (possibly as a result of repair or correct “read through” by the DNA polymerase) or result in changes which are phenotypically undetectable.
Faunal Evidence of Miocene-to-Recent Paleoclimatology in Antarctic: ABSTRACT

Two independent lines of faunal evidence indicate intermittent if not continuous polar ice in Antarctica from Pliocene or latest Miocene to Recent, an interval of about 11 million years. First, the area of subarctic and Antarctic planktonic Foraminifera extended far into the temperate regions during the Pleistocene; changes of almost equal magnitude are now recorded for the middle Pliocene and the latest Miocene. Second, evaluation of data from deep-sea cores in the southern Indian Ocean and the Antarctic shows dominant Antarctic cold-water radiolarians spanning the interval from latest Miocene to Recent. These data are in agreement with the isotope data by Emiliani that abyssal waters of the Pacific Ocean were reduced to about 2°C. during the Pliocene, as conditione by low surface temperatures in polar seas. Also, studies in Antarctica by Rutford, Craddock, and Bastien show possible tillites below volcanic rocks that have been dated radiometrically to be approximately latest Miocene or earliest Pliocene. It is proposed that the upper limit of the Miocene in Antarctic deep-sea cores corresponds approximately End_Page 643------------------------------ to the upper limit of Prunopyle titan, a cosmopolitan radiolarian that is an index to the later Miocene of California. It is further proposed that in the Antarctic the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary is located approximately at the upper boundary of Saturnulus planetes, a level which is just below the extinction level of discoasters. Marked telescoping of faunal zones indicates significant gaps in the depositional record of some Antartic deep-sea cores, probably caused by slumping or non-deposition of sediments at different times. A transition from red clay to diatomaceous sediments occurred within the Pliocene Epoch. End_of_Article - Last_Page 644------------
Effects of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Culture on In Vitro Mixed Ruminal Microorganism Fermentation

Previous research has shown that Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture increases lactate utilization and cellulose digestion by pure cultures of ruminal bacteria. Based on these pure culture results, in vitro mixed ruminal microorganism fermentations were conducted to determine the effects of 0.35 and 0.73 g/L of Sacc. cerevisiae culture on the fermentation of ground corn, maltose, alfalfa hay, bermudagrass hay, and lactate. In addition, experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of Sacc. cerevisiae culture and monensin on the mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation. In the presence of ground corn, both concentrations of Sacc. cerevisiae culture had little effect on final pH or fermentation products, except the 0.35 g/L treatment increased valerate concentration. Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture had little effect on final pH or fermentation products in maltose or lactate fermentations. When alfalfa hay was the substrate, 0.73 g/L of Sacc. cerevisiae culture increased propionate concentration and both treatments decreased the acetate to propionate ratio. In the case of Coastal bermudagrass hay, 0.73 g/L Sacc. cerevisiae culture increased concentrations of acetate, propionate, CH4, butyrate, isovalerate, valerate, and decreased the acetate to propionate ratio, whereas both treatments increased total volatile fatty acid concentrations. Similar to alfalfa hay, in vitro dry matter disappearance of Coastal bermudagrass hay was numerically increased in the presence of Sacc. cerevisiae culture. Monensin altered the fermentation by decreasing concentrations of CH4 and lactate and increasing concentrations of propionate. There was no interaction between Sacc. cerevisiae culture and monensin. In conclusion, the incorporation of Sacc. cerevisiae culture into mixed ruminal microorganism fermentations of ground corn, maltose, or lactate had little effect on final pH and fermentation products. However, in the presence of alfalfa hay or Coastal bermudagrass hay Sacc. cerevisiae culture increased concentrations of several fermentation products and numerically increased in vitro dry matter disappearance of forage fiber.
Numerical Simulation of Flow Past a Tapered Cylinder

The unsteady three-dimensional low Reynolds number flow past a tapered cylinder is computed. The spanwise variation in natural shedding frequency results in interesting three-dimensional flow phenomena. The computed hot-wire and spectral data are very similar to experimental results. The computation was done on the Connection Machine, a massively parallel computer; highlights of the capabilities of the Connection Machine for computation and visualization of three-dimensional unsteady flow fields are shown.
Design considerations for the TF coil center conductor post for the Ignition Spherical Torus (IST)

A trade-off study has been carried out to compare the differential costs of using high-strength alloy copper versus oxygen-free, high-conductivity (OFHC) copper for the center legs of the toroidal field (TF) coils of an Ignition Spherical Torus (IST). The electrical heating, temperatures, stresses, cooling requirements, material costs, pump costs, and power to drive the TF coils and pumps are all assessed for both materials for a range of compact tokamak reactors. The alloy copper material is found to result in a more compact reactor and to allow use of current densities of up to 170 MA/mS versus 40 MA/mS for the OFHC copper. The OFHC conductor system with high current density is $24 million less expensive than more conventional copper systems with 30 MA/mS. The alloy copper system costs $32 million less than conventional systems. Therefore, the alloy system offers a net savings of $8 million compared to the 50% cold-worked OFHC copper system. Although the savings are a significant fraction of the center conductor post cost, they are relatively insignificant in terms of the total device cost. It is concluded that the use of alloy copper contributes very little to the economic or technical viability of the compact IST.more » It is recommended that a similar systematic approach be applied to evaluating coil material and current density trade-offs for other compact copper-TF-coil tokamak designs. 9 refs., 13 figs., 13 tabs.« less
Predicting tensile stretchability of trimmed AA6111-T4 sheets

An integrated manufacturing process simulation framework has been developed to predict the trimmed edge tensile stretchability of AA6111-T4 sheets by incorporating the burr geometry, damage, and plastic strain from trimming simulations into subsequent tensile stretchability simulations. The influence of the trimming die clearances on the predicted tensile stretching ductility (stretchability) is studied and quantitatively compared with experimental measurements. Stretchability is found to decrease with increasing cutting clearances, and simulation results have successfully captured experimentally observed edge crack initiation and failure mode variations for different trimming clearances. Subsequent computational sensitivity studies reveal that while deburring of previously trimmed edges has little influence on tensile stretchability, removal of trimmed edge initial plastic strain may significantly enhance the subsequent trimmed edge stretchability.
Ultrafast transient infrared absorption studies of M(CO)6 (M Cr, Mo or W) photoproducts in n-hexane solution

Abstract Following UV excitation, M(CO) 6 (MCr, Mo or W) species in solution lose one CO ligand, and a solvent molecule occupies the vacant site. These photochemical reactions are studied using a transient broadband IR absorption technique with 390 fs time resolution. The progress of these reactions, including loss of the M(CO) 6 reactant, appearance of a solvated M(CO) 5 ( n -hexane) product and vibrational energy distribution and relaxation of the product, is monitored through changes in infrared absorption by the CO ligands near 2000 cm −1 .
STAT3 and sphingosine-1-phosphate in inflammation-associated colorectal cancer

Accumulated evidences have demonstrated that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a critical link between inflammation and cancer. Multiple studies have indicated that persistent activation of STAT3 in epithelial/tumor cells in inflammation-associated colorectal cancer (CRC) is associated with sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor signaling. In inflammatory response whereby interleukin (IL)-6 production is abundant, STAT3-mediated pathways were found to promote the activation of sphingosine kinases (SphK1 and SphK2) leading to the production of S1P. Reciprocally, S1P encourages the activation of STAT3 through a positive autocrine-loop signaling. The crosstalk between IL-6, STAT3 and sphingolipid regulated pathways may play an essential role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression in inflamed intestines. Therapeutics targeting both STAT3 and sphingolipid are therefore likely to contribute novel and more effective therapeutic strategies against inflammation-associated CRC.
Saint-Gobain's All Ceramic SOFC Stack: Architecture and Performance

Saint-Gobain has developed a unique all ceramic SOFC stack with performance characteristics that make it an attractive solution to the cost and durability challenges of commercializing conventional SOFCs. Saint-Gobain's all ceramic stacks achieve power density higher than 200 mW/cm2 when operating at 825 °C and 0.75 V/cell. Power degradation is low at 0.2% per kilohour over more than 7,000 hours of testing. Ceramic interconnect stability is verified for >10,000 h using accelerated testing. Good performance under thermal cycling, power cycling and unplanned transients such as fuel or air loss has also been confirmed. With reliable R&D scale manufacturing and targeted testing platforms, Saint-Gobain has increased cell power density by 50% and decreased interconnect resistance by 40% between 2010 and 2012 with further improvements in development.
Hardware design style: The vital element

This is a tutorial in the application of digital integrated circuits to laboratory experimental design. For appropriate experiments, a hardware controller may be the most economical as well as the most enjoyable approach. By and large, the hardware profession has done a poor job of providing clear, straightforward principles of hardware design; therefore, the design process is often viewed as a “black art” accessible only to specialists. The computer software profession has begun to realize the vital need for systematic approaches to problem solving. We hope to contribute to a similar movement in the digital hardware design area.
Error Analysis of a Non-Contact Parallel Plane Sensor Based on Monte Carlo Method

In the project of testing platform, characteristics of the measured object are framework. In view of the difficulties of non-contact high-precision measurement of the planar motion objects, an innovative measuring method is proposed which is based on the combined using of high-precision laser distance sensors. This paper presents the structure of the new sensor and its measuring principle, and established a mathematical model of the measurement object and its error model by using differential method. We use the Monte Carlo method to random sample the random sampling of random variables of the error model; finally combining with the instance; we use the Monte Carlo method to get frequency distribution histogram of the measurement error. Through analysis and calculation of this paper, we prepare for theory for the practical application of this new type of sensor.
[Walking through a] ghost town: Cultural hauntologie in Mostar, Bosnia-Herzegovina or Mostar: A performance review

This essay reads Mostar, and Bosnia, as texts through the lenses of various cultural theorists and practitioners, including the voices and representations of people living in the area. These cultural readings attempt to put into play fragments of this site and, in so doing, haunt and are haunted by anecdotes of the everyday. The hauntings are, in turn, reconceived in an original performance piece, Letters or Where Does The Postman Go When All The Street Names Change? In Mostar, a city everywhere affected by its always recent past, social relations remain an ambivalent mix of defiance and compliance. The spectre of past meanings hangs over practices, simulations, and absences, and Mostar remains a ghost town, haunted by itself.
Color quantization aspects in stereopsis

A report on the effects of quantizing stereo pairs computed for stereopsis is presented. Two methods for quantization of color images -- the octree method, which is elegant and fast, and the MaxMin method, which was designed for pseudo-random dithering -- are compared. Their application to stereo pairs, which have been computed using true color (24 bit), can cause anomalies in the resulting stereo image such as loss of depth, contradictory features leading to binocular rivalry, image discontinuities, and loss of definition. Techniques for image sampling to decrease processing time and color lookup table construction to minimize the anomalies are also discussed. A solution for quantizing stereo animations is suggested.
The effects of forging and rolling on microstructure in O+BCC TiAlNb alloys

The effects of hot upset forging and hot pack rolling on microstructure of orthorhombic (O)+body-centered cubic (BCC) TiAlNb alloys was investigated. The starting materials were melted ingots of nominal compositions: Ti25Al25Nb(at.%), Ti23Al27Nb(at.%), and Ti12Al38Nb(at.%). Smaller cigar-shaped Ti25Al25Nb ingots were examined to understand the effect of rolling preheat treatment on microstructure. It was found that super-transus preheat treatment results in large prior BCC grains and surface edge cracking. For larger castings, forging and rolling procedures were carried out after heating the materials between 932–1000°C. These temperatures were below the BCC-transus temperature for Ti23Al27Nb and Ti25Al25Nb and above the transus for Ti12Al38Nb. This resulted in a significantly larger grain size for the as-processed Ti12Al38Nb compared with the other two alloys. The Ti25Al25Nb alloy required the greatest forging and rolling loads, while the fully-BCC Ti12Al38Nb alloy exhibited the best workability and required the lowest forging and rolling loads. This was related to the alloys’ aluminum contents and O-phase volume fractions. Sub-transus processing of the near Ti2AlNb alloys proved to be a viable technique for obtaining homogeneous microstructures containing fine O and BCC phases and lacking large prior BCC grains, which can be detrimental to the mechanical performance.
Treatment of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections Due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis

Twenty-nine patients with cystic fibrosis received either cefsulodin or a reference agent (tobramycin or ticarcillin) in a randomized manner for treatment of pulmonary infections associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Patients ranged in age from 12 to 30 years. Their infections were classified as mild (six), moderate (16), or severe (seven). Fourteen patients received cefsulodin, 14 patients were treated with tobramycin, and one patient received ticarcillin. Significant clinical improvement was noted in the majority of patients in both groups. Adverse effects and development of laboratory abnormalities were uncommon in both groups. P. aeruginosa was not permanently eradicated from the sputum of any of the patients. Resistance as measured by disk susceptibility testing may have developed during and immediately after therapy in the cefsulodin group but not in those treated with reference agents. However, this did not appear to affect the clinical outcome. Results of the nonrandomized portion of this multicenter study, in which 46 patients were treated with cefsulodin, were similar to those for the randomized group. Thus, cefsulodin was shown to be as clinically effective as the reference agents in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with cystic fibrosis.
Improved synthesis of 4,4'-bipyridine-2-carboxylic acid and its use in the construction of novel metal and mixed-metal coordination polymers

Abstract An improved synthesis of 4,4′-bipyridine-2-carboxylic acid (ppcaH) has significantly increased the yield and thus enabled the preparation of four new coordination compounds that contain copper, cobalt, and vanadium or molybdenum oxide. Each structure was synthesized solvothermally and characterized by both powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Cu(ppca)2 (1) is a discrete molecular complex that crystallizes in the P21/c space group, a = 5.0749(4) A, b = 25.442(2) A, c = 7.2536(6) A. Co(ppca)(SCN)(H2O) (2) is a H-bonded 2D coordination polymer that crystallizes in the P21/c space group, a = 11.0716(4) A, b = 11.2327(4) A, c = 10.2073(4) A. [Cu(ppca)(Hppca)]2[H2Mo4O14] (3) and Co(ppca)2(V2O6)(H2O) (4) are mixed-metal coordination polymers that crystallize in the P 1 ¯ and Pbca space groups, respectively. Complex (3) is a 2D framework that contains an H2Mo4O142− anion, a = 8.4019(6) A, b = 8.6990(6) A, c = 16.8513(12) A, while (4) is a highly ordered H-bonded 3D mixed-metal coordination polymer whose vanadate cluster species was generated in situ using a tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide and acetic acid buffer solution, a = 18.0118(8) A, b = 11.2664(5) A, c = 25.3385(11) A.