cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Model of the Exofacial Substrate-Binding Site and Helical Folding of the Human Glut1 Glucose Transporter Based on Scanning Mutagenesis

Transmembrane helix 9 of the Glut1 glucose transporter was analyzed by cysteine-scanning mutagenesis and the substituted cysteine accessibility method (SCAM). A cysteine-less (C-less) template transporter containing amino acid substitutions for the six native cysteine residues present in human Glut1 was used to generate a series of 21 mutant transporters by substituting each successive residue in predicted transmembrane segment 9 with a cysteine residue. The mutant proteins were expressed in Xenopus oocytes, and their specific transport activities were directly compared to that of the parental C-less molecule whose function has been shown to be indistinguishable from that of native Glut1. Only a single mutant (G340C) had activity that was reduced (by 75%) relative to that of the C-less parent. These data suggest that none of the amino acid side chains in helix 9 is absolutely required for transport function and that this helix is not likely to be directly involved in substrate binding or translocation. Transport activity of the cysteine mutants was also tested after incubation of oocytes in the presence of the impermeant sulfhydryl-specific reagent, p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonate (pCMBS). Only a single mutant (T352C) exhibited transport inhibition in the presence of pCMBS, and the extent of inhibition was minimal (11%), indicating that only a very small portion of helix 9 is accessible to the external solvent. These results are consistent with the conclusion that helix 9 plays an outer stabilizing role for the inner helical bundle predicted to form the exofacial substrate-binding site. All 12 of the predicted transmembrane segments of Glut1 encompassing 252 amino acid residues and more than 50% of the complete polypeptide sequence have now been analyzed by scanning mutagenesis and SCAM. An updated model is presented for the outward-facing substrate-binding site and relative orientation of the 12 transmembrane helices of Glut1.
A signature of transience in bedrock river incision rates over timescales of 10 4 –10 7 years

Measured rates of river incision into bedrock are commonly interpreted as proxies for rates of rock uplift (see refs 1 and 2, for example) and indices of the strength of climatic forcing of erosion over time (see refs 3 and 4, for example). This approach implicitly assumes that river incision rates are in equilibrium with external forcings over a wide range of timescales. Here we directly test this assumption by examining the temporal scaling of bedrock river incision from 155 independent measurements of river incision compiled from 14 sites. Of these sites, 11 exhibit a negative power-law dependence of bedrock river incision rate on measurement interval, a relationship that is apparent over timescales of 10(4)-10(7) years and is independent of tectonic and geomorphic setting. Thus, like rates of sediment accumulation, rates of river incision into bedrock exhibit non-steady-state behaviour even over very long measurement intervals. Non-steady-state behaviour can be explained by episodic hiatuses in river incision triggered by alluvial deposition, if such hiatuses have a heavy-tailed length distribution. Regardless of its cause, the dependence of incision rate on measurement interval complicates efforts to infer tectonic or climatic forcing from changes in rates of river incision over time or from comparison of rates computed over different timescales.
Structure and reactions of the boron hydrides

Abstract A systematic classification is proposed for the simpler reactions of the boron hydrides. The three main types are reactions of the bridged BH2 group, reactions of the hydrogen atoms, and oxidation-reduction reactions.
GAP‐43 phosphorylation is dynamically regulated in individual growth cones

In vivo, kinase C phosphorylation of the growth-associated protein GAP-43 is spatially and temporally associated with the proximity of growing axons to their targets. Here we have used dissociated dorsal root ganglia (DRG)s and an antibody specific for the phosphorylated form of GAP-43 to demonstrate that neurite regeneration in culture also begins in the absence of detectable levels of phosphorylated GAP-43. Since the beta isoform of kinase C was found to be enriched in growth cones before stably phosphorylated GAP-43 was detected, it may normally be inactive during initial neurite outgrowth; however, premature phosphorylation of GAP-43 could be stimulated in newly dissociated DRGs by plating them on cultures in which phosphorylation had already been initiated media conditioned by such cultures caused no response suggesting an effect of either cell-cell or cell-substrate contact. Increased GAP-43 phosphorylation correlated with a reduced extent of neurite outgrowth but not with the rate at which individual growth cones translocated so that motile growth cones contained very low levels of phosphorylated GAP-43, whereas stationary growth cones showed much more immunoreactivity. Downregulation of kinase C by phorbol ester prevented increased GAP-43 phosphorylation and led to growth cone collapse. Finally, phosphorylated GAP-43 was found to be differently distributed within growth cones. Increased immunoreactivity was frequently observed in the neck of the growth cone and was heterogeneously distributed in lamellae and filopodia. These results, which demonstrate the dynamic regulation of GAP-43 phosphorylation in individual growth cones, are discussed with reference to the association between changes in growth cone shape and the ability to translocate and change direction.
Quantitative enzyme profiles of plaques of multiple sclerosis.

Quantitative histochemische Methoden fur Milchsauredehydrogenase und DPN-Diaphorase wurden zum Studium von Plaques von multipler Sklerose in menschlichempost-mortem-Material angewendet. Im Vergleich mit myelinisierter weisser Substanz zeigten die Plaques eine um 28% vermehrte Fermentaktivitat in der Randzone und eine Abnahme von 64% innerhalb des demyelinisierten Gewebes, was mit Veranderungen der intrazellularen Fermentverteilung in Beziehung gebracht werden kann.
Composition of PM2.5 and PM10 Aerosols in the IMPROVE Network

Abstract PM2.5 and PM10 particulate concentrations measured at 42 sites in the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments(IMPROVE) network at Class I visibility areas throughout the United States over the 1993 seasonal year showed well-defined regional patterns. The PM2.5 concentration had a large gradient from West to East, averaging 3 μg/m3 in most of the West compared to 13 μg/m3 in the Appalachian region. Coarse particle concentration (2.5-10 μm) exhibited a small gradient from North to South, but no gradient from West to East. No change in PM2.5 or PM10 was observed from 1988 to 1993 for sites with complete records. The elemental concentration (H, Na-Pb) was determined from all PM2.5 Teflon filters and from the PM10 filters from four sites: an eastern and western urban site (Washington, D.C. and South Lake Tahoe) and the nearest Class I site (Shenandoah and Bliss). Soil was the largest component of the coarse particle concentration. Sulfur accounted for 3% of the coarse particle concentr...
Quantitative assessment of tolerance development to diisopropylfluorophosphate

Rats were treated with diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) acutely or daily for 14 days. The quantitative assessment of tolerance development after a challenge dose of DFP, 2 mg/kg, was studied. The subacutely-treated rats developed tolerance to DFP-induced tremors. However, the severity of tremors in DFP-tolerant animals was not significantly different from that of the controls after the challenge dose of DFP was administered. Hind-limb abduction was significantly lower in the subacutely-treated group than in the acutely-treated group. The recovery of body weights in subacutely-treated rats (3.5%/day) was significantly higher than that in acutely-treated rats (2.0%/day). The consummatory behaviors (food and water consumption) recovered faster in subacutely-treated rats than in the acutely-treated group. Body temperatures were decreased to the same extent in both groups, but the subacutely-treated group recovered faster. The total mortality was significantly lower in subacutely-treated rats (10%) than in acutely-treated rats (35%). The results further substantiate the finding that tolerance develops to various DFP-induced signs of toxicity.
Familial Pallister-Hall syndrome: case report and hormonal evaluation.

Pallister-Hall syndrome is a usually lethal dysplasia/malformation syndrome characterized by hypothalamic hamartoblastoma, hypopituitarism, postaxial polydactyly, craniofacial malformations, imperforate anus, and other malformations. We report a familial case in a male infant and his female sib fetus, suggesting autosomal recessive inheritance, or germinal mosaicism for an autosomal dominant mutation, or a segregating submicroscopic chromosome abnormality. Detailed endocrine evaluation on the surviving infant revealed documented pituitary function, pituitary deficit, and hypothalamic deficiency. We suggest that hypothalamic dysfunction contributes to the hypopituitarism seen in pallister-Hall syndrome. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Molecular Crowding Enhanced ATPase Activity of the RNA Helicase eIF4A Correlates with Compaction of Its Quaternary Structure and Association with eIF4G

Enzymatic reactions occur in a crowded and confined environment in vivo, containing proteins, RNA and DNA. Previous reports have shown that interactions between macromolecules, and reactions rates differ significantly between crowded environments and dilute buffers. However, the direct effect of crowding on the level of high-resolution structures of macromolecules has not been extensively analyzed and is not well understood. Here we analyze the effect of macromolecular crowding on structure and function of the human translation initiation factors eIF4A, a two-domain DEAD-Box helicase, the HEAT-1 domain of eIF4G, and their complex. We find that crowding enhances the ATPase activity of eIF4A, which correlates with a shift to a more compact structure as revealed with small-angle X-ray scattering. However, the individual domains of eIF4A, or the eIF4G-HEAT-1 domain alone show little structural changes due to crowding except for flexible regions. Thus, the effect of macromolecular crowding on activity and structure need to be taken into account when evaluating enzyme activities and structures of multidomain proteins, proteins with flexible regions, or protein complexes obtained by X-ray crystallography, NMR, or other structural methods.
The use of ammonia synthesis as a probe reaction for the study of supported Re and RePt

Abstract Ammonia synthesis has been used as a probe reaction selective for the rhenium component in supported Re and RePt catalysts. The kinetic parameters of the reaction over Re/SiO 2 and RePt SiO 2 were similar indicating a minor degree of interaction between Re and Pt. Re/Al 2 O 3 and RePt Al 2 O 3 catalysts exhibited kinetic behavior sensitive to pretreatment conditions, and in all cases, the RePt/Al 2 O 3 catalysts differed markedly from the Re/Al 2 O 3 catalysts. In particular RePt/Al 2 O 3 catalysts which were reduced without prior calcination showed apparent activation energies for ammonia synthesis which were smaller than those for Re/Al 2 O 3 catalysts; however, calcined RePt/Al 2 O 3 catalysts showed the opposite behavior with respect to Re/Al 2 O 3 . This can be explained in the former case by the presence of RePt alloy, or bimetallic, particles following direct reduction, and by the separation of the Pt and Re components during calcination in the latter case. Yet even after this phase separation, the presence of Pt alters the catalytic properties of Re for ammonia synthesis, presumably due to hydrogen spillover. Finally, the influence on the ammonia synthesis kinetics of chlorine as a catalyst component was also investigated. The incorporation of chloride ions onto the surface of alumina increased the apparent activation energy for ammonia synthesis over Re/Al 2 O 3 . This suggests that the presence of Cl on the support decreases the electron density of the supported Re.
A Gendered Approach to Understanding Intimate Partner Victimization and Mental Health Outcomes Among College Students With and Without Disability

A number of studies have reported that college students and individuals with disabilities are at risk for experiencing intimate partner victimization (IPV). Little is known about IPV among the intersection of these populations, college students with disabilities. Using data from a nationally representative sample of college students, this study estimates the extent of IPV among male and female college students with and without disabilities. Both males and females with disabilities experienced a greater risk of IPV than those without disability, and this risk appeared to be similar across the sexes. Furthermore, disability was a significant predictor of negative mental health outcomes among male and female IPV victims. Policy and prevention implications that take into consideration gender and disability are discussed.
Discharge characteristics of biceps brachii motor units at recruitment when older adults sustained an isometric contraction.

The purpose of this study was to compare the discharge characteristics of motor units recruited during an isometric contraction that was sustained with the elbow flexor muscles by older adults at t...
Module-level matching algorithms for MSM clos-network switches

In this paper, we propose a simple modulelevel matching scheme for memory-space-memory Clos-network switches to avoid complex path-allocation algorithms in bufferless Clos networks, as well as cell out-of-order and saturation-tree problems in buffered Clos networks. We show that the modulelevel matching scheme can achieve 100% throughput.We propose static and dynamic dispatching cell schemes in addition to the module-level matching to improve the delay performance. The static cell dispatching scheme requires no additional scheduling; while the dynamic cell dispatching scheme is more adaptive to the traffic than the static one, thus can achieve better delay performance under non-uniform traffic loads. However, the wiring complexity of the scheduler for dynamic cell dispatching is high. Thus, the grouped dynamic cell dispatching scheme is proposed as a trade-off between the complexity and performance. In practice, embedded memory size is restricted, thus the queue length limitation in each switch module is also considered in this paper. We propose an efficient scheme to prevent queues to overflow in this situation which makes our work more practical.
Feeding elicited by injection of the cholecystokinin antagonist dibutyryl cyclic GMP into the cerebral ventricles of sheep

Dibutyryl cyclic GMP (Bt2cGMP) is a specific competitive antagonist of the action of cholecystokinin (CCK) on dispersed pancreatic acini and on gall bladder smooth muscle, and it exerts its effects at the CCK receptor level. CCK peptides in brain are proposed to have a role in satiety, and because (1) brain CCK receptors have characteristics similar to those of peripheral CCK receptors, and (2) injections of CCK-octapeptide (CCK-OP) into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of sheep decreased feeding, we tested the ability of Bt2cGMP to inhibit satiety when injected into the cerebral ventricles of sheep. Feed intakes were increased by more than 150% during the first hour of a two hour continuous injection of 2.9 nmole/min Bt2cGMP (N=20, p<0.05). Although 29 and 290 nmoles/min Bt2cGMP caused agitation and no increase in feeding, only normal behaviors were observed with the 2.9 nmole/min dose. A lower dose (0.72 nmole/min) had no effect on behavior or feed intake. The increase in feed intake caused by injection of 2.9 nmole/min Bt2cGMP into the cerebral ventricles suggests that this nucleotide, acting as an antagonist of CNS CCK receptors, inhibited satiety and thus elicited feeding. These results, in conjunction with those demonstrating an increase in feeding following the binding of CCK in CSF by CCK antibody, support the hypothesis that brain CCK is released during feeding and acts on CCK receptors which are involved in the control of feed intake.
Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary in Southwestern Indian Ocean: ABSTRACT

The Pleistocene-Holocene boundary has been determined in deep-sea cores from the southern Mozambique Channel area of the Indian Ocean. The boundary, dated by radiocarbon at approximately 10,000 years B.P., is defined by changes in the relative abundance of planktonic Foraminifera. These changes reflect a warming in the Holocene of a few degrees Celsius. The temperate species Globorotalia inflata (d'Orbigny) shows a marked decrease in relative abundance in the Holocene; it comprises about 20% of the planktonic foraminiferal population below the boundary and only 3% or less above. Simultaneously, End_Page 558------------------------------ the percentage of warmer water species shows an increase in the Holocene. Neogloboquadrina dutertrei (d'Orbigny) increases from about 5% of the population below the boundary to about 15-20% above, and Pulleniatina obliquiloculata (Parker and Jones) increases from less than 1% to 10%. There is a significant increase in the radiolarian number in sediments of the Holocene. End_of_Article - Last_Page 559------------
Heroic medicine and business downsizing: management’s dark ages

Examines the current trend towards downsizing using the metaphor of heroic medicine, an old medical practice which entailed bleeding the patient (often to death). The passion that an entrepreneur imbues in an organization can only bear fruit if the people take part in nurturing and sustaining it. Downsizing as a business model goes against the idea of reciprocal responsibility which underlies worker motivation, and consequently competitiveness. Business leaders are advised to treat their enterprises as holistic entities, and pay attention to its members dreams and aspirations so as to draw strength from its people.
Studies of Low-Lying Levels of Even-Even Nuclei with (d, p) and (d, t) Reactions

Low-lying states of even-even nuclei in the vibrational region were studied by exciting them with ($d, p$) and ($d, t$) reactions. The relative cross sections for exciting ground states ($G$) bear little relationship to whether they are allowed or forbidden by the simple Mayer-Jensen configurations, so that configuration mixing is generally large. Some of the details of this mixing are obtained. The allowed portion of these cross sections are generally quite close to the single-particle values. First and second excited states are much more strongly excited than expected theoretically. In ${\mathrm{Pd}}^{104}$, ${\mathrm{Pd}}^{106}$, ${\mathrm{Pt}}^{194}$, and ${\mathrm{Pt}}^{196}$ searches for the triplet in second excited states indicate that its total spacing must be less than 80 kev. New states were found in the triplet region of ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{114}$ and ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{112}$ bringing the total number of known states in these to 5 and 4, respectively; each includes two ${0}^{+}$ and two ${2}^{+}$ states. Higher excited states were studied and in almost all cases they occur below the expected position of the third member of the vibrational band; this gives evidence on the size of the energy gap. The location of all ${0}^{+}$ levels up to 3 Mev is determined for several nuclei. In two cases the ${3}^{+}$ states required by Davidov-Filipov theory are found to be ${0}^{+}$, and in other cases they are not found at all. A number of previously unknown levels are catalogued.
Effect of Harvest Moisture Content on Selected Yellow Dent Corn: Dry-Grind Fermentation Characteristics and DDGS Composition

ABSTRACT Efficiently utilizing the nongrain portion of the corn plant as ruminant food and the grain for ethanol will allow the optimization of both food and fuel production. Corn and corn stover could be more effectively used if they were harvested earlier before dry down. Corn harvested at different moisture contents (MCs) may exhibit different processing characteristics for the ethanol industry, because of differences in physical and chemical properties. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of corn harvest MC on dry-grind fermentation characteristics and dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) composition. Pioneer hybrid 32D78 was harvested at seven different dates from August 21 to November 23, 2009, with harvest MCs ranging from 73 to 21% (wb). The corn samples with different harvest MCs were evaluated by a conventional dry-grind process. Final ethanol concentration from the corn with harvest MC of 54% (kernel dent stage) was 17.9% (v/v), which was significantly h...
Introducing new parts into existing cellular manufacturing systems based on a novel similarity coefficient

Over the last three decades, designing cellular manufacturing systems (CMS) still centres on assigning machines to machine cells and parts to part families. This task ends after assigning these part families to the appropriate machine cells. In the past, testing CMS was evaluated according to the efficiency of clustering, but actual testing of CMS after installation is still unexplored. Introducing one or more new parts (products) into CMS without any changes in the installation of the cells during processing of the current parts is a new concept to be considered and evaluated. Transferring these systems from traditional ideologues to advanced ideologues (agile systems) is highly desired. This concept can be considered as part (product) flexibility in CMS. To address this concept, a new similarity coefficient between the new part and the existing manufacturing cell will be created. New productivity and flexibility measurements in CMS will also be suggested. A new strategy for accepting a new part into CMS...
Vertical relationships between chlorophyll, production and copepods in the eastern tropical Pacific

Data consisting of high resolution profiles of in situ chlorophyll, copepods and primary production have been measured with a towed Batfish and profiling pumping system at two sites named 'BIOSTAT (9°45'N, 93°45'W) and 'DOME' (T19'N, 83°25'W) sites during March 1981. Primary production profiles were generated from Batfish profiles using a chlorophyll/light model and incubated pump samples, the latter with high vertical resolution of 3-5 m. The BIOSTAT site had a subsurface chlorophyll maximum situated at ~50 m, and a production maximum at a depth of 40 m. Copepods had a mean depth centroid corresponding to the production maximum although their distribution was more uniformly dispersed from 0 to 40 m. The latter observation indicated that copepods occurred at depths of high production potential and low biomass rather than high total production and high biomass as found at 40 m depth. The DOME site had a mixed surface layer of chlorophyll (0-20 m) while copepods were located at the base of the chlorophyll layer and primary production maximum located at the surface (0-10 m). The areal daily production measured at the BIOSTAT and DOME sites were 0.27 and 0.80 mg Cm" 2 day"1 respectively.
Thermophysical properties of oil shales

Recent developments in the characterization of the thermophysical properties of various types of oil shales are reviewed. Changes in the thermal, mechanical and electrical properties of these technologically important materials are discussed, with temperature and organic content as the experimental variables. Structural models are presented to aid in predicting the variation of thermophysical parameters with organic content in the shale. Comparison of calculated results with experimental data are shown with thermal diffusivity as a representative parameter. Areas where further research of a fundamental nature would be of particular relevance are also highlighted in the review.
Percutaneous Endovascular Creation of an Inferior Vena Cava in a Patient with Caval Agenesis, Budd–Chiari Syndrome, and Iliofemorocaval Thrombosis

Abstract A 29-year-old woman with acute iliofemorocaval thrombosis was discovered to have suprarenal caval agenesis with azygous continuation, hepatic congestion, and fibrosis as a result of chronic Budd–Chiari syndrome. Three staged procedures were performed: pharmacomechanical thrombolysis of acute thromboses, transfemoral liver biopsy and hemodynamic assessment, and percutaneous endovascular creation of a "neocava" lined with endografts. Symptomatic improvement and patency were maintained at 12-week follow-up.
Mutation discovered in a feline model of human congenital retinal blinding disease.

Purpose. To elucidate the gene defect in a pedigree of cats segregating for autosomal dominant rod–cone dysplasia (Rdy), a retinopathy characterized extensively from a clinical perspective. Disease expression in Rdy cats is comparable to that in young patients with congenital blindness (Leber congenital amaurosis [LCA] or retinitis pigmentosa [RP]).
Diverse multilingual researchers contribute language acquisition components to an integrated model of education

Evidence-based outcomes in the literature have caused adjustments in neuro-psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic perspectives that indicate a need for a current model of education. Implications from research suggest the new model of education should use a multilingual framework: L3 enhances and reinforces L2 and L1, if L2 and L1 are supported. The purpose of the current study was to assess potential component models of education based on the input of multilingual researchers to enhance language acquisition by investigating the contextual factors of how and when to incorporate L2 and L3 into the curriculum. The stratified systematic grounded theory qualitative study explored the multilingual perspectives of neurolinguists, psycholinguists, sociolinguists and interdisciplinary researchers to construct an integrated model of education that complements the continua of multilingual education model of Cenoz.
Fractal behavior of an asymmetric rigid block overturning due to harmonic motion of a tilted foundation

Abstract The motion of a slender rigid block with a flat or concave base resting on a rigid and flat foundation is analyzed. The block may be symmetric or asymmetric, and the foundation may be horizontal or tilted. The foundation oscillates harmonically for a finite period of time, and the block exhibits planar motion: it may rotate about either of its bottom corners, it may rock from one corner to the other, and it may overturn. Sliding and bouncing are not considered. Energy is lost during the impact when the point of rotation switches from one corner to the other. The number of impacts prior to overturning is computed, and results for horizontal foundation acceleration are plotted in the plane of excitation amplitude versus excitation frequency. The boundaries separating regions associated with different numbers of impacts, and in particular the boundary between overturning and nonoverturning regions, are fractal.
A colorimetric assay for carbodiimides commonly used in peptide synthesis and carboxyl group modification

Abstract A quantitative colorimetric assay for carbodiimides was developed. It was based on the formation of a chromophore involving the carbodiimide, pyridine:HCl, and a diamine. The diamine used for water-soluble carbodiimides was 1,2-diaminoethane and that for the non-aqueous carbodiimides was piperazine. The maximum absorbance in the visible spectrum for the chromophore was 400 nm for carbodiimides in the aqueous assay and 420 nm for water insoluble carbodiimides assayed in dimethylformamide. The optimum pH for both assays was 7.0 and the absorbance of the chromophore was linearly dependent with the concentration of carbodiimide. Concentrations as low as 50 μ m were quantitated. The assay was specific for the carbodiimide and not for intermediates or products formed when the carbodiimide was used in coupling reactions to form amide bonds.
Penalized Functional Regression Analysis of White-Matter Tract Profiles in Multiple Sclerosis

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) enables noninvasive parcellation of cerebral white matter into its component fiber bundles or tracts. These tracts often subserve specific functions, and damage to the tracts can therefore result in characteristic forms of disability. Attempts to quantify the extent of tract-specific damage have been limited in part by substantial spatial variation of imaging properties from one end of a tract to the other, variation that can be compounded by the effects of disease. Here, we develop a “penalized functional regression” procedure to analyze spatially normalized tract profiles, which powerfully characterize such spatial variation. The central idea is to identify and emphasize portions of a tract that are more relevant to a clinical outcome score, such as case status or degree of disability. The procedure also yields a “tract abnormality score” for each tract and MRI index studied. Importantly, the weighting function used in this procedure is constrained to be smooth, and the statistical associations are estimated using generalized linear models. We test the method on data from a cross-sectional MRI and functional study of 115 multiple-sclerosis cases and 42 healthy volunteers, considering a range of quantitative MRI indices, white-matter tracts, and clinical outcome scores, and using training and testing sets to validate the results. We show that attention to spatial variation yields up to 15% (mean across all tracts and MRI indices: 6.4%) improvement in the ability to discriminate multiple sclerosis cases from healthy volunteers. Our results confirm that comprehensive analysis of white-matter tract-specific imaging data improves with knowledge and characterization of the normal spatial variation.
Application of Dispersion Relations to Pion-Nucleon Scattering

The generalized Kramers-Kronig dispersion relations for charged bosons are used to treat the problem of pion-nucleon scattering. The complications associated with the charge of the pions are discussed. The importance of a "bound state" corresponding to the neutron is emphasized and its constrbution to the scattering amplitude is computed rigorously, assuming only that pions are pseudoscalar and that the interaction with nucleons is charge-independent. The connection between our exact dispersion relations and the approximate equations for pion-nucleon scattering given by Low is discussed. A rigorous effective-range relation is derived.
Rapid changes in 2-deoxyglucose uptake and amino acid incorporation following unilateral odor deprivation: a laminar analysis.

Abstract Unilateral naris occlusion in neonatal rats results in large alterations in the olfactory bulb, including substantial changes in laminar volume and enhanced cell death. These gross changes are undoubtedly the result of a cascade of more basic cellular regulatory events. The present study assesses the possibility of rapid post-deprivation changes in two such processes: glucose metabolism and protein synthesis. On the day after the day of birth rat pups underwent unilateral naris occlusion or sham surgery. In one study, either 1, 12, 24 or 48 h following surgery [ 3 H]2-deoxyglucose ([ 3 H]2-DG) was administered to gauge patterns of glucose uptake. In a second study, [ 3 H]leucine was injected to assess patterns of protein synthesis. Autoradiographs were then subjected to quantitative analyses. As early as 1 h following occlusion reduced 2-DG uptake was observed in many bulb regions. By 24 h, leucine incorporation was also uniformly diminished. While 2-DG uptake remained suppressed 48 h after deprivation, levels of amino acid incorporation returned to normal patterns in most laminae, with the exception of the mitral cell layer, where increased uptake was encountered. To evaluate whether the effects were developmental by nature a group of P40–P45 animals treated similarly were also examined. While 24 h of deprivation impaired 2-DG uptake in older animals, no alterations in amino acid incorporation were observed. The results indicate that early odor deprivation has rapid and specific effects on cellular functioning within the developing olfactory bulb.
The role of T-cell anergy in the immunomodulation of schistosomiasis.

Abstract Schistosomes are capable of causing severe tissue damage, which results from the granulomatous inflammation that develops around the parasite eggs. Characteristic of this inflammatory process is its gradual, spontaneous down-regulation (immunomodulation) as the disease progresses. There has been general agreement that the granulomatous inflammation is a consequence of T H -cell-mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity to egg antigens. However, the basis of immunomodulation is less clear and has been attributed to various causes. In this review, Miguel Stadecker proposes a novel mechanism of immunomodulation based on the observation that accessory cells from schistosome-infected individuals are capable of inducing a state of unresponsiveness or energy in a subpopulation of antigen-specific CD4 + T H -cell clones identified with delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions.
Peptide Triazole Inactivators of HIV-1 Utilize a Conserved Two-Cavity Binding Site at the Junction of the Inner and Outer Domains of Env gp120.

We used coordinated mutagenesis, synthetic design, and flexible docking to investigate the structural mechanism of Env gp120 encounter by peptide triazole (PT) inactivators of HIV-1. Prior results demonstrated that the PT class of inhibitors suppresses binding at both CD4 and coreceptor sites on Env and triggers gp120 shedding, leading to cell-independent irreversible virus inactivation. Despite these enticing anti-HIV-1 phenotypes, structural understanding of the PT–gp120 binding mechanism has been incomplete. Here we found that PT engages two inhibitor ring moieties at the junction between the inner and outer domains of the gp120 protein. The results demonstrate how combined occupancy of two gp120 cavities can coordinately suppress both receptor and coreceptor binding and conformationally entrap the protein in a destabilized state. The two-cavity model has common features with small molecule gp120 inhibitor binding sites and provides a guide for further design of peptidomimetic HIV-1 inactivators based ...
StrokeTrack: wireless inertial motion tracking of human arms for stroke telerehabilitation

Stroke is a leading cause of disability in the United States and yet little technology is currently available for individuals with stroke to practice rehabilitation therapy progress in their homes. This paper presents StrokeTrack, an efficient, wearable upper limb motion tracking method for stroke rehabilitation therapy at home. StrokeTrack consists of two inertial measurement unit(IMU)s that are placed on the wrist and the elbow. Each IMU consists of a 3-axis accelerometer and a 3-axis gyroscope. In order to track the motion of the upper limb, StrokeTrack estimates the position of the forearm and upper arm by using an inertial tracking algorithm and a kinematic model. In the next step, StrokeTrack corrects the positions of the joints inferred from the inherent integration drift, and updates them. Finally, dynamic time warping (DTW) is adopted in order to check the accuracy of the patient's motions by matching them to the reference motions.
Ring V reactions of chlorophylls and pheophytins with amines

Abstract A study of the kinetics of the reaction of chlorophyll a with propylamine and isobutylamine indicates a low activation energy (∼5 kcal) and high negative entropy (∼60 eu). Propylamine and isobutylamine react with Ring V cleavage more readily with chlorophyll b and pheophytin b compounds than with the a compounds, and more readily with the pheophytins than with chlorophylls.
Identification of pentatricopeptide repeat proteins in Trypanosoma brucei

A new class of organellar proteins, characterized by pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) motifs, has been identified in plants. These proteins contain multiple 35-amino acid repeats that are proposed to form a super helix capable of binding a strand of RNA. All PPR proteins characterized to date appear to be involved in RNA processing pathways in organelles. Twenty-three PPR proteins have been identified in Trypanosoma brucei and database research indicates that most of these proteins are predicted to contain the traditional mitochondrial target sequence. Orthologues of each of the 23 proteins have also been identified in Leishmania major and Trypanosoma cruzi, indicating that these proteins represent a highly conserved class of proteins within the kinetoplastid family. Preliminary experiments using RNAi to specifically silence one identified PPR gene (TbPPRl- Tb927.2.3180), indicate that cells depleted of TbPPRl transcripts show a slow growth phenotype and altered mitochondrial maxicircle RNA profiles. This initial characterization suggests that PPR proteins will play important roles in the complex RNA processing required for mitochondrial gene expression in trypanosomes.
Results of External Beam Radiotherapy in Patients With Well Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma

Surgical, thyroid hormone and radioactive 131I therapy are the standard curative treatments for well differentiated thyroid cancer. However, for residual, recurrent and nodal involvement of well differentiated thyroid cancer, external radiotherapy may be important in preventing distant metastases. The postoperative treatment of well differentiated human thyroid cancer with external radiotherapy is controversial. We retrospectively reviewed the records of 699 patients with papillary or follicular thyroid cancer, of whom 72 received external radiotherapy treatment after surgery. Thirty-two of these patients were at clinical stage 2 or 3 at the time of diagnosis while 172 patients at clinical stages 2 or 3 did not receive external radiotherapy after surgery. The patients who received external radiotherapy were older than those who did not (42.9 +/- 14.5 vs. 38.6 +/- 15.3), although this was not statistically significant. There were no significant differences in clinical parameters including surgical methods employed, histopathological types of cancer, follow-up stages, postoperative thyroglobulin levels, tumor size, accumulated 131I doses and survival rates between the two groups. To clarify the effect of external radiotherapy in patients with local invasion, we compared the survival rates of the patients with clinical stage 3 in the two groups and again no significant difference was found. During the follow-up period, 21 (28.4%) of the 72 patients who received external radiotherapy died of thyroid carcinoma. In our limited period of study, external radiotherapy did not improve the survival rate of patients with well differentiated thyroid cancer, though it appeared to cause temporary tumor regression.
The motivational strategies used by supervisors: Relationships to effectiveness indicators

Abstract This article introduces a new set of activities that a supervisor might use to heighten subordinate work motivation and performance. These activities, entitled “motivational strategies,” consist of six separate dimensions: Personally Rewarding, Personally Punishing, Setting Goals, Designing Feedback Systems, Placing Personnel, and Designing Job Systems. Results show highly significant, positive relationships between five of the strategies and two independent ratings of effectiveness criteria. A comparison of these results with those obtained when using measures of “consideration” and “structure” as independent variables also is made. Results show the motivational strategies to be better predictors of effectiveness than “consideration” or “structure.” Implications of the results for future research are discussed.
Effect of surface tension of aqueous methanesulfonic acid solutions upon nucleation and growth of aerosol

Abstract The effect of improved values for the surface tension of aqueous methanesulfonic acid solutions upon the nucleation and growth of aqueous aerosol is investigated.
Metaphase II (MII) oocytes obtained at different time points in the same in vitro fertilization cycle.

Oocyte maturation is required to complete meiosis and to produce a competent oocyte able to sustain embryo development, implantation and pregnancy. In humans, meiosis begins in the developing ovaries at 11–12 weeks of gestation [4]. The oocytes progress to diplotene stage of prophase I and then arrest until ovulation, an event that can occur decades later. Oocytes resume meiotic maturation in response to the midcycle luteinizing hormone (LH) surge. This final oocyte maturation can be induced medically with either human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa). The former binds the LH receptor, while GnRHa promotes the release of endogenous gonadotropin stores from the hypophysis. The resumption of meiosis (so called nuclear maturation) occurs 14–18 h after the beginning of the LH surge; meiosis I is completed within 35 h and the oocytes reach the metaphase II stage (MII) [16]. Meanwhile, in response to the LH surge, the cumulus cells display almost complete expansion by 20 h; then the mature cumulus-oocyte complex detach from the follicular wall before ovulation [2]. While nuclear maturation and cumulus expansion are closely linked, it is unclear if different LH levels are needed to regulate the two processes and if different follicles have different LH thresholds. In this report, we describe a case of an oocyte donor who received a GnRHa trigger that resulted in low number of retrieved oocytes; all oocytes had minimally expanded cumulus cells but showed evidence of nuclear maturation (MII). Due to low oocyte yield, the patient received an hCG trigger on the evening of this first retrieval. Repeat retrieval 34 h after hCG resulted in recovery of an appropriate number of mature oocytes.
The Propagation and Attenuation of Surge Voltages and Surge Currents in Low-VOltage AC Circuits

Examples are given showing the propagation of voltage and current surges in low-voltage wiring systems. The difference between surge impedance (characteristic impedance) of a transmission line and the impedance to the surge of wire runs is pointed out and illustrated. A comparison is made between the propagation of a surge through an isolating transformer and a ferro-resonant line conditioner. The effect of connection options are shown for one or several surge protective devices connected at the end of a 3-wire line.
Vegetation shifts observed in arctic tundra 17 years after fire

With anticipated climate change, tundra fires are expected to occur more frequently in the future, but data on the long-term effects of fire on tundra vegetation composition are scarce. This study addresses changes in vegetation structure that have persisted for 17 years after a tundra fire on the North Slope of Alaska. Fire-related shifts in vegetation composition were assessed from remote-sensing imagery and ground observations of the burn scar and an adjacent control site. Early-season remotely sensed imagery from the burn scar exhibits a low vegetation index compared with the control site, whereas the late-season signal is slightly higher. The range and maximum vegetation index are greater in the burn scar, although the mean annual values do not differ among the sites. Ground observations revealed a greater abundance of moss in the unburned site, which may account for the high early growing season normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) anomaly relative to the burn. The abundance of graminoid species and an absence of Betula nana in the post-fire tundra sites may also be responsible for the spectral differences observed in the remotely sensed imagery. The partial replacement of tundra by graminoid-dominated ecosystems has been predicted by the ALFRESCO model of disturbance, climate and vegetation succession.
Variability of intraocular pressure measurements in observation participants in the ocular hypertension treatment study.

Purpose To describe variability of intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements within the same eye and between right and left eyes over a 60-month period in participants in the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study. Design Analysis of data from a prospective, randomized clinical trial. Participants Eight hundred ten participants randomized to the observation group. Methods Intraocular pressure measurements were obtained at the baseline visit and every 6 months thereafter. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated for IOP measurements in the same eye between visits and for IOP measurements between right and left eyes of participants at each visit. Differences in IOP measurements between visits are reported in percent change (>15%, >20%, and >30%) and in millimeters of mercury ( 5 mmHg). The effects of regression to the mean, consistency in time of day, and sequence of IOP measurement of right and left eyes were examined. Main Outcome Measures Correlation of IOP measurements between consecutive 6-month visits. Results The correlation of IOP measurements within the same eye between consecutive visits was r = 0.62, whereas the correlation of IOP measurements between right and left eyes at the same visit was r = 0.72. Thirteen percent of eyes had >20% change in IOP between consecutive visits. Sixty-six percent of eyes had a change in IOP within 3 mmHg, and 10% of eyes had a change in IOP >5 mmHg between visits. Eyes with a higher baseline IOP had a lower IOP at 6 months. There was a stronger correlation of IOP measured within 2 hours of the time of day between visits (r = 0.56) than >2 hours apart (r = 0.39). IOP of the right eye, which was measured first, was 0.3±2.8 mmHg higher than the left eye. Conclusions The variability of IOP measurements in the same eye between consecutive visits is moderate and is greater than the variability of IOP measurements between right and left eyes at the same visit. Factors affecting the variability of IOP measurement include regression to the mean, time of day, and measurement order. Knowledge of variability in IOP and its measurements may help clinicians establish a more accurate baseline IOP, target IOP, and assessment of medication effect. Financial Disclosure(s) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
Cam-Clay plasticity. Part V: A mathematical framework for three-phase deformation and strain localization analyses of partially saturated porous media

We present a mathematical framework for deformation and strain localization analyses of partially saturated granular media using three-phase continuum mixture theory. First, we develop conservation laws governing a three-phase mixture to identify energy-conjugate expressions for constitutive modeling. Energy conjugate expressions identified relate a certain measure of effective stress to the deformation of the solid matrix, the degree of saturation to the matrix suction, the pressure in each phase to the corresponding intrinsic volume change of this phase, and the seepage forces to the corresponding pressure gradients. From the second of law of thermodynamics we obtain the dissipation inequality; from the principle of maximum plastic dissipation we derive a condition for the convexity of the yield function. Then, we formulate expressions describing conditions for the onset of tabular deformation bands under locally drained and locally undrained conditions. Finally, we cast a specific constitutive model for partially saturated soils within the proposed mathematical framework, and implement it in the context of return mapping algorithm of computational plasticity. The proposed constitutive model degenerates to the classical modified Cam-Clay model of soil mechanics in the limit of full saturation. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the performance of the return mapping algorithm as well as illustrate the localization properties of the model as functions of imposed deformation and matrix suction histories.