cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Fructo-Oligosaccharide Prebiotic Is Well Tolerated in Adults Undergoing Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Phase I Dose-Escalation Trial.

Abstract Alterations of the gut microbiota after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) are a key factor in the development of transplant-related complications such as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Interventions that preserve the gut microbiome hold promise to improve HCT-associated morbidity and mortality. Murine models demonstrate that prebiotics such as fructo-oligosaccharides (FOSs) may increase gut levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as butyrate and consequently induce proliferation of immunomodulatory FOXP3+CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), which impact GVHD risk. We conducted a pilot phase I trial to investigate the maximum tolerated dose of FOS in patients undergoing reduced-intensity allo-HCT (n = 15) compared with concurrent controls (n = 16). We administered the FOS starting at pretransplant conditioning and continuing for a total of 21 days. We characterized the gut microbiome using shotgun metagenomic sequencing, measured stool short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, and determined peripheral T cell concentrations using cytometry by time-of-flight. We found that FOS was safe and well-tolerated at 10 g/d without significant adverse effects in patients undergoing allo-HCT. Community-level gut microbiota composition differed significantly on the day of transplant (day 0) between patients receiving FOS and concurrent controls; however, FOS-associated alterations of the gut microbiota were not sustained after transplant. Although the impact of FOS was fleeting, transplantation itself impacted a substantial number of taxa over time. In our small pilot trial, no significant differences were observed in gut microbial metabolic pathways, stool SCFAs, or peripheral Tregs, although Tregs trended higher in those patients who received FOS. A marker of CD4+ T cell activation (namely, CTLA4+) was significantly higher in patients receiving FOS, whereas a non-significant trend existed for FOP3+CD4+ Treg cells, which were higher in those receiving FOS compared with controls. FOS is well tolerated at 10 g/d in patients undergoing reduced-intensity allo-HCT. Although the alterations in gut microbiota and peripheral immune cell composition in those receiving FOS are intriguing, additional studies are required to investigate the use of prebiotics in HCT recipients.
MULTIPLE EXPERT EVALUATIONS OF A PC COMPUTER-BASED AVIATION FLIGHT TRAINING DEVICE

The usability of a personal computer based aviation-training device (PCATD) was investigated by conducting multiple expert evaluations. One group of experts performed a heuristic evaluation of the PCATD system. Experts in a second group evaluated the PCATD by conducting a cognitive-walkthrough analysis. An ethnographic analysis was also carried out by directly observing and interviewing the participating experts during the evaluations. Experts evaluated the usability of the PCATD as applied to various practical test standards used for instrument flight training. Strong consensus by the experts in both groups indicated that the PCATD was usable for fundamental flight training as required by the Federal Aviation Administration’s Instrument Rating curriculum. Issues concerning various PCATD simulation fidelities and related inconsistencies in interface design were discovered. These issues caused concern over using the PCATD for training that could be applied to actual flight time.
Design optimization of permanent magnet couplings

The aim of this paper is to explore the use of particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to optimize the design of permanent magnet couplings subject to several key design constraints. A nonlinear model is developed by support vector machine. A particle swarm optimization algorithm that has obvious capabilities in global search is finally adopted to find the optimal machine parameters. Finite element method is also employed to verify the results.
Enzymic hydroxylation of aromatic compounds. III. Studies on the mechanism of microsomal hydroxylation.

Abstract The rabbit liver microsomal system has been used to study the mechanism of aromatic hydroxylation. Evidence that dihydrodiols and phenols are not interconvertible is presented. In accord with in vivo findings, benzenoid compounds have been shown to yield only phenols, whereas naphthalene and quinoline have been shown to yield a dihydrodiol and a dihydrodiol-like compound, respectively, as well as phenols. 1,2-Dihydronaphthalene and 1,2-dihydro-1-hydroxynaphthalene (or the 2-hydroxy isomer) do not appear to be intermediates in the conversion of naphthalene to 1,2-dihydronaphthalene-1, 2-diol. Using isotopes to study the conversion of acetanilide to 4-hydroxyacetanilide, it has been shown that molecular oxygen (O 2 ) is utilized in the hydroxylation reaction rather than the oxygen of water. It has also been shown that the hydrogen of tritiated water is not incorporated into the hydroxylated product. No evidence could be found for the utilization of free hydrogen peroxide in the hydroxylation of naphthalene. In accord with the above, several mechanisms proposed for aromatic hydroxylation now appear to be nonoperable, at least in the system under study. It has been proposed that phenols and dihydrodiols are formed from a common intermediate.
Marjolin's warty ulcer.

Marjolin's ulcer refers to malignant change within burn scar. The French surgeon Jean-Nicolas Marjolin is honored with the eponym. Marjolin described the "warty ulcer" in the first edition of Dictionnaire de Medecine. In his description, Marjolin did not actually state that this ulcer represented malignant transformation. Credit for noting the specific association involved in Marjolin's ulcer belongs to Caesar Hawkins, an English Surgeon, who described skin cancer arising in burn and flogging scars.
Energetics of Electron Transfer and Charge Separation in Moderate to Low Polarity Solvents

The absorption of light in natural photosynthesis occurs in a low polarity region allowing photoelectrons to store absorbed energy in chemical bonds instead of emitting heat via solvent interaction. Consequently, studying electron transfer and charge separation in low polarity solvents may have application in solar energy storage as such a study will make electron transfer in low polarity become more thoroughly understood. Conducted in solvents of various dielectric constants, the study combines strong electron donors and electron acceptors to promote ion formation by thermal equilibria. The extent to which these molecules formed ion pairs and free ions was measured via conductivity and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Gibbs free energy changes were calculated for ion formation and separation using acetonitrile as a standard highly polar solvent. With values of ionization potentials and electron affinities, free energy changes observed in the moderately polar solvent, tetrahydrofuran, were fit to theoretical Born solvation and Coulomb potential models by determining effective ion radii. Model predictions for free energy changes in other solvents disagreed with experimental data because unexpected charge transfer complexes become significant in concentration. Approximations of free energy changes were difficult in low polarity solvents due to low conductivity measurements and charge transfer complexes that appear in UV-Vis absorption spectra. Observed free energy changes were found to be significantly less favorable than redox potentials of the same reactions determined electrochemically not in this study. The difference is attributed to the unintended stabilization of ions caused by salt in solution required for the electrochemical method.
Dopaminergic mechanisms and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion. II. Differential effects of dopamine and bromocriptine on LH release in normal women.

After our observation of the failure of bromocriptine to inhibit LH secretion in hyperprolactinemic women, we have investigated the effects of bromocriptine and dopamine (DA) on LH secretion in normal ovulatory women within 5 days of the midcycle LH peak. Both bromocriptine (2.5 mg, orally) and DA (4 <g/kg-min, iv) for 4 h lowered serum PRL levels by more than 80% Bromocriptine was ineffective in suppressing LH secretion and, in fact, resulted in a slight but significant stimulation, while, in contrast, DA was effective in lowering circulating LH levels by approximately 30% and reducing spontaneous LH fluctuations. The dissociation of theeffects of these two dopaminergic agents on LH secretion may be explained by the existence of multiple DA receptors. The slight stimulatory effect of bromocriptine might be due to a preferential presynaptic action of bromocriptine inhibiting endogenous DA secretion in the hypothalamus and thusreducing this catecholamine's tonic inhibitory influence on LH secretion.
Postexercise vasodilatation reduces diastolic blood pressure responses to stress

Regular physical exercise is known to reduce cardiovascular risk. We examined the effects of a single bout of moderate bicycle exercise on hemodynamic measures at rest and in response to the foot cold pressor (CP) and mental arithmetic (MA). Sedentary males and females (N=32) were tested twice, following 20 minutes of moderate exercise (exercise day) versus 20 minutes of quiet rest (control day). Although resting blood pressure was no lower 20 minutes after exercise relative to the same time point on the control day, diastolic blood pressure responses to CP (p=.05) and MA (p=.06) were attenuated on the exercise day. Furthermore, recovery from moderate exercise versus control rest was also associated with reduced vascular resistance index (VRI) at rest and during exposure to both stressors (p's ≤.02). VRI reductions were largest in subjects with elevated vascular tone on the control day and were accompanied by increases in heart rate throughout the postexercise period (p's≤.004) and higher cardiac index during exercise recovery and in response to CP (p's≤.05). Thus, the cardiovascular benefit of exercise may in part be due to reduced VRI and attenuated cardiovascular responses to stress during the acute postexercise period.
AN EQUATION OF STATE FOR REAL FLUIDS BASED ON THE LENNARD-JONES POTENTIAL

A new set of constants for the modified Benedict−Webb−Rubin (MBWR) equation based on the Lennard-Jones (LJ) potential were obtained in the temperature range T* = 0.45 to T* = 6.0 by supplementing computer simulation data with data obtained by recalculating the first five virial coefficients of the LJ potential. These virial coefficients are presented in a detailed table that is suitable for the calculation of the internal energy and pressure of the LJ fluid in the vapor state. The MBWR equation was also extended to the alkanes by including a temperature-dependent energy parameter in the LJ potential. The resulting equation was found to be satisfactory for correlating experimental data for the liquid density and vapor pressure and in predicting the heat capacity of n-alkanes upto n-hexadecane. Only three parameters are required to characterize each n-alkane, and furthermore, the parameters show regular behavior with the number of carbon atoms in the n-alkane.
The Myth of Repressed Memory and the Realities of Science

The Myth of Repressed Memory was written as part of an effort to bring to public attention a concern about some therapy practices that are based on repression folklore. The folklore includes the assumptions that we banish traumatic experiences from consciousness, that we can use special techniques to recover these banished memories, and that they can be reliably recovered and must be recovered in order to be cured. In fact, there is no cogent scientific support for this folklore and ample reason to believe that suggestive prolonged searches for hidden memories can be harmful. After developing false memories, innumerable “patients” have torn their families apart, and more than a few innocent people have been sent to prison. Instead of focusing on the potential problem of false memory creation, or the scientific studies of memory, or even the destruction of families, as I did in the book, Pope attacked the character or ethics, occasionally nitpicking at the methods, of people who appear to support my premises. This article reiterates the original message and corrects errors in the review of the book.
Peter the Great : the struggle for power, 1671-1725

A narrative of the fifty years of political struggles at the Russian court, 1671–1725. This book shows how Peter the Great was not the all-powerful tsar working alone to reform Russia, but that he colluded with powerful and contentious aristocrats in order to achieve his goals. After the early victory of Peter's boyar supporters in the 1690s, Peter turned against them and tried to rule through favourites - an experiment which ended in the establishment of a decentralized 'aristocratic' administration, followed by an equally aristocratic Senate in 1711. The aristocrats' hegemony came to an end in the wake of the affair of Peter's son, Tsarevich Aleksei, in 1718. After that moment Peter ruled through a complex group of favourites, a few aristocrats and appointees promoted through merit, and carried out his most long-lasting reforms. The outcome was a new balance of power at the centre and a new, European, conception of politics.
An assessment of soil nitrogen testing considering the carry-over effect

Abstract In order to evaluate the economic and environmental consequences of soil nitrogen tests, this paper combines a dynamic fertilizer use decision model with a crop production model. The pre-side-dress soil N-test is evaluated for a hypothetical farmer growing corn at the ARS Sustainable Agriculture Demonstration Farm site in southern Maryland. For a farmer not currently using a soil N-test, adoption of this technology can lead to the enhancement of net farm income and the reduction in nitrogen loss to the environment. This will transpire only if the farmer is currently underestimating nitrogen carry-over by more than 25% or applying nitrogen fertilizer based solely on an expected plateau-yield goal.
Fluctuating pressures on aircraft wing and flap surfaces associated with powered-lift systems

The present work presents results from two research studies that provide information on the fluctuating pressures generated by the use of powered-lift systems in STOL aircraft. Data are given for several chordwise and spanwise locations on large-scale models of an externally blown flap (EBF) configuration and an upper surface blown flap (USB) configuration in which actual jet engines were used. Pressure levels were high enough to indicate that special design effort will be required to avoid acoustic fatigue failures of wing and flap sturctures. The observation that pressure levels did not decrease very much with increased distance from the engine exhaust center line suggests that a STOL aircraft fuselage, which is in relatively close proximity to the engines for aerodynamic reasons, will be subjected to unusually high external overall fluctuating pressure levels (OAFPLs) that may cause difficulty in control of the cabin noise level.
Medical Management of Variceal Hemorrhage

Gastroesophageal variceal hemorrhage is a major complication of portal hypertension in 50% to 60% of patients with liver cirrhosis and is a frequent cause of mortality in these patients. The prevalence of variceal hemorrhage is approximately 5% to 15% yearly, and early variceal rebleeding has a rate of occurrence of 30% to 40% within the first 6 weeks. More than 50% of patients who survive after the first bleeding episode will experience recurrent bleeding within 1 year. Management of gastroesophageal varices should include prevention of initial and recurrent bleeding episodes and control of active hemorrhage. Therapies used in the management of gastroesophageal variceal hemorrhage may include pharmacologic therapy (vasoactive agents, nonselective b-blockers, and antibiotic prophylaxis), endoscopic therapy, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, and shunt surgery. This article focuses primarily on pharmacologic management of acute variceal hemorrhage.
Comparison of Glucagon and Epinephrine Effects in the Dog

Intravenous injection of 1–2 μg/kg of glucagon produced greater and more persistent effects on liver glycogen and blood glucose of dogs than 10–50 μg/kg of epinephrine. When administration was by portal vein infusion, glucagon appeared to be more than 100 times as potent a glycogenolytic agent as epinephrine. Epinephrine produced greater effects via the femoral vein than when infused into the portal vein; It is concluded that in the dog, as well as in the rat, only glucagon can serve as a physiologic hepatic glycogenolytic agent, and that the effect of moderate doses of epinephrine on the liver is an indirect one, possibly mediated through stimulation of glucagon secretion. (Endocrinology 78: 47, 1966)
Internal focus of attention and depression: A study of daily experience.

The present study investigated the relationship between self-focus of attention and depression, using a naturalistic experiential sampling methodology. Daily ratings of mood and descriptions of daily life events were obtained from 62 subjects over a period of 56 consecutive days. Daily events were rated for severity and coded as referring to a self-focused or external-focused event. Scores on private self-consciousness (PSC) and depression question-naires both correlated significantly with the number of daily events coded as self-focused and negative. Self-focusing to positive life events did not correlate with depression or with PSC. If depression and high PSC individuals do respond with negative mood to internal events, then their daily moods should be more unpredictable from the objective conditions of their daily life. This hypothesis was examined by assessing the linkage between daily moods and objective life events for each subject. Mood-event linkage scores were computed as within-subject correlations between each subject's daily mood ratings and the raters' evaluation of the severity of the subject's life events each day. High PSC individuals showed daily moods that were less linked to the objective conditions of their daily life. Again, this effect held only for negative life events. Results are discussed in terms of attentional biases and the relative importance of self-referential processing of negative rather than positive life events in the maintenance of depression.
FUZZY RELATIONS AND FUZZY RELATIONAL DATABASES

Abstract This paper deals with the connections existing between fuzzy set theory and fuzzy relational databases. Our new result dealing with fuzzy relations is how to calculate the greatest lower bound ( glb ) of two similarity relations. Our main contributions in fuzzy relational databases are establishing from fuzzy set theory what a fuzzy relational database should be (the result is both surprising and elegant), and making fuzzy relational databases even more robust. Our work in fuzzy relations and in fuzzy databases had led us into other interesting problems—two of which we mention in this paper. The first is primarily mathematical, and the second provides yet another connection between fuzzy set theory and artificial intelligence. In understanding similarity relations in terms of other fuzzy relations and in making fuzzy databases more robust, we work with closure and interior operators; we present some important properties of these operators. In establishing the connection between fuzzy set theory and artificial intelligence, we show that an abstraction on a set is in fact a partition on the set; that is, an abstraction defines an equivalence relation on the underlying set.
What Is the Role of Hyperbaric Oxygen in the Management of Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Hyperbaric Oxygen as an Adjunct to Surgery and Antibiotics

Purpose This study tested hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) as an adjunct to surgery and antibiotics in the treatment of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) and evaluated its effects on gingival healing, pain, and quality of life. Materials and Methods The investigators implemented a randomized controlled trial and enrolled a sample composed of patients with ONJ, where the predictor variable was HBO administered at 2 atm twice a day for 40 treatments as an adjunct to conventional therapy of surgery and antibiotics versus conventional therapy alone. Over the next 24 months, oral lesion size and number, pain, and quality of life were assessed. Results Forty-six patients (mean age, 66 yrs; 57% women) contributed data to the trial. There were no statistically significant differences in the distribution of variables used to assess randomization success between the HBO and standard treatment groups. Seventeen of 25 HBO-treated patients (68%) improved versus 8 of 21 controls (38.1%; P = .043, χ2 test). Mean time to improvement was 39.7 weeks (95% confidence interval [CI], 22.4 to 57.0 weeks) for HBO-treated patients versus 67.9 weeks (95 CI, 48.4 to 87.5 weeks) for controls (P = .03, log-rank test). However, complete gingival healing occurred in only 14 of 25 HBO-treated patients (52%) versus 7 of 21 controls (33.3%; P = .203, χ2 test), and time to healing was 59 weeks (95% CI, 42.8% to 75.8%) for HBO-treated patients versus 70 weeks (95 CI, 52.2% to 88.36%) for controls (P = .32, log-rank test). Pain decreased faster for HBO-treated subjects (P < .01, linear regression). Quality-of-life scores for physical health (P = .002) and perceived health (P = .043) decreased at 6 months for control group but for not the HBO group. Conclusions ONJ is multifactorial and no single treatment modality is likely to reverse it; however, it is treatable and even advanced presentations can improve with intensive multimodal therapy. Clinically, HBO appears to be a useful adjunct to ONJ treatment, particularly for more severe cases, although this study was underpowered to fully support this claim.
ADEMA: An Algorithm to Determine Expected Metabolite Level Alterations Using Mutual Information

Metabolomics is a relatively new “omics” platform, which analyzes a discrete set of metabolites detected in bio-fluids or tissue samples of organisms. It has been used in a diverse array of studies to detect biomarkers and to determine activity rates for pathways based on changes due to disease or drugs. Recent improvements in analytical methodology and large sample throughput allow for creation of large datasets of metabolites that reflect changes in metabolic dynamics due to disease or a perturbation in the metabolic network. However, current methods of comprehensive analyses of large metabolic datasets (metabolomics) are limited, unlike other “omics” approaches where complex techniques for analyzing coexpression/coregulation of multiple variables are applied. This paper discusses the shortcomings of current metabolomics data analysis techniques, and proposes a new multivariate technique (ADEMA) based on mutual information to identify expected metabolite level changes with respect to a specific condition. We show that ADEMA better predicts De Novo Lipogenesis pathway metabolite level changes in samples with Cystic Fibrosis (CF) than prediction based on the significance of individual metabolite level changes. We also applied ADEMA's classification scheme on three different cohorts of CF and wildtype mice. ADEMA was able to predict whether an unknown mouse has a CF or a wildtype genotype with 1.0, 0.84, and 0.9 accuracy for each respective dataset. ADEMA results had up to 31% higher accuracy as compared to other classification algorithms. In conclusion, ADEMA advances the state-of-the-art in metabolomics analysis, by providing accurate and interpretable classification results.
The effect of triiodothyronine on the transport and incorporation of amino acids by bullfrog tadpole tail fin cells.

Abstract The effect of thyroid hormones on the transport and incorporation of various amino acids by cells isolated from bullfrog tadpole tail fins has been studied. It was observed that triiodothyronine (T3) produced a rapid inhibition in the transport and incorporation of L-site amino acids. Inhibitory effects were detectable at 10−7 M T3 and averaged over 50% at 10−6 M T3. No effects on A-site amino acid uptake were observed except at 10- to 100-fold greater T3 concentrations. All active thyromimetic compounds with amino acid side chains tested reduced transport and incorporation of L-site amino acids. Thyromimetic compounds with exclusively acid side chains did not inhibit the transport of L- or A-site amino acids. Competition experiments suggested that T3 and L-site amino acids (leucine, phenylalanine) were competing directly for the L-sites, with T3 showing a higher affinity. Inhibitors of protein synthesis, particularly cycloheximide, blocked incorporation with no reduction in transport. No other hormonal effects on amino acid transport or incorporation in tadpole tail fin cells were observed.
Argument structure and the acquisition of Sesotho applicatives

One of the long-standing issues in the study of language acquisition has concerned what is innate and what must be learned. Much of this debate has focused on structures at the syntax/semantics interface, dealing specifically with how children acquire the argument structure of verbs. Bantu applicative constructions present an interesting arena for exploring these issues, where different verb classes take applicative objects with different thematic properties, only some of these patterning as true syntactic objects. Sesotho has an especially interesting system, where the syntax of applicative objects is further complicated by issues of animacy, raising questions regarding how this system is learned. This paper outlines the syntactic and semantic structure of Sesotho applicatives and then examines the spontaneous use of applicative constructions in the speech of two Sesotho-speaking children between the ages of two and three. It finds that these children use the applicative with a full range of verb classes, demonstrating appropriate semantic knowledge of the construction. However, the applicative structures they use exploit only a small portion of the available syntactic space. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of this study for learnability issues and outlines areas for further research
Ultra-stability of gas hydrates at 1 atm and 268.2 K

Abstract This paper details creation of methane sI hydrates that are much more stable at 1 atm and 268.2 K than any previously reported. Extraordinarily stable natural gas sII hydrates at 1 atm and 268.2–270.2 K are reported for the first time. Test innovations that achieved ultra-stabilities give insight into hydrate self-preservation mechanisms. Water–surfactant liquid solutions were used to nucleate hydrate crystals that adsorbed as extremely small particles on surfaces of high thermal conductivity. The small hydrate particles packed and consolidated symmetrically upon Al or Cu cylindrical surfaces, minimizing internal void spaces and fractures in the accumulated 250–400 g hydrate mass. Resulting hydrate stability window is 268.2–270.2 K at 1 atm. Methane sI, as well as natural gas sII, hydrates exhibit only minimal decomposition upon reducing confining system pressure to 1 atm in the 268.2–270.2 K stability window. Total gas that evolved after 24 h at 1 atm in the stability window typically amounted to less than 0.5% of originally stored gas, and this ultra-stability was shown to persist when the test was allowed to run 256 h before terminating. The entire methane sI or natural gas sII hydrate mass remains stable during pressure reduction to 1 atm, whereas previous reports defined hydrate anomalous stability for only about 50% of fractional hydrate remnants.
Effects of coalbed methane‐produced water on sorghum‐sudangrass growth and soil chemical properties

Production of methane gas from coal seams generates well water that is slightly to moderately saline. Since land application is a potential method of disposal for this water, a greenhouse study was...
Factors affecting physiological aging (degeneration) of potato tubers used as seed

Data are presented to show that physiological aging of seed tubers when measured by number of sprouts formed can occur not only through chronological age but also by other means. As seed tubers age physiologically, the plants which they produce emerge more rapidly, have more stems, appear to set tubers sooner, mature more rapidly, and have less potential for high yields than plants produced from physiologically younger seed. Differences in performance between cut vs. whole seed tubers tend to decrease or become nonexistent as physiological age increases through chronological age or growing under high temperature conditions.
The Impact of In Our Own Voice on Stigma

The stigma of mental disorders is a major public health concern and the development of effective stigma reduction programs has become a priority. This study examined the effectiveness of In Our Own Voice (IOOV), a stigma reduction program offered by the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), compared to psychoeducation. The presentations focused on bipolar disorder and to evaluate the specificity of effects, measures of stigma related to bipolar disorder, unipolar depression, schizophrenia, and general mental illness were included. Participants were 43 undergraduates exposed to both IOOV and psychoeducation in a randomly assigned, crossover design reversing the order of exposure. The IOOV presentation significantly decreased stigma for bipolar disorder compared to psychoeducation regardless of order of exposure. Also, IOOV led to significant stigma reduction associated with unipolar depression and approached significant for general mental illness, but not schizophrenia. Possible mechanisms behind IOO...
Expanding Our Reach: Marriage and Family Therapists in the Public School System

As states change their legislation to include Marriage and Family Therapists (MFTs) as approved mental health providers in schools, it is important to understand the experiences of MFTs in this context to improve training and increase our effectiveness. MFTs with experience working in public schools (N = 21) discuss the advantages and rewards of working in schools, challenges they have experienced, how they have dealt with those challenges, and training they recommend for MFTs seeking to work in schools. Qualitative results have implications for practitioners, training, and supervision. The possibility of a specialization in School-Based Family Therapy is discussed.
Exploiting structure in the construction of DIMSIMs

We describe the structure of the nonlinear system for the coefficients of diagonally implicit multistage integration methods for ordinary differential equations. This structure is then utilized in the search for methods of high order and stage order with a given stability function. New methods were obtained by solving the nonlinear systems by state-of-the-art software based on least squares minimization.
3-Phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1/Akt signalling and inhibition in a canine prostate carcinoma cell line

Abstract Deregulation of the 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK-1)/Akt signalling pathway is associated with prostate cancer development and progression. Inhibition of PDK-1/Akt signalling can be achieved using structurally optimized celecoxib derivatives such as OSU-03012. In this study, we treated the novel canine prostate cancer cell line, Ace-1, with OSU-03012 or dimethyl sulphoxide in vitro . We found that Akt was constitutively phosphorylated in the canine prostate cancer cell line Ace-1 and that there was a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability, and Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3 phosphorylation, in response to OSU-03012 treatment. This was accompanied by a dose-dependent increase in apoptosis. These data suggest that Akt signalling pathway inhibition is a potential strategy for the treatment of dogs with prostate cancer and that canine prostate cancer is a relevant large animal model for evaluating Akt pathway inhibitors such as OSU-03012 for use in people.
The Krukenberg procedure.

HERE ARE FEW THINGS more devastating to one’s functional independence than the loss of a hand. Reconstruction after hand amputation is generally limited to prosthetic use, although recently hand transplantation has shown early promise. The seldom-used Krukenberg procedure serves as an alternative to these costly and often limited alternatives. Designed in 1917 by German army surgeon Hermann Krukenberg, this intriguing procedure provides dexterity and tactile sensation by converting the radius and ulna into a clawlike pincer. 1 Patients maintain voluntary control over grasping and releasing objects (Figs. 1, 2), allowing them to perform most activities of daily living. This procedure has traditionally been reserved for blind bilateral arm amputees, 2 although successful results have been published when used for congenital malformations 3,4 and sighted unilateral amputees. 3,5 Many cultures reject the Krukenberg procedure because of the unfavorable cosmetic appearance of the Krukenberg pincer. 3 This is unfortunate because many of these same cultures also lack access to the other alternatives to manage limb loss. INDICATIONS AND PATIENT SELECTION The Krukenberg procedure is best suited for blind bilateral upper extremity amputees, because they have lost the visual input necessary to operate prosthetic devices effectively, as there is no tactile feedback relayed from a prosthesis. Patients being considered for the procedure must have a forearm stump at least 8 to
Inhibition and Acceleration of Phenol Oxidation by Supercritical Water

We have performed phenol supercritical water oxidation experiments to elicit water's influence on the reaction kinetics. We report, for the first time, both an acceleration and an inhibition of phenol disappearance by water. More specifically, experiments at 380 and 420 °C with similar residence times and phenol and oxygen concentrations showed that as the water concentration increased from 1 to 7 M the phenol conversion decreased. As the water concentration increased further from 7 to 22 M, the phenol conversion reached a minimum and then increased as the water concentration increased. Power law rate equations, which have been used in the past, are not capable of modeling water's effect on phenol supercritical water oxidation kinetics. We provide a new rate equation with a different functional form that possesses this capability. Also, by using a detailed chemical kinetics model, we eliminated the possibility that the observed effects of water are due to its acting as a collision partner, reactant, or pr...
Molecular modeling of σ1 receptor ligands: a model of binding conformational and electrostatic considerations

Abstract We have performed molecular modeling studies on several σ1 specific ligands, including PD144418, spipethiane, haloperidol, pentazocine, and others to develop a pharmacophore for σ1 receptor–ligand binding, under the assumption that all the compounds interact at the same receptor binding site. The modeling studies have investigated the conformational and electrostatic properties of the ligands. Superposition of active molecules gave the coordinates of the hypothetical 5-point σ1 pharmacophore, as follows: R1 (0.85, 7.26, 0.30); R2 (5.47, 2.40, −1.51); R3 (−2.57, 4.82, −7.10); N (−0.71, 3.29, −6.40); carbon centroid (3.16, 4.83, −0.60), where R1, R2 were constructed onto the aromatic ring of each compound to represent hydrophobic interactions with the receptor; and R3 represents a hydrogen bond between the nitrogen atom and the receptor. Additional analyses were used to describe secondary binding sites to electronegative groups such as oxygen or sulfur atom. Those coordinates are (2.34, 5.08, −4.18). The model was verified by fitting other σ1 receptor ligands. This model may be used to search conformational databases for other possibly active ligands. In conjunction with rational drug design techniques the model may be useful in design and synthesis of novel σ1 ligands of high selectivity and potency. Calculations were performed using Sybyl 6.5.
Simultaneous increases of the adenylate energy charge and the rate of glycogen synthesis in nitrogen-starved escherichia coli W4597 (K)

When exogenous nitrogen is exhausted in cultures of E. coli W4597 (K) containing excess glucose, the rate of glycogen synthesis increases (3.33-fold), adenylate energy charge increases from 0.74 to 0.87 and FDP decreases (77%). This is the first observation of parallel changes in vivo in the adenylate energy charge and the rate of glycogen synthesis, and of an increase in the adenylate energy charge in vivo with maintenance of the adenine nucleotide pool size and adenylate kinase mass action ratio when growth is limited. This report is also the first direct experimental evidence of the major elements of the Preiss group hypothesis concerning in vivo regulation of bacterial glycogen synthesis by FDP, NADPH, and PLP, the primary activators of ADPG pyrophosphorylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in this synthetic pathway. By taking into account in vitro activities of the enzymes of glycogen metabolism in E. coli W4597(K) and in E. coli B we have concluded that the decrease in FDP is offset by the increase in energy charge and that FDP contributes to the increased rate of glycogen synthesis we observe, while activation by NADPH is improbable. Additional activation by PLP remains a possibility and is discussed.
Immunization with the Chlamydia trachomatis major outer membrane protein, using the outer surface protein A of Borrelia burgdorferi as an adjuvant, can induce protection against a chlamydial genital challenge.

Two strains of mice C3H/HeN (H-2(k)) and BALB/c (H-2(d)) were immunized with the Chlamydia trachomatis mouse pneumonitis (MoPn) major outer membrane protein (MOMP) using the Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein A (OspA) as an adjuvant. As a control, groups of mice were inoculated with ovalbumin instead of MOMP. Female mice were immunized using three different routes: intramuscular (i.m.) plus subcutaneous (s.c.), intranasal (i.n.) and perivaginal and perisacral (p.vag.+p.sac.). Significant humoral and cell mediated immune responses developed particularly in mice inoculated by the i.m.+s.c. routes as determined by the levels of chlamydial specific antibody in the serum and genital secretions and a T-cell proliferative assay. Following immunization the animals were challenged in the genital tract with C. trachomatis MoPn and the course of the infection followed by vaginal cultures. Significant protection against infection was achieved in the C3H/HeN mice inoculated i.m.+s.c. with MOMP+OspA, as shown by the intensity and duration of vaginal cultures, and by the number of mice with positive cultures. On the other hand in BALB/c mice there was only a decrease in the number of animals with positive vaginal cultures. Six weeks after the challenge the mice were mated and the outcome of the pregnancy evaluated. In both the C3H/HeN and the BALB/c mice immunized i.m.+s.c. with MOMP+OspA there was significant protection against infertility as shown by the number of animals with bilateral fertility and number of embryos per uterine horn. In conclusion, immunization using C. trachomatis MOMP, and B. burgdorferi OspA as an adjuvant, can induce significant protection against a chlamydial genital challenge.
Ecological approaches to understanding human crowding

level of analysis. Our starting point will be the propo sition that the critical feature that all parameters of density share in common, whether they be increases in group size, reductions in unit space, or increased physical proximity, is that they decrease the margin of safety for contacts with the social environment. Moreover, I believe that there is a higher order isomorphism between Gibson's view that there is a perceptual mechanism which provides the person with an early warning system in regard to imminence of contact with the physical environment, and certain properties of the social environment which allow people to control the imminence of contacts between themselves and the onrushing social environment. Specifically, it is proposed that the margin of safety or control over imminence of encounter formulation of Gibson (1977) maps perfectly into the description that theorists such as Proshansky et al. (1970) and Altman (1975) have provided of how territoriality, personal space, nonverbal gestures, cultural rituals, etc. serve as mechanisms to provide privacy, that is, an optimal level of contact with the social environment. Dynamically, we will be concerned with how increases in density affect imminence of encounter. Similarly, at the struc tural level, we will be concerned with specifying what structures support margins of safety. This analysis, which will be carried out separately for within unit and within structure changes in density, involves an application of Shaw's event perception interpretation of affordances (See Shaw and Pittenger, 1977; Shaw et al., 1974). Specifically, this involves beingable to specify the nature or style of change which is induced by changes in density (the transformational invariants) as well as the entity properties which maintain their identity over change (stuctural invariants). Invariants for Within Unit Density Effects In terms of Gibson's imminence of contact concept, it may be argued that, in the case of within unit density, territories and manipulations of the semifixed physical environment (arrange ments of furniture) provide a buffer, gap, or margin of safety against unexpected imminence of contact with the social en vironment. Thus, given the increasing lack of availability of an opaque enclosure which ensures privacy?for example, a room This content downloaded from 157.55.39.27 on Wed, 07 Sep 2016 05:15:09 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Laboratory methods for the conduct of experimental malaria challenge of volunteers

Experimental malaria challenge trials of volunteers are conducted to determine whether candidate sporozoite vaccines generate protective immunity against the bites of infected mosquitoes. The absence of patent erythrocytic-stage infection and clinical sequelae suggests sterile immunity among vaccinated volunteers. Sterile immunity is validated through laboratory studies that (1) demonstrate the capacity of erythrocytes and serum obtained from each volunteer before challenge to support parasite growth in vitro; (2) confirm parasitaemia by blood culture, and (3) evaluate each volunteer's blood for surreptitious use of antimalarial agents. The bites of experimentally infected laboratory-reared anophelines must elicit a 100% attack rate among non-immunized volunteers. This report presents guidelines for the laboratory methods used to validate the clinical findings during experimental Plasmodium falciparum anti-sporozoite vaccine efficacy trials.
Attitudes toward death in Archaic Greece.

W AS THERE A SIGNIFICANT SHIFT in attitudes toward death in Archaic Greece? In this paper, I argue both yes and no, according to how "attitudes toward death" is defined. My thesis is a reply to two important articles by Christiane Sourvinou Inwood. Dr. Sourvinou-Inwood claims that the rise of the polis affected mentali ties within the intellectual elite, and that death began to be feared more after 700 B.C. She further suggests that the changes identified by Philippe Aries in eleventh to twelfth-century-A.D. France provide a useful analogy for Archaic Greece.' Her case has far-reaching consequences: if the Greeks had to any extent anticipated Western developments by two millennia, much thinking about the history of death would be challenged, and the theoretical basis for the archaeology of burials would crumble. The argument also raises serious questions about the possibility of "intellectualist" interpretations of archaeological evidence.2 The question, then, is of interest even beyond the field of Greek religious history.
Progress and Promise

The recent completion of the 22nd annual meeting of the American Academy of Pain Medicine (AAPM) marked another successful landmark in the evolution of the Academy. Special thanks are owed to our conference chair, Todd Sitzman, and to his cochairs, Gagan Mahajan, Bill McCarberg, Jerome Schofferman, Donna Bloodworth, and all of the program committee members responsible for organizing this year's outstanding conference. I would also like to congratulate our outgoing president, Scott Fishman, for his efforts over the past year. Scott was directly responsible for influencing media attention to the plight of patients afflicted with painful conditions, and to engender greater public awareness of the role pain medicine specialists play in the diagnosis and treatment of pain. His efforts have highlighted the role of the AAPM in promoting pain education for physicians and in creating a greater social awareness of pain and the need for proper treatment. It was a banner year for the Academy. I would also like to acknowledge the accomplishments of several outgoing members of the Board of Directors. Dan Carr has served in many capacities within the …
Navigating Problem-based Learning by Samy Azer, Sydney, Australia, Elsevier, 2008, 221 p., ISBN 978 0 7295 3827 (pbk.)

Big things come in small packages: such is the case with Navigating Problem-based Learning, which is a very reasonably priced, 221-page soft-cover textbook that was inspired by and written for medi...
Pretreatment depressive symptoms and treatment modality predict post-treatment disease-specific quality of life among patients with localized prostate cancer

Abstract Purpose This study examines the prevalence of depressive symptoms before prostate cancer treatment and explores associations among pre-treatment depressive symptoms and post-treatment disease-specific QOL, controlling for treatment modality, and demographic and clinical covariates. Materials and methods A case series of patients diagnosed with localized prostate cancer (T1-2N0M0) at a comprehensive cancer center was assessed. Of the 1,370 eligible patients, 869 (63.34%) completed questionnaires at diagnosis (baseline) and 6 months following treatment. Patients were treated with surgery (16.8%), brachytherapy (27.6%), or external beam radiation (EBRT; 55.6%). Depressive symptoms and disease-specific QOL were assessed with established measures (i.e., Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D); sexual adjustment questionnaire (SAQ); and the American Urological Association symptom index). Results A fifth of the sample (19.7%) reported clinically elevated levels of depressive symptoms at baseline. The proportion of clinically elevated levels of baseline depressive symptoms was higher among surgery patients compared with patients treated with brachytherapy or external beam radiation. Depressive symptoms at baseline and treatment modality significantly predicted sexual and urinary dysfunction, related bother, activity limitation due to urinary dysfunction at 6 months, controlling for, age, PSA level, Gleason score, relevant baseline indicators of sexual and urinary dysfunction, related bother, and activity limitation ( P Conclusions Pretreatment depressive symptoms and treatment modality predict QOL after PrCa treatment. Health care providers should be sensitive to the display of depressive symptoms before PrCa treatment and consider preventative interventions, including preparing patients for the changes in disease-specific QOL and related bother following prostate cancer treatment.
Validities of Unit-Weighted Composites of the ASVAB and the ECAT Battery

Currently, assignment to training in each entry-level enlisted job in the U.S. military is influenced by examinees’ scores on the classification composite for that job from the Armed Services Vocat...
A study of finite sized Wilson loops in the quenched Eguchi Kawai model

Abstract It is shown that expectation values of Wilson loops in a Monte Carlo calculation of quenched Eguchi Kawai on a lattice show unphysical behavior as the size of the loop increases. Two reasons for this behavior are discussed.