cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The transient joys of others-neural ensembles encode social approach in bonded voles.

Social bonds are an essential part of the human experience. We bond with our parents, our children, our romantic partners, and our friends; these bonds not only shape our emotional well-being but have profound consequences for our health and longevity (1). Perhaps because these bonds are so profoundly important, we often imagine them to be uniquely human. They are not. Indeed, much of what we know about human bonding has its origins in animal behavior. In the first volume of Attachment and Loss , John Bowlby (2) drew on the ethological work of Konrad Lorenz to formulate attachment theory, a conceptual framework that continues to inform social psychology some 50 y later (3). In subsequent decades, work on the pair-bonding prairie vole has revealed the role of the brain’s reward circuits in bonding (4). A study by Scribner et al. (5) explores how these bonds are manifest in the changing patterns of neural activity within the brain’s reward system, work that promises broad insights into the mechanisms of attachment. Prairie voles are small rodents that live in the greater Midwest, ranging from Saskatchewan to Oklahoma, and from Colorado to West Virginia. In the 1970s, researchers noticed that they often caught specific males and females together in the same traps and suspected that such pairs were bonded mates (6). We now know that the repeated mating of a pair over the course of a day leads to a bond; males and females share a nest, a territory, as well as the care of their young, but this familial commitment does not always translate into sexual fidelity—a pattern of behavior known as “social monogamy” (7⇓–9). Some of our first insights into the neurobiology of attachment came from the realization that the socially monogamous prairie vole differs from its … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: sphelps{at}mail.utexas.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Methodological Challenges Encountered in a Study of the Impact of Animal-Assisted Intervention in Pediatric Heart Transplant Patients

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the impact of animal-assisted intervention (AAI) on ambulation, physiologic stability, patient satisfaction, and perceived benefit in hospitalized pediatric heart transplant patients. Design and methods This pilot study used a two-period, two-sequence cross-over design. Using a convenience sample of heart transplant patients between the ages six and nineteen, each subject participated in one AAI and one non-AAI study session over one week. All study sessions started with an aspect of walking. Results Three males and two females participated. Average age was 15 years. Subjects walked on average 1906 ft during the AAI session as compared to 1933 ft in the non-AAI session. Subjects spent a longer time (17 min) walking in the AAI session as compared to the non-AAI session (15 min). Blood pressure and respiratory rates remained stable. All subjects reported they liked working with the dog. Eighty percent of subjects actively engaged in physical contact and communication with the dog. No safety-related adverse events were reported. Conclusions AAI may assist adolescent heart transplant patients to be more motivated to participate in therapeutic ambulation when walking with a dog. Further studies are needed to identify successful recruitment strategies in this highly vulnerable patient population. Practice implications Many clinical challenges exist in implementing AAI research in the pediatric heart transplant population. A conceptual model is introduced to better understand the methodological challenges of conducting AAI research in the hospital setting. Key components include research, organizational, AAI, subject and time factors.
Treatment of acute renal failure in infants fed with infant formula milk contaminated by melamine

Objective To explore a reasonable treatment for children with acute renal failure due to formula powdered milk contaminated by melamine. Methods From May 1st to September 30th of 2008,17 infants with acute anuria or renal failure who were fed with powdered milk contaminated by melamine were admitted to this hospital. The clinical manifestations, imageologic findings and emergent management of these cases were retrospectively analyzed. Results Obstruction of upper urinary tract was found in all patients. All patients suffered impairment of renal function and blood kalium abnor- mality. Of the seventeen cases, 13 were treated with conservative methods, the other 4 cases were trea- ted with operations. The renal function and blood kalium level of all patients recovered back to normal at 24 hours after treatment. All patients were followed up for 1 to 9 months, and were found to gain normal urinary flow and renal function. Conclusions Of the infants who suffered acute post renal fail- ure due to formula milk contaminated by melamine, some can get recovery by conservative treatments such as hydration and urine kaline, while others need emergent operations to relieve obstruction. Key words: Infant; Urinary calculi; Anuria
Effects of Candesartan vs Lisinopril on Neurocognitive Function in Older Adults With Executive Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance Observational studies have suggested that angiotensin receptor blockers are associated with a unique cognitive protection. It is unclear if this is due to reduced blood pressure (BP) or angiotensin receptors type 1 blockade. Objective To determine neurocognitive effects of candesartan vs lisinopril in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Design, Setting, and Participants This randomized clinical trial included participants aged 55 years or older with MCI and hypertension. Individuals were withdrawn from prior antihypertensive therapy and randomized in a 1 to 1 ratio to candesartan or lisinopril from June 2014 to December 2018. Participants underwent cognitive assessments at baseline and at 6 and 12 months. Brain magnetic resonance images were obtained at baseline and 12 months. This intent-to-treat study was double-blind and powered for a sample size accounting for 20% dropout. Data were analyzed from May to October 2019. Interventions Escalating doses of oral candesartan (up to 32 mg) or lisinopril (up to 40 mg) once daily. Open-label antihypertensive drug treatments were added as needed to achieve BP less than 140/90 mm Hg. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was executive function (measured using the Trail Making Test, Executive Abilities: Measures and Instruments for Neurobehavioral Evaluation and Research tool) and secondary outcomes were episodic memory (measured using the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised) and microvascular brain injury reflected by magnetic resonance images of white matter lesions. Results Among 176 randomized participants (mean [SD] age, 66.0 [7.8] years; 101 [57.4%] women; 113 [64.2%] African American), 87 were assigned to candesartan and 89 were assigned to lisinopril. Among these, 141 participants completed the trial, including 77 in the candesartan group and 64 in the lisinopril group. Although the lisinopril vs candesartan groups achieved similar BP (12-month mean [SD] systolic BP: 130 [17] mm Hg vs 134 [20] mm Hg;P = .20; 12-month mean [SD] diastolic BP: 77 [10] mm Hg vs 78 [11] mm Hg;P = .52), candesartan was superior to lisinopril on the primary outcome of executive function measured by Trail Making Test Part B (effect size [ES] = −12.8 [95% CI, −22.5 to −3.1]) but not Executive Abilities: Measures and Instruments for Neurobehavioral Evaluation and Research score (ES = −0.03 [95% CI, −0.08 to 0.03]). Candesartan was also superior to lisinopril on the secondary outcome of Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised delayed recall (ES = 0.4 [95% CI, 0.02 to 0.8]) and retention (ES = 5.1 [95% CI, 0.7 to 9.5]). Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that in older adults with MCI, 1-year treatment with candesartan had superior neurocognitive outcomes compared with lisinopril. These effects are likely independent of the BP-lowering effect of candesartan. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT01984164
“Ancora non raggiungibile”: Mobile Phones and the Fragmented Subject in Italian Fiction

Varade offers new critical examinations of posthuman relationships between the cellphone and the fragmented subject in the Italian fiction of Aldo Nove, Andrea De Carlo, and Giuseppe Culicchia. In Nove’s short story “Vibravoll,” the cellphone provides a false sense of sexual emancipation and gendered power to the woman narrator. De Carlo incorporates cellphone technology in Pura vita to demonstrate how human relationships are expressed/negotiated through the means of SMS and cellphone conversation. Finally, Culicchia’s Brucia la citta shows how the cellphone provides an impermanent sense of self, specifically through consumer culture. An examination of cellphone use in the Italian literature of these writers proves that posthuman discourses of technology question fundamental connections and establish significant new relationships among narratives, their characteristics, and their voices.
Kinetics of Viral Clearance and Antibody Production Across Age Groups in Children with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection.

Objectives To improve understanding of transition from viral infection to viral clearance, and antibody response in pediatric patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Study design This retrospective analysis of children tested for SARS-CoV-2 by reverse transcription (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunoglobulin G antibody at a quaternary-care, free-standing pediatric hospital between March 13, 2020, and June 21, 2020, included 6369 patients who underwent PCR testing and 215 patients who underwent antibody testing. During the initial study period, testing focused primarily on symptomatic children; the later study period included asymptomatic patients who underwent testing as preadmission or preprocedural screening. We report the proportion of positive and negative tests, time to viral clearance, and time to seropositivity. Results The rate of positivity varied over time due to viral circulation in the community and transition from targeted testing of symptomatic patients to more universal screening of hospitalized patients. Median duration of viral shedding (RT-PCR positivity) was 19.5 days and time from RT-PCR positivity to negativity was 25 days. Of note, patients aged 6 through 15 years demonstrated a longer time of RT-PCR positivity to negativity, compared with patients aged 16 through 22 years (median 32 vs 18 days, P = .015). Median time to seropositivity, by chemiluminescent testing, from RT-PCR positivity was 18 days, whereas median time to reach adequate levels of neutralizing antibodies (defined as comparable with 160 titer by plaque reduction neutralization testing) was 36 days. Conclusions The majority of patients demonstrated a prolonged period of viral shedding after infection with SARS CoV-2. It is unknown whether this correlates with persistent infectivity. Only 17 of 33 patients demonstrated adequate neutralizing antibodies during the time frame of specimen collection. It remains unknown whether immunoglobulin G antibody against spike structured proteins correlates with immunity, and how long antibodies and potential protection persist.
Narrative Review of Predictive Analytics of Patient-Reported Outcomes in Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery:

Study Design:Narrative reviewObjective:Decision making in surgery for adult spinal deformity (ASD) is complex due to the multifactorial etiology, numerous surgical options, and influence of multipl...
Michigan system for opioid overdose surveillance.

Community rapid response may reduce opioid overdose harms, but is hindered by the lack of timely data. To address this need, we created and evaluated the Michigan system for opioid overdose surveillance (SOS). SOS integrates suspected fatal overdose data from Medical Examiners (MEs), and suspected non-fatal overdoses (proxied by naloxone administration) from the Michigan Emergency Medical Services (EMS) into a web-based dashboard that was developed with stakeholder feedback. Authorised stakeholders can view approximate incident locations and automated spatiotemporal data summaries, while the general public can view county-level summaries. Following Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) surveillance system evaluation guidelines, we assessed simplicity, flexibility, data quality, acceptability, sensitivity, positive value positive (PVP), representativeness, timeliness and stability of SOS. Data are usually integrated into SOS 1-day postincident, and the interface is updated weekly for debugging and new feature addition, suggesting high timeliness, stability and flexibility. Regarding representativeness, SOS data cover 100% of EMS-based naloxone adminstrations in Michigan, and receives suspected fatal overdoses from MEs covering 79.1% of Michigan’s population, but misses those receiving naloxone from non-EMS. PVP of the suspected fatal overdose indicator is nearly 80% across MEs. Because SOS uses pre-existing data, added burden on MEs/EMS is minimal, leading to high acceptability; there are over 300 authorised SOS stakeholders (~6 new registrations/week) as of this writing, suggesting high user acceptability. Using a collaborative, cross-sector approach we created a timely opioid overdose surveillance system that is flexible, acceptable, and is reasonably accurate and complete. Lessons learnt can aid other jurisdictions in creating analogous systems.
Size and power of tests of stationarity in highly autocorrelated time series

Tests of stationarity are routinely applied to highly autocorrelated time series. Following Kwiatkowski et al. (J. Econom. 54 (1992) 159), standard stationarity tests employ a rescaling by an estimator of the long-run variance of the (potentially) stationary series. This paper analytically investigates the size and power properties of such tests when the series are strongly autocorrelated in a local-to-unity asymptotic framework. It is shown that the behavior of the tests strongly depends on the long-run variance estimator employed, but is in general highly undesirable. Either the tests fail to control size even for strongly mean reverting series, or they are inconsistent against an integrated process and discriminate only poorly between stationary and integrated processes compared to optimal statistics.
Utilization and Availability of Advanced Imaging in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke.

Background: Recent clinical trials have established the efficacy of endovascular stroke therapy and intravenous thrombolysis using advanced imaging, particularly computed tomography perfusion (CTP)...
Tip Jars in Need of Change: The Case for Reforming Employee Tip Regulations in the Fair Labor Standards Act

On a daily basis, customers across the United States place food orders from a restaurant by ordering over the phone, online, or through a smartphone application, and later picking up their order at the restaurant. While paying for their order, customers are often presented with the option of either placing cash into a tip jar or adding a tip onto their order by writing in an additional amount on their credit card receipt. Assuming they are satisfied with their experience, customers will almost always leave a tip — never thinking twice about where the tip actually goes. Customers are not tipping a specific person because they were not served by any particular waiter, and they do not know the identity of the kitchen staff who prepared their meal. But who gets the undesignated tip left by the customer? The answer to this seemingly simple question actually impacts a large sector of the American workforce. In 2016, over one million Americans were employed in a service occupation earning below the federal minimum wage of $7.25 per hour. Many of those employees earned the tipped minimum wage of just $2.13 per hour and had their wages supplemented in large part by customer tips, a significant portion of which were undesignated tips received from tip jars and carryout credit card receipts. Additionally, over 80% of those employees worked in restaurants and other food service establishments. Tipping also affects the roughly 700,000 food service establishments and thousands of other service industry businesses in the United States, who employ these individuals and bear much of the administrative burden associated with managing tips.
Lessons from Gracilis Free Tissue Transfer for Facial Paralysis: Now versus 10 Years Ago.

Outcomes following free gracilis muscle transfer have steadily improved during the past decade. Areas for continued improvement include re-creating natural smile vectors, improving midface symmetry, minimizing scarring, improving spontaneity, and increasing reliability using various neural sources. Outcome standardization, pooled data collection, and remote data acquisition methods will facilitate comparative effectiveness research and continued surgical advancements.
Skills Without Values, Rallies Without Virtues: Beyond Hipster Heideggerianism and Shining Things

Hubert Dreyfus’s and Sean Dorrance Kelly’s All Things Shining represents one of the most influential articulations of religious naturalism in recent memory and an important vision of the future of philosophy, religion, and their intersection. An extremely popular book that also strives for philosophical seriousness, it proposes a non-supernatural polytheism that celebrates a diverse array of “shining things” as antidote to a nihilism that the authors allege infests contemporary life. We can “lure the gods back” by cultivating skills and opening ourselves to the ecstasy of communal transcendence, a suggestion all the more relevant given the recent rise of global populism. I contend that Dreyfus’s and Kelly’s vision falls short in each dimension of its effort to re-enchant the world: its account of human attunement to value, which attunement they regard as chief among shining things (e.g. an elite basketball pro “playing out of his mind”); its confusion of mere skill or poiesis with virtue; and its proposed solution to the ethical dangers inherent in “whooshing up” or physis and the lack of critical distance they imagine that such experiences require. I close by suggesting that an Emersonian religious naturalism represents a more intellectually coherent and ethically salutary alternative for “religious nones.”
Rapid Idea Development, Translating Face-to-Face Interactions to Virtual Platforms

Visually exploring ideas is at the core of the design process. Whether in team settings or individually designers of all shades investigate problem spaces by sketching and visualizing possible solutions. However, developing high quantities of broad concepts quickly can be a daunting task. Thinking through problems on paper can pose barriers especially for novices, but also when the problems are complex or in a new domain. Addressing the new normal of working in the virtual space a previously defined ideation framework that builds on clearly formulated design constraints, breaking down complexity into smaller tasks, was translated to virtual collaborative platforms such as miro.com and mural.co. This paper describes variations of this ideation process and shares applied templates and instructions for easy implementation and adaptation by designers and non-designers for individual and collaborative problem solving; for both, face-to-face and Online idea exploration.
Therapy for Johne's disease

Several previous reports have described successful treatment of Johne's Disease but few, if any, have described successful embryo transfer during treatment. These cases illustrate that viable embryos could be transferred from cows while receiving isoniazid for the treatment of clinical Johne's Disease. Embryos were collected multiple times and resulted in normal calves being delivered. It is not known if any of the calves are infected but the probability of infection is low and all remained healthy. Treatment of these cows did not eliminate infection or lesions as evidenced by consistently positive fecal cultures and biopsies during treatment and the periodic relapses. Whether treatment was cost effective or not depends on the value of the progeny resulting from embryo transfers. Both owners have indicated they feel the effort was worthwhile.
Professional noticing coherence: exploring relationships between component processes

Teacher noticing and related variants have ascended in prominence among the mathematics education research community. While the component processes of such noticing (e.g., attending, interpreting a...
Anorectal cytology as a screening tool for anal squamous lesions: cytologic, anoscopic, and histologic correlation.

BACKGROUND Anorectal cytology has been increasingly used as a screening method for anal squamous lesions, particularly in high-risk, homosexual, patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. The diagnostic cytologic, anoscopic, and histologic criteria bear some resemblance to the criteria used in cervicovaginal samples with few differences. It is important to recognize these differences because they can lead to an erroneous diagnosis of dysplasia and unnecessary procedures. METHODS Seventy-eight anorectal cytology specimens from 51 patients were reviewed blindly. Of the 51 patients, 33 were HIV positive. The cytology specimens consisted of 75 ThinPrep (Cytyc, Boxborough, MA) and 3 conventional Papanicolaou-stained smear specimens. The revised diagnosis was compared with the original diagnosis, corresponding histology specimens, and anoscopic results, when available. RESULTS Six specimens were unsatisfactory for review. The revised diagnosis was negative in 15 patients, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance in 3 patients, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in 24 patients, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in 28 patients, and squamous cell carcinoma (SQC) in 2 patients. Five patients with an original diagnosis of SQC had the diagnosis revised upon review of their specimens. It is noteworthy that these five specimens showed the presence of atypical parakeratotic cells. Thirty-two patients had anoscopic evaluation and 30 patients had histologic correlation. Twenty-seven patients with abnormal anoscopic findings had confirmed abnormal histologic findings. Twenty- five of the 32 (78%) patients had abnormal cytology that correlated with abnormal anoscopic findings. CONCLUSIONS Anorectal cytology is an accurate method for screening patients for anal squamous lesions. Atypical parakeratotic cells represent a potential pitfall. Anoscopy is important in confirming the presence of a lesion, but only a biopsy can accurately determine the grade of a lesion. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2004;102:19–26. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
Essays on Regional Economic Integration in East Asia

This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the CGU Student Scholarship at Scholarship @ Claremont. It has been accepted for inclusion in CGU Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholarship @ Claremont. For more information, please contact scholarship@cuc.claremont.edu. Recommended Citation Sapwarobol, Teerasak, "Essays on Regional Economic Integration in East Asia" (2012). CGU Theses & Dissertations. Paper 18. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/18
Epigenetic Modification as an Enabling Mechanism for Leukemic Transformation

Cancer is now thought of as a fundamentally genetic disease, in that changes in the genome result in aberrant gene expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes to promote oncogenesis. However, with our increasing knowledge of gene regulation, it is becoming obvious that changes in nucleotide sequence are not the sole mechanism for eliciting changes in transcription. An additional layer of regulation of gene expression, called epigenetics, is now being realized as increasingly important in oncogenesis. Epigenetics is defined as non-sequence based changes in chromatin that elicit changes in gene expression that are propagated through mitosis and/or meiosis. The alleles of the genes containing these epigenetic marks are termed epialleles. Epigenetics has been linked to cancer since 1983 by the work of Andy Feinberg and Bert Vogelstein, but has largely remained in the shadows. These changes in chromatin are now at the forefront of research in the field of oncogenesis, both as mechanisms of oncogenesis and as prognostic indicators of cancer risk. Leukemia, due to the defects in cellular differentiation associated with the disease, has important connections to epigenetic gene regulation. Cellular differentiation has been studied as a model system for epigenetic gene control in Drosophila. Homeobox genes in the antennapedia and bithorax gene clusters have long been known to be regulated by trithorax group and Polycomb group of genes, which regulate transcription through chromatin remodeling mechanisms. The ectopic expression of the mammalian homologs of the homeobox genes has been linked to leukemic transformation since 1988, and has continued to show extensive connections. These connections that leukemia has with cellular differentiation make this group of diseases amenable to exploring the mechanisms of epigenetic gene regulation as they pertain to oncogenesis. This review will examine leukemia, with an emphasis on myelogenous leukemia, as a defect in cellular differentiation and examine possibilities of epigenetic gene regulation of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
Dietary sodium loading increases systolic BP variability in salt resistant adults: a role for serum sodium (LB701)

Dietary sodium loading increases systolic BP variability in salt resistant adults: a role for serum sodium Michael S. Brian1, Megan M. Wenner1, Evan Matthews1, Meghan G. Ramick1, David G. Edwards1,2, Sean D. Stocker3, William B. Farquhar1,2 1Department of Kinesiology & Applied Physiology and 2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 3Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA. Increased systolic blood pressure (SBP) variability has been linked to poor cardiovascular outcomes. We examined the effects of dietary sodium-induced increases in serum sodium (s[Na+]) on SBP variability in salt resistant adults. Twenty-nine subjects (38±14 yrs) were randomized to low (LS: 20 mmol/d) and high (HS: 300 mmol/d) sodium diets (1-week each). All subjects were salt resistant (mean BP change < 5 mmHg between diets). Subjects were ranked based on the increase in s[Na+] going from LS to HS diet, and a median split was utilized such that two ...
Interaction of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol with herpesviruses and cultural conditions associated with drug-induced anti-cellular effects

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a small molecular weight lipophilic substance which is the primary psychoactive ingredient present in marijuana. This three-ringed molecule has been shown to bind to serum lipoproteins and is believed to exert much of its psychoactive effects by its ability to bind to membranes of cells in the central nervous system (1). The mechanism by which THC exerts psychoactive activity is unknown.
Prostatic urethral strictures after transurethral microwave thermal therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia

Prostatic urethral strictures are rare. We present 3 cases in a study group of 27 who underwent high energy transurethral microwave therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia. In all 3 cases, midprostatic strictures with ectopic area proximal to the stricture were seen by cystoscopy. Two of the strictures were urodynamically significant. The most likely explanation for their occurrence is direct damage of the prostatic urethra due to ischemia or heat damage of the prostatic urethra.
RNA CODEWORDS AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. THE EFFECT OF TRINUCLEOTIDES UPON THE BINDING OF SRNA TO RIBOSOMES.

A rapid, sensitive method is described for measuring C14-aminoacyl-sRNA interactions with ribosomes which are specifically induced by the appropriate RNA codewords prior to peptide-bond formation. Properties of the codeword recognition process and the minimum oligonucleotide chain length required to induce such interactions are presented. The trinucleotides, pUpUpU, pApApA, and pCpCpC, but not dinucleotides, specifically direct the binding to ribosomes of phenylalanine-, lysine-, and proline-sRNA, respectively. Since 59-terminal, 39-terminal, and internal codewords differ in chemical structure, three corresponding classes of codewords are proposed. The recognition of each class in this system is described. The template efficiency of trinucleotide codewords is modified greatly by terminal phosphate. Triplets with 59-terminal phosphate are more active as templates than triplets without terminal phosphate. Triplets with 39- or 39 (29)-terminal phosphate are markedly less active as templates. These findings are discussed in relation to the probable functions of terminal codewords. The modification of RNA and DNA codewords, converting sense into missense or nonsense codewords, is suggested as a possible regulatory mechanism in protein synthesis.
The Role of Hormone Replacement Therapy in the Risk for Breast Cancer and Total Mortality in Women with a Family History of Breast Cancer

Background: The risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) are of considerable interest and importance, especially in terms of whether they differ among subsets of women. Objective: To...
Spondylolysis in the Athlete

Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis are common causes of low back pain in athletes. Early diagnosis is crucial in the treatment of spondylolysis, as a period of rest can lead to full recovery in most patients. Radiographs can detect most lesions, but single-photon emission computed tomography scan, bone scan, computed tomography scan, and magnetic resonance imaging may be necessary in patients with normal radiograph findings or unusual presentations. There is significant variability in the literature regarding bracing, rehabilitation, surgery, and return to play. Most patients recover with nonoperative treatment, but if surgery is necessary, pars defect repair or fusion leads to good outcomes.
Note on the application of K-Theory to diffusion problems involving nonlinear chemical reactions

Abstract A simple extension of Prandtl's mixing length theory is developed and used to derive a set of sufficient conditions for the validity of the diffusion equation which is commonly used to model chemically reactive pollutants in urban atmospheres. It is pointed out that these conditions are violated in the vicinity of strong, localized sources such as smoke-stacks, highways, etc.
Intra-amniotic bacterial colonization in premature labor.

Abstract Bacterial culturing was performed on amniotic fluid obtained by transabdominal amniocentesis from 33 patients with singleton pregnancies who were in idiopathic premature labor with intact membranes prior to the thirty-fifth week of gestation. Bacteria were isolated in seven patients (21.2%). The patients who were at highest risk for intra-amniotic colonization were those who had two or more clinical parameters suspicious for intra-amniotic infection in a pregnancy prior to the thirtieth week. Anaerobic bacteria were isolated from all seven patients. Only one patient had mixed aerotolerance isolates. Anaerobes that were classified as significant pathogens were isolated in four patients. Three patients had isolates that grew on primary plates, and the rest were recovered only from broth. The greatest impact of intra-amniotic bacterial colonization in premature labor with intact membranes on perinatal outcome is expressed in extreme prematurity and appears to be a function of the pathogenicity and concentration of the offending organism(s).
If We Teach Them, They Can Learn: Young Students Views of Nature of Science Aspects to Early Elementary Students During an Informal Science Education Program

There have been substantial reform efforts in science education to improve students’ understandings of science and its processes and provide continual support for students becoming scientifically literate (American Association for the Advancement of Science in Benchmarks for science literacy, Oxford University Press, New York, 1993; National Research Council in Mathematics and science education around the world, National Academy Press, Washington DC, 1996; National Science Teachers Association in NSTA position statement 2000). Despite previous research, it is still unclear whether young children are actually developmentally ready to conceptualize the ideas that are recommended in the reforms (Akerson V, Volrich M (2006) Journal of Research and Science Teaching, 43, 377–394). The purpose of this study was to explore how explicit-reflective instruction could improve young students’ understanding of NOS. During an informal education setting, the authors taught NOS aspects using explicit-reflective instruction. Overall the students participating in the program improved their understanding of the target aspects of NOS through use of explicit reflective instruction. However, the levels of improvement varied across different aspects. Students improved the most in their understanding of the tentative nature of science and the roles of observation in scientific work, although there was still some confusion regarding the distinction between observation and inference. More work needs to be done exploring these specific topics and the role explicit reflective practice can play in identifying the particular problems students have in distinguishing these constructs.
Magnetic susceptibilities, their temperature variation, and exchange constants of NiO

The temperature variation of the magnetic susceptibilities of NiO for a powder sample and a single crystal has been measured from 4.2 to 700 K. The single crystal was stressed along a $〈111〉$ direction on cooling through ${T}_{N}$ (=524 K) with successive stress magnitudes of 7, 30, and 42 bars, followed in each case by measurements of ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}^{*}$ [$\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{H}}$ parallel to a (111) plane with $H=200$ Oe] from 4.2 to 700 K. From the behavior of ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}^{*}$ with stress, a stress of 30 bars was found to be sufficient to completely remove the $T$ domains. With the use of the data of initial powder susceptibility ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{p}=\frac{({\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}+{2\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}})}{3}$ and ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}^{*}=\frac{({\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}+{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}})}{2}$ at various temperatures, the temperature variation of ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$, the principal susceptibilities, is determined. After correcting for ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\mathrm{vv}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{d}$ (the Van Vleck and diamagnetic susceptibilities) with ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\mathrm{vv}}+{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{d}=3.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$/g, $\ensuremath{\chi}({T}_{N})=8.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$/g, ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}(0)=6.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$/g, and ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}(0)=0$ are determined. It is shown that the spin-wave theory correctly gives the ratio $\frac{\ensuremath{\chi}({T}_{N})}{{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}(0)}$ and the temperature dependence of ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$ to about 200 K if the experimental value of the spin reduction $\ensuremath{\Delta}S=0.19$ is used for ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{2+}$. From the experimental values of $\ensuremath{\chi}({T}_{N})$ and ${T}_{N}$ and the use of random-phase-approximation Green's-function theory, the magnitudes of exchange constants for NiO, viz. ${J}_{1}=34$ K and ${J}_{2}=202$ K, are determined.
Viscosity measurements of dilute solutions of helium-3 in superfluid helium-4 between 0.1 and 1.2°K

Dilute solution of He 3 in He 4 near absolute zero measured for viscosity, showing temperature effect
TonB-Dependent Transporters Expressed by Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes the common sexually transmitted infection, gonorrhea. This microorganism is an obligate human pathogen, existing nowhere in nature except in association with humans. For growth and proliferation, N. gonorrhoeae requires iron and must acquire this nutrient from within its host. The gonococcus is well-adapted for growth in diverse niches within the human body because it expresses efficient transport systems enabling use of a diverse array of iron sources. Iron transport systems facilitating the use of transferrin, lactoferrin and hemoglobin have two components: one TonB-dependent transporter and one lipoprotein. A single component TonB-dependent transporter also allows N. gonorrhoeae to avail itself of iron bound to heterologous siderophores produced by bacteria within the same ecological niche. Other TonB-dependent transporters are encoded by the gonococcus but have not been ascribed specific functions. The best characterized iron transport system expressed by N. gonorrhoeae enables the use of human transferrin as a sole iron source. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms involved in gonococcal iron acquisition from human transferrin and also reviews what is currently known about the other TonB-dependent transport systems. No vaccine is available to prevent gonococcal infections and our options for treating this disease are compromised by the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Because iron transport systems are critical for the survival of the gonococcus in vivo, the surface-exposed components of these systems are attractive candidates for vaccine development or therapeutic intervention.
Cell surface activation of progelatinase A (proMMP-2) and cell migration

Gelatinase A (MMP-2) is considered to play a critical role in cell migration and invasion. The proteinase is secreted from the cell as an inactive zymogen. In vivo it is postulated that activation of progelationase A (proMMP-2) takes place on the cell surface mediated by membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs). Recent studies have demonstrated that proMMP-2 is recruited to the cell surface by interacting with tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2) bound to MT1-MMP by forming a ternary complex. Free MT1-MMP closely located to the ternary complex then activates proMMP-2 on the cell surface. MT1-MMP is found in cultured invasive cancer cells at the invadopodia. The MT-MMP/TIMP-2/MMP-2 system thus provides localized expression of proteolysis of the extracellular matrix required for cell migration.
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth with Disabilities: A Meta-Synthesis.

This meta-synthesis of empirical and nonempirical literature analyzed 24 journal articles and book chapters that addressed the intersection of disability, [homo]sexuality, and gender identity/expression in P–12 schools, colleges and universities, supported living programs, and other educational and social contexts in Australia, Belgium, Canada, New Zealand, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The articles and chapters emphasized the diversity of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth with disabilities—culturally, linguistically, sexually, and in terms of abilities, disabilities, and related service needs—while noting that all (or certainly most) lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth with disabilities possess multiple stigmatized identities as sexual/gender minorities and young people with disabilities.
Nanoscale piezoelectric response across a single antiparallel ferroelectric domain wall

Experiments and three-dimensional numerical modeling of nanoscale piezoelectric response across a single domain wall in ferroelectric lithium niobate are presented. Surprising asymmetry in the local electromechanical response across a single antiparallel ferroelectric domain wall is reported. Piezoelectric force microscopy is used to investigate both the in-plane and out-of- plane electromechanical signals around domain walls in congruent and near-stoichiometric lithium niobate. The observed asymmetry is shown to have a strong correlation to crystal stoichiometry, suggesting defect--domain-wall interactions. A defect-dipole model is proposed. The finite-element method is used to simulate the electromechanical processes at the wall and reconstruct the images. For the near-stoichiometric composition, good agreement is found in both form and magnitude. Some discrepancy remains between the experimental and modeling widths of the imaged effects across a wall. This is analyzed from the perspective of possible electrostatic contributions to the imaging process, as well as local changes in the material properties in the vicinity of the wall.
Inherently smart laminates of carbon fibers in a polymer matrix

Real-time monitoring of fatigue damage and dynamic strain in inherently smart and continuous unidirectional (0{degree} and 90{degree}) and bidirectional (0{degree}/90{degree}) carbon fiber epoxy-matrix composites by electrical resistance (R) measurement was achieved. Upon cyclic tension (0{degree}) of 0{degree} or 0{degree}/90{degree} composites, R (0{degree}) decreased reversibly, while R perpendicular to the fiber layers increased reversibly, though R in both directions changed irreversibly by a small amount after the first cycle. Upon fatigue testing of the 0{degree} composite at a maximum stress of 57--58% of the fracture stress, the peak R (0{degree}) in a cycle irreversibly increased both in spurts and continuously, due to fiber breakage, which started at 30% of the fatigue life. For the 90{degree} composite, R(0{degree}) increased reversibly upon tension (0{degree}) and decreased reversibly upon compression (0{degree}).
Coulomb excitation of 235U

Abstract The Coulomb excitation of 235U has been studied using 4He, 16O, and 40Ar projectiles. Rotational bands at 921 keV and 638 keV (tentative) have been characterized as the K0 + 2 and K0−2 γ-vibrational bands, respectively, and a somewhat tentative band at 1053 keV has been assigned as the β-vibrational band based on the ground state. Two bands at 633 and 822 keV are identified as the 5 2 − [752] and 9 2 − [734] Nilsson states, respectively. The large B(E2) value for exciting these bands indicates that they are strongly Coriolis coupled to the ground state band, 7 2 − [743] . A three-parameter Coriolis calculation, involving all eight components of the j 15 2 shell-model orbital, can account adequately for all the rotational energies and transition probabilities observed in these three bands.
Community-Based Targeting Mechanisms for Social Safety Nets: A Critical Review

This paper interprets case studies and theory on community involvement in beneficiary selection and benefit delivery for social safety nets. Several considerations should be carefully balanced in assessing the advantages of using community groups as targeting agents. First, gains from utilizing local information and social capital may be eroded by costly rent-seeking. Second, the potential improvement in targeting criteria from incorporating local notions of deprivation must be tempered by the possibility of program capture by local elites, and by the possibility that local preferences are not pro-poor. Third, intended outcomes may be undermined by unforeseen strategic targeting by local communities in response to national funding and evaluation criteria, or by declines in political support.
Law, Language, and Land: A Multimethod Analysis of the General Allotment Act and Its Discourses.

This study emerges from a professional development workshop the authors conducted with elementary, middle, and high school teachers. The article highlights of responses of workshop participants, particularly their response that the law was about assimilation, in the context of The General Allotment Act of 1887 and the Hopi Indian response to it. This article investigates that claim by pairing critical dialogist and poststructural analyses. Through the critical dialogist’s tools of microanalysis—meaning fields and reconstructive horizon analyses—the authors uncover possible explicit and implicit assumptions of the General Allotment Act and the Hopi response. The authors then employ a macrolevel poststructural analysis using the analytic frames of governmentality and performativity to interrogate the discursive assumptions underwriting the law and its framers’ failure to acknowledge the polyvocality of American Indian groups. By coupling the critical dialogist and poststructural analytic techniques, the aut...
Photon-pair generation by four-wave mixing in optical fibers

We present a theory to quantify a fundamental limit on correlated photon pairs generated through four-wave mixing inside optical fibers in the presence of spontaneous Raman scattering (SpRS). Our theory is able to explain current experimental data. We show that if correlated photon pairs are generated with polarization orthogonal to the pump the effect of SpRS is significantly reduced over a broad spectral region extending from 5 to 15 THz.
Non-mechanical beam steering of high speed VCSEL arrays

A demonstration of non-mechanical beam steering of high speed VCSEL arrays is reported. 980 nm oxide-confined VCSELs were grown on a GaAs substrate with AlGaAs distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) and an InGaAs active region. Up to 24 separate VCSEL arrays can be independently switched to sweep the beam across the illumination area. Three array designs with varying total areas were fabricated with 97, 137, and 278 elements. The corresponding mesa diameters were 24, 14 and 10 μm with pitches of 52, 40 and 26 μm. The relative output power, speed, and thermal performance of an array design is reported.
Map of open and closed chromatin domains in Drosophila genome

Chromatin compactness has been considered a major determinant of gene activity and has been associated with specific chromatin modifications in studies on a few individual genetic loci. At the same time, genome-wide patterns of open and closed chromatin have been understudied, and are at present largely predicted from chromatin modification and gene expression data. However the universal applicability of such predictions is not self-evident, and requires experimental verification. We developed and implemented a high-throughput analysis for general chromatin sensitivity to DNase I which provides a comprehensive epigenomic assessment in a single assay. Contiguous domains of open and closed chromatin were identified by computational analysis of the data, and correlated to other genome annotations including predicted chromatin “states”, individual chromatin modifications, nuclear lamina interactions, and gene expression. While showing that the widely trusted predictions of chromatin structure are correct in the majority of cases, we detected diverse “exceptions” from the conventional rules. We found a profound paucity of chromatin modifications in a major fraction of closed chromatin, and identified a number of loci where chromatin configuration is opposite to that expected from modification and gene expression patterns. Further, we observed that chromatin of large introns tends to be closed even when the genes are expressed, and that a significant proportion of active genes including their promoters are located in closed chromatin. These findings reveal limitations of the existing predictive models, indicate novel mechanisms of epigenetic regulation, and provide important insights into genome organization and function.