cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the financial structure of the US non-profit sector

Chapter 4 of the Nonprofit Almanac concerns financial trends in private foundations and other non-profit organisations, reporting the sources and disposition of annual funds and several measures of organisational wealth. Like the rest of the volume, this chapter reports only financial measures of input and output use. This is regrettable, for the distinctive outputs of the sector are often undervalued at market prices (due to external benefits), and financial aggregates shed no light on the sector's impact on the distribution of income. Many of the data are derived from the organisational tax forms as compiled by the Statistics of Income (SOI) division. Tax-return data may be less 'noisy' than survey data because organisations can be held accountable for what they report, but there are two well-known gaps in this sample: small organisations (those with gross receipts under $25,000) and religious organisations (which, with rare exceptions, do not file tax returns). The authors report adjustments to the data based on specially commissioned surveys to correct for the latter omission; additional surveys will be necessary to adjust for the former omission. Commendably, the authors report adjustments which make the SOI and Independent Sector (IS) universes comparable and remove double-counting when funds flow through charitable intermediaries such as private foundations and United Way agencies. The continuing heroic efforts of IS are progressing nicely towards a complete map of the independent sector. Most of the 'shortcomings' below should not surprise the authors, who will continue to progress through supplemental surveys and improved imputation methodology in future editions. I organise my remarks into two sections: problems with entity-level reporting; and suggestions for presentation of data.
e-Portfolios: Concepts, designs, and integration within student affairs

This chapter provides an overview of e-portfolio concepts and designs. It describes a model that outlines an array of dimensions for the categorization of e-portfolio systems, reviews selected systems, and makes observations regarding the importance for student affairs units to understand, collaborate, and include e-portfolio systems within their programs and services.
A hobo syndrome? Mobility, wages, and job turnover

We present an analysis of labor mobility as a predictor of wages and job turnover. Data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth show that workers with a history of less frequent job changes (stayers) earn higher wages and change jobs less frequently in the future than their more mobile counterparts (movers). These mobility effects on wages and turnover are stronger among more experienced workers, are highly robust across various model specifications, and persist despite corrections for unobserved individual fixed effects. In the second half of the paper we present a simple two period stochastic model of job mobility to study wages across movers and stayers. The model, incorporating salient features of human capital and job search, shows that whether stayers earn more than movers depend on the distribution of outside wage offers and firm-specific wage growth rate. Incorporating heterogeneity of wage growth rates among jobs increases the likelihood that stayers earn more than movers. D 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Comparison of Multiple Cloud Frameworks

Today, many cloud Infrastructure as a Service(IaaS) frameworks exist. Users, developers, and administrators have to make a decision about which environment is best suited for them. Unfortunately, the comparison of such frameworks is difficult because either users do not have access to all of them or they are comparing the performance of such systems on different resources, which make it difficult to obtain objective comparisons. Hence, the community benefits from the availability of a testbed on which comparisons between the IaaS frameworks can be conducted. FutureGrid aims to offer a number of IaaS including Nimbus, Eucalyptus, OpenStack, and OpenNebula. One of the important features that FutureGrid provides is not only the ability to compare between IaaS frameworks, but also to compare them in regards to bare-metal and traditional high performance computing services. In this paper, we outline some of our initial findings by providing such a testbed. As one of our conclusions, we also present our work on making access to the various infrastructures on FutureGrid easier.
dCaP: Detecting differential binding events in multiple conditions and proteins

Current ChIP-seq studies are interested in comparing multiple epigenetic profiles across several cell types and tissues simultaneously for studying constitutive and differential regulation. Simultaneous analysis of multiple epigenetic features in many samples can gain substantial power and specificity than analyzing individual features and/or samples separately. Yet there are currently few tools can perform joint inference of constitutive and differential regulation in multi-feature-multi-condition contexts with statistical testing. Existing tools either test regulatory variation for one factor in multiple samples at a time, or for multiple factors in one or two samples. Many of them only identify binary rather than quantitative variation, which are sensitive to threshold choices. We propose a novel and powerful method called dCaP for simultaneously detecting constitutive and differential regulation of multiple epigenetic factors in multiple samples. Using simulation, we demonstrate the superior power of dCaP compared to existing methods. We then apply dCaP to two datasets from human and mouse ENCODE projects to demonstrate its utility. We show in the human dataset that the cell-type specific regulatory loci detected by dCaP are significantly enriched near genes with cell-type specific functions and disease relevance. We further show in the mouse dataset that dCaP captures genomic regions showing significant signal variations for TAL1 occupancy between two mouse erythroid cell lines. The novel TAL1 occupancy loci detected only by dCaP are highly enriched with GATA1 occupancy and differential gene expression, while those detected only by other methods are not. Here, we developed a novel approach to utilize the cooperative property of proteins to detect differential binding given multivariate ChIP-seq samples to provide better power, aiming for complementing existing approaches and providing new insights in the method development in this field.
Inherently Safe Resonant Reset Forward Converter Using a Bias-Enhanced SiC JFET

The power junction field effect transistor (JFET) is the second most mature SiC device, after the SiC Schottky diode, and is commonly associated with normally on functionality; but this feature is often viewed problematically for off-line dc-to-dc converter applications. Two inherently safe, single-switch dc-dc converter designs have been developed that put into practice pure SiC JFET devices (i.e., without cascoded devices) that possess enhancement-mode functionality and bias-enhanced blocking. These ‘Quasi-Off’ devices are designed to block half of the rated blocking voltage at zero gate bias and achieve full rated blocking voltage with a modest negative bias, typically between 0 and -5 V. Inherent safety is provided by utilizing the enhancement mode functionality of these devices as well as appropriate gate driver design. Bias enhanced blocking matches the dynamic stress encountered by modern high-frequency power supply topologies to the ratings of the device while recognizing that the larger dynamic stress is typically encountered only when the power supply (and especially the gate driver) is functioning properly.
The role of activin in neuropeptide induction and pain sensation

Signals from target tissues play critical roles in the functional differentiation of neuronal cells, and in their subsequent adaptations to peripheral changes in the adult. Sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) provide an excellent model system for the study of signals that regulate the development of neuronal diversity. DRG have been well characterized and contain both neurons that convey information from muscles about limb position, as well as other neurons that provide sensations from skin about pain information. Sensory neurons involved in pain sensation can be distinguished physiologically and antigenically, and one hallmark characteristic is that these neurons contain neuropeptides important for their functions. The transforming growth factor (TGF) beta family member activin A has recently been implicated in neural development and response to injury. During sensory neuron development, peripheral target tissues containing activin or activin itself can regulate pain neuropeptide expression. Long after development has ceased, skin target tissues retain the capacity to signal neurons about changes or injury, to functionally refine synapses. This review focuses on the role of activin as a target-derived differentiative factor in neural development that has additional roles in response to cutaneous injuries in the adult.
The Lotmar–Picken X-Ray Diagram of Dried Muscle

DURING the past twenty-five years, four samples of dried muscle have been made which show a striking X-ray diagram, with sharp diffraction maxima superimposed on the α-keratin pattern usually obtained from muscle. These samples of muscle were from the frog (sartorius muscle, Herzog and Jancke1), the mussel Mytilus edulis (Lotmar and Picken2; we have been informed by these authors that the muscle used was the anterior byssal retractor, rather than the posterior adductor, as stated in their paper), the scallop Pecten (adductor muscle, Bear and Cannan3), and the squid Loligo (funnel retractor muscle, Bear and Cannan3). Lotmar and Picken proposed a mono-clinic unit of structure, with a0= 11.70 A., b0= 5.65 A., c0= 9.85 A., β = 73.5°, and they suggested that the crystalline substance, assumed to be protein, contains nearly extended polypeptide chains, parallel to the β-axis (the fibre axis), with two of these chains (four amino-acid residues) per unit cell. We have also discussed the X-ray pattern, on the assumption that the crystalline substance is a protein, and have suggested that the structure of the protein is that of the 3.7-residue helix4.
Kinetics of phenobarbital in normal subjects and epileptic patients.

The kinetics of phenobarbital (PB) were evaluated in six normal subjects and six epileptic patients treated with phenytoin or carbamazepine. Each normal subject received three single doses of PB: PB-sodium 130 mg i.v. (IV), PB sodium 130 mg i.m. (IM), and PB acid 100 mg orally (PO), in random order at least one month apart. After IV PB distributive half-lives varied from 0.13 to 0.70 h, disposition half-lives were 75 to 126 h, steady state volume of distribution (Vss) was 0.54±0.03 l/kg, and clearance (CL) was 3.8±0.77 ml/h/kg. Absolute bioavailability of IM PB was 101±13%, of PO PB (corrected for dose) 100±11%. Peak serum PB concentrations were achieved from 2 to 8 h after IM administration, and from 0.5 to 4 h after PO administration. Epileptic patients exhibited similar PB kinetics: disposition half-lives were 77 to 128 h, Vss 0.61±0.05 l/kg, and Cl 3.9±0.76 ml/h/kg. Phenobarbital appears to represent an exception among antiepileptic drugs, in that pharmacokinetic data obtained in normals can reasonably be extrapolated to the epileptic population.
International adjustment and finance: Lessons of 1985–91

This is a review article of a conference volume on the effects of dollar depreciation in 1985 on the balances of payments of the U.S., Japan, and Germany. The body of the book consisted of in-depth country studies of changing patterns of foreign trade which asked whether the changes from 1986 to 1990 were consistent with the predictions of economists and the expectations of policymakers. On the basis of the evidence, Krugman concluded that exchange rates do promote adjustment and that the international mechanisms had worked about as well as could be expected from 1986 to 1990. This review article maintains a contrary conclusion; that the overvalued dollar from 1981 to 1985 severely injured the import-competing sector of U.S. manufacturing. As a result, the American external deficit widened for two years after depreciation, and stability was not restored to the external position by 1990 even though the dollar had been at the level of 1980 for about three years. This crippling of import-displacing manufacturing also helps to explain the unique character of the 1990–91 recession.
The assay of yeast ureidoglycolatase.

The reaction of glyoxylate with phenylhydrazine was studied from pH 5 to 9 and applied to the determination of ureidoglycolatase activity over this range of pH. Ureidoglycolatase activity was also determined by the measurement of the liberated urea with the aid of urease and a microdiffusion method. Phosphate buffers inhibit the reaction of glyoxylate with phenylhydrazine and appear to inhibit yeast ureidoglycolatase. Optimum activity was near pH 7.8 for ureidoglycolatase from Candida utilis and near pH 7.3 for ureidoglycolatase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
5-Hydroxytryptamine2C receptors on pudendal motoneurons innervating the external anal sphincter.

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the localization of 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C (5-HT 2C ) receptors on the motoneurons innervating the external anal sphincter (EAS) of male rats. Motoneurons were retrogradely labeled after percutaneous intramuscular injection of Fluorogold (FG) into the EAS. Using fluorescent immunohistochemistry, FG-positive EAS motoneurons that were immunoreactive for the 5-HT 2C receptor (5-HT 2C -IR) were targeted for specific examination with widefield microscopy or confocal laser scanning microscopy with spectral separation. Widefield microscopy revealed distributions of FG-positive EAS motoneurons in the L5–S1 gray matter corresponding to the dorsomedial cell group. 5-HT 2C -IR positive cells were distributed in the intermediolateral cell column and the ventral horn. Ventral horn 5-HT 2C -IR labeling included the dorsomedial cell group as well as the dorsolateral, ventromedial and ventrolateral areas. Confocal analysis of FG-positive EAS motoneurons and 5-HT 2C -IR positive motoneuron profiles adjacent to EAS motoneurons that were not labeled with FG but presumably innervate the bulbospongiosus muscle confirmed that EAS motoneurons were immunopositive for the 5-HT 2C receptor. These data suggest that previously identified descending serotonergic immunopositive fibers observed terminating on EAS motoneurons might mediate their input through the activation of 5-HT 2C receptors.
The thermal conductivity of silver iodide

Abstract We have measured the thermal conductivity of pressed pellets of 99.999% AgI from 120 K to 500 K using a transient hot wire method. The temperature dependence changes from T −1.3±0.1 at the lowest temperatures to T −1.8±0.1 below the phase transition at 420 K. Above this phase transition where AgI is a superionic conductor we see a weak temperature dependence T +0.5±0.1 . These results indicate shortening of the phonon mean free path at high temperatures due to the mobile Ag + ions.
The Genetics of Legume Storage Proteins

The seed storage proteins of Pisum (pea) and Phaseolus vulgaris (French bean) exhibit genetic variation for polypeptide structure; genetical studies indicate that most of the major storage protein genes exhibit simple, codominant Mendelian inheritance. Biochemical analysis of the storage protein polypeptides and their messenger RNAs shows that the allelic alternatives are probably small families of closely linked structural genes. Two of these genes - those for the major legumin gene family and for convicilin, both from Pisum sativum - have been assigned to specific sites on linkage groups. Genes affecting the synthesis of legumin in Pisum sativum and of phaseolin in Phaseolus vulgaris have been identified.
A cavernous hemangioma of the thyroid gland: First documentation by ultrasound of a rare pathology

Hemangioma of the thyroid gland is an extremely rare condition. We report a case of a primary cavernous hemangioma in the left lobe of the thyroid gland in an 84-year-old woman. Ultrasound examination of the lesion showed an inhomogeneous and hypoechoic nodule that was well demarcated from the rest of the left lobe and hypovascular on color Doppler ultrasound. Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration was performed. The cytologic differential diagnosis included an anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid gland. After hemithyroidectomy, the final diagnosis was a benign hemangioma of the thyroid gland. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2011.
Sampling-based motion planning with dynamic intermediate state objectives: Application to throwing

Dynamic manipulations require attaining high velocities at specified configurations, all the while obeying geometric and dynamic constraints. This paper presents a motion planner that constructs a trajectory that passes at an intermediate state through a dynamic objective region, which is comprised of a certain lower dimensional submanifold in the configuration/velocity state space, and then returns to rest. Planning speed and reliability are greatly improved by finding good intermediate states first, because the choice of intermediate state couples the ramp-up and ramp-down subproblems, and moreover very few (often less than 1%) intermediate states yield feasible solution trajectories. Simulation experiments demonstrate that our method quickly generates trajectories for a 6-DOF industrial manipulator throwing a small object.
P53 mediates estradiol induced activation of apoptosis and DNA repair in non-malignant colonocytes

Abstract Clinical and animal studies have shown a strong link between estrogen status in women and decreased risk of colon cancer. However, little research has been done into the mechanism of protection that estrogen provides. Our laboratory has demonstrated that estradiol (E 2 ) inhibits the development of pre-neoplastic lesions through an estrogen receptor β (ERβ) mediated mechanism in mice. Our data also suggest that the primary protective role of E 2 treatment is increased apoptosis in non-malignant colonocytes that are damaged and at risk of becoming cancerous. The p53 protein plays a crucial role in the cellular response to stress by inducing cell cycle arrest, DNA repair mechanisms, and/or apoptosis. Due to the observed induction of apoptosis in response to E 2 , we are investigating the role of p53 in this chemo-protective mechanism. E 2 suppressed growth of young adult mouse colonocytes (YAMCs) by inducing apoptosis and these physiological responses were completely lost in YAMCs lacking a functional p53 protein. Western blot analysis demonstrated increases in p53 protein levels in YAMCs after treatment with E 2 likely due to protein stabilization. E 2 was shown to enhance the transcriptional activity of p53, resulting in up-regulation of pro-apoptotic p53 target genes (Bax, Noxa, and PUMA). Finally, repair of DNA double stranded breaks was shown to be increased by E 2 treatment. Collectively, these data are the first to demonstrate that p53 is a primary mediator of the protective actions of E 2 in the colon.
Vibronic superexchange in single-crystal LaMn 1 − x Ga x O 3

The temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity, low-field/high-field magnetization, and magnetic ac susceptibility under different hydrostatic pressures have been measured on single-crystal samples of ${\mathrm{LaMn}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{x}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}.$ The data reveal a spin-glass phase in low magnetic fields and a ferromagnetic phase in high fields $Hg~2\mathrm{kOe}.$ Orbital fluctuations suppress the phonon component and the spin-glass phase suppresses the spin-wave component of the thermal conductivity $\ensuremath{\kappa}(T);$ the $x=0.5$ sample has a $\ensuremath{\kappa}(T)$ like that of a glass insulator. On the other hand, pressure stabilizes long-range antiferromagnetic order. The data demonstrate a competition between magnetic and elastic energies; in the $x=0.5$ sample, regions with three-dimensional orbital fluctuations and ferromagnetic $(180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\varphi})$ Mn(III)-O-Mn(III) vibronic superexchange interactions coexist with regions in which orbital ordering gives rise to an antiferromagnetic interaction between (001) planes.
Complexation of zinc by natural organic ligands in the central North Pacific

The complexation of Cd by natural organic ligands in the upper 600 m of the central North Pacific was determined with differential pulse anodic stripping voltametry at a thin mercury film, rotating glassy-carbon disk electrode. About 70% of the dissolved Cd in surface waters was bound in strong complexes (K’,,, ,‘,, c.,2, = 10’2.0 M-‘) by relatively Cd-specific organic ligands existing at low concentrations (0.1 nM). This ligand class is only observed within the surface 175 m and exhibits a concentration maximum at depths between 40 and 100 m. Due to the complexation of dissolved Cd in surface waters by this class of organic ligands, together with the vertical distribution of total dissolved Cd (ranging from 2 to 800 PM), the concentration of inorganic forms of Cd varies from o-O.7 pM in surface waters to 800 pM at 600 m. The concentration of free Cd ion ranges from 20 fM (- lo- 13.7 M) in surface waters to 22 pM at 600 m-a 1 ,OOO-fold variation! Although complexation with inorganic chloride ligands dominates the speciation of Cd in intermediate and deep waters, these results demonstrate that complexation with natural organic ligands is important in influencing Cd speciation in oceanic surface waters.
Transient Drift-Dominated Unipolar Conduction between Concentric Cylinders and Spheres

A new analysis analogous to recent work for parallel-plateelectrodes is presented using a unipolar ion-mobility conduction modelbetween concentric cylindrical or spherical electrodes. Exact solutionsare obtained for the transient behavior of the bulk electric-field andspace-charge density distributions and for the terminal current-voltage(I-V) time dependence. The analysis is generalized to handle any initialand boundary conditions for any terminal constraints or excitations.Using the method of characteristics, the governing first-orderchargeconservation quasi-linear partial differential equation is converted into aset of first-order ordinary differential equations. It is shown that forcurrent source excitations these equations can be easily integrated,while for voltage-source excitations the equations are in the correctform for the Runge-Kutta method of numerical integration. Thecoaxial cylindrical geometry is emphasized, treating the special cases ofthe charging transients to a step voltage or current from rest underspace-charge limited conditions and the discharging transients ofsystems which are in the dc steady state and instantaneously open- orshort-circuited. The solutions are computer drawn in three dimensionsusing a recently available graphics package.
Design engineers and technical professionals at work: Observing information usage in the workplace

This exploratory study examines how design engineers and technical professionals (hereafter referred to as engineers) in innovative high-tech firms in the United States and India use information in their daily work activities including research, development, and management. The researchers used naturalistic observation to conduct a series of daylong workplace observations with 103 engineers engaged in product design and testing in four U.S.- and two India-based firms. A key finding is that engineers spend about one fourth of their day engaged in some type of information event, which was somewhat lower than the percentage identified in previous research. The explanation may be rooted in the significant change in the information environment and corporate expectations in the last 15 years, which is the time of the original study. Searching technology has improved, making searching less time consuming, and engineers are choosing the Internet as a primary source even though information may not be as focused, as timely, or as authoritative. The study extends our understanding of the engineering workplace, and the information environment in the workplace, and provides information useful for improving methods for accessing and using information, which could ultimately lead to better job performance, facilitate innovation, and encourage economic growth. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tissue distribution and thyroid hormone effects on mRNA abundance for membrane transporters Mct8, Mct10, and organic anion-transporting polypeptides (Oatps) in a teleost fish

Many of the actions of thyroid hormones (THs) occur via TH binding to intracellular receptors. Although it was long thought that THs diffused passively across plasma membranes, it is now recognized that cellular entry is mediated by a variety of membrane transporter proteins. In this study, we identified cDNAs encoding the TH transporters monocarboxylate transferases 8 (mct8) and 10 (mct10) as well as eight distinct organic anion-transporting polypeptide (oatp) proteins from fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Analysis of the tissue distribution of transporter mRNAs revealed that mct8 and mct10 transcripts were both abundant in liver, but also present at lower levels in brain, gonad and other tissues. Transcripts encoding oatp1c1 were highly abundant in brain, liver and gonad, and exhibited significant sex differences in the liver and gonad. Treatment of adult male minnows with 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) or the goitrogen methimazole altered gene transcript abundance for several transporters. Fish given exogenous T3 had reduced mct8 and oapt1c1 mRNA levels in the liver compared to methimazole-treated fish. In the brain, transcripts for mct8, mct10, oatp2b1, and oatp3a1 were each reduced in abundance in fish with elevated T3. As a whole, these results provide evidence that TH status influences the transcriptional dynamics of mct8, mct10 and several Oatp genes including oatp1c1 in teleost fish.
Cluster analysis of single particle mass spectra measured at Flushing, NY

Abstract ART-2a and a density based cluster method, density based spatial clustering of application with noise (DBSCAN), have been used for classification of the single particle mass spectra measured at New York City. Using too large of a vigilance factor in ART-2a leads to many similar clusters with overlap, and thus a low vigilance factor was used in this study. The DBSCAN method can identify clusters with complex shapes and various sizes, and representative spectra are chosen to identify different particle types within each cluster. The cluster structure of the single particle mass spectra were examined by DBSCAN. Both methods found that the major clusters were sea salt and anthropogenic combustion emissions. The continua in sulfate, potassium and OC particles were found by DBSCAN and a large cluster was formed, while ART-2a broke it into several small clusters without finding this continuum. A detailed discussion of the cluster analysis results including representative mass spectra, size distributions and temporal behavior will be provided.
The Coalition and Europe: A Tale of Reckless Drivers, Steady Navigators and Imperfect Roadmaps

This paper examines how the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats negotiated and agreed the Coalitions approach to the EU with a view to shed light on how each party exerted influence over this policy area. For that purpose the article analyses how the two parties of the Coalition negotiated the programme of government, agreed on the distribution of government portfolios and have handled three of most divisive European issues faced by the Coalition, namely the European Union Act 2011, the exercise of the veto at the December 2011 EU summit and the announcement of the referendum on EU membership. The article argues that the Conservatives are the drivers of the Coalitions approach to the EU however the Liberal Democrats have acted as navigators ensuring, most of the time, that the agreed roadmap is respected.
Agency Implications of Equity Market Timing

We develop a rational expectations model to examine the conflicts of interest between different groups of shareholders in firms' market timing decisions. We show that current shareholders benefit from share repurchase timing, whereas future shareholders prefer issuance timing. Using a new empirical measure that captures the additional returns to shareholders from equity sales and stock repurchases, we document that managers of large firms time the market primarily through stock repurchases and are rewarded with higher compensation when they beat the market. In contrast, managers of small firms appear to cater more to future shareholders in their market timing decisions.
Genotype-by-Environment Interaction in Roasted Peanut Attribute

Abstract Although roasted flavor of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seed is an important attribute with respect to consumer acceptance, little is known about the relative influences of cultivar, envir...
A dynamical systems model for investigating diversity

The goal of this paper is to present a conceptual model which can be used to investigate many important, complex psychosocial issues in engineering education. The model is based on a three-dimensional dynamical systems model and uses the concepts of orbits, perturbations, identity functions, and maximum likelihood estimators. The model is particularly useful for helping engineers to visualize and articulate their identities. Recent research indicates that one of the major contributing factors to the lack of diversity in engineering is the conflict between non-traditional persons' internal identities and the available engineering identities in practice. In order to capture this conflict, the model includes the dimensions of internal perspective (how one feels), projected perspective (how one behaves), and perceived perspective (how others respond). Mathematical identity functions in the three dimensions represent congruence, that is, a lack of contradiction between dimensions. For issues such as self-confidence, gender, ethnicity/race, and sexual orientation, this model is a useful tool to consider how these concepts are constructed within and between individuals. For example, within engineering practice, projecting self-confidence and independence is an important attribute for success: yet, many cultures teach some people (e.g., women and particular ethnic groups) to NOT display selfconfidence and to focus on interdependence. This conflict between what the culture of engineering practice expects and what people are socialized to feel is an example of incongruence between the internal and projected dimensions. This paper illustrates the model in detail, applying it to gender and gender's influence in engineering education. In addition, it discusses the validity of the model and demonstrates its use as a research tool.
The application of sparse estimation of covariance matrix to quadratic discriminant analysis

Although Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) is commonly used for classification, it may not be directly applied in genomics studies due to the large p, small n problem in these studies. Different versions of sparse LDA have been proposed to address this significant challenge. One implicit assumption of various LDA-based methods is that the covariance matrices are the same across different classes. However, rewiring of genetic networks (therefore different covariance matrices) across different diseases has been observed in many genomics studies, which suggests that LDA and its variations may be suboptimal for disease classifications. However, it is not clear whether considering differing genetic networks across diseases can improve classification in genomics studies. We propose a sparse version of Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (SQDA) to explicitly consider the differences of the genetic networks across diseases. Both simulation and real data analysis are performed to compare the performance of SQDA with six commonly used classification methods. SQDA provides more accurate classification results than other methods for both simulated and real data. Our method should prove useful for classification in genomics studies and other research settings, where covariances differ among classes.
Coffee consumption and markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in healthy and diabetic women

BACKGROUND In several short-term studies, coffee consumption has been associated with impairment of endothelial function. OBJECTIVE The objective was to assess the relation between long-term caffeinated and decaffeinated filtered coffee consumption and markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. DESIGN We conducted a cross-sectional study of 730 healthy women and 663 women with type 2 diabetes from the Nurses' Health Study I cohort, who were aged 43-70 y and free of cardiovascular disease and cancer at the time blood was drawn (1989-1990). Dietary intake was assessed with a validated food-frequency questionnaire in 1986 and 1990. RESULTS About 77% of the healthy women consumed > or =1 cup (237 mL) caffeinated coffee/mo and 75% consumed > or =1 cup decaffeinated coffee/mo; the corresponding intakes for women with type 2 diabetes were 74% and 63%, respectively. In healthy women, no appreciable differences in plasma concentrations of the markers were found across categories of caffeinated coffee intake. In women with type 2 diabetes, higher caffeinated coffee consumption was associated with lower plasma concentrations of E-selectin (adjusted percentage change per 1 cup/d increment = -3.2%; P = 0.05) and C-reactive protein (adjusted percentage change = -10.2%; P < 0.001). Higher decaffeinated coffee consumption was associated with lower plasma concentrations of E-selectin (adjusted percentage change = -2.5%; P = 0.08) and C-reactive protein (adjusted percentage change = -7.9%; P = 0.02) only in healthy women. The results were similar when we also adjusted the models for other dietary factors and blood lipids and when we excluded participants with hypertension or hypercholesterolemia. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that neither caffeinated nor decaffeinated filtered coffee has a detrimental effect on endothelial function. In contrast, the results suggest that coffee consumption is inversely associated with markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction.
Two Routes to Genetic Suppression of RNA Trimethylguanosine Cap Deficiency via C-Terminal Truncation of U1 snRNP Subunit Snp1 or Overexpression of RNA Polymerase Subunit Rpo26

The trimethylguanosine (TMG) caps of small nuclear (sn) RNAs are synthesized by the enzyme Tgs1 via sequential methyl additions to the N2 atom of the m7G cap. Whereas TMG caps are inessential for Saccharomyces cerevisiae vegetative growth at 25° to 37°, tgs1∆ cells that lack TMG caps fail to thrive at 18°. The cold-sensitive defect correlates with ectopic stoichiometric association of nuclear cap-binding complex (CBC) with the residual m7G cap of the U1 snRNA and is suppressed fully by Cbc2 mutations that weaken cap binding. Here, we show that normal growth of tgs1∆ cells at 18° is also restored by a C-terminal deletion of 77 amino acids from the Snp1 subunit of yeast U1 snRNP. These results underscore the U1 snRNP as a focal point for TMG cap function in vivo. Casting a broader net, we conducted a dosage suppressor screen for genes that allowed survival of tgs1∆ cells at 18°. We thereby recovered RPO26 (encoding a shared subunit of all three nuclear RNA polymerases) and RPO31 (encoding the largest subunit of RNA polymerase III) as moderate and weak suppressors of tgs1∆ cold sensitivity, respectively. A structure-guided mutagenesis of Rpo26, using rpo26∆ complementation and tgs1∆ suppression as activity readouts, defined Rpo26-(78-155) as a minimized functional domain. Alanine scanning identified Glu89, Glu124, Arg135, and Arg136 as essential for rpo26∆ complementation. The E124A and R135A alleles retained tgs1∆ suppressor activity, thereby establishing a separation-of-function. These results illuminate the structure activity profile of an essential RNA polymerase component.
Aqueous Interleukin-6 Levels Are Superior to Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Predicting Therapeutic Response to Bevacizumab in Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Objective. To prospectively evaluate the effect of intravitreal bevacizumab on aqueous levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and correlate clinical outcomes with cytokine levels. Methods. 30 eyes of 30 patients with exudative AMD underwent intravitreal injection of bevacizumab three times at monthly intervals. The aqueous samples prior to the 1st injection (baseline) and 3rd injection were analyzed for VEGF and IL-6 levels. Subjects were subgrouped based upon change in the central subfield (CSF) macular thickness on SD-OCT at 8 weeks. Group 1 included patients () with a decrease in CSF thickness greater than 10% from the baseline (improved group). Group 2 included patients () who had a decrease in CSF thickness 10% or less (treatment-resistant). Results. In subgroup analysis, in both groups 1 and 2 patients, compared to aqueous VEGF, aqueous IL-6 levels showed a better correlation with CSF thickness on SD-OCT ( and 0.71, resp.). Conclusions. Aqueous IL-6 may be an important marker of treatment response or resistance in wet macular degeneration. Future therapeutic strategies may include targeted treatment against both VEGF and IL-6, in patients who do not respond to anti-VEGF treatment alone.
Residual effects of Rhizobium and preplant N fertilizer on newly established alfalfa

In areas where ineffective nodulation may be a problem, ‘starter’ nitrogen fertilization is often suggested as a useful management tool to sustain ineffectively nodulated seedling alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) until an effective population of Rhizobium can develop. Although ineffective nodulation has been reported from several locations around the world, there have been no studies examing this possibility. A field experiment was conducted during 1982 and 1983 on a Woodburn silt loam soil (Aquultic Argixeroll) which contained a symbiotically ineffective native population of Rhizobium meliloti Dang. This study examined the residual and interactive effects of preplant N fertilizer (0, 45, 90 kg N ha−1) and inoculation on the N nutrition and yield of seedling alfalfa during the first year of growth. The sustaining effects of the fertilizer N were transient and resulted in decreased N2 fixation until 35 days following harvest. It was concluded that during the establishment year, managerial emphasis should be placed on inoculation and not on N fertilization to obtain a consistent, economical source of N for herbage protein and dry matter production.
Automatic editing of noisy seismic data

Seismic data often contain traces that are dominated by noise; these traces should be removed (edited) before multichannel filtering or stacking. Noise bursts and spikes should be edited before single channel filtering. Spikes can be edited using a running median filter with a threshold; noise bursts can be edited by comparing the amplitudes of each trace to those of traces that are nearby in offset-common midpoint space. Relative amplitude decay rates of traces are diagnostic of their signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios and can be used to define trace editing criteria. The relative amplitude decay rate is calculated by comparing the time-gated trace amplitudes to a control function that is the median trace amplitude as a function of time, offset, and common midpoint. The editing threshold is set using a data-adaptive procedure that analyses a histogram of the amplitude decay rates. A performance evaluation shows that the algorithm makes slightly fewer incorrect trace editing decisions than human editors. The procedure for threshold setting achieves a good balance between preserving the fold of the data and removing the noisiest traces. Tests using a synthetic seismic line show that the relative amplitude decay rates are diagnostic of the traces’S/N ratios. However, the S/N ratios cannot be accurately usefully estimated at the start of processing, where noisy-trace editing is most needed; this is the fundamental limit to the accuracy of noisy trace editing. When trace equalization is omitted from the processing flow (as in amplitude-versus-offset analysis), precise noisy-trace editing is critical. The S/N ratio of the stack is more sensitive to type 2 errors (failing to reject noisy traces) than it is to type 1 errors (rejecting good traces). However, as the fold of the data decreases, the S/N ratio of the stack becomes increasingly sensitive to type 1 errors.
Location of Viking 1 Lander on the surface of Mars

A location of the Viking 1 Lander on the surface of Mars has been determined by correlating topographic features in the lander pictures with similar features in the Viking orbiter pictures. Radio tracking data narrowed the area of search for correlating orbiter and lander features and an area was found on the orbiter pictures in which there is good agreement with topographic features on the lander pictures. This location, when plotted on the 1:250,000 scale photomosaic of the Yorktown Region of Mars (U.S. Geological Survey, 1977) is at 22.487 deg N latitude and 48.041 deg W longitude.
Valuing climate impacts in integrated assessment models: the MIT IGSM

We discuss a strategy for investigating the impacts of climate change on Earth’s physical, biological and human resources and links to their socio-economic consequences. As examples, we consider effects on agriculture and human health. Progress requires a careful understanding of the chain of physical changes—global and regional temperature, precipitation, ocean acidification, polar ice melting. We relate those changes to other physical and biological variables that help people understand risks to factors relevant to their daily lives—crop yield, food prices, premature death, flooding or drought events, land use change. Finally, we investigate how societies may adapt, or not, to these changes and how the combination of measures to adapt or to live with losses will affect the economy. Valuation and assessment of market impacts can play an important role, but we must recognize the limits of efforts to value impacts where deep uncertainty does not allow a description of the causal chain of effects that can be described, much less assigned a likelihood. A mixed approach of valuing impacts, evaluating physical and biological effects, and working to better describe uncertainties in the earth system can contribute to the social dialogue needed to achieve consensus on the level and type of mitigation and adaptation actions.
Building blocks for mobile free-space-optical networks

Existence of line of sight (LOS) and alignment between the communicating antennas are one of the key requirements for free-space-optical (FSO) communication. To ensure uninterrupted data flow, auto-aligning transmitter and receiver modules are necessary. We propose a new optical antenna design that employs spherical antennas covered with transmitter and receiver modules for maintaining optical links even when antennas are in relative motion. In this paper, for proof-of-concept, we design and test an auto-configurable circuit integrated with light sources and detectors placed on spherical surfaces. We also perform simulation-based analysis of these multi-element FSO modules that can enable mobility and high bandwidth in wireless, particularly indoor, networks. Broader impact of our work is to make FSO communication technology widely applicable in mobile, ad-hoc, and multi-hop wireless networks.
Continuously guided atomic interferometry using a single-zone optical excitation: theoretical analysis

In an atomic interferometer, the phase shift due to rotation is proportional to the area enclosed by the split components of the atom. However, this model is unclear for an atomic interferometer demonstrated recently by Shahriar et al., for which the atom simply passes through a single-zone optical beam, consisting of a pair of bichromatic counter-propagating beams. During the passage, the atomic wave packets in two distinct internal states couple to each other continuously. The two internal states trace out a complicated trajectory, guided by the optical beams, with the amplitude and spread of each wavepacket varying continuously. Yet, at the end of the single-zone excitation, there is an interference with fringe amplitudes that can reach a visibility close to unity. For such a situation, it is not clear how one would define the area of the interferometer, and therefore, what the rotation sensitivity of such an interferometer would be. In this paper we analyze this interferometer in order to determine its rotation sensitivity, and thereby determine its effective area. In many ways, the continuous interferometer (CI) can be thought of as a limiting version of the Borde–Chu Interferometer (BCI). We identify a quality factor that can be used to compare the performance of these interferometers. Under conditions of practical interest, we show that the rotation sensitivity of the CI can be comparable to that of the BCI. The relative simplicity of the CI (e.g., elimination of the task of precise angular alignment of the three zones) then makes it a potentially better candidate for practical atom interferometry for rotation sensing.
Kinetics of the OH Radical Reaction with Fulvenallene from 298 to 450 K

Self-recombination and cross-reactions of large resonant stabilized hydrocarbon radicals such as fulvenallenyl (C7H5) are predicted to form polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in combustion and the interstellar medium. Although fulvenallenyl is likely to be present in these environments, large uncertainties remain about its formation mechanisms. We have investigated the formation of fulvenallenyl by reacting the OH radical with fulvenallene (C7H6) over the 298 to 450 K temperature range and at a pressure of 5 Torr (667 Pa). The reaction rate coefficient is found to be 8.8(±1.7) × 10(-12) cm(3) s(-1) at room temperature with a negative temperature dependence that can be fit from 298 to 450 K to k(T) = 8.8(±1.7) × 10(-12) (T/298 K)(-6.6(±1.1)) exp[-(8.72(±3.03) kJ mol(-1))/(R((1/T) - (1/298 K)))] cm(3) s(-1). The comparison of the experimental data with calculated abstraction rate coefficients suggests that over the experimental temperature range, association of the OH radical to fulvenallene plays a significant role likely leading to a low fulvenallenyl branching fraction.
Impact of Vendor Capabilities on ASP Performance

Outsourcing has emerged as a key method of managing Information Technology and Systems (ITS) in the current era. Though not a new concept (Nam, et al., 1996), the growth of outsourcing as an ITS governance mechanism has dramatically increased during the 1990s by tens of billions of dollars annually. Part of this current growth may come from new kinds of outsourcing services such as Application Service Providers (ASPs). An ASP is defined as “a company that offers rentable applications to multiple business users from a shared data center over the Internet, an ATM, frame relay or a private-line network”(Network World Sept 27, 1999). Dataquest estimates that the worldwide ASP market will grow to $25 billion by year-end 2005.
Long-Term Follow-Up Roadmaps by Disease and Treatment

The care of childhood cancer survivors has become increasingly more challenging for primary care providers due to the complexity of the treatment received and the recommended risk-based surveillance. This chapter provides roadmaps of suggested studies and laboratory tests derived form the Children’s Oncology Group Long Term Survivor Guidelines. The format allows the clinician to monitor the patient’s needed tests systematically, provide focused care and address patient concerns amidst a busy practice.