cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Roots of STEM Achievement: An Analysis of Persistence and Attainment in STEM Majors:

This article analyzes persistence and attainment in postsecondary science, engineering, technology, and math (STEM) education using data from the Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study. Ability is shown to have a consistent impact on STEM performance. Self-efficacy has large estimated impacts, and there is evidence of strong bias against women. High school math preparation and attending small colleges increase the likelihood of noninterested students switching to STEM fields. Overall, there is little evidence that collegiate educational experiences affect persistence or attainment. The results indicate that policies to improve high school math preparation and address the gender gap would be most effective.JEL Classifications: I21, I28
Fixing the Number of Factors: The Most Practicable Psychometric Procedures

The psychologist eager to get to the use of factor analysis may have fretted a little at the almost philosophical perspective of the discussion in the last chapter concerning what we mean by factors. But neglect of the firm basis necessary for the scientific model itself would have landed us here only in benighted squabbles among various trivial technical rules of thumb.
Conjunctival transdifferentiation is due to the incomplete removal of limbal basal epithelium.

Previous studies have shown that using n-heptanol to create a total corneal epithelial defect beyond the limbus results in two different healing patterns with an unpredictable incidence. Between 14-68% of these wounded rabbit corneas (n = 287, combining various reports) showed extensive vascularization and conjunctivalization, whereas the remaining were not vascularizcd and had conjunctiva! transdifferentiation with a cornea-like epithelium. To investigate the role of the limbai epithelium in these two healing patterns, the authors treated rabbit eyes for various durations with n-heptanol and additional scraping. Histology showed that treatment for up to 120 seconds removed both the corncal and conjunctival epithelia but left the limbai basal cells intact. To prove viability, they cultured the treated limbai explants on collagen gel. After 14 days of culture, increased stratification of the limbai epithelium and an epithelial outgrowth onto the corncal stroma was observed. The latter was proven to be of corneal origin (positive to AE-5 but negative to AM-3 monoclonal antibody staining). The authors then surgically removed the entire limbai /one including 2 mm of peripheral cornea and 3 mm of adjacent conjunctiva in addition to n-heptanol debridement of the entire corncal epithelium in 54 rabbit eyes and observed a high incidence (96%) of corneal vascularization and conjunctivalization of the resultant epithelial phenotype (positive to AM-3, but negative to AE-5 monoclonal antibody staining). These results support the hypothesis that corneal epithelial stem cells are located in the limbus and indicate that an incomplete removal of the basal limbai epithelium by n-heptanol leads to unvascularizcd corneas with conjunctival transdifferentiation. Conversely, complete removal of such cells results in corncal vascularization and conjunctivalization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 31:1903-1913, 1990
Jane Jacobs's urban ethics

Abstract The 2016 centennial of Jane Jacobs's birth was an opportunity for scholars and pundits to reflect on the legacy of The Death and Life of Great American Cities and the author's other works and activism. Such reflections naturally reflected on her enduring appeal and readership, but also sought to find shortcomings. Among the critics, and even some otherwise admiring biographers, was a theme that while Jacobs was keen to observe the importance of “eyes on the street” and other street-scaled phenomena, she was weak on such overarching structural concerns as racism, power, and capital. From such charges arose claims that Jacobs was race-blind and a neoliberal, accusations made more dramatic in the context of the polarizing rhetoric of the 2016 US presidential election, Brexit, and other ideological divisions. By examining Jacobs's ideas about the freedom of the city; segregation and discrimination; public space and social capital; neighborhood organization and self-government; and her rejection of the “Plantation mentality,” this paper challenges those claims and shows Jacobs as an important theorist of ethics in the city, which she described as an “ecosystem” of “physical-economic-ethical processes” ideally characterized by “mutual support.”
Decadal Changes in the Edible Supply of Seafood and Methylmercury Exposure in the United States.

Background: Methylmercury (MeHg) exposure is associated with adverse effects on neurodevelopment and cardiovascular health. Previous work indicates most MeHg is from marine fish sold in the commerc...
Design analysis and considerations of power efficient electronic speed controller for small-scale quadcopter unmanned aerial vehicle

In recent years small-scale quadcopter Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) a.k.a drone has been gaining in momentum owing to ubiquitous applications ranging from military surveillance to civilian courier services. Drones these days are so advanced that it has coupled with high-resolution cameras for filming high quality videos, and image recognition algorithm to avoid objects obstruction. Due to massive electronics on board, drones are always power hungry and hence limiting its flight time per battery charge. Having a stable battery life with long flight time platform is one of the key elements for competitive products in drone industry. This paper focuses on the power electronics design considerations, specifically on the most power hungry electronic modules on a drone, i.e. electronic speed controller (ESC). Based on power electronics theory, power loss and flight time estimation models on the 3-phase motor driver, using state-of-the-art Silicon-based Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (Si-IGBT), emerging wide-bandgap semiconductor duals, i.e. silicon carbide (SiC) and Gallium Nitride (GaN) power transistors models are computed and compared.
What Drives Citizen Perceptions of Government Corruption? National Income, Petty Bribe Payments and the Unknown

Low trust in government and the widespread sense that public institutions are corrupt appears to be a global phenomenon, and a challenge to effective governance. We use the Global Corruption Barometer with responses from individuals in 117 countries to probe what drives citizen perceptions of corruption and propensity to pay bribes. Our analysis of the role of particular individual characteristics on perceptions of corruption (including age, gender, self-reported income level, education and employment status) suggests that there is at least somewhat of a common sense across individuals of how corrupt a particular service is in their country, but other—largely unobservable—factors account for most of any particular individual’s responses. A second analysis of the relationship between country averages of perceptions of corruption and country-level explanatory variables (including GDP per capita, democracy, inequality, the probability of bribe payment as well as a service performance measure for each service) shows a strong negative association between GDP per capita and perceptions of corruption and a strong positive association between bribe payments and perceptions of corruption. We find little evidence of association between service performance measures and country averages of corruption perceptions in a given sector. We repeat the same analyses on the individual and the country levels using bribe payment as our dependent variable. Our findings suggest that GDP per capita lowers perceptions of corruption through its influence on bribe payments. A plausible conclusion from that interpretation would be that the one reliable tool we appear to have to reduce perceptions of corruption is development and associated increases in GDP per capita itself.
Metabolic Reprogramming and Longevity of Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells.

Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) persist in peripheral tissues for long periods of time in the absence of antigenic stimulation. Upon re-encounter with cognate antigen, TRM trigger an immediate immune response at the local tissue microenvironment and provide the first line of host defense. TRM have been reported to play significant roles in host anti-microbial infection, cancer immunotherapy and pathogenesis of a number of human autoimmune diseases, such as psoriasis, vitiligo and atopic dermatitis. TRM display a distinct gene transcriptome with unique gene expression profiles related to cellular metabolism that is different from naive T cells (TN), central memory T cells (TCM) and effector memory T cells (TEM). Skin CD8+ TRM up-regulate expression of genes associated with lipid uptake and metabolism, and utilize mitochondria fatty acid β-oxidation to support their long-term survival (longevity) and function. In this review, we will summarize the recent progresses in the metabolic programming of TRM, and will also discuss the potential to target the unique metabolic pathways of TRM to treat TRM-mediated diseases.
Divided We Fall: How Ratios Undermine Research in Strategic Management

Despite scholars’ admonitions regarding the use of ratios in statistical analyses, the practice is common in management research. This is particularly true in the area of strategic management, wher...
Prenatal detection of congenital malformations by ultrasonography: Mayo clinic experience

Abstract Routine obstetric ultrasonography has been performed at our institution since 1974. During a recent 41-month period, 63 neonates with 83 congenital abnormalities had been scanned before delivery. The detection rate according to the organ system involved and the year in which the study was performed is reviewed. Suggestions, based upon the data presented, are given for the various anatomic sites and fetal dimensions that should be evaluated during each stage II ultrasound examination.
Methodological Issues in Human Aggression Research

It is generally assumed in the philosophy of science that the quality of conclusions one can legitimately draw from research largely depends on the quality of the methodology that was used. In other words, “answers” are only as sound as “questions” that led to them. In an empirical science, whether of the hypothetico-deductive or inductive variety, an extremely close relationship between theory and method is assumed to exist; with some justification, one could go as far as to claim that the methodological and theoretical aspects of research fully constrain and complement each other, sometimes blending to the point of being indistinguishable.
Kit formulation development for 99mTc labeling of a novel single chain antibody fragment

1659 Objectives We have reported a novel rapidly internalizing single chain antibody fragment (scFv) targeting all subtypes of mesothelioma that is promising for targeted imaging and therapy. The objective of the study was to develop a kit formulation for 99mTc labeling. Methods The scFv was engineered to contain a cystein tag to accommodate the specific conjugation of the chelator,HYNIC, and subsequent 99mTc labeling. The labeling conditions including various co-ligands were optimized to allow instant one-pot quantitative labeling. The labeled product was evaluated in vitro for cell binding capability and stability in phosphate buffered saline (room temperature) and serum at 37 degree C for up to 24 hours. Animal studies in tumor bearing mice were also performed to confirm tumor targeting in vivo. Results The optimized one-pot formulation provided not only high labeling yield (>95%) but remarkable specific activity (1.8 x 107 Ci/mol). The 99mTc labeled scFv was stable in both phosphate buffered saline and serum for up to 24 hours with 98% and 91% found intact respectively. The in vitro cell study confirmed the labeled scFv maintained the binding capability with a Kd at 27nM. The animal studies in tumor bearing mice showed high tumor uptake at 16.9%ID/g even at 24h post-injection along with rapid blood clearance (0.18%ID/g) and kidney excretion (44%ID/g) providing very high contrast. Conclusions A kit formulation for 99mTc labeling based on specific HYNIC conjugation and labeling was successfully developed for a novel scFv which is potential to translate into clinical use. Research Support This work is partially supported by NIH/NCI R01CA 135358-01 and Grant #IRG-97-150-10 from the American Cancer Society
Subcellular Calcium Compartmentation and Exchange in the Cardiac Cell: Relation to Contractile Control

It is the ultimate goal of studies underway at the UCLA Cardiovascular Research Laboratory to identify, in the intact functional cell, the content and exchange characteristics of the calcium (Ca) in the various subcellular organelles. Until this is done a final, comprehensive model of excitation-contraction coupling processes as they perform and interrelate in vivo cannot be realized.
Reactions of Cu+(1S, 3D) with CH3Cl, CH2ClF, CHClF2, and CClF3.

The reactions of gas-phase Cu+(1S) and Cu+(3D) with CH3Cl, CH2ClF, CHClF2, and CClF3 are examined using the drift cell technique at 3.5 Torr. State-specific product channels and overall bimolecular rate constants for depletion of the two Cu+ states are determined using electronic state chromatography. Cu+(1S) participates exclusively in association with all four neutrals, whereas Cl abstraction is the dominant product channel for Cu+(3D). The resulting CuCl+ product subsequently abstracts Cl- in a secondary process. Tertiary reactions are also observed, which include both hydride abstraction (with CH3Cl) and fluoride abstraction (with the fluorinated neutrals). All product channels can be understood in terms of the known thermochemical and quantum mechanical (i.e., spin) requirements. Cu+(1S) is depleted by all four neutrals at 30% to 40% of the ADO rate under these conditions, whereas Cu+(3D) is observed to react at approximately 80% of the ADO rate with CH3Cl, CH2ClF, and CHClF2. Reaction of excited sta...
Impact of pretreatment neutrophil-lymphocyte and platelet –lymphocyte ratio in metastatic papillary renal cell cancer.

e16115Background: Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are markers of inflammation and have been demonstrated as important prognostic factors in various benign diso...
Effects of Collagen Heterogeneity on Myocardial Infarct Mechanics in a Multiscale Fiber Network Model.

The scar that forms after a myocardial infarction is often characterized by a highly disordered architecture but generally exhibits some degree of collagen fiber orientation, with a resulting mechanical anisotropy. When viewed in finer detail, however, the heterogeneity of the sample is clear, with different subregions exhibiting different fiber orientations. In this work, we used a multiscale finite-element model to explore the consequences of the heterogeneity in terms of mechanical behavior. To do so, we used previously obtained fiber alignment maps of rat myocardial scar slices (n = 15) to generate scar-specific finite-element meshes that were populated with fiber models based on the local alignment state. These models were then compared to isotropic models with the same sample shape and fiber density, and to homogeneous models with the same sample shape, fiber density, and average fiber alignment as the scar-specific models. All simulations involved equibiaxial extension of the sample with free motion in the third dimension. We found that heterogeneity led to a lower degree of mechanical anisotropy and a higher level of local stress concentration than the corresponding homogeneous model, and also that fibers failed in the heterogeneous model at much lower macroscopic strains than in the isotropic and homogeneous models. Taken together, these results suggest that scar heterogeneity may impair myocardial mechanical function both in terms of anisotropy and strength, and that individual variations in scar heterogeneity could be an important consideration for understanding scar remodeling and designing therapeutic interventions for patients after myocardial infarction.
Terahertz Attenuation in Snow and Sleet

The attenuation of terahertz (THz) radiation by snow aggregates and sleet is theoretically investigated using the Mie theory approach for electromagnetic radiation. Differences in attenuation spectra between rain, sleet, and dry snow are identified, and the difficulty of measuring THz attenuation by dry snow aggregates is highlighted and discussed in detail. At lower THz frequencies (~ 0–0.4 THz), it is suggested that water vapor may be the leading attenuator for instances of dry snowfall. A comparison between theoretical predictions and recent measurements is presented.
High-Dose Chemotherapy Followed by Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (AHSCT) for Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin’s Disease.

Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin’s Disease (LPHD) is a B-cell lymphoma that may require different treatment and may have a different natural history than classical Hodgkin’s disease. Although AHSCT is accepted therapy for patients with relapsed and refractory classical Hodgkin’s disease, there is little information regarding transplantation for LPHD. We performed a retrospective analysis of 19 patients who were treated with AHSCT for relapsed or refractory LPHD at the University of Nebraska Medical Center between April, 1987 and October, 2002. Biopsies of all LPHD patients were reviewed to confirm the diagnosis according to the WHO classification. Patients with a prior or concurrent diagnosis of classical Hodgkin’s disease or non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma were excluded. There were 18 men and 1 woman. Median age was 33 years (range 19–52). Thirteen patients (68%) received 1–2 chemotherapy regimens prior to AHSCT, and 6 patients (32%) received 3 or more regimens. Nine patients (47%) received radiation therapy prior to AHSCT. Five patients (26%) had extranodal disease at the time of AHSCT. Five patients (26%) were transplanted with autologous bone marrow, and 14 patients (74%) received peripheral blood stem cells. Six patients (32%) were transplanted with BEAM (carmustine, etoposide, cytarabine, melphalan), and 13 patients (68%) were treated with CBV (cyclophosphamide, carmustine, etoposide). The results of AHSCT for the 19 patients with LPHD were compared with 229 patients in our database who received AHSCT for relapsed and refractory nodular sclerosis Hodgkin’s disease during the same time period. The characteristics of the groups were similar with respect to age, disease status at the time of AHSCT, stage at AHSCT, amount of treatment prior to AHSCT, and interval between diagnosis and AHSCT. Patients with LPHD were more likely to be males (p
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Following Acute Delirium

Delirium is a significant medical condition that is common in hospitalized patients. Beyond the increased risk of mortality, patients who experience an episode of delirium often go on to develop long-term psychiatric disturbance, including symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). While there is a growing interest in understanding the complex relationship between delirium and PTSD, the existing literature is sparse and lacking harmony. Thus, this review seeks to develop a unified and thorough description of the cognitive and psychiatric underpinnings of post-delirium PTSD with the aims of promoting awareness of this condition amongst clinicians in medical settings, improving patient care, and sparking further research on this topic. While specific underlying mechanisms are yet unclear, PTSD was found to be associated with delirium in that delirious patients may have decreased factual recall of hospital events and increased hallucinations/delusions of a traumatic nature. Several potential interventions were identified, as well as suggestions for future research and clinical practice.
Socioeconomic Analysis of Breast Cancer between Countries, 2012-2018 Period

The breast cancer among women is a critical health and social issue worldwide. The goal of this study is to investigate breast cancer mortality in association with breast cancer incidence and socioeconomic factors between countries. Data of breast cancer incidence and mortality are from IARC/WHO for 2012 and 2018 and measured in age-standardized rate per 100,000 persons per country. Data of socioeconomic factors and diagnostic equipment are from The World Bank, United Nations and WHO. Results show that a 1% higher level of breast cancer incidence, it increases the expected mortality by 0.79% in poor countries, by 0.50% in countries with average income and by 0.31% in rich countries. These findings suggest that the risk of breast cancer mortality is increasing worldwide. These results explain trends of breast cancer between countries that can be used to gain insights at country-level for designing social “best practices” for health improvement of countries. However, these conclusions are of course tentative. There is need for much more detailed research into the relations between socioeconomic factors and breast cancer.
The BLM’s Duty to Incorporate Climate Science into Permitting Practices and a Proposal for Implementing a Net Zero Requirement into Oil and Gas Permitting

Almost one quarter of all U.S. carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions come from fossil fuels extracted from public lands, and these resources are managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). This article argues that the BLM has a statutory duty to respond to climate change, which includes the duty to avoid exacerbating climate change. The article then moves the legal discussion from aspiration to action by proposing a legal strategy, using the existing legal framework, by which the BLM can achieve net zero emissions from all new mineral development activity. While the article focuses on oil and gas development, the same methodology could be applied to coal mining, tar sands, and other sources of GHG emissions.
Multi-Agent Off-Policy TD Learning: Finite-Time Analysis with Near-Optimal Sample Complexity and Communication Complexity.

The finite-time convergence of off-policy TD learning has been comprehensively studied recently. However, such a type of convergence has not been well established for off-policy TD learning in the multi-agent setting, which covers broader applications and is fundamentally more challenging. This work develops two decentralized TD with correction (TDC) algorithms for multi-agent off-policy TD learning under Markovian sampling. In particular, our algorithms preserve full privacy of the actions, policies and rewards of the agents, and adopt mini-batch sampling to reduce the sampling variance and communication frequency. Under Markovian sampling and linear function approximation, we proved that the finite-time sample complexity of both algorithms for achieving an $\epsilon$-accurate solution is in the order of $\mathcal{O}(\epsilon^{-1}\ln \epsilon^{-1})$, matching the near-optimal sample complexity of centralized TD(0) and TDC. Importantly, the communication complexity of our algorithms is in the order of $\mathcal{O}(\ln \epsilon^{-1})$, which is significantly lower than the communication complexity $\mathcal{O}(\epsilon^{-1}\ln \epsilon^{-1})$ of the existing decentralized TD(0). Experiments corroborate our theoretical findings.
Developing an Introduction to ROS and Gazebo Through the LEGO SPIKE Prime

In an effort to teach controller design in the college classroom, we have built a toolbox connecting the LEGO SPIKE Prime robotic platform, Raspberry Pi 4, Onshape CAD environment, and ROS 2/Gazebo. In this paper, we outline the exploratory process in connecting these platforms through the creation of a virtual machine package bundling all process dependencies and connections. This includes developing a library of LEGO pieces in Onshape and developing a Raspberry Pi image and a Linux VM for the laptop that can be shared across the class (all shared on Google Drive). We demonstrate the package in building a LEGO self-balancing robot and then using its ROS-controlled digital twin (drawn in Onshape) to tune the controller (PID) in the virtual world (Gazebo) and then successfully apply the controller to the LEGO robot.
A Flood — Not a Ripple — of Harm: Proximate Cause Under the Fair Housing Act

Over the past decade, several city governments across the country have filed suits against banks pursuant to the Fair Housing Act seeking redress for municipal damages caused by the banks’ discriminatory lending practices. Following the ruling in Bank of America Corp. v. City of Miami, lower courts are now confronting the question of where to “draw the line” of proximate causation under the Fair Housing Act, and specifically whether the harms experienced by cities as a result of banks’ discriminatory lending meet the requirements of proximate causation. In suggesting a direction for lower courts, the Court in City of Miami alluded to several cases arising under statutes with common law foundations in which proximate cause analysis was limited to the “first step.” In doing so, the Court noted that a Fair Housing Act violation may cause “ripples of harm” to flow through society, thus pointing to a need for some point to limit liability. This Article traces the origins of the “first step” test — along with the carefully-chosen “ripples of harm” metaphor — back to the Clayton and Sherman Acts and their regulation of specific economic harms. The Article suggests that importing proximate cause standards developed for the initially contractual harms arising in the antitrust context into the very different tortious harms arising in the fair housing context is unwise and unworkable. It offers an alternative proximate cause standard for the Fair Housing Act — a “scope of liability” standard — drawn from the Third Restatement of Torts, which we examine in light of the Fair Housing Act’s legislative history and the empirical reality of the effects of the discriminatory lending at issue in the case. The harm caused by banks’ discriminatory lending practices can be better analogized to water accumulating into a flood than water dispersing through a ripple, and the correct proximate cause standard under the Fair Housing Act allows cities to recover for this harm.
Single- and cross-commodity discounting among adults who use alcohol and cannabis: Associations with tobacco use and clinical indicators.

Abstract Background Delay discounting assessments typically involve choices between an immediate outcome and a larger amount of the same outcome after a delay. Real-world choices, however, more often involve qualitatively different alternatives. The primary aim of this study was to examine single- and cross-commodity discounting of money, alcohol, and cannabis, along with clinical measures of alcohol and cannabis use among people who use both alcohol and cannabis, yet differ in tobacco cigarette smoking status (i.e., dual- versus tri-use). Methods An online crowdsourced sample (N = 318) of people who reported using alcohol and cannabis in the past week completed single- and cross-commodity discounting assessments across each combination of money, alcohol, and cannabis. We recruited a balanced number of people who did and did not also use tobacco cigarettes and examined associations between discounting, tobacco use, and clinical indicators. Results People who reported using tobacco cigarettes in addition to alcohol and cannabis tended to engage in significantly higher rates of harmful alcohol and cannabis use than those who reported using only alcohol and cannabis. Cross-commodity discounting was significantly associated with patterns of harmful alcohol and cannabis use while no associations emerged for single-commodity discounting. Conclusions Cross-commodity discounting provides a nuanced account of intertemporal choice by incorporating relative commodity valuation and appears to characterize harmful alcohol and cannabis use more clearly than single-commodity arrangements. Further cross-commodity research is needed to better understand the interplay between temporal location and relative commodity value among people who use multiple substances.
Scheme Liability: A Reply to Grundfest

This paper responds to Professor Joseph Grundfest's recent paper opposing recognition of scheme liability under Section 10(b)/Rule 10b-5 - Scheme Liability: A Question for Congress, Not for the Courts. In responding to Professor Grundfest's cogent arguments, this article tries to simplify the issue. Section 10(b) is indisputably valid, and it broadly authorizes the SEC to issue rules to protect the investing public from fraud. The Commission issued Rule 10b-5, using Congress's own words from the antifraud provisions of the 1933 Act, including the scheme to defraud language. No one suggests that Rule 10b-5 is invalid, so that should largely end the debate. A valid agency rule that Congress authorized expressly outlaws schemes to defraud in the sale of securities. Q.E.D. It may be telling that Professor Grundfest's paper neither quotes Section 10(b) (or Rule 10b-5) nor sets forth the facts of the case. As other opponents of scheme liability, Professor Grundfest tries to divert attention from the wording of the statute and rule to the holding in Central Bank. However, Central Bank did not address scheme liability or the proper scope of primary liability under Section 10(b). It held only that there is no express cause of action for aiding and abetting liability, with the Court stressing the absence of aiding and abetting language in Section 10(b)/Rule 10b-5. However, the necessary language for scheme liability is present in Section 10(b)/Rule 10b-5. The Supreme Court has properly noted that divining what Congress would have intended in 1934 often requires historical reconstruction. Such a reconstruction clearly demonstrates that Congress in 1934 would have expected joint tort liability to be visited upon those who knowingly participated in a fraudulent scheme to sell securities. The scheme liability language of Rule 10b-5 was borrowed from Congress's own words in Section 17(a) of the '33 Act which, in turn, were derived from the federal mail fraud statute. Case law under both that statute and the common law of fraud (to which the Supreme Court has also looked for guidance in interpreting Section 10(b)) indicate that in 1934: (a) all who knowingly participated in fraudulent schemes were held liable (with no distinction being made between primary and secondary liability), and (b) liability was consistently imposed in cases that are nearly identical factually (A knowingly participates in B's fraudulent scheme by entering into a fake transaction that enables B to defraud C) to recent scheme liability cases, including the Stoneridge case currently before the Supreme Court. Much of Professor Grundfest's article is, in stark contradiction to his title, composed of policy arguments that should be largely irrelevant to the Supreme Court's determination of Stoneridge. These policy arguments apply equally to the misrepresentation and manipulation provisions of Section 10(b)/Rule 10b-5, which are indisputably valid.
Neuroimaging Data Provenance Using the LONI Pipeline Workflow Environment

Provenance, the description of the history of a set of data, has become important in the neurosciences with the proliferation of research consortia-related neuroimaging efforts. Knowledge about the origin, preprocessing, analysis and post hoc processing of neuroimaging volumes is essential for establishing data and results quality, the reproducibility of findings, and their scientific interpretation. Neuroimaging provenance also includes the specifics of the software routines, algorithmic parameters, and operating system settings that were employed in the analysis protocol. The LONI Pipeline (http://pipeline.loni.ucla.edu) is a Java-based workflow environment for the construction and execution of data processing streams. We have developed a provenance framework for describing the current and retrospective data state integrated with the LONI Pipeline workflow environment. Collection of provenance information under this framework alleviates much of the burden of documentation from the user while still providing a rich description of an image's characteristics, as well as the description of the programs that interacted with that data. This combination of ease of use and highly descriptive meta-data will greatly facilitate the collection of provenance information from brain imaging workflows, encourage subsequent data and meta-data sharing, enhance peer-reviewed publication, and support multi-center collaboration.
Dynamic Verification of Cache Coherence Protocols

A method for improving the fault-tolerance of cache coherent multiprocessors is proposed. By dynamically verifying coherence operations in hardware, errors caused by manufacturing faults, soft errors, and design mistakes can be detected. Analogous to the DIVA concept for single-processor systems, a simple version of the protocol functions as a checker for the aggressive implementation. An example implementation is shown, and the overhead is estimated for a small SMP system.
The Reduction Corporoplasty: The Answer to the Improbable Urologic Question “Can You Make My Penis Smaller?”

Abstract Introduction Aneurysmal dilatation of the corpora cavernosa can occur because of recurrent priapism in the setting of sickle cell disease. Aim We present the first case of a successful implementation of the reduction corporoplasty technique for treatment of a phallus that was “too large for intercourse.” Methods We describe the presentation of a 17‐year‐old male with a history of sickle cell disease with a phallus “too large for intercourse.” Patient reported normal erectile function and response with masturbation but also reported inability to penetrate his partner due to the enlarged and disfigured morphology. He had three priapismic episodes since the age of 10 that progressively led to an aneurysmal morphologic deformity of his phallus. Evaluation included a magnetic resonance imaging, which revealed true aneurysmal dilatation of bilateral corpora cavernosa in the middle and distal portions, and diffusely hyperplastic tunica. Main Outcome Measure The main outcome measure is the successful management of phallic disfiguration. Results Reduction corporoplasty was performed, and the patient reported intact erectile function without aneurysmal recurrence. Conclusions Patients with significant corporal aneurysmal defects secondary to recurrent priapism can be successfully managed with reduction corporoplasty. Martinez DR, Manimala NJ, Rafiei A, Hakky TS, Yang C, and Carrion R. The reduction corporoplasty: The answer to the improbable urologic question “Can you make my penis smaller?” J Sex Med 2015;12:835–839.
How to make assured service more assured

In this paper, we study why the current assurance services (AS) architecture with profilers/markers at edge routers and with queue management mechanisms (RIO) at core routers cannot achieve throughput assurance and fairness. Based on the findings of the simulation study, we propose an enhanced version of the time sliding window (TSW) profiler, called the enhanced TSW (ETSW). We also design two enhanced versions of the RIO queue management mechanism, based on rigorous, analytical reasoning, called respectively, the (r,RTT)-adaptive algorithm and the dynamic RIO (DRIO) algorithm. To validate the proposed design, we implement the proposed mechanisms, along with the 2-window TCP scheme, the three color-marker scheme, and the CSFQ scheme in ns-2, and examine their behavior under a variety of network topologies and traffic sources. The simulation results indicate that both DRIO and (r,RTT)-adaptive algorithms, when combined with ETSW, do fulfill better throughput assurance and fairness, especially under the case that AS flows require different target rates, incur different round trip times, or co-exist with non-responsive UDP flows.
Hemodynamic evaluation with TURBO BRISK: a rapid phase contrast angiography technique

Hemodynamic imaging by phase contrast angiography was significantly accelerated by selective interpolation and segmentation in k-space using TURBO BRISK. The method was tested in vitro on three independent flowfields, representative of human blood rheology: a straight tube simulating the descending aorta, a curved tube simulating the aortic arch and a two-chamber orifice flow model simulating valvular regurgitation. The results were compared to data obtained by Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) and showed good agreement. For the straight tube, the flow velocity obtained by five TURBO BRISK methods with increasing segmentation factors and corresponding time savings showed good agreement with LDV. For the curved tube, the velocity showed good general agreement with some differences in the decelerating part of the cycle, and in the low-velocity secondary flow structures. The orifice flow evaluation, the most time consuming case, was performed by the control volume method. It showed good agreement with actual flows through the orifice. Data acquisitions for TURBO-4 BRISK could be performed in 20s for each velocity component. The method shows promise for breath-hold acquisitions in clinical applications, including calculation of blood flow volumes through diseased arteries, measurement of blood backflow volumes through dysfunctional heart valves to time valve replacement operations, and evaluation of arterial wall shear stress, an important factor in the genesis of atherosclerosis.
In vivo carbon-13 magnetization transfer effect. Detection of aspartate aminotransferase reaction.

One of the most remarkable achievements of in vivo NMR spectroscopy has been the detection of rapid enzyme-catalyzed exchange reactions using phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based magnetization transfer experiments. In this paper, we report, for the first time, the in vivo carbon magnetization transfer (CMT) effect and in vivo detection of the CMT effects of the alpha-ketoglutarate glutamate and the oxaloacetate aspartate reactions, both of which are catalyzed by aspartate aminotransferase. By saturating the carbonyl carbon of alpha-ketoglutarate at 206 ppm in alpha-chloralose anesthetized adult rat brain, the unidirectional glutamate --> alpha-ketoglutarate flux was determined to be 78 +/- 9 mumol/g/min (mean +/- SD, n = 11) following i.v. infusion of [1,6-(13)C(2)]D-glucose. Contribution from aspartate aminotransferase-catalyzed partial reactions to the observed CMT effects was emphasized. Because of the large chemical shift separation between the alpha-carbons of the amino acids and the carbonyl carbons of the corresponding cognate keto acids, the spillover of the saturation radiofrequency pulses to the alpha-carbon resonances was negligible. The results indicate that the magnetization transfer effects of aspartate aminotransferase-catalyzed reactions can be used as new biomarkers accessible to non-invasive in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques.
Analysis of suspended-particle-size distributions over the Nova Scotian Continental Rise

Abstract The relationships of particle-size distributions to particle concentrations, silicate content and process of bottom boundary layer formation on the Nova Scotian Continental Rise were examined to analyze the dynamics of the benthic nepheloid layer. High particle concentrations (> 400 μ g 1 −1 ) in the intense benthic nepheloid layers are nearly always associated with a coarse ( ⋍ 8 μ m ) particle mode. These coarse particles must be renewed on a time scale of weeks in order to be maintained in suspension. No unique type of particle-size distribution in the benthic nepheloid layer is associated with water masses distinguished on the basis of silicate content. However, the method of formation of the bottom boundary layer does influence the particle-size distributions. Locally mixed bottom boundary layers are dominated by a coarse particle mode ( ⋍ 8 μ m ). Bottom boundary layers composed of hydrographically distinct filaments of bottom water mainly contain fine particles ( ⋍ 2–3 μ m ) obtained upstream. Where the filament has extremely high particle concentrations (> 1 mg 1 1 ), the fine particle mode is masked by a locally resuspended coarse mode indicating that the filament must occasionally (within 200–300 km) be accelerated by some external energy to the point that the critical shear stress for erosion is exceeded.
Structures and energetics of silicon nanotubes from molecular dynamics and density functional theory

We use molecular dynamics with a first-principles-based force field and density functional theory to predict the atomic structure, energetics, and elastic properties of Si nanotubes. We find various low-energy and low-symmetry hollow structures with external diameters of about 1 nm. These are the most stable structures in this small-diameter regime reported so far and exhibit properties very different from the bulk. While the cohesive energies of the four most stable nanotubes reported here are similar (from 0.638 to 0.697 eV above bulk Si), they have disparate Young's moduli (from 72 to 123 GPa).
Fading of stabilized retinal images

It is well known that targets whose images are stabilized on the retina by optical means, as well as afterimages that are naturally stabilized on the retina, fade and eventually disappear. Comparative data are presented on the rate of disappearance of stabilized images and afterimages as a function of contrast and spatial frequency. The main finding is that they disappear in a similar fashion only when target contrast is low.
Topic avoidance: Is this the way to a more satisfying relationship?

Romantically involved couples face many challenges in their relationships. One commonly held belief is that increased communication helps couples remain satisfied in their relationships and solves many of their problems. Because of this belief, this study investigated topic avoidance and relational satisfaction within romantic relationships. One hundred and twenty‐two participants (62 females) completed a questionnaire that asked what topics they avoided with their relational partners, what topics they perceived their partners avoided, and how satisfied they were in their relationships. Participants reported avoiding more topics than they perceived their relational partners avoided. In addition, a significant inverse relationship was found between the overall level of topic avoidance a relational partner perceived his or her partner engaging in and his or her own relational satisfaction. Further, a significant negative relationship was found between an individual's overall level of topic avoidance and his...
Seismicity associated with mining

The virgin state of stress in the earth's crust is disturbed by mine excavations which result in stress concentrations in the rock. Rock emits seismic pulses when subjected to stresses approaching in value the strength of the rock. Mining gives rise to seismic activity ranging from microseismic events radiating 10−5 J (M - 6) to rockbursts or tremors radiating 109 J (M5). Rock failures in mines fall into four main categories: rockfalls, in which loosened rock falls mainly under its own weight; rockbursts which are violent failures of rock and may cause damage to excavations; bumps, which are violent failures, but which do not cause damage to the excavations; and outbursts in which the rapid release of gas causes rock to be ejected into the excavation. Microseismic activity is associated with all these four categories of rock failure. Rockbursts and bumps occur in deep metalliferous mines in which thin tabular deposits in strong, brittle siliceous rocks of igneous or metamorphic origin are worked. The seismicity associated with mining appears to have many features in common with those natural earthquakes. However, the mechanics and dynamics of mining can be analysed relatively completely and the excavations provide access to the source region of the seismic events. Comprehensive studies of rock deformation and fractures have been made on several gold mines of the Witwatersrand System. The gold-bearing reefs are mined at depths of down to more than 3 km below surface by stoping. This creates flat voids in the quartzitic strata extending laterally for distances of up to several kilometres with an initial excavated thickness of a metre. Geodetic-type measurements in tunnels and boreholes traversing the rock mass around these excavations have shown that the rock mass responds elastically over long periods of time to the extension of the boundaries of the excavations resulting from advancing the stope faces. Failure of the rock in the regions of maximum stress concentration near the edges of these excavations is an unavoidable concomitant of mining. It gives rise to new fracture planes closely parallel to the stope faces and to continuous seismic activity. The foci of seismic events with magnitudes from less than 0 to greater than 3 are found to occur mainly within tens of metres of the advancing stope faces. Diurnal and weekly distributions of seismic activity and of deformation show that the failure of the rock is time-dependent. The seismic radiation efficiency has been found to be of the order of 0.1%. The seismicity is related to the spatial rate of energy release associated with the extension of the excavations and the incidence of seismic events and their magnitudes can be predicted statistically from calculated values of this quantity.
Is Social Work Advocacy Worth the Cost? Issues and Barriers to an Economic Analysis of Social Work Political Practice

Advocacy is central to the social work profession’s commitment to social betterment and justice, yet much of what we know about it is based on conventional wisdom. We have little evidence on the effectiveness of interventions and even less on the costs and benefits of advocacy campaigns. This article discusses some of the conceptual and methodological issues involved with advocacy research and provides some direction for combining research on the effectiveness of advocacy with research on its cost utility.
Iloperidone—A Second-Generation Antipsychotic for the Treatment of Acute Schizophrenia

Objective:To review the pharmacology, efficacy, and tolerability of iloperidone, a second-generation antipsychotic, in the treatment of acute schizophrenia in adults.Data Sources:English-language articles were obtained via MEDLINE (1966-March 2010) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-March 2010) searches using the key words iloperidone, acute schizophrenia, atypical antipsychotics, second-generation antipsychotics, HP 873, P88–8991, P95–12113, and Fanapt. Bibliographies of selected articles were used to identify additional sources.Study Selection and Data Extraction:Available published articles reporting the results of human studies of iloperidone were reviewed for inclusion in this article. Additional information regarding pharmacology, adverse events, contraindications, and precautions was obtained from the manufacturer's prescribing information.Data Synthesis:Iloperidone is a second-generation antipsychotic approved for the treatment of acute schizophrenia in adults. Iloperidone is well ab...
School-Based Victimization of Teachers in Korea Focusing on Individual and School Characteristics

Research has found that victimized teachers are more likely to suffer from psychological distress, experience impaired personal relationships, and report higher levels of fear, consequently yielding detrimental impacts on their job performance and relationships with students. However, limited empirical research has been conducted to understand the prevalence and predictors of violence against teachers. Using a nationally representative sample of 996 Korean teachers, the present study measured various types of victimization and examined predictors of teachers’ victimization, focusing on teachers’ socio-demographic characteristics, teachers’ student-oriented approach/classroom atmosphere, and school characteristics. The results suggest that teacher victimization is widespread in South Korea and show significant effects of individual socio-demographic factors (gender and being a homeroom teacher), classroom atmosphere, and school type on teachers’ victimization. Policy implications are discussed in the concl...