cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Technological change and petroleum exploration in the Gulf of Mexico

We examine the impact of technological change on oil and gas exploration in the Gulf of Mexico from 1947 to 1998, using a unique micro-data set. An index variable for technological change is constructed to capture both the number and significance of technological innovations in the offshore industry over the study period. Empirical models of exploration-discovery and of drilling cost are used to assess the effect of technological change at both the field level and the regional level. Our results indicate that technological change played a very significant role in the offshore industry over the past 50 years, increasing reserves and lowering cost. Although depletion effect was dominant over the first two decades, the effect of technological change was able to offset that of resource depletion over the entire 50-year study period.
The Synthesis of III-V Semiconductor InSb Nanoparticles by Solvothermal Reduction Reactions

InSb has a large carrier mobility and a high sensitivity in the infrared wavelength range (3–5 μm), which makes it a good quantum dot material for infrared (IR) detectors. In this study, the synthesis of the nanocrystalline III-V semiconductor indium antimonide (InSb) by solvothermal reduction methods was investigated. InSb was synthesized by using indium (III) chloride and antimony (III) chloride as the starting materials and sodium borohydride as the reducing agent. Pure-phase InSb was successfully produced with diethylenetriamine and tetraethylenepentamine as the solvents and a Schlenk line apparatus as the reaction vessel. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to verify the successful production of InSb and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to determine the particle size and shape of the product. In the future, growth kinetics of the particles will be investigated as they relate to their spectroscopic quantum confinement effects.
Effects of Direction and Index of Difficulty on Aiming Movements after Stroke

Background. Brain hemispheres play different roles in the control of aiming movements that are impaired after unilateral stroke. It is not clear whether those roles are influenced by the direction and the difficulty of the task. Objective. To evaluate the influence of direction and index of difficulty (ID) of the task on performance of ipsilesional aiming movements after unilateral stroke. Methods. Ten individuals with right hemisphere stroke, ten with left hemisphere stroke, and ten age- and gender-matched controls performed the aiming movements on a digitizing tablet as fast as possible. Stroke individuals used their ipsilesional arm. The direction (ipsilateral or contralateral), size (0.8 or 1.6 cm), and distance (9 or 18 cm) of the targets, presented on a monitor, were manipulated and determined to be of different ID (3.5, 4.5, and 5.5). Results. Individuals with right hemisphere lesion were more sensitive to ID of the task, affecting planning and final position accuracy. Left hemisphere lesion generated slower and less smooth movements and was more influenced by target distance. Contralateral movements and higher ID increased planning demands and hindered movement execution. Conclusion. Right and left hemisphere damages are differentially influenced by task constraints which suggest their complementary roles in the control of aiming movements.
Composite stentless valve with graft extension for combined replacement of the aortic valve, root and ascending aorta

Objective: The composite mechanical valve conduit has been most commonly used for patients who require combined aortic valve, root, and ascending aorta replacement, but is limited, especially in the elderly, because of the need for long-term anticoagulation. We report the first consecutive series of patients in whom a composite stentless valve with graft extension, which does not require long-term anticoagulation, was performed. Methods: Between April 1998 and July 2000, eight patients with severe aortic root and ascending aortic pathology underwent a combined aortic valve, root, and ascending aorta replacement with a Freestyle w stentless porcine valve with a Hemashield w graft extension. Mean age was 74 (range 56‐82), three were males. Concomitant procedures included coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) aloneOna 2U, mitral valve replacement with atrial septal defect repairOna 1U and CABG with septal myomectomyOna 1U. Results: Operative mortality was zero. Median aortic cross-clamp and cardiopulmonary bypass times were 150 and 203 min, respectively. Two patients returned to the operating room for bleeding. Median blood transfusions and hospital length of stay were 4 units and 11 days, respectively. Conclusions: The composite stentless valve with graft extension is a reasonable alternative to a mechanical valve conduit for patients who require a combined aortic valve, root, and ascending aorta replacement, in whom anticoagulation is not desirable or contraindicated. q 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction at hospitals with and without on-site cardiac surgical capability.

Objective To compare the safety and efficacy of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute myocardial infarction performed at a hospital without cardiac surgical capability with PCI performed for acute myocardial infarction at a center with on-site surgery. Patients and Methods We included patients with acute myocardial infarction in whom PCI was performed from March 1, 2000, through May 31, 2002, at a community hospital (Immanuel St Joseph's) without on-site surgery. The procedural success, in-hospital adverse cardiac events, and 6-month follow-up were compared with those of PCI performed for acute myocardial infarction in matched controls from January 1, 2000, through February 28, 2002, at a center with cardiac surgery (Saint Marys Hospital). Results One hundred sixty patients (and 160 matched controls) underwent PCI for acute myocardial infarction. The procedural success rate was high and similar for the 2 groups (96% vs 95%; P =.79). In-hospital mortality, Q-wave myocardial infarction, and target vessel revascularization were low and similar for the 2 groups. No patient was referred for emergency coronary artery bypass graft surgery for failed PCI. Six-month survival from all-cause mortality was 96% for the Immanuel St Joseph's group and 94% for the Saint Marys Hospital group ( P =.92). Subgroup analysis of patients with primary PCI for ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction revealed high procedural success and low and similar rates of major cardiac adverse events in the 2 groups. Conclusion This study shows that PCI for acute myocardial infarction can be performed safely and effectively in a community hospital without on-site cardiac surgery.
Further Evidence of the Construct Validity and Reliability of a Portuguese Version of an Academic Self-Concept Scale

For a sample of 177 Portuguese students attending a private Catholic college in Sao Paulo, Brazil (74 females and 103 males), the twofold purpose of this study was to provide additional evidence regarding the internal consistency reliability and the construct validity of a Portuguese version of the Dimensions of Self-Concept, Form H. From both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, promising support was found for the construct validity for each of the five subscales (Level of Aspiration, Anxiety, Academic Interest and Satisfaction, Leadership and Initiative, and Identification vs. Alienation), the titles of which corresponded to the five hypothesized constructs. Internal consistency estimates of the reliability of all five 16-item subscales varied between .84 and .90.
Broadening participation of people with disabilities in Computing fields

Individuals with disabilities are significantly underrepresented in both postsecondary academic programs and careers in computing, even though demand for employees in some information technology (IT) fields remains high. This presentation will describe access challenges for individuals with disabilities who wish to pursue IT fields, share promising practices for attracting people with disabilities to these fields, and provide information about The Alliance for Access to Computing Careers (AccessComputing).AccessComputing is funded by the National Science Foundation and serves to increase the participation of people with disabilities in computing careers that include those in computer science, information systems, software development, computer engineering, systems management, and teaching. AccessComputing is a collaboration of the Department of Computer Science and Engineering and DO-IT (Disabilities, Opportunities, Internetworking and Technology) at the University of Washington (TJW). Partners include Gallaudet University, the National Technical Institute for the Deaf (NTID) at the Rochester Institute of Technology, Microsoft, the NSF Regional Alliances for Persons with Disabilities in STEM (hosted by the University of Southern Maine, New Mexico State University, the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and the UW), and SIGACCESS of the association of computing machinery (ACM).
Proactive and reactive approaches to PTSD in the aftermath of campus violence: Forming a traumatic stress react team

Traumatic stresses are becoming an increasing reality on college campuses. Unfortunately, many campuses are ill-prepared to respond professionally to the needs of victims and covictims. Even more scarce are proactive prevention programs. The problems experienced by victims of post-traumatic stress disorder are discussed. The formation of a traumatic stress response team is proposed. A developing program at a small midwestern university is used as illustration.
Properties and applications of forests of quadtrees for pictorial data representation

Region representation as a quadtree data structure is a rich field in computer science with many different approaches. Forests of quadtrees offer space savings over regular quadtrees by concentrating the vital information [4, 5, 6]. They scavenge unused and unneeded space (i.e., node containing no information). This paper investigates several properties of forests of quadtrees which can be used to design manipulation algorithms for forest-quadtree data structure. In addition, the paper discusses the space saving and shows how the basic operations that can be performed on a quadtree can also be done on the more space efficient representation (a forest of quadtrees).
Comparison of human rhabdomyosarcoma, HEp-2, and human foreskin fibroblast cells for the isolation of herpes simplex virus from clinical specimens.

Abstract The performance of locally produced human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells was shown to be superior to human foreskin fibroblast (SF) and HEp-2 cells for the isolation of the herpes simplex virus (HSV) from clinical specimens. A comparison of sensitivity, clarity of cytophathic effect, and ease of growing the cells for the isolation of HSV was made on these cell lines. A total of 1351 fresh clinical specimens, submitted for the isolation of HSV, were inoculated into RD, HEp-2, and SF cell culture tubes. The cultures were incubated for 7 days at 35°C on a roller drum and observed daily for cytophathic effect (CPE). Of these specimens, 318 (23.5%) were positive for HSV. In 287 (90%) of these positive specimens, the RD cell line was the first, either alone or simultaneously with another cell line, to display typical HSV CPE. This CPE was clearly recognized by the appearance of clusters of rounded cells and associated multinucleated giant cells. In 241 (76%) of the positive specimens, the RD cell line displayed CPE on the first or second day of incubation. These results demonstrate that the RD cell line was more rapid than the SF and HEp-2 cell lines for the detection of HSV and suggests that RD cells should be included in a tissue culture program designed for the detection of HSV.
Action of homologous antiserum in vitro against life cycle stages of Hymenolepis nana, the dwarf mouse tapeworm.

Abstract An in vitro technique is described by which each phase of the life cycle of the dwarf mouse tapeworm, Hymenolepis nana has been tested against antiserum developed in rabbits against the adult worm antigens. Specific actions against the egg include: a precipitation inside the outer shell membrane, a withdrawal of the central membrane from the embryophore, agglutination of intact eggs, and a reduction of egg infectivity in mice to about 1 20 the control level. Effects against the cysticercoids include: cuticular bubbling on the tail, eversion of rostellum, immobilization of suckers, and reduction of infectivity to about 1 4 that of cysticercoids incubated in normal serum, and about 1 8 of those maintained in saline and 5% glucose. Action of specific antiserum on adults: increased motility, increased contracture causing rupture and spilling of eggs into the incubation medium (where they agglutinate); and, finally, a precipitation layer. This layer appears first at the scolex and then completely envelops at least some of the worms, and is apparent on most of the other worms in antiserum. No such responses were seen in eggs, cysticercoids, or adults in normal serum. Mode of action of the antiserum is briefly discussed and compared to the pattern characteristic of certain nematodes in which similar precipitation phenomena have been described.
Unravelling the Peculiar Nucleation Mechanisms for Non-Ideal Binary Mixtures with Atomistic Simulations†

Recent experiments reveal unusual nucleation behavior for seemingly simple mixtures that cannot be described by the classical theory. Molecular simulations using a combination of aggregation-volume-bias Monte Carlo, umbrella sampling, and histogram reweighting methods were carried out to study the nucleation events involved in the water/ethanol, water/n-nonane, and n-nonane/ethanol mixtures. These simulations reproduced their different nonideal behaviors observed by the experiments. Furthermore, the finding of their strikingly distinct mechanisms, as implied from the calculated free-energy maps, challenges the current theoretical description of this phenomenon.
Measurements of the Particle Size Distribution of the Atmospheric Aerosol: II. Experimental Results and Discussion

Abstract Distribution data obtained by sampling the Baltimore aerosol with a cascade impactor are reported for the range between 0.4 and 20 microns radius. Data for the range between 70 A and 0.1 microns in radius were obtained in two runs with the rotating disk sampler. Greater variations were observed in the lower end of the spectrum than in the upper end. The theory of self-preserving size distributions was used with some success to correlate data obtained in this and other studies. When the theory applies and the r−4 subrange exists, the size distribution is given by n(r)=0.04ϕr−4 where ϕ is the volume fraction of aerosol material.
Doubly Fed Induction Generator Maximum Wind Power Extraction Study Through Integrated Steady-state and Close-loop Control Evaluation

Abstract A doubly fed induction generator wind turbine is a variable-speed wind turbine widely used in the modern wind power industry. Unlike a fixed-speed wind turbine, the maximum power extraction of the turbine is affected by (1) electrical characteristics of the generator, (2) aerodynamic characteristics of the turbine blades, and (3) maximum power extraction control strategies. This article presents a doubly fed induction generator maximum power extraction study through the integrated steady-state and transient close-loop control evaluation approach so as to benefit the development of enhanced peak power tracking control techniques for variable-speed wind turbines. The generator characteristics are examined for different d-q control conditions; the peak power tracking and extracted wind power characteristics of the turbine blades versus generator slip are presented. Then, all three characteristics are analyzed in a joint environment to investigate doubly fed induction generator maximum power extracti...
Hormonal influences upon the maturation of the rat brain's responsiveness to sensory stimuli.

Abstract The effects of the neonatal administration of cortisol or thyroxine upon the maturation of electrocortical responses to sensory stimuli were studied in the rat. Evoked potentials were recorded from control and hormone treated animals. Records were obtained from immature animals at least 6 days old and from adults. Thyroxine injection on postnatal Days 2, 3 and 4 accelerated by approximately 2–3 days the maturation of evoked cortical responses to visual, auditory and sciatic nerve stimulation. Cortisol administration on postnatal Day 1 retarded development of the evoked response to these same sensory stimuli. These effects were more marked in the visual cortex than other areas. Our results agree with previous reports that these hormones cause a chronological displacement of various biochemical, behavioral and neurophysiological parameters of development and suggest that the hormonal climate bathing the growing neuron may be one factor in the internal environment which plays a role in determining the rate of development of the CNS.
Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in late-onset globoid cell leukodystrophy (Krabbe disease).

A five-year-old white male presented with a history of progressive loss of vision that was subsequently followed by progressive corricospinal dysfunction. Evaluation revealed the presence of leukodystrophy which was confirmed by a deficiency of the enzyme, galactosylceramide β -galactosidase. We present the clinical, computed tomographic, and magnetic resonance imaging features of this late-onset form of globoid cell leukodystrophy.
Theory of liquid–liquid and liquid–vapour equilibria

WE formulate here a general molecular theory of solutions, which predicts a first order phase transition (boiling), volume changes on mixing, and the complete phase behaviour of pure and mixed fluids. Our formulation is based on a simple hole theory of the liquid state.
Timing of the steps in transformation of C3H 10T½ cells by X-irradiation

Transformation of cells in culture by chemical carcinogens or X rays seems to require at least two steps. The initial step is a frequent event; for example, after transient exposure to either methylcholanthrene or X rays, almost every cell of established lines of mouse embryo fibroblasts proved capable of yielding transformed, tumorigenic descendants. Although results were interpreted as indicating that 100% of the progeny of methylcholanthrene-treated cells were potentially transformed, later experiments showed that only a very small minority of the progeny of cells initiated by X rays or methylcholanthrene actually produced transformed colonies. We thus concluded that there must be a second step in transformation that is a very rare event. We assumed that this event occurred after the cultures became confluent, a time when transformed cells have a selective growth advantage. Since then, however, others have shown that transformation can occur soon after initiation and that clones of transformed cells may already be present by the time initiated cultures become confluent. It has been hypothesized that the second step behaves like a spontaneous mutation in having a constant but small probability of occurring each time an initiated cell divides. We show here that the clone size distribution of transformed cells in growing cultures initiated by X rays is, indeed, exactly what would be expected on that hypothesis.
Generation and applications of high-power ultrashort pulses

Advances in femtosecond laser technology now make it possible to reliably generate laser pulses in the terawatt energy range with 20 fs pulse duration, using laser system which fits on a single optical table. We have demonstrated two such systems: a 10 Hz, 3 TW sysetm, and a 1kHz, 0.05 TW system. These lasers make possible new studies of strong-field laser-matter interactions, and the generation of reliable femtosecond pulsed soft x-rays.
Continuous axillary block through an indwelling Teflon catheter

Continuous regional anesthesia through a catheter placed in the axillary sheath has been an effective method of brachial plexus neural blockade. This article confirms this observation and demonstrates that continuous axillary block is useful in replantation surgery to provide anesthesia and analgesia in addition to sympathetic blockade for up to 7 days after operation. This anesthetic technique may allow extensive revascularization or replantation procedures to be performed for patients who could not safely tolerate prolonged application of general anesthesia.
Age-dependent accumulation of advanced glycation end-products in adult Drosophila melanogaster

Advanced glycation end-product(s) (AGE) are formed in biological systems when reducing sugars react with amino groups on proteins. Long-lived proteins such as collagen and lens crystallins are known to be susceptible to AGE modification and may play a major role in the development of diabetes and other age-related pathologies. It has been previously suggested that AGE formation might affect the lifespan of experimental animals. Our study is the first to examine the effect of AGE accumulation on the life span of an organism, Drosophila melanogaster. We found that Drosophila melanogaster maintained at 24 degrees C accumulate significant AGE over their lifespan. Young flies (10 days old) had 44% less AGE than senescent flies (75 days old). We were able to reduce AGE accumulation in Drosophila melanogaster by raising the flies on a medium containing a known AGE inhibitor, aminoguanidine HCl. Reduction of AGE in flies failed to increase their mean lifespan, and high concentrations (40 mM) reduced the mean life span, which suggests that aminoguanidine is toxic at levels near those required for inhibition of AGE formation. However, the common fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, provides a simple model system to study the age-dependent accumulation of glycated proteins and their inhibition by novel compounds.
The Role of Genomic Imprinting of Gsα in the Pathogenesis of Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy

Abstract Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) is caused by heterozygous inactivating mutations of the gene encoding the α-subunit of the G protein G s . The G s α gene is a complex gene that uses various alternative promoters and produces various protein products. Recently, it has been shown that this gene is imprinted in a tissue-specific manner. The role of tissue-specific imprinting of G s α in the pathogenesis of AHO is discussed.
Laser Polar Nephelometer for Airborne Measurements of Aerosol Optical Properties

A nephelometer has been developed for airborne measurement of polar scattering diagrams of atmospheric aerosols. The nephelometer light source is a modulated heliumneon laser; a digital synchronous photon counter is utilized to measure scattered-light intensity. The system has been designed for airborne measurements on a pressurized aircraft using outside air ducted through a 5-cm diameter airflow tube; the sample volume is that which is common to the intersection of the collimated source beam and the detector field of view within the airflow tube. The instrument has been flown on the NASA Convair 990 airborne laboratory to obtain data on the complex index of refraction of atmospheric aerosols. Particle sizing devices were operated simultaneously to determine the aerosol size-number distribution. Calculated values of the angular variation of scattered-light intensity were obtained by applying Mie scattering theory to the observed size distribution function and assuming different values of the complex index of refraction of the particles. The calculated values were then compared with data on the actual variation of the scattered-light intensity obtained with the polar nephelometer. The most probable value of the complex refractive index was taken to be that which provided the best fit between the experimental light-scattering data and the polar scattering diagrams calculated from the observed size distribution function.
The Luneberg lens and the importance of transmission in establishing contact with extraterrestrial civilizations

Abstract A large Luneberg-type antenna with accessories is described as a means of simultaneously monitoring a large number of stars for possible intelligent signals. Various contacting strategies are compared on their probability of success and arguments are advanced favoring a program of transmission at a wavelength of 21 cm to the nearest stars.
Genomic-scale exchange of mRNA between a parasitic plant and its hosts

Movement of RNAs between cells of a single plant is well documented, but cross-species RNA transfer is largely unexplored. Cuscuta pentagona (dodder) is a parasitic plant that forms symplastic connections with its hosts and takes up host messenger RNAs (mRNAs). We sequenced transcriptomes of Cuscuta growing on Arabidopsis and tomato hosts to characterize mRNA transfer between species and found that mRNAs move in high numbers and in a bidirectional manner. The mobile transcripts represented thousands of different genes, and nearly half the expressed transcriptome of Arabidopsis was identified in Cuscuta. These findings demonstrate that parasitic plants can exchange large proportions of their transcriptomes with hosts, providing potential mechanisms for RNA-based interactions between species and horizontal gene transfer.
Froth zone modelling of an industrial flotation column

Abstract The mineral recovery in a flotation column is the result of the combined effect of two distinct zones: the collection zone, which acts like a first cleaning stage and the froth zone that allows for a secondary cleaning of the minerals entering the froth. In this paper an experimental study of the froth zone behaviour in an industrial flotation column, is presented. The column is rectangular, 2×8 m2 in cross-section and 14m height, and is part of the second copper cleaner circuit of the Colon concentrator at El Teniente, Codelco-Chile. The column produces 30 tph of 32% copper concentrate. A critical dependence of the froth zone recovery with the air rate and to a minor extent with the wash water rate was observed. The average froth depth was about 1 m. The average air holdup along the froth zone was 80 %, for a typical range of gas rate Jg=1.2-1.8 cm/s. The plant water supply was limited and allowed for a superficial wash water rate Jw varying from 0 to 0.1 cm/s, which causes positive and negative bias operation. A semi-empirical model of the froth zone recovery Rf was derived in terms of the operating variables : superficial gas rate Jg, superficial water rate Jw and froth depth Hf, as shown in the following equation, Rƒ=95 exp (−1.44∗10 − Hƒ(1 + 3Jw) Jg 3 ) A good agreement was found between the froth model, based on operating variables, and experimentally estimated data of froth zone recovery. The range of the copper recovery in the froth zone observed in the industrial column was 20–70 %, from tests where the global column copper recovery was in the range 40–88 %, respectively.
Comparisons of predictions from two intranuclear-cascade models with measured secondary proton spectra at several angles from 62 - and 39 - MeV protons on various elements

Detailed comparisons of correlated energy-angle proton spectra corresponding to continuum state transtions have been made between experimental data and two versions---Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) and Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)---of the intranuclear-cascade model for 62- and 39-MeV protons incident on carbon, iron, and bismuth. These energies were selected because detailed experimental data are available and because the energy limit of validity of the intranuclear-cascade approach could be examined. The calculated spectra are in good agreement (\ensuremath{\le} 30%) with the shapes and magnitudes of the measured integral spectra for the 62-MeV reactions. However, the comparisons of the spectra at angles \ensuremath{\le} 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and g 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} are poor. There is a much greater discrepancy in the correlated energy-angle data from reactions at 39 MeV. The BNL version, which contains the greater physical detail, tends to reduce the discrepancies in the spectral shape at small and large angles between the experimental data and the simpler intranuclear-cascade version (ORNL). Examples of these discrepancies are: a high estimated quasifree peak at small angles and a small scattering intensity at back angles. However, the BNL version reduces the particle yield for heavy targets so that the comparisons of the predicted absolute cross sections with the experimental data are often poor. The effects of reflection and refraction, which are included in the BNL version only, appear to be in the right direction to compensate for the discrepancies of the ORNL version, but some modification in the manner that this phenomenon is incorporated may be required to avoid the discrepancies in absolute cross sections.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{12}\mathrm{C}(p, {p}^{\ensuremath{'}}X)$, $^{54}\mathrm{Fe}(p, {p}^{\ensuremath{'}}X)$, $^{209}\mathrm{Bi}(p, {p}^{\ensuremath{'}}X)$ calculated $\ensuremath{\sigma}(E;{E}_{{p}^{\ensuremath{'}}},\ensuremath{\theta})$, $\ensuremath{\sigma}(E)$; $E=39, 62$ MeV. Intranuclear-cascade models.
On the degree of attention and capacity limitation in tactile processing

Two conditions were used to evaluate Os' ability to detect near-threshold vibrotactile stimuli. In both conditions, a signal was presented at one of three skin loci, the 0 stating which locus received the stimulus. In the simultaneous condition, there was a single observation interval during which a signal occurred at one of the three loci. In the sequential condition, there were three observation intervals presented successively at 80D-msec intervals, with a signal presented at one of the three loci during one of the three observation intervals. Each observation interval was associated with a particular locus. Theories postulating attentional control and limitations of capacity during this type of vibrotactile information processing predict performance to be inferior in the simultaneous condition, since that condition requires sharing of attention among the three possible sources of tactile stimulation. The data showed performance to be identical in the two conditions. This result not only disconfinns the single-channel model proposed by Franzen, Markowitz, and Swets (1970), but also argues for an unlimited-capacity nonattention model of tactile perceptual processing. The results are in accord with similar findings for visual processing by Shiffrin and Gardner (1972). One of the most basic questions in information processing concerns limitations of capacity and attentional control during perceptual encoding. Figure 1 presents three commonly proposed models of sensory processing. The top panel illustrates a single-channel model, in which information can enter the system from only a single source at anyone moment. It is assumed in this model that attention switches rapidly among various possible sensory channels. Broadbent (1958) proposed a model similar to this in the context of dichotic listening experiments. Estes and Taylor (l964, 1966) proposed a quantitative model of this general type for visual processing. A less extreme attentional model is shown in the middle panel of Fig. 1. This attenuation model assumes total processing capacity to be limited, but allows simultaneous processing from many channels at once. The O's attention controls the attenuation of each channel, and hence the relative amounts processed in various channels. Treisman (l969), Moray (l970), and Neisser (1967) have proposed models of this sort based primarily on evidence from dichotic listening and other auditory experiments. Rumelhart (1970) and Norman and Rumelhart (1970) have proposed a model of this type based on experimentation in visual processing. As Neisser (l967) points out, both types of limited-capacity attentional models require a "preattentive" mechanism to direct attention to important channels. The final class of models is illustrated in the lower panel of Fig. 1. These models assume no attention during perceptual processing and, under many conditions, no limitations on capacity. They assume instead that attentional effects occur in short-term memory following the early phases
Investigation of neural networks for F-16 fault diagnosis: II. System performance

We have examined the use of neural networks as a potential method of solving the multiple fault diagnostics problem that is when one symptom leads to several faults many symptoms leadto one fault or many symptoms lead to many faults. Current methods addressing this problem are brittle and slow. We have approached diagnostics from a pattern classification perspective in that we have constructed an input pattern from symptoms and classified that symptom pattern to an appropriate output class that corresponds to the fault that occurred. The system description was described in the first part of this two-part paper . In this second part we will report on the performance of the system. 1.
Analysis of Ce‐ and Yb‐Doped TAGS‐85 Materials with Enhanced Thermoelectric Figure of Merit

Doping of TAGS-85 with 1 at% Ce or Yb forms a dilute magnetic semiconductor system with non-interacting localized magnetic moments that obey the Curie law. X-ray diffraction patterns and slight broadening in 125Te NMR, attributed to paramagnetic effects, suggest that Ce and Yb atoms are incorporated into the lattice. 125Te NMR spin-lattice relaxation and Hall effect show similar hole concentrations of ≈1021 cm−3. At 700 K, the electric conductivity of the Ce- and Yb-doped samples is similar to that of neat TAGS-85, while the thermal conductivity and the Seebeck coefficient are larger by 6% and 16%, respectively. Possible mechanisms responsible for the observed increase in thermopower may include i) formation of resonance states near the Fermi level and ii) carrier scattering by lattice distortions and/or by paramagnetic ions. Due to the increase in the Seebeck coefficient up to 205 μV K−1, the thermoelectric power factor of Ce- and Yb-doped samples reaches 36 μW cm−1 K−2, which is larger than that measured for neat TAGS-85, 27 μW cm−1 K−2. The increase in the Seebeck coefficient overcomes the increase in the thermal conductivity, resulting in a total increase of the figure of merit by ≈25% at 700 K compared to that observed for neat TAGS-85.
CONCEPTUALIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF A COURSE ON AGING TO INFANCY: A LIFE COURSE RETROSPECTIVE

This paper describes the conceptualization and implementation of an innovative undergraduate interdisciplinary course that uses life course theory to capture the depth and breadth of the human experience. The collaboration among four faculty representing gerontological social work, occupational therapy, nursing, and dietetics and human nutrition is described, as are the unique teaching strategies utilized. In addition, an unusual retrospective approach to human development is highlighted. Through their participation in this course, future health care practitioners will be able to work effectively with clients throughout the life span in an interdisciplinary environment.
Detection of boron and carbon in flux grown single crystals of hexagonal ferrites using electron energy loss spectroscopy

Abstract A method of detecting boron and carbon in the lattice of the flux grown single crystals of hexagonal ferrites using Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy is given. Our results have led us to conclude that these elements are present as a solid solution and not as inclusions.
Improved Ability to Maintain Fitness in Horses During Large Pasture Turnout

Abstract The objective was to compare horses' maintenance of fitness during extended periods of no forced exercise with that after stall confinement. Horses were divided into three groups: pasture turnout (P), stalled and exercised (E), or stalled with no exercise (S). Pre- and post-study body fat and bone mineral content were estimated, and horses performed a standardized exercise test (SET). Horses wore global positioning units to estimate distance traveled. The P group traveled a greater distance daily compared with the E and S groups ( P P = .05). Comparing first and second SETs, the P group had lower heart rates at the trot ( P P = .028), the E group had lower heart rates at the hand-gallop ( P P P P = .015) for the S group, whereas the P and E groups had lower rectal temperature at the peak of exercise ( P = .029) and 10-minute recovery ( P = .031 and P = .041, respectively). These data suggest that the S group lost fitness, whereas the P group remained as fit as the E group. The improvement for the P group compared with the E or S group was greater bone mineral content. Access to pasture appears to help maintain bone strength and exercise fitness ability.
Reproducibility of postprandial lipemia tests and validity of an abbreviated 4-hour test.

Abstract Postprandial lipemia test (PPLT) results are predictive of cardiovascular disease risk. However, their reproducibility must be established before they can be clinically useful. Therefore, we investigated PPLT reproducibility by testing 9 men and women (body mass index, 20-41 kg/m 2 ; age, 21-40 years) on 4 separate occasions (n = 36 PPLTs total) separated by 1 week. Furthermore, because PPLTs are time consuming, we assessed the validity of an abbreviated PPLT. During the PPLT, venous blood was obtained before and every hour for 8 hours after a high-fat meal, which consisted of ice cream and heavy cream (∼800 kcal, 71% fat calories). Total and triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) triglyceride concentrations were measured in plasma. Total area under the curve (AUC) for total triglycerides was highly reproducible (within-subject coefficient of variation, 8%; intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.82); however, reproducibility was low for total triglyceride incremental AUC and both total and incremental TRL triglyceride AUCs (within-subject coefficients of variation, 20%-31%; intraclass correlation coefficients, 0.28-0.54). Four-hour lipemic responses were highly predictive of 8-hour responses ( R 2 = 0.89-0.96, P ≤ .0001). In conclusion, PPLTs are highly reproducible when lipemic responses are determined as the total AUC for total triglycerides. However, large variability in incremental AUC and TRL triglyceride responses may preclude their clinical utility. Furthermore, abbreviated 4-hour PPLTs are a valid surrogate for longer tests and may make PPLTs more feasible in a clinical setting.
Preserved glucose tolerance in high-fat-fed C57BL/6 mice transplanted with PPARγ−/−, PPARδ−/−, PPARγδ−/−, or LXRαβ−/− bone marrow

Macrophage lipid metabolism and inflammatory responses are both regulated by the nuclear receptors PPAR and LXR. Emerging links between inflammation and metabolic disease progression suggest that PPAR and LXR signaling may alter macrophage function and thereby impact systemic metabolism. In this study, the function of macrophage PPAR and LXR in Th1-biased C57BL/6 mice was tested using a bone marrow transplantation approach with PPARγ−/−, PPARδ−/−, PPARγδ−/−, and LXRαβ−/− cells. Despite their inhibitory effects on inflammatory gene expression, loss of PPARs or LXRs in macrophages did not exert major effects on obesity or glucose tolerance induced by a high-fat diet. Treatment with rosiglitazone effectively improved glucose tolerance in mice lacking macrophage PPARγ, suggesting that cell types other than macrophages are the primary mediators of the anti-diabetic effects of PPARγ agonists in our model system. C57BL/6 macrophages lacking PPARs or LXRs exhibited normal expression of most alternative activation gene markers, indicating that macrophage alternative activation is not absolutely dependent on these receptors in the C57BL/6 background under the conditions used here. These studies suggest that genetic background may be an important modifier of nuclear receptor effects in macrophages. Our results do not exclude a contribution of macrophage PPAR and LXR expression to systemic metabolism in certain contexts, but these factors do not appear to be dominant contributors to glucose tolerance in a high-fat-fed Th1-biased bone marrow transplant model.
The Estrogen Early Response Gene FOS Is Altered in a Baboon Model of Endometriosis

Endometriosis, the presence of a functional endometrium outside of the uterine cavity, is associated with infertility. In our simulated model of pregnancy in baboons with experimental endometriosis, hCG infusion fails to induce expression of the immunoregulatory protein glycodelin. To test the hypothesis that the development of endometriosis is associated with an aberrant endometrial immunological environment, we examined the expression of a series of immunoregulatory genes in endometrium from baboons with and without endometriosis. Six months following intraperitoneal inoculation with menstrual endometrium, eutopic endometrium was surgically collected between Days 9 and 11 postovulation. Control endometrium was similarly collected from disease-free animals. Total RNA was extracted, and biotinylated cDNA probes were hybridized to the SuperArray GEArray Q series Th1/Th2/Th3 cDNA array, representing 96 genes. Gene expression levels were determined using ScanAlyze and GEArray Analyzer software. Seven genes were upregulated, including JUND, FOS, CCL11, NFKB1 and others, in the endometrium from baboons with endometriosis compared with the endometrium from disease-free animals; one gene, IL1R1, was downregulated. Quantitative RT-PCR confirmed upregulation of FOS and CCL11 in endometriotic eutopic endometrium. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed altered levels and distribution of FOS protein in the eutopic endometrium of baboons with induced endometriosis. These data suggest that in an induced model of endometriosis an aberrant eutopic immunological environment results in a decreased apoptotic potential and in rapid alterations in endometrial gene expression. We propose that the reduced fecundity associated with endometriosis has a multifold etiology in spontaneous and induced disease.
Comparative effectiveness of plant-based diets for weight loss: A randomized controlled trial of five different diets

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to determine the effect of plant-based diets on weight loss. Methods Participants were enrolled in a 6-mo, five-arm, randomized controlled trial in 2013 in South Carolina. Participants attended weekly group meetings, with the exception of the omnivorous group, which served as the control and attended monthly meetings augmented with weekly e-mail lessons. All groups attended monthly meetings for the last 4 mo of the study. Diets did not emphasize caloric restriction. Results Overweight adults (body mass index 25–49.9 kg/m 2 ; age 18–65 y, 19% non-white, and 27% men) were randomized to a low-fat, low-glycemic index diet: vegan (n = 12), vegetarian (n = 13), pesco-vegetarian (n = 13), semi-vegetarian (n = 13), or omnivorous (n = 12). Fifty (79%) participants completed the study. In intention-to-treat analysis, the linear trend for weight loss across the five groups was significant at both 2 ( P P P = 0.03), semi-vegetarian (−3.2% ± 3.8%; P = 0.03), and pesco-vegetarian (−3.2% ± 3.4%; P = 0.03) groups. Vegan participants decreased their fat and saturated fat more than the pesco-vegetarian, semi-vegetarian, and omnivorous groups at both 2 and 6 mo ( P Conclusions Vegan diets may result in greater weight loss than more modest recommendations.
Electrocatalytic Reactivity of Zeolite-Encapsulated Co(salen) with Benzyl Chloride

Zeolites are microporous aluminosilicate materials capable of restricting the size and shape of the molecules that enter, reside within, or exit the crystalline lattice.1 The syntheses of zeolite-encapsulated transition metal complexes (designated as {M(L)}Z) have evoked interest in regard to the actual coordination of a supercage-confined transition metal complex, the effects of pore and supercage steric limitations on its reactivity, and the effect of site isolation on its stability.2-9 We are interested in these effects due to our recent work on electrified microheterogeneous catalysis (EMC), a method in which voltages (>10 Vdc) are passed through aqueous suspensions of zeolite particles to decompose environmental toxins (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls) or selectively produce industrially relevant oxidation products (propylene oxide from propene) in the absence of added oxidants.10 This study was undertaken to explore the physicochemical effects of the zeolite on the electrocatalytic activity of {Co(salen)}NaY (salen ) N,N′-bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine) as compared to the same complex in homogeneous solution. The reaction of benzyl chloride with CO2, catalyzed by electrogenerated [CoI(salen)]-, produces a mixture of phenylacetic acid, 1,2-diphenylethane, and toluene in homogeneous solution.11 The oxidative addition-reductive elimination mechanism of this reaction has been thoroughly tested11-13 and thus provides a good starting point for electrocatalytic studies using {Co(salen)}NaY, where CoII(salen) is synthetically encapsulated within the 13-A supercages of zeolite Y through the “ship-inthe-bottle” method.14-16 In this method, once the adsorbed, flexible ligand (salen) coordinates to the metal center (Co2+ is pre-exchanged for extraframework Na+), the resultant complex is trapped by its own rigid structure and cannot pass readily through the 7.4-A pore openings of the host.17 {M(L)}Z is typically purified by multiple extractions to remove as much excess ligand and partially encapsulated complex as possible. {Co(salen)}NaY was previously characterized with results consistent with complex formation within the supercages of the zeolite.14-16 The electrochemical properties of {Co(salen)}NaY and related zeolite-encapsulated complexes have been much debated.15,16,19-23 The most recent research19 indicates that electron transfer for {M(L)}Z proceeds only for electroactive species at the external surface (boundary) of the zeolite. A boundary-associated process implies that M(L) is (1) adsorbed at or occluded in zeolite defect sites (such as truncated or partially broken zeolite supercages) or possibly (2) electroactive only in the outermost layer of the supercages.19,24 Boundary siting is particularly consistent with voltammetric data which indicate that only ca. 0.5% of {Co(salen)}NaY is redox active.16,19
Neighborhood Poverty and Injection Cessation in a Sample of Injection Drug Users

Neighborhood socioeconomic environment may be a determinant of injection drug use cessation. The authors used data from a prospective cohort study of Baltimore City, Maryland, injection drug users assessed between 1990 and 2006. The study examined the relation between living in a poorer neighborhood and the probability of injection cessation among active injectors, independent of individual characteristics and while respecting the temporality of potential confounders, exposure, and outcome. Participants' residences were geocoded, and the crude, adjusted, and inverse probability of exposure weighted associations between neighborhood poverty and injection drug use cessation were estimated. Weighted models showed a strong association between neighborhood poverty and injection drug use cessation; living in a neighborhood with fewer than 10%, compared with more than 30%, of residents in poverty was associated with a 44% increased odds of not injecting in the prior 6 months (odds ratio = 1.44, 95% confidence interval: 1.14, 1.82). Results show that neighborhood environment may be an important determinant of drug injection behavior independent of individual-level characteristics.
The security dilemma and ethnic conflict

The end of the Cold War has been accompanied by the emergence of nationalist, ethnic and religious conflict in Eurasia. However, the risks and intensity of these conflicts have varied from region to region: Ukrainians and Russians are still getting along relatively well; Serbs and Slovenians had a short, sharp clash; Serbs, Croats, and Bosnian Muslims have waged open warfare; and Armenians and Azeris seem destined to fight a slow-motion attrition war. The claim that newly released, age-old antipathies account for this violence, fails to explain the considerable variance in observable intergroup relations.