cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Continuous monitoring can improve indistinguishability of a single-photon source

An engineering technique using continuous quantum measurement in conjunction with feed forward is proposed to improve indistinguishability of a single-photon source. The technique involves continuous monitoring of the state of the emitter, processing the noisy output signal with a simple linear estimation algorithm, and feed forward to control a variable delay at the output. In the weak-coupling regime, the information gained by monitoring the state of the emitter is used to reduce the time uncertainty inherent in photon emission from the source, which improves the indistinguishability of the emitted photons.
Molecular state calculations of charge transfer in H+ + Li and He2+ + Li collisions

Abstract Charge-transfer cross sections for H + + Li and He 2+ + Li collisions were calculated at low to intermediate impact energies. A multistate perturbed-stationary-state method was employed that includes electron translation factors.
Minimum Range Balanced Cuts via Dynamic Subset Sums

We find the balanced cut in a graph that minimizes the maximum difference between edge lengths in timeO(m+n2logn), improving a previousO(m+n2.5) bound. We use subroutines for solving a dynamic subset sum problem in timeO(llogllogn) per operation in the fully dynamic setting, or in timeO(llogn) per operation in thesemi-onlinesetting in which one can predict a superset of future deletions.
Design and Synthesis of Visible Isotope-Coded Affinity Tags for the Absolute Quantification of Specific Proteins in Complex Mixtures

Identification of proteins in complex mixtures by mass spectrometry is most useful when quantitative data is also obtained. We recently introduced isotope-coded affinity tags (ICAT reagents) for the relative quantification of proteins present in two or more biological samples. In this report, we describe a new generation of ICAT reagents that contain the following additional features: (1) a visible tag that allows the electrophoretic position of tagged peptides during separation to be easily monitored; (2) a photocleavable linker that allows most of the tag to be removed prior to mass spectrometric analysis; (3) an isotope tag that contains carbon-13 and nitrogen-15 atoms instead of deuterium to ensure precise comigration of light and heavy tagged peptides by reverse-phase HPLC. These reagents contain an iodoacetyl group that selectively reacts with peptide cysteine residues. Peptide modification chemistry is also reported that allows tagging of peptides that are devoid of cysteine. The synthesis of these visible isotope-coded affinity tags (VICAT reagents), and their reaction with peptides are described in this report. VICAT reagents containing a carbon-14 visible probe or an NBD fluorophore are described. These reagents are most useful for the determination of the absolute quantity of specific target proteins in complex protein mixtures such as serum or cell lysates.
TCP bulk repeat

TCP is the most widely used transport layer protocol. However, it was designed for wired networks and suffers performance degradation in error-prone wireless network. When multiple error losses occur in the same window, eidstin NewReno-based TCP variants need one RIT to retransmit each lost packet, an inefficient recover strategy. Exponential retransmit backoff and frequent window reduction also lead to TCP performance degradation. In this paper we propose three end-to-end, sender-side-only changes, collectively called as Bulk Repeat (BR), to improve TCP performance in the presence of heavy errors. An analytic model is developed and validated wit the Ns-2 simulator. We implement TCP BR changes on top of TCP Westwood (TCPW) In Ns-2 and study its throughput performance as well as fairness and friendliness via simulations. Results show that TCP BR can improve TCP performance up to an order of magnitude in error-prone wireless networks.
Eisenhower and the rhetoric of postwar Korea

Truman's idealistic call for total victory was found wanting in nuance and flexibility as it coped with the complex reality of the Korean War. His successor, Dwight D. Eisenhower, redefined the meaning of the War from a failure event to a model of foreign policy success, one grounded in both realist and idealistic principles. By expanding the circumference around the Korean experience, Eisenhower was able to justify limited conflicts like Korea, as realistic/idealistic means of winning the larger Cold War. From the ashes of Korea emerged an altered vision that helped to carry the United States into the Cold War for the next three and a half decades.
Use of the Zung in identifying potential student adjustment problems.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the usefulness of Zung's scale as a screening device in a school setting. It was hypothesized that those studencs approximating the norm groupings on the scale for the emotional disorders other than depression would be students wich poor grades and/or inappropriate acting-out behavior. Zung's scale adapted for use with children and adolescents (i.e., the vocabulary was simplified on a few of the items) was administered ac the beginning of the school year to a group of 87 sixth, seventh, and eighth grade students in a lower socio-economic pub!ic elementary school and for cross-validation to 39 sixth graders in a different school of the same socio-economic make-up. Judgments by the teachers and principal were used to identify those students exhibiting significant adjustment problems taking the form of excessive acting-out behavior. Cumulative grade averages based on three separate report periods covering the first 18 wk. of school were obtained for 83 of the 87 studencs. An examination of Otis IQ scores showed no significant difference in means of Ss wich adjustment: problems and controls. The means for the tocal scale on the modified Zung scale for Ss with adjustment problems and the controls differed significancly (t = 4.78, # < .01) at the middle school and at less than the .05 level (t = 2.10) for the crossvalidation group of 6th graders. Means for the two groups with adjustment problems (54.50 and 53.92) exceeded slightly Zung's norm groups for anxiety reactions, personality disorders, and transient situational adjustment reactions. The product-moment r between the total scores and grades was -.37 (p < .01, gz = 83). These data are consistent with the stated hypothesis.
Smooth indentation of orthotropic beams

An approximate Green's function for surface displacements in an orthotropic beam is derived as the superposition of the half-plane solution for displacements and the beam theory deflections. The Green's function is used to formulate the integral equation for the problem of smooth contact between a rigid-cylinder and a simply supported orthotropic beam. The integral equation is solved using a least-squares approximation procedure. The contact stress distribution is presented for three materials with different degrees of orthotropy. Numerical results are given for contact force-contact length and contact force-indentation relations. The effects of curvature of the deflected beam, shear deformation and length-to-thickness ratio of the beam on the contact behavior are discussed.
Determination of NAPL-water interfacial areas in well-characterized porous media.

The nonaqueous-phase liquid (NAPL)-water interfacial area is an important parameter which influences the rate of NAPL dissolution in porous media. The aim of this study was to generate a set of baseline data for specific interfacial area for a two-phase entrapped NAPL-water system in well-characterized porous media, and subsequently use these data to evaluate two current theoretical models. The first model tested distributes entrapped NAPL over the pore classes based on Land's algorithm and assumes the resulting blobs to be spherical. The other model is thermodynamically based, assuming that reversible work done on the system results in an increase in interfacial area, such that the area between drainage and imbibition retention curves can be related to the interfacial area. Interfacial tracer tests (IFTT) were used to measure specific entrapped NAPL (hexadecane)-water interfacial areas in columns packed with four grades (12/20, 20/30, 30/40, 40/50) of silica sand. Using the anionic surfactant dihexylsulfosuccinate (Aerosol? MA80), IFTT gave specific interfacial areas between 58 cm-1 for the finest sand and 16 cm-1 for the coarsest, compared to values of between 33 cm-1 and 7 cm-1 for the first model and between 19 cm-1 and 5 cm-1 for the thermodynamic model. Results from the literaturemore » suggest that non-spherical blobs shapes occur relatively frequently; hence it is reasonable to suggest that the assumption of spherical NAPL blobs may explain the underprediction by the first model. The thermodynamic model underestimates the interfacial area because it assumes that entrapment occurs only within the largest pores. A modified version of the latter model, allowing entrapment across all pore classes, yielded values between 58 cm-1 and 13 cm-1. Of the models tested the modified thermodynamic model best predicts the interfacial area.« less
A randomized, prospective study of adjunctive ceftizoxime in preterm labor

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine the effect of ceftizoxime in the prolongation of pregnancies receiving tocolysis for preterm labor. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in patients with preterm labor between 24 and 35 weeks' gestation. A total of 545 patients with intact membranes and without chorioamnionitis who were receiving magnesium sulfate were screened. Exclusions were for advanced cervical dilatation, penicillin allergy, current antibiotic therapy, and failure to give informed consent. Of these, 117 consecutive, eligible, consenting patients were randomized to receive either 2 gm of ceftizoxime or a placebo every 8 hours. The primary end point was prolongation of gestation. Statistical comparisons were performed by use of unpaired two-tailed t test and χ 2 analysis. RESULTS: Of the 58 ceftizoxime and 59 placebo patients, there was no difference in the interval to delivery (34.5 ± 21.1 days vs 34.6 ± 24.5 days, p = 0.99) and no difference in the rate of delivery before 37 weeks' gestation (60% in the ceftizoxime group vs 58% in the placebo group, p = 0.91). Subanalyses of 61 subjects who received nine or more doses and who were group B streptococci negative, 69 patients at ≤32 weeks on presentation, and 22 sets of twins all showed no differences in delivery interval or rate of delivery at CONCLUSIONS: Ceftizoxime had no effect on interval to delivery or duration of pregnancy in women treated for preterm labor.
Pathophysiology of Pain

The processing and interpretation of pain signals is a complex process that entails excitation of peripheral nerves, local interactions within the spinal dorsal horn, and the activation of ascending and descending circuits that comprise a loop from the spinal cord to supraspinal structures and finally exciting nociceptive inputs at the spinal level. Although the "circuits" described here appear to be part of normal pain processing, the system demonstrates a remarkable ability to undergo neuroplastic transformations when nociceptive inputs are extended over time, and such adaptations function as a pronociceptive positive feedback loop. Manipulations directed to disrupt any of the nodes of this pain facilitatory loop may effectively disrupt the maintenance of the sensitized pain state and diminish or abolish neuropathic pain. Understanding the ascending and descending pain facilitatory circuits may provide for the design of rational therapies that do not interfere with normal sensory processing.
Application of multispectral LiDAR to automated virtual outcrop geology

Abstract Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is a valuable tool for creating virtual 3D models of geological outcrops to enable enhanced modeling and analysis of geologic strata. Application of TLS data is typically limited to the geometric point cloud that is used to create the 3D structure of the outcrop model. Digital photography can then be draped onto the 3D model, allowing visual identification and manual spatial delineation of different rock layers. Automation of the rock type identification and delineation is desirable, and recent work has investigated the use of terrestrial hyperspectral photography for this purpose. However, passive photography, whether visible or hyperspectral, presents several complexities, including accurate spatial registration with the TLS point cloud data, reliance on sunlight for illumination, and radiometric calibration to properly extract spectral signatures of the different rock types. As an active remote sensing method, a radiometrically calibrated TLS system offers the potential to directly provide spectral information for each recorded 3D point, independent of solar illumination. Therefore, the practical application of three radiometrically calibrated TLS systems with differing laser wavelengths, thereby achieving a multispectral dataset in conjunction with 3D point cloud data, is investigated using commercially available hardware and software. The radiometric calibration of the TLS intensity values is investigated and the classification performance of the multispectral TLS intensity and calibrated reflectance datasets evaluated and compared to classification performed with passive visible wavelength imagery. Results indicate that rock types can be successfully identified with radiometrically calibrated multispectral TLS data, with enhanced classification performance when fused with passive visible imagery.
Chromatography of amino acids, indoles and imidazoles on thin layers of avicel and cellulose and on paper

Abstract A comparative study of the chromatography of some seventy amino acids, indoles and imidazoles has been made on paper and thin layers of Avicel and cellulose. The relative merits of these methods have been discussed in relation to two-way separations of these compounds occurring in pure solution and in urine and blood.
Robust Nonlinear Observer for State of Charge Estimation of Li-Ion Batteries

In this paper, a robust nonlinear observer is proposed to estimate the State of Charge (SOC) of a Li-ion battery, a problem which is critical in designing efficient Li-ion battery management systems and energy management systems in battery-powered applications. An equivalent circuit is used to model the battery behavior. The advantage of this model is that a straightforward identification process can be utilized for parameter identification. Although this model can capture battery dynamics very well for various operating conditions, modeling errors and also unknown disturbances will still be present; therefore, the battery management system should be able to take these uncertainties into consideration. To this end, the proposed estimation algorithm is designed to be robust against uncertainties. Furthermore, the observer does not impose any constraints on the battery current or the SOC relationship with Open Circuit Voltage (OCV). In other words, this algorithm does not require the battery current to be constant or the SOC-OCV relationship to be linear. Global asymptotic convergence of the estimated SOC to its true value is proved via the Lyapanov Stability Theorem. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Analysis of Adenosine and Other Adenine Compounds in Patients With Immunodeficiency Diseases

Abstract Adenine compounds can be measured in picomole amounts using liquid chromatography of the fluorescent 1, N6-etheno derivatives. The limit of detection for the etheno derivatives in tissue extracts, however, is tissue-dependent due to interference by nucleotides and fluorescent components which are normally present. Prior to derivatization nucleotides were partially removed from extracts of lymphocytes and erythrocytes by treatment with Dowex AG1-X2 anion exchange resin. Samples were analyzed using either a Partisil PXS 10/25 SCX column eluted with 100 mM NH4H2PO4, pH 4.5, at a flow rate of 2 ml/min; or using two μBondapak/C18 reversed-phase columns eluted with 5 mM KH2PO,4:25% methanol (V/V) pH 7.5, at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. Adenosine was found to be 0.07 nmole/ml in normal adult human plasma. The urine of a child with severe combined immunodeficiency disease associated with absence of adenosine deaminase contained a normal amount of adenosine (5–6 nmole/ml), but contained a high level (∼60 nmol...
Women in Law Enforcement: Subverting Sexual Harassment with Social Bonds

Female law enforcement officers who have strong social bonds with their colleagues can reduce the effect that sexual harassment has on job satisfaction. Social bond theory was tested to examine the relationship between sexual harassment and job satisfaction in a sample of 109 active-duty male and female police and correctional officers. Law enforcement personnel are thought to be particularly vulnerable to stressors on the job, like sexual harassment, but they can significantly benefit from strong departmental and colleague support. With some progress toward gender equity, this study shows that female officers still face barriers that are linked to this predominantly male-dominated career.
Vitamin D and mineral metabolism in the very low birth weight infant receiving 400 IU of vitamin D.

Study objective: To examine (1) the effect of vitamin D intake (380 to 480 IU daily) on plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-(OH) 2 D) concentrations and (2) the relationship of 1,25-(OH) 2 D to calcium and phosphorus absorption and retention in the very low birth weight infant receiving a preterm infant formula. Subjects: Eleven “well” infants with a birth weight and gestational age (mean ± SD) of 1078±128 gm and 29±1.9 weeks, respectively, were studied for a 3-week period. Weight and postnatal age (mean ± SD) at the beginning of the study were 1132±56 gm and 16±6 days, respectively. All infants were fed a preterm infant formula and tolerated a full enteral intake (120 kcal/kg/day) for the duration of the study. Interventions: Plasma 25-OHD and 1,25-(OH) 2 D concentrations were measured at the beginning of the study and at the beginning of each 48-hour balance period. Calcium and phosphorus balance studies (n=33) were performed weekly. Main results: Plasma 25-OHD (30±10 ng/ml) and 1,25-(OH) 2 D (54±14 pg/ml) concentrations were normal at the beginning of the study. Plasma 25-OHD values did not change, but 1,25-(OH) 2 D values increased ( p 2 D concentrations were not related to calcium or phosphorus absorption and retention, but were a linear function of postconceptional age. Conclusions: Normal vitamin D status and activity are maintained in the very low birth weight infant fed a high calcium formula (380 to 480 IU of vitamin D daily). Plasma 1,25-(OH) 2 D concentrations are not related to calcium absorption but are linearly related to maturity.
A Reliability‐Based Dual Level Seismic Design Procedure for Building Structures

Abstract structural design, Limit design, Spectra The seismic design provisions of most building codes in the United States specify ground motion parameters for various regions of the country and provide simple formulas to determine a distribution of lateral forces for which the structure should be designed. The simple formulas typically involve the use of one or more ”factors” to account for anticipated inelastic behavior of the structure, relative importance of the structure, and site soil effects. Although these code provisions are very simple to use, they oversimplify a complex problem and are based on many implicit assumptions which many designers may not appreciate. Furthermore, the reliability of the final design is not known. This paper describes the key features of an alternative seismic design procedure in which the underlying assumptions are more clearly defined and which provides a more uniform level of reliability in the final design. The procedure requires the designer to consider two levels...
Fractures of the carpal bones in children

Etude retrospective de 82 enfants âges de moins de 16 ans ayant des fractures du carpe vues a la radiographie
The effect of prefilter design on sample rate selection in digital flight control systems

The effect of prefilters on sample rate selection is examined and design procedures are determined for obtaining the best combination of prefilter breakpoint and sample rate. The employed approach involves a quantitative comparison of the output noise response of systems originating from the same basic plant and designed over a wide range of prefilters and sample rates. Each system design was carefully tailored so that it exhibited approximately identical responses to commands. The results presented augment the criteria for sample rate selection which have been discussed by Powell and Katz (1975). Attention is given to system characteristics, an integrator as a plant, and the short period motion of the F-8 aircraft.
Allocation of transmission charges for real-power transactions using markov chains

This work proposes a method to divide the vector of optimal usage of facilities in the grid on account of the transmission of a number of transactions flowing simultaneously into multiple vectors of flows on individual transactions basis. This work focusses on levying charges varying linearly with the power transmitted along various lines. The proposed method is based on the ‘proportionality assumption’, which is equivalent to compliance of probability laws in the process of flow in the grid, when flows are normalised. A Markov matrix is generated with demand nodes treated as absorbing states. Various powers of the transient sub-matrix allow tracing the fraction of flow from different generation nodes to the demand nodes for any grid flow problem. In this work, various demand nodes are billed for the linearly varying wheeling charges of the grid for the lines actually used. Results for test problems are presented.
Extraction and analysis of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon fractions in plant material

A method is described for the extraction and analysis of various nitrogen‐, phosphorus‐ and carbon‐containing fractions from plant material. Lipids were extracted with chloroform/methanol and chlor...
High-risk surgically resected pediatric melanoma and adjuvant interferon therapy.

Background Pediatric patients with high-risk surgically resected melanoma are at risk for relapse, yet little is known about these young patients and how they tolerate high-dose interferon therapy. Procedure We reviewed medical records of patients (≤18 years) with high-risk melanoma referred to the University of Michigan Pediatric Hematology-Oncology service between January 1989 and July 2003. Results Fourteen patients were identified with high-risk resected melanoma. The median age at diagnosis was 8.5 years. The median time to establish diagnosis was 9 months. Primary lesions were diagnosed as unequivocal melanoma, atypical epithelioid melanocytic proliferations, or atypical Spitz tumor with indeterminate malignant potential. Twelve patients had a positive sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy or a palpable regional lymph node and underwent regional lymph node dissection (LND). Two patients with unequivocal melanoma with Breslow depth >4 mm had negative SLN biopsies. Twelve patients received adjuvant high-dose interferon. The following toxicities were observed: constitutional symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, depression or neuropsychiatric symptoms, myelosuppression, elevated AST or ALT, hypothyroidism, and hypertension. Grade 3 or 4 toxicities were uncommon with exception of neutropenia, resulting in modification of therapy in one patient. All patients are alive and free of disease at follow-up (median 24.5 months). Conclusions Invasive melanoma can occur in very young children. Despite early signs of malignancy, there is often a delay in diagnosis. Histologically, diagnosis may be difficult because of overlap with Spitz nevi. Pediatric patients tolerated adjuvant high-dose interferon well and may be less likely than adults to require therapy modification secondary to toxicities. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The mode of hatching of the egg of Fasciola hepatica II. Colloidal nature of the viscous cushion

1. 1. A viscous and granular cushion of material at the opercular end of the fully developed egg of Fasciola hepatica expands within the egg just prior to the release of the operculum during normal hatching. This expansion is shown to play a passive role in the hatching phenomenon. 2. 2. The cushion resembles a colloid and consists at least in part of protein. It changes from a contracted gel to an expanded sol with changes in the ion constitution of the fluid bathing it. 3. 3. Evidence is presented to show that expansion of the cushion within the unhatched egg is accompanied by osmosis of salts or other materials from the egg. This exosmosis is believed to result under natural conditions from damage to or destruction of the vitelline membrane by the direct or indirect action of the hatching enzyme. 4. 4. Expansion of the cushion within the egg can be artificially induced by exposing the egg to heat or to toxic solutions. This change provides a valuable visual clue to the penetrability to toxic materials and may play a useful role in ovicide research.
Where Do New Ph.D. Economists Go? Recent Evidence from Initial Labor Market

We collect data on the 2007–2008 Ph.D. economist job market to investigate initial job placement in terms of job location, job type, and job rank. While there is little gender difference in all three dimensions, our results suggest significant source country heterogeneity in placement outcomes. In an analysis linking job location and job type, we find that, among non-U.S. candidates, foreign placements are more likely to be academic relative to U.S. placements. Our analysis contributes to the literature in two aspects: First, compared to existing studies, our sample consists of all job market candidates from 57 top U.S. economics programs and allows us to conduct an analysis more immune to selection bias. Second, with the increasing presence of international students in the U.S. doctoral programs, we examine a new and growing dimension of the labor market – the international perspective of initial job placements for new Ph.D. economists.
Metabolic mapping of rat forebrain and midbrain during delay and trace eyeblink conditioning

While the essential neural circuitry for delay eyeblink conditioning has been largely identified, much of the neural circuitry for trace conditioning has yet to be determined. The major difference between delay and trace conditioning is a time gap between the presentation of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) during trace conditioning. It is this time gap, which accounts for the additional memory component and may require extra neural structures, including hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. A metabolic marker of energy use, radioactively labeled glucose analog, was used to compare differences in glucose analog uptake between delay, trace, and unpaired experimental groups (rats, Long-Evans), to identify possible new areas of involvement within forebrain and midbrain. Here, we identify increased 2-DG uptake for the delay group compared to the unpaired group in various areas including: the medial geniculate nuclei (MGN), the amygdala, cingulate cortex, auditory cortex, medial dorsal thalamus, and frontal cortices. For the trace group, compared to the unpaired group, there was an increase in 2-DG uptake for the medial orbital frontal cortex and the medial MGN. The trace group also exhibited more increases lateralized to the right hemisphere, opposite to the side of US delivery, in various areas including: CA1, subiculum, presubiculum, perirhinal cortex, ventral and dorsal MGN, and the basolateral and central amygdala. While some of these areas have been identified as important for delay or trace conditioning, some new structures have been identified such as the orbital frontal cortex for both delay and trace groups.
Predictors of complications and learning curve using the Angio‐SealTM closure device following interventional and diagnostic catheterization

A retrospective study was conducted to determine the frequency and nature of groin complications when the Angio-Seal device was used on 252 occasions by one operator immediately following interventional (66%) and diagnostic (34%) procedures. Sixty-nine percent of the 238 successfully deployed cases received ticlopidine or clopidogrel, 16% received abciximab, and 15% received heparin postprocedure. Complications included vascular surgery for collagen plug perforation into the femoral artery (0.8%), failure to deploy (5.6%), pseudoaneurysm (0.4%), brisk, visible bleeding (9%), persistent ooze (14%), hematoma > 6 cm (0.8%), hematoma 1 cm(2) (10%). Multivariate analysis identified diagnostic cases (6 Fr sheaths) to be associated with a reduced risk of complications [odds ratio (OR) 0.1] while interventional procedures (8 Fr sheaths), postprocedure heparin, and body mass index (BMI) < 28 (OR 10.1, 3.2, and 2.8, respectively) were associated with increased risk. Gender, age, ticlopidine, clopidogrel, and abciximab were not independent predictors of complications. A learning curve for device deployment was observed in the first 50 cases (14% nondeployment vs. 3.5% for the subsequent 202 procedures, P = 0.009) and failure to deploy was independent of sheath size used. Angio-Seal can be used with reasonable safety and efficacy immediately after diagnostic and interventional procedures. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Intervent. 48:162-166, 1999.
Pathogenesis of spinal cord injury during simulated aneurysm repair in a chronic animal model.

Abstract The pathogenesis of paraplegia after repair of thoracic aortic aneurysms is controversial. Using direct spinal cord evoked potential monitoring, critical intercostal arteries (CICA) were identified to evaluate the impact of backbleeding and ligation versus that of preservation during simulated aneurysm repair. Thirty pigs (40 kg) were randomly assigned to one of five groups. In groups 1 through 4, a thoracic segment containing CICA was cross-clamped for 60 minutes and distal aortic perfusion was provided by a centrifugal pump. In groups 1 and 2, the thoracic segment was vented, maintaining segment pressure at 0 mm Hg; CICA were ligated in group 1 and preserved in group 2. Thoracic segment was perfused at 70 mm Hg in groups 3 and 4; CICA were ligated in group 3 and preserved in group 4. Critical intercostal artery ligations were performed at the end of the cross-clamp period. In group 5 simple cross-clamping at the left subclavian artery was performed as a control. The combination of venting and ligation of CICA correlated with impaired neurologic outcome according to Tarlov's score (median, 1.5 in group 1 versus 3 in group 2; p = 0.015), indicated by a significant difference in median values of direct spinal cord evoked potential amplitude (expressed as a fraction of baseline values) at 120 minutes after cross-clamping (0.76 in group 1 versus 0.98 in group 2; p = 0.0082). Ligation of CICA without prior venting did not result in a significantly reduced Tarlov score (median, 3.5 in group 3 versus 4 in group 4; p = 0.182) and the difference in direct spinal cord evoked potential amplitude was less pronounced (0.85 in group 3 versus 1.0 in group 4, p = 0.0051). Simple cross-clamping caused paraplegia in all animals (group 5 versus group 1, p = 0.002). These results have prompted modifications of our operative strategy to include reattachment of CICA identified by monitoring of somatosensory evoked potentials and prevention of a steal phenomenon by serial intercostal ligation before aneurysm resection.
Ethnicity and problem behaviors among adolescent females in the United States

Depression, alcohol use, and suicidal behaviors are common problems among adolescents in the United States. Little is known about how these problem behaviors differ among adolescent, multiethnic females. In this descriptive, cross-sectional study, regression analyses were performed to determine differences in these adolescent problem behaviors among multiethnic females using Latinas as the referent group. The random sample (N = 3, 310, aged 12–19 years) included Latinas, and African-, Asian-, Native-, and Euro-American females. Measures included the CES-D, number of drinks each time alcohol was consumed in the past year, and a composite measure of suicidal behaviors. Latinas reported significantly higher risk for adolescent depression than did Euro-American peers and higher risk for alcohol use than did African- and Asian-American peers only. There were no significant differences in risk for suicidal behaviors between Latinas and their peers representing any of the other four ethnic groups. As adolescents...
Phonemic analysis, spelling, and reading

Theories of syllable structure, such as the notion that initial consonant clusters are cohesive units, can help us to understand the development of reading-related skills.
Harnessing the Immune System Against Human Glioma

Our studies are directed toward immune resistance to glial tumors, particularly in children. Initial experiments indicate that it is possible to boost both innate natural killer T lymphocytes and adaptive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells by targeting the appropriate antigens to dendritic cells. Our hypothesis is that optimal vaccination approaches against cancer will need to recruit both innate and adaptive defense mechanisms.
Fault-Tolerant Design of the IBM Power6 Microprocessor

The IBM Power6 microprocessor extends the capabilities of the Power5, dramatically increasing its ability to recover from hard and soft errors without increasing system downtime. The Power6 adds new mainframe-like features for enhanced reliability, availability, and serviceability, including instruction retry and processor failover. Optimized for performance and power, the Power6 implements these RAS enhancements without compromising ultrahigh-frequency operation.
Retroglenoid Venoconstriction and its Influence on Canine Intracranial Venous Pressures

Using standard in vitro techniques, we found that the canine retroglenoid vein, a vessel that drains a significant fraction of canine cerebral venous effluent, demonstrated the following: an average wall thickness of approximately 240 microns; a norepinephrine (NE) content of approximately 3 micrograms/g tissue; a NE uptake capacity (uptake 1) of approximately 8 nmol/g tissue; an ED50 for NE of 1.9 X 10(-8) M; and a phentolamine-sensitive constriction during electric transmural stimulation that had a median effective frequency of approximately 3 Hz and a maximum response that was approximately 84% of the maximum response to exogenous NE. In a separate series of in vivo experiments conducted in six alpha-chloralose-anesthetized dogs, we found that electrical stimulation of the left superior cervical ganglion produced a phentolamine-sensitive, frequency-dependent increase in cerebral venous pressure (CVP) of up to 19 mm Hg when all cerebral venous effluent was diverted through the left retroglenoid vein. Taken together, our findings suggest that the canine retroglenoid vein undergoes a marked vasoconstriction during physiological frequencies of electric sympathetic nerve stimulation in vivo. Although our data further suggest that the retroglenoid is not a dominant influence on CVP in the intact dog, they do encourage a cautious interpretation of cerebral venous outflow data obtained with techniques in which cerebral effluent is drained primarily by extracranial veins.
Jugular foramen syndrome as a complication of metastatic melanoma

Abstract Introduction: The jugular foramen (Vernet) syndrome with neuropathy of cranial nerves IX-XI is more commonly due to metastatic lesions than primary neoplasms. Hypoglossal nerve involvement is referred to as the Collet Sicard variant of the jugular foramen syndrome. Materials and Methods: We report an elderly man who presents with dysphagia, dysarthira, hoarseness, and a 12-pound weight loss. Examination demonstrated paralysis of the right vagus and hypoglossal nerve. Communication and collaboration with the radiologist resulted in identification of the lesion. Computed tomographic (CT) guided needle aspiration confirmed metastatic melanoma. Discussion: The onset of cranial neuropathy may allow the site of lesion to be predicted based on knowledge of the cranial base and neural anatomy. Diagnostic evaluation is tailored to evaluate the area in question. Active, multidisciplinary collaboration is assential for success.
Age related decline in cytoplasmic spreading of mouse peritoneal macrophages.

Abstract Peritoneal macrophages fron NZB, C3H/f and CBA/H mice are examined for age-related changes in cytoplasmic spreading. A significant reduction in the ability to spread on antigen-antibody complex coated glass was observed with age for macrophages from all three strains. A significant decline in spreading on uncoated glass was also seen in NZB and C3H/f macrophages. The age-related decline in cytoplasmic spreading was strain-dependent and appeared to correlate with differences in lifespan.
Seismic waves and correlation autoregressive processes

Stochastic models appropriate for seismic records of earthquakes and underground nuclear explosions are considered and a selective review of the existing models is presented. Special models of stationary processes, periodically correlated processes, and uniformly modulated stationary processes as well as a new class called correlation autoregressive processes are studied. Relevant properties of correlation autoregressive processes are presented. It is shown that the successful models presently used are all subclasses of the correlation autoregressive processes. Shortcomings of the existing nonstationary models and merits of the new class for seismic wave modeling are discussed and directions for the further research and development are suggested. It is hoped that the model and the ideas introduced in this article will provide a stimulation for further examination of correlation autoregressive processes and will promote statistical modeling of seismic records.
On a Cartan Formula for the Algebraic Steenrod Operations Associated with a Pair of Hopf Algebras

S. Araki [2] and R. Vazquez [7] defined two types of Steenrod squaring operations in the spectral sequence mod 2 associated with a fibre space in the sense of Serre, by using the cubical singular cohomology theory. They computed the Cartan formula and Adams relation. H. Uehara [5] established an algebraic analogy to their work. He discovered and investigated the Steenrod operations in the Adams spectral sequence associated with a pair of Hopf algebras. In Paragraph 1 of this paper, [5] is modified and reviewed. It is shown that the operations are independent of the higher homotopies under a certain filtration condition and the Cartan formula is obtained.
Biochemical reaction and diffusion in seafloor gas hydrate capillaries: Implications for gas hydrate stability

A one-dimensional mathematical model is presented to describe biochemical reactions and diffusion occurring within massive seafloor gas hydrates. Methanogenesis and anaerobic methane oxidation coupled with sulfate reduction are the two reactions analyzed with emphasis on gas hydrate stability. Many numerical simulations are being developed to predict gas hydrate formation, dissociation, and stability. The model complements these simulations as a subunit by incorporating the consequences of kinetic and transport processes occurring within seafloor gas hydrate capillaries. Better predictions of gas hydrate stability will assist in understanding the role of gas hydrates in the global carbon cycle, particularly as pertaining to global warming.
Long-term EEG monitoring for difficult seizure problems

Long-term electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring, initially popular in the form of 24-hour video-EEG telemetries developed for the evaluation of patients who were candidates for epilepsy surgery, is now possible in diverse configurations. Studies can be designed to evaluate a variety of diagnostic problems and can be individualized to address specific clinical questions for each patient. A great variety of severe epilepsies present in infancy and childhood with daily seizures, often presenting difficult diagnostic problems. Extending the benefits of long-term EEG monitoring to these patients early in the course of the epileptic process can be expected to result in more accurate diagnoses, more effective treatment, and improved prognoses. Long-term EEG monitoring is needed to improve our understanding of the nosology of infant epilepsy, which is incomplete.
Optimization of residential grid-tied PV systems without net-metering using load management

Load management and self-consumption is becoming common for distributed photovoltaic (PV) generation. The objective of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of load management and battery storage in residential grid connected PV systems without net metering. The power consumption of the home loads was divided into time manageable, storage capable and non-manageable. Load management to displace the time manageable and storage capable loads from evening hours to PV generation hours increased self-consumption by up to 50%. The addition of batteries to a grid tied PV system can increase self consumption to 100%, but there was no net cost savings due to the cost of the batteries and power conditioning unit. Grid tied PV systems with no net metering should be designed for daytime loads only to maximize cost effectiveness.
Supersonic Retropropulsion Dynamic Data Analysis from NASA Langley Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel

A supersonic retropropulsion experiment was recently conducted at NASA Langley Research Center’s Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel, test section 2, for a range of Mach numbers from 2.4 to 4.6. A 5-in.-diam 70 deg sphere-cone forebody with a 9.55 in. cylindrical aftbody section was the experimental model used, which is capable of multiple retrorocket configurations. These configurations include a single central nozzle on the center point of the forebody, three nozzles at the forebody half-radius, and a combination of the first two configurations. A series of measurements were achieved through various instrumentation, including forebody and aftbody surface pressures, internal pressures and temperatures, and high-speed schlieren visualization. Several high-speed pressure transducers on the forebody and in the plenum were implemented to look at unsteady flow effects. The following work focuses on analyzing frequency traits due to the unsteady flow for a range of thrust coefficients for single-, tri-, and quadnozzle te...
Mechanism of Action of Phenolic Disinfectants IV.: Effects on Induction of and Accessibility of Substrate to β-Galactosidase in Escherichia coli

Two strains of Escherichia coli —ML 30, which is both permease and β-galactosidase inducible, and ML 35, permease-less (cryptic) and β-galactosidase constitutive— were used to study the effects of phenolic disinfectants on protein (β-galactosidase) synthesis and membrane damage (β-galactosidase activity in the absence of permease). 2,4-Dichlorophenol in a concentration (67 mcg./ml.) adequate to inhibit growth of E. coli ML 30 in synthetic medium inhibited permease production but not β-galactosidase production. A higher concentration (133 mcg./ml.) of this phenolic inhibiting β-galactosidase synthesis also inhibited incorporation of leucine-C-14 into cells. p-tert -Amylphenol in a concentration (63 mcg./ml.) inhibiting growth did not inhibit β-galactosidase synthesis, although a higher concentration (100 mcg./ml.) inhibited both growth and β-galactosidase synthesis, A number of phenol derivatives damaged the cell membrane of E. coli ML 35 (cryptic), evidenced by β-galactosidase activity. Further evidence for membrane damage was the release of C-14 from uracil-C-14 or adenine-C-14 labeled cells in the presence of p-tert -amylphenol and the parallel increase in β-galactosidase activity of E. coli ML 35 (permease-less). Higher concentrations of the phenolic germicide caused additional release of C-14 but did not increase β-galactosidase activity.
Anti-estradiol antibodies: Isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel

Abstract Conditions for isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel of IgG globulins have been refined. Using undenatured antibodies against estradiol, preliminary information about structural and functional properties of antibodies was obtained.
LINKING MARINE RESOURCES TO ECOTONAL SHIFTS OF WATER UPTAKE BY TERRESTRIAL DUNE VEGETATION

As evidence mounts that sea levels are rising, it becomes increasingly important to understand the role of ocean water within terrestrial ecosystem dynamics. Coastal sand dunes are ecosystems that occur on the interface of land and sea. They are classic ecotones characterized by zonal distribution of vegetation in response to strong gradients of environmental factors from the ocean to the inland. Despite the proximity of the dune ecosystem to the ocean, it is generally assumed that all vegetation utilizes only freshwater and that water sources do not change across the ecotone. Evidence of ocean water uptake by vegetation would redefine the traditional interpretation of plant–water relations in the dune ecosystem and offer new ideas for assessing maritime influences on function and spatial distribution of plants across the dune. The purpose of this study was to identify sources of water (ocean, ground, and rain) taken up by vegetation using isotopic analysis of stem water and to evaluate water uptake patterns at the community level based on the distribution and assemblage of species. Three coastal dune systems located in southern Florida, USA, and the Bahamian bank/platform system were investigated. Plant distributions across the dune were zonal for 61–94% of the 18 most abundant species at each site. Species with their highest frequency on the fore dune (nearest the ocean) indicate ocean water uptake as evidenced by δ18O values of stem water. In contrast, species most frequent in the back dune show no evidence of ocean water uptake. Analysis of species not grouped by frequency, but instead sampled along a transect from the ocean toward the inland, indicates that individuals from the vegetation assemblage closest to the ocean had a mixed water-harvesting strategy characterized by plants that may utilize ocean, ground-, and/or rainwater. In contrast, the inland vegetation relies mostly on rainwater. Our results show evidence supporting ocean water use by dune vegetation and demonstrate an exciting relationship between seawater and ecotonal shifts in plant function of a terrestrial ecosystem.
Thermosensitivity of dorsal raphe neurons in vitro.

Thermosensitivity of raphe neurons was studied in tissue slices of rat brainstems (400–500 μm). Measurement of activity of single cells in the dorsal raphe region of the slices revealed that the majority of neurons (89%) were sensitive to changes in temperature. Over the range 34 to 42 °C, 3 classes of thermosensitive cells were found: warm (61%), cold (15%) and biphasic type cells (13%). Many dorsal raphe neurons may be intrinsically temperature sensitive and may serve as extrahypothalamic thermodetector components in the integrative process of central thermoregulation.