cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Technical Note: Histological validation of anatomical imaging for breast modeling using a novel cryo-microtome

PURPOSE Precise correlation between three-dimensional (3D) imaging and histology can aid biomechanical modeling of the breast. We develop a framework to register ex vivo images to histology using a novel cryo-fluorescence tomography (CFT) device. METHODS A formalin-fixed cadaveric breast specimen, including chest wall, was subjected to high-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The specimen was then frozen and embedded in an optimal cutting temperature (OCT) compound. The OCT block was placed in a CFT device with an overhead camera and 50 μm thick slices were successively shaved off the block. After each shaving, the block-face was photographed. At select locations including connective/adipose tissue, muscle, skin, and fibroglandular tissue, 20 μm sections were transferred onto cryogenic tape for manual hematoxylin and eosin staining, histological assessment, and image capture. A 3D white-light image was automatically reconstructed from the photographs by aligning fiducial markers embedded in the OCT block. The 3D MR image, 3D white-light image, and photomicrographs were rigidly registered. Target registration errors (TREs) were computed based on 10 pairs of points marked at fibroglandular intersections. The overall MR-histology registration was used to compare the MR intensities at tissue extraction sites with a one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS The MR image to CFT-captured white-light image registration achieved a mean TRE of 0.73 ± 0.25 mm (less than the 1 mm MR slice resolution). The block-face white-light image and block-face photomicrograph registration showed visually indistinguishable alignment of anatomical structures and tissue boundaries. The MR intensities at the four tissue sites identified from histology differed significantly (p < 0.01). Each tissue pair, except the skin-connective/adipose tissue pair, also had significantly different MR intensities (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Fine sectioning in a highly controlled imaging/sectioning environment enables accurate registration between the MR image and histology. Statistically significant differences in MR signal intensities between histological tissues are indicators for the specificity of correlation between MRI and histology.
Spec2Mol: An end-to-end deep learning framework for translating MS/MS Spectra to de-novo molecules

Elucidating the structure of a chemical compound is a fundamental task in chemistry with application in multiple domains including the emerging field of metabolomics, with promising applications in drug discovery, precision medicine, and biomarker discovery. The common practice for elucidating the structure of a chemical compound is to obtain a mass spectrum and subsequently retrieve its structure from spectral databases. However, database retrieval methods fail to identify novel molecules that are not present in the reference database. In this work, we propose Spec2Mol, a deep learning architecture for molecular structure recommendation given mass spectra alone. Spec2Mol is inspired by the Speech2Text deep learning architectures for translating audio signals into text. Our approach is based on an encoder-decoder architecture. The encoder learns the spectra embeddings, while the decoder, pre-trained on a massive dataset of chemical structures for translating between different molecular representations, reconstructs SMILES sequences of the recommended chemical structures. We have evaluated Spec2Mol by assessing the molecular similarity between the recommended structures and the original structure. Our analysis showed that Spec2Mol is able to identify the presence of key substructures in the molecule from its mass spectrum, and shows on par performance, when compared to existing fragmentation tree based methods, in recommending molecules for a given mass spectrum.
Multitasking and Work-Life Balance: Explicating Multitasking When Working from Home

The present study explicates four types of multitasking when working from home according to their medium and social interactivity, and further explores the antecedent and consequences of different ...
The Supply of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids to Photoreceptors and Synapses

Omega-3 (or n−3) fatty acids are accumulated in membrane phospholipids primarily as docosahexaenoate (22:6, omega-3). Brain and retina contain by far the highest concentrations of this fatty acid of any tissue. The content of docosahexaenoate is third highest in testes, but its concentration is several fold lower in that tissue than in brain and retina (Salem et al, 1986: Birkle and Bazan, 1986; Bazan and Reddy, 1985).
Atrioventricular nodal ablation and His-bundle pacing: An acute canine model for proarrhythmic risk assessment

Introduction: QT interval prolongation following drug exposure is considered a marker for increased risk of drug-induced arrhythmias. QT interval measurements are common components of the safety pharmacology assessment of new therapeutic compounds but are potentially confounded by concurrent changes in heart rate that also alter QT intervals. We describe an anesthetized canine model of AV dissociation with His-bundle pacing that overcomes the confounding effects of a change in heart rate. Methods and Results: Transvenous radiofrequency ablation of the AV node was performed in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs and followed by open chest implantation of bipolar pacing electrodes in the vicinity of the His bundle. Pace rates were adjusted from 50 to 190 in steps of 20 beats/min, holding each step for 30 seconds. At each paced rate, QT intervals were measured manually to the nearest 1 ms to construct paced QT interval-heart rate (QT-HR) relationships. Paired QT-HR relationships using identical ascending ramps of pace rates were compared to paired QT-HR relationships with an ascending and descending pace ramp to evaluate short-term reproducibility and hysteresis effects. For proof of concept, an additional QT-HR relationship was constructed in three dogs after intravenous administration of a compound known to alter QT intervals: one dog received terfenadine (0.48 mg/kg bolus followed by 0.017 mg/kg/min infusion), one dog received quinidine (20 mg/kg), and the third dog received sotalol (1 and 3 mg/kg). Substantial interdog variation was found for QT-HR, although short-term reproducibility was high within one dog (average absolute difference for paired ascending ramps <5 ms). QT intervals measured during descending paced ramps were generally lower than the value for the corresponding paced rate on an ascending ramp. This hysteretic effect was small, averaging <7 ms over the entire ramp. All test compounds prolonged QT intervals and shifted the QT-HR relationship upward. Maximal QT prolongation was 30 ms for terfenadine, 50 ms for quinidine, and 59 ms for sotalol. Conclusion: AV nodal ablation and His-bundle pacing provide a sensitive animal model to identify acute effects of test compounds on indices of myocardial repolarization such as the QT interval. The model is devoid of confounding effects of changing heart rates while enabling identification of effects of drugs over a wide range of controlled rates. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 14, pp. 1356-1360, December 2003)
Interferon inducible antiviral MxA is inversely associated with prostate cancer and regulates cell cycle, invasion and Docetaxel induced apoptosis.

BACKGROUND The interferon inducible Myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance A (MxA) is considered as a key mediator of the interferon-induced antiviral response. Mx proteins contain the typical GTP-binding motif and show significant homology to dynamin family of GTPases. Strong interaction of MxA with tubulin suggests that Mx proteins could be involved in mitosis. Studies have shown that MxA inhibit tumor motility/metastasis and virus induced apoptosis. However, the clear association between MxA expression and cancer remains unknown. Meta-analysis suggested that MxA expression was inversely correlated with prostate cancer (PCa). In this study, we demonstrate the expression MxA in PCa and its functional significance on the cancer phenotype. METHODS The expression of MxA protein in prostate cancer was examined by immuno-histochemistry. MxA was knocked down (shMxA) or over-expressed (pMxA) in DU145 or LNCaP PCa cell lines respectively. These cell lines were used to study proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, migration, and anchorage independent growth. Co-localization of MxA with tubulin was performed by immuno-cytochemistry following Docetaxel treatment. RESULTS The expression of MxA protein was significantly decreased in PCa as compared to the normal tissues. DU145 cells lacking MxA (DU145 + chMxA) showed significant increase in proliferation, associated with decreased expression of CDKN1A and B. Increased migration, anchorage independent growth in DU145 + shMxA cells was associated with increased MMP13 expression. Tubulin organization was also dependent on MxA expression. Tubulin polymerizing agents such as Docetaxel was less effective in promoting apoptosis in cells lacking MxA due to altered tubulin organization. Gain of MxA expression in LNCaP cells (LNCaP + pMxA) resulted in cell cycle arrest that was associated with increased expression of CDKN1A. MxA expression was also down-regulated by dihydrotestosterone in LNCaP cells. CONCLUSIONS MxA expression is inversely correlated with prostate cancer. Down-regulation of MxA in LNCaP cells by DHT suggests that MxA could play a significant role in disease progression. Loss of MxA expression results in increased metastasis and decreased sensitivity to Docetaxel suggesting that MxA expression could determine the outcome of chemo-therapeutic treatment. Additional studies will be required to fully establish the cross-talk between androgen receptor-IFN pathway in regulating MxA expression in the normal prostate and prostate cancer. Prostate 75:266–279, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Applications of Sn 119m Mössbauer Spectroscopy to Chemical Problems

The first observation of the Mossbauer effect in Sn119 [1] was qickly followed by the application of Sn.119m Mossbauer spectroscopy to a chemical problem [2]. There are now almost two hundred research papers and notes which comprise the literature of Sn119m Mossbauer spectroscopy. The great majority of these describe applications to chemical problems. Spectroscopic methods are inherently capable of yielding three general types of information(1)identity of a substance(2) composition of a physical mixture, and (3) information concerning the structure and bonding of atoms in molecule. The first of these represents an application of the generally accepted principle that “identical species behave identically” and the second on the premise that physical mixing does not alter chemical nature two these two are analytical uses. It is the third type of information which the chemist is most anxious to have. In most cases it is impossible to derive exact theoretical predictions concerning the change of measurable parameters from first principles, and the practicingchemist must, therefore, rely on a large body of analogy upon which to build his hypoteses. In the case of a technique only recently introduced, to test a wide variety of substances in order to find the empirical correlations which relate the known chemical behavior to changes in the observable parameters. This process has already been seen occur in infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The present state of the science of Sn119m Mossbauer spectroscopy is reviewed.
An integrated GPS/INS/baro and radar altimeter system for aircraft precision approach landings

Currently, the Department of Defense (DOD) and the commercial airline industry are utilizing the Instrument Landing System (ILS) during aircraft landings for precision approaches. The replacement system for the aging ILS was thought to be the Microwave Landing System (MLS). Instead, use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) is now thought to be a viable replacement for ILS precision approaches. The majority of current precision landing research has exploited "stand-alone" GPS receiver techniques. This paper instead explores the possibilities of using an extended Kalman filter (EKF) that integrates an Inertial Navigation System (INS), GPS, Barometric Altimeter, Pseudolite and Radar Altimeter for aircraft precision approaches. This paper shows that integrating the INS, GPS, Barometric Altimeter and Radar Altimeter meets Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) requirements for a Category I precision approach, and additionally integrating a single Pseudolite meets FAA requirements for a category II precision approach.
Race, Rock, and Elvis

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Michael T. Bertrand Year: 2000 Pages: xii + 327 Publisher: University of Illinois Press
A lexicon for consistent description of material images for nuclear forensics

We have developed a lexicon to consistently and objectively describe morphological features observed in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. Here we provide the lexicon flowsheet, define the terminology, and detail step-by-step characterization of SEM images collected from a set of actinide oxides. We conclude that this lexicon can be used to characterize texture and surface features, particle structure and size, and grain boundaries in an image of a material. The lexicon should be applicable to characterization of images collected from other techniques for measuring morphology, as well. LA-UR-15-26746
Gastric Acid Hyperscretion in Children With Duodenal Ulcer

Rates of gastric hydrochloric acid secretion were compared in 10 children with active duodenal ulcer (DU) and 14 non-duodenal ulcer children. Duodenal ulcer was diagnosed by gastroduodenoscopy or by evidence of an ulcer crater on upper gastrointestinal radiographs. Duodenal ulcer disease was excluded in the comparison group by similar criteria. Basal acid output in DU children tended to be higher, but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Maximal acid output was significantly higher in DU children than in the comparison group whether expressed as milliequivalents per hour (P
Regional species richness, hydrological characteristics and the local species richness of assemblages of North American stream fishes

Summary 1. Local assemblage structure, from a deterministic perspective, is presumably dictated by the regional species pool as well as regulated by local factors. We examined the relationships of the regional species pool and local hydrological characteristics to local species richness of North American freshwater fishes using data sets collected during the National Water Quality Assessment program conducted by the United States Geological Survey. 2. We predicted that local species richness is ultimately constrained by the composition of the regional species pool and further associated with local hydrological factors. Moreover, we predicted that variation in local species richness within major families can be explained by different combinations of hydrological characteristics that represent lineage-specific responses to the environment. 3. Daily discharge and regional and local species richness data were assembled from 41 stream localities across the United States. Multiple stepwise regressions were conducted to predict local species richness, based on regional species richness, mean discharge and hydrological characteristics quantified by nine variables characterising flow variability. Species richness at each site was calculated for the entire assemblage as well as within the four most species-rich families in the data set (Catostomidae, Centrarchidae, Cyprinidae and Percidae). 4. Local species richness was best predicted by a combination of regional species richness and discharge magnitude when all species were considered. Regional species richness was a significant explanatory variable of local species richness for three of four families (Catostomidae, Centrarchidae, Cyprinidae), but not for Percidae. Local richness in Centrarchidae and Cyprinidae was positively correlated with temporal flow variability as well as high and low flow duration, respectively, while richness in Catostomidae and Percidae tended to be associated with discharge volume. In addition, local species richness for three of the four major families was positively correlated with species richness of the other families in the assemblage, potentially suggesting the influence of local habitat quality and heterogeneity. 5. Results suggest the importance of the combined influences of the regional species pool and local hydrological characteristics on local richness in freshwater fishes, with variation in richness within each family predicted by different characteristics of flow regimes.
Freedom, equality, race.

This essay explores some of the reasons for the continuing power of racial categorization in our era, and thus offers some friendly amendments to the more optimistic renderings of the term post-racial. Focusing mainly on the relationship between black and white Americans, it argues that the widespread embrace of universal values of freedom and equality, which most regard as antidotes to racial exclusion, actually reinforce it. The internal logic of these categories requires the construction of the “other.” In America, where freedom and equality still stand at the contested center of collective identity, a history of racial oppression informs the very meaning of these terms. Thus the irony: much of the effort exerted to transcend race tends to fuel continuing division.
Micro-Absorption Spectroscopy at the Single Cell Level from the Ultraviolet to the Near-Infrared

Micro-absorption spectroscopy provides a label-free nondestructive probe of biomolecules and their interaction at the single cell level. Our setup employs a confocal detection system to probe and spectrally resolve the attenuation of a white light beam in the axial direction. The method can be used to study cells in their native environment with a spatial resolution of two micron. We present measurements in the UV spectral range (220 - 350 nm) where aromatic amino acids and bases in nucleic acid absorb. To establish the accuracy of the method, we have measured the concentration dependence of the optical absorption of tryptophan, phenylalanine and DNA bases in a microcapillary with 50 micron pathlength and a volume of a few hundred nanoliters. The absorption in the micro setup is found to vary linearly with concentration. We explore applications to protein and DNA solution in nanoliter quantities and single cells.
Twenty-four hour growth hormone secretion in a patient with Werner's syndrome

Objective: to assess the 24-h endogenous secretory growth hormone (GH) profile and serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) response to exogenous recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) in a patient with Werner's syndrome. Design: blood sampling every 20 min for 24 h followed by three daily injections of growth hormone. Setting: General Clinical Research Center. Patients: single patient with Werner's syndrome. Measurements: serum GH and IGF-I. Results: Growth hormone pulses were absent during the 24-h monitoring period. Likewise, integrated GH concentrations were very low at 0.25 μ·min/mL, and no peaks occurred after sleep onset. Following single daily administration of rhGH, serum GH and IGF-1 rose. Conclusions: our findings support previous but less extensive studies suggesting patients with Werner's syndrome have reduced growth hormone levels. Preliminary investigations using rhGH in patients with Werner's syndrome should be considered.
The two-dimensional D− complex in intense AC and strong magnetic fields

Abstract The combined effect of intense time dependent far infrared field (FIR) and a strong static magnetic field on interacting electrons in a two-dimensional D − complex is studied. The two-electron problem is cast in the language of the Center of Mass (CM) and relative particles, which in turn is mapped into a problem of coupled nonlinear harmonic oscillators. The time evolution of the CM and its coupling to the internal degrees of freedom via the coulomb interaction and the Pauli exclusion principle is investigated.
Mixed lymphocyte reactions and tissue transplantation tolerance.

The induction of tolerance of Lewis histocompatibility antigens in BN rats inoculated at birth with BNI Lewis F1 hybrid bone marrow cells, as revealed by the prolonged survival of Lewis skin grafts, is accompanied by markedly decreased reactivity in the mixed lymphocyte interaction. Blood lymphocytes from animals inoculated with lymph node cell suspensions also display diminished proliferative reactivity to hybrid BN/Lewis cells in the interaction. However, these recipients are not tolerant of Lewis skin grafts. Blood lymphocytes from BN rats inoculated neonatally with Lewis thymocytes fail to display any level of unresponsiveness in vitro, and such animals are not tolerant of Lewis skin grafts. The results suggest that in rats skin and marrow cells have histocompatibility antigens that are absent or poorly expressed on lymph node cells and thymocytes.
Geospatial mapping and navigation of the web

Web pages may be organized, indexed, searched, and navigated along several di erent feature dimensions. We investigate di erent approaches to discovering geographic context for web pages, and describe a navigational tool for browsing web resources by geographic proximity.
DIFFERENTIAL LABELING OF JUVENILES A Multivariate Analysis

Prior studies and commonsense definitions of the decision-making process suggest that the ascriptive power of the commitment offense, gravity of the commitment offense, psychiatric characteristics of the offender, and the social identity given off by the offender's family would be causally related to variance in the deviance label, i.e., decisions to commit to a mental hospital rather than to a corrections institution. Case records from both settings were analyzed for traces of the decision. However, controlling for each of the alternative variables fails to eliminate the strong relationship between intensity of the offender's prior career of delinquent behavior and the formal deviance label qua type of commitment. The multivariate path model suggests that delinquency intensity and type of commitment are the two most important determinants of mental classification.
Exploring the structural properties of the ( D , 0) inventory model

We consider the (D, 0) inventory model, where the demand per unit time, D, is stationary and independently and identically distributed (iid) and the lead time, L, is deterministic. In the case of the re-order point, order quantity (s, Q) system, where the cost function is convex in s and Q, this yields two equations that are solved iteratively to yield the optimal policy. The question that we address here concerns the effect of the variability in lead time demand on the total cost and the policy parameters. Simply stated: given other parameters, such as ordering, holding, and shortage costs, can we write the optimal total cost and the policy parameters as linear or quadratic functions of the standard deviation of demand during lead time?
Age and sex-related differences in 431 pediatric facial fractures at a level 1 trauma center

INTRODUCTION: Age and sex-related changes in the pattern of fractures and concomitant injuries observed in this patient population is helpful in understanding craniofacial development and the treatment of these unique injuries. The goal of this study was to examine all facial fractures occurring in a child and adolescent population (age 18 or less) at a trauma center to determine any age or sex-related variability amongst fracture patterns and concomitant injuries. METHODS: All facial fractures occurring at a trauma center were collected over a 12-year period based on International Classification of Disease, rev. 9 codes. This was delimited to include only those patients 18 years of age or younger. Age, sex, mechanism, and fracture types were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: During this time period, there were 3147 patients with facial fractures treated at our institution, 353 of which were in children and adolescent patients. Upon further review 68 patients were excluded due to insufficient data for analysis, leaving 285 patients for review, with a total of 431 fractures. The most common etiology of injury was assault for males and motor vehicle accidents (MVA) for females. The most common fracture was of the mandible in males and of the orbit in females. The most common etiology in younger age groups includes falls and pedestrian struck. Older age groups exhibit a higher incidence of assault-related injuries. Younger age groups showed a propensity for orbital fractures as opposed to older age groups where mandibular fractures predominated. Intracranial hemorrhage was the most common concomitant injury across most age groups. CONCLUSION: The differences noted in etiology of injury, fracture patterns, and concomitant injuries between sexes and different age groups likely reflects the differing activities that each group engages in predominantly. In addition the growing facial skeleton offers varying degrees of protection to the cranial contents as force-absorbing mechanisms develop. Language: en
Impact of a negative evaluation for underlying coronary artery disease on one-year resource utilization for patients admitted with potential acute coronary syndromes.

UNLABELLED Reduction in emergency department (ED) overcrowding is a major Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) initiative. One major source of ED overcrowding is patients waiting for telemetry beds. OBJECTIVE To determine whether, in patients admitted with a potential acute coronary syndrome, a negative evaluation for underlying coronary artery disease would reduce ED and hospital revisits over the subsequent year compared with patients who did not receive an evaluation for underlying coronary artery disease. METHODS Nine hundred ninety-nine consecutive patients admitted for potential acute coronary syndromes through the ED during a one-year period were screened for inclusion. Patients who had a negative evaluation for underlying coronary disease were compared with patients who were not evaluated for underlying coronary artery disease for subsequent ED visits, hospital admissions, and cardiac resource utilization over the year following the index visit via a health system-wide computerized record review. Patients with positive tests or biomarkers at the index visit were excluded. Each repeat visit was rated as "potentially cardiac" or "noncardiac." Results of echocardiograms, stress tests, and catheterizations and information about in-hospital deaths were obtained. RESULTS Six hundred ninety-two patients met the inclusion criteria: 556 patients received no evaluation for underlying coronary artery disease, 116 had a negative stress test, and 20 had a negative cardiac catheterization during the index visit. Patients with no evaluation for underlying coronary artery disease and patients with a negative evaluation had similar likelihoods of a repeat ED visit (negative test 39.0% vs. no test 40.3%; p = 0.85) and repeat hospital admission (28.7% vs. 31.5%; p = 0.61). The rates of a potentially cardiac-related ED visit (21.3 vs. 23.4%; p = 0.65) and hospital admission (17.7% vs. 20.7%; p = 0.48) were not significantly different. The two populations had similar utilization rates of echocardiograms, stress tests, and catheterizations (p > 0.70 for all). CONCLUSIONS For patients admitted to the authors' institution with a potential acute coronary syndrome, there was no association between a negative evaluation for underlying coronary artery disease and overall or potentially cardiac ED visits, admissions, or cardiac resource test utilization over the year following the index visit.
Simplified determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Abstract Accurate quantitative analysis for selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons present on urban dust can be obtained by using a simple procedure consisting of sonic-probe extraction with cyclohexane; clean-up with Florisil ® -XAD-4 ® , and measurement by high-resolution gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection (HRGC/FID). The analysis can be further simplified by eliminating the clean-up step if HRGC/electron-impact mass-spectrometry (MS) is available. Both the FID and MS methods give results consistent with those obtained by standard procedures. The direct HRGC/MS procedure, combined with chemical ionization, can also be applied to the determination of polycyclic organic materials present in solvent-refined coal, shale oil and crude oil.
Bovine antithrombin-III: Miscellaneous observations

Abstract Bovine antithrombin-III was purified by two procedures. With the ultracentrifuge we found S 20,w = 4.18 − 0.015X. It was found to have an NH 2 -terminal histidine residue, neutral sugars, sialic acid and disulfide bonds. It formed a complex with purified bovine thrombin in a 1:1 molar proportion with residual quantities of either component remaining. It formed a 1:1 molar complex with purified Factor Xa. In the ultracentrifuge this complex sedimented as a single component with S 20,w = 4.65 − 0.034X. Antibodies were used to deplete plasma of antithrombin-III. The depleted plasma progressively inactivated purified thrombin.
The macrophage and B cell-specific transcription factor PU.1 is related to the ets oncogene.

Abstract We have isolated a cDNA clone, PU.1, that codes for a new tissue-specific DNA binding protein. Analysis of the binding site by methylation interference and DNA-ase I protection revealed that the PU.1 protein recognized a purine-rich sequence, 5′-GAGGAA-3′ (PU box). The PU.1 protein was shown to be a transcriptional activator that is expressed in macrophages and B cells. cDNA constructions used to generate proteins lacking portions of either the amino- or carboxy-terminal ends of the PU.1 protein placed the DNA binding domain in the highly basic carboxy-terminal domain of the protein. The amino acid sequence in the binding domain of PU.1 has considerable identity with proteins belonging to the ets oncogene family.
Demonstration of InAsSb/AlInSb double-heterostructure detectors for room temperature operation in the 5- to 8-μm wavelength range

We report the first demonstration of InAsSb/AlInSb double heterostructure detectors for room temperature operation. The structures were grown in a solid source molecular beam epitaxy reactor on semi-insulating GaAs substrate. The material was processed to 400 X 400 micrometer mesas using standard photolithography, etching, and metallization techniques. No optical immersion or surface passivation was used. The photovoltaic detectors showed a cutoff wavelength at 8 micrometer at 300 K. The devices showed a high quantum efficiency of 40% at 7 micrometer at room temperature. A responsivity of 300 mA/W was measured at 7 micrometer under a reverse bias of 0.25 V at 300 K resulting in a Johnson noise limited detectivity of 2 X 108 cmHz1/2/W.
A Method to Merge WSR-88D Data with ARM SGP Millimeter Cloud Radar Data by Studying Deep Convective Systems

Abstract A decade of collocated Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) 35-GHz Millimeter Cloud Radar (MMCR) and Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) data over the ARM Southern Great Plains (SGP) site have been collected during the period of 1997–2006. A total of 28 winter and 45 summer deep convective system (DCS) cases over the ARM SGP site have been selected for this study during the 10-yr period. For the winter cases, the MMCR reflectivity, on average, is only 0.2 dB lower than that of the WSR-88D, with a correlation coefficient of 0.85. This result indicates that the MMCR signals have not been attenuated for ice-phase convective clouds, and the MMCR reflectivity measurements agree well with the WSR-88D, regardless of their vastly different characteristics. For the summer nonprecipitating convective clouds, however, the MMCR reflectivity, on average, is 10.6 dB lower than the WSR-88D measurement, and the average differences between the two radar reflectivities are nearly constant ...
Measurement of Silicon Micromachined Waveguide Components at 500–750 GHz

This paper presents techniques used to assemble and measure micromachined submillimeter-wave waveguide circuits operating from 500 to 750 GHz. A novel micromechanical compression pin is developed to improve wafer-to-wafer alignment to less than 1 μm. Connection between the silicon waveguide and the VNA is aligned through a silicon boss that inserts into the custom waveguide flange. Waveguide loss is characterized for both E- and H-plane split waveguides and is found to be similar to standard metal waveguides. Finally, measurement of a 3 dB hybrid coupler operating from 500 to 600 GHz is presented.
Evaluation of the corneal endothelial mosaic using an analysis of nearest neighbor distances.

A technique for the rapid measurement of cell size in the corneal endothelium is demonstrated. The technique involves the measurement of nearest-neighbor distances by centering a circular target within the cell boundaries. Measurements of mean cell area as a function of age were performed and compared with similar planimetric area measurements. The age independence of a dimensionless shape factor indicates that the average cell shape remains unchanged even though the endothelium becomes increasingly pleomorphic with age.
The regulation of chloride-bromide intake in epilepsy

In summing up we may state that 34 patients have been treated with Sedobrol from four to nine months; 31 with Sedobrol alone and three with a combination of Sedobrol and Luminal. Two patients died during the course of treatment, one of aortic insufficiency, the other of general physical debility. All of the patients showed a very good response to the treatment, the majority remaining free from seizures for as long as seven months. They also improved mentally and physically. In regard to the technique of bromide medication our experience with it taught us that the administration of larger doses of bromide is unnecessary and dangerous. It is sufficient to start with one cube of Sedobrol per day (17 grains of sodium bromide) and increase the number of cubes after short intervals until the maximum optimal dose is reached, that is, the dose which gives the best response without producing any signs of bromine poisoning. Except for the elimination of salty food such as cheese, sardines, etc., we did not diminish the usual amount of table salt in the daily food (about 15.0 grams per day). In the two cases of severe bromism we reduced the amount of Sedobrol, but did not eliminate it entirely. We added table salt to the food up to 5 grams per day. The dermal manifestations were successfully treated by this addition of table salt and with the application of wet dressings of a saturated solution of sodium chloride. Along with it, sodium cacodylate, 0.5 grain to one dram solution was given once or twice daily. In cases of severe bromine poisoning where the oral administration of table salt is impossible an enema of normal saline solution is very effective. In aggravated cases of epilepsy with frequent daily seizures a combination of Luminal and Sedobrol has proven very effective.
Perrin's model revisited: a simplified approach to time-dependent optical polarization

Abstract Perrin's elliptical oscillator model for the anisotropy of optical properties due to degenerate transitions in planar molecules is extended to include time dependence. It is found necessary to revise the physical model so that it consists of two perpendicular Lorentz oscillators having mutual phase and population relaxation. The predictions of the revised model are consistent with but not identical to those obtained from a density matrix approach and provide unique specifications of the rates of population exchange and dephasing.
Troponin I Levels in Patients with Preeclampsia

Abstract Introduction Preeclampsia involves a diffuse inflammatory state and elevated levels of troponins in patients with preeclampsia have been anecdotally reported. It is, however, unknown whether it is attributable to the preeclampsia. Objective We sought to determine the troponin I levels at the time of delivery in pregnant women with and without preeclampsia. Methods Plasma samples were obtained at the time of delivery and serum troponin I was measured by ELISA method. Results Thirty-nine women were included (20 with preeclampsia and 19 without). Mean troponin I level was 0.008 ng/mL in patients with preeclampsia and 0.01 ng/mL in controls ( P =.59). The highest troponin I level was 0.04 ng/mL for both patients with and without preeclampsia. Conclusions Preeclampsia was not associated with a rise in troponin I levels in our study. Patients with preeclampsia and elevated troponin levels should have further cardiac investigations.
Monotherapy versus Multi-Drug Therapy for the Treatment of Perforated Appendicitis in Children

Background: Children with perforated appendicitis often have a prolonged hospital course complicated by surgical site or intra-abdominal infections. Treatment with multiple intravenous (IV) antibiotics after appendectomy has been the standard of care for these patients. We have recently adopted a protocol using piperacillin-tazobactam (PT) as a single agent in lieu of the standard multi-drug regimen (MD). We hypothesized that PT would be as effective as MD in reducing postoperative complications and would result in decreased resource utilization. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of all children admitted to our hospital between January 1, 1998 and December 31, 2001 with the diagnosis of perforated appendicitis. Patients who underwent operation within the first 24 h of admission were divided into two groups based on their antibiotic regimen: PT versus MD. Demographic data, duration of presenting symptoms, initial WBC, length of stay, and infectious complications were abstracted. Categorical data wer...
Cell-cell interactions in blast transformation of rat lymphocytes by neuraminidase and galactose oxidase.

Abstract Optimal reaction conditions for the in vitro blast transformation of rat lymph node cells (LNC) by neuraminidase (N) and galactose oxidase (GO) were determined. Treatment with either enzyme alone, or with GO before N, did not produce significant stimulation. The kinetics and magnitude of the response to NGO, as measured by [3H]TdR incorporation, were compared with those induced by periodate treatment and by concanavalin A (ConA). Rat LNC treated with NGO (but blocked by mitomycin C) caused blast transformation of untreated syngeneic LNC. The magnitude of this indirect response was about one-quarter of that attained for NGO-treated LNC, and the kinetics were somewhat slower. Supernatants from cultures of NGO-stimulated cells were not able to activate untreated cells, and, using Marbrook culture vessels, no evidence was found for the release of soluble factors that could either activate untreated cells or enhance the magnitude of indirect stimulation. Indirect stimulation, therefore, appears to require cell-cell contact. A second kind of cellular interaction was observed in experiments in which NGO-treated LNC were cultured at different cell densities in the presence or absence of mitomycin C-blocked filler LNC. In the absence of filler cells, the incorporation of [3H]TdR was a linear function of the number of NGO-treated cells in each culture over a wide range of cell densities. However, if filler cells were present, [3H]TdR-incorporation was substantially enhanced. Thus the filler cell population contains cells that assist or potentiate the blast response to NGO, probably by increasing the number of lymphocytes that are stimulated.
Attributes of the wood-boring trace fossil Asthenopodichnium in the Late Cretaceous Wahweap Formation, Utah, USA

Abstract A common, macroscopic, wood-boring trace fossil occurs in the Upper Cretaceous braided- and meandering-stream deposits of the upper and capping sandstone members of the Wahweap Formation in Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah. Upon detailed examination, this trace warrants assignment to Asthenopodichnium (Thenius, 1979). Asthenopodichnium is a scoop-shaped, pouch-like trace that is preserved as iron hydroxide rind casts of wood fragments and logs. The long axes of the scoops are typically aligned parallel or sub-parallel to the long axis of the preserved wood. In the upper and capping sandstone members, Asthenopodichnium characteristically occur in dense clusters in which pouches overlie one another, although they are found as isolated, individual traces and tight clusters of multiple individuals as well. The Asthenopodichnium trace maker has been purported to be the possible product of mayfly nymphs developed in moving fresh water. As a fresh water trace Asthenopodichnium may be used in conjunction with Teredolites , a marine or brackish indicator, to delimit the brackish-fresh water limit in estuarine deposits.
Diffusible proteins prolong survival of dorsal lateral geniculate neurons following occipital cortex lesions in newborn rats

Abstract Removal of the occipital cortex in newborn rats results in the rapid and nearly complete degeneration of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) in 5 days. In previous studies we have shown that transplants of embryonic posterior cortex neurons, which are allowed to develop in culture for 5 days prior to transplantation into the site of the lesion, prolong the survival of a particular population of host dLGN neurons for an additional week. In this study we tested the possibility that the transplant cells synthesize diffusible proteins which are responsible for this neurotrophic effect. Culture medium conditioned by explants of embryonic occipital cortex and diencephalon was concentrated by vacuum dialysis or ultrafiltration through membranes with at least a 10-kDa cut-off. This concentrated medium was loaded into polyacrylamide or sodium alginate gels which were then implanted into the cavity of the lesion. Five days after implantation, the alginate-conditioned-medium implants result in a 3-fold increase in dLGN survival compared to unconditioned medium controls, while a two-fold increase in survival of the nucleus is found with the polyacrylamide-conditioned-medium implants. Proteolysis of the conditioned medium eliminates all neurotrophic activity. The results suggest that the death of dLGN neurons following the cortical lesion is due to the loss of diffusible proteinaceous neurotrophic factors — factors that may operate during normal in vivo development of the geniculocortical pathway.
Optimizing Water Treatment with Two-Stage Coagulation

Drinking water utilities are facing increasing regulatory pressure to optimize treatment processes, particularly the filtration process that is relied on as a physical barrier to pathogen contamination. In the presence of high concentrations of natural organic matter, traditional coagulation processes can be inadequate to meet these future standards. In this study, a natural water with a high total organic carbon concentration (>6 mg/L) was used to compare one- and two-stage alum coagulation processes. The two-stage coagulation process involved the application of alum at two locations separated by approximately 60 s of detention time. Bench-scale experiments were conducted with various water quality conditions and verified at the pilot scale. The settled-water turbidity was 25% less using the two-stage process, and the steady-state filter effluent particle counts for the two-stage process were approximately 50% lower than for the single-stage process. More importantly, the two-stage process did not exhibi...
Corrections to “Common-Mode Cancellation in Sinusoidal Gating With Balanced InGaAs/InP Single Photon Avalanche Diodes” [Dec 12 1505-1511]

In the above paper (ibid., vol. 48, no. 12, pp. 1505-1511, Dec. 2012), the authors appeared in the wrong order. They should have appeared as follows: Zhiwen Lu, Wenlu Sun, Joe C. Campbell, Fellow, IEEE, Xudong Jiang, and Mark A. Itzler, Fellow, IEEE.
The motor units of cat medial gastrocnemius: problem of their categorisation on the basis of mechanical properties.

The mechanical properties of 126 motor units from medial gastrocnemius muscle have been studied in 12 adult cats.
Hypokalemia, normal blood pressure, andhyperreninemia with hypoaldosteronism

The etiology of persistent hypokalemia and renal potassium loss was investigated in three children. Each had normal blood pressure but low plasma aldosterone values in relation to elevated plasma renin activity. None had a history of licorice abuse, laxative or diuretic use, persistent vomiting or diarrhea, pyelonephritis, or diabetes insipidus. Additional studies in one patient showed low prostaglandin E excretion and a normal platelet aggregation response to epinephrine and ADP. Although certain aspects of this condition resemble Bartter syndrome, the low concentrations of aldosterone and the absence of evidence for mineralocorticoid excess suggest a previously undescribed syndrome.
Studies with I13-labeled rose bengal I. Derivation of a technic for use in the differential diagnosis of jaundice

The development of a modified technic using RBI131 for the differential diagnosis of jaundice is detailed. Data obtained provide information which may permit a fairly accurate differential diagnosis of jaundice to be made.
The Effect of the District of Columbia’s Assessment Limitation on Property Tax Equity

In 2002, the District of Columbia implemented the Residential Property Tax Credit program. This program, while technically a credit, is in effect a property tax assessment limitation that applies to owner-occupied housing. Initially, the maximum growth in net assessed value was set at 25 percent, but is now 10 percent. Property tax assessment limitations are expected to create significant variations in net taxable assessments across property, both vertically and horizontally, and we explore the extent of the variations created by the assessment limitation in the District of Columbia. We find substantial variations, both vertically and horizontally. We also explore explanation for the magnitude of the variations.
Phorbol-12,13-diester 12-ester hydrolase may prevent tumour promotion by phorbol diesters in skin

Tumour promoters are not themselves carcinogenic but can induce tumours in mice treated previously with an otherwise insufficient dose of certain chemical carcinogens1–6. One of the most potent tumour-promoting agents is 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), initially isolated from croton oil7. The effects of tumour promoters are species specific8; croton oil, of which TPA is the most active component, does not act as a tumour promoter in rat, rabbit, guinea pig or hamster skin in conditions for which it is a potent tumour promoter in mouse skin8–12. Recently, we have purified the enzyme phorbol-12,13-diester 12-ester hydrolase (PDEH) to homogeneity from mouse and human liver cytosol13. This enzyme converts biologically active phorbol-12, 13-diesters to the inactive phorbol-13-monoester13 in a dose-, time- and temperature-dependent manner. PDEH has been partially purified from hamster skin but is not detected in mouse skin, suggesting that the basis for the TPA tumour promotion only in mouse skin is a result of differences between the species in levels of TPA inactivating enzyme (PDEH) in the skin. We demonstrate here that respon-siveness to TPA-induced tumour promotion is related to the level of PDEH activity in skin of all animals tested.