cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Science and the (Lockean) Pursuit of Happiness in Tom Wolfe's I Am Charlotte Simmons

Abstract In I Am Charlotte Simmons, Tom Wolfe explores how precarious the pursuit of happiness is in our liberal society, which provides insufficient moral support for individuals to resist following popular opinion in their pursuit of happiness. For Wolfe, the first step of the pursuit of happiness requires the courage to resist popular opinion and to seek an answer to what happiness is for oneself. As Wolfe shows, our universities are neglecting their task to prepare individuals with a liberal education to guide them on how to live as politically and morally free beings who are responsible for pursuing happiness. Despite appearing to be proud and independent, Charlotte Simmons's education fails to provide her with the moral courage to resist peer pressure. At her university, she adopts scientific viewpoints that undermine political and moral liberty and teach her that her superior intelligence and education are tools of domination. Charlotte puts them in service of gaining popularity. Instead of bringin...
Understanding minds and evidence for belief: A study of Mofu children in Cameroon:

This study explores young children's understanding of mind and their ability to give evidence for belief. Mofu children of Cameroon were chosen as participants as they provide a unique opportunity to compare the development of an understanding of minds and evidence in schooled and nonschooled populations. A series of standard theory-of-mind tasks were given to 154 children, as well as a novel evidence task. Results suggest that children who have attended school develop an understanding of minds earlier than nonattenders. School attenders did not show superior understanding of evidence for false belief. They did perform better than the nonschooled sample, however, on a question concerning evidence for a subsequent true belief, although performance on this question for both groups was poor.
Experimental and theoretical investigation of reversible interconversion, thermal reactions, and wavelength-dependent photochemistry of diazo Meldrum's acid and its diazirine isomer, 6,6-dimethyl-5,7-dioxa-1,2-diaza-spiro[2,5]oct-1-ene-4,8-dione

The photochemical or thermal decomposition of diazo Meldrum's acid (1) in methanolic solutions yields ketoester 3a, the product of the Wolff rearrangement, while products produced from the singlet carbene were not detected. This observation, combined with the analysis of activation parameters for the thermal decomposition of 1, as well as with the results of DFT B3PW91/6-311+G(3df,2p) and MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ//B3PW91/6-311+G(3df,2p) calculations, allows us to conclude that the Wolff rearrangement of 1 is a concerted process. The outcome of the photolysis of diazo Meldrum's acid depends on the wavelength of irradiation. Irradiation with 254 nm light results in an efficient (Φ254 = 0.34) photo-Wolff reaction, while at 355 nm, the formation of diazirine 2 becomes the predominant process (Φ350 = 0.024). This unusual wavelength selectivity indicates that Wolff rearrangement and isomerization originate from different electronically excited states of 1. The UV irradiation of diazirine 2 leads to the loss of nitrogen ...
Hepatosplenic γδ T-cell lymphoma : Ultrastructural, immunophenotypic, and functional evidence for cytotoxic T lymphocyte differentiation

Hepatosplenic gammadelta T cell lymphoma (TCL) is a rare, aggressive subset of peripheral TCL that presents with hepatosplenomegaly and cytopenias. Detailed clinicopathological, ultrastructural, and cytogenetic analyses of these lymphomas are limited; functional characteristics of these lymphomas are unknown. We have undertaken a clinicopathological, immunophenotypic, ultrastructural, cytogenetic, and functional analysis of three hepatosplenic gammadelta TCLs. All patients presented with massive hepatosplenomegaly and anemia, thrombocytopenia, or severe neutropenia; terminal blastlike transformation occurred in one patient. Combination chemotherapy had no response in two patients, but induced complete remission in one. gammadelta T cell receptor (TCR) expression and clonal TCRdelta gene rearrangements were documented in each case. Two different subsets of gammadelta TCL were identified based on delta chain variable region usage; two lymphomas were Vdelta1+, whereas the third was negative for both Vdelta1 and Vdelta2. Cytogenetic analysis was performed on two lymphomas; isochromosome 7q and probable trisomy 8 was shown in one of the Vdelta1+ lymphomas, whereas the Vdelta1 negative lymphoma had 14p+ with t(1;14)(q21;p13). NK cell-associated antigens (CD11c, CD16, or CD56) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) effector proteins (perforin, granzyme B, TIA-1, and Fas ligand) were expressed by each lymphoma; dense core cytolytic granules were observed by electron microscopy in both lymphomas studied. Functional studies performed in two cases showed TCR-mediated cytolysis of P815 x 2 FcR+ cells induced by anti-CD3 in a redirected cytolysis assay in one of the CD56+, Vdelta1+ lymphomas, whereas IFNgamma secretion was induced by anti-CD3 in the CD56-, Vdelta1 negative lymphoma. These studies show that hepatosplenic gammadelta TCLs have CTL differentiation, retain functional activity in vitro, and are derived from at least two gammadelta T cell subsets.
Cracking energy estimation of ultra low-k package using novel prediction approach combined with global-local modeling technique

Interfacial crack/delamination, due to the presence of dissimilar material systems, is one of the major concerns of thermo-mechanical reliability for the development of next node technology in integrated circuits (IC) devices. The cracking energy results from many back end of line (BEOL) and packaging processes at various temperature differences is prone to drive the crack advance. To investigate the sensitivity of crack propagation in low-k dielectric materials, a robust estimation of J-integral approach combined with a rectangular path of integral contour is performed using finite element analysis (FEA). By means of the verification of 4-point bending test (4-PBT), excellent agreements are obtained as compared with the experimental data. Moreover, a multiscale modeling technique is proposed to resolve the difficulty of model construction as from bridge device level to packaging level. The sub-modeling procedures developed specifically for the impact prediction of interfacial crack in complicated Cu/low-k interconnects. The analytic results indicate the foregoing methodology is valuable to forecast the physical behavior and reliability of advanced IC devices in the nano scaled size. On the basis of the presented results in this research, an approximated criterion for determining the dimensions of sub-model is suggested and demonstrated as well.
The dopaminergic amacrine cell

The detailed morphology of the dopaminergic amacrine cell type has been characterized in the macaque monkey retina by intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). This cell type was recognized by its large soma in an in vitro, wholemount preparation of the retina stained with the fluorescent dye, acridine orange. HRP-fills revealed a large, sparsely branching, spiny dendritic tree and a number of extremely thin, axon-like processes that arose from the soma and proximal dendrites. The axon-like processes were studded with distinct varicosities and were traced for up to 3 mm beyond the dendritic tree. The true lengths of the axon-like processes were greater than 3 mm, however, because the HRP reaction product consistently diminished before an endpoint was reached. Both the dendrites and the axon-like processes were narrowly stratified close to the outer border of the inner plexiform layer, although in a few cases single axon-like processes projected into the outer nuclear and outer plexiform layers. The HRP-filled amacrines appeared equivalent to a subpopulation of neurons that are intensely immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). TH-immunoreactive cells showed a nearly identical soma size and dendritic field size range, the same pattern of dendritic branching and spiny morphology, and also gave rise to distinct axon-like processes from both the soma and proximal dendrites. To test this correspondence more directly, the large acridine stained cells were injected with Lucifer Yellow and the retina was subsequently processed for TH immunoreactivity using diaminobenzidine as the chromagen. In all cases Lucifer Yellow injected cells also showed intense TH immunoreactivity. Spatial densities of the TH amacrine cells were therefore used to calculate coverage factors for the dendritic trees and for the axon-like components of the HRP-filled cells. The axon-like processes showed a coverage factor of at least 300, about 100 times that of the dendritic fields. This great overlap could be directly observed in TH-immunoreacted retinal wholemounts as a dense plexus of fine, varicose processes. The density of the TH plexus is greater than the density predicted from the lengths (1-3 mm) of the HRP-filled axon-like processes however, and suggests that the axon-like processes have an actual length of about 4-5 mm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Characterization of subsurface damage in glass and metal optics

Abstract OnlyCharacterization of subsurface diimage in glass and metal op&s R. S. Polvarn and C. J. Evans NatiOnal Precion Eiing Divioi Institute for Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 Abstract Even unusual care in polishing, leads to optics with somewhat damaged working faces. The question is, to what degree?the physical nature of this damage depeids on the ductility or plasticity of the constniction material. Glassy materials(glass, brittle metals and semiconductors) fracture, while ductile materials work harden. Beryffium suffers from bothmodes. To physically model damage, we oversimplify and picture a surface layer with two features, a depth and anintensity of the IvjIk property changes. A statistical alternative to intensity is the visible flaw density. We use a variety of analytical mathods, but mainly x-ray diffraction, metallography and instrumented microindentation, and frequently use them in combination. Our problem is to develop a general hasis and means of characterizing subsurface damage. Toillustrate the diversity, difficulty and our progress with the problem, we will report experiences with a variety ofexamples. The talk will consider damage in ductile regimeN ground, classically polished fused silica BK-7, pyrexoptics, esuperu polished BK-i, precision ground silicon nitride and alumina
Family member accompaniment to routine medical visits is associated with better self-care in heart failure patients

ObjectivesTo examine the association between frequency of family member accompaniment to medical visits and heart failure (HF) self-care maintenance and management and to determine whether associat...
Actor positioning based on molecular geometry in aerial sensor networks

Advances in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology and wireless sensor and actor networks (WSAN) made it possible to equip small UAVs with sensors and deploy aerial sensor and actor networks. Aerial sensor networks enable high quality observation of events while reducing the number of requirements. Positioning of UAVs with actor nodes is critical in these systems for effective data collection. In this paper we propose an actor positioning strategy for aerial WSANs considering the scenario of toxic plume observation after a volcanic eruption. The positioning algorithm utilizes the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory of chemistry, which is based on the correlation between molecular geometry and the number of atoms in a molecule. The limitations of the basic VSEPR theory are eliminated by extending the approach for multiple central data collectors. The simulations show that the proposed system provides high connectivity and coverage for the aerial sensor network.
Cross-Institutional Norms for Timing and Sequencing and the Use of Adjustment Strategies in Families Affiliated with Family-Owned Businesses

The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of variables related to the timing and sequencing of family and business development on the types of adjustment strategies that business and family managers use during hectic times. The purpose is accomplished through the analysis of a national sample of business-owning families in which the family manager had at least one child living in the household. Findings indicate that the stage of the business life cycle has a significant impact on reallocating family resources as an adjustment strategy. Additionally, family variables are most influential in the adjustment strategy of reallocating business resources. The findings underscore the importance of using variables from both the business and the family realms in attempting to understand the dynamics associated with family-owned businesses
Enantioselective organocatalytic α-sulfenylation of substituted diketopiperazines

The asymmetric organocatalytic α-sulfenylation of substituted piperazine-2,5-diones is reported, with cinchona alkaloids as chiral Lewis bases and electrophilic sulfur transfer reagents. Catalyst loadings, the type of sulfur transfer reagent, temperature and solvent were investigated in order to optimize the reaction conditions. The effects of ring substitution and the type of catalyst on the yield and enantioselectivity of the reaction are reported.
Acute severe asthma: differences in therapies and outcomes among pediatric intensive care units.

Objective To determine differences in therapies and outcomes among pediatric intensive care units for patients with acute severe asthma. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Eleven pediatric intensive care units participating in the Pediatric Intensive Care Evaluations. Patients Patients were 1528 children with a primary diagnosis of asthma. Interventions None. Measurements and main results We studied severity of illness, length of stay, and use of invasive interventions. The patients at the centers had similar median physiologic measures of illness and Pediatric Risk of Mortality III scores. The patients received a wide range of invasive interventions depending on institution, including mechanical ventilation (3% to 47%), arterial catheter placement (4% to 46%), central venous catheter (2% to 51%), and determination of a blood gas (24% to 70%). At institutions where mechanical ventilation was used more commonly (>20%, high use), intensive care and hospital stays were longer for asthmatic patients regardless of mechanical ventilation requirement compared with centers with lower use of mechanical ventilation. The status of "high-use center" was an independent predictor for intensive care stay (p = .005) and hospital length of stay (p = .017) as well as duration of mechanical ventilation (p = .014) after adjustment for age, degree of hypercarbia, maximal respiratory rate, use of an arterial catheter, and Pediatric Risk of Mortality III scores among ventilated children. Conclusions We found that use of invasive interventions including mechanical ventilation and vascular monitoring varied greatly by institution. Centers with higher use of mechanical ventilation had longer median intensive care stay and hospital stays. Pediatric asthma management for acute severe asthma may be improved by clear elucidation of the institutional practices where fewer invasive interventions were used to achieve better outcomes.
1408 IS INSULIN PUMP TREATMENT EFFECTIVE IN MANAGING THE PREGNANT DIABETIC

Normalization of maternal glucose levels reduces the risks for the infant of the diabetic mother (IDM). Since many diabetics do not achieve this goal, we examined the efficacy of insulin pump Rx in 7 class C to FR diabetics beginning at 10-27 wks gestation. Home glucose (HG) and inpatient 24 hr glucose levels (IG), the mean amplitude of glucose excursions (MAGE) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1) were measured on conventional multiple insulin injections (prepump) and after pump Rx (data mean±SD, *=p<0.05). During pump Rx mean glucose and HbA1 levels fell and glucose fluctuations were strikingly reduced by 50%. To date 6 infants have delivered at term with no neonatal problems. There was no macrosomia (birth wt 2.7-4.1 kg) or hypoglycemia. At 2 hr of age IV GTT (0.5-1 g/kg) was normal (Kt 1.3±0.3). None developed respiratory distress, significant jaundice (peak bilirubin 12.5±1.2 mg/dl), polycythemia (HCt 47±5%) or hypocalcemia (calcium 9.6±0.3 mg/dl at ∼ 40 hr). We conclude that insulin pump Rx is a particularly effective means of achieving normal or near normal glucose levels in pregnant diabetics. This approach may prove useful in reducing morbidity in the IDM.
Homocysteine: Is it a clinically important cardiovascular risk factor?

Elevated plasma homocysteine is associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and venous thromboembolism. Folic acid and other B vitamins lower plasma homocysteine levels, but whether this therapy confers a clinical benefit has yet to be determined. Until we know the results of ongoing clinical trials of homocysteine-lowering therapy, testing for and treating elevated homocysteine is probably justified only in patients with known cardiovascular disease or who are at high risk.
Online BSIT program starts with communication skills and team building infused with IT field exploration

In this session, we describe an application of the IT Model Curricula developed by the Association for Computing Machinery through their Special Interest Group Information Technology Educators (SIGITE) curriculum committee within the first course of an accredited online university's BSIT degree program. Through a variety of unique course activities, the recommendations of the SIGITE Curriculum Committee are achieved. This session describes the unique course activities, how they align with the IT Model Curricula, and achieve the outcomes recommended.
Alteration of Ringer pH and its effects on precursor incorporation into Drosophila salivary gland nuclei.

Drosophila salivary glands were explanted and incubated with 3H-uridine (or 3H-thymidine) in Ringer's solution (Ephrussi-Beadle modified saline) adjusted to pH values in the integral range, 4 to 10. The results of autoradiographic investigations indicate a differential effect of altering Ringer pH on 3H-uridine as opposed to 3H-thymidine incorporation: a) Relatively uniform levels of chromosomal incorporation of 3H-thymidine occurred over the range of test pH. Some decrease of incorporation was noted at pH 5 and some increase at pH 9. b) Chromosomal incorporation of 3H-uridine was severely depressed at pH 4 and 7 relative to the high incorporation levels observed at other pH values. Controlling pH of Ephrussi-Beadle Ringer's solution in such experiments seems a necessity. This appears especially important for studies involving 3H-uridine incorporation.
Relative mesothelioma induction in rats by mineral fibers: Comparison with residual pulmonary mineral-fiber number and epidemiology

AbstractLarge differences in mesothelioma induction by various minerals were demonstrated in rats on the basis of tumor to fiber ratios. Erinoite was 500–800 times more tumorigenic and crocidolite 30–60 times more tumorigenic than chysotile. Erionite was relatively more potent when introduced intratrachealy than either asbestos. These data rank similarly to human exposure to the same mineral fibers. We propose that a factor here termed intrinsic potency probably related to surface activity overrides both fiber number and geometric configuration when fibers of strongly different tumorigenicity are compared. This potency difference may be related to differing tendencies of the respective surfaces to coordinate endogenous iron and release free radicals via the fenton reaction during the reduction from the ferric to the ferrous state. It is suggested that such potency differences may explain the failure of certain man-made fibers to induce mesothelioma from inhalation exposure because of insufficient dose rea...
THE WRONGS AND RIGHTS OF UNIT VALUE INDICES

There are two sides to unit value indices. The first is their widespread and unwarranted use based on customs data as surrogates for price relatives of product groups of exports and imports. For the aggregation of heterogeneous items, superlative price indices are best and unit value indices are biased. The second is the widespread and unwarranted use of price indices for homogeneous items, for which unit value indices are best and superlative price indices are biased. Then there is the “in-between”: the case of broadly comparable items. This paper examines such issues.
Peers in doctoral education: Unrecognized learning partners

This chapter explores the unique, often horizontal, peer education dynamics found in doctoral education, which are far less understood than the role of undergraduate peer educators.
CD1 1b/CD18‐Dependent Polymorphonuclear Leucocyte Interaction with Matrix Proteins in Adhesion and Migration

Adhesion of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) to plastic dishes coated with the matrix proteins laminin (LM), fibronectin (FN), collagen type I (CI) or collagen type IV (CIV) was inhibited by the monoclonal antibody 60.3 (MoAb 60.3; anti-CD18). The highest inhibitory effect was seen on adhesion to CI. PMN adhesion to CI was also effectively inhibited by Mo1 (anti-CD11b) but this antibody had only a minor effect on attachment of PMN to the other matrix proteins. In other experiments MoAb 60.3 inhibited LTB4-induced migration of PMN through polycarbonate filters (3 microns pores) coated with LM, FN, CI or CIV, with the most pronounced effect on migration through those filters coated with CI. By contrast, the antibody Mo1 had no effect on migration through any of the protein-coated filters tested. The results in this study suggest that the CD18 epitope, recognized by 60.3, mediates both adhesion and migration of PMN while the epitope on CD11b recognized by the antibody Mo1 is restricted to adhesion. The results also indicate that CD11b/CD18 is the major receptor on human PMN for CI while interaction with LM, FN and CIV may in addition involve other mechanisms.
Rotational excitation of HD by collisions with He

Abstract It is shown that the interaction potential recently derived for H 2 -He is also consistent with sound absorption and NMR spin-lattice relaxation measurements on HD. Based on this potential, collision-induced pressure broadening coefficients and also rate constants for rotational excitation are predicted. The latter may be important for understanding cooling processes in the interstellar medium.
Cryosphere applications of NSCAT data

Though designed to measure vector winds over the ocean, new imaging techniques facilitate the use of NASA scatterometer data (NSCAT) in cryosphere studies. NSCAT provides data of unprecedented coverage, resolution, and quality which, when coupled with the scatterometer image reconstruction with filtering (SIRF) algorithm, enables images of /spl sigma//sup o/ at resolutions approaching 8 km over stationary targets. Such images are useful in ice mapping and classification, and multidecadal studies are possible by comparison with Seasat Scatterometer (SASS) data. The utility of NSCAT data in polar ice studies is illustrated through a review of two cryosphere applications of NSCAT data: (1) sea-ice mapping and tracking and (2) ice-sheet change in Greenland and Antarctica. The wide swath and frequent revisit, coupled with incidence and azimuth angle diversity makes NSCAT data very effective in mapping the extent of sea-ice. In Greenland, snow and ice "facies" are clearly delineated on the basis of the seasonally dependent radar backscattering cross section, due to sensitivity of radar backscatter to diagenetic changes occurring at and beneath the surface. Comparison of NSCAT and SASS data enables study of change in Greenland between 1978 and 1996.
Turbulence in nearly incompressible fluids: density spectrum, flows, correlations and implication to the interstellar medium

Abstract. Interstellar scintillation and angular radio wave broadening measurements show that interstellar and solar wind (electron) density fluctuations exhibit a Kolmogorov-like k-5/3 power spectrum extending over many decades in wavenumber space. The ubiquity of the Kolmogorov-like interstellar medium (ISM) density spectrum led to an explanation based on coupling incompressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) fluctuations to density fluctuations through a "pseudosound" relation within the context of "nearly incompressible" (NI) hydrodynamics (HD) and MHD models. The NI theory provides a fundamentally different explanation for the observed ISM density spectrum in that the density fluctuations can be a consequence of passive scalar convection due to background incompressible fluctuations. The theory further predicts generation of long-scale structures and various correlations between the density, temperature and the (magneto) acoustic as well as convective pressure fluctuations in the compressible ISM fluids in different thermal regimes that are determined purely by the thermal fluctuation level. In this paper, we present the results of our two dimensional nonlinear fluid simulations, exploring various nonlinear aspects that lead to inertial range ISM turbulence within the context of a NI hydrodymanics model. In qualitative agreement with the NI predictions and the in-situ observations, we find that i) the density fluctuations exhibit a Kolmogorov-like spectrum via a passive convection in the field of the background incompressible fluctuations, ii) the compressible ISM fluctuations form long scale flows and structures, and iii) the density and the temperature fluctuations are anti-correlated.
Managing complications II: conduit failure and conduit airway fistulas

Conduit failure and conduit airway fistula are rare complications after esophagectomy, however they can be catastrophic resulting in high mortality. Survivors can expect a prolonged hospital course with multiple interventions and an extended period of time prior to being able to resume oral nutrition. High index of suspicion can aid in early diagnosis. Conduit failure usually requires a period of proximal esophageal diversion and staged reconstruction. Conduit airway fistulas may be amenable to endoscopic repair but this has a high failure rate and many patients will require surgical repair with closure of the fistula and interposition of vascularized tissue to minimize recurrence.
Conducting Life History Research With Adolescents

This article is a commentary on the life history approach, which specifically described aspects of and offered suggestions for conducting life history research with adolescents. The life history approach is well suited to a wide variety of types of health-related inquiry. In this article, the author used an exemplar study to show how well the life history approach was suited for questions regarding adolescent issues. This approach was also a good match for the developmental skills and needs of adolescents. The author uses the strengths and weaknesses of the approach and a detailed example of how she used the life history data to identify themes drawn from the exemplar study. She makes specific suggestions, including the development and implementation of an interview guide, planning and scheduling interviews, and the use of a life history grid. She includes examples of each suggestion and a sample life history grid.
Bayesian approach to limited-angle reconstruction in computed tomography

An arbitrary source function cannot be determined fully from projection data that are limited in number and range of viewing angle. There exists a null subspace in the Hilbert space of possible source functions about which the available projection measurements provide no information. The null-space components of deterministic solutions are usually zero, giving rise to unavoidable artifacts. It is demonstrated that these artifacts may be reduced by a Bayesian maximum a posteriori (MAP) reconstruction method that permits the use of significant a priori information. Since normal distributions are assumed for the a priori and measurement-error probability densities, the MAP reconstruction method presented here is equivalent to the minimum-variance linear estimator with nonstationary mean and covariance ensemble characterizations. A more comprehensive Bayesian approach is suggested in which the ensemble mean and covariance specifications are adjusted on the basis of the measurements.
Digital Writing and Diversity: The Effects of School Laptop Programs on Literacy Processes and Outcomes:

Over the last decade, the number of one-to-one laptop programs in U.S. schools has steadily increased. Though technology advocates believe that such programs can assist student writing, there has been little systematic evidence for this claim, and even less focused on technology use by at-risk learners. This study examined the effect of daily access to laptops on the writing outcomes and processes of 2,158 upper elementary students in two school districts, and the effect among diverse students. In a California district, students showed improved English language arts achievement in both a partial laptop program year and a full laptop program year. In a Colorado district, overall writing test score gains were not statistically significant; however in both districts, at-risk student groups (i.e., Hispanics and low-income learners) showed significant gains. In addition, survey results, interviews, and observations indicate that at-risk learners used the laptops more frequently than their counterparts at school for a variety of learning purposes. This study suggests that well-planned use of laptops and digital media can help diverse learners improve their literacy processes and outcomes.
Effect of Process Variables on the Holding Time in an Ultrahigh-Temperature Steam Injection System

Abstract Holding time was measured by monitoring the conductivity of a salt charge at each end of a holding tube on a strip chart recorder. The effect of pressure and temperature of the heated product on the holding time was studied in 88.7- and 113.7-cm tubes. Holding tube pressure was designated as that pressure in excess of the saturated vapor pressure of water at the holding temperature. Excess pressures of about 1 kg/cm 2 were required to ensure reproducible measurement of holding time. At excess pressures below 0.7 kg/cm 2 two-phase flow existed. Holding time decreased with pressure until all vapor was condensed. Holding time also decreased as temperature increased because of condensate added to the product and because of the reduced density at higher temperatures. A method for predicting holding tube length for a desired holding time or a holding time for a given holding tube length is presented. The prediction, computed from process and system parameters, ensures a safe process from a public health viewpoint. Calculation is based upon heat and mass balances and velocity distribution in a pipeline.
Model Aggregation for Distributed Content Anomaly Detection

Cloud computing offers a scalable, low-cost, and resilient platform for critical applications. Securing these applications against attacks targeting unknown vulnerabilities is an unsolved challenge. Network anomaly detection addresses such zero-day attacks by modeling attributes of attack-free application traffic and raising alerts when new traffic deviates from this model. Content anomaly detection (CAD) is a variant of this approach that models the payloads of such traffic instead of higher level attributes. Zero-day attacks then appear as outliers to properly trained CAD sensors. In the past, CAD was unsuited to cloud environments due to the relative overhead of content inspection and the dynamic routing of content paths to geographically diverse sites. We challenge this notion and introduce new methods for efficiently aggregating content models to enable scalable CAD in dynamically-pathed environments such as the cloud. These methods eliminate the need to exchange raw content, drastically reduce network and CPU overhead, and offer varying levels of content privacy. We perform a comparative analysis of our methods using Random Forest, Logistic Regression, and Bloom Filter-based classifiers for operation in the cloud or other distributed settings such as wireless sensor networks. We find that content model aggregation offers statistically significant improvements over non-aggregate models with minimal overhead, and that distributed and non-distributed CAD have statistically indistinguishable performance. Thus, these methods enable the practical deployment of accurate CAD sensors in a distributed attack detection infrastructure.
Approximation of Parabolic Equations Using the Wasserstein Metric

We illustrate how some interesting new variational principles can be used for the numerical approximation of solutions to certain (possibly degenerate) parabolic partial differential equations. One remarkable feature of the algorithms presented here is that derivatives do not enter into the variational principles, so, for example, discontinuous approximations may be used for approximating the heat equation. We present formulae for computing a Wasserstein metric which enters into the variational formulations.
Topological insulator-based energy efficient devices

Topological insulators (TI) have emerged as a new class of quantum materials with many novel and unusual properties. In this article, we will give a brief review of the key electronic properties of topological insulators, including the signatures for the unusual electronic transport properties of their characteristic topological surface states (TSS). We will then discuss how these novel properties and physics may be utilized for TI-based energy efficient devices, such as lowpower- consumption electronics and high performance thermo-electrics. Furthermore, going beyond conventional singleparticle, charge-based transport, to utilize coherent many-body coherent ground states such as excitonic condensates (EC), new and intriguing functionalities previously unexplored in electronic and energy devices may be realized with the potential to dramatically improve the energy efficiency.
Leaf-level resource use for evergreen and deciduous conifers along a resource availability gradient

1. We compared leaf-level carbon, nitrogen and water use for a deciduous (Larix occidentalis Nutt.) and sympatric evergreen (Pseudotsuga menziesii, Beissn., Franco, or Pinus contorta Engelm.) conifer along a resource availability gradient spanning the natural range of L. occidentalis in western Montana, USA. 2. We hypothesized that leaf photosynthesis (A), respiration (r), specific leaf area (SLA) and foliar nitrogen concentration (N) would be higher for deciduous than sympatric evergreen conifers in mixed stands, and that these interspecies differences would increase from high to low resource availability. We also hypothesized that leaf-level nitrogen and water-use efficiency would be higher for the co-occurring evergreen conifer than L. occidentalis. 3. In general, mass-based photosynthesis (Am) was significantly higher for L. occidentalis than co-occurring evergreen conifers in the drier sites, but Am was similar for evergreen and deciduous conifers at the mesic site. 4. Mass-based foliar nitrogen concentration (Nm) was positively correlated to SLA for all species combined across the gradient (R2 = 0·64), but the relationship was very weak (R2 = 0·08–0·34) for evergreen and deciduous species separately. Mass-based Am and rm were poorly correlated to Nm for all species combined across the gradient (R2 = 0·28 and 0·04, respectively). 5. For each site-species combination, daily maximum Am was negatively correlated to vapour pressure deficit (VPD) (R2 = 0·36–0·59), but was poorly correlated to twig predawn water potential (R2 < 0·04). 6. Instantaneous nitrogen-use efficiency (NUEi; Am divided by Nm) and water-use efficiency (δ13C) increased significantly (P = 0·05) from high to low resource availability for both evergreen and deciduous conifers, except for NUEi in L. occidentalis.
A Dynamic Approach toward QoS-Aware Service Workflow Composition

Web service-based workflow management systems have garnered considerable attention for automating and scheduling dependent operations. Such systems often support user preferences, e.g., time of completion, but with the rebirth of distributed computing via the grid/cloud, new challenges are abound: multiple disparate data sources, networks, nodes, and the potential for moving very large datasets. In this paper, we present a framework for integrating QoS support in a service workflow composition system. The relationship between workflow execution time and accuracy is exploited through an automatic workflow composition scheme. The algorithm, equipped with a framework for defining cost models on service completion times and error propagation, composes service workflows which can adapt to user's QoS preferences.
CMUseum: A Location-aware Wireless Video Streaming System

Location-aware computing enables automatic tailoring of information and services based on the current location of a mobile user. We have designed and implemented CMUseum, a system that enables location-based video streaming applications, as well as other add-on services on top of the purposed infrastructure. Our novel design incorporates an 802.15.4 Zigbee sensor network for collecting location information as well as an 802.11 Wi-Fi network for streaming video contents. This framework is largely event-driven in order to support the real-time nature of the video streaming services it handles. We have demonstrated the viability of this system through implementing a working system in a museum tour guide scenario.
Stages of Drug Use A Social Control Perspective

Three models reflecting stages of substance use (alcohol use/alcohol and marijuana use/polydrug use) were tested using path analysis to examine subsamples of 626 to 850 subjects. Overall, high scho...
Exploring the Relationship Between Text‐Leveling Systems and Reading Accuracy and Fluency in Second‐Grade Students Who Are Average and Poor Decoders

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between different text-leveling systems and reading accuracy and fluency in second-grade students with and without decoding difficulties. Two-hundred-forty-eight second-grade students, 44 identified as low achieving (LA) and 204 identified as average achieving (AA) in decoding skill, participated in the 15-week study. During the study teachers collected data weekly on students' text-reading accuracy and fluency using curriculum-based measurement (CBM) techniques. Text attributes such as readability, decodability, percentage of high frequency words, average words per sentence, and percentage of multisyllabic words were estimated for each passage. Results using the entire sample of children indicated that accuracy of text reading was uniquely predicted by the percentage of high frequency words in the passages, whereas both the percentage of high frequency words and passage decodability made unique contributions to variance in passage-reading fluency. Moreover, results suggested that the relationship between text-leveling variables and reading performance was similar in the LA and AA groups, with only a slight trend favoring a stronger relationship between passage decodability and measures of text-reading performance in the AA group compared to the LA group.
Fat Avoidance and Replacement Behaviors Predict Low-Fat Intake Among Urban, African American Adolescents

Using measures of behaviors shown to predict low-fat intake in previous research, this study examined whether the behaviors would predict low-fat intake among urban African American adolescents. Recruited through youth services agencies in Philadelphia, Pa, participants were 399 African American adolescents (67% female subjects) with a mean age of 13.09 years (range, 10-15 years). Fat-related dietary behaviors were measured using items that were adapted from the Food Habits Questionnaire. Fat intake was measured using the Block Fat Screener. Spearman correlations examined the relationships between fat-related dietary behaviors and fat intake. Seven behaviors were significantly associated with low-fat intake: had chicken that was baked or broiled instead of fried; ordered pasta or pizza served without meat sauce or meat toppings; had a vegetarian dinner; used low-calorie instead of regular salad dressing; ate at least 2 vegetables (not green salad) at dinner; ate bread, rolls, or muffins without butter or margarine; and avoided foods that were fried in oil, shortening, or lard. Using multiple regression, fat intake was regressed on the linear combination of demographic variables and these fat-related dietary behaviors. The regression equation accounted for 17% of the variance in fat intake (adjusted R 2 = 0.13). Fat avoidance (ate bread, rolls, or muffins without butter or margarine) and replacement (ordered pasta or pizza served without meat sauce or meat toppings) behaviors were significant predictors of low-fat intake. Dietary interventions to lower fat intake among urban African American adolescents should promote the adoption of these behaviors. © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
An Analysis of One-Star Online Reviews and Responses in the Washington, D.C., Lodging Market

The hotel industry continues to develop strategies for addressing consumer-generated online reviews, and particularly responding to poor reviews, which can have a damaging effect on a hotel’s reputation. To gain a greater understanding of the dynamics of poor reviews, this study analyzed 1,946 one-star reviews from ten popular online review websites, as well as 225 management responses from eighty-six Washington, D.C., hotels. A comprehensive complaint framework found that the most common complaints related to front desk staff, bathroom issues, room cleanliness, and guestroom noise issues. Complaints were also analyzed by hotel characteristics, including chain-scale segments, and reviewer characteristics, including purpose of travel and geographic location. Examining the reviews, highly rated hotels often respond to online complaints with appreciation, apologies, and explanations for what had gone wrong. Compensation adjustments are rarely mentioned by any hotel. The increasingly prominent role of social ...
Deconstruction toward reconstruction: A constructive-developmental consideration of deconstructive necessities in transitions.

The intention of this viewpoint paper is to explore the terrain of developmental transitions, more specifically the necessity of the process of questioning or, deconstructing one’s whole frame of knowing before a new frame of knowing can emerge a “reconstruction”. Leaning on constructive-developmental theory, this paper seeks to define the deconstructive pattern that emerges and reemerges during developmental or “stage” transition, and shows how it is necessary to incorporate this deconstructed “stage” into a more complex system of knowing or “stage”. The second portion of the paper then outlines a current example of how an epistemology can have roots in logical coherency, then become disruptive or deconstructive, then re-constructive, in the postmodern theory of social science methods commonly referred to as Critical Discursive Psychology (CDP). This theory is argued to be emerging as fifth order as defined by Robert Kegan (2010) in that it is reconstructive and not just deconstructive or, antimodernist as seen in not denying, but utilizing process, the disunified self, subjectivity, and theory reproduction, as it is made clear in the argumentation of the second portion of the paper. The paper concludes in a clear affirmation of the process of differentiation and reintegration as integral for stage transition and growth not just in individual human development, but also in the social sciences.
Cwnt-8C : a novel Wnt gene with a potential role in primitive streak formation and hindbrain organization

To begin to examine the possibility that Wnt proteins act as cell signalling molecules during chick embryogenesis, PCR was used to identify Wnt genes expressed in Hensen's node. We have identified a novel member of the Wnt gene family, Cwnt-8C, which is expressed prior to gastrulation in the posterior marginal zone, the primitive streak and Hensen's node. Injection of Cwnt-8C mRNA into Xenopus embryos caused axis duplication and dorsalization of mesodermal tissues. During neurulation, Cwnt-8C is expressed transiently in a restricted domain of the prospective hindbrain neurectoderm that will give rise to rhombomere 4. This domain is defined prior to the formation of rhombomere boundaries and also precedes the up-regulation and restriction of expression of Hox B1 in the same region. Thus, Cwnt-8C is potentially involved in the regulation of axis formation and hindbrain patterning.
La AFL-CIO y el sindicalismo español, 1953-1971

This article seeks to examine the relationships of the U.S. trade union confederation, AFL-CIO, with both the «Vertical» (Francoist) and the anti-Franco labour unions. The time frame analysed covers from the signing of Spanish-American military pacts of 1953 to the summer of 1971. During that time, the interaction between the unions of both sides of the Atlantic was significantly influenced by two factors: 1) the climate of tension and very high politicization of the Cold War, that conflict of ideas rather than bombs ; 2) the traumatic memory of the Republican defeat in the Spanish civil war. The relationships were affected harder by the first factor, since it lasted throughout the whole period analysed; the second was higher at the beginning, but was progressively loosing momentum, more slowly among the Spanish syndicalist than among their American or European counterparts. In any case, both conditions generated a sort of «lens» through which the reality was perceived. Perceptions, stereotypes and strong political polarization, which, sometimes, distorted what was really happening. The State Department and the AFL -CIO shared information, and occasionally objectives in its relations with the Spanish trade unionists. From the documentation studied here, it cannot be concluded, however, that the AFL-CIO was always a mere «puppet» in the State Department and the CIA’s hands, as some authors have affirmed. I will try to explain the ins and outs of such connections, confronting American archives with Spanish sources.
Revisiting the freshman 15: Female freshman weight status, dietary habits, and exercise habits

ABSTRACTThe transition from adolescence to young adulthood is a vulnerable stage for young women. Entering this period of individuality in college is a crucial time for young adults to adopt or maintain healthy lifestyles to continue throughout their lifespan. This study looks at freshman females in college and their perceptions of health. A positive significant relationship was found between those who have gained weight since the beginning of the year and those who rated themselves as having not healthy to slightly healthy eating habits (p = .007). The results of this study indicate that interventions for college-aged freshman could be highly beneficial.
The 71-Second Oscillation of DQ Her at 2180 Å

The 71-s modulation in the light curve of the old nova DQ Her has a mean semi-amplitude of 1.8% at 2180A, although the amplitude varies by at least a factor of two from orbit to orbit. The disturbance in the amplitude and phase of the modulation during eclipses is similar to that observed at visual wavelengths. We conclude that at 2180A, as at visual wavelengths, the modulated flux is reprocessed and comes from the accretion disk.