cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microprocessor-Controlled Photodetector Test Console

The integration of a microprocessor into a detector test console is described. Responsivity and D* measurements are performed as a function of frequency, detector bias voltage, and detector temperature. The system has been designed for use with a photoconductor test console; however, minor modifications will allow it to be used for evaluation of other detector types. Detector tests for a single photoconductor element usually require about 250 data points to fully characterize its optimum operating temperature, bias, and frequency response. The increasing importance of high density detector focal plane arrays with 100 elements or more has stimulated interest in microprocessor control to reduce operator fatigue and other human engineering problems. Therefore, a data collection and analysis scheme using a microprocessor can give test results that are not only more accurate but much less expensive. This system costs about $2500 to integrate into an appropriate existing detector test console.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Methods Using the Nuclear Quadrupole Interaction to Determine the Structure of Randomly Oriented Molecules

Abstract In typical deuterated compounds, a deuteron feels an electric field gradient (EFG) which lies parallel to the bond in which the deuteron participates. In solids, the interaction between the quadrupole moment of the deuteron and the EFG splits the NMR spectrum. However, the size of the interaction depends on the orientation of the EFG with respect to the applied magnetic field, leaving a broad spectrum for unoriented powder samples. Advantage is taken of this orientation dependence to stimulate, with an H1that is small compared to the linewidth, deuterons in molecules of a particular orientation in a powdered sample containing molecules of all orientations. The utility of this approach is demonstrated with two types of experiment. First, a “slow beat” measurement of the distance (rDD= 1.673 ± 0.004 A) between deuterons in deuterated ethylidyne, the structure resulting from the adsorption of ethylene on platinum, is performed. Then, a SEDOR measurement of the bond angle and distance between deuterons in a test compound, D2O in gypsum, is performed. Also signal enhancement schemes involving the Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill pulse sequence and a technique due to Haase and Conradi [J. Haase and M. S. Conradi,Chem. Phys. Lett.209, 287 (1993); J. Haase, M. S. Conradi, and E. Oldfield,J. Magn. Reson. A109, 210 (1994)] to aid the collection of SEDOR data are demonstrated.
New sufficient convergence conditions for the secant method

We provide new sufficient conditions for the convergence of the secant method to a locally unique solution of a nonlinear equation in a Banach space. Our new idea uses “Lipschitz-type” and center-“Lipschitz-type” instead of just “Lipschitz-type” conditions on the divided difference of the operator involved. It turns out that this way our error bounds are more precise than the earlier ones and under our convergence hypotheses we can cover cases where the earlier conditions are violated.
SMALL SAMPLE INFERENCE IN LOCATION SCALE MODELS WITH STUDENT(λ) ERRORS

ABSTRACT A third order accurate approximation to the p value in testing either the location or scale parameter in a location scale model with Student(λ) errors is introduced. The third order approximation is developed via an asymptotic method, based on exponential models and the saddlepoint approximation. Techniques are presented for the numerical computation of all quantities required for the third order approximation. To compare the accuracy of various asymptotic methods a numerical example and simulation study are included. The numerical example and simulation study illustrate that the third order method presented leads to a more accurate p value approximation compared to first order methods in Student(λ) models with small samples.
Retinal detachments associated with blunt trauma.

(1995). Retinal Detachments Associated with Blunt Trauma. Seminars in Ophthalmology: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 17-27.
Craft and Narrative in DIY Instructions

This article examines tutorials from the Web site, Instructables.com, to highlight the rhetorical possibilities of including personal narratives in instructions. The narratives in these tutorials offer detailed accounts of their authors’ experiences when constructing their projects, thereby functioning as accounts of the authors’ craft knowledge. Pitched to amateur hobbyists, rather than the professional audiences of many forms of conventional technical communication, these tutorials offer new ways of teaching craft knowledge and techniques.
A high-resolution finite-difference method for simulating two-fluid, viscoelastic gel dynamics

Abstract An important class of gels are those composed of a polymer network and fluid solvent. The mechanical and rheological properties of these two-fluid gels can change dramatically in response to temperature, stress, and chemical stimulus. Because of their adaptivity, these gels are important in many biological systems, e.g. gels make up the cytoplasm of cells and the mucus in the respiratory and digestive systems, and they are involved in the formation of blood clots. In this study we consider a mathematical model for gels that treats the network phase as a viscoelastic fluid with spatially and temporally varying material parameters and treats the solvent phase as a viscous Newtonian fluid. The dynamics are governed by a coupled system of time-dependent partial differential equations which consist of transport equations for the two phases, constitutive equations for the viscoelastic stresses, two coupled momentum equations for the velocity fields of the two fluids, and a volume-averaged incompressibility constraint. We present a numerical method based on a staggered grid, second order finite-difference discretization of the momentum equations and a high-resolution unsplit Godunov method for the transport equations. The momentum and incompressibility equations are solved in a coupled manner with the Generalized Minimum Residual (GMRES) method using a multigrid preconditioner based on box-relaxation. We present results on the accuracy and robustness of the method together with an illustration of the interesting behavior of this gel model for the four-roll mill problem.
The effects of non-hydrostatic pressures on radiation-damage thermoluminescence

Abstract The effects of non-hydrostatic pressures on natural radiation-damage thennoluminescence have been studied and ratios between pressure-produced and natural radiation-damage thermoluminescence calculated. These data were obtained by detailed analyses of 650 glow curves obtained by subjecting nine different samples to increasing amounts of pressure for increasing intervals of time and measuring the thermoluminescence produced in each sample as a function of time and pressure. Experimental evidence indicates that effects of pressure are marginal and introduce no serious errors into geologic age determinations based on thermoluminescence. The amount of pressure-produced thermoluminescence obtained at different pressures when plotted against the time of pressure application showed a cyclic variation with increasing time. The cyclic character of the thermoluminescence area-time curves cannot be explained reasonably on basis of present data. Although the fundamental mechanisms at work may involve dislocations, it will be difficult to define these mechanisms more precisely.
Hypostasizing the Buddha: Buddha image consecration in Northern Thailand

L'A. analyse le rituel de consecration des images du bouddha tel qu'il est pratique dans la vallee du Chiang Mai au Nord de la Thailande. La signification de ce rituel depasse la ceremonie en elle-meme. Les images de bouddha figurent en bonne place dans les rituels Theravāda accomplis par les moines dans les temples et les foyers. L'A. s'interesse moins a la theorie rituelle et a la description ethnographique qu'aux renseignements apportes par cette consecration des images sur la maniere dont les bouddhistes du Nord de la Thailande construisent leur monde, leur relation a Bouddha et a la communaute bouddhiste
Characterizing Unintentional Nonillicit and Illicit Drug-Related Deaths

This study characterized individuals dying from illicit and nonillicit drug overdoses in Utah. Data were gathered from medical examiner records, death certificates, and next-of-kin interviews, 2008...
Cocaine treatment- and withdrawal-induced alterations in the expression and serine phosphorylation of the NR1 NMDA receptor subunit.

Abstract Rationale. Repeated administration of cocaine alters the expression of the NMDA receptor subunits, NR1 and NR2B in a region- and withdrawal time-dependent manner. Objective. The present experiments extend these findings by characterizing the effects of cocaine withdrawal on specific NR1 splice variant expression. In addition, changes in the serine phosphorylation of NR1 and in the expression of postsynaptic density protein, PSD-95, were measured as potential molecular mechanisms for the cocaine-induced alterations in receptor subunit expression. Methods. Rats were injected with either saline or cocaine for 7 consecutive days and were sacrificed 24 h or 14 days following the last injection. Brain regions putatively identified in mediating the behavioral and neurochemical effects of cocaine, such as the frontal cortex, neostriatum, and hippocampus, were microdissected and used for immunoblotting experiments. In addition, drug-induced changes in NR1 phosphorylation in frontal cortex were investigated using immunohistochemistry. Results. After 2 weeks of withdrawal from cocaine, NR1 subunit expression in the neostriatum was down-regulated ~27%, as compared to saline-treated control rats. Further, at 24 h but not 14 days of withdrawal, phosphorylation of serine residues 896 and 897 was reduced ~34% in the frontal cortex of rats treated with cocaine, as compared to controls. Conclusions. Results suggest that early changes in kinase or phosphatase activity may contribute to prolonged cocaine-induced alterations in NR1 expression. Thus, NR1 phosphorylation could be important for the activation of pathways that are substrates for the effects of cocaine exposure and withdrawal.
Optical Storage Technology Development in Taiwan

The Optoelectronics industry in Taiwan has recently grown at a very rapid rate with an annual compound growth rate about 35% last five years. One of rapid optoelectronics industry growth came from the growth of optical storage products in Taiwan. For example CD-ROM productive in Taiwan, which did not have any production in 1993, reached 45 millions units (about 47% of world wide market share) in 1999.DVD products have begun to replace CD products for the current major optical storage application in PC and consumer electronics. We have successfully developed key components needs in DVD application. As the optical storage technologies is continuous to develop in order to keep up with the rapid advances in hard disk storage technology. We are working on the key technologies for the net generation optical storage products, such as HD-DVD and optical write/Magnetic read technologies. In this paper, the current status of DVD and HD-DVD key components and key technologies in Taiwan R&D communities will be reviewed.
Crystallization of amorphous carbon in carbon-cobalt layered thin films

Abstract We investigated the crystallization behavior of amorphous carbon (a-C) in a-C/Co/a-C trilayer (C: 650 A: Co: 70–210 A thick) thin films using in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Raman spectroscopy. In situ and ex situ TEM showed that a-C, in contact with cobalt, transforms into polycrystalline graphite upon heating above 500°C. The heat of crystallization, as measured by DSC, is 19 ± 2 kJ/mol-C. The Raman spectroscopy also confirmed Stokes scattering peaks at 1580 and 1360 cm −1 , indicating the polycrystalline nature of the graphite. We did not observe any metastable cobalt—carbide phase formation during the reaction (as occurs in co-sputtered Co-C film crystallization), but our cross-section TEM revealed the presence of the face centered cubic (f.c.c.) Co phase between the a-C and graphite. This observation suggests that the crystallization or graphitization of the a-C is mediated by the Co phase, similar to the behavior in other eutectic metal-metalloid systems (e.g. Al-Si, Ag-Ge).
The Compact H II Region S88B: Excitation and Extinction

We have undertaken an investigation into the excitation of, and dust extinction to, the massive star formation region S88B. Studying stellar properties of the wide-field Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) J (1.23 μm), H (1.65 μm), and Ks (2.16 μm) images, we have determined the extent of, and extinction to, the molecular cloud associated with the ultracompact H II regions S88B-1 and S88B-2 and with a newly described infrared H II region. Infrared observations of Brγ and Brα hydrogen recombination lines provide extinction maps to the infrared H II region, and 3.3 and 3.4 μm images show the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission distribution. We also report the detection of an infrared counterpart to S88B-2.
Chemical–mechanical polishing of low-scatter optical surfaces

Chemical–mechanical polishing experiments produced optical-quality low-scatter surfaces on single-crystal silicon. An alkaline silica hydrosol slurry and preconditioned pitch laps generated high-quality optically flat surfaces after several hours of polishing. The best results produced a λ/34 peak-to-peak surface having a 6-A rms surface roughness using bowl-feed polishing and a persuader plate.
Upwind schemes and boundary conditions with applications to Euler equations in general geometries

Abstract A unified treatment of several upwind shock capturing algorithms is presented. Each algorithm has a Riemann initial value problem as its basis. The treatment of boundaries involves solving the associated Riemann initial-boundary value problem. The first author's algorithm, applied to multidimensional Euler equations in general geometries, is then presented. Its worth is verified by various calculations, which include Mach 8 supersonic flow past a circular cylinder.
European earwig (Forficula auricularia) as a novel host for the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae

The natural history of many entomopathogenic nematode species remains unknown, despite their wide commercial availability as biological control agents. The ambushing entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae, and the introduced European earwig, Forficula auricularia, forage on the soil surface. Since they likely encounter one another in nature, we hypothesized that earwigs are susceptible to nematode infection. In the laboratory, the LC(50) for F. auricularia was 226 S. carpocapsae/earwig and the reproductive potential was 123.5 infective juvenile nematodes/mg tissue. This susceptibility depended on host body size with significantly higher mortality rates seen in larger earwigs. In a study of host recognition behavior, S. carpocapsae infective juveniles responded to earwig cuticle as strongly as they did to Galleria mellonella cuticle. We also found that earwigs exposed to S. carpocapsae cleaned and scratched their front, middle and back legs significantly more than controls. Coupled with previous field data, these findings lead us to suggest that F. auricularia may be a potential host for S. carpocapsae.
Experimental Study of a Recirculating Water Jet ice Drill

A need has been stated for oceanographic measurements made through the ice cover by an unmanned, microcomputer controlled air deployed system. A novel ice drilling concept has been identified to provide a highly efficient means of penetrating ice surfaces up to 15m thick with a 15cm diameter hole. In support of a computer program modeling the drilling process, a series of full scale tests were performed to verify heat transfer, power, and energy, and drilling rate relationships. Results of the test program indicate that the recirculating water jet drilling concept does provide an improved means for efficiently penetrating ice surfaces, is well suited for computer control and accommodates air deployment.
Adolescent Use of Electronic Cigarettes: An Emergent Health Concern for Pediatric Nurses

Recent statistics show an increasing trend of electronic cigarette usage among adolescents. Despite common misconceptions, electronic cigarette use does not reduce cigarette use among adolescents and can potentially increase cigarette dependence via nicotine addiction and modeling of smoking behaviors. Pediatric nurses and health care providers should be aware of the popularity and safety concerns of electronic cigarettes so that they can properly provide education regarding the possible negative health effects of adolescent electronic cigarette use, raise awareness of this public health concern, and impact policies in their communities.
Shipboard and altimetric studies of rapid Gulf Stream variability between Cape Cod and Bermuda

Abstract The temporal variability of the Gulf Stream between Cape Cod and Bermuda was examined using shipboard ADCP measurements, satellite infra-red (AVHRR) and altimeter (GEOSAT) data for a period of about 2 weeks in April 1989. Dominant changes were a southward shift and rotation of the Gulf Stream due to a meander, a westward translation of a warm-core ring and an eastward translation of a cold-core ring. Terms in the along-track (nearly cross-stream) and cross-track momentum balances from the ADCP data showed that horizontal advection of horizontal momentum was the principal ageostrophic term, exceeding both measured temporal changes and estimated vertical velocity terms by about a factor of five at a depth of 100 m. Cross-track pressure gradients (not measured) needed to be about 20% higher than expected geostrophically and, if not balanced by the horizontal advection terms, could force particles across and out of the Gulf Stream to the south at speeds of 0.1 m−1. Cross-track ADCP velocities agreed closely with those estimated from GEOSAT: both gave peak velocities in the Gulf Stream of about 2.0 ± 0.1 m s−1. Errors were of the same order as the ageostrophic terms in the along-track momentum balance. Except near the Bermuda Rise, GEOSAT-derived absolute velocities could be quantitatively related to major oceanographic signals, such as the Gulf Stream and rings.
Atmospheric neutral density experiment (ANDE)

The Atmospheric Neutral Density Experiment (ANDE) is a mission proposed by the Naval Research laboratory to monitor the thermospheric neutral density at an altitude of 400km. The mission objectives are to provide total neutral density along the orbit for improved orbit determination of resident space objects. The measurements also provide a critical validation point for the upcoming Special Sensor Ultraviolet Limb Imagers (SSULI) to be launched on each of the five Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) spacecraft in block 5D3 starting in 2001. In addition ANDE provides two calibration objects for use in the Air Force High Accuracy Satellite Drag Model (HASDM) initiative to help maintain and improve accuracy of the space object catalog. The mission consists of two spherical satellites fitted with retro-reflectors for satellite laser ranging (SLR). One satellite is completely passive, the other carries active instrumentation to measure the partial pressure of atmospheric constituents, GPS positioning, acceleration in all 3 axes, and surface temperature. The active satellite will be fitted with modulating retro-reflectors. The spacecraft telemetry will be transferred to the ground by modulating and reflecting the SLR laser interrogation beam.
FSH-receptor isoforms and FSH-dependent gene transcription in human monocytes and osteoclasts

Cells of the monocyte series respond to follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) by poorly characterized mechanisms. We studied FSH-receptors (FSH-R) and FSH response in nontransformed human monocytes and in osteoclasts differentiated from these cells. Western blot and PCR confirmed FSH-R expression on monocytes or osteoclasts, although at low levels relative to ovarian controls. Monocyte and osteoclast FSH-Rs differed from FSH-R from ovarian cells, reflecting variable splicing in exons 8-10. Monocytes produced no cAMP, the major signal in ovarian cells, in response to FSH. However, monocytes and osteoclasts transcribed TNFalpha in response to the FSH. No relation of expression of osteoclast FSH-R to the sex of cell donors or to exposure to sex hormones was apparent. Controls for FSH purity and endotoxin contamination were negative. Unamplified cRNA screening in adherent CD14 cells after 2h in 25ng/ml FSH showed increased transcription of RANKL signalling proteins. Transcription of key proteins that stimulate bone turnover, TNFalpha and TSG-6, increased 2- to 3-fold after FSH treatment. Smaller but significant changes occurred in transcripts of selected signalling, adhesion, and cytoskeletal proteins. We conclude that monocyte and osteoclast FSH response diverges from that of ovarian cells, reflecting, at least in part, varying FSH-R isoforms.
Field penetrations in photonic crystal Fano reflectors

We report here the field and modal characteristics in photonic crystal (PC) Fano reflectors. Due to the tight field confinement and the compact reflector size, the cavity modes are highly localized and confined inside the single layer Fano reflectors, with the energy penetration depth of only 100nm for a 340 nm thick Fano reflector with a design wavelength of 1550 nm. On the other hand, the phase penetration depths, associated with the phase discontinuity and dispersion properties of the reflectors, vary from 2000 nm to 4000 nm, over the spectral range of 1500 nm to 1580 nm. This unique feature offers us another design freedom of the dispersion engineering for the cavity resonant mode tuning. Additionally, the field distributions are also investigated and compared for the Fabry-Perot cavities formed with PC Fano reflectors, as well conventional DBR reflectors and 1D sub-wavelength grating reflectors. All these characteristics associated with the PC Fano reflectors enable a new type of resonant cavity design for a large range of photonic applications.
Reductant-dependent adenosine triphosphatase of nitrogen-fixing extracts of azotobacter vinelandii

Abstract 1. 1. Extracts of cells of Azotobacter vinelandii are shown to posses a reductant-dependent ATPase. The activity of this ATPase parallels that of N 2 fixation during a 6 × purification and is restricted to extracts of cells that have the ability to fix N 2 . 2. 2. Requirements of this ATPase are ATP or an ATP generator, dithionite, and Mg 2+ . 3. 3. Uncouplers and inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation do not affect this ATPase except at high concentrations; gases involved in, or inhbitors of N 2 fixation do not affect it; chelating and thiol reagents do inhibit it. 4. 4. An elimination of P i from ATP by the reductant-dependent ATPase is demonstrated by utilizing fluoride inhibition of inorganic pyrophosphatase. Elimination of P i is also demonstrated for energy-dependent evolution of H 2 from dithionite solutions and N 2 fixation. 5. 5. The maximum stoichiometry of ATP utilized to H 2 evolved is 2. 6. 6. These results on reductant-dependent ATPase are incorporated into a mechanism of energy-dependent H 2 evolution and N 2 fixation.
Effective Early Intervention Results From the Model Preschool Program for Children with Down Syndrome and Other Developmental Delays

The effectiveness of an intervention program for young children enrolled in outreach sites of the Model Preschool Program for Children with Down Syndrome and Other Developmental Delays was investigated. The rate of development during intervention was compared to the rate of development at pretest across six domains of development. Subjects were 194 children with special needs, 92 of whom had Down syndrome. Results for the total group of children and for the group of children with Down syndrome are reported on two tests, the Classroom Assessment of Developmental Skills (CADS) and the Battelle Developmental Inventory (BDI). For the total group, the rate of development during intervention was significantly greater than the rate of development at pretest across all developmental domains of the CADS. This finding was true for five of the six domains when analyses were limited to children with Down syndrome. On the BDI, results were available on 75 of the 194 children, 45 of whom had Down syndrome. Significant ...
Public opinion on crime causation: An exploratory study of Philadelphia area residents

Abstract Purpose This study examined the views on crime causation from a sample of randomly selected Philadelphia area residents. Methods Through the use of a phone survey, residents (N = 359) were asked thirty seven questions related to their level of support for several criminological theories, including classical theory, biological theory, psychological theory, social disorganization theory, strain/general strain theory, subcultural theory, social learning theory, social control/general theory, labeling theory, critical theory, and environmental criminology theory. The analyses assessed whether the views of respondents differed by race, gender, and political ideology. Both across-race and within-race analyses were also conducted to determine the nuances of the support for specific criminological perspectives. Results The results pointed to numerous significant gender differences and across-race differences in public opinion on crime causation but few within-race differences. The results also confirmed previous research that supported the notion that one's political ideology is tied to the level of support for certain criminological theories. Conclusion Overall, the results point to the merits of including the views of lay persons when there are discussions pertaining to crime causation.
Exploiting Forum Thread Structures to Improve Thread Clustering

Automated clustering of threads within and across web forums will greatly benefit both users and forum administrators in efficiently seeking, managing, and integrating the huge volume of content being generated. While clustering has been studied for other types of data, little work has been done on clustering forum threads; the informal nature and special structure of forum data make it interesting to study how to effectively cluster forum threads. In this paper, we apply three state of the art clustering methods (i.e., hierarchical agglomerative clustering, k-Means, and probabilistic latent semantic analysis) to cluster forum threads and study how to leverage the structure of threads to improve clustering accuracy. We propose three different methods for assigning weights to the posts in a forum thread to achieve more accurate representation of a thread. We evaluate all the methods on data collected from three different Linux forums for both within-forum and across-forum clustering. Our results show that the state of the art methods perform reasonably well for this task, but the performance can be further improved by exploiting thread structures. In particular, a parabolic weighting method that assigns higher weights for both beginning posts and end posts of a thread is shown to consistently outperform a standard clustering method.
Identification of Cochliobolus sativus isolates expressing differential virulence on two-row barley genotypes from North Dakota.

(1994). Identification of Cochliobolus sativus isolates expressing differential virulence on two-row barley genotypes from North Dakota. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology: Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 202-206.
Transvaginal bone-anchored sling for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence: effect of Valsalva leak point pressure and prior pelvic surgery on outcomes.

The effect of lower Valsalva leak point pressure (VLPP) and previous pelvic surgery on outcomes following sling surgery is controversial. We assessed outcomes following bone-anchored sling (BAS) placement in patients with intrinsic sphincteric deficiency (ISD) and previous pelvic surgery. A retrospective review of 149 patients undergoing BAS placement was performed. Patients were stratified by VLPP (≥60, 0.2, all comparisons). Lower rates of patients achieving <1 episode of incontinence per week (50%; p = 0.07) and worse UDI/IIQ scores (p = 0.02) were associated with patients with ≥2 prior surgeries. Whereas results are similar following BAS in patients with or without varying degrees of ISD, worse outcomes are associated with prior surgery.
Toward the Beginning of Time: Circadian Rhythms in Metabolism Precede Rhythms in Clock Gene Expression in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

The appearance, progression, and potential role for circadian rhythms during early development have previously focused mainly on the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and peri- and postnatal expression of canonical clock genes. More recently, gene expression studies in embryonic stem cells have shown that some clock genes are expressed in undifferentiated cells; however rhythmicity was only established when cells are directed toward a neural fate. These studies also concluded that a functional clock is not present in ESCs, based solely on their gene expression. The null hypothesis underlying the present study is that embryonic stem cells become rhythmic in both clock gene expression and glucose utilization only when allowed to spontaneously differentiate. Undifferentiated stem cells (ESCs, n = 6 cultures/timepoint for all experiments) were either maintained in their pluripotent state or released into differentiation (dESCs, n = 6 cultures/timepoint for all experiments). Glucose utilization was assayed through 2-deoxyglucose uptake measurement, and clock gene and glucose transporter expression was assayed every 4 hours for 2 days in ESCs and dESCs by quantitative PCR (qPCR) in the same cell lysates. Undifferentiated stem cells expressed a self-sustained rhythm in glucose uptake that was not coincident with rhythmic expression of clock genes. This physiological rhythm was paralleled by glucose transporter mRNA expression. Upon differentiation, circadian patterns of some but not all clock genes were expressed, and the amplitude of the glucose utilization rhythm was enhanced in dESCs. These data provide the earliest evidence of a functional circadian clock, in addition to further challenging the idea that rhythmic transcription of clock genes are necessary for rhythmic physiological output and suggest a role for a clock-controlled physiology in the earliest stages of development.
Monolithic Stationary Phases for Capillary Electrochromatography Based on Synthetic Polymers: Designs and Applications

Monolithic materials have quickly become a well-established stationary phase format in the field of capillary electrochromatography (CEC). Both the simplicity of their in situ preparation method and the large variety of readily available chemistries make the monolithic separation media an attractive alternative to capillary columns packed with particulate materials. This review summarizes the contributions of numerous groups working in this rapidly growing area, with a focus on monolithic capillary columns prepared from synthetic polymers. Various approaches employed for the preparation of the monoliths are detailed, and where available, the material properties of the resulting monolithic capillary columns are shown. Their chromatographic performance is demonstrated by numerous separations of different analyte mixtures in variety of modes. Although detailed studies of the effect of polymer properties on the analytical performance of monolithic capillaries remain scarce at this early stage of their development, this review also discusses some important relationships such as the effect of pore size on the separation performance in more detail.
Randomization with non-uniform allocations: fulfillment time distributions and bias properties

This article compares the properties of two balanced randomization schemes with several treatments under non-uniform allocation probabilities. According to the first procedure, the so-called truncated multinomial randomization design, the process employs a given allocation distribution, until a treatment receives its quota of subjects, after which this distribution switches to the conditional distribution for the remaining treatments, and so on. The second scheme, the random allocation rule, selects at random any legitimate assignment of the given number of subjects per treatment. The behavior of these two schemes is shown to be quite different: the truncated multinomial randomization design's assignment probabilities to a treatment turn out to vary over the recruitment period, and its accidental bias can be large, whereas the random allocation rule's this bias is bounded. The limiting distributions of the instants at which a treatment receives the given number of subjects is shown to be that of weighted ...
The importance of clinical staging of minor salivary gland carcinoma

We reviewed a 45-year experience with 459 patients who had previously untreated minor salivary gland neoplasms, 378 (82%) of which were malignant. Data were adequate for retrospective clinical staging in 353 of the 378 patients with malignant tumors using criteria identical to those for squamous carcinoma in the same sites. Five-, 10-, and 15-year survival rates for the patients with malignant tumors treated after 1966 were 75%, 62%, and 56%, respectively, a significant improvement compared with results reported previously. Multivariate analysis confirms that survival was significantly influenced by the clinical stage and the histologic grade, but the applicability of grading was limited to patients with mucoepidermoid carcinoma or adenocarcinoma. Ten-year overall survival was 83%, 53%, 35%, and 24% for patients with stage I through stage IV, respectively. Results in these patients are similar to those we have recently reported in patients with major salivary gland carcinomas, but we are unable to demonstrate that postoperative radiotherapy improved survival.
Positive and negative selection of mutant forms of prokaryotic (cyanobacterial) ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase.

A system for biological selection of randomly mutagenized ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) genes from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC6301 was designed in which a Rubisco deletion mutant of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus served as a host. Trans-complementation with the Synechococcus PCC6301 rbcLS genes enabled anaerobic photoautotrophic growth of the R.capsulatus deletion strain with 5% CO(2), but not with 1.5% CO(2) in the atmosphere, and this strain could not grow under aerobic chemoautotrophic conditions. Phenotypic differences between the R.capsulatus host strain complemented with the wild-type rbcLS genes and transconjugates carrying mutated genes were used to identify mutants that were able to complement to photoautotrophic growth with 1.5% CO(2). These "positive" mutant proteins were unaffected for any measured kinetic properties, with a single exception. A mutant with a valine substitution at phenylalanine 342 had an increased affinity for ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. Mutants with changes in the affinity for CO(2) were isolated through negative selection, in which mutants incapable of complementing R.capsulatus to photoautotrophic growth with 5% CO(2) were identified. Mutations at aspartate 103 resulted in enzymes that were greatly affected for different kinetic parameters, including an increased K(m) for CO(2). This study demonstrated that random mutagenesis and bioselection procedures could be used to identify mutations that influence important properties of bacterial Rubisco; these residues would not have been identified by other methods.
A surface complex reaction model for the pH-dependence of corundum and kaolinite dissolution rates

Abstract Comparison of experimental and theoretical potentiometric titrations of kaolinite at 25°C indicates that the adsorption of H+ and OH− ions to the mineral surface are metal cation specific and that the net adsorption can be modeled in terms of the constituent oxide components. We conclude, from the potentiometric, electrophoretic, and dissolution rate data presented in this paper, that the pH-dependence of the dissolution rates of slightly soluble oxide and silicate minerals is controlled by the adsorption of H+ and OH− ions to specific metal cation surface reaction sites. The dissolution kinetics of corundum and γ-Al2O3 at 2 °C and of kaolinite at 25°C and 60°C were studied as functions of solution pH. Corundum dissolution rates decrease from pH l to 8, are pH-independent from pH 8 to 9, and increase from pH 9 to 11. The dissolution rates are directly proportional to the adsorption of H+ and OH− ions to the oxide surface. The rate equations are: k = 10 −12.75 C H s and k = 10 +24.50 ¦C H s ¦ 4 at pH pKa2(intr) respectively, where pKa1(intr) and pKa2(intr) are the γ-Al2O3 intrinsic acidity constants. Three consecutive periods of dissolution are observed for kaolinite at 25°C and 60°C: an initial period of incongruent dissolution where A1 is preferentially removed over Si at pH 9.3 at 25°C and at pH 12 at 60°C, and the reverse occurs at pH > 6.0 and pH 4.5 and pH 8. Kaolinite dissolution is a complex function of H+ and OH− ion adsorption to > AlOH and > SiOH surface reaction sites.
Cooperative Hunting Harris' Hawks (Parabuteo unicinctus)

Coordinated hunting by several individuals directed toward the capture and sharing of one Large prey animal has been documented convincingly only for a few mammalian carnivores. In New Mexico, Harris' hawks formed hunting parties of two to six individuals in the nonbreeding season. This behavior improved capture success and the average energy available per individual enabled hawks to dispatch prey larger than themselves. These patterns suggest that cooperation is important to understanding the evolution of complex social behavior in higher vertebrates and, specifically, that benefits derived from team hunting a key factor in the social living of Harris' hawks.
Topical phospho-sulindac (OXT-328) is effective in the treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer

Phospho-sulindac (P-S, OXT-328), a novel sulindac derivative, has shown superior anticancer efficacy and safety compared to sulindac. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of topical P-S hydrogel in the treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer in preclinical models. P-S is a potent inhibitor of A431 epidermoid carcinoma in vitro and achieves this effect by inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis. The anticancer efficacy of topical and oral P-S was further evaluated in mice bearing A431 intradermal xenografts. Compared to the controls, topical P-S hydrogel inhibited the A431 xenografts by 70.5% (p 500 nmol/g tumor tissue) of intact P-S in the tumors, accounting for 92.5% of the total metabolites in the A431 xenografts. This local delivery of high levels of intact P-S to the A431 xenografts is an important contributor to the potent activity of topical P-S and no local or systemic side effects were noted in the treatment group. Thus, topical P-S is a promising treatment modality against non-melanoma skin cancer and merits further evaluation.
362 INHIBITION OF MIXED FUNCTION OXIDASES (MFO) BY GROWTH HORMONE (GH) AND BY THE IMMUNOSTIMULANT CORYNE-BACTERIUM PARVUM (Cp): EVIDENCE FOR A COMMON MECHANISM

Both GH and a variety of immunostimulants have been shown to inhibit MFO activity. We wished to determine whether the action of Cp is mediated by GH and, if not, whether there is evidence of a common mechanism. Cp in a single dose of 20 mg/kg resulted in increased r (rat) GH levels in trunk blood 96 hours later (96±27 vs 24±2 ng/ml; p<0.05) and in pituitary glands (136±16 vs 91±8 mcg/mg; p<0.05). Frequent sampling studies showed that spontaneous rGH secretion was significantly greater 24 hr after Cp. However, hypophysectomized male and female rats still responded to Cp with significant decreases in aminopyrine-N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase activities in liver microsomes and with a fall in cytochrome P450 content. In intact animals, rGH 25μg bid for 3 days or Cp 20 mg/kg produced equal depression of MFO function. However, in contrast to hypophysectomy, splenectomy abolished the ability of the animal to depress MFO function in response to Cp. Conclusions: 1) Cp increases rGH synthesis and secretion, 2) the pituitary is not required for suppression of MFO by Cp, 3) Cp and rGH depress MFO to a similar degree and 4) the spleen is required for the Cp effect on MFO.
Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on [3H]thymidine incorporation into rat liver deoxyribonucleic acid.

Abstract The effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) on [ 3 H]-thymidine incorporation into hepatic DNA was studied in rats. In non-hepatectomized male and female animals, incorporation measured at the peak of the first round of liver DNA synthesis after TCDD treatment (10 μg/ kg) was similar to that of control animals. In contrast, the first round of [ 3 H] thymidine incorporation after a 1 3 hepatectomy was enhanced 3-fold in TCDD-treated rats. The enhanced response to 1 3 hepatectomy was produced by doses of TCDD ranging from 1 to 30 μg/kg with an apparent ED 50 of 5 μg/kg. Enhanced incorporation was observed when the 1 3 hepatectomy was performed 5–10 days after an ED 50 dose and it returned to the control level after 20 days. This enhanced response was not preceded by changes in food consumption or hepatic activities of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) or gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) when compared to respective control values. Also, the enhanced incorporation was not necessarily due to removal of 1 3 of the liver because it was also seen in TCDD-treated rats that were laparotomized. The mechanism of enhancement in laparotomized animals does not appear to involve a diminished response of the liver to the inhibitory effects of adrenal hormones on liver DNA synthesis. This was suggested by the finding that an adrenalectomy prior to the laparotomy did not block the enhanced incorporation of [ 3 H] thymidine into hepatic DNA. The mechanism by which TCDD enhances the first round of liver DNA synthesis after a 1 3 hepactomy or laparotomy remains to be determined.
Review of radiation belt relativistic electron losses

We present a brief review of radiation belt electron losses which are vitally important for controlling the dynamics of the radiation belts. A historical overview of early observations is presented, followed by a brief description of important known electron loss mechanisms. We describe key theoretical results and observations related to pitch-angle scattering by resonant interaction with plasmaspheric hiss, whistler-mode chorus and electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves, and review recent work on magnetopause losses. In particular, we attempt to organize recent observational data by loss mechanism and their relative importance to the overall rate of loss. We conclude by suggesting future observational and theoretical work that would contribute to our understanding of this important area of radiation belt research.
Baclofen inhibits opiate-induced conditioned place preference and associated induction of Fos in cortical and limbic regions.

Abstract In C57BL/6 mice, pretreatment with GABAB receptor agonist baclofen blocked the rewarding effects of morphine as measured by acquisition of conditioned place preference. Fos immunoreactivity, a neuronal activity marker, was induced in opiate conditioned mice in several forebrain regions including the nucleus accumbens core and shell, anterior cingulate cortex, and prelimbic cortex. Baclofen pretreatment blocked the induction of Fos in opiate conditioned subjects. These result suggest that GABAB receptor transmission has a role in reversing morphine-induced activation of motivational circuitry and conditioned reward.
New chemical structural features of coal. The structure of coal products

Abstract The object of this paper is to demonstrate the usefulness of the transalkylation reaction for determining chemical structural features of products derived from coal. For example, the method is applied to derivatized coals, coals modified by thermolysis, and materials physically or chemically separated from coals. Data are presented for the pyridine soluble and insoluble parts of two coals, an O-methylated coal, a Birch reduced coal, a solvent refined coal, and a coke. Similarities and differences in chemical make-up of these materials are discussed.
Design of a high-precision double crystal tunable monochromator

This paper describes a UHV-compatible double crystal monochromator with independent drives for 2 linear and 2 angular crystal motions. Precise angular crystal positioning is achieved by using a spindle with a double gimbal mechanism, which converts linear motion of 0.1 micron to an angular motion of 0.042 arcsec. In order to decrease thermal distortions the crystal intercepting white beam is watercooled.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Mixed Logical Dynamic Model Predictive Control approach for handling industrially relevant transportation constraints

Model Predictive Control (MPC) offers an attractive way to systematically address uncertainty in demand forecasts, factory execution, or external supply and effectively mitigate potential under-damped responses in the closed-loop system. However, other practical concerns may preclude the use of classical formulations of MPC. Of particular importance is the ability to ship material through auxiliary shipping lanes when either material is not available from the primary node, or shipping capacity is constrained in the primary shipping lane. To meet unforecasted demand, a controller must also make judicious use of priority shipping. The inclusion of Mixed Logical Dynamics (MLD) into the MPC formulation allows these logical decisions to be made in a systematic way, without requiring input from the user in real-time. In this paper, an MLD extension is made to a state-space MPC formulation to deal effectively with practical shipping considerations. Performance of the proposed approach is demonstrated in a number of realistic scenarios.
Fluorescence from photoexcitation of C2H5OH by vacuum ultraviolet radiation

The photoabsorption and fluorescence cross sections of C2H5OH have been measured in the 46-200 nm region. Fluorescence is dispersed to identify the emission systems, which are mainly OH(A-X), CH(A,B-X), and the H Balmer series. The photodissociation processes that produce the observed emissions are discussed.
The Effects of Interrupted Enrollment on Graduation from College: Racial, Income, and Ability Differences

Abstract We present a multiple spells-competing risks model of stopout, dropout, reenrollment, and graduation behavior. We find that students who experience an initial stopout are more likely to experience subsequent stopouts (occurrence dependence) and are less likely to graduate. We also find evidence of the impact of the length of an initial spell on the probability of subsequent events (lagged duration dependence). We simulate the impacts of race, family income, and high school performance on student behavior and show that there are often very large differences between unadjusted rates of student outcomes and adjusted rates. Differences in student performance often ascribed to race are shown to be the result of income, age at entry, and high school performance.