cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Specificity of Biochemical Markers of Cardiac Damage: a Problem Solved

This paper reviews the tissue specificity of cardiac troponin I (cTnl), cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and creatine kinase (CK) MB in human and animal heart and skeletal muscles. Studies reveal that CK-MB can be expressed up to 20% of total CK activity in human skeletal muscle; and therefore is not 100% specific for the heart. One cTnl isoform has been described and shown to be 100% specific for the heart. While one to four cTnT isoforms are expressed in diseased and regenerating human skeletal muscle, these isoforms are not the same as the cTnT isoforms expressed in the human heart and are not detected by the cTnT diagnostic assays used in clinical practice. Representative cases are described demonstrating the role of monitoring cardiac troponins in blood for differentiating false positive CK-MB increases due to skeletal muscle injury. Further, sufficient reactivity and tissue specificity of cTnl and cTnT assays are demonstrated for use as markers of myocardial injury in laboratory animals. Monitoring cTnl and cTnT concentrations in the circulation appears poised as the new standards for detection of myocardial injury.
Role of abnormal integrin-cytoskeletal interactions in impaired β1 integrin function in chronic myelogenous leukemia hematopoietic progenitors

Abstract Abnormal circulation and unregulated proliferation of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) progenitors is related, at least in part, to BCR/ABL induced abnormalities in b1 integrin-mediated adhesion and signaling. The BCR/ABL oncogene has several potential interactions with cytoskeletal elements that are important for normal integrin signaling. In the present study, we evaluated whether abnormalities in b1 integrin-cytoskeletal interactions were present in primary CML progenitors and contributed to defective integrin function. b1 integrin-cytoskeletal interactions were studied in CML and normal CD34 + primary hematopoietic progenitors as well as BCR/ABL-transfected or mock-transfected M07e cells. In normal CD34 + progenitors, antibody-mediated cross-linking of b1 integrins resulted in their redistribution into caps via a process requiring receptor-cytoskeletal interactions. CML CD34 + cells demonstrated significantly impaired b1 integrin capping. This defect was related to the presence of the BCR/ABL gene, because capping also was impaired in BCR/ABL-transfected M07e cells. Defective receptor capping was not seen for non-integrin receptors. In addition, CML CD34 + and M07e BCR/ABL cells also demonstrated increased actin polymerization and altered actin cytoskeletal organization. Further studies suggested that impaired b1 integrin capping and defective integrin-mediated adhesion and proliferation inhibition in CML cells were related to abnormally enhanced integrin-cytoskeletal association and restricted receptor mobility. Finally, interferon α, which restores integrin-mediated adhesion and signaling in CML progenitors, also enhanced integrin capping in CD34 + cells. These studies suggest that p210 BCR/ABL induces abnormal association of integrin receptors with the cytoskeleton and restricted receptor mobility and provide new insights into mechanisms underlying abnormal integrin function in CML progenitors.
Computational Capabilities of Biologically-Realistic Analog Processing Elements

The processing elements employed in conventional artificial neural networks are highly abstract models of biological neurons. We are taking an alternative approach of designing a processing element that directly models signal processing in biological neurons, in order to investigate the computational capabilities of such models. The processing elements can be used to develop systems that exhibit a variety of computational capabilities, and are amenable to fabrication in dense arrays.
Reducing the number of candidate lines for high level Transmission Capacity Expansion Planning under uncertainties

Creating an appropriate candidate lines list (CLL) is critical for Transmission Capacity Expansion Planning (TCEP), and it will affect both the optimal answer and computational time. In this paper, we propose a systematic way to reduce the size of CLL in early steps of high level TCEP, in which the number of primarily proposed candidate lines is large. In the proposed algorithm, after detecting important lines in the base case system for monitoring, the impact of adding different candidate lines on selected important lines is evaluated by using Line Closure Distribution Factors (LCDFs). Lines such that their closure will have negative impacts on congested lines will be removed from CLL. Applying the proposed heuristic method on ERCOT network shows its effectiveness on decreasing computational time for TCEP.
Complex spreading for STBC/DSTBC under frequency selective fading

Space time block codes (STBC) have become a popular transmit-diversity technique due to their simplicity and high gain under a frequency-flat-fading channel and so have been adopted for the 3G wideband code division multiple access system (W-CDMA). However, the performance of an STBC is degraded under a multiuser and frequency-selective fading environment. The paper presents an improvement in the STBC under such environments by spreading the information symbols with a complex pseudo-noise (PN) sequence, called a Song-Park (SP) sequence. The SP sequence has a good even and odd cross-correlation property so that the intersymbol interference (ISI) and multiuser access interference (MAI) can be almost negligible. Therefore, a significant result is that the performance of the proposed scheme under a synchronous or asynchronous multiuser environment is close to that of a single user. In addition, the proposed system is much simpler than known multiuser detection (MUD) schemes, such as MMSE and zero-forcing (ZF) schemes, because the proposed system simply spreads and despreads the information symbols with the SP sequence consisting of complex numbers on the unit circle. The paper also extends the proposed idea to a differential STBC (D-STBC) system because a D-STBC does not require any channel estimation. Again, the proposed D-STBC spread with an SP sequence shows superior performance over the ordinary D-STBC with no spreading or a D-STBC spread with another sequence, such as a Walsh orthogonal sequence.
Resolving kinematic redundancy for robotic manipulators

The development of steering laws for robotic manipulators is considered. The generalized inverse is discussed in terms of its benefits and shortcomings. A design method which yields cyclic behavior is examined, and specific equations are developed for a planar three-link robotic manipulator. This work has reached the point where various expressions for performance measures may be introduced and the resulting steering law evaluated. The method is general and permits the evaluation of a wide range of performance measures. >
Integrating computerized data acquisition and analysis into an undergraduate electric machines laboratory

The Ohio State University (OSU) Department of Electrical Engineering has maintained an electric machines laboratory in the undergraduate curriculum for many years. Safety has always been of paramount concern and therefore instrumentation and measurement procedures must be developed so as to allow safe operation of the equipment over a wide range of experimental tests Hall-effect voltage and current transducers have been incorporated into the test table, the output of which goes to an A/D converter in a PC. The software used to accomplish the data acquisition and subsequent analysis is LabVIEW by National Instruments. Using the many tools provided by LabVIEW a program was developed that gives the srudent freedom to decide what variables to record, how to analyze those variables and how to display them.
Relationship of Proximal and Distal Function in Motor Development

This study questions the validity of the principle of a proximo-distal direction of motor development and the idea that distal skill emerges out of and is dependent upon proximal control. To determine the relationship between proximal and distal motor function, 12 normal infants (9 girls, 3 boys), 30-weeks of age, were recorded on videotape while reaching for a one-inch red cube contained in a specially designed form board. Their visually guided reaching (proximal) ability and prehensile (distal) skills were rated on nonstandardized scales. No significant linear relationship was found between proximal and distal motor behavior. The conclusion that distal development does not necessarily follow proximal motor development is offered. The possibility that two different motor-control systems governing proximal and distal function is considered. Reconsideration of the proximo-distal sequences currently used in treating motor-system dysfunction is recommended.
A micromachined device provides a new bend on fibroblast traction forces

We have measured the traction forces generated by fibroblasts using a novel micromachined device that is capable of determining the subcellular forces generated by individual adhesive contacts. The front of migrating fibroblasts produced intermittent rearward forces whereas the tail produced larger forward directed forces. None of the forces were steady; they all had periodic fluctuations. The transition between forward and rearward traction forces occurred at the nucleus, not at the rear of the cell or the border between the endoplasm and the ectoplasm. We propose that the coupling of lamella extensions to fluctuating rearward tractions in front of the nuclear region move the front of a fibroblast forward, while force-facilitated release of rear adhesive contacts and anterior-directed tractions allow the region behind the nucleus to advance.
Organizational Roles and Transition to Entrepreneurship

How can one predict entrepreneurship, an individual's participation in the founding of a new organization? We propose that the organizational context of an individual either accelerates or retards ...
The Internet for pathologists: a simple schema for evaluating pathology-related Web sites and a catalog of sites useful for practicing pathologists.

Abstract Context.—With the increasing popularity of the Internet as a primary medical information source, it is critical for pathologists to be able to use and evaluate both general medical- and pathology-related Web sites. Several published models for evaluating Web sites prove cumbersome to use and often involve computer- or statistic-based algorithms. Objectives.—To develop a simple group of scoring criteria to objectively evaluate medical Web sites and provide a list of the highest-scoring pathology-related sites that will be useful to the practicing pathologist. Design.—Using 11 commonly used Internet search engines, the top 50 “hits” retrieved from the search term websites for pathologists were scored using 5 criteria, including accuracy, ease of navigation, relevance, updates, and completeness. A possible 6 to 12 points per area were awarded, and the total score was summated. Results.—Scores obtained ranged from 12 to 21. Thirty-five Web sites, all scoring 15 or higher based on these criteria, were...
An LYPSL Late Domain in the Gag Protein Contributes to the Efficient Release and Replication of Rous Sarcoma Virus

The efficient release of newly assembled retrovirus particles from the plasma membrane requires the recruitment of a network of cellular proteins (ESCRT machinery) normally involved in the biogenesis of multivesicular bodies and in cytokinesis. Retroviruses and other enveloped viruses recruit the ESCRT machinery through three classes of short amino acid consensus sequences termed late domains: PT/SAP, PPXY, and LYPXnL. The major late domain of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) has been mapped to a PPPY motif in Gag that binds members of the Nedd4 family of ubiquitin ligases. RSV Gag also contains a second putative late domain motif, LYPSL, positioned 5 amino acids downstream of PPPY. LYPXnL motifs have been shown to support budding in other retroviruses by binding the ESCRT adaptor protein Alix. To investigate a possible role of the LYPSL motif in RSV budding, we constructed PPPY and LYPSL mutants in the context of an infectious virus and then analyzed the budding rates, spreading profiles, and budding morphology. The data imply that the LYPSL motif acts as a secondary late domain and that its role in budding is amplified in the absence of a fully functional PPPY motif. The LYPXL motif proved to be a stronger late domain when an aspartic acid was substituted for the native serine, recapitulating the properties of the LYPDL late domain of equine infectious anemia virus. The overexpression of human Alix in the absence of a fully functional PPPY late domain partially rescued both the viral budding rate and viral replication, supporting a model in which the RSV LYPSL motif mediates budding through an interaction with the ESCRT adaptor protein Alix.
Investigating the impact of adaptation sampling in natural evolution strategies on black-box optimization testbeds

Natural Evolution Strategies (NES) are a recent member of the class of real-valued optimization algorithms that are based on adapting search distributions. Exponential NES (xNES) are the most common instantiation of NES, and particularly appropriate for the BBOB 2012 benchmarks, given that many are non-separable, and their relatively small problem dimensions. The technique of adaptation sampling, which adapts learning rates online further improves the algorithm's performance. This report provides an extensive empirical comparison to study the impact of adaptation sampling in xNES, both on the noise-free and noisy BBOB testbeds.
An object-oriented model for representing semantic locality in the UMLS.

Several information models have been developed for the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS). While some models are term-oriented, a knowledge-oriented model is needed for representing semantic locality, i.e. the various semantic links among concepts. We propose an objectoriented model in which the semantic features of the UMLS are made available through four major classes for representing Metathesaurus concepts, semantic types, interconcept relationships and Semantic Network relationships. Additional semantic methods for reducing the complexity of the hierarchical relationships represented in the UMLS are proposed. Implementation details are presented, as well as examples of use. The interest of this approach is discussed.
Harvest logistics in agricultural systems with multiple, independent producers and no on-farm storage

Introduces a solution approach that overcomes challenges found in the literature.Presents a novel use of a technique borrowed from the piecewise linearization.Introduces a provably optimal algorithm for truck assignment to known loads.Computational results demonstrate not only the effectiveness of our approach. The best way to organize the logistics of harvesting agricultural crops requires considering not only the fact that agricultural commodities in general are highly perishable, but also the fact that the organizational structure of the agricultural system in question can vary from crop to crop and from region to region within a single crop. This paper develops a model for planning the movement of the crop from farm to processing plant for crops satisfying two conditions: (1) there are multiple, independent producers (farmers), and (2) no significant on-farm storage exists. We will also briefly describe three different but economically significant agricultural systems in the United States: sugarcane in Louisiana, sugar beets in the northern areas of the United States e.g. South Datoka, Minnesota, Colorado, and vegetable harvesting for human consumption, and will argue that these systems fit the two conditions of our model. We will also briefly explain why several other significant agricultural systems do not fit these two conditions and hence require alternative modeling techniques. Finally, we demonstrate that the model is computationally tractable by introducing new datasets based upon the sugarcane industry in Louisiana. This choice was driven, not only by the fact that the datasets can be constructed entirely using publically available information on the sugarcane infrastructure in Louisiana, but by the fact that this particular organizational structure also appears in both the sugar beet and vegetable processing industries.
Pathophysiology of Brain Death and Effects of Hormonal Therapy in Large Animal Models

In large animal experimental models, two major pathophysiologic effects of brain death have been described. (1) Tissue and vascular injury can result from the hemodynamic consequences of the autonomic “storm”. (2) A generalized inhibition of mitochondrial function that is associated with loss of energy stores and diminished organ function; this is associated particularly with the rapid loss of circulating free triiodothyronine (T3) and can be reversed by hormonal replacement therapy, in which T3 plays a critical role, although insulin and cortisol are also important. Replacement of energy stores and recovery of organ function in the potential donor results in an increased number of organs being functionally acceptable for transplantation. Although some studies did not detect abnormally low levels of thyroid hormones and/or question the advisability of administering T3 to the brain-dead animal, the preponderance of experimental data indicate that hormonal replacement therapy can be beneficial.
Measuring idiosyncratic interests in children with autism

A defining symptom of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is the presence of restricted and repetitive activities and interests, which can surface in language as a perseverative focus on idiosyncratic topics. In this paper, we use semantic similarity measures to identify such idiosyncratic topics in narratives produced by children with and without ASD. We find that neurotypical children tend to use the same words and semantic concepts when retelling the same narrative, while children with ASD, even when producing accurate retellings, use different words and concepts relative not only to neurotypical children but also to other children with ASD. Our results indicate that children with ASD not only stray from the target topic but do so in idiosyncratic ways according to their own restricted interests.
EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE OF STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT INSIDE SHEAR BANDS IN SANDS

We show experimental evidence of vortices emanating from collapsed force chains in shear bands in real sands. From digital image-based local displacement data, a systematic, spatial pattern in kinematic data fields appears at the softening-critical state transition. By subtracting a linear shear displacement field from the observed non-affine displacement field, vortices appear and coordinate with the observed kinematics. We note differences in the vortex patterns observed in our sands from those observed in simulations on “ideal” granular materials, and discuss the fate of these vortices.
Knowledge management for logistics service providers: the role of learning culture

– Knowledge management capabilities have proven to be key success factors for organizations within our increasingly information-based economy. Although knowledge management literature has a rich history, less is known about how an organization’s learning culture affects outcomes realized via knowledge management initiatives. Moreover, there is a dearth of understanding regarding how to successfully operationalize knowledge management activities in order to achieve performance in the dynamic logistics and supply chain management environment. Rooted in competence-based theory, the purpose of this paper is to examine the role that learning culture plays with regard to knowledge management capabilities, human capital, and organizational performance at logistics service providers. , – This study uses survey data from 448 managers and covariance based structural equation modeling to assess how knowledge management, learning culture, and human capital influence organizational performance. , – The results of this study indicate that knowledge management has a significant positive relationship with learning culture and human capital. There was also an indirect effect of knowledge management through learning culture on human capital and organizational performance. Interestingly, human capital did not have a significant relationship with organizational performance as hypothesized. , – The results support the vital role that leaders and managers have in creating a culture that is conducive to the success of knowledge management initiatives. , – This study goes beyond the simple direct relationship between knowledge management and personal and organizational outcomes that is usually examined by testing learning culture as an important mediator.
Insights, clarification, and missing the mark: a response to Mechanic, Mortimer, and Hafferty.

We appreciate very much the opportunity to respond here to the three published commentaries on our paper (titled "The Legacy of Stress Research: The Course and the Impact of This Journal"), which appeared in the September 1990 issue of the Journal of Health and Social Behavior (JHSB). In preparing tlis response, our principal concern has been to craft as effective and complete a statement as possible while remaining judicious stewards of the journal's scarce page allocation. Therefore we have chosen first to make three brief comments on the general nature of the exchange, and then to proceed to commentary-specific responses. One important and uncontested fact that emerged from our study involved the stature of the JHSB. We relied on the "impact factor" produced by the Social Science Citation Index as the measure of a journal's import. The impact factor is the frequency of citations occurring in any of the approximately 1,700 indexed social science journals per year for all articles appearing in either of the two preceding years of the target journal.
Prediction on Storage Life of Igniting Boxes Based on Elevated Temperature Accelerated Tests

The aging failure rules of the igniting boxes were investigated,and their storage lives were predicted by using the elevated temperature aging method.The research results show that the initial failure of the igniting boxes is not found,and the distribution of the failure time is concentrated.The failure mechanism is the celluloid case aging,the failure mode is the case cracking due to the decrease of the material mechanical performance.The relationship between the storage lives of the igniting boxes and temperature accords with the Arrhenius equation.The prediction results show that the storage life of the igniting boxes at ambient temperature is more than 12 years of the design specification demand.
Metals Recovery from Artificial Ore in Case of Printed Circuit Boards, Using Plasmatron Plasma Reactor

This paper presents the investigation of metals production form artificial ore, which consists of printed circuit board (PCB) waste, processed in plasmatron plasma reactor. A test setup was designed and built that enabled research of plasma processing of PCB waste of more than 700 kg/day scale. The designed plasma process is presented and discussed. The process in tests consumed 2 kWh/kg of processed waste. Investigation of the process products is presented with their elemental analyses of metals and slag. The average recovery of metals in presented experiments is 76%. Metals recovered include: Ag, Au, Pd, Cu, Sn, Pb, and others. The chosen process parameters are presented: energy consumption, throughput, process temperatures, and air consumption. Presented technology allows processing of variable and hard-to-process printed circuit board waste that can reach up to 100% of the input mass.
Remotely programmed transdermal delivery device for counseling enhanced addiction treatment

A treatment is one of the most difficult health care challenges due to the mixture of complex changing neurochemical pathways and psychological behavior. Generally the most effective treatments require psychological monitoring/counseling and adaption of therapeutic techniques. For large population addiction, such as nicotine, it is cost and time prohibitive to have face to face meetings. A promising system is where a dosing regiment (within a doctors’ prescription limit) can be remotely programmed to account for daily environmental factors, patient input, and counselor feedback from phone interviews or internet-based surveys. Needed for this system is an ultra-low power, compact, and programmable delivery device not currently available with electroporation or mechanical pumps. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are electrically conductive and support dramatic internal flow rates. These properties are nearly ideal for introducing efficient electro-phoretic and electro-osmotic flow to be used as the basis of a programmed transdermal delivery device. These CNT membranes are 100 fold more energy efficient than conventional nanoporous materials allowing watch battery operation for 1 week. An in-vitro cell, composed of a reference electrode, reservoir solution, CNT membrane electrode, gel contact and human skin sample were assembled in a Franz cell. Therapeutically useful fluxes for Nicotine treatment were controllably switched between, with 0.56 and 2.0 micromole/cm2-hr at 0mV and -600mV respectively. Prototype device studies on hairless guinea pigs showed active switching with further refinement of time dependent dosing using microdialysis membrane assays in vitro. Wireless Bluetooth programmed control with basic survey input was also demonstrated allowing for the combination of psychological and physiological approaches in addiction treatments. Support was provided by NIH NIDA (R01DA018822).
Sleep stage study with wavelet time-frequency analysis

The EEG is a non-invasive technique to study the brain and very useful in sleep analysis. The classification of the sleep in stages was widely used, but has been limited by its coarse resolution. In this paper the wavelet time-frequency analysis is applied to 16 seconds long epochs of EEG recordings to provide localized time-frequency information. The sleep stage classification results of the experiments indicated that the method of wavelet time-frequency analysis was feasible
Advances in RRAM Technology: Identifying and Mitigating Roadblocks

Superior scalability, endurance, low power operation, retention, and operating speed of filamentary crystalline HfOx-based resistive random access memory (RRAM) makes this technology promising for implementation in exascale neuromorphic computing systems. Challenges, roadblocks for the implementation, and possible resolutions are discussed. Technological solutions to overcome RRAM variability (both device-to-device and cycle-to-cycle) and read instability are discussed. Major material properties and operation conditions controlling performance of the crystalline HfOx-based RRAM devices are linked to physical processes determining RRAM characteristics.
Journalists, sources, and policy outcomes: Insights from three-plus decades of investigative reporting contest entries:

This study of American investigative reporting from 1976 to 2012 examines a random sample (N = 757) of prize contest entry materials created by journalists. This novel data source and methodology a...
The Economics of Antitrust Law: A Comment on the Other Contributions to This Symposium

This Comment on the other contributions to this symposium addresses their authors’ and my positions on (1) the definability of markets and various approaches to defining markets, (2) the definition and legal relevance of market (economic) power, (3) the economic functions and legality of vertical practices (correctly analyzed as a matter of law), (4) the legality of unsuccessful attempts to commit acts whose successful completion would be illegal, (5) so-called “objective intent,” so-called “subjective intent,” and “specific anticompetitive intent,” (6) the relevance of the economic efficiency of conduct or its prohibition to its legality, (7) the defensible goals of antitrust policy, (8) the appropriateness of courts’ using decision-rules that minimize the losses generated by the Type I and Type II errors they will make when those rules recommend decisions that would not find defendants liable in a civil case if and only if the preponderance of evidence implies that the defendants violated the law and gu...
Measurement Error and Environmental Epidemiology: a Policy Perspective

Measurement error threatens public health by producing bias in estimates of the population impact of environmental exposures. Quantitative methods to account for measurement bias can improve public health decision making. We summarize traditional and emerging methods to improve inference under a standard perspective, in which the investigator estimates an exposure-response function, and a policy perspective, in which the investigator directly estimates population impact of a proposed intervention. Under a policy perspective, the analyst must be sensitive to errors in measurement of factors that modify the effect of exposure on outcome, must consider whether policies operate on the true or measured exposures, and may increasingly need to account for potentially dependent measurement error of two or more exposures affected by the same policy or intervention. Incorporating approaches to account for measurement error into such a policy perspective will increase the impact of environmental epidemiology.
High temperature continuous-wave operation of 1.3- and 1.55-/spl mu/m VCSELs with InP/air-gap DBRs

We demonstrate novel electrically pumped 1.3- and 1.55-/spl mu/m vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) with two InP/air-gap distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs). The active regions comprise conventional InGaAsP multiple quantum wells. A tunnel junction is placed between the active region and the top DBR to convert electrons into holes, thus minimizing the use of p-type material in the structure to reduce the free-carrier loss and achieve current confinement. The whole structure was grown in a single growth run by low-pressure metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). For both 1.3and 1.55-/spl mu/m emission wavelengths, air-gap DBR VCSELs exhibit room-temperature continuous wavelength (CW) threshold current density as low as 1.1 kA/cm/sup 2/, differential quantum efficiency greater than 30%, and CW operation up to 85/spl deg/C. The single-mode output power was 1.6 mW from a 1.3 /spl mu/m VCSEL with a 6.3-/spl mu/m aperture and 1.1 mW from a 1.55 /spl mu/m VCSEL with a 5.7-/spl mu/m aperture under room temperature CW operation.
The Interplay Among Children's Negative Family Representations, Visual Processing of Negative Emotions, and Externalizing Symptoms.

This study examined the transactional interplay among children's negative family representations, visual processing of negative emotions, and externalizing symptoms in a sample of 243 preschool children (Mage = 4.60 years). Children participated in three annual measurement occasions. Cross-lagged autoregressive models were conducted with multimethod, multi-informant data to identify mediational pathways. Consistent with schema-based top-down models, negative family representations were associated with attention to negative faces in an eye-tracking task and their externalizing symptoms. Children's negative representations of family relationships specifically predicted decreases in their attention to negative emotions, which, in turn, was associated with subsequent increases in their externalizing symptoms. Follow-up analyses indicated that the mediational role of diminished attention to negative emotions was particularly pronounced for angry faces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Accessing Monomers, Surfactants, and the Queen Bee Substance by Acrylate Cross-Metathesis of Long-Chain Alkenones

Polyunsaturated long-chain alkenones are a unique class of lipids biosynthesized in significant quantities (up to 20% of cell carbon) by several algae including the industrially grown marine microalgae Isochrysis. Alkenone structures are characterized by a long linear carbon chain (35–40 carbons) with one to four trans double bonds and terminating in a methyl or ethyl ketone. Alkenones were extracted and isolated from commercially obtained Isochrysis biomass and then subjected to cross-metathesis (CM) with methyl acrylate or acrylic acid using the Hoveyda–Grubbs metathesis initiator. Within 1 h at room temperature alkenones were consumed; however, complete fragmentation (i.e., conversion to the smallest subunits by double bond cleavage) required up to 16 h. Analysis of the reaction mixture by gas chromatography and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography revealed a predictable product mixture consisting primarily of long-chain (mostly C17) acids (or methyl esters from CM with methyl acrylate) and diacids (or diesters), along with smaller amounts (~5%) of the honey bee “queen substance” (E)-9-oxo-decenoic acid. Together, these compounds comprise a diverse mixture of valuable chemicals that includes surfactants, monomers, and an agriculturally relevant bee pheromone.
Genetics of undescended testis.

AbstractWe present our study of the genetics of undescended testes. The occurrence of undescended testes could be confirmed in 1.5 to 4.0 per cent of the fathers and in 6.2 per cent of the brothers...
Exploring different types of assessment items to measure linguistically diverse students’ understanding of energy and matter in chemistry

Energy and matter are fundamental, yet challenging concepts in middle school chemistry due to their abstract, unobservable nature. Although it is important for science teachers to elicit a range of students’ ideas to design and revise their instruction, capturing such varied ideas using traditional assessments consisting of multiple-choice items can be difficult. In particular, the linguistic complexity of these items may hinder English learners (ELs) who speak English as a second language from understanding and representing their ideas. This study explores how multi-modal assessments using different types of open-ended items can document ELs’ and English-dominant students’ (EDSs) understanding of energy and matter in chemistry. 38 eighth-grade, linguistically diverse students taught by one teacher at a low-income middle school completed an assessment designed to elicit their ideas about properties of matter and chemical reactions through arguing from evidence, writing explanations, and developing models of chemical phenomena. The results show that the three types of assessment items captured different correct and alternative ideas that ELs and EDSs held. In particular, modeling appears promising as a tool to assess what ELs know about properties of matter and chemical reactions in middle school chemistry, compared to other written items. The findings of this study provide insights into how different types of assessment items can be used to better understand the range of ideas held by linguistically diverse students.
CONVENTIONAL RADIOGRAPHY AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN THE EVALUATION OF SPIRAL TIBIAL FRACTURES

Simulation of a spiral fracture of the lower third of the tibia was made in cadaver bones. The bones were mounted in a jig which allowed the production of various degrees of deformity. Regular radiography and computerized axial tomography were performed on the bone fragments. Fracture gap measurements made on the specimen, the radiograph and computerized axial tomogram were compared. Plain radiography measurements underestimated the maximum gap size but measurements of gaps on the computed axial tomograms were very accurate when compared with fracture gap measurements made directly between the bony fragments. Relatively small angular and rotational deformities of the fragments were accompanied by significant fracture gap sizes. Simulation of fracture reduction in the presence of shortening was associated with large fracture gaps as well as greater differences between measurements derived from computerized tomograms and from plain radiographs. Shortening at the fracture site always implied the presence of significant fracture gaps and/or malrotation of the fragments. This study shows that computerized axial tomography is more accurate than plain radiography in defining fracture gap size and rotational malposition between spiral fracture fragments. Thus, computerized axial tomograms may be used to better analyze these fractures, to assess the chances and speed of healing and avoid using methods of treatment which would lead to malunion.
LYMPHOCYTE COUNT SERVES AS AN EFFECTIVE PREDICTOR OF 30 DAY MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE PULMONARY EMBOLISM

Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) continues to be a leading cause of hospital admission with significant associated short and long term adverse events. The PESI (Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index) score is a well known prognostic model derived to risk stratifies patients presenting with acute PE.
Reliability of Brain flow SPECT scan in excluding Brainstem perfusion: A case of false positive Brain SPECT in a diagnosis of brain Death. (P6.055)

Objective: We report a case false positive Brain SPECT scan in a patient fulfilling clinical criteria for brain death who subsequently had return of brainstem function. Background: Brain death diagnosis is primarily based on clinical assessment. In practice, confirmatory testing is often required when confounders exist or apnea test cannot be performed safely and reliably. Cerebral Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) scan is widely used and accepted in confirming brain death. Design/Methods: A 59-year-old male with history of hypertension was brought to ED after being found down at home, convulsing and unresponsive. He was intubated with GCS 3. Initial CT Head showed large right basal ganglia intra-parenchymal hematoma with significant mass effect, midline shift and Uncal herniation. Within less than 48 hours the patient’s neurological exam deteriorated, to absent brain stem reflexes, motor response to stimulation or spontaneous respirations, fulfilling criteria for brain death testing. Apnea test was not performed due to his hemodynamic instability, so a SPECT brain scan was obtained as ancillary study, confirming lack of intra cerebral perfusion. At that point the patient was declared brain death. However, 16 hours later, the patient was noticed to have cough reflex, some extensor posturing and minimal withdrawal. Brain death was rescinded. Later, the patient showed more purposeful movements and even seizure activity. Family decided to pursue comfort measures. patient eventually expired. Results: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of false positive brain SPECT scan reporting no brain perfusion in a patient meeting clinical criteria for brain death with evidence of return of brainstem function afterward. Conclusions: Giving the need for 100% accuracy in a diagnosis brain death, this case highlights the need to revisit SPECT scan protocol for brainstem flow or perhaps use more than 1 ancillary test when the clinical criteria cannot be met in totality. Disclosure: Dr. Ramdani has nothing to disclose. Dr. Schmidt has nothing to disclose. Dr. Latorre has nothing to disclose.
Enantioselective remote meta-C–H arylation and alkylation via a chiral transient mediator

Enantioselective carbon–hydrogen (C–H) activation reactions by asymmetric metallation could provide new routes for the construction of chiral molecules1,2. However, current methods are typically limited to the formation of five- or six-membered metallacycles, thereby preventing the asymmetric functionalization of C–H bonds at positions remote to existing functional groups. Here we report enantioselective remote C–H activation using a catalytic amount of a chiral norbornene as a transient mediator, which relays initial ortho-C–H activation to the meta position. This was used in the enantioselective meta-C–H arylation of benzylamines, as well as the arylation and alkylation of homobenzylamines. The enantioselectivities obtained using the chiral transient mediator are comparable across different classes of substrates containing either neutral σ-donor or anionic coordinating groups. This relay strategy could provide an alternative means to remote chiral induction, one of the most challenging problems in asymmetric catalysis3,4. Remote, enantioselective C–H activation reactions can be achieved by relaying ortho-C–H activation to the meta position, using a chiral norbornene as the mediator.
The name is bond — H bond

The hydrogen bond plays a critical role in diverse biological phenomena. Although discovered 90 years ago, the precise chemical nature of this unique interaction has remained in dispute. A recent Compton-scattering experiment, however, strongly supports a partially covalent picture of the hydrogen bond.
Genetic screening of donors for artificial insemination

A routine has been established for genetic screening of donors in an artificial insemination and frozen sperm bank program. This report is a summary and analysis of the information obtained on the first 168 donor applicants and 89 recipients who were genetically screened. The specific forms for screening, family information obtained, characteristics of the donor and recipient groups, and guidelines for acceptance or rejection of donors are discussed. The donor and recipient often failed to perceive that the disorders in the family were genetic. The simple question of whether or not there were genetic or hereditary problems in the family was ineffective, even when the donor or recipient had formal medical training.
AN ALGOL COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR THE COMPUTATION OF QUENCH CORRECTION BY REMOTE TERMINAL USING PUNCHED PAPER TAPE

Abstract A computer program has been written which calculates DPM for single and dual labeled samples after correction for quenching. The program in ALGOL is executed from a remote terminal and uses punched paper tape input logged directly from the liquid scintillation counter in the proper format. Multiple quench indexes are used to calculate the best estimate of efficiencies for each isotope; channel ratios, AES ratios and AES counts are all used for single isotope samples and the two AES indexes only for dual labeled samples are used in the estimate computed in either case from a single sample counting. A separate counting produces data for the channels ratio computation for dual label samples using either the screening method or the general method where appropriate. Divergence of efficiencies computed from the different indexes indicates non-identity with the standards. The algorithm has been tested with serum, urine and aqueous biological samples.
Surgical Considerations in the Management of Primary Invasive Breast Cancer

Patients with primary breast cancer might consider three surgical options: modified radical mastectomy (MT), MT with contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM), and breast-conserving surgery (BCS). Following BCS, radiation therapy (RT) is often required to reduce the risk of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence, although older patients with indolent tumors may not require radiotherapy after BCS. Moreover, radiotherapy is required for selected high-risk patients who undergo mastectomy. Relative contraindications to BCS include pregnancy, previous breast RT, active collagen vascular diseases, large tumor size in relation to breast size, multicentric disease, and mutation carriers (who are generally treated with bilateral mastectomy for unilateral breast cancer). Preoperative chemotherapy can be utilized to decrease the size of large tumors, allowing BCS to be feasible. Most women with primary breast cancer prefer the option of BCS with adjuvant RT. Paradoxically, there has been a trend in recent years toward the increased utilization of bilateral mastectomy (MT + CPM) for the treatment of unilateral breast cancer, despite a decreased risk for the development of contralateral breast cancer due to improved adjuvant systemic therapies. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is useful in determining the status of the regional lymph nodes while avoiding the morbidity associated with a more extensive axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Multiple published randomized controlled studies have demonstrated the safety of omitting ALND in women with negative SLNB. Recently published randomized studies have provided evidence that SLNB alone is safe, even in instances where patients have a low burden of axillary disease in the sentinel nodes, particularly if these patients receive adjuvant radiotherapy and adjuvant systemic therapy.
The Ratification of CEDAW and the Liberalization of Abortion Laws

Do international treaties lead to cross-national increases in women's rights? In contrast to Asal, Brown, and Figueroa's (2008) suggestion that the Convention to Eliminate All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) is not an important factor in explaining the liberalization of abortion rights polices, this article argues that the treaty contributes to increases in abortion rights when the terms of ratification are disaggregated. Previous excursions into this question have only considered whether a state has ratified the treaty, which is problematic from both a methodological and theoretical standpoint given that many states ratified with conditions, while only six states did not ratify at all. Additionally, some states ratified the Optional Protocol and some have not. We demonstrate that the disaggregation of levels of treaty ratification is associated with increases in women's rights in a model replicating that of Asal, Brown, and Figueroa. Further, we extend our knowledge of the dynamics of treaty ratification through the use of structural equations to more fully model how political, cultural, and economic factors, as well as exogenous international pressures, interact to produce changes in women's rights around the world.