cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coverage, relevance, and ranking: The impact of query operators on Web search engine results

Research has reported that about 10p of Web searchers utilize advanced query operators, with the other 90p using extremely simple queries. It is often assumed that the use of query operators, such as Boolean operators and phrase searching, improves the effectiveness of Web searching. We test this assumption by examining the effects of query operators on the performance of three major Web search engines. We selected one hundred queries from the transaction log of a Web search service. Each of these original queries contained query operators such as AND, OR, MUST APPEAR (+), or PHRASE (" "). We then removed the operators from these one hundred advanced queries. We submitted both the original and modified queries to three major Web search engines; a total of 600 queries were submitted and 5,748 documents evaluated. We compared the results from the original queries with the operators to the results from the modified queries without the operators. We examined the results for changes in coverage, relative precision, and ranking of relevant documents. The use of most query operators had no significant effect on coverage, relative precision, or ranking, although the effect varied depending on the search engine. We discuss implications for the effectiveness of searching techniques as currently taught, for future information retrieval system design, and for future research.
Distinct Endothelial Impairment in Coronary Microvessels from Hypertensive Dahl Rats

Hypertension has been linked to an impaired dilator function of the coronary microvascular endothelium in vivo. However, the profile and mechanism of this dysfunction remain obscure. Thus, this study compared diameter responses to acetylcholine (ACH), bradykinin (BKN), and substance P (SP) between coronary microvessels (i.d.=106±4 μm) dissected from left ventricles of normotensive and hypertensive Dahl rats (Dahl-NT and Dahl-HT, respectively). Vessels were cannulated and pressurized on glass pipettes at 80 mm Hg, and internal diameters were monitored by videomicroscopy. Coronary microvessels from Dahl-NT and Dahl-HT showed similar dilator responses to ACH (100 pmol/L to 10 μmol/L), with maximal diameter increases of 63±5 μm and 63±7 μm, respectively (n=31,17). However, only vessels from Dahl-NT showed dilator responses to SP (10 fmol/L to 1 nmol/L) and BKN (100 fmol/L to 10 nmol/L). All dilator responses persisted after N-nitro-l-arginine (10 μmol/L) or indomethacin (10 μmol/L), but were blunted after inhibition of cytochrome P450 by 10 μmol/L octadecynoic acid (n=6–8). These results suggest that: (1) coronary microvessels from Dahl-HT show a unique pattern of endothelial impairment, whereby ACH-induced relaxations persist at a time when dilator responses to SP and BKN are severely blunted, and (2) a cytochrome P450 product, rather than nitric oxide or prostacyclin, may partly mediate the vasodilator responses to ACH, SP and BKN.
Visible and ultraviolet optical properties of single-crystal and polycrystalline hematite measured by spectroscopic ellipsometry

The optical properties of single-crystal and polycrystalline hematite (α-Fe2O3), which is an absorbing uniaxial material, have been measured over the visible and ultraviolet spectra (1.6–4.8 eV) by ellipsometric spectroscopy. Three Lorentz oscillators are observed in polycrystalline α-Fe2O3 at 2.2, 2.95, and 3.85 eV. The half-widths are ~0.2, ~0.7, and ~0.4 eV, respectively. In single-crystal α-Fe2O3, the peak in ∊2e is shifted to 2.8 eV, compared with 2.95 eV for the ∊2∘, which is the same as in the polycrystalline spectrum.
Social Capital is Associated with Earnings among Foreign-born Mexican Men but not Women in Los Angeles County

The mechanisms through which social capital is accumulated may influence its relationship with hourly earnings. Because Mexican men and women accumulate social capital differently, for instance, gender may be an important factor for understanding social capital’s association with Mexican migrant earnings. Unlike past research that often fails to differentiate between various social capital metrics (e.g., social network member reciprocity, participation in civic group organizations, neighbourhood trust), this article estimates two of these associations with wages while controlling for individual-, household- and neighbourhood-level characteristics. Results suggest that foreign-born Mexican men receive a wage premium from civic participation (bridging social capital) and a wage penalty from reciprocal social network exchange (bonding social capital). We also find that unauthorized legal status (among Mexican men and all migrants) and having children (among women) were negatively associated with hourly wages. We conclude with a discussion of the relative association of human and social capital with Mexican migrant wages.
Microbial metabolism of chlorophenolic compounds in ground water aquifers

The metabolism of phenol and various chlorophenols was studied in groundwater aquifer microcosms. Flow-through column microcosms containing pristine aquifer material were used to assess aerobic biodegradation processes. Reductive metabolism of the substrates was studied in serum bottles filled with aquifer material contaminated by municipal landfill leachate. We found that microorganisms present in an actively methanogenic aquifer were able to metabolize chlorophenols by replacing the halogen substituents with hydrogen atoms. The identity of the dehalogenated intermediates was confirmed by mass spectrometry for a model substrate and by cochromatography for others. Complete removal of the aryl halides was necessary before the phenol intermediate could be mineralized to methane and carbon dioxide. However, the chlorophenols tended to persist in anoxic microcosms containing material from the same aquifer but from a non-methanogenic site. Metabolism and acclimation of chlorophenols and phenol was noted in aerobic microcosm studies, but the degradation pathway(s) were not established.
A multichannel pipeline analog-to-digital converter for an integrated 3-D ultrasound imaging system

An 8-channel 10-bit pipeline analog-to-digital converter, designed for use in an integrated three-dimensional ultrasound imaging system, has been implemented in a 0.25-/spl mu/m CMOS technology. Two parallel multiplexing sample-and-hold stages are employed to multiplex a total of eight adjacent ultrasound channels, each sampled at 20 MHz. The sampled and multiplexed signals are fed into two parallel time-interleaved pipeline paths, each operating at 80 MHz. The two parallel pipelines are subsequently multiplexed into a single pipeline operating at 160 MHz to conserve area and reduce complexity. An experimental prototype of the proposed architecture occupies less than 4 mm/sup 2/ of active silicon area and shows a peak signal-to-noise-plus-distortion ratio more than 54 dB for a 2.1-MHz input signal, while dissipating only 20 mW of analog power per input channel from a 2.5-V supply.
The Development and Validation of a Scale Assessing Individual Schemas Used in Classifying a Smoker: Implications for Research and Practice

Introduction: Half of college students who have smoked in the past month do not consider themselves smokers. Understand- ing one's schema of smokers is important, as it might relate to smoking behavior. Thus, we aimed to develop a scale assessing how young adults classify smokers and establish reliability and validity of the scale. Methods: Of 24,055 students at six Southeast colleges recruited to complete an online survey, 4,840 (20.1%) responded, with complete smoking and scale development data from 3,863. Results: The Classifying a Smoker Scale consisted of 10 items derived from prior research. Factor analysis extracted a single fac- tor accounting for 40.00% of score variance (eigenvalue = 5.52). Higher scores (range 10-70) indicate stricter criteria in classifying a smoker. The scale yielded a Cronbach's alpha of .91. Current smoking (past 30-day) prevalence was 22.8%. Higher Classifying a Smoker Scale scores (p = .001) were significant predictors of current smoking, controlling for sociodemographics. Higher scores were related to being nondaily versus daily smokers (p = .009), readiness to quit in the next month (p = .04), greater perceived smoking prevalence (p = .007), not identifying as smok- ers (p < .001), less perceived harm of smoking (p < .001), greater concern about smoking health risks (p = .01), and less favorable attitudes toward smoking restrictions (p < .001). Among current smokers, higher scores were related to greater smoking frequency (p = .02), not identifying as smokers (p < .001), and less perceived harm of smoking (p < .001), controlling for sociodemographics. Conclusion: This scale, demonstrating good psychometric properties, highlights potential intervention targets for preven- tion and cessation, as it relates to smoking, risk perception, and interest in quitting.
Agricultural Ecology and Changing Economic Systems: Lessons from the Bulgarian Case:

The inattention to environmental problems in East European agriculture reflects assumptions that the problems result from central planning. We argue that the focus on economic systems undermines policy support for environmental sustainability in transforming economies. We examine the link between three problems in Bulgarian agriculture and the socialist and capitalist systems, finding that an analysis of concrete institutional forms is more important to understanding environmental problems. We conclude with policy implications.
Mechanisms of Acid Extrusion by Two Marine Fishes: The Teleost, Opsanus Beta, and the Elasmobranch, Squalus Acanthias

1.Rates of efflux of H + and ammonia from a marine teleost and an elasmobranch were measured. 2.Hypercapnia stimulated H + efflux from both species, stimulated ammonia efflux from the elasmobranch, and inhibited ammonia efflux from the teleost. 3.In both species the H + and ammonia efflux were predominantly across the branchial epithelium. In Na + -free sea water, the H + efflux from both species was completely abolished and the ammonia efflux was inhibited by approximately 50%. 4.Injection of an acid load stimulated H + efflux, which continued for 2–5 h until more than the injected acid load was excreted. It therefore appears that injection of an acid load also produces a metabolic acid load which must be excreted. 5.The H + efflux from mineral/metabolic acidotic fish is entirely branchial and dependent upon external Na − . 6.The data support the conclusion that marine teleosts and elasmobranchs possess branchial Na + /NH 4 + and Na + /H + ionic exchange mechanisms and that Na + /H + exchange plays a major role in the response to acidosis in both groups. 7.The possible evolution of these ionic exchange systems is discussed.
The relationship between dissociative tendencies and schizotypy: an artifact of childhood trauma?

Previous research has suggested a relationship between dissociative tendencies and schizotypy. This study sought to extend the previous work in two fundamental respects. First, explicit cognizance was taken of the multidimensionality of both dissociative tendencies and schizotypy. Second, the study examined the possibility that the observed correlation between dissociative tendencies and schizotypy is an artifact of the association between each of these personality domains and a history of childhood trauma. Australian adults (N = 116) were administered the Dissociative Experiences Scale, the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief, and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that both pathological and nonpathological dissociative tendencies were predicted by the dimensions of schizotypy, even after the contribution of childhood trauma had been removed. It is concluded that the relationship between dissociative tendencies and schizotypy is not an artifact of childhood abuse, but the clinical significance of this relationship remains to be established.
Higher-derivative Lagrangians, nonlocality, problems, and solutions.

Higher-derivative theories are frequently avoided because of undesirable properties, yet they occur naturally as corrections to general relativity and cosmic strings. We discuss some of their more interesting and disturbing problems, with examples. A natural method of removing all the problems of higher derivatives is reviewed. This method of "perturbative constraints" is required for at least one class of higher-derivative theories---those which are associated with nonlocality. Nonlocality often appears in low-energy theories described by effective actions. The method may also be applied to a wide class of other higher-derivative theories. An example system is solved, exactly and perturbatively, for which the perturbative solutions approximate the exact solutions only when the method of "perturbative constraints" is employed. Ramifications for corrections to general relativity, cosmic strings with rigidity terms, and other higher-derivative theories are explored.
Refashioning the Wedding Dress as the “Future Anterior” in Marina Carr and Edna O’Brien

Until recently, academic studies have largely ignored the ever-increasing power and proliferation of weddings and the myriad industries surrounding them. While this is beginning to change within th...
Synthesis and evaluation of dipeptide amides containing Nω-nitroarginine and D-2,4-diaminobutyric acids as inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase

Selective inhibition of the isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) could be beneficial in the treatment of certain disease states arising from the overproduction of nitric oxide by NOS. Recently, we reported dipeptide amides containing a basic amine side chain as potent and selective inhibitors of neuronal NOS (Huang H. et al. (1999) J. Med. Chem., 42, 3147). The most potent nNOS inhibitor among these compounds is L-ArgNO2-L-Dbu-NH2 (1) (Ki = 130 nM), which also exhibits the highest selectivity over eNOS (> 1500-fold). The D,D-dipeptide, D-Lys-D-ArgNO2-NH2 (3) also shows high potency and selectivity. Here the dipeptide amides containing ArgNO2 and D-Dbu (9-12) were synthesized and evaluated. They are all modest inhibitors of nNOS, but poor inhibitors of eNOS and iNOS. D-Dbu-D-ArgNO2-NH2 (12) exhibits decreased inhibitory potency as compared with 3. A hypothesis regarding the binding at the active site of nNOS is proposed to explain the potency differences between the L- and D-form dipeptide amides.
The Reduction of Erythropoietin Stimulating Agent (ESA) Use Due to the FDA Black Box Warning

Background : Erythropoietin stimulating agents (ESAs), have been readily used to treat chemotherapy related anemia in cancer patients since 2003. ESAs are a useful substitute for blood transfusions for these patients. However, there were unacknowledged toxicities for ESAs when they were first administered. In March 2007, these toxicities were acknowledged by the FDA when a black box warning was issued for ESAs in these patients. This study aims to observe ESA utilization trends along with VTEs to determine the effect of the black box warning. Methods : The 2002-2010 merged South Carolina Medicaid- Cancer Registry dataset with Medicaid claims up to 2012 was used to determine the effect of the FDA black box warning. Breast, non-small cell lung and colorectal patients were determined from the cancer registry. Of these, those who had chemotherapy were identified. ESA users were identified from medical and pharmacy claims. The final sample contained those who had their first ESA claim after chemotherapy and who were not dual enrolled in Medicare. Results: Of the 1,645 cancer patients with chemotherapy, 1,310 (80%) had at least one ESA claim. Total ESA claims by year showed a peak in 2006 at 2,243 claims followed by a decrease to 1,347 in 2007 and 714 in 2006. A month by month breakdown of ESA claims showed the peak in May 2006 at 250 and eventually decreasing to 7 in December 2012. Total VTE events for these patients showed a peak in 2007 at 811 followed by a steep decline to 351 in 2009 and 154 in 2012. Conclusion: The FDA black box warning may have been effective in reducing ESA utilization. There is also the potential delayed response to the clinical trial data for VTEs and ESA utilization. The meta-analysis in 2008 by Dr. Bennett also seems to have had an impact on reducing ESA utilization and VTE events. ![Figure 1][1] Figure 1 Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare. [1]: pending:yes
Sources and History of Heavy Metal Contamination and Sediment Deposition in Tivoli South Bay, Hudson River, New York

Persistent inorganic constitutents preserved in sediments of aquatic ecosystems record temporal variability of biogeochemical functioning and anthropogenic impacts.210Pb and137Cs dating techniques were used to study the past variations of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, and Zn) and accumulation rates of sediments for Tivoli South Bay, in the Hudson River National Estuarine Research Reserve ecosystem. South Bay, a tidal freshwater embayment of the Hudson, may play an important role in the sediment dynamics of this important river. The measured sedimentation rate range of 0.59 to 2.92 cm yr−1 suggests that rapid accumulation occurred during the time period represented by the length of the cores (approximately the past 50 yr). Direct measurements of sediment exchange with the Hudson River reveal high variability in the sediment flux from one tidal cycle to the next. Net exchange does not seem to be adequate to explain sediment accumulation rates in the bay as measured by210Pb and137Cs. The difference may be supplied from upland streams or the Hudson River during storm events. Concentrations of the metals Pb, Cu and Zn were found to be well correlated with each other within individual cores at five of six sites tested. This suggests a common proximate source for the three metals at a specific site. The evidence is consistent with mixing in some environmental compartment before delivery to the bay. While metals self-correlate within individual cores, absolute concentrations, depth distribution patterns, and ratios of the metals to each other vary among the cores collected at different locations within the bay. Organic matter, Fe content, and particle size distribution of sediments do not account for the intercore variations in metal concentration. It is likely that cores collected from different sites may have derived metals from different sources, such as watershed streams and tidal exchange with the Hudson River.
Stones: The dark side of stone disease - stones do still kill.

A study investigating the mortality attributed to urolithiasis over a 15-year period has noted an increasing rate of death with a simultaneous rise in stone prevalence. However, the exact mechanisms by which nephrolithiasis causes death remains unclear.
Modeling head and neck cancer stem cell-mediated tumorigenesis

A large body of literature has emerged supporting the importance of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in the pathogenesis of head and neck cancers. CSCs are a subpopulation of cells within a tumor that share the properties of self-renewal and multipotency with stem cells from normal tissue. Their functional relevance to the pathobiology of cancer arises from the unique properties of tumorigenicity, chemotherapy resistance, and their ability to metastasize and invade distant tissues. Several molecular profiles have been used to discriminate a stem cell from a non-stem cell. CSCs can be grown for study and further enriched using a number of in vitro techniques. An evolving option for translational research is the use of mathematical and computational models to describe the role of CSCs in complex tumor environments. This review is focused discussing the evidence emerging from modeling approaches that have clarified the impact of CSCs to the biology of cancer.
Quantitation of apoE Domains in Alzheimer Disease Brain Suggests a Role for apoE in Aß Aggregation

Apolipoprotein E (apoE) and apoE-derived proteolytic fragments are present in amyloid deposits in Alzheimer disease (AD) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). In this study, we examined which apoE fragments are most strongly associated with amyloid deposits and whether apoE receptor binding domains were present. We found that both apoE2- and apoE4-specific residues were present on plaques and blood vessels in AD and CAA. We quantified Abeta plaque burden and apoE plaque burdens in 5 AD brains. ApoE N-terminal-specific and C-terminal-specific antibodies covered 50% and 74% of Abeta plaque burden, respectively (p < 0.003). Double-labeling demonstrated that the plaque cores contained the entire apoE protein, but that outer regions contained only a C-terminal fragment, suggesting a cleavage in the random coil region of apoE. Presence of N- and C-terminal apoE cleavage fragments in brain extracts was confirmed by immunoblotting. The numbers of plaques identified by the apoE N-terminal-specific antibodies and the apoE C-terminal-specific antibody were equal, but were only approximately 60% of the total Abeta plaque number (p < 0.0001). Analysis of the size distribution of Abeta and apoE deposits demonstrated that most of the Abeta-positive, apoE-negative deposits were the smallest deposits (less than 150 microm2). These data suggest that C-terminal residues of apoE bind to Abeta and that apoE may help aid in the progression of small Abeta deposits to larger deposits. Furthermore, the presence of the apoE receptor binding domain in the center of amyloid deposits could affect surrounding cells via chronic interactions with cell surface apoE receptors.
Justice, Limits to Growth, and an Equilibrium State

This Article is particularly relevant to global warming because it argues that concerns for distributive justice must be shifted to address the concept of a maximum income in a world where limits to growth, like depletion of basic resources or pollution at a "catastrophic level," reduce or eliminate our capacity for economic growth. Discussions of distributive justice often focus on people at the lower end of the distributive spectrum. For example, the goal may be to provide a floor or minimum level below which no member of society will fall. So long as this minimum is satisfied, there is little, if any, concern with imposing a ceiling or a maximum level which no one may exceed, since it is implicitly assumed that there is no limit to economic growth. However, the focus of concern shifts if one reverses this assumption and adopts the limits-to-growth thesis that the earth cannot continue to sustain exponential growth in production and to absorb exponential increases in pollution. These limits require that society deliberately restrict growth by adopting an equilibrium or controlled-growth strategy. Such an arrangement would involve the adoption of a ceiling on social consumption, and this social limit might also involve individual limits. Since an equilibrium strategy is the equivalent of a maximum social "consumption" strategy, the central task of this Article will be the development of a theory concerning just consumption maximums both for society and individuals.
Atomistic mechanisms of morphological evolution and segregation in U-Zr alloys

Abstract In many metallic alloys, complex microstructures form as a consequence of local atomic ordering that depends on the processing path. This research uses an atomistic approach to study microstructural morphology and evolution in order to investigate how temperature and alloy concentration affect ordering. A semi-empirical Modified Embedded Atom Method (MEAM) is used in conjunction with molecular dynamics (MD) and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations to investigate the properties and equilibrium configurations of the high temperature body-centered-cubic (bcc) uranium-zirconium (U-Zr) alloys. Atomic simulations conducted with the MEAM potential show the thermodynamic driving force to the lamellar structure for the melt-casted U-rich alloys and the finely acicular microstructure of the water quenched U-rich alloys. In addition, when the U-rich U-Zr alloy is equilibrated at a lower temperature, the lamellar/acicular microstructures begin to spheroidize, as observed in experiments. In the intermediate Zr concentration region, the ordering seen is able to facilitate the structure to the partially ordered δ-UZr 2 phase seen experimentally. Lastly, the Zr-rich region is able to successfully show the thermodynamic driving force to the acicular, Widmanstatten, and martensitic needles type microstructures observed experimentally. These simulations are able to successfully replicate some of the fundamental thermo-physical and microstructural characteristics following fabrication and irradiation of the U-Zr metallic fuels.
Summary Talk — Status of Accelerator Neutrino Physics

Throughout the Conference, there have been excellent theoretical talks which covered a wide range of theoretical questions pertinent to neutrino physics. The preceding speaker, Professor Abdus Salam, spoke most eloquently of the general problems confronting our basic understanding of the subatomic world. While I might differ with him on the question of color confinement only in detail, I am very comfortable with his general philosophy. I am particularly impressed by his statement about the criterion of a successful science; it is the simplicity and elegance of principles one abstracts, and not the complexity of morphology and classifications with which one has to deal. To paraphrase, we should not be afraid of the proliferation of quarks and “glues” in our “zoo”, but instead we must strive to understand the basic principles which govern the nature of their structures and interactions.
Configuring an appropriate team environment to satisfy relevant criteria

Accredited computer science programs have a capstone course requiring a significant programming project. Generally, these projects are part of a software engineering class and require a team effort. To facilitate team interaction, instructor monitoring, and objective performance assessment, an appropriate team environment, or set of components and services that can be combined to form an environment, must be chosen, configured, and managed. Since many of the popular team environments have subscription or per-seat licensing, educational institutions could pay significant costs to keep pace with industry. However, instructors should be able to provide a work environment with modern tools to facilitate team interaction and foster productivity while at the same time minimizing cost and reducing their configuration and management effort. In this paper, we survey a wide range of team environments and individual services for team interaction. We compare and contrast them against a set of general, user, and instructor criteria, highlighting features that are relevant to a software engineering team in an educational setting. In addition to the survey, we discuss an open source, experimental platform we are developing to allow instructors to incorporate free services and create a collaborative team environment based on the criteria they want to target.
Widening perspectives on regenerative processes through growth

Defining the basic mechanisms behind regeneration requires comparison to both development and homeostasis. How is organ size achieved in animals during normal development, and how is it reconstituted in animals capable of regenerating organs and body parts lost to injury? Are the mechanisms regulating size and allometry evolutionarily conserved? In recent years, discoveries in the fields of signalling, physiology, developmental biology and regeneration using a growing and diverse collection of model organisms have begun to shed mechanistic insight into these problems. Growth, central to embryonic development, tissue homeostasis and regeneration, was the unifying concept at the recent Molecular and Cellular Basis for Growth and Regeneration Keystone meeting.
Understanding the Role of Selenium in Reactive Oxygen Species Management in Colorectal Cancers

Epidemiological and experimental studies have linked low levels of dietary selenium to cancer onset and progression, but the role of selenium in disease etiology is complicated and still under investigation. Selenium is found in selenocysteine, a key component of the glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductases based selenoproteins that detoxify reactive oxygen species (ROS) and maintain redox homeostasis. Selenoprotein synthesis requires many factors and includes specific tRNA modifications catalyzed by Alkylation repair homolog 8 (ALKBH8). The human TRM9-like (hTRM9L) protein is functionally homologous to the methyltransferase domain of ALKBH8, and we have previously published that hTRM9L gene expression is turned off in late stage colorectal cancer. Further re-expression of hTRM9L in late stage colorectal cancer cells turns off tumor growth. The cellular function of the tumor growth suppressor hTRM9L is unknown, but our current model has hTRM9L regulating the activity of ALKBH8 to affect selenoprotein synthesis, selenium utilization, and ROS detoxification. We have determined that in colorectal cancer cells, (SW480-hTRM9L+ and SW620 cells reengineered to express hTRM9L) the expression of the hTRM9L gene correlates with a selenium induced proliferative effect (10 μM, p
Abstract IA06: Oncogenic translation programs

New York, NY. I will provide an overview of the lab9s contribution to deciphering the role of aberrant mRNA translation in cancer. We initially reported that aberrant eIF4E expression can drive lymphomagenesis in vivo. Next, we noticed that eIF4E9s oncogenic activity strictly required phosphorylation at S209 by MNK1/2 kinases. The latter is the basis of ongoing efforts to develop and test MNK kinase inhibitors for cancer applications. More recently, we dissected the molecular basis of the anti-cancer action of eIF4A inhibitors like silvestrol. Using the ribosome footprinting technology developed by the Weissman lab we noticed that eIF4A inhibition acutely and preferentially suppressed a select group of ~200 mRNAs. These are marked by repeated 59 UTR sequences that are predicted to fold into energetically favorable G-quadruplex structures. Notably, many of these eIF4A–dependent transcripts encode oncogenic transcription factors (e.g. MYC and MYB), a number of cell cycle regulators (e.g. CDK6, CCND3), and anti-apoptotic BCL2 family genes. These findings also begin to shed light on the overarching question of how aberrant translation may lead to cancer. We speculate that it is not simply a global increase in protein production but instead the activation of oncogenic translation programs. We will discuss these findings also in light of recent work proposing an additional mechanism of eIF4A action that emphasizes binding to ubiquitous RNA sequence elements over the enzymatic activity of eIF4A. Citation Format: Hans-Guido Wendel. Oncogenic translation programs. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Translational Control of Cancer: A New Frontier in Cancer Biology and Therapy; 2016 Oct 27-30; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(6 Suppl):Abstract nr IA06.
25‐Hydroxyvitamin D3 and its C‐3 epimer are elevated in the skin and serum of Skh‐1 mice supplemented with dietary vitamin D3

cope UV exposure is a risk factor for keratinocyte carcinoma (KC) while critical for endogenous vitamin D production. We investigated dietary modulation of skin and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) and its C-3 epimer (C3epi) in a mouse model of KC. C3epi is an under-investigated metabolite of vitamin D with respect to its biological implications. Methods and results Male and female Skh-1 mice were supplemented with 25, 150 or 1000 IU/kg diet vitamin D3 for 25 weeks, with some exposed to UV light. Skin and serum vitamin D metabolites were quantitated using HPLC-MS/MS (n = 3 per dose/sex/UV treatment). Serum and skin 25OHD3 and C3epi significantly increased with dose (P<0.0001), but with different response patterns. UV exposure significantly attenuated serum, but not skin, levels of both metabolites (P<0.001, P = 0.0287), while up-regulating expression of renal Cyp24a1 (P < 0.01). A dose by sex interaction trended towards significance with serum and skin levels of C3epi, wherein male mice attained higher levels of C3epi with higher dietary vitamin D3. This reflected a similar, but non-significant pattern in average tumor size. Conclusion The complex relationship between vitamin D and KC requires further investigation. This study provides insight into modulation of local and systemic vitamin D status with dietary supplementation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Projectors, associators, visual imagery, and the time course of visual processing in grapheme-color synesthesia

ABSTRACTIn grapheme-color synesthesia, seeing particular letters or numbers evokes the experience of specific colors. We investigate the brain’s real-time processing of words in this population by recording event-related brain potentials (ERPs) from 15 grapheme-color synesthetes and 15 controls as they judged the validity of word pairs (‘yellow banana’ vs. ‘blue banana’) presented under high and low visual contrast. Low contrast words elicited delayed P1/N170 visual ERP components in both groups, relative to high contrast. When color concepts were conveyed to synesthetes by individually tailored achromatic grapheme strings (‘55555 banana’), visual contrast effects were like those in color words: P1/N170 components were delayed but unchanged in amplitude. When controls saw equivalent colored grapheme strings, visual contrast modulated P1/N170 amplitude but not latency. Color induction in synesthetes thus differs from color perception in controls. Independent from experimental effects, all orthographic stim...
Spectrum splitting photovoltaics: light trapping filtered concentrator for ultrahigh photovoltaic efficiency

While monolithic multijunction solar cell approaches have been quite successful, current and lattice matching requirements limit the maximum possible achievable efficiencies. Spectrum splitting, where light is optically distributed among subcells with differing bandgaps, avoids these constraints and offers a route to achieving higher efficiencies (<50%). We investigate a spectrum splitting approach where concentrated sunlight is trapped in a textured dielectric slab and then selectively coupled into underlying solar cells of different bandgaps through omnidirectional filters. We develop a multipass optical model to find regimes of high optical efficiency based on parameters such as slab refractive index, number of subcells, and angle restriction of light escape from the slab. Based on these results and filter design considerations, we describe a specific design featuring a textured slab of SiO2 coated with angle restricting incoupling elements based on compound parabolic concentrators and three underlying multijunction junction solar cells, for a total of eight junctions with bandgaps ranging from 2.2eV to 0.7. Using the multipass model in conjunction with modified detailed balance calculations, we find module efficiencies exceeding 50% are possible with an acceptance angle restricted to 20° or less and concentrations of a few hundred suns with ideal omnidirectional filters. Finally as proof of concept, we design a full set of omnidirectional filters for this design. Based on alternating layers of TiO2 and SiO2, we achieve angle averaged reflectivity greater than 90% within the reflection band and angle averaged transmission of approximately 90% within the transmission band for the long pass filter, for nearly 48% receiver efficiency.
Ligand-Targeted Drug Delivery

Safety and efficacy constitute the major criteria governing regulatory approval of any new drug. The best method to maximize safety and efficacy is to deliver a proven therapeutic agent with a targeting ligand that exhibits little affinity for healthy cells but high affinity for pathologic cells. The probability of regulatory approval can conceivably be further enhanced by exploiting the same targeting ligand, conjugated to an imaging agent, to select patients whose diseased tissues display sufficient targeted receptors for therapeutic efficacy. The focus of this Review is to summarize criteria that must be met during design of ligand-targeted drugs (LTDs) to achieve the required therapeutic potency with minimal toxicity. Because most LTDs are composed of a targeting ligand (e.g., organic molecule, aptamer, protein scaffold, or antibody), spacer, cleavable linker, and therapeutic warhead, criteria for successful design of each component will be described. Moreover, because obstacles to successful drug design can differ among human pathologies, limitations to drug delivery imposed by the unique characteristics of different diseases will be considered. With the explosion of genomic and transcriptomic data providing an ever-expanding selection of disease-specific targets, and with tools for high-throughput chemistry offering an escalating diversity of warheads, opportunities for innovating safe and effective LTDs has never been greater.
A Simple Approach to the Factorization of Integers

(1961). A Simple Approach to the Factorization of Integers. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 34, No. 7, pp. 411-416.
The Historical Geography of Alan R. H. Baker: Scratching Out a Living After the Neolithic Revolution

Alan Baker’s work documents the fulfillment of the Neolithic Revolution with its mature societies resting on a foundation of staple grain crops. In Studies of Field Systems in the British Isles, Baker studies agriculture and its laboring class, while in Man Made the Land, he takes up the social outgrowths of agriculture. As evident in Baker’s studies of the French and English peasantry, much of the social changes following from agriculture are corollaries of population density. We interpret the technological advances, cooperation, and civilization as described by Baker, as outward manifestations of slowing life histories evolving through to historical time. Thus, Baker is eminently correct to assert that geography has shaped human history, even as he may not have been thinking of evolutionary history.
Finite Quantum Measure Spaces

Quantum measure spaces possess a certain “quantum weirdness” and lack some of the simplicity and intuitive nature of their classical counterparts. Much of this unusual behavior is due to a phenomen...
Modified Herndon and Tang Λ-N potentials

Abstract Attractive as well as repulsive tensor interactions are added to potentials obtained by Herndon and Tang, in such a way that reasonable agreement is obtained between the Λ-proton scattering data and the binding energies of 3ΛHe and 5ΛHe.
An Experimental Test of Several Theories of Committee Decision Making Under Majority Rule

This paper reports a series of thirty-four experiments that are designed to test the adequacy of several alternative theories of group choice under “majority rule” when no Condorcet point (core) exists. The games we use in these experiments seek, in particular, to establish as much separation as possible between the predictions of several alternative solution concepts and, thereby, to provide a critical test of these competing theories. Briefly, our results strongly support the competitive solution notions for n-person game theory [cf., McKelvey /Ordeshook /Winer], but they provide little if any support for the V-set, the (math) Bargaining Set, Asscher’s [19761 Ordinal Bargaining Set, M°, and several solutions based on vulnerability. The first section of this essay defines and discusses the various solution theories. Section 2 describes our experimental design, and Sections 3 and 4 review the results of these experiments.
Modeling mass spectrometry profiles in atom probe tomography

An investigation of Atom Probe machine parameters on spectral resolution suggested that the traditional model for additive errors did not fully explain the changes in peak shape due to experimental settings. We propose a new hypothesis that explains the effects seen in the spectra and provides additional information about the chemical bonding of the material under examination. Our model requires that a thermal vibration of critical momentum and a photon of sufficient energy must coincide at a single lattice point to provide an evaporation. Using equations derived from this hypothesis, we demonstrate the utility of this approach, which provides additional information about the process of evaporation using an Atom Probe.
Regulation of Cd36 Expression In Human Melanoma Cells

CD36 is a suspected facilitator of long chain fatty acid transport and as a thrombospondin (TSP) receptor, thereby being implicated in cell proliferation, angiogenesis and tumor metastasis. The human amelanotic melanoma cell line, C32, is known to express CD36 and has been used as a model for studying TSP binding. The purpose of this study was to investigate the regulation of CD36 expression in the C32 cell line.
Projected digital radiologic images for teaching: balance of image quality with data size constraints.

Abstract Rationale and Objectives The authors performed this study to determine, in the context of a teaching presentation with slides, the information content needed in a digitized radiologic image for it to be equivalent in quality to an analog image. Materials and Methods Eleven sets of radiologic images were obtained from a teaching file collection and digitized. The images were scanned at high resolution and saved as image files. The information content of each image was then halved repeatedly with repeat sampling of the image. This procedure was repeated nine times to yield a total of 10 images with an information content that ranged from very low (32 kB) to high (12 MB). Each of these image files was made into a 35-mm slide by using a digital slide maker. The original radiographs were subsequently made into slides by using conventional photographic methods. Care was taken to make the images identical in every respect except digitization and information content. The slides were shown to radiologists, who filled out questionnaires to rate image quality. Results Digitized slides that contain an average of 416 kB of data (the equivalent of a 750 × 570-pixel matrix with 8-bit gray levels) were equivalent to analog images for 90% of viewers. At 830 kB (1,060 × 800-pixel matrix with 8-bit gray levels), 100% of viewers found no difference between digitized and analog images. Conclusion Digital images become indistinguishable from analog images if a sufficient amount of information is retained in the digital image. There is a defined relationship between the perception of quality and the information content of a digital image.
This Is the Dawning of the Age of the Online Course: Reimagining Introduction to Theatre

Since its 2015 pilot, Florida State University’s fully online Introduction to Theatre for Non-Majors (THE2000) has become a poster-child for FSU’s respected distance-learning programs. Our case study offers the dual perspectives of co-designers Elizabeth Osborne, professor of THE2000, and Shelby Lunderman, teaching assistant. In this article, we outline the pedagogical goals and administrative details of THE2000, then focus our experiences on the day-to-day running of this large, general education course by delving into two major areas: the culminating course assignment (a.k.a., the Outreach Project) and the discussion boards. In so doing, we use our failures and successes to frame best practices for others charged with reimagining Introduction to Theatre courses in an online format.
Comparison of soy lecithin, coconut water, and coconut milk as substitutes for egg-yolk in semen cryodiluent for black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) and Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis).

Abstract Semen cryopreservation for the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) and Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) relies on extenders containing egg-yolk (EY). Use of such media is not ideal as inter-batch composition varies and there is risk of pathogenic contamination. The goal of this study was to test animal protein-free extenders. Semen collected via electroejaculation from 10 rhinoceros (6 black, 4 Indian) was diluted with extender containing EY, 1% or 2% soy lecithin (1%SL; 2%SL), coconut water (CW), or coconut milk (CM), cryopreserved and evaluated for sperm motility, viability, morphology, progression, and acrosomal integrity at 0, 1, 3, 6 and 24 h post-thaw. Mean ± SD fresh ejaculate motility was 84.5 ± 7.6%, progression: 3.6 ± 0.6 (scale 0–5), viability: 83.4 ± 7.1%, intact acrosomes: 71.3 ± 6.9%, and morphologically normal: 78.8 ± 13.6%. Motility and progression decreased in all groups post-thaw, were greatest in EY, and decreased over time (P ≤ 0.05). Motility and progression did not differ (P > 0.05) between 1%SL and 2%SL, but were lower (P ≤ 0.05) in CM and CW, and acrosomal integrity was higher (P ≤ 0.05) in EY, 1%SL and 2%SL than in CM and CW. Post-thaw viability was greatest in EY and 2%SL followed by 1%SL, then CM and CW (P ≤ 0.05). Morphology did not differ among treatments (P > 0.05). Morphology, acrosomal integrity, and viability were maintained over time (P > 0.05). Although some rhinoceros sperm survived cryopreservation in SL treatments, reduced post-thaw motility rendered all treatments inadequate substitutes for EY-based extenders.
Mission Operations Cost Estimation Tool (MOCET) Version 1.3 and Beyond

The Mission Operations Cost Estimation Tool (MOCET) is a model developed by the Aerospace Corporation in partnership with NASA's Science Office for Mission Assessments (SOMA). MOCET provides the capability to generate cost estimates for the operational, or Phase E, portion of NASA science missions. The underlying Cost Estimating Relationships (CERs) are based upon actual historical monthly cost data from NASA Planetary, Earth Science, Explorer, and other missions. The monthly cost data has been separated into operational phases, and CERs are fitted to each phase allowing for a building block approach to generating an overall Phase E estimate. MOCET version 1.3 is the latest update to the tool, which was released in June of 2018. The main feature of this was additional accumulated data for Planetary missions Juno and Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security, Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx). Additional operations cost data for Juno operations at Jupiter were applied to the Orbital Operations CER and OSIRIS-REx cruise data thus far were applied to the Cruise CERs. Since its initial release, MOCET has become one of the top NASA tools for estimating mission operations costs due to its simplicity, versatility, and accuracy. MOCET has been used in NASA full Announcement of Opportunity (AO) competitions by proposers and evaluators since its initial release in 2015. The MOCET team has also worked vigorously to further improve the model by actively demonstrating the tool to NASA program offices and general users to address concerns from all points of view. MOCET is now a widely accepted and critical model in the NASA community and was awarded the NASA Cost and Schedule Team award in 2017. This paper discusses the development history of MOCET and the growth of its user community. Updates made in version 1.3 are also discussed in detail as well as future planned updates for 2019.
Damping of Gravity Waves Over Porous Bed

The damping of gravity waves over the contaminated free surface of a viscous layer of fluid that is bounded below by a porous bed is investigated. It is assumed that the bed is saturated with the same fluid. The coupled system of linearized equations appropriate to the fluid layer and the porous bed is solved to study the damping of a progressive wave on the surface of the fluid. The dispersion relation yielding the dependence of the frequency on the viscosity on the parameters related to the porous bed, and on the free surface film, is derived. The effect of the latter on the damping of the waves is found to be very significant. The results obtained subsume the hitherto known results of other authors.