cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of random travel times on the design of traffic light progressions

Abstract We consider a model of non-interacting two-way traffic for the design of a sequence of two consecutive traffic lights. In order to calculate the optimal offset we maximize the probability of traversing the system without stopping and assume a given travel time distribution. The results are compared to the current engineering design.
The Cuban health care system: Responsiveness to changing population needs and demands

Abstract The health of the Cuban population has improved dramatically since 1960. The health care system has rightfully taken a share of the credit. Health services have evolved in stages corresponding to changing health needs and population pressures. Presently a program of neighborhood family physicians is being implemented while simultaneously the emphasis on tertiary care and basic research is being increased. This paper examines the reasons for this latest reorganization of health services and the mechanisms that have made it possible. The implications for health care services in other developing countries are considered.
The Ramah Navajo Child-to-Child Program.

The international CHILD-to-child program, conceptualized by Dr. David Morley of the University of London, is based on the concept that children in developing nations act as caregivers, teachers, and health workers in their families and communities. The critical component in the program is the ability and willingness of children to become actively involved as care givers. CHILD-to-child is an action-oriented approach that draws upon a vast reservoir of similar programs that have been successful in over forty developing countries of the Third World. Similarities between the Ramah Navajo Community in New Mexico and many Third World nations served as a stimulus in the initiation and development of this project. The Ramah Navajo CHILD-to-child Health Education Project involved the development of a school health education curriculum that supported Native American children in a community-based effort to improve the quality of health care and the standard of living for their families. With funding from the U.S. Department of Education as a national demonstration project, a needs assessment was conducted and a seven-unit curriculum was developed.
Influence of slip system hardening assumptions on modeling stress dependence of work hardening

Abstract Due to the discrete directional nature of processes such as crystallographic slip, the orientation of slip planes relative to a fixed set of loading axes has a direct effect on the magnitude of the external load necessary to induce dislocation motion (yielding). The effect such geometric or textural hardening has on the macroscopic flow stress can be quantified in a polycrystal by the average Taylor factor M . Sources of resistance to dislocation motion such as interaction with dislocation structures, precipitates, and grain boundaries, contribute to the elevation of the critically resolved shear strength τcrss. In continuum slip polycrystal formulations, material hardening phenomena are reflected in the slip system hardness equations. Depending on the model, the hardening equations and the mean field assumption can both affect geometric hardening through texture evolution. In this paper, we examine continuum slip models and focus on how the slip system hardening model and the mean field assumption affect the stress-strain response. Texture results are also presented within the context of how the texture affects geometric hardening. We explore the effect of employing slip system hardnesses averaged over different size scales. We first compare a polycrystal simulation employing a single hardness per crystal to one using a latent hardening formulation producing distinct slip system hardnesses. We find little difference between the amplitude of the single hardness and a crystal-average of the latent hardening values. The geometric hardening is different due to the differences in the textures predicted by each model. We also find that due to the high degree of symmetry in an fcc crystal, macroscopic stress-strain predictions using simulations employing crystal- and aggregateaveraged hardnesses are nearly identical. We find this to be true for several different mean field assumptions. An aggregate-averaged hardness may be preferred in light of the difficulty encountered in experimentally verifying slip system strength in a polycrystal. We also examine model performance under different stress states. We find that, due to a higher degree of geometric softening in torsion, the latent hardening model more closely correlates oxygen free high conductivity copper compression and torsion data than the aggregate-averaged model. Both models predicted similar material hardening rates in torsion and compression, however. Finally, we propose an aggregate-averaged hardening equation with a heightened dependence on the Taylor factor as defined by the average crystal shearing rate that predicts a higher material hardening rate in compression as compared to torsion to correlate the data. We then use the model to predict compression followed by torsion results.
Self-inflicted burns : a ten-year retrospective study

In this 10-year retrospective survey of 2216 admissions to a regional burn center, 15 patients (0.67%) had self-inflicted burn wounds. The burns were serious, with a mean abbreviated burn severity index of 11.2, and eight patients died of their injuries. Nine patients had a documented history of psychiatric problems, seven of whom had undergone a previous psychiatric hospitalization. A psychiatric assessment was obtained for 12 patients immediately after self-immolation, and all but one had a major psychiatric disorder. Seven patients had major depression and four had chronic paranoid schizophrenia. Motives were assessed, both by chart review and by interview of five available survivors and of relatives of nonsurvivors. Fewer than half actually intended to kill themselves; equally important was the theme of attempting to control internal psychotic states. Language: en
Student perceptions of incivility in nursing education: implications for educators.

Abstract This study explored the phenomenon of incivility in nursing education from the perspective of undergraduate nursing students and compared it to perspectives of educators as found in the literature. The sample consisted of 24 undergraduate junior and senior nursing students from four universities in the mid-Atlantic states. Data from four focus groups were transcribed and content analyzed to reveal themes and subthemes. Students perceived that incivility in nursing education exists. They shared a common view with findings in the literature regarding incivility from the faculty perspective. Notably, an emerging student view was that faculty may contribute to the escalating incivility in nursing education, and that student incivility is justified when faculty are seen as uncivil. The implications for educators, consistent with the literature, are that students want professors to maintain classroom decorum and set the example for civility.
Heat Transfer in a Scraped-Wall, Continuous Unit

The effect of the use of scrapers on the film heat transfer coefficient was investigated. Experimental runs were conducted in liquid-full, continuous-flow heat exchangers of commercial size, with a 6-in. ID and 6-ft length. Three test fluids were used: two petroleum lube fractions and corn syrup. Flow rates were varied from 0.8 to 5.8 gpm and the scraper speed from 0.5 to 25 rpm. The data collected were utilized in developing a design correlation in the laminar regime (Rer < 150). The correlation obtained for heating and cooling was Nu = 57 Ref 0.059 Rer 0.113 Pr0.063 Visr−0.018, for 0.0016 < Ref < 9.23 and 0.0164 < Rer < 68.65. A possible flow pattern in the heater was suggested to explain the relative ineffectiveness of scraping for improving the film coefficient for heating very viscous fluids in liquid-full heat exchangers. Comparison of the experimentally obtained film coefficient with those predicted by the penetration theory model indicate that this model is unsuitable for predicting the coefficien...
Albumin Therapy Enhances Collateral Perfusion after Laser-Induced Middle Cerebral Artery Branch Occlusion: A Laser Speckle Contrast Flow Study

Laser speckle contrast (LSC) was used to compare the extent of cortical ischemia in two inbred mouse strains that differed in their degree of collateral circulation, after laser occlusion of the distal middle cerebral artery, and after treatment with 25% albumin (ALB) or saline (control). Sequential LSC images acquired over ∼90 minutes were coaligned, converted to relative flow, and normalized to baseline. After 3-day survival, infarction was quantified by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride or magnetic resonance imaging. In the sparsely collateralized BALB/c strain, mean flow fell to 13% to 14% and 33% to 34% of baseline in central (core) and peripheral (penumbral) regions of interest, and ALB treatment at 30 minutes enhanced perfusion in both regions by ∼2-fold relative to saline, restoring flow to the benign-oligemic range centrally, and to the hyperemic range peripherally. The ALB-induced increment in parenchymal perfusion was disproportionate to the subtle flow increase in the occluded artery itself, suggesting that ALB improved collateral circulation. Cortical infarction in BALB/c mice was reduced 45% by ALB treatment. In contrast to BALB/c mice, the better-collateralized CD-1 strain developed milder ischemia, had smaller infarcts, and showed no differential benefit of ALB. We conclude that where native collateralization is insufficient (BALB/c strain), ALB treatment exerts a significant therapeutic effect after ischemia by augmenting collateral perfusion.
Rate-Dependent Compressive Behavior of Unidirectional Carbon Fiber Composites

Unidirectional carbon fiber stitched composites were subjected to off-axis compression under static and low-velocity impact loading. Specimens were cut such that the fibers were at angles of 15°, 30°, 45° and 60° to the direction of loading. A modified compression fixture was used to carry out the tests. Static tests were carried out on a hydraulically activated MTS loading frame, where specimens were subjected to displacement controlled loading. Low-velocity impact tests were conducted on a drop tower facility. A three-strain-gauge rosette was used to measure global strains. Load was measured using a load cell. Owing to the unique microstructure of the specimens, a modified three-parameter characterization of the inelastic response was used, and the constants associated with this characterization were determined uniquely. Independently, Iosipescu shear tests were carried out to determine the shear response of the material under static and low-velocity impact conditions. The shear response so determined was checked against the off-axis test results. It is shown that rate-dependent interfacial effects are predominant in these materials. Polym. Compos. 25:397‐406, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
PULSED-LASER ULTRASOUND GENERATION IN GRAPHITE/EPOXY PLATE

Abstract A laser-based ultrasonic technique using a pulsed laser to stimulate ultrasonic waves in fiber-reinforced graphite/epoxy composite plate is the subject of investigation. For convenience, the material is chosen to be homogeneous and transversely isotropic. The study is strictly limited to the laser power regimes that are suitable for nondestructive evaluation. An elastodynamic methodology is presented based on an integral formulation in order to develop a representation for the dynamic responses in terms of the characteristics of the source that originated the motion. This requires the computation of the elastodynamic Green's function which represents the displacement field from the idealized synthetic sources localized precisely in both space and time. A two-dimensional numerical analysis utilizing a finite difference method for computation of the Green function in a finite plate is developed which provides the basis for quantitative nondestructive evaluation of fiber-reinforced composite materia...
A Psychometric Study of Surface Electrode Placements for Facial Electromyographic Recording: I. The Brow and Cheek Muscle Regions

Despite the burgeoning literature using facial electromyography (EMG) to study cognitive and emotional processes, the psychometric properties of facial EMG measurement have received little attention. Two experiments were conducted to assess the reliability and validity of facial EMG as a measure of specific facial actions. In Experiment 1, two recording sites in the brow region were compared for their ability to differentiate facial actions hypothesized to be due to the activation of the corrugator supercilii from facial actions presumed to be due to the activation of proximate muscles (e.g. depressor supercilii, procerus, frontalis, levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, orbicularis oculi), and four sites in the infraorbital triangle were compared for their ability to differentiate facial actions hypothesized to be due to the activation of the zygomaticus major from facial actions presumed to be due the activation of proximate muscles (e.g. zygomaticus minor, risorius, buccinator, orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris). Fifteen subjects were instructed to pose a series of facial actions while EMG activity was sampled simultaneously at all sites. In Experiment 2, 5 subjects returned to the laboratory for a more extensive investigation of surface EMG activity over the zygomaticus major muscle region. The results of this experiment confirmed the findings of Experiment 1. Overall, the results demonstrate that certain recording sites located over specific facial muscle regions are more sensitive and valid indices of particular facial actions than other nearby sites.
Transfer of compound and component solution modes

The present experiment compares the shift performance of four groups on the following types of shift problems: a component problem following a previous component problem with a different relevant dimension, a component problem following a compound problem, a compound problem following a previous compound problem with a different relevant dimension, and a compound problem following a component problem. Facilitation of shift performance was found following prior solution of a problem of the same type either compound or component, while interference resulted from prior solution of the other type of problem. The shift effects are interpreted in terms of Levine’s (1974, 1975) transfer hypothesis and an extension of the attention theory of Zeaman and House (1963, 1974).
Poster 33 Unique Presentation of Terson's Syndrome in a Traumatic Brain Injury Patient: A Case Report

Disclosures: J. W. Bailey, Employment: Temple University Hospital. Case Description: A 30-year-old man sustained a right frontal lobe contusion, subdural hematoma, and subarachnoid hemorrhage following a high-speed motorcycle collision. He was initially comatose and required a decompressive craniectomy for elevated intracranial pressure. After regaining consciousness during his acute hospital course, no visual deficits were identified. Neuroimaging studies revealed no evidence of ocular abnormalities. On admission to our inpatient rehabilitation unit 2 weeks post-injury, baseline visual field testing uncovered binasal hemianopsia. Due to the extremely rare incidence of this pattern and our concerns about the specific anatomic aberrations often required for its manifestation, ophthalmology was consulted immediately. Fundoscopic examination revealed bilateral vitreous hemorrhage. Setting: Tertiary care hospital and rehabilitation facility. Results or Clinical Course: Further evaluation by a retina specialist confirmed the diagnosis of Terson’s syndrome. Given the extent of hemorrhage and the low likelihood of spontaneous resorption, the patient first underwent early left vitrectomy at 5 weeks post-injury. After discharge from our facility, a right vitrectomy was performed. At outpatient physiatry follow-up 4 months post-injury, the patient was noted to have full recovery of vision in both eyes. Discussion: Terson’s syndrome was originally defined by the occurrence of vitreous hemorrhage in association with subarachnoid hemorrhage, but now encompasses any intraocular hemorrhage associated with intracranial hemorrhage and elevated intracranial pressure. Typically, patients present with global vision loss of varying degrees. This is the first reported case, to our knowledge, of binasal hemianopsia associated with Terson’s syndrome. Conclusions: A thorough baseline neurologic examination for patients with traumatic brain injury is necessary to identify deficits such as vision loss. Early recognition and treatment of Terson’s syndrome in this unique case prevented permanent visual impairment and allowed for maximum functional recovery with improved quality of life.
Judgments of intensity for brief sequences

The ability to make intensity judgments for sequential stimuli was examined with an intensity-discrimination task involving three 50-ms noise bursts with non-overlapping frequency ranges. Targets (single bursts) presented in three-burst sequences were required to be as much as 5 dB more intense than targets presented as single bursts in isolation, especially for the later targets. Randomizing target position in the sequence did not reliably reduce performance, nor were thresholds for younger and older listeners reliably different. These increases in increment detection threshold are indications of a specific intensity-processing deficit for stimuli occurring later in a sequence.
Equivalence between transfer-matrix and observed-state feedback control

An observed-state feedback is built for a given multiple input–multiple output (MIMO) control loop, where the controller is specified in transfer-matrix form. This contribution solves for the first time, for MIMO systems, the classical problem of finding a feedback gain and an observer gain such that the observed-state feedback control loop has the same sensitivity as that provided by a one-degree-of-freedom classical control loop.
Regenerator Site Selection in Waveband Optical Networks Supporting Mixed Line Rates

We formulate the regenerator site selection problem as an integer linear program (ILP) and propose heuristics to solve the design problem in the context of waveband optical networks. We study the effect of the number of regenerator sites on the number of optical ports in waveband networks that support mixed line rates. Results demonstrate that increasing the number of regenerator sites reduces the electronic cost, however the optical switch port cost decreases initially and then remains the same with an increase in the number of regenerator sites.
Metro/Nonmetro Residence, Nonmarital Conception, and Conception Outcomes*

Two of the most significant changes affecting U.S. society during the 20th century were transformations in family structure and the transition from a nonmetropolitan/farm society to a largely metropolitan society. In this study, classic sociological theory, developed to understand differences between metro and nonmetro society, was employed. Despite contentions that the residence variable is no longer viable, we hypothesized that nonmetro interaction patterns would result in nonmetro residents making more traditional and conservative choices relative to family formation. Analysis of data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth provided support for these contentions. Nonmetropolitan women were significantly more likely than metropolitan women to be married at the time of conception. Further, when comparing women who were not married at conception, nonmetro women were significantly more likely than metro women to get married prior to the birth of the child, and were significantly more likely to have the pregnancy result in a live birth.
Role of ATP in binding and migration of 40S ribosomal subunits

Abstract Two assays have been devised to demonstrate ATP-dependent migration of 40S ribosomal subunits on messenger RNA. The first is a two-step runoff assay. Reovirus mRNA was initially loaded with 40S subunits by incubation with wheat germ ribosomes in the presence of the antibiotic edeine. During the second phase of the incubation, in which further attachment of ribosomes was inhibited, the preformed complexes were shown to dissociate (presumably by runoff) only if ATP was included in the reaction. A more direct demonstration of ATP-dependent migration of 40S subunits was carried out using 3′ end-labeled brome mosaic virus mRNA. In the presence of edeine and ATP, 40S ribosomal subunits were shown to advance all the way to the 3′ end of the message, as shown by protection of the labeled 3′-proximal segment against nuclease digestion. Depletion of ATP by the addition of hexokinase prevented this migration. A variety of observations has raised the possibility that attachment of eucaryotic ribosomes to messenger RNA proceeds via a "scanning mechanism." The hypothesis is that a 40S subunit binds initially at or near the 5′ terminus of the message and subsequently migrates toward the interior, stopping when it encounters the first AUG triplet. If migration of 40S subunits requires ATP, as the present studies suggest, the scanning mechanism predicts that in a system depleted of ATP a single 40S ribosome should be trapped near the 5′ terminus of the message—upstream of the AUG initiator codon. This prediction was confirmed by analyzing binding of wheat germ ribosomes to a synthetic ribopolymer in which the 5′-proximal region (lacking AUG codons) and the AUG-containing segment near the 3′ end of the molecule were differentially labeled.
Sex-specific genetic loci for femoral neck bone mass and strength identified in inbred COP and DA rats.

Introduction: Hip fracture is the most devastating osteoporotic fracture type with significant morbidity and mortality. Several studies in humans identified chromosomal regions linked to hip size and bone mass. Animal models, particularly the inbred rat, serve as complementary approaches for studying the genetic influence on hip fragility. The purpose of this study is to identify sex-independent and sex-specific quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for femoral neck density, structure, and strength in inbred Copenhagen 2331 (COP) and Dark Agouti (DA) rats. Materials and Methods: A total of 828 (405 males and 423 females) F2 progeny derived from the inbred COP and DA strains of rats were phenotyped for femoral neck volumetric BMD (vBMD), cross-sectional area, polar moment of inertia (Ip), neck width, ultimate force, and energy to break. A whole genome screen was performed using 93 microsatellite markers with an average intermarker distance of 20 cM. Recombination-based marker maps were generated using MAPMAKER/EXP from the COP × DA F2 data and compared with published Rat Genome Database (RGD) maps. These maps were used for genome-wide linkage analyses to detect sex-independent and sex-specific QTLs. Results: Significant evidence of linkage (p < 0.01) for sex-independent QTLs were detected for (1) femoral neck vBMD on chromosomes (Chrs) 1, 6, 10, and 12, (2) femoral neck structure on Chrs 5, 7, 10, and 18, and (3) biomechanical properties on Chrs 1 and 4. Male-specific QTLs were discovered on Chrs 2, 9, and 18 for total vBMD, on Chr 17 for trabecular vBMD, on Chr 9 for total bone area, and on Chr 15 for ultimate force. A female-specific QTL was discovered on Chr 2 for ultimate force. The effect size of the individual QTL varied between 1% and 4%. Conclusions: We detected evidence that sex-independent and sex-specific QTLs contribute to hip fragility in the inbred rat. Several QTLs regions identified in this study are homologous to human chromosomal regions previously linked to QTLs contributing to femoral neck and related phenotypes.
Optimal Server Allocation and Frequency Modulation on Multi-Core Based Server Clusters

Multi-core processing has been widely used in high-performance computing systems. Power reduction and energy conservation are important in these systems to minimize operating cost. Two main strategies exist for power management: Dynamic Voltage/Frequency Scaling DV/FS and server number controlling: Vary-On Vary-Off VOVF. In this paper, the authors explore the benefits of DV/FS and VOVF and apply them in a multi-core based server cluster. An optimization problem is formulated to get the optimal resource scheduling strategy given a parallel workload. The presented optimization model provides controllable and quantitative power consumption with theoretically guaranteed service performance. The authors further study the overhead of the proposed scheme and provide a Double Control Periods DCP method to compensate the transition overhead. The power optimization model is evaluated via extensive simulations. It is also justified by the real workload data trace. The results prove the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed model.
The Art of War on Viruses

Viruses have evolved clever ways to take over host cells. Host cells protect themselves by undergoing apoptosis (programmed death) after infections to prevent further viral spread. Sun Tzu, the author of The Art of War , wrote that “what is of supreme importance in war is to attack the enemy's strategy.” Indeed, viruses have developed ways to stop host cell death, allowing the virus to survive and persist. For example, the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can persist as a latent virus in human B cells and contribute to the development of human cancers, such as Burkitt’s lymphoma. To stop EBV persistence, Procko and colleagues designed a new protein that inhibits its “prosurvival” protein BHRF1. BHRF1 is a homolog of the human prosurvival molecule B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), which blocks apoptosis. Bcl-2 works by sequestering certain proapoptotic proteins or by directly inhibiting apoptosis-initiating proteins. Viral BHRF1 prevents lymphocyte host death during infection by sequestering proapoptotic Bcl-2 homology 3 (BH3)–only proteins—especially one called Bim, which has been implicated in lymphomagenesis. Using computation-based protein design approaches, the investigators created de novo a potent inhibitor of BHRF1 with tight and specific binding activity. The functional motif of Bim-BH3 that promotes apoptosis (when bound to BHRF1) was “grafted” into a templated and structured three-helix bundle protein scaffold so as to achieve effective complementary target binding, proper folding, and stabilization. After scanning thousands of possible constructs, the authors narrowed down their choices to two engineered protein variants. Further manipulation by use of directed evolution yielded BHRF1 binder variants with even higher and stable affinity. The result was an artificially crafted protein that binds and inhibits BHRF1, thus triggering apoptosis in EBV-infected cancer cells in vitro. The engineered inhibitor suppressed tumor progression in animals with human EBV-positive lymphomas. Key to success was the understanding of the enemy’s strategies and knowledge of basic protein structure and function. The computational template scaffolding and iterative optimization platform described by Procko et al. is a viable approach to generating new molecules that interfere with viral persistence in cancer. The next step is to address the intracellular and systemic delivery of such designer proteins in order to be able to use them clinically. E. Procko et al. , A computationally designed inhibitor of an Epstein-Barr viral Bcl-2 protein induces apoptosis in infected cells. Cell 157 , 1644–1656 (2014). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674%2814%2900613-8
"Burned-out" pyloric stenosis: an elusive gastric outlet obstruction.

Four cases of infantile pyloric stenosis are presented to illustrate the difficulties found in diagnosing pyloric stenosis. Clinical, histological, surgical, and roentgenologic examination must be combined to determine the optimum treatment. All patients exhibited failure to thrive and gain weight normally, but few showed palpable tumors upon abdominal examination. The results of upper gastrointestinal examination are often more confusing than helpful, but previously performed GI studies have been rewarding. The main problem is to rule out pylorospasm, and a trial of treatment with antispasmodics is essential. The presence or absence of a residual muscle mass at surgery would call for pylorotomy or pyroplasty, respectively.
Preparing Community-Engaged Teachers

The goals of teacher education must evolve beyond the teaching of strategies and methods toward a process for beginning teachers' critical interrogation of their social locations and the ways they engage with the realities of teaching and learning. One way that this is accomplished is by incorporating opportunities for community engagement beyond classroom walls in ways that employ teaching practicum experiences in K–12 classrooms. This article describes one teacher educator's experiences preparing secondary English and literacy preservice teachers enrolled in a Teaching Writing Course where students participate in the coordination and facilitation of a community writing event for local middle and high school students. Preservice teachers witnessed writing instruction and youth writing practices that thrived in an educational partnership among multiple stakeholders, including students, parents, teachers, administrators, university professors, and community youth liaisons. Then I share examples of students...
Valuing Economic Benefits of Agricultural Landscape by Double-Bounded Dichotomous Choice CVM -A Case Study of Nose-town, Osaka Prefecture-

In this paper, we evaluate the environmental benefits which Nose-town's agricultural landscape bring about to residents by applying double-bounded dichotomous choice CVM.As a result of the evaluation, we obtain about thirty-five billion yen per year as a value amount of the agricultural landscape (WTP) . The agricultural landscape is evaluated by residents within ninety-minute area from Nose-town. Although large cities such as Kyoto, Osaka and Kobe are included in the ninety-minute area, this value amount is quite large sum of amount for the traditional agricultural landscape that is not turned into the sightseeing resort. An increasing number of local governments and organizations have carried out the policies and activities to preserve the endangered Japanese traditional agricultural landscape such as terranced rice paddy fields. This evaluation results support the idea that these policies and activities are worth carrying out.In this study, to specify how large a range of beneficiaries is, we expanded the target of the CVM survey to the ninety-minute area. Consequently, we clarified the relationship between access time and WTP. That is to say according as the access time to the environmental goods increases WTP decreases. As we have illustrated the relationship with a figure, which shows the relationship between the access time and WTP, we obtain some knowledge about the range of beneficiaries. The knowledge gives us useful information to design CVM survey.In this CVM survey, we applied double-bounded dichotomous choice to supplement disadvantage of singlebounded dichotomous choice, a shortage of information provided to respondents. As a result, we could clarify an effect that the rate of yes-saying at the highest offer value showed relatively low level in comparison with single-bounded dichotomous choice.
Anopthalmia/microphthlamia-esophageal atresia association with additional features imperforate anus, choanal atresia, cyanotic heart disease.

Anopthalmia/microphthlamia-esophageal atresia association with additional features imperforate anus, choanal atresia, cyanotic heart disease
Effects of lactation and contraceptive use on birth‐spacing in Bolivia

This study examines the joint effects of breast feeding and contraceptive use on birth spacing in Bolivia during 1984-88. Data are obtained from the 1989 Bolivian Demographic and Health Survey conducted on a sample of 7923 women aged 15-49 years. The fertility model gives an estimate of the effects of contraceptive method chosen and lactation patterns on the likelihood of another conception following the birth of the index child in separate models by parity. Controls are included for demographic family background and community environmental factors. Stopping of breast feeding significantly increased the likelihood of another conception for second and higher order births. Breast-fed first-born infants did not affect the likelihood of a second conception. All use of contraception reduced the likelihood of a conception for all parities. Use of the IUD had the greatest contraceptive effect on the likelihood of a next birth for all parities. The likelihood of a conception was 6-7 times lower among women using an IUD following a third and lower-parity birth compared to women who used no contraception. For IUD-using women with four or more children the likelihood of a next birth was 40 times less likely compared to noncontraceptors. Sex of the index child was found to be unrelated to the likelihood of a subsequent birth. Older mothers particularly women with high parity births were less likely to have a subsequent conception. Higher education (9 or more years) lowered the odds of a next birth but the effects of education decreased with the inclusion of contraceptive patterns in the model. Mothers working for pay were 1.3 times less likely to have a next birth at all parities compared to other women. Women married to men with no schooling were 1.4-2.0 times less likely to have a next birth compared to women with partners with some schooling. Living in Altiplano and Valles regions lowered the odds of conception by 1.3 times. Ethnicity and urbanization affected the likelihood of a next birth. The negative effect of poverty on conception was found to be exacerbated by multiple pregnancies.
Trichinella pseudospiralis overcomes innate resistance of the chinese hamster to Trichinella spiralis

Infectivity of Trichinella pseudospiralis in Chinese hamsters was greater than that of Trichinella spiralis. Concurrent infection with these two species of parasite was accompanied by an increase in infectivity of T. spiralis. The infectivity of T. pseudospiralis, but not that of T. spiralis, was significantly influenced by host age. Regardless of host age, T. pseudospiralis was more infective for the Chinese hamster than was T. spiralis. Early during infection, enteritis (myeloperoxidase activity) in hamsters infected with T. pseudospiralis alone was significantly less than that seen in animals infected with T. spiralis alone or with both species concurrently. Myositis in hamsters infected with T. pseudospiralis alone was significantly less on days 14, 17 and 25 post-infection (p.i.) than that observed in concurrently infected or T. spiralis-infected animals. On days 11 and 14 p.i. inflammation in diaphragm muscle from concurrently infected hamsters was significantly less than that seen in animals infected with T. spiralis alone. Muscle histology supported these chemical data on myositis. Suppression of the host inflammatory response against early muscle-stage larvae of T. pseudospiralis underlies the greater infectivity of this parasite for the Chinese hamster.
Photochronocoulometric Measurement of the Coverage of Surface-Bound Dyes on Titanium Dioxide Crystal Surfaces†

Atomically flat terraced single-crystal anatase and rutile surfaces can be prepared allowing for the reproducible adsorption of covalently attached sensitizing dyes. Once reproducible surfaces and dye coverages are achieved, a photochronocoulometric technique is developed to measure the surface coverage of the dyes, an important parameter in determining the efficiency of sensitization. The surface-bound dyes are irreversibly oxidized by exposure to a light pulse with the n-type oxide semiconductor electrode held in depletion. A double-exponential decay of the subsequent photocurrent is then measured, where the integration of the faster decay is associated with the adsorbed dye coverage and the second much slower decay is attributed to trace regenerators, including water, in the nonaqueous electrolyte. The ruthenium-based N3 dye shows the expected linear dependence of the rate constant on light intensity whereas a dicarboxylated thiacyanine dye shows a square root dependence of its photooxidation rate on light intensity. The sublinear response of the thiacyanine dye is discussed in terms of the more complex surface chemistry that is known for this family of sensitizing dyes.
EFFECT OF BACTERIAL PROTEIN EXTRACTION REAGENT COMBINED WITH SODIUM AZIDE ON THE DETECTION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 USING IMMUNOMAGNETIC-ELECTROCHEMILUMINESCENCE 1

Immunomagnetic capture combined with electrochemiluminescent detection (IM-ECL) is a rapid and sensitive method for the detection of pathogenic microorganisms from food. Prior to ECL detection enriched samples are often heated to reduce the viability of pathogens. In this work, a number of cell-lysis reagents and biocides were examined as alternatives to the heat treatment step to decrease bacterial viability in enriched samples as well as to improve the IM-ECL detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7. A combination of Bacterial Protein Extraction Reagent (B-PERTM), a nonionic detergent, and sodium azide (NaN3) decreased bacterial viability to below the level of detection (<10 cells/mL) in ground beef enrichments and resulted in a 6-fold increase in the sensitivity of IM-ECL detection ofE. coli O157:H7.
Application of confocal laser scanning microscopy to analysis of H2O2‐induced DNA damage in human cells

Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) offers improved depth discrimination and spatial resolution to the analysis of biologic samples. We demonstrate in this paper that such technology is valuable in examining DNA single-strand breaks in human cells. The single-cell-gel (SCG) assay is a new technique for measuring DNA strand breaks in individual cells. Cells embedded in low-melting-point agarose are treated with varying concentrations of hydrogen peroxide to induce DNA strand breaks. Following cell lysis and alkaline electrophoresis, which enables single-stranded break detection, analysis of the resulting "comets" provides an accurate method of comparing changes in DNA migration patterns, which have been shown to reflect the DNA damage levels. A statistically significant difference (p < 0.01) in single-stranded DNA damage levels was detected in cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide concentrations as low as 10 nm for 2 min. LSM analysis of the SCG technique allows rapid, sensitive, and reproducible quantitation of single-stranded breaks of cellular DNA.
Radical Resection of Periampullary Tumors in the Elderly: Evaluation of Long-term Results

Increasingly, patients of advanced age are coming for evaluation of periampullary tumors. Although several studies have demonstrated the safety of resecting periampullary tumors in older patients, few long-term survival data have been reported. Between 1983 and 1992 various periampullary masses were resected in 70 patients over age 65 (range 65–87 years). Total pancreatectomy was performed in 11 patients, and 59 patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy. The mean duration of hospitalization was 17 ± 15 days. Major complications occurred in 27 patients (39%), and operative mortality rate was 8.5%. Overall median survival was 24 months; and 5-year survival was 25%. Perioperative outcome was compared in patients aged 65 to 74 years and in patients ≥75 years old. The older age group required longer periods in the surgical intensive care unit postoperatively, but the long-term survival was similar in the two age groups. Radical resection with the intent to cure periampullary tumors is safe in selected patients of advanced age, and long-term survival is in the range of expected survival for younger patients with the same tumors.
Monkeys (Macaca mulatta) raised only with peers. A pilot study.

Abstract Four infant rhesus raised in a group (4-TT) and six raised in pairs (2-TT) were compared with eight infants raised on mother surrogates (SP) and twenty raised with real mothers (MP). When tested with peers early in life 4-TT and 2-TT subjects showed less play, hostility and sex, and the 2-TT subjects exhibited a preponderance of social cling. When tested as adults the 2-TT and 4-TT monkeys were below controls on measures of play, above controls on social proximity, hostility, and withdrawal, and the 2-TT subjects showed inadequate sexual adjustment. Data are interpreted as suggesting that behaviours normally associated with affectional ties can become so extreme as to inhibit normal social development.
Updating the Sex “Wars”: Political Challenges to Liberationism

When I wrote “Notes of a Post-Sex Wars Theorizer” it was in 1991, a decade after the Barnard Conference. 1 Thus from the get-go, I thought about the feminist sex wars not as a participant, but as a...
Radiation effects of thymidine-2-C14.

Abstract 1. 1. By use of the perchloric acid procedure of Ogur and Rosen and by the planchet smear method it was shown that thymidine was utilized for DNA synthesis in meristematic cells of Allium cepa seedling root tips; thymine was virtually unused. This is in agreement with uptake studies in the rat, rabbit, chicken and Tetrahymena . 2. 2. The total uptake (incorporated and unincorporated) of thymidine in meristems only or in whole roots is greater than that of thymine, (3:1). For thymidine the total uptake in the whole root reaches a maximum at about 10 hours. 3. 3. The planchet smear was used to show the linear increase of thymidine incorporation in DNA of meristems for a period of over 20 hours. 4. 4. The minimum concentration of thymidine which gave maximum incorporation into DNA was approximately 0.1–0.2 μmoles per ml. 5. 5. Radioautographs of interphase nuclei and mitotic chromosomes were obtained with thymidine-C 14 treated meristems.
Exploring the nature of cellulose microfibrils.

Ultrathin cellulose microfibril fractions were extracted from spruce wood powder using combined delignification, TEMPO-catalyzed oxidation, and sonication processes. Small-angle X-ray scattering of these microfibril fractions in a "dilute" aqueous suspension (concentration 0.077 wt %) revealed that their shape was in the form of nanostrip with 4 nm width and only about 0.5 nm thicknesses. These dimensions were further confirmed by TEM and AFM measurements. The 0.5 nm thickness implied that the nanostrip could contain only a single layer of cellulose chains. At a higher concentration (0.15 wt %), SAXS analysis indicated that these nanostrips aggregated into a layered structure. The X-ray diffraction of samples collected at different preparation stages suggested that microfibrils were delaminated along the (110) planes from the Iβ cellulose crystals. The degree of oxidation and solid-state (13)C NMR characterizations indicated that, in addition to the surface molecules, some inner molecules of microfibrils were also oxidized, facilitating the delamination into cellulose nanostrips.
Electrostatic mechanism of chromatin folding.

Abstract We describe a theoretical analysis of cation binding in the nucleosome, and in chromatin as it folds, using Manning's polyelectrolyte theory. The theory accounts remarkably well, even quantitatively, both for the interaction of histone charges with DNA in chromatin, and for the essential features of the folding process. The degree of chromatin folding under different ion conditions is reliably predicted by the electrostatic free energy of DNA in the H1 binding site, which determines repulsions between linker DNA segments thus limiting how closely they may approach. The electrostatic free energy is a function of the ionic strength and the residual (unneutralized) DNA charge. Monovalent cations effect chromatin folding primarily by screening the residual charge whilst divalent or trivalent cations bind to DNA reducing its residual charge. The binding of H1 to the linker DNA considerably reduces its electrostatic free energy by displacing bound cations and reducing the residual charge. Thus, native chromatin folds at lower salt concentrations than does H1-depleted chromatin. We conclude that the mechanism of chromatin folding is primarily electrostatic in nature. In vivo ion conditions are such that chromatin is compact but H1 molecules are able to exchange freely, probably due to a low degree of salt-induced dissociation. When H1 molecules exchange, transient local disruptions may occur in the chromatin filament due to repulsion of temporarily H1-free linker DNA from within the filament, such that chromatin “breathes”. Thus, the cell can maintain its chromatin in a compact form and access to DNA for sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins and the transcription machinery is still possible.
SU-EE-A3-06: Onboard SPECT: Functional-Image-Based Target Localization

Purpose: To investigate clinical feasibility for functional‐image‐based target localization via onboard single photon emission computed tomography (onboard SPECT). Specifically, to understand lesion visibility and signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of onboard SPECTimaging with the following simulated variables: lesion size, target‐to‐background radiotracer uptake, and scan time. Method and Materials: We simulated onboard SPECTimaging for a patient in treatment position who had received a diagnostic‐level dose of hypoxia radiotracer. The planning CT of a typical breast cancer patient with lung mets was segmented into bone, lung, and soft tissue. Lesions were simulated in the right lung that varied in diameter (0.5cm, 1cm, 1.5cm, 2cm, 3cm) and radiotracer uptake (lesion:lung:soft tissue — 6:1:3, 12:1:3, 18:1:3). Radiotracer concentration was 1.4μCi/g in aerobic soft tissue. Attenuation was modeled for 140 keV photons. Projection images were simulated for a gamma camera with parallel collimation, and Poisson noise was added to projections to simulate several scan times: 1min, 2min, 5min, 10min, 20min. Noisy projection images were reconstructed by OSEM (10 subsets, 5 iterations). Post‐filtered reconstructed images were then analyzed by plotting image profiles across each lesion and calculating SNR.Results: One minute scan time provided good visualization of a 2cm lesion with 12:1:3 uptake ratio. When scan time remained constant at 5 minutes, 2cm lesions were visible for each uptake ratio. In another simulation, a 1cm lesion (18:1:3) was clearly visible following 5 minutes of scan time. As expected, SNR generally improved with increased lesion size, scan time, and relative radiotracer uptake. Conclusion: Scan times on the order of a few minutes yield sufficient information to visualize lesions as small as 1cm in the lung. These results suggest that onboard SPECT may be effective for real‐time and functional‐image‐based target localization.
An Adaptive Finite Element Scheme for Hydraulic Fracturing with Proppant Transport

A mathematical model and adaptive finite element scheme are developed for describing the distribution of proppant in a propagating hydraulic fracture. The governing equation for proppant concentration is derived by applying the conservation law of mass to the proppant and to the proppant-laden fluid. Shah's empirical equation, which relates the proppant concentration and the indices of the non-Newtonian fluid, is used to describe the proppant-laden fluid. The proppant distribution inside a hydraulic fracture can then be obtained by solving the proppant concentration equation together with the governing equations of fluid and elasticity for a hydraulic fracturing. A novel moving grid scheme is developed that combines grid point insertion with redistribution. Four examples corresponding to different in situ stress distributions are computed to demonstrate the scheme.