cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A disoriented chiral condensate search at the Fermilab Tevatron

MiniMax (Fermilab T-864) was a small test/experiment at the Tevatron designed to search for disoriented chiral condensates (DCC) in the forward direction. Relativistic quantum field theory treats the vacuum as a medium, with bulk properties characterized by long-range order parameters. This has led to suggestions that regions of {open_quotes}disoriented vacuum{close_quotes} might be formed in high-energy collision processes. In particular, the approximate chiral symmetry of QCD could lead to regions of vacuum which have chiral order parameters disoriented to directions which have non-zero isospin, i.e. disoriented chiral condensates. A signature of DCC is the resulting distribution of the fraction of produced pions which are neutral. The MiniMax detector at the C0 collision region of the Tevatron was a telescope of 24 multi-wire proportional chambers (MWPC`s) with a lead converter behind the eighth MWPC, allowing the detection of charged particles and photon conversions in an acceptance approximately a circle of radius 0.6 in pseudorapidity-azimuthal-angle space, centered on pseudorapidity {eta} {approx} 4. An electromagnetic calorimeter was located behind the MWPC telescope, and hadronic calorimeters and scintillator were located in the upstream anti-proton direction to tag diffractive events.
Magnetic Flares and the Observed τT ∼ 1 in Seyfert Galaxies

We here consider the pressure equilibrium during an intense magnetic flare above the surface of a cold accretion disk. Under the assumption that the heating source for the plasma trapped within the flaring region is an influx of energy transported inward with a group velocity close to c, e.g., by magnetohydrodynamic waves, this pressure equilibrium can constrain the Thomson optical depth, τT, to be of order unity. We suggest that this may be the reason why τT~1 in Seyfert galaxies. We also consider whether current data can distinguish between the spectrum produced by a single X-ray-emitting region with τT~1 and that formed by many different flares spanning a range of τT. We find that the current observations do not yet have the required energy resolution to permit such a differentiation. Thus, it is possible that the entire X-ray/γ-ray spectrum of Seyfert galaxies is produced by many independent magnetic flares with an optical depth of 0.5<τT<2.
RADIO PULSAR STATISTICS

Radio pulsars are a major probe of the Galactic neutron star population and its evolution. Our attempts to derive the properties of the underlying, as opposed to the observed, population of radio pulsars in our Galaxy have gradually improved over the years thanks to large-scale surveys and more detailed simulations of the population. This review attempts to summarize our current state of knowledge in this area. We discuss the currently observed pulsar population, selection effects and correction techniques used to deduce the Galactic distribution and birth rate. Two outstanding problems in pulsar statistics are then reviewed: the period evolution of normal pulsars and the number of isolated ‘recycled’ pulsars. Finally, an exciting new search project with the Arecibo telescope is described along with the ultimate future pulsar survey with the Square Kilometer Array.
Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGA)

This document describes a method for binding a public signature key to an IPv6 address in the Secure Neighbor Discovery (SEND) protocol. Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGA) are IPv6 addresses for which the interface identifier is generated by computing a cryptographic one-way hash function from a public key and auxiliary parameters. The binding between the public key and the address can be verified by re-computing the hash value and by comparing the hash with the interface identifier. Messages sent from an IPv6 address can be protected by attaching the public key and auxiliary parameters and by signing the message with the corresponding private key. The protection works without a certification authority or any security infrastructure. [STANDARDS-TRACK]
Data distribution satellite

The Data Distiribution Satellite (DDS), operating in conjunction with the planned space network, the National Research and Education Network and its commercial derivatieves, would play a key role in networking the emerging supercomputing facilities, national archives, academic, industrial, and government institutions. Centrally located over the US in geostationary orbit, DDS would carry sophisticated on‐board switching and make use of advanced antennas to provide an array of special services.
Designing Capture Applications to Support the Education of Children with Autism

We explore the social and technical design issues involved in tracking the effectiveness of educational and therapeutic interventions for children with autism (CWA). Automated capture can be applied in a variety of settings to provide a means of keeping valuable records of interventions. We present the findings from qualitative studies and the designs of capture prototypes. These experiences lead to conclusions about specific considerations for building technologies to assist in the treatment of CWA, as well as other fragile demographics. Our work also reflects back on the automated capture problem itself, informing us as computer scientists how that class of applications must be reconsidered when the analysis of data in the access phase continually influences the capture needs and when social and practical constraints conflict with data collection needs.
Anticanonical Rational Surfaces

A determination of the fixed components, base points and irregularity is made for arbitrary numerically effective divisors on any smooth projective rational surface having an effective anticanonical divisor. All of the results are proven over an algebraically closed field of arbitrary characteristic. Applications, treated in separate papers, include questions involving: points in good position, birational models of rational surfaces in projective space, and resolutions for ideals of fat point subschemes of $P^2$.
A nonlinear singular perturbation problem

Let F (ue) + e(ue − w) = 0( 1) whereF is a nonlinear operator in a Hilbert space H, w ∈ H is an element, and e> 0 is a parameter. Assume that F (y) = 0, and F � (y) is not a boundedly invertible operator. Sufficient conditions are given for the existence of the solution to (1) and for the convergence lime→0 � ue − y� = 0. An example of applications is considered. In this example F is a nonlinear integral operator.
The RMS peculiar velocity of clusters

We study the rms peculiar velocity of clusters as a convenient statistic to put constraints on cosmological models. This statistic is easy to compute theoretically given a model for the power spectrum; we show that with some assumptions it can be directly related to the quantity $\Omega_0^{0.6}\sigma_8$. We develop a likelihood method for estimating the rms peculiar velocity of clusters from line-of-sight velocity measurements and their associated errors. We apply our method to two samples of cluster peculiar velocities; a new sample known as the SCI sample and a subsample of the Mark III catalog. Although these two samples initially give results which are inconsistent, we show that they can be put into good agreement by the removal, particularly from the Mark III sample, of a set of clusters with multiple mass concentrations, cluster membership ambiguities, or excessive obscuration, properties which may have introduced unaccounted for errors into measurements of their peculiar velocities. Once these clusters are removed from the samples, they both favor a relatively low value for the 1-D rms peculiar velocity of clusters $\sigma_v= 265^{+106}_{-75}{km s}^{-1}$ (at 90% confidence), leading to the constraint $\Omega_0^{0.6}\sigma_8= 0.44^{+0.19}_{-0.13}$, consistent with cluster abundance studies but inconsistent with $\Omega_0=1$ CDM normalized to COBE at the 99.7% confidence level.
Coarse root distribution of a semi-arid oak savanna estimated with ground penetrating radar

[1] The binary nature of Northern California's ecohydrology, in which water is either abundantly available or scarce, should be reflected in the root architecture of the native blue oak. Our objective was to quantify carbon storage and understand how the form of the root system facilitates ecosystem functioning despite the asynchrony between winter water availability, spring leaf growth, and dry-summer canopy maintenance. To do this, we surveyed coarse root distribution with a ground penetrating radar (GPR), due to its advantages in covering large areas rapidly and non-destructively. We calibrated root biomass detected by GPR against roots excavated from a number of small pits. Based on a survey of six tree configurations (varying in age, size, and clumping), we found that coarse roots occupy the full soil profile and that coarse root biomass of old large trees reached a peak directly above the bedrock. As opposed to other semi-arid regions, where trees often develop extensive shallow lateral coarse roots to exploit the entire wet-soil medium, we found that root density decreased with distance from the bole, and dropped sharply beyond a distance of 2 m. We upscaled tree root biomass to stand scale (2.8 ± 0.4 kg m−2) based on lidar analysis of the relative abundance of each tree configuration. We argue that this deep and narrow root structure reflects the ecohydrology of oaks in this ecosystem. An extensive lateral root system would not be beneficial during the growing season, when water is sufficiently abundant, nor during summer, when soil water is highly limited.
Non-local matrix generalizations of W-algebras

There is a standard way to define two symplectic (hamiltonian) structures, the first and second Gelfand-Dikii brackets, on the space of ordinarym th-order linear differential opeatorsL=−d m +U 1 d m−1+U 2 d m−2+...+U m . In this paper, I consider in detail the case where theU k aren×n-matrix-valued functions, with particular emphasis on the (more interesting) second Gelfand-Dikii bracket. Of particular interest is the reduction to the symplectic submanifoldU 1=0. This reduction gives rise to matrix generalizations of (the classical version of) thenon-linear W m -algebras, calledV n, m -algebras. The non-commutativity of the matrices leads tonon-local terms in theseV n, m -algebra.s I show that these algebras contain a conformal Virasoro subalgebra and that combinationsW k of theU k can be formed that aren×n-matrices of conformally primary fields of spink, in analogy with the scalar casen=1. In general however, theV m, n -algebras have a much richer structure than theW m -algebras as can be seen on the examples of thenon-linear andnon-local Poisson brackets {(U 2)ab(σ), (U 2)cd(σ′)}, {(U 2)ab(σ), (W 3)cd(σ′)} and {(W 3)ab(σ), (W 3)cd(σ′)} which I work out explicitly for allm andn. A matrix Miura transformations is derived, mapping these complicated (second Gelfand-Dikii) brackets of theU k to a set of much simpler Poisson brackets, providing the analogoue of the free-field representation of theW m -algebras.
How Do Management Fees Affect Retirement Wealth under Mexico's Personal Retirement Accounts System?

In 1997, Mexico transformed its pay-as-you-go social security system to a fully funded system with personal retirement accounts, including management fees. This article examines changes in retirement wealth resulting from this new system. It shows that management fees have drained a significant proportion of individuals' retirement wealth and have increased the number of persons claiming a government-subsidized minimum pension, particularly from the time the system was introduced in 1997 until adjustment to management fees in 2008. Since 2008, retirement wealth accumulation has been similar to that of the previous system. En 1997, Mexico transformo su sistema de pensiones basado en cotizaciones individuales a uno de ahorro para el retiro que incluyen cuotas por la administracion de las cuentas. El presente estudio examina los cambios en el monto de las pensiones como resultado de la introduccion del nuevo sistema. Los resultados muestran que las cuotas de administracion han drenado una proporcion significativa del ahorro para el retiro de los individuos por lo que ha aumentado el numero de personas que solicita la pension minima garantizada subsidiada por el gobierno desde que se introdujo el sistema en 1997 hasta que se hicieron ajustes en las cuotas de administracion de los fondos de pensiones en 2008. A partir de 2008, la acumulacion del ahorro para el retiro ha sido similar que la del sistema anterior.
An empirical study of the distribution of earthquakes with respect to rock type and depth

Whether fault slip occurs seismically or aseismically depends on the frictional properties of the fault, which might be expected to depend on rock type and depth, as well as other factors. To examine the effect of rock type and depth on the distribution of earthquakes, we compare geologic models of the San Francisco Bay and the Southern California regions to the distribution of seismicity. We normalize the number of earthquakes within each rock type and depth interval by the corresponding volume to determine the earthquake density. Earthquake density is determined primarily by depth, while whether the rock is sedimentary or basement has only a secondary, depth-dependent effect on the earthquake density. At very shallow depths, there is no difference in earthquake density between sedimentary and basement rocks. The earthquake density of basement rocks increases with depth more rapidly than that of sedimentary rocks to a similar but shallower maximum.
Nature, Socioeconomics and Adaptation to Natural Disasters : New Evidence from Floods

The authors analyze the determinants of fatalities in 2,194 large flood events in 108 countries between 1985 and 2008. Given that socioeconomic factors can affect mortality right in the aftermath of a flood, but also indirectly by influencing flood frequency and magnitude, they distinguish between direct and indirect effects of development on flood mortality. The authors find that income is negatively associated with the frequency of floods and, conditional on their magnitude, the fatalities they cause in developing countries. However, for developed countries they find that increased income is associated with more fatalities, both directly (conditional on flood occurrence and magnitude) and indirectly through an increase in the frequency and magnitude of flood events. Also in contrast to the literature, they find that the effect of governance on flood frequency and fatalities in developing countries is U-shaped, with improvements in governance reducing the numbers of floods and deaths when governance is weaker but raising them when governance is stronger.
Identifying Modes of Intent from Driver Behaviors in Dynamic Environments

In light of growing attention of intelligent vehicle systems, we propose developing a driver model that uses a hybrid system formulation to capture the intent of the driver. This model hopes to capture human driving behavior in a way that can be utilized by semi-and fully autonomous systems in heterogeneous environments. We consider a discrete set of high level goals or intent modes, that is designed to encompass the decision making process of the human. A driver model is derived using a dataset of lane changes collected in a realistic driving simulator, in which the driver actively labels data to give us insight into her intent. By building the labeled dataset, we are able to utilize classification tools to build the driver model using features of based on her perception of the environment, and achieve high accuracy in identifying driver intent. Multiple algorithms are presented and compared on the dataset, and a comparison of the varying behaviors between drivers is drawn. Using this modeling methodology, we present a model that can be used to assess driver behaviors and to develop human-inspired safety metrics that can be utilized in intelligent vehicular systems.
New Approaches to Olefin Cross-Metathesis

New methodology for the selective cross-metathesis (CM) of terminal olefins employing ruthenium benzylidene 1 is described.1 CM with symmetric internal olefins was found to provide a useful means for homologating terminal olefins to protected allylic alcohols, amines, and esters. Due to the limited commercial availability of symmetric internal olefins, a two-step CM procedure was developed in which terminal olefins were first homodimerized prior to the CM reaction. Terminal olefins with allylic methyl substituents were observed to provide CM products in diminished yield albeit with markedly improved trans-selectivity. Reaction rates were measured for CM reactions utilizing butenediol and allyl alcohol derivatives, and the results demonstrated distinct advantages in reaction rate and stereoselectivity for reactions employing the disubstituted olefins. In the course of studies of substrates with allylic oxygen substituents, a new CM application was discovered involving the metathesis of acrolein acetal derivatives with terminal olefins. Acrolein acetals, including asymmetric variants derived from tartaric acid, proved to be exceptionally robust and trans-selective CM substrates. In related work, a pinacol-derived vinyl boronate was also found to be a reactive CM partner, providing a novel means for converting terminal olefins into precursors for the Suzuki coupling reaction.
Cu-catalyzed tandem C-N bond formation for the synthesis of pyrroles and heteroarylpyrroles.

A highly efficient Cu-catalyzed tandem C−N bond-forming reaction of 1,4-dihalo-1,3-dienes has been developed. The transformation allows the synthesis of pyrroles and heteroarylpyrroles with a wide variety of functional groups and substitution patterns from readily available precursors.
Photoresponsive and Redox-Active Supramolecular Systems with Rigid Sp Carbon Chain Spacers

Abstract The construction and investigation of photoresponsive and redox-active supramolecular systems with acetylenyl (polyyne) and cumulenic sp hybridized carbon chains (Cn) are reported here. Novel types of one-dimensional rigid molecular rods and macrocyclic molecular squares with controllable and yet fixed chain lengths or cavity sizes are explored. Such systems will have the desired features such as synthetic accessibility, coordination versatility, rigidity, directionality, photostability, electronic conductivity, controllable distances between donors and acceptors, and controllable cavity sizes in macrocyclic molecular squares. These features are extremely important to the future applications of these new rigid supramolecular systems in molecular photonic and electronic devices, light-energy conversion, molecular recognition, and host-guest chemistry. In addition to the exploration of synthetic features, the solution state redox characteristics and molecular photophysics of the metal-containing su...
Two-photon photovoltaic effect in gallium arsenide

The two-photon photovoltaic effect is demonstrated in gallium arsenide at 976 and 1550 nm wavelengths. A waveguide photodiode biased in its fourth quadrant is used to harvest electrical power from photons lost to two-photon absorption.
Use of Crowdsourcing for Cancer Clinical Trial Development

Patient and physician awareness and acceptance of trials and patient ineligibility are major cancer clinical trial accrual barriers. Yet, trials are typically conceived and designed by small teams of researchers with limited patient input. We hypothesized that through crowdsourcing, the intellectual and creative capacity of a large number of researchers, clinicians, and patients could be harnessed to improve the clinical trial design process. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility and utility of using an internet-based crowdsourcing platform to inform the design of a clinical trial exploring an antidiabetic drug, metformin, in prostate cancer. Over a six-week period, crowd-sourced input was collected from 60 physicians/researchers and 42 patients/advocates leading to several major (eg, eligibility) and minor modifications to the clinical trial protocol as originally designed. Crowdsourcing clinical trial design is feasible, adds value to the protocol development process, and may ultimately improve the efficiency of trial conduct.
Discontinuity and non-existence of equilibrium in the probabilistic spatial voting model

This paper shows that in the simplest one-dimensional, two-candidate probabilistic spatial voting model (PSVM), a pure strategy Nash equilibrium may fail to exist. The existence problem studied here is the result of a discontinuity in the function mapping the candidates' platforms into their probabilities of winning. Proposition 1 of the paper shows that, whenever this probability of winning function satisfies a certain monotonicity property, it must be discontinuous on the diagonal. As an immediate consequence of the discontinuity in the probability of winning function, the candidates' objective functions are discontinuous as well. It is therefore impossible to invoke standard theorems guaranteeing the existence of a pure strategy equilibrium, and an example is developed in which in fact there is no pure strategy equilibrium. Finally, however, it is demonstrated that, for a large class of probability of winning functions, the PSVM satisfies all the conditions of a theorem of Dasgupta and Maskin (1986a) which guarantees that it will always have an equilibrium in mixed strategies.
Predicting gold-mediated catalytic oxidative-coupling reactions from single crystal studies.

Though metallic gold is chemically inert under ambient conditions, its surface is extremely reactive and selective for many key oxidative chemical transformations when activated by atomic oxygen. A molecular-level understanding of the mechanism of these processes could allow researchers to design “green” catalytic processes mediated by gold-based materials. This Account focuses on the mechanistic framework for oxidative-coupling reactions established by fundamental studies on oxygen-activated Au(111) and the application of these principles to steady-state catalytic conditions. We also discuss the importance of the paradigms discovered both for predicting new oxidative-coupling reactions and for understanding existing literature.The mechanistic framework for the oxidative coupling of alcohols on gold surfaces predicts that new oxidative-coupling reactions should occur between amines and aldehydes and amines and alcohols as well as through alcohol carbonylation. Adsorbed atomic oxygen on the gold surface fa...
Caveolin-1 Promotes Tumor Progression in an Autochthonous Mouse Model of Prostate Cancer: Genetic Ablation of Cav-1 Delays Advanced Prostate Tumor Development in Tramp Mice

Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is the primary structural component of caveolae and is implicated in the processes of vesicular transport, cholesterol balance, transformation, and tumorigenesis. Despite an abundance of data suggesting that Cav-1 has transformation suppressor properties both in vitro and in vivo, Cav-1 is expressed at increased levels in human prostate cancer. To investigate the role of Cav-1 in prostate cancer onset and progression, we interbred Cav-1(-/-) null mice with a TRAMP (transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate) model that spontaneously develops advanced prostate cancer and metastatic disease. We found that, although the loss of Cav-1 did not affect the appearance of minimally invasive prostate cancer, its absence significantly impeded progression to highly invasive and metastatic disease. Inactivation of one (+/-) or both (-/-) alleles of Cav-1 resulted in significant reductions in prostate tumor burden, as well as decreases in regional lymph node metastases. Moreover, further examination revealed decreased metastasis to distant organs, such as the lungs, in TRAMP/Cav-1(-/-) mice. Utilizing prostate carcinoma cell lines (C1, C2, and C3) derived from TRAMP tumors, we also showed a positive correlation between Cav-1 expression and the ability of these cells to form tumors in vivo. Furthermore, down-regulation of Cav-1 expression in these cells, using a small interfering RNA approach, significantly reduced their tumorigenic and metastatic potential. Mechanistically, we showed that loss or down-regulation of Cav-1 expression results in increased apoptosis, with increased prostate apoptosis response factor-4 and PTEN levels in Cav-1(-/-) null prostate tumors. Our current findings provide the first in vivo molecular genetic evidence that Cav-1 does indeed function as a tumor promoter during prostate carcinogenesis, rather than as a tumor suppressor.
A High-Resolution Survey of Interstellar K I Absorption

We present high-resolution (FWHM ~0.4-1.8 km s-1) spectra, obtained with the AAT UHRF, the McDonald Observatory 2.7 m coud? spectrograph, and/or the KPNO coud? feed, of interstellar K I absorption toward 54 Galactic stars. These new K I spectra reveal complex structure and narrow, closely blended components in many lines of sight. Multicomponent fits to the line profiles yield estimates for the column densities, line widths, and velocities for 319 individual interstellar cloud components. The median component width (FWHM) and the true median separation between adjacent components are both 1.2 km s-1. The median and maximum individual component K I column densities, about 4 ? 1010 and 1012 cm-2, correspond to individual component hydrogen column densities of about 2 ? 1020 and 1021 cm-2 and E(B-V) ~ 0.03 and 0.17, respectively. If T is typically ~100 K, then at least half the individual components have subsonic internal turbulent velocities. We also reexamine the relationships between the column densities of K I, Na I, C I, Li I, Htot, H2, and CH. The four trace neutral species exhibit essentially linear relationships with each other over wide ranges in overall column density. If C is uniformly depleted by 0.4 dex, then Li, Na, and K are each typically depleted by 0.6-0.7 dex. The total line of sight values for N(K I) and N(Na I) show roughly quadratic dependences on N(Htot), but the relationships for the ensemble of individual clouds could be significantly steeper. These quadratic (or steeper) dependences appear to rule out significant contributions to the ionization from cosmic rays, X-rays, and/or charge exchange with C II in most cases. Charge exchange with negatively charged large molecules may often be more important than radiative recombination in neutralizing most singly ionized atomic species in cool H I clouds, however?suggesting that the true ne, nH, and thermal pressures may be significantly smaller than the values estimated by considering only radiative recombination. Both N(CH) and N(H2) are nearly linearly proportional to N(K I) and N(Na I) [except for 1015 cm-2 N(H2) 1019 cm-2, over which H2 makes the transition to the self-shielded regime]. Those relationships appear also to hold for many individual components and component groups, suggesting that high-resolution spectra of K I and Na I can be very useful for interpreting lower resolution molecular data. The scatter about all these mean relationships is generally small (0.1-0.2 dex), if certain consistently discrepant sight lines are excluded?suggesting that both the relative depletions and the relative ionization of Li, C, Na, and K are generally within factors of 2 of their mean values. Differences noted for sight lines in Sco-Oph, in the Pleiades, near the Orion Trapezium, and in the LMC and SMC may be due to differences in the strength and/or shape of the ambient radiation fields, perhaps amplified by the effects of charge transfer with large molecules.
Biomimetic Bonelike Composites and Novel Bioactive Glass Coatings

Metallic orthopaedic implants have been successfully used for decades but they have serious shortcomings related to their osseointegration and the fact that their mechanical properties do not match those of bone. This paper reviews recent advances in the fabrication of novel coatings to improve implant osseointegration and in the development of a new generation of hybrid organic-inorganic implant materials specifically designed for orthopaedic applications.
Delta Execution for Efficient State-Space Exploration of Object-Oriented Programs

We present Delta execution, a technique that speeds up state-space exploration of object-oriented programs. State-space exploration is the essence of model checking and an increasingly popular approach for automating test generation. A key issue in exploration of object-oriented programs is handling the program state, in particular the heap. We exploit the fact that many execution paths in state-space exploration partially overlap. Delta execution simultaneously operates on several states/heaps and shares the common parts across the executions, separately executing only the "deltas" where the executions differ. We implemented Delta execution in two model checkers: JPF, a popular general-purpose model checker for Java programs, and BOX, a specialized model checker that we developed for efficient exploration of sequential Java programs. The results for bounded-exhaustive exploration of ten basic subject programs and one larger case study show that Delta execution reduces exploration time from 1.06x to 126.80x (with median 5.60x) in JPF and from 0.58x to 4.16x (with median 2.23x) in BOX. The results for a non-exhaustive exploration in JPF show that Delta execution reduces exploration time from 0.92x to 6.28x (with median 4.52x).
Fast volume-preserving free-form deformation using multi-level optimization

Abstract We present a fast algorithm for preserving the total volume of a solid undergoing free-form deformation using level-of-detail representations. Given the boundary representation of a solid and user-specified deformation, the algorithm computes the new node positions of the deformation lattice, while minimizing the elastic energy subject to the volume-preserving criterion. During each iteration, a non-linear optimizer computes the volume deviation and its derivatives based on a triangular approximation, which requires a finely tessellated mesh to achieve the desired accuracy. To reduce the computational cost, we exploit the multi-resolution representations of the boundary surfaces to greatly accelerate the performance of the non-linear optimizer. This technique also provides interactive response by progressively refining the solution. Furthermore, it is generally applicable to lattice-based free-form deformation and its variants. Our implementation has been applied to several complex solids. We have been able to achieve an order of magnitude performance improvement over the conventional methods.
LOCALIZATION OF C-REACTIVE PROTEIN IN SYNOVIUM OF PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

In patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), persistent elevation of C-react1ve protein (CRP) is related to the presence of disease activity. Since CRP can activate complement and activated complement may be involved in the pathogenesis of RA, possible synovlal localization of CRP was examined. Sections of synovial tissues from 6 patients with RA, 2 patients with degenerative osteoarthritis and 4 patients with diseases unrelated to RA were studied using fluorescent antisera against CRP, IgG, IgA and fibrinogen. The results were quite clear: CRP localizes in individual nuclei scattered in the outer region of the synovial nesothelium of RA patients. CRP localization was quite unlike that of the other proteins studied and was not found in non-RA synovia. Nuclear bound CRP was not of local origin since tissue cultures of RA synovia did not produce CRP and did produce IgG and IgA. The observed synovial binding of CRP is consistent with the possibility that complement activation by CRP may be involved in the pathogenesis of RA. It is also clear, however, that specific nuclei in RA synovia contain an abnormal substance or agent which can bind CRP. The degree of nuclear binding was found to be independent of serum or joint fluid levels of CRP; thus the anomalous nuclear material is independent of CRP synthesis and could possibly represent the presence of a virus.
Electron-electron interaction effects on the photophysics of metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes.

Single-walled carbon nanotubes are strongly correlated systems with large Coulomb repulsion between two electrons occupying the same pz orbital. Within a molecular Hamiltonian appropriate for correlated ?-electron systems, we show that optical excitations polarized parallel to the nanotube axes in the so-called metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes are excitons. Our calculated absolute exciton energies in twelve different metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes, with diameters in the range 0.8?1.4?nm, are in nearly quantitative agreement with experimental results. We have also calculated the absorption spectrum for the (21, 21) single-walled carbon nanotube in the E22 region. Our calculated spectrum gives an excellent fit to the experimental absorption spectrum. In all cases our calculated exciton binding energies are only slightly smaller than those of semiconducting nanotubes with comparable diameters, in contradiction to results obtained within the ab?initio approach, which predicts much smaller binding energies. We ascribe this difference to the difficulty of determining the behavior of systems with strong on-site Coulomb interactions within theories based on the density functional approach. As in the semiconducting nanotubes we predict in the metallic nanotubes a two-photon exciton above the lowest longitudinally polarized exciton that can be detected by ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy. We also predict a subgap absorption polarized perpendicular to the nanotube axes below the lowest longitudinal exciton, blueshifted from the exact midgap by electron?electron interactions.
First passage time in a two-layer system

As a first step in the first passage problem for passive tracer in stratified porous media, we consider the case of a two-dimensional system consisting of two layers with different convection velocities. Using a lattice generating function formalism and a variety of analytic and numerical techniques, we calculate the asymptotic behavior of the first passage time probability distribution. We show analytically that the asymptotic distribution is a simple exponential in time for any choice of the velocities. The decay constant is given in terms of the largest eigenvalue of an operator related to a half-space Green's function. For the anti-symmetric case of opposite velocities in the layers, we show that the decay constant for system lengthL crosses over fromL−2 behavior in the diffusive limit toL−1 behavior in the convective regime, where the crossover lengthL* is given in terms of the velocities. We also have formulated a general self-consistency relation, from which we have developed a recursive approach which is useful for studying the short-time behavior.
Heterotic string corrections from the dual type II string

We introduce a method of using the a dual type-IIA string to compute α'-corrections to the moduli space of heterotic string compactifications. In particular we study the hypermultiplet moduli space of a heterotic string on a K3 surface. One application of this machinery shows that type-IIB strings compactified on a Calabi-Yau space suffer from worldsheet instantons, spacetime instantons and, in addition, ``mixed'' instantons which in a sense are both worldsheet and spacetime. As another application we look at the hyperkahler limit of the moduli space in which the K3 surface becomes an ALE space. This is a variant of the ``geometric engineering'' method used for vector multiplet moduli space and should be applicable to a wide range of examples. In particular we reproduce Sen and Witten's result for the heterotic string on an A1 singularity and a trivial bundle and generalize this to a collection of E8 point-like instantons on an ALE space.
An improved preparation of O-(Diphenylphosphinyl)hydroxylamine

O-(Diphenylphosphinyl)hydroxylamine (DPPH) is a versatile electrophilic amination reagent that has been used widely for the amination of stable carbanions, Grignard reagents and π-electron-rich nit...
Spectroscopic constants of H2+ using Monte Carlo methods

Abstract We use variational Monte Carlo techniques to calculate molecular energies at 26 internuclear distances as well as several energy derivatives at the equilibrium of the hydrogen molecular ion. With these values we compare three methods of computing four spectroscopic constants of this system and discuss their applicability to larger systems. Our best results for this molecule are obtained from a fit to the potential energy surface: ω e = 2323.98(8) cm −1 , ω e x e = 67.3(2) cm −1 , α e = 1.597(2) cm −1 and B e = 29.9626(2) cm −1.
L p estimates for the biest II. The Fourier case

We prove Lp estimates (Theorem 1.2) for the ‘‘biest’’, a trilinear multiplier operator with singular symbol. The methods used are based on the treatment of the Walsh analogue of the biest in the prequel [13] of this paper, but with additional technicalities due to the fact that in the Fourier model one cannot obtain perfect localization in both space and frequency.
Limit cycle oscillations in pulse-modulated systems.

Pulse modulated feedback system for satellite attitude control, analyzing relationship between physical parameters to ensure two pulse limit cycle oscillation stability
Petrobactin, a Photoreactive Siderophore Produced by the Oil-Degrading Marine Bacterium Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus

Petrobactin is a bis-catecholate, alpha-hydroxy acid siderophore produced by the oil-degrading marine bacterium Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus. The Fe(III)-complexed form of petrobactin is photoreactive in natural sunlight, mediated by the Fe(III)-citrate moiety. The reaction results in decarboxylation of the petrobactin ligand and reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II). This report is one of the first to show the photoreactivity of Fe(III)-siderophores mediated by the ferric ion-alpha-hydroxy acid group. The demonstration of light-mediated decarboxylation of an Fe(III)-siderophore complex raises questions about a possible functional role for photoreactivity in siderophore-mediated iron uptake.
Continuous lexicographic preferences

Abstract Under what conditions are lexicographically representable preferences continuously representable? This question is actually two questions, since there are two natural definitions of continuity for lexicographic representations. A complete answer is given for one of these questions, and the other is answered for two dimensional lexicographic representations.
Low-dose weekly platinum-based chemoradiation for advanced head and neck cancer

Objectives/Hypothesis: The optimal concurrent chemoradiotherapy regimen for definitive treatment of locoregionally advanced head and neck cancer remains to be determined. The present investigation reports toxicities, disease control, patterns of failure, and survival outcomes in a large mature cohort of patients treated with low-dose weekly platinum-based concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Study Design: Retrospective single-institution series. Methods: Toxicity and outcome data for locoregionally advanced head and neck cancer patients treated with low-dose weekly platinum-based chemotherapy concurrent with standard fractionation radiotherapy were retrospectively collected and analyzed from a clinical database. Survival analysis methods, including Kaplan-Meier estimation and competing risks analysis, were used to assess locoregional disease control, freedom from failure, and overall survival. Results: Ninety-six patients were eligible for the present analysis. Nearly all patients had American Joint Committee on Cancer clinical stage III to IVB disease (99%). Severe acute toxicities included grade 3 mucositis (61%), grade 3/4 nausea (27%/1%), and grade 3 neutropenia (8%). Thirty-seven patients (38%) required hospitalization for a median of 7 days (range, 1–121). Ninety-two percent of patients completed the fully prescribed course of radiotherapy, and 87% completed ≥6 cycles of chemotherapy. At a median survivor follow-up of 40 months (range, 8–68), 47% of patients were without evidence of disease recurrence. The estimated 4-year freedom from failure and overall survival were 48% and 58%, respectively. Initial site(s) of disease failure were locoregional for 22 patients, locoregional and distant (five patients), and distant only (14 patients). Conclusions: Weekly low-dose platinum-based chemotherapy with full-dose daily radiotherapy is a tolerable alternative regimen for locoregionally advanced head and neck cancers, with comparable efficacy and patterns of failure to alternative regimens. Laryngoscope, 2010
Energy Transfer from High-Frequency to Low-Frequency Modes in Structures

A perspective of the mechanisms by which energy is transferred from high- to low-frequency modes is presented. The focus is on some recent experiments that reveal how a low-amplitude high-frequency excitation can produce a large-amplitude low-frequency response. Such a phenomenon is potentially harmful, if not catastrophic. Specifically, these experiments clarify the role of intemal resonances, combination extemal and parametric resonances, and the interactions among modes of widely spaced frequencies.
IMPROVED ASTROMETRY AND PHOTOMETRY FOR THE LUYTEN CATALOG. II. FAINT STARS AND THE REVISED CATALOG

We complete construction of a catalog containing improved astrometry and new optical/infrared photometry for the vast majority of NLTT stars lying in the overlap of regions covered by POSS I and by the second incremental Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) release, approximately 44% of the sky. The epoch 2000 positions are typically accurate to 130 mas, the proper motions to 5.5 mas yr-1, and the V-J colors to 0.25 mag. Relative proper motions of binary components are measured to 3 mas yr-1. The false-identification rate is ~1% for 11 V 18 and substantially less at brighter magnitudes. These improvements permit the construction of a reduced proper-motion diagram that, for the first time, allows one to classify NLTT stars into main-sequence (MS) stars, subdwarfs (SDs), and white dwarfs (WDs). We in turn use this diagram to analyze the properties of both our catalog and the NLTT catalog on which it is based. In sharp contrast to popular belief, we find that NLTT incompleteness in the plane is almost completely concentrated in MS stars, and that SDs and WDs are detected almost uniformly over the sky δ > -33°. Our catalog will therefore provide a powerful tool to probe these populations statistically, as well as to reliably identify individual SDs and WDs.
Toric singularities revisited

Abstract In [K. Kato, Toric singularities, Amer. J. Math. 116 (5) (1994) 1073–1099], Kato defined his notion of a log regular scheme and studied the local behavior of such schemes. A toric variety equipped with its canonical logarithmic structure is log regular. And, these schemes allow one to generalize toric geometry to a theory that does not require a base field. This paper will extend this theory by removing normality requirements.
Estimation of laser system pointing parameters using a near-Gaussian irradiance profile

Laser pointing systems for small targets are mainly confronted with two pointing errors, jitter and boresight, arising due to atmospheric turbulence, mechanical vibrations and errors in optical alignment. Knowledge of these parameters provides information about the quality of the pointing and tracking system. In the past, several techniques have been investigated to estimate these parameters from returned laser signals. These include the key ratio technique, the chi-squared method and the maximum likelihood (ML) estimation technique. These techniques have been studied in the literature for Gaussian irradiance profiles. In particular, the ML estimation technique has been found to provide excellent results. In this paper, we extend the ML estimation technique from Gaussian profiles to near-Gaussian irradiance profiles. Our results show that the modified estimator performs much better than a direct application of the original ML estimator.
Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Through Nano-Fin Arrays in the Free-Molecular Flow Regime

Gas flow through arrays of rectangular nano-fins is modeled using the linearized free-molecular drag and heat transfer equations. These are combined with the one-dimensional equations for conservation of mass, momentum, and energy, and the ideal gas law, to find the governing equations for flow through the array. The results show that the pressure gradient, temperature, and local velocity of the gas are governed by coupled ordinary differential equations. The system of equations is solved for representative arrays of nano-fins to find the total heat transfer and pressure drop across a 1 cm chip.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Middle atmosphere measurements of small-scale electron density irregularities and ion properties during the MAC/Epsilon Campaign

Abstract Rocket payloads designed to measure small-scale electron density irregularities and ion properties in the middle atmosphere were flown with each of the three main salvos of the MAC/Epsilon Campaign conducted at the Andoya Rocket Range, Norway, during October to November 1987. Fixed-bias, hemispheric nose tip probes measured small-scale electron density irregularities, indicative of neutral air turbulence, during the rocket's ascent; and subsequently, parachute-borne Gerdien condensers measured the region's polar electrical conductivity, ion mobility and density. One rocket was launched during daylight (15 October, 1052:20 UT), and the other two launches occurred at night (21 October, 2134 UT; 12 November, 0021:40 UT) under moderately disturbed conditions which enhanced the detection and measurement of turbulence structures. A preliminary analysis of the data indicates the presence of small-scale electron density irregularities in the general altitude range of 60 to 90 km. Ongoing data reduction will determine turbulence parameters and also the region's electrical properties below 90 km.
Temporal Spillovers in Land Conservation

Abstract Temporal spillovers occur when a conservation program changes what happens to land outside the temporal window of the conservation contract. This may happen when conservation improves land so that returns to non-conservation uses are increased, or when landowners’ preferences become more pro-conservation as they see land flourish under conservation, for example. These post-contract changes may occur on the extensive margin (acres of land conserved) or intensive margin (intensity of land in a given use). If temporal spillovers exist, benefits from conservation programs estimated by focusing solely on the effects that occur during the conservation contract will overstate or understate the true benefits of the program. I lay out a simple model of temporal spillovers. I test this model in the context of the United States Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). I use a pre-analysis sample specification step to choose counterfactual land most like the CRP land. On the extensive margin, I find that CRP causes some land to be 20–25% more likely to be farmed, potentially offsetting some environmental benefits. However, farmed ex-CRP land is slightly more likely to use a conservation practice. This is a mitigating factor on the intensive margin.