cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative studies on the relationship of fibrinogen and "fibrin" in intima and atherosclerotic plaque.

Abstract This study was undertaken to determine if there is a direct correlation between severity of a plaque and its fibrin and fibrinogen content. The amount of fragment D antigen per mg protein of the intima-media layer of the human aorta was determined by quantitative immunoelectrophoresis and was measured as the salt soluble fraction (fibrinogen) and, after extraction, as the plasmin solubilized fraction (“fibrin”). The subjects were apparently healthy but died as result of a traumatic incident. Paired controls consisted of samples of grossly healthy tissue adjacent to the plaque. The “fibrin” or fibrinogen of uninvolved intima did not increase with age. The fibrinogen content could not be correlated with severity of the plaque but there was a significant correlation with “fibrin”. “Fibrin” was significantly decreased in grade 1 lesions. The results are not consistent with the thrombotic theory of plaque formation.
Plasma β-endorphin concentrations prior to and during pregnancy, in labor, and after delivery

Beta-Endorphin was measured by radioimmunoassay in peripheral plasma of nonpregnant women (58 +/- 2.4 pg/ml, n = 17, mean +/- SE), during the first trimester (47 +/- 2.4 pg/ml, n = 11), the second trimester (33 +/- 1.9, n = 11), and the third trimester (49 +/- 2.7 pg/ml, n = 10) of pregnancy, during early (202 +/- 32 pg/ml, n = 12) and advanced labor (389 +/- 78 pg/ml, n = 10), and 30 to 60 minutes post partum (177 +/- 22 pg/ml, n = 12). Mean plasma levels of beta-endorphin were significantly lower in each trimester of gestation than the levels in nonpregnant control subjects. During labor and the early postpartum period, maternal plasma levels of beta-endorphin were significantly elevated. Furthermore, peripheral plasma levels of beta-endorphin during labor fell from 189 +/- 31 to 97.6 +/- 12 pg/ml (n = 13, p = 0.015) in response to epidural anesthesia, as compared to peripheral plasma concentrations of beta-endorphin of 223 +/- 71 and 193 +/- 47 pg/ml prior to and after injection of saline solution into epidural catheters, respectively, in 10 control subjects. Mean plasma levels of beta-endorphin in patients immediately prior to elective repeat cesarean section who were not in labor (151 +/- 23 pg/ml, n = 15) were significantly higher (p less than 0.005) than the levels in third-trimester control subjects. These data indicate that the pain associated with labor and the psychological stress of anticipating an operation are potent stimuli for the pituitary release of beta-endorphin.
Cardiac and Renal Inward Rectifier Potassium Channel Pharmacology: Emerging Tools for Integrative Physiology and Therapeutics

Inward rectifier potassium (Kir) channels play fundamental roles in cardiac and renal function and may represent unexploited drug targets for cardiovascular diseases. However, the limited pharmacology of Kir channels has slowed progress toward exploring their integrative physiology and therapeutic potential. Here, we review recent progress toward developing the small-molecule pharmacology for Kir2.x, Kir4.1, and Kir7.1 and discuss common mechanistic themes that may help guide future Kir channel-directed drug discovery efforts.
Comparison of cleft palate induction by Nicotiana glauca in goats and sheep

The induction of cleft palate by Nicotiana glauca (wild tree tobacco) during the first trimester of pregnancy was compared between Spanish-type goats and crossbred western-type sheep. Cleft palate was induced in 100% of the embryonic/fetal goats when their pregnant mothers were gavaged with N. glauca plant material or with anabasine-rich extracts from the latter, during gestation days 32-41. Seventy-five percent of newborn goats had cleft palate after maternal dosing with N. glauca during gestation days 35-41, while no cleft palates were induced when dosing periods included days 36-40, 37-39, or day 38 only. The induced cleft palates were bilateral, involving the entire secondary palates with complete detachment of the vomer. Eleven percent of the newborn goats from does gavaged during gestation days 32-41 had extracranial abnormalities, most often contractures of the metacarpal joints. Most of these contractures resolved spontaneously by 4-6 weeks postpartum. One newborn kid also had an asymmetric skull due to apparent fetal positioning. No cleft palates were induced in lambs whose mothers were gavaged with N. glauca plant or anabasine-rich extracts during gestation days 34-41, 35-40, 35-41, 36-41, 35-51, or 37-50. Only one of five lambs born to three ewes gavaged with N. glauca plant material during gestation days 34-55 had a cleft palate, but all five of these lambs had moderate to severe contractures in the metacarpal joints. The slight to moderate contracture defects resolved spontaneously by 4-6 weeks postpartum, but the severe contractures resolved only partially. Embryonic/fetal death and resorption (determined by ultrasound) occurred in 25% of pregnant goats fed N. glauca compared to only 4% of pregnant sheep. Nicotiana glauca plant material contained the teratogenic alkaloid anabasine at 0.175% to 0.23%, dry weight, demonstrating that Spanish-type goats are susceptible to cleft palate induction by the natural toxin anabasine, while crossbred western-type sheep are resistant. However, clinical signs of toxicity were equally severe in goats and sheep, even though maternal alkaloid tolerance was generally lower in sheep. We postulate that an alkaloid-induced reduction in fetal movement during the period of normal palate closure is the cause of the cleft palate and multiple flexion contractures. Teratology 61:203-210, 2000. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Individual Income Redistribution and Publicly Provided Irrigation: The Columbia Basin Project

The performance of publicly provided irrigation as a method of income redistribution is examined by applying fiscal incidence analysis to a representative area in the Columbia Basin Project. Results indicate the redistributional impact of public irrigation is clearly not in favor of lower income classes.
Effects of chronic d-amphetamine sulfate administration during development in rats.

Abstract The present investigation was concerned with the effects of long-term administration of d-amphetamine in the daily drinking water of rats on weight and three behavioral tasks. No tolerance to the drug was found for weight measures, nor in the behavioral measures of lever pressing for illumination change or gross activity. Drug animals were significantly lighter than non-drug animals, pressed more for illumination change, and were more active. No difference was found between performance of drug and non-drug animals in an avoidance conditioning task. It may be that tolerance to the drug does not appear when measured by situations not employing strong motivational conditions (e.g. pressing for illumination change and activity), but where such conditions are employed (e.g. shock), tolerance as reflected in the lack of difference between drug and non-drug groups does appear.
The Structure of Liquid Potassium

The method of Wall for calculating the free volume per atom in a liquid has been applied to liquid potassium, using the atomic distribution curves for potassium at 70\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and at 395\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C given by Thomas and Gingrich. From the free volumes at these temperatures, the entropies of the liquid at its melting point and at its boiling point are obtained. These values, together with the entropy of solid potassium at its melting point and the entropy of potassium vapor at its boiling point, supply the entropies of fusion and of vaporization. Hence the latent heat of fusion is calculated as 2.06 $\frac{\mathrm{kj}}{\mathrm{mol}}$, and the latent heat of vaporization is calculated as 87.5 $\frac{\mathrm{kj}}{\mathrm{mol}}$. These values are to be compared with the observed values 2.38 $\frac{\mathrm{kj}}{\mathrm{mol}}$ and 84.0 $\frac{\mathrm{kj}}{\mathrm{mol}}$, respectively.
Monopole and vortex dissociation and decay of the false vacuum

Abstract If monopole (or vortex) solutions exist for a metastable or false vacuum, a finite density of monopoles (or vortices) can act as impurity sites that trigger inhomogeneous nucleation and decay of the false vacuum. The monopoles (or vortices) become classically unstable and their cores expand radially, converting the volume of the system to the phase represented by the core of the monopole (or vortex). False vacuum decay about the monopole (or vortex) sites occurs for values of the barrier height and energy difference between the true and false phases that are insufficient for homogeneous bubble nucleation. Two cases where the phenomenon may play a role are phase transitions in early cosmology and in 3 H- 4 He mixtures at low temperatures.
Escaping Poverty: Risk-Taking and Endogenous Inequality in a Model of Equilibrium Growth

Abstract Recent macroeconomic models of income distribution generate equilibria characterized as poverty traps. These models specify a production indivisibility such that, due to problems of asymmetric information in credit or capital markets, poor agents are never able to acquire the resources necessary to overcome the indivisibility. In the context of an equilibrium growth model, this paper demonstrates that faced with such constraints, poor, risk-averse agents have incentives to voluntarily take on risk in the hopes of exiting poverty. Each period they remain in poverty, they sacrifice a small amount of current consumption to pool resources for this risky activity. Risk-taking, economic mobility, and the distribution of income are generated endogenously. Furthermore, beginning from identical endowments, “initial” inequality also emerges endogenously. It is shown that voluntary risk-taking eliminates many potential steady-state equilibria of this and other models—those that exhibit individual poverty traps. All agents (or dynasties) expect to escape at some future date, perhaps after an extended spell in poverty.
Gastric epithelial atypia following hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy.

A case of a gastric ulcer with epithelial atypia following hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (mitomycin C and 5-fluoro-2-deoxyuridine) for a metastatic carcinoid tumor in the liver was observed. The gastric ulcer was endoscopically detected about 2 months after the initiation of the hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy. The gastric epithelial atypia was severe enough to cause erroneous cytologic interpretation of the smear as a carcinoma. The cytologic and histologic appearance of chemotherapy-induced epithelial atypia is described with special emphasis on possible diagnostic pitfalls in gastric cytology. Diagn Cytopathol 1985;1:241–4.
Active Heating/Cooling Requirements for Divers in Water at Varying Temperatures

The active heating/cooling requirements to thermally sustain a human subject submerged in 10, 20, 30 and 40 °C water was measured using a system that circulated water through a zoned tubesuit garment. Water at 30 °C was circulated through the garment at a flow rate of about 0.5 L/min to each of six body regions and the outlet temperatures were measured. In addition, skin and core temperature, heat flux, and oxygen consumption was measured. The subject wore either a 6.5 mm or a 3 mm foam neoprene wetsuit. Body temperatures and heat fluxes reached steady state after 30–90 minutes and the immersions lasted 2–4 hours and core and skin temperatures remained within set thermal limits. In both wetsuits there was a linear correlation between the thermal exchange of the tubesuit and water temperature. While in the 6.5 mm wetsuit −214 to 242 W of heating (−) or cooling (+) was necessary in 10 to 40 °C water, respectively. While wearing the 3 mm wetsuit −462 to 342 W was necessary in 10 to 40 °C water, respectively. It was therefore concluded that a subject can be kept in thermal balance and comfort in 10–40 °C water with active heating/cooling.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
The differential appearance of neurofilament triplet polypeptides in the developing rat optic nerve

The ontogenetic appearance of the individual triplet polypeptides that comprise mammalian neurofilaments was studied in the developing rat optic nerve. Triton-insoluble cytoskeletal preparations from the optic nerves of rats of postnatal ages 1 Day (P1), 6 days (P6), 10 days (P10), 20 days (P20), and 3 months (adult) were analyzed for protein composition by one and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Results indicate that at P1, both the 150- and 68-kDa neurofilament subunit proteins are present. The 200-kDa subunit first becomes discernible at P20, but, at this age, it is still present in considerably less quantity than in the adult. Immunocytochemical verification of the presence of neurofilament protein was accomplished by staining tissue sections with specific antibodies against the 150- and the 68-kDa neurofilament subunits using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. Results of the morphological analyses have shown that neurofilaments are not present in quantity until P10, which coincides with the time when the 68-kDa subunit increases in quantity by one dimensional gel analysis. Thus, the 150- and 68-kDa subunits can be detected prior to the appearance of neurofilaments, and the 200-kDa protein is not observed until sometime later. The potential physiological significance of the differential subunit transport is discussed with respect to neuronal differentiation in the developing mammalian CNS.
Modeling the Catalytic Site of Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase: Synthesis and Structural Characterization of a [Bis(thioimidazolyl)(pyrazolyl)hydroborato]zinc Complex, [HB(tim(Me))(2)pz]ZnI.

The tripodal bis(thioimidazolyl)(pyrazolyl)hydroborato [NSS] donor ligand, [HB(timMe)2pz]-, has been synthesized by the sequential reaction of LiBH4 with methimazole and pyrazole. Importantly, the ...
Structural properties of amorphous hydrogenated germanium

The medium-range order on a scale of 100 A is an important determinant of the properties of amorphous semiconductor films such as a-Ge:H: if the material has a high-density, closed structure, it is likely to have good phototransport properties and to be environmentally stable; if, on the other hand, it has an open network structure, with many voids and wide grain boundaries, it is very likely to be a poor photoelectronic material and to have properties changing with time because of atmospheric contamination. Two types of film with these extreme, contrasting structural attributes, prepared under different conditions in an rf PECVD reactor with parallel-plate electrodes of different area, have been compared. The measurements reported are primarily structural: infrared vibrational absorption, gas evolution versus temperature, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, deuteron magnetic resonance and forward recoil spectroscopy. An encompassing, self-consistent explanation of the results of these measurements in terms of the different constitution of the films is proposed. Several specific problems are addressed: the identification of the features in the infrared spectra, the influence of O on the spectra and on gas evolution, and the presence of H 2 molecules in the material.
System-Wide Leakage-Aware Energy Minimization Using Dynamic Voltage Scaling and Cache Reconfiguration in Multitasking Systems

System optimization techniques are widely used to improve energy efficiency as well as overall performance. Dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) is well studied and known to be successful in reducing processor energy consumption. Due to the increasing significance of the memory subsystem's energy consumption, dynamic cache reconfiguration (DCR) techniques are recently proposed at the aim of improving cache subsystem's energy efficiency. As the manufacturing technology scales into the order of nanometers, leakage current, which leads to static power consumption, becomes a significant contributor in the overall power dissipation. In this paper, we consider various system components and study their impact on system-wide energy consumption under different processor voltage levels as well as cache configurations. Based on the observation, we efficiently integrate DVS and DCR techniques together to make decisions judiciously so that the total energy consumption is minimized. Our studies show that considering only DVS or DCR and ignoring the impact from other system components may lead to incorrect conclusions in overall energy savings. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach outperforms existing leakage-aware DVS techniques by 47.6% and leakage-oblivious DVS + DCR technique by up to 23.5%.
Temporal distribution of picosecond super-continuum generated in a liquid measured by a streak camera

The temporal distribution of various wavelengths of the supercontinuum pulse generated in CCl/sub 4/ by an 8-ps mode-locked glass laser is measured. Self-phase modulation is demonstrated.
Diurnal stability of refraction after implantation with intracorneal ring segments

Abstract Purpose To investigate diurnal changes in visual acuity and refraction in myopic eyes implanted with intracorneal ring segments (ICRS). Setting University of California San Diego Shiley Eye Center, La Jolla, California, and Emory University Vision Correction Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Methods This prospective study involved 2 groups of patients who had ICRS (Intacs™) implantation and a follow-up of at least 6 months. The first group included 102 eyes of 51 bilaterally treated patients; the second group, 32 eyes of 16 unilaterally treated patients. Examinations including visual acuity, manifest refraction, and videokeratography were done in the morning and evening at least 9 hours apart on a single day. Refractive changes were analyzed by power vectors; multivariate statistics were used to determine the significance of change in any component of the spectacle prescription. Results In the bilateral treatment group, 97 eyes (95%) were within 1 line of spectacle-corrected visual acuity from morning to evening. The mean change in manifest refraction was −0.14 +0.08 × 4 and in spherical equivalent, −0.10 diopters (D) (σ = 0.3; range −0.750 to +0.875 D). Ninety-six eyes (94%) had a change in refraction within 0.50 D of spherical equivalent. There was no significant change in corneal power ( P = .20). In the unilateral treatment group, there was no significant difference between treated and untreated eyes in changes in spectacle-corrected visual acuity, manifest refraction, or corneal power and toricity ( P > .05). Conclusion No clinically significant diurnal variation in visual acuity or manifest refraction was observed after ICRS implantation or in untreated paired eyes. Moreover, the data suggest less diurnal change in visual acuity and refraction after ICRS implantation.
The Effects of Exercise on the Biomechanical and Biochemical Properties of Swine Digital Flexor Tendons

The digital flexor tendons of the miniature swine were studied after 12 mo of running exercise. Using a newly developed methodology whereby the properties of tendon substance and tendon-bone composite are measured simultaneously, it was found that training augments the strength of the tendon insertion site, but has minimal effect on the tendon substance. Biochemical analyses also showed that the collagen concentration in the tendon substance remains unchanged following exercise. There was also moderate, but not significant, tendon hypertrophy. The present results on flexor tendon differ from those previously obtained for the swine digital extensors [6]. Such difference in response to functional stress may be attributed to the biochemical composition and mechanical properties of these tissues.
Multiple scattering of light from a random slab: a density-fluctuation approach

The problem of multiple scattering of light from a slab composed of randomly distributed point scatterers is reformulated by using a density-fluctuation approach. Under the assumption of independent scatterers, the intensity of scattered light averaged over all possible configurations of the scatterers is calculated and compared to the results obtained by other authors. The main advantage of our approach is the clarity with which it reveals the physical basis of the multiple scattering process.
A search algorithm for linear codes: progressive dimension growth

This paper presents an algorithm, called progressive dimension growth (PDG), for the construction of linear codes with a pre-specified length and a minimum distance. A number of new linear codes over GF(5) that have been discovered via this algorithm are also presented.
TOWN AND COUNTRYSIDE IN NORTHEASTERN CATALONIA, 1267-C. 1450 : THE SOBREPOSATS DE LA HORTA OF PERPIGNAN

The study of the relationship between town and countryside in medieval Catalonia is still in an early stage. This article examines how Perpignan, the second most populous Catalonian town by the second half of the fourteenth century, extended its influence over the countryside of northeastern Catalonia through the sobreposats de la horta. Although they were the heads of the guild of Perpignan's agricultural labourers, the sobreposats de la horta acquired a broad jurisdiction over cases involving damage to property, and thus became responsible for protecting the rural interests of Perpignan's citizens more generally. First mentioned in 1339, the sobreposats de la horta continually encountered seigniorial and other opposition, but their powers steadily increased between their initial appearance and the 1380s, as did the control of Perpignan's consuls over them. However, the very success of the sobreposats de la horta necessitated a series of reforms, largely the work of Perpignan's consuls, from the 1380s onwards. These reforms attempted to restore the earlier efficiency of the sobreposats de la horta, to eliminate abuses of office, and even to limit the power of the sobreposats de la horta, whose growth the consuls had done so much to foster previously.
Symmetric Duality via Conjugate Duality

Symmetric pairs of programming problems involving square roots of quadratic forms have been studied by a number of authors. By applying the methods of conjugate duality theory to generalizations of these problems we readily obtain extensions of most known results guaranteeing duality of this pair. Our results apply equally well to problems in real and complex space. Symmetrische Paare von Optimierungsproblemen, die Quadratwurzeln quadratischer Formen enthalten, wurden von vielen Autoren untersucht. Dadurch, das wir Methoden aus der Theorie der konjugierten Dualitat auf Verallgemeinerungen dieser Probleme anwenden, gelingt es uns leicht, Erweiterungen fur die meisten bekannten Resultate zu erhalten, die die Dualitat dieser Paare gewahrleisten. Unsere Ergebnisse sind auf Probleme sowohl im reellen als auch im komplexen Raum anwendbar.
Exact Solution of a Two-Dimensional Model for Hydrogen-Bonded Crystals

A model of two-dimensional hydrogen-bonded crystals satisfying the ice rule is presented and solved exactly in the presence of an external electric field. The transfer-matrix method is used. The model includes, for special values of the parameters, the ice problem, the Rys $F$ model of an antiferroelectric, and the Slater KDP model of a ferroelectric.
Submicron BCDMOS process with extended LDMOS safe-operating-area by optimizing body current

A 20V submicron BCDMOS process is presented with extended LDMOS SOA (Safe-Operating-Area) for smart power applications by optimizing body-current. The LDMOS has two peaks of body current and the origin of two peaks can be explained through hot carrier injection phenomenon. The first peak shows the appearance of weakly impact ionization related to the device degradation and the second peak shows the occurrence of snap-back phenomenon predicting device destruction, respectively. In the present paper, we investigated the HE-SOA (Hot-Electron-Limited SOA) and Electrical SOA using two peaks of body current in LDMOS transistors with submicron BCD process.
Competition, leaf morphology, and host clone effects on leaf-galling grape phylloxera (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae)

Multivoltine, parthenogenetic grape phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch, gall the leaves of wild grape, Vitis arizonica Englemann, along riparian areas in Arizona. We compared patterns of distribution of 1st-generation galls within leaves to determine if intraspecific competition for sites influenced the probability of survival and reproductive success. Within-leaf distribution patterns of galls were random or aggregated. There were significantly more galls on primary and secondary veins than on tertiary veins, but there were no differences in numbers of galls colonizing proximal, medial, or distal regions of a leaf. Survivorship of females was not significantly different among vein type or region colonized. There was a significantly greater mean fecundity within galls when females colonized secondary veins compared with primary or tertiary veins, but this difference explained only 3% of the variance. Leaf size was not correlated with percentage of survivorship or mean fecundity within galls. Increased gall density from 4 to 10 galls per leaf did not result in decreased survivorship and the effect on mean fecundity was marginal. There were significant differences in percentage of phylloxera survivorship and mean fecundity among leaves collected from different host clones. Interference competition appeared to be absent at the within-leaf spatial scale, but at greater spatial scales, host quality was important to phylloxera fitness.
A Comparison between REDOR and θ-REDOR for Measuring 13C–2D Dipolar Interactions in Solids

Abstract 13 C-observe REDOR and θ-REDOR experiments for recovering the 13 C– 2 D dipolar interaction during MAS NMR are compared. It is found that limited 2 D RF power may severely compromise the performance of the REDOR experiment whereas the θ-REDOR experiment can be designed to work well. Results are presented for an isolated 13 C– 2 D spin pair with a large deuterium quadrupolar coupling constant and for a 13 C coupled to three methyl deuterons undergoing fast methyl group rotation.
Decision making under uncertainty: a comparison of simple scalability, fixed-sample, and sequential-sampling models

The purpose of this article is to investigate the learning and memory processes involved in decision making under uncertainty. In two different experiments, subjects were given a choice between a certain alternative that produced a single known payoff and an uncertain alternative that produced a normal distribution of payoffs. Initially this distribution was unknown, and in the first experiment it was learned through feedback from past decisions, whereas in the second experiment it was learned by observing sample outcomes. In the first experiment, a response deadline was used to limit the amount of time available for making a decision. In the second experiment, an observation cost was used to limit the number of samples that could be purchased. The mean and variance of the uncertain alternative and the value of the certain alternative were factorially manipulated to study their joint effects on choice probability, choice response time (Experiment 1), and number of observations purchased (Experiment 2). Algebraic-deterministic theories developed for decision making with simple gambles fail to explain the present results. Two new models are developed and tested--fixed- and sequential-sampling models--that attempt to describe the learning and memory processes involved in decision making under uncertainty.
249. Fusion Intrabodies as Anti-Huntington Gene Therapy

Huntington's Disease (HD) is an autosomal-dominant single gene mutation resulting in a polyglutamine repeat expansion. Pathology results from 37 or more copies of the CAG trinucleotide repeat, with age of onset being inversely related to the number of repeats. Symptoms, usually beginning at mid-life, include motor dysfunction, cognitive and emotional disturbances. Misfolding of the huntingtin protein and formation of high molecular weight molecules have been correlated with brain pathology in humans and mouse models of the disease.
Desmethylimipramine treatment increases melatonin production in humans

Melatonin is produced by the pineal gland, mainly at night in the dark. Melatonin secretion by the pineal gland is an attractive model for the in vivo study of adrenergic pharmacology in humans (Lewy 1983. 1984). Unlike most autonomically regulated organs. the pineal gland appears to receive only postganglionic sympathetic innervation (there is no antagonistic cholinergic input) (Schrier and Klein 1974; Ariens Kappers et al. 1979). The pineal does not participate in the stress response, thus eliminating a common source of artifact (reviewed by Vaughn 1984). There do not appear to be extrapineal sources of plasma melatonin in humans (Neuwelt and Lewy 1983). For a given individual. night-tonight melatonin production is very consistent (Sack et al. 1985); thus, drug-induced alterations in melatonin production are readily detectable. Melatonin production is affected by drugs with well-established adrenergic activity; for example. beta-adrenergic blockers potently suppress melatonin production (Hanssen et al.
Multiple facets of budgeting: an exploratory analysis

Abstract This paper investigates four potential reasons for budgeting in organizations (operational planning, performance evaluation, communication of goals, and strategy formation), their antecedents (e.g., organizational strategy and structure), and several budgeting characteristics (e.g., target difficulty and budget emphasis) that potentially influence these reasons-to-budget's performance. While the idea of multiple uses of budgets in organizations is not new, the rationale for this study is that prior research has tended to look at the same (one) reason for budgeting (primarily performance evaluation), or at only one reason in isolation. Based on survey data from 57 managers responsible for preparing the budget for their organizational unit, our analyses suggest that while the four reasons-to-budget exhibit overlap, they are also substantively unique in their own use. Moreover, we demonstrate that the reasons-to-budget arise in different circumstances and that each reason-to-budget's performance is associated with different budgeting characteristics. We also demonstrate a link between the performance of the individual reasons-to-budget and overall budget satisfaction and organizational unit performance.
The nucleotide sequence of the gB glycoprotein gene of HSV-2 and comparison with the corresponding gene of HSV-1

The nucleotide sequence of the gB glycoprotein gene of HSV-2 has been determined and compared with the homologous gene of HSV-1. The two genes are specified by the same total number of codons (904); eight additional codons of the HSV-1 gene are found within the signal sequence, and eight additional codons of the HSV-2 gene are found at three different sites in the gene. The signal cleavage, membrane-spanning, and eight potential N-linked oligosaccharide sites, as well as 5'- and 3'-regulatory signals are largely conserved. The overall amino acid homology is 85%; least conserved are the N- and C-terminal regions of the protein. Secondary structure plots were determined for the two proteins, and the structures were compared with each other and with alterations in structure due to several mutations in the HSV-1 gB gene for which sequence analysis is available. The high homology in primary and secondary structure suggests a conserved, essential function for the gene.
The teaching of business ethics: A survey of AACSB member schools

This report presents the findings of a survey of business ethics education undertaken in the Fall of 1988. The respondents were the deans of colleges and universities associated with the AACSB.
The Zinc-Finger Transcription Factor INSM1 Is Expressed during Embryo Development and Interacts with the Cbl-Associated Protein

Here we describe the isolation and characterization of the mouse homolog of the human zinc-finger transcription factor INSM1 (IA-1) and identify an interacting protein. A 2.9-kb cDNA with an open reading frame of 1563 nucleotides, corresponding to a translated protein of 521 amino acids, was isolated from a mouse βTC-1 cDNA library. Mouse INSM1 was found to be 86% identical to human INSM1 and both proteins contain proline-rich regions and multiple zinc-finger DNA-binding motifs. Sequencing of mouse Insm1 genomic DNA revealed that it is an intronless gene. Chromosomal mapping localized Insm1 to chromosome 2. Northern blot analysis showed that mouse Insm1 expression begins at 10.5 days in the embryo, decreases after 13.5 days, and is barely detected at 18.5 days. In mouse brain, Insm1 is strongly expressed for 2 weeks after birth but shows little or no expression thereafter. Transfection of cells with GFP-tagged INSM1 revealed that INSM1 is expressed exclusively in the nucleus. We identified proteins that interacted with INSM1 by the yeast two-hybrid system and the binding of one of them, Cbl-associated protein (CAP), to INSM1 was confirmed by in vitro pull-down experiments, nuclear colocalization, and co-immunoprecipitation assays. Further studies showed that both INSM1 and CAP proteins were present in the nucleus of insulinoma cells and that endogenous INSM1 protein was co-precipitated with antibody to CAP. These findings raise the possibility that during embryo development CAP may enter the nucleus through its own nuclear localization signal or by binding to INSM1.
The relative impact of treatment program 'robustness' and 'dosage' on client outcomes.

Abstract The relationship between two aspects of program quality (robustness of model implementation and service dosage), client outcomes of self-reported and observer-rated psychosocial functioning, and intensive mental health service utilization costs was examined for 132 persons with dual mental and substance disorders. Membership in the ‘robustly implemented’ behavioral skills intervention was significantly associated with higher levels of self-reported and observer-rated psychosocial functioning, while membership in the ‘robustly implemented’ 12-step group was significantly related to higher intensive mental health service costs. Dosage of supportive service exhibited a significant, positive relationship to lower intensive mental health service costs but not to functioning. Although the addition of qualitative data was useful in interpreting the findings from the main study analyses, it had no discernable statistical impact on the regression equations for three major outcome variables.
Modular Programming: Novice Misconceptions.

This study explored the parameter-related misconceptions of two college students enrolled in an introductory programming course. Both students appeared to conceive a direct procedure-to-procedure linkage, with the connection being forged by identically named formal parameters. Throughout the semester, both students were able—by making apparently innocuous adjustments to formal parameter lists—to construct correctly functioning modular programs. They were also able to correctly answer parameter-related test questions when the questions did not provoke a conflict with their fundamental misconception of the parameter process. Therefore, the misconceptions were concealed from the instructor and perhaps from the students themselves. This article discusses the results of the study within the constructivist framework and suggests implications for instruction.
Simplifying dynamic programming via mode-directed tabling

In the dynamic programming paradigm the value of an optimal solution is recursively defined in terms of optimal solutions to subproblems. Such dynamic programming definitions can be tricky and error-prone to specify. This paper presents an elegant method based on tabled logic programming (TLP) that simplifies the specification of such dynamic programming solutions. Our method introduces a new mode declaration for tabled predicates. The arguments of each tabled predicate are divided into indexed and non-indexed arguments so that tabled predicates can be regarded as functions: indexed arguments represent input values and non-indexed arguments represent output values. The non-indexed arguments in a tabled predicate can be further declared to be aggregated, for example, the minimum, so that while generating answers, the global table will dynamically maintain the smallest value for that argument. This mode-declaration scheme, coupled with recursion, provides an easy-to-use method for dynamic programming: there is no need to define the value of an optimal solution recursively, as the definition of a general solution suffices. The optimal value as well as its corresponding concrete solution can be derived implicitly and automatically using tabled logic programming systems. Our experimental results show that mode declarations improve performance in solving dynamic programming problems on TLP systems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. This is an expanded version of the authors' paper ‘Simplifying Dynamic Programming via Tabling’ that appeared in the Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Practical Aspects of Declarative Languages, 2004, pp. 163–177
Prone position breast irradiation

Abstract Purpose: An alternative technique for irradiating the breast following breast conserving surgery is described. Methods and Materials: The technique utilizes the prone position and has been developed to improve the dose distribution within the breast and reduce the volume of normal tissues irradiated during whole breast treatment. Improvements in the dosimetry of breast irradiation are obtained through the optimization of the shape of the breast and result in a reduction in the magnitude of high-dose regions and isodose gradients at the base of the breast. Results: The high dose region at the base of the breast, without lung correction, generally ranges from 116–118% for large breasted women treated in the supine position. These high dose regions are reduced to 102–103% for the same women treated in the prone position. Irradiation of the heart, lungs, chest wall and contralateral breast are minimized with this technique. The improvements appear to benefit women with large breasts, pendulous breasts, large separations and/or irregularly shaped chest contours. Conclusion: The prone position technique takes advantage of the reproducibility characteristics of the supine position technique and combines them with the homogeneity and normal tissue-sparing characteristics of the lateral decubitus position technique. Prone position breast irradiation appears to be a simple and effective alternative to irradiation of the breast in the conventional supine position when the supine position is likely to result in unacceptable dose inhomogeneity or significant doses to normal tissues.
Does the addition of fibrates to statin therapy have a favorable risk to benefit ratio

Statins effectively lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events, and because of this they have become a standard treatment for dyslipidemia and atheroprevention. Unfortunately, statin monotherapy may fail to normalize high triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and it prevents only a minority of CVD events. Further treatment of lipid disorders that remain after statin monotherapy should help reduce the residual CVD risk. Fibrate monotherapy lowers high triglyceride levels, raises low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and reduces CVD risk; therefore, fibrates are recommended as an adjunct to statins for treatment of residual dyslipidemia and residual CVD risk. This review provides an update on the benefits and risks of fibrate monotherapy and addresses the benefits and risks of adding fibrates to statins.
Characterizing Microbial Diversity and the Potential for Metabolic Function at −15 °C in the Basal Ice of Taylor Glacier, Antarctica

Measurement of gases entrapped in clean ice from basal portions of the Taylor Glacier, Antarctica, revealed that CO2 ranged from 229 to 328 ppmv and O2 was near 20% of the gas volume. In contrast, vertically adjacent sections of the sediment laden basal ice contained much higher concentrations of CO2 (60,000 to 325,000 ppmv), whereas O2 represented 4 to 18% of the total gas volume. The deviation in gas composition from atmospheric values occurred concurrently with increased microbial cell concentrations in the basal ice profile, suggesting that in situ microbial processes (i.e., aerobic respiration) may have altered the entrapped gas composition. Molecular characterization of 16S rRNA genes amplified from samples of the basal ice indicated a low diversity of bacteria, and most of the sequences characterized (87%) were affiliated with the phylum, Firmicutes. The most abundant phylotypes in libraries from ice horizons with elevated CO2 and depleted O2 concentrations were related to the genus Paenisporosarcina, and 28 isolates from this genus were obtained by enrichment culturing. Metabolic experiments with Paenisporosarcina sp. TG14 revealed its capacity to conduct macromolecular synthesis when frozen in water derived from melted basal ice samples and incubated at −15 °C. The results support the hypothesis that the basal ice of glaciers and ice sheets are cryospheric habitats harboring bacteria with the physiological capacity to remain metabolically active and biogeochemically cycle elements within the subglacial environment.
Interstitial retinol-binding protein (IRBP) in retinoblastoma

Abstract Interstitial retinol-binding protein (IRBP) is an extracellular glycoprotein that appears to be synthesized by the photoreceptors in the normal retina and may be involved in shuttling retinoids through the interphotoreceptor matrix between the retina and pigment epithelium. The present work demonstrated immunochemically that IRBP of the same molecular weight as normal human IRBP (135,000) was present in three retinoblastomas, irrespective of their degree of differentiation. Tumor 1 was classified as differentiated; Tumors 2 and 3 were classified as poorly differentiated. The level of IRBP in the soluble proteins of Tumor 2 was about 8 times that in Tumor 1 and about one-half that in the soluble proteins (including adhering interphotoreceptor matrix) from a pair of normal retinas from a 31-year-old donor. IRBP occurred in the interstitial space of Tumor 3. Most of the IRBP in this tumor was recovered from the medium in which the undifferentiated cells were dispersed. Incubation of the isolated cells from Tumor 3 in medium containing [ 3 H]leucine demonstrated that [ 3 H]IRBP was secreted into the medium. The [ 3 H]IRBP was immunoreactive with rabbit antibovine IRBP antibodies. It was inferred that the [ 3 H]IRBP was glycosylated because it was bound by immobilized concanavalin A and could be displaced with α-methylmannopyranoside. Since IRBP is not normally found in retinas until the time of photoreceptor differentiation, regulation of its gene may be defective in this malignant neuroectodermal neoplasm. The present findings are relevant to the possible role of retinoids and their binding proteins in neoplastic cells, because they demonstrate for the first time the presence of an extracellular retinoid-binding protein in tumor tissue.
DEMEANOR AND ARREST REVISITED: RECONSIDERING THE DIRECT EFFECT OF DEMEANOR

ABSTRACT This paper re-examines the contention that legal variables accounted for most of the direct effect of citizen's demeanor on subsequent arrest. The data used in this analysis were collected in a study of the interaction between police and the mentally ill. These data were not restricted to mentally ill offenders only, but consisted of observations of police interactions with all citizens during the shift. Data were collected on 1989 non-traffic police citizen interactions from 1980 to 1981 in two districts of Chicago. Logistic regression results indicate that demeanor exerts a strong significant effect on arrest even with legal variables included in the model. Suggestions for future research are discussed.
Autonomic regulation of calcium cycling in developing embryonic mouse hearts.

Abstract In the present study, we combined optical Ca2+ imaging with immunocytochemistry studies to characterize autonomic regulation of Ca2+ cycling during early development in isolated embryonic mouse hearts. At embryonic days 9.5–11.5 (E9.5–E11.5), the Ca2+ transient originated in the superior portion of the right atrium, propagated rapidly through both atria, slowly through the atrio-ventricular (AV) ring, and rapidly through both ventricles. Isoproterenol (ISO) significantly increased heart rate, increased Ca2+ transient amplitude, rate of rise (RR) and a rate of decay, and shortened AV conduction time, indicating the presence of functional β-adrenergic receptors. The muscarinic agonist carbachol (CCh) had no effects until 1 day later at E10.5. Both β1-adrenergic and M2 muscarinic receptors were detected in ventricular muscle sections by immunochemistry at E10.5. Growing nerves, labeled using growth-associated protein 43 antibodies, were detected at the E14.5 stage, but not at E10.5, whereas mature sympathetic nerves, detected by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) labeling, were not yet present at E14.5. These results demonstrate that functional regulation of Ca2+ cycling by β-adrenergic receptors occurs earliest in developing embryonic mouse hearts, followed a day later by muscarinic receptor responsiveness, with autonomic innervation developing later. These results define the functional and structural sequence of autonomic regulation of Ca2+ transient in the embryonic mouse heart.
Differential relationship of recent self-reported stress and acute anxiety with divided attention performance

There have been relatively few studies on the relationship between recent perceived environmental stress and cognitive performance, and the existing studies do not control for state anxiety during the cognitive testing. The current study addressed this need by examining recent self-reported environmental stress and divided attention performance, while controlling for state anxiety. Fifty-four university undergraduates who self-reported a wide range of perceived recent stress (10-item perceived stress scale) completed both single and dual (simultaneous auditory and visual stimuli) continuous performance tests. Partial correlation analysis showed a statistically significant positive correlation between perceived stress and the auditory omission errors from the dual condition, after controlling for state anxiety and auditory omission errors from the single condition (r = 0.41). This suggests that increased environmental stress relates to decreased divided attention performance in auditory vigilance. In contr...
Improving our self‐episteme

Tell us where you'd like to see public health in the new curriculum. It's problem-based, disciplinarily integrated and behaviourally sensitive. It is based on the principles of self-directed adult learning and we'd love it to be community-orientated! We assume you'll want to integrate your stuff with ours, but do you need any separate sessions as well?