cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A PHYSICAL EXPLANATION FOR THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PLANET PHASING TO SUPPRESS PLANETARY GEAR VIBRATION

Abstract The effectiveness of planet phasing to suppress planetary gear vibration in certain harmonics of the mesh frequency is examined based on the physical forces acting at the sun–planet and ring–planet meshes. The analysis does not rely on assumptions of the nature of the dynamic excitation (e.g., static transmission error or time-varying mesh stiffness) or on an underlying dynamic model. Instead, the inherent system symmetries imply distinct relationships between the forces at the multiple meshes. These relationships lead naturally to simple rules for when a particular harmonic of mesh frequency is suppressed in the dynamic response. An important implication is that certain expected resonances when a mesh frequency harmonic and a natural frequency coincide are suppressed. Systems with equal planet spacing and those with unequally spaced, diametrically opposed planets are considered. In both cases, a substantial number of mesh frequency harmonics are suppressed naturally without optimization of the phasing. The phenomena are demonstrated with a dynamic finite element/contact mechanics simulation.
Spanish‐English Codeswitching in the Mexican and Spanish Press

This article examines both the form and function of codeswitching in the Mexican and the Spanish press. Codeswitching is found to be more complex both syntactically and functionally in the Mexican press than in the Spanish press. The explanation offered for this finding is based on (1) the greater contact that Mexico has had with an anglophone community and (2) the different nature of that contact.
DINITROGEN FIXATION BY AZOTOBACTER CHROOCOCCUM AND ITS ISOCITRATE DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY: A QUICK METHOD FOR SCREENING NITROGEN FIXING STRAINS

Nitrogenase activity in the rhizosphere of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum Linn.), and its associated soil was measured by reduction of acetylene. Zero order kinetics and first order kinetics of acetylene reduction (C2H2→C2H4) were used to describe the activity of N2 fixers from these soils. Arranged in descending order of nitrogen-fixing (acetylene-reducing) potential, the sites examined were highland (arable), mesic meadow, peat polygon trough, transition zone between mesic meadow and peat polygon trough, lowland (flooded with water) and virgin flooded land. On most of the land, sugarcane has been under cultivation for centuries. In total, 9 acetylene reducers were isolated, the remaining being oligonitrophiles. In addition to using the saturation kinetic values to describe the activity of dinitrogen fixers, first order kinetics of several potential energy substrates were also compared. Carbohydrate concentrations (glucose, maltose, arabinose, mannose and raffinose) between 25 and 100μg/ml were used since the Michaelis-Menten plot indicates that between this range first order kinetics were measured. The results indicated that various carbohydrate additions had different effects on C2H2 reduction.Because of the relatively high temperature requirements for Azotobacter chroococcum development, tropical areas appear more favorable for a higher incidence of this bacterium. Optimal temperatures for acetylene reduction were between 25°-30°. Acetylene reduction was pH-dependent, the optimum occurring between pH 6.4-7.5. Nitrogenase activity was almost completely inhibited by air and anaerobic conditions, and was optimum at around pO2 0.06atm. The reduction of 2, 3, 5-triphenyl tretrazolium chloride to triphenyl formazan has been used to estimate the dehydrogenase activity of Azotobacter strains in vivo. A significant correlation has been obtained between isocitrate dehydrogenase reactions and the oxygen uptake of a number of isolates; the production of the formazan was used as an index of endogenous respiration. A similar relationship was also obtained between dehydrogenase reactions and bacterial numbers. A relationship between acetylene reduced per gram of organic carbon utilized and the dehydrogenase reactions has been recorded. This investigation also proposes an index for quick screening of nitrogen fixation in Azotobacter.
The quantitative histochemistry of a chemically induced ependymoblastoma. I. Enzymes.

SUMMARY Enzymes from several metabolic pathways were studied quantitatively in homogenates and in homogeneous areas of frozen-dried cryostat sections of an experimental, mouse ependymoblastoma, mouse mammary carcinoma, and mouse melanoma, growing as transplants in mouse brain. Micro analyses were performed in fiveto sixfold replicates on portions of tumour with a dry weight of 0·03-0·2 μg. A close resemblance of the enzyme spectrum of the ependymoblastoma to that of immature brain was noted. Hexokinase and malate dehydrogenase were lower and lactate, glucose-6-phosphate, and NADP+-linked isocitrate dehydrogenases, and β-glucuronidase higher in the ependymoblastoma than in whole, adult mouse brain. Mouse mammary carcinoma had a higher level of hexokinase and lower levels of lactate and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases and β-glucuronidase than ependymoblastoma. The concentration of malate dehydrogenase was lower and that of lactate, glucosed-6-phosphate, and NADP+-linked isocitric dehydrogenases was higher in the melanoma than in the ependymoblastoma. β-Glucuronidase levels were similar in these two neoplasms. It is suggested that the relatively high levels of several NADP+-linked enzymes in the ependymoblastoma may be related to increased capacity for lipid synthesis.
WE-D-T-617-07: Development of An Independent Audit Device for Remote Verification of 4D Radiotherapy

Purpose: To develop a 4D quality assurance device for remote verification of dose delivery at institutions participating in NCI‐sponsored clinical trials that require the use of respiratory motion mitigation techniques. Method and Materials: A plastic reciprocating platform was designed and constructed to simulate respiratory motion in two dimensions and to evaluate the reproducibility of 4D image acquisition and dose delivery. An anthropomorphic lung phantom was used with the platform to assess imaging characteristics, to provide CT data for radiotherapytreatment planning and for dosimetric evaluation. The lung phantom used radiochromic film in three major planes and TLD centered in the GTV. Static, simulated free‐breathing, breath‐hold, 4D phase‐sorted and respiratory‐gated CTimage sets were acquired using the programmable moving platform. A volumetric comparison of internal phantom structures assessed imaging reproducibility. Conformal 6 MV photon treatment plans were created for free‐breathing ITV and respiratory‐gated techniques using Pinnacle. The reproducibility of the 4D irradiation techniques was analyzed through comparisons to calculated treatment planningdose data. Criteria for evaluation were derived from TG‐53 with a range of 5%/3mm to 7%/7mm. Results:CTimageanalysis showed mean(SD) tumor volumes [cm3] of 24.5(0.4), 23.1(1.6), 24.1(1.6) for static, 4D phase‐sorted and free‐breathing techniques, respectively. Initial evaluation of the ITV technique showed that the ratio of TLD/Pinnacle dose was 0.972. Axial film analysis with binary agreement maps showed ranges of 85.5% to 96.4% and 81.0% to 95.4% agreement within the 5%/3mm to 7%/7mm criteria range for gated and ITV techniques, respectively. Axial profile analyses through the tumor center indicated regions of disagreement between the measured dose data and calculated data within the 5% criterion. Conclusion: The 4D phantom QA system can be used as an independent audit device for dosimetric evaluation of 4D radiotherapy techniques. Work supported by PHS grant CA10953 and CA81647 awarded by the NCI.
Antibody-forming cells in the contralateral and ipsilateral lymph nodes draining the locally immunized supramammary/suprainguinal region.

Abstract The Jerne hemolytic plaque assay was used to compare the number of antibody forming cells in the ipsilateral supramammary/suprainguinal lymph node which drains the udder, its counterpart area in males, of dairy goats inoculated with the antigen, sheep red blood cells, and in the contralateral lymph node which drains the corresponding non-inoculated area. Parenteral immunization was shown to have suppressing effects upon the local immune responses to the subsequently applied antigens. Three monthly intramammary inoculations of the antigen induced significant numbers of indirect plaque-forming cells (i.e. immunoglobulin G antibody producing cells) in both draining (ipsilateral) and non-draining (contralateral) nodes, suggesting antigen relocation and/or cell relocation from the inoculated side. However, the number of indirect plaque-forming cells in the ipsilateral node was far greater than in the contralateral node, indicating that the majority of memory cells remained in the inoculated site.
Asset and money laundering in Bolivia, Colombia and Peru: a legal transplant in vulnerable environments?

The deepening of the globalization process and the growing interrelations among countries have reinforced the need for homogeneous norms and common systems not only to regulate international capital flows and international trade but also to control and combat illegal capital flows and money laundering. In this context the normalization and standardization of criminal offenses and regulatory measures seeks to facilitate the prosecution and penalization of criminal activities. Illegal capital flows and money laundering were recognized as an international policy issue in the 1988 Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances that was followed by substantial international developments. In 1989 the G7 countries established the FATF to attack money laundering. In 1990 it issued Forty Recommendations to fight money laundering which were revised and tightened in 1996 and 2003. In October 2001 it issued 8 recommendations on Terrorism Financing that were updated in October 2004 when a ninth was added. These revisions took into account the new United Nations Conventions against Transnational Organized Crime, 2000 (the Palermo Convention) and the 1999 International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism. After the UN General Assembly Special Session of 1998 (UNGASS-1998) the UN established the Global Program Against Money Laundering (GPML) within the UN Office of Drug Control and Crime Prevention (UNDCCP) that in 2003 became the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). The GPML launched a technical assistance program to help countries enact anti money laundering legislation and to develop anti money laundering agencies and systems. This set of international arrangements and guidelines constitutes an anti-money laundering -AMLsystem Crime Law Soc Change (2010) 53:437–455 DOI 10.1007/s10611-010-9235-8
Solar heat storage using chemical reactions

Abstract As an alternative to storage of sensible heat in liquids or solids or as latent heat of fusion, heat storage by means of reversible chemical reactions is under investigation. By this method, a chemical is separated into two components by heating and heat absorption, following which the components are stored in separate vessels and are recombined to generate heat when it is needed. The attractiveness of this concept of heat storage is not only higher energy density, but the capability to store energy as long as desired at ambient temperature, the option of transporting the chemicals to generate heat at another location, and the high temperatures characteristic of some of the reactions which result in high efficiency when the stored heat is used to generate electricity. Many reactions have been proposed and analyzed. Experimental work is in progress on inorganic hydroxide/oxide reactions, the decomposition of ammoniated salts, sulfur trioxide decomposition, ammonium sulfate decomposition, and others. The problems to be solved and potential applications are illustrated by the results of work in progress on Mg(OH)2 and Ca(OH)2 decomposition.
Providing Shelters or Low Income Housing? An Optimal Control Model

Abstract An optimal control model is developed to model the choice between short-term safety nets (shelter beds) and longer term investments (low income housing) for the alleviation of literal homelessness (people sleeping on the street). Society's objective function depends negatively on literal homelessness and the budget expenditure to fight it. A steady-state saddle point solution is found. The model is extended to take into account incentive effects in the provision of shelters and leakage effects in the provision of low income housing. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: H53, R21, C61.
Anti-Jo-1 antibody levels correlate with disease activity in idiopathic inflammatory myopathy.

Objective Previous case series have examined the relationship between anti–Jo-1 antibody levels and myositis disease activity, demonstrating equivocal results. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and novel measures of myositis disease activity, the current study was undertaken to systematically reexamine the association between anti–Jo-1 antibody levels and various disease manifestations of myositis. Methods Serum anti–Jo-1 antibody levels were quantified using 2 independent ELISA methods, while disease activity was retrospectively graded using the Myositis Disease Activity Assessment Tool, which measures disease activity in 7 different organ systems via the Myositis Disease Activity Assessment Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and the Myositis Intention-to-Treat Index (MITAX) components. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients and mixed linear regression analysis were used to identify associations between anti–Jo-1 antibody levels and organ-specific disease activity in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, respectively. Results Cross-sectional assessment of 81 patients with anti–Jo-1 antibody revealed a modest correlation between the anti–Jo-1 antibody level and the serum creatine kinase (CK) level, as well as muscle and joint disease activity. Correlation coefficients were similar for CK levels (rs = 0.38, P = 0.002), myositis VAS (rs = 0.36, P = 0.002), and arthritis VAS (rs = 0.40, P = 0.001). In multiple regression analyses of 11 patients with serial samples, anti–Jo-1 antibody levels correlated significantly with CK levels (R2 = 0.65, P = 0.0002), myositis VAS (R2 = 0.53, P = 0.0008), arthritis VAS (R2 = 0.53, P = 0.006), pulmonary VAS (R2 = 0.69, P = 0.005), global VAS (R2 = 0.63, P = 0.002), and global MITAX (R2 = 0.64, P = 0.0003). Conclusion In this large series of patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy, anti–Jo-1 antibody levels correlated modestly with muscle and joint disease, an association confirmed by a custom ELISA using recombinant human Jo-1. More striking associations emerged in a smaller longitudinal subset of patients that link anti–Jo-1 antibody levels to muscle, joint, lung, and global disease activity.
Gas compressibility factors at high temperature and high pressure by the Burnett method: Methyl chloride

An instrument based on the Burnett method for determining gas compressibility at high temperature and high pressure was constructed. An estimate of the accumulated measurement errors indicate the data should be accurate to eight parts in 10,000. The instrument was calibrated up to 1,000 lb./sq.in. with helium at 200° and 300°C. The average absolute difference between the experimental and the smoothed helium compressibility factor data was 4 and 6 parts/100,000 for the 200° and 300°C. isotherms, respectively. Compressibility factor data for methyl chloride from 200° to 350°C. at 25°C. intervals and at pressures to 5,000 lb./sq.in. are reported. Second virial coefficients for helium and methyl chloride were also obtained.
Examining the Effect of Reflective Assessment on the Quality of Visual Design Assignments in the Technical Writing Classroom

This article examines the role that reflective assessment plays in contributing to the quality of students' visual designs. Students who are required to account for their rhetorical decisions in the design of a document benefit from the practice of verbalizing those decisions. However, this study shows that students who engage in reflective assessment actually produce stronger visual designs as well. This effect should help determine the extent to which such assessments should be included in the classroom.
165 MANAGEMENT OF PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS IN PREMIES WEIGHING LESS THAN 1500 GRAMS

The management of very small premature infants with cardio-respiratory failure (CRF) associated with a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) remains controversial. Nineteen premies averaging a weight of 1204±67 grams and a gestational age of 30.6±0.5 weeks were included in the study. All patients were in CRF requiring mechanical ventilation and had clinical evidence of a hemodynamically significant left to right ductal shunt. All patients were treated initially for 48 hours with digitalis, diuretics and fluid restriction. Four patients(21%) responded well and required no further treatment. Seven patients underwent surgical closure of the PDA. Two of those patients died later on with severe lung disease. Eight patients were treated with oral Indomethacin(I) at 0.1 to 0.2mg/kg q 8 hs(3 doses). Five of those patients (62%) responded well and were extubated. Two patients(25%) did not respond to (I) and required surgical closure of the PDA. One patient showed signs of PDA closure following (I) but expired later with severe lung disease. These preliminary results suggest that a trial of medical therapy with digitalis, diuretics and fluid restriction is justified in all premies under 1500 grams with CRF and PDA for a period of 48 hours. If no improvement occurs, a course of oral (I) may be helpful. Surgical PDA closure should be reserved for patients not responding to the deconaestive and Indomethacin treatments.
A robust model order estimation and segmentation technique for classification of biopsies in breast cancer

The difficult problem of identifying dominant structures in unknown data sets has been elegantly addressed recently by a non-parametric information theoretic approach, the "Jump" method. The method employs an appropriate but fixed power transformation on the distortion-rate, D(R), curve estimated by the popular K-means algorithm. Although this approach yields good results asymptotically for higher dimensional spaces, in many practical cases involving lower dimensional spaces, a transformation function with a fixed power may not find the correct model order. The work presented here develops an objective function to derive a more suitable transformation function that minimizes classification error in low dimensional data sets. In addition, a number of carefully chosen K-means seeding methods based upon proper heuristic choices have been used to enhance the detection sensitivity and to allow a more accurate estimation. The proposed method has been evaluated for a large variety of datasets and compared with the original Jump method and other well-known order estimation methods such as Minimum Description Length (MDL), Akaike Information Criteria (AIC), and Consistent Akaike Information Criteria (CAIC), demonstrating superior overall performance. Comparative results for the Wisconsin Diagnostic Breast Cancer Dataset have been included. This modified information theoretic approach to model order estimation is expected to improve and validate diagnostic classification and detection of pre-cancerous lesions. Other applications such as finding plausible number of segments in image segmentation scenarios are also possible.
Champions for evidence-based practice: a critical role for advanced practice nurses.

Evidence-based practice is emerging as a widely accepted paradigm for contemporary professional nursing practice. Institutions and providers of healthcare services are adopting this framework to guide the structure, process, and outcomes of patient care delivery. Advanced practice nurses are ideally
Sex Differences in Incidental Learning and Recall of Related and Unrelated Word Pairs

Summary A 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design was used to examine the effects of sex differences, grade, and processing levels in incidental learning and recall of paired associates. Male and female college and high school students processed 30 related and 30 unrelated word pairs by finding similarities or differences between paired items. Males showed better retention than females on a cued recall test, but only at the high school level. Recall of subjects at each grade level was significantly influenced by both pair relationship and processing task. Although recall differences due to sex were thought to be caused by self-selection of subjects at the high school level, the pair relationship × processing task interaction was explained within the framework of a “continuum” model of memory.
The Historical Jesus in the Fourth Gospel: A Paradigm Shift?

The Gospel of John has been either ignored or used marginally in the study of the historical Jesus. Careful study of the realia mentioned in the Gospel of John and explorations of the topography and architectural structures mentioned in the Gospel indicate that it must not be ignored or used only sporadically in Jesus research. Archaeological discoveries prove that sometimes the Fourth Evangelist knew more about Jewish customs and debates than the authors of the Synoptics and more about the architectural landscape of Jerusalem than the authors of the Qumran Scrolls or Josephus.
A stateless, content-directed data prefetching mechanism

Although central processor speeds continues to improve, improvements in overall system performance are increasingly hampered by memory latency, especially for pointer-intensive applications. To counter this loss of performance, numerous data and instruction prefetch mechanisms have been proposed. Recently, several proposals have posited a memory-side prefetcher; typically, these prefetchers involve a distinct processor that executes a program slice that would effectively prefetch data needed by the primary program. Alternative designs embody large state tables that learn the miss reference behavior of the processor and attempt to prefetch likely misses.This paper proposes Content-Directed Data Prefetching, a data prefetching architecture that exploits the memory allocation used by operating systems and runtime systems to improve the performance of pointer-intensive applications constructed using modern language systems. This technique is modeled after conservative garbage collection, and prefetches "likely" virtual addresses observed in memory references. This prefetching mechanism uses the underlying data of the application, and provides an 11.3% speedup using no additional processor state. By adding less than ½% space overhead to the second level cache, performance can be further increased to 12.6% across a range of "real world" applications.
Effect of hydroxyl group substituents on pyran ring on hydrolysis rate of benzoates: 2-tetrahydropyranyl benzoate.

The hydrolysis of 2-tetrahydropyranyl benzoate was followed spectrophotometrically at 240 nm and was first order with respect to the compound, independent of pH, and very sensitive to solvent polarity and had an isotope effect (kD2O/kH2O) near unity. The pH-independent hydrolysis rate was about 1 × 106 times faster than that of the corresponding glucosyl benzoate. The results suggest that the presence of hydroxyl groups on the pyran ring has tremendous effect on the hydrolysis rate of these compounds.
Scheduling algorithms for application-level QoS support of continuous media streams

The Quality of Service (QoS) of real time applications is affected in a rather direct manner by the timely delivery of Application-level Data Units (ADUs) which are typically mapped into several Network-level Data Units (NDUs). As a consequence, it would be reasonable to associate a common deadline with all the NDUs in one ADU and develop a scheduling policy that aims to maximise the number of ADUs that are delivered by their respective deadlines. In the first part of the paper, an ADU-based Earliest Due First (EDF) scheduling policy is investigated under periodic ADU arrival processes which are typical of continuous media streams. The proposed policy can be implemented in terms of a simple First ADU In - First ADU Out (FAI-FAO) policy and it is shown to improve on the ADU dropping rate induced by FIFO policies of comparable complexity. In the second part of the paper, the more complex and effective Size-Deadline Sensitive(SDS) scheduling policy is proposed and investigated under general ADU arrival processes. This policy is shown to be optimal in the sense that it maximises the number of complete ADUs scheduled for transmission at any point in time, by taking into consideration the associated diverse deadlines and the ADU sizes and combining the principles of two well known scheduling algorithms, the Earliest Due First (EDF) and the Shortest Job First (SJF). It is argued and illustrated that the proposed optimal scheduling leads in efficient actual service which under certain arrival processes is shown to be the optimal. Numerical results are presented and the induced ADU and NDU loss rates under the proposed policy are compared against those induced by the standard EDF and SJF policies.
A highly sensitive plant hybrid protein assay system based on the Spm promoter and TnpA protein for detection and analysis of transcription activation domains

TnpA is a multifunctional DNA binding protein encoded by the maize Suppressor-mutator (Spm) transposable element. TnpA is required for transposition and is a repressor of the unmethylated Spm promoter. While analyzing protein domains using a yeast GAL4-based hybrid system in transiently transformed tobacco cells, we found that TnpA represses the > 10-fold transcriptional activation observed when the GAL4 DNA-binding domain is used alone. By contrast, compared to the backgroundless TnpA DNA-binding domain alone, 33- to 45-fold activation of the Spm promoter was observed when the VP16 activation domain was fused to it. TnpA-binding sites, but no TATA box, were required for transcription activation. Among the TnpA deletion derivatives tested, those retaining the coding sequences for the DNA-binding and protein dimerization domains gave the highest level of transcription activation when fused with the VP16 activation domain. The TnpA gene and TnpA-binding sites in the short Spm promoter therefore provide a novel, highly sensitive single-hybrid system for identifying and studying plant transcription activation domains in plant cells.
Commentary: A Framework for Supporting Learning and Teaching About Mathematical and Scientific Models

It was with great interest that I recently read Using Technology to Support Prospective Science Teachers in Learning and Teaching About Scientific Models (Cullin & Crawford, 2003). This article presented a convincing argument that the role of models and modeling in science education represented an important and often neglected aspect of investigative science in the classroom. Specifically, the paper presented efforts to engage preservice secondary science teachers participating in a methods course and teaching practicum in modeling experiences ultimately brought to the fore by building and testing dynamic computer models. While the results were mixed, there was a demonstrated shift in the preservice teachers’ views of model use from a teacher-centered use for explaining concepts to a student-centered approach using models to learn about natural phenomena.
A hybrid neural network model and encoding technique for enhanced classification of energy consumption data

Total losses in transmission and distribution (T&D) of electrical energy including nontechnical losses (NTL) are huge and are affecting the good interest of utility company and its customers. In this context, importance of customer load profile evaluation for detection of illegal consumers is explained in this paper. Classification of the customers based on load profile evaluation using SVMLIB requires us to choose training function and related parameters. Selecting these parameters would consume a lot of time and is not suggestible evaluation of real time electricity consumption patterns, as, the suspicious profiles are to be predicted instantly. In light of this issue, this paper implements a neural network (NN) model and suggests a hierarchical model for enhanced estimation of the classification efficiency, if that data was classified using support vector machines (SVM). In addition, this paper proposes an encoding technique that can identify illegal consumers with better efficiency and faster classification of data.
Utility driven optimization of real time data broadcast schedules

Abstract: Data dissemination in wireless environments is often accomplished by on-demand broadcasting. The time critical nature of the data requests plays an important role in scheduling these broadcasts. Most research in on-demand broadcast scheduling has focused on the timely servicing of requests so as to minimize the number of missed deadlines. However, there exists many environments where the utility of the received data is an equally important criterion as its timeliness. Missing the deadline may reduce the utility of the data but does not necessarily make it zero. In this work, we address the problem of scheduling real time data broadcasts with such soft deadlines. We investigate search based optimization techniques to develop broadcast schedulers that make explicit attempts to maximize the utility of data requests as well as service as many requests as possible within an acceptable time limit. Our analysis shows that heuristic driven methods for such problems can be improved by hybridizing them with local search algorithms. We further investigate the option of employing a dynamic optimization technique to facilitate utility gain, thereby eliminating the requirement of a heuristic in the process. An evolution strategy based stochastic hill-climber is investigated in this context.
Sources of Parental Knowledge in Mexican American Families

We examined correlates of sources of parental knowledge of youths' experiences in Mexican American families, including child self-disclosure, parental solicitation, spouse, siblings, and individuals outside the family. Home and phone interviews were conducted with mothers, fathers, and their seventh-grade male and female offspring in 246 Mexican American families. Results indicated that mothers and fathers relied on different sources of knowledge; parent-child relationship quality and cultural orientations predicted parents' sources of knowledge, and different sources had different implications for youth adjustment. Specifically, child disclosure to mothers and fathers' reliance on their spouse were consistently linked to better youth outcomes. Moderation analyses revealed that correlates of parents' knowledge sources were not always uniform across mothers and fathers or daughters and sons.
Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction

A new method of total RNA isolation by a single extraction with an acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform mixture is described. The method provides a pure preparation of undegraded RNA in high yield and can be completed within 4 h. It is particularly useful for processing large numbers of samples and for isolation of RNA from minute quantities of cells or tissue samples.
Oligomeric bishydroxybutyl terephthalates from terephthalic acid

A process that uses terephthalic acid and excess 1,4-butanediol for the production of polybutylene terephthalate was investigated and the reaction conditions were maximized for fast reaction and minimal loss of butanediol by dehydration to tetrahydrofuran. For best results a mixed catalyst was selected: butylstannoic acid and titanium tetrabutoxide (0.05 and 0.025 mole %, respectively, versus terephthalic acid) with a starting material ratio of butanediol: terephthalic acid of 1.7 at 210°C. The mixture cleared at 2.5 hr with a loss of 6% of butanediol. HPLC analysis showed that the clearing point corresponds to the disappearance of terephthalic acid and monohydroxybutyl terephthalate from the reaction mixture. Thus the polycondensation conditions can be applied before the clearing point with the result that the reaction is faster and tetrahydrofuran formation is minimized. Tetrahydrofuran is formed from butanediol in the reaction mixture by acid catalysis. Excess butanediol results in the formation of larger amounts. End group cyclization of terephthalate esters accounts for the slow tetrahydrofuran formation in the absence of excess butanediol.
Chronic hypoxia-induced acid-sensitive ion channel expression in chemoafferent neurons contributes to chemoreceptor hypersensitivity

Previously we demonstrated that chronic hypoxia (CH) induces an inflammatory condition characterized by immune cell invasion and increased expression of inflammatory cytokines in rat carotid body. ...
A simple method to estimate lifetime of NMOSFET's in the circuits using DC stress data

It was experimentally found that a 10% frequency degradation of a CMOS ring oscillator operated at V/sub dd/=6.8 volts took approximately 400 times longer than a 10% degradation of the current drive under the conventional peak substrate DC stress of an identically drawn NMOSFET at V/sub ds/=6.8 volts. In order to correlate degradation rate of the DC and AC stress, a simple analytical expression to estimate lifetime of NMOSFET's in the circuits has been developed based upon the results of accelerated DC stress on NMOSFET's and quasi-static DC stress on CMOS inverters using a HP4145A DC parametric tester. The ring oscillator lifetime is in good agreement with the estimate using this method. >
Ecological risk assessment : a scientific perspective

Abstract Ecological risk assessment is becoming an increasingly important tool for ranking, assessing, reducing, and managing environmental risks. To pro- vide Agency-wide guidance in this area in the U.S., EPA's Risk Assessment Forum has begun a multi-year guidelines development program. The first step in this program was the publication of the report “Framework for Ecological Risk Assessment” which describes the principles, concepts, terminology, and structure of ecological risk assessments.
High Speed Nailing for Bone Fracture Fixation: A Finite Element Penetration Model to Examine Nail Tip Design

A novel method of bone fracture fixation has been proposed in which small-diameter bioresorbable nails/pins are inserted across the fracture site using a device similar to that of a pneumatic nail gun [1]. Multiple nails inserted at varying angles can prevent translation and rotation of any bone fragments allowing healing to progress uninhibited. High velocity insertion would reduce surgical time; the nail would create its own entry incision so a drilled pilot hole would be unnecessary. A self-contained nailer, preloaded with sterile nail cartridges, could improve surgical outcomes in non-ideal operating conditions such as those encountered in military field hospitals. The bioresorbable nature of the pins would also mitigate the need for potentially risky removal surgery [1].Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Wind Turbine Blade Flow Fields and Prospects for Active Aerodynamic Control

As wind turbines continue to grow larger, problems associated with adverse aerodynamic loads will grow more critical. Thus, the wind energy technical community has begun to seriously consider the potential of aerodynamic control methodologies for mitigating adverse aerodynamic loading. Spatial and temporal attributes of the structures and processes present in these flow fields hold important implications for active aerodynamic control methodologies currently being contemplated for wind turbine applications. The current work uses complementary experimental and computational methodologies, to isolate and characterize key attributes of blade flow fields associated with axisymmetric and yawed turbine operation. During axisymmetric operation, a highly three-dimensional, shear layer dominated flow field yields rotational augmentation of both mean and standard deviation levels of aerodynamic forces. Under yawed operating conditions, pseudo-sinusoidal inflow angle oscillations elicit dynamic stall, which significantly intensifies aerodynamic load production. Both rotationally augmented and dynamically stalled flows possess attributes likely to pose central challenges for turbine flow control. Whether active control of turbine aerodynamics can help alleviate adverse aerodynamic loads will depend on comprehension and command of the issues documented herein.© 2007 ASME
Two-stage dependence for 1-methyladenine induced reinitiation of meiotic maturation in starfish oocytes.

Abstract The maturation hormone 1-methyladenine (1-MA) causes meiotic resumption of prophase arrested immature starfish oocytes. Continuous exposure to ≥ 0.5 µM 1-MA causes germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) in ∼ 20 min, but oocytes pretreated for > 30 min with a subthreshold dose of 1-MA undergo GVBD much faster (∼ 10 min) when they are exposed to 1 µM 1-MA. Furthermore, a very low subthreshold 1-MA suffices to start the maturation process: oocytes exposed to 0.005 µM 1-MA for up to 10 min followed by 1 µM 1-MA is equivalent to continuous exposure to 1 µM 1-MA. These dose and timing relationships indicate that there is a two-stage dependence on 1-MA. A possible explanation for this dependence is that there are two processes involved: an initial process that is triggered by a low dose of 1-MA, and a second process that cannot start until the first process is completed and is stimulated by a higher dose of 1-MA. These subthreshold 1-MA effects on GVBD timing are not directly coupled to changes in calcium physiology that also occur during maturation. Subthreshold 1-MA was found to cause a transient accumulation of Cdc2/cyclin B into the nucleus. The two-stage dependence indicates that there are unsuspected features in this well-studied pathway leading to GVBD. In the animal, this hormone dependence may help to synchronize maturation throughout all parts of the ovary.
High-rate deposition of amorphous silicon films using hot-wire CVD with a coil-shaped filament

To reduce the manufacturing cost of amorphous silicon (a-Si:H)-based photovoltaic devices, it is important to deposit highquality a-Si:H and related materials at a high deposition rate. To this end, we designed and constructed a hot-wire deposition chamber with a coiled filament design and with multiple gas inlets. The process gas could be directed into the chamber through the filament coil and have maximum exposure to the high-temperature filament surface. Using such a chamber design, we deposited a-Si:H films at high deposition rates up to 800 A s and dense, low-void a-Si:H at rates up to 240 A s . y1 y1 ˚˚ 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
The Use of Groupware for Collaboration in Distributed Student Engineering Design Teams

An experiment was conducted in which teams of geographically distributed students used groupware tools to complete three tasks typically performed by the members of an engineering design team: generating ideas, co-editing reports, and negotiating agreements. Four groupware-supported team meeting formats using various combinations of audio, video, file-transfer, and application-sharing support were compared against each other and against a conventional face-to-face meeting. The results, measured as task completion time, quality of task outcome, and subjective user satisfaction, suggest that limitations of the hardware, software, and network bandwidth available at the time the study was conducted diminished any potential benefits of video connectivity and application sharing for distributed collaboration; however, audio connectivity was observed to be of great utility. The teams that used audio communication and file transfer alone between geographically distributed members achieved task completion times and task outcome qualities that were not significantly different from those of the teams working together in the same room.
UAV-aided cross-layer routing for MANETs

In this paper, we present UAV-aided Cross-Layer Routing Protocol (UCLR) that aims at improving the routing performance of a ground MANET network with aid from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). The UAV is added to a connected backbone formed by a collection of designated nodes in order to combat link failures and wireless link effects detected at PHY/MAC layers before the routing table adapts to the changes. In the context of the UCLR protocol, we introduce a UAV-aided cross-layer routing scheme, an associated cross-layer routing metric, and a UAV load-balancing algorithm. We implement UCLR using Linux Quagga routing suite along with OSPF MANET Designated Routing (MDR) and demonstrate its performance improvements compared to the original MDR through emulation studies.
An Intracranial Petri Dish? Formation of Abscess in Prior Large Stroke After Decompressive Hemicraniectomy.

Objective Development of brain abscess after an infarction is a rare clinical condition. There have been 11 cases in the literature. Many patients were treated with potent antibiotics only and did not survive. We present 2 cases in which patients received aggressive surgical resection of brain abscess and survived. The analysis of the literature confirmed our finding that surgical intervention of brain abscess in patients after stroke is advisable. Methods A 58-year-old man was transferred to our institution with left hemiparesis, hemisensory loss, neglect, and hemianopsia. The computed tomography angiography demonstrated large volume right hemispheric infarct. He underwent decompressive hemicraniectomy but developed fevers and swollen fontanelle 6 weeks later, which did not improve with antibiotics. The magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated progression of ring-enhancement of the old infarct and abscess formation was suspected. In another case, a 42-year-old woman was admitted to our institution with aphasia and weakness on the right side. The computed tomography angiography showed left middle cerebral artery territory infarction and decompressive hemicraniectomy was performed. Patient recovered well but a brain abscess was suspected during a routine preoperative computed tomography before cranioplasty. Results In the first case, patient was then taken to the operating room for resection of the infarcted brain tissue involved. The patient's consciousness improved, and he was discharged with antibiotic treatment. The patient subsequently underwent cranioplasty with synthetic graft with no complications. In the second case, the suspected abscess was resected surgically and culture of abscess grew Pantoea agglomerans and Bacillus macerans . The patient underwent synthetic cranioplasty 1 month later and remained in good condition. Conclusions Secondary abscess formation after significant ischemic stroke is a rare condition that carries potential for high morbidity/mortality. The limited body of literature with the addition of our 2 cases supports aggressive management with surgical evacuation of brain abscess to increase survival.
Non-integer asymptotic scaling of a thixotropic-viscoelastic model in large-amplitude oscillatory shear

Abstract We demonstrate that a simple thixotropic-viscoelastic constitutive model has a unique rheological fingerprint that fits data that no other model is known to fit. The key rheological signature is the non-integer power law scaling in asymptotically-nonlinear large-amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS), sometimes called medium-amplitude oscillatory shear (MAOS). We begin with a minimalist constitutive model that contains only five material parameters, which we show to be the minimum required to capture all fundamental thixotropic and viscoelastic phenomena. We demonstrate that the low amplitude power-law scaling of the asymptotically nonlinear first and third harmonic stresses (scaling as input amplitude squared) is different than that observed in all other known constitutive model predictions (which predict nonlinearities to scale as input amplitude cubed). We then explore the effects of a sixth model parameter n (the most common addition to thixotropic models in the literature), introduced to govern the order of the kinetic rate equation. We show that this parameter gives further variability to this unique signature (with nonlinearities scaling as σ ∼ γ n + 1 ). Finally, we compare these model signatures to the experimental signature of a real thixotropic material (Carbopol microgel suspension in water), demonstrating that models with non-integer amplitude scaling are required to match experimental observations.
The redesign of the National Health Interview Survey

Starting in 1997, on its 40th anniversary, the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) will begin collecting data in a radically redesigned form. The redesign was undertaken because interviews were too long; new or different kinds of information were needed, including better measures of health status and chronic conditions: and the ability to analyze family-level data was limited. A shortened annual core survey will be supplemented with a rotating set of questions designed to provide more detail than the current NHIS with respect to health status, utilization of health care services, and health promotion and disease prevention. One adult from each family will be objectively selected to be the respondent, and a significant portion of the data will be collected by self-report. For several of the most common chronic conditions, additional information will be routinely collected that will improve the clinical relevance and quality of data about those conditions. While there will be some costs associated with these changes, their net result will be to enhance the value of NHIS data in addressing current health policy issues. Language: en
The role of cognitive reserve and memory self-efficacy in compensatory strategy use: A structural equation approach

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The use of compensatory strategies plays an important role in the ability of older adults to adapt to late-life memory changes. Even with the benefits associated with compensatory strategy use, little research has explored specific mechanisms associated with memory performance and compensatory strategies. Rather than an individual’s objective memory performance directly predicting their use of compensatory strategies, it is possible that some other variables are indirectly influencing that relationship. The purpose of this study was to: (a) examine the moderating effects of cognitive reserve (CR) and (b) evaluate the potential mediating effects of memory self-efficacy on the relationship between objective memory performance and compensatory strategy use. Method: Two structural equation models (SEM) were used to evaluate CR (latent moderator model) and memory self-efficacy (mediator model) in a sample of 155 community-dwelling older adults over the age of 55. Results: The latent varia...
Mass spectral fragmentation patterns of heterocycles. IX †. Investigation of fundamental processes in 5H-dibenz[b,f]azepines and dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepines

Electron impact induced fragmentation patterns of 5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine (1a), 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz-[b,f]azepine (2a) and some 5-substituted derivatives were investigated using metastable ion studies, exact mass measurements and deuterated analogues. Studies employing 4,6-dideuterio derivatives indicate that the formations of ions of m/e 191, 180, 167, 166 and 152 are associated with a variety of skeletal reorganization processes accompanied by hydrogen (or deuterium) transfers involving peri (4- or 6-) hydrogen (or deuterium) atoms. The methyl radical expelled in the formation of the M-15 ion in the spectrum of 2a is derived from the benzylic carbon(s). A similar process is, in part, responsible for the expulsion of a methyl radical from the molecular ion of 5-methyl-10,1 1-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine (2c) based on the fragmentation of the trideuteriomethyl derivative (2d). Side chain α-cleavage processes dominate the spectra of (5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-yl)acetaldehyde diethylacetal and its 10,11-dihydro analogue. Hydrogen atom transfer processes involving benzylic hydrogen atoms occur in the fragmentation of the 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepines 2a, 2c and 2e.