cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mode of Occurrence of Arsenic in Subbituminous Coals

The mode of occurrence of arsenic in a number of low-arsenic (<5 ppm) coals of subbituminous rank from western regions of the U.S. and Canada has been examined by XAFS spectroscopy. It is found that the mode of occurrence is quite different from that (substitutional replacement for S in pyrite) observed earlier for arsenic in bituminous coals from the eastern U.S. The spectroscopic evidence indicates that the arsenic in low-rank coals is present as As3+ in oxygen coordination, consistent with being held at maceral surfaces by polar oxygen functional groups. During storage after exposure to air, the As3+ in low-rank coals is oxidized to As5+ in the form of the arsenate oxoanion, but less quickly than was observed for arsenical pyrite in an Upper Freeport bituminous coal.
Parties and issues in Francophone West Africa: towards a theory of non-mobilization

This contribution proposes a general framework to explain why political parties fail to mobilize citizens along substantive issues in West Africa. We argue that many political issues exist, which could potentially mobilize African voters, but that most political parties struggle to capture these issues. Due to the youth of the electoral process and inexperience of opposition parties, as well as the shared profile of the political elite, candidates and parties struggle to differentiate and establish themselves as credible ‘issue-owners’. When parties discuss issues, they focus on establishing their own competence in an issue-area, rather than claiming ownership of ideological space. Drawing on patterns we observed in six Francophone countries, we offer a typology of issues, as valence or unclaimed, to predict the likelihood that opposition parties engage with them in their electoral campaigns.
Behavioral adaptations to parasites: an ethological approach.

Wild vertebrate animals must live in an environment with the ever present threat of internal and external parasites. This threat by macroparasites is responsible for the natural selection of an array of behavioral adaptations that, together with the immune system and other physiological forms of resistance, enable the animals to survive and reproduce in this environment. Several lines of research, some quite recent, illustrate that specific behavioral patterns can be effective in helping animals or their offspring avoid or control macro- parasites that can affect adversely the animal's fitness. These behavioral patterns fall under the general strategies of avoidance behavior and mate selection. Various aspects of social, feeding, and repro- ductive behavior of vertebrates are shaped by the forces of predation and resource limitation that animals must address to survive to repro- ductive age and successfully rear young. A rel- atively unappreciated force shaping behavior in much this same way is the existence of external and internal parasites. Animals that are studied by scientists usually are maintained in relatively clean laboratories, field stations, and domestic environments, where it is easy to forget that the animals evolved and thrived in environments with an array of parasites long before human protective measures were available. The behav-
Frames in the space of situations (research note)

Abstract Some of the formalizations discussed in recent work on action and change use variables for propositional fluents. The authors do not specify whether these variables are meant to range over the set of all propositional fluents or over some part of this set. We show that this seemingly minor detail affects the acceptability of some postulates proposed in the literature. We argue that it is important to distinguish between assertions about arbitrary fluents and assertions about the fluents that belong to a “frame” in the space of situations.
Increased protease levels in transformed cells: A casein overlay assay for the detection of plasminogen activator production

Abstract Using a casein-agarose overlay assay, Rous sarcoma virus-transformed chick embryo fibroblasts show a markedly higher level of plasminogen activator activity than do normal, untransformed chick embryo fibroblasts. Infection by avian sarcoma viruses of subgroups A, B, and C, but not avian leukosis viruses of groups A and B, elevates the level of plasminogen activators produced by the fibroblasts. The activators produced by transformed chick embryo fibroblasts can convert plasminogen from calf, fetal calf, as well as chicken serum, to plasmin. Soybean trypsin inhibitor, bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, and fetuin inhibit plasmin mediated caseinolysis. The active-site alkylating agents TLCK, TPCK, APB, GPB, ZPBK, ZLCK, ZPCK also are inhibitory. Activation is specific for plasminogen; the zymogens trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and pepsinogen cannot be activated.
Influence of air temperature, wind and irradiance on metabolism of white-tailed jackrabbits

Abstract 1. 1.High wind speed and low air temperature interact and increase the metabolic rate of white-tailed jackrabbits ( Lepus townsendii ); this effect is greater in summer than in winter. 2. 2.Most variance in metabolism is explained (approx. 90%) when a term for the temperature—wind interaction is included in regresson models. Metabolism is best described with linear terms for wind in summer, and non-linear terms for wind in winter regression equations. 3. 3.Core temperature increases with wind; heat production apparently overcompensates for convective heat loss. 4. 4.Metabolic rate was reduced with 540 and 1080 W/m 2 irradiance (0.3–2.8 μ) at air temperatures below the lower critical temperature in winter. There was no reduction in summer with 400 W/m 2 , perhaps due to decreased penetrance of radiation into brown pelage. 5. 5.Mean ground-level wind speeds in sagebrush habitat are low throughout the year and should usually have minimal influence on metabolic rate. High winds and low air temperatures during severe winter storms may radically elevate metabolic heat produced for thermoregulation.
Phase Equilibria and Ordering in the System Zirconia‐Hafnia‐Yttria

The phase equilibria in the system zirconia-hafnia-yttria were investigated at 1300/sup 0/ and 1600/sup 0/C by precise lattice parameter measurements and the direct phase-inspection method. Large fluorite solid solution regions were dominant at both investigated temperatures. The extent of ordering within the ternary system was studied in the samples containing 40 mol% yttria at 1300/sup 0/C. The delta-phase (ZrHf)/sub 3/Y/sub 4/O/sub 12/ formation was established only in those samples with less than 15 mol% hafnia.
Location quotients versus spatial autocorrelation in identifying potential cluster regions

Most cluster-based economic development programs use co-location to initially identify the spatial footprint of cluster areas. Geographic proximity (co- location) is a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for potential clustering activity. Therefore, an assessment of industry location and density patterns becomes the first phase in the identification of potential cluster regions to be included in a cluster driven development policy. This paper compares the use of location quotients and Getis–Ord G i * in the identification of potential cluster regions in the transportation equipment industry of four states in the Midwestern USA. Also, both location quotients and G i * are used to classify counties with respect to their concentration of transportation equipment manufacturing.
A prospective study of the effects of oral and injectable contraception on bone mineral density

Objective: To compare the effects of different hormonal contraceptives on bone mineral density (BMD) in reproductive age women. Methods: We conducted a prospective, longitudinal study on 100 women aged 18–33 years who initiated use of injectable depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), norethindrone-containing oral contraceptives, or desogestrel-containing oral contraceptives to compare their effects on BMD. Bone mineral density was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry at baseline and after 1 year of contraceptive use. Data on other factors that could affect BMD (smoking status, alcohol use, body mass index, exercise habits, and race) were obtained by interview or examination. An analysis of covariance was performed to test for differences in BMD among the three groups after 1 year of contraceptive use, controlling for potential confounding variables. Results: No significant differences were noted in age, race, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol use, exercise habits, or BMD between the three groups at baseline. After 1 year of contraceptive use, DMPA users experienced a 2.5% decrease in BMD, compared with a 2.8% increase among users of norethindrone-containing pills and a 0.9% increase among users of desogestrel-containing pills (P <0.001). Pairwise comparisons demonstrated that these changes in BMD significantly differed between users of DMPA and norethindrone-containing pills (P <0.001), between users of DMPA and desogestrel-containing pills (P = 0.001) and between users of norethindrone- and desogestrel-containing pills (P = 0.04). Conclusions: These data demonstrate that different methods of hormonal contraception have significantly different effects, at least temporarily, on BMD after only 1 year of use.
The in vitro maintenance of the limb-bud apical ridge by cell-free preparations.

Abstract A factor(s) that has properties similar to previously described limb-bud polarizing activity and ectodermal ridge maintenance activity can be detected in cell-free preparations of posterior, but not anterior, halves of 4-day chick embryo limb buds. The apparent size of the factor differs depending upon the method of isolation. Homogenization in isotonic saline results in a particulate active component, whereas homogenization in hypertonic saline results in a soluble active component that is nondialyzable. When culture medium is conditioned by incubating several pieces of polarizing tissue in it for 24 hr, a dialyzable, active component is found in the conditioned medium.
Probability distributions for the magnification of quasars due to microlensing

Gravitational microlensing can magnify the flux of a lensed quasar considerably and therefore possibly influence quasar source counts or the observed quasar luminosity function. A large number of distributions of magnification probabilities due to gravitational microlensing for finite sources are presented, with a reasonable coverage of microlensing parameter space (i.e., surface mass density, external shear, mass spectrum of lensing objects). These probability distributions were obtained from smoothing two-dimensional magnification patterns with Gaussian source profiles. Different source sizes ranging from 10 exp 14 cm to 5 x 10 exp 16 cm were explored. The probability distributions show a large variety of shapes. Coefficients of fitted slopes for large magnifications are presented.
Effect of haemolysis on reticuloendothelial system (RES) phagocytic activity in rats.

Abstract The role of haemolysis of blood in the alterations in the uptake of [ 99m tc]SC ([ 99m tc]-sulphur colloid) in vivo in the rat has been examined. When the haemolysed blood (produced by first freezing the blood in liquid nitrogen) was infused into synergenic Lewis rats via the tail vein, there was a significant reduction in the uptake of the [ 99m Tc]SC by the spleen, but lung, liver and kidney uptake remained constant. These results suggest that haemolysis of the blood may play a role in the alterations in RES phagocytic activity observed in the spleen following thermal injury.
The impact of human leukocyte antigen matching on transplant complications and immunosuppression dosage

Administrative claims data facilitate ascertainment of outcomes not collected by the transplant registry and provide the opportunity to examine prescribed doses of immunosuppressive medications. Here, we examine the impact of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching on traditional outcomes, rejection and survival, and use novel methods to examine immunosuppresion doses and complication rates. The central hypothesis tested in this analysis is that HLA-matched recipients receive lower doses of immunosuppression and have fewer posttransplant complications. We break from tradition by examining HLA matching in both living and deceased donor kidney transplants. As secondary aims, we compare the relative impact of class I and II mismatches and describe outcomes achieved with older donors. Medicare claims linked to the United States Renal Data System database for 23,443 kidney transplants were included in the study. A total of 15,793 transplants were DR mismatched (DRMM), 5,340 manifested no DR mismatches (NODRMM), and 2,310 manifested no ABDR mismatches (NOABDRMM). Patients with NOABDRMM experienced lower adjusted risk of rejection (0.66, 95% confidence interval 0.59-0.74, P < 0.001) and lower hazard of graft loss (0.69, 0.61-0.77, P < 0.001) and death (0.76, 0.63-0.92, P < 0.001) compared with those with DRMM. The hazard of cardiac and diabetic complications was similar between recipients of NOADRMM and DRMM transplants, but the hazard of diarrhea was significantly lower (0.82, 0.73-0.92, P < 0.001) in patients with NOABDRMM. The 6-month dose of mycophenolate mofetil was lower in patients with NOABDRMM. This study validates previous studies that indicated significantly lower risks of rejection, graft loss, and death among patients with 0 HLA-A,B,DR mismatches. Use of administrative claims revealed similar rates of cardiovascular complications. However, HLA-matched deceased donor recipients received lower dosages of mycophenolate mofetil and manifested a lower risk of developing posttransplant diarrhea.
Allergen immunotherapy with heat-killed Listeria monocytogenes alleviates peanut and food-induced anaphylaxis in dogs.

Background: Heat-killed Listeria monocytogenes (HKL) potently stimulates interferon (IFN)-γ production in CD4 T-lymphocytes, and when used as adjuvant for immunotherapy, reduces immunoglobulin (Ig)E production and reverses established allergen-induced airway hyperreactivity (AHR) in a murine model of asthma. We asked if such treatment could decrease established peanut-induced anaphylaxis or cow's milk-induced food allergy in highly food-allergic dogs. Methods: We therefore studied four 4-year-old atopic colony dogs extremely allergic to peanut (Group I), as well as five 7-year-old dogs very allergic to wheat, milk and other foods (Group II). All dogs experienced marked allergic symptoms, including vomiting and diarrhea on oral challenge with the relevant foods. The dogs were then vaccinated once subcutaneously with peanut or milk and wheat with HKL emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Results: Following vaccination of the allergic dogs with HKL and allergen, oral challenges with peanut (Group I) or milk (Group II) elicited only minor or no symptoms. In addition, skin test end-point titrations showed marked reductions for >10 weeks after treatment, and levels of Ara h 1-specific IgE in serum of peanut sensitive dogs, as demonstrated by immunoblotting, were greatly reduced by treatment with HKL plus peanut allergen. Conclusions: Thus, HKL plus allergen treatment markedly improved established food allergic responses in dogs, suggesting that such an immunotherapy strategy in humans might greatly improve individuals with food allergy and anaphylaxis.
Predicition of Modified Contemporary Comparisons from Pedigree Information for Artificial Insemination and Natural Service Bulls

Abstract Progeny test evaluations for milk yield by modified contemporary comparison of 12,207 Holstein bulls (sons) were predicted from genetic evaluations of their sires, dams, and maternal grandsires. Evaluations of sires and maternal grand-sires were contemporary comparisons of records of daughters initiated prior to the birth of each son. Evaluations of dams were from first, later, and all available records initiated prior to birth of sons. Sons, sires, and maternal grandsires were classified as in artificial insemination or not. Intensity of selection by pedigree was higher for sons in artificial insemination. However, regressions of evaluations of sons on those of ancestors generally were less in bulls in artificial insemination than for other bulls. Additionally, intercepts to predict evaluations of sons varied widely across populations of bulls, suggesting improvements are possible in adjustments of evaluations for genetic improvement. Evaluations of dams by production in first lactations were most useful in predicting evaluations of sons. However, adding evaluations of dams to those for sires and maternal grandsires did not increase accuracy of prediction of bulls in artificial insemination.
Putting on the Squeeze: Solution NMR Investigations of Protein Structure and Hydration under High Pressure

It is well known that high hydrostatic pressures can induce the unfolding of proteins. The physical underpinnings of this phenomenon have been investigated extensively but remain controversial. Changes in solvation energetics due to applied hydrostatic pressure have been a commonly proposed mechanism for unfolding, but recent studies have provided strong evidence that elimination of void volumes in the native folded state is a principal determinant. Here we use the cavity-containing L99A mutant of T4 lysozyme to examine the pressure unfolding of a multi-domain protein using solution NMR. The cavity-containing C-terminal domain completely unfolds at moderate pressures while the N-terminal domain remains largely structured to high pressures. This pressure response is completely suppressed by benzene binding to the hydrophobic cavity. These results contrast to the pseudo wild type protein, which has a residual cavity volume very similar to that of the L99A-benzene complex but shows extensive subglobal reorganizations with pressure. Encapsulation of the L99A mutant in the aqueous nanoscale core of a reverse micelle suppresses the pressure-induced unfolding transition due to the volume restriction and promotes high-pressure filling of the cavity with water. This result indicates that hydration of the hydrophobic cavity is more energetically unfavorable than global unfolding. Overall these observations point to a range of cooperativity and energetics in the pressure response of proteins and illuminate the fact that small changes in physical parameters can significantly alter this response. Supported by NSF grant MCB- 115803 and by NIH postdoctoral fellowship GM087099 to N.V.N.
Estrogen receptor-positive human epithelial ovarian carcinoma cells respond to the antitumor drug suramin with increased proliferation: Possible insight into ER and epidermal growth factor signaling interactions in ovarian cancer

Abstract Objectives . Development of targeted therapeutics for ovarian cancer requires a basic understanding of ovarian epithelial carcinoma cell biology. The role of estrogen and epidermal growth factor (EGF) in control of cell growth was investigated in a panel of ovarian carcinoma lines. Methods . EGF receptor (EGFR) was detected by flow cytometry and estrogen receptor (ER) by Northern blot. Western blotting and [ 3 H ]thymidine incorporation were used to determine receptor activation and the effects of ligand exposure and growth factor antagonists, including the antineoplastic agent, suramin, on cell growth. Results . Only one cell line, OV266, expressed ER and responded to β-estradiol with increases in DNA synthesis and cell proliferation that could be blocked by the pure antiestrogen ICI 182,780. All cell lines possessed functional EGFR as measured by flow cytometry and phosphorylation of the receptor and mitogen-activated protein kinase after EGF treatment, but only two cell lines (OV177 and OV266) proliferated in response to exogenous EGF. Suramin had limited effectiveness in inhibiting growth in four of five cell lines and had a striking dose-dependent stimulatory effect on OV266 cell growth. The proliferative response to suramin could be inhibited with EGFR antagonists. Conclusion . Cultured epithelial ovarian carcinoma cell lines express EGFR (5/5) and can express ER (1/5). Differential growth responses to EGF were observed despite uniform receptor and MAPK activation. Unexpectedly, the antineoplastic agent suramin increased growth of ER positive ovarian carcinoma cells in an EGFR-dependent manner. These studies provide insight into the complex interactions of these systems in control of ovarian cancer cell growth.
Dreams of a Final Sherpa

This exploration of a Himalayan Sherpa ritual engages contemporary cultural anthropology debates concerning ethnographic essentialism, positivism, and so-called postmodernist approaches. The author notes a parallelism between Buddhist Sherpa ritual processes that call upon patrons to engage in mimesis with idealized images of themselves and ethnographic representations that call for Sherpas to become that which is desired by foreign others. A positivist reading of Sherpas thus leads us toward both a necessary reflexivity about the effects of our writing upon them and the adoption of a strategic essentialism aware of its karmic consequences.
Displacement and Testimony: Recent History and the Study of Exile and Post-exile

This article analyzes the testimonial literature of Latin American exile within the wider framework of studies of exile and post-exile. It claims that testimonies have an important role in providing access to the multiple and reflexive voices of exiles and expatriates, which are relevant to the reconstruction of the recent history of Latin America. Their relevance lies in enabling analysis to move beyond the heroic, Byronic vision of exile towards a less idealistic yet more intimate understanding of the gains and losses of territorial displacement, as well as the tensions, ambiguities, and conflicts developing within the communities of exiles, as they face new challenges. Exile testimonies also allow research to trace the development of a broader sense of identity extending beyond territorial borders and expressed in the awareness of being part of national Diasporas and, for many, also a Latin American transnational consciousness.
The Impact of Acculturative Stress and Daily Hassles on Pre-adolescent Psychological Adjustment: Examining Anxiety Symptoms

Acculturative stress in relation to anxiety symptoms has not been examined empirically in young Hispanic populations. The present study, conducted with 138 pre-adolescent Hispanic youngsters, investigated this relationship. The findings suggested that acculturative stress was related to physiological, concentration, and worrisome symptoms of anxiety. After decomposing acculturative stress, it became evident that perceived discrimination accounted for a large proportion of the variance in the relationship between acculturative stress and anxiety. Immigration-related stress was mostly associated with worry symptoms. Finally, total daily hassles were an independent predictor of concentration and physiological anxiety symptoms. Implications for prevention interventions and future research are discussed.
Quantitation of the reticuloendothelial system clearance of soluble fibrin.

SUMMARY. Phagocytosis of particulate fibrin has been previously established as a function of the reticuloendothelial system (RES). More recently, reticuloendothelial cells have been shown to bind soluble fibrin/fibrinogen (f/F) complexes in vitro. To quantitate RES clearance us microthrombus formation, varying doses (0.1-6 mg/kg) of 125I-soluble f/F was injected into rabbits. One hour later the animals were killed, at which time 48 $pM 8% of the 125I f/F had been cleared from the blood. Homogenized organ samples were separated into insoluble pellet, soluble protein bound, and free 125I. Treatment of other samples with plasmin prior to homogenization differentiated the insoluble 125I into RES cleared (intracellular-plasmin resistant) vs microthrombi (plasmin sensitive pellet 125I). 125I-f/F was chiefly found in liver and spleen. Injection of low f/F concentrations resulted in no plasmin sensitive pellet 125I. 3 mg/kg f/F caused small, variable amounts of plasmin sensitive pellet 125I, chiefly in the kidney. With 6 mg/kg, 21-50% of the insoluble 125I in all organs was plasmin sensitive, and occasional 1–2 mm thrombi were found. The data indicate complete and rapid RES clearance of small amounts of soluble f/F from the blood, without microthrombi being formed. The RES was acutely saturated at 1.5–3.0 mg f/F/kg, which is equivalent to immediate conversion to fibrin of 1–2% of the intravascular fibrinogen pool.
Ab Initio Calculations and Internal Rotor: Contribution for Thermodynamic Properties S°298 and Cp(T)'s (300 < T/K < 1500): Group Additivity for Fluoroethanes

Ab initio calculations are performed on nine fluorinated ethane compounds and thermodynamic properties (S°298 and Cp(T)'s 300 < T/K < 1500) are calculated. Geometries of stable rotational conformer...
Generating high-frequency, rotating magnetic fields with low harmonic content

The future electron-ion collider (eRHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory demands a high-current, polarized, bunched electron beam [http://www.bnl.gov/cad/eRhic]. One of the challenges here is to combine the bunched beams generated by multiple cathodes so to address the issue of designing and prototyping a combiner with high-frequency (700 kHz) rotational magnetic fields. This article presents its design, and simulation, and details some of the test results from this unprecedented device.
Explicit solution and invariance of the singularities at an interface crack in anisotropic composites

Assuming that stress distribution near the tip of an interface crack in an anisotropic composite is proportional to rδ, application of the interface and boundary conditions yields ||K(δ)|| = 0, where K is a 12 × 12 complex matrix. The surfaces of the crack can be free-free, fixed-fixed or free-fixed. For the cases of free-free and fixed-fixed cracks, explicit solutions for all δ's are obtained. For the case of free-fixed crack, the determinant of K is reduced to a 3 × 3 determinant which yields a sextic equation. Explicit solutions are obtained only for isotropic composites. The special cases of a homogeneous anisotropic material with a semi-infinite crack and the half-plane problems are also considered. Explicit solutions for δ's are obtained for all three boundary conditions. Finally, it is shown that δ is invariant with respect to the orientation of the plane boundary (in the case of half-plane problems), the semi-infinite crack (in the case of a crack in a homogeneous material) and the crack and interface (in the case of a composite with an interface crack) relative to the materials. This is a somewhat surprising result not expected of anisotropic materials.
Stability and Control of a Parametrically Excited Rotating Beam

In this paper the stability and control of a parametrically excited, rotating flexible beam is considered. The equations of motion for such a system contain time periodic coefficients. Floquet theory and a numerical integration are used to evaluate the stability of the linearized system. Stability charts for various sets of damping, parametric excitation, and rotation parameters are obtained. Several resonance conditions are found and it is shown that the system stability can be significantly changed due to the rotation. Such systems can be used as preliminary models for studying the flap dynamics and control of helicopter rotor blades and flexible mechanisms among other systems. To control the motion of the system, an observer based controller is designed via Lyapunov-Floquet transformation. In this approach the time periodic equations are transformed into a time invariant form, which are suitable for the application of standard time invariant controller design techniques. Simulations for several combinations of excitation and rotation parameters are shown.
Injection of botulinum toxin A for the treatment of dysfunction of the upper esophageal sphincter.

Abstract Objective The objective was to evaluate changes in swallow safety and dietary status after the transcutaneous injection of botulinum toxin A into the upper esophageal sphincter in a series of outpatients with dysphagia. Study design This was an experimental, prospective, nonrandomized study. Methods Patients who were at risk for aspiration and who had an unsuccessful trial of swallowing therapy were admitted to the study. All patients showed significant pooling of fluids in the postcricoid region. All patients were treated in the office; none had previous esophageal dilatation. The upper border of the cricoid cartilage was identified using standard electromyogram procedures and 100 U of botulinum toxin (Botox A) were injected. Outcomes were assessed using the penetration-aspiration scale, patients' short-term and long-term subjective impressions of their ability to swallow, and change in dietary status. Results Thirteen patients underwent an instrumental evaluation of swallowing function at approximately 6 months after treatment to corroborate the self-reported changes in swallowing. Of the 13 patients, 12 showed an overall improvement in their ability to take an oral diet safely as evidenced by the penetration-aspiration scale. Of the 12 patients who were on a non-oral or nearly non-oral diet, 9 resumed a normal oral diet. The remaining 3 were on an oral diet supplemented by percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy feeding. One patient remained on a non-oral diet. Conclusions Injection of Botox A in the office with no additional treatments resulted in a long-term increase in swallow safety, a reduction of penetration and/or aspiration, and a reduced need for non-oral feeding. Injection of Botox A in the office should be considered when there is failure of the cricopharyngeus muscle to relax after the swallow, significant pooling in the cricopharyngeal region, and a risk for penetration and aspiration.
Omissional faulting during Mesozoic regional contraction at Carlin Canyon, Nevada

Faults at low angles to bedding that emplace younger over older rocks are widespread in the hinterland of the Sevier orogenic belt near the border between Nevada and Utah and are attributed to horizontal extension during latest Jurassic, Cretaceous, or mid-Tertiary time. At Carlin Canyon, approximately 150 km west of the border, we document a low-angle fault of probable Mesozoic age between Upper Pennsylvanian rocks and Lower Pennsylvanian strata, a contact that previously was mapped as a locally angular segment of a regional Middle Pennsylvanian unconformity and was considered evidence for Upper Pennsylvanian orogeny (Humboldt orogeny). Loss of section in Carlin Canyon was in response to top-northwest layer-parallel shear along a backthrust during northwest/southeast regional contraction. Deformation is later than Permian and earlier than Miocene but is probably latest Jurassic to Cretaceous. Structures in the upper Paleozoic rocks of Carlin Canyon may record shallow, thin-skinned contraction in the hinterland of the Sevier orogenic belt above deep-seated metamorphism and deformation exposed nearby in the Ruby Mountains-East Humboldt Range. The fault at Carlin Canyon indicates that the Humboldt orogeny reflected primarily vertical, not horizontal, displacements.
A review of the role of cost-benefit analyses in 2-1-1 diffusion.

Context: The 2-1-1 helpline is a social services innovation that has spread rapidly throughout the U.S. Policy diffusion theory suggests that policymakers seek to reduce uncertainty by anticipating the effects of a proposed innovation through tools such as cost- benefit analyses. Few policy diffusion studies have examined use of information, such as cost- benefit analyses, in the diffusion process. The purpose of this study is to examine how cost- benefit analyses were used during the rapid diffusion of 2-1-1 across states. The paper also describes components of 2-1-1 cost- benefit analyses. Evidence acquisition: In 2011, cost- benefit analyses of 2-1-1 and substantive citations of them were identified through scholarly key word searches using Academic Search Premier and Web of Science, general Internet searches using Google search terms, and communications with academi- cians and 2-1-1 practitioners through personal contact and e-mail discussion groups. To be included in this study, documents had to be related to 2-1-1 helplines, present information about their costs and benefits, and be formal documents. The documents were catalogued and analyzed for cost- benefit analyses or references to analyses, and stated purpose. Evidence synthesis: Of the 19 documents that met eligibility inclusion criteria, nine were original cost- benefit analyses and ten referenced analyses conducted for other jurisdictions. Conclusions: Thediffusionof2-1-1helplinesintheU.S.hasbeeninfluencedbyinterjurisdictionalexchange
The Relationship Between Collective Self-Esteem, Acculturation, and Alcohol-Related Consequences Among Asian American Young Adults

We examined the relationship between collective self-esteem (i.e., the value one places on being part of a collective group), acculturation, and alcohol-related consequences in a sample of 442 Asian American young adults. We found that membership self-esteem and public collective self-esteem interacted with acculturation such that low levels of both predicted greater rates of consequences. Participants with lower acculturation and greater private collective self-esteem experienced more alcohol consequences. This study suggests that differential aspects of collective self-esteem may serve as protective or risk factors for Asian American young adults depending on degree of acculturation.
Dynamically adjusting to learner's competencies and styles in an online technology course

This paper explores the process of designing and creating a course that is somewhat remedial in nature but is offered at the masters level to provide basic knowledge and experience in key information technology areas required for matriculation in a masters degree in this program. The course is useful to learners of varying levels of competencies in information technology, but whose skill set is not sufficient to enter the program directly because it automatically adjusts the delivery of instruction to the style and learning capability of the students. . Characteristics of adult learners and related theories of instructional design are considered in the development of this course. The capabilities that new learning technologies and standards (i.e. Sharable Content Relational Model (SCORM) and Learning Management Systems (LMS)) offer in the design and implementation of this course are also discussed.
IMx tacrolimus II assay: is it reliable at low blood concentrations? A comparison with tandem MS/MS.

Abstract Objectives: To compare tacrolimus concentrations in blood samples using the MEIA II and MS methods at the lower and higher ends of the clinically relevant range. Methods: MEIA II was compared to our tandem MS/MS procedure by regression and difference plot analysis. Data from recently published CAP surveys comparing MEIA II with MS procedures are also analyzed. Results: Comparison of MEIA II with our tandem MS/MS procedure by regression analysis yielded r values of 0.612 and 0.829 for tacrolimus concentrations below and above 9.0 ng/mL respectively, as determined by MEIA II. Below 9 ng/mL between day imprecision of tacrolimus controls gave CVs of 12.16 for MEIA II and 7.82 for tandem MS/MS. Addition of known amounts of tacrolimus to EDTA whole blood gave percent target values of 148 and 130 at concentrations of 5.0 and 17.5 ng/mL respectively as determined by MEIA II. Difference plots demonstrated variability in the mean bias for MEIA II of 43% and 36% at the lower and higher concentration ranges respectively. Analysis of the CAP surveys suggested that the relative positive bias and inter-laboratory variability with MEIA II was more pronounced when the MEIA II median value was below 9.0 ng/mL. Conclusions: Our results along with the CAP survey data suggest that tacrolimus concentrations below 9.0 ng/mL measured by MEIA II are questionable and should be interpreted with caution.
The Structure and Orientation of the C-Terminus of LRAP☆

Amelogenin is the predominant protein found during enamel development and is thought to be the biomineralization protein controlling the unique elongated hydroxyapatite crystals that constitute enamel. The secondary structure of biomineralization proteins is thought to be important in the interaction with hydroxyapatite. Unfortunately, very little data are available on the structure or the orientation of amelogenin, either in solution or bound to hydroxyapatite. The C-terminus contains the majority of the charged residues and is predicted to interact with hydroxyapatite; thus, we used solid-state NMR dipolar recoupling techniques to investigate the structure and orientation of the C-terminus of LRAP, a naturally occurring splice variant of full-length amelogenin. Using 13C{15N} Rotational Echo DOuble Resonance (REDOR), the structure of the C-terminus was found to be largely random coil, both on the surface of hydroxyapatite as well as lyophilized from solution. The orientation of the C-terminal region with respect to hydroxyapatite was investigated for two alanine residues (Ala46 and Ala49) using 13C{31P} REDOR and one lysine residue (Lys52) using 15N{31P} REDOR. The residues examined were found to be 7.0, 5.7, and 5.8 A from the surface of hydroxyapatite for Ala46, Ala49, and Lys52, respectively. This provides direct evidence that the charged C-terminus is interacting closely with hydroxyapatite, positioning the acidic amino acids to aid in controlling crystal growth. However, solid-state NMR dynamics measurements also revealed significant mobility in the C-terminal region of the protein, in both the side chains and the backbone, suggesting that this region alone is not responsible for binding.
The role of TINA in the telecomms revolution

The authors argue that the arrival of broadband technology, coupled with deregulation in the marketplace, will lead to a revolution in the way telecoms services are delivered to customers. They introduce the TINA Consortium project, which aims to define a next generation Telecommunications and Information Networking Architecture (TINA). The authors believe that TINA-C's opportunity is to become the architecture for the delivery of broadband services. They show how a next generation approach such as TINA can integrate the telecomms and Internet approaches. Conclusions for the TINA-C architecture and its adoption in the market are discussed. (4 pages)
Excited state double proton transfer in the 7-azaindole dimer revisited

Abstract A review of the Coulomb explosion imaging method is presented along with a discussion regarding its use in determining the mechanism of the excited state double proton transfer (ESDPT) reaction of 7-azaindole dimer. A comprehensive discussion of the tautomerization process is outlined to fully explain the stepwise mechanism exhibited in our studies. Finally, recent comments are addressed relating to our technique and the interpretation of our results obtained by the method. Our findings are shown to be in excellent agreement with those of Zewail and co-workers who employed a different method of following the evolution of the stepwise ESDPT.
Interacting-impurity Josephson junction: Variational wave functions and slave-boson mean-field theory

We investigate the Josephson coupling between two superconductors mediated through an infinite U Anderson impurity, adapting a variational wave-function approach which has proved successful for the Kondo model. Unlike the Kondo problem, however, a crossing of singlet and doublet state energies may be produced by varying the ratio of Kondo energy to superconducting gap, in agreement with recent work of Clerk and Ambegaokar. We construct the phase diagram for the junction and discuss properties of different phases. In addition, we find the singlet and doublet state energies within a slave-boson mean-field approach. We find the slave-boson mean-field treatment is unable to account for the level crossing.
Nondipolar Interaction Between Nearest-Neighbor Neodymium Ions in the Ethyl Sulfate

Measurements made on the EPR spectrum of a pair of interacting nearest-neighbor neodymium ions in lanthanum ethyl sulfate show that the interaction is predominantly dipolar, but that there is an additional term ${A}_{\mathrm{ij}}{S}_{\mathrm{iz}}{S}_{\mathrm{jz}}+\frac{1}{2}{B}_{\mathrm{ij}}({S}_{i+}{S}_{j\ensuremath{-}}+{S}_{i\ensuremath{-}}{S}_{j+})$, with ${A}_{\mathrm{ij}}=(+32\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and ${B}_{\mathrm{ij}}=(\ensuremath{-}3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. A semiquantitative discussion is given of the possible origins of this nondipolar contribution including super-exchange, electric quadrupole-quadrupole, and virtual-phonon exchange interactions.
Deformation and breakup of viscoelastic drops in planar extensional flows

Abstract A computer-controlled four-roll mill was used to investigate the deformation and break-up of polymeric drops in the well-characterized flow of an immiscible Newtonian fluid. Aqueous polymer solutions ranging in concentration from 160 ppm to 3% by weight were examined. For zero-shear-rate viscosity ratios greater than order 1, the deformation of the drops closely followed that of Newtonian fluids, irrespective of the droplet material. However, drops with viscosity ratios less than order 1 had significantly smaller critical deformations and the critical capillary number was found to be substantially smaller. Two modes of drop break-up were discovered that differed substantially from that observed for Newtonian drops in the inclusion of cusped ends and tip streaming.
(Σα, Σγ) Reggeized baryon exchange model for backward π−p → K0Λ scattering

Abstract The backward scattering angular distribution and Λ polarization for the reaction π−p → K0 Λ are successfully described by a Reggeized baryon exchange model with (Σα, Σγ) exchange-degenerate trajectories. The zero of the experimental polarization and the change in slope of dσ/du near u ≃ -0.7 (GeV/c)2 are correlated with a wrong-signature nonsense zero of the Σγ amplitude at α = −3 2 .
The Src homology 2 domain of Bcr/Abl is required for efficient induction of chronic myeloid leukemia–like disease in mice but not for lymphoid leukemogenesis or activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase

The effect of mutations in the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain of the BCR/ABL oncogene on leukemogenesis was tested in a quantitative murine bone marrow transduction/transplantation assay that accurately models human Philadelphia-positive B-lymphoid leukemia and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). The SH2 domain was not required for induction of B-lymphoid leukemia in mice by BCR/ABL. Under conditions where the p190 and p210 forms of BCR/ABL induce fatal CML-like myeloproliferative disease within 4 weeks, p210 SH2 mutants induced CML-like disease in some mice only after a significant delay, with other recipients succumbing to B-lymphoid leukemia instead. In contrast, p190 BCR/ABL SH2 point and deletion mutants rapidly induced CML-like disease. These results provide the first direct evidence of significant differences in cell signaling by the Bcr/Abl tyrosine kinase between these distinct leukemias. Contrary to previous observations, high levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) activity in primary malignant lymphoblasts and myeloid cells from recipients of marrow transduced with the BCR/ABL SH2 mutants were found. Hence, the decreased induction of CML-like disease by the p210 BCR/ABL SH2 mutants is not due to impaired activation of PI 3-kinase.
Inhibition of glycolysis attenuates 4-hydroxynonenal-dependent autophagy and exacerbates apoptosis in differentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells

How cellular metabolic activities regulate autophagy and determine the susceptibility to oxidative stress and ultimately cell death in neuronal cells is not well understood. An important example of oxidative stress is 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), which is a lipid peroxidation product that is formed during oxidative stress, and accumulates in neurodegenerative diseases causing damage. The accumulation of toxic oxidation products such as HNE, is a prevalent feature of neurodegenerative diseases, and can promote organelle and protein damage leading to induction of autophagy. In this study, we used differentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells to investigate the mechanisms and regulation of cellular susceptibility to HNE toxicity and the relationship to cellular metabolism. We found that autophagy is immediately stimulated by HNE at a sublethal concentration. Within the same time frame, HNE induces concentration dependent CASP3/caspase 3 activation and cell death. Interestingly, both basal and HNE-activated autophagy, were regulated by glucose metabolism. Inhibition of glucose metabolism by 2-deoxyglucose (2DG), at a concentration that inhibited autophagic flux, further exacerbated CASP3 activation and cell death in response to HNE. Cell death was attenuated by the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK. Specific inhibition of glycolysis using koningic acid, a GAPDH inhibitor, inhibited autophagic flux and exacerbated HNE-induced cell death similarly to 2DG. The effects of 2DG on autophagy and HNE-induced cell death could not be reversed by addition of mannose, suggesting an ER stress-independent mechanism. 2DG decreased LAMP1 and increased BCL2 levels suggesting that its effects on autophagy may be mediated by more than one mechanism. Furthermore, 2DG decreased cellular ATP, and 2DG and HNE combined treatment decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. We conclude that glucose-dependent autophagy serves as a protective mechanism in response to HNE.
Structure of the Scattering Matrix

It is shown that in field theory the structure of the scattering matrix for a certain variety of processes, such as those between a meson and a nucleon, a photon and a charged particle, etc., can be analyzed making use of relativistic invariance and microscopic causality. General formulas have been obtained which enable one to express scattering matrices for real as well as virtual processes explicitly by means of a parametric representation. The ideas are closely related to those which have been used by several authors in the analysis of the Green's functions for interacting fields.
Symmetries of the superconducting order parameters in the doped spin-liquid state

We show that the Fermi surfaces of the doped holes in the spin-liquid state consist of pairs of pockets separated by crystal momentum {ital Q}, in the low-doping limit. Due to the pocketlike structure of the Fermi surface and the {ital A}-{ital B} sublattice pairing, the spin-singlet superconducting order parameters have unusual symmetry properties. The order parameters are found to have nontrivial quantum numbers of 90{degree} rotation and, sometimes, nonzero crystal momenta. The nonzero crystal momenta carried by the order parameters can be detected by measuring the unusual values (e.g., {ital hc}/4{ital e}) of the flux confined to various dislocations in superconducting thin films.