cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implementation of Metallic Vertical Interconnect Access in Hybrid Intercalated Graphene/Quantum Dot Photodetector for Improved Charge Collection

Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) are of great interest in optoelectronic and photovoltaic devices with low-cost processing, strong light absorption, and size tunable direct band gap. However, their limited carrier mobility and short diffusion length limit efficient charge collection and transport. The short diffusion length in QD solid films, 100–200 nm, limits their thickness to t≈200–300 nm, resulting in poor absorption in the near-infrared, lambda>800 nm, wasting part of sunlight and reducing power conversion efficiency. Recently, a novel architecture based on multiple graphene monolayers (Gr) intercalated inside QD films was reported to improve charge extraction beyond QDs diffusion length. The intercalated graphene layers ensure efficient charge collected in QD films thicker than the diffusion length. However, this architecture still fails to collect carriers from the QDs when the thickness is >200 nm due to the poor vertical conductivity of the devices. Herein, we present the fabrication, optimization and implementation of intercalated devices with vertical interconnecting contacts, increasing carrier collection and photocurrent, aiming to develop a novel architecture for improved photodetection and photovoltaics with QDs. First, we analyze the individual roles of Gr and QDs, studying the evolution of light absorption, photocurrent, and conductivity as successive QD and Gr layers are added. We find the optimal interspacing between graphene layers in the intercalated system, aiming for the best compromise between light absorption and efficient charge collection. Our main contribution is the implementation of vertical interconnect access (VIAs) to each graphene layer to ensuring efficient charge transfer from Gr to the gold electrical contacts for efficient current collection. We show that for 850 nm wavelength illumination, photocurrent of intercalated devices show a 10 fold improvement over devices without VIAs. We also use a back-gate voltage to monitor Fermi level shift in Gr and charge transfer from QDs to Gr. The intercalated configuration with VIAs contacts herein presented is a significant improvement in charge collection for QD optoelectronic applications as well as a promising architecture to enhance the power conversion efficiency for QD solar cells.
“Clinician Knows Best”? Injustices in the Medicalization of Mental Illness

This paper uses a non-ideal theory approach advocated for by Alison Jaggar to show that practices involved with the medicalization of serious mental disorders can subject people who have these disorders to a cycle of vulnerability that keeps them trapped within systems of injustice. When medicalization locates mental disorders solely as problems of individual biology, without regard to social factors, and when it treats mental disorders as personal defects, it perpetuates injustice in several ways: by enabling biased diagnoses through stereotyping, by exploiting and coercing people who are seen as insufficiently competent, and by perpetuating idealized conceptions of choice and control that do not take into account people’s real limitations and the social context of health. Through practices of diagnosis, treatment, and recovery, medicalization can perpetuate injustices toward people who have serious mental disorders.
Stereotype Threat in Virtual Learning Environments: Effects of Avatar Gender and Sexist Behavior on Women's Math Learning Outcomes.

Abstract Women in math, science, and engineering (MSE) often face stereotype threat: they fear that their performance in MSE will confirm an existing negative stereotype—that women are bad at math—...
Pediatric T-Cell Acute Lymphobastic Leukemia

T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), which accounts for 7–15% of pediatric ALL, has a distinct biology from B-cell precursor ALL (BCP-ALL). Despite improvements achieved with treatment-intensification strategies, compared with patients with BCP-ALL, the outcomes of patients with T-ALL are inferior. Studies have identified the genetic alterations underpinning T-ALL, defining subgroups with oncogenic transcription factor dysregulation and mutations or deletions leading to aberrant signaling pathway activation. Early T-cell precursor ALL is a recently defined subtype with unique immunophenotypic and genetic features. However, regarding prognostic significance, minimal residual disease (MRD), rather than genetic subgroups, is the most reliable indicator of T-ALL. Recent clinical trials have been designed to incorporate several key interventions—such as those with respect to dexamethasone use in induction, intensive l-asparaginase, high-dose methotrexate, and nelarabine—into MRD-directed treatments. Several studies omit cranial radiotherapy even for patients with central nervous system involvement at diagnosis, thus avoiding long-term adverse events. Progress in knowledge of tumor biology will lead to the development and use of new target therapies directed at genetic alterations, such as ABL1 fusions and aberrant activation of Notch1 or JAK-STAT pathways, via new approaches potentially improving the outcomes of pediatric T-ALL patients.
A Cautionary Tale of False-Negative Nasopharyngeal COVID-19 Testing.

There remains diagnostic uncertainty regarding the sensitivity of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in detection of SARS-CoV-2 from nasopharyngeal specimens. We present a case where two nasopharyngeal specimens were negative, followed by a positive sputum sample. Serial testing for COVID-19 is indicated in patients with high pretest probability of disease.
Does Corporate Political Activity Make TMT’s Expressed Attention to CSR Louder and Clearer?

The impact of corporate political activity (CPA) appears to be a gap in the CSR literature. Drawing on the communicative constitution of organization (CCO) theory, which argues that communication i...
Precision Assembly of Heavy Objects Suspended With Multiple Cables From a Crane

A new approach to precision mating of heavy objects suspended from overhead cranes is presented. We have found through experiments that heavy shafts suspended with multiple cables at specific positions and orientations can be inserted into a chamfered hole despite a small clearance. This will allow an overhead crane, although limited in positioning accuracy, to execute precision assembly of a heavy shaft simply by holding it with multiple cables and lowering it onto the chamfered hole of a fixed object. Unlike the well-known Remote Center Compliance (RCC) hand, this method does not use a two-layer elastic structure but exploits the physical properties of cables. Specifically, cables go slack when a compressive load is applied. This unidirectional load bearing property is exploited to suspend a heavy shaft such that it is not over-constrained during insertion. Conditions for the cable attachment position and orientation for successful insertion are obtained. A proof-of-concept prototype is developed and experimental verification of the principle and analysis are presented.
Stress-related and reproductive hormones in hair from three north Pacific otariid species: Steller sea lions, California sea lions and northern fur seals

Assessing the physiological impact of stressors in pinnipeds is logistically challenging, and many hormones are altered by capture and handling, limiting the utility of metabolically active tissues. Hair is increasingly being used to investigate stress-related and reproductive hormones in wildlife populations due to less-invasive collection methods, being metabolically inert once grown and containing multiple biomarkers of ecological interest. We validated enzyme immunoassays for measuring aldosterone, cortisol, corticosterone, and testosterone in lanugo (natal hair grown in utero) samples collected from Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus), California sea lions (Zalophus californianus), and northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus). We applied laboratory validation methods including recovery of added mass, parallelism and dilution linearity. We found no effects due to differences in alcohol- versus detergent-based cleaning methods. Further, there were no significant differences in hormone concentrations in hair samples collected immediately after the molt and the subsequent samples collected over 1 year, indicating steroid hormones are stable once deposited into pinniped hair. We found no sex differences in any hormone concentrations, likely due to the lanugo being grown in utero and influenced by maternal hormone concentrations. For Steller sea lion and California sea lion pups, we found hormone concentrations significantly differed between rookeries, which warrants future research. Hair provides a novel tissue to explore the intrinsic or extrinsic drivers behind hormone measurements in otariids, which can be paired with multiple health-related metrics to further investigate possible drivers of physiological stress.
Urgent and non-emergent telehealth care for seniors: Findings from a multi-site impact study:

IntroductionThe global pandemic has raised awareness of the need for alternative ways to deliver care, notably telehealth. Prior to this study, research has been mixed on its effectiveness and impa...
Comment on "Thiamine deficiency promotes T cell infiltration in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: the involvement of CCL2".

Zhe Ji et al. ([1][1]) reported that experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (induced either by MOG peptide immunization or by MOG-immune T cell transfer) was more severe in mice with thiamine deficiency (TD) than in mice without TD, and concluded that TD influences neuroinflammation by
The Effects of Religion & Culture on Marketing in Saudi Arabia & the US

This research centers on the similarities and differences between the United States and Saudi Arabia both culturally and religiously and the effect of those factors on marketing practices in their respective countries. The customs of these two nations have a profound impact on the manner in which business is conducted, and this influence extends into the marketing world. When putting together a marketing campaign, one must first look at the audience being targeted and the values that hold most true to them. Saudi Arabia, as an Islamic nation, is made up of citizens who follow their religion rigorously. In Islam, women must be covered up in public and adhere to their roles as mothers and homemakers. Conversely, while the U.S. is a melting pot of numerous religions and cultures, Christianity has been recorded as the majority religion for years. America’s foundation of individuality and independence shines through in the separation of church and state, as well as in the changing gender roles that we see today. Women are fighting for their rights as equals and emerging as true leaders in the workforce, while some men are choosing to stay at home with their children. From a marketing standpoint, it is apparent that men and women in Saudi Arabia are looking for conservative advertisements aimed at the traditional, nuclear family while people in the U.S. are more geared toward innovative and revolutionized ways of thinking. In America, a mother is no longer just a housewife, but also a breadwinner, either in place of the husband or alongside him. In Saudi Arabia, men and women are separated in almost all aspects, including the business world, and even Western businesswomen are expected to wear conservative clothing and be in the accompaniment of a male when conducting business in the country. The role of the female is firmly placed within the household, and as such, marketers must take this cultural difference into account when creating ad content. Americans subscribe to the belief that sex sells and to see a provocative advertisement would not be out of the norm for the average citizen. However, if a commercial with sexual themes or undertones were to be advertised in Saudi Arabia, people would be scandalized and most likely boycott the product or firm in question. We use data from Hofstede's 6-dimensional model as well as the World Values Survey in order to examine marketing differences between Saudi Arabia and the USA. These findings will help to explore their effect on marketing strategies.
Personalized HRTF Modeling Using DNN-Augmented BEM

Accurate modeling of personalized head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) is difficult but critical for applications requiring spatial audio. However, this remains challenging as experimental measurements require specialized equipment, numerical simulations require accurate head geometries and robust solvers, and data-driven methods are hungry for data. In this paper, we propose a new deep learning method that combines measurements and numerical simulations to take the best of three worlds. By learning the residual difference and establishing a high quality spatial basis, our method achieves consistently 2 dB to 2.5 dB lower spectral distortion (SD) compared to the state-of-the-art methods.
Baltimore SCIART: A Fully Virtual Undergraduate Research Experience at the Interface of Computational Chemistry and Art

From its inception in 2016 through 2019, the Baltimore SCIART Consortium offered an annual 10-week interdisciplinary summer research program for undergraduate students. Each year, the program mentored approximately 10 students, many from primarily undergraduate institutions including minority serving institutions and historically black colleges and universities. Throughout the sessions, the students were exposed to the career paths of art conservation and art conservation science as they worked in the laboratories of scientists, engineers, art conservators, and art conservation scientists at the University of Maryland Baltimore County, Johns Hopkins University, and the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore. Preparations for the 2020 program were underway when the COVID-19 pandemic shifted the undergraduate research paradigm to a virtual experience. An in-person, laboratory-based program was no longer an option, and this challenged the SCIART team to investigate novel ways to offer a rigorous, engaging undergraduate research program in a fully virtual setting. The result was an intensive, three-week pilot program in which four SCIART students learned about and successfully applied open-source periodic density functional theory software packages to explore the interactions between small molecule adsorbates and mineral-based surfaces relevant to art conservation. This case study exemplifies how educators and research leaders were able to strategically pivot and provide an adapted curriculum for a unique, interdisciplinary, and fully virtual undergraduate research experience. The implication is a potential (scalable) model for culturally engaging research opportunities for historically underrepresented students in STEM, both during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. © 2021 American Chemical Society and Division of Chemical Education, Inc.
Prescribing and Monitoring Hemodialysis for Pediatric Patients

The hemodialysis adequacy concept was born over 30 years ago when nephrologists began to view the hemodialysis treatment in terms of a quantifiable dose of toxin clearance delivered, which could be prescribed by manipulating dialyzer size, blood pump flow rates, and treatment time. Since that time, numerous studies have attempted to delineate the most accurate method of dose quantification and to correlate dialysis dose with patient outcome. While sometimes beset by complex mathematical formulas that can obscure the basic concepts of dialysis dose and resultant outcome, these research endeavors have lead to improvements in patient outcome by focusing nephrologists’ attention on the variables governing their patients’ hemodialysis treatments and by creation of national initiatives which define minimum ­standards for the dose of delivered hemodialysis.
Optimal Aseismic Hybrid Control of Nonlinear and Hysteretic Structures using Velocity and Acceleration Feedbacks

For practical implementations of aseismic hybrid control systems, it may be easier to measure the acceleration response rather than the displacement response of the building. In this paper, a version of the instantaneous optimal control algorithm for nonlinear or hysteretic structural systems is presented. The control algorithm utilizes the acceleration response rather than the displacement response for the determination of the control vector. The optimal algorithm is applied to an aseismic hybrid control system consisting of a lead-core rubber-bearing isolation system connected to an actuator. It is demonstrated numerically that the performance of the present algorithm may be better than the previous algorithm utilizing the displacement response of the structure for the determination of the control vector.
Purification, Properties, and Synthesis of Dihydrofolate Reductase from Wild Type and Methotrexate-resistant Hamster Cells

Abstract Dihydrofolate reductase from a methotrexate-resistant hamster cell culture was purified to apparent homogeneity by affinity chromatography. A similar procedure was used to prepare enzyme from wild type cells, although the final enzyme protein concentration was too small to be measured. The purified enzymes were not significantly different with regard to substrate specificity, Km values for folate and NADPH, sedimentation coefficient, electrophoretic mobilities at pH values 8.3 and 7.0, turnover number per methotrexate-binding site, and degree of inactivation by antiserum. The rate of radioactive leucine incorporation into the reductase in wild type and resistant cells was compared by specific immunoprecipitation. By this method resistant cells showed a 20-fold increase in the rate of enzyme synthesis. These results indicate that methotrexate-resistant cells accumulate large quantities of a very similar, if not identical, reductase, due at least in part to an increased rate of enzyme synthesis.
Incorporation of adenovirus into a ligand-based DNA carrier system results in retention of original receptor specificity and enhances targeted gene expression

Adenovirus type 5 was modified by coupling an asialoglycoprotein-polylysine conjugate to the virus by reactions that activate carbohydrate residues. Wild-type virus modified in this manner had greatly decreased infectivity toward normally susceptible HeLa S3 (asialoglycoprotein receptor (-)) and SK Hep1 (asialoglycoprotein receptor (-)) cells leaving 91 and 86% viable, respectively, after 48 h. However, with Huh 7 (asialoglycoprotein receptor (+)) cells, modified virus retained its infectivity leaving only 19% of cells viable under identical conditions. Modified virus was complexed to DNA in the form of a plasmid, pSVHBV surf, containing the gene for hepatitis B surface antigen as a marker of gene expression. Huh 7, receptor (+), cells treated with modified wild type, and modified replication-defective d1312 virus complexed to DNA raised antigen levels by approximately 13- and 30-fold, respectively, compared with asialoglycoprotein-polylysine DNA complex alone. Competition with a large excess of an asialoglycoprotein blocked the enhancement by more than 95%. Using a beta-galactosidase marker gene, the number of cells transfected by modified virus was found to be 200-fold higher than complex alone. Yet, specificity was retained exclusively for asialoglycoprotein receptor-bearing cells. These data indicate that adenovirus can be chemically modified by coupling ligands resulting in targeted gene expression dictated specifically by receptor recognition of the attached ligand.
Discrete surface Ricci flow: theory and applications

Conformal geometry is at the core of pure mathematics. Conformal structure is more flexible than Riemaniann metric but more rigid than topology. Conformal geometric methods have played important roles in engineering fields. This work introduces a theoretically rigorous and practically efficient method for computing Riemannian metrics with prescribed Gaussian curvatures on discrete surfaces--discrete surface Ricci flow, whose continuous counter part has been used in the proof of Poincare conjecture. Continuous Ricci flow conformally deforms a Riemannian metric on a smooth surface such that the Gaussian curvature evolves like a heat diffusion process. Eventually, the Gaussian curvature becomes constant and the limiting Riemannian metric is conformal to the original one. In the discrete case, surfaces are represented as piecewise linear triangle meshes. Since the Riemannian metric and the Gaussian curvature are discretized as the edge lengths and the angle deficits, the discrete Ricci flow can be defined as the deformation of edge lengths driven by the discrete curvature. The existence and uniqueness of the solution and the convergence of the flow process are theoretically proven, and numerical algorithms to compute Riemannian metrics with prescribed Gaussian curvatures using discrete Ricci flow are also designed. Discrete Ricci flow has broad applications in graphics, geometric modeling, and medical imaging, such as surface parameterization, surface matching, manifold splines, and construction of geometric structures on general surfaces.
The Phenomenology of Everyday Life: Dialogue as Method: The Phenomenological Interview

Research begins with a question: In the present case, how can we describe everyday human experience in ways that will be comprehensible, if not necessarily acceptable, to empirically minded social scientists? To accomplish the task of describing what other people are aware of requires a method that accepts, from the very beginning, the perspectival nature of human experience and the fact that different people may be talking about similar experiences when using different words and different experiences when using similar words. The combination of these two concerns yields a determinate method – the phenomenological interview – as an almost inevitable procedure for attaining a rigorous and significant description of the world of everyday human experience as it is lived and described by specific individuals in specific circumstances. All too often, the use of any method, dialogue included, proscribes in advance what is to be studied and how it is to be studied. There is, however, a different and more positive sense in which method and topic come together, where both mutually select one another. If method and phenomenon arise from common concerns – how the world of everyday human experience is to be described – we have a situation appropriate to the original meaning of the word method , a meaning that combines the word hodos , a path or way, with the word meta , across or beyond. Under this rendering, method is not an algorithmic procedure to be followed mechanically if useful results are to be achieved; rather, method is a way or path toward understanding that is as sensitive to its phenomenon as to its own orderly and self-correcting aspects.
A comrade-matrix-based derivation of the eight versions of fast cosine and sine transforms

The paper provides a full self-contained derivation of fast algorithms to compute discrete Cosine and Sine transforms I - IV. For the Sine I/II and Cosine I/II transforms a unified derivation based on the concept of the comrade matrix is presented. The comrade matrices associated with different versions of the transforms differ in only a few boundary elements; hence, in each case algorithms can be derived in a unified manner. The algorithm is then modified to compute Sine III/IV and Cosine III/IV transforms as well. The resulting algorithms for the versions III/IV are direct and recursive, such algorithms were missing in the existing literature. Finally, formulas reducing Cosine and Sine transforms of the types III and IV to each other are presented.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-induced Migration of Multiple Myeloma Cells Is Associated with β1 Integrin- and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-dependent PKCα Activation

In multiple myeloma (MM), migration is necessary for the homing of tumor cells to bone marrow (BM), for expansion within the BM microenvironment, and for egress into the peripheral blood. In the present study we characterize the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and β1integrin (CD29) in MM cell migration. We show that protein kinase C (PKC) α is translocated to the plasma membrane and activated by adhesion of MM cells to fibronectin and VEGF. We identify β1 integrin modulating VEGF-triggered MM cell migration on fibronectin. We show that transient enhancement of MM cell adhesion to fibronectin triggered by VEGF is dependent on the activity of both PKC and β1 integrin. Moreover, we demonstrate that PKCα is constitutively associated with β1 integrin. These data are consistent with PKCα-dependent exocytosis of activated β1 integrin to the plasma membrane, where its increased surface expression mediates binding to fibronectin; conversely, catalytically active PKCα-driven internalization of β1 integrin results in MM cell de-adhesion. We show that the regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase (p85) is constitutively associated with FMS-like tyrosine kinase-1 (Flt-1). VEGF stimulates activation of PI 3-kinase, and both MM cell adhesion and migration are PI 3-kinase-dependent. Moreover, both VEGF-induced PI 3-kinase activation and β1 integrin-mediated binding to fibronectin are required for the recruitment and activation of PKCα. Time-lapse phase contrast video microscopy (TLVM) studies confirm the importance of these signaling components in VEGF-triggered MM cell migration on fibronectin.
Ion exchange-precipitation for nutrient recovery from dilute wastewater

Regulated phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) discharges and the cost of fertilizer provide economic drivers for nutrient removal and recovery from wastewater. This study used ion exchange (IX) in dilute (domestic) wastewater to concentrate nutrients with subsequent recovery by struvite precipitation. This is the first tertiary wastewater treatment study directly comparing P removal using a range of Fe, Cu, and Al-based media followed by clinoptilolite IX columns for N removal and precipitation using the combined regenerants. Phosphate removal prior to breakthrough was 0.5–2.0 g P Lmedia−1, providing effluent concentrations <0.1 mg L−1 PO4-P and <0.2 mg L−1 NH4-N for ≥80 bed volumes. Dow-FeCu resin provided effective P removal, efficient neutral pH regeneration and 560 mg P L−1 in the regeneration eluate (≥100× concentration factor). Exchange capacity of clinoptilolite in column mode was 3.9–6.1 g N Lmedia−1 prior to breakthrough. Precipitation using the combined cation and anion regenerants resulted in a maximum of 74% P removal using Dow-FeCu. Precipitates contained impurities, including Al3+, Ca2+, and Fe. Overall, the IX-precipitation recovery process removed ≥98% P and 95% N and precipitates contained 13% P and 1.6% N. This sequential process can satisfy increasingly stringent wastewater standards and offers an effective alternative to traditional treatment technologies that simply remove nutrients. Approximately 84% of total P and 97% of total Kjeldahl N entering a treatment plant can be captured (accounting for primary clarifier removal), whereas most existing technologies target side streams that typically contain only 20–30% of influent P and 15–20% of influent N.
Third World Rural Poverty: Field Observations and Solutions and Some Operating Principles for Religious Groups

DePauw University, a private, undergraduate, liberal arts college located in rural, west central Indiana, was founded by the United Methodist Church in 1837. At present, DePauw has a 4–1–4 academic calendar which permits a four‐week term to be placed between the two semesters. The interim term, often called Winter Term, is conducted during the month of January and has been part of the institution since 1971.
The mechanism of untargeted mutagenesis in UV-irradiated yeast.

The SOS error-prone repair hypothesis proposes that untargeted and targeted mutations in E. coli both result from the inhibition of polymerase functions that normally maintain fidelity, and that this is a necessary precondition for translesion synthesis. Using mating experiments with excision deficient strains of Baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we find that up to 40% of cyc1–91 revertants induced by UV are untargeted, showing that a reduction in fidelity is also found in irradiated cells of this organism. We are, however, unable to detect the induction or activation of any diffusible factor capable of inhibiting fidelity, and therefore suggest that untargeted and targeted mutations are the consequence of largely different processes. We propose that these observations are best explained in terms of a limited fidelity model. Untargeted mutations are thought to result from the limited capacity of processes which normally maintain fidelity, which are active during replication on both irradiated and unirradiated templates. Even moderate UV fluences saturate this capacity, leading to competition for the limited resource. Targeted mutations are believed to result from the limited, though far from negligible, capacity of lesions like pyrimidine dimers to form Watson-Crick base pairs.
Identification of 2,5-Dimethyl-4-Hydroxy-3(2H)-Furanone (Furaneol) and 5-Methyl-4-Hydroxy-3(2H)-Furanone in Fresh and Processed Tomato

Abstract The water-soluble volatile components of fresh tomatoes were isolated by liquid-liquid continuous ether extraction of filtered blended tomato and separated from non-volatiles by high flow dynamic headspace sampling, after careful evaporation of the ether. Capillary GCMS analysis identified the important aroma compound 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone (furaneol) and the related compound 5-methyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone occurring in the fresh tomato at concentrations of the order of 2 mg and 10 mg/kg of tomato respectively. From the odor threshold and concentration evidence it seems probable that Furaneol contributes to fresh and processed tomato aroma.
The effect of immunization of pigs with Ascaris suum cuticle components on the development of resistance to parenteral migration during a challenge infection

The development of immunity to Ascaris suum was studied in pigs immunized with isolated cuticle fragments from A. suum second and third stage larvae (L2/L3) and adult worms, and compared with other methods that stimulate a strong protective response in pigs. A significant protective response was seen in animals immunized with isolated cuticle fragments from A. suum L2/L3 and adults, but it was less than that seen in animals inoculated with UV-irradiated eggs or naturally exposed to eggs on a dirt lot. Significant IgG responses to 2-mercaptoethanol (2ME)-soluble cuticle components were seen in all groups, but the level of the antibody response did not relate to protection. Group differences in antibody and lymphocyte blastogenic responses to cuticle proteins indicated quantitative and qualitative stage specific differences in 2ME-soluble and insoluble cuticular proteins. Intestinal immunity was notably absent from cuticle immunized pigs because a marked liver white spot response was observed following the challenge inoculation. Thus, cuticle fragments from larval and adult A. suum are capable of inducing a protective response to larval migration; however, the development of intestinal immunity is not a direct function of exposure to these antigens.
The Death of the Collective Subject in Uwe Johnson's Mutmassungen über Jakob

In previous interpretations of Uwe Johnson's Mutmassungen uber Jakob, critics have focused primarily on Johnson's relationship to socialism on the complex narrative structure of the novel. In this essay, I explore a topic that has received comparatively little attention: Johnson's notion of subjectivity. I show that Johnson's attempt to challenge Marxist concepts of the collective subject is inseparably linked to his views on representing history. Johnson's first move is to eliminate the omniscient Socialist Realist narrator who is supposed to have a greater understanding of societal forces than do the characters in the fictional world. But in Mutmassungen uber Jakob, it is the protagonist (Jakob) who has a greater understanding of politics than the former Socialist Realist narrator (Rohlfs). Their relationship undermines the political hierarchy constituted by workers and party. In addition, history in the novel is not narrated from a privileged epistemological position. Rather, it is reconstructed in a negotiation among various subjects (characters) at the porous border between history and memory. This self-reflexive model of historiography is, as implied by Uwe Johnson, democratic, in contradistinction to Socialist Realism. Finally, I point out that this model of writing history in Mutmassungen uber Jakob anticipates the polyphonic representation of the past in Johnson's Jahrestage (1970–83). In Johnson's final work, German history is consequently written in dialogues with Germans, immigrants from Eastern Europe, Holocaust survivors, and textual sources from various countries.
Clovis biface technology at the Topper site, South Carolina: evidence for variation and technological flexibility

Abstract The Topper site in the South Atlantic Coastal Plain of South Carolina provides a rare glimpse of the entire range of Clovis tool manufacture. Topper is a quarry-related site along the Savannah River with an outcrop of Coastal Plain chert and a buried Clovis component. This paper focuses on the 174 bifaces and diagnostic debitage from recent excavations to understand biface production at Topper. I present the process of manufacture then measure the variation in production characteristics at the site in terms of our current knowledge of Clovis biface technology. I conclude that Topper flintknappers used reduction strategies typical of Clovis-period tool production but created a biface assemblage with greater flexibility in design than documented at most other Clovis sites. This variation in biface production suggests greater variability in Clovis behavior across America—Clovis groups adapted to local resource conditions and adjusted the organization of their technology accordingly.
Acquired inhibitors of coagulation in nonhemophiliac children

METHODS A complete blood count with white cell differential, platelet count, and bleeding time were done for all patients. Whole blood samples collected in syringes containing 3.8% sodium citrate were used for coagulation assays. The ratio of blood to anticoagulant was 9:1 by volume. Assays for prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, fibrinogen, Factor VIII, Factor IX, and lupus anticoagulant were done according to standard methods. Mixing studies, with equal parts of patients' plasma and pooled normal plasma, were used to screen for the presence of an inhibitor. Tests for PTT were done immediately and repeated after a one-hour incubation of mixed plasma at 37~ A prolonged PTT due to a factor deficiency should correct to normal when mixed with normal plasma. Prolongation after mixing indicated the presence of an inhibitor. Factor assays were done on patients' plasma to determine the specificity of the inhibitors. Titers for cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, mumps virus, respiratory syncytial virus,
Transductive Representation Learning for Cross-Lingual Text Classification

In cross-lingual text classification problems, it is costly and time-consuming to annotate documents for each individual language. To avoid the expensive re-labeling process, domain adaptation techniques can be applied to adapt a learning system trained in one language domain to another language domain. In this paper we develop a transductive subspace representation learning method to address domain adaptation for cross-lingual text classifications. The proposed approach is formulated as a nonnegative matrix factorization problem and solved using an iterative optimization procedure. Our empirical study on cross-lingual text classification tasks shows the proposed approach consistently outperforms a number of comparison methods.
Showing Shape with Texture - Two Directions seem Better than One

Studies have shown that observers' judgment of surface orientation and curvature is affected by the presence of surface texture pattern. However, the question of designing a texture pattern that does not hide the surace information nor does convey a misrepresentation of the surface remains unsolved. The answer to this question has important potential imapct across a wide range of visualization application. Molecular modeling and radiation therapy are among the many fields that are in need of accurately visualizing their data and could benefit from such methods. Over the past several years we have carried out a series of experiments to investigate the impact of various texture pattern characteristics on shape perception. In this paper we report the result of our most recent study. The task in this study was adjusting surface attitude probes under three different texture conditions and a control condition in which no texture was present. We later compare the performances of the subjects. The three texture conditions were: a doubly oriented texture in which approximately evenly spaced lines followed both of the principal directions, a singly oriented texture in which lines followed only the first principal direction, and a singly oriented line integral convolution. Over a series of 200 trials (4 texture conditions, 10 surface probe locations * five repeated measures) a total of five naive participants were asked to adjust a circular probe. The probes were randomly located on an arbitrary curved surface and its perpendicular extension appeared to be oriented in the direction of the surface normal. An analysis of the results showed that the performance was best in the two directional texture condition. Performances were further decreased in one directional and no texture conditions (in that order). The paper is organized as follows. In Section 1 we briefly describe the motivation for our work. In Section 2 we describe our experimental methods, including a brief summary of the process of the stimuli preparation and a detailed presentation of statistic analysis of our experimental results. In Section 3 we discuss the implications of our findings and in the last section we will talk about our future plans.
Primary consumer stable nitrogen isotopes as indicators of nutrient source.

Non-point source loading of nitrogen and phosphorus is a primary cause of eutrophication of inland waters, although the diffuse and variable nature of nutrient inputs makes it difficult to trace and identify nutrient pathways. Stable nitrogen isotope values (δ15N) in aquatic biota are thought to reflect anthropogenic nutrient inputs, and they may be a promising tool for tracing nutrient sources in watersheds. We measured δ15N of aquatic consumers from a suite of 27 Danish lakes spanning a range of trophic states (oligotrophic to eutrophic) and land uses (forest, urban, agriculture). Primary consumer δ15N values (PCδ15N) varied more than 14‰ among lakes. Models of PCδ15N were developed from limnological, nitrogen loading, and nitrogen source variables using an information-theoretic approach (Akaike's Information Criteria, AIC). Models based on land use/land cover performed best, indicating that elevated δ15N is not only associated with high nitrogen loading, but is also reflective of nitrogen source. Urban...
Continuous high-solids corn liquefaction and fermentation with stripping of ethanol☆

Removal of ethanol from the fermentor during fermentation can increase productivity and reduce the costs for dewatering the product and coproduct. One approach is to recycle the fermentor contents through a stripping column, where a non-condensable gas removes ethanol to a condenser. Previous research showed that this approach is feasible. Savings of $0.03 per gallon were predicted at 34% corn dry solids. Greater savings were predicted at higher concentration. Now the feasibility has been demonstrated at over 40% corn dry solids, using a continuous corn liquefaction system. A pilot plant, that continuously fed corn meal at more than one bushel (25 kg) per day, was operated for 60 consecutive days, continuously converting 95% of starch and producing 88% of the maximum theoretical yield of ethanol. A computer simulation was used to analyze the results. The fermentation and stripping systems were not significantly affected when the CO2 stripping gas was partially replaced by nitrogen or air, potentially lowering costs associated with the gas recycle loop. It was concluded that previous estimates of potential cost savings are still valid.
The use of sharp silicon tips as photocathodes and electron sources for X-ray generation

Abstract We have produced arrays of 10,000 sharp p-type silicon points using an etch plus oxidation method. These points were used as electron emitters. No high vacuum cesiation or high temperature cleaning was needed to observe the electron emission. These are seen to be photosensitive sources of electrons at 200 K and 300 K. They were also used to produce AlKα x-rays. This constitutes the first use of etched, point arrays for generating electrons for x-ray sources.
Increased Virulence of Agrobacterium Rhizogenes Conferred by the vir Region of pTiBo542: Application to Genetic Engineering of Poplar

The ability of Agrobacterium rhizogenes to transform plants is dramatically increased by the presence of pTVK291, a plasmid containing part of the vir region of pTiBo542, the “supervirulent” plasmid. We have stably transformed the hybrid Populus trichocarpa x P. deltoides (clone H11) with “supervirulent” A. rhizogenes strains. The use of these bacterial strains as vectors for plant engineering was demonstrated by the transfer to poplar cells of the neomycin phosphotransferase II gene conferring resistance to kanamycin. The applications of these new A. rhizogenes strains to plant biotechnology are discussed.
Wake structure of a deformable Joukowski airfoil

Abstract We examine the vortical wake structure shed from a deformable Joukowski airfoil in an unbounded volume of inviscid and incompressible fluid. The deformable airfoil is considered to model a flapping fish. The vortex shedding is accounted for using an unsteady point vortex model commonly referred to as the Brown–Michael model. The airfoil’s deformations and rotations are prescribed in terms of a Jacobi elliptic function which exhibits, depending on a dimensionless parameter m , a range of periodic behaviors from sinusoidal to a more impulsive type flapping. Depending on the parameter m and the Strouhal number, one can identify five distinct wake structures, ranging from arrays of isolated point vortices to vortex dipoles and tripoles shed into the wake with every half-cycle of the airfoil flapping motion. We describe these regimes in the context of other published works which categorize wake topologies, and speculate on the importance of these wake structures in terms of periodic swimming and transient maneuvers of fish.
Anatomy of the thoracic vagus in the dog and a technic for its interruption.

Summary1. The thoracic vagus as seen in 42 dogs that came to autopsy is described.2. A method is presented for its disruption.
Biomechanical strength of human nasal septal lining: Comparison of the constituent layers

Objective/Hypothesis: Nasal septal perforation is a common complication following surgery involving the nasal septum. Septoplasty, septorhinoplasty, and submucosal resection may result in the inadvertent resection of perichondrium, which may predispose the patient to septal perforations. Study Design: Controlled human cadaver study testing the biomechanical strength of the constituent layers of nasal septal lining. Methods: Uniform samples of nasal septal mucosa, perichondrium, and a composite of both layers were obtained from five fresh human cadavers. The mechanical tensile strength of these layers was evaluated and compared with the Instron 4301 Mechanical Testing System (Canton, MA). Results: Mixed-effects regression analysis demonstrated a significant difference in the tensile strength of the three groups (mean values ± SD: mucosa, 662 ± 308 g; perichondrium, 1370 ± 798 g; composite, 2340 ± 1252 g). All three pairwise comparisons among the three groups showed a significant difference in tensile strength. Conclusion: The perichondrial layer imparts the majority of the biomechanical strength to septal lining. Lining flaps containing both perichondrium and mucosa are stronger than flaps with either perichondrium or mucosa alone. Dissection in the subperichondrial plane during septal surgery provides a stronger septal flap and may prevent the development of nasal septal perforation during nasal surgery.
Current management of severe congenital mitral stenosis: outcomes of transcatheter and surgical therapy in 108 infants and children.

Background— Severe congenital mitral stenosis (MS) is a rare anomaly that is frequently associated with additional left heart obstructions. Anatomic treatments for congenital MS include balloon mitral valvuloplasty (BMVP), surgical mitral valvuloplasty (SMVP), and mitral valve replacement (MVR), although the optimal therapeutic strategy is unclear. Methods and Results— Between 1985 and 2003, 108 patients with severe congenital MS underwent BMVP or surgical intervention at a median age of 18 months (range 1 month to 17.9 years). Anatomic subtypes of MS were “typical” congenital MS in 78 patients, supravalvar mitral ring in 46, parachute mitral valve in 28, and double-orifice mitral valve in 11, with multiple types in ≈50% of patients. Additional left heart anomalies were present in 82 patients (76%). The first MS intervention was BMVP in 64 patients, SMVP in 33, and MVR in 11. BMVP decreased peak and mean MS gradients by a median of 33% and 38%, respectively (P<0.001), but was complicated by significant mi...
The kidney in the hypertensive black.

Abstract Evidence suggests that the incidence of end‐stage renal disease due to essential hypertension is five to six times more frequent in black than in white patients. The reason for this greater susceptibility is not clear. Several possibilities have been proposed, including socioeconomic factors, compliance with therapy, renal hemodynamic differences and anatomic differences. In this review, we propose that the greater propensity of black hypertensives to develop renal failure as a consequence of hypertension may be due to abnormal hemodynamic adaptation of the renal circulation to a rise in blood pressure caused by high dietary sodium intake. This would make the renal circulation of hypertensive blacks more susceptible to injury.
Metabolite and isotopomer balancing in the analysis of metabolic cycles: I. Theory.

Proper analysis of label distribution in meta- bolic pathway intermediates is critical for correct inter- pretation of experimental data and strategic experimen- tal design. While, for example, 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is usually limited to the measurement of degrees of 13 C enrichment, more infor- mation about metabolic fluxes can be extracted from the fine structure of NMR spectra, or molecular weight dis- tributions of isotopomers of metabolic intermediates (measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). For this purpose, rigorous accounting for the contribu- tion of all pathways to label distribution is required, es- pecially contributions resulting from multiple turns of metabolic cycles. In this paper we present a mathemati- cal model developed to analyze isotopomer distributions of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) intermediates following the administration of 13 C (or 14 C) labeled substrates. The theory presented provides the basis to analyze 13 C NMR spectra and molecular weight distributions of metabo- lites. In a companion paper (Park et al., 1999), the theory is applied to the analysis of several cases of biological significance. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bio- eng 62: 375-391, 1999.