cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subtropical cells in the Atlantic Ocean: An observational summary

Abstract In this paper we survey the observational literature pertaining to the shallow meridional overturning circulation cells connecting the subduction regions of the subtropical North and South Atlantic Ocean with the upwelling regions on and near the equator. These subtropical cells (STC's) exist in both hemispheres, but they are not symmetric about the equator. The southern hemisphere STC has a structure consistent with the cannonical feature (i.e., subduction in the southern hemisphere subtropics, transport of the subducted water to the Equatorial Undercurrent, upwelling on the equator and return of the upwelled water to the subtropics). However, there is no clear evidence to indicate that water subducted in the northern hemisphere subtropics reaches the equator. Rather pathways of waters subducted in the subtropical North Atlantic have been observed to the North Equatorial Countercurrent. Upwelling regions for these northern hemisphere water masses are not yet defined. Characteristics of the STC's which must be more fully explored (e.g., temporal variability, transports, mixing) in order to understand their impacts on the regional climate variability of the tropical Atlantic Ocean are identified.
A study of acidulated fluoride solutions—III: The cariostatic effect of repeated topical sodium fluoride applications with and without phosphate: A pilot study

Abstract In 77 children, one side of the dentition was given four topical applications with a neutral 2% sodium ftuoride solution, and the other half, four applications of this solution in 0·15 M of orthophosphoric acid. Less than half as many new carious surfaces were noted on the side treated with the phosphate fluoride solution.
X‐Rays: Interaction with Matter

A photon in an X-ray beam that passes through a medium is likely to undergo one of three fates: complete absorption, scatter, or transmission. The first two processes contribute to X-ray beam attenuation. Five main interactions can cause attenuation of photons: (1) coherent scattering, (2) photoelectric effect, (3) Compton scattering, (4) pair producion, and (5) photodisintegration. How much of the beam gets attenuated depends on which interaction process dominates. This in turn depends on the incident photon energy and the medium compositon. Broadly speaking, coherent scattering is most important at low photon energies and photondisinteration at high energies, whereas the other interactions are likely to occur at intermediate photon energies. The rich physics of interaction processes is presented in this article. We also define various attenuation coefficients, explain their dependence on photon energy and medium composition, and describle how they contribute to many exciting phenomena observed in medical physics. Keywords: x-ray attenuation; linear attenuation coefficient; mass attenuation coefficient; half-value layer; coherent scattering; photoelectric effect; compton effect; pair production; photodisintegration
Spirituality in Counseling and Psychotherapy: An Integrative Approach That Empowers Clients, by R. Johnson

We counselors and psychotherapists live in an era both blessed and cursed with many theoretical approaches. Since the late 1800s, emerging models tended to became popular for a decade or two, and t...
Regulation of uropathogenic Escherichia coli adhesin expression by DNA methylation.

Abstract Pap pili play an important role in the pathogenesis of upper urinary tract infections by enabling uropathogenicEscherichia colito adhere to host epithelial cells. Pap pili are coded for by the pyelonephritis-associated pili (pap) operon, which consists of 11 genes required for the expression and assembly of Pap pili. Expression of Pap pili is regulated by a phase variation mechanism in which the pili expression state of the bacterial population is skewed between phase-on (expression positive) and phase-off (expression negative) states. Pap phase variation is controlled by the cooperative binding of leucine-responsive regulatory protein (Lrp) to two sets of Lrp binding sites in the upstream regulatory region of thepapoperon. A single GATC sequence, which is the target site for deoxyadenosine methylase (Dam), is centrally located within each Lrp binding region. Dam plays a critical role in the expression of Pap pili via the formation of DNA methylation patterns. Methylation of GATC-I reduced the affinity of Lrp forpapDNA by about twofold. Conversely, Lrp specifically blocked methylation ofpapGATC-Iin vitro.These data support the hypothesis that Lrp and Dam compete for binding to GATC-I, and are consistent with previous results indicating that methylation of GATC-I is important for stability of the phase-off state.
Hermetic chemical vapor deposition coatings for environmental sensors

Coatings on optical sensors provide protection from mechanical damage and chemical attack. In high pressure, high temperature environments, conventional polymer coatings allow hydrogen and moisture to diffuse into the fiber core, causing failure in sensors that operate in harsh environments. A hermetic carbon coating can be used in these applications to improve reliability in sensing and signal transmission, and to extend fiber life. An experimental study of thin carbon films applied by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) was conducted to determine the effects of deposition parameters on film hermeticity. The goal is to control carbon deposition in a cold walled CVD reactor by controlling the gas flow, temperature, and concentration of reaction gases within the chamber. The experiments grow carbon films by CVD of hydrocarbon precursors on stationary quartz glass rods. Smooth, pinhole free graphite films have been obtained and are desired because they prevent the diffusion of hydrogen. The carbon layers are analyzed for thickness, carbon phase, and surface roughness using ESEM and Raman Spectroscopy. The information will be combined with a numerical study to optimize the growth of graphite films on optical fibers.
Algorithm selection and scheduling

Algorithm portfolios aim to increase the robustness of our ability to solve problems efficiently. While recently proposed algorithm selection methods come ever closer to identifying the most appropriate solver given an input instance, they are bound to make wrong and, at times, costly decisions. Solver scheduling has been proposed to boost the performance of algorithm selection. Scheduling tries to allocate time slots to the given solvers in a portfolio so as to maximize, say, the number of solved instances within a given time limit. We show how to solve the corresponding optimization problem at a low computational cost using column generation, resulting in fast and high quality solutions. We integrate this approach with a recently introduced algorithm selector, which we also extend using other techniques. We propose various static as well as dynamic scheduling strategies, and demonstrate that in comparison to pure algorithm selection, our novel combination of scheduling and solver selection can significantly boost performance.
What Conferences Accomplish for Social Change Organizations

ABSTRACT Conferences allow activists and their supporters to share information, seek out technical help and create supportive networks. At conferences, participants discuss the values that guide their work and by doing so agree on a shared meaning of their social change organizations. Conferences are focusing events that help create a social movement.
Copper Deficiency Increases Hepatic Apolipoprotein A-I Synthesis and Secretion but Does Not Alter Hepatic Total Cellular Apolipoprotein A-I mRNA Abundance in Rats

This study was designed to determine whether an increase in hepatic apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) synthesis and mRNA abundance is responsible for the enlarged plasma apo A-I pool observed in copper-deficient rats. Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two dietary treatments : copper-adequate (102.2 μmol Cu/kg diet) and copper-deficient (9.0 μmol Cu/kg diet). Copper deficiency resulted in a significant Increase (124%) in intravascular apo A-I pool size after 6 wk of treatment. Following intraportal injection of a flooding dose of [ 3 H]phenylalanine, in vivo hepatic apo A-I synthesis and secretion were significantly greater in the copper-deficient animals as detected by [ 3 H]phenylalanine incorporation into immunoprecipitable apo A-I isolated from liver homogenates and plasma using anti-rat apo A-I antibodies. Pulse-chase experiments using freshly isolated hepatocytes demonstrated that a significant increase (148%) in apo A-I secretion by hepatocytes derived from copper-deficient rats may have resulted from increased hepatic synthesis rather than altered intracellular degradation of apo A-I. Hepatic total cellular apo A-I mRNA abundance was not altered by copper deficiency when expressed per microgram of RNA. Thus, the enhanced hepatic apo A-I synthesis, observed in copper-deficient cells, may have resulted from alterations in post-transcriptional and translational processes.
Probabilistic structure of storm surface runoff considering the dependence between average intensity and storm duration of rainfall events

[1] The probabilistic nature of rainfall and surface runoff events forms the basis of hydrologic design. Two defining characteristics of rainfall events, average intensity and duration, are selected to construct the probabilistic structure of storms using Gumbel's bivariate exponential distribution. This bivariate stochastic rainfall model is then utilized to derive the probabilistic structure of surface runoff using the Soil Conservation Service rainfall runoff model. The zero-runoff probability, mean, and standard deviation of rainfall excess are evaluated. Copulas serve as an alternative way to derive zero-runoff probability. The results indicate that the dependence between average intensity and duration has a significant effect on statistical properties of rainfall excess. The advantage of using copulas for complicated multivariate stochastic models is demonstrated. The proposed model is associated with land use and soil type information from the geographic information system to produce maps of statistical properties of rainfall excess. A case study of model application is performed for the state of Indiana, United States. Results show that while the mean and standard deviation of rainfall excess increase with curve number, these quantities are very sensitive to the dependence between average intensity and duration of storm events.
BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS OF PRIVATE EVENTS IS POSSIBLE, PROGRESSIVE, AND NONDUALISTIC: A RESPONSE TO LAMAL

Peter Lamal’s response to our paper on anxiety (Friman, Hayes, & Wilson, 1998) is as much a critique of Skinner’s approach to private events (e.g., Skinner, 1984) as it is a critique of our paper. Skinner’s position constituted a rebuttal to the ubiquitous dualistic notion that behavior is but a mere manifestation of unseen cognitive and emotional processes that have vitalistic primacy. Skinner attempted to eliminate this dualism by defining all human activity as behavior, even when the activity is observable to the actor alone. In contrast, Lamal claims that private events have merely putative or hypothetical status as behavior and that only public events can be studied scientifically. But by excluding private events from definitions of behavior because they are so inherently different from public events, Lamal has merely adopted a different form of dualism. We side with Skinner’s more thoroughgoing nondualistic stance. Lamal relies heavily on Zuriff, who claimed that ‘‘no evidence is currently available to show that verbal responses enter into causal relationships with private events or that these private events are stimuli in the sense of conforming to the same laws as their
Formant transition duration and amplitude rise time as cues to the stop/glide distinction.

There is some disagreement in the literature about the relative contribution of formant transition duration and amplitude rise time in signalling the contrast between stops and glides. In this study, listeners identified sets of /bα/ and /wα/ stimuli in which transition duration and rise time varied orthogonally. Both variables affected labelling performance in the expected direction (i.e. the proportion of /b/ responses increased with shorter transition durations and shorter rise times). However, transition duration served as the primary cue to the stop/glide distinction, whereas rise time played a secondary, contrast-enhancing role. A qualitatively similar pattern of results was obtained when listeners made abrupt-onset/gradual-onset judgements of single sine-wave stimuli that modelled the rise times, frequency trajectories, and durations of the first formant in the /bα/-/wα/ stimuli. The similarities between the speech and non-speech conditions suggest that significant auditory commonalities underlie p...
Fractionation of canine serum magnesium

BACKGROUND Serum total magnesium (tMg) consists of 3 fractions: ionized magnesium (iMg), protein-bound magnesium (pbMg), and complexed magnesium (cMg). Serum iMg may be measured by an ion-selective electrode, but determination of pbMg and cMg has not been attempted in dogs. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to assess the validity of a micropartition system to fractionate serum tMg and to establish reference intervals for pbMg, cMg, and iMg in clinically normal dogs using this method. METHODS Serum samples from 10 clinically healthy dogs were fractionated using a micropartition system (Centrifree YM-30, Amicon Corp, Lexington, MA, USA). Serum tMg and iMg were measured in whole serum, and tMg was also measured in the ultrafiltrate. Concentration of cMg was obtained by the subtraction of iMg from tMg concentrations of the ultrafiltrate. Protein-bound Mg was calculated by subtracting the tMg concentration of the ultrafiltrate from the tMg concentration of whole serum. RESULTS Results for pbMg and cMg using the micropartition system showed good reproducibility. Determination of tMg and iMg had acceptable inter- and intra-assay precision. Concentrations of iMg, cMg, and pbMg were 0.50 +/- 0.05 mmol/L, 0.05 +/- 0.04 mmol/L, and 0.24 +/- 0.04 mmol/L, representing 63%, 6%, and 31% of the tMg concentration, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The micropartition system was a reproducible means to accurately assess cMg and pbMg concentrations in dogs.
Ureteroscopic treatment of renal calculi.

The role of ureteroscopy in the management of renal calculi is evolving. Although ureteroscopic treatment of renal calculi is safe and effective, it is relatively inefficient compared with extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) and percutaneous nephrostolithotomy (PCNL). Among other clinical situations, ureteroscopic treatment of renal calculi should be considered primary therapy for patients with lower pole stones who have adverse ESWL characteristics and patients who are not suitable candidates for PCNL. This article reviews the indications, technique, results, and complications of using ureteroscopy to treat renal calculi.
Sexually dimorphic expression of KCC2 and GABA function

GABA(A) receptors have an age-adapted function in the brain. During early development, they mediate depolarizing effects, which result in activation of calcium-sensitive signaling processes that are important for the differentiation of the brain. In more mature stages of development and in adults, GABA(A) receptors acquire their classical hyperpolarizing signaling. The switch from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing GABA(A)-ergic signaling is triggered through the developmental shift in the balance of chloride cotransporters that either increase (i.e. NKCC1) or decrease (i.e. KCC2) intracellular chloride. The maturation of GABA(A) signaling follows sex-specific patterns, which correlate with the developmental expression profiles of chloride cotransporters. This has first been demonstrated in the substantia nigra, where the switch occurs earlier in females than in males. As a result, there are sensitive periods during development when drugs or conditions that activate GABA(A) receptors mediate different transcriptional effects in males and females. Furthermore, neurons with depolarizing or hyperpolarizing GABA(A)-ergic signaling respond differently to neurotrophic factors like estrogens. Consequently, during sensitive developmental periods, GABA(A) receptors may act as broadcasters of sexually differentiating signals, promoting gender-appropriate brain development. This has particular implications in epilepsy, where both the pathophysiology and treatment of epileptic seizures involve GABA(A) receptor activation. It is important therefore to study separately the effects of these factors not only on the course of epilepsy but also design new treatments that may not necessarily disturb the gender-appropriate brain development.
The work of Philip Rabinowitz on numerical integration

A summary is given of Philip Rabinowitz's contributions to numerical analysis with emphasis on his work on integration.
Stark Effect in Alkali-Metal Ground-State Hyperfine Structure

An atomic-beam magnetic-resonance apparatus with separated oscillatory fields has been used to measure the decrease in the ground-state hyperfine energy separation of ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{133}$, ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}$, ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{85}$, ${\mathrm{K}}^{39}$, ${\mathrm{Na}}^{23}$, and ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ because of the presence of a uniform, static, electric field. The hfs frequency shift due to this quadratic Stark effect is designated by $\ensuremath{\delta}f=\ensuremath{-}k\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}{E}^{2}$ Hz/${(\mathrm{V}/\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m})}^{2}$. If the ratio $\frac{\ensuremath{\delta}f({X}^{A})}{\ensuremath{\delta}f({\mathrm{Cs}}^{133})}$ is denoted by ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{{X}^{A}}$, then the results are ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{{\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}}=0.546(5)$; ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{{\mathrm{Rb}}^{85}}=0.243(1)$, ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{{\mathrm{K}}^{39}}=0.0315(6)$, ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{{\mathrm{Na}}^{23}}=0.0552(12)$, and ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{{\mathrm{Li}}^{7}}=0.0270(8)$. Existing theories of the alkali-metal Stark effect are discussed, and none is found to give satisfactory agreement with these experimental ratios.
Political Campaigns as Rent-Seeking Games: Take the Money and Run

In the 1980s, the practice of converting campaign contributions into personal income on retirement was curtailed by the Federal Elections Commission (FEC), but an exemption allowed some representatives to continue this practice. Conse quently, a natural experiment was created in which congressional candidates faced different sets of rules. By identifying candidates who could keep excess campaign funds, the authors were able to empirically measure the relevance of wealth maximization in political campaign decisions. The evidence of the 1980s suggests that candidates are concerned with more than simply winning elections. Specifically, candidates who qualified for the FEC's exemption raised more money and spent smaller portions of those contributions on their campaigns. This results in a sizable lump-sum transfer payment on retirement.
Amylase secretion from mouse parotid and pancreas: Role of cyclic AMP and isoproterenol

Abstract While amylase secretion from both parotid and pancreas is mediated by cyclic AMP, only parotid secretion is influence by isoproterenol. Adenyl cyclase in both tissues is stimulated by isoproterenol, but there is much less enzyme activity in preparations from pancreas. After in vivo administration of isoproterenol, parotid cyclic AMP levels are greatly elevated whereas little change is observed in pancreas.
Malignant ventricular arrhythmias early after myocardial infarction: Brighter prospects

Sustained ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation) are among the most serious complications of acute myocardial infarction. Such arrhythmias occurring more than 48 hours after the acute infarction have an untreated recurrence rate of 30 to 80% (1-3) and have been associated with a high short-term mortality rate despite standard an• tiarrhythmic drug or surgical therapy (1-4). The report in this issue of the Journal by DiMarco et al. (5) concerning the occurrence and management of these life-threatening arrhythmias in the first 60 days after acute myocardial in• farction represents a significant improvement in the outlook for these patients. This is largely due to a number of recent innovations in both the medical and the surgical treatment of these arrhythmias. Medical therapy directed by electrophysiologic study. The medically treated patients in the series of DiMarco et al. generally had antiarrhythmic drug therapy directed by the results of electropharmacologic studies (as opposed to empiric antiarrhythmic drugs), a method that has gained widespread use in recent years. Of the medically treated patients, 75% were discharged from the hospital with no inducible ventricular arrhythmia on treatment with antiar• rhythmic drugs selected by electropharmacologic studies. On follow-up, most of these patients have remained well, and there has been only one sudden death. A major factor in the improved outcome with medical treatment compared with that in prior series is the use of amiodarone (75% of medically treated patients in the study by DiMarco et al. were treated with amiodarone alone or in combination with other antiarrhythmic agents). This drug can be used either
Effects of Ozone on Three Species of Diptera

Egg, larval, pupal, and/or adult stages of Musca domestica L., Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), and Drosophila melanogaster Meigen were exposed to a high concentration of ozone for prolonged periods. Results indicated a slight inhibitory effect on egg hatch with virtually no effect on larvae or pupae. Synchronous egg hatch, larval molting, pupation, and adult emergence were observed in ozonated and unexposed groups, indicating no effect on metamorphosis. Ozone exposure in the adult stage seemed to stimulate oviposition and resulted in a dramatic increase in the number of eggs laid and a significant increase in adult populations compared with controls.
Long-term experience with descending aortic dissection: The complication-specific approach

Abstract We analyzed long-term results in 71 patients (45 men and 26 women) treated over 17 years for documented descending aortic dissection. Forty-nine patients were treated medically and 22, surgically. Actuarial survival was 65% at 1 year, 57% at 3 years, 50% at 5 years, and 28% at 10 years for the whole group. For the group treated medically, survival was 73%, 63%, 58%, and 25% at 1 year, 3 years, 5 years, and 10 years, respectively, and for the group treated surgically, 47%, 40%, and 28% at 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years, respectively. Ten (20.4%) of the 49 medically treated patients died early (5 of rupture), and 14 (28.6%) died late (8 of dissection). Five medically treated patients crossed over to surgical management for complications of dissection. Among the surgically treated patients, 6 underwent standard graft replacement of the proximal descending aorta, 8 underwent the fenestration procedure (with a standardized retroperitoneal abdominal approach), and 4 underwent the thromboexclusion operation. Specific analysis of fenestration in 14 patients (including some with persistent descending aortic dissection after replacement of the ascending aorta for dissection) found it to be safe and effective. Actuarial survival after fenestration was 77%, 77%, and 53% at 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years, respectively. Thromboexclusion was found effective, and postoperative studio confirmed thrombosis of the descending aorta with preservation of the lowest intercostal arteries. Fifteen of the 21 surviving medically treated patients agreed to return for follow-up imaging. Nine had thrombosis of the false lumen. An interesting radiographic finding was (hat 4 of the 15 restudied patients had a saccular aneurysm in the aorta at the level of the left subclavian artery. We recommend a complication-specific approach to the management of descending aortic dissection. Uncomplicated dissection is treated medically, whereas complicated dissection is treated surgically, with realized rupture treated by standard graft replacement, limb ischemia treated by fenestration, and enlargement or impending rupture treated by thromboexclusion.
The development in vitro of particles from cytoplasm. II. Particles from hemoglobin and deoxyribonucleic acid.

Spherical particles, 1 to 10 microns in diameter, resulted from the incubation at 37°C. of distilled water lysates of erythrocytes with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The particles consisted of 88 per cent hemoglobin and 12 per cent DNA (dry weight basis). An unknown factor, presumably an enzyme, present only in fresh red cell lysates, was required for particle development. Particle size was a function of the pH of the reaction mixture. The pH range was 4.8–5.8. It was possible to trap extraneous proteins and polysaccharides in pockets within the hemoglobin particles during their development to the exclusion of some of the hemoglobin. The amount of any one substance so trapped was proportional to its concentration in the reaction mixture. Some practical applications of the particles, as a means for making particulate various soluble substances (enzymes, antigens, antibiotics), are suggested.
The rate dependence and microstructure of high-purity silver deformed to large strains between 0.16 and 0.30 T m

High-purity polycrystalline silver was deformed to large strains in torsion at temperatures from 203 to 373 K (0.16 to 0.30T m)at a variety of strain rates. Saturation of the flow stress was always observed. However, saturation is achieved only after relatively large strains over which both Stage III and Stage IV hardening are observed. At 373 K, there is mechanical and micro-structural evidence of dynamic recrystallization. At ambient temperature and below, hardening processes seem to be balanced exclusively by dynamic recovery, and steady-state creep is observed. The recovered microstructure is dominated by elongated subgrains. Subgrain boundaries are well-defined, and the misorientation across the walls is relatively high. The activation energy and strain-rate sensitivity for steady-state flow were measured. Furthermore, the constant-structure strain-rate sensitivity was measured as a function of primary strain from small strain levels (e<0.01) up to steady-state values (approximately 3.0). The observed activation energies and strain-rate sensitivities are related to fundamental processes.
Development and Application of on-Line Weld Modelling Tool

On-line software tool, E-Weld Predictor, has been developed to predict temperature, microstructure, stress, and distortion for arc welding processes by combining the power of numerical weld modelling and high performance computational hardware. It provides users with easy access to advanced modelling tools over the internet to quickly explore various welding scenarios. This paper reveals the underlying mathematical equations implemented in E-Weld Predictor and discusses several applications of E-Weld Predictor. One application is to understand the effect of heat input on the resulting microstructure, residual stresses and distortion for a U-groove X-65 steel butt joint. Results show that a larger heat input is likely to result in higher heat build-up, larger residual stresses and larger distortion. Another application is to calculate the cooling rates for a narrow groove X-100 steel weld. The results show that increase of preheating temperature reduces the cooling rate. It is hoped that by providing easy-to-use and accessible advanced weld models, the usage of the computational models will be increased by welding and design engineers in the industrial companies.
Perceptually motivated automatic color contrast enhancement based on color constancy estimation

We address the problem of contrast enhancement for color images. Our method to enhance images is inspired from the retinex theory. We try to estimate the illumination and separate it from the reflectance component of an image. We use denoising techniques to estimate the illumination and while doing so achieve color constancy. We enhance only the illumination component of the image. The parameters for enhancement are estimated automatically. This enhanced illumination is then multiplied with the reflectance to obtain enhanced images with better contrast. We provide validation of our color constancy approach and show performance better than state-of-the-art approaches. We also show "visually better" results while comparing our enhancement results with those from other enhancement techniques and from commercial software packages. We perform statistical analysis of our results and quantitatively show that our approach produces effective image enhancement. This is validated by ratings from human observers.
Understanding the Remarkable Decline in Stroke Mortality in Recent Decades

Encouragingly, overall stroke mortality steadily declined across the world during the 20th century.1 In fact, stroke was demoted from the third to the fourth leading cause of death in the US.2 Evaluating the reasons for this decline is critically important to characterize the progress we have made to date and guide our approaches to the challenges that lie ahead. Many different facets of stroke care can affect stroke mortality. For example, declines in stroke mortality could be related to improvements in emergency, hospital, and rehabilitative care.3–5 If this were the reason, then we would also expect case-fatality (ie, death from any cause within a certain period of time, usually 30 days, after the stroke event) to also have declined. Declines in mortality could also be related to improved primary prevention. In this circumstance, one would expect a decline in stroke incidence (ie, occurrence of first-ever strokes); if less people are having stroke in the first place, then less people will die from stroke as well. Finally, mortality declines may be related to the notable advances in secondary prevention during the past 2 decades,6–9 in which case a decline in stroke recurrence should be seen. Declines in recurrent stroke events are not necessarily detected in studies of stroke incidence, as the typical convention is to limit stroke incidence to first-ever events.10,11 Overall stroke mortality rates can also be profoundly affected by biases and confounders related to their measurement. Most evaluations of …
The Effect of Vitamin B12 Supplements and Antibiotic Feed Supplements on Egg Production and Hatchability

Abstract INTRODUCTION THE effect of vitamin B12 on hatchability has been demonstrated by a number of workers. Lillie, Olson and Bird (1949) found that the injection of vitamin B12 into eggs from hens depleted in this vitamin markedly improved hatchability. The beneficial effect of feeding APF concentrates (containing B12 or B12 and antibiotics) on hatchability has been reported by Lindstrom et al. (1949), Olcese et al. (1950), and Carver and Mc-Ginnis (1950). Elam et al. (1951) have presented data which they interpret as showing that antibiotics stimulate egg production and hatchability. The experiments to be reported herein deal with the use of vitamin B12 and vitamin B12 and antibiotic feed supplements in laying and breeding rations of birds maintained under practical conditions. Data on the relation between built up litter and hatchability are also presented inasmuch as Kennard et al. (1948) and Halbrook et al. (1950) have stressed the value of . . .
Determinants of online safety behaviour: towards an intervention strategy for college students

How can young adults be motivated to enact security precautions? Communication about the risks of Internet use or online safety communication is a context in which personal responsibility is especially salient. The present research builds on Protection Motivation Theory PMT to examine the role of a previously unexplored variable, personal responsibility, in the protective behaviour of college students. Two studies are reported here. In the first N = 565, the relationship of personal responsibility to safe i.e. protective online behaviour is tested in relationship to standard PMT variables. A multiple regression analysis of survey data shows that personal responsibility explained additional variance in protective behaviour after accounting for the effects of traditional threat and coping appraisal variables. Building on this, the second study N = 206 examines the possibility of influencing personal responsibility through an intervention and experimental manipulation among college students. The experimental manipulation of personal responsibility found evidence of a causal relationship between personal responsibility and protective behaviour in the college student sample. Interactions with pre-existing levels of safety involvement and self-efficacy were uncovered. Based on the results, strategies for targeted online safety interventions are suggested.
Identification of ribosomal protein S1 as a poly(A) binding protein in Escherichia coli

Abstract To elucidate the metabolic function of mRNA polyadenylation in Escherichia coli, we searched for a polyadenylate-binding protein as a potential mediator of the function of the poly(A) moiety. Using a nitrocellulose filter-binding assay and a Northwestern blot technique, a protein in the ribosomal supernatant fraction of E coli was identified and purified to homogeneity. N-terminal sequence analysis yielded a 25-residue sequence which corresponded to the 25 N-terminal amino acids of protein S1, one of the proteins of the E coli 30S ribosomal subunit. Poly(A) binding to S1 protein was inhibited by Mg2+ and Mn2+ and by ATP and stimulated 8-fold by 100 mM KCl. The binding of S1 to poly(A) occurred with an association constant of 3 × 106 M−1 and seemed to be only mildly cooperative. Competition studies of the binding of poly(A) and poly(C) to purified S1 protein were consistent with the presence of two polynucleotide binding sites, of which one binds poly(A) five times more strongly than poly(C), whereas the other binds poly(C) 50 times more strongly than poly(A). Poly(A) bound to 30S ribosomal subunits but not to 50S ribosomes. To study possible association of S1 with the poly(A) tracts of E coli mRNA in the process of translation, poly(A) RNA was isolated from polysomes by oligo(dT) cellulose chromatography and the poly(A) RNA with bound protein was eluted either directly or after digestion with RNase T1 and A. When subjected to Western blot analysis with antibody to S1, both poly(A) RNA and isolated poly(A) tracts revealed bound S1 protein. The implications of these results for the possible interaction of poly(A) tracts of mRNA and the translational machinery of E coli are discussed.
I-Quest: an intelligent query structuring based on user browsing feedback for semantic retrieval of video data

In spite of significant improvements in video data retrieval, a system has not yet been developed that can adequately respond to a user's query. Typically, the user has to refine the query many times and view query results until eventually the expected videos are retrieved from the database. The complexity of video data and questionable query structuring by the user aggravates the retrieval process. Most previous research in this area has focused on retrieval based on low-level features. Managing imprecise queries using semantic (high-level) content is no easier than queries based on low-level features due to the absence of a proper continuous distance function. We provide a method to help users search for clips and videos of interest in video databases. The video clips are classified as interesting and uninteresting based on user browsing. The attribute values of clips are classified by commonality, presence, and frequency within each of the two groups to be used in computing the relevance of each clip to the user's query. In this paper, we provide an intelligent query structuring system, called I-Quest, to rank clips based on user browsing feedback, where a template generation from the set of interesting and uninteresting sets is impossible or yields poor results.
CSF somatostatin in anorexia nervosa and bulimia: Relationship to the hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal cortical axis

The eating disorders, anorexia nervosa and normal weight bulimia, are associated with disturbances of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortical (HPA) and growth hormone function. Because somatostatin (SRIF) is one of the neuropeptides known to modulate feeding behavior and neuroendocrine systems, we measured cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of this peptide in patients with eating disorders. CSF SRIF concentrations in patients with anorexia nervosa, both at low weight and after weight recovery, were similar to those in controls. When normal weight bulimic women stopped binging, they had a modest but significant increase in CSF SRIF. CSF SRIF was not related to plasma growth hormone concentrations but did show relationships to HPA axis hormones. Healthy volunteer women had a significant positive relationship between CSF SRIF and CSF corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH). In underweight anorectics, CSF SRIF was negatively related to both 24-hr urinary free cortisol and plasma cortisol concentrations after dexamethasone, but it was not significantly related to CSF CRH. These relationships more closely resembled those of healthy controls after weight correction. In bulimics, CSF SRIF was positively related to CSF CRH and negatively related to plasma cortisol. Our findings support a previously described relationship between CSF SRIF and HPA axis activity. The differences in SRIF-HPA relationships in anorectics and bulimics may constitute or reflect pathophysiological distinctions between these disorders.
Influence of Applied Potential on the Impedance of Alkanethiol SAMs

Self-assembled monolayers are generally considered to behave as dielectric layers with a capacitance that is dependent on the monolayer thickness and the relative permittivity that is determined by...
Enhancement of the conversion of toluene by Pseudomonas putida F-1 using organic cosolvents

Pseudomonas putida F-l (ATCC 700007) was used as a model organism in stirred tank reactors to study conversion enhancement of poorly soluble substrates by organic cosolvents. After a literature study, silicone oil was used as a solvent system to enhance the mass transfer rate. To study the benefits of the organic solvent addition, batch experiments were conducted in two side-by-side fermentation vessels (experimental and control) at three different levels of silicone oil (10, 30, and 50%). Results showed that the presence of silicone oil resulted in a 100% increase in the toluene mass transfer compared to the control. Experiments in continuous stirred-tank reactors showed that improved conversion could be obtained at higher agitation rates.
Iterative determination of parameters for an exact penalty function

As an approach to solving nonlinear programs, we study a class of functions known to be exact penalty functions for a proper choice of the parameters. The goal is to iteratively determine the correct parameters. A basic algorithm has been developed. We have proved that this algorithm converges to a global solution for concave programs and, in the limited computational tests performed to date, it has always converged to at least a local solution for nonconcave programs also.
Cocaine inhibits NGF-induced PC12 cells differentiation through D1-type dopamine receptors

In utero cocaine exposure can adversely affect CNS development. Previous studies showed that cocaine inhibits neuronal differentiation in a dose-dependent fashion in nerve growth factor (NGF)-stimulated PC12 cells. Cocaine binds with high affinity to several neurotransmitter transporters, resulting in elevated neurotransmitter levels in nerve endings. To determine if cocaine inhibits neurite outgrowth through the effects of these neurotransmitters, we applied dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and acetylcholine to NGF-induced PC12 cells. Dopamine was the only neurotransmitter to inhibit neurite outgrowth significantly in a dose-dependent pattern without affecting cell viability. Norepinephrine and acetylcholine did not affect neurite outgrowth, while serotonin enhanced it. Furthermore, GBR 12909, a potent dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibitor, yielded similar effects. We then showed PC12 cells express D(1) and D(2) receptors and DAT proteins. Dopamine uptake measured over time was significantly blocked by cocaine and GBR 12909 which may result in elevated extracellular dopamine. The role of dopamine receptors in PC12 differentiation was further examined by using D(1) and D(2) specific receptor agonists. Only the D(1) agonist, SKF-38393, had a significant dose-dependent inhibitory effect. In addition, a D(1) antagonist produced significant recovery of neurite outgrowth in cocaine-treated cells. These findings suggest that cocaine inhibitory effects on neuronal differentiation are mediated through its binding to the dopamine transporter, resulting in increased dopamine level in the synapses. Subsequently, up regulation of D(1) receptors alters NGF signaling pathways.
The morphological basis of hallucal orientation in extant birds.

The perching foot of living birds is commonly characterized by a reversed or opposable digit I (hallux). Primitively, the hallux of nonavian theropod dinosaurs was unreversed and lay parallel to digits II-IV. Among basal birds, a unique digital innovation evolved in which the hallux opposes digits II-IV. This digital configuration is critical for grasping and perching. I studied skeletons of modern birds with a range of hallucal designs, from unreversed (anteromedially directed) to fully reversed (posteriorly directed). Two primary correlates of hallucal orientation were revealed. First, the fossa into which metatarsal I articulates is oriented slightly more posteriorly on the tarsometatarsus, rotating the digit as a unit. Second, metatarsal I exhibits a distinctive torsion of its distal shaft relative to its proximal articulation with the tarsometatarsus, reorienting the distal condyles and phalanges of digit I. Herein, I present a method that facilitates the re-evaluation of hallucal orientation in fossil avians based on morphology alone. This method also avoids potential misinterpretations of hallucal orientation in fossil birds that could result from preserved appearance alone.
Variation in State Economic Growth: Decomposing State, Regional, and National Effects

Previous research on the impact of the political system on economic conditions in the American states has assumed the dominance of endogenous factors (i.e., those unique to the states) in determining levels of economic growth. However, because state economies are interdependent and responsive to national and regional economic trends, such an assumption is unrealistic. In this paper we employ the variance components approach utilized in research on electoral nationalization by Stokes (1967) and others to decompose variance in state economic growth from 1945 to 1984 into its national, regional, and state components. Our findings suggest that the state component of state economic growth is dominant for the period of our study, but that the state component declined sharply during the 1960s as the national and regional components were increasing. We conclude that a substantial proportion of the variance in state economic growth is unique to each state, but that in the postwar era exogenous national and regiona...
Comparison Of Lightwave System Performance Using Single-Mode Silica (1.55 µm) & Fluoride Fibers (2.55 µm) With Direct And Coherent Detection

Comparison of fluoride-based and silica-based fiber on system performance with respect to the repeater link length is analyzed. The effects of dispersion, fiber attenuation, splice loss, source linewidth and fiber unit length on system performance is simulated by computer.
On the trajectories of projectiles depicted in early ballistic woodcuts

Motivated by quaint woodcut depictions often found in many late 16th and 17th century ballistic manuals of cannonballs fired in air, a comparison of their shapes with those calculated for the classic case of a projectile moving in a linear resisting medium is made. In considering the asymmetrical nature of such trajectories, the initial launch angle resulting in the greatest forward horizontal skew of the trajectory is found and compared to the corresponding launch angle which maximizes the range of the projectile. Limiting behaviour in the shape of the trajectory in the strong damping limit is also considered and compared to peculiar straight-lined triangular trajectory woodcuts from the late 16th century.
Chiral perturbation theory for the quenched approximation of QCD

We describe a technique for constructing the effective chiral theory for quenched QCD. The effective theory which results is a Lagrangian one, with a graded symmetry group which mixes Goldstone bosons and fermions, and with a definite (though slightly peculiar) set of Feynman rules. The straightforward application of these rules gives automatic cancellation of diagrams which would arise from virtual quark loops. The techniques are used to calculate chiral logarithms in $\frac{{f}_{K}}{{f}_{\ensuremath{\pi}},{m}_{\ensuremath{\pi}},{m}_{K}}$, and the ratio of $〈\overline{s}s〉$ to $〈\overline{u}u〉$. The leading finite-volume corrections to these quantities are also computed. Problems for future study are described.
Materials needs for fusion, Generation IV fission reactors and spallation neutron sources – similarities and differences

Abstract Fusion reactors, advanced fission reactors and high power accelerator spallation targets subject materials to damaging particle irradiation. Although these technologies derive their utility from different nuclear reactions and divergent applications, they experience many common features. Further, the physical mechanisms of radiation response are cross-cutting. For example, swelling, phase instability, hardening, flow localization, and embrittlement must be understood in order to estimate component lifetimes. Additional commonalities include reliance on the same classes of materials and sometimes on the identical alloy for critical components. In addition, databases supporting designs are mainly derived from the same relatively few irradiation facilities and from similar types of experiments. Opportunities are examined for coordinated efforts. Emphasis is placed on the development of fundamental knowledge to support alloy design strategies for resistance to irradiation and to form a scientific basis to develop better materials.
Presence of antisite disorder and its characterization in the predicted half-metal Co 2 MnSi

The Heusler alloy ${\mathrm{Co}}_{2}\mathrm{MnSi}$ is predicted to be a half-metallic ferromagnet and thus is considered a promising candidate for incorporation into spintronic devices. Recent theoretical calculations have shown that antisite disorder of a few percent in some Heuslers can destroy half metallicity, emphasizing the importance of characterizing samples for disorder. In this work we compare the magnetic, structural, and transport properties of ${\mathrm{Co}}_{2}\mathrm{MnSi}$ for bulk single-crystal boules, polycrystalline arc-melted buttons and polycrystalline thin films. The lattice parameter, coercivity, and saturation magnetization of the single-crystal and arc-melted samples are statistically identical. On the other hand, the residual resistivity ratio ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{300\mathrm{K}}/{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{5\mathrm{K}}$ shows sharp contrasts, with the single crystal and the arc-melted button having ratios of 6.5 and 2.7, respectively. Neutron-diffraction experiments show that the antisite disorder for the arc-melted samples is zero for Mn-Si antisite disorder, but between 10 and 14 % for Co-Mn antisite disorder. We postulate this to be the cause for the increased amount of defect-induced scattering in the electrical transport measurements of the arc-melted samples. The thin films, similarly, have lattice constants, magnetic properties, and room-temperature resistivities that approach those of the single crystal. The best films, however, have residual resistivity ratios of 1.4. By comparing these films to single crystalline thin films grown in other studies, we again find evidence supporting Co-Mn antisite disorder as the primary scattering mechanism.