cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lipid classification, structures and tools

The study of lipids has developed into a research field of increasing importance as their multiple biological roles in cell biology, physiology and pathology are becoming better understood. The Lipid Metabolites and Pathways Strategy (LIPID MAPS) consortium is actively involved in an integrated approach for the detection, quantitation and pathway reconstruction of lipids and related genes and proteins at a systems-biology level. A key component of this approach is a bioinformatics infrastructure involving a clearly defined classification of lipids, a state-of-the-art database system for molecular species and experimental data and a suite of user-friendly tools to assist lipidomics researchers. Herein, we discuss a number of recent developments by the LIPID MAPS bioinformatics core in pursuit of these objectives.
Absorption, Spontaneous Emission, Stimulated Emission, and Maxwell's Equations

In this paper, four different ways are described in which homogeneous, isotropic, nonferromagnetic, Maxwellian media at rest may exhibit absorption and stimulated emission. These four ways may be identified by a positive or negative conductivity, a sink or source-type electric field, a complex dielectric constant, and a complex permeability. The forms of the electromagnetic waves, the refractive index, and the positive or negative extinction coefficient are determined for each process for both absorbing and active media. Spontaneous emission is associated with source-type electric and magnetic fields which generate conduction or displacement currents in the medium with improper phases to contribute to the radiant flux in the incident electromagnetic wave. Stimulated emission is characterized by exponentially increasing incident electric and magnetic fields and an excess of the time average of the outflow of radiant flux over the surfaces of an arbitrary volume. Stimulated emission appears when the time average of the rate at which the source-type electric and magnetic fields do work in carrying certain conduction or displacement currents in directions opposite to the incident electric and magnetic fields is greater than the time average of the rate at which the incident electric and magnetic fields dissipate energy by doing work in carrying other conduction or displacement currents in directions parallel to the incident electric and magnetic fields.
Ultrastructural studies on elastic fibers using enzymatic digestion of thin sections.

The enzymes elastase, chymotrypsin, pepsin, pronase, hyaluronidase, and collagenase were utilized on thin Epon sections to obtain further information on the nature of elastic fibers. Results showed that the central amorphous material was selectively removed by elastase and after hydrogen peroxide pretreatment it also was removed by chymotrypsin, pepsin and pronase. None of the enzymes removed the peripheral microfibrils, but pepsin did accentuate the density and periodic beading of these structures. The failure of proteases to remove the microfibrils under these conditions is discussed.
Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure affects measurement of fractional flow reserve

Abstract Background Fractional flow reserve (FFR), the hyperemic ratio of distal (P d ) to proximal (P a ) coronary pressure, is used to identify the need for coronary revascularization. Changes in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) might affect measurements of FFR. Methods and Materials LVEDP was recorded simultaneously with P d and P a during conventional FFR measurement as well as during additional infusion of nitroprusside. The relationship between LVEDP, P a , and FFR was assessed using linear mixed models. Results Prospectively collected data for 528 cardiac cycles from 20 coronary arteries in 17 patients were analyzed. Baseline median P a , P d , FFR, and LVEDP were 73mmHg, 49mmHg, 0.69, and 18mmHg, respectively. FFR a , P d , FFR, and LVEDP were 61mmHg, 42mmHg, 0.68, and 12mmHg, respectively. In a multivariable model for the entire population LVEDP was positively associated with FFR such that FFR increased by 0.008 for every 1-mmHg increase in LVEDP (beta=0.008; P a did not directly affect FFR in the multivariable model, but an interaction between LVEDP and P a determined that LVEDP's effect on FFR is greater at lower P a . Conclusions LVEDP was positively associated with FFR. The association was greater in obstructive disease (FFR a . These findings have implications for the use of FFR to guide revascularization in patients with heart failure. Summary for Annotated Table of Contents The impact of left ventricular diastolic pressure on measurement of fractional flow reserve (FFR) is not well described. We present a hemodynamic study of the issue, concluding that increasing left ventricular diastolic pressure can increase measurements of FFR, particularly in patients with FFR
Sympathetic nervous system mediated cardiovascular effects of cocaine are primarily due to a peripheral site of action of the drug

Currently, augmentation of sympathetic nervous system function produced by cocaine is thought to be due primarily to stimulation of sympathetic centers in the brain (central effect) and to inhibition of catecholamine uptake into postganglionic sympathetic nerve terminals (peripheral effect). In this review of our work, we present the following evidence that cocaine-induced changes in cardiovascular function, particularly those that peak within 1 to 5 min after an i.v. bolus injection of the drug, are due to a peripheral effect of the drug: (1) In both dogs and cats, cocaine potentiates the tachycardiac effect of neurally-released and injected norepinephrine (NE). The time course of action and dosage range of cocaine that produces potentiation follows that which increases blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), rate-pressure product and coronary vasoconstriction. (2) Cocaine given in i.v. doses that increase BP in decerebrate cats (0.25-1.0 mg/kg) has no significant effect on directly monitored spontaneous cardiac sympathetic nerve activity (SNA). In fact, higher doses of cocaine (2-4 mg/kg, i.v.) consistently inhibit preganglionic cardiac and splanchnic nerve activity. (3) Cocaine (0.1-1.0 mg) administered directly into the blood supply of the hindbrain via the vertebral artery produces no increase in BP, HR or SNA in cats; instead, decreases in BP and sympathetic activity occur. The same dose (1 mg), injected i.v., does not depress BP or SNA. In addition, cocaine injected into the forebrain via the carotid artery or into the cerebral ventricles (0.1-1.0 mg) has very little effect on BP. Our results indicate that there is no significant excitatory effect of cocaine on CNS sympathetic centers, and that the sympathomimetic effects of cocaine on the cardiovascular system are likely to be mediated at peripheral sites.
Comfort avery Adams — 1940 Lamme medalist

“For his contributions to the theory and design of a-c machinery and his work in the field of electric welding”, the AIEE Lamme Medal for 1940 was presented at the Institute's recent summer convention in Toronto to Doctor Adams who now is consulting engineer for the Edward G. Budd Manufacturing Company of Philadelphia, Pa. Th is was the thirteenth presentation of this medal, which was established by the will of the late Benjamin Garver Lamme for the recognition of “meritorious achievement”. THE purpose of giving any one a medal is to focus public attention on the recipient, so that his achievements may gain greater public appreciation, and young men may be inspired to emulate them. During the quarter of a century I have known Professor Adams, his qualities of mind and attitude toward life have been to me a continual source of inspiration, so it is of them that I wish to speak today. He has first and foremost been a teacher — not merely of his students, but of his associates. There are two ways of learning, of teaching, or of doing — the superficial way and the fundamental way. The first way is the most impressive. I remember well a professor who could answer almost any question immediately. If, however, he were asked a second question, going deeper into the subject, and then a third and a fourth, his answers became slower and less sure, until finally he could give no further information. His knowledge was only about six layers deep.
Advanced metering infrastructure and communication test bed and applications for grid reliability

This paper discusses the architecture of the advanced metering and communication test bed installed on the ORNL (Oak Ridge National laboratory) distribution grid. The test bed is being exploited for many applications that serve the reliability of the grid, such as standard validation and implementation of the new encryption devices to improve cyber security.
Rigid region pairwise sequence alignment

We initiate a formal study of correlation between protein structural similarity and similarity of protein rigidity properties. In this paper we combine algorithmic techniques from protein sequence alignment and protein rigidity analysis and derive a new algorithm for protein sequence alignment, ultimately aiming at improving accuracy of protein homology detection and structure prediction, and also reducing the running time of currently known methods.
Measuring Milking Machine Liner Slips

Abstract Liner slip or rapid air leakage past the mouthpiece of the milking machine liner has been identified as a cause of new infection in the bovine mammary gland. A device has been developed to differentiate and count the abrupt losses of milking vacuum due to liner slips from the many other vacuum fluctuations that occur in the clawpiece during milking. A Microswitch ® transducer converts vacuum to an analog direct current output voltage. An electronic comparator monitors the transducer output and closes a gate switch to a digital counter when a large, high speed vacuum change occurs. This vacuum change is initially set to activate the initial slip counter when the vacuum change is greater than 8 kPa in less than .25s. The magnitude threshold is adjustable; however, the time base is fixed. The counter is then blocked from responding to a new signal for 5s, because subsequent large fluctuations (squawks) may occur following the initial slip. A second major fluctuations digital counter responds to all large fluctuations beyond an adjustable vacuum threshold without a time base element.
EXTREME POINTS IN LARGE SUBSPACES OF l1

Abstract If Y is a closed, finite-codimensional subspace of l1 the extreme points of the closed unit ball BY have finite support. This is used to show that every member of BY is expressible as an infinite convex series of extreme points of BY.
T Cells Distinguish MHC-Peptide Complexes Formed in Separate Vesicles and Edited by H2-DM

Abstract The peptide spanning residues 48–61 of hen egg white lysozyme (HEL) presented by I-A k gives rise to two T cell populations, referred to as type A and B, that distinguish the complex generated intracellularly upon processing of HEL from that formed with exogenous peptide. Here, we ascribe this difference to recognition of distinct conformers of the complex and show that formation of the two complexes results from antigen processing in different intracellular compartments and is dependent upon H2-DM. While the type A complex preferentially formed in a lysosome-like late vesicle, the type B complex failed to form in this compartment; this distinction was abolished in antigen-presenting cells lacking DM. Experiments in vitro indicated that H2-DM acts directly on the complex to eliminate the type B conformation. We conclude that different antigen-processing pathways generate distinct MHC-peptide conformers, priming T cells with distinct specificity that may play unique roles in immunity.
Graphics applications in statewide transportation planning

Economic conditions are placing a severe financial stress on many states and departments of transportation. The issue of increasing staff productivity will continue to be in the forefront if the challenge of the 1980s is to be systematically met. Computer graphics is playing a significant role in meeting this challenge. Michigan's experience indicates that in order to dramatically increase staff productivity, development of an extensive planning information inventory and a comprehensive analytical process are absolutely necessary. It is recognized that this solution has often failed and is viewed by many individuals as definitely not the solution. However, during the last 6 years, over 700 applications and an additional 100 second-use applications have been completed. These applications span 17 sections and five divisions within the Bureau, four other bureaus in the Department, and the State Transportation Commission. This procedural philosophy was also used in addressing legislative issues and planning analysis in 13 other state departments. The four major factors that led to the successful application of Michigan's process are: 1. (1) Coordinated planning information inventory; 2. (2) Development of integrated analytical systems; 3. (3) Adaption of computer technology; 4. (4) Graphic applications—batch and interactive. The paper will deal with a brief discussion of each factor with emphasis on graphics.
HSV-2 Infection as a Cause of Female/Male and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in HIV Infection.

Objectives To examine the potential contribution of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) infection to female/male and racial/ethnic disparities in HIV among non-injecting heroin and cocaine drug users. HSV-2 infection increases susceptibility to HIV infection by a factor of two to three. Methods Subjects were recruited from entrants to the Beth Israel drug detoxification program in New York City 2005-11. All subjects reported current use of heroin and/or cocaine and no lifetime injection drug use. A structured questionnaire was administered and serum samples collected for HIV and HSV-2 testing. Population-attributable risk percentages (PAR%s) were calculated for associations between HSV-2 infection and increased susceptibility to HIV. Results 1745 subjects were recruited from 2005-11. Overall HIV prevalence was 14%. Females had higher prevalence than males (22% vs. 12%) (p<0.001), African-Americans had the highest prevalence (15%), Hispanics an intermediate prevalence (12%), and Whites the lowest prevalence (3%) (p<.001). There were parallel variations in HSV-2 prevalence (females 86%, males 51%, African-Americans 66%, Hispanics 47%, Whites 36%), HSV-2 prevalence was strongly associated with HIV prevalence (OR = 3.12 95% CI 2.24 to 4.32). PAR%s for HSV-2 as a cause of HIV ranged from 21% for Whites to 50% for females. Adjusting for the effect of increased susceptibility to HIV due to HSV-2 infection greatly reduced all disparities (adjusted prevalence = males 8%, females 11%; Whites 3%, African-Americans 10%, Hispanics 9%). Conclusions Female/male and racial/ethnic variations in HSV-2 infection provide a biological mechanism that may generate female/male and racial/ethnic disparities in HIV infection among non-injecting heroin and cocaine users in New York City. HSV-2 infection should be assessed as a potential contributing factor to disparities in sexually transmitted HIV throughout the US.
Measurements of inclusive pion electroproduction

Abstract Measurements of the inclusive pion electroproduction reaction e − +p → e − + π ± +X made at the Wilson Synchrotron Laboratory are reported. Data were taken at points with nominal ( Q 2 , W ) values of (0.6, 2.67), (1.2, 2.67), (2.0, 2.67) and (1.2, 2.15) in (GeV 2 , GeV). A more complete angular distribution was taken at (1.2, 2.67). The virtual photoproduction cross section for π + + missing mass is studied as a function of missing mass, Feynman scaling variables, Q 2 and W . The invariant cross section show a simple behavior as a function of Q 2 and W . Its dependenc on P ⊥ 2 , x ′ and φ is determined.
MRI findings in multifetal pregnancies complicated by twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence (TRAP)

Background Twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence (TRAP) is a rare complication in multifetal monochorionic pregnancies in which a normal “pump” twin provides circulation to an abnormal acardiac co-twin, resulting in high-output cardiac dysfunction in the pump twin.
Critical role of water in the binding of volatile anesthetics to proteins.

Numerous small molecules exhibit drug-like properties by low-affinity binding to proteins. Such binding is known to be influenced by water, the detailed picture of which, however, remains unclear. One particular example is the controversial role of water in the binding of general anesthetics to proteins as an essential step in general anesthesia. Here we demonstrate that a critical amount of hydration water is a prerequisite for anesthetic–protein binding. Using nuclear magnetic resonance, the concurrent adsorption of hydration water and bound anesthetics on model proteins are simultaneously measured. Halothane binding on proteins can only take place after protein hydration reaches a threshold hydration level of ∼0.31 g of water/g of proteins at the relative water vapor pressure of ∼0.95. Similar dependence on hydration is also observed for several other anesthetics. The ratio of anesthetic partial pressures at which two different anesthetics reach the same fractional load is correlated with the anestheti...
White-light schlieren optics using bacteriorhodopsin as an adaptive image grid

A schlieren apparatus using a bacteriorhodopsin film as an adaptive image grid with white-light illumination is demonstrated for the first time to our knowledge. Relevant spectral properties of the film are characterized. Potential applications include a single-ended schlieren system for gas-leak detection.
Parity nonconservation in singly ionized helium

We analyze the sensitivity of parity experiments in singly ionized helium to the weak neutral-current interaction between electrons and nucleons. Such experiments could eventually provide measurements of the radiative corrections to the weak neutral-current coupling constants and precision measurements of the Weinberg angle. Some new ''quasioptical'' techniques for measuring parity nonconservation are discussed, and these appear to be particularly suitable for parity experiments in He/sup +/. The problem of systematic effects caused by unwanted electric fields is considered, and the effect of electric fields arising from motion of He/sup +/ ions transverse to a magnetic field is analyzed in detail.
Control of lactate gluconeogenesis by glucose in rat hepatocytes

Abstract Using hepatocytes from fasted rats, we show that glucose can inhibit by nearly 50% the rate of its synthesis from the most important physiological substrate, lactate. Two factors are necessary to demonstrate an effect of this size: (i) The cells must be preincubated with glucose, and, equally as important (ii) lactate must be used at low substrate concentrations. While the ultimate mechanism of the glucose effect is not known, we find that, in terms of metabolic fluxes, glucose causes a diversion of flux from the pathway P -enolpyruvate → glucose to the pathway P -enolpyruvate → pyruvate, with pyruvate carboxylation remaining essentially constant. The effect appears to involve at least some aspects of a change, in vitro , from a fasted to a fed state.
Peritioneal carcinomatosis in nongynecologic malignancy. A prospective study of prognostic factors

Regional recurrence of malignant tumors in the peritoneal cavity usually signifies a poor prognosis for the host and often results in gastrointestinal complications requiring surgical intervention. One hundred patients with nongynecological malignancies found with peritoneal carcinomatosis were followed prospectively. The most common primary tumors were colorectal (N = 45) and pancreatic (N = 20) carcinoma. When associated with pancreatic carcinoma, 65% of patients had liver metastases and 60% had ascites. The presence of ascites was associated with poor survival, with no patient surviving past 30 days. Ascites was also a sign of poor prognosis in patients with colorectal carcinoma. Among possible prognostic factors in colorectal carcinoma patients, only disease-free interval, presence of lung metastases, and ascites showed statistically significant correlations with survival. Peritoneal carcinomatosis in sarcoma (N = 7) and breast cancer (N = 6) patients had median survival of 12 and 7 months, respectively. Surgical intervention for gastrointestinal complications in peritoneal carcinomatosis can provide significant palliation, with a few exceptions such as in patients with pancreatic or gastric carcinoma, ascites, and poor performance status.
Sex and storage affect cholinesterase activity in blood plasma of Japanese quail

Blood plasma cholinesterase (ChE) activity is a sensitive indicator of exposure to organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides. Effects of sex and storage of samples were studied as sources of variability by treating breeding Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) with 3 mg of dicrotophos or carbofuran per kg of body weight and comparing blood plasma ChE activities for samples collected at 1 hr postdosage and assayed fresh, after 1 and 2 days of refrigeration (4 C), and after 1, 7 and 28 days of freezing(−25 C). ChE activity of fresh control plasma was 34% (P < 0.01) higher in males than females. Male ChE activity remained essentially unchanged during storage while female ChE activity increased (P < 0.05) gradually over time under both storage conditions. In contrast, when plasma ChE activity was inhibited by either antiChE, male plasma ChE activity was depressed further than female ChE (P < 0.01) and remained constant during storage while female ChE activity continued to decrease (P < 0.05). These divergent ...
Mechanism of vitamin E inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity in macrophages from old mice: role of peroxynitrite

Vitamin E inhibits cyclooxygenase activity in macrophages from old mice by reducing peroxynitrite production. PGE(2) is a proinflammatory mediator that has been linked to a variety of age-associated diseases such as cancer, arthritis, and cardiovascular disease. Furthermore in the aged, increased cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-mediated PGE(2) production contributes to decline in T-cell-mediated function. Previously we reported that increased macrophage PGE(2) production in the aged is due to higher COX-2 activity and that supplementation with vitamin E significantly reduced the age-associated increase in macrophage PGE(2) production posttranslationally without changing COX-2 expression. Peroxynitrite, a product of nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide (O(-)(2)), increases the activity of COX without affecting its expression. Thus, we investigated if vitamin E inhibits COX activity through decreasing peroxynitrite formation. Macrophages from old mice had higher PGE(2) levels, COX activity, and NO levels than those from young mice, all of which were significantly reduced by vitamin E. When added individually, inhibitors of NO and O(-)(2) did not significantly reduce COX activity; however, when the inhibitors were combined, COX activity was significantly reduced in macrophages from old mice fed 30 ppm vitamin E. Increasing NO levels alone using SNAP or O(-)(2) levels, using X/XO, had no effect; however, increasing peroxynitrite levels using Sin-1 or X/XO + SNAP significantly increased COX activity in macrophages from old mice fed 500, but not those fed 30 ppm vitamin E. These data strongly suggest that peroxynitrite plays an important role in the vitamin E-induced inhibition of COX activity. These findings have important implications for designing interventions to reverse and/or delay age-associated dysregulation of immune and inflammatory responses and diseases associated with them.
Project Wings, a Coping Intervention for Latina Adolescents: A Pilot Study

The authors examined the feasibility and preliminary outcomes of Project Wings Girls' Groups, a school-based mental health promotion program designed to improve well-being in Latina adolescents, as observed in outcomes, including perceived stress, depressive symptoms, coping, and connectedness. This pilot randomized controlled trial compared outcomes over 9 months postintervention for 42 9th and 10th grade adolescents attending two urban high schools. Girls were randomized to Project Wings Girls' Groups, a 16-session facilitated curriculum, including sharing circles, mind-body exercises, and coping skills building or the attention control (i.e., similar format but focused on general health topics). Feasibility of retention and long-term follow-up data collection was demonstrated, with lessons learned for future study. Although not statistically powered, this trial demonstrated findings in the expected direction, including reduced perceived stress and depression and increased connectedness. A trial with sufficient power is warranted to examine Project Wings' effects on mental health problems among Latina adolescents.
Characterizing the impact of preparation method on fullerene cluster structure and chemistry.

We examined the physical and chemical characteristics of colloidal dispersions of fullerene materials (nC60) produced through several solvent exchange processes and through extended mixing in water only. The nC60 produced via the different methods were unique from each other with respect to size, morphology, charge, and hydrophobicity. The greatest dissimilarities were observed between the nC60 produced by extended mixing in water alone and the nC60 produced by solvent exchange processes. The role of the respective solvents in determining the characteristics of the various nC60 were attributed to differences in the solvent−C60 interactions and the presence of the solvent as a residual in the nC60 structure, indicating the significance of the solvent properties in determining the ultimate characteristics of the colloidal fullerene. Thus, fullerene C60 that may become mobilized through natural processes (agitation in water) may behave in dramatically different ways than those produced through more artificia...
The Quest for Purity: The Role of Policy Narratives in Determining Teen Girls’ Access to Emergency Contraception in the USA

Over the last century, US policymakers have implemented laws, policies, and programs, such as abstinence-only sex education programs, that are specifically aimed at preserving the sexual purity of teenage girls while maintaining parental authority over them. The most recent case is the policy of restricting teen girls’ access to emergency contraception, which is now available over-the-counter (i.e., without a prescription) to women over the age of 18. Using the case of emergency contraception as an example, the author discusses how contemporary reproductive health policy in the USA is not only influenced by this history of governmental regulation but also by the ingrained cultural fears and anxieties about teenage sexuality and reproduction that motivate these actions. The author shows how policy narrative analysis in particular was a useful tool in revealing assumptions driving the policy to restrict teen girls’ access to emergency contraception, and how it allowed her to predict that teen girls would be placed at the center of debate when many of her reproductive health colleagues mistakenly assumed that emergency contraception would be granted over-the-counter status without controversy.
Metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva: case report and review of the literature.

(Editorial Comment:The otolaryngologist should be reminded of the conjunctiva as a potential primary site for metastatic squamous carcinoma in the head and neck.) Metastasis from squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva (CSCCA) to the parotid gland and cervical nodes is rare, with fewer than 20 cases reported in the English literature. A case of CSCCA metastatic to the parotid gland and neck is described to illustrate its clinical presentation and treatment. The incidences of metastases from CSCCA at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary over the last 30 years and in the literature are reviewed. Metastases from CSCCA were found to be uncommon, occurring between 0% and 4% of cases in both this series and those reported in the literature. CSCCA is a rare lesion that has definite metastatic potential. The early metastases may be occult and only identified on CT scan. The metastases occur predictably in the regional nodes and can be effectively treated with parotidectomy, neck dissection, and radiation therapy.
Cerebral Hyperemia after Arteriovenous Malformation Resection Is Related to “Breakthrough” Complications but Not to Feeding Artery Pressure

To study the pathophysiology of idiopathic postoperative brain swelling or hemorrhage after arteriovenous malformation resection, termed normal perfusion pressure breakthrough (NPPB), we performed cerebral blood flow (CBF) studies during 152 operations in 143 patients, using the xenon-133 intravenous injection method. In the first part of the study, CBF was intraoperatively measured (isoflurane/N2O anesthesia) during relative hypocapnia in 95 patients before and after resection. The NPPB group had a greater increase (P < 0.0001) in mean +/- standard deviation global CBF (28 +/- 6 to 47 +/- 16 ml/100 g/min, n = 5) than did the non-NPPB group (25 +/- 7 to 29 +/- 10 ml/100 g/min, n = 90); both arteriovenous malformation groups showed greater increase (P < 0.05) than did controls undergoing craniotomy for tumor (23 +/- 6 to 23 +/- 6 ml/100 g/min, n = 22). Ipsilateral and contralateral CBF changes were similar. In a second cohort of patients with arteriovenous malformations, CBF was measured at relative normocapnia and it increased (P < 0.002) from pre- to postresection (40 +/- 13 to 49 +/- 15 ml/100 g/min, n = 57). There were no NPPB patients in this latter cohort. The feeding mean arterial pressure was measured intraoperatively before resection or at the last embolization before surgery (n = 64). The feeding mean arterial pressure (44 +/- 16 mm Hg) was 56% of the systemic arterial pressure (78 +/- 12 mm Hg, P < 0.0001) and was not related to changes in CBF from pre- to postresection. There was an association between increases in global CBF from pre- to postresection and NPPB-type complications, but there was no relationship of these CBF changes to preoperative regional arterial hypotension. These data do not support a uniquely hemodynamic mechanism that explains cerebral hyperemia as a consequence of repressurization in hypotensive vascular beds.
Hard-meson calculation of k pi scattering

The hard-meson $\mathrm{SU}(3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}(3)$ current-algebra four-point functions are applied to $K\ensuremath{\pi}$ scattering, using pole dominance of the $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ commutators. The $S$- and $P$-wave scattering lengths and effective ranges are extracted. The hard-meson $S$-wave scattering lengths differ from the soft-pion Weinberg scattering lengths by only a few percent. Energy-dependent fits up to 1 GeV and above are made. All the available experimental data on the elastic and charge-exchange cross sections and phase shifts can be fitted using the parameter $\frac{{F}_{K}}{{F}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}}$.
Nef and LTR sequence variation from sequentially derived human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates.

Abstract Variation in HIV-1 nef and LTR DNA sequences was assessed longitudinally during disease progression in four HIV-1infected subjects. Point mutations were found among quasispecies obtained at a single time point in each individual, with increasing diversity with disease progression in two of three patients for whom sufficient data were available for analysis. Deletions and rearrangements were more common in late than early stages of disease. Continued sequence evolution in HIV-1 quasispecies with nef deletions along with coexistence of nef-bearing quasispecies suggest that nef-deleted quasispecies are capable of replication in vivo, possibly complemented by quasispecies lacking such deletions and/or by adaptation to a specialized niche within the patients.
The effect of chronic immunostimulation of the nonlactating bovine mammary gland with interleukin-2, pokeweed mitogen, and lipopolysaccharide.

Abstract Interleukin-2, pokeweed mitogen, and lipopolysaccharide were evaluated for their ability to accelerate involution and to stimulate local cellular defenses in the nonlactating bovine mammary gland. Twelve cows were divided into three treatment groups of 4 cows each to receive interleukin-2, pokeweed mitogen, or lipopolysaccharide. One day after drying off, 3 mammary quarters of each cow were infused with 100µg of immunostimulant daily for 21 d; the remaining control quarter received PBS. Secretion samples were collected weekly to determine bacteriologic status, total SCC, and differential cell counts. On d 21, cows were killed, and tissues were collected for microscopy. Overall, SCC were higher in immunostimulated quarters, but only those infused with interleukin-2 were significantly elevated over controls. By wk 3, the percentage of neutrophils decreased in interleukin-2 and pokeweed mitogen quarters over pretreatment values, percentage of macrophages increased in interleukin-2 quarters, and percentage of lymphocytes increased in pokeweed mitogen and lipopolysaccharide quarters. Percentage of alveolar lumina was reduced, and connective tissue stroma increased, in all immunostimulated quarters compared with those of controls, suggesting accelerated involution. Involution was greatest in quarters treated with interleukin-2. Leukocyte infiltration was greater in immunostimulated quarters than in control quarters. Similarly, concentrations of Ig-producing plasma cells were greater in immunostimulated quarters than in control quarters. Quarters infused with interleukin-2 exhibited the greatest concentration of plasma cells, followed by quarters treated with pokeweed mitogen and lipopolysaccharide; IgG 1 plasma cells predominated, followed by IgG 2 , IgA, and IgM. Interleukin-2 accelerated involution and stimulated local antibody production more than did the two mitogens, suggesting a potential role for this cytokine as a general immunostimulant at drying off.
Linear circuit fault diagnosis using neuromorphic analyzers

This paper presents a method of analog fault diagnosis using neural networks. The primary focus of the paper is to provide robust diagnosis using a simple mechanism for automatic test pattern generation while reducing test time. A new diagnosis framework consisting of a white noise generator and an artificial neural network for response analysis and classification is proposed. This approach moves the diagnosis of analog circuits closer to the goal of built-in test. Networks of reasonable dimension are shown to be capable of robust diagnosis of analog circuits including effects due to tolerances.
Helioseismic measurements of differential rotation and meridional flow

Solar interior differential rotation and meridional flow play important roles in dynamo models. In this review, I briefly review results in interior rotational profiles and zonal flows obtained from helioseismology studies. Due to the new developments in recent years in interior meridional flow studies, this review focuses more on results on meridional flow. I describe new developments in the shallower poleward meridional flow, and the temporal evolution of these flows. Then I introduce a newly identified center-to-limb variation effect in helioseismology studies, and present recent results in the search of equatorward meridional flows. I also discuss how these results will effect the dynamo models.
A ten-year comparative study of the population dynamics and parasitoidism in the native paper wasp Polistes fuscatus and the invasive P. dominulus

The invasive success of Polistes dominulus in North America has been attributed to its greater productivity relative to native Polistes. Liberation from parasites and parasitoids are thought to be major factors contributing to the high productivity of P. dominulus. We analyzed historical records of colony relative abundance and productivity of P. dominulus and the sympatric, native Polistes fuscatus from 1995 to 2010 using historical data from our Michigan Polistes study site. We also analyzed evidence of parasitoids from 294 P. fuscatus and 507 P. dominulus archived combs from 2001 to 2010. Additionally, we examined field and laboratory colonies from outside of our study site for parasites and parasitoids in 2009 and 2010. We documented one parasite and three parasitoids exploiting Polistes in our Michigan study sites. Our historical records document that P. dominulus initially displaced P. fuscatus rapidly, then slowed, and finally the two populations stabilized. Furthermore, the historical pattern of decreasing displacement of P. fuscatus by P. dominulus corresponded temporally with a significant decline in the productivity and a significant increase in Dibrachys cavus infestation of P. dominulus. Our evidence indicates that the parasitoid, D. cavus, is a major factor in stabilizing the populations of the sympatric P. dominulus and P. fuscatus.
MATCHING AND CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT RATE

Attempts to examine the effects of variations in relative conditioned reinforcement rate on choice have been confounded by changes in rates of primary reinforcement or changes in the value of the conditioned reinforcer. To avoid these problems, this experiment used concurrent observing responses to examine sensitivity of choice to relative conditioned reinforcement rate. In the absence of observing responses, unsignaled periods of food delivery on a variable-interval 90-s schedule alternated with extinction on a center key (i.e., a mixed schedule was in effect). Two concurrently available observing responses produced 15-s access to a stimulus differentially associated with the schedule of food delivery (S+). The relative rate of S+ deliveries arranged by independent variable-interval schedules for the two observing responses varied across conditions. The relation between the ratio of observing responses and the ratio of S+ deliveries was well described by the generalized matching law, despite the absence of changes in the rate of food delivery. In addition, the value of the S+ deliveries likely remained constant across conditions because the ratio of S+ to mixed schedule food deliveries remained constant. Assuming that S+ deliveries serve as conditioned reinforcers, these findings are consistent with the functional similarity between primary and conditioned reinforcers suggested by general choice theories based on the concatenated matching law (e.g., contextual choice and hyperbolic value-added models). These findings are inconsistent with delay reduction theory, which has no terms for the effects of rate of conditioned reinforcement in the absence of changes in rate of primary reinforcement.
Effect of Differing Light Intensities on Abdominal Fat Deposition in Broilers

Abstract Two trials were conducted in an attempt to determine if light intensity affected fat content of broilers as measured by the amount of abdominal fat. The light regimens used from 10 days of age had constant intensities of 2 or 52 lx. Results obtained showed that light intensity did not significantly influence the amount of abdominal fat produced by males or females at either 49 or 63 days of age. Light intensity had no significant effect on body weight, feed conversion (grams feed per gram body weight), or mortality at either 48 or 62 days of age for broilers of the same sex. The amount of light used was the amount produced from either 7.5 or 75-W incandescent bulbs in an enclosed house that was 11 m wide with two strings of light bulbs 2.1 m high on 3-m centers equidistant from the ends and sidewalls of the house.
Alphavirus Minus-Strand Synthesis and Persistence in Mouse Embryo Fibroblasts Derived from Mice Lacking RNase L and Protein Kinase R

We report our studies to probe the possible role of the host response to double-stranded RNA in cessation of alphavirus minus-strand synthesis. Mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF) from Mx1-deficient mice that also lack either the protein kinase R (PKR) or the latent RNase L or both PKR and RNase L were screened. In RNase L-deficient but not wild-type or PKR-deficient MEF, there was continuous synthesis of minus-strand templates and the formation of new replication complexes producing viral plus strands. Inhibiting translation caused minus-strand synthesis to stop and a loss of transcription activity of the mature replication complexes. This turnover of replication complexes that were stable in cells containing RNase L suggested that RNase L plays some role, albeit possibly indirect, in the formation of stable replication complexes during alphavirus infection. In addition, confluent monolayers of RNase L-deficient murine cells readily established persistent infections and were not killed. This phenotype is contrary to what has been observed for infection in vertebrate cells with a presumably functional RNase L gene and more resembled alphavirus replication in Aedes mosquito cells, in which the activity of replication complexes making plus stands was also found to decay with inhibition of translation.
Determination of methylglyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone) in body fluids by ion-pair chromatography.

Methylglyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone), Methyl-G, is a G)~isthe internal standard. The mobile phase is a mixture=of an aqueous buffer (containing 0.004 M heptane and pentane sulfonic acid, 90% :10%, buffered to pH 3.5) and methanol (68%:32%). The ion-pair complex is retained on a/xBondapak C18 column, eluted with a flow of 2.0 mL/min. Absorbance is measured at 280 nm. Detectability: 30 ng/mL (0.11 p.M) in serum, asciticand pleural fluids, 300 ng/mL (1.1/xM) in urine. Calibration curves (peak height ratios of MethylG/Ethyl~G plotted against known drug concentrations) were linear in the 0.1-30 Fg/mL range. Correlat!on COefficients were:0.999; coefficients 0f variation for reproducibility were<5%. Residual blood/levels of MethyI-G persist for several days. MethyI-G w~is found to pass into ascitic flUid.
Method for simultaneous measurement of antibodies to 23 pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides.

We describe a fluorescent covalent microsphere immunoassay (FCMIA) method for the simultaneous (multiplexed) measurement of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to 23 pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide (PnPS) serotypes present in the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) licensed by the Food and Drug Administration, i.e., PnPSs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 8, 9N, 9V, 10A, 11A, 12F, 14, 15B, 17F, 18C, 19A, 19F, 20, 22F, 23F, and 33F. In addition, the assay incorporates an internal control that allows for contemporaneous evaluation of the effectiveness of pneumococcal cell wall polysaccharide (C-PS) preadsorption and a second control of PnPS 25 (which is not present in any polysaccharide or conjugate vaccine), which can be used to evaluate interassay reproducibility (useful for pre- versus postvaccination studies). The FCMIA was standardized with U.S. reference antipneumococcal serotype standard serum 89S-2. Preadsorption of 89S-2 with each PnPS and C-PS yielded homologous inhibition for serotypes 1, 6B, 9N, 9V, 11A, 12F,14, 15B, 18C, 19A, 19F, 20, 22F, 25, and 33F; heterologous inhibition for serotypes 9V, 10A, 11A, 12F, 15B, 17F, 20, and 23F; and neither homologous nor heterologous inhibition for serotypes 2, 3, 4, and 5. The minimum detectable concentrations for the 24 multiplexed (PnPS and C-PS) FCMIAs ranged from 20 pg/ml for PnPS 3 to 600 pg/ml for PnPS 14. The PnPS FCMIA method has numerous benefits over enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays commonly used to measure anti-PnPS-specific IgG levels, including increased speed, smaller sample volumes, equivalent or better sensitivity, and increased dynamic range.
High mobility channel from the prospective of random telegraph noise

We experimentally verify for the first time that random telegraph noise (RTN) in ultra-scaled MOSFETs is related to the inversion charge density in the channel. We then examine the merit of high mobility channel devices from the RTN prospective. This analysis strongly suggests that RTN is a serious obstacle for high mobility channel adoption.
An agent for versatile intelligence analysis system

Users presented with a system equipped with many advanced features and vast collections of searchable documents often have problems getting to the information they seek. Our studies with intelligence analysts using the Rosetta Web-based information access system revealed inefficiencies in the way they used the tool. Motivated by that observation, we implemented a prototype of an intelligent software agent that monitors the behavior of users with a goal of generating real-time suggestions to improve their performance. To evaluate the agent's ability to predict the changes in the analysts' performance, we compared it to the judgment of human domain experts. The results revealed evidence of substantial disagreement among human judges. We found the level of agreement among the judges and the agent to be much higher. The agent's predictions were similar to those of an average judge.
Milk Fat Synthesis in Dairy Cows Is Progressively Reduced by Increasing Supplemental Amounts of trans-10, cis-12 Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA)

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplements containing a variety of isomers reduce milk fat yield. We have recently identified trans-10, cis-12 CLA as the isomer responsible for inhibiting milk fat synthesis in dairy cows. Our objectives were to determine milk fat yield and fatty acid composition responses to different doses of trans-10, cis-12 CLA. Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 4) were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Treatments consisted of a 5-d abomasal infusion of four doses of trans-10, cis-12 CLA, i.e., 0.0, 3.5, 7.0 and 14.0 g/d. Milk fat yield was decreased 25, 33, and 50%, and milk fat concentration was reduced 24, 37 and 46% when cows received 3.5, 7.0 and 14.0 g/d of trans-10, cis-12 CLA, respectively. Feed intake, milk yield, and milk protein content and yield were unaffected by treatment. Milk fatty acid composition revealed that de novo synthesized fatty acids (short and medium chain) were extensively reduced when cows received the two highest doses, but at the low dose (3.5 g/d), decreases in de novo synthesized fatty acids and preformed fatty acids were similar. Changes in milk fatty acid composition also demonstrated that (9)-desaturase activity was inhibited at the two high doses of trans-10, cis-12 CLA, but was unaffected by the low dose. Results indicate minimal quantities of trans-10, cis-12 CLA (0.016% of dietary dry matter) markedly inhibited milk fat synthesis (25% reduction) and that a curvilinear reduction in milk fat yield occurred with increasing quantities of trans-10, cis-12 CLA.
Larval feeding behavior of Dipel-resistant and susceptible Ostrinia nubilalis on diet containing Bacillus thuringiensis (Dipel ES™)

Diet choice tests were conducted to examine the effects of Bacillus thuringiensisBerliner on larval feeding behavior of Dipel-resistant and susceptible strains of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis(Hubner). Larvae (first through fourth instars) were presented an untreated standard diet and three diets incorporating different concentrations of a commercial formulation of B. thuringiensis ,D ipel ES TM . Significantly higher proportions of susceptible and resistant larvae were found on the control diet compared to the proportions recorded on any of the Dipel-treated diets. Soon after release (0.5 to 3 h), the occurrence of larvae on each of the diets was similar across different instars. The number of first and second instars on the control diet increased steadily over 72 h after release, when 43 to 75% of larvae were found on the control diet. The proportion of third and fourth instars on the control diet also increased initially, with an equilibrium occurring 12 to 24 h later when 30 to 40% of larvae were found on the control diet. Both strains appeared to avoid the Dipel-treated diets and their responses were similar over different Dipel concentrations. The Dipel-resistant strain showed higher ability to avoid the treated diets than the susceptible strain.