cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Dynamics of Influenza A H3N2 Defective Viral Genomes from a Human Challenge Study

Abstract The rapid evolution of influenza is an important contributing factor to its high worldwide incidence. The emergence and spread of genetic point mutations has been thoroughly studied both within populations and within individual hosts. In addition, influenza viruses are also known to generate genomic variation during their replication in the form of defective viral genomes (DVGs). These DVGs are formed by internal deletions in at least one gene segment that render them incapable of replication without the presence of wild-type virus. DVGs have previously been identified in natural human infections and may be associated with less severe clinical outcomes. These studies have not been able to address how DVG populations evolve in vivo in individual infections due to their cross-sectional design. Here we present an analysis of DVGs present in samples from two longitudinal influenza A H3N2 human challenge studies. We observe the generation of DVGs in almost all subjects. Although the genetic composition of DVG populations was highly variable, identical DVGs were observed both between multiple samples within single hosts as well as between hosts. Most likely due to stochastic effects, we did not observe clear instances of selection for specific DVGs or for shorter DVGs over the course of infection. Furthermore, DVG presence was not found to be associated with peak viral titer or peak symptom scores. Our analyses highlight the diversity of DVG populations within a host over the course of infection and the apparent role that genetic drift plays in their population dynamics. Importance The evolution of influenza virus, in terms of single nucleotide variants and the reassortment of gene segments, has been studied in detail. However, influenza is known to generate defective viral genomes (DVGs) during replication, and little is known about how these genomes evolve both within hosts and at the population level. Studies in animal models have indicated that prophylactically or therapeutically administered DVGs can impact patterns of disease progression. However, the formation of naturally-occurring DVGs, their evolutionary dynamics, and their contribution to disease severity in human hosts is not well understood. Here, we identify the formation of de novo DVGs in samples from human challenge studies throughout the course of infection. We analyze their evolutionary trajectories, revealing the important role of genetic drift in shaping DVG populations during acute infections with well-adapted viral strains.
DNA Rearrangements in Response To Environmental Stress

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the DNA rearrangements in response to the environmental stress. Genotypic responses to changes in the environment are less documented, although there is an increasing body of evidence that the environment can influence the rate at which variation can occur. However, the definition of phenotypic and genotypic plasticity does not imply that the responses are necessarily adaptive, but there is a response to changes in the environment at both levels. The extent of phenotypic and genotypic variability is high under conditions of environmental stress for a variety of organisms. The examples of genomic changes in plants abound and appear to occur by a variety of basic mechanisms—namely, by amplification, deletion, and transposition events. The relative frequencies of these events have been examined in a number of instances. Genotypic and phenotypic variability are highest under conditions of environmental stress. The role of the environment in the generation of this variability is of central importance and the evidence is accumulating that it can have a direct role. The general conclusion from the chapter is that any shift in the environment to which an organism has become adapted should increase the variability. This conclusion needs to be tested further to define the genetic components involved in such responses and to assess the generality of the conclusion that environmental stresses can invoke genomic responses.
Progress of T helper cell 17, regulatory T cell, podocyte injury and primary glomerular disease

In recent years, T helper cell 17(Th17), regulatory T cell(Treg) and podocyte injury attracted widespread attention in the pathogenesis of primary glomerular disease.Th17 cells have the function of recruiting neutrophils and macrophages to the infected tissue through the secretion of cytokines such as IL-17.Treg cells have immune function, mediated immune tolerance, protecting the body against inflammatory injury.The imbalance of Th17 cells increase and Treg cells decrease could play an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of primary glomerular disease.As the important part of the glomerular filtration barrier, podocyte becomes the focus in recent years.Study on relationship among Th17, Treg, podocyte injury and primary glomerular disease will provide more theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of primary glomerular disease. Key words: T helper cell 17; Regulatory T cell; Podocyte injury; Primary glomerular disease
The Effect of a Sports Nutrition Didactic Session on Division I Athletes

Background: Each year thousands of athletes encounter medical problems (e.g., syncopal episodes, stress fractures, anorexia, bulimia) that may have been prevented if appropriate nutritional counseling had been provided. This study aimed to investigate whether a didactic session regarding nutrition was superior to providing athletes with a booklet about nutrition to increase knowledge among collegiate athletes. Methods and Study Design: This was a randomized, prospective interventional study of 108 Division I college athletes. All participants were given a previously validated nutritional knowledge survey (Shifflet). Group 1 (n=39) was given a nutritional booklet (created by the authors) and a 1-hour didactic session from a sports nutritionist. Group 2 (n=34) received the booklet and a 5-minute overview of the booklet. Group 3 (n=35) received the booklet alone. The athletes were retested 14 days later. A one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) between subjects was conducted to compare pre- and post-test scores across all three groups. Results: There was not a statistically significant difference between group (p>.05] assessment scores for the three conditions. However, the mean change score from pre-test to post-test increased across all three-treatment groups. Conclusions: A single sports nutrition didactic session did not increase nutritional knowledge beyond providing a nutrition booklet alone. Significance of Findings: A single nutrition didactic session is not sufficient enough to educate athletes about proper nutritional habits. Athletes may require multiple sessions in order to accomplish this goal.
The dependency of renewable energy technologies on critical resources

Abstract The importance of renewable energy systems and their global contribution toward electricity supply is increasing considerably. Concerns persist about whether there are enough raw materials—both in terms of quantity and quality—to produce the required clean energy systems. The entire topic is very complex, as there are a lot of systems with varying material demands. This chapter discusses biomass, geothermal, hydro, tidal, solar, and wind energy systems with regard to their material requirements. It will be shown that biomass, geothermal, and hydro energy systems primarily require construction materials like concrete and rebar. Tidal systems require special corrosion resistance, which is provided by special steels with no or little need for critical materials. For solar energy, only a few special photovoltaic systems depend on critical materials. Only one type of wind turbine is based on rare earth elements containing magnets. The analysis shows that critical resources are used in several clean energy systems, but a major share of systemic alternatives are in operation. These results are flanked by a discussion about the terms “criticality” and “resources” to provide the basis for a more precise understanding of the wide scope that these terms incorporate.
Rationalizing the Gap: How Journalists in a Nondemocratic Regime Make Sense of Their Professional Work

This article investigates how news professionals in a nondemocratic regime rationalize their institutional roles and daily reporting practices, negotiate boundaries of their work, and make sense of their professional activities. This study used qualitative interviewing to explore personal experiences, perceived practices, and opinions of Belarusian journalists and media experts. When addressing the gap between their understanding of normative roles and describing their actual practices, journalists provided such rationalizations as personal beliefs and motivations, risks, internal conflict, and professional deformation, as well as attempts to find middle ground. News practitioners in autocratic regimes often expand boundaries of press freedom with civic courage by reporting critically of government policies and taking risks when public interests are at stake. In addition, the study highlights that certain restrictions lead to a more disciplined professional culture of journalists as thorough fact-checking is necessary to avoid penalties enforced by government offices.
Iatrogenic abdominal aortic pseudoaneurysm repaired by percutaneous image-guided translumbar embolization

Abstract Aortic injury is a frequently encountered condition that can present as a life-threatening emergency. When this injury occurs in the retroperitoneal portion of the aorta, it can be difficult to diagnose and treat because of the location. Although surgical repair remains the mainstay of treatment, surgery might not be an option for some patients. We have presented a case of a 54-year-old nonoperative candidate who had experienced iatrogenic retroperitoneal abdominal aortic rupture with pseudoaneurysm formation. The patient was successfully treated with the novel use of a proven technique: direct percutaneous embolization of the pseudoaneurysm sac via a translumbar approach under image guidance.
Confronting Directly and Indirectly: Are You Attuned to Notice?

How we voice our disagreements may say a lot about our cultural influences. Confrontations are not always angry fights; sometimes they happen when there is a need to deliver bad news, or to say no to what another person is asking of you. Many managers ask questions such as “What is the right way to say no to a boss?” “What is the right way to challenge or oppose someone else's opinion?” “What is the right way to deliver criticism to a colleague?” The answer to these questions depends to an extent on the context. And one important element of context is whether the parties are from direct- or indirect-confrontation cultures. This technical note offers insight and research on distinguishing the difference between the two and strategies to pick up on and appropriately interpret expressions of confrontation in a way that allows you to respond effectively. Excerpt UVA-OB-1055 Rev. Mar. 16, 2015 Confronting Directly and Indirectly: Are You Attuned to Notice? Confrontations are not always angry fights; sometimes they happen when there is a need to deliver bad news, or to say no to what another person is asking of you. Many managers ask questions such as “What is the right way to say no to a boss?” “To challenge or oppose someone else's opinion?” “To deliver criticism to a colleague?” The answer to these questions depends to an extent on the context. And one important element of context is whether the parties are from direct- or indirect-confrontation cultures. Though some people might be familiar with cultural differences and norms for confrontation, the difference between direct and indirect confrontation often takes managers by surprise. The challenge in cross-cultural confrontation is being attuned to pick up on and appropriately interpret expressions of confrontation in a way that allows you to respond effectively. Before turning to the business world, consider this experience one of our colleagues had in the classroom: I was teaching an undergraduate class where the learning objective was to promote awareness about how national culture impacts personal values. I asked an exchange student from Japan if he would be willing to bring to class an artifact from home, and explain to his classmates how it represented an important Japanese cultural value. The student said that was “interesting,” that he would consider it, asked for time to think about it. In the next class, he gave me a long list of reasons why he was worried about his ability to do this assignment: his English was not good enough, he needed to study for exams, and the other students already know a lot about Japan. These reasons seemed puzzling to me because his English was perfect, exams were six weeks away, and no one in the class knew a thing about Japanese culture. I wondered, is he experiencing a confidence problem? What is he worried about? Then I realized—he was not “worried.” He was very clearly telling me “no.” . . .
Infection makes micro-CHIPs into macro-CHIPs.

In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Hormaechea-Agulla et al. (2021) demonstrate that IFNγ signaling following an infection in mice provides a selective pressure that drives growth of Dnmt3a−/− hematopoietic stem cells. This clonal expansion is mediated by global methylation changes that lead to an increased self-renewing capacity.
Thromboembolism Prophylaxis in Hip Arthroplasty: Routine and High Risk Patients

This study's purpose was to present the use of a risk stratification protocol in which "routine" risk patients receive a mobile compression device with aspirin and "high" risk patients receive warfarin for thromboprophylaxis after hip arthroplasty. 1859 hip arthroplasty patients were prospectively enrolled (1402 routine risk--75.4%, 457 high risk--24.6%). The cumulative rate of venous thromboembolism events was 0.5% in the routine versus 0.5% in the high-risk cohort within 6weeks postoperatively (P=1.00). Patients in the routine risk cohort had a lower rate of major bleeding (0.5% versus 2.0%, P=0.006) and wound complications (0.2% versus 1.2%, P=0.01). Use of our risk stratification protocol allowed the avoidance of more aggressive anticoagulation in 75% of patients while achieving a low overall incidence of symptomatic VTE.
Osmoregulation by Vertebrates in Aquatic Environments

Because the salt concentration of the body fluids of aquatic vertebrates differs from that of their freshwater or marine environment, they face net movements of water and salt across their permeable membranes, most notably the gill. Various organs and transport processes are involved in maintaining internal consistency in the face of these potential osmotic and salt problems. Keywords: osmoregulation; vertebrates; fishes; amphibians; reptiles; birds; mammals
How safe are pertussis and rubella vaccines? A commentary on the Institute of Medicine Report.

"Vaccines are safe and effective, but no vaccine is perfectly safe nor perfectly effective." This statement, in various forms, has been the shorthand experts use to describe a global view of the status of vaccines. It is a true statement, but it lacks quantification and specificity. Which vaccines? How safe? How effective? How perfect (or imperfect)? For many of the products we use to immunize children, we have only partial answers to these questions. Nevertheless, we must employ these vaccines in our preventive health strategies, once we are certain that the degree of safety and the degree of effectiveness is of pragmatic value.
The tokamak density limit: A thermo-resistive disruption mechanism

The behavior of magnetic islands with 3D electron temperature and the corresponding 3D resistivity effects on growth are examined for islands with near-zero net heating in the island interior. We refer to the resulting class of non-linearities as thermo-resistive effects. In particular, the effects of varying impurity mix on the previously proposed local island onset threshold [Gates and Delgado-Aparicio, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 165004 (2012)] are examined and shown to be consistent with the well established experimental scalings for tokamaks at the density limit. A surprisingly simple semi-analytic theory is developed which imposes the effects of heating/cooling in the island interior as well as the effects of island geometry. For the class of current profiles considered, it is found that a new term that accounts for the thermal effects of island asymmetry is required in the modified Rutherford equation. The resultant model is shown to exhibit a robust onset of a rapidly growing tearing mode—consistent with the disruption mechanism observed at the density limit in tokamaks. A fully non-linear 3D cylindrical calculation is performed that simulates the effect of net island heating/cooling by raising/suppressing the temperature in the core of the island. In both the analytic theory and the numerical simulation, the sudden threshold for rapid growth is found to be due to an interaction between three distinct thermal non-linearities which affect the island resistivity, thereby modifying the growth dynamics.
Model i symulacja dynamiki systemu zarządzania organizacją gospodarczą (ujęcie modelowe)

This work describes dynamic model and simulation of a manufacturing company that manage operations, and analysis the reasons for changing processes inside the company in accordance with a change in the stream of incoming orders for finished products. Results of computer simulation of the designed model, show some dynamic characteristics within different divisions of the entire manufacturing company throughout duration of the production process. In the model of a production facility, different departments were taken into account. The departments are involved in activities related to flow of information, materials and prefabricated elements, production, products storage, and shipment.
Assisted existence: an ethnography of being in Ecuador

In Ecuador, reproductive assistance, whether from God, extended family, or medical technologies, is emphasized and desirable in a precarious and unequal world with a minimal social safety net and chronic economic insecurity. Assistance is the very grounds of being. In better-resourced realities like parts of the United States, assisted reproductive technologies can trouble the biological and social autonomy of individual heterosexual couples. Juxtaposing assisted reproduction in these divergent sites demonstrates that resources can make autonomy easier to establish and assistance between people and things difficult to perceive. Through an insistence on the material specificity of assisted reproduction itself, this ethnographic contrast contributes to anthropological approaches to ontological questions of being. In particular, ethnographic observation of the material realities of reproductive treatments in Ecuador demonstrates that medical care is one means to instantiate race. Private assisted reproduction makes whiter babies and patients in the face of a crumbling public health care infrastructure whose patients are by definition poor and Indian. The framework of assistance might serve then as a means to ethnographically trace the constitution of racial being in better-resourced nations, as well as allow for a more comprehensive recognition of the interdependence of existence.
Psychological Assessment in Industrial/Organizational Settings

This chapter is built on a broad view of “individual assessment” relative to its use in industrial and organizational settings. In constructing our treatment, we address historical, theoretical, as well as practical issues surrounding assessments in work settings. Specifically, we highlight the multiple purposes, the types of factors measured, the approaches used, and the role that assessment must play to ensure business success. While the skills and techniques involved in workplace assessments would be familiar to most psychologists, the application of the former must be sensitive and appropriate to particular work-context realities. Therefore, our treatment of assessment is embedded within a broader discussion of the business and technical considerations inherent in the workplace. We begin the chapter with a brief historical introduction to the role and development of assessments in work settings, including a discussion of purposes for, attributes of, and approaches to assessment. Following this, attention is given to the technical implementation of assessments, the focus of those assessments, and the major tools used to conduct these assessments. Finally, we conclude our chapter with an examination of the major issues surrounding contemporary assessment in work settings such as business necessity, social policy, and technical/professional concerns. Keywords: employee appraisal; executive coaching; personnel selection; promotion criteria; psychological assessment; training needs assessment
Embryonic limb bud organ culture in assessment of teratogenicity of environmental agents

The limb bud organ culture system offers a variety of endpoints which may be monitored in the screening process. These are: cell proliferation, differential growth, morphogenetic cell death, size and shape of limb parts, chondrogenesis, collagen or proteoglycan biosynthesis, etc. Essentials of the system including various parameters of normal limb bud development in vitro are described. These parameters serve to gauge the effects of test chemicals with unknown hazard potential. Validation has been carried out only to a limited extent. Further, it needs to be combined with an efficient drug metabolizing preparation before it can achieve its full potential as a short-term screening system.
Presignal Used to Increase Bus- and Car-Carrying Capacity at Intersections: Theory and Experiment

In theory midblock presignals can be used to increase the capacity of signalized intersections [The authors define "presignal" as "a set of signal heads that are installed in the middle of a block upstream of an intersection."—Ed.]. The capacity is increased because presignals can reorganize how traffic is stored between a presignal and an intersection downstream. However, different vehicle classes have different acceleration characteristics, and the effectiveness of presignals hinges on the assumption of linear superposition; that is, the total time to discharge a mixture of distinct vehicle classes equals the sum of the times to discharge each vehicle class separately. This assumption has not been tested in the field. In this study, results from a natural experiment are used to validate the assumption for the case of cars and buses. The effectiveness of presignals to increase intersection capacity is also demonstrated.
Evaluating the Generalization of the Hearing Aid Speech Quality Index (HASQI)

Many developers of audio signal processing strategies rely on objective measures of quality for initial evaluations of algorithms. As such, objective measures should be robust, and they should be able to predict quality accurately regardless of the dataset or testing conditions. Kates and Arehart have developed the Hearing Aid Speech Quality Index (HASQI) to predict the effects of noise, nonlinear distortion, and linear filtering on speech quality for both normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners, and they report very high performance with their training and testing datasets [Kates, J. and Arehart, K., Audio Eng. Soc., 58(5), 363-381 (2010)]. In order to investigate the generalizability of HASQI, we test its ability to predict normal-hearing listeners' subjective quality ratings of a dataset on which it was not trained. This dataset is designed specifically to contain a wide range of distortions introduced by real-world noises which have been processed by some of the most common noise suppression algorithms in hearing aids. We show that HASQI achieves prediction performance comparable to the Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality (PESQ), the standard for objective measures of quality, as well as some of the other measures in the literature. Furthermore, we identify areas of weakness and show that training can improve quantitative prediction.
Relationships between Weather and Mood

(1982). Relationships between Weather and Mood. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 107, No. 1, pp. 155-156.
Biological responses to indoor air contaminants

The scientific study of indoor air quality has been a topic for research in the last two decades; in the late 70's it became an issue of general public perception. The public perceptions have been such tremendous stimuli because they involve aspects of health and welfare (comfort and economics). Various biomedical studies were performed to evaluate adverse biological effects associated with ambient and occupational pollutants. However, it became obvious that humans were exposed more, on a temporal basis, to their normal indoor environments than they were either in the workplace or outside. Concern with biological contaminants was always an issue, but rarely examined indoors until recently. Biological responses to the indoor environment will be discussed in this paper.
A dynamic intraday measure of the probability of informed trading and firm-specific return variation

Abstract A central question in financial economics is how private information is incorporated into asset prices. A common method of measuring private information is the PIN measure, which uses statistical estimation of a sequential trade model of the trading process to estimate the probability of informed trading. A notable limiting feature of PIN is that one must aggregate very fine intraday data over very long macro horizons in order to estimate it. In this paper, our aim is to develop and implement a dynamic intraday measure of the probability of informed trading that circumvents this aggregation issue and allows for the measurement of information based trading activity at much higher frequencies. We then apply our dynamic intraday measure of the probability of informed trading to examine the relationship between private information and firm-specific return variation.
Effect of early exposure to δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the levels of opioid peptides, gonadotropin-releasing hormone and substance P in the adult male rat brain

Abstract The effects of neonatal exposure to δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on the adult animal brain neurochemistry and pain perception were evaluated. Newborn rat pups were culled to a litter size of 8 (males and females) and treated either with THC (2 mg/kg) or oil (control) daily, during days 1–4 after birth. After weaning, the THC-treated males were housed 4 per cage. During the juvenile period (day 50), the THC-treated animals exhibited significantly lower baseline tail-flick values (a measure of pain perception) than the control. However, as adults, the THC-treated animals exhibited significantly higher sensitivity to pain following 5 mg/kg morphine challenge. Furthermore, the THC-treated animals had significantly elevated β-endorphin and methionine-enkephalin levels in almost all the brain areas sampled for the study. In addition, the neonatally THC-treated rats exhibited significantly higher levels of substance P (SP) and significantly lower levels of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) in the anterior hypothalamus-preoptic area. The SP and GnRH levels did not differ among the THC-treated and control animals in the medial basal hypothalamus. The results of this study indicate that even a very low dose of THC administered during the neonatal period has a long-lasting effect on the brain neurochemistry. In particular, neonatal administration of THC appears to alter functioning of the endogenous opioid system.
Community stress, psychosocial hazards, and EPA decision-making in communities impacted by chronic technological disasters.

Psychosocial stress has emerged as an important consideration in managing environmental health risks. Stress has adverse impacts on health and may interact with environmental hazards to increase health risk.This article's primary objective was to explore psychosocial stress related to environmental contamination. We hypothesized that knowledge about stress should be used in conjunction with chemical risk assessment to inform environmental risk management decisions. Knowledge of psychosocial stress at contaminated sites began by exploring the relationships among social capital, collective efficacy, and contamination at the community level. We discussed stress at the family and individual levels, focusing on stress proliferation, available resources, and coping styles and mechanisms.We then made recommendations on how to improve the use of information on psychosocial stress in environmental decision-making, particularly in communities facing chronic technological disasters.
Interplanetary slow shock observed from Wind

Observations of interplanetary slow shocks near 1 AU are rare. From the magnetic field data obtained from MFI and the proton and electron data obtained from SWE of the WIND spacecraft, we identify the observation of a reverse slow shock on December 24, 1994. The plasma β is small in preshock region. A new method is introduced to determine the best-fit solutions for both the normal of the shock surface and the coplanarity plane when the total deviation of the observed magnetic field and velocity vectors from the theory reaches a minimum. The flow conditions on both sides of the slow shock agree well with those predicted by MHD shock theory.
Evidence for a decrease in the efficiency of β-receptor coupling to adenylate cyclase in liver membranes from sucrose-fed rats

Abstract Sucrose feeding has been shown previously to alter the plasma concentration of several factors which may regulate β-adrenergic receptors, including corticosteroids and insulin as well as altered sympathetic nervous system (SNS) tone. For this reason we initiated a study of the effects of sucrose feeding on the β-adrenergic receptor-adenylate cyclase system in rat liver plasma membranes, β-Adrenergic responsiveness was monitored by measuring isoproterenol stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity, while β-adrenergic receptor characteristics were evaluated by analyzing [ 125 I]iodocyanopindolol ([ 125 I]CYP) binding. Rats fed rat chow ad lib. supplemented by drinking water containing 10% sucrose solution exhibited a 50–75% reduction in hepatic isoproterenol-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity. This effect of sucrose was also observed in adrenalectomized (ADX) and 6-hydroxydopamine-pretreated animals, ruling out a causal role for corticosteroids or the sympathetic nervous system respectively. No effect was observed on basal, glucagon-, fluoride- or GTP-stimulated adenylate cyclase. A small but significant decrease in [ 125 I]CYP specific binding capacity was observed in liver membranes prepared from sucrose-fed ADX rats, whereas no change in [ 125 I]CYP binding capacity was observed in in sucrose-fed normal rats. These observations suggest that β-receptor to adenylate cyclase coupling efficiency is decreased by the sucrose diet. The activities of two membrane-associated phospholipid methyltransferases and the content of endogenous S -adenosylmethionine in liver were reduced by sucrose feeding, implying a defect in the methylation pathway for phosphatidylcholine synthesis. The possible relationship between this latter finding and the observed decrease in β-adrenergic receptor to adenylate cyclase coupling efficiency is discussed.
A problem in optimal stock management

We consider the planning of production over a prescribed period of time. More precisely, the problem is to minimize the cost integral (the time integral of the sum of the costs of production and storage) under the assumptions that the initial and final stocks are zero and that the production and the stock are nonnegative. Under this formulation, the problem can be considered as a Pontryagin-type problem with inequality constraints on the state variable and the control variable. We deduce from Pontryagin's maximum principle and Gamkrelidze's necessary conditions the existence and the uniqueness of an extremal trajectory.
Integer charge transport in Josephson junctions.

We describe a macroscopic demonstration of quantized adiabatic transport coefficients using superconductors coupled by Josephson junctions. The transport coefficients relate charges and currents to changes in potential differences and loop fluxes. They have geometrical significance and quantized average related to first Chern characters.
Impression management pressures on racial attitude surveys

Abstract For decades, researchers have expressed concern that self-report racial attitude measures are vulnerable to distortion from pressures respondents feel to present themselves as unprejudiced. A common response to this problem is to measure social desirability separately from racial attitudes and control for its variance in statistical analyses. The present study is designed to test whether such controls are sufficient. Participants rated items from both racial attitude and social desirability scales in terms of the amount of pressure they would feel to respond in a particular way regardless of their true attitudes. Participants report significantly greater response pressure on racial attitude items than on social desirability items, and ratings on the two types of items have only moderately shared variance. Implications for controlling social desirability in racial attitude research are discussed.
Gearlike rolling motion mediated by commensurate contact: Carbon nanotubes on HOPG

We report on experiments in which multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNT's) are manipulated with atomic force microscopy (AFM) on a graphite highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) substrate. We find certain discrete orientations in which the lateral force of manipulation dramatically increases as we rotate the CNT in the plane of the HOPG surface with the AFM tip. The threefold symmetry of these discrete orientations indicates commensurate contact of the hexagonal graphene surfaces of the HOPG and CNT. As the CNT moves into commensurate contact, we observe the motion change from sliding/rotating in-plane to stick-roll motion.
Quantitative depth analysis using microsecond pulsed glow discharge atomic emission spectrometry

The development of microsecond pulsed glow discharge atomic emission spectrometry (GD-AES) for quantitative depth profile analysis is described. The quantification method, which is based on sputtering rates, has been previously applied to depth analysis employing a dc glow discharge source. Optimal conditions of the glow discharge source, including voltage, pressure, pulse width and pulse frequency, are utilized in order to give the best depth resolution. Pulsed operation of the glow discharge affords the advantages of two additional parameters, pulse width and pulse frequency, which allow better control over the amount of sample being removed via cathodic sputtering. This allows thin layer samples to be analyzed that are very difficult using the dc source. Under the optimized parameters, thin coatings of varying depths of Cu deposited on steel were quantified. The quantitative method predicted Cu deposition depths in accord with the nominal depths.
Nanodielectric properties of high conductivity carbon-loaded polyimide under electron-beam irradiation

Electron irradiation experiments were conducted to investigate the electron transport, charging, discharging, cathodoluminescence and emission properties of high-conductivity carbon-loaded polyimide (Black Kapton™). We discuss how these results are related to the nanoscale structure of the composite material. Measurements were conducted in an ultrahigh vacuum electron emission test chamber from <;40 K to 290 K, using a monoenergetic beam with energies ranging from 3 keV to 25 keV and flux densities from 0.1 nA/cm2 to 100 nA/cm2 to deposit electrons in the material surface layer. Various experiments measured transport and displacement currents to a rear grounded electrode, absolute electron emission yields, electron-induced absolute photon emission yields and photon emission spectra (~250 nm to 1700 nm), and arcing rates and location. Numerous arcing events from the material edge to an electrically isolated grounded sample holder (particularly at lower temperatures) were observed, which are indicative of charge accumulation within the insulating regions of the material. Three types of light emission were also observed: (i) short duration (<;1 s) arcing resulting from electrostatic discharge, (ii) long duration cathodoluminescence that turned on and off with the electron beam and (iii) intermediate duration (~100 s) glow that dissipated exponentially with time after infrequent and rapid onset. We discuss how the electron currents and arcing, as well as light emission absolute intensity and frequency, depend on electron beam energy, power, flux and temperature.
Shock capturing, level sets, and PDE based methods in computer vision and image processing: a review of Osher's contributions

In this paper we review the algorithm development and applications in high resolution shock capturing methods, level set methods, and PDE based methods in computer vision and image processing. The emphasis is on Stanley Osher's contribution in these areas and the impact of his work. We will start with shock capturing methods and will review the Engquist-Osher scheme, TVD schemes, entropy conditions, ENO and WENO schemes, and numerical schemes for Hamilton-Jacobi type equations. Among level set methods we will review level set calculus, numerical techniques, fluids and materials, variational approach, high codimension motion, geometric optics, and the computation of discontinuous solutions to Hamilton-Jacobi equations. Among computer vision and image processing we Will review the total variation model for image denoising, images on implicit surfaces, and the level set method in image processing and computer vision.
Polar research: Deep-frozen science

Francis Halzen is exhilarated by a trek through stories of research and exploration in Antarctica.
Theory of vibrational, rotational, and phonon inelastic collisions of a triatomic molecule by a crystal surface. II. Approximate methods and applications to resonance and adsorption.

Realistic theoretical approximation schemes for the calculation of phonon and vibrational-rotational (triatomic) molecule--crystal-surface inelastic scattering were derived from the formulation in the preceding paper. These schemes can be adopted to a flexible input potential and are at the same time capable of yielding effective {ital ab} {ital initio} computation. An iterative coupled-integral-equation method thus obtained is much more tractable than its counterpart of the coupled differential equation when phonons in the solid and vibrations and rotations of the molecular projectile are taken into account. This approach is further useful for the triatomic projectile case where multiphonon transitions become more probable compared to the light atom and/or diatom projectile, since it yields calculational procedures of DWBA of any higher orders as a byproduct. A rotationally impulsive integral-equation scheme appropriate for the triatomic molecular projectile (and basically applicable to the polyatomic case) with simplification of the rotational states of the molecule in the calculational procedures is also derived from this method.
Resident physician management of Hispanic and non-Hispanic white patients on antidepressants.

Objective. The purpose of this study was to examine how well resident physicians monitored Hispanic and non-Hispanic white patients who were prescribed antidepressant medication. Method. Retrospective and prospective review of patients’ medical records. Setting. Family practice and internal medicine clinics at the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center. Participants. Twenty-six resident physicians and 109 of their Hispanic and non-Hispanic white patients who were prescribed antidepressant medication when recruited into the study between March and December 1995. Main outcome measures. (i) Whether a physician recorded an appropriate diagnosis in the patient’s chart, scheduled a follow-up visit and saw the patient for a follow-up visit within four weeks of the antidepressant being prescribed, and (ii) whether a physician recorded an adequate treatment plan, a discussion of side-effects and a discussion of how well the medication was working on the date the patient was enrolled in the study. Results. Twenty-seven percent of patients were prescribed antidepressant medication. Less than half of the patients who were prescribed an antidepressant had a follow-up visit scheduled and only about one-third of patients were seen by their physician within one month of the antidepressant being prescribed. Physicians documented an adequate treatment plan in the charts of 51.1% of patients, a discussion of side-effects in 11.1% of charts and an assessment of how well the medication was working in 33.3% of charts. Younger patients and patients in better emotional health were more likely to have an adequate treatment plan documented in their chart. Patients in poorer physical health were more likely to have an adequate treatment plan documented in their chart along with a description of the effectiveness of the medication. Hispanic and non-Hispanic white patients who were prescribed antidepressants were monitored equally well by their primary care physicians. Conclusion. Primary care resident physicians need further training on the importance of monitoring patients on antidepressant medication.
Effects of insulin and amino acids on milk protein concentration and yield from dairy cows.

Our study investigated the effect of insulin on the regulation of milk protein synthesis in well-fed cows (n = 4) with or without additional amino acids (AA). The design was a two-way crossed factorial with two 12-d periods involving abomasal infusions of either water or a mixture of casein (500 g/d) plus branched-chain AA (88 g/d). During the last 4 d of each period a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp was performed; insulin was infused at 1.0 microgram.kg of BW-1.h-1 to increase circulating levels fourfold, and euglycemia was maintained by infusion of glucose. Cows were fed a diet formulated to exceed requirements for metabolizable energy and protein. During abomasal water infusion, the insulin clamp increased milk protein yields by 15% (+128 g/d); when combined with abomasal infusion of casein plus branched-chain AA, milk protein yield was increased by 25% (+213 g/d). These increases resulted from equivalent increases in milk protein concentration and milk yield. Concentrations of casein and whey proteins in milk were increased by insulin clamp treatments; however, there were no major changes in the relative proportions of individual casein and whey proteins. Plasma concentrations of essential AA were reduced (-33%) during the insulin clamp treatments; effects were most dramatic for the branched-chain AA (-41%) and their keto acids (-45%). Results confirm the important regulatory role of the endocrine system in milk protein synthesis and demonstrate this potential to produce milk protein is not fully expressed.
The development of a test of criminal cant.

(1957). The Development of a Test of Criminal Cant. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 21-25.
A new species of Brisingenes from the Hawaii undersea military munitions assessment area with an overview of Hawaiian brisingid in situ video observations and functional morphology of subambulacral spines (Forcipulatacea; Asteroidea)

Abstract A new species of Brisingenes, Brisingenes margoae nov. sp. is described from the HUMMA Study Area (see overview ( Edwards et al., 2016-a ), Oahu in the Hawaiian Islands. This represents a range extension for Brisingenes to the North Pacific and is the fifth-known brisingid species in the Hawaiian region. An overview of other Hawaiian brisingid species based on HURL in situ video observations is presented. Submersible-collected B. margoae and Brisingenes panopla provides new insight into functional morphology of brisingid subambulacral spines. The high abundance of brisingids in the HUMMA Study Area is briefly reviewed. Identification keys for relevant taxa are provided.
Queueing Analysis in Health Care

Many organizations, such as banks, airlines, telecommunications companies, and police departments, routinely use queueing models to help determine capacity levels needed to respond to experienced demands in a timely fashion. Though queueing analysis has been used in hospitals and other health care settings, its use in this sector is not widespread. Yet given the pervasiveness of delays in health care and the fact that many health care facilities are trying to meet increasing demands with tightly constrained resources, queueing models can be very useful in developing more effective policies for bed allocation and staffing, and in identifying other opportunities for improving service. Queueing analysis is also a key tool in estimating capacity requirements for possible future scenarios, including demand surges due to new diseases or acts of terrorism. This chapter describes basic queueing models as well as some simple modifications and extensions that are particularly useful in the health care setting, and gives examples of their use. The critical issue of data requirements is also discussed, as well as model choice, model-building, and the interpretation and use of results.
Communicative bridges linking actors through time Archaeology and the construction of emancipatory narratives at a Bahamian plantation

Habermas’ notions of communicative action and the lifeworld can be employed to understand how archaeological interpretations of agency can feed into contemporary political emancipatory dialogues. Clifton Plantation, a Bahamian Loyalist plantation that is currently threatened with development, is the center of this discussion. This article provides specific examples of how archaeological interpretations from Clifton have rendered past African lifeworlds accessible and meaningful to African-Americans in the Bahamas and the United States and, in turn, are fueling and sustaining a contemporary political movement led by Bahamians to protect the archaeological site.
Self-Anchored Rating Scales: Creating Partnerships for Post-Aphasia Change

The self-anchored rating scale (SARS) is a technique used by systemic family counselors that has been applied to treating speech and language disorders, most recently aphasia. SARS aids the clinici...
High-contrast mapping of basal cell carcinomas

Because of low optical contrast in the visible spectral range, accurate detection of basal cell carcinomas (BCC) remains a challenging problem. In this letter, we experimentally demonstrate that reflectance confocal imaging in the vicinity of 1300 nm can be used for the detection of BCC without exogenous contrast agents. We present high-contrast reflectance confocal images of thick fresh skin tissues with clearly delineated cancer and discuss possible reasons for causing decreased scattering of BCC. Comparison with histopathology confirms that tumors scatter less and exhibit lower pixel values in the images, as compared to benign skin structures. The results demonstrate the feasibility of real-time noninvasive detection of BCC using intrinsic differences in scattering between tumors and normal skin.
Late venous rupture after angioplasty of an arteriovenous dialysis fistula.

Surgically created artenovenous forearm fistulas are a common means of establishing vascular access for chronic hemodialysis. The venous side of these fistulas usually “matures” within 4-6 weeks after their creation with dilatation of the lumen and thickening of the wall of the vein [1 , 2]. The dilated vein then provides an access for hemodialysis, often for several years. However, occasionally the venous side will fail to dilate and therefore cannot be used for hemodialysis. A case is presented in which a surgically created forearm fistula failed to mature in the usual prescribed period of time and was therefore evaluated angiographically with subsequent angioplasty of areas of venous stenosis. As a result of the angioplasty, venous rupture and hemorrhage occurred at the dilatation site the next day while hemodialysis was being performed via a subclavian catheter.