cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disassembly Intermediates of the Brome Mosaic Virus Identified by Charge Detection Mass Spectrometry

Capsid disassembly and genome release are critical steps in the lifecycle of a virus. However, their mechanisms are poorly understood, both in vivo and in vitro. Here, we have identified two in vitro disassembly pathways of the brome mosaic virus (BMV) by charge detection mass spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy. When subjected to a pH jump to a basic environment at low ionic strength, protein-RNA interactions are disrupted. Under these conditions, BMV appears to disassemble mainly through a global cleavage event into two main fragments: a near complete capsid that has released the RNA and the released RNA complexed to a small number of the capsid proteins. Upon slow buffer exchange to remove divalent cations at neutral pH, capsid protein interactions are disrupted. The BMV virions swell but there is no measurable loss of the RNA. Some of the virions break into small fragments, leading to an increase in the abundance of species with masses less than 1 MDa. The peak attributed to the BMV virion shifts to a higher mass with time. The mass increase is attributed to additional capsid proteins associating with the disrupted capsid protein-RNA complex, where the RNA is presumably partially exposed. It is likely that this pathway is more closely related to how the capsid disassembles in vivo, as it offers the advantage of protecting the RNA with the capsid protein until translation begins.
Epistatic contributions to quantitative traits in Tribolium castaneum

Triple-testcross experiments were used to analyze epistatic contributions to % hatchability of eggs, age of pupation, number of eggs laid in 24-hour period, and survival from hatching to day 35. Seven diverse inbred lines and the F1 produced by crossing the two tester lines were examined for the presence of epistasis. There was evidence of epistasis for each of the 4 traits in at least one of the 8 lines tested. Epistasis was a major source of variation in survival in all of the lines tested.
Patterns of relapse after concurrent temozolomide and dose-escalated intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM).

2052 Background: We hypothesized that IMRT would permit us to safely escalate the dose of radiation with concurrent temozolomide substantially above the current standard of 60 Gy and that this incr...
Carotid Artery Stenting for Symptomatic Radiation-Induced Carotid Stenosis

A 78-year-old male with a history of radiation to the neck for carcinoma of the tonsil developed severe bilateral symptomatic carotid stenosis. He underwent left carotid endarterectomy in April 2019. Patient underwent right carotid artery stenting for limb shaking TIAs in June 2019 with satisfactory result. The cephalad end of the plaque extended to the junction of C1 and C2 vertebral body. During follow-up, no further episodes of left arm shaking were observed.
Clinical features of invasive pneumococcus with resistance to antimicrobial agents in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

Objective To study the clinical features of invasive pneumococcus disease (IPD) with resistance to antimicrobial agents in children,and to improve the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.Methods The clinical data from 21 IPD patients younger than 13 years old were collected from January 2008 through December 2010 in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit in Beijing Children's Hospital for retrospective analysis. Specimens of blood,pleural effusion,cerebrospinal fluid and soft tissue aspirated were collected from these children,and 23 strains of streptococcus pneumonia (SP) were cultured,isolated and confirmed,and the antibiotics susceptibility to penicillin and other antibiotics of these strains were assayed.Results Among the 21 IPD children,the ratio of male to female was 0.9∶1,and the age was 5 months to 13 years,with 61.9％ of them under 2 years.Of them,12 patients (57.1％ ) had purulent pleurisy,and 1 (4.8％ )patient had an underlying disease diagnosed to be X - linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA).There was no seasonal difference in the occurrence rate of this disease. Eight (38.1％) patients were cured,11(52.4％ ) were improved,while 2 (9.5％ ) patients not improved without death.There was no statistically significant difference in the annual detection rate of invasive SP (x2 =3.711,P =0.156).The incidences of penicillin-intermediate susceptibility SP (PISP) and penicillin-resistant SP (PRSP) were 47.8％ and 26.1％ respectively.The rate of resistance to multiple antibiotics was 91.3％.Conclusions Children aged less than 5 years,especially younger than 2 years,are prone to IPD,and purulent pleurisy and septicemia are often seen in this disease. Some patients had the underlying diseases.The complications included hemophagocytic syndrome,acute respiratory distress syndrome,septic shock,bronchial pleural fistula and so on.The multidrug resistance rate was 91.3％.It is important to put great emphasis on the monitoring antibiotics resistance to invasive pneumococcal disease. Key words: Invasive pneumococcal disease; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit; Drug resistance; Retrospective studies
Knowledge of child development: Associations among pre-service teachers’ level of education and work experience:

Historically, in the USA context child development content knowledge has been one of the main emphases of early childhood teacher education programs, as it is theorized that teachers need strong co...
The Application of Faith and Learning: Faith-Based Anchor Institutions and Community Engagement

Higher education institutions face many competing priorities and are still expected to serve the public good. Faith-based institutions, in particular, aim to meet a faith-inspired calling and serve the communities in which they are situated while guiding students in their faith formation by integrating service and academic priorities. In this paper, the authors explore, through a case study methodology, the unique positionality of Messiah University, a faith-based university located near the capital city of Harrisburg, PA. Specifically, this study explores the impact of a community engaged course with an urban nonprofit agency.
Global inhibition of translation and activation of the stress induced protein kinase cascade through TAK1-D by small double stranded RNA molecules of specific sequence

4122 Short double stranded RNAs (dsRNA) are potent biological entities triggering a number of cellular effects. Most prominent among these is the post-transcriptional silencing of target genes by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). In addition dsRNAs activate signal transduction processes through molecules like PKR or the Toll-like receptor important in viral defense and in explaining off target effects of siRNAs. We have identified a novel dsRNA triggered pathway leading to cell death in several non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. Using the human NSCLC cell line NCI-H460 as a model system we found that transfection of these cells with a 19 base pair long double stranded RNA of specific sequence leads to the downregulation of global mRNA translation. Protein synthesis was reduced to about 65% of its initial value 4 hours after transfection with 20 nM of the dsRNA. Mutational studies demonstrated that 4 consecutive U or A ribonucleotides in the 5’ region of the sense strand as well as the sequence AUGA close to the 3’end of the sense strand are the sequence motifs required to trigger this effect. dsRNA mediated inhibition of translation leads to the autophosphorylation and activation of the splicing variant D of the mitogen activated protein kinase kinase kinase TAK1. Using sucrose density gradient centrifigation we found that TAK1-D co-localizes with the 80S ribosome and therefore seems to be associated with the ribosome. The activation of TAK1-D leads to the phosphorylation of its downstream targets MKK4 and MKK3/6, triggering the activation of p38 MAPK and SAPK/JNK. In H460 cells the TAK1-D triggered activation of the stress induced protein kinase cascades leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Interestingly this phenomenon could also be observed in other NSCLC cell lines like HCC2279 but not in normal bronchial epithelial cells. The sequence specificity of dsRNA mediated cell death in NSCLC cells as well the lack of an effect on normal bronchial epithelial cells suggests that this effect might offer a new therapeutic option for these types of cancer.
School psychologists’ decisions regarding bullying as related to research and professional development

Abstract This aims of this study were to understand if school psychologists use research literature to guide their conceptualizations of bullying and necessity of adult intervention and whether professional development aids in this conceptualization. A sample of 151 school psychologists read conflicts between students and rated the degree to which the conflict was bullying, how severe the conflict was, and the degree to which adult intervention was necessary. Conflicts were either reflective of bullying as defined within the research (causes harm, is repetitive, and has a power imbalance) or a variation of these features and therefore reflective of a non-bullying conflict. Bivariate analyses indicated that participants that correctly identified bullying scenarios rated these scenarios as more severe. Paired sample t-tests indicated that school psychologists adhere to the research-based definition of bullying for both conceptualization of bullying and determining adult intervention. Finally, mixed ANOVAS indicated that professional development was unrelated to school psychologists’ decision making. Implications for school psychologists are discussed.
Double cropping and manure management mitigate the environmental impact of a dairy farm under present and future climate

Abstract CONTEXT Strategies are needed to reduce the environmental impacts of dairy farms, and these may become more important as our climate continues to change. Double cropping small grain and corn silages provides a strategy that can benefit dairy farms in the northeastern U.S. as they adapt to a longer growing season. Subsurface application of manure may also reduce nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) losses as the region faces warmer temperatures and greater precipitation. OBJECTIVE Evaluate whole-farm production, environmental and economic impacts of adopting these strategies on a representative dairy farm in central Pennsylvania under recent historical and projected midcentury climate. METHODS Farm management strategies were simulated using the Integrated Farm System Model to determine effects on crop yields, feed production, volatile, leaching and denitrification losses of N, sediment erosion, sediment-bound and soluble losses of P, farm-gate life cycle greenhouse gas emissions, fossil energy use, and production costs. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Double cropping increased and stabilized feed production by providing forage from a winter rye crop with less dependency on the summer crops of corn silage and perennial grasses. Summer crops are susceptible to summer droughts, which are expected to increase in this region due to warmer temperatures and increased evapotranspiration. Double cropping was more beneficial in the midcentury climate due to the projected increase in growing season length. Double cropping and subsurface injection of manure reduced total N losses by 12–18% and total P losses by 16–19%. Double cropping using broadcast manure application had a neutral environmental and economic impact on the farm. Adoption of these strategies provided a feasible adaptation and mitigation approach for future climate by reducing projected increases in soluble P runoff and ammonia emission caused by warmer temperatures and greater precipitation while maintaining and potentially reducing total farm production costs. SIGNIFICANCE Whole-farm simulation provides a tool for evaluating potential benefits and tradeoffs of novel technologies and strategies as agriculture adapts to changes in climate. Although these results are specific to a dairy farm in central Pennsylvania, they generally apply to dairy farms throughout the Northeast U.S. and climates where similar changes in temperature and precipitation are projected by mid-century. Our analyses suggest that use of a more intensive crop rotation (double cropping winter small grain and corn silage) along with improved manure application technology (subsurface injection) can help mitigate dairy farm environmental impacts now and even more in the future.
Cryopreservation of Salmonella enterica in porcine fecal samples

Fecal samples are normally tested for Salmonella soon after collection because storage at any temperature, mcluding refrigeration or freezmg, can reduce detect1on. To evaluate several cryopreservatlon techniques, autoclaved porcine feces with and without additives were inoculated with 103 CFU S. Derby (UW -9)/g with autoclaved feces pnor to freezing. The mixtures and % of the CFU inoculum that was recovered was as follows: Feces only, 11 %; 50% feces plus 50% glycerol, 45%, 25% feces, 50% glycerol, 25% tetrathionate broth, 63%, 25% feces, 50% glycerol, 25% buffered peptone water (BPW), 66%; 50% feces, 50% glycyceroi/Tris buffer, 58%; 50 % feces, 50% BPW, 30%. When fresh (not autoclaved) feces were used, inoculated with a nalidixic acid resistant S Typhimurium (WI-73), 4% of the inoculum was recovered from undiluted frozen feces wh1le the add1tlon of 50% BPW before freezmg mcreased recovery to 27% In a 2x2x2 fully randomized block factorial study, fresh fecal samples were inoculated with 103 CFU UW-73 /g feces. These samples were processed undiluted or with the addition of glycerol and/or BPW before freezmg. The addition of 20%-40% of each compound simultaneously resulted 1n mcreased recovery of UW-73 when compared with undiluted fecal samples (p<O 05). The addition of 40% BPW and 20% glycerol in combination resulted in the highest recovery (83%). It 1s concluded that the addition of 20-40% glycerol and 20-40% BPW before freezmg may be effective cryopreservat1ves for Salmonella m porc1ne fecal samples, allowing for simplified and more economical laboratory enumeration
A Dream of Göttingen

Most of all, Van der Waerden desired a professorship at Gottingen. For this task he recruited Nazi helpers, Wilhelm Suss and Helmut Hasse. Was it fitting for a “strong opponent of the Nazi regime” to seek help of the Nazis? Is it fitting for us, mathematicians, to ignore—or be ignorant—of the Nazi roots of our beloved Mathematics Institute at Oberwolfach?
Mechanisms in the in vivo release of lymphokines. V. Responses in alloxan-treated and genetically diabetic mice.

Experiments were conducted defining the possible basis for increased susceptibility of alloxan-treated and genetically diabetic C57Bl/KsJ mice to infections with Candida albicans. Alloxan monohydrate (175 mg/kg) produced a prolonged state of hyperglycemia, which persisted through 31 days. Parameters of immune responses varied depending upon the interval between alloxan administration and testing. In the period immediately following alloxan treatment (1–14 days), the numbers of lymphocytes in the thymus and spleen were reduced, the numbers of recoverable peritoneal macrophages were decreased, and the mice showed an increased susceptibility to intravenous infection with C. albicans. In contrast, splenic lymphocytes responded normally to stimulation with Con A, and in vitro phagocytosis of yeast cells by peritoneal macrophages was normal. Also, in vivo production of such lymphokines as migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and macrophage activating factor (MAF), as well as delayed hypersensitivity footpad responses, was generally within the normal range. In the later phase of alloxan diabetes (21–28 days) after administration of alloxan, lymphoid cellularity recovered progressively and the numbers of recoverable peritoneal macrophages were normal. However, these mice still showed an increased susceptibility to C. albicans infection. Genetically diabetic mice (C57Bl/KsJ, db/db) were abnormal in virtually all the assays involving cell-mediated immunity. The numbers of lymphocytes and peritoneal macrophages were markedly decreased, lymphoid cells responded poorly to Con A, and the phagocytosis of yeast cells by macrophages was depressed. The in vivo production of lymphokines and footpad responses of the delayed-type hypersensitivity were depressed. In addition, these mice were highly susceptible to intravenous infection with C. albicans.
The SIMD Model of Parallel Computation

With recent advances in VLSI technology, parallel computers are becoming more prevalent and affordable. The SIMD Model of Parallel Computation presents parallel architecture and parallel algorithms to non-specialists in computer science and engineering. Beginning with an overview of a variety of parallel architectures, the book details the interaction between parallel architectures and parallel algorithms by presenting, for each architecture, algorithms that are tailored to the given architecture. The focus is on the SIMD (Single Instruction Stream, Multiple Data Stream) model of parallel computation and its implementation on both SIMD and MIMD (Multiple Instruction Stream, Multiple Data Stream) architectures. The book presents both introductory and advanced material in parallel computation and for each topology, several existing and proposed parallel machines are discussed and compared. Included is an analysis of parallel algorithms for image processing, scientific and symbolic tasks. The effects of architectural decisions on algorithms are also examined in detail.
Analytical interference model for 2-dimensional (time-wavelength) asynchronous OCDMA systems

We have found a probabilistic model for OCDMA systems that relates the code parameters to the probability of collision-induced-error. For a given code parameters, increased numbers of active users can be accommodated with a reasonable BER.
CentMesh: Modular and Extensible Wireless Mesh Network Testbed

In this paper we present the design of our wireless mesh network testbed (CentMesh), which facilitates experimentation as a service. CentMesh differs from other testbeds in terms of its modular, flexible and extensible design. The CentMesh software suite provides a modular programming library that can be modified and/or extended by the users of the testbed, allowing them to implement their own modules (e.g., routing, scheduling etc.). The basic services such as transport of control messages, broadcast, etc., are provided to experimenters by a set of system modules. Modularity allows the experimenters to implement only the part of network stack that they are interested in experimenting with, while reusing the other readily available CentMesh modules.
RADIOCARBON IN THE PACIFIC AND INDIAN OCEANS AND ITS RELATION TO DEEP WATER MOVEMENTS1

Since 1948, carbon-14 measurements on the bicarbonate of ocean water samples from the Pacific and Indian oceans have been carried out at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California. Previous reports of the results of these investigations have been confirmed and amended by many recent measurements. The method of extracting CO2 from ocean water has been modified and perfected over the past years. The most notable results of the measurements concern the 14C content of deep ocean water which can be interpreted unambiguously by considering the aging of the water during the time of movement from the Weddell Sea eastward and then northward into the North Pacific Ocean.
Effects of Fluorine on Dairy Cattle. I. Growth and Feed Consumption

Summary Thirty-two Holstein females on experiment from about three to four months until about 7.5 yr of age were fed diets involving four levels of fluorine, two levels of concentrate mix, and two levels of a calcium-phosphorus mineral. Fluorine intake averaged 10, 28, 55, and 109 ppm on a hay basis or 12, 27, 49, and 93 ppm on a total dry matter basis. Average calculated levels of fluorine in milligram per kilogram of body weight were 0.30, 0.64, 1.17, and 2.08, respectively, for the four groups, with some variation associated with periods of growth and lactation. The two levels of concentrate were 2 and 4 lb daily during nonlactating periods and 0.75 and 1.0 lb daily for each 1.0 lb of milk fat produced weekly during lactation. Mineral treatments included 1 and 3% of a calcium-phosphorus mineral in the concentrate mix. Fluorine was maintained at designated levels by adding sodium fluoride to the concentrate mix. Animals on the highest fluorine level ingested less hay and total dry matter than those on the other fluorine levels, but did not exhibit a significantly lower body weight gain during the 23, 112-day periods of the trial. No significant effects were noted on increase in height at withers. The kilograms of feed per kilogram of body weight gain was not affected by treatments in the five prelactation periods. Hay refusals were not affected by treatment. It was observed that no single criterion was as effective in evaluating effects of fluoride ingestion as was an evaluation of all effects together.
Role of C3 in humoral immunity. Defective antibody production in C3-deficient dogs.

Previous studies have shown that animals pharmacologically depleted of C3 have impaired antibody responses. However, such C depletion is neither complete nor sustained, and the C3 cleavage products generated by C3 depletion can both enhance and inhibit the immune response. To clarify the role of C3 in humoral immunity, the antibody response of dogs with genetically determined total deficiency of C3 (C3D) was examined. Serum IgG levels of the C3D animals were within the normal range, but were significantly lower than levels seen in normal controls or C3D heterozygotes. Specific antibody production was defective: the antibody titers of C3D dogs in response to primary intravenous immunization with two different T cell-dependent Ag (sheep E and bacteriophage phi X-174) were markedly reduced when compared to either normal controls or C3D heterozygotes. After secondary immunization with T-dependent Ag, the total antibody titers were normal, but the C3D dogs made proportionately more IgM and less IgG antibody than did either control group. After i.v. immunization with a T cell-independent Ag (DNP-Ficoll), the C3D dogs had reduced levels of IgM and IgG antibody after primary and secondary immunization. Neither i.m. immunization nor the use of a 20-fold increase in Ag dose i.v. could correct the defect seen in the antibody response of C3D dogs. The results herein demonstrate that C3 plays a critical role in the generation of a normal humoral immune response.
MTreeDx: a multicast network diagnosis tool

MTreeDx is a tool that is being developed to fulfill a gap in most currently available multicast network management tools. Specifically, this tool is being developed as an aid to diagnose problems in NASA's multicast network. Management of the NASA multicast network present several unique research challenges.
Selective release of gastric inhibitory polypeptide by intraduodenal amino acid perfusion in man.

Abstract Intraduodenal amino acids are known to stimulate the release of gastric inhibitory polypeptide and cholecystokinin. In order to separate and quantitate gastric inhibitory polypeptide secretion selectively, 12 normal subjects received an intraduodenal perfusion of a mixed amino acid solution (158 mM) containing either methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and valine (perfusate 1), or an amino acid solution containing arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, and threonine (perfusate 2). Serum concentrations of gastric inhibitory polypeptide and insulin were significantly greater in the group receiving perfusate 2 ( P
Everyone's Answering: Using Technology to Increase Classroom Participation

A study was designed to assess the impact of a wireless technology known as an audience response system (ARS), commonly known clickers, on learning and student engagement in a nursing classroom. Students in the control group responded verbally to questions posed during lectures, while students in the intervention groups responded anonymously using the ARS. Although no significant improvement in postlecture quizzes was noted, students in ARS-enhanced lectures reported significantly higher satisfaction scores. The use of ARS promoted a sense of comfort, encouraged participation, and motivated students to answer questions and interact with the subject matter.
Comparison of the Neck Disability Index and the Neck Bournemouth Questionnaire in a sample of patients with chronic uncomplicated neck pain

Abstract Objective This study compares the sensitivity to change of the Neck Disability Index (NDI) and the Neck Bournemouth Questionnaire (NBQ) in patients with chronic uncomplicated neck pain. Methods This prospective longitudinal study was completed in an outpatient physical therapy clinic. Subjects, with uncomplicated neck pain (no concurrent shoulder pain or nerve root symptoms) for more than a 3-month duration, participated in a 4-week course of therapy that included moist heat, neck exercises, and either mobilization or massage. Outcome measures included standardized response means (sensitivity to change), Cronbach α (internal consistency), and 2-way Spearman correlations between the 2 questionnaires and between a pain Visual Analog Scale and each questionnaire (convergent validity). Results Mean (SD) score change of the NDI was 6.22 (5.12), and of the NBQ, 14.00 (11.99). Standardized response means were 1.21 and 1.17, respectively. Both questionnaires were more sensitive to change than the pain Visual Analog Scale (0.68). There was moderate correlation between the change scores of all 3 outcome tools (Spearman 0.46-0.57). The NBQ had higher internal consistency than the NDI. Conclusions The NDI and the NBQ performed comparably in this group of patients with chronic uncomplicated neck pain. Both are sensitive to change and would be efficient outcome tools in studies of chronic neck pain. Both had acceptable internal consistency and are appropriate for use as single-outcome scales.
Genetic analysis of behavior traits in swine production

Abstract Estimates of genetic parameters related to pig behavior under stressful situations are required before selection programs can be designed to produce more docile pigs. Pig behavior was evaluated in a pedigreed Landrace–Duroc–Yorkshire composite population. Piglets were evaluated for their response to handling at 1 d of age (n=11069), being placed on their back for 60 s at ~24 d of age (n=975), and being confined in a scale while backfat measurements were being collected (n=9035). Feeding behavior was monitored in a growing–finishing facility (n=1162) including preferences for feeding positions. Feeders were placed along a fence with one end adjacent to a gate (gate-end) and the other end open. An animal model was fitted to the data using WOMBAT where litter was included for d 1 activity scores and backtest traits. Fixed effects of sex, pen/year-season/date of collection in all analyses along with scorer (d 1 activity score) and a covariate of age (d 154 weight and backfat). Multiple trait models were fit to estimate genetic covariances among traits. All estimates of heritability were significantly different than zero. Activity scores and backtest traits had the lowest estimates of heritability (0.15–0.19), measures of feeding behavior were more variable (0.16–0.60) while production data had high heritabilities (>0.5). Genomic heritability estimates were similar to standard heritability estimates for most traits, except traits measured at a young age. All traits measured during the backtest had strong genetic correlations and similar estimated heritability. Among feeding behavior traits, number of meals/d and average meal length were highly correlated with total daily meal time. In addition, animals that preferred to eat alone avoided the open-end position at the feeder. The only behavioral traits with genetic correlations significantly different from zero with production traits were associated with feeding behavior where animals that ate longer meals and spent more time at the feeder/d tended to be heavier and fatter at 154 d. In addition, animals that ate more meals/d were fatter and animals that preferred the gate-end position of the feeder were heavier. Pigs with more reactive personalities tended to eat fewer meals/d, each longer in duration, and they preferred the gate-end feeder position. The measures of pig behavior studied were heritable and selection for more docile pigs should not have large detrimental effects on performance.
Effect of captopril on normal and injured hemopoietic stem cells

In vitro and in vivo studies of the effect of captopril on murine hemopoietic stem cells were performed to elucidate the pathogenic relationship between this drug and agranulocytosis. Up to 20 μg/ml of drug in vitro or 26 weeks of 450 mg of captopril per kilogram body weight per day by mouth in vivo failed to produce myelotoxicity in normal Swiss mice. However, the same high-dose oral captopril therapy given to Swiss mice with busulfan-induced stem cell damage produced myelo-suppression. The hematologic lesion was an isolated, highly significant depression of committed neutrophil-monocyte stem cells (CFU-NMs). These findings suggest that captopril may be selectively toxic for impaired neutrophilic stem cells, producing clinically significant neutropenia in individuals with a previously damaged bone marrow.
"Where Is King Ch'Eng?"

L'ideologie imperiale Ming s'abrite derriere un deguisement confucianiste qui masque un Etat autocratique mais non encore totalitaire. Ainsi, l'Empire Ming reussit a faire accepter les formes militaires et bureaucratiques sur lesquels il etait fonde. L'A. cherche a identifier les usages culturels et politiques de cette ideologie. La coherence de cette ideologie imperiale trouve son origine dans la reproduction de la philosophie de l'enseignement Tao. L'Etat fait preuve d'affinites electives avec la philosophie morale confuceenne, mais il s'en sert pour ses buts politiques et n'hesite pas a en braver l'integrite
Art Meets Engineering Design: An Approach for Reducing Sketch Inhibition in Engineers During the Design Process

While much prior work has been done regarding sketching and its impact on design and a few on how to train engineers to sketch, there have been no prior studies in engineering to reduce inhibition to frequent sketching. This paper describes a sketching intervention developed from art teaching aimed at reducing inhibition to sketching and a study to evaluate its effectiveness. In the study, students (n = 55) were tested with pre-mid-post assessments consisting of a mechanical, organic, and design-oriented sketching task and a TLX survey measuring the level of difficulty. The study found that the students overwhelmingly reported their inhibition was lowered, but the short-term TLX data suggested inhibition was higher. However, the TLX data showed a longterm decrease in inhibition-related measures, perhaps suggesting that long-term encouragement to sketch is effective in reducing inhibition to sketch. These results tentatively suggest that sketch inhibition is reduced by actively promoting creativity and sketching, some use of the activities presented here, and by deemphasizing the importance of higher-level skills such as perspective drawing.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Particle dynamics in chirped-frequency fluctations.

Hamiltonian systems describing particle motion in a wave with time-dependent (chirped) frequency are studied. The wave is found to form a single-node separatrix ([ital bucket]) moving in the phase space at a rate proportional to that of the frequency change. Particles trapped inside the bucket undergo convection, while untrapped particles colliding with the bucket get a resonant kick, in phase space. In toroidal systems, these effects can result in a large radial convective flux roughly proportional to the size of the bucket and the frequency chirping. Possible applications of this novel mechanism to tokamak plasmas are discussed.
Improvement of analytical sensitivities for the determination of antimony, arsenic, cadmium, indium, iodine, molybdenum, silicon and uranium in airborne particulate matter by epithermal neutron activation analysis

As part of an ongoing Great Lakes deposition study, we have determined a series of heavy metals in air filter samples collected near Lake Ontario. To decrease our detection limits for key elements used in our receptor modeling, we have employed instrumental epithermal neutron activation analysis (NAA) and Compton suppression techniques. Our detection limits were much better than those with thermal NAA, typically, 0.3 ng for Sb, 0.7 ng for As, 8 ng for Cd, 0.2 ng for In, 14 ng for I, 5 ng for Mo and 2 ng for U. Silicon, which is usually not reported in conventional NAA results for air filters, was routinely determined at the 60 μg level. Accuracy was corroborated by analyzing the certified reference material concurrently.
A neutral buoyancy micro-electrode for prolonged recording from single nerve units

Abstract A new electrode is described which allows continuous recording from single neurones or nerve fibres for an extended period of time. It also allows recording during gross movement and high acceleration and vibration. The basic principle of such an electrode is that its density equals that of the surrounding tissue. Moreover, to avoid standing oscillations, the electrode is counterbalanced against torque momentum and it is floating. A miniaturized voltage-follower to be used with the micro-electrode is also described. It is completely sealed to allow implantation in the animal. The output impedance is kept so low that output wire movement artifacts are avoided.
Early load mandibular hybrid prosthesis using the Ohio State University acrylic frame requiring no final impression.

Background: Although immediate/early loading protocols for dental implants have presented encouraging outcomes, immediate loading procedures may cause discomfort to the patient and may increase the possibility of damage to the surgical site during the impression procedures. The aim of this study was to describe an alternative technique to fabricate a mandibular hybrid prosthesis in three or four days without making any final impression and to evaluate the outcomes of this technique. Methods: Seven patients aged 41 to 71 years (mean age, 58 ± 11) were considered for this study. Each patient received five implants for the reconstruction of the edentulous mandible. These implants were placed in the anterior region of an edentulous mandible and restored with a final mandibular hybrid prosthesis in four days using the Ohio State University (OSU) acrylic frame requiring no final impression procedure. The patients were followed up to 19 months after implant placement. Results: No implants were lost, no technical complications were observed and only minor marginal bone loss was noted after an average 15 months. Conclusions: This clinical study shows that the OSU acrylic frame, which can easily be customized and accommodates variability in arch form, may be an alternative method to restore any edentulous mandible with an early load mandibular hybrid prosthesis.
Susceptibility of youth to tobacco: a social ecological framework for prevention.

For most smokers, tobacco dependence begins in childhood or adolescence. This review summarizes the state of social science with respect to the prevention of tobacco use. Social ecology is introduced as a theoretical framework useful for organizing prevention approaches. In recent years, the field has shifted from approaches directed at individuals, towards appreciation of additional, more comprehensive social and environmental influences on initation. These range from intra-individual factors (including physiological responses to nicotine and the psychology of use) to individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, and population factors affecting access and demand. This review highlights prevention approaches that address social and societal influences, from school programs that attempt to change susceptibility of individual youth to tobacco, to community projects, media campaigns, restrictive policies, and tobacco pricing. The most promising approaches are those designed with input based on extensive formative research including studies with youth, directed at multiple levels of the social ecology, and sustained over time with significant resources and ongoing, multi-sector inputs.
Salvage robotic assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: Indications and outcomes

Salvage robotic assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (SRALP) has now become a feasible alternative to open prostatectomy in experienced hands. Herein we review the urologic literature for the indications and outcomes of SRALP. A comprehensive review of the peer reviewed literature was performed for reported cases of salvage robotic and open prostatectomy, with emphasis being on comparing oncologic outcomes. Salvage prostatectomy, whether open or robotic, is a viable alternative for treatment of recurrent, localized, non-metastatic prostate cancer after failed primary radiotherapy. Although few reports of salvage robotic prostatectomy have been published with limited long-term follow-up, initial oncologic results seem at least comparable to the salvage open prostatectomy series. SRALP should be performed by centers with a dedicated and well experienced robotic urologic oncology program. SRALP is a feasible surgical treatment option for patients with recurrence after primary radiotherapy with preliminary oncologic outcomes comparable to the open approach. Further long-term follow-up is needed to validate these results.
Overly Scripted: Exploring the Impact of a Scripted Literacy Curriculum on a Preschool Teacher's Instructional Practices in Mathematics

As part of a renewed focus on early childhood mathematics education, researchers have recently called for increased attention to preschool mathematics curricula. This article, which is based on a multiyear ethnographic study in a rural preschool primarily serving African American children, contributes to this area of interest by documenting the instructional practices a teacher learned from her mandated literacy curriculum. This curriculum, which was highly scripted, shaped the teacher's instructional practices in mathematics as well as in literacy. The teacher's mathematical engagement with children, during formal lessons and informal play, reflected the instructional beliefs of the literacy curriculum, which was demonstrated by a focus on efficiently completing planned tasks, rather than pursuing children's thinking, and by narrowing mathematics to the use of proper grammar and posing simple questions. This study argues that the curriculum's highly structured scripts made it less likely that the teacher...
Effects of chemical and enzymatic modifications of glucagon on its activation of hepatic adenyl cyclase.

Fragments of the glucagon molecule have been examined for biological activity. The peptide hormone (amino acid residues 1–29) was cleaved with cyanogen bromide, resulting in fragment 1–27, and with trypsin. These fragments as well as a synthetically prepared fragment, 1–23, and the structurally related (14 out of 27 residues identical) hormone, secretin, were all assayed by measuring their ability to activate rat liver adenyl cyclase. Of the fragments tested, only that resulting from cyanogen bromide cleavage (#1–27) possessed activity. The results indicate that the COOH-terminal portion of the hormone is essential for activity (#1–23 is inactive), but that 2 residues can be cleaved from the COOH-terminal end without complete loss of activity. (Endocrinology 85: 638, 1969)
Sex differences in human urinary steroid metabolic profiles determined by gas chromatography.

Abstract Fifty-two 24-hr urine collections from healthy male and female adults were analyzed by a new gas chromatographic method. High-resolution open tubular glass capillary columns with a coating of SE-30 liquid phase containing a dispersion of small particles of silanized silicic acid (Silanox) were employed. The components were analyzed as methoxime-trimethylsilyl ether derivatives. Seventeen urinary steroid metabolites were quantified through use of an internal reference compound. The results are interpreted as delineating two different types of steroid metabolism for premenopausal females: one group displays metabolic profiles closely resembling those of males. The biologic origin of this effect is not known, but it may be due to either late fetal or neonatal hormonal effects.
Phosphoinositides in the Hepatitis C Virus Life Cycle

Eukaryotes possess seven different phosphoinositides (PIPs) that help form the unique signatures of various intracellular membranes. PIPs serve as docking sites for the recruitment of specific proteins to mediate membrane alterations and integrate various signaling cascades. The spatio-temporal regulation of PI kinases and phosphatases generates distinct intracellular hubs of PIP signaling. Hepatitis C virus (HCV), like other plus-strand RNA viruses, promotes the rearrangement of intracellular membranes to assemble viral replication complexes. HCV stimulates enrichment of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) pools near endoplasmic reticulum (ER) sites by activating PI4KIIIα, the kinase responsible for generation of ER-specific PI4P pools. Inhibition of PI4KIIIα abrogates HCV replication. PI4P, the most abundant phosphoinositide, predominantly localizes to the Golgi and plays central roles in Golgi secretory functions by recruiting effector proteins involved in transport vesicle generation. The PI4P effector proteins also include the lipid-transfer and structural proteins such as ceramide transfer protein (CERT), oxysterol binding protein (OSBP) and Golgi phosphoprotein 3 (GOLPH3) that help maintain Golgi-membrane composition and structure. Depletion of Golgi-specific PI4P pools by silencing PI4KIIIβ, expression of dominant negative CERT and OSBP mutants, or silencing GOLPH3 perturb HCV secretion. In this review we highlight the role of PIPs and specifically PI4P in the HCV life cycle.
Catecholamine responses to orthostatic stimulation in anephric man.

Abstract Acute experiments on nephrectomized animals suggest inhibition of adrenergic reflexes in the absence of renal humoral factors. That renal failure patients rendered anephric for control of hypertension also have difficulty with blood pressure regulation is confirmed by the blood pressure instability and hemodialysis shock in anephric patients. In the present study, anephric patients were stimulated by passive orthostatic tilting to the 75°, head-up position. Elevated plasma arterial and venous epinephrine and norepinephrine contents were found at rest and after tilting. The relative increase in circulating catecholamines after tilting is consistent with previous studies in normal patients. The resting elevation of catecholamines in these anephric patients suggests either loss of a renal factor restraining adrenergic activity or a chronic stimulus to sympathetic discharge such as hypovolemia.
Single-shrub influence on earthworms and soil macroarthropods in the southern California chaparral

Summary The influence of shrub species on populations of soil macrofauna was tested at a site in the southern California chaparral. Earthworms and litter-active arthropods were hypothesized to vary in abundance between different chaparral shrub types. Both groups of organisms were sampled at seasonal intervals at replicate sites composed of patches of four dominant shrub species (Quercus dumosa, Adenostoma fasiculatum, Ceanothus crassifolius, Arctostaphylos glauca). Earthworms (families Megascolecidae and Lumbricidae) were observed to be active in low densities (∼10 individuals m−2) when winter precipitation provided adequate soil moisture. Significant native earthworm populations were only found under manzanita (A. glauca) shrubs, whereas exotic lumbricids were most abundant under scrub oak (Q. dumosa). Earthworm densities correlated with leaf litter thickness. The highest abundance of macroarthropods, particularly detritivores, was recorded during the summer. Arthropods did not vary among shrub type during three of four seasons; higher total abundance under manzanita in winter was due to surface predator activity. Both earthworms and macroarthropods varied seasonally in this Mediterranean climate, while only earthworms varied among vegetation types. Descriptions and abundance data, particularly concerning earthworms, warrant further research on relationships of soil invertebrates with soil structure and processes in the chaparral.
Simulations of Nano-Sized Water Droplets in the External Electric Field

Water plays important and diverse functions in biophysics and biochemistry. Recently, MD simulations showed that water response to the external electric field is the main driver of the initial transmembrane pore formation when biological cells are subjected to electroporation procedure [1]. However, the systems involved in electroporation modeling uses infinite water layers with periodic boundary conditions. The periodic systems require approximate treatment of long-range forces that complicate the study of energetics and periodicity limits the spatial extent of the simulated structures. To overcome these limitations, we study the behavior of isolated nanodroplets in an external electric field using simulations spanning a range of droplet sizes, electric field strengths and various water models.We provide detailed energetic analysis that demonstrates how minimization of the interaction energy between water dipoles and the external electric field drives the change in the nanodroplet shape. In addition to the molecular-level structural and energetic details, the connection between the droplet size and the electric field strengths is explored and it is found that the critical field strengths required for the transition is close to the value predicted by G. I. Taylor's model for macroscopic droplets although important differences are found between the molecular and continuous model. These simulations of nanodroplets provide a testing platform for verifying energetic behavior of small clusters of water molecules involved in electroporation models and help to validate the theory of the water-driven electroporation process proposed in [1]. In addition, the results are also relevant to a variety of other applications such as electrospray, metrology, and inkjet printing.[1] Tokman M, Lee JH, Levine ZA, Ho M-C, Colvin ME, et al. (2013) Electric Field-Driven Water Dipoles: Nanoscale Architecture of Electroporation. PLoS ONE 8(4): e61111. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061111.
The Lamellar Eutectic Spacing Changes under the High Magnetic Field during the Diffusion of Liquid Al/Solid Cu Process

The effect of a high magnetic field (up to 12T) on the lamellar eutectic spacing changes was investigated in the diffusion liquid Al/solid Cu. It was found that the lamellar eutectic alloy is formed in the diffusion process and its spacing has the non-monotonic relationship with the magnetic field intensity. With the increase of magnetic field intensity, the lamellar eutectic spacing decreases rapidly. When the magnetic field intensity B exceeds 4T, the lamellar eutectic spacing begins to increase until 8T, and then, decrease again. This phenomenon could be attributed to the effects of high magnetic fields suppressing nature convection and inducing thermo-electromagnetic convection in the liquid Al.
Two applications of axion electrodynamics.

The equations of axion electrodynamics are studied. Variations in the axion field can give rise to peculiar distributions of charge and current. These effects provide a simple understanding of the fractional electric charge on dyons and of some recently discovered oddities in the electrodynamics of antiphase boundaries in PbTe. Some speculations regarding the possible occurrence of related phenomena in other solids are presented.
Electron tuneling into single crystals of YBa2Cu3O7−x

Abstract Tunneling into the c-direction of single crystals of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−x has been studied using a scanning tunneling microscope with a tungsten tip in a tunneling rather than a point contact mode. A wide range of values of voltage associated with the feature in the I–V characteristic generally associated with the energy gap have been observed. This feature was never observed above 50K in any crystal.