cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exact solutions to a time-dependent vacuum transport problem

Abstract We consider a point source of radiation emitting into an empty spherical volume with a well-defined boundary. This geometry represents, for example, an eruptive variable star at the center of a spherical-shell nebula. The nebula has a fixed albedo. For various time histories of the emission of the central star, we derive solutions for the time dependence of the flux falling on the nebular boundary. This flux has two components: the direct flux from the star and the diffuse flux reemitted by the boundary. Solutions generally involve combinations of hyperbolic sines and cosines and change character abruptly at multiples of tc, the light-travel time across the nebula.
Sowing the seeds of soil conservation.

In their Perspective (“Monitoring earth's critical zone,” 20 November 2009, p. [1067][1]), D. deB. Richter Jr. and M. L. Mobley argue for the importance of monitoring Earth's belowground critical zone for sustaining life and humanity. Their message echoes a similar call from a different era. “The Nation that destroys its soil destroys itself.” These words of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in his 1937 letter to all state governors referred to the Soil Conservation Act of 1935, which recognized the need to sustain soil resources. The Standard Soil Conservation District law was subsequently adopted by all 50 states, plus Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Historical aerial photos across the country from 1947 to 2004 ([ 1 ][2]) provide evidence that the law has been effective in protecting many farmlands and show that visible erosion in the form of gullies is now almost nonexistent in comparison with the erosion that occurred in the 1930s. In the decades since the Natural Resources Conservation Service started the National Resources Inventory in 1982, soil erosion on U.S. croplands has decreased 43% ([ 2 ][3]). ![Figure][4] Fighting erosion. Contour stripcropping is one method used to protect soils. CREDIT: RON NICHOLS/USDA-NRCS Laws like the one President Roosevelt championed in the 1930s are more important today than ever. Urban sprawl, land degradation, environmental pollution, and anthropogenically accelerated erosion (to name just a few) are detrimental to sustainable food production and quality water supply for the growing world population. Modern soil vulnerability to global change and anthropogenic threats (beyond just croplands) is unprecedented. This issue was not addressed in the 1930s law but could have devastating effects. Monitoring and protecting the belowground critical zone is a crucial step to ensure that we do not lose ground for sustainability. 1. [↵][5] 1. L. E. Mathews , Aerial Photography Field Office Historical Imagery Holdings for the United States Department of Agriculture (2005); [www.apfo.usda.gov/Internet/FSA\_File/vault\_holdings2.pdf][6]. 2. [↵][7] Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Resources Inventory 2003 Annual NRI: Soil Erosion (2007); [www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/NRI/2003/SoilErosion-mrb.pdf][8]. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1179117 [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #ref-2 [4]: pending:yes [5]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [6]: http://www.apfo.usda.gov/Internet/FSA_File/vault_holdings2.pdf [7]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2 in text" [8]: http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/NRI/2003/SoilErosion-mrb.pdf
Judgments under distress: Assessing the role of unpleasantness and arousal in judgment formation

Abstract This study tests predictions derived from a theoretical model of affect and decision making that identifies the effects of affect's two primary dimensions, Pleasantness and Arousal, on decision strategy selection. The model hypothesizes (i) a congruency between pleasantness and selected decision strategy and (ii) an arousal-induced restriction in attentional capacity. It was predicted that people under distress (evoked by an imminent in-class presentation) will employ simpler decision strategies and will form more polarized judgments. In Experiments 1 and 2, when forming person impressions, presenting subjects provided lower evaluations, employed simpler decision rules, and were more polarized in their evaluations. In both experiments, presenting subjects did not make lower retrieval-based evaluations of public and personal products. In Experiment 2, presenting subjects were willing to pay more for lottery tickets than nonpresenting subjects; they were also more likely than control subjects to choose a “sure” thing over a gamble of equal or lower expected value.
Studies on aorta during development. II. Differences in ontogeny of the key enzymes involved in cholesteryl ester synthesis and hydrolysis in rabbit aorta.

It is well known that cholesteryl ester accumulation is dramatically increased in the atherosclerotic artery. The enzymes acyl-CoA : cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT), acid cholesteryl esterase (ACE) and neutral cholesteryl esterase (NCE) may play key roles in the accumulation of cholesteryl esters in the arterial wall. However, very little is known regarding the developmental pattern of the key enzymes involved in cholesteryl ester synthesis and hydrolysis. The total activities of ACAT, ACE and NCE were measured by radioassay using liposorinal substrates in rabbit aortic homogenates. Our results indicate that ACAT activity decreases as a quadratic function with age (P < 0.05). ACAT activity (pmol/100 mg protein/min) decreased from a high value in the fetus at term (63.3 ± 7.4) to gradually lower values with increasing age. On the other hand, ACE activity (pmol/mg protein/min) was low in the fetus at term, and changed as a quadratic function with age (P < 0.05) increasing gradually to higher activities with age up to a maximum at 12 weeks then decreased at 21 weeks. NCE activity (pmol/mg protein/min) increased dramatically from a low value in the fetus at term (3.34 ± 0.48) to a maximum value at 1.5 weeks (14.65 ± 2.73) then decreased as a linear function with increasing age up to 21 weeks (P < 0.05). Plasma total cholesterol (mg/dl) also increased sharply from the fetal value at term of 98.5 ± 5.2 to a maximum value at 1.5 weeks of 666.4 ± 33.4, then decreased as a quadratic function with increasing age up to 21 weeks (40.8 ± 6.7) (P < 0.05). The free cholesterol content (μg/mg protein) of the aortic tissue was initially high in the fetus (24.8 ±95.9) then increased with age. Examination of the ratio of synthesis to hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters as an index of enzyme activity units demonstrated a very high index in the fetus of 6.1 that rapidly decreased with increasing age in the young adult rabbit down to a value of 0.4 by 21 weeks of age. Correlation coefficients between enzyme activities, plasma cholesterol levels and aortic cholesterol levels indicated (a) a positive correlation of NCE activity with plasma cholesterol, (b) a negative correlation of NCE and ACE with aortic-cholesteryl ester content, and (c) no significant correlation of ACAT activity with either plasma cholesterol or aortic cholesterol content, indicating other factors are involved. These studies show (a) differences in the development pattern of ACAT and cholesteryl esterases in the aorta, (b) age specific changes in the ratio of enzyme activities involved in the synthesis and hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters, and (c) a high cholesteryl ester synthesis/hydrolysis ratio in the fetus at term.
Conditionally lethal mutants of bacteriophage T4 defective in production of a transfer RNA.

Abstract Mutants of bacteriophage T4 have been isolated that grow normally on EscheriChia coli B/5 but are unable to grow on a strain of E. coli (CT439) isolated from nature and previously shown to restrict growth of transfer RNA-deficient strains of T4. These mutants define five complementation groups, two of which affect the production of bacteriophage-coded tRNAs. One gene appears to affect the appearance of several tRNAs. The second gene (defined by the mutant HA1) is apparently the structural gene for a single tRNA species δ. Mutant HA1 produces no mature δ tRNA while revertants of HA1 that have regained the ability to grow on strain CT439 now make this tRNA in amounts correlated with the ability of the various revertants to grow on the restrictive host. The δ tRNAs made by several revertants of HA1 have been compared to T4 wild-type δ by two-dimensional fingerprint analyses of panreatic and T1ribonuclease products. These comparisons have allowed tentative identification of the primary mutational alteration. On the basis of these results we conclude that the inability of mutant HA1 to grow on strain CT439 is due to a mutation in the structural gene of δ which interferes with its appearance.
Primary cardiac lymphoma: Echocardiographic characterization and successful resection

We present a case of primary cardiac lymphoma in a patient with dyspnea and hypoxemia. Transesophageal echocardiography revealed a large right atrial mass and an atrial septal aneurysm with right-to-left shunting through a patent foramen ovale. The patient underwent resection and atrial reconstruction. Pathology was a B cell lymphoma with diffuse large cell histology. There was no evidence of extracardiac involvement, and the patient is well 3 months postoperatively with a normal transthoracic echocardiogram.
Theoretical and Methodological Implications of the Influence of Sex Preferences on the Fertility Attitude- Behavior Relationship

Data was collected from a sample of 72 volunteers from the University of Colorado introductory psychology subject pool in order to explore the theoretical possibility that measures of preferred family size generate good aggregate but poor individual fertility predictions because they ignore the influence of family sex composition preferences. The average preferred (1st choice) family size of 2.80 for this sample closely matches the average expected value of 2.86 children. Longitudinal studies of fertility intentions sometimes report the proportions of respondents who have exactly the number of children they said they desired at the time of the 1st interview. The expected proportions for this sample again assuming strict adherence to the stopping rules are as follows: 66% of the respondents would have exactly the number of children they desire; 26% would miss their ideal by 1; and 8% would miss their ideal by 2 or more. The maximum correlation between most preferred family size and actual outcomes would be .78. Study results demonstrate that poor attitude-behavior correlations in fertility studies must be partially attributed to the measures of attitude used and to the probabilistic nature of the determinants of fertility behavior as well as to true attitude-behavior inconsistency. The strategy suggested for improving attitude measures is to develop measures which capture the inherent dependence of fertility decisions on probabilistic events.
Hyperglycemia in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Vascular Perspective:

Admission hyperglycemia complicates approximately one-third of acute ischemic strokes and is associated with a worse clinical outcome. Both human and animal studies have showed that hyperglycemia is particularly detrimental in ischemia/reperfusion. Decreased reperfusion blood flow has been observed after middle cerebral artery occlusion in acutely hyperglycemic animals, suggesting the vasculature as an important site of hyperglycemic reperfusion injury. This paper reviews biochemical and molecular pathways in the vasculature that are rapidly affected by hyperglycemia and concludes that these changes result in a pro-vasoconstrictive, pro-thrombotic and pro-inflammatory phenotype that renders the vasculature vulnerable to reperfusion injury. Understanding these pathways should lead to the development of rational therapies that reduce hyperglycemic reperfusion injury and thus improve outcome in this large subset of acute ischemic stroke patients.
Hypothalamic Control of Sexual Behavior in the Chicken

Abstract This study was an attempt to determine if testosterone propionate (TP) influences sexual behavior in male chickens by way of its action on one or more specific areas of the hypothalamus. The three mating behavior responses observed were waltz, attempts to mate, and mating. Electrical lesions selectively placed in the preoptic and mammilary regions caused mating behavior to decrease in non-testosterone treated males (Controls, C) and failed to increase mating behavior in males from eggs dipped in a TP solution on the third day of incubation (TP) males. Non significant increases in attempts to mate were observed in C males lesioned in the areas of the ruber nuclei (Ru), nuclei mesencephalicus (MPV) and nervus oculomotorius (NOC). Lesions in the optic chiasma (CHI) did not alter sexual behavior. Histological data of testes and vas deferens from TP males showed impaired development at 14 weeks of age but little difference from C males at 54 weeks of age.
Single-dose antibiotic prophylaxis during cesarean section.

Objective: To compare single-dose antibiotic prophylaxis (cefotetan 1 g vs cefoxitin 2 g) in various subpopulations based upon risk factors for postsurgical infection following cesarean section.Methods: Patients undergoing cesarean section from April 1993 through March 1994 were included in a retrospective analysis if either of the above antibiotics were administered, surgery was non-emergent, gestational age was less than 32 weeks, absence of fever or prior antibiotics therapy within 72 hours, and no history of organ transplantation or HIV. Cases classified as high risk for infection: IDDM, obesity, autoimmune disease, sickle cell disease, or corticosteroid use. Cases classified as high risk for endometritis (any 2 factors): labor >12 hours, >4 vaginal examinations, ruptured membranes >9 hours, and internal fetal monitor. Cases were separated into 4 groups: elective vs non-elective, low vs high surgical risk. A chi(2) analysis was used to test for differences in infection rates between groups (P <.05).Results: Of 1383 cesarean sections, 385 met criteria for inclusion. Non-elective cases accounted for 77% of cases. Postsurgical infection rate was greater in non-elective cases, 7.4%, vs elective cases, 3.0% (P =.056) as was the rate of endometritis (3.2% vs 1.2%, P =.185). No differences were noted based on antibiotic regimen. Postsurgical infection rate was greater for 28 cases at high risk for both surgical infection and endometritis (17.9%) when compared to all 357 other cases (4.5%), P =.003. No difference was noted for endometritis. Of the 28 cases 28.6% of patients treated with cefoxitin and 7.1% of cases treated with cefotetan developed postsurgical infection (P =.13).Conclusion: Overall cefoxitin and cefotetan provided equivalent clinical outcome. A small subset of patients with multiple risk factors for infection may benefit from cefotetan.
An experimental study of a PEM fuel cell power train for urban bus application

Abstract An experimental study was carried out on a fuel cell propulsion system for minibus application with the aim to investigate the main issues of energy management within the system in dynamic conditions. The fuel cell system (FCS), based on a 20 kW PEM stack, was integrated into the power train comprising DC–DC converter, Pb batteries as energy storage systems and asynchronous electric drive of 30 kW. As reference vehicle a minibus for public transportation in historical centres was adopted. A preliminary experimental analysis was conducted on the FCS connected to a resistive load through a DC–DC converter, in order to verify the stack dynamic performance varying its power acceleration from 0.5 kW s−1 to about 4 kW s−1. The experiments on the power train were conducted on a test bench able to simulate the vehicle parameters and road characteristics on specific driving cycles, in particular the European R40 cycle was adopted as reference. The “soft hybrid” configuration, which permitted the utilization of a minimum size energy storage system and implied the use of FCS mainly in dynamic operation, was compared with the “hard hybrid” solution, characterized by FCS operation at limited power in stationary conditions. Different control strategies of power flows between fuel cells, electric energy storage system and electric drive were adopted in order to verify the two above hybrid approaches during the vehicle mission, in terms of efficiencies of individual components and of the overall power train. The FCS was able to support the dynamic requirements typical of R40 cycle, but an increase of air flow rate during the fastest acceleration phases was necessary, with only a slight reduction of FCS efficiency. The FCS efficiency resulted comprised between 45 and 48%, while the overall power train efficiency reached 30% in conditions of constant stack power during the driving cycle.
Goodness-of-fit testing of error distribution in nonparametric ARCH(1) models

This paper discusses the goodness-of-fit testing of an error distribution in a nonparametric autoregressive conditionally heteroscedastic model of order one. The test is based on a weighted empirical distribution function of the residuals, where the residuals are obtained from a local linear fit for the autoregressive and heteroscedasticity functions, and the weights are chosen to adjust for the undesirable behavior of these nonparametric estimators in the tails of their domains. An asymptotically distribution free test is obtained via the Khmaladze martingale transformation. A simulation study is included to assess the finite sample level and power behavior of this test. It exhibits some superiority of this test compared to the classical Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Cramer-von Mises tests in terms of the finite sample level and power.
Mucolytics and the Critically Ill Patient: Help or Hindrance?

Patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) with compromised lung function often have excessive pulmonary secretions and have difficulty clearing mucus. A variety of pharmacotherapeutics have been used in an attempt to change the rate, amount, and viscosity of respiratory secretions. These drugs are known as mucokinetic or mucolytic drugs, but their efficacy remains controversial in the research literature. Most commonly used methods of mucolysis/mucokinesis include: bland aerosols (saline), pH adjustment (sodium bicarbonate), and disulfide disruption (N-acetylcysteine, MUCOMYST). Clinical research needs to be done on the use of recombinant human deoxyribonuclease (rhDNase) in ICU patients because recombinant human deoxyribonuclease affects only purulent secretions, which makes it a safe, easily tolerated compound. Nursing interventions in the control of mucus in the ICU patient needs to be re-examined in light of recent research where the efficacy of chest percussion was questioned, as was the use of saline bolus instillation before suctioning and the potential for dornase alfa.
Selective metal-to-ring alkyl migration during irradiation of CpFe(CO)2[CHPh(OSiMe3)]

UV−vis irradiation of CpFe(CO)2[CHPh(OSiMe3)] (1b) in the presence of PPh3 produces η4-{exo-C5H5[CHPh(OSiMe3)]}Fe(CO)2PPh3 (3b), the product of alkyl migration from iron to the Cp ring, in good yield.
Mervyn Susser, the last of the three American classical epidemiology tenors.

Mervyn Susser passed away on August 14, 2014. Obituaries in the lay press [1] and in epidemiologic literature [2] justly lauded the extraordinary trajectory that took this self-made epidemiologist from South Africa to New York City, in a tale that combined anti-apartheid politics, clinical medicine, sociology, epidemiology, epistemology, and history. Testimonies also unanimously insisted on the key complicity between Mervyn Susser and his lifetime companion Zena Stein, as well as on the epidemiologic triplet formed by Mervyn Susser, Zena Stein, and their son Ezra Susser.
Odd Harmonics of the Earth's Gravitational Field

VARIATIONS in the perigee radius have been observed for three satellites so far. The first of these is Vanguard I (1958 beta), which was used by O'Keefe et al. 1 in calculating the third and fifth axial harmonics of the Earth's field. The other two are Transit IB (1960 gamma) and Transit IIA (1960 eta). Nominal values of the pertinent orbit parameters of these three satellites are listed in Table 1. The data on Vanguard are from O'Keefe et al. 1, those on Transit IB are given by Guier2, and those on Transit IIA have not been published before.
Techno-economic analysis of using corn stover to supply heat and power to a corn ethanol plant – Part 1: Cost of feedstock supply logistics

Abstract Supply of corn stover to produce heat and power for a typical 170 dam 3 dry mill ethanol plant is proposed. The corn ethanol plant requires 5.6 MW of electricity and 52.3 MW of process heat, which creates the annual stover demand of as much as 140 Gg. The corn stover supply system consists of collection, pre-processing, transportation and on-site fuel storage and preparation to produce heat and power for the ethanol plant. Economics of the entire supply system was conducted using the Integrated Biomass Supply Analysis and Logistics (IBSAL) simulation model. Corn stover was delivered in three formats (square bales, dry chops and pellets) to the combined heat and power plant. Delivered cost of biomass ready to be burned was calculated at 73 $ Mg −1 for bales, 86 $ Mg −1 for pellets and 84 $ Mg −1 for field chopped biomass. Among the three formats of stover supply systems, delivered cost of pelleted biomass was the highest due to high pelleting cost. Bulk transport of biomass in the form of chops and pellets can provide a promising future biomass supply logistic system in the US, if the costs of pelleting and transport are minimized.
The Cooperating Teacher I's: Effective Mid-Lesson Responses to Student Teachers' Critical Teaching Incidents.

Abstract When student teachers experience difficulty during lesson implementation, seasoned cooperating teachers choose among 6 alternative strategies by which to assist. Collectively called cooperating teacher I's, the strategies are as follows: Ignore, intervene, interject, interact, interrupt, and intercept. Appropriate use of these strategies can be taught directly or made more explicit to cooperating teachers as a means to facilitate quick resolution of problems; maintenance of student teacher confidence, self-esteem, and classroom authority; cooperating teacher confidence in the mentor role; and active or passive choices as they may be appropriate to specific circumstances. Included is a brief summary of research about cooperating teachers and their feedback practices, a description of behaviors that generally prove to be ineffective in response to these situations, detailed descriptions of the 6 cooperating teacher I's that appear to be effective, and a discussion of general observations and implic...
Vitamin D and Calcium Abnormalities in the HIV-Infected Population

The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among HIV-infected persons is substantial and comparable to the general population. The factors associated with vitamin D deficiency are similar for both populations but additional factors (ie, use of certain antiretroviral agents) also contribute to vitamin D deficiency among HIV-infected persons. The adverse outcomes associated with vitamin D deficiency considerably overlap with non-AIDS defining illnesses (NADIs) that are increasingly becoming widespread in the aging HIV-infected population. However, there is scant evidence to support any causal inference. Further studies are warranted as efforts to identify and address modifiable risk factors contributing to NADIs continue.
cDNA microarray analysis reveals the capacity of the cold-adapted Antarctic fish Trematomus bernacchii to alter gene expression in response to heat stress

During their many millions of years of evolution in the extreme and stable cold, Antarctic notothenioid fishes have acquired profoundly cold-adapted physiologies. Gene expression profiling via cDNA microarray was used to determine the extent to which one species of notothenioid, Trematomus bernacchii, has retained the ability to alter gene expression in response to heat stress. While an inability to up-regulate the expression of any size class of heat shock proteins (except for a 1.1-fold induction of the co-chaperone Hsp40) was observed, hundreds of additional genes, associated with a broad range of cellular processes, were responsive to heat. Many of these genes are associated with central aspects of the evolutionarily conserved cellular stress response (CSR), which plays a pivotal role in responding to physical and chemical stresses. The inability of T. bernacchii to mount a heat shock response underscores the potential susceptibility of this species to the effects of global warming.
The electrophysiological bases for linear and for nonlinear product term lateral inhibition and the consequences for wide field textured stimuli

The electrophysiological bases of linear, and of nonlinear product term recurrent lateral inhibition are defined and the general equations derived. Defining texture as sinusoidal spatial luminance functions, the response characteristics of nonlinear product term lateral inhibitory arrays to wide field textured stimuli are derived, and applications to locust DCMD and Y retinal ganglion cells discussed.
Evaluation by highly relevant documents

Given the size of the web, the search engine industry has argued that engines should be evaluated by their ability to retrieve highly relevant pages rather than all possible relevant pages. To explore the role highly relevant documents play in retrieval system evaluation, assessors for the \mbox{TREC-9} web track used a three-point relevance scale and also selected best pages for each topic. The relative effectiveness of runs evaluated by different relevant document sets differed, confirming the hypothesis that different retrieval techniques work better for retrieving highly relevant documents. Yet evaluating by highly relevant documents can be unstable since there are relatively few highly relevant documents. TREC assessors frequently disagreed in their selection of the best page, and subsequent evaluation by best page across different assessors varied widely. The discounted cumulative gain measure introduced by J\"{a}rvelin and Kek\"{a}l\"{a}inen increases evaluation stability by incorporating all relevance judgments while still giving precedence to highly relevant documents.
BIOCHEMICAL EVIDENCE OF CARDIOMYOPATHY IN GUINEA PIGS EXPOSED IN UTERO TO ALCOHOL

We hypothesized that modest maternal ethanol intake would deleteriously affect developing fetal myocardium. Pregnant guinea pigs were given either water (C), n=13, or 2½% ethanol (EtOH), n=11, for the last 1/2 of pregnancy (12% of calories). At birth, progeny body and heart weights were measured, and cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) was isolated for determination of Ca++ uptake, Ca++ binding, and Ca++ stimulated ATPase. Maternal mortality was not significantly different between groups: 0% in C, 18.2% in EtOH (p>0.10). Litter sizes, proportion of progeny born alive, and progeny body weights in C and EtOH were similar (p>0.10). Despite similar body weights, heart weight/body weight ratios of EtOH's were less than C's: 4.16 ±0.65 (n=38) vs 4.61 ±0.66 (n=29) gm/kg (p<0.005). Ca++ flux was also less in EtOH's than C's: Ca++ uptake 132 ±23 (4) vs 209± 4 (5) nM/mg Pr/min (p 0.001); Ca binding 26 ± 8 (5) vs 53 ± 2 (5) nM/mg Pr/4 min (p<0.001); Ca++ stimulated ATPase 0.7 ± 0.3 (5) vs 1.2 ±.01 (5) μM/mg Pr/10 min (p<0.01). Modest consumption of ethanol during pregnancy significantly alters Ca++ flux in isolated cardiac SR of the newborn guinea pig. These findings are similar to those observed in adults with alcoholic cardiomyopathy. These data suggest that altered cardiac excitation-contraction may contribute to the production of certain features of the fetal alcohol syndrome.
An electrophoretic LCD: Switching with threshold and video rate

— Here, an electrophoretic liquid-crystal (EPLC) display, which employs a suspension of pigments with liquid crystals and exhibits switching with threshold and fast response is presented, enabling video rate. The dielectric anisotropy of the LC medium, allowing by applying voltage switching between states with high and low dielectric permittivity, is responsible for this unusual electrophoretic switching.
Categorical independence tests for large sparse r-way contingency tables.

A nonasymptotic chi-squared technique is shown to have very useful properties for the analysis of large sparse r-way contingency tables. Examples of analyses of 4 × 5, 5 × 6, 6 × 7, and two 2 x 2 x 2 sparse contingency tables provide comparisons of the nonasymptotic chi-squared technique with asymptotic chi-squared and exact chi-squared techniques. The asymptotic chi-squared analyses yield inflated probability values for the five tables. The nonasymptotic chi-squared technique yields probability values much closer to the exact probability values than the asymptotic chi-squared technique for the five tables.
Impacts of polyphenol oxidase enzyme expression in transgenic alfalfa on in vitro gas production and ruminal degradation of protein, and nitrogen release during ensiling

Abstract The loss of protein by plant proteases during ensiling of forage legumes reduces forage quality, causing both lower animal performance and potential by negatively impacting on nitrogen loss to the environment. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of phenolic compounds to o-quinones, these easily react with amino acids, proteins or other phenols, to form melanin pigments. We evaluated the effect of transgenic alfalfa with expression of walnut PPO transgene and its effect on ruminal degradation of protein, in vitro gas production and N release during fermentation. In Experiment 1, control and PPO-alfalfa were incubated separately or in combination in the presence and absence of corn starch. In Experiment 2, PPO-alfalfa was incubated either alone or in the presence of 50, 100, or 150 mg of corn starch with or without 50 mg of five phenolic substrates (catechol, caffeic acid, l -DOPA, tyrosine, and gallic acid). In Experiment 3, control and PPO-alfalfa were incubated with and without 100 mg starch and with and without catechol. PPO-alfalfa did not differ (P>0.05) from the untransformed control in gas production and net ammonium–N (NH 4 + –N) concentration, or in vitro rumen degradation of protein (IVRDP). When 100 or 150 mg starch was included, PPO-alfalfa produced less (P 4 + –N than control alfalfa. Among phenolic substrates, catechol decreased NH 4 + –N concentration at all levels of added starch. Addition of catechol and caffeic acid increased IVRDP. Within the in vitro rumen simulated system, PPO-alfalfa did not affect protein catabolism. This could be due to the lack of endogenous phenolic substrates in alfalfa that binds proteins and reduce ruminal degradation. When measured using TCA method, silage fermentation reduced true protein level by 240, 130, and 150 g/kg in control, PPO-alfalfa, and red clover respectively. When measured using sodium tungstate, silage fermentation reduced true protein by 180, 140, and 40 g/kg in control, PPO-alfalfa, and red clover, respectively.
Immunomodulation of host responses to ectoparasite infestation – an overview

Immune reactivity stimulated by ectoparasites and other arthropods has received increased attention in recent years. It is clear that a broad range of host responses are elicited, and immune effector mechanisms appear to be active in limiting infestation with blood-feeding arthropods. Host immune responsiveness appears to be altered as a consequence of infestation by certain arthropods, and the impact of these alterations on vector-borne pathogen transmission remains to be determined. Successful techniques have been developed by a number of investigators for the artificial induction of resistance to blood-feeding arthropods. These areas are examined in this paper.
Efflux-Mediated Resistance to Arsenicals in Arsenic-Resistant and -Hypersensitive Chinese Hamster Cells

Several Chinese hamster V79 cell line variants resistant to arsenite and one arsenite-hypersensitive variant have been isolated. The basis for the variation in arsenite sensitivity was studied by transport experiments using radiolabeled arsenite. Two arsenite-resistant variants (As/R7 and As/R27) exhibited decreased accumulation of arsenite, and the hypersensitive variant (As/S5) exhibited increased arsenite accumulation compared with the parental line. Cells depleted of endogenous energy reserves were loaded with radiolabeled arsenite, and the rate of arsenic efflux was measured. Arsenite-resistant variants exhibited an increased rate of efflux, while the hypersensitive variant exhibited a decreased efflux rate. Efflux was decreased in cells incubated with the protonophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazine, demonstrating its energy dependence. Two inhibitors of glutathione S-transferase also decreased arsenite efflux, suggesting the involvement of an arsenite-glutathione complex. However, separation of the products of extrusion and the intracellular arsenic species by paper chromatography followed by autoradiography failed to show the appearance of an arsenite-glutathione complex in either case. Rather, all label in the product of the transport reaction appeared to be arsenite whether cells were loaded with arsenate or arsenite, indicating first that intracellular reduction of As(V) to As(III) had occurred and second that the arsenite was transported as an unconjugated species. All intracellular label was associated with high-molecular-weight material, possibly protein. Our results demonstrate the existence of an energy-dependent arsenical efflux pump in mammalian cells and show that arsenic is extruded as arsenite.
Evolution of the βGRP/GNBP/β-1,3-glucanase family of insects

The βGRP/GNBP/β-1,3-glucanase protein family of insects includes several proteins involved in innate immune recognition, such as the β-glucan recognition proteins of Lepidoptera and the Gram-negative bacteria-binding proteins of Drosophila. A phylogenetic analysis supported the existence of two distinct subfamilies, designated the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) and glucanase subfamilies, which originated by gene duplication prior to the origin of the Holometabola. In the C-terminal region (CTR) shared by both subfamilies, the PRR subfamily has evolved significantly more rapidly at the amino acid sequence level than has the glucanase subfamily, implying a relative lack of constraint on the amino acid sequence of this region in the PRR subfamily. PRR subfamily members also include an N-terminal region (NTR), involved in carbohydrate recognition, which is not shared by glucanase subfamily members. In comparisons between paralogous PRR subfamily members, there were no conserved amino acid residues in the NTR. However, when pairs of putatively orthologous PRR subfamily members were compared, the NTR was most often as conserved as the CTR or more so. This pattern suggests that the NTR may be important in functions specific to the different paralogs, while amino acid sequence changes in the NTR may have been important in functional differentiation among paralogs, specifically with regard to the types of carbohydrates that they recognize.
A note on interrupted stochastic control processes

Consider a discrete stochastic control process in which the state of the system at time n is specified by the state vector χn, the control vector is yn, and the change of state is determined by the relation x n + 1 = g ( x n , y n , r n ) , x 0 = c , where rn is a sequence of independent random vectors with common known distribution. If we ask that feedback control, as represented by the yz, be applied in such a way as to minimize the expected value of some prescribed function of the terminal state χN, a straight-forward dynamic programming treatment yields an algorithm for the solution. Suppose we now consider the foregoing process with the added feature that there is a chance at any particular stage that the true state of the system will not be known to the decision maker. We shall call this an interrupted stochastic control process. The problem of determining optimal control in a situation of this type was posed to us by J. Craig of The RAND Corporation. As we shall see, processes of this type possess some interesting and novel aspects and present some complex analytic and computational questions.
Pattern of change in melatonin duration determines testicular responses in Siberian hamsters, Phodopus sungorus.

The impact of photoperiodic history was studied in male hamsters kept from birth to 6 wk of age (Week 0) in long-day (LD; 16 h light per day) or short-day (SD; 10 h light per day) photoperiods. At Week 0, hamsters were transferred to constant light and were s.c. infused daily with melatonin (MEL; 4 ng/h) until Week 12. Groups of SD hamsters received 10-h MEL infusions or MEL infusions of durations that decreased linearly by 1-2 min/day from 10 h at Week 0 to 7.5 h at Week 12. LD hamsters were infused for 5 h/day or in patterns that decreased from 10 to 7.5 h or increased from 5 to 7.5 h during Weeks 0-12. MEL signals of decreasing duration produced opposite effects on the gonads of LD and SD hamsters: decreasing MEL durations induced complete gonadal regression in LD hamsters (testis weight = 42 +/- 3 mg) but stimulated testis growth in SD hamsters (testis weight = 276 +/- 57 mg; p < 0.05). MEL infusions that were of shorter but increasing duration induced gonadal regression in LD hamsters. The present experiments indicate that MEL signals of a given sequence and duration can produce either gonadal growth or regression depending on the hamster's photoperiodic history. The pattern of change in MEL secretion, as well as absolute duration of the MEL signal, is important for implementing seasonal cycles of reproduction.
Online socio-cultural learning

Online socio-cultural learning assists the online learner to engage in active social interaction to build social relationships and to participate in online learning communities to improve knowledge development. Online technologies do not separate online learners causing them to work and learn alone. Effectively applying online socio-cultural learning concepts assists online learners in working alone while learning together by engaging in active online collaborative social interaction. The paper proposes an online socio-cultural learning construct that addresses six critical learning characteristics (meaningful activity; Learner uniqueness; process and development; relations; metacognition reflection; and cultural tools) to support effective online learning.
Electron cooling of high energy ion beams in RHIC and other facilities

Abstract A two-stage Pelletron intermediate energy electron cooling system could cool the 100 GeV/nucleon 197 Au 79+ beams to be stored in RHIC, the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider under construction at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, in less than 300 s — 100 times faster than the state of the art stochastic cooling systems that are being proposed. After the beam transverse emittance and longitudinal momentum spread are reduced by initial cooling, the electron cooling time would be further reduced by up to a factor of 3, whereas the stochastic cooling time would increase. The electron cooling time varies in proportion to γ 2 whereas the stochastic cooling time is approximately independent of the beam energy; thus the electron cooling system performance is even more impressive at lower energies. The parameters for such a system are presented along with the status of the technology necessary to build such a system. The application of this technology to other existing or proposed lower-energy machines is also briefly reviewed.
Converged calculations of vibrational energy transfer probabilities for the collision of two HF(v=1) molecules

We present converged quantum mechanical calculations of state-to-state transition probabilities for the collision of two hydrogen fluoride molecules with zero total angular momentum. The potential energy surface is obtained by adding a vibrational dependence to the interaction potential of Alexander and DePristo. We have calculated converged transition probabilities for vibration-to-vibration and vibration-to-translation-and-rotation energy transfer including full vibration-rotation coupling. The calculations include up to 948 coupled channels. Final production runs were carried out with a highly vectorized code on the Minnesota Supercomputer Institute's Control Data Corporation Cyber 205 computer.
A MODEL DESCRIPTION OF THERMAL EXCHANGE FOR THE NUDE MAN IN HOT ENVIRONMENTS

A theoretical model baaed on the physical laws of heat and moisture exchange is developed to describe the energy exchange between nude man and a hot environment. Equations are presented which express the heat loss from a heated moistened ‘ skin ’ in terms of ambient temperature, humidity and wind. Two different situations are considered; the first where secreted sweat is all evaporated and cooling depends on the amount secreted; and the second, where the skin is wet and cooling limited by the amount of sweat which can be evaporated. In the first case, heat dissipation depends on air temperature and amount of sweat secretion, which varies among individuals. In the second, wet-bulb temperature is shown to be a determining factor, as has already been observed in studying man's tolerance to heat. Graphical presentation is used to demonstrate the individual and combined effects of various environmental factors and to interpret the experimental results of other investigators.
Reductive coupling of aromatic compounds

Abstract Benzene mixed with hydrogen fluoride and a platinum or rhodium catalyst is hydrogenated at room temperature and 1–5 atm pressure to yield cyclohexane and a reductive coupling product, phenylcyclohexane, the latter amounting to as much as 25% by weight of the hydrogenation products. Similarly, reductive coupling products are obtained from phenol or chlorobenzene, the former giving cyclohexylidine diphenol and the latter a mixture of monochlorinated phenylcyclohexanes. Results are consistent with the assumption that these reactions proceed by way of cycloalkene intermediates which react with unchanged aromatic compound to form the reductively coupled products. Readily available equipment for such hydrogenations is described.
The class of better mean residual life at age t0

Abstract The conditional mean remaining life of an item of age t is called the mean residual life (MRL) at age t. In this paper we introduce a better mean residual life at t 0 (BMRL-t 0 ) class of life distributions, where the MRL decreases initially during [0, t 0 ] and then for t ≥ t 0 the MRL at time t is not greater than the MRL at t 0 . It is shown that the BMRL-t 0 class contains the DMRL class, but it is a proper subclass of the NBUE class. The dual class of worse mean residual life at t 0 (WMRL-t 0 ) is defined by reversing the direction of inequality. Some characteristics of these two classes are presented. We also develop the tests of exponentiality against the BMRL-t 0 (WMRL-t 0 ) alternatives.
Effects of background noise on audiometric thresholds during positron emission tomography: passive and active noise-reduction

Position emission tomography (PET) is used to assess the functional activity of the human auditory brain; however, the activity detected by PET could be affected by ambient acoustic noise from the PET equipment. To evaluate these effects, we compared behavioural thresholds in the PET camera with those measured in an audiometric sound booth. Thresholds were measured with: (i) ER2 earphones, (ii) ER2 earphones + Cabot earmuffs, (iii) ER2 earphones + Bose Series II Aviation Headset with active noise-reduction off, and (iv) ER2 earphones + Bose Series II Aviation Headset with active noise-reduction on. Overall ambient noise level in the camera was 73 dB SPL and the maximum octave-band SPL was 68 dB SPL at 250 Hz. Threshold elevations in the PET camera were greatest with ER2 (17 dB, 125 Hz) earphones and lowest with ER2 earphones + Bose Series II Aviation Headset (8 dB at 250 Hz) with active noise-reduction. Thus, PET scanner noise had little or no effect on threshold when stimuli were presented through ER2 earphones covered with an activated Bose Series II Aviation Headset.
The impact of a corrective tether on a scoliosis porcine model: a detailed 3D analysis with a 20 weeks follow-up.

Purpose Non-fusion treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis generates interest due to the potential for growth preservation and mobility. Using an established porcine scoliotic model, this study aims to evaluate the global alignment and the morphology of the spine with and without application of a non-fusion corrective tether.
Marketing and the law

Marketing decisions are particularly vulnerable to legal rulings made in both the courts and the legislatures. The effective management of those legal implications challenges the modern marketing professional. Grasping marketing’s overall legal environment, including its governing case law, regulatory statutes and future trends, is essential. This review will provide analysis of recent court cases and legislation with particular emphasis on creatively assisting the marketer’s management of the legal factor.
Ca self-diffusion in grossular garnet

Use of a thin-film technique and an ion microprobe make it possible to conduct cation self-diffusion experiments of44Ca in near end-member grossular garnet at temperatures of 800-1O?0 0c. The .e~periments were conducted at 1 atm and under quartz + fayalite + magnetlte fo, conditlons. The resulting activation energy (Ea = 155 :t 10 kl/mol) and the frequency factor (Do = 7.2 x 10-16 m2/s; log Do = -15.1 :t 0.4) were obtained from the temperature dependence of the diffusion data. Comparison of these data with a comparable study of 25Mgself-diffusion coefficients in pyrope confirmed that Ca diffuses more slowly through garnet than Mg under identical conditions.
A directory service for perspective access networks

Network fragmentation occurs when the accessibility of a network-based resource to an observer is a function of how the observer is connected to the network. In the context of the Internet, network fragmentation is well known and occurs in many situations, including an increasing preponderance of network address translation, firewalls, and virtual private networks. Recently, however, new threats to Internet consistency have received media attention. Alternative namespaces have emerged as the result of formal objections to the process by which Internet names and addresses are provisioned. In addition, various governments and service providers around the world have deployed network technology that (accidentally or intentionally) restricts access to certain Internet content. Combined with the aforementioned sources of fragmentation, these new concerns provide ample motivation for a network that allows users the ability to specify not only the network location of Internet resources they want to view but also the perspectives from which they want to view them. Our vision of a perspective access network (PAN) is a peer-to-peer overlay network that incorporates routing and directory services that allow network perspective-sharing and nonhierarchical organization of the Internet. In this paper, we present the design, implementation, and evaluation of a directory service for such networks. We demonstrate its feasibility and efficacy using measurements from a test deployment on PlanetLab.