cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Another Shot at the Canons of Induction

On the three most widely discussed contemporary justifications of induction, the inductive justification, the pragmatic justification, and the analytic justification (or dissolution of the problem), none has received widespread acceptance. There are specific problems with each of these approaches and a general problem that affects all three. The purpose of this paper is to provide a fourth justification of induction which is less problematic thanor at least problematic in different ways from-the three traditional justifications. The problems with the various traditional justifications of induction have been extensively discussed in the literature, and will merely be summarized here. The pragmatic justification of induction, originally due to Reichenbach [25, 26], defends a particular inductive rule, the straight rule, according to which one should predict the fraction of all P's that are Q's to be equal to the fraction of observed P's that are Q's. If any rule, after enough observations, correctly predicts the fraction of P's that are 9's the straight rule does. Lenz [2i] and Katz [20] point out that, as Reichenbach was aware, the same can be said for any rule that asymptotically converges to the straight rule. Additional grounds must be given for preferring the straight rule to any of these 'crooked' ones. Nor will it do to claim that the straight rule is the simplest of these rules unless one first justifies the appropriate simplicity ordering. Moreover, as Black [6] points out, in the short run, the 'run' we are actually faced with, it may be the case that other rules work while the straight rule does not. Good [I2] argues that for very small samples the straight rule is inadequate. Hacking [I7] shows that the straight rule is the only statistical estimator that is consistent, symmetric, and invariant, but argues that these properties, while desirable, do not automatically render an estimator best. He points out that the straight rule has failed to trivialize the theory of statistical estimation, and adds that it ignores the order of the sample [i6]. Salmon [27, 28], the most
Chemisorption of Transition-Metal Atoms on Boron-and Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotubes : Energetics and Geometric and Electronic Structures

The well-defined binding between transition-metals (TM) and the sidewall of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) plays a key role in the performance of CNT-based nanoelectronics, as well as the stability of cat...
A Report from the Kauai Longitudinal Study

Abstract Interaction effects of perinatal stress and quality of family environment are reported for a multiracial cohort of 660 children born on the island of Kauai and followed from the prenatal period to age 18. Antecedents and consequences of childhood mental health problems and learning disabilities illustrate the relationship between social class and vulnerability, the likelihood of persistence of childhood disorders with strong biological and temperamental underpinnings, the pervasive effects of quality of early caretaker-child transactions, the importance of an internal locus of control and communication skills in coping with emotional and academic problems, and the resiliency of most children.
CHILDREN AT HIGH ALTITUDE: PULMONARY AND RENAL ABNORMALITIES.

Changes in pulmonary arteries and renal glomeruli were assessed in children born and resident at high altitude (Leadville, Colorado). The hypoxia appears to arrest normal neonatal decrease of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle in some of these children. No abnormalities were found in pulmonary veins or capillaries. A quantitative study also demonstrated enlargement of renal glomeruli in the hypoxic children after the first month of life, apparently due to a proliferation of normal glomerular elements.
The Redistribution of Bulk Aqueous Phase Phospholipids During Thermal Stressing of Phospholipid‐stabilized Emulsions

— The mechanism of the stabilization of triglyceride emulsions by phospholipids has been studied using an HPLC-FID method to determine phosphatidylcholine, lyso-phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in the oil and aqueous phases of a model emulsion consisting of soybean oil 20 g, egg phospholipid 1·2 g, glycerol 2·25 g and water to 100 mL. It was shown that, on heat sterilization of the emulsions, the phospholipids rapidly relocate from the aqueous phase to the oil phase. It is suggested that the phospholipids concentrate in the oil/water meso phase, forming a cubic liquid crystalline phase, the bulk of which is converted to a lamellar phase on cooling, and that this organization of interfacial material accounts for the enhanced stability of phospholipid emulsions after heat sterilization.
The Interaction of Dialect and Style in Urban American English.

The largely unexplained relationship between stylistic variation and dialect differentiation in urban American English is discussed in terms of five current assumptions made by socio-linguists in recent years. Implications of such assumptions are drawn for language use and language development in inner city schools. Three general guidelines emerge: (i) it is desirable for teachers to encourage the natural development of more formal dialect variants for all of their students with full acceptance of the validity of the less formal dialects that all children use; (ii) teachers should be trained to understand and to accept the informal styles used by all of the students they encounter; and (iii) urban Americans should be encouraged to recognize the emergence of dialect differences in inter-ethnic communication for what they, in fact, are: an indication of developing friendship and informality.
Estimating singularity powers with finite elements

Abstract Six-noded isoparametric finite elements are used to estimate singularity powers for problems with known solutions. The effect of crack length to crack tip element ratios as well as mesh refinement are shown to produce slight deviations in estimates of the singularity power. The bi-material problem with a crack terminating at the interface is investigated. Estimates of the singularity power for various material combinations are presented. A method of possibly improving singularity power estimations using finite elements is discussed.
Magnetic field dependence of the spin—Peierls transition

Abstract We consider the effect of a magnetic field on the spin—Peierls transition within mean-field theory. Using a mathematical analogy to the regular Peierls transition and existing results, we derive formulas for the magnetic field dependence of the transition temperature and of the distortion periodicity.
Excimer laser assisted selective epitaxy of GaP

An ArF excimer laser has been used to achieve homoepitaxy of GaP at 500° C using trimethylgallium and tertiarybutylphosphine as the precursor gases. Dependence of epitaxial growth on several parameters is examined. The crystalline properties of the films are determined using cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. It is found that at 500° C, in the presence of laser radiation, higher growth rate and superior crystalline properties of GaP are achieved compared to purely thermal metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy under the same conditions. Electrical properties of p-n diodes fabricated via Zn doping have also been examined.
The Life History of the Citrus Nematode Tylenchulus Semipenetrans Cobb 1)

Der Lebenszyklus des Citrusnematoden umfasst funf Stadien und vier Hautungen. Die erste Hautung vollzieht sich im Ei. Die Larven im zweiten Stadium zeigten geschlechtlichen Dimorphismus. Die mannlichen Larven begannen ihre Hautung 48 Stunden nach dem Ausschlupfen und vollendeten ihre Hautung innerhalb von 180 Stunden. Weibliche Larven benotigten vor Beginn ihrer Hautung eine sieben- bis vierzehntagige Futterungsperiode auf einem geeigneten Wirt. Ihre Hautung war nach 21 Tagen beendet. Die weiblichen Larven blieben an der Wurzeloberflache und drangen erst als junge Weibchen ein. Die Mannchen waren fur die Reproduktion unnotig. Der Lebenszyklus von Ei zu Ei dauerte sechs bis acht Wochen.
Is Psychoanalytic Education Effective? Comment on Damsa et al. (2010)

While a growing body of empirical data attests increasingly to the efficacy of psychoanalytic treatment, what data do we have that attests to the effectiveness of psychoanalytic education? In this comment on Damsa et al. (2010), I briefly address that question and suggest that—if we are to truly generate passionate interest in psychoanalysis among psychiatric residents and other mental health professionals in training—perhaps we need to begin by researching the largely unresearched process of psychoanalytic education and supervision.
Cell-mediated cytotoxicity evaluation using monoclonal antibody staining for target or effector cells with annexinV/propidium iodide colabeling by fluorosphere-adjusted counts on three-color flow cytometry

Background In addition to 51chromium release assay, flow cytometric methods have been described to assess in vitro cell-mediated cytotoxicity. In this report, we describe a new flow cytometric approach for determination of in vitro cell-mediated cytotoxicity utilizing three-color flow cytometric assay. Methods This method is based on monoclonal antibody staining of either effector or target cells to evaluate cytotoxicity with increased accuracy by utilizing fluorospheres for calibration. The basic strategy involves labeling effector or target cells with a specific fluorescent-conjugated monoclonal antibody, in addition to staining with annexinV-FITC and propidium iodide to identify apoptotic/dead cells. The effector and target cell populations as well as conjugates were clearly and easily identified by this approach. Results We obtained significant correlation between cytotoxicity calculated by this technique and 51chromium release assay results. The integration of fluorospheres allowed us to determine the absolute number of events reflective of the cumulative cell death rather than a cross-sectional, percentage-based cytotoxicity assessment in the target cell population at the time of analysis. Conclusions This method provides additional advantages to other methods and enables the study of target cell fate in more detail, as well as providing a potential contribution to understanding the mechanisms of cell elimination. Cytometry Part A 56A:53–60, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Raman Spectra and polarizability of the neon diatom

Abstract The collision-induced polarized Raman spectrum of neon is obtained for the first time, and its depolarized counterpart. The comparison with wavemechanical computations of the spectra affords a new measurement of the invariants of the diatom polarizability, trace and anisotropy.
α-Amanitin Blocks Translocation by Human RNA Polymerase II

Our laboratory has developed methods for transient state kinetic analysis of human RNA polymerase II elongation. In these studies, multiple conformations of the RNA polymerase II elongation complex were revealed by their distinct elongation potential and differing dependence on nucleoside triphosphate substrate. Among these are conformations that appear to correspond to different translocation states of the DNA template and RNA-DNA hybrid. Using α-amanitin as a dynamic probe of the RNA polymerase II mechanism, we show that the most highly poised conformation of the elongation complex, which we interpreted previously as the posttranslocated state, is selectively resistant to inhibition with α-amanitin. Because initially resistant elongation complexes form only a single phosphodiester bond before being rendered inactive in the following bond addition cycle, α-amanitin inhibits elongation at each translocation step.
Tracks in the Streets: Railroads, Infrastructure, and Urban Space in Baltimore, 1828-1840

This article examines the contested and unprecedented process by which the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad laid tracks through Baltimore’s city streets in the 1830s. Laying tracks in busy thoroughfares raised profound questions about the meaning of urban space and the economic function of the city. Track opponents held that city streets should remain open to free-flowing traffic and condemned railcars for monopolizing public space. Track advocates countered that urban prosperity was rooted in the rapid, efficient movement of goods. This was not a battle of traditionalists versus progressives but a clash between competing visions of urban modernity. Examining these competing urbanisms gives us a window into the spatial dynamics of capitalism and the ways in which industrialization reconfigured local space.
In Vivo Modulation of Host Response and Macrophage Behavior by Polymer Networks Grafted With Fibronectin-Derived Biomimetic Oligopeptides: The Role of RGD and PHSRN Domains

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes/macrophages, foreign body giant cells (FBGC), and lymphocytes are central in directing the host foreign body and inflammatory/immune reactions that impact material biostability, biocompatibility, and device efficacy. We employed the functional architecture of fibronectin to probe the mechanisms of protein-cell interaction in modulating leukocyte behavior. We demonstrated previously that the RGD and PHSRN domain of fibronectin and the spatial orientation between the motifs were crucial in regulating macrophage function in vitro. The current study delineates the role of RGD and PHSRN in modulating the host inflammatory response and macrophage behavior in vivo. Oligopeptides containing RGD and/or PHSRN domains were grafted onto a polyethyleneglycol-based substrate and subcutaneously cage implanted into rats. Peptide identity played a minimal role in modulating the host inflammatory response and adherent macrophage density. The RGD motif, either alone or at the terminal position with the PHSRN-containing flanking sequence, elicited a rapid macrophage fusion to form FBGCs at the early stage of implantation. Both the RGD motif and the PHSRN motif were important in mediating FBGC formation at the later implantation time. However, the PHSRN motif, specifically in the configuration of G3 RGDG6 PHSRNG, evoked a larger extent of FBGC coverage. Our results indicate the importance of RGD and PHSRN in modulating macrophage function in a time and orientation dependent fashion in vivo.
Vaginal vault brachytherapy as sole postoperative treatment for low-risk endometrial cancer

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the efficacy and side effect profile of adjuvant vaginal vault brachytherapy alone after hysterectomy in Stage I endometrial carcinoma. Methods and Materials Between 23/11/1992 and 16/05/2005, a total of 173 patients with early endometrial carcinoma treated with vaginal vault brachytherapy alone postoperatively were identified. Patients were treated using a single-line source vaginal stump applicator (Varian Medical Systems) to deliver a dose of 5.5 Gy per fraction at a depth of 5 mm from the applicator surface. A total of four fractions were delivered treating twice a week giving an overall treatment time of 10 days to deliver the total dose of 22 Gy in four fractions. Results There were 19 deaths in this series, 6 (3.5%) from disseminated endometrial cancer and 13 (7.5%) from unrelated causes. High-risk features of Stage 1C, Grade G3, or clear cell histology were present in all 6 patients who developed metastatic disease. One patient developed a local recurrence alone, which was salvaged with external beam pelvic radiotherapy. The low-risk group defined by Stage 1B and G1 or G2 did not develop distant relapse in this series. Late morbidity was rare except for vaginal stenosis seen in 13%. Conclusions This series confirms that vaginal vault brachytherapy is associated with a high rate of pelvic control and survival after simple hysterectomy for low- and intermediate-risk endometrial cancer with minimal toxicity.
Nature and consequences of dismissals: Implications for public safety and crime prevention in criminal courts in America

Abstract The role of dismissal as a major case disposition in criminal courts in America has been largely neglected in empirical studies to date, despite long-lasting questions about its nature and important implications for justice goals. This paper is a first attempt to fill in this gap. Purpose Drawing on untested assumptions about a possible dismissal-reoffending connection, the paper proposes a public safety framework for examining the nature of dismissals and their consequences for the community. Under this perspective, dismissal is a function of defendants’ risk attributes and contributes to subsequent public safety threat. Methods To test these hypotheses, predictive and causal analyses were conducted on an 800-case sample of criminal defendants in one large urban American jurisdiction, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Cases were sampled at the first judicial stage and followed as a cohort for one year to record disposition and post-disposition outcomes. Results The findings indicate that defendants’ risk attributes contribute to the explanation of dismissal and that dismissal in itself adds to the probability of subsequent offending. Conclusions The findings raise questions about the justice system goals, particularly deterrence and have important policy implications for the processing and disposition of criminal cases in American jurisdictions.
Influenza: a unique problem in vaccination

The genetic attributes of the influenza virus lead to unique problems in vaccination. First, a highly mutable RNA genome, resulting in sequential antigenic variation, could potentially manifest as a vaccine failure or epidemic influenza. Second, a segmented genome that engenders the virus with the capacity for genetic reassortment and the introduction of new antigens into a host population could possibly result in a pandemic. The core problem in combating influenza is the need for continual vaccine revision and induction of broader heterovariant immunity. Current vaccines – the conventional inactivated vaccine and the live attenuated vaccine – rely on technology of strain selection and production methods that is decades old. The immunity induced by these vaccines is dominated by the response to hemagglutinin (HA) and, therefore, the vaccines are most effective when there is sufficient antigenic relatedness between the vaccine strain HA and the circulating wild-type virus HA. Consequently, these vaccines a...
Relationship of Task Success to Task Liking: A Replication:

Two experiments, using a repeated measures design, were performed to test the hypothesis of a positive, linear relationship between degree of success on a task and liking for the task. The hypothesis was confirmed, thus replicating previous results obtained using a randomized groups design.
Werner syndrome protein : Functions in the response to DNA damage and replication stress in s-phase

Werner syndrome (WS) is an excellent model system for the study of human aging. WRN, a nuclear protein mutated in WS, plays multiple roles in DNA metabolism. Our understanding about the metabolic regulation and function of this RecQ helicase has advanced greatly during the past decade, largely due to the availability of purified WRN protein, WRN knockdown cells, and WRN knockout mice. Recent biochemical and genetic studies indicate that WRN plays significant roles in DNA replication, DNA repair, and telomere maintenance. Interestingly, many WRN functions require handling of DNA ends during S-phase, and evidence suggests that WRN plays both upstream and downstream roles in the response to DNA damage. Future research should focus on the mechanism(s) of WRN in the regulation of the various DNA metabolism pathways and development of therapeutic approaches to treat premature aging syndromes such as WS.
A Cross-National Survey of Mental Illness and Treatment

I surveyed 28 countries (including seven territories in Australia and nine provinces in Canada), comparing their most common category of mental illness and the differ ent treatment approaches to these major categories. There were differences between respondents but these differences were not necessarily attributable to the level of socioeconomic development. Methodological issues and programmatic suggestions are explored with recommendations for future research.
Inelastic electron-dipole-molecule scattering at sub-milli-electron-volt energies: HF and NH3.

Studies of destruction of very-high-n (100n400) Rydberg atoms in collisions with the polar targets HF and ${\mathrm{NH}}_{3}$ are reported. Analysis of the data using the essentially-free-electron model suggests that, for ultralow electron energies (\ensuremath{\sim}80 \ensuremath{\mu}eV--1.4 meV), the cross section \ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\varepsilon}) for rotationally inelastic scattering of electrons by a polar target varies approximately as 1/\ensuremath{\varepsilon}, where \ensuremath{\varepsilon} is the electron energy.
Spirometry reference values for navajo children ages 6-14 years

Spirometry is the most important tool in diagnosing pulmonary disease and is the most frequently performed pulmonary function test. Since respiratory disease is the single greatest cause for morbidity and mortality on the Navajo Nation, the purpose of this study was to create new age and race-specific pulmonary nomograms for Navajo children. Five hundred fifty-eight healthy children, ages 6–14 years, attending Navajo Nation elementary schools in Arizona, were asked to perform spirometry to develop population-specific and tribe-specific nomograms for forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1), and FEV1 Ratio (FEV1/FVC). Spirometry tests from 284 girls and 274 boys met American Thoracic Society quality control standards. Lung function values, except for FEV1/FVC, all increased with height. The lower limit of the normal range for FEV1/FVC was 80%. The spirometry reference equations from the healthy boys and girls were developed. Height and the natural log of height were significant predictors of FEV1, FVC, and FEF25–75% in the gender-specific models. The resulting population-specific spirometry reference equations should be used when testing Navajo children ages 6–14 years. However, the use of the NHANES III spirometry reference equations for Caucasian children may not result in significant misclassification in clinical settings providing that a maximal effort is given by the Navajo child being tested. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009; 44:489–496. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A new fixation procedure for preserving the ultrastructure of marine invertebrate tissues

SUMMARY Addition of 0·05% OsO4 to a conventional glutaraldehyde fixative for the first 10 min of fixation was found to improve greatly the preservation of ultrastructure in the eggs of Urechis caupo. Several workers have since confirmed this result in other marine invertebrate tissues. Specific protocols and techniques are given. We believe that the OsO4 rapidly renders the plasma membranes of cells freely permeable to glutaraldehyde, allowing faster penetration of this fixative. This method should be applicable to a wide variety of tissues that are difficult to fix.
Solving protein nanocrystals by cryo-EM diffraction: multiple scattering artifacts.

Abstract The maximum thickness permissible within the single-scattering approximation for the determination of the structure of perfectly ordered protein microcrystals by transmission electron diffraction is estimated for tetragonal hen-egg lysozyme protein crystals using several approaches. Multislice simulations are performed for many diffraction conditions and beam energies to determine the validity domain of the required single-scattering approximation and hence the limit on crystal thickness. The effects of erroneous experimental structure factor amplitudes on the charge density map for lysozyme are noted and their threshold limits calculated. The maximum thickness of lysozyme permissible under the single-scattering approximation is also estimated using R-factor analysis. Successful reconstruction of density maps is found to result mainly from the use of the phase information provided by modeling based on the protein data base through molecular replacement (MR), which dominates the effect of poor quality electron diffraction data at thicknesses larger than about 200 A. For perfectly ordered protein nanocrystals, a maximum thickness of about 1000 A is predicted at 200 keV if MR can be used, using R-factor analysis performed over a subset of the simulated diffracted beams. The effects of crystal bending, mosaicity (which has recently been directly imaged by cryo-EM) and secondary scattering are discussed. Structure-independent tests for single-scattering and new microfluidic methods for growing and sorting nanocrystals by size are reviewed.
Studies on the Bioactivity of Radioiodinated Highly Purified Bovine Thyrotropin: Analytical Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis*

Highly purified bovine TSH (stored in solution at -70 C) was radioiodinated by the stoichiometric chloroamine- T method. The iodinated material was subjected to analytical polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. TSH was eluted from gel slices (1 mm width) and was analyzed for radioactivity and bioactivity. The latter was determined using the cultured thyroid cell cAMP response assay. Radioactivity in the TSH preparation migrated separately from bioactivity, but concordant with the protein bands observed in gels run in parallel. Further studies performed on bovine TSH purified in our laboratory, as well as on a different TSH preparation of exceptionally high potency (both stored as lyophilized powder) revealed a different pattern, with TSH bioactivity and radioactivity eluting concurrently. Iodination of TSH did not alter its electrophoretic migration on disc gel electrophoresis. In all preparations polymorphism of TSH bioactivity was observed, with at least four separate protein bands containing TSH bioa...
Design of an air-cooled metallic high-temperature radial turbine

Recent trends in small advanced gas turbine engines call for higher turbine inlet temperatures. Advances in radial turbine technology have opened the way for a cooled metallic radial turbine capable of withstanding turbine inlet temperatures of 2500 F while meeting the challenge of high efficiency in this small flow size range. In response to this need, a small air-cooled radial turbine has been designed utilizing internal blade coolant passages. The coolant flow passage design is uniquely tailored to simultaneously meet rotor cooling needs and rotor fabrication constraints. The rotor flow-path design seeks to realize improved aerodynamic blade loading characteristics and high efficiency while satisfying rotor life requirements. An up-scaled version of the final engine rotor is currently under fabrication and, after instrumentation, will be tested in the warm turbine test facility at the NASA Lewis Research Center.
Dobutamine stress echocardiography and intraoperative assessment of mitral valve.

o C f N THE ABSENCE OF flail mitral leaflets, mitral regurgitation (MR) may decrease during a stable general anesthetic.1-3 herefore, it may be necessary to simulate the “awake” state by ncreasing preload and/or afterload in order to improve the ssessment of mitral valve function.1-3 The authors report a case uring which intraoperative dobutamine stress echocardiograhy (DSE) was used to further assess the etiology and severity f mitral valve dysfunction.
The importance of chemosensory clues in Aguaruna tree classification and identification

Background The ethnobotanical literature still contains few detailed descriptions of the sensory criteria people use for judging membership in taxonomic categories. Olfactory criteria in particular have been explored very little. This paper will describe the importance of odor for woody plant taxonomy and identification among the Aguaruna Jivaro of the northern Peruvian Amazon, focusing on the Aguaruna category numi(trees excluding palms). Aguaruna informants almost always place trees that they consider to have a similar odor together as kumpaji– 'companions,' a metaphor they use to describe trees that they consider to be related.
Economic substitution for US wheat food use by class

Wheat for food use is conceptualised as an input into flour production and demand is derived from an industry profit function to quantify price responsiveness and economic substitutability across wheat classes. Price and substitution elasticities are estimated for hard red winter, hard red spring, soft red wheat, soft white winter and durum wheat. In general, hard red winter and spring wheat varieties are much more responsive to their own price than are soft wheat varieties and durum wheat. Substitution elasticities indicate that hard red winter and hard red spring wheat are economic substitutes for milling purposes.
Pre- to post-diagnosis weight change and associations with physical functional limitations in breast cancer survivors

Purpose We investigated pre- to post-diagnosis weight change and functional limitations in a cohort of breast cancer survivors.
The Assessment of Specimens Procured by Endoscopic Ampullectomy

Endoscopic ampullectomy (EA) is increasingly used in the management of ampullary neoplasia. Although studies on the safety and efficacy of this procedure exist, no study has specifically addressed the histopathologic features of the specimens. We review our experience with 45 EA specimens assessed for the following: diagnosis, high-grade dysplasia (HGD), submucosal ampullary gland/ductule involvement, specimen integrity, and margin status. Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) status and the endoscopist's impression of completeness of removal were also ascertained. Previous biopsy diagnoses were compared with ampullectomy diagnoses, and histologic and clinical features were correlated with disease persistence. The histologic features of the ampullectomy specimens were as follows: diagnosis (no diagnostic abnormality, 3; reactive, 8; adenoma, 26; adenocarcinoma, 7; other, 1); HGD, 1; submucosal ampullary gland/ductule involvement, 20; specimen integrity (intact, 22; fragmented, 23); and margin status (positive, 20; negative, 2; could not be assessed, 12). Five patients had FAP, and EA was deemed complete in 21 (47%). The diagnostic agreement between preampullectomy biopsy and ampullectomy was 64%. Of the patients, 33 (73%) had documented persistent disease. None of the histologic or clinical features had a statistically significant relationship with disease persistence.
ATM Phosphorylation Kinetics as a Biological Reporter of Cellular Radiosensitivity

AIM: Exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) causes DNA strand break formation, resulting in the rapid activation and autophosphorylation of ATM on Ser-1981. We hypothesize that quantitative analysis of ATM autophosphorylation may serve as a reporter of DNA damage induction and repair after IR in two ATM wild-type prostate cancer cell lines PC-3 and DU-145 and two oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines SCC25 and SQ-20B. METHODS: Immunocytochemistry was performed on glass coverslips using polyclonal anti-phospho-H2AX or monoclonal anti-phospho-ATM phospho-specific antibodies. Cells were treated with 0 to 4 Gy of IR, incubated, fixed, and stained. Stained cells were analyzed using epifluorescence microscopy and discrete foci of brightness in each nucleus were counted. In vitro clonogenic assays were performed to determine the relative radiosensitivity of PC-3, DU-145, SCC25, and SQ-20B cells. RESULTS: Within 10 min after IR, discrete foci of ATM autophosphorylation appeared at putative sites of DNA strand breaks. The number and relative brightness of γ-H2AX and ATM autophosphorylation foci increased linearly with dose at 30 min after clinically relevant IR doses in these cell lines. The relatively radiosensitive PC-3 and SCC-25 cells retained a greater percentage of ATM autophosphorylation and γ-H2AX foci, which was most evident at 30 min after IR. CONCLUSION: Our preliminary data suggest that persistence of ATM autophosphorylation is a promising reporter of in vitro radiosensitivity. Further research is necessary to validate this finding and to develop additional applications for ATM autophosphorylation in radiation research.
Lactoferrin modulation of BCG-infected dendritic cell functions

Lactoferrin, an 80-kDa iron-binding protein with immune modulating properties, is a unique adjuvant component able to enhance efficacy of the existing Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine to protect against murine model of tuberculosis. Although identified as having effects on macrophage presentation events, lactoferrin's capability to modulate dendritic cells (DCs) function when loaded with BCG antigens has not been previously recognized. In this study, the potential of lactoferrin to modulate surface expression of MHC II, CD80, CD86 and CD40 from bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) was examined. Generally, lactoferrin decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, IL-6 and IL-12p40] and chemokines [macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha and MIP-2] and increased regulatory cytokine, transforming growth factor-beta1 and a T-cell chemotatic factor, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, from uninfected or BCG-infected BMDCs. Culturing BCG-infected BMDCs with lactoferrin also enhanced their ability to respond to IFN-gamma activation through up-regulation of maturation markers: MHC I, MHC II and the ratio of CD86:CD80 surface expression. Furthermore, lactoferrin-exposed BCG-infected DCs increased stimulation of BCG-specific CD3(+)CD4(+) splenocytes, as defined by increasing IFN-gamma production. Finally, BCG-/lactoferrin-vaccinated mice possessed an increased pool of BCG antigen-specific IFN-gamma producing CD3(+)CD4(+)CD62L(-) splenocytes. These studies suggest a mechanism in which lactoferrin may exert adjuvant activity by enhancing DC function to promote generation of antigen-specific T cells.
Left atrial rupture in dogs: 14 cases (1990–2005)

Objective: To describe the clinical parameters, treatment, and prognosis of dogs with left atrial rupture secondary to chronic mitral valve insufficiency. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: University referral hospital. Animals: 14 dogs with left atrial rupture. Interventions: None. Measurements and main results: Mixed breed dogs (n=6, 43%) and Shetland Sheepdogs (n=3, 21%) were most commonly affected. The median age was 12 years (range 5.8–18 y). The median weight was 11 kg (range 4–30 kg). Eight dogs had been previously diagnosed with chronic valvular disease. The most common presenting complaints included collapse (13/14), cough (9/14), and dyspnea (8/14). Four dogs were presented in either respiratory or cardiac arrest. Pericardial effusion was present in 13 dogs. The median left atrium:aortic outflow ratio was 2.66 (range 1.66:1–5.52:1). Pericardiocentesis was performed to alleviate tamponade in 3 dogs. Five dogs were discharged from the hospital, 3 of which were euthanized within 35 days of initial diagnosis for recurrence of clinical signs (n=2) and for hematochezia and lethargy (n=1). Five dogs were euthanized while in the hospital for a variety of reasons including DIC, progressive azotemia, collapse and recurrence of pericardial effusion, or possible seizure episode. Conclusions: Although rare, left atrial rupture resulting in pericardial effusion should be considered in older small- to medium-sized dogs presenting with collapse, cough, and dyspnea. The overall prognosis appears poor.
Wirelessly powered bistable display tags

Paper displays have a number of attractive properties, in particular the ability to present visual information perpetually with no power source. However, they are not digitally updatable or re-usable. Bistable display materials, such as e-paper, promise to enable displays with the best properties of both paper and electronic displays. However, rewriting a pixelated bistable display requires substantial energy, both for communication and for setting the pixel states. This paper describes a bistable display tag that, from an energy standpoint, is capable of perpetual operation. A commercial off-the-shelf NFC-enabled phone generates RF signals carrying both the information and energy necessary to update the display. After the update is complete, the display continues to present the information with no further power input. We present one example implementation, a companion display for a mobile phone that can be used to capture and preserve a screenshot. We also discuss other potential applications of energy neutral bistable display tags.
Political Jurisprudence, Public Law, and Post-Consequentialist Ethics: Comment on Professors Barber and Smith

At Professional meetings of political scientists and in journals there have occurred discussions of the future of studies in the field of political science traditionally labeled public law. Now we have the further comments by Rogers Smith in the American Political Science Review and Sotirios Barber in this volume of Studies. The editors of Studies have asked me to join in the Smith-Barber dialogue.
Tabix: Fast retrieval of sequence features from generic TAB-delimited files

Summary: Tabix is the first generic tool that indexes position sorted files in TAB-delimited formats such as GFF, BED, PSL, SAM and SQL export, and quickly retrieves features overlapping specified regions. Tabix features include few seek function calls per query, data compression with gzip compatibility and direct FTP/HTTP access. Tabix is implemented as a free command-line tool as well as a library in C, Java, Perl and Python. It is particularly useful for manually examining local genomic features on the command line and enables genome viewers to support huge data files and remote custom tracks over networks. Availability and Implementation: http://samtools.sourceforge.net. Contact: gro.etutitsnidaorb@ilgneh
Induction of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase in breast cancer tissues treated with the polyamine analogue N1, N11-diethylnorspermine.

The polyamine analogue, N 1,N 11-diethylnorspermine (DENSpm), is currently being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of solid tumors. The response of solid tumors to this drug has been associated with superinduction of the polyamine catabolic enzyme, spermine/spermidine N 1-acetyltransferase (SSAT). Therefore, to estimate the response of breast cancers to DENSpm, we measured induction of SSAT in breast cancer explants treated in vitro with this polyamine analogue. Expression of SSAT protein was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in tissue explants from 38 invasive breast cancer tumors incubated in vitro in the presence (or absence) of DENSpm. In addition, SSAT enzymatic activity was measured in tissue explants from four tumors with high cellularity. SSAT expression was significantly increased in 30 of 38 tumor samples treated with DENSpm compared to untreated controls. This induction of SSAT protein expression was found specifically in neoplastic cells of the treated samples, and was seen in all histologic patterns (ductal, lobular, and mucinous) of breast cancer examined. In tumor samples evaluated for changes in SSAT enzymatic activity, these changes correlated closely with changes in protein expression. Immunohistochemical staining for induction of SSAT correlates with measures of enzymatic activity in a small sample where measurements were possible and suggests that immunohistochemistry may be used for predicting response of breast cancers to DENSpm. A high proportion of breast cancers induced SSAT in response to DENSpm, supporting the continued consideration of this class of agents for treatment of breast cancer.
Empirical Evaluation of the Emotiv EPOC BCI Headset for the Detection of Mental Actions

This study evaluated the detection accuracy of one of the first brain-computer interfaces intended for personal use by normal, healthy users: the Emotiv EPOC. This system allows the user to directly interact with computer software through thoughts alone. The system was evaluated on its ability to accurately detect and classify six sets of paired mental actions over three evaluation phases. Results found the system to perform significantly better than chance for all mental actions, and improve over time with additional training data. The system detected all actions with equivalent accuracy. Additional investigation of individual differences revealed that a user’s gender, age, handedness, attentional control, vividness of visual imagery, and mental rotation ability all had no bearing on the detection accuracy of the system. These results indicate the Emotiv EPOC system performs its function as a brain-computer interface with an acceptable level of accuracy, yielding many new possibilities for human-computer...
Incentives for Using Higher Frequency in Ultrasonic Imaging

Improved resolution is only one of the advantages of using higher frequencies in ultrasonic imaging. Other effects may provide a significant increase in the diagnostically useful information provided by an ultrasound scan. Images made with 2.25 MHz systems are dominated by specular echoes. The extreme angular sensitivity of the specularly reflected signal causes “specular noise,” which limits the contrast and effective resolution of the image. A tissue model is developed for cardiac imaging which assumes Rayleigh scattering in the myocardium. Model predictions for image improvements with higher frequency as specular noise is reduced by the increased proportion of diffusely reflected signal are supported experimentally. Methods for tolerating the increased attenuation at higher frequencies are discussed. The results of computer processing cardiac and liver data recorded in vivo show the feasibility of coherent signal enhancement techniques. A coherent detector which allows temporal averaging and is relatively unaffected by the cardiac motion is defined and demonstrated.
Correction: Biophysical separation of Staphylococcus epidermidis strains based on antibiotic resistance

Correction for ‘Biophysical separation of Staphylococcus epidermidis strains based on antibiotic resistance’ by Paul V. Jones et al., Analyst, 2015, 140, 5152–5161.
Differences in the Behavior of Landraces and Breeds of Dogs

The domestic dog has many phenotypic and behavioral forms. In this chapter we describe five different kinds of dogs and how each has been derived. We trace the background village dog adapting to the age of agriculture, with the coincident transformation of human behavior to permanent settlement. Over centuries, this village dog has changed, adapting to its different geographies and to local agricultural activities. In tandem, people began sorting through the village populations for dogs with appropriate behaviors, and these eventually became the founding stock for breeding programs. In recent centuries, samples of these working and hunting breeds have been collected by kennel clubs, and sexually isolated, becoming at best historic representations of the working or hunting breeds. More commonly they are used as pets, or household dogs, sometimes with sport competitions in the show or agility ringl
Use of 3D Printing by Museums: Educational Exhibits, Artifact Education, and Artifact Restoration

Abstract Educational museum exhibits about 3D printing and additive manufacturing held by Science and Technology Museums are giving the public a firsthand look at the “third wave industrial revolution.” In the area of Art and Natural History Museums, the use of 3D printing technology (printing and scanning) extends both to the replication and restoration of artifacts for on-site display and to the educational mission of the institution with outside delivery of their artifacts and research to their patrons.
Distributed realization of structured transfer function matrices

In this paper, we present in a tutorial fashion some issues regarding efficient search and distributed realization of structured systems which emerge in distributed control problems. We present simple examples to show problems that emerge when we look for distributed realizations of structured transfer functions. These shortcomings are not explicitly addressed in many existing distributed control methodologies. We also review a large class of network systems for which efficient search of optimal networked controller is possible and at the same time a network distributed realization of the optimal controller can be constructed.
Laboratory Studies of Eucelatoria armigera, a Tachinid Parasite of Hetiothis Spp.

Eucelatoria armigera (Coquillett), collected in Arizona from the bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), was reared for 3 years in the laboratory at several constant temperatures in larvae of the bollworm; the tobacco budworm, H. virescens (F.); and H. phloxiphaga Grote & Robinson. The times required for complete development in the bollworm ranged from 49.4±2.4 days at 15°C to 10.7±0.7 days at 30°C. This range compares with 46.6±3.0 days at 15°C and 11.1±0.6 days at 30°C in the tobacco budworm. The periods in both hosts were slightly longer when reared at 32.2°C, and none of the parasites became adults when reared at 35°C. On the basis of development time, successful emergence of the parasites. and ease of host-rearing, the most efficient rearing of the parasites occurred in the tobacco budworm at 30°C. The geographical distribution of the species does not yet appear to include Hawaii, despite 25 years of references to the contrary.
Soluble analog of ApoER2 targeting beta2-glycoprotein I in immune complexes counteracts hypertension in lupus-prone mice with spontaneous antiphospholipid syndrome.

UNLABELLED Essentials (NZWxBXSB)F1 male mice develop antibodies beta2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI) and hypertension. A1-A1 is a soluble analogue of ApoE receptor 2 with a high affinity for β2GPI/antibody complexes. A1-A1 improved blood pressure and arterial elastance in (NZWxBXSB)F1 male mice. A1-A1 had no adverse effects on the hemodynamics of healthy mice. SUMMARY Background Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is diagnosed based on the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies and clinical thrombosis or fetal loss during pregnancy. Lupus-prone (NZWxBXSB)F1 male mice are the mouse model of spontaneous APS. They develop anti-β2GPI antibodies, microinfarcts and hypertension. ApoER2 is a receptor that contributes to anti-β2GPI-dependent thrombosis in APS by down-regulating endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation. Objectives A1-A1 is a small protein constructed from two identical ligand-binding modules from ApoER2, containing the binding site for β2GPI. We studied how treatment with A1-A1 affects the development of hypertension in (NZWxBXSB)F1 male mice. Methods We treated (NZWxBXSB)F1 male mice with A1-A1 for up to 4 weeks and examined changes in hemodynamics by left ventricular pressure-volume loop measurements. Results We observed improvements in blood pressure in the A1-A1 treated mice. A1-A1 prevented the deterioration of arterial elastance by decreasing systemic resistance and improving vessel compliance. We did not detect any adverse effects of the treatment in either male mice or in apparently healthy female (NZWxBXSB)F1 mice. Conclusions We demonstrated that A1-A1, which is a soluble analog of ApoER2 that binds pathological β2GPI/anti-β2GPI complexes, has a positive impact on hemodynamics in lupus-prone mice with spontaneous anti-β2GPI antibodies and hypertension.
Analysis and monitor of drinking water in Changzhi City from 2006 to 2008

Objective:To analyze the monitor results of drinking water in Changzhi City from 2006 to 2008 for health supervision in accordance with the rules.Methods:In accordance with the GB/T5750-2006 Drinking Water Standard Test Method and GB5749-2006 Drinking Water Standard for Health,Analyzing the data of drinking water in Changzhi City from 2006 to 2008.Results:Major results qualified rate of turbidity was 80.06%,88.42% qualified rate of total rigidity was 88.42%,qualified rate of total coliform bacteria was 89.17%,qualified rate of total colonies was 90.76%.Conclusion:Quality of drinking water in Changzhi City from 2006 to 2008 have no change,but quality of centralized water supply is better than quality of decentralized water supply.