cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increase in Strain Energy during Conversion of [4.4.4.5]Fenestrane to [4.4.4.4]Fenestrane: a Method for Estimating the Heats of Formation of Hydrocarbons and Their Derivatives from Ab Initio Energies

Our interest in fenestranes led us to wonder how large the change in strain energy with changes in the ring size might be. This led us to consider if satisfactory estimates of heat of formation could be easily derived from ab initio calculated energies. We started by examining 21 hydrocarbons having well-determined heats of formation via calculations of their enthalpies using W1BD, G4, CBS-APNO, CBS-QB3, and M062X. Making use of the molecular formula and an initial estimate of the energy of a hydrogen atom and of a carbon atom, along with the ab initio enthalpy, we calculated their heats of formation. The carbon energy parameter was adjusted slightly for each model to get the best fit between experiment and our estimate. This approach worked out very well giving an root mean square error of about 0.4 kcal/mol for most methods. This approach was also extended to a larger group of hydrocarbons, and the results were found to be generally useful. The extension to O and N compounds also was examined giving equally good results for the O-containing compounds but somewhat less satisfactory with N-containing compounds. In use, the procedure requires only the molecular formula, the calculated energy, and C, H, O, and N atomic constants given in the tables.
Short self-reported sleep duration among caregivers and non-caregivers in 2016.

Abstract Introduction Caregiving, providing regular care or assistance to family members or friends with health problems or disabilities, may affect caregivers’ sleep. This study examined self-reported short sleep duration by caregiving status among US adults. Methods Data of 114,496 respondents aged ≥18 years in 19 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico from the 2016 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System were analyzed. Prevalence of short sleep duration ( Results Nearly 1 of 5 adults reported caregiving within the past month. A higher prevalence of short sleep duration was reported among caregivers (39.5%) than among non-caregivers (34.2%, adjusted PR [95% CI] = 1.12 [1.06–1.19]). Caregivers who reported prolonged caregiving (≥5 years) reported a higher prevalence of short sleep duration than those with Conclusions Caregivers had a higher prevalence of short sleep duration than noncaregivers. Providing information and community-based resources and supports for caregiving may minimize caregiver stress and improve sleep particularly for those with prolonged or more intense caregiving.
Molecular Dynamics Study of Dehydrated Lipopolysaccharide Membrane

The outer membrane of bacteria is known to play an important role in the rapid response to desiccation, although the causes and the extent of these effects are still mostly unclear. For this reason, in this work we study the desiccation response of the Gram-negative lipopolysaccha-ride (LPS) bacterial outer membranes. By analyzing molecular dynamics simulations of LPS membranes of different composition during desiccation, we identified the formation of a rigid protective layer of polysaccharides that not only reduces the water evaporation but is also able to indirectly preserve several structural features and as such membrane functionality. Overall, we found that the presence of polysaccharide layer is critical in the conservation of a layer of water in proximity of the hydrophobic region as well as the structure of the lipids acyl chain structure.
Abstract 13599: A Truncated Mutation in Filamin C Reveals Non-myocyte Contributions to Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Ipsc-derived Cardiac Fibroblasts

Introduction: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a cardiac genetic disorder that affects 1:500 individuals and represents one of the main causes of sudden cardiac death in young adults. Several m...
Manufacture of 8.4 m segments for the GMT primary mirror

The Richard F. Caris Mirror Lab at the University of Arizona continues production of 8.4 m lightweight honeycomb segments for the primary mirror of the Giant Magellan Telescope. GMT will have a center segment surrounded by six off-axis segments, plus an additional off-axis segment to allow continuous operation as segments are removed for coating. The second off-axis segment was completed and accepted in 2019. We are currently polishing the optical surface of off-axis Segment 3. We have completed work on the rear surfaces of Segment 4, the center segment, and offaxis Segment 5. We are assembling the mold for off-axis Segment 6 with the spin-casting scheduled for March 2021.
The Role of Military Service and Childhood Adversity in US Law Enforcement Officer Health and Wellness

This study is the first attempt to systematically examine the impact of prior military service and childhood adversity on physical and psychological health outcomes during subsequent law enforcement employment. Given that at least one in five US law enforcement officers (LEOs) is a military veteran, and many law enforcement agencies provide preferential status for veterans in the hiring process, understanding the effects of prior military service on LEO physical and psychological well-being is important for supporting officer safety and wellness. Using nationally representative data, we examine the interrelationships between prior military service, combat deployments, childhood adversity, and three health outcomes during subsequent LE employment—PTSD, sleep problems, and suicidality. Contrary to prior research and our hypotheses, we found that prior military service and combat experience were not associated with an increased risk of PTSD, sleep problems, or suicidality. Furthermore, while greater exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) among non-veteran LEOs was linked with increased odds of PTSD, among veteran LEOs, greater ACE exposure was significantly linked with reduced odds of PTSD. We offer several possible explanations to account for these findings.
Changing Perceptions of Marketing Ethics and Social Responsibility in Principles of Marketing

The principles of marketing course usually includes coverage of marketing ethics and social responsibility. This study attempts to gain an understanding of students’ perceptions of the importance o...
Conditionally Markov Modeling and Optimal Estimation for Trajectory With Waypoints and Destination

On a grand scale, motion trajectories are usually defined by an origin, a sequence of waypoints, and a destination. A typical example is in air traffic management (ATM), where a flight from an origin passes several waypoints and arrives at a destination. The origin, the waypoints, and the destination contain useful information for trajectory modeling. On the other hand, due to trajectory design criteria and ATM restrictions and requirements, there are long-range dependencies in a flight trajectory. Such dependencies can be modeled by taking the origin, waypoints, and destination into account in trajectory modeling. In this article, we propose a class of conditionally Markov (CM) sequences to model such trajectories with long-range dependencies. First, we define a general CM sequence as a foundation. Then, we discuss its special cases for different scenarios. We derive dynamic models of these CM sequences in the Gaussian case. We show how parameters of the models can be learned from data or designed. We also justify the use of the proposed CM models for trajectory modeling. In addition, we obtain optimal filters and predictors for different models. Simulation demonstrations are given.
Motherhood, substance use and peer support: Benefits of an integrated group program for pregnant and postpartum women.

Abstract Objective Little is known though about the experiences that pregnant and postpartum women have in integrated care programs for substance use disorder and the mechanisms that may contribute to the treatment success. Methods We conducted 16 semi-structured interviews with women and staff who participated in an integrated care initiative for pregnant and postpartum women with SUD focusing on participants' experiences with the support group. The data was analyzed following a thematic analysis approach. Results Three themes emerged that captured the benefits women felt they received from the peer support group: 1) sustained engagement in, and accountability for, participation in SUD treatment, 2) well-coordinated access to medical and social support resources, and 3) establishing community around motherhood to learn selfacceptance and experience validation. Conclusions This study demonstrates the important role a peer support group within an integrated treatment program can play in supporting mothers in their recovery.
Selection Criteria for Durable Mechanical Circulatory Support

Durable mechanical circulatory support (MCS) is a well-established modality of improving cardiac output, functional capacity, quality of life, and reversing cachexia and multi-organ failure. Selection for durable left ventricular assist devices requires a thorough evaluation by a multidisciplinary team. Cardiac considerations prior to LVAD implantation include assessment of intracardiac hemodynamics, left ventricular cavity size, presence of baseline valvular heart disease and right heart failure. Renal and hepatic impairment are typically reversed post-LVAD implantation. Psychosocial assessment is important to identify high risk patient features including medical non-compliance, substance abuse and neurocognitive impairment. In this chapter, we discuss the comprehensive approach of patient selection for durable MCS.
Losing Oneself in a Great Cause

The short list of top recommendations in this closing chapter is applicable for new and well-established academic leaders and connects to key research findings and operational principles noted throughout the book. Academic leaders across all institutions need to be actively engaged in fundraising and development activities given the urgency to raise greater philanthropic support. This is evident from internal considerations as well as external forces, such as global health issues and economic conditions. Focusing on the impact of gifts and the joy gifts bring to donors can help faculty and academic leaders manage through difficult or challenging conditions.
F 20 via Ne 21 (t,α ) 20 F reaction

In the $^{21}\mathrm{Ne}$(t,\ensuremath{\alpha}${)}^{20}$F reaction at ${E}_{\mathrm{t}=15.0}$ MeV, angular distributions were measured over laboratory angular range 15\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}--67.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} for final states up to 4 MeV, and the results have been analyzed with distorted-wave Born approximation calculations. Extracted spectroscopic factors are in reasonable agreement with the available theoretical predictions and data from (d${,}^{3}$He) reactions.
The Importance of Trust for Satisfaction, Motivation, and Academic Performance in Student Learning Groups

Educators are continuing to investigate ways to improve student learning through collaboration. This study examined one avenue of increasing student group effectiveness: trust. A model of trust in student workgroups was proposed, where trust mediates the relationships between perceived similarity and individual outcomes (grades and satisfaction). Participants in this study included 252 psychology students at a Midwestern university who participated in semester-long group work in the classroom. The findings indicated that students who perceived themselves as similar to their group members were more likely to trust the group. For the outcome measures, trust was positively related to grades; students who had higher levels of trust towards their group members received higher grades than those with lower levels of trust. In addition, trust was strongly and positively related to satisfaction with one’s group and motivation to work in groups in the future. Additionally, trust emerged as a mediator between perceived similarity and satisfaction, but trust did not mediate links between perceived similarity and academic performance. Finally, an exploratory analysis comparing group environments indicated that face-to-face groups may have higher levels of trust than virtual groups. This study adds to current literature by examining an antecedent of trust (i.e., perceived similarity), by linking trust to a performance-based outcome in student groups (i.e., grades), and by supporting previous lab-based findings linking trust to satisfaction and motivation using actual student learning groups.
Die Gemeinfreiheit: Begriff, Funktion, Dogmatik (The Public Domain: Concept, Function, Dogmatics), by Alexander Peukert. Mohr Siebeck, 2012

The reviewer considers a recent book by Alexander Peukert, the professor of civil and commercial law who specializes in international intellectual property law at Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Peukert has devoted the book to defining the limits of the public domain – the realm of intellectual activity in which works are free for anyone to use because the works are not protected by intellectual property rights, are protected but the protection has expired, are subject to an exception to the rights under the law, or are unprotected because the owner of the rights chooses not to enforce the rights. Although the scope of the public domain has been a topic of lively discussion in the United States, it has received only minimal attention in Germany – hence the book is a welcome contribution to the intellectual property literature. The reviewer presents the book to U.S. readers with charts illustrating various views of the public domain.
Development of radiolabeled bombesin analogs for the detection of gastrin-releasing peptide receptor expressing prostate cancer

A70 Introduction: Bombesin (BN) is a tetradecapeptide that binds with high affinity to the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), which is expressed on prostate tumors. It has been demonstrated that BN analogs can be radiolabeled with a variety of radiometals for potential diagnosis and treatment of GRPR-positive tumors. We have previously evaluated a BN analog that consists of the eight C-terminal amino acids of BN (BN(7-14)) conjugated to 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) via an 8 carbon linker (Aoc) to yield DOTA-Aoc-BN(7-14). This was radiolabeled with the positron-emitter, 64Cu, and evaluated in mice bearing human prostate cancer xenografts. GRPR-mediated tumor uptake was observed by microPET imaging; however, there was also significant liver and kidney uptake. In the present study, we sought to reduce this liver and kidney uptake by replacing the Aoc linker with amino acid linkers. Experimental Procedures: The peptides were synthesized by solid phase peptide synthesis to contain linkers with either glycine (G), serine (S), or glutamic acid (E). DOTA was conjugated to BN(7-14) using the three amino acid linkers to form DOTA-linker-BN(7-14). The resulting peptides were DOTA-GGG-BN(7-14), DOTA-GSG-BN(7-14), DOTA-GEG-BN(7-14), DOTA-GSS-BN(7-14), and DOTA-GEE-BN(7-14). The unlabeled peptides were evaluated in a competitive binding assay using human PC-3 androgen independent prostate cancer cells to determine IC50 values. These peptides were radiolabeled with 64Cu and evaluated for internalization into PC-3 cells and for their biodistribution in mice bearing PC-3 tumor xenografts. Results: The competitive binding assay gave IC50 values of 50, 82, 2156, 32, and 19255 nM for the analogs with the GGG, GSG, GEG, GSS, and GEE linkers respectively. The GGG, GSG, and GSS analogs showed good internalization with 555, 680, and 666 fmol/mg being internalized at 24 h, while GEG and GEE did not internalize. The biodistribution studies showed that the tumor uptake for the GGG, GSG, and GSS analogs at 1 h after injection was 4.6, 2.8, and 3.8 percent of the injected dose per gram of tumor (% ID/g), respectively. This tumor uptake was greater than the uptake in all other tissues except for the liver, kidney and the GRPR-positive pancreas. Only the GGG linker demonstrated better tumor to liver and kidney ratios at 4 h compared to the original Aoc linker. In addition, administration of an excess of unlabeled BN demonstrated that the tumor uptake was GRPR-mediated. Conclusions: The tumor uptake of the GGG, GSG, and GSS analogs indicate that they might be useful for PET imaging of GRPR-expressing prostate cancer. MicroPET imaging studies using these analogs in tumor bearing mice are currently underway.
The microphysiology of peripheral taste organs

Recent studies on how peripheral taste organs function have revealed a number of intriguing membrane mechanisms underlying taste transduction. The story is still evolving, but certain generalities can now be stated confidently. For example, there is no one single chemosensory membrane transduction event. Instead, the different taste qualities--sweet, sour, salty, bitter--are subserved by different mechanisms. Furthermore, chemical and electrical synaptic processing in the taste bud is likely to modulate the output of the taste organs and may contribute to how different taste qualities are discriminated. Synapses occur between adjacent cells in the taste organ as well as between receptor cells and sensory fibers. The preponderance of data indicates that biogenic amines are present in taste buds and exert some form of neuromodulatory control, if not frank neurotransmission, in peripheral taste organs. Current research in the microphysiology of taste buds includes extending and refining our understanding of how the apical, chemosensitive regions of receptor cells respond to taste stimuli, identifying what synaptic transmitters exist in taste organs, and exploring synaptic mechanisms in taste buds.
Integration of Soft Signs in Academically Normal and Academically at-Risk Children

The development of motor and sensory proficiency and the integration of soft signs were analyzed for 38 children with average achievement and 29 children achieving below grade level. Motor coordination, speed, and inhibition, as well as the development of sensory function, were evaluated at the time of entrance to kindergarten and again during the first grade. The performance of both groups progressed on tasks measuring motor speed and coordination as well as tactile integration. Although the children achieving below grade level continued to perform the majority of tasks poorly in comparison with the children performing at grade level, on most of the measures they evidenced definite catch-up or greater gain than the children performing at grade level. Their progress on the motor speed and coordination tasks supports the hypothesis of a developmental lag in these areas. Results of tests of motor inhibition were notable for an absence of progression. That children achieving below grade level did not advance in this area would argue against the hypothesis of a developmental lag for all soft signs. Although results of this longitudinal study are preliminary, findings to date would allow for the possibility that both deficits and lags are responsible for the differences between the academically normal and academically at-risk children.
Rapid and precise mapping of the Escherichia coli release factor genes by two physical approaches.

Abstract The termination of protein synthesis in Escherichia coli requires two codon-specific factors termed RF1 and RF2. RF1 mediates UAA- and UAG-directed termination, while RF2 mediates UAA- and UGA-directed termination. The genes encoding these factors have been isolated and sequenced, and RF2 was found to be encoded in two separate reading frames. The map position of RF1 has been reported as 27 min on the E. coli chromosome, while the RF2 map position has not yet been identified. In this study, two new and independent methods for gene mapping, using pulsed field gel electrophoresis and an ordered bacteriophage library spanning the entire chromosome, were used to localize the map position of the RF2 gene. In addition, the location of the RF1 gene was more precisely defined. The RF2 gene is located at 62.3 min on the chromosome, while the RF1 gene is located at 26.7 min. This approach to mapping cloned genes promises to be a rapid and simple means for determining the gene order of the genome.
High impact bonding to improve reliability of VLSI die in plastic packages

Tests performed to determine the critical thermosonic bond parameters and their impact on gold-wire ball bond reliability in large, high-pin-count, plastic-encapsulated integrated circuits are discussed. Bond-pad cratering, lifted metal, and lifted balls are recognized as a serious quality problem in the industry, resulting in assembly yield loss as well as potential reliability problems. It has been found that the strength of the silicon dioxide structure beneath the bond pads is greater for short-duration dynamic forces than for static force. The application of much higher bond forces during ball touchdown, combined with a reduction of static mash force, was found to reduce damage to the subsurface structure and improve reliability of ICs known to be sensitive to cratering problems. >
Building smartphone apps via jQuery mobile

CS/IT/IS students are showing a keen interest in developing smartphone applications as the job market for expertise in these technologies is booming.
The Evidence of Things Not Seen: Non-Matches as Evidence of Innocence

Exonerations famously reveal that eyewitness identifications, confessions, and other “direct” evidence can be false, though police and jurors greatly value them. Exonerations also reveal that “circumstantial” non-matches between culprit and defendant can be telling evidence of innocence (e.g., an aspect of an eyewitness’s description of the perpetrator that does not match the suspect she identifies in a lineup, or a loose button found at the crime scene that does not match the suspect’s clothes). Although non-matching clues often are easily explained away, making them seem uninteresting, they frequently turn out to match the real culprit when exonerations reveal that the wrong person was convicted. This Article uses “non-exclusionary non-matches” and what would seem to be their polar opposite, inculpatory DNA, to show that: (1) all evidence of identity derives its power from the aggregation of individually uninteresting matches or non-matches, but (2) our minds and criminal procedures conspire to hide this fact when they contemplate “direct” and some “circumstantial” evidence (e.g., fingerprints), making those forms of evidence seem stronger than they are, while, conversely, (3) our minds and procedures magnify the circumstantial character of non-exclusionary non-matches, making them seem weaker than they are. We propose ways to use circumstantial matches and non-matches more effectively to avoid miscarriages of justice.
Review: Michael D. Myers & David Avison (Eds.) (2002). Qualitative Research in Information Systems

Das Buch ist eine Sammlung von zwolf Artikeln, die zwischen 1983 und 1996 in diversen Management-Fachzeitschriften veroffentlicht wurden. Ein Vorwort des Herausgebers ist vorangestellt. Das Werk vermittelt auch jenen Leser(inne)n, die mit Organisationspsychologie nicht vertraut sind, einen Uberblick uber die verschiedenen Denkrichtungen, die sich seit der Erfindung des magischen Begriffs "Informationssysteme" in den 1960er Jahren entwickelt haben. Es zeigt die Viabilitat qualitativer Methodologie im Studium von Untersuchungen, die ein hohes Mas an sozialer Komplexitat zum Gegenstand erfordern. Anhand der Ideen und Erfahrungen, die in Qualitative Research in Information Systems expliziert werden, fuhre ich aus, dass und warum die Gegenuberstellung von qualitativen und quantitativen Methoden als sich gegenseitig ausschliesenden Forschungsansatzen irrefuhrend ist. Statt dessen schlage ich die qualitative Erforschung systematisch organisierter Einzelfalle – also eher eine Methodologie als Methodik – als sinnvolle Denkrichtung jeglichen methodologischen Denkens vor. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0502204
Microstructure, hardness and toughness of nanostructured and conventional WC-Co composites

Abstract The microstructure and mechanical properties of nanograin-sized WC-Co composites were investigated and compared with those of conventional cermets. The dislocation density in the nanometer-sized WC crystals is lower than in the conventional ones, and no inclusions are observed in them. Nanostructured composites have higher tungsten content in the binder phase and a higher FCC HCP ratio of the cobalt. An amorphous phase is observed in the binder phase of the nanostructured samples. Hardness and surface toughness were investigated by performing Palmqvist indentations at loads from 0.025 to 40 Kg. The hardness increases with decreasing binder mean free path of dislocation in the binder phase. The high hardness of nanostructured cemented carbides results not only from the ultrafine microstructure, but also from alloy strengthening of the binder phase itself. The variations of hardness with load suggest that the finer grade conventional carbides have higher microfracture strength, and the nanostructured WC-Co composites are superior to the conventional ones in this respect. Bulkfracture toughness is related to cracks developing through the phases of the material. Palmqvist indentation toughness measurements show that the toughness decreases with increasing hardness in conventional composites, whereas the increase of hardness in nano-structured composites does not further reduce their bulk fracture toughness. This implies that different dominant toughening mechanisms exist in the conventional and nanostructured composites.
If you like the alternative vote (a.k.a. the instant runoff), then you ought to know about the Coombs rule

Abstract We consider four factors relevant to picking a voting rule to be used to select a single candidate from among a set of choices: (1) avoidance of Condorcet losers, (2) choice of Condorcet winners, (3) resistance to manipulability via strategic voting, (4) simplicity. However, we do not try to evaluate all voting rules that might be used to select a single alternative. Rather, our focus is restricted to a comparison between a rule which, under the name ‘instant runoff,’ has recently been pushed by electoral reformers in the US to replace plurality-based elections, and which has been advocated for use in plural societies as a means of mitigating ethnic conflict; and another similar rule, the ‘Coombs rule.’ In both rules, voters are required to rank order candidates. Using the instant runoff, the candidate with the fewest first place votes is eliminated; while under the Coombs rule, the candidate with the most last place votes is eliminated. The instant runoff is familiar to electoral system specialists under the name ‘alternative vote’ (i.e., the single transferable vote restricted to choice of a single candidate). The Coombs rule has gone virtually unmentioned in the electoral systems literature (see, however, Chamberlin et al., 1984 ). Rather than considering the properties of these two rules in the abstract, we evaluate them in the politically realistic situations where voters are posited to have (at least on balance) single-peaked preferences over alternatives. Evaluating the two rules under this assumption, we argue that the Coombs rule is directly comparable in that Coombs is always as good as AV with respect to two of our four criteria and it is clearly superior to AV with respect to one of the four criteria, namely criterion (2), and is potentially inferior only with respect to criterion (3). Key to this argument are two new propositions. The first new result shows that, under the posited assumption, for four alternatives or fewe r, AV is always as likely or more likely to select the Condorcet winner than plurality. The second new result shows that, under the same assumptions, the Coombs rule will always select the Condorcet winner regardless of the number of alternatives .
Development of visual centers in the primate brain depends on binocular competition before birth.

Removal of one eye before birth permanently changes the cellular organization and synaptic connectivity of visual centers in the primate brain. The most notable alterations are (i) the lateral geni...
VEGILAB and aquaponics indoor growing system

A multidisciplinary senior project team consisting of five students from Design Engineering Technology (DET) and Manufacturing Engineering Technology (MFET) have been tasked to design and fabricate an indoor growing system using the VEGILAB technique and Aquaponics system. The project involves a collaborative effort between our university and a Japanese company, the project client. The Japanese company is responsible for funding the project and in turn will obtain the intellectual property rights to the project.
A pilot study of depressed adolescents' cortisol patterns during parent-adolescent conflict and response to interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT-A)

Abstract Background This study examined functioning of the Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal (HPA) axis, a neurobiological stress system centrally implicated in depression, as a predictor of treatment response to Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depressed Adolescents (IPT-A; Mufson et al., 2004. Interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents. (second ed.). New York, Guilford Press). Methods The sample consisted of fifteen depressed adolescents (age 12–17; mean age=15.2; 86.7% female) experiencing high levels of conflict with their parents who were recruited to participate in a pilot study of individual IPT-A and IPT-A delivered with greater and more structured involvement of parents. Adolescents came primarily from low-income Latino (93.3%) families. Prior to treatment, adolescents participated in a 15 min conflict negotiation task with their parents in which salivary cortisol was collected prior to and 10, 20, and 30 min post-conflict. Adolescents’ depression symptoms were assessed pre-treatment and post-treatment (week 16) using the Children's Depression Rating Scale (CDRS-R). Results Higher levels of cortisol 30 min after the conflict task were associated with greater improvement in depression symptoms with IPT-A, controlling for baseline levels of depression. Limitations The study has a small sample size. Conclusions This is the first study to examine HPA functioning as a predictor of depressed adolescents’ response to a psychotherapeutic intervention. If replicated with larger samples, these results have important implications for advancing the use of neurobiological markers to personalize psychotherapeutic interventions for depressed adolescents.
Translocation of particle-laden alveolar macrophages and intra-alveolar granuloma formation in rats exposed to Ludox colloidal amorphous silica by inhalation

Rats were exposed to Ludox colloidal amorphous silica at concentrations of 0, 10, 50 and 150 mg/m3 for 6 h/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks. The rats were killed after 4 weeks exposure and at 10 days or 3 months post-exposure (PE). Dose-related pulmonary lesions were observed at 50 and 150 mg/m3, but not at 10 mg/m3. Inhaled particles were mostly phagocytized by alveolar macrophages (AMs) in the alveolar duct region and a few free particles were found in Type I pneumocytes in the alveoli. Particle-laden AMs directly penetrated into the bronchiolar interstitium from alveoli and accumulated in bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT), peribronchiolar, or perivascular interstitium. The particle-laden AMs in the interstitium further migrated into the peribronchial or perivascular lymphatics and accumulated in the tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes (TBLN). Some particle-laden AMs in the BALT transmigrated directly into bronchial lumen through the epithelium. The transmigrated particle laden-AMs in the TBLN were indistinguishable from those seen in the alveoli. They were characterized by slender cytoplasmic processes, phagosomes, myelin figures (alveolar surfactant), cholesterol clefts and lipid droplets. Many migrated particle-laden AMs were necrotic and released particles in the TBLN. The released particles were phagocytized by histiocytes and formed histiocytic granulomas. Silicotic granulomas were initially formed in alveoli with particle-laden AMs and proliferating epithelioid cells. Subsequently, the granulomas were incorporated into the interstitium. However, perivascular silicotic granulomas were developed with accumulation of transmigrated particle-laden AMs and minimal collagenized fibers at 3 months PE. There was no alveolar lipo-proteinosis as seen in crystalline silica exposure.
Micromechanical modeling of load transfer in fibrous composites

Abstract A unified analytical treatment is presented for the study of micromechanical stress distribution in unidirectional fibrous composites loaded with various thermal and mechanical loads. Two models are considered to represent the composite. Both use a concentric cylindrical system with the difference that one requires laterally free while the other requires laterally constrained outer boundaries, broadly describing situations of plane stress and plane strain, respectively. The present work has been motivated by the recent work of McCartney (McCartney, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. A 425 (1989) 215–244) who analyzed the laterally free system, and by our previous work (Nayfeh, Fibre Sci. Technol. 10 (1977)) in which we analyzed the laterally constrained one. For axisymmetric loading, and upon adopting some appropriate restrictions on the radial behavior of some field quantities, an elasticity-based procedure reduces the two-dimensional field equations, which hold in both the fiber and matrix components, together with the appropriate interface and boundary conditions, to a quasi-one-dimensional system. The resulting system is capable of identifying the stress distribution in each component as influenced by the other component via the readily identifiable interaction (transfer) terms. The model is general and applicable to a large variety of situations. These include situations of matrix cracking, fiber break and even regions of slip at the fiber–matrix interface. As a by-product, the model was capable of obtaining the classical Lame solutions (the iso-strain case) as a degenerate case. Confidence in the modeling was gained when it identically reproduced all of the numerical examples presented by McCartney. Numerical results that parallel some of the ones presented by McCartney are included in the form of comparisons between results obtained based upon the laterally constrained and the laterally free systems.
The glissando illusion and handedness.

This article reports the first study of the glissando illusion, which was created and published as a sound demonstration by Deutsch [Deutsch, D. (1995). Musical illusions and paradoxes. La Jolla: Philomel Records (compact disc)]. To experience the illusion, each subject was seated in front of two stereophonically separated loudspeakers, with one to his left and the other to his right. A sound pattern was presented that consisted of a synthesized oboe tone of constant pitch, together with a sine wave whose pitch repeatedly glided up and down (the glissando). These two components alternated continuously between the loudspeakers such that when the oboe tone emanated from the loudspeaker on the left, the glissando emanated from the loudspeaker on the right; and vice versa. The oboe tone was perceived correctly as switching between loudspeakers; however, the segments of the glissando appeared to be joined together seamlessly, such that a single, continuous tone was heard, which appeared to be moving slowly around in space in accordance with its pitch motion. Right-handers (n = 22) tended strongly to hear the glissando move between left and right, and also between low and high in space, as its pitch moved between low and high. More specifically, it was frequently heard as tracing an elliptical path aligned diagonally between a position low and to the left when its pitch was lowest, and high and to the right when its pitch was highest. Non-right-handers (n = 42) perceived the illusion in statistically different ways. The handedness correlates and other implications of the glissando illusion are discussed. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Narrative inquiry into (re)imagining alternative schools: a case study of Kevin Gonzales

Although there are many alternative schools that strive for the successful education of their students, negative images of alternative schools persist. While some alternative schools are viewed as ‘idealistic havens’, many are viewed as ‘dumping grounds’ or ‘juvenile detention centers’. Employing narrative inquiry, this article interrogates how a student, Kevin Gonzales, experiences his alternative education and raises questions about the role of alternative schools. Kevin Gonzales’s story is presented in a literary form of biographical journal to provide a ‘metaphoric loft’ that helps us imagine other students like Kevin. This, in turn, provokes us to examine our current educational practice and (re)imagines ways in which alternative education can provide the best possible educational experiences for disenfranchised students who are increasingly underserved by the public education system.
The interrelationships of radioimmunoassayable urinary albumin, renal function and diabetes

Urinary albumin, measured by radioimmunoassay, was evaluated as a method to assess early renal impairment in 76 insulin (IDD) and 36 noninsulin (NIDD)-dependent diabetic patients. Mean albumin excretion in IDD and NIDD patients was significantly higher at 23 and 12 micrograms/100 ml glomerular filtrate (GF) respectively, compared to 4 micrograms/100 ml GF in normal subjects (P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.05). Abnormal albumin excretion from 20 to 200 micrograms/100 ml GF was observed in 30% of IDD patients (P less than 0.001) and 15% of NIDD patients (P less than 0.03). Albumin excretion was significantly increased in hypertensive IDD and NIDD patients. Significant correlations between albumin excretion and age, duration of diabetes and creatinine clearance were observed, but albumin excretion did not correlate with hemoglobin A1C. These data indicate that (1) 30% of IDD patients not clinically recognized as having renal impairment have abnormal albumin excretion, (2) albumin excretion may reflect renal impairment, since albumin excretion levels independently correlate with duration of diabetes and hypertension in both diabetic subgroups and to glomerular function in NIDD patients, and (3) measurement of urinary albumin by radioimmunoassay may be the most sensitive test to evaluate early renal disease in diabetes.
Modified Young's interferometer

A modified Young’s two-slit interferometer measures the separation between the centers of two slits or two lines when they are nearly coincident. A prototype instrument, which functions as an automatic, interferometric micrometer, is described. This instrument measures the position of a slit with a resolution of 5 nm.
Temporary Threshold Shifts in Hearing from Acoustic Impulses of High Intensities

ResumeII est bien evident qu'une exposition durable ou repetee a des impulsions acoustiques provenant d'armes a feu ou de bruits se repetant irregulierement peut causer un certain degre permanent de perte d'audition. Bien que les rapports entre les formes de perte d'audition et les characteristiques physiques et temporelles des bruits se repetant irregulierement, soient parfaitement comprises, nos connaissances sont moins etendues en ce qui concerne la nature de la perte auditive du a des impulsions acoustiques qui ont des caracteristiques physiques et temporelles differentes.Ce dernier probleme fut recemment attaque graˇce aux mesures des variations temporaires de seuil d'audibilite pour des sons purs a la suite d'exposition a des impulsions acoustiques partant de diverses armes a feu possedant de niveaux d'intensite differents. Le nombre des impulsions et l'intervalle de temps entre ces dernieres a subli des variations systematiquement controlees. Les resultats ont montre que pour des impulsions acousti...
MasterMotion: full body wireless virtual reality for Tai Chi

We present a wireless virtual reality system and MasterMotion, the full-body training application built with it. We combine realtime full-body optical motion capture with wireless audio/video broadcast, belt-worn electronics, and a lightweight head-mounted display (HMD), to provide a wide-area, untethered virtual environment system that allows exploration of new application areas.
A field map guided approach to non-rigid registration of brain EPI to structural MRI

It is known that along the phase encoding direction the effect of magnetic field inhomogeneity causes significant spatial distortions in fast functional MRI Echo Planar Imaging (EPI). In this work, our previously developed distortion correction technique via a non-rigid registration of EPI to anatomical MRI is improved by adding information from field maps to achieve a more accurate and efficient registration. Local deformation models are used in regions of distortion artifacts instead of using a global non-rigid transformation. The use of local deformations not only enhances the efficiency of the non-rigid registration by reducing the number of deformation model parameters, but also provides constraints to avoid physically incorrect deformations in undistorted regions. The accuracy and reliability of the non-rigid registration technique is improved by using an additional high-resolution gradient echo EPI scan. In-vivo validation is performed by comparing the similarity of the low-resolution EPI to various structural MRI scans before and after applying the computed deformation models. Visual inspection of the images, as well as Mutual Information (MI) and Normalized Cross Correlation (NCC) comparisons, reveal improvements within the sub-voxel range in the moderately distorted areas but not in the signal loss regions.
Evaluating Single-Subject Treatment Research: Lessons Learned from the Aphasia Literature

The mandate for evidence-based practice has prompted careful consideration of the weight of the scientific evidence regarding the therapeutic value of various clinical treatments. In the field of aphasia, a large number of single-subject research studies have been conducted, providing clinical outcome data that are potentially useful for clinicians and researchers; however, it has been difficult to discern the relative potency of these treatments in a standardized manner. In this paper we describe an approach to quantify treatment outcomes for single-subject research studies using effect sizes. These values provide a means to compare treatment outcomes within and between individuals, as well as to compare the relative strength of various treatments. Effect sizes also can be aggregated in order to conduct meta-analyses of specific treatment approaches. Consideration is given to optimizing research designs and providing adequate data so that the value of treatment research is maximized.
The activation and transformations of acenaphthylene by osmium carbonyl cluster complexes

Abstract The reaction of Os3(CO)10(NCMe)2 (1) with an excess of acenaphthylene at room temperature provided the complex Os3(CO)10(μ-H)(μ–η2-C12H7) (2). Compound 2 contains a σ–π coordinated acenaphthyl ligand bridging an edge of the cluster. Compound 2 was converted to the complex Os3(CO)9(μ-H)2(μ3–η2-C12H6) (3) when heated to reflux in a cyclohexane solution. Compound 3 contains a triply bridging acenaphthyne ligand. Compound 3 reacts with acenaphthylene again at 160 °C to yield four new cluster complexes: Os4(CO)12(μ4–η2:η2-C12H6) (4); Os2(CO)6(μ–η4-C24H12) (5); Os3(CO)9(μ-H)(μ3–η4-C24H13) (6); and Os2(CO)5(μ–η4-C24H12)(η2-C12H8) (7). All compounds were characterized crystallographically. Compound 4 is a butterfly cluster of four osmium atoms bridged by a single acenaphthyne ligand. Compounds 5 and 7 are dinuclear osmium clusters containing metallacycles formed by the coupling of two equivalents of acenaphthyne. Compound 6 is a triosmium cluster formed by the coupling of an acenaphthyne ligand to an acenapthyl group that is coordinated to the cluster through a combination of σ and π-bonding.
Wormhole defense for cooperative trajectory mapping

Cooperative trajectory mapping is an emerging technique that allows users to collaboratively map a person's movement without using Global Positioning System GPS measurements in indoor scenarios. This is accomplished by letting users periodically transmit limited amount of information, collected from their mobile phones, to a central server for processing. Cooperative mapping solutions have been proposed for applications ranging from people localisation to traffic monitoring. In this paper, we consider the problem of fake trail attacks in cooperative trajectory mapping. In a fake trail attack, the adversary seeks to create a fraudulent shorter path between two locations. The unique characteristics of cooperative mapping make conventional wormhole defenses, such as packet leashes, unsuitable. We propose an efficient algorithm that can successfully deter an adversary from launching such an attack, and we validate the effectiveness of our solution through extensive simulation experiments.
Topology design in networked estimation: A generic approach

In this paper, we consider networked estimation where asymptotic consensus is replaced with only one fusion iteration between every two successive steps of system dynamics. With this restriction on the fusion, we show that the topology of the communication network plays a key role in the observability (and the error stability) of the estimator. For arbitrary system matrices, algebraic design of the communication topology is challenged with (i) large-scale computation, and (ii) particular fusion rules. To avoid these, structured systems theory and the notion of generic observability are implemented, which are computationally tractable and do not rely on exact fusion rules. We show the stability under weak network connectivity as compared to strong connectivity in the literature. In particular, we do not constrain the system matrix to be generically full rank compared to earlier works and show that for system matrices with rank deficiency (in the generic sense), implementing only state-estimate fusion does not recover the networked observability; thus, output fusion is required.
A photographic investigation of the gegenschein and the Earth-Moon libration point L5

Abstract A photographic study of the gegenschein and a search for the suspected “cloud satellites” at the L 5 Earth-Moon libration point was conducted at the McDonald Observatory from March, 1966 to March, 1967. The gegenschein appears to have a well-defined peak in intensity located at the antisolar point, with no measurable geocentric parallax. Neither a net displacement in longitude nor a latitude variation were observed for this peak. The effects of extinction and airglow on the gegenschein's outer isophotes are considered. No evidence was found for the reported “cloud satellites” at the L 5 point, to a level of detection more than 30 times fainter than the brightness reported by Kordylewski and Simpson. It is concluded that the so-called “Kordylewski clouds,” if real, are not associated with the Earth-Moon libration points.
New Pre-Paleozoic Nannofossils from the Stoer Formation (Torridonian), Northwest Scotland

The nature of the sph eroidal unicellular fossils 10 to 62 micrometers in diameter that are abundant in black shales referred to the Stoer Formation of lower Torridonian age at Stoer Bay, in northwest Scotland, is examined. It is shown that their biological affinities are obscure; it is, however, not unlikely that many or most of them are independent unicellular members of the marine phytoplankton.