cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat treatment of a friction-stir-welded and spin-formed Al-Li alloy

Abstract Prototype end domes for cryogenic propellant tanks were fabricated using friction stir welding and spin forming technology. Subsequent heat treatment of a dome to a high strength temper resulted in weldment properties which were below specifications. The microstructural reason for this was identified as abnormal grain growth (AGG) and a modified T8 heat treatment was developed to alleviate the problem. Adoption of this procedure may allow the innovative combination of technologies to be applied to the manufacture of future launch vehicles. In this manuscript, the results of the metallurgical analyses performed to establish why post-forming, pre-solution treatment recovery annealing was effective in suppressing AGG are presented
Simultaneous dual modality optical and MR imaging of mouse dorsal skin-fold window chamber

Optical imaging and MRI have both been used extensively to study tumor microenvironment. The two imaging modalities are complementary and can be used to cross-validate one another for specific measurements. We have developed a modular platform that is capable of doing optical microscopy inside an MRI instrument. To do this, an optical relay system transfers the image to outside of the MR bore to a commercial grade CCD camera. This enables simultaneous optical and MR imaging of the same tissue and thus creates the ideal situation for comparative or complementary studies using both modalities. Initial experiments have been done using GFP labeled prostate cancer cells implanted in mouse dorsal skin fold window chamber. Vascular hemodynamics and vascular permeability were studied using our imaging system. Towards this goal, we developed a dual MR-Optical contrast agent by labeling BSA with both Gd-DTPA and Alexa Fluor. Overall system design and results of these preliminary vascular studies are presented.
Microchannel Pressure Measurements Using Molecular Sensors

Fluid mechanics on the microscale is an important subject for researchers who are interested in studying microdevices since physical phenomena change from macroscale to microscale. Channel flow is a fundamental topic for fluid mechanics. By using a molecular sensor known as pressure-sensitive paint (PSP), detailed pressure data can be obtained inside the microchannel and at the channel entrance. The achievable spatial resolution of the acquired pressure map can be as high as 5 mum. PSP measurements are obtained for various pressure ratios from 1.76 to 20, with Knudsen number (K n) varying from 0.003 to 0.4. Compressibility and rarefaction effects can be seen in the pressure data inside the microchannel and at the channel entrance.
Optimization of Textured Photonic Crystal Backside Reflector for Si Thin Film Solar Cells

A new backside reflector, textured photonic crystal, is introduced into Si thin film solar cells. Scattering matrix method is used to systematically optimize all the parameters of the two components of the backside reflector, grating and distributed Bragg reflector, to achieve the highest power conversion efficiency for a given solar cell thickness. Experimentally, Si-on-insulator solar cells are being fabricated to verify the tremendous efficiency enhancement and optimal design. It is found that while the optimal period and etch depth of the grating, the Bragg wavelength of the distributed Bragg reflector, as well as the antireflection coating thickness all decrease as the cell becomes thinner, the optimum duty cycle of the grating remains almost constant at 0.5. For a 2 μm thick cell, the relative efficiency enhancement can be as high as 52% using the optimized design.
Effects of fractionated radiation on the brain vasculature in a murine model: blood-brain barrier permeability, astrocyte proliferation, and ultrastructural changes.

Purpose: Radiation therapy of CNS tumors damages the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and normal brain tissue. Our aims were to characterize the short- and long-term effects of fractionated radiotherapy (FRT) on cerebral microvasculature in mice and to investigate the mechanism of change in BBB permeability in mice. Methods and Materials: Intravital microscopy and a cranial window technique were used to measure BBB permeability to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran and leukocyte endothelial interactions before and after cranial irradiation. Daily doses of 2 Gy were delivered 5 days/week (total, 40 Gy). We immunostained the molecules to detect the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and to demonstrate astrocyte activity in brain parenchyma. To relate the permeability changes to endothelial ultrastructural changes, we used electron microscopy. Results: Blood-brain barrier permeability did not increase significantly until 90 days after FRT, at which point it increased continuously until 180 days post-FRT. The number of adherent leukocytes did not increase during the study. The number of astrocytes in the cerebral cortex increased significantly; vesicular activity in endothelial cells increased beginning 90 days after irradiation, and most tight junctions stayed intact, although some were shorter and less dense at 120 and 180 days. Conclusions: The cellular and microvasculature response of the brain to FRT is mediated through astrogliosis and ultrastructural changes, accompanied by an increase in BBB permeability. The response to FRT is delayed as compared with single-dose irradiation treatment, and does not involve leukocyte adhesion. However, FRT induces an increase in the BBB permeability, as in the case of single-dose irradiation.
Oxygen sensation and social feeding mediated by a C. elegans guanylate cyclase homologue

Specialized oxygen-sensing cells in the nervous system generate rapid behavioural responses to oxygen. We show here that the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans exhibits a strong behavioural preference for 5–12% oxygen, avoiding higher and lower oxygen levels. 3 0 ,5 0 -cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is a common second messenger in sensory transduction and is implicated in oxygen sensation. Avoidance of high oxygen levels by C. elegans requires the sensory cGMP-gated channel tax-2/tax-4 and a specific soluble guanylate cyclase homologue, gcy-35. The GCY-35 haem domain binds molecular oxygen, unlike the haem domains of classical nitric-oxide-regulated guanylate cyclases. GCY-35 and TAX-4 mediate oxygen sensation in four sensory neurons that control a naturally polymorphic social feeding behaviour in C. elegans. Social feeding and related behaviours occur only when oxygen exceedsC. elegans’ preferred level, and require gcy-35 activity. Our results suggest that GCY-35 is regulated by molecular oxygen, and that social feeding can be a behavioural strategy for responding to hyperoxic environments.
A Symmetry-Based Generative Model for Shape

We propose a novel generative language for shape that is based on the shock graph: given a shock graph topology, we explore constraints on the geometry and dynamics of the shock graph branches at each point required to generate a valid shape, i.e., with no self-intersection, cusps, or crossovers. We model the shape boundary as a piece-wise smooth circular arc spline, which is dense in the space of piecewise smooth curves. Using this model we derive an independent set of parameters which generate a variety of shapes and satisfy the reconstruction constraints. We show simple examples of using this generative model as an active deformable shape and for morphing between two shapes. The results illustrate that it is possible to generate any generic shape with relatively few parameters, further reduced if prior knowledge of shape is available.
Pediatric Retinal Detachment Due to Coats' Disease Diagnosed with Bedside Emergency Department Ultrasound

Atraumatic retinal detachment in a pediatric patient is an extremely rare but vision-threatening disease process. Obtaining an adequate history and physical examination in children presenting with eye complaints can be extremely challenging, as young children are frequently unable to provide a good history or comply with a detailed physical examination. The use of high-resolution bedside ultrasonography in the Emergency Department can assist practitioners with obtaining detailed images of structural intraocular pathology. We present the unusual case of a suspected atraumatic retinal detachment in a pediatric patient that was confirmed using this novel imaging modality.
Signal Detection and Abrupt-Channel Tracking for MC-CDMA

In this paper, a channel estimation and multiuser detection method is presented for uplink MC-CDMA systems in time-varying environment. Based on the fact that the channel coefficients of two successive symbols are highly correlated, joint channel tracking and signal detection are carried out iteratively. A major contribution of the proposed approach is that it enables robust error propagation control, and is capable of detecting and tracking abrupt channel changes effectively. Simulation examples demonstrate the robustness of the proposed algorithms.
Metabolic studies in eviscerated rats with functional livers.

SummaryA new technique is described for evisceration in the rat in which liver function is preserved. These animals lack all known sources of glucagon and insulin and are capable of active gluconeogenesis, urea formation and ketone body production by the liver. Measurements of blood levels of the metabolites of the caloric substrates showed that, unlike the classical eviscerate preparation, these animals maintain high blood glucose, urea and ketone body levels for up to 72 hr as contrasted with the profound decrease in these constituents in the absence of the liver. Survival time is also significantly extended from about 6 hr in rats lacking liver function to 72 hr or more when the liver is viable. This new surgical preparation is a valuable tool for studying the role of the liver in absence of the known gastroentero-pancreatic hormones. It would also be utilized as a model of “acute” diabetes.
Power Calibration Standard Based On Digitally Synthesized Sinewaves

The unit of electric power at 60 Hz is often derived using impedance bridge techniques in which the alternating voltage is referred to the direct voltage standard through a thermal converter. An alternative calibration technique is described in which the ac to dc transfer is made through digital-to-analog converters (DACs) in the form of a dual-channel digital sinewave generator. The power is calculated from measurements of voltage, current, and phase angle, all of which rely on the accuracy of the digital generator and ultimately on the accuracy of the DACs. Measuirement uncertainties of less than 100 ppm have been achieved.
Construct validity and extended normative data for older adults for the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test, Revised.

Purpose:This study examined the construct validity of a visual memory test (Brief Visuospatial Memory Test, Revised [BVMT-R]) in a sample of older adults and provided normative data for adults aged...
Heterogeneous uptake of the C 1 to C 4 organic acids on a swelling clay mineral

Mineral aerosol is of interest due to its physiochemical impacts on the Earth's atmosphere. However, adsorbed organics could influence the chemical and physical properties of atmospheric mineral particles and alter their impact on the biosphere and climate. In this work, the heterogeneous uptake of a series of small organic acids on the swelling clay, Na-montmorillonite, was studied at 212 K as a function of relative humidity (RH), organic acid pressure and clay mass. A high vacuum chamber equipped with a quadrupole mass spectrometer and a transmission Fourier transform infrared spectrometer was used to detect the gas and condensed phases, respectively. Our results show that while the initial uptake efficiency was found to be independent of organic acid pressure, it increased linearly with increasing clay mass. Thus, the small masses studied allow access to the entire surface area of the clay sample with minimal effects due to surface saturation. Additionally, results from this study show that the initial uptake efficiency for butanoic (butyric) acid on the clay increases by an order of magnitude as the RH is raised from 0% to 45% RH at 212 K while the initial uptake efficiency of formic, acetic and propanoic (propionic) acids increases only slightly at higher humidities. However, the initial uptake efficiency decreases significantly in a short amount of time due to surface saturation effects. Thus, although the initial uptake efficiencies are appropriate for initial times, the fact that the uptake efficiency will decrease over time as the surface saturates should be considered in atmospheric models. Surface saturation results in sub-monolayer coverage of organic acid on montmorillonite under dry conditions and relevant organic acid pressures that increases with increasing humidity for all organic acids studied. Additionally, the presence of large organic acids may slightly enhance the water content of the clay above 45% RH. Our results indicate that heterogeneous uptake of organic acids on swelling clay minerals provides an important irreversible heterogeneous sink for these species.
Reorganizing School Mathematics for Quantitative Literacy

Thi s paper offe rs an alternative curriculum for high school mathematics. It proposes replacing the AlgebraGeometry-Algebra rush to calculus model with one which focuses on improving student problem-solving skills and general quantitative literacy skills while reinforcing basic manipulative skills. Most of these goals are gained by expanding the current single-year algebra-one course into two years. The mode l proposes moving “learning to write proofs” from the traditional geometry course into a separate discrete mathematics course. It requires statistics for every student, and requires a senior-level modeling course for every college-going student. In addition, the proposed model creates opportunities for students to move at their own pace through the program by organizing courses in semester units rather than year-long units.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-motor neuron disease, monoclonal gammopathy, hyperparathyroidism, and B12 deficiency: case report and review of the literature

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (the most common form of motor neuron disease) is a progressive and devastating disease involving both lower and upper motor neurons, typically following a relentless path towards death. Given the gravity of this diagnosis, all efforts must be made by the clinician to exclude alternative and more treatable entities. Frequent serology testing involves searching for treatable disorders, including vitamin B12 deficiency, parathyroid anomalies, and monoclonal gammopathies. We present the case of a 78-year-old Caucasian man with all three of the aforementioned commonly searched for disorders during an investigation for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The clinical utility of these common tests and what they ultimately mean in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is discussed, along with a review of the literature.
Modeling of Turbulent Flowfields Through a Cascade of Airfoils at Stall Conditions

A numerical method of predicting the properties of turbulent flows through a cascade of airfoils at stall conditions has been developed and appraised. The numerical scheme is based on the fully conservative control volume representation of governing Navier-Stokes equations and solves the governing equations in elliptic form. Two different turbulence closure schemes (two-equation model and an algebraic Reynolds stress model) are used and compared for the effects of the streamline curvature. Comparisons with the available experimental data show that the present method predicts complex turbulent flows through a cascade of airfoils at stall conditions with accuracy satisfactory for engineering purposes.
Effect of Pressure, Subcooling, and Dissolved Gas on Pool Boiling Heat Transfer From Microporous Surfaces in FC-72

The present research is an experimental study of the effects of pressure, subcooling, and non-condensable gas (air) on the pool nucleate boiling heat transfer performance of a microporous enhanced and a plain (machine-roughened) reference surface. The test surfaces, 1-cm 2 flat copper blocks in the horizontal, upward facing orientation, were immersed in FC-72. The test conditions included an absolute pressure range of 30-150 kPa, a liquid subcooling range of 0 (saturation) to 50 K, and both gas-saturated and pure subcooling conditions. Effects of these parameters on nucleate boiling and critical heat flux (CHF) were investigated
Investigation and development of statistical methods for gene expression data analysis

Gene expression data analysis is a critical component to how today’s researchers comprehend biological function at a molecular level. With the amount of data being generated outstripping the ability to analyze it, it is critically important that the development of statistical methodology keep pace with technological advancement in order to fully take advantage of this wealth of information. In this dissertation, we examine issues that are presented in the context of gene expression analysis and develop new methods to account for these complications via three separate papers, contained in Chapters 2, 3, and 4. Chapters 2 and 3 are closely related in their relevance to the detection of differential expression and multiple testing procedures for microarray analysis. Specifically, in Chapter 2 we modify an existing semiparametric estimator of the true null proportion of hypothesis tests to make use of permutation testing. We argue that this approach is more appropriate for the typically small sample sizes of microarray experiments, especially since expression data is nonnormal. We show that our modification is more accurate than the original approach using simulated data based upon real microarray expression values, and advocate its use for microarray analysis when small sample sizes are used. In Chapter 3, we examine the implications of rejecting a fixed number of genes for the detection of differential expression on FDR estimation. We employ a wide variety of estimators which assume a uniformly distributed empirical null p-value distribution, and our findings show that there is a strong, negatively correlated relationship with FDR estimates and the true proportion of false discoveries, Q, when significance is determined in this fashion. This phenomenon is observed over a wide variety of simulation conditions. We also show that, in conjunction with publication bias, this type of significance threshold selection results in liberally biased estimates of FDR. We contrast these estimators with Efron’s empirical null approach, which produces an FDR estimator which is positively correlated with Q. xii Chapter 4 involves the development of a method for simultaneously classifying the transcriptional activity of genes using RNA-Seq data. We specifically consider a crossbreeding experiment involving two inbred lines of maize in order to investigate the complementation model of heterosis. We use a negative binomial distribution to model the read counts, and assume a simple latent class model for transcriptional activity. Application of this model to experimental as well as simulated data provides reasonable classifications and identifies specific genes that appear to be in accordance with the complementation theory of heterosis. We argue for the use of this model in other breeding experiments to further investigate the complementation theory.
Experiments on centrifugally driven thermal convection in a rotating cylinder

Heat-transfer measurements have been carried out in a right circular cylinder of fluid which is heated from above and rotated steadily about its vertical axis. Convection is produced relative to solid-body rotation through the coupling of the centrifugal acceleration and density variations in the fluid. Two silicone oils having kinematic viscosities of 350 cS and 0·65 cS were used in the experiments. In the former case viscous forces are important throughout the cylinder whereas in the latter case Ekman layers form and the Coriolis acceleration controls the interior flow. With the 350 cS oil the Nusselt number for heat transfer from the top to the bottom of the cylinder is a function of Gr ω and r 0 , where Gr ω is a Grashof number defined by employing the centrifugal acceleration evaluated at the outer edge of the cylinder in place of the gravitational acceleration, and r 0 is the cylinder aspect ratio. The behaviour is quite different for the 0·65 cS oil. Ekman layers form on the horizontal surfaces and heat is convected by Ekman suction. The Nusselt number is given by \[ Nu = 4.16\beta^{0.822}\epsilon^{-0.499}r_0^{0.173},\quad Ac\leqslant 0.025,\quad\sigma\beta\epsilon^{-\frac{1}{2}} > 0.7, \] where β is the thermal Rossby number, e is the Ekman number, σ is the Prandtl number, and Ac is the ratio of gravitational to centrifugal accelerations. This is consistent with previous theories which indicate that the system should depend on the parameters σβe −½ and r 0 in the limit as e and β approach zero.
Development of an Airport Choice Model for General Aviation Operations

The general aviation airport choice model is used to estimate general aviation (GA) person trips and number of aircraft operations through a set of airports given initial trip demand (GA person trips) from a set of counties. A pseudogravity model embedded in the model is used to distribute the intercounty person trips to the set of airports. The interairport person trips are then split into person trips by aircraft type (single, multiple, or jet engine). To split the trips, an attractiveness factor is developed on the basis of average occupancy, level of use, a distance distribution factor, and number of operations of each aircraft type. The person trips by aircraft type are then converted to aircraft operations with the use of occupancy factors for each aircraft type. The final model output is the number of aircraft operations by each aircraft type, in the form of three interairport trip tables. The estimated GA operations provide a means of assessing the impact of GA activities on the National Airspace System. The model output may also be used to assess the viability of GA aircraft as a competitive mode of transportation for intercity travel.
Automatic techniques for insertion of three-dimensional objects into a video sequence

Combining 3-D graphics and video to generate a seamless visual stream is an important problem encountered in producing multimedia content. Difficulties in dealing with perspective, occlusion and illumination make this problem challenging. I propose techniques based on standard computer vision algorithms that address perspective and occlusion problems effectively. The key insight employed is that while the general vision problem is difficult to solve, the nature of this application permits simple, effective solutions. I present results of the proposed algorithms on a sample test video sequence.
Effect of administration of oral neutral phosphate in hypophosphatemic rickets

Observations made in a young girl with sporadic hypophosphatemic vitamin D-resistant rickets are presented. Combined therapy with citrate buffer and vitamin D, ranging in dosage from 25,000 to 600,000 units daily for 17 months, did not result in substantial improvement. Healing occurred during a subsequent two months' period of combined therapy with 400,000 units of vitamin D and phosphate supplements providing 1,760 mg. of elemental phosphorus per day.
Tris(2,2′‐bipyridyl‐N,N′)­iron(II) bis[tetra­chloro­ferrate(III)]

The title compound, [Fe(C10H8N2)3][FeCl4]2, consists of a pseudo-octahedral tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)­iron(II) cation and two pseudo-tetrahedral tetra­chloro­ferrate(III) anions.
Emerging global role of small lakes and ponds: little things mean a lot

Emerging global role of small lakes and ponds: little things mean a lot Until recently, small continental waters have been completely ignored in virtually all global processes and cycles. This has resulted from the neglect of these systems and processes by ecologists and the assumption that ecosystems with a small areal extent cannot play a major role in global processes. Recent inventories based on modern geographical and mathematical approaches have shown that continental waters occupy nearly twice as much area as was previously believed. Further, these inventories have shown that small lakes and ponds dominate the areal extent of continental waters, correcting a century- long misconception that large lakes are most important. The global importance of any ecosystem type in a process or cycle is the product of the areal extent and the intensity of the process in those ecosystems. Several analyses have shown the disproportionately great intensity of many processes in small aquatic ecosystems, indicating that they play an unexpectedly major role in global cycles. Assessments of the global carbon cycle underscore the need for aquatic scientists to view their work on a global scale in order to respond to the Earth's most pressing environmental problems.
Design Of A Min-Sum Arborescence With Outage Costs

We present an integer programming formulation of the min-sum arborescence with node outage costs problem. The solution to the problem consists of selecting links to connect a set of terminal nodes to a root node with minimal expected annual cost, where the annual cost is the sum of annual links costs and annual outage costs. The links in the network are prone to failure and each terminal node has an associated outage cost, which is the economic cost incurred by the network user whenever that node is disabled from the central node due to failure of a link. We suggest a Lagrangian-based heuristic to get a good solution to this problem. This solution procedure also gives lower bounds to the optimal solution and is used to assess the quality of the heuristic solution. Numerical experiments taken from instances with up to 100 nodes are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed heuristic.
Empirical studies on embodied conversational agents

A great deal of effort has been put into developing Embodied Conversational Agent (ECA) systems that provide a human-like assistant in the user interface. However, little is known whether improvements to ECA interfaces made by such efforts can ever be significant from the user's point of view. Do users really expect, perceive and treat ECAs as equal conversational partners? Can ECA interfaces have advantages in terms of users' task performance and satisfaction over traditional interfaces, besides entertainment value? Where is the bottleneck for creating both believable and useful ECAs? To address these questions, I studied user experiences with ECA interfaces and evaluated the ECA style of interaction with respect to user expectation, perception, behavior and performance. I introduce a conceptual framework that offers a holistic view of the design space of ECA systems. I also have created a middleware toolkit that facilitates rapid development of application content across different speech and animation platforms. A series of user studies has been carried out to investigate the similarities and differences between human-computer interaction and human-ECA interaction and between human-ECA interaction and human-human interaction. Results from these studies provide strong evidence that people are consciously aware of the capabilities and limitations of ECAs. Traditional GUI design heuristics should be carefully followed when designing ECA interfaces. Furthermore, the results soundly suggest that designers of ECA interfaces take extra care to accommodate individual differences and preferences. Social norms that guide human-human interaction greatly affect individual's expectation and perception of ECA characteristics. The findings support the argument that drawing from both human-computer interaction and human-human interaction can be significantly advantageous to the design of both effective and affective human-ECA interaction.
Effects of exercise on c-reactive protein in healthy patients and in patients with heart disease: A meta-analysis

Decreases in circulating hsCRP have been associated with increased physical activity and exercise training, although the ability of exercise interventions to reduce hsCRP and which individuals benefit the most remains unclear. This meta-analysis evaluates the ability of exercise to reduce hsCRP levels in healthy individuals and in individuals with heart disease. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted that included exercise interventions trials from 1995 to 2012. Forty-three studies were included in the final analysis for a total of 3575 participants. Exercise interventions significantly reduced hsCRP (standardized mean difference -0.53 mg/L; 95% CI, -0.74 to -0.33). Results of sub-analysis revealed no significant difference in reductions in hsCRP between healthy adults and those with heart disease (p = .20). Heterogeneity between studies could not be attributed to age, gender, intervention length, intervention type, or inclusion of diet modification. Exercise interventions reduced hsCRP levels in adults irrespective of the presence of heart disease.​.
Lowes Companies, Inc. And The Home Improvement Industry In 2007

W ith the housing boom coming to an end, rising interest rates, and decreasing consumer spending on home improvement products, the home improvement industry is on the brink of change. The industry is seeing increased costs for fuel, raw materials, and lumber in addition to shortages of raw materials. Past years sales growth rates (9.3% in 2005) are expected to slow to 4-5% as the industry reaches maturity. Will Lowes Companies domestic growth strategy be sufficient in the years to come? Robert Niblock, Lowes chief executive expressed confidence in the companys ability to maintain its momentum when he stated, Recent data suggest continued favourable trends in employment levels and income growth which will offset some of the monetary pressures consumers are facing, such as rising fuel prices and interest rates. He also stated, As trends in the housing market normalize from the rapid growth experience over the past few years, we believe we have the programs in place to continue to capture share and deliver solid earnings growth.
Reversible Photo-Induced Currents in Epitaxial Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 Thin Films

The pyroelectric and photogalvanic effects have been studied extensively in epitaxial Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 (PZT) thin films. For the first time, photo-induced currents, which were completely reversible by electrical voltage, were observed in ferroelectric thin films. The photo-induced currents exhibited transient and steady state components. The transient component, in turn, consisted of two components with fast (<1 µs) and slow (~hours) relaxation times. The mechanisms of the photo-induced currents in PZT films and their possible application in non-destructive readout ferroelectric memory are discussed.
Yaws: 110 Years After Castellani's Discovery of Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue

Yaws is a neglected infectious disease that affects mostly children and adolescents living in poor, rural communities in humid, tropical areas of Africa, southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands. The etiological agent of yaws, Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue (T. pertenue), was discovered by Aldo Castellani in 1905 shortly after Schaudinn and Hoffmann discovered the etiological agent of syphilis, T. pallidum subspecies pallidum. The discovery of T. pertenue enabled the development of animal models and the identification of an effective antibiotic treatment (i.e., penicillin) for yaws. A World Health Organization (WHO) mass treatment campaign from 1952 to 1964 reduced the global burden of yaws by 95%, but failed to eradicate this disease. Today, 110 years after Castellani's discovery of T. pertenue, yaws is again targeted for eradication. Recent advances in the treatment and diagnosis of yaws improve the likelihood of success this time. However, several challenges must be overcome to make the goal of yaws eradication attainable.
A Community Discovery Algorithm with Variable Resolution

Introducing some relational conceptions of complex network and community structure,a new community discovery algorithm based on core nodes detecting was proposed.Integrated feature value and gain function are employed in the new algorithm.Comprehensive eigenvalue which is related to the node degree and clustering coefficient is used to detect core nodes in community and the gain function judges when to get the best partition of community structure.The new algorithm is implemented with C++.Experimental results on the classic datasets demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the algorithm.Further,the parameter can be tuned to get more detailed structure of the complex network than traditional algorithm which is very useful in many situations.
A surveys on current status of HIV and syphilis infection among men who have sex with men

Objective To better understand the current status of HIV and syphilis infection among men who have sex with men(MSM)in Dongcheng district of Beijing and to analyze the epidemic trend and related factors. MethodsA questionnaire survey was conducted among MSM who came to the clinic for voluntary counseling and test(VCT) in Dongcheng district of Beijing during 2010to 2012to collect basic information as demographic characteristics,sexual behavior and infection history.Blood samples were also collected for HIV and syphilis detection.SPSS 17.0software was used for data statistical analysis. Results A total of 402MSM were surveyed.More than half(69.40%)were younger than 30and were singles(76.37%).67.91%of MSM were high school graduates or even with lower education level.As high as 91.54% MSM were not native residents.121MSM claimed of using condoms during sex intercourse for the past six months and 237admitted of having been tested for HIV.Blood test revealed that 52were HIVpositive and 71were syphilis-positive with the positive rates of 12.94%and 17.66%,respectively.MSM with lower education were more likely to get HIV and syphilis infection compared to high-educated MSM(χ 2=7.265,P= 0.026;χ 2=16.328,P0.01). Conclusions Majority of MSM for VCT are young adults,unmarried,usually with high school or lower education level,and with high syphilis infection rate.HIV infection is uprising.Therefore, more effective intervention needs to be added to current intervention methods.
A comparison of clearances on tidal peritoneal dialysis and intermittent peritoneal dialysis

ObjectivesTo compare the small molecule clearances on tidal peritoneal dialysis (TPD) and intermittent peritoneal dialysis (IPD), controlling for dialysate flow rate.DesignAlternating 8-hour treatm...
Problems of the Re-Structuring of Agriculture in the Light of the Polish Experience

The title of this paper could give rise to a misunderstanding about the author’s opinions. It is therefore worth starting by indicating his disagreement with simplified conceptions of agricultural re-structuring when these conceptions centre on one of the forms of land concentration. This is not to deny the importance of the problem of land ownership within the context of the factors determining the socio-economic and technical-economic structures within this sector. But in the developed countries, it is a long time since agriculture was dominated by reciprocal factor substitution of land and labour both at the level of production forces and at the level of the relations of production. It is the substitution of either or both by a third factor, namely, by man-made and accumulated means of production, which becomes decisive in determining agricultural structures. This is manifested in several ways: in the increasing divergence between the price of land and the theoretical product of the capitalization of the farming rent that might be derived from the same land as a holding; in the diminishing importance of rent in the total cost of production; and so on. The old race for new land, even land less favourable to cultivation, is being replaced by a gradual trend of abandoning regions which were, until recently, agricultural.
Bibliographic instruction or information literacy

Les grande lignes du rapport de l'American Association Library de juin 1989 sur ce qui a ete appele l'«Information Literacy» sont rapportees. Il apparait que l'aptitude a exploiter l'information utile releve surtout de l'enseignement bibliographique qui peut etre pratique dans les bibliotheques en collaboration avec les universites
Hemodynamic Support for Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation

This review discusses the role of hemodynamic support for catheter ablation of unstable ventricular tachycardia, using commercially available mechanical circulatory support devices (intra-aortic balloon pump, Impella, TandemHeart, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) and analyzes the published clinical experience of the safety and efficacy of these devices during ventricular tachycardia ablation. Appropriate selection of patients, device-specific characteristics, and hemodynamic monitoring is also discussed.
meso-N-Methylation of a porphyrinoid complex: activating the H-atom transfer capability of an inert ReV(O) corrolazine

The selective alkylation of a single meso-N atom of a corrolazine macrocycle is reported. Alkylation has a dramatic impact on the physicochemical properties of ReV(O)(TBP8Cz). New electron-transfer and hydrogen-atom-transfer reactivity is also seen for this complex, including one-electron reduction, which gives an air-stable 19π-electron aromatic radical complex.
Simulations of surfactant-laden drops rising in a density-stratified medium

When tracking oil drops rising in the ocean, it is important to consider settings as realistically as possible, for example, accounting for surfactant effects and pycnoclines in the ocean. Simulations are presented that quantify the effects of both.
Lindblad equation and its semiclassical limit of the Anderson-Holstein model

For multi-level open quantum systems, the interaction between different levels could pose a challenge to understand the quantum system both analytically and numerically. In this work, we study the approximation of the dynamics of the Anderson-Holstein model, as a model of the multi-level open quantum system, by Redfield and Lindblad equations. Both equations have a desirable property that if the density operators for different levels are diagonal initially, they remain to be diagonal for any time. Thanks to this nice property, the semiclassical limit of both Redfield and Lindblad equations could be derived explicitly; the resulting classical master equations share similar structures of transport and hopping terms. The Redfield and Lindblad equations are also compared from the angle of time dependent perturbation theory.
An Introduction to ANSI C on Unix

An introduction to ANSI C on UNIX , An introduction to ANSI C on UNIX , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
Negotiating Ethical Paradoxes in Conducting a Randomized Controlled Trial: Aligning Intervention Science with Participatory Values

In this article, we describe ethical tensions we have faced in the context of our work as intervention scientists, where we aim to promote social justice and change systems that impact girls involved in the juvenile legal system. These ethical tensions are, at their core, about resisting collusion with systems of control while simultaneously collaborating with them. Over the course of designing and implementing a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of an ecological advocacy intervention for girls, called ROSES, ethical paradoxes crystalized and prompted us to engage in critical reflection and action toward the aim of moving away from conducting research on legal-system-involved girls and moving toward a more democratic, participatory process of inquiry with girls. Our experience revealed two intertwined paradoxes that ultimately served generative purposes. First, in collaborating with legal system stakeholders, we observed a single story of girls' pathology narrated for girls, without girls, and ultimately internalized by girls. Second, in reflecting critically on the ethical implications of our study design, it became clear that the design was grounded in a medical model of inquiry although the intervention we sought to evaluate was based, in part, on resistance to the medical model. We describe emergent ethical tensions and the solutions we sought, which center on creating counternarratives and counterspaces that leverage, extend, and disrupt our existing RCT. We detail these solutions, focusing on how we restructured our research team to enhance structural competence, shifted the subject of inquiry to include the systems in which youth are embedded, and created new opportunities for former research participants to become co-researchers through formal roles on an advisory board.
Oral Steroids Not Helpful for Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in Nonasthmatic Adults.

This study found no clinically significant benefit of steroids for the treatment of acute LRTI in adults without asthma, including those presenting with wheezing or shortness of breath.
The role of patent pledges in the cloud

Cloud computing is changing the ways in which information is stored and shared and, in doing so, is enabling new business models, shifting and remixing existing industrial categories, altering market dynamics, and in some cases creating new markets. This has increased the complexities of the intellectual property environment within which information and technology companies compete and innovate. Competition between and among proprietary, open source, and hybrid cloud computing strategies further complicate the intellectual property landscape. While patents are likely to play a role in shaping the evolution of the industry, and the number of patents and patent applications relevant to cloud computing technologies continues to grow, how these patents will be used by their owners and with what consequences remains to be seen. Patent pledges play a potentially important but poorly understood role in the shaping and reshaping of relationships between patents, competition and innovation in this industry. This Chapter examines ways in which patent pledges have emerged as innovation strategies in cloud computing.
Role of Osteoblast in Myeloma Pathology

Bone disease in multiple myeloma results from uncoupled osteoclast and osteoblast activity. Osteoblasts or bone forming cells show impaired differentiation, increased apoptosis and overall reduced function. Soluble and membrane bound proteins have been studied for their role in myeloma-related osteoblast inhibition. Progress in the understanding of the pathogenesis of the osteoblast axis in myeloma has allowed the development of novel targeted therapies, such as DKK1 and activin inhibitors. This chapter provides an overview of the mechanisms behind osteoblast inhibition in myeloma and novel anabolic agents under clinical investigation.
Bonding in Transition Metal Complexes

Ligand field theory is reviewed as background for later treatment of spectra of transition metal complexes. The molecular orbital description of metal complexes is presented as an extension of the approach used for simple binary compounds in Chapter 6. The angular overlap model is presented as an alternative bonding description.
Basic Intuitionistic Conditional Logic

Conditional logics have traditionally been intended to formalize various intuitively correct modes of reasoning involving (counterfactual) conditional expressions in natural language. Although conditional logics have by now been thoroughly studied in a classical context, they have yet to be systematically examined in an intuitionistic context, despite compelling philosophical and technical reasons to do so. This paper addresses this gap by thoroughly examining the basic intuitionistic conditional logic ICK, the intuitionistic counterpart of Chellas’ important classical system CK. I give ICK both worlds semantics and algebraic semantics, and prove that these are equivalent. I give a Godel-type embedding of ICK into CK (augmented with an S4 box connective) and a Glivenko-type embedding of CK into ICK. I axiomatize ICK and prove soundness, completeness, and decidability results. Finally, I discuss extending ICK.
FoxO1–miRNA interacting networks as potential targets for mitochondrial diseases

Mitochondrial homeostasis is important for the health and well-being of organ systems and organisms. Mitochondrial dysfunction is known to be the cause and consequence of metabolic diseases, including obesity, diabetes, cancer, neurodegeneration, cerebrovascular, and cardiovascular disease. For cardiovascular tissue, which relies mostly on oxidative phosphorylation, the role of mitochondria is inevitable. Rather than being biomarkers of mitochondrial health, miRNAs are now known as bioregulators of this important feature. Recent studies have shown a close interaction between Forkhead box other 1 (FoxO1) transcription factors and miRNAs in the cardiovascular system. These interactions have also been shown to regulate mitochondrial homeostasis. In this review, I highlight how understanding FoxO1 and miRNA interacting networks could enable us to limit mitochondrial dysfunction and associated pathologies.
Non-Uniform Temperature Distribution in Interconnects and Its Impact on Electromigration

We investigate the effect of electrically induced thermal load on interconnect reliability and aging. We propose new models for uniform and non-uniform temperature evolution and its steady state distribution in interconnects considering Joule heating and heat convection. The models are verified by comparing the results against those of finite element experiments. We apply our models to study material migration induced aging and failures. We discuss how different non-uniform temperature profiles affect interconnect lifetime. We propose new formulas for accurate temperature aware assessment of the mortality of interconnects. We demonstrate that neglecting thermal effects in modern technologies may lead to incorrect conclusions about interconnect mortality. We also provide a method for modeling the true mean time to failure based on underlying physics.
Discovery and Development of Microbial Biological Control Agents

The use of microbial biocontrol agents as biopesticides has become an attractive insect pest management choice due to concerns regarding effects of chemical pesticide residues on human and animal health. In the biopesticide approach, an endemic microbial pathogen of an insect pest is identified that is capable of rapidly infecting and killing the target pest when the focal area is inundated. Initial screenings focus on finding aggressive pathogens of the target insect pest. The host range of these pathogens is then evaluated to ensure their safety. Formulations are subsequently developed to ensure effective application in the field. Once developed, the microbial biocontrol agent is used in a manner similar to a chemical pesticide. The mode of action, however, is such that the infective propagules produce multiple infections in the insect pest resulting in death. Because the biocontrol agent is restricted in its host range, only microbial propagules which contact and infect susceptible pests survive. Long-term persistence in the environment normally does not occur, so typically the inundation approach to microbial biocontrol does not produce multi-year control of the pest. Thus, seasonal application of the biocontrol agent is required, which provides the commercial incentive for development.