cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neurotrophin receptors and heparanase: a functional axis in human medulloblastoma invasion.

Abstract Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor of childhood. Although modern therapy has produced five-year survival rates as high as 70% for some MB patients, this resulted in significant long-term treatment-related morbidity. The cellular mechanisms involved in metastatic spread of medulloblastoma are largely unknown. Neurotrophins (NT) comprise a family of structurally and functionally related neurotrophic factors that are critical for central nervous system (CNS) development with nerve growth factor (NGF) being the prototypic NT. NT acts through two groups of structurally unrelated neurotrophin receptors (NTR): a family of receptor tyrosine kinases (Trks, mainly TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC) and a tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-like molecule called p75NTR TrkC expression is a good prognostic indicator for MB. TrkC binds only to neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) whereas p75 binds to all NT family members. Importantly, little is known about the biological functions of p75 in primitive neuroectodermal tumors such as MB. In contrast, NT-regulated heparanase (HPSE) is a unique extracellular matrix-degrading enzyme known to be associated with tumor progression in a wide variety of cancers. However, HPSE roles in MB invasive pathways have not been investigated. We provide evidence of a differential expression of HPSE in newly-developed medulloblastoma cell lines. Secondly, we show a correlation between HPSE expression and the invasive properties of these medulloblastoma lines. Thirdly, by performing investigations to elucidate prognostic implications of HPSE and TrkC/p75NTR expression in MB, we demonstrate a correlation between p75NTR and HPSE expression. Finally, by using antibodies specific to TrkC and immunohistochemistry (IHC) we prove that IHC scores reveal a significant expression of HPSE in 76% of MB tissues from children aged 3 years and older. Taken together, our data provide evidence that HPSE functionality, in a context linked to TrkC and p75NTR activation, may play critical roles in medulloblastoma tumor invasion and progression.
Elementary After School Programs: An Opportunity to Promote Physical Activity for Children

Objective: To present project design and baseline characteristics of a project promoting life-long physical activity (PA) in an elementary after-school program. Methods: The project incorporates a two group design with delayed treatment control. PA and context observations and surveys (n=533; grades 4-6; attitude, enjoyment, intention, subjective norm, confidence, PA behavior, and fruit and vegetable consumption) were conducted. Results: Students spend almost 90 minutes standing, sitting and lying down and less than 17 minutes in moderate and vigorous PA during the after-school program. Students were strenuously active 3.89 days per week, moderately active 3.12 days per week, and mildly active 3.06 days per week, and watched television or played video games for 3.71 hours per day during leisure time. Attitudes, enjoyment, intention, and subjective norms differentiated students in different stages of PA. Discussion: There is an opportunity for PA promotion during after school, and stage specific interventions are indicated to facilitate PA.
Multivariate Pattern Analysis Reveals Category-Related Organization of Semantic Representations in Anterior Temporal Cortex

The neural substrates of semantic representation have been the subject of much controversy. The study of semantic representations is complicated by difficulty in disentangling perceptual and semantic influences on neural activity, as well as in identifying stimulus-driven, “bottom-up” semantic selectivity unconfounded by top-down task-related modulations. To address these challenges, we trained human subjects to associate pseudowords (TPWs) with various animal and tool categories. To decode semantic representations of these TPWs, we used multivariate pattern classification of fMRI data acquired while subjects performed a semantic oddball detection task. Crucially, the classifier was trained and tested on disjoint sets of TPWs, so that the classifier had to use the semantic information from the training set to correctly classify the test set. Animal and tool TPWs were successfully decoded based on fMRI activity in spatially distinct subregions of the left medial anterior temporal lobe (LATL). In addition, tools (but not animals) were successfully decoded from activity in the left inferior parietal lobule. The tool-selective LATL subregion showed greater functional connectivity with left inferior parietal lobule and ventral premotor cortex, indicating that each LATL subregion exhibits distinct patterns of connectivity. Our findings demonstrate category-selective organization of semantic representations in LATL into spatially distinct subregions, continuing the lateral-medial segregation of activation in posterior temporal cortex previously observed in response to images of animals and tools, respectively. Together, our results provide evidence for segregation of processing hierarchies for different classes of objects and the existence of multiple, category-specific semantic networks in the brain. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The location and specificity of semantic representations in the brain are still widely debated. We trained human participants to associate specific pseudowords with various animal and tool categories, and used multivariate pattern classification of fMRI data to decode the semantic representations of the trained pseudowords. We found that: (1) animal and tool information was organized in category-selective subregions of medial left anterior temporal lobe (LATL); (2) tools, but not animals, were encoded in left inferior parietal lobe; and (3) LATL subregions exhibited distinct patterns of functional connectivity with category-related regions across cortex. Our findings suggest that semantic knowledge in LATL is organized in category-related subregions, providing evidence for the existence of multiple, category-specific semantic representations in the brain.
Coaching as a Packaged Intervention for Telemarketing Personnel

ABSTRACTPrior literature indicates that although the sales function of an organization is a critical element for its success, there is a lack of research on specific actions managers can take to influence sales subordinates. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of a coaching package combined with incentives on sales performance for telemarketing personnel in an organizational setting. Following the implementation of the coaching package, there was a substantial increase in critical behaviors performed, pending sales set, and final sales completed by all telemarketers.
Acid matters: LSD and the counterculture

Lately, a lot of good scholarly books have been written about the Sixties-era counterculture: Michael Kramer’s Republic of Rock, David Kaiser and W. Patrick McCray’s Groovy Science, Andy Kirk’s Cou...
Expanding the Scope of Cultural Linguistics: Taking Parrots Seriously

In this chapter I show how the scope of Cultural Linguistics (Sharifian 2011, 2017) can be expanded to include the study of interspecies communication and specifically the cognitive abilities and cultural world of home-raised parrots. Since the paper introduces a topic that until now has received little attention from those working in Cultural Linguistics, I begin by giving a brief overview of the research that has been done on the linguistic abilities of parrots, the avian order of Psittaciformes, concentrating on a particular parrot species, African Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus). These birds are extraordinarily smart and long-lived—40 to 60 years in captivity—as well as being unquestionably the most proficient at accurately modeling human speech. The chapter has two interrelated objectives. The first is to show how the field of Cultural Linguistics can benefit by enlarging its scope to include the study of the communication skills of home-raised Greys. The second objective is to demonstrate how the tools and concerns of Cultural Linguistics are especially appropriate for this task, namely, that of taking parrots seriously. Whereas animal behaviourists and those working in areas of language evolution are concerned with replicable experiments, testing and quantification of results, when we approach the available data from the perspective of Cultural Linguistics, we become concerned with the cognitive aspects of parrot speech, how they process their interactions with humans, how over time they build up their own cultural conceptualisations, cultural schemas and categories which allow them to understand what is taking place around them, establish and maintain their relationships with their human caretakers. The chapter also discusses research on the neurobiology of parrots whose reasoning skills have been found to be equivalent to those of a two- to three-year old child; how parrots, like humans and unlike non-human primates, entrain to the beat: they demonstrate rhythmic entrainment, long believed an exclusive prerogative of humans, Finally, concrete examples of parrot-human interactions, taken from YouTube videos, are analysed showing how parrots switch back and forth between utterances in their native tongue, that is, their whistles, chirps, clicks and squawks, vocalisations typical of the species which will be referred to as L1 vocalisations, and those drawn from their L2 enculturated repertoire.
Cybersecurity and Rural Electric Power Systems: Considering Competing Requirements for Implementing a Protection Plan

Cybersecurity is a topic of increasing importance and interest to small utility operators like rural electric associations. Cyberattacks are a threat to our society's functioning, and cybersecurity is an urgent need in areas that include national security, business operations, and regulatory compliance. Several fundamental concepts can guide an operator when implementing a cybersecurity plan. Operators must consider the competing requirements of confidentiality, integrity, availability (CIA), and cost. They must also consider the potential of impact levels for an incident. While implementing a cybersecurity plan, operators will constantly identify adversaries, threats, vulnerabilities, consequences, and risks. They will implement physical, technical, and administrative controls to protect networks and other assets, detect attacks, respond to those attacks, and recover from any damage. The process will be continuous as operators respond to the changing environment.
B Cell Requirement for Robust Regulatory T Cell Responses to Friend Retrovirus Infection.

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are immunosuppressive cells of the immune system that control autoimmune reactivity. Tregs also respond during immune reactions to infectious agents in order to limit immunopathological damage from potent effectors such as CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocytes. We have used the Friend virus (FV) model of retroviral infection in mice to investigate how viral infections induce Tregs. During acute FV infection, there is significant activation and expansion of thymus-derived (natural) Tregs that suppress virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Unlike conventional T cells, the responding Tregs are not virus specific, so the mechanisms that induce their expansion are of great interest. We now show that B cells provide essential signals for Treg expansion during FV infection. Treg responses are greatly diminished in B cell-deficient mice but can be restored by adoptive transfers of B cells at the time of infection. The feeble Treg responses in B cell-deficient mice are associated with enhanced virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses and accelerated virus control during the first 2 weeks of infection. In vitro experiments demonstrated that B cells promote Treg activation and proliferation through a glucocorticoid-induced receptor superfamily member 18 (GITR) ligand-dependent mechanism. Thus, B cells play paradoxically opposing roles during FV infection. They provide proliferative signals to immunsosuppressive Tregs, which slows early virus control, and they also produce virus-specific antibodies, which are essential for long-term virus control.IMPORTANCE When infectious agents invade a host, numerous immunological mechanisms are deployed to limit their replication, neutralize their spread, and destroy the host cells harboring the infection. Since immune responses also have a strong capacity to damage host cells and tissues, their magnitude, potency, and duration are under regulatory control. Regulatory T cells are an important component of this control, and the mechanisms that induce them to respond and exert immunosuppressive regulation are of great interest. In the current report, we show that B cells, the cells responsible for making pathogen-specific antibodies, are also involved in promoting the expansion of regulatory T cells during a retroviral infection. In vitro studies demonstrated that they do so via stimulation of the Tregs through interactions between cell surface molecules: GITR interactions with its ligand (GITRL) on B cells and GITR on regulatory T cells. These findings point the way toward therapeutics to better treat infections and autoimmune diseases.
Characteristics of Supernumerary Teeth in Nonsyndromic Population in an Urban Dental School Setting.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical records of all patients evaluated for supernumerary teeth at the University of Illinois–Chicago Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery postgraduate clinic from January 1, 2010 to October 31, 2015 to determine the demographics of impacted supernumerary teeth among different ethnicities in the city of Chicago. Materials and Methods A retrospective case series was completed on patients eligible for inclusion in the study who had a diagnosis of at least 1 full bony impacted supernumerary tooth (D7240). Other variables evaluated included date of surgical intervention, age at time of treatment, gender, ethnicity, location and number of supernumerary teeth present, and family history of supernumerary teeth. Results There were 459 male and 308 female patients (male-to-female ratio, 1.5:1). Patient ages ranged from 4 to 51 years (average, 13.1) at the time of surgery. Five hundred seventy-three patients (74.7%) were of Hispanic descent. Supernumerary teeth were found most frequently in the maxilla (69.9%), specifically in the central incisor region (526 teeth; 51.2%). Of the responding patient sample (258 patients), 53 patients (20.5%) reported a family history of supernumerary dentition. Of these 53 patients who reported a family history of supernumerary dentition, 37 (69.8%) were of Hispanic descent. Most of these Hispanic patients (83.8%) originated from Mexico. Conclusions The incidence of supernumerary teeth is higher in male patients (male-to-female ratio, 1.5:1), and these teeth are most frequently found in the maxilla (69.9%), specifically the central incisor region (51.2%). A large percentage of patients (20.5%) also had first-degree relatives with a supernumerary dentition, and this fact might warrant further investigation into the possible genetics responsible for the formation of supernumerary teeth.
Numerical simulation of the aerobreakup of a water droplet

We present a three-dimensional numerical simulation of the aerobreakup of a spherical water droplet in the flow behind a normal shock wave. The droplet and surrounding gas flow are simulated using the compressible multicomponent Euler equations in a finite-volume scheme with shock and interface capturing. The aerobreakup process is compared with available experimental visualizations. Features of the droplet deformation and breakup in the stripping breakup regime, as well as descriptions of the surrounding gas flow, are discussed. Analyses of observed surface instabilities and a Fourier decomposition of the flow field reveal asymmetrical azimuthal modulations and broadband instability growth that result in chaotic flow within the wake region.
Does Drug Use Inhibit Crime Deceleration or Does Crime Inhibit Drug Use Deceleration? A Test of the Reciprocal Risk Postulate of the Worst of Both Worlds Hypothesis.

Background: Prior research has shown that ongoing drug use inhibits the commonly reported maturing out of crime process and that ongoing crime inhibits the commonly reported maturing out of drug us...
Leveraging Social Media Signals for Record Linkage

Many data-intensive applications collect (structured) data from a variety of sources. A key task in this process is record linkage, which is the problem of determining the records from these sources that refer to the same real-world entities. Traditional approaches use the record representation of entities to accomplish this task. With the nascence of social media, entities on the Web are now accompanied by user generated content. We present a method for record linkage that uses this hitherto untapped source of entity information. We use document-based distances, with an emphasis on word embedding document distances, to determine if two entities match. Our rationale is that user evaluations of entities converge in semantic content, and hence in the word embedded space, as the number of user evaluations grows. We analyze the effectiveness of the proposed method both as a stand-alone method and in combination with record-based record linkage methods. Experimental results using real-world reviews demonstrate the high effectiveness of our approach. To our knowledge, this is the first work exploring the use of user generated content accompanying entities in the record linkage task.
Portable Battery Power and Small-Reservoir Modifications For Pesticide Misting Systems

United States military personnel deployed in austere hot-arid, temperate, and tropical conditions in remote locations worldwide rely on the Department of Defense (DoD) Pest Management System measures such as application of pesticide residual and ultra-low-volume or thermal fog treatments for protection from routine exposure to nuisance and disease-vector insects. Timed pesticide misting systems originally developed for residential outdoor use show promise as potential enhancements to standard DoD Pest Management System measures, in particular to protect perimeters surrounding US military field encampments. To investigate the capabilities of misting systems in remote locations in diverse environments, this technical engineering report describes the development of 2 key modifications to a commercial residential misting system to enable us to operate the system away from a standard power grid, and to safely operate the system with small volumes of a variety of pesticide misting formulations. The components needed to modify the commercial misting system include the following: 5,000-W inverter, 12-V 100 Ah battery, 24-gal tote, solar panel with charge controller, 18 in. (45.7 cm) 0-gauge wire with ½-in. (1.27-cm) eyebolt connectors, 5-gal container (wide mouthed), ½-in.-to-½-in. connector, ½-in. tubing, ⅜-in.-to-⅜-in. connector, ⅜-in. tubing, ¼-in.-to-¼-in. connector, ¼-in. flexible tubing, securable patio box (80 gal), 5-gal (18.9-liter) bucket (modified), and a canning funnel.
Hydroxychloroquine - How Much Is Too Much?

Although initially approved for medical use in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration in the 1950s, antimalarial treatment of clinical disease actually dates back to the 1630s in Peru, stemming from the “fever tree,” later identified as Cinchona officialis in 1742 by Carl Linnaeus in Europe1. Later, quinine was isolated from Cinchona bark2, yielding the subsequent boom in the development of these agents for the antimalarial market. When the Dutch Cinchona plantations were overrun and captured during World War II, a synthetic version of quinine was created — quinacrine — and was used for malaria prevention, an activity funded and supported by the war effort in the United States3,4. The quinacrine story bears an uncanny similarity to the development of synthetic corticosteroids, which was also supported by the needs of the US government for the war effort during the exact same time period. It was in 1951, after the war was over, that Allied soldiers taking longterm quinacrine demonstrated improved signs and symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)5. Just a few years later (1955), hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) was synthesized, and a successful scale-up created this cornerstone drug for treating SLE. It is now on the World Health Organization list of essential medications needed in a basic health system6. In this issue of The Journal , Tselios, et al … Address correspondence to Dr. V.K. Sandhu, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Rheumatology, 11375 Campus St., Loma Linda, California 92354, USA. E-mail: vksandhu{at}llu.edu
Innovations in IoT for a Safe, Secure, and Sustainable Future

Internet of things (IoT) promises to usher in the fourth industrial revolution through an exponential growth of smart connected devices deployed in myriad application domains. It gives rise to new relationships between man and smart connected machines that might transform our everyday experiences. Such a transformation, however, builds on innovations at all levels in the IoT architecture - from edge devices to the cloud. In this talk, we will cover the IoT design practices and core technological challenges that need to be addressed to enable wide-spread deployment of IoT. We will focus on innovations in the areas of energy-efficiency, security, interoperability and intelligent decision making. Next, we will discuss several compelling applications of IoT that gives unprecedented capability to us. In particular, we will cover applications of IoT in addressing some of the critical safety, security, and sustainability issues in our society.
4CPS-166 Analysis of the maintenance rate of long acting injectable antipsychotic treatment in outpatients

Background and importance Long acting injectable antipsychotics have emerged to improve adherence and reduce the risk of relapse in patients with psychiatric disorders. Aim and objectives The aim was to evaluate the maintenance rate of long acting injectable antipsychotics in real life. Material and methods A retrospective observational study was conducted from April 2017 to April 2019 in outpatients in mental health units who initiated long acting injectable antipsychotic treatment (monthly aripiprazole 400 mg (MA), monthly paliperidone 150 mg (MP) or quarterly paliperidone 525 mg (QP)) between April and September 2017. Anthropometric data, injectable antipsychotic treatment and psychiatric diagnoses were collected. Active treatments, discontinuations and changes in drugs, formulations (monthly/quarterly) and doses were recorded in April 2018 and April 2019. Results A total of 113 patients were included. Treatments were 46.0% (52) MA, 40.7% (46) MP and 13.3% (15) QP. Average ages (MA, MP, QP) were 41.75±12.8, 47.70±14.9 and 44.13±7.1 years, respectively, and the number of men were 56.69%, 76.09% and 93.33%, respectively. Diagnoses (MA, MP, QP) were paranoid schizophrenia in 55.77%, 54.35% and 53.33%, respectively; substance abuse related disorder in 7.69%, 4.35% and 6.67%, respectively; simple schizophrenia in 17.31%, 10.87% and 13.33%, respectively; intellectual disability in 3.85%, 4.35% and 0%, respectively; personality disorder in 1.92%, 4.35% and 0%, respectively; and other in 13.46%, 21.73% and 26.67%, respectively. In April 2018, 90.38% (47) of MA patients maintained treatment, while 9.62% (5) discontinued treatment. A year later, 76.92% (40) maintained treatment, 5.77% (3) changed doses and 17.31% (9) had discontinued their treatment. For MP, 58.70% (27) continued with treatment in the first year, 19.57% (9) changed to QP, 6.51% (3) changed doses but maintained the monthly administration and 15.22% (7) interrupted treatment. In the second year, 50.00% (23) maintained treatment, 17.39% (8) changed to QP and 10.87% (5) changed dose. Treatment was interrupted in 21.74% (10) of patients at the end of the study. For the QP group, 53.33% (8) maintained treatment in the first year while 26.67% (4) required a change to MP and 20.00% (3) interrupted treatment. At the end of the study, 40.00% (6) maintained treatment, 26.67% (4) continued with MP, 6.66% (1) changed to MA and 26.67% (4) discontinued treatment. Conclusion and relevance A good maintenance rate was observed with MA and MP over 2 years. In contrast, half of the patients receiving QP had to interrupt their treatment during the first year due to a short acting duration. Almost a third of QP patients had to restart treatment with MP. In conclusion, the maintenance rate was higher in monthly presentations than in the quarterly presentation. References and/or acknowledgements N/A No conflict of interest.
Conformational and Structural Studies of 1-Fluoropropane from Temperature Dependant FT-IR Spectra of Rare Gas Solutions and Ab Initio Calculations

Variable temperature (−55 to −150°C) studies of the infrared spectra (3500 to 400 cm−1) of 1-fluoropropane, CH3CH2CH2F, dissolved in liquid krypton and xenon have been recorded. Utilizing three conformer pairs in the krypton solution and four conformer pairs in the xenon solution, enthalpy differences of 104±6 cm−1 (1.24±0.07 kJ/mol) and 99±5 cm−1 (1.16±0.06 kJ/mol) were obtained from the krypton and xenon solutions, respectively, with the gauche form the more stable conformer. From these data it is estimated that 24% of the trans forms is present at ambient temperature. The conformational stabilities, harmonic force constants, fundamental frequencies, infrared intensities and Raman activities have been obtained from RHF/6-31G(d) and/or MP2/6-31G(d) ab initio calculations and these quantities have been compared to the experimental values when appropriate. The optimized geometries have also been obtained with several different ab initio basis sets up to MP2/6-311+G(2d,2p). The r0 structural parameters have been obtained by combining the ab initio data with the previously reported rotational constants for both conformers. The results are compared to the corresponding results for some similar molecules.
Perioperative and Anesthetic Considerations for Patients with Degenerative Spine Disease.

The demand for spine surgery has dramatically increased over the last 2 decades. As the population ages and surgical and anesthetic techniques advance, the perioperative care of spine surgery patients poses challenges to anesthesiologists. Perioperative outcomes in terms of a decrease in complication rates and total health care expenditures have directed perioperative care to focus on enhanced recovery after surgery protocols, which many institutions have adopted. The role of anesthesiologists in the care of patients undergoing spine surgery is expanding beyond intraoperative care; consequently, a multidisciplinary approach is the best direction for optimal patient care.
Wilderness Medicine Education: How to Choose the Right Resources for Archaeology Field Programs

Wilderness medicine classes are widely available to archaeologists and field scientists, but because wilderness medicine is an unregulated field, knowing what the various courses and products mean can be difficult. Based on the education chapter in the recently published textbook Wilderness EMS, this article—written by same two authors as the book—explores a number of topics relevant for the field scientist, program director, or administrator seeking to obtain wilderness medicine training for archaeologists. The article first explores the history of wilderness medicine products and certificates available to interested parties. It then differentiates between the various products available today along with their benefits and limitations for the end user. Products and trainings described include certifications (including Wilderness First Aid [WFA], Wilderness Advanced First Aid [WAFA], Advanced Wilderness First Aid [AWFA], and Wilderness First Responder [WFR]), as well as single use or continuing education trainings (including Stop the Bleed, CPR, conference courses, and field schools). Particular attention is paid to the specific and actionable needs of a field scientist in remote areas.
Learning Prototype Representations Across Few-Shot Tasks for Event Detection

We address the sampling bias and outlier issues in few-shot learning for event detection, a subtask of information extraction. We propose to model the relations between training tasks in episodic few-shot learning by introducing cross-task prototypes. We further propose to enforce prediction consistency among classifiers across tasks to make the model more robust to outliers. Our extensive experiment shows a consistent improvement on three few-shot learning datasets. The findings suggest that our model is more robust when labeled data of novel event types is limited. The source code is available at http://github.com/laiviet/fsl-proact.
Problems in Spherical Coördinates

The spherical harmonics of Chapter 24 can be used in combination with Tables 21.2, 22.2 to treat problems involving bodies whose boundaries are surfaces of the spherical coordinate system, for example the spherical surface R = a or the conical surface β=β0, where a, β0 are constants. Examples of interest include the perturbation of an otherwise uniform stress field by a spherical hole or inclusion, the stresses in a solid sphere due to rotation about an axis and problems for a conical beam or shaft.
An Integrated Approach to Database Design

This paper provides an integrated approach for research related to the problem of database design. The process of database design is classified into five phases: requirements analysis, view modeling, view integration, view restructuring, and schema analysis and mapping. The input, processing steps, and output for each phase are described. The problems associated with each phase are pointed out. Existing approaches to database design are reviewed and related to these five phases. The significance of this integrated approach for the development of computer-aided methodologies for database design is discussed.
Computer processing of natural language

1. Introduction. 2. Transformational Grammars for Natural Language. 3. Two-level Representations. 4. Transition Networks: From Grammar to Acceptor. 5. Two-level Processing Systems. 6. Meaning and Interpretation. 7. Is English Context-Free? 8. Issues and Applications. Appendix.
Irradiation of tumor cells up-regulates Fas and enhances CTL lytic activity and CTL adoptive immunotherapy

CD8(+) CTL play important roles against malignancy in both active and passive immunotherapy. Nonetheless, the success of antitumor CTL responses may be improved by additional therapeutic modalities. Radiotherapy, which has a long-standing use in treating neoplastic disease, has been found to induce unique biologic alterations in cancer cells affecting Fas gene expression, which, consequently, may influence the overall lytic efficiency of CTL. Here, in a mouse adenocarcinoma cell model, we examined whether exposure of these tumor cells to sublethal doses of irradiation 1) enhances Fas expression, leading to more efficient CTL killing via Fas-dependent mechanisms in vitro; and 2) improves antitumor activity in vivo by adoptive transfer of these Ag-specific CTL. Treatment of carcinoembryonic Ag-expressing MC38 adenocarcinoma cells with irradiation (20 Gy) in vitro enhanced Fas expression at molecular, phenotypic, and functional levels. Furthermore, irradiation sensitized these targets to Ag-specific CTL killing via the Fas/Fas ligand pathway. We examined the effect of localized irradiation of s.c. growing tumors on the efficiency of CTL adoptive immunotherapy. Irradiation caused up-regulation of Fas by these tumor cells in situ, based on immunohistochemistry. Moreover, localized irradiation of the tumor significantly potentiated tumor rejection by these carcinoembryonic Ag-specific CTL. Overall, these results showed for the first time that 1) regulation of the Fas pathway in tumor cells by irradiation plays an important role in their sensitization to Ag-specific CTL; and 2) a combination regimen of tumor-targeted irradiation and CTL promotes more effective antitumor responses in vivo, which may have implications for the combination of immunotherapy and radiation therapy.
Measurement of proton-dissociative diffractive photoproduction of vector mesons at large momentum transfer at HERA

Diffractive photoproduction of vector mesons, $\gamma p \to V Y$ , where Y is a proton-dissociative system, has been measured in e+p interactions with the ZEUS detector at HERA using an integrated luminosity of 25 $\pbi$ . The differential cross section, $d\sigma/d t$ , is presented for $1.2 < -t<12{\rm GeV}^2$ , where t is the square of the four-momentum transferred to the vector meson. The data span the range in photon-proton centre-of-mass energy, W, from 80 GeV to 120 GeV. The t distributions are well fit by a power law, $d\sigma/d t \propto (-t)^{-n}$ . The slope of the effective Pomeron trajectory, measured from the W dependence of the $\rho^0$ and $\phi$ cross sections in bins of t, is consistent with zero. The ratios $d\sigma_{\gamma p \to \phi Y}/d t$ to $d\sigma_{\gamma p \to \rho^0 Y}/d t$ and $d\sigma_{\gamma p \to J/\psi Y}/d t$ to $d\sigma_{\gamma p \to \rho^0 Y}/d t$ increase with increasing -t. Decay-angle analyses for $\rho^0$ , $\phi$ and $J/\psi$ mesons have been carried out. For the $\rho^0$ and $\phi$ mesons, contributions from single and double helicity flip are observed. The results are compared to expectations of theoretical models.
Core, Mantle, Crust, Crust, Mantle, Core

In the mirror I'm giving a lecture on geology, but when I touch my mouth, there's just some clay beads standing in for teeth. I think, Yeah, I ate the stamp with the wildflowers, but this is a whole passageway I was hoping to ditch. Dan and Julie are in the next room making out, so I splash some root beer on my face and continue preaching science. This time I'm on in Spanish, and I'm laughing a little, 'cause it's not the talking I took in school. I'm pretty good, I think, and I'm wondering if somehow there's a videotape of all this I might watch later. There's always that rocky part in the afternoons that gets me real lonely, and this is just the thing to shepherd me back up top. Another minute goes by, or an hour or four, and I'm making lists of the ways wincing is spelled. I can think of seven when the door opens, and it's Julie, who's ready to go, and she's hugging the doorframe loose, with no connection, but I'm so close to the tiles that I have trouble not kissing each one goodbye.
What my cancer taught me.

In the summer of 2007, I was diagnosed with stage II ovarian cancer with metastatic lesions on the bladder. After two surgeries and seven rounds of chemotherapy, I am in remission and have undergone transformational changes from the experience. Fortunately, we live in a time of advanced medical development that allowed for early detection and effective treatment of the cancer—for which I will be eternally grateful. While this has given me a very good prognosis, it did not make the process any easier, despite the unflagging support of family and friends. I learned that no matter how much you are loved, being ill is a lonely journey. The vast majority of illnesses most people experience are acute in onset, self-limiting, and relatively short-lived, like the common cold. However, with a chronic illness like cancer, where there is a long, drawn out, constant fight against the disease, individuals experience fluctuations of confidence and the will to fight. Not only that, but due to the protracted nature of the disease, they inevitably harbor feelings of guilt for being a burden to loved ones. Consequently, they try to be a “good patient” and not tell anyone, caregivers and doctors alike, about the physical and mental suffering they experience.
The oceanic excitation hypothesis for the continuous oscillations of the Earth

Continuous oscillations of the Earth are observed for frequencies between 2 and 7 mHz at almost every seismically quiet site in the world. These oscillations ride on a broad noise peak which spans the frequency band from 3 to 15 mHz and reaches its maximum at 7-9 mHz. We propose an oceanic excitation hypothesis which explains both the modal oscillations and the broad noise peak, specifically the action of oceanic infragravity waves on the solid Earth. Using the estimated amplitudes of oceanic infragravity waves from observation, although they are limited in number at the moment, we show that there is sufficient energy in these waves to excite observed seismic signals; for a given time window, the contribution from a small area (which may be as small as 100 km x 100 km) is all that is required to explain the seismic observations. The advantage of this oceanic mechanism over the previously proposed atmospheric mechanism is in the simultaneous explanation of the above two features in seismograms, whereas the atmospheric hypothesis has only explained the modal oscillations. The oceanic mechanism naturally explains the predominant 6-month periodicity as a result of semi-hemispheric ocean-wave activities in the Northern and Southern hemispheres, showing a good match between seismic data and satellite ocean-wave data both in the amplitude and phase of seasonal variation. Our Earth seems to be filled with ubiquitous propagating Rayleigh waves, generated directly by oceanic infragravity waves, for the frequency band 3-15 mHz.
The Data Context Map: Fusing Data and Attributes into a Unified Display

Numerous methods have been described that allow the visualization of the data matrix. But all suffer from a common problem - observing the data points in the context of the attributes is either impossible or inaccurate. We describe a method that allows these types of comprehensive layouts. We achieve it by combining two similarity matrices typically used in isolation - the matrix encoding the similarity of the attributes and the matrix encoding the similarity of the data points. This combined matrix yields two of the four submatrices needed for a full multi-dimensional scaling type layout. The remaining two submatrices are obtained by creating a fused similarity matrix - one that measures the similarity of the data points with respect to the attributes, and vice versa. The resulting layout places the data objects in direct context of the attributes and hence we call it the data context map. It allows users to simultaneously appreciate (1) the similarity of data objects, (2) the similarity of attributes in the specific scope of the collection of data objects, and (3) the relationships of data objects with attributes and vice versa. The contextual layout also allows data regions to be segmented and labeled based on the locations of the attributes. This enables, for example, the map's application in selection tasks where users seek to identify one or more data objects that best fit a certain configuration of factors, using the map to visually balance the tradeoffs.
Permutation and Parametric Bootstrap Tests for Gene–Gene and Gene–Environment Interactions

Permutation tests are widely used in genomic research as a straightforward way to obtain reliable statistical inference without making strong distributional assumptions. However, in this paper we show that in genetic association studies it is not typically possible to construct exact permutation tests of gene-gene or gene-environment interaction hypotheses. We describe an alternative to the permutation approach in testing for interaction, a parametric bootstrap approach. Using simulations, we compare the finite-sample properties of a few often-used permutation tests and the parametric bootstrap. We consider interactions of an exposure with single and multiple polymorphisms. Finally, we address when permutation tests of interaction will be approximately valid in large samples for specific test statistics.
Data security services, solutions and standards for outsourcing

Globalization has resulted in outsourcing data, software, hardware and various services. However, outsourcing introduces new security vulnerabilities due to the corporation's limited knowledge and control of external providers operating in foreign countries. Security of operation is therefore critical for effectively introducing and maintaining these business relationships without sacrificing product quality. This paper discusses some of these security concerns for outsourcing. In particular, it discusses security issues pertaining to data-as-a-service and software-as-a-service models as well as supply chain security issues. Relevant standards for data outsourcing are also presented. The goal is for the composite system to be secure even if the individual components that are developed by multiple organizations might be compromised.
A device-independent network graphics system

The design and implementation of a basic graphics system for a heterogeneous network environment is described. The design has been influenced by the SIGGRAPH Core System, GKS, and proposals being considered by the ANSI Technical Committee on Computer Graphics Programming Languages. It permits hierarchical object definition, direct and indirect attribute specification, screen window management and complex styles of interaction. Important parts of the implementation include a device-independent database for graphical objects, a workstation driver which produces device code, and a device kernel which manages the display list. Problems relating to device independence and network partitioning are discussed.
A class of initial value problems for 2×2 hyperbolic systems with relaxation

Abstract The global existence and uniform BV estimates of weak solutions to a class of initial value problems of general 2 × 2 genuinely nonlinear strictly hyperbolic conservation laws with relaxation are proved, which also yield the convergence to weak solutions of the equilibrium equation as the relaxation parameter tends to zero. The results obtained in this paper extend the results in Luo and Yang (2004) [17] for a flood wave equation to the general 2 × 2 system. Also, the constraint as required in Luo and Yang (2004) [17] on the end states at x = ± ∞ , which says that the end states at x = ± ∞ are on the equilibrium, is removed.
Evidence for a least vibration model of superconductivity

Abstract A new method has been developed for the reversible removal of excess oxygen atoms or holes in the Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O type of superconductor without altering its general lattice structure. It has been found by this method that changes in T c and Raman spectrum of the superconductor can be simply correlated with the concentration of excess oxygen and that a 634 cm −1 phonon is closely associated with the superconducting holes. Replacement of 16 O by 18 O atoms at the holes causes a 3.6% decrease in the frequency of this phonon without a similar change in T c . With these new results as supporting evidence, a least vibration model of superconductivity is suggested.
Potentiation of morphine analgesia after pretreatment with probenecid or sulfinpyrazone.

Pretreatment with uricosuric agents probenecid or sulfinpyrazone potentiate the analgesic effects of morphine sulfate as ascertained using the phenylquinone (PQ)-induced writhing test. Doses of either uricosuric agent at 50 mg/kg had no effect on the number of PQ-induced writhes in test animals while potentiating the analgesic effects of morphine. High doses of probenecid or sulfinpyrazone alone did produce decreases in PQ-induced writhing. Probenecid (50 mg/kg) did not alter hot water tail flick latency nor did it influence morphine analgesia. Attempts to uncover the underlying mechanisms in the uricosuric agent plus morphine attenuation of PQ-induced writhing were directed towards a possible displacement of morphine from plasma binding sites. However, administration of N-methyl-H 3 -morphine and estimation of plasma and brain morphine concentrations indicate no differences in the uricosuric drug pretreated groups compared to controls. The conflicting results in the PQ writhing test vs. hot water tail flick might indicate a false positive response in the former test. On the other hand this might be indicative of differing analgesic mechanisms for different types of pain. If the latter is true, this drug interaction may prove clinically useful.
Personal identity and time

Les associations traditionnelles entre tensed theory du temps et continuant theory de l'identite personnelle, d'une part, et entre tenseless theory du temps et temporal parts theory de l'identite personnelle, d'autre part, sont irrationnelles. Les deux theories du temps sont compatibles avec les deux theories de l'identite personnelle
Emergent semantics and the multimedia semantic web

It is well known that context plays an important role in the meaning of a work of art. This paper addresses the dynamic context of a collection of linked multimedia documents, of which the web is a perfect example. Contextual document semantics emerge through identification of various users' browsing paths though this multimedia collection. In this paper, we present techniques that use multimedia information as part of this determination. Some implications of our approach are that the author of a webpage cannot completely define that document's semantics and that semantics emerge through use.
A new coarse-grained model for water: the importance of electrostatic interactions.

A new coarse-grained (CG) model is developed for water. Each CG unit consists of three charged sites, and there is an additional nonelectrostatic soft interaction between central sites on different units. The interactions are chosen to mimic the properties of 4-water clusters in atomistic simulations: the nonelectrostatic component is modeled using a modified Born−Mayer−Huggins potential, and the charges are chosen to reproduce the dipole moment and quadrupole moment tensor of 4-water clusters from atomistic simulations. The parameters are optimized to reproduce experimental data for the compressibility, density, and permittivity of bulk water and the surface tension and interface potential for the air−water interface. This big multipole water (BMW) model represents a qualitative improvement over existing CG water models; for example, it reproduces the dipole potential in membrane−water interface when compared to experiment, with modest additional computational cost as compared to the popular MARTINI CG m...
Loss of CLCA4 Promotes Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer Cells

The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a developmental program in which epithelial cells downregulate their cell-cell junctions, acquire spindle cell morphology and exhibit cellular motility. In breast cancer, EMT facilitates invasion of surrounding tissues and correlates closely with cancer metastasis and relapse. We found previously that the candidate tumor suppressor CLCA2 is expressed in differentiated, growth-arrested mammary epithelial cells but is downregulated during tumor progression and EMT. We further demonstrated that CLCA2 is a p53-inducible proliferation-inhibitor whose loss indicates an increased risk of metastasis. We show here that another member of the CLCA gene family, CLCA4, is expressed in mammary epithelial cells and is similarly downregulated in breast tumors and in breast cancer cell lines. Like CLCA2, the gene is stress-inducible, and ectopic expression inhibits colony formation. Transcriptional profiling studies revealed that CLCA4 and CLCA2 together are markers for mammary epithelial differentiation, and both are downregulated by TGF beta. Moreover, knockdown of CLCA4 in immortalized cells by shRNAs caused downregulation of epithelial marker E-cadherin and CLCA2, while mesenchymal markers N-cadherin, vimentin, and fibronectin were upregulated. Double knockdown of CLCA2 and CLCA4 enhanced the mesenchymal profile. These findings suggest that CLCA4 and CLCA2 play complementary but distinct roles in epithelial differentiation. Clinically, low expression of CLCA4 signaled lower relapse-free survival in basal and luminal B breast cancers.