cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GAMMA KNIFE RADIOSURGERY FOR ACOUSTIC SCHWANNOMAS

In order to identify the best strategy for the treatment of acoustic schwannomas, we analyzed the role of tumor size and its relation to successful gamma knife radiosurgery. Seventy-seven patients who had had been followed up for more than 2 years after radiosurgery were analyzed from the view points of tumor control and functional outcome. They were divided into 2 groups; 55 cases had no prior surgery (group A), and 22 cases had undergone previous surgery (group B). Of the latter group, 7 cases with large tumors were treated by radiosurgery after intentional surgical resection to minimize functional damage. They were classified as the B-I sub-group, with the other 15 cases being referred to as the B-S sub-group. The actuarial reduction rate of all cases at 2, 3 and 4 years was 68%, 80% and 83%, respectively. There were 2 cases (2.6%) who needed surgical extirpation after radiosurgery. Large sized tumors were less controlled than small to medium sized tumors (p = 0.0008). Useful hearing was preserved in 88% of all cases and no patient suffered worse permanent facial dysfunction. Comparing the groups, the pre-radiosurgical hearing (Gardner & Robertson classification) of A to B-S or B-I was 2.5 to 4.7 (p = 0.063) or 3.3 (p =0.24), and facial functions (House & Brackmann grading) were 1.0 to 2.5 (p = 0.006) or 1.3 (p =0.13), respectively. Gamma knife radiosurgery may be a good choice in small to medium sized tumors, especially in patients with useful hearing. Combined therapy for large tumors with intentional partial removal followed by radiosurgery also appears to offer an excellent functional outcome.
Current and future ocean-observing systems

Ocean-observing systems are needed to provide the continuous stream of data necessary to make useful model predictions of important ocean parameters. The observing systems should significantly improve numerical ocean forecasts of the marine planetary boundary layer, phenomena at the air/sea interface, ocean circulation, and ice-covered regions. Most of the work on defining the required characteristics of the observing systems has used Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs). We have synthesized the basic philosophy of OSSEs based on a review of the atmospheric and oceanographic literature, as well as visits to important research centers [Lewis and Passi, 1991]. The primary conclusions of our investigation follow.
Expression of the rat liver carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT-Iα) gene is regulated by Sp1 and nuclear factor Y: chromosomal localization and promoter characterization

Carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT)-I catalyses the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from CoA to carnitine for translocation across the mitochondrial inner membrane. Expression of the 'liver' isoform of the CPT-I gene (CPT-Ialpha) is subject to developmental, hormonal and tissue-specific regulation. To understand the basis for control of CPT-Ialpha gene expression, we have characterized the proximal promoter of the CPT-Ialpha gene. Here, we report the sequence of 6839 base pairs of the promoter and the localization of the rat CPT-Ialpha gene to region q43 on chromosome 1. Our studies show that the first 200 base pairs of the promoter are sufficient to drive transcription of the CPT-Ialpha gene. Within this region are two sites that bind both Sp1 and Sp3 transcription factors. In addition, nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) binds the proximal promoter. Mutation at the Sp1 or NF-Y sites severely decreases transcription from the CPT-Ialpha promoter. Other protein binding sites were identified within the first 200 base pairs of the promoter by DNase I footprinting, and these elements contribute to CPT-Ialpha gene expression. Our studies demonstrate that CPT-Ialpha is a TATA-less gene which utilizes NF-Y and Sp proteins to drive basal expression.
Developing and implementing integrated school-based mental health interventions

Although much progress has been made in developing efficacious school-based prevention and early intervention programmes for a range of emotional and behavioural problems (see National Research Cou...
Commentary on Höfler's proposed measure of specificity of an association of two disorders

In this issue, Hofler has proposed a statistical method to determine the specificity of an association of two disorders (A and B) when A is also associated with a third disorder, C. Questions are raised concerning Hofler's approach. It is argued that the proposed measures suggest a problem that would be better addressed using other methods. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
An approach for greenway suitability analysis

Greenway analysis is designed to identify and measure the suitability of potential sites for greenway development. This evaluation can be regarded as an extremely difficult task due, in part, to the large number of criteria and large volume of data that may be required for the determination. The purpose of this paper is to present an approach to greenway analysis that integrates suitability analysis with geographic information system (GIS) technology to identify suitable sites for greenway development in the town of Prescott Valley, AZ, USA. This approach identified five major steps involved in the greenway analysis, these include: identification of land-use functions, spatial data collection, development of weighting values, data integration and analysis using GIS, and output evaluation. Land-use function identification, and weighting values were developed from a wide range of resources including the Prescott Valley General Plan, surveys, expert opinion and published literature. Spatial data were obtained from federal, state, and local agencies. Where specific data were not available, these data were collected from the site using inventory techniques. Three land-use functions were identified for the Prescott Valley study area, wildlife habitat, recreation, and riparian corridor. For each of these functions, four or five primary factors were determined. Additionally, for each factor, a land capability rating was established. Results of the surveys indicated that normalized weightings for the functions were 1.0 for wildlife habitat, 0.862 for recreation, and 0.653 for riparian corridor. Rankings for the primary factors within the functions ranged from a high of 0.468 to a low of 0.049, with the sum of weighting values for all factors within a function equal to 1.0. Land capability values for attributes within factors were set as high, moderate, low, and no capability. All data were integrated into a vector-based GIS software and a total of 14 coverages were created, Spatial analysis was performed using an overlay technique combining all factors within a function, and then by combining all resulting factor outputs to produce an overall greenway suitability analysis. The final analysis was then evaluated by a panel of experts to determine its accuracy and potential for use in a greenway development plan.
Perceptual asymmetries in face recognition

Abstract Four experiments were carried out to investigate perceptual asymmetries in face recognition. Perceptual asymmetries favoring the half-face on the observer's left were found under free viewing conditions for both unfamiliar faces (Experiment 1) and famous faces (Experiment 3). For unfamiliar faces, this asymmetry was not obtained when fixation was controlled by presenting faces tachistoscopically (Experiment 2). For famous faces, the perceptual asymmetry favoring the half-face normally seen on the left did not appear to be retained in memory (Experiments 3 and 4). Asymmetries in face perception have been explained in terms of a direct access model of laterality effects. However, these results raise the possibility that asymmetric scanning or attentional factors may be important.
The detective quantum efficiency of television x-ray detectors.

Abstract Television area x-ray detectors measure the incident x-ray flux as a function of position. The detective quantum efficiency (DQE) expresses the precision of the flux measurement relative to that of an ideal detector. The gain, quantum efficiency, and statistical and noise properties of x-ray converters, image intensifies, fiber optics or lenses, and CCD sensors or vidicon tubes are described and used to develop a formulation of the DQE for a general television detector.
Adaptive nanomechanical response of stratified polymer brush structures.

We have fabricated a stratified polymer surface film with tunable thickness (within 17−34 nm) through facile, room-temperature, UV-initiated polymerization with a temperature-sensitive pNIPAAM layer confined beneath a hydrophobic layer. AFM morphology and ellipsometric measurements were measured at each grafting step, along with XPS measurements of the overall layer to verify layer growth. The strong characteristic LCST behavior of pNIPAAM was observed in water, with a 100% change in thickness above and below this transition. The AFM nanomechanical results demonstrate vertical gradients of the elastic response tunable to a desired state by the external temperature. These temperature-sensitive, adaptive polymer structures with the pNIPAAM layer “hidden” beneath the rubbery, hydrophobic PBA topmost layer represent an interesting example of nanoengineering surfaces with properties such as adhesion, elastic modulus, and multi-level structural reorganization responsive to fluidic and temperature variations tha...
Kinetics of polymer surface fluorination: Elemental and plasma-enhanced reactions

Abstract E.s.c.a. spectra of surface fluorinated polyethylene, poly(vinyl fluoride), and poly(vinylidene fluoride) are reported. Two reaction environments were used in this study: exposure to elemental fluorine and immersion in a glow discharge plasma. The systematic variation of fluorine composition in the polymer phase is shown to have a dramatic effect on the kinetics of the elemental reaction and little effect in the plasma reaction.
Dominican Party System Continuity amid Regional Transformations: Economic Policy, Clientelism, and Migration Flows

In the 1980s and 1990s, economic crisis produced ideological convergence in many Latin American party systems. Much scholarship explores how this convergence frequently provoked system change that enabled renewed ideological differentiation, but little research examines instances where convergence persisted without destabilizing the system. Through comparative historical analysis of Dominican continuity amid regional change, this study identifies factors that sustain or challenge party systems. Then, through analysis of Americas Barometer surveys, it assesses the causal mechanisms through which these factors shape support for the traditional Dominican parties. The findings demonstrate that maintaining programmatic and clientelist linkages facilitates continuity. In addition, the article argues that the threats political outsiders pose to existing party systems are constrained when people excluded from the system are divided and demobilized. In the Dominican case, Haitian immigration divides the popular sector while Dominicans abroad sustain ties to the parties, with both migration flows facilitating party system continuity.
Efficient method for optical constant determination by FTIR-ATR

We propose a novel iterative method to obtain optical constant spectra in the infrared region from FT-IR/ATR spectra. The algorithm consists of three steps. The first step is to obtain a trial extinction coefficient spectrum k(v) from a measured ATR spectrum, using the assumption that the two spectra are proportional to each other. The second step is the Kramers-Kronig (KK) transformation for obtaining the refractive index spectrum n(v) from the k(v) spectrum. The last step is a refining process of the k(v) spectrum using the calculated n(v) spectrum and the measured ATR spectrum. The last two steps are repeated until n(v) and k(v) spectra are stable. The present method adopts the most efficient algorithm at each step of the iteration. The rate of convergence of the iteration depends on the measurement conditions for the ATR spectrum and the maximum k(v) value. The use of germanium as a material for the internal reflection element (IRE), and 45 degrees as the incident angle, is found to give good convergence for the range of the k(v) values of most organic materials. This method is applied to several polymer films directly cast on the IRE prism from solution. The results are in good agreement with those obtained with other methods using transmission spectra.
Abstract 270: Cell assay on a chip to study tumor initiating cells’ heterogeneity and treatment resistance.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Recent investigations from both animal models and clinical samples have continuously supported that Tumor Initiating Cell (TIC) does exist and plays an important role in tumor metastasis and recurrence. However, TICs have a few intrinsic properties leading to their complexity in molecular targeting and inhibition. TICs are 1) heterogeneous, 2) dynamically changing states, 3) often rare and 4) lack robust biomarker combinations, thereby challenging conventional bulk in vitro experimental tools and complicating the prediction and explanation of animal study results. High throughput, in situ, and cell-by-cell measurement on TICs is a way to fully decipher TIC's molecular signature and signaling pathways. We believe such measurement can lead to 1) revolutionary implementation of TIC models; 2) identification of new therapeutic targets; and 3) reduction of breast cancer recurrence and metastasis. Microfluidics technology (1) is a candidate to serve as such type of high throughput single-cell characterization. We started pursuing such measurements a few years ago and demonstrated high throughput single-cell protein profiling on both cell lines and clinical samples. The technology, called single-cell barcode chip (SCBC), is facilitated by state-of-the-art Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidics protocols. The SCBC consists of down to nanoliter chambers that concentrate proteins from individual cells to a level even higher than cell culture media in conventional dish technology and contains extremely miniaturized antibody arrays to capture proteins produced by cells in these chambers. Further utilization of our SCBC platform to TICs is expected to characterize protein expression from individual breast TIC and lead to new discoveries in TIC filed. Citation Format: Weijia Zhang, Lidong Qin. Cell assay on a chip to study tumor initiating cells’ heterogeneity and treatment resistance. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 270. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-270
Solar Desalination With Latent Heat Recovery

Unlike conventional solar stills, the present system utilizes the latent heat of condensation and the sensible heat of the discarded seawater. The performance was optimized analytically and the system is presently under construction in Egypt. The system consists of a humidifier, a solar still or channel, a condenser, and a pond. In the humidifier, ambient air is humidified and heated by a warm brine from the pond. If the brine outlet temperature is higher than the ambient temperature, it goes back to the pond, if not, it is discarded. The solar still is a long glass-covered channel, about 200 meters long.
Hepatitis B Prevention and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection

Excerpt Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been a well-defined problem among homosexual men and parenteral drug abusers for almost 20 years (1-3). Homosexual men were a willing and reliable high...
Multiple stationary states and saturation effects for rotational polarons

Abstract The phenomenon of saturation of nonlinearity is studied via an investigation of the nature and stability of the stationary states of rotational polarons, which consist of quasiparticles interacting strongly with rotations such as those of rod-like molecules in liquid crystals. The basis is a generalized discrete nonlinear Schrodinger equation which has been introduced recently.
Inexact Newton methods for the nonlinear complementarity problem

An exact Newton method for solving a nonlinear complementarity problem consists of solving a sequence of linear complementarity subproblems. For problems of large size, solving the subproblems exactly can be very expensive. In this paper we study inexact Newton methods for solving the nonlinear, complementarity problem. In such an inexact method, the subproblems are solved only up to a certain degree of accuracy. The necessary accuracies that are needed to preserve the nice features of the exact Newton method are established and analyzed. We also discuss some extensions as well as an application.
Fibromodulin Suppresses Nuclear Factor-κB Activity by Inducing the Delayed Degradation of IKBA via a JNK-dependent Pathway Coupled to Fibroblast Apoptosis

Fibulin-5 (FBLN5) belongs to the Fibulin family of secreted extracellular matrix proteins, and our laboratory first established FBLN5 as a novel target for TGF-β in fibroblasts and endothelial cells. To better understand the pathophysiology of FBLN5, we carried out microarray analysis to identify fibroblast genes whose expressions were regulated by FBLN5 and TGF-β. In doing so, we identified fibromodulin (Fmod) as a novel target gene of FBLN5, and we validated the differential expression of Fmod and 12 other FBLN5-regulated genes by semi-quantitative real time PCR. Fmod belongs to the small leucine-rich family of proteoglycans, which are important constituents of mammalian extracellular matrices. Interestingly, parental 3T3-L1 fibroblasts displayed high levels of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity, although those engineered to express Fmod constitutively exhibited significantly reduced NF-κB activity, suggesting that Fmod functions to inhibit NF-κB signaling. By monitoring alterations in the activation of NF-κB and the degradation of its inhibitor, IκBα, we demonstrate for the first time that Fmod contributes to the constitutive degradation of IκBα protein in 3T3-L1 fibroblasts. Mechanistically, we observed Fmod to delay the degradation of IκBα by promoting the following: (i) activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase; (ii) inhibition of calpain and casein kinase 2 activity; and (iii) induction of fibroblast apoptosis. Taken together, our study identified a novel function for Fmod in directing extracellular signaling, particularly the regulation of NF-κB activity and cell survival.
17-HYDR0XYC0RTIC0STER0IDS AND 17-KETOSTEROIDS IN URINE OF HUMAN SUBJECTS: CLINICAL APPLICATION OF A METHOD EMPLOYING β-GLUCURONIDASE HYDROLYSIS*

NUMEROUS methods for measurement of urinary steroids have been devised in an attempt to estimate the level of adrenal cortical function. Of these, the methods oldest in point of time and those most widely used and accepted have been procedures for the measurement of 17-ketosteroids after acid hydrolysis (1, 2). Because of obvious clinical and physiologic discrepancies, such as the low values obtained in certain patients with Cushing's syndrome, a number of other techniques have been devised. These methods depend on the measurement of neutral reducing lipid substances (3), or of formaldehydogenic substances after periodic acid oxidation (4, 5) or involve the reduction of copper (6–8), or biologic assays (9–11). However, all of the techniques by which any large proportion of the interfering nonsteroidal substances present in urine have been eliminated, yield values which represent only a small fraction of the presumed normal secretion of the adrenal cortex (3–13). In addition, all of these methods have a re...
Chemical symbols and special characters on the apple microcomputer

Abstract The utility programs SHAPE TABLE ARTIST, SHAPE TABLE COLLATOR, and SHAPE TABLE VIEWER/RESOLVER have been written to quickly create and utilize shape tables of chemical symbols and special characters for display on the monitor screen of the 48K Apple II Plus microcomputer. Several shape tables—consisting of chemical symbols, mathematical characters, common plotting symbols, Greek letters, special fonts, and standard ASCII alphanumerics in both upper and lower case—have been created. Another program, SHAPE TABLE WRITER, has been written to demonstrate and utilize shape tables in typing chemical equations, mathematical formulas, subscripts and superscripts directly from the keyboard onto the high-resolution screen.
Glycosaminoglycans in Scleroderma and Scleredema

Skin from 6 patients with scleroderma, 3 with scleredema and 5 normal controls were subjected to qualitative and quantitative analysis of glycosaminoglycans. Glycosaminoglycans were identified by cetylpyridinium chloride-salt fractionation and by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Our data suggest that in scleredema there may be an increase in hyaluronic acid while the concentration of dermatan sulfate is normal. All scleroderma specimens revealed a marked increase in dermatan sulfate.
Power Calculation for Independent Samples Hotelling's T2 Using PROC IML In SAS:

The SAS system has been used to program power calculations for independent samples T2. Three programs have been prepared to accommodate variations in the information that may be available to do the power analysis.
CHLORSULFURON BLOCKS 2,4-D-INDUCED CELL ENLARGEMENT AND NADH OXIDASE IN EXCISED SECTIONS OF SOYBEAN HYPOCOTYLS

Abstract Elongation of soybean hypocotyl sections induced by the auxin herbicide, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), was blocked by micromolar concentrations of the sulfonylurea herbicide chlorsulfuron (2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-trizin-2yl)amino]carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide). The inhibition at equimolar concentrations of 2,4-D and chlorsulfuron was overcome by a 10- or 100-fold excess of 2,4-D. Stimulation by 2,4-D of an 2,4-D-responsive NADH-oxidase activity of the soybean plasma membrane also was blocked by the presence of concentrations of chlorsulfuron equimolar to the 2,4-D. Chlorsulfuron alone was largely without effect on either cell elongation or the auxin-stimulated NADH-oxidase activity over a range of chlorsulfuron concentrations. The results show a clear correlation between inhibition of auxin-stimulated cell elongation and the inhibition of an auxin-stimulated component of a plasma membrane NADH-oxidase activity.
Synthesis and Surface Functionalization of Aliphatic Polyether Dendrons

The convergent synthesis and surface modification of a novel family of aliphatic polyether dendrons is described. The synthesis utilizes methallyl dichloride as the monomeric building block along with peripheral benzyl ether and ketal protected hydroxy functionalities. The allylic nature of the electrophilic moieties of methallyl dichloride facilitates their nucleophilic displacement by 2 equiv of the appropriate terminal alcohol group. Having served its activating function during the coupling step, the alkene focal point can then be efficiently transformed into a primary alcohol via hydroboration−oxidation leading to a nucleophile that may then be coupled again to additional monomer. Repetition of these coupling and activation steps affords higher generation dendrons. Taking advantage of the versatility of the convergent approach and the rugged nature of the aliphatic ether building blocks, dendrimers with tailored solubility properties and well-defined unsymmetrical surfaces can be obtained.
The asymptotic fall-off of a stark-broadened spectral line in the classical path model

Abstract We study the large ω behavior of a spectral line broadened by an ideal gas of charged classical point particles, using their statistical properties and smooth Debye shielding. It is shown rigorously that the intensity decreases faster than ω −7 but in general not faster than ω −9 , contrasting the usual asymptotic expressions based on the Holtsmark distribution.
Removal of Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans Has a Differential Effect on Permeability of Bovine Articular Cartilage as Measured by Direct Permeation and Stress Relaxation

Permeability is defined as the ability of a fluid to pass through a porous medium. The ease of water movement is a determinant of the interstitial fluid flow-dependent viscoelastic properties of hydrated soft tissues and also modulates transport of solutes. For articular cartilage, permeability has been quantified directly via permeation experiments and indirectly by analyzing the data from stress relaxation testing under confined compression. It is unclear whether these different methods result in consistent measurements. This further complicates quantification of the effect of an experimental treatment on permeability such as the removal of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) [1, 2]. The objective of this study was to elucidate the impact of sulfated GAGs on the permeability of articular cartilage using direct permeation versus stress relaxation testing, and to assess any differences in permeability calculated from the two test methods.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Meiotic germ cells antagonize mesonephric cell migration and testis cord formation in mouse gonads

The developmental fate of primordial germ cells in the mammalian gonad depends on their environment. In the XY gonad, Sry induces a cascade of molecular and cellular events leading to the organization of testis cords. Germ cells are sequestered inside testis cords by 12.5 dpc where they arrest in mitosis. If the testis pathway is not initiated, germ cells spontaneously enter meiosis by 13.5 dpc, and the gonad follows the ovarian fate. We have previously shown that some testis-specific events, such as mesonephric cell migration, can be experimentally induced into XX gonads prior to 12.5 dpc. However, after that time, XX gonads are resistant to the induction of cell migration. In current experiments, we provide evidence that this effect is dependent on XX germ cells rather than on XX somatic cells. We show that, although mesonephric cell migration cannot be induced into normal XX gonads at 14.5 dpc, it can be induced into XX gonads depleted of germ cells. We also show that when 14.5 dpc XX somatic cells are recombined with XY somatic cells, testis cord structures form normally; however, when XX germ cells are recombined with XY somatic cells, cord structures are disrupted. Sandwich culture experiments suggest that the inhibitory effect of XX germ cells is mediated through short-range interactions rather than through a long-range diffusible factor. The developmental stage at which XX germ cells show a disruptive effect on the male pathway is the stage at which meiosis is normally initiated, based on the immunodetection of meiotic markers. We suggest that at the stage when germ cells commit to meiosis, they reinforce ovarian fate by antagonizing the testis pathway.
Long-term physical and mental health consequences of childhood physical abuse: Results from a large population-based sample of men and women

Abstract Objective Child maltreatment has been linked to negative adult health outcomes; however, much past research includes only clinical samples of women, focuses exclusively on sexual abuse and/or fails to control for family background and childhood characteristics, both potential confounders. Further research is needed to obtain accurate, generalizable estimates and to educate clinicians who are generally unaware of the link between childhood abuse and adult health. The purpose of this project is to examine how childhood physical abuse by parents impacts mid-life mental and physical health, and to explore the attenuating effect of family background and childhood adversities. Methods We analyzed population-based survey data from over 2,000 middle-aged men and women in the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study using self-reported measures of parental childhood physical abuse, mental health (depression, anxiety, anger), physical health (physical symptoms and medical diagnoses), family background, and childhood adversities. Results Parental physical abuse was reported by 11.4% of respondents (10.6% of males and 12.1% of females). In multivariate models controlling for age, sex, childhood adversities, and family background, we found that childhood physical abuse predicted a graded increase in depression, anxiety, anger, physical symptoms, and medical diagnoses. Childhood physical abuse also predicted severe ill health and an array of specific medical diagnoses and physical symptoms. Family background and childhood adversities attenuated but did not eliminate the childhood abuse/adult health relationship. Conclusions In a population-based cohort of middle-aged men and women, childhood physical abuse predicted worse mental and physical health decades after the abuse. These effects were attenuated, but not eliminated, by age, sex, family background, and childhood adversities.
Effects of dilution rate and pH on the ruminal cellulolytic bacterium Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 in cellulose-fed continuous culture.

The ruminal cellulolytic bacterium Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 was grown in cellulose-fed continuous culture at 22 different combinations of dilution rate (D, 0.014-0.076 h-1) and extracellular pH (6.11-6.84). Effects of pH and D on the fermentation were determined by subjecting data on cellulose consumption, cell yield, product yield (succinate, acetate, formate), and soluble sugar concentration to response surface analysis. The extent of cellulose conversion decreased with increasing D. First-order rate constants at rapid growth rates were estimated as 0.07-0.11 h-1, and decreased with decreasing pH. Apparent decreases in the rate constant with increasing D was not due to inadequate mixing or preferential utilization of the more amorphous regions of the cellulose. Significant quantities of soluble sugars (0.04-0.18 g/l, primarily glucose) were detected in all cultures, suggesting that glucose uptake was rather inefficient. Cell yields (0.11-0.24 g cells/g cellulose consumed) increased with increasing D. Pirt plots of the predicted yield data were used to determine that maintenance coefficient (0.04-0.06 g cellulose/g cells.h) and true growth yield (0.23-0.25 g cells/g cellulose consumed) varied slightly with pH. Yields of succinate, the major fermentation endproduct, were as high as 1.15 mol/mol anhydroglucose fermented, and were slightly affected by dilution rate but were not affected by pH. Comparison of the fermentation data with that of other ruminal cellulolytic bacteria indicates that F. succinogenes S85 is capable of rapid hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose and efficient growth, despite a lower mu max on microcrystalline cellulose.
A Robust Watermarking Technique for Secure Sharing of BASN Generated Medical Data

As remote health monitoring BASN technology matures and begins to proliferate, several issues related to the secure sharing of the resulting medical electronic data have come to the fore. This includes the need to provide the data owner (BASN user / patient) and the data consumers (healthcare providers, insurance companies, medical research facilities) secure control over the medical data as it is shared between these various stakeholders. In this paper, we focus on three secure sharing use-cases: proof of ownership, wherein the data owner must prove that she/he is the originator of the data, data tracking, wherein the data owner must trace unauthorized sharing of her/his bio signal data, and content authentication, wherein the data owner must prove whether the bio signal data has been maliciously altered. To address these use-cases, we develop a robust watermarking technique to embed security information into bio signal data such that the semantic fidelity of the data is unaffected, the bio-signal waveforms are altered imperceptibly, and the watermark is not easily corrupted, recovered or spoofed by malicious data consumers. Based on experimentally collected datasets from a gait-stability monitoring BASN, we show that our watermarking technique can robustly and effectively embed up to 1000 bit watermarks under these constraints.
Linear space data structures for two types of range search

This paper investigates the existence of linear space data structures for range searching. We examine thehomothetic range search problem, where a setS ofn points in the plane is to be preprocessed so that for any triangleT with sides parallel to three fixed directions the points ofS that lie inT can be computed efficiently. We also look atdomination searching in three dimensions. In this problem,S is a set ofn points inE3 and the question is to retrieve all points ofS that are dominated by some query point. We describe linear space data structures for both problems. The query time is optimal in the first case and nearly optimal in the second.
An analysis of non-propagating fatigue cracks

An analysis for the formation of nonpropagating fatigue cracks at (the base of V-shaped) notch roots, based on the considerations of the extent of the critically stressed region ahead of a notch or a crack tip, and the resulting volumetric strength effect, is developed. Assuming that the minimum local cyclic stress required for crack initiation from a notch root is equal to the unnotched fatigue limit, σe, and that the minimum local cyclic stress required for the propagation of the crack is equal to the theoretical strength of the material, σe, a model of notch fatigue limit is proposed that shows that nonpropagating cracks should form at the notch base if ρ≤ ρ0, a critical root radius, provided the notch is sufficiently deep,i.e. d ≥ ρ0. The radius ρ0 is a material constant and can be estimated from known material properties. The estimated values of ρ0 are in fairly good agreement with available experimental values for steels and pure copper. For stresses near the notch fatigue limit it is suggested that p0 be regarded as a radius above which notch fatigue limit is essentially initiation controlled and below which essentially propagation controlled. The notch fatigue limit based on complete fracture can then be estimated more accurately with mild as well as sharp notches.
A multi-level model for analyzing whole genome sequencing family data with longitudinal traits

Compared with microarray-based genotyping, next-generation whole genome sequencing (WGS) studies have the strength to provide greater information for the identification of rare variants, which likely account for a significant portion of missing heritability of common human diseases. In WGS, family-based studies are important because they are likely enriched for rare disease variants that segregate with the disease in relatives. We propose a multilevel model to detect disease variants using family-based WGS data with longitudinal measures. This model incorporates the correlation structure from family pedigrees and that from repeated measures. The iterative generalized least squares algorithm was applied to estimation of parameters and test of associations. The model was applied to the data of Genetic Analysis Workshop 18 and compared with existing linear mixed-effect models. The multilevel model shows higher power at practical p-value levels and a better type I error control than linear mixed-effect model. Both multilevel and linear mixed-effect models, which use the longitudinal repeated information, have higher power than the methods that only use data collected at one time point.
Effects of Spent Mushroom Substrate Weathering on the Chemistry of Underlying Soils

Passive weathering of heaped material in the field is a popular method for treating spent mushroom substrate (SMS) before its reuse. During the weathering process, leachate containing high concentrations of dissolved organic matter and inorganic salts is released into the underlying soils, but effects on soil and ground water quality remain uncertain. We conducted a field study to measure the effects of SMS weathering on chemical and morphological properties of underlying soils. Two SMS piles, 20 m long, 6 m wide, and either 90 or 150 cm high, were placed in a fallow agricultural field dominated by grasses and weathered for 24 mo. Soil samples were taken from each genetic horizon under the SMS piles following their removal and analyzed for pH, total organic carbon (TOC), electrical conductivity (EC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), water-soluble inorganic cations and anions, and exchangeable inorganic cations. Compared with an unaffected control, SMS weathering did not raise soil TOC, but did alter soil pH, and significantly increased EC, WSOC, and water-soluble and exchangeable inorganic ions. At 200 cm below the soil surface, the EC, WSOC, and water-soluble Cl-, NO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+ under SMS piles were 4 to 20 times higher than in unaffected soils. Water-soluble NO3- was minimal in the surface soil but peaked in the C horizon (120-180 cm) under the 90-cm SMS pile, indicating that these soils may have little capacity for retaining NO3-. Concentration profiles of the different solutes reflect their relative mobilities in the soil environment and indicate the potential for effects on subsurface water supplies.
Geometric programming for circuit optimization

This tutorial concerns a method for solving a variety of circuit sizing and optimization problems, which is based on formulating the problem as a geometric program (GP), or a generalized geometric program (GGP). These nonlinear, constrained optimization problems can be transformed to convex optimization problems, and then solved (globally) very efficiently.
An inversion formula for a matrix polynomial about a (unit) root

A solution to the problem of a closed-form representation for the inverse of a matrix polynomial about a unit root is provided by resorting to a Laurent expansion in matrix notation, whose principal-part coefficients turn out to depend on the non-null derivatives of the adjoint and the determinant of the matrix polynomial at the root. Some basic relationships between principal-part structure and rank properties of algebraic function of the matrix polynomial at the unit root as well as informative closed-form expressions for the leading coefficient matrices of the matrix-polynomial inverse are established.
SiC film deposited by pulsed excimer laser ablation

Thin films of {Beta} - SiC were grown on Si substrates by excimer laser pulse ablation of bulk SiC. The films were examined by Auger electron, x-ray, and photoelectron spectroscopies. The film was smooth as monitored by scanning electron microscopy. Scanning electron and scanning tunneling microscopy showed inclusions in the deposited SiC film and laser ionization mass analysis detected SiC dimers in the vapor plume emitted from the target. 13 refs., 4 figs.
Biocomplatible parylene neurocages

This paper presents a refined method and design fabricating parylene neurocages for in vitro studies of live neural networks. This fabrication process is less complex than previous neurocage and neurowell fabrication processes. Parylene neurocages are biocompatible and very robust, making them ideally suited for studying the synaptic connections between individual neurons to gain insight into learning and memory. TThe study showed that biocompatible and robust neurocages can be created that achieve significantly higher neuronal survival and outgrowth rate than previous versions. Previous neurocage designs achieved limited neuronal outgrowth; the long-term cell survival rate was 50%.
Spin-Orbit Coupling and Intersystem Crossing in Conjugated Polymers: A Configuration Interaction Description

Configuration−interaction calculations are performed to describe the singlet and triplet excited states of oligothiophene and oligo(phenylene ethynylene) conjugated chains. Intersystem crossing from the singlet to the triplet manifold is made possible by spin−orbit coupling, which leads to a mixing of the singlet (Sn) and triplet (Tn) wave functions. The electronic spin−orbit S1−Ti matrix elements, obtained from first-order perturbation theory, are used to compute the rates of intersystem crossing from the lowest singlet excited state, S1, into low-lying triplet states, Ti. On the basis of these results, a general mechanism is proposed to describe the intersystem crossing process in conjugated oligomers and polymers. The roles of chain length, heavy-atom derivatization, and ring twists are evaluated.
A statistical finite element model of the knee accounting for shape and alignment variability

By characterizing anatomical differences in size and shape between subjects, statistical shape models enable population-based evaluations in biomechanics. Statistical models have largely focused on individual bones with application to implant sizing, bone fracture and osteoarthritis; however, in joint mechanics applications, the statistical models must consider the geometry of multiple structures of a joint and their relative position. Accordingly, the objectives of this study were to develop a statistical shape and alignment modeling (SSAM) approach to characterize the intersubject variability in bone morphology and alignment for the structures of the knee, to demonstrate the statistical model's ability to describe variability in a training set and to generate realistic instances for use in finite element evaluation of joint mechanics. The statistical model included representations of the bone and cartilage for the femur, tibia and patella from magnetic resonance images and relative alignment of the structures at a known, loaded position in an experimental knee simulator for a training set of 20 specimens. The statistical model described relationships or modes of variation in shape and relative alignment of the knee structures. By generating new 'virtual subjects' with physiologically realistic knee anatomy, the modeling approach can efficiently perform investigations into joint mechanics and implant design which benefit from population-based considerations.
Mining the relationships between psychosocial factors and fatigue dimensions among registered nurses

Abstract Recent challenges related to patient safety, and medical errors in healthcare have led to a focus on increasing quality across healthcare organizations. Psychosocial factors and fatigue have been identified as significant factors related to nurses' performance. However, previous studies have not clearly established the multi-factorial relationships between psychosocial factors and multiple dimensions of fatigue in nurses. Hence, the purpose of this study was to identify relationships between multiple psychosocial factors and dimensions of fatigue using data mining classification methods. Survey data from registered nurse perceptions of psychosocial factors, mental, physical and total fatigue levels were analyzed using a tree-based Chi-Square Automatic Interaction Detection. The results demonstrate that psychological job demand and skill discretion have a strong association with all dimensions of fatigue. Changes in mental and total fatigue levels are also significantly associated with the level of decision authority. Finally, coworker social support is associated with changes in physical fatigue, and supervisor social support is associated with differences in total fatigue levels. In conclusion, there are varying relationships between psychosocial factors from a demand–control–support model and mental, physical, and total dimensions of fatigue in registered nurses. Through increased understanding of these associations, healthcare organizations, nursing managers, and policy makers can better design interventions to mitigate fatigue. Relevance to industry Due to challenges related to quality, cost, and shortages of qualified personnel, healthcare organizations must understand human factors, such as fatigue, that can impact nurse performance, safety, and satisfaction. This study identifies multi-factorial relationships between fatigue dimensions and psychosocial factors in registered nurses. The results may help nursing leaders in designing comprehensive interventions that account for psychosocial aspects of the work environment to reduce nurse fatigue.
The Intersection of Spiritual, Sexual, and National Identity: A Qualitative Study of Mature Dutch Women

This article reports narratives of mature Dutch women with regard to the interaction of national identity, social/personal views concerning body, and religious conflicts and combinations of secular female body politic. The purpose is to bridge the gap of knowledge among body image, religiosity, modernity, and traditionalism while also examining gay, lesbian, bisexual, trans, intersexed, and queer ideals. Only in Islamic discourse has female embodiment of religious women been linked thus far. Most literature ignores the voices of religious women entirely. The research suggests women from different religious backgrounds combine the false binary of modernity and religiosity in Dutch society, albeit enduring a variety of hardships. Recommendations for further research are discussed.
The relationship of superior labralanteroposterior (SLAP) lesions and pseudolaxity to shoulder injuries in the overhead athlete

Abstract Understanding the effect of superior labral lesions on the function of the shoulder is essential to successfullytreating the overhead athlete. Recognizing the pseudolaxity owing to superior labral anteroposterior (SLAP) lesions and the pathological "peel-back" sign is critical in evaluating the injured shoulder in general and repairing the SLAP lesion in particular. The mechanical characteristics of suture anchors are more favorable than tacks in resisting the pathological forces responsible for the peel-back mechanism. The higher success rate of arthroscopic suture anchor repair of SLAP lesions in comparison with open capsulolabral reconstruction suggests that SLAP lesions are the usual cause of the "dead arm" syndrome. In our experience, arthroscopic repair of SLAP lesions can return the overhead athlete to their preoperative level of function in the vast majority of cases (87% return to preoperative level for two or more seasons).
The Makran earthquake of 1983 April 18: A possible analogue to the Puget Sound earthquake of 1965?

Summary On 1983 April 18, a large earthquake (mb∼6.5, M0 = 1.2X1019 Nm) occurred in the Makran region near the Pakistan-Iran border. This earthquake is the only event of mb > 6.2 in the entire Makran region since the occurrence of the great Makran earthquake (M= 8.0–8.3) in 1945. We determined the source parameters of the 1983 event by formally inverting its P- and SH-waves recorded by the World-Wide Standard Seismograph Network (WWSSN) and the Canadian Seismograph Network (CSN) at teleseismic distances. The best-fitting centroidal solution shows predominantly normal faulting at a depth of about 65 ± 5 km. These results provide an additional constraint on the configuration of the down-going slab previously inferred from the occurrence of three small- to moderate-sized events located 100–300 km to the west of the event reported here. We also discuss the possibility of drawing an analogy between the occurrence of the 1983 Makran event and that of the Puget Sound earthquake of 1965 (M0–1.4X1019Nm, mb ± 6.5), and between the seismotectonic settings of the two regions. If the very large (M= 8.0–8.3) earthquake off the Makran coast in 1945 is a low-angle thrust due to slip along the plate interface, its occurrence calls for the possibility of similar seismic risk in the Puget Sound region. However, in contrast to inferences made from geological observations in the field, about a dozen P-wave first motions read from historical seismograms and those reported by the International Seismological Summary suggest that the 1945 Makran earthquake has a large component of normal faulting which can be attributed to the relatively old age of the subducted lithosphere.
Robust nonlinear feedback control with nonquadratic performance criteria

In this paper we develop a unified framework to address the problem of optimal nonlinear robust control. Specifically, we transform a given robust control problem into an optimal control problem by properly modifying the cost functional to account for the system uncertainty. As a consequence, the resulting solution to the modified optimal control problem guarantees robust stability and performance for a class of nonlinear uncertain systems. The overall framework generalizes the classical Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman conditions to address the design of robust optimal controllers for uncertain nonlinear systems.