cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Syndrome characterized by loss of muscle strength experienced by athletes during intensive training program.

Abstract A syndrome of heaviness in the legs and loss of power and resiliency when running has been investigated in football players during a conditioning program. A transient but significant loss of static leg strength was documented. No changes in muscle or serum sodium, potassium and magnesium concentrations were found. A significant doubling of the myofibrillar nitrogen fraction was observed during the 2 wk of observation. The loss of strength during rapid hypertrophy of muscle is consistent with earlier reports in experimental animals. The occurrence of alterations in intracellular protein nitrogen concentrations without concomitant changes in muscle electrolyte composition leads us to question the universal applicability of noncollagen nitrogen as a reference unit for the expression of muscle electrolyte composition.
Toward application-specific memory reconfiguration for energy efficiency

The end of Dennard scaling has made energy-efficiency a critical challenge in the continued increase of computing performance. An important approach to increasing energy-efficiency is hardware customization. In this study we explore the opportunity for energy-efficiency via memory hierarchy customization and present a methodology to identify application-specific energy efficient configurations. Using a workload of 37 diverse benchmarks, we address three key questions: 1) How much energy saving is possible?, 2) How much reconfiguration is required?, and 3) Can we use application characterization to automatically select an energy-optimal memory hierarchy configuration? Our results show that the potential benefit is large -- average reductions close to 70% in memory hierarchy energy with no performance loss. Further, our results show that the number of configurations need not be large; 13 carefully chosen configurations can deliver 93% of this benefit (64% energy reduction), and even coarse-grain reconfigurations of an existing hierarchy can deliver 81% of this benefit (56% energy reduction), suggesting that reconfigurable hierarchies may be practically realizable. Finally, as a first step towards automatic reconfiguration, we explore application characterization via reuse distance as a guide to select the best memory hierarchy configuration; we show that reuse distance can effectively predict the application-specific configuration which will both maintain performance and deliver energy efficiency.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE RELATION OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX TO EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES

The modification of pancreatic diabetes in the cat by adrenalectomy has been described (1), and this was shown to be due not to loss of the medulla, but to the absence of the cortical tissue. While large doses of cortical extract maintained the life of these animals and, in some instances, kept the electrolyte pattern within normal limits, the extracts employed did not restore the diabetes or increase the excretion of glucose, nitrogen and acetone bodies. Since removal of the adrenal cortex diminishes the severity of diabetes, one would expect to find some form of replacement therapy which would tend to restore the diabetes of these animals. The failure of cortical extracts to affect various types of experimental diabetes has been noted by Houssay (2) and Long (3). The latter has summarized the situation as follows (3). “The role of the adrenal cortex in the production of glycosuria and ketonuria by the pituitary hormones is by no means clear at the present time. It is also equally difficult to understand...
PROGNOSIS OF PATIENTS WITH LYMPH NODE POSITIVE PROSTATE CANCER FOLLOWING RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY: LONG-TERM RESULTS

ABSTRACTPurpose: We determined the prognostic factors that affect recurrence and survival in patients with lymph node positive prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: Between 1972 and 1999, 1,936 patients underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection for clinically organ confined prostate cancer. A total of 235 patients (12.1%) were found to have disease metastatic to the lymph nodes (stage D1). Of the patients 69% received no adjuvant treatment. We reviewed the tumor stage (TNM), Gleason score, number and percent of involved lymph nodes (lymph node density), preoperative prostate specific antigen when available and adjuvant treatment. Overall survival and recurrence-free survival were estimated using Kaplan-Meier plots.Results: Followup was 1 to 24 years (median 11.4). Overall median survival was 15 years. Overall clinical recurrence-free survival at 5, 10 and 15 years was 80%, 65% and 58%, respectively. Patients who had 1 or 2 positive lymph nodes had a clinical recurrence-f...
Optimization of information technology risk event prediction markets

Information technology risk prediction markets have potential to identify the probabilities of risk events that are relevant to information systems. Prediction markets provide a bidding mechanism that allows large number of participants to compete for forming the most accurate predictions for future events. The accuracy of forecasts regarding the frequency, nature, and the form of cyber attacks is crucial for managers and various stakeholders to make effective decisions for investment in cyber defense systems. This paper identifies the key design elements that are involved in the development of a prediction market. The identification of the best configuration for the prediction markets helps organizations to build better defenses against cyber attacks.
Distinct effects of gonadectomy in male and female mice on collagen fibrillogenesis in the skin

Summary Background Collagen biosynthesis and deposition is a complex, multistep process, which is tightly regulated to maintain proper tissue homeostasis. Sex steroid hormones have been implicated in regulating collagen synthesis; however the specific mechanisms regulating the process remain largely unknown. Objective To investigate the role of estrogens and androgens in the regulation of genes involved in collagen synthesis and fibrillogenesis using gonadectomized C57/B6 mice. Methods Collagen content was assessed by hydroxyproline measurement and acetic acid extraction of collagen with or without the addition of pepsin. The mRNA levels of fibrillar collagens and enzymes involved in fibrillogenesis were determined by QPCR analysis. The protein expression of decorin, lumican and fibromodulin was confirmed by immunostaining. Results We have shown that castration resulted in a markedly decreased skin thickness and collagen content without affecting collagen solubility. Furthermore, the mRNA levels of fibrillar collagen genes including types I, III, and V were decreased, suggesting that androgens positively regulate the rate of collagen gene transcription. Conversely, ovariectomy mainly affected collagen solubility. The absence of estrogens resulted in decreased expression levels of several of the small leucine-rich repeat proteins and proteoglycans (SLRPs) including decorin, fibromodulin and lumican. Conclusions Estrogens may not be directly involved in the regulation of collagen synthesis; however, they may play a critical role in regulating organization and stability of collagen fibrils. Androgens play a positive role in the regulation of collagen biosynthesis. In summary, our data demonstrate that androgens and estrogens regulate distinct aspects of collagen fibrillogenesis in mouse skin.
Organic metamorphism in Middle Ordovician carbonates, Lebanon Valley nappe, Pennsylvania

Abstract An assemblage of highly brecciated organic fragments at the contact of the Middle Ordovician Annville and Myerstown Formations in the Lebanon Valley nappe, Lebanon County, Pennsylvania, was found to have maximum reflectances generally exceeding 8%R, with the highest values approaching 13%R. Such reflectance values are consistent with greenschist facies metamorphism, the latter supported by metamorphic mineral assemblages. Brecciation and metamorphism of the organics probably occurred at the time of the emplacement of the nappe during the Ordovician Taconic orogeny.
Some Consequences of a Modified Kuti-Weisskopf Quark-Parton Model

We attempt to modify the Kuti-Weisskopf quark-parton model so as to obtain agreement with recent experimental and theoretical results. We find that, at the cost of sacrificing some simplicity, reasonable phenomenological fits can be obtained. (auth)
Reverse methanogenesis: testing the hypothesis with environmental genomics.

Microbial methane consumption in anoxic sediments significantly impacts the global environment by reducing the flux of greenhouse gases from ocean to atmosphere. Despite its significance, the biological mechanisms controlling anaerobic methane oxidation are not well characterized. One current model suggests that relatives of methane-producing Archaea developed the capacity to reverse methanogenesis and thereby to consume methane to produce cellular carbon and energy. We report here a test of the “reverse-methanogenesis” hypothesis by genomic analyses of methane-oxidizing Archaea from deep-sea sediments. Our results show that nearly all genes typically associated with methane production are present in one specific group of archaeal methanotrophs. These genome-based observations support previous hypotheses and provide an informed foundation for metabolic modeling of anaerobic methane oxidation.
Rogue waves, dissipation, and downshifting

Abstract We investigate the effects of dissipation on the development of rogue waves and downshifting by adding nonlinear and linear damping terms to the one-dimensional Dysthe equation. Significantly, rogue waves do not develop after the downshifting becomes permanent. Thus in our experiments permanent downshifting serves as an indicator that damping is sufficient to prevent the further development of rogue waves. Using the inverse spectral theory of the NLS equation, simulations of the damped Dysthe equation for sea states characterized by JONSWAP spectrum consistently show that rogue wave events are well-predicted by proximity to homoclinic data, as measured by the spectral splitting distance δ . The cut off distance δ c u t o f f decreases as the strength of the damping increases, indicating that for stronger damping the JONSWAP initial data must be closer to homoclinic data for rogue waves to occur.
CULLEN'S SIGN AND HAEMOGLOBINURIA AS PRESENTING SIGNS OF RETROPERITONEAL HAEMORRHAGE IN A DOG

Haemoglobinuria and periumbilical discoloration (also known as Cullen's sign) are clinical signs uncommonly reported in veterinary patients. This report describes a case of retroperitoneal haemorrhage in a dog, associated with haemoglobinuria and Cullen's sign. To the authors' knowledge, these clinical signs have not previously been reported singularly or in combination with retroperitoneal haemorrhage in dogs. A neutered male Shetland sheepdog, which was presented for haematuria, also had an abdominal mass, abdominal pain and a large area of periumbilical discoloration. Laboratory studies determined that haemoglobinuria was the cause of the red-coloured urine. Abdominal radiographs suggested a splenic mass and a coeliotomy was performed. During the induction and throughout the anaesthetic period the dog was hypertensive and a large haematoma originating from the right retroperitoneal space was identified at surgery. The cause of the haemorrhage was uncertain but a ruptured phaeochromocytoma was thought possible on the basis of the persistent hypertension and the location of the haemorrhage.
Chemical disorder and charge transport in ferromagnetic manganites

Disorder broadening due to randomly distributed ${\mathrm{La}}^{3+}$ and ${\mathrm{A}}^{2+}$ (A=Ca,Sr,Ba) cations is combined with a virtual-crystal treatment of the average system to evaluate the effects on both majority and minority transport in the ferromagnetic ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\mathrm{/}3}$${\mathrm{A}}_{1\mathrm{/}3}$${\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ system. The low-density minority carriers which lie in the band tail are localized by disorder, while the majority carriers retain long mean free paths reflected in the observed strongly metallic conductivity. In addition to obtaining transport parameters, we provide evidence that local distortions are due to nearby ionic charges rather than to ion size considerations.
ON THE ANALYSIS OF NONCATALYTIC GAS-SOLID KINETICS DATA HAVING WEAK TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE

Abstract Noncatalytic gas-solid reactions should exhibit strong temperature dependence when the rate is controlled by surface kinetics. However, there are a number of examples in the literature where apparent activation energies less than 10 kcal/mol have been reported as being representative of intrinsic kinetics. This conclusion is often based on electrobalance data in which large gas Row rates were used to eliminate mass transfer resistance and the fact that fractional conversion-time results are consistent with the surface kinetics control version of a gas-solid reaction model. The oxidation of FeS was studied in an electrobalance reactor as a function of O2 mol fraction, temperature, and gas flow rate. The global rate was first-order in O2 and weakly dependent on temperature and flow rate. Data analysis used the approximate solution to the grain model. The single-resistance surface kinetics variation of the model provided good match with the conversion-time data, but the apparent activation energy wa...
A reconfigurable low-power high-performance matrix multiplier design

A novel reconfigurable low-power high-performance matrix multiplier architecture and its component circuits are presented. The processor can be easily reconfigured to compute the product of matrices X/sub nK/ and Y/sub km/ for any integers n, k, m and any item precision b (ranging from 4 to 64 bits) thus maximizing the utilization of the hardware available. As a typical example, the hardware equivalent to one 64/spl times/64 bit high precision multiplier in the system can be directly reconfigured to produce the product of two matrices X/sub 8/spl times/8/ and Y/sub 8/spl times/8/ of 8-bit items in 9 pipeline cycles, which would require 512 multiplications (done by large multipliers) in a non-reconfigurable high precision system. Given an input stream of h/spl times/h matrix pairs with b-bit items, the processor, called matrix multiplier of size s (note s=hb), may consist of an array of (s/m)/sup 2/ of m/spl times/m small multipliers (m=4 case is illustrated), a few arrays of adders each adding three numbers, an array of accumulators and corresponding simple reconfiguration switches. To compute the product of X/sub nK/ and Y/sub km/, of item precision b on the proposed processor of size s we only need to partition X/sub nK/ and Y/sub km/ into s/b X s/b sub-matrices, reconfigure the processor according to the values of s (fixed) and b (input parameter), compute the products of submatrices, and accumulate them for the desired result in pipelined fashion. A recently proposed shift switch logic, a nonbinary logic for arithmetic circuits, is utilized in the design. The novel logic operates 4-bit state signals where no more than half of the signal bits are subject to value-change at any logic stage, which, verified by SPICE simulation, significantly reduces the large circuit power dissipation while keeping high performance in speed and small VLSI area.
Genetic analysis of pigmented tuber flesh in potato

Interest in anthocyanin-pigmented potato tuber flesh is increasing. To genetically map and characterize loci that influence this trait, diploid potato clone 10618-01, which has partially pigmented flesh, was crossed with diploid 320-02, which has white flesh. Almost all progeny exhibited purple coloration in the flesh, with some clones having only a small percentage of tissue pigmented, other clones having most tissue pigmented, and the majority of clones showing intermediate color phenotypes. The two parents and 228 progeny were genotyped with 493 AFLP, 8 CAPS, and 13 SSR markers. QTLs influencing extent of flesh pigmentation were detected on chromosomes 5, 8, and 9. The potato homolog of Petuniaan1, a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcriptional regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis, was found to co-localize with the QTL on chromosome 9. A CAPS marker based on this gene was used to evaluate a collection of 21 tetraploid potato clones with highly or fully pigmented red or purple flesh, as well as 53 cultivars with white or yellow flesh. All 21 pigmented-flesh clones shared a marker allele that was present in only 21 of the 53 white and yellow clones, suggesting that a common bHLH allele contributes toward, although it is clearly not sufficient for, highly or fully pigmented tuber flesh in cultivated potato.
Metabolic adaptations in skeletal muscle during lactation: complementary deoxyribonucleic acid microarray and real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of gene expression.

Lactation and fasting are two physiological models characterized by negative energy balance. Our previous studies demonstrated that uncoupling protein (UCP) 3 expression in skeletal muscle was down-regulated during lactation and up-regulated during fasting. The present studies used cDNA microarray and real-time PCR to perform a systems and comparative analysis in gene expression in skeletal muscle under conditions of negative energy balance. Gastrocnemius skeletal muscle RNA pools were generated from the following groups of rats: cycling diestrous females, cycling females with 48 h of fasting, lactation, and lactation leptin. Of those known genes studied, 35 genes were up-regulated and 49 were down-regulated during lactation. Leptin treatment during lactation reversed the differential regulation of about 80% of these genes, demonstrating the importance of the leptin suppression to the changes in skeletal muscle metabolism. GenMAPP analysis revealed a coordinated regulation at key steps in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and lipid metabolism, indicating an increased rate of lactate production through glycolysis and reduced fatty acid degradation in skeletal muscle during lactation. Particular interest was paid to those genes that changed in a similar manner to UCP3 mRNA. Many of these genes that were decreased during lactation and increased during fasting are involved in fatty acid degradation and transport, including acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase for medium chain fatty acid, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, and fatty acid translocase. The current studies provide a basis for investigating the mechanisms underlying metabolic adaptations during lactation and fasting and highlight the importance of UCP3 in lipid metabolism. (Endocrinology 145: 5344 –5354, 2004)
Microseisms classified according to type of storms

The purpose of this paper is to present certain technical details involved in a proper interpretation of dominant microseisms recorded in the Caribbean. Twelve figures are given that show microseisms produced by hurricanes, cold fronts, thunderstorms, fair weather, and artificial vibrations. These are classified and listed in Table 1 according to type, period, amplitude, form, and duration.
Unified Approaches to Surgery and Systemic Therapy for Renal Cell Carcinoma

RCC remains the most lethal of genitourinary malignancies. It will be essential to rationally integrate surgery and systemic therapy to improve outcomes in RCC. Despite substantial efforts to date, there is no current role for adjuvant therapy following nephrectomy for clinically localized disease. There are several studies in progress that aim to identify effective agents in the adjuvant setting, including mTOR and tyrosine kinase inhibitors as well as a monoclonal antibody against CA IX. For locally advanced disease, it has been proposed that neoadjuvant therapy may make unresectable disease resectable, enable partial nephrectomy, or shrink venous tumor thrombus. These theoretical goals remain in need of further study. For patients with metastatic RCC, the correct paradigm remains to be elucidated for integrating cytoreductive surgery and systemic therapy. In particular, the proper criteria for selecting patients for surgery, the benefit of cytoreduction in the targeted therapy era, and the correct order of surgery and systemic therapy are all active areas of debate and research.
Assessment of Infant Brain Development With Frequency-Domain Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

This is the first report to demonstrate quantitative monitoring of infant brain development with frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy (FD-NIRS). Regionally specific increases in blood volume and oxygen consumption were measured in healthy infants during their first year. The results agree with prior PET and SPECT reports; but, unlike these methods, FD-NIRS is portable and uses nonionizing radiation. Further, new information includes the relatively constant tissue oxygenation with age and location, suggesting a tight control between local oxygen delivery and consumption in healthy infants during brain development. FD-NIRS could become the preferred clinical tool for quantitatively assessing infant brain development.
Stimulation of protective antibodies against type Ia and Ib group B streptococci by a type Ia polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine

Abstract Antisera elicited by type Ia group B streptococci (GBS) contain antibodies that react with both type Ia and type Ib strains. Previous studies suggested that antibodies elicited by type Ia organisms recognized a carbohydrate antigen or epitope common to Ia and Ib strains. We now report the synthesis and immunogenicity testing of a type Ia polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid (Ia-TT) conjugate vaccine. Ia-TT elicited type Ia polysaccharide-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies in all three of the rabbits inoculated. In competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, these antibodies reacted with high affinity to type Ia polysaccharide and with lower affinity to the structurally related GBS type Ib polysaccharide. Despite the lower binding affinity of the Ia-TT-induced antibodies for the type Ib polysaccharide, Ia-TT antiserum opsonized not only type Ia GBS but also type Ib GBS for killing by human blood leukocytes. Ia-TT antiserum was also evaluated in a mouse model designed to test the efficacy of maternal antibodies in protecting neonates against GBS infection. Pups born to dams that had received Ia-TT antiserum were protected against lethal challenge with either type Ia or Ib GBS. These studies using a polysaccharide-protein conjugate as an immunogen support the view that the carbohydrate immunodeterminant recognized on Ib strains by Ia antisera is a common epitope contained within the structurally related Ia and Ib capsular polysaccharides. Although antibodies elicited by Ia-TT had protective activity against both Ia and Ib strains, these antibodies reacted with lower affinity to Ib than to Ia polysaccharide.
The thermal model of the rat under hemorrhagic shock hypothermia with microwave intervention

A whole body thermal model simulating heat distribution and temperature regulation in rats during hemorrhagic shock and during post-shock microwave core rewarming period was developed. An electrical circuit was used to simulate the thermal system and PSpice was used to analyze the circuit. The blood pressure drop and cardiac output decrease were considered in the simulation, and the set point temperature was investigated in the model. Linear decrease and increase of the set point temperature were assumed during the simulation of the shock period and the post-shock rewarming period, respectively. General agreement between the simulation result and experimental data was obtained. >
Self-Affirmations Provide a Broader Perspective on Self-Threat

We present an “affirmation as perspective” model of how self-affirmations alleviate threat and defensiveness. Self-threats dominate the working self-concept, leading to a constricted self disproportionately influenced by the threat. Self-affirmations expand the size of the working self-concept, offering a broader perspective in which the threat appears more narrow and self-worth realigns with broader dispositional self-views (Experiment 1). Self-affirmed participants, relative to those not affirmed, indicated that threatened self-aspects were less all-defining of the self (although just as important), and this broader perspective on the threat mediated self-affirmation’s reduction of defensiveness (Experiment 2). Finally, having participants complete a simple perspective exercise, which offered a broader perspective on the self without prompting affirmational thinking (Experiment 3a), reduced defensiveness in a manner equivalent to and redundant with a standard self-affirmation manipulation (Experiment 3b...
A crossover operator for the k- anonymity problem

Recent dissemination of personal data has created an important optimization problem: what is the minimal transformation of a dataset that is needed to guarantee the anonymity of the underlying individuals? One natural representation for this problem is a bit-string, which makes a genetic algorithm a logical choice for optimization. Unfortunately, under certain realistic conditions, not all bit combinations will represent valid solutions. This means that in many instances, useful solutions are sparse in the search space. We implement a new crossover operator that preserves valid solutions under this representation. Our results show that this reproductive strategy is more efficient, effective, and robust than previous work. We also investigate how the population size and uniqueness can affect the performance of genetic search on this application.
The latissimus dorsi, pectoralis minor, and rectus abdominis free flaps for dynamic reconstruction of the paralyzed face

The use of free tissue for dynamic reconstruction of the paralyzed face has allowed for the development of novel flaps aimed at maximizing the functional and cosmetic results. While the gracilis free-tissue transfer is highly popularized and well described, other donor sites are available for versatile pedicle length and soft-tissue adjuncts with minimal donor site morbidity. This article's aim is describe the surgical technique of other free-tissue options for dynamic reconstruction of the paralyzed face, specifically the latissimus dorsi, the pectoralis minor, and the rectus abdominis free-tissue transfer.
Pathogenicity and Rapid Growth Kinetics of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Are Linked to 3′ Elements

Chimeric viruses constructed between a highly pathogenic Feline Immunodeficiency Virus isolate (FIV-C36) and a less pathogenic but neurotropic strain (FIV-PPR) have been used to map viral genetic determinants of in vivo pathogenicity. Chimeric virus FIV-PCenv, which contains FIV-C36 genome from the 3′ region of pol to upstream of the 3′LTR on an FIV-PPR backbone, was previously shown to be replication-competent in vivo, inducing altered CD4+ T-cell and neutrophil profiles intermediate between parental strains following a delay in viral replication during initial infection. Examination of FIV-PCenv proviral sequences recovered at week 11 post-infection revealed two changes compared to initial viral inoculum; the most significant being arginine to histidine in the integrase region of Pol at residue 813 (R813H). Pooled plasma from the initial in vivo study was used to inoculate a second cohort of cats to determine whether similar virulence and kinetics could be established following primary infection. Viral replication kinetics and immunocyte profiles were monitored in blood, bone marrow, and saliva over a one-year period. Passaged FIV-PCenv again displayed intermediate phenotype between parental strains, but unlike primary experiments, the onset of acute viremia was not delayed. CD4/8 alterations were noted in all groups of animals, though significant changes from controls were delayed in FIV-PPR infected animals compared to FIV-C36 and FIV-PCenv. In vivo passage of FIV-PCenv increased replication-competence relative to the initial molecularly-cloned chimera in association with one adaptive nucleotide change in the 5′ end of the genome relative to primary tissue culture inoculum, while mutations in the 3′ end of the genome were not detected. The results are consistent with the interpretation that 3′ elements contribute to heightened virulence of FIV-C36, and that integrase residue 813 plays an important role in facilitating successful in vivo replication.
The Kangaroo approach to data movement on the Grid

Access to remote data is one of the principal challenges of Grid computing. While performing I/O, Grid applications must be prepared for server crashes, performance variations and exhausted resources. To achieve high throughput in such a hostile environment, applications need a resilient service that moves data while hiding errors and latencies. We illustrate this idea with Kangaroo, a simple data movement system that makes opportunistic use of disks and networks to keep applications running. We demonstrate that Kangaroo can achieve better end-to-end performance than traditional data movement techniques, even though its individual components do not achieve high performance.
Macrophage response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

The immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection is the for- mation of multicellular lesions, or granolomas, in the lung of the individual. However, the structure of the granulomas and the spatial distribution of the immune cells within is not well understood. In this paper we develop a mathematical model investigating the early and initial immune response to Mtb. The model consists of coupled reaction-diffusion-advection partial differen- tial equations governing the dynamics of the relevant macrophage and bacteria populations and a bacteria-produced chemokine. Our novel application of mathematical concepts of internal states and internal velocity allows us to begin to study this unique immunological structure. Volume changes resulting from proliferation and death terms generate a velocity field by which all cells are transported within the forming granuloma. We present numerical results for two distinct infection outcomes: controlled and uncontrolled granuloma growth. Using a simplified model we are able to analytically determine conditions under which the bacteria population decreases, representing early clearance of infection, or grows, represent- ing the initial stages of granuloma formation.
In Defense of the Binomial Quercus elliottii (Fagaceae) for the Running Oak of the Southeastern United States

modern equivalents listed in the column on the right. The binomials of four of Walter's thirteen species are the same in both columns and seven differ. Explanations for the differences were provided in a previous paper (Wilbur 2002). At the present time there seems to be complete agreement on the identities of eleven of the names; two of Walter's names whose identities it was hoped had been resolved in that earlier paper are treated differently in a recent paper by Ward (2007b). The present paper will discuss only Quercus pumila.
Impact Of Undocumented Immigration On US Wages

The movement of undocumented people across the southern border of the United States creates an environment which destroys the free market of United States labor by increasing the supply of labor and decreasing the price of labor. The undocumented females follow up with birth on United States soil, and create an economic dilemma for local municipalities that must provide public education for those babies. The babies become the basis within the United States for claims of citizenship activities and legalization of the original undocumented persons. In this scenario, the Law of Supply operates to decrease the earnings of unskilled labor. The Law of Supply also operates to decrease the possible unionization of unskilled workers, while decreasing governmental funds needed for municipal services. The cost to municipal governments to provide education for the anchor baby generation appears to be an unending cost increase due to the unending supply of Third World undocumented individuals crossing the United States southern borders.
Multi positive feedback control method for active vibration suppression in flexible structures

Abstract This paper presents a novel controller for active vibration reduction in piezoelectric-actuated flexible structures. The new Multi Positive Feedback (MPF) control consists of two sections where each operates using a set of actuators. One section uses position and the other uses velocity feedback to perform real-time vibration control. The 90° phase difference between the feedbacks leads to non-zero resultant control output. This property results in a more effective operation of the available actuators. Sections of the MPF controller are designed based on the concept of the Modified Positive Position Feedback (MPPF) control approach, where the damping of the control system is increased by addition of a first-order term parallel to a second-order compensator. The controller is designed to simultaneously control single or multi resonant frequency vibrations. Due to the high influence of gain values on the control performance, H 2 and H ∞ norms are used to optimize these gains. For validation purposes, the controller is verified here numerically and experimentally for vibration control of a clamped–clamped beam and a cantilever at resonance. According to the results, the MPF controller has a superior performance compared to the MPPF controller, in addition to effective suppression on both vibration displacement and velocity. Using the MPF controller in multimode and by utilizing the H ∞ gain optimization method, vibration displacement amplitudes were reduced to 19.4% of the uncontrolled state for the beam.
Viewpoints AI: demonstration

This article describes a technical approach to movement-based interactions between a human interactor and an intelligent agent based on the theatrical Viewpoints movement framework. The Viewpoints AI system features procedural gesture interpretation using shallow semantics and deep aesthetics analysis from the Viewpoints framework. The installation creates a liminal virtual / real space for the human and AI to interact by the use of digital projection for the AI visualization and shadow play to represent the human. Observations from a recent public demonstration of the system and future directions of work are also discussed.
Change Is a Process not a Product: Reflections on Pieces to the Puzzle

In the 1970s and 80s, the study of addictive behaviors and the emerging Transtheoretical Model of Intentional Behavior Change (TTM) benefited from a wealth of innovative thinkers and intellectual c...
God's Will or Linked Fate: Race and Religion in African American Views of the Death Penalty (A Qualitative and Quantitative Approach)

In its adjudication of death penalty cases, the Supreme Court has increasingly relied on the notion of a community consensus in support of the death penalty as a modern justification of the death penalty. The Court supports this notion with survey data that shows a general support among Americans for the death penalty, however, the reliance on general data ignores substantial differences in support for death penalty that break along racial lines. At the same time the Court is utilizing public opinion data to support their decisions, there is a resurgence of public rhetoric in support of the death penalty based on religion. This paper utilizes multiple forms of individual level data as a way to measure correlation between religious and political beliefs and support for the death penalty among African Americans. African Americans score high on almost every measure of religiosity. Additionally, they have been disproportionately subject to this form of punishment. What do polls tells us about attitudes about the death penalty among African Americans? How does such a religious community reconcile their religious beliefs with their position on the death penalty? This paper analyzes the factors that influence African Americans' opinion of the death penalty and the beliefs that construct those opinions. The important findings of the survey analysis are that income and perceptions of discrimination significantly decreases support for the death penalty among African Americans. The survey data yields a more complicated picture of these opinions by adding the role of increased incarceration rates and belief in the fallibility of the state. This paper contributes to both the discussion on the reality of the Court's community consensus in support of the death penalty and the way various groups experience/understand this particular aspect of criminal justice policy.
Hybrid Prediction of Fan Tonal Noise

A hybrid method is used to simulate the downstream rotor-vane interaction tonal noise associated with the NASA Source Diagnostic Test (SDT) 22-in fan rig. A 3-D, unsteady, Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) CFD simulation is used to predict the unsteady surface pressure on the exit guide vanes (EGVs). The resulting downstream duct acoustics are then computed using two methods. The first is an analytical Green’s function method approximation for an infinite, fixed duct geometry. The second is a finite element model for a realistic duct geometry. One case from the SDT matrix is the main focus of this paper: approach condition for 22 rotor blades and 54 vanes. The configuration was designed for cut-o at the first blade-passing frequency. Comparison of the exhaust power level results for the 22x54 case reveal that the nonuniformity of the duct does not significantly influence the overall power level but it does cut-o the fifth radial mode and redistributes the energy between the other modes. The current acoustic simulation which models only the vane-wake interaction predicts an exhaust power approximately 13 dB lower than the experimental exhaust power.
Nocturia reported in nightly sleep diaries: common occurrence with significant implications?

Nocturia (nocturnal awakenings associated with urination) (Van Kerrebroeck et al., 2002) is a mundane occurrence in the lives of many adults, and its prevalence increases with age (Tikkinen, Tammela, Huhtala, & Auvinen, 2006). The inevitability of nightly bathroom trips is often assumed so much part and parcel of nighttime behavior that they are often ignored or certainly minimized as a clinical problem. Yet there are many reasons that nocturia is not necessarily a trivial matter. First, excessive urination at night is often an indicator of a variety of medical conditions, ranging from bladder outlet obstruction (in men) and reduced estrogen production (in women) to metabolic syndrome and heart failure, and nocturia may be associated with higher mortality rates (Kupelian et al., 2011). Secondly, bathroom trips are often associated with complaints of poor sleep quality and/or insomnia (Bliwise et al., 2009) that can then lead to the necessity of interventions in their own right. Third, nocturia, particularly in older adults, is associated with serious adverse events such as falls and hip fractures (Stewart, Moore, May, Marks & Hale, 1992), which are significant for individuals’ health and impact hugely on the health care system. Fourth, nocturia has been associated with lower waking quality of life and reduced work productivity (Kobelt, Borgstrom, & Mattiasson, 2003). Finally, a growing body of evidence suggests that, perhaps as an inevitable consequence of nightly disturbed sleep, nocturia increases the risk for depression (Asplund, Henriksson, Johansson, &Isacsson, 2004). Issues such as these have prompted both behavioral and pharmacologic approaches to nocturia (Johnson, Burgio, Redden, Wright, & Goode, 2005). However, most work in this area does not specifically inquire about the sleep disruption that may be related to nocturia, and instead relies solely on the number of voiding episodes as a measure of outcome. In a convenience sample of older adults, both the number of nocturnal voiding episodes and the sleep quality of individuals were examined via a sleep diary kept for a period of up to two weeks in order to determine what aspects of sleep quality might be associated with nocturia. Interestingly, a recent statement describing the Consensus Sleep Diary (Carney et al., 2012) regarding universal elements to be included on sleep diaries neglected this potentially important information for characterizing human behavior. The data presented here speak directly to this issue.
Social Evolution in Mestizo Philosophy

man's power, the white man's fear of antagonizing clients, as well as the uniform and complementary beliefs which govern social relationships. Covertly, as the noncomplementary thought patterns suggest, relations between Eurocanadians and Indians are complicated by misunderstandings and tensions which remain largely unexpressed in social interaction and often remain inexplicit to the actors themselves. Occasionally tensions become expressed in open bitterness. The bitter complaints made to the anthropologist by members of each division about the other leave no doubt that latent tension accompanies interpersonal relations in Attawapiskat. In conclusion it may be suggested that the method of analysis which has been followed, examining ideology for uniformities and diversities, allows the social scientist to isolate efficiently and report sources of social tension. The approach is potentially amenable to quantification and can also be used to measure the degree to which representatives of a community have changed in adopting one or another of a set of polar values. It is not necessary to assume that ideology is directly responsible for the character of social relations. Group life is no more the sole product of ideas than of technological or other factors. Nevertheless it appears clear that at any moment interpersonal relations are functionally related to ideological factors as well as to geographical, demographic, and biological conditions.7
On the analysis of long-chain alkane diols and glycerol ethers in biochemical studies

The chromatographic behavior of 1,2-, 1,3-, 1,4-, and 1,12-long-chain alkane diols and 1-O-alkylglycerols and their derivatives has been compared. Thin-layer chromatography on Silica Gel G gives poor separations of the 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-alkane diols, O-alkylglycerols, and some of their isopropylidene derivatives. However, gas-liquid chromatography on 10% EGSS-X (coated on 100-120 mesh Gas-Chrom P) resolves the isopropylidenes of the alkane diols and O-alkylglycerols. We also document the formation of 1,3-alkane diols (after LiAlH(4) reduction) from 1-(14)C-labeled fatty acids incubated with mitochondrial fractions from heart and liver of rats. The labeled 1,3-alkane diol was identified by gas-liquid chromatography of its isopropylidene derivative and by its behavior after periodate oxidation. These results serve to caution investigators in the glycerol ether field against incorrect interpretation of data obtained on the incorporation of labeled fatty acids into alkyl ether bonds of glycerolipids. The methodology described points out a technique for distinguishing several types of alkane diols from O-alkylglycerols.
The capability of handling public health emergencies and the associated factors: an investigation of the Railway Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in China

Objective To discuss the capability of handling public health emergencies, as well as its correlated factors. Methods We obtained data through various ways including questionnaire survey, on-site investigation, and interviews on key persons. Results We found that the capability of handling public health emergencies in the Railway Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)was fairly strong and well-regulated. The major factors associated with a low ability included the inadequacy of human resource,delay of laboratory construction, incompleteness of monitoring and alerting system, and absence of long-term cooperation mechanism with regional emergency organizations. Conclusion It is warranted to build long-term cooperation mechanism with regional emergency departments in the Railway CDC to guarantee a stronger competency and an assuring capability in dealing with emergencies.
The Evolution of Shaanxi's IndustrialStructure: A New Perspective

Abstract: By applying the analyzing methods for industrial structure evolution suggested in industrialeconomics, a new division is made of the evolutionary stages of Shaanxi's industrial structure and a new ex-ploration is made from a historical perspective, arriving at the five suggestions for accelerating the upgradingprocess of Shaanxi's industrial structure.
Analysis of Cell Movements in Zebrafish Embryos

Cell movements occur in all phases of animal life from embryogenesis, to maintaining adult organs, to comprising a critical component of pathology. During gastrulation, cells demonstrate a repertoire of morphogenetic movements coordinated with fate inductions to sculpt the embryonic body. The morphogenetic behaviors, underlying mechanisms, and their control, are the subject of much current study. External development of the transparent zebrafish embryo, the abundance of mutations influencing cell movements, as well as a range of observation and manipulation methods, make the zebrafish valuable for cell movement studies. This chapter offers a conceptual background for analysis of gastrulation cell movements by reviewing how region specific cell movements shape the wild-type zebrafish embryo, and how defective morphogenetic movements alone or in combination with altered cell fate specification distort the body plans of known zebrafish mutants. We furnish methods for the morphometric analysis of embryonic shape and organ rudiments in live and fixed embryos, and present data collected from live wild-type, dorsoventral patterning (somitabun and chordino) and convergence and extension (knypek and trilobite) classes of mutants. We provide a method for quantitative assessment of the movements of cell populations in vivo, and a method for determining whether cell fate and/or movement are disturbed.
Human Participants in Laboratory Experiments in the Social Sciences

Recent technological advances require an expanded definition of laboratory experiments to include theory-driven fundamental research that occurs in a variety of physical settings and uses a variety of participant interface and data collection techniques. In this chapter, we focus on strategic, theoretical, and methodological issues related to the recruitment and management of laboratory experiment participants in psychology, sociology, and political science. We provide interested researchers with information and resources to begin or enhance research with human participants in their own laboratories.
Rapid Solidification of Sn-Cu-Al Alloys for High-Reliability, Lead-Free Solder: Part II. Intermetallic Coarsening Behavior of Rapidly Solidified Solders After Multiple Reflows

Controlling the size, dispersion, and stability of intermetallic compounds in lead-free solder alloys is vital to creating reliable solder joints regardless of how many times the solder joints are melted and resolidified (reflowed) during circuit board assembly. In this article, the coarsening behavior of Cu x Al y and Cu6Sn5 in two Sn-Cu-Al alloys, a Sn-2.59Cu-0.43Al at. pct alloy produced via drip atomization and a Sn-5.39Cu-1.69Al at. pct alloy produced via melt spinning at a 5-m/s wheel speed, was characterized after multiple (1-5) reflow cycles via differential scanning calorimetry between the temperatures of 293 K and 523 K (20 °C and 250 °C). Little-to-no coarsening of the Cu x Al y particles was observed for either composition; however, clustering of Cu x Al y particles was observed. For Cu6Sn5 particle growth, a bimodal size distribution was observed for the drip atomized alloy, with large, faceted growth of Cu6Sn5 observed, while in the melt spun alloy, Cu6Sn5 particles displayed no significant increase in the average particle size, with irregularly shaped, nonfaceted Cu6Sn5 particles observed after reflow, which is consistent with shapes observed in the as-solidified alloys. The link between original alloy composition, reflow undercooling, and subsequent intermetallic coarsening behavior was discussed by using calculated solidification paths. The reflowed microstructures suggested that the heteroepitaxial relationship previously observed between the Cu x Al y and the Cu6Sn5 was maintained for both alloys.