cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alone and Sometimes Unafraid : Military Perspective on Forward Damage Control Resuscitation on the Modern Battlefield

The objective of this review is to describe the military experience and utilization of damage control resuscitation as well as explore future developments to push the best medicine far forward in the austere environment. The Global War on Terror has transitioned from mature combat theaters staged with rapid medical evacuation and robust medical facilities to more austere environments. Due to this transition, the military medical force has adopted the practice of sending providers and surgeons into forward deployed environments to provide Damage Control Resuscitation closer to the point of injury. This review focuses on the key tenets of Damage Control Resuscitation and its development. It also describes how various military units have adopted damage control resuscitation principles.
Deepwater Horizon Oil could have naturally reached Texas beaches

Following the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) spill, oil residues were found in all five Gulf states of the United States (Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida). However, only a small amount was found in Texas, leading to speculation that it may have arrived there via ship through bilge water instead of naturally via currents. We report on a numerical modeling effort to simulate surface drifters during and after the DWH spill to demonstrate that surface water parcels - and therefore oil carried by those parcels - could reasonably have reached Texas waters at the appropriate time and location from known oiled locations without human interference. We additionally give context for the conditions in 2010 through a study of summer connectivity with the Galveston Bay coastline, which shows that in some years oil from the DWH pipe likely would not have reached Texas.
Small Batch Production and Test of Custom Support Electronics for Infrared LED Scene Projectors

Building an Infrared Scene Projector (IRSP) requires reliable electronics. Our Closed System Electronics (CSE) is designed to be modular and scalable to drive current and future IRSPs. This work highlights the production, performance, packaging, and hardware developments of our CSE.
Repair of a Temporal Bone Encephalocele With the Surgical Exoscope.

Objective We describe our experience using the extracorporeal video microscope, the "exoscope" for repair of a temporal bone encephalocele. Method The patient is a 69-year-old male with a right temporal lobe encephalocele herniating through a tegmen defect. He underwent definitive tegmen defect repair and bipolar cauterization of the encephalocele. The authors elected for a combined transmastoid and transtemporal approach in order to isolate the tegmen defect and provide watertight repair. The Synaptive robotic BrightMatter (Toronto, ON) drive video exoscope monitor system was used for the entirety of the case including both the transmastoid approach and transtemporal craniotomy. Results No intraoperative complications were encountered during either the transmastoid (mastoidectomy) or transtemporal craniotomy. The authors were able to complete the entire case without abandonment of the exoscope in favor of the traditional binocular microscope. Advantages of this technology in clinical practice includes high-resolution three-dimensional visualization, increased degrees of freedom for exoscope adjustment, and reduced surgeon fatigue in a fixed, unnatural posture. Limitations include decreased depth perception and increased operative time. Conclusion The exoscope system is a safe and effective alternative or adjunct to the existing binocular operating microscope for lateral skull based procedures. The exoscope provides the surgeon with a comfortable, high-resolution visualization without compromising surgical exposure and patient safety.SDC video link: http://links.lww.com/MAO/A837.
Broadening the functional and evolutionary understanding of postnatal neurogenesis using reptilian models.

ABSTRACT The production of new neurons in the brains of adult animals was first identified by Altman and Das in 1965, but it was not until the late 20th century when methods for visualizing new neuron production improved that there was a dramatic increase in research on neurogenesis in the adult brain. We now know that adult neurogenesis is a ubiquitous process that occurs across a wide range of taxonomic groups. This process has largely been studied in mammals; however, there are notable differences between mammals and other taxonomic groups in how, why and where new neuron production occurs. This Review will begin by describing the processes of adult neurogenesis in reptiles and identifying the similarities and differences in these processes between reptiles and model rodent species. Further, this Review underscores the importance of appreciating how wild-caught animals vary in neurogenic properties compared with laboratory-reared animals and how this can be used to broaden the functional and evolutionary understanding of why and how new neurons are produced in the adult brain. Studying variation in neural processes across taxonomic groups provides an evolutionary context to adult neurogenesis while also advancing our overall understanding of neurogenesis and brain plasticity.
Association between Receipt of Emotional Support and Caregivers' Overall Hospice Rating.

Background: A major goal of hospice care is to provide individually tailored emotional and spiritual support to caregivers of hospice patients. Objectives: Examine the association between reported ...
Alternative paths of convergence toward U.S. market and legal regulations: Cross-listing vs. merging with U.S. bidders

Abstract Non-U.S. firms can converge toward U.S. capital market and legal regulations by cross-listing in the U.S. or by being acquired by a U.S. bidder. We show companies that are smaller, have lower growth opportunities, are capital intensive, and benefit from bonding through compliance with U.S. exchange requirements are more likely to be acquired. Firms from civil law countries and countries providing stronger investor protection tend to cross-list. The adoption of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 led to an increase in the propensity to be acquired for firms from civil law countries, and to a greater rate of cross-listings for capital intensive firms. M/B values of non-U.S. firms following cross-listing in the U.S. are lower when these firms were expected to be acquired. Similarly, non-U.S. targets and U.S. bidders experience lower abnormal returns in acquisitions involving targets expected to cross-list. Our results imply the existence of optimal convergence paths for non-U.S. firms.
Within-person variability

Abstract From its emergence at the beginning of the 20th century, personality scientists pursued two goals—a nomothetic approach that investigated the structure of individual differences between people in a population and an idiographic approach that explored variation within a person relative to him or herself. In this chapter, we first track the how the history of these two perspectives impacted the study of within-person variability. Next, we review findings and unanswered contemporary questions regarding within-person variability. Finally, we conclude by providing questions for future research, some of which were proposed by early personality theorists but progressed slowly due to a lack of adequate methods. We outline cutting-edge statistical models and idiographic techniques to move the study of within-person variability—and personality science—forward.
A general framework to learn tertiary structure for protein sequence annotation

Abstract During the past five years, deep-learning algorithms have enabled ground-breaking progress towards the prediction of tertiary structure from a protein sequence. Very recently, we developed SAdLSA, a new computational algorithm for protein sequence comparison via deep-learning of protein structural alignments. SAdLSA shows significant improvement over established sequence alignment methods. In this contribution, we show that SAdLSA provides a general machine-learning framework for structurally characterizing protein sequences. By aligning a protein sequence against itself, SAdLSA generates a fold distogram for the input sequence, including challenging cases whose structural folds were not present in the training set. About 70% of the predicted distograms are statistically significant. Although at present the accuracy of the distogram predicted by SAdLSA self-alignment is not as good as deep-learning algorithms specifically trained for distogram prediction, it is remarkable that the prediction of single protein structures is encoded by an algorithm that learns ensembles of pairwise structural comparisons, without being explicitly trained to recognize individual structural folds. As such, SAdLSA can not only predict protein folds for individual sequences, but also detects subtle, yet significant, structural relationships between multiple protein sequences using the same deep-learning neural network. The former reduces to a special case in this general framework for protein sequence annotation.
Post-Procedural Opioid Prescribing in Children: A Survey of the American Academy of Pediatrics.

ABSTRACT Introduction North America is in the midst of an opioid epidemic. The role of pediatric surgeons and other procedural specialists in this public health crisis remains unclear. There is likely considerable variation in the use of opioid and non-opioid analgesics, but the spectrum of practice is still uncertain. Methods We performed an online survey in July 2018 of the 2086 pediatric surgeons and proceduralists who were active members in the American Academy of Pediatrics. The survey inquired about practice environment, use of opioid and non-opioid pain medications, and attitudes towards the opioid epidemic. Results 178 specialists completed the survey for a response rate of 8.5%. Most respondents utilize oral acetaminophen (86%) and ibuprofen (80%) after procedures >75% of the time. Self-reported opioid prescribing increases with age after both outpatient and inpatient procedures (P Conclusions There is significant variation in opioid prescribing patterns as reported by pediatric surgeons and proceduralists. Guidelines are needed to standardize the use of non-opioid analgesics and decrease reliance on opioids for outpatient and inpatient procedures.
High-Dose Rate (HDR) Brachytherapy is a Safe and Effective Treatment for Prostate Cancer Patients With Prior Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP).

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) To evaluate the clinical and patient-reported outcomes and toxicities in prostate cancer patients undergoing HDR brachytherapy after TURP. MATERIALS/METHODS Data was prospectively collected for patients undergoing HDR brachytherapy from October 1991 to March 2016. Patients were classified according to NCCN risk criteria. Implants were performed under ultrasound-guidance with CT based planning. Goal dosimetric constraints included V100 Prostate > 95%, D1cc Urethra < 105%, D1cc Bladder < 75%, and D1cc Rectum < 75%. Multivariate cox analysis (MVA) was performed and adjusted for age, T stage, Gleason score, initial PSA, and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) use. Sexual health inventory for men (SHIM) score, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), and CTCAE v5.0 graded toxicity were recorded. RESULTS 2266 patients underwent HDR brachytherapy. 228 underwent a prior TURP. The median follow-up was 61.1 months (range 3 - 257.4 mos). The median time from TURP to HDR was 52.5 months (range 0.17 - 392 mos). A total of 641, 431, 617, and 577 patients were low-, favorable intermediate-, unfavorable intermediate-, and high-risk, respectively, of which 41, 49, 53, and 85 patients with TURP were low-, favorable intermediate-, unfavorable intermediate-, and high-risk, respectively. Patients with a prior history of TURP were more advanced in age and had a higher incidence of high-risk disease (P < 0.001). Of the patients with history of prior TURP, 49 (22%) and 54 (24%) patients experienced Gr 1 and 2 GU toxicity. 8 patients (3.5%) experienced grade 3 GU toxicity with a median time to occurrence of 16 mo (0.2 - 57.7 mo), and 3 of the Grade 3 toxicities resolved. No grade ≥4 GU toxicity and significant differences in toxicity were observed between the cohorts (P = 0.108). Patient-reported SHIM scores were found to not be statistically significant between prior TURP and non-TURP patients, with average decreases in SHIM no greater than 5 points at all time points in the TURP cohort. No significant differences were observed in biochemical free survival, distant metastases free survival, and prostate cancer specific survival at 4 and 8 years between patients who did and did not receive a prior TURP (8-yr BCFS 84.7% (95% CI: 78.2%-91.8%) vs. 89.1% (95% CI: 87.3-91.0%), respectively; P = 0.16). The TURP cohort was found to have lower overall survival (8-yr OS 72.0% (95% CI 64.8%-79.9%) vs. 81.9% (95% CI: 80.0% - 84.1%) respectively; P = 0.041), and may be attributed to the older age of the TURP cohort (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION HDR brachytherapy is a safe and effective treatment modality with low toxicity for prostate cancer patients after a prior TURP.
Flow Direction Measurement by Hot-Wire Anemometry

The theory of forced convection caused by the normal and the longitudinal components off the flow around a hot-wire is reviewed. The effect of wire length and the corresponding corrections are taken into account. The directional sensitivities of single wires and of electrically paired crossed wires are obtained. Single and crossed wires were tested in a variable speed air jet. The experimental results are presented in terms of the Nusselt number as a function of the Reynolds number. The directional sensitivity experiments show that single and crossed wires may be used to measure flow direction with an accuracy on the order of 0.05○. The method was used for the measurement of secondary flow in a trapezoidal duct.
The role of dipeptidases in cells of Escherichia coli strain K-12.

Abstract To obtain further information about the role of bacterial peptidases in vivo, the enzymic activity of Escherichia coli strain K-12 was studied. The substrates were four glycine-containing dipeptides in which the other amino acid was either l-leucine or l-phenylalanine, and the bacteria were harvested from cultures that varied in age from 24 hours (young cultures) to 144 hours (fully aged cultures). The specific enzymic activity of broken cell preparations toward a given substrate remains constant regardless of the age of the bacterial culture, but the relative activity (measured under the same conditions) increases in the following order: glycylleucine, glycylphenylalanine, leucylglycine, phenylalanylglycine. On the other hand, intact cells from young cultures show equal specific activity for the four substrates. This activity decreases in parallel during aging of the cultures, reaching a minimal level in about 72 hours when the pH of the culture is allowed to fall below about 6.0; at pH values nearer neutrality, the decrease in activity is less complete and occurs less rapidly. The peptidase activity of whole cell preparations is comparable to that of broken cell preparations only with glycylleucine as substrate; even with this substrate full enzymic activity is seen only with intact bacteria from young cultures. The enzymic activity of intact bacteria toward the other substrates represents only a fraction of the activity observed in broken cell preparations. The significance of these results is discussed, and it is concluded that the low specific activity of resting cells is not explicable in terms of the differential permeability of bacteria to the dipeptides.
At the flick of a switch: detecting and classifying unique electrical events on the residential power line

Activity sensing in the home has a variety of important applications, including healthcare, entertainment, home automation, energy monitoring and post-occupancy research studies. Many existing systems for detecting occupant activity require large numbers of sensors, invasive vision systems, or extensive installation procedures. We present an approach that uses a single plug-in sensor to detect a variety of electrical events throughout the home. This sensor detects the electrical noise on residential power lines created by the abrupt switching of electrical devices and the noise created by certain devices while in operation. We use machine learning techniques to recognize electrically noisy events such as turning on or off a particular light switch, a television set, or an electric stove. We tested our system in one home for several weeks and in five homes for one week each to evaluate the system performance over time and in different types of houses. Results indicate that we can learn and classify various electrical events with accuracies ranging from 85-90%.
Life in the MHC

I want to use this address to acknowledge my colleagues. The list is too long to mention, but each of them contributed to our work in important ways. I will mention my mentors: Thomas F. Roth at the University of California San Diego, Ray D. Owen at the California Institute of Technology, and Donald
A bijective proof of a theorem on 3-core partitions

We introduce the notion of t-core words and establish a bijection between 3-core partitions and 3-core words. This bijection is used to provide a bijective proof of known identities.
Clinicians' role in responding to bullying.

Recent correspondence by Michael Mant states that the association between air travel and venous thromboembolism is weak.[1][1] However, more evidence has appeared in the literature in the last few months on this association. A recent study found that distance travelled is a significant contributing
c-fos mRNA, Fos, and Fos-related antigen induction by hypertonic saline and stress

The induction of c-fos mRNA was assessed using Northern blots and in situ hybridization in adult rats administered hypertonic saline (HS) and isotonic saline (IS). HS induced c-fos mRNA in magnocellular paraventricular nucleus (PVNm), parvocellular paraventricular nucleus (PVNp), supraoptic nucleus (SON), and lamina terminalis (LMT). This occurred within 5 min, peaked at 30n60 min, and disappeared by 180 min. Fos protein, detected using a specific monoclonal antibody, was maximal at 1–2 hr and disappeared 4–8 hr after HS administration. This confirms observations showing that the c-fos gene response is transient even in the presence of a continuing stimulus. In contrast, Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI), detected using two polyclonal antisera, was observed in PVNm, PVNp, SON, and LMT for 1–24 hr during continuous osmotic stimulation. Moreover, FLI was observable in these structures for 7 d in rats administered HS and allowed to drink water ad libitum beginning 24 hr later. At times greater than 8 hr, FLI presumably represents Fos-related antigens (FRA), proteins immunologically and functionally related to Fos, whose expression is much more prolonged than authentic Fos following the osmotic stimulus. In addition to induction of c-fos expression in regions specifically involved in osmotic regulation, HS injections also induced c-fos in many other forebrain regions. In order to assess the induction of c-fos mRNA due to the “stress” of the injections, rats injected with isotonic saline were compared to uninjected controls. Isotonic saline injections induced c-fos mRNA in the PVNp, anterior hypothalamus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, cingulate gyrus, neocortex, ventral lateral septal nucleus, piriform cortex, hippocampal pyramidal and dentate granule neurons, paraventricular and intralaminar thalamic nuclei, bed nuclei of stria terminalis, cortical and medial amygdaloid nuclei, and other structures. In accord with other work, we interpret this pattern of c- fos expression to result from the stress of handling and injections. Since Fos and FRA probably bind to the promoters of target genes and regulate their expression, they likely mediate biochemical changes in the cells activated by the osmotic and stressful stimuli. Whereas the Fos signal is transient, FRA may act on target genes for the duration of the stimulus or longer.
A Matter of Life and Death: Hunting in Contemporary Vermont

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Marc Boglioli Year: 2009 Pages: 176 Publisher: University of Massachusetts Press ISBN: 978-1-55849-715-3 (hard cover). Prices: $80.00 USD(hard cover).
Variants of a cloned synthetic lactose operator. II. Chloramphenicol-resistant revertants retaining a lactose operator in the CAT gene of plasmid pBR325.

Abstract The chloramphenicol transacetylase (CAT) gene of plasmid pBR325 is inactivated by insertion of a 40-bp lactose operator DNA fragment into the Eco RI site located 216 bp downstream of the initiation codon of the gene. Rare spontaneous Cm r revertants have been selected, some of which still contain a functional operator in the CAT gene. DNA sequencing in the operator region of two revertant plasmids revealed that both had suffered single base-pair deletions just upstream of the operator segment: In the revertant pOE223, the deletion converts the “upstream” Eco RI site to GAATC (a site for Hin fI), while in pOE222 both Eco RI sites flanking the operator remain intact. Removal of the operator from pOE222 creates a new plasmid pJT7 in which CAT gene contains a (−1) frameshift at position 213. Reinsertion of the 40-bp operator, in the orientation shown above, recreates pOE222 and restores the Cm r phenotype. However, insertion of the operator in the reverse orientation into pJT7creates a new plasmid, pOE271, with a Cm s phenotype due to an in-phase TAA chain terminating (C.T.) codon in the operator as shown: Spontaneous, as well as mutT -induced, Cm r revertants of pOE271 have been recovered which still contain a 40-bp operator; ten have been sequenced and shown to contain single-base substitutions at positions 14 or 15 in the operator sequence in the C.T. codon. Three of these mutations significantly reduce repressor affinity for the operator, while the fourth does not.
The 3G transition: Changes in the US wireless industry

Abstract The transition of the wireless industry from second generation (2G) to third generation (3G) is more than a simple technology upgrade. The industry's service profile will move far beyond telephony and services will converge with the computing and content sectors. This will bring many more players into this already huge industry. Thus the transition to 3G needs to be regarded as a major economic transformation as it requires a major reconfiguration of the existing value networks. Standards have traditionally been essential in the success of wireless services and will play an increasingly critical role in the future. Due to the on-going transition, wireless standardization has changed considerably—reflecting changes in the configuration of the value network. While the number of major air-interface standards has been reduced to just two, the overall number of standards bodies has increased by almost an order of magnitude while the number and scope of interfaces being standardized has grown at a breathtaking pace. This growth reflects the need to support the industry's new coordination requirements at critical interfaces in the value network. At the same time, the importance of the traditional standards development organizations (SDOs) has diminished as more nimble industry consortia have taken over the main responsibilities for standardization. The major standardization battlegrounds have shifted up the protocol stack to the service enabler level. In addition, the manufacture of handsets and other mobile communication devices is transitioning to a more horizontal industry structure. These changes, along with changes in the way value is extracted from new services and their influence on the reconfiguration of the industry are discussed.
Chest computed tomography and mediastinoscopy in the diagnosis of sarcoidosis-associated uveitis

Abstract Purpose: To report the usefulness of chest computed tomography and mediastinoscopy in diagnosing sarcoidosis in elderly patients with uveitis. Methods: Case reports. Two Caucasian women, aged 73 and 70 years, underwent evaluations for uveitis, which included chest computed tomography and mediastinoscopy. Results: A chest computed tomographic scan of each woman disclosed mediastinal lymphadenopathy and warranted mediastinal lymph node biopsy by mediastinoscopy. In both patients, histopathologic and microbiologic studies demonstrated sterile noncaseating granulomas consistent with the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Conclusions: The diagnosis of sarcoid-associated uveitis in the elderly may be facilitated by chest computed tomography, which may be more sensitive than conventional chest roentgenography. Laboratory studies of biopsied mediastinal nodes obtained by mediastinoscopy can confirm the diagnosis.
Association and commissural fiber systems of the olfactory cortex of the rat. I. Systems originating in the piriform cortex and adjacent areas

The association and commissural fiber systems arising in the olfactory cortical areas caudal to the olfactory peduncle (the piriform cortex, nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, anterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala, periamygdaloid cortex and entorhinal cortex) have been studied utilizing horseradish peroxidase as both an anterograde and a retrograde axonal tracer. In the piriform cortex two sublaminae within layer II (IIa and IIb) and layer III have been found to give rise to distinctly different projections. Retrograde cell labeling experiments indicate that the association fiber projection from layer IIb is predominantly caudally directed, while the projection from layer III is predominantly rostrally directed. Cells in layer IIa project heavily to areas both caudal and rostral to the piriform cortex. The commissural fibers from the piriform cortex are largely restricted in their origin to layer IIb of the anterior part of the piriform cortex and in their termination on the contralateral side to the posterior part of the piriform cortex and adjacent olfactory cortical areas. A projection to the olfactory bulb has also been found to arise from cells in layers IIb and III of the ipsilateral piriform cortex, but not in layer IIa. In addition to those from the piriform cortex, association projections have also been found from other olfactory cortical areas. The nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract has a heavy bilateral projection to the medial part of the anterior piriform cortex and the lateral part of the olfactory tubercle (as well as a lighter projection to the olfactory bulb); both the anterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala and the periamygdaloid cortex project ipsilaterally to several olfactory cortical areas. The entorhinal cortex has been found to project to the medial parts of the olfactory tubercle and the olfactory peduncle. The olfactory tubercle is the only olfactory cortical area from which no association fiber systems (instrinsic or extrinsic) have been found to originate. A broad topographic organization exists in the distribution of the fibers from several of the olfactory areas. This is most obvious in the anterior part of the olfactory cortex, in which fibers from the more rostral areas (the anterior olfactory nucleus and the anterior piriform cortex) terminate in regions near the lateral olfactory tract, while those from more caudal areas (the posterior piriform cortex and the entorhinal cortex) terminate in areas further removed, both laterally and medially, from the tract. Projections to olfactory areas from the hypothalamus, thalamus, diagonal band, and biogenic amine cell groups have been briefly described.
A need for logical and consistent anatomical nomenclature for cutaneous nerves of the limbs

The system of anatomical nomenclature needs to be logical and consistent. However, variations in translation to English of the Latin and Greek terminology used in Nomina Anatomica and Terminologia Anatomica have led to some inconsistency in the nomenclature of cutaneous nerves in the limbs. An historical review of cutaneous nerve nomenclature reveals that there are two general naming conventions: one primarily American and one primarily British. The American convention presents cutaneous nerves of the limbs in the format ‘‘medial brachial cutaneous nerve,’’ while the British convention presents the same nerve as ‘‘medial cutaneous nerve of the arm,’’ thereby translating ‘‘brachii’’ to ‘‘of the arm.’’ If logically and consistently applied throughout the body, the British convention would rename the sural nerve to the ‘‘nerve of the calf,’’ the brachial artery would become the ‘‘artery of the arm,’’ the femoral nerve would be ‘‘nerve of the thigh,’’ and femur would be ‘‘bone of the thigh’’ or ‘‘thigh bone.’’ The British convention leads to many other nomenclatural inconsistencies, which would seem to make learning anatomy more difficult for the beginning student. In this era of contracting anatomy curricula, every effort should be made to keep anatomical nomenclature simple, logical, and consistent. Anat Sci Ed 2:126–134, 2009. © 2009 American Association of Anatomists.
A near-field tool for simulating the upstream influence of atmospheric observations: The Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport (STILT) model

[1] We introduce a tool to determine surface fluxes from atmospheric concentration data in the midst of distributed sources or sinks over land, the Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport (STILT) model, and illustrate the use of the tool with CO2 data over North America. Anthropogenic and biogenic emissions of trace gases at the surface cause large variations of atmospheric concentrations in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) from the “near field,” where upstream sources and sinks have strong influence on observations. Transport in the near field often takes place on scales not resolved by typical grid sizes in transport models. STILT provides the capability to represent near-field influences, transforming this noise to signal useful in diagnosing surface emissions. The model simulates transport by following the time evolution of a particle ensemble, interpolating meteorological fields to the subgrid scale location of each particle. Turbulent motions are represented by a Markov chain process. Significant computational savings are realized because the influence of upstream emissions at different times is modeled using a single particle simulation backward in time, starting at the receptor and sampling only the portion of the domain that influences the observations. We assess in detail the physical and numerical requirements of STILT and other particle models necessary to avoid inconsistencies and to preserve time symmetry (reversibility). We show that source regions derived from backward and forward time simulations in STILT are similar, and we show that deviations may be attributed to violation of mass conservation in currently available analyzed meterological fields. Using concepts from information theory, we show that the particle approach can provide significant gains in information compared to conventional gridcell models, principally during the first hours of transport backward in time, when PBL observations are strongly affected by surface sources and sinks.
On martingale measures when asset returns have unpredictable jumps

Abstract We study financial market incompleteness induced by discontinuities in asset returns. When there are multiple outcomes for a discontinuity, it is shown that this incompleteness cannot be removed by the introduction of extra securities. Claims cannot be hedged and are thereby not uniquely priced by arbitrage. We characterize the family of martingale measures associated with this form of incompleteness and discuss issues of existence and uniqueness for important special cases. Finally, using methods of stochastic control, we apply these results to derive replicating policies for arbitrary contingent claims and thereby relate the prices of contingent claims to the family of measures.
Benchmarks and Barriers: African American Experiences in the Corporate Bay Area's New Economy Sector of the 1990s

Macroeconomic transformations of the late 1990s resulted in a new economy full of employment opportunities and financial rewards leading many to assume that race was less significant and anyone wit...
The LF1 Gene of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Encodes a Novel Protein Required for Flagellar Length Control

Flagellar length is tightly regulated in the biflagellate alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Several genes required for control of flagellar length have been identified, including LF1 , a gene required to assemble normal-length flagella. The lf1 mutation causes cells to assemble extra-long flagella and to regenerate flagella very slowly after amputation. Here we describe the positional cloning and molecular characterization of the LF1 gene using a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library. LF1 encodes a protein of 804 amino acids with no obvious sequence homologs in other organisms. The single LF1 mutant allele is caused by a transversion that produces an amber stop at codon 87. Rescue of the lf1 phenotype upon transformation was obtained with clones containing the complete LF1 gene as well as clones that lack the last two exons of the gene, indicating that only the amino-terminal portion of the LF1 gene product (LF1p) is required for function. Although LF1 helps regulate flagellar length, the LF1p localizes almost exclusively in the cell body, with
Cytomegalovirus D.N.A. and adenocarcinoma of the colon: Evidence for latent viral infection.

The cause of adenocarcinoma of the colon has not been proven and a viral association has not been reported with this disease. A sensitive biochemical technique for the detection of viral nucleic acid was used to determine whether one type of herpesvirus, namely a human strain of cytomegalovirus, was uniquely present in tumour tissue. 24 specimens of colon, obtained at surgery from 14 patients, were analysed by membrane CR.N.A.-D.N.A. hybridisation. 4 of 7 tumours of the colon were definitely positive for C.M.V. D.N.A. (2greater than or equal to 2 genome-equivalents/cell), or repeatedly showed more than 1 genome-equivalent/cell. Macroscopically normal colon 5 cm from the tumour, as well as histologically normal and abnormal colon from a control population with Crohn's disease were uniformly negative for C.M.V. D.N.A., except for 1 specimen which was macroscopically normal tissue from a patient with carcinoma of the colon. Among patients with conditions that predispose to adenocarcinoma of the colon, 1 of 2 patients with familial polyposis and 1 of 3 with ulcerative colitis harboured in their colon greater than or equal to 2 genome-equivalents of C.M.V. D.N.A. per cell, and another ulcerative colitis patient had 1-2 genome-equivalents/cell.
Salicylates and 12-lipoxygenase activity in human washed platelets

Abstract In vitro salicylates/aspirin, salicylic acid, salicylamide and gentisic acid/inhibited formation of 12-lipoxygenase products in intact human washed platelets which were stimulated with thrombin or arachidonic acid. Salicylates did not affect 12-lipoxygenase activity in platelet lysates. Ex vivo aspirin or salicylamide at a dose of 1 g given orally to healthy volunteers potentiated formation of 12-lipoxygenase products in washed platelets. It is concluded that the effect of salicylates on 12-lipoxygenase pathway is independent from their influence on cyclooxygenase activity in platelets and aspirin cannot be considered as a selective inhibitor of platelet cyclooxygenase.
Endocrine studies in a case of male pseudohermaphrodism: testicular feminization.

Adrcnocortical and gonadal functions were studied in a 24-year-old patient with testicular feminization. The control values for plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, urinary formaldehydrogenic steroids and urinary pregnanetriol were normal. The urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids and pituitary gonadotropins fluctuated at the upper range of normal for males, while the urinary excretion of estrogens was high for a male of comparable age. Fractionation of the urinary 17-ketosteroids revealed normal quantities of etiocholanolone, androsterone, and 11-oxygenated 17-ketosteroids, and only small quantities of dchydroepiandrosterone. The administration of ACTH resulted in the usual increase in the level of plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and all urinary steroids except dchydroepiandrosterone. Administration of dexamethasone resulted in a fall in the level of plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroids to nearly zero, but the urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids remained appreciable and averaged 12.5 mg. per twenty-four hours....
The Alveolar Deposition of Inhaled Plutonium Aerosols in Rodents

The alveolar burden following nose-only aerosol exposure of rodents to highly toxic radioactive materials depends upon the percentage of the inhaled aerosol that is deposited beyond the animals' ciliated epithelium. The quantity inhaled was estimated from the product of the aerosol concentration (nCi/liter), the exposure time (minutes) and the mean minute volume (liters/min) of the animals. For rats exposed to Pu(NO3)4 and sacrificed within an hour, the mean alveolar deposition was 19.2±9.19% for 36 groups of both 239Pu and 238Pu. No important correlations between any of the measured parameters and this initial percentage deposition were observed, in contrast with the results for 239PuO2 deposition measured in rats sacrificed 24 or 48 hours postexposure. In these, the aerosol activity median aerodynamic diameter (AMAD) was strongly correlated with aerosol concentration and percentage deposition (mean—7.9±3.9% for 32 groups) with AMAD over the range of 1.5 to 4.5µm. The 200-fold lower mass concentration of...
Technical Communique: Optimal control of the thrusted skate

This paper derives optimal controls for the thrusted skate between any two points in the plane. The thrusted skate consists of a skate, which steers the motion in R^2, and a fixed-orientation thruster which provides the power to move the system. This system is a simple example of a class of fully actuated mechanical systems consisting of a single power actuator and a number of workless steering actuators which guide the motion of the system.
A Stochastic Model of Human Gait Dynamics

Abstract We present a stochastic model of gait rhythm dynamics, based on transitions between different “neural centers”, that reproduces distinctive statistical properties of normal human walking. By tuning one model parameter, the transition (hopping) range, the model can describe alterations in gait dynamics from childhood to adulthood—including a decrease in the correlation and volatility exponents with maturation. The model also generates time series with multifractal spectra whose broadness depends only on this parameter. Moreover, we find that the volatility exponent increases monotonically as a function of the width of the multifractal spectrum, suggesting the possibility of a change in multifractality with maturation.
Will sea levels rise or fall

Recent estimates of a global sea-level fall as a result of greenhouse warming have been uncritically accepted. A closer examination of the available data could lead to the opposite conclusion.
Spectral Shift of Fluorescent Dye FM4‐64 Reveals Distinct Microenvironment of Nuclear Envelope in Living Cells

We report a distinct microenvironment within the nuclear envelope (NE) in living cells revealed by a spectral shift of the fluorescent dye FM4-64 (N-(3-triethylammoniumpropyl)-4-(p-diethylaminophenylhexatrienyl)-pyridinium 2Br). The dye readily translocated to the NE at physiological temperature where it exhibited enhanced fluorescence when excited at 620-650 nm in contrast to 480-520 nm excitation in the endocytic pathway and in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In vitro data indicated that the dye reveals an enrichment of negatively charged lipids, presumably due to local phospholipid synthesis. Dual-excitation imaging of FM4-64 in relation to lamina-associated polypeptide-1-green fluorescent protein during mitosis suggested that the disassembly of NE preserves microscale lipid complexes in the ER. Convolutions of NE in cancer or primary cells were readily visualized, and killing of tumor cells by T cells was marked by sudden loss of the long-wavelength excited fluorescence in the NE coincident with apoptosis. This report of FM4-64 as the first vital dye sensitive to the NE environment opens new ways for real-time visualization and functional studies of the NE.
A representation of the set of feasible objectives in multiple objective linear programs

Most of the analysis and algorithms for multiple objective linear programming have focused on the feasible decision set rather than the set of feasible objective values. Further, previous research in analyzing the set of feasible objective values has focused only on the optimality aspects. In this work an explicit representation of the set of feasible objective values in the form of linear inequalities is developed. Furthermore, we develop a representation for a polyhedron in the objective space which has the same maximal (Pareto efficient) structure as that of the set of feasible objective values and, moreover, is such that all of the extreme points of this polyhedron are maximal (Pareto efficient) points. This latter polyhedron provides a new approach for the analysis of large multiple objective linear programs.
Coping Strategies of Selected Physicians

The work doctors do is frequently stressful. Medical and surgical emergencies are commonplace in tertiary care centers where the status of patients is often tenuous. Pain, suffering, anxiety, and death are conditions of daily existence. Many physicians and surgeons persevere, often with humor and subtle wit, and devote their professional lives to healing, teaching, and learning. In the face of considerable adversity, they provide excellent care for their patients: compassionate, highly skilled, and readily available service. They are enthusiastic teachers: students and house staff commend them for their ability and willingness to transmit their knowledge and skill. Many of these physicians are doing difficult work in specialties where the rate of salvage of fully functioning persons is not high. Why do some doctors do so well? How can they work long hours at demanding work and thrive on the challenges presented by it? Are there costs and risks associated with this type of lifework that are not readily apparent but that are there nonetheless? In an attempt to document how some selected physicians and surgeons contend with the severe stresses of their work, I interviewed 23 members of the faculty at the Yale School of Medicine. These questions were asked and discussed in depth. 1.What inner resources are called upon in coping with professional and personal stress? What external relationships are available for consultation, conversation, and confession at times of failure, error, and doubt?
Fracture mechanics of orthotropic laminated plates—II. The plane strain crack problem for two bonded orthotropic layers

Abstract In this paper the plane strain problem for two bonded orthotropic layers containing a crack perpendicular to the laminate surfaces is considered. After deriving the integral equation for the general problem, the solution is obtained for three main crack geometries, namely an embedded crack, a surface crack and a crack terminating at the interface under a remotely applied membrane load or bending moment. For the crack terminating at the interface the necessary asymptotic analysis is carried out, the characteristic equation to determine the power of stress singularity β is obtained, and the influence of the material parameters on β is examined. The main results given in the paper consist of the stress intensity factors obtained for various crack geometries, material combinations and loading conditions.
Propensity for Macrophage Apoptosis Is Related to the Pattern of Expression and Function of Integrin Extracellular Matrix Receptors

Ligation of integrins to an extracellular matrix activates signal transduction systems which produce multiple responses in different cell types. Adhesion often provides a survival signal to cells; disruption of adhesion frequently results in apoptosis. Our laboratory has utilized apoptosis-sensitive and -resistant cell lines to investigate the role of integrin expression and function in regulation of apoptosis in macrophages. Chronic exposure of murine macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells to apoptosis-inducing agents (bacterial lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma) resulted in the generation of a derivative cell line (RES) resistant to apoptosis. Observation of RAW and RES cultures indicated a difference in adhesion between the two cell types. The two cell lines also exhibit significant differences in expression of integrins previously characterized to be important in apoptosis.
Partial purification of relaxin from human seminal plasma

Abstract Human seminal plasma contains approximately 50 ng/ml of relaxin (specific activity = 1.3 ng/mg protein). During preliminary purification, semen plasma was delipidated, rehydrated, and loaded onto small octadecyl silica columns that were eluted with a TEAF/acetonitrile gradient system. Results were monitored by radioimmunoassay. The resultant partially purified human relaxin demonstrated biologic activity in the rat uterine segment bioassay. Nine liters of semen plasma was delipidated, rehydrated in TEAF, and subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography by a step gradient followed by a linear gradient. The active eluate was further purified by ion exchange chromatography. Pooled recovery fractions provided a total of 45.8 μg of relaxin. An aliquot flash evaporated and desalted by gel filtration chromatography provided 1.85 μg of relaxin in 25.2 mg protein, specific activity 73.4. This material is being used as immunogen in the production of antihuman relaxin antibodies by monoclonal technique. Our procedure represents the first and only successful partial purification of human relaxin to yield sufficient quantity and purity for antibody production.
Amide derivatives of ethacrynic acid: synthesis and evaluation as antagonists of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and CLL cell survival

A series of amides of ethacrynic acid was prepared and evaluated for their ability to inhibit Wnt signaling and decrease the survival of CLL cells. Several of the most potent derivatives were active in the low micromolar range. Reduction of the alpha,beta-unsaturated carbon-carbon double bond of EA abrogated both the inhibition of Wnt signaling as well as the decrease in CLL survival. Preliminary mechanism of action studies suggest that these derivatives covalently modify sulfhydryl groups present on transcription factors important for Wnt/beta-catenin signaling.
On the determination of maximum accuracy for regression processes with endogenous variable constraints

Abstract Optimal regression design is studied for a sequential problem in which the experimenter wishes to constrain the probable value of a dependent variable to the vicinity of a given target. In the context suggesting the problem, the dependent variable is an effluent, and the target arises from anti-pollution regulation.
Frustrated magnetization in Co nanowires: Competition between crystal anisotropy and demagnetization energy

Cobalt nanowires with a diameter in the range between 50 and $100\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ can be prepared as single-crystal wires with the easy axis (the $c$ axis) perpendicular to the wire axis. The competition between the crystal anisotropy and demagnetization energy frustrates the magnetization direction. Using a trial function, we find that the energy is lowered when the magnetization modulates its orientation within the plane spanned by the wire axis and the easy axis. The angle relative to the wire axis varies as $\ensuremath{\theta}={\ensuremath{\theta}}_{0}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\mathrm{cos}(kz)$. We calculate the energy of this modulated magnetization in the thin-wire limit where the magnetization is constant within a cross section. The optimal period and amplitude of the modulation are numerically determined for the bulk parameters of Co. The period is about three times the wire radius and the amplitude about $1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{rad}$.