cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intermolecular tuning of calmodulin by target peptides and proteins: Differential effects on Ca2+ binding and implications for kinase activation

Ca(2+)-activated calmodulin (CaM) regulates many target enzymes by docking to an amphiphilic target helix of variable sequence. This study compares the equilibrium Ca2+ binding and Ca2+ dissociation kinetics of CaM complexed to target peptides derived from five different CaM-regulated proteins: phosphorylase kinase. CaM-dependent protein kinase II, skeletal and smooth myosin light chain kinases, and the plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase. The results reveal that different target peptides can tune the Ca2+ binding affinities and kinetics of the two CaM domains over a wide range of Ca2+ concentrations and time scales. The five peptides increase the Ca2+ affinity of the N-terminal regulatory domain from 14- to 350-fold and slow its Ca2+ dissociation kinetics from 60- to 140-fold. Smaller effects are observed for the C-terminal domain, where peptides increase the apparent Ca2+ affinity 8- to 100-fold and slow dissociation kinetics 13- to 132-fold. In full-length skeletal myosin light chain kinase the inter-molecular tuning provided by the isolated target peptide is further modulated by other tuning interactions, resulting in a CaM-protein complex that has a 10-fold lower Ca2+ affinity than the analogous CaM-peptide complex. Unlike the CaM-peptide complexes, Ca2+ dissociation from the protein complex follows monoexponential kinetics in which all four Ca2+ ions dissociate at a rate comparable to the slow rate observed in the peptide complex. The two Ca2+ ions bound to the CaM N-terminal domain are substantially occluded in the CaM-protein complex. Overall, the results indicate that the cellular activation of myosin light chain kinase is likely to be triggered by the binding of free Ca2(2+)-CaM or Ca4(2+)-CaM after a Ca2+ signal has begun and that inactivation of the complex is initiated by a single rate-limiting event, which is proposed to be either the direct dissociation of Ca2+ ions from the bound C-terminal domain or the dissociation of Ca2+ loaded C-terminal domain from skMLCK. The observed target-induced variations in Ca2+ affinities and dissociation rates could serve to tune CaM activation and inactivation for different cellular pathways, and also must counterbalance the variable energetic costs of driving the activating conformational change in different target enzymes.
Adsorption of some metals on anion-exchange resins from potassium thiocyanate solutions

Abstract The adsorption of a number of metals on Dowcx-I from potassium thiocyanate solutions has been studied. Distribution coefficients were measured as a function of thiocyanate concentration for zinc, cobalt, cadmium, scandium, and silver. Some separations of metals employing thiocyanate as the complexing agent are reported.
Microbios y articulaciones: la relación entre infección y articulaciones

La asociacion entre las infecciones y la inflamacion articular ha existido desde tiempos remotos y continua siendo compleja. El diagnostico es frecuentemente dificil de determinar, a pesar de la presencia de hallazgos clinicos que sugieren un proceso infeccioso. En las ultimas decadas, han ocurrido considerables avances en metodologia tanto diagnostica como terapeutica. Sin embargo, la morbilidad y la mortalidad de la artritis septica siguen siendo altas. Grandes adelantos han ocurrido en el diagnostico, patogenesis y manejo terapeutico de la artritis reactiva, y hay evidencia de que cuando el patogeno responsable es Chlamydia trachomatis puede haber remision completa y la cura es posible. Algunas infecciones emergentes, especialmente virales han sido reconocidas, por ejemplo, virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), de la hepatitis C, y mas recientemente, el virus de Chickengunya. En los casos de VIH, la asociacion de manifestaciones articulares y la introduccion de la terapia antrirretroviral altamente activa (TARAA) han resultado en una disminucion en la incidencia y el desarrollo de nuevas complicaciones, tales como el sindrome de reconstitucion inmunologica. La infeccion como causa de la artritis reumatoide (AR) esta siendo considerada nuevamente y la asociacion con enfermedad periodontal ha vuelto a ser tema de gran interes e investigacion. La microbiota intestinal tambien esta siendo investigada y nuevos e interesantes datos han surgido, como es el papel potencial de los organismos comensales en el intestino como agentes causales en la AR.
Method development and validation of arene substituted regioisomers in a pharmaceutical candidate by high temperature GC-FID.

Abstract This paper describes the development and validation of a high temperature gas chromatography flame ionization detection (HTGC-FID) method for the purity evaluation of arene substituted regioisomers in a key starting material of a pharmaceutical candidate in Phase 3 studies. The chromatographic conditions of the method employ a (5%-phenyl)-methylpolysiloxane packed column (30 m × 0.25 mm) at a constant flow of 1.0 mL min −1 with a gradient temperature program from 150 °C to 400 °C with injector and detector temperatures of 300 °C and 340 °C, respectively. The calibration curve for the desired product ( r = 0.9999) was assessed for five points in the range from approximately 1.0 μg mL −1 to 40 μg mL −1 . The precision (% RSD) of the method was calculated for six replicate injections and found to be 0.81%. The limits of detection and quantitation were determined to be 0.06 and 0.20 μg mL −1 , respectively.
Characterization of semiconductor interfaces by second-harmonic generation

Abstract In recent years, optical second-harmonic generation has matured into a versatile and powerful technique for probing the electronic and structural properties of buried solid–solid interfaces. In particular Si/SiO2 interfaces have been studied extensively and significant progress has been made in understanding the sensitivity of second-harmonic generation to interface defects, steps, strain, roughness, electric fields, carrier dynamics, and chemical modifications. The macroscopic and microscopic aspects of the second-order nonlinear optical effects at buried semiconductor interfaces have been treated theoretically by first-principles calculations and semi-empirical models. It is the aim of this review article to present a comprehensive overview of recent accomplishments, current understandings and future directions in this field.
Autoregressive spectral estimation with a priori object support for inverse synthetic aperture radar imagery

The purpose of this paper is to address the use of an autoregressive method to discern scattering center distribution. This information serves the purpose of a filter that is utilized to determine the minimum-weighted-norm least-squares solution of the autoregressive parameters. The parameters are employed to extrapolate a set of wideband target signatures collected in the spatial-frequency domain. The periodogram of these signatures yields a profile history or an image with high resolution and accurate reflectivity measurements. The iterative autoregressive method is compared to the principal component modified covariance to illustrate performance improvement.
Mathematical Models of Elastic Shells and Rods

Es wird eine mathematisch korrekte Theorie der Schalen und Stabe angegeben, die auf der systematischen Anwendung des Prinzips der virtuellen Arbeit beruht. Die Schalen und Stabe werden durch einen den Nebenbedingungen entsprechenden linearen Differentialoperator klassifiziert. Diese Methode bringt die richtige Bestimmung der Deformation und der Elastizitatsgleichungen und erlaubt auch verschiedene Randbedingungen aufzuerlegen. A mathematically consistent theory of shells and rods is given based on systematic use of the principle of virtual displacements. The shells and rods are classified by a linear differential operator corresponding to the constraints. The method leads to correct definition of deformations and constitutive equations and also allows to impose various conditions on the boundary.
Development and operation efficiency of a catfish grader

(1972). Development and Operation Efficiency of a Catfish Grader. The Progressive Fish-Culturist: Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 76-80.
Fundamental mechanisms causing dielectric breakdown in the picosecond and femtosecond time range

The technique of chirped pulse amplification makes possible the investigation of dielectric breakdown as a function of pulse duration over a continuous regime of pulse duration from the 100 ps to the tens of fs and for material with bandgap varying from the single eV to several eV. This study leads to the surprising result that even for 100 fs pulses the dielectric breakdown is dominated by impact ionization even in the case of single photon absorption. For larger bandgap the seeding of the avalanche is produced by multiphoton ionization. This makes possible for the first time the direct determination of the electron ionization rate in important electronic materials like silicon as a function of the electric field up to 2 108 V/an which is impossible by conventional electronic means.
Mechanism of retinoblastoma tumor cell death after focal chemotherapy, radiation, and vascular targeting therapy in a mouse model.

Purpose To evaluate the mechanism and timing of retinal tumor cell death in the LH(BETA)T(AG) mouse model of retinoblastoma after treatment with vascular targeting therapies and conventional therapies (focal chemotherapy and radiation). Methods For vascular targeting therapy, 12- or 16-week-old mice were treated with a single subconjunctival injection of either anecortave acetate (300 microg) or combretastatin A4 (1.5 mg). Eyes were analyzed at 1 day and 1 week after treatment. Tumor cell death was evaluated using TUNEL assays or immunofluorescence analysis of activated caspase 3 to detect apoptosis. Histopathologic analysis was performed to identify areas of necrosis. For conventional therapy, LH(BETA)T(AG) mice were treated with six serial subconjunctival injections of focally delivered carboplatin chemotherapy (100 microg/delivery) or hyperfractionated external beam radiotherapy (EBRT; 15 Gy total dose). Cell death was analyzed by TUNEL assay. Results The highest levels of apoptotic cell death were seen 1 day after treatment in all treatment groups compared with vehicle controls. At 1 week after treatment, apoptotic cell death remained significantly elevated in the EBRT and carboplatin groups, but not after vessel targeting therapy. No significant necrosis was detected by histology in tumors of treated or of control eyes. Conclusions Conventional therapies (focal carboplatin chemotherapy and EBRT) and vascular targeting agents significantly increase cell death through apoptosis, while not having a significant effect on necrosis in this murine model of retinoblastoma. These studies will aid in the optimization of delivery schemes of combined treatment modalities.
138 CHANGING PATTERNS IN MANAGEMENT OF AORTIC VALVAR STENOSIS IN INFANCY

In the past, management of infants with critical isolated aortic (AO) valve (V) stenosis (AVS) was dependent on diagnosis by cardiac catheterization (cath). In critically ill infants this procedure is often associated with severe complications. As of 1981, 10 infants, ages 1 day to 18 weeks, were diagnosed as having critical AVS. Anatomic diagnosis was made by 2D Echo-cardiogram (Echo) in all patients (pts) showing a thickened AOV (10/10 pts) left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) (10/10 pts), normal LV size (8/10 pts) LV dilatation and small LV (1 pt each). Left atrial dilatation, indirectly indicating increased LV end diastolic pressure, was present in 9/10 pts. Diagnosis was confirmed by cath in 4 pts, surgery in 5 pts, and autopsy in 1 pt. Aortic valvotomy was done in 5 pts without cath and 4 pts following cath. Prior to surgery the pts had clinical evidence of poor cardiac output (10/10 pts), LVH (10/10 pts) and strain (8/10 pts) on ECG and cardiomegaly on chest x-ray (10/10 pts). A 1 day old infant in persistant acidosis with a dilated LV died prior to surgery and a pt with a small LV on echo died postoperatively. 8 pts survived surgery. It is concluded that noninvasive clinical evaluation is adequate for precise diagnosis and estimation of severity prior to aortic valvotomy in infants. Cath is presently of limited value in such patients and should be reserved for infants with AVS and possible associated defects.
Effect of temperature on the sputtering yield of copper

Abstract The effect of temperature on the sputtering yield of copper for low energy argon ion bombardment is investigated. Experimentally, a phase sensitive technique utilizing the spectroscopic emission of sputtered particles is discussed. Analytically, the Langberg model for the sputtering yield is expanded to include the effect of temperature. Atoms of the bombarded surface attain a steady state distribution in the number of their bonds. Changes in either the temperature or the bombardment parameters result in changes in the distribution leading to variations in the sputtering yield. (111) and (110) single crystal and poly crystalline copper surfaces are investigated. Reasonable agreement is obtained between experimental and analytic yield values. The (111) surface shows the largest decrease in yield with an increase in temperature.
Role of ‘B-b’ knob-hole interactions in fibrin binding to adsorbed fibrinogen

Background The formation of a fibrin clot is supported by multiple interactions, including those between polymerization knobs 'A' and 'B' exposed by thrombin cleavage and polymerization holes 'a' and 'b' present in fibrinogen and fibrin. Although structural studies have defined the 'A-a' and 'B-b' interactions in part, it has not been possible to measure the affinities of individual knob-hole interactions in the absence of the other interactions occurring in fibrin. Objectives We designed experiments to determine the affinities of knob-hole interactions, either 'A-a' alone or 'A-a' and 'B-b' together. Methods We used surface plasmon resonance to measure binding between adsorbed fibrinogen and soluble fibrin fragments containing 'A' knobs, desA-NDSK, or both 'A' and 'B' knobs, desAB-NDSK. Results The desA- and desAB-NDSK fragments bound to fibrinogen with statistically similar K(d)'s of 5.8 +/- 1.1 microm and 3.7 +/- 0.7 microm (P = 0.14), respectively. This binding was specific, as we saw no significant binding of NDSK, which has no exposed knobs. Moreover, the synthetic 'A' knob peptide GPRP and synthetic 'B' knob peptides GHRP and AHRPY, inhibited the binding of desA- and/or desAB-NDSK. Conclusions The peptide inhibition findings show both 'A-a' and 'B-b' interactions participate in desAB-NDSK binding to fibrinogen, indicating 'B-b' interactions can occur simultaneously with 'A-a'. Furthermore, 'A-a' interactions are much stronger than 'B-b' because the affinity of desA-NDSK was not markedly different from desAB-NDSK.
Endometriosis as a model for inflammation–hormone interactions in ovarian and breast cancers

Chronic inflammation has been implicated in a variety of cancers. In this review, we consider associations between endometriosis and cancers both local (ovarian) and distant (breast). We review the epidemiological data linking endometriosis to ovarian and breast cancers. We then consider evidence for a role for sex steroid hormones and for inflammation in the aetiology of each of these cancers. Finally, we consider that endometriosis may promote alterations in sex steroid hormones and inflammatory mediators. A possible explanation for the association between endometriosis and these reproductive cancers may then be local and systemic enhancement of aberrant inflammatory and hormonal mediators. If this hypothesis is true, endometriosis may need to be considered as a risk factor for ovarian and breast cancers, triggering increasingly intensive surveillance. Moreover, treatments for endometriosis may require consideration of the impact on long-term cancer risk.
Using Lipopolysaccharides to Create 3-D Multicomponent Biomimetic Membranes on Solid Supports

Cell membranes are complex, multi component systems that contain dynamic elements such as lipid rafts and protein rich domains. Lipid Bilayer Assemblies (LBAs) can be used as model membrane systems for investigating interactions and responses to different stimuli but the level of complexity that can be studied is limited. Previous studies have shown the ability to create these LBAs on glass microspheres as well as flat substrates. These microspheres introduce a new level of complexity by creating mobile samples that can be analyzed using new techniques and also provide a curved surface more similar to biological cells. In previous studies we have demonstrated that Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from gram-negative bacteria can be used to pattern LBAs in a simple, iterative manner. In this study, we have applied this LPS-modification approach to introduce new elements into LBAs on glass microspheres. We have found that LPS can be used to form static holes throughout the membrane while keeping the membrane intact. These holes can be backfilled with proteins such as BSA, and lipids, allowing membrane repair and or introduction of new components into the system. This technique gives rise to a multicomponent system that can be manipulated while still maintaining lipid fluidity in three dimensions. These new findings are being used to better understand LPS-membrane interactions, lead to new approaches for potential biosensor design, and provide a new platform for investigating cell membrane interactions. Future directions include using these coated microspheres as an LPS biosensor that can be analyzed using flow cytometry, introducing additional components into the system, such as receptors, gel phase lipids, and complex proteins to investigate membrane interactions and binding events and exploring as a template for the generation of janus-type particles.
Seismic Performance of a Concrete Bridge Bent Consisting of Three Steel Shell Columns

Abstract This paper describes the performance of a full-scale, three-column concrete bridge bent test unit that was designed, constructed, and tested under simulated in- plane seismic loads. Representing a typical bent configuration used by the Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities, the test unit employed 12.7-mm-thick steel shell concrete columns and evaluated adequacy of an improved beam-to-column joint design procedure. The steel shell served as the external reinforcement and formwork for the columns. As intended, plastic hinges were fully developed in the columns adjacent to the interface with the cap beam, with minimal damage occurring to the cap beam and joints due to simulated seismic actions. These observations, along with the recorded force-displacement hysteretic response, confirmed the desirable seismic performance of the test unit. Design details, analytical response, test observations, key experimental results, and design recommendations are presented.
Changing the Learning Environment in the College of Engineering and Applied Science Using Challenge Based Learning

Over the past 20 years there have been many changes to the primary and secondary educational system that have impacted students, teachers, and post-secondary institutions across the United States of America. One of the most important is the large number of standardized tests students are required to take to show adequate performance in school. Students think differently because they are taught differently due to this focus on standardized testing, thus changing the skill sets students acquire in secondary school. This presents a critical problem for colleges and universities, as they now are using practices for and have expectations of these students that are unrealistic for the changing times. High dropout rates in the colleges of engineering have been attributed to the cultural atmosphere of the institution. Students have reported a low sense of belonging and low relatability to course material. To reduce negative experiences and increase motivation, Challenge Based Learning (CBL) was introduced in an undergraduate Basic Electric Circuits (BEC) course. CBL is a structured model for course content with a foundation in problem-based learning. CBL offers general concepts from which students derive the challenges they will address. Results show an improved classroom experience for students who were taught with CBL.
The nonlinear dynamics of space weather

Abstract Studies of the nonlinear magnetospheric dynamics have led to several directions useful in understanding space physics processes, in particular those related to magnetospheric currents, and making space weather forecasts possible. Four such directions are identified: (a) empirical time series prediction with nonlinear autoregressive moving-average (ARMA) models, for which an example is given in terms of a geosynchronous electron flux index model. (b) Measurement of physical properties of the currents from the coefficients of the ARMA models, such as characteristic time scales and coupling strengths. Using a D st index model we measure the ring current decay time as a function of storm phase and activity, and identify new oscillation time scales correlating with the substorm injection activity. (c) Spatiotemporal nonlinear modeling predicts the amplitude and location of the disturbance as a function of space, as well as its time evolution. An example is given in terms of predicting the longitudinal and temporal profile of midlatitude geomagnetic disturbances. (d) Nonlinear dynamical models can be coupled to other physical or empirical approaches to build comprehensive space weather models. SWIFT, and ionospheric space weather model, is discussed as an example. Other applications of nonlinear dynamics are briefly discussed.
Physician-Targeted Financial Incentives and Primary Care Physicians’ Self-Reported Ability to Provide High-Quality Primary Care

Objective: High-quality primary care is envisaged as the centerpiece of the emerging health care delivery system under the Affordable Care Act. Reengineering the US health care system into a primar...
Comparison of Paper and Computer-Based Questionnaire Modes for Measuring Health Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Total Hip Arthroplasty

Background: Health status questionnaires are important, especially with the growing interest in outcome studies. However, these questionnaires continue to be administered in their original paper format. We hypothesized that total hip arthroplasty outcome data derived with computer-based questionnaires do not differ significantly from those derived with established paper-based formats. Methods: From January 2006 to January 2007, the clinic schedules of four attending arthroplasty surgeons were screened weekly to identify patients who could potentially be included in the study. Charts were reviewed for subjects who were scheduled for or had received primary total hip arthroplasty. Patients were recruited during their office visit or when they attended a preoperative educational class, and five health status questionnaires (the Harris hip score, WOMAC [Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index], SF-36 [Short Form-36], EQ-5D [EuroQol-5D], and UCLA [University of California at Los Angeles] activity score) were administered in three formats: paper, touch screen, and web-based. Repeated-measures analysis of variance and Pearson correlations were used to compare the questionnaire modes for the Harris hip score (normally distributed data), and the Friedman test and Spearman correlations were used to compare the modes for the other health status scores (non-normally distributed data). The study was designed with 90% power for detecting 10% differences between modes in the entire series of sixty-one patients and with 82% and 87% power in preoperative and postoperative subgroups, respectively. Results: The mean age was sixty-three years, with thirty-seven male and twenty-four female patients in the study. Forty-seven hips (77%) had osteoarthritis as the primary diagnosis. No significant differences were detected, for any of the five health outcome systems, among the paper, touch screen, and web-based modes, and there were highly significant correlations among all questionnaire modes in the entire series of patients and in the preoperative and postoperative subgroups (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The scores obtained with the paper, touch screen, and web-based modes of the five questionnaires demonstrated excellent agreement. Thus, touch screen and web-based formats can be used to collect and track patient outcome data. Use of electronic formats of these questionnaires will facilitate a more efficient and reliable data collection process.
Factors appearing late in practice

Abstract With extended practice on a task a shift seems to occur from controlled to automatic processing. If differential factors associated with automatic processing exist, they could only be observed after this shift occurs. Hence, any such factor would be late-appearing, in the sense that it could only be identified late in practice. The present paper reports two tests of the existence of late-appearing factors. Both tests involved extended practice on five video games; the two tests were carried out in two different populations approximately 1 year apart. The results of the two experiments were in complete agreement. In both cases all factors, with one possible exception in the second experiment, were identified by content exclusively and not by stage of practice. The results, therefore, are negative. Other studies using other materials, other subjects, or other conditions of practice may reach different conclusions; but the studies reported in this paper offer no support for the existence of late-appearing factors.
Silica particle synthesis in a counterflow diffusion flame reactor

Abstract Silica particle formation was studied in a counterflow diffusion flame, under different operating conditions, in order to investigate the effect of process variables on particle formation. The counterflow geometry provides a one-dimensional flow field, along the stagnation streamline, which greatly simplifies interpretation of the particle formation process. Silane has been used as the source of silicon in hydrogen/oxygen/argon flames. Silica particle characteristics (size, number density, volume fraction) have been determined using dynamic light scattering and angular dissymmetry measurements. The effects of silane loading, temperature, equivalence ratio, and momentum ratio have been investigated. The results indicate that temperature plays a significant role in the formation process, by controlling the chemical kinetic rates and through physical changes in particle morphology. In cooler flames ( T ≈ 2000 K), significantly more surface growth is observed. Increasing flame temperatures tend to enhance homogeneous nucleation, leading to smaller particles in higher numbers. Results obtained in higher-temperature flames ( T ≈ 2500 K) suggest that, when the chemical kinetic rates increase substantially, particles of composition other than SiO 2 can also nucleate, which may then grow by silica deposition. It was also observed that, under conditions where particles were hot enough, sintering effects produced more spherical structures. The level of silane loading is seen to affect the final particle size obtained as well as the growth regimes that particles encounter prior to ejection from the reactor. Larger silane loadings tend to accelerate particle nucleation, form larger particles, and enhance surface growth effects. Finally, the reactor provides a synthesis environment in which the process parameters in a flame can be varied in order to significantly alter particle morphology and end product yield.
Studies on the Riboflavin, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid and Choline Requirements of Young Bobwhite Quail

Abstract Four experiments were conducted to examine the riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid and choline requirements of young Bobwhite quail. Quail fed purified diets deficient in either riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid or choline grew poorly and high mortality occurred by 5 weeks of age. Under the conditions of these experiments, it was found that: (1) young quail require approximately 3.8 mg. riboflavin/kg. diet for satisfactory growth and survival; (2) no more than 31 mg. niacin/kg. diet are required for normal growth and survival of young quail; (3) the requirement for pantothenic acid is higher than has previously been reported, quail in these studies requiring 12.6 mg. pantothenic acid/kg. feed for growth and survival; and (4) the requirement for choline for reducing mortality is approximately 1000 mg./kg., while the amount necessary for normal growth of young quail is no greater than 1500 mg./kg. when the diet contains ample amounts of methionine. Quail fed a niacin-deficient diet developed stiff, shortened feathers and an erythema about the head; those receiving a riboflavin-deficient ration developed enlarged hocks and bowed legs, as did quail fed diets low or devoid of choline. Aside from slow growth, poor feathering was the only other indication that a deficient diet was being fed when quail were placed on a basal ration without pantothenic acid for five weeks.
Communication: Self-assembly of semiflexible-flexible block copolymers

We apply the methodology of self-consistent Brownian dynamics simulations to study the self-assembly behavior in melts of semiflexible-flexible diblock copolymers as a function of the persistence length of the semiflexible block. Our results reveal a novel progression of morphologies in transitioning from the case of flexible-coil to rod-coil copolymers. At even moderate persistence lengths, the morphologies in the semiflexible-block rich region of the phase diagram transform to liquid crystalline phases. In contrast, the phases in the flexible-block rich region of the phase diagram persist up to much larger persistence lengths. Our analysis suggests that the development of orientational order in the semiflexible block to be a critical factor influencing the morphologies of self-assembly.
Studies on biogenic amines and their metabolites in nervous tissue and hemolymph of adult male cabbage looper moths—I. Quantitation of photoperiod changes

Abstract HPLC with electrochemical detection was used to quantify levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine, octopamine, dopamine, tryptophan, tyramine, tyrosine, 5-hydroxytryptophan, 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, N -acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine, N -acetyloctopamine, and N -acetyldopamine in optic lobes, corpora allata/corpora cardiaca compex, thoracic ganglia, supraesophageal-subesophageal ganglion complex (or brain) and hemolymph in individual male cabbage looper moths, Trichoplusia ni , at five times in the photoperiod. Levels of amines remained unchanged throughout the photophase, but decreased in some tissues during scotophase. In the hemolymph, levels of octopamine increased during the initial part of the dark period, whereas levels of dopamine remained unchanged, and 5-hydroxytryptamine was not detected. Levels of tryptophan, tyrosine, 5-hydroxytrytophan and tyramine did not change significantly over the photoperiod. Levels of N -acetyloctopamine, N -acetylserotonin and N -acetyldopamine in each tissue increased corresponding to the observed decreases in octopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, or dopamine. No evidence was found for catabolic activity involving monoamine oxidase. Within individuals, there was no correlation between decreased levels of octopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in the brain, or with levels of either of these amines in the thoracic ganglia. However, decreases in octopamine in the thoracic ganglia paralleded decreases in dopamine. The results are discussed with respect to the proposed modulatory action of amines on male moth locomotor activity and response to sex pheromone.
Occurrence, chemistry, and origin of immiscible silicate glasses in a tholeiitic basalt: A TEM/AEM study

The occurrence and chemistry of immiscible silicate glasses in a tholeiite mesostasis from the Umtanum formation, Washington, were investigated with transmission electron microscopy and analytical electron microscopy (TEM/AEM). TEM observation reveals isolated, dark globules (2.1 micron or less in diameter) randomly distributed in a transparent matrix glass interstitial to plagioclase laths. The globules less than 0.3 micron and larger than 0.8 micron fall beyond the linear relationship defined by the 0.3–0.8 micron globules in a plot of the logarithm of number versus size. Large globules (0.7 micron or larger in diameter) range from homogeneous to heterogeneous in optical properties and chemistry. Homogeneous globules are completely glassy, whereas heterogeneous globules contain crystalline domains. AEM analyses show that the globules have high Si, Fe, Ca, and Ti with subordinate Mg, Al, P, S, Cl, K, and Mn, which gives high normative fa, px, il, and ap. The matrix glass consists dominantly of Si with low Al and minor Na and K, yielding a high normative qz, or, ab, and an. It is proposed that the silicate liquid immiscibility occurs by reaction of network-modifying cations (NMCs) with dominantly chain-like anionic units in the parental melt to form less polymerized, NMC-bearing units and highly polymerized, Si-rich units. The globules nucleated metastably under supercooled conditions, and medium-size globules become either larger or smaller at lower temperatures. Internal nucleation of NMC-rich phases occurred in some larger globules upon cooling.
Magnetic field variations in temperate zone sporadic- E layers

Geomagnetic field variations in temperate zone sporadic E layer according to wind-shear theory
MetPAD: A bioassay kit for the specific determination of heavy metal toxicity in sediments from hazardous waste sites

MetPADTM, a bioassay kit designed for the specific determination of heavy metal toxicity in environmental samples, was evaluated for toxicity assessment of sediment elutriates from hazardous waste sites in Florida. MetPAD, when run concurrently with Microtox® was useful in pinpointing sediments with heavy metal toxicity. MetPAD results were confirmed by heavy metal analysis of the samples. The MetPAD bioassay for the specific detection of the presence of bioavailable heavy metals should be included in test batteries for toxicity assessment of sediments. © 1992 John Wiley & sons, Inc.
The Caulobacter crescentus CgtAC Protein Cosediments with the Free 50S Ribosomal Subunit

The Obg family of GTPases is widely conserved and predicted to play an as-yet-unknown role in translation. Recent reports provide circumstantial evidence that both eukaryotic and prokaryotic Obg proteins are associated with the large ribosomal subunit. Here we provide direct evidence that the Caulobacter crescentus CgtA(C) protein is associated with the free large (50S) ribosomal subunit but not with 70S monosomes or with translating ribosomes. In contrast to the Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli proteins, CgtA(C) does not fractionate in a large complex by gel filtration, indicating a moderately weak association with the 50S subunit. Moreover, binding of CgtA(C) to the 50S particle is sensitive to salt concentration and buffer composition but not guanine nucleotide occupancy of CgtA(C). Assays of epitope-tagged wild-type and mutant variants of CgtA(C) indicate that the C terminus of CgtA(C) is critical for 50S association. Interestingly, the addition of a C-terminal epitope tag also affected the ability of various cgtA(C) alleles to function in vivo. Depletion of CgtA(C) led to perturbations in the polysome profile, raising the possibility that CgtA(C) is involved in ribosome assembly or stability.
The value of energy storage in South Korea’s electricity market: A Hotelling approach

Abstract In this study we evaluate the economic potential for energy arbitrage by simulating operation and resulting profits of a small price-taking storage device in South Korea’s electricity market. As demand for electricity continues to grow, maintaining a balanced power system at all times has become more challenging in Korea and other developed nations. Along with demand response programs and increased renewable energy utilization, energy storage devices may provide a viable way to contribute to diurnal peak demand shaving. In some parts of the U.S. storage arbitrage has proven to be profitable. Treating a battery’s ability to charge and discharge as a scarce resource, we apply the Hotelling (1931) rule to determine a strategy for maximizing the value of the battery. Results show that present market conditions in South Korea do not provide sufficient economic incentives for energy arbitrage using sodium–sulfur (NaS) or lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, with the capital cost of the storage devices exceeding potential revenues.
Darwinism alive and well

Selection: The Mechanism of Evolution. By Graham Bell Chapman and Hall: 1997. Pp. 699. £55, $75. The Basics of Selection. By Graham Bell Chapman and Hall: 1997. Pp. 378. £29.95, £37.50 (pbk). Plan and Purpose in Nature. By George C. Williams Weidenfeld and Nicolson: 1996. Pp. 191. £11.99. To be published in the United States by BasicBooks in February at $20.
The disparate impact of alcohol, methamphetamine, and other drugs on family reunification

Abstract Parental substance abuse is one of the most prominent reasons that children enter foster care. The relative role of substance type in delaying reunification has remained elusive. This study sought to understand the impact of parental use of alcohol, methamphetamine, other drugs, and poly-substances on reunification rates for children in foster care. The authors used administrative foster care data from a Midwestern state between years 2007 and 2012 to evaluate the unique contribution of each substance use domain. Results suggest that parental methamphetamine use has the most significant impact on the likelihood of reunification, followed by other drugs, and poly-substances. These findings further indicate that children removed due to any parental drug use stay in foster care for an average of 49–156 days longer than their peers. Implications for research and practice are addressed.
From Excommunication to Nullification: Testing and Extending Supply‐Side Theories of Religious Marketing with the Case of Catholic Marital Annulments

Since the Second Vatican Council (1965), Catholic marital annulments have risen dramatically, especially in the United States. A comparison of American and international rates demonstrates that, consistent with supply-side theories of religion, annulment rates have risen only in countries where the Church competes with other religious institutions. However, supply-side theory cannot explain why the American rate is double that of other countries with competitive religious economies. Historical analysis suggests that the growing number, estrangement, organization, and mobilization of divorced American Catholics motivated the American Church to engage in more intense marketing of annulments, I therefore argue that another variable that incorporates these qualities of the target market should be considered in future analyses of religious marketing.
Affects of two cotton varieties on levels of boll weevil parasitism [Col.: Curculionidae]

The cotton plant has a profound affect on the behavior and ability of parasites to successfully attack the boll weevil,Anthonomus grandisBoheman. The most important native parasite of the boll weevil,Bracon mellitorSay, prefers to oviposit on Frego bract cotton rather than normal bract cotton. An imported parasite,Heterolaccus grandisBurks prefers ovipositions on normal bract cotton rather than Frego.
Remarks on the method of paired comparisons: I. The least squares solution assuming equal standard deviations and equal correlations.

Thurstone’s Case V of the method of paired comparisons assumes equal standard deviations of sensations corresponding to stimuli and zero correlations between pairs of stimuli sensations. It is shown that the assumption of zero correlations can be relaxed to an assumption of equal correlations between pairs with no change in method. Further the usual approach to the method of paired comparisons Case V is shown to lead to a least squares estimate of the stimulus positions on the sensation scale.
Quaternary volcanic stratigraphy of Managua, Nicaragua: Correlation and source assignment for multiple overlapping plinian deposits

A tephrochronological study that began as an active-fault mapping program in Managua, Nicaragua, following the 1972 earthquake has yielded information with broader geologic relevance. Seven principal, widespread Quaternary air-fall deposits (the “Managua sequence”) have been defined; the deposits are basaltic or rhyodacitic, span probably 11 km 3 (dense-rock equivalent) and are classified as plinian or phreatoplinian, regardless of chemical composition. Two of the units were radiocarbon dated at 6,600 yr B.P. and 21,000 yr B.P. as a result of this study; ages of the other layers are not as well constrained but are estimated on the basis of soil development and position in the section. Correlation and source assignment were particularly difficult because of incomplete exposure and similarity of physical and chemical features, but they were accomplished with a combination of detailed measurement and sampling at Managua, reconnaissance mapping and sampling at potential vent areas, and application of petrographic, mineralogic, and chemical correlation methods. The close similarity among the rhyodacite pumices posed the greatest difficulty for correlation; cluster analysis applied to multielement XRF chemical analyses of pure-glass separates gave the best results. The clarification of the Managua sequence has revealed the local geologic history of Managua, has characterized the average largest recent Nicaraguan eruptions, and has defined time-stratigraphic markers used for archaeologic and engineering purposes. Additionally, it has provided a regional framework within which to interpret and correlate more detailed studies of individual Nicaraguan volcanoes.
Electron-transfer photooxygenation, 8. trapping of internal nucleophiles

Irradiation of 5,5-diphenylpent-4-en-1-ol, sensitized by 9,10-dicyanoanthracene under N2, leads to 2-(diphenylmethyl)-tetrahydrofuran (7). Under O2, a related oxidation product, 2-(diphenylhydroxymethyl)-tetrahydrofuran is produced.
Reconstructed topography of Southern New England prior to isostatic rebound with implications of total isostatic depression and relative sea level

Topographic models of the late Quaternary landscape prior to isostatic rebound aid interpretation of glacial lake-water levels and geomorphic features as well as ice thickness, mantle viscosity and lithospheric strength. The well-established limit of glacial marine inundation in central and northern New England provides a test of total isostatic depression. Relative sea levels reflecting differing magnitudes of isostatic rebound show that published values of isostatic depression in southern New England would inundate the landscape in southern New England with marine water south of the limit of late Pleistocene marine inundation. This suggests that isostatic depression at the terminal margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) was 50 m. A first-order estimate of ice thickness based on total isostatic depression and the observed uplift profile in southern New England supports the ‘thin ice’ models in New England. Ice thickness ranged from 100 m at the southeastern margin of the LIS, to > 1000 m at a point 300 km north of the terminal margin. This regional model places constraints on continental ice-sheet and geophysical models that should be considered in the future.
Nitrogen lowers the sulfur amino acid content of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) by regulating the accumulation of Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor.

Soybeans in general contain 35-40% protein. Efforts are underway to increase further this protein content, thus enhancing their nutritive value. Even though higher protein is a desirable characteristic, whether such an increase will be accompanied by enhanced protein quality is not known. Soybean protein quality could be significantly improved by increasing the concentration of the sulfur-containing amino acids, cysteine and methionine. To ascertain if a correlation existed between protein quantity and quality, a comparison of the amino acids of soybeans differing in protein content was made. Soybeans with higher protein content had a significantly lower percentage of sulfur amino acids, while those with lower protein exhibited a higher content of cysteine and methionine. Nitrogen application elevated the protein content but lowered that of the sulfur amino acids. Transmission electron microscopy examination of thin sections of low protein soybean seeds revealed several protein storage vacuoles that were partially filled with storage proteins. Fluorescence two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis of soybean seed proteins revealed that nitrogen application favored the accumulation of the ‚-subunit of ‚-conglycinin while decreasing the accumulation of BowmanBirk protease inhibitor (BBI), a protein rich in cysteine. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of 60% 2-propanol-extracted proteins showed a drastic reduction in the accumulation of BBI with increasing protein content. Northern blot analysis indicated that nitrogen had a negative influence on the expression of the BBI gene. Our results indicate that the negative correlation between total protein and sulfur amino acid content is mostly mediated by the differential accumulation of BBI.
The sunk cost effect in pigeons and humans

The sunk cost effect is the increased tendency to persist in an endeavor once an investment of money, effort, or time has been made. To date, humans are the only animal in which this effect has been observed unambiguously. We developed a behavior-analytic model of the sunk cost effect to explore the potential for this behavior in pigeons as well as in humans. Each trial started out with a short expected ratio, but on some trials assumed a longer expected ratio part way through the trial. Subjects had the (usually preferable) option of “escaping” the trial if the longer expected ratio had come into effect in order to bring on a new trial that again had a short expected ratio. In Experiments 1 through 3, we manipulated two independent variables that we hypothesized would affect the pigeons' ability to discriminate the increase in the expected ratio within a trial: (a) the presence or absence of stimuli that signal an increase in the expected ratio, and (b) the severity of the increase in the expected ratio. We found that the pigeons were most likely to persist nonoptimally through the longer expected ratios when stimulus changes were absent and when the increase in the expected ratio was less severe. Experiment 4 employed a similar procedure with human subjects that manipulated only the severity of the increase in the expected ratio and found a result similar to that of the pigeon experiment. In Experiment 5, we tested the hypothesis that a particular history of reinforcement would induce pigeons to persist through the longer expected ratios; the results suggested instead that the history of reinforcement caused the pigeons to persist less compared to pigeons that did not have that history.