cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving Strength and Quality of Epitendinous Repairs.

Background: Epitendinous sutures not only join the 2 severed tendon edges but also supply strength and support to the repair. Multiple techniques have been described, but none of them include anoth...
Hyperprolactinemic African elephant (Loxodonta africana) females exhibit elevated dopamine, oxytocin and serotonin concentrations compared to normal cycling and noncycling, low prolactin elephants†.

Many zoo elephants do not cycle normally, and for African elephants, it is often associated with hyperprolactinemia. Dopamine agonists successfully treat hyperprolactinemia-induced ovarian dysfunction in women, but not elephants. The objective of this study was to determine how longitudinal dopamine, serotonin, and oxytocin patterns in African elephants are related to ovarian cycle function. We hypothesized that dopamine concentrations are decreased, while oxytocin and serotonin are increased in non-cycling, hyperprolactinemic African elephants. Weekly urine and serum samples were collected for eight consecutive months from 28 female African elephants. Females were categorized as follows: (1) non-cycling with average prolactin concentrations of 15 ng/ml or greater (HIGH; n = 7); (2) non-cycling with average prolactin concentrations below 15 ng/ml (LOW; n = 13); and (3) cycling with normal progestagen and prolactin patterns (CYCLING; n = 8). Both oxytocin and serotonin were elevated in hyperprolactinemic elephants. Thus, we propose that stimulatory factors may play a role in the observed hyperprolactinemia in this species. Interestingly, rather than being reduced as hypothesized, urinary dopamine was elevated in hyperprolactinemic elephants compared to CYCLING and LOW prolactin groups. Despite its apparent lack of regulatory control over prolactin, this new evidence suggests that dopamine synthesis and secretion are not impaired in these elephants, and perhaps are augmented.
Clonal hematopoiesis and acquired thalassemia in common variable immunodeficiency.

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is defined by hypogammaglobulinemia and increased susceptibility to infections. The gene defect responsible for CVID remains unknown. During the course of their CVID disease, a female and three male patients developed microcytic anemia. The investigation of this anemia forms the basis for this report. Reticulocyte globin chain synthesis studies revealed the abnormal α/β ratios that are pathognomonic of thalassemia. Through transcriptional analysis of the glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G6PD) locus of the active X-chromosome in blood cells, we determined that the female patient has clonal reticulocytes, platelets, granulocytes, and B and T lymphocytes. The simultaneous presence of globin synthesis abnormalities and panhypogammaglobulinemia suggests that a common insult at the stem cell level could contribute to the development of CVID and acquired thalassemia.
The influence of menthol dose on human temperature regulation and perception

Abstract Introduction This study assessed the influence of High (H, 4.13%), Medium (M, 2.0%) and Low (L, 0.1%) doses of menthol on temperature perception and regulation, compared to a Placebo Condition (P). Method Sixteen participants underwent the aforementioned conditions on four separate days. During each test participants rested supine (Environmental conditions: 30°C, 50% rh) for 30-min before 40mL of L, M, H or P gel was applied to the anterior upper body, then rested 30-min thereafter. Primary measures included thermal sensation (TS), thermal comfort (TC), irritation (IRR), rectal temperature (Tre), and skin temperature (chest, forearm, thigh, calf), and EMG (trapezius, pectoralis major, sternocleidomastoid). The area under the curve (AUC) from minute 30 to 60 was compared between conditions using relevant non/parametric tests (alpha level = 0.05). Results A cooling trend in Tre was observed following Placebo gel application, but this significantly (p Conclusions Menthol exerts perceptual and thermoregulatory effects independent of skin temperature. A menthol dose-dependent perceptual cooling effect was evident with possible saturation at the moderate dose. A dose-dependent heat storage response was also evident, but higher doses compounded responses.
Cover crop biomass and species composition affect soil microbial community structure and enzyme activities in semiarid cropping systems

Abstract Cover crops are promoted to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and improve soil biological health in agricultural systems. However, cover crop effects on soil microbial communities – key regulators of SOC and nutrients – and functioning are not clear in semiarid environments. This study investigated the response of soil microbial community structure and enzyme activities to cover crop integration under limited-irrigation winter wheat (Triticum aestivum)-sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)-fallow rotation. The study had a randomized complete block design with eight treatments and three replications. Treatments were pea (Pisum sativum); oat (Avena sativa); canola (Brassica napus L.); and mixtures of pea + oat (POmix), pea + canola (PCmix), pea + oat + canola (POCmix), and pea + oat + canola + hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) + forage radish (Raphanus sativus L.) + barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) (diverse-mix) as cover crops; and a fallow. Soil samples were collected in the summer of 2017 and 2018 from 0 to 15 cm depth of each plot established in fall 2015. Microbial community size and structure were evaluated via ester-linked fatty acid methyl ester (EL-FAME) analysis, which showed that total microbial community size and fungal community were similar between soils under oats and diverse-mix, and were 31% and 41% greater than fallow, respectively. The FAME marker for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was 84% greater under oats than fallow. The combined enzyme activity of acid phosphatase, β-glucosidase, and β-glucosaminidase was 294 mg p-nitrophenol (PNP) kg−1 soil h−1 under diverse-mix, which was greater than fallow (204 mg PNP kg−1 soil h−1, p = 0.021) in 2018. Cover cropping during fallow period in a crop-fallow rotation could increase total microbial community size, fungal abundance, and enzyme activities associated with carbon (C) and nutrient cycling. Among cover crops, oat and its mixture with legumes (pea and hairy vetch) and brassicas (canola and forage radish) were most effective in improving soil health and biogeochemical cycling in a hot and dry semiarid climate.
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Spanking Have Similar Associations with Early Behavior Problems.

Objectives To examine whether adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and physical punishment (ie, spanking) are unique risk factors for behavior problems in early childhood, and whether ACEs moderate the associations of spanking with child behavior problems. Study design We conducted prospective, longitudinal analyses on 2380 families in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Mothers reported outcomes of externalizing and internalizing behavior problems at age 5 years; and the main predictors, ACEs and spanking, at age 3 years. ACEs included 9 items: physical abuse, emotional abuse, physical neglect, emotional neglect, mother's exposure to intimate partner violence, parental mental health problem, parental substance use, parental incarceration, and parental death. Multilevel models examined the associations between ACEs, spanking, and behavior problems, and the moderating effect of ACEs in the associations of spanking with behavior problems. Analyses were adjusted for preexisting behavior problems, demographics, and neighborhood conditions. Results ACEs (β = 0.028; P Conclusions ACEs and spanking have similar associations in predicting child externalizing behavior. Results support calls to consider physical punishment as a form of ACE. Our findings also underscore the importance of assessing exposure to ACEs and physical punishment among young children and providing appropriate intervention to children at risk.
Subjective Learning of Trading Talent: Theory and Evidence from Individual Investors in the U.S.

Recent studies show evidence that investors learn about their trading abilities. This paper focuses on understanding how investors learn about their talent and proposes a unifying framework that explains many puzzling facts about individual equity investors. In my model, the investor forms subjective beliefs both about the expected return of the current stock-in-holding and about her trading talent represented by the expected return of the next replacement stock, and updates beliefs through learning with fading memory. I calibrate the memory decay parameters to individual trading records, and show that talent learning is about 7 times more sensitive to return signals than stock-in-holding learning. Consequently, the model indicates that stock switching always happens following good performance of the current stock because switching requires a sufficiently large wedge between expected returns of the replacement stock and the current stock to cover the fixed cost, which strongly predicts disposition effect in a learning perspective. This framework also accounts for the performance-contingent trading intensity and attrition, and explains why a negative shock would lead to attrition when an investor has several years of experience, which is inconsistent with the decreasing-gain updating under standard Bayesian learning.
Cabozantinib (C) in combination with nivolumab (N) and ipilimumab (I) (CaNI) for advanced renal cell carcinoma with variant histology (aRCCVH).

TPS4592Background: Despite advances in therapy of clear cell renal cell carcinoma, outcomes for patients with aRCCVH remain poor and these patients have typically been excluded from pivotal phase I...
HII Region Abundances in the Polar Ring of NGC 2685

We have obtained optical spectrophotometry of 11 HII regions in the polar ring of NGC 2685 (the Helix galaxy), and have used these data to study the physical characteristics of the polar-ring HII regions. The HII regions have normal spectra with no suggestion of unusual density, temperature, extinction, or composition. Semi-empirical calculations yield high oxygen abundance estimates (0.8--1.1 Z-Solar) in all HII regions. This, along with the observed (B-V) color, H-alpha equivalent width, and molecular gas properties argue against the current picture in which polar rings form from tidally captured dwarf irregular galaxies, and suggests instead that the rings are long-lived, self-gravitating structures as predicted by some dynamical models. This would allow the time required for multiple generations of star formation, and for the retention of the resulting enriched ejecta for inclusion in further generations of star formation.
Ligand-Binding Properties of Recombinant Human IRBP

Interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (IRBP) is a large glycolipoprotein synthesized by photoreceptor cells of the retina and secreted into interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM) (1). It binds and transports retinoids and fatty acids in the IPM as illustrated in Figure 1.
Vacuole Function in Neurospora

The vacuoles of fungi share many properties with the vacuoles of higher plants and the lysosomes of mammalian cells. Vacuoles of higher plants are thought to perform a storage function whereas mammalian lysosomes are the sites of turnover of intracellular macromolecules. Both these functions are performed by fungal vacuoles and both require the movement of molecules between the vacuolar (lysosomal) and cytoplasmic compartments. To understand the physiological functions of vacuoles and the mechanism by which these functions are performed, a simple system amenable to genetic, biochemical and molecular biological manipulation is needed. The vacuoles of the filamentous fungus, Neurospora crassa, appear to satisfy these criteria.
Homicide in Asia

Homicide is commonly considered as the most serious form of violent crime. This chapter describes the problem of homicide in Asia and reviews empirical research on related issues. It first discusses various international homicide data sources and uses available data to describe the recent homicide trends from 2003 to 2008 in most of the Asian countries and regions. This chapter also reviews the empirical research on the factors that may help explain the homicide trends in Asia. These factors include firearms, capital punishment, population characteristics (such as youth population and population diversity), and social characteristics (such as democracy, modernization, and social stress). This chapter also discusses homicide clearance. The empirical studies reviewed in this chapter either examined specific countries in Asia or included some Asian countries and regions in the comparative analyses.
EX‐OFFENDERS AND THE LABOR MARKET

In 2008, the U.S. had between 12 and 14 million ex-offenders of working age. Because a prison record or felony conviction greatly lowers ex-offenders’ prospects in the labor market, we estimate that this large population lowered the total male employment rate in 2008 by 1.5 to 1.7 percentage points. About one in seventeen adult men of working age was an ex-prisoner and about one in eight was an ex-felon. In the same year, we estimate that ex-offenders accounted for the loss of some 1.5 to 1.7 million workers from the U.S. economy. The rise in the ex-offender population overwhelmingly reflects draconian changes in the U.S. criminal justice system, not changes in underlying criminal activity. Dramatic increases in sentencing, especially for drug-related offenses, account for the mushrooming of the ex-offender population documented here. Since higher levels of incarceration are not the result of higher levels of crime, changes in sentencing today can greatly reduce the size of the ex-offender population in the future. In the absence of reform of the criminal justice system, ex-offenders in the working-age population will rise substantially in coming decades, increasing the employment and output losses.
Targeted disruption of cubilin reveals essential developmental roles in the structure and function of endoderm and in somite formation.

Cubilin is a peripheral membrane protein that interacts with the integral membrane proteins megalin and amnionless to mediate ligand endocytosis by absorptive epithelia such as the extraembryonic visceral endoderm (VE). Here we report the effects of the genetic deletion of cubilin on mouse embryonic development. Cubilin gene deletion is homozygous embryonic lethal with death occurring between 7.5–13.5 days post coitum (dpc). Cubilin-deficient embryos display developmental retardation and do not advance morphologically beyond the gross appearance of wild-type 8–8.5 dpc embryos. While mesodermal structures such as the allantois and the heart are formed in cubilin mutants, other mesoderm-derived tissues are anomalous or absent. Yolk sac blood islands are formed in cubilin mutants but are unusually large, and the yolk sac blood vessels fail to undergo remodeling. Furthermore, somite formation does not occur in cubilin mutants. Morphological abnormalities of endoderm occur in cubilin mutants and include a stratified epithelium in place of the normally simple columnar VE epithelium and a stratified cuboidal epithelium in place of the normally simple squamous epithelium of the definitive endoderm. Cubilin-deficient VE is also functionally defective, unable to mediate uptake of maternally derived high-density lipoprotein (HDL). In summary, cubilin is required for embryonic development and is essential for the formation of somites, definitive endoderm and VE and for the absorptive function of VE including the process of maternal-embryo transport of HDL.
Nonlinear Filtering of Stochastic Differential Equations with Jumps

In this paper, we develop an approach for filtering state variables in the setting of continuous-time jump-diffusion models. Our method computes the filtering distribution of latent state variables conditional only on discretely observed observations in a manner consistent with the underlying continuous-time process. The algorithm is a combination of particle filtering methods and the "filling-in-the-missing-data" estimators which have recently become popular. We provide simulation evidence to verify that our method provides accurate inference. As an application, we apply the methodology to the multivariate jump models in Duffie, Pan and Singleton (2000) using daily S&P 500 returns from 1980-2000 and we investigate option pricing implications.
Abstract 12954: Impairment of the Compensatory Natriuretic Peptide Response to Myocardial Infarction in the Aged is Associated With Adverse Cardiorenal Repair and Heart Failure

Introduction: The incidence of post-myocardial infarction (MI) heart failure (HF) is increasing in the elderly. Studies have demonstrated that B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) mediates critical cardiorenal compensatory and protective actions through guanylyl cyclase receptor A and cGMP activation. Such actions include natriuresis, diuresis and suppression of adverse cardiorenal remodelling. Hypothesis: While the mechanism of this increased risk may be multifactorial, we hypothesized that an impairment of the compensatory protective BNP/cGMP axis in both the aged kidney and heart contributes to post-MI HF. Methods: 20 month old Fischer rats were randomized into two groups: Sham-operated (S) and MI(produced by left coronary artery ligation). Cardiorenal structure and function were assessed at 4 weeks and included mean arterial pressure(MAP), LV EF, LV chamber dimension, proteinuria, sodium (Na) excretion and fibrosis by picrosirius red staining. Plasma BNP and cGMP levels were assessed by RIA. Data presented as mean±SE,*P Results: LV EF (S:78±2, MI:46±3 %*) was significantly reduced in aged MI rats, despite no difference in LV fibrosis in the remote region and no change in MAP compared to aged sham rats. Post-MI HF was evident and characterized by a significant reduction in Na excretion (S:0.20±0.03, MI:0.13±0.01 mEq/day*) as well as significant increases in LV dilatation (S:7.2±0.1, MI:8.3±0.2 mm*) and cardiac hypertrophy (S:2.78±0.06, MI:3.25±0.16 mg/g*) in aged MI rats. Notably, plasma BNP (S:9±1, MI:11±2 pg/ml) failed to increase and plasma cGMP (S:44±6, MI:27±3 mm*) was significantly reduced in the MI group. Importantly, MI in the aged rat resulted in a significant loss in total renal mass (S:2739±83, MI:2351±68 mg*), consistent with renal atrophy, while no changes in proteinuria or renal fibrosis were observed. Conclusions: Post-MI dysfunction of the protective BNP/cGMP axis in the aged rat was associated with various cardiorenal abnormalities including renal atrophy, which may contribute to the pathophysiology of HF. This pre-clinical model provides new insights into post-MI HF and may be used to examine therapeutic strategies using natriuretic peptides to protect the heart and kidney in the elderly post-MI population.
Far Infrared Circumstellar “Debris” Shells: Clues to the Evolution of Massive Stars?

A survey of the infrared properties of late-type supergiant stars, using the IRAS database, reveals that about 25% of the stars possess resolved, extended circumstellar shells. These shells are typically several arc minutes in apparent size and therefore on the scale of parsecs at the source. Furthermore, among the resolved sources, there is an inverse correlation between physical size of the infrared shell and B-V color, suggesting that these shells are formed while the objects are red supergiants, but continue to expand ballistically, while the star evolves blueward from that extreme. These shells may be the material swept up into ring nebulae when the central star develops a fast wind.
Ultrasonography incorrectly diagnoses gallbladder polyps.

Summary:To determine the accuracy of ultrasound-diagnosed polypoid lesions of the gallbladder in their institution, the authors reviewed the records of 41 patients with polypoid lesions of the gallbladder who underwent cholecystectomy, and collected data concerning age, sex, symptoms, and histopatho
Determination of cadmium by flow injection-chemical vapor generation-atomic absorption spectrometry.

A method was developed for the generation of a “cold vapor” of cadmium by means of flow injection-chemical vapor generation from aqueous samples, the determination being conducted with an atomic absorption spectrometer (Pyrex glass T-cell). Several gas-liquid separator designs, atomizer designs, and the effect of several reagents previously reported as sensitivity enhancers (including cobalt, nickel, thiourea and didodecyl-dimethylammonium bromide) were investigated. The limit of detection, calculated as the concentration giving a signal equal to three times the standard deviation of the blank, was 16 ng L–1, and the relative standard deviation was 1.4% for a concentration of 2 μg L–1 and 3.8% for 0.1 μg L–1. The addition of nickel and thiourea to the samples provided improved tolerance to the interference of coexisting ions. Two NIST certified reference materials, Montana Soil and Apple Leaves (respectively containing ¶41.7 ± 0.25 mg kg–1 Cd and 0.013 ± 0.002 mg kg–1 Cd) were accurately analyzed. The interference of lead was overcome by coprecipitation with barium sulfate, and the experimental values obtained were 41 ± 1 mg kg–1 Cd and 0.013 ± 0.002 mg kg–1 Cd, respectively.
Some environmental effects of forest fires in interior Alaska

Abstract The high variability of burning conditions and fuels, found in Alaskan forest fires, produces an associated complex emission of particulate matter. Histological evidence of some large particles has been found in the forest fire plumes as well as aerosols resulting apparently from gas-to-particle conversion. Particles analyzed with a scanning electron microscope and X-ray energy dispersive techniques show large variability in both physical and chemical characteristics. Optical measurements show forest fire smoke affects atmospheric turbidity regionally. Turbidity values presented which were measured in the plume from a forest fire 400 km from Fairbanks show values in excess of those found for heavily polluted urban regions. The particulate matter analysis showing irregular shapes and highly varied chemical composition displays the difficulty in radiative transfer calculations due to the assumptions of Mie theory. The nature of the aerosol size concentrations (non-Junge power law distributions) found in forest fire plumes also violates the assumption necessary for application of Angstrom's classic method of defining the turbidity coefficient and wavelength exponent. Consequences of such particulate matter may affect the temperature structure of the atmosphere, radiation balance as well as visibility. In addition, the burnt over forest regions display a reduction of surface albedo and roughness parameter which will have prolonged influence on the heat exchange at the earth's surface.
EXPERIMENTAL FRAME SPECIFICATION METHODOLOGY FOR HIERARCHICAL SIMULATION MODELING

A methodology is presented for defining conditions under which simulation models can be observed and experimented with. Such conditions are formalized as experimental frames. A method for deriving experimental frame specifications for simulation models is given based on a universal specification called generic experimental frame. The methodology defines two schemes for carrying out simulation experiments with hierarchical, modular models: 1 the centralized architecture is based on a global experimental frame which specifies conditions for the entire model; 2 the distributed architecture facilitates attachments of frame components to model simulators at different levels of the model hierarchy. An example of a simple manufacturing process illustrates the conceptual framework. Implications of the proposed framework for design of high autonomy systems are discussed as well.
Lead-bismuth radiography

Abstract A technique is described whereby the spatial distribution and amounts of 208 Pb and Bi can be determined on a microscopic scale. Samples are irradiated with 30 MeV 4 He ions, forming alpha radioactive nuclei: 211 At from 209 Bi and 210 Po from 208 Pb. The alpha radioactivity distribution in the sample is mapped using cellulose nitrate track detectors. With practical irradiation conditions, Bi and Pb concentrations in the ppm range can be quantitatively measured on a 0.1–1 mm scale and micronsized particles containing picogram quantities of these elements can be identified.
Correlations between Morphologies and Photovoltaic Properties of Rod−Coil Block Copolymers

We present results obtained using a drift-diffusion model for the structure−property correlations in photovoltaic devices based on self-assembly of rod−coil block copolymers. We use a self-consistent field theory model to generate the self-assembly morphologies of rod−coil block copolymers in confined situations. The density and orientational order parameter profiles so-obtained are then used as input to a recently proposed drift-diffusion model which predicts the photovoltaic device characteristics. The latter model allows for prescription of arbitrary morphologies of donor and acceptor phases while simultaneously incorporating the role of anisotropic charge transport of holes and excitons that arise in the ordered phases of rod−coil block copolymers. We present results elucidating the role of morphology of self-assembly, orientation of lamellar phases, domain widths, and the degree of phase separation and orientational ordering, upon the photovoltaic device characteristics.
A Case Study in Control Methods for Active Magnetic Bearings

Active magnetic bearings (AMBs) provide support to rotating machinery through magnetic forces which are regulated through active feedback control. As AMBs continue to establish themselves as a proven technology, many classical and modern techniques are being employed to address the design of the control law. The current work studies three of the controller design techniques which are common in the literature for AMB applications: PID, LQG, and μ-synthesis. A controller is designed for an AMB system using each of the three techniques. Details of the design processes are given and the resulting controllers are compared. Finally, the controllers are implemented on the experimental system and the closed-loop characteristics are measured and evaluated. This work provides a common case study to demonstrate the strengths and weaknesses of PID, LQG, and μ-synthesis control methodologies as applied to a specific AMB system.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis with an iron catalyst: Incorporation of ethene into higher carbon number alkanes

Tracer studies with C labeled ethene show that for synthesis over a doubly promoted iron catalyst at 7 atm and ca. 60% CO conversion, higher carbon number products are formed from ethene initiation. About 10% of the added ethene (ethene/CO ∼ 0.02) is incorporated into C5+ products and that ca. 85% of the ethene that is incorporated does so by initiating chain growth.
Alveolar mastocytosis and eosinophilia in lambs with naturally acquired nematode infections of Protostrongylus rufescens and Haemonchus contortus

Specific-pathogen-free Dorset and St. Croix lambs were placed on pasture contaminated with Haemonchus contortus third stage larvae and slugs carrying third stage larvae of Protostrongylus rufescens for an entire grazing season to evaluate breed differences in acquired resistance to these nematodes. Lambs were evaluated for clinical signs, clinical pathology and histopathologic lesions associated with these infections. Both breeds acquired natural infections with H. contortus and lungworm when allowed to graze contaminated pastures for 5 months during the summer and fall in central Maryland. Dorset sheep maintained heavy abomasal worm burdens of H. contortus throughout the grazing period when compared to St. Croix breed sheep. Seven of 12 Dorset sheep and three of 12 St. Croix sheep on pasture acquired heavy lungworm infections after at least 15 weeks of exposure, as evidenced by shedding of first stage larvae in feces and numerous subpleural lung lesions containing adult P. rufescens found at necropsy. All lungworm infected animals had mild respiratory and gastrointestinal signs, and two of five Dorset sheep with both infections had chronic anemia. All lungworm and H. contortus infected Dorset sheep had decreased numbers of circulating white blood cells. There was mastocytosis in the lungs of lungworm infected Dorset and St. Croix sheep when compared to age- and breed-matched control sheep prevented from acquiring both lungworm and trichostrongyle infections. No difference was noted in the number of mast cells in the abomasum, duodenum and skin of infected and non-infected Dorset sheep. A morphologic range of mast cell forms was observed in the lungs of infected sheep including transitional cells and globular leukocytes. The number of eosinophils was significantly greater in the lungs but not in the abomasum of infected sheep. Despite the pronounced cellular infiltrates surrounding the adult lungworms, they were viable on recovery and appeared undamaged when examined histologically.
Addressing snow model uncertainty for hydrologic prediction

Streamflow forecasting methods are moving towards probabilistic approaches that quantify the uncertainty associated with the various sources of error in the forecasting process. Multi-model averaging methods which try to address modeling deficiencies by considering multiple models are gaining much popularity. We have applied the Bayesian Model Averaging method to an ensemble of twelve snow models that vary in their heat and melt algorithms, parameterization, and/or albedo estimation method. Three of the models use the temperature-based heat and melt routines of the SNOW17 snow accumulation and ablation model. Nine models use heat and melt routines that are based on a simplified energy balance approach, and are varied by using three different albedo estimation schemes. Finally, different parameter sets were identified through automatic calibration with three objective functions. All models use the snow accumulation, liquid water transport, and ground surface heat exchange processes of the SNOW17. The resulting twelve snow models were combined using Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA). The individual models, BMA predictive mean, and BMA predictive variance were evaluated for six SNOTEL sites in the western U.S. The models performed best and the BMA variance was lowest at the colder sites with high winter precipitation and little mid-winter melting. An individual snow model would often outperform the BMA predictive mean. However, observed snow water equivalent (SWE) was captured within the 95% confidence intervals of the BMA variance on average 80% of the time at all sites. Results are promising that consideration of multiple snow structures would provide useful uncertainty information for probabilistic hydrologic prediction.
Tillage, Nitrogen, and Cropping System Effects on Soil Carbon Sequestration

Soil C sequestration can improve soil quality and reduce agriculture's contribution to CO 2 emissions. The long-term (12 yr) effects of tillage system and N fertilization on crop residue production and soil organic C (SOC) sequestration in two dryland cropping systems in North Dakota on a loam soil were evaluated. An annual cropping (AC) rotation [spring wheat (SW) (Triticum aestivum L.)-winter wheat (WW)-sunflower (SF) (Helianthus annuus L.)] and a spring wheat-fallow (SW-F) rotation were studied. Tillage systems included conventional-till (CT), minimum-till (MT), and no-till (NT). Nitrogen rates were 34, 67, and 101 kg N ha -1 for the AC system and 0, 22, and 45 kg N ha -1 for the SW-F system. Total crop residue returned to the soil was greater with AC than with SW-F. As tillage intensity decreased, SOC sequestration increased (NT > MT > CT) in the AC system but not in the SW-F system. Fertilizer N increased crop residue quantity returned to the soil, but generally did not increase SOC sequestration in either cropping system. Soil bulk density decreased with increasing tillage intensity in both systems. The results suggest that continued use of a crop-fallow farming system, even with NT, may result in loss of SOC. With NT, an estimated 233 kg C ha -1 was sequestered each year in AC system, compared with 25 kg C ha -1 with MT and a loss of 141 kg C ha -1 with CT. Conversion from crop-fallow to more intensive cropping systems utilizing NT will be needed to have a positive impact on reducing CO 2 loss from croplands in the northern Great Plains.
CALLUS FORMATION AND ORGANOGENESIS FROM CULTURED LEAF SEGMENTS OF CRASSULA ARGENTEA: CYTOKININ‐INDUCED DEVELOPMENTAL PATTERN CHANGES

Culturing leaf segments on agar medium with a final concentration of 10-4M isopentenyl adenine inhibits regeneration of plantlets, but stimulates some segments to produce regions of dense callus. The callus is initiated from the basipetal end of a cut vascular bundle, and is therefore the positional equivalent of root initiation during normal regeneration. Once callus has emerged, it forms a sphere of tissue attached to the leaf segment. The cells on the surface of the sphere are smaller than the cells toward the center. Some of these larger cells contain tannins or large starch grains. Shoots are sometimes initiated from organized meristematic regions of surface cells. Roots form endogenously from callus after shoot formation. This regeneration sequence, initially induced by cytokinin treatment, is strikingly dissimilar to the normal pattern, and provides an excellent example of a hormone-induced alteration to a developmental pattern. THE IMPORTANCE of plant hormones in stimulating callus formation from various plant organs and the subsequent regeneration of shoot and roots from that callus is well documented. In many instances, the most important hormone for callus initiation and regeneration is auxin. For example, Sadhu (1974) reported that auxin was essential, but that cytokinin was unnecessary for callus or plantlet formation
Stability of stationary states in the cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation: Applications to the Bose-Einstein condensate

The cubic nonlinear Schrodinger equation is the quasi-one-dimensional limit of the mean-field theory which models dilute gas Bose-Einstein condensates. Stationary solutions of this equation can be characterized as soliton trains. It is demonstrated that for repulsive nonlinearity a soliton train is stable to initial stochastic perturbation, while for attractive nonlinearity its behavior depends on the spacing between individual solitons in the train. Toroidal and harmonic confinement, both of experimental interest for Bose-Einstein condensates, are considered.
Magnetic and electronic properties of DyH2 from 161Dy Mössbauer spectroscopy

Abstract The Mossbauer study of DyH2 with the 161Dy resonance shows the presence of long- and short-range magnetic ordering below and above 3.3 K, respectively. The crystal field splitting is large compared to the exchange field splitting, contrary to previous results.
Low-Temperature Calibration of Infrared Thermometers

Abstract A method was developed for calibrating infrared thermometers to properly measure target temperatures ranging from −70 to 0°C. Once calibrated for this range, the thermometer can then be used to measure the flux of thermal radiation from the sky. Salient features of the method include using dry ice in ethanol to cool a blackbody cavity, dry nitrogen gas to minimize condensation, and a fan plus insulation to keep the temperature of the infrared thermometer close to ambient.
Tricuspid Regurgitation in Children: A Pulsed Doppler, Contrast Echocardiographic and Angiographic Comparison

Thirty-one children with congenital heart disease were examined for tricuspid regurgitation by four methods: (1) auscultation, (2) pulsed Doppler echocardiography, (3) saline contrast echocardiography, and (4) right ventricular angiography. Tricuspid regurgitation was detected in three children by auscultation, in 20 by pulsed Doppler echocardiography, in 21 by saline contrast echocardiography, and in 20 by right ventricular angiography. To determine the prevalence of tricuspid regurgitation in children suspected of having congenital heart disease, we reviewed 5417 Doppler echocardiograms performed between 1983 and 1985. Tricuspid regurgitation was detected in 399 of 4670 children (8.5%) with congenital heart disease and in 26 of 106 newborns (25%) with respiratory distress. By comparison, tricuspid regurgitation was detected in only 19 of 641 (3%) normal children. Tricuspid regurgitation is uncommon in normal children, but its incidence in children with congenital heart disease and/or respiratory distress is high.
Relation between temperature in the initial 24 hours in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock with mortality and length of stay in the ICU

Fever is a common event (ranges from 25 to 70%) in patients admitted to the ICU. The usual clinical approach in most units is to treat the fever either with medications (acetaminophen, nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs) or external measures, like cooling blankets. No studies assessed clinical evidence for these interventions. There is otherwise evidence that fever may be beneficial, inducing heat shock proteins and decreasing NK-κB activation. Also treating fever can mask an important clinical sign and avoid early treatment in patients with severe sepsis.
Oxidative stress induces itch via activation of transient receptor potential subtype ankyrin 1 in mice

Objective To investigate the role of oxidative stress in itch-indicative scratching behavior in mice, and furthermore, to define the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying oxidative stress-mediated itch.
DWDM optical line-side interoperability

Line-side interoperability of colored 100G transponders in DWDM systems between two different vendors will become a reality in the near future. With modern modulation formats (phase, polarization and post processing) and existing standards, optical interface technologies can deliver reliable transmission over more than 600km. That is the sweet spot for most of the metro and regional deployments.
Rapid "automatized" naming (R.A.N): dyslexia differentiated from other learning disabilities.

Abstract Performance on tests requiring rapid repetitive naming of pictured objects, colors, letters and numbers differentiates dyslexic children not only from normal controls but also from non-dyslexic, otherwise learning-disabled children. A deficit in automatization of verbal responses to visual stimuli, not restricted to symbols, correlates specifically with dyslexia. That this deficit is not part of a generalized slowing of reaction time is reflected in the higher mean performance I.Q. (WISC) of the dyslexic Ss, who also showed fewer signs of neurological impairment than did the non-dyslexic Ss.
Loudness enhancement and summation in pairs or short sound bursts

When a pair of short, temporally spaced sound bursts is presented and the listeners are requested to match the loudness of a third, comparison burst to the overall loudness of the pair, a fundamentally different result is obtained than when they are instructed to match the loudness of the comparison burst to that of the second burst in the pair. Loudness-level changes occurring in the first situation are designated as loudness summation; those occurring in the second situation, as loudness enhancement. Some parameters of both phenomena are studied. The results lead to the suggestion of a principle of maximum similarity in stimulus matching and to a reinterpretation of some earlier data.
Modeling the Sociospatial Constraints on Land-Use Change: The Case of Periurban Sprawl in the Greater Boston Region

Land-use-change drivers related to institutional dynamics, including historical path dependencies and political dynamics associated with urban land transformation, are difficult to relate to specific spatial locations and thus are not easily included in spatial models of urban land-use change. In this paper we describe a land-use model with variables representing such institutional dynamics in the Greater Boston region, a metropolitan area characterized by periurban sprawl, for the period 1985–99. An aggregate land-use model is developed at the municipal level, based on a narrative analysis drawn from in-depth interviews with town planners, state officials, and land developers, to explain land-development patterns documented over that study period using aerial photography. Explanatory variables, including town financial variables, school quality measures, and spatial variables associated with access and location, are linked to land-change outcomes through the selection environment framework, a framework borrowed from economic geography to describe how regional growth patterns are shaped by locally specific institutional, market, and spatial contexts that constrain individual land-use decision makers. Results of the analysis suggest that institutional dynamics associated with housing values and associated tax revenues, educational expenditures, and exclusive zoning practices significantly explain municipal land-use change in the suburban or periurban context.
The identity change process: A field study of obesity

This paper is an attempt to fill a void within the interactionist literature by presenting an inductively generated model of the “identity change process.” This model treats the change process from a career focus, and thus addresses both the internal (cognitive), and the external (public) features of the identity change process. The adoption of a new status is seen to occur through two sequential internal or cognitive processes. The first is “recognizing,” wherein the individual must come to recognize that the current status is inappropriate. The second is “placing,” wherein the individual must locate a new, more appropriate status. These cognitive processes are triggered by, and mediated through status cues, which exist in the external environment. In response to status cues, the individual comes to recognize that the initial status is inappropriate and, then locates a new, more appropriate status. These cues can be either active or passive. Active cues are transmitted through interaction, while passive ...
Mutational analysis of phosphorylation sites in the Dictyostelium myosin II tail: disruption of myosin function by a single charge change

The dynamic assembly/disassembly of non-muscle myosin II filaments is critical for the regulation of enzymatic activities and localization. Phosphorylation of three threonines, 1823, 1833 and 2029, in the tail of Dictyostelium discoideum myosin II has been implicated in control of myosin filament assembly. By systematically replacing the three threonines to aspartates, mimicking a phosphorylated residue, we found that position 1823 is the most critical one for the regulation of myosin filament formation and in vivo function. Surprisingly, a single charge change is able to perturb filament formation and in vivo function of myosin II.
Differentiation of the dementias of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease with the dementia rating scale

The Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS) was used to distinguish between 50 dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT) and 50 Parkinson's disease (PD) subjects matched for age, education, and DRS total score. Despite a similar level of overall cognitive impairment, the DAT group earned significantly lower scores than did the PD group on the Memory subscale, while the PD group displayed lower scores than did the DAT subjects on the Construction subscale. Ajackknifed, stepwise, linear discriminant function using the five DRS subscales revealed that the Memory, Construction, and Initiation subtests significantly distinguished the groups. These results suggest qualitative differences in the dementias of DAT and PD patients and reveal that such differences can emerge on brief mental status examinations.
947-115 Comparative Effects of D-Sotalol, Quinidine and Amiodarone on Dispersion of Ventricular Repolarization in the Isolated Intact Rabbit Heart

It has been hypothesized that antiarrhythmic as well as proarrhythmic effects of antiarrhythmic drugs (AA) can be linked to changes in dispersion of ventricular repolarization (DISP). The influence of d-sotalol (D-SOT). quinidine (QUIN) and amiodarone (AMIO) was studied in isolated Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts. Between 5–7 monophasic action potentials were recorded simultaneously from both ventricles at steady-state cycle lengths (CL) between 300 and 1200 msec and measured at 90% repolarization (APD 90 ). DISP was defined as APD 90 max - APD 90 min. The protocol was repeated after infusion of D-SOT(n = 12.10 -6 M, 10 -5 M and 5 x 10 -5 M)and QUIN(n = 8, 10 -6 M and 10 -5 M). AMIO was given chronically po. for 4 weeks (n = 9) and compared to n = 18 normal hearts. DISP change compared to the respective baseline (values ranged between 20–27 msec) is shown in the table at selected CLs (all values mean ± SEM in msec, * p l 0.05). AMIO tissue levels correlated with APD duration but not with DISP. CL 300 600 900 1200 D-SOT 10 -6 M +2 ± 3 +5 ± 3 +4±2 +4 ± 3 D-5OT 10 -5 M +11 ± 2 * +14 ± 3 * +10 ± 3 * +11 ± 3 * D-SOT 5 × 10 -5 M +18 ± 2 * +22 ± 3 * +24 ± 3 * +45 ± 10 * OUIN 10 -6 M +14 ± 5 * +22 ± 6 * +18 ± 4 * +28 ± 4 * OUIN 10 -5 M +22 ± 5 * +15 ± 5 * +29 ± 5 * +31 ± 6 * AMIO +3 ± 2 -4 ±2 -3 ± 2 +3 ± 3 Conclusions Neither of the three drugs with class III-action shows a reduction of DISP. While QUIN and D-SOT show dose-dependent increases in DISP, especially at long CLs, AMIO tissue concentrations are not related to DISP and no increase is seen at long CLs. These effects on DISP may explain the different clinical incidence of torsade de pointes between the three drugs.
Incorporation of cloud radiance effects into hyperspectral target detection

Clouds create uneven scattering and absorption in the atmosphere making calculations of sky radiance for spectral measurements or image simulation difficult. MODTRAN [1] is capable of modeling transmission through a single overcast cloud layer [2] but does not consider a partly cloudy sky or phase changes within a cloud. These conditions are prevalent in the real atmosphere and it is necessary to study the radiometric properties of varying cloud cover to further understand the phenomenology necessary for modeling more realistic sky environments. The study characterizes the variation and differences in global and diffuse irradiance and radiance measurements under varying sky conditions.