cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Participation in annual skin cancer screening among women seeking routine mammography.

Abstract Background . Early detection of skin cancer is associated with improved prognosis. The American Cancer Society's current skin cancer screening (SCS) recommendation states that adults over the age of 40 should receive an annual skin examination conducted by a health professional. However, little is known about the psychosocial factors related to participation in annual SCS, which remains relatively low among the general public. Methods . Data were collected from women, aged 50 and older, seeking routine mammography at a large, urban, breast diagnostic facility. Results . A total of 253 eligible women completed the survey. Overall, 20.2% of women reported receiving annual clinical SCS. Physician recommendation, self-efficacy, perceived susceptibility, and age were significantly associated with participation in annual skin screening. Conclusions . Similar to previously reported findings in the literature, our rates of participation in annual clinical skin screening were lower than reported rates for other types of cancer screening. Among older women, multiple covariates for participation in annual skin cancer screening were determined and may serve to guide future health education interventions to promote screening. Our findings suggest that participation could improve through increasing physician recommendation, screening self-efficacy, and individuals' sense of perceived susceptibility to skin cancer.
The characterization of the surfaces of tungsten-based dispenser cathodes

Abstract The “CD”, “M” and scandate cathodes all have a better thermionic emission performance than the “B” type of impregnated tungsten based dispenser cathode. Modern surface analysis techniques (AES, ISS, SIMS and SLEEP) have been used to examine the surfaces of the four cathode types. The cathode surfaces have been studied in their active state, during reactivation following a sputter cleaning of their surfaces and whilst poisoned by, and reactivating from, an exposure to 10 L O 2 . The results are discussed in terms of surface models which would be consistent with the observed data. The differences in the surfaces of the different cathode types are examined and the value of the various surface analysis techniques discussed.
Phase Behavior of some Condensed Polycyclic Aromatics

Abstract This letter reports phase behavior for 11 polycyclic aromatics. Although melting temperatures for these materials have been published elsewhere, no previous latent heat data are known to us. The experimental methods of Ref. 1 were used. Both transition temperatures and latent heats were obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). By taking appropriate precautions it was possible to study transitions at temperatures as high as 770K.
Coherent 25- to 35-Hz oscillations in the sensorimotor cortex of awake behaving monkeys.

Abstract Synchronous 25- to 35-Hz oscillations were observed in local field potentials and unit activity in sensorimotor cortex of awake rhesus monkeys. The oscillatory episodes occurred often when the monkeys retrieved raisins from a Kluver board or from unseen locations using somatosensory feedback; they occurred less often during performance of repetitive wrist flexion and extension movements. The amplitude, duration, and frequency of oscillations were not directly related to movement parameters in behaviors studied so far. The occurrence of the oscillations was not consistently related to bursts of activity in forearm muscles, but cycle-triggered averages of electromyograms revealed synchronous modulation in flexor and extensor muscles. The phase of the oscillations changed continuously from the surface to the deeper layers of the cortex, reversing their polarity completely at depths exceeding 800 microns. The oscillations could become synchronized over a distance of 14 mm mediolaterally in precentral cortex. Coherent oscillations could also occur at pre- and postcentral sites separated by an estimated tangential intracortical distance of 20 mm. Activity of single units was commonly seen to burst in synchrony with field potential oscillations. These findings suggest that such oscillations may facilitate interactions between cells during exploratory and manipulative movements, requiring attention to sensorimotor integration.
The isospin forbidden 1− → 0+ transition in 16O

Abstract The effects of the Coulomb interaction and Woods-Saxon wave functions on the isospin forbidden 1− → 0+ E1 transition in 16O has been investigated in the 1p-1h model. It is demonstrated that either effects is sufficient to explain the transition rate, but the effects cancel each other. The inelastic form factor is discussed and a model to explain the observed enhancement is introduced.
Chemiluminescence of CaH and AIH in the reaction of the metal atoms and formaldehyde

Abstract Chemiluminescence from the reaction of calcium and aluminum with various hydrogen containing compounds in a flowing gas system and in a heat pipe oven are described. Red chemiluminescence of CaH was observed in the reaction of calcium, and weak chemiluminescence of AlH was seen in the reaction of aluminum with formaldehyde (H 2 CO). It is proposed that a reaction between metal atoms and formaldehyde may be used as a source of diatomic metallic hydrides.
The relationship between levels and rates of synthesis of polyamines during mammalian cell cycle

Abstract The objective of this study was to examine the rate of synthesis and the intracellular levels of polyamines as a function of the HeLa cell cycle. The intracellular levels of ornithine, which were high during mitosis and early G1 phase, decreased rapidly during late G1 phase when the ornithine decarboxylase activity was at its peak. The activities of ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosyl methionine decarboxylase reached a peak during G1 and decreased rapidly during the S phase. The levels of polyamines were maximum in mitosis and S phase. In constrast, the rate of polyamine synthesis during S phase was 5–10 fold lower than that in mitosis or G1 phase. We have also observed fluctuations in diamine-oxidase activity during the cell cycle. The enzyme activity was high during mitosis and late G1 and low during S phase. Thus, the results of this study suggest an important role for the catabolic enzymes in the regulation of polyamine levels during the mammalian cell cycle.
CCD photometry of BM Orionis and other trapezium stars

New light curves have been obtained for the eclipsing binary BM Orionis in theuvbyRI filter regions. The observations were made from 1988 to 1990 using the CCD photometer of the Behlen Observatory of the University of Nebraska. Reduction of all image data to magnitudes for BM Orionis and for each of the five other brightest stars in the Θ1 Orionis group known as the Trapezium was accomplished by use of Stetson's DAOPHOT crowded-field photometry program. Differential magnitudes and light curves for BM Orionis and V1016 Orionis have been constructed using star D of the group as the primary comparison star. Possible indications of variability have also been looked for in the member stars C, E, and F with negative results for stars C and F and positive results for star E. The same CCD frames also contained the stars Θ2 Orionis A and B. A light curve of the possibly-eclipsing spectroscopic binary Θ2 Orionis A folded on its spectroscopic period does show some variability, but no obvious eclipses.
Derivatives and bank regulation

Abstract Recent years have seen the emergence of U.S. financial institutions as major players in the worldwide market for financial derivatives. Over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives, such as interest rate swaps, have proven to be an important tool for the management of risk in banking. This paper provides some guidelines on the proper measurement of fair market value and risk for banks' derivatives positions. Proper assessment of market value and risk, it is argued, is essential for effective internal control and external regulation.
Quantum efficiency of PAG decomposition in different polymer matrices at advanced lithographic wavelengths

The Dill ABC parameters for optical resists are typically determined by measuring the change in the intensity of transmitted light at the wavelength of interest as a function of incident energy. The effectiveness of the experiment rests with the fact that the resist optical properties change with exposure and that the optical properties are directly related to the concentration of PAG compound. These conditions are not typically satisfied in CA resists and thus C is unobtainable by this method. FT-IR spectroscopy can directly measure changes in the photoactive species by isolating and measuring absorbance peaks unique to the photoactive species. We employed the ProABC software, specially modified to allow FT-IR absorbance input, to extract ABS parameters through a best fit of the lithography model to experimental data. The quantum efficiency of PAG decomposition at 157-, 193-, and 248-nm was determined for four diazomethane type PAGs in four different polymer matrices. It was found that both the Dill C parameter and the quantum efficiency for all PAGs increased as wavelength decreased, but that the magnitude of the increase was strongly dependent on the polymer matrix.
THE COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE ON STRATEGIC DECISION MAKING

Strategic management researchers are showing increased interest in the cognitions of strategic decision-makers. In this article, the importance of strategic cognitions is discussed and research on a number of major topics within the cognitive perspective is summarized. the paper concludes with an integrative model of cognitions in strategic decision making. This model provides the basis for questions for future research.
Antidepressant Treatment and Worsening White Matter on Serial Cranial Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Elderly : The Cardiovascular Health Study

Background and Purpose— In some studies, late life depression is associated with white matter lesions on MRI. The effect of different classes of antidepressants on progression of white matter lesions is unknown. Selective serotonergic reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may decrease platelet aggregation. We hypothesized that Cardiovascular Health Study participants taking SSRIs would less often have worsening white matter on serial MRI than participants not on antidepressants. Methods— Among 1826 participants who were not using an antidepressant at initial MRI scan, we examined the association of worsening in white matter grade from initial to follow-up MRI scans, 5 years apart on average, and antidepressant use between the scans. Logistic regression models were used, controlling for a variety of potential confounding variables. Results— Use of any antidepressant during the period of study was associated with worsening white matter. In a multivariable model, risk was slightly increased, not reduced, with use of s...
Torsion of non-homogeneous bars with axial symmetry

Abstract The mathematical relationships required in the analysis of the torsion of axisymmetrical, non-homogeneous bars are presented. The special case of a stiff but thin shell enclosing a softer material is discussed. Some finite difference solutions of illustrative examples are given.
Jewish defamation of Israel: roots and branches

Jews have figured prominently in the propaganda war aimed at undermining Israel. They have joined in, and at times taken the lead in, branding the Jewish state a pariah nation and seeking to cripple its economy, deprive it of basic rights of self-defence, and challenge its very right to exist. These Jewish attacks on Israel almost invariably entail false, defamatory arguments. Their corrosive impact goes beyond the attacks themselves and entails providing an aura of legitimacy to anti-Israel attacks by non-Jews who seek to buttress their own arguments by citing Jews who make much the same arguments. While there are various reasons why individuals turn against their communities of origin, such alienation and hostility are particularly common within communities under siege. Members of such communities commonly embrace the indictments and calumnies of the attackers, however bigoted or absurd. Some will seek to reform their community in conformity with the attacks against it in the hope that, if the community...
Free-space optical communications: opportunities and challenges from a carrier's perspective

The paper examines, from a carrier's perspective, the viability of free-space optical (FSO) technology as a cost-effective access alternative to fixed point-to-point applications. These include extension of metropolitan area edge networks, network backhaul, temporary deployment while awaiting fiber, disaster recovery, and low cost fiber protection circuits. The paper provides a detailed prognosis of the FSO and its complementing 60GHz RF technology, besides analyses of the total cost of ownership. This leads to some suggestions on how to improve the technical and economical viability of the technology for carriers' applications.
Time-resolved spectral wing emission kinetics and optical imaging of human cancerous and normal prostate tissues

Abstract Time-resolved polarization-dependent kinetics of near infrared (NIR) spectral wing (SW) emission from human cancerous and normal prostate tissues was investigated. The differences between the temporal profiles, intensities and polarization properties of SW emission from cancerous and normal prostate tissues were observed. The intensity of SW emission from cancerous prostate tissue at peak position was found ∼2 times stronger than the normal prostate tissue indicating changes of fluorophores contained in the cancerous tissue compared with normal tissue. The decay time of anisotropy of SW emission from cancerous tissue was found ∼1.4 times longer than that of normal tissue reflecting changes of the micro-environment of fluorophores in the cancerous tissue as compared with the normal tissue. The stronger intensity of SW emission from cancerous tissue was used to image and identify cancerous areas surrounded by normal tissue.
Allowance-intake relations of cattle grazing vegetative tall fescue

Herbage allowance is one of the important pasture factors in the determination of intake by grazing livestock. Ingestive behaviour of 12 adult Angus cows (Bos taurus) was measured over a range of allowances (0·25 to 0·72 kg dry matter (DM) per 100 kg live weight (LW) for a 1-h period) of vegetative tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). A balanced change-over design was used to estimate direct, residual and permanent effects of herbage allowance on rate of DM intake, rate of biting and herbage DM intake per bite. In Experiment 1, herbage DM intake per meal increased linearly from 0·68 to 1·72 kg (100 kg LW)−1 as DM allowance increased from 0·25 to 0·72 kg (100 kg LW)−1 h−1. Cows grazed at ·30 kg (100 kg LW)−1 h−1 and stopped grazing when the sward was reduced to a height about 10 to 12 cm above the soil surface, approximately defined by the tops of pseudostems. In Experiment 2, herbage DM intake rates of 0·29, 0·47 and 0·42 kg (100 kg LW)−1 h−1 were recorded as cows grazed allowances of 0·43, 0·70 and 0·90 kg (100 kg LW)−1 h−1 for most of the 1-h grazing period. Limiting herbage DM allowances in Experiment 2 were associated with small reductions in rate of biting and herbage DM intake per bite as allowance declined. Sward DM density (>5 cm) was an important variable in the determination of herbage DM intake rates at lower herbage allowances.
UNDERSTANDING THE NET EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES ON AMPHIBIAN TREMATODE INFECTIONS

Anthropogenic factors can have simultaneous positive and negative effects on parasite transmission, and thus it is important to quantify their net effects on disease risk. Net effects will be a product of changes in the survival and traits (e.g., susceptibility, infectivity) of both hosts and parasites. In separate laboratory experiments, we exposed cercariae of the trematode Echinostoma trivolvis, and its first and second intermediate hosts, snails (Planorbella trivolvis) and green frog tadpoles (Rana clamitans), respectively, to one of four common pesticides (atrazine, glyphosate, carbaryl, and malathion) at standardized, ecologically relevant concentrations (201.0, 3700.0, 33.5, and 9.6 microg/L, respectively). We measured effects of pesticide exposure on six mechanisms important to this host-parasite interaction: (1) survival of E. trivolvis cercariae over 26 hours, (2) tadpole survival over two weeks, (3) snail survival over four weeks, (4) snail growth and fecundity, (5) cercarial infectivity, and (6) tadpole susceptibility to a fixed number of cercariae. Pesticides, in general, caused significantly greater mortality of E. trivolvis cercariae than did control treatments, but atrazine was the lone chemical to significantly reduce cercarial survival (LC50 value = 267 mg/L) and then only at concentrations greater than commonly found in aquatic ecosystems (> or =200 microg/L). None of the pesticides significantly enhanced E. trivolvis virulence, decreased tadpole survival, or reduced snail survival, growth, or fecundity. Sublethal exposure of the cercariae to the pesticides (4 h) did not significantly affect trematode encystment in R. clamitans. In contrast, sublethal exposure of R. clamitans to each of the four pesticides increased their susceptibility as measured by the percentage of cercariae that encysted. The reduction in exposure to trematodes due to pesticide-induced cercarial mortality (a density-mediated effect) was smaller than the pesticide-induced increase in amphibian susceptibility (a trait-mediated effect), suggesting that the net effect of exposure to environmentally realistic levels of pesticides will be to elevate amphibian trematode infections. These findings highlight the importance of elucidating the lethal and sublethal effects of anthropogenic factors on both hosts and parasites to understand the mechanisms underlying changes in parasite transmission and virulence, an approach that is especially needed for amphibians, a taxon experiencing global disease-related declines.
A microcalcification enhancement method for mammogram images

This paper proposed a novel method to enhance mammogram images used in detecting early signs of breast cancer. The proposed method uses a three level pyramid decomposition scheme that applies the squeeze box filter (SBF) instead of low-pass filtering. A previously proposed non-linear local enhancement technique is applied to the difference images to contrast enhance the structural details of a mammogram image. The enhanced mammogram image is reconstructed by adding the enhanced difference images to the original SBF processed image. The experiment and preliminary results reported in this paper provide evidence of beneficial enhancements provided by the proposed method on mammographic images.
Geoffrey Hughes, A history of English words. Oxford (UK) & Malden (MA): Blackwell, 2000. Pp. v, 430. Pb $29.95.

In this ambitious book, Hughes extends and broadens the projects of his two earlier books, Words in time: A social history of the English vocabulary (1988), and Swearing: A social history of foul language, oaths and profanity in English (1991). The contents range from summaries of events in the history of English to specialized lexical studies; the work's real strength, as with Hughes's two earlier books, lies in its investigations of the English vocabulary. While moving in a generally diachronic fashion from the origins of English to present-day Englishes, Hughes devotes much of the book to snapshots of the English lexis at various points and in various registers, queries as to how these configurations came about, how they affect other areas of the language, and why they matter to speakers. The motivation for the book, and its great accomplishment, is to show that the English lexis is a rich historical repository. Chronological discussions can be found elsewhere, but the treatments of moments in the English lexis provided by Hughes form a special and engaging contribution. As the book jacket states, Hughes interrogates the vocabulary “as an indicator of social change and as a symbol reflecting different social dynamics between speech communities and models of dominance, cohabitation, colonialism, and globalization.”
The STS National Database : Current changes and challenges for the new millennium

Abstract Background . The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) established the National Database (NDB) for Cardiac Surgery in 1989. Since then it has grown to be the largest database of its kind in medicine. The NDB has been one of the pioneers in the analysis and reporting of risk-adjusted outcomes in cardiothoracic surgery. Methods and Results . This report explains the numerous changes in the NDB and its structure that have occurred over the past 2 years. It highlights the benefits of these changes, both to the individual member participants and to the STS overall. Additionally, the vision changes to the NDB and reporting structure are identified. The individuals who have participated in this effort since 1989 are acknowledged, and the STS owes an enormous debt of gratitude to each of them. Conclusions . Because of their collective efforts, the goal to establish the STS NDB as a "gold standard" worldwide for process and outcomes analysis related to cardiothoracic surgery is becoming a reality.
Fault localization for build code errors in makefiles

Building is an important process in software development. In large software projects, build code has a high level of complexity, churn rate, and defect proneness. While several automated approaches exist to help developers in localizing faults in traditional source code and in detecting code smells in build code, fault localization techniques have not yet been developed for build code. In this work, we introduce MkFault, a tool to localize errors resulting in build crashes. MkFault monitors the execution traces from GNU Make statements that produce concrete build rules and the original code locations for each component of a rule (i.e., target, prerequisites, and recipe). It then uses a novel ranking algorithm to give suspiciousness scores to the original statements in the Makefile. In our empirical evaluation with real faults, we show that MkFault can help localize faults in Make code with high accuracy.
Mechanism of Charge Transport in DNA: Internally-Linked Anthraquinone Conjugates Support Phonon-Assisted Polaron Hopping

A series of anthraquinone-containing (AQ) DNA conjugates was prepared. In each case, the AQ is linked to the 2‘-oxygen of a uridine. Physical and spectroscopic data suggest that the AQ is intercalated in the duplex DNA on the 3‘-side of the uracil. Irradiation of the AQ-DNA conjugates with UV light results in piperidine-requiring strand cleavage at GG steps of both the AQ-containing strand and its complement. The AQ-conjugates were designed to have GG steps disposed symmetrically about the AQ intercalation site. The distance dependence of reaction efficiency at GG steps following AQ irradiation was measured by means of an AQ-containing 71 mer having 7 GG steps. The efficiency of reaction in this sequence falls off exponentially with a distance dependence of 0.071 A-1. AQ-containing conjugates were prepared that incorporate 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanines (8-OxoG) at various locations. 8-OxoG has a lower oxidation potential than any of the normal DNA bases and serves as a trap for the migrating radical cation. T...
Positive psychology goes to school: Are we there yet?

Implicit within a perspective of positive psychology is the assumption that environments can be promoted to foster individual strengths through a preventative focus and the development of positive institutions. Given that the development of positive institutions has direct implications for school psychology, this paper begins to draw attention to the potential of positive psychology within school systems. Throughout the paper, it is suggested that a focus on schools may serve as the nexus between the movement in positive psychology searching to promote positive human development and the institutions that could serve as the vehicle for this development. Historic and emerging trends are examined, with particular attention to how positive psychology could promote the development of positive schools (institutions) that foster success for all students. Specifically, the parallel histories of discontent with deficit-oriented practice in the fields of mental health and school psychology are reviewed, and precursors to building and maintaining positive institutions that focus on working within the existing system to promote lasting change are explored. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 101–110, 2004.
Evaluation of homology between cloned Escherichia coli and yeast DNA photolyase genes and higher eukaryotic genomes

Repair of ultraviolet-induced pyrimidine dimers by photoreactivation is catalyzed by a single enzyme, DNA photolyase. However, the process of photoreactivation is difficult to detect reproducibility in cultured mammalian cells. We have used clones containing yeast and Escherichia coli DNA photolyase genes to determine whether their sequences are conserved and whether there is homology between either cloned sequence and chick or human genomic DNA and mRNA sequences. The cloned sequences failed to hybridize to each other even under nonstringent conditions, indicating little conservation of sequence between the yeast and E. coli genes. Furthermore, only weak hybridization under nonstringent conditions was found between the cloned photoreactivating genes and human or chick genomic DNA or mRNA. This indicates that there is negligible homology between the cloned probes and mammalian DNA, but we are unable to conclude whether this indicated sequence divergence for prokaryotic and eukaryotic photoreactivation genes or the absence of such genes from the mammalian genome.
On the Modeling of Local Neutronically-Coupled Flow-Induced Oscillations in Advanced Boiling Water Reactors

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the development in progress of a complete space- and time-dependent model of the coupled neutron kinetic and reactor thermal-hydraulics. The neutron kinetics model is based on two-group diffusion equations with Doppler and void reactivity feedback effects. This model is coupled with the model of two-phase flow and heat transfer in parallel coolant channels. The modeling concepts considered for this purpose include one-dimensional drift flux and two-fluid models, as well a CFD model implemented in the NPHASE advanced computational multiphase fluid dynamics (CMFD) computer code. Two methods of solution for the overall model are proposed. One is based on direct numerical integration of the spatially-discretized governing equations. The other approach is based on a quasi-analytical modal approach to the neutronics model, in which a complete set of eigenvectors is found for step-wise temporal changes of the cross-sections of core materials (fuel and coolant/moderator). The issues investigated in the paper include details of model formulation, as well as the results of calculations for neutronically-coupled density-wave oscillations.© 2006 ASME
Looking Back at Prospective Studies

Gur's perspective article raises important points about analytic methods and the clinical inferences drawn from retrospective statistical analyses of prospective studies. Specifically, he associates three problems with the scientific methods of retrospective analyses: (1) using the parametric receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) as a performance measure, (2) using Bonferroni adjustments to account for multiple comparisons, and (3) failing to evaluate the variability of results across sites and observers. Gur demonstrates these problems with a case study: a recent paper analyzing the Digital Mammographic Imaging Screening Trial (DMIST) (1). The issues he raises are not specific to either retrospective study designs or secondary exploratory analyses of large studies but are important issues to consider in many design settings. I address each of these issues in the following and relate them to the information provided by DMIST papers.
Maintaining sparsity in process design calculations

Sparse linear systems in bordered block-triangular form can be efficiently solved by block-triangular splitting, a new technique that provides a drastic reduction in the fill-in (loss of sparsity) that occurs in the direct solution of such systems. This technique is applicable in the iterative solution of the large systems of nonlinear equations that arise in the equation oriented approach to process simulation and design calculations.
Indo-1 binding to protein in permeabilized ventricular myocytes alters its spectral and Ca binding properties.

We have examined the binding of the fluorescent Ca indicator indo-1 to cellular protein in permeabilized ventricular myocytes and also to soluble and particulate myocyte protein. Using either a filtration technique or equilibrium dialysis, and conditions similar to those in a cardiac myocyte patch clamped with 100 microM indo-1 in the patch pipette, we found that 72% of the total indo-1 was bound to myocyte protein at a protein concentration of 100 mg/ml. This corresponds to a binding of 3.8 +/- 0.5 nmol indo-1/mg protein. Separation of the myocyte protein into a soluble and a particulate fraction showed that 63% of the bound indo-1 was bound to soluble protein, corresponding to a binding of 3.22 +/- 0.99 nmol/mg, whereas 37% of the bound indo-1 was bound to particulate protein (0.85 +/- 0.14 nmol/mg) at a low [Ca] (pCa approximately 9). Binding of indo-1 in permeabilized myocytes was approximately 60% higher at a saturating Ca concentration (pCa = 3), than under Ca free conditions (1 mM EGTA). Simultaneous measurements of free [Ca] with a Ca selective electrode and indo-1 fluorescence showed that, the dissociation constant (Kd) for Ca was increased 4–5 fold in the presence of permeabilized myocytes as compared to the value obtained in vitro. In agreement with the binding experiments we estimate that the true Kd and the apparent Kd (using ratiometric measurements) for Ca binding to indo-1 are increased approximately four fold, at a myocyte protein concentration of 100 mg/ml.
Acetoacetate metabolism of rats fed high fat or restricted calorie diets.

Ethyl-14C-acetoacetate was used to trace oxidation and metabolism of acetoacetate when rats were fed a high fat diet (80% of total calories from beef tallow or corn oil, carbohydrate free), a high carbohydrate diet (2% corn oil) or a high carbohydrate diet with restriction of calories to one half of ad lib. consumption for two weeks. The rate of expiration of14CO2 in all groups of animals did not differ significantly and was not related to plasma concentration of acetoacetate. The high fat diets slightly enhanced the oxidation of acetoacetate to14CO2 over a 3 hr period compared to other diets. Incorporation of acetoacetate into fatty acids did not differ significantly among groups. Rats fed the high carbohydrate diet ad lib. incorporated into liver cholesterol more acetoacetate than did any other group, but dietary unsaturated fat resulted in greater incorporation of acetoacetate into cholesterol than saturated fat. High calorie and high beef tallow groups were ketonemic but the low concentration of plasma acetoacetate in rats fed a high corn oil diet indicates that unsaturated fatty acids are not ketogenic. The data show that utilization of acetoacetate is not significantly reduced in a ketonemic condition and support the premise that overproduction of ketone bodies is the cause of ketonemia. Rats appeared to be normal during the two-week period when no carbohydrate was included in the diet.
Individual gradients of transposition and absolute choice.

Abstract Gradients of transposition and absolute choice in the intermediate-size problem were examined for 20 children from 5 to 7 years of age. Each child was given four different test sets which varied in their similarity to the training set. Some of the children usually transposed with all of the test sets, others most often made absolute choices, for others the frequency of transposition was related to the similarity of the training to the test sets, and, for some, the choice gradients were either inconsistent or showed daily changes. A 24-hour delay between training and testing increased the frequency of transposition with very similar training and test sets but had no effect on the choices in the other tests.
The Montana Elm Tree Episode and Biotech Regulations

AbstractNearly 10 years ago when I was serving as an IPA at the United States Department of Agriculture in Washington, DC, I was asked to represent them at the NIH hearings on recombinant DNA (rDNA). I'll never forget the testimony of J. D. Watson indicating that many things pose more threat to our health and environment than rDNA including dog licks. He told NIH that they were wasting their time and money on such hearings. Furthermore, he said that his signing of the moratorium on rDNA research at Asilomar was the biggest mistake of his career.
Recursive feature elimination for brain tumor classification using desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging

The metabolism and composition of lipids is of increasing interest for understanding and detecting disease processes. Lipid signatures of tumor type and grade have been demonstrated using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Clinical management and ultimate prognosis of brain tumors depend largely on the tumor type, subtype, and grade. Mass spectrometry, a well-known analytical technique used to identify molecules in a given sample based on their mass, can significantly improve the problem of tumor type classification. This work focuses on the problem of identifying lipid features to use as input for classification. Feature selection could result in improvements in classifier performance, discovery of biomarkers, improved data interpretation, and patient treatment.
Innocents Abroad: A Journal’s Outreach to India

The editor describes an outreach visit to India and discusses chemical education issues in the United States and India.
Phenotypic characterization of autoreactive T cells in multiple sclerosis

MS has been hypothesized to result from autoreactive T cell responses against myelin antigens. In this report, we examined myelin-specific CD8 and CD4 T cells for two markers differentially expressed on naive, memory and chronically stimulated T cells, CD28 and CD57. We observed differential expression on CD8 T cells in response to myelin antigens, but not in response to the recall antigen mumps. We demonstrate these cells display reduced proliferation and this may explain why therapies that limit the proliferation of T cells have had little effect on the course of MS, particularly later in the course of the disease.
Cytokine gene therapy of gliomas: effective induction of therapeutic immunity to intracranial tumors by peripheral immunization with interleukin-4 transduced glioma cells.

To provide a means for comparing strategies for cytokine gene therapy against intracranial (i.c.) tumors, we generated rat gliosarcoma 9L cells transfected with interleukin-4 (9L-IL4), interleukin-12 (9L-IL12), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (9L-GMCSF) or interferon-alpha (9L-IFNalpha). To simulate direct and highly efficient cytokine gene delivery, cytokine transfected 9L tumors were implanted i.c. into syngeneic rats. i.c. injection led to tumor-outgrowth in the brain and killed most animals, whereas these cell lines were rejected following intradermal (i.d.) injection. Cytokine-expressing i.c. 9L tumors, however, had a greater degree of infiltration by immune cells compared with control, mock-transfected 9L-neo, but to a lesser degree than i.d. cytokine-expressing tumors. Tumor angiogenesis was suppressed in cytokine-transfected tumors. In a prophylaxis model, i.d. vaccination with 9L-IL4 resulted in long-term survival of 90% of rats challenged i.c. with parental 9L; whereas 40% of 9L-GM-CSF, 40% of 9L-IFNalpha and 0% of 9L-IL12-immunized rats were protected. In a therapy model (day 3 i.c. 9L tumors), only i.d. immunization with 9L-IL4 had long-term therapeutic benefits as 43% of rats survived >100 days. These data indicate that peripheral immunization with 9L-IL4 had the most potent therapeutic benefit among various cytokines and approaches tested against established, i.c. 9L tumors.
New Doppler parameters for carotid stenosis

The recently published clinical trials of carotid endarterectomy marked a turning point in carotid sonography, because they provided justification for seeking carotid stenosis with ultrasound in both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. These trials also were a turning point because they set a new standard for measuring carotid stenosis from arteriograms, based on the comparison of the least diameter of the residual internal carotid artery (ICA) lumen and the diameter of the normal, distal ICA. The adoption of this new standard for arteriographic measurement has necessitated the redefinition of velocity criteria for duplex Doppler diagnosis of ICA stenosis. This article discusses the methods for establishing Doppler velocity criteria for the identification of clinically significant carotid ICA stenosis, based on the new standard for arteriographic measurement.
Meckel's diverticulum-induced ileocolonic intussusception.

A previously healthy 8-year-old male complained of severe, intermittent and stabbing abdominal pain that had waxed and waned over the past 3 days. At the time of presentation, the pain was right-sided, peri-umbilical and non-radiating. He denied nausea, vomiting, hematochezia, melena or urinary tract symptoms; he had however experienced several recent episodes of brown diarrhea. On physical exam, the child was afebrile with stable vital signs and was in mild distress secondary to pain. The abdomen was soft with hyperactive bowel sounds and non-specific right lower abdominal quadrant tenderness. Obturator, psoas, Murphy’s and Rovsing’s signs were all negative. On digital rectal exam, the rectal vault was empty and stool tested guaiac negative. A CT of the abdomen and pelvis was obtained and demonstrated the classic target sign of intussusception in both the longitudinal and transverse planes (Figs. 1 and ​and2).2). Exploratory laparotomy was performed, the intussusception was located and reduced, and a 1.5 × 1.5 × 1.5-cm Meckel’s diverticulum was identified as the lead point and excised. Fig. 1 Target sign of intussusception on longitudinal CT Fig. 2 Target sign of intussusception on CT cross section The target sign is classic for intussusception on both CT and ultrasound. Its appearance is attributed to the different densities of tissue layers that are apposed to each other by the telescoping bowel, and when the luminal diameter is increased, intussusception must be considered in the differential diagnosis [1]. Although most cases of intussusception are idiopathic, there have been several case reports of Meckel’s diverticulum serving as a lead point [2–4].
Interferon α enhances expression of TAG-72 and carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with primary colorectal cancer

Interferons up-regulate the expression of human tumor-associated antigens in animal models and in vitro. The use of interferons may enhance the immunodetection and immunotherapy of tumors by monoclonal antibodies that detect tumor antigens. For this strategy to be effective, however, the interferon must have an effect at the site of the tumor. In this study, the induction by interferon α (IFNα) of two tumor surface antigens was evaluated in six patients with primary colorectal cancer. Patients were treated with IFNα and 48 h later underwent resection of the tumor. The interferon treatment induced expression of a tumor-associated glycoprotein (TAG-72) in two patients without antigen expression prior to interferon but had no effect on one TAG-72-negative tumor. IFNα did not induce expression of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in the two patients whose tumors were CEA-negative prior to interferon. In all patients with heterogeneous expression of CEA and TAG-72 prior to IFNα treatment, preoperative interferon increased the percentage of cells positive for CEA in two patients and TAG-72 in one patient. This study supports the addition of interferon induction to immunotherapy regimens directed at the CEA and TAG-72 cell-surface antigens.
Automated stopping criteria for neural network training

A novel technique for improving neural network (NN) training is developed and demonstrated. This technique makes more efficient use of the available data for training and also automates the decision criteria to stop training.
Toward Individualized Therapy in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Contemporary Review

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease in its clinical presentation, response to therapy, and overall prognosis. For decades, pretreatment karyotype evaluation has served to identify subgroups for risk-adapted postremission therapy, but the initial treatment approach has been largely unchanged. With continued advances in the genetic and epigenetic characterization of AML, we have discovered even more diversity and are starting to understand the biological underpinnings of these multiple disease entities. Newer therapies are being developed to address the pathophysiology within these individual AML subsets. This review categorizes AML into biologically defined groups based on currently available data and describes the evolving treatment approaches within these groups. Identifying the genetic abnormalities and biological drivers prior to AML treatment will be important as we work to individualize therapy and improve outcomes.
Inelastic impact dynamics of ships with one-sided barriers. Part I: analytical and numerical investigations

This two-part paper deals with impact interaction of ships with one-sided ice barrier during roll dynamics. The first part presents analytical and numerical studies for the case of inelastic impact. An analytical model of a ship roll motion interacting with ice is developed based on Zhuravlev and Ivanov non-smooth coordinate transformations. These transformations have the advantage of converting the vibro-impact oscillator into an oscillator without barriers such that the corresponding equation of motion does not contain any impact term. Such approaches, however, account for the energy loss at impact times in different ways. The present work, in particular, demonstrates that the impact dynamics may have qualitatively different response characteristics to different dissipation models. The difference between localized and distributed equivalent damping approaches is discussed. Extensive numerical simulations are carried out for all initial conditions covered by the ship grazing orbit for different values of excitation amplitude and frequency of external wave roll moment. The basins of attraction of safe operation are obtained and reveal the coexistence of different response regimes such as non-impact periodic oscillations, modulation impact motion, period added impact oscillations, chaotic impact motion and rotational motion. The second part will consider experimental validations of predicted results.
Liking of Movie Genre Alters the Effectiveness of Background Product Placements

Product placement has been likened to evaluative conditioning (EC) in which a viewer's liking of an actor using a brand transfers to the brand. Less research has evaluated how more subtle background placements work. Further, most published studies report explicit brand attitudes as outcome measures. We show that background placements of a familiar brand can alter implicit brand attitudes. Furthermore, viewers who liked the movie genre showed positive implicit attitudes, and viewers who disliked the movie genre showed negative implicit attitudes, suggesting that genre generated affect transferred to implicit attitudes. Advertising implications are discussed.
Percutaneous drainage and ablation of orbital dermoid cysts

Background Vision-threatening intraorbital dermoid cysts have traditionally been treated by complete surgical resection. Such radical surgical intervention may pose serious risks to both vision acuity and cosmesis. We describe a novel, minimally invasive approach for the treatment of orbital dermoid cysts. Methods This is an interventional retrospective case series. Two patients (17 and 4 years) presented with large intraorbital dermoid cysts. The first patient had a dumbbell-shaped lesion involving the temporalis fossa and superotemporal orbit. The second patient had a large, superior intraorbital lesion. Both patients presented with visual disturbance, globe displacement, and eyelid ptosis. A series of techniques were developed and implemented for percutaneous access, drainage, and catheter-based ablation (dual drug technique) of both orbital dermoid cysts. Initial access was gained with a 14-gauge angiocatheter needle system, followed by serial emulsification and drainage of the cyst contents. A 5-French catheter was coaxially placed for fluoroscopic contrast cyst definition and subsequent dual drug chemical ablation (sodium tetradecyl sulfate and ethanol). Suction drainage was maintained for 24 hours following ablation. Results Radiological and clinical evaluation demonstrated complete resolution of the dermoid cysts with no recurrence at 12-month follow-up in the first patient and 3 months in the second patient. Cosmetic results were excellent. Patients reported no pain and there were no neurologic, oculomotor, infectious, hemorrhagic, or other complications. Conclusions Minimally invasive percutaneous drainage and ablation appears to be a promising treatment for large orbital dermoid cysts which would otherwise require extensive surgery to excise. Collaboration of an ophthalmologist and interventional radiologist is essential for evaluation, treatment, and follow-up.
THE STRUCTURE OF SINGLY-PERIODIC MINIMAL-SURFACES

The only properly embedded minimal surface with more than one topological end and a cont inuous g roup of symmetries is the catenoid. Considering periodic minimal surfaces with more than one end (a surface in N 3 is periodic if it is invariant under an infinite discrete g roup of isometrics that act freely on 1R3), the only classical examples are those discovered by Riemann. The Riemann examples ~ possess a quite special set of properties: 1. They have an infinite number of flat annular ends 1; 2. They are invariant under a nontrivial t ranslat ion T; 3. The surfaces ~ / T h a v e genus 1 and 2 ends; 4. The surfaces ~ / T have total curvature equal to 8 zr. Mot iva ted by the Riemann examples, we established the existence of an infinite family of proper ly embedded periodic minimal surfaces, d//k, each with an infinite number of ends [1]. These surfaces, which are discussed below (see Sect. 1.2 on Rigidity), also have an infinite number of flat annular ends, and are invariant under a t ranslat ion T. The quot ient of these surfaces by T is a surface of genus 2 k + 1 with two ends and total curvature 8 r e ( k + 1), k > l . We have been able to " twis t" each of these new surfaces; that is, we construct surfaces with the same properties that are invariant under screw motions T + R, where R is a rota t ion a round an axis in the direction of T (see Sect. 1.3 below). Together with the catenoid and the examples of Riemann, these new surfaces comprise all the known properly embedded minimal surfaces with more than one topological end whose symmetry g roup contains an infinite discrete subgroup. These examples share m a n y of the properties of the Riemann examples. A major goal of this paper is to show that this is not accidental.