cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Takedown in Two Worlds: An Empirical Analysis

In its nearly two decades of existence, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act’s “notice and takedown” process has become both a source of controversy and a primary means of addressing online copyright disputes. Yet there is little empirical research into the use of notice and takedown or its effectiveness. Because it depends on the private communications and actions of copyright holders, online service providers, and targets, notice and takedown operates largely within a difficult-to-study “black box.” This article contributes to the literature with an empirical look at two sets of takedown notices. It digests findings from two quantitative studies of takedown notices in the Lumen database, reported fully in the three-study report, Notice and Takedown in Everyday Practice (available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=2755628), and peer-reviewed here. The first study, of notices sent to Google Web Search, shows a heavy reliance by large rightsholders on automated infringement detection and notification, and tends to support their assertions that they focus their enforcement resources on large-scale infringement. At the same time, 31% of these notices raised questions related to their accuracy and statutory compliance. The second study provides a snapshot of takedown as used by one set of smaller notice senders — individuals and small businesses sending to Google Image Search. In this study, notices were more likely to target social media sites, blogs, and personal websites, and 70% of the notices raised questions. While both studies revealed surprisingly high percentages of notices of questionable validity, the questions raised tended to differ. The automated notices in the first study predominantly exhibited issues identifying the works in question, while the notices sent by smaller rightsholders in the second study predominantly exhibited issues with the underlying claim. Accordingly, while notice sending appears to need improvement, there is no “one-size-fits-all” approach. Both “worlds” of notice sending need to be accommodated. We therefore suggest a set of voluntary best practices, educational efforts, and modest legal reforms directed to the different issues we observed.
A randomized, controlled trial of mindfulness-based stress reduction in HIV infection.

Abstract Objective Evidence links depression and stress to more rapid progression of HIV-1 disease. We conducted a randomized controlled trial to test whether an intervention aimed at improving stress management and emotion regulation, mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), would improve immunological (i.e. CD4+ T-cell counts) and psychological outcomes in persons with HIV-1 infection. Methods We randomly assigned participants with HIV-1 infection and CD4 T-cell counts >350 cells/μl who were not on antiretroviral therapy in a 1:1 ratio to either an MBSR group (n = 89) or an HIV disease self-management skills group (n = 88). The study was conducted at the University of California at San Francisco. We assessed immunologic (CD4, c-reactive protein, IL-6, and d-dimer) and psychological measures (Beck Depression Inventory for depression, modified Differential Emotions Scale for positive and negative affect, Perceived stress-scale, and mindfulness) at 3, 6 and 12 months after initiation of the intervention; we used multiple imputation to address missing values. Results We observed statistically significant improvements from baseline to 3-months within the MBSR group in depression, positive and negative affect, perceived stress, and mindfulness; between group differences in change were significantly greater in the MBSR group only for positive affect (per item difference on DES-positive 0.25, 95% CI 0.049, 0.44, p = .015). By 12 months the between group difference in positive affect was not statistically significant, although both groups had trends toward improvements compared to baseline in several psychological outcomes that were maintained at 12-months; these improvements were only statistically significant for depression and negative affect in the MBSR group and perceived stress for the control group. The groups did not differ significantly on rates of antiretroviral therapy initiation (MBSR = 39%, control = 29%, p = .22). After 12 months, the mean decrease in CD4+ T-cell count was 49.6 cells/μl in participants in the MBSR arm, compared to 54.2 cells/μl in the control group, a difference of 4.6 cells favoring the MBSR group (95% CI, −44.6, 53.7, p = .85). The between group differences in other immunologic-related outcomes (c-reactive protein, IL-6, HIV-1 viral load, and d-dimer) were not statistically significant at any time point. Conclusions MBSR improved positive affect more than an active control arm in the 3 months following the start of the intervention. However, this difference was not maintained over the 12-month follow-up and there were no significant differences in immunologic outcomes between intervention groups. These results emphasize the need for further carefully designed research if we are to translate evidence linking psychological states to immunological outcomes into evidence-based clinical practices.
Understanding Biases in Pre-Construction Estimates

The pre-construction energy generation of a wind farm (P50) is difficult to estimate and evaluate. This paper presents a methodology to measure the accuracy of the p50 prediction, which we call the Historical Validation Survey (HVS), for several wind farms in the continental United States. Our results indicate that there is a bias between predicted and measured energy, even when controlling for factors like grid curtailment and resource variability. We also find that our results depend on the assumptions we make during analysis, which we quantify with a sensitivity analysis. This method allows the estimation of uncertainty we have in our findings. When we account for reasonable ranges of model assumptions, we find that, in the most optimistic case, there is still a bulk −5.5% bias when estimating pre-construction energy generation. When controlling for grid curtailment this number reduces to a range of −3.5 to −4.5%.
Conditioning, attention, and the CS-US interval. A theoretical statement of relations.

A revised version of the Rescorla-Wagner (1972) mathematical model is presented. A metatheoretical assumption of an attentional process, the added revision, is conceived as an independent α-salience growth factor determining both rate of association and performance. Conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus (CS-US) correlation, and CS-US interval (two primary conditioning parameters) are incorporated in the mathematical model as α-salience growth rate and as α-salience and association asymptote factors, respectively. In this manner, the long-standing issue of necessary and sufficient factors in classical conditioning is resolved. An empirical assessment of the model’s parameters has been included.
Management of Recurrent Hepatitis C Following Liver Transplantation

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most common indication for liver transplantation in the United States, and recurrent disease associated with HCV is a major cause of allograft loss and mortality. Up to 30% of transplant recipients with HCV will develop progressive fibrosis and cirrhosis within 5 years of transplantation. Several recipient, donor, and viral factors have been identified as risk factors for disease progression. Likewise, immunosuppression with pulse corticosteroids or T-cell–depleting therapies such as muromonab-CD3 have been linked to HCV-associated allograft failure. Antiviral therapy with peginterferon alfa and ribavirin should be considered in select transplant recipients with recurrent HCV infection, as achievement of sustained virologic response is associated with increased allograft and patient survival; however, efficacy may be limited by poor tolerability, requirement for dose reductions, and treatment discontinuation. The use of emerging therapies such as direct-acting antiviral agents and steroid-sparing immunosuppression may play a major role in further advances associated with post-transplant management of recurrent HCV infection.
Studies on Fluorescamine: Part I—Applications of Fluorescamine in Forensic Toxicological Analysis

Weigele and co-workers [1,2] reported the structure and synthesis of the reagent 4-phenylspiro [furan-2(3H), 1'-phthalan]-3,3'-dione (fluorescamine), which reacts with substances containing primary amino groups to yield highly fluorescent products. Recently, Undenfriend and co-workers [3–5] published a paper describing the use of fluorescamine in biochemical analysis. This reagent was of interest because of its possible use to improve the detection and differentiation of amphetamine and its relatives in biological samples and solid dosage forms. The main subject of this paper is to present data which clearly demonstrate the use of fluorescamine in forensic toxicological analysis of amphetamine and differentiation from methamphetamine. This reagent also has potential application for analysis of other drugs containing a primary amine group.
New Jersey Low-Contact-Stress Knee Replacement System: 7- to 15-Year Clinical and Survivorship Outcomes

Cemented and cementless New Jersey Low-Contact-Stress (LCS) knee replacements were followed up for 7–15 years and compared with the results at 2–10 years. Primary (P), multiply-operated (MO) and revision (R) results were analyzed clinically, radiographically, and by survivorship analysis to determine the long-term outcome potential and to evaluate failure mechanisms. In the overall cemented group of 149 knee replacements, good to excellent clinical results were seen in 95.5% of P, 90.0% of MO, and 81.3% of the R groups, respectively. Overall survivorship was 96.7% for the P group at the 10-year interval and 86.7% at the 12- to 15-year intervals. In the overall cementless group of 208 knee replacements, good to excellent clinical results were seen in 96.3% of P, 93.8% of MO, and 93.3% of the R groups, respectively. Overall survivorship estimates were 95.1% for the P group at the 10-year interval and remained at 95.1% at the 12-year interval. Cemented and cementless mobile bearing knee replacements offer satisfactory long-term clinical and survivorship outcomes in a wide variety of arthritic pathologies. Cementless implants appear to be slightly superior overall.
Study of Shadowing Experiences among Chaplains in the Coleman Palliative Medicine Fellowship

While shadowing is a relatively common practice in the education of many health professionals, it is not widely used in chaplaincy education. Findings from our qualitative study of 12 chaplains who participated in the Coleman Palliative Medicine Training Program suggest it may offer benefits for practicing chaplains. In interviews with seven fellows who shadowed more experienced palliative care (PC) chaplains and the five mentors who were shadowed at their work settings, participants reported opportunities for mutual learning, self-reflection, and collegiality. Fellows observed how members of a PC team collaborate and contribute equally to the care of patients. Mentors found shadowing was a rare opportunity to share their chaplaincy practice with colleagues. It helped them to appreciate different aspects of their work settings and to distinguish between PC and generalist chaplaincy. We discuss the challenges participants experienced while shadowing and offer recommendations for incorporating the practice more widely into chaplaincy education.
Dissipation and dynamics in ultrafast intersystem crossings.

The effects of dynamics and dissipation on ultrafast intersystem crossings are studied for a dissipative two-level system coupled to a local vibronic mode. A method of amplitude damping of the wave packet is presented that accounts better for the position of the wave packet and avoids spurious transitions between potential wells. It is demonstrated that Fermi’s golden rule, the typical semiquantitative approach to extract population transfer rates from potential landscapes, only holds under limited conditions. Generally, the effects of dynamics and dissipation lead to deviations from the expected exponential population transfer, strong changes in transfer times and total population transfer, and significant recurrence or “spill back” of the wave packet.
Action-Oriented Portfolio Management

OVERVIEW:Efficient portfolio management is paramount to adding shareholder value in any organization. However, the art of portfolio management stretches beyond evaluation techniques. More significa...
Psychology and Religion within an Ideological Surround: by Paul J. Watson, Leiden, Brill, 2019, vi + 89 pp., $79 (paperback), ISBN 10 9004411186, ISBN 13 9789004411180

This monograph (89 pages including references) will serve as a lasting tribute to its author, Paul J. Watson. Paul was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer shortly after agreeing to write a summary of ...
Thomas Aquinas on Decision Making Under Uncertainty, Ignorance, and Risk: The Role of Keynes's Weight of the Evidence Concept in His Approach

Eight centuries ago, Thomas Aquinas clearly differentiated between probability and uncertainty in decision making. He viewed probability eclectically as having elements that involved propositions about events, frequency of events, and single events. He found an important role in his approach for a view that is very close to Keynes’s weight of the evidence criterion from the A Treatise on Probability and confidence from Keynes’s General Theory, as well as Adam Smith’s views on uncertainty and confidence. Aquinas understood that there was much information, evidence, knowledge, or data that was missing or incomplete, so that an estimate of probability was likely to be inaccurate and unreliable in the same manner that an estimate of the just price was likely to be inaccurate, due to missing or incomplete information so that the best one could do in a market transaction was to calculate an upper (and possibly lower bounds) bound on the part of the seller and a lower (and possibly upper bounds) bound on the part of the buyer, where it was likely that the just price would lie, after a process of negotiation, between the upper bound of the seller and the lower bound of the buyer . There was not a precise, exact mathematical estimate of the just price, but an imprecise estimate that is an interval estimate. It is argued that Aquinas held a similar view with respect to the concept of probability based on his perception of the fact that “calculating probabilities” in an uncertain environment also led to imprecision in the estimate. Aquinas’s developed a concept that is very similar to Keynes’s weight of the evidence concept in Keynes’s A Treatise on Probability and confidence concept from Keynes’s General Theory.
Predictors of attendance during an exercise program for cancer survivors.

Exercise programs delivered in community- or clinic-based settings improve physical and psychosocial outcomes among cancer survivors; however, adherence is essential to achieve such benefits. This study examined predictors of attendance to an exercise program in a large, diverse sample of cancer survivors. Participants (n = 302) were enrolled in BfitBwell, an exercise program for adults diagnosed with cancer, and currently receiving or within 6 months of completing chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Participants were offered two supervised aerobic and resistance exercise sessions per week for 3 months. Predictors of attendance included demographics, cancer-related information, quality of life (QOL), fatigue, physical fitness, activity level, and importance of making various changes (e.g., improving fitness). Univariate linear regression first explored associations between predictor variables and adherence, and any important variables (p < .10) were included in a multivariate linear regression model. Participants were M = 54.9 ± 13.9 years old, mostly female (67.3%), white (83.6%), and most commonly diagnosed with breast cancer (34.8%). Average attendance was 16.2 ± 6.6 exercise sessions. Six-minute walk test distance, QOL, and fatigue were associated with exercise session attendance (p < .05). The multivariable model revealed that higher QOL predicted higher attendance (β = .351, p = .005), and working full- or part-time significantly predicted lower attendance (β =− .221, p =.021). Higher pre-program QOL and not working full- or part-time predicted higher exercise program attendance. Existing and future exercise programs for cancer survivors should consider ways to adapt program delivery to provide support to survivors who start with low QOL, and accommodate those who may face barriers to attending due to work schedule/conflict.
Assessing Differences in Large Spatio-temporal Climate Datasets with a New Python package

Output data from modern Earth system model simulations are consuming increasingly massive amounts of storage resources, and storing these climate model data is not economically sustainable. Previous works have motivated lossy compression as a potential solution, which achieves greater compression ratios than lossless compression. This further reduction comes at the cost of a loss of information, and therefore, care must be taken to avoid introducing artifacts in the data that could affect scientific conclusions. In this paper we introduce a Python package designed to aid in the analysis of differences in large spatio-temporal datasets, such as those produced by global climate models. While the new package is agnostic to the source of the differences, our motivation is to enable climate scientists to more easily assess the effects of lossy data compression by visualizing and computing derived spatial-temporal quantities that compare lossily compressed datasets to the original dataset. Because Python is quickly becoming the tool of choice for scientific data analysis in the geoscience community, this new package makes use of the Python software stack in Pangeo (an active NSF-funded community platform for Big Data geoscience). Interoperability with other Pangeo software tools means that the new package easily integrates into climate scientists’ post-processing and analysis workflows, which we hope will facilitate the adoption of lossy compression into the climate modeling community.
Mouse LGR6 regulates osteogenesis in vitro and in vivo through differential ligand use.

Abstract Leucine-rich repeat containing G-protein-coupled receptor 6 (LGR6) is a marker of osteoprogenitor cells and is dynamically expressed during in vitro osteodifferentation of mouse and human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). While the Lgr6 genomic locus has been associated with osteoporosis in human cohorts, the precise molecular function of LGR6 in osteogenesis and maintenance of bone mass are not yet known. In this study, we performed in vitro Lgr6 knockdown and overexpression experiments in murine osteoblastic cells and find decreased Lgr6 levels results in reduced osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization. Consistent with these data, overexpression of Lgr6 in these cells leads to significantly increased proliferation and osteodifferentiation. To determine whether these findings are recapitulated in vivo, we performed microCT and ex vivo osteodifferentiation analyses using our newly generated CRISPR-Cas9 mediated Lgr6 mouse knockout allele (Lgr6-KO). We find that ex vivo osteodifferentiation of Lgr6-KO primary MSCs is significantly reduced, and 8 week-old Lgr6-KO mice have less trabecular bone mass as compared to Lgr6 wildtype controls, indicating that Lgr6 is necessary for normal osteogenesis and bone mass. Towards mechanism, we analyzed in vitro signaling in the context of two LGR6 ligands, RSPO2 and MaR1. We find that RSPO2 stimulates LGR6-mediated WNT/β-catenin signaling whereas MaR1 stimulates LGR6-mediated cAMP activity, suggesting two ligand-dependent functions for LGR6 receptor signaling during osteogenesis. Collectively, this study reveals that Lgr6 is necessary for wildtype levels of proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts, and achieving normal bone mass.
Role of Cement Manufacturing in the Pennsylvania Economy

Cement manufacturing is an important part of the history and economy of Pennsylvania. The industry creates jobs and compensation for workers and generates tax revenues in the Commonwealth.
Mixed lymphocyte reactivity in spleen cells from F-9 tumor-bearing mice. II. Functional cross-reactivity between F-9 cells and testicular cells.

Abstract Previous serological analysis has revealed cross-reactive antigens on F-9 cells and mouse germ cells. Therefore, we investigated whether suppressor activity in spleen cells from F-9 tumor-bearing mice can be restimulated in vitro by adding F-9 cells or testicular cells to mixed lymphocyte cultures. We found equal potentiation of suppressor T-cell activity with F-9 cells and with syngeneic testicular cells; as shown by sensitivity to anti-Lyt 2.2 plus complement treatment. Suppressor activity of spleen cells from other tumor systems tested was not enhanced. The data suggest that the same or cross-reactive antigens on F-9 teratocarcinoma cells and testicular cells may have similar regulatory functions.
Bioavailability to Rats of Selenium in Various Tuna and Wheat Products

Bioavailability of selenium (Se) in tuna and wheat at various stages of processing was studied in rats. The protein source of the rat diets was torula yeast with Se supplied by either raw, precooked or canned tuna, or whole wheat flour, whole wheat bread or bran. Sodium selenite was used as the standard. Each Se source was fed at three levels: 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15 ppm. By using increase in glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in liver, kidney and whole blood as an indicator of bioavailability, no differences were found among the three tuna products or among the three wheat products tested. However, significantly lower GSH-Px activity was found in the combined tuna groups as compared to the combined wheat groups, suggesting that selenium in wheat was more available than that in tuna. There was a significant increase in the liver Se content of rats fed all levels of Se in canned tuna and in kidney, blood and muscle Se of rats fed 0.10 and 0.15 ppm Se in canned tuna in comparison to the tissue Se content in rats fed these same levels of Se in raw or precooked tuna. Since this did not correspond with an increase in GSH-Px activity it was concluded that it did not represent increased bioavailability of canned tuna. Thus, food processing does not appear to affect Se availability, but Se appears to be more available in wheat than tuna.
The Process of Science Communications at NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center

The communication of new scientific knowledge and understanding is an integral component of science research, essential for its continued survival. Like any learning- based activity, science cannot continue without communication between and among peers so that skeptical inquiry and learning can take place. This communication provides necessary organic support to maintain the development of new knowledge and technology. However, communication beyond the peer-community is becoming equally critical for science to survive as an enterprise into the 21st century. Therefore, scientists not only have a 'noble responsibility' to advance and communicate scientific knowledge and understanding to audiences within and beyond the peer-community, but their fulfillment of this responsibility is necessary to maintain the survival of the science enterprise. Despite the critical importance of communication to the viability of science, the skills required to perform effective science communications historically have not been taught as a part of the training of scientist, and the culture of science is often averse to significant communication beyond the peer community. Thus scientists can find themselves ill equipped and uncomfortable with the requirements of their job in the new millennium. At NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center, we have developed and implemented an integrated science communications process, providing an institutional capability to help scientist accurately convey the content and meaning of new scientific knowledge to a wide variety of audiences, adding intrinsic value to the research itself through communication, while still maintaining the integrity of the peer-review process. The process utilizes initial communication through the world-wide web at the site http://science.nasa.gov to strategically leverage other communications vehicles and to reach a wide-variety of audiences. Here we present and discuss the basic design of the science communications process, now in operation for nearly two years. Serving scientists in Earth Science, Microgravity Science, and Space Science. Critical features of the design are illustrated, and essential skills required to operate the process are defined. Measures of success will also be presented.
Measuring Seeing from Solar Scintillometry and the Spectral Ratio Technique

In principle, the optical transfer function can be described by a single parameter, the Fried parameter r0, which reveals the net effect of the turbulence along the line of sight. We present measurements of the Fried parameter obtained from the spectral ratio technique and compare them to data from solar scintillometry and from angle-of-arrival fluctuations. The measurements were performed at the Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO) in 1997 and 1998 – before and after a series of steps were taken to reduce dome seeing. The results show that the dome seeing was considerably reduced and now approaches the seeing conditions measured outside the dome. The Fried parameter as measured by the spectral ratio technique now frequently exceeds r0=10 cm at our lake site observatory. Accounting for the remaining dome and window seeing, the scintillometer and the angle-of-arrival data imply the potential for an r0>20 cm for BBSO during days of good seeing.
Guaranteed rates of exponential convergence for uncertain systems

For systems described by ordinary differential equations, we introduce the notion of exponential convergence to a ball containing the origin of the state space. For two specific classes of uncertain systems, controllers are presented which assure this behavior. For one of the system classes, the rate of exponential convergence can be made arbitrarily large.
The effects of Social Security reform on saving, investment, and the level and distribution of worker well-being

All observers agree that Social Security reform is needed restore the program's solvency. This paper examines the impact of alternative reforms on Social Security finances, on the wider U.S. economy, and on workers who contribute to and receive benefits from the program. In one reform we consider, Social Security benefits are eventually reduced about one-third so that benefits can be financed with the present 12.4 percent payroll tax rate. Workers are required to contribute an additional 2 percent of their wages to a new defined-contribution pension. We embed Social Security's finances in a neoclassical growth model and show how additions to Social Security and defined-contribution pension reserves, if they are saved, can increase the future growth of productivity and wages and reduce the rate of return on capital. These economy-wide impacts in turn affect the lifetime wages and pensions of workers born in successive generations. They have differing effects on workers depending on workers' relative earnings and the trend in their earnings over their careers. Our model includes a microsimulation component to measure these effects on individual workers. Our findings suggest that scaling back traditional Social Security and replacing part or all of it with defined-contribution pensions can potentially increase national saving over a very lengthy horizon, thus lifting the domestic capital stock and wages. The potential benefits are larger for high-wage workers than for average- and low-wage workers. Because of the potential impact of this reform on the U.S. capital-labor ratio, real capital returns might be adversely affected by this reform, reducing the rate of return workers will obtain in their defined-contribution pension accounts. Our results also imply that generations which will retire before about 2035 would enjoy higher lifetime pensions and net incomes under a policy that maintains Social Security benefits with tax hikes. That is, generations that will retire over the next 30 or 40 years would be better off under a policy that preserves Social Security through tax hikes than under a policy that scales back benefits and partially replaces them with benefits from a new defined-contribution system.
Boolean modeling: a logic‐based dynamic approach for understanding signaling and regulatory networks and for making useful predictions

The biomolecules inside or near cells form a complex interacting system. Cellular phenotypes and behaviors arise from the totality of interactions among the components of this system. A fruitful way of modeling interacting biomolecular systems is by network-based dynamic models that characterize each component by a state variable, and describe the change in the state variables due to the interactions in the system. Dynamic models can capture the stable state patterns of this interacting system and can connect them to different cell fates or behaviors. A Boolean or logic model characterizes each biomolecule by a binary state variable that relates the abundance of that molecule to a threshold abundance necessary for downstream processes. The regulation of this state variable is described in a parameter free manner, making Boolean modeling a practical choice for systems whose kinetic parameters have not been determined. Boolean models integrate the body of knowledge regarding the components and interactions of biomolecular systems, and capture the system's dynamic repertoire, for example the existence of multiple cell fates. These models were used for a variety of systems and led to important insights and predictions. Boolean models serve as an efficient exploratory model, a guide for follow-up experiments, and as a foundation for more quantitative models. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2014, 6:353–369. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1273 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website. Conflict of interest: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.
Rnp1p Plays a Role In P-body Assembly in S. cerevisiae

Control of translation is an important response to physiological stress. Upon physiological stress, mRNA becomes unbound by ribosomes and shifts to cytoplasmic structures such as P-bodies or stress granules (SG). P-bodies and SG differ in that P-bodies are thought to be sites of mRNA degradation, whereas SG are sites where mRNA are stored. In yeast, Pat1p, Dhh1p, and Sbp1p, nucleolin-like factor are implicated in translational repression. Sbp1p also localizes to both P-bodies and SG. Interestingly, SBP1 has a paralog, RNP1, whose function is not fully known. Sbp1p and Rnp1p both have two RRMs, but Rnp1 lacks the RRG box found in Sbp1p. Given the similarities between the two proteins, we determined whether Rnp1p plays a role in translational repression or P-body/SG assembly. To determine Rnp1p role in these processes, rnp1Δ cells were stressed at high OD and P-body assembly was ascertained. High OD exposure resulted in markedly reduced P-body assembly as compared to control. Overexpression of Rnp1p in unst...
Regulatory fit theory at work: prevention focus' primacy in safe food production

The food-processing industry emphasizes employee compliance to food-safety standards to prevent distribution of contaminated foods. Regulatory fit theory was tested to examine the applicability of self-regulation constructs as potential components of person-job fit. In contexts emphasizing safety, workers higher in prevention should experience greater person-job fit, thus prevention focus should relate to desirable outcomes. Poultry-processing workers (n = 180) completed a work-related regulatory focus scale as part of a survey including a set of outcome measures. Consistent with theory, prevention focus scores related to self-reported positive work outcomes (job effectiveness, satisfaction, efficacy, enjoyment, involvement), and relationships were statistically mediated by perceived regulatory fit. Results have implications for selection practices and suggest ways work can be structured to enhance job performance.
Superplasticity in advanced materials

Abstract The ability to achieve a high tensile ductility in a polycrystalline material is of interest both from a scientific point of view and also because of potential applications in the materials forming industry. The superplasticity of conventional metallic alloys is now well-documented and understood reasonably well. However, the field of superplasticity has expanded recently beyond the traditional metallic alloys to include evidence of superplastic-like behavior in a very wide range of new and advanced materials. To date, superplasticity has been reported in mechanically alloyed metals, metal matrix composites, ceramics, ceramic matrix composites and intermetallic compounds. This review presents an overview of these new developments using the established behavior of conventional metallic alloys as a standard for comparison with the mechanical properties of these new materials. As well be demonstrated, the new materials often exhibit significant differences in their flow characteristics in comparison with the traditional superplastic metallic alloys. The successful utilization of superplastic materials in forming applications requires an understanding of the failure processes occurring in the materials in terms of both the localization of external flow and the accumulation of internal damage through the nucleation and growth of cavities. These problems are also addressed in this review.
From Localization to Pathways: The Continuing Evolution of Diffusion Tensor Imaging

nnate curiosity about the functional organization and connections within the brain has driven centuries of exploI rations in cortical stimulation, neural dissection, and technological developments. Increased understanding of neural networks, and their distortion by pathology, has led to paradigm shifts in neurosurgical management of diseases. The pioneering work of Broca, Penfield, and others helped map the cortical topography of the brain. Knowledge of the subcortical white matter tracts and their extension to the spinal cord has been more limited. Traditional methods of white matter tract investigations involved tracer injections in primates and postmortem dissections. The insight that the flow of water reflects surrounding obstacles such as cellular masses and myelinated fibers underlies the basis of diffusion imaging. Namely, water molecules diffuse along existent white matter tracts but are impeded orthogonal to those tracts. Mathematical models of diffusion maps collected in multiple directions, such as diffusion tensor, can generate a 3-dimensional Gaussian curve of water displacement, with the peak representing the dominant flow pattern, or by correlation, the presumed parallel fiber trajectory. The ability of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to offer in vivo insights into physiological tracts, as well as their derailment by pathology, marked an exciting new era.
Tilapia-Dominated fish assemblages within an impounded mangrove ecosystem in east-central Florida

The spatial and temporal dynamics of the ichthyofauna within a seasonally impounded mangrove ecosystem were studied through biweekly daylight seining. Indices for assemblage structure showed low values in winter months and high values in April and May. The species assemblages differed markedly by site and with season. Abiotic factors had an effect on the ichthyofauna; abundance was inversely related to water level, whereas species composition was weakly related to salinity. The 41 species collected were common to Florida, USA mangrove communities, with the important exception of blackchin tilapiaTilapia melanotheron. This exotic species was the second most abundant in terms of overall catch, and its presence represents a significant change from previous ichthyofaunal surveys from impounded mangrove/saltmarsh habitats. Blackchin tilapia constituted over 90% of biomass estimates in winter, when the entire ichthyofauna was concentrated in the deeper areas of the system. The impoundment of mangrove ecosystems in Florida has created an abundant network of preferred habitats for blackchin tilapia. The impact of this species on the native fauna is unclear and deserves further study.
Evolution of feeding niches in new world monkeys

The adaptive radiation of modern New World monkeys unfolded as the major lineages diversified within different dietary-adaptive zones predicated upon a fundamentally frugivorous habit. The broad outlines of this pattern can be seen in the fossil record, beginning in the early Miocene. Cebids are obligate frugivorous predators. The smallest forms (Cebuella, Callithrix) are specialized exudativores, and the largest (cebines) are seasonally flexible omnivores, feeding particularly on insects (Saimiri) or "hard" foods, such as pith and palm nuts (Cebus), when resources are scarce. The smaller-bodied atelids (Callicebus, Aotus) may use insects or leaves opportunistically, but pitheciins (saki-uakaris) specialize on seeds as their major protein source. The larger atelines (Alouatta, Brachyteles) depend on leaves or on ripe fruit (Ateles). Locomotion, body size, and dietary adaptations are linked: claws and small body size opened the canopy-subcanopy niche to callitrichines; climbing and hanging, the fine-branch setting to the atelines; large size and strength, semiprehensile tails, and grasping thumbs, the extractive insectivory of Cebus; deliberate quadrupedalism, the energy-saving transport of folivorous Alouatta. Body size increases and decreases occurred often and in parallel within guilds and lineages. Conventional dietary categories, particularly frugivory, are inadequate for organizing the behavioral and anatomical evidence pertinent to evolutionary adaptation. Related models of morphological evolution based on feeding frequencies tend to obfuscate the selective importance of "critical functions," responses to the biomechanically challenging components of diet that may be determined by a numerically small, or seasonal, dietary fraction. For fossils, body size is an unreliable indicator of diet in the absence of detailed morphological information. More attention needs to be given to developing techniques for identifying and quantifying mechanically significant aspects of dental form, the physical properties of primate foods, their mode of access, and the cycles of availability and nutritional value.
Photonic band structures of two- and three-dimensional periodic metal or semiconductor arrays.

The photonic band structures of a square lattice array of metal or semiconductor cylinders, and of an fcc array of metal or semiconductor spheres, are computed numerically. The frequency-dependent dielectric function of the metal or semiconductor is assumed to have the free-electron form e(ω)=1-(ω p 2 /ω 2 ), where ω p is the plasma frequency of the charge carriers. A plane-wave expansion is used to transform the vector electromagnetic wave equation into a matrix equation. The frequencies of the electromagnetic modes are found as the zeros of the determinant of the matrix. In general, the plane-wave method is found to be most effective for structures with filling fractions f≤0.1% but provides a semiquantitative description of the band structures of these systems for f>0.1%
Using touch as a predictor of effort: what the ipad can tell us about user affective state

Touch is a new and significantly different method of interacting with a computer and it is being adapted at a rapidly increasing rate with the introduction of the tablet computer. We log the characteristics of a student's touch interaction while solving math problems on a tablet. By correlating this data to high and low effort problem solving conditions we demonstrate the ability to predict student effort level. The technique is context free, thus can potentially be applied to any computer tablet application.
Outcomes Research: What It Is and What It Isn't

This paper introduces a new series in the Journal that will address Outcomes Research and Pharmacoeconomics in Pain & Palliative Care. The goal of the series is to provide an overview of the field of outcomes research that will be geared to clinicians, and to review the outcomes literature in the area of Pain and Palliative Care. This paper defines the common types of outcomes research that are relevant to pain and symptom control. There are a lot of misconceptions about the field including some who look at outcomes research as not really science and not adding to our knowledge about drugs and drug use. To the contrary, outcomes research is a powerful tool, but like many others it has limitations and it is important to understand both what outcomes research is, and what it isn't.
Electrochemical synthesis of lamellar structured ZnO films via electrochemical interfacial surfactant templating

Abstract Interest in creating tunable, ordered mesoporous materials based on surfactant supramolecular templating has been increasing over the last decade. For the production of film-type mesoporous materials, the most common method currently used is sol–gel based dip-coating method, which utilizes evaporation induced self-assembly (EISA) of surfactants. A more recently developed method, electrochemical interfacial surfactant templating, exploits the interfacial surfactant assembly formed on the working electrode to electrodeposit inorganic mesoporous films. This method offers mechanisms for inorganic wall construction and amphiphilic assemblies that are quite different from those of the sol–gel dip-coating method. As a result, it offers new possibilities to produce mesoporous films that cannot be produced by other means. This paper reviews the recent advances in producing and tuning lamellar structured mesoporous zinc oxide films via electrochemical interfacial surfactant templating. The general principles of this method will be explained in comparison with other methods used for producing mesoporous films. This will be followed by discussions of the key synthesis conditions that govern the repeat unit, quality, and orientation of lamellar structures constructed during electrodeposition. This review will provide a useful foundation to further develop electrochemical interfacial surfactant templating as a versatile method to produce a broader range of mesoporous films.
Color scene classification by Zernike moment invariants

Hu and Zernike moments have been widely used in many shape recognition and object classification tasks. The Hu moments are the projections of an image I(x,y) on the basis functions formed by the monomials xPyq of non-orthogonal nature. Zernike moments are computed based on a set of orthogonal polynomials over the interior of the unit circle x2+y2<EQ1 in the image center using from the image pixels mapped into the unit circle and ignoring pixels falling outside the unit circle. Although comparative studies show that the Zernike polynomials have better noise performance in the context of character recognition and capable of coping both geometry as well as illumination invariance in the context of multispectral texture classification, there is no study conducted focusing on the application of Zernike moments to color image databases. In this paper, we study the performance of Zernike moments against the moments of Hu, in the context of RTSS (Rotation, translation, scaling)-invariant color scene classification, and determine which method behaves better in noisy visual information system. The method described here relies on the principal component analysis (PCA) and the discrete Karhunen-Loeve (KL) transformation for converting a vector- valued color image into a gray-level scale representation. For a selected set of images involving different models of vehicles, we demonstrate experimentally that the first two Zernike moments are highly immune to the sensory noise and also invariant to changes in the position, orientation, and size. They provide better classification power than the Hu moments in the presence of Gaussian noise.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Synaptic membrane structure inTorpedo electric organ

The innervated and noninnervated membranes ofTorpedo electrocytes have been examined by electron microscopy of thin-sectioned and freeze-fractured specimens. The ventral innervated membrane is ∼120 A thick and is characterized by an unusually broad outer dense lamina (∼60 A) in which a granular substructure can be resolved. The granules are ∼70 A in diameter and are spaced irregularly. The same membrane specialization was noted in a previous study of amphibian myoneural junctions, and it was proposed then that the granular elements represent ACh receptor molecules. The morphologically equivalent structures presumably have the same significance in theTorpedo electric organ. However, in this case the specialized membrane covers the entire innervated surface, leading to the conclusion that high concentrations of receptors occur normally in extrajunctional as well as post-junctional regions of the innervated membrane of the electrocyte. In replicas of freeze-fractured specimens, the A face of this membrane is covered with large particles having the same distribution and approximate concentration as the granules visible in thin sections, indicating that the granules visible at the outer surface of the membrane extend at least into the hydrophobic middle layer of the membrane. The cytoplasmic surface of this membrane has an amorphous coating into which ‘decorated’ cytoplasmic filaments insert. Synaptic vesicle and axon terminal membranes also contain granules visible in thin sections but with a much sparser distribution. These probably correspond to the intramembranous particles seen in freeze-fractured specimens. Vesicles are occasionally attached. to the axolemma by thin linear strands.
Presurgical evaluation and postoperative care for the bariatric patient.

As rates of obesity continue to increase and bariatric surgery becomes increasingly prevalent, more and more specialties encounter bariatric patients during presurgical evaluation and postoperative care. These patients usually have multiple comorbidities and need a comprehensive multisystem evaluation preoperatively and a similar followup postoperatively. Bariatric surgery is truly a multidisciplinary management paradigm with involvement of primary care providers, surgeons, bariatricians (medical physicians with expertise in bariatrics), psychologists, nutritionists, and other health care professionals. The safety of bariatric surgery has gradually improved with the evolution of technique and choice of operations, experience with the procedures, and overall improvement in perioperative care. 1 Presurgical evaluation is multidisciplinary and can be divided into 3 main components: surgical, medical, and psychological. Unlike most other surgeries, the psychological/behavioral component is very significant because of the lifelong behavior change and commitment that undergoing bariatric surgery requires. The preoperative phase includes not just the evaluation and suitability phase but, equally important, the preparation phase. The preparation phase involves group sessions, individual sessions, seminars, dietary behavior modification, and so on, which are both to test the patients and to make sure that these patients make a well-informed decision if and when they decide to proceed with surgery.