cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Economic Industry and Institutional Level of Analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility Communication

This study identifies the similarities and differences in corporate social responsibility (CSR) communication at the institutional and economic industry level of analysis. Findings suggest that at the institutional level of analysis, a corporate consensus exists about the scope of CSR and is largely understood as welfare capitalism. However, at the economic level of analysis, differences across economic industries exist based on value-chain position. Specifically, industries further up the value-chain focus on the safety of their employees, ethical business practices, and environmental stewardship as essential elements of CSR, whereas economic industries closer to customers in the value chain were more likely to focus on philanthropy and education as CSR.
The Role of Children in Alternative Family Styles

An examination of parents and children in alternative family lifestyles points toward changing ideologies with respect to values such as achievement, future planning, and authority. These attitudes have implications for their child-rearing practices and influence a restatement of parental roles and responsibilities of children. Variations in structure, composition, and organization of the family contribute to these changes.
Expression of the K54 and O4 specific antigen has opposite effects on the bactericidal activity of squalamine against an extraintestinal isolate of Escherichia coli

Squalamine is a novel cationic steroid that possesses potent, broad spectrum, antimicrobial activity. Recent data suggests that squalamine or related compounds may be present and important in host resistance to infection in the urinary tract. Therefore, the role of the K54 capsule and the O4 specific antigen moiety of the lipopolysaccharide in protecting an extraintestinal isolate of Escherichia coli against the bactericidal activity of this novel antimicrobial compound was studied. The O4 specific antigen was important for protection against squalamine. Surprisingly, in contrast, the presence of the K54 antigen enhanced the bactericidal activity of squalamine. This is the first example, to our knowledge, in which an established virulence trait, the K54 capsule, may be detrimental to an infecting pathogen under certain circumstances.
ADSORPTION PHYSICS OF METALS PARTIALLY COVERED BY METALLIC PARTICLES. PART III: EQUATIONS OF STATE AND ELECTRON EMISSION S-CURVES

Surface equations of state and electron emission S-curves for metallic surfaces immersed in monato~c metallic vapors are calculated theoretically. The results are shown to be in agreement with most of the available experimental results. No adjustable parameters are used. In previous studies the theoretical calculations of electron work fun~t~onl), atom and ion desorption energies s), and desorption ratesa) for bimetallic adsorption systems were reported. In this communication the results of these studies are combined to establish the equations of state that relate the degree of coverage 8 to the temperatures, T of the surface and T’ of the vapor bath, and to the sheath potential, #,, prevailing in the vicinity of the surface. Such equations are useful both for studies of surface hysteresis effects and for the derivation of electron emission S-curves. Many relations 8(T, T’) have been reported by others, usually in the form of isotherms and they are reviewed by de Boer4) and Emmetts). These isotherms, however, do not account for the nonlinear variation of the desorption energy with 0, and many of the parameters are adjustable. Calculations of electron emission S-curves have also been derived by other authors either by means of a perturbation techniques) of the Taylor-Langmuir’) cesium-tungsten system or by considering the initial adsorption energy as an adjustable parameters).
SNAP: A graphics-based schema manager

The SNAP system provides interactive, graphics-based access to Schemas of the IFO database model, supporting the varied activities of schema design, schema browsing, and the specification of selection-type queries. The system uses a novel representation for Schemas and includes a variety of abstraction mechanisms which encourage users to design and view Schemas in a modular fashion. It also supports numerous capabilities for the simultaneous display of large amounts of information about the underlying schema, queries being specified, and answers to those queries. A prototype of the system which demonstrates the basic features of the user interface has been implemented.
Space scientist honored on Norwegian currency

The Norwegian government has honored one of its most famous scientists—Kristian Olaf Birkeland—with a $200 kroner bank note (Figure 1) bearing his likeness. Birkeland's pioneering work underlies many of our present ideas concerning the three-dimensional nature of the Earth's magnetosphere, the workings of polar geomagnetic activity, the aurora, and the connection of the Sun to the magnetosphere.
CMOS shallow-trench-isolation to 50-nm channel widths

The applicability of shallow-trench-isolation (STI) for CMOS to 50-nm channel widths has been explored. Transistors with channel width to 50 nm and trench width to 200 nm have been fabricated. A comparison of several oxide-filled and polysilicon field-plate-filled STI structures is presented including processing, device performance, and isolation leakage. It is shown that V/sub th/ roll off as a function of channel width can be made as small as 65 mV and 145 mV at 100 nm channel width for polysilicon and oxide filled STI, respectively. Off-state currents less than 5/spl times/10/sup -12/ A//spl mu/m and subthreshold slope around 80 mV/dec have been reached. Isolation breakdown voltages are about 8 V. Poly-filled STI effectively reduces channel edge effects, and provides excellent off-state, on-state, and turn-on characteristics all the way to 50-nm channel widths.
Congenital laryngeal atresia associated with partial diaphragmatic obliteration.

Objective. Laryngeal atresia is a rare, life-threatening congenital malformation. Prenatal sonographic diagnosis has been described; however, in many cases, the precise diagnosis is established only at autopsy. Our aim was to describe an atypical prenatal presentation of congenital laryngeal atresia in which the final diagnosis was made only at autopsy. Methods. Sonographic and postmortem examinations were performed on a fetus with bilateral enlarged echogenic lung fields, an everted diaphragm, and polyhydramnios, which were initially noted on prenatal sonography at 26 weeks' gestation. Results. Unfortunately, the mother was lost to follow up at our inner-city clinic, thus precluding a definitive diagnosis. At birth, tracheostomy was not performed because of the anomalous appearance of the neonate and the suspicion of multiple congenital anomalies. Neonatal death occurred after 18 minutes of life. Autopsy revealed laryngeal atresia with a right hemidiaphragmatic defect and multiple other congenital anomalies. Conclusions. This was a rare case with prenatal sonographic findings in a fetus with congenital laryngeal atresia associated with partial diaphragmatic obliteration.
Scheduling Mixed Tasks with Deadlines in Grids Using Bin Packing

This paper addresses the problem of scheduling independent tasks with different priorities and deadline constraints in computational grids. The problem is first formulated as a bin packing problem. We propose a heuristic algorithm named Residual Capacity Maximization Scheduling (RCMS), which integrates the ideas of a classical bin packing algorithm (Best Fit) and a mixed integer quadratic programming modeling approach. RCMS is highly scalable as it does not need to know the global state of the grid. Simulation results based on a real-world trace demonstrate that with respect to the total number of schedulable tasks meeting deadlines, RCMS outperforms existing approaches by 8%. With respect to the number of the highest priority tasks meeting deadlines, RCMS outperforms them by over 20% on average. Moreover, RCMS is a fully distributed algorithm with a low complexity.
Gender-specific effects of prenatal chlordane exposure on myeloid cell development

Work previously reported by this laboratory indicated that prenatal chlordane exposure affected macrophage function in young adult mice. Because these macrophage effects were due to exposure during the development of the immune system, the possibility of a persistent effect on the development of myeloid stem and progenitor cells was considered. Female mice were treated with either 0 or 8 mg of chlordane per kilogram body weight daily for 18 days during pregnancy. Myeloid hemopoietic activity of bone marrow cells from 6-week-old offspring was evaluated for in vitro colony-forming units-in-culture in response to exogeneously added recombinant forms of the cytokines granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor, macrophage-CSF, and interleukin 3 (IL-3). There was a significant depression of the numbers of bone marrow colony forming units-granulocyte/macrophage (CFU-GM), CFU-IL-3, and CFU-macrophage (CFU-M) in only the female offspring. Male offspring consistently demonstrated no difference in the CFU-GM, CFU-IL-3, or CFU-M. Prenatal treatment with chlordane did not significantly affect the number of recoverable viable bone marrow cells in either male or female mice.
Diagnosing the air brake system of commercial vehicles

Air brake systems are widely used in commercial vehicles like trucks, tractor-trailers and buses. In this article, we present, model-based diagnostic schemes for detecting faults in air brake systems. Leaks and push rod out-of-adjustment are two prominent defects that affect the performance of the brake system. We will present schemes that will monitor the brake system for these defects and corroborate these schemes with experimental data.
Expanding the search for a linear separability constraint on category learning.

Formal models of categorization make different predictions about the theoretical importance of linear separability. Prior research, most of which has failed to find support for a linear separability constraint on category learning, has been conducted using tasks that involve learning two categories with a small number of members. The present experiment used four categories with three or nine patterns per category that were either linearly separable or not linearly separable. With overall category structure equivalent across category types, the linearly separable categories were found to be easier to learn than the not linearly separable categories. An analysis of individual participants’ data showed that there were more participants operating under a linear separability constraint when learning large categories than when learning small ones. Formal modeling showed that an exemplar model could not account for many of these data. These results are taken to support the existence of multiple processes in categorization.
Independent variation in photosynthetic capacity and stomatal conductance leads to differences in intrinsic water use efficiency in 11 soybean genotypes before and during mild drought

Intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEintr), the ratio of photosynthesis to stomatal conductance to water, is often used as an index for crop water use in breeding projects. However, WUEintr conflates variation in these two processes, and thus may be less useful as a selection trait than knowledge of both components. The goal of the present study was to determine whether the contribution of photosynthetic capacity and stomatal conductance to WUEintr varied independently between soybean genotypes and whether this pattern was interactive with mild drought. Photosynthetic capacity was defined as the variation in WUEintr that would occur if genotypes of interest had the same stomatal conductance as a reference genotype and only differed in photosynthesis; similarly, the contribution of stomatal conductance to WUEintr was calculated assuming a constant photosynthetic capacity across genotypes. Genotypic differences in stomatal conductance had the greatest effect on WUEintr (26% variation when well watered), and was uncorrelated with the effect of photosynthetic capacity on WUEintr. Thus, photosynthetic advantages of 8.3% were maintained under drought. The maximal rate of Rubisco carboxylation, generally the limiting photosynthetic process for soybeans, was correlated with photosynthetic capacity. As this trait was not interactive with leaf temperature, and photosynthetic capacity differences were maintained under mild drought, the observed patterns of photosynthetic advantage for particular genotypes are likely to be consistent across a range of environmental conditions. This suggests that it is possible to employ a selection strategy of breeding water-saving soybeans with high photosynthetic capacities to compensate for otherwise reduced photosynthesis in genotypes with lower stomatal conductance.
Investigating the Relationship between School Level Accountability Practices and Science Achievement.

This study investigates the relationship between school-level accountability practices and science achievement of 15-year-olds, across four counties: Australia, Korea, Portugal, and the United States. We used PISA 2006 data, since 2006 is the only administration that has focused on science. School-level accountability practices are here defined as activities that: (a) provide school achievement data to external stakeholders, or (b) establish consequences according to the achievement results. Using linear regression analysis, we found that school-level accountability practices varied across these four countries, albeit not all pairs of countries were significantly different from each other in this regard. Using hierarchical linear modelling, we found that school-level accountability practices had a small effect on science achievement. Importantly, this effect was not independent of schools’ and students’ socio-economic status.
Downward shift of montane grasslands exemplifies the dual threat of human disturbances to cloud forest biodiversity.

The study by Morueta-Holme et al. (1) provides unique and invaluable insight into how tropical montane ecosystems have responded to climate change and other anthropogenic disturbances over the past two-plus centuries. Clearly, one of the most important findings of their study is that many species and ecosystems have shifted their distributions upslope to higher elevations, in accord with rising global mean temperatures (1). Another extremely important finding of the study that is deserving of extra attention is that the high-elevation grasslands of Chimborazo (i.e., the Pajonal) have expanded their distributions not only upslope but also downslope by several hundreds of meters. The upslope …
Liquid Crystal Alignment On Substrate Surfaces, A Collective Phenomenon

Alignment of cyano biphenyl materials on substrates coated with fluorocarbon polymer has been studied as a function of temperature. A discontinous change of alignment between homogenous and homeotro- pic states has been observed in the nematic phase by a change in the birefringence of the bulk of the sample. The alignment change is reversible and exhibits supercooling and superheating behavior typical of a first order phase transition.
Experiments with Concentrated DDT Sprays for European Pine Shoot Moth Suppression in Forest Plantations

Dosage, volume, and timing experiments with concentrated DDT sprays were carried out against the European pine shoot moth ( Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiffermuller)) in red pine ( Pinus resionosa Ait .) plantations in Michigan from 1956 to 1958. Concentrated sprays were applied by several types of mistblowers, as well as by fixed-wing aircraft. Simulated concentrated sprays were applied by backpack sprayers. The least DDT dosage in mistblower treatments consistently giving 90% or greater population reduction was 10 pounds of actual toxicant per acre; the least volume, 40 gallons of water spray per acre. Under some conditions, less DDT dosage and volume seemed to suffice. Oil sprays in summer at rates of 10 or more gallons per acre caused foliage browning. The period available for applying concentrated sprays to achieve 90% or greater reduction in population in the spring is 2 weeks or less, depending on dosage, in contrast to the 4 weeks available for applying diluted sprays.
Documenting the Human Health Impacts of Climate Change in Tropical and Subtropical Regions

Climate change is harming human health, and the magnitude of the harm is increasing.1 This is especially true in tropical and subtropical regions that are vulnerable to greater intensity, frequency, and duration of extreme weather, such as hurricanes, drought, and increases in heat, as a result of climate change.2 Nearly all countries situated in the geographic tropics are poor, and therefore have fewer resources to adapt to impacts of climate change.3,4 Protecting the public's health in these regions from serious—potentially catastrophic—harm associated with climate change requires coordinated response from tropical medicine and global health professionals, and from leaders of civil society more broadly.
Improving College Enrollment of At-Risk Students at the School Level

Many federal, state, and local education policy priorities are aimed at preparing high school students, especially those at risk, to be college- and career-ready when they graduate from high school. A number of programs across different institutional entities have been initiated to achieve these goals, encompassing individual partnerships with schools. Many of these programs include a variety of interventions, ranging from college and course counseling to college visits. Although there have been some evaluations of the larger federal programs, and some state and district programs, few have examined national observational data on the impact of these programmatic efforts on college enrollments. This study uses the HSLS:09 database to investigate the impact of specific treatments in at-risk schools on college enrollments. Results show that several of these programmatic initiatives have a positive effect on college enrollment; however the effects are small compared to some of those reported by other national studies.
Vascular Malformations of the Retina and Posterior Segment of the Eye

There are several vascular malformations that can affect the eye and the retina. Ocular vascular malformations may be associated with systemic disease or localized to the eye. It is important to recognize these entities because they can affect visual function. Many of these diseases require monitoring and treatment. In this chapter, we will review vascular malformations affecting the eye and the retina, including diagnosis and treatment.
Visible School Security Measures across Diverse Middle and High School Settings: Typologies and Predictors

ABATRACTMany U.S. schools attempt to create safe learning environments by implementing visible security measures such as cameras, metal detectors, and security personnel. This study explored utilization patterns of visible security measures and several associated predictors. Data included school administrator and student responses from multiple waves of two nationally representative surveys. Three latent classes of visible security measures were identified. Membership in the heaviest security latent class was most likely among large urban high schools in the South and was associated with student race/ethnicity and school disorder. Implications for research on effectiveness of visible security measures are discussed.
Association of β-Blockers With Functional Outcomes, Death, and Rehospitalization in Older Nursing Home Residents After Acute Myocardial Infarction.

Importance Although β-blockers are a mainstay of treatment after acute myocardial infarction (AMI), these medications are commonly not prescribed for older nursing home residents after AMI, in part owing to concerns about potential functional harms and uncertainty of benefit. Objective To study the association of β-blockers after AMI with functional decline, mortality, and rehospitalization among long-stay nursing home residents 65 years or older. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study of nursing home residents with AMI from May 1, 2007, to March 31, 2010, used national data from the Minimum Data Set, version 2.0, and Medicare Parts A and D. Individuals with β-blocker use before AMI were excluded. Propensity score–based methods were used to compare outcomes in people who did vs did not initiate β-blocker therapy after AMI hospitalization. Main Outcomes and Measures Functional decline, death, and rehospitalization in the first 90 days after AMI. Functional status was measured using the Morris scale of independence in activities of daily living. Results The initial cohort of 15 720 patients (11 140 women [70.9%] and 4580 men [29.1%]; mean [SD] age, 83 [8] years) included 8953 new β-blocker users and 6767 nonusers. The propensity-matched cohort included 5496 new users of β-blockers and an equal number of nonusers for a total cohort of 10 992 participants (7788 women [70.9%]; 3204 men [29.1%]; mean [SD] age, 84 [8] years). Users of β-blockers were more likely than nonusers to experience functional decline (odds ratio [OR], 1.14; 95% CI, 1.02-1.28), with a number needed to harm of 52 (95% CI, 32-141). Conversely, β-blocker users were less likely than nonusers to die (hazard ratio [HR], 0.74; 95% CI, 0.67-0.83) and had similar rates of rehospitalization (HR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.98-1.14). Nursing home residents with moderate or severe cognitive impairment or severe functional dependency were particularly likely to experience functional decline from β-blockers (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.11-1.61 and OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.10-1.59, respectively). In contrast, little evidence of functional decline due to β-blockers was found in participants with intact cognition or mild dementia (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.89-1.20; P = .03 for effect modification) or in those in the best (OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.77-1.26) and intermediate (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.86-1.27) tertiles of functional independence ( P = .06 for effect modification). Mortality benefits of β-blockers were similar across all subgroups. Conclusions and Relevance Use of β-blockers after AMI is associated with functional decline in older nursing home residents with substantial cognitive or functional impairment, but not in those with relatively preserved mental and functional abilities. Use of β-blockers yielded a considerable mortality benefit in all groups.
Flat Panel Display Joint Venture

According to a U.S. Department of Defense report (1993, p. 1): Flat panel displays represent a technological and business area of great concern worlwide. This is because this devices are recognized as the critical human interface device in many military and industrial systems and commercial products in an increasingly information intensive world.
Assault in children admitted to trauma centers: Injury patterns and outcomes from a 5-year review of the national trauma data bank.

Abstract Importance While assault is commonly reported or suspected in children with traumatic wounds, a recent overview of these injuries, especially those requiring trauma surgery consultation is lacking in the literature. Objectives Explore the incidence, demographics and injury patterns of children presenting to trauma centers following an assault. Design Retrospective review of the National Trauma Data Bank 2007 to 2011. Setting and participants Subjects up to 18 years old with "assault" reported as the intent of injury. Patients were divided into infants ( Main outcomes and measures Mechanism of injury, injury severity and mortality based on age groups and race. Results Of 609,207 children, 58,299 (9.6%) were victims of an assault. The median age was 16 years and 81% were male, with a median injury severity score (ISS) of 8. The majority of patients were adolescents (76%), followed by infants (17%) and young children (4%). There was a stepwise increase in the proportion of assaulted Black children with increasing age (23.2% for infants and up to 46.7% for adolescents, trend p Conclusions Up to 10% of children admitted following trauma are victims of assault with traumatic brain injuries predominant in infants and firearm injuries predominant in adolescents. Injury patterns largely correlate to age and race. Assault in children is associated with a high mortality risk. These data highlight the magnitude of the problem and calls for further involvement of trauma surgeons to improve outcomes, bring awareness and promote preventative strategies to eliminate assault in children.
Effect of Fertilizer Level on Severity of Xanthomonas Leaf Spot of Pilea spruceana

Abstract Severity of Xanthomonas leaf spot of Pilea spruceana was highest for plants receiving intermediate fertilizer rates (recommended to 5 times the recommended rate) and decreased at rates of 6–9 times recommended rate. Plant growth responded similarly with highest quality plants most susceptible to Xanthomonas campestris. Tissue nutrient content for highest quality plants was as follows: N (2.2%), P (0.37–0.38%), K (1.2–1.4%), S (1.00–1.06%), Mg (1.03–1.24%), Ca (2.07–2.30%), Fe (62–76 mg/kg), Mn (358–370 mg/kg), B (50–55 mg/kg), Cu (10 mg/kg), and Zn (348–357 mg/kg). Leachate electrical conductivity for highest quality plants was approximately 200 μmhos/cm. The results indicate that optimizing the nutrient status for highest quality foliar growth of P. spruceana may result in conditions which maximize severity of Xanthomonas leaf spot.
Integrated and Adaptive Locomotion and Manipulation for Self-reconfigurable Robots

Integrated and adaptive locomotion and manipulation (IALM) is a key capability for robots to perform real-world applications in challenging environments. It requires interleaving many tasks, sometimes simultaneously, and switching the functions and roles of body components on demand. For example, for autonomous assembly in space, a multiple-tentacle single body “octopus” may have to become a distributed group of “ant” robots, while a hand-like end-effector useful in one case may have to function as an anchor foot in a different situation. This paper presents a general control framework for coordinating high-dimensional dexterous locomotion and manipulation in self-reconfigurable robotic tree structures. The controller is implemented on the SuperBot robotic system and validated in real-time, high fidelity, physics-based simulation. The results have shown many promising capabilities in high-dimensional, dynamic kinematic control for locomotion, manipulation, and self-reconfiguration essential for future autonomous assembly applications.
Stable Linearized Waves in a Shear Flow

Instability is not the only trick of waves interacting with mean flows. Equatorial waves may be refracted by the currents and absorbed at critical surfaces where the phase speed matches the mean current. Atmospheric sciences pioneered such studies in the 60s; here, similar perturbative and arithmurgical methods are deployed in the ocean. Linearized about a mean flow that varies with both latitude and depth, the dynamics can be reduced to a single second order partial differential equation of mixed elliptic-hyperbolic type. This can be solved numerically by finite differences accompanied by sparse direct elimination methods. (Iterative methods are unreliable because the equation is of mixed elliptic-hyperbolic type.) The numerical computations are credible if care is taken near the critical surfaces where the mean flow matches the phase speed of the waves. The same wave-in-bivariate-mean-shear problems can also be attacked analytically by multiple scales perturbation theory. The horrendous algebra usual to this approach is enormously reduced by invocation of wave-mean flow conservations laws.
Altmann v. Republic of Austria

In Altmann v. Republic of Austria, the heirs of Ferdinand Bloch sued to recover six Klimt paintings that the Nazis had confiscated from him after he fled Vienna in 1938, most of which were later placed in Austrian museums. This chapter examines the adjudication of the case, which resulted in a decision by the United States Supreme Court concerning the retroactive application of the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, and was eventually concluded through arbitration.
Conservative Confucian Values and the Promotion of Oral Performance Literature in Late Qing Jiangnan: Yu Zhi's Influence on Two Appropriations of Liu Xiang baojuan

This article compares two editions of an obscure late Qing baojuan 寶卷 (precious scroll), which seemingly hoped to capitalize on the late nineteenth-century popularity of Liu Xiang baojuan 劉香寶卷 (The...
Communitarianism and youth empowerment: Motivation for participation in a community-based substance abuse prevention coalition.

In recent years, collaborative efforts between universities and community-based coalitions have helped develop prevention-intervention efforts to decrease the prevalence of drug and alcohol use among youth in low-income, majority-minority urban areas. One theory often employed to understand the efficacy of community member involvement is McMillian and Chavis's (1986) sense of community (SOC) model. This model posits how 4 main tenants (i.e., sense of belonging, emotional connection, needs fulfillment, and influence) lead to increased empowerment. The present study examines how individual SOC affected substance abuse coalition members' (N = 17) motivations for serving on a coalition. Findings explore how all four tenants of McMillian and Chavis's (1986) model influenced community members' involvement in the coalition, which have implications for prevention, policy, and further research.
Education and Training in Culturally Competent Care

The International council of Nurses (ICN) acknowledges the requirement for nurses to receive appropriate initial and ongoing education and training as well as life-long learning to practice competently; other major participants in the planning and direction of nursing education, nursing services, regulatory bodies, and other health related activities are included. Governmental agencies, NGOs, and national nursing associations and organizations are responsible for overseeing and regulating the education of nurses. ICN supports the integration of cultural care knowledge and training for cultural competence into all levels of nursing education (Madden-Styles and Affara, ICN on regulation: towards 21st century models. Global health care is core knowledge, Geneva, 1998). In addition, cultural content is required for all nursing programs.
Structure and Regulated Transcription of DIRS-1, A Novel Dictyostelium Discoideum Transposable Element

Transposons and transposon- and retrovirus-like DNA segments form a major part of the repetitive DNA in many eukaryotes. They are a cause of many “spontaneous” mutations in Drosophila and other organisms, and many catalyze the rearrangements of large segments of DNA that have occurred during evolution (Spradling and Rubin, 1981; Kleckner, 1981; Flavell et al., 1981; Roeder and Fink 1983; Fedoroff, 1983). In the course of cloning segments of Dictvostelium discoideum genomic DNA that are expressed preferentially during early differentiation, we isolated the DIRS-1 transposon (Chung et al., 1983; Zuker and Lodish, 1981). DIRS-1 is unusual in that its transcription is induced either by heat shock or by the high cell density that occurs during the early stages of differentiation. It is also novel in that its structure is unlike any transposon in prokaryotes or eukaryotes that has been identified to date. DIRS-1 has been independently isolated by Rosen et al. (1983) who call it Tdd-1.
Compossibility and Incompossibility in Leibniz

In a previous article we endeavored to deal with a paradox which seems to arise in Leibnizian philosophy.1 Substances or monads are conceived by Leibniz to be totally self-contained and self-sufficient: they cannot act upon one another nor receive any influence from without. Every monad is confined to living in its own states which, all of them, arise only and exclusively from its own grounds. On the other hand, the Leibnizian philosophy contains a great many statements concerning the totality of monads. Every monad represents the entire universe from its particular “point of view.” Hence the states and modifications of all monads or substances stand in the ideal relation of mutual correlation and correspondence. Between all substances and monads prevails the principle of the “universal harmony” which manifests itself in the just mentioned thoroughgoing correspondence.
Simulated User Bots: Real Time Testing of Insider Threat Detection Systems

The insider threat is one of the most serious security problems faced by modern organizations. High pro?le cases demonstrate the serious consequences of successful attacks. The problem has been studied for many years, leading to a number of technologies and products that have been deployed widely in government and commercial enterprises. A fundamental question is: how well do these systems work? How may they be tested? How expensive are widely deployed monitoring infrastructures in terms of computational cost? Measurement of real systems, which are dynamic in nature, encounter unknown con?guration bugs and have sensitivities to the vagaries of human nature and adversarial behavior, requires a formal means to continuously test and evaluate deployed detection systems. We present a framework to deploy in situ simulated user bots (SUBs) that can emulate the actions of real users. By creating a user account and by running a host in the enterprise network, a SUB can be introduced into an enterprise system that runs at a realistic pace and does not interfere with normal operations. Infusing malicious behavior into the SUB should be detected by the insider threat monitoring infrastructure. The SUB framework can be controlled to explore the limits of deployed systems and to test the effectiveness of insider evasion tactics, especially low and slow behaviors. We demonstrate our framework in a synthetic ecosystem as well as in a live enterprise deployment. We created a synthetic environment of users based on data collected in a West Point cadet study. Various machine learning based intrusion detection algorithms are used to validate the ability of the SUB framework to generate both normal and malicious users. In a live University network, we launched a number of attacks on its intrusion detection system and showcased the ability to devise malicious users. In addition, we further deployed low and slow attacks that perform malicious actions over an extended period of time and demonstrate how even a large enterprise is ill equipped to combat such attacks.
Time-driven activity-based cost analysis for outpatient anticoagulation therapy: direct costs in a primary care setting with optimal performance.

Objectives: To determine how overall cost of anticoagulation therapy for warfarin compares with that of Novel Oral Anticoagulants (NOACs). Also, to demonstrate a scientific, comprehensive, and an a...
Rendering Renewable: Technoscience and the Political Economy of Waste-to-Energy Regulation in the European Union

Drawing on insights at the intersection of political ecology and studies that examine neoliberalism as an approach to scientific governance, this article interrogates the scientific rationales that...
Advanced CT Techniques for Decreasing Radiation Dose, Reducing Sedation Requirements, and Optimizing Image Quality in Children.

Advanced CT strategies such as dual-energy CT, imaging with a low tube potential, and rapid scanning can decrease scan time, radiation dose, and sedation needs in young children while optimizing im...
Hematologic malignancies developing in previously healthy individuals who received hematopoietic growth factors: Implications for use of colony stimulating factors in healthy volunteers participating in early phase clinical studies and in healthy blood product donors

2559 Background: Pegylated recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor (PEG-rHu-MGDF aka MGDF) and recombinant granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) promote the maturation...
Leveraging secondary associations to build brand equity: theoretical perspectives and practical applications

One potentially valuable strategy for companies to build brand equity for their products and services is to actually link their brands to other people, places and things. By linking their brands to...
The Power of Purposeful Play in Primary Grades: Adjusting Pedagogy for Children’s Needs and Academic Gains:

The amount of intentional, instructional, purposeful play has decreased in primary grades, and didactic, test-driven instruction has increased. Emerging neuroscientific evidence is beginning to hig...
Advances in the Science of Asking Questions

In recent decades, research about survey questions has emphasized decision-based approaches. Current research focuses on identifying and systematizing characteristics of questions that are key in r...
PEDIATRIC ELBOW COLLATERAL AND ANNULAR LIGAMENT ANATOMY: A CT-BASED CADAVERIC STUDY:

Background:The medial and lateral ligamentous complexes of the elbow provide static restraint to the elbow and serve as important components of posteromedial and posterolateral rotatory instability...
Fundamentals of Nonlinear Optics

Introduction Historical Background Unifying Themes Overview of Nonlinear Effects Covered in this Book Labeling Conventions and Terminology Units Linear Optics Introduction Tensor Properties of Materials Wave Equation Determining e-Waves and o-Waves in Crystals Index Ellipsoid Applications Introduction to the Nonlinear Susceptibility Introduction Classical Origin of the Nonlinearity Details of the Nonlinear Susceptibility, chi(2) Connection between Crystal Symmetry and the d-Matrix Electro-Optic Effect Three-Wave Processes in the Small-Signal Regime Introduction to the Wave Equation for Three Fields Birefringent Phase Matching Tuning Curves and Phase-Matching Tolerances Taylor Series Expansion Techniques for Determining Bandwidth Noncollinear Phase Matching Quasi-Phase Matching Introduction to Quasi-Phase Matching Linear and Nonlinear Material Considerations QPM with Periodic Structures QPM Calculation: An Example Fourier Transform Treatment of QPM Tolerances Fabricating Quasi-Phase-Matched Structures Three-Wave Mixing beyond the Small-Signal Limit Introduction DFG with a Single Strong Pump DFG with Strong Pump and Loss Solutions for All Three Coupled Amplitude Equations Spontaneous Parametric Scattering (Optical Parametric Generation) chi(2) Devices Introduction Optimizing Device Performance: Focusing Resonator Devices chi(3) Processes Introduction Nonlinear Polarization for chi(3) Processes Wave Equation for chi(3) Interactions Self-Induced Effects Parametric Amplifiers Noncollinear Processes Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing Z -Scan Raman and Brillouin Scattering Introduction Spontaneous Raman Scattering Stimulated Raman Scattering Anti-Stokes Generation Raman Amplifiers Photoacoustic Effects: Raman-Nath Diffraction Brillouin Scattering Nonlinear Optics Including Diffraction and Dispersion Introduction Spatial Effects Temporal Effects Solutions to the Nonlinear Envelope Equation Appendix A: Complex Notation Appendix B: Sellmeier Equations Appendix C: Programming Techniques Appendix D: Exact Solutions to the Coupled Amplitude Equations Index Problems, References, and Further Reading appear at the end of most chapters.
Quantifying the contribution of dominance effects to complex trait variation in biobank-scale data

The proportion of variation in complex traits that can be attributed to non-additive genetic effects has been a topic of intense debate. The availability of Biobank-scale datasets of genotype and trait data from unrelated individuals opens up the possibility of obtaining precise estimates of the contribution of non-additive genetic effects. We present an efficient method that can partition the variation in complex traits into variance that can be attributed to additive (additive heritability) and dominance (dominance heritability) effects across all genotyped SNPs in a large collection of unrelated individuals. Over a wide range of genetic architectures, our method yields unbiased estimates of heritability. We applied our method, in turn, to array genotypes as well as imputed genotypes (at common SNPs with minor allele frequency, MAF >1%) and 50 quantitative traits measured in 291,273 unrelated white British individuals in the UK Biobank. Averaged across these 50 traits, we find that additive heritability on array SNPs is 21.86% while dominance heritability is 0.13% (about 0.48% of the additive heritability) with qualitatively similar results for imputed genotypes. We find no evidence for dominance heritability (p
Diet High in Soybean Oil Increases Susceptibility to Colitis in Mice

SUMMARY Soybean oil (SO), the most prevalent cooking oil in the United States, consists primarily of linoleic acid (LA, C18:2 omega-6), a polyunsaturated fatty acid positively linked to the development of ulcerative colitis (UC) in humans. Here, we show that dietary SO increases intestinal epithelial barrier permeability and susceptibility to colitis in mice. It also disrupts the balance of isoforms encoded by the UC susceptibility gene Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4α (HNF4α), which in turn impacts barrier function and IBD susceptibility. The SO diet causes gut dysbiosis, including an increased abundance of an adherent, invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) which can use LA as a carbon source. Metabolomic analysis indicates that gut bacteria and the SO diet can alter levels of LA and its oxylipin and endocannabinoid metabolites in the gut. Our results suggest that an SO-enriched diet increases susceptibility to colitis due to effects on intestinal HNF4α, microbiota and LA metabolites.
Should countries switch to using five- or ten-dose rotavirus vaccines now that they are available?

Abstract Introduction Single-dose rotavirus vaccines, which are used by a majority of countries, are some of the largest-sized vaccines in immunization programs, and have been shown to constrain supply chains and cause bottlenecks. Efforts have been made to reduce the size of the single-dose vaccines; however, with two-dose, five-dose and ten-dose options available, the question then is whether using multi-dose instead of single-dose rotavirus vaccines will improve vaccine availability. Methods We used HERMES-generated simulation models of the vaccine supply chains of the Republic of Benin, Mozambique, and Bihar, a state in India, to evaluate the operational and economic impact of implementing each of the nine different rotavirus vaccine presentations. Results Among single-dose rotavirus vaccines, using Rotarix RV1 MMP (multi-monodose presentation) led to the highest rotavirus vaccine availability (49–80%) and total vaccine availability (56–79%), and decreased total costs per dose administered ($0.02-$0.10) compared to using any other single-dose rotavirus vaccine. Using two-dose ROTASIIL decreased rotavirus vaccine availability by 3–6% across each supply chain compared to Rotarix RV1 MMP, the smallest single-dose vaccine. Using a five-dose rotavirus vaccine improved rotavirus vaccine availability (52–92%) and total vaccine availability (60–85%) compared to single-dose and two-dose vaccines. Further, using the ten-dose vaccine led to the highest rotavirus vaccine availability compared to all other rotavirus vaccines in both Benin and Bihar. Conclusion Our results show that countries that implement five-dose or ten-dose rotavirus vaccines consistently reduce cold chain constraints and achieve higher rotavirus and total vaccine availability compared to using either single-dose or two-dose rotavirus vaccines.
Historical Changes in Introductory Psychology Lectures, Readings, and Assessments: Lessons Learned:

IntroductionPsychology instructors face decisions about adopting new approaches to lectures, readings, and assessment in their courses.Statement of the ProblemThese choices about course structure c...
Confessions of a Liturgical Historian: A Journey of Rethinking the Bible’s Importance When Discussing Worship; or, What I Am Now Learning from Pentecostals and Evangelicals

Since the 1960s two liturgical tsunamis have swept over the entire globe, adjusting the worship of Christians worldwide. The first is the Liturgical Movement. Of the two tsunamis, readers of Liturg...
Coarse grained modeling of nanostructure and asphaltene aggregation in asphalt binder using dissipative particle dynamics

Abstract This study aims to develop coarse grained models of asphalt binders and study nanostructure and aggregation behavior of asphalt binders using Dissipative Particle Dynamics (DPD). The coarse-grained models of asphalt binders with different SARA (asphaltene, aromatic, resin and saturate) fractions were built with the mapping of bead groups and the calculation of forcefield parameters. The simulation results were validated through the calculated molecular structure parameters including interlayer distance and diffusion coefficient of asphaltene. The ordered stacking structures (T shape, face–face, and offset face–face stacking) were observed and the aggregation patterns of asphaltene was more obvious between the same type of asphaltene molecules due to self-similarity. The aggregation rates of asphaltene of three asphalt binders were found positively correlated with the mass fractions of asphaltene, which can be used to better predict relative viscosity of asphalt binders. The colloid structure of coarse-grained asphalt binders was observed on the mesoscale platform with small variations of localized nanostructure in three asphalt models. On the other hand, asphaltene showed the lowest diffusion coefficient that was similar among different asphalt binders. The analysis findings indicated that coarse grained modeling with DPD enables large-size model asphalt systems for observation of morphology and aggregation of asphaltene, providing foundation to study complex molecular interaction in polymer modified asphalt binder.
South Asian Transnationalisms : Cultural Exchange in the Twentieth Century

1. Introduction Babli Sinha 2. Virendranath Chattopadhyaya, Nationalist Itineraries, and Transnational Resistance Purnima Bose 3. Terror, Religion and Body in the 1947 Partition of South Asia Kavita Daiya 4. The Situated Fictions of Shooting on Location Priya Jaikumar 5. Competing Orientalisms: Colonial Audiences and Pro-Empire Cinema in the 1930s Babli Sinha 6. Tropical Longing: The Quest for India in Early Twentieth-Century Caribbean Literature Lisa Outar 7. Encounters and Human Rights in the Hindi Crime Film of the Nineties and after Anustup Basu 8. Imagining Indian-Indonesian Relations under Colonial Conditions Martin Ramstedt 9. Ur-national and Secular Mythologies: Popular Culture, Nationalist Historiography, and the Indian Past Rini Bhattacharya Mehta 10. Errant Marxism: London to Calcutta via Moscow (other routes possible) Benjamin C. Baer 11. Conclusion Babi Sinha