cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of the combined tetanus-diphtheria and pertussis vaccine during pregnancy.

Objective A recent increase in pertussis cases prompted the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices to recommend administering the perinatal tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (Tdap) vaccine during each pregnancy. We sought to describe uptake of Tdap and identify predictors of vaccination in pregnancy. Study Design We conducted a retrospective study of all women delivering at a university hospital between February and June 2013. Demographic, pregnancy, and vaccination data were abstracted from the medical record. The relationship between maternal age, parity, gestational age, race/ethnicity, marital status, prenatal provider/site, insurance, influenza vaccination status, and Tdap vaccine was described by univariate analysis. Independent predictors were identified by multivariable logistic regression. Results In our cohort of 1467 women, 1194 (81.6%) received a Tdap vaccine. After adjusting for potential confounders, 3 factors were found to be independent predictors of receiving the vaccine. Patients were more likely to receive Tdap if they had been vaccinated against influenza during this pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4–2.3). Black women were less likely to receive Tdap when compared with other women (aOR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.27–0.67). Also, women who delivered preterm were less likely to receive the Tdap vaccine (aOR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.22–0.48). Conclusion A high overall Tdap vaccination rate was observed following implementation of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices guidelines. Black women, however, had significantly lower vaccine uptake than other women. Further research is needed to understand and minimize this disparity. Women who delivered prematurely also had a decreased rate of Tdap vaccination; vaccinating earlier should be considered to better capture this population.
TAFII 250 Phosphorylates Human Transcription Factor IIA on Serine Residues Important for TBP Binding and Transcription Activity

Abstract Transcription factor IIA (TFIIA) is a positive acting general factor that contacts the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and mediates an activator-induced conformational change in the transcription factor IID (TFIID) complex. Previously, we have found that phosphorylation of yeast TFIIA stimulates TFIIA·TBP·TATA complex formation and transcription activation in vivo. We now show that human TFIIA is phosphorylated in vivo on serine residues that are partially conserved between yeast and human TFIIA large subunits. Alanine substitution mutation of serine residues 316 and 321 in TFIIA αβ reduced TFIIA phosphorylation significantly in vivo. Additional alanine substitutions at serines 280 and 281 reduced phosphorylation to undetectable levels. Mutation of all four serine residues reduced the ability of TFIIA to stimulate transcription in transient transfection assays with various activators and promoters, indicating that TFIIA phosphorylation is required globally for optimal function. In vitro, holo-TFIID and TBP-associated factor 250 (TAFII250) phosphorylated TFIIA on the β subunit. Mutation of the four serines required for in vivophosphorylation eliminated TFIID and TAFII250 phosphorylation in vitro. The NH2-terminal kinase domain of TAFII250 was sufficient for TFIIA phosphorylation, and this activity was inhibited by full-length retinoblastoma protein but not by a retinoblastoma protein mutant defective for TAFII250 interaction or tumor suppressor activity. TFIIA phosphorylation had little effect on the TFIIA·TBP·TATA complex in electrophoretic mobility shift assay. However, phosphorylation of TFIIA containing a γ subunit Y65A mutation strongly stimulated TFIIA·TBP·TATA complex formation. TFIIA-γY65A is defective for binding to the β-sheet domain of TBP identified in the crystal structure. These results suggest that TFIIA phosphorylation is important for strengthening the TFIIA·TBP contact or creating a second contact between TFIIA and TBP that was not visible in the crystal structure.
Dynamic programming formulation of the group interview problem with a general utility function

Abstract In many managerial decision situations such as buying an electronic appliance, several groups of alternatives are presented sequentially and an accept-or-reject decision is made immediately after evaluating the alternatives in each group. If each group contains only one alternative, this optimal selection problem is known as the secretary problem which has a long and rich history of research devoted to developing solution strategies. We propose a more generalized version of the secretary problem, called the group interview problem , in which each group contains more than one alternative and each group is presented and evaluated sequentially over time. Using a dynamic programming approach, we derive a backward recursive equation for solving the group interview problem in which a decision maker's utility of selecting a certain choice is expressed as a general function. Depending on the specific form of this function, we derive optimal selection strategies for various types of group interview problems such as minimum rank, maximum utility, best choice, and one out of the p best choice problems.
Macrocyclic [CuI/II(bite)]+/2+ (bite = biphenyldiimino dithioether): An Example of Fully-Gated Electron Transfer and Its Biological Relevance1

Template condensation of 2,2‘-diaminobiphenyl, 1,4-bis(2-formylphenyl)-1,4-dithiabutane, and copper(II) tetrafluoroborate yields the new macrocyclic compound [CuI(bite)](BF4) (bite = biphenyldiimino dithioether). [CuI(bite)]BF4 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P212121 with a = 14.379(3) A, b = 21.370(3) A, c = 8.046(2) A, V = 2534.7(7) A3, Z = 4, R1 = 0.045, and R2 = 0.048. The X-ray structure of [CuI(bite)](BF4) reveals distorted tetrahedral N2S2 coordination about copper, with one unusually short Cu−S(thioether) bond of 2.194(2) A. Oxidation of [CuI(bite)](BF4) with nitrosyl tetrafluoroborate gives [CuII(bite)](BF4)2. [CuII(bite)](BF4)2 crystallizes in the tetragonal space group I41/a with a = 11.640(2) A, c = 39.527(3) A, V = 5355.6(7) A3, Z = 8, R1 = 0.061, and R2 = 0.063. X-ray crystallography of [CuII(bite)](BF4)2 reveals an approximately square planar CuN2S2 structure with two distant axial BF4- anions (Cu−F 2.546(4) A) completing a “pseudo-octahedral” coordination sphere. Comparative E...
Sensitivity of 2,6-Diamino-3,5-Dinitropyrazine-1-Oxide

ABSTRACT The thermal and shock sensitivities of plastic bonded explosive formations based on 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (commonly called LLM-105 for Lawrence Livermore Molecule #105) are reported. The One-Dimensional Time to Explosion (ODTX) apparatus was used to generate times to thermal explosion at various initial temperatures. A four-reaction chemical decomposition model was developed to calculate the time to thermal explosion versus inverse temperature curve. Three embedded manganin pressure gauge experiments were fired at different initial pressures to measure the pressure buildup and the distance required for transition to detonation. An Ignition and Growth reactive model was calibrated to this shock initiation data. LLM-105 exhibited thermal and shock sensitivities intermediate between those of triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazine (HMX).
Crystallography of rare galactic honeycomb structure near supernova 1987a

Near supernova 1987a, the rare honeycomb structure of 20-30 galactic bubbles measures 30 x 90 light years. Its remarkable regularity in bubble size suggests a single-event origin which may correlate with the nearby supernova. To test the honeycomb's regularity in shape and size, the formalism of statistical crystallography is developed here for bubble sideness. The standard size-shape relations (Lewis's law, Desch's law, and Aboav-Weaire's law) govern area, perimeter and nearest neighbor shapes. Taken together, they predict a highly non-equilibrium structure for the galactic honeycomb which evolves as a bimodal shape distribution without dominant bubble perimeter energy.
Evidence that copper is a required cofactor for the membrane-bound form of methane monooxygenase

Abstract The membrane bound enzyme methane monooxygenase (pMMO) is a mixed function oxygenase that initiates the oxidative metabolism of methane in methanotrophic bacteria. In this paper, we show that copper is required for catalytic activity of pMMO. Addition of copper restores pMMO activity to EDTA-inhibited membranes, whereas nickel and zinc have substantially less effect than copper, or are inhibitory. Acetylene acts as an inhibitor of pMMO, binding specifically and irreversibly to a 26-kDa membrane protein. The inactivation of pMMO by acetylene and the incorporation of radiolabeled acetylene occurred at approximately the same rate. Furthermore, the inhibition of pMMO and concomitant irreversible binding of acetylene required enzyme activity, oxygen, and NADH, and was attenuated by pMMO substrates, suggesting that acetylene is a suicide substrate for pMMO. The specific activity and acetylene binding capability of pMMO were both found to increase as a function of copper concentration. This suggests that the increased availability of copper leads to the regeneration of active sites in copper-depleted pMMO, and that exogenously added copper is probably targeted to the substrate binding site of apo-pMMO.
Numerical study of elliptical modons using a spectral method

We study the relationship between dynamical structure and shape for vortex pairs, now usually named ‘modons’. When the boundary between the exterior irrotational flow and the inner core of non-zero vorticity is a circle, an analytical solution is known. Here, we generalize the circular modons to solitary vortex pairs whose vorticity boundary is an ellipse. We find that as the eccentricity of the ellipse increases, the vorticity becomes concentrated in narrow ridges which run just inside the elliptical vorticity boundary and continue just inside the line of zero vorticity which divides the two vortices. Each vortex becomes increasingly ‘hollow’ in the sense that each contains a broad valley of low vorticity which is completely enclosed by the ridge of high vorticity already described. The relationship between vorticity ζ and streak function Ψ, which is linear for the circular modons, becomes strongly nonlinear for highly eccentric modons, qualitatively resembling ζ ∝ Ψ e −λΨ for some constant λ. In this study, we neglect the Earth's rotation, but our method is directly applicable to quasi-geostrophic modons, too. An efficient and simple spectral method for modon problems is provided.
The end of theoretical orientations

Abstract Theoretical orientation is the most pervasive organizing device in psychology. Ideas, books, people, therapies, and other salient matters are frequently classified into psychodynamic, behavioral, humanistic, cognitive, or other orientation categories. The continued prominence of theoretical-orientation classification belies a breakdown in its applicability to contemporary psychology. Psychotherapy remains a stronghold. However, with internal and external forces endorsing particular approaches, theoretically-based practices will be forced to yield to evidence-based ones. The final dismantling of traditional theoretical categories by evidence-based practice standards paradoxically provides a hopeful impetus to otherwise arrested theoretical development. Manifest avowed theoretical orientation is distinguished from a latent theoretical-orientation construct, and the ways a new kind of meta-theory of therapy will reduce the naivete and increase the applicability of clinical research is discussed.
Alterations of the phylloepiphytic bacterial community associated with interactions of Escherichia coli O157:H7 during storage of packaged spinach at refrigeration temperatures

This study investigated the effects of packaging and storage temperature on the spinach phylloepiphytic bacterial community and fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Freshly harvested spinach was rinsed and/or disinfected, packaged and stored under typical retail conditions (4 °C) or under temperature abuse conditions (10 °C) for a period of 15 days. The final population size of culturable epiphytic bacteria after 15 days of storage was not affected by the temperature of storage or the presence of E. coli O157:H7. However, analysis of the bacterial community using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16s rDNA revealed changes with time of storage and the presence of E. coli O157:H7. Excision and sequencing of prominent DGGE bands identified that the majority of sequences belonged to the phyla Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Alphaprotebacteria. After 10 days of storage at 4 °C or 10 °C the population became more dominated by psychrotrophic bacteria. Removal of the epiphytic bacteria resulted in significant increases in numbers of E coli O157:H7 at 10 °C and was associated with decreased expression of E. coli O157:H7 virulence (stxA, curli, eaeA) and stress response (rpoS, sodB) genes. In conclusion, storage temperature and time of storage of packaged spinach affected the diversity of the epiphytic spinach microbiota which influenced the growth, establishment, physiology and potentially virulence of E. coli O157:H7.
Thermal Contact Conductance Enhancement With Carbon Nanotube Arrays

The present work reports on an experimental study of carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays used for thermal contact conductance enhancement. Multiwall carbon nanotubes were synthesized directly on silicon wafers using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Thermal contact conductance was experimentally measured with a steady-state contact conductance technique. To reduce heat losses and experimental uncertainty, testing occurred in a high-vacuum environment with radiation shielding, and temperature measurements were made with an infrared camera. In addition, results from other thermal interface materials (phase change material and metal foil) are presented, and the performance of combinations of these materials with CNT arrays are also reported.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Presence of third parties during neuropsychological evaluations: Who is evaluating whom?

Abstract State and federal laws and court decisions that address requests for the presence or absence of third party observers during forensic evaluations are reviewed, as are the legal arguments for both their inclusion and exclusion. Potential sources of interference created by observer's presence during the neuropsychological evaluation are outlined with reference to the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct of the American Psychological Association, the Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists: Committee on Ethical Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists, and the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing. The relevant empirical literature dealing with the phenomenon of social facilitation is also presented. Guidelines are offered for use by the neuropsychologist who receives a request for observation by a third party.
Creation ex nihilo: Some considerations

Many theists believe that at a certain point in the past, an entire universe sprang into existence, ex nihilo. At one moment nothing material or contingent existed; at the next moment the cosmos appeared. Now this position is not usually thought by its proponents to be demonstrably true, but it is held to be a rational position to maintain. St. Thomas, for example, admitted that natural reason could not prove the universe to have had an absolute beginning. But he also insisted that neither could the contrary be proved. And many philosophers would, I think, agree. The doctrine of creatio ex nihilo is in fact thought by many people who are not theists to be a position which it can be rational to hold. Compare this with the famous hypothesis considered by Bertrand Russell that the universe sprang into existence five minutes ago, exactly the way it in fact was at that time. No rational person would consider this a reasonable position to adopt. As the hypothesis was constructed, it would make no empirically detectable difference whether it was true or false. This once led many philosophers enamoured with some form of a verificationist criterion of cognitive significance to reject it as devoid of meaning. But of course in addition to difficulties endemic to that general semantic strategy, there are at least three serious problems with such a quick dismissal of the hypothesis. First, if the hypothesis itself were meaningless, so would be its denial. But its denial, or at least some proposition which entails its denial, is believed true by all reasonable people. Secondly, even if we accept the profundity of Herbert FeigTs insistence that "a difference must make a difference," are we in any way forced to say that it makes no difference at all whether the universe existed ten minutes ago, merely because it makes no empirically detectable difference? Surely not. To anyone who holds a retributivist theory of punishment, it makes a tremendous difference whether anything existed before five minutes ago. If there was then nothing, no crimes were actually committed before then, and anyone accused of such a past offense is in fact innocent regardless of what we all seem to remember, and should on that theory of punishment be let go. Further, on the Russellian hypothesis any promises we seem to remember making or having had made to us never in fact were made. Likewise, I never was married, I have no natural parents,
Process analytical technology case study, part III: Calibration monitoring and transfer

This is the third of a series of articles detailing the development of near-infrared spectroscopy methods for solid dosage form analysis. Experiments were conducted at the Duquesne University Center for Pharmaceutical Technology to develop a system for continuous calibration monitoring and formulate an appropriate strategy for calibration transfer. Indcators of high-flux noise (noise factor level) and wave-length uncertainty were developed. These measurements, in combination with Hotelling’s T2 and Q residual, are used to continuously monitor instrument performance and model relevance. Four calibration transfer techniques were compared. Three established techniques, finite impulse response filtering, generalized least squares weighting, and piecewise direct standardization were evaluated. A fourth technique, baseline subtraction, was the most effective for calibration transfer. Using as few as 15 transfer samples, predictive capability of the analytical method was maintained across multiple instruments and major instrument maintenance.
Senescent changes in the ribosomes of animal cells in vivo and in vitro

The paper examines RNA-ribosomal changes observed in protozoa and fixed postmitotic cells, as well as the characteristics of intermitotic cells. Attention is given to a discussion of the implications of the reported ribosomal changes as to the senescent deterioration of protein synthesis and physiological functions. A survey of the literature suggests that, while the data on ribosomal change in dividing cells both in vivo and in vitro are inconclusive, there is strong histological and biochemical evidence in favor of some degree of quantitative ribosomal loss in fixed postmitotic cells. Since these decreases in ribosomes are demonstrated in differential cells from nematodes, insects and mammals, they may represent a universal manifestation of cytoplasmic senescence in certain types of fixed postmitotic animal cells. The observed variability in ribosomal loss for cells belonging to the same type suggests that this involution phenomenon is rather related to the wear and tear suffered by a particular cell.
Neuroendocrine carcinomas (carcinoid, atypical carcinoid, small cell carcinoma, and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma): current concepts

Neuroendocrine carcinomas are ubiquitous neoplasms that may occur anywhere in the human body. A unifying concept regarding the classification of these tumors has been controversial. Although most neuroendocrine neoplasms occur in the gastrointestinal tract, current concepts regarding classification and nomenclature are being driven by studies of thoracic tumors. One issue that has been put forward to keep separate nomenclatures for these tumors in different organ systems is the different clinical behavior of these neoplasms in different systems. The most important aspect regarding this group of tumors is the fact that they should be considered neoplasms capable of local recurrence and distant metastasis. Close clinical correlation and appropriate treatment are important to improve the survival rate in this group of patients.
Multiprobe FISH on Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Diagnosed by EUS-FNA of the Pancreas: A Validation Study

Introduction: Cautious approach to pancreatic FNA often results in an indeterminate diagnosis on pancreatic endoscopic ultrasound guided (EUS) fine needle aspiration. Utilization of ancillary studies may help confirm a diagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreas. This has a distinct potential to help patients and clinical teams arrive at early informed patient management decisions. Recent recommendations on utilization of ancillary studies in pancreatobiliary tree analysis suggested a possible role for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies as an adjunct to cytology for pancreatic masses (Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014; 42:351e362). Our objective for the study was to determine performance characteristics of commercially available multiprobe FISH (CEP3, CEP7, CEP17 and locus specific probe for chromosome 9p21) on EUS-FNA of the pancreas. Materials and Methods:We prospectively collected EUS-FNA samples for UroVysion (Abbott Inc) multiprobe FISH analysis. Residual FNA sample after the diagnosis was forwarded for FISH analysis in preservecyt. Sample preparation and analysis were performed as per the manufactures’ suggested protocol. A statistical analysis using a two tailed student t test was performed. Results: We analyzed 32 samples from 30 patients. The mean age was 67 yrs (range: 42-90 yrs). The tumor size ranged from 1.1 e 7 cms (mean 3.0 cms). Eighteen of the 19 (95%) adenocarcinoma were positive for UroVysion FISH. Of the 2 cases deemed negative by cytology both were considered UroVysion negative. Aneusomy was statistically significantly associated with adenocarcinoma (pZ 0.014). Of the 8 indeterminate cases 4 cases each were considered as either atypical or suspicious for adenocarcinoma. Lack of cellularity precluded adequate analysis by FISH in suspicious (nZ 3) and atypical (nZ3) cases. One of 4 (25%) cases suspicious for carcinoma was positive by FISH. Conclusion: Aneusomy on UroVysion FISH can be used as an ancillary tool to support a diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma on EUS-FNA samples.
Interconversion of Fischer and zig-zag projections learning stereochemistry with the help of hands

Visualization of molecules in three dimensions is an important aspect of organic chemistry. The use of hands has been shown to be effective in the three-dimensional visualization of molecules [1]. A method of looking at one’s own hands as a model that allows students to see the interconversion of Fischer and zig-zag projections is described in this article.
An overview of reform initiatives in medical education. 1906 through 1992.

INTEREST in alternative educational, organizational, and financing strategies for the education of the next generation of physicians is growing as medical care costs escalate and access to basic health care declines. To assess the impact of major initiatives for improving undergraduate medical education, we reviewed 15 major studies conducted between 1906 and 1992 (Table). 1-15 Eleven of these studies originated with councils or commissions whose appointed members reviewed the ideas and opinions of leaders in medicine about medical education 1,10,14 ; four were detailed field studies, 11-13,15,16 consisting of on-site observations of the structure and function of specific medical education programs. Of the 15 initiatives, 13 reported specific recommendations, 1-13 which can be grouped in three categories: the method of medical school instruction, ie, the curricula content and process of instruction; the internal structure of medical schools; and the relationship between medical schools and external organizations and agencies. The recommendations are
Consequences of priming: Judgment and behavior.

Two experiments investigated the judgmental and behavioral consequences of priming a social category. In the first experiment, assimilation and contrast effects of judgment of a target person's hostility obtained following priming with exemplars of, respectively, moderate and extreme levels of the category hostility. The second experiment replicated these findings and, in addition, demonstrated that subjects then behaved consistently with their evaluations of the target person in a social interaction. The results are discussed in terms of the social interaction literature, with category accessibility serving as a means of creating an expectancy for the target's behavior.
COARSENING IN NONLOCAL INTERFACIAL SYSTEMS

We consider coarsening in interfacial systems driven by nonlocal energies. Of particular interest are the nonlocal Cahn–Hilliard equation and models of biological aggregation. The energies considered cause the system to separate into phases. The pattern of interfaces evolves under nonlocal surface-tension-type effects. The typical length scales grow and the pattern coarsens. We prove a rigorous upper bound on the coarsening rate. The proof uses the energy-based approach to estimates on rate of coarsening introduced by Kohn and Otto [Comm. Math. Phys., 229 (2002), pp. 375–395]. To show the required estimates on the flatness of the energy landscape we develop a geometric approach which is applicable to a wider class of problems, which includes ones based on local, gradient-type energies.
Leptin is key to peroxynitrite-mediated oxidative stress and Kupffer cell activation in experimental non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

Background & Aims: Progression from steatosis to steatohepatitic lesions is hypothesized to require a second hit. These lesions have been associated with increased oxidative stress, often ascribed to high levels of leptin and other proinflammatory mediators. Here we have examined the role of leptin in inducing oxidative stress and Kupffer cell activation in CCl4-mediated
Solution of the two-channel Anderson impurity model: implications for the heavy fermion UBe13.

We solve the two-channel Anderson impurity model using the Bethe-ansatz. We determine the ground state and derive the thermodynamics, obtaining the impurity entropy and specific heat over the full range of temperature. We show that the low-temperature physics is given by a line of fixed points describing a two-channel non-Fermi-liquid behavior in the integral valence regime associated with moment formation as well as in the mixed valence regime where no moment forms. We discuss the relevance for the theory of ${\mathrm{UBe}}_{13}$.
Response to My Critics

Authors should always be so fortunate as to have such thoughtful and stimulating readings of one’s work. What follows: I turn some comments by Renee Anspach, Hugh Gusterson, and Thomas Hughes into invitations to do further research. I then discuss organizational frames in the context of other conceptions of frames. Last, I tackle the difficult issue of taking a stand on the science in Whole World on Fire (Eden, 2004) while claiming to be a thoroughgoing social constructivist.
Not all intestinal traumatic injuries are the same: A comparison of surgically treated blunt vs. penetrating injuries

Abstract Purpose Traumatic intestinal injuries are less common with blunt compared to penetrating mechanisms of trauma and blunt injuries are often associated with diagnostic delays. The purpose of this study is to evaluate differences in the characteristics and outcomes between blunt and penetrating intestinal injuries to facilitate insight into optimal recognition and management. Methods A retrospective analysis of trauma admissions from January 2009 to June 2011 was performed. Patient demographics, ISS, early shock, injury type, timing to OR, blood loss and transfusions, surgical management, infections, EC fistulas, enteric leaks, LOS and mortality were compared. Results Demographics – There was 3866 blunt admissions and 966 penetrating admissions to our level II trauma centre (Total n = 4832) during this interval. The final study group comprised n = 131 patients treated for intestinal injuries. Blunt n = 54 (BI) vs. penetrating (PI) n = 77. Age was similar between the groups: (BI 34 SD 12 vs. PI 30 SD 12). Comorbid conditions were similar as were ED hypotension and blood transfusions. Blunt mechanisms had higher ISS; BI (20 SD 14) vs. PI (16 SD 12), p = 0.08 and organ specific injury scales were higher in blunt injuries. Operative Management – Time to operation was higher in BI: (500 SD 676 min vs. PI 110 SD 153 min, p = 0.01). The use of an open abdomen technique was higher for BI: n = 19 (35%) vs. PI: n = 5 (6%), p = Outcomes – Anastomotic leaks were more prevalent in BI: n = 4 (7%) vs. PI: n = 2 (3%), p = 0.38. Enteric fistulas were: (BI n = 8 (15%), vs. PI n = 2 (3%), p = 0.02). Surgical site infections and other nosocomial infections were: (BI n = 11 (20%) vs. PI n = 4 (5%), p = 0.02), (BI n = 11 (20%) vs. PI n = 2 (3%), p = 0.002), respectively. Hospital and ICU LOS was: (BI = 20 SD 14 vs. PI = 11 SD 11, p = 0.001), (BI = 10 SD 10 vs. PI = 5 SD 5, p = 0.01) respectively. These differences were reflected in higher hospital charges in BI. Conclusions Blunt and penetrating intestinal injury patterns have high injury severity. Significant operative delays occurred in the blunt injury group as well as, anastomotic failures, enteric fistulas, nosocomial infections, and higher cost. These features underscore the complexity of blunt injury patterns and warrant vigilant injury recognition to improve outcomes.
PLUS: A provenance manager for integrated information

It can be difficult to fully understand the result of integrating information from diverse sources. When all the information comes from a single organization, there is a collective knowledge about where it came from and whether it can be trusted. Unfortunately, once information from multiple organizations is integrated, there is no longer a shared knowledge of the data and its quality. It is often impossible to view and judge the information from a different organization; when errors occur, notification does not always reach all users of the data. We describe how a multi-organizational provenance store that collects provenance from heterogeneous systems addresses these problems. Unlike most provenance systems, we cope with an open world, where the data usage is not determined in advance and can take place across many systems and organizations.
Every breath you take: the impact of environment on resident memory CD8 T cells in the lung.

Resident memory T cells (TRM) are broadly defined as a population of T cells which persist in non-lymphoid sites long term, do not re-enter the circulation, and are distinct from central memory T cells (TCM) and circulating effector memory T cells (TEM). Recent studies have described populations of TRM cells in the skin, gut, lungs and nervous tissue. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that the specific environment in which the TRM reside can further refine their phenotypical and functional properties. Here, we focus on the TRM cells that develop following respiratory infection and reside in the lungs and the lung airways. Specifically, we will review recent studies that have described some of the requirements for establishment of TRM cells in these tissues, and the defining characteristics of TRM in the lungs and lung airways. With continual bombardment of the respiratory tract by both pathogenic and environmental antigens, dynamic fluctuations in the local milieu including homeostatic resources and niche restrictions can impact TRM longevity. Beyond a comprehensive characterization of lung TRM cells, special attention will be placed on studies which have defined how the microenvironment of the lung influences memory T cell survival at this site. As memory T cell populations in the lung airways are requisite for protection yet wane numerically over time, developing a comprehensive picture of factors which may influence TRM development and persistence at these sites is important for improving T cell-based vaccine design.
Low-Level Pulsed 1064 nm Laser Radiometer Transfer Standard

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has developed a low-level peak power and pulse energy radiometer (APD 900) transfer standard for collimated laser light at a wavelength of 1064 nm. The peak power irradiance measurement range is from 500 pW/cm2 to 50 (mu) W/cm2 for laser pulse widths of 10 -250 ns. The pulse energy measurement range is from 0.05 fJ/cm2 to 50 pJ/cm2. The instrument combines the functions of peak power and pulse energy measurement into one unit, and improves the responsivity by two orders of magnitude greater than previous NIST designs calibrated at 1064 nm. The radiometer is based on an infrared-enhanced silicon avalanche photodiode with 100 mm diameter full aperture collecting optics. Selectable aperture sizes and a neutral density filter extend the measurement range of the instrument to higher levels, especially with large diameter beams. The output is a voltage waveform that can be measured with an oscilloscope. Calibration uncertainty for the APD 900 radiometer is typically less than +/- 8%. Improvements in the NIST calibration system will potentially lower the uncertainty to approximately +/- 5%.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Nonlocal interactions in color perception: nonlinear processing of chromatic signals from remote inducers

The perceived color of an object depends on the chromaticity of its immediate background. But color appearance is also influenced by remote chromaticities. To quantify these influences, the effects of remote color fields on the appearance of a fixated 2° test field were measured using a forced-choice method. Changes in the appearance of the test field were induced by chromaticity changes of the background and of 2° color fields not adjacent to the test field. The appearance changes induced by the color of the background corresponded to a fraction of between 0.5 and 0.95 of the cone contrast of the background change, depending on the observer. The magnitude of induction by the background color was modulated on average by 7.6% by chromaticity changes in the remote color fields. Chromaticity changes in the remote fields had virtually no inducing effect when they occured without a change in background color. The spatial range of these chromatic interactions extended over at least 10° from the fovea. They were established within the first few hundred milliseconds after the change of background color and depended only weakly on the number of inducing fields. These results may be interpreted as reflecting rapid chromatic interactions that support robustness of color vision under changing viewing conditions. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
The First Presidential Contest: 1796 and the Founding of American Democracy. By Jeffrey L. Pasley. (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2013. Pp. xi, 516. $37.50.)

In this fine book, the author shows how the presidential election of 1796 was conducted within the antiparty leadership by all concerned for the public good ideology of the founding era. Thomas Jef...
Challenges to collaborative tool adoption in a manufacturing engineering setting: a case study

This study examined a collaborative tool intervention within a geographically-distributed, engineering-design team in a large manufacturing company. Baseline data collection to determine user requirements was followed by deployment of collaborative tools and subsequent data collection to assess the impact of the collaborative tools oh team processes. A small proportion (1/3) of the team adopted the introduced collaborative tools, and that tool use had a positive impact oh collaborative work. Findings from this study suggest that collaborative tools must be clearly superior to existing practices to merit the effort of deployment, adoption, and subsequent use, since the burden of learning and mastering a hew tool in a corporate environment may hot outweigh the perceived benefits.
A Competitive Efficiency Wage Model with Keynesian Features

We study a general equilibrium efficiency wage model characterized by fully optimizing agents, flexible prices, and imperfect information. The model has a unique competitive equilibrium with underemployment in a sector (called manufacturing) with efficiency wages, relative to a self-employment sector. Since prices are flexible, the multiplier of manufacturing output with respect to autonomous demand changes may or may not exceed unity: demand changes lead to price effects as well as income effects that work opposite each other. Nevertheless, there always exist government policies that achieve Pareto improvements by switching demand toward the manufacturing sector. Optimal demand-switching policies are explicitly characterized.
Mercury biogeochemical cycling in the ocean and policy implications.

Anthropogenic activities have enriched mercury in the biosphere by at least a factor of three, leading to increases in total mercury (Hg) in the surface ocean. However, the impacts on ocean fish and associated trends in human exposure as a result of such changes are less clear. Here we review our understanding of global mass budgets for both inorganic and methylated Hg species in ocean seawater. We consider external inputs from atmospheric deposition and rivers as well as internal production of monomethylmercury (CH3Hg) and dimethylmercury ((CH3)2Hg). Impacts of large-scale ocean circulation and vertical transport processes on Hg distribution throughout the water column and how this influences bioaccumulation into ocean food chains are also discussed. Our analysis suggests that while atmospheric deposition is the main source of inorganic Hg to open ocean systems, most of the CH3Hg accumulating in ocean fish is derived from in situ production within the upper waters (<1000 m). An analysis of the available data suggests that concentrations in the various ocean basins are changing at different rates due to differences in atmospheric loading and that the deeper waters of the oceans are responding slowly to changes in atmospheric Hg inputs. Most biological exposures occur in the upper ocean and therefore should respond over years to decades to changes in atmospheric mercury inputs achieved by regulatory control strategies. Migratory pelagic fish such as tuna and swordfish are an important component of CH3Hg exposure for many human populations and therefore any reduction in anthropogenic releases of Hg and associated deposition to the ocean will result in a decline in human exposure and risk.
Organizational Factors and Change Strategies Associated With Medical Home Transformation

There is limited information about how to transform primary care practices into medical homes. The research team surveyed leaders of the first 132 primary care practices in Minnesota to achieve med...
Weak localization and antilocalization in topological insulator thin films with coherent bulk-surface coupling

We evaluate quantum corrections to conductivity in an electrically gated thin film of a three-dimensional topological insulator. We derive approximate analytical expressions for the low-field magnetoresistance as a function of bulk doping and bulk-surface tunneling rate. Our results reveal parameter regimes for both weak localization and weak antilocalization, and include diffusive Weyl semimetals as a special case.
Synthesis and oxygen-permeation properties of thin YSZ/Pd composite membranes

Thin dense yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ)/Pd composite (dual-phase) membranes were fabricated on porous YSZ membranes by a new approach that combines the reservoir method and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique. A thin porous YSZ layer was coated on a porous alumina support by dip coating the YSZ suspension. A continuous Pd phase was formed inside pores of the YSZ layer by the reservoir method. The residual pores of the YSZ/Pd layer were plugged with yttria/zirconia by CVD to ensure the gas tightness of the membranes. The oxygen-permeation fluxes through these composite (dual-phase) membranes, measured in situ in the CVD reactor, are 2.0x10 -8 and 4.8x10 -8 mol/cm 2 .s at 1050°C when air and oxygen are used as the permeate gases, respectively. These oxygen-permeation values are about 1 order of magnitude higher than those of pure YSZ membranes prepared under similar conditions. The apparent activation energies for oxygen permeation at 900-1050°C are 193 kJ/mol for thin YSZ/Pd composite (dual-phase) membranes and 124 kJ/mol for pure YSZ membranes. These results are explained in terms of relative importance of various mass-transfer steps for oxygen permeation and microstructure of the YSZ/Pd composite membranes prepared by this technique.
Partial-wave analysis of K+-nucleon scattering.

We have analyzed the available kaon-nucleon elastic-scattering data with laboratory kinetic energies below 2650 MeV. We present the results of an energy-dependent analysis and a set of energy-independent analyses over this energy range. Our isoscalar amplitudes cover the region from threshold to 1100 MeV. The isovector amplitudes extend to 2650 MeV. Scattering lengths have been extracted. We also give pole positions and residues for resonancelike structures found in the ${P}_{01}$, ${D}_{03}$, ${P}_{13}$, and ${D}_{15}$ partial waves. We compare our results to those from previous analyses.
Comment on "Solute-specific scaling of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus uptake in streams" by Hall et al. (2013)

Abstract. Hall et al. (2013) presented a synthesis on 969 nutrient tracer experiments conducted primarily in headwater streams (generally
Creating Cultural Consumers: The Dynamics of Cultural Capital Acquisition

The theories of cultural reproduction and cultural mobility have largely shaped the study of the effects of cultural capital on academic outcomes. Missing in this debate has been a rigorous examina...
On the Exact Distribution of Geary’s U-Statistic and its Application to Least Squares Regression

In this paper the first four moments of U-Statistic are derived, to which a two-moment graduation shows that neither a beta distribution nor a scalar multiple chi-square distribution is a good fit to the actual distribution of U-Statistic.
Investigation of subgrid-scale physics in the convective atmospheric surface layer using the budgets of the conditional mean subgrid-scale stress and temperature flux

The subgrid-scale (SGS) physics in the convective atmospheric surface layer is studied using the SGS stress and SGS scalar flux. We derive the budget equations for the conditional mean SGS stress and SGS temperature flux and show that, for transport-equation-based SGS models, the budget terms must be correctly predicted by the SGS model in order for large-eddy simulation (LES) to reproduce the resolvable-scale velocity and temperature probability density functions. Field data from the Advection Horizontal Array Turbulence Study, which notably includes measurements of the fluctuating pressure and the advection of the velocity and temperature fields, are then used to analyse the budget equations. The results reveal the complex behaviour of the dynamics of the convective atmospheric surface layer. The budgets of the conditional mean SGS shear stress and SGS temperature flux are an approximate balance between the conditional mean production and pressure destruction, with the latter causing return to isotropy. The budgets of the normal SGS stress components are more complex. For strongly convective surface layers, energy is redistributed from the (smaller) vertical to the (larger) horizontal stress components during downdrafts, resulting in generation of anisotropy by the conditional mean SGS pressure–strain-rate correlation; wall pressure reflections can also enhance the anisotropy. The conditional mean SGS pressure transport, meanwhile, is a significant source of energy during updrafts as a result of the near-wall pressure minima. The vertical advection also plays a significant role in the transfer of SGS energy. For weakly convective surface layers, pressure transport is small while the SGS pressure–strain-rate correlation reverts to its usual role of causing return to isotropy. The results of the present study, particularly for the conditional mean SGS pressure–strain-rate correlation, provide new insights into the SGS physics first educed in a recent analysis of the mean SGS budgets by Nguyen et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 729, 2013, pp. 388–422) and have important implications for near-wall models utilizing SGS transport equations in the convective atmospheric surface layer.
CONTROLLING THE CHAOTIC LOGISTIC MAP

ABSTRACT Chaos control is completely presented, including targeting, stabilization, and the OGY (Ogy, Greboki, Yorke) technique in the context of the logistic map. By restricting the discussion to this one-dimensional map, all the required tools and techniques are accessible to undergraduate students. The goal is both to expose the students to recent and exciting developments in chaos theory, as well as to strengthen skills and intuition regarding the definition of chaos, finding periodic orbits, and determining stability. The presentation here is in the form of the worksheet actually explored in small groups by West Point students. Solutions and introduction have been added for completeness.
Civil Defense against Civil Recourse

According to the popular civil recourse theory of torts, the purpose of the tort system is to offer victims a civilized means of redressing their wrongs. This view is based on three key assumptions: (1) civil recourse is a “just” right that empowers deserving people, (2) the right to civil recourse is triggered by the commission of a wrong, and (3) this right is unilateral and exclusive — meaning, it is free of or superior to any countervailing right of civil defense. This book chapter not only demonstrates the errors in these assumptions, it suggests an alternative framework for understanding and explaining the tort process. While some tort claims eventually prove to be just, every tort suit actually begins as an act of aggression that always harms the party being sued. If improperly initiated, that action itself may be wrongful. Acknowledging this fact, tort law has long recognized a counterclaim for Wrongful Use of Civil Proceedings (WUCP). Under WUCP, a tort suit is wrongful when it lacks probable cause and a legitimate adjudicative objective. In essence, WUCP shows that the right to civil recourse depends not on the existence of a wrong, but rather on the plausibility and purpose of the plaintiff’s legal action. More importantly, WUCP reveals that the right to civil recourse is not unlimited. Rather, that right is burdened by a rigorous responsibility not to assert immature or unfounded claims. This duty, in turn, invests defendants with an equally prodigious right to civil defense against civil recourse. Though WUCP enforces this defensive right with a corrective remedy, less severe measures also seem warranted. Because probable cause is a prerequisite to civil recourse, plaintiffs should bear the burden of substantiating their actions from the outset, and defendants should have the power to stop such aggression before it causes more serious damage.