cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combination therapy: its rationale and the role of ezetimibe

Despite the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)lowering efficacy of statins, many patients, especially those at the highest risk for coronary heart disease (CHD), do not reach LDL-C goals. Although there are many reasons for this observation, one possible solution is to treat hyperlipidemic patients with a combination of two lipid-altering agents that have different mechanisms of action. Several trials have illustrated the potential utility of combining resins with statins or niacin, and niacin or fibrates with statins. However, many patients poorly tolerate resins and niacin, and fibrates combined with statins may increase the risk of myopathy .A n ‘ideal’ second drug to add to statins or niacin would: (a) lower LDL-C by 15‐18%; (b) not potentiate the liver or muscle toxicities associated with high dose statins; and (c) cause few side effects or drug-drug interactions that would compromise compliance. Ezetimibe is a new cholesterol absorption inhibitor that exhibits all of these characteristics. Ezetimibe inhibits the intestinal absorption of dietary and biliary cholesterol without interfering with the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. When added to statins, ezetimibe produces significant reductions in LDL-C and triglycerides beyond reductions seen with a statin alone. Moreover, ezetimibe has a favorable safety and tolerability profile without any clinically important drug interactions. Thus, the combination of statins with ezetimibe offers a promising new approach to lowering LDL-C. (Eur Heart J Supplements 2002; 4 (Suppl J): J19‐J22)
Role of Phospholamban in Regulating Cardiac Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Pump

Cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum plays a critical role in the excitation-contraction cycle and hormonal regulation of heart cells. Catecholamines exert their ionotropic action through the regulation of calcium transport into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Cyclic 3′-5′-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) causes the cAMP-dependent protein kinase to phosphorylate the regulatory protein phospholamban, which results in the stimulation of calcium transport. Calmodulin also phosphorylates phospholamban by a calcium-dependent mechanism.We have reported the isolation and purification of phospholamban with low deoxycholate (DOC) concentrations (5 × 10−6 M). We have also reported the isolation and purification of Ca2+ + Mg2+-ATPase with a similar procedure. Both phospholamban and Ca2+ + Mg2+-ATPase retained their native properties associated with sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles. Further, we have shown that the removal of phospholamban from membranes of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles uncouples Ca2+-uptake from ATPase without ...
Giant nerve cells in the ganglia of nudibrach molluscs

Abstract 1. 1. Dissection and histological examination of the cerebral ganglion complexes of eight nudibrach genera (Armina, Triotonia, Archidoris, Anisodoris, Cadlina, Dialula, Triopha and Dirono) revealed that all have unusually large, vividly pigmented nerve cells situated immediately beneath a translucent sheath which surrounds the centralized ganglia. 2. 2. These cells were penetrated by intracellular microelectrodes and records were made of their resting potentials, endogenous activity and the effects of changes in temperature and pressure.
Route Change Decision Making by Hurricane Evacuees Facing Congestion

Successful evacuations of metropolitan areas require overcoming unexpected congestion that reduces traffic flows. Congestion may result from accidents, incidents, or other events that reduce road capacity. Traffic professionals and emergency managers may promote deviations from planned routes to bypass an area of congestion and speed mass exit. However, some route changes may actually reduce traffic flow rates, and in these cases decision makers may want to discourage use of alternate routes. By using results of a behavioral survey of potential hurricane evacuees, this study identifies variables associated with the decision to alter routes and also identifies frequently used information sources. A dynamic traffic simulation with a decision-making model using this information is proposed as a means for evacuation decision makers to assess impacts of driver decisions. Results from more than 800 responses showed the potentially strong influence of effective advanced traveler information systems to support de...
The value of interventional radiology in re-establishment of lost access to catheterizable channels to the bladder and bowel.

Abstract Objective The efficacy of interventional radiology (IR) procedures in regaining lost access to continent catheterizable channels in pediatric urology patients is uninvestigated. This paper assesses this efficacy, as well as prevention of surgical revision of these channels as a result of IR intervention. Methods A retrospective chart analysis was performed over 8 years for children presenting with lost access to the bladder or bowel that could not be regained by a pediatric urologist. Rates of successful re-establishment of access in IR and the need for future surgical revision were calculated. Results Twenty pediatric patients underwent 32 attempts to re-establish lost access in IR. IR was successful in 78.1% (25/32) of episodes for 15/20 patients. No intervention required general anesthesia. Thirty percent (6/20) were able to avoid surgical revision. Another 45% (9/20) had access re-established in IR but later had surgery related to their channel (endoscopic, percutaneous, or open). Only three patients required open revision. The five patients in whom IR access failed, did require surgery. Conclusion Image-guided re-establishment of access to continent catheterizable channels in children is efficacious. It can diffuse an emergency situation and delay or obviate the need for surgical correction. Additionally, a general anesthetic is not necessary.
b-Bit minwise hashing

This paper establishes the theoretical framework of b-bit minwise hashing. The original minwise hashing method has become a standard technique for estimating set similarity (e.g., resemblance) with applications in information retrieval, data management, computational advertising, etc.By only storing b bits of each hashed value (e.g., b=1 or 2), we gain substantial advantages in terms of storage space. We prove the basic theoretical results and provide an unbiased estimator of the resemblance for any b. We demonstrate that, even in the least favorable scenario, using b=1 may reduce the storage space at least by a factor of 21.3 (or 10.7) compared to b=64 (or b=32), if one is interested in resemblance >0.5.
Capacity Bounds on Timing Channels with Bounded Service Times

It is well known that queues with exponentially distributed service times have the smallest Shannon capacity among all single-server queues with the same service rate. In this paper, we study the capacity of timing channels in which the service time distributions have bounded support, i.e., Bounded Service Timing Channels (BSTC). We derive an upper bound and two lower bounds on the capacity of such timing channels. The tightness of these bounds is investigated analytically as well as via simulations. We find that the uniform BSTC serves a role for BSTCs that is similar to what the exponential service timing channel does for the case of timing channels with unbounded service time distributions. That is, when the length of the support interval is small, the uniform BSTC has the smallest capacity among all BSTCs.
Plasma Leptin Is Regulated Predominantly by Nutrition in Preruminant Lambs

In juvenile and mature animals, the plasma concentration of leptin is regulated by adiposity and nutrition. However, the timing of these influences on plasma leptin, and their relative importance in early postnatal life, are unknown. We investigated these plasma leptin influences in sheep, a species characterized during fetal life by leanness and insensitivity of leptin to variation in maternal nutrition. Small and large neonatal lambs were randomly assigned to either a diet sustaining an average daily weight gain (ADG) of 148 g/d (Low plane) or ate ad libitum a diet sustaining an ADG of 337 g/d (High plane). A subset of animals were slaughtered at 7.5, 10, 15 and 20 kg of body weight. Birth size had no effect on plasma leptin concentrations and adiposity at birth or at later times. Plasma leptin concentrations increased within 6 d of birth in the High plane lambs (P < 0.01) and continued to rise over time. In contrast, plasma leptin concentrations never changed in the Low plane lambs despite increasing adiposity. The positive association between plasma leptin concentration and adiposity was greater in the High plane than in the Low plane lambs, suggesting an independent effect of nutrition. Consistent with this finding, lipid accretion rates, a variable that is mostly independent of adiposity, was a strong predictor of plasma leptin concentrations only in the High plane lambs (R(2) = 0.77, P < 0.01). A positive association between plasma insulin and leptin developed over time in the High plane lambs (R(2) = 0.75, P < 0.01 on d 40), but was not seen in the Low plane lambs. These data indicate that both nutrition and adiposity regulate plasma leptin synthesis in early postnatal life, but in contrast to adulthood, the effects of nutrition appear to be predominant.
A 3-D wafer scale architecture for early vision processing

A massively parallel SIMD cellular computer is designed for processing early vision algorithms based on regularization theory and Markov random field (MRF) models. Algorithmic requirements and implementation issues are reviewed in detail for edge detection/surface reconstruction. The development of 3-D wafer scale integration (WSI) technologies that offer an ideal medium for implementing many early vision algorithms is discussed. An edge detection algorithm is mapped to the 3-D WSI computer that consists of a 128*128 array of processors formed by stacking 15 four inch CMOS wafers. This mapping is used as the basis for an enhanced array processor tailored for multiresolution MRF processing. Enhancements are proposed that would boost peak performance to over a trillion operations per second, using a stack of 40 wafers, with a total system volume of 820 cm/sup 3/ and consuming about 370 W. >
Dynamic characterization of rigid foam used in finite element sports ball simulations

Numerical simulation of sport ball impacts is challenging due to the varied contact conditions involved and the difficulty in characterizing nonlinear materials at high strain rates. The following considers rigid polyurethane foam used in softballs. Past works have shown that load displacement curves from viscoelastic material models do not completely agree with experiment, suggesting incorrect mechanisms of compressive deformation. Additionally, dynamic testing using a pressure bar apparatus was unable to achieve strain rates low enough, and dynamic mechanical analysis was unable to achieve strain magnitudes large enough to represent play conditions.A method was developed to impact polyurethane foam samples over a range of displacement rates and magnitudes representative of play conditions. A characteristic stress–strain loading curve of polyurethane foam was produced and incorporated into a finite element model. Comparison of instrumented and numerical impact properties produced agreeable results. The f...
Characterization of Sertoli cells cultured in the bicameral chamber system: relationship between formation of permeability barriers and polarized secretion of transferrin.

Sertoli cells from immature rats (18 days old) were cultured on Millipore filters impregnated with reconstituted basement membrane in bicameral chambers. Three types of cultures were obtained: 1) confluent monolayer cultures that formed a permeability barrier (impermeable), 2) confluent monolayer cultures that did not form a permeability barrier (permeable), and 3) subconfluent cultures (permeable). The relationships among fluid equilibrium, electrical resistance, and [3H]inulin transport between the apical and basal reservoirs of the chambers were examined. An impermeable confluent monolayer is defined when the cells of the Sertoli cell epithelial sheet are able to prevent hydrodynamic equilibration of fluid levels between the apical and basal reservoirs of a bicameral chamber. That is, a permeability barrier is present between the two sides of the chamber when fluid levels (volumes) do not change. In the impermeable confluent Sertoli cell monolayers, 7.5 +/- 0.6% of added [3H]inulin diffused across the monolayer during a 6-h collection period versus 13.7 +/- 0.5% in permeable cultures. Conversely, the electrical resistance was higher in the impermeable monolayers (41-71 ohm.cm2) than in the permeable layers (less than 33 ohm.cm2). A reciprocal linear relationship (Y = -4.68(X) + 91.50, r = 0.808) exists between inulin flux and electrical resistance, and this relationship is a function of cell density. Transferrin (Tf) was one of a few proteins detected in the basal medium of bicameral chambers, whereas most de novo synthesized proteins were secreted into the apical reservoir of the chamber. No significant differences in the total amount of Tf secreted by impermeable or permeable monolayers of Sertoli cells were observed. However, the Sertoli cell secretion ratios (apical/basal) of Tf during a 15-20-h collection period were 2.03 and 1.57 for impermeable monolayers plated at 2.4 x 10(6) and 3.6 x 10(6) cells/well, respectively, but less than 1.0 in permeable layers of cells. When fewer than 2 x 10(6) Sertoli cells were plated, the apical/basal polarity of Tf secretion declined to below 1 in a 24-h culture period, even though those chambers contained impermeable monolayers (recognized by the lack of hydrodynamic equilibrium). These results indicate that polarized secretion by Sertoli cells is dependent on (1) plating density and (2) formation of an impermeable epithelial sheet.
Reluctant Cosmopolitanism in Dickens's Great Expectations

It has recently been suggested, in various quarters, that cosmopolitanism, a concept that has proved broadly useful and popular in Victorian studies in the last several years, may have entered its critical senescence. The reports of its decline are, I believe, greatly exaggerated. I would like to prove the continuing vigor of the concept by using it in a reading of Dickens's Great Expectations (1860–61). Conceiving of the cosmopolitan figure as a mediator between native English and colonial subjectivities, I will argue that Pip and Magwitch are reluctant cosmopolitans of indeterminate national identity. Although their final lack of a home country represents a psychological loss, the sympathy they learn to feel for each other – a fellow-feeling between gentleman and convict produced by a transnational irony enacted across class and cultural divides – represents a clear ethical gain, the attainment of a partial universalism that goes to the heart of the moral vision of the novel. Throughout this study, I will seek to extend that “rigorous genealogy of cosmopolitanism” that Amanda Anderson has urged (“Cosmopolitanism” 266).
Elemental stoichiometry of Drosophila and their hosts.

1. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availabilities are important ecological determinants of resource use in nature. Despite the wide range of hosts used by species of the genus Drosophila, elemental composition of natural resources of these flies has never been investigated. 2. Total body N and P contents were determined in seven species of wild-caught Drosophila, their natural hosts, and artificial diets routinely used to rear these flies in the laboratory. The flies tested included D. hydei, D. arizonae, D. simulans and D. pseudoobscura collected from rotting fruit (melons), and the cactophilic D. nigrospiracula, D. mojavensis and D. pachea collected from their specific host plants, Saguaro, Organpipe and Senita cactus, respectively. 3. Natural hosts varied in elemental composition, with fruit showing higher N (2·8–4·3% dry mass) and P (0·50–0·67%) levels compared with cacti (0·5–1·6% N; 0·01–0·29% P). No consistent differences in N and P levels were found between healthy and necrotic cactus tissue. 4. Total body N and P also varied among Drosophila species. This variation mirrored the levels of N and P found in the respective hosts and laboratory diets. N:P ratios were consistently lower in female flies compared with conspecific males suggesting phosphorus demands during oogenesis are high. 5. Potential mechanisms by which Drosophila deal with N or P limitation in nature are discussed.
Evolution of Wolbachia cytoplasmic incompatibility types

The success of obligate endosymbiotic Wolbachia infections in insects is due in part to cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), whereby Wolbachia bacteria manipulate host reproduction to promote their invasion and persistence within insect populations. The observed diversity of CI types raises the question of what the evolutionary pathways are by which a new CI type can evolve from an ancestral type. Prior evolutionary models assume that Wolbachia exists within a host individual as a clonal infection. While endosymbiotic theory predicts a general trend toward clonality, Wolbachia provides an exception in which there is selection to maintain diversity. Here, evolutionary trajectories are discussed that assume that a novel Wolbachia variant will co-exist with the original infection type within a host individual as a superinfection. Relative to prior models, this assumption relaxes requirements and allows additional pathways for the evolution of novel CI types. In addition to describing changes in the Wolbachia infection frequency associated with the hypothesized evolutionary events, the predicted impact of novel CI variants on the host population is also described. This impact, resulting from discordant evolutionary interests of symbiont and host, is discussed as a possible cause of Wolbachia loss from the host population or host population extinction. The latter is also discussed as the basis for an applied strategy for the suppression of insect pest populations. Model predictions are discussed relative to a recently published Wolbachia genome sequence and prior characterization of CI in naturally and artificially infected insects.
Historical and current landscape‐scale ponderosa pine and mixed conifer forest structure in the Southern Sierra Nevada

Many managers today are tasked with restoring forests to mitigate the potential for uncharacteristically severe fire. One challenge to this mandate is the lack of large-scale reference information on forest structure prior to impacts from Euro-American settlement. We used a robust 1911 historical dataset that covers a large geographic extent (>10,000 ha) and has unbiased sampling locations to compare past and current forest conditions for ponderosa pine and mixed conifer forests in the southern Sierra Nevada. The 1911 dataset contained records from 18,052 trees in 378 sampled transects, totaling just over 300 ha in transect area. Forest structure was highly variable in 1911 and shrubs were found in 54% of transects. Total tree basal area ranged from 1 to 60 m2 ha−1 and tree density from 2 to 170 ha−1 (based on trees >30 cm dbh). K-means cluster analysis divided transects into four groups: mixed conifer-high basal area (MC High BA), mixed conifer-average basal area (MC Ave BA), mixed conifer-average basal ...
Effects of Lactulose on Nitrogen Metabolism

Lactulose is the most frequently utilized agent in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy because of its efficacy and the fact that it has few serious side effects. How this non-absorbable disaccharide works has been a matter of controversy, but evidence suggests that metabolism by the enteric flora is necessary for its mechanism of action. When the intestinal flora metabolizes lactulose, bacterial incorporation of nitrogen increases, as does the bacterial mass. The presence of a carbohydrate and the acidic environment caused by the production of organic acids also act to reduce the breakdown of other nitrogen-containing compounds to ammonia and other potential cerebral toxins. The administration of lactulose to humans causes an increase in fecal nitrogen, but very little increase in ammonia nitrogen. Most of the nitrogen is contained in the fecal bacterial and the soluble fractions of stool. The administration of lactulose causes a reduction in the urea production rate consistent with a reduced entry of ammonia into portal blood, but it does not appear to directly inhibit urea degradation. Other non-absorbable saccharides, particularly those contained in dietary fiber, appear to have effects similar to those of lactulose. There is some evidence that neomycin can be given with lactulose to cause an additive effect in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. This effect is most prominent in patients who have not responded adequately to lactulose alone. At this point, the other antibiotics studied do not appear to have additive effects with lactulose.
Tactical Execution of Corporate Financial Policy

This note introduces the student to the FRICTO framework for evaluating alternative financial tactics. Elements of the framework are flexibility, risk, income, control, timing, and other. A simple instruction is provided.
Static and dynamic stretching and its effects on hamstring flexibility, horizontal jump, vertical jump, and a 50 meter sprint

Preactivity stretching is commonly performed by active individuals as part of their warm-up routine. While both static and dynamic stretching are techniques utilized by the everyday exerciser, it has been questioned as to whether these types of stretching protocols can be harmful or beneficial to anaerobic exercise performance. The current literature on stretching has also been biased toward athletes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether 3 weeks of either static or dynamic hamstring stretching affects range of motion (ROM) and anaerobic exercise performance in recreationally active individuals. Twenty two healthy college-aged students were randomly divided into three groups; static stretching (n=9), dynamic stretching (n=8), or no-stretch control (n=5). Subjects completed three weeks of the stretching protocol with measurements taken before and after the stretching regimen. ROM of the hamstrings were measured via the sit and reach test and the active knee extension test (AKET) while three variables of anaerobic performance (horizontal jump, vertical jump, and 50 meter sprint) were analyzed. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences (P<0.05) between groups for the horizontal jump (P=0.261), vertical jump (P=0.983), or the 50 meter sprint (P=0.899). Furthermore, three weeks of either static or dynamic hamstring stretching did not improve ROM in our active subjects. Therefore, based on the current investigation, static stretching does not negatively impact anaerobic exercise performance, while dynamic stretching may not be as beneficial to an exercise routine as previously thought.
Studies on Phosphorus-Containing Compounds in Normal and Polio-encephalitic Mouse Brain.∗

ConclusionsDeterminations of phosphor-us-containing compounds of the whole brain tissue taken from normal mice and from mice suffering from polio-encephalitis produced by the MM poliomyelitis virus did not reveal any significant differences in the inorganic, acid soluble, lipid, nucleic acid, “protein residue” or total phosphorus fractions. Nor did they show any significant differences in the desoxyribosenucleic acid content as determined by the diphenylamine reaction. However, the content of ribosenueleic acid as determined by the orcinol-HCl reaction was significantly reduced in infected brains as compared with normal mouse brain tissue.
Seasonal Variation in Body Size of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in a Rice Culture Agroecosystem

We determined whether wing lengths of Culex tarsalis (Coquillett) and Anopheles freeborni (Aitken) varied seasonally; whether size was associated with abundance; and if individuals of a particular size could be associated with riparian, pasture, or rice field habitats within the rice culture agroecosystem of northern California. Significantly, the size of both male and female Cx. tarsalis increased as the season progressed. The size of female An. freeborni also increased significantly throughout the season, but the size of males did not. Abundance was not correlated with average wing length nor could any habitat be significantly associated with a particular size group. We conclude that for the species studied here, environmental effects (such as water temperature and seasonal availability of larval nutrients) are more important in determining individual size than the density-dependent processes that regulate the size of mosquitoes that breed in small containers.
Ratio Restrained Characteristic of Transformer Protection T60

The calculating process of differential variable and restrained variable on differential restrained curve are introduced,and the necessity of filtering zero part is analyzed.The ratio restrained theory of transformer protection relay-T60 is discussed,and the theory and the calculation formula of magnitude compensation,phasor compensation and the filtering of zero-current are analyzed.The curve of differential restrained characteristic is analyzed,including the transition curve and the setting of the ratio restrained characteristic.
Prevalence and Countermeasures of Infectious Diseases among China's Floating Population

Floating population is a special group in the economically and socially disadvantaged status of overall population,they have become vulnerable groups in the epidemics process of infectious diseases.The incidence increased year after year,and has become a public health problem that should not be ignored.The floating population is at low income level,their living standard and environment are relatively poor,educational level and employment characteristics are different.They have high fertility but enjoy poor level of health services.Therefore,the incidence of infectious diseases of the floating population is often higher than that of the resident population.Doing a good job of infectious diseases prevention and control among floating population can not only reduce the incidence of infectious diseases,but also reduce the incidence of infectious diseases of population inflow and the resident population of outflow area.It is a job with a wide range of social benefits.To investigate the status and problems of comprehensive prevention and control of infectious diseases in floating population,to strengthen countermeasures of prevention and control of infectious diseases in floating population are significant in improving the health level of community residents.
High Risk Factors of Brain Injury in Preterm Infants

Objective To explore the high risk factors of brain injury in preterm infants,and to reduce its morbidity and improve the developmental outcome.Methods One hundred and thirty preterm infants,who were admitted to our neonatal intensive care unit(NICU)between Aug.2005 and Aug.2007,were scanned by echo in 1,3,4,7,15 days,and 1,3 and 6 months after birth,respectively.Those who had intraventricular hemorrhage(IVH)of grade Ⅰor Ⅱ were regarded as mild brain injury,whereas those who had IVH of grade Ⅲ or Ⅳ or periventricular leukomalacia(PVL)were regarded as severe brain injury.Logistic regression was adopted to analyze 17 factors:gestational age,birth weight,hypertension syndrome during pregnancy,premature rupture of membranes,modalities of delivery,fetal distress,asphy-xiate,resuscitation,surfactant,apnea,seizures,hypoxia,hypercarbia,hypocarbia,acidosis,use of oxygen,nasal constant positive airway pressure or mechanical ventilation.Results Among 130 preterm infants,88 cases(66.7%)were detected with brain injury,which included 29 cases(33%)with mild brain injury(5 cases with IVH of grade Ⅰ,24 cases with IVH of grade Ⅱ)and 59 cases(67%)with severe brain injury(53 cases with IVH of grade Ⅲ,1 case with IVH of grade Ⅳ and 5 cases with PVL).Gestational age and birth weight were the fundamental factors of brain injury in premature infants.The smaller the gestational age and the lower the birth weight,the highter the brain injury rate.Resuscitation,hypoxia,the use of auxiliary ventilation were also important high risk factors of brain injury in preterm infants.All these high risk factors could influence the autoregulation of cerebral blood and trigger or aggravate brain injury of preterm infants.Conclusions Smaller gestational age,lower birth weight,resuscitation,hypoxia,the use of auxiliary ventilation were all the high risk factors of brain injury in premature infants,which could influence the parameters of cerebral blood dynamics by influencing cerebral blood autoregulation of preterm infants and lead to the occurrence of brain injury in premature.
Developing an Interdisciplinary, Team-Based Quality Improvement Leadership Training Program for Clinicians: The Partners Clinical Process Improvement Leadership Program.

Although there has been tremendous progress in quality improvement (QI) education for students and trainees in recent years, much less has been published regarding the training of active clinicians...
A parameter-free load balancing mechanism for P2P networks

Random peer selection is commonly used to provide load-balancing in decentralized P2P systems. This paper addresses two practical concerns with using random peer selection for load balancing. The first has to do with heterogeneous peer selection mechanisms that accommodate differences in capacities of different peers. These heterogeneous selection mechanisms are not parameter-free: Each peer assumes knowledge of a particular selection-parameter, where correctly setting the parameter requires the knowledge of the global distribution of peer capacities. In this paper, we present a method that realizes parameter-free random peer selection by automatically computing the required parameter at each peer, thus making the selection primitive easier to employ by P2P applications. A second common problem addressed by this paper is that of ensuring good load-balance in heavily loaded P2P systems, where new requests that result in more load still need to be accommodated. We give a method that estimates the overall utilization in the network, and adaptively determines the number of attempts needed to probabilistically accommodate each new request. We implement both these enhancements over the Swaplinks peer selection algorithm, and show using experimental evaluations that they work as intended.
Relationship of ligand-receptor dynamics to actin polymerization in RBL-2H3 cells transfected with the human formyl peptide receptor

The human formyl peptide receptor (FPR) expressed in RBL-2H3 transfectants (RBL[FPR]) behaves qualitatively like the FPR expressed by neutrophils except that it causes sustained F-actin accumulation and cell shape change responses on formyl peptide stimulation. These sustained responses were not accounted for by changes in the transfected receptor's ability to interact with ligand or by receptor density. Signal transduction pathways of transfected and neutrophil FPRs are apparently similar. In transfected cells, dissociation of ligand is sensitive to guanine nucleotide, the G protein is pertussis toxin-sensitive, FPR and G protein appear to be precoupled, the F-actin response is stimulated with the same dose-response profile as in neutrophils, and the F-actin accumulation response is directly regulated by the FPR, even long after initial stimulation. Potentially significant differences between neutrophil and transfected FPR were found when receptor processing was measured. In neutrophils, practically 100% of the FPR is converted to forms that dissociate slowly from ligand and are inactive in signal transduction within 2 min of ligand stimulation. By contrast, 20% or more of transfected FPR remains rapidly dissociating even 5 min after stimulation. Although 80% of neutrophil FPR is internalized by 5 min after stimulation, transfected FPR appears to plateau at 50-60% internalized. Because actin responses in neutrophils are regulated by a small number of active receptors, the inefficiency of receptor inactivation in RBL(FPR) transfectants may account for the prolonged F-actin accumulation response.
Children's understanding of their emotionally disturbed peers. I. The concept of emotional disturbance.

Study of the interpersonal relations of emotionally disturbed children has focused largely on relationships within the family. Theories of childhood psychopathology focus almost exclusively on the parent-child triad as the etiological core of childhood emotional disturbance (Frank, 1965). Far less attention has been paid to the role of extra-familial attitudes and relationships in childhood psychopathology. In a general way, the increasing importance of the peer group during childhood has been recognized, but researchers have hardly begun to consider whether and how the manifold aspects of relationships between the emotionally disturbed and their normal peers might bear on the course of the disturbance or its refractoriness to treatment (e.g., Solomon and Wahler, 1973). Nor have they considered peer group influences on the development of the emotionally disturbed child's perception of the world and his place within it. Despite increasing recognition of the early importance of peer relations, virtually no systematic information exists on the ways in which normal children view their emotionally disturbed peers. Our purpose in this paper is to report the first of several analyses of data from an initial investigation of children's understanding of their emotionally disturbed peers. Specifically, we wish to examine whether there is evidence that normal children do, in fact, perceive as emotionally disturbed the symptomatic and distressing behavior of peers that mental health professionals would recognize as indicative of psychopathology. Further, we wish to study these issues with respect to grade and sex differences.
Loss of perilymph affects electrocochleographic potentials in the guinea pig.

Alterations of electrocochleographic (ECoG) potentials recorded from guinea pig cochleae have been reported to occur following round window (RW) membrane perforation (perilymphatic fistula). To further evaluate the pathophysiology of perilymphatic fistula, a study was conducted of the short-term effects of acute RW membrane perforation on the amplitude of the summating potential (SP) and the action potential (AP), and the SP:AP ratio. Acute RW membrane perforation was produced in 15 Hartley guinea pigs. The animals were placed in a head dependent position, so that some perilymph would drain from the inner ear following RW perforation. For both click and low frequency tone burst stimuli (2 kHz), the mean AP amplitudes showed variable but progressive deterioration with time following RW membrane perforation
What’s new in surgical oncology

Abstract "What's New in Surgery" evolves from the contributions of leaders in each of the fields of surgery. In every instance the author has been designated by the appropriate Council from the American College of Surgeons' Advisory Councils for the Surgical Specialties. This feature will be presented in issues of the Journal throughout the year beginning in 2001 (formerly published in one issue, February, of each volume of JACS ) .
The Politics of Disaffection, 1795–9

To many observers in the winter of 1792–3 Ireland appeared to be on the brink of rebellion. Little distinction was made, in the ascendancy mind, between the politics of catholic relief or parliamentary reform on the one hand, and Defenderism, disloyalty or outright subversion on the other. However exaggerated that view may have been in 1793 — and it is far from clear that the hard men of the ascendancy, like Fitzgibbon, had got it entirely wrong — by 1795 the iron rod of coercion had hammered the equation into reality. Moreover, with hindsight it is hard to disagree with the ubiquitous contemporary perception that after the recall of Fitzwilliam the last hope of a peaceful, ‘political’, resolution of the Irish crisis had passed. Revolution or complete submission, as the radicals (and many catholic activists) now saw it, were the only alternatives; repression, as the ascendancy saw it, the only reply.
Construction and characterization of adriamycin-loaded canine red blood cells as a potential slow delivery system

Adriamycin was internalized in canine red blood cells (RBC) by two procedures involving (a) simple diffusion of the drug into cells and (b) hypotonic dialysis followed by isotonic resealing. The two procedures yielded comparable amounts of encapsulated adriamycin, around 35 micrograms/10(9) RBC. Exposure of adriamycin-loaded RBC to 0.16% glutaraldehyde consistently slowed down the rate of efflux of the drug as compared with non-glutaraldehyde-treated cells: after 1 h of incubation at 37 degrees C, greater than 80% of adriamycin was still present inside the glutaraldehyde-treated RBC, while at 24 h it was 66%, compared to 10% and 1%, respectively, in the adriamycin-loaded, non-glutaraldehyde-treated cells. Canine RBC showed a higher rate of transformation of adriamycin than the human cells, the only intracellular metabolite being adriamycinol, which is apparently formed by the NADPH-dependent enzyme aldehyde reductase. Production of adriamycinol was remarkably lower in the glutaraldehyde-treated RBC, as a result of progressive and extensive inactivation of hexose monophosphate shunt activity responsible for NADPH formation. These results, coupled with the known selective targeting of glutaraldehyde-treated RBC to liver, hold promise as to in vivo applications of this drug delivery system in antineoplastic therapy.
Optimism in Presidential Leadership: Case of Eisenhower's Smile

The narratives with which Presidents describe themselves and their administrations may lend insights into attributes of presidential leadership. Among the most interesting attributes — and least-studied — is optimism. Do U.S. Presidents express themes of hope and optimism relatively more than others? How unified or different are the Presidents in expressing such sentiments? Is such an expression associated with the person’s life experience and the context while serving in office? And ultimately, how is optimism associated with a President’s legacy?This essay complements research on the self-narrative texts of post-World War II Presidents by considering in detail the instance of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Bruner (2016) finds that all post-World War II Presidents express sentiments of warmth and optimism more than a large sample of benchmark writings. And among the post-World War II Presidents, Eisenhower is the most optimistic. What might have been the sources of this sentiment? Was this optimism authentic? How might optimism have contributed to Eisenhower’s leadership? The discussion addresses these questions.
Link prediction via matrix factorization

We propose to solve the link prediction problem in graphs using a supervised matrix factorization approach. The model learns latent features from the topological structure of a (possibly directed) graph, and is shown to make better predictions than popular unsupervised scores. We show how these latent features may be combined with optional explicit features for nodes or edges, which yields better performance than using either type of feature exclusively. Finally, we propose a novel approach to address the class imbalance problem which is common in link prediction by directly optimizing for a ranking loss. Our model is optimized with stochastic gradient descent and scales to large graphs. Results on several datasets show the efficacy of our approach.
CHM Happenings

Nearly 200,000 people, representing over 140 countries, came to CHM in Mountain View in 2016 to learn and explore our main exhibit on the history of computing, Revolution: The First 2,000 Years of Computer History, as well our other exhibits on Ada Lovelace, self-driving cars, and the worlds smallest computer.
Cerebral Venous Thrombosis: A Challenging Neurologic Diagnosis

Headache is a common emergency department chief complaint. Although most are benign, emergency physicians must rapidly identify and manage the uncommon, sometimes subtle, presentation of headache from a life-threatening cause. Cerebral venous thrombosis imparts significant morbidity and mortality, and can be a challenging diagnosis. It most commonly occurs in those under 50 years of age with thrombosis of the cerebral veins/sinuses. Diagnosis is frequently delayed. The disease can present with 1 or more clinical syndromes, including intracranial hypertension with headaches, focal neurologic deficits, seizures, and encephalopathy. Diagnosis requires imaging. Treatment includes stabilization, management of complications, and anticoagulation.
GABA Detection with Nano-ITIES Pipet Electrode: A New Mechanism, Water/DCE-Octanoic Acid Interface.

Interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) supported on the orifice of a pipet have become a powerful platform to detect a broad range of analytes. We present here the detection of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) with the nanoITIES pipet electrodes for the first time. GABA has a net charge of zero in an aqueous solution at pH ≈ 7, and it has not previously been detected at ITIES. In this work, we demonstrated GABA detection at ITIES in an aqueous solution at pH ≈ 7, where we introduced a novel detection strategy based on “pH modulation from the oil phase”. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of such. Current increases linearly with increasing concentrations of GABA, ranging from 0.25 mM to 1.0 mM. The measured half-wave transfer potential of GABA is -0.401 ±0.010 V (n=22) vs. E1/2, TBA. The measured diffusion coefficient for GABA detection at nanoITIES pipet electrode is 6.09 (± 0.58) x 10-10 m2/s (n=5). Experimental results indicate that protons generated from octano...
Dionysus in Depth: Mystes , Madness, and Method in James Hillman’s Re-visioning of Psychology

This chapter examines the mystical and erotic in Hillman’s early thought through the influence of the ancient Greek god Dionysus. With a focus on the embodied, emotional, and erotic nature of Dionysus, I will show how these qualities came to formulate the core theoretical vision of Hillman’s archetypal hermeneutic and served as a critique of traditional psychological epistemologies, as well as of normative scholarly approaches in both the humanities and sciences. In “saving” image, symbol, and even the “mystical,” from an analytic, disembodied, and misogynist reductionism, Hillman’s archetypal psychology champions a form of transformational subjectivity, and personally redemptive mysticism, through an ontological affirmation of what Jung (1937) understood as the reality of the psyche.
Twenty-first century cervical cancer management: A historical perspective of the gynecologic oncology group/NRG oncology over the past twenty years

Since 1970, the Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) has been at the forefront of evaluating and helping to implement ground breaking and paradigm changing research in the management of cervical cancer. While the most dramatic example of this impact was a series of clinical trials published in 1999 that evaluated chemoradiation therapy versus radiation therapy alone for patients with various clinical scenarios, including both locally advanced as well as post radical hysterectomy patients, investigation has continued to further refine and improve therapy. In 2014, based on the results of GOG protocol 240, bevacizumab became the first approved targeted therapy in a gynecologic cancer in the United States. Most recently, clinical trial work from the GOG is changing the standard of care for all clinical scenarios. Finally, an emphasis on survivorship and special populations are now top priorities.
Urban Environments and Health

As the proportion of the world's population residing in urban areas continues to grow, so does the urgency of disentangling the social processes that shape urban environments and the health of their residents. Urbanization is driven by global economic and social processes, which together with local and regional policies influence urban environments and the health of their residents. Understanding these processes, and their implications for the distribution of populations and resources, is central to understanding and addressing the distribution of health and disease both within and across urban areas. This entry outlines a conceptual model for examining the implications of global, regional, and local processes for the distribution of populations in urbanized environments, for the physical and social environments within which those populations find themselves, and implications for population health with a particular focus on inequalities in urban health. Several examples are described to illustrate the implications of such models for understanding urban environments as components of dynamic systems, and to consider implications for urban health interventions. The entry closes with a discussion of implications for reducing urban health inequalities through interventions in urban social and physical environments that emphasize participation and influence of less powerful urban residents.
Seismic-resistant self-centering rocking core system with buckling restrained columns

Abstract Conventional concentrically braced frame (CBF) systems have limited drift capacity prior to brace buckling, and related damage leads to deterioration in strength and stiffness. CBFs are also susceptible to soft-story failure. A pin-supported self-centering rocking core system with buckling-restrained columns (SCRC-BRC) is being developed to provide significant drift capacity while limiting damage due to residual drift and soft-story mechanisms. The SCRC-BRC system consists of beams, columns, and braces branching off a central column, with buckling restrained columns (BRCs) incorporated into the system at the first story external column positions. The BRCs and friction generated at lateral-load bearings at each floor level are used to dissipate energy to reduce the overall seismic response of the SCRC-BRC system. Vertically-aligned post-tensioning bars provide additional overturning moment resistance and aid in self-centering the system to eliminate residual drift. The pin support condition at the base of the central column and the lateral stiffness of the system enable it to exhibit a nearly uniform inter-story drift distribution. In this study, the suite of 44 DBE-level ground motions used in FEMA P695 is numerically applied to several SCRC- BRCs to demonstrate the seismic performance of the system. The results show that the SCRC-BRC system has a nearly uniform inter-story drift response, high ductility, and a high energy dissipation capacity, and is an effective seismic-resistant system.
The Problem of Implicature in "Do Not Track" Choice Design

In an observational study using an eye-tracker, subjects were presented with a modeless cookie choice dialog preceding a short survey on Internet privacy. Subjects were later asked whether they believed ad trackers were present on the site or not. 41% believed there either were or were not ad trackers on the site based on not clicking “allow” or “block”, respectively. These results suggest that a pragmatic implicature is in play - information is suggested though not explicitly stated.
Mammography use in breast cancer survivors: An administrative claims study.

6531Background: Annual mammography is recommended to screen residual breast tissue for new cancers and recurrent disease after treatment for early stage breast cancer. This study aimed to assess ma...