cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk of Secondary Malignancies in Ovarian Cancer Survivors: 54,305 Patients Analyzed With 40 Years of Follow-up

Purpose/objective(s) Survivors of ovarian cancer are at risk of developing a secondary malignancy (SM). We sought to evaluate the risk of developing SM, stratified by treatment modality and site of SM. Materials/methods Standardized incidence ratios (SIR, observed-to-expected [O/E] ratio) and absolute excess risk of SM, were assessed in 54,305 patients diagnosed with ovarian cancer as a first malignancy between 1975 and 2016 in the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Follow-up was available through 2016. Importantly, the SIRs take into account age at diagnosis, race, year of diagnosis and patient-years at risk. Non-melanoma skin cancers were not counted as SM. SIRs were also evaluated for patients according to latency from their initial diagnosis. Results Of 54,305 patients diagnosed with ovarian cancer, 1,010 received radiation therapy (RT) alone, 35,842 received chemotherapy (CT) alone, and 1,035 were treated with chemotherapy and radiation (CRT). 16,418 patients received neither CT or RT. Overall, 3,981 patients (7.3%) developed SM, which was more than the endemic rate [O/E 1.13 (95% CI 1.09- 1.16); P Conclusion This is the largest study to examine the risk of SM in patients with ovarian cancer and has the longest follow-up. The risk of SM was increased after having ovarian cancer and varied with treatment modality. Patients treated with any RT had higher rates of SM than those not treated with RT. Importantly, CT did not result in an increased excess risk of solid tumor SM, only in an increased excess risk of leukemia. These results may help inform SM screening protocols for women with ovarian cancer. Author disclosure A.C. Casper: None. M.W. Parsons: None. J. Chipman: None. L.M. Burt: ARRO executive committee. G. Suneja: Research Grant; National Institutes of Health. Honoraria; National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Travel Expenses; National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Radiation Oncology Institute, American Board of Radiology; Radiation Oncology Institute, National Comprehensive Cancer Network, ASTRO.K.A. Maurer: None. D.K. Gaffney: Research Grant; NCI. Consultant; NCI. run meetings; NCI.
The Calibration and Characterization of Earth Remote Sensing and Environmental Monitoring Instruments

The use of remote sensing instruments on orbiting satellite platforms in the study of Earth Science and environmental monitoring was officially inaugurated with the April 1, 1960 launch of the Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS) [1]. The first TIROS accommodated two television cameras and operated for only 78 days. However, the TIROS program, in providing in excess of 22,000 pictures of the Earth, achieved its primary goal of providing Earth images from a satellite platform to aid in identifying and monitoring meteorological processes. This marked the beginning of what is now over four decades of Earth observations from satellite platforms. reflected and emitted radiation from the Earth using instruments on satellite platforms. These measurements are input to climate models, and the model results are analyzed in an effort to detect short and long-term changes and trends in the Earth's climate and environment, to identify the cause of those changes, and to predict or influence future changes. Examples of short-term climate change events include the periodic appearance of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the tropical Pacific Ocean [2] and the spectacular eruption of Mount Pinatubo on the Philippine island of Luzon in 1991. Examples of long term climate change events, which are more subtle to detect, include the destruction of coral reefs, the disappearance of glaciers, and global warming. Climatic variability can be both large and small scale and can be caused by natural or anthropogenic processes. The periodic El Nino event is an example of a natural process which induces significant climatic variability over a wide range of the Earth. A classic example of a large scale anthropogenic influence on climate is the well-documented rapid increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide occurring since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution [3]. An example of the study of a small-scale anthropogenic influence in climate variability is the Atlanta Land-use Analysis Temperature and Air-quality (ATLANTA) project [4]. This project has found that the replacement of trees and vegetation with concrete and asphalt in Atlanta, Georgia, and its environs has created a microclimate capable of producing wind and thunderstorms. A key objective of climate research is to be able to distinguish the natural versus human roles in climate change and to clearly communicate those findings to those who shape and direct environmental policy.
Introduction to One-Dimensional Bose Gases

Statistical mechanics has proven to be one of the most comprehensive theories in physics. However, despite almost a century of efforts to explain its foundations through the underlying laws of quantum mechanics, our understanding of the emergence of thermal properties still relies on assumptions rather then exact derivations. Only recently, the advances in the manipulation of ultracold atomic clouds have enabled the experimental realization and detailed study of such questions. In this first chapter, the physics of Bose gases in equilibrium are reviewed with a particular focus on 1D bosons in a double-well potential. This equilibrium situation allows the introduction of the tools that will later be used to study 1D Bose gases in various non-equilibrium situations.
Effect of Ketoconazole on the plasma pharmacokinetics of Axitinib (AG-013736) in healthy volunteers

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 12-16, 2008; San Diego, CA 232 Introduction: Axitinib (AG-013736, AG), is an oral, potent, and selective inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors 1, 2, 3. Pharmacokinetic (PK) studies have demonstrated that AG is predominantly metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and by glucuronidation. The effect of single-dose AG administered with repeated doses of ketoconazole, a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor, on AG PK was assessed in healthy volunteers. Methods : In a randomized, single-blind, 2-way crossover study, 35 healthy volunteers received AG 5 mg orally (PO) on day 1 after overnight fasting (treatment A), and ketoconazole (400 mg PO on days 1-7) plus AG 5 mg PO on day 4 (treatment B). Crossover treatments were separated by at least 14 days. Blood samples were collected up to 48 and 96 hours post AG dosing during treatment A and B respectively, to assess AG PK. Adverse events (AEs), electrocardiograms, pulse rate, blood pressure, and safety laboratory data were recorded to evaluate safety. Results: Ketoconazole increased the AG geometric mean AUC0-∞ by approximately 2-fold (404.8 vs 196.7 ng•h/mL) and Cmax by 1.5 fold (76.7 vs 51.0 ng/mL) compared with AG alone. Peak concentrations were achieved after 1.5 hours (AG alone) or 2 hours (AG plus ketoconazole) after dosing. No major safety issues were reported and AEs were mostly mild. Eight subjects reported ≥1 treatment-related (AG or AG+ketoconazole) AE and the most frequently reported AEs were headache and nausea. Conclusion: AG and ketoconazole co-administration increased AG plasma exposures and peak concentrations in healthy volunteers, thereby providing an upper bound for expected AG plasma concentrations in the presence of potent metabolic inhibition. AG, alone and in combination with ketoconazole, was well tolerated in this study.
Medical Applications of Lasers: Diversity is Key to Success

Medical applications for lasers are incredibly diverse, encompassing three broad areas: therapeutic procedures, clinical testing/diagnostics, and medical device manufacturing. Supporting such varied applications in turn requires a wide array of laser technology. This article discusses representative applications from all of these areas, and reviews key laser attributes and recent technological developments for each.
Expression of transforming growth factor-β1,2, and 3 mRNA and protein in human cancers

Historically, the role for transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-βs) in malignancy has been difficult to prove. TGF-βs are potent autocrine and paracrine negative regulators of the growth of normal epithelial and neuroectodermal cells in vitro. Therefore we hypothesized that the aberrant growth of tumor cells and neoplastic development, in general, may be due to a loss of growth regulation by TGF-β. By immunohistochemistry, using isoform specific antibodies raised to synthetic peptides of each TGF-β isoform, and by in situ hybridization, using non-cross-hybridizing cRNA probes to each TGF-β isoform, we examined the protein and mRNA expression of TGF-β, respectively, in a variety of carcinomas and gliomas compared to normal tissue. The analysis of the cell types that synthesized the messge for TGF-β isoforms compared to those which synthesized the protein indicated whether TGF-β functioned by an autocrine or paracrine mechanism of action in these tumors.
Mechanism of Inhibition of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis in Escherichia coli by Hydroxyurea

The effects of hydroxyurea on Escherichia coli B/5 physiology (increases in cell mass, number of viable cells, and deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA], RNA, and protein concentrations) were studied in an attempt to find a concentration that completely inhibits DNA synthesis and increase in number of viable cells but has little or no effect on other metabolic processes. These conditions were the most closely approached at an hydroxyurea concentration of 0.026 to 0.033 m. A concentration of 0.026 or 0.033 m was used in subsequent experiments to study the site(s) of inhibition of DNA synthesis in E. coli B/5 by hydroxyurea. Hydroxyurea at a concentration of 10−2m was found to inhibit ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase activity completely in crude extracts of E. coli. The synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides was greatly reduced when E. coli cells were grown in the presence of 0.033 m hydroxyurea. Studies on the acid-soluble DNA precursor pools showed that hydroxyurea causes a decrease in the concentration of deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates and an increase in the total concentration of ribonucleotides. Sucrose density gradient sedimentation of DNA from cells treated with 0.026 m hydroxyurea for 30 min indicated that at this concentration hydroxyurea induces no detectable single- or double-strand breaks. In addition, both replicative and repair syntheses of DNA were found to occur normally in toluene-treated cells in the presence of relatively high concentrations of hydroxyurea. Pulse-chase studies showed that deoxyribonucleotides synthesized prior to the addition of hydroxyurea to cells are utilized normally for DNA synthesis in the presence of hydroxyurea. On the basis of these observations, we have concluded that the primary, if not the only, site of inhibition of DNA synthesis in E. coli B/5 by low concentrations of hydroxyurea is the inhibition of the enzyme ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase.
Including At-Risk Adolescents in Their Own Health and Mental Health Care : A Youth Development Perspective

Summary As urban adolescents encounter serious health and mental health risks, they present the allied health professions with important opportunities for health promotion and risk reduction interventions. However, the prevailing emphasis on adolescents' risk behaviors rather than on their vulnerability has limited our capacity to understand and serve them. Further limiting are the widely held myths that adolescents as a whole have few health problems and that they are poor judges of their own needs. This article presents an overview of current theories of adolescent risk and vulnerability and suggests Youth Development as an overarching framework for understanding both. Experience within a comprehensive, adolescent health and mental health center demonstrates how to meaningfully engage adolescents in their own health care from the start.
Post-proteomic identification of a novel phage-encoded streptodornase, Sda1, in invasive M1T1 Streptococcus pyogenes

The M1T1 strain remains the most frequently isolated strain from group A streptococcal (GAS) infection cases worldwide. We previously reported that M1T1 differs from the fully sequenced M1 SF370 strain. To better understand the reason for the persistence and increased virulence of M1T1, we analysed its secreted proteome and identified two virulence proteins that are not present in the sequenced M1 SF370 strain: streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A (SpeA) and a streptodornase D (SdaD) homologue. In the present study, we determined the nucleotide sequence of the M1T1 streptodornase and found that its deduced amino acid sequence is highly similar to other streptococcal streptodornases, and is most closely related to the SdaD of GAS strain M49. M1T1 Sda shares two highly conserved domains with several DNases and putative DNases in streptococci; however, it possesses a unique C-terminal amino acid sequence. Thus, we named the protein Sda1, and we detected the presence of the sda1 gene in 16 M1T1 clinical isolates. The cloned and expressed Sda1 degrades both streptococcal and mammalian DNA at physiological pH. Amino acid similarity analyses of known GAS deoxyribonucleases suggest that Sda1 may be a chimeric protein created through recombination events. Moreover, a natural mutation that resulted in longer Sda1 and SdaD as compared to other GAS DNases was found to confer increased activity on the protein. Analysis of the sequences flanking sda1 determined that it is carried by a prophage or a prophage-like element inserted in the tRNA-Ser gene of M1T1 GAS. Ongoing studies in our laboratory aim to determine the contribution of Sda1 to the virulence of this globally disseminated M1T1 strain.
Surface Micromachined Microengane As The Driver For Micromechanical Gears

The transmission of mechanical power is often accomplished through the use of gearing. The recently developed surface micromachined microengine [1] provides us with an actuator which is suitable for driving surface micromachined geared systems. In this paper we will present aspects of the rnicroengine as they relate to the driving of geared mechanisms, issues relating to the design of micro gear mechanisms, and details of a design of a microengine-driven geared shutter mechanism.
Subcortical white matter metabolic changes remote from focal hemorrhagic lesions suggest diffuse injury after human traumatic brain injury.

OBJECTIVE: We used positron emission tomographic studies to prospectively examine the relationship between glucose and oxidative metabolism in the subcortical white matter (WM) acutely after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The objective was to determine the nature, extent, and degree of metabolic abnormalities in subcortical brain regions remote from hemorrhagic lesions. METHODS: Sixteen normal volunteers and 10 TBI patients (Glasgow Coma Scale score, 4-10, age, 17-64 yr; 6 with focal and 4 with diffuse injur) were studied. Each subject underwent dynamic positron emission tomographic studies using [ 15 O]CO, 15 O 2 , [ 15 O]H 2 O, and fluorodeoxyglucose plus a magnetic resonance imaging scan acutely after TBI. Parametric images of the metabolic rate of oxygen and metabolic rate of glucose were generated, and a molar oxygen-to-glucose utilization ratio was calculated. Data from gray matter and WM remote from hemorrhagic leisons, plus whole brain, were analyzed. RESULTS: There was a signaificant reduction in the subcortical WM oxygen-to-glucose utilization ratio after TBI compared with normal values (3.99 ± 0.77 versus 5.37 ± 1.00; P < 0.01), whereas the mean corticla gray matter and whole-brain values remained unchanged WM metabolic changes, which were diffuse throughout the hemispheres, were characterized by a reduction in the metabolic rate of oxygen without a concomitant drop in the metabolic rate of glucose. CONCLUSION: The extent and degree of subcortical WM metabolic abnormatlities after moderate and severe TBI suggest that diffuse WM injury is a general phenomenon after such injuries. This pervasive finding may indicate that the concept of focal-traumatic injury, although valid from a computed tomographic imaging standpoint, may be misleading when considering metabolic derangements associated with TBI.
Cavity Expulsion and Weak Dewetting of Hydrophobic Solutes in Water

Perturbation theory is used to study the solvation of nonpolar molecules in water, supported by extensive computer simulations. Two contributions to the solvent-mediated solute-water interactions are identified: a cavity potential of mean force that transforms by a simple translation when the solute size changes, and a solute-size-independent cavity-expulsion potential. The latter results in weak dewetting of the solute-water interface that can explain the approximate area dependence of solvation free energies with apparent surface tensions similar to macroscopic values. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Enhancement of Carbon Fiber Cloth Reactivity to Air by Potassium Addition using Ion Exchange

Enhancement of the reactivity to air of polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber cloth has been achieved by the addition of metals to the cloth.Prior to metal addition, the cloth was oxidized in 54 wt% nitric acid in order, both, to increase the surface area of the cloth and to add carboxyl groups to the surface.Metal addition was then achieved by soaking the cloth in metal acetate solution to effect exchange between the metal cation and hydrogen on the carboxyl groups.The addition of potassium, sodium, calcium, and barium enhanced fiber cloth reactivity to air at 573 K.Extended studies using potassium addition showed that success in enhancing fiber cloth reactivity to air depends on: extent of cloth oxidation in nitric acid, time of exchange in potassium acetate solution, and the thoroughness of removing metal acetate from the fiber pore structure following exchange.With increased potassium loading on fiber cloth which has undergone a fixed extent of prior oxidation, cloth reactivity in air reaches a maximum and in some cases decreases.Optimum loading is associated with potassium added by exchange;additional loading is associated with potassium added by decomposition of acetate not removed from the fiber pore system by washing.Cloth reactivity increases essentially linearly with increase in potassium addition via exchange.
Impact of resident participation on laparoscopic inguinal hernia repairs: are residents slowing us down?

Objective The time it takes to complete an operation is important. Operating room (OR) time is costly and directly associated with infectious complications and length of stay. Intuitively, procedures take longer when a surgical resident is operating. How much extra time should we take to train residents? We examined the relationship between laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair (IHR) procedure duration and resident participation and its impact on the development of complications and hospital stay. Methods Data from patients undergoing laparoscopic IHR in participating institutions of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) from 2007 to 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with current procedural terminology (CPT) codes 49650 and 49651 (laparoscopic initial and recurrent IHR) comprised our patient cohort. Participation of staff surgeon and resident postgraduate year level (PGY) were used as the main predictors for operative outcomes. Results A total of 6223 patients underwent laparoscopic IHR as their main procedure with no additional or concurrent procedures; 92% were men, 21% of the repairs were bilateral. In total, there were 98 patients with at least 1 complication (1.6%). Resident involvement was present in 3565 cases (57%) broken down by PGY1: 12%, PGY2: 12%, PGY3: 21%, PGY4: 19%, PGY5 or above: 36%. Median operative time was 45 minutes for staff surgeons alone and 64 minutes when there was a resident present (p Conclusions Laparoscopic IHR is performed faster by staff surgeons without residents. There was no difference in the complication rate when residents were involved. Teaching and mentoring residents in the OR for laparoscopic IHR is safe and laudable.
Esterase inhibition and reactivation in relation to piperonyl butoxide-phosphorothionate interactions

Abstract The effect of piperonyl butoxide on the acute toxicity of phosphorothionate insecticides was studied in male mice. One hour after piperonyl butoxide (400 mg/kg), the toxicity of the dimethyl phosphorothionates, methyl parathion and Guthion, was antagonized, whereas the toxicity of their respective diethyl homologs, parathion and Ethyl Guthion, was potentiated. Piperonyl butoxide did not appreciably alter the toxicity of the oxygen analogs of these compounds. Pretreatment with SKF 525-A (50 mg/kg) modified the toxicity of the phosphorothionates in a manner qualitatively similar to piperonyl butoxide pretreatment. Plasma concentrations of all four insecticides were increased three- to sevenfold in piperonyl butoxide-pretreated mice. This increase may result in a greater total oxon formation; however, reactivation in vitro of esterases inhibited in vivo was 5 to 10 times more rapid following methyl parathion or Guthion challenge than after their diethyl homologs. Although a greater total oxon formation-cholinesterase inhibition is possible for both dimethyl and diethyl phosphorothionates following piperonyl butoxide pretreatment, rapid reactivation of inhibited nerve tissue cholinesterases after dimethyl phosphorothionate challenge appears to compensate for further inhibition occurring at a decreased rate. The net result would be a reduction in dimethyl phosphorothionate toxicity. In contrast, slow reactivation of inhibited nerve tissue cholinesterases following diethyl phosphorothionate challenge appears unable to compensate for increased oxon formation-cholinesterase inhibition. The net result is a potentiation of the toxicity of the diethyl-substituted compounds.
Electrothermal Space Heating and Air Conditioning

SPACE heating of dwellings has been one of the prime necessities in the improved living conditions of the human race and one that has received considerable study from the earliest time. As the various heating methods were developed, from the early open fireplace to modern heating equipment, utility and esthetic designs for the heating equipment were given a great deal of consideration.
Modeling the Impact of Business‐to‐Business Electronic Commerce on the Organization of the Logistics Industry

In this article, we analyze patterns and recent trends of the logistics industry with specific emphasis on the impact of business-to-business (B-to-B) electronic commerce on its industrial organization. From this conceptualization, we develop an optimization-based logistics model comprising two interlinked networks representing commodity flow and information flow, respectively. The model is operationalized using Monte Carlo simulation to highlight possible scenarios of logistics industry changes in response to the use of B-to-B e-commerce. Through this endeavor, we examine how new technologies affect the cost of information and transportation transactions in the logistics industry.
The Signals Outside Directors Send to Foreign Investors: Evidence from Korea

Manuscript Type: Empirical Research Question/Issue: This study explores a signaling role of the demographic composition of a firm's outside director by examining how the composition influences the growth of foreigners' investment in the firm. Research Findings/Insights: Using archival data from a panel sample of 96 large Korean firms between 2000 and 2003, our analysis shows that the growth of foreign ownership is positively affected if a higher proportion of outside directors hold advanced foreign degrees, if a higher proportion of outside directors have former or current affiliations with governmental organizations, or if a higher proportion of outside directors have job experience in the same industry. Theoretical/Academic Implications: Our theoretical perspective and supportive findings suggest that the role of outside directors is not confined to implementing the tasks stipulated as a corporate governance mechanism; they also can be signals that inform a market audience (foreign investors in our study) of the extent to which outside directors may provide a firm with a knowledge base, social status, and decision control. Practitioner/Policy Implications: This study suggests several practical implications, prompting growing interest in the role of outside directors as one of the most effective vehicles for improving corporate governance and symbolic management. In addition, it offers insights to policy makers interested in establishing and updating guidelines that inform firms of desirable board composition according to their strategic demands.
Limiting Reciprocity among Relatives: Theoretical Implications of a Serendipitous Finding

This article draws some theoretical implications of the findings of a factor analysis of a scale for indicating the extent to which people embrace an axiom of amity (or prescriptive altruism) in kinship ties. Separate analyses were undertaken of two samples of persons aged sixty or over—one in Budapest, Hungary and the other American. The analysis yielded an unexpected pattern of results, namely, that the axiom of amity and the presupposition of distrust of kin refer to two separate factors. The results suggest that a duality exists in the minds of the interviewees in their conception of kinship reciprocity.The presupposition of distrust of relatives lends itself to two alternative interpretations. In the Hungarian sample, the items with thehighest loadings on the Distrust factor dealt with exploitation by kin, and generally the Hungarians reported more agreement than did the United States with statements that kin are exploitive. In the U.S. sample, the items with the highest loadings on the Distrust fact...
Cricetid rodents: Is molar root morphology an indicator of diet?

The relationship between tooth roots and diet is largely unexplored, although a logical relationship between harder diets and increased root surface area is suggested. Existing studies of primates, carnivorans and phyllostomid bats have indicated a relationship between diet hardness, bite force and tooth root surface area. The goal of this study was to determine whether root surface area can act as a potential surrogate for bite force and diet in cricetid rodents. Using microcomputed tomography (microCT), tooth root morphology from six species of rodents, two grass eaters (Calomys callosus and Reithrodon auritus), two seed eaters (Phyllotis darwini and Ochrotomys nuttalli) and two insect eaters (Akodon azarae and Oxymycterus hispidus) were compared. Similar to other studies, these rodents did exhibit differences in tooth root surface area based on diet classification, but food hardness did not seem to be a factor. Grass-eating species showed significantly larger roots relative to the other diet groups (p = 0.001). Bite force was estimated using skull measurements. Seed eaters were found to have a larger bite force, followed by grass and insect eaters, though the trend did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.058). No strong relationship was found between estimated bite force and tooth root surface area. In this study, the mechanics of grass eating seem to have a stronger effect on tooth root surface area than bite force. microCT allows the nondestructive quantification of previously difficult-to-access tooth morphology; this method shows the potential for tooth roots to provide valuable dietary, behavioral and ecological information in rodents.
Equal-onset contours of vibrotactile stimuli

Characteristic sensations of “surge” occur at onset of vibratory stimulation, analogous to the experience of musical “attack” in the auditory modality. Such a cutaneous sensation may have a phenomenal reality that is discriminable from the sensitivity to either of its physical determinants of time and intensity. Contours of equal-onset sensation obtained by the method of adjustment permitted the assessment of the relative contributions of these two parameters. Both rise time and intensity were found to be significant factors in the determination of contours of equal-onset sensation obtained by either time adjustment or adjustment of vibratory intensity. Equating onset by intensity adjustment was found to be more difficult than equating onset by time adjustment.
PerleCan fix your muscle AChEs

Efficient and accurate synaptic transmission requires proper localization of numerous signaling proteins in the synaptic membrane. At the neuromuscular junction, the nicotinic ACh receptor mediates postsynaptic depolarization, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) terminates this process by hydrolyzing ACh. The mechanism by which the nerve directs receptor localization is understood in considerable detail; AChE clustering, by contrast, has received much less attention. Now, in a recent paper in Nature Neuroscience, the laboratories of Yoshiko Yamada and Richard Rotundo report that AChE clustering at the postsynaptic membrane requires perlecan, which binds both AChE and dystroglycan.
Peripheral glucose administration stimulates the translocation of GLUT8 glucose transporter to the endoplasmic reticulum in the rat hippocampus.

The expression and localization of glucose transporter isoforms play essential roles in the glucoregulatory activities of the hippocampus and ultimately contribute to cognitive status in physiological and pathophysiological settings. The recently identified glucose transporter GLUT8 is uniquely expressed in neuronal cell bodies in the rat hippocampus and therefore may contribute to hippocampal glucoregulatory activities. We show here that GLUT8 has a novel intracellular distribution in hippocampal neurons and is translocated to intracellular membranes following glucose challenge. Immunoblot analysis revealed that GLUT8 is expressed in high-density microsomes (HDM), suggesting that GLUT8 is associated with intracellular organelles under basal conditions. Immunogold electron microscopic analysis confirmed this observation, in that GLUT8 immunogold particles were associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and cytoplasm. Peripheral glucose administration produced a rapid twofold increase in GLUT8 levels in the HDM fraction while decreasing GLUT8 levels in low-density microsomes. Similarly, peripheral glucose administration significantly increased GLUT8 association with the rough ER in the hippocampus. Conversely, under hyperglycemic/insulinopenic conditions, namely, in streptozotocin (STZ) diabetes, hippocampal GLUT8 protein levels were decreased in the HDM fraction. These results demonstrate that GLUT8 undergoes rapid translocation to the rough ER in the rat hippocampus following peripheral glucose administration, trafficking that is impaired in STZ diabetes, suggesting that insulin serves as a stimulus for GLUT8 translocation in hippocampal neurons. Because glucose is liberated from oligosaccharides during N-linked glycosylation events in the rough ER, we propose that GLUT8 may serve to transport glucose out of the rough ER into the cytosol and in this manner contribute to glucose homeostasis in hippocampal neurons.
Formation of deoxyguanosine cross-links from calf thymus DNA treated with acrolein and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal.

Acrolein (AC) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) are α,β-unsaturated aldehyde (enal) endogenous bis-electrophiles that arise from the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. AC is also found in high concentrations in cigarette smoke and automobile exhaust. These reactive enals covalently modify nucleic acids, to form exocyclic adducts, where the three-carbon hydroxypropano unit bridges the N1 and N 2 -positions of deoxyguanosine (dG). The bifunctional nature of these enals enables them to undergo reaction with a second nucleophilic group and form DNA cross-links. These cross-linked enal adducts are likely to contribute to the genotoxic effects of both AC and HNE. We have developed a sensitive mass spectrometric method to detect cross-linked adducts of these enals in calf thymus DNA (CT DNA) treated with AC or HNE. The AC and HNE crosslinked adducts were measured by the stable isotope dilution method, employing a linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer and consecutive reaction monitoring at the MS 3 or MS 4 scan stage. The lower limit of quantification of the cross-linked adducts is ~1 adduct per 10 8 DNA bases, when 50 µg of DNA is assayed. The cross-linked adducts occur at levels that are ~1–2% of the levels of the monomeric 1,N 2 -dG adducts in CT DNA treated with either enal.
Behavioral profiles: A fine-grained and quantitative approach in corpus-based lexical semantics

This paper introduces a fairly recent corpus-based approach to lexical semantics, the Behavioral Profile (BP) approach. After a short review of traditional corpus-based work on lexical semantics and its shortcomings, I explain the logic and methodology of the BP approach and exemplify its application to different lexical relations (polysemy, synonymy, antonymy) in English and Russian with an eye to illustrating how the BP approach allows for the incorporation of different statistical techniques. Finally, I briefly discuss how first experimental approaches that validate the BP method and outline its theoretical commitments and motivations.
Optimal turning gait for mechanical rectifier systems with three dimensional motion

This paper presents a method for finding the optimal turning gait of a robotic locomotor, which rectifies periodic motion of the mechanical body into sustained propulsive force through interactions with the environment. First, equations of motion for a general rectifier traveling in three dimensional space are developed in body coordinates, and accelerations are shown to be independent of body orientation. A simplified model is then developed to capture the essential dynamics, assuming small body deformation. An optimal gait problem is formulated for the simplified model as the minimization of a quadratic cost function, subject to constraints on average nominal locomotion speed and angular velocity. It is shown that the problem can be separated to two tractable optimization problems; one for the shape offset resulting in turning, and the other for the periodic movement resulting in locomotion along a fixed direction. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated by a case study of a simple locomotor swimming in water.
Communism, Nationalism and the Growth of the Communist Community of Nations After World War II.

In the apocalyptic visions of M\larx, the world revolution which was to destroy capitalist society was also to sweep away the entire system of nation-states, and in its place to substitute a world proletarian society, a new supra-national community ruled over by the victorious working class. Of all the prophecies of early Marxism, none proved more ill-founded than this belief in an international socialist order. The revolution, when it came, was confined to Russia. Only after the victories of the Soviet armies in World War II did it become possible to extend Communist rule beyond the borders of the Soviet Union. After less than two decades, this new international Communist community of nations has become divided into blocs of quarrelling states, and the goal of international Communism seems still distant. The Communists, like other universalistic movements of the past, have apparently proved incapable of surmounting the limits of the nation-state system they set out to destroy. Why? It seems immediately obvious that the Comniunists were themselves divided by the forces of nationalism. But this observation, while not necessarily incorrect, needs more precise formulation and further analysis. In the pages to follow, the formation and the growth of the Communist (community of nations after World War II will be re-examined, to reveal more clearly the dynamics of the process. The central point, which will emerge as the discussion proceeds, is that nationalism did not lie at the root of the centrifugal pressures which appeared within the Communist bloc. Nationalism came later, and when it did, developed a variety of forms which reflected the unique conditions under which each Communist state evolved. Before we get into the details of this process, however, it will be necessary to comment briefly on two points: the meaning of nationalism, and Communist views prior to World War If on the subject of supra-national integration.
Charge- and spin-excitation gaps for a magnetic Anderson impurity embedded in a nanoscale metallic sphere

A magnetic Anderson impurity $(S=1/2$ and $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{U}\ensuremath{\infty})$ placed at the center of a nanosized metallic sphere is considered. The localized f electrons are hybridized with the metallic states via a contact potential, such that only s states interact with the impurity. In nanoscale particles the conduction states have discrete energy levels, and for equally spaced energy levels for the s waves, the problem is reduced to the Bethe Ansatz solution of the Anderson impurity model in a finite box. The Bethe Ansatz equations are solved numerically for the ground state and the lowest energy charge and spin excitations. The energies of the states increase monotonically with the f-level energy. For an even number of electrons in the system (in s states and localized at the impurity), the impurity in the ground state is spin compensated into a spin singlet via the Kondo effect. The specific heat and the susceptibility are exponentially activated at low T due to the discreteness of the energy spectrum, with the gaps given by the lowest-energy charge and spin excitations. The model also represents a quantum dot as a side branch to a short quantum wire.
The product of gene secC is involved in the synthesis of exported proteins in E. coli.

Abstract To obtain additional mutants in the secretory apparatus of E. coli we have isolated suppressors of a mutant ( secA ts ) that is temperature-sensitive for secretion. One of these, secC , can suppress the secretion defect of secA and has a phenotype of its own. At 23°C, the secC mutant is cold-sensitive for growth and blocks the synthesis of transported proteins. The synthesis of at least one secreted protein, maltose-binding protein (MBP), can be restored by mutations that alter the hydrophobic region of the signal sequence of MBP. The phenotype of the secC mutant suggests that the SecC protein may be a component of the secretory apparatus of E. coli; it also supports the notion that in procaryotes secretion and gene expression are coupled. The secC gene maps at 68.5 minutes on the E. coli chromosome.
Method of Examining Calcareous Well Cuttings

The necessity of making quantitative mineralogical analyses of calcareous cuttings has led to the development of a rapid method for the determination of the quantities of calcite and dolomite in material of this kind. This method, which is essentially centrifuging in heavy solutions, is described in this article.
Vinblastine-induced Phosphorylation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL Is Mediated by JNK and Occurs in Parallel with Inactivation of the Raf-1/MEK/ERK Cascade

Microtubule-damaging agents arrest cells at G(2)/M and induce apoptosis in association with phosphorylation of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L). Because microtubule inhibitors activate JNK, we sought to determine whether JNK was responsible for Bcl-2/Bcl-X(L) phosphorylation in KB-3 cells treated with vinblastine. Two major endogenous forms of JNK, p46(JNK1) and p54(JNK2), were present in KB-3 cells, and both isoforms were activated by vinblastine as determined by Mono Q chromatography. We used antisense oligonucleotides (AS) to specifically inhibit their expression. A combination of AS-JNK1 with AS-JNK2 inhibited by 80% vinblastine-induced phosphorylation of two known JNK substrates, c-Jun and ATF-2. In addition, AS-JNK1/2 inhibited vinblastine-induced phosphorylation of Bcl-2 by 85% and that of Bcl-X(L) by 65%. Stable expression of the JNK scaffold protein JIP-1 blocked vinblastine-induced phosphorylation of c-Jun and ATF-2, but did not affect Bcl-2/Bcl-X(L) phosphorylation, confirming a bifurcation in JNK signaling involving both nuclear and non-nuclear substrates. Vinblastine-induced phosphorylation of Raf-1 was unaffected by AS-JNK1/2 and was associated with loss of activity for MEK substrate in vitro and inactivation of ERK in vivo. These results provide evidence for a direct role of the JNK pathway in apoptotic regulation through Bcl-2/Bcl-X(L) phosphorylation.
A quantitative starch-iodine method for measuring alpha-amylase and glucoamylase activities.

Alpha-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1), which cleaves internal -1,4glycosidic linkages in starch to produce glucose, maltose, or dextrins, and glucoamylase (EC 3.2.1.3), which cuts -1,4and -1,6-glycosidic linkages to release glucose from the nonreducing ends of starch, are widely used in the industrial conversion of starch into sugars. The characterization of -amylases and glucoamylases generally needs to use diVerent chromatography techniques such as paper chromatography [1,2], high-performance liquid chromatography [3,4], and thin-layer chromatography [5,6]. There are mainly two types of assays that are used to determine the activity of -amylase and glucoamylase. One is based on measuring the amount of reducing sugars by the dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) assay [2,4,5,7–10] or the Nelson–Somogyi [1,11,12] method, whereas the other is based on the decreased staining value of blue starch–iodine complexes [13]. The second method, which was developed by Fuwa [13] and is widely used [10–12,14–16], is based on color development that results from iodine binding to starch polymers. However, the starch–iodine assays reported by diVerent researchers are quite diverse with iodine concentrations ranging from 3 M [12] to 0.25 mM [15] and with the wavelength used to measure color development varying from 550 nm [15] to 700 nm [13]. Moreover, -amylase activity is calculated as relative activity according to the following equation. Dextrinizing activityD (D0-D)¥ D0£ 100¥10, where D is the absorbance of the enzyme sample and D0 is the absorbance of the amylose control without the addition of enzyme [13]. Dextrinizing activity
Factors associated with sexual assault and time to presentation.

Objective Delay to medical care after sexual assault can be associated with adverse consequences for the assault survivor. Few studies examine factors associated with timely presentation to care after sexual assault. Using data from the Massachusetts Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) program, we examine sexual assault and survivor characteristics and their association with time to presentation after sexual assault.
Do reservation Native Americans vote with their feet? A re-examination of Native American Migration, 1985-1990

Native Americans suffer some of the highest rates of poverty and unemployment and the lowest rates of human capital attainment among racial minority groups in the United States, but economists undestand very little about the impact these conditions have on the migration patterns of Native Americans. In 1994, a seminal article on this topic appeared in this journal (Cehula and Belton 1994). In their article, the authors suggest that the low levels of human capital and poor conditions in Native American reservations should make Native American migration sensitive to interstate differences in AFDC spending levels. This parer refines their analysis by using micro-level rather than aggregate ddta, and by controlling for reservation residence and the impact of informal social safety nets in the source region.
An Improved Technique for Autotransfusion of Shed Mediastinal Blood

A technique for autotransfusion of shed mediastinal blood using the cardiotomy reservoir is described that offers several advantages over currently available autotransfusion systems.
Temporal performance of amorphous selenium mammography detectors.

We investigated temporal performance of amorphous selenium (a-Se) detectors specifically designed for mammographic imaging. Our goal is to quantify the inherent lag and ghosting of a-Se photoconductor as a function of imaging conditions. Two small area electroded a-Se samples, one positively and the other negatively biased on the entrance side of x rays, were used in the experiments. The study of lag and ghosting was performed by delivering a number of raw exposures as experienced in screening mammography to the samples at different electric field strength E Se while measuring the current through the a-Se sample. Ghosting at different operational conditions was quantified as the percentage x-ray sensitivity (x-raygenerated photocurrent measured from the sample) reduction compared to before irradiation. Lag was determined by measuring the residual current of a-Se at a given time after the end of each x-ray exposure. Both lag and ghosting were measured as a function of E Se and cumulative exposure. The values of E Se used in our experiments ranged from 1 to 20 V/μm. It was found that ghosting increases with exposure and decreases with E Se for both samples because of the dominant effect of recombination between trapped electrons and x-raygenerated holes. Lag on the other hand has different dependence on E Se and cumulative exposure. At E Se ⩽ 10 V ∕ μ m , the first frame lag for both samples changed slowly with cumulative exposure, with a range of 0.2%–1.7% for the positively biased sample and 0.5%–8% for the negatively biased sample. Overall the positively biased sample has better temporal performance than the negatively biased sample due to the lower density of trapped electrons. The impact of time interval between exposures on the temporal performance was also investigated. Recovery of ghosting with longer time interval was observed, which was attributed to the neutralization of trapped electrons by injected holes through dark current.
Leptin suppression of insulin secretion and gene expression in human pancreatic islets: implications for the development of adipogenic diabetes mellitus.

Previously we demonstrated the expression of the long form of the leptin receptor in rodent pancreatic β-cells and an inhibition of insulin secretion by leptin via activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Here we examine pancreatic islets isolated from pancreata of human donors for their responses to leptin. The presence of leptin receptors on islet β-cells was demonstrated by double fluorescence confocal microscopy after binding of a fluorescent derivative of human leptin (Cy3-leptin). Leptin (6.25 nm) suppressed insulin secretion of normal islets by 20% at 5.6 mm glucose. Intracellular calcium responses to 16.7 mm glucose were rapidly reduced by leptin. Proinsulin messenger ribonucleic acid expression in islets was inhibited by leptin at 11.1 mm, but not at 5.6 mm glucose. Leptin also reduced proinsulin messenger ribonucleic acid levels that were increased in islets by treatment with 10 nm glucagon-like peptide-1 in the presence of either 5.6 or 11.1 mm glucose. These findings demonstrate direct ...
Predictors of Anticipatory Grief in Dementia Caregivers

The current study examines several indicators of dementia severity and their relationship to anticipatory grief (AG) to investigate which aspects of the caregiving situation may lead to greater levels of AG. Eighty informal dementia caregivers completed interviews and questionnaires assessing their experiences, and regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between primary stressors (disease stage, hours of weekly care, ADL and IADL impairments and behavior problems) and AG. Results revealed that behavior problems were the only variable which was significantly associated with AG, and follow-up analyses revealed that adult child and spouse caregivers responded differently to different types of behavior problems. Overall, the grief experiences of dementia caregivers appear to be more strongly related to behavioral problems than other indicators of disease severity.
‘Those Who Labor for My Happiness’: Slavery at Thomas Jefferson's Monticello

‘Those Who Labor for My Happiness’: Slavery at Thomas Jefferson's Monticello, by Lucia Stanton, Charlottesville, University of Virginia Press, 2012, 369 pp., $24.95 (paperback), ISBN 978-0-8139-322...