cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preventing erosion of architectural tactics through their strategic implementation, preservation and visualization

Nowadays, a successful software production is increasingly dependent on how the final deployed system addresses customers' and users' quality concerns such as security, reliability, availability, interoperability, performance and many other types of such requirements. In order to satisfy such quality concerns, software architects are accountable for devising and comparing various alternate solutions, assessing the trade-offs, and finally adopting strategic design decisions which optimize the degree to which each of the quality concerns is satisfied. Although designing and implementing a good architecture is necessary, it is not usually enough. Even a good architecture can deteriorate in subsequent releases and then fail to address those concerns for which it was initially designed. In this work, we present a novel traceability approach for automating the construction of traceabilty links for architectural tactics and utilizing those links to implement a change impact analysis infrastructure to mitigate the problem of architecture degradation. Our approach utilizes machine learning methods to detect tactic-related classes. The detected tactic-related classes are then mapped to a Tactic Traceability Pattern. We train our trace algorithm using code extracted from fifty performance-centric and safety-critical open source software systems and then evaluate it against a real case study.
A Browser Agnostic Web Application UI Test Framework: Motivation, Architecture, and Design

There are several approaches available for creating Web application UI test automation. This paper describes the motivation for creating a new Web application test framework, and briefly describes the architecture and design of the framework. The framework is browser agnostic, easy to use, employs a high level programming language and development environment allowing integrated debugging and object oriented design, permits low level access to UI controls, and is resilient to UI changes in the application under test. The architecture of the framework features a two-layer design which isolates all browser specific functionality, allowing test scenario developers to focus on testing related issues rather than on implementation details. The architecture of the framework can be used with most modern operating system platforms. Early experience with the framework has been promising.
Temperature sensitivity of sleep homeostasis during hibernation in the golden-mantled ground squirrel

Brain temperature (Tbr), vigilance state, and electroencephalograph slow-wave activity (EEG SWA, 1.0-4.0 Hz) were measured during hibernation and spontaneous arousals to euthermia in seven golden-mantled ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis). Animals were held at air temperatures (Ta) ranging from 6 to 21 degrees C. SWA was used as a measure of the intensity of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Squirrels that had hibernated at high Ta had lower SWA in NREM sleep in the hours following arousal than when they hibernated at low Ta. SWA in NREM sleep during euthermia immediately following arousal was significantly correlated to minimum Tbr and SWA during hibernation. The duration of the preceding hibernation bout had no significant effect on SWA during euthermia. We hypothesize that the restorative process of sleep, reflected by SWA, is temperature sensitive and is compromised by the low temperatures in hibernation. The accumulation of a SWA debt during hibernation may be related to the temperature-dependent depression of SWA during hibernation.
Sea Ice Response to Atmospheric and Oceanic Forcing in the Bering Sea

Abstract A coupled sea ice–ocean model is developed to quantify the sea ice response to changes in atmospheric and oceanic forcing in the Bering Sea over the period 1970–2008. The model captures much of the observed spatiotemporal variability of sea ice and sea surface temperature (SST) and the basic features of the upper-ocean circulation in the Bering Sea. Model results suggest that tides affect the spatial redistribution of ice mass by up to 0.1 m or 15% in the central-eastern Bering Sea by modifying ice motion and deformation and ocean flows. The considerable interannual variability in the pattern and strength of winter northeasterly winds leads to southwestward ice mass advection during January–May, ranging from 0.9 × 1012 m3 in 1996 to 1.8 × 1012 m3 in 1976 and averaging 1.4 × 1012 m3, which is almost twice the January–May mean total ice volume in the Bering Sea. The large-scale southward ice mass advection is constrained by warm surface waters in the south that melt 1.5 × 1012 m3 of ice in mainly t...
An Examination Of Audit Reporting For Accounting Principles Changes

This article examines audit reporting of accounting principles changes under SAS 58 and compares the results to prior research. The study indicates that auditors both before and after SAS 58 exhibited great diversity in their decisions to modify reports for changes in principles. This lack of uniformity suggests report modifications for changes in principle may be providing little or no relevant information to users.
Bandwidth-variable optical transport network with adjustable time-modulated and inverse-multiplexed wavelength channels

This paper presents a bandwidth-variable and optical-groomable (BVOG) transport network architecture based on time-modulated optical cross-connects that enables efficient switching of periodic burst-sequenced traffic in addition to wavelength streaming traffic; with an elastic control plane that shapes each sub-wavelength traffic stream at the network edge into a sequence of periodic bursts, and inverse-multiplexes a supra-wavelength traffic stream into a group of multiple wavelength traffic streams and a potential sub-wavelength traffic stream to match the bandwidth requirement. BVOG network enables variable-time-slotted lightpaths with variable-length time slots to meet the bandwidth requirements of sub-wavelength traffic; and inverse-multiplexed lightpath-group (IM-lightpath-group) with variable group size to meet the bandwidth requirements of supra-wavelength traffic. For the problem of "routing and wavelength and time assignment" (RWTA) for sub-wavelength traffic; this paper presents an optimal integer linear programming (ILP) formulation that maximizes total network throughput, and a heuristic algorithm to minimize the blocking probability of future connection requests. For the problem of "inverse-multiplexed routing and wavelength assignment" (IMRWA) for supra-wavelength traffic; this paper presents an optimal ILP formulation that minimizes the total number of hops and the total per-hop propagation delays of the IM-lightpath-group, and a heuristic algorithm that minimizes the total number of wavelength channels of the IM-lightpath-group. The RWTA ILP is solved by the ILOG CPLEX optimization tool, and it is used to check the optimality of the RWTA heuristic. Performance tuning of the IMRWA heuristic is investigated to balance the tradeoff between performance and computation complexity. Performance tuning of the BVOG network with the RWTA and IMRWA heuristic is examined through simulation experiments.
PIV Study of the Near Wake of a Pickup Truck

The turbulent flow structure in the near wake of a pickup truck model has been investigated experimentally using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) analysis of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) data. The experiments were conducted in the 2’x2’ wind tunnel at the University of Michigan at Reynolds numbers based on model width of 3x105. A model of a pickup truck with extended cab, 432 mm long by 156 mm wide by 149 mm tall, was used. PIV measurements of the velocity field in several planes of the wake including the symmetry plane were obtained using a large sample size, sufficient to determine the mean flow and the Reynolds stresses in the wake. The mean flow structure in the symmetry plane consists of separated shear layers originating at the edge of the cab and from the underbody flow. For this particular geometry, there is a recirculating flow region behind the cab ending upstream of the tailgate; but there is no mean recirculating flow region behind the tailgate. The mean flow pattern in a horizontal plane behind the tailgate suggests that this is due to trailing streamwise vorticity. POD analysis of the data provides useful information on the unsteady large scale structures in the wake. It is shown that only a few orthogonal modes (~20) contain a large fraction of the fluctuation energy (~60%), as expected. But, more important, the analysis isolates features of the unsteady large scale turbulent structures into different uncorrelated modes. It is shown that the development of vortex shedding in the underbody flow shear layer is described by a few modes, while oscillations of the recirculating region are captured by other modes. This feature of the analysis makes it very useful to the study of the structure and dynamics of complex bluff body wakes.
Brain kynurenines are modulated in a sex-specific manner in periadolescent rats exposed to poly I:C in utero

Maternal immune activation (MIA) during pregnancy has been shown to be a significant risk factor associated with neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders in offspring. Kynurenines, in particular kynurenic acid (KYNA, an NMDA receptor antagonist), have been shown to be elevated in the brains of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. In the present study, we employed the model of maternal immune activation by use of the viral mimetic agent polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) in rats (embryonic day 11) to study the regulation of brain kynurenines to a secondary poly I:C challenge (“second hit”) during the periadolescent period of development (postnatal day 35). Basal KYNA levels in the cerebral cortex of rats exposed to poly I:C in utero were elevated in males, but reduced in females. However, administration of poly I:C secondarily in these animals modified KYNA levels in males, but not in females. In addition, kynurenine (Kyn) formation (the precursor of KYNA) was reduced in females without changes in males in basal conditions, while it was increased in both males and females after poly I:C challenge. These results suggest that brain kynurenines are affected by MIA in a sex-dependent manner, with males recapitulating increased KYNA levels in basal conditions as found in people with schizophrenia. The present study highlights the major role played by sex in determining the functional maturation of neurochemical systems affected by inflammatory conditions during pregnancy.
Permeability to Water and Staining Rate of Developing and Resting Sea Urchin Eggs.

Summary and ConclusionsImmature eggs of the sea urchin S. franciscanus, like fertilized eggs, stain more rapidly in solutions of Methylene Blue, Gentian Violet, and Methyl Violet than do resting unfertilized eggs. Like the fertilized eggs they are also more permeable to water. The immature and fertilized eggs are developing while the unfertilized egg is in a state of developmental inhibition. Increase in water permeability, as well as staining rate, at fertilization (when the egg is released from inhibition) is thus the converse (in direction) of the change when the immature egg enters the resting stage.
Receptor mechanisms of serotonin-induced prenodal lymphatic constriction in the canine forelimb

Numerous endogenous vasoactive agents have been shown to cause lymphatic smooth muscle contraction. In this study, we assessed the ability of serotonin (5-HT) to alter lymphatic smooth muscle activ...
Motion Artifact Suppression in Impedance Pneumography Signal for Portable Monitoring of Respiration: An Adaptive Approach

The focus of this paper is motion artifact (MA) reduction from the impedance pneumography (IP) signal, which is widely used to monitor respiration. The amplitude of the MA that contaminates the IP signal is often much larger than the amplitude of the respiratory component of the signal. Moreover, the morphology and frequency composition of the artifacts may be very similar to that of the respiration, making it difficult to remove these artifacts. The proposed filter uses a regularization term to ensure that the pattern of the filtered signal is similar to that of respiration. It also ensures that the amplitude of the filter output is within the expected range of the IP signal by imposing an $\varepsilon$ -tube on the filtered signal. The adaptive $\varepsilon$ -tube filter is 100 times faster than the previously proposed nonadaptive version and achieves higher accuracies. Moreover, the experimental results, using several different performance measures, suggest that the proposed method outperforms popular MA reduction methods such as normalized least mean squares (NLMS) and recursive least squares (RLS) as well as independent component analysis (ICA). When used to extract the respiratory rate, the adaptive $\varepsilon$ -tube achieves a mean error of 1.27 breaths per minute (BPM) compared to 4.72 and 4.63 BPM for the NLMS and RLS filters, respectively. When compared to the ICA algorithm, the proposed filter has an error of 1.06 BPM compared to 3.47 BPM for ICA. The statistical analyses indicate that all of the reported performance improvements are significant.
Discussion on the Coil Pipe Design of Water-heating Geothermy

The merits of water-heating geothermy were introduced.The coil pipe materials were selected,and the radiation loss of the room was calculated.The heat transfer mechanism of floor radiation heating was discussed,and the coil pipe demand was calculated.
Statistics on Fujian Journal of Agricultural Sciences(FJAS) Publication Since Founding

This report presents the statistics on the papers published in FJAS from 1986 to 2010.In summary,(1) the number of papers published was on an upward trend reaching an annual average of 142.5 in recent years,after the journal became a bimonthly publication in 2009;(2) in total,16,189 references were cited in the past 15 years,averaging 10.7 references per paper-a significant increase from 13.0 to 16.2 during 2007 to 2010;(3) the frequency of articles being cited by other publications and the citation half-life increased,indicating an increasing impact of FJAS in the academic arena over the years;(4) the proportion of papers that were funded(mostly financially supported by the national and provincial sources) grew sharply and reached 87.0% in 2010;(5) between 1986 and 2010,a total of 6,191 authors published 1,508 papers,averaging 4.11 co-authors per paper(i.e.,an overall increase from 3.04 in 1986 to 4.54 in 2010);(6) the first authors were mainly 15-to 35-year-old middle to upper level professionals with advanced degrees;and,(7) in 2010,66% of the authors were first-timers,which was close to the optinum of 64%.
Development of conductive gloves for touchscreen devices

ABSTRACTWith the increased market for touchscreen devices, conductive gloves have great potential to become a major winter item, but there is lack of research about conductive gloves for touchscreen devices. The purposes of this research were: (a) to identify important design factors for conductive glove designs; (b) to develop conductive gloves for touchscreen devices considering user behaviours and design factors; and (c) to develop design and evaluation processes and methods for conductive gloves. Market research, an online survey, and a user test were conducted and identified key design factors and preferences and expectations on conductive gloves. The results of this research will benefit clothing designers as they develop conductive gloves and may be useful for retailers and marketers who promote these conductive gloves by highlighting the appealing and important factors of these gloves.
Bayesian data fusion for pipeline leak detection

In this paper we introduce a probabilistic model for data fusion for leak detection in oil and gas pipelines. We propose a fusion algorithm for both detecting and localizing leaks. Our algorithm optimally combines two heterogeneous systems, fiber optic Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) and Internal Leak Detection (ILD) technology. The output of these two systems, which throughout the paper will be denoted interchangeable as measurements or data points or more frequently as test statistics are not necessarily related to physical quantities directly measured by physical sensors. For instance, ILD virtual sensing systems, based on computer simulation of pipeline conditions using advanced fluid mechanics and hydraulic modeling, can detect leaks by comparing the measured sensor data (for example flow, pressure or fluid temperature sensors) for a segment of pipeline with the predicted modeled conditions. On the contrary, DAS systems map physical fields acting on the fiber by exploiting coherent optical time domain reflectometry and probing the fiber with proper interrogation systems. With ILD we typically have low sensitivity, and poor localization. With DAS we have relatively high sensitivity, but also high false/nuisance alarm rates. By fusing the two we are able to exploit the entirely different physical principle they are based upon, achieving high sensitivity with low false alarms. The fusion process is based on building a Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN) using the test statistics (which are indicative of a leak) provided by the DAS and the ILD systems. The hidden nodes in the network may indicate the leak/no leak hypothesis the system wants to test and the leak location, respectively. The observable nodes may denote the test statistics from both systems in each bin or zone the pipe is partitioned into. The probabilistic and causal relationships among the nodes are represented and executed as graphs and can thus be easily visualized and extended. The Bayesian perspective of the new analytic allows to easily and naturally incorporate a priori information (e.g., wall thickness) on the zone or bin where the leak is most likely going to occur into the leak location node and propagating this new data point through the inference network. Finally we validate our method using computer simulations and real world experimentation conducted by the GE Global Research Center located in Niskayuna, NY. The results demonstrate the benefit of fusing two heterogeneous orthogonal technologies resulting in reduced false alarms, increased response time and improved sensitivity.
EnsCat: clustering of categorical data via ensembling.

Background Clustering is a widely used collection of unsupervised learning techniques for identifying natural classes within a data set. It is often used in bioinformatics to infer population substructure. Genomic data are often categorical and high dimensional, e.g., long sequences of nucleotides. This makes inference challenging: The distance metric is often not well-defined on categorical data; running time for computations using high dimensional data can be considerable; and the Curse of Dimensionality often impedes the interpretation of the results. Up to the present, however, the literature and software addressing clustering for categorical data has not yet led to a standard approach.
Memory by Consensus: Remembering the American Revolutionary War in Chicago

This article explores how a city remembered a national event that took place before its own existence. To this end, two public works of art in the city of Chicago that have American Revolutionary War participants as their subjects are examined. Particular attention is paid to the historical context surrounding Revolutionary War-themed public art in Chicago as well as to the two men who were responsible for erecting the sculptures – Robert R. McCormick and Barnet Hodes. McCormick, the publisher of the Chicago Daily Tribune , chose to immortalize the doomed Revolutionary spy, Nathan Hale, while Hodes, an attorney for the city of Chicago, centered his attention on a monument that included representations of General George Washington and immigrant financiers Robert Morris and Haym Salomon. By doing so, this article considers what motivated Chicagoans during the 1930s and 1940s to remember the American Revolutionary War. The general consensus that surrounded these acts of remembrance suggests the limitations of otherwise useful and important approaches that focus on conflict and healing in public memory formation.
Abstract PR07: Recruitment of Pontin/Reptin by E2F1 amplifies E2F transcriptional response during cancer progression

Unrestricted E2F activity and increased E2F1 expression are hallmarks of liver cancer, but the consequences of aberrant E2F activity for liver cancer progression remain ill defined. Our data show that aberrant E2f activity, following inactivation of the Rb gene family in a mouse model of liver cancer, initially triggers a robust gene expression program associated with the cell cycle and predominantly driven by E2f2 and E2f3. During liver cancer progression, slowly accumulating E2f1 recruits a Pontin/Reptin complex to insert the H2a.z histone variant and open the chromatin conformation at E2f1-bound target genes. This epigenetic mechanism amplifies the E2f transcriptional response, leading to enhanced transactivation of cell cycle genes and de novo activation of low binding affinity E2f target genes that regulate non-cell cycle oncogenic features, such as the Warburg effect. In addition, extensive mouse genetic approaches indicate that E2f-driven liver cancer initiation and progression is cell type specific, suggesting that a permissive chromatin environment is necessary to enable E2f oncogenic functions. Collectively, these data indicate that sustained E2F activity expands E2F transcriptional response and connects the regulation of cell cycle with multiple non cell cycle functions that drive tumor progression. This abstract is also being presented as Poster B13. Citation Format: Amy Tarangelo, Nathanael Lo, Rebecca Teng, Eunsun Kim, Pichai Raman, Patrick Viatour. Recruitment of Pontin/Reptin by E2F1 amplifies E2F transcriptional response during cancer progression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Cancer Cell Cycle - Tumor Progression and Therapeutic Response; Feb 28-Mar 2, 2016; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(11_Suppl):Abstract nr PR07.
Oceanic circulation changes during early Pliocene marine ice-sheet instability in Wilkes Land, East Antarctica

In the Southern Ocean, unconstrained Westerlies allow for intense mixing between deep waters and the atmosphere. How this system interacts with Antarctic ice sheets and the global ocean circulation is poorly understood due to a paucity of data. The poor abundance and preservation of foraminiferal carbonate in ice-proximal sediments is a major challenge in high-latitude paleoceanography. A new approach is to examine a sediment geochemical record of changing paleoproductivity and sediment redox environment that can be tied to changes in water mass properties. This study focuses on the paleoceanography of the George V Land margin between ~4.7 and 4.3 Ma. This interval at the onset of the early Pliocene Climatic Optimum was characterized by the highest global sea surface temperatures and the lowest sea ice concentrations in East Antarctica in the past 5 million years. At IODP Site U1359, an abrupt increase in Mn/Al ratios ~4.6 Ma indicates an episode of oxic bottom conditions resulting from enhanced wind-driven downwelling of Antarctic surface water. Above, extremely high concentrations of sedimentary barite (Ba excess >40,000 ppm) point to biogenic barite deposition, preservation, and concentration through enhanced upwelling of nutrient-rich Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW). Incursion of CDW onto the continental shelf affected ice discharge and resulted in a stable but reduced ice-sheet configuration over several glacial cycles. The geochemical results along with previous work on Site U1359 for the first time link paleoceanography and cryospheric change based on data from the same high-latitude site.
The Tissue Macrophage Lineage

Despite accumulating evidence suggesting local self-maintenance of tissue macrophages in the steady state, the dogma remains that tissue macrophages derive from monocytes. In this presentation, I will discuss parabiosis, fate mapping, and adoptive transfer approaches that we developed in the laboratory to assess the contribution of monocytes to tissue resident macrophages in the steady state and after cell turnover. Using these approaches we found that monocytes contribute minimally to tissue resident macrophages in the steady state. Similarly, we found that after depletion of lung macrophages, the majority of repopulation occurs by local proliferation in a Csf-1 and Csf-2 dependent manner. This repopulation from a non-circulating population was stochastic and observed in both infection- and inflammatory-induced cytotoxicity of local macrophages. We also found that after bone marrow transplantation, host tissue macrophages retain the capacity to expand when the development of donor tissue macrophages is compromised. These results are consistent with recent results obtained in humans showing that macrophages can form in the absence of circulating monocytes. Collectively, these results indicate that tissue resident macrophages and circulating monocytes should be classified as independent mononuclear phagocyte lineages. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Fibrin(ogen) Exacerbates Inflammatory Joint Disease Via a Mechanism Linked to Its αMβ2 Binading Motif.

Activation of the hemostatic system is a common pathological feature of severe inflammatory processes. In the context of inflammatory joint disease, articular fibrin deposition is a prominent feature that has been hypothesized to contribute to the derangements in immune/inflammatory processes and tissue reorganization that lead to debilitating and irreversible damage within arthritic joints. We directly examined the role of fibrin(ogen) in the progression of inflammatory joint disease using the well-established experimental setting of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Mice with genetically-imposed fibrinogen deficiency (Fib−/−) were found to exhibit significantly reduced macroscopic arthritic disease incidence, progression, and severity in the paws relative to littermate controls throughout the evaluation period. Consistent with the macroscopic observations, qualitative and quantitative histological analysis of distal- and knee-joint sections revealed a significant decrease in all joint disease parameters (e.g., inflammatory cell infiltrates, synovial hyperplasia, edema, and cartilage/bone loss) in Fib−/− mice as compared to fibrinogen-sufficient controls. Fibrin(ogen) has been shown to promote pro-inflammatory activity through engagement of the leukocyte integrin receptor αMβ2 (Mac-1). To determine if fibrinogen/αMβ2 interactions promote the pathogenesis of arthritis, we compared CIA progression in mice expressing fibrinogen that lacks the leukocyte integrin receptor αMβ2 binding motif (i.e., Fibγ390–396A mice). We observed decreased gross and histological inflammatory joint disease in Fibγ390–396A mice relative to control animals. This diminution in arthritic disease severity was comparable to that observed in Fib−/− mice despite the maintenance of normal clotting function in Fibγ390–396A animals. In comparison, CIA studies in mice expressing a mutant form of fibrinogen lacking the platelet integrin receptor αIIbβ3 binding motif showed that this feature of fibrinogen was not an essential driver of arthritis. The reduction in macroscopic and histological arthritic disease observed in CIA-challenged Fibγ390–396A mice was accompanied by reduced local mRNA levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF α, IL-6, and IL-1β in paws relative to paws from control animals. This data suggests that fibrin(ogen) may function upstream of local production of these critical inflammatory mediators. Consistent with this hypothesis, fibrinogen deficiency did not diminish arthritic disease driven by TNFα-overexpression. Together, these data support the view that local fibrin deposition is an important determinant of inflammatory joint disease and that one mechanism by which fibrin promotes arthritic disease is through leukocyte activation events downstream of αMβ2 engagement.
Stereoelectronic Control of Additions of Vinylmagnesium Bromide to 1-Methyland 3-Methylpentacyclo[5.4.0.02,6.03,10.05.9]undecane-8,11-diones and to 1-Methylhexacyclo[10.2.1.0.02,11.04,9.04,14.09,13]pentadeca-5,7-diene-3,10-dione

Grignard addition of excess vinylmagnesium bromide to 1-methyland 3-methylpentacyclo[5.4.0.02,6.03,10.05,9]undecane-8,11-diones (1a and 1b, respectively) and to 1-methylhexacyclo[10.2.1.02,11.04,9.04,14.09,13]pentadeca-5,7-diene-3,10-dione (4) each proceed regiospecifically to afford a single hemiketal adduct (i.e., 2a, 3a, and 5a, respectively). The structure of each of the three reaction products was established unequivocally via application of X-ray crystallographic methods. Relative energies for the model transition states obtained from geometry optimizations at the Hartree–Fock level of theory in basis set 3-21G(d) indicate that these reactions are kinetically controlled.
Das Kernstück des modernen Staates: Die Bürokratie

Bei der Erorterung der konstitutionellen Entwicklung nannten wir den Stab von Gefolgsleuten, die dem Fursten ergeben waren, eine Burokratie. Wir konnten ihn auch Beamtenschaft, Magistrat, Staatsdienst oder sogar civil service nennen, solange wir uns klar daruber sind, 1. das wir von einer Gruppe von Menschen sprechen und nicht von irgendeinem mysteriosen hoheren Wesen, wie man es leicht hinter dem Worte „Staat“ sucht, und 2. das diese Menschen bestimmte Funktionen ausuben, die fur das Gemeinwesen als Ganzes von Wert sind. In primitiven ackerbautreibenden Gemeinschaften haften diese Funktionen unmittelbar dem Landbesitz an und werden haufig erblich. Solcher Art war die Grundlage des Feudalsystems. Erbliche, dem Grundbesitz verhaftete Amter boten unter primitiven Verkehrsverhaltnissen das aussichtsreichste Mittel, um uber weit ausgedehnte Gebiete hin ein gewisses Mas von Recht und Ordnung zu gewahrleisten. Es war ein sehr unzulangliches System, das einen weiten Spielraum fur personlichen Misbrauch lies und starke Abweichungen von einem Ort zum anderen gestattete. Um die damit verbundenen Misstande zu beheben, suchten die koniglichen Oberherren ihren personlichen Besitz durch Heirat, Erbschaft und verschiedene andere Mittel, die ihnen auf Grund des Feudalrechts zu Gebote standen, auszudehnen.
Impacts of the Affordable Care Act's Medicaid Expansion on Women of Reproductive Age: Differences by Parental Status and State Policies.

Abstract Introduction We use data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) from 2012 to 2015 to estimate the effects of the Affordable Care Act's (ACA) Medicaid expansions on insurance coverage and access to care for low-income women of reproductive age (19–44). Methods We use two-way fixed effects difference-in-differences models to estimate the effects of Medicaid expansions on low-income ( Results ACA Medicaid expansions decreased uninsurance among low-income women of reproductive age by 13.2 percentage points. This decrease was driven by a decrease of 27.4 percentage points for women without dependent children, who also experienced a decrease in the likelihood of not having a personal doctor (13.3 percentage points). We find a 3.8-percentage point reduction in the likelihood of experiencing a cost barrier to care among all women, but no significant effects for other access measures or subgroups. When stratified by state policies, decreases in uninsurance were greater in states expanding from pre-ACA eligibility levels of less than 50% of Federal Poverty Level (19.4 percentage points) and in states without a Medicaid family planning waiver (17.6 percentage points). Conclusions The ACA Medicaid expansion increased insurance coverage for low-income women of reproductive age, with the greatest effects for women without dependent children and women residing in states with relatively lower pre-ACA Medicaid eligibility levels or with no family planning waiver before the ACA.
Getting to Green: Niche-driven or Government-led Entrepreneurship and Sustainability in the Wine Industry

Through the framework of Michael Porterʼs five forces, this article compares sustainability in the Oregon and British Columbia wine industries. After describing the contrasting characteristics of the green niche model and the government-led model of environmental change, the article analyzes the emerging challenges for each type of change.The distinct sources for profitability and future innovation suggests diversity within the sustainability movement and two very different processes of translating environmental values into entrepreneurial practice.
TRENDS OF HOSPITALIZATIONS AND OUTCOMES WITH SINGLE VESSEL CHRONIC TOTAL OCCLUSION TREATED WITH PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION

Chronic Total Occlusion (CTO) of coronary arteries presents a distinct challenge in the field of cardiology owing to the associated increased risk of peri-procedural complications. Data on trends of hospitalizations, in-hospital mortality and use of support devices in single-vessel CTO-PCI have not
K-12 Mathematical Learning Experiences

This chapter presents extensive content analyses of how the concept of place value in grades 2, 4, 8, and 10 are taught and the impact on students’ learning of the concept and its applications in different mathematical contexts. Newton shows that the discourse norm of mathematics teaching and learning remains remarkably stable across grade levels (i.e., the way mathematics knowledge is presented, and the roles of teacher and students through the way they interact around this knowledge in classrooms). The discourse norm of mathematics teaching and learning in these classrooms shows a common pattern in US mathematics lessons that has important implications for how mathematics is learned: a discourse norm that systematically cuts mathematical discussion short of the point of explicit discussion of mathematical concepts.
Therapeutic Botulinum Toxin: Histologic Effects and Diffusion Properties

Since the introduction of botulism toxin into therapeutic medicine in 1978,1,2 the use of this drug has been expanded to other indications including blepharospasm, adult onset spasmodic torticollis, spasmodic dysphonia, occupational hand disease and jaw dystonia. Application of this therapy to other disorders is on the horizon and is further contributing to the driving force for expansion of clinical and basic research. However, despite the success obtained with botulinum toxin for treatment of blepharospasm and other focal and segmental movement disorders, its application is limited by the following properties of the therapy: 1. Repeated injections are required indefinitely when treating chronic disease. 2. Untoward spread of toxin to other muscles not targeted for injection. 3. Antibody formation with resistance to the therapeutic action of the toxin subsequent to repeated injections. 4. The consistency of biologic activity contained within the labeled vials. 5. Lack of standardization of the injections sites for the treatment of each syndrome. 6. Placement of the therapeutic toxin preparation into the correct anatomic position when access to the muscles is difficult requiring teflon coated electromyographic assistance (particularly for treatment of occupational hand disorders). 7. Adequate understanding of long term effects of repeated treatment with the therapeutic preparation.
A Novel and Model Independent Approach for Efficient Influence Maximization in Social Networks

Most of the recent online social media collects a huge volume of data not just about who is linked with whom (aka link data) but also, about who is interacting with whom (aka interaction data). The presence of both variety and volume in these datasets pose new challenges while conducting social network analysis. In particular, we present a general framework to deal with both variety and volume in the data for a key social network analysis task - Influence Maximization. The well known influence maximization problem [15] (or viral marketing through social networks) deals with selecting a few influential initial seeds to maximize the awareness of product(s) over the social network. As it is computationally hard [15], a greedy approximation algorithm is designed to address the influence maximization problem. However, the major drawback of this greedy algorithm is that it runs extremely slow even on network datasets consisting of a few thousand nodes and edges [20,6]. Several efficient heuristics have been proposed in the literature [6] to alleviate this computational difficulty; however these heuristics are designed for specific influence propagation models such as linear threshold model and independent cascade model. This motivates the strong need to design an approach that not only works with any influence propagation model, but also efficiently solves the influence maximization problem. In this paper, we precisely address this problem by proposing a new framework which fuses both link and interaction data to come up with a backbone for a given social network, which can further be used for efficient influence maximization. We then conduct thorough experimentation with several real life social network datasets such as DBLP, Epinions, Digg, and Slashdot and show that the proposed approach is efficient as well as scalable.
Property Modeling across Transition Temperatures in PMC's: Part II. Stress Rupture in End-Loaded Bending

The quasi-static properties (strength and stiffness) of polymer matrix composites (PMC's) exhibit significant temperature dependence in tension. Part I of the present paper introduced a new model enabling the computations of the strength and stiffness of PMC's in tension as an explicit function of temperature. In the second part, this model was used to model the behavior of unidirectional PMC's (AS4/PPS) in end-loaded bending. A new set of stress-rupture experiments was performed on the amorphous composite in bending in order to complete the data available in the literature (based on semi-crystalline composite). A model enabling the computation of the rupture life of the bent specimen as a function of temperature and applied load was established. The theoretical simulations were successfully compared to a set of 7 independent end-loaded bending experiments. This paper demonstrates the validity and the ease of integrating the polymer stiffness-temperature model in mechanics of composite materials, and completes the theoretical and experimental basis for the modeling of the end-loaded behavior of PMC's.
Comparing Search Algorithms for the Temperature Inversion Problem

Several inverse problems exist in the atmospheric sciences that are computationally costly when using traditional gradient based methods. Unfortunately, many standard evolutionary algorithms do not perform well on these problems. This paper investigates why the temperature inversion problem is so difficult for heuristic search. We show that algorithms imposing smoothness constraints find more competitive solutions. Additionally, a new algorithm is presented that rapidly finds approximate solutions.
The Impact of Block Ambulatory Scheduling on Internal Medicine Residencies: a Systematic Review

Over the past decade, nearly half of internal medicine residencies have implemented block clinic scheduling; however, the effects on residency-related outcomes are unknown. The authors systematically reviewed the impact of block versus traditional ambulatory scheduling on residency-related outcomes, including (1) resident satisfaction, (2) resident-perceived conflict between inpatient and outpatient responsibilities, (3) ambulatory training time, (4) continuity of care, (5) patient satisfaction, and (6) patient health outcomes. The authors reviewed the following databases: Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid MEDLINE InProcess, EBSCO CINAHL, EBSCO ERIC, and the Cochrane Library from inception through March 2017 and included studies of residency programs comparing block to traditional scheduling with at least one outcome of interest. Two authors independently extracted data on setting, participants, schedule design, and the outcomes of interest. Of 8139 studies, 11 studies of fair to moderate methodologic quality were included in the final analysis. Overall, block scheduling was associated with marked improvements in resident satisfaction (n = 7 studies, effect size range − 0.3 to + 0.9), resident-perceived conflict between inpatient and outpatient responsibilities (n = 5, effect size range + 0.3 to + 2.6), and available ambulatory training time (n = 5). Larger improvements occurred in programs implementing short (1 week) ambulatory blocks. However, block scheduling may result in worse physician continuity (n = 4). Block scheduling had inconsistent effects on patient continuity (n = 4), satisfaction (n = 3), and health outcomes (n = 3). Although block scheduling improves resident satisfaction, conflict between inpatient and outpatient responsibilities, and ambulatory training time, there may be important tradeoffs with worse care continuity.
A chemoenzymatic synthesis of (+)-castanospermine

Abstract A chemoenzymatic synthesis of (+)-castanospermine (1) from the chiral building block, 2, is described.
Basic Protein Hydrolysis in Lymphocytes of Lewis Rats with Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis

Lymphocytes from lymph nodes of Lewis rats with acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) contain high amounts of acid and neutral proteinases which hydrolyze myelin basic protein. The activity at neutral pH is also expressed by whole lymphocytes in isotonic medium, with about 50% more activity released by homogenization. Neutral proteinase activity in lymphocytes increases with the onset of acute EAE while the activity of those from Freund’s adjuvant-injected controls increases somewhat later. The total neutral proteinase activity appears to be membrane-bound, most likely in the lysosomes, but half the total was associated with the nuclear fraction.
Be bold: A call to action for occupational therapy

Surrounded by changes and opportunities, the profession of occupational therapy finds itself at a tipping point. We all have the power to make a difference. What bold action can you take to create meaningful change?
Substrate- and growth-related microstructural and magnetic properties in La 0.67 Sr 0.33 MnO 3 thin films

Ambient observation of magnetic domain structures by magnetic force microscopy (MFM) in La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 films has not been clearly correlated with stresses induced by kinetic growth processes or the compressive (LaAlO3) or tensile (SrTiO3) nature of the film-substrate lattice mismatch. Although domain-like magnetic structures have been seen for some as-grown films and related to substrate-induced stress and film thickness, no magnetic structure has been seen for other films grown under similar conditions on the same pair of substrates. In this study we have grown films over a range of temperatures by pulsed-laser deposition, using the above substrates, to determine the relationship between growth and stress-induced magnetic structures. Results from scanning tunneling, atomic force, and magnetic force microscopies, measurements of temperature-dependent magnetization and structure-dependent coercivity show the relationship between growth and magnetic properties. Maze-like domain structures, with separations between 150 nm and 200 nm, were only observed for the thicker films grown at the highest temperature, 800 degrees Celsius. Application of an in-plane magnetic field converted these domain structures to stripe-like domains whose spacing and out of plane component decreased as the field was increased.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A behavioral economic intervention to increase psychiatrist adherence to tobacco treatment guidelines: a provider-randomized study protocol

People with a psychiatric diagnosis smoke at high rates, yet are rarely treated for tobacco use. Health care systems often use a “no treatment” default for tobacco, such that providers must actively choose (opt-in) to treat their patients who express interest in quitting. Default bias theory suggests that opt-in systems may reinforce the status quo to not treat tobacco use in psychiatry. We aim to conduct a pilot study testing an opt-out system for implementing a 3As (ask, advise, assist) tobacco treatment model in outpatient psychiatry. We will use a mixed-methods, cluster-randomized study design. We will implement a tobacco use clinical reminder for outpatient psychiatrists at the VA New York Harbor Healthcare System. Psychiatrists (N = 20) will be randomized 1:1 to one of the two groups: (1) opt-in treatment approach—psychiatrists will receive a reminder that encourages them to offer cessation medications and referral to cessation counseling; (2) opt-out treatment approach—psychiatrists will receive a clinical reminder that includes a standing cessation medication order and a referral to cessation counseling that will automatically generate unless the provider cancels. Prior to implementation of the reminders, we will hold a 1-h training on tobacco treatment for psychiatrists in both arms. We will use VA administrative data to calculate the study’s primary outcomes: (1) the percent of smokers prescribed a cessation medication and (2) the percent of smokers referred to counseling. During the intervention period, we will also conduct post-visit surveys with a cluster sample of 400 patients (20 per psychiatrist) to assess psychiatrist fidelity to the 3As approach and patient perceptions of the opt-out system. At 6 months, we will survey the clustered patient sample again to evaluate the study’s secondary outcomes: (1) patient use of cessation treatment in the prior 6 months and (2) self-reported 7-day abstinence at 6 months. At the end of the intervention period, we will conduct semi-structured interviews with 12–14 psychiatrists asking about their perceptions of the opt-out approach. This study will produce important data on the potential of opt-out systems to overcome the barriers in implementing tobacco use treatment in outpatient psychiatry. Clinicaltrials.gov NCT04071795 (registered on August 28, 2019)
Impacts of Aviation Emissions on Near-Airport Residential Air Quality.

Impacts of aviation emissions on air quality in and around residences near airports remain underexamined. We measured gases (CO, CO2, NO, and NO2) and particles (black carbon, particle-bound aromat...
Conventional and advanced MR imaging insights of synovial sarcoma.

Abstract Objectives Synovial sarcomas commonly involve extremities. The purpose of this study was to systematically assess and describe the appearance of pathologically proven synovial sarcomas on conventional MR sequences, diffusion weighted imaging and dynamic contrast enhanced imaging. Methods In this cross-sectional retrospective study, fifteen pre-operative MRIs were analyzed separately by two musculoskeletal radiologists and a fellow. MRI features of synovial sarcomas were evaluated in a systematic fashion on conventional and advanced MR sequences. Results The tumors demonstrated heterogeneous appearance on conventional MR sequences. Peritumoral edema was absent in four of 15 (27%) lesions including grade 2 and grade 3 tumors. Average minimum ADC was 0.8 × 10–3 mm2/s and average mean ADC was 1.2 × 10–3 mm2/s. There was avid early arterial phase enhancement on contrast imaging. Average relative enhancement of the tumors was 5.7 times compared to the adjacent skeletal muscle. Conclusion Synovial sarcomas demonstrate avid early arterial phase post-contrast enhancement on contrast images, low ADC values, and heterogeneous appearance on conventional MRI sequences. Peritumoral edema may be absent in such tumors despite being high grade tumors.