cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beta: behavioral testability analysis

An approach, Beta, for computing testability is presented. This approach is based on analyzing the circuit's behavior description data flow graph (DFG). First, each path in the DFG is analyzed to find the set of paths to justify and propagate each data register. Then, register classification follows to diagnose every register's controllability and observability and classify them into several groups. For the most controllable and observable registers, Beta, unlike other testability methods which compute only testability, also tries to derive the exact sequence for justifying and propagating each register. Register classification is also useful in pointing out hard-to-control and hard-to-observe areas of the circuit. This approach has been implemented in a computer program and applied to several examples. These results are verified by a DFG-based test generator and proven to be successful. >
Integrated time division multiplexing front-end circuit for multi-antenna RF receivers

A fully integrated receiver front-end circuit for a 4:1 time division multiplexing of RF signals from an antenna array is introduced. The switching necessary for multiplexing is implemented as an array of low noise amplifiers operating at 2.4 GHz with selectable outputs. The circuit includes on-chip input and output matching networks. A digital controller for rotating through the amplifier inputs was also incorporated. The multiplexer design was fabricated in a 0.18 mum RF-CMOS process. Measurement and post processing results are presented to demonstrate that such a RF multiplexing system can properly recover signal relative phase/amplitude variations at the individual inputs of a multi-antenna receiver. Such a front-end is useful for a variety of antenna array communications applications.
Sensitivity and Security: New Questions to Ponder

The conclusion that parental sensitivity is a reliable—but not highly robust—predictor of a secure attachment invites reconsideration of the nature of sensitivity and its impact on early psychosocial development. Future directions for inquiry include (1) renewed attention to the growth of attachment in the context of other developing features of the parent-infant relationship, including play and behavioral management; (2) the factors that moderate the impact of sensitivity on developing security (including the contexts of sensitive responsiveness infant age, and the consistency of parental sensitivity over time); (3) the multifaceted and dyanamic origins of individual differences in sensitivity; and (4) greater consideration of why sensitivity fosters attachment security, especially in relation to emergent working models of relationships and self.
Cardiac development and physiology are modulated by FGF2 in an isoform‐ and sex‐specific manner

The low-molecular-weight isoform (Lo) of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) has distinct functions from the high-molecular-weight isoforms (Hi) of FGF2 in the adult stressed heart. However, the specific roles of these isoforms in the unstressed heart were not examined. We investigated whether the FGF2 isoforms modulate cardiac development and physiology in isoform- and sex-specific manners. Young adult male and female mice that were deficient in either Hi FGF2 (Hi KO) or Lo FGF2 (Lo KO) underwent echocardiographic analysis and were compared to their wild-type (WT) counterparts. By comparison to WT cohorts, female Lo KO hearts display a 33% larger left ventricular (LV) volume and smaller LV mass and wall thickness. Mitral valve flow measurements from these hearts reveal that the early wave to atrial wave ratio (E/A) is higher, the deceleration time is 30% shorter and the mitral valve E-A velocity–time integral is reduced by 20% which is consistent with a restrictive filling pattern. The female Hi KO hearts do not demonstrate any significant abnormality. In male Hi KO mice the cardiac output from the LV is 33% greater and the fractional shortening is 29% greater, indicating enhanced systolic function, while in male Lo KO hearts we observe a smaller E/A ratio and a prolonged isovolumic relaxation time, consistent with an impaired relaxation filling pattern. We conclude that the developmental and physiological functions of FGF2 isoforms in the unstressed heart are isoform specific and nonredundant and that these roles are modulated by sex.
Pomaglumetad methionil: No significant difference as an adjunctive treatment for patients with prominent negative symptoms of schizophrenia compared to placebo

This study tested whether treatment with pomaglumetad methionil (LY2140023 monohydrate), a metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3 agonist compared with placebo (PBO), when added to a fixed-dose second-generation antipsychotic (SGA) demonstrated significantly greater reduction of negative symptoms, as assessed by the 16-item Negative Symptom Assessment scale (NSA-16), in patients with schizophrenia. This parallel-group, 16-week study enrolled adults with schizophrenia who were receiving standard of care (SOC) therapy, which included ≥3months treatment with one of four SGAs: aripiprazole, olanzapine, risperidone, or quetiapine. Patients received either 20mg of twice daily LY2140023 monohydrate (LY2140023) or concurrent PBO SGA. The primary efficacy measure was change from baseline to final visit in NSA-16 total score. Secondary measures included additional measures of efficacy, cognition, and assessments of safety. Of 352 patients screened, 167 were randomly assigned to treatment, and 110 patients completed the study. Patients treated with LY2140023 and SOC failed to demonstrate a statistically significant improvement over patients treated with PBO and SOC on NSA-16 total score at endpoint or at any point during the study (all p>0.131). Changes in secondary efficacy measures were not significantly different between groups at endpoint. With the exception of vomiting which was greater in the LY2140023 group, there were no statistically significant differences in safety and tolerability measures. This study found no benefit of adjunctive LY2140023 versus PBO for negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia receiving treatment with SOC. LY2140023 was generally well-tolerated in these patients.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF GONAD-STIMULATING HORMONES

The demonstration by Aschheim and Zondek of a gonad-stimulating substance in the urine of pregnant women has led to the elaboration of two theories which are of fundamental biological importance. It is maintained, in the first place, that this hormone is identical to that produced by the anterior hypophysis, and secondly, that the follicular growth and luteinization which both these induce in immature laboratory animals are due to two separate principles instead of one. Although these conceptions received immediate acceptance by the majority of writers, a few careful investigators have advanced sound evidence casting doubts on the correctness of these theories. In view of the basic importance of this problem, an extensive study was undertaken in the hope that further information might be obtained by methods which could be used for comparing directly the biological effects of gonad-stimulating substances from various sources. The present report deals with the effects induced over a period of five days in t...
Primary Surgery vs Chemoradiation Treatment of Advanced-Stage Hypopharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Importance There is no consensus whether primary surgery followed by either adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) or adjuvant chemoradiation (CRT) or definitive CRT should be the standard treatment approach to advanced-stage hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HP SCC). Objectives To determine survival outcomes for patients with advanced-stage HP SCC treated at a single institution with either primary surgery plus RT or CRT or definitive CRT. Evidence and Data Acquisition We conducted a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected medical records in an institutional database for patients with HP SCC newly diagnosed between January 1999 and April 2013. Overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were calculated and compared between treatment groups using the Kaplan-Meier method, with multivariate Cox regression analysis used to control for demographic and clinicopathologic features. Results We identified 166 consecutively treated patients, 90 of whom did not meet study criteria. Of the 76 included patients, 48 (63%) had undergone definitive CRT, and 28 (37%) had undergone primary surgery with adjuvant RT or CRT. The groups were well balanced by age, smoking history, and alcohol use. Five-year OS and RFS for patients treated surgically were 66.3% and 53.6%, respectively; for patients treated with definitive CRT, OS and RFS were 41.3% and 34.5%, respectively. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that surgical management was associated with clinically improved OS (hazard ratio [HR], 4.78; 95% CI, 0.91-25.03; P = .06) and RFS (HR, 2.97; 95% CI, 0.76-11.53; P = .12), although the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions and Relevance Patients with advanced-stage HP SCC treated surgically with adjuvant RT or CRT showed a trend toward clinically improved OS and RFS compared with patients treated with definitive CRT. However, the difference was not statistically significant, and further investigation with larger controlled trials using modern approaches should be undertaken to optimize the initial management of advanced-stage HP SCC.
Strength distributions and size effects for 2D and 3D composites with Weibull fibers in an elastic matrix

Monte Carlo simulation and theoretical modeling are used to study the statistical failure modes in unidirectional composites consisting of elastic fibers in an elastic matrix. Both linear and hexagonal fiber arrays are considered, forming 2D and 3D composites, respectively. Failure is idealized using the chain-of-bundles model in terms of δ-bundles of length δ, which is the length-scale of fiber load transfer. Within each δ-bundle, fiber load redistribution is determined by local load-sharing models that approximate the in-plane fiber load redistribution from planar break clusters, as predicted from 2D and 3D shear-lag models. As a result the δ-bundle failure models are 1D and 2D, respectively. Fiber elements have random strengths following either a Weibull or a power-law distribution with shape and scale parameters ρ and σδ, respectively. Under Weibull fiber strength, failure simulations for 2D δ-bundles, reveal two regimes: When fiber strength variability is low (roughly ρ>2) the dominant failure mode is by growing clusters of fiber breaks, one of which becomes catastrophic. When this variability is high (roughly 0<ρ<2) cluster formation is suppressed by a dispersed failure mode due to the blocking effects of a few strong fibers. For 1D δ-bundles or for 2D δ-bundles under power-law fiber strength, the transitional value of ρ drops to 1 or lower, and overall, it may slowly decrease with increasing bundle size. For the two regimes, closed-form approximations to the distribution of δ-bundle strength are developed under the local load-sharing model and an equal load-sharing model of Daniels, respectively. The results compare favorably with simulations on δ-bundles with up to 1500 fibers.
Fast computation of the grassfire transform using SKIPSM

The principles of SKIPSM (Separated-Kernel Image Processing using Finite State Machines), a powerful new way to implement many standard image processing operations, are presented here and in a group of companion papers. This paper describes the application of SKIPSM to the computation of the Grassfire Transform (GT), the mapping of a binary image into a grey-level image in such a way that the output grey level of each interior pixel of each individual blob is proportional to the distance of that pixel from the blob boundary. Distance can be defined in terms of various norms: Euclidean distance, elliptical distance, 'boxcar' distance, etc. While potentially very useful, the GT has seen limited application because of the many computational steps required to calculate it. In comparison with conventional hardware-based and software-based approaches, SKIPSM allows implementation of the GT at higher speeds and/or lower hardware cost. The key developments upon which this improved performance is based are (1) the separation of 2D the binary erosions on which the GT is based into row operations followed by column operations, (2) the formulation of these row and column operations in a form compatible with pipelined operation, (3) the implementation of the resulting operations as simple finite-state machines, (4) the automated generation of the finite-state machine configuration data for structuring elements (SEs), and (5) the simultaneous application of all these nested SEs in a single pipeline pass. Some key features of SKIPSM, as applied to the GT, are listed below: (1) Because the SEs can be large and arbitrary, any distance measure can be used. There is no penalty involved in using true circles or ellipses, rather that the octagons or squares resulting from sequential application of 3 X 3 SEs. (2) The simultaneous application of six circular erosion stages (SEs of size 3 X 3, 5 X 5, ..., 13 X 13) has already been demonstrated. Eight or more simultaneous circular erosion stages may be possible (sizes 3 X 3, 5 X 5, ..., 17 X 17, ...). (3) The user specifies the SE or SEs. All other steps are automated. These results are can be achieved using conventional pipelined hardware in this new way. Alternatively, inexpensive off-the-shelf 'chips' can be configured to carry out the same operations as conventional image processing hardware. Corresponding 'speedups' are achieved in software-based implementations.2347© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Resonance seeding of stability boundaries in two and four dimensions

Resonance seeding refers to the hypothesis that the stochastic layer delineating the dynamic aperture of a Hamiltonian system grows out of separatrices generated by very low order resonances. Although analytic representations of the resonances are obtained via perturbation theory, the existence of the separatrices and the validity (or otherwise) of resonance seeding are separate from it. The author describes some of the evidence supporting this idea in two and four dimensions. >
Revision of several poorly known Antarctic aeolid nudibranch species (Mollusca: Gastropoda), with the description of a new species

Morphological examination of several specimens of aeolid nudibranchs collected from the Ross Sea, Antarctica, revealed an unexpectedly high number of species. Based on the collected material the following species are re-described and for the first time their colour, reproductive anatomy and radula are illustrated together: Eubranchus glacialis, Cuthona modesta, Cuthona crinita, Cuthona elioti and Guyvalvoria paradoxa. Additionally, a new species of Cuthona is described from this area. The new species differs from other Antarctic and sub-Antarctic species of Cuthona in its external appearance, radular morphology and reproductive anatomy. Information on the egg mass and embryonic development of several species is provided.
The envelope of function in anterior cruciate ligament injuries

The range of load that can be applied to a knee joint without causing structural or metabolic failure can be termed envelope of function. Injuries to the knee joint, such as anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, may significantly diminish the envelope of function. The goal of a successful treatment program for patients with ACL injuries is to restore normal physiologic knee function and thus restore the physiologic envelope of function. Recent advances have improved the outcomes in ACL surgery. However, full restoration of physiologic knee function and normal knee kinematics usually is not achieved. Therefore, surgical approaches that restore the normal anatomy of the ACL may further contribute to the improvement of outcomes and may further diminish the discrepancy between the postoperative envelope of function and the physiologic envelope of function.
A state-space fault monitor architecture and its application to the Cassini spacecraft

The Cassini spacecraft fault protection design includes fault monitors that use a state-space architecture to monitor the performance of spacecraft functions. This paper reports on the design of these monitors.
3D Object Recognition: A Model of View-Tuned Neurons

In 1990 Poggio and Edelman proposed a view-based model of object recognition that accounts for several psychophysical properties of certain recognition tasks. The model predicted the existence of view-tuned and view-invariant units, that were later found by Logothetis et al. (Logothetis et al., 1995) in IT cortex of monkeys trained with views of specific paperclip objects. The model, however, does not specify the inputs to the view-tuned units and their internal organization. In this paper we propose a model of these view-tuned units that is consistent with physiological data from single cell responses.
CRN Message From the Chairperson: Happy 2016!

ASTHE 2016 year begins I look back at 2015 and I am thankful for the wonderful year and the opportunity to serve the membership as Chairperson of the National Kidney Foundation (NKF)/Council on Renal Nutrition (CRN). I have been impressed by members that I had the honor to meet and work with on national projects. Now I have the pleasure to introduce the new leadership of CRN for 2016/2017. Laura Holden, MBA, RD, CSR will transition to the Chair position in March 2016. Laura has currently been working as a Nephrology Dietitian at Phoenix SouthRenal Center, Phoenix, AZ. Laura has served the Executive Committee as Secretary/Treasurer for many years prior to stepping into theChair-Elect position. She has an endless passion for our professional growth and development and has been a sustaining force in the vitality of the Executive Committee. Laura was active in the Executive Committee business in the past when research funding was available and now that we will have funding for a CRN research project for 2017 shewill be a great resource for planning and developing the process. Laura is active in her Arizona region locally and a great advocate for our profession. The Executive Committee members that were elected this Fall 2015 will assume their new roles at the Spring Clinical Meeting (SCM) in April 2016. These positions were the Region 1, 3, and 5 Representatives and Alternate Representatives. An introduction of these new Executive Committee members will be forthcoming in an upcoming issue, these representatives that you elected are on the NKF website. Congratulations to all these wonderful volunteers!
The Impossibility of Citizenship

This essay reviews T. Alexander Aleinikoff's Semblances of Sovereignty: The Constitution, the State, and American Citizenship (Harvard University Press, 2002). The book considers the constitutional marginalization of Native Americans, aliens, and residents of Puerto Rico and other unincorporated territories. In Aleinikoff's view, citizenship supplies both the explanation for and the answer to the subordination of these communities. Citizenship has been a powerfully equalizing force in the American constitutional tradition for those within the circle. Insofar as rights have been made contingent on citizenship status, however, those outside are left without constitutional armor. Aleinikoff suggests a reconception of citizenship, extending core constitutional status to those for whom citizenship is not a constitutional entitlement (namely, Native Americans and territorial residents) as well as to some who are not citizens at all (permanent resident aliens). With citizenship as a baseline, the argument is a powerful one. But one might at a more fundamental level question the continuing utility of that baseline and of citizenship as an institution. An emerging body of postnational scholarship is challenging citizenship and the nation-state as delimitations of human community, posing instead diasporas, social movements, and other nonstate groupings as competing locations of identity and governance. Aleinikoff brackets the postnational assault; he is seeking to transform citizenship, not transcend it. In this respect, the analysis presents more of an exercise in recentering citizenship than - as claimed - one of decentering it. But the postnational challenge is unavoidably implicated in any attempt to deploy citizenship as an institutional vehicle. Even as an expansive and benign quantity, Aleinikoff's vision of citizenship may suffer the same problems as its exclusionary predecessors: however the circle is drawn, many are left out, including many with deep attachments to the national community. To the extent, on the other hand, that the circle is drawn ever more widely, the tie that citizenship is understood to represent grows ever thinner. This dynamic would seem to present an inescapable dilemma for the institution of liberal citizenship, and perhaps for liberalism itself.
Node Embeddings in Social Network Analysis

We introduce a distributed representation of nodes, node embeddings, in social network analysis. We compute embeddings for nodes based on their attributes and links. These embeddings can support many social network applications --- including analyses of community homogeneity, distance, and detection of community connectors (inter-community outliers, people who connect communities) --- thanks to the convenient yet efficient computation provided by node embeddings for structural comparisons. Our experimental results include many interesting insights about the computer science literature network (DBLP). For example, in DBLP prior to 2013 the best way for research in Natural Language & Speech to gain impact toward "best-paper" recognition was to emphasize aspects related to Machine Learning & Pattern Recognition.
Impact of Booster Chlorination on THM Production: A Simulated Analysis

Chlorine is commonly used in drinking water treatment as both a primary disinfectant and as a secondary disinfectant to carry a residual in the distribution system. The continuing formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs), including trihalomethanes (THMs), due to reactions between residual chlorine and natural organic matter (NOM) has led utilities and researchers to seek innovative ways of managing disinfectant residuals. One such management strategy that has been proposed is the use of booster chlorination (re-chlorination), but relatively little research has been done on this topic. Previous research has indicated that the rates of chlorine consumption and THM formation remain the same under re-chlorination conditions. For this study, a model water comprised of NOM extracted from Lake Drummond, Virginia was chlorinated under two scenarios: one representing conventional chlorination, and one representing booster chlorination. Chlorine consumption and THM formation were monitored over a 72-hour time period, and the results show that both THM formation and chlorine consumption were the same under both scenarios. The results of this study also confirm the findings of previous research that THM formation and chlorine consumption are linearly correlated, even under re-chlorination conditions. Additional work is ongoing as part of this study to explore the effect of booster chlorination on chlorine consumption and THM formation in distribution systems using hydraulic models.
Assessment of an online management science course

Operations research is widely taught in universities around the world and is considered critically important in solving complex organisational problems. With great emphasis on techniques from mathematical sciences including, mathematical modelling, statistical analysis, simulation modelling and others, this subject is considered to be a challenging course to teach and a difficult course for students to learn. Instructors often devise innovative approaches to effectively deliver content. Due to technology advancements and rising demand for flexible learning opportunities, online learning is becoming a preferred mode among today’s student, especially adult learners. This paper documents the redevelopment of a graduate level management science course and presents an empirical study in which surveys collected student perceptions pre- and post-redevelopment. The results indicate students find the redeveloped course to be more relevant to current and future career goals and students are more confident in their ability to apply the course concepts to real world problems.
Home is where the help is: community-based care in Denmark.

Policy regarding long-term care has been an issue of rising national concern. In this paper we examine the transition of Danish long-term care policy with special attention to Skaevinge, the first community in Denmark to integrate institutional and community-based services for the elderly. Recent studies on the variation between costs and services in Danish communities and the results of U.S. studies on community-based care suggest that successful implementation of integrated institutional and community-based long-term care is feasible in the United States. Lessons from Denmark highlight conditions that will facilitate success in this endeavor.
Modeling of Mercuric Chloride Removal by CuCl2-Impregnated Activated Carbon Sorbent in a Fabric Filter

A model for the physical adsorption of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) onto raw activated carbon (AC) and 4 and 10% CuCl2-impregnated activated carbon (CuCl2–AC) sorbents in a fabric filter was studied on the basis of the adsorption equilibrium and kinetics. Sorbent loading, particle size, filtration time, and CuCl2 loading onto AC were found to be the major factors determining a HgCl2 removal efficiency. Although high sorbent loading and small sorbent particle size result in high HgCl2 removal efficiencies, the inlet HgCl2 concentration and superficial gas velocity were found to have little impact on HgCl2 removal. Our operation case study result shows that sorbent injection for a short duration at a high loading followed by the discontinuation of the injection until a cleaning cycle can significantly save a total sorbent amount with high sorbent utilization, while the same amount of HgCl2 is removed. The adsorption of HgCl2 onto raw AC and CuCl2–AC in the filter cake was found to be primarily governed by the ...
Peripheral nerve tumors in the upper extremity.

SUMMARY Peripheral nerve tumors involving the hand and upper extremity are rare. The types of tumors are few and they can usually be suspected on clinical grounds. The hand surgeon should have a knowledge of the diagnostic possibilities and the treatment options.
The Effect of an Extraluminal Transducer on the Reproductive Capability of the Rabbit

An extraluminally attached microminiature force transducer, designed for reproductive tract contractility measurements, was investigated in terms of its effects on the physiology of the uterotubal junction in the rabbit. The presence or attachment process of the extraluminal force transducer (EFT) did not affect the rate of pregnancy or the number of embryonic implantation sites whether the attached device was silicone rubber or polyethylene-encased. The uterotubal junction was able to retain the blastocyst for the required time after mating, while an examination of postembryonic mortality revealed a rate of one resorption in some experimental groups. The gestation period was unaffected by the EFT, ranging from 30 to 40 days with a mode of 32, while histologic examinations revealed formation of a thin fibroblastic layer, some increased vascularity, and no abnormal leukocytic accumulation.
Outcome of Acquired Aphasia

The effects of age at onset, etiology, severity, and type of aphasia on the course and outcome were investigated in a group of 28 aphasic children at the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rotterdam-Dijkzigt, the Netherlands.
The Intensification of the Body in Goethe’s Die Leiden des jungen Werther

(1994). The Intensification of the Body in Goethe’s Die Leiden des jungen Werther. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 69, No. 3, pp. 106-117.
Species pool, human population, and global versus regional invasion patterns

Biological invasions are among the greatest global and regional threats to biomes in the Anthropocene. Islands, in particular, have been perceived to have higher vulnerability to invasions. Because of the dynamic nature of ongoing invasions, distinguishing regional patterns from global patterns and their underlying determinants remains a challenge. We aim to comparatively examine global versus regional patterns of plant invasions and the possible underlying mechanisms. We also test whether there is a difference in degree of invasion and invasibility between mainland areas and islands. We compiled and analyzed data from published sources for 100 mainland areas (i.e., regions, countries, states, and provinces) and 89 islands across the globe. We find that (1) the pool of exotic species available intrinsically decreases as area of the land considered increases (at global scale, all is native), thus global invasion patterns assessed by exotic fraction (proportion of exotics) are primarily determined by land area; (2) because “exotic” is defined relative to the borders of the target region, “boundary effects” can result in regional differences in invasion patterns without any ecological processes being involved; and (3) human population density is closely linked to exotic fraction within regions that are defined by a single administrative border. There were clear differences between global and regional patterns of plant invasions. We observed no difference in the exotic fraction-area relationship between mainland areas and islands, supporting what we refer to as the “island-mainland continuum concept” (i.e., no clear separation in the degree of invasion between islands and mainland area with regard to the effects of area). Because of scale-dependency in many observed patterns, future focus should be placed on the links between local, regional, and global invasion patterns.
Chemical Enhancements in Shock-Accelerated Particles: Ab initio Simulations

We study the thermalization, injection, and acceleration of ions with different mass/charge ratios, A/Z, in nonrelativistic collisionless shocks via hybrid (kinetic ions-fluid electrons) simulations. In general, ions thermalize to a postshock temperature proportional to A. When diffusive shock acceleration is efficient, ions develop a nonthermal tail whose extent scales with Z and whose normalization is enhanced as (A/Z)^{2} so that incompletely ionized heavy ions are preferentially accelerated. We discuss how these findings can explain observed heavy-ion enhancements in Galactic cosmic rays.
Quantum Speed-Ups for Solving Semidefinite Programs

We give a quantum algorithm for solving semidefinite programs (SDPs). It has worst-case running time n^{\frac{1}{2}} m^{\frac{1}{2}} s^2 \poly(\log(n), \log(m), R, r, 1/&#x03B4;), with n and s the dimension and row-sparsity of the input matrices, respectively, m the number of constraints, &#x03B4; the accuracy of the solution, and R, r upper bounds on the size of the optimal primal and dual solutions, respectively. This gives a square-root unconditional speed-up over any classical method for solving SDPs both in n and m. We prove the algorithm cannot be substantially improved (in terms of n and m) giving a &#x03A9;(n^{\frac{1}{2}}+m^{\frac{1}{2}}) quantum lower bound for solving semidefinite programs with constant s, R, r and &#x03B4;. The quantum algorithm is constructed by a combination of quantum Gibbs sampling and the multiplicative weight method. In particular it is based on a classical algorithm of Arora and Kale for approximately solving SDPs. We present a modification of their algorithm to eliminate the need for solving an inner linear program which may be of independent interest.
Contestation in the Civilian Immunity Norm

Efforts to mitigate the harms of war-fighting have a long history in many societies around the world. A common element in these diverse protective efforts is the idea that those uninvolved in war should be shielded from its ill effects, an idea captured in the civilian immunity norm. One of the norm’s prescriptions, the distinction principle, obligates belligerents to distinguish between permissible and impermissible targets and to refrain from intentionally targeting the latter group with lethal force. Civilians fall within this protected group. However, the civilian immunity norm is not absolute: custom and international law do permit soldiers to kill civilians who threaten them. Yet the norm directs actors to temper its exceptions with its primary goal of protecting the maximum number of civilians from the horrors of war.
Modelo de elementos finitos del hombro: comparación de los esfuerzos mecánicos de un hombro sano y un hombro con síndrome del manguito rotador

El sindrome del manguito rotador es la patologia de hombro de mayor incidencia en Colombia, siendo el tendon del supraespinoso el mas afectado. El objetivo de este estudio es desarrollar un modelo numerico del hombro, para determinar la variacion los esfuerzos mecanicos en un hombro sano, y en otro con el sindrome del manguito rotador, debido a que en Colombia no hay estudios que permitan determinar dichos esfuerzos. Se desarrollo un modelo en tres dimensiones del hombro, a partir de un conjunto de imagenes por tomografia axial computarizada. Este modelo incluye el humero, la escapula, el ligamento glenohumeral, los tendones del manguito rotador y el cartilago articular. Se analizaron los modelos mediante el metodo de elementos finitos, y se obtuvieron los esfuerzos de Von Mises. Posteriormente, se compararon los resultados obtenidos de un hombro sano, y de un hombro con sindrome del manguito rotador, para saber como varia la distribucion de los esfuerzos mecanicos. Luego se compararon los resultados obtenidos en este estudio con similar informacion en la literatura. El modelo de elementos finitos permitio determinar la distribucion y variacion de los esfuerzos de Von Mises, los cuales aumentan cuando se presenta el sindrome de manguito rotador, con ruptura del tendon del supraespinoso. Dicho aumento se presento en los puntos de insercion en los huesos y en la zona donde se presenta la ruptura, y se debe a la disminucion del espesor de los tendones del manguito rotador.
Young Children’s Mathematical Learning: Complexities and Subtleties

The papers in this book originated in the meetings of a Working Group at the seventh International Congress on Mathematica Education held in Quebec, Canada, in 1992. The title of the Working Group was Formation of eleme tary mathemati cal concepts at the primary level, a title determined by the International Committee for the congress. We interpreted the title as calling for an examination and discussion of the factors that interact with children’s development of mathematical concepts
Comentarios Sobre La Profesión Y El Profesionalismo (A Comment on the Profession and the Concept of Professionalism)

Aunque no parece existir un acuerdo acerca de como se debe definir el concepto de profesionalismo, algo que si debe estar claro es que no se refiere a la lista de reglas en los codigos de etica u otra reglamentacion detallada de la profesion. Si el profesionalismo se limitara al cumplimiento de la reglamentacion etica, bastaria con que nuestra educacion y entrenamiento enfatizaran un nivel minimo de competencia y el cumplimiento de reglas para evitar incurrir en errores que puedan resultar en la imposicion de sanciones disciplinarias. Un profesional debe aspirar a mas que eso. Profesionalismo, en fin, se refiere a las caracteristicas de la identidad profesional que se aspira que todo abogado observe y estas, a su vez, se basan en los valores basicos de la profesion. Este articulo intenta identificar esas caracteristicas.This article attempts to identify the underlying values of the profession or the common elements to all regulation of the legal profession. The article was written in Spanish as part of a symposium issue of the Puerto Rico Bar Association Law Review.
Erratum: Simulating radiative magnetohydrodynamical flows with ASTROBEAR: implementation and applications of non-equilibrium cooling

Radiative cooling plays a crucial role in the dynamics of many astrophysical flows, and is particularly important in the dense shocked gas within Herbig-Haro (HH) objects and stellar jets. Simulating cooling processes accurately is necessary to compare numerical simulations with existing and planned observations of HH objects, such as those from the Hubble Space Telescope and the James Webb Space Telescope. In this paper we discuss a new, non-equilibrium cooling scheme we have implemented into the 3-D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) code AstroBEAR. The new cooling function includes ionization, recombination, and excitation of all the important atomic species that cool below 10000 K. We tested the routine by comparing its predictions with those from the well-tested 1-D Cox-Raymond shock code (Raymond 1979). The results show thatAstroBEAR accurately tracks the ionization fraction, temperature, and other MHD variables for all low-velocity (.90 km/s) magnetized radiative shock waves. The new routine allows us to predict synthetic emission maps in all the bright forbidden and permitted lines observed in stellar jets, including H{\alpha}, [NII], [OI], and [SII]. We present an example as to how these synthetic maps facilitate a direct comparison with narrowband images of HH objects.
What’s Love Got to Do with it? An Ecofeminist Approach to Inter-Animal and Intra-Cultural Conflicts of Interest

Many familial and cultural traditions rely on animals for their fulfillment - think of Christmas ham, Rosh Hashannah chicken soup, Fourth of July barbeques, and so forth. Though philosophers writing in animal ethics often dismiss interests in certain foods as trivial, these food-based traditions pose a significant moral problem for those who take animals’ lives and interests seriously. One must either turn one’s back on one’s community or on the animals. In this paper, I consider the under-theorized area of intra-cultural critique. My focus is how we should think about and seek to resolve inter-animal conflicts of interest that arise within our own communities and cultural or religious groups. How should a theory that takes animals seriously approach a conflict between animals’ interests and culturally important human interests in the context of one’s own cultural, ethnic, or religious group? How, for example, should we think about the person staring down at a bowl of her grandmother’s chicken soup while recognizing the moral impermissibility of slaughtering chickens for human consumption? In contrast to traditional approaches that fail to take these robust, food-based, interests into account, I offer an ecofeminist approach that highlights the importance of respecting animals’ interests while also undertaking the work of moral repair to address damage done to relationships of love and care in the process.
County-level socioeconomic factors and residential racial, Hispanic, poverty, and unemployment segregation associated with drug overdose deaths in the United States, 2013–2017

Abstract Purpose The purpose of the study was to evaluate overdose death rates in relation to socioeconomic characteristics and measures of socioeconomic residential segregation at substate geography. Methods County overdose deaths were linked to socioeconomic characteristics that are related to social vulnerability. Dissimilarity and isolation segregation (comparing individual counties to the adjacent counties and state) and diversity were calculated for race, Hispanic ethnicity, poverty, and unemployment. Negative binomial regression was used to compare county characteristics to death rates. Results Percent civilian disabled was positively associated with mortality across race and Hispanic ethnicity groups. Some discordant associations included racial and unemployment diversity (null for White, inverse for Hispanic and Black), percent unemployment (positive for White, inverse for Hispanic), percent crowded housing (positive for Black), uninsured (null for White, inverse for Black and Hispanic), and per capita income (positive for Black, inverse for Hispanic). Several residential segregation measures were also significantly associated with overdose death rates, and different magnitudes and directions of associations were observed by race and Hispanic ethnicity. Conclusions These results provide future directions, including roles of civilian disability, diversity, and evaluating differential impacts of segregation across racial and ethnic groups. Individual-level data, drug overdose incidence, or larger studies to evaluate interactions may help to elucidate mechanisms.
On “the application of science to science itself:” chemistry, instruments, and the scientific labor process

Abstract The “Instrumental Revolution” in chemistry refers to a transitional period in the mid-20th century during which sophisticated instrumentation based on physical principles was introduced to solve chemical problems. Historical and philosophical reflection on whether the revolution was a scientific one has been dominated by general models of scientific revolution, in particular, those proposed by Thomas Kuhn, I. B. Cohen and Ian Hacking. In this article I propose that the Industrial Revolution is a useful model for understanding the transformation wrought by the increasingly important role of machines in chemical research. Drawing on Marx's analysis of that event, I argue that that the Instrumental Revolution bears a striking resemblance to the industrial one. I offer grounds for thinking that the resemblance is not fortuitous, but rather reflects a general pattern of development involving the mechanization of the labor process. It is suggested that the cognitive consequences of radical changes in the means of production, as exemplified in the Instrumental Revolution, warrant the consideration of whether the latter is an instance of a kind of revolution in science rather than a singular episode.
Direct vs. Indirect Modulation of Complex IN VITRO Human Retroviral Infections by Morphine

BACKGROUND The human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) was first characterized by Gallo in 1981 1. This type C oncoretrovirus was thought to be confined to well-delineated regions, passed primarily by long-term exposure (i.e., mother to infant, long-term marital relationships) or by frequent exposure to large numbers of infected cells. No recent largescale epidemiological studies showing the incidence of HTLV-I infection in the United States are available, however, it is estimated that current infection rates are somewhat higher than previously believed. A significant contribution to the estimated increase in HTLV-I infection in the U.S., as well as to the confirmed increases worldwide, is associated with injecting drug users (IDU) 1,2 . This route of infection is more efficiently exploited by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Both retroviruses target the same CD4+ lymphocytes, however an opposite set of outcomes is observed with HTLV-I versus HIV-1 infection. The decimating influence of HIV-1 on CD4+ T cell populations has been well documented and is thought to be responsible for the onset of AIDS. In contrast, a hallmark of active HTLV-I infection is the inappropriate proliferation of CD4+ T cells, expressed as HLTV-I associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM) or as adult T cell lymphoma (ATL). Additional disorders related to HTLV-I infection are also dependent upon uncontrolled T cell proliferation. Although the characteristics of infection are different, the lentivirus (HIV-1) and the oncoretrovirus (HTLV-I) produce somewhat analogous proteins that have been reported to act in a complementary fashion in vitro. Thus, the possibility that superinfection with HIV1 and HTLV-I in an individual might enhance the progression of HIV-1 infection was investigated during several large-scale epidemiological studies. Earlier case studies using small numbers of coinfected patients suggested that symptoms of complex retroviral infections (dual infection with HIV-1 and HTLV-I) were different from simple HIV-1 infection. However, the larger studies failed to demonstrate a consistent reduction in the
Chance-Constrained SPDS-Based Decentralized Control of Distributed Energy Resources

In this paper, we develop a decentralized optimal power flow (OPF) approach to optimally control active and reactive power injections from photovoltaics (PV) resources so as to minimize the total power loss and stabilize voltage profiles in electric power distribution systems. The OPF problem is formulated into a chance-constrained problem to integrate uncertainties in baseline loads and solar generation. A new decentralized algorithm is developed based on the shrunken-primal-dual subgradient (SPDS) algorithm. We present via simulations the monotonicity and speed of the convergence of the chance-constrained SPDS-based decentralized algorithm.
Local and global consequences of reward-evoked striatal dopamine release.

The neurotransmitter dopamine is required for the reinforcement of actions by rewarding stimuli1. Neuroscientists have tried to define the functions of dopamine in concise conceptual terms2, but the practical implications of dopamine release depend on its diverse brain-wide consequences. Although molecular and cellular effects of dopaminergic signalling have been extensively studied3, the effects of dopamine on larger-scale neural activity profiles are less well-understood. Here we combine dynamic dopamine-sensitive molecular imaging4 and functional magnetic resonance imaging to determine how striatal dopamine release shapes local and global responses to rewarding stimulation in rat brains. We find that dopamine consistently alters the duration, but not the magnitude, of stimulus responses across much of the striatum, via quantifiable postsynaptic effects that vary across subregions. Striatal dopamine release also potentiates a network of distal responses, which we delineate using neurochemically dependent functional connectivity analyses. Hot spots of dopaminergic drive notably include cortical regions that are associated with both limbic and motor function. Our results reveal distinct neuromodulatory actions of striatal dopamine that extend well beyond its sites of peak release, and that result in enhanced activation of remote neural populations necessary for the performance of motivated actions. Our findings also suggest brain-wide biomarkers of dopaminergic function and could provide a basis for the improved interpretation of neuroimaging results that are relevant to learning and addiction. Molecular and functional magnetic resonance imaging in the rat reveals distinct neuromodulatory effects of striatal dopamine that extend beyond peak release sites and activate remote neural populations necessary for performing motivated actions.
Aristotelian Naturalism and the Autonomy of Ethics

In this essay, I consider the relationship between Aristotelian naturalism and the autonomy of ethics. I understand the autonomy of ethics as the idea that we cannot arrive directly at ethical conclusions via empirical, natural scientific inquiry – i.e., the natural sciences per se are unable to provide answers to our ethical questions, or with materials fully sufficient for answers. After briefly considering the positions of Philippa Foot and Rosalind Hursthouse, respectively, I argue that Aristotelian naturalists should accept the autonomy of ethics. I then clarify the sort of naturalism that this involves. Finally, I consider some important ways that the Aristotelian naturalist account of ethical knowledge goes beyond the autonomy of ethics.