cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A vertical race up and back down with and without drag

Two identical objects are simultaneously projected vertically upward with the same initial speed in a uniform gravitational field and then return to their starting point. One object is subject to a resistive force proportional to the nth power of its speed where n ≥ 0, such as linear (Stokes) drag for n = 1 or quadratic (Newtonian) drag for n = 2. The other object moves through vacuum with no resistance. Which object returns to its starting point first? It is shown analytically that the object subject to drag always wins the race if n ≥ 1, but that either object can win otherwise, depending on the ratio of the launch speed to the terminal speed of the object subject to drag if 0 < n < 1 or depending on the ratio of the frictional acceleration to the gravitational acceleration if n = 0. These analytical results are confirmed by Euler–Cromer numerical integration of the equations of motion.
Biomechanical analysis of two runners who developed leg injuries during a six-week transition to maximal running shoes: A case series.

Achilles tendinopathy (AT) and medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) are two of the most common running-related injuries. In a previous study investigating running biomechanics before and after a si...
A rare complication of cerebral venous thrombosis during simple percutaneous coronary intervention: A case report.

RATIONALE Cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), although rare, are associated with high in-hospital morbidity and mortality rates. Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is an uncommon cause of CVAs compared with arterial disease but is associated with favorable outcomes in most cases. We present a rare case of CVT following a simple PCI procedure with stent implantation, which has not been previously reported in the literature. PATIENT CONCERNS A 78-year-old woman with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and coronary artery disease received simple PCI with stent implantation. After PCI, she developed a throbbing headache with nausea and vomiting, with her blood pressure increasing to 190/100 mmHg. Drowsiness, disorientation, and neck stiffness were noted. Neurological complication due to the PCI procedure was highly suspected. DIAGNOSIS Noncontrast brain computed tomography was performed along with emergency neurological consultation, and the patient was diagnosed as having acute CVT. INTERVENTIONS The patient was treated with anti-intracranial pressure therapy and anticoagulation therapy through low-molecular-weight heparin and was subsequently treated with warfarin. OUTCOMES After treatment, the patient's symptoms and signs gradually subsided, and her clinical condition improved. She was discharged with full recovery thereafter. LESSONS A case of acute CVT, a rare, and atypical manifestation of venous thromboembolism and CVA, complicated simple PCI with stent implantation. During PCI, identifying patients with a high risk of a CVA is critical, and special care should be taken to prevent this devastating complication.
Phase II study of azacitidine with pembrolizumab in patients with intermediate-1 or higher-risk myelodysplastic syndrome.

Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression is upregulated in cluster of differentiation 34 (CD34)+ bone marrow cells from patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Hypomethylating agent (HMA) treatment results in further increased expression of these immune checkpoints. We hypothesised that combining an anti-PD-1 antibody with HMAs may have efficacy in patients with MDS. To test this concept, we designed a phase II trial of the combination of azacitidine and pembrolizumab with two cohorts. In the 17 previously untreated patients, the overall response rate (ORR) was 76%, with a complete response (CR) rate of 18% and median overall survival (mOS) not reached after a median follow-up of 12·8 months. For the HMA-failure cohort (n = 20), the ORR was 25% and CR rate was 5%; with a median follow-up of 6·0 months, the mOS was 5·8 months. The most observed toxicities were pneumonia (32%), arthralgias (24%) and constipation (24%). Immune-related adverse events requiring corticosteroids were required in 43%. Overall, this phase II trial suggests that azacitidine and pembrolizumab is safe with manageable toxicities in patients with higher-risk MDS. This combined therapy may have anti-tumour activity in a subset of patients and merits further studies in the front-line setting.
Union Rates of Talar Neck Fractures With Substantial Bone Defects Treated With Autograft.

Background:This study evaluated the union rate of talar neck fractures with substantial bone defects treated acutely with autologous tibial bone graft during primary osteosynthesis.Methods:A case s...
Photoemission investigations of URu2Si2

A brief review of selected experimental photoemission works on URu2Si2 spanning almost 25 years is presented. We focus on the areas of importance for both the paramagnetic (PM) and hidden-order (HO) phases, where photoemission provides direct and strong evidence for: (i) f–d hybridization, (ii) presence of hybridization gap, (iii) details of the massive reconstruction of FS upon transition and (iv) a non-integer valence likely close to 2.6. While most of the FS reconstruction details have been mapped and are now known, the most recent high resolution and low temperature ARPES studies reveal novel electronic structure features related to HO. No single ARPES experiment so far captures all of the phases appearing in this system as temperature is lowered.
Competencies at the Intersection of Difference, Tolerance, and Prevention of Hate Crimes

Summary This article develops competencies for social workers to enable them to counter harassment and hate crimes by examining the intersection of “self” and “other” when the “other” is either a gay man or a lesbian or when the “other” is the perpetrator of hate crimes. The authors contend that there is a cultural foundation to hate crimes and that it involves oppression like that experienced by other minority groups, that this oppression is supported by the dominant culture, and that oppressive behaviors can be changed. A typology of five competency areas is presented to develop culturally relevant knowledge, attitudes, and skills that strengthen understanding and tolerance for gay men and lesbians and to work with those who oppress them.
Differential And Cooperative Roles Of β-Catenin And Yap During Hepatoblastoma Pathogenesis

Hepatoblastoma (HB) is the most frequent pediatric liver tumor. In our previous study we demonstrated that coordinated activation of Yap and β-catenin is a major mechanism in promoting HB developme...
Sialidase Activity in Transformed Cells

Abstract Sialidase activity, ganglioside patterns, and total cellular sialic acid content were determined for normal and transformed hamster cells in tissue culture. Sialidase activity toward added extracellular disialo- and trisialoganglioside substrate was found in all transformed cell lines studied. Activity ranged from 0.6 µg of sialic acid released per mg of protein per 90 min, for a spontaneously transformed line of baby hamster kidney cells (BHK-21), to 1.8 µg of sialic acid per mg of protein per 90 min, for a cell line (Ad 12) derived from an adenovirus 12-induced tumor. No measurable sialidase activity toward added ganglioside substrate was found in control, untransformed, hamster embryo fibroblasts (HEF), baby hamster kidney fibroblasts (BHK), or adult hamster kidney fibroblasts (AHK). These findings indicate that tumorigenic transformation is accompanied by the appearance of sialidase activity directable toward extracellular lipid-bound sialyl substrate. No consistent change in the ganglioside pattern of the whole cell was observed upon transformation. Hematoside (Gm3) was the major ganglioside in all of the control and transformed cell lines with the exception of Ad 12, where monosialoganglioside (Gm1) appeared to be present in greater amount. Total cellular sialic acid values obtained after cell transformation were either the same as those for the normal, e.g. 3.8 µg of sialic acid per mg of protein for the HEF, normal, and Ad 12, transformed, cell lines, or less than those for the HEF cells, e.g. 3.5 and 2.9 µg of sialic acid per mg of protein for the Ad 7 (derived from an adenovirus 7-induced tumor) and the BHK-21 cell lines, respectively.
Racial and Ethnic Diversity in Undergraduate Social Work Programs: How are Programs in Rural Areas Faring?

Social work programs have a long-standing commitment to recruiting and educating racially and ethnically diverse students. However, some programs in rural areas have greater difficulty meeting this commitment. This study examined racial and ethnic diversity within baccalaureate social work (BSW) programs, focusing primarily on student enrollment, faculty, perceptions of diversity, and interventions to attract students. Program directors of BSW programs from 10 Midwestern states were surveyed. Forty-two programs responded. The results indicate that as a whole, social work programs differ in their levels of racial and ethnic diversity. However, BSW programs in rural areas tend to have fewer students and fewer faculty who are racially or ethnically diverse. BSW program directors recognize lack of diversity as an issue, yet strategies that have been used to increase diversity have been only minimally effective. Implications for social work programs and strategies to enhance diversity are discussed.
Laser-induced desorption determinations of surface diffusion on Rh(111)

Surface diffusion of hydrogen, deuterium and CO on Rh(111) has been investigated by laser-induced thermal desorption (LITD) and compared with previous results for these species on Pt(111) and on other metals. For deuterium in the coverage range 0.02 < θ < 0.33, the pre-exponential factor D0 = 8 × 10−2 cm2/s, with a diffusion activation energy 3.7 < Ediff < 4.3 kcal/mol. For CO, Ediff = 7 kcal/mol, but D0 rises from 10−3 to 10−2 cm2/s between θ = 0.01 and 0.40.
Finding Plath's Voice

In the "Foreward" to the HarperPerennial edition of Sylvia Plath's posthumous collection of poetry, Ariel, poet Robert Lowell briefly though lyrically recounts his memories of Plath, who attended his poetry seminar at Boston University in October of 1958 (Hayman xvii). 1 "It is poignant," Lowell writes, "looking back, to realize that the secret of Sylvia Plath's last irresistible blaze lies lost somewhere in the checks and courtesies of her early laborious shyness" (xv). Like many before and after him, Lowell, in his dreamy and elevated remembrance of her living presence, contributes to the mythologizing of Sylvia Plath – a victimized martyr to some, a psychologically unstable wife and mother to others. Clearly, Lowell falls among Plath's supporters, choosing to view her as somewhat of a mysterious, bashful heroine. Likewise, beyond Lowell's sympathetic reading of Plath's character, many critics and readers uphold a fierce idolization of Plath. Accordingly, this trend composed the first wave of Plath criticism – branding the poetess as a martyr in order to support later generations' demand for gender equality (Jackson 128). At the other end of the myth's spectrum, which is inevitably rooted in a more banal view of Plath's life and work, she is generally judged by her actions, inactions, and hyper self-reflexivity. With her life publicized and her personal relationships primed for dissection, Plath has become heavily mythologized by readers all over the globe: the "facts" of her life are used both in defense and in denigration of her value as a literary figure. 2
Properties of transition metal doped cadmium sulfide hexamers and dodecamers

Abstract The electronic and geometrical properties of endohedrally and substitutionally doped Cd 6 S 6 and Cd 12 S 12 clusters were analyzed by means of Density Functional Theory. The results are compared to those of ZnS clusters of the same size. There is a clear correlation between CdS and ZnS when doped with the same element due to the chemical interaction between the dopant and its host. This is particularly evident from endohedrally doped Cd 6 S 6 . The change in properties across the 3d series in doped CdS clusters is not as great as in ZnS clusters.
A Closer Examination of White Student Enrollment at HBCUs

This chapter closely examines trends in White student enrollment at 4-year HBCUs between 1987 and 2012 and discusses the implications of those trends for policy, practice, and future research.
Intramedullary cervical spine germinoma: Case report

Objective and importance We report an extremely rare case of primary intramedullary germinoma in the cervical spinal cord arising in an 18-year-old man who had not undergone previous surgery or irradiation. Clinical presentation The patient had a 2-month history of intermittent neck pain and a 4-week history of bilateral hand paresthesias and weakness. A magnetic resonance imaging scan demonstrated a heterogeneous cervical spine lesion with marked contrast enhancement extending from C3 to C6. Intervention The patient underwent a cervical laminotomy with tumor resection, and pathological examination revealed the tumor to be a germinoma. He recovered well from the surgery with minimal neurological deficits. A postoperative magnetic resonance imaging scan of the brain and spinal cord did not show any other tumors. In addition, imaging studies of the mediastinum, testes, and the rest of the body also did not demonstrate any other tumors. The patient received local radiation as well as three courses of chemotherapy. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first report of an intramedullary cervical spine germinoma with confirmed tissue diagnosis. Although extremely uncommon, the possibility of germinoma should be included in the differential diagnosis for primary intramedullary spinal cord tumors.
Responses to T cell receptor/CD3 and interleukin-2 receptor stimulation are altered in T cells from B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.

T cells infiltrating (T-TIL) B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) are thought to represent a local host response to the tumor. However, tumor progression in the presence of this T cell infiltrate suggests that the T-TIL may be functionally impaired. To address this issue we determined whether response to stimulation of T-TIL from 25 patients with NHL through the T cell receptor (TCR/CD3) and the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor (IL-2R) was intact, since activation of these receptors is important for proliferation and cytokine production. Our results demonstrate defects in response to stimulation via TCR/CD3 and the IL-2R in T-TIL cells from patients with NHL that were not observed with T cells from the peripheral blood. T-TIL showed minimal proliferation to anti-CD3 and only modest proliferation to IL-2 alone or when combined with anti-CD3. Moreover, cytokine production in T-TIL was impaired since stimulation through the TCR/CD3 complex did not induce mRNA for interferon γ (IFNγ), IL-2, IL-4 or IL-10. The functional unresponsiveness of these cells may be linked to altered signalling through the TCR/CD3 since an abnormal tyrosine phosphorylation pattern was detected in T-TIL after stimulation with anti-CD3.
Life History Attributes of Fishes along the Latitudinal Gradient of the Missouri River

Abstract Populations of two short-lived species (emerald shiner Notropis atherinoides and sicklefin chub Macrhybopsis meeki) and three long-lived species (freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens, river carpsucker Carpiodes carpio, and sauger Stizostedion canadense) were studied in the Missouri River to examine spatial variations in life history characteristics across a latitudinal and thermal gradient (38°47′N to 48°03′N). The life history characteristics included longevity (maximum age), the rate at which asymptotic length was approached (K from the von Bertalanffy growth equation), the mean back-calculated length at age, and growth rates during the first year of life (mm/degree-day and mm/d). The mean water temperature and number of days in the growing season averaged 1.3 times greater in the southern than in the northern latitudes, while degree-days averaged twice as great. The longevity of all species except freshwater drum increased significantly from south to north, but the relationships between maxim...
Occupational therapy and motor control.

Occupational therapists are in­ terested in goal-directed motor behavior for the per­ formance of daily life tasks. These tasks range from rolling over in bed to fabricating a splint or driving a car. Successful, goal-directed motor be­ havior is characterized by the coordi­ nated action of many muscle groups and an interaction between the per­ former and the environment. The suc­ cessful performer must control move­ ment parameters such as force, velocity, acceleration, and stiffness; orient to spatial constraints such as size, shape, and position; and coordi­ nate the timing of the contraction of various muscle groups to move body parts. Even so simple a task as picking
In silico assessment of the metabolic capabilities of an engineered functional reversal of the β-oxidation cycle for the synthesis of longer-chain (C≥4) products.

Abstract The modularity and versatility of an engineered functional reversal of the β-oxidation cycle make it a promising platform for the synthesis of longer-chain (C≥4) products. While the pathway has recently been exploited for the production of n-alcohols and carboxylic acids, fully capitalizing on its potential for the synthesis of a diverse set of product families requires a system-level assessment of its biosynthetic capabilities. To this end, we utilized a genome scale model of Escherichia coli, in combination with Flux Balance Analysis and Flux Variability Analysis, to determine the key characteristics and constraints of this pathway for the production of a variety of product families under fermentative conditions. This analysis revealed that the production of n-alcohols, alkanes, and fatty acids of lengths C3–C18 could be coupled to cell growth in a strain lacking native fermentative pathways, a characteristic enabling product synthesis at maximum rates, titers, and yields. While energetic and redox constraints limit the production of target compounds from alternative platforms such as the fatty acid biosynthesis and α-ketoacid pathways, the metabolic efficiency of a β-oxidation reversal allows the production of a wide range of products of varying length and functionality. The versatility of this platform was investigated through the simulation of various termination pathways for product synthesis along with the use of different priming molecules, demonstrating its potential for the efficient synthesis of a wide variety of functionalized compounds. Overall, specific metabolic manipulations suggested by this systems-level analysis include deletion of native fermentation pathways, the choice of priming molecules and specific routes for their synthesis, proper choice of termination enzymes, control of flux partitioning at the pyruvate node and the pentose phosphate pathway, and the use of an NADH-dependent trans-enoyl-CoA reductase instead of a ferredoxin-dependent enzyme.
NMR characterization of the metallo-β-lactamase from Bacteroides fragilis and its interaction with a tight-binding inhibitor : role of an active-site loop

Understanding the structure and dynamics of the enzymes that mediate antibiotic resistance of pathogenic bacteria will allow us to take steps to combat this increasingly serious public health hazard. Complete backbone NMR resonance assignments have been made for the broad-specificity metallo-β-lactamase CcrA from Bacteroides fragilis in the presence and absence of a tight-binding inhibitor. Chemical shift indices show that the secondary structure of the CcrA molecule in solution is very similar to that in published crystal structures. A loop adjacent to the two-zinc catalytic site exhibits significant structural variation in the published structures, but appears from the NMR experiments to be a regular β-hairpin. Backbone heteronuclear NOE measurements indicate that this region has slightly greater flexibility on a picosecond to nanosecond time scale than the molecule as a whole. The loop appears to have an important role in the binding of substrates and inhibitors. Binding of the inhibitor 3-[2‘-(S)-benz...
Association between lack of angiogenic response in muscle tissue and high expression of angiostatic ELR-negative CXC chemokines in patients with juvenile dermatomyositis: possible link to vasculopathy.

Objective To investigate the relationship between the vasculopathy of juvenile dermatomyositis (juvenile DM) and the balance between the angiostatic ELR− and angiogenic ELR+ CXC chemokines in the muscle of patients with the disease. Methods The expression of 3 ELR− CXC chemokines (interferon-inducible protein 10 [IP-10], monokine induced by interferon-γ, and interferon-inducible T cell α-chemoattractant) and 2 ELR+ CXC chemokines was quantitated in muscle biopsy samples from 7 patients with juvenile DM and 7 healthy children, by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The findings were correlated with various histopathologic features, with particular emphasis on the degree of vasculopathy. Synovial biopsy specimens from patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) were used for additional comparison. Results The angiostatic ELR− chemokines were expressed at high levels, while the angiogenic ELR+ chemokines were barely detectable, in most juvenile DM samples. This contrasted sharply with the findings in both normal muscle biopsy specimens and JRA synovial tissue specimens. The expression of the ELR− chemokines in juvenile DM samples correlated with the intensity of mononuclear cell infiltration. Furthermore, the juvenile DM samples with the highest degree of capillary loss had the highest levels of ELR− CXC chemokines. The presence of IP-10 in juvenile DM muscle specimens was confirmed by immunohistochemistry analysis. In addition, immunohistochemical staining of muscle tissue revealed that CXCR3, a receptor utilized by ELR− CXC chemokines, was expressed in vascular endothelial cells. Conclusion Increased expression of the interferon-induced angiostatic ELR− CXC chemokines is a feature of juvenile DM that parallels the degree of vasculopathy in patients with the disease. Collectively, these findings are consistent with a model in which a subset of inflammatory cells secrete angiostatic ligands, which then contribute to a local atrophying effect on the muscle's vasculature via a receptor-mediated process.
William C. Ackermann 1913–1988

William C. (Bill) Ackermann was a nationally known hydrologist who helped set the nation's water resources policies and the research agenda for the field of hydrology during the 1960s and 1970s. Bill Ackermann achieved a position of national recognition and influence following a career route that was very different than that of most scientists. He learned the fundamentals of hydrology at the Unviersity of Wisconsin (graduating in 1935) and during 20 years as a hydrologist with the Tennessee Valley Authority. After a short stint with the Agricultural Research Service, Bill Ackermann became Chief of the Illinois State Water Survey in 1956, remaining in that capacity for 23 years. Ackermann's experience as a practicing hydrologist provided him with the sound foundation needed to become a leader in hydrology.
Inactivation of cytochrome P450 2E1 by benzyl isothiocyanate.

The cytochrome P450 enzymes constitute a family of phase I enzymes that play a prominent role in the metabolism of a great variety of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. In this study, the kinetics for the inactivation of cytochrome P450 2E1 by benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) were elucidated. BITC is a naturally occurring compound found in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli. BITC inhibited the 7-ethoxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)coumarin (7-EFC) O-deethylation activity of purified and reconstituted P450 2E1 in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The concentration of inactivator needed for half-maximal inactivation (KI) was 13 μM, and the maximum rate of inactivation at saturation (kinact) was 0.09 min-1. The partition ratio for the inactivation of P450 2E1 by BITC was found to have an approximate value of 27. Inactivation of P450 2E1 by BITC was dependent on the presence of NADPH. Following incubation for 5 min with BITC, a 65% loss in enzymatic activity was observed, while approximately 74% of the spe...
Facilitating transformations in IT: Lessons learned along the journey

Abstract In many IT organizations, in response to change, people must work longer and harder. While people can do this in the short run, the short run has become the long run in many IT organizations. This trend must be quickly altered or the company's success will be negatively affected. Given a tight labor market for IT workers and ever-increasing job stress, the key to a sustained competitive advantage through people is the learning organization. the transformation to the learning organization must begin with the “whys” and “hows.” in addition, IT leadership must tell and show people that there is light at the end of the tunnel.
Leptin resistance and the response to positive energy balance

Animals readily reduce food intake and normalize body weight following a period of involuntary overfeeding, suggesting that regulatory systems are engaged to defend against excess weight gain. However, these data exist in the background of an ongoing obesity epidemic, where the ready availability of palatable, energy dense foods often leads to obesity. Currently we know very little about the mechanisms underlying the normalization of body weight following involuntary overfeeding, nor do we fully understand why select individuals successfully remain lean despite living in an obesigenic environment. Recent progress in the study of leptin signaling indicates that manipulations which enhance leptin sensitivity reduce food intake and attenuate diet-induced obesity, while reductions in leptin signaling predispose to obesity. While it remains unclear whether a failure or insufficiency in the weight regulatory system contributes to obesity, this work highlights the importance of this system for the regulation of body weight and its potential value for the treatment of obesity. Nonetheless, it is necessary to more clearly identify those mechanisms that protect lean individuals from weight gain and mediate the normalization of body weight that follows involuntary overfeeding, because it is only with this knowledge that we can clearly determine whether obesity is dependent on, or independent of, a failure in the weight regulatory system.
Portfolios in teacher education : Effects of instruction on preservice teachers' early comprehension of the portfolio process

Les carnets de notes sont devenus extremement populaires dans les ecoles de la formation des maitres parce qu'ils mettent en evidence la difficulte d'enseigner et d'apprendre a enseigner. Le but est de faire de l'etudiant un participant a part entiere dans le processus de l'apprentissage. Dans cet article, l'A. decrit l'utilisation faite par les professeurs du carnet de notes et les resultats obtenus grâce a ce procede
A Simulation Model for Assessing Soybean Rust Epidemics

A soybean rust (causal agent Phakopsora pachyrhizt) simulation model was developed for assessing disease epidemics as a part of pest risk analysis. Equations describing environmental effects on disease components were developed by re-analyzing previous data with a view toward a systems approach. The infection rate was predicted well using dew period and temperature after inoculation as independent variables (R2=0.88, P < 0.0001). The exponential models which used physiological day as an independent variable explained 98% of the variations of latent period and senescence of disease lesions. The simulation model was validated with data from 72 sequential planting experiments during 1980 and 1981 in Taiwan. Time of onset for these epidemics varied from 25—60 days and 50—80 days after planting soybean cultivars TK 5 and G 8587, respectively. The epidemic periods were 75—95 for TK 5 and 100—120 days for G 8587. Variation of epidemics was accurately predicted by the simulator. Predicted disease curves fit well the observed disease curves for the recognized cropping seasons, spring- and autumn-seeded crops. For G 8587, which is very sensitive to photoperiod, the data from spring and autumn gave a better fit compared with data from pre-summer planting. The model underestimated disease epidemics during the winter, probably because the plant growth model failed to reflect the photoperiod rection of soybean. The simulation model was validated with data from other experiments conducted in three cropping seasons in 1979 and 1980. Determination coefficients of the regression between observed and predicted disease severity were significant.
Biotechnology in Mexico: placing science in the service of business

Abstract Modern biotechnology—the application of in vitro techniques such as recombinant DNA, monoclonal antibodies, and tissue culture—is a relatively small endeavor in Mexico, at least by U.S. standards, but it is notable among newly industrialized countries. Unfortunately, despite the potential importance of biotechnology to Mexican industry in the fields of agriculture, food processing, environmental management, and pharmaceuticals, the nation has been unable to harness its scientific effort in the service of economic development. This article presents findings from a series of face-to-face interviews with over two dozen of Mexico's leaders in science, industry, and government regarding biotechnology. The study revealed the pattern of development of biotechnology in Mexico, the reasons behind the longstanding chasm behind science and industry, some hard-won lessons in attempts at commercializing the technology, and the seeds of change that have been accelerated by recent economic and political turmoil. It appears researchers and business people are becoming increasingly aware that the economic strides fostered by technological innovation require not only a scientific base, but its transfer to the marketplace. Strengthening the infrastructure that catalyzes the linkage remains Mexico's greatest challenge in reaping the benefits of biotechnology.
Role of research aircraft in technology development

The United States's aeronautical research program has been rich in the use of research aircraft to explore new flight regimes, develop individual aeronautical concepts, and investigate new vehicle classes and configurations. This paper reviews the NASA supercritical wing, digital fly-by-wire, HiMAT, and AD-1 oblique-wing flight research programs, and draws from these examples general conclusions regarding the role and impact of research aircraft in technology development. The impact of a flight program on spinoff technology is also addressed. The secondary, serendipitous results are often highly significant. Finally, future research aircraft programs are examined for technology trends and expected results.
Acquired hepatocerebral degeneration

Cirrhosis and its co-morbidities may cause a variety of neurological complications, the most common being bouts of toxic metabolic encephalopathy. A proportion of patients with chronic liver disease develop acquired hepatocerebral degeneration (AHD), a chronic progressive neurological syndrome characterized by parkinsonism, ataxia and other movement disorders. This article reviews the clinical spectrum, pathophysiology, neuroimaging features and differential diagnosis of AHD along with emerging treatment options.
Mechanical factors in bone growth and development

Mechanobiologic factors strongly influence skeletal ossification and regulate changes in bone geometry and apparent density during ontogeny. We have developed computer models that implement a simple mathematical rule relating cyclic tissue stresses to bone apposition and resorption. Beginning at the fetal stages of the femoral anlage, these models successfully predict the appositional bone growth and modeling observed in the development of the diaphyseal cross section. The same basic mechanobiologic rule can also predict the architectural construction of the proximal cancellous bone formed in regions of endochondral ossification. Geometry and density changes in adult diaphyseal and cancellous bone as a result of changes in physical activity can be simulated by invoking the same rule used during development. Future clinical and experimental work is needed to provide more quantitative data for mechanobiologic rules and elucidate the interactions between chemical and mechanical factors influencing bone biology.
Borderline class II/III ligand-centered mixed valency in a porphyrinic molecular rectangle.

A molecular rectangle of the form ([Re(CO)3]2BiBzIm)2-μ,μ‘-(LL)2, where BiBzIm is 2,2‘-bisbenzimidazolate and LL are cofacially aligned [5,15-bis(4-ethynylpyridyl)-10,20-bis(n-hexyl)-porphyrinato]z...
Effects of a modification to Ångström's method for the determination of thermal conductivity

Abstract A modification of the classical Angstrom method for the determination of the thermal conductivity of solids is described. This modification is not necessarily desirable although at first glance it may appear to be so. A solution for the problem posed is obtained using a boundary layer type approximation to the complicated heat conduction problem. Results obtained for copper demonstrate the adequacy of the approximation.
Environmentalism and elitism: a conceptual and empirical analysis

The frequent charge that environmentalism is “elitist” is examined conceptually and empirically. First, the concept of elitism is analyzed by distinguishing between three types of accusations made against the environmental movement: (a)compositional elitism suggests that environmentalists are drawn from privileged socioeconomic strata, (b)ideological elitism suggests that environmental reforms are a subterfuge for distributing benefits to environmentalists and/or costs to others, and (c)impact elitism suggests that environmental reforms, whether intentionally or not, do in fact have regressive social impacts. The evidence bearing on each of the three types of elitism is examined in some detail, and the following conclusions are drawn: Compositional elitism is an exaggeration, for although environmentalists are typically above average in socioeconomic status (as are most sociopolitical activists), few belong to the upper class. Ideological elitism may hold in some instances, but environmentalists have shown increasing sensitivity to equity concerns and there is little evidence of consistent pursuit of self-interest. Impact elitism is the most important issue, and also the most difficult to assess. It appears that there has been a general tendency for environmental reforms to have regressive impacts. However, it is increasingly recognized that problems such as workplace pollution and toxic waste contamination disproportionately affect the lower socioeconomic strata, and thus reforms aimed at such problems will likely have more progressive impacts.
A combination of morphology and 28S rRNA gene sequences provide grouping and ranking criteria to merge eight into three Ambispora species (Ambisporaceae, Glomeromycota)

Ambispora, the only genus in Ambisporaceae and one of three deeply rooted families in Archaeosporales, Glomeromycetes, is amended. Analysis of the morphology of specimens from types and living cultures and 28S ribosomal DNA (rDNA; LSU) sequences resulted in two major changes that redefined Ambispora to include only species with the potential for spore dimorphism (acaulosporoid and glomoid). First, species described as producing only glomoid spores (Ambispora leptoticha, Ambispora fecundispora, and Ambispora callosa), only acaulosporoid spores (Ambispora jimgerdemannii), or both spore morphotypes (Ambispora appendicula) were synonymized with a redefined dimorphic species, A. leptoticha. LSU sequences and more conserved SSU gene data indicated little divergence between genotypes formerly classified as separate species. Second, Ambispora fennica was synonymized with Ambispora gerdemannii based on morphological and LSU sequence variation equivalent to that measured in the sister clade A. leptoticha. With this analysis, Ambispora was reduced to three species: A. leptoticha, A. gerdemannii, and Ambispora granatensis. Morphological and molecular characters were given equal treatment in this study, as each data set informed and clarified grouping and ranking decisions. The two inner layers of the acaulosporoid spore wall were the only structural characters uniquely defining each of these three species; all other characters were shared. Phenotypes of glomoid spores were indistinguishable between species, and thus were informative only at the genus level. Distinct subclade structure of the LSU gene tree suggests fixation of discrete variants typical of clonal reproduction and possible retention of polymorphisms in rDNA repeats, so that not all discrete genetic variants are indicative of speciation.
Pyroelectric detection of submicrosecond laser pulses between 230 and 530 μm

A continuously tunable far-IR Raman laser has been used to measure the responsivity and the spectral response of uncoated LiTaO3 pyroelectric detectors between 230 and 530 μm. A striking feature of the spectral response curves is a periodic sequence of maxima and minima, with a modulation factor of ≥75%. Calculations based on the theory of an absorbing Fabry-Perot etalon indicate that these variations correspond to interference fringes produced by multiple reflections at the surfaces of the LiTaO3 crystal.
‘Tweet or be sacked’: Twitter and the new elements of journalistic practice

Twitter has gained notoriety in the field of journalism due in part to its ubiquity and powerful interactional affordances. Through a combination of digital ethnography and content analysis, this article analyzes journalistic practice and meta-discourse on Twitter. Whereas most applications of Bourdieu’s field theory focus on macro-level dynamics, this study addresses the micro- and mezzo-level elements of journalism, including practices, capital, habitus, and doxa. Findings suggest that each of these elements is undergoing notable change as the journalistic field adapts to the networked era. Furthermore, this article constructs a typology of Twitter-journalism practices and demonstrates Twitter’s role in the transformation of journalistic norms, values, and means of distinction. It argues that these changes have contributed to new opportunities for capital exchange as well as to the emergence of a hybrid, networked habitus that integrates values and practices from the traditional journalistic field with ...
Threshold to global diffusion in a nonmonotonic map with quadratic nonlinearity

Abstract In this paper the threshold to global diffusion of a nonmonotonic map, with quadratic nonlinearity, using a forcing function K sinθ as in the standard map, is analyzed. For low values of the stochastic parameter K the breaking of the last KAM curve is caused by the period-one reconnecting resonance. At higher K secondary resonances play an increasingly important role. Two kinds of KAM curves are studied: those between reconnecting resonances and those outside a reconnecting resonance pair. Using a perturbative Hamiltonian method to determine the resonance width a weak overlap criterion is used to estimate the breaking of the last KAM curve outside of the reconnecting islands. For some values of the parameters a nonintegrable reconnecting threshold is found above the threshold of global diffusion. In this regime the reconnection increases the diffusion coefficient to a value close to the quasilinear value of the standard map.
The hydrogen permeability of Pd4S

Hydrogen permeates rapidly through pure Pd membranes, but H{sub 2}S, a common minor component in hydrogen-containing streams, produces a Pd{sub 4}S film on the Pd surface that severely retards hydrogen permeation. Hydrogen still permeates through the bi-layered Pd{sub 4}S/Pd structure, indicating that the Pd{sub 4}S surface is active for H{sub 2} dissociation; the low hydrogen permeability of the Pd4S film is responsible for the decreased rate of hydrogen transport. In this work, the hydrogen permeability of Pd{sub 4}S was determined experimentally in the 623-773 K temperature range. Bi-layered Pd{sub 4}S/Pd foils were produced by exposing pure Pd foils to H{sub 2}S. H{sub 2} fluxes through the bi-layered Pd{sub 4}S/Pd foils were measured during exposure to both pure H{sub 2} and a 1000 ppm H{sub 2}S in H{sub 2} gas mixture. Our results show that H{sub 2}S slows hydrogen permeation through Pd mainly by producing a Pd{sub 4}S film on the Pd surface that is roughly an order-of-magnitude less permeable to hydrogen (k{sub Pd{sub 4}S} = 10{sup −7.5} exp(−0.22 eV/k{sub B}T) molH{sub 2}/m/s/Pa{sup 1/2}) than pure Pd. The presence of H{sub 2}S in the gas stream results in greater inhibition of hydrogen transport than can be explained by the very lowmore » permeability of Pd{sub 4}S. H{sub 2}S may block H2 dissociation sites at the Pd{sub 4}S surface.« less
Rieske Protein from Thermus thermophilus: 15N NMR Titration Study Demonstrates the Role of Iron-Ligated Histidines in the pH Dependence of the Reduction Potential

A unique feature of Rieske proteins is the pH dependence of their reduction potentials. It has been proposed that protonation of the Nepsilon2 atoms of the two histidine rings ligated to the iron-sulfur cluster is coupled with cluster reduction (electron transfer). We have incorporated [15Ndelta1, 15Nepsilon2]-histidine into the Rieske protein from Thermus thermophilis and have used 15N NMR spectroscopy to determine the pKa values of the histidine residues in the oxidized state of the protein. As expected from studies of a Rieske-type ferredoxin, the signals from the 15Ndelta1 atoms directly bound to iron were too broad to be detected, but broad signals could be detected from the 15Nepsilon2 atom of each of the ligated histidine rings. We measured the chemical shifts of these signals as a function of pH between pH 6 and pH 12 and fitted them to theoretical titration curves. The results yielded well-separated pKa values for the two histidines (7.46 and 9.24), with Hill coefficients close to unity. The pKa values are in excellent agreement with values predicted from the pH dependence of the reduction potentials (7.85 and 9.65).
The role of iron in neurodevelopment: fetal iron deficiency and the developing hippocampus

Iron is a ubiquitous nutrient that is necessary for normal neurodevelopment. Gestational conditions that compromise fetal iron status include maternal iron deficiency, smoking, diabetes mellitus and hypertension. The iron-deficient neonate has altered recognition memory function and temperament while iron-deficient. The memory deficits persist even after iron repletion. Animal models demonstrate that early iron deficiency affects neuronal and glial energy metabolism, monoamine metabolism and myelination, consistent with behavioural findings in human infants. Of particular recent interest are genomic changes in transcripts coding for signal transduction, dendritic structure and energy metabolism induced by early iron deficiency that last well into adulthood in spite of iron treatment. Early iron sufficiency is critical for long-term neurological health.
Three New Species of Bathyleberis (Ostracoda, Myodocopina) From Southern California, U.S.a

Es werden drei neue Arten der Gattung Bathyleberis von sudlich Kalifornien beschrieben und die verfugbare Umgebungs daten dargeboten.
Geographic Variation in Ovarian Cycles and Clutch Size in Cnemidophorus tigris (Teildae)

Ovarian cycles and individuual reproductive potentials of Cnemidophorus tigris in Colorado and Texas were studied by counts and measurementsv ments of yolked ovarian follicles, corpora lutea, and oviducal eggs. Colorado lizards lay one clutch averaging 3.4 eggs annually between May and August; Texas lizards average two clutches, each averaging 2.2 eggs, between April and mid-August.
Immunology of infective endocarditis

presented at the 15th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Washington, D.C., 1975 58. Kauffman CA, Linnemann CC, Schiff GM, et al: The effect of viral and bacterial pneumonia on cell mediated immunity in humans. Infect lmmunol 13:78-83, I976 59. Kantor FS: Infection, anergy and cell mediated immunity. N Engl J Med 292:6299634. 1975 60. Dwyer JM, Bullock WE, Fields JP: Disturbance of the blood T and B lymphocytes ratio in lepromatous leprosy: Clinical and immunological correlations. N Engl J Med 228:1036-1039, 1973 61. Stobo JD, Paul S, Van Scoy RE. et al: Suppressor thymus derived lymphocytes in fungal infection. J Clin Invest 57:319-328, 1976
Metastatic potential of 21T human breast cancer cells depends on akt/protein kinase B activation

Most cancer lethality is caused by metastasis. To gain insight into the molecular basis of tumor progression to metastasis, we used the 21T series of human mammary epithelial cells obtained by successive biopsies from one breast cancer patient. The c-erbB2 gene is amplified and overexpressed in each of three 21T tumor lines. The erbB receptor tyrosine kinase-activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling cascade is crucial for the development and maintenance of epithelial cells, and dysregulation of this pathway is frequently associated with cellular transformation and cancer. For Akt to be fully activated, Ser(473) on its COOH terminus needs to be phosphorylated. We detected more Ser(473) Akt phosphorylation in MT cells, derived from a pleural effusion, compared with cells from the primary tumor. This phosphorylation has recently been shown to be catalyzed by mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/rictor kinase. By using genetic and pharmacologic activators and inhibitors, we showed that Ser(473) Akt phosphorylation is more sensitive to mTOR/rictor inhibition in metastatic tumor cells than normal mammary epithelial and primary tumor cells. The mTOR/rictor kinase activity was indispensable for both Ser(473) Akt phosphorylation and migration of metastatic MT2 cells. In addition, a large decrease of protein phosphatase PH domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase (PHLPP) was found, which could be responsible for the overexpression of Ser(473) Akt in MT cells. Our data indicate that these breast cancer cells acquire new vulnerabilities, rictor and PHLPP, which might provide an Achilles' heel for therapeutic intervention of breast cancer metastasis.
The Red and White Sari

The task loomed over her: to clean and sort her mother's belongings. She opened the steel almirah revealing two vertical columns of stacked saris. The heavier silks, banarasis, and tanchois, zardoz...
Carnegie's Model Republic: Triumphant Democracy and the British–American Relationship, by Abraham S. Eisenstadt

Carnegie's Model Republic: Triumphant Democracy and the British–American Relationship, by Abraham S. Eisenstadt, Albany, NY, State University of New York Press, 2007, xv + 204 pp., US$60.00 (hardco...
On the Behavior of Solutions of x n+1 = p+(x n−1/xn )

Our goal in this article is to complete the study of the behavior of solutions of the equation in the title when the parameter p is positive and the initial conditions are arbitrary positive numbers. Our main focus is the case 0 1.
A High-Tech Product Market Share Model with Customer Expectations

In a product category based on dynamic technology, new products enter the market in rapid succession, and the competitive situation changes almost daily. Because technological features of available products tend to improve while prices tend to decline, customers develop expectations that may influence their purchase decisions. We model the impact of customer expectations regarding price and technology on product market share in the personal computer industry, finding significant nonlinear effects of both. These effects are observed when actual product price and/or technology differ from expectations by a threshold amount. Our results suggest implementable implications for high-tech product managers: in particular, price and technology should meet, but not exceed, customer expectations. This does not mean that managers should strive for mediocrity; rather, continuous improvement should be implemented so that product development efforts lead customer expectations.