cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maternal Phenylketonuria Syndrome and Case Management Implications

Well-established dietary protocols have prevented mental retardation for infants born with phenylketonuria (PKU). Dietary protocols for managing females with PKU in their reproductive years exist but are not followed by most of them. Infants who are born to mothers with PKU who are not on dietary treatment usually have serious medical problems, such as mental retardation, heart defects, and other serious congenital anomalies (e.g., orofacial clefting and bladder exstrophy)—a condition known as maternal PKU syndrome. The focus of this article is to review the pathophysiology, associated developmental issues, and existing management protocols used to manage these two separate but highly connected disorders.
Support vector data description for detecting the air-ground interface in ground penetrating radar signals

In using GPR images for landmine detection it is often useful to identify the air-ground interface in the GRP signal for alignment purposes. A common simple technique for doing this is to assume that the highest return in an A-scan is from the reflection due to the ground and to use that as the location of the interface. However there are many situations, such as the presence of nose clutter or shallow sub-surface objects, that can cause the global maximum estimate to be incorrect. A Support Vector Data Description (SVDD) is a one-class classifier related to the SVM which encloses the class in a hyper-sphere as opposed to using a hyper-plane as a decision boundary. We apply SVDD to the problem of detection of the air-ground interface by treating each sample in an A-scan, with some number of leading and trailing samples, as a feature vector. Training is done using a set of feature vectors based on known interfaces and detection is done by creating feature vectors from each of the samples in an A-scan, applying the trained SVDD to them and selecting the one with the least distance from the center of the hyper-sphere. We compare this approach with the global maximum approach, examining both the performance on human truthed data and how each method affects false alarm and true positive rates when used as the alignment method in mine detection algorithms.
The thermodynamics of the formation of pyridinium ylides from carbienes

Abstract The enthalphies of reaction for complexion of methyl- and phenylchlorocarbene with substituted pyridines are determined by photoacoustic calorimetry. The enthalpies are similar for the two carbenes and can be related to the pK a 's of the pyridines. Steric interactions between the carbenes and several substituted prydines result in an apparent decrease in the reaction enthalpy from that predicted by the pyridenes pK a 's.
Pathogenesis of rickettsial infections emphasis on Q fever

The underlying mechanisms at the organismic, cellular and molecular levels that account for rickettsial pathogenesis are beginning to be revealed. In the case of Coxiella burnetii infection, relatively recent genetic and biochemical data, as well as drug susceptibility studies, indicate a correlation between isolate type and clinical disease — chronic or short-term acute. The use of cultured cells as model host systems has revealed that, indeed, different isolates from the major classified strains of C. burnetii cause different host cell responses. Use of this and other models (guinea pigs, mice) have revealed other characteristics and properties of the rickettsiae and the infected hosts and host cells that may account, in part, for acute disease and persistent infection culminating in chronic disease. The virulence factors involved apparently include the agent's surface lipopolysaccharide; other unidentified factors have not been excluded. Molecular cloning will play a major role in elucidating the roles of these factors and in identifying other virulence determinants.
Approximations for the isoperimetric and spectral profile of graphs and related parameters

The spectral profile of a graph is a natural generalization of the classical notion of its Rayleigh quotient. Roughly speaking, given a graph G, for each 0 R defined as: ΛG(δ) def= minx∈ RVd(supp(x))≤ δ (∑gij (xi-xj)2)/(∑i di xi2) where gij is the weight of the edge (i,j) in the graph, di is the degree of vertex i, and d(\supp(x)) is the fraction of edges incident on vertices within the support of vector x. While the notion of the spectral profile has numerous applications in Markov chain, it is also is closely tied to its isoperimetric profile of a graph. Specifically, the spectral profile is a relaxation for the problem of approximating edge expansion of small sets in graphs. In this work, we obtain an efficient algorithm that yields a log(1/δ)-factor approximation for the value of ΛG(δ). By virtue of its connection to edge-expansion, we also obtain an algorithm for the problem of approximating edge expansion of small linear sized sets in a graph. This problem was recently shown to be intimately connected to the Unique Games Conjecture in [18]. Finally, we extend the techniques to obtain approximation algorithms with similar guarantees for restricted eigenvalue problems on diagonally dominant matrices.
Microstructural Observations of LPCVD Double Layer Polysilicon Thin Film Tensile Specimens

The vast majority of micro electro-mechanical systems fabricated today depend on polycrystalline silicon thin films for structural support. Studies involving the mechanical performance of these thin films have progressed to the point where the elastic properties and tensile strength of the films can routinely be measured using a specially designed microsample tensile testing machine. However, a fundamental understanding to predict the mechanical behavior of the polycrystalline silicon films requires that these experimental measurements be complemented with detailed observations of the underlying thin film microstructure. This paper describes some of the plan view and cross-section transmission electron microscope observations that have been performed on different deposition runs of double layer polycrystalline films obtained from the Microelectronics Center of North Carolina. The emphasis has been placed on determining the flatness and dimensions of the polycrystalline films, grain morphology and distribution, texture, and dislocation substructure and microtwinning in the undeformed films.
Energy-efficient multiuser MIMO beamforming

In previous works, MIMO beamforming in multiuser wireless systems is typically formulated in two ways: one is minimizing the total transmit power with individual signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) constraints for each user; and the other one is maximizing the minimum SINR among all the users with a total transmission power constraint. However, although the total transmit power is optimized, these beamforming algorithms might not be the optimum with respect to the individual energy effciency of each user. In this paper, we consider an energy-efficient multiuser MIMO beamforming algorithm that maximizes the minimum energy efficiency among all the users with individual SINR constraints. We solve the optimization problem by transforming it into a semidefinite program with relaxation that can be efficiently solved. We compare our multiuser beamforming algorithm with the traditional beamforming scheme considered in previous works, which minimizes the total transmission power with individual SINR constraints. Simulation results show the advantage of using the proposed energy-efficient beamforming algorithm.
MIS slow-wave structures over a wide range of parameters

Lossy multilayer, multiconductor MIS microstrip structures are analyzed with the spectral-domain approach over a wide range of frequency and substrate loss. The modal attenuation and propagation constants are presented for two- and four-conductor structures as a function of the substrate loss tangent. Single-conductor structures are characterized with contour plots showing the complex effective dielectric constant as a function of both frequency and conductivity. MIS slow-wave structures are analyzed for both Si-SiO/sub 2/ and GaAs configurations. >
1H and 13C NMR assignments for lanostan‐3β‐ol derivatives: Revised assignments for lanosterol

1H and 13C NMR assignments are presented for 30 oxygenated lanostane derivatives, including lanosterol, dihy-drolanosterol, 7-ketolanosterol, agnosterol, 24,25-epoxylanosterol, 8α,9α-epoxylanostan-3β-ol, three 15-oxygenated derivatives of lanost-7-en-3β-ol, lanostane-3β,7α-diol, lanostane-3β,9α-diol and their acetates. These assignments, which were largely determined by a combination of DEPT, one-boad and long-range 13C1H chemical shift correlation and lanthanide-induced shift experiments, are not dependent on previously reported assignments, several of which were found to be incorrect. 1H and 13C acetylation shifts for lanostan-3β-ols were sufficiently invariant among the sterols studied that they were useful for assigning carbons in rings A and B. The acetylation shifts reported for lanostan-3β-ols were extended and partially revised.
A Philosophical Justification For Children's Rights

The author discusses the status of children's rights according to various philosophical conceptions of social justice. He describes three traditional paternalist views of children and concludes that, on the whole, they are discouraging in their implications for children. After analyzing some of the difficulties of previous philosophical attempts to create systems of justice ensuring children's rights, Worsfold sets forth three criteria which any adequate justification for children's rights must fulfill. He argues that these criteria are best met within the theory of justice proposed by John Rawls which, while still paternalistic, presents a more adequate framework for securing children's rights to fair treatment.
Quantum wideband traveling-wave analysis of a degenerate parametric amplifier

We develop a wideband traveling-wave formalism for analyzing quantum mechanically a degenerate parametric amplifier. The formalism is based on spatial differential equations-spatial Langevin equations-that propagate temporal Fourier components of the field operators through the nonlinear medium. In addition to the parametric nonlinearity, the Langevin equations include absorption and associated fluctuations, dispersion (phase mismatching), and pump quantum fluctuations. We analyze the dominant effects of phase mismatching and pump quantum fluctuations on the squeezing produced by a degenerate parametric amplifier.
Space charge impedances of a rectangular beam with longitudinal density modulations inside a rectangular chamber

Abstract This paper presents the space charge impedances of a rectangular beam inside a rectangular chamber, and the limiting case, e.g., a rectangular beam between parallel plates. The charged beam has uniform density in vertical direction and arbitrary distribution in horizontal direction. The method of separation of variables is used to calculate the space charge potentials, fields, and impedances which are valid in the whole perturbation wavelength spectrum. Comparisons between the theoretical calculations and the numerical simulations are also provided and they match quite well. It is shown that the rectangular beam shape may help to reduce the longitudinal space charge impedances.
A silicon vidicon target with electronically variable light sensitivity and spectral response

A silicon vidicon target structure is shown in which light sensitivity and spectral response are controlled by varying the band bending and depletion region depth at the light incident surface. Light sensitivity control ratios of over four orders of magnitude are demonstrated, making the new target suitable for use over a wide range of light conditions without the aid of a mechanical aperture. The use of the light control structure as a high-speed electronic shutter with image sampling times as low as several microseconds is also discussed.
Evaluation of particle dispersion in polymer solids by oxygen plasma etching

A new technique using oxygen plasma etching was developed for studying the dispersion of filler particles in polymer solids. With this method, the organic polymer matrix is selectively etched from the top surface down into the bulk, revealing the dispersion state of the filler particles upon scanning electron microscopic analysis. A polymer composite, comprised of zinc oxide particles and a linear styrene-n-butylmethacrylate copolymer, was used to investigate the particle dispersion as a function of filler volume fraction. Preliminary data on the effect of a surfactant on filler dispersion is also discussed
The effects of treatments for depression on perceived failure in self-regulation

Two studies examined the effect of treatments for depression on perceived failure in self-regulation, operationalized as within-self discrepancy. In Study 1, patients received group cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT); in Study 2, patients received either individual CBT, interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), or medication. Treatments showed equivalent efficacy, but only psychotherapy was associated with decreased self-discrepancy and priming reactivity. Highly self-discrepant patients showed less improvement than other patients in all treatments, even after controlling for initial severity. The findings suggest that treatments differ in their impact on self-regulatory cognition, and that highly self-discrepant patients may require longer or alternative treatment.
Estimating Error Propagation Probabilities with Bounded Variances

Fast and accurate estimation of soft error rate (SER) is essential in obtaining the reliability parameters of a digital system and cost-effective reliability improvements. In this paper we present an approach to obtain uncertainty bounds on the error propagation probability (EPP) values used in SER estimation based on an analytical approach. We demonstrate how we can compute EPP values and their uncertainty bounds (variances) by examining the logic gates in a topological order. Comparison of this method with the Monte-Carlo (MC) fault simulation approach confirms the accuracy of the presented technique for both the computed EPP values and uncertainty bounds. Also, this technique is 3-5 orders of magnitude faster than fault simulation.
Ocean Radiant Heating in Climate Models

A computationally simple, double exponential, chlorophyll-dependent solar transmission parameterization for ocean general circulation models used in climate studies is presented. The transmission parameterization comes from empirical fits to a set of in-water solar flux profiles calculated with an atmosphere‐ocean radiative transfer model system, run with chlorophyll concentration values over the range observed in oligotrophic, open ocean waters. Transmission parameters are available from a lookup table, or can be written as logarithmic and square root functions of chlorophyll concentration, available globally from remotely sensed ocean color data. The rms and maximum errors introduced by curve fitting are less than 3 3 1023 and 1.5 3 1022, respectively. Error associated with neglect of second-order cloud and solar zenith angle influences is mostly a few percent. An extension to account for second-order processes in cases where they are large (.10%) is given. The double exponential form enables solar transmission to be resolved at depths beyond 2 m. Only the first exponential term need be considered to accurately determine transmission at depths greater than 8 m. The transmission parameterization is validated with in situ optical and biological data collected in the eastern equatorial Pacific during the Eastern Pacific Investigation of Climate Processes in the Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere System (EPIC) field program, and in the western equatorial Pacific during the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE). The rms (maximum) errors between parameterized transmission and the mean transmission profile computed from in situ values are 0.5 (1.5) and 1.9 (6.6) W m22, for the eastern and western equatorial Pacific regions, respectively. For comparison, rms (maximum) errors between transmission from a commonly used Jerlov water type‐based parameterization and mean measured values are 7.3 (26.7) and 5.0 (8.8) W m22 for the eastern and western Pacific, respectively (both cases assume a climatological surface flux of 200 W m 22). Proper use of the solar transmission parameterization should increase the accuracy of modeled SST and upper ocean stratification. The parameterization allows ocean radiant heating in climate models to be discussed in terms of chlorophyll concentration, the physical parameter on which solar transmission most heavily depends.
The effects of a soluble surfactant on the interfacial dynamics of stationary bubbles in inclined tubes

We have experimentally examined the effects of a common soluble surfactant on gas bubbles in liquid flows in inclined tubes. Air bubbles of known size (λ = 0.8, 1.0, 1.5) are held stationary under minimum flow conditions in tubes inclined at fixed angles (ω = 25°, 45°, 65°, 90°). Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) is infused into the bulk flow at two bulk concentrations (C = 10% or 100% critical micelle concentration (CMC)). In addition to recording pressure and flow waveforms, we capture video images of bubbles before and during exposure to the surfactant. Modification of the interfacial properties by the surfactant results in extremely dynamic bubble behaviour including interfacial deformation, deformation plus axial translation, and bubble detachment from the wall plus translation. We measure the corresponding time-dependent pressure gradient within the tube. The surfactant mediated responses observed are dependent upon the interrelated effects of C, λ and ω. A high bulk concentration of surfactant may produce more rapid modification of bubble shape and influence wetting, thus increasing the potential for bubble detachment. The likelihood that detachment will occur increases further as bubble volume in increased. In both vertical tubes in which contact forces are absent and in non-vertical tubes, the infusion of surfactant may result in axial translation either in the direction of, or opposite to, the direction of the bulk flow. Critical to the translation and/or detachment of the bubble is the surfactant-mediated modification of contact line mechanics. Contact line velocities corresponding to rates of shrinkage of dewetted surface area are extracted from experimental data. We also explore the potential effects of surfactants on interfacial remobilization. This investigation demonstrates the potential use of surfactants to be used for dislodging dewetted gas bubbles by the intentional manipulation of interfacial properties.
Comparison of PCR, virus isolation, and indirect fluorescent antibody staining in the detection of naturally occurring feline herpesvirus infections

Cats with clinical signs suggestive of ocular infection with feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV 1) and cats without such signs were assayed by 3 methods to detect FHV. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), virus isolation, and indirect fluorescent antibody staining techniques for the detection of FHV demonstrated higher sensitivity of PCR in detecting this common infectious agent of cats. Compared with PCR, sensitivity and specificity for virus isolation was 49% and 100%, respectively, and those of indirect immunofluorescence were 29% and 96%, respectively. FHV was detected in 13.7% of client-owned cats with conjunctivitis and in 31% of shelter cats with no ocular signs. The use of FHV PCR as a diagnostic test for FHV-associated disease is limited because of the occurrence of healthy carriers.
Theory of measurement of the constitutive parameters of certain magnetoelectric media

Summary form only given. Linear magnetoelectric (or bianisotropic) materials with constitutive relations in the frequency domain were considered. The determination of the constitutive parameters was considered when a slab of material with planar boundaries at z=0 and z=d is available. If the slab is sufficiently large, free-space measurements may be possible; hence, the case of a linearly polarized plane wave incident on such a slab was studied, extracting as much information as possible on the constitutive parameters from the measurements of amplitude and phase of the reflection and transmission coefficients. When the sample cannot be made sufficiently large, other types of measurements must be conducted. What information can be extracted by measuring reflection and transmission coefficients for a sample inserted in a rectangular waveguide was studied. Measurements in a stripline configuration were considered. A general conclusion was that no single experimental setup can provide all the information needed to solve this inverse problem. Hence, several measurements utilizing different experimental setups must be conducted on the same material. >
Brief Report: Illness Intrusiveness and Adjustment among Native American and Caucasian Parents of Children with Juvenile Rheumatic Diseases

Objective To investigate cognitive appraisal–adjustment relationships in Native American (NA) and Caucasian parents of children diagnosed with juvenile rheumatic diseases. Methods NA (n ¼ 16) and Caucasian (n ¼ 24) parents completed measures of disease status, illness intrusiveness, and adjustment; the rheumatologist provided estimates of disease severity. Results Hierarchical regression analysis revealed a moderating effect for racial group membership on the illness intrusiveness–parent adjustment relationship. Specifically, parent-perceived illness intrusiveness was more closely related to poorer adjustment among NA parents relative to Caucasian parents. Post hoc tests indicated that illness intrusiveness was significantly associated with poorer adjustment in NA parents, but was unrelated to parent adjustment in the Caucasian sample. Conclusions Results highlight the importance of examining racial group differences in cognitive appraisal–adjustment outcome relationships. Results are discussed with respect to the need for incorporating cultural issues into pediatric chronic illness research and treatment.
Equality of partial solutions in the decomposition method for partial differential equations

This work considers the partial solutions of partial differential equations for initial/boundary conditions using the Adomian decomposition method. The study formally shows that the partial solutions are always identical for all styles of boundary conditions. We also prove that the partial solution in the t-direction requires less computational work if compared with other partial solutions developed in any space variable direction. In addition, several mathematical models that govern the heat distribution and the wave propagation phenomenas have been tested, and the results obtained have shown that the t-solution minimizes the size of calculations if compared with the traditional techniques.
Algorithms using interband cross correlation for pixel registration and jitter reconstruction in multichannel push broom imagers

We present two algorithms for determining sensor motion of a multi-spectral push-broom imager for use in subsequent image registration. The first algorithm, termed the {open_quotes}pairwise{close_quotes} method, performs cross-correlations between individual pairs of channels. The offsets of maximum correlation are formulated into a system of linear equations whose solution gives an estimate of the jitter function. The second algorithm performs cross-correlations between channels and a reference image called the {open_quotes}baseline{close_quotes} which is constructed by averaging together all the channels in the image cube. An estimated jitter time series is computed for each channel, all of which are overlapped and averaged to obtain a best estimate of the jitter function. The pairwise method is more general in that it can handle a wider range of jitter scenarios. The baseline method, although more restricted, is very simple to implement, and its accuracy can be improved substantially through iteration. In this paper, we describe both methods in detail and present results of simulations performed on thermal-infrared data cubes.
Using Audio Documentary to Engage Young People Experiencing Homelessness in Strengths-Based Group Work

Little information exists on the use of audio-based activities in groups as a means to engage young people’s strengths. This article presents findings from a study that employed a coconstructed audio documentary group to explore homeless youths’ experiences in a music studio, their attached meaning, and whether studio and group involvement engaged youths’ strengths. Four young people and the author met over the course of 12 sessions to collaboratively develop, record, and produce an audio documentary. Young people successfully produced a coconstructed audio documentary and their involvement in the studio and the group engaged their strengths.
Intellectual Property, Innovation, and Decentralized Decisions

This essay proposes a new way to assess the desirability of intellectual property rights. Traditionally, intellectual property assignment is assessed based on a incentive/monopoly pricing tradeoff. I suggest they should be further assessed by their effects on the decision architectures surrounding the property right - their effects on how firms make product innovation decisions. The reason is that different decisional structures for product development can be are fundamental to the performance of firms, industries, and even the economy as a whole. The organizational economics literature can help with this assessment. It makes an important and useful distinction between hierarchical (centralized) and polyarchical (decentralized) decision architectures. The key point of this paper is that government's decisions with respect to property assignments can steer decision architectures toward a polyarchical or hierarchical architecture, respectively.
Innovative Performance in Research, Development, and Engineering

ABSTRACTBased on a field study of 410 managers in 55 high-technology companies, this article investigates the criteria for innovative research, development, and engineering (RD&E) performance. The results show that innovative performance, both, individual and team-oriented, is strongly associated with clear task structure, a professionally stimulating work environment, and organizational stability. Methods for building a high performance RD&E team are suggested.
Constraining lithologic variability along the Alleghanian detachment in the southern Appalachians using passive-source seismology

Polarities and amplitudes of intracrustal P-SV conversions (P waves converted to vertically polarized shear waves) in receiver functions from the Southeastern Suture of the Appalachian Margin Experiment array and USArray Transportable Array provide new constraints on the origin of seismic reflectivity delineating the Alleghanian detachment in the southern Appalachians(eastern United States). Forward modeling of receiver functions is consistent with a 3.5-km-thick, high shear-wave velocity (Vs = 3.9 km/s) section of deformed Paleozoic platform metasedimentary rocks beneath the Blue Ridge at 3–6.5 km depth. In the Inner Piedmont, conversions from the top and base of a low-Vs zone (3.1 km/s) at depths of 5–9 km are interpreted as a package of metasedimentary rocks or a shear zone characterized by radial anisotropy. The detachment continues to the southeast beneath the Carolina terrane, where high-amplitude negative conversions at 10–13 km depth are consistent with arc rocks (Vs = 4.0 km/s) overlying sheared rocks with lower Vs (3.2 km/s). Southeast-dipping conversions at 5–10 km depth mark the boundary between the Inner Piedmont and Carolina terrane. This study demonstrates that relatively high-frequency receiver functions (up to ∼3 Hz), though still lower in frequency than P-wave energy analyzed for reflection profiling (>20 Hz), can provide important links between surface geology and active-source experiments to better constrain models of crustal structure.
Responder Technology Alert Monthly (December 2014)

As part of technology foraging for the Responder Technology Alliance, established by the Department of Homeland Science and Technologies First Responders Group, this report summarizes technologies that are relevant in the area of “wearables,” with the potential for use by first responders. The content was collected over the previous month(s) and reproduced from a general Internet search using the term wearables. Additional information is available at the websites provided. This report is not meant to be an exhaustive list nor an endorsement of any technology described herein. Rather, it is meant to provide useful information about current developments in the areas wearable technology.
Localized Gene Induction by Infrared-Mediated Heat Shock

Abstract Genetic manipulations are a vital instrument for the study of embryonic development where to understand how genes work, it is necessary to provoke a loss or gain of function of a particular gene in a spatial and temporal manner. In the zebrafish embryo, the Hsp70 promoter is the most commonly used tool to induce a transient global gene expression of a desired gene, in a temporal manner. However, Hsp70-driven global gene induction presents caveats when studying gene function in a tissue of interest as gene induction in the whole embryo can lead to cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous phenotypes. In the current article, we describe an innovative and cost effective protocol to activate Hsp70-dependent expression in a small subset of cells in the zebrafish embryo, by utilizing a localized infrared (IR) laser. Our IR laser set up can be incorporated to any microscope platform without the requirement for expensive equipment. Furthermore, our protocol allows for controlled localized induction of spec...
Enzyme histochemical comparison of biomphalaria glabrata amebocytes with human granuloma macrophages.

In fresh water snails, amebocytes are the principal cells that react to parasitic infection. Ultrastructurally, amebocytes resemble mammalian macrophages. To clarify the relationship between amebocytes and macrophages, we compared the histochemical staining for seven enzymes in Biomphalaria glabrata snail amebocytes, both in the amebocyte-producing organ (APO) and in the encapsulation reaction formed around parasite sporocysts with the staining in macrophages from the lymph nodes of patients with sarcoid or tuberculosis. Snails were infected with Echinostoma paraensei and Schistosoma mansoni miracidia. APOs and ventricular tissue with encapsulated parasites were fixed and embedded in glycol methacrylate monomer. Hardened blocks were sectioned at 2 micron and stained for alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE), ATPase, peroxidase, 5'nucleotidase, and chloroacetate esterase. The amebocyte-producing organ contained cells that were positive for acid phosphatase, ANAE, and ATPase. Amebocytes in the capsules formed around echinostome sporocysts showed stronger staining for the same three enzymes. Capsules did not form around schistosome sporocysts, but the connective tissue around them contained numerous amebocytes that were also positive for these three enzymes. The amebocyte enzyme histochemistry resembled that in human granuloma macrophages, but differed from that in neutrophils. The increased expression of enzymes in amebocytes involved in the encapsulation reaction as compared to those in the APO was reminiscent of the alterations observed when human monocytes convert to tissue macrophages. These studies support the hypothesis that the amebocyte is an "invertebrate macrophage."
Analysis of Regulation and Limitations of Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism

The pathways which serve to regenerate ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) (electron transport, photophosphorylation, photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle) and the pathways of starch and sucrose synthesis form an integrated system where a rate limitation in one pathway may limit the overall capacity for CO2 assimilation. We are particularly interested in the limiting factors and regulatory responses of photosynthesis in leaves of plants exposed to various environmental stresses. Our approach has been to feed intact leaves with chemical compounds which depress the rate of CO2 assimilation through known effects on metabolism. After feeding these compounds until photosynthetic capacity was decreased approximately 50$, leaves were freeze-clamped. Characteristics of RuBP carboxylase (RuBPCase) and RuBP pool size were measured and the biochemical basis for the reduction in photosynthetic capacity determined. These responses were compared to those which occur in leaves whose photosynthetic capacity has been reduced by stress (e.g. water deficits, salinity) or the feeding of endogenous compounds produced during stress, such as abscisic acid (ABA). We have found that mild water stress, salinity, ABA and vanadate feeding all reduce RuBPCase activity and photosynthetic capacity by some mechanism other than substrate availability, CO2-Mg2+ activation state or inhibitor formation.
Electronic properties of GeTe and Ag- or Sb-substituted GeTe studied by low-temperature Te 125 NMR

We have carried out $^{125}\mathrm{Te}$ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in a wide temperature range of 1.5--300 K to investigate the electronic properties of ${\mathrm{Ge}}_{50}{\mathrm{Te}}_{50},\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{Ag}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{48}{\mathrm{Te}}_{50}$, and ${\mathrm{Sb}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{48}{\mathrm{Te}}_{50}$ from a microscopic point of view. From the temperature dependence of the NMR shift $(K)$ and nuclear spin lattice relaxation rate $(1/{T}_{1})$, we found that two bands contribute to the physical properties of the materials. One band overlaps the Fermi level providing the metallic state where no strong electron correlations are revealed by Korringa analysis. The other band is separated from the Fermi level by an energy gap of ${E}_{\mathrm{g}}/{k}_{\mathrm{B}}\ensuremath{\sim}67$ K, which gives rise to semiconductorlike properties. First-principles calculation reveals that the metallic band originates from the Ge vacancy while the semiconductorlike band is related to the fine structure of the density of states near the Fermi level. Low-temperature $^{125}\mathrm{Te}$ NMR data for the materials studied here clearly show that Ag substitution increases hole concentration while Sb substitution decreases it.
Global Proteome Response to Deletion of Genes Related to Mercury Methylation and Dissimilatory Metal Reduction Reveals Changes in Respiratory Metabolism in Geobacter sulfurreducens PCA

Geobacter sulfurreducens PCA can reduce, sorb, and methylate mercury (Hg); however, the underlying biochemical mechanisms of these processes and interdependent metabolic pathways remain unknown. In this study, shotgun proteomics was used to compare global proteome profiles between wild-type G. sulfurreducens PCA and two mutant strains: a ΔhgcAB mutant, which is deficient in two genes known to be essential for Hg methylation and a ΔomcBESTZ mutant, which is deficient in five outer membrane c-type cytochromes and thus impaired in its ability for dissimilatory metal ion reduction. We were able to delineate the global response of G. sulfurreducens PCA in both mutants and identify cellular networks and metabolic pathways that were affected by the loss of these genes. Deletion of hgcAB increased the relative abundances of proteins implicated in extracellular electron transfer, including most of the c-type cytochromes, PilA-C, and OmpB, and is consistent with a previously observed increase in Hg reduction in the...
Cell tracking supports secondary gastrulation in the moon jellyfish Aurelia.

The moon jellyfish Aurelia exhibits a dramatic reorganization of tissue during its metamorphosis from planula larva to polyp. There are currently two competing hypotheses regarding the fate of embryonic germ layers during this metamorphosis. In one scenario, the original endoderm undergoes apoptosis and is replaced by a secondary endoderm derived from ectodermal cells. In the second scenario, both ectoderm and endoderm remain intact through development. In this study, we performed a pulse-chase experiment to trace the fate of larval ectodermal cells. We observed that prior to metamorphosis, ectodermal cells that proliferated early in larval development concentrate at the future oral end of the polyp. During metamorphosis, these cells migrate into the endoderm, extending all the way to the aboral portion of the gut. We therefore reject the hypothesis that larval endoderm remains intact during metamorphosis and provide additional support for the “secondary gastrulation” hypothesis. Aurelia appears to offer the first and only described case where a cnidarian derives its endoderm twice during normal development, adding to a growing body of evidence that germ layers can be dramatically reorganized in cnidarian life cycles.
Developing a Conceptual Model of STEAM Teaching Practices

STEAM, where the “A” represents arts and humanities, is considered a transdisciplinary learning process that has the potential to increase diverse participation in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields. However, a well-defined conceptual model that clearly articulates essential components of the STEAM approach is needed to conduct empirical research on STEAM's efficacy–in particular, the teaching content that should be considered when enacting STEAM teaching practices. This paper proposes a conceptual model of STEAM, providing educators with the opportunity to teach effectively using transdisciplinary inquiry. The instructional content domain of the model includes problem-based delivery, discipline integration, and problem-solving skills.
Management by Objectives: An Overview

The main finding from this review of Management by Objectives is a comprehensive detailed guide administrators and managers at any level in an organization can use to immediately implement this participative goal setting process in an effective manner. Administrators and managers in for profit and nonprofit organizations must perform the four functions of management, namely, planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Management by Objectives (MBO) is a systems approach that can assist managers with these functions. This review of the literature includes: (a) a history of MBO, (b) a description of the MBO process, (c) advantages and disadvantages of using this process, and (d) guidelines for managers to use in implementing this participative goal setting technique. In organizations that top management has not implemented the process, supervisors and managers at any level can benefit from implementing MBO techniques managers at any level.
Single center experience with the Potts shunt in severe pulmonary arterial hypertension

Abstract Background There remains limited options for end stage pulmonary arterial hypertension that is refractory to medical therapy. The reprisal of the Potts shunt (pulmonary artery to descending aorta anastomosis) has been used to decrease right ventricle (RV) afterload by creating a right to left shunt in effort to promote lung transplant free survival. Methods Retrospective review of three patients ages 16, 19, and 27 years old who underwent the creation of a “reverse” Potts shunt at our institution in 2016. Results The patients were WHO functional class III or IV and on three classes of pulmonary hypertension specific drug therapy including IV prostacyclin. All patients had RV dysfunction and suprasystemic RV pressures. Two patients had a catheterization for dilation and stenting of a tiny patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and one had emergent surgical placement of a pulmonary artery to descending aorta conduit. The catheterization procedures were well tolerated without complications. The surgical procedure was complicated with heavy bleeding and respiratory failure. All patients recovered from their procedure and experienced improved functional class with decrease in RV pressures to systemic levels but no improvement in RV function. One catheterization patient required restenting due to stent fracture at 7 months. Our surgical patient died from massive hemoptysis 13 months after the procedure. Conclusions Reverse Potts shunt physiology may be an option for end-stage PAH patients with suprasystemic RV pressures. Optimal timing of this procedure remains unclear, but if feasible, PDA stenting, even in adult patients may be accomplished with low morbidity.
You Gave Me a B- ?! Self-Efficacy, Implicit Theories, and Student Reactions to Grades:

Student reactions to grades can be unpredictable. Students may complain about grades, sometimes angrily, even when they receive a moderately high grade. This study looks at beliefs about the self a...
Oral Drug Self-Administration: Drugs as Reinforcers

Drugs from the four major classes of abused drugs can serve as reinforcers when taken orally. In studies from several laboratories rats, rhesus monkeys, and baboons have served as subjects. Surprisingly, behavior reinforced by orally delivered drugs appears quite strong despite the long delay between ingestion and onset of drug effects. Drug delivery, if appropriately scheduled, can maintain high rates of responding over long periods of time. The rate and pattern of drug reinforced behavior vary in an orderly way according to a number of variables such as drug concentration, reinforcement schedule, and feeding conditions (e.g., food deprivation vs. food satiation). The significance of these findings is that an animal model of oral drug (including alcohol) abuse now exists. This is important because the oral route is the most common route of drug abuse in humans. Furthermore, unlike the intravenous route where short catheter life limits experiments, the oral route permits complex sequential experiments that span many years.
Comments on “A Nonparametric Test For Nonlinear Cointegration” By Jörg Breitung

This paper provides a very appealing approach to testing for nonlinear cointegration in a way that avoids a drawback faced by standard tests, which will often reject the null of cointegration in the presence of nonlinear cointegration. Unlike previous work on nonlinear cointegration (e.g. Granger and Terasvirta, 1993; Granger, 1995; Granger, Inoue, and Morin, 1997; Swanson, Corradi, and White, 1997), the test is based on ranks. For a time series x t , t=1, …, T,R T (x t ) is the rank of x t in the sample of size T. To test the null of no nonlinear cointegration between x t and y t , one forms where d t = R T (y t ) −R T (x t ) is the difference in ranks. More sophisticated statistics are proposed, based on standardizing in reasonable ways, but it suffices for the present discussion to limit attention to these straightforward statistics.
GEOMETRICAL AND LATTICE VERSIONS OF LEVINSON'S GENERAL ALGORITHM

An algorithm is derived from geometrical principles which is equivalent to Levinson's algorithm for the recursive solution of linear systems of equations whose coefficient matrix is positive definite and Toeplitz and whose right-hand side is arbitrary. Our algorithm is readily expressible in a lattice form whose lattice coefficients can be made time-adaptive in familiar ways. This permits a time-adaptive approach to such problems as multi-step ahead prediction and wavelet shaping. Simulation results are presented for a time-adaptive multi-step prediction scheme.
Hydrogen Spectroscopy and Fundamental Physics

“One must be modest” is an appropriate quotation to describe laser spectroscopy of the hydrogen atom. This is a field of modest scientific accomplishments, despite its awesome technical machinery. To illustrate, the first demonstration of laser spectroscopy in hydrogen was made by HANSCH, SHAHIN, and SCHAWLOW in 1972. [2] Now, sixteen years later, the most precise laser measurement of the Lamb shift in the ground state of hydrogen is by the Oxford group and is known to one part in ten thousand. [3] This is just equal to that achieved by LAMB and coworkers thirty-five years ago. [4] In the meanwhile, radio frequency and other techniques have pushed the measurement of the H(2S) Lamb shift an order of magnitude beyond the accomplishments of laser spectroscopists. [5]
Trends in perioperative outcomes of hospitals performing major cancer surgery.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Cancer surgery outcomes at National Cancer Institute-designated cancer centers (NCI-CCs) have been shown to vary, and have not been uniformly better than outcomes among non-NCI-CCs. We aimed to assess whether NCI-CCs have improved their short-term outcomes over time and whether variation across these centers has changed. METHODS Patients who underwent colectomy, esophagectomy, hepatectomy, pancreatectomy, and proctectomy for cancer were identified from the 2010 to 2016 American College of Surgeons' National Surgical Quality Improvement Program registry. Hospital trends in risk-adjusted, smoothed observed-to-expected ratios were assessed to evaluate improvement and variation in perioperative complications, stratified by NCI-CC status. RESULTS Complications occurred in 18.8% of 204 732 patients who underwent major cancer operations at 645 hospitals, and complications occurred in 19.9% of 60,903 patients at 54 NCI-CCs studied. More NCI-CCs than non-NCI-CCs improved over the period (85.2% vs 58.4%, P < 0.001; relative risk [RR] 1.46, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.28-1.66); this remained significant after adjusting for years of participation (RR 1.33, 95% CI, 1.17-1.51). Variation in performance remained unchanged over time. CONCLUSION NCI-CCs were detected to have improved over a contemporary seven-year period and to have improved more than non-NCI-CCs. However, NCI-CCs do not uniformly outperform non-NCI-CCs, and variation in perioperative outcomes remains, warranting continued quality improvement efforts targeting cancer-specific operations.
Microlensing of x-ray pulsars: A method to detect primordial black hole dark matter

Primordial black holes (PBHs) with a mass from ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}16}$ to ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}11}\text{ }\text{ }{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$ may comprise 100% of dark matter. Due to a combination of wave and finite source size effects, the traditional microlensing of stars does not probe this mass range. In this paper, we point out that x-ray pulsars with higher photon energies and smaller source sizes are good candidate sources for microlensing for this mass window. Among the existing x-ray pulsars, the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) X-1 source is found to be the best candidate because of its apparent brightness and long distance from Earth. We have analyzed the existing observation data of SMC X-1 by the RXTE telescope (around 10 days) and found that PBH as 100% of dark matter is close to but not yet excluded. Future longer observation of this source by x-ray telescopes with larger effective areas such as AstroSat, Athena, Lynx, and eXTP can potentially close the last mass window where PBHs can make up all of dark matter.