cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic Revision of the Late Ordovician Orthid Brachiopod Genera Plaesiomys and Hebertella from Laurentia

The orthidine brachiopod genera Plaesiomys and Hebertella are significant constituents of Late Ordovician benthic marine communities throughout Laurentia. Species-level phylogenetic analyses were conducted on both genera to inform systematic revisions and document evolutionary relationships. Phylogenetic analyses combined discrete and continuous characters, from which character states were determined using a statistical approach, and utilized both cladistic and Bayesian methodologies. Plaesiomys cutterensis, P. idahoensis, and P. occidentalis are herein recognized as distinct species rather than subspecies of P. subquadratus. Similarly, Hebertella montoyensis and H. prestonensis are recognized as distinct species separate from H. occidentalis, and H. richmondensis is recognized as a distinct species rather than a geographical variant of H. alveata. Hebertella subjugata is removed from its tentative synonymy with H. occidentalis and revalidated.The development of species-level evolutionary hypotheses for Plaesiomys and Hebertella provides a detailed framework for assessing evolutionary and paleobiogeographic patterns of Late Ordovician brachiopods from Laurentia. The geographic range of Hebertella expanded throughout Laurentia during the Richmondian into both intracratonic and marginal basins. Plaesiomys subquadratus participated in the Late Ordovician Richmondian Invasion. The recovered phylogenetic topology for Plaesiomys suggests that P. subquadratus may have migrated into the Cincinnati region from a basin situated to the paleo-northeast.
Mapping of the Active Site of Recombinant Human Erythropoietin

Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) variants have been constructed to identify amino acid residues important for biological activity. Immunoassays were used to determine the effect of each mutation on rHuEPO folding. With this strategy, we could distinguish between mutations that affected bioactivity directly and those that affected bioactivity because the mutation altered rHuEPO conformation. Four regions were found to be important for bioactivity: amino acids 11 to 15, 44 to 51, 100 to 108, and 147 to 151. EPO variants could be divided into two groups according to the differential effects on EPO receptor binding activity and in vitro biologic activity. This suggests that rHuEPO has two separate receptor binding sites. Mutations in basic residues reduced the biologic activity, whereas mutations in acidic residues did not. This suggests that electrostatic interactions between rHuEPO and the human EPO receptor may involve positive charges on rHuEPO.
Maternal Diabetic Control and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Infants of Diabetic Mothers

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy has been well documented in infants of diabetic mothers (IDMs). If this asymmetric septal enlargement is an anabolic result of fetal hyperinsulinemia triggered by maternal hyperglycemia during the third trimester, maternal glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1) levels, an indicator of glycemic control, should then correlate positively at delivery with newborn ventricular septal thickness. In this study of 20 infants of well-controlled diabetic mothers, no relationship was observed between echocardiographic evidence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and maternal HbA1 levels. Seven babies (35%) exhibited exaggerated septal thickening, but none had cardiac-specific symptoms. Although 60 percent of the IDMs were large for gestational age and 45 percent demonstrated neonatal hypoglycemia, neither of these complications correlated with maternal HbA1. In this group of babies of well-controlled diabetic women, echocardiographic indicators of cardiomyopathy were common, but clinical evidence of cardiac embarrassment was not observed. Moreover, these data do not support third trimester maternal hyperglycemia as instrumental in the etiology of cardiomyopathy and other complications of IDMs.
Dependency Theory, Imperialism, and the Production of Surplus Value On a World Scale:

Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Enzo Faletto (1979: xxiii) have announced what has long been suspected, i.e., that dependency theory is no more. This should give rise to few regrets. Its well known emphasis upon relations among nations rather than among classes (cf. Roxborourgh,, 1979: 46) and its characteristic definition of modes of production in terms of circulation (Laclau, 1977: 15-50) marked it as a theory which sought to understand the dynamics of capitalism without a grasp of its basic organizational units. However, the demise of dependency theory has left a vacuum in the theory of the international capitalist system, for the turn to local class relations does not provide an alternative to the general systematics of the dependency school. Neither does the classical theory of imperialism fill the gap. On the contrary, both the theory of imperialism and dependency theory are strongly circulationist in character, and neither can come to terms with transformations in the system of division of labor. We will provide an alternative based on the global organization of the production of surplus value, attempting to periodize the international capitalist system in terms of internal contradictions in systems of production (in both core and periphery) giving rise to transformations in the structure of production in both areas in a complementary fashion involving the articulation of modes of production on a global scale. What follows will attempt to provide a framework for an analysis based on contradictions within complex, unevenly developed systems of production of surplus value as well as to indicate some of the fundamental issues giving rise to the theories of dependency (especially in the Brazilian case) and imperialism as perspectives incapable of realizing in thought the changing forms of capitalist production and accumulation on a world scale.
Demonstration of a ring laser gyro system for pointing and stabilization applications

A system specifically designed to meet the requirements of the pointing and stabilization community is presented. Such applications include synthetic aperture radar (SAR) motion compensation and infrared sensor stabilization. Requirements peculiar to this application are discussed and contrasted with traditional inertial navigation requirements. Pointing and stabilization demand consideration of requirements such as high bandwidth, low noise, minimal data latency, dither effects, reference alignment, minimization of size, near-instantaneous turn-on, and analysis of structural resonances. The GG1320 RLG (ring laser gyro) was chosen for this application since it provided the necessary accuracy and could be contained in a small volume. Test results are presented indicating the performance of the IMU (inertial measurement unit). Testing techniques are also discussed and contrasted with traditional inertial navigation system testing. Results indicate that the GG1320 RLG IAU (inertial attitude unit) is capable of meeting the requirements of the pointing and stabilization community. Current and future development activities are discussed relative to performance enhancement, and further applications and requirements are identified. >
Reflux as an etiological factor of carcinoma of the laryngopharynx

This study examined charts and 16-mm pictures or videotapes of 138 patients with carcinoma of the larynx treated during the last 10 years. Among these patients, 19 were nonsmokers and nondrinkers or only light social drinkers with moderate to severe gastroesophageal reflux (GER). Serial cinephotographs are presented with follow-up of up to 10 years. The common presence of GER in these nonsmoking, nondrinking patients and the probable role of this chronic irritative disorder as a causative agent in carcinoma of the laryngopharynx are discussed.
Basal Levels of (p)ppGpp in Enterococcus faecalis: the Magic beyond the Stringent Response

ABSTRACT The stringent response (SR), mediated by the alarmone (p)ppGpp, is a conserved bacterial adaptation system controlling broad metabolic alterations necessary for survival under adverse conditions. In Enterococcus faecalis, production of (p)ppGpp is controlled by the bifunctional protein RSH (for “Rel SpoT homologue”; also known as RelA) and by the monofunctional synthetase RelQ. Previous characterization of E. faecalis strains lacking rsh , relQ , or both revealed that RSH is responsible for activation of the SR and that alterations in (p)ppGpp production negatively impact bacterial stress survival and virulence. Despite its well-characterized role as the effector of the SR, the significance of (p)ppGpp during balanced growth remains poorly understood. Microarrays of E. faecalis strains producing different basal amounts of (p)ppGpp identified several genes and pathways regulated by modest changes in (p)ppGpp. Notably, expression of numerous genes involved in energy generation were induced in the ∆ rsh ∆ relQ [(p)ppGpp 0 ] strain, suggesting that a lack of basal (p)ppGpp places the cell in a “transcriptionally relaxed” state. Alterations in the fermentation profile and increased production of H 2 O 2 in the (p)ppGpp 0 strain substantiate the observed transcriptional changes. We confirm that, similar to what is seen in Bacillus subtilis, (p)ppGpp directly inhibits the activity of enzymes involved in GTP biosynthesis, and complete loss of (p)ppGpp leads to dysregulation of GTP homeostasis. Finally, we show that the association of (p)ppGpp with antibiotic survival does not relate to the SR but rather relates to basal (p)ppGpp pools. Collectively, this study highlights the critical but still underappreciated role of basal (p)ppGpp pools under balanced growth conditions. IMPORTANCE Drug-resistant bacterial infections continue to pose a significant public health threat by limiting therapeutic options available to care providers. The stringent response (SR), mediated by the accumulation of two modified guanine nucleotides collectively known as (p)ppGpp, is a highly conserved stress response that broadly remodels bacterial physiology to a survival state. Given the strong correlation of the SR with the ability of bacteria to survive antibiotic treatment and the direct association of (p)ppGpp production with bacterial infectivity, understanding how bacteria produce and utilize (p)ppGpp may reveal potential targets for the development of new antimicrobial therapies. Using the multidrug-resistant pathogen Enterococcus faecalis as a model, we show that small alterations to (p)ppGpp levels, well below concentrations needed to trigger the SR, severely affected bacterial metabolism and antibiotic survival. Our findings highlight the often-underappreciated contribution of basal (p)ppGpp levels to metabolic balance and stress tolerance in bacteria.
Big Brother in the Information Age: Concerns about Government Information Gathering over Time

The revelations about the extent of the US National Security Agency's surveillance activities have led to a great deal of debate regarding government data gathering. The 1985, 1996, and 2006 iterations of the General Social Survey reveal public perceptions of whether such government power is a threat to privacy.
CHURCHES-AS POLITICAL COMMUNITIES

Most studies of contextual influences on political attitudes and behavior have treated geographical areas as the operative social environment. As early research on social influence processes noted, the conditions that promote consensus among inhabitants of a common environment are likely to be present in formal organizations that encourage face-to-face interaction. Churches possess many of the characteristics that should maximize behavioral contagion and are thus fertile ground for the dissemination of common political outlooks. This expectation is tested by assessing the link between theological and political conservatism in 21 Protestant congregations. The theological climate in the churches is found to contribute strongly to the members' political conservatism over and above the personal commitment of respondents to traditional Christian values and a variety of social and attitudinal variables. As churches constitute the single most widespread form of voluntary organizational affiliation in the United States, their potential political impact appears to be considerable.
Yoga and massage therapy reduce prenatal depression and prematurity

Eighty-four prenatally depressed women were randomly assigned to yoga, massage therapy or standard prenatal care control groups to determine the relative effects of yoga and massage therapy on prenatal depression and neonatal outcomes. Following 12 weeks of twice weekly yoga or massage therapy sessions (20 min each) both therapy groups versus the control group had a greater decrease on depression, anxiety and back and leg pain scales and a greater increase on a relationship scale. In addition, the yoga and massage therapy groups did not differ on neonatal outcomes including gestational age and birthweight, and those groups, in turn, had greater gestational age and birthweight than the control group.
Vibrational analysis of peptides, polypeptides, and proteins. VI. Assignment of beta-turn modes in insulin and other proteins.

The normal modes have been calculated for structures having the dihedral angles of the four β-turns of insulin. Frequencies are predicted in the amide I region near 1652 and 1680 cm−1. The former overlaps the α-helix band at 1658 cm−1 in the Raman spectrum, while the latter accounts for the hitherto unassignable band at 1681 cm−1. Calculated amide III frequencies extend above 1300 cm−1, providing a compelling assignment of the 1303-cm−1 band in insulin and similar bands in other globular proteins.
Effect of Neutron Irradiation on Fatigue Crack Propagation in Types 304 and 316 Stainless Steels at High Temperatures

Resistance to fatigue crack propagation of pre- and postirradiation AISI Types 304 and 316 stainless steels was determined at 800 and 1100F (427 and 593 C) using the fracture mechanics approach. The effect of irradiation on fatigue resistance was dependent upon test temperature and irradiation conditions. In general, irradiation degraded fatigue resistance at 1100 F (593 C) but at 800 F (427 C) enhancement as well was observed. In both steels irradiated in a thermal reactor to a fluence of 1.8 x 10 2 1 n/cm 2 >0.1 MeV, fatigue crack growth rates at 800 F (427 C) were lower than in the unirradiated steels for a given stress intensity factor range (ΔK). However, at 1100 F (593 C) the effect was reversed and crack growth rates were higher in the irradiated steels. Irradiation in a fast reactor to a fluence of ∼1.2 x 10 2 2 n/cm 2 >0.1 MeV caused fatigue crack growth rates at 800 F (427 C) to increase at low values of ΔK and decrease at high values of ΔK. At 1100 F (593 C) the crack growth rates in the irradiated steel were either the same as or higher than in the unirradiated steel. The influence of irradiation on fatigue life generally reflected the effect observed on crack growth rate.
ROLE OF NORWALK VIRUS IN TWO FOODBORNE OUTBREAKS OF GASTROENTERITIS: DEFINITIVE VIRUS ASSOCIATION

Two separate food-associated outbreaks of gastroenteritis occurred among Erie County, New York residents in June 1986. In one outbreak, cases of illness were estimated to have occurred in 50% of the approximately 700 persons in 13 groups who ate at an out-of-county restaurant during a seven-day period, and, in the second outbreak, illness occurred in 26 (30%) of 87 persons who attended a graduation party held in a private home. Laboratory investigation included serology (blocking radioimmunoassay) to determine seroconversion to Norwalk virus and an enzyme immunoassay for detection of Norwalk virus antigen in stools, which the investigators have found to be more specific for Norwalk virus than serology. Seroconversion to Norwalk virus occurred in 11 (79%) of 14 restaurant-related cases and seven (100%) of seven graduation party cases. Seroconversion to Norwalk virus antigen was also found in four (40%) of 10 food handlers at the restaurant and in two (100%) of two food handlers at the graduation party. Antigen was detected in the stools of three (20%) of 15 restaurant-related cases and four (67%) of six graduation party cases. No stools for viral analyses were available for testing from food handlers. All seven of the patients with Norwalk virus-positive stools were also positive by seroconversion. Widespread availability of reagents for stool antigen detection would result in confirmation of more outbreaks due to Norwalk virus and in a more timely manner.
Small-Molecule Inhibitors of PKR Improve Glucose Homeostasis in Obese Diabetic Mice

Obesity and metabolic diseases appear as clusters, often featuring high risk for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, and constitute a major global health problem with limited treatment options. Previous studies have shown that double-stranded RNA–dependent kinase, PKR, plays an important role in the nutrient/pathogen-sensing interface, and acts as a key modulator of chronic metabolic inflammation, insulin sensitivity, and glucose homeostasis in obesity. Recently, pathological PKR activation was also demonstrated in obese humans, strengthening its prospects as a potential drug target. Here, we investigate the use of two structurally distinct small-molecule inhibitors of PKR in the treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in cells and in a mouse model of severe obesity and insulin resistance. Inhibition of PKR reduced stress-induced Jun NH2-terminal kinase activation and insulin receptor substrate 1 serine phosphorylation in vitro and in vivo. In addition, treatment with both PKR inhibitors reduced adipose tissue inflammation, improved insulin sensitivity, and improved glucose intolerance in mice after the establishment of obesity and insulin resistance. Our findings suggest that pharmacologically targeting PKR may be an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
Schrödinger Operators with Dynamically Defined Potentials: A Survey

In this survey we discuss spectral and quantum dynamical properties of discrete one-dimensional Schrodinger operators whose potentials are obtained by real-valued sampling along the orbits of an ergodic invertible transformation. After an introductory part explaining basic spectral concepts and fundamental results, we present the general theory of such operators, and then provide an overview of known results for specific classes of potentials. Here we focus primarily on the cases of random and almost periodic potentials.
Adaptive Workload Partitioning and Allocation for Data Intensive Scientific Applications

Scientific applications are becoming data intensive, and traditional load-balance solutions require reconsideration for scaling data and computation in various parallel systems. This chapter examines state-transition applications, which is a representative scientific application that handles grand-challenging problems (e.g., weather forecasting and ocean prediction) and relates to intensive data. We propose an adaptive workload partitioning and allocation scheme for parallelizing state-transition applications in various parallel systems. Existing schemes insufficiently balance both computation of complicated scientific algorithms and increasing volumes of scientific data simultaneously. Our solution addresses this problem by introducing a time metric to unify the workloads of computation and data. System profiles in terms of CPU and I/O speeds are considered for embracing system diversity, suggesting accurate estimation of workload. The solution consists of two major components: (1) an adaptive decomposition scheme that uses the quad-tree structure to break up workload and manage data dependency; and (2) a decentralized scheme for distributing workload across processors. Experimental results from real-world weather data demonstrate that the solution outperforms other partitioning schemes, and can be readily ported to diverse systems with satisfactory performance.
Kinetics of Hematite to Wüstite by Hydrogen for Chemical Looping Combustion

Kinetics analysis of hematite (Fe2O3) reduction by hydrogen was evaluated by the thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) in the temperature range of 700–950 °C, using continuous streams of 5, 10, and 20% H2 concentrations in N2. A number of kinetic models have been considered, including the single and multi-step models to describe the experimental reduction data. The details of nucleation and growth during the isothermal reduction are described in terms of the local Johnson–Mehl–Avrami (JMA) exponent and local activation energy. The variations of n values (JMA exponent) and activation energies for the reduction conversion indicate the presence of the multi-step reaction process. The reduction was shown to be one-dimensional (1D) growth with a decrease in the nucleation rate.
Abstract 2178: Survivin appears to act as a transcription factor or co-factor to transcriptionally downregulate p21 gene expression via a p53 status-dependent manner

Survivin, a unique member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family proteins, is highly expressed in cancers but undetectable in most normal adult tissue. Survivin shows both inhibition of apoptosis and promotion of cell division. It plays a central role in cancer cell signaling network. Recent studies indicate that survivin may also play an important role in G1/S transition during cell cycle regulation. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Furthermore, although upregulation of p21WAF1/CIP1 (p21) expression by p53 plays an important role in p53-mediated cell G1 arrests in response to various distressing stimuli, it is unknown whether survivin plays a role in the regulation of p21 expression. Here, we report that forced expression of survivin in p53-wild type MCF-7 breast cancer cells inhibits the expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 protein, mRNA and promoter activity, while the survivin C84A mutant and survivin antisense failed to do so. Cotransfection experiments in the p53 mutant H1650 lung cancer cell line showed that exogenous survivin expression neutralizes p53-induced p21 expression and promoter activity. Both p53 and survivin interacts on two p53 binding sites in the p21 promoter (−2313 to -2212; -1452 to -1310), and survivin protein physically interacts with p53 protein in cancer cells. Additionally, we identified a PKC phosphorylation site at T127 that plays a critical role in inhibition of p21 promoter activity by survivin. Together, we propose that survivin acts as a transcription factor or cofactor to interact with p53 on the p21 promoter leading to transcriptional inhibition of p21 expression at least in part by neutralizing p53-mediated transcriptional activation of the p21 gene. *LT was a pre-doctoral Chinese fellowship student (Second West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China) at the time this work was performed in the Li laboratory Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2178. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2178
Exhibition: ‘Henri Labrouste: Structure Brought to Light’

The identification of the French architect Henri Labrouste as one of the original ‘modern’ architects has a long history at the Museum of Modern Art, dating back to 1929, the year of the Museum's f...
Angiomatoid carcinoma of the thyroid gland: anaplastic carcinoma with follicular and medullary features mimicking angiosarcoma

A 79-year-old man with a 28-year history of a substernal goiter had an anaplastic thyroid neoplasm with prominent angiomatoid features develop. Based on the light microscopic appearance of the tumor and the presence of immunocytochemical staining for Factor VIII–related antigen, a diagnosis of angiosarcoma was made. Subsequent immunocytochemical and ultrastructural studies suggested follicular and medullary differentiation without staining for Ulex europeaus I lectin or evidence of Weibel-Palade bodies. Based on these findings, the tumor is interpreted as an anaplastic carcinoma with evidence of mixed follicular and medullary differentiation and extensive intravascular growth producing an angiomatoid appearance. Positivity for Factor VIII–related antigen may be due to nonspecific uptake of antigen-rich serum and platelets by the phagocytic tumor cells. Factor VIII–related antigen immunoreactivity should be interpreted with caution in intravascular neoplasms.
In vivo selection of metastatic lung cancer variants is associated with altered expression of notch and hedgehog stem cell proliferation programs

1260 Metastatic disease is the primary cause of death for most lung cancer patients and thus, understanding the molecular mechanism of metastatic behavior is key for developing new treatment strategies. There is considerable evidence that hematologic malignancies and some solid tumors harbor cancer stem cells. This leads to the hypothesis that this tumor stem cell component is essential for the metastatic behavior of the tumor. In developing methods to identify and target lung cancer stem cells we have derived metastatic variants of human lung cancer and tested them for stem cell characteristics compared to the parent tumor from which they were derived. In the present study, we used non-small cell lung cancer cell line NCI-H1299 (p53 null, N-RAS mutant, RASSF1A negative, p16 negative) to generate metastatic isogenic cell lines in xenograft models. We further compared the expression level of stem cell markers in these highly tumorigenic and metastatic cells with parental H1299 cells and determined if the in vivo activities are correlated with stem cell properties. H1299 cells were grown subcutaneously in nude mice, tumor cells harvested, grown in tissue culture for 10 days and re-implanted to form new tumors. This process was repeated at least one more times in 2 independent experiments to yield more than 30 different tumor lines. After this procedure we saw enhanced tumorigenicity and the ability to give metastases compared to the H1299 parental cells. DNA finger print tests confirmed the metastatic variants were all isogenic natures with H1299 cells. Quantitative real time PCR was used to determine the expression level of a panel of 21 stem cell proliferation markers. The highly metastatic lines significantly changed expression (2 to more than 10 fold) of stem cell markers in the notch (upregulated) and hedgehog (down regulated) pathways. We conclude that serial in vivo xenograft selection of non-small cell lung cancers leads to the identification of more tumorigenic and metastatic isogenic variants that have dramatically changed their expression of key stem cell proliferation signature genes. These gene products are thus therapeutic targets for lung cancer metastatic growth.
Control Effect of S-metolachlor Herbicide on Sugarbeet Field Weed

The results showed that s-metolachlor herbicide applying in nursery seedling with paper-tube or direct sugarbeet field,the mean control effect on Gramineae weeds was 93.6%,on other weeds was less 35.7%.
A discussion of methods to cure the children with allergic shocks of drugs in 15 cases

Objectives: In order to improve the understanding of allergic shock of drugs,and explore the method of therapy,lower the incidence and raise the success rate of salvage.Methods: The fifteen patients with allergic shock of drugs in the recent five years were picked up in our hospital,and the category of medicine,administration route,clinical manifestations and the therapies were analyzed retrospectively.Results: Pharmacal allergic shocks were mostly caused by Chinese herbal medicine product(46.7%),penicillin was the next in the order(26.7%);then cephalosporin(13.3%) and the other ones(13.3%).In the fifteen patients,all of them were successfully cured.Conclusions: Allergic shock of drugs has a certain connection with the category of medicine,allergic habitus of patients and the situation of body.Reasonable medication,careful observation,prompt detection and a right diagnosis in time are important in treatment of pharmacal allergic shock.
Gynecologic examination in children and adolescents.

Experience has shown that most diagnostic errors in pediatric and adolescent gynecology are errors of omission, resulting from incomplete or absent examination. Yet, with the proper approach, a complete gynecologic examination can be easily and successfully performed in the young patient. The child’s apprehension can often be alleviated by having her “help” with the examination, and the presence of the mother or an aide is reassuring. Examination of the adolescent begins in the consultation room, and requires that the girl be respected as an individual in her own right.
Environmental influences on reproductive health: the importance of chemical exposures

Chemical exposures during pregnancy can have a profound and life-long impact on human health. Because of the omnipresence of chemicals in our daily life, there is continuous contact with chemicals in food, water, air, and consumer products. Consequently, human biomonitoring studies show that pregnant women around the globe are exposed to a variety of chemicals. In this review we provide a summary of current data on maternal and fetal exposure, as well as health consequences from these exposures. We review several chemical classes, including polychlorinated biphenyls, perfluoroalkyl substances, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, phenols, phthalates, pesticides, and metals. Additionally, we discuss environmental disparities and vulnerable populations, and future research directions. We conclude by providing some recommendations for prevention of chemical exposure and its adverse reproductive health consequences.
The Person–Situation Interaction

Unpacking Lewin’s “grand truism, B = f (P, E), this chapter explores the role of socialcognitive structures and processes in mediating the interaction of the person and the situation. Historically, assuming the independence of personal and environmental determinants of behavior maintained the separation of personality (and its underlying Doctrine of Traits) from social psychology (and its underlying Doctrine of Situationism). An alternative Doctrine of Interactionism, supplemented by a further Doctrine of Reciprocal Determinism, provides a framework for the integration of the two fields by analyzing the dialectical relationships between the person, environment, and behavior. Two versions of interactionism are described: a static version, originally modeled on the statistical analysis of variance, and a dynamic version, which describes how persons construct the situations to which they respond through evocation, selection, behavioral manipulation, and cognitive transformation. The role of cognition in mediating social interaction is illustrated by the General Social Interaction Cycle. OxfordHndbkSocCog_ref.doc 12/1/2010 3:11:32 PM Person-Situation Interaction 3
Newton’s Unified Theory

Forty-five years passed between the death of Galileo in 1642 and the publication in 1687 of Newton’s greatest work, the Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, or the Principia (Principles) for short. In those years, major changes occurred in the social organization of scientific studies. The new philosophy of experimental science, applied with enthusiasm and imagination, produced a wealth of new results. Scholars began to work together and to organize scientific societies in Italy, France, and England. One of the most famous, the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, was founded in 1662. Through these societies, scientific experimenters exchanged information, debated new ideas, argued against opponents of the new experimental activities, and published technical papers. Each society sought public support for its work and published studies in widely read scientific journals. Through the societies, scientific activities became well defined, strong, and international.
STRATEGI BLUE OCEAN DALAM PENERAPAN EKONOMI KREATIF

Intense market competition requires businesses to be creative and innovative in developing production and marketing strategy. One idea management activities the company's strategy is to apply a blue ocean strategy in a creative and innovative efforts to develop the productivity of services and goods. Viewing conditions were increasingly crowded market by producing the same type of production, the business competition is getting tougher. At present this is not just a marketing strategy standards are needed businesses to win the market competition, but businesses are required to be more creative in producing and venture out of the comfort zone to create a new breakthrough product models that have never been thought of before by competitors . Implementation improve the creative economy needed a grand design of products for the development of creative industries in all fields. Creative economy that include the creative industries, in many countries today is believed to contribute significantly to the economy of the nation. Businesspersons are encouraged to look into an arena of new creative products, new markets that are potentially far ignored by competitors. Creative economy which focuses on the creation of goods and services by relying on the expertise, talent, and creativity as intellectual property, is the hope for the Indonesian economy to rise, compete and achieve excellence in the global economy Keywords: Blue Ocean , creative economy
Applying theories of adult learning in developing online programs in gerontology

The Department of Aging and Geriatric Research at the University of Florida College of Medicine has established online education programs to provide healthcare professionals with advanced training ...
Frondlike Synovitis on MRI and Correlation With Polyethylene Surface Damage of Total Knee Arthroplasty.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study is to determine the association between polyethylene surface damage and the severity of frondlike hypertrophied synovitis, joint distention, capsular thickness,...
Establishment of breast tumor spheroids: an emerging research tool.

Abstract Breast cancer research has historically relied on two model systems: two-dimensional cell culture systems and mouse models. These models, although very convenient, lack the functional phenotypic architecture of human tissue. Extrapolation of hormonal responses from models to human relevance also requires further investigation due to the anatomical, physiological, and biological differences. Three-dimensional spheroids provide alternative models as they better represent the architecture and maintain the histomorphological, functional, and micro-environmental features of the in vivo human tumor tissue. We established and characterized tumor spheroids in vitro from the breast cancer cell lines T47D and MCF7. The cells were seeded at densities of 5000 cells per well in low adhesive 96-well plates using specific growth media that sustains spheroid growth. After 10 days of culture, the spheroids were stained to verify spheroid viability using Calcein AM [green] and Ethidium homodimer-1 [red] (top row). Spheroids were stained with E-cadherin [yellow] and DAPI [blue] (bottom row) to verify the 3D architecture, and then imaged using a Leica spinning-disk confocal microscope. We noticed that MCF7 cells (left images) tended to form multiple spheroids in a single well, whereas the T47D cels (right images) formed single spheroids. Both spheroids expressed E-cadherin, demonstrating cell-to-cell adhesion and remained viable after 10 days of culture. More importantly the spheroids formed every time they were cultured in low-adhesive plates with appropriate growth media, demonstrating the effectiveness, reproducibility, and robustness of this in vitro model system. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Enhancing Shrinkage Properties and Bond Performance of Prefabricated Bridge Deck Connection Grouts: Material and Component Testing

AbstractField-cast cementitious grouts are commonly used for connecting adjacent prefabricated bridge deck elements. These grouts can exhibit high shrinkage levels and are susceptible to premature ...
Resource utilization and indications for helicopter transport of head-injured children

Abstract Introduction Helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) have provided benefit for severely injured patients. However, HEMS are likely overused for the transportation of both adult and pediatric trauma patients. In this study, we aim to evaluate the degree of overuse of helicopter as a mode of transport for head-injured children. In addition, we propose criteria that can be used to determine if a particular patient is suitable for air versus ground transport. Materials and methods We identified patients who were transported to our facility for head injuries. We included only those patients who were transported from another facility and who were seen by the neurosurgical service. We recorded a number of data points including age, gender, race, Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), and intubation status. We also collected data on a number of imaging findings such as mass effect, edema, intracranial hemorrhage, and skull fractures. Patients undergoing emergent nonneurosurgical intervention were excluded. Results Of the 373 patients meeting inclusion criteria, 116 (31.1%) underwent a neurosurgical procedure or died and were deemed appropriate for helicopter transport. The remaining 68.9% of patients survived their injuries without neurosurgical intervention and were deemed nonappropriate for helicopter transport. Multivariable logistic regression identified GCS 3–8 and/or presence of mass effect, edema, epidural hematoma (EDH), and open-depressed skull fracture as appropriate indications for helicopter transport. Conclusions The majority of patients transported to our facility by helicopter survived their head injury without need for neurosurgical intervention. Only those patients meeting clinical (GCS 3–8) or radiographic (mass effect, edema, EDH, open-depressed skull fracture) criteria should be transported by air. Level of Evidence Level III (Diagnostic Study).
Genetics and Breeding of Nitrogen Fixation

Frequently during the introduction of a legume crop to a new agricultural environment, the simultaneous introduction of the appropriate rhizobial microsymbiont results in a marked and clearly evident enhancement of plant growth and crop yield. After this initial success has been achieved, the question arises, “What more can be done to improve crop performance through nitrogen fixation?” There are many important yet unresolved questions related to this central question. For example: Is nitrogen availability a factor limiting crop yield? Is the efficiency of nitrogen fixation a factor limiting crop yield? Can the total amount of nitrogen fixed be increased? Can the efficiency of nitrogen fixation be improved? If so, how? Can the genetic control system of the host plant which governs nitrogen fixation be altered advantageously? Can the genetic control system of the rhizobial microsymbiont be modified to improve agronomic performance? Can the rhizobial populations in the field be specified? Can the rhizobial population admitted to symbiosis be specified?
Air Pollution and Materials Damage

This chapter reviews and summarizes the current state of knowledge concerning the effects of atmospheric pollution on deterioration of materials. The major groups of materials discussed are metals, masonry (primarily calcareous stones), and painted surfaces. Emphasis is placed on the deposition processes that relate air pollution to materials damage, as well as the roles of rain and rain acidity. Although some fundamental damage processes are discussed, quantitative damage relationships are emphasized, and some new data towards this end are presented for carbonate stones. Specialized topics that are included in this chapter discuss experimental and statistical methods for separating “natural” weathering from air pollution related damage and the problem of relating research findings to practical structures in urban environments.
Acquisition of Neural Action Potentials Using Rapid Multiplexing Directly at the Electrodes

Neural recording systems that interface with implanted microelectrodes are used extensively in experimental neuroscience and neural engineering research. Interface electronics that are needed to amplify, filter, and digitize signals from multichannel electrode arrays are a critical bottleneck to scaling such systems. This paper presents the design and testing of an electronic architecture for intracortical neural recording that drastically reduces the size per channel by rapidly multiplexing many electrodes to a single circuit. The architecture utilizes mixed-signal feedback to cancel electrode offsets, windowed integration sampling to reduce aliased high-frequency noise, and a successive approximation analog-to-digital converter with small capacitance and asynchronous control. Results are presented from a 180 nm CMOS integrated circuit prototype verified using in vivo experiments with a tungsten microwire array implanted in rodent cortex. The integrated circuit prototype achieves <0.004 mm² area per channel, 7 µW power dissipation per channel, 5.6 µVrms input referred noise, 50 dB common mode rejection ratio, and generates 9-bit samples at 30 kHz per channel by multiplexing at 600 kHz. General considerations are discussed for rapid time domain multiplexing of high-impedance microelectrodes. Overall, this work describes a promising path forward for scaling neural recording systems to numbers of electrodes that are orders of magnitude larger.
Antidumping Investigations – Colombia's New Antidumping Decree (In Spanish)

This paper introduces some of the most relevant matters from the new antidumping regulation in Colombia (Decree 2550), which was enacted on July 15th, 2010.
Strategic application of wildland fire suppression in the southwestern United States

Much of the western United States is experiencing longer fire seasons with an increased frequency of high-severity fires and fire risk. Fire managers in the southwestern United States have increased efforts to reduce fire risk by managing more fires to meet resource objectives (e.g. thin forests, reduce hazardous fuel loads, and restore the landscape). However, little is known about the situational circumstances and decision space that inform the strategic response to wildland fire. Using generalized and time-to-event modeling techniques, we examined how fire management decisions are reached in a context informed by weather, burning conditions, and subsequent fire behavior. Modeling results captured daily containment probabilities along a gradient from limiting natural conditions to suppression invoked containment. Results inform fire management decisions, future research efforts, and the simulation of wildland fires with resource objectives.
A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Liraglutide for Adolescents with Obesity

Abstract Background Obesity is a chronic disease with limited treatment options in pediatric patients. Liraglutide may be useful for weight management in adolescents with obesity. Methods In this r...
American Children's Screen Time: Diminished Returns of Household Income in Black Families.

While increased household income is associated with overall decreased screen time for children, less is known about the effect of racial variation on this association. According to Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory, family income and other economic resources show weaker association with children’s developmental, behavioral, and health outcomes for racialized groups such as black families, due to the effect of racism and social stratification. In this study, we investigated the association, by race, between family income and children’s screen time, as a proxy of screen time. This longitudinal study followed 15,022 American children aged 9–11 over a 1-year period. The data came from the baseline of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The independent variable was family income, and it was categorized as a three-level nominal variable. The dependent variable, screen time, was a continuous variable. Ethnicity, gender, parental education, and marital status were the covariates. The results showed that family income was inversely associated with children’s screen time. However, there was a weaker inverse association seen in black families when compared with white families. This was documented by a significant statistical interaction between race and family income on children’s screen time. Diminished association between family income and children’s screen time for black families, compared with white families, is similar to MDRs and reflects a health risk to high-income black children. In a society where race and skin color determine opportunities and treatment by society, children from middle class black families remain at risk across multiple domains. We should not assume that income similarly promotes the health of all racial and ethnic groups. Addressing health and behavioral inequalities requires interventions that go beyond equalizing socioeconomic resources for black families. Marginalization, racism, and poverty interfere with the normal family income-related development of American children.
Assessment of degree-2 order-1 gravitational changes from GRACE and GRACE Follow-on, Earth rotation, satellite laser ranging, and models

We carry out a comprehensive analysis and assessment of degree-2 gravitational changes ΔC21, and ΔS21, estimated using the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE Follow-On (GFO), satellite laser ranging (SLR), Earth Orientation Parameters (EOP), and geophysical models over the period April 2002–February 2020. The four independent estimates of ΔC21 and ΔS21 variations agree well over a broad band of frequencies. The GRACE/GFO Release 6 (RL06) solutions show major improvements over the previous RL05 solutions at both seasonal and intra-seasonal time scales, when compared with EOP and SLR estimates. Among the four independent estimates, highest correlation coefficients and smallest RMS residuals are found between GRACE/GFO and EOP estimates of ΔC21 and ΔS21 variations. GRACE/GFO and EOP ΔC21 and ΔS21 estimates exhibit slightly different trends, which are related to the implementation and interpretation of the pole tide correction in GRACE/GFO data processing. This study provides an important early validation of GFO ΔC21 and ΔS21 solutions, especially the new pole tide correction applied in GRACE/GFO RL06 solutions using independent estimates.