cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conformation of mucous glycoproteins in aqueous solvents

Light-scattering techniques have been used to measure the z-average radius of gyration Rg z-average translational diffusion coefficient Dt and weight–average molecular weight Mw of porcine submaxillary mucin (PSM) in solution. PSM isolated at low shear in the presence of protease inhibitors has a Mw about twice as large as a sample prepared without these precautions. The former sample has a Mw of 17 × 106 in 0.1M NaCl, which decreases to 8 × 106 in 6M guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) and then to 2 × 106 on addition of 0.1M mercaptoethanol to the 6M GdnHCl solution. The Rg or D values obtained for PSM in this work superimpose with those of other authors for different mucin glycoproteins, leading to linear log–log relationships to the molecular weight of the protein core. Comparison of these results with those in the literature for denatured proteins suggest that mucins are linear random coils in which the protein core is stiffened by the presence of the oligosaccharide side chains. The length of the oligosaccharides and the nature of the solvent have little effect on the extension of the protein core. This suggests that the stiffness of the protein core is maintained by steric repulsion of the residues at the beginning of the oligosaccharide chains.
Reactive Perforating Collagenosis in the Setting of Prurigo Nodularis

A 33-year-old Korean woman developed reactive perforating collagenosis in adulthood. Initially, her lesions resembled prurigo nodularis rather than umbilicated keratotic papules.
Periampullary carcinoid tumor in a woman with neurofibromatosis.

LINICAL PRESENTATION: A 37-year-old woman with ype 1 neurofibromatosis (NF1) presented to the outpatient clinic n July, 2005, with symptoms of fatigue and lightheadedness. She ad a history of intermittent lower gastrointestinal bleeding and ad been hospitalized 6 months previously with a hemoglobin of .5 g/dl and a hematocrit of 23.8%. Upper and lower endoscopic tudies did not identify a bleeding source and an upper gastroinestinal barium study with follow through was also negative. She emained stable after receiving a total of 2 units of packed red blood ells and was discharged after 4 days. Outpatient capsule endosopy showed several areas of submucosal thickening without an bvious source of bleeding identified. Her medical history was significant for a resection of a highrade gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) of the jejunum in ovember 2002. The radial margin was positive for tumor, and he patient had been taking Gleevac (Imatinib mesylate) up to er recent hospitalization. She had recently self-discontinued his medication. At 4 months postoperatively, the patient had a ild elevation of her alkaline phosphatase to 230 IU/L and the emaining liver function tests were normal. A computed toography (CT) scan showed dilation of the common bile duct nd a 1.5 1.2 centimeter periampullary mass. An endoscopic etrograde pancreaticogram (ERCP) with a spincterotomy was erformed. A biopsy identified the mass as a carcinoid tumor Fig. 1). Her alkaline phosphatase level normalized. Given that he was at a high risk for recurrence of her GIST and that the arcinoid tumor would be slow growing, the decision was made o follow her closely and plan re-exploration if there was evience of recurrent GIST or progression of her carcinoid tumor. Her medical history was otherwise unremarkable, as was the eview of systems. Other operations included 1 cesarean section, a ilateral tubal ligation, and an incidental appendectomy. Physical xamination was unremarkable. She was found to have a hemogloin of 6.6 g/dl and a hematocrit of 21.8%. Chemistry, liver funcion tests, serum serotonin, pancreatic polypeptide, serum gastrin, nd a 24-hour urine 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid level were all within ormal limits. A CT scan in May 2005 showed a stable 1.5 1.2 entimeter mass in the periampullar region of the duodenum (Fig.
Proactive security for mobile messaging networks

The interoperability of IM (Instant Messaging) and SMS (Short Messaging Service) networks allows users to seamlessly use a variety of computing devices from desktops to cellular phones and mobile handhelds. However, this increasing convergence has also attracted the attention of malicious software writers. In the past few years, the number of malicious codes that target messaging networks, primarily IM and SMS, has been increasing exponentially. Large message volume and number of users in these networks renders manual mitigation of malicious software nearly impossible. This paper proposes automated and proactive security models to protect messaging networks from mobile worms and viruses. First, we present an algorithm for automated identification of the most vulnerable clients in the presence of a malicious attack, based on interactions among the clients. The simplicity of our approach enables easy integration in most client-server messaging systems. Next, we describe a proactive containment framework that applies two commonly-used mechanisms---rate-limiting and quarantine---to the dynamically-generated list of vulnerable clients in a messaging network whenever a worm or virus attack is suspected. Finally, we evaluate the effectiveness of proactive security in a cellular network using data from a large real-life SMS customer network, and compare it against other existing approaches. Most messaging networks can implement our proposed framework without any major modification of their existing infrastructure.
Biochemical indices of aerobic and anaerobic capacity in muscle tissues of California elasmobranch fishes differing in typical activity level

Biochemical indices of aerobic and anaerobic metabolic capacity were measured in white myotomal muscle of eight marine elasmobranch fish species representing a broad range of locomotor performance, and in red myotomal muscle and heart of three of those species. The objectives were to determine if metabolic capacities vary with typical fish activity level, to compare the endothermic mako shark with ectothermic pelagic sharks, and to compare elasmobranchs with teleosts in order to test the hypothesis that elasmobranchs have lower aerobic capacities, metabolic rates, and swimming speeds. In white myotomal muscle, activities of the enzymes citrate synthase (an index of aerobic capacity), pyruvate kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, an index of anaerobic capacity) covaried with typical activity level, and the ability to tolerate intracellular acidification (nonbicarbonate buffering capacity) corresponded with LDH activity. Enzyme activities in red muscle and heart did not show a consistent pattern with respect to fish activity. In comparison with ectothermic sharks, the mako shark had greater aerobic and anaerobic capacities in white muscle, but no significant differences were found in red muscle or heart. This pattern has also been found in teleosts. Thus, endothermic fishes elevate the temperature of red muscle, a tissue specialized for high aerobic performance, whereas white muscle biochemical characteristics are adjusted to support high rates of contraction both aerobically and anaerobically. Muscle enzymic activities of elasmobranchs and teleosts with comparable locomotor habits are similar, thus refuting the hypothesis that elasmobranchs are sluggish, with lower metabolic capacities than teleosts.
Inclusive hadron-hadron scattering in the Feynman gauge☆

Abstract We analyze the structure of high-energy inclusive hadron-hadron scattering in the Feynman gauge. We show that final-state interactions cancel on a graph-by-graph basis after a sum over final states. We go on to show that the leading high-energy behavior of disconnected parton scatterings in the Feynman gauge is the same as in physical gauges, after a sum over gauge-invariant sets of graphs. We point out that this result is in general not true for individual diagrams in the Feynman gauge, where gluon longitudinal degrees of freedom may lead to power infrared divergences. Our results justify the use of the Feynman gauge in arguments for factorization of leading-twist cross sections, and also in the analysis of disconnected multiparton scattering.
Temporary occlusion of the gastroesophageal junction: a modified technique for stabilization of the neonate with esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula requiring mechanical ventilation

Management of newborn infants with esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula that require mechanical ventilation is challenging. Without rapid control of the fistula, these patients develop profound respiratory failure and massive distention of the gastrointestinal tract. We present the case of a newborn who upon intubation exhibited respiratory failure and cardiovascular collapse, and in whom traditional intra-operative techniques to gain control of the tracheoesophageal fistula were unsuccessful. We describe a technique that temporarily occludes the gastroesophageal junction, and allows for stabilization of the neonate and definitive repair of the tracheoesophageal fistula.
Choice of oviposition sites by Manduca sexta and its consequences for egg and larval performance

The preference-performance hypothesis predicts that female insects should prefer to lay eggs in locations that enhance offspring performance. This study examines the choices of females regarding where to oviposit within plants, focusing on the hawkmoth Manduca sexta L. (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) and its host Datura wrightii Regel (Solanaceae) in the southwestern USA. Smaller Datura leaves provide cooler microclimates for eggs (which may lead to faster embryonic development, shortening their exposure to egg predators) and more nitrogen for larvae. In contrast, large leaves reach temperatures that are stressfully high (which slows embryonic development) and provide less nitrogen for larvae. Thus, we would expect females to oviposit on small leaves. To examine whether leaf size influences female preference and offspring performance, we used laboratory and field studies to address the following questions. (1) On what size leaves do females typically oviposit? (2) Does the distribution of eggs in nature differ from that expected by chance? And (3) how does leaf size affect survival or growth of eggs and larvae? We find that oviposition choices of females do not lead to the highest probability of offspring survival. Females lay eggs on larger leaves, likely due to the greater accessibility of those leaves; however, eggs are more likely to hatch on small leaves. Larvae grow faster on large leaves, but larvae are also surprisingly mobile, suggesting that the consequences of oviposition site are minor once eggs have hatched. Larval mobility was seen only in the field, not in the laboratory, emphasizing the importance of field studies for predicting real-world performance. Although females' leaf choices are potentially risky for eggs, the threats of high temperature and predation may vary sufficiently in space and time that there is no consistent selection for strong preferences. Furthermore, the fitness consequences for eggs and larvae largely offset each other and offspring are sufficiently mobile to cope with the conditions where they are laid.
ACTIVATION-INDUCED NK CELL DEATH TRIGGERED BY CD2 STIMULATION

Both T cells and natural killer (NK) cells express CD2, the target of an alternative activation pathway that induces the proliferation of both cell types. The mitogenic response to CD2 ligation requires the co-expression of CD3:TCR in T cells and FcgammaRIII in NK cells, suggesting that these receptors are involved in transducing the response initiated by CD2. The ability of FcgammaRIII to trigger the activation-induced death of IL-2-primed NK cells led us to investigate the potential for CD2 to trigger activation-induced NK cell death. Our results reveal that the same anti-CD2 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) that activate freshly isolated NK cells induce apoptosis in IL-2-primed NK cells. CD2-induced apoptosis results in chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation and cleavage of caspase-3. Activation-induced NK cell death triggered by CD2 ligation is extremely rapid (DNA fragmentation is first observed at 90 min) and it is not inhibited by neutralizing antibodies reactive with TNF-alpha or Fas ligand. Whereas mAb reactive with distinct CD2 epitopes (i.e. T11.1, T11.2, and T11.3) are required for activation-induced T cell death, mAb reactive with a single CD2 epitope are sufficient for activation-induced NK cell death. The ability of CD2, CD16, and CD94 to induce apoptosis in IL-2-primed lymphocytes suggests that cytokine priming changes the response to a signaling cascade that is common to each of these activation receptors.
Carbonate cycle and the buffer mechanism of recent oceans

Abstract Existing estimates of the fluxes of carbon dioxide and carbonates through the oceans are extended to include solution of calcium carbonate and oxidative regeneration of carbon dioxide at depth. The relative roles of carbonates and silicates in the buffer mechanism of the oceans are examined and it is shown that, within a short time scale, carbonates are the primary buffering agents.
Chromatography of Nucleic Acids on Cross-Linked Cyciodextrin Gels Having Inclusion-Forming Capacity

Abstract The characterization by UV spectral methods of the interaction between cyclodextrins and nucleic acid components yields the following information. Adenine nucleotides are found to interact most strongly with cycloheptaamylose, presumably by inclusion of the base within the cyciodextrin cavity. Factors influencing the interaction include pH, the position of phosphorylation of nucleotides, and the degree of polymerization of oligonucleotides. When epichloro-hydrin cross-linked cycloheptaamylose gel is used as a stationary phase for nucleic acid chromatography, adenine-containing compounds are retained most strongly. The factors affecting complex formation with free cycloheptaamylose have the same effects on gel chromatography of nucleic acids. It appears that cyciodextrin stationary phases are useful for fractionation of nucleic acids and of other classes of compounds with functional groups which can interact with cyciodextrin cavities.
An improved radioemmunoassay of serum gastrin using commercial kit

Abstract Our experience with a commercially available kit for the measurement of serum gastrin has been reported. Significant non-specific interference was noted by the addition of serum contents in the assay which lead to erroneous results. Use of gastrin free serum as a diluent in the standard curve was found to improve the mean recovery of added gastrin. With this modification the procedure was evaluated for its clinical application. In 30 normal subjects, the fasting mean gastrin level was 78.7 ± 31.9 (S.D.) pg/ml; in 18 of these individuals the postprandial mean level was 118.3 ± 26.7 (S.D.) pg/ml. In 15 patients with pernicious anemia the mean level was 912 ± 779 pg/ml; and in 4 patients with Zollinger-Ellison (ZE) syndrome the mean gastrin level was 1950 ± 379 (S.D.) pg/ml. A significant rise in gastrin level was noted in patients with kidney failure during and after dialysis (p
Theoretical comparison of a new and the traditional method to calculate Clostridium botulinum survival during thermal inactivation

When published isothermal survival data of Clostridium botulinum spores in the range 101-121 °C were plotted in the form of logS(t) vs t relationships, where S(t) is the momentary survival ratio, they were all non-linear. They had a noticeable upward concavity, in violation of the assumption that sporal inactivation is a process that follows first-order reaction order kinetics. They could be described by the power law model logS(t) = -b(T)t n(T) , where b(T) and n(T) are temperature-dependent coefficients of the order of 0.1-6 and about 0.4 respectively. These coefficients were used to construct simulated survival curves under different heating regimes with a recently proposed model. The model is based on the assumption that the local slope of the non-isothermal survival curve, or the momentary inactivation rate, is determined solely by the momentary temperature and survival ratio, which in turn are functions of the population thermal history. The survival curves calculated with this model differ considerably from those produced by the standard method based on the traditional D and Z values. The shortcomings of the standard model are that these values depend on the number of points taken for the regression, and that its predicted survival ratios depend on the selected reference temperature. The differential equation which is proposed to replace it can be solved numerically using a program such as Mathematica®. Its predictions solely depend on the observed survival patterns under isothermal conditions and not on any preconceived kinetic model. Nevertheless, the method still needs verification with experimental non-isothermal survival data, as has already been done with Listeria and Salmonella cells. La methode traditionelle de calcul de la survie des spores de Clostridium botulinum apres traitement thermique est basee sur un modele dont la cinetique est d'ordre 1. Ce modele n'est pas adapte, et un nouveau modele est propose: logS(t)=-b(T)t n(T) ou b(T) et n(T) sont des coefficients dependant de la temperature et S(t) le taux de survie instantane. Des courbes de survie sont construites, pour differents traitements thermiques. L'equation differentielle proposee peut etre resolue en utilisant le logiciel Mathematica®. La prediction depend uniquement des survies observees dans les conditions isothermales mais pas d'un modele cinetique.
A Practitioner’s Guide to Prescribing Lorazepam for Adults with Intellectual Disabilities

We developed this lorazepam guideline using drug prescribing ­information and reviewing the available literature on relevant neuropsychiatric disorders in populations without intellectual disabilities because of the dearth of available literature on the population with intellectual disabilities. This guideline includes indications; contraindications; assessments prior to and during treatment; dosing with particular focus on dosing modifications required by drug–drug interactions, personal characteristics, or genetic variants; and adverse drug reactions. The procedures contained in this guideline may not fully account for all of the possible risks of treatment in this population because of the limited studies available; thus, there will be a need to periodically update this guideline as new information becomes available. Nevertheless, we believe that this guideline provides a useful resource for clinicians who treat anxiety or catatonia in adult individuals with intellectual disabilities. A lorazepam drug utilization review that summarizes this guideline is described.
Evaluation of Antibiotic Efficacy Using Electron Microscopy: Morphological Effects of Guanylureido Cephalosporin, Chlorobenzoylureido Cephalosporin, BL-P1654, and Carbenicillin on Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The response of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to carbenicillin, BL-P1654, and two cephalosporins (112384 and 112883) was evaluated by minimal inhibitory concentration determinations, [(14)C]leucine uptake studies, morphological studies of colonial growth, and mouse intraperitoneal inoculations. Spheroplast formation and bacterial lysis were not the early response; instead, cell division was inhibited and long filaments were formed. Spheroplast formation and bacterial lysis were not observed in the first 7 h of incubation in minimal inhibitory concentrations of antibiotic.
Toward a More Complete Model of Individual Transferable Fishing Quotas: Implications of Incorporating the Processing Sector

Abstract Economic analyses of individual transferable quota (ITQ) fisheries management traditionally have focused on the harvesting sector. However, harvester decisions impact the economic performance of co-dependent processing firms. This paper incorporates both sectors in an analysis of the effect of ITQs on commercial fisheries. Results show that, as a consequence of season elongation under a harvester-only allocation of fishing rights, capital nonmalleability implies that processor quasi-rents will be redistributed to harvesters. These losses could promote political gridlock and jeopardize adoption of an ITQ policy unless they are fully compensated or unless redistribution is avoided by a policy-superior initial allocation of rights to both harvesters and processors.
The wrath of Ajax: A psychoanalytic study of Elizabethan discourse— The case of Harrington’s metamorphosis

Sir John Harington’s irreverent and iconoclastic Metamorphosis is subjected to the psychobiographic method of inquiry. The author is first analyzed in the context of his environment and his personality structure. The volume is shown to yield several distinct thematic foci: waste as a product, with its attributions of prurience, omnipotence, divinity, and evil; the eliminatory process and its prominence in life; and the jakes as a locale which is intrinsically related to power, vulnerability, and thanatos. Each of these themes is pursued in a synthesis of psychoanalysis, text analysis, and historical context. The study yields a poignant profile of a valiant challenge to taboo, while revealing the basic dynamics of a rigid and rule-moribund culture.
Multidimensional Team-Based Intervention Using Musical Cues to Reduce Odds of Facility-Acquired Pressure Ulcers in Long-Term Care: A Paired Randomized Intervention Study

Objectives: To test the effectiveness of a pressure ulcer (PU) prevention intervention featuring musical cues to remind all long-term care (LTC) staff (nursing and ancillary) to help every resident move or reposition every 2 hours. Design: Twelve-month paired-facility two-arm (with one-arm crossover) randomized intervention trial. Setting: Ten midwestern U.S. LTC facilities. Four treatment facilities received intervention during Months 1 to 12, four comparison facilities received intervention during Months 7 to 12, and two pseudo-control facilities received no intervention. Participants: LTC facility residents (N = 1,928). Intervention: All facility staff received in-person education, video, and handouts, and visiting family members received informational pamphlets on PU prevention and an intervention featuring musical cues. Nurse-led multidisciplinary staff teams presented the cues as prompts for staff and family to reposition residents or remind them to move. Musical selections (with and without lyrics) customized to facility preferences were played daily over the facility intercom or public address system every 2 hours for the 12-hour daytime period. Measurements: Primary outcome measure was the frequency of new facility-acquired PUs divided by the total number of facility Minimum Data Set (MDS) resident assessments conducted during the study period. Results: Odds of a new PU were lower in intervention facilities (P = .08) for MDS 2.0 assessments and were significantly lower (P = .05) for MDS 3.0. Mean odds ratios suggested intervention facility residents were 45% less likely than comparison facility residents to develop a new PU. Conclusion: Customized musical cues that prompt multidisciplinary staff teams to encourage or enable movement of all residents hold promise for reducing facility-acquired PUs in LTC settings.
IRF3 contributes to sepsis pathogenesis in the mouse cecal ligation and puncture model

Much remains to be learned regarding which components of the innate immune response are protective versus detrimental during sepsis. Prior reports demonstrated that TLR9 and MyD88 play key roles in the CLP mouse model of sepsis; however, the role of additional PRRs and their signaling intermediates remains to be explored. In a prior report, we demonstrated that the signal adaptor IRF3 contributes to the systemic inflammatory response to liposome:DNA. We hypothesized that IRF3 might likewise promote sepsis in the CLP model. Here, we present results demonstrating that IRF3-KO mice have reduced disease score, mortality, hypothermia, and bacterial load following CLP versus WT counterparts. This is paired with reduced levels of systemic inflammatory mediators in IRF3-KO mice that undergo CLP. We demonstrate that peritoneal cells from WT CLP mice produce more cytokines than IRF3-KO counterparts on a per-cell basis; however, there are more cells in the peritoneum of IRF3-KO CLP mice. Finally, we show that IRF3 is activated in macrophages cultured with live or sonicated commensal bacteria. These results demonstrate that IRF3 plays a detrimental role in this mouse model of sepsis.
Large Eddy Simulation of Flow and Heat Transfer in a 90° Ribbed Duct With Rotation: Effect of Coriolis and Centrifugal Buoyancy Forces

Results from large eddy simulations (LES) of fully developed flow in a 90° ribbed duct are presented with rib pitch-to-height ratio P/e = 10 and a rib height-to-hydraulic-diameter ratio e/Dh = 0.1. Three rotation numbers Ro = 0.18, 0.36 and 0.68 are studied at a nominal Reynolds number based on bulk velocity of 20,000. Centrifugal buoyancy effects are included at two Richardson numbers of Ri = 12, 28 (Buoyancy number, Bo = 0.12 and 0.30) for each rotation case. Buoyancy strengthens the secondary flow cells in the duct cross-section which leads to an increase of 20% to 30% in heat transfer augmentation at the smooth walls over and above the effect of Coriolis forces. Buoyancy also accentuates the augmentation of turbulence near the trailing wall of the duct and increases the heat transfer augmentation ratio 10% to 20% over the action of Coriolis forces alone. However, it does not have any significant effect at the leading side of the duct. The overall effect of buoyancy on heat transfer augmentation for the ribbed duct is found to be less than 10% over the effect of Coriolis forces alone. Friction on the other hand is augmented 15% to 20% at the highest buoyancy number studied. Comparison with available experiments in the literature show excellent agreement.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Pricing a bestseller: sales and visibility in the marketplace for mobile apps

The growth of mobile applications on smartphones and tablets ("apps") ranks as one of the most astonishing technological developments in recent past. Over 700,000 apps are available for immediate download from app markets (e.g., App Store and Google Play). These marketplaces are a significant disruptive change in the way content is created and consumed. On the supply side, they provide content creators direct, instantaneous, and popular distribution systems where they can implement their own marketing and pricing policies, cutting out middlemen.Taking a combined data-driven and structural analysis approach, this paper focuses on the relationship between pricing decisions and marketplace visibility. Our aim is to empower content creators by offering strategic guidance on how to leverage the marketplaces' exibility. Specifically, the market platforms feature "top-ranked" charts that list apps by number of downloads. A high position in these charts is followed by a remarkable boost in demand, according to industry sources. We call the effect of top-rank position on future sales an indirect effect. First, we postulate a reduced form model to estimate the magnitude of this indirect effect. Our results show that it is statistically significant and substantial. Second, we study app pricing decisions in a model that incorporates our earlier findings. Surprisingly, we find that accounting for the indirect effect may give rise to optimal price cycles, where the seller alternates between a high price to boost revenue and a low one to enhance visibility. We find evidence supporting this pricing behavior in practice.
Towards Fine-grained Citation Function Classification

We look into the problem of recognizing citation functions in scientific literature, trying to reveal authors’ rationale for citing a particular article. We introduce an annotation scheme to annotate citation functions in scientific papers with coarse-to-fine-grained categories, where the coarse-grained annotation roughly corresponds to citation sentiment and the finegrained annotation reveals more about citation functions. We implement a Maximum Entropy-based system trained on annotated data under this scheme to automatically classify citation functions in scientific literature. Using combined lexical and syntactic features, our system achieves the F-measure of 67%.
A sequential extension of the unified MAP track estimation method

A maximum a-posteriori (MAP) estimator for multitarget tracking based on sensor array data has been derived for temporally uncorrelated signals and uncorrelated contact tracks. This batch estimator is an iterative algorithm employing a nested pair of expectation maximization (EM) based algorithms. The 'hidden data' are direction-of-arrival estimates of synthetic signal estimates, each conditioned on prior track distributions. In this paper, the batch method is extended to operate in a sequential manner by defining a moving batch window and stride for processing the incoming data. Comparisons to the full batch method are presented and discussed.
Anticipatory Nausea and Vomiting in Pediatric Cancer Patients

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and correlates of anticipatory nausea and vomiting in a sample of pediatric patients with cancer who were receiving outpatient chemotherapy. Forty male and female patients representing a broad range of diagnoses were interviewed with their parents concerning nausea and vomiting before and after chemotherapy. Anticipatory nausea was reported by 28.8% of the sample; anticipatory vomiting was present in 20% of the sample. An additional 9% had experienced anticipatory nausea and vomiting in the past but not currently. Anticipatory nausea and vomiting was positively correlated with the emetic potential of chemotherapeutic regimens and the severity of nausea and vomiting after chemotherapy; anticipatory nausea and vomiting most often developed within the first 4 months of treatment. Onset of anticipatory nausea and vomiting usually occurred two to four hours before treatment and was most severe at the actual time of drug administration. Considerable interpatient variability was observed, with treatment-related factors accounting for only 22% of the variance in the occurrence of anticipatory nausea and vomiting. These findings are considered within a behavioral framework for understanding conditioned aversions in pediatric patients with cancer. Implications for patient education, future research on the prediction of children at risk, and intervention are discussed.
Brown and Beige Fat: Molecular Parts of a Thermogenic Machine

The epidemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes has increased interest in pathways that affect energy balance in mammalian systems. Brown fat, in all of its dimensions, can increase energy expenditure through the dissipation of chemical energy in the form of heat, using mitochondrial uncoupling and perhaps other pathways. We discuss here some of the thermodynamic and cellular aspects of recent progress in brown fat research. This includes studies of developmental lineages of UCP1+ adipocytes, including the discovery of beige fat cells, a new thermogenic cell type. We also discuss the physiology and transcriptional control of brown and beige cells in rodents and the state of current knowledge about human brown fat.
Patient recall in advanced education in prosthodontics programs in the United States.

Purpose: This study surveyed program directors of Advanced Education Programs in Prosthodontics (AEPP) in the United States to determine the extent, type, incidence, and perceived effectiveness of implemented recall systems. Material and Methods: Surveys were sent to AEPP directors across the United States to assess their program's recall protocol. This survey first identified whether an active recall program existed. For programs with recall systems, rigor in promoting ongoing oral health was surveyed by focusing on recall frequency, patient tracking protocol, involved personnel, interaction with other university departments, provided clinical procedures, and therapy completion protocol. Whether the directors perceived that their recall system was successful was also investigated. Results: Thirty-three of 46 programs responded, giving a response rate of 72%. Of these 33 programs, only 21 (64%) had an active recall system, although 30 (91%) believed recall to be important. Twelve (57%) directors with recall programs considered their system to be effective. Conclusions: Prosthodontic program directors felt their program's recall effectiveness could be improved. Due to the numerous potential benefits of an active recall system, AEPPs should consider implementing or enhancing their recall programs. Further studies are indicated to determine specific criteria that describe an effective recall system for prosthodontic programs within the context of patient health promotion, program curriculum, and financial ramifications.
Some Fine combinatorics

In 1988, N.J. Fine published a monograph entitled Basic Hypergeometric Series and Applications in which he proved a number of results concerning the series F(a,b;t:q). In this paper, we present a new combinatorial interpretation for the series F(a,b;t:q) and use Fine’s work as a guide for proving the Rogers–Fine identity and many of its properties in this setting.
Positive and Negative Design in Stability and Thermal Adaptation of Natural Proteins

The aim of this work is to elucidate how physical principles of protein design are reflected in natural sequences that evolved in response to the thermal conditions of the environment. Using an exactly solvable lattice model, we design sequences with selected thermal properties. Compositional analysis of designed model sequences and natural proteomes reveals a specific trend in amino acid compositions in response to the requirement of stability at elevated environmental temperature: the increase of fractions of hydrophobic and charged amino acid residues at the expense of polar ones. We show that this “from both ends of the hydrophobicity scale” trend is due to positive (to stabilize the native state) and negative (to destabilize misfolded states) components of protein design. Negative design strengthens specific repulsive non-native interactions that appear in misfolded structures. A pressure to preserve specific repulsive interactions in non-native conformations may result in correlated mutations between amino acids that are far apart in the native state but may be in contact in misfolded conformations. Such correlated mutations are indeed found in TIM barrel and other proteins.
Biology of Cardiac Arrhythmias: Ion Channel Protein Trafficking

The mechanisms underlying normal and abnormal cardiac rhythms are complex and incompletely understood. Through the study of uncommon inheritable arrhythmia syndromes, including the long QT and Brugada syndromes, new insights are emerging. At the cellular and tissue levels, we now recognize that ion channel current is the sum of biophysical (gating, permeation), biochemical (phosphorylation, etc), and biogenic (biosynthesis, processing, trafficking, and degradation) properties. This review focuses on how heart cells process ion channel proteins and how this protein trafficking may be altered in some cardiac arrhythmia diseases. In this review, we honor Dr Harry A. Fozzard, a modern pioneer in cardiac arrhythmias, cell biology, and molecular electrophysiology. As a scientist and physician, his writings and mentorship have served to foster a generation of investigators who continue to bring this complex field toward greater scientific understanding and impact on humankind.
Direction of Arrival Estimation of Humans with a Small Sensor Array Using an Artificial Neural Network

An array processing algorithm based on artiflcial neural networks (ANNs) is proposed to estimate the directions of arrival (DOAs) of moving humans using a small sensor array. In the approach, software beamforming is flrst performed on the received signals from the sensor elements to form a number of overlapping beams. The received signals from all the beams produce a unique \signature" in accordance with the target locations as well as the number of targets. The target tracking procedure is handled by two separate ANNs in sequence. The flrst ANN determines the number of targets, and the second ANN estimates their respective DOAs. The ANNs are trained using simulation data generated based on a point scatterer model in free space. The proposed approach is tested using measurement data from two loudspeakers and two walking humans in line-of-sight and through-wall environments.
Invariant Euler–Lagrange Equations and the Invariant Variational Bicomplex

In this paper, we derive an explicit group-invariant formula for the Euler- Lagrange equations associated with an invariant variational problem. The method relies on a group-invariant version of the variational bicomplex induced by a general equivariant moving frame construction, and is of independent interest.
Fabrication and modeling of a planar magnetic structure with directly etched windings

Methodology for directly growing three-dimensional windings on a planar, insulated ferromagnetic core through the process of electroplating and etching is presented in this paper. Designs employing high frequency inductors and transformers built in such a fashion offer tight control over parasitics from sample to sample while achieving higher power density and lower profile compared to other popular planar structures. Further, such structures are believed to be suitable as fundamental building blocks for magnetics designs with standardized cores and pre-electroplated, standardized winding patterns. They can be surface mounted on a PCB and configured by the end-user to meet his or her design specifications. To facilitate rapid design evaluation and achieve shorter design cycles, reduced-order analytical modeling based on Schwarz-Christoffel mapping and method of images for estimating parasitics of the structure is presented. The results of the models are compared against finite element modeling and experimental measurements, and are found to be acceptably accurate.
Kilometer-thick ice accumulation and glaciation in the northern mid-latitudes of Mars: Evidence for crater-filling events in the Late Amazonian at the Phlegra Montes

article i nfo Article history: Accepted 25 August 2009 Available online 25 September 2009 Amazonian non-polar ice deposits on Mars record periods and events when the climate differed substantially from that of today. Particularly evident are examples of ice-rich deposits in the martian mid-latitudes (lobate debris aprons, lineated valley fill, and concentric crater fill). Uncertain, however, is the amount of ice remaining in these deposits today, and the thickness of ice that might have existed when they formed. Here, we use HRSC, CTX and HiRISE imagery and MOLA topographic data to document an occurrence of concentric crater fill within which the past minimum volume of ice can be constrained. An ~8 km impact crater is superposed on the rim of a ~32 km impact crater near the contact between the Phlegra Montes and the Vastitas Borealis Formation in the northern mid-latitudes of Mars. We find evidence for flow from the larger crater into the perched smaller crater that indicates an earlier period of significant ice accumulation and glaciation within this double crater. Lobate ridges observed outside of the perched younger crater suggest that ice filled and overtopped the crater rim, providing minimum estimates of ice thickness and volume within the system. Glacial ice must have been at least ~1000 m thick to overtop the rims of both craters and induce gravitational flow onto the surrounding plains, with a minimum volume of ice of ~750 km 3 . This is the first volumetric measurement of this kind on Mars for concentric crater fill craters, and the thickness is comparable to that measured in a lineated valley fill glacial system along the dichotomy boundary at a similar latitude. We also document late-stage episodes of more localized glacial flow that include ridges on valley walls that we interpret as late-stage glacial high-stands, and concentric crater fill (CCF) that characterizes most of the present-day crater floor. Similar deposits in a crater ~60 km to the northeast suggest that such episodes were at least regional in nature. This sequence provides evidence for significant spin-axis/orbital parameter-driven shifts in the Late Amazonian climate of Mars and suggests that regional ice sheets may have existed in the mid-latitudes of Mars within the last several hundred million years.
Deactivation of Hepatic Stellate Cells During Liver Fibrosis Resolution in Mice

Background & Aims Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), the main fibrogenic cell type in the liver, undergo apoptosis after cessation of liver injury, which contributes to resolution of fibrosis. In this study, we investigated whether HSC deactivation constitutes an additional mechanism of liver fibrosis resolution. Methods HSC activation and deactivation were investigated by single-cell PCR and genetic tracking in transgenic mice that expressed a tamoxifen-inducible CreER under control of the endogenous vimentin promoter (Vimentin-CreER). Results Single-cell quantitative polymerase chain reaction demonstrated activation of almost the entire HSC population in fibrotic livers, and a gradual decrease of HSC activation during fibrosis resolution, indicating deactivation of HSCs. Vimentin-CreER marked activated HSCs, demonstrated by a 6- to 16-fold induction of a membrane-bound green fluorescent protein (mGFP) Cre-reporter after injection of carbon tetrachloride, in liver and isolated HSCs, and a shift in localization of mGFP-marked HSCs from peri-sinusoidal to fibrotic septa. Tracking of mGFP-positive HSCs revealed the persistence of 40%–45% of mGFP expression in livers and isolated HSCs 30–45 days after carbon tetrachloride was no longer administered, despite normalization of fibrogenesis parameters; these findings confirm reversal of HSC activation. After fibrosis resolution, mGFP expression was observed again in desmin-positive peri-sinusoidal HSCs; no mGFP expression was detected in hepatocytes or cholangiocytes, excluding mesenchymal-epithelial transition. Notably, reverted HSCs remained in a primed state, with higher levels of responsiveness to fibrogenic stimuli. Conclusions In mice, reversal of HSC activation contributes to termination of fibrogenesis during fibrosis resolution, but results in higher responsiveness of reverted HSCs to recurring fibrogenic stimulation.
European Society of Cardiology and American College of Cardiology guidelines for redefinition of myocardial infarction: How to use existing assays clinically and for clinical trials

Abstract Background The European Society of Cardiology and American College of Cardiology guidelines for redefinition of myocardial infarction suggest that the cutoff value for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) be the 99th percentile of the reference population at a level measured with imprecision (coefficient of variation) ≥10%. No current commercially available troponin assay meets this requirement. Accordingly, questions have been raised about how to implement cutoff values from the guidelines. The Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive druG Evaluation (COURAGE) trial asked for recommendations concerning the use of troponin assays for the trial. Methods Cutoff values for the various assays were obtained from package inserts or from direct communication with manufacturers. Results The cutoff value with ≥10% imprecision was above the 99th percentile of the reference range for all assays. For the present, we suggest that this value be used for clinical and clinical trial purposes. It will account for analytic variability and individual biological changes. We provide recommendations for clinical practice and clinical trials concerning how to make the diagnosis of AMI in patients with ischemic symptoms and patients who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass surgery. Conclusions This is a first attempt to define cutoff values on the basis of the European Society of Cardiology and American College of Cardiology guidelines. These criteria will provide increased consistency until assays improve to allow full implementation of the guidelines. (Am Heart J 2002;144981-6.)
Lithocholic acid disrupts phospholipid and sphingolipid homeostasis leading to cholestasis in mice

Lithocholic acid (LCA) is an endogenous compound associated with hepatic toxicity during cholestasis. LCA exposure in mice resulted in decreased serum lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and sphingomyelin levels due to elevated lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LPCAT) and sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase (SMPD) expression. Global metabolome analysis indicated significant decreases in serum palmitoyl-, stearoyl-, oleoyl-, and linoleoyl-LPC levels after LCA exposure. LCA treatment also resulted in decreased serum sphingomyelin levels and increased hepatic ceramide levels, and induction of LPCAT and SMPD messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) induced Lpcat2/4 and Smpd3 gene expression in primary hepatocytes and the induction was diminished by pretreatment with the SMAD3 inhibitor SIS3. Furthermore, alteration of the LPCs and Lpcat1/2/4 and Smpd3 expression was attenuated in LCA-treated farnesoid X receptor-null mice that are resistant to LCA-induced intrahepatic cholestasis. Conclusion: This study revealed that LCA induced disruption of phospholipid/sphingolipid homeostasis through TGF-β signaling and that serum LPC is a biomarker for biliary injury. (HEPATOLOGY 2011;)
ON THE THEORY OF BAGS

We introduce the bag structure as a set-like object in which repeated elements are significant. We discuss operations on bags such as intersection, union and addition. We introduce the operation of selecting elements from a bag based upon their membership in a set. We show the usefulness of the bag structure in relational data bases. We provide a definition for fuzzy bags. In these fuzzy bags the count of the number of elements itself becomes a crisp bags. We investigate a calculus for fuzzy bags.
Intracellular Potassium Activity in Normal and Hypoxic Guinea Pig Papillary Muscle

It has been generally accepted by cardiac electrophysiologists that the diastolic (resting) membrane potential, ED, of myocardial cells is determined, primarily, by the potassium equilibrium potential, EK (2). This has been shown to be true for myocardial cells in which intracellular potassium activity, ai(K), has been measured with potassium selective microelectrodes (4, 8). McDonald and MacLeod, however, published experimental results (5), which they later expanded (6), from which they concluded that under some conditions ED is not primarily determined by EK. They superfused guinea pig papillary muscles under nitrogen and found there was a large loss of intracellular potassium but ED did not increase as much as EK, i.e. ED became negative with respect to EK.. They concluded that during hypoxia, ED was maintained negative with respect to EK. by electrogenic sodium pumping. Bosteels et al. (2) did similar experiments with embryonic chick heart and found, to the contrary, that ED always remained positive with respect to EK. We have repeated the experiments with guinea pig papillary muscles using potassium selective electrodes, instead of whole tissue analysis, to measure intracellular potassium.
A case study of the energy consumption of desktop computers

The authors present a case study of desktop personal computer energy consumption, and identify two strategies to reduce electricity consumption by the computers and their peripherals. The measured plug loads of the computers and peripherals were 3.4 W/m/sup 2/, much lower than the 14.0 W/m/sup 2/ load calculated from nameplate ratings. Custom software that recorded the time each computer was turned on, and subsequent keyboard activity, was installed on 62 machines. Actual computer use data were recovered from 33 of these machines. There were long periods during both the night and day when the computers were turned on but not being used, indicating that significant savings can be achieved if electricity consumption is more closely tailored to actual use. >