cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metabolism of Free Citric Acid in the Rat.

SummaryCitric acid administered to the rat is absorbed since no extra citric acid appears in the feces and intestinal contents do not destroy it. The albino rat has the ability to completely metabolize maximum non-fatal quantities of free citric acid.
Women Leaders in Higher Education: Shattering the Myths by Tanya Fitzgerald

“You have won rooms of your own in the house hitherto exclusively owned by men” (Woolf, 1942, p. 242). Setting the stage of her text in Virginia Woolf’s description of the professional challenges o...
Behavioral Chain Analysis of Yucca Remains at Antelope House

ABSTRACTBehavioral chain analysis was devised by Schiffer to reconstruct activity sets where redeposition of wastes and reuse patterns have scattered the evidences of them. This paper is a preliminary attempt to apply his method lo yucca remains from Antelope House.
A Renewed Christian Politics

Despite more than two decades of revisionist scholarship, Locke’s political theory remains most often associated with the Western liberal constitutional state. His major statement on politics, the Two Treatises of Government, exercised significant influence during the eighteenth century, especially in Britain’s American colonies where ideas of natural rights, popular sovereignty, contractual government, the legitimacy of revolution and of religious toleration together provided some of the intellectual background to the war for colonial independence.1 Locke continues to be read as the defender of Whig principles, the key spokesperson for government exercising legislative, executive, and federative powers based upon known laws, not the will of men, for the autonomy of the individual and the moral propriety of property ownership. Thus to argue that his was a distinctly ‘Christian’ politics, particularly in light of the fact that the Two Treatises precludes the involvement of the magistrate in the religious affairs of his subjects, in effect transforming the state into an exclusively terrestrial organization, may seem peculiar. Even in light of the argument, initially made almost three decades ago, that one cannot fully appreciate Locke’s politics without first coming to terms with his religious convictions and his reflections on community, one is still obliged to make explicit the precise connections between Locke’s Christian faith and his anti-authoritarian formula for civil society.
Concern for Unfair Competition

Those, such as the Securities Industry Association, who oppose giving commercial banks the right to deal directly in securities argue that ‘[b]anks are inherently unfair competitors outside of banking, if, as is now the case, they can use their federally-derived banking relationships, credit sources and credit tools to promote their non- banking business’ (Securities Industry Association, 1987, p. 12). Mehle (1975), who presented probably the best and most influential statement of concern about unfair competition, enumerates the specifics of the unfair advantages banks are said to possess. In analysing the arguments on bank underwriting of municipal revenue bonds, Mehle finds that ‘neither the default nor the market risk argument militates against bank underwriting of revenue bonds’ (ibid., p. 1132, footnote excluded).1 He finds unpersuasive the evidence for and against predictions that bank entry into revenue bond underwriting would lower costs to municipalities. Nonetheless, he concludes that banks should not be allowed to engage directly in underwriting, because they ‘enjoy significant competitive advantages over non- bank underwriters — lower cost of capital, tax deductibility of carrying costs, and captive markets — making underwriting competition between the two groups unfair’2 (ibid., p. 1155).
A novel detector to detect colluded non-technical loss frauds in smart grid

A Non-Technical Loss (NTL) fraud occurs when a fraudster tampers with a smart meter so that the meter registers less electricity consumption than the actual consumed amount, and therefore the utility becomes the victim who suffers the corresponding economic loss. In the literature, many detection schemes have been proposed to detect NTL frauds. However, some NTL frauds are far more complicated than what the existing schemes expect. We recently discovered a new potential type of frauds, a variant of NTL frauds, called Colluded Non-Technical Loss (CNTL) frauds in the Smart Grid. In a CNTL fraud, multiple fraudsters can co-exist or collaborate to commit the fraud. Existing detection schemes cannot detect CNTL frauds since these methods do not consider the co-existing or collaborating fraudsters, and therefore cannot distinguish one from many fraudsters. In this paper, we propose a CNTL fraud detector to detect CNTL frauds. The proposed method can quickly detect a tampered meter based on recursive least squares. After identifying the tampered meter, the proposed scheme can detect different fraudsters using mathematical models. Our experiments show that our method is effective in detecting CNTL frauds.
Visual-search model observer for assessing mass detection in CT

Our aim is to devise model observers (MOs) to evaluate acquisition protocols in medical imaging. To optimize protocols for human observers, an MO must reliably interpret images containing quantum and anatomical noise under aliasing conditions. In this study of sampling parameters for simulated lung CT, the lesion-detection performance of human observers was compared with that of visual-search (VS) observers, a channelized nonprewhitening (CNPW) observer, and a channelized Hoteling (CH) observer. Scans of a mathematical torso phantom modeled single-slice parallel-hole CT with varying numbers of detector pixels and angular projections. Circular lung lesions had a fixed radius. Twodimensional FBP reconstructions were performed. A localization ROC study was conducted with the VS, CNPW and human observers, while the CH observer was applied in a location-known ROC study. Changing the sampling parameters had negligible effect on the CNPW and CH observers, whereas several VS observers demonstrated a sensitivity to sampling artifacts that was in agreement with how the humans performed.
AERODYNAMICS OF NASALIZATION

Publisher Summary The pressure and airflow patterns associated with various sounds differ as a result of the characteristic postures assumed by vocal tract structures during their production. These postures also determine, to a great extent, how the sounds are perceived by the listener. For example, normal nasalization during the production of /m/, /n/, and /η/ occurs when the velopharyngeal orifice is open and the nasal airway is patent. Air flows through the nasal cavity, and the sounds that are produced are perceived by the listener as nasal. This chapter reviews the aerodynamics associated with normal nasal resonance, excessive nasal resonance, and reduced nasal resonance. The chapter describes the way the nose and velopharyngeal mechanism affect the aerodynamics of nasalization; however, the components of the speech system do not function in isolation. That is, speech structures interact in a coordinated fashion, and the changes in one structure ultimately affect other structures as well.
Information Technology Security Management

Information technology security management can be defined as processes that supported enabling organizational structure and technology to protect an organization’s IT operations and assets against internal and external threats, intentional or otherwise. The principle purpose of IT security management is to ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability (CIA) of IT systems. Fundamentally, security management is a part of the risk management process and business continuity strategy in an organization.
The Need for Prosocial Leaders

This first chapter sets the theoretical context for the book and the development of prosocial leadership theory and the prosocial leadership development process. The chapter highlights the need for individuals to act as stewards who take responsibility for the world’s environmental and social issues. The chapter then moves towards a stewardship model, which is theoretically supported by numerous corporate social responsibility initiatives, all of which share the importance of leadership as an initiating factor. The chapter resolves by arguing for the importance of raising up intrinsically motivated, and personally devoted, prosocial leaders as the initial and catalytic element to foster global stewardship, that being leaders who take personal and organizational responsibility.
Observation of Global Hyperon Polarization in Ultrarelativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions

Abstract Collisions between heavy nuclei at ultra-relativistic energies form a color-deconfined state of matter known as the quark-gluon plasma. This state is well described by hydrodynamics, and non-central collisions are expected to produce a fluid characterized by strong vorticity in the presence of strong external magnetic fields. The STAR Collaboration at Brookhaven National Laboratory's Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) has measured collisions between gold nuclei at center of mass energies s NN = 7.7 – 200 GeV . We report the first observation of globally polarized Λ and Λ ¯ hyperons, aligned with the angular momentum of the colliding system. These measurements provide important information on partonic spin-orbit coupling, the vorticity of the quark-gluon plasma, and the magnetic field generated in the collision.
Abstract TP338: Outcomes After Carotid Endarterectomy Among Dual-eligible Medicare-Medicaid Beneficiaries, 2003-2010

Background: Over 9 million dual-eligible beneficiaries rely on both Medicare and Medicaid to obtain critical medical services. Medicaid serves as a safety net for low-income Medicare beneficiaries ...
Everybody Sucks 2016

Bitecofer uses public opinion data to analyze voters’ evaluations of Clinton and Trump: the two most disliked candidates to ever run for president. When asked for the one word that best described Hillary Clinton voters overwhelmingly choose the word liar. Top words for Donald Trump include racist, idiot, and crazy. Even partisans were wary of their own party’s nominee. 50% of Democrats said that Hillary Clinton made them feel angry at least some of the time while 54% of Republicans reported being afraid of their own nominee at least some of the time. The only way either of these nominees were competitive to win the White House was by running against each other.
Enabling Widespread Use of Microporous Materials for Challenging Organic Solvent Separations

Organic solvent separations could revolutionize the field of separations by enabling new low energy, low carbon emission technologies. Microporous materials are potential game changers for these challenging separations due to their ability to provide superb size and shape discrimination; however, large-scale application of these materials has yet to be adopted. This critical perspective will discuss the current state of the art in the separation of similarly sized organic molecules via microporous membranes and provide key focus areas for future research.
Batten disease and parents: marital quality, support, and communication

Background: The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses, collectively known as Batten disease, are rare pediatric neurodegenerative disorders resulting in blindness, progressive motor impairment, dementia, and premature death. This study identified services and support accessed by parents of children with Batten disease and assessed parental marital quality. Methods: Parents completed a survey to identify services their affected children received, and their own uses of social support, information, and online resources. We used the Dyadic Adjustment Scale to evaluate parental marital quality. Results: 29 parents of 23 Batten-affected children completed the survey. 18 children (78%) received receiving in-home nursing or paraprofessional care. Over 90% of parents used the internet and social media to learn or talk about Batten disease; their preferred learning method was from other parents of children with Batten disease. Batten parent marital quality was significantly lower than that reported in studies of the general population or parents of children with chronic, but non-neurodegenerative, disease. Conclusions: Parents expressed an interest in and preference for parent-to-parent communication for support and information about Batten disease. Further work is needed to understand factors associated with the significantly lower marital quality among Batten parents.
Linking components of complex signals to morphological part: the role of anther and corolla in the complex floral display

Signals used in communication are frequently complex, being composed of multiple signal components that in combination improve information transfer. A variety of morphological parts are typically used to transmit components of any given complex signal. Our understanding of why a given morphological part is used to transmit a given signal component is poor. We hypothesized that the function of a given signal component is improved by its association with its morphological part and that such parts interact functionally to transmit information. In a laboratory study we characterized the function of different floral signal components transmitted by associated floral parts and the interaction of those signal components. Using Solanum houstonii flowers, we focused on two major floral parts, corolla and anthers, involved in signalling bumblebee, Bombus impatiens , visitors. We further examined how experience affected the relationship between signal component and floral part. Floral visits involve a stepwise process in which bees approach, land and acquire pollen. We found that the corolla plays the dominant role in eliciting approaches by bees, whether naive or experienced. Landing is elicited by corolla signals and, to a lesser but additive degree, anther signals. Following experience, anther signals nearly completely dominate corolla signals in eliciting landing. The anthers convey signals mediating pollen acquisition, regardless of the bee's experience level. Our findings suggest there is selection for specific relationships between signal components and morphological parts, which in turn might drive complex signal evolution.
Synthesis of an N-way arbitrary power divider

A method for synthesizing an N-way arbitrary split power divider is presented, based on parallel re-proportioning of the output ports of an M-way equal split power divider. The results of this synthesis can be related to those obtained in other analyses of the power divider. Applying the synthesis concept, the general equations for the input and output reflection coefficients and the transmission coefficients of the N-way arbitrary divider are derived. They are shown to be dependent on M and the output power ratio, but not dependent on N. Further, the input reflection coefficient of the N-way arbitrary split power divider is found to be the same as that of the underlying M-way equal split power divider. Examples show how the derived equations can be used to design a divider for optimal bandwidth.
Self-assembly of nanoparticle-rich interphases in fiber reinforced polymeric composites using migrating agents

AbstractThermoplastic additives, known as migrating agents, can be added to nanoparticle loaded thermosetting resins to form self-assembled nanoparticle structures. Most notably, in fiber reinforce...
Incidence and Clinical Significance of New-Onset Device-Detected Atrial Tachyarrhythmia: A Meta-Analysis

Background: Despite the clear association between atrial fibrillation and risk for thromboembolic events (TEs), the clinical significance of new-onset device-detected atrial tachyarrhythmia (DDAT) and TE remains disputed. We aimed to determine the risk of TE in patients with new-onset DDAT. Methods and Results: The OVID Medline, Cochrane, and Scopus databases (inception to November 2016) were searched. Randomized controlled trials, prospective, or retrospective studies of pacemaker or defibrillator patients reporting incidence of DDAT were selected. Summary statistics were used for analysis. Of 4893 reports identified, 28 studies following 24 984 patients were included: average age 69.9 years, 34.7% women, mean study duration 21.8±18.6 months. New-onset DDAT was observed in 23% of patients. Among 9 studies (n=8181) reporting TE, the absolute incidence was 2.1%. TE risk was significantly greater among patients with new-onset DDAT (relative risk [RR], 2.88; 95% CI, 1.79–4.64; P P P =0.01). Notably, the risk of TE was also increased in patients with adjudicated atrial electrograms (RR, 3.60; 95% CI, 2.06–6.30; P P =0.03), even when lower mean thresholds for detection were used. Conclusions: New-onset DDAT is common, affecting close to one quarter of all patients with implanted pacemakers or defibrillators. Adjudication of atrial electrograms further identifies at-risk patients, even when relatively short detection thresholds are used.
Timing effects in auditory-related forward predictions

Violation of learned sensory consequences may generate neural “error” signals that inform subsequent behavior. We investigated how this feedback loop might function in human audition, focusing specifically on timing mismatch signals in cortical structures. Participants pressed a button to trigger a sound at an expected, delayed onset. This sound was usually a broadband click (“standard”), but sometimes a low-pass filtered click (“target”). During 100% of trials during the first two experimental blocks, and on >80% of subsequent trials, these sounds occurred ~1 s after a button press. On the remaining <20% of trials, standards were presented slightly early (“early deviants”) or slightly late (“late deviants”) by 150–200 ms. Listeners were told to respond with a button press to targets; they were not informed about the timing manipulation. We used electroencephalography (EEG) to compare responses evoked by the physically identical expected standards, early deviants, and late deviants. EEG responses evoked by standards and temporal deviants appeared to reflect inter-subject differences in baseline auditory encoding strength, differences in mismatch encoding strength, and/or motor-induced suppression. Subsequent analyses will attempt to disambiguate the relative strength of these contributions, with the goal of determining the extent to which forward sensory predictions in audition reflect expected timing.
Phylogenetics and Ontogenetics of the Complement Systems

The biological significance of the complement (C) systems, e.g., the classical and alternative C pathways, has recently become more fully appreciated with the recognition of a number of C deficiencies associated with disease in man and laboratory animals (see Chapters 11 and 13). Activation of the C system results in several important biological functions, including enhancement of phagocytosis, cell lysis, bactericidal activity, chemotactic factors, and anaphylatoxins, which lead to the augmentation of various effector host defense mechanisms in inflammation. Although much information is available on these C-dependent biological functions, a whole new concept is developing of the importance of the C system in specific immune responses in relation to cell-cell cooperation (Pepys, 1972), antigen focusing (Dukor et al., 1970), and secondary signals (Dukor et al., 1974). Although many questions remain to be answered, ontogenetic and phylogenetic studies of the C systems might help to determine the role of C in these new biological functions.
How to Welcome a Stranger

Based on history and theories in regard to xenophobia and anti-immigrant prejudice, this chapter presents suggestions for how to challenge this form of social oppression. Specifically, this chapter discusses ways of humanizing immigrants, attending to history of social oppression, and creating opportunities for genuine social connections between native- and foreign-born communities, which may countract xenophobic prejudice and violence.
Numerical study of magnetohydrodynamics and thermal radiation on Williamson nanofluid flow over a stretching cylinder with variable thermal conductivity

Abstract The effect of nanofluid and thermal radiation on MHD Williamson fluid over a stretching cylinder in the presence of convective boundary conditions is analyzed. The variable thermal conductivity is considered during the formulation of energy equation. Nonlinear ordinary differential equations are attained by proposing relevant similarity transformations on partial differential equations. These non-dimensional ordinary differential equations are then converted to the system of first order ODEs and solved numerically by shooting method. Results are further compared by using bvp 4 c , a MATLAB built-in function. The results obtained from MATLAB codes are compared with previously published results of the same nature in limiting case. Numerical results of skin-friction coefficient, local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are systematized in the form of tables. The effect of prominent parameters on velocity, temperature and concentration is displayed by using graphs. It is observed that velocity profile diminishes for the higher values of Weissenberg number but a reverse relation is noticed for the temperature profile.
Surgical outcomes associated with a sutureless drainage valve implantation procedure in patients with refractory glaucoma.

Purpose To evaluate the safety and efficacy profile of a sutureless procedure for drainage valve implantation with combined cataract removal and/or endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation (ECP). Materials and methods A retrospective case series study of consecutive surgeries for Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV; New World Medical) implantation in a 1-year period was analyzed. The surgery was performed using a Tisseel fibrin sealant (Baxter Healthcare Corporation) in place of sutures. Some subsets within the case series also included a cataract extraction with intraocular lens (CEIOL) insertion and/or ECP (Endo Optiks) within the same procedure. Primary outcomes for this study including efficacy (IOP change, reduction in medications) and safety (complications and reoperations) were measured out to 3 years. Comparisons between subsets were made using ANOVA with post hoc Tukey's pairwise tests. Results One hundred twenty-two eyes of 99 patients underwent sutureless AGV implantation surgery. Of the 122, 18 had an AGV implantation only, 46 had an AGV + CEIOL, 35 had an AGV + ECP, and 23 had an AGV + CEIOL + ECP. In total, there was a significant decrease in IOP (P 0.05); 10.7% and 14.8% of eyes required a reoperation either for a complication or for uncontrolled glaucoma, respectively. Conclusion Sutureless valve implantation is associated with a significant reduction in IOP percentage and medication use after the procedure with a safety profile comparable with other glaucoma surgeries.
Outcomes of Single Ventricle Patients Undergoing the Kawashima Procedure: Can We Do Better?

Objectives:Current technology advances in virtual surgery modeling and computational flow dynamics allow preoperative individualized computer-based design of Fontan operation. To determine potentia...
Exosomal miRNAs as Novel Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers for Cancer Chemopreventive Agent Early Stage Treatments in Chemically Induced Mouse Model of Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Background: Chemopreventive agent (CPA) treatment is one of the main preventive options for lung cancer. However, few studies have been done on pharmacodynamic biomarkers of known CPAs for lung cancer. Materials and methods: In this study, we treated mouse models of lung squamous cell carcinoma with three different CPAs (MEK inhibitor: AZD6244, PI-3K inhibitor: XL-147 and glucocorticoid: Budesonide) and examined circulating exosomal miRNAs in the plasma of each mouse before and after treatment. Results: Compared to baselines, we found differentially expressed exosomal miRNAs after AZD6244 treatment (n = 8, FDR < 0.05; n = 55, raw p-values < 0.05), after XL-147 treatment (n = 4, FDR < 0.05; n = 26, raw p-values < 0.05) and after Budesonide treatment (n = 1, FDR < 0.05; n = 36, raw p-values < 0.05). In co-expression analysis, we found that modules of exosomal miRNAs reacted to CPA treatments differently. By variable selection, we identified 11, 9 and nine exosomal miRNAs as predictors for AZD6244, XL-147 and Budesonide treatment, respectively. Integrating all the results, we highlighted 4 miRNAs (mmu-miR-215-5p, mmu-miR-204-5p, mmu-miR-708-3p and mmu-miR-1298-5p) as the key for AZD6244 treatment, mmu-miR-23a-3p as key for XL-147 treatment, and mmu-miR-125a-5p and mmu-miR-16-5p as key for Budesonide treatment. Conclusions: This is the first study to use circulating exosomal miRNAs as pharmacodynamic biomarkers for CPA treatment in lung cancer.
Students as Co-Producers of Queer Pedagogy

Responding to concerns about a textbook reading that students perceived as heteronormative, cisnormative, and antifeminist, we formed a partnership between students and faculty to reflect on the situation and to workshop ways to move forward. Our discussions were informed by our situation: a public HBCU in North Carolina, a state that had been in the headlines for anti-LGBT legislation. Many students reported that prior to our work they had not felt they had power to challenge the authoritative nature of texts in a classroom, even when they found those texts to be incorrect or inappropriate. This project empowered students to work with faculty and the publisher to change the textbook itself as well as the way certain rhetorical content was taught in our institution.
Efficient syntheses of heterocycles and carbocycles by electrophilic cyclization of acetylenic aldehydes and ketones.

Highly substituted oxygen heterocycles can be prepared in good yields at room temperature by reacting o-(1-alkynyl)-substituted arene carbonyl compounds with NBS, I2, ICl, p-O2NC6H4SCl, or PhSeBr and various alcohols or carbon-based nucleophiles. Naphthyl ketones and iodides are readily prepared by the reaction of 2-(1-alkynyl)arene-carboxaldehydes with I2 and simple olefins or alkynes.
Toward Oral Assessment in Counselor Education: Practice-Based Measurement of Competence in Pre-Practicum Experiences

ABSTRACTOral assessment approaches help students integrate cognitive and didactic information with application to clinical scenarios. Oral assessment refers to the systematic verbal monitoring and ...
An evolutionary concept analysis of secondary traumatic stress in nurses

Purpose The purpose of this article is to provide conceptual clarification of secondary traumatic stress (STS) in nurses. Background As an empathetic helping profession, nurses are at increased risk for STS. Interchangeable usage of related terms among multidisciplinary literature has resulted in lack of conceptual clarity resulting in conflation of terms. Conceptual clarity is necessary for a foundation for further research on treatment. Methods Rodgers' evolutionary model of concept analysis. Results Nurses are predisposed to STS due to exposure, empathy, bonding, and personal factors. Essential attributes were found to be posttraumatic stress disorder-like symptoms, biological symptoms, social symptoms, and psychological symptoms. Resultant consequences included an altered worldview, interpersonal difficulties, and decreased occupational commitment. Conclusion This concept analysis, the first focusing on STS, provides conceptual clarity and a concept map of STS within the nursing population.
Analysis of the genomic expression profile in trisomy 18: insight into possible genes involved in the associated phenotypes

Trisomy 18, sometimes called Edwards syndrome, occurs in about 1 in 6000 live births and causes multiple birth defects in affected infants. The extra copy of chromosome 18 causes the altered expression of many genes and leads to severe skeletal, cardiovascular and neurological systems malformations as well as other medical problems. Due to the low rate of survival and the massive genetic imbalance, little research has been aimed at understanding the molecular consequences of trisomy 18 or considering potential therapeutic approaches. Our research is the first study to characterize whole-genome expression in fibroblast cells obtained from two patients with trisomy 18 and two matched controls, with follow-up expression confirmation studies on six independent controls. We show a detailed analysis of the most highly dysregulated genes on chromosome 18 and those genome-wide. The identified effector genes and the dysregulated downstream pathways provide hints of possible genotype-phenotype relationships to some of the most common symptoms observed in trisomy 18. We also provide a possible explanation for the sex-specific differences in survival, a unique characteristic of trisomy 18. Our analysis of genome-wide expression data moves us closer to understanding the molecular consequences of the second most common human autosomal trisomy of infants who survive to term. These insights might also translate to the understanding of the etiology of associated birth defects and medical conditions among those with trisomy 18.
Postconstruction Evaluation of Fill Compaction

AbstractFrequently soil dry unit weight and moisture content are measured using soil samples obtained well after construction to assess whether or not fill material was properly compacted in constr...
Living on the Boundary: Scriptural Authority and Psychology:

For Christian psychologists to move from their marginalized position with mainstream psychology, they must be able to substantively demonstrate the unique insights that the integration of psycholog...
Effects of Psychological Stress on Vascular Physiology: Beyond the Current Imaging Signal

This review describes the effects of psychological stress on the physiology of the entire vascular system, from individual cellular components to macrovascular and microvascular responses, and highlights the importance of the vascular system in the context of current limitations in cardiac imaging for evaluation of the cardiovascular response to mental stress. The physiological responses that mediate vascular changes are based on evolutionary needs, but there is increasing evidence that the long-term consequences of psychological stress can precipitate the development and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). While there is an extensive body of literature describing localized physiological responses or overt cardiovascular manifestations, often framed within the organ-specific scope of cardiovascular imaging, there has not been a comprehensive description of the global vascular effects of psychological stress. Given the global nature of these processes, targeted cardiovascular imaging modalities may be insufficient. Here we approach the vascular response to mental stress systematically, describing the effects on the endothelium, vascular smooth muscle, and adventitia. We then address the mental stress effects on large vessels and the microvascular compartment, with a discussion of the role of microvascular resistance in the pathophysiology of mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia. Vascular responses to psychological stress involve complex physiological processes that are not fully characterized by routine cardiovascular imaging assessments. Future research incorporating standardized psychological assessments targeted toward vascular mechanisms of stress responses is required to guide the development of behavioral and therapeutic interventions.
A Data-based Protocol for One-way Trust in Inter-vehicular Communication

As autonomous vehicles fill the roads and more manufacturers join the trend, the need for a unified communication protocol grows. Current paradigms in vehicle-to-vehicle communication are too slow to provide accurate and meaningful traffic data in a timely fashion, and it is difficult to trust that incoming data is correct without an authoritative server verifying the sender's identity. This paper introduces a protocol for peer-to-peer exchanges of positional data that determines the trust level of a particular message by comparing matching object data hashes. Similar in concept to non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs, the design retains the privacy and anonymity of senders and is relatively fast compared to certificate-based solutions under a reasonable traffic load. Our preliminary experiment shows promising results, with much faster runtimes compared to similar cryptographic solutions. Although the current implementation is still rough around the edges, the basic design can provide the groundwork for future paradigms in inter-vehicular communication without depending on expensive cryptographic operations performed on special or more powerful hardware. This opens doors for protocols that can be run on current vehicles without requiring the collective processing power of all vehicles to increase.
An Experiment in Chopping Alfalfa Hay at the Time of Storage: Effect upon Space Required, Temperatures Attained, Color, Feeding Value, and Losses of Feed Constituents

Summary Running the hay through a cutter and blowing it into the mow was easier than storing it in a long condition, mainly because the hand work in the mow was saved. Two or three times as much hay could be put in a given space in the chopped form as in the natural long form. The chopped hay heated more than the long hay, and the finely chopped hay heated more than the coarsely chopped hay. Neither the carotene nor the green color was so well preserved in the chopped hay as in the long hay. The loss of dry matter during storage was higher in the finely chopped hay than in the coarsely chopped hay or in the long hay, but the greatest loss observed in this experiment was still quite moderate. The black chopped hay was not so palatable as the long hay, but the brown chopped hay was fully as palatable as the long hay. The quantities of milk produced and the maintenance of the milk flow were in favor of the cows fed the long hay, and this was the case in spite of their slightly lower consumption of nutrients as estimated from actual analyses and the coefficients of digestion given by Henry and Morrison. This investigation was with hay containing 25 to 27 per cent of moisture at time of storage, or a little higher than is usually considered desirable. The results with hay containing more moisture or less moisture might be somewhat different from those reported.
The mechanism of amine inhibition of the photosynthetic oxygen evolving complex: Amines displace functional chloride from a ligand site on manganese

Amines inhibit photosynthetic oxygen evolution by binding to manganese in the oxygen evolving complex. This inhibition is more effective if chloride is absent. Steady-state kinetic analyses show that ammonia and chloride compete for the same site in the oxygen evolving complex; inhibition of oxygen evolution by either chloride depletion or by ammonia addition induces Signal IIf, which saturates at high microwave power. These data indicate that chloride is bound at the manganese site in the oxygen evolving complex. We propose that the anion functions as a bridging ligand mediating electron transfer between manganese atoms and perhaps also between manganese and Z, the primary donor to P680.
The ultrastructure of the juxtaglomerular apparatus as disclosed by three-dimensional reconstructions from serial sections. The anatomical relationship between the tubular and vascular components.

The area of contact between the tubular and vascular components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus has been investigated by means of serial section electron microscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction. Series of 500 serial sections were used. Sequential montages of electron micrographs were analyzed. The distribution of the surface of contact between the distal tubule and the different parts of the vascular components was measured. An extensive constant contact between the distal tubule and both the extraglomerular mesangial region and efferent arteriole was found. In one juxtaglomerular apparatus, no contact between granular cells and distal tubule was found throughout the three-dimensional reconstruction. In the others it varied in extent and location. Two types of contact are described: one represented by simple apposition of basement membranes, which is interpreted as reversible; and another type of contact anatomically more complex, which is interpreted as irreversible. This might have a bearing on current theory on the control of renin secretion.
Knowledge to Heal, Knowledge to Injure

Undue Risk Secret State Experiments on Humans. Jonathan Moreno. Freeman, New York, 1999. 367 pp. $24.95. ISBN 0-7167-3142-8. Moreno, a biomedical ethicist, offers a broad overview of the use of human subjects in scientific and military research in the United States since 1940. He aims to understand how (and why) scientists and administrators chose to expose people to things that could harm them.
Evaluation of invariant models for dolphin photo-identification

Individual identification of dolphins is of much interest to marine mammologists. Natural markings and notches on the trailing edge of the dorsal fin provide an almost unique signature within a study population for individual recognition. The dorsal fin is an almost rigid, planar object, and, as a result, the problem boils down to planar curve matching. Invariants under three groups of similarity, affine and projective transformations are examined in this paper. Three families of differential, algebraic and semi-differential invariants are studied and evaluated for their applicability and performance in dolphin identification from photographs. It is observed that, under practical conditions, for smooth quasi-rigid curves like the trailing edge of the dorsal fin, curvature-based matching methods outperform almost all of the other techniques which offer a higher level of invariance.
Mastodon butchery: microscopic evidence of carcass processing and bone tool use

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination of bone surfaces from the Pleasant Lake mastodon, excavated in southern Michigan, documents features indicative of butchery. These features are identified by comparison with modern bones modified by human and natural processes. We report new studies of (1) marks made by bone tools during removal of meat from and disarticulation of carcasses and (2) use wear developed on bone tools. We also apply previously developed criteria for recognizing stone tool cutmarks and stages in the burning of bone. The Pleasant Lake site, dated to between 10,395 ± 100 and 12,845 ± 165 b.p., provides compelling evidence of mastodon butchery and bone tool use. Another site, near New Hudson, Michigan, provides replication of much of this evidence. Together these sites offer new examples of patterns of bone modification and extend the geographic and temporal representation of the much discussed, but still controversial, late Pleistocene bone technology.
Space integrated GPS/INS (SIGI) navigation system for Space Shuttle

This paper consists of a description of the lessons learned and the results of the integration of Honeywell's space-capable Space Integrated GPS/INS (SIGI) navigation system into the Space Shuttle vehicle. The SIGI, as demonstrated during the Shuttle flight test missions, was fully operational during all Shuttle mission phases, ascent, on-orbit, entry, and landing. The SIGI provides three independent navigation solutions (Blended GPS/INS, GPS-Only, and INS-Only) for output at all times. The software upgrades for Space Shuttle include an improved gravity model and blended Kalman filter error states. The SIGI provides a cold start capability to perform an in-space initialization. The SIGI has flown on six Shuttle flight demonstration tests (DTO 700-15). This paper will discuss the performance of the SIGI operation during these flights. These flight test missions have provided the insight into required SIGI software upgrades to make the SIGI more compatible to the existing Shuttle features and interfaces. Flight tests of the SIGI have demonstrated the expected improved performance of an Integrated GPS/INS system as compared to the existing stand-alone GPS and IMU systems.
To Train or to Educate

Do we train or do we educate? The argument has been met since early Egypt. Are we simply to pass on the accumulated wisdom and knowledge of previous generations or are we to develop students who can think abstract thought, solve problems, establish theories and models? Argues that these questions must be addressed directly as we search for a purpose of schools and schooling.
Naloxone decreases intake of 10% sucrose in preweanling rats

To investigate the role of opioids in the mediation of sucrose intake in the preweanling rat pup, we measured the effect of naloxone on intake of pups licking 10% sucrose from the floor of a beaker (independent ingestion test) and of pups ingesting 10% sucrose that was continuously infused through an anterior, sublingual oral catheter (oral catheter test). Pups were tested only once to eliminate the possible effect of test experience. Pups were tested in the second postnatal week (PN7, 9, 10, 11, and 14 days) with naloxone (1 mg/kg) or vehicle controls. Fourteen-day-old pups were also tested with 0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg. Naloxone began to be efficacious for inhibiting intake on PN10 in the oral catheter test and on PN11 in the independent ingestion test. On PN14, the inhibition of intake was dose related and naloxone was more potent for inhibiting intake in independent ingestion tests than in oral catheter tests. Naloxone not only decreased intake, it also decreased the incidence of licking, increased mouthing and resting, and had no significant effect on locomotion. The site of the inhibitory effect of naloxone on intake was in the central nervous system, presumably in the brain, because naloxonemethiodide, an analogue of naloxone that does not cross the blood-brain barrier, did not inhibit sucrose in either test. These results demonstrate that the intake of 10% sucrose depends on endogenous opioids as early as PN10 and that this opioid mechanism operates when pups have not had prior test experience and in a test (oral catheter test) where intake is not dependent on appetitive behaviors.
Adolescent acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A paradigm for training in early intervention and care.

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic may portend disaster or may become an opportunity for learning some of the basic lessons of medicine for those entering the ranks of health care workers in the 1990s. At present, a small cadre of health care professionals have dedicated themselves exclusively to the care of HIV-infected people. Although their number has increased in the past 8 years, they still represent a tiny fraction of total health care professionals. As they age or burn out, who will be there to take their places? 1 Major academic medical centers on the East and West coasts have not filled residency training slots with the candidates of their choice for the past several years. One of the reasons given by candidates and feared by training directors is the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic. The muchpublicized strain on existing resources, the emotional drain caused by caring for terminally
The Challenge of Health Care Social Work with Gay Men and Lesbians

This paper discusses the effects of heterosexism on health and mental health services to gay and lesbian clients. It provides social workers with suggestions for making unbiased psychosocial assessments and interventions, and discusses the social worker's role in educating health and mental health professionals and serving as advocate for this oppressed population.
Design, implementation, and evaluation of an innovative anatomy course

Starting in 2004, a medical school gross anatomy course faced with a 30% cut in hours went through an extensive redesign, which transformed a traditional dissection course into a course with a clinical focus, learning societies, and extensive on-line learning support. Built into the redesign process was an extensive and ongoing assessment process, which included student focus groups, faculty development, surveys, and examinations. These assessments were used formatively, to enhance the course from year to year, and summatively, to determine how well the course was meeting the new learning objectives. The assessments from focus groups and faculty development prompted changes in support structures provided to students and the training and preparation of faculty. Survey results showed that, after student satisfaction declined the first year, satisfaction increased steadily through the fourth iteration as the course gained acceptance by students and faculty alike. There was a corresponding increase in the performance of students on course examinations. An additional examination given to students one and a half and three years after their anatomy course ended demonstrated the redesigned course's long-term effectiveness for retaining anatomical knowledge and applying it to clinical cases. Compared to students who took the original course, students who took the shorter, more clinical course performed as well, or better, on each section of the examination. We attribute these positive results to the innovative course design and to the changes made based on our formative assessment program.
Inhibition and transport kinetic studies involving l-leucine, l-valine, and their dipeptides in Leuconostoc mesenteroides☆

Abstract From growth studies with Leuconostoc mesenteroides , it was recognized that glycyl- l -leucine was less effective than l -leucine in promoting growth when supplied as the sole source of l -leucine. A similar investigation had shown that glycyl- l -valine was a much more effective source of valine than was l -valine for this organism. To investigate the basis for this difference, kinetic studies were made with nongrowing but actively respiring cell suspensions of L. mesenteroides . The rate of uptake of leucine was significantly greater from l -leucine than from glycyl- l -leucine. The apparent association constants, K , for the transport systems were 11.0 × 10 3 for l -leucine and 2.25 × 10 3 for glycyl- l -leucine. Subsequent kinetic studies with combinations of labeled and unlabeled amino acids and peptides showed that l -leucine inhibited the uptake of leucine from glycyl- l -leucine but by a type of inhibition other than competitive inhibition. Glycyl- l -leucine did not inhibit the uptake of l -leucine. The free amino acids, l -leucine and l -valine, were competitive inhibitors and were transported by a common system, but their affinities for the transport system were different. The dipeptides, glycyl- l -leucine and glycyl- l -valine, exhibited competitive inhibition and interacted with a common uptake system which had a different specificity than for the free amino acids. This difference in specificity was demonstrated by the absence of any interaction between glycyl- l -leucine and the free amino acid, l -valine; similarly, no interaction occurred between glycyl- l -valine and l -leucine. The transport system responsible for the uptake of the amino acids was independent of the one operative for the dipeptides. These uptake systems were energy dependent as shown by the need for an energy source such as glucose and by the effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol and monobromoacetate which inhibited the uptake.