cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of non-interruptive medication laboratory monitoring alerts in ambulatory care.

Objective: Interruptive alerts within electronic applications can cause "alert fatigue" if they fire too frequently or are clinically reasonable only some of the time. We assessed the impact of non-interruptive, real- time medication laboratory alerts on provider lab test ordering. Design: We enrolled 22 outpatient practices into a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Clinics either used the existing system or received on-screen recommendations for baseline laboratory tests when prescribing new medications. Since the warnings were non-interruptive, providers did not have to act upon or acknowledge the notification to complete a medication request. Measurements: Data were collected each time providers performed suggested laboratory testing within 14 days of a new prescription order. Findings were adjusted for patient and provider characteristics as well as patient clustering within clinics. Results: Among 12 clinics with 191 providers in the control group and 10 clinics with 175 providers in the intervention group, there were 3673 total events where baseline lab tests would have been advised: 1988 events in the control group and 1685 in the intervention group. In the control group, baseline labs were requested for 771 (39%) of the medications. In the intervention group, baseline labs were ordered by clinicians in 689 (41%) of the cases. Overall, no significant association existed between the intervention and the rate of ordering appropriate baseline laboratory tests. Conclusion: We found that non-interruptive medication laboratory monitoring alerts were not effective in improving receipt of recommended baseline laboratory test monitoring for medications. Further work is necessary to optimize compliance with non-critical recommendations.
Downlink and uplink synchronization concepts for spread spectrum communications via satellite

A synchronous spread-spectrum communications system utilizing the resources of a nonprocessing satellite transponder is considered. The systemwide time and frequency standard (which is assumed to be maintained by the system master terminal) is transferred to the satellite, and from there it is disseminated and used by all slave terminals in synchronizing their downlink and uplink operations. The downlink and uplink time and frequency tracking processes that must be performed by each system terminal in order to achieve and maintain synchronization are described, analyzed, and evaluated. The mechanism that establishes system time and frequency reference at the satellite is also described. The authors present computer simulation results illustrating the transient as well as the steady-state performance capabilities of the synchronization mechanisms in the presence of satellite and platform motion. >
Activity of bifenthrin, chlorfenapyr, fipronil, and thiamethoxam against Argentine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).

Bifenthrin, chlorfenapyr, fipronil, and thiamethoxam were evaluated for activity against the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Mobility impairment and lethal times were determined after topical treatments. Ants were immobilized most quickly by bifenthrin, followed by chlorfenapyr and thiamethoxam. After 2 h, the number of fipronil-treated ants unable to walk out of test arenas did not differ from control ants. Median lethal time (LT50) after topical treatment was lowest in the bifenthrin treatment, followed by thiamethoxam, chlorfenapyr, and then fipronil. Mortality due to horizontal exposure was evaluated at 10, 20, or 30°C, with topically treated ant corpses serving as donors. There was low to moderate horizontal activity in bifenthrin and chlorfenapyr treatments, with no temperature effect in bifenthrin treatments and a positive temperature effect in chlorfenapyr treatments. Mortality in the fipronil treatments was highest and was positively correlated with temperature. Thiamethoxam treatments did not differ from controls at 10°C, but mortality increased with temperature. To evaluate contact activity, either all of 20% of the ants in a cohort were exposed to insecticide-treated pine needles. In both tests, mortality was highest in fipronil and bifenthrin treatments, followed by thiamethoxam, with lowest mortality in chlorfenapyr treatments. Effectiveness as a barrier was evaluated by providing a choice between bridges treated with insecticide or water. Although bifenthrin did not provide an impenetrable barrier, it was the only treatment having fewer ants than its paired control. Mortality data suggest that lack of recruitment rather than repellency account for this result.
Exercise training decreases body mass index in subjects aged 50 years and over

Exercise training can improve blood pressure in normotensive, prehypertensive, and hypertensive subjects, One of the mechanisms of blood pressure reduction in hypertensive patients with obesity is through weight loss, This study aimed to examine the effect of exercise training on bodyweight and the relationship between weight loss and reduction of blood pressure. An experimental pre-post test design without controls was used to evaluate the effect of exercise training on weight loss, The study involved 89 elderly aged 50 years or more, consisting of 40 men and 49 women, who were members of Senayan Sport Fitness Club and had been exercising for at least three months. Exercise training was programmed and performed three times a week, consisting of aerobic (walking, jogging, static cycling), and resistance exercise, All exercise was performed for one to two hours with mild to moderate intensity, Blood pressure and body weight were obtained from medical records. Paired t-test showed that systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), pulse pressure (PP), and body mass index (BMI) were significantly lower after training [(systolic, 126,3 ± 2,9 vs 122,3 ± 2,7, p~0,02), (diastolic, 80,2 ± 3.1 vs 77,2 ± 2.4, p~O,OO), (MAP, 95,6 ± 4,6 vs 92,2 ± 3.4, p~O.OO), (PP, 46,1 ± 4,2 vs 45.1 ± 3,6, p~0,04), (BMI, 24.5 ± 2,9,vs 23,6 ± 2,9, p~0,04)J. Duration of training was the most influential factor affecting 6BMI, (Beta = 0,38; p~O,OO), Exercise training could lower BMI and the reduction in diastolic blood pressure was higher for the subjects aged 70 yeras and over
Predictors of Abstinence From Heavy Drinking During Follow-Up in COMBINE.

Objective:Although the primary focus of clinical trials is on between-group comparisons during treatment, these studies can also yield insights into which patient characteristics predict longer term outcomes. Our goal was to identify predictors of good outcome during the 1-year follow-up in the Combined Pharmacotherapies and Behavioral Interventions for Alcohol Dependence (COMBINE) Study.Method:We constructed classification trees and a deterministic forest to predict no heavy drinking days during the last 8 weeks of the 1-year follow-up in COMBINE, based on more than 100 baseline predictors and drinking outcomes during the treatment phase of the study. The COMBINE sample was randomly split into a training and a validation data set. Logistic regression models were fit to compare the predictive performance of tree-based methods and classical methods.Results:A small tree with only two splits and four nodes based on abstinence and good clinical outcome during treatment had fair classification accuracy in the ...
The Relationship Between Tibial Tuberosity-Trochlear Groove Distance and Abnormal Patellar Tracking in Patients With Unilateral Patellar Instability.

Purpose To evaluate the role of tibial tuberosity–trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance in patellofemoral kinematics by retrospectively reviewing the dynamic computed tomography scans of patients with unilateral patellofemoral instability and comparing unstable and contralateral asymptomatic knees. Methods We reviewed all dynamic computed tomography scans obtained at one tertiary care hospital from 2008 through 2013 and identified 25 patients with a history of recurrent unilateral patellofemoral instability. During the scans, subjects performed active knee extension against gravity. Both knees were imaged simultaneously. Lateral patellar tilt (LPT) and bisect offset (BO) were measured to assess tracking. TT-TG distance was measured to assess alignment. Measurements were made in full extension, maximum flexion, and approximately 10° increments in between. The significance level was set at P Results LPT, BO, and TT-TG distance were highest in extension and decreased with flexion. Measurements were higher in symptomatic than in asymptomatic knees, with significant differences identified for LPT, BO, and TT-TG distance at 5° and 15° and for TT-TG distance at 25° and 35° ( P r 2 values in symptomatic knees of 0.55 for TT-TG distance and LPT and of 0.45 for TT-TG distance and BO. Conclusions In patients with unilateral patellar instability, LPT, BO, and TT-TG distance are higher on the unstable side. An association exists between TT-TG distance and the tracking parameters studied, suggesting that TT-TG distance relates to patellar tracking, and a laterally positioned tibial tuberosity may predispose to instability episodes. Level of Evidence Level IV, diagnostic study.
IN MEMORIAM: NEDRA KATHRYN KLEIN, 1951–2001

NEDRA KATHRYN KLEIN, a member of the American Ornithologists Union since 1979 and Elective Member since 1998, died 12 May 2001 in Barnes-Jewish Hospital in St. Louis, Missouri, of complications following open-heart surgery. Nedra was born in Chicago, Illinois on 30 April 1951 and grew up in the Chicago suburb of Wilmette.
Robot Selection Through Fuzzy Set Optimization

Robots have made a significant impact in today’s industry. Accompanied by the growing demand of industrial robots, the number of robot makers and suppliers is also increasing. However, the growing trend of robot applications causes more complexity in robot selection mechanism.
Structural Basis of a Key Factor Regulating the Affinity between the Zonula Occludens First PDZ Domain and Claudins.

The molecular seal between epithelial cells, called the tight junction (TJ), is built by several membrane proteins, with claudins playing the most prominent role. The scaffold proteins of the zonula occludens family are required for the correct localization of claudins and hence formation of the TJ. The intracellular C terminus of claudins binds to the N-terminal PDZ domain of zonula occludens proteins (PDZ1). Of the 23 identified human claudin proteins, nine possess a tyrosine at the −6 position. Here we show that the claudin affinity for PDZ1 is dependent on the presence or absence of this tyrosine and that the affinity is reduced if the tyrosine is modified by phosphorylation. The PDZ1 β2-β3 loop undergoes a significant conformational change to accommodate this tyrosine. Cell culture experiments support a regulatory role for this tyrosine. Plasticity has been recognized as a critical property of TJs that allow cell remodeling and migration. Our work provides a molecular framework for how TJ plasticity may be regulated.
Stigma, activism, and well-being among people living with HIV

Evidence demonstrates that HIV stigma undermines the psychological and physical health of people living with HIV (PLWH). Yet, PLWH describe engaging in HIV activism to challenge stigma, and research suggests that individuals may benefit from activism. We examine associations between experiences of HIV stigma and HIV activism, and test whether HIV activists benefit from greater well-being than non-activists. Participants include 93 PLWH recruited from drop-in centers, housing programs, and other organizations providing services to PLWH in the Northeastern USA between 2012 and 2013 (mean age = 50 years; 56% Black, 20% White, 18% Other; 61% non-Latino(a), 39% Latino(a); 59% male, 38% female, 3% transgender; 82% heterosexual, 15% sexual minority). Participants completed a cross-sectional written survey. Results of regression analyses suggest that PLWH who experienced greater enacted stigma engaged in greater HIV activism. Anticipated, internalized, and perceived public stigma, however, were unrelated to HIV activism. Moreover, results of a multivariate analysis of variance suggest that HIV activists reported greater social network integration, greater social well-being, greater engagement in active coping with discrimination, and greater meaning in life than non-activists. Yet, HIV activists also reported somewhat greater depressive symptoms than non-activists, suggesting that the association between HIV activism and well-being is complex. By differentiating between HIV stigma mechanisms, the current study provides a more nuanced understanding of which experiences of HIV stigma may be associated with HIV activism. It further suggests that engagement in activism may offer benefits to PLWH, while raising the possibility that activists could experience greater depressive symptoms than non-activists. Given the preliminary nature of this study, future research should continue to examine these complex associations between HIV stigma, activism, and well-being among PLWH. As this work continues, PLWH, as well as interventionists and clinicians invested in improving well-being among PLWH, should carefully weigh the benefits and potential costs of activism.
Quantitative Assessment of the Vertical Distributions of Micronektonic Fishes with Opening/Closing Midwater Trawls

AbstractSome problems of sampling oceanic micronekton with midwater trawls, especially those with opening/closing devices, are reviewed. Contamination of the catches is a major problem with codend opening/closing devices. Avoidance and escapement are perennial problems with small nets typically used by oceanographers. In order to capture the full spectrum of mesopelagic fishes, including agile or large ones, large nets as well as small nets are needed. Large trawls are not practical to use from most research ships, and the volume of water filtered is difficult to measure.
Recommendations on prophylaxis and therapy for disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex disease in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Public Health Service Task Force on Prophylaxis and Therapy for Mycobacterium avium Complex.

Mycobacterium avium complex causes disseminated disease in as many as 15 to 40 percent of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the United States, causing fever, night sweats, weight loss, and anemia1–7. Disseminated M. avium complex disease characteristically occurs in patients with very advanced HIV disease and peripheral-blood CD4 T-lymphocyte counts below 100 cells per cubic millimeter. Effective prevention and therapy of M. avium complex infection would probably improve the quality and duration of survival for HIV-infected persons. During the first decade of the HIV pandemic in the United States, health care providers recognized that M. . . .
Detection of Blood Gases or IGF-1 in the Diagnosis of Retinopathy of Prematurity

Objective To discuss the influence of blood gases in preterm infants during the first 3 days of life on IGF-1and retinopathy of prematurity(ROP),and to evaluate the relation between IGF-1 and ROP.Methods According to the inclusion criteria(from Guide to Oxygen Therapy and the Prevention and Control of Retinopathy in Premature Infants established by ministry of health),396 preterm infants who needed ROP screening were selected.Their blood gases were analyzed during the first 3 days after birth,and the upper and lower quartile PaO2,PCO2,and the lower quartile PH value were analyzed statistically in infants with or without ROP.Serum IGF-1 was monitored in the 1st,3rd,5th and 7th week after birth.Results Preterm infants with ROP had a higher percentage of the lower quartile PaO2,PH value and the upper quartile PaO2,PCO2 than those without ROP,and significant difference was found between them(P0.05).The upper and lower quartile PaO2,the upper quartile PCO2,the lower quartile PH value,and the level of serum IGF-1 in the 1st,3rd and 5th week after birth in infants with ROP were significantly different from those in the controls(P0.05).The lower quartile PH value in infants with ROP was significantly different from that in the controls in the 1st and 5th week after birth(P0.05).Difference was statistically significant between the two groups(P0.001).Conclusions Low PaO2,PH and high PaO2,PCO2 increase the risk of ROP.The level of serum IGF-1 is low in infants with low PH and ROP,which indicates that the infants with the lower IGF-1 may be at high risk for ROP.
Perryella, a new temnospondylous amphibian from the Lower Permian of Oklahoma

Perryella olsoni, a new temnospondylous amphibian from the lower Permian Wellington Formation of northern Oklahoma, is described. Features of the palatine, quadratojugal, and stapes are distinctive among described temnospondyls. The specimens share derived character states with the Dissorophoidea and Trimerorhachoidea, but cannot be assigned to either of these superfamilies as presently defined. The difficulties of temnospondyl classification in light of the confusion of primitive, juvenile, and paedomorphic features are discussed.
Patient Registration via Topologically Encoded Depth Projection Images in Spine Surgery

Accurate and efficient patient registration is essential for surgical image-guidance. Here, we present a registration pipeline to establish spatial correspondence between tracked intraoperative stereovision (iSV) and preoperative computed tomography (pCT) for spine surgery. First, depth projection images encoding the common vertebral dorsal surface “height” were generated from pCT and iSV. For pCT, vertebral pose was adjusted when necessary based on anatomic landmarks. For iSV, multiple reconstructed surfaces were combined to generate a unified projection image with accounting of overlapped regions to maximize the sampling of the surgical scene. Rigid registration between the resulting projection images produced an initial alignment for refined registration using an improved iterative closest point algorithm. The technique was applied to four explanted porcine spines in a total of eight poses. Registration accuracy was assessed using bone-implanted mini screws. The average fiducial registration error and target registration error (TRE) for ground-truth probe registration was \(0.50\,{\pm }\,0.08\) and \(0.63\,{\pm }\,0.08\), respectively. The accuracy for iSV registration was \(1.77\,{\pm }\,0.31\,\text {mm}\) in TRE and was \(2.01\,{\pm }\,0.44\,\text {mm}\) for surface reconstruction. The entire registration completed within 2 min. These results suggest potential for application of the method in human patients.
Fact and Fiction

What we have not yet considered is whether Huxley’s references to science are factually accurate or, if inaccurate, how important this might be. I would like at this point to come up with some basic guidelines that might be applied to any study of scientific references in literary fiction. To do so, it will first be necessary to turn to the relation between fact and fiction and the criteria used to distinguish literary and scientific texts. Instead of halting at the recognition of a literary reference’s scientific nature, as other critics do, I would like to examine more closely the ontological status of scientific facts in literary fiction and, in the process, clarify the relation between literature and science. Huxley, I believe, was correct when he observed that ‘the problem of the right relationship between literature and science presents itself even when a poet’s references to scientific facts and theories are of the most casual nature’ (Literature 43). Taking Huxley’s own references as a basis, I will explore this shifting and multilateral relationship. My discussion will streamline complex philosophical debates to get at what is relevant for consideration of scientific fact in literary fiction. It is my contention that statements in a literary fiction can indeed be judged according to their factual accuracy and that this type of judgement may in certain contexts be significant. So it is important to establish when and what type of inaccuracies occur.
Topics in differential geometry associated with position vector fields on Euclidean submanifolds

Abstract The position vector field is the most elementary and natural geometric object on a Euclidean submanifold. The purpose of this article is to survey six research topics in differential geometry in which the position vector field plays very important roles. In this article we also explain the relationship between position vector fields and mechanics, dynamics, and D’Arcy Thompson’s law of natural growth in biology.
Early Spring Occurrence of Empoasca spp. (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in and Adjacent to Alfalfa Fields in Iowa

Abstract Adult Empoasca fabae (Harris) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) were monitored at three locations within four alfalfa fields (edge of field to 40 m into field) from mid-April to June and Empoasca spp. activity from adjacent tree and shrub species until July. Similar numbers of Empoasca spp. adults were collected from sticky traps placed on tree and shrub species in the four border areas. In three of the four fields examined, significantly more E. fabae were found at the edges of the alfalfa fields closest to the trees than at 40 m from the edge of the field during the first week of May. In subsequent samples, there was no difference in the distribution of E. fabae in the alfalfa fields (except Field 2, where there were more E. fabae near the field edge for the duration of the study). Based upon this study, Empoasca spp. (primarily E. fabae) are colonizing alfalfa fields from the field margins to the interior in early spring and may be using adjacent woody habitats (including Gleditsia, Prunus, Ulmus, Ti...
‘What Do I Do with the Porn on My Computer?’: How a Lawyer Should Counsel Clients about Physical Evidence

This Article critically analyzes the legal and ethical limits of advice a lawyer may give clients about evidence of crimes, and provides examples of that advice in a number of situations involving clients with questions about what they should do with real and electronic evidence. When criminal charges have not been brought and are not expected, how much latitude does a lawyer have in giving advice to a client? When may a lawyer counsel a client to destroy contraband or other evidence of a crime? When a lawyer may not counsel destruction, is a lawyer legally and ethically permitted to discuss the law and an assessment of the risks and possible legal consequences of destroying the contraband or other evidence of crimes? This Article also fills the void in the legal ethics and criminal law literature on how to be both an ethical and an effective lawyer when a client seeks straightforward advice about handling contraband or other evidence of possible crimes.
Investment and Firm Value: Is There an Optimal Investment Level in Hotel Firms?

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to examine whether an optimal investment level exists in hotel firms. The authors examined the quadratic relation between investments and hotel firm value. The results show that there is an optimal investment level that maximizes firm value. However, the optimal investment level varies across firms on the basis of the quality of investment opportunities or under- and overinvestment problems. The optimal investment level is higher for hotel firms with underinvestment problems, which suggests that these firms have valuable investment opportunities. However, the optimal investment level is lower for hotel firms with overinvestment problems, which implies that shareholders of these firms perceive additional investments to be value destroying. These results support the postulations of the Q theory of investment, pecking order theory, and free cash flow theory. Practical implications are discussed in the realm of financing, investment, and dividend policies.
Design of synthetic estimation filters using correlation energy minimization

Synthetic estimation filters (SEFs) have been found useful for the determination of distortion parameters, such as angle of rotation of objects from their images. Previous SEFs, designed using matched and phase only filters required a knowledge of exact location of the object to produce a reasonable accuracy of estimation. To overcome the limitation, use of MACE filters is proposed for the construction of synthetic estimation filters. As the MACE filters are designed to have their peaks at the origin of the correlation plane, detection of the peak can be done without a knowledge of the exact position of the object. Computer simulations are used to study the performance of MACE-SEFs. It is found that significant errors result at rotation angle which are not part of the training set. An improved linearity leading to an increase in accuracy was realized when the MINCE concept was used in place of the MACE concept for the design of the SEFs.
Radiation Dose, Local Disease Progression, and Overall Survival in Patients With Inoperable Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer After Concurrent Chemoradiation Therapy.

Purpose To identify predictors of local control and overall survival (OS) for patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer treated with concurrent chemoradiation therapy. Methods and Materials We identified 491 patients with newly diagnosed stage IIIA-IIIB non-small cell lung cancer who had received 60 to 74 Gy (with concurrent chemotherapy) from January 2005 through December 2013 and grouped them by radiation dose received: 60 to 63 Gy, 64 to 66 Gy, 67 to 70 Gy, or 71 to 74 Gy. Local progression (LP) was that appearing within the high-dose volume (planning target volume plus 1-cm margin). Times to events were calculated from the completion of radiation therapy. Potential predictors of LP and OS were analyzed with a Cox regression model. Results Rates of LP for all patients were 16.2% at 1 year, 26.2% at 2 years, 31.0% at 3 years, 32.9% at 4 years, and 32.9% at 5 years; corresponding OS rates were 85.3%, 61.2%, 44.5%, 37.0%, and 31.6%. Median OS time was 21 months (range, 2.9-99.9 months). In multivariate analysis, receipt of 67 to 70 Gy was associated with improved LP-free survival (LPFS) relative to 60 to 63 Gy (hazard ratio [HR] 1.83, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.062-3.150, P=.030) or 64 to 66 Gy (HR 2.14, 95% CI 1.159-3.969, P=.015). Non-squamous histology (HR 0.23, 95% CI 0.114-0.478, P=.000), gross tumor volume (HR 1.00, 95% CI 1.000-1.003, P=.018) and induction chemotherapy (HR 1.86, 95% CI 1.239-2.778, P=.003) were independent predictors of LPFS. Local progression–free survival was the only independent predictor of OS (HR 2.71, 95% CI 1.331-5.512, P=.006). Incidence of grade ≥3 radiation pneumonitis was no different among dose groups (P=.307). Conclusions Squamous histology, large tumor volumes, and receipt of induction chemotherapy all predicted worse LPFS. Doses of 67 to 70 Gy were associated with improved LP-free survival after chemoradiotherapy. The link between LP and reduced OS suggests that more effective local control strategies are warranted.
Sensitivity of Offshore Surface Fluxes and Sea Breezes to the Spatial Distribution of Sea-Surface Temperature

A series of numerical sensitivity experiments is performed to quantify the impact of sea-surface temperature (SST) distribution on offshore surface fluxes and simulated sea-breeze dynamics. The SST simulations of two mid-latitude sea-breeze events over coastal New England are performed using a spatially-uniform SST, as well as spatially-varying SST datasets of 32- and 1-km horizontal resolutions. Offshore surface heat and buoyancy fluxes vary in response to the SST distribution. Local sea-breeze circulations are relatively insensitive, with minimal differences in vertical structure and propagation speed among the experiments. The largest thermal perturbations are confined to the lowest 10% of the sea-breeze column due to the relatively high stability of the mid-Atlantic marine atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) suppressing vertical mixing, resulting in the depth of the marine layer remaining unchanged. Minimal impacts on the column-averaged virtual potential temperature and sea-breeze depth translates to small changes in sea-breeze propagation speed. This indicates that the use of datasets with a fine-scale SST may not produce more accurate sea-breeze simulations in highly stable marine ABL regimes, though may prove more beneficial in less stable sub-tropical environments.
Swim bladder morphology changes with female reproductive state in the mouth-brooding African cichlid Astatotilapia burtoni.

ABSTRACT Mouth brooding is an extreme form of parental care in which the brooding parent carries the developing young in their buccal cavity for the duration of development. Brooding fish need to compensate for the brood weight on the anterior portion of their body. For fishes with a compartmentalized swim bladder, gas distribution between the chambers may aid in regulating buoyancy during brooding. To test this hypothesis, we took radiographs of Astatotilapia burtoni to compare the swim bladder morphology of gravid, mouth-brooding and recovering females. Following spawning, females carry developing fish in their buccal cavity for ∼2 weeks, resulting in a larger and rounder anterior swim bladder compartment. Comparatively, the swim bladder of gravid females is long and cylindrical. Using small beads to mimic brood weight and its effects on female buoyancy, swim bladder changes were induced that resembled those observed during brooding. Immediately after releasing their fry, brooding females swim at a positive angle of attack but correct their swimming posture to normal within 5 min, suggesting a rapid change in swim bladder gas distribution. These data provide new insights into how swim bladder morphology and swimming behavior change during mouth brooding, and suggest a compartmentalized swim bladder may be a morphological adaptation for mouth brooding.
Manorialisation and demographic pressure in medieval England: an analysis of the Hundred Rolls of 1279–1280

Abstract This study uses quantitative measurements, to examine the diversity of relationship between manorialisation and demographic pressure by landlord type and landscape region in thirteenth-century England. Classical manors have been considered to have classical structures, that is large scale and manor-parish coincidence, and to be dominated by demesne and customary tenements. However, factor analysis of the data from the Hundred Rolls of 1279–1280 shows that the two features were not always associated and that manorialisation was a two-dimensional process consisting of the development of classical structures and the dominance of demesne and unfree tenements. Therefore, the analysis reveals four types of parishes. First, there were highly manorialised parishes in both aspects where earlier-established ecclesiastical estates prevailed. Second, there were parishes that were occupied by one large manor but dominated by free tenements where earls' estates were prominent. Third, there were parishes divided into small manors comprised mainly of demesne and villein tenements as a result of the advance of demesne farming in lesser estates after 1066. Fourth, there were non-manorialised parishes separated into small manors dominated by free tenements. Many of these parishes had already been split into small manors in 1086. Further analysis shows that demographic pressure was independent of manorialisation. Although the eastern champion Midlands and western champion Midlands were similarly manorialised, demographic pressure was higher in the eastern part. Furthermore, in woodland, population growth and manorialisation were related in several ways. Demographic pressure was highest in East Anglian Heights while the level of freedom was highest in Arden Forest.
Chemotaxis to chitin oligosaccharides by Vibriofurnissii, a chitinivorous marine bacterium

Abstract We have reported that Vibrio furnissii , a chitinivorous marine bacterium, expresses a complex apparatus for adhesion/deadhesion to chitin analogues (1). In the present studies, we show that this organism exhibits a chemotactic response (swarming) to chitin oligosaccharides at concentrations as low as 10 μ M . In contrast, V . furnissii exhibits slight to no chemotaxis to other utilizable compounds (glycerol, lactate, amino acids), with the exception of l -glutamic acid. V . furnissii may lack the tar (aspartate) receptor of Escherichia coli .
The Behavior of Earth Materials under Static Load

This chapter discusses the behavior of earth materials under static load. Excavation, or erection of a structure on soil or rock foundation, in an earth material at an original state of equilibrium, disturbs the original force field, and a new, redistributed, force field is produced. During excavation, the earth or rock walls tend to move and they try to fill the excavation from all sides, while a structural foundation imposes added loads upon the soils and rocks on which it stands. If a condition of equilibrium and stability is to be maintained, the inherent strength properties of the earth materials must also withstand the added loads and resist these generated tendencies to yield. It is this secondary or generated force field that must be controlled in underground support systems, in the control of caving and ground subsidence, in the stabilization of earth and rock slopes, and in foundation engineering. Another form of secondary force field is that generated by mining tools, such as rock cutters and picks, drills, explosives, and blasting materials, which are applied to break rock in the process of excavation.
Sidelobe Reduction of the Ring Array for Use in Circularly Symmetric Imaging Systems

The ring or annulus array offers certain attractive properties for use in circularly symmetric imaging systems. Its excitation function is defined by $$ \text{i}\left( \text{r},\phi \right)\,=\,\text{a}{{\text{e}}^{\text{j}\phi }}\sum\limits_{\text{n=0}}^{\text{n=N-1}}{\text{ }\!\!\delta\!\!\text{ }\left( \phi \,-\,\frac{\text{2 }\!\!\pi\!\!\text{ n}}{\text{N}} \right)} $$ (1) aejφis a continuous annulus of radius a while the second term is the sum of Dirac delta-functions that are nonzero at discrete angles 2πn/N (N is the number of elements in the array and n = 0,1,N-1). Its attractive properties are: 1. The underlying circular symmetry of the ring results in nearly circular symmetry on the radiation sphere, i.e., except for the discreteness of the array the radiation pattern is only a function of the polar angle θ and not the azimuthal angle φ. This property is generally advantageous in a scanning or imaging system in which there is no preferred azimuth. 2. Although the angular spacing of elements on the ring is periodic, as given in (1), the apparent spacing from any direction of view other than the zenith is uniform. This nonuniformity of apparent element spacing permits thinning the array, i.e., mean interelement spacing > λ/2, where λ is the wavelength, without introducing grating lobes (a la the interferometer) [*]. This property is advantageous because it permits a larger aperture and therefore a finer resolving power from a fixed system cost. The reasoning is as follows: given a limited number N of elements and accompanying circuits associated with a given system cost, the size L of the square array having λ/2 element spacing is \(\text{ }\!\!\lambda\!\!\text{ }\frac{\sqrt{\text{N}}}{\text{2}}\) The available beamwidth Δθ always is about λ/L, which equals \(\frac{\text{2}}{\sqrt{\text{N}}}\), and is limited, therefore, by N. Furthermore, the resolving power improves only as N1/2. A bilinear crossed array of length L has a smaller beam cross-section: 2L = Nλ/2 and Δθ ≃ 4/N. The periodic ring array is still better because the λ/2 spacing limitation is removed. 3. Because of the circular symmetry, beamforming and scanning phase shifts and/or time delays need only be calculated for a single angular interval 2π/N. The same set of values can be made to pertain to every sector by rotating the angular frame of reference (in the computer or signal processor) in steps of 2π/N. This property can result in a significant reduction in the data handling requirement in a digital processing system. 4. The beamwidth of a ring array is theoretically smallest for a given size aperture for which the requirement of circular symmetry is imposed. This is because the elements are disperses most widely from the center subject to the given condition. This property leads to the finest available resolving power from a circularly symmetric aperture of fixed size.
Targeted killing of TNFR2-expressing tumor cells and T regs by TNFR2 antagonistic antibodies in advanced Sézary syndrome.

Sezary syndrome (SS) is a rare form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma often refractory to treatment. SS is defined as adenopathy, erythroderma with high numbers of atypical T cells. This offers an opportunity for new interventions and perhaps antibody-based therapeutic by virtue of its high expression of the TNFR2 oncogene on the tumor cells and on T-regulatory cells (Tregs). Potent human-directed TNFR2 antagonistic antibodies have been created that preferentially target the TNFR2 oncogene and tumor-infiltrating TNFR2+ Tregs. Here we test the therapeutic potential of TNFR2 antagonists on freshly isolated lymphocytes from patients with Stage IVA SS and from healthy controls. SS patients were on a variety of end-stage multi-drug therapies. Baseline burden Treg/T effector (Teff) ratios and the responsiveness of tumor and infiltrating Tregs to TNFR2 antibody killing was studied. We show dose-escalating concentrations of a dominant TNFR2 antagonistic antibody killed TNFR2+ SS tumor cells and thus restored CD26- subpopulations of lymphocyte cell numbers to normal. The abundant TNFR2+ Tregs of SS subjects are also killed with TNFR2 antagonism. Beneficial and rapid expansion of Teff was observed. The combination of Treg inhibition and Teff expansion brought the high Treg/Teff ratio to normal. Our findings suggest a marked responsiveness of SS tumor cells and Tregs, to targeting with TNFR2 antagonistic antibodies. These results show TNFR2 antibodies are potent and efficacious in vitro.
Continuous restricted Boltzmann machines

Restricted Boltzmann machines are a generative neural network. They summarize their input data to build a probabilistic model that can then be used to reconstruct missing data or to classify new data. Unlike discrete Boltzmann machines, where the data are mapped to the space of integers or bitstrings, continuous Boltzmann machines directly use floating point numbers and therefore represent the data with higher fidelity. The primary limitation in using Boltzmann machines for big-data problems is the efficiency of the training algorithm. This paper describes an efficient deterministic algorithm for training continuous machines.
Status of the Epidemiological Surveillance Systems for Salt and Water Fluoridation Programs in Latin America and the Caribbean

Background: Epidemiological Surveillance Systems are part of public policies to evaluate the impact of prevention interventions or the occurrence of related health events. In Dental Public Health has been valuable the surveillance systems to follow the fluoridation programs, the prevalence of caries or the fluorosis cases. Purpose: Identify and summarize published information regard the status of fluoridation programs and their epidemiological surveillance systems in Latin America and the Caribbean region. Methods: In this narrative literature review, articles searches in Medline and LILACS, in four languages, was carried out. Results: The authors included the analysis of 291 references published by government entities, international agencies, academic institutions and other sources, and summarizing the synthesis of all findings in two tracking matrices to contribute with new knowledge for policy making and program improvement through monitory systems. The results showed 11 active programs, 18 in uncertain status, and one country projecting a future program. Only six countries that started their fluoridation programs in the mid-eighties in the twentieth century have structured or strengthened a surveillance system for their fluoridation programs. Conclusions: The authors recommend a new stage of international accompaniment by several agencies to resume fluoridation programs in countries where structural, economic, or political factors affected the implementation or continuation of fluoridation programs in the 21st century.
Comprehensive structural and optical characterization of MBE grown MoSe2 on graphite, CaF2 and graphene

We report the structural and optical properties of a molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) grown 2-dimensional (2D) material molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) on graphite, CaF2 and epitaxial graphene. Extensive characterizations reveal that 2H–MoSe2 grows by van-der-Waals epitaxy on all three substrates with a preferred crystallographic orientation and a Mo:Se ratio of 1:2. Photoluminescence at room temperature (~1.56 eV) is observed in monolayer MoSe2 on both CaF2 and epitaxial graphene. The band edge absorption is very sharp, <60 meV over three decades. Overcoming the observed small grains by promoting mobility of Mo adatoms would make MBE a powerful technique to achieve high quality 2D materials and heterostructures.
Sex As a Biological Variable: The Importance of Curriculum Development in the 21st Century.

Women's health remains very understudied in many areas and across different types of science. However, in the United States and in other countries as well, there is a burgeoning interest in sex and...
Cities and Immigrants: The Local in Anti?Immigration Federal Policies

Few Americans would guess that from 2014 to 2017, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Cincinnati, Ohio, and Greenville, South Carolina, were among the top ten metropolitan areas where population growth was attributable to immigrants (New American Economy [NAE] [27]) New York City, home to at least 3 million immigrants (Office of Immigrant Affairs [28]), is still the dominant end destination for immigrants and refugees, but not for refugees in their first placement Table 1 shows the placement of refugees by New York State metropolitan areas, the number of refugees settled in each city, and how the cities were ranked nationally by the number of refugees resettled in each from 2007 to 2016 The onslaught of the COVID-19 pandemic in the spring of 2020 will continue to slow the number of refugees entering Buffalo;the combined reaction of the federal government regarding refugee policy and the coronavirus will be felt for decades at the local level [Extracted from the article] Copyright of City & Community is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use This abstract may be abridged No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract (Copyright applies to all Abstracts )
A Fast Filtering Algorithm for Massive Context-free Grammars

All non-statistical context-free parsers are plagued by a worst case parse time, O(|G|xn3), linear in the size of the grammar, |G|, which in many applications can cause major slowdowns [6]. In this paper, we pursue general purpose pre-processing intended to speed up the run time of context-free parsers by selecting a smaller fragment of the grammar prior to parsing. Our work provides an ad-hoc method to perform subgrammar selection, increasing the practicality of parsing with very large context-free grammars. We present an algorithm we call 'Terminal-tree filtering' (TTF), a new variant of the 'b-filtering' algorithm presented in [6], which finds the same filtered set of grammar rules as the 'b-filter' for a given input, but which achieves new state-of-the-art run time and grammar size performance within in this problem space. Our work boasts remarkable performance boosts across a range of workloads, including a 10-20 fold speedup on a real world English grammar of size |G| a 115, 000, 000. Furthermore, we achieve far greater scale, parsing sentences using grammars a 10 times larger than those previously studied. The TTF algorithm filters quickly enough to provide feasible parsing times on our example English grammar. On this very same test suite [6] 's algorithms, which are the broadest, most recent contributions to the field, demonstrate unacceptable run times. We also provide a theoretical analysis which elucidates under which conditions worst-case behavior and best-case behavior can be expected, and show that even under worst-case performance, variants of the TTF still show some empirical advantages to the b-filter.
On the Potential Benefits of Mobile Access Points in mmWave Wireless LANs

Millimeter-wave communication is a highly promising technology to deliver multi-gigabit-per-second transmission rates for next-generation wireless LANs (WLANs). To achieve such ultra-high throughput performance in indoor scenarios, line-of-sight (LoS) connectivity becomes a critical requirement. Prior work has proposed access point (AP) mobility as an approach to improve LoS conditions and, thereby, approach optimum mmWave WLAN performance. In this work, we present a comprehensive simulation study of linear AP mobility that investigates various dimensions, including the number of mobile APs, the placement of the mobile AP platforms, and the length of the platforms. The results show how WLAN performance varies across these dimensions and also compares the results against a varying number of static APs to quantity the performance gains achievable from mobility. The results show that even 2 or 3 mobile APs can significantly outperform a much larger number of static APs and that deploying up to 3 mobile APs in a room brings substantial performance gains.
Role of Long-Duration Energy Storage in Variable Renewable Electricity Systems

Summary Reliable and affordable electricity systems based on variable energy sources, such as wind and solar may depend on the ability to store large quantities of low-cost energy over long timescales. Here, we use 39 years of hourly U.S. weather data, and a macro-scale energy model to evaluate capacities and dispatch in least cost, 100% reliable electricity systems with wind and solar generation supported by long-duration storage (LDS; 10 h or greater) and battery storage. We find that the introduction of LDS lowers total system costs relative to wind-solar-battery systems, and that system costs are twice as sensitive to reductions in LDS costs as to reductions in battery costs. In least-cost systems, batteries are used primarily for intra-day storage and LDS is used primarily for inter-season and multi-year storage. Moreover, dependence on LDS increases when the system is optimized over more years. LDS technologies could improve the affordability of renewable electricity.
Disclosure after medical error.

Purpose of review Disclosure after medical error is a complex process that goes beyond a single provider and the patient. The types and severity of errors occurring in the practice of anesthesiology may have more implications for patients, requiring a thoughtful approach to the patient, their families and the healthcare system as a whole. Recent findings Tenants of the disclosure have been established. Simulation for trainees and practitioners allows for education and preparation for such events. Summary Despite education and systems-based improvements in quality and safety in medicine, errors will undoubtably occur. Communication with patients and their families after an event is key in maintaining trust in the therapeutic relationship. A concerted effort is required by a team to ensure a well-executed disclosure.