cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conversion of a Ribozyme to a Deoxyribozyme through In Vitro Evolution

An RNA ligase ribozyme was converted to a corresponding deoxyribozyme through in vitro evolution. The ribozyme was prepared as a DNA molecule of the same sequence, and had no detectable activity. A population of randomized variants of this DNA was constructed and evolved to perform RNA ligation at a rate similar to that of the starting ribozyme. When the deoxyribozyme was prepared as an RNA molecule of the same sequence, it had no detectable activity. Thus, the evolutionary transition from an RNA to a DNA enzyme represents a switch, rather than a broadening, of the chemical basis for catalytic function. This transfer of both information and function is relevant to the transition between two different genetic systems based on nucleic acid-like molecules, as postulated to have occurred during the early history of life on Earth.
Evaluation of bumetanide as a matrix for prompt fragmentation matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and demonstration of prompt fragmentation/post-source decay matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry.

Bumetanide was evaluated as a matrix for prompt fragmentation matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) experiments on peptides. Both the MALDI mass spectrum and some physical properties of bumetanide were compared with those of some commonly used matrices. Bumetanide was then evaluated for prompt fragmentation MALDI by comparing the prompt fragmentation produced using bumetanide with that for alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid and 2, 5-dihydroxybenzoic acid. Bumetanide was also evaluated for use in a mixed matrix with alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid. A 4 : 1 matrix mixture was found to be useful for the post-source decay analysis of a prompt fragment ion. The prompt fragmentation/post-source decay analysis experiment is demonstrated on a prompt fragment ion from the oxidized b-chain of insulin.
Laboratory measurement of compaction-induced permeability change in porous rocks: Implications for the generation and maintenance of pore pressure excess in the crust

Permeability exerts significant control over the development of pore pressure excess in the crust, and it is a physical quantity sensitively dependent on the pore structure and stress state. In many applications, the relation between permeability and effective mean stress is assumed to be exponential and that between permeability and porosity is assumed to be a power law, so that the pressure sensitivity of permeability is characterized by the coefficient γ and the porosity sensitivity by the exponent α. In this study, we investigate experimentally the dependence of permeability on pressure and porosity in five sandstones with porosities ranging from 14% to 35% and we review published experimental data on intact rocks, unconsolidated materials and rock fractures. The laboratory data show that the pressure and porosity sensitivities differ significantly for different compaction mechanisms, but for a given compaction mechanism, the data can often be approximated by the empirical relations. The permeabilities of tight rocks and rock joints show relatively high pressure sensitivity and low porosity sensitivity. A wide range of values for α and γ have been observed in relation to the mechanical compaction of porous rocks, sand and fault gouge, whereas the porosity sensitivity for chemical compaction processes is often observed to be given by α≈3. We show that since the ratio γ/α corresponds to the pore compressibility, the different dependences of permeability on porosity and pressure are related to the pore structure and its compressibility. Guided by the laboratory data, we conduct numerical simulations on the development of pore pressure in crustal tectonic settings according to the models ofWalder andNur (1984) andRice (1992). Laboratory data suggest that the pressure sensitivity of fault gouge is relatively low, and to maintain pore pressure at close to the lithostatic value in the Rice model, a relatively high influx of fluid from below the seismogenic layer is necessary. The fluid may be injected as vertically propagating pressure pulses into the seismogenic system, andRice's (1992) critical condition for the existence of solitary wave is shown to be equivalent to α>1, which is satisfied by most geologic materials in the laboratory. Laboratory data suggest that the porosity sensitivity is relatively high when the permeability is reduced by a coupled mechanical and chemical compaction process. This implies that in a crustal layer, pore pressure may be generated more efficiently than cases studied byWalder andNur (1984) who assumed a relatively low porosity sensitivity of α=2.
Stepwise acetylide ligand substitution for the assembly of ethynylbenzene-linked Co(III) complexes

Abstract We describe the preparation and structural characterization of a family of chloro-ethynylbenzene complexes containing [(cyclam)Co] 3+ units: [(cyclam)CoCl(CCPh)]X (X = Cl ( 1a ), BPh 4 ( 1b )), [(cyclam) 2 Co 2 Cl 2 ( p -DEB)]X 2 (X = Cl ( 2a ), BPh 4 ( 2b )), [(cyclam) 3 Co 3 Cl 3 (1,3,5-TEB)]X 3 (X = Cl ( 3a ), BPh 4 ( 3b )), [(cyclam) 2 Co 2 Cl 2 (1,3,5-TEBH)]X 2 (X = Cl ( 4a ), BPh 4 ( 4b )), where the bridging ligands p -DEB and TEB are the bis- and tris-deprotonated anions of 1,4-diethynylbenzene and 1,3,5-triethynylbenzene, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry of [(cyclam) 3 Co 3 Cl 3 (1,3,5-TEB)]Cl 3 ( 3a ) suggests that electrochemical reduction of the Co(III) centers to Co(II) is accompanied by complex dissociation resulting from the increased lability of the Co(II) ions. Inclusion of the tetraphenylborate anions in 1b – 4b allows for the possibility of stepwise acetylide substitution by imparting complex cation solubility in tetrahydrofuran: trans -[(cyclam)Co(CCPh) 2 ](BPh 4 ) ( 5 ) is prepared by mixing LiCCPh with 1b . Isolation of 5 demonstrates the feasibility of metallodendrimer synthesis using octahedral first-row transition metal nodes, which awaits demonstration.
G. Elijah Dann, After Rorty: The Possibilities for Ethics and Religious Belief

(2009). G. Elijah Dann, After Rorty: The Possibilities for Ethics and Religious Belief. Political Theology: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 372-375.
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in pediatric soft tissue sarcoma patients: Utility and concordance with imaging

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to report our experience with sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) for pediatric soft tissue sarcomas to add to the limited literature about its feasibility, utility, and concordance with pre-operative imaging, including CT and 18 F-FDG PET (PET) scanning. Methods Medical records of patients with a sarcoma who underwent SLNB as part of their treatment for a soft tissue sarcoma at our institution from 2000 to 2011 were identified and reviewed. Results Eight patients underwent SLNB for soft tissue sarcoma during the study period. Two patients had positive SLNBs; both of these patients had rhabdomyosarcoma. Three patients with pathologically enlarged lymph nodes on CT scan underwent PET functional imaging prior to SLNB. The PET suggested the presence of nodal disease in all three patients; however, only one of these patients had a positive SLNB. Conclusions Our series confirms that SLNB is feasible in pediatric sarcoma patients. Small numbers preclude definitive conclusions regarding the utility of SLNB compared with PET, however our data suggest functional imaging alone may not be sufficient to definitively determine lymph node status in these patients. Surgical lymph node sampling may still need to be performed to accurately identify nodal status in pediatric patients with soft tissue sarcoma.
Decisions, decisions: how program diversity influences residency program choice.

Background Recent studies suggest that students' feelings of fit with a residency program substantially influence students' ranking of the program. As diversity issues become increasingly focal concerns, we investigate how perception of gender and racial diversity of a program influences students' rankings of the program. We focus on students pursuing surgical specialties and ask whether diversity concerns are more prominent among applicants to surgical programs than among applicants to nonsurgical programs. Study Design We invited all interviewees at all residency programs at the Stanford University School of Medicine to participate in our study in the spring of 2009. Nineteen residency programs, amounting to 1,657 residency interviewees, participated. Sixty-eight percent (n = 1,132) responded to the survey. Results Women and under-represented minority applicants differ in their assessments from male and non−under-represented minority applicants because women applying to surgical programs and under-represented minority students are less likely than others to perceive their prospective programs as diverse. However, perceived program diversity is an important factor that positively influences the program ranking decision for women and minorities pursuing surgical training. Conclusions Surgical training programs that promote gender and racial diversity will likely be more successful in attracting women and minority students because women and minorities are especially sensitive to program diversity in both their perceptions and rankings of programs. Promoting women and minorities within programs and connecting women and minority applicants to outreach programs and mentors is pertinent to the recruitment of these traditionally under-represented groups to surgical programs.
THE CHARACTERISTICS AND OCCURRENCE OF COOPERATIVE POLYANDRY

Summary This paper discusses the relative position of cooperative polyandry among models for the evolution of both polyandry and cooperative breeding. Cooperative polyandry is described as the situation where more than one male and one female breed as a group with males sharing equally in copulations and the care of one set of young. Sequential and simultaneous polyandry are defined to show how they differ from cooperative polyandry. These systems generally are characterized by the care of only one parent for each set of young, a trait which is in sharp contrast to cooperative polyandry. An argument is made that the present models for the evolution of polyandry cannot be expanded to include the cooperatively polyandrous species. Instead, the cooperative traits of cooperative polyandry fit within the array of characteristics of cooperative (communal) breeding. General characteristics of all cooperative species (monogamous, promiscuous and polyandrous) are reviewed and possible reasons for the evolution of equal-status males are discussed. A plea is made for the unification of evolutionary models dealing with mating systems and cooperative systems.
Early transitions for the parents of premature infants: Implications for intervention

L'accouchement est une transition normative pour la plupart des jeunes couples dans notre societe. Lorsqu'un nourrisson nait prematurement, les premieres experiences des parents different du pattern typique a bien des egards. Cet article rend compte d'entretiens appropfondis avec des meres de prematures et rapporte leurs descriptions des evenements entourant la naissance de leur bebe, l'hospitalisation, et l'arrivee a la maison. Les informations obtenues des parents peuvent etre utiles pour aider les professionnels a preparer et a realiser des interventions pour reduire le stress parental, offrir un soutien emotionnel et social, accroitre les connaissances de parents, et finalement favoriser la sante et le bien-etre de leurs nourrissons
Surface modification-assisted bonding of polymer-based microfluidic devices

This paper reports on the development and application of a surface modification technique as an improved method for bonding polymer microfluidic substrates. This technique readily produced complete microfluidic chips via plasma oxidation followed by silane reagent treatment on the polymer surface. Characterization of the bonded chips was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water contact angle measurement, and tensile strength measurement. SEM images showed that the integrity of the channel features was successfully preserved. A bond strength approaching that of solvent welding was demonstrated. This technique has been successfully applied to bond dissimilar polymer substrates (polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), amorphous polyethylene terephthalate (APET), polycarbonate (PC)), and is also applicable to bonding a hard polymer substrate to polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) or glass.
New three-layer antireflection/surface passivating coating for high efficiency III-V compound solar cells

We use a chemically grown, thermally and chemically stable oxide, not only for surface passivation but also as an integral part of a 3-layer antireflection (AR) coating for thermally diffused p/sup +/n InP solar cells, thus solving the dual problem of surface passivation and surface reflection reduction on these cells. A phosphorus-rich interfacial oxide, In(PO/sub 3/)/sub 3/, is grown at the surface of the p/sup +/ emitter using an etchant based on HNO/sub 3/, o-H/sub 3/PO/sub 4/ and H/sub 2/O/sub 2/. This oxide has the unique properties of passivating the surface as well as serving as a fairly efficient antireflective layer. We show that it is possible to design a three-layer AR coating for a thermally diffused p/sup +/n InP solar cell using the In(PO/sub 3/)/sub 3/-grown oxide as the first layer and either ZnS, MgF/sub 2/ or a new combination MgF/sub 2/ as the second and third layers respectively, so as to yield an overall theoretical reflectance of less than 2%.
Influence of slip-casting and dry-pressing on structure evolution of alumina compacts

A commercial alumina powder was processed to remove aggregates and agglomerates for the study of processing influence on sintering behaviour and structure evolution. Slip-casting a uniformly dispersed slurry formed green compacts with homogeneous particle packing, which subsequently resulted in a nearly defect-free microstructure upon sintering. Dry-pressing the granules that possessed a similar homogeneous microstructure led to compacts with larger voids and particle-packing inhomogeneity. The inhomogeneity persisted through sintering and evolved voids with a size of about 6 μm. However, under the same sintering condition, the sintered density of the dry-pressed compact approached that of the slip-cast compact. The grain sizes of both sintered compacts were similar, implying that differences in consolidation effectiveness do not necessarily incur variation in grain growth provided the compacts are prepared from the same starting powder and sintered under the same condition.
Long-term functional outcome after intensive care.

OBJECTIVE: Although age-related mortality after intensive care unit (ICU) admission has been studied, functional recovery for different age groups following ICU admission is not well characterized. We hypothesized that compared with younger age groups, fewer patients older than age 65 admitted to an ICU would regain their full prehospitalization functional ability and that their recovery would be slower than that of younger patients. DESIGN: A prospective observational cohort study with convenience sampling. SETTING: Intensive care units of an urban university-affiliated Veterans Administration Medical Center. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 222 patients during the first 72 hours after entry to a medical or surgical ICU at the Denver Veteran's Administration Medical Center between September 1991 and July 1992. MEASUREMENTS: We collected baseline data on patient demographics and on the severity of acute illness using the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II), Acute Physiology Score (APS), and functional status (highest level of physical activity level 1 month before admission). We recorded survival and patient-perceived global functional status at 6 weeks and 6 months after admission. Post-ICU function was adjusted for baseline function, age, APACHE II, and APS using multiple regression. RESULTS: Average patient age was 62 ± .74 years (mean ± SEM). Fifty-two percent of the entire cohort returned to baseline function at 6 months. Although baseline function was better for younger people, there was no difference in recovery at 6 weeks in older compared with younger patients. Most functional recovery occurred by 6 weeks, with maintenance of this recovery at 6 months. Baseline function was the major determinant of both 6 week recovery (P < .001) and 6 month recovery (P < = .002), whereas APACHE II was not (P = .3). Age predicted recovery significantly (P = .04) at 6 months but not at 6 weeks (P = .26). APACHE II (P < .001) and baseline function (P = .03) predicted mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Older people had worse functional ability at ICU admission, but the proportion of older people who recovered and their rate of recovery was the same as for younger people. Baseline functional status, rather than abnormal physiologic status (as measured by APACHE II) on admission, was the major determinant of recovery, whereas APACHE II was the main correlate of mortality. Together, baseline function and physiologic status provide valuable complementary information for clinically relevant outcomes following an ICU admission.
Smartphone driven healthcare system for rural communities in developing countries

People in developing countries often do not have access to quality healthcare services. Precious lives frequently get compromised due to lack of timely medical attention. However, despite resource related problems, the developing world has seen an exponential growth in cellular telephony over the last decade. This growth has prompted us to propose an affordable, portable healthcare enabling system, using smartphones and wireless bio sensors.
The Intergenerational Transmission of Age at First Birth among Married and Unmarried Men and Women

Abstract A strong relationship has been established between a mother's age at first birth and her daughter's age at first birth. Using a theoretical framework derived from the literature and a long-term intergenerational panel study of White mother–child pairs, this article (1) establishes that the intergenerational transmission of first birth timing is also strong among sons, (2) provides a theoretical model and empirical evidence that the intergenerational transmission of first birth timing is limited to premaritally conceived first births, and (3) shows that the social circumstances in which children of young mothers are raised fully account for the intergenerational transmission of first birth timing. Among young women, increased rates of premarital childbearing are explained by their grandfather's occupation, mother's religious affiliation, mother's contraceptive use, mother's total number of children, family income and financial assets, mother's education, and mother's divorce followed by remarriage. Among young men, increased rates of premarital childbearing are explained mainly by their mother's education. The results point to the need for further research on why these characteristics of families increase children's premarital first birth rates.
Airline deregulation: Why the supporters lost out☆

Abstract During the debates about deregulation that occured in 1975–1978, a number of airlines, starting with United, broke with the standard industry position and joined a coalition favoring deregulation. The unravelling of industry unity had profound implications and unlikely effects, as deregulation was more complete than initially thought possible and the positions firms took on the issue ultimately diverged from the actual, firm-specific results. This paper attempts to understand the behavior of the defecting airlines. It derives four hypothesis about why a firm would choose an innovative political strategy that is at odds with the standard industry position.
Synchrotron oscillations with very small η

Synchrotron oscillations with very small η (YT-2 - Y0-2) cannot be regarded as ordinary pendulum oscillations because the nonlinearity resulting from higher-order kinematic terms becomes sufficiently significant so as to lead to modification of the standard bucket. These dynamics are important in momentum debunching with rf rotation For instance, this dynamics has significant meanings in momentum debunching with rf rotation in the Debuncher Ring' for the Fermilab TeV-I project.2 RF rotation3 is used for quick reduction of large momentum spread to a small one. This large momentum spread demands that the Debuncher should have a very small n ≈ 0.002, because of engineering limitations of possible rf voltage. The above kinematic nonlinearity may eventually lead to undesirable diffusion in a debunched beam. In this paper, we shall discuss how the nonlinearity is suppressed by adjusting the path length of an off momentum particle with the hlep of sextupole correction magnets.
Intraportal splenic autotransplantation in rats: Feasibility and effectiveness

Abstract This experiment was designed to see whether or not normal host resistance to infection could be reestablished in splenectomized animals by intraportal autotransplantation of homogenized splenic tissue. Part I studied the feasibility of the technique. Within 1 hr of splenectomy, 16 adult Lewis rats received an intraportal injection of autogenous splenic tissue which had been passed through a 500-μm screen. Five rats died acutely from hemorrhage at the site of injection. The others tolerated the infusion well, both acutely and chronically. The animals developed only transient elevations in liver enzymes; chronic portal hypertension did not occur. Histologically, splenic tissue could be demonstrated within terminal portal venules. Part II assessed the effectiveness of intraportal splenic autotransplantation. Eight to twelve months after splenectomy, autotransplantation, or sham operation, 103 Sprague-Dawley rats were challenged with intravenous boluses of 10 5 to 10 8 pneumococci. Mortality was 91% for splenectomized animals, 88% for animals bearing autotransplants, and 59% for controls. Thus intraportal splenic autotransplantation is technically feasible in rats. The grafts are well tolerated by the liver, and splenic tissue is preserved in intimate contact with the blood stream. Even after 8 to 12 months, however, such autografts are not capable of providing normal protection against massive pneumococcemia.
Site response and vertical seismic arrays

Vertical downhole arrays are deployed to record seismic soil (and overall site) behavior. Such arrays have already recorded a large body of benchmark earthquake case histories worldwide. These valuable records document: • mechanisms of vertical wave propagation and site resonance, • characteristics of site amplification for soft and stiff soil formations, and • cyclic soil behavior during liquefaction. At present, downhole array data offer a most effective means for calibration and verification of our predictive computational capabilities. This review is mainly focused on seven vertical-array sites that have been widely studied in the last few years. A number of techniques developed for analyses of downhole seismic records are presented. Relevance of each downhole site, characteristics of the installed array, available seismic records, and lessons learned to date are discussed. Finally, general conclusions are drawn based on the soil/site dynamic properties identified from these downhole records.
The East Atlantic/West Russia (EA/WR) teleconnection in the North Atlantic: climate impact and relation to Rossby wave propagation

Large-scale winter teleconnection of the East Atlantic - West Russia (EA-WR) over the Atlantic and surrounding regions is examined in order to quantify its impacts on temperature and precipitation and identify the physical mechanisms responsible for its existence. A rotated empirical orthogonal function (REOF) analysis of the upper-tropospheric monthly height field captures successfully the EA-WR pattern and its interannual variation, with the North Atlantic Oscillation as the first mode. EA-WRs climate impact extends from eastern North America to Eurasia. The positive (negative) EA-WR produces positive (negative) temperature anomalies over the eastern US, western Europe and Russia east of Caspian Sea, with negative (positive) anomalies over eastern Canada, eastern Europe including Ural Mountains and the Middle East. These anomalies are largely explained by lower-tropospheric temperature advections. Positive (negative) precipitation anomalies are found over the mid-latitude Atlantic and central Russia around 60E, where lower-level cyclonic (anticyclonic) circulation anomaly is dominant. The eastern Canada and the western Europe are characterized by negative (positive) precipitation anomalies.The EA-WR is found to be closely associated with Rossby wave propagation. Wave activity fluxes show that it is strongly tied to large-scale stationary waves. Furthermore, a stationary wave model (SWM) forced with vorticity transients in the mid-latitude Atlantic (approximately 40N) or diabatic heat source over the subtropical Atlantic near the Caribbean Sea produces well-organized EA-WR-like wave patterns, respectively. Sensitivity tests with the SWM indicate improvement in the simulation of the EA-WR when the mean state is modified to have a positive NAO component that enhances upper-level westerlies between 40-60N.
Oppositional Pairs: Unresolved Conflicts in Student Teaching.

Abstract Reflective practice in teacher education has, as one of its objectives, the intention of increasing the individual's awareness of personal beliefs and images of teaching. However, beliefs and images do not always follow lines of clear and consistent rational thought. It is possible for one individual to simultaneously subscribe to contradictory beliefs that have the potential to create conflict. The authors look at two student teachers whose contradictory beliefs went unrecognized and unresolved and subsequently affected their professional growth. The findings suggest implications for program administrators, supervisors, cooperating teachers, and the student teachers themselves. The authors caution that simply involving teacher candidates in reflective inquiry may be insufficient for some students.
Chiral Recognition Mechanisms in the Direct Resolution of Diol Enantiomers of Some Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Chiral Stationary Phases

Abstract The direct resolution of trans and cis bay region dihydrodiol and tetrahydrodiol enantiomers of benz[a]anthracene and benzo[a]-pyrene, and trans and cis K-region dihydrodiol enantiomers of benz[a]anthracene, 4-methylbenz[a]anthracene, 7-methylbenz[a]anthracene, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, and 3-methylcholanthrene was evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography using commercially available columns packed with (R)-N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)phenylglycine and (S)-N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)leucine either ionically or covalently bonded to γ-aminopropylsilanized silica. Except benz[a]anthracene trans-5,6-dihydrodiol, the diol enantiomers of other hydrocarbons were all resolved by at least one of the four chiral stationary phases tested. The absolute configurations of enantiomeric diols, whose hydroxyl groups' conformations are restricted due to steric factors, have been established by the exciton chirality circular dichroism method. Based on the experimental results, the mechanisms of some chiral in...
Breath carbon monoxide output is affected by speed of emptying the lungs: Implications for laboratory and smoking cessation research

Introduction: Researchers have used breath carbon monoxide (CO) cutoff values ranging from 4 to 10 ppm to define absti nence in cigarette-smoking cessation research and reductions in CO as a measure of acute abstinence in laboratory research. The current study used a reversal design to investigate effects of exhalation speed on CO output in four groups (non-, light, moderate, and heavy smokers; n = 20 per group). Methods: In one condition, participants were instructed to empty their lungs as quickly as possible (fast), whereas in a different condition, participants were instructed to empty their lungs at a slow pace (slow). Conditions were counterbalanced and repeated twice for each participant. Results: For all groups, speed of exhalation was significantly lower during the slow condition than during the fast condition, and CO output was significantly higher during the slow condi tion than during the fast condition. Sensitivity and specificity analyses revealed that the optimal CO cutoff for smoking abstinence was 3 ppm during the fast condition versus 4 ppm during the slow condition. Additionally, when heavy smokers switched from exhaling slow to exhaling fast, they showed an approximately 30% reduction in CO. Discussion: The results suggest that exhalation speed should be monitored when CO is used as a measure of smoking status for laboratory and smoking cessation research. If exhalation speed is not monitored when using CO to verify smoking cessation, then more conservative CO cutoff values should be used to avoid false negative CO readings.
Rat olfactory response to aliphatic acetates

Volatile compounds of the male rat preputial gland extracts were found to containn-aliphatic acetates, by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. Female rats preferred the odor of various saturated and unsaturatedn-aliphatic acetates while the male rats were repelled by or indifferent to, most of these compounds. A bioassay apparatus recorded the number of approaches and the investigation time for each animal offered the test compounds. The possibility of aliphatic acetates' involvement as sex attractants produced by the male rat is considered.
Improving the diagnosis of infection during out-of-hospital emergency care: are biomarkers the next step?

To the Editor:—Severe sepsis is common, often fatal, and results in a large burden on the health care system. As the population ages, national estimates project more than 1 million new cases of sev...
An autogenous tooth transplant: report of case.

A molar was transplanted from one quadrant to another in the same mouth. A maxillary right molar was transplanted to the left mandibular quadrant in the mouth of a 22-year-old man.
The physical state of mannitol after freeze-drying: effects of mannitol concentration, freezing rate, and a noncrystallizing cosolute.

The objectives of this study were to (1) measure the effects of freezing rate and mannitol concentration on the physical state of freeze-dried mannitol when mannitol is present as a single component, (2) determine the relative concentration threshold above which crystalline mannitol can be observed by X-ray powder diffraction in the freeze-dried solid when a variety of noncrystallizing solutes are included in the formulation, and (3) measure the glass transition temperature of amorphous mannitol and to determine the degree to which the glass transition temperature of freeze-dried solids consisting of mannitol and a disaccharide is predicted by the Gordon–Taylor equation. Both freezing rate and mannitol concentration influence the crystal form of mannitol in the freeze-dried solid when mannitol is present as a single component. Slow freezing of 10% (w/v) mannitol produces a mixture of the α and β polymorphs, whereas fast freezing of the same solution produces the δ form. Fast freezing of 5% (w/v) mannitol results primarily in the β form. The threshold concentration above which crystalline mannitol is detected in the freeze-dried solid by X-ray diffraction is consistently about 30% (w/w) when a second, noncrystallizing solute is present, regardless of the nature of the second component. The glass transition temperature of amorphous mannitol measured from the quench-cooled melt is approximately 13 °C. Accordingly, mannitol is an effective plasticizer of freeze-dried solids when the mannitol remains amorphous. Glass transition temperatures of mixtures of mannitol and the disaccharides sucrose, maltose, trehalose, and lactose are well predicted by the Gordon–Taylor equation with values of k in the range of 3 to 4.
Scale model acoustic testing of counterrotating fans

The UDF contrarotating propfan has been subjected to scale model wind tunnel testing to ascertain both general performance and acoustic characteristics data bases. Model Propulsion Simulator test rigs able to mount contrarotating fan blades of up to 24.5-inch diameter were used, and one of these was installed in a large anechoic test chamber for acoustic measurement of conditions simulating representative takeoffs, power cutbacks, and landing approaches. Attention is presently given to the data acquisition/reduction systems, the scaling criteria used to obtain engine size acoustic data, and comparisons with demonstrator aircraft in-flight acoustic test results.
Review of the Book Sniffy the Virtual Rat Pro Version 2.0.

Sniffy the Virtual Rat Pro Version 2.0 is the most recent update to the Sniffy the Rat program modules. It has an extensive set of simulations related to Pavlovian and operant conditioning. Many of the standard conditioning paradigms and phenomena are contained within this program. Pavlovian effects such as blocking, overshadowing, and stimulus competition are demonstrated in the data output. Operant manipulations allow shaping the behavior of the virtual rat, observing cumulative records of interval and ratio schedules, as well as conducting operant discrimination procedures. In both Pavlovian and operant paradigms, one can generate histograms that predict the degree to which various stimuli control the virtual rat's behavior. On-screen presentations may keep most users interested, but working with the generated data files sometimes can prove difficult. Overall, this program has a strong potential for facilitating the instruction in undergraduate conditioning courses, serving as an addendum to traditional undergraduate conditioning laboratories and as a supplement to the use of live animals.
Social functioning, psychopathology, and medication side effects in relation to substance use and abuse in schizophrenia.

Objective: To identify correlates of self-reported substance use and problems associated with that use in people with schizophrenia. Methods: A sample of 404 patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or schizophreniform disorder and longitudinal assessments of substance use were examined. Three groups were formed according to consistency of substance use over time: No/Low Alcohol, Alcohol Only, and Drug Use (with or without alcohol use). Similar groups were formed regarding problems associated with alcohol use. Groups were compared on demographics, psychiatric history, psychopathology, medication side effects, and social functioning. Results: Substance users were more likely to be young, male, and to have lower levels of education. Substance users generally had fewer negative symptoms, more social contacts, and better social-leisure functioning. However, substance users, especially drug users, also were rated as having more interpersonal and family problems, had an earlier age at first psychiatric hospitalization, and were more likely to have been recently hospitalized. Patients reporting problems with alcohol use reported more frequent alcohol and drug use, greater severity of akathisia, and problems in interpersonal, family, and self-efficacy domains. Conclusions: Many of the same variables that correlate with substance use disorder also correlated with moderate substance use in this sample of people with schizophrenia. Although moderate users of alcohol and drugs may have better social functioning in some areas, they also are likely to have substantial problems in interpersonal relationships, especially those involving family members.
Comparative study of guanidine-based and lysine-based brush copolymers for plasmid delivery

Polyethylenimine (PEI), one of the most frequently used polycations for non-viral nucleic acid delivery, exhibits good transfection efficiency to cultured cells but generally has to be used in restricted concentration ranges due to high cytotoxicity. We recently reported a family of HPMA-co-oligolysine brush copolymers that show nucleic acid delivery efficiencies approaching that of PEI. Guanidine-containing polymers have been reported in some systems to be more effective at cellular delivery of cargo than their primary-amine analogs. The goal of this work is to investigate the effect of guanidinylation on gene transfer ability of HPMA-co-oligolysine copolymers. Several parameters were evaluated: arginine versus homoarginine monomers, oligopeptide length, and charge density within the peptide. Using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, a series of six copolymers were synthesized containing the cationic peptides K10, R10, K5, and (GK)5. Lysine-containing copolymers were functionalized with guanidine by reaction with O-methylisourea to generate an additional five homoarginine-based copolymers. All eleven copolymers readily condensed into small polyplexes (<250 nm) and remained stable in physiological salt conditions. The best performing copolymers provided more efficient gene transfection with less associated cytotoxicity than PEI. Reducing the number of charge centers (from 10 to 5) further reduced toxicity while retaining comparable transfection efficiency to PEI.
Market concentration and vertical coordination in the pork industry: Implications for public policy analysis

Concentration in the pork industry has increased and spawned concerns over market power. Agricultural policy instruments operate differently under imperfect competition. This article analyzes the impacts of policy instruments when the pork industry is assumed to be imperfectly competitive. The arguments are made that policy instruments can be categorized into those with impacts independent of market conduct and those with impacts dependent on market conduct. If the policy objective is to raise swine grower welfare, markets need to remain open to trade, the use of quantitative policy instruments should be avoided, and domestic subsidies to packers must be effective. [Econ Lit citation: L130, L660, Q118] © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
MEASURING PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN AUSTRALIAN BROADACRE AGRICULTURE

An important source of growth for Australian broadacre agriculture has been technical progress. We compare alternative measures of productivity growth including the traditional TornqvistâThiel total factor productivity index; variants of this approach that allow decreasing returns to scale; the Fisher ideal index; other nonparametric measures that do not impose particular functional forms and an econometric estimate from a translog industry cost function. The annual growth in productivity in broadacre agriculture over the period from 1953 to 1994 was in the range of 2.4 to 2.6 per cent and hence was quite robust to measurement technique.
Moving from drugs to sex: new directions for youth-oriented peer counseling.

Abstract During the decade of the sixties, peer services proliferated as a response to the counterculture and the drug ethic, particularly among youth. In the seventies, drug crises have become less frequent and a consequence has been erosion of the service base of these organizations. However, problems associated with sexuality and the “Sexual Revolution” have become a strong new focus for youth-oriented peer services. Such services are now increasing in numbers and provide information, counseling, and referral for those concerned about or experiencing sex-related difficulties.
Conformational Control of Ubiquitination in the Cullin-Ring E3 Ligase Machinery

Tagging proteins by polyubiquitin is a key step in protein degradation. Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases (CRLs) facilitate ubiquitination by transfer ubiquitin from ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 to the target protein. Neddylation by conjugation of ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 to cullin can stimulate ubiquitination process. However, crystallography indicates a 25-35 A distance between neddylation activate sites and a 50-60 A distance between ubiquitination active sites, raising questions of how NEDD8 and ubiquitin are transfered, and how neddylation stimulates ubiquitination. Here we performed molecular dynamics simulations to address these questions. CRLs have cullin as scaffold holding two arms. One arm, substrate binding protein, binds to substrates; the other arm, Rbx protein, binds to E2. In our simulations, we observed big conformational changes on both arms. The flexible linker on the arm of Rbx1, serving as a hinge to rotate the RING domain, thus brings E2 toward substrate to shorten the 50-60 A distance gap to a minimum of 13 A, while the flexible linkers on the other arm of the substrate binding protein could also serve as hinges to rotate the substrate binding domain1,2 and bring substrate toward E2 thus further shorten the distance by 7∼12 A to bridge the ubiquitin transfer distance gap. The distance gap for neddylation could also be shortened due to the conformational change during the simulations. We therefore propose that a large ensemble of conformations could provide the possible conformation to bridge the distance gap for ubiquitin transfer and NEDD8 transfer, and that neddylation stimulates the ubiquitination by stimulating conformational change of CRLs and generating a larger conformational ensemble. This project is funded by NCI contract HHSN261200800001E.1. Liu J, Nussinov R. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:901-6, 20082. Liu J, Nussinov R. PLoS Comput Biol 5:e1000527, 2009
Exact Mixing Times for Random Walks on Trees

We characterize the extremal structures for certain random walks on trees. Let G = (V, E) be a tree with stationary distribution ?. For a vertex $${i \in V}$$ , let H(?, i) and H(i, ?) denote the expected lengths of optimal stopping rules from ? to i and from i to ?, respectively. We show that among all trees with |V| = n, the quantities $${{\rm min}_{i \in V} H(\pi, i), {\rm max}_{i \in V} H(\pi, i), {\rm max}_{i \in V} H(i, \pi)}$$ and $${\sum_{i \in V} \pi_i H(i, \pi)}$$ are all minimized uniquely by the star S n = K 1,n?1 and maximized uniquely by the path P n .
Brownian motion on the continuum tree

We construct Brownian motion on a continuum tree, a structure introduced as an asymptotic limit to certain families of finite trees. We approximate the Dirichlet form of Brownian motion on the continuum tree by adjoining one-dimensional Brownian excursions. We study the local times of the resulting diffusion. Using time-change methods, we find explicit expressions for certain hitting probabilities and the mean occupation density of the process.
The Auger Effect in Relative Intensities and Widths of X-Ray Lines

A systematic study of the widths and relative intensities of certain $L$ lines in the atomic number range $70\ensuremath{\le}Z\ensuremath{\le}81$ has been made with a two-crystal spectrometer. It was found that in going from Ta (73) to Tl (81) the width of lines arising from ${L}_{\mathrm{I}}$ initial states increased in energy by approximately six electron volts, while the widths of lines arising from ${L}_{\mathrm{II}}$ and ${L}_{\mathrm{III}}$ initial states increased by only approximately one electron volt. Further, the intensities of ${L}_{\mathrm{I}}$ lines relative to the intensities of ${L}_{\mathrm{II}}$ and ${L}_{\mathrm{III}}$ lines showed a marked decrease with atomic number. Both of these variations can be attributed to the rapid increase with atomic number of the probabilities of the Auger transitions ${L}_{\mathrm{I}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{L}_{\mathrm{III}}{M}_{\mathrm{IV}}$ and ${L}_{\mathrm{I}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{L}_{\mathrm{III}}{M}_{\mathrm{V}}$. The results on line widths are in accord with the theory of Weisskopf and Wigner. All the data recorded indicate that Auger transitions are of prime importance in determining the relative intensities and widths of certain x-ray lines.
Electrical and thermal layout design and optimization considerations for DPS active IPEM

A methodology was developed to optimize the 3D geometrical design layout of an active integrated power electronics module (IPEM) by considering both electrical and thermal performance. This paper is focused on the thermal analysis, which was performed using 3D finite element and computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analyses. A parametric study was conducted to determine the thermal performance of several different design layouts. A sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the overall uncertainty of the predicted simulations. The final design, Gen-II.C, provided a 70% reduction in the common mode current, a 4% reduction in the size of the geometric footprint, and a 3°C reduction in the maximum temperature over Gen-II.A, thus providing an increase in the overall performance.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Filters with Chebyshev stopbands, flat passbands, and impulse responses of finite duration

This paper concerns frequency functions of filters with timelimited impulse responses. Both discrete and continuous data versions are included. For the most part, phases are linear, but advantages of certain nonlinear phases are also noted. Reference [1] is applied to obtain simultaneously Chebyshev stopbands and maximally flat or Chebyshev passbands. Reference [1] is quite different from the optimization techniques usually applied to circuit design. In these applications, it yields computer programs simple enough for the HP65 pocket calculator, although more appropriate for calculators such as the SR59 or HP67 or 97.
Holocene environments of the central Great Plains: multi-proxy evidence from alluvial sequences, southeastern Nebraska

Abstract Pollen, plant macrofossils, phytoliths, carbon isotopes, and alluvial history from sediments exposed along the South Fork of the Big Nemaha River, southeastern Nebraska, USA, provide an integrated reconstruction of changes in Holocene vegetation, climate, and fluvial activity. From 9000 to 8500 uncalibrated 14 C yr BP, climate became more arid and the floodplain and alluvial fans in the main valley aggraded rapidly, upland deciduous forest declined, and prairie attained its Holocene dominance. From 8500 to 5800 yr BP. upland forest elements disappeared, and even riparian trees were sparse under dry climatic conditions. Alluvial fans continued to aggrade but aggradation in the main valley was interrupted by a stable episode 7000 yr BP. From 5800 to 3100 yr BP, riparian forests returned to prominence, and droughts were intermittent. Alluviation was slower and punctuated by two major episodes of channel incision and terrace formation in the main valley. Aggradation on alluvial fans slowed and finally ceased near the end of this period. During a short dry interval from 3100 to 2700 yr BP riparian trees (except elm) disappeared, and prairie and weedy species became more abundant. This interval is represented by the organic Roberts Creek Member, and the alluvial setting was a slightly incised meandering channel belt. Habitats became similar to presettlement conditions during the last 2700 yr BP. Weedy taxa dominate modern samples, reflecting widespread disturbance. Alluvial fans and terrace surfaces were stable during the last 2500 years, but episodes of floodplain aggradation were punctuated by incision of the main channel.
The Significance of Body Part as Tool Errors in Limb Apraxia

When pantomiming to command, individuals with left hemisphere brain damage (LBD) often produce errors in which they use a body part as if it were the tool (BPT). Some clinicians question the significance of this type of error because subjects without brain damage at times also make BPT responses. We analyzed BPT errors in LBD and normal subjects who were reinstructed to modify the inappropriate BPT responses when they occurred. We also analyzed errors in normal subjects who were never reinstructed if a BPT occurred. Whereas LBD subjects who were reinstructed produced significantly more BPT errors than normals who were also reinstructed, LBD subjects were not different from normals who were not reinstructed. When reinstructed, normal control subjects correctly modified virtually all BPT errors, whereas LBD subjects did not modify BPT errors. These findings underscore the need for reinstruction when a BPT error occurs to determine whether it represents a true BPT error, a sign of limb apraxia.