cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cognition-emotion primacy debate and Crossbar Adaptive Array in 1980-1982

Abstract The paper considers the well known cognition emotion primacy debate between Zajonc and Lazarus in the period 1980-1982. The paper also considers the less known contribution to that debate, given in the same time, in 1981, by an Artificial Intelligence system, the Crossbar Adaptive Array (CAA) artificial neural network. The CAA system was the first artificial neural network that implemented cognitive processing together with emotion processing. While Zajonc proposed that emotion is computed first, and Lazarus proposed that cognition is computed first, the CAA architecture suggested that both emotion and cognition are computed simultaneously. This paper reviews the cognition-emotion primacy problem stated by Zajonc and Lazarus in 1980-82, and also reviews the 1981-82 CAA solution of that problem.
Smart Resident: A Personalized Transportation Guidance System

Many people around the globe live in areas that have unhealthy levels of air pollution. Such pollution raises the risks of health problems such as lung cancer and heart disease. A significant contributor to air pollution is the combustion of fossil fuels such as gasoline and diesel to transport people and goods. Using shared and active transportation such as cycling and walking can have great benefits in mobility, clean air, citizen health, and transportation efficiency. Driven by the idea of improving air quality, mobility, and the quality of resident lives, we contribute Smart Resident, a transportation guidance system which uses a recommender system and gamification to motivate city residents to move towards active or shared transportation as an alternative to traditional one-passenger vehicles. The system uses a personalized recommender system based on the history of user trips, and user preferences to give recommendations to users for daily transportation. Moreover, the system motivates users towards green means of transportation by showing them impact on health and finances.
Three-Dimensional Mechanical Metamaterial for Vibration Suppression

Decades of research have been conducted on vibration suppression, cancellation, and absorption methods. Recently, distributed arrays of resonators have been implemented in host structures creating devices termed mechanical metamaterials, also known in the literature as metastructures. The benefit of using mechanical metamaterials as opposed to traditional added absorbers is the structure is initially designed including the absorbers instead of adding them after creation, saving time and weight. Additionally, these structures remain capable of bearing loads without adding additional mass. Where past research has focused on designing and optimizing metastructures based on single degree of freedom excitations, the research presented in this paper focuses on a device capable of vibration suppression under excitation in three directions; longitudinal, transverse, and torsional. This accommodation is necessary for these devices to be implemented in non-laboratory settings to account for excitation from multiple directions.
Speech Production From a Developmental Perspective.

Purpose Current approaches to speech production aim to explain adult behavior and so make assumptions that, when taken to their logical conclusion, fail to adequately account for development. This ...
EarEcho: Using Ear Canal Echo for Wearable Authentication

Smart wearable devices have recently become one of the major technological trends and been widely adopted by the general public. Wireless earphones, in particular, have seen a skyrocketing growth due to its great usability and convenience. With the goal of seeking a more unobtrusive wearable authentication method that the users can easily use and conveniently access, in this study we present EarEcho as a novel, affordable, user-friendly biometric authentication solution. EarEcho takes advantages of the unique physical and geometrical characteristics of human ear canal and assesses the content-free acoustic features of in-ear sound waves for user authentication in a wearable and mobile manner. We implemented the proposed EarEcho on a proof-of-concept prototype and tested it among 20 subjects under diverse application scenarios. We can achieve a recall of 94.19% and precision of 95.16% for one-time authentication, while a recall of 97.55% and precision of 97.57% for continuous authentication. EarEcho has demonstrated its stability over time and robustness to cope with the uncertainties on the varying background noises, body motions, and sound pressure levels.
The Art of BIM

What happens when the manifold technical labors of design coordination become art? Two years ago, BIM drawings were framed and salon-hung in a Palladian mansion (Figure 1). Curated by Farshid Mouss...
LITAF (Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Tumor Necrosis Factor) Regulates Cardiac L-Type Calcium Channels by Modulating NEDD (Neural Precursor Cell Expressed Developmentally Downregulated Protein) 4-1 Ubiquitin Ligase

Background: The turnover of cardiac ion channels underlying action potential duration is regulated by ubiquitination. Genome-wide association studies of QT interval identified several single-nucleo...
Managing Enterprise End-Point Devices

Enterprise systems have traditionally managed network security with firewalls, virtual private networks (VPNs), antivirus software, and computers imaged and deployed from within the enterprise system. This implies a fortress model, in which a clear boundary lies between what is inside the fortress and what is outside. Those assets inside are protected from the outside. This model does not match the current world. Mobile devices, which are outside the traditional fortress, are now a part of everyday life and thus a part of everyday business. Such devices are not add-ons to a managed core but instead are part of the core of the enterprise. A modern enterprise depends on collaboration and communication across devices regardless of platform, and security requires all devices to be registered and managed with mobility in mind. End-point device management is the process by which enterprise hardware and the software that runs on it are managed, updated, validated, and approved by the enterprise. Information about users, including which end-point device they are logged into, their geo-location, and other factors, are maintained within the enterprise. These are made available for maintenance and update, as well as access and privilege determination, restriction, and elimination. Rogue and compromised devices (and individuals) are removed from the registry and prevented from interacting with enterprise services. This enables the enterprise to tightly control the security properties of not just the connections to the services but also the end-point devices where these communications originate.
Outcomes in revisional bariatric surgery: a high-volume single institution experience

This study aims to evaluate outcomes of adjustable gastric band (AGB) conversion to sleeve gastrectomy (SG) or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), SG conversion to RYGB and RYGB revision procedures. Patients undergoing secondary bariatric surgery between 2009 and 2017 were retrospectively identified from a prospective database. Primary outcomes were weight loss and improvement in comorbidities. For weight loss, percent of total body weight loss (%TWL) and percentage of excess BMI loss (%EBMIL) were included. Comorbidities included were hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), cardiovascular risk (CV) and hypertension. 266 Secondary bariatric procedures were analyzed. There were four Grade IIIb complications within 30 days. There was greater %EBMIL at 12 and 24 months in the AGB to RYGB group, and in %TWL at 24 months compared to AGB to SG group (p < 0.05). Only AGB to RYGB had significantly continued improvement in these two parameters at 24 months compared to at 6 months post-operatively—%EBMIL and %TWL tapered off in the other procedures. There was significantly lower CV risk in dyslipidemic patients at 24 months in the AGB to RYGB compared to the AGB to SG group. In the SG to RYGB patients, there was significant improvement in CV risk in dyslipidemic patients at 24 months compared to baseline. There was significant improvement in HbA1C in diabetics in AGB to RYGB patients at 6 and 12 months, in AGB to SG patients at 12 months, and in SG to RYGB patients at 12 and 24 months compared to baseline. In RYGB revision and SG to RYGB patients, there was a relative increase in the number of patients being normotensive at 24 months compared to baseline. Secondary bariatric surgery is a complex and challenging procedure that may improve weight loss and cardiovascular risk for certain procedures but further studies will be necessary.
THE PLASMA CONCENTRATION OF GASTROINTESTINAL PEPTIDES AND PEPTIDES FROM FATTY TISSUE IN INFANTS ON PARENTERAL NUTRITION

Background The concentration of peptides from gut or from fat in plasma could vary due to different types of feeding, but little is known about how parenteral feeding affects secretion of these peptides, especially in infants. Therefore the aim of the study was to determine plasma concentration of GLP-1, CCK, orexin as well as leptin and adiponectin in infants maintained on parenteral nutrition. Studied groups and Methods The parenteral fed group consisted of children on total parenteral nutrition (TPN) lasting at least 18 hours. A control group comprised 15 healthy infants on continuous glucose venous infusion lasting minimum 8 hours. All children were at similar age (4.5±2.5 months) and their weight was between 75% and 125% of ideal weight for age. Plasma levels of peptides were measured by EIA. Results There were no statistical differences in the mean concentrations of ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1 and orexin between studied groups. In children with TPN the mean values of PYY (1.13±0.37 pg/ml) and adiponectin (5.81±2.42 μg/ml) were higher than in the controls (0.72±0.15 pg/ml; 3.33±2.29 μg/ml, respectively; p Conclusion Total parenteral nutrition surprisingly affects plasma levels of long-term signals of hunger from fatty tissue than short-term signals from the gut.
Evaluation of angiogenic signaling molecules associated with reactive thrombocytosis in an iron-deficient rat model.

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA)-induced reactive thrombocytosis can occur in children and adults. The underlying mechanism for this phenomenon is indeterminate. Traditional cytokines such as thrombopoietin (TPO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-11 involved in megakaryopoiesis have not been shown to be the cause. Recent studies suggest that growth factors and signaling molecules involved with angiogenesis influence the proliferation and differentiation of megakaryocytes. We investigated the possible association between angiogenic cytokines with reactive thrombocytosis due to IDA in an iron-deficient (ID) rat model. Complete blood count, iron panels, and TPO levels were measured at baseline and 5 weeks later in both control (C) and ID rats. Angiogenic cytokines were evaluated in the bone marrow in all rats. We successfully induced IDA in our rats by phlebotomy and reduced iron diet. We did not find an increase of TPO in ID rats. A review of the bone marrow showed an increase in the number of megakaryocytes, vascular structures, as well as increased intensity of stain for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) in rats with IDA compared to controls. Our results of histological bone marrow data suggest an important role for angiogenesis in the development of IDA-induced thrombocytosis.
Essentials of Psychodrama Practice

The essentials of psychodrama practice are covered in depth within this chapter. Fourteen core psychodrama interventions or techniques are described with corresponding depictions of their use within psychodrama group sessions. The psychodrama techniques of doubling, mirroring, and role reversal are presented with their relationship to Moreno’s developmental theory. Considerations for the application of psychodrama interventions on teletherapy is also provided. Various types of psychodrama scenes are described with reference to the Psychodramatic Spiral and the Hollander Curve. The processes of closure, de-roling, and sharing at the end of a psychodrama enactment are outlined.
Microtechnologies and Nanotechnologies in Drug Delivery

My interest in developing drug delivery systems started during my postdoctoral career with the late Judah Folkman, as we attempted to isolate the first inhibitor of angiogenesis (blood vessel growth). To do so, it was critical to develop a bioassay for angiogenesis inhibitors, nearly all of which were macromolecules. We conceived of using a rabbit cornea assay where we could directly visualize blood vessel growth [1] through an ophthalmic microscope. It was critical to have a very small biocompatible controlled release polymer system that would not cause inflammation in the cornea, and that could also deliver macromolecules (e.g. peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids). However, everyone including Paul Florey, a Nobel prize winner in chemistry, told Dr. Folkman this couldn’t be done—large molecules couldn’t slowly leak out of a polymer. [2]
Allied Command Transformation (ACT)

This headquarters is akin to SHAPE/ACO and is considered a co-equal to it. Located in Norfolk Virginia (USA), it helps the Alliance run major military exercises and education programs the world over to help create standards across NATO member nations. Though nations have their own exercise and training programs, this does not necessarily translate to interoperability among Alliance member nations. ACT looks to stress the forces during significant and realistic exercises to help prepare NRF standby nations with realistic full-spectrum events to help forces work out kinks to ensure interoperability (especially with communications systems) before assuming standby status. Moreover, it also prepares headquarters rotating into contemporary operations like those in Kosovo and Afghanistan. It also captures lessons learned and runs a major training center.
Test-Time Adaptation Toward Personalized Speech Enhancement: Zero-Shot Learning with Knowledge Distillation.

In realistic speech enhancement settings for end-user devices, we often encounter only a few speakers and noise types that tend to reoccur in the specific acoustic environment. We propose a novel personalized speech enhancement method to adapt a compact denoising model to the test-time specificity. Our goal in this test-time adaptation is to utilize no clean speech target of the test speaker, thus fulfilling the requirement for zero-shot learning. To complement the lack of clean utterance, we employ the knowledge distillation framework. Instead of the missing clean utterance target, we distill the more advanced denoising results from an overly large teacher model, and use it as the pseudo target to train the small student model. This zero-shot learning procedure circumvents the process of collecting users' clean speech, a process that users are reluctant to comply due to privacy concerns and technical difficulty of recording clean voice. Experiments on various test-time conditions show that the proposed personalization method achieves significant performance gains compared to larger baseline networks trained from a large speaker- and noise-agnostic datasets. In addition, since the compact personalized models can outperform larger general-purpose models, we claim that the proposed method performs model compression with no loss of denoising performance.
Long-Term Instability of A Monetary Union

With a parsimonious model, we show that three factors, time inconsistency, overborrowing, and self-fulfilling high inflation, contribute to the long-term instability of a monetary union. First, we establish an impossible trinity theorem and show that optimal fiscal policy is time inconsistent. Second, we prove overborrowing by union members because of the externality due to the default institutional policy making arrangement of the union. Third, we demonstrate that overborrowing generates self-fulfilling high inflation. Finally, we provide discussions about our findings.
Application of Fuzzy FMEA to Assess Non-Technical Risks Linked to a Power Station’s Operations

The energy and power industry has seen significant growth across different countries because of increased demand for consumption and market conditions including deregulation. However, due to high level of complexities and uncertainties associated with a power plant’s operations, the management must tackle with risks that may negatively impact business’s overall growth and performance. In this regard, managing non-technical potential risks is as important as handling technical ones because non-technical risks may result in hindrances in the supply process of the power plant. In this paper, a risk management approach, Fuzzy Failure Mode and Effects Analysis, has been used to identify potential non-technical risks linked to a power station’s operations that should be dealt with high priority. This technique is an advanced approach of classical Failure Mode and Effect Analysis which incorporates a fuzzy system to reduce the chances of errors; and helps the management to avoid costly damages by timely responding to the potential risks and taking appropriate corrective actions
Special Issues in Older Women with Breast Cancer

The true face of breast cancer is more commonly that of an older woman. The rapid aging of the US population is contributing to an increasing number of breast cancer cases in older adults today, as well as an increase in the number of breast cancer survivors who carry the long-term side effects of breast cancer treatment. The number one problem facing older women with breast cancer today is that they are not receiving the same benefits from treatment advances as younger women. This disparity in outcomes highlights the great need for studies that specially include older women with breast cancer in order to guide informed decisions regarding the most efficacious treatment options. Novel study designs are needed to fill these gaps in knowledge which include metrics that provide a detailed understanding of the individual beyond chronologic age, and which identify areas of vulnerability for which targeted interventions can be employed. In studying cancer therapeutics in older adults, metrics of success, beyond disease-free and overall survival should be included, such as the feasibility of delivering the therapy, as well as the impact of treatment on functional independence and cognition. Ultimately, this framework will lead to evidence-based “personalized” medicine for the older adult.
The Justification of Inductive Rules of Inference

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the justification of inductive rules of inference. If the logic of science can be explicated without reference to inductive inference, the problem of justification of induction can be dismissed, cheerfully dispensed with inductive logic. The only mode of inference available for the acceptance or rejection of hypotheses is modus tollens, and it is suitable only for rejection. Hypothetico-deductive theorists and inductive probabilists maintain that positive instances tend to enhance the probability of the hypothesis or give it inductive support. When a hypothesis has been falsified, it is discarded and replaced by another hypothesis that has not yet experienced falsification. Hypotheses differ from one another with respect to the ease with which they can be falsified. A highly falsifiable hypothesis which is severely tested and survives the tests without actually being falsified becomes highly corroborated. However, hypotheses must not be regarded as true because they are highly corroborated.
The Probability of Actual Bias, Objective Standards, and Pandora's Box - Caperton v. A. T. Massey Coal Company

Judge Lazer outlines the factual and procedural histories leading to the Supreme Court’s holding in Caperton v. A. T. Massey Coal Company. Judge Lazer further comments on Justice Kennedy’s majority decision, and how the decision addresses the minority’s concern that the holding would open a “Pandora’s box” leading to judicial recusals and interference with judicial elections.
Assessment of fetal lung maturity: A comparison of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and the tests of optical density at 400 and 650 nm

Seventy-eight amniotic fluid samples were obtained by transabdominal amniocentesis and were analyzed for their L/S ratio and optical density at 400 and 650 nm. The L/S ratio was considered to be mature if the values were greater than 2.0. The optical density of the fluids decreased with prolonged refrigeration. With freshly centrifuged samples, the OD650 reading of greater than 0.15 gave the best correlation with the mature L/S ratio. There were 3.8% false positive results and 14.1% false negative results. The study confirms that the OD650 test on fresh amniotic fluid is a rapid and inexpensive way to determine fetal maturity. All samples with values of less than 0.15 must, however, also be tested for their L/S ratio since some of the infants with these values may also be mature.
Identification of quantitative trait loci for prepulse inhibition in rats.

Abstract Introduction. Schizophrenia is a common and debilitating psychiatric disorder that is partially under genetic control. Because of difficulties in mapping the genes that influence susceptibility to schizophrenia in humans, there has been substantial interest in mapping genes that control endophenotypes for schizophrenia in both human and rodent populations. Deficient prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle response has shown promise as an endophenotype for schizophrenia, as well as several other psychiatric disorders. Methods. Brown Norway (BN/SsNHsd) and Wistar Kyoto (WKY/lj-cr) rats were used because they show a large, unconfounded difference in PPI. We used interval mapping methods to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for PPI in a backcross population. Results. We identified a QTL on chromosome 2 with a LOD score of 3.63 and a suggestive QTL on chromosome 18 with a LOD score of 2.71. Conclusions. Both of the identified regions contain several candidate genes. Furthermore, the implicated rat chromosomes are syntenic with human chromosomal regions that have been reported to contain QTL for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and Tourette's syndrome. These results identify the chromosomal location of gene(s) that modulate an endophenotype for schizophrenia, and other psychiatric disorders, and may provide a shortcut to identifying specific genes and/or biochemical pathways involved in human psychiatric diseases.
Practical Issues in Handling Biotechnology Products

The unique nature of biotechnology products requires specific additional education and training for pharmacists. To understand how these products were developed and their mechanism of action, expan...
THE QUESTION OF THE TOTAL GENE NUMBER IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

A statistical analysis has been carried out on the distribution and allelism of nearly 500 sex-linked, X-ray-induced, cytologically normal and rearranged lethal mutations in Drosophila melanogaster that were obtained by G. Lefevre. The mutations were induced in four different regions of the X chromosome: (1) 1A1-3E8, (2) 6D1-8A5, (3) 9E1-11A7 and (4) 19A1-20F4, which together comprise more than one-third of the entire chromosome.—The analysis shows that the number of alleles found at different loci does not fit a Poisson distribution, even when the proper procedures are taken to accomodate the truncated nature of the data. However, the allele distribution fits a truncated negative binomial distribution quite well, with cytologically normal mutations fitting better than rearrangement mutations. This indicates that genes are not equimutable, as required for the data to fit a Poisson distribution.—Using the negative binomial parameters to estimate the number of genes that did not produce a detectable lethal mutation in our experiment (n) gave a larger number than that derived from the use of the Poisson parameter. Unfortunately, we cannot estimate the total numbers of nonvital loci, loci with undetectable phenotypes and loci having extremely low mutabilities. In any event, our estimate of the total vital gene number was far short of the total number of bands in the analyzed regions; yet, in several short intervals, we have found more vital genes than bands; in other intervals, fewer. We conclude that the one-band, one-gene hypothesis, in its literal sense, is not true; furthermore, it is difficult to support, even approximately.—The question of the total gene number in Drosophila will, not doubt, eventually be solved by molecular analyses, not by statistical analysis of mutation data or saturation studies.
The origin of oceanic plagiogranites from the karmoy ophiolite, western Norway

Both field relationships and geochemical characteristics indicate two suites of plagiogranitic and related rocks coexisting in the higher parts of the Karmoy ophiolite of western Norway. The plutonic zone of this ophiolite can be subdivided into three complexes; the East-Karmoy Igneous Complex, the Visnes High Level Complex and the Veavagen Igneous Complex and plagiogranitic rocks are well developed in the first two of these. Within the East-Karmoy Igneous Complex, plagiogranites are associated with high temperature, pre-basic dyke, shear zones. Rare earth element modelling indicates that these plagiogranites were derived by anatexis of amphibolite (hydrated diabase) assuming a starting material consisting of 40% hornblende and 60% plagioclase and that batch melting occurred within the stability field of hornblende. In comparison, plagiogranite occurs in a number of bodies in the upper part of the Visnes High Level Complex and forms a sandwich horizon together with biotite diorites and epidosites between a roof assemblage of dykes, microgabbros and magnetite gabbros, and a floor assemblage of layered and non-layered gabbros. The R.E.E. modelling of the petrogenesis of this series of plagiogranites indicates that they were derived by filter pressing of a differentiated interstitial liquid to the vari-textured gabbros, although the distribution of highly hygromagmatophile elements such as K, Rb, Ba, etc. cannot be explained satisfactorily by this model alone. Depletion in these elements appears to be an autometasomatic effect.
Simulating the Potential Effects of Climate Change in Two Colorado Basins and at Two Colorado Ski Areas

AbstractThe mountainous areas of Colorado are used for tourism and recreation, and they provide water storage and supply for municipalities, industries, and agriculture. Recent studies suggest that water supply and tourist industries such as skiing are at risk from climate change. In this study, a distributed-parameter watershed model, the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS), is used to identify the potential effects of future climate on hydrologic conditions for two Colorado basins, the East River at Almont and the Yampa River at Steamboat Springs, and at the subbasin scale for two ski areas within those basins.Climate-change input files for PRMS were generated by modifying daily PRMS precipitation and temperature inputs with mean monthly climate-change fields of precipitation and temperature derived from five general circulation model (GCM) simulations using one current and three future carbon emission scenarios. All GCM simulations of mean daily minimum and maximum air temperature for the East ...
Topological criticality in the chiral-symmetric AIII class at strong disorder.

The chiral AIII symmetry class in the classification table of topological insulators contains topological phases classified by a winding number $\ensuremath{\nu}$ for each odd space dimension. An open problem for this class is the characterization of the phases and phase boundaries in the presence of strong disorder. In this work, we derive a covariant real-space formula for $\ensuremath{\nu}$ and, using an explicit one-dimensional disordered topological model, we show that $\ensuremath{\nu}$ remains quantized and nonfluctuating when disorder is turned on, even though the bulk energy spectrum is completely localized. Furthermore, $\ensuremath{\nu}$ remains robust even after the insulating gap is filled with localized states, but when the disorder is increased even further, an abrupt change of $\ensuremath{\nu}$ to a trivial value is observed. Using exact analytic calculations, we show that this marks a critical point where the localization length diverges. As such, in the presence of disorder, the AIII class displays markedly different physics from everything known to date, with robust invariants being carried entirely by localized states and bulk extended states emerging from an absolutely localized spectrum. Detailed maps and a clear physical description of the phases and phase boundaries are presented based on numerical and exact analytic calculations.
Large deflection, large amplitude vibrations and random response of symmetrically laminated rectangular plates

An analytical method is presented for determining large-deflection static bending, large-amplitude free and forced vibrations, and large-amplitude random response of a clamped, symmetrically laminated, rectangular, thin plate subjected to a uniformly distributed transverse loading. Both movable and immovable inplane boundary conditions are considered. Numerical results for bending deflections and strains, frequency ratios, mean-square center deflections and mean-square maximum strains are presented showing the parametric effects of plate length-to-width ratio, orientation of layers, and intensities of applied force for both the linear and nonlinear cases. The analytical results for large-deflection random response are verified through comparison with experimental data.
The effects of in vivo hydrocortisone on lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity

To examine the effects of in vivo hydrocortisone sodium succinate (HC) on natural killer (NK) cell and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), 11 normal adults received a single intravenous bolus of 400 mg hydrocortisone. Lymphocytes were tested for NK activity and ADCC using 51chromium (51Cr)-release and single cell cytotoxicity assays against Molt-4 and sensitized RL O leads to target cells, respectively. Four hours after injection, both NK and ADCC activity were transiently increased in the 51Cr-release system (P less than 0.05). At 4 hours, there was a twofold increase in the relative frequency of potentially cytotoxic target binding cells (P less than 0.001) but the absolute number of these cells did not change (P less than 0.1). However, the percentage lysis of bound targets at 4 hours was not altered (P greater than 0.1). These data suggest that: 1) lymphocytes participating in NK and ADCC reactions are refractory to the kinetic and functional effects of HC; 2) the increased lytic activity observed at 4 hours is due to a selective depletion of noncytotoxic cells from the circulation; and 3) NK and ADCC activity did not differ in their responses to HC.
Diarrhea in diabetics: the role of sorbitol

Diabetics often consume dietetic foods with sorbitol as the sweetener. Sorbitol, in amounts as little as 10 g. may produce diarrhea in healthy individuals. Sorbitol intolerance was studied in 12 diabetics and 23 nondiabetics. Similar numbers of diabetics (n = 10, 83.3%) and nondiabetics (n = 18, 78.3%) were found intolerant as judged by a greater than or equal to 20 ppm rise in postprandial breath hydrogen levels. Six diabetics (50%) and 13 nondiabetics (56.5%) developed abdominal symptoms after sorbitol ingestion. Subsequently, 100 diabetics and 100 nondiabetics were interviewed to determine the relationship between regular sorbitol consumption and abdominal symptoms. The interview revealed that (1) most individuals consuming sorbitol were unaware of its presence in their diet and (2) diarrhea was significantly (p less than 0.001) more prevalent in diabetics consuming sorbitol than diabetics not consuming it. We conclude that (1) many diabetics are intolerant to sorbitol and (2) regular sorbitol consumption may explain the "idiopathic" diarrhea in some diabetics.
Singular nonlinear boundary value problems for second-order ordinary differential equations

Abstract The boundary value problem y″ + f(x, y) = 0αy(0) − βy′(0) = 0γy(1) + δy′(1) = 0 is studied under conditions which are modeled on the problem y″ + a(x)y−p = 0y(0) = y(1) = 0 or y′(0) = y(1) = 0, which occurs in a number of applications. The technical arguments involve properties of solutions (i.e., concavity) and the use of iterative techniques. A new fixed point theorem for cones, for decreasing mappings, is proved and used. It is of interest in its own right since most such theorems are for monotone increasing mappings.
Experimental Wave Generation and Cancellation With a Cycloidal Wave Energy Converter

We investigate a lift based wave energy converter (WEC), namely, a cycloidal turbine, as a wave termination device. A cycloidal turbine employs the same geometry as the well established Cycloidal or Voith-Schneider Propeller. The main shaft is aligned parallel to the wave crests and fully submerged at a fixed depth. We show that the geometry of the Cycloidal WEC is suitable for single sided wave generation as well as wave termination of straight crested waves using feedback control.The cycloidal WEC consists of a shaft and one or more hydrofoils that are attached eccentrically to the main shaft. An experimental investigation into the wave generation capabilities of the WEC are presented in this paper, along with initial wave cancellation results for deep water waves. The experiments are conducted in a small 2D wave flume equipped with a flap type wave maker as well as a 1:4 sloped beach. The operation of the Cycloidal WEC both as a wave generator as well as a wave energy converter interacting with a linear Airy wave is demonstrated. The influence that design parameters radius and submergence depth on the performance of the WEC have is shown. For wave cancellation, the incoming wave is reduced in amplitude by ≈ 80% in these experiments. In this case wave termination efficiencies of up to 95% of the incoming wave energy with neglegible harmonic waves generated are achieved by synchronizing the rotational rate and phase of the Cycloidal WEC to the incoming wave.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Unpredictable neonatal stress enhances adult anxiety and alters amygdala gene expression related to serotonin and GABA

Abstract Anxiety-related disorders are among the most common psychiatric illnesses, thought to have both genetic and environmental causes. Early-life trauma, such as abuse from a caregiver, can be predictable or unpredictable , each resulting in increased prevalence and severity of a unique set of disorders. In this study, we examined the influence of early unpredictable trauma on both the behavioral expression of adult anxiety and gene expression within the amygdala. Neonatal rats were exposed to unpaired odor-shock conditioning for 5 days, which produces deficits in adult behavior and amygdala dysfunction. In adulthood, we used the Light/Dark box test to measure anxiety-related behaviors, measuring the latency to enter the lit area and quantified urination and defecation. The amygdala was then dissected and a microarray analysis was performed to examine changes in gene expression. Animals that had received early unpredictable trauma displayed significantly longer latencies to enter the lit area and more defecation and urination. The microarray analysis revealed over-represented genes related to learning and memory, synaptic transmission and trans-membrane transport. Gene ontology and pathway analysis identified highly represented disease states related to anxiety phenotypes, including social anxiety, obsessive–compulsive disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and bipolar disorder. Addiction-related genes were also overrepresented in this analysis. Unpredictable shock during early development increased anxiety-like behaviors in adulthood with concomitant changes in genes related to neurotransmission, resulting in gene expression patterns similar to anxiety-related psychiatric disorders.
The three-loop β-function for the Wess-Zumino model

Abstract We use superfield techniques to calculate the β-function for the Wess-Zumino model at the three-loop level. These techniques permit an easy evaluation of the three-loop diagrams and allow us to exhibit in analytic form all relevant quantities. The scheme dependence of the β-function is exhibited and three subtraction schemes (minimal, modified minimal and momentum space) are discussed in detail. In particular we note that β MS = β MS .
Agriculture and change: the promises and pitfalls of precision

Abstract Site specific management (SSM) (precision agriculture) holds both promises and pitfalls. Ignoring the pitfalls while only focusing on the promises can distort research activities and limit positive impacts for end users. Particular attention is given to how SSM differs from other modem production technologies that attempt to suppress or nullify ecological variation rather than respond to it. It is argued that the “homogenizing”; mind‐set associated with other production technologies is distorting the analytical rigor applied to developing and promoting SSM systems. A true SSM system should allow the producer to respond to ecological variation in a rational and pro‐active fashion. Other promises of SSM are associated with emerging information markets, using SSM to develop risk reduction management strategies, biotechnology, and environmental protection.
Decoding the Ubiquitin-Mediated Pathway of Arthropod Disease Vectors

Protein regulation by ubiquitin has been extensively described in model organisms. However, characterization of the ubiquitin machinery in disease vectors remains mostly unknown. This fundamental gap in knowledge presents a concern because new therapeutics are needed to control vector-borne diseases, and targeting the ubiquitin machinery as a means for disease intervention has been already adopted in the clinic. In this study, we employed a bioinformatics approach to uncover the ubiquitin-mediated pathway in the genomes of Anopheles gambiae, Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, Ixodes scapularis, Pediculus humanus and Rhodnius prolixus. We observed that (1) disease vectors encode a lower percentage of ubiquitin-related genes when compared to Drosophila melanogaster, Mus musculus and Homo sapiens but not Saccharomyces cerevisiae; (2) overall, there are more proteins categorized as E3 ubiquitin ligases when compared to E2-conjugating or E1-activating enzymes; (3) the ubiquitin machinery within the three mosquito genomes is highly similar; (4) ubiquitin genes are more than doubled in the Chagas disease vector (R. prolixus) when compared to other arthropod vectors; (5) the deer tick I. scapularis and the body louse (P. humanus) genomes carry low numbers of E1-activating enzymes and HECT-type E3 ubiquitin ligases; (6) R. prolixus have low numbers of RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligases; and (7) C. quinquefasciatus present elevated numbers of predicted F-box E3 ubiquitin ligases, JAB and UCH deubiquitinases. Taken together, these findings provide novel opportunities to study the interaction between a pathogen and an arthropod vector.
Anatomy and chemistry of aspen branches afflicted with drooping aspen disease

Anatomical and chemical comparisons were made of branch wood from drooping and nondrooping aspen (Populus tremuloides) collected near Aspen, Colorado. Drooping and nondrooping branches did not differ in the lengths or diameters of vessel elements or in their content of pectin or glucomannan. Individual growth rings were of uniform thickness in drooping branches, but they were thicker on the top than on the bottom of nondrooping branches. Compared with nondrooping branches, drooping branches had narrower growth rings, less tension wood, more extractable material, less lignin, less xylose, more cellulose, more glucose, and more gelatinous fibres. It is concluded that the drooping habit is caused by alterations in the formation of tension wood.
Toward a Rhetorical Cosmopolitanism: Stoics, Kant, and the Challenges of European Integration

In this article, I present a mode of cosmopolitanism that builds on Stoic and Kantian views toward not just rational cosmopolitan agents but rhetorical ones. I outline a new rhetorical approach to cosmopolitanism that addresses the challenge of “otherness.” This rhetorical cosmopolitanism focuses on the conditions for deliberative and participatory practices that bring us before others; it seeks to help us recognize that the way we develop actual—and not just abstract—political relationships to others is fundamentally rhetorical, not just rational or emotional. I explore the debates over the inclusion of minorities in the European Union, particularly focusing on the Muslim population, in order to outline a rhetorical cosmopolitanism that accounts for the place of emotions in discourses of citizenship.
Corporate Governance and Dividend Payout Policy: A Test Using Antitakeover Legislation

Managers strongly prefer not to pay dividends as dividend payouts reduce the amount of cash subject to managerial discretion (Easterbrook, 1984; Jensen, 1986). Previous empirical tests of the relationship between corporate governance and dividend payout policy employ endogenous measures of this agency problem. Using a relatively exogenous measure that incorporates state antitakeoverlawsandthedifferences-in-differencesapproach,ouranalysisindicatesthatdividend payout ratios and propensities fall when managers are insulated from takeovers. The impact of antitakeover laws on dividend payouts is more pronounced for firms with poor corporate governance and small firms.
Experimental induction of periarteritis nodosa in white rats.

Summary1. The original intention of this investigation was to determine whether FSH would restore estrogen damaged testes of rats to normal. 2. Restoration of normal testicular activity did not occur. Instead fibrotic degeneration of tubules and periarteritis of interstitial arterioles eventually developed. 3. In animals autopsied 8 to 12 months after treatment periarteritis nodosa was present in intestinal mesenteric, pancreatic, splenic, and other small arteries, but not in pulmonary arterioles. Small vessels of kidneys, adrenals, and pituitary were also involved. 4. Lymph-oidal hyperplasia was an accompanying reaction. 5. Eventual testicular degeneration-atrophy, hyperplastic and tumorlike proliferations of the pituitary and adrenal glands seem to result in a delayed and prolonged production of periarteritis very possibly due to a DCA-like adrenal hormone.
The heat capacity of TmAsO4 near its Jahn-Teller transition; Evidence of a low-lying excited state

Abstract We have measured the heat capacity of TmAsO 4 between 2 and 12 K and have established that there is a singlet state at approximately 20 K (14 cm −1 ) above the ground state doublet. The heat capacity is accounted for on the basis of models which, in addition to the contribution from the low-lying singlet state, use the molecular field model to approximate the heat capacity arising from the Jahn-Teller splitting of the ground state doublet.
Transceiver-based spacecraft telecommunication systems with two-way doppler tracking capability

Abstract Recent developments in transceiver-based telecommunication systems at The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) are described. The transceiver architecture provides inherent flexibility and a cost-efficient way of reducing mass relative to existing coherent transponder systems. The simplified architecture permits ready incorporation of the RF electronics into an integrated electronics module (IEM) along with other core spacecraft electronics. The development of a set of highly integrated S-band transceiver cards for the TIMED spacecraft and the development of an X-band command receiver suitable for deep space missions are described. A unique and very useful feature of the APL transceiver approach is its ability to perform highly accurate, two-way Doppler tracking. This tracking technique is designed to be compatible with existing assets of the Deep Space Network and provides the high accuracy (0.1 mm/s) required for deep space missions.
Selection component analysis of the Mpi locus in the amphipod Platorchestia platensis

Genotype frequencies of gravid females and their offspring, of non-gravid females, and of adult males were measured for the Mpi locus in a natural population of the amphipod Platorchestia platensis. These gave tests of gametic, sexual, fecundity and zygotic selection. The genotype distribution of adult males was significantly different from that of adult females. There were more heterozygous males than expected, suggesting that zygotic selection and not immigration produced the difference between the sexes.
Mechanical properties of aluminum tailor welded blanks at superplastic temperatures

Abstract This paper describes an investigation of the mechanical properties of weld material in aluminum tailor welded blanks (TWBs) at superplastic temperatures and discusses the potential application of TWBs in superplastic forming operations. Aluminum TWBs consist of multiple sheet materials of different thicknesses or alloys that are butt-welded together into a single, variable thickness blank. To evaluate the performance of the weld material in TWBs, a series of tensile tests were conducted at superplastic temperatures with specimens that contained weld material in the gage area. The sheet material used in the study was SKY 5083 aluminum alloy, which was joined to produce the TWBs by gas tungsten arc welding using an AA5356 filler wire. The experimental results show that, in the temperature range of 500–550 °C and at strain rates ranging from 10 −4 to 10 −2 s −1 , the weld material has a higher flow stress and lower ductility than the monolithic sheet material. The weld material exhibited elongations of 40–60% under these conditions, whereas the monolithic sheet achieved 220–360% elongation. At the same temperatures and strain rates, the weld material exhibited flow stresses 1.3–4 times greater than the flow stress in the monolithic sheet. However, the weld material did show a substantial increase in the strain rate sensitivity when compared to the same material formed at room temperature.
Critical Views of LCSH, 1990–2001: The Third Bibliographic Essay

ABSTRACT This classified critical bibliography continues the work initiated by Monika Kirtland and Pauline Cochrane, and furthered by Steven Blake Shubert. Kirtland and Cochrane published a bibliography surveying the literature critical of LCSH from 1944-1979 titled “Critical Views of LCSH–Library of Congress Subject Headings, A Bibliographic and Bibliometric Essay.” Shubert analyzed another decade of literature in his article titled “Critical Views of LCSH–Ten Years Later: A Bibliographic Essay.” This current bibliography compiles the next twelve years of critical literature from 1990-2001. Persistent concerns of the past fifty-seven years include inadequate syndetic structure, currency or bias of the headings, and lack of specificity in the subject heading list. New developments and research are in the areas of subdivisions, mapping, indexer inconsistency, and post-coordination. LCSH must become more flexible and easier to use in order to increase its scalability and interoperability as an online subjec...