cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Radiotherapy Outcomes for Nasal Cavity and Septal Cancers

Purpose Carcinoma of the nasal cavity and septum has historically been associated with a poor prognosis. This report updates the long-term outcomes for radiotherapy (RT) of this disease site at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. Methods and Materials A retrospective analysis was performed on the data from 68 patients diagnosed with histologically proven carcinoma of the nasal cavity or septum treated with RT for curative intent between 1969 and 2000. The disease histologic type was as follows: 45 (66%) had squamous cell carcinoma, 12 (18%) had adenoid cystic carcinoma, 8 (12%) had adenocarcinoma, and 3 (4%) had poorly/undifferentiated carcinoma. Of the 68 patients, 32 (47%) had received definitive RT. Of these, 23 had received external beam RT and 9 brachytherapy. Of the remaining 36 patients, 3 (4%) underwent preoperative external beam RT and 33 (49%) postoperative external beam RT. Of the 68 patients, 13 (19%) received neck RT. The median dose for patients receiving definitive and postoperative RT was 65 and 58.2 Gy, respectively. The median follow-up for the entire cohort was 11 years (range, 2.4–30.1 years). Results Of the 68 patients, 19 (28%) developed a locoregional relapse, 14 (21%) locally and 5 (7%) regionally. The local control rate at 5 and 10 years was 86% and 76%, respectively. The disease-specific survival rate was 86% and 78%, and the overall survival rate was 82% and 62% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. Conclusion This extended follow-up of our institutional experience has demonstrated that RT can provide durable long-term locoregional control and survival outcomes for patients with carcinoma of the nasal cavity and septum.
Minimum 5-year radiographic results of long scoliosis fusion in juvenile spinal muscular atrophy patients: major curve progression after instrumented fusion.

Background Previous studies reported on spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) scoliosis surgery outcomes without focus on major curve progression (MCP). The purpose of this study was to assess minimum 5-year radiographic outcomes, MCP, and factors for MCP after spinal surgery in juvenile SMA patients with open triradiate cartilage at the time of surgery. Methods Retrospective review of radiographic and clinical data of 22 SMA patients treated surgically at 3 institutions over 20 years was performed. Major curve Cobb angle, apical vertebral translation, pelvic obliquity, coronal balance, and sagittal Cobb angles (T5-T12 and T12-sacrum) were measured at preoperative, initial, and ultimate follow-up. MCP was defined as an increase in Cobb angle of ≥ 10 degrees between initial and ultimate follow-up. Results Overall, SMA patients had significant improvement in radiographic measurements at follow-up. Eight patients (36%) developed MCP and were similar in age (7.8 vs. 8.8 y, P=0.09) to non-MCP patients. Initial major curve Cobb angle correction was greater for MCP patients than for non-MCP patients (19 vs. 36 degrees, P=0.004). MCP patients lost 26 degrees (P=0.001) and non-MCP patients lost 2 degrees of major curve Cobb angle correction during follow-up. Both groups had similar ultimate follow-up radiographic outcomes and remained improved from preoperative deformity. All 14 non-MCP patients had long posterior instrumentation (T4 or higher to sacrum/pelvis), whereas all 4 patients with short posterior instrumentation developed MCP. Six patients underwent anterior-posterior spinal fusion (ASF-PSF) and had greater preoperative deformity than PSF-only patients, but ultimate major curve Cobb angle (38 vs. 44 degrees, P=0.4) was similar for both the groups. Two ASF-PSF patients developed MCP. Conclusions Overall, SMA patients maintained scoliosis correction with nonpedicle screw-based (predominantly Luque-Galveston instrumentation) long spinal instrumentation at minimum 5-year follow-up. MCP >10 degrees developed in 36%, contrary to our expectation of 100% in these young juvenile SMA patients. All non-MCP patients had instrumentation from the upper thoracic spine (T1 to T4) to the sacrum, whereas all 4 patients with short instrumentation developed MCP. MCP and non-MCP patients had similar ultimate correction and remained improved from preoperative deformity. Skeletal immaturity and length of posterior instrumentation may influence MCP in SMA scoliosis surgery and should be considered during preoperative planning. Level of evidence Case Series; Level IV.
CaMKII Regulation of Calcium Homeostasis and Neuronal Activity

Calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) is a multifunctional serine/threonine protein kinase that regulates multiple ion channels and receptors that are essential for neuronal activity and plasticity. To explore the role of CaMKII in regulating neuronal calcium homeostasis, we applied pharmacological inhibitors of CaMKII (10 micromolar tat-CN21, tat-AIP, and myr-AIP) to cultured cortical and hippocampal neurons and measured changes in intracellular calcium levels using Fluo-4AM and Fura-2FF. CaMKII inhibition induced a rapid increase in intracellular calcium levels. Dysregulated calcium signaling was not limited to neurons, as CaMKII inhibitors also initiated calcium waves in cultured astrocytes that preceeded neuronal effects. Inhibitors that disrupt neuronal activity, VGSCs, and AMPA-Rs, block this calcium dysregulation in neurons. Although L-type calcium channel blockers had no effect, eliminating extracellular calcium, inhibiting NMDA-Rs or N-type calcium channels did prevent calcium dysregulation in neurons, implicating aberrant glutamate release and/or post-synaptic activity in this calcium dysregulation. Increased glutamate levels (2-4 micromolar) were observed in the media following CaMKII inhibition. Enzymatic buffering of glutamate in the media prevented the aberrant calcium influx. Finally, to directly test whether CaMKII inhibition increases neuronal activity, voltage-clamp electrophysiology was utilized to measure action potential generation to a depolarizing ramp current. Unlike inactive controls, CaMKII inhibitors induced a three-fold increase in the number of action potentials when applied in the patch pipette. In total, a loss of CaMKII activity results in dysregulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis and a subsequent dysregulation of glutamate signaling and neuronal excitability. Thus, CaMKII not only responds to neuronal activity via changes in intracellular calcium levels, it also appears to serve as a master regulator of neuronal excitability through regulation of calcium homeostasis.
An Investigation of Three Models of Multitrait Representations

Two experiments were conducted to test three models of person memory concerning multitrait expectancies: the trait-specific, complete association, and dual-coding models. Participants in Experiment 1 were led to expect a target person to display two traits, then they were presented with congruent and incongruent behaviors ostensibly performed by the target person, and finally they were asked to recall the behaviors. In contradiction to the complete association model, which predicts that participants form congruent-congruent associations as often as congruent-incongruent associations, incongruent items were better recalled than were congruent items. Furthermore, conditional probability analyses contradicted the implications of the trait-specific and dual-coding models. Findings from Experiment 2 reinforced the lack of support for all three models.
Imagining an Archaeology of the Future: Capitalism and Colonialism Past and Present

This paper explores how doing history backward may allow archaeologists to begin imagining an archaeology of the future. The purpose of such an archaeology would be two-fold: first, to examine the past from the vantage point of the present as a way of better understanding the past as precondition, and second, to critically examine the present with an eye toward imagining how archaeology might be able to influence the future. Drawing on case studies that offer windows on the growth of capitalist production and the continuing impacts of colonialism, this paper seeks to demonstrate the power of using archaeology to link past and present. By focusing on the ideological dimensions of processes such as commoditization and the erasure of indigenous histories I hope to highlight the value of doing history backward and its potential for constructing an archaeology of the future.
Toward Understanding Each Other: Bridging Gaps in the Science-and-Religion Dialogue

The high degree of specialization in society and compartmentalization in education have resulted in increasing difficulty in communicating across different fields of study. I propose that these gaps in communication across disciplines must be addressed to ensure a fruitful ongoing science-and-religion dialogue.
Outcomes and Genetic Relatedness of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae at Detroit Medical Center

Background.Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) are rapidly emerging in hospitals in the United States and are posing a significant threat. To better understand the transmission dynamics and the acquisition of resistant strains, a thorough analysis of epidemiologic and molecular characteristics was performed.Methods.CRE isolated at Detroit Medical Center were analyzed from September 2008 to September 2009. blaKPC genes were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR (rep-PCR) was used to determine genetic similarity among strains. Epidemiologic and outcomes analyses were performed.Results.Ninety-two unique patient CRE isolates were recovered. Sixty-eight strains (74%) were Klebsiella pneumoniae, 7 were Klebsiella oxytoca, 15 were Enterobacter species, and 2 were Escherichia coli. Fifteen isolates (16%) were resistant to Colistin, 14 (16%) were resistant to tigecycline, and 2 were resistant to all antimicrobials tested. The mean ± standard deviation age of patients was 63 ± 2 years. Sixty patients (68%) were admitted to the hospital from long-term care facilities. Only 70% of patients received effective antimicrobial therapy when infection was suspected, with a mean time to appropriate therapy of 120 ± 23 hours following sample culturing. The mean length of hospitalization after sample culturing was 18.6 ± 2.5 days. Of 57 inpatients, 18 (32%) died in the hospital. Independent predictors for mortality were intensive care unit stay (odds ratio [OR], 15.8; P = .003) and co-colonization with CRE and either Acinetobacter baumannii or Pseudomonas aeruginosa (OR, 17.2; P = .006). Among K. pneumoniae CRE, rep-PCR revealed 2 genetically related strains that comprised 70% and 20% of isolates, respectively.Conclusions.In this large U.S. cohort of patients with CRE infection, which reflects the modern continuum of medical care, co-colonization with CRE and A. baumannii or P. aeruginosa was associated with increased mortality. Two predominant clones of K. pneumoniae accounted for the majority of cases of CRE infection.
Fermentation of pentose sugars to ethanol and other neutral products by microorganisms

LBL-10364C? . Preprint pri Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT DIVISION f Submitted to Enzyme and Microbial Technology FERMENTATION OF PENTOSE SUGARS TO ETHANOL AND OTHER NEUTRAL PRODUCTS BY MICROORGANISMS S. L. Rosenberg RECEIVED LAWRENCE BERKELEY LABORATORY lARclt I980 LIBRARY ANL DOCUMENTS SECTIO*» January 1980 TWO-WEEK LOAN COPY This is a Library Circulating Copy which may be borrowed for two weeks. For a personal retention copy, call Tech. Info. Division, Ext. 6782. Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract W-7405-ENG-48
Development of callosal connections in the sensorimotor cortex of the hamster.

To investigate the development of corpus callosal connectivity in the hamster sensorimotor cortex, we have used the sensitive axonal tracer 1,1 dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′, tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI), which was injected either in vivo or in fixed brains of animals 3-6 days postnatal. First, to study changes in the overall distribution of developing callosal afferents we made large injections of DiI into the corpus callosal tract. We found that the anterogradely labeled callosal axons formed a patchy distribution in the contralateral sensorimotor cortex, which was similar to the pattern of adult connectivity described in earlier studies of the rodent corpus callosum. This result stands in contrast to previous retrograde studies of developing callosal connectivity which showed that the distribution of callosal neurons early in development is homogeneous and that the mature, patchy distribution arises later, primarily as a result of the retraction of exuberant axons. The initial patchy distribution of callosal axon growth into the sensorimotor cortex described in the present study suggests that exuberant axons destined to be eliminated do not enter the cortex. In addition, small injections of DiI into developing cortex resulted in homotopic patterns of callosal topography in which reciprocal regions of sensorimotor cortex are connected, as has been shown in the adult. Second, to study the radial growth of callosal afferents we followed the extension of individual callosal axons into the developing cortex. We found that callosal axons began to invade the contralateral cortex on about postnatal day 3, with little or no waiting period in the callosal tract. Callosal afferents then advanced steadily through the cortex, never actually invading the cortical plate but extending into layers on the first day that they could be distinguished from the cortical plate. The majority of callosal axons grew radially through the cortex and did not exhibit substantial branching until postnatal day 8, the age when the cortical plate disappears and callosal afferents reach the outer layer of cortex. This mode of radial growth through cortex prior to axon branching could serve to align callosal afferents with their radial or columnar targets before arborizing laterally. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Transmembrane Interactions of α/β Integrin Signaling

Kay Gottschalk (2005) has developed a new model for the structure of the transmembrane helices of an α/β integrin in the resting conformation and suggests how the interactions between these helices help transmit signals across the membrane.
Parametric preprocessing in high-capacity transmission links

The role of low complexity, high-rate photonics preprocessors in high-capacity coherent optical links is discussed. Combined digitization and demultiplexing function is identified as the core application of the new technology.
Synthesis and characterization of bimetallic clusters prepared by sublimation of Re2(CO)10 onto Pt/NaY

Abstract Temperature-programmed reductive decomposition, temperature-programmed reduction, and catalytic hydrogenolysis reactions show that PtRe x bimetallic particles are selectively formed during reductive decomposition of Re 2 (CO) 10 on pre-reduced Pt/NaY. After deposition, heating in a reducing atmosphere causes initial carbon monoxide removal by hydrogen displacement, subsequently, coalescence of zerovalent clusters occurs, while complete removal of carbon monoxide takes place by the formation of methane and water.
Kac–Moody theories for colored phase space (quantum Hall) droplets

Abstract We derive the canonical structure and Hamiltonian for arbitrary deformations of a higher-dimensional (quantum Hall) droplet of fermions with spin or color on a general phase space manifold. Gauge fields are introduced via a Kaluza–Klein construction on the phase space. The emerging theory is a nonlinear higher-dimensional generalization of the gauged Kac–Moody algebra. To leading order in ℏ this reproduces the edge state chiral Wess–Zumino–Witten action of the droplets.
The GB/SA Continuum Model for Solvation. A Fast Analytical Method for the Calculation of Approximate Born Radii

Atomic Born radii (α) are used in the generalized Born (GB) equation to calculate approximations to the electrical polarization component (Gpol) of solvation free energy. We present here a simple analytical formula for calculating Born radii rapidly and with useful accuracy. The new function is based on an atomic pairwise rij-4 treatment and contains several empirically determined parameters that were established by optimization against a data set of >10 000 accurate Born radii computed numerically using the Poisson equation on a diverse group of organic molecules, molecular complexes, oligopeptides, and a small protein. Coupling this new Born radius calculation with the previously described GB/SA solvation treatment provides a fully analytical solvation model that is computationally efficient in comparison with traditional molecular solvent models and also affords first and second derivatives. Tests with the GB/SA model and Born radii calculated with our new analytical function and with the accurate but ...
Structural investigations on the core oligosaccharide of Aeromonas hydrophila (Chemotype II) lipopolysaccharide.

Abstract The core oligosaccharide of Aeromonas hydrophila (Chemotype III) lipopolysaccharide has been investigated. The studies involved the use of methylation analysis, oxidation with chromium trioxide, partial hydrolysis with acid, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, and tagging of the reducing end-group. The core is unusual in having 3-acetamido-3,6-dideoxy- l -glucose as a constituent. As a result of these studies the following structure is proposed.
An object-oriented framework for dynamically configuring extensible distributed systems

Developing extensible, robust and efficient distributed systems is a complex task. To help alleviate this complexity, we have developed the ADAPTIVE Service eXecutive (ASX) framework. ASX is an object-oriented framework composed of automated tools and reusable components. These tools and components help to simplify the development, configuration and reconfiguration of applications in a distributed environment. Using the ASX framework, the services in the applications may be updated and extended without modifying, recompiling, relinking or restarting the applications at run-time. This paper describes the features and object-oriented architecture of the ASX framework. It also describes how the ASX framework has been used to develop a highly modular, reusable and dynamically reconfigurable family of distributed system management applications.
Evidence for a role of chloroethylaziridine in the cytotoxicity of cyclophosphamide.

A number of investigators have observed that the use of 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC) in multiwell plate cytotoxicity assays can be associated with toxicity to cells in wells that contain no drug. Previous reports have implicated diffusion of 4-HC decomposition products, and acrolein in particular, as the active species. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to elucidate the species responsible for the airborne cytotoxicity of 4-HC, and to devise ways to minimize such effects in chemosensitivity assays. Methods: To this end, analogues of 4-HC were synthesized to identify the contributions of individual cyclophosphamide metabolites to cytotoxicity. The analogues were then tested for activity against three human breast tumor cell lines (including a line resistant to 4-HC), and one non-small-cell lung carcinoma line. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by assays that quantitate cellular metabolism and nucleic acid content. Results: Didechloro-4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide, a compound that generates acrolein and a nontoxic analogue of phosphoramide mustard, gave no cross-well toxicity. In contrast, a significant neighboring well effect was observed with phenylketophosphamide, a compound that generates phosphoramide mustard but not acrolein. Addition of authentic chloroethylaziridine reproduced the airborne toxicity patterns generated by 4-HC and phenylketophosphamide. Increasing the buffering capacity of the growth medium and sealing the microtiter plates prevented airborne cytotoxicity. Conclusions: Since it is unlikely that phosphoramide mustard is volatile, these findings implicate chloroethylaziridine rather than acrolein as the volatile metabolite of 4-HC that is responsible for airborne cytotoxicity. The fact that chloroethylaziridine is generated in amounts sufficient to volatilize, diffuse across wells and cause cytotoxicity indicates that it is an important component in the overall cytotoxicity of 4-HC in vitro. Furthermore, these findings suggest that chloroethylaziridine may also contribute to the toxicity of cyclophosphamide in vivo.
The politics and economics of "retraditionalization" in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan

This paper analyzes attitudes of women enrolled in secular and religious universities in the capital cities of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan toward family life and the role of Islam in the private and public sphere. Survey data indicate that women from both types of universities in both countries sympathize with retraditionalization, or “a return to traditional values, family life, and religion, which entails, in part, women being moved out of the work force.” Thus far, there is no statistical evidence of this phenomenon in the literature. Sympathy for retraditionalization is unfolding in the context of ongoing economic uncertainty that has plagued Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan since the Soviet Union's collapse, and its manifestations produce political responses. I argue that Kyrgyz and Tajik elites push a particular gender norm implying female secularization to counter expressions of retraditionalization among young women. In conclusion, I highlight counterintuitive findings of the survey regarding Islam's role ...
The production and loss of N 2 + ions in the nitrogen afterglow

The time dependence of the number density of nitrogen ions was studied in the pressure range of about 0.1 to 1.7 Torr by means of mass spectrometric probing of decaying nitrogen plasmas. The analysis of theN 2 + decay curves showed thatN 2 + ions are produced in the afterglow by collisions between metastable nitrogen molecules. Energy level and radiative lifetime considerations indicate that one of the metastable molecules is in thea′ 1∑ u } state, while the other metastable molecule may be in the same state or in theA 3∑ u + or3 Δ u state. The surface catalytic efficiency for de-excitation of the metastable molecules involved upon striking the molybdenum covered plasma container walls was estimated to be smaller than 2×10−3 at a pressure of 0.09 Torr. If both interacting metastable molecules are in the a′1 bE u } state the measurements result in a value of 1.3×10−18 cm2 for the cross section for destruction of this state by collisions with ground state nitrogen molecules.
Statistics of fracture in two grades of isotropic graphite

Abstract Properties in large billets of graphite used in critical applications demand a high level of quality assurance. Therefore, it must be determined if sample test results represent the properties of the entire billet. Flexure tests were performed on specimens from 27 populations in each grade with respect to billet, position, and orientation to establish the confidence levels for estimation of overall variance and mean strength in the billet. Comparisons of tensile and brittle ring to flexure strengths were made. Homogeneity of variance was found to be a tenable hypothesis; however, estimates of the billet mean strength were not as confidently predicted by the samples.
Listening for mispronunciations in a children's story: The use of context by children and adults

Performance on a task requiring the detection of mispronunciations supports the assumption that, from an early age, contextual information is used in the recognition of spoken words. College students and children ranging from preschoolers through fifth graders listened to a children's story containing mispronounced words that were produced by changing a single consonant sound. Children detected mispronunciations more accurately when they occurred in highly predictable contexts. In addition, college students and grade school children detected mispronunciations more quickly in predictable words, and this result held for all age groups and for less-skilled readers as well as skilled readers. The results suggest that the on-line use of syntactic, semantic, and discourse knowledge during spoken word recognition is present from an early age.
Ductile shearing and migmatization at mid‐crustal levels in an Archaean high‐grade gneiss belt, northern Gallatin Range, Montana, USA

A high-grade Archaean gneiss terrane in the northern Gallatin Range, south-western Montana, USA, contains a trondhjemite-tonalite gneiss (TTG) sequence that was migmatized during pervasive ductile shearing. Metamorphism of these rocks is in the upper amphibolite to granulite facies at temperatures of 680-735 "C, pressures in excess of 8 kbar, and a 'clockwise' P-T-t path is inferred. Ductile shearing occurred in metre-scale anastomosing bands of high strain throughout the area. The TTGs have been extensively migmatized via vapour-present melt reactions involving the incongruent melting of biotite- bearing TTG to produce hornblende and granitic melt. The granitic melt is produced in narrow envelopes adjacent to ductile shear zones in response to infiltration of water-rich solutions. Melt migration occurred on a local scale, and extraction of melt from the system left behind a plagioclase-hornblende residuum with minor interstitial microcline. Ductile shearing and migmatization in the TTG operated in a positive feedback mechanism; the entire volume of gneiss was chemically and mechanically reworked through the cyclical infiltration of aqueous solutions, vapour-present melting and melt-enhanced deformation. The proposed melt reaction may be an important crustal differentiation process considering that (1) many collisional orogens do not attain temperatures high enough to permit vapour-absent melting, (2) pervasive networks of ductile shear zones at mid-crustal levels may serve as channels for fluid ingress and melt extraction, and (3) the large volumes of TTGs in Archaean and Phanerozoic orogens may constitute a significant source reservoir for certain types of high-level granites.
Nonlinear Features of Internal Waves as Derived from the SEASAT Imaging Radar

The synthetic aperture radar (SAR) on Seasat has yielded well defined images of quasi-periodic internal waves in the waters on the west side of Baja California. These waves occur in groupings separated by 10–20 km, each group having two to twenty striations with wavelengths of order 400 m. At the shelf edge, they occur in water approximately 150 m deep, shoreward of several banks at the continental shelf edge whose depths are as shallow as 15 m. The wave surface signatures exhibit clear nonlinear features: higher-than-linear group velocities, and decreases in wavelength, crest length and amplitude toward the rear of the packet. Environmental data for the area have been examined and these show a well-developed mixed layer, low winds and vigorous tidal action. Thus stratification, wind speed, and bottom topography apparently combine to establish proper conditions for tidal generation of internal waves. The images have been analyzed from the standpoint of cnoidal-wave-packet theory, and it is shown that the vertical displacement of an isopycnal surface can be deduced from a combination of SAR imagery, vertical density profiles, and bottom topography. Numerical examples are given.
The Internship Application Process A Survey of Program Training Directors and Intern Candidates

Although counseling psychology students are required to complete a one-year professional practice internship as part of their doctoral course work this research revealed that obtaining such an internship may not be an easy process. For example, 18 of 50 counseling psychology training directors reported that one or more of their students who were involved in the 1992-1993 internship application process failed to obtain a placement. Findings also indicated that the responding 189 intern candidates and 50 training directors had different perceptions about the process and the type of help provided by training directors. Descriptive information on intern candidates 'applications are discussed, and suggestions for modification of the internship selection process are made.
A utility-based approach to scheduling multimedia streams in peer-to-peer systems

Summary form only given. Peer-to-peer (P2P) systems have the potential to support large-scale distributed applications by utilizing resources from a vast number of individual computers across geographically distributed areas. However, current P2P systems provide limited scheduling and resource management support to distributed applications with QoS requirements, such as timing demands. We study a utility-based scheduling approach that schedules multimedia streams in P2P systems. Our scheme determines the schedule of tasks using EDF scheduling algorithm, and adapts the delivered QoS levels of tasks according to current resource conditions at individual nodes.
Surgical intervention for the treatment of morbid obesity and the dyslipidemias

To meet the expanding epidemic of worldwide morbid obesity, giving rise to significant dyslipidemia, knowledge of the surgical history of the development of the partial ileal bypass operation, the contribution of the Program on the Surgical Control of the Hyperlipidemias (POSCH), and the efficacious outcomes of bariatric surgery procedures is essential to the armamentarium of the researcher and the practitioner. This review provides a brief summary of metabolic surgery as applied to the normalization of circulating lipid concentrations, the impact of this modification on body lipid mechanisms and the practical use of bariatric surgery procedures today.
Generation Capacity Expansion in Energy Markets Using a Two-Level Game-Theoretic Model

With a significant number of states in the U.S. and countries around the world trading electricity in restructured markets, a sizeable proportion of capacity expansion in the future will have to take place in market-based environments. However, since a majority of the literature on capacity expansion is focused on regulated market structures, there is a critical need for comprehensive capacity expansion models targeting restructured markets. In this research, we develop a two-tier matrix game model, and a novel solution algorithm that incorporates risk due to volatilities in profit (via CVaR), intended for use by generators to make multi-period, multi-player generation capacity expansion decisions. We demonstrate the applicability of the model using a sample network from Power-World software and analyze the results.
Institutional Logics and Institutional Pluralism: The Contestation of Care and Science Logics in Medical Education, 1967–2005:

Although most studies underscore institutional change as replacement of one dominant logic for another and assume that professions are guided by a single logic, professions that operate in multiple...
Stimulus features relevant to the perception of sharpness and mechanically evoked cutaneous pain.

Mechanical probes of various sizes and shapes were used to determine thresholds for the perception of pressure, sharpness, and pain on the human finger. As force increased, perception changed from dull pressure to sharp pressure to sharp pain. With the smallest probe (0.01 mm2), sharpness threshold was very close to pressure threshold. As probe size increased, sharpness and pain threshold expressed in terms of force) increased in proportion to probe circumference (not probe area), whereas pressure threshold increased relatively little. Pain and sharpness thresholds also increased as probe angle became obtuse. There was a statistically significant increase in both thresholds with a probe angle change of 15 degrees. Thus, both size and shape are necessary to describe a mechanical stimulus adequately, and pressure (force/area) is not a sufficient metric for pain studies. Thresholds varied at different skin sites on the finger. The dorsal surface had lower thresholds than the volar surface, but the difference between the two areas was not always statistically significant. The compliance of the skin (e.g., the amount of indentation produced by a given force) exhibited no relation to sharpness or pain threshold, whether considered within subjects at various skin sites, or across subjects at the same skin site. Comparison of the perceptual thresholds with the thresholds for nociceptors determined in electrophysiological studies indicates that the sensation of nonpainful sharpness is likely to be mediated by nociceptors. Furthermore, considerably more than threshold activation of nociceptors is necessary for normal pain perception.
Analysis of a Tumor-Inhibiting Fraction of Tobacco Smoke Condensate

A tumor-inhibiting neutral fraction of cigarette smoke condensate was partially characterized by use of a combination of gel filtration and gas chromatography. This fraction contained solanesol, sterols, and other neutral oxygenated compounds, such as acetophenones and fluorenones. The compound, 1,3-1ndandlone, was Identified for the first time In cigarette smoke. I ntroduction A step-wise process for the fractionation of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) has been developed at this laboratory to separate and then to identify those components with biological activity (1,2). The procedure involves fractionation of CSC into acidic, basic, and neutral fractions by acid-base extractions. Subsequently, the neutrals are further separated by column chromatography on silicic acid with increasingly polar solvent mixtures. The fraction eluted by diethyl ether and called "ether soluble neutrals" (ESN) was recently shown to inhibit the tumor-promoting effect of 12-0-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate when applied concurrently with it on the backs of mice (3). Various compounds in CSC have been shown to inhibit tumors (4,5). Oxygenated neutral components of polluted air have also been shown to inhibit tumors (6). The present report describes a preliminary study on the composition of the ESN fraction of CSC.
Motion planning for multiple moving objects

We present a motion planner for multiple moving objects in two dimensions. The search for collision-free paths is performed in the composite configuration space of all the moving objects to guarantee a solution, and the efficiency of our planner is demonstrated with examples. Our motion planner can be characterized with a hierarchical, multiresolution search of the configuration space along with a generate-and-test paradigm for solution paths. Because of the high dimensionality of the composite configuration space, our planner is most useful for cases with a small number of moving objects. Some of the potential applications are navigation of several mobile robots, and planning part motions for a multihanded assembly operation.
Disruption of the Zinc Finger Motifs in the Leishmania tarentolae LC-4 (=TbMP63) L-complex Editing Protein Affects the Stability of the L-complex

The uridine insertion/deletion editing complex, which we have termed the L-complex, is composed of at least 16 polypeptides stabilized entirely by protein-protein interactions. Three L-complex proteins contain zinc finger motifs that could be involved in these interactions. In Leishmania these proteins are labeled LC-1, LC-4, and LC-7b, and the orthologs in Trypanosoma brucei are labeled MP81, MP63, and MP42. Overexpression of TAP-tagged LC-4 in Leishmania tarentolae led to a partial localization of the protein in the L-complex together with the endogenous LC-4 protein, suggesting at least a dimeric organization. Disruption of zinc fingers 1 or 2 (ZnF-1 and ZnF-2) in the tagged LC-4 protein was performed by mutation of the two zinc-binding cysteines to glycines. Disruption of ZnF-1 led to a partial growth defect and a substantive breakdown of the L-complex, whereas disruption of ZnF-2 had no effect on cell growth and caused a partial breakdown of the L-complex. A close interaction of LC-4 with 2–4 proteins, including REL1 (RNA ligase) and LC-3, was suggested by chemical crosslinking and co-immunoprecipitation experiments. Our results suggest that both ZnF-1 and ZnF-2 in LC-4 play a role in protein-protein interactions and indicate that the LC-4 subcomplex may be required for formation or stability of the entire L-complex.
The focusing of weak shock waves

This paper reports an experimental investigation, using shadowgraphs and pressure measurements, of the detailed behaviour of converging weak shock waves near three different kinds of focus. Shocks are brought to a focus by reflecting initially plane fronts from concave end walls in a large shock tube. The reflectors are shaped to generate perfect foci, aretes and caustics. It is found that, near the focus of a shock discontinuity, a complex wave field develops, which always has the same basic character, and which is always essentially nonlinear. A diffracted wave field forms behind the non-uniform converging shock; its compressive portions steepen to form diffraction shocks, while diffracted expansion waves overtake and weaken the diffraction shocks. The diffraction shocks participate in a Mach reflexion process near the focus, whose development is determined by competition between the convergence of the sides of the focusing front and acceleration of its central portion. In fact, depending on the aperture of the convergence and the strength of the initial wave, the three-shock intersections of the Mach reflexions either cross on a surface of symmetry or remain uncrossed. In the former case, which is observed if the shock wave is relatively weak, the wavefronts emerge from focus crossed and folded, in accordance with the predictions of geometrical acoustics theory. In the latter, the strong-shock case, the fronts beyond focus are uncrossed, as predicted by the theory of shock dynamics. It is emphasized that in both cases the behaviour at the focus is nonlinear. The overtaking of the diffraction shocks by the diffracted expansions limits the amplitude of the converging wave near focus, and is the mechanism by which the maximum amplification factor observed at focus is determined. In all cases, maximum pressures are limited to rather low values.
Convex methods for robust H/sub 2/ analysis of continuous-time systems

Treats the robust H/sub 2/ performance question of evaluating the rejection of continuous-time white noise, in the worst case over structured uncertainty in the system. A frequency domain convex condition for robust H/sub 2/ analysis is presented, with analogous properties as in the discrete-time case. In particular, necessary and sufficient results are obtained introducing a continuous-time version of the methodology of set descriptions of white noise. In addition, a state-space test in terms of linear matrix inequalities is developed for the robust H/sub 2/ problem in the case of constant uncertainty scalings, which apply to nonlinear or time-varying uncertainty. Thus the problem is rendered finite dimensional in the same situation in which robust H/sub /spl infin// analysis is finite dimensional.
Knowledge Management and Human Resource Development: An Application in Social Network Analysis Methods:

The problem and the solution. This article describes how social network analysis (SNA) can contribute to the knowledge management (KM) efforts of human resource development (HRD) professionals in organizations today.The suggested contributions of SNA are based on primary research conducted across more than 80 organizations. The author first provides an introduction to the people-to-people strategy of today's KM efforts.A detailed look at some common HRD challenges is introduced. Next, an introduction to SNA metrics and techniques is given, and a description of how they can be used to help understand HRD challenges is outlined. The author then provides three cases to illustrate how SNA can aid HRD analysis and interventions involving (a) knowledge creation and innovation, (b) knowledge transfer and retention, and (c) knowledge associated with job succession planning. The author concludes by discussing the implications for HRD of utilizing SNA in the organization.
Nanostructure of solid electrolytes and surface electrodeposits

Abstract The morphology of electrochemically grown Ag deposits on the surface of thin films of Ag-doped germanium chalcogenide solid electrolytes is discussed. The morphology of the electrodeposits is closely related to the composition and nanoscale morphology of the Ag–Ge–Se electrolyte, which itself is nanophase separated in character. Applications of the surface electrodeposition process are described in brief.
Nutrient Administration and Resistance Training

Skeletal muscle tissue is tightly regulated throughout our bodies by balancing its synthesis and breakdown. Many factors are known to exist that cause profound changes on the overall status of skeletal muscle, some of which include exercise, nutrition, hormonal influences and disease. Muscle hypertrophy results when protein synthesis is greater than protein breakdown. Resistance training is a popular form of exercise that has been shown to increase muscular strength and muscular hypertrophy. In general, resistance training causes a stimulation of protein synthesis as well as an increase in protein breakdown, resulting in a negative balance of protein. Providing nutrients, specifically amino acids, helps to stimulate protein synthesis and improve the overall net balance of protein. Strategies to increase the concentration and availability of amino acids after resistance exercise are of great interest and have been shown to effectively increase overall protein synthesis. 123 After exercise, providing carbohydrate has been shown to mildly stimulate protein synthesis while addition of free amino acids prior to and after exercise, specifically essential amino acids, causes a rapid pronounced increase in protein synthesis as well as protein balance.13 Evidence exists for a dose-response relationship of infused amino acids while no specific regimen exists for optimal dosing upon ingestion. Ingestion of whole or intact protein sources (e.g., protein powders, meal-replacements) has been shown to cause similar improvements in protein balance after resistance exercise when compared to free amino acid supplements. Future research should seek to determine optimal dosing of ingested intact amino acids in addition to identifying the cellular mechanistic machinery (e.g. transcriptional and translational mechanisms) for causing the increase in protein synthesis.
Why fusion? A discussion of energy alternatives

This paper examines the scientific and practical reasons why the energy development programs of virtually all of the developed countries continue to pursue the development of fusion energy despite the many challenges that they have to face. If it can be successfully developed, fusion offers an attractive, sustainable, environmentally benign, and economic source of energy.
Geoinquiries: Maps and Data for Everyone.

Ever want to take a quick, deep-dive into a map found in your students' textbooks? Ever want to use a web-based map to bring that static, print map to life? Maybe the map you're using would be bett...
Beyond Believability: Quantifying the Differences Between Real and Virtual Humans

“Believable” agents are supposed to “suspend the audience’s disbelief” and provide the “illusion of life”. However, beyond such high-level definitions, which are prone to subjective interpretation, there is not much more to help researchers systematically create or assess whether their agents are believable. In this paper we propose a more pragmatic and useful benchmark than believability for designing virtual agents. This benchmark requires people, in a specific social situation, to act with the virtual agent in the same manner as they would with a real human. We propose that perceptions of mind in virtual agents, especially pertaining to agency – the ability to act and plan – and experience – the ability to sense and feel emotion – are critical for achieving this new benchmark. We also review current computational systems that fail, pass, and even surpass this benchmark and show how a theoretical framework based on perceptions of mind can shed light into these systems. We also discuss a few important cases where it is better if virtual humans do not pass the benchmark. We discuss implications for the design of virtual agents that can be as natural and efficient to interact with as real humans.
Judah Comes to Shiloh: Genesis 49:10bα, One More Time

The four-word phrase עד כי־יבא שילה in Gen 49:10ba is known as "the most famous crux interpretum in the entire Old Testament."1 Over the centuries, it has been construed in multiple and diverse ways, both within the framework of broader projects and in its own right.2 With even remotely sustainable options exhausted as a result, exegetical focus has notably shifted in recent decades toward the fine tuning of arguments pro and contra a handful of the most plausible interpretations. The latest manifestation of this trend is Richard C. Steiner's JBL article in which he offers, among other things, new considerations in favor of the reading "until trib ute comes to him [sc. to Judah]" (with שילה understood as two words, שי לה), first suggested by aggadic midrash.3 While this reading has much to commend it and Steiner's discussion bolsters it even further, it is premature "to speak of an emerg ing consensus" on it because an alternative construal of the phrase, "until he [sc. Judah] comes to Shiloh," may be even more compelling.4 What renders the case for reading Gen 49:10ba as "until tribute comes to him" exceptionally strong is that it makes good, contextually suitable sense of a difficult passage without emending the masoretic consonantal sequence or presupposing otherwise unknown grammatical, syntactic, or lexical phenomena. Yet it has at least
Exploration of Variables Inherent in Adopting an Industrial Product

Innumerable authors have indicated that new product failure rates have been alarmingly high [3, 10, 11]. With new product development becoming vital to a firm's maintenance or enhancement of its market position, it is increasingly necessary to seek new ways to minimize new product failure. Confrontation of this problem involves developing a more comprehensive understanding of why and how new products are adopted by consumers so that marketing strategy may be more effectively designed and implemented. Research studies attempting to understand the process of new product adoption have been substantial in areas such as rural sociology and the marketing of consumer goods [8, 10, 15, 17]. However, industrial products have received only limited attention. Recent investigations [4, 14, 16, 20] indicate that industrial product buyers may be affected by many of the same variables as the buyers of consumer goods. In these exploratory studies, variables such as perceived risk, self-confidence, seller image, and prior experience were proffered as important factors in the industrial adoption process. Other evidence reported by economists [2, 5, 12] indicates that variables such as the size of the firm and growth rate were relevant to industrial product adoption. To thoroughly understand why and how new industrial products are adopted, it is necessary to include firm variables, such as growth rate and size of firm, as well as individual behavioral variables. Apparently, industrial product research has been limited because cooperation from firms involved in the adoption process of an industrial product is often difficult to obtain, and individual behavioral variables pertinent to the industrial adoption process are frequently difficult to identify and measure. The objective of this exploratory research is to identify the relevant variables needed in this market to provide a better understanding of the adoption process and to establish an information base for future industrial market research in this area.