cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of the pion form factor up to Q 2 = 4 GeV 2 from single-charged-pion electroproduction

New measurements of the electroproduction of single charged pions hydrogen and deuterium targets carried out at the Wilson Synchrotron at Cornell University are reported. Measurements were made at the (W, Q$sup 2$) points (2.15 GeV, 1.2 GeV$sup 2$), (2.15, 4.0), and (3.11, 1.2) with hydrogen and deuterium and at (2.15, 2.0), (2.67, 3.4), and (3.11, 1.7) with only hydrogen. The deuterium data were used to determine the ratio of the cross sections for the reactions $gamma$/subV/d $Yields$ $pi$$sup +$nn/subs/ and $gamma$/subV/d $Yields$ $pi$$sup -$pp/subs/ and thus to measure the isoscalar contribution to the reaction $gamma$/subV/p $Yields$ $pi$$sup +$n. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that this ratio is a universal function of the momentum transfer. The measured ratio was used to determine from the hydrogen data and the data taken in earlier experiments the isovector component of the cross section. The dispersion theory formulated by Berends was then used to determine from the isovector component the pion form factor in the Q$sup 2$ range from 0.2 to 4.0 GeV$sup 2$. A simple pole expression of the form 1 + Q$sup 2$/(0.471 +- 0.010)$sup -1$ gives a good fit to the data. (AIP)
The Potential Impact of Flexible DC Transmission and Distribution on Insulated Cables: Accelerated Aging and Premature Failure

Flexible DC transmission is becoming a promising technology for HV and MV links, where large amount of power must be transported, long distances are involved and integration of renewables is sought. The introduction of advanced power electronic converters, with fast and low loss switches, is dramatically improving reliability of DC lines and shortening the distance at which they become economically advantageous compared to AC. In the framework of Flexible DC, conversion of AC lines into DC, and/or hybrid use of the same lines under DC and AC, has been investigated and specified. However, there is no work or even mention of the effect of such procedures on fundamental components of HV and MV links, that is, insulated cables. This paper highlights the potential problems that can affect severely the reliability of HV and MV cables designed for AC when turned to DC supply or vice-versa. Indeed, the effect of an increase of the electric field in insulation on life, that of space charge and partial discharges is discussed and evaluated also quantitatively.
The potential role of nanomedicine in lung diseases

Nanomedicine is a rapidly emerging interdisciplinary field in which medicine is coupled with nanotechnology tools and techniques for advanced therapy with the aid of molecular knowledge. Nanoscale drug delivery systems provide a platform to improve the pharmacokinetics and increase the bio-distribution of therapeutic agents to target organs, thereby resulting in improved efficacy while limiting drug toxicity. These systems have revolutionized drug delivery approaches and are exploited for therapeutic purposes to carry the drug in the body in a controlled manner from the site of administration to the therapeutic target. Several promising molecular targets that have been identified as potential therapies for acute and chronic respiratory conditions have been limited because of difficulty with delivery systems. In particular, delivery of peptides, proteins, miRNAs to the lung is an ongoing challenge. Hence, it is an attractive strategy to test potential targets by employing a nanotechnology approach. Nanobiotechnology and nanoscience can provide innovative techniques to deliver drugs targeted to the site of inflamed organs. Here we review some of the nanomedicine approaches that have been proposed and studied over the last decade to facilitate the delivery of therapeutic agents specifically for acute and chronic lung diseases. Development of nano-sized carriers including nanoparticles, or liposomes holds great potential for diagnosis and advanced delivery systems for immunomodulation in respiratory diseases; however translational studies are urgently needed to validate the use of nanotechnology for clinical applications.
Prevalence survey of pneumoconioses in Qinghai Province and its countermeasures.

[Objective] To study the present status of pneumoconioses and its prevention and treatment in Qinghai Province,then to provide the scientific basis for establishing the strategy of prevention and treatment of the disease.[Methods] Epidemiological survey for pneumoconioses in all industrial enterprises containing dust exposures in Qinghai was conducted during 2006-2007.[Results] There were 32 734 industrial enterprises yielding dust in Qinghai and altogether 1 452 501 workers exposed to dust,it accounted for 43.6% of all workers.The accumulative number of pneumoconioses patients was 2 823 in which 647 patients died,remaining 2 176 survivals.[Conclusion] The problem of dust is very serious in Qinghai,it is important to enhance the management of dust to protect the workers health.
Somatic DNA demethylation generates tissue-specific methylation states and impacts flowering time

Abstract Cytosine methylation is a reversible epigenetic modification to DNA. In plants, removal of cytosine methylation is accomplished by the four members of the DME family of 5-methylcytosine DNA glycosylases. Demethylation by DME is critical for seed development. Consequently, determining the function of the entire gene family in somatic tissues by mutant analysis has not been possible. Here, we bypassed the reproductive defects of dme mutants to create somatic quadruple homozygous mutants of the entire DME family. dme; ros1; dml2; dml3 (drdd) leaves exhibit hypermethylated genomes compared to both wild-type plants and rdd triple mutants, indicating functional redundancy among all four demethylases. Targets of demethylation include regions co-targeted by RNA-directed DNA methylation and, surprisingly, CG gene body methylation, indicating dynamic methylation at these little-understood sites. Additionally, many tissue-specific methylation differences are absent in drdd, suggesting a role for active demethylation in generating divergent epigenetic states across wild-type tissues. Furthermore, drdd plants display a striking early flowering phenotype, which is associated with 5’ hypermethylation and transcriptional down-regulation of FLOWERING LOCUS C. Active DNA demethylation is therefore required for proper methylation patterning across somatic tissues and defines the epigenetic landscape of both intergenic and coding regions.
MOLEMAN: Mention-Only Linking of Entities with a Mention Annotation Network

We present an instance-based nearest neighbor approach to entity linking. In contrast to most prior entity retrieval systems which represent each entity with a single vector, we build a contextualized mention-encoder that learns to place similar mentions of the same entity closer in vector space than mentions of different entities. This approach allows all mentions of an entity to serve as “class prototypes” as inference involves retrieving from the full set of labeled entity mentions in the training set and applying the nearest mention neighbor’s entity label. Our model is trained on a large multilingual corpus of mention pairs derived from Wikipedia hyperlinks, and performs nearest neighbor inference on an index of 700 million mentions. It is simpler to train, gives more interpretable predictions, and outperforms all other systems on two multilingual entity linking benchmarks.
Dynamic changes in human single cell transcriptional signatures during fatal sepsis

Abstract Systemic infections, especially in patients with chronic diseases, result in sepsis: an explosive, uncoordinated immune response that can lead to multisystem organ failure with a high mortality rate. Sepsis survivors and non-survivors oftentimes have similar clinical phenotypes or sepsis biomarker expression upon diagnosis, suggesting that the dynamics of sepsis in the critical early stage may have an impact on these opposite outcomes. To investigate this, we designed a within-subject study of patients with systemic gram-negative bacterial sepsis with surviving and fatal outcomes and performed single-cell transcriptomic analyses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) collected during the critical period between sepsis recognition and 6 hours. We observed that the largest sepsis-induced expression changes over time in surviving versus fatal sepsis were in CD14+ monocytes, including gene signatures previously reported for sepsis outcomes. We further identify changes in the metabolic pathways of both monocytes and platelets, the emergence of erythroid precursors, and T cell exhaustion signatures, with the most extreme differences occurring between the non-sepsis control and the sepsis non-survivor. Our single-cell observations are consistent with trends from public datasets but also reveal specific effects in individual immune cell populations, which change within hours. In conclusion, this pilot study provides the first single-cell results with a repeated measures design in sepsis to analyze the temporal changes in the immune cell population behavior in surviving or fatal sepsis. These findings indicate that tracking temporal expression changes in specific cell-types could lead to more accurate predictions of sepsis outcomes. We also identify molecular pathways that could be therapeutically controlled to improve the sepsis trajectory toward better outcomes. Summary sentence Single cell transcriptomics of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in surviving and fatal sepsis reveal inflammatory and metabolic pathways that change within hours of sepsis recognition.
The Effect of Feeding Human Milk on the Development of Immunity in Low Birth Weight Infants

Epidemiologic evidence suggests that infants fed cow’s milk rather than maternal milk have a higher frequency and severity of infectious, allergic, and possibly other inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. While some of these illnesses may be attributed to adverse effects of ingesting heterologous milk, some reduction in illness in infants fed maternal milk may reflect alterations in the infants’ immune function. The mechanisms for such protection might include passive transfer of the mucosal immune factors found in high concentration in human milk (1), interactions between the infant’s immune factors and those in the milk (2), or possibly induction by human milk of synthesis or secretion of factors which contribute to the infant’s host defense. However, evidence that any of these mechanisms is operative is limited.
frequency distributions and graphs

The primary goal of descriptive statistics is to bring order out of chaos. Descriptive statistics help resolve problems by making it possible to summarize and describe large quantities of data. Among the various techniques that are found particularly useful are the following: (1) frequency distributions and graphs; (2) measures of central tendency; (3) measures of variability; and (4) transformed scores. Each of these procedures serves a different and important function. The first step in constructing a regular frequency distribution is to list every score value in the first column. This chapter explains how to make a complete regular frequency distribution table, a cumulative frequency distribution table, and grouped frequency distributions. It is often effective to express frequency distributions pictorially as well as in tables. The two procedures for accomplishing this are: (1) histograms or bar graphs and; (2) regular frequency polygons and cumulative frequency polygons. Cumulative frequency distributions are also commonly graphed in the form of frequency polygons, and the resulting figure is called a cumulative frequency polygon. The chapter also discusses the shapes of frequency distributions.
Hebbian learning and self-association in nonlinear neural networks

A self-organizing feature map, based on a Hebbian paradigm, is proposed as a universal adaptive memory. The learning paradigm, can be applied to arbitrary network topologies containing the standard sigmoidal nonlinearities at their nodes. The system generalizes the linear principal components by mapping the input space into a set of orthogonal nonlinear projections. Only localized learning rules are necessary for the adaptation. The size of the system is related to the desired accuracy and to the density of the examples. >
Personality profiles of mothers of children with mitochondrial disorders

Mothers of children with mitochondrial disorders, inherited neurodegenerative diseases, are faced with a frightening diagnosis and numerous demands associated with caring for these children. The psychological profile of mothers whose children carry a mitochondrial disorder is unknown. Forty-two mothers of children with mitochondrial disorders were interviewed and administered the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory – Second Edition (MMPI-2). Fifty-six per cent of the mothers had scores in the pathological range on three or more scales, most notably on Hypochondriasis, Hysteria and Paranoia scales. The MMPI-2 profile is associated with situational anxiety and stress or may be associated with carrier status characteristics. Whatever the cause, future studies need to determine whether supportive services can reduce the level of anxiety and stress in mothers of children with these disorders.
Production of human antithyroglobulin in vitro: I. Stimulation by mitogens

Abstract A human autoantibody, antithyroglobulin (anti-Tg), is produced by pokeweed mitogen stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients possessing serum antithyroglobulin. Production of the anti-Tg is T-cell dependent but increased numbers of T cells can suppress autoantibody formation. That suppression can be effectively prevented by preliminary irradiation of the T cells. Removal of monocytes did not materially affect anti-Tg production. Autoantibody production generally paralleled IgG production by the cultures and was usually maximal with B:T ratios of 1:1 or 1:4. Maximal anti-Tg production in the cultures was found after 7 to 11 days of incubation. Following that period of time, the autoantibody in the cultures decreased, while IgG continued to be secreted. The antibody appeared to be entirely of the IgG class. Anti-Tg production was stimulated by phytohemagglutinin as well as pokeweed mitogen but not by lipopolysaccharide.
Effects of Statin Therapy on Exercise Levels in Participants in the National Runners' and Walkers' Health Study

Abstract Objectives To determine whether decreases in exercise 1) were greater in individuals who were diagnosed as having hypercholesterolemia than in those without the diagnosis during follow-up and 2) were greater in incident hypercholesterolemic participants starting statins than in those not treated with cholesterol-lowering medications. Participants and Methods Regression analyses of changes since baseline (Δ) in exercise vs diagnosis of hypercholesterolemia and its treatment in 66,377 runners and 12,031 walkers not using cholesterol medications at baseline who were resurveyed during the National Runners' and Walkers' Health Study follow-up (January 1, 1991, through December 31, 2006). Results A total of 3510 runners began statin treatment, 1779 began other or unspecified cholesterol-lowering drug treatment, and 2583 had untreated hypercholesterolemia; 58,505 runners remained nonhypercholesterolemic controls during the mean 7.2-year follow-up. Usual distance run decreased significantly more in hypercholesterolemic runners who began taking statins (mean ± SE: −0.47±0.06 km/d) than in runners who remained nonhypercholesterolemic during follow-up (−0.08±0.02 km/d) ( P P =.64) or no ( P =.94) cholesterol drugs. Initiating statin therapy was not associated with Δrunning pace in hypercholesterolemic runners or Δwalking distances in hypercholesterolemic walkers. Conclusion These results are consistent with the premise that a decrease in running distance is associated with hypercholesterolemia and do not suggest that statins reduce exercise level or intensity.
Theoretical Lattice-Dynamical Studies of the Incommensurate Phase Transformation in K 2 SeO 4

We have made detailed lattice-dynamical studies of the origin of the incommensurate phase transition in potassium selenate. These were based on a rigid-ion model with Coulomb interactions, and also short-range interactions between restricted numbers of close neighbors. The associated short-range force constants were determined using the static equilibrium conditions for the crystal and the observed Raman frequencies. The calculations were made for the room-temperature structure using the quasiharmonic approximation in which the effects of varying temperature were simulated by varying the short-range force constants. In this way we were able to show that the crystal has a low-frequency optic branch of ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{2}$ symmetry which displays softening and instability for wave vectors $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}}$ in the vicinity of $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}}=0.3{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{a}}}^{*}$ where ${\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{a}}}^{*}$ is the first reciprocal-lattice vector along the [100] direction. This is in agreement with experimental neutron scattering results and implies a transition to an incommensurate phase. Full sets of dispersion curves at 130 K for the [100] direction are presented. We also present comparisons of the calculated and experimental low-frequency ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{2}$ and ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{3}$ branches at 130, 145, and 250 K. We show, by decomposition of the squares of the normal-mode frequencies into a sum of Coulomb and short-range components, that the balance between these two kinds of interatomic forces is very delicate. This decomposition also shows that a transition to an incommensurate phase is very likely for both the selenate and isomorphous structures. Our model also enables us to predict that uniaxial stress will rapidly depress the transition temperature; a result also in accord with experiment.
Bi-directional dynamics underlie the complexity of talk in teacher–child play-based conversations in classrooms serving at-risk pupils

Abstract This study examined the transactional, utterance-by-utterance dependencies in the syntactic complexity of teachers’ and children's talk during small-group conversations in preschool classrooms. The sample included 39 teachers and select children in their classroom, which targeted enrollment to children experiencing documentable risk factors. Patterns of sequential dependencies demonstrated a bi-directional interdependence in teachers’ and children's complex syntactic use, whereby both teachers and children appeared sensitive to each other's use of complex syntactic forms. Teachers’ use of complex syntax increased the likelihood that children's adjacent utterance would contain complex syntax; similarly, children's use of complex or simple syntax increased the likelihood that teachers’ adjacent utterance would mirror their syntactic level. Associations were small to moderately large in strength, but varied across individual classrooms. The findings point to complex, bi-directional relationships underlying the complexity of talk within the classroom language environment.
Color Filters for Altering Color Temperature. Pyrometer Absorption and Daylite Glasses

The analysis of the Wien equation shows that a color filter in which the density, δ(δ=log10 transmission) follows the equation δ=(6223/λ)(1/θ1−1/θ2) will reduce both the brightness and the color temperature of a complete radiator at temperature θ1 to that of a complete radiator at a lower temperature θ2. Such a color filter is useful as an absorbing screen in an optical pyrometer. If a color filter has a spectral transmission such that the logarithm of transmittance plotted against 1/λ yields a straight line cutting the 1/λ axis in a point corresponding to approximately λ1=0.40μ, such a filter will serve to increase the color temperature of a source although reducing its brightness. The spectral formula of such a filter is βt=0.4343 C2(1/λ1−1/λ) (1/θ2−1/θ1), θ1 being the color temperature of the light source and θ2 that of the transmitted light expressed in accordance with the Wien equation. With a given filter the reciprocal color temperature is raised by the same amount irrespective of the color temperature of the source and the change in reciprocal color temperature is proportional to the thickness of the glass color filter used. If two points 2 and 3 on the spectrophotometric curve of such a Daylite glass are given, then 1/θ1−1/θ2=αt=0.0001607(β2t−β3t)/(1/λ2−1/λ3). With αt to represent the change in reciprocal temperature for the given glass of thickness t, the change per unit thickness is α. Artificial light sources may be described as having a spectral energy distribution in accordance with Wien’s equation within the limits of the visible spectrum. Various phases of daylight produce a visual sensation equivalent to the energy distribution as given by Planck’s equation or by a suitable but different choice of θ the same distribution may also be represented by Wien’s equation within the narrow limits of the visible spectrum, 0.40μ to 0.70μ. A table is included giving the color temperature of some of the artificial light sources and their reciprocals, also the equivalent temperature with its reciprocal for various phases of daylight expressed both according to the Planck and according to the Wien equation.
RADIATION EFFECTS AND OXYGEN VACANCIES IN SILICATES.

Proton and electron irradiation of silicates, minerals, and rocks produces a paramagnetic defect whose resonance spectrum is identical to that of the singly charged oxygen vacancy in silica glass and alpha-quartz. It is suggested that this defect is characteristic of all structures containing SiO(4) tetrahedra. Cracks, fracturing, and electric discharges have been observed after irradiation in planes determined by the particle ranges. These processes may contribute to the erosion materials.
Favorable Long-Term Survival Following Induction Chemotherapy With Cisplatin, Fluorouracil, and Leucovorin and Concomitant Chemoradiotherapy for Locally Advanced Head and Neck Cancer

Background The majority of patients with head and neck cancer die of locoregional recurrence of disease following surgery and/or radiotherapy. Purpose Our purpose was to administer induction chemotherapy, perform surgery, and administer concomitant chemoradiotherapy in rapid sequence and to evaluate their impact on locoregional and distant tumor control. Methods Sixty-four patients with previously untreated, locoregionally advanced head and neck cancer received two cycles of cisplatin, bleomycin, and methotrexate (PBM) (33 patients) or cisplatin, fluorouracil (5-FU), and leucovorin (PFL) (31 patients). PFL was given to patients who were unable to receive bleomycin. Local therapy consisted of surgery and/or concomitant chemoradiotherapy with 5-FU, hydroxyurea, leucovorin, and radiotherapy (FHX-L), all administered every other week. Results Complete and overall induction response rates were 21% and 79%, respectively, for PBM and 29% and 81%, respectively, for PFL. At completion of local therapy, 81% of the patients were disease-free. With a median follow-up of 35 months, the median survival and time to progression are 22 and 17 months, respectively, for PBM and have not been reached for PFL. Locoregional recurrence of disease is 30% for PBM and 26% for PFL. Distant disease progression is 24% for PBM and only 3% for PFL. Conclusions The sequencing of induction chemotherapy and concomitant chemoradiotherapy is feasible and results in a high local control rate and in an encouraging survival rate with PFL. The high distant failure (i.e., outside the head and neck area) rate of PBM suggests insufficient systemic activity for that regimen. Implications Concomitant FHX-L chemoradiotherapy may improve regional control rates of advanced head and neck cancer. Effective systemic therapy may be needed to control systemic micrometastases. PFL, but not PBM, appears to be suitable to accomplish that goal.
Factors limiting bioremediation technologies

The use of microorganisms to destroy, or reduce the concentration of, hazardous wastes on a contaminated site is called bioremediation. Such a biological treatment system has various applications, including, clean up of contaminated sites such as water, soils, sludges, and waste streams. The treatment of the Alaskan shoreline of Prince Williams Sound after the oil spill of Exxon Valdez in 1989 is one common example in which bioremediation methods got public attention. There are numerous other success stories of bioremediation in cleaning up chemical spills, leaking underground storage tanks of gasoline, and many toxic industrial effluents. This paper outlines the various factors, including scientific, non-scientific, and regulatory, that limit the use of bioremediation technologies.
The Magnetostriction of a Magnetite Crystal

Magnetostriction of an octagonal magnetite crystal along three axes was measured in fields up to 5000 gauss. The curves obtained are all similar in form, first convex towards the $H$ axis, then concave, tending toward a maximum near 5000 gauss. With a longitudinal field of 5000 gauss, the digonal axis expands 30${(10)}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ per cent, the trigonal axis 12${(10)}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ per cent, and the tetragonal axis contracts about 4${(10)}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ per cent. With an equal transverse field the percentage changes are a contraction of 44${(10)}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$, a contraction of 28${(10)}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ and an expansion of 4${(10)}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$, respectively. Tests indicated that the effect perpendicular to a plane is independent of the direction of the field in that plane. No departure from cubic symmetry was established. To explain these results a model of the magnetic element in magnetite is suggested, similar to Ewing's recent model. The experiments favor the view that the rotating magnetic element is a group of non-parallel electron orbits inside the atom.
Ageing: mice and mitochondria

It can be hard to work out whether particular events are a cause or a correlate of ageing — do mutations in mitochondrial DNA, for instance, speed up the process of growing old? Some clever studies suggest so.
What do you do with misleading evidence

Gilbert Harman has presented an argument to the effect that if S knows that p then S knows that any evidence for not-p is misleading. Therefore S is warranted in being dogmatic about anything he happens to know. I explain, and reject, Sorensen's attempt to solve the paradox via Jackson's theory of conditionals. is S not in a position to disregard evidence even when he knows it to be misleading.
French Realist Painting and the Critique of American Society, 1865-1900

1. Introduction 2. Peasant Images as Critique and Capital 3. Peasant Icons for the Conflicted Middle Class 4. Courbet, Corot, and democratic poetics 5. Impressionism, pathology and progress 6. Conclusion Notes Index.
A hybrid biomimetic scaffold composed of electrospun polycaprolactone nanofibers and self-assembled peptide amphiphile nanofibers

Nanofibrous electrospun poly (epsilon-caprolactone) (ePCL) scaffolds have inherent structural advantages, but lack of bioactivity has limited their usefulness in biomedical applications. Thus, here we report the development of a hybrid, nanostructured, extracellular matrix (ECM) mimicking scaffold by a combination of ePCL nanofibers and self-assembled peptide amphiphile (PA) nanofibers. The PAs have ECM mimicking characteristics including a cell adhesive ligand (RGDS) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) mediated degradable sites. Transmission electron microscope imaging verified successful PA self-assembly into nanofibers (diameters of 8-10 nm) using a solvent evaporation method. This evaporation method was then used to successfully coat PAs onto ePCL nanofibers (diameters of 300-400 nm), to develop hybrid, bioactive scaffolds. Scanning electron microscope characterization showed that the PA coatings did not interfere with the porous ePCL nanofiber network. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were seeded onto the hybrid scaffolds to evaluate their bioactivity. Significantly greater attachment and spreading of hMSCs were observed on ePCL nanofibers coated with PA-RGDS as compared to ePCL nanofibers coated with PA-S (no cell adhesive ligand) and uncoated ePCL nanofibers. Overall, this novel strategy presents a new solution to overcome the current bioactivity challenges of electrospun scaffolds and combines the unique characteristics of ePCL nanofibers and self-assembled PA nanofibers to provide an ECM mimicking environment. This has great potential to be applied to many different electrospun scaffolds for various biomedical applications.
Development of an instrument to detect trace elements in food, beverages and biological samples

This paper presents a method of detecting trace elements in food, beverages and biological samples in real-time. The instrument is based on Electron Spin Resonance and Fresnel Zone break point. It is shown that an unknown sample, placed between the transmit and the received antenna, separated by a distance less than the Freznel Zone break point, absorbs electromagnetic energy at a frequency determined by the atomic weight of the unknown sample. The Freznel Zone break point is used to position the antennas in order to avoid multipath signals. A prototype instrument along with experimental data is presented to illustrate the concept.
Evaluating cumulative effects of disturbance on the hydrologic function of bogs, fens, and mires

Few quantitative studies have been done on the hydrology of fens, bogs, and mires. Consequently predicting the cumulative impacts of disturbances on their hydrologic functions is extremely difficult. For example, few data are available on the role of bogs and fens with respect to flood desynchronization and shoreline anchoring. However, recent studies suggest that very small amounts of groundwater discharge are sufficient to radically modify mire surface-water chemistry, and consequently, vegetation communities and their associated surface-water hydrology. Bogs and fens are, in a sense, hydrobiologic systems, and any evaluation of cumulative impacts will have to (1) consider the complicated and little understood interactions among wetland hydrology, water chemistry, and biota, and (2) place the effect of individual wetland impacts within the context of the cumulative impacts contributed to the watershed from other geomorphic areas and land uses. It is difficult to evaluate the potential cumulative impacts on wetland hydrology because geologic settings of wetlands are often complex and the methods used to measure wetland streamflow, groundwater flow, and evapotranspiration are inexact (Winter 1988). This is especially so for bogs, fens, and mires underlain by thick organic soils. These wetlands, found in the circumboreal areas of North America, Europe, and Asia, are major physiographic features in eastern North America, northern Europe, and Siberia (Kivenen and Pakarinen 1981, Gore 1983, Glaser and Janssens 1986). Their very scale makes it difficult to quantify the hydrologic function accurately. The hydrology of small bogs and fens found elsewhere is just as poorly understood because of conflicting conceptual models of pertinent hydrologic processes. This article (1) reviews our current understanding of the hydrologic function of bogs, fens, and mires at different scales and in different physiographic settings and (2) presents hypotheses on potential cumulative impacts on the hydrologic function that might occur with multiple disturbances.
Definitions and methods for prevention research with youth and families

This paper proposes a new definitional model and improved methods for human services prevention research with youth and families. The proposed model defines prevention as knowledge-based, group intervention aimed at helping at-risk youth and families build skills and social supports to enhance interpersonal and environmental competence and to manage stress. Based on this definition, the authors suggest methods for improving prevention research. Those methods begin with risk assessment. Risk assessment, in turn, provides a basis for three levels of preventive intervention: universal, selective, and indicated. Each intervention level is discussed, with particular attention given to selective and indicated interventions because of their relevance for human services with youth and families. Finally, the paper notes the implications and future research directions for new models and levels of human services prevention with youth and families.
Network computer modeling

Network computers are becoming a reality in the seventies. While systems such as the ARPA network, Carnegie Mellon's PLN, the Collins C-System, CDC's Cybernet, and GE's Time Share Net are coming to fruition, even more grandiose systems are being discussed. These networks all offer the designer the potential of combining the advantages of data base sharing, resource sharing, and load leveling with those of message switching. From a postulation of the essential characteristics of a network computer currently under development, we formulate a queueing theory model for a multiserver system with a finite length priority queue. Then, under the assumptions of Poisson input and exponentially distributed processing times, we use this idealized mathematical model to investigate the steady state stochastic behavior of jobs in the network. We are particularly interested in the efficiency of computer utilization and the average waiting time for jobs of different priority classes.
Aging and strain softening model for episodic faulting

(Submitted December 10, 1977; Revised manuscript accepted for publication July 7, 1978) ABSTRACT: Stuart, W.D., 1979. Aging and strain softening model for episodic faulting. In: C.A. Whitten, R. Green and B.K. Meade (Editors), Recent Crustal Movements, 1977. Tectonophysics, 52: 613-626. Episodic slip on shallow crustal faults can be qualitatively explained by postulating a fault constitutive law that is the superposition of two limiting material responses: (1) strain softening after peak stress during large strain rates, and (2) strength (peak stress) recovery during aging at small strain rates. A single law permits a variety of seismic and aseismic phenomena to occur over a range of space and time scales. Specific cases are determined by the spatial variation of material constants, recent deformation history, crustal rigidity, and remote forcing.
Acknowledged awareness of life-threatening illness

The diagnosis of life-threatening illness may be seen by the ill individual as catastrophic because of the actual and potential changes it imposes. Wahl (1973), Weisman (1972a) and others agree that denial may function as an important protective mechanism when an individual is brought face-to-face with the reality of his own death or the loss of an important relationship through a death. As originally described in the work of Sigmund Freud, denial involves a less than conscious level of thought which is difficult to operationalize and measure. People with-life-threatening illness do not seem to exist in such an absolute state of denial about their disease and its consequences. People with cancer demonstrate, through verbalization and behavior, fluctuating levels of awareness (Weisman, 1972b). Individuals recovering from myocardial infarction demonstrate awareness of their prognosis in spite of an essential lack of symptoms and the positive, optimistic environment provided by caregivers (Weisman and Hackett, 1969). This study described acknowledged awareness in persons who have been recently diagnosed with lung cancer or a first myocardial infarction. The study is also designed to explore the relationships of acknowledged awareness to the particular disease, to the time elapsed since diagnosis and to symptom distress.
Tolerance to ethanol's effects on operant performance in rats: role of number and pattern of intoxicated practice opportunities

Acquisition and retention of tolerance to ethanol's rate-decreasing effects on operant performance were examined in rats which received a 52-day regimen of ethanol or saline injections prior to and/or after each daily session. Eight groups of rats differed on: (a) number of days with intoxicated practice (pre-session ethanol); (b) intermittent (spaced) or daily (massed) intoxicated practice; and (c) post-session ethanol or saline on nonintoxicated practice days. Massed practice groups were given their presession saline days prior to their pre-session ethanol days. Ethanol dose-effect tests were given prior to, during, and after the chronic injection regimen. Under both spaced and massed practice conditions, the magnitude of tolerance developed increased directly with the number of pre-session ethanol days, even when absolute ethanol exposure was constant. No group showed complete tolerance loss. The post-session ethanol supplements (a) facilitated tolerance development in spaced practice groups and tolerance loss in massed practice groups, (b) blocked ethanol's low dose rate-increasing effects, and (c) produced an acute withdrawal-like performance disruption the next day. The results suggest that both intoxicated practice and practice during acute ethanol withdrawal influence the acquisition and retention of compensatory behaviors during ethanol tolerance development.
Synthesis of porphyrins for metal deposition studies in molecular information storage applications

Porphyrins may serve as the active charge-storage medium in memory chips. A series of 14 porphyrins (trans-A2B2, trans-AB2C, or A4 type; free base, copper or zinc chelate) has been synthesized for investigation of metal deposition on porphyrin monolayers. Each trans-AB2C porphyrin is equipped with a surface attachment group and a distal functional group (or flanking functional groups). The surface attachment groups include S-acetylthiomethyl, hydroxymethyl, TMS-ethynyl, allyl, and triallylmethyl; the functional groups include amino, cyano, dipyrrin-5-yl, formyl, and nitro; all of which are attached to the p-position of a porphyrin meso-phenyl group. Two non-redox-active triallylmethyl-substituted arenes were also prepared for use as control compounds.
Photoexcitation‐Based Nano‐Explorers: Chemical Analysis inside Live Cells and Photodynamic Therapy

PEBBLEs (Probes Encapsulated By Biologically Localized Embedding) are submicron-sized optical sensors designed specifically for minimally invasive analyte monitoring in viable single cells, with applications for real-timeanalysis of drug, toxin, and environmental effects on cell function. PEBBLE nanosensor is a general term that describes a family of matrices and nano-fabrication techniques used to miniaturize many existing optical sensing technologies. The main classes of PEBBLE nanosensors are based on matrices of cross-linked polyacrylamide, cross-linked poly(decyl methacrylate), and sol-gel silica. These matrices have been used to fabricate sensors for H + , Ca 2 + , K + , Na + , Mg 2 + , Zn 2 + , Cu 2 + , Cl, O 2 , NO, and glucose that range from 20 nm to 600 nm in diameter. A number of delivery techniques have been used successfully to deliver PEBBLE nanosensors into mouse oocytes, rat alveolar macrophages, rat C6-glioma, and human neuroblastoma cells. PEBBLEs with several newly emerging directions in design and applications, going from intracellular imaging to in vivo actuating and targeting, are also described. They include photonic, magnetic, and stochastic control and modulation of photo-excitation, and also targeted nano-platforms for photodynamic therapy of brain cancers, as well as contrast enhancement of the MRI for monitoring such therapy.
Effects of intracoronary diltiazem on certain hemostatic parameters during acute myocardial infarction in swine

Abstract Controversy currently exists regarding the use of diltiazem in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), due to conflicting results from clinical trials and animal studies. The purpose of this project was to evaluate the changes in the hemostatic profile during AMI following low dose intracoronary diltiazem infusion. Fourteen Yorkshire swine underwent thoracotomy and 50 min LAD occlusion, followed by 3 h of reperfusion. The first group ( n =8) received 2.5 mg of diltiazem intracoronary at a rate of 5.6 μgkgmin−1 at the onset of reperfusion. The second group ( n =6) received 0.9% saline intracoronary at the onset of reperfusion and served as the control. The dynamics of plasma antithrombin-III (AT-III), Protein C, total Protein S, fibronectin, endothelin-1 (ET-1), and the stable metabolites of thromboxane (TxB2) and prostacyclin (6-keto- PGF1a) were determined at baseline, then twice during occlusion and finally three times during reperfusion. Diltiazem infusion resulted in diminished ET-1 (34.5%), fibronectin (23.2%), and TxB2 (35.6%); and elevated Protein C (29.3%) when compared with controls. We conclude that intracoronary diltiazem favorably influences hemostasis during AMI in swine. The cardioprotective effects of diltiazem during AMI may be related to the improved hemostatic profile and the reduced incidence of thrombotic complications in such patients.
California Earthquake Forecasts Based on Smoothed Seismicity: Model Choices

Abstract We constructed 5- and 10-yr smoothed-seismicity forecasts of moderate-to-large California earthquakes, and we examined the importance of several assumptions and choices. To do this, we divided the available catalog into learning and testing periods and optimized parameters to best predict earthquakes in the testing period. Fourteen different 5-yr testing periods were considered, in which the number of earthquakes varies from 18 to 63. We then compared the likelihood gain per target earthquake for the various choices. In this study, we assumed that the spatial, temporal, and magnitude distributions were independent of one another, so that the joint probability distribution could be factored into those three components. We compared several disjoint test periods of the same length to determine the variability of the likelihood gain. The variability is large enough to mask the effects of some modeling choices. Stochastic declustering of the learning catalog produced a significantly better forecast, and representing larger earthquakes by their rupture surfaces provided a slightly better result, all other choices being equal. Inclusion of historical earthquakes and the use of an anisotropic smoothing kernel based on focal mechanisms failed to improve the forecast consistently. We chose a lower threshold magnitude of 4.7 for our learning catalog so that our results could be compared in the future to other forecasts relying on shorter catalogs with a smaller magnitude threshold.
Deformation in transcurrent and extensional environments with widely spaced weak zones

Previous mechanical models of the western U.S. have concluded that plate boundary forces cannot generate far-field deformation. Such models have ignored preexisting large-scale lithospheric strength variations, an assumption that appears to be inconsistent with seismically determined variations in lithospheric structure. We have formulated a three-dimensional viscous flow model with imposed plate motions, but include lateral zones of low viscosity. These models show that strain rates are concentrated in weak zones with adjacent blocks experiencing little deformation. Deformation can extend far inboard of plate boundaries, contrary to the result of previous studies with rheologically homogeneous plates, and apparently compatible with the variation is seismic velocity and GPS determined deformations in western U.S. These results suggest that plate boundary forces cannot be neglected in the deformation of the western U.S., including the Cenozoic extension of the Basin and Range Province.
Food Insecurity, CD4 Counts, and Incomplete Viral Suppression Among HIV+ Patients from Texas Children’s Hospital: A Pilot Study

Determine the relationship between food insecurity and CD4 counts and viral suppression among pediatric HIV-positive patients. Food insecurity was assessed by validated survey. CD4 counts and viral load were abstracted from patients’ charts. We used linear regression for the dependent variable of the natural log of CD4 counts and logistic regression for viral suppression, with backward deletion of covariates with p > 0.1. Food insecurity (β = −0.23, 95 % CI [−0.40, −0.01]) was associated with lower CD4 counts and higher odds of incomplete viral suppression (OR = 4.07, 95 % CI [1.02, 13.92]). Food insecurity may adversely impact pediatric HIV outcomes.
Effect of dilution buffers on cell viability of Zymomonas mobilis

Zymomonas mobilis is an important ethanologen that is being considered for industrial ethanol production. It was surprising to note that, inspite of numerous studies, the lethal effect of routine dilution buffers had gone unnnoticed. From a comparison of several diluents, optimal plate counts were gained by using TMg buffer (10 mM Tris base, 33 mM MgCl2, pH 8) at 0°C.
Impacts of hydroperiod on growth and survival of larval amphibians in temporary ponds of Central Pennsylvania, USA

The effects of variable hydroperiod (three levels) and initial density of amphibians (two levels) on survival, growth rate, and time to and mass at metamorphosis were studied for wood frogs (Rana sylvatica), Jefferson salamanders (Ambystoma jeffersonianum), and spotted salamanders (A. maculatum). Experiments were carried out in 260-1 mesocosms set up outdoors in a forest. These pond simulations were designed to mimic conditions that occur in palustrine temporary wetlands in central Pennsylvania. No animals reached metamorphosis in the short hydroperiod (56 days). However a greater proportion (66%) of tadpoles of R. sylvatica survived to the end of the 56-day, treatment than the 84- or 158-day treatments (29 and 14%, respectively), from which all survivors metamorphosed. In contrast, neither of the salamanders metamorphosed by 84 days; survival to metamorphosis at 158 days was 15% for A. jeffersonianum and 10% for A. maculatum. Average instantaneous growth rates for A. jeffersonianum decreased with each increase in hydroperiod. Growth of R. sylvatica was greater in the 56-day hydroperiod than in hydroperiods of 84 or 158 days. Initial amphibian density had no effect on growth or survival of any species. It appears that salamander larvae were predatory on tadpoles, since survival of R. sylvatica was negatively correlated with survival of A. jeffersonianum in 84-day treatments and with growth of A. maculatum in 158-day treatments.