cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The metabolism of histone fractions. V. The relationship between histone and DNA synthesis after x-irradiation.

Abstract The observation that X-irradiation inhibits [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation into DNA is commonly interpreted to indicate that DNA synthesis is inhibited by X-irradiation. We have found that, although [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation into DNA is inhibited in Chinese hamster cells by 800 rads of X-irradiation, DNA replication rate remains unaffected by radiation treatment when DNA replication rate is measured by a mass assay. The synthesis of the five histone fractions f1, f2b, f2a1, f2a2, and f3 was also unaffected by 800 rads of X-irradiation; therefore, we conclude that the treatment of cells with enough X-irradiation to inhibit cell division for 8 hr and eventually to cause death of 95% of the irradiated cell's progeny does not disrupt coordination between histone synthesis and DNA replication during X-ray-induced division delay. Division delay in the presence of normal DNA and histone synthesis rates results in the accumulation of cells in a G 2 -like cell-cycle state after irradiation. Although histone f3 biosynthesis was found to be unaffected by X-irradiation, preformed protein (either histone f3 or some nonhistone contaminant) was observed to accumulate in excess in f3 preparations during X-ray-induced division delay. Using preparative electrophoresis to purify these preparations, it was demonstrated that histone f3 did indeed accumulate in excess in chromatin after irradiation and that this f3 was synthesized at least 10 hr prior to its isolation and existed in some nonchromatin pool at time of irradiation. Some scavenging of amino acids for the synthesis of histories was detected during the X-ray-induced division delay period, but experiments showed that this did not account for all excess preformed f3 accumulated on the chromatin.
Oxygen consumption in mice (I strain) after feeding

To determine if excess heat production can account for the lower fat accumulation in I strain mice, oxygen consumption, a measure of energy expenditure, was measured in I mice and C57BL mice (a control strain) to determine basal metabolic rate (BMR) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) and response to food consumption and acute cold exposure. Oxygen consumption was higher in the I strain than in the C57BL mice only after the dark cycle (feeding period). No difference between I and C57BL mice in spontaneous activity was found during the dark or light cycle. Body temperature was also not different in I and C57BL mice. Oxygen consumption in response to norepinephrine was similar in the two strains. These results indicate oxygen consumption is greater in I than C57BL mice only in response to feeding. Differences in glucose utilization by I and C57BL mice, including a lower glucose tolerance curve, greater deposition of glucose to muscle glycogen and lactate production in I mice also indicate differences in nutrient processing. Higher oxygen consumption after feeding in I mice than in C57BL mice indicates inefficient food utilization and accounts for their lower ability to store energy as fat.
Using a GLM to Decompose the Symmetry Model in Square Contingency Tables with Ordered Categories

In this paper, we are employing the generalized linear model (GLM) in the form &#x1d4c1;ij=Xλ to decompose the symmetry model into the class of models discussed in Tomizawa (1992). In this formulation, the random component would be the observed counts f ij with an underlying Poisson distribution. This approach utilizes the non-standard log-linear model and our focus in this paper therefore relates to models that are decompositions of the complete symmetry model. That is, models that are implied by the symmetry models. We develop factor and regression variables required for the implementation of these models in SAS PROC GENMOD and SPSS PROC GENLOG. We apply this methodology to analyse the three 4×4 contingency table, one of which is the Japanese Unaided distance vision data. Results obtained in this study are consistent with those from the numerous literature on the subject. We further extend our applications to the 6×6 Brazilian social mobility data. We found that both the quasi linear diagonal-parameters symmetr...
Induction of hepatic synthesis of serum amyloid A protein and actin

Abstract Major changes in the mRNA population of murine liver occur after administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide, an agent that causes increases in the concentrations of acute-phase serum proteins. The mRNA for one of these, serum amyloid A, is increased at least 500-fold compared to the normal level. It becomes one of the most abundant hepatic mRNAs, and serum amyloid A synthesis comprises about 2.5% of total hepatic protein synthesis in the acute-phase response. Its synthesis is tissue-specific in that amyloid A mRNA was not detected in the kidney, an important site of amyloid fibril accumulation. The protein synthesized in largest amount by acute-phase liver tissue in culture is cytoplasmic actin. Its relative rate of synthesis is increased about 5-fold compared to the normal tissue; that of serum albumin is decreased to about one-third of its normal rate. The concentration of mRNA for serum albumin is decreased by a similar amount. Starting with induced liver RNA, we have constructed a recombinant plasmid containing most of the DNA sequence encoding the serum amyloid A polypeptide.
Use of high-precision gas isotope ratio mass spectrometry to determine natural abundance 13C in lutein isolated from C3 and C4 plant sources.

Abstract A method was developed for high-precision stable carbon isotope ratio analysis of lutein isolated from a C3 (marigold flower) and a C4 (corn gluten meal) plant source using gas chromatography–combustion interfaced isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The natural abundance of 13C (expressed as δ13C versus the international standard, Pee Dee Belemnite, in per mil units, denoted ‰) in lutein isolated from marigold flower and corn gluten meal was determined to be −29.90±0.20‰ and −19.77±0.27‰ (mean±S.D.), respectively. The high precision of gas isotope ratio mass spectrometry is potentially applicable to detect differences of isotopic composition of lutein in the blood, tissues, or excreta of animal models or humans that result from differences in the natural abundance of 13C in C3 and C4 plant foods.
Enantioselective Analysis of an Asymmetric Reaction Using a Chiral Fluorosensor

An axially chiral 1,8-dipyridylnaphthalene N,N‘-dioxide has been employed in enantioselective fluorescence analysis of the enzymatic kinetic resolution of trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane. The procedure eliminates cumbersome purification and derivatization steps required by traditional methods. The results demonstrate the potential of fluorescence spectroscopy using suitable chiral chemosensors for real-time analysis of the enantiomeric composition of chiral compounds and for high-throughput screening of asymmetric reactions.
Image enhancement in the scanning acoustic microscope using analogue filters

A simple technique is described for enhancing the images in the scanning acoustic microscope. The technique involves passing the video signal through analogue filters prior to recording the image. The resulting images bring out detail which would otherwise be difficult to observe in regular acoustic micrographs.
Synthesis of α-substituted iminodiacetate ligands: α-hexadienyl derivatives for the selection of lipoxygenase mimics

Abstract Derivatives of iminodiacetic acid (IDA) are important as ligands for metal ions, having numerous applications in separations, sensing, catalysis and medicine. This report describes the preparation of two types of IDA derivatives ( 1 , 2 ) that could be covalently attached to a polymer or protein surface via a variable length spacer chain. The parent compounds 1 (R′=H) were easily prepared via N-alkylation of dimethyl iminodiacetate with esters of 6-bromo-hexanoic acid and subsequent selective ester hydrolysis. Metal complexes of IDA derivatives having an α-dienyl side chain are required for the selection of histidine-rich proteins with potential lipoxygenase activity. The α-hexadienyl side chain of IDA derivative 2 was selectively introduced in the reaction of (2,4-hexadienyl acetate)Fe(CO)3 with a glycine-derived TMS–enol ester. Subsequent demetallation, followed by N-carboxymethylation, N-deacylation, N-alkylation with a trichloroethyl 6-halohexanoate, and TCE–ester cleavage provided the desired α-hexadienyl IDA derivative 2 . Amide formation with IDA acid 1b demonstrates the feasibility of conjugating the IDA ligands to polymers and proteins while Ni(II)-complexation with the derived IDA triacid 1e shows the complexing ability of the tethered IDA ligand.
Protective effect of tannic acid in mice receiving dietary lead.

Mice fed a diet containing both tannic acid and lead acetate showed increased weight gain and greater fecundity when compared with those on a diet containing lead acetate alone. The most significant improvement was provided by adding 2% tannic acid (wt/wt) to ground food containing 3% lead acetate. The affinity of tannic acid for heavy metals is suggested as a reason for this protective effect.
Insecticide resistance management: Relationship to integrated pest management

Insecticide resistance management (IRM) is a component of integrated pest management (IPM) that has the goal of forestalling resistance development to all insecticides. Since the advent of the organochlorine insecticides in the 1940s, an average of about one class of insecticide has been lost every 10 years because of resistance. Effective insecticides are necessary for optimum IPM and are too important and too expensive a resource to be lost so rapidly. By adhering to the principles of IPM and utilizing other IPM components such as biological and cultural control, IRM has the potential of conserving the susceptibility of pests to insecticides. Although initial attempts of IRM appear to be successful, it is imperative that research to undergird IRM be greatly accelerated.
Reflex sympathetic dystrophy--the surgeon's role in management.

Abstract It is important for vascular surgeons to be familiar with reflex sympathetic dystrophy because they may be called on to participate in the evaluation and treatment of patients with this syndrome. Over a 3½-year period, 35 patients, initially evaluated by a team of pain experts, were referred for surgical sympathectomy for reflex sympathetic dystrophy. All patients had at least one positive diagnostic sympathetic block before they were considered for surgical sympathectomy. With use of this team approach and careful patient selection, excellent results were obtained in 74%, good results in 17%, and poor results in 9%. Three patients required a repeat cervical sympathectomy after initial surgery failed to relieve their symptoms. One patient required a contralateral lumbar sympathectomy after ipsilateral sympathectomy was unsuccessful. Better results were obtained in patients treated earlier in their course and with extended surgical sympathectomy. Patients not responding to initial sympathectomy should be evaluated for the presence of residual functional sympathetic tissue, and if this is identified, further sympathectomy by an alternate approach appears justified. (J VASC SURG 1991;14:488-95.)
Oxidation and crack nucleation/growth in an air-plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coating with NiCrAlY bond coat

Abstract The oxidation behavior of an air-plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coating (APS-TBC) system was investigated in both air and low-pressure oxygen environments. It was found that mixed oxides, in the form of (Cr,Al)2O3·Ni(Cr,Al)2O4·NiO, formed heterogeneously at a very early stage during oxidation in air, and in the meantime, a layer of predominantly Al2O3 grew rather uniformly along the rest of the ceramic/bond coat interface. The mixed oxides were practically absent in the TBC system when exposed in the low-pressure oxygen environment, where the TBC had a longer life. Through comparison of the microstructures of the APS-TBC exposed in air and low-pressure oxygen environment, it was concluded that the mixed oxides played a detrimental role in causing crack nucleation and growth, reducing the life of the TBC in air. The crack nucleation and growth mechanism in the air-plasma-sprayed TBC is further elucidated with emphasis on the Ni(Cr,Al)2O4 and NiO particles embedded in the chromia.
Effect of dietary tin on zinc, copper and iron utilization by rats

Abstract Male, weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a diet containing 206 μg tin (as stannous chloride)/g feed for 21 days. The rats fed the test diet lost significantly more zinc in their faeces and retained significantly lower levels of zinc in their tibias and kidneys than rats fed the control diet (which contained 1 μg tin/g). The rats fed the tin-supplemented diet retained significantly higher levels of tin in their kidneys and tibias and significantly lower levels of copper in their kidneys than the control animals.
Collective bargaining: A differential game

Earlier differential game models of collective bargaining deal only with the strike phase. The model proposed here allows for negotiations without and with a strike.
Historical perspectives on computers: components

The technological base for computers was laid just prior to and during World War II. Military requirements led to a general upgrading of components. Television and radar pushed the development of high performance vacuum tubes, particularly the twin triode. Radar shifted the attention of engineers from frequency to time and timing. The microsecond became familiar.
Electrolysis-based Parylene Balloon Actuators for Movable Neural Probes

In order to track a specific neuron and keep good sampling neural signals during chronic implantation, the neural probes are highly desired to have moving capability. This paper presents a novel electrolysis-based parylene balloon actuator fabricated with MEMS technology. The actuator is integrated with silicon probe to make it movable. A new fabrication technology has been developed to build a parylene balloon structure with silicon spring structure, electrolysis electrodes and electrolyte inside. By applying little current to electrolysis electrodes, high pressure is generated inside the parylene balloon by electrolysis. The spring structure is stretched with the parylene balloon expansion. Therefore the neural probe is moved by the actuation. The electrolysis actuator can generate large stain and pressure, requires modest electrical power and produces minimal heat. Due to the large volume expansion obtained via electrolysis, the small actuator can create a large force. The new electrolysis actuators for movable neural probes have been fabricated and validated.
A Statewide Screening of Mental Health Symptoms Among Juvenile Offenders in Detention

ABSTRACT Objective As awareness of the high prevalence of mental health problems among juvenile offenders has grown, researchers and practitioners have recognized the need for reliable and efficient methods of assessing such problems among large numbers of offenders to ensure that limited treatment resources are applied to those with the greatest need. Method Between May 2000 and October 2002, 18,607 admissions were administered the computerized version of the Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument Version 2 (MAYSI-2) 24 to 48 hours after their arrival at detention centers throughout Pennsylvania. Results Approximately 70% of the males and 81% of the females scored above the clinical cutoff on at least one of the following five MAYSI-2 scales: Alcohol/Drug Use, Angry-Irritable, Depressed-Anxious, Somatic Complaints, and/or Suicide Ideation. Girls were more likely than boys to exhibit internalizing as well as externalizing problems. Mental health problems were most prevalent among white youths and least prevalent among African American youths. When youths repeated the screen upon subsequent visits to detention, their scores generally remained stable. Conclusions The findings suggest that the MAYSI-2 is a promising triage tool for emergent risk. The use of such a screen may reduce bias in allocation of treatment resources and improves our understanding of the nature of mental health problems in delinquent populations.
Association Between Postresuscitation Partial Pressure of Arterial Carbon Dioxide and Neurological Outcome in Patients With Post–Cardiac Arrest Syndrome

Background—Partial pressure of arterial CO2 (Paco2) is a regulator of cerebral blood flow after brain injury. Recent guidelines for the management of cardiac arrest recommend maintaining Paco2 at 40 to 45 mm Hg after successful resuscitation; however, there is a paucity of data on the prevalence of Paco2 derangements during the post–cardiac arrest period and its association with outcome. Methods and Results—We analyzed a prospectively compiled and maintained cardiac arrest registry at a single academic medical center. Inclusion criteria are as follows: age ≥18, nontrauma arrest, and comatose after return of spontaneous circulation. We analyzed arterial blood gas data during 0 to 24 hours after the return of spontaneous circulation and determined whether patients had exposure to hypocapnia and hypercapnia (defined as Paco2 ≤30 mm Hg and Paco2 ≥50 mm Hg, respectively, based on previous literature). The primary outcome was poor neurological function at hospital discharge, defined as Cerebral Performance Cate...
ANALYSIS OF NAEP COMBINED NATIONAL AND STATE SAMPLES

This National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) study analyzes the efficacy of combined national and state NAEP samples. The main goal of combining NAEP national and state samples is to provide an integrated way to implement NAEP assessments and to reduce the burden of state assessments by administrating one assessment. The study is based on combined samples of the 1998 and 2000 NAEP assessments.
Electrical, optical and structural characteristics of indium-tin-oxide thin films deposited on glass and polymer substrates

Abstract The sheet resistance, optical transmittance and microstructure of tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) thin films (50–100-nm thick) rf sputter deposited on polymer substrates are investigated using a four-point probe, spectrophotometer, X-ray diffractometer and a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Sheet resistances vary from 250 Ω/sq. to 170 kΩ/sq. Sheet resistances for the ITO films on polycarbonate substrates are at least an order of magnitude higher than those ITO films deposited on glass substrates at the same time. Annealing ITO films on polycarbonate substrates at 100°C in air for 1 h decreased the sheet resistances significantly (almost by 50%). The X-ray diffraction data indicate polycrystalline films with grain orientations predominantly along (222) and (400) directions. TEM photographs show two distinct regions of growth: a dense growth close to the substrate and a sparse growth away from the substrate. The vertical growth is columnar and rod shaped. Changes in the ITO film sheet resistance either due to the types of substrate used or due to annealing can be correlated to the grain size and grain orientation.
Urethral obstruction after anterior colporrhaphy: correction by simple vaginoplasty.

Abstract Objectives Bladder outlet obstruction is a well-known complication of anti-stress incontinence procedures including retropubic suspensions, needle suspensions, and slings. Relief of obstruction after these procedures usually requires freeing the urethra from its superior attachments. Because the anterior colporrhaphy does not involve suspension above the urethra, obstruction can be relieved by a simple plastic procedure involving the anterior vaginal wall. Methods We describe 2 cases in which a simple plastic procedure was used to correct urodynamically confirmed obstruction after anterior colporrhaphy. Results One patient became completely asymptomatic. The other had subjective and urodynamic resolution of her obstructive symptoms, but persistent detrusor instability. Conclusions A simple plastic procedure can be used to correct urethral obstruction after anterior colporrhaphy.
JUDICIAL LIBERALISM AND CAPITALISM: JUSTICE FIELD RECONSIDERED

Justice Stephen J. Field was the champion of a form of liberalism often said to be especially friendly to capitalism, the approach to the Constitution traditionally identified with “Lochnerism,” i.e., a laissez-faire oriented judicial activism. More recently a form of judicial revisionism has arisen, challenging the accepted descriptions of “Lochnerism” and of Field's jurisprudence. This article is an attempt to extend the revisionist approach by arriving at a more satisfactory understanding of the grounding of Field's jurisprudence in the natural rights philosophy. Field, it turns out, orienting around natural rights, was not so unambiguously friendly to capitalism as previous generations of scholars maintained, but his approach is surely friendlier than the constitutional theories that have replaced natural rights since Field's day.
Effects of Core Distances, Solvent, Ligand, and Level of Theory on the TDDFT Optical Absorption Spectrum of the Thiolate-Protected Au25 Nanoparticle

Density functional theory calculations are employed to calculate geometries (R = H, CH3, CH2CH3, CH2CH2Ph) and excitation energies (R = H, CH3, CH2CH3) for the Au25(SR)18− nanoparticle. The splitting between the first two peaks in the optical absorption spectrum is known to arise as a result of ligand-field splitting of superatom D orbitals, and the value of this splitting is found to be a very sensitive probe of gold−gold distances in the Au25(SH)18− nanoparticle core. LDA functionals such as Xα with a triple-ζ basis set are found to predict core geometries in good agreement with experiment, which suggests that this level of theory may be useful in future structural predictions. Asymptotically correct potentials SAOP and LB94 with triple-ζ basis sets yield excitation energies within 0.15−0.20 eV of experimental values; LB94 with a frozen-core basis set is found to be an inexpensive alternative to the preferred SAOP potential. The size of the ligand plays a minor role on the optical absorption spectrum an...
The Privatisation of GIO Australia: Success or Failure?

The privatisation of GIO Australia took place amidst acrimonious public debate on the merits of selling this government trading enterprise. Yet the innovative methods employed in the privatisation process represented a landmark in contemporary Australian economic history, With the passage of time and the attendant flow of information, it is now possible to assess the outcome of the privatisation of GIO Australia. Without considering the wider philosophical dimensions of privatisation, we conclude that from a tripartite perspective that the privatisation of GIO Australia should be regarded as successful. The article is subdivided into four main parts. Section 1 provides a brief synopsis of the historical evolution of GIO; Section 2 details the actual privatisation process. Section 3 analyses the impact of the privatisation in terms of its effects on the GIO, the wider insurance market in Australia, and the ‘net worth’ of the NSW government. The article ends with some brief concluding remarks in Section 4.
Treatment Time and Ultrafiltration Rate Are More Important in Dialysis Prescription than Small Molecule Clearance

Chronic hemodialysis sessions, as developed in Seattle in the 1960s, were long procedures with minimal intra- and interdialytic symptoms. Over the next three decades, dialysis duration was shorten to
Fluorescence Lifetime Measurements of Mercury/Protein Complexes

Fluorescence lifetime and steady-state fluorescence measurements are used to characterize various mercury/protein and mercury/protein/EDTA complexes. The proteins studied are ovalbumin, α-chymotrypsinogen, and acid phosphatase. Mercury quenches fluorescence in ovalbumin with a change in lifetime, while in α-chymotrypsinogen quenching occurs without a change in lifetime. No quenching by mercury is observed for acid phosphatase. EDTA causes a further small decrease in fluorescence for both mercury/ovalbumin and mercury / α-chymotrypsinogen, while no change is observed for mercury/acid phosphatase. In all cases the decrease in fluorescence intensity is consistent with a static quenching mechanism. The results reported are correlated to previous studies by bromine-81 magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Resuscitation with Hextend decreases endogenous circulating heparin activity and accelerates clot initiation after hemorrhage in the rabbit.

UNLABELLED Hemorrhagic shock can result in a hypercoagulable state and has been associated with both hemorrhagic and thrombotic complications in the perioperative period. The author hypothesized that hemorrhage and resuscitation could result in a hypercoagulable state via changes in the heparin-antithrombin III anticoagulant mechanism in rabbits. Rabbits sedated with ketamine underwent sham operation (n = 8) or hemorrhage (25 mL/kg blood shed) for 60 min, followed by resuscitation with an equal volume of 5% human albumin (n = 8) or Hextend (n = 8). Coagulation analysis with the Thrombelastograph analyzer and determination of endogenous heparin and antithrombin III activity were performed on arterial blood samples obtained before hemorrhage and 30 min after resuscitation. The reaction time significantly decreased by 34% after hemorrhage and resuscitation with Hextend, whereas no other significant changes in Thrombelastograph variables were noted. Antithrombin III activity was significantly less in the Albumin (83% +/- 8% of control, mean +/- SD) and Hextend (88% +/- 8%) Resuscitated groups compared with the Sham-Operated animals. Of interest, only the Hextend-Resuscitated animals demonstrated a significant decrease in heparin activity (53.4 +/- 13.6 mU/mL before hemorrhage, 42.3 +/- 5.6 mU/mL after resuscitation). A Hextend)-mediated decrease of both heparin and antithrombin III activity may explain the acceleration of clot initiation compared with albumin administration after hemorrhage in the rabbit. IMPLICATIONS Hemorrhage may result in a hypercoagulable state after resuscitation. Decreases in both endogenous heparin and antithrombin III activity after hemorrhage and Hextend resuscitation in rabbits resulted in a significantly decreased time to clot coagulation analysis initiation without a significant change in the rate of clot formation or final clot strength.
Are standardized patient self-reporting instruments applicable to the evaluation of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow?

Background This study attempts to confirm that the Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) Outcome Measure self-administered questionnaire is valid specifically for ulnar neuropathy at the elbow. Validity of the Levine-Katz questionnaire for ulnar neuropathology compared with DASH was also studied. Materials and methods Forty-eight patients with isolated ulnar nerve surgery completed a 6-month evaluation. Patients were assigned a clinical stage. The DASH and Levine-Katz questionnaires were administered, and pinch and grip strength were measured preoperatively and postoperatively. Levine-Katz questionnaires were correlated with DASH to establish criterion validity. Construct validity was tested by determining a relationship between scores and clinical stages and by comparing scores preoperatively and postoperatively. Results There was a high correlation between DASH scores and symptom severity and functional status. Although correlations were significant between DASH and biomechanical measures, correlation coefficients were lower. Postoperatively, all measures improved significantly. Conclusion This study confirms that scores on the DASH questionnaire reflect the clinical staging of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow. Level of evidence Level 1.
Measurements of spectral optical properties and their relation to biogeochemical variables and processes in Crater Lake, Crater Lake National Park, OR

Spectral inherent optical properties (IOPs) have been measured at Crater Lake, OR, an extremely clear sub-alpine lake. Indeed Pure water IOPs are major contributors to the total IOPs, and thus to the color of the lake. Variations in the spatial distribution of IOPs were observed in June and September 2001, and reflect biogeochemical processes in the lake. Absorption by colored dissolved organic material increases with depth and between June and September in the upper 300 m. This pattern is consistent with a net release of dissolved organic materials from primary and secondary production through the summer and its photo-oxidation near the surface. Waters fed by a tributary near the lake’s rim exhibited low levels of absorption by dissolved organic materials. Scattering is mostly dominated by organic particulate material, though inorganic material is found to enter the lake from the rim following a rain storm. Several similarities to oceanic oligotrophic regions are observed: (a) The Beam attenuation correlates well with particulate organic material (POM) and the relationship is similar to that observed in the open ocean. (b) The specific absorption of colored dissolved organic material has a value similar to that of open ocean humic material. (c) The distribution of chlorophyll with depth does not follow the distribution of particulate organic material due to photo-acclimation resulting in a subsurface pigment maximum located about 50 m below the POM maximum.
Resonance Raman Quantification of Nutritionally Important Carotenoids in Fruits, Vegetables, and Their Juices in Comparison to High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography Analysis

A rapid nondestructive estimation of carotenoid levels in intact fruits and vegetables and their juices could have great value when selecting nutritionally valuable crops for further propagation and commercial use. Carotenoid levels of a variety of agricultural products and juices were measured using resonance Raman spectroscopy and compared to levels determined by extraction and high-pressure liquid chromatography. A strong correlation was observed between the two methods when evaluating juices and when comparing different strains of intact tomatoes at the same stage of ripening.
Tailoring Electrical Transport Across Grain Boundaries in Polycrystalline Graphene

Graphene produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is polycrystalline, and scattering of charge carriers at grain boundaries (GBs) could degrade its performance relative to exfoliated, single-crystal graphene. However, the electrical properties of GBs have so far been addressed indirectly without simultaneous knowledge of their locations and structures. We present electrical measurements on individual GBs in CVD graphene first imaged by transmission electron microscopy. Unexpectedly, the electrical conductance improves by one order of magnitude for GBs with better interdomain connectivity. Our study suggests that polycrystalline graphene with good stitching may allow for uniformly high electrical performance rivaling that of exfoliated samples, which we demonstrate using optimized growth conditions and device geometry.
Laparoendoscopic approaches to enteral access.

Access to the stomach for long-term enteral feeding or decompression can be achieved with numerous methods. The methods include laparotomy, gastroscopy, laparoscopy, and fluoroscopy. All methods have been shown to be safe and effective. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) was introduced by Ponsky in 1990, and laparoscopic gastrostomy was introduced 10 years later. PEG rapidly replaced open gastrostomy as the method of choice for enteral nutrition. The laparoscopic alternative was ideal for patients who were not candidates for PEG placement. The laparoscopic or laparoendoscopic placement of enteral tubes allows visualization of the intestinal tract to ensure proper tube positioning. Many patients are not candidates for a PEG because of head and neck cancer, esophageal obstruction from stricture or carcinoma, large hiatal hernia, gastric volvulus, overlying intestine or liver, facial trauma with wired mandible, or severe stomatitis secondary to radiation therapy. Lastly, laparoscopy lessens the chance of injury to the surrounding structures, adhesions can be safely lysed, and metastatic or concomitant disease may be identified. This report will review the numerous methods available to the laparoscopic surgeon for gaining access to the stomach or intestine.
Improved purification and biochemical characterization of extracellular amylopullulanase from Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus 39E

A maltose-limited chemostat culture was used to investigate the expression and excretion of amylopullulanase by Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus 39E (formerly Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum 39E). In maltose-limited continuous culture, amylopullulanase was produced and secreted at tenfold higher levels than in batch culture. The extracellular amylopullulanase was purified to homonogeneity by using an inhibitor-linked affinity column matrix. The purified amylopullulanase had a specific activity of 480 units (U)/mg protein for pullulanase and 175 U/mg protein for α-amylase. β-Cyclodextrin inhibited both α-amylase and pullulanase activities, with a substrate inhibition constant (Ki) of 0.065 mg/ml.Amylopullulanase had a relative molecular mass (Mr) of 140 000 using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis and an Mr of 133 000 using gel-filtration chromatography. The N-terminal sequence of the enzyme was Glu-Thr-Asp-Thr-Ala-Pro-Ala. The purified enzyme displayed Michaelis constant (Km) values of 0.35 mg/ml for pullulan and 1.00 mg/ml for amylose. The enzyme had an isoelectric point (pI) of 4.0, and displayed an optimum pH for stability and activity of 6.2 and 5.5, respectively. The enzyme was stable up to 85° C in the presence of Ca2+, and had a half-life of 40 min at 90° C (pH 6.2). Ca2+ was required for thermal stability, but not for activity. Amylose, glycogen, and amylopectin were degrade to maltose, maltotriose, and maltotetraose, whereas only maltotriose was formed from pullulan.
Bromination of tri(isopropyl)boroxine and asymmetric synthesis of (2-cyano-3,3-dimethylcyclopropyl)boronic esters

Abstract Bromination of triisopropylboroxine to tris(1-bromo-1-methylethyl)boroxine is far more facile than α-bromination of sec-alkylboronic esters. Normal fluorescent room light is sufficient to initiate the free radical reaction, which can be carried out as a titration. The steric environment for replacement of the bromine by lithioacetonitrile and subsequent asymmetric insertion of a chloromethyl group into the carbonboron bond is more highly hindered than what has been studied previously, and the pinanediol ester proved to be the only useful chiral boronic ester in such circumstances. Cyclization of the cyano-substituted boronic ester to the corresponding cyclopropylboronic ester yielded a mixture of diastereomers, presumably the result of base-induced epimerization of the initially formed major isomer having the boronic ester and cyano groups trans.
Axial lumbar interbody fusion (AxiaLIF) approach for adult scoliosis

Background AxiaLIF was initially advocated as a minimally invasive, presacral lumbar fusion approach. Its use has expanded in to adult scoliosis surgeries.
Musings II: Revisiting the New Yorker's business ethics cartoons

F or a li terary magazine, the New Yorker has a surprising n u m b e r of business cartoons. Happily, h u m o r seems the overwhelming object, and the cartoons seldom sink to the level of the political. T h e line is fine, however. While the foibles o f humanity in general are subjects for laughter, no one is singled out for more darts than the businessman. This interest ing p h e n o m e n o n was noted three years ago in Business Horizons ("Has the Laugh te r Died? Musings on the New Yorker's Business Ethics Cartoons," March/April 1983, pp. 30-33). As the bemused author , I wondered whether the cartoons made bearable the sort of advertising that confronts the reader of the New Yorker. However, the article's chief concern was the cartoonists ' fixation with an image of the businessman drawn f rom the sins of the seventies. T h a t decade--with its exposures of bribes, kickbacks, illegal contributions, and slush funds---opened the door to the needling of cartoonists with or without an animus toward business. A rash o f business ethics cartoons followed and cont inued into the eighties. Sometime af ter the exposure had subsided, the question was asked, "Has the laughter died?" T h e answer was, "Not quite." But, indeed, the n u m b e r and sting o f such cartoons did ease somewhat by early 1982. Both cartoonists and the subject seemed exhausted. Almost.
Natural resistance of irradiated 129-strain mice to bone marrow allografts: Genetic control by theH-2K region

A major genetic determinant of natural resistance to bone marrow allografts, designated asHh-3, was mapped to theH-2K region. This gene may code for or regulate the expression of cell surface structures selectively expressed on donor hemopoietic cells and recognized by naturally occurring cytotoxic effectors. Resistance was observed as failure of donor cell growth in the spleen of irradiated 129-strain (H-2bc) recipients of H-2k bone marrow cells. The mapping was accomplished by substituting donor cells bearingk alleles throughout theH-2 complex with cells of recombinant mouse lines bearingk alleles at definedH-2 regions. The host antigraft reaction underlying resistance was abrogated by pretreating 129-strain mice with either rabbit antimouse lymphocyte serum or the antimacrophage agent silica. Grafting of H-2Kk cells into mice ancestrally unrelated to 129 but sharing theH-2bc or the similarH-2b haplotype, and intoH-2b/k,H-2k/bc, andH-2k/d F1 hybrids revealed that resistance was unique to 129 mice, since mice of the other strains, including F1 hybrids, were susceptible to the grafts. Thus,Hh-3 incompatibility was a necessary but insufficient condition for the manifestation of allogeneic resistance; other genetic factors not associated withH-2 conferred responder status to 129-strain mice and nonresponder status to D1.LP, B10.129(6M), B10, B6, and possibly to F1 hybrid mice. The possible relationships between allogeneic resistance to H-2k marrow grafts, hybrid resistance to H-2k lymphomas, and F1 hybrid antiparental H-2k cytotoxicity induced in vitro are discussed.
Foetal politics and the birth of an industry

Abstract In early Western society, women were considered to have a minor role in the reproductive process. Their social status was, correspondingly, secondary. Since the eighteenth century, women's contribution to procreation has been widely accepted, yet their social status remains. Women's importance in the reproduction of the species has not guaranteed them social prestige and the argument of this paper is that women's social standing is being further assaulted by the legal and economic consequences of innovations in birth technology. Two well-publicized innovations, Artificial Insemination by Donor, and In-Vitro Fertilization (or ‘test-tube babies’) have provoked legal, political and economic considerations which focus upon the possibilities of extensive bioengineering. The significance of this for women is that birth technology is not being fashioned after the interests of its clients but, instead, is becoming a new mercantile frontier in which women's needs may well be eclipsed by commercial and political ambitions.
Incidence of second primary malignancies in patients with treated head and neck cancer: a comprehensive review of literature.

AbstractBackground:Increased incidence of a second primary aero-digestive malignancy after an index head and neck cancer (HNC) is well-documented. Furthermore, a clear set of surveillance strategies for second primary aero-digestive cancers in these patients exists.Methods:The goal of this article is to review the published literature on risk of second primary malignancies (SPMs) (including aero-digestive malignancies) after a treated index HNC as well as its associated predictors, prognosis and surveillance. Most relevant publications were identified through searching the PubMed database for articles published up to July 2012; epidemiologic evidence was synthesized and thoroughly analyzed.Findings:Data from randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, population-based and cohort group studies, prior reviews, and case reports indicate an increased incidence of various SPMs after occurrence of a HNC. These cancers are not limited to upper aero-digestive sites. Common risk factors including environmental, g...
Differential presynaptic and postsynaptic expression of m1-m4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors at the perforant pathway/granule cell synapse

Abstract A family of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor proteins mediates diverse pre- and postsynaptic functions in the hippocampus. However, the roles of individual receptors are not understood. The present study identified the pre- and postsynaptic muscarinic acetylcholine receptors at the perforant pathway synapses in rat brain using a combination of lesioning, immunocytochemistry and electron microscopic techniques. Entorhinal cortex lesions resulted in lamina-specific reductions of m2, m3, and m4 immunoreactivity in parallel with the degeneration of the medial and lateral perforant pathway terminals in the middle and outer thirds of the molecular layer, respectively. In contrast, granule cell lesions selectively reduced m1 and m3 receptors consistent with degeneration of postsynaptic dendrites. Direct visualization of m1–m4 by electron microscopic immunocytochemistry confirmed their differential pre- and postsynaptic localizations. Together, these findings provide strong evidence for both redundancy and spatial selectivity of presynaptic (m2, m3 and m4) and postsynaptic (m1 and m3) muscarinic acetylcholine receptors at the perforant pathway synapse.
Optimal Consumption and Portfolio Strategies in a Discrete-Time Model with Summary-Dependent Preferences

A preference model wherein current wealth and a summary description of past consumption condition preferences for future consumption is used to develop relationships between optimal consumption and portfolio strategies. Financial variables are described by a continuous-time, continuous-state, stochastic process. The results complement and extend results of previous models.
Peripheral artery disease. Part 2: medical and endovascular treatment

The treatment of peripheral artery disease (PAD) focuses on risk factor modification, cardiovascular event reduction, limb viability, and symptom improvement. Hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus should all be controlled to recommended target levels, and smoking cessation is vital. Antiplatelet therapies, such as aspirin or clopidogrel, should be administered in all patients unless contraindicated. Whenever possible, patients who present with claudication should be offered a regimen comprised of both medical and exercise therapy, which often results in substantial improvement in symptoms. For patients presenting with more-advanced disease, such as acute limb ischemia, critical limb ischemia, and severely-limiting symptoms of PAD, revascularization is often necessary. As a result of the rapid evolution in endovascular revascularization technology and expertise, many patients with PAD can be treated percutaneously. Therefore, in this Review, we will focus on medical therapy and endovascular revascularization of patients with PAD, with reference to surgical bypass in specific clinical scenarios.
Late-Summer Aggregation of the Foothill Yellow-Legged Frog (Rana boylii) in Central California

Abstract We report on a late-summer, above-ground aggregation of foothill yellow-legged frogs (Rana boylii) in the Diablo Range, Santa Clara County, California. Our observation provides the first published account of aggregation in this species.
Gas-phase photoionization of tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)europium(III)

Abstract In this Letter, we report observation of fragments of the metal–organic complex, Eu(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato) 3 resulting from multiphoton ionization of the complex entrained in an Ar molecular beam. Photofragmentation was observed at 532, 355, 266 nm, and in the range of 460–466 nm. At each wavelength, the dominant fragments were bare metal ions in multiple oxidation states and ligand fragments. This fragmentation pattern is interpreted as resulting from excitation to ligand-to-metal charge-transfer states in the sequential ligand dissociation steps. Significantly weaker signal from EuO + and EuOH + fragments was also observed with photoionization at 266 nm.
Evidence for mammalian collagenases as zinc ion metalloenzymes

Abstract Collagenases (EC 3.4.24.3) from human skin, rat skin and rat uterus were inhibited by the chelating agents EDTA, 1,10-phenanthroline and tetraethylene pentamine in the presence of excess Ca2+, suggesting that a second metal ion participates in the activity of the enzyme. Collagenase inhibition by 1,10-phenanthroline could be both prevented and reversed by a number of transition metal ions, specifically Zn2+, Co2-, Fe2+ and Cu2+. However, Zn2+ is effective in five-fold lower molar concentrations ( 1 · 10 −4 M ) than the other ions. Furthermore, Zn2+ was the only ion tested able to prevent and reverse the inhibition of collagenase by EDTA in the presence of excess Ca2+ Atomic absorption analysis of purified collagenase for Zn2+ showed that Zn2+ was present in the enzyme preparations, and that the metal co-purifies with collagenase during column chromatography
Finding God in Our Bodies: Theology from the Perspective of People with Disabilities, Part I

Places of worship and religious theologies do not always include and often misrepresent the experiences of persons with disabilities. The author explores the bias toward “ability” present in traditional Christian theology. Creamer suggests that experiences of disability need not be understood as either curse or blessing, but radier can become a source for theological reflection. Traditional theological categories such as die person of God, the ministry of Jesus, eschatology, sin, and healing are challenged and enriched by the perspectives of people with disabilities. This hermeneutical discussion between theology and disability calls the church to act justly and invites each of us to reflect on our own embodied experiences of God and the world.
Common supercyclic vectors for a path of operators

Abstract We examine common supercyclic vectors for a path of operators. In particular, we show that the path consisting of convex combinations of two arbitrary unilateral weighted backward shifts has a dense G δ set of common supercyclic vectors. Moreover, we show there exists a path with a dense G δ set of common supercyclic vectors between a unilateral weighted backward shift which satisfies the Supercyclicity Criterion, and an operator which does not. Lastly, we provide an example of a path of unilateral weighted backward shifts that fails to have a common supercyclic vector.
Elasto-plastic response of an externally cracked cylinder analyzed by the method of lines

Abstract Further results on elasto-plastic response of flawed specimens by the Method of Lines are reported. Numerical results of stresses, displacements, the growth of plastic zone, and the J1-integral are presented. Computations obtained include that for elastic response and that for elasto-plastic response. The stress intensity factor K1 is determined by two different approaches: the two-term expansion method and the J1-K1 relation. A comparison of K1 with that recorded in Tada, Paris and Irwin is presented. The range of percentage difference is between 6 and 23, depending upon crack length. A typical run of the computer program on an IBM 370 168 , using double precision arithmetic, takes about 3 min CPU time and 700k bites of storage.
Capitalizing on information in the public domain

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