cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of bolt stagger for block shear tension failures in angles

Abstract For various reasons, structural tension members may not always transmit load to their end connections through all of their cross-sectional elements. The resulting shear lag reduces the ultimate strength of these tension members. When connections are relatively short and have shear lag effects, block shear will usually be the mode of failure. This paper investigates, using finite element analysis, the effect that the stagger of bolt patterns has on ultimate block shear capacity. Significant differences from current code practices are found. In particular, it is found that stagger may not always increase the tension capacity as codes currently indicate.
Galanin impairs performance on learning and memory tasks: Findings from galanin transgenic and GAL-R1 knockout mice

Abstract Galanin (GAL) impairs performance on cognitive tasks when administered centrally to rats. GAL transgenic (GAL-tg) mice overexpressing endogenous GAL show deficits on the probe trial of the Morris water maze spatial learning task, on the social transmission of food preference olfactory memory task, and on the trace cued fear conditioning emotional learning and memory task. Knockout mice deficient in the GAL-R1 receptor subtype were normal on most memory tasks, while showing a small deficit in trace cued fear conditioning, suggesting a selective role for the GAL-R1 in aversive memories, and implicating other GAL receptor subtypes in spatial learning and olfactory social memory. The growing body of rodent literature implicating excess GAL in cognitive impairment is relevant to the overexpression of GAL in the basal forebrain during the progression of Alzheimer’s disease.
Nonlinear absorption in high reflector multilayers

Low absorption coatings were examined using a high repetition rate copper vapor laser to study the surface temperature as a function of incident power. Nonlinear absorption was observed in some of the coatings as a result of increased incident power. A variety of commercial coating vendors using common dielectric oxide material combinations were surveyed. Wavelength, coating material, and coating vendor were varied to study their affects on the linearity of the absorption. The films were deposited by electron beam or ion beam sputtering technologies. Changes in the film characteristics were observed after exposure to high incident power. The nature of these changes and their permanency were also examined.
Fragrance material review on 2-methyl-2-hepten-6-ol.

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.
Collection Development Challenges for the 21st Century Academic Librarian.

In the down-sized academic library of the twenty-first century, many librarians with little or no formal collection development training or experience are being entrusted with large departmental budgets, occasionally without the collaboration of a department liaison. How do new librarians, or librarians new to a discipline, deal with this challenge? This article attempts to provide both tools and suggestions to help librarians make the best collection decisions and to build relationships with their department(s). The subject focus is psychology and includes links to sample online collection development policies for psychology as well as print sources for psychology and other disciplines.
Ovine placental aromatase: Studies of activity levels, kinetic characteristics and effects of aromatase inhibitors

We have measured microsomal steroid aromatase activity in the fetal component of ovine placental cotyledons collected from pregnant ewes between 124 days and 127 days of gestation. Aromatase activity was determined by quantifying the [3H]water by-product when [1 beta-3H(N)] androstenedione was used as substrate. The mean microsomal aromatase activity (+/- SD) was 5.7 +/- 2.2 pmol.min-1.mg protein-1 (n = 12) and was 9% of the aromatase activity of human placental microsomes [mean (+/- SD) of 66.1 +/- 25.0 pmol.min-1.mg protein-1 (n = 7)]. The apparent Km for ovine placental aromatase for androstenedione, at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C, was 50 nM while the Vmax was 20.6 pmol.min-1.mg protein-1. The respective concentrations effecting 50% inhibition of ovine placental aromatase activity (the I50) for econazole, 4-hydroxyandrostenedione, imazalil, miconazole, ketoconazole and aminoglutethimide were 0.03, 0.05, 0.15, 0.50, 5.0 and 5.5 microM. The order of relative potencies were similar to those obtained for human placental aromatase. Ketoconazole and aminoglutethimide were approx 10 times more potent inhibitors of the sheep enzyme relative to the human. Aromatase activity was not confined to the microsomal fraction of ovine placental tissue but was distributed throughout all the particulate subcellular fractions. The proportionally high activity of the tissue homogenate (1.75 pmol.min-1.mg protein-1) is suggestive that in the last third of pregnancy, aromatase is not rate limiting with regard to placental estrogen production. It would appear, therefore, that the major factor regulating placental estrogen synthesis in ovine pregnancy is the availability of substrate.
The burden of disease from indoor air pollution in developing countries: comparison of estimates

Four different methods have been applied to estimate the burden of disease due to indoor air pollution from household solid fuel use in developing countries (LDCs). The largest number of estimates involves applying exposure-response information from urban ambient air pollution studies to estimate indoor exposure concentrations of particulate air pollution. Another approach is to construct child survival curves using the results of large-scale household surveys, as has been done for India. A third approach involves cross-national analyses of child survival and household fuel use. The fourth method, referred to as the 'fuel-based' approach, which is explored in more depth here, involves applying relative risk estimates from epidemiological studies that use exposure surrogates, such as fuel type, to estimates of household solid fuel use to determine population attributable fractions by disease and age group. With this method and conservative assumptions about relative risks, 4-5 percent of the global LDC totals for both deaths and DALYs (disability adjusted life years) from acute respiratory infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, tuberculosis, asthma, lung cancer, ischaemic heart disease, and blindness can be attributed to solid fuel use in developing countries. Acute respiratory infections in children under five years of age are the largest single category of deaths (64%) and DALYs (81%) from indoor air pollution, apparently being responsible globally for about 1.2 million premature deaths annually in the early 1990s.
Study of the CuInSe2/Mo thin film contact stability

Abstract The microstructure, the composition and the homogeneity of CuInSe2 thin films deposited on molybdenum-coated glass substrates are characterized before and after annealing using X-ray diffraction. Rutherford backscattering (RBS), cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. An instability of the CuInSe2-metal contact after annealing at 600°C is detected by RBS. To clarify the nature of this interraction, we have studied the Mo/Cu, Mo/In and Se/Mo couples as a function of annealing. No interaction is detected by RBS for the Mo/Cu and Mo/In bilayers but selenium does interreact with molybdenum. The formation of the MoSe2 is investigated using X-ray diffraction.
Wealth versus welfare: the British left between free trade and national political economy before the First World War

The convergence of Free trade liberalism and radicalism was a central feature of British political culture after Chartism. This article explores the emergence of alternative visions of political economy on the left in the late Victorian and Edwardian period. Against the conventional view of a shared liberal Free Trade culture, it finds a plurality of languages. An interpretation of how Labour, social democrats, socialists and Fabians understood Britain’s development under Free Trade reveals an alternative spectrum of popular ideas about society and economy. In the Independent Labour Party, opposition to protectionism was linked to support for some trade regulation and a more balanced economy. It was tied to a cultural and economic critique of competitive exchange, social dislocation and commercial dependence under Free Trade capitalism. The economic critique co-existed with political internationalism and turned Labour’s position into one of socialist-radical dualism. This is compared to nationalist and imperialist socialist positions in Britain and abroad. The movement towards national political economy provided a link between older radical notions of moral economy and co-operation and more collectivist notions of economic order and state regulation. It marked a step in the evolution from mid Victorian popular liberalism to social democracy and from Free Trade to the welfare state.
Morphologic changes in kidneys of rats exposed to dichloroacetylene-ether

Abstract Ten groups of 6 rats each were exposed continuously to a mixture of dichloroacetylene-ether (4.8 ppm and 33 ppm) for periods up to 28 days. Animals were serially sacrificed in a time-course study for observation of the onset of morphologic changes in the kidney. Histopathologic examination indicated a progressive change in the epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidneys, limited to the corticomedullary area, which consisted of a proportionate increase in nuclear and cytoplasmic mass. The cytomegaly is occasionally observed at 14 days and common at 28 days. Data indicated a substantial depression of weight gain.
The Asymptotic Theory of Stochastic Games

We study two person, zero sum stochastic games. We prove that limn→∞{Vn/n} = limr→0rVr, where Vn is the value of the n-stage game and Vr is the value of the infinite-stage game with payoffs discounted at interest rate r > 0. We also show that Vr may be expanded as a Laurent series in a fractional power of r. This expansion is valid for small positive r. A similar expansion exists for optimal strategies. Our main proof is an application of Tarski's principle for real closed fields.
CONSEQUENCES OF EMERGENCE PHENOLOGY FOR REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS IN RANUNCULUS ADONEUS (RANUNCULACEAE)

This study explores the effects of emergence time and reproductive phenology on seed number, seed size, and seedling survival in a population of the alpine buttercup, Ranunculus adoneus. Phenology in this snow bowl population is structured by snow depth. Plants in late melting interior portions of the bowl emerged and flowered 3 to 4 wk after those in early melting zones at the bowl perimeter during the summers of 1988 and 1989. Flowering time differences of buttercups across the bowl were consistent from one year to the next. In 1988, late flowering plants tended to set fewer seeds than early flowering ones; in 1989 no decrease in seed number accompanied flowering date. Path analysis showed that equal fecundity in early and late emerging portions of the bowl population during 1989 resulted from balancing spatial and temporal constraints on seed production. Spatial aspects of habitat quality improved toward the interior of the bowl, but temporal regimes deteriorated in these late melting sites. In both 1988 and 1989 seed size declined with delays in flowering. Path analysis of 1989 data showed that because of reduced time for seed growth, plants in late melting portions of the bowl set smaller seeds than those in earlier melting zones. Differences in seed size due to parental phenology are likely to influence fitness in snow buttercups. Under natural conditions, seedlings from large seeds (?0.65 mg) have sixfold higher survival than do those from smaller seeds (<0.65 mg). We conclude that seedling recruitment may be infrequent in late-melting portions of the snow bowl due to delayed parental phenology.
Representation of tactile curvature in macaque somatosensory area 2

Tactile shape information is elaborated in a cortical hierarchy spanning primary (SI) and secondary somatosensory cortex (SII). Indeed, SI neurons in areas 3b and 1 encode simple contour features such as small oriented bars and edges, whereas higher order SII neurons represent large curved contour features such as angles and arcs. However, neural coding of these contour features has not been systematically characterized in area 2, the most caudal SI subdivision in the postcentral gyrus. In the present study, we analyzed area 2 neural responses to embossed oriented bars and curved contour fragments to establish whether curvature representations are generated in the postcentral gyrus. We found that many area 2 neurons (26 of 112) exhibit clear curvature tuning, preferring contours pointing in a particular direction. Fewer area 2 neurons (15 of 112) show preferences for oriented bars. Because area 2 response patterns closely resembled SII patterns, we also compared area 2 and SII response time courses to characterize the temporal dynamics of curvature synthesis in the somatosensory system. We found that curvature representations develop and peak concurrently in area 2 and SII. These results reveal that transitions from orientation tuning to curvature selectivity in the somatosensory cortical hierarchy occur within SI rather than between SI and SII.
Nuclear spectrometric determination of uranium isotopes without use of radiochemical yield monitors

Abstract A method is described for the determination of uranium isotopes in solid samples without the use of radiochemical yield monitors. The analytical procedure employs direct determination of 238 U via the 63.3 keV gamma emission of its first daughter, 234 Th. The measurement of this emission requires that corrections must be made for the gamma-ray attenuation and for contribution due to the 63.9 keV 232 Th photoemission for samples rich in natural thorium. Isotopic ratios are determined by alpha-particle spectrometric assay of the uranium fraction purified by an anion-exchange technique. The method provides reliable analytical measurements for samples containing widely different amounts of natural uranium and thorium.
New Developments in Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Polymeric Materials

Abstract : Second harmonic generation from the spin coated films of an asymmetrically substituted polydiacethlene, namely poly((8-butoxy cardonylmethyl urethanyl) 1-(5-pyrimidyl)-octa-1,3- diyne(BPOD) is reported for the first time. The macromolecules assemble to produce the organization responsible for SHG without recourse to poling. d33 of the spin coated film (0.19-0.31 micrometers thickness) are between 0.78-0.88 pm/V without absorption correction and 3.32-5. 57 pm/V after correction. Angular and polarization dependence study of the second harmonic response suggests that the film has in-plane isotropy as a whole and the net dipole is nearly perpendicular to the film surface. Spontaneous orientation of the polymer chains during the film formation seems to be responsible for the noncentrosymmetric alignment of the polymer. SHG from the Langmuir Blodgett films are also reported. Second harmonic generation, Polydiacetylene, Spin coated films, Langmuir Blodgett films, Nonlinear optical, Polymeric materials, Aromatic substituents, SHG, PDA.
Eicosapentaenoic acid: its effects on arachidonic acid metabolism by cells in culture.

Abstract Some eukaryotic cells in culture synthesize a variety of lipoxygenase and/or cyclooxygenase products when stimulated by appropriate agonists. Under normal nutritional conditions, these products are derived from the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA), arachidonic acid, which before metabolism must be liberated from cellular lipids by deesterification. If the cellular lipids are preloaded with 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and cells are then stimulated to metabolize the PUFAs. levels of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase products synthesized are altered. Cyclooxygenase products decrease, while lipoxygenase products are not significantly affected and may even increase. The decrease in the production of cyclooxygenase products results from reduced utilization of the substrate (ETA). Decreased prostaglandin production by rat basophil leukemia-1 cells preloaded with EPA and radiolabeled with [ 3 H]ETA and [ 14 C]EPA can also be demonstrated by high-performance liquid chromatographic analyses of [ 3 H]- and [ 14 C] radiolabeled metabolites in culture fluids of cells stimulated to metabolize PUFA hy the Ca 2+ ionophore A23187.
Pathology of Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors: Diagnostic Overview and Update on Selected Diagnostic Problems

Peripheral nerve sheath tumors are common neoplasms, with classic identifiable features, but on occasion, they are diagnostically challenging. Although well-defined subtypes of peripheral nerve sheath tumors were described early in the history of surgical pathology, controversies regarding the classification and grading of these tumors persist. Advances in molecular biology have provided new insights into the nature of the various peripheral nerve sheath tumors, and have begun to suggest novel targeted therapeutic approaches. In this review, we discuss current concepts and problematic areas in the pathology of peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Diagnostic criteria and differential diagnosis for the major categories of nerve sheath tumors are proposed, including neurofibroma, schwannoma, and perineurioma. Diagnostically challenging variants, including plexiform, cellular and melanotic schwannomas are highlighted. A subset of these affects the childhood population, and has historically been interpreted as malignant, although current evidence and outcome data suggest they represent benign entities. The growing current literature and the author's experience with difficult to classify borderline or “hybrid tumors” are discussed and illustrated. Some of these classification gray zones occur with frequency in the gastrointestinal tract, an anatomical compartment that must always be entertained when examining these neoplasms. Other growing recent areas of interest include the heterogeneous group of pseudoneoplastic lesions involving peripheral nerve composed of mature adipose tissue and/or skeletal muscle, such as the enigmatic neuromuscular choristoma. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) represent a diagnostically controversial group; difficulties in grading and guidelines to separate “atypical neurofibroma” from MPNST are provided. There is an increasing literature of MPNST mimics which neuropathologists must be aware of, including synovial sarcoma and ossifying fibromyxoid tumor. Finally, we discuss entities that are lacking from the section on cranial and paraspinal nerves in the current WHO classification, and that may warrant inclusion in future classifications. In summary, although the diagnosis and classification of most conventional peripheral nerve sheath tumors are relatively straightforward for the experienced observer, yet borderline and difficult-to-classify neoplasms continue to be problematic. In the current review, we attempt to provide some useful guidelines for the surgical neuropathologist to help navigate these persistent, challenging problems.
Polarographic reduction of 1,5-diaza-4,8-dihydroxy-10-N-butyl penanthrene 2,6-dicarboxylic acid (ICI 74,917); simultaneous reduction of two electroactive centres

Abstract Polarographic reduction of 1,5-diaza-4,8-dihydroxy-10- n -butyl penanthrene 2,6-dicarboxylic acid (I) (ICI 74,917) closely resembles that of 4-hydroxyquinaldinic acid (II). Reduction of both compounds is accompanied by three acid-base equilibria that of the ester (III) by two. Reduction of the carboxaldehyde of (I) formed during the first two-electron step is affected by hydration of the aldehyde group. Simultaneous reduction of the two carboxylic groups of I indicates such orientation of I at the electrode surface which enables simultaneous reduction. Mutual interaction of the two substituted pyridine rings affects only slightly the reactivity in the electrode processs. Understanding of the electron process enabled optimum conditions for polarographic analysis to be found.
POPLITEAL ARTERY ANEURYSMS : THE RISK OF NONOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT

To evaluate the risk of nonoperative management of popliteal artery aneurysms (PAAs), a retrospective cohort study of 106 consecutive patients (103 males and 3 females) with PAAs seen between January 1, 1980, and December 31, 1985, was performed. The mean age was 70.5 years (range 50 to 90 years). The 106 patients with 161 PAAs were followed for a mean of 6.7 years (range 3 days to 12.1 years). Follow-up was complete in 91.5% (97/106) of the patients. PAA was confirmed by ultrasonography in 124 limbs (77%), arteriography only in 7 (4.3%), and physical examination only in 32 (19.9%). Fifteen limbs presented with acute symptoms, 52 with chronic symptoms, and 94 were asymptomatic. Five of the 15 limbs with acute symptoms (33%) underwent amputation (4 primary, 1 secondary). PAAs in 23 of the 52 limbs with chronic symptoms were repaired; 2 limbs required amputation (8.7%). Twenty-seven of the 94 asymptomatic limbs were repaired initially; 1 required amputation (3.7%). The remaining 67 asymptomatic limbs were initially managed nonoperatively. Amputation was required in 3 of 67 limbs (4.4%), 1 with acute symptoms and 2 with chronic symptoms, all of which had undergone attempted repair. Symptoms (3 acute, 9 chronic) eventually developed in 12 (17.9%). At least one of three risk factors (size >2 cm, thrombus, and poor runoff) was initially present in 11 of 12 limbs (91.7%) compared with 9 of 24 control limbs (37.5%) that remained asymptomatic (p 2 cm, thrombus, or poor runoff predicted the development of symptoms. PAA patients with any of these factors should undergo elective repair, even asymptomatic patients who have a reasonable chance for long-term survival.
Normative Criticism and the Objective Value of Artworks

are doubtful that objective artistic quality exists. Why should we take any of the evaluative judgments of critics to be literally true or to have normative force? they will ask. My answer has to do with both critical and philosophical practice. First, critics regularly make evaluative judgments such as the following: (i) Francisco Goya's Saturn Devouring his Son is a great painting because it is so viscerally horrifying; (ii) the second movement of Vaughan Williams's London Symphony is a great piece of music because of its quiet tranquili y and deep soulfulness; (iii) Jackson Pollock's One (Number 31) is a failure because it is so curiously static; (iv) James Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is an important novel because it masterfully addresses universal problems of adolescence and personal character formation.1
Complementary halogen and hydrogen bonding: sulfur...iodine interactions and thioamide ribbons.

Complementary halogen bonding and hydrogen bonding coexist in co-crystals of organoiodines with molecules containing the thioamide functionality. Thiourea·organoiodine co-crystals are shown to exhibit a remarkably reliable synthon with complementary N–H⋯S ribbons and S⋯I interactions.
Reserve of vasopressin-sensitive adenylate cyclase in toad urinary bladder

Abstract Studies have been performed on the effect of vasopressin on cyclic AMP content of toad bladders. A prompt increase in cyclic AMP content occurred after exposure to vasopressin, which reached maximal values within 8 min and remained elevated up to 30 min. By a comparison of the dose-response characteristics of vasopressin on cyclic AMP content, with those Na + transport and osmotic water flow, it was shown that supramaximal concentrations of vasopressin with respect to physiological function generate more cyclic AMP than is required for maximal stimulation of Na + transport and water flow. Thus, it would seem that a reverse of hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase is present in this tissue.
Discovery of polarized light scattered by dust around Alpha Orionis

Following the suggestion by Jura and Jacoby (1976), linearly polarized blue continuum starlight scattered by the dust shell around the M2 Iab star Alpha Orionis (Betelgeuse) has been discovered. The polarization has been traced in the NE, NW, SE, and SW directions and has positive (tangential) orientation. Some asymmetry of the optical depth in the shell exists 15 and 30 arcsec from the star. In the NE direction the polarization was measured as far as 90 arcsec (17,000 AU) from the star. The dependence of the average intensity of the scattered light from the nebula on angular distance from the star is more consistent with an inverse-square density law than with inverse 1.5 or inverse-cube laws. Assuming that the density is proportional to the inverse square of distance from the star, the scattering optical depth in blue light along a radius of 0.03 arcsec is no more than 0.15 + or - 0.05. Future observations of the wavelength dependence of polarization will allow a determination of grain size.
Electric Propulsion for Solar System Exploration

The use of ion propulsion for deep-space missions will become a reality in 1998 with the  ight of the ion-propelled, New Millennium Deep Space 1 (DS1) spacecraft. The anticipation of this event is stimulating the call for improved ion propulsion technologies, a trend that is expected to continue. This paper describes the evaluation of possible advanced solar electric propulsion technologies and their potential bene ts to projected near-term and midterm solar system exploration missions. The advanced technologies include high-performance derivatives of the DS1 ion propulsion technology, scaled-down DS1 systems, and direct-drive Hall-effect thruster systems. The results of this study indicate that signi cant near-term bene ts can be obtained by the development of improved versions of the DS1 ion propulsion system (IPSs) components. In addition, if the current trend to smaller planetary spacecraft continues, then missions  ying these smaller future spacecraft will bene t substantially from the development of scaled-down IPSs that incorporate advanced technologies in the ion engines and the propellant feed systems. The performance of the direct-drive Hall thruster systems is potentially superior to that of all other midterm options, but this technology has the highest development risk. Signi cantly reduced trip times to small bodies and the outer planets may be possible if technology programs work to retire these risks.
Optimum central storage location in flexible manufacturing cells

Abstract Optimum storage location for work-in-progress in flexible manufacturing cells is considered. A measure for traffic intensity between stations and central storage area is defined. The problem is investigated under discrete and continuous space assumptions and known layout models have been adapted to the new context. In the discrete case, the problem is transformed to a generalized assignment model which can be solved efficiently. Applicability of continuous layout models under different distance measures is discussed for the continuous case. Various examples are supplied to illustrate the approaches.
Geometrical Interpretation of Extended Supergravity

Abstract SO2 extended supergravity is shown to be a geometrical theory, whose underlying gauge group is OSp(4, 2). The couplings which gauge the SO2 symmetry as well as the accompanying cosmological and masslike terms are directly obtained, and the usual SO2 model is obtained after a Wigner-Inonu group contraction.
Low rate of treatment of hypercholesterolemia by cardiologists in patients with suspected and proven coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND Although specific guidelines for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia have been published, it is not known whether physicians treating patients likely to have lipid disorders have adopted the recommendations. METHODS AND RESULTS The approach of cardiologists to the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in a metropolitan teaching hospital was assessed by interviewing patients with chest pain who were admitted for coronary angiography in 1988-1989 and by measuring fasting blood lipid profiles. At 1 month and again 12-24 months later, patients were contacted by telephone to determine if there had been any changes in treatment. Of 95 patients evaluated, 81 had coronary artery disease. Only 17% of those with high levels of total cholesterol and/or low density lipoprotein cholesterol were being actively treated with diet and/or drugs. In the remaining patients, either lipid studies had not been done or abnormal results had not been addressed. There was little change in treatment approach during the month after the diagnostic procedure. Furthermore, the experience was similar in those patients subjected to coronary revascularization. One to 2 years after the initial intervention, 69 of the original study group could be contacted again. Although active dietary or pharmacological therapy was initiated in some individuals during this interval, it was stopped in others. Thirty-five percent of hypercholesterolemic patients were receiving targeted therapy. CONCLUSIONS Thus, only a small proportion of patients with documented coronary artery disease and hypercholesterolemia were being actively treated for their lipid disorder, suggesting that the published treatment guidelines have not yet been fully accepted. However, an encouraging improvement in frequency of treatment of hypercholesterolemia was documented during the 1-2-year observation period.
Effect of sea salt and calcium carbonate interactions with nitric acid on the direct dry deposition of nitrogen to Tampa Bay, Florida

Abstract Equilibrium modeling predicts that atmospheric sea salt and CaCO3 can partition gas-phase HNO3 to solid or aqueous-phase NaNO3 and Ca(NO3)2. We hypothesized that this partitioning reduces the direct dry deposition of nitrogen to Tampa Bay, as the average deposition velocities of the aerosol species are typically less than that of the gas. As a corollary to this, we investigated whether a 15-μm diameter particle could remain suspended in the atmosphere long enough for the gas-to-particle nitrogen transfer to represent a significant fraction of the nitrogen flux. To test these hypotheses, we applied to local inorganic aerosol concentration and size distribution measurements a published nitrate accumulation model with literature values of uptake coefficients. For the time-dependent NaNO3 and Ca(NO3)2 formation computations, we adopted a closed-system approach and assumed externally mixed particles, and considered relative humidity averages of 60%, 78% and 90%. An integrated NOAA Buoy gas deposition and Williams particle deposition model was used with 1 year of local meteorology and water temperature data to obtain average over water deposition velocities, segregated by the 25th, 50th and 75th percentile wind speeds. The calculated HNO3 dry deposition rates in the absence of aerosols were 0.61, 1.5 and 3.3 kg-N ha−1 yr−1 at the low, medium and high wind speeds, respectively. Modeled reductions in the dry nitrogen flux ranged from 15% at low wind speed and high relative humidity conditions to 76% at high wind speed and high relative humidity conditions. The modeled flux divergence indicated that sea salt and mineral dust diminished the direct HNO3 nitrogen deposition to Tampa Bay. Modeled nitrate nitrogen deposition rates, however, were dominated by nitrogen transferred to a 15-μm diameter particle. These results highlight the need to both monitor and model the coarse particle nitrogen for estimating nitrogen deposition in a coastal environment.
Adverse Events Associated with Methimazole Therapy of Graves' Disease in Children

Objective. Graves' disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in the pediatric population. Antithyroid medications used in children and adults include propylthiouracil (PTU) and methimazole (MMI). At our center we have routinely used MMI for Graves' disease therapy. Our goals are to provide insights into adverse events that can be associated with MMI use. Methods. We reviewed the adverse events associated with MMI use in our last one hundred consecutive pediatric patients treated with this medication. Results. The range in the patient age was 3.5 to 18 years. The patients were treated with an average daily dose of MMI of mg/kg/day. Adverse events attributed to the use of the medication were seen in 19 patients at weeks of therapy. The most common side effects included pruritus and hives, which were seen in 8 patients. Three patients developed diffuse arthralgia and joint pain. Two patients developed neutropenia. Three patients developed Stevens-Johnson syndrome, requiring hospitalization in 1 child. Cholestatic jaundice was observed in 1 patient. No specific risk-factors for the development of adverse events were identified. Conclusions. MMI use in children is associated with a low but real risk of minor and major side effects.
GaAs-based photorefractive time-integrating correlator

A potential application of the photorefractive time-integrating correlator is the real-time radar jamming interference rejection system, using the adaptive filter method; a fast photorefractive crystal is needed for adapting a rapidly changing jamming signal. An effort is presently made to demonstrate and characterize a GaAs-based photorefractive time-integrating correlator, since GaAs crystals are 2-3 orders of magnitude faster than most other alternatives.
Surface segregation from gold alloys

Among the properties of alloys affected by surface segregation are corrosion resistance and strength. In this paper, the surface segregation phenomenon is reviewed, with particular attention given to gold-containing alloys. A brief discussion of the various thermodynamic models for surface segregation is provided. The results of experimental investigations of surface segregation for gold-containing alloys are summarized and explained in terms of some of the thermodynamic models.
922-54 Pericardial Thickness Measured by Transesophageal Echocardiography: Feasibility and Potential Clinical Utility

Previous attempts to measure pericardial thickness (PT) using transthoracic echocardiography have yielded poor results. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), by virtue of enhanced image resolution should allow more reliable definition of the pericardium. Accordingly, we measured PT in 11 patients (mean age 53.1 yrs) with surgically proven constrictive pericarditis who underwent both TEE and electron beam computed tomogram (EBCT) ≤ 2 months apart. For comparison purposes, parietal PT was measured only in 4-chamber and basal short axis sections. Multiple measurements of PT were made independently by 2 observers (Obs) on digitized images to assess reliability and intra- and inter-observer variability. Twenty six measurements in different sites were made (mean 2.5/patient) yielding a mean PT of 5.7 mm (range 2.5 to 14.8 mm). EBCT measurements were made independently by a cardiac radiologist. Findings Bland-Altman ± 2SD limits of agreement (mm) Correlation coefficient (r) TEE Obs 1 TEE Obs 2 TEE Obs 1 TEE Obs 2 EBCT ± 1.6 ± 2.0 0.97 * 0.95 * TEE Obs 1 ± 1.3 ± 0.9 0.98 * 0.99 * TEE Obs 2 ± 0.9 ± 1.5 0.99 * 0.98 * * p l 0.0001 Significantly, there was reduced variability when mean PT was l5.5 mm (±2SD limits of agreement ± 0.8 and ± 1.0 mm for Obs 1 and 2 respectively). To further assess the ability of TEE to discriminate between thickened and normal pericardium, we measured PT in 20 normals (mean age 58.4 yrs). Normal PT was 1.2 ± 0.8 mm (Mean ± 2SD) and did not exceed 2.5 mm. A random series of 37 intraoperative TEEs (19 with thickened pericardium of whom 18 had constriction) was then reviewed by 2 blinded Obs. PT ≥ 3 mm on TEE differentiated thickened from from normal pericardium as follows (all data in %): Sensitivity Specificity +Predictive accuracy -Predictive accuracy Obs 3 100 89 90 100 Obs 4 89 83 85 88 Conclusions TEE measurement of PT is feasible, reproducible and should be a valuable adjunct in the diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis.
Mass distributions for the spontaneous fission of 253Es and the thermal-neutron-induced fission of 254Es

Abstract The distribution of mass in the spontaneous fission of 253Es and the thermal-neutron-induced fission of 254Es have been investigated radiochemically. Both mass distributions are asymmetric with peak-to-valley ratios of 326 and 6, respectively. The average light and heavy masses ( A L , A H ) for the respective systems are 105·9, 142·4 and 110·6, 140·2. The average numbers of neutrons emitted per fission determined by subtracting A L + A H from the mass of the fissioning nucleus are respectively 4·7 and 4·2.
Quantitative proximity tunneling spectroscopy

Abstract Using the new Green's function calculation of Arnold and an appropriate modification of the McMillan-Rowell procedure, it is demonstrated that tunneling characteristics of suitable proximity junctions may be inverted to determine the properties of superconductors which do not oxidize satisfactorily. The junctions employed are of the form M-Al 2 O 3 -Al/S (where S is the superconductor of interest). The Al thickness is less than 100 A and the Al/S interface is specularly transmitting. Quantitative values for Δ S (E) and Δ N (E) are obtained for S = Nb , N = Al .
Theoretical Study of Dynamic Viscoelastic Behaviour of Aorta under Impulsive Internal Pressure

Sudden increase in intraluminal pressure is one of the contributing factor in traumatic aortic rupture (TAR) in car crashes. At higher loading rates the response of the vessel may alter significantly due to viscoelasticity and inertia of the tissue. The goal of this study was to theoretically evaluate the significance of these factors in determining the state of stress and strain in aortic wall under high rate pressurization.
Intervention Versus Affirmation Proposed Solutions to the Problem of Disproportionate Minority Representation in Special Education

In 1968, Exceptional Children published Lloyd Dunn's historic article concerning the disproportionate number of minority students receiving special education services in the area of mental retardation. Thirty years later this discussion continues, with few of the author's recommendations having been implemented. In our response to the articles, in this special section, we question why these recommendations have not been implemented. We propose that experimentally validated interventions that have been found to be effective across cultures can begin to address the issue of disproportionate representation. These interventions include (a) early detection, primary interventions, and prereferral procedures and (b) academic as well as social competence, resiliency, and self-determination strategy teaching. We suggest a pragmatic approach to addressing the disproportionate number of minority students receiving special education services. We then focus on the need for well-trained quantitative researchers from di...
What is the number needed to treat when exercise training heart failure patients

Smart NA. What is the Number Needed to Treat When Exercise Training Heart failure Patients? JEPonline 2009;12(3):1-.5. Debate exists on the number needed to treat (NNT) to prevent one mortality with exercise training in heart failure patients. The primary aim of this work was to conduct a sensitivity analysis, removing outlying mortality data from a published meta-analysis of exercise training in heart failure patients. A sensitivity analysis was conducted by removing data from one randomized controlled trial that reported particularly high mortality rates and may be considered a data outlier. Annualized NNTs were subsequently calculated for mortality data from a meta-analysis of exercise training in heart failure patients. Sensitivity analysis showed that the mortality benefit reported by Piepoli was greatly influenced by Belardinelli’s data. Moreover Belardinelli’s data may be considered an outlier because of the increased mortality rate and therefore favorable odds ratio in comparison to the other 8 included studies. This working example highlights that reporting of NNTs can be misleading. Exercise training remains a relatively safe, non-pharmacological therapy for people with heart failure.
Eliciting representative samples of personal networks

In this paper we introduce and evaluate a method for eliciting a representative sample of total personal networks. First names were used as a cue to elicit a sample of 14 alters from 712 respondents through a telephone interview. Network characteristics for each respondent were calculated as averages and proportions across the 14 alters. These were compared to other studies using more specialized network generators. Our method produced results which are logically consistent with those expected from a generator that elicits a sample from the total rather than a specialized subset of the total network. The proportions of kin relations, average tie strength and frequency of contacts are found to be lower than network generators designed to elicit networks of social support. Given our conclusion that the sample is representative of the total network, we examine the varying characteristics of respondents and their networks based on the domination of a particular relation type in their network. This analysis provides answers to such questions as 'What characteristics of respondents account for the proportion of family relations in their network?' and 'What are the similarities between respondents whose networks are made up of mostly work-related relations'?' © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.
The global equivalence ratio concept and the formation mechanisms of carbon monoxide in enclosure fires

Abstract This report summarizes a large number of investigations designed to characterize the formation of carbon monoxide (CO) in enclosure fires—the most important factor in fire deaths. It includes a review analysis of the studies which form the basis for the global equivalence ratio (GER) concept. Past and very recent (some as yet unpublished) investigations of CO formation in enclosure fires are reviewed. Based on the findings, two completely new mechanisms for the formation of CO, in addition to the quenching of a fire plume by a rich upper layer, which is described by the GER concept, are identified. The first is the result of reaction between rich flame gases and air which is entrained directly into the upper layer of an enclosure fire. Detailed chemical-kinetic modeling studies have demonstrated that CO will be generated by these reactions. The second is due to the direct generation of CO during the pyrolysis of oxygenated polymers (such as wood) which are located in highly vitiated, high-temperature upper layers. The findings of these studies form the basis of an analysis that provides the guidelines for when the use of the GER concept is appropriate for predicting CO formation in enclosure fires. It is concluded that there are limited conditions for which such use is justified. Unfortunately, these conditions do not include the types of fires which are responsible for the majority of fire deaths in building fires.
Cluster detection using Bayes factors from overparameterized cluster models

In this paper, we consider the use of a partition model to estimate regional disease rates and to detect spatial clusters. Formal inference regarding the number of partitions (or clusters) can be obtained with a reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. As an alternative, we consider the ability of models with a fixed, but overly large, number of partitions to estimate regional disease rates and to provide informal inferences about the number and locations of clusters using local Bayes factors. We illustrate and compare these two approaches using data on leukemia incidence in upstate New York and data on breast cancer incidence in Wisconsin.
Properties of Being in Heidegger's Being and Time

While it is well known that the early Heidegger distinguishes between different ‘kinds of being’ and identifies various ‘structures’ that compose them, there has been little discussion about what these kinds and structures of being are. This paper defends the ‘Property Thesis’, the position that kinds of being (and their structures) are properties of the entities that have them. I give two arguments for this thesis. The first is grounded in the fact that Heidegger refers to kinds and structures of being as ‘characteristics’ and ‘determinations’, which are just two different words for ‘properties’, in the broadest senses of these terms. The second argument is based on the fact that kinds and structures of being play three roles that properties are supposed to play: they account for similarities between things, they are what predicates express, and they are what abstract nouns refer to.
Modeling VLF propagation in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide using the discontinuous Galerkin method

Modeling of scattering of very low frequency (VLF, 3–30 kHz) waves from ionospheric disturbances remains a significant computational challenge due to the strong inhomogeneity and anisotropy naturally present at these frequencies. The discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method on unstructured grids can lead to to very efficient formulations in strongly inhomogeneous materials. We discuss a generic method to incorporate any linear, frequency-dependent permittivity or permeability in the nodal DG framework (including PMLs, ferrites, and cold plasmas) and apply the resulting scheme to modeling the VLF scattered field from a density perturbation in the lower ionosphere.
Tailored orthonormal sets for expansion of specific classes of functions

A new class of orthonormal basis functions is defined which is derived from a generalized Taylor series expansion about a function rather than about a point. The basis functions described are thus 'tailored' to the type of signal expected and are particularly useful in expanding scaled and translated functions of specific classes of signals. The expansion is shown to be different from both the wavelet and Gabor transforms, yet maintains the flavor of both. Several examples are presented, including the Gaussian, exponential, and cosine based root functions. >
Nano-Architectural Alterations in Mucus Layer Fecal Colonocytes in Field Carcinogenesis: Potential for Screening

Current fecal tests (occult blood, methylation, DNA mutations) target minute amounts of tumor products among a large amount of fecal material and thus have suboptimal performance. Our group has focused on exploiting field carcinogenesis as a modality to amplify the neoplastic signal. Specifically, we have shown that endoscopically normal rectal brushings have striking nano-architectural alterations which are detectable using a novel optical technique, partial wave spectroscopic microscopy (PWS). We therefore wished to translate this approach to a fecal assay. We examined mucus layer fecal colonocytes (MLFC) at preneoplastic and neoplastic time points (confirmed with rat colonoscopy) in the azoxymethane (AOM)-treated rat model and conducted PWS analysis to derive the nano-architectural parameter, disorder strength (Ld). We confirmed these results with studies in a genetic model (the Pirc rat). We showed that MLFC appeared microscopically normal, consistent with field carcinogenesis. Ld was elevated at an early time point (5 weeks post-AOM injection, effect size = 0.40, P = 0.024) and plateaued before adenoma formation (10 weeks post-AOM, effect size = 0.66, P = 0.001), with no dramatic increase once tumors developed. We replicated these data in the preneoplastic Pirc rat with an effect size in the MLFC that replicated the rectal brushings (increase vs. age-matched controls of 62% vs. 74%, respectively). We provide the first demonstration of a biophotonics approach to fecal assay. Furthermore, targeting the nano-architectural changes of field carcinogenesis rather than the detection of tumor products may provide a novel paradigm for colorectal cancer screening. Cancer Prev Res; 6(10); 1111–9. ©2013 AACR .