cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal annealing of light - induced metastable defects in hydrogenated amorphous silicon nitride

Exposure to ultraviolet light induces paramagnetic, metastable defects in hydrogenated amorphous silicon nitride (a‐SiN1.6:H) thin films. The thermally induced decay of the light‐induced paramagnetic defects follows a stretched exponential dependence on annealing time, exp [−(t/τ)β], and displays a temperature‐dependent β and τ. These results indicate that a multiple trapping or a trap‐controlled hopping mechanism is involved in the annealing process with an apparent activation energy of 0.43 eV.
SU-D-500-06: On-Board Robotic Multi-Pinhole SPECT System for Prone Breast Imaging

Purpose: To investigate a novel Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) system for on‐board molecular and functional imaging in partial breast radiation therapy of prone patients. Methods: Computer‐simulation studies were performed for on‐board robotic 49‐pinhole and reference conventional clinical parallel‐hole collimated SPECT systems. A female XCAT phantom was simulated in prone position with nine tumors of 10mm diameter in the left breast. The simulations included two commercial prone breast boards, 24 and 7 cm thick. Four‐minute trajectories of the 49‐pinhole and parallel‐hole systems were designed to image a 7cm‐diameter target region encompassing the tumors. Noisy Poisson‐distributed projection data were drawn from these simulated projections, and SPECT images were reconstructed by OSEM with up to 10 iterations. Images were evaluated by visual inspection, profiles, and root mean squared error (RMSE). Results were correlated with trajectory radii of rotation. Commercial CAD programs were utilized to evaluate the feasibility of robot and detector trajectories about the patient, treatment table, prone breast board and LINAC gantry. Results: With 4‐minute scans of the proposed 49‐pinhole SPECT system, using the thinner prone breast board, almost all of the 9 tumors were well visualized above background. Few if any of the tumors were apparent in the parallel‐hole images. With the thinner board, lowest RMSE values, across all iterations, were 0.206 for 49‐pinhole and 0.251 for parallel‐hole. For the thicker board, these RMSE results were 0.234 and 0.260 respectively. These results correspond to smaller radii of rotation with the thinner board. CAD simulations indicate feasibility in terms of geometrical considerations. Conclusion: The proposed on‐board robotic multi‐pinhole SPECT approach shows promising results for targeted molecular and functional imaging of the breast as patients are in prone position for radiation therapy, especially with breast boards that allow closer detector proximity. PHS/NIH/NCI grant R21‐CA156390‐01A1
Incorporating routine screening for history of childhood sexual abuse into well-woman and maternity care

Despite a rapid expansion in the understanding of the incidence and effects of childhood sexual abuse in the mental health disciplines, health care disciplines have only begun to look at the effect of an abuse history on women's health. Little is known from research about its influence on a woman's gynecology care or childbearing experience. The literature across disciplines advocates for routine screening for history of childhood sexual abuse. Asking about childhood sexual abuse will benefit women who have been abused and will help build a database from which to gain clinical knowledge about their care. This review presents clinical reasons to screen, discusses barriers and benefits, and emphasizes manageable ways to incorporate asking about childhood sexual abuse into practice.
Systematic study of the superconducting and normal-state properties of neutron-irradiated MgB 2

We have performed a systematic study of the evolution of the superconducting and normal state properties of neutron-irradiated ${\mathrm{MgB}}_{2}$ wire segments as a function of fluence and post exposure annealing temperature and time. All fluences used suppressed the transition temperature, ${T}_{c}$, below $5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ and expanded the unit cell. For each annealing temperature ${T}_{c}$ recovers with annealing time and the upper critical field, ${H}_{c2}(T=0)$, approximately scales with ${T}_{c}$. By judicious choice of fluence, annealing temperature, and time, the ${T}_{c}$ of damaged ${\mathrm{MgB}}_{2}$ can be tuned to virtually any value between 5 and $39\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. For higher annealing temperatures and longer annealing times, the recovery of ${T}_{c}$ tends to coincide with a decrease in the normal state resistivity and a systematic recovery of the lattice parameters.
Aerosol-Chemical Vapor Deposition Method For Synthesis of Nanostructured Metal Oxide Thin Films With Controlled Morphology

An aerosol-chemical vapor deposition (ACVD) was designed to deposit nanostructured metal oxide films with controlled morphologies. Characteristic times of the different processes governing deposition of the film were used to establish the relationship of process parameters to the resultant morphology of the film. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) films were synthesized with different morphologies: dense, columnar, granular, and branched tree-type structures. The developed ACVD process was also used to deposit columnar nickel oxide (NiO) films. The various films with well-controlled characteristics (length, morphology) were used to establish the performance in solar energy applications, such as photosplitting of water to produce hydrogen. Columnar TiO2 films of 1.6 μm length with a platinum wire counter electrode resulted in 15.58% hydrogen production efficiencies under UV light illumination, which was 2.50 times higher than dense TiO2 films with a platinum wire counter electrode. On replacing the Pt counter electro...
Life-threatening stings, bites, infestations, and parasitic diseases.

Bites, stings and infestations can be fatal. Anaphylaxis to vespids and bees can be prevented with immunotherapy. Patients should be referred to an allergist. The acute care and prevention of anthropod injury is discussed below.
Electron correlations at metallic densities - III

Abstract A refinement of an earlier theory of the dielectric response in a uniform electron gas is presented. The modified response function gives satisfactory values both for the pair-correlation function and for the static compressibility.
Topical iontophoresis for local therapeutic effects

Iontophoresis is a method to deliver therapeutic compounds across a membrane with the assistance of an electric field. Topical iontophoresis on the skin has been used to deliver drugs locally. This review will provide an update on the applications of topical iontophoresis for local therapeutic effects.
Hummingbird incubation: Female attentiveness and egg temperature

Incubating hummingbirds adjust nest attentiveness patterns in different habitats to permit both regulation of egg temperatures for embryonic development and foraging of the adult for positive energy balance. Anna's (Calype anna) and Black-chinned (Archilochus alexandri) Hummingbirds nesting in California chaparral left the nest six to nine times during each daylight hour. Eggs usually cooled only 3–6°C during absences but sometimes cooled up to 20°C during long absences. One Anna's Hummingbird became torpid for 4.5 h at night following a rainy day; the eggs survived cooling to 11°C and hatched two days later. A Costa's Hummingbird (Calypte costae) nesting in the California desert also left the nest several times per hour in early morning and late afternoon, but shaded the eggs almost continuously during the middle of the day. A Purple-crowned Fairy (Heliothryx barroti) in the warm lowland tropics of Panama left her eggs unattended for a few relatively long periods each day rather than many short periods as do temperate zone species. This pattern is typical of other tropical hummingbirds as well probably because equable ambient temperatures mean thermoregulation of eggs is not as critical a problem as it is in other habitats. In the temperate zone, hummingbirds exhibit behavioral adaptations (timing of reproduction, segmented foraging pattern) and physiological adaptations (torpor and hypothermia) for successful incubation. Embryonic development is successful even when egg temperatures fluctuate widely.
Tiebout Sorting and Selective Satisfaction with Urban Public Services Testing the Variance Hypothesis

A key implication of the Tiebout model concerns variation in satisfaction within urban areas, with Tiebout arguing that fragmented settings should better match varied tastes with varied services, thereby producing less variance than would be observed under a consolidating government providing standardized service. But Tiebout’s expectations might be satisfied for only a subset of salient services. Alternatively, the social stratification/government inequality thesis suggests that preferences are not especially varied, but access to housing markets is, leading to greater variations in satisfaction under fragmented governments. The authors test these expectations with matched comparisons of variations in mean satisfaction levels for 11 local services in consolidated and fragmented settings and find strong support for the last view.
Yield and oil quality in selected lines of Crambe abyssinica Hochst. ex R.E. Fries and C. hispanica L. grown in Italy

Abstract Crambe is an innovative source of raw materials for several products usually derived from petroleum. In 1991–1992, two lines of Crambe abyssinica and C. hispanica previously selected from a germplasm collection, were tested at two different Italian locations. Four sowing times, three sowing densities, four inter-row spacings, two weeding techniques, three doses each for nitrogenous, phosphatic and potassic fertilisers, and three herbicides were investigated. Eleven biological traits were recorded and the influence of different agrotechniques on yield and seed chemical composition was evaluated. The best results were obtained with: autumn sowing time, a sowing density of 50 seeds/m 2 , Butisan herbicide, and 60, 60, 80 kg/ha of P 2 O 5 , K 2 O and N, respectively. Erucic acid content was about 54% in both species at both locations and was little affected by the different investigated techniques. Growing this crop in some zones of central and southern Italy could be agronomically profitable, also as a possible alternative to cereals.
Clinical Survey of 3680 Iris Tumors Based on Patient Age at Presentation

Objective To report the spectrum of iris lesions based on patient age at presentation. Design Retrospective, nonrandomized, single-center case series. Participants We included 3680 iris tumors in 3451 patients. Methods Chart review. Main Outcome Measures Diagnostic category based on age. Results The mean age at presentation was 48 years and there were 449 (12%) tumors in children (≤20 years), 788 (21%) in young adults (21–40 years), 1308 (36%) in mid adults (41–60 years), and 1135 (31%) in senior adults (>60 years). Of 3680 tumors, the diagnostic category was cystic (n = 768; 21%) or solid (n = 2912; 79%). The cystic tumors originated from iris pigment epithelium (IPE; n=672; 18%) or iris stroma (n = 96; 3%). The solid tumors included melanocytic (n = 2510; 68%) and nonmelanocytic (n = 402; 11%). The melanocytic tumors comprised nevus (n = 1503; 60%), melanocytoma (n = 68; 3%), melanoma (n = 645; 26%), and melanocytosis (n = 64; 3%). Of 2510 melanocytic tumors, the first and second most common diagnoses by age (children, young adult, mid adult, senior adult) were nevus (53%, 57%, 63%, and 63%, respectively) and melanoma (17%, 27%, 26%, and 27%, respectively). The nonmelanocytic tumors included categories of choristomatous (n = 4; Conclusions In an ocular oncology practice, the spectrum of iris tumors includes cystic (21%) and solid (79%) tumors. The solid tumors were melanocytic (68%) or nonmelanocytic (11%). At all ages, the most common specific diagnoses were nevus (42%), IPE cyst (19%), and melanoma (17%). Financial Disclosure(s) The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any of the materials discussed in this article.
MEMS based storage architecture for relational databases

Due to recent advances in semiconductor manufacturing, the gap between main memory and disks is constantly increasing. This leads to a significant performance bottleneck for Relational Database Management Systems. Recent advances in nanotechnology have led to the invention of MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS) based storage technology to replace disks. In this paper, we exploit the physical characteristics of MEMS-based storage devices to develop a placement scheme for relational data that enables retrieval in both row-wise and column-wise manner. We develop algorithms for different relational operations based on this data layout. Our experimental results and analysis demonstrate that this data layout not only improves I/O utilization, but results in better cache performance for a variety of different relational operations.
Lorentz covariance of theP(φ)2 quantum field theory without higher order estimates

We give a simple proof of Lorentz covariance for theP(φ)2 model without using the higher order estimates: For each Poincare transformation {a, Λ} and each bounded regionB of Minkowski space there exists a unitary operatorU which correctly transforms the Heisenberg picture field operator:U φ(f)U*=φ(f(a,↔)),f ∈C 0 ∞ (B).
Does failure breed success: narrative analysis of stories about computerized provider order entry.

Objective: To assess the definitions of success and failure as defined by the participants of the Menucha Consensus Conference on Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE). Design: Thirteen experts from various fields participated in Menucha Consensus Conference. Though they belonged to different fields, all of them had some kind of experience in CPOE implementation. Measurements: The stories of these experts were analyzed using a constant comparison method and partially ordered display. Results: Each participant told a success and a failure story. Definitions of success and failure, as well as variables contributing to the success and failure of CPOE implementations, were extracted from the transcripts. Conclusion: Analysis reveals that what is considered a failure is context dependent and that it often is an antecedent to success.
Modulation of in vivo IgG crystallization in the secretory pathway by heavy chain isotype class switching and N-linked glycosylation

Crystalline bodies (CBs) can develop in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of antibody-producing cells. Although this phenotype is often reported in association with plasma cell dyscrasias and other hematological disorders, the details of CB biogenesis and CB's roles in pathophysiology remain poorly understood. Using an imaging-based screening method, we identified a secretion-competent human IgG2/λ clone that develops spindle-shaped intracellular crystals in transiently-transfected HEK293 cells upon Brefeldin A treatment. When stably overexpressed from CHO cells, the IgG2/λ clone spontaneously produced spindle-shaped CBs in the ER. Some CBs were released to the extracellular space while remaining enclosed by the membranes of secretory pathway origin. Structural modeling on the variable-region did not uncover prominent surface characteristics such as charge clusters. In contrast, alterations to the constant domain-encoded properties revealed their modulatory roles in CB-inducing propensities and CB morphology. For example, deletion of the entire Fc domain changed the morphology of CBs into thin filaments. Elimination of an N-linked glycan by a N297A mutation promoted Russell body biogenesis accompanied by marked reduction in IgG secretion. Isotype class switching from the original IgG2 to IgG1 and IgG4 changed the crystal morphology from spindle-shaped to long needle and acicular shaped, respectively. The IgG3 version, in contrast, suppressed the CB formation. Either the HC or LC alone or the Fc-domain alone did not trigger CB biogenesis. An IgG's in vivo crystal morphology and crystallization propensity can thus be modulated by the properties genetically and biochemically encoded in the HC constant region.
A platelet-activating factor antagonist reduces corneal allograft inflammation and neovascularization

We assessed the role of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in corneal allograft rejection and evaluated the effects of a PAF antagonist on corneal inflammation, cellular infiltration, vascularization, and edema. Rabbits with vascularized corneas served as recipients of allogeneic cornea grafts. Rabbits with normal corneas underwent autografts as controls. All of the allografts developed the progression of signs characteristic of rejection. Nevertheless, treatment with the PAF antagonist BN52021 significantly inhibited corneal allograft vascularization for up to 10 days after transplantation and reduced the number of eosinophils in the allografts at 28 days after transplantation. In contrast, saline-treated allografts exhibited florid vascularization and intense inflammatory infiltrates. Control autografts survived without developing significant inflammation or vascularization. The retardation of allograft eosinophilia and graft vascularization by the PAF antagonist was most likely the result of suppression ...
Effect of DDT on Control of Corn Earworms in Sweet Corn Entries Selected for Varying Resistance

Sweet corn entries selected for varying degrees of resistance to the corn earworm,. Heliothis zea (Boddie), were treated with DDT in 1963 and 1964. Resistant entries showed minimum improvement in control and susceptible entries showed maximum improvement. Such possible influences on control with DDT as the infestation level, the system of grading damage, and the efficiency of application and fate of DDT on the com plant are discussed.
Has M2 demand in the USA become unstable? evidence from an error-correction model

The purpose of this paper is to estimate an appropriate broad-money demand function for the United States and to examine its stability after 1987, when the Federal Reserve System began using M2 as a policy guide. Special attention is paid to the model specification, its dynamic structure, and to its cointegration properties. The results from various dynamic error-correction models suggest that: (i) the money demand relationship is stable; (ii) most previously estimated models have undoubtedly misspecified the interest rate variable; (iii) interest-rate variability is another important determinant of real money demand; and (iv) in contrast of previous studies, the long-run scale variable is real GDP, whereas real consumer spending is the short-run scale variable. The sample period examined is 1953:1 to 1991:4.
Social Comparisons by Young Children: A Structural Analysis.

This paper analyzes the structure of young children's social comparison exchanges in two preschool settings. Twenty-six children (15 boys and 11 girls), with a mean age of 4 years, 8 months, served as subjects. Children were observed during free play for 5-minute intervals; observations followed an early form of specimen description. Mosatche and Bragonier's (1981) categories were used to identify social comparison statements in the specimen descriptions. To define antecedents and consequences of the social comparison utterances, categories were inductively derived from the data. Several categories of antecedent, social comparison, and consequent events were found to be systematically related.
Induced Voltage of Electrical Machines

The object of this paper is to describe and discuss a general equation for the induced voltage of electrical machines having parallel coil sides, and which includes as special cases single and polyphase induction motors, synchronous generators, d-c. generators, synchronous converters, and static transformers. The application of the general equation to most of these cases is illustrated, and a number of interesting problems which may be solved by means of it is pointed out. A characteristic of this equation is that no restrictions are placed on the velocity of the moving conductors, or on the rates of pulsation and rotation of the flux; but these may vary in any arbitrary manner which can be given a suitable analytic expression. The several methods for the reduction of harmonic voltages are classified and their limitations discussed in such a way as to leave in mind a vivid picture of the process. Tables and curves have been prepared for comparing the effects of the skew, pitch, distribution, and phase connection harmonic reduction factors. A new method for summing the finite series of the distribution summations is given in Appendix II.
Effect of Spin Waves on the Phonon Energy Spectrum of a Heisenberg Ferromagnet

The magnon-phonon interaction is derived via modulation of an isotropic exchange, and it is shown that the lowest-order contribution to the phonon lifetime at low temperatures comes from processes whereby the phonon emits and later reabsorbs two magnons. Interactions between the intermediate magnons can significantly influence the intermediate state, so we have retained the full magnon-magnon interaction (via the two-spin-wave $t$ matrix) in our calculation of the phonon self-energy. We find that the phonon self-energy has singularities at the two-spin-wave bound states and resonances at the resonant two-spinwave states. One may understand the anomalously large phonon linewidth in these regions in terms of a strong interaction (binding together) of the intermediate magnons. The rapid variation of the phonon energy shift may intuitively be explained via the large "repulsion" encountered in simple perturbation theory when two energy levels approach each other. An interesting result is that, because of the transformational properties of the bound states for q along the [111] direction, longitudinal phonons couple only to the singly degenerate ($s$-wave) bound state, and the transverse phonons couple only to the doubly degenerate ($d$-wave) bound state. It is pointed out that use of an external magnetic field would make experimental observation of this effect easier.
The development of a first pass verification module for a SAW filter design automation system

The continuing developments of a non-interactive surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter design automation system, called SAWCOM, are presented. An automation system has been developed by S.M. Richie and D.C. Malocha (1989) for the design and analysis of SAW bidirectional transducers and filters. All dominant SAW acoustic and electrical effects have been modeled for non-reflecting transducers in a modular architecture. Synthesis and analysis tools form the core of the design automation system around which an automation shell is used to form the basis of a SAW compiler which is capable of non-interactive SAW filter design. The SAW filter design rules are implemented in a declarative language which provides logical decision control of the CAD system. The design automation system controls the execution and iteratively evaluates options, corrects errors, and decides on an optimal design choice within the set of design rules. >
Exploiting Latent I/O Asynchrony in Petascale Science Applications

We present a collection of techniques for exploiting latent I/O asynchrony which can substantially improve performance in data-intensive parallel applications. Latent asynchrony refers to an application's tolerance for decoupling ancillary operations from its core computation, and is a property of HPC codes not fully explored by current HPC I/O systems. Decoupling operations such as buffering and staging, reorganization, and format conversion in space and in time from core codes can shorten I/O phases, preserving valuable MPP compute cycles. We describe in this paper DataTaps, IOgraphs, and Metabots, three tools which allow HPC developers to implement decoupled I/O operations. Using these tools, asynchrony can be exploited by data generators which overlap computation with communication, and by data consumers that perform data conversion and reorganization out-of-band and on-demand. In the context of a data-intensive fusion simulation, we show that exploiting latent asynchrony through decoupling of operations can provide significant performance benefits.
Analysis of a Complex Skill: Vehicle Driving

A battery of twelve driving tests, a majority of which represented new designs, were constructed in the desert. 180 subjects were divided into five groups on the basis of the number of hours members of each group drove a truck on a fatigue course after an initial test and prior to a retest on the battery. The fatigue periods were of 0, 1,3, 7, or 9 hr duration.Pre-and post-fatigue test results were correlated with hours of fatigue driving, where hours-of-driving served as the test criterion. Test-retest reliabilities ranged from 0.35 to 0.88. Validities reached a maximum of 0.38. A small-scale factor analysis was performed on a correlation matrix based upon a single measure from each of eight tests. Proprioception, reaction-time, spatial orientation, response orientation, and multilimb coordination were identified as basic skills in vehicle driving.
Naïve theories of social groups.

Four studies examined children's (ages 3-10, Total N=235) naive theories of social groups, in particular, their expectations about how group memberships constrain social interactions. After introduction to novel groups of people, preschoolers (ages 3-5) reliably expected agents from one group to harm members of the other group (rather than members of their own) but expected agents to help members of both groups equally often. Preschoolers expected between-group harm across multiple ways of defining social groups. Older children (ages 6-10) reliably expected agents to harm members of the other group and to help members of their own. Implications for the development of social cognition are discussed.
Gay and Lesbian Identity Development: An Overview for Social Workers

Social work literature on the topic of gay and lesbian identity development is sparse. Although some texts do include sections on social work practice with gay and lesbian individuals, rarely is this information presented within the broader context of the history of sexuality and contemporary gay and lesbian theory. Practitioners, students, and researchers often have to look outside the field to find resources on this topic. In an effort to advance social work literature, this article provides a comprehensive description of gay and lesbian identity development and recommendations for advancing the literature.
DNA polymerase beta: pre-steady-state kinetic analyses of dATP alpha S stereoselectivity and alteration of the stereoselectivity by various metal ions and by site-directed mutagenesis.

The first pre-steady-state kinetic analysis of the stereoselectivity of a DNA polymerase, Pol ‚ from rat brain, toward Rp and Sp isomers of dATPRS, and alteration of the stereoselectivity by various metal ions and by site-directed mutagenesis are reported. Diastereomers of dATPRS were synthesized by enzymatic methods to >98% purity. The rate of polymerization (kpol) and the apparent dissociation constant (Kd,app) were measured with dATP, Rp-dATPRS, and Sp-dATPRS in the presence of Mg 2+ ,M n 2+ ,o r Cd 2+ . The results indicate that wild type (WT) polymerase (Pol) ‚ can incorporate both Sp- and Rp- dATPRS in the presence of Mg 2+ , but Sp is the preferred isomer. The stereoselectivity, defined as ( kpol/ Kd)Sp/(kpol/Kd)Rp (abbreviated Sp/Rp ratio), is 57.5 in the presence of Mg 2+ . When Mg 2+ was substituted with Mn 2+ and Cd 2+ , the Sp/Rp ratio decreased to 7.6 and 21, respectively. These results are discussed in relation to the crystal structures of various Pol ‚ complexes, as well as previous steady-state kinetic studies of other DNA polymerases. In addition, the D276R mutant was designed to introduce a potential extra hydrogen bonding interaction between the arginine side chain and the pro-Sp oxygen of the R-phosphate of dNTP. The kinetic data of the D276R mutant showed a pronounced relaxation of stereoselectivity of dATPRS (Sp/Rp ratio ) 1.5, 3.7, and 1.5 for Mg 2+ ,M n 2+ , and Cd 2+ , respectively). Furthermore, the D276R mutant showed a 5-fold enhanced reactivity toward Rp-dATPRS relative to WT Pol ‚, suggesting that this mutant Pol ‚ can be used to incorporate Rp-dNTPRS into DNA oligomers.
Detecting hidden messages using higher-order statistical models

Techniques for information hiding have become increasingly more sophisticated and widespread. With high-resolution digital images as carriers, detecting hidden messages has become considerably more difficult. This paper describes a new approach to detecting hidden messages in images. The approach uses a wavelet-like decomposition to build higher-order statistical models of natural images. A Fisher (1936) linear discriminant analysis is then used to discriminate between untouched and adulterated images.
Obesity: Prediction of Preobesity Among Progeny from Crosses of ob/+ Mice

SummaryThe reliability of using oxygen consumption for the detection of ob/ob mice, among the progeny of heterozygote crosses, prior to the phenotypic expression of obesity was ascertained. Differences between obese and thin siblings that were great enough for predicting purposes were observed only after weaning. At 23 days of age ob/ob mice were identified on the basis of their individual oxygen consumption with 90% reliability. The ability to predict a pre-obese condition makes possible the differentiation of metabolic alterations preceding obesity from those that subsequently develop.We are grateful to Dr. G. H. Fried for supplying a prototype of the special Warburg flask, to Mr. G. Lolas for technical assistance, and to Mrs. M. Ritchey for typing the manuscript.
Characterization of low-grade gliomas using RGB color maps derived from ADC histograms.

Purpose: To use normalized apparent diffusion coefficient (nADC) histograms from patients with grade II oligodendroglioma (OD) and astrocytoma (AC) to generate RGB color maps that emphasize the differences between normal-appearing white matter (NAWM), oligo-like, and astro-like regions. Materials and Methods: NAWM and nonenhancing lesion (NEL) ADC values from 19 ODs and 11 ACs were summed to generate oligo-like (red), NAWM (green), and astro-like (blue) nADC histograms. These nADC histograms were then used to map nADC values to an RGB matrix. Results: Color maps of oligodendroglial tumor regions were generally visualized in pink, while color maps of astrocytic tumor regions showed various shades of blue. This technique was also applied to 23 patients with the more mixed subtype, oligoastrocytoma (OA), which showed a mixture of both blue and pink, which in many cases appeared to bleed into each other and were blotchy. Conclusion: This technique allows for the visualization of biologically different regions within the whole tumor mass, which may aid in directing image-guided biopsies. This can be used to ensure that the biopsy is directed to regions that can more accurately define the dominant tumor characteristics.
Declining to Decline: Cultural Combat and the Politics of the Midlife

Declining to Decline: Cultural Combat and the Politics of the Midlife. Margaret Morganroth Gullette. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1997. 276 pp.
Seasonal variation in photosynthetic capacity of montane conifers

Summary 1. The capacity to perform photosynthesis, given appropriate environmental conditions, is reflected by measurements of the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II ( F v / F m ). The seasonal course of F v / F m may help define the length of the annual photosynthetic period in temperate evergreen forests. 2. F v / F m was measured 31 times from September to May on six conifer species located along an altitudinal gradient between 400 and 1400 m a.s.l. in northern Idaho, USA. The species were Western Redcedar ( Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Donn), Douglas Fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii (Beissn.) Franco), Engelmann Spruce ( Picea engelmannii Parry), Grand Fir ( Abies grandis (Dougl.) Lindl.), Ponderosa Pine ( Pinus ponderosa Laws.) and Lodgepole Pine ( Pinus contorta Dougl.). 3. Species differed in mean F v / F m , in magnitude of response to maximum and minimum temperature, and in altitude effects other than temperature. For two species F v / F m in spring differed from that in autumn, even when measured at the same air temperature. Regardless of temperature, most species maintained some photosynthetic capacity all winter. 4. A lag of several days to 2 months was observed in the response of F v / F m to ambient temperature. The lag differed among species. It was not observed in Grand Fir, and was as long as 2 months in Western Redcedar. Over all species combined the best overall correlation was with a moving average of maximum temperature over the previous 30 days. 5. The correlation between F v / F m and maximum temperature was generally stronger than that with minimum temperature (average root mean-squared error was reduced by 10%), presumably because maximum temperatures better reflect daytime photoinhibitory conditions. 6. A reduced model predicted F v / F m based on species and maximum temperature; this model can be used to parameterize models describing the annual cycle of photosynthetic capacity for the six conifer species included in this study.
Derandomization of probabilistic auxiliary pushdown automata classes

We extend Nisan's breakthrough derandomization result that BP/sub H/L /spl sube/ SC/sup 2/ (1992) to bounded error probabilistic complexity classes based on auxiliary pushdown automata. In particular, we show that any logarithmic space, polynomial time two-sided bounded-error probabilistic auxiliary pushdown automaton (the corresponding complexity class is denoted by BP/sub H/LOGCFL) can be simulated by an SC/sup 2/ machine. This derandomization result improves a classical result by Cook (1979) that LOGDCFL /spl sube/ SC/sup 2/ since LOGDCFL is contained in BP/sub H/LOGCFL. We also present a simple circuit-based proof that BP/sub H/LOGCFL is in NC/sup 2/.
Expression in organ culture of agouti locus genes of the mouse.

Cleffmann (1963) reported that pigment cells of the lethal yellow (Ay/a) genotype change to black immediately upon cultivation, and continue to produce black pigment unless sulfhydryl reagents are added to the culture medium. We have attempted to repeat this observation and have not been able to do so. We also have been unable to induce the synthesis of yellow pigment by adding glutathione to cultures of agouti (A/A) skin. We therefore suggest that hypotheses which attempt to explain the action of agouti locus genes on the basis of effects of sulfhydryl compounds be considered with caution.
Creating domain specific metadata for scientific data and knowledge bases

The authors examine a particular type of domain-based metadata for which a complete ready-made conceptual framework is not and probably cannot be directly supported in predefined data models of knowledge-based representation paradigms. The data or knowledge base designer thus has the burden of sometimes working outside a familiar and otherwise appropriate model. The authors discuss issues arising in formulating certain domain-based metadata extensions and provide guidelines for developing them. These results derive from a continuing effort to create a knowledge base to support research on biological organisms. The added semantics are used to support a more flexible and reliable system for identification. >
Pricing in Centrally Committed Electricity Markets

Abstract A long-standing issue with centrally committed electricity markets is the design of non-confiscatory and equilibrium-supporting prices. This is because the social planner's problem in such a market is a non-convex unit commitment. O'Neill et al. (2005) propose a pricing scheme that overcomes these issues for any market that can be formulated as a mixed-integer linear program. Moreover, claims appear in the literature implying that such a payment mechanism is currently in use in a number of organized electricity markets. Using an illustrative example, we demonstrate that this is not the case. We further demonstrate that the pricing scheme proposed by O'Neill et al. (2005) has some important implications for long-run capacity investment.
Effect of HIV/AIDS Versus Other Causes of Death on Premature Mortality in New York City, 1983–1994

This study examined years of potential life lost (YPLL) before age 65 years to assess the relative impact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) versus other leading causes of death on premature mortality in New York City New York between 1983 and 1994. Most causes of death showed substantial year-to-year variation in YPLL with the exception of HIV/AIDS. The YPLL attributed to HIV/AIDS increased monotonically from 11866 in 1983 to 167317 in 1994 a nearly 15-fold increase. The rank order of the relative contribution of HIV/AIDS to total YPLL changed from the eighth leading cause of death to the leading cause. YPLL from heart disease which ranked second in 1983 declined to fourth in 1994 homicide was unchanged and chronic liver disease declined from fifth to ninth rank. The annual YPLL attributed to malignant neoplasms was similar to that for heart disease but peaked in 1984 and the reduction over the subsequent decade was about 13%. Total YPLL was 78% greater among males than among females in 1983 and was nearly twice as high in 1994. (EXCERPT)
Microarray analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum-sensing regulons: Effects of growth phase and environment

Bacterial communication via quorum sensing (QS) has been reported to be important in the production of virulence factors, antibiotic sensitivity, and biofilm development. Two QS systems, known as the las and rhl systems, have been identified previously in the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. High-density oligonucleotide microarrays for the P. aeruginosa PAO1 genome were used to investigate global gene expression patterns modulated by QS regulons. In the initial experiments we focused on identifying las and/or rhl QS-regulated genes using a QS signal generation-deficient mutant (PAO-JP2) that was cultured with and without added exogenous autoinducers [N-(3-oxododecanoyl) homoserine lactone and N-butyryl homoserine lactone]. Conservatively, 616 genes showed statistically significant differential expression (P ≤ 0.05) in response to the exogenous autoinducers and were classified as QS regulated. A total of 244 genes were identified as being QS regulated at the mid-logarithmic phase, and 450 genes were identified as being QS regulated at the early stationary phase. Most of the previously reported QS-promoted genes were confirmed, and a large number of additional QS-promoted genes were identified. Importantly, 222 genes were identified as being QS repressed. Environmental factors, such as medium composition and oxygen availability, eliminated detection of transcripts of many genes that were identified as being QS regulated.
The Graduate MIS Security Course: Objectives and Challenges.

Given the magnitude of real and potential losses, both private and public employers increasingly expect graduates of management information systems (MIS) programs to understand information security concepts. The infrastructure requirements for the course includes setting up a secure laboratory environment to accommodate the development of viruses and worms. The labs and lectures are intended to instruct students in the inspection and protection of information assets, as well as detection of and reaction to threats to information assets.
The mesopelagic copepod Gaussia princeps (Scott) (Calanoida: Metridinidae) from the Western Caribbean with notes on integumental pore patterns

The mesopelagic calanoid copepod Gaussia princeps (Scott, 1894) was originally described from the eastern Atlantic. It has been recorded in tropical and subtropical latitudes of the world, but has been reported only occasionally from the northwestern tropical Atlantic (NWTA). Comparative morphological studies, particularly of males, have not included specimens from the NWTA. Based on a collection of zooplankton from the Caribbean Sea, an adult male of G. princeps is illustrated in detail and its morphology compared with other sources in order to explore intraand interoceanic differences within the species. The proportions and structure of the Caribbean specimens agree with the description of specimens from the eastern Atlantic and the Indian Ocean, except in details of the ornamentation of some appendages. Additional intraand interspecific differences were found in the number of integumental pores on the male antennules, swimming legs 1–4, and fifth legs. Integumental pores are consistently fewer in the Caribbean male than in the IndoPacific and eastern Atlantic counterparts, but G. princeps remains as the species of the genus with the largest number of pores on the swimming legs, a potential species-defining character within the genus. The Caribbean record, at 25–50 m deep, is the shallowest occurrence known for this mesopelagic form in the NWTA and represents the first finding of the genus and species in the western Caribbean and in Mexican waters.
Effects of shift type, job position and a rigorous work period on physical- and performance-related attributes in female nursing workers

Background Healthcare workers exhibit among the highest injury rates of all occupations, with musculoskeletal injuries predominating. Anthropometric attributes and demanding work schedules may contribute to enhanced injury risks. Specifically, physical characteristics and performance capacities as well as accumulating fatigue from multiple work shifts may predispose workers to job-related injuries. Given the unique demands of day versus night shift work and varying job positions within the healthcare sector, it remains to be determined if these job characteristics may differentially impact nursing workers’ physical and performance attributes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare physical and performance attributes of both day and night shift nursing workers, and registered nurses (RNs) and nurses’ aides (CNAs).
Technological Supports for Acquiring Twenty-First-Century Skills

The twenty-first century seems quite different from the twentieth in the capabilities that people need for work, citizenship, and self-actualization. In response, society's educational systems must transform their objectives, curricula, pedagogies, and assessments to help all students attain the sophisticated outcomes requisite for a prosperous, attractive lifestyle based on effective contributions in work and citizenship. This article describes an innovative strategy by which new pedagogies based on emerging immersive media can aid all students in attaining sophisticated twenty-first-century skills and knowledge.
Abstract 12280: Endothelial Cell Inflammation and Antioxidant Capacity are Associated With Exercise Performance and Microcirculation in Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease

Background: We determined whether exercise performance and lower extremity microcirculation were associated with endothelial cell inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, and with circulating biomarkers of inflammation and antioxidant capacity. Methods: One hundred sixty symptomatic patients with PAD were characterized on the endothelial effects of circulating factors present in the sera using a cell culture-based bioassay on primary human arterial endothelial cells. Patients were further evaluated on circulating inflammatory and vascular biomarkers, physical examination, medical history, exercise performance measured during treadmill evaluation by peak walking time (PWT), and claudication onset time (COT), and lower extremity microcirculation measured by calf muscle hemoglobin oxygen saturation (StO2) during treadmill exercise. Results: In the multivariate regression model for PWT, the significant independent variables included ankle-brachial index (p<0.001), age (p=0.017), hydroxyl radical antioxi...
A Dynamics-Based Hazard Analysis of Inverted-Pendulum Human Transporters Using Data-Mined Information

When a product is a complex dynamic system that interacts directly with a human, engineers must consider the wide range of possible motions and forces that the device could exert on the human. Such an analysis goes beyond a simple thought exercise and requires detailed knowledge about the system dynamics and the operating environment. This paper presents such an analysis of inverted-pendulum human transporters. The list of hazards is constructed by using knowledge of the dynamics and the mechanical design obtained through simulation and experimentation. However, the dynamics are so complex that the list is augmented with hazards that are revealed by studying accident videos posted on the Internet. The severity of the hazards are estimated using an energy-based measurement of the hazard onset conditions, as well as compounding factors from the mechanical design. In addition, experimental and simulation results of sample hazard conditions illustrate their danger and severity. The analysis reveals that inverted-pendulum human transporters have several hazards with unacceptable risk.
GaNFET compact model for linking device physics, high voltage circuit design and technology optimization

This work is the first demonstration of a physics-based GaN HEMT compact model that is calibrated and verified all the way from individual device-to a HV-buck converter circuit, along with an illustration of use in technology optimization. GaN HEMT based high voltage (HV) switching converters are gaining foothold in the medium voltage (<1000 V) power conversion applications. The superior breakdown voltage, operating frequency, and high temperature performance of GaN HEMTs enable improved conversion efficiency and smaller footprint of the converters [1]. In order to design such high voltage GaN circuits, the device compact model must accurately describe static and dynamic switching behavior to enable designers to gain insight into the impact of the behavioral nuances of the GaN HEMTs on HV circuit performance, such as non-quasi-statics, which is not possible with the available models such as EEHEMT, Curtice, and Angelov models [2]. The model is validated against DC-IV, -CV, and pulsed-IV measurements of fabricated devices and is then verified by comparing measured and simulated signals in a commercial buck converter. Furthermore we demonstrate that our physics-based model can be used as a device design and multi-dimensional optimization tool to estimate device parameters such as field plate (FP) lengths and FP dielectric thicknesses (td) to maximize the switching figure-of-merit (FoM), BV/RonQg.
Time Required for Induction of Ovulation Following Intravenous Injection of Hormone Preparations in Fowl

SummaryThe time at which ovulation occurs following intravenous injection of appropriate hormone preparations into pretreated and normally laying (non-pretreated) hens has been determined. The interval in pretreated hens averaging more than 2 ovulations per hen at time of autopsy was 6.8 hours, range 6.1-7.2 hours. Ninety percent of all normally laying hens (69) ovulated from 6.5 to 8.5 hours following ovulatory injection, the remaining 10% of injected hens requiring up to 9.6 hours for ovulation. The non-pretreated hens were injected with 4 different hormone preparations administered at differing dosage levels and at times calculated to effect ovulation of follicles at varying degrees of prematurity. The minimal ovulatory interval recorded for pretreated hens was 6.1 hours, for non-pretreated hens, 6.5 hours.