cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wartime Student Days

My parents had emigrated from Austria to England while I was in the Swiss boarding school. However, when Hitler invaded Austria in 1938, I had to cut short my high school studies and return to my parents in England as quickly as possible, in fact the day after the “Anschluss” (the German annexation of Austria). The reason for the hurry was that my British Resident’s permit might be revoked because my Austrian passport was now invalid. I was 18 then and would have had another year at school in the usual system. Instead, I flew back in a state of great excitement from Zurich to London on a DC3. For me, it was a dramatic situation: I might not be allowed into England where my parents were, and on top of that, it was the first commercial flight I had taken. I was so excited I fell off the steps of the DC3 in Croydon (London) where my father awaited me. (A good thing they didn’t have 747s in those days!) Fortunately, I was allowed into England and soon applied to Trinity College, Cambridge, to study engineering or the Mechanical Sciences Tripos as they were pleased to call it. I had wanted to study physics, but my father felt unsure, despite my good school record, that I could make a living as a physicist. And he knew that I was good at practical things and so thought engineering was the right thing for me. I had to learn the specific subjects needed for the Cambridge entrance examination, like Latin, which I had not done at all, and English history. I did not have much trouble with the other subjects of the entrance examination. Mathematics, though different from what I had learned at school, I could learn easily, and mostly by myself.
Ocean Bottom Seismic Instrumentation

Of particular interest to resource development companies operating in moderate to highly seismic offshore zones, is the level of seismic motions to which their offshore structures may he subjected during the life of the facility. Moderate to large earthquakes may be detected by shore based seismic networks, with general location and focal depth determined from multiple recordings at a number of stations. However, as the exploration and production of offshore resources moves from several tens to perhaps several hundreds of miles from land, the precision of location, based on shore based information, becomes insufficient for purposes of engineering design of structures. Thus, the last several decades have seen the development of seafloor seismic instrumentation, both wholly self-contained and systems which transmit information to the sea surface through wire cables.
The Effect of Approximations to the Thermodynamic Properties on the Stability of Compressible Boundary Layer Flow

A study is conducted to investigate the effect of thermodynamic properties on the stability of compressible boundary layer flows. Both variable Prandtl number and variable Cp show up to 25 percent variation in the growth rates when compared against results obtained when these parameters are held constant. This suggests that nonparallel computations should incorporate the proper temperature dependence of these quantities.
Raising NAD in Heart Failure: Time to Translate?

Article, see p 2256 It has long been known that cellular NAD levels are a critical regulator of metabolism and bioenergetics. The intracellular NAD pool consists of both oxidized (NAD+) and reduced forms (NADH). NAD+ is the main hydride acceptor in intermediary metabolism. Electrons derived from substrate catabolism are carried by NADH and used for oxidative phosphorylation and biosynthetic reactions. These reduction-oxidation reactions are not only essential for mitochondrial function and cell metabolism but also serve as important modulators of cell signaling.1,2 NAD+ functions as a cosubstrate for sirtuin deacylases, ADP-ribose transferases, and cyclic ADP-ribose synthases that govern posttranslational modification of proteins, DNA repair, and inflammatory responses.2 The cellular NAD+ level is determined by the NAD(H) pool size (total NAD+ and NADH concentration) as well as its reduction-oxidation state. The former is dependent on cellular NAD+ consumption and regeneration, whereas the latter is regulated by cell metabolism and mitochondrial function (Figure). Emerging evidence suggests that derangements in the myocardial NAD pool are causally linked to metabolic remodeling and mitochondrial dysfunction in the failing heart. Stabilizing the intracellular NAD+ level represents a promising therapeutic strategy to improve myocardial bioenergetics and cardiac function.1,3,4 In this issue of Circulation , Diguet et al5 report exciting data suggesting that supplementation with a NAD+ precursor, nicotinamide riboside (NR), reduces cardiac dysfunction in preclinical models of heart failure. Figure. NAD+ biosynthesis, consumption and salvage pathways. The intracellular NAD+ pool consists of both oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) forms. Electrons derived from substrate catabolism are carried by NADH and used for oxidative phosphorylation and biosynthetic reactions. NAD+ also functions as a cosubstrate for sirtuins, ADP-ribose transferases, and cyclic ADP-ribose synthases (CD38). Eukaryotes synthesize NAD+ from …
The effects of bacterial endotoxin (LPS) on cardiac function in a medicinal blow fly (Phaenicia sericata) and a fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster).

Abstract The bacterial endotoxins, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), are known to have direct effects on mammalian heart cells; thus, LPS is likely to have some effects in other cardiac models. Drosophila melanogaster was used since it serves as a model for cardiac physiology. Larvae of blow flies (Phaenicia sericata) commonly used as therapy for debriding dead tissue, are exposed to high levels of bacterial endotoxins, but their mechanisms of LPS resistance are not entirely understood. Comparative effects of LPS on heart rate (HR) were examined for both Drosophila and blowfly larvae. Acute 10-min direct exposure of in situ heart tubes with saline containing 1, 100, and 500 μg/ml LPS from two common bacterial stains (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens) revealed a dose-dependent effect. The effects differed between the two fly models. Larval hearts of Drosophila stopped rapidly in low Ca2+ containing saline, but the hearts of blow flies appear unaffected for >30 min. S. marcescens increased HR initially in Drosophila followed by a reduction for low and high doses, but no change was observed in larvae of blow flies. Whereas P. aeruginosa at a high dose decreased HR in larvae of Drosophila but increased HR in larvae of blow flies. The goal of this study is to better the understanding in the direct action of LPS on HR. Knowing the acute and direct actions of LPS exposure on HR in different species of larvae may aid in understanding the underlying mechanisms in other animals during septicemia.
Lost in the system? Transfer to adult congenital heart disease care—Challenges and solutions

Objective Transfer of congenital heart disease care from the pediatric to adult setting has been identified as a priority and is associated with better outcomes. Our objective is to determine what percentage of patients with congenital heart disease transferred to adult congenital cardiac care. Design A retrospective cohort study. Setting Referrals to a tertiary referral center for adult congenital heart disease patients from its pediatric referral base. Patients This resulted in 1514 patients age 16-30, seen at least once in three pediatric Georgia health care systems during 2008-2010. Interventions We analyzed for protective factors associated with age-appropriate care, including distance from referral center, age, timing of transfer, gender, severity of adult congenital heart disease, and comorbidities. Outcome measures We analyzed initial care by age among patients under pediatric care from 2008 to 2010 and if patients under pediatric care subsequently transferred to an adult congenital cardiologist in this separate pediatric and adult health system during 2008-2015. Results Among 1514 initial patients (39% severe complexity), 24% were beyond the recommended transfer age of 21 years. Overall, only 12.1% transferred care to the referral affiliated adult hospital. 90% of these adults that successfully transferred were seen by an adult congenital cardiologist, with an average of 33.9 months between last pediatric visit and first adult visit. Distance to referral center contributed to delayed transfer to adult care. Those with severe congenital heart disease were more likely to transfer (18.7% vs 6.2% for not severe). Conclusion Patients with severe disease are more likely to transfer to adult congenital heart disease care than nonsevere disease. Most congenital heart disease patients do not transfer to adult congenital cardiology care with distance to referral center being a contributing factor. Both pediatric and adult care providers need to understand and address barriers in order to improve successful transfer.
Stabilities, Regeneration Pathways, and Electrocatalytic Properties of Nitroxyl Radicals for the Electrochemical Oxidation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural

2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is a near-market monomer that has been identified as a viable biomass-derived replacement for petroleum-derived terephthalic acid in the synthesis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). FDCA can be produced from the oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), which is a versatile biomass intermediate produced from the dehydration of C-6 monosaccharides obtained from cellulosic biomass. In this study, we comparatively investigated the use of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) and 4-acetamido-TEMPO (ACT) for electrochemical HMF oxidation to FDCA. The distinct advantage of TEMPO- and ACT-mediated electrochemical oxidation of HMF is that they can efficiently achieve HMF oxidation in mildly basic conditions (pH 9–10), while other heterogeneous catalysts typically require the use of more basic media. Since HMF oxidation in a strongly basic condition increases the chance to form humins, which are difficult to separate from FDCA and decrease the commercial viability of FDCA and FDCA-derived products, TEMPO- and ACT-mediated HMF oxidation may offer a critical advantage for producing commercial-grade FDCA. In this study, the stabilities, electrochemical properties, and electrocatalytic performances of TEMPO and ACT, which has been identified as a less expensive alternative to TEMPO, were comparatively examined for electrochemical HMF oxidation. Through investigating the effect of pH, applied potential, and ratio of nitroxyl radical to HMF in solution on HMF oxidation, two different regeneration pathways of TEMPO and ACT in the catalytic cycle and the factors that affect their regeneration pathways were identified. The stability and catalytic activity of TEMPO and ACT for electrochemical HMF oxidation at an elevated temperature were also studied. On the basis of this investigation, optimal electrochemical conditions to efficiently oxidize a concentrated HMF solution (100 mM), which is relevant to large-scale electrochemical FDCA production, were identified.
A la carte | learning fast kernels

Kernel methods have great promise for learning rich statistical representations of large modern datasets. However, compared to neural networks, kernel methods have been perceived as lacking in scalability and exibility. We introduce a family of fast, exible, lightly parametrized and general purpose kernel learning methods, derived from Fastfood basis function expansions. We provide mechanisms to learn the properties of groups of spectral frequencies in these expansions, which require only O ( m log d ) time and O ( m ) memory, for m basis functions and d input dimensions. We show that the proposed methods can learn a wide class of kernels, outperforming the alternatives in accuracy, speed, and memory consumption.
A Systematic Review of Cardiogenic Shock in the Setting of Severe Aortic Stenosis: Prevalence, Management and Outcomes

Background Cardiogenic shock (CS) management has evolved over the recent years especially after the development of mechanical circulatory support devices (MCS). Aortic stenosis (AS) is the most common valvular heart disease, yet little is known about the prevalence, management, and mortality of the AS and CS combination. Methods A systematic search was conducted to identify studies that included patients with combined AS and CS using EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Scopus. Primary outcomes included in-hospital, 30-day, and 1-year mortality. Additional outcomes included procedure-related complications. The study protocol was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42018112245). Results A total of 10 studies representing 338 patients were included. Prevalence of AS presenting with CS ranged from 3.5% to 12%. In-hospital mortality ranged from 43% to 77% in patients treated with Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty (BAV), 0% and 11% in patients who underwent surgical valve replacement (SAVR) and Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) respectively. In patients undergoing BAV, 30-day mortality varied between 50% and 55%, and between 19% and 33% in those treated with TAVR. Delaying valve intervention for more than 48 hours was found to negatively impact survival after BAV. There was limited evidence on the use of Mechanical Circulatory Support (MCS). Conclusion AS presenting with CS is a fatal condition with no clarity of management strategy. Time to intervention on the valve is critical. Valve replacement through either SAVR or TAVR had better outcomes compared to BAV alone. There is limited evidence on MCS as a management strategy in patients with AS complicated by CS.
Strabismus in Unicoronal Craniosynostosis: Effect of Orbital Dysmorphology and Fronto-Orbital Advancement and Remodeling.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to determine what craniometric changes occur to both orbits of unicoronal craniosynostosis patients undergoing fronto-orbital advancement and remodeling, and which of these changes are associated with new onset of postoperative strabismus. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed of the preoperative and postoperative orbits of 24 unicoronal craniosynostosis patients and the orbits of 24 control subjects, totaling 144 orbits. Eight parameters were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression analysis. One of the parameters was modified orbital index, an indicator of severity of harlequin deformity. RESULTS Significant differences in orbital dimensions and angles were present bilaterally in unicoronal craniosynostosis orbits when compared to controls. Fronto-orbital advancement and remodeling increased the ipsilateral unicoronal craniosynostosis orbital volume from 13,184 ± 2003 mm to 16,220 ± 2323 mm (p < 0.001). Ipsilateral horizontal cone angles were increased from 48 ± 5 degrees to 54 ± 7 degrees (p = 0.004). Ipsilateral vertical cone angles were decreased from 73 ± 8 degrees to 66 ± 10 degrees (p = 0.003). Ipsilateral modified orbital index improved from 0.83 ± 0.06 to 0.88 ± 0.06 (p = 0.003). Three of the 19 unicoronal craniosynostosis patients developed transient postoperative strabismus. Logistic regression analysis displayed a strong significant association between new-onset strabismus and a change in modified orbital index with a coefficient of 30.84 ± 14.51 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The orbital dysmorphology in unicoronal craniosynostosis is bilateral in nature, and it is not wholly treated with conventional fronto-orbital advancement and remodeling. The severity of ipsilateral orbital dysmorphology is correlated with the incidence of postoperative strabismus following conventional fronto-orbital advancement and remodeling. Future research is needed to develop strategies to mitigate the risk of development of strabismus in this group of patients. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Risk, III.
Unveiling Hidden Intentions

Recent years have seen significant advances in machine perception, which have enabled AI systems to become grounded in the world. While AI systems can now "read" and "see", they still cannot read between the lines and see through the lens, unlike humans. We propose the novel task of hidden message and intention identification: given some perceptual input (i.e., a text, an image), the goal is to produce a short description of the message the input transmits and the hidden intention of its author, if any. Not only will a solution to this task enable machine perception technologies to reach the next level of complexity, but it will be an important step towards addressing a task that has recently received a lot of public attention, political manipulation in social media.
Preparing advanced learners for geriatric team care: A short-term curricular model that works

Health outcomes for complex older adults are enhanced by interprofessional collaboration. Funded by a Geriatrics Workforce Enhancement Program (GWEP), an interprofessional team of educators develop...
PHYSICAL CONDITIONS IN THE NARROW-LINE REGION OF MARKARIAN 3. II. PHOTOIONIZATION MODELING RESULTS*

We have examined the physical conditions in the narrow-line region (NLR) of the Seyfert 2 galaxy Markarian 3, using long-slit spectra obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope/Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph, and photoionization models. We find three components of photoionized gas in the NLR. Two of these components, characterized by emission lines such as [Ne V] ?3426 and [O III] ?5007, lie within the envelope of the biconical region described in our previous kinematic study. A component of lower ionization gas, in which lines such as [O II] ?3727 arise, is found to lie outside the bicone. Each of these components is irradiated by a power-law continuum which is attenuated by intervening gas, presumably closer to the central source. The radiation incident upon the low-ionization gas, external to the bicone, is much more heavily absorbed. These absorbers are similar to the intrinsic UV and X-ray absorbers detected in many Seyfert 1 galaxies, which suggests that the collimation of the ionizing radiation occurs in a circumnuclear wind, rather than a thick, molecular torus. We estimate the mass for the observed NLR emitting gas to be 2 ? 106 M ?. It is likely that Markarian 3 acquired this gas through an ongoing interaction with the spiral galaxy UGC 3422.
Immunosuppressants, immunomodulators and COVID-19 vaccines: anticipating patient concerns.

To the Editors, The United States Food and Drug Administration has granted emergency use authorization for two novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, Tozinameran (BioNTech, Pfizer, Fosun Pharma) and mRNA-1273 ...
Superconductors: Cuprate High Tc and BEDT-TTF Organic Superconductors

Although not a prime interest in my group (and never funded), we got heavily involved in high Tc materials. After a false start where we assumed incorrectly that the doping leads to hole in the CuO2 plane, we eventually showed that the hole is out of the plane, next to the dopant. It leads to a degenerate state with 3 electrons between two degenerate e levels, leading one hole that become conducting above 5% doping and couple to antiferromagnetic Cu at the boundary. This explains most strange properties of Cuprates. We have not been able to predict Tc, but we showed how to order the dopants to double Tc.
There may be no pass through of a merger-related cost efficiency

Abstract When it is uncertain that a merger will have a cost-reducing efficiency and, should it materialize, the efficiency is private information to the merged firm, equilibrium prices may be at a level corresponding to the absence of the efficiency. In that case, none of the efficiency is passed to consumers.
Creativity in Social Work Practice

ABSTRACT This paper addresses the need for creativity in social work education and social workpractice. Emphasis is placed on a creative infrastructure in education rather than conventional teaching. The authors offer a pedagogy that attempts to encourage the creative process in students so that they may apply such creative skills as practitioners. Furthermore, the authors give a working example of how a social work department can integrate creativity into a structured educational environment.
Searching for a system: The quest for ovarian cancer biomarkers

The stark difference in clinical outcome for patients with ovarian cancer diagnosed at early stages (95% survival at 5 years) versus late stages (27.6% survival at 5 years) has driven a decades-long quest for effective biomarkers that will enable earlier detection of ovarian cancer. Yet despite intense efforts, including the application of modern high throughput technologies including transcriptomics and proteomics, there has been little improvement in performance compared to the gold standard of quantifying serum CA125 immunoreactivity paired with transvaginal ultrasound. This review describes the strategies that have been used for identification of ovarian cancer biomarkers, including the recent introduction of novel bioinformatic approaches. Results obtained using high throughput-based vs. biologically rational approaches for the discovery of diagnostic early detection biomarkers are compared and analyzed for functional enrichment.
Sex Differences in Preadolescents’ Attachment Strategies: Products of Harsh Environments or of Gender Identity?

AbstractWe evaluated two hypotheses proposed to account for sex differences in preadoles-cents’ insecure attachment strategies (more avoidant for boys, more preoccupiedfor girls). The ﬁrst hypothesis, rooted in life history theory, is that the sex differen-ces develop among children who experience adverse environmental conditions (e.g.,harsh parenting). The second hypothesis, grounded in gender self-socializationtheory, is that the sex differences develop among children who identify conﬁdentlywith their gender collective. Data from an ethnically/racially diverse sample (443girls, 420 boys; M age511.1 years) supported the second hypothesis: Sex differen-ces were evident mainly among children who felt gender-typical, were content withtheir gender, or felt pressure to avoid cross-sex behavior. Further, sex differenceswere generally smaller rather than larger among children experiencing adverseenvironments.Keywords: gender identity; attachment; gender differences; preadolescenceIntroductionSex differences in insecure attachment strategies are absent in infancy, but duringmiddle childhood such differences emerge, with girls showing more preoccupiedstrategies and boys showing more avoidant strategies, not only with their parents(Corby, 2006; Del Giudice, 2009; Del Giudice & Belsky, 2010; Finnegan, Hodges,& Perry, 1996) but also with close same-sex friends (Hodges, Finnegan, & Perry,1999; Menon, 2011). The sex differences are evident in adults’ romantic attachmentstrategies as well (although less evident in adults’ representations of their relation-ships with their parents) (Del Giudice, 2009, 2011). The purpose of the presentstudy was to evaluate two explanations for the sex differences in preadolescents’attachment strategies with their mother.
Imaging through permuted optical probes

Using time of flight we have enabled an optical brush to calibrate itself and image with its randomly positioned fibers, this offers a flexible field of view and is intrinsically multi-spectral. Therefore, it has potential application for endoscopy, imaging in turbid media and near-field probing.
Structural and enzymatic studies of the T4 DNA replication system. II. ATPase properties of the polymerase accessory protein complex.

In this paper we report a detailed enzymatic characterization of the interaction of the polymerase accessory protein complex of the T4 DNA replication system with the various nucleic acid cofactors that activate the ATPase of the complex. We show that the ATPase activity of the T4 coded gene 44/62 protein complex is stimulated synergistically by binding of DNA and T4 gene 45 protein and that the level of ATPase activation appears to be directly correlated with the binding of nucleic acid cofactor. Binding of any partially or completely single-stranded DNA to the complete accessory protein complex increases the catalytic activity (as measured by Vmax) while decreasing the binding affinity for the ATP substrate. While single-stranded DNA is a moderately effective cofactor, we find that the optimal nucleic acid-binding site for the complex is the primer-template junction, rather than single-stranded DNA ends as previously reported in the literature. Gene 45 protein plays an essential role in directing the specificity of binding to primer-template sites, lowering the Km for primer-template sites almost 1000-fold, and increasing Vmax 100-fold, compared with the analogous values for gene 44/62 protein alone. The most effective primer-template site for binding and enzymatic activation has the physiologically relevant recessed 3′-OH configuration and an optimal size in excess of 18 base pairs of duplex DNA. We find that the chemical nature of the primer terminus (i.e. 3′-OH or 3′-H) does not affect the extent of ATPase activation and that binding of the polymerase accessory protein complex to DNA cofactors is salt concentration dependent but appreciably less so when the activating DNA is a primer-template junction. Finally, we show that the gene 32 protein (T4 coded single-stranded DNA-binding protein) can compete with the polymerase accessory protein complex for single-stranded DNA but not for the primer-template junction activation sites. The implications of these results for the structure and function of the polymerase accessory protein complex within the T4 DNA replication system are discussed.
Methods for the Modification and Characterization of Oxide Surfaces

This paper presents a general overview of the chemical modificationof oxide surfaces with particular emphasis on the silanization/hydrosilationmethod. A number of materials have been synthesized that have hydrophobic,hydrophilic, chiral and liquid crystal surfaces. The most frequently usedoxide in these materials is silica with chromatography as the primaryapplication for the chemically modified oxide surfaces. Also presented is anoverview of a number of methods used to characterize modified oxide surfacessuch as elemental analysis, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transformspectroscopy, solid-state NMR, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis,scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The particularadvantages of each method for the characterization of modified oxidematerials are discussed.
Host defense in cryptococcosis: II. Cryptococcosis in the nude mouse

Abstract In the homozygous state, mice carrying the “nude” (nu) gene are hairless (nude), lack a thymus and have profound deficiency of cell-mediated immunity. Cryptococcosis was studied in BALB/c and Swiss mice, each strain carrying the nu gene. The purpose was to determine the interactions of the nu gene and mouse strain in terms of susceptibility to Cryptococcosis. Mice of both strains could be sensitized to produce delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions to cryptococcal extract in the heterozygous nu/X state, but not in the nu/nu state. Nu/X Swiss mice were more resistant than nu/X BALB/c mice to infection with a highly virulent strain (B) of Cryptococcus neoformans . However, nu/nu BALB/c and nu/nu Swiss mice were both highly susceptible to the same microorganism. Challenge with another cryptococcal strain (A) of much lower virulence for nu/X mice killed 100% of BALB/c and Swiss nu/nu mice. These studies indicate that thymus-dependent immune functions are critical determinants of host resistance to murine Cryptococcosis.
Spin glass and semiconducting behavior in one-dimensional BaFe 2-δ Se 3 (δ≈0.2) crystals

We investigate the physical properties and electronic structure of BaFe2-{\delta}Se3 crystals, which were grown out of tellurium flux. The crystal structure of the compound, an iron-deficient derivative of the ThCr2Si2-type, is built upon edge-shared FeSe4 tetrahedra fused into double chains. The semiconducting BaFe2-{\delta}Se3 with {\delta} \approx 0.2 ({\rho}295K = 0.18 {\Omega}\cdotcm and Eg = 0.30 eV) does not order magnetically, however there is evidence for short-range magnetic correlations of spin glass type (Tf \approx 50 K) in magnetization, heat capacity and neutron diffraction results. A one-third substitution of selenium with sulfur leads to a slightly higher electrical conductivity ({\rho}295K = 0.11 {\Omega}\cdotcm and Eg = 0.22 eV) and a lower spin glass freezing temperature (Tf \approx 15 K), corroborating with higher electrical conductivity reported for BaFe2S3. According to the electronic structure calculations, BaFe2Se3 can be considered as a one-dimensional ladder structure with a weak interchain coupling.
In-situ Study of Electromigration-induced Grain Rotation in Pb-free Solder Joint by Synchrotron Microdiffraction

The rotation of Sn grains in Pb-free flip chip solder joints hasn't been reported in literature so far although it has been observed in Sn strips. In this letter, we report the detailed study of the grain orientation evolution induced by electromigration by synchrotron based white beam X-ray microdiffraction. It is found that the grains in solder joint rotate more slowly than in Sn strip even under higher current density. On the other hand, based on our estimation, the reorientation of the grains in solder joints also results in the reduction of electric resistivity, similar to the case of Sn strip. We will also discuss the reason why the electric resistance decreases much more in strips than in the Sn-based solders, and the different driving force for the grain growth in solder joint and in thin film interconnect lines.
Ebb-Tidal Delta Dynamics for a Tide-Dominated Barrier Island

The interaction of wave and tidal processes in the vicinity of tidal inlets that bound barrier islands may yield depositional features that have significant, and even controlling, influence on barrier island morphology. Ebb-tidal deltas formed at the updrift end of barrier islands protect a portion of the island from incoming wave energy and produce refractive effects that determine longshore current magnitude and direction. These shoal areas also provide sediment reservoirs for the natural nourishment of
Breast Cancer Environment Centers and Advocacy: Baralt and McCormick Respond.

Our findings regarding the Breast Cancer and Environment Research Centers (BCERCs) in which Wolff and Barlow are involved represent a broad overview of all four centers and are meant to portray several dimensions of the collaborative aspects of the work. In our article (Baralt and McCormick 2010), we aimed to advance the types of community-based participatory research projects exemplified by these centers. With this aim, we presented an analysis of the collaborative process to understand ways in which future funding can be better specified in the area of breast cancer and the environment. We sought to clarify how agencies can facilitate deepened participation in examining the potential underlying issues that may affect participatory research projects, particularly with regard to a lack of understanding of and training in community- based participatory research on the part of many scientists and advocates, as well as potentially divergent priorities or desired outcomes regarding the research.
Pylorus subjacent to the gallbladder: an additional finding in hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.

We have noted that sonographically positive cases of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) demonstrate a distortion of normal anatomy in which the elongated pylorus displaces the duodenum and lies adjacent to and below the gallbladder. Ten consecutive cases of HPS diagnosed by ultrasound were reviewed. In each case the pylorus was imaged subjacent to the gallbladder. Sonograms from 100 infants from a different institution were then reviewed. There were 13 cases with the pylorus subjacent to the gallbladder, 12 of these met criteria for HPS. Recognition of this anatomic relationship may aid in the diagnosis of HPS. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Detection of power system operation violations via fuzzy set theory.

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to apply fuzzy set theory to one of the basic dimensions of power system reliability, the magnitude of a failure. The fuzzy set theory technique introduces an index which is developed from a membership function describing the power system behavior. The membership function developed for specific problems solved by fuzzy set theory is the measure of system behavior and its degree of compatibility. The proposed fuzzy set will include all buses violating their operating constraints and the membership function will rank the magnitudes of failures and identify the weak areas that are subject to violation in the normal operating state. A relationship between the membership function versus p.u./kV identifying the behavior of the operating states for the operator is also identified. The fuzzy set concept in this paper is implemented on the IEEE 25-bus Reliability Test System. Single-level contingencies evaluating the system voltage violations are analyzed and documented.
Dielectric response of the two-dimensional Coulomb gas

Abstract We calculate the temperature and wavevector dependent dielectric function for the two-dimensional Coulomb gas in the low density limit. It is shown that this quantity describes a smooth change of the system from metallic to insulating behavior in a nice and simple way as the temperature decreases.
Simulation of executing robots in imperfectly known environments

A simulated robot solves tasks in environments which she knows only approximately. The robot is given a description of the environments and of her capabilities. From the latter, she generates procedures that are evaluated to solve tasks. As tasks are solved, the robot improves her knowledge of the environment and the efficiency with which she can solve problems. Unknown, correctly known, and incorrectly known facts are treated in a uniform manner.The design used, that of an executing robot, is contrasted to the design of planning robots. Executing robots may also be used to plan in perfectly known environments and are usually more efficient than planning robots. In imperfectly known environments, planning robots are inadequate.
Cutting rock with water jets

Abstract Cutting tests were made with continuous high pressure water jets on three representative types of rock to obtain comprehensive data suitable for exploring basic jet-cutting relationships. Test materials were Berea sandstone, Indiana limestone and Barre granite, for which general properties have been fully determined. Nozzle pressures ranged from 1000 to 60,000 lbf/in 2 , traverse speeds were in the range 0·002−5·5 ft/sec, and nozzle diameters were from 0·008 to 0·015 in. Dimensions of slots cut normally into the surfaces of thick blocks were measured, and specific energy values were calculated. Complete results are given in both tabular and graphical forms.
Hourly and daily patterns of particle-phase organic and elemental carbon concentrations in the urban atmosphere.

Abstract Two semicontinuous elemental and organic carbon analyzers along with daily integrated samplers, which were used for laboratory elemental and organic carbon analysis, were operated to measure PM2.5 organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) for the entire year of 2002 at the St. Louis Midwest Supersite. The annual-average denuded OC and EC concentrations were 3.88 and 0.7 μg/m3, respectively. A comparison of the 24-hr average denuded and undenuded OC measurements showed a positive bias for the undenuded OC measurement that was best represented by a positive intercept of 0.34 ± 0.1 μg/m3 and a slope of 1.06 ± 0.02, with an R2 of 0.91. The full year of daily EC and OC measurements was used to demonstrate that a one-in-six-day sampling strategy at this site accurately represents the annual average concentrations. Although fine particle OC concentrations did not correlate with day of the week, EC concentrations showed a significant weekly pattern, with the highest concentration during the middle of...
Simple, Broadband Material Characterization Using Dual-Ridged Waveguide to Rectangular Waveguide Transitions

A simple technique is presented which utilizes dual-ridged waveguide to rectangular waveguide transitions to provide broadband material characterization measurements. Compared to a recently published technique which used dual-ridged waveguides, the proposed method significantly simplifies specimen preparation while maintaining measurement bandwidth. The behavior of the fields in the dual-ridged waveguide to rectangular waveguide transitions is briefly discussed. In addition, a brief discussion on the derivation of the theoretical scattering parameters, required for the extraction of permittivity and permeability of the material under test, is provided. Experimental material characterization results of a magnetic absorbing material are presented and analyzed to validate the proposed technique.
On Adhesion Enhancement Due to Concave Surface Geometries

Recent experimental and theoretical work in literature has showed that several biological attachment devices are concave in shape and that such a shape enhances adhesion strength. In this paper, an analytical model is developed for the pull-off forces required to separate a rigid axisymmetric concave punch from an elastic half-space with the goal of understanding how concave shapes seen in both biological and man-made adhesive systems can outperform other geometries. Significant enhancement in adhesion strength compared with that of a flat punch was predicted for both spherical and elliptical concave punch profiles. Increasing the degree of the concavity initially increases the resulting pull-off force, but for higher depths the contact interface will separate before pull-off forces higher than those for the flat punch are achieved. Experiments performed with machined aluminum elliptical concave punches on gelatin qualitatively verified the trends predicted by the analytical model, and the maximum pull-of...
A novel solvent-free thermal reaction of ferrocene and sulfur for one-step synthesis of iron sulfide and carbon nanocomposites and their electrochemical performance

Abstract A novel solvent-free thermal reaction of ferrocene and sulfur is developed for preparing iron sulfide and carbon nanocomposites, where ferrocene acts as both iron and carbon source. The prepared composite has iron sulfide sandwiched in carbon matrix. Moreover, ferrocene and sulfur can turn to vapor phase at an elevated temperature, resulting in easy deposition of product on the surface of templates. Sodium chloride was selected as a template due to its nontoxic and water-soluble nature. The NaCl-templated composite shows “sphere on mattress” morphology and exhibits the highest capacity and the longest cyclability ever reported for iron pyrite anode. To obtain mesoporous nanocomposites, SBA-15 was also applied as templates. The mesoporous nanocomposite demonstrates excellent capacity retention capability, indicating the robust structural stability.
The reaction of CN radicals with cyanoacetylene.

Abstract The decay of CN radicals has been measured as a function of cyanoacetylene concentration by laser-induced fluorescence. The room-temperature rate constant obtained is (1.70 ± 0.08 ) × 10 −11 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 . This is about ten times slower than those of CN with unsaturated hydrocarbons, suggesting that there may be a small activation energy of about 1.5 kcal mol −1 . On this basis, the rate constant at 150 K (an average temperature in Titan's stratosphere) would be 1.4 × 10 −12 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 . The reaction is interpreted as CN addition to an unsaturated bond, followed by H atom elimination. The product of this reaction may be C 4 N 2 (which is formed in Titan's stratosphere).
Comparison of the trace element composition of Tagish Lake with other primitive carbonaceous chondrites

A meteorite fall on 18 January 2000 was detected by U.S. Defense Department satellites which established its pre-impact orbit. Fresh samples were collected from frozen Tagish Lake in British Columbia a week later and some properties of these samples reveal it to be a unique meteorite. We characterized Tagish Lake and 8 other samples using ICPMS and RNAA: data for 47 elements reveal that each of 9 carbonaceous chondrites of different type exhibit the Orgueil-normalized plateaus expected for members of such types. Trends evident in Tagish Lake differ from all other carbonaceous chondrites, including CI and CM. Samples of Tagish Lake collected later show similar patterns affected by weathering.
Use of desoxycorticosterone trimethylacetate in the treatment of Addison's disease.

IMPRESSIVE advances in the biochemistry and physiology of adrenal steroid hormones during the past quarter century have culminated in the development of a highly effective substitution therapy for adrenal cortical insufficiency (1, 2). The present report is concerned with a recent advance in the use of desoxycorticosterone. It has long been recognized that esters of desoxycorticosterone other than the acetate may exert a more prolonged action after intramuscular administration (3). Recently the trimethylacetate derivative (Fig. 1) has been prepared by Wieland et al. (4) and found to produce a protracted effect in animals following single injections of an oil solution. Preliminary studies in this clinic confirmed the latter effect (5). The treatment of patients with Addison's disease by intermittent intramuscular injections of desoxycorticosterone trimethylacetate (6, 7) was therefore undertaken. Studies have been carried out on patients with classic signs and symptoms of Addison's disease and a small grou...
A real-time respiratory motion monitoring system using KINECT: proof of concept.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility of a low-cost respiratory motion monitoring system based on the MicrosoftKINECTsensor. Methods: The authors increasedKINECT’s inherent depth resolution from 1 cm to 1 mm via a motion magnification system. Using the KINECTsoftware development kit, the authors programmed the KINECT to capture depth images and determine the average depth over a thoracic region of interest, viewed almost parallel to the subject’s surface. KINECT respiratory traces (average depth vs time at a rate of 30 Hz) were acquired from four volunteers and compared with those simultaneously acquired using a commercially available strain gauge respiratory gating system. Results: The correlation coefficient (CC) betweenKINECT and strain gauge traces varied from 0.958 to 0.978, with a mean CC of 0.969. This strong correlation was also demonstrated by the joint probability distribution and visual inspection. Conclusions: It is feasible to use theKINECT for respiratory motion tracking. Traces are similar to those of a clinically used strain gauge system. The KINECT-based system provides a new and economical way to monitor respiratory motion.
Isolation and partial characterization of native metallothionein in fetal rabbit liver.

Abstract The endogenous zinc content of hepatic cytosol in the term fetal rabbit was found to be three-fold higher than corresponding maternal levels. Following gel-filtration, the bulk of this zinc was found to be associated with a peak, not detectable in the maternal cytosol, having a relative elution volumn similar to that of cadmium-induced metallothionein. In vitro addition of increasing amounts of cadmium to the fetal cytosol prior to gel-filtration caused progessive displacement of endogenous zinc from the peak, selective cadmium binding and eventual cadmium saturation. Anion-exchange chromatography disclosed two distinct peaks, corresponding to the two cadmium-containing peaks detected in the cytosol from cadmium-induced animals. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of purified protein also revealed the existance of two bands in both the fetus and induced adult. Results indicate the presence of endogenous metallothioneins in the hepatic cytosol of the normal term rabbit fetus which are similar to the metallothioneins which appear in the adult hepatic cytosol following exposure to cadmium.
GA-Based Fuzzy Logic Control for a Smart Fin of a Projectile

This paper presents the design and testing of a smart fin for a subsonic projectile. The smart fin is activated using a piezoelectric bimorph with a substrate that is completely enclosed within the fin. A linear model of the actuator and fin system is created using the frequency response identification technique within MATLAB System Identification Toolbox. A procedure for designing a GA-based fuzzy logic controller for the fin is presented. Experimental and simulation results show that the proposed controller achieved the fin angle control under different operating conditions.© 2007 ASME
DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROMORPHIC HUMUS PODZOLS AND SOME NOTES ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF PODZOLS IN GENERAL

Summary Hydromorphic humus podzols can develop under submerged conditions as a result of internal water movement, and their development is by no means dependent on the occurrence of a water table which descends, periodically, below the B horizon. The basic difference between podzolization under anaerobic and aerobic conditions is stressed, and it is suggested that classification of the podzols be based in the first place on these two processes, using the humus content of the B horizon for a further subdivision. It is pointed out that the humus content of the B horizon is unsuitable for the primary subdivision since it is governed by a number of independent factors.
DETERMINATION OF UNBIASED RECONSTRUCTIONS

A more general algorithm for determining unbiased reconstructions is presented. Variegated states from subsystems may be employed in the reconstruction. Only independent states need be employed, and a procedure to generate independent states is provided. The new methodology allows an unbiased reconstruction from limited variegated information or from a minimal information base. The theory presented directly and readily impacts many fundamental disciplines (e.g. communication theory, pattern recognition, etc).
In situ soil reclamation by air stripping and sludge uptake

A laboratory-scale study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of an in situ reclamation technique for contaminated soils by combining soil stripping techniques and in situ soil surface biodegradation. By pumping air at the base of a test column, a volatile organic compound (VOC) in the soil was mobilized through the soil and trapped in a thin layer of dried activated sludge. The contaminant, once trapped in the sludge blanket, would be available for biological degradation by the sludge microorganisms. Test soil consisted of a homogeneous sand with a moisture content less than 0.5% and particle diameters smaller than 0.84 mm. Dried sludge, obtained from a municipal waste-water facility, was blended until the particle size characteristics were consistent with the sand. Experiments were initiated by passing air saturated with toluene throught the soil column until equilibrium. The initial concentration of toluene was approximately 700, μg per gram of sand. Clean air was then forced through the system to mobilize the toluene at rates which ranged between 1 and 2.7 pore volumes per minute. Over 95% of the particle-bound toluene was removed from the sand within six hours of stripping. On a mass-per-mass basis, the sludge sorbed approximately 70% of the mobilized toluene. The combination of air stripping techniques and use of a sludge blanket to reduce volatile emissions from the soils is feasible and merits further research. Studies to investigate the biodegradation potential of the sludge blanket for toluene and trichloroethylene will be the subject of investigation for future research.