cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FURTHER EVIDENCE THAT BORON IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF LETTUCE.

In a previous report (2) it was shown that boron is essential for the growth of several varieties of lettuce ; and that when it was excluded from the mineral nutrient solution, a severe deficiency disease resulted which was characterized by malformation of the more rapidly growing leaves, spotting and burning of the leaf tips, and death of the growing point of the plant. A similar condition of lettuce was described by Stone and Smith (3) as "top-burn." They considered the cause of the disease to be physiological and promoted by unfavorable surroundings. Le Clerg (1) measured leaf temperatures, but could not establish a relation between temperature and tip burning. The writers have further investigated the disorder, from the standpoint of a nutritional deficiency. The influence of various boron compounds in preventing the burning of lettuce leaves was studied in both sand and water cultures. Control of the exact boron content of cultures was obtained by the addition of definite quantities of pure boron compounds to boron-free media. A dilute Pf ef fer's solution, to which small quantities of manganese, copper, and zinc were added, supplied the basal mineral nutrients for both sand and water cultures. The salts composing the basal solution were proved to be free of boron by spectroscopical examination. Sand was purified by digestion with hot hydrochloric acid, followed by removal of chlorides with distilled water. Distilled water required for the preparation of cultures, growth of plants, purification of sand, and rinsing of containers was condensed in quartz. Porcelain dye pots and special acid-resistant jars with perforated lids were used as containers for the sand and water cultures respectively. No evidence of boron contamination from the use of these containers was
Simulating the Spread of Infectious Disease over Large Realistic Social Networks Using Charm

Preventing and controlling outbreaks of infectious diseases such as pandemic influenza is a top public health priority. EpiSimdemics is an implementation of a scalable parallel algorithm to simulate the spread of contagion, including disease, fear and information, in large (108 individuals), realistic social contact networks using individual-based models. It also has a rich language for describing public policy and agent behavior. We describe Charm Simdemics and evaluate its performance on national scale populations. Charm++ is a machine independent parallel programming system, providing high-level mechanisms and strategies to facilitate the task of developing highly complex parallel applications. Our design includes mapping of application entities to tasks, leveraging the efficient and scalable communication, synchronization and load balancing strategies of Charm++. Our experimental results on a 768 core system show that the Charm++ version achieves up to a 4-fold increase in performance when compared to the MPI version.
Are Good Teachers Perceived as High Self-Monitors?

Three studies provided evidence for the relationship between self-monitoring and teaching. In Study 1, students rated either their "best "or "worst "teacher on a scale measuring self-monitoring (Lennox & Wolfe, 1984). As hypothesized, good teachers were perceived as significantly higher in self-monitoring than poor teachers. In Study 2, subjects imagined tutoring an "anxious "and an "overconfident" student. High self-monitors rated themselves significantly more able than low self-monitors to change their teaching style to fit the needs of the students described. Study 3, which replicated the first study, used Snyder's (1974) Self-Monitoring Scale, but found no significant differences in overall self-monitoring score for "best" and "worst" teachers. Analyses of the three subscales, however, revealed significant differences in opposite directions. "Best " teachers were rated significantly higher in Extraversion and lower in Other-Directedness than "worst" teachers. Results were discussed in light of the con...
Effects of dietary intake and hemodialysis on protein turnover in uremic children

Effects of dietary intake and hemodialysis on protein turnover in uremic children. The dynamic aspects of protein metabolism in uremic children were studied by using newly developed gas chromatography and mass spectrometry micromethods for determining nitrogen-15 enrichment in plasma lysine during a continuous i.v. infusion of 15 N-lysine. Protein flux in uremic children was low and varied directly with protein and energy intake, which themselves were closely related in the diets consumed by the study subjects. Hemodialysis did not alter acutely protein flux. Protein flux in children undergoing chronic hemodialysis was still reduced below normal but was higher than that in nondialyzed uremic children at each level of protein-energy intake. The ratio of protein flux to protein intake was 0.05 ± 0.003g of protein · kg -1 · day -1 · kcal ingested in the nondialyzed uremic children, but it increased to a normal value of 0.11 ± 0.03g · kg -1 · day -1 · kcal in those on longterm hemodialysis. We conclude that the low protein turnover rates in our uremic population reflect the decreased protein-energy intake commonly found in such patients and that reduction of azotemia by chronic hemodialysis may improve whole body transport at a given energy intake. Effets de l'apport alimentaire et de l'hemodialyse sur le renouvellement des proteines chez l'enfant uremique. L'aspect dynamique du metabolisme des proteines chez les enfants uremiques a ete etudie au moyen de nouvelles micro-methodes de chromatographic et spectrographie de masse qui permettent de determiner l'enrichissement en 15 N de la lysine du plasma au cours d'une perfusion continue de 15 N-lysine. Le flux de proteine chez l'enfant uremique est faible et varie directement avec les apports proteique et energetique, qui sont eux-memes etroitement lies dans les regimes ingeres par les sujets etudies. L'hemodialyse ne modifie pas le flux de proteine. Le flux de proteine chez l'enfant soumis a l'hemodialyse chronique est tout de meme inferieur aux valeurs normales, mais superieur a celui des enfants uremiques non dialyses, ceci a chaque niveau d'apport proteique et energetique. Le rapport du flux de proteine a l'ingestion de proteine est de 0,05 ± 0,003g de proteine kg -1 · jour -1 · kcal ingere chez l'enfant uremique non dialyse mais augmente a une valeur normale de 0,11 + 0,03g · kg -1 · jour -1 · kcal chez ceux en hemodialyse au long cours. Nous concluons que le faible renouvellement de proteine dans notre population reflete la diminution de l'ingestion de proteine et d'energie souvent observee chez de tels malades et que la reduction de l'azotemie par l'hemodialyse chronique peut ameliorer le transport de proteine a un niveau donne d'apport d'energie.
Recycling detrital zircons: A case study from the Cretaceous Bisbee Group of southern Arizona

Statistically indistinguishable U-Pb age spectra for detrital zircon populations from the quartzose petrofacies of the fluvial Lower Cretaceous Bisbee Group (southeastern Arizona) and from quartzose eolianites of the Middle to Upper Jurassic San Rafael Group (eastern Colorado Plateau) support the inference that quartzose detritus was reworked into the Bisbee basin of the border rift belt from older eolianites exposed along the uplifted rift shoulder to the north. The comparative data indicate that age spectra of detrital zircons can be reproduced faithfully during sediment recycling, and the possibility of zircon recycling should be considered for many provenance interpretations based on U-Pb ages of detrital zircons. Analogous relations between U-Pb age spectra of detrital zircons in the Lower Cretaceous basal McCoy Mountains Formation (California) and in Lower to Middle Jurassic eolianites of the western Colorado Plateau to the north suggest similar reworking of detritus from sedimentary cover of the rift shoulder into the keel of the rift belt farther west.
Using an ACTIVE teaching format versus a standard lecture format for increasing resident interaction and knowledge achievement during noon conference: a prospective, controlled study

The traditional lecture is used by many residency programs to fulfill the mandate for regular didactic sessions, despite limited evidence to demonstrate its effectiveness. Active teaching strategies have shown promise in improving medical knowledge but have been challenging to implement within the constraints of residency training. We developed and evaluated an innovative structured format for interactive teaching within the residency noon conference. We developed an ACTIVE teaching format structured around the following steps: assemble (A) into groups, convey (C) learning objectives, teach (T) background information, inquire (I) through cases and questions, verify (V) understanding, and explain (E) answer choices and educate on the learning points. We conducted a prospective, controlled study of the ACTIVE teaching format versus the standard lecture format, comparing resident satisfaction, immediate knowledge achievement and long-term knowledge retention. We qualitatively assessed participating faculty members’ perspectives on the faculty development efforts and the feasibility of teaching using the ACTIVE format. Sixty-nine internal medicine residents participated in the study. Overall, there was an improvement in perceived engagement using the ACTIVE teaching format (4.78 vs. 3.80, P < 0.01), with no increase in stress or decrement in break time. There was an improvement in initial knowledge achievement with the ACTIVE teaching format (overall absolute score increase of 11%, P = 0.04) and a trend toward improvement in long-term knowledge retention. Faculty members felt adequately prepared to use the ACTIVE teaching format, and enjoyed teaching with the ACTIVE teaching format more than the standard lecture. A structured ACTIVE teaching format improved resident engagement and initial knowledge, and required minimal resources. The ACTIVE teaching format offers an exciting alternative to the standard lecture for resident noon conference and is easy to implement.
THE RELIGIOUS ETHICS IMPLICIT IN SCHLEIERMACHER'S DOCTRINE OF CREATION

There is a religious ethics implicit in Schleiermacher's doctrine of creation based on the universal feeling of absolute dependence "prior to" its being informed by any historical tradition. The "highest good" which fundamentally characterizes his religious ethics is found at the intersection of God and the World. The "original perfection of man" and the "original perfection of the world" come together when human life in the world is fully informed by the feeling of absolute dependence. Although Schleiermacher did not develop his religious ethics to the same extent as his philosophical and Christian ethics, it should still be of interest to ethicists in many religious traditions, as it establishes contours and sets limits for the ethics of any monotheistic religious tradition.
Using machine apprentices for transient knowledge work

Abstract This paper characterizes a class of problems that are knowledge intensive but with characteristics differing from those traditionally amenable to an expert system approach. They are transient, emerging and receding in importance over time. They appear in environments where knowledge intensive attention is highly scarce. And the opportunity cost in searching for confirming and clarifying data is high. The paper details a system for addressing such problems and continues by illustrating the system's effectiveness through a case study of the system's use.
Characteristics of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformations associated with nonimmune hydrops and outcome.

Background/Purpose: In fetuses with congenital cystic adenomatoid malformations of the lung (CCAMs), hydrops fetalis and large masses are associated with poor outcomes. This study attempts to (1) determine sonographic features (in addition to large size) that correlate with hydrops and (2) characterize the features that correlate with outcome among hydropic fetuses. Method: Charts and sonograms of fetuses with large, unilateral CCAMs were retrospectively reviewed. Mass features evaluated included laterality, macrocystic/microcystic, cystic/solid predominance, degree of mediastinal shift, retrocardiac component, diaphragm eversion, polyhydramnios, and mass-thorax ratio (MTR). Features of hydrops included degree of ascites, scalp and integumentary edema, pleural/ pericardial effusion, and placentomegaly. Results: Thirty-six fetuses with large CCAMs were studied: 27 with and 9 without hydrops. Three sonographic features were significantly associated with hydrops: MTR of at least 0.56, cystic predominance of mass, and eversion of hemidiaphragm. Of 27 fetuses with hydrops, 10 (37%) demonstrated all 3 features compared with none in those without hydrops (P = .04). All 9 nonhydropic fetuses were expectantly managed, and 100% survived. In the hydropic group, none of the expectantly managed fetuses survived, and 10 (43%) of the 21 fetuses who underwent fetal intervention survived. Conclusion: Three features of large CCAMs were significantly associated with hydrops: MTR, cystic predominance, and diaphragm eversion. Identification of these features will allow clinicians to accurately predict which fetuses may warrant closer follow-up and possible treatment.
Dyanmic ion trapping for Fourier‐transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry: Simultaneous positive‐ and negative‐ion detection

The conventional static electric potential used to trap ions fro fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometry has been replaced by a low-amplitude [as low as Vac≈0.5 V for N] alternating (17.5kHz) electric field applied to the end caps of an ICR ion trap. Ion z-motion is then governed by a Mathieu equation, whose solution leads to a z-stability diagram for which optimal results are obtained at z-stability parameter, qz = 4qλVac/(mω2)≈0.5, in which m/q is the ion mass-to-charge ratio, Ω is the RF frequency, and λ=2.7737/d2 for a cubic trap of edge length, d. A triangular waveform appears to be more effective than sinusoidal modulation. We demonstrate experimentally three major additional advantages of RF trapping for FTICR mass spectrometry: (a) both positive and negative ions may be trapped and detected simultaneously; (b) Magnetron motion is eliminated, along with the electrostatic radial field-induced ICR frequency shift and sidebands; and (c) mass calibration follows a simpler law (m=a/v, in which a is a constant and v is the measured ICR orbital frequency) than for electrostatic trapping (m=a/v+b/v2, in which a and b are constants). All prior FTICR mass spectrometric capabilities are preserved, except that (as in an RF-only quadrupole ion trap) optimal sensitivity is observed only for 0.4⩽qz⩽0.7, so that the mass-to-charge ratio range for a single FTICR mass spectrum is limited accordingly.
Au Disk Nanoelectrode by Electrochemical Deposition in a Nanopore

In this technical note, we report a process in scaling down the fabrication of Au disk nanoelectrodes as small as ∼4 nm in radii. We have developed a bottom-up approach toward the fabrication of individual disk-shape Au nanoelectrodes. This new approach is based upon electrochemical deposition of Au in a silica nanopore electrode and involves the following four steps. First, a laser-assisted pulling process is employed to fabricate a disk-shape Pt nanoelectrode. Second, a Pt nanopore electrode is obtained by electrochemically etching the Pt from the disk nanoelectrode. Third, a Au metal nanowire is electrochemically deposited using the Pt nanopore electrode as a template. In the last step, the Au electrode is slightly polished to expose a disk-shape Au nanoelectrode, whose size is determined by the size of the initial Pt nanoelectrode. Steady-state voltammetry in the presence of ferrocene has been used to characterize these Au nanoelectrodes. The Au nanoelectrodes are also characterized using cyclic volta...
Galileo mission to Jupiter

Jupiter has been visited four times: by Pioneers 10 and 11 in 1973 and 1974 and Voyagers 1 and 2 in 1979. Data from those missions will be expanded by the Galileo mission in 1985, which will be the first entry probe into Jupiter's atmosphere. Galileo will also include an orbiting observatory that will provide long-term detailed studies of the entire Jupiter system. Components for the Galileo spacecraft, which consists of the orbiter and the entry probe, are nearing completion. The development model for the heat shield on the probe recently passed tests at the NASA Ames Research Center, Mountain View, Calif. NASA says that approximately 95% of the flight parts have been delivered, and the design for the two parts of the spacecraft and the mission are nearing completion.
Automatic Fairing of Two-Parameter Rational B-Spline Motion

This paper deals with the problem of automatic fairing of two-parameter B-Spline spherical and spatial motions. The concept of two-parameter freeform motions brings together the notion of the analytically determined two-parameter motions in Theoretical Kinematics and the concept of freeform surfaces in the field of Computer Aided Geometric Design (CAGD). A dual quaternion representation of spatial displacements is used and the problem of fairing two-parameter motions is studied as a surface fairing problem in the space of dual quaternions. By combining the latest results in surface fairing from the field of CAGD and computer aided synthesis of freeform rational motions, smoother (C3 continuous) two-parameter rational B-Spline motions are generated. The results presented in this paper are extensions of previous results on fine-tuning of one-parameter B-spline motions. The problem of motion smoothing has important applications in the Cartesian motion planning, camera motion synthesis, spatial navigation in visualization, and virtual reality systems. Several examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.© 2005 ASME
Gas-particle flow in a duct of arbitrary inclination with particle-particle interactions

Earlier work of Sinclair and Jackson on the flow of gas-particle suspensions in vertical pipes is extended to the case of ducts of arbitrary inclination. As a result of the compaction due to gravity, it is necessary to take into account forces transmitted between particles at points of sustained, rolling and sliding contact, and a simple frictional model of this contribution to the stress is introduced. The resulting theory is shown to predict fully developed flows with the qualitative features to be expected, even in horizontal ducts. The effects of flow rates, duct inclination, and duct width on the solution are explored.
How substance use differs among American secondary schools

The purpose of this study was to examine (1) the extent to which student drug use and related measures vary among American secondary schools, and (2) how substance use varies among schools by certain school characteristics. Data come from the Monitoring the Future project's annual surveys of nationally representative samples of 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-grade students from 1991 to 2002. The results show that the preponderance of variance in drug use and related variables lies within schools; only a relatively small amount of variance is between schools. Although the variance lies primarily within schools, there remain important school-to-school differences in the extent to which students are exposed to drug use. The analyses of school characteristics show that schools do indeed differ in drug use by their students, particularly by school type, socioeconomic status, and race/ethnicity. Eighth and 10th grade (but not 12th grade) students in public schools are more likely to be cigarette smokers than students in private schools. Students in public middle schools are at higher risk for use of alcohol and marijuana; however, among 12th graders, students in Catholic schools are at higher risk. School size is generally unrelated to substance use, with few exceptions. For the most part, there is a negative association between school socioeconomic status and student substance use among 8th graders; but by 12th grade, the association tends to be positive or not significant. Racial/ethnic composition is significantly associated with student substance use, with majority African American schools typically showing the lowest rates of use at all grades.
Working memory capacity and strategy use

In this study, we examine the role of strategy use in working memory (WM) tasks by providing short-term memory (STM) task strategy training to participants. In Experiment 1, the participants received four sessions of training to use a story-formation (i.e., chaining) strategy. There were substantial improvements from pretest to posttest (after training) in terms of both STM and WM task performance. Experiment 2 demonstrated that WM task improvement did not occur for control participants, who were given the same amount of practice but were not provided with strategy instructions. An assessment of participants' strategy use on the STM task before training indicated that more strategic participants displayed better WM task performance and better verbal skills. These results support our hypothesis that strategy use influences performance on WM tasks.
Correlates of protective behavior utilization among heavy-drinking college students

Previous studies have suggested that college students who use protective strategies while drinking are at a lower risk for drinking-related consequences. This study evaluated the correlates of protective behavior utilization in a group of 281 heavy-drinking college students. Students who reported heavier drinking were less likely to use protective behaviors, even after adjusting for covariates. Male gender and perceived history of parental alcohol abuse also predicted lower protective behavior score. The most frequently endorsed strategies among females were "Knowing where your drink has been at all times" and "Going home with a friend," whereas the most frequently endorsed strategies among males were "Knowing where your drink has been at all times" and "Using a designated driver." For females, the factor structure of the protective behaviors measure was consistent with previous studies; however, for males, the results suggest a four-factor solution. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications on future research and prevention programming.
Carl Machover, 1927-2012

The article looks back on the life of Carl Machover, a computer graphics pioneer and leader.
Properties of two progesterone-binding proteins of the rat uterus.

Abstract DEAE-cellulose filtration was used to measure high affinity binding sites in uteri of rats during the estrus cycle. The cytosol concentrations (pmol/mg protein ± S.E.M.) of progesterone-specific (R) sites were: proestrus, 0.9 ± 0.07; estrus, 0.4 ± 0.04; metestrus, 0.4 ± 0.04; diestrus-1, 0.2 ± 0.04; and diestrus-2, 0.6 ± 0.03. This pattern is consistent with the concept that the concentration of R sites is increased by estrogens, known to rise in rat serum on the evening of diestrus-1 and to remain high at proestrus. The respective values for corticosteroid-binding globulin-like (G) sites were 12 ± 0.2, 8 ± 0.1, 13 ± 0.2, 12 ± 1.1 and 16 ± 0.2. That the lowest number of R sites was at diestrus-1 and of G sites at estrus may indicate different half-lives or regulatory mechanisms for the two proteins. Preliminary data showed that nuclear progesterone binding was largest at proestrus and metestrus. The equilibrium association constant of the R protein for progesterone was measured in preparations purified by spheroidal hydroxylapatite chromatography. The estimates were in the range 2–8 108 × M−1. Of several steroids tested, deoxycorticosterone and 20α-dihydroprogesterone competed for G sites while dexamethasone and 5α-dihydroprogesterone did not. Only the latter steroid and deoxycorticosterone showed some affinity for R sites. When uterine nuclei from adrenalectomized-ovariectomized rats injected with either progesterone or corticosterone were added to incubation mixtures containing [3H]-progesterone or [3H]-corticosterone, significant exchange occurred only between nuclear progesterone and [3H]-progesterone, suggesting that nuclei take up only progesterone bound to R sites.
Brain 2-phenylethylamine as a major mediator for the central actions of amphetamine and methylphenidate.

Abstract 2-Phenylethylamine (PEA) was measured in rabbit brain by gas-liquid chromatography. D-Amphetamine sulfate (0.65 mg/Kg) initially reduced brain PEA levels to one-third of its usual content (30 min) and subsequently doubled brain PEA (4 hr). Brain PEA levels were reduced (30 min) and subsequently increased (ten-fold at 4 hr) by D-amphetamine sulfate (13 mg/Kg); tolerance to these two effects was observed in rabbits treated for three days with D-amphetamine. Methylphenidate HCl (30 mg/Kg) but not L-amphetamine sulfate (0.65 mg/Kg and 13 mg/Kg) induced a small, non-significant lowering of brain PEA (30 min) followed by a marked augmentation (4 hr) of brain PEA content. D-Amphetamine (30 min or 4 hr prior) increased the recovery of labeled PEA from the brain of rabbits injected intraventricularly with labeled phenylalanine, and reduced the recovery of labeled PEA after its intraventricular injection, suggesting that D-amphetamine accelerates both the synthesis and the disposition of brain PEA. Pretreatment with α-methyldopa (which depletes PEA and other brain amines) or with α-methyldopa hydrazine (which selectively reduces brain PEA content by inhibiting decarboxylase in peripheral tissues only) markedly reduced the CNS effects of D-amphetamine (behavioral stimulation in mice and rabbits, anti-convulsant effect in mice); these decarboxylase inhibitors enhanced the amphetamine-like effects induced by PEA in mice pretreated with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. The ability of PEA depleters to selectively block the stimulant effects of D-amphetamine, together with the close structural and pharmacological similarities between amphetamine and PEA, and marked influence of amphetamine administration upon PEA brain levels, synthesis and metabolism, suggest to us that many of the central actions of amphetamine may be mediated by endogenous PEA.
PERIODIC INTENSITY FLUCTUATIONS OF BALMER LINES FROM SINGLE-FOIL EXCITED FAST HYDROGEN ATOMS.

Protons with velocities ranging from 3.2 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{8}$ to 6.3 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{8}$ cm/sec were passed through a carbon foil producing excited hydrogen atoms which decayed in flight after emergence. With the foil in magnetic fields from 2 to 25 G, the lines ${\mathrm{H}}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ through ${\mathrm{H}}_{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}$ showed periodic intensity fluctuations due to Stark mixings of fine-structure levels caused by motional electric fields (6-158 V/cm). An extension of the Bethe-Lamb theory of Stark quenching provides good agreement between a small number of theoretically dominant frequencies and the measured fluctuation frequencies. Apparent discrepancies between theory and experiment noted by other experimenters are shown to be removed by our calculations except in one measurement on ${\mathrm{Ly}}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$. The necessity of using double foils postulated in the previous work is discussed. Our analysis suggests the preferential alignment of the final-state angular momenta perpendicular to the beam direction. Reasons for this alignment are given.
Chiral capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry: Modes and applications

A review is presented to highlight several approaches for coupling capillary electrophoresis (CE) and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) for analysis of chiral compounds. A short discussion of commercially available CE-MS instruments and interface design is followed by a detail review on various modes of chiral CE-MS. In general, for each CE-MS mode, the capabilities, applications and limitations for chiral analysis have been pointed out. The first mode, chiral capillary zone electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CZE-MS) in which neutral derivatized cyclodextrins (CDs) are used is possible using either column coupling with voltage switching or a partial-filling technique (PFT). However, some applications of direct coupling of CZE-MS mode are also reported. The second mode is a chiral electrokinetic chromatography-mass spectrometry (EKC-MS) in which a charged chiral selector such as a sulfated beta-CD or a vancomycin could be conveniently employed. This is because these chiral selectors have a significantly higher countercurrent electrophoretic mobility which prevents the entrance of these selectors into the mass spectrometer. The combination of counter-migration and PFT demonstrates that this synergism could be successfully applied to chiral analysis of a broader range of compounds. It is well-known that the on-line coupling of micellar electrokinetic chromatography to mass spectrometry (MEKC-MS) is problematic because the high surface activity and nonvolatile nature of conventional surfactant molecules lower the electrospray ionization efficiency. However, a recent report demonstrates that this hyphenation is now possible with the use of molecular micelles. Various MEKC-ESI-MS parameters that can be used to optimize both chiral resolution and ESI response are discussed. Finally, two recent examples that demonstrate the feasibility of using either open-tubular or packed chiral CEC with MS are reviewed. This survey will attempt to cover the state-of-the-art on various modes of CE-MS from 1998 up to 2002.
MOVPE growth of Ga(As)SbN on GaSb substrates

Abstract GaSb 1− y N y and GaAs 1− y − z Sb y N z alloys on GaSb substrates were grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) as potential materials for mid-infrared wavelength emission. Nitrogen incorporation was found to increase with the presence of As in GaAsSbN when compared with that of GaSbN. Low-temperature (LT) photoluminescence (PL) measurements indicated the co-addition of nitrogen and arsenic reduced the energy bandgap relative to that of GaSb. LT (16 K) PL emission near 2.25 μm was observed from GaAsSbN with an arsenic content of ∼10% and a nitrogen content of ∼0.08%.
Eliminating Inter-Domain Vulnerabilities in Cyber-Physical Systems: An Analysis Contracts Approach

Designing secure cyber-physical systems (CPS) is a particularly difficult task since security vulnerabilities stem not only from traditional cybersecurity concerns, but also physical ones. Many of the standard methods for CPS design make strong and unverified assumptions about the trustworthiness of physical devices, such as sensors. When these assumptions are violated, subtle inter-domain vulnerabilities are introduced into the system model. In this paper we use formal specification of analysis contracts to expose security assumptions and guarantees of analyses from reliability, control, and sensor security domains. We show that this specification allows us to determine where these assumptions are violated, opening the door to malicious attacks. We demonstrate how this approach can help discover and prevent vulnerabilities using a self-driving car example.
THE INHIBITION OF GIBBERELLIC ACID INDUCTION OF α‐AMYLASE ACTIVITY IN BARLEY ENDOSPERM BY CERTAIN HERBICIDES

Summary. The influence of the four herbicides 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil), isopropyl-N-(3-chlorophenyl)carbamate (chlorpropham), 2-chloro-N-isopropylacetani-lide (propachlor) and 2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide (alachlor) on GA induction of a-amylase in the barley endosperm test was studied. Amylase induction by GA was inhibited by all four herbicides, dichlobenil and chlorpropham being more active in this respect. In all cases, inhibition increased with the addition of increasing concentrations of herbicide. Addition of the herbicides to the reaction mixture showed that none of them directly affected the enzyme—starch reaction. Inhibition de V induction par l'acide gibbirellique de activite de α-amylase dans l’endosperne de I'orge, sous faction de certains herbicides Resume. Les auteurs ont etudie l'influence de 4 herbicides, le 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil), le. N-(3-chlorophenyle) carbamate d'isopropyle (chlorpropham), la 2-chloro-N-iso-propylacetanilide (propachlore) et la 2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxy-methyle) acetanilide (alachlore), sur l'induction par l'acide gibberellique de l'α-amylase dans l'endosperme de I'orge. L'induction de l'amylase par l'acide gibberellique fut inhibee par les quatre herbicides, le dichlobenil et le chlorpropham se montrant les plus actifs a cet egard. Dans tous les cas, l'inhibition s'accrut avec I'addition de concentrations croissantes d'herbicide. L'addition des herbicides au melange en reaction montra qu'aucun d'entre eux n'affectait directement la reaction enzymatique de l'amidon. Die Hemmung der gibberellininduzierten α-Amylaseaktimtdt in Gerstenendosperm durch gewisse Herbizide Zusammenfassung. Der Einfluss der vier Herbizide 2,6-Dichlorbenzonitril (Dichlobenil), Isopropyl-N-(3-chlorphenyl)-carbamat (Chlorpropham), 2-Chlor-N-isopropylace-tanilid (Propachlor) und2-Chlor-2′,6′-diathyl-N-(methoxymethyl)-acetanilid (Alachlor) auf die gibberellininduzierte α-Amylasebildung in Gerstenendosperm wurde untersucht. Die Induktion von α-Amylase durch Gibberellinsaure wurde von alien vier Herbiziden ge-hemmt. Am wirksamsten waren hierbei Dichlobenil und Ghlorpropham. In alien Fallen wurde die Hemmwirkung durch ansteigende Herbizidkonzentrationen verstarkt. Die Zugabe der Herbizide zu dem Reaktionsgemisch zeigte, dass keines von ihnen die Reaktion zwischen Enzym und Starke direkt beeinflusste.
Low-dislocation relaxed SiGe grown on an effective compliant substrate

An effective compliant substrate was successfully fabricated for growth of high quality relaxed SiGe templates. The compliant substrate was fabricated by synthesizing a 20% B2O3 concentration borosilicate glass in the silicon on insulator wafers through boron and oxygen implantation followed by high temperature annealing. Substrates with 5%, 10% and 20% B2O3 were used for 150 nm Si0.75Ge0.25 epitaxy. Double-axis x-ray diffraction measurements determined the relaxation and composition of the Si1−xGex layers. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the lattice of the SiGe epilayer and the Si substrate, dislocation density and distribution. Raman spectros-copy was combined with step etching to measure the samples. For 20% BSG sample, the strain in the thin Si layer was calculated from the Raman shift and it matched the results from DAXRD very well. The density of threading dislocation on the surface of 500 nm Si0.75Ge0.25 layers was 2×104 cm−2 for the sample on the 20% borosilicate glass substrate. This method is promising to prepare effective compliant substrate for low-dislocation relaxed SiGe growth.
Predictability of speech-in-noise performance from real ear measures of directional hearing AIDS.

Objective Inability to understand speech in noise has been cited repeatedly as the principal complaint of hearing aid users. While data exist documenting the benefit provided by hearing aids with directional microphones when listening to speech in noise, little work has been done to develop a standard clinical protocol for fitting these hearing aids. Our goal was to evaluate a clinical measure of the acoustic directivity of a directional hearing aid, including its association with a test of speech perception in noise. Design The performance of two commercially available directional behind-the-ear (BTE) hearing aids was evaluated using the Hearing in Noise Test (HINT) and the Real Ear Aided Response (REAR) on 24 adult participants with symmetric, mild to moderately severe, sensorineural hearing loss. The HINT was conducted with the speech signal presented from 0 degrees and the noise from 180 degrees and either 135 degrees or 225 degrees, depending on the ear tested. REAR was measured at the above three angles using swept pure tones, and these measures were used to compute in situ directivity for each subject and hearing aid. Conclusions Directional benefit for the HINT was greatest when noise was presented from the azimuth of the published polar diagram null of a given hearing aid in its directional mode (180 or 135/225 degrees). The only significant correlation between HINT and REAR results, however, was found when the noise source was at 180 degrees. These results confirm the validity of using real ear measures as a way to assess directionality in situ, but also indicate the complexity of predicting perceptual benefit from them. These data suggest that factors beyond acoustic directionality may contribute to improvement in speech perception in noise when such improvements are found.
SUT: Quantifying and mitigating URL typosquatting

One form of profiting from the web is URL typosquatting: people register phony sites that are common mispellings of popular sites. These phony sites advertise and sell products or, in the worst case, con users into identify theft. In this work, we quantify the extent of this phenomenon, and propose, SUT, a practical countermeasure based on network metrics. We start with an initial set of 900 popular websites, and create 3 million name variations in a systematic and exhaustive way. We find that URL typosquatting is a wide-spread phenomenon and identify common practices and preferred targets of typosquatters. Second, we find that phony websites exhibit significantly different network-layer behavior, such as number of http redirections, compared to regular sites. Based on this insight, we develop, SUT, an automated approach to detect phony websites. We find that the power of SUT lies in the use of the network-layer profile of the phony sites, and less in the perceived popularity of the site. We find that SUT can identify phony websites with near perfect accuracy and recall in our controlled tests. We conclude that our approach is a promising step towards protecting users from URL typosquatting.
Application of nano-crystalline porous tin oxide thin film for CO sensing

Abstract Nano-crystalline porous tin oxide thin film was successfully prepared by a sol-gel technique and evaluated for CO sensing. The surface morphology, electrical conductance and CO sensitivity of the tin oxide thin films calcined at various temperatures (500–800°C) were studied and compared. The particles were in the diameter range of 7–15 nm and the pore diameters were about 1.6–9 nm. The tin oxide film calcined at 700°C deposited onto interdigitated electrodes showed high CO sensitivity with relatively fast response (∼ 4 min) and recovery time (∼ 1 min), respectively. The results indicate the advantages of using nano-crystalline porous materials for thin film sensor development.
Descriptions and Records of Bees - LXIX

(1912). XIV.—Descriptions and records of bees.—XLI. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 9, No. 49, pp. 139-149.
Extrapolation of Solar Radiation Measurements: Mesoscale Analyses from Arizona and Tennessee Valley Authority Regions

Abstract Relationships for determining the maximum permissible distance for extrapolating daily totals of solar radiation from measurement sites are established for mesoscale monitoring networks in southern Arizona and the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) region. The method involves calculation of the standard deviation of the daily differences in solar radiation receipt for pairs of measurement stations in order to determine a coefficient of variability. This is then plotted as a function of distance between station pairs to establish an extrapolation distance relationship. Results indicate that the solar climate of southern Arizona has much greater spatial coherence than that for the TVA region, thus permitting extrapolation of data over longer distances. However. extrapolation distances for daily totals of solar radiation are very small in either study area. Applied to monthly totals for an error tolerance of ±10% at a 90% confidence level. permissible extrapolation distances of more than 400 km for so...
Phonological Correlates of Social Stratification

their evolution, and their role in community life, it is useful to reverse this attitude. If a feature of language is constant from place to place and speaker to speaker, the fact will then appear to us pale and uninteresting. But the moment we hear a difference between two speakers or two speeches, our interest is quickened. Does the difference recur? Is it generalized in any context or social group? Does it have social meaning? As we turn from the study of linguistic constants to linguistic variables, we acquire more realistic methods of comparing systems and measuring differences between structures. Moreover, as we develop quantitative methods, correlations between linguistic patterns and other cultural patterns begin to emerge. The important word here is quantitative. As naive and native speakers of a particular region and generation, we all receive a great deal of qualitative information from small differences in the speech of others. The linguist's task is to construct quantitative measures by which such information becomes a precise medium for comparison and further abstract manipulation. There is an element of paradox in this emphasis on quantitative procedures. One of the undisputed achievements of structural linguistics was the analysis of various continuous dimensions into qualitative units, conceived as absolutely different from one another, bounded by sudden transitions in terms of binary choices. This model was a successful representation of a synchronic structure with only one function: that of cognitive communication. Its limitations have become increasingly apparent as linguists begin to analyze the many functions of language in the context of the speech community (Hymes 1962.). Further questions are raised by the search for the origins and dynamics of linguistic change: in several empirical studies it has been possible to outline a detailed quantitative structure which lies below the level of the quantitative functional unit. In a previous study of the speech of the island of Martha's Vineyard (Labov 1963), a numerical index was constructed to measure a complex distribution of small differences in the diphthongs /ai/ and /au/. The linguistic pat
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase: "Ligand Independent Activation" mediated by the PTN/RPTPβ/ζ signaling pathway.

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase is essential in early development, differentiation, and maintenance of cell survival; nevertheless, the mechanism to activate ALK has remained elusive. ALK has remained an “Orphan Receptor.” The studies cited below describe a unique mechanism termed “Ligand Independent Activation.” It is shown that activation of ALK results when the cytokine pleiotrophin (PTN) interacts with its receptor, the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase β/ζ (RPTPβ/ζ). Pleiotrophin inactivates the catalytic activity of RPTPβ/ζ, which, when not inactivated, dephosphorylates phosphotyrosine sites in the activation domain of ALK; as a consequence of the inactivation of RPTPβ/ζ by PTN, autophosphorylation and autoactivation of ALK rapidly follow. The PTN/RPTPβ/ζ signaling pathway thus regulates the catalytic activity of ALK and tyrosine phosphorylation levels of ALK downstream target proteins. Furthermore, since ALK is only one of the key ALK phosphoproteins targeted by the PTN/RPTPβ/ζ signaling pathway, the PTN/RPTPβ/ζ signaling pathway has the potential to coordinately regulate tyrosine phosphorylation of other different key proteins in multiple cellular compartments. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Emerging recognition and activation mechanisms of receptor tyrosine kinases.
Prescott lecky's concept of resistance and his personality

Prescott Lecky was an academic psychologist who pioneered in a psychology and psychotherapy of the self during the 1920s when American academic psychology was almost completely behavioristic and experimental. Specifically, Lecky stressed the proce, s of resistance as an individual's device for maintaining the consistency and integrity of his self-concept. The present paper shows from biographical d Lta, especially an early recollection, that resistance was powerful factor in Lecky's own personality. His theory thus may be seen in part as an attempt to cope with a potential difficulty with which he was well familiar. But, one may infer, he failed in his own case: Resistance impeded Lecky from publishing, and even attaining his Ph. D., and thus rendered his life quite tragic. This is offered as a further example of Adler's and Ellenberger's contentions that a psychologist's theory is generally in accord with his personality or style of life.
Advanced simulation tools for muon-based accelerators

High Energy Physics relies on particle accelerators of the highest energy to discover and elucidate the fundamental forces of nature. Electron-positron colliders are limited in center-of-mass energy because of radiative processes. Proton colliders, because of the composite nature of the proton, must have even higher energy and will require enormous amounts of real estate. In contrast, a muon collider ring of up to 6 TeV centerof-mass energy has a radius of ≈1 km. New computational tools are essential for accurate modeling and simulation of the next generation of muon-based accelerator experiments at the energy and intensity frontiers. This article summarizes the current effort in development of new tools based on modern software frameworks and incorporating the most accurate theoretical calculations available. Crucial physics processes specific to muon accelerators are implemented in the set of modeling tools. These include such specialized processes as collective and plasma effects in matter, multiple scattering in high magnetic fields, and the influence of ionization-cooling absorbers on standard collective effects such as space charge and wake fields.
Transverse energy production at AGS energies: Single or multiple scattering?

Abstract Transverse energy production in nucleus-nucleus collisions is considered in a Glauber model involving the convolution of nucleon-nucleon scattering. A multiple scattering model with energy production degraded as a function of the number of nucleon interactions fails to reproduce consistently 14.5 GeV/A 16 O data on Au and Cu targets. On the other hand, a single scattering model, in which each nucleon can interact at most once, is able to reproduce successfully AGS proton, 16 O and 28 Si data on various targets.
Measurement of the two-loop lamb shift in lithiumlike U89+.

Using the SuperEBIT electron beam ion trap we have measured the 2s{sub 1/2}-2p{sub 1/2} transitions in U{sup 88+} and U{sup 89+}. The value of 280.645 {+-} 0.015 eV for Li-like U{sup 89+} improves the available precision by nearly an order of magnitude and establishes a new benchmark for testing QED, including higher-order contributions, within a fractional accuracy of better than 3 x 10{sup -4}. From our measurement, we infer a value for both the 2s and 1s two-loop Lamb shift, yielding excellent agreement with recent calculations of the 1.26 eV 1s two-loop Lamb shift in U{sup 91+}.
A dynamic scheduling approach for coordinated wide-area data transfers using GridFTP

Many scientific applications need to stage large volumes of files from one set of machines to another set of machines in a wide-area network. Efficient execution of such data transfers needs to take into account the heterogeneous nature of the environment and dynamic availability of shared resources. This paper proposes an algorithm that dynamically schedules a batch of data transfer requests with the goal of minimizing the overall transfer time. The proposed algorithm performs simultaneous transfer of chunks of files from multiple file replicas, if the replicas exist. Adaptive replica selection is employed to transfer different chunks of the same file by taking dynamically changing network band- widths into account. We utilize GridFTP as the underlying mechanism for data transfers. The algorithm makes use of information from past GridFTP transfers to estimate network bandwidths and resource availability. The efficiency of the algorithm is evaluated on a wide-area testbed.