cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Demonstrated performance of economical, man-portable AUVS in multi-vehicle coastal surveys

Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) have the demonstrated technical capability to support environmental characterization for commercial, research, and military applications. The track record of AUVs in this mission area over the past decade has resulted in a growing confidence in the reliability and performance of AUVs, and with this confidence comes a rapid increase in the expected breadth and complexity of applications. The historical approach to developing these new capabilities has been grounded in hardware and sensor integration. This approach addresses the immediate need to meet a specific requirement, but it does not address the long term solution for coordinating operations of increasingly complex AUVs in rapid response scenarios. The chasm between technical capability and effective performance will continue to widen until dedicated work addresses a concept of operations and the ability to delegate command and control to the lowest level through increased vehicle autonomy. Critical gains in operational effect can be realized in military applications through this approach and greatly expand the role of forward-deployed tactical teams performing Rapid Environmental Assessment without dedicated special team resources. Recognized Environmental Picture 10A (REP10A) offers an opportunity to evaluate a unique CONOPS for military survey operations in shallow coastal waters. Low-cost commercial AUVs are employed for coordinated operations in shore- and ship-launched scenarios to address on-scene, evolving search and survey operations without the logistical and support requirements of special teams normally associated with this tasking. Lightweight AUVs can be launched/recovered by a single operator in a one-to-many coordinated survey that streamlines time, maximizes the synoptic nature of the measurements, and reduces mission risk. On-scene products are generated from the AUVs upon completion of the mission, and data is provided to central access points to support environmental modeling. The Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Faculdade de Engenharia - Universidade do Porto, Marinha Portuguesa, and OceanServer Technology, Inc. are the primary participants bringing in-water resources to REP10A. Technical support and products are provided by the Naval Research Laboratory - Stennis Space Center, Naval Oceanographic Office, NATO Undersea Research Centre, University of Massachusetts - Dartmouth, and YSI, Inc. Primary goals of REP10A are evaluation of CONOPS, on-scene products, and reach-back support products. A focus on lightweight AUV-based multibeam swath bathymetry, side scan sonar performance, 3-D water characterization, AUV autonomy, validation of remotely sensed bathymetry, and initialization/steering of near-shore circulation and structure models is maintained during the test.
Lipid components of diatoms

Abstract 1. 1. The total lipids of five species of marine diatoms and one fresh-water diatom were studied chromatographically and the major components identified. All species contained glycerides, sulfoquinovosyl diglyceride, digalactosyl diglyceride, monogalactosyl diglyceride, phosphatidyl glycerol, lecithin, and phosphatidyl inositol as major lipid components. Small to trace amounts of several unidentified sulfur-con-taining lipids, an unidentified glycolipid (sphingolipid?), phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine, phosphatidic acid, and diphosphatidyl glycerol were also present. In general, the lipid composition of the diatoms resembled that of green algae. 2. 2. Data on 32P-, 14C-, and 35S-incorporation into the diatom lipids are also included in this study. 3. 3. The major fatty acid constituents in the total lipids of the diatoms examined were palmitoleic, palmitic, eicosapentaenoic, and eicosatetraenoic acids ; small amounts of hexadecadienoic, hexadecatrienoic, octadecenoic, octadecadienoic, and octadecatrienoic acids were also present. The latter acid (linolenic acid), which is the major acid in algae and higher plants, was only a minor constituent of the diatom lipids.
Interaction of group IA phospholipase A2 with metal ions and phospholipid vesicles probed with deuterium exchange mass spectrometry.

Deuterium exchange mass spectrometric evaluation of the cobra venom (Naja naja naja) group IA phospholipase A2 (GIA PLA2) was carried out in the presence of metal ions Ca2+ and Ba2+ and phospholipid vesicles. Novel conditions for digesting highly disulfide bonded proteins and a methodology for studying protein−lipid interactions using deuterium exchange have been developed. The enzyme exhibits unexpectedly slow rates of exchange in the two large α-helices of residues 43−53 and 89−101, which suggests that these α-helices are highly rigidified by the four disulfide bonds in this region. The binding of Ca2+ or Ba2+ ions decreased the deuterium exchange rates for five regions of the protein (residues 24−27, 29−40, 43−53, 103−110, and 111−114). The magnitude of the changes was the same for both ions with the exception of regions of residues 24−27 and 103−110 which showed greater changes for Ca2+. The crystal structure of the N. naja naja GIA PLA2 contains a single Ca2+ bound in the catalytic site, but the crys...
Grafting of buckminsterfullerene onto polythiophene: novel intramolecular donor-acceptor polymers

Abstract Conjugated polymer-fullerene composites have shown efficient photoinduced charge transfer. The attachment of a fullerene moiety to the conducting polymer backbone is expected to lead to materials with more intimate association of the donor/acceptor sites. Two approaches to the attachment of fullerenes onto polythiophene derivatives have been explored. In the first case, fullerene has been bonded to a bithiophene derivative which can be electropolymerized. In the second, solvent processable polythiophene copolymers were prepared and functionalized with fullerene. Both these systems exhibit electrochemical and optoelectrochemical properties for fullerene and the conducting polymer.
Negotiation: An Introduction to Some Issues and Themes

Social scientists have begun to understand when negotiation is likely to facilitate the settlement of disputes and when it is instead apt to render a bad situation even worse. Based on a growing bo...
Informed Choice in Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing for Alzheimer and Other Diseases: Lessons from Two Cases.

Health-related direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing has been a controversial practice. Especially problematic is predictive testing for Alzheimer disease (AD), since the disease is incurable, prevention is inconclusive, and testing does not definitively predict an individual's future disease status. In this paper, I examine two contrasting cases of subjects who learn through genetic testing that they have an elevated risk of developing AD later in life. In these cases, the subject's emotional response to the result is related to how well prepared she was for the real-life personal implications of possible test results. Analysis leads to the conclusion that when groups of health-related genetic tests are offered as packages by DTC companies, informed consumer choice is rendered impossible. Moreover, I argue, this marketing approach contravenes US Federal Trade Commission policies for non-deceptive commercial communications. I conclude by suggesting ways to improve the prospects for informed consumer ch...
Modeling complex medical decision problems with the Archimedes model.

In an ideal world, low-cost, powerful, and ethical clinical trials would decide which treatments work best. In the real world, clinical trials are often too time-consuming, too expensive, unethical...
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Regression and Atrial Fibrillation Incidence

view identified 6 that went beyond a trainee’s ability to consider research evidence to also assess the ability to integrate the evidence with a patient’s particular clinical context and preferences. The instrument of Holloway et al represents a seventh in this category, as students were asked to declare if research evidence would be more or less applicable to a patient given hypothetical changes in setting; treatment feasibility; provider skill; or patient pathophysiology, comorbid conditions, or preferences.
Mechanism of dynamitin-mediated disruption of dynactin.

Dynamitin is a commonly used inhibitor of cytoplasmic dynein-based motility in living cells. Dynamitin does not inhibit dynein directly but instead acts by causing disassembly of dynactin, a multiprotein complex required for dynein-based movement. In dynactin, dynamitin is closely associated with the subunits p150Glued and p24, which together form the shoulder and projecting arm structures of the dynactin molecule. In this study, we explore the way in which exogenous dynamitin effects dynactin disruption. We find that pure, recombinant dynamitin is an elongated protein with a strong propensity for self-assembly. Titration experiments reveal that free dynamitin binds dynactin before it causes release of subunits. When dynamitin is added to dynactin at an equimolar ratio of exogenous dynamitin subunits to endogenous dynamitin subunits (1×= 4 mol of exogenous dynamitin per mole of dynactin), exogenous dynamitin exchanges with endogenous dynamitin, and partial release of p150Glued is observed. When added in vast excess (≥25×; 100 mol of exogenous dynamitin per mole of dynactin), recombinant dynamitin causes complete release of both p150Glued subunits, two dynamitins and one p24, but not other dynactin subunits. Our data suggest that dynamitin mediates disruption of dynactin by binding to endogenous dynamitin subunits. This binding destabilizes the shoulder structure that links the p150Glued arm to the Arp1 filament and leads to subunit release.
Inattention symptoms and the diagnosis of comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among youth with generalized anxiety disorder.

Abstract Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) commonly co-occur in childhood. Inattention symptoms can be hallmarks of both conditions, however assessment tools of inattention may not effectively distinguish between the two conditions. The present study used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses to examine the high-end specificity of the Attention Problems Scale of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) for detecting comorbid ADHD among youth with GAD (N = 46). Results support the utility of the Attention Problems Scale for accurately distinguishing between the two groups (AUC = .84, SE = .06). Specifically, a cut score of 63 achieved the most favorable values across diagnostic utility indices; 74% of GAD youth with ADHD scored above this cutoff and 91% of GAD youth without ADHD scored below this cutoff. Findings provide support for the use of the CBCL Attention Problems Scale to supplement diagnostic interviews and identify inattention associated with ADHD among GAD youth.
Changes in heart rate variability in response to treatment with electroconvulsive therapy.

Background: Objective methods are needed to determine when to terminate a course of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Heart rate variability (HRV) has proven predictive value for patients with cardiac and neurologic disorders and correlates with depression severity and treatment effects. Variable changes in HRV after ECT have been reported. Methods: Holter monitoring was performed before and after ECT in 11 patients with depression. Measures of HRV were obtained from these recordings and the relationships between HRV and treatment outcome was analyzed. Response to ECT was measured by the 24-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Results: Standard deviation of interbeat intervals (SDNN, a measure of HRV) increased in subjects who improved with ECT (P < 0.02) but not in those who became confused and agitated. Among those patients who acutely responded to ECT, SDNN increased (P < 0.05) in subjects with a sustained response but not in subjects who relapsed within 3 weeks. SDNN was significantly lower in the rapid relapse group at baseline (P < 0.05) and after ECT (P < 0.05) compared with the group with a sustained response. Conclusions: Low baseline HRV is associated with rapid relapse of depression after ECT. Both high baseline HRV and increasing HRV predict a sustained outcome. Further research is necessary to support these findings and to clarify if the serial measurement of HRV during ECT may help to determine the optimal number of treatments for each patient.
Technical perspective Maintaining quality in the face of distributed development

In a study of Vista, a very large, widely distributed project, the authors take a close look at the impact of geography on software quality, and, to everyone's surprise-including the authors―they find little or none.
Hypokalemia in adrenalectomized dogs during acute decompression stress.

IT HAS been previously reported from this laboratory that decompression of intact, unanesthetized dogs to a simulated altitude of 30,000 feet for 30 to 90 minutes consistently results in a decrease in the plasma potassium concentration (1). The present study was undertaken primarily to determine whether or not a similar response occurs in adrenalectomized dogs upon exposure to this altitude for a corresponding period of time. The desirability of such an investigation was indicated by recent reports that in the cat (2) and also in the rat (3) the characteristic plasma potassium response to altitudes of 28,000 to 30,000 feet is abolished by adrenalectomy and is therefore apparently mediated by the adrenal glands.
Learning Creativity in the Client-Agency Relationship.

Purpose – This study aims to investigate creativity‐related determinants of learning in the context of business‐to‐business services and client‐agency relationships.Design/methodology/approach – The research model includes client encouragement, agency creativity, campaign creativity, and perceived performance. The study involved conducting a questionnaire survey in 150 publicly‐traded companies in South Korea.Findings – The results show that client learning from agency services is the result of the creative process of the agency and the creativity of the service outcome itself. Client learning from marketing services also varied depending on different performance ratings.Originality/value – The study elucidates client learning as the central process of value co‐creation in the brand value chain. It produces several unique findings and managerial takeaways for building up better co‐creation environments in the context of business‐to‐business services.
Human kappa light chain subgroup analysis with synthetic peptide-induced antisera

All human kappa light chains belong to one of four subgroups, classified according to their amino acid sequences or by reactivity with adsorbed heteroantisera. The structural basis for the subgroup distinction by antisera is unknown. Therefore, to create anti-kappa subgroup antibodies with predefined specificity, we immunized rabbits with synthetic peptides which correspond to sequences within the first framework region of prototype kappa I, II, III, and IV light chains. The peptide-induced antisera recognized primary sequence-dependent kappa subgroup determinants. They correctly predicted the amino acid sequence in the first framework region of two kappa light chains. By Western immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunoassay the antisera also identified previously typed, monoclonal light chains of different subgroups with complete specificity. These reagents, define a site of kappa subgroup distinction and represent a potent tool for the characterization of light chain heterogeneity.
Immunodeficiency and Elevated CD4 T Lymphocyte Counts in Two Patients Coinfected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Human Lymphotropic Virus Type I

We describe two patients who were coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) type I. They had clinical evidence of immunodeficiency (anergy, oral candidiasis, and disseminated herpes zoster) despite having elevated CD4 T lymphocyte counts (range, 2,450-5,292/mm 3 ). We conclude that CD4 lymphocyte counts may not be reliable markers of immunologic competence in patients coinfected with HIV and HTLV-I.
Dissociation of thermal hypoalgesia and epidermal denervation in streptozotocin-diabetic mice

The quantification of epidermal innervation, which consists primarily of heat-sensitive C-fibers, is emerging as a tool for diagnosing and staging diabetic neuropathy. However, the relationship between changes in heat sensitivity and changes in epidermal innervation has not yet been adequately explored. Therefore, we assessed epidermal nerve fiber density and thermal withdrawal latency in the hind paw of Swiss Webster mice after 2 and 4 weeks of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Thermal hypoalgesia developed after only 2 weeks of diabetes, but a measurable reduction in PGP9.5-immunoreactive epidermal nerve fiber density did not appear until 4 weeks. These data suggest that impaired epidermal nociceptor function contributes to early diabetes-induced thermal hypoalgesia prior to the loss of peripheral terminals.
A triad of costimulatory molecules synergize to amplify T-cell activation in both vector-based and vector-infected dendritic cell vaccines.

The activation of a T cell has been shown to require two signals via molecules present on professional antigen presenting cells: signal 1, via a peptide//MHC complex, and signal 2, via a costimulatory molecule. Here, the role of three costimulatory molecules in the activation of T cells was examined. Poxvirus ((vaccinia and avipox)) vectors were employed because of their ability to efficiently express multiple genes. Murine cells provided with signal 1 and infected with either recombinant vaccinia or avipox vectors containing a TRIad of COstimulatory Molecules ((B7‐‐1//ICAM‐‐1//LFA‐‐3, designated TRICOM)) induced the activation of T cells to a far greater extent than cells infected with vectors expressing any one or two costimulatory molecules. Despite this T‐‐cell “hyperstimulation” using TRICOM vectors, no evidence of apoptosis above that seen using the B7‐‐1 vector was observed. Results employing the TRICOM vectors were most dramatic under conditions of either low levels of first signal or low stimulat...
Nanomedicine: Sniffing out lung cancer

A sensor consisting of an array of gold nanoparticles can distinguish the breath of lung cancer patients from the breath of healthy individuals without the need to pre-treat or dehumidify the samples.
Bis-pyridoxal polyphosphates: A new class of specific intramolecular crosslinking agents for hemoglobin

A series of compounds related to bis-pyridoxal phosphate has been synthesized and used to crosslink deoxyhemoglobin. The yield of cross-linked hemoglobin increased dramatically from about 15% for the di- or triphosphate to about 70% for the tetraphosphate. The site of attachment of the intramolecular crossbridge was found to be from the N-terminal amino group of one β chain to lysine 82 of the other. Since the distance between these residues is only 11A, the bis-pyridoxal tetraphosphates probably have a “stacked” conformation. The crosslinked hemoglobins bind oxygen cooperatively but with a greatly decreased affinity. The increased ability to unload oxygen together with the stabilization of the tetramer qualifies them as promising cell-free blood substitutes.
The proportion and structure of cells forming antibody, γG and γM immunoglobulins, and γG and γM antibodies☆☆☆

Abstract A double-label method was developed that utilized horseradish peroxidase (POX) as antigen and its reaction in substrate to detect antibody in cells and simultaneously used 125I-labeled monospecific antisera to detect Ig class. Three categories of cells may be detected, antibody forming elements, immunoglobulin producing cells, and cells synthesizing antibody of a known immunoglobulin class. In the light microscope the percentage of γG antibody producing cells was five times greater than the percentage of γM antibody producing cells. In the electron microscope about 1 6 of the γG antibody forming cells were lymphocytes and 5 6 were plasma cells. By contrast, of the γM antibody forming cells, 9 10 were lymphocytes and 1 10 plasma cells. By calculation roughly 70% of all antibody forming cells were synthesizing γG antibody and 12% were synthesizing γM antibody. Approximately 35% of all γG producing cells were making γG antibody, and 23% of all γM producing cells were making γM antibody. The double label method was found to be sensitive and specific, but inherent difficulties of the enzymatic reaction and its activation by antibody impaired its accuracy.
Heat transfer in double-sided cooking of meat patties considering two-dimensional geometry and radial shrinkage

A mathematical model considering a two-dimensional (2-D) cylindrical geometry, radial shrinkage, and thermal properties changing with temperature, was developed to predict temperature profiles in meat patties during double-sided cooking. The hamburger patty was assumed to be initially frozen; therefore, the approach of enthalpy formulation was used. A moving interface separating two regions when the water vaporization temperature is reached and a third type boundary condition at the patty surface considering a contact heat transfer coefficient were assumed in the radial direction. Furthermore, a third type boundary condition considering a combined heat transfer coefficient for radiation and convection and the symmetry condition in the center were assumed in the radial direction. The model was solved according to a method based on an explicit finite difference approximation and was compared with the results obtained by a one-dimensional (1-D) model. The results showed no significant difference when a cylindrical geometry or radial shrinkage was considered to predict the temperature at the geometric center of a patty under normal conditions of hamburger cooking. However, the 2-D model provides a description of temperature in regions close to the circumferential edge of the patty, which is not possible with the 1-D model.
Incomplete technology and the organizational dynamics of a state mental hospital

Inadequate clinical knowledge has a profound effect on the organization and administration of a state mental hospital. The official goal of active treatment is displaced by the operative goal of custody and there is a reliance upon hierarchy rather than expertise as the source of authority.
Assessment of male infertility: correlation between results of semen analysis and phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

To evaluate the usefulness of phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) in assessing male infertility, we compared it with conventional semen analysis. Specimens were obtained from otherwise healthy patient groups as follows: group A, 7 fertile control subjects; group B, 12 azoospermic men after vasectomy; and group C, 11 patients presenting for infertility evaluation. Correlations between established semen analysis parameters and the 31P-MRS-derived ratio of glycerylphosphorylcholine to total phosphate (GPCITP) were investigated. Group A controls had a mean GPCITC ratio of 0.10 ± 0.05, which was the same as that of group C. With the exception of significantly lowered motility and normal morphology in group C (p < 0.001 and 0.05, respectively) semen analysis parameters in these two groups were similar. In contrast, the GPC/TP ratio in group B (0.05 3NA 0.04) was significantly different from the control (p < 0.05), which appropriately reflected complete vasal occlusion. The results suggest that a significant portion of seminal GPC is derived from epididymal secretion and that 31P-MRS is useful for monitoring the GPC/TP levels when assessing epididymal function and male infertility.
Formation of chelated counteranions using lewis acidic diboranes: Relevance to isobutene polymerization

The reactions of chelating diboranes with PhCMe2Cl and related initiators were studied by variable-temperature NMR spectroscopy. Although thermally stable ion-pairs featuring weakly coodinating anions (WCA) are formed, isobutene polymerization is complicated by the tendency of these WCA to act as hindered bases toward Br??nsted acidic chain ends.
Formation, release, and identification of peptidyl-[3H]puromycins from wheat leaf ribosomes in vitro

Ribosomes prepared from wheat or spinach leaves, when incubated with [3H]puromycin, cannot be separated from all the resulting peptidyl-[3H]puromycins by centrifugation. The adherence of these labeled peptidyl-puromycins to ribosomes may lead to ambiguous results when antibodies are added to identify the peptidyl-puromycins. The ambiguties can be avoided in two ways: (1) by examining the small proportion of peptidyl-[3H]puromycins actually released into a postribosomal supernatant fraction; and (2) by promoting the release of all peptidyl-[3H]puromyeins by including neutral detergents in the [3H]puromycin incubation mixture before adding ribosomes. Addition of antibody specific for ribulose diphosphate carboxylase (RuDPCase; EC1.1.1.3.9) to peptidyl-[3H]puromycins released from 70S and 80S ribosomes by either of these methods gives reproducible minimum estimates of the proportion of ribosomes engaged in the synthesis of this enzyme. Physical properties of the peptidyl-[3H]puromycins are also discussed.
A thermodynamic model for predicting n-paraffin crystallization in diesel fuels

Abstract Diesel fuels contain n-paraffins in the range from C 10 to C 25 . At low temperatures, some of the heavier n-paraffins crystallize as wax crystals and plug fuel filters. A thermodynamic model has been developed to predict the cloud point and the amount and composition of wax formed at low temperatures in diesel fuels. In this model, the amounts of all n-paraffins in a diesel fuel are converted into equivalent amounts of a reference n-paraffin, and the fuel is then treated as a solution in which the only solute is the reference n-paraffin. Cloud point, wax content and composition of several diesel fuels were measured and compared with values predicted by the model. The agreement between the measured and predicted values was good.
Effects of RF amplifier distortion on selective excitation and their correction by prewarping.

In a magnetic resonance imaging system, an RF power amplifier is employed to boost an RF pulse to sufficient strength to excite the nuclear spins in a subject. The nonideal behavior of this amplifier distorts a selective-excitation pulse, and this distortion in turn degrades the slice profile. We have found two types of nonideal behavior particularly troublesome: nonlinearity and incidental phase modulation. One of their effects is the introduction of an unwanted “skirt” in the out-of-slice region of a slice profile. We present an effective method of correction in which a selective-excitation pulse is prewarped to compensate for the distortion. © 1992 Academic Press, Inc.
Statistical examination of hair color as a potential biasing factor in hair analysis.

Abstract We review eight different data sets in this paper for the purposes of assessing the possibility that reported color of hair can produce a systematic bias in the interpretation of hair assays. We review studies or data sets that include heroin and its metabolites, cocaine and its metabolites, MDMA and its analogs, and amphetamine and methamphetamine. The studies have utilized a variety of different degrees of color categorization, ranging from the simple dichotomy of brown and black, to a high of 12 categories. The mean number of categories reported approaches 6 (mean=5.875). There are a total of 2791 data points in this analysis. We utilize two major statistical techniques for assessing significance; one-way analysis of variance, and Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference procedure. In circumstances were only dichotomous contrasts are possible, one-way analysis of variance is used. In contrasts involving three or more categorical groups, Tukey’s procedure is used. In circumstances where the homogeneity of group variances is not sustained by the Levene statistic, we use the Tamahane procedure, allowing an assessment that assumes unequal variances. The analysis of this data fails to discern a significant color effect. We speculate that it may be that variance is large in many domains affecting analyte recovery from hair. In large groups these variations tend to regress towards a typical or mean value. Thus the data here show that while there are group or aggregate differences in these ‘typical’ values, they are not great when considered in relation to the within-group variations which exist for those values. It is our view that color may play a role in the accumulation of drugs in hair, however it is likely to account for only a very small part of the complex process of drug accumulation.
Must there be a top level

I first explore the notion of the world's being such that everything in it is a proper part. I then explore the notion of the world's being such that everything in it both is and has a proper part. Given two well recognized assumptions, I argue that both notions represent genuine metaphysical possibilities. Finally I consider, but dismiss, some possible objections.
Regional monitoring of infrasound events using multiple arrays: application to Utah and Washington State

SUMMARY In this paper, we present an integrated set of algorithms for the automatic detection, association, and location of low-frequency acoustic events using regional networks of infrasound arrays. Here, low-frequency acoustic events are characterized by transient signals, which may arise from a range of natural and anthropogenic sources, examples of which include (but are not limited to) earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, explosions, rockets and bolides. First, we outline a new technique for detecting infrasound signals that works successfully in the presence of correlated noise. We use an F-statistic, sequentially adapted to ambient noise conditions, in order to obtain detections at a given statistical significance while accounting for real background noise. At each array, individual arrivals are then grouped together based on measured delay-times and backazimuths. Each signal is identified as either a first or later arrival. First arrivals at spatially separated arrays are then associated using a grid-search method to form events. Preliminary event locations are calculated from the geographic means and spreads of grid nodes associated with each event. We apply the technique to regional infrasound networks in Utah and Washington State. In Utah, over a period of approximately 1 month, we obtain a total of 276 events recorded at three arrays in a geographic region of 6 × 4 ◦ . For four groundtruth explosions in Utah, the automatic algorithm detects, associates, and locates the events within an average offset of 5.4 km to the actual explosion locations. In Washington State, the algorithm locates numerous events that are associated with a large coalmine in Centralia, Washington. An example mining-explosion from Centralia is located within 8.2 km of the mine. The methodology and results presented here provide an initial framework for assessing the capability of infrasound networks for regional infrasound monitoring, in particular by quantifying detection thresholds and localization errors.
How has India's Rapidly Growing ICT Sector Impacted its Rural Poor?

In this analysis I examine India’s most thriving sector, information and communication technology (ICT). Over the past two decades, India's ICT sector has grown at a rapid rate compared to world standards and has become their specialized area of economic interest. Employment in this sector generally requires highly skilled, educated, English-speaking workers. The majority of India’s population live in rural areas, with little to no access to education; thus, they have major boundaries to participating in India’s booming growth. I inquire into the relationship and correlation between the Indian ICT sector and the socioeconomic livelihood of rural citizens, as measured by poverty level. Through generalization of current literature and linear regression analysis of primary data sources from the Indian government, I conclude that ICT has the potential to greatly benefit the rural impoverished, but it unfortunately remains untapped. As a result, increasing ICT specialization continues to leave the rural behind.
On the viscous modes of instability of a trailing line vortex

A viscous linear stability analysis of a trailing line (Batchelor) vortex is presented. Employing a staggered Chebyshev spectral collocation technique, very accurate results were obtained. The destabilizing role of viscous forces has been shown to produce two types of viscous instability modes. These viscous disturbances consist of an axisymmetric mode and an asymmetric mode. Both disturbances are long-wave instabilities with maximum growth rates which are orders of magnitude smaller than the inviscid modes which have been found by others. Comparison with experimental results and condensation trail observations are found to be in good qualitative agreement with the present study.
The potential impact of decision role and patient age on end-of-life treatment decision making.

Background: Recent research demonstrates that people sometimes make different medical decisions for others than they would make for themselves. This finding is particularly relevant to end-of-life decisions, which are often made by surrogates and require a trade-off between prolonging life and maintaining quality of life. We examine the impact of decision role, patient age, decision maker age and multiple individual differences on these treatment decisions. Methods: Participants read a scenario about a terminally ill cancer patient faced with a choice between an aggressive chemotherapy regimen that will extend life by two years and palliative treatments to control discomfort for one remaining month. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three decision roles (patient, physician, or an abstract other) and the scenario randomly varied whether the patient was described as 25 or 65-years old. Results: When deciding for a 65-year old patient, approximately 60% of participants selected aggressive chemotherapy regardless of decision role. When deciding for a 25-year old patient, however, participants were more likely to select chemotherapy for a patient (physician role) or another person (abstract other) than for themselves (70%, 67%, and 59%, respectively). In addition, confidence that powerful others (eg, physicians) control one’s health, as well as respondents’ age and race, consistently predicted treatment choices. Conclusions: Patient age appears to influence medical decisions made for others but not those that we make for ourselves. These findings may help to explain the discord that often occurs when younger cancer patients refuse life-extending treatments.
Performance comparison of 112 Gb/s PM-QPSK transmission with NZ-DSF dispersion compensation configurations for lower bit rates

We investigate transmission performance for 112 Gb/s PM-QPSK DWDM systems over NZ-DSF with configurations enabled by NZ-DSF dispersion characteristics. We find flexibility in dispersion compensation for this fiber and modulation format.
The NLQ approach to database retrieval

The author describes the NLQ approach to information retrieval from databases in the context of natural-language interfaces (NLIs) in particular and interfaces to database-management systems (DBMSs) in general. NLQ, a personal computer-based natural-language query system to relational databases, embodies three characteristics for database interfaces of the future: (1) the ability to interface to different DBMSs on various hots, (2) the ability to manipulate data retrieved from the DBMS in other software packages (e.g. spreadsheets), and (3) the facility for the end-user to customize his own interface. >
Metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and kidney function in non-diabetic individuals

Background. Metabolic syndrome has been recently identified as a risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). Since the five individual components of the metabolic syndrome have also been identified as risk factors for CKD, the metabolic syndrome diagnosis may represent an aggregate of CKD risk factors. On the other hand, the components of the metabolic syndrome are also associated with insulin resistance, which may directly mediate the increased CKD risk. Methods. This study was a cross-sectional evaluation of the relationship between metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in 574 non-diabetic individuals. Insulin resistance was directly quantified using the insulin suppression test, and the metabolic syndrome components were measured. eGFR was calculated using the three validated estimation equations: the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation, the Mayo quadratic equation and the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study equation. Results. While CKD prevalence was higher and mean eGFR was lower in individuals who met the metabolic syndrome criteria compared with those who did not, we did not observe a significant relationship between insulin resistance and eGFR. Of all of the components of the metabolic syndrome, only hypertension was significantly associated with CKD prevalence [odds ratio (95% confidence interval), 3.5 (1.2–10.1), P ¼ 0.02]. Conclusion. Although CKD is more common among individuals with the metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance is not a common factor.
The influence of autoxidation on the chemical assay of cholesterol

Cholesterol purifiedvia the dibromide has been compared with two commercial preparations for use as standard materials for assay of cholesterol in biological materials. It is concluded that determination of the specific extinction coefficient, following application of the Liebermann-Burchard reaction under specified conditions, is sufficient to ascertain adequacy of a sample of cholesterol for use as a standard.
Electro/thermal measurements of RF MEMS capacitive switches

An aspect-ratio-limited fabrication procedure for the secondary handling of miniaturized micromachined and fiber-fed gallium arsenide electrothermal probes is presented, and a completed probe is used to measure the electric field and temperature above an RF MEMS capacitive switch. The probe dimensions are 125 /spl mu/m /spl times/ 125 /spl mu/m /spl times/ 100 /spl mu/m. Measurements of switches with dimensions of 250 /spl mu/m /spl times/ 640 /spl mu/m are performed for RF powers between 252 mW and 6.7 W in the UP and DOWN states. Non-contact temperature measurements 25 /spl mu/m above the switch in the UP state show a thermal rise time of 0.63 /spl plusmn/ 0.05 seconds for an RF input power of 6.7 W. The accompanying temperature rise is 16.8 /spl plusmn/ 0.7/spl deg/C. In the DOWN state, the increase in temperature is 3.0 /spl plusmn/ 0.8/spl deg/C. Spatial line scans of temperature show the localization of heat energy in the UP state and its delocalization in the DOWN state due to conductive heat transfer into the substrate. Electric field measurements yield traveling waves in the UP state and standing waves in the down state. Standing waves in the DOWN state are consistent with preferential substrate heating on the input side to the switch.
Phosphorylation of elongation factor G and ribosomal protein S6 in bacteriophage T7-infected Escherichia coli

Summary Bacteriophage T7 expresses a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase activity during Infection of Its host, Escherichia coli. The protein kinase (gpO.7 PK), encoded by the T7 early gene 0.7, enhances phage reproduction under sub-optimal growth conditions. It was previously shown that ribosomal protein S1 and translation initiation factors IF1, IF2, and IF3 are phosphoryiated in T7-infected cells, and it was suggested that phosphorylation of these proteins may serve to stimulate translation of the phage late mRNAs. Using high-resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and specific immunoprecipitation, we show that elongation factor G and ribosomal protein S6 are phosphorylated following T7 infection. The gel electro-phoretic data moreover indicate that elongation factor P is phosphorylated in T7-infected cells. T7 early and late mRNAs are processed by ribonuclease III, whose activity is stimulated through phosphorylation by gp0.7 PK. Specific overexpression and phosphorylation was used to locate the RNase III polypeptide in the standard two-dimensional gel pattern, and to confirm that serine is the phosphate-accepting amino acid. The two-dimensional gels show that the in vivo expression of gp0.7 PK results in the phosphorylation of over 90 proteins, which Is a significantly higher number than previous estimates. The protein kinase activities of the T7-related phages T3 and BA14 produce essentially the same pattern of phosphorylated proteins as that of T7. Finally, several experimental variables are analysed which influence the production and pattern of phosphorylated proteins in both uninfected and T7-rnfected cells.
Regulation of mineral homeostasis in osteopetrotic (op) rats

The osteopetrotic (op) rat is a lethal mutation characterized by severe skeletal sclerosis resulting from reduced bone resorption. Although the skeletal manifestations have been studied extensively, little is known about mineral homeostasis in this mutation. This paucity of data prompted us to undertake this study quantitating circulating levels of calcium, phosphorus, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] and parathyroid hormone (PTH) in op mutants and normal rats between 2 and 8 wk of age. Calcium and phosphorus levels were significantly lower in op mutants at younger ages; both parameters normalized by 6 wk. Serum levels of 1,25(OH)2D were markedly elevated in op rats at all ages and showed no signs of normalization. Serum PTH levels were also elevated at most ages, with the greatest increase occurring when op mutants were severely hypocalcemic. These results demonstrate that, in op mutants, changes in circulating PTH and calcium levels were interdependent; however, levels of 1,25(OH)2D did not change despite normalization of serum calcium and phosphorus. The latter deserves further investigation and supports the hypothesis of a localized (skeletal) resistance to 1,25(OH)2D.
Adaptive control of flexible joint robots with stability in the sense of Lyapunov

A direct adaptive control scheme for flexible joint robots is described which does not use link jerk or acceleration. The suggested scheme is derived from a candidate Lyapunov function which guarantees zero tracking error asymptotically, and bounded parameter error. The control scheme does not require the numerical differentiation of the velocity signal or the inversion of the inertial matrices. Simulations are presented which verify the validity of the control scheme and its superiority over existing rigid robot adaptive control approaches. >
Effectiveness of informational and normative influences in group decision making depends on the group interactive goal

Male or female subjects believed they were exchanging notes with four other members of a decision-making group of the same gender. Notes were contrived to exert either normative or informational influences. Instructions stressed either task goals, in which attaining the optimum, most correct decision was important, or group goals, which stressed group relations, mutual consideration and harmony. As predicted, group goals facilitated greater normative influence, and task goals facilitated greater informational influence. A form of influence is most effective when it is congruent with the interactive goal of the group, supporting Kaplan's (1987, 1989) model of conditions determining influence processes in groups. Contrary to predictions, gender did not interact with the interactive goal/influence type conjunction. The effect of the interactive goal on the impact of normative or informational influence was particularly striking, and furnishes a strong test of the hypothesis, given the minimal nature of group interchange in this study.
Thar She Blows: Can Bubbles Be Rekindled with Experienced Subjects?

We report 28 new experiment sessions consisting of up to three experience levels to examine the robustness of learning and "error" elimination among participants in a laboratory asset market and its effect on price bubbles. Our answer to the title question is: "yes." We impose a large increase in liquidity and dividend uncertainty to shock the environment of experienced subjects who have converged to equilibrium, and this treatment rekindles a bubble. However, in replications of that same challenging environment across three experience levels, we discover that the environment yields a rare residual tendency to bubble even in the third experience session. Therefore, a caveat must be placed on the effect of twice-experienced subjects in asset markets: in order for price bubbles to be extinguished, the environment in which the participants engage in exchange must be stationary and bounded by a range of parameters. Experience, including possible "error" elimination, is not robust to major new environment changes in determining the characteristics of a price bubble. (JEL C91, D83)
Re‐Envisioning the European Union: Identity, Democracy, Economy*

Over the past three decades, the EU has brought about massive economic transformation, extensive territorial expansion and major democratic renewal. Most recently, however, the European economy has been in crisis, enlargement in limbo and democracy under pressure. And disagreements have continued about the most basic of questions: what is the European Union? How far should it expand? What should it do in the world? EU identity, in other words, has remained an issue as the European economy has headed into recession and as democracy has stalled at the EU level due to delays with the ratification of the Lisbon Treaty and has become increasingly volatile at the national level due at least in part to the EU itself. Can the EU cope with these issues? And if so, how? This article suggests that the EU may be able to cope. But this requires (1) re-envisioning EU identity, as a ‘region-state’ with nation-state members in overlapping policy communities; (2) re-envisioning EU democracy, with new EU rules of the game on decision-making (by giving up on the unanimity rule through opt-outs in place of vetoes), on membership (by abandoning the uniformity ideal) and on participation (through more politics and pluralism); and (3)
Characterization of naturally elaborated blebs from serum-susceptible and serum-resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Summary Outer-membrane blebs from two serum-susceptible and two serum-resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were characterized. In general, bleb surfaces resembled cell surfaces, but there were qualitative and quantitative protein differences in blebs released by serum-susceptible and serum-resistant strains. Relative to blebs from serum-resistant strains, blebs from serum-susceptible strains expressed reduced amounts of major outer-membrane proteins I and III, and little if any 68 000 Dalton outer-membrane protein.
Using sensor fusion and contextual information to perform event detection during a phase-based manipulation task

We present an approach to event detection during a dexterous manipulation task. The approach utilizes a combination of tactile sensors as well as contextual information. The manipulation task is decomposed into distinct phases, each of which is associated with a limited number of feasible events such as making or breaking contact, slipping, etc. A set of context-based and sensor-based features is associated with each possible event for each type of manipulation phase. The goal is to detect events as reliably and as rapidly as possible. At any time during a task, each possible event is assigned a confidence value between 0 and 1. This indicates how confident the detection scheme is that a given event could be occurring at that instant. A high-level controller can then make use of this information to determine when to switch to a different manipulation phase.