cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solution and Result Evaluation for a Type of Range Problem

An effective method was explored to solve a type of range problem. In this paper,we classified the attributions as positive attributions and negative attributions,and established the mathematical model to standardize attributions,then the non-otherness preference ratios will be available. To gather these preference ratios,we will have the range of objects. At last ,Cubic Spline Interpolation with natural boundary condition was utilized to evaluate the result.
The importance of control populations for the identification and management of genetic diversity.

A fundamental criterion for recognizing species or populations as potentially endangered is the presence/absence of genetic diversity. However, the lack of control populations in many studies of natural systems deprives one from unambiguous criteria for evaluating the genetic effects of small population size and its potential effects on fitness. In this study, I present an example of how the lack of adequate controls may lead to erroneous conclusions for understanding the role that population size may play in the preservation of genetic diversity and fitness of natural populations. The genetic analysis of a population of greater prairie chickens from Illinois, USA, between two time periods (1974–1987 and 1988–1993) in which the studied population experienced a substantial reduction in size and fitness showed no apparent associations between population size and genetic diversity. However, genetic analysis of museum specimens from early this century indicated that Illinois prairie chickens had originally higher levels of genetic diversity, which suggest the Illinois population was already bottlenecked by the 1970s. This study emphasizes the importance of using historical controls to evaluate the temporal dynamics of genetic variability in natural populations. The large number of museum collections worldwide may provide a valuable source of genetic information from past populations, particularly in species currently endangered as a result of human activities.
Deriving Reduplicants in Prosodic-Morphology Typologies

Prosodic factors affect morpheme form. Reduplicative morphemes often take the shape of the prosodic units syllable, foot, or prosodic word, regardless of the size of the base to which they attach. Some reduplicants also vary depending on the shape of the base. McCarthy & Prince's (1986, 1993, 1995) work in Prosodic Morphology argues that such effects follow from the interaction of prosodic and morphological constraints without direct reference to reduplicant size. In this study, I determine the assumptions that are required to produce uniform reduplicative paradigms with the three basic types, syllable, foot and total, from the interaction of constraints in a prosodic system. 'Uniform' refers to a reduplicant that is the same size across reduplicative bases of different lengths. I systematically analyze the ranking structure of three complete factorial typologies of reduplication built on a basic stress system with well-studied properties (nGX, Alber & Prince, in prep.). Each subsequent system adds a single constraint to CON. A uniform one-syllable reduplicant is obtainable from pure prosody along with the requirement in GEN that morphemes be overtly realized. Total reduplication requires a single constraint referring to the reduplicant and requiring that it be total (BR.Max). Uniform bisyllabic foot reduplication only arises when the system includes a constraint relating prosodic and morphological constituents through alignment of their edges. These reduplication patterns emerge in the typologies along with a variety of non-uniform, base-dependent patterns.
Development of c-plane thin-film flip-chip LEDs fabricated by photoelectrochemical (PEC) liftoff

We report a novel thin-film flip-chip (TF-FC) c-plane GaN LED design grown on bulk GaN. By way of a photoelectrochemical (PEC) undercut etch, LEDs are transferred from a bulk GaN substrate to a sapphire submount. As a first demonstration, the resulting LEDs have threshold voltages below 3V and a peak external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 8.4% at a wavelength of 471 nm. These results are of LEDs without any growth and light extraction optimizations. Based on ray tracing modeling, light extraction of these LEDs is 25.1%. By roughening the N-face and incorporating a reflective silver mirror, the light extraction will improve to 75.5% based on modeling results. This threefold increase is expected to be reflected in an improvement in the EQE as well.
Second Stokes generation in hydrogen and deuterium

There has been an increase of interest recently in understanding how multiple Stokes orders are generated. This interest is mainly practical and stems from the desire either to limit competing Stokes processes or enhance those processes. Even the generation of second Stokes is not well understood for many real laser systems as is evidenced by the report of anomalous second Stokes thresholds.1 Focusing geometries compound the problem of understanding multiple Stokes generation.
Commentary: Are Children Like Werewolves? Full Moon and Its Association with Sleep and Activity Behaviors in an International Sample of Children

The article, “Are Children Like Werewolves? Full Moon and Its Association with Sleep and Activity Behaviors in an International Sample of Children” by Chaput et al. (1) was quite fascinating and thought-provoking. However, there is a potential flaw in their research – and perhaps in all the medical literature on this subject.
Composing Networks Writing Practices on Mobile Devices

This article is an investigation of composing practices through which people create networks with mobile phones. By looking through the lens of actor-network theory, the author portrays the networking activity of mobile phone users as translation, what Latour describes as an infralanguage to which different disciplinary perspectives can be appended. Given how much mobile phone use is information-based, the author describes how five people composed on mobile phones to create coordinated networks of professional and domestic activity. To arrive at this discussion, the author first considers the objectives of mobile networking, which include creating a sense of place and coordination within that space. The author then describes the findings of a case study of mobile phone users who build translational networks. The discussion focuses on the participants’ composing practices.
Abstract 030: Dpp4 Inhibition Substantially Reverses Ang II-mediated Inflammation And Kidney Injury Independent Of BP Reduction.

Objectives: DPP4 is thought to play an important role in co-stimulation of T-lymphocytes and activation of DPP4 is thought to play a role in hypertension both via degradation of glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and via direct mechanisms. However, the triggers for DPP4 activation in hypertension are largely unknown except for one study showing insulin-mediated release of DPP4 from adipocytes. Recently, our lab demonstrated increased DPP4 activity in the plasma and kidney tissue of a Western diet-fed C57Bl/6 mouse that had elevated BP, proteinuria and inflammation with M2 to M1 macrophage polarization. In the same model, we observed activation of kidney renin-angiotensin system (unpublished data). Additionally, we observed that Ang II (angiotensin II) is able to increase DPP4 activity in proximal tubule cells in vitro (PTCs, (unpublished data). Therefore, we hypothesized that Ang II activation of DPP4 in mice will lead to inflammation in the kidney and albuminuria. Methods: Pressor dose Ang II (1000ng/kg/min) was infused into C57Bl/6 mice for 3 wks and BP was measured in conscious mice by radiotelemetry. Kidney tissue was analyzed via DPP4 activity assay, FACS, Western Blot, light and electron microscopy. Results: Ang II infused mice were characterized by elevated BP and albuminuria (4.5 fold) concomitant with mesangial widening and PTC injury. We also observed an increase in CD4+CD44highCD62Llow (1.5 fold), decrease in CD4+FoxP3 (1.5 fold) concomitant with increased expression of DPP4 on CD3+CD4+ T-cells. Saxagliptin (10mg/kg/day) administered in peanut butter starting at 1 wk after Ang II, decreased DPP4 activity (~50%) in the plasma and kidney tissue. Saxagliptin had no effect on BP and albuminuria although there was amelioration of mesangial widening and PTC injury. Saxagliptin also mitigated DPP4 expression on CD3+CD4+ T-cells and reversed the changes in memory T-cells and Tregs. Conclusions: Ang II mediates BP increase and albuminuria via modulation of adaptive immunity which in turn may be regulated by DPP4. Saxagliptin reverses DPP4-mediated modulation of adaptive immunity and ameliorates kidney injury partially although it is unable to reverse established increases in BP and albuminuria.
Photoredox Catalyzed Intramolecular Fluoroalkylarylation of Unactivated Alkenes

The first example of photoredox catalyzed difluoromethylation of unactivated alkenes coupled with C–C bond formation to an aryl ring is reported. The reactions are conducted under mild conditions and afford tetralin derivatives bearing difluoromethyl as well as other fluoroalkyl groups in good to high yields. In addition, the study indicates that 6-exo radical cyclization of an alkyl radical to a phenyl ring is faster than the respective 5-exo radical cyclization. A computational study provides insights to the experimental results.
Epidemiological analysis on brucellosis in Jinan City of Shandong Province in 2007

Objective To evaluate the epidemiological characteristics of brucellosis in Jinan, Shandong Province, and to analyze epidemic trend and its cause. Methods Epidemic data of human brucellosis from 2004 to 2007 in Jinan were collected from National Disease Supervision Information Management System. The rose bengal plate agglutination test(RBPT) and standard tube agglutination test(SAT) were employed to detect brucellosis in the serum samples of high-risk exposure groups involved in livestock transaction, slaughter and raising where brucellosis had been outbreak in the last three years, and epidemiological survey was conducted on the confirmed patients in 2007. Results A total of 32 brucellosis cases occurred in 2004-2007 in Jinan, among which 15 cases in 2007, 3.75 times(15/4) of those in 2004. One hundred and seventy-eight blood samples were collected from high risk population, and positive detective rate was 11.24%(20/178). Most of the patients were found in Zhangqiu and in the months from March to September, accounting for 93.33% (14/15). Farmers accounted for 93.33% (14/15) in all cases. Sixty-six point six seven percent(10/15) of the patients were over 50 years old. Male to female was 2.75: 1(11: 4) in ratio. There was a tendency of family aggregation. Two or three cases occurred in each of 3 families. All cases had a contact history with cattle and sheep, and the diagnosis were confirmed between 17-529 days(median being 70 days), in which 86.67%(13/15) of the cases were confirmed by The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Conclusions Brucellosis epidemic of Jinan is in an upward trend. Zhangqiu is the main epidemic region. Spring and summer are the prevailing periods, most of the patients are old male farmers were the majority of the patients. It is believed that the epidemic is primarily due to potential infection sources, incompetent quarantine of imported livestock and poor awareness of self-protection among high-risk occupational groups. Key words: Brucellosis; Epidemiology; Outcome assessment
Probable Cause to Believe What? Partial Marijuana Legalization and the Role of State Law in Federal Constitutional Doctrine

When simple possession of marijuana was invariably illegal under state law, a dog alert or a police officer’s own perception of the scent of raw or burnt marijuana sufficed to permit a search for the source of the scent. As states went beyond decriminalization to legalize possession, for medical or recreational use, the smell of marijuana became less probative on the question of whether the state’s laws were being violated. But even in legalization states, courts have upheld an officer’s right to search a car upon detecting the scent of marijuana. The courts’ explanations have been analytically troubling. Analyzing the problem is complicated by more general phenomena: the Supreme Court’s reluctance to specify in greater detail the nature of the probable cause requirement, and the Court’s differing approaches to the significance of state law in federal constitutional doctrine.
Flexible Fourier form for volatility breaks

This paper proposes a class of models: TRIARCH/TRIGARCH models that account for structural breaks in conditional variance using a variant of the flexible Fourier form. Based on the new model, three likelihood multiplier tests are proposed for the null hypotheses of (1) homoskedasticity in the presence of unknown structural breaks; (2) no structural changes in conditional variance; and (3) Integrated GARCH effect. The in-sample fit and out-of-sample forecasts of the TRIGARCH model and GARCH model are compared by simulations. We apply the new models to the SP500 returns. Our finding indicates level shifts in variance, and therefore, the almost integration indicated by the GARCH(1,1) model may be spurious.
Getting stuck: temporal desituatedness in depression

The DSM characterizes major depressive disorder partly in temporal terms: the depressive mood must last for at least two weeks, and also must impact the subject "most of the day, nearly every day." However, from the standpoint of phenomenological psychopathology, the long-lasting quality of the condition hardly captures the distinctiveness of depression. While the DSM refers to objective time as measured by clocks and calendars, what is especially striking about depression is the distortions to lived time that it involves. But is there any relation between a) these disruptions to temporal experience and b) the tendency for depressive symptoms to persist and endure? To explore the connection between lived time and objective time, I investigate the embodied and enactive nature of intentionality among subjects suffering from depression. What I call 'affective framing' is a spontaneous, pre-reflective way of filtering information that involves bodily attunement and allows subjects to focus their attention on what they feel is important. I will argue that affective framing ordinarily has a forward-looking temporal structure and a "teleological direction" that is rooted in our embodiment. However, depression involves a distortion in future-directed intentionality, so that a subject becomes temporally desituated and cut off from the future. This contributes to many of the characteristic features of depression, including apparent lack of motivation, inability to imagine future possibilities, alterations in lived time, and a sense that one is "stuck." To gain a better understanding of this disruption to the futuredirected structure of affective framing in cases of depression, I look to concepts from complex dynamic systems theory and the notion of 'habit.' My proposed account aims to shed light on how a disruption to future-directedness impacts bodily attunement and reinforces depression as a long-term condition.
Cholangitis and Cholangiohepatitis in Dogs: A Descriptive Study of 54 Cases Based on Histopathologic Diagnosis (2004-2014).

BACKGROUND Cholangitis in dogs appears to be more common than previously thought, but understanding of the disease remains incomplete. OBJECTIVE To describe a population of dogs with cholangitis or cholangiohepatitis. ANIMALS Fifty-four client-owned dogs with cholangitis or cholangiohepatitis. METHODS Medical records of dogs with cholangitis or cholangiohepatitis confirmed by histopathology between January 2004 and December 2014 were identified using a computer-based search and retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS Clinical signs included vomiting (72.2%), lethargy (70.4%), and inappetence (64.8%). Most dogs (49/50) had increased liver enzyme activities, hyperbilirubinemia (32/50), and hypercholesterolemia (24/43). Ultrasonographic abnormalities of the hepatobiliary system were seen in 84% of cases. On histopathology, 53 of 54 affected dogs had neutrophilic cholangitis (NC) or cholangiohepatitis, whereas 1 dog had lymphocytic cholangitis. Most cases (42/54) were chronic. Evidence of concurrent biliary disease (46.2%) and biliary tract obstruction (42.6%) was common. Seventeen of 36 biliary and 11 of 25 liver cultures were positive for bacterial growth; Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. were most common. Median patient survival was 671 days (95% confidence interval [CI]: 114-1,426). On Cox regression, dogs that did not have a cholecystectomy performed had a 2.1 greater hazard for death (P = 0.037; 95% CI: 1.0-4.3) compared to cholecystectomized dogs. Dogs >13 years old had a 5.0 greater hazard for death (P = 0.001; 95% CI: 1.9-13.2) compared to younger dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Chronic NC or cholangiohepatitis was most common. Cholecystitis and biliary tract obstruction often occurred in conjunction with cholangitis. Cholecystectomized dogs had decreased risk of death; thus, cholecystectomy may improve patient outcome.
The Role of Vitamin D and Its Receptor in Hair Follicle Biology

Abstract The vitamin D receptor (VDR) and its ligand play an important role in the regulation of keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Mutations of the VDR in humans and mice lead to alopecia due to impaired cyclic regeneration of the hair follicle. Alopecia is not observed with vitamin D deficiency or absence of CYP27B1, the enzyme required for activation of vitamin D metabolites. Thus, unlike the effects of the VDR on epidermal keratinocytes, which are largely ligand dependent, the actions of the VDR that are essential for cyclic regeneration of the hair follicle do not require 1,25(OH)2D.
Humoral Immune Responses to Select Marine Bacteria in Loggerhead Sea Turtles Caretta caretta and Kemp's Ridley Sea Turtles Lepidochelys kempii from the Southeastern United States

Serum from Kemp's ridley sea turtles Lepidochelys kempii and loggerhead sea turtles Caretta caretta was collected during summer in 2011, 2012, and 2013. Serum immunoglobulin Y (IgY) recognition of lysate proteins from nine bacterial species and whole bacterium-specific IgY titers to these pathogens were quantified. Serum and purified IgY recognized proteins of all bacteria, with protein recognition for some species being more pronounced than others. Circulating IgY titers against Vibrio vulnificus, V. anguillarum, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, and Brevundimonas vesicularis changed over the years in Kemp's ridley sea turtles, while IgY titers against V. vulnificus, Escherichia coli, V. parahaemolyticus, B. vesicularis, and Mycobacterium marinum were different in loggerhead sea turtles. Serum lysozyme activity was constant for loggerhead sea turtles over the 3 years, while activity in Kemp's ridley sea turtles was lower in 2011 and 2012 than in 2013. Blood packed cell volume, glucose, and serum protein levels were comparable to those of healthy sea turtles in previous studies; therefore, this study provides baseline information on antibody responses in healthy wild sea turtles.
Reivindicación del deseo sexual femenino en Luna caliente de Mempo Giardinelli y Ardiente paciencia de Antonio Skármeta, ¿ruptura o continuismo con el boom?

Este ensayo analiza las novelas Luna caliente y Ardiente paciencia en relacion al tratamiento del deseo sexual segun el personaje masculino o femenino que lo experimenta, con el objetivo de ver si existe una doble moral dependiendo del genero. Son varias las caracteristicas de la novela del postboom presentes en estas obras, destacando el compromiso politico de sus autores a partir de la importancia dada al contexto en el que situan las historias relatadas. Sin embargo, sus tramas trascienden el contexto politico, y el elemento erotico y sexual se erige como hilo conductor en torno al que giran las historias. La sexualidad y el feminismo adquieren un papel relevante en la literatura del postboom y, aunque se le considera a Rosario Ferre como la principal representante de la corriente feminista, estas dos novelas presentan rasgos que apuntan hacia una ruptura con los tradicionales roles de genero en cuanto a la interpretacion del deseo sexual. En este sentido, se ha senalado como una de las deficiencias de la anterior literatura del boom la tendencia a presentar a las mujeres de manera estereotipada segun categorias preconcebidas. A partir de esta idea, se pretende comprobar si es posible considerar Luna caliente y Ardiente paciencia como una reaccion ante esta caracteristica del boom por transcender las tradicionales versiones estereotipadas de los roles de genero en relacion al deseo sexual.
Chiral symmetry breaking and monopoles in gauge theories

QCD monopoles are magnetically charged quasiparticles whose Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) at $Tl{T}_{c}$ creates electric confinement and flux tubes. The ``magnetic scenario'' of QCD proposes that scattering on the noncondensed component of the monopole ensemble at $Tg{T}_{c}$ plays an important role in explaining the properties of strongly coupled quark-gluon plasma (sQGP) near the deconfinement temperature. In this paper, we study the phenomenon of chiral symmetry breaking and its relation to magnetic monopoles. Specifically, we study the eigenvalue spectrum of the Dirac operator in the basis of fermionic zero modes in an SU(2) monopole background. We find that as the temperature approaches the deconfinement temperature ${T}_{c}$ from above, the eigenvalue spectrum has a finite density at $\ensuremath{\omega}=0$, indicating the presence of a chiral condensate. In addition, we find the critical scaling of the eigenvalue gap to be consistent with that of the correlation length in the 3d Ising model and the BEC transition of monopoles on the lattice.
Does Total Hip Arthroplasty Reduce the Risk of Secondary Surgery Following the Treatment of Displaced Acetabular Fractures in the Elderly Compared to Open Reduction Internal Fixation? A Pilot Study.

Objectives The goal of open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) is to anatomically reduce the facture and maintain a congruent hip joint. However, ORIF in the elderly is technically challenging. Therefore, there are advocates for acute total hip arthroplasty (THA) in this patient population. The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the rate of revision surgery in elderly patients with acetabular fractures treated with ORIF or THA. The secondary purpose was to compare patient's self-reported functional outcomes. Design Retrospective review. Setting Two American College of Surgeons Level 1 trauma centers. Patients/participants Thirty-three patients were treated with ORIF and 37 were treated with THA. The mean follow-up was 22 months (range 6-89 months). Patients were interviewed, and radiographs were examined. Intervention Treatment of displaced acetabular fractures with either ORIF or THA. Main outcome measurements Need for reoperation. Harris Hip Score and SF-36 questionnaire. Results Those treated with ORIF had a higher rate of reoperation (10/33, 30%) compared with those treated with THA (5/37, 14%); however, this was not statistically significant (P = 0.12). Patients reported better bodily pain scores as measured by SF-36 (48 vs. 39, P = 0.04), and a trend toward improved function as measured by patient reported Harris Hip Scores (82 vs. 63, P = 0.06) in those treated with THA compared with ORIF. Conclusions Acute reconstruction of acetabular fractures with THA in the geriatric population seems to compare favorably with ORIF, with a similar rate of complications, but with improved pain scores. In addition, there was a high rate of conversion to THA within 2 years of injury when patients were treated with ORIF. Acute THA as primary treatment in this patient population merits further, more controlled, comparative study. Level of evidence Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Physician Wellness in Surgical Residency

Physician wellness has become an increasing focus of attention in recent years as burnout among healthcare professionals appears to be on the rise. Within this review, we attempt to define burnout and describe the ways in which resident well-being is being addressed within surgical residency programs. Burnout is a psychological construct, defined by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and a low sense of personal accomplishment, which has been shown to affect physicians beginning in their medical training. In spite of mounting evidence of the negative effects of burnout on physicians’ personal and professional lives, there is relatively little evidence on how best to address this increasingly pervasive problem. We categorize various ways in which individual surgical residency programs attempt to improve the well-being of their trainees. Little consensus exists on how best to improve wellness for surgical trainees. Multiple individual programs have focused on a variety of interventions whose efficacy remains largely unproven. Increased standardization of burnout research with greater collaboration across institutions is needed in order to identify key wellness initiatives.
Layering of Oceanic Crust

Magma generated by decompression melting of the upwelling mantle beneath mid-ocean ridges (MORs) rises buoyantly and accumulates in crustal magma chambers (e.g., Forsyth, 1992). The long-held view is that oceanic crust is built from in situ crystallization of melts in these reservoirs, as well as from melts extracted from the magma chamber(s) in the form of dikes that eventually break the seafloor during submarine eruptions (e.g., Sinton and Detrick, 1992). These processes result in oceanic crust that is magmatically layered, with a lower section typically 4–5 km thick composed of mafic plutons (gabbros), a 1–2 km thick layer of sheeted basaltic dikes above it, and a carapace of a few to several hundred meters thick of extrusive basalts (pillow lavas and sheet flows), known as the Penrose model of oceanic crust (Penrose Conference participants, 1972). Although these units all have common parental magmas, they exhibit distinct elastic properties because of differences in mineralogical textures produced by crystallization processes and different porosity structure (i.e., the shallower extrusive section is highly porous, with porosity decreasing with depth throughout the crust). As a result, the speed of seismic waves propagating through the crust increases with depth while at the same time the rate at which seismic velocities increase with depth (velocity gradient) diminishes with depth. These seismic layers have been historically known as seismic Layer 2 (upper and mid-crust, subdivided in 2A and 2B based on changes in velocity gradient) and Layer 3 (lower crust) (e.g., White et al., 1992). To a large degree they correspond to the lithological layering of the oceanic crust, although deviations from this direct correlation are known to exist (Christeson et al., 2007; Detrick et al., 1994; Wilson et al., 2006). The lithological and seismic layering described above has successfully explained many observations made at ophiolites (sections of oceanic crust exposed on land) as well as observations at crust formed at MORs with fast-spreading rates (>80 mm/year full rate), where magmatism is the dominant mode of lithospheric accretion. However, it is becoming increasingly accepted that the Penrose model fails to explain many features observed at MORs where plates spread apart at slower rates. Along slowand ultra-slow-spreading MORs, the lithosphere is generally thicker and colder than at fast-spreading MORS, tectonic activity is a dominant process accommodating plate separation, and magmatism is highly variable both in time and space (e.g., Dick et al., 2010; Michael et al., 2003; Schroeder et al., 2007). In these settings, the interplay between magmatic and tectonic extension and their space-time variability result in oceanic lithosphere in which the crust is no longer stratified but disrupted, forming a heterogeneous mixture of magmatic and mantle rocks (Cannat, 1993).
The Catalytic Alkylative Desymmetrization of Anhydrides in a Formal Synthesis of Ionomycin

The catalytic desymmetrization of anhydrides with zinc reagents provides access to deoxypolypropionate and polypropionate synthons. A synthesis of ionomycin was pursued in which three of the four fragments were assembled using this methodology. Two of the strategies (enol silane/oxocarbenium coupling and reductive cyclization) were not successful at installing the C23 stereocenter, but this stereochemical issue was overcome through a reduction/SN2 approach. In addition to the synthesis of a protected diastereomer of ionomycin, the synthesis of a C17–C32 fragment constitutes a formal total synthesis.
John J. Pitney and John-Clark Levin, Private anti-piracy navies: How warships for hire are changing maritime security

Private Anti-Piracy Navies: How Warships for Hire are Changing Maritime Security is an examination of the private efforts to quell pirate attacks around the Horn of Africa, focusing mainly on these activities since 2008 but also including a historical discussion of pirate activities since the 1991 collapse of Siad Barre’s government in Somalia. The private response to piracy in this region is a recent phenomenon designed to fill the gaps left by large military vessels. These military vessels, the authors describe, are highly effective at deterring piracy in general but, owing to their size and cost, are unable to effectively prevent smaller pirate ships that are widely dispersed. As they put it, “navy warships are like Iker Casillas, the top [soccer] goalkeeper in the world. Although Casillas can block almost any shot he can reach, if a dozen small children are taking shots on goal simultaneously, even Casillas cannot keep all the balls out of the net” (76). This book is primarily targeted towards a more general audience, but academic readers will also find it to be a source of new and engaging questions for future research. It consists of ten chapters, with the first being a brief introductory chapter to the project as a whole and the next two providing a historical background of piracy in general and the specific case of the Somali-pirate epidemic. Chapters four and five provide a description of current and proposed forces to combat and other, what they call “economic,” solutions to the problem of piracy, such as sailing further from shore, at faster speeds, etc. Chapters six and seven detail legal/regulatory issues as well as operations and tactical challenges, which chapter eight then discusses in a familiar cost-benefit analysis. Finally, chapters nine and ten provide policy implications and a conclusion. The introductory chapter opens with a discussion of what the authors mean by “private anti-piracy navies,” which is not a typical navy where there are hundreds if not thousands of ships operating in a centrally coordinated way, but rather as a catchall Rev Austrian Econ (2015) 28:365–369 DOI 10.1007/s11138-014-0272-x
Micro-architecture design and control speculation for energy reduction

Conventional wisdom states that the best way to design an energy-efficient microprocessor is to design it for high performance, since a high performance processor will complete a task quicker than an energy-conscious design. However, our research group has found ways to reduce energy without impacting performance by controlling the amount of speculation used by the processor in its quest for performance.
Effect of body mass index on all-cause mortality and incidence of cardiovascular diseases--report for meta-analysis of prospective studies open optimal cut-off points of body mass index in Chinese adults

Objective To verify the optimal cut-off points for overweight and obesity in Chinese adults based on the relationship of baseline body mass index (BMI) to all-cause mortality, and incidence of cardiovascular diseases from pooled data of Chinese cohorts. Methods The prospective study data of existing cohort studies in China were collected, and the age-adjusted all-cause mortality stratified by BMI were estimated. The similar analysis was repeated after excluding deaths within the first three years of follow-up and after excluding smokers. The incidence of age-adjusted coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke stratified by BMI were also analyzed. Multiple Cox regression coefficients of BMI for the incidence of CHD and stroke after controlling other risk factors were pooled utilizing the methods of weighting by inverse of variance to reveal whether BMI had independent effect and its strength on the incidence of CHD and stroke. Results The data of 4 cohorts including 76 227persons, with 745 346 person-years of follow-up were collected and analyzed. The age-adjusted allcause mortality stratified by BMI showed a U-shaped curve, even after excluding deaths within the first three years of follow-up and excluding smokers. Age-adjusted all-cause mortality increased when BMI was lower than 18.5 and higher than 28. The incidence of CHD and stroke, especially ishemic stroke increased with increasing BMI, this was consistent with parallel increasing of risk factors. Cox regression analysis showed that BMI was an independent risk factor for both CHD and stroke. Each amount of 2 kg/m2 increase in baseline BMI might cause 15.4%, 6.1% and 18.8 % increase in relative risk of CHD, total stroke and ischemic stroke. Reduction of BMI to under 24 might prevent the incidence of CHD by 11% and that of stroke by15 % for men, and 22 % of both diseases for women. Conclusion BMI ≤18.5, 24-27.9 and ≥28 (kg/m2) is the appropriate cut-off points for underweight, overweight and obesity in Chinese adults.
Reply: Proliferative Lesions Found at Reduction Mammaplasty: Incidence and Implications in 995 Breast Reductions.

BACKGROUND Reduction mammaplasty relieves symptomatic macromastia. Pathologic specimens occasionally reveal unsuspected proliferative lesions or carcinoma. Few studies examine the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes in this population. METHODS A retrospective review was performed between 2000 and 2012. The pathologic condition was categorized as benign, proliferative, or cancer. RESULTS Five hundred seventy-two patients underwent 995 reduction mammaplasties. Cancer was detected in 23 specimens (2.3 percent) and proliferative lesions were detected in 137 (13.8 percent). Compared with patients with benign pathologic findings, patients with proliferative lesions or cancer were older (p < 0.001), had greater body mass index (p = 0.003), had increased unilateral procedures (p < 0.001), and more had history of cancer (p < 0.001). On multivariable regression analysis, age (OR, 1.058; 95 percent CI, 1.040 to 1.077; p < 0.001) and prior breast cancer (OR, 2.070; 95 percent CI, 1.328 to 3.227, p = 0.001) were independent risk factors for proliferative lesions, and age significantly predicted cancer (OR, 1.054; 95 percent CI, 1.012 to 1.097; p = 0.010). Forty-one percent of patients with proliferative lesions and no history of cancer had a change in management. If there was a history of cancer, 54 percent had a change in management. CONCLUSIONS Proliferative lesions of the breast may be more common than previously reported. Age and a history of breast cancer increase the risk for proliferative lesions. All should be referred to oncology, as nearly half of these patients will have a change in management. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Risk, III.
Predictive modeling of a commercial spiral wound seawater reverse osmosis module

Abstract A predictive model based on the solution-diffusion theory is proposed for commercial Filmtec 30 SW 2.5″ spiral wound reverse osmosis modules. The model explicitly accounts for longitudinal pressure drop in the retentate channel and spiral pressure drop in the permeate channel, concentration polarization phenomenon, and effect of temperature on water and salt permeability. Using experimental data from literature, it is shown that the Darcy friction coefficients in the retentate and permeate channels f r ∝ Re r − 0.77 , f p ∝ Re p − 0.18 , the Sherwood number for mass transfer correlation Sh ∝ Re0.68Sc0.20, and both the water and salt permeability increase with temperature following approximately Arrhenius-type equations. The mathematical model with parameters derived from the experimental data can reasonably predict water and salt fluxes as well as pressures under various combinations of feed conditions of temperature, flow and pressure (average error ≤4%). The dependence of concentration polarization on recovery, temperature and feed rate is analyzed and compared with an empirical formula from Filmtec.
Genetic Determinants of Allograft Hypertrophy- A Human Myocardial Biopsy Study

Background Cardiac Allograft Hypertrophy (CAH) assessed by left ventricular mass (LVM) on imaging at 1 year has been validated as an early predictor of mortality and vasculopathy. The biology of such changes could be starting much earlier in the life of the graft and reflect the beginning of a continuum of remodeling of the transplanted heart that finally leads to chronic rejection and graft failure. However, definitive mechanisms and predictors have not been established. Therefore, we aimed to study the molecular mechanisms of CAH characterized by abnormal echo mass in heart transplant patients. We hypothesized there is a specific genetic signature in the myocardium that can predict the morphological mechanisms of CAH. Methods We used data from our heart transplant biopsy repository where consented patients agree for an extra biopsy and blood to be stored for research during their protocol visits. Biopsies are stored at -80C in RNA later. We used samples from 6 month time-point in a small cohort of randomly selected patients and performed full gene expression profiling using Ilumina Beadarray Microarray Technology. Additionally, clinical and echocardiogram parameters were collected at the same time-point. LVM index and relative wall thickness at 6m from transplant were used to define CAH according to ASE Guidelines. Results A total of 16 patients were included in the analysis. 5 patients had normal LV geometry, 8 had concentric remodeling and 3 concentric hypertrophy (CH). Patients in the abnormal group were significantly older than the patients in the normal group (53.4 vs 60.7 years, respectively, p=0.0478) while there were no other statistically significant differences in the rest of the baseline and clinical parameters. Gene expression data showed a distinct signature on the heatmap for CH (Figure 1). There were 40 genes that were differentially expressed in CH group compared to the rest. Conclusion Only 31% of the patients have a normal echo LVM by 6 months and there is a distinct genetic signature for CH suggesting that there is a specific biological change occurring in the heart as early as 6 months that contribute to hypertrophy. We hope to elicit the biological basis of these changes so as to create therapeutic interventions to temper these changes and promote longevity of grafts.
Satellite cell depletion in early adulthood attenuates muscular dystrophy pathogenesis

Abstract Satellite cells are skeletal muscle resident stem cells that regenerate adult myofibers following an acute injury to muscle. Despite the assumption that the loss of satellite cells would be detrimental in a chronic regeneration-inducing muscle disease such as muscular dystrophy, this assumption has never been tested using mouse genetics. Here we generated a novel model of satellite cell ablation and crossed it with mouse models of muscular dystrophy to directly investigate how critical these cells are in maintaining muscle during a chronic degenerative disorder. Satellite cell deletion in 2-week-old young dystrophic mice provided noticeable improvements in histopathology and function, although at this early timepoint it was utimately detrimental because muscle size was not sufficient to permit survival. However, depletion of satellite cells beginning at 2 months of age in dystrophic mice provided similar histological and functional improvements but without compromising muscle size. The improved profile showed fewer damaged fibers, less myofiber central nucleation, increased sarcolemma integrity, decreased fibrosis and a dramatic size increase in the remaining myofibers. At the functional level, young adult dystrophic mice lacking satellite cells performed significantly better than those with satellite cells when exercised on a treadmill. Thus, loss of satellite cells during early adulthood in dystrophic mice produces an unexpected protective effect.
Postcolonial Literatures as Disrespected Literatures

EnglishThis essay focuses on the challenges as well as the joys of reading postcolonial literary texts that are composed and printed in multiple, alternating languages. What postcolonial texts make manifest through their syntax, vocabulary, and style is the wide array of creative expression that the simultaneous presence of multiple languages makes available to the writer. A literary analysis able to appreciate this creative potential is in order if we want to go beyond an outdated understanding of literature and its forms. It is in fact in the act of reading that a lot of the disrespect surrounding postcolonial literature manifests itself. Caribbean literature marks an ideal place to start exploring the possibilities of a postcolonial literary analysis. A region “once deemed the antithesis of civilization” has become one of the most creative laboratories of verbal art, both written and oral, thanks to its radical creolization of the colonial languages. In the second part of my essay, I will present a model of literary analysis that uses as its crucial categories those coming from the traditionally disrespected language of the region: Creole. Englishpostcolonial literatures; Creole writing; literary respect; accent; dialect; reading
Near-Degenerate Quadrature-Squeezed Vacuum Generation on a Silicon-Nitride Chip.

Squeezed states are a primary resource for continuous-variable (CV) quantum information processing. To implement CV protocols in a scalable and robust way, it is desirable to generate and manipulate squeezed states using an integrated photonics platform. In this Letter, we demonstrate the generation of quadrature-phase squeezed states in the radio-frequency carrier sideband using a small-footprint silicon-nitride microresonator with a dual-pumped four-wave-mixing process. We record a squeezed noise level of 1.34 dB ($\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.16\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{dB}$) below the photocurrent shot noise, which corresponds to 3.09 dB ($\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.49\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{dB}$) of quadrature squeezing on chip. We also show that it is critical to account for the nonlinear behavior of the pump fields to properly predict the squeezing that can be generated in this system. This technology represents a significant step toward creating and manipulating large-scale CV cluster states that can be used for quantum information applications, including universal quantum computing.
Effects of Genetic Variation on Urinary Small Molecule Signatures of Mice after Exposure to Ionizing Radiation: A Study of p53 Deficiency

Due to risks from potential exposures to ionizing radiation (IR), improved radiological countermeasures are required, as well as rapid high-throughput biodosimetry. Genotypic variation in the general population contributes to differences in radiosensitivity that may affect biodosimetry accuracy. Previous studies utilized radiosensitive mutant mouse models (Parp1-/- and Atm-/-) to determine the effects of genotypic deficiency on radiation signatures. Here, we extend this approach by examining changes in the urinary metabolome in a hematopoietic (HP) resistant mouse model (p53-/-) after IR exposure. As p53 is a primary regulator in radiation response and apoptosis, limited hematopoietic stem cell apoptosis leads to reduced mortality at doses of ~8-10 Gy but increased mortality at higher doses (> 15 Gy) due to mitotic catastrophe in gastrointestinal (GI) crypt cells. Urine was collected from mice (wild-type (WT), p53+/-, and p53-/-) pre-irradiation and at 4 and 24 h after total body irradiation (TBI) (WT: 8 and 10 Gy; p53-/-: 10 Gy) for metabolic phenotyping using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) platform. Minimal differences were detected between unirradiated WT, p53+/-, and p53-/- mice. While similar perturbations were observed for metabolites involved in tryptophan, vitamin B6, and histamine pathways, glycine conjugation, and redox metabolism for WT and p53-/- mice after TBI, an overall dampened response was observed in p53-deficient mice. Despite comparable metabolite patterns between genotypes, differentiation was achieved through receiver operating characteristic curve analysis with high specificity and sensitivity for carnitine, N1-acetylspermidine, and creatine. These studies highlight that both attenuated and dampened metabolic responses due to genetic variability in the general population need to be addressed in biodosimetry frameworks.
Epithelial Cell Migration and Proliferation Patterns During Initial Wound Closure in Normal Mice and an Experimental Model of Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency.

Purpose Establishing the dynamics of corneal wound healing is of vital importance to better understand corneal inflammation, pathology, and corneal regeneration. Numerous studies have made great strides in investigating multiple aspects of corneal wound healing; however, some aspects remain to be elucidated. This study worked toward establishing (1) if epithelial limbal stem cells (LSCs) are necessary for healing all corneal wounds, (2) the mechanism by which epithelial cells migrate toward the wound, and (3) if centrifugal epithelial cell movement exists. Methods To establish different aspects of corneal epithelial wound healing we subjected mice lacking hyaluronan synthase 2 (previously shown to lack LSCs) and wild-type mice to different corneal debridement injury models. Results Our data show that both LSCs and corneal epithelial cells contribute toward closure of corneal wounds. In wild-type mice, removal of the limbal rim delayed closure of 1.5-mm wounds, and not of 0.75-mm wounds, indicating that smaller wounds do not rely on LSCs as do larger wounds. In mice shown to lack LSCs, removal of the limbal rim did not affect wound healing, irrespective of the wound size. Finally, transient amplifying cells and central epithelial cells move toward a central corneal wound in a centripetal manner, whereas central epithelial cells may move in a centrifugal manner to resurface peripheral corneal wounds. Conclusions Our findings show the dimensions of the corneal wound dictate involvement of LSCs. Our data suggest that divergent findings by different groups on the dynamics of wound healing can be in part owing to differences in the wounding models used.
Quasars from Galaxy Collisions with Naked Black Holes

Motivated by a set of new Hubble Space Telescope observations by Bahcall and collaborators, we propose that the universe contains a substantial independent population of supermassive black holes and that QSOs are a phenomenon that occurs when they collide with galaxies or gas clouds in the intergalactic medium. We argue that this new model is not in conflict with any available constraints and would also naturally explain one puzzle for the conventional model, the very rapid QSO population decline toward low redshift. The hypothesis therefore bears further investigation.
“But Aren’t We Extinct?”: Inhabited Reform and Instructional Visibility in an Open Space School Forty Years Later

Background/ContextThe 1960s open space school removed partitions between classrooms in part to alleviate teacher isolation. The model was long ago deemed a failure. Years later, teachers in survivi...