cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Substance abuse in adolescent trauma.

Study objective: To determine if there is a significant prevalence of drug or alcohol use among adolescents evaluated for significant acute trauma. Design: A prospective, age-matched controlled study over a 20-month period. Setting: Urban pediatric emergency department in a Level I pediatric trauma center. Participants: Patients between 13 and 19 years of age requiring admission to the trauma service following evaluation in a pediatric ED and an age-matched control group of asthmatic patients. Results: A total of 134 patients (mean age, 14.8 years) were admitted for trauma-related injuries, and 22 of 65 (34%) were positive for alcohol or drugs of abuse. The mean age of patients with a positive toxicology screen was 15.4 years. Most commonly detected drugs were alcohol (eight), benzodiazepines (eight), cocaine (five), and cannabinoids (four). The number of positive screens in the trauma group (22 of 65) was significantly higher than controls (one of 49) ( P P P Conclusion: A significant number of adolescents admitted to the hospital for trauma-related injuries have a toxicology screen positive for alcohol or drugs of abuse. A toxicology screen should be a standard laboratory test in adolescents involved in significant trauma, especially if the mechanism was intentional.
An experimental study of the electrocardiographic effects of localized myocardial lesions

Abstract Localized lesions were produced in twentythree dogs by the injection of 40 per cent formalin into the myocardium through the intact chest wall. Simultaneous electrocardiographic leads from an orthogonal lead system designed for this animal were recorded before and after production of the lesions. The hearts were sectioned at 3 mm. intervals to demonstrate location of the lesions. The effects of localized tissue loss in each of these areas were qualitatively predicted on the basis of the ventricular excitation sequence in the dog. These predicted effects were compared with the actual effects of the lesions. Twenty lesions resulted in QRS alterations similar to those predicted on the basis of tissue loss. These included some lesions restricted to the subendocardial half of the myocardium, and some of these were manifest by abnormal Q waves in the electrocardiogram. Alterations of the QRS complex which followed those attributed to tissue loss occurred with eleven lesions and were considered to be probable results of conduction disorders. There was a definite correlation of conduction disorders and involvement of the interventricular septum by the lesions.
Synergistic anorectic effect of dehydroepiandrosterone and d-Fenfluramine on the obese Zucker rat.

Fasted obese, female Zucker rats accustomed to eating a single high fat meal within 1 h a day were treated with intraperitoneal injections of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and dextrofenfluramine (d-fen), either individually or in combination. Caloric intake was measured over a 1-h period 2 h after drug administration, and results compared to that of vehicle-treated controls. At 50 mg/kg body weight, DHEA did not affect food intake. At doses of or = 3 mg/kg d-fen diminished caloric intake by itself, and the addition of DHEA significantly augmented this effect. Neurotransmitter levels in select regions of the hypothalamus of animals treated using a similar drug protocol showed several changes in the levels of serotonin and its metabolite 5 hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA). It is hypothesized that DHEA augments the production of serotonin while d-fenfluramine enhances its release, and together these two actions may account for the synergistic action of DHEA and d-fenfluramine.
Protein disorder: Wagging a tail at ubiquitin

The ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Ube2w monoubiquitinates proteins with disordered N termini and may target lysine-less proteins for degradation.
The structure of viral coat protein and its role in disease

he most common symptoms of viral disease in plants are stunting, chlorosis and other morphological changes. The severity of disease that results from a viral infection depends on both the degree to which the infection spreads through the plant and how the infection perturbs the host's biochemical, developmental and physiological processes. Recent data have improved our understanding of how disease develops and how plants actively resist viral infection. Disease Severe disease generally occurs only when the virus spreads through- out the plant during a systemic infection. Several overlapping pro- cesses are involved in the production of a systemic infection;: multi- plication of the virus, cell-to-cell movement and long-distance move- ment to other organs, which are subsequently infected. It is appar- ent that for these processes to occur, precise interactions are required between host and virus factors; however, these will not be discussed here as they have been reviewed extensively elsewhere 1-3. Analysis of three tobamovirus mu- tants indicates that the efficiency of systemic spread may influence the severity of disease. The mutants, which contain mutations within the gene that encodes the viral component of the replicase, all produce attenuated symptoms. One mutant does not replicate to a high number 4, one is impaired in cell- to-cell movement 5 and one shows delayed long-distance movement 6. Though each of the mutants is debilitated in one of the processes necessary for systemic infection, it has not been shown whether these effects or some other function of the replicase produces the attenuated symptoms.
Characterizing the Spatiotemporal Evolution of Building-Stock Age in Poultney, Vermont: A GIS-Based Approach to Improve Thermal Efficiency in Historical Buildings

Many industrialized countries are exploring ways to facilitate the prioritization of efforts targeting improved thermal efficiency in an aging building stock. Older buildings, typically, have inefficient building envelopes and higher energy-consumption patterns relative to new construction, which contributes to higher overall energy consumption at the local and regional scale. Reducing energy consumption by increasing the efficiency of older buildings will result in lower anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and help address the growing issues related to climate change. To address these concerns a GIS-based approach is developed to evaluate building-stock age in rural communities with limited access to historical parcel data. This approach involves georeferencing historical Sanborn insurance maps, digitizing building footprints for each year. This methodology is applied to a small town in rural Vermont and a map is produced depicting the spatiotemporal evolution of building construction over the years 1885-1940. 1091 structures built prior to 1941 are identified and it is argued that weatherization efforts should focus on the oldest buildings first and sequentially address younger structures, lowering both energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions associated with the least-efficient building stock.
Optimization of a large-scale water reservoir network by stochastic dynamic programming with efficient state space discretization

A numerical solution to a 30-dimensional water reservoir network optimization problem, based on stochastic dynamic programming, is presented. In such problems the amount of water to be released from each reservoir is chosen to minimize a nonlinear cost (or maximize benefit) function while satisfying proper constraints. Experimental results show how dimensionality issues, given by the large number of basins and realistic modeling of the stochastic inflows, can be mitigated by employing neural approximators for the value functions, and efficient discretizations of the state space, such as orthogonal arrays, Latin hypercube designs and low-discrepancy sequences.
Diagnostic Use of Recombinant Human Thyrotropin in Patients with Thyroid Carcinoma (Phase I/II Study)*

Current diagnostic studies [radioiodine uptake and serum thyroglobulin (Tg) levels] for residual or metastatic thyroid tissue in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma require a hypothyroid status necessary for adequate endogenous TSH stimulation. However, almost all patients have symptoms of clinical hypothyroidism during this period. As shown in the present study, recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) allows stimulation of 131I uptake and Tg release from residual thyroid tissue in euthyroid patients. To assess safety, dosage, and preliminary efficacy, comparison was made of the stimulation of 131I uptake and Tg release after rhTSH administration and after T3 withdrawal in 19 patients after a recent thyroidectomy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Various doses (10-40 U) of rhTSH were injected im for 1-3 days in patients receiving suppressive doses of T3. Twenty-four hours after the last dose of rhTSH, 1-2 mCi 131I were administered, followed by a neck and whole body scan 48 h later. After discontinuing T3 for a median period of 19 days (range, 15-28), endogenous serum TSH levels were markedly elevated, and the patients were given a second dose of 131I and rescanned 48 h later. The injections of rhTSH were tolerated well. No major adverse effects were reported; nausea was reported in 3 (16%) and vomiting in 1 of the patients treated with high doses. The quality of life, as measured by two psychometric scales, was far better during rhTSH treatment than after T3 withdrawal. The peak levels of serum TSH (mean +/- SD) after a single dose of 10, 20, or 30 U were 127 +/- 19, 309 +/- 156, and 510 +/- 156 mU/L, respectively, and occurred 2-8 h after injection. Twenty-four hours after the injection, TSH levels decreased to 83 +/- 31, 173 +/- 73, and 463 +/- 148 mU/L in these treatment groups, respectively. The quality of the thyroid scans and the number of sites of abnormal 131I uptake were similar after rhTSH treatment and in the hypothyroid scans in 12 (63%) patients. Two additional sites of uptake in the chest and one in the thyroid bed, not visible on the hypothyroid scans, were identified in 3 (16%) patients after rhTSH. In 1 patient a focus of uptake was better visualized after rhTSH than after withdrawal. In 3 (16%) other patients, 1 lesion in the chest and 2 in the neck were seen only after T3 withdrawal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Clinical Interest in Determinations of Cellular Radiation Sensitivity

SummaryDeterminations of cell sensitivity in terms of survival fraction after doses employed in clinical radiation therapy, say 1–3 Gy, are of increasing interest to clinicians as they provide direct experimental data which can be employed without reference to models of cell inactivation. SF2 values are expected ultimately to prove valuable as response predictors. Even so, SF2 values would surely be combined with other predictors also under development to give the best feasible estimate of response of tumor and normal tissue. There are, however, several concerns with the SF2 data currently available. These include: SF2 depends upon the cell system employed (established cell lines vs primary cultures) and the method of assaying survival fraction (colony formation vs population growth); dose—response curves for inactivation of tumors characterized by the reported distribution of SF2 values are, in many instances, not close to those judged to obtain in clinical practice; the broad distribution of SF2 values ...
Extrapolating HST Lessons to NGST

TO CORRECT FOR PROBLEMS WITH THE ORIGINAL HST OPTICAL SYSTEM, NASA SCIENTISTS USED PHASE RETRIEVAL TECHNIQUES. HOW THAT WAS DONE AND HOW RESULTS FROM THIS RESEARCH LED TO NASA'S DECISION TO USE IT WITH NGST ARE DISCUSSED.
Dystrophin disruption in enterovirus-induced myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: from bench to bedside.

Genetic defects of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC) cause hereditary dilated cardiomyopathy. Enteroviruses can also cause cardiomyopathy and we have previously described a mechanism involved in enterovirus-induced dilated cardiomyopathy: The enteroviral protease 2A directly cleaves dystrophin in the hinge 3 region, leading to functional dystrophin impairment. During infection of mice with coxsackievirus B3, the DGC in the heart is disrupted and the sarcolemmal integrity is lost in virus-infected cardiomyocytes. Additionally, dystrophin deficiency markedly increases enterovirus-induced cardiomyopathy in vivo, suggesting a pathogenetic role of the dystrophin cleavage in enterovirus-induced cardiomyopathy. Here, we extend these experimental findings to a patient with dilated cardiomyopathy due to a coxsackievirus B2 myocarditis. Endomyocardial biopsy specimens showed an inflammatory infiltrate and myocytolysis. Immunostaining for the enteroviral capsid antigen VP1 revealed virus-infected cardiomyocytes. Focal areas of cardiomyocytes displayed a loss of the sarcolemmal staining pattern for dystrophin and β-sarcoglycan identical to previous findings in virus-infected mouse hearts. In vitro, coxsackievirus B2 protease 2A cleaved human dystrophin. These findings demonstrate that in human coxsackievirus B myocarditis a focal disruption of the DGC can principally occur and may contribute to the pathogenesis of human enterovirus-induced dilated cardiomyopathy.
A user-operated test of suprathreshold acuity in noise for adult hearing screening: The SUN (SPEECH UNDERSTANDING IN NOISE) test

A novel, user-operated test of suprathreshold acuity in noise for use in adult hearing screening (AHS) was developed. The Speech Understanding in Noise test (SUN) is a speech-in-noise test that makes use of a list of vowel-consonant-vowel (VCV) stimuli in background noise presented in a three-alternative forced choice (3AFC) paradigm by means of a touch sensitive screen. The test is automated, easy-to-use, and provides self-explanatory results (i.e., 'no hearing difficulties', or 'a hearing check would be advisable', or 'a hearing check is recommended'). The test was developed from its building blocks (VCVs and speech-shaped noise) through two main steps: (i) development of the test list through equalization of the intelligibility of test stimuli across the set and (ii) optimization of the test results through maximization of the test sensitivity and specificity. The test had 82.9% sensitivity and 85.9% specificity compared to conventional pure-tone screening, and 83.8% sensitivity and 83.9% specificity to identify individuals with disabling hearing impairment. Results obtained so far showed that the test could be easily performed by adults and older adults in less than one minute per ear and that its results were not influenced by ambient noise (up to 65dBA), suggesting that the test might be a viable method for AHS in clinical as well as non-clinical settings.
Reaction rate oscillations during CO oxidation over Pt/λ-Al2O3: Isothermal, intermediate pressure conditions

In this paper we present experimental observations of reaction rate oscillations during CO oxidation over Pt/λ-Al2O3 under isothermal conditions, in the intermediate total pressure (1–10 Torr) region. To our knowledge this is the first time that reaction rate oscillations have been reported, for a supported catalyst, under conditions completely free from internal/external mass and heat transport limitations. It is our opinion that these observations prove that the oscillatory behavior, of this system, is the result of intrinsic surface kinetic phenomena and not of extraneous transport limitations. The implications of these observations for reactor design, for this and other catalytic reaction system, are obvious.
Experimental strategies for understanding the role of experience in music cognition.

: Research in music cognition has assessed the role of experience by investigating the effects of development, training, and cross-cultural differences. A fourth approach is to apply statistical techniques to identify patterns that are relatively frequent in the listeners' musical experience. As an example of this approach, a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study was conducted on melodic expectancy. Two patterns that frequently began musical themes in classical and folk music were identified. A final continuation tone was added to these opening patterns. Some of the continuation tones were frequent in the musical styles; others were infrequent. Listeners judged how well the continuation tones fit with their expectations. A sparse-sampling (event-related) design was used in the fMRI study, with image acquisition at varying delays after the sequence. Early acquisitions showed activation in the auditory cortex, and late acquisitions showed effects of the motor response. These results suggest the timing of the image acquisitions was appropriate. Contrasting melodies and monotonic controls showed right inferior frontal activation, similar to that found in other studies. However, no differences were found as a function of whether or not the continuation tone was frequent or infrequent in the statistical style analysis. Methodological differences of this study from other recent fMRI studies on harmonic expectations are discussed.
Control of T Helper 2 Responses by Transcription Factor IRF4-Dependent Dendritic Cells

CD4⁺ T cell differentiation is regulated by specialized antigen-presenting cells. Dendritic cells (DCs) produce cytokines that promote naive CD4⁺ T cell differentiation into T helper 1 (Th1), Th17, and inducible T regulatory (iTreg) cells. However, the initiation of Th2 cell responses remains poorly understood, although it is likely that more than one mechanism might be involved. Here we have defined a specific DC subset that is involved in Th2 cell differentiation in vivo in response to a protease allergen, as well as infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. We have demonstrated that this subset is controlled by the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), which is required for their differentiation and Th2 cell-inducing function. IRF4 is known to control Th2 cell differentiation and Th2 cell-associated suppressing function in Treg cells. Our finding suggests that IRF4 also plays a role in DCs where it controls the initiation of Th2 cell responses.
Modelling high-tech product life cycles with short-term demand information: a case study

Increasing competition and volatile conditions in high-tech markets result in shortening product life cycles with non-cyclic demand patterns. This study illustrates the use of a demand-characterisation approach that models the underlying shape of product demands in these markets. In the approach, a Bayesian-update procedure combines the demand projections obtained from historical data with the short-term demand information provided from demand leading indicators. The goal of the Bayesian procedure is to improve the accuracy and reduce the variation of historical data-based demand projections. This paper discusses the implementation experience of the proposed approach at a semiconductor-manufacturing company; the key test results are presented using product families introduced over the last few years with a comparison to real-world benchmark demand forecasts.
Self-Assembly of Uniform Monolayer Arrays of Nanoparticles

Five nanometer diameter gold particles encapsulated by alkanethiol molecules have been self-assembled into well-ordered monolayers on a water surface, and these nanoparticle films have been transferred intact onto various solid substrates. The method involves spreading a thin layer of an organic solvent containing the gold nanoparticles on a water subphase that has a controlled surface curvature. As the solvent evaporates, a nanoparticle monolayer free of microscopic cracks and voids nucleates at the center of the apparatus and grows radially outward until it covers practically the entire water surface. This monolayer is transferred from the water surface to a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp pad by the Langmuir−Schaefer (LS) technique and is applied to the solid substrate by microcontact printing (μCP). Uniform centimeter-scale films have been produced with this method. The quality of the transferred films has been verified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The nanoparticle monolayer is a hexag...
Timing of ibuprofen use and bone mineral density adaptations to exercise training

Prostaglandins (PGs) are essential signaling factors in bone mechanotransduction. In animals, inhibition of the enzyme responsible for PG synthesis (cyclooxygenase) by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) blocks the bone-formation response to loading when administered before, but not immediately after, loading. The aim of this proof-of-concept study was to determine whether the timing of NSAID use influences bone mineral density (BMD) adaptations to exercise in humans. Healthy premenopausal women (n = 73) aged 21 to 40 years completed a supervised 9-month weight-bearing exercise training program. They were randomized to take (1) ibuprofen (400 mg) before exercise, placebo after (IBUP/PLAC), (2) placebo before, ibuprofen after (PLAC/IBUP), or (3) placebo before and after (PLAC/PLAC) exercise. Relative changes in hip and lumbar spine BMD from before to after exercise training were assessed using a Hologic Delphi-W dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) instrument. Because this was the first study to evaluate whether ibuprofen use affects skeletal adaptations to exercise, only women who were compliant with exercise were included in the primary analyses (IBUP/PLAC, n = 17; PLAC/PLAC, n = 23; and PLAC/IBUP, n = 14). There was a significant effect of drug treatment, adjusted for baseline BMD, on the BMD response to exercise for regions of the hip (total, p < .001; neck, p = .026; trochanter, p = .040; shaft, p = .019) but not the spine (p = .242). The largest increases in BMD occurred in the group that took ibuprofen after exercise. Total-hip BMD changes averaged -0.2% +/- 1.3%, 0.4% +/- 1.8%, and 2.1% +/- 1.7% in the IBUP/PLAC, PLAC/PLAC, and PLAC/IBUP groups, respectively. This preliminary study suggests that taking NSAIDs after exercise enhances the adaptive response of BMD to exercise, whereas taking NSAIDs before may impair the adaptive response.
Particle acceleration near X-type magnetic neutral lines

The behavior of charged particles near X-type magnetic neutral lines is investigated. The magnetic field is taken to be hyperbolic and time stationary, with a uniform electric field perpendicular to the magnetic field. The general properties of the orbits of noninteracting particles in that field geometry are examined. Approximate analytic solutions to the orbit equations are derived by considering a magnetic-insulation picture where there is a hole in the magnetic insulation around the neutral line. Scaling laws for the dependence of the energy gain on strengths of the magnetic and electric fields are derived. The kinetic-energy distribution function for accelerated particles is derived for particles flowing past the neutral line. These analytic derivations are supported by computer simulations, in which the relativistic equations of motion for single test particles are numerically solved and the orbits and kinetic-energy gains of the particles are obtained. A number of simulations were performed and one parameter at a time was varied. Applications of the results to magnetic-neutral-line regions in space physics and astrophysics are possible.
Semantic caching via query matching for web sources

A semantic caching scheme suitable for wrappers wrapping web sources is presented. Since the web sources have typically weaker querying capabilities than conventional databases, existing semantic caching schemes cannot be applied directly. A seamlessly integrated query translation and capability mapping between the wrappers and web sources in semantic caching is described. In addition, an analysis on the match types between the user's input query and cached queries is presented. Semantic knowledge acquired from the data can be used to avoid unnecessary access to the web sources by transforming the cache miss to the cache hit. A polynomial time algorithm based on the proposed query matching technique is presented to find the best matched query in the cache. Experimental results reveal the effectiveness of the proposed semantic caching scheme.
A dynamic theory of the transition to democracy

Abstract A model of the transition to democracy is presented within a dynamic general equilibrium framework. We demonstrate that democratic transitions occur endogenously in the course of economic growth or with economic contraction, being fundamentally driven by the economic position of the “middle class.” Democratic transitions can occur rapidly or slowly because the autocrat faces an informational asymmetry regarding the effect of his policies on the political–economic environment. The model shows that the primary factors affecting the speed of democratic transitions are inequality, the planning horizon of the autocrat, the autocrat’s perceived legitimacy, and the rate of economic growth.
A scalable multi-scale framework for parallel simulation and visualization of microbial evolution

Bacteria are some of the most ubiquitous, simple and fastest evolving life forms in the planet, yet even in their case, evolution is painstakingly difficult to trace in a laboratory setting. However, evolution of microorganisms in controlled and/or accelerated settings is crucial to advance our understanding on how various behavioral patterns emerge, or to engineer new strains with desired proprieties (e.g. resilient strains for recombinant protein or bio-fuels production). We present a microbial evolution simulator, a tool to study and analyze hypotheses regarding microbial evolution dynamics. The simulator employs multi-scale models and data structures that capture a whole ecology of interactions between the environment, populations, organisms, and their respective gene regulatory and biochemical networks. For each time point, the evolutionary "fossil record" is recorded in each run. This dataset (stored in HDF5 format for scalability) includes all environmental and cellular parameters, cellular (division, death) and evolutionary events (mutations, Horizontal Gene Transfer). This leads to the creation of a coherent dataset that could not have been obtained experimentally. To efficiently analyze it, we have developed a novel visualization tool that projects information in multiple levels (population, phylogeny, networks, and phenotypes). Additionally, we present some of the unique insights in microbial evolution that were possible through simulations in TeraGrid, and we describe further steps to address scalability issues for populations beyond 32,000 cells.
The evolution of monogamy in primates

The evolution of primate monogamy is described as an ordered sequence of choices by generalized, hypothetical females and males. Females first choose whether or not to associate with other females. Predators encourage gregariousness in diurnal primates; however, nocturnality or scarce and evenly distributed food supplies may enforce separation. A testable group size model based on food patch size is developed and qualitatively supported. If females choose solitude, males then choose either to defend a single female and invest in her offspring, or to compete with other males for access to several females, usually by defending a territory or establishing dominance over the home ranges of several females. The decision rests on the defensibility of females and on the availability of an effective form of male parental investment. Both of these factors are dependent on local female population density. A model is developed that assumes that territorial defense is the principal form of male parental investment, and it predicts that monogamy should occur at intermediate densities: at high densities, males should switch to defense of multiple females, and at low densities there is no investment value in male territorial defense. The model is shown to be only partly adequate. Variation in local population densities prevents the establishment of obligate monogamy through territoriality in small monkeys, since male territorial behavior is inconsistent over the long run. Here, carrying of offspring by males can succeed territoriality, providing an effective and reliable form of parental investment to maintain the pair bond in the face of population fluctuations and changes in group structures. This hypothesis is supported by the scarcity of obligate monogamy among the prosimians, which frequently do not carry their young.
Detection of high levels of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in leaf epidermal tissue and its significance in stomatal movements.

Abstract High levels of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase were detected in leaf epidermal tissue of Tulipa gesnariana L. and Commelina communis L. Further investigations with C. communis suggested that the PEP carboxylase activity was located primarily in the guard cells. The possible role(s) of the enzyme in controlling stomatal movements are considered.
MuTrack: a genome analysis system for large-scale mutagenesis in the mouse

Background: Modern biological research makes possible the comprehensive study and development of heritable mutations in the mouse model at high-throughput. Using techniques spanning genetics, molecular biology, histology, and behavioral science, researchers may examine, with varying degrees of granularity, numerous phenotypic aspects of mutant mouse strains directly pertinent to human disease states. Success of these and other genome-wide endeavors relies on a well-structured bioinformatics core that brings together investigators from widely dispersed institutions and enables them to seamlessly integrate data, observations and discussions. Description: MuTrack was developed as the bioinformatics core for a large mouse phenotype screening effort. It is a comprehensive collection of on-line computational tools and tracks thousands of mutagenized mice from birth through senescence and death. It identifies the physical location of mice during an intensive phenotype screening process at several locations throughout the state of Tennessee and collects raw and processed experimental data from each domain. MuTrack's statistical package allows researchers to access a real-time analysis of mouse pedigrees for aberrant behavior, and subsequent recirculation and retesting. The end result is the classification of potential and actual heritable mutant mouse strains that become immediately available to outside researchers who have expressed interest in the mutant phenotype. Conclusion: MuTrack demonstrates the effectiveness of using bioinformatics techniques in data collection, integration and analysis to identify unique result sets that are beyond the capacity of a solitary laboratory. By employing the research expertise of investigators at several institutions for a broad-ranging study, the TMGC has amplified the effectiveness of any one consortium member. The bioinformatics strategy presented here lends future collaborative efforts a template for a comprehensive approach to large-scale analysis.
When Emotion Goes Wrong: Realizing the Promise of Affective Science

One of the fundamental questions that clinical scientists and practitioners alike must address is when emotions are functional and when they are dysfunctional. Recent advances in affective science have provided new tools with which to address this age-old question. In particular, affective science is teaching us a great deal about both the generation and the regulation of emotion. We argue that it is only by harnessing the insights of contemporary affective science that it will be possible to develop a nuanced taxonomy of emotional disturbances that is grounded in a causal analysis of underlying processes. We illustrate our points by drawing upon our recent studies of depression and discuss several important challenges that lie ahead as we build much-needed bridges between affective and clinical science.
Undergraduate research support with optical character recognition apps

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report results of a formative usability study that investigated first-year student use of an optical character recognition (OCR) mobile application (app) designed to help students find resources for course assignments. The app uses textual content from the assignment sheet to suggest relevant library resources of which students may not be aware. Design/methodology/approach – Formative evaluation data are collected to inform the production level version of the mobile application and to understand student use models and requirements for OCR software in mobile applications. Findings – Mobile OCR apps are helpful for undergraduate students searching known titles of books, general subject areas or searching for help guide content developed by the library. The results section details how student feedback shaped the next iteration of the app for integration as a Minrva module. Research limitations/implications – This usability paper is not a large-scale quantitative stud...
There and back again: leveraging iOS development on Mac OS X

More and more universities have been offering courses on iOS Development. With this knowledge, students can develop apps on iPhones, iPads, and iPod Touches, but they can do more: most of what they have learned applies directly to Mac OS X development, and so by expending just a little more effort they can expand their horizons into a novel and empowering realm. This paper describes the relationship between iOS and Mac OS X, a transition path for iOS-savvy students wishing to learn how to write Mac OS X apps, and the motivation for undertaking such a journey.
Microstrip fixture for testing thin magnetic films

Electromagnetic characterization of thin magnetic films is a challenging task. This paper proposes a new device to test magnetic materials developed for use at microwave frequencies and deposited by the Maskless Mesoscale Material Deposition (M/sup 3/D/spl trade/) or other processes. This new type of test fixture is compatible with M/sup 3/D/spl trade/ deposition requirements, simple to use, and provides a simple inexpensive test for the magnetic properties of thin films independently from their electrical properties in certain circumstances.
Motivating Latino Smokers to Quit: Does Type of Social Support Matter?

Purpose. Social support may help smokers quit and buffer against factors that hinder quitting. The study's aims are to examine which types of social support are effective for quitting smoking among Latino smokers and whether social support buffers the effects of depressed mood on smoking cessation. Design, Setting, Subjects. Participants were Latino smokers with children with asthma (N = 131, mean age = 37 years, 73% female). They did not have to want to quit smoking to participate. Smoking status was biochemically verified at a 3-month follow-up. Measures. Social support was assessed as whether or not the participant had a significant other, level of perceived general support (Interpersonal Support Evaluation List) and level of perceived partner support for smoking cessation (Partner Interaction Questionnaire). Depressed mood was assessed with the Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression scale. Analysis. Hierarchical logistic regression. Results. Thirty percent of those with a partner quit smoking versus 14.3% of those without a partner. 43.5% of those with high levels of perceived positive partner support quit smoking vs. 17.4% of those with low levels. There was a significant interaction between whether or not a smoker had a partner and depressed mood on quitting: among those not partnered, quit rates were higher among those with low levels of depressed mood (37%) than among those with high levels of depressed mood (9%; odds ratio = 1.147, 95% confidence interval = 1.031–1.276, p < .02). Among those partnered, quit rates were not significantly different between those with high vs. low levels of depressed mood. Conclusions. This paper is the first to examine multiple sources of support for smoking cessation in Latino smokers; partner support and the presence of a significant other are associated with quitting smoking.
Effects of solids on turbulence in a fluid

The effect of solid particles on fluid turbulence was studied for fully developed flows of slurries in a vertical 3-in. pipe for solids concentrations ranging from 0.13 to 2.5 volume %. Point source turbulent diffusion data in the slurry flows were compared with data for flows without solids present. The solids do not appear to have a large effect on the diffusion rate unless there is an appreciable average slip velocity between the solids and the fluid and unless the solids concentration is high enough.
Game theory can build higher mental processes from lower ones1

The question of reductionism is an obstacle to unification. Many behavioral scientists who study the more complex or higher mental functions avoid regarding them as selected by motivation. Game-theoretic models in which complex processes grow from the strategic interaction of elementary reward-seeking processes can overcome the mechanical feel of earlier reward-based models. Three examples are briefly described.
Exposure of Unsuspecting Workers to Deadly Atmospheres in Below-ground Confined Spaces and Investigation of Related Whole-Air Sample Composition Using Adsorption Gas Chromatography

Hazardous atmospheres in confined spaces may be obvious when a source of air contamination or oxygen (O2) deficiency is recognized. Such is often the case in general industry settings, especially with work processes which create hazardous atmospheres that may be anticipated. Hazards present in active sewers are also well recognized; but the possibility that O2 deficiency or high airborne contaminant concentrations may exist in new construction sewers or storm drains has been repeatedly ignored with deadly results. Low O2 and high carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations may exist in new construction manholes that have not yet been connected to an active sewer or drain system, and these concentrations have been shown to vary over time. A recent incident is described where workers repeatedly entered such a confined space without incident, but subsequent entry resulted in a fatality and a near-miss for a co-worker rescuer. Additional cases are discussed, with an emphasis placed on elevated CO2 concentrations as a...
Hedging strategies using catastrophe insurance options

Abstract For several years there has been discussion in the insurance industry of the need for additional capital sources to participate in insuring the financial risk posed by natural catastrophes. A number of methods for accessing the capital markets have been introduced and some insurers are using these to hedge exposure to catastrophe loss. We will summarize some of the discussion and describe some of the methods proposed. We will then focus on one of these methods, the use of catastrophe insurance options. We will give the results of simulations which may serve as a guide to insurers interested in using these options as part of their risk management strategy and also as an indication to investors of the value of these instruments as a new component of an investment portfolio.
Sequence-Verified Two-Allele Transposon Mutant Library for Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1

Mutant hunts using comprehensive sequence-defined libraries make it possible to identify virtually all of the nonessential functions required for different bacterial processes. However, the success of such screening depends on the accuracy of mutant identification in the mutant library used. To provide a high-quality library for Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, we created a sequence-verified collection of 9,437 transposon mutants that provides genome coverage and includes two mutants for most genes. Mutants were cherry-picked from a larger library, colony-purified, and resequenced both individually using Sanger sequencing and in a pool using Tn-seq. About 8% of the insertion assignments were corrected, and in the final library nearly 93% of the transposon locations were confirmed by at least one of the resequencing procedures. The extensive sequence verification and inclusion of more than one mutant for most genes should help minimize missed or erroneous genotype-phenotype assignments in studies using the new library.
Sharing Cataloging Expertise: Options for Libraries to Share Their Skilled Catalogers with Other Libraries

Library cooperation is a flexible concept that involves practically all aspects of library technical operations. Until recently, areas of cooperation have included mostly interlibrary borrowing and the union catalogs. Materials processing remains a domain of each individual library that maintains its own experts and uniquely skilled staff to process their own materials. This study raises the question of whether libraries can also share their cataloging expertise with other institutions. The five models presented here will demonstrate how libraries can leverage existing library expertise and reduce duplication of efforts, while at the same time enhancing cooperation among libraries and maintaining high cataloging standards that are a must in the new technology era.
Dynamic scheduling on parallel machines

We study the problem of on-line job-scheduling on parallel machines with different network topologies. An on-line scheduling algorithm schedules a collection of parallel jobs with known resource requirements but unknown running times on a parallel machine. We give an O(log log N)-competitive algorithm for on-line scheduling on a two-dimensional mesh of N processors and we prove a matching lower bound of Ω(log log N) on the competitive ratio. Furthermore, we show tight constant bounds of 2 for PRAMs and hypercubes, and present a 2.5-competitive algorithm for lines. We also generalize our two-dimensional mesh result to higher dimensions. Surprisingly, our algorithms become less and less greedy as the geometric structure of the network topology becomes more complicated. The proof of our lower bound for the two- dimensional mesh actually shows that no greedy-like algorithm can perform well.
CUTTING NATURE AT ITS JOINTS: TOWARD AN EVOLUTIONARILY INFORMED THEORY OF NATURAL TYPES OF CONDUCT DISORDER

This paper proposes a theory of different types of Conduct Disorder based on individual differences in five sex-differentiated evolved personality systems: The Behavioral Approach System (BAS) underlying sensation seeking and aggressive pursuit of reward and social dominance; the Nurturance/Pair Bonding System, low levels of which are linked to the callous-coldhearted personality trait associated with behavior that victimizes others; the Reactivity/Affect Intensity System underlying individual differences in emotional intensity, most notably, in proneness to anger; the Prefrontal Executive Control underlying the ability to control sub-cortical impulses related to behavioral approach and emotionality; and the Behavioral Inhibition System underlying fear and other reactions to personal threat. The most socially destructive combination of these traits appears in individuals who are callous-coldhearted and high on behavioral approach. When low in prefrontal executive control, such individuals are prone to impulsive, emotionally charged reactive and proactive aggression that victimizes others; when high in prefrontal executive control, such individuals are prone to well-planned, non-impulsive proactive victimization of others. Individuals who are not callous-coldhearted are low to moderate on behavioral approach and emotionality, and are high on prefrontal executive control are the least likely to be diagnosed with Conduct Disorder. Discussion emphasizes conceptualizing interactions between the BAS and the Nurturance/Pair Bonding System.
Initial risk stratification and presenting characteristics of patients with evolving myocardial infarctions

Objectives: To describe the presenting characteristics and risk stratification of patients presenting to the emergency department with chest pain who have a normal initial troponin level followed by a raised troponin level within 12 h (evolving myocardial infarction (EMI)). Methods: Data from the Internet Tracking Registry for Acute Coronary Syndromes (i*tr ACS ), a registry of patients presenting with undifferentiated chest pain, were used. This analysis included patients without ST segment elevation with at least two troponin assay results ⩽12 h apart. Patients were stratified into three groups: EMI (initial troponin assay negative, second troponin assay positive), non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) (initial troponin assay positive) and no MI (all troponin assays negative). Results: Of 4136 eligible patients, 5% had EMI, 8% had NSTEMI and 87% had no MI. Patients with EMI were more similar to those with NSTEMI than those with no MI with respect to demographic characteristics, presentation, admission patterns and revascularisation. The initial ECG in patients with EMI was most commonly non-diagnostic (51%), but physicians’ initial impressions commonly reflected MI, unstable angina or high-risk chest pain (76%). This risk assessment was followed by a high rate of critical care admissions (32%) and revascularisation (percutaneous coronary intervention 17%) among patients with EMI. Conclusion: Patients with EMI appear similar at presentation to those with NSTEMI. Patients with EMI are perceived as being at high risk, evidenced by similar diagnostic impressions, admission practices and revascularisation rates to patients with NSTEMI.
Infective Endocarditis Complicating Mitral Valve Prolapse: Epidemiologic, Clinical, and Microbiologic Aspects

Cases of infective endocarditis superimposed upon prolapsing mitral valves were first described two decades ago. In the intervening years 72 reports in the English-language literature have described 267 such cases. Men predominated numerically in cases occurring after the age of 40 years and in surgical and autopsy series. In cases with auscultatory abnormalities documented before the onset of infective endocarditis, murmurs-and not merely isolated systolic clicks--were usually present. Complications of infective endocarditis were relatively common, and at least 42 patients required valve replacement in the acute phase of illness or during convalescence. Although viridans streptococci were the most frequent etiologic agents (46% of cases), deaths occurred primarily among patients infected with other organisms and among those over 40 years of age. Mitral valve prolapse is increasingly being recognized as a precursor of infective endocarditis because of its high prevalence in the general population and the wider availability of echocardiographic diagnostic techniques. The risk/benefit and cost/benefit ratios for endocarditis prophylaxis in patients with prolapsing mitral valves remain controversial.