cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors impacting the effectiveness of biological pretreatment for the alleviation of algal growth inhibition on anaerobic digestate

Abstract Algal growth is often inhibited in full-strength anaerobic digestate. The objective of this study was to investigate conditions under which digestate pretreatment using bacteria is effective in promoting algal growth, nutrient removal, and favorable changes in algal biomass composition. Batch culture experiments were carried out using low- and high-strength municipal sludge anaerobic digestate, two algae strains of varying sensitivity to digestate inhibitors, short and long pretreatment periods, and axenic vs. non-axenic algal cultures. Pretreatment of digestate increased algal growth up to 40%, N assimilation (up to 29%), and P removal (340%) by Chlorella sorokiniana (resilient algae) when grown on high-strength digestate. Pretreatment did not increase algal growth or nutrient assimilation when Chlorella sorokiniana was combined with low-strength digestate. The more sensitive strain, Auxenochlorella protothecoides, benefitted from pretreatment on both low- and high-strength digestate, even preventing complete cell death in the latter. Pretreatment increased starch content but not lipid content of algae.
Getting involved with diseases of the colon and rectum

Abstract For colorectal surgery, Diseases of the Colon and Rectum is the preeminent journal in the field and foremost information source for any practicing or hopeful colorectal surgeon. Under Editor-in-Chief Susan Galandiuk, the journal has continued to improve and innovate its content, utilizing alternative media, and continually meeting the changing needs of its readers. Diseases of the Colon and Rectum has developed a culture of inclusion, expanding the international accessibility, diversifying the editorial board, and delivering content through a wide variety of methods. With this, the pathways to getting involved at Diseases of the Colon and Rectum have also grown. In addition to the traditional positions of Editor, Peer Reviewer, and original research author, Disease of the Colon and Rectum has roles for creating, promoting, and maintaining all forms of media, internationally and across all experience levels. For the most part, all you have to do to get involved with this exciting journal is ask .
Inspiring Student Creativity: Collaboration on a Network Design Using IoT Project

A key initiative of the College of Engineering and Computing at USC is fostering creativity in its students and educators [11]. Emergent technologies make it difficult to predict what skills students will need as computer systems become more complex and dynamic. Including classroom activities that encourage creativity and collaboration prepares students for Information Technology (IT) and real-life application of their networking skills. The Final Project for the Introduction to Networking course that is described in this paper was designed to be a creative teaching experience in the classroom. It also contributed to the Introduction to Networking course learning outcomes by preparing students for risk-taking and uncertainty in real-world network applications
Law Enforcement Officers Killed in the Line of Duty: Contextual and Situational Factors Relating to Body Armor

Using the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted Program (LEOKA), this article examines law enforcement officers feloniously killed in the line of duty from 2002–2017 in which 821 officers were feloniously killed. Through an analysis of contextual and situational factors of the officer’s fatality, this article explores the extent to which body armor impacts the manner in which an officer is feloniously killed. Prior research has not sufficiently explored the effectiveness of body armor usage to reduce the risk of death of felonious killings. Results indicate that LEOs killed not wearing body armor were no more likely to suffer their fatality from somewhere besides their head compared to officers who were wearing body armor. Although there was no statistically significant difference, body armor and protective gear are a crucial part of an officer's work which has been further heightened during this recent era of social, political and civil unrest. The need for better protection for police officers needs to be prioritized.
Tissue culture of Xenopus neurons and muscle cells as a model for studying synaptic induction.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the culture system involving the neural tube and the myotomal muscle cell from the Xenopus embryo. Synaptogenesis is a central event in the development of the nervous system. The most convenient system to study this process is the development of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). During the formation of the NMJ, processes from motoneurons interact with muscle cells and elicit the development of synaptic specializations. This process of nerve–muscle interaction bears similarities to the embryonic induction in that the cellular interaction at the cell–cell contact signals the local differentiation of the pre- and postsynaptic cells. This chapter describes the use of Xenopus cell cultures in the study of neuromuscular synapse development. These cultures are useful tools in understanding a wide range of problems in muscle development, such as myogenesis and the development of membrane excitability. The feasibility in manipulating the development of the embryos also adds to the versatility of this culture system. The chapter also explains the preparation of myotube cultures.
Behavioral Neuropharmacological Methods

The neural systems responsible for cognitive function are segregated by anatomical and neurochemical specificity. Characterization of the effects of drugs on thought and action helps us to identify the basic functional units of neuronal and cognitive organization. Keywords: behavior; neuropharmacology; methods; techniques
Real-time analysis and management of big time-series data

The ability to process and analyze large volumes of time-series data is in increasing demand in various domains including health care, finance, energy and utilities, transportation, and cybersecurity. Despite the broad use of time-series data worldwide, the design of a system to easily manage, analyze, and visualize large multidimensional time series, with dimensions on the order of hundreds of thousands, is still a challenging endeavor. This paper describes the Streaming Time-Series Analysis and Management (STAM) system as a solution to this problem. STAM provides the capability to glean actionable information from continuously changing time series with thousands of dimensions, in real time. STAM exploits the IBM InfoSphere® Streams platform and allows for general-purpose large-scale time-series analytics for applications including anomaly detection, modeling, smoothing, forecasting, and tracking. In addition, the system provides user-friendly tools for managing, deploying, and initiating analytics on large-scale data streams of interest, and provides a web-based graphical visualization interface that allows highlighting of events of interest with interactive menus. In this paper, we describe the system and illustrate its use in a large-scale system-monitoring application.
A cumulant matrix subspace algorithm for blind single FIR channel identification

Blind identification of discrete-time single-user FIR channels with nonminimum phase is studied here. Exploiting higher order cumulants of output signals of unknown channels, a new closed-form solution to the FIR channel impulse response is derived. The algorithm is simple and fast. It relies only on nullspace decomposition of some cumulant matrices. This method neither involves the difficult task of iterative global minimization of nonunimodal cost functions, nor does it require overparametrization, which poses consistency difficulties. It can be used either as the final channel estimate or as a good initial point in nonlinear cumulant matching techniques. The application of this identification method is broad and not limited to the use of any fixed-order cumulants. Its application in identifying data communication systems shows great potential and promise.
Accelerated Bone Mineral Density Loss Occurs with Similar Incidence and Severity, But with Different Risk Factors, after Autologous versus Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

Bone mineral density (BMD) loss occurs commonly in patients after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), primarily because of steroid use, but little is known about BMD change post-autologous HCT. In a prospective study of 206 consecutive first HCT patients, we measured acute BMD change at the lumbar spine and dual femur between baseline and day +100, and evaluated risk factors for bone loss. Accelerated BMD loss in this 4-month period occurred after both autologous and allogeneic HCT with similar severity (median, 0.03 g/cm2 versus 0.03 g/cm2 at the spine; 0.03 g/cm2 versus 0.05 g/cm2 at the femur, respectively). This is equivalent to 7 to 17 years' worth of bone loss by aging. Risk factors for BMD loss were different between autologous and allogeneic HCT patients: lymphoma was associated with greater bone loss after autologous HCT than myeloma, whereas higher steroid dose was the most significant risk factor after allogeneic HCT. Multivariable risk models explained 11% to 30% of the variation in HCT-related BMD change. Surprisingly, BMD loss post-autologous HCT occurred with similar incidence and severity to allogeneic HCT, even in the absence of steroid use. Evaluation of clinical strategies to prevent and reverse HCT-related BMD loss is necessary in both autologous and allogeneic HCT patients.
Antifibrotic Agents for Liver Disease

Complications from chronic hepatitis C (HCV) and recurrent HCV post-transplant are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in the United States and Europe. Current antiviral therapies are at best, effective in up to 50% of patients in the pre-transplant setting, and in the post-transplant setting are associated with more limited efficacy and increased toxicity. With this reduced efficacy of antiviral strategies in the post-transplant setting, new approaches are urgently needed. Substantial progress has been made in understanding the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis over the last 20 years, which has yielded potential new therapeutic targets. The prospect of antifibrotic therapies is nearing reality in order to reduce progression to cirrhosis, thereby reducing morbidity, mortality and the need for re-transplantation. Current and evolving approaches primarily target the activated hepatic stellate cells, which are the main source of extracellular matrix, along with related fibrogenic cell types. Key issues yet to be clarified include the optimal duration of antifibrotic therapies, endpoints of clinical trials, indications in clinical practice and whether combination therapies might yield synergistic activity.
Effect of a nonlactose diet on human intestinal disaccharidase activity.

Total lactose abstinence for 42 days in 7 subjects failed to induce a deficiency in intestinal lactase or clinical lactose intolerance. Therefore, dietary lactose content does not appear to be an important factor in determining the level of intestinal lactase in humans for this period of time.
Incorporation of steroids into human, dog, and duck erythrocytes.

Abstract Labeled steroids were incubated with erythrocytes of human subjects, dogs, and Pekin ducks, suspended in saline and extracted with organic solvents. The radio-activity in the saline washings, organic phase and aqueous (residual) fractions was determined. The amounts of various steroids in the fractions obtained from human and dog erythrocytes were similar. A distinct difference in steroid content was observed between the duck and the mammalian erythrocytes. The organic phase and aqueous fraction obtained from the human and dog erythrocytes had a higher content of aldosterone, progesterone, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone and 21-dehydrocortisol than those obtained from duck erythrocytes. On the other hand, both fractions from duck erythrocytes contained larger quantities of estrogens and glucocorticoids. When 21-dehydrocortisol was incubated with various erythrocyte suspensions, significant conversion to cortisol occurred only with duck erythrocytes.
3D reconstruction of highly fragmented bone fractures

A system for the semi-automatic reconstruction of highly fragmented bone fractures, developed to aid in treatment planning, is presented. The system aligns bone fragment surfaces derived from segmentation of volumetric CT scan data. Each fragment surface is partitioned into intact- and fracture-surfaces, corresponding more or less to cortical and cancellous bone, respectively. A user then interactively selects fracture-surface patches in pairs that coarsely correspond. A final optimization step is performed automatically to solve the N-body rigid alignment problem. The work represents the first example of a 3D bone fracture reconstruction system and addresses two new problems unique to the reconstruction of fractured bones: (1) non-stationary noise inherent in surfaces generated from a difficult segmentation problem and (2) the possibility that a single fracture surface on a fragment may correspond to many other fragments.
Signal-To-Background Clutter Ratio With Two-Dimensional Spatial Filtering

Improvements in infra-red (IR) sensor sensitivity have resulted in background clutter becoming a limiting factor for target detection. The extreme IR clutter intensities which occur following detonation of nuclear weapons is a major limitation to target detection capabilities. This paper investigates improvements in the signal-to-clutter ratio provided by simple two-dimensional spatial filtering of IR detector array data. The difference in the spectra for natural and nuclear background clutter require different filter parameters to provide optimal performance.
Simulated global changes alter phosphorus demand in annual grassland

In the Jasper Ridge Global Change Experiment – an annual grassland with elevated carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrate deposition, temperature, and precipitation – we used six indices of phosphorus (P) limitation to test the hypothesis that global changes that increase net primary production (NPP) increase P demand or limitation. All indices indicated that nitrate deposition, the only factor that stimulated NPP, increased P demand or limitation: (1) soil phosphatase activity increased by 14%; (2) P concentration in green and (3) senescent leaves of the dominant grass genus, Avena, dropped by 40% and 44%, respectively; (4) N : P ratios in green and (5) senescent Avena widened by 99% and 161%, respectively; and (6) total aboveground plant P decreased by 17% with elevated nitrate deposition. The other three factors, which did not stimulate NPP, did not increase P demand: based on two indices, enhanced precipitation decreased P demand (11% decrease in phosphatase activity, 19% increase in total aboveground P), and there was no evidence that elevated CO2 or temperature altered P demand. In a metaanalysis to assess the generality of P constraints on growth increases from global change factors, we found that six of 11 N-limited ecosystems responded to N deposition with enhanced P limitation or demand, but did not detect significant effects of elevated CO2 or warming.
The selective use of sound effects and visual inserts for children's television story comprehension

Abstract Sound effects were inserted in a television program in order to guide children's selective attention to, and comprehension of, significant story content. Sixty-four children, equally distributed by sex and by kindergarten and fifth grades, were randomly assigned to one of four treatment conditions that crossed two levels of sound effects with two levels of visual inserts. One-s sound effects either preceded or did not precede three key program transitions. The visual insert conditions provided additional information at these program points whereas the no visual insert conditions did not. Visual attention was videotaped during each child's individual viewing session. After viewing, each child answered a 22-item multiple-choice recognition test of inferential, central, and incedental content. As predicted, sound effects increased selective attention and inferential recognition, particularly for the youngest children who have the greatest difficulty understanding televised stories.
Panacea or Snake Oil? Interest‐Based Bargaining in the U.S. Airline and Rail Industries

This study of interest-based bargaining (IBB) examined past usage, current preferences, and future intentions to use this approach in U.S. airline and railroad labor negotiations. Based on a survey of eighty-four union and management chief negotiators, we found that the personal attributes of the chief negotiator (orientation toward relationships, personal conflict handling style, and competency in IBB approaches) were strong predictors of the past use of IBB. However, personal affinities and styles became irrelevant as experience with IBB accumulated. The negotiator's preferences for IBB in general were strongly correlated to his or her awareness of other carriers' and unions' experiences with IBB, as well as to his or her own direct experience. The negotiator's intention to use IBB in the future was also related to the quality of the contract personally obtained through IBB practices. The study also revealed the unpopularity of IBB among labor negotiators relative to their management counterparts.
Diurnal flight response of the walnut twig beetle, Pityophthorus juglandis Blackman (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), to pheromone-baited traps in two northern California walnut habitats

Abstract The diurnal flight response of the walnut twig beetle, Pityophthorus juglandis Blackman (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), was assessed during two seasonal periods at two sites in northern California. Males and females flew primarily at dusk in response to aggregation pheromone-baited traps during late June/early July, and the percentage of beetles that flew between sunrise and late afternoon was positively correlated with the temperature at 6 AM of that day. Between late August and early November, the diurnal flight pattern was more varied and generally bimodal, though approx. 42 to 55% of the beetles still flew during the dusk period. During either period of the season, there was very little evidence that any flight occurred during the night. Between late August and late September, diurnal flight of both sexes during two-hour intervals was associated with temperature in a Gaussian manner with a threshold at 17–18 °C (62.6–64.4 °F) and peak activity at 23–24 °C (73.4–75.2 °F). The proportion of females i...
INFLUENCE OF HYBRIDIZATION ON THE PROPERTIES OF THE SPINLESS FALICOV-KIMBALL MODEL

Without a hybridization between the localized f- and the conduction (c-) electron states the spinless Falicov-Kimball model (FKM) is exactly solvable in the limit of high spatial dimension, as first shown by Brandt and Mielsch. Here I show that at least for sufficiently small c-f-interaction this exact inhomogeneous ground state is also obtained in Hartree-Fock approximation. With hybridization the model is no longer exactly solvable, but the approximation yields that the inhomogeneous charge-density wave (CDW) ground state remains stable also for finite hybridization V smaller than a critical hybridization V_c, above which no inhomogeneous CDW solution but only a homogeneous solution is obtained. The spinless FKM does not allow for a ''ferroelectric'' ground state with a spontaneous polarization, i.e. there is no nonvanishing $ $-expectation value in the limit of vanishing hybridization.
Evaluation of a briquet formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (H‐14) against aedes spp. and culex spp. larvae in dambos in Kenya

Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. israelensis serotype H‐14 (Bti) in briquet formulation (Bactimos) was tested in a field trial against ground‐pool breeding mosquitoes in a dambo located in a Rift Valley fever virus‐enzootic/epizootic area in central Kenya. Bactimos (10% Bti; 7000 AA International Toxic Units/mg) was tested for 30 days in 3 separate treatment areas at the rate of 1 briquet/9 m2, later increased to 1 briquet/1.5 m2 on day 13 postflood; 1 briquet/9 m2; and 1 briquet(4.6 m2). An estimate of the daily survival rate of larvae at different periods during the study revealed that mosquitoes in the area treated with 1 briquet/9 m2 had a significantly lower (64%) survival rate than those in the control site (92%) against Aedes spp. and was not significantly different from the site treated with 1 briquet/4.6 m2. Mosquitoes in the site treated with I briquet/1.5 m2 on day 13 postflood had a much‐reduced survival rate (25%;) when compared to those in the control site (67%) during the 3rd Culex spp....
Estimation of a frontier production function for the South Carolina educational process

Abstract Using data from 541 classes in South Carolina, OLS and frontier production functions are estimated. Results indicate that classes taught by teachers who received merit awards show greater mathematics and reading achievement gain scores, as are classes in which there are fewer students who receive free or reduced-fee lunch. Results for teacher sex and race are ambiguous, as are results for teacher education. We also found a positive relation between achievement and class size, contrary to popular perceptions. Finally, the results from the frontier production function strongly suggest that at least some degree of inefficiency is present in the South Carolina education system. Some suggestions for school improvement are offered.
Solvent influence on the formation of anhydrous mononuclear or multinuclear lanthanide complexes containing tetradentate Schiff-base ligands

The syntheses, characterization, and crystal structures of six-coordinate mononuclear [bis-5,5′-(1,3-propanediyldiimino)-2,2-dimethyl-4-hexene-3-onato]lanthanum [bis(trimethylsilyl)amido][tetrahydrofuran], [bis-5,5′-(1,3-propanediyldiimino)-2,2-dimethyl-4-hexene-3-onato]neodymium [bis(trimethylsilyl)amido][tetrahydrofuran] and the dinuclear species tris[bis-5,5′-(1,3-propanediyldiimino)-2,2-dimethyl-4-hexene-3-onato]lanthanum are presented. The complexes are prepared from the reaction of homoleptic tris[(bistrimethylsilyl)amido]-lanthanum or -neodymium with the diprotic tetradentate Schiff base bis-5,5′-(1,3-propanediyldiimino)-2,2-dimethyl-4-hexene-3-one and final product nuclearity is controlled through solvent choice: heptane affords only the dinuclear species, despite varied reaction stoichiometries and starting material concentrations, whereas coordinating tetrahydrofuran yields the desired mononuclear complexes. All products are reproducibly isolated in high yields and analytical purity.
Cigarette taxation: Raising revenues and reducing consumption

Abstract This paper estimates a dynamic demand model for cigarettes based on panel data from 46 American states over the period 1963 to 1988. The first objective is to show some of the pitfalls of studies that rely on a time series regression of a specific state, or a cross-section regression for a given year. The second objective is to update the results of Baltagi and Levin (1986) from 1980 to 1988 and to study the sensitivity of these results to various ways of modelling the bootlegging effect as well as controlling for fixed or random state effects. This study finds a significant habit persistence effect, a small but significant ‘border purchasing’ effect, a significant but inelastic own price effect and a small but significant income effect.
Decaying Dirac neutrinos.

Constraints on Dirac-neutrino decay into invisible particles are surveyed. Neutrino lifetimes short enough to explain the solar-neutrino problem are allowed by present terrestrial and cosmological measurements. A model in which Dirac neutrinos can have such short lifetimes is proposed. The recently resurrected 17-keV neutrino is incorporated into this model.
Intermediary metabolism in the liver and adipose tissue of rats with hormone-secreting pituitary tumors.

Pituitary tumors MtTW5, StW5 and MtTF4, which secrete growth hormone, cause the generalized growth of the host rat, hepatomegalia and depletion of adipose tissue deposits. A prolactin- and ACTH-secreting tumor, 7315a, produced a smaller increase in body growth and hepatomegalia and did not materially deplete the adipose tissue deposits. Adipose tissue from all of these tumor-bearing rats metabolized glucose-1- or -6-14C and acetate- 1-14C to CO2 and fatty acid less well than did tissue from controls. Lipid synthesis was depressed in adipose tissue which had been partially mobilized in vivo (MtTW5 and StW5) and in rats where no mobilization of adipose tissue was observed (7315a). In all hormone-secreting pituitary tumor-bearing rats decreased amounts of glucose were utilized by adipose tissue, but no increase in glycerol release into the medium was observed. Thus, the chronic high levels of growth hormone or prolactin in these rats, resulting in decreased fatty acid biosynthesis, are apparently mediated th...
Growth and Yield Responses of Soybean to Row Spacing and Seeding Rate

Some growers in northern latitudes plant soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] with a row crop planter in 0.38 m rows, but an economic analysis concluded that drilled soybean in rows <0.25 m was optimum in the North-Central United States. We planted two varieties in 0.19, 0.38, and 0.76 m rows at 321,000; 371,000; 420,000; and 469,000 seeds ha -1 in New York in 2008 and 2009 to evaluate how soybean compensates to wide rows or low seeding rates in the Northeast United States. Soybean had limited compensation in biomass, pods, and seeds plant -1 at wider rows so row spacing had linear responses for biomass accumulation (598, 554, and 497 g m -2 in 0.19, 0.38. and 0.76 m rows, respectively) and leaf area index (LAI, 3.64, 3.47, and 3.16) at seed initiation; pod (1012, 935, and 875 pods m -2 ) and seed density (2272, 2230, and 2072 seeds m -2 , respectively) at harvest; and yield (3.37, 3.12, and 2.86 Mg ha -1 , respectively). Compensation in biomass, pods, and seeds plant -1 at lower seeding rates resulted in similar biomass accumulation (528-570 g m -2 ), LAI (3.38-3.46), pod (921-965 pods m -2 ), and seed densities (2123 to 2234 seeds m-2 ) across seeding rates. Nevertheless, yield showed a quadratic response to seeding rate (3.04, 3.25, and 3.12 Mg ha -1 at 321,000; 420,000; and 469,000 seeds ha -1 , respectively) with no row spacing interaction. Soybean compensated more at lower seeding rates than at wider rows, but field-scale studies are being conducted to evaluate the economics of both practices.
Social and Psychological Characteristics of Alcoholics: A Male-Female Comparison

Male and female alcoholics from a public health clinic were compared on social and psychological characteristics. Although sex was not found to be associated with the number of close friends report...
A REVIEW OF RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN DIFFERENTIAL ITEM FUNCTIONING

In many practical settings, essentially the same differential item functioning (DIF) procedures have been in use since the late 1980s. Since then, examinee populations have become more heterogeneous, and tests have included more polytomously scored items. This paper summarizes and classifies new DIF methods and procedures that have appeared since the early 1990s and assesses their appropriateness for practical use. Widely used DIF methods are evaluated alongside these new methods for completeness, clarity, and comparability.
Cis-trans isomerisation in rhodopsin occurs in picoseconds

IT has been believed for some time that the primary event in vision, the photochemical formation of bathorhodopsin, can be attributed to a cis–trans photoisomerisation1. Recently this model has been questioned. Busch et al. proposed that the less-than-6-ps formation time of bathorhodopsin from rhodopsin does not allow significant isomerisation of the 11-cis chromophore to an all-trans isomer2. This apparent difficulty with the cis–trans photoisomerisation model has prompted alternative models including (1) a mechanism involving deprotonation of the Schiff base nitrogen3, (2) proton transfer from the retinal methyl at position five to opsin4,5 (involving the shifting of double bonds along the polyene chain to form a ‘retro’ type retinal), and (3) a photoinduced electron transfer to retinal from a protein donor group6. We have approached this question by performing picosecond absorption kinetic measurements on the formation time of bathorhodopsin from bovine rhodopsin and isorhodopsin. The essence of this experiment is that bathorhodopsin, being the common photo-product of rhodopsin (11-cis retinal) and isorhodopsin (9-cis retinal) must be an isomerised product of at least one of these pigments, but could be a product of both pigments (that is, basically all-trans retinal). Thus formation time measurements of bathorhodopsin from the two primary pigments can settle whether isomerisation can take place on the picosecond time scale.
The surgical management of paediatric bladder and prostate rhabdomyosarcoma.

Background The surgical management of paediatric bladder/prostate rhabdomyosarcoma (B/P RMS) continues to develop, with the goal of maximising organ preservation while achieving successful cancer control. The timing of radiotherapy and surgical excision to improve event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) remains controversial.
Quantum Theoretical Origin of Spacetime Structure

The possibility that macroscopic spacetime is defined by the observable structure of the simplest nontrivial quantum systems is investigated.
The quark content of the proton

Abstract The quark content of the proton is studied using the quark scalar bilinear, q q, as a probe. An analysis of hadron masses and the sigma term suggests an unexpectedly large signal for s s. This is seen to be reasonable within both the Skyrme model and the bag model. The interpretation of the quark content is discussed in both models.
2.3 In situ sites for xenobiotic activation and detoxication: Implications for the differential susceptibility of cells to the toxic actions of environmental chemicals

The findings reported in this communication illustrate that histochemical approaches can provide a significant amount of insight into an area of considerable toxicologic importance. Results of our immunohistochemical and histochemical studies clearly demonstrate that neither xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes nor oxidative xenobiotic metabolism occur uniformly throughout tissues that often are damaged as a result of the bioactivation of environmental chemicals and other xenobiotics, that there can be significant differences in both the contents and activities of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes among even morphologically similar cells such as hepatocytes, and that enzyme inducers can alter differentially the extents to which different cells in a tissue metabolize xenobiotics. Knowledge of the precise intratissue localizations and distributions of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and xenobiotic biotransformation reactions clearly is critical for defining the roles individual cells play in the metabolism of xenobiotics. It must be recognized, however, that the mere presence of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in a cell cannot, by itself, explain why that cell might be highly susceptible to toxicities resulting from the bioactivation of certain xenobiotics. Thus, it is apparent that considerably more study is needed, especially in situ using histologic and cytologic techniques, in order to characterize the balance between xenobiotic activation and detoxication processes within individual cells in target tissues and elucidate the basis for the cell-selective nature of toxicities caused by the generation of reactive metabolites from many xenobiotics.
REPLACEMENT THERAPY WITH HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE (hGH); CONSERVATION VIA LOW DOSAGE AND ROUTINE THYROID (T) REPLACEMENT

Single weekly injections of 2.5mg hGH have been given for greater than one year to 15 children with hypopitultarism who had been growing 2.8cm/yr(±1.2SD). Six were receiving T, two of whom also received low dose Cortisol (C). One C-treated and one who developed hypothyroidism (HT) failed to respond to hGH the first year. The other 13 pts grew 8.2cm(±1.5) the 1st yr and 4 of them grew 7.2cm(±1.9) during yr 2 on 2.5mg/wk. The two who failed to respond the 1st yr did respond to 2.5mg 2x/wk but T therapy in one and stopping C in the other with only 2.5mg/wk produced greater growth (3.5 - 8.2 - 11.8cm/yr). Three others had 2nd yr failure due to acquired HT (2cm/yr±.2) with marked improvement on T (9±.2). Two without cryptic HT responded poorly to 2.5/wk after 1 yr and better to 2.5mg twice weekly. Twenty-two full treatment yrs at 2.5mg/wk without HT or C suppression included 13 1st yr, 4 2nd yr and 5 3rd yr periods with average growth 8.6cm/yr(±1.6). This exceeds 1st yr rates for the U.S. Collaborative Study (7.0cm/yr) using 2mg 3x/wk or the Tanner series with 4x our dose (7.3cm/yr the 1st yr - p<.025). Four of 9 without HT at the outset developed resistance to hGH from acquired HT. Single weekly injections of 2.5mg hGH are adequate for growth in most cases and should be accompanied by routine T therapy and minimal C replacement.
Bukharin, Lenin and the theoretical foundations of Bolshevism

(1970). Bukharin, Lenin and the theoretical foundations of Bolshevism. Soviet Studies: Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 436-457.
Heat Transfer Phenomenology of a Hydrodynamically Unstable Melting System

An experimental study was conducted on a melting system consisting of a liquid layer overlying a solid substrate. The liquid and solid when molten were mutually miscible. To initiate melting, the liquid was heated by a heater grid suspended above the liquid-solid interface. Systems with the density of the liquid less than that of the molten solid were gravitationally stable, whereas those with the density of the liquid greater than that of the molten solid were gravitationally unstable. Total mixing of the melt layer and the liquid layer resulted in thermal mixing of the liquid. The heat transfer coefficient was found to be an increasing function of the density ratio of liquid and melted solid; this increase occurred in four stages. There was a marked enhancement of heat transfer in the system. The melting rate was also found to depend on temperature difference and conduction depth.
Shotgun mass spec goes independent.

A new scanning approach to data acquisition in tandem mass spectrometry promises to increase sensitivity and accuracy of proteomic analysis.
Cytochrome b561 can be detected in many neuroendocrine tissues using a specific monoclonal antibody.

Abstract CG7 is a moncolonal antibody that recognizes cytochrome b 561 , a major protein component of adrenal medullary chromamn granules. Immunocytochemical studies using this antibody have demonstrated that cytochrome b 561 is present in many neural and endocrine tissues and that its distribution is correlated with the presence of either catecholamines or amidated peptides in the tissue. These tissues include neuronal cell bodies and/or fibers in the gut, blood vessels, retina, and posterior pituitary, endocrine cells of the gut, anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary, heart muscle, and all adrenal medullary chromaffin cells. The discovery of cytochrome b 561 in many neuropeptide-containing tissues regardless of the presence of catecholamines is consistent with a general role for cytochrome b 561 as a secretory granule membrane electron carrier. Its expression may be linked to an ascorbic acid requirement by both catecholamine and neuropeptide biosynthetic enzymes.
Region- and strand-specific mutagenesis of a recombinant plasmid

Abstract Techniques were developed to mutagenize a single DNA strand in a specific region of the tetracycline-resistance ( tet r ) gene of the plasmid pKB280 that also carries the λ repressor gene. Separate annealings of complementary single strands gave two isomeric, circular plasmids containing a 275-nucleotide, single-stranded region (gap) in the tet r gene. One of the isomeric, gapped plasmids was mutagenized specifically with sodium bisulfite such that an estimated 98% of the molecules had suffered at least one C to U conversion in the gap. The mutagenized gap was filled in with DNA polymerase. These molecules transformed Escherichia coli strain MM294 to λ-immunity with the same frequency as unmutagenized, gap-filled pKB280. Of the λ-immune transformants, 32% were Tc r and 68% were Tc s . Restriction analysis of plasmids from some Tc s transformants showed losses of restriction sites within the gap and at the gap termini, but none outside of the gap. No deletions were detected.
Latino Urbanism: placemaking in 21st-century American cities

This special issue of the Journal of Urbanism, Latino Urbanism: placemaking in 21st-century American cities, expands upon the growing literature on Latino Urbanism, focusing on its role in shaping ...
Hyperpolarized helium MRI assessment of the spatial heterogeneity in lung function with potential relationship to radiation response

Purpose/Objective: Pulmonary toxicity is a major limiting factor in thoracic radiotherapy. Previous studies have shown a regional difference in lung radiation sensitivity (Travis et al 1997, Khan et al 1995). The purpose of this study was to use hyperpolarized helium (He) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to examine the spatial heterogeneity of lung function as it may relate to radiation sensitivity. We hypothesize that radiosensitivity differences in the lung can be explained by functional information found in apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps calculated from our 3He MR Images.
Smoke emission and burning rates for urban structures

Abstract Cribs, ordered arrays of sticks, were burned to mimic post-nuclear building fires. As the packing density of the cribs was increased to simulate blast damage, the smoke yield increased and the smoke changed from strongly light absorbing to whitish in color. A ventilation parameter proportional to the ratio of the crib vent area to the total fuel surface area correlated the burning rate and smoke yield data for both large (3.81 cm stick thickness) and small (0.64 cm stick thickness) scale cribs. The globally averaged smoke optical depth inferred from the burning of the wood cribs is in the low range of Penner's (1986, Nature 324 , 222–226) estimate. The smoke yield for freely burning cribs containing wood, gypsum, and plastic can be accounted for based on the high sooting yield of the plastic by itself.
Free vibration analysis of cylindrical liquid storage tanks

Abstract The circular cylindrical tank, built on grade and usually constructed in steel, aluminum or prestressed concrete, is one of the most common forms of liquid storage vessels. This paper summarizes the results of a comprehensive, computer based, numerical investigation of lateral free vibration of cylindrical liquid storage tanks. An analytical procedure which accurately predicts the fundamental frequencies (corresponding to axial wave number and circumferential wave number both equal to one) of a wide range of cylindrical storage tanks is developed. The procedure is applicable to tanks both completely full and partially full with liquid. Several numerical examples are presented which illustrate application of the procedure and verify its accuracy.
Issues on the chalcopyrite/defect-chalcopyrite junction model for high-efficiency Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells

Abstract Considering the chalcopyrite/defect-chalcopyrite junction model for Cu(In 1− x Ga x )Se 2 -based devices and our previously reported findings for the Cu(In 1− x Ga x ) 3 Se 5 defect chalcopyrites, we have postulated that uniform high-Ga-content photovoltaic structures (with x > 0.35) do not yield acceptable device performance due to the electrical and structural differences between both types of materials (chalcopyrite and defect-chalcopyrite). In this contribution, the structural properties of the surface region of Ga containing absorber materials have been studied by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. We find that there are significant differences between surface and bulk. A structural model is proposed for the growth of the chalcopyrite/defect-chalcopyrite junction relative to its Ga content. And we demonstrate that closely lattice matched high -Ga-content structures ( x > 0.35) can produce solar cells withv acceptable performances. The high-voltage and low-current electrical outputs from high Ga structures are very desirable in module fabrication because overall resistive losses can be substantially reduced.
Gibberellin-induced Anther and Pollen Development in a Stamen-less Tomato Mutant

HESLOP-HARRISON1 has pointed out that in most investigations flower primordia differentiation has been considered synonymous with flowering as a single indivisible process. Observations on the differentiation and development of individual floral parts (sepals, petals, stamens, pistils) in hermaphroditic flowers thus offer a unique approach in the study of flowering. Certain tomato mutants lacking essential floral parts provide excellent source material for such investigations. This report directs attention to the effects of gibberellin A3 (GA3) on anther and pollen development in an otherwise stamen-less tomato mutant2.
Expression of fibronection fragments inE. coli

Methods are described for high-efficiency expression of fibronectin fragments by using anE. coli protein expression system. Complementary DNA (cDNA) fragments cloned in a T7 promoter-based expression plasmid were expressed inE. coli strain BL21(DE3, pLysS). The resulting fibronectin fragments were purified by DEAE ion-exchange chromatography. This method can produce a large quantity of protein fragments for various studies including functional assays and biophysical measurements.
Visualization of high resolution, three-dimensional, nonlinear finite element analyses

A two-pass surface extraction algorithm for adaptive finite-element meshes is presented in the context of a visualization study for a particle impact and a turbine-blade containment problem. The direct use of finite-element data structures for the computation of external surfaces, surface normals, and derived physical qualities is discussed. An overview of the in-betweening which accounts for rigid body dynamics effects is presented, with a brief discussion of a direct-to-videodisk animation strategy. >
Electrochemically controlled binding and release of salicylate, TCNQXXX and ferrocyanide from films of oligomeric 3-methoxythiophene

Abstract Oligomerized 3-methoxythiophene ( 1 ) was prepared anodically. It was deposited from acetonitrile solution onto carbon electrodes. Upon oxidation at 0.4–0.6 V (SCE) in aqueous solutions of the anions salicylate or ferricyanide, the film of 1 was oxidized and incorporated the anions to maintain electroneutrality. These anion-loaded films on carbon were placed in aqueous NaCl and then the anions were released by stepping the electrode potential to pass cathodic current, e.g. to −0.4 V. In the case of salicylate, detection of the released anion by emission spectroscopy showed that at open circuit much of the salicylate exchanged out of the film over a period of 10 min, but release of the salicylate could be completed in only 30 s by stepping the potential to −0.4 V. There was a linear relationship between charge passed and amount of salicylate released. Ferricyanide release into aqueous NaCl was monitored electrochemically. Exchange of ferricyanide for chloride at open circuit was slow on the time scale of minutes, but release was completed in 30 s at −0.2 V. TCNQ was bound into 1 on carbon without electrochemical oxidation. A 1 /TCNQ charge transfer complex (solid state conductivity, σ ≈ 0.1 Ω −1 cm −1 ) is formed. This film showed electrochemical responses characteristic of both 1 and TCNQ. In aqueous NaCl formation of TCNQ XXX at −0.2 V did not give release, but the use of aqueous LiCl did. This behavior was closely analogous to that of a film of pure TCNQ, except that 1 increased the amount of active TCNQ.
The components of feeding behavior in rotifers

Feeding behavior of a rotifer can be broken into two classes of activities: the rate of successful search and the handling process. The former consists of the following components: Perceptual field (in planktonic rotifers the area of the corona), swimming rate, and attack rate. The second class consists of capture rate, handling time, rejection rate, ingestion, digestion, and assimilation. All evidence indicates that the perceptual field cannot be varied by the rotifer. Swimming rate is variable and under rotifer control, but does not appear to vary with degree of starvation. Attack rate is also under control of the rotifer, at least in the genus Asplanchna. Capture rates vary with the species of food item from zero to 100%. Handling times are longer than one would expect, as are rejection times. Digestion and assimilation appear to vary inversely with rate of ingestion. There is some suggestion in the literature that feeding on very small particles differs from that on larger ones.
A note on the effects of a temporary exposure of an individual to pentachlorophenol.

The climate of Hawaii is favorable for termite propagation and, therefore, many households of the State include containers of pentachlorophenel formulations in their collection of insecticides for home use, for local spot control of occasional outbreaks of the pest. In spite of the intensive educational campaign that has been conducted recently to acquaint the public on the potential hazards of pesticides usage, needless accidents still occur. Such an incident is discussed below, and describes the misuse of an organic solvent material containing pentachloropbenol as a brush cleaner.
Adrenergic Receptors From Molecular Structure to in vivo function.

Adrenergic receptors form the interface between the sympathetic nervous system and the cardiovascular system as well as many endocrine and parenchymal tissues. Although several hundred G-protein-coupled receptors have been identified, adrenergic receptors, along with the visual pigment rhodopsin, have been among the most extensively studied members of this family of receptors. This review focuses on recent advances in understanding the molecular structure, function, and regulation of adrenergic receptors using in vitro systems and integrates recent transgenic animal models that were generated to study the adrenergic system in vivo. (Trends Cardiovasc Med 1997;7:137-145). © 1997, Elsevier Science Inc.