cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors associated with help seeking by community responders trained in overdose prevention and naloxone administration in Massachusetts

Abstract Background Community overdose responders do not always seek help from emergency services when administering naloxone. We aimed to identify responder, overdose event, and community characteristics associated with help seeking from emergency services during overdoses reported by Massachusetts Overdose Education and Naloxone Distribution (OEND) enrollees, and to assess trends in help seeking over time. Methods We analyzed overdose reports submitted between 2007 and 2017 to the Massachusetts Department of Public Health. We used logistic regression, stratified by responder drug use status, to assess associations of characteristics with help seeking during an overdose. Results From January 2007 through December 2017, there were 69,870 OEND enrollees. 5,588 enrollees reported 10,246 overdoses. Help seeking was more likely among responders who did not use drugs. Among responders who did not use drugs, help seeking was more likely when: the responder was older or female, the victim was a stranger or client, and when naloxone did not work. Among responders who used drugs, help seeking was more likely when: the responder was female or had not previously reported responding to an overdose, the victim was a stranger or client or did not use fentanyl, naloxone took a longer time to work, and when the overdose was public or occurred more recently. The percentage of overdoses where help seeking occurred reached a maximum in 2016 at 50%. Conclusions Help seeking by OEND enrollees was significantly associated with several responder, victim, and event characteristics. Targeted interventions to promote help seeking are warranted, particularly as the lethality of opioid supplies rises.
The Challenge of Combating Impunity in Extrajudicial Executions and Enforced Disappearances through Judicial Interpretation and Application of International Human Rights Law

Considered as a plague afflicting humanity, enforced disappearances and extrajudicial executions are both outlawed under international human rights law and international humanitarian law. This paper presents treaty provisions under both international law regimes to show the existing principles, norms, and standards applicable to enforced disappearances and extrajudicial executions. This report shows who and how may perpetrators be held liable for committing these abominable crimes. Relevant jurisprudence are presented to show how the doctrines of command responsibility and common purpose can be made to apply to the officers and personnel of the police and armed forces who ordered, planned, and actually carried out enforced disappearances and extrajudicial executions. Treaty provisions are also presented to show that the scourge of enforced disappearances can be considered, under certain circumstances, as a crime against humanity. This paper discusses the state obligation to investigate, prosecute, and punish the perpetrators, provide effective remedies to victims, and prevent the recurrence of enforced disappearances. Due to impunity, state actors are able to undermine the rule of law through their perpetuation of enforced disappearances and extrajudicial executions on a national scale. The systematic and widespread perpetration of extrajudicial executions and enforced disappearances in various parts of the country indicates that the perpetrators are committing these crimes in pursuance of a plan, policy, or scheme formulated and directed by high-ranking officials. The wide scale commission of enforced disappearances and extrajudicial executions can make the perpetrators liable for crimes against humanity. Breaking down the wall of impunity poses an enormous challenge to the courts and other stakeholders. Multifaceted and multilevel initiatives and responses in national and international levels, especially in the preventive aspect, needed to be carried out. The Philippine executive, judicial, and legislative departments need to muster a strong political will to investigate, prosecute, and punish the perpetrators of enforced disappearances and extrajudicial executions.
The effect of an individual's education level on their systems skills in the system of systems domain

Today's rapid proliferation of information and technological advancements has led to complex and uncertain modern systems environments. The problems resulting from this increased complexity may sur...
Automatically detect and classify asphalt pavement raveling severity using 3D technology and machine learning

Raveling is one of the most common asphalt pavement distresses that occur on US highway pavements. Raveling results in safety concerns such as loose stones and hydroplaning; poor ride quality and road/tire noise; and shortened pavement longevity. Traditional raveling survey methods involve manual visual inspection, which is time consuming, subjective, and hazardous to highway workers. With the research project competitively selected and sponsored by the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Innovation Deserving Exploratory Analysis (IDEA) program, the objective of this study is to develop an accurate raveling detection and classification algorithm using 3D pavement data that has become mainstream technologies for state Department of Transportations (DOTs) in the US for pavement condition evaluation, and to comprehensively validate these methods using large-scale, real-world data based on actual transportation agencies’ distress protocol (Severity levels 1, 2, and 3). A total of 65 miles of 3 D pavement data was collected on I-85 and I-285 in Georgia for training and testing. Three supervised machine learning techniques —AdaBoost with decision trees, support vector machine (SVM) and random forests—were developed for the detection and classification of raveling in the collected data. The random forest classifier had the b est performance, with precision values ranging from 75.6% for level 3 raveling to 97.6% for level 0 (no) raveling and recall values ranging from 86.9% for level 1 raveling to 96.1% for level 0 raveling on real world large-scale data. The developed raveling detection and severity level classification method has been successfully implemented to entire Georgia’s interstate highway system with1452.5 survey miles of asphalt pavements after the large-scale validation and refinement. The proposed method for raveling detection can be deployed to other transportation agencies for safer and more efficient assessment of roadway raveling conditions.
Inapproximability of maximal strip recovery: II

Maximal Strip Recovery (MSR) is an optimization problem proposed by Zheng, Zhu, and Sankoff for reliably recovering syntenic blocks from genomic maps in the midst of noise and ambiguities. Given d genomic maps as sequences of gene markers, the objective of MSR-d is to find d subsequences, one subsequence of each genomic map, such that the total length of syntenic blocks in these subsequences is maximized. In our recent paper entitled "Inapproximability of Maximal Strip Recovery" in ISAAC 2009, we proved that MSR-d is APX-hard for any constant d ≥ 2, and presented the first explicit lower bounds for approximating MSR-2, MSR-3, and MSR-4, even for the most basic version of the problem in which all markers are distinct and appear in positive orientation in each genomic map. In this paper, we present several further inapproximability results for MSR-d and its variants CMSR-d, δ-gap-MSR-d, and δ-gap-CMSR-d. One of our main results is that MSR-d is NP-hard to approximate within Ω(d/log d) even if all markers appear in positive orientation in each genomic map. From the other direction, we show that there is a polynomial-time 2d-approximation algorithm for MSR-d even if d is not a constant but is part of the input.
Dynamic Quality Ladder Model Predictions in Nonrandom Holdout Samples

Market structure evolves stochastically as firms innovate in product quality, determining such downstream variables as prices, market shares and profits. Many parties — regulators, financial analysts, component suppliers, manufacturers of substitutable products — might benefit from forecasts of how an industry’s market structure will evolve. This forecasting problem is particularly difficult in technology ladder markets, because potential quality changes are infrequent and meaningful quality improvements are even more rare, suggesting limited data available to make predictions. The current paper compares the predictions of a Pakes and McGuire (1994) dynamic quality ladder model and a vector autoregression (VAR) model to develop insights about predicting the evolution of market structure. Market data are used to estimate both models in an estimation sample and then predict future market structures in nonrandom holdout samples for several automotive categories and numbers of competing firms. Both models performed fairly well in most cases, but the relative predictive performance depends on the extent to which external regime changes affect the market.
Abstract 3600: NanoChannel-mediated communication between tumor cells and endothelium mediates metastatic parasitism

Uncovering mechanisms underlying metastasis is the final frontier in cancer biology. Metastasis is a complex process with many discrete stages. While there has been much research on the seed (metastatic tumor cells) and the soil (colonized host tissue) hypothesis, limited knowledge exists on the interaction between metastatic cells and vascular endothelial cells, prerequisite for the development of metastatic disease. Here we describe nanoscale tubular structures, or nanoChannels (nCs), which mediate early intercellular communication between tumor epithelial cells and the endothelium in vitro and in vivo. These structures were examined in a 3D in vitro co-culture model system capturing molecular and physical interactions between metastatic cells and the endothelium. Unlike classical modes of cell-cell communication (i.e. paracrine, endocrine, and autocrine signaling), nCs allow for both rapid and directed transfer of intracellular contents from metastatic breast cancer cells to the endothelium. The ability to form nanoChannels correlates with metastatic potential of the tumor cells and enables direct tracking of both synthetic materials (chemicals and nanoparticles) and bioorganic macromolecules (proteins and miRNAs). As one specific example, we show that miR-132, which is implicated in pathological angiogenesis, can translocate from tumor cells to the endothelial cells through nCs, resulting in decreased p120RasGAP and activation of AKT in the recipient endothelial cells. Furthermore, nC-mediated communication resulted in upregulation of pathological angiogenesis markers, such as CD137 (26x, p In summary, we describe a novel form of heterotypic intercellular communication between cancer cells and the host endothelium, where tumor cells can physically hijack and transform normal endothelial cells to a pathological angiogenesis phenotype. We define this process as metastatic parasitism. NanoChannel-mediated transfer of microRNAs may emerge as a new signaling mechanism in metastasis, which may function to prime the endothelium to facilitate transmigration of tumor cells and/or recruitment of vasculature to growing metastases. Elucidation of microRNAs transported through the nanoChannels presents a powerful opportunity to explain mechanisms underlying pathological angiogenesis and for the development of metastasis-specific therapeutics. Targeting the formation of these nCs and the resulting metastatic parasitism may potentially emerge as a new therapeutic opportunity in the management of metastatic cancer. Citation Format: Yamicia D. Connor, Sarah Tekleab, Amjad Husain, Cherelle Walls, Bruce Zetter, Harold Dvorak, Shiladitya Sengupta. NanoChannel-mediated communication between tumor cells and endothelium mediates metastatic parasitism. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3600. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3600
The encounter coupling model for β- adrenergic receptor/GTP-binding protein interaction in the S49 cell: Calculation of the encounter frequency

Abstract Experiments measuring epinephrine stimulation of the S49 cell have demonstrated that the rate of adenylate cyclase activation is partly dependent on the rate of turnover of epinephrine occupancy with respect to individual receptors. Specifically, it has been shown that a low occupancy of the full receptor population by epinephrine promotes a rate of adenylate cyclase activation significantly greater than that for a low number of receptors completely occupied by epinephrine with which the concentration of bound receptors is the same. This finding indicated that the interaction of individual receptors with GTP-binding protein (G) occurs on a time scale which is greater than the mean lifetime of the epinephrine-receptor complex; during this period of interaction (an “encounter”), a receptor can change its occupancy state in the presence of a high binding frequency agonist such as epinephrine. Here we present a general analysis, in an extension of the Collision Coupling Modelof Tolkovsky and Levitzki ( Biochemistry 17 : 3795–3810, 1978), of the consequences of encounters (rather than pure collisions) for the relationships of receptor occupancy, receptor-agonist complex lifetime, and receptor-agonist efficiency to G/adenylate cyclase activation. Using this “encounter coupling” model of receptor/G interaction, it is demonstrated from a theoretical standpoint that the net rate of G activation can depend in part on the agonist binding frequency. The predicted dependence is consistent with the data on which the model is based, in which high binding frequency increases the activation rate. A special case of the “encounter coupling model” allows calculation of the frequency of encounters by an analysis of a previous experiment using epinephrine in which the rate of adenylate cyclase activation was measured in response to a small number of fully occupied, highly efficient receptors. Using those results and the model developed here, the encounter frequency was found to be on the order of 100/min in the intact S49 cell. This calculation relied on knowledge of the rate of inactivation of G/adenylate cyclase in intact cells. A method for the measurement of the adenylate cyclase inactivation rate is presented. Using this method, the adenylate cyclase inactivation rate constant was found to be between 0.8 and 3.0/min.
Information Technology's Impact on Firm Structure: A Cross-Industry Analysis

The present analysis explores information technology's (IT) relationship to employment and firm structure by examining how IT affects the relative size of employment at auxiliary units. The analysis treats auxiliary units-establishments where employees provide support services (mainly administrative) to production establishments-as a proxy for the highest administrative levels of the organizational hierarchy. Statistical analyses of 46 industries show large variations across industries in the size, sign, and statistical significance of the elasticities of auxiliary unit employment shares with respect to IT capital stock shares. Nevertheless, our results, combined with other evidence, suggest that economies of scale-gained from using IT to reduce coordination and monitoring costs-influence firm size and structure.
Slavery in the Late Roman World, AD 275–425: Oikonomia : households, consumption, and production

THE ECONOMY OF THE ROMAN HOUSEHOLD Contemplating ascetic withdrawal from the material world, Basil of Caesarea reflected on the burdens of ordinary adulthood: “Once a man is united by marriage, he takes on another welter of cares: if he does not have children, the desire for progeny. If children are born to him, anxiety about their upbringing, the surveillance of his wife, the care of the house, the management of the slaves, suits over contracts, fights with the neighbors, the complications of the law courts, the risks of business, and the tiring work of farming.” For Basil, care of the slaves was a standard element of household life, on the indistinct border between the human and proprietary sides of the family. The letter of Basil is a reminder that Roman slavery was essentially economic, in the root, semantic sense of oikonomia , household management. Basil's ascetic letter described, in an unusually pessimistic tone, the typical worries of that class of “gentlemen landowners,” who had been the target audience of economic discourse for nearly a millennium. But conversations about sound and efficient housecraft resonated widely across the social scale – and Basil's householder, we should note, knew the exhausting work of farm labor.
Dr. Afshar's Grid.

We have scores of publications with pithy nuggets of clinical wisdom. What we lack are doctors with enough clinical wisdom to deliver it in pithy nuggets. To think, in other words.
A Fault-Tolerant Merge Sorting Algorithm

Sorting based on pairwise key comparisons is one of the most widely studied problems. We consider the problem of comparison based sorting in which some of the outcomes of comparisons can be faulty. We show how to modify merge-sorting to (nearly optimally) sort in the presence of faults. More specifically, we show that there is a variation of merge-sort that can sort n records with O(n log n) comparisons when upto e = ?( log n/log log n ) comparisons are faulty.
Increasing Teacher Treatment Integrity through Performance Feedback Provided by School Personnel.

When implementing behavioral interventions in educational settings, some implementers need support to maintain high levels of treatment integrity. Performance feedback has a large body of research supporting it as a strategy for improving teachers’ implementation of classroom interventions. However, in most prior studies, performance feedback has been delivered by a researcher, not by a school staff member, which limits generalizability of results to applied settings. In this study, school personnel (i.e., internal consultants) assessed teachers’ treatment integrity when implementing a classwide behavioral intervention and, when low, provided performance feedback. Further, researchers assessed internal consultants’ treatment integrity and provided performance feedback as needed. Results indicate that internal consultants are able to assess and briefly increase teachers’ treatment integrity with performance feedback, although some teachers needed more support than did others. Likewise, internal consultants’ treatment integrity was fairly high initially, but required consistent performance feedback to increase treatment integrity levels toward the end of the study. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
The Credit Performance of Private Equity-Backed Companies in the 'Great Recession' of 2008–2009

This paper relies on a unique dataset of more than 4,700 businesses acquired in a buyout or similar transaction between 2000 and 2009 to estimate the default rate of private equity-backed companies during the "Great Recession" of 2008-2009. The paper finds that the default rate of private equity-backed businesses was 2.84%, which is less than half the rate of noninvestment grade corporate borrowers during this period.
Microstimulation with Chronically Implanted Intracortical Electrodes

Stimulating microelectrodes that penetrate into the brain afford a means of accessing the basic functional units of the central nervous system. Microstimulation in the region of the cerebral cortex that subserve vision may be an alternative, or an adjunct, to a retinal prosthesis, and may be particularly attractive as a means of restoring a semblance of high-resolution central vision. There also is the intriguing possibility that such a prosthesis could convey higher order visual percepts, many of which are mediated by neural circuits in the secondary or “extra-striate” visual areas that surround the primary visual cortex. The technologies of intracortical stimulating microelectrodes and investigations of the effects of microstimulation on neural tissue have advanced to the point where a cortical-level prosthesis is at least feasible. The imperative of protecting neural tissue from stimulation-induced damage imposes constraints on the selection of stimulus parameters, as does the requirement that the stimulation not greatly affect the electrical excitability of the neurons that are to be activated. The latter is especially likely to occur when many adjacent microelectrodes are pulsed, as will be necessary in a visual prosthesis. However, data from animal studies indicates that these restrictions on stimulus parameter are compatible with those that can evoke visual percepts in humans and in experimental animals. These findings give cause to be optimistic about the prospects for realizing a visual prosthesis utilizing intracortical microstimulation.
Here Today, Gone Tomorrow? Assessing How Timing and Repetition of Scandal Information Affects Candidate Evaluations

Scholars and political consultants alike know that during a campaign even the hint of a scandal has the potential to distract from a candidate's policy messages—or even worse—can have dire consequences on Election Day. But does it matter whether the scandal breaks early as opposed to late in the campaign? And how do citizens respond when the scandal drags on for weeks? This study represents the first effort to shed light on these temporal dynamics. Results reveal that timing affects the immediate impact of scandal information, the rate at which those initial effects decay, and candidate evaluations offered at the campaign's conclusion. Additionally, I develop two competing hypotheses regarding how citizens may process scandal information when it is repeated throughout a campaign. Empirical tests suggest that voters eventually reach a saturation threshold after which additional repetition of scandal information has negligible effects on evaluations unless new details are a prominent feature of ongoing coverage, in which case repetition can extend the negative effects of scandal.
Inhibition of transmitter release and attenuation of anti-retroviral-associated and tibial nerve injury-related painful peripheral neuropathy by novel synthetic Ca2+ channel peptides.

N-type Ca2+ channels (CaV2.2) are a nidus for neurotransmitter release and nociceptive transmission. However, the use of CaV2.2 blockers in pain therapeutics is limited by side effects resulting from inhibition of the physiological functions of CaV2.2 within the CNS. We identified an anti-nociceptive peptide (Brittain, J. M., Duarte, D. B., Wilson, S. M., Zhu, W., Ballard, C., Johnson, P. L., Liu, N., Xiong, W., Ripsch, M. S., Wang, Y., Fehrenbacher, J. C., Fitz, S. D., Khanna, M., Park, C. K., Schmutzler, B. S., Cheon, B. M., Due, M. R., Brustovetsky, T., Ashpole, N. M., Hudmon, A., Meroueh, S. O., Hingtgen, C. M., Brustovetsky, N., Ji, R. R., Hurley, J. H., Jin, X., Shekhar, A., Xu, X. M., Oxford, G. S., Vasko, M. R., White, F. A., and Khanna, R. (2011) Suppression of inflammatory and neuropathic pain by uncoupling CRMP2 from the presynaptic Ca2+ channel complex. Nat. Med. 17, 822–829) derived from the axonal collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2), a protein known to bind and enhance CaV2.2 activity. Using a peptide tiling array, we identified novel peptides within the first intracellular loop (CaV2.2(388–402), “L1”) and the distal C terminus (CaV1.2(2014–2028) “Ct-dis”) that bound CRMP2. Microscale thermophoresis demonstrated micromolar and nanomolar binding affinities between recombinant CRMP2 and synthetic L1 and Ct-dis peptides, respectively. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed that CRMP2 association with CaV2.2 was inhibited by L1 and Ct-dis peptides. L1 and Ct-dis, rendered cell-penetrant by fusion with the protein transduction domain of the human immunodeficiency virus TAT protein, were tested in in vitro and in vivo experiments. Depolarization-induced calcium influx in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons was inhibited by both peptides. Ct-dis, but not L1, peptide inhibited depolarization-stimulated release of the neuropeptide transmitter calcitonin gene-related peptide in mouse DRG neurons. Similar results were obtained in DRGs from mice with a heterozygous mutation of Nf1 linked to neurofibromatosis type 1. Ct-dis peptide, administered intraperitoneally, exhibited antinociception in a zalcitabine (2′-3′-dideoxycytidine) model of AIDS therapy-induced and tibial nerve injury-related peripheral neuropathy. This study suggests that CaV peptides, by perturbing interactions with the neuromodulator CRMP2, contribute to suppression of neuronal hypersensitivity and nociception.
Errata: Extreme ultraviolet lithography's path to manufacturing

This PDF file contains the errata for “JM3 Vol. 9 Issue 01 Paper 3322187” for JM3 Vol. 9 Issue 01
Optical properties of silicon light trapping structures for photovoltaics

Abstract Light trapping structures in photovoltaics are essential to suppress reflection losses and increase conversion efficiency. For wafer silicon (Si) solar cells, this is commonly achieved by chemical texturing and the application of an antireflection coating. Such surfaces still show significant reflection losses that are ∼10%. Hence, for further reduction in reflection, new methods for light trapping need to be explored, which are effective for a broad solar spectral and angular range. In this paper, we explore an ultrafast laser texturing method that successfully reduces the reflection below 5% over a broad spectral and angular range and more importantly, is applicable to crystalline, multi-crystalline, thin film silicon and other materials. The optical properties of ultrafast laser textured silicon surfaces produced in a sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) gas ambient are evaluated by total reflection including scattering as a function of wavelength and angle of incidence. The optical results are further compared with other texturing schemes. This study also investigates the silicon bandgap modification induced by ultrafast texturing method. Finally, a comparison is made for the photovoltaic parameters of solar cells made of ultrafast laser textured surfaces, chemically textured surfaces, porous silicon surfaces, and etched silicon surfaces that result in nanowires for light trapping to understand impact of surface texturing on photovoltaic device performance.
Persistence, Distribution, and Emission of Telone C35 Injected into a Florida Sandy Soil as Affected by Moisture, Organic Matter, and Plastic Film Cover

With the phase-out of methyl bromide scheduled for 2005, alternative fumigants are being sought. This study of Telone C35, a mixture of (Z)- and (E)-1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) with chloropicirin (CP), focuses on its emissions, distribution, and persistence in Florida sandy soil in microplots with different soil-water and organic matter carbon (C) content with and without two different plastic film mulches. The addition of CP did not affect the physical behavior of the isomers of 1,3-D. Slower subsurface dispersion and longer residence time of the mixed fumigant occurred at higher water content. An increase in the percent organic carbon in the soil led to a more rapid decrease for chloropicirin than for 1,3-dichloropene isomers. The use of a virtually impermeable film (VIF) for soil cover provided a more even distribution and longer persistence under all the conditions studied in comparison to polyethylene (PE) film cover or no cover. The conditions of near field capacity water content, low organic matter, and a virtually impermeable film cover yielded optimum conditions for the distribution, emission control, and persistence of Telone C35 in a Florida sandy soil.
Matrix dependence of secondary ion intensities from Mg(OH)2 by simultaneous time-of-flight SIMS and direct recoil analysis

Abstract Simultaneous time-of-flight SIMS and direct recoil measurements provide a method of determining which secondary ions are prone to matrix effects and which are not. Measurements on a hydroxylated magnesium surface show that H+ and H− secondary ion intensities are strongly influenced by matrix effects while Mg2+ and (O+ + OH+) are less influenced and consequently more accurate indicators of the true Mg and O surface concentrations.
Reproduction study of caffeine administration to male Osborne-Mendel rats.

Abstract The potential for caffeine, administered twice daily by gavage in a total dose of 40 or 80 mg/kg/day, to adversely affect the reproductive performance
Endoscopic mandibular condylectomy and reconstruction: early clinical results

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate early outcomes in patients who underwent endoscopic condylectomy and costochondral graft reconstruction (CCG) of the ramus/condyle unit (RCU). Patients and methods A retrospective evaluation of 10 consecutive patients who underwent endoscopic condylectomy and CCG (n = 17 sides) for the treatment of idiopathic condylar resorption (n = 7), degenerative joint disease (n = 1), and malunion of a fractured condyle (n = 2) was completed. Patients were included who had 1) adequate documentation after endoscopic condylectomy and CCG reconstruction and 2) a minimum of 6-months follow-up. Patients with inadequate documentation or follow-up were excluded. The surgical technique included a 1.5-cm incision inferior to the mandibular angle. Blunt dissection was carried to the masseter muscle, which was incised using needle point electrocautery. An optical cavity was created for insertion of a Hopkins (Karl Storz, Culver City, CA) endoscope. The resection and reconstruction were carried out with endoscopic instrumentation. Preoperative (T0), postoperative (T1), and follow-up (T2) clinical examinations, lateral cephalograms, and panoramic radiographs were used to evaluate the outcomes. Results In all 10 cases, condylectomy and CCG reconstruction (n = 17 sides) were successfully performed using the endoscopic approach. The mean follow-up period was 17 months (range, 8 to 38 months). All submandibular scars were aesthetically satisfactory, and there were no facial, inferior alveolar, or lingual nerve injuries. No other intraoperative or postoperative complications occurred. Postoperative RCU length, mandibular position, and correction of the occlusion were documented using lateral cephalometric and panoramic radiographs. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that endoscopic condylectomy and CCG reconstruction produce satisfactory clinical outcomes without significant morbidity. Long-term follow-up studies are in progress.
NEO-ROOSEVELT, OR, WHY POST-COLONIALISM IS PREMATURE

Taking up Amy Kaplan's warning about reducing the relations of colonizer and colonized to a single universal model, this article acknowledges the diversity of the colonized, but also emphasizes the diversity of colonizers in a re-examination of the particular way that the culture of American imperialism is constructed. The literary retorts of Henry David Thoreau, Mark Twain, John Dos Passos and Zora Neale Hurston offer interesting counterpoints to a prevailing American neo-colonial ethos inherited from Theodore Roosevelt, yet the most salient points are that, while American exceptionalism is a myth and the United States does indeed perform a neo-colonial global role, it does so following a path embellished by Roosevelt: his problem, he said, was one of orchestrating plurality within the United States while imposing American dominance abroad, as he put it in an address to the English. Roosevelt's notion of the role of the United States follows, but also deviates from, the English imperial model, for the fl...
Subbarrier fusion in medium heavy nuclei

Abstract An excellent description of the fusion excitation function in the system Ti + Zr is obtained in a model coupling collective surface excitations to the relative motion. For heavier systems that require an “extra push” for fusion, the coupled channel model reproduces the relative enhancements associated with different isotopes, but does not describe the absolute cross section well. In solving the coupled channel problem, we found that the adiabatic representation is very useful when many channels are allowed.
Hydrogenation of titanium-based quasicrystals.

Measurements of hydrogen loading and unloading in a quasicrystal are reported. The icosahedral phase (i phase) in a Ti-Zr-Ni alloy demonstrates hydrogen absorption from the gas phase at a temperature of 260 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and a pressure of 40 atmospheres. The incorporation of hydrogen causes the quasilattice to expand, with an increase in quasilattice constant of almost 7%, from ${\mathit{a}}_{\mathit{i}}$=5.18 to 5.52 \AA{}. Similar abilities for storing hydrogen are found in high-order crystalline approximant and amorphous phases of like composition. Of the phases examined, the i phase absorbs the most hydrogen, giving a hydrogen atom to metal atom ratio ([H]/[M]) of 1.6. Initial studies indicate that hydrogen desorption is hindered by phase transitions to stable hydride phases. Hydrogen loading at lower temperatures with higher ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ pressures favors higher [H]/[M] ratios for the i phase and the crystal approximant, and also minimizes the growth of more stable crystalline hydride phases.
An overview of high temperature micro-ATR IR spectroscopy to monitor polymer reactions

Abstract High temperature micro-ATR IR spectroscopy has recently become available, allowing for convenient IR spectral acquisition at elevated temperatures. This study presents a perspective on using this capability to monitor polymer chemistry with an emphasis on the study of polymer cure reactions. Examples are provided to demonstrate how easily time-resolved data can be acquired at temperatures of up to 200 °C. IR signatures of the key reactions and basic cure kinetics are compared for a few specific resin systems, ranging from amine- and anhydride-cured epoxies, to benzoxazine, cyanate ester or polyurea cure. This approach allows an evaluation of cure chemistry and kinetics as a function of temperature, resin constituents, or catalyst addition. Similarly, in-situ thermo-oxidative degradation can be monitored, as shown for a thin film of solvent deposited hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene. In conclusion, high temperature IR is very attractive for resin cure and composite material characterization or aspects of polymer degradation, wherever infrared spectral changes are involved as part of reactive chemistry.
Institutional Achievement in Social Psychology: An Historical Perspective

The recent history of institutional achievement in social psychology was studied. Achievement was indexed by the number of publications and the number of fellows associated with educational institutions. The decades of the 30's, 40's, 50's, 60's, and 70's were sampled and leading institutions were identified. Temporal trends and relationships between the indices are noted and discussed.
Selection of communication interventions for children with autism spectrum disorders: Initial evidence is helpful, but limited

This review provides a summary and appraisal commentary on the treatment review by Paul, R., Campbell, D., Gilbert, K., & Tsiouri, I. (2013). Comparing spoken language treatments for minimally verbal preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43, 418–431. Source of funding and disclosure of interest: This study was supported by a grant from Autism Speaks Foundation, The Autism Science Foundation, and National Institute of Deafness and Communication Disorders. The original authors of this research report no conflicts of interest.
Congenital syphilitic osteitis of scapulae and ribs

A newborn with congenital syphilis presented radiographically with a lack of ossification of the medial portions of several ribs and massive sclerosis and decalcification of scapulae. The uniqueness of syphilitic scapular and rib involvement is discussed. The infant also went on to develop skin lesions which appeared following penicillin therapy and also developed an extrahepatic biliary atresia.
Two kinesthetic learning activities: turing machines and basic computer organization

Kinesthetic learning "is a learning style in which learning takes place by the student actually carrying out a physical activity, rather than listening to a lecture or merely watching a demonstration."[2] Activities that incorporate kinesthetic learning are called KLAs. There is a rich set of opportunities for using KLAs in computer science education[3]. This report describes two KLAs; one which is used to convey basic computer organization/stored-program architectures, and the other to convey the basics of Turing machines.
Salicylates and experimental beryllium poisoning.

SummaryIntravenously or intraperiton-eally administered sodium salicylate in dose levels of 600 mg per kg is an effective antidote for acute beryllium poisoning in mice when given up to 8 hours after the administration of intravenous beryllium sulfate in LD95 amounts. Salicylate analogues without the ortho-hydroxy, carboxylic acid grouping were generally ineffective as were 2 dihydroxyben-zoates.
Reliability Calculations for Strength of a Fibrous Composite Under Multiaxial Loading

There are several interactive failure criteria which give strength predic tions for a composite material subjected to multiaxial loadings. However, if only the average directional strengths are used in the failure criterion, the results give no useful statistical information. A closed form expansion method is introduced which offers a systematic way to calculate statistical in formation for a function of several strength variables. The developed expan sion method is applied to the Maximum Distortional Energy (MDE) criterion using an orthotropic composite material. The results show the expansion technique gives equivalent results to a simulation method for the off-axis ten sile test, but with far less computation. In addition, the expansion technique should prove adaptable to higher order theories such as the Tsai-Wu failure criterion.
Glycine Receptor-mediated Synaptic Transmission Regulates the Maturation of Ganglion cell Synaptic Connectivity

It is well documented that neuronal activity is required for the developmental segregation of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) synaptic connectivity with ON and OFF bipolar cells in mammalian retina. Our recent study showed that light deprivation preferentially blocked the developmental RGC dendritic redistribution from the center to sublamina a of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). To determine whether OFF signals in visual stimulation are required for OFF RGC dendritic development, the light-evoked responses and dendritic stratification patterns of RGCs in Spastic mutant mice, in which the OFF signal transmission in the rod pathway is largely blocked due to a reduction of glycine receptor (GlyR) expression, were quantitatively studied at different ages and rearing conditions. The dendritic distribution in the IPL of these mice was indistinguishable from wildtype controls at the age of postnatal day (P)12. However, the adult Spastic mutants had altered RGC light-evoked synaptic inputs from ON and OFF pathways, which could not be mimicked by pharmacologically blocking of glycinergic synaptic transmission on age-matched wildtype animals. Spastic mutation also blocked the developmental redistribution of RGC dendrites from the center to sublamina a of the IPL, which mimicked the effects induced by light deprivation on wildtype animals. Moreover, light deprivation of the Spastic mutants had no additional impact on the RGC dendritic distribution and light response patterns. We interpret these results as that visual stimulation regulates the maturation of RGC synaptic activity and connectivity primarily through GlyR-mediated synaptic transmission.
Effects of trace mineral-fortified, limit-fed preweaning supplements on performance of pre- and postweaned beef calves

Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of preweaning limit-fed creep feed (LFC) with or without trace mineral fortification on trace mineral status and pre- and postweaning growth performance of beef calves. At 102 (Exp. 1) and 97 (Exp. 2) d before weaning, Brahman × British cow-calf pairs (calf age = 142 ± 20 d) were stratified by calving date and randomly allocated into 1 of 8 pastures (approximately 17 pairs/pasture annually; calf BW = 104 ± 5 and 132 ± 25 kg in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively). Treatments were randomly assigned to pastures and consisted of no calf supplementation (Nonsup; 2 pastures/experiment) and limit-fed supplements with (MIN+; 3 pastures/experiment) or without (MIN-; 3 pastures/experiment) trace mineral fortification. Supplements were limit fed in cow exclusion areas 3 times weekly in amounts to provide 0.23 kg/calf daily. In Exp. 1, supplements consisted of compressed cubes (approximately 3.0 by 6.5 cm) whereas in Exp. 2, supplements were offered in a loose meal mixture. At weaning, 15 and 9 heifers/treatment in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively, were randomly selected to be transported (Exp. 1) or to receive an intramuscular injection of porcine red blood cells (PRBC; Exp. 2), each immediately preceding a 28-d feedlot receiving evaluation. In Exp. 1 but not in Exp. 2, LCF increased weaning BW (P = 0.05) compared with Nonsup calves (229 vs. 219 kg; SEM = 4.2). Trace mineral fortification of creep feed decreased DMI of LFC (P < 0.001 and 0.11 in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively) but did not affect (P ≥ 0.53) weaning BW of LFC calves. In Exp. 2 but not Exp. 1, Calves provided LFC had greater (P = 0.040) DMI during the first week postweaning, which was the result of greater (P = 0.040) voluntary DMI of concentrate, compared with Nonsup calves, during this period. In Exp. 2 but not in Exp. 1 (P ≥ 0.12), MIN+ increased (P ≤ 0.04) liver concentrations of Co, Cu, and Se compared with MIN- calves. Preweaning treatment had no effect on serum anti-PRBC immunoglobulin titers and plasma concentrations of haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin (P ≥ 0.37). Thus, limit-fed creep-feed supplements 1) increased calf weaning BW (Exp. 1), 2) enhanced trace mineral status of weaned calves when supplements were fortified with trace minerals (Exp. 2), and 3) increased voluntary DMI during the first week of the feedlot receiving period (Exp. 2).
Oxygen dependence of photosynthetic electron transport in a bacteriochlorophyll-containing rhizobium

Bacteriochlorophyll-containing rhizobia, which form nitrogen-fixing nodules on the stems and roots of the legume Aeschynomene, grow photosynthetically only in the presence of oxygen or auxiliary electron acceptors. We show that, in whole cells of the Rhizobium strain BTAi 1, a single-turnover excitation flash photooxidized c-type cytochrome under aerobic but not anaerobic conditions. Light-induced fluorescence yield changes show that under anaerobic conditions, the primary acceptor quinone, QA, is predominantly in the reduced state and so unable to accept electrons. Thus, as is the case for the aerobic photosynthetic bacterium Roseobacter denitrificans, over-reduction of QA likely prohibits photosynthesis under anaerobic conditions.
Similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cyclic AMP-responsive promoter elements

Organisms as diverse as bacteria and man contain genes that show transcriptional induction when the intracellular concentration of cAMP is increased. This regulated transcriptional response is mediated through specific promoter elements located, in general, upstream from the transcription start site. In Escherichia coli the element responsible for cAMP-mediated transcriptional induction is the binding site for the cAMP-receptor protein (CAP). In mammalian cells the cAMP regulatory element is composed of one or more binding sites for various transcription factors. In many instances the cAMP regulatory element contains binding sites for a family of proteins referred to as ATF. Here we provide evidence that some prokaryotic and mammalian cAMP-response elements are functionally related. First, we show that mammalian ATF binds specifically to some E. coli CAP sites, and conversely E. coli CAP binds specifically to some mammalian ATF sites. Second, we demonstrate that an E. coli CAP binding site can confer cAMP-inducibility onto a mammalian gene when assayed in transfected mammalian cells.
Hemodynamic studies in sickle cell anemia.

Hemodynamic studies in 13 unselected patients with sickle cell anemia are reported. Twelve of these patients were also studied during mild exercise. The cardiac output at rest was elevated in all and rose significantly with exercise in 9 of the 12 patients. The importance of the increased percentage extraction of oxygen by the tissues in modifying the response of the cardiac output is discussed. The similarity of the response to exercise in the majority of these chronically anemic patients compared with the normal response is described. Included in this series is one case with secondary cor pulmonale and one case of concurrent rheumatic heart disease.
Liquid Permeability of Packed Particles: Why Perpetuate the Carmen—Kozeny Model?

Liquid transport through the interstices of packed particles is commonly described using the Carmen–Kozeny mean hydraulic radius model, which calibrates the effective pore dimension from mean macroscopic parameters. However, the experimental aqueous permeability of sets of porous powder compacts varying widely in porosity and pore structure was shown to be much better described in terms of the linear mean pore size determined from mercury penetration porosimetry. Here it is shown that the latter model is supported by studies of the permeability of porous rock and percolation theory.
Coqui 2: Mesospheric and lower thermospheric wind observations over Puerto Rico

During the 1998 Coqui 2 sounding rocket campaign, three chemical release rockets were launched from Puerto Rico to measure the wind profiles in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region. The first release took place on February 19, and the next two releases were five days later and four hours apart. All three measurements show large winds and wind shears in the altitude range between 95 and 110 km. The largest wind speeds occurred near 100 km with horizontal flow velocities close to 150 m s−1. Taken in isolation, such features may appear to be unusual, but in fact, a large number of earlier rocket measurements show wind features similar to those observed in the Coqui 2 campaign. Such large winds are therefore not an isolated but rather a common feature of the wind profiles at midlatitudes in an altitude range that is critical for the electrodynamics of the ionosphere. The wind profile characteristics described here are not generally well known since the earlier more extensive chemical release data sets were only published in reports with a rather limited distribution.
The composite resin post and core.

Abstract It is not the purpose of this article to advocate that the composite resin post and core is superior to the cast dowel and coping or pin-retained amalgam. However, it is a technique which is both economical and time saving. Clinical experience and judgment must provide the final standard for its application.
Precipitation of AlN in a commercial hot-pressed boron carbide

TEM observations have provided insight into the processing and microstructural evolution of a commercial hot-pressed boron carbide. Fine dispersions of nano-scale AlN precipitates and individual submicron AlN precipitates were observed in a modest fraction of the grains. The nano-precipitates were found to be coherent with a well-defined crystallographic relationship to the matrix. The chemistry, size and distribution of both types of precipitates and the coherency of the nano-precipitates indicate that both intragranular homogeneous and heterogeneous precipitation occurred during cooling.