cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct and indirect preoculomotor pathways of the brainstem: an autoradiographic study of the pontine reticular formation in the cat.

The efferent connections of the paramedian pontine reticular formation have been studied in the cat in autoradiographic experiments designed to analyze direct and indirect preoculomotor pathways. Injections of tritium-labelled amino acids were placed (1) near the border between the oral and caudal subdivisions of the nucleus pontis centralis, (2) in more rostral and dorsal parts of the pontine tegmentum, (3) at the pontomesencephalic border, and (4) at the pontomedullary border. Tegmental injections of the first group were unique in labelling a direct ipsilateral pathway to the abducens nucleus and nucleus prepositus hypoglossi. More rostral injections failed to produce discrete labelling of the nuclei of the extraocular muscles but labelled nearby tegmentum and central gray substance. Caudal deposits, involving the pontomedullary reticular formation at its junction with the abducens, perihypoglossal and vestibular nuclei, labelled a decussating fiber system reaching the contralateral abducens nucleus, nucleus prepositus hypoglossi and parts of the vestibular complex. In a single additional case, an injection placed in the oculomotor complex produced heavy labelling of the abducens nuclei. All tegmental injections labelled discrete reticulo-reticular and other variably complex longitudinal pathways. Most injections of (a) the pontomedullary and (b) the pontomesencephalic zones elicited labelling of the pretectum including the nucleus of the optic tract. An incidental finding in the latter group was dense labelling of the pars compacta of the substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus, and (1 case) entopeduncular nucleus; in one case of each of these groups, labelled fibers were traced to the external pallidum. These observations suggest that, with respect to its efferent oculomotor affiliations, the paramedian pontine tegmentum may be divided into compartments whose supranuclear connections are distinct but for the most part heavily weighted toward influencing the abducens nucleus and periabducens region. Considered within the framework of behavioral and physiological studies of the so-called pontine gaze center, and studies of pontine afferents, the findings are interpreted as suggesting a functional differentiation of these tegmental zones with respect to their influence on eye-head coordination.
Format-independent scalable bit-stream adaptation using MPEG-21 DIA

Part 7 of MPEG-21 entitled digital item adaptation (DIA), is an emerging metadata standard defining protocols and descriptions enabling content adaptation for a wide variety of networks and terminals, with emphasis on format-independent mechanisms. The DIA descriptions provide a standardized interface not only to a variety of format-specific adaptation engines, but also to a fully format-independent adaptation engine for scalable bit-streams. A format-independent engine contains a decision-taking module operating in a semantics-independent manner, cascaded with a bit-stream adaptation module that uses an XML transformation to model the bit-stream adaptation process using parameters derived from decisions made. In this paper, we describe the DIA descriptions that enable such fully format-independent bit-stream adaptation. Universal adaptation engines substantially reduce the adoption costs because the same infrastructure can be used for different types of scalable media, including proprietary and encrypted.
Control of Elemental Mercury Vapor in Combustion Systems Using Fe2O3 Nanoparticles

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has proposed initial regulations to control mercury (Hg) emissions from coal-burning utilities, the primary source of airborne Hg emissions in the United States. Promising new techniques in capturing Hg involve transformation of elemental Hg into a product that is much more easily collected using conventional air pollution collection devices. In this study, the removal ability of high surface area iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles prepared on solid glass beads by a dry mechanical coating process was examined. The experimental results showed different mechanisms responsible for the removal depending on the air composition. In pure air, the Fe2O3 nanoparticles adsorbed and desorbed, while in the presence of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) they took on a catalytic role. The maximum specific capacity observed in this study was 1528 μg Hg/g Fe2O3. This study also identified the effective temperature range (180-320℃) for Hg removal, with the optimal temperature being ~260℃. The study reveals the important role of metal oxides in Hg chemistry in combustion systems through heterogeneous oxidation, and demonstrates the potential of Fe2O3 nanoparticles as an alternative material to traditional control techniques, such as activated carbon for reducing Hg emissions from incinerators.
Evidence that the COOH terminus of human presenilin 1 is located in extracytoplasmic space

The polytopic membrane protein presenilin 1 (PS1) is a component of the γ-secretase complex that is responsible for the intramembranous cleavage of several type I transmembrane proteins, including the β-amyloid precursor protein (APP). Mutations of PS1, apparently leading to aberrant processing of APP, have been genetically linked to early-onset familial Alzheimer’s disease. PS1 contains 10 hydrophobic regions (HRs) sufficiently long to be α-helical membrane spanning segments. Most topology models for PS1 place its COOH terminal ∼40 amino acids, which include HR 10, in the cytosolic space. However, several recent observations suggest that HR 10 may be integrated into the membrane and involved in the interaction between PS1 and APP. We have applied three independent methodologies to investigate the location of HR 10 and the extreme COOH terminus of PS1. The results from these methods indicate that HR 10 spans the membrane and that the COOH terminal amino acids of PS1 lie in the extracytoplasmic space.
Mid-nineteenth-century American astronomy: Science in a developing nation

Summary Many mid-nineteenth-century American astronomers who added little or nothing to the advancement of knowledge nevertheless merit attention for their efforts to advance science in a developing nation. They wrote needed textbooks, developed scientific exchanges, and attempted, not always with lasting success, to establish scientific institutions. O. M. Mitchel's trials with the Cincinnati Observatory and his journal The Sidereal Messenger are more sympathetically understood in the context of science in a developing nation than as scientific research. The theme of science in a developing nation leads to a Whiggish approach to nineteenth-century American science, an approach in this particular case warranted by historical evidence.
Space photography and the exploration of Mars

A general exposition of the scientific potentialities and analytic framework of space photography is presented using the photography of Mars from flybys and orbiters as the principal example. Space photography is treated here as a communication process in which planetary scene information is communicated to the eye-brain receiver of earth-based interpreters. The salient parameters of this process are: (1) total information returned, (2) surface resolution, and (3) a priori knowledge regarding the planetary surface observed.
Beyond reliability: biomarkers and validity in psychiatry

The validity of psychiatric diagnosis rests in part on a demonstration that identifiable biomarkers exist for major psychiatric illnesses. Recent evidence supports the existence of several biomarkers or endophenotypes for both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. As we learn more about how these biomarkers relate to the symptoms, course, and treatment response of major psychiatric disorders, the "objectivity" of psychiatric diagnosis will increase. However, psychiatry is and will remain a clinically based discipline, aimed at comprehensively understanding and relieving human suffering.
EVOLUTION OF FLORAL TRAITS IN A HERMAPHRODITIC PLANT: FIELD MEASUREMENTS OF HERITABILITIES AND GENETIC CORRELATIONS.

Genetic variances, heritabilities, and genetic correlations of floral traits were measured in the monocarpic perennial Ipomopsis aggregata (Polemoniaceae). A paternal half-sib design was employed to generate seeds in each of four years, and seeds were planted back in the field near the parental site. The progeny were followed for up to eight years to estimate quantitative genetic parameters subject to natural levels of environmental variation over the entire life cycle. Narrow-sense heritabilities of 0.2-0.8 were detected for the morphometric traits of corolla length, corolla width, stigma position, and anther position. The proportion of time spent by the protandrous flowers in the pistillate phase ("proportion pistillate") also exhibited detectable heritability of near 0.3. In contrast, heritability estimates for nectar reward traits were low and not significantly different from zero, due to high environmental variance between and within flowering years. The estimates of genetic parameters were combined with phenotypic selection gradients to predict evolutionary responses to selection mediated by the hummingbird pollinators. One trait, corolla width, showed the potential for a rapid response to ongoing selection through male function, as it experienced both direct selection, by influencing pollen export, and relatively high heritability. Predicted responses were lower for proportion pistillate and corolla length, even though these traits also experienced direct selection. Stigma position was expected to respond positively to indirect selection of proportion pistillate but negatively to selection of corolla length, with the net effect sensitive to variation in the selection estimates. Anther position also was not directly selected but could respond to indirect selection of genetically correlated traits.
The variety of Cryptococcus neoformans in patients with AIDS.

Tous les isolats de malades atteints de SIDA etaient des C. neoformans var. neoformans, sur 10 malades sans SIDA, chez deux on a isole C. neoformans var. gastic
The Genera Trechispora and Galzinia (Thelephoraceae)

The genus Trechispora is made up of resupinate hymenomycetes possessing urniform basidia. That peculiar type of basidial development and structure best referred to as the urnigera type was first made the basis of taxonomic segregation in 1911, when Bourdot & Galzin (Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 27: 243) described the "Groupe Urnigera" within the genus Corticium, and assigned to it the species C. octosporum, C. coronilla, C. diademiferum, and Odontia Brinkmanni Bonorden (Hedwigia 15: 76. 1876) and Hohnel & Litschauer (Ann. Myc. 4: 291. 1906) had already described species with the many-spored, coronate basidia and the compact, proliferative basidial clusters characteristic of the group in question, but had failed to mention the distinguishing developmental stages and final form of the basidia. Bourdot & Galzin subsequently recognized Urnigera sections in other genera of the lower hymenomycetes; that they did not combine these into a single genus is probably to be explained by their declared practice (Hym. Fr. [i]. [1928]) of following the classification of Patouillard. In 1934 I discussed the desirability of bringing together all the urnigera fungi (Univ. Iowa St. N. H. 16: 176), and in 1935, after correspondence with Dr. M. A. Donk and at his suggestion, adopted the name Sistotrema for both resupinate and pileate members of the group (Univ. Iowa St. Nat. Hist. 17: 19). It now appears more convenient to allow a separation between the pileate genus Sistotrema and the resupinate species; for the latter the name Trechispora, apparently the earliest available, has been adopted. Although in 1935 I possessed a considerable quantity of material of these fungi, the distinctness of certain of the accepted species remained in some doubt, and others I could
Resistance to Spotted Alfalfa Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Alfalfa Seedlings of Two Plant Introductions

Temporary resistance to Therioaphis maculate (Buckton) occurred in young seedlings of two alfalfa plant introductions (PI 406295 and PI 406296). Although this resistance was not manifested in no-choice tests with mature plants or under prolonged aphid attack in free-choice tests with seedlings, it was heritable. The cause of this resistance appeared to be a dense covering of simple trichomes on the seedling stems.
The Effect of Horse Fly Control on Rate of Infection of Bovine Anaplasmosis Under Field Conditions in Louisiana

Daily applications of two levels of synergized pyrethrins plus MGK Repellent-1207® (3-chloropropy1 octyl sulfoxide) were applied to one herd of beef cattle in each of two environmental areas to determine the effect of horse fly (Tabanidae) control on rate of infection of anaplasmosis under field conditions. Horse fly population densities were low in both treatment and control herds in one area. During the period of peak horse fly activity less than 1.0 fly per animal was recorded in both the treatment and control herds, thus no valid results were obtained. In the other area 77.0% control of horse flies was obtained during the peak period of adult activity. A comparison of preseason and postseason blood samples of all animals subjected to the complement-fixation test for anaplasmosis showed a 14.1% greater increase in the percent reactors in the untreated than in the treated herd. Twelve deaths occurred in the wooded area in the control herd, presumably owing to anaplasmosis, whereas only one occurred in the treatment herd.
Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma: cytopathologic correlates on fine-needle aspiration.

BACKGROUND: Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL), a rare subtype of Hodgkin lymphoma, is an indolent tumor with frequent instances of disease recurrence but a favorable prognosis. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, there are only limited descriptions of NLPHL in the cytology literature because it was only formally recognized as a distinct entity in 1994. METHODS: In the current study, all cases of NLPHL diagnosed on excisional biopsy (n ¼ 6 cases) at the study institution between 2000 and 2011 that had undergone previous fine-needle aspiration (FNA) were reviewed, with a focus on cytomorphologic features. RESULTS: Four of 6 cases were termed benign on FNA; however, there was retrospective recognition of characteristic LP cells in all cases. Unlike classical Hodgkin lymphoma, the tumor cells of NLPHL were often found to be mononucleate and presented in a background of small lymphocytes. Other features identified included epithelioid histiocytes and numerous bare atypical nuclei. CONCLUSIONS: Cases of NLPHL are commonly misdiagnosed as benign reactive lymphoid tissue and therefore a careful search using high magnification for LP cells is recommended in the evaluation of lymph node FNAs. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2012;120:254-60. V C 2012 American Cancer Society.
Reductive dissolution of Pu(IV) by Clostridium sp. under anaerobic conditions.

An anaerobic, gram positive, spore-forming bacterium Clostridium sp., common in soils and wastes, capable of reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II), Mn(IV) to Mn(II), Tc(VII) to Tc(IV), and U(VI) to U(IV), reduced Pu(IV) to Pu(III). Addition of 242Pu (IV)-nitrate to the bacterial growth medium at pH 6.4 resulted in the precipitation of Pu as amorphous Pu(OH)4 due to hydrolysis and polymerization reactions. The Pu (1 × 10−5 M) had no effect upon growth of the bacterium as evidenced by glucose consumption; carbon dioxide and hydrogen production; a decrease in pH of the medium from 6.4 to 3.0 due to production of acetic and butyric acids from glucose fermentation; and a change in the Eh of the culture medium from +50 to −180 mV. Commensurate with bacterial growth, Pu was rapidly solubilized as evidenced by an increase in Pu concentration in solution which passed through a 0.03 µm filtration. Selective solvent extraction of the culture by thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTA) indicated the presence of a reduced Pu species in...
Red cell distribution width and risk of peripheral artery disease: analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004.

Red cell distribution width (RDW) is an independent predictor of the 10-year estimated risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) events. However, RDW’s association with peripheral artery disease (PAD) –...
Perceptions of Individual and Family Functioning Among Deployed Female National Guard Members

Females currently make up 15% of U.S. military service members. Minimal attention has been paid to families of female National Guard members who have been deployed and their subsequent reintegration challenges. This cross-sectional Internet-based survey of female members of four National Guard units compared those who were and were not deployed. Instruments, guided by the variables of the Family Resilience Model, measured individual, family, and deployment-related factors. Bivariate analysis and ordinal logistic regression were done to assess differences between the groups. Of the 239 National Guard members surveyed, deployed women (n = 164) had significantly higher levels of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; p < .001) and lower coping skills (p = .003) than non-deployed women (n = 75). Perceptions of overall family functioning were higher among deployed when compared with never deployed women. Results indicate community interventions that focus on strengthening coping skills of female Guard members would be useful for this population.
An Analysis of Results of HIV Voluntary Counseling and Testing in A City From 2010 to 2012

Objective Scientific basis which could supervise VCT clinic work was got through analyzing the data of AIDS voluntary counseling and testing(Voluntary counseling and testing,VCT) in Xuchang from 2010 to 2012.Method The data reported by Xuchang City CDC VCT clinic from 2010 to 2012 was downloaded,established database,counted and analyzed.Results From 2010 to 2012 a total of 995 people received counseling and testing services,including 921 men.Among the VCT clients the majority was in the prime of life aged 20~39 years,accounting for 80.2%.The consulting person mainly was the type to MSM(men who have sex with men,MSM),followed by the extramarital heterosexual behaviors.hose who seek consultation with HIV positive and syphilis antibody positive rates were 5.94% and 11.29%,in which MSM HIV and syphilis antibody positive rate is higher.The lower educational level,the higher positive rate of HIV and syphilis antibodies.Conclusion The better VCT work,the earlier we can find the infected person,begin treatment in a timely manner,to improve the patient's quality of life,and reducing the spread of AIDS effectively.
Narcolepsy-Cataplexy in the Rats

In humans, narcolepsy is a debilitating and important sleep disorder that was first described in 1877 by Westphal, a German physician, based on his observation of a patient with sudden sleep attacks associated with symptoms of motor incapacity and aphasia. He considered it a form of epilepsy. Three years later, the French neurologist Gelineau (Fig. 24.1) described the disorder for the first time as a distinct clinical entity rather than a symptom of another condition, and proposed the term narcolepsy, meaning “sleep seizure”. In the 1880 paper, Gelineau described a patient who, from the age of 36, began to fall asleep suddenly during the day and had sudden falls or “astasia” (cataplexy), which occurred whenever he became emotional.
MULTISPECIFICITY OF THE ANTIBODY COMBINING REGION AND ANTIBODY DIVERSITY

ABSTRACT Evidence is accumulating that individual antibody species are capable of binding many structurally dissimilar haptens. If individual antibody species arising from an immunization usually do not share their alternate (disparate) specificities, and if cross reactions can be detected only above a reasonable threshold, then it can be shown with a probability model that heterogeneously populated antisera can indeed exhibit a high degree of specificity. Thus, the model substantiates the hypothesis that a limited repertoire of antibody species can, in various portions and combinations , populate specific antisera to an essentially unlimited number of antigens. The model further suggests that the required number of distinct combining regions (V H × V L pairs) may fall in the range of to 10 6 if nature has followed a conservative course. Specific antibodies from unimmunized animals (“natural” antibodies) can best be explained on the basis of disparate multispecificities. The levels of such antibodies can then be related to the probability model and to estimates of an animal's total antibody combining region repertoire.
A Bayesian multi-stage cost-effectiveness design for animal studies in stroke research

Much progress has been made in the area of adaptive designs for clinical trials. However, little has been done regarding adaptive designs to identify optimal treatment strategies in animal studies. Motivated by an animal study of a novel strategy for treating strokes, we propose a Bayesian multi-stage cost-effectiveness design to simultaneously identify the optimal dose and determine the therapeutic treatment window for administrating the experimental agent. We consider a non-monotonic pattern for the dose–schedule–efficacy relationship and develop an adaptive shrinkage algorithm to assign more cohorts to admissible strategies. We conduct simulation studies to evaluate the performance of the proposed design by comparing it with two standard designs. These simulation studies show that the proposed design yields a significantly higher probability of selecting the optimal strategy, while it is generally more efficient and practical in terms of resource usage.
The Social Psychology of Stress, Health, and Coping

The study of stress and health is one of the richest areas of research in the social and biomedical sciences. In this chapter, we first describe core concepts in the study of stress, coping, and health. Second, we summarize key theoretical perspectives that frame social psychological research on stress and health. Third, we review the methods and measures used, as well as limitations associated with these approaches. We draw on examples of empirical studies exploring stressors across multiple life domains, including early life adversity, work, family, and environmental strains, and show their impact on a range of physical and mental health outcomes. We also highlight gender, race, SES, and life course differences regarding the prevalence and nature of stress, coping resources, and stress outcomes. We conclude by suggesting directions for future research on stress, health and coping.
Implications for Immunotherapy of Viral Infections

That host-defense mechanisms control viral infection and eventually limit the spread of disease has been recognized for many years. Preceding modern medicine, Chinese physicians in the eleventh century observed that the inhalation of smallpox crusts prevented the subsequent occurrence of disease. Later, in the eighteenth century in England, variolation was practiced by Lady Montagu as a primitive form of immunization to protect against smallpox.
Conceptual design of a novel de-icing device for power transmission lines

The technique regarding de-icing and anti-icing for power transmission lines is very important since severe ice storms may cause disaster to power grid due to influence of the accreted ice. In this paper, a novel de-icing device with fixed function position for power transmission lines is proposed. The possibility of mechanical de-icing methods and the features of fixed function position are given to show the advantages of the proposed de-icing device. In particular, the structure of the de-icing device and the function principle are described. The proposed de-icing device would enhance the customer service and benefit power companies and line maintenance companies.
CNS Markers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Patients with Early Stage Schizophrenia: A Combined Study of CSF and [11C]DPA-713 PET-Based Imaging.

302 Objectives Our early biochemical studies of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) revealed evidence of both central nervous system (CNS) oxidative stress and inflammation in early stage disease. Complementary results from a recent post-mortem study using [11C]PBR28 demonstrated a 16% increase in specific binding to translocator protein (TSPO), a candidate marker of inflammatory response, in prefrontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia. We sought to test for in vivo tissue markers consistent with a model integrating these two processes in early stage disease using both molecular imaging and CSF analysis in parallel. Methods We quantified regional distribution of TSPO in vivo using [11C]DPA-713 PET-based neuroimaging data of 12 well-characterized patients with recent onset of schizophrenia (within five years of diagnosis) and 14 age-matched healthy controls. All subjects were genotyped for the rs6971 TSPO polymorphism. Regional total distribution volume (VT) measurements were calculated using the Logan method for cortical and subcortical regions from each subject’s 90 min dynamic PET data, and their metabolite-corrected plasma input function. Markers of inflammation and oxidative stress were also assessed from plasma and CSF specimens of these same patients and controls, and correlated with regional [11C]DPA-713 VT. Results We found no significant change in [11C]DPA-713 binding to TSPO between patients with early stage schizophrenia and well-matched controls after controlling for rs6971 genotype. Nevertheless, complementary molecular analysis of both plasma and CSF suggest alterations in immune function and oxidative pathways in these same patients with recent onset of disease. Conclusions Our findings highlight the benefit of using a parallel design of CSF study with PET-based neuroimaging to characterize in vivo molecular changes in early schizophrenia.
Prophylaxis usage, bleeding rates, and joint outcomes of hemophilia, 1999 to 2010: a surveillance project.

This analysis of the US Hemophilia Treatment Center Network and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention surveillance registry assessed trends in prophylaxis use and its impact on key indicators of arthropathy across the life-span among participants with severe hemophilia A. Data on demographics, clinical characteristics, and outcomes were collected prospectively between 1999 and 2010 at annual clinical visits to 134 hemophilia treatment centers. Trends in treatment and outcomes were evaluated using cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Data analyzed included 26 614 visits for 6196 males; mean age at first registry visit was 17.7 years; and median was 14 (range, 2 to 69). During this time, prophylaxis use increased from 31% to 59% overall, and by 2010, 75% of children and youths <20 years were on prophylaxis. On cross-sectional analysis, bleeding rates decreased dramatically for the entire population (P < .001) in parallel with increased prophylaxis usage, possibly because frequent bleeders adopted prophylaxis. Joint bleeding decreased proportionately with prophylaxis (22%) and nonprophylaxis (23%), and target joints decreased more with prophylaxis (80% vs 61%). Joint, total, and target joint bleeding on prophylaxis were 33%, 41%, and 27%, respectively, compared with nonprophylaxis. On longitudinal analysis of individuals over time, prophylaxis predicted decreased bleeding at any age (P < .001), but only prophylaxis initiation prior to age 4 years and nonobesity predicted preservation of joint motion (P < .001 for each). Using a national registry, care providers in a specialized health care network for a rare disorder were able to detect and track trends in outcomes over time.
A Look-Up Table-Based Ray Integration Framework for 2-D/3-D Forward and Back Projection in X-Ray CT

Iterative algorithms have become increasingly popular in computed tomography (CT) image reconstruction, since they better deal with the adverse image artifacts arising from low radiation dose image acquisition. But iterative methods remain computationally expensive. The main cost emerges in the projection and back projection operations, where accurate CT system modeling can greatly improve the quality of the reconstructed image. We present a framework that improves upon one particular aspect—the accurate projection of the image basis functions. It differs from current methods in that it substitutes the high computational complexity associated with accurate voxel projection by a small number of memory operations. Coefficients are computed in advance and stored in look-up tables parameterized by the CT system’s projection geometry. The look-up tables only require a few kilobytes of storage and can be efficiently accelerated on the GPU. We demonstrate our framework with both numerical and clinical experiments and compare its performance with the current state-of-the-art scheme—the separable footprint method.
Nanophotonic Inverse Design Using Artificial Neural Network

We propose a neural network approach to inverse design nanophotonic objects. Using a fully connected artificial neural network, the method finds the geometry of a spherical nanoparticle that match a desired scattering spectrum - either at a single wavelength, or at a broad-band.
Quantile POD for nondestructive evaluation with hit–miss data

ABSTRACTProbability of detection (POD) is commonly used to measure a nondestructive evaluation (NDE) inspection procedure’s performance. Due to inherent variability in the inspection procedure caused by variability in factors such as crack morphology and operators, it is important, for some purposes, to model POD as a random function. Traditionally, inspection variabilities are pooled and an estimate of the mean POD (averaged over all sources of variability) is reported. In some applications it is important to know how poor typical inspections might be, and this question is answered by estimating a quantile of the POD distribution. This article shows how to fit and compare different models to repeated-measures hit--miss data with multiple inspections with different operators for each crack and shows how to estimate the mean POD as well as quantiles of the POD distribution for binary (hit--miss) NDE data. We also show how to compute credible intervals (quantifying uncertainty due to limited data) for these...
Uncovering Neural Commands from Noisy Dermal Signals—an Experimental Verification of a Minimalistic Robotic Exoskeletal Hand Design for Medical Rehabilitation

Exoskeletal medical rehabilitation devices require the interpretation of neural movement signals via surface electromyographic sensors. In many cases, the signals are imbedded in noise (due to underlying pathologies of the rehab patient) and must be processed such that movement commands can be processed instantly. This paper will report on a prototype design of a device that addresses many of the issues found with previous devices, including the size as well as providing insufficient assistance force, and associated signal processing logic. The prototype addresses these issues by using a tendon drive mechanism actuated by a power screw, which will have the ability to restore mobility to each finger of the user while at the same time providing a low profile and low operating power. The following features were integrated into the system: motor position control and characterization, a LabVIEW controller interface, and an EMG control scheme. The prototype was tested on five healthy participants and a cerebral palsy patient. Conducting computer simulations and testing of a physical prototype reveal that the exoskeleton design is viable. Furthermore, a viable controller was developed for the device and validated experimentally through multiple EMG filtering methods by using discrete wavelet transforms and bandpass filtering. This study also discovered that by using discrete wavelet transforms to filter EMG signals, it is possible for an individual with cerebral palsy to control the device. This paper is an application of data-enabled discovery tools in the field of medical orthotics. It provides guidance to readers relative to the use of signal processing techniques as applied to problems in injury rehabilitation.
Leadership for Evidence-based Practice Implementation in 3 Countries and 3 Healthcare Settings

Globally, health care research and quality improvement initiatives are being funded in the United States National Institutes of Health (NIH), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Cent...
Full-Wave Simulation of System-Level Disruption During Secondary ESD Events in a Smartphone

To demonstrate the electromagnetic full-wave simulation of a secondary electrostatic discharge (ESD), an ESD generator is modeled in three dimensions (3D) and in contact mode discharging to a non-grounded, metallic ear-mesh of a smartphone. The nonlinear Rompe–Weizel SPICE model computes the arc resistance of the secondary discharge between ungrounded metal and a grounded enclosure. The SPICE model is solved using a circuit simulator, and the 3-D model is solved using the transmission-line matrix time-domain numerical method. Transient cosimulation is a new technique that is used to solve both circuit and 3-D models at the same time. The simulation predicts the coupling from ESD to a victim trace in the smartphone. Measurements performed at several stages validate the simulation results. Using this novel methodology, the user can simulate the secondary discharge in products to predict ESD damage and disruption on a system level.
Quality of life in patients with ovarian cancer

Research examining outcomes in ovarian cancer has evolved from concentrating on more traditional clinical end points to also emphasizing quality of life (QOL). Both disease- and treatment-related factors may result in QOL decrements. Thus, QOL represents an important consideration in ovarian cancer treatment decision-making. This chapter reviews the physical, psychological, and sexual concerns that may influence QOL, as well as advances in the measurement of patient-reported QOL in ovarian cancer. The chapter discusses QOL in the context of recent treatment advances and highlights the need for future randomized controlled trials to assess the effects of intervention trials on QOL.
2. The Virtuous Physician. A New Translation of a Pseudo-Hippocratic Text and Its Implications for the History of Moral Inquiry; or, The Significance of an Insignificant Text

This article presents a new translation of the previously little-studied pseudo-Hippocratic text, Precepts , with commentary, and a broader discussion of the work in its context at a crossroads in the history of moral inquiry. A distillation of the schools of medical thought between the age of Hippocrates and the age of Galen, Precepts is not an oath, but a set of pragmatic, comprehensive guidelines for the comportment and practice of what the unknown author describes ideally as the ‘virtuous physician’. I propose a new way of interpreting the development of Greek ethical notions, as exemplified in our sample text, as the inevitable philosophic product of the religious influence of the Ancient Near East. Rather than suggest a conflict between the polytheists and the challenge of monotheism, I describe an interplay between the two belief systems. I propose that the Greek attempts at reconciliation between these systems were the critical impetus for the development of moral inquiry alongside the birth of ‘rationalism’. In other words, it will be seen that it was through the avenue of the Greek enlightenment that the ancient physician transformed from physician-priest to physician-philosopher.
Victims, Villains, and Valiant Rescuers: Unpacking Sociolegal Constructions of Human Trafficking and Crimmigration in Popular Culture

Increasing media attention to human trafficking in the U.S. has expanded awareness of the issue and mobilised campaigns for new anti-trafficking laws aimed to rescue victims and punish those who exploit them. This chapter analyses the sociolegal construction of the subjects of this narrative: victims, villains, and valiant rescuers. Drawing on investigative journalism, television shows, and movies that depict the “war against human trafficking”, I examine the framing of “trafficking” through narratives of crime, sexual risk, and crimmigration. The dual role of law as an instrument for vindicating victims and policing the risks posed by trafficking reflects the influence of “governing through crime” politics and “carceral feminism” in American anti-trafficking efforts. The sociolegal construction of trafficking subjects in American popular culture reveals the important influence of public frames processes in developing the criminal justice response to trafficking that typifies American responses to the problem.
Abstract 3896: A big data approach to predicting context specific synergistic drug combinations

Combination therapies for various cancers have been shown to increase efficacy, lower toxicity and escape resistance. However, systematically interrogating all possible synergistic therapies is experimentally unfeasible due to the sheer volume of possible combinations. Computational approaches have proven to be an invaluable tool within pharmacogenomics and have helped with prioritizing the development of perspective therapeutics as well as matching the right drugs with the right patients. Here we apply a novel big data approach in the evaluation and ultimately the prediction of drug synergy by using the recently released NCI-ALMANAC, the largest publically available synergistic drug efficacy dataset to date. First, to better understand drug combinations, we distinguished between those that were synergistic and adverse and evaluated various drug similarity metrics for all pairs. We found that certain features showed significant differences between adverse and synergistic drug combinations, such as post-treatment transcriptional effects similarity (D = 0.17, p Citation Format: Coryandar M. Gilvary, Neel Madhukar, Olivier Elemento. A big data approach to predicting context specific synergistic drug combinations [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3896.
An Interprofessional Education Simulation Workshop: Health Professions Learning Palliative Care Communication.

Background Patients with life-limiting illnesses need health professionals who can communicate with each other, as well as with patients and family members. Nursing faculty teach these skills in a variety of formats and, increasingly, via simulation experiences. Method This pilot study aimed to compare a group of interprofessional health professions students' (N = 73) self-reported level of confidence in communication, explore behavior change and professional identity, and identify areas for future interprofessional education. Students participated in a simulated team meeting with a standardized family member of an older adult patient hospitalized with an acute aspiration pneumonia and a chronic, progressive illness. Results Postworkshop, students rated themselves as significantly more confident in interprofessional and palliative care communication (p ⩽ .001) than preworkshop, identified important areas of behavior change and professional identity, and provided faculty with ideas for future simulation workshops. Conclusion Additional research is needed regarding longitudinal curricular efforts and direct patient care outcomes. [J Nurs Educ. 2018;57(8):493-497.].
Practical Strategies for Small-Molecule Probe Development in Chemical Biology

The effective identification, selection, and implementation of small molecules for the interrogation of biological systems require an intricate understanding of the chemical principles underlying their cellular activities. While much has been published regarding the use of screening techniques in forward chemical genetics platforms and on small-molecule target identification, less emphasis has been placed on detailed strategies for evaluating, selecting, and optimizing screening hits. This chapter provides practical tools for identifying and developing promising screening hit compounds into effective tools for biological discovery.
Transformative metrics for holistic ministry in the marketplace

Holistic ministry is now the standard across global missional practice, and one manifestation of integral mission is Entrepreneurial Church Planting (ECP). This occurs when business entrepreneurs a...
Large eddy simulations of a turbulent channel flow with a deforming wall undergoing high steepness traveling waves

Backward traveling waves over a wall of a fully developed turbulent channel are known to reduce the drag coefficient, flow separation, and turbulence intensity. Based on previous studies of traveling waves with a small steepness (s = a/λ < 0.0625, a: nondimensional amplitude, λ: nondimensional wavelength), it is thought that the nondimensional wave-speed (C = C*/U*, C*: dimensional wave-speed, U*: mean channel velocity) is required to be more than one to have a zero net drag and a high reduction in the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). This idea is tested here for waves with higher wave steepness (0.05 < s < 0.15) at various wave-speeds using large eddy simulations of a fully developed turbulent channel in which one wall is undergoing a traveling wave. It is found that the increase in wave steepness decreases the wave-speed at which a net zero drag is obtained, e.g., for waves with steepness of s = 0.05, 0.075, and 0.15, the wave-speed is, approximately, C = 1.6 ± 0.1, 0.9 ± 0.1, and 0.7 ± 0.1, respectively. Similarly, the increase in wave steepness decreases the wave-speed at which TKE of the flow in the vicinity of the wave is highly reduced, e.g., qualitatively minimized. In fact, the wave-speeds at which the high reduction in TKE is observed in this study are C = 1.2, 1.2, and 0.6 for waves with wave steepness of 0.05, 0.075, and 0.15, respectively.Backward traveling waves over a wall of a fully developed turbulent channel are known to reduce the drag coefficient, flow separation, and turbulence intensity. Based on previous studies of traveling waves with a small steepness (s = a/λ < 0.0625, a: nondimensional amplitude, λ: nondimensional wavelength), it is thought that the nondimensional wave-speed (C = C*/U*, C*: dimensional wave-speed, U*: mean channel velocity) is required to be more than one to have a zero net drag and a high reduction in the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). This idea is tested here for waves with higher wave steepness (0.05 < s < 0.15) at various wave-speeds using large eddy simulations of a fully developed turbulent channel in which one wall is undergoing a traveling wave. It is found that the increase in wave steepness decreases the wave-speed at which a net zero drag is obtained, e.g., for waves with steepness of s = 0.05, 0.075, and 0.15, the wave-speed is, approximately, C = 1.6 ± 0.1, 0.9 ± 0.1, and 0.7 ± 0.1, respectively...
Ghosts of the past: how drought legacy effects shape forest functioning and carbon cycling

Multi-year lags in tree drought recovery, termed 'drought legacy effects', are important for understanding the impacts of drought on forest ecosystems, including carbon (C) cycle feedbacks to climate change. Despite the ubiquity of lags in drought recovery, large uncertainties remain regarding the mechanistic basis of legacy effects and their importance for the C cycle. In this review, we identify the approaches used to study legacy effects, from tree rings to whole forests. We then discuss key knowledge gaps pertaining to the causes of legacy effects, and how the various mechanisms that may contribute these lags in drought recovery could have contrasting implications for the C cycle. Furthermore, we conduct a novel data synthesis and find that legacy effects differ drastically in both size and length across the US depending on if they are identified in tree rings versus gross primary productivity. Finally, we highlight promising approaches for future research to improve our capacity to model legacy effects and predict their impact on forest health. We emphasise that a holistic view of legacy effects - from tissues to whole forests - will advance our understanding of legacy effects and stimulate efforts to investigate drought recovery via experimental, observational and modelling approaches.
The Educational Value of Law and Religion

This brief Article argues that the Western university was originally built on the classic faculties of law, theology, and medicine, and that the modern university still needs to promote the interdisciplinary study of law and religion, among others. After surveying the emerging field of law and religion study, the Article documents how eighteenth-century Methodist founder John Wesley argued for the value and uses of law in modern spiritual life, church organization, and seminary instruction.
Correlates of lifetime blunt/spliff use among cigarette smokers in substance use disorders treatment.

Abstract Background Co-use of tobacco and cannabis has been associated with greater dependence on and lower quit rates for both substances. Tobacco/cannabis co-use among individuals with substance use disorders (SUDs), a population with high rates of cigarette smoking, may hinder the effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions. We examined rates of lifetime (i.e., ever vs. never) cannabis use among current cigarette smokers in SUD treatment, and we identified the subgroup who had used tobacco and cannabis together in the form of blunts and/or spliffs. We then examined variables associated with lifetime use of blunts and/or spliffs. Methods We surveyed 562 clients in 20 residential SUD treatment programs in California, USA, in 2019. Measures included demographics, lifetime use of any cannabis product, lifetime use of blunt/spliffs, patterns of tobacco use, and smoking cessation-related questions. We asked current cigarette smokers who also reported lifetime cannabis use whether they had ever used blunts and/or spliffs. We then assessed relationships of demographic, tobacco use, use of cannabis/tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in e-cigarettes/vape pens, and smoking cessation–related variables with ever use versus never use of blunts/spliffs. Results Among 340 current cigarette smokers, 93.2% (n = 317) reported lifetime use of any cannabis product. Among current cigarette smokers with lifetime cannabis use, 64.4% reported lifetime blunt/spliff use. Compared to those who had never used blunts/spliffs, lifetime blunt/spliff users were more likely to be younger (OR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.90–0.95), more likely to report lifetime use of cigars/cigarillos (OR = 2.95, CI 1.37–6.32), and to have ever used cannabis/THC in e-cigarettes/vape pens (OR = 4.26, CI 1.54–11.80). They were less often ready to quit smoking within 30 days (OR = 0.37, CI 0.23–0.60), but more likely to want help with smoking cessation (OR = 2.39, CI 1.52–3.77). Conclusion Current cigarette smokers in SUD treatment reported a high prevalence of lifetime cannabis use. Smokers with a history of blunt/spliff use were more likely to report lifetime use of e-cigarettes/vape pens for cannabis/THC delivery. They wanted help to quit smoking, but felt less prepared to quit in the next 30 days. Cannabis co-use may warrant clinicians' attention when providing smoking cessation interventions during SUD treatment.