cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adjustable speed drive for residential applications

A reduced-cost reduced-loss adjustable speed drive for residential applications such as compressors and fans in heat pumps, air conditioners, and refrigerators is described. Line-frequency phase control regulates motor speed without the switching loss and electromagnetic interference problems caused by high-frequency pulse-width modulation. Motor equivalent circuit elements function as a line-frequency filter. Reasonably undistorted line current and high power factor at full load are achieved by careful system design. >
Relevance Models in Information Retrieval

We develop a simple statistical model, called a relevance model, for capturing the notion of topical relevance in information retrieval. Estimating probabilities of relevance has been an important part of many previous retrieval models, but we show how this estimation can be done in a more principled way based on a generative or language model approach. In particular, we focus on estimating relevance models when training examples (examples of relevant documents) are not available. We describe extensive evaluations of the relevance model approach on the TREC ad-hoc retrieval and cross-language tasks. In both cases, rankings based on relevance models significantly outperform strong baseline approaches.
Source encoding for image subtraction.

A technique of source encoding of an extended incoherent source for image subtraction is presented. The source-encoding constraints are obtained from the coherence requirement for the subtraction operation. Source encoding increases the available light power for the processing operation, as a small incoherent source is no longer required. An experimental result obtained with the encoded incoherent-source technique is given. A similar result obtained by using a coherent technique is included for comparison.
Maxmin lambda allocation for DWDM networks

This paper presents a heuristic for solving the discrete maxmin rates for DWDM-based optical subnetworks. Discrete maxmin allocation is proposed as the preferred way of assigning wavelengths to the flows found to be suitable for lightpath switching. The discrete maxmin optimality condition is shown to be a unifying principle underlying both the continuous maxmin and discrete maxmin optimality conditions. Among the many discrete maxmin solutions for each assignment problem, lexicographic optimal solutions can be argued to be the best in the true sense of "maxmin." However, the problem of finding lexicographic optimal solutions is known to be NP-complete. The heuristic proposed is tested against all possible networks such that |/spl Gamma/|+|/spl Omega/|/spl les/10, where /spl Gamma/ and /spl Omega/ are the set of links and the set of flows of the network, respectively. Out of 1,084,112 possible networks, the heuristic produces the exact lexicographic solutions with 99.8% probability. Furthermore, for 0.2% cases where the solutions are non-optimal, 99.8% of these solutions are within the minimal possible distance from the true lexicographic optimal solutions.
Stabilizing institutions for new venture investment decisions

Purpose – This paper aims to examine the relationship between aspects of a country’s institutional environment and entrepreneurial investors’ overall rate of return. Design/methodology/approach – Specifically, monetary stability and property rights are tested against both entrepreneurs’ and angel investors’ expected financial returns and payback periods, respectively. Data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor survey including years 2004 through 2006 and encompassing 50 countries are aggregated and examined using random coefficient multilevel modeling. Findings – We find that strong property rights encourage both angel investors and entrepreneurs to invest in new ventures with longer payback periods and encourage angel investors to invest in ventures with lower expected financial returns. Practical implications – This suggests that one key to increasing entrepreneurial investment in a country is to guarantee strong property rights. Therefore, both entrepreneurs seeking funding and countries seeking ent...
Mathematical modeling of cooperative interactions in hemoglobin.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses that the quintessential example of cooperativity in macromolecular systems is the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin. For this specific case, the binding of the first oxygen's to hemoglobin changes the affinity of subsequent oxygen's. In hemoglobin this cooperativity is usually positive, that is, the binding of the first oxygen's increases the affinity for subsequent oxygen's. However, cases exist in which cooperativity is negative, that is, the binding of some ligands lowers the affinity for subsequent ligands. The cooperative interactions in a macromolecule such as haemoglobin are not limited to ligands of the same type. The Bohr Effect is a well-known example of the binding of protons by hemoglobin changing the affinity for oxygen. When the binding of protons alters the affinity for oxygen's, it is true that the binding of oxygen's will also change the affinity for protons. The chapter reviews some experimental observations of haemoglobin that describes all realistic models of haemoglobin. It also reviews some classic and modern models of ligand binding, with particular emphasis on hemoglobin cooperativity. It discusses models of hemoglobin oxygen binding and cooperativity spans more than a century.
Re-Engineering Nature's Catalysts

Natural systems have inspired many scientific and technological advances ( 1 ). Materials design seeks to duplicate the fiber optical features of glass sponges ( 2 ); inorganic chemical complexes are modeled after enzyme active sites; and synthetic chemistry strategies parallel the biosynthetic pathways that produce complex natural product molecules ( 3 ). Scientists have also directly manipulated nature's tools through enzyme and metabolic pathway engineering. On page 307 of this issue, Coelho et al. ( 4 ) report that a bacterial cytochrome P450—a protein that naturally catalyzes C–H bond oxidation—can be engineered to efficiently produce highly strained cyclopropanated products. This work demonstrates the biomimicry paradigm in reverse, where altering the function of one of nature's most versatile biocatalysts is directed to a transformation originally conceived and implemented by synthetic chemists.
Firth and Wagner (1997): New Ideas or a New Articulation?

This article begins with a review of second language acquisition research leading up to the 1997 article by Firth and Wagner. We argue that the Firth and Wagner article did not represent a new direction, but rather continued a type of argumentation that was already prevalent in the field at the time of the 1997 publication. We identify 3 issues as key in Firth and Wagner's argument: the scope of the research question, the multiple identities of research participants, and the context considered in research. A survey of 4 journals in the field and their treatment of these 3 issues, beginning before Firth and Wagner (1997) and leading up to the present, suggests that the article did not result in significant changes to the field and its target questions. The significance of Firth and Wagner's article lies in its licensing of situated research, and that broadening of the research base is undoubtedly positive.
Heterogeneity in the cyanogen bromide peptides from striated muscle and heart valve collagen.

Summary Cyanogen bromide cleavage of insoluble striated muscle and heart valve collagen has revealed the presence of heterogeneous peptides in these tissues. A peptide homologous in molecular weight to α1CB3 of soluble collagen was isolated from insoluble muscle, heart valve and cartilage collagen. The amino acid composition of these peptides indicated however, that they were not identical. A peptide homologous to a α1CB4 plus α1CB5 methionine substituted peptide was also found in insoluble muscle collagen and a peptide very similar to peptide nine of cartilage was found in heart valve collagen. These results suggest that two or more genetically distinct types of αl-chain are present in these collagens.
L'utilisation des EPS à la conception des réacteurs futurs

Jusqu'a present, compte tenu des connaissances et de l'experience des centrales nucleaires, les regles et normes deterministes ont constitue en general le fondement de la conception d'une installation nucleaire.Les analyses probabilistes ont cependant apporte un moyen complementaire et efficace de "mesurer" et d'ameliorer la surete de ce type d'installation.A cette fin, Framatome ANP a developpe, et depuis 1972 applique les techniques probabilistes pour "mesurer le niveau de surete" de ses reacteurs, identifier les ameliorations a apporter a la conception et verifier lorsque des objectifs de risque etaient imposes, le respect de ceux-ci.Pour la conception des reacteurs futurs, les techniques probabilistes sont utilisees comme outil d'aide a la conception et comme moyen d'assurer des performances ameliorees.
Prevalence of refractive error in the United States, 1999-2004.

Objective To describe the prevalence of refractive error in the United States. Methods The 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) used an autorefractor to obtain refractive error data on a nationally representative sample of the US noninstitutionalized, civilian population 12 years and older. Using data from the eye with a greater absolute spherical equivalent (SphEq) value, we defined clinically important refractive error as follows: hyperopia, SphEq value of 3.0 diopters (D) or greater; myopia, SphEq value of −1.0 D or less; and astigmatism, cylinder of 1.0 D or greater in either eye. Results Of 14 213 participants 20 years or older who completed the NHANES, refractive error data were obtained for 12 010 (84.5%). The age-standardized prevalences of hyperopia, myopia, and astigmatism were 3.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.2%-4.0%), 33.1% (95% CI, 31.5%-34.7%), and 36.2% (95% CI, 34.9%-37.5%), respectively. Myopia was more prevalent in women (39.9%) than in men (32.6%) (P Conclusion Estimates based on the 1999-2004 NHANES vision examination data indicate that clinically important refractive error affects half of the US population 20 years or older.
Effects of local anesthesia on gingival cAMP levels.

Abstract : The basic levels of cAMP in the attached gingiva of Rhesus monkeys and the changes in tissue cAMP levels produced by infiltration anesthesia with Lidocaine and Lidocaine containing 1:100,000 epinephrine was studied. The basal level of cAMP in uninjected monkey gingiva ranged from 12-20 picomoles cAMP/mg of gingival protein. This level was 75 times greater than the cAMP content of monkey blood plasma. Infiltration of the attached gingiva with saline or plain Lidocaine for 5 min. did not produce any significant changes in tissue cAMP levels. Infiltration of the gingiva with Lidocaine containing 1:100,000 epinephrine, on the other hand, caused a very marked increase in tissue cAMP levels. Thirty seconds after infiltration with Lidocaine with 1:100,000 ephinephrine there was a 150% increase in cAMP content of the anesthetized tissue versus the uninjected control tissues. The maximal increase in tissue cAMP levels was observed 5 min. after infiltration when the cAMP content of the gingiva was 1000-1100% above the control level. It is proposed that regulation of tissue cAMP levels by epinephrine or other agents may prove of therapeutic usefulness in regulating inflammation and healing of tissues after surgery or other trauma. (Author)
Reply to Bachant and Richards

(1993). Reply to Bachant and Richards. Psychoanalytic Dialogues: Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 461-480.
Computation of adsorbate vibrational frequencies: methyl, methylidyne and methoxy adsorbed on the Al(111) surface

Abstract A general strategy for computing adsorbate vibrational frequencies using cluster calculations is illustrated for methyl, methylidyne and methoxy adsorbed on an Al(111) surface. The method uses energy second derivatives rather than the numerical fitting procedures often used in cluster calculations and avoids having to make guesses at the form of the normal modes for the vibrating polyatomic adsorbate. Using energy derivatives also facilitates performing a convergence check on the adsorbate frequency values. The methyl and methylidyne computed frequencies are in good agreement with vibrational frequencies for the CH3I dissociation product observed by high resolution electron energy loss spectra (HREELS). The computed methoxy adsorbate frequencies are also consistent with HREELS experiments, but the optimized methoxy structure, while agreeing with chemical intuition, differs from the methoxy adsorption at the hcp threefold site recently determined by normal incidence standing X-ray wavefield absorption (NISXW) experiments.
National trends in the use of surgery for benign hepatic tumors in the United States

Background The widespread use of diagnostic imaging has led to an increase in the incidence and diagnosis of benign liver tumors. The objective of this study was to define the overall use and temporal trends of operative procedures for benign liver tumors using a nationally representative cohort. Methods All patients who underwent liver surgery for benign liver tumors between 2000 and 2011 were identified from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database. Trends in annual volume of liver procedures were analyzed using the average annual percent change (AAPC) assessed by joinpoint analysis. Results There were 2,489 open (94.5%) and 144 (5.5%) minimally invasive surgical (MIS) procedures. Partial hepatectomy accounted for 43.8% of all cases ( n = 1,153). Surgery for patients with benign liver tumors increased from 156 in 2000 to 272 in 2011 (AAPC, 5.8%; 95% CI, 3.2–8.6%). There was decline in the relative use of open operative procedures from 98.1% in 2000 to 92.3% in 2011 (AAPC, −0.4%; 95% CI, −0.7 to −0.1%). In contrast, the proportion of MIS procedures increased from 1.9% in 2000 to 7.7% in 2011 (AAPC, 7.4%; 95% CI, 1.9–13.3%). The median duration of stay among all patients was 5 days (interquartile range, 4–7; 5 days [open] vs 3 days [MIS]; P n = 15 [open] vs n = 0 [MIS]; P = .43) and did not change during the study period ( P > .05). Conclusion Overall volume of surgical management of benign liver tumors has increased substantially over the past decade. There has been a relative shift away from open procedures toward MIS procedures.
CT angiography of the abdominal and thoracic aorta

Evaluation of the abdominal and thoracic aorta is one of the most common indications for CT angiography (CTA). CTA largely has replaced conventional angiography in the assessment of aortic aneurysms and dissections because it provides all the relevant anatomic information at reduced cost, morbidity, and radiation exposure. This article will focus on the technique, interpretation, and pitfalls in the CTA evaluation of the abdominal and thoracic aorta.
The Status of the Southern New England Lobster Stock

ABSTRACT Management of the American lobster fishery in U.S. waters recognizes 3 biological stocks. Since 2001, the northern 2 stocks have increased in abundance whereas the southernmost stock has declined dramatically. Decline in abundance indices of all sizes, including larvae and young-of-year, indicate that the stock is experiencing recruitment failure. Increasing water temperature and a corresponding increase in shell disease may be contributing factors. Assessment procedures have recently included a 2-fold increase in nonharvest losses; however, modeling spawning stock losses specific to the disease process has not been accomplished. Rebuilding strategies need to maximize stock production while at the same time minimize the spread and severity of shell disease.
Recommended: a Minimum Standard Software Toolset

Tools and toolsets for the software builder are receiving increased attention. Research into new-concept tools is progressing. However, the use of tools in the software workplace is not. This paper asserts that what is needed is a Minimum Standard Software Toolset which is available to all professional programmers in all workplaces. The functional content of such a toolset is proposed, based heavily on the work of the U.S. Department of Defense in its Ada Programming Support Environment.
Hatchability Studies II. A Physical Study of Eggs from High and Low Hatching Hens

Abstract IN a study of hatchability, it is quite natural to turn to the egg and consider its qualities in relation to its hatching power. To what extent does the nutritive material contained in an egg influence its hatchability? The available evidence is largely indirect, and the studies which have been made are for the greater part with inadequate diets, their relation to the composition of the egg and the consequent influence on the livability of the embryo. Very little work has been done where the birds were given an adequate diet. The question arises whether a particular hen might be unable to synthesize yolk and white which will support growth of the developing embryo and provide a suitable medium for its life processes. In considering the question from this viewpoint, it seems logical to turn to the interior of the egg and try to get at the differences, if any, . . .
Fire, drought, and humans in a heterogeneous Lake Superior landscape.

We used dendrochronology and historic data to examine spatial and temporal variation in the historic fire regime of a complex landscape adjacent to Lake Superior in the Huron Mountains, Michigan, USA. Across the study area, 330 dated fire scars were identified and cross-dated from 115 trees and seven sites, spanning the years 1439–2005. Most of the fires were small in spatial extent; larger fires were infrequent and occurred primarily in level landscape positions within 1.5 km of Lake Superior. Small, frequent fires also occurred at the higher elevations attributable to lightning ignitions. The mean fire interval (MFI) from 1439–1751 was 49 yr and then abruptly shortened to 18.5 yr until the 1900s, during which time the MFI across all sites was greater than 78 yr. From 1752–1900s, high fire frequency occurred even in relatively wet years, suggesting an increased human influence. We interpret these patterns in fire intervals in the context of topography and changes in human population, land use, and cultur...
College Students\' Involvement in Religious Organizations and Sources of Social Support

Past research has investigated and demonstrated the benefits for students who are involved in extracurricular activities. However, the research focused primarily on participation in social, academic, and athletic organizations. The impact of student involvement in religious organizations is yet to be determined. In addition, it is only recently that religious support has been identified as a unique and valid source of social support. Thus, the role that student involvement in religious organizations plays in student's perception of social support remains unclear. In this study, it was expected that religious involvement would predict perceived religious support. It was also hypothesized that perceived religious support would be positively related to perceived friend, perceived family support, and overall social support. Results of the study show that religious involvement predicted perceived religious support, and perceived religious support was positively related to perceived friend support and perceived family support. Implications for future research in higher education are discussed. Ife Psychologia Vol.13(1) 2005: 200-213
Blunt chest trauma and suspected aortic rupture: Reliability of chest radiograph findings

The chest radiographs of 86 patients with suspected aortic rupture from blunt chest trauma were reviewed. Seventy-three patients had no evidence of aortic rupture on aortography or surgical exploration, and 13 patients had surgically confirmed rupture. Sixteen radiographic findings were analyzed for sensitivity and specificity in detecting aortic rupture. The following findings were not statistically significant: hemothorax on either side; rib fractures on either side; pneumothorax on either side; lung contusion; widened left paravertebral stripe; and widening of the mediastinum, along with an increased ratio of mediastinal width to chest width. The most helpful findings leading to suspicion of aortic rupture included nasogastric tube or tracheal deviation to the right at the T4 level; depression of the left mainstem bronchus; and loss of the aortic contour or knob and left apical cap. False positives and false negatives occurred with each radiographic sign, indicating that there is no single finding that is absolutely reliable in predicting or excluding significant injury in every patient with suspected aortic rupture. Analysis of combinations of findings found that when the aortic contour and knob are normal and the nasogastric tube and trachea are not deviated, there was no case of aortic rupture in four consecutive years of experience. These four signs can be used to exclude aortic rupture.
Genotypic effect of ahFAD2 on fatty acid profiles in six segregating peanut (Arachis hypogaea L) populations

Fatty acid composition of oil extracted from peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seed is an important quality trait because it may affect the flavor and shelf life of resulting food products. In particular, a high ratio of oleic (C18:1) relative to linoleic (C18:2) fatty acid (O/L ≥ 10) results in a longer shelf life. Previous reports suggest that the high oleic (~80%) trait was controlled by recessive alleles of ahFAD2A and ahFAD2B, the former of which is thought to have a high frequency in US runner- and virginia-type cultivars. Functional mutations, G448A in ahFAD2A and 442insA in ahFAD2B eliminate or knock down desaturase activity and have been demonstrated to produce peanut oil with high O/L ratios. In order to employ marker assisted selection (MAS) to select a high oleic disease resistant peanut and to evaluate genotypic and phenotypic variation, crosses were made between high oleic (~80%) and normal oleic (~50%) peanuts to produce segregating populations. A total of 539 F2 progenies were randomly selected to empirically determine each ahFAD2 genotype and the resulting fatty acid composition. Five of the six crosses segregated for the high oleic trait in a digenic fashion. The remaining cross was consistent with monogenic segregation because both parental genotypes were fixed for the ahFAD2A mutation. Segregation distortion was significant in ahFAD2A in one cross; however, the remaining crosses showed no distortion. Quantitative analyses revealed that dominance was incomplete for the wild type allele of ahFAD2, and both loci showed significant additive effects. Oleic and linoleic acid displayed five unique phenotypes, based on the number of ahFAD2 mutant alleles. Further, the ahFAD2 loci did exhibit pleiotropic interactions with palmitic (C16:0), oleic (C18:1), linoleic (C18:2) acids and the O/L ratio. Fatty acid levels in these progeny were affected by the parental genotype suggesting that other genes also influence fatty acid composition in peanut. As far as the authors are aware, this is the first study in which all of the nine possible ahFAD2 genotypes were quantitatively measured. The inheritance of the high oleic trait initially was suggested to be controlled by dominant gene action from two homoeologous genes (ahFAD2A and ahFAD2B) exhibiting complete recessivity. Analyzing the ahFAD2 genotypes and fatty acid compositions of these segregating peanut populations clearly demonstrated that the fatty acid contents are quantitative in nature although much of the variability in the predominant fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, and palmitic) is controlled by only two loci.
ProMED-mail: An Early Warning System for Emerging Diseases

The Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases (ProMED-mail) reports on outbreaks of diseases of infectious or toxic etiology, whether natural or intentionally released, that affect humans. Open to all sources, free of political constraints, and available to users free of charge, ProMED-mail exploits the speed and ubiquity of the Internet to serve as an early warning system for the detection of emerging disease outbreaks. ProMED-mail monitors diseases of plants and animals of agricultural importance in addition to zoonoses because of their key role in disease emergence. Reports are carefully screened for validity and are placed in an appropriate context by commentary and references from a panel of expert moderators. Reports are then posted to the Web and sent by e-mail to >32,000 subscribers in >150 countries.
Very active learning of network routing

Active learning promises students will really own what they have learned because they have done something rather than only read or listen. The following classroom exercise has been used at both the undergraduate and graduate level Computer Networks courses. There has been no formal study of its effectiveness, but an informal result is telling: Two routing algorithms presented in class. On an exam, students are asked to choose one of them and describe it. In several years of using this classroom exercise, nearly all the students chose the method we did with this exercise and they all explained the algorithm correctly.
Architecture and Environment for Enabling Interactive Grids

Traditional use of grid computing allows a user to submit batch jobs in a grid environment. We believe, next generation grids will extend the application domain to include interactive graphical sessions. We term such grids Interactive Grids. In this paper, we describe some of the challenges involved in building Interactive Grids. These include fine grain access control, performance QoS guarantees, dynamic account management, scheduling, and user data management. We present the key architectural concepts in building Interactive Grids viz. hierarchical sessions, hierarchical admission control, hierarchical agents, classes of dynamic accounts, application profiling, user data management, scheduling for interactive sessions, persistent environment settings, and exporting remote desktop. We also describe IGENV, an environment for enabling interactive grids. IGENV consists of GISH -'Grid Interactive Shell', Controlled Desktop, SAC -'Session Admission Control' module, GMMA -'Grid Monitoring and Management Agents', and Policy Engine. We also present our testbed implementation for Interactive Grids using and extending Globus Toolkit 2.0 for the Grid middleware infrastructure, and VNC as the remote display technology.
Morphological development of resting cysts in cultures of the marine dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum (= L. Machaerophorum)

Abstract The previously undescribed morphological development of resting cysts of the living marine dinoflagellate Lingulodinium ("Gonyaulax") polyedrum has been observed in laboratory cultures. Referred to as L. machaerophorum in cyst‐based taxonomy, this species has a fossil record extending back at least to the Early Eocene. In our cultures, planozygotes preparing to encyst showed a distinctive interstice in the peripheral cytoplasm and often displayed a characteristic swimming behavior. The transition from motile planozygote to morphologically mature hypnozygote (resting cyst) took approximately 10–20 minutes. Encystment began with several events occurring simultaneously: (1) the cell stopped swimming and came to rest at the bottom of the observation chamber, (2) flagella were expelled from their respective thecal grooves, (3) localized swelling of a membrane external to the theca formed bubble‐like protrusions on the surface of the cell, (4) the theca began to dissociate along one or more plate sutur...
On noncircularly symmetric self-trapped light beams

Abstract Self-trapping solutions of the nonlinear scalar wave equation with arbitrary transverse symmetry (e.g., elliptical) do not exist.
Cladistic Biogeography 2nd Edition: Interpreting Patterns of Plant and Animal Distributions

Cladistic Biogeography, 2nd Edition: Interpreting Patterns of Plant and Animal Distributions, Christopher J. Humphries and Lynne R. Parenti, 1999, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 187 p. (Hardcover $65.00) ISBN: 0-19-854818-4. Four chapters, each written as a separate paper with introduction: (I) Historical Biogeography, (II) Methodological Developments, (III) The Real World, and (IV) A New View of the World. This book is an excellent introduction for the student who wishes to embark on the rather arduous trail of what has become of modern biogeography The authors have produced a fairly comprehensive, yet readable coverage of the various aspects of cladistic biogeography as it is now practiced. The historical perspective on the contributions of authors …
Mechanical circulatory support in children with cardiac disease.

Abstract Objective: To review the experience from a single center that uses both extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and ventricular assist devices for children with cardiac disease requiring mechanical circulatory support. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed for all pediatric patients with cardiac disease who required support with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or ventricular assist devices. Statistical analysis of the impact of multiple clinical parameters on survival was performed. Results: From 1987 through 1996 we provided mechanical circulatory support for children with a primary cardiac diagnosis using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (67 patients) and ventricular assist devices (29 patients). Twenty-seven of 67 (40.3%) patients supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and 12 of 29 (41.4%) patients supported with ventricular assist devices survived to hospital discharge. Failure of return of ventricular function within 72 hours of the institution of support was an ominous sign in patients supported with either modality. Univariate analysis revealed the serum pH at 24 hours of support, the serum bicarbonate at 24 hours of support, the urine output over the first 24 hours of support, and the development of renal failure to have a statistically significant association with survival in children supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. None of the clinical parameters evaluated by univariate analysis were significantly associated with survival in the patients supported with ventricular assist devices. Conclusions: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and ventricular assist devices represent complementary modalities of mechanical circulatory support that can both be used effectively in children with cardiac disease. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;117:529-42)
Basic Verbs of Conveyance: “Bring” and “Take” in German and English

Comparative studies of German and English point out the absence of a one-to-one correspondence between German bringen and nehmen on the one hand, and English bring and take on the other. However, these studies suggest that English bring simply expresses motion toward the speaker, while take expresses motion away from the speaker (Kufner, Farrell). The sentence in example 2 indicates that bring can be used to express motion away from the speaker and that it therefore has a broader range of use than these studies suggest.
A tale of two brothers: ultra-long-term follow-up of juvenile idiopathic scoliosis.

Objective: The aim of this work was to demonstrate the life-saving benefit of spine fusion for progressive juvenile idiopathic scoliosis. A follow-up of this duration (73 years) has never been previously reported. Results: The properly treated patient is alive and well 73 years after surgery, but the brother whose curve was ignored died of cor pulmonale at age 45. Conclusions: Properly done spine fusion can save the life of children with progressive juvenile idiopathic scoliosis.
Best Practices in Managing Faith-Based Organizations Through Charitable Choice and Faith-Based Initiatives

President Clinton's charitable choice initiatives in 1996 and President Bush's faith-based initiatives in 2001 allowed faith-based organizations (FBOs) to apply for federal funds while maintaining ...
Stereotactic radiosurgery alone for patients with 1–4 radioresistant brain metastases

Brain metastases from radioresistant histologies are perceived to be less responsive to WBRT compared to other histologies, and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) may provide better local control. The aim of this study was to examine the outcomes of patients with 1–4 brain metastasis from radioresistant histologies (renal cell carcinoma and melanoma) treated with SRS alone. Thirty-eight patients with 1–4 radioresistant brain metastases (66 lesions) were treated with SRS alone. The median age was 55 years. Fourteen and 24 patients had renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and melanoma brain metastases, respectively. Distribution of number of lesions was as follows: one lesion, 22 patients; 2 lesions, 8 patients; 3 lesions, 5 patients; and 4 lesions, 3 patients. Distribution of RTOG recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) classes was as follows: II, 37 patients and III, 1 patient. The median marginal dose was 20 Gy. The median follow-up was 6.1 months. The 3-, 6-, 9-, 12-, and 18-month local control (LC) rates were 87.9, 81.4, 67.9, 67.9, and 60.3%, respectively. The corresponding free-from-distant-brain failure (FFDBF) rates were 71.3, 58.1, 49.8, 40.2, and 27.6%. The corresponding progression-free survival (PFS) rates were 55.3, 41.9, 33, 23.3, and 13.3%. RCC histology was associated with better LC (P = 0.0055). Although SRS alone could yield reasonable LC in patients with 1–4 radioresistant brain metastases, the risk of distant brain failure was substantial. The approach of routine omission of WBRT outside of a trial setting should be used judiciously.
The insertion and extrusion of heterosulfur bridges. XIV. Synthesis of nitrotriphenyleno[1,12-bcd]thiophenes

Sulfur bridging to form triphenyleno[1,12-bcd]thiophene (2) in ca. 46% yield has been effected at 540° by direct addition of crystalline triphenylene (1) or dodecahydrotriphenylene (4) to a heterogeneous catalyst in a stream of hydrogen sulfide. Treatment of a reaction mixture of 1 and 2 with hydrogen peroxide-glacial acetic acid gives 2 sulfone 2d and 1,4-triphenylenoquinone (3). Reduction of 2d with lithium aluminum hydride in tetrahydrofuran leads back to 2 (80%), while reductive acetylation of 3 produces 1,4-diacetoxytriphenylene. Treatment of 2 with nitric acid in acetic anhydride at 65° gives a mixture of 1-nitro (30%), 3-nitro (47%), and 1,7-dinitro (11%) derivatives, separable by chromatography on alumina. Structures of these derivatives are assigned on the basis of ultraviolet-visible absorption and proton magnetic resonance spectra, as well as the chemical conversion 1-nitro-2 1,7-dinitro-2. The substitution pattern in 2 is correlated with Huckel molecular orbital calculations on reactivity and with substitution in analogous polycyclic, condensed aromatic compounds.
Thermal Decomposition of NH2OH and Subsequent Reactions: Ab Initio Transition State Theory and Reflected Shock Tube Experiments

Primary and secondary reactions involved in the thermal decomposition of NH2OH are studied with a combination of shock tube experiments and transition state theory based theoretical kinetics. This coupled theory and experiment study demonstrates the utility of NH2OH as a high temperature source of OH radicals. The reflected shock technique is employed in the determination of OH radical time profiles via multipass electronic absorption spectrometry. O-atoms are searched for with atomic resonance absorption spectrometry. The experiments provide a direct measurement of the rate coefficient, k1, for the thermal decomposition of NH2OH. Secondary rate measurements are obtained for the NH2 + OH (5a) and NH2OH + OH (6a) abstraction reactions. The experimental data are obtained for temperatures in the range from 1355 to 1889 K and are well represented by the respective rate expressions: log[k/(cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1))] = (-10.12 +/- 0.20) + (-6793 +/- 317 K/T) (k1); log[k/(cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1))] = (-10.00 +/- 0.06) + (-879 +/- 101 K/T) (k5a); log[k/(cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1))] = (-9.75 +/- 0.08) + (-1248 +/- 123 K/T) (k6a). Theoretical predictions are made for these rate coefficients as well for the reactions of NH2OH + NH2, NH2OH + NH, NH + OH, NH2 + NH2, NH2 + NH, and NH + NH, each of which could be of secondary importance in NH2OH thermal decomposition. The theoretical analyses employ a combination of ab initio transition state theory and master equation simulations. Comparisons between theory and experiment are made where possible. Modest adjustments of predicted barrier heights (i.e., by 2 kcal/mol or less) generally yield good agreement between theory and experiment. The rate coefficients obtained here should be of utility in modeling NOx in various combustion environments.
Consequences of perturbations of fetal fuels in ovine pregnancy.

Maternal or fetal substrate infusions into chronically catheterized fetal lambs have recently been performed in order to examine the effects of excessive fetal substrate presentation on fetal metabolism and metabolic rate. The degree of maternal hyperglycemia in this animal model has been shown to relate to the degree of fetal hyperglycemia and to the magnitude of fetal glucose utilization. Series of direct fetal glucose infusions were performed designed to mimic the development of moderate maternal hyperglycemia. These studies suggest that fetal glucose excess stimulates fetal oxidative metabolism with increases in fetal glucose and lactate entry and stimulation of fetal oxygen consumption. If severe, fetal lamb hyperglycemia may result in fetal hypoxia with metabolic acidosis and fetal demise. The metabolic goal of the stimulation of fetal oxidation may relate to increases in fetal activity such as respiration, excessive fetal growth, and other factors, as yet unidentified. Insulin or catecholamines may be mediators of at least some of these events. Chronic infusion studies regarding other potential fetal fuels have not yet been performed. The chronically catheterized glucoseinfused fetal lamb may offer insights into the metabolic derangements observed and suspected in infants born to women with gestational and insulin-requiring diabetes mellitus.
On AC resistance of two-layered wires

In this paper, AC resistance of a two-layered wire is numerically analyzed. The resistance is caused by the skin effect and proximity effect which are theoretically formulated, respectively. It is demonstrated by the numerical results that a high-resistive wire covered by copper layer such as a copper-clad-steel (CCS) wire can suppress an increase of resistance with increasing frequency. A CCS wire is evaluated theoretically and experimentally. It is shown that the CCS wire has a lower resistance even than a pure copper wire in a specific frequency range. The range is demonstrated to depend on thickness of Cu layer and is able to compute by our simple formula. This surprising phenomenon is satisfactorily explained by the theory.
The preparation and properties of crystalline firefly luciferin

Abstract 1. 1. The purification and preparation of crystalline firefly luciferin is described. From 15,000 firefly lanterns approximately 9 mg. of crystalline luciferin can be prepared. 2. 2. The empirical formula appears to be C13H12N2S2O3. Infrared spectra and microorganic spot tests of luciferin and various derivatives indicate that two of the oxygens are attributable to a carboxyl group. The third is probably phenolic hydroxyl. The sulfurs are probably bivalent but are not thioketones or sulfhydryls. Results of other tests are presented. 3. 3. At neutral pH the maximum (327 mμ) molecular extinction coefficient is 2 × 104. Radiation at this wavelength excites the luciferin to fluorescence with an emission peak near 530 mμ. In strong alkali the 327-mμ peak shifts to approximately 395 mμ while the emission peak remains unchanged. 4. 4. In alkaline solution luciferin can be converted into a fluorescent product which appears to contain two less hydrogens. It has been identified as one of the products of the luminescent reaction. This product will act as a cofactor in the breakdown of ATP into pyrophosphate and adenylic acid. The reaction is catalyzed by luciferase.
Real-time software architectures and design patterns: fundamental concepts and their consequences

Abstract This paper discusses the principles of software architectures for real-time systems. The fundamental idea of a real-time architecture is based on the concept of feedback used in control engineering. A generic architecture is derived for four major categories of real-time systems. Then a fundamental design pattern is presented, valid for all relevant architectures. This is followed by a discussion of variations in the basic architecture for distributed systems and safety related systems. Finally, a case study and tool support for architectural design and implementation are discussed.
Protein folding in vivo: the importance of molecular chaperones

The contribution of the two major cytosolic chaperone systems, Hsp70 and the cylindrical chaperonins, to cellular protein folding has been clarified by a number of recent papers. These studies found that, in vivo, a significant fraction of newly synthesized polypeptides transit through these chaperone systems in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The identification and characterization of the cellular substrates of chaperones will be instrumental in understanding how proteins fold in vivo.
Semianalytical Models for the Formation of Disk Galaxies. II. Dark Matter versus Modified Newtonian Dynamics

We present detailed semianalytical models for the formation of disk galaxies both in a universe dominated by dark matter (DM) and in one for which the force law is given by modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND). We tune the models to fit the observed near-infrared Tully-Fisher (TF) relation and compare numerous predictions of the resulting models with observations. The DM and MOND models are almost indistinguishable. They both yield gas mass fractions and dynamical mass-to-light ratios that are in good agreement with observations. Both models reproduce the narrow relation between global mass-to-light ratio and central surface brightness and reveal a characteristic acceleration, contrary to claims that these relations are not predicted by DM models. Both models require SN feedback in order to reproduce the lack of high surface brightness dwarf galaxies. However, the introduction of feedback to the MOND models steepens the TF relation and increases the scatter, making MOND only marginally consistent with observations. The most serious problem for the DM models is their prediction of steep central rotation curves. However, the DM rotation curves are only slightly steeper than those of MOND and are only marginally inconsistent with the poor resolution data on LSB galaxies.
Contrast between spin and valley degrees of freedom

We measure the renormalized effective mass (m*) of interacting two-dimensional electrons confined to an AlAs quantum well while we control their distribution between two spin and two valley subbands. We observe a marked contrast between the spin and valley degrees of freedom: When electrons occupy two spin subbands, m* strongly depends on the valley occupation, but not vice versa. Combining our m* data with the measured spin and valley susceptibilities, we find that the renormalized effective Lande g-factor strongly depends on valley occupation, but the renormalized conduction-band deformation potential is nearly independent of the spin occupation.
The incubation patch of the house sparrow, Passer domesticus Linnaeus.

Development of the incubation patch in wild female house sparrows involves loss of down feathers from the ventral apterium of the breast and abdomen, a 5.2-fold increase in thickness of the epidermis of the integument, a 7.2-fold increase in number of dermal blood vessels, a 5.9-fold increase in diameter of the larger vessels, a 3.8-fold increase in nonfat dry weight of the integument, and a 12.4-fold increase in weight of water in the integument. Approximately 74% of the total increase in water content occurs in a period of three or four days in the early part of the incubation period; and, in the fully developed patch, water accounts for 85% of the wet weight of the integument, which shows a 9.0-fold increase over the non-breeding condition. House sparrows given continuous estradiol treatment showed complete defeathering but only slight increases in integumentary growth and edema. The addition of prolactin (50 IU injected on alternate days) augmented the effect of estradiol, producing more rapid defeathering and significantly greater dermal vascularity and edema. The addition of progesterone to estradiol increased epidermal thickness and edema but had no effect on dermal vascularity. Patches induced by treatment with exogenous hormones were not fully developed, being at best equivalent in weight and histology to those of wild females in the laying period.
A device for introducing helical perturbations into a trailing line vortex

A perturbation generator has been designed which can be attached to the centerbody of a matched airfoil type vortex generator. The device was desired to enable the introduction of helical-wave, velocity perturbations into a vortex core to permit experimental verification of theoretical vortex stability predictions. Evaluation of the perturbation generator performance, prior to vortex stability studies, has been reported here. Controlled perturbations with frequencies above 200 hz have been produced, but visual observations were insufficient to confirm their helical character. Hot wire velocity spectrum data have confirmed the device's ability to introduce controlled frequency fluctuations. In addition, other flow oscillations have been discussed which can influence the controllability of vortex perturbations.
Analysis of salicylamide and its metabolites in blood and urine by HPLC

Abstract Sensitive liquid chromatographic assays for salicylamide and its metabolites in urine and plasma were developed to facilitate pharmacokinetic studies of the drug's metabolism. The drug and its hydroxylated metabolite, gentisamide, were extracted and concentrated prior to separation on a small-bore reverse-phase column. Conjugated metabolites were assayed separately using reverse-phase ion-pair chromatography. An accurate method of assay calibration in the absence of pure metabolite standards was developed using radioactively-labelled parent drug. In addition one of the metabolites, salicylamide sulfate, was isolated by ion-pair extraction and purified. A significant species difference in salicylamide metabolism was observed. In the dog the drug is almost exclusively (90%) metabolized to its sulfate conjugate, while in humans the glucuronide conjugates of salicylamide (50%) and gentisamide (15%) predominate over salicylamide sulfate (30%).
Interaction of Qβ RNA replicase with guanine nucleotides Different modes of inhibition and inactivation

Abstract Qβ replicase, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, contains the Escherichia coli protein synthesis elongation factors EF-Tu and EF-Ts. A binding site specific for guanine nucleotides is present on EF-Tu. A chemically modified but enzymatically active form of the enzyme (“cross-linked” replicase) contains a covalently linked EF-Tu · Ts complex in which the guanine nucleotide binding site of the EF-Tu is blocked. Initiation of transcription of poly(C) by both native and “cross-linked” replicase is competitively inhibited by high concentrations of GDP and ppGpp, while elongation of pre-initiated polynucleotide chains is not. When Qβ replicase is denatured with 8 M urea, the rate of its renaturation following dilution in a high-salt buffer is inhibited by relatively low concentrations of GDP, ppGpp and GTP. In this assay the “cross-linked” replicase is not inhibited by guanine nucleotides. Similarly, inactivation of Qβ replicase (but not “cross-linked” replicase) upon incubation at 30°C is accelerated by low concentrations of GDP, ppGpp and GTP. Thus guanine nucleotides inhibit renaturation of denatured replicase and cause inactivation of Qβ replicase by interacting at the binding site on EF-Tu. On the other hand, inhibition of initiation of transcription by guanine nucleotides involves a different site, presumably the site at which GTP binds to initiate transcription.