cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nutrient Requirements for two Species of Aquatic Hyphomycetes

1. Attguillospora longissinta and A. gigantea were found to grow-best at 19° C and 28° C, respectively, in standing culture and both at 28° C in shake culture, between pH 6.5 and pH 6.7, and to att...
International Licensing and Contracting of Intellectual Property

This chapter extends previous discussions to detail the strategy of licensing IP in the IB context. First, it explains the basic categorizations of licensing activities. Second, the different types of possible relationship between licensing partners are spelled out. Third, the chapter emphasizes the importance of using negotiating skills to arrive at a successful international IP licensing contract. Finally, it focuses on what should be included in a licensing contract to stress the fundamental importance of going through the contract thoroughly before signing. The importance of a cooperative manner in implementing the contract for the mutual benefit of the contracting parties is underlined.
Crocco Variables for Diffusion Flames

The use of variables, such as mixture fractions, in the theory of diffusion-flame structure is examined in relationship to early work of Crocco and from the viewpoint of providing simplifications in the analysis of problems of current interest. It is found that these variables offer advantages in a number of respects.
Leaders in the Sociology of Education

The Sociology of Education is no different in form than other fields of scholarship in that it depends wholly on the creativity, passion, assiduousness, and luck of the women and men who commit themselves to the advancement of the discipline. Surely world events and the political economy of a given time and place bear tremendous responsibility for shaping research agendas and directing intellectual thought, but it is the humanity and individuality of the scholars who interact with all that surrounds them that defines an academic field. As such, an intimate look into the careers of a selection of leaders in the sociology of education has much to offer those seeking a better understanding of the present state of this field of study.
Extraforaminal needle tip position reduces risk of intravascular injection in CT-fluoroscopic lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections.

Background: Lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injection is a common and effective tool for managing lumbar radicular pain, although accidental intravascular injection can rarely result in paralysis. The purpose of this study is to determine the safest needle tip position for computed tomography (CT)-guided lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections as determined by incidence of intravascular injection. Methods: Three radiologists, in consensus, reviewed procedural imaging for consecutive CT-fluoroscopic lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections performed during a 16-month period. Intravascular injections were identified and categorized by needle tip position, vessel type injected, intravascular injection volume and procedural phase containing the intravascular injection. Pearson chi-square and logistic regression testing were used to assess differences between groups, as appropriate. Results: Intravascular injections occurred in 9% (52/606) of injections. The intravascular injection rate was significantly lower (P Conclusions: An extraforaminal needle position for CT-fluoroscopic lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections decreases the risk of intravascular injection and therefore may be safer than other needle tip positions.
Ion mobility-mass spectrometry separation of steroid structural isomers and epimers

Drift tube ion mobility spectrometry (DTIMS) coupled with mass spectrometry was evaluated for its capabilities in rapid separation of endogenous isomeric steroids. These compounds, which included eight isomer groups, were investigated as protonated and sodiated species and collision cross sections were measured for all ionization species of each steroid. Pregnenolone (CCSN2 176.7 A2) and 5α-dihydroprogesterone (CCSN2 191.4 A2) could be separated as protonated species, and aldosterone (CCSN2 197.7 A2) and cortisone (CCSN2 211.7 A2) could be separated as sodiated monomers. However, the sodiated dimers of the remaining isomers yielded increased separation, resulting in baseline resolution. Specific structural differences including ring conformation and the chirality of hydroxyl groups were compared to evaluate their relative effects on collision cross section in isomers. These results indicated that C5 ring conformation isomers androsterone and etiocholanolone, which both contain a C3 α-hydroxyl group, yielded similar dimer CCS. Yet these compounds were well resolved from their respective β-hydroxyl epimers, trans-androsterone and epietiocholanolone. Alternative drift gases were evaluated, and carbon dioxide drift gas offered slight improvement in isomer resolution well, including allowing separation of testosterone (CCSCO2 330.0 A2), dehydroepiandrosterone (CCSCO2 312.6 A2), and epitestosterone (CCSCO2 305.6 A2). Finally, different metal cation adducts, including alkali, alkaline earth, and first row transition metal adducts were analyzed, and several of these species provided improved resolution between steroid epimers. Overall, this study shows that drift tube ion mobility is a promising tool for improved separation of isomeric steroids.
Coping as a mediator of stress and psychotic-like experiences.

Abstract Background There is evidence that individuals along the whole psychosis continuum have increased responsiveness to stress; however, coping responses to stressors have not been extensively explored in subthreshold psychotic symptoms. Methods In 454 undergraduates, psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) were evaluated using the positive items of the Prodromal Questionnaire. Perceived stress and traumatic life events were assessed using the Life Events Checklist and Perceived Stress Scale, and coping was measured using the Brief COPE. We also examined whether different coping styles mediated the relationship between perceived stress and PLEs, as well as whether different coping styles mediated the relationship between traumatic life events and PLEs. Results Both number of traumatic life events and current level of perceived stress were significantly associated with PLEs. These relationships were both mediated by higher levels of maladaptive coping. Conclusions Results have the potential to inform treatment strategies, as well as inform targets for exploration in longitudinal studies of those at risk for psychosis.
Energy transfer: Resonance is the key for coherence

The process of electronic energy transfer between molecules has long fascinated chemists. Femtosecond spectroscopy measurements of a series of molecular dimers now reveal signals that arise from non-Born–Oppenheimer coupling, suggesting a new mechanism to enhance energy transfer.
Agenda‐Setting: Individual‐Level Effects Versus Aggregate‐Level Effects

This entry reviews agenda-setting literature from two theoretical and methodological perspectives: aggregate- and individual-level media effects. The literature suggests that all three levels of agenda-setting have found solid evidence at the aggregate level. That is, the news media are able to transfer the salience of objects, attributes, and network relationships among different elements to the public as one generalized group. With respect to the role of individual differences in the agenda-setting process, the entry focuses on the explication of a key psychological concept: need for orientation. Future directions of research in this field are suggested. Keywords: cognitive processes; communication theory; journalism studies; mass communication theory; media psychology
Exploring the Amino Acid Residue Requirements of the RNA Polymerase (RNAP) α Subunit C-Terminal Domain for Productive Interaction between Spx and RNAP of Bacillus subtilis.

Bacillus subtilis Spx is a global transcriptional regulator that is conserved among Gram-positive bacteria, in which Spx is required for preventing oxidatively induced proteotoxicity. Upon stress induction, Spx engages RNA polymerase (RNAP) through interaction with the C-terminal domain of the rpoA-encoded RNAP α subunit (αCTD). Previous mutational analysis of rpoA revealed that substitutions of Y263 in αCTD severely impaired Spx-activated transcription. Attempts to substitute alanine for αCTD R261, R268, R289, E255, E298, and K294 were unsuccessful, suggesting that these residues are essential. To determine whether these RpoA residues were required for productive Spx-RNAP interaction, we ectopically expressed the putatively lethal rpoA mutant alleles in the rpoAY263C mutant, where "Y263C" indicates the amino acid change that results from mutation of the allele. By complementation analysis, we show that Spx-bound αCTD amino acid residues are not essential for Spx-activated transcription in vivo but that R261A, E298A, and E255A mutants confer a partial defect in NaCl-stress induction of Spx-controlled genes. In addition, strains expressing rpoAE255A are defective in disulfide stress resistance and produce RNAP having a reduced affinity for Spx. The E255 residue corresponds to Escherichia coli αD259, which has been implicated in αCTD-σ70 interaction (σ70 R603, corresponding to R362 of B. subtilis σA). However, the combined rpoAE255A and sigAR362A mutations have an additive negative effect on Spx-dependent expression, suggesting the residues' differing roles in Spx-activated transcription. Our findings suggest that, while αCTD is essential for Spx-activated transcription, Spx is the primary DNA-binding determinant of the Spx-αCTD complex.IMPORTANCE Though extensively studied in Escherichia coli, the role of αCTD in activator-stimulated transcription is largely uncharacterized in Bacillus subtilis Here, we conduct phenotypic analyses of putatively lethal αCTD alanine codon substitution mutants to determine whether these residues function in specific DNA binding at the Spx-αCTD-DNA interface. Our findings suggest that multisubunit RNAP contact to Spx is optimal for activation while Spx fulfills the most stringent requirement of upstream promoter binding. Furthermore, several αCTD residues targeted for mutagenesis in this study are conserved among many bacterial species and thus insights on their function in other regulatory systems may be suggested herein.
Alzheimer's Disease in the Latino Community: Intersection of Genetics and Social Determinants of Health

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia among individuals 65 or older. There are more than 5 million diagnosed cases in the US alone and this number is expected to triple by 2050. Therefore, AD has reached epidemic proportions with significant socioeconomic implications. While aging in general is the greatest risk factor for AD, several additional demographic factors that have contributed to the rise in AD in the US are under study. One such factor is associated with the relatively fast growth of the Latino population. Several reports indicate that AD is more prevalent among blacks and Latinos. However, the reason for AD disparity among different ethnic groups is still poorly understood and highly controversial. The Latino population is composed of different groups based on nationality, namely South and Central America, Mexico, and Caribbean Hispanics. This diversity among the Latino population represents an additional challenge since there are distinct characteristics associated with AD and comorbidities. In this review, we aim to bring attention to the intersection between social determinants of health and genetic factors associated with AD within the Latino community. We argue that understanding the interplay between identified social determinants of health, co-morbidities, and genetic factors could lead to community empowerment and inclusiveness in research and healthcare services, contributing to improved diagnosis and treatment of AD patients. Lastly, we propose that inserting a neuroethics perspective could help understand key challenges that influence healthcare disparities and contribute to increased risk of AD among Latinos.
Impact of Antimicrobial Stewardship for Pediatric Outpatient Parenteral Antibiotic Therapy

We developed an outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy (OPAT) stewardship program in a freestanding children's hospital to improve the appropriateness of OPAT prescribing. Introduction of the program enabled expert review of nearly 90% of the patients being prepared for discharge with OPAT and was associated with a 24% reduction in OPAT use.
Formation and Stability of Colloidal Dispersions of Fine Particles in Water

Colloid chemistry includes an extremely broad range of substrates and dispersion media. Colloids may be solutions that consist of very large solutes or of aggregates of smaller solutes or, in contrast, may be suspensions of very fine particles, the colloidal systems of greatest interest to ceramic science are the gels and discrete particle hydrosols. This discussion will be limited to the latter. Although there are many system-specific interactions between the surface of a particulate and the solution phase, enough is known if we also limit ourselves to aqueous systems to allow us to make several generalities. We will start with a few basic considerations and definitions pertinent to this paper.
Restaging Sin in Medieval Florence: Augustine, Brunetto Latini, and the Streetscape of Dante’s Vita nuova

This essay considers what might first appear to be a minor theological problem in the major work of Dante’s mentor, and shows that it indeed poses a conundrum and a riddle to be solved. Taking up A...
Nurturing a Culture of Diversity and Inclusion in Resident Clinic

Diversity in the physician workforce has not kept pace with the changing demographics of the United States which is leaving doctors ill equipped to meet the evolving needs of their patients. This chapter provides guidance to residency program and resident clinic leadership on how to foster a culture of diversity and inclusion in the setting of resident clinic. We address how to attract, recruit, and retain a diverse workforce which includes steps to improve provider engagement through better understanding of the needs of the communities they serve. We also address steps to improve cultural competence and how this fosters interprofessional collaboration.
Erratum for Chang et al., "Whole-Genome Characterization of Bacillus cereus Associated with Specific Disease Manifestations".

Volume 86, no. 2, e00574-17, 2018, [https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00574-17][1]. Supplemental material: Tables S1 to S7 were inadvertently not posted upon publication. Revised supplemental material is posted at . [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1128
Fijian women’s experiences of domestic violence and mothers’ perceived impact of children’s exposure to abuse in the home:

This study seeks to capture Fijian women’s experiences of domestic violence and their perceived impact of children’s exposure to abuse in the home. A qualitative research design was employed in the...
Transferrin: Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis and Iron Delivery

The transferrins, which are the major iron transport proteins in extracellular physiological fluids of vertebrates, represent a relatively recent evolutionary solution to the problem of sequestering aqueous ferric ions. In microbes the family of proteins known as siderochromes serve functions that are formally analogous to transferrin. In vertebrates, transferrin and the intracellular iron storage protein ferritin provide an efficient mechanism for delivery of relatively large amounts of iron to target cells. While ferritin is present throughout phylogeny, transferrin is restricted to chordates. Iron is normally present at no greater than 10−17−10−16 M in aqueous solution but can be stabilized at higher concentrations by these proteins (Spiro and Saltman, 1969; Aisen and Brown, 1975; Aisen and Listowski, 1980). In addition, these proteins restrict ferric ion to one-electron oxidation-reduction reactions. Ferritin may accommodate 2500 iron atoms, while each transferrin molecule binds only two iron atoms. In vertebrates, serum transferrin is a major blood protein and has a molecular weight of approximately 75,000. Other members of the transferrin family include ovotransferrin in egg white and lactoferrin in mammalian milk. Although structurally related, these proteins differ in their iron binding characteristics. Each of the transferrins is composed of a single polypeptide chain whose tertiary structure provides two active metal binding sites; all transferrins are thought to be glycoproteins. Although other metals may bind to the iron-sequestering sites, ferric ions have the highest affinity.
Neurobehavior Rounds: Their Role in Promoting Psychiatric Liaison in a Neurology Inpatient Unit

A joint neurobehavior conference was established utilizing the models of Lipowski’ s Montreal conference and Geschwind’ s aphasia and neurobehavior rounds at the Boston VA Hospital in 1991. The authors report on the usefulness of this conference in promoting the goals of psychiatric consultation and liaison on a neurology inpatient unit, specifically on patient care, education, and collegiality. The value of the multidisciplinary approach in solving complex neuropsychiatric problems is also discussed.
Developing emotional insulation.

ABSTRACTAn important goal of therapy is to help patients develop ego boundaries that are flexible and adaptive. This paper proposes use of the term “insulation barrier” to describe the defensive structure that allows a person to withstand toxic stimuli and also enables nutrient experiences to flow through. There is no better arena in which to develop a serviceable insulation barrier than group therapy. In this setting the insulation deficiencies of both rigid overinsulated patients and oversensitive underinsulated ones are easily diagnosed. The author explicates specific techniques that the therapist may employ to help patients become aware of their limitations and practice ways of reacting to stimuli that make them more receptive to new learning.
Managing the multiple causes of nausea and vomiting in the patient with cancer.

Purpose/objectives To review the multiple causes of nausea and vomiting in the patient with cancer. Pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic management strategies are provided to deal with each type, and selected clinical nursing research is discussed. Data sources Scholarly and professional published articles. Data synthesis Nausea and vomiting may result from chemical, visceral, central nervous system, and vestibular causes at any time during the disease process of the patient with cancer. Investigation of possible causes beyond adverse chemotherapeutic effects is necessary prior to initiating antiemetic therapy. Anticipation of potential related problems and proactive pharmacologic and nursing management are advisable. Further nursing research is needed related to nonpharmacologic management methods such as aerobic exercise, guided imagery, progressive relaxation, and acupressure. Conclusions Proper diagnosis and targeted intervention are essential to effectively manage cancer-related nausea and vomiting. Implications for nursing practice Healthcare providers must thoroughly assess and reassess the patient's disease status and current treatment interventions to effectively manage nausea and vomiting. Nurses can participate in this assessment and provide the appropriate drug therapies as well as continue to develop non-pharmacologic intervention methods that the patient can implement independently.
Emerging therapies in Parkinson disease — repurposed drugs and new approaches

Parkinson disease (PD) treatment options have conventionally focused on dopamine replacement and provision of symptomatic relief. Current treatments cause undesirable adverse effects, and a large unmet clinical need remains for treatments that offer disease modification and that address symptoms resistant to levodopa. Advances in high-throughput drug screening methods for small molecules, developments in disease modelling and improvements in analytical technologies have collectively contributed to the emergence of novel compounds, repurposed drugs and new technologies. In this Review, we focus on disease-modifying and symptomatic therapies under development for PD. We review cellular therapies and repurposed drugs, such as nilotinib, inosine, isradipine, iron chelators and anti-inflammatories, and discuss how their success in preclinical models has paved the way for clinical trials. We provide an update on immunotherapies and vaccines. In addition, we review non-pharmacological interventions targeting motor symptoms, including gene therapy, adaptive deep brain stimulation (DBS) and optogenetically inspired DBS. Given the many clinical phenotypes of PD, individualization of therapy and precision of treatment are likely to become important in the future.
A Clinical Case Demonstrating the Effectiveness of an Individualized Multimodal Intervention for Chronic Pain and Cognitive Sequelae Secondary to Traumatic Brain Injury

Chronic pain and cognitive difficulties are common secondary to traumatic brain injury (TBI); however, given the vast heterogeneity in TBI presentation, no empirically supported treatments specific...
Chaotic Dynamics of Otoacoustic Emissions

The discovery of otoacoustic emissions (OAE) has encourage? a re-asessment of active mechanisms in hearing. Nonlinear oscillators are attractive candidates for understanding active processes in hearing, and otoacoustic emissions in particular. Even the simplest nonlinear oscillators used in current theories shww hmlt cycle behavior but they are also capable of more complex, chaotic, behavior. For example, the forced van der Pol oscillator utilized in models of hearing (Duifhuis et al., 1986; Tubis et al., 1988) is also known to exhibit chaotic behavior. It is unknown whether OAEs actually exhibit chaotic behavior.
Techniques for MXene Delamination into Single-Layer Flakes

Similar to other two-dimensional (2D) materials, single-layer and few-layer MXene flakes have significantly different physiochemical properties compared to their multilayered counterparts. 2D MXene flakes offer high surface area to volume ratio, tunable functional surfaces, high electrical conductivity, and excellent mechanical properties. These properties have rendered different MXene compositions as promising materials for a wide variety of applications, such as electrochemical energy storage devices, electromagnetic interference shielding, water purification, and sensors, to name a few. MXenes are usually produced through a selective etching and liquid exfoliation process in which “A” layer atoms of MAX phases, a large group of ternary carbides and nitrides, is selectively removed in fluoride containing acidic solutions. This process, in most cases, results in multilayered MXene particles (stacks of many single-layer MXene flakes) that need to be delaminated to produce single/few layer flakes. Delamination of multilayered MXenes usually involves chemical intercalation of MXenes with large organic molecules to increase their interlayer spacing, and therefore, significantly reducing the attraction between individual MXene layers. For some MXenes, intercalated particles can be readily delaminated to individual flakes by rigorous shaking or weak sonication of their water dispersions. For some MXenes, such as Ti3C2Tx, the synthesis process has evolved over the past few years and through modification of the etchants, the etching and delamination steps are combined into a single process, and the exfoliated MXenes can be directly delaminated into single-layer flakes. This chapter provides a comprehensive account of various MXene exfoliation and delamination techniques reported in the literature so far. At the end of this chapter, we have briefly discussed the current challenges and potential future directions in delamination of different MXenes into their single-layer flakes.
Related investigation on prevalence of tick-borne diseases in Shangcheng area,Henan

Objective To study the existence of tick-borne disease in Shangchen, Henan. Methods Epidemiologic, clinical data were collected by interviewing patients and retrieving medical records. Using polymerase chain reaction assays (PCR) and sequence analysis, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Anaplasma, Coxiella burnetii were detected in ticks and rodents samples. Results Most patients had a moderately severe febrile illness with thrombocytopenia, leukopnia and organ failure. One Ixodes persulcatus was coinfection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Coxiella burnetii, while two Ixodes persulcatus were infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Two rodents samples were positive with Anaplasma . Conclusions Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Coxiella bumetii exist in Shangcheng. Local public health authorities should pay much attention to these pathogens. Key words: Tick-borne infection diseases; Infection; Investigation
Dosimetric differences between cesium-131 and iodine-125 brachytherapy for the treatment of resected brain metastases

Purpose To compare treatment plans and evaluate dosimetric characteristics of permanent cesium-131 (131Cs) vs. iodine-125 (125I) implants used in brain brachytherapy. Material and methods Twenty-four patients with 131Cs implants from a prospective phase I/II trial were re-planned with 125I implants. In order to evaluate the volume of brain tissue exposed to radiation therapy (RT), the dose volume histogram was generated for both radioisotopes. To evaluate the dosimetric differences of the two radioisotopes we compared homogeneity (HI) and conformity indices (CI), and dose covering 100% (D100), 90% (D90), 80% (D80), and 50% (D50) of the clinical target volume (CTV). Results At the 100%, 90%, 80%, and 50% isodose lines, the 131Cs plans exposed less mean volume of brain tissue than the 125I plans (p < 0.001). The D100, D90, D80, and D50 were smaller for 131Cs (p < 0.001). The HI and CI for 131Cs vs. 125I were 19.71 vs. 29.04 and 1.31 vs. 1.92, respectively (p < 0.001). Conclusions Compared to 125I, 131Cs exposed smaller volumes of brain tissue to equivalent doses of radiation and delivered lower radiation doses to equivalent volumes of the CTV. 131Cs exhibited a higher HI, indicating increased uniformity of doses within the CTV. Lastly, 131Cs presented a CI closer to 1, indicating that the total volume receiving the prescription dose was closer to the desired CTV volume. These results suggest that 131Cs is dosimetrically superior to 125I and may explain the reason for the 0% incidence of radiation necrosis (RN) in our previously published prospective study using 131Cs.
Making a People: Turkey’s “Democracy Watches” and Gezi-Envy:

This article investigates a surplus quality that a “politics out of doors” embodies. It argues that forms of mass appearance and protest manifest an aesthetic and affective making of a people—a peo...
Improved Lifetime of GaN-Based Single Phase PV Inverter Using Dynamic Hardware Allocation

Power electronic inverters for photovoltaic (PV) systems over the years have trended towards high efficiency and power density. However, reliability improvements of inverters have received less attention. Inverters are one of the lifetime-limiting elements in most PV systems. Their failures increase system operation and maintenance costs, contributing to an increased lifetime energy cost of the PV system. Opportunities exist to increase inverter reliability through design for reliability techniques and the use of new modular topologies, semiconductor devices, and energy buffering schemes. This paper presents the implementation and design for reliability for a GaN-based single-phase residential string inverter using a new topological and control scheme that allows dynamic hardware allocation (DHA). In the proposed inverter architecture, a range of identical modules and control schemes are used to dispatch hardware resources within the inverter to variably deliver power to the load or filter the second harmonic current on the DC side. This new approach more than triples the lifetime of GaN-based inverters, reducing system repair/replacement costs, and increasing the PV system lifetime energy production.
Coordination Through Partial Global Planning

To cooperate more effectively, nodes should use their views of network activity (from their network-models) and their knowledge about the goals of cooperation. Using this information, nodes alter their local actions and their interactions to work as a more effective team. This chapter focuses on how nodes develop their more coordinated plans, including techniques for negotiating over coverage of shared tasks and over transfers of tasks to use network resources and expertise better. A second focus of this chapter is on consistency: nodes might have somewhat different network-models because of domain dynamics and communication delays and limitations, and thus might develop inconsistent views of how they should coordinate. We focus on how the network as a whole should develop and distribute coordination information (how it should be organized) so that nodes develop, pursue, and maintain reasonably consistent views, and how the nodes can cooperate despite inconsistencies.
Early embryonic cell surface antigens as developmental probes.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the progress made in producing antisera suitable for examining cell surface properties of mouse preimplantation embryos in relation to the control of morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation. During preimplantation development, the mouse embryo undergoes four consecutive overlapping morphogenetic processes—namely, cleavage, compaction, peripheral tight junction formation, and cavitation. Provided that the embryo also attains a minimum cell number, (1) the differentiation of the trophectoderm and inner cell mass and (2) the formation of the blastocele then take place, resulting in a blastocyst. The major conclusions drawn from the specificities of these antisera are that certain cell surface antigens are expressed only during embryonic life, some of which are further restricted temporally to specific embryonic stages or spatially to specific tissues. Some embryonic antigens may also be expressed by tumor cells. The bases for these conclusions are summarized in the chapter according to the immunogen used to elicit the antisera. In antisera to histocompatibility antigens, normal preimplantation embryos may not express significant levels of adult-type H-2 antigens, which first become serologically detectable shortly after implantation. There are some embryonic antigens that are shared by teratoma cells, sperm, and by certain stages of preimplantation embryos, but which disappear from the embryo after implantation.
Patents, Technical Standards and Standards-Setting Organizations: A Survey of the Empirical, Legal and Economics Literature

Despite their potential efficiency benefits, voluntary consensus standards have over the past decade become the subject of significant private litigation, regulatory enforcement and policy debate. Much of the controversy centers on the perceived proliferation of patents covering standardized technologies, potentially abusive enforcement of such patents against manufacturers and users of standardized products, and the terms on which patent holders may be required to license the use of those patents to others. This chapter offers a brief overview of the legal and economic literature concerning interoperability standards and standards-setting organizations, with a focus on empirical studies and contemporary patent and patent licensing concerns.
Recent advances in flow cytometry: application to the diagnosis of hematologic malignancy

OVER A DECADE HAS passed since “Immunologic Classification of Leukemia and Lymphoma” by Foon and Todd was published in Blood .[1][1] Over this decade, flow cytometry has evolved from a promising new technology to an indispensable tool in the diagnosis of hematologic malignancies. Many new
Competitive Strategy, Economics and Information Systems: Introduction to the Mini-Track

This full-day mini-track has four sessions covering current research themes on competitive strategy and economic analysis, coupled with leading managerial issues in IS and e-commerce. The first session is on the Economics of Network Pricing Mechanisms and Electronic Markets. Karl Lang and Roumen Vagrov of the City University of New York discuss “A Pricing Mechanism for Digital Content Distribution over Peer-toPer Networks.” They model a usage-based pricing scheme for distributing digital content via P2P networks that rewards users who actively participate in the distribution process. Hemant Bhargava of the University of California at Davis and Daewon Sun of Notre Dame University contributed “Quality-Contingent Pricing for Broadband Services.” To resolve consumption uncertainties, they propose the use of contracts involving proportional rebates and threshold quality-contingent pricing. Anindya Ghose of New York University, and Rahul Telang and Ramayya Krishnan of Carnegie Mellon University examine the “Welfare Implications of Electronic Secondary Markets.” They elaborate on new modeling findings that suggest that the presence of used goods in the market should not be a deterrent for valuemaximizing sellers to participate.
Synthesis of proteins in cells infected with herpesvirus. II. Flow of structural viral proteins from cytoplasm to nucleus.

Abstract In pseudorabies virus-infected cells, structural viral proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm and move to the nucleus. When accumulation of progeny viral DNA in the nucleus is prevented by treatment of the infected cells with 1-β- d -arabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara-C) the synthesis of structural viral proteins proceeds unaffected in the cytoplasm and movement of these proteins to the nucleus occurs.
IR Astrophysical Telescope Missions

One of the most exciting aspects of astrophysical telescopes has been their expansion to view wavelengths beyond the visible portion of the spectrum. Observing at new wavelengths has enabled discovery of new astronomical objects, new types of astronomical objects, and the study of objects that was not possible in the visible. Among the most compelling of this new class of telescopes has been those operating in the infrared (IR), with the InfraRed Astronomical Satellite, or IRAS, leading the way to opening up the IR universe for study with its launch in 1983. To complement the Hubble Space Telescope (launched in 1990), the other Great Observatories are the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (1991), the Chandra X-ray Observatory (1999), and the Spitzer Space Telescope (2003). As representative of this dramatic expansion of space telescopes into other portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, this chapter will explore the IRAS and Spitzer missions' design and use of digital imaging in their instruments in more detail. Keywords: infrared; telescope; IRAS; Spitzer; wavelengths; mapping; astronomy; optics; detectors; thermal engineering
Significance of trends toward earlier snowmelt runoff, Columbia and Missouri Basin headwaters, western United States

[1] We assess changes in runoff timing over the last 55 years at 21 gages unaffected by human influences, in the headwaters of the Columbia-Missouri Rivers. Linear regression models and tests for significance that control for “false discoveries” of many tests, combined with a conceptual runoff response model, were used to examine the detailed structure of spring runoff timing. We conclude that only about one third of the gages exhibit significant trends with time but over half of the gages tested show significant relationships with discharge. Therefore, runoff timing is more significantly correlated with annual discharge than with time. This result differs from previous studies of runoff in the western USA that equate linear time trends to a response to global warming. Our results imply that predicting future snowmelt runoff in the northern Rockies will require linking climate mechanisms controlling precipitation, rather than projecting response to simple linear increases in temperature.
2‐Methyl‐1,3‐Cyclopentanedione

2-Methyl-1,3-cyclopentanedione product: 2-methyl-1,3-cyclopentanedione Keywords: acylation; annulation, carbocyclic-[5]; cyclization, condensation; nitromethane; hydrogen chloride; hydrogen chloride, disposal; nitromethane, potential explosive
Carbon Monoxide Metabolism in Roadside Soils

Abstract Air-dried soils which were equilibrated under relative humidities greater than 93% or moistened with liquid water showed marked increases in their capacities to oxidize CO to CO2. Liquid water addition in excess of saturation resulted in lower CO oxidation rates, reflecting the limited diffusion of CO through the aqueous phase. After 35 days' storage under 100% relative humidity, the capacity for CO oxidation decreased to 21% of the value observed with a freshly collected sample. Incubation of this stored soil under an atmosphere containing 200 ppm of CO (250 mg/m3) for 21 days resulted in a sevenfold increase in CO oxidation. A correlation was noted between the CO oxidative activity and the history of previous exposure of soils to high ambient levels of CO. The organisms responsible for CO oxidation apparently comprise a small fraction of the microbial population in the soils. With a roadside soil the oxidation of CO provided the driving force for the assimilation of CO2. The stoichiometry of the oxidative and assimilatory reactions in soil was in the range of values reported from laboratory studies with CO chemoautotrophs (carboxydobacteria). It is proposed that the population and activity of CO-oxidizing microorganisms increase in response to increasing levels of CO in the environment.
Low-refractive-index materials: A new class of optical thin-film materials

The refractive index, a most fundamental quantity in optics and optoelectronics, determines many figures of merit of optical components such as reflectors, filters, and resonators. Here we present a new class of optical thin-film materials that have a very low refractive index. Specular films of high optical quality with refractive indices as low as 1.05 are demonstrated. Applications of the material in optoelectronics and solid-state lighting will also be discussed.
An abstract duality

Abstract We present a notion of abstract duality that provides a common characterization of several combinatorial dualities, as well as the orthogonality relation on vector spaces coordinatized over fields having no nontrivial involutory automorphism.
Expanding mTOR signaling

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has drawn much attention recently because of its essential role in cell growth control and its involvement in human tumorigenesis. Great endeavors have been made to elucidate the functions and regulation of mTOR in the past decade. The current prevailing view is that mTOR regulates many fundamental biological processes, such as cell growth and survival, by integrating both intracellular and extracellular signals, including growth factors, nutrients, energy levels, and cellular stress. The significance of mTOR has been highlighted most recently by the identification of mTOR-associated proteins. Amazingly, when bound to different proteins, mTOR forms distinctive complexes with very different physiological functions. These findings not only expand the roles that mTOR plays in cells but also further complicate the regulation network. Thus, it is now even more critical that we precisely understand the underlying molecular mechanisms in order to directly guide the development and usage of anti-cancer drugs targeting the mTOR signaling pathway. In this review, we will discuss different mTOR-associated proteins, the regulation of mTOR complexes, and the consequences of mTOR dysregulation under pathophysiological conditions.
Cause of death as a historical problem

This article is primarily intended to summarize from the point of view of medical historians the multiple problems surrounding interpretations of historical demographic and epidemiological data and to point out the contextual nature of such information.... There is an urgent need to contextualize carefully the available records and place them within religious cultural political economic and medical schemes. Stripped of such contexts the understanding of causes of death becomes almost meaningless and statistical analyses distorted. (EXCERPT) (SUMMARY IN FRE AND GER)
Free drug measurements: methodology and clinical significance

Drug molecules circulate in blood in two forms: those in association with blood components such as proteins, red cells, or platelets and those which are unbound and are dissolved in plasma water [l-3]. The extent of drug binding to plasma proteins varies widely among different types of drugs. The protein-bound fraction ranges from less than 0.1 for caffeine and ethosuximide to greater than 0.99 for highly bound drugs such as warfarin and dicumerol[4]. The effects of changes in the extent of protein binding on free drug fraction and on drug metabolism are significant only for highly bound drug (greater than 80% bound), since even a relatively small change in the degree of binding has a dramatic effect on the free fraction. Albumin is quantitatively the most important drug binding protein for many drugs, particuIarly the neutral and anionic (acidic) drugs such as warfarin, phenytoin, and valproic acid [.5]. In recent years, cationic (basic) drugs such as propranolol quinidine, and the tricyclic antidepressants have been shown to bind not only to albumin, but also to other blood proteins such as &,-acid glycoprotein (AAG) and lipoproteins f6-8). In some cases, binding to AAG and lipoproteins exceeds that to albumin. Fluctuations in plasma levels of AAG and lipoprotein fractions such as low density lipoprotein are common and point to the importance of understanding the interactions of cationic drugs with these proteins f&9,10]. Table I lists those drugs which are commonly encountered in clinical chemistry laboratories. Protein binding has an important effect on the pharmacokinetics of drugs. The impact of alterations in protein binding on drug clearance depends on the clearance characteristics of the drug. Restrictively cleared drugs are those that are removed from plasma by glomerular filtration through the kidneys or by passive uptake by the liver. Only the free fractions of such drugs are cleared by these organs. Thus, clearance of highly protein bound and restrictively cleared drugs are sensitive to
Abstract B3: Angiotensin IV-Related Hepatocyte Growth Factor Antagonists act as Anti-Angiogenic Anti-Cancer Agents

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) promotes tumor angiogenesis by both vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-dependent and VEGF-independent mechanisms. The VEGF-dependent action of HGF relies on its ability to induce VEGF expression while the VEGF-independent mechanism appears to involve the direct activation of Akt and ERK. This later mechanism may also be an important contributor to development of tumor resistance to anti-VGEF (anti-angiogenic) drugs. As such, the rational design of newer therapeutics that target and inhibit HGF may provide a more complete and long-lasting therapeutic effect. Angiogenesis, the development of new blood vessels, is essential for tumorigenesis. Tumor cells often up-regulate the production of pro-angiogenic growth factors such as the HGF. The angiotensin IV analog Norleual has been shown recently to act as an HGF/Met antagonist, inhibiting HGF dimerization and activation, blocking the binding of HGF to its Met receptor, impeding HGF-dependent activation of Met, and attenuating HGF-dependent cellular activities. Here we show for the first time that Norleual can inhibit the proliferation and migration of human endothelial cells. Further Norleual treatment results in a dramatic loss of deposited extracellular matrix proteins from both human endothelial and murine breast cancer cells. As anticipated from the abovementioned studies, Norleual markedly attenuated both ex vivo and in vivo angiogenesis. These results were extended to a murine breast cancer model where Norleual dramatically suppressed both tumor growth and vascularization. The major implication of this study is that molecules targeting the HGF/Met system like Norleual are powerful antiangiogenics and may be useful in combination with anti-VGEF drugs (multitargeted approach) to inhibit pathophysiological angiogenesis. Rational combination therapies may help in decreasing the possibility for drug resistance development and resolving issues related to toxicity.
Treatment of a café-au-lait macule with the erbium:YAG laser

Abstract The erbium:YAG laser is a relatively new instrument for skin rejuvenation. We present a case of a "Q-switched laser-resistant" cafe-au-lait macule that was successfully treated with the erbium:YAG laser. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45:566-8.)
A Comparison of Two Collectors for Monitoring Precipitation Chemistry

Comparison of event-based precipitation collected during 1 year showed that samples from a Yankee Environmental Systems collector had significantly higher volume, higher concentrations, and higher deposition of all ions analyzed except PO43− and NH4+ compared to samples collected simultaneously with an Aerochem Metrics collector.
Acculturative stress negatively impacts maternal depressive symptoms in Mexican-American women during pregnancy

Background Mexican-American women exhibit high rates of prenatal maternal depressive symptoms relative to the general population. Though pregnant acculturated Mexican-American women experience cultural stressors such as acculturation, acculturative stress and discrimination that may contribute to elevated depressive symptoms, the contribution of these socio-cultural correlates to depressive symptomology is unknown.
Magnetic field distribution of injection chicane dipoles in Spallation Neutron Source accumulator ring

We have performed 3D computing simulations to study the magnetic field distribution of the injection chicane dipoles in the SNS accumulator ring. The simulations yield the performance characteristics of the magnets and generate the magnetic field data in three dimensional grids for further beam tracking study. Based on the simulation data, a 3D multipole expansion of the chicane dipole field, consisting of the generalized gradients and their derivatives, has been made. The harmonic and pseudo-harmonic components in the expansion give much insight into the magnet physics and can fit directly into theoretical frame work of beam optics. The expansion is quasi-analytical by fitting numeric data into interpolation functions. A 5th-order representation of the magnetic field is generated, and the effects of even higher order terms on the field representation are discussed.
Enhancement of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Phosphorylation and Activity by Glial Cell Line-derived Neurotrophic Factor

Although glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) acts as a potent survival factor for dopaminergic neurons, it is not known whether GDNF can directly alter dopamine synthesis. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the rate-limiting enzyme for dopamine biosynthesis, and its activity is regulated by phosphorylation on three seryl residues: Ser-19, Ser-31, and Ser-40. Using a TH-expressing human neuroblastoma cell line and rat primary mesencephalic neuron cultures, the present study examined whether GDNF alters the phosphorylation of TH and whether these changes are accompanied by increased enzymatic activity. Exposure to GDNF did not alter the TH protein level in either neuroblastoma cells or in primary neurons. However, significant increases in the phosphorylation of Ser-31 and Ser-40 were detected within minutes of GDNF application in both cell types. Enhanced Ser-31 and Ser-40 phosphorylation was associated with increased TH activity but not dopamine synthesis in neuroblastoma cells, possibly because of the absence of l-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase activity in these cells. In contrast, increased phosphorylation of Ser-31 and Ser-40 was found to enhance dopamine synthesis in primary neurons. Pharmacological experiments show that Erk and protein kinase A phosphorylate Ser-31 and Ser-40, respectively, and that their inhibition blocked both TH phosphorylation and activity. Our results indicate that, in addition to its role as a survival factor for dopaminergic neurons, GDNF can directly increase dopamine synthesis.