cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective rehearsal and selective recall

The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether pleasant words are rehearsed more frequently than less pleasant words and whether this “selective rehearsal“ could account for “selective recall,” the superior recall of pleasant words in contrast with less pleasant words. English words varying in pleasantness were learned using a free recall paradigm. One group of 24 subjects performed the task using the overt rehearsal technique; they were instructed to say out loud the words they would normally rehearse silently. Another group of 24 subjects used standard covert rehearsal. The results showed that (1) pleasantness was related to rehearsal frequency, (2) rehearsal frequency was related to recall, and (3) pleasantness was related to recall in only one of the four conditions.
Transitions in insect respiratory patterns are controlled by changes in metabolic rate

We examined the respiratory patterns of Rhodnius prolixus and Gromphadorhina portentosa as metabolic rates varied with temperature to determine whether insects transition from discontinuous (DGC), cyclical and continuous respiration as a response to increasing aerobic demand. Using flow through respirometry we: (1) determined the effects of temperature on metabolic rate; (2) objectively defined periods of spiracular closure; (3) observed whether there was a correlation between metabolic rate and length of spiracular closure. At low temperatures both species exhibit lengthy periods of spiracular closure reflecting a discontinuous respiratory pattern. As metabolic rate increased, periods of spiracular closure decreased and insects displayed a more cyclical pattern of respiration. As metabolic rates increased even further under the highest experimental temperatures, periods of spiracular closure decreased even more and a continuous respiratory pattern was employed by both species. Our results suggest that the three described respiratory patterns in insects are not distinct but are instead a continuum of respiratory responses driven by the metabolic demand experienced by the insect.
Using robust statistics for sensor fusion

The purpose of this article is to describe research in sensor fusion with statistical decision theory in the GRASP Lab, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania. This article is thus a tutorial overview of the general research problem, the mathematical framework for the analysis, and the results of specific research problems. The intended audience for this article is a reader seeking a self-contained summary of the research. The prerequisite for understanding this article is familiarity with basic mathematical statistics.
FLUORESCENCE INDUCTION IN THE RED ALGA PORPHYRIDIUM CRUENTUM

— The intensity dependence and the spectral changes during the fast (sec) and the slow (min) transient of chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence yield, measured at 685 nm, have been analyzed in the red alga Porphyridium cruentum. Both the fast and the slow fluorescence yield changes are affected differently by the inhibitors of electron transport (e.g., DCMU) and by the uncouplers of phosphorylation (atebrin and FCCP). Fixation of Porphyridium cells with glutaraldehyde abolishes most of the fluorescence yield changes except for the so-called very fast (OI) phase. The same fixed cells, however, reduce DCPIP (a Hill oxidant) but do not evolve O2 when CO2 is used as electron acceptor. We interpret these and other results by the hypothesis that fluorescence transients in intact cells are linked to both electron transport and the energy dependent structural changes in the thylakoid membrane.
A blue-light-activated GTP-binding protein in the plasma membranes of etiolated peas.

Abstract Heterotrimeric GTP-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins) have been identified as part of signal transduction systems in a wide variety of organisms. In this paper, we establish the presence of a G protein associated with the plasma membranes of the apical bud of etiolated peas. The GTPase activity is induced by low fluences of blue light administered to plasma membrane-enriched fractions. The activity is not responsive to red-light irradiation and is specific for GTP. The threshold for the excitation of the GTPase activity in vitro is less than 10(-1) mumol.m-2 of blue light, consistent with participation in the blue low-fluence system identified in the same tissue. A 40-kDa polypeptide is recognized by polyclonal antisera directed against the alpha subunit of the G protein transducin. The polypeptide also serves as a substrate for ADP-ribosylation by cholera and pertussis toxins. The ability of the 40-kDa polypeptide to serve as substrate for the toxin-mediated ribosylation is mediated by blue-light irradiation, implying that the 40-kDa polypeptide is the alpha subunit of a blue-light-stimulated G protein. The 40-kDa polypeptide binds a nonhydrolyzable photoaffinity-labeling analog of GTP only after irradiation with blue light. The protein we have described may function as an alpha subunit of a G protein active in the process of light-mediated development in higher plants.
Lifespan in captive baboons is heritable.

Abstract The effects of aging are evident in multiple organ systems, tissues, cell types, and molecules; all complex phenotypes affected by multiple shared and unique environmental factors and genes, which makes identifying the role of genetics in human aging difficult. Researchers have used yeast, nematodes, fruit flies, and mice to search for genes that influence the aging process. Given the phylogenetic distance and anatomic and physiologic dissimilarities of these organisms from humans, directly extrapolating these results to our species is problematic. However, nonhuman primates have a high degree of genetic, anatomic and physiologic similarity with humans and, thus, they may assist in the detection, characterization, and identification of genetic and environmental influences on human aging. Our goal is to demonstrate that effects of genes on variation in lifespan, a surrogate measure of aging, can be detected in a nonhuman primate species. Using variance component analysis, heritability of age at death was estimated to be 0.23±0.08 ( P =0.0003) in 674 baboons from the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research (SFBR). This research demonstrates that lifespan is under partial genetic control. Given these findings, we believe that the baboon has potential as a model of human aging.
Absorbing outcomes in 2 × 2 games

This paper addresses the question of the stability, or absorbing properties, of conceptual systems involving two significant players. “Absorbing outcomes” are defined in the 41 2 × 2 ordinal games without nonmyopic equilibria (i.e., long-term stable outcomes) and classified into four mutually exclusive categories. These categories are based on the movements rational players—who may be individuals, groups, or higher-level living systems—would make from worst, next-worst, and next-best outcomes in these games, allowing for the deletability of some movements. Absorbing outcomes, at some level, are shown to exist in all 41 games, but not all are equally defensible as stable outcomes. Conditions for determining them are generally applicable to identifying nonmyopic equilibria in the 37 2 × 2 games that contain them, though they would not show up the cooperative outcomes in the games of prisoners' dilemma and chicken. Absorbing outcomes do not necessarily coincide with the concept of a Nash equilibrium, or a myopically stable outcome, which also has an interpretation based on the movements of rational players in a 2 × 2 game. Nevertheless, in games without nonmyopic equilibria, absorbing outcomes do seem to capture the idea of long-term stability better than Nash equilibria when alternating, sequential moves by players are allowed.
Botulinum toxin type A in the management of headache: a review of the literature and personal experience

Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) shows significant promise in the management of a variety of headache types including migraine, chronic daily headache, tension-type headache, and other head and neck pains. Confirmation of efficacy still awaits the report of well-controlled double-blind placebo-controlled trials; however, a mounting body of evidence suggests that BoNT-A is effective, well-tolerated and safe for the management of many headache disorders. In this paper, I review recent evidence on the efficacy of BoNT-A, and also report my personal experience with the treatment in over 600 headache patients.
Hydrogen interaction with multiple traps: Can it be used to mitigate embrittlement?

The presence of reversible traps in steels with large or small binding energies has been thought to influence the kinetics of hydrogen-induced degradation and possibly the mechanism of embrittlement. In this study, we try to quantitatively describe the interaction of multiple trap states with diffusible hydrogen at a crack tip in a model steel system under conditions simulating hydrogen uptake through the inner-diameter surface of a pipeline. We assume reversible traps whose hydrogen populations are in equilibrium with interstitial lattice hydrogen and binding energies representative of both strong and weak traps. We find that strong traps act as hydrogen sinks that slow down diffusion till they get saturated regardless of their density. Weak reversible traps are being filled as diffusible hydrogen becomes available and their occupancy spatial profiles follow that of the diffusible hydrogen. To explore the hydrogen trap interactions further, we parametrically vary the yield stress of the material, the trap density of the weak tarps, and the hydrogen gas pressure. In general, we cannot infer from the current study that strong trapping states can be used to mitigate hydrogen embrittlement.
Influence of key parameters on the morphology of ethylcellulose microcapsules prepared via room-temperature spray drying

In this contribution, the morphology of ethylcellulose (EC) microspheres prepared with a room-temperature spray-drying technique is examined as a function of solution concentration, nozzle-to-target distance, and choice of solvent. Additionally, to determine the morphology of EC microspheres in the presence of an aqueous encapsulated material, a series of encapsulation measurements was conducted using hydrogen peroxide solution as the core component. It was observed that highly concentrated EC solutions lead to the formation of tail-like fibers adjacent to the sprayed microcapsules because of the high viscosity of solutions. Furthermore, when the solutions are sprayed from relatively short nozzle-to-target distances, porous EC films are formed on the target surface along with the EC microspheres. Three nozzle-to-target distances were tested (38, 69, and 115 cm), and the optimal one was found to be 115 cm. To determine how and to what extent the solvent used in room-temperature spray-drying experiments affects the morphology of resultant microspheres, EC was dissolved in either acetone or dichloromethane (DCM), and sprayed from the resultant solutions. While microcapsules prepared from the EC-in-DCM system exhibit even, but porous wall surfaces, microspheres prepared from the EC-in-acetone solution display irregular, but cavity-free wall-surfaces. Finally, as opposed to the pure EC capsules, the ones containing H2O2 solution exhibit very smooth wall surfaces; this effect was attributed to the plasticizing effect that the aqueous solution has on the ethylcellulose macromolecules.
Can inflammatory mediators affect fibrinolysis in the pleural space

The pleural space in patients with empyema and complicated parapneumonic effusions is a stage for intensive activity representing mobilization of various host responses. Release of inflammatory mediators accompanied by influx of leucocytes as well as alternations of the fibrinolytic cascade are some of the characteristic events occurring in the pleural space during infection. The possible relationship between these two systems is the subject of the article by Aleman and co-workers in this issue of Clinical Science, and is discussed in this comment.
THE SAGE UNIVERSITY PAPERS ON REGRESSION ANALYSIS

Books review essay: the sage university papers on regression analysis , Books review essay: the sage university papers on regression analysis , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
Evaluation of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) and johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) as alternatives to corn forage (Zea mays) for ensiling with poultry litter

Abstract Two trials were conducted to determine the potential for ensiling various forages with poultry litter (PL). In Trial 1, corn forage (CF; Zea mays), johnsongrass (JG; Sorghum halepense) and bermudagrass (BG; Cynodon dactylon) were ensiled with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% PL. Ground corn was added to BG mixes at 0, 5 and 10%. Silos consisted of 3.8 l plastic bags, heat sealed and placed in a second air-tight bag, maintained at 21°C for 10 days after which pH and DM were determined. In trial 2, JG and CF were harvested at 35% DM and ensiled with 10 and 20% added PL (as-is basis). Sixteen lambs (29 ± 6.6 kg BW) were fed the four resulting silages while housed in individual metabolism crates for 14 days. In Trial 1, DM and pH both increased (P
Two proteins with γ-carboxyglutamic acid in frog bone: isolation and comparative characterization

Abstract Two γ-carboxyglutamic acid-containing proteins were purified from neutral (pH 7.5) EDTA-extract of frog, Rana catesbiana , cortical bone by Se hadex G-75 gel filtration, DEAE-Sephadex A-25 chromatography and successive hydroxyapatite column chromatography. These two bone γ-carboxyglutamic acid-containing proteins, termed osteocalcin, P-1 and P-2, had molecular weights of about 5100 and 4900, respectively, based on their amino-acid composition. Both species of osteocalcin have two γ-carboxyglutamic acid residues, one disulfide bond, but there was no 4-hydroxyproline in either molecule. Each N-terminus of both proteins was acetylated and each C-terminal amino acid was lysine. The isoelectric points of P-1 and P-2 are 4.02 and 3.91, respectively, and their p I values shifted to more neutral pH in the presence of calcium ions. Equilibrium dialysis has indicated that each of these two proteins binds specifically 2 mol Ca 2+ , and nonspecifically more, 4–5 mol, Ca 2+ in 0.02 M Tris-HCl/0.15 M NaCl (pH 7.4), at 4°C. By the best-fitted calculation, P-1 had one high affinity Ca 2+ -binding site ( K d1 = 0.17 mM) and one lower affinity site ( K d2 = 0.29 mM), and P-2 contained one high affinity site ( K d1 = 0.154 mM) and one lower affinity site ( K d2 = 0.67 mM).
Falling Off The Couch

The patient's therapeutic regression intensifies certain unconscious meanings of the analytic couch. In addition to representing the analysis or the analyst in general, the couch can represent the unconscious, or it may take on the symbolic significance of the analyst's or mother's arms, lap, breasts, or womb. When the genetic roots of the patient's transference include substantial experiences of disappointment, narcissistic injury, and mistrust, the theme of falling from the couch may emerge as a dream, an association, or even an enactment. This theme usually implies the presence of a deepening but mistrustful transference, based on earlier disappointments by the patient's primary objects. Falling off the couch may be associated with being dropped as an infant, rolling out of bed as a child, birth, miscarriage, castration, death, termination, defending against passive wishes, punishment for sexual or aggressive transgressions, escaping an attack, descending into the unconscious, or wanting to be picked up and comforted.
Virtual Boutique: a 3D modeling and content-based management approach to e-commerce

The Virtual Boutique is made out of three modules: the decor, the market and the search engine. The decor is the physical space occupied by the Virtual Boutique. It can reproduce any existing boutique. For this purpose, photogrammetry is used. A set of pictures of a real boutique or space is taken and a virtual 3D representation of this space is calculated from them. Calculations are performed with software developed at NRC. This representation consists of meshes and texture maps. The camera used in the acquisition process determines the resolution of the texture maps. Decorative elements are added like painting, computer generated objects and scanned objects. The objects are scanned with laser scanner developed at NRC. This scanner allows simultaneous acquisition of range and color information based on white laser beam triangulation. The second module, the market, is made out of all the merchandises and the manipulators, which are used to manipulate and compare the objects. The third module, the search engine, can search the inventory based on an object shown by the customer in order to retrieve similar objects base don shape and color. The items of interest are displayed in the boutique by reconfiguring the market space, which mean that the boutique can be continuously customized according to the customer's needs. The Virtual Boutique is entirely written in Java 3D and can run in mono and stereo mode and has been optimized in order to allow high quality rendering.
High-temperature deformation and defect chemistry of (La1−xSrx)1−yMnO3+δ

The creep behavior of (La{sub 1{minus}x}Sr{sub x}){sub t{minus}y}MnO{sub 3+{delta}} has been studied as a function of oxygen partial pressure (P{sub O{sub 2}}) and Sr concentration. Polycrystalline samples (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) were deformed at 1,523 K in constant-crosshead-speed compression tests in various atmospheres (10{sup {minus}2} {le} P{sub O{sub 2}} {le} 10{sup 5} Pa). The material deformed by grain-boundary sliding accommodated by lattice diffusion with some possible cavitation and/or interface reaction control. The defect-chemistry model which is standard in the literature could not explain the dependence of the stress on P{sub O{sub 2}} and the Sr concentration. A modified defect-chemistry model shows that cation vacancies controlled the creep rate at P{sub O{sub 2}} {le} 10{sup 5} Pa for x = 0.3 and at low P{sub O{sub 2}} for x = 0.1 and 0.2, and that oxygen vacancies were rate-controlling at high P{sub O{sub 2}} for x = 0.1 and 0.2.
Liquid-Gas Partitioning of the Gasoline Oxygenate Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE) Under Laboratory Conditions and Its Effect on Growth of Selected Algae

The partitioning of the widely used gasoline additive methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) between liquid growth media and gaseous phase was measured daily under laboratory conditions to determine how closely dissolved MTBE concentrations matched nominal concentrations. Total (gaseous and dissolved) MTBE averaged across 6 days for 29.6, 503.2, and 1005.7 mg L−1 MTBE treatments were 89.9, 90.3, and 73.0% of nominal, respectively, and mean dissolved MTBE in these same treatments were 74.6, 73.8, and 69.6% of total MTBE, respectively. This suggests that dissolved MTBE concentrations can vary substantially from nominal. The effect of MTBE on the growth of selected algae was also evaluated under laboratory conditions. Three unicellular algae, Selenastrum capricornutum (Chlorophyta), Navicula pelliculosa (Bacillariophyta), and Synechococcus leopoliensis (=Anacystic nidulans, Cyanophyta = Cyanobacteria), representative of three taxonomic groups, were used as test organisms. Toxicity tests were acute and increase in cell number was used as an indicator of growth. Algal species were exposed by injection of MTBE into sealed vessels containing defined liquid growth media. The growth of N. pelliculosa and S. leopoliensis was negatively affected at nominal 2400 mg L−1 MTBE, whereas the growth of S. capricornutum was negatively affected at nominal 4800 mg L−1 MTBE and positively affected at nominal 600 mg L−1 MTBE. The differential sensitivity of the growth of these representative species suggests that MTBE may alter algal community composition in the natural environment.
ENDOCRINE FACTORS INFLUENCING TUMOR DEVELOPMENT1THE EFFECT OF PROLAN UPON THE MARSH-BUFFALO ADENOCARCINOMA

The influence of estrin upon the development of spontaneous mammary gland carcinoma in susceptible mice is now well established. The explanation of the mechanism is still controversial, there being three theories: a), that estrin is absorbed by the mammary gland where it exerts a carcinogenic effect similar to that exerted by the carcinogenic hydrocarbons; b), that estrin merely causes hypertrophy of the mammary gland and in so doing increases the number of cancer-susceptible cells; c), that estrin has no immediate effect upon the mammary gland, its action being solely through stimulation of the pituitary to produce hormonal substances which incite mammary gland changes. In the current strin exper imentation (1, 2), the estrin has always been of exogenous origin, and it has appeared pertinent to the writers, for the following reasons, that the influence of estrin of endogenous origin should be studied, a), There is good reason to suppose that the estrins in the body are in a combined form, not as the free...
Third sound on HOPG preface

Abstract We have made third sound velocity measurements via the time-of-flight technique for 4 He films adsorbed on the surface of a single leaf of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite between 1.0 and 1.31. Our results are in qualitative agreement with an earlier experiment involving third sound on Grafoil foam. As a function of film thickness, the third sound velocity shows oscillatory variation with a period roughly equal to one atomic layer. This novel effect is not seen with other substrates. The third sound velocity determined in this experiment suffers relatively little path-length correction. This is a condition not met in the foam experiment.
K-vacancy production in heavy-ion collisions. IV. K-L level matching

As shown in papers I and II of this series, far from symmetry the K-vacancy production cross section of the lower-Z (Z/sub L/) partner in heavy-ion collisions varies rapidly with the atomic number Z/sub H/ of the higher-Z partner. We examine our and other data for K and L x-ray production with 45-94-MeV Ni, 45-110-MeV Br, 47- and 62-MeV I projectiles and interpret the Z/sub L/ K-vacancy production far from symmetry in terms of the K-L level matching mechanism of Barat and Lichten. Sharing of 3dsigma vacancies on the outgoing part of the collision provides a semiquantitative understanding of the dependence of K and L cross sections on Z/sub L/, Z/sub H/, and bombarding energy. Some remarks about the general role of vacancy sharing in inner-shell vacancy formation in heavy-ion collisions are made.
On completely copositive and decomposable linear transformations

Abstract Characterization theorems and other results for the cone of completely copositive linear transformations are given. Further results including the cone of decomposable linear transformations and its dual follow.
The evolution of β-adrenergic dysfunction during the induction of canine cobalt cardiomyopathy

This study was designed to investigate the changes in the beta adrenergic system during the induction of cobalt cardiomyopathy in dogs. Cobalt sulphate, at a dose of 5 mg·kg−1·day−1 was administered intravenously with a low protein, low thiamine diet to 13 dogs. The percentage change of the left ventricular minor axis with systole by echocardiogram (%ΔD) and dP/dtmax were used to monitor left ventricular function. Noradrenaline (NA) was measured in 24 h urine samples. Left ventricular (LV) free wall biopsies were assayed for noradrenaline (LV-NA), cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP and dopamine beta hydroxylase (LV-DBH). Lymphocytes were assayed for β-receptor density. All dogs were studied at baseline and seven were studied after a midpoint cumulative dose of 60 to 90 mg·kg−1 of cobalt; the remaining six dogs were studied when they were in heart failure and had received more than 110 mg·kg−1. During the induction of heart failure the heart rate rose from 112±6 (X±SE) at baseline to 154±9 at the midpoint and 153±9 (both P<0.05) at the final measurement while the %ΔD fell from 35±2% to 31 ±3% and 23±2% (P<0.05) and dP/dt fell from 333±40 kPa·s−1 at baseline to 254±46 kPa·s−1 (P<0.05) and 207±33 kPa·s−1 (P<0.05). Urinary catecholamines rose significantly during the induction of heart failure while LV-NA fell from 117±27 pg·mg−1 tissue at baseline to 48±8 pg·mg−1 at the midpoint and 47± 15 pg·mg−1 at the final measurement (both P<0.05). The density of peripheral lymphocyte beta receptors also fell significantly while the ratio of myocardial cyclic AMP/cyclic GMP fell from 243 ±56 at baseline to 60± 12 (P<0.01) at the midpoint and 46±8 (P<0.01) at the final measurement. These data indicate that aberrations in beta adrenergic function inhibit vital support mechanisms to the cardiovascular system during heart failure.
Cloning and expression of draTG genes from Azospirillum lipoferum.

Abstract A genomic library of Azospirillum lipoferum was constructed with phage λEMBL4 as vector. From this library, the genes encoding dinitrogenase reductase ADP-ribosyltransferase (DRAT), draT , and dinitrogenase reductase-activating glycohydrolase (DRAG), draG , were cloned by hybridization with the heterologous probes of Rhodospirillum rubrum . As in R. rubrum, draT is located between draG and nifH , the gene encoding dinitrogenase reductase (a substrate for the DRAG/DRAT system). In the crude extract of Escherichia coli harboring the expression vector for this region, DRAT and DRAG enzyme activities were detected, confirming the identity of the cloned genes. Southern hybridization with genomic DNA from different Azospirillum spp., demonstrated a correlation between observable draTG hybridization and the biochemical demonstration of this covalent modification system.
Operating characteristics of a two‐echelon inventory system for repairable and consumable items under batch ordering and shipment policy

In this article we have generalized previous models on multiechelon recoverable inventory systems to cover the cases of batch ordering and shipment policy, and when items can either be repaired or condemned. The batch ordering and shipment policy is appropriate when the setup cost for shipment and order and/or the demand rates of the items are relatively high. The operating characteristics of such a system have been studied. Specifically, the probability distribution of backorder levels at the bases are analyzed for different repair-time distributions. An approximation scheme is proposed for this distribution, and is evaluated using extensive simulation results. The results indicate that the scheme is very effective in providing near-optimal stocking levels in such a system.
Accumulation of tyrosine hydroxylase molecules during growth and development of the superior cervical ganglion.

Abstract The developmental increase in tyrosine hydroxylase (T-OH) activity in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) from mice and rats was studied using a specific antibody to the enzyme. Immunotitration studies demonstrated that the ontogenetic rise in ganglion T-OH activity was entirely attributable to an increase in enzyme molecule numbers, and not to activation of pre-existent enzyme. The immunotitration studies suggested that the neonatal and adult T-OH molecules were immunochemically similar. Furthermore, the neonatal and adult enzymes had equivalent thermo-stabilities, implying physicochemical similarity. These observations suggest that there are no structural differences between neonatal and adult T-OH, and that maturation does not involve appearance of different species of T-OH molecules. The postnatal accumulation of specific T-OH protein was prevented by ganglion decentralization or pharmacologic ganglionic blockade. Consequently, the release of presynaptic acetycholine and postsynaptic depolarization appear to regulate the developmental accretion of T-OH protein.
H1oo: a pre-embryonic H1 linker histone in search of a function

The mouse oocyte-specific linker histone H1oo (1) constitutes a novel mammalian homologue of the oocyte-specific linker histone B4 of the frog and of the cs-H1 linker histone of the sea urchin; (2) is expressed as early as the germinal vesicle (PI) stage oocyte, persisting into the MII stage oocyte, the oocytic polar bodies, and the 2-cell embryo, extinction becoming apparent at the 4-8 cell embryonic stage; and (3) may play a key role in the control of gene expression during oogenesis and early embryogenesis, presumably through the perturbation of chromatin structure.
Thermodynamic and Microstructural Modeling of Nb-Si Based Alloys

Nb-Si alloys have gained much attention over the last decade as the next generation alloys for high-temperature aero-engine applications due to their low density and improved mechanical properties. However, the microstructures of these alloys are quite complex and vary significantly with the addition of elements such as Ti and Hf. Hence, an improved understanding of the phase stability and the microstructural evolution of these alloys is essential for alloy design for advanced high-temperature applications. In the present paper, we describe the microstructural evolution modeling results of the dendritic and eutectic solidification of the binary Nb-16 at.% Si alloy, obtained using a Phase-Field simulations performed with MICRESS. The effect of parameters; such as heat extraction rate, the ratio of the diffusivity of the solute in liquid to solid, and the interfacial energy of liquid and solid interface, on the microstructural evolution during dendritic solidification is discussed in detail.
Saving the worst for last: The effect of time horizon on the efficiency of negotiating benefits and burdens☆

Abstract Three experiments explored the effect of outcome delays—longer time horizons for the realization of outcomes—on the efficiency of negotiated agreements. We hypothesized that there would be a positive relationship between a longer temporal distance to the consequences of negotiated agreements and the efficiency of those agreements. Outcome delays did increase the efficiency of the negotiated agreements. In addition, type of resource, burden or benefit, moderated this relationship. Because negotiating for burdens is more difficult than negotiating for benefits in the present, the salutary discounting effects of outcome delays were greater for burdens. The multifaceted effects of time on negotiations are discussed.
The effect of administration of immunoglobulin to newborn rats with Escherichia coli sepsis and meningitis.

The Effect of Administration of Immunoglobulin to Newborn Rats with Escherichia coli Sepsis and Meningitis
Management of Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee: Current Concepts Review

Osteochondritis dissecans of the knee is being seen with increased frequency in pediatric and young adult athletes and is thought to be, in part, owing to earlier and increasingly competitive sports participation. Despite much speculation, the cause of both juvenile and adult osteochondritis dissecans remains unclear. Early recognition is essential. Whereas adult osteochondritis dissecans lesions have a greater propensity to instability, juvenile osteochondritis dissecans lesions are typically stable, and those with an intact articular surface have a potential to heal with nonoperative treatment through cessation of repetitive impact loading. The value of adjunctive immobilization, protected weightbearing, and unloader bracing has not been established. Skeletally immature patients with stable lesions that have not healed with nonoperative treatment should have consideration given to arthroscopic drilling to promote healing before the lesion progresses and requires more involved treatment with a less optimistic prognosis. Magnetic resonance imaging may allow early prediction of lesion healing potential. The majority of adult osteochondritis dissecans cases as well as those skeletally immature patients with unstable lesions and secondary loose bodies require fixation and possible bone grafting. Many unstable lesions will heal after stabilization, but long-term prognosis is not clear. Chronic loose fragments can be difficult to fix and have poor healing potential. Results of excision of large lesions from weightbearing zones are poor. Chondral resurfacing techniques have limited long-term data for cases of osteochondritis dissecans in skeletally immature patients.
Purkinje neuron physiology is altered by the inflammatory factor interleukin-6

The cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) is produced by cells of the central nervous system (CNS) during a variety of neuroinflammatory states, in which it is thought to play a role in neuroprotection and/or neuropathology associated with neurological disease. In addition, CNS expression of IL-6 during non-pathological conditions may also occur, although the conditions for such IL-6 production remain elusive. Expression of IL-6 and its receptor and signal transducing elements by neurons and glia within the cerebellum implicate a role of IL-6 in modulating cerebellar function under normal conditions and in contributing to pathology and pathophysiology within the cerebellum during CNS disease states. Evidence for such a role of IL-6 comes from studies using transgenic mice that chronically express IL-6 within the CNS. These mice exhibit profound cerebellar pathology and significant alterations of Purkinje neuron electrical and synaptic activity. Additional evidence comes from in vitro studies using primary cultures of cerebellar cortex that have been chronically exposed to exogenously applied IL-6. Consistent with the IL-6 transgenic mice, chronic IL-6 treated Purkinje neurons in culture exhibit alterations of endogenous electrophysiological properties as well as changes in intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and signaling. Despite these changes in Purkinje neuron physiology, chronic IL-6 does not affect the survival or morphology of Purkinje neurons in culture. Thus, by itself, IL-6 is able to modulate key components of cerebellar circuitry during periods of chronic expression, such as during neuroinflammation, and may be an important player in the movement disorders associated with a number of CNS disease states.
Neutron-irradiation effects on copper-aluminum alloys

Abstract The effect of neutron irradiation and subsequent thermal treatment on the electrical resistivity of α-phase Cu-Al alloys has been studied. It is found that a solid-state reaction that causes a decrease in resistivity is triggered or accelerated by irradiation at 32–45°C. The effect is absent in pure copper and increases with aluminum content. The resistivity decrease for the 15 atomic per cent aluminum alloy is about 0.2 μΩ-cm. When the irradiation is conducted at −120°C, no decrease in resistivity is observed, but the decrease in resistivity sets in upon subsequent warming above −50°C. Several explanations for these effects are discussed.
Effects of fluids on vibration ball mill grinding

Wet grinding of Si powder under seven environmental conditions was carried out, using a laboratory vibration ball mill. The physical properties of the grinding fluids used affected the increase of specific surface area. Based on the results of multiple regression analysis of the relation between Rittinger''s number and the physical properties of grinding fluids, it was found that the grinding rate decreased with the increase of either viscosity or surface tension, and increased with dipole moment, in the range of the experimental conditions. These experimental results were studied from the viewpoint of fracture mechanics, considering the surface energy of materials and ball motion in the vibration ball mill with viscous fluids. It was also found that surface tension and dipole moment of grinding fluids affect the fracture energy of materials, and that viscosity affects the impact velocity (energy) of the ball.
Fostering Self-Reflection and Meaningful Learning: Earth Science Professional Development for Middle School Science Teachers

This paper describes the analysis of teachers’ journal reflections during an inquiry-based professional development program. As a part of their learning experience, participants reflected on what they learned and how they learned. Progress of subject matter and pedagogical content knowledge was assessed though surveys and pre- and posttests. We found that teachers have difficulties reflecting on their learning and posing meaningful questions. The teachers who could describe how they reasoned from evidence to understand a concept had the highest learning gains. In contrast those teachers who seldom or never described learning a concept by reasoning from evidence showed the smallest learning gains. This analysis suggests that learning to reflect on one’s learning should be an integral part of teachers’ professional development experiences.
High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (CIN 2 and 3) excised with negative margins by loop electrosurgical excision procedure: the significance of CIN 1 at the margins of excision

Summary The significance of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grades 2 or 3 (CIN 2-3) at the margin of a loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) specimen as a predictor of recurrent or persistent disease is relatively controversial. Most studies have found the presence of high-grade dysplasia at the margins in this setting to be an adverse parameter. However, the significance of an isolated finding of CIN 1 at the surgical margins of LEEP specimens has not been rigorously studied. Herein, we evaluate the significance of finding CIN 1 at one or more margins of a LEEP specimen when these margins are negative for CIN 2-3. Consecutive LEEP specimens with a CIN 2-3 diagnosis (and whose margins were negative for the latter) were retrieved, and their slides were reviewed. The cases were classified as to whether CIN 1 was present at the margins. Follow-up cytologic and histologic data were compared between patients with and without CIN 1 at the margin. For patients with multiple follow-up samples, only the most severe abnormality (1 sample per patient) was counted. Seventy-three cases were evaluated, with CIN 1 present at the margin in 59 (81%, group 1) and absent in 14 (19%, group 2). Follow-up cytologic information was available in 60 patients, with a median follow-up of 19 months. The cytologic follow-up of groups 1 and 2 patients were not significantly different regarding the diagnostic frequency of any one of the Bethesda 2001 diagnostic categories ( P > .05 for all, Fisher exact and χ 2 tests). Of the 33 patients who received a cervical biopsy and/or endocervical curettage during the follow-up period, 29 belonged to group 1 and 4 to group 2. The distribution of "negative" CIN 1 and CIN 2-3 diagnoses for group 1 were 16 (55%) of 29, 7 (24%) of 29, and 6 (21%) of 29, respectively. Parallel figures for group 2 were 2 (50%) of 4, 2 (50%) of 4, and 0 (0%) of 4, respectively. Although CIN 2-3 was more frequent in group 1, none of the comparisons attained statistical significance. The current study is a small single-institution study, whose findings should not be extrapolated to cold-knife conizations, and need to be confirmed in larger data sets. However, our preliminary analysis suggests that the isolated presence of CIN 1 at the margin of a LEEP specimen, whose margins are otherwise negative, lacks adverse prognostic significance.
The Politics of the Gaze: Foucault, Lacan and Žižek

Joan Copjec accuses orthodox film theory of misrepresenting the Lacanian gaze by assimilating it to Foucauldian panopticon (Copjec 1994: 18–19). Although Copjec is correct that orthodox film theory misrepresents the Lacanian gaze, she, in turn, misrepresents Foucault by choosing to focus exclusively upon those aspects of his work on the panopticon that have been taken up by orthodox film theory (Copjec 1994: 4). In so doing, I argue, Copjec misses key parallels between the Lacanian and Foucauldian concepts of the gaze. More than a narrow academic dispute about how to read Foucault and Lacan, this debate has wider political significance. In particular, using Slavoj Žižek’s work, I show that a correct account of the panoptic gaze leads us to rethink the question of how to oppose modern techniques of surveillance.
Stones: Passing a stone in your sleep might be easier than you think

Passing kidney calculi can be excruciatingly painful for patients, likened to childbirth in intensity. The mechanism of the simple act of passing a stone, however, is not well understood. A recent research article examined a novel approach for optimizing kidney stone clearance—sleep position, a simple noninvasive concept that might improve urinary stone passage.
Kinetics of ammonation of the chloro-ammine series of platinum(II) complexes

Abstract Spectrophotometric evaluation of the rate constants for the replacement of chloride ligands in the complete series of chloro-ammine complexes of platinum(II) are reported. These second order rate constants for the series extended over at least a fifty-fold range at 25°C. There appears to be no large effect of the ionic charge on the rates, and the rate constants can be fairly well systematized according to the neighbors cis and trans to the leaving chloride ligand.
Who is the Boss and Who is Not? Accuracy of Judging Status.

We investigated whether people were accurate at judging other people's status, what behavioral and appearance cues they relied on when assessing status, whether the way those cues were used was accurate, and whether target gender affected any of the results. Targets (N = 48) were university employees (faculty and staff) who were photographed while interacting with a coworker. One sample of perceivers (66 females, 42 males) rated the relative status of the two people in the photograph to each other, and another sample (60 females and males) rated each target in the photograph on status. Additionally, an array of behavioral and appearance cues of targets in the photograph was assessed. Results showed that (1) people were able to assess status in others, (2) the cues they used to assess female and male targets were somewhat different, and (3) how much people relied on specific cues corresponded to how status was expressed in these cues.
A system for automated analysis of conductance correlations involved in recovery of electrical activity after neuromodulator deprivation in stomatogastric neuron models

Coregulation of ionic current levels, and specifically the changes that appear to take place in such relationships in response to deafferentation (i.e., neuromodulator deprivation), is thought to be one of the main explanations behind the phenomenon of recovery of electrical activity exhibited by stomatogastric (STG) neurons subjected to deafferentation [3]. Here, we are proposing an automated software system that allows for analysis of conductance correlations involved in recovery of electrical activity after deafferentation in STG neuron models. The system utilizes multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEA) to explore the parameter space of conductance-based neuronal models in search of those models that exhibit activity resembling that of neurons in presence of neuromodulation, despite being simulated without it [1]. The system considers such models to represent “recovered” neurons, and compares the correlations discovered in a population of those models to relationships exhibited by “control” model neurons (i.e., those simulated with neuromodulators present). After the MOEA-based model construction is finished, the system automatically generates appropriate scatter plots, quantifies the relationships, finds differences between the two populations of models, and calculates the statistical significance of those differences. As a case study, we apply our system to the analyses of models of two very important STG neurons: the anterior burster (AB) and pyloric dilator (PD), proposed in [2]. In addition to demonstrating the applicability of this approach, we discuss interesting insights into the phenomenon of function recovery that all seem to involve the delayed rectifier (Kd) current.
Learning binary codes for collaborative filtering

This paper tackles the efficiency problem of making recommendations in the context of large user and item spaces. In particular, we address the problem of learning binary codes for collaborative filtering, which enables us to efficiently make recommendations with time complexity that is independent of the total number of items. We propose to construct binary codes for users and items such that the preference of users over items can be accurately preserved by the Hamming distance between their respective binary codes. By using two loss functions measuring the degree of divergence between the training and predicted ratings, we formulate the problem of learning binary codes as a discrete optimization problem. Although this optimization problem is intractable in general, we develop effective relaxations that can be efficiently solved by existing methods. Moreover, we investigate two methods to obtain the binary codes from the relaxed solutions. Evaluations are conducted on three public-domain data sets and the results suggest that our proposed method outperforms several baseline alternatives.
Management for interstitial lung disease: state of the art

A survey of 109 pulmonary physicians representing both private practice and academic medicine was conducted to learn their practice of management and treatment of interstitial lung disease. Of the 109, 25 (23 percent) responded. Twenty-two of 23 routinely obtain tissue diagnosis. The routine method was transbronchial biopsy by 15 physicians vs open lung biopsy by seven. Few (n = 5) use BAL cell analysis. The majority of clinicians used two to four criteria to initiate therapy. Physiology laboratory data were the predominant criteria used by the majority of physicians and also were most commonly used to monitor a patients course over time. Prednisone was the drug of choice for therapy. Immunosuppressive therapy was not used until failure of steroid therapy was observed. There was little consistency in the diagnostic procedures applied, criteria for the decision to treat, the drugs used to treat, or methods for monitoring.
Flavonoids Act as Negative Regulators of Auxin Transport in Vivo in Arabidopsis

Polar transport of the plant hormone auxin controls many aspects of plant growth and development. A number of synthetic compounds have been shown to block the process of auxin transport by inhibition of the auxin efflux carrier complex. These synthetic auxin transport inhibitors may act by mimicking endogenous molecules. Flavonoids, a class of secondary plant metabolic compounds, have been suggested to be auxin transport inhibitors based on their in vitro activity. The hypothesis that flavonoids regulate auxin transport in vivo was tested in Arabidopsis by comparing wild-type (WT) and transparent testa (tt4) plants with a mutation in the gene encoding the first enzyme in flavonoid biosynthesis, chalcone synthase. In a comparison between tt4 and WT plants, phenotypic differences were observed, including three times as many secondary inflorescence stems, reduced plant height, decreased stem diameter, and increased secondary root development. Growth of WT Arabidopsis plants on naringenin, a biosynthetic precursor to those flavonoids with auxin transport inhibitor activity in vitro, leads to a reduction in root growth and gravitropism, similar to the effects of synthetic auxin transport inhibitors. Analyses of auxin transport in the inflorescence and hypocotyl of independent tt4 alleles indicate that auxin transport is elevated in plants with a tt4 mutation. In hypocotyls of tt4, this elevated transport is reversed when flavonoids are synthesized by growth of plants on the flavonoid precursor, naringenin. These results are consistent with a role for flavonoids as endogenous regulators of auxin transport.