cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chlorine inhibition of carbon monoxide flames

Abstract Chlorine and bromine reduce the burning velocities of hydrogen-containing carbon monoxide flamessupported by air, oxygen and nitrous oxide, with the qualification that if the hydrogen content is law, the effect of chlorine upon nitrous oxide-supported flames can become an acceleration caused by chlorine catalysis of nitrious oxide decomposition. Measurements of the reduction of Su by chlorine over a wide range of carbon monoxide-air compositions show that the relative change in (Su)2 with an increment of chlorine is, at most, only weakly dependent upon the carbon monoxide-air ratio or upon the hydrogen content. The effect of carbon tetrachloride reported by Drozdop and Zeldovich is found to be identical to the equivalent amount of chlorine. A lower limit to the chain length in the absence of inhibitor is established to be 55, with the probable actual chain length appearing to be more like 1000. ‘The radical-free’ contribution to the burning velocity appears to be 1 cm/sec or less, if it exists at all. Chlorine inhibition can be expressed by a simple equation having the form typical of chain inhibition. An approximate analysis of a hypothesized mechanism for hydrogen-catalysed carbon monoxide combustion in the presence and absence of inhibitor leads to predicted inhibition consistent with the empirical result for small chlorine additions. Hydrogen chloride is apparently the principal inhibitor in the flame, impeding propagation by reacting with hydroxyl radicals. Some information concerning the rate constant of the principal inhibition reaction can be gleaned from the analysis.
Examination of the equine foot.

A thorough examination and assessment of the equine foot forms an essential part of both the physical and lameness evaluations. Because foot problems are the most common cause of lameness, the examiner must have an accurate knowledge of foot anatomy and must be willing to perform a ‘‘hands on’’ approach to appreciate fully the problems that may be encountered. There are numerous causes of pain in the foot of the horse. These causes can be arbitrarily divided into (1) conditions of the hoof wall and hornproducing tissues, (2) conditions of the third phalanx, and (3) conditions of the podotrochlear region. Hoof problems would include hoof wall defects, such as cracks that involve the sensitive tissue; laminitis (systemic), laminar tearing (local caused by hoof imbalance), and separation or inflammation of the sensitive laminae from the insensitive laminae; abscess formation; contusions of the hoof causing bruising or corn formation; neoplasia; and pododermatitis (thrush or canker). Third phalanx problems include fractures of the coffin bone (types I-VII), deep digital flexor insertional tenopathy, pedal osteitis (generalized or localized inflammation of the bone), disruption of the insertions of the collateral ligaments, cyst-like lesion formation, and remodeling disease. Conditions of the podotrochlear region have been reported to include distal interphalangeal (DIP) synovitis/capsulitis, deep digital flexor tendinitis, desmitis of the impar (distal navicular ligament) or collateral sesamoidean ligaments, navicular osteitis or osteopathy, vascular disease of the navicular arteries, and navicular fractures. The common denominator of all these conditions is that they are characterized by pain that can be localized to the hoof. Like all examinations, the evaluation of the horse with foot pain requires a thorough history.
National estimates of hospital utilization by children with gastrointestinal disorders: analysis of the 1997 kids' inpatient database.

Abstract Objectives To identify and to generate national estimates of the principal gastrointestinal (GI) diagnoses associated with hospital utilization and to describe national hospital utilization patterns associated with pediatric GI disorders. Study design We analyzed a nationwide and stratified probability sample of 1.9 million hospital discharges from 1997 of children 18 years and younger, weighted to 6.7 million discharges nationally. Principal GI diagnoses were identified through the use of the Clinical Classification Software and Major Diagnostic Categories. Results In 1997 in the United States, there were 329,825 pediatric discharges associated with a principal GI diagnosis, accounting for more than $2.6 billion in hospital charges and more than 1.1 million hospital days. Appendicitis, intestinal infection, noninfectious gastroenteritis, abdominal pain, esophageal disorders, and digestive congenital anomalies combined accounted for 75.1% of GI discharge diagnoses, 64.2% of GI hospital charges, and 68.0% of GI hospital days. Excluding normal newborn infants and conditions related to pregnancy, GI disorders were the third leading cause of hospitalization. Conclusions GI disorders are a leading cause of hospitalization of children. A minority of GI conditions account for the majority of measures of utilization. Children are hospitalized for GI conditions and at institutions that are distinct from adults.
When to try COX-2-specific inhibitors. Safer than standard NSAIDs in some situations.

PREVIEWCyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors are the latest addition to the growing armamentarium of anti-inflammatory drugs. Their ability to selectively block formation of proinflammatory prostaglandins while sparing those that guard the gastrointestinal tract makes them an attractive choice for long-term use, such as in rheumatic disease. More COX-2 inhibitors will undoubtedly become available, so primary care physicians should be aware of their advantages and limitations. In this article, the authors describe the pharmacokinetics and use of these agents.
Still flies in buttermilk: black male faculty, critical race theory, and composite counterstorytelling

Driven by critical race theory, this essay employs composite counterstorytelling to narrate the experiences of black male faculty on traditionally white campuses. Situated at the intersections of race and gender, our composite counterstory is richly informed by 11 interviews with black male faculty alongside critical race scholarship that documents the omnipresence of black misandric ideology. Through our protagonist Dr Timesnow, a black male Assistant Professor, we reflect on how his daily experiences incite racial battle fatigue, feed into imposter syndrome, and circumvent an inclusive campus community.
ABO blood type and stroke risk: the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke Study.

The ABO blood system determines carbohydrate moieties that are ubiquitously expressed on red blood cells and the vascular endothelium[1]. While most research on ABO antigens has focused on issues of transfusion and organ transplantation, there is a growing body of literature associating ABO blood type with diverse disease states including cardiovascular disease[1]. The ABO gene on chromosome 9 encodes a glycosyltransferase which attaches monosaccharides to the H-antigen on red blood cells. Blood type O results from an inactive glycosyltransferase whereas blood types A (and its subtypes A1 and A2) and B result from different monosaccharide chains attached to the H antigen as a result of polymorphisms in the glycosyltransferase. ABO antigens are also expressed on vascular endothelium and through unclear mechanisms, associated with levels of the procoagulant proteins factor VIII and von Willebrand Factor (VWF) and markers of endothelial function such as p-selectin and soluble intracellular adhesion molecule 1[2-7]. Prior studies have related ABO blood type with venous thrombosis and inconsistently with myocardial infarction; genetic studies have identified the ABO locus as relating to myocardial infarction, stroke, and venous thrombosis risk[2, 8-12]. Only one prior study demonstrated an association with ABO blood type and stroke risk but was limited in that stroke events were ascertained only in those with hypertension or in peri-menopausal women[10]. We hypothesized that non-O blood types would be associated with stroke risk in the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study and that some of the excess risk would be mediated by factor VIII levels. We further hypothesized that due to racial differences in ABO blood type that blood type would mediate some of the excess stroke risk seen in blacks in the United States (U.S.). While blood type is not a modifiable risk factor, it may help select a population at risk for more aggressive risk factor reduction.
Shades of Citizenship: Race and the Census in Modern Politics By Melissa Nobles. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000. 248p. $49.50 cloth, $16.95 paper.

A thoughtful book on a subject that can be quite vexing, Shades of Citizenship benefits greatly from the comparative analytical framework employed. The central poles of comparative attention are the U.S. and Brazilian censuses, but Nobles also comments on a range of other national processes of census-taking and systems of racial classification employed; Germany and South Africa as well as other Latin American, African, and European countries are mentioned.
Going once, going twice, sold! The committee assignment process as an all-pay auction

I analyze the committee assignment process as an all-pay auction and derive equilibrium lobbying strategies of legislators competing for vacant seats on a committee. The model illustrates the relationship between sincere and revealed preferences, which earlier formal models of committee assignment do not explicitly consider. Incorporating seniority, party loyalty, effort constraints, or committee transfers can discourage those who highly value the assignment from competitively lobbying for the seat. I also offer an alternative interpretation of the model’s parameters to consider the pure partisan assignment model, where efforts are contributions to the party’s collective good.
Volume dependence of the C2 correction in the Mooney‐Rivlin elastic equation of state

Stress-strain isotherms at 25°C are reported for a series of unswollen networks of cis-1, 4-polybutadiene which differ both in degree of crosslinking and in the volume at which the crosslinks were introduced. The former quantity was varied by variation of the amount of high energy radiation used to bring about the crosslinking, the latter, by crosslinking the polymer in solution as well as in the bulk, undiluted state. The results are interpreted in terms of the equation f*/(α−α−2) = 2C1 + 2C2α−1 where f* is the force per unit area of the undistorted, unswollen sample, α is the relative length of the sample, and C1 and C2 are empirical constants, the latter serving as a measure of the departure of the dependence of stress on strain from that indicated by the statistical theory of rubber elasticity. At equal values of the “modulus” f*/(α−α−2), the correction C2 is found to be very small for networks prepared in solution and to increase markedly with increase in concentration of polymer in the system undergoing crosslinking. In addition, the networks prepared in solution exhibit considerably smaller nonequilibrium, relaxation effects than those crosslinked in the undiluted state.
The Garifuna Journey, A First Voice Testimony Celebrating the Resiliency of the Garifuna People and their Traditions.

The Garifuna Journey,. First Voice Testimony Celebrating the Resiliency of the Garifuna People and their Traditions, video documentary by Andrea E. Leland and Kathy L. Berger and the Garifuna National Council 1988, 47 minutes.
Single photon avalanche diodes

This paper describes the fundamental of single photon detection with SPADs, and comparatively reviews various detection techniques.
Confirming nasal airway dimensions observed on panoramic and posterior-anterior cephalometric radiographs using an acoustic rhinometer

AIM: This study aimed to confirm the nasal airway dimensions observed in standard dental radiographs through analysis of the anterior nasal cross-sectional area and nasal volume with acoustic rhinometry. METHOD: Participants were chosen from the patient population under consideration for interceptive orthodontic treatment at Tufts University’s Pediatric Dentistry Clinic. A total of 55 Caucasian subjects, of both sexes (males=28, females =27), and ranging from age 6–9 years (mean= 7.33) were enrolled. Utilizing the ImageJ program, the subjects’ panoramic and PA cephalometric radiographs were analyzed for radiolucent anterior nasal cross-sectional area. Subjects were then examined with the Eccovision Acoustic Rhinometer, which measured anterior nasal cross-sectional area and nasal volume. Data were grouped together, and areas and volume gathered from the radiographs and rhinometer analyzed for any correlation. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS program. Data was further divided into right and left nasal side, and a Pearson Correlation Matrix was created for 8 predictor variables (right and left panoramic area, right and left cephalometric area, right and left rhinometer area, and right and left rhinometer volume). RESULTS: Values in this correlation matrix ranged from 0.712 to 0.988; all were statistically significant at the <0.01 level (2-tailed test). CONCLUSION: A very strong correlation was found between the anterior nasal cross-sectional area calculated from the radiographs, and the anterior nasal cross-sectional area and nasal volume from the rhinometer.
Intentional Forgetting Is Easier After Two “Shots” Than One*

Three experiments evaluated whether the magnitude of the list-method directed forgetting effect is strength dependent. Throughout these studies, items were strengthened via operations thought to increase context strength (spaced presentations) or manipulations thought to increment the item strength without affecting the context strength (processing time and processing depth). The assumptions regarding which operations enhance item and context strength were based on the "one-shot" hypothesis of context storage (K. J. Malmberg & R. M. Shiffrin, 2005). The results revealed greater directed forgetting of strong items compared with weak items, but only when strength was varied via spaced presentations (Experiment 3). Equivalent directed forgetting was observed for strong and weak items when strengthening operations increased item strength without affecting the context strength (Experiments 1 and 2). These results supported the context hypothesis of directed forgetting (L. Sahakyan & C. M. Kelley, 2002).
Coherence and indistinguishability

It has long been known that the interference produced by two light beams is related both to their mutual coherence and also to the intrinsic indistinguishability of the photon paths. With the help of a decomposition of the density operator it is shown that the degree of indistinguishability equals the degree of coherence. This provides the fundamental link between the wave and the particle descriptions.
Chronic antigenic stimulation, herpesvirus infection, and cancer in transplant recipients.

Abstract An increased incidence of malignancy has been reported in transplant recipients. The pathogenesis of this increase was originally attributed to immunosuppressive therapy. However, not all tumours are increased in proportion to their occurrence in the general population—75% of reported tumours are lymphoproliferative or carcinoma of the skin, lip, or cervix. This cannot be explained by impaired immunosurveillance, and alternative hypotheses must be considered. 90% of transplant recipients develop clinical or serological evidence of herpesvirus infection. Herpesviruses have been implicated in the pathogenesis of lymphoproliferative tumours and carcinoma of the skin and cervix. They can remain in latent form and be reactivated by allogeneic stimulation and/or immunosuppression. These viruses localise to skin, cervix, and neural tissue—i.e., exactly those sites where cancer develops in transplant patients. Herpesvirus infections in association with the presence of an allogeneic graft in an immunosuppressed patient may be responsible for the increased incidence of both lymphoproliferative tumours and carcinoma of the skin, lip, and cervix in the transplant recipient.
A note on multi-item inventory systems with limited capacity

Functional relationships between the Lagrange multiplier and system parameters for multi-item inventory systems with one restriction are identified and used to establish tight bounds on the optimal multiplier value. A recursive process which rapidly converges to the optimal multiplier is also discussed. Finally, a comparative analysis of the new bounds in relation to existing bounds is presented.
Intensification of dryland cropping systems for bio-feedstock production: Evaluation of agronomic and economic benefits of Camelina sativa

Abstract Camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz) is a promising bioenergy crop, but a sustainable production system for this crop has not yet been well developed. There is also concern about competing land use between crop productions for bioenergy or food use. One approach to overcoming this concern and developing sustainable production systems for bioenergy crops is potentially replacing the fallow period in wheat-based cropping systems with bioenergy crops. The agronomic and economic benefits of growing camelina in rotation with winter wheat were evaluated in a replicated rotation study from 2008 to 2011 in the Northern Great Plains (NGP), focusing on the effects on wheat yield and overall profitability of the cropping system. Average winter wheat yields were 2401 and 1858 kg ha−1 following camelina and barley, respectively, representing a 13.2 and 32.8% winter wheat yield reduction compared to the fallow–winter wheat rotation (2766 kg ha−1). Lower winter wheat yield in the alternative systems were offset by 907 kg ha−1 camelina and 1779 kg ha−1 barley yields. Economic analyses revealed that at existing market prices and production costs, the traditional fallow–winter wheat rotation provides greater net returns to growers due to substantially lower variable costs of the system. Scenario analyses that use more optimized, lower cost camelina production practices show that the net profits of camelina–wheat system could be closer to those in the fallow–wheat system. However, higher grain price and/or greater grain yield of camelina are essential to attract producers to include camelina in their cropping systems. Although the fallow–wheat system resulted in higher short-run net returns, the total biomass production and crop residue return to soil is much greater in camelina–wheat than fallow–wheat rotation, which is likely to improve soil quality and productivity in the long run.
Automatic capture and reconstruction of computational provenance

The Earth System Science Server (ES3) project is developing a local infrastructure for managing Earth science data products derived from satellite remote sensing. By ‘local,’ we mean the infrastructure that a scientist uses to manage the creation and dissemination of her own data products, particularly those that are constantly incorporating corrections or improvements based on the scientist's own research. Therefore, in addition to being robust and capacious enough to support public access, ES3 is intended to be flexible enough to manage the idiosyncratic computing ensembles that typify scientific research. Instead of specifying provenance explicitly with a workflow model, ES3 extracts provenance information automatically from arbitrary applications by monitoring their interactions with their execution environment. These interactions (arguments, file I-O, system calls, etc.) are logged to the ES3 database, which assembles them into provenance graphs. These graphs resemble workflow specifications, but are really reports—they describe what actually happened, as opposed to what was requested. The ES3 database supports forward and backward navigation through provenance graphs (i.e. ancestor-descendant queries), as well as graph retrieval. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Avoiding early revision rhytidectomy: a biomechanical comparison of tissue plication suture techniques.

Background: Manipulation and suspension of the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) is performed by 74% of rhytidectomy surgeons. Multiple variations in suture techniques are employed in this task, but they have never been evaluated for differences in their ability to withstand stress. Objective: To compare the biomechanical properties of two different suture techniques that are used in SMAS plications during rhytidectomy: a double-layered running locking (DRL) stitch and multiple horizontal mattress stitches. Methods: Fourteen horizontal mattress plications, in rows of six sutures, and comparable lengths of 16 DRL stitch plications of pig skin samples, were stressed using a tensometer with grip displacement increasing at a constant rate of 0.5 cm/Min. The required force to cause plication failure was recorded for each sample at three suture break points. Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups in the force required to cause the initial suture failure. Unlike the horizontal mattress plication, an initial break seemed to cause minimal to no distortion of the DRL tissue plication. When results were normalized by the initial break forces to account for small variations in tissue properties, the force ratio required to cause a second suture break was significantly larger in the DRL group than in the horizontal mattress technique. This is evidenced by the average second to first break force ratios of 1.62 vs. 1.13 for the DRL and horizontal mattress stitches, respectively, with a P-value of .60. The mean ratios of third to first break forces for the DRL and horizontal mattress groups were 2.08 and 0.91, respectively, with a P-value of .08. Conclusion: The DRL stitch requires more force than the horizontal mattress stitch to cause significant failure of tissue plication. This technique may enable plastic surgeons to avoid early revision rhytidectomy due to suture failure, and to create a long-lasting, youthful cosmetic result.
A Collaborative Journey Toward Multicultural Science Education

“The most important words in the teaching profession are ‘I have an idea.’ Someone needs to be there who is genuinely interested in hearing that idea or it will get lost.” — Margaret, Science Teacher of 22 Years
Vibration Damping Enhancement of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites With Surface Grown Zinc Oxide Nanorods

The use of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures with fiber reinforced polymer composites has gained more applications recently due to the additive benefits of the semi-conductivity and piezoelectricity of ZnO. In this study, we suggest growing ZnO nanowires (NWs) on the surface of woven carbon fibers using low temperature (c.a. 80C) hydrothermal technique and integrating the modified fibers in composite structures based on epoxy matrix. Mechanical vibrations tests based on samples with and without surface-grown ZnO established the enhanced damping of the hybrid composite structures through measuring the damping ratio and the vibration amplitude. We hypothesize that, besides the piezoelectric induced damping, the large aspect ratio of ZnO nanowires could provide higher interfacial friction with the epoxy matrix and in between the neighboring nanowires which in return could provide more energy dissipation.
Accurate scoring of the apnea–hypopnea index using a simple non‐contact breathing sensor

Sleep apnea is a serious condition that afflicts many individuals and is associated with serious health complications. Polysomnography, the gold standard for assessing and diagnosing sleep apnea, uses breathing sensors that are intrusive and can disrupt the patient’s sleep during the overnight testing. We investigated the use of breathing signals derived from non-contact force sensors (i.e. load cells) placed under the supports of the bed as an alternative to traditional polysomnography breathing sensors (e.g. nasal pressure, oral-nasal thermistor, chest belt, and abdominal belt). The Apnea-Hypopnea Index estimated using the load cells was not different than that estimated using standard polysomnography leads (t44 = 0.37, p = 0.71). Overnight polysomnography sleep studies scored using load cell breathing signals had an intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.97 for the Apnea-Hypopnea Index and an intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.85 for the Respiratory Disturbance Index when compared to scoring using traditional polysomnography breathing sensors following American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using unobtrusive load cells installed under the bed to measure the Apnea-Hypopnea Index.
A histochemical study on some enzyme changes in the kidney, liver and brain after chronic mercury intoxication in the rat

Summary Adult male rats were injected sc with methylmercuric chloride (CH 3 HgCl) or mercuric bichloride (HgCl 2 ) in a daily dosage of 1·0 mg Hg/kg body weight. Animals were killed after 4 wk. Histochemical studies of the enzymes glucose 6-phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and succinic dehydrogenase were performed on liver, kidney and brain. There were general decreases in glucose 6-phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, ATPase and succinic dehydrogenase and a moderate increase in acid phosphatase in all the tissues examined. The extent of the enzyme changes appeared to be related to the amount of mercury distributed to each organ.
Karyotypes of sixteen populations of the Thomomys talpoides complex of pocket gophers (Rodentia-Geomyidae).

Chromosome material of mitotic bone marrow cells from 59 individuals representing 16 populations of Thomomys talpoides was studied. These populations were found in southern Wyoming, Colorado, northern New Mexico and northern Arizona. A limited amount of intrapopulation variation in form but not number of chromosomes was found. Bight distinct karyotypes were observed. These can be characterized by the following diploid numbers and fundamental numbers of chromosomes: 40(70), 44(70), 56(70), 60(70), 58(76), 48(78), 56(78) and 46(82). Among the six populations with 48 chromosomes some interpopulation variation was noted. In several instances karyotype differences coincided with populations that co-exist without interbreeding.
Viscoelasticity of monomolecular films: A laser light-scattering study

Abstract Accurate laser light-scattering measurements of the capillary wavemotion of monolayer-covered aqueous substrates are reported. The studied film-forming compounds were octanoic acid, myristic acid, stearic acid, tetradecanol, poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(dimethyl siloxane). We convincingly found by measuring at two relatively high wavenumbers (83,356 and 139,359 m −1 ) that the wavemotion is determined, apart from static surface tension, only by a horizontal interfacial elasticity, ϵ, and a horizontal interfacial viscosity, κ. This result is in contrast with D. Langevin ( J. Colloid Interface Sci. 80, 412 (1981)) who found it necessary to propose that transverse viscoelastic properties are significant for myristic acid, stearic acid, and poly(methyl methacrylate) monolayers in a similar, but less accurate, light-scattering study. As one would expect, the measured ϵ is equal to or larger than the static elasticity which is in agreement with our earlier study ( J. Colloid Interface Sci. 83, 315 (1981)). Our κ values are consistently smaller than interfacial viscosities found in other studies, most pronounced for octanoic acid, where κ differed at least by four orders of magnitude when compared with the interfacial viscosities obtained using a mechanical wave-generating rheometer. This demonstrates particularly well one fundamental advantage of the light-scattering technique, i.e., its virtually nondisturbing nature. Furthermore, fluctuating capillary wave properties were observed in the gaseous/liquid-condensed two-phase region for the first time.
A biologically inspired sensor network framework for autonomous structural health monitoring

This paper presents a biologically inspired sensor network framework for autonomous structural health monitoring (SHM). The presented sensor network framework transforms desirable characteristics and effective defense mechanisms of the natural immune system to wireless sensor networks for SHM. The autonomous structural health monitoring is achieved through an integrated sensor network framework consisting of high computational power sensors, a mobileagent- based sensor network middleware, and artificial immune pattern recognition (AIPR) methodology for structure damage detection and classification. An AIPR-based structure damage classifier (AIPR-SDC) has been developed, which incorporates several novel characteristics of the natural immune system. The performance of the AIPR-SDC has been validated using a benchmark structure proposed by the IASC-ASCE (International Association for Structural Control - American Society of Civil Engineers) SHM Task Group. The validation results show a better classification success rate comparing to some of other classification algorithms. The further study of unsupervised structure damage classification is also conducted by integrating data clustering techniques and the AIPR method.
Validation of the 6th edition AJCC Pancreatic Cancer Staging System: report from the National Cancer Database.

the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with log-rank tests. Concordance indices were calculated to evaluate the discriminatory power of the staging system. Cox modeling was used to determine the relative impact of T, N, and M classification on survival. RESULTS. For all patients, there was 5-year survival discrimination by stage (P < .0001). For patients who underwent pancreatectomy, stage predicted 5-year survival: stage IA, 31.4%; IB, 27.2%; IIA, 15.7%; IIB, 7.7%; III, 6.8%; IV, 2.8% (P < .0001). The concordance index for the staging system was 0.631 for all patients, 0.613 for those who underwent pancreatectomy, and 0.596 for patients who did not undergo resection. In patients who underwent pancreatectomy, tumor size, nodal status, and distant metastases were independent predictors of survival (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS. This is the first large-scale validation of the pancreatic cancer staging system. AJCC 6 th edition staging guidelines are accurate with respect to survival. Further investigation is needed to integrate new molecular and biochemical markers into the staging scheme. Cancer 2007;110:738–44. � 2007 American Cancer Society.
Augmented-plane-wave method for photonic band-gap materials

We present a numerical method for computing the eigenstates of a photonic band-gap material based on the augmented plane-wave method. The method uses a functional basis set well suited for structures with spherical and cylindrical elements, and allows for fast numerical convergence with a small number of expansion terms. In addition, the method has the ability of dealing with both metallic and dielectric elements without special treatment. The method is applied to an array of long parallel rods with circular cross section.
The sonography of pregnancy loss.

Sonography is critical to the current management of pregnancy loss. It is used to predict and/or confirm viability. Knowledge of the early embryology as well as the timing of these events is important to appropriate management, Sonographic parameters can be divided into hard and soft signs. Hard signs include the absence of visible heart motion or embryonic poles at certain cutoffs. The soft signs are generally related to findings more likely to be associated with poor outcomes. Ultrasound is now also used to help determine which patients may not require surgical intervention.
A mechanistic kinetic model of the rate of mixing segregating solid particles

Abstract Axial mixing and demixing of three diffrent free-flowing segregating particle systems of Kenics motionless mixers were investigated. The first particle systems contained particles differing in size only, the second in density only, and the third in both size and density. Experiments were conducted in an effort to visualize the kinetics of the mixing—demixing process and to examine the influence of size and/or density differences on the rate of the process. Two previous models proposed by Rose and by Weydanz were tested with the experimental data. Neither model was satisfactory. A new model was proposed in this work and was found to give a good description of the mixing—demixing process in the motionless mixer. Experimental results of the three different cases were compared with the case of identical size and density. The comparison showed that the differences in both particle density and size gave rise to substantially faster mixing and demixing rates than the difference in either particle size or particle density alone.
Superfast and Stable Structured Solvers for Toeplitz Least Squares via Randomized Sampling

We present some superfast ($O((m+n)\log^{2}(m+n))$ complexity) and stable structured direct solvers for $m\times n$ Toeplitz least squares problems. Based on the displacement equation, a Toeplitz matrix $T$ is first transformed into a Cauchy-like matrix $\mathcal{C}$, which can be shown to have small off-diagonal numerical ranks when the diagonal blocks are rectangular. We generalize standard hierarchically semiseparable (HSS) matrix representations to rectangular ones, and construct a rectangular HSS approximation to $\mathcal{C}$ in nearly linear complexity with randomized sampling and fast multiplications of $\mathcal{C}$ with vectors. A new URV HSS factorization and a URV HSS solution are designed for the least squares solution. We also present two structured normal equation methods. Systematic error and stability analysis for our HSS methods is given, which is also useful for studying other HSS and rank structured methods. We derive the growth factors and the backward error bounds in the HSS factoriz...
Patterns of Changes of Blood Flow and Relationships to Infarction in Experimental Cerebral Ischemia

Regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured in both middle ectosylvian gyri of ten cats by recording the clearance of molecular hydrogen (H2) with implanted polarized electrodes 125 µ in diameter, before and up to seven days after occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) with a device implanted in the intact cranium. Five patterns of changes of CBF were recorded with the leftsided electrodes. In eight cats MCA occlusion caused immediate decreases of CBF; in the other two cats CBF values were lowest two days after occlusion, presumably because of ischemic edema. Both persistent severe ischemia and early spontaneous postischemic hyperemia were associated with severe neurological deficits, marked swelling of the left cerebral hemispheres, and large infarcts. Late postischemic hyperemia was associated with less severe deficits, less swelling, and smaller infarcts, but the least severe deficits and smallest infarcts were noted in association with persistent moderate ischemia. No consistent patter...
MicroRNAs in the midst of myeloid signal transduction

MicroRNA (miRNA) play important roles in the development and physiological function of hematopoietic stem/progenitor and mature cell lineages. In addition, deregulated miRNA expression and subsequent gene expression changes are associated with hematologic diseases including myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia. This review focuses on myelopoiesis as a model to highlight the involvement of miRNA in the regulation of normal and malignant cellular signaling pathways. By incorporating miRNA regulation into well-established myeloid signal transduction pathways, we hope to shed light on targetable factors both upstream and downstream of miRNA signaling. These pathway-specific miRNA functions suggest scenarios wherein miRNA-based therapeutics may be beneficial either alone or in combination with current therapies. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 525–533, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inhibition of human chorionic gonadotrophin-induced ovarian and uterine growth in the mouse by synthetic arginine vasotocin

21-day-old Swiss-Webster female mice were injected with 1 IU HCG at 09.00 h. Injection of freshly prepared arginine vasotocin (2 μg/0.1 ml/injection) every 12 h inhibited the HCG-induced hypertrophy of the ovaries at 36, 48, 60 and 72 h after HCG-treatment while the uterine weight was depressed at 60 and 72 h.
DEVELOPMENTAL LANGUAGE DISORDERS: FROM PHENOTYPES TO ETIOLOGIES

DEVELOPMENTAL LANGUAGE DISORDERS: FROM PHENOTYPES TO ETIOLOGIES. Mabel L. Rice and Steven F. Warren (Eds.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2004. Pp. ix + 410. $89.95 cloth.The study of genetics and language disorders attempts to inform researchers and practitioners as to the possible genetic basis for a variety of language deficits. By studying specific subsets of children with disabilities and identifying the general phenotype (behavioral manifestations) with respect to linguistic skill, researchers attempt to establish a link between genetics and language ability. The present book is an edited compendium of research presented in the May 2002 Merrill Conference titled, “The Relationship of Genes, Environments, and Developmental Language Disorders: Research for the 21st Century.” Investigators in the fields of genetics, linguistics, and language disorders contributed chapters to this volume.
Effects of Protein Separation Conditions on the Functional and Thermal Properties of Canola Protein Isolates

UNLABELLED Canola meal protein isolates were prepared from defatted canola meal flour using alkaline solubilization and acid precipitation. A central composite design was used to model 2nd-order response surfaces for the protein yield and the functional properties of protein isolates. The solubilization pH and precipitation pH were used as design factors. The models showed that the protein yield and functional properties of isolates, such as water absorption and fat absorption, were sensitive to both solubilization pH and precipitation pH, whereas the emulsification was sensitive to only solubilization pH. Gel electrophoresis analysis of protein fractions gave evidence to the compositional changes between proteins isolated under different conditions. Differences in glass transition temperatures suggest that proteins tend to be more denatured when solubilized at highly alkaline conditions. These conformational and compositional changes due to different protein separation conditions have contributed to the changes in functional properties of protein isolates. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Protein isolation conditions may be determined primarily through optimization of total protein yield. Improvements in protein functional properties may be achieved with a relatively small sacrifice in yield by altering isolation conditions.
Report of the Committee on Underground Waters, 1934–35

It is with regret that we record the loss of one member of our Committee, Professor Howard E. Simpson, who died January 31, 1938. Professor Simpson had been a member of this Committee since its organization in 1931. He had been engaged in ground-water studies for many years, beginning with investigations for the United States Geological Survey in Iowa in 1905. He was Assistant State Geologist of North Dakota from 1909 to 1919, State Water Geologist of North Dakota 1919 to 1933, and State Geologist since 1933 until the time of his death. In these positions he did much to reduce waste of water in that State from wells tapping the great Dakota formation that flowed under strong artesian pressure. His beneficial results were obtained largely through a campaign of education of well-owners rather than through a strict enforcement of State laws to prohibit waste. In 1915 Professor Simpson was responsible for the bringing together of a group of well-drillers in North Dakota who formed the first well-drillers association in the country. The formation of this association was the beginning of a movement that, after a slow start, has continued more rapidly in recent years, until now there are about 20 State or regional well-drillers associations, most of which are affiliated with the American Association of Water Well Drillers. Professor Simpson justly deserves the credit for starting this movement. In 1934 Professor Simpson was consultant for the Water Planning Committee of the National Resources Board, in charge of the preparation of a general report on ground-water conditions in the Mississippi Valley.
Modeling of irradiation hardening of polycrystalline materials

High energy particle irradiation of structural polycrystalline materials usually produces irradiation hardening and embrittlement. The development of predictive capability for the influence of irradiation on mechanical behavior is very important in materials design for next-generation reactors. A multiscale approach was implemented in this work to predict irradiation hardening of iron based structural materials. In the microscale, dislocation dynamics models were used to predict the critical resolved shear stress from the evolution of local dislocation and defects. In the macroscale, a viscoplastic self-consistent model was applied to predict the irradiation hardening in samples with changes in texture. The effects of defect density and texture were investigated. Simulated evolution of yield strength with irradiation agrees well with the experimental data of irradiation strengthening of stainless steel 304L, 316L and T91. This multiscale modeling can provide a guidance tool in performance evaluation of structural materials for next-generation nuclear reactors.
Silent stores for free

Silent store instructions write values that exactly match the values that are already stored at the memory address that is being written. A recent study reveals that significant benefits can be gained by detecting and removing such stores from a program's execution. This paper studies the problem of detecting silent stores and shows that an average of 31% and 50% of silent stores can be detected for very low implementation cost, by exploiting temporal and spatial locality in a processor's load and store queues. We also show that over 83% of all silent stores can be detected using idle cache read access ports. Furthermore, we show that processors that use standard error-correction codes to protect data caches from transient errors can be modified only slightly to detect 100% of silent stores that hit in the cache. Finally, we show that silent store detection via these methods can result in a 11% harmonic mean performance improvement in a two-level store-through on-chip cache hierarchy that is based on a real microprocessor design.
Using systems and structure biology tools to dissect cellular phenotypes

The Center for the Multiscale Analysis of Genetic Networks (MAGNet, http://magnet.c2b2.columbia.edu) was established in 2005, with the mission of providing the biomedical research community with Structural and Systems Biology algorithms and software tools for the dissection of molecular interactions and for the interaction-based elucidation of cellular phenotypes. Over the last 7 years, MAGNet investigators have developed many novel analysis methodologies, which have led to important biological discoveries, including understanding the role of the DNA shape in protein-DNA binding specificity and the discovery of genes causally related to the presentation of malignant phenotypes, including lymphoma, glioma, and melanoma. Software tools implementing these methodologies have been broadly adopted by the research community and are made freely available through geWorkbench, the Center's integrated analysis platform. Additionally, MAGNet has been instrumental in organizing and developing key conferences and meetings focused on the emerging field of systems biology and regulatory genomics, with special focus on cancer-related research.
Strain-relief spiral buckling of a-Si :H films

Abstract We have observed a spiral-shaped buckling of phosphorus-doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon(a-Si: H) films deposited on glass and on crystalline Si substrates. The spiral pattern has a wavelength of 0·02 cm and develops at a speed of about 0·01 cm min−1. The buckling effect can be initiated by mechanical perturbation. The cross-section of the bulge is an arch with a height of 4·5–6 μm and a span of 100 μm. This kind of buckling is observed in 1 pm thick films having internal compressional stress exceeding about 6 × 109 dyne cm−2.
Princess of Networks: Lisa Baraitser's Object-Oriented Maternities

This response to Lisa Baraitser's Maternal Encounters: The Ethics of Interruption (2009) puts the book in conversation with recent speculative realist thinking and object-oriented philosophies. Drawing on the democratizing onticology of Levi Bryant, Graham Harman's object-oriented philosophy, Ian Bogost's alien phenomenology, and Jane Bennett's political ecology of matter, I argue that Baraitser develops a “vibrant maternality” and an object-oriented feminism that gives nonhuman actants their due in a constellation of relations between maternal subjects and the objects they encounter.
Activity and spectrum of BMS 284756, a new des-F (6) quinolone, tested against strains of ciprofloxacin-resistant Gram-positive cocci.

BMS 284756, a novel des-fluoroquinolone with an expanded potency versus Gram-positive pathogens, demonstrated potent activity against a wide range of 3,541 ciprofloxacin-resistant (MIC, ≥2 μg/ml) Gram-positive cocci. These strains were selected from more than 24,000 isolates gathered as part of the 1999 SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program. Further clinical development appears warranted.
When is malignant goiter malignant

IN any discussion of malignant goiter there is always a question as to just what the author means by malignant goiter. In the literature for the past twenty-five years, and especially in the discussions which have taken place before this Association and other scientific organizations, there is considerable controversy as to whether this or that lesion should be included in the group under discussion, whether this or that pathologic criterion is definitive in the determination of malignancy, whether pathologic or microscopic findings alone can determine malignancy or whether the diagnosis can be reached only on a clinico-pathologic basis. My thesis is that only by clinical study, painstaking pathologic investigation and by a long personal follow-up can it be determined whether some of the more controversial cases are malignant or not. It is with the hope of answering some of these questions that the following study of 178 cases is presented.
Bayesian Classification of Humans and Vehicles Using Micro-Doppler Signals From a Scanning-Beam Radar

This letter describes a Bayesian formulation for the classification of humans and vehicles using micro-Doppler obtained from a 36 GHz scanning-beam continuous-wave radar. Classification from a scanning-beam system is difficult because of reduced dwell-times and the relatively low amount of time that humans produce strong micro-Doppler signals during typical motion. The classifier analyzes the number of micro-Doppler frequencies present in the return signal over a number of rotations. Experimental results are presented and standard metrics are calculated to evaluate the performance of the classifier. Probabilities of detection near 0.9 are achieved with probabilities of false alarm close to zero.
A current-fed three-port bi-directional DC-DC converter

Multi-port DC-DC converters have attracted special interest in applications where multiple energy sources are used. In this paper, a current-fed bi-directional three-port converter is proposed. Steady state and dynamic analysis of the converter is presented along with simulation results. The converter has the advantages of reduced current ripple at the input due to the presence of input inductor, high voltage step up ratios and no bulk input capacitors. One of the applications of such a converter is in fuel-cell hybrid systems with energy storage for use in telecommunication sub-stations.