cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-throughput isotopic analysis of RNA microarrays to quantify microbial resource use

Most microorganisms remain uncultivated, and typically their ecological roles must be inferred from diversity and genomic studies. To directly measure functional roles of uncultivated microbes, we developed Chip-stable isotope probing (SIP), a high-sensitivity, high-throughput SIP method performed on a phylogenetic microarray (chip). This approach consists of microbial community incubations with isotopically labeled substrates, hybridization of the extracted community rRNA to a microarray and measurement of isotope incorporation—and therefore substrate use—by secondary ion mass spectrometer imaging (NanoSIMS). Laboratory experiments demonstrated that Chip-SIP can detect isotopic enrichment of 0.5 atom % 13C and 0.1 atom % 15N, thus permitting experiments with short incubation times and low substrate concentrations. We applied Chip-SIP analysis to a natural estuarine community and quantified amino acid, nucleic acid or fatty acid incorporation by 81 distinct microbial taxa, thus demonstrating that resource partitioning occurs with relatively simple organic substrates. The Chip-SIP approach expands the repertoire of stable isotope-enabled methods available to microbial ecologists and provides a means to test genomics-generated hypotheses about biogeochemical function in any natural environment.
Biogeochemical factors influencing the residence time of microconstituents in a large tidal estuary, Delaware Bay

Abstract Generally the large tidal estuaries of the eastern United States, such as Delaware Bay, are characterized by rather high suspended particle concentrations at the landward end and high biological activity at the seaward end. As such, these estuaries can be conceptualized as geochemical and biochemical “reactors” for those processes controlling the transmission of trace elements from fresh to the coastal shelf waters. The efficiency of these reaction processes relative to estuarine flushing will control the residence times of microconstituents in such estuaries. Evidence is drawn from the Delaware estuary to illustrate biogeochemical estuarine reaction processes using salinity distribution data and mass balance calculations. The Delaware retains some of its estuarine trace elements as sedimented estuarine particles, while others are more conservative and largely exported. Those retained by sedimenting processes include trace elements in primarily geochemical (particle reactive) chemistries, while those exported appear recycled by biochemical (nutrient reactive) chemistries. Often, the behavior of trace elements (e.g., Fe, Cd) and nutrients (e.g., PO 4 ) appear biogeochemically linked. Other examples are drawn from mixing studies to illustrate particle interaction, and benthic flux measurements to illustrate limited diagenetic reflux. The residence time of estuarine microconstituents should depend seasonally on the relative turbidity, flushing rate, and primary production of tidally dominated estuaries such as the Delaware. Thus, residence times of the more biogeochemically reactive microconstituents must be substantially shorter (days to weeks) than the average flushing times of these larger estuaries, while the residence times of the less reactive ones should approach such flushing times (weeks to months). True estuarine residence times of microconstituents can only be modeled after using large data sets averaged over time (season, tides) and space (salinity).
Status of Environmental Legislation Affecting Fossil Fuel Fired Power Generating Equipment

This paper is a summary of the federal legislation through October 1971 pertaining to environmental controls for air, water, and noise. Only that legislation having an impact on gas turbine, steam turbine, and combined gas turbine–steam turbine power generating equipment is considered. Environmental regulations are changing rapidly and must be followed closely for the next few years. This paper is intended to be the first of a series of papers on the subject.Copyright © 1972 by ASME
Microinjection of cytoplasm as a test of complementation in Paramecium

Mutants in Paramecium tetraurelia, unable to generate action potentials, have been isolated as cells which show no backward swimming in response to ionic stimulation. These "pawn" mutants belong to at least three complementation groups designated pwA, pwB, and pwC. We have found that microinjection of cytoplasm from a wild-type donor into a pawn recipient of any of the three complementation groups restores the ability of the pawn to generate action potentials and hence swim backward. In addition, the cytoplasm from a pawn cannot restore a recipient of the same complementation group, but that from a pawn of a different group can. Electrophysiological analysis had demonstrated that the restoration of backward swimming is not due to a simple addition of ions but represents a profound change in the excitable membrane of the recipient pawn cells. Using known pawn mutants and those which had previously been unclassified, we have been able to establish a perfect concordance of genetic complementation and complementation by cytoplasmic transfer through microinjection. This method has been used to classify pawn mutants that are sterile or hard-to-mate and to examine the ability of cytoplasms from different species of ciliated protozoa to restore the ability to swim backward in the pawn mutants of P. tetraurelia. A cell homogenate has also been fractionated by centrifugation to further purify the active components. These results demonstrate that transfer of cytoplasm between cells by microinjection can be a valid and systematic method to classify mutants. This test is simpler to perform than the genetic complementation test and can be used under favorable conditions in mutants that are sterile and in cells of different species.
On Performance, Productivity, and Vocabularies of Motive in Recent Studies of Science

This essay addresses the increasing prominence of ‘performance’ as an analytical frame in recent studies of science. Building on the insights of existing feminist criticism, it identifies two largely unacknowledged features of such performance-oriented studies: first, an implicit recuperation of a pre-discursively real body; and second, a persistent emphasis on the productive character of performances. The essay considers the limitations of these two themes, and concludes by exploring pathways suggested by other theoretical traditions.
Observation of an intermediate chemical state of silicon in the Si/SiO2 interface by Auger sputter profiling

We have observed, for the first time, a chemical state of silicon different from that of the pure bulk silicon or silicon in SiO2, using Auger electron spectroscopy. In the E N (E) spectra this state gives a major transition at 83.3 eV compared to 90.3 eV for bulk Si and 74.2 eV for SiO2. We have observed this state both at the Si/SiO2 interface of MOS oxide structures during sputter profiling and for thin native oxides without sputtering. The state is difficult to see in the dE N (E)/dE spectra due to the presence of the sharp edge of the free silicon peak at 92 eV which tends to mask it.
Heterogeneity in Cell Behaviour in Primordia ofVicia faba

The response of cells of small primordia ofVicia faba to3H-TdR and colchicine is discussed. The delayed uptake of3H-TdR shown by cells of small primordia appears to be a property of only 50% of the cells; the remaining never become capable of incorporating3H-TdR. Prom the labeled cells and polyploid cells induced by colchicine the shortest cycle time in small primordia is estimated to be 12 hours. Within a period equal to 1 mitotic cycle, 31–35% of all mitoses are tetraploid, following treatment with colchicine. The remainder are diploid and diploid mitoses were seen for up to 30 hours. These observations are indicative of a heterogeneity for mitotic cycle time in populations consisting of up to 1,500 cells. The percentage labeled mitosis curve of diploid cells was changed in primordia treated with colchicine; higher peaks were found. These results show that even small populations of cells, at the beginning of a morphogenetic system, are very heterogeneous for key cell properties.
Minimal model to document psychometric change after standard anterior temporal lobectomy for intractable seizure disorder.

Neuropsychological assessment of persons with epilepsy is recommended whenever neurosurgery is considered as an alternative therapy for seizure disorders refractory to ordinary medical management. Although psychological assessment is common in centers specialized in the care of epilepsy patients, standardized protocols are not common. This study addresses the question of the optimal minimal test battery necessary to differentiate groups of right-handed patients with refractory, complex partial seizure disorder who receive either right or left anterior temporal lobectomy or no surgery. No variable differentiated the groups before surgery. Only Logical Memory–Immediate of the Wechsler Memory Scale differentiated the groups following surgery. This finding is consistent with the literature. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Microfluidic Logic: Addressing Complexity at the Microscale

Elastomer-based microfluidic devices, created by soft lithography methods, are emerging as valuable tools in a constantly expanding research field. As their complexity inevitably increases, robust design and fabrication methods become critical to ensure that all of the components are well-integrated and functional. Microfluidics offers the possibility of solving system integration issues for biochemistry, while minimizing the necessity for external control hardware. Many applications, such as enzymatic library screening in bacteria, are currently carried out as a series of multiple, labor-intensive steps. While the industrial approach to complexity has been to develop elaborate mechanical workstations, this technology comes at a price, requiring considerable expense, space and labor. For small laboratories or research institutions, this technology is simply out of reach. Devices consisting of addressable elastomeric microfluidic networks can dramatically simplify the screening process, providing an environment where reagents can be injected and compartmentalized into sub-nanoliter aliquots to create a platform for high-throughput, sensitive analysis of biological material.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Thermal neutron response and theoretical comparison of LiF coated aluminized Mylar

Thin layers of LiF were deposited on a 2.0 µm thick aluminized BoPET (i.e. Mylar) in thicknesses of 4.5, 9.9, and 14.0 µm using an electron beam evaporator. These coatings were thinner than the summed triton and alpha particle range from the 6Li(n,t)4He reaction, which allows both particles to escape a suspended absorber sheet simultaneously and measured in a proportional gas region concurrently. Each thickness of the LiF coated Mylar sheets were positioned separately in a test chamber that had a single anode wire positioned on each side of the absorber sheets. The thermal neutron response pulse-height spectra were collected for each LiF thickness and are presented and discussed. The coatings became fragile at thicknesses greater than 5.0 µm and would flake off of the Mylar sheets. Additionally, the ideal LiF coating thickness that maximizes the intrinsic thermal neutron detection efficiency is greater than 5.0 µm, which is discussed in a greater detail in the text. Overall, the detectors are capable of achieving thermal-neutron detection efficiencies greater than 30% for a 5 layer device and 60 % for 20 layers, but these devices are complex to fabricate due to flaking of the LiF coatings. Additional research is required to eliminate flaking by possibly using additional mechanical structures or adhesive materials.
Endotoxin-induced ocular inflammation increases prostaglandin E2 synthesis by rabbit lens.

Abstract Twenty-four hours after the intravitreal injection of 0·1–100 ng of Escherichia coli endotoxin into one eye of the New Zealand white rabbit, lenses from the inflamed eyes synthesized significantly more prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) than their contralateral, control lenses at all doses of endotoxin greater than 0·1 ng. PGE 2 elevations were also seen in the aqueous and vitreous humors from inflamed eyes. Lenses did not synthesize 6-keto-PGF 1α (a stable metabolite of PGI 2 ). Incubation of untreated lenses with 1 μg ml −1 of endotoxin for 24 h did not increase PGE 2 production. These results indicate that rabbit lens can synthesize PGE 2 , that this synthesis is significantly increased 24 hr after the intravitreal infusion of E. coli endotoxin, and that this increased PGE 2 synthesis is most likely not due to a direct action of endotoxin on the lens.
Characterization of Hydraulic Fracture Geometry in Shale Gas Reservoirs Using Early Production Data

Drilling long horizontal wellbores and completing wells using multistage fracturing are common practices in shale play development. One of the keys to enhancing production of these ultratight reservoirs is creation of a complex fracture system with very high surface area. Bi-wing fracture geometry parameters (length, height, width, and conductivity), are not sufficiently detailed to describe complex fractures. Instead, fracture density, unpropped and propped fracture conductivity, and stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) may be more appropriate parameters to consider in both fracture design and production modeling. Characterizing these parameters is challenging due to the uncertainty of natural fracture distribution, local stress changes, and the lack of granular reservoir description in three dimensions. Results of the current study show that posttreatment production data exhibit distinct features associated with various fracture systems and should be able to aid in describing the complex fracture system. The primary objective of this work was to find correlations between early-time production signatures and the fracture network. First, production simulation models were set up with various combinations of secondary fracture distribution, primary fracture conductivity, and different sizes of SRV. Those models were used to generate synthetic production and load recovery data for different scenarios. Secondly, the generated production data were analyzed with diagnostic plots to identify characteristic features for different fracture scenarios. Peak production, earlier production decline rate, and time to reach peak production were also evaluated and correlated to various fracture geometries. Results indicated that peak production correlated well with both SRV and secondary fracture density. Early-time decline rate was affected significantly by secondary fracture density. Time to reach peak production is impacted by fracture density, unpropped and propped fracture conductivity, and SRV. Diagnostic plots showed interesting features for various fracture scenarios, which may indicate complex flow regimes. This result needs further investigation.
Death, Dying, and Last Wishes

Issues regarding patient care near the end of life can be challenging and rewarding for emergency physicians. Knowledge of the patient's wishes is essential, and may be accomplished by advance directives or communication with patients and surrogates. Resuscitative efforts are appropriate for many patients, but inappropriate for others. The goals of medicine remain the following: providing optimal health care, provision of the best possible symptom control, communication, empathy, and caring. As death approaches, provision of the best possible medical care, in accordance with the patient's wishes, can be rewarding for patients, families, and health care providers.
Evolutionary programing for adaptive wavelets applied to speaker verification

A number of parameters are extracted from speech signals using adaptive wavelets based on evolutionary programming and quasi-Newton methods. Their features will be applied to a text-independent speaker verification system. Adaptive wavelet networks are an effective tool in speech signal approximations as weighted linear combinations of translated and dilated mother wavelets. These parameters can be used as features for each speaker. Conventional quasi-Newton methods for the network have the high possibility of falling into a local minimum, at which point a self-adaptive evolutionary algorithm is applied to escape it. A set of model parameters, used as input to a fuzzy inference system, is one that has properties of low intra-speaker variation, and, at the same time, high inter-speaker variation. The fuzzy inference system proposed for speaker verification is a classifier that will determine whether the utterance is made by the authorized speaker. This fuzzy inference system derives valuable information from each model parameter of each utterance spoken by several speakers from database to construct a fuzzy rule-based verification system.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
NF-κB and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Activity Mediates the HCMV-Induced Atypical M1/M2 Polarization of Monocytes

Human cytomegalovirus infection of monocytes stimulates a unique monocyte differentiation reprogramming resulting in polarization towards an M1 pro-inflammatory macrophage that simultaneously exhibits characteristics of an M2 anti-inflammatory macrophage. Our laboratory has previously shown that HCMV infection stimulates monocyte NF-κB and PI(3)K activities and now provides evidence that these cellular factors are essential for the HCMV-induced polarization of infected monocytes/macrophages. We find that the induction of NF-κB and PI(3)K activities following HCMV infection was required for the initiation of monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation. HCMV-infected monocytes treated with Bay11-7802 (an inhibitor of NF-κB activity) or LY294002 [an inhibitor of PI(3)K activity] prior to infection exhibited a small, round and monocyte-like undifferentiated morphology and the lack of CD68 upregulation (a macrophage differentiation marker). Detailed transcriptome analysis revealed 48%, 7% and 31% of HCMV-induced M1-associated genes were dependent on NF-κB, PI(3)K or both activities, respectively; while 100% of HCMV-induced M2-associated genes required both NF-κB and PI(3)K activities. Functionally, we demonstrated that NF-κB and PI(3)K activities were critical for the production of M1- and M2-associated cytokines/chemokines, in HCMV-induced differentiating monocytes. Supernatant from HCMV-infected monocytes pretreated with Bay11-7802 or LY294002 exhibited an 80% and 67% reduction in cell motility-inducing activity. Overall, these data show that HCMV usurps monocyte NF-κB and PI(3)K signal transduction pathways to induce the unique polarization of HCMV-infected monocytes needed for the earliest steps in the viral dissemination and persistence strategy.
Optimal binary measurement matrices for compressed sensing

We explicitly construct binary measurement matrices with good sparse approximation guarantees. Specifically, our measurement matrices have an order optimal number of measurements and have l1/l1 approximation guarantee. Our construction uses the progressive edge growth technique. We apply coding theoretic results and rely on a recent connection of compressed sensing to LP relaxation for channel decoding.
Chemotherapy of malignant major salivary gland neoplasms: a 25-year review of M. D. Anderson Hospital experience.

From 1950 through 1975, 671 patients with malignant major salivary gland neoplasms were referred to M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute. Thirty-six patients with advanced local or metastatic disease subsequently underwent 62 evaluable trials with a variety of chemotherapeutic agents, either alone or in combination. Six patients achieved a partial response, with a median duration of 3 months. Ten additional patients had stable disease for 2 or more months. Anthracyclines appeared to be the most effective agents in this study, with three partial responses of six evaluable trials. The longest partial response (10 months) occurred in a patient receiving combination chemotherapy plus BCG immunotherapy. Pulmonary metastases were most commonly responsive to chemotherapy. The median intervals from diagnosis to death or to last follow-up and from initiation of chemotherapy to death or to last follow-up were 30 months and 6 months, respectively. Further therapeutic trials are necessary before response rates to single chemotherapeutic agents or combinations can be accurately assessed. In view of the poor prognosis of patients with recurrent disease, postoperative adjuvant studies with chemoimmuno-therapy in patients with a high risk of recurrence are planned. Cancer 40:619–624, 1977.
Providing Outreach Continuing Education in Countries with Limited Resources

Obtaining continuing education can be difficult in countries with limited resources. Members of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA) have developed a program for providing outreach continuing education courses in pediatric orthopaedics. POSNA members provide their own transportation to the host country, while the orthopaedic physicians along with the educational institutions in the host country in turn provide the support needed to carry out the courses. They also provide lodging, meals, and local transportation. Since its inception in 1998, 30 courses have been conducted in 19 countries with limited resources. The program has expanded to develop a partnership with the European Pediatric Orthopaedic Society. The protocol for organizing the courses is discussed.
Sex Differences Among Bank Employees in the Relationships of Commitment with Psychological Climate and Job Satisfaction

Chusmir's (1982) model of sex differences in organizational commitment was examined. Bank employees (N = 106) responded to two measures of organizational commitment (Hrebiniak & Alutto, 1972; Porte...
Finite Element Analysis of Imposing Femtonewton Forces with Micropipette Aspiration

A novel technique of imposing femtonewton forces with micropipette aspiration [i.e., the extended micropipette aspiration technique (EMAT)] is proposed, and an axisymmetric finite element analysis of this technique is provided. The EMAT is experimentally based upon a micropipette manipulation system and is theoretically based upon hydrodynamics. Any spherical object such as a human neutrophil or a latex bead can be employed as the force transducer, so cell-cell interactions can be directly studied. Our computational analysis shows that femtonewton forces can indeed be imposed. The force magnitude is sensitive to the radius of the micropipette and the micropipette-transducer distance, but it is much less sensitive to other parameters including the radius of the transducer, the substrate curvature, and the thickness of the micropipette wall. Combining the EMAT and the previously developed micropipette aspiration technique will allow us to impose an unprecedented range of forces, from a few femtonewtons to a few hundred piconewtons on single molecules or receptor-ligand bonds.
Isolierung, Struktur und Synthese von 5.6.7.4′-Tetrahydroxy-3′-methoxy-flavon (Batatifolin), einem neuen Flavon aus Mikania batatifolia D.C.

Aus Mikania batatifolia D. C. (Compositae) wurde das Flavon Batatifolin isoliert und ihm durch Synthese der Isomeren 5.6.7.4′-Tetrahydroxy-3′-methoxy-flavon (1) und 5.6.3′.4′-Tetra-hydroxy-7-methoxy-flavon (5, Pedalitin) die Struktur 1 zugeordnet. Isolation, Structure, and Synthesis of 5,6,7,4′-Tetrahydroxy-3′-methoxyflavone (Batatifoline), a new Flavone from Mikania batatifolia D.C. The flavone batatifoline has been isolated from Mikania batatifolia D. C. (Compositae). Its structure has been confirmed as 5,6,7,4′-tetrahydroxy-3′-methoxyflavone (1) by synthesis of the isomers 1 and 5,6,3′,4′-tetrahydroxy-7-methoxyflavone (5, Pedalitine).
Creating secured electronic medical record framework for mobile devices

This demo will demonstrate implementation of a secured EMR (Electronic Medical Record) system that can be used by Physicians, Nurses, Patient Care Technician and Dietician in a Dialysis Center setting. Although substantial work has been done for applications using a desktop browser, only few operations have been implemented on mobile devices. The line between the native and web application development does not have to be crystal clear and there could be a third model which is gradually evolving in creating a hybrid application that could combine strengths of both the native and web technology. The EMR set up consisting of an iPod, an iPhone and a desktop browser and shown in Figure 1, provides a workflow for a patient coming for a dialysis treatment, accounts for Patient Demographics, track orders written by Physicians, keep current intake of medications and sends notifications to Physicians and Nurses on record updates. All modules have numerous functions such as add, edit and view. We show the user's login following patient's demographics screen in Figure 2 and Figure 3 respectively. The top-level menu items consist of Patient, Search and E-sign modules. Figure 3 shows the “Add Patient” option from the menu. Once the patient is served, the user can search for a specific patient and get an extended menu items as shown in Figure 4. These menu items include editing a patient, add/edit physician's and standing orders, add/edit home and in-center medications. Once the patient extended information has been saved, the patient is ready for a dialysis treatment. A complete workflow for the treatment is captured with the workflow module as illustrated in Figure 5.
First bryozoan fauna from a tropical Cretaceous carbonate: Simsima Formation, United Arab Emirates–Oman border region

Twenty species of bryozoans are described from the Simsima Formation (Late Campanian–Maastrichtian) at six sites in the United Arab Emirates–Oman border region, extending from Jebel Huwayyah in the south to Jebel Faiyah in the north. Most encrust rudists and algal rhodoliths. Although surface preservation is poor to moderate, sufficient material is available to warrant the description of four new species: Conopeum wilsoni sp. nov., Wilbertopora cheethami sp. nov., Tyloporella smithi sp. nov., and Monoceratopora whybrowi sp. nov. A survey of latest Cretaceous bryozoan faunas shows the Simsima bryozoan fauna to be unusual in coming from a tropical palaeolatitude. Indeed, the only other described Campanian–Maastrichtian bryozoan fauna from the Cretaceous tropics comes from the underlying Qahlah Formation. Compared with contemporaneous bryozoan faunas at higher latitudes in the northern and southern hemispheres, the Simsima fauna contains few erect taxa but the genera present are all found in these higher latitudes; there is no indication of tropical endemic genera, or of early appearances of genera that later spread beyond the tropics.
246 GROWTH AND FATTY ACID METABOLISM IN EXPERIMENTAL INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION: EFFECTS OF POSTNATAL NUTRITION

246 GROWTH AND FATTY ACID METABOLISM IN EXPERIMENTAL INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION: EFFECTS OF POSTNATAL NUTRITION
COPING WITH RISING FOOD COSTS IN A CLOSED ECONOMY: FEEDING BEHAVIOR AND NOCTURNAL HYPOTHERMIA IN PIGEONS

The pigeon's response to increasing fixed-ratio schedules in a 24-hr closed economy is marked by changes in feeding behavior during the daily light phase and by changes in body temperature during the dark phase. The time course of these responses to increasing behavioral cost of obtaining food is very different. Feeding is most affected immediately, within the first day of exposure to moderate fixed ratios. The number of times the pigeons produce the food hopper each day decreases, and the rate at which they eat from the food hopper (grams per minute) when it is available increases, as the fixed ratio is raised. Body temperature is affected later, falling to progressively lower resting levels during the dark phase as body weight drops at the higher fixed ratios when food intake is reduced. The changes in feeding and in body temperature that occur as the fixed-ratio schedule increases seem to reduce daily energy expenditures, within the constraints imposed by the experiment. The ascending and descending limbs of the bitonic function obtained when total daily operant responding is plotted as a function of fixed-ratio schedule in the closed economy is possibly related to the occurrence of thermoregulatory strategies for energy conservation. The energetic analysis of performances in the closed economy requires consideration of a variety of energetic strategies available to the species being studied.
High-temperature creep of polycrystalline graphite

Abstract A theory describing the high-temperature creep of polycrystalline graphite is developed. Equations are derived which describe the creep of graphite produced by the climb of edge dislocations distributed near the tips of basal plane cracks. These dislocations are characterized as follows: (i) their Burgers vectors are parallel to the c-axis, and (ii) they force the crack faces apart. The theory predicts and experimental results agree with the following: (1) cracks are observed microscopically; (2) the creep strain in the early stage of creep is proportional to the square root of time; (3) the creep strain at a given moment in time is proportional to the third power of stress; (4) the creep rate at a given creep strain is proportional to the 6th power of the stress; (5) the apparent activation energy of creep is appreciably larger than the self-diffusion activation energy and the creep recovery activation energy; and (6) extensive recovery creep based on reverse dislocation climb is predicted and observed.
Anomalous CH 4 and NH 4 + concentrations at an unsedimented mid-ocean-ridge hydrothermal system

SINCE the discovery in 1977 of sea-floor hydrothermal systems, the study of the chemistry of the venting fluids has transformed our understanding of the geochemical cycles that influence the composition of sea water and the ocean crust. With few exceptions (Guaymas basin being the most notable), the vent systems studied so far are free of sedimentary influence and the chemistry of the fluids can be explained on the basis of interactions between sea water and basalt. Such fluids typically contain low methane concentrations, ranging from 50 to 120 μM (refs 1–7), and ammonium concentrations less than 10 μM (ref. 8). Here we report CH4 and NH4+ concentrations from the Endeavour segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge which are many times greater than those measured previously at any unsedimented mid-ocean ridge. The 13C/12C ratio of this CH4 is the lowest yet found in any hydrothermal environment, implying an unusual source. We attribute these high CH4 and NH4+ concentrations to the decomposition of sub-sea-floor organic matter associated with sediments buried at an earlier stage of the ridge's evolution. These data illustrate that the organic geochemistry of unsedimented ridges may be more complex than suspected hitherto.
El documentalismo gráfico en España y Estados Unidos en los años 80: Miguel Trillo y Mary Ellen Mark

En el presente articulo, ademas de repasar las caracteristicas y antecedentes del documentalismo fotografico contemporaneo, veremos dos ejemplos del mismo que se produjeron en dos paises muy distintos (Estados Unidos y Espana) en la misma epoca: los anos ochenta del siglo XX. Se trata, en primer lugar, del trabajo de Mary Ellen Mark, quien aposto por un documentalismo en la linea de los concerned photographers, y de Miguel Trillo que fotografio a la juventud espanola de la decada de los ochenta cuando las tribus urbanas representaban verdaderas identidades definidas dentro de una sociedad espanola ya inmersa en la democracia y la libertad de expresion.
A Quantitative Method to Assess Focal Acetabular Overcoverage Resulting From Pincer Deformity Using CT Data

Background Current assessment techniques for focal acetabular overcoverage are neither consistent nor quantitatively accurate.
Replacement of starch from corn with nonforage fiber from distillers grains and soyhulls in diets of lactating dairy cows

Forty Holstein cows were used in a completely randomized design with a 2-wk covariate period followed by a 6-wk experimental period to evaluate incremental substitution of nonforage fiber provided by dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) and soyhulls (SH) for starch provided by corn in the diet. Diets provided decreasing concentrations of starch: 29% starch with 0% DDGS; 26% starch with 7% DDGS; 23% starch with 14% DDGS; and 20% starch with 21% DDGS. Diets contained 27% corn silage, 22% alfalfa hay, and 51% concentrate mix and were formulated to be 17% crude protein, 4.7% fat, and 23% neutral detergent fiber from forage. Total neutral detergent fiber increased as DDGS and SH were included in the diet. Soyhulls were included in a linear fashion along with DDGS to replace soybean meal and expeller soybean meal, thereby maintaining a similar crude protein content across diets. Dry matter intake decreased linearly; consequently, feed efficiency tended to increase linearly as starch was replaced by nonforage fiber. There was no effect of diet on milk production or milk fat and protein percentage or yield. Milk fatty acid profiles were similar across diets. Other response variables, including 4% fat-corrected milk, total solids, and milk urea nitrogen, were unaffected by dietary treatments. Ruminal volatile fatty acid concentration did not differ between diets. Concentrations of blood glucose and β-hydroxybutyrate were similar across diets. Results from this research suggest that nonforage fiber from DDGS can partially substitute for starch from corn in dairy cow diets without affecting milk production and milk composition. Economic analysis of the diets showed that feeding DDGS and SH in substitution of corn was cost-effective. Results from this experiment indicate that DDGS and SH can replace corn as an energy source to decrease feed costs.
An lp-version of von Neumann dimension for Banach space representations of sofic groups

Abstract In [5] , A. Gournay defined a notion of l p -dimension for Γ-invariant subspaces of l q ( Γ ) ⊕ n , with Γ amenable. The number dim l q l p ( Γ , V ) is dim V when p = q , and is preserved by a certain class of Γ-equivariant bounded linear isomorphisms. We develop a notion of dim l p , Σ ( Y , Γ ) where Y is a Banach space with a uniformly bounded action of a sofic group Γ and Σ is a sofic approximation. In particular, our definition makes sense for a large class of non-amenable groups. We also develop a notion of dim S p , Σ ( Y , Γ ) with Γ an R ω -embeddable group and S p the space of finite-dimensional Schatten p-class operators. These numbers are invariant under bounded Γ-equivariant linear isomorphisms and under the natural translation action of Γ, dim l p ( l p ( Γ , V ) , Γ ) = dim V , and dim S p ( l p ( Γ , V ) , Γ ) = dim V for 1 ⩽ p ⩽ 2 . In particular, this shows that l p ( Γ , V ) is not isomorphic to l p ( Γ , W ) as a representation of Γ if dim V ≠ dim W , and Γ is R ω -embeddable. We discuss other concrete computations in a follow-up paper, including proving that our dimension agrees with von Neumann dimension for representations contained in a multiple of the left-regular representation.
Emerging and re-emerging infections: the societal determinants

Abstract Emerging and re-emerging infections have changed the course of human history from the beginnings of human civilization. Currently, emerging infections such as HIV-AIDS and re-emerging infections such as cholera and diphtheria are plaguing our society. There is now increasing concern about future emerging and re-emerging infections — arising on their own, induced by excessive or inappropriate use of antibiotics or deliberately inflicted on society (biologic warfare). There are multiple approaches to prevention, early detection and control of these infections. At present, the major focus is on achieving better surveillance, developing more sophisticated diagnostic techniques, and creating more effective public health infrastructures. An additional approach, which may be the most effective in minimizing the frequency and severity of these society-threatening epidemics, is amelioration of critical societal determinants that provide the milieu in which emerging infections arise and flourish. Excessive population growth and global warming are the two superordinating variables, in particular because once they have supervened, it would take decades, even centuries, to effectively mitigate their consequences. Other variables include: massive urbanization; wars; poverty; malnutrition; forced migration; human behavior (particularly sexual behavior); massive irrigation projects and dam construction; extensive travel; and planetary population aging. These determinants which, for the most part, are closely inter-related, are virtually all modifiable by individual actions, by small but important changes in our educational system, and by political actions.
Genetic recombination of homologous plasmids catalyzed by cell-free extracts of saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract We have developed an in vitro system utilizing yeast cell-free extracts to catalyze recombination events between homologous plasmids containing different mutant alleles of the Tet or ARG4 genes. The reaction increased the frequency of Tc′ or Arg + transformants (recombinants) from 2 × 10 −6 to 1–3 × 10 −3 . Linearizing one substrate between the two tet mutations stimulated the reaction 2 to 4 fold. The reaction required rATP, Mg ++ , NAD, and DTT. The rad 52-1 mutation decreased the reaction between linear and circular substrates 5 to 6 fold but had little effect with circular substrates. The structures of Tc r plasmids was analyzed by restriction endonuclease mapping and was consistent with a recombination reaction involving crossing-over and gene conversion. Recombination products were also observed directly by subjecting reaction mixtures to electrophoretic analysis. These results indicate that recombination events were catalyzed by the yeast extract.
Judith Butler and the Public Dimension of the Body: Education, Critique and Corporeal Vulnerability

In this paper I discuss some thoughts Judith Butler presents regarding corporeal vulnerability. This might help to elucidate the problem of whether critical education is still possible today. I first explain why precisely the possibility of critique within education is a problem for us today. This is because the traditional means of enhancing a critical attitude in pupils, stimulating their self-reflective capacities, contributes to the continued existence and strengthening of the current societal and political regime. A way out of this deadlock is offered from within a Foucauldian perspective. Criticality here refers to an experience of exposure and expropriation of the self. This kind of limit-experience is also of a central importance in the most recent work of Judith Butler. She links this experience to the corporeal condition of susceptibility. Our bodies have a public dimension as we are inescapably exposed to one another. The main argument of my paper has to do with whether this appeal to corporeal vulnerability might offer a new way of thinking about the public realm and about the possibility of critique, especially within the field of education. I conclude the paper by showing the originality of Butler's thought in this respect and the possibilities it opens for thinking in a radically new way about critical pedagogy.
Desiccation tolerance of five tropical seedlings in panama. Relationship to a field assessment of drought performance.

Studies of the desiccation tolerance of the seedlings of five tropical trees were made on potted plants growing in a greenhouse. Pots were watered to field capacity and then dehydrated for 3 to 9 weeks to reach various visual wilting stages, from slightly wilted to dead. Saturated root hydraulic conductance was measured with a high-pressure flowmeter, and whole-stem hydraulic conductance was measured by a vacuum chamber method. Leaf punches (5.6-mm diameter) were harvested for measurement of leaf water potential by a thermocouple psychrometer method and for measurement of fresh and dry weight. In a parallel study, the same five species were studied in a field experiment in the understory of a tropical forest, where these species frequently germinate. Control seedlings were maintained in irrigated plots during a dry season, and experimental plants were grown in similar plots with rain exclusion shelters. Every 2 to 4 weeks, the seedlings were scored for wilt state and survivorship. After a 22-week drought, the dry plots were irrigated for several weeks to verify visual symptoms of death. The field trials were used to rank drought performance of species, and the greenhouse desiccation studies were used to determine the conditions of moribund plants. Our conclusion is that the desiccation tolerance of moribund plants correlated with field assessment of drought-performance for the five species ( r 2 > 0.94).
The human L(3)MBT polycomb group protein is a transcriptional repressor and interacts physically and functionally with TEL (ETV6).

Abstract H-L(3)MBT, the human homolog of theDrosophila lethal(3)malignant brain tumor protein, is a member of the polycomb group (PcG) of proteins, which function as transcriptional regulators in large protein complexes. Homozygous mutations in the l(3)mbt gene cause brain tumors inDrosophila, identifying l(3)mbt as a tumor suppressor gene. The h-l(3)mbt gene maps to chromosome 20q12, within a common deleted region associated with myeloid hematopoietic malignancies. H-L(3)MBT contains three repeats of 100 residues called MBT repeats, whose function is unknown, and a C-terminal α-helical structure, the SPM (SCM,PH, MBT domain, which is structurally similar to the SAM (sterile alphamotif) protein-protein interaction domain, found in several ETS transcription factors, including TEL (translocationEts leukemia). We report that H-L(3)MBT is a transcriptional repressor and that its activity is largely dependent on the presence of a region containing the three MBT repeats. H-L(3)MBT acts as a histone deacetylase-independent transcriptional repressor, based on its lack of sensitivity to trichostatin A. We found that H-L(3)MBT binds in vivo to TEL, and we have mapped the region of interaction to their respective SPM/SAM domains. We show that the ability of TEL to repress TEL-responsive promoters is enhanced by the presence of H-L(3)MBT, an effect dependent on the H-L(3)MBT and the TEL interacting domains. These experiments suggest that histone deacetylase-independent transcriptional repression by TEL depends on the recruitment of PcG proteins. We speculate that the interaction of TEL with H-L(3)MBT can direct a PcG complex to genes repressed by TEL, stabilizing their repressed state.
Field-Theory Restrictions on the Unification of Space-Time and Internal Symmetries

The problem of combining the Poincar\'e group of space-time symmetries and an internal symmetry group $S$ in an over-all group $G$ is considered. It is argued that such an over-all group must have representations that are defined on the space-time manifold. As a consequence it is shown that the over-all symmetry group can at most contain the internal symmetry group as a proper subgroup and that the factor group $\frac{G}{S}$ must be isomorphic to a covering group of $P$. However, if we also take account of the fact that the existence of a symmetry group leads to conservation laws, then $G$ must be the direct product of $S$ and a covering group of $P$. As an additional result we show that the energy-momentum tensor does not contain an internal part, in contrast to the angular-momentum tensor.
Emotional stress and reversible myocardial dysfunction

A growing body of clinical and experimental literature supports a strong association between emotional stress and adverse outcomes from CVD. Effects of emotional stress on coronary blood flow and cardiac arrhythmias provide only a partial explanation. A direct impact of emotional stress on myocardial function has recently received attention as a result of reports of patients presenting with new onset of unexplained reversible heart failure following episodes of emotional stress. Potential mechanisms responsible for myocardial dysfunction following emotional stress remain to be elucidated. This review will explore potential pathophysiologic mechanisms linking emotional stress to adverse cardiovascular outcomes beginning with primary and secondary risk factors and leading to direct effects of emotional stress on reversible myocardial dysfunction.
Mechanisms behind the organization of membranous organelles in cells.

Electron microscopy (EM) promotes the notion that organelles are relatively static entities that occupy definable territories in the cell and have rather specific forms. In this view, transfer of membrane between organelles is thought to occur via shuttle-vesicles that bud from one organelle and move to the other to fuse with it, net membrane balance being achieved by a postulated return of shuttle-vesicles in the opposite direction. The biochemical individuality of the interacting compartments is thought to be maintained by a filter at the point of shuttlevesicle formation, while directionality in membrane flow is achieved by cellular controls on vesicle movement and fusion.
Removing risk from safe motherhood.

It is necessary to differentiate between complications of pregnancy and population risk groups for those complications. The latter have limited use as most complications occur in the low risk groups. Complications of pregnancy need to be treated in health facilities that can provide blood transfusions, cesarean section, removal of placenta and induction of labor. A plan must exist for each pregnant woman to be moved to such a facility, since it is not possible to predict who will have the complication. Early detection and effective treatment of complications and family planning services to prevent unwanted pregnancies is the way to lower maternal mortality.
In Situ Copper Toxicity Tests: Applying Likelihood Ratio Tests to Daphnia pulex Incubations in Keweenaw Peninsula Waters

Abstract Copper toxicity was examined in the Keweenaw Waterway and Gay region using in situ mortality tests. Daphnia pulex were placed in shell vials at thirteen field sites selected to encompass copper contamination from tailing piles to undisturbed shoreline environments. Likelihood Ratio Tests statistically compared mortality patterns between sites. In ponds on stamp sand piles, Daphnia survivorship was very low as dissolved copper concentrations greatly exceeded laboratory-derived LC 50 values. Survivorship at shoreline stamp sand sites in Torch Lake, the most disturbed region, was also low, demonstrating a “halo” effect around shoreline piles. Survivorship was much better in Portage Lake and in wetland sites, probably because of lower Cu concentrations and organic complexing. Daphnia 's ability to tolerate dissolved copper concentrations above laboratory LC 50 values suggests that much of the dissolved copper in the Keweenaw Waterway is complexed and non-available. Non-bioavailable ratios (NRs) were determined by means of 96-hour EPA-protocol laboratory toxicity tests, and results were compared with laboratory copper ion tests. Although one site showed that seepage of humic-rich groundwater through stamp sands might enhance dissolved copper levels, in general the mean total copper levels found in the Keweenaw Waterway system were lower than reported 20 years ago, suggesting that the system is recovering from historic copper contamination.