cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Intertemporal Empirical Analysis of the Renter's Decision to Purchase a Home

In recent years a controversy has developed regarding the responses of different types of families to increases in the relative cost of homeownership. In order to provide evidence on this question, this study employs samples of renters from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to estimate the marginal probability of home purchase and the conditional expectation of the house value to income ratio. These cross-section estimations are performed for two separate time periods: 1968–70 and 1974–76. Among the conclusions reached (by analyzing intertemporal changes in predicted purchase probabilities and value to income ratios) are (1) that first-time homebuyers have not stretched their housing budgets in response to inflationary expectations, and (2) that the probability of purchase by many of these families has declined over time, especially at low income levels.
An oscillation theory for second-order integral differential equations

Abstract The primary purpose of this paper is to give an oscillation theory for second-order integral differential equations. It is shown that this theory follows in a natural way as “a corollary” from the more abstract approximation theory of quadratic forms given previously by the author. Thus, our ideas are primarily constructive and quantitative as opposed to the usual qualitative methods. We also note that the usual oscillation theory for second-order differential equations follows directly by our methods. Furthermore, our methods provide a unified theory for eigenvalue problems, optimization problems, and numerical approximation problems within this setting. In Section 1 we give the preliminaries for the remainder of the paper. In Section 2 we define the basic quadratic form and integral differential equation and give the relationships between them. These relationships are used (in Section 3) to give a theory of oscillation in our setting and some basic oscillation results. Finally, in Section 4 we give some deeper oscillation results. To emphasize the unifying methods of our ideas, this paper is presented as a companion paper to “A Numerical Approximation Theory for Second Order Integral Differential Equations.”
Downstream effect of blowing a hole in a 38-meter dam

On 26 October 2011, engineers blew a hole in the base of Washington state's Condit Dam, loosing nearly a million cubic meters of water in an instant. The surge of water, sand, and mud marked the end of the 38-meter-tall concrete dam that had blocked the White Salmon River for nearly 100 years and the beginning of a rapid transformation of the downstream environment. Using river gauge measurements, time-lapse photography, and other techniques, Wilcox et al. tracked how the White Salmon River evolved in the wake of the breach.
Deterministic framework for robust modular design with integrated-demand data analysis

One of the important considerations in plant design is to be able to accommodate changing product demands associated with market variability. Competing markets require a high degree of market adaptation and orientation. Recent developments in process design have focused on establishing optimization-based approaches to support decision making under uncertainty, but all of the current efforts are based on creating customized designs under specified production requirements. This paper introduces an integrated data analysis, robust design optimization approach to generate a set of standardized designs that span the demand space. Two case studies of process design are presented to illustrate the applicability of the proposed approach.
Child Discipline and Conservative Protestantism: Why the Relationship Between Corporal Punishment and Child Behavior Problems May Vary by Religious Context

Using data on 1,214 families from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, this study explored why and under what conditions parental conservative Protestant affiliation moderates the relationship between corporal punishment and children’s problem behavior. Previous scholars suggest that children raised by conservative Protestants may be less likely to experience negative outcomes associated with corporal punishment due to (1) adherence to guidelines that may minimize the risk of harm from corporal punishment, and (2) corporal punishment being used as part of a consistent parenting strategy. This study extended previous research by testing these hypotheses. Overall, corporal punishment was associated with increased externalizing and internalizing problem behavior among children. However, there was some support for our hypotheses. Specifically, children raised by conservative Protestant parents were less likely to display problem behavior if only the father spanked and if the father spanked infrequently, and were less likely to display externalizing behavior only if both parents were conservative Protestant.
Electric-field-dependent phase volume fractions and enhanced piezoelectricity near the polymorphic phase boundary of (K 0 . 5 Na 0 . 5 ) 1 − x Li x NbO 3 textured ceramics

The structure, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of $\ensuremath{\langle}001\ensuremath{\rangle}$ textured (K${}_{0.5}$Na${}_{0.5}$)${}_{0.98}$Li${}_{0.02}$NbO${}_{3}$ ceramics were investigated as a function of temperature and dc bias $E$. X-ray diffraction revealed an orthorhombic ($O$) \ensuremath{\rightarrow} tetragonal ($T$) polymorphic phase boundary (PPB). Phase coexistence was found near the PPB over a 30 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C temperature range, where the relative phase volume fractions changed with temperature. Furthermore, increasing $E$ applied along the $\ensuremath{\langle}001\ensuremath{\rangle}$ texture direction resulted in a notable increase in the volume fraction of the $T$ phase at the expense of the $O$ phase, effectively shifting the $O$ \ensuremath{\rightarrow} $T$ boundary to lower temperature. An enhancement in the piezoelectric properties was found to accompany this increase in the $T$ volume fraction.
Sequential predictor-corrector methods for the variable regularization of Volterra inverse problems

We analyse the convergence of a class of discrete predictor-corrector methods for the sequential regularization of first-kind Volterra integral equations. In contrast to classical methods such as Tikhonov regularization, this class of methods preserves the Volterra (causal) structure of the original problem. The result is a discretized regularization method for which the number of arithmetic operations is (N 2 ) (where N is the dimension of the approximating space) in contrast to standard Tikhonov regularization which requires (N 3 ) operations. In addition, the method considered here is defined using functional regularization parameters so that the possibility for more or less smoothing at different points in the domain of the solution is allowed. We establish a convergence theory for these methods and present relevant numerical examples, illustrating how one functional regularization parameter may be adaptively selected as part of the sequential regularization process. This work generalizes earlier results by the first author to the case of a penalized predictor-corrector formulation, functional regularization parameters, and nonconvolution Volterra equations.
Abstract 4942: Metastatic tumor migration in lymphatic vessels revealed by real-time intravital imaging

Distant tumor metastases and their confounding symptoms are often responsible for reduced patient quality-of-life and decreased overall survival. The main route of metastasis for many solid tumors is the lymphatic vasculature. The mechanisms of metastatic spread of tumor cells through the lymphatic vessels remain poorly understood. We have developed a novel transgenic mouse model and customized real-time intravital microscopy platforms to study the migration of tumor cells into lymphatic vessels in live animals over the course of several days. TdTomato fluorescent protein was expressed in lymphatic endothelial cells using an inductive CRE recombinase approach. This transgenic system coupled with the use of fluorescent stereomicroscopy techniques allowed us to visualize the cutaneous lymphatic vessel network with remarkable anatomic detail in living mice. We tracked the fate of CFSE-labeled B16 tumor cells administered cutaneously using two-color intravital fluorescence microscopy. This strategy allowed us to simultaneously visualize the lymphatic vessel network (red) and the B16 tumor cells (green) at single-cell resolution. We clearly visualized and documented several key behaviors of metastasizing tumor cells including single-cell intravasation, movement of tumor cells within vessels, clearing from vessels, and the accumulation of tumor cells in regional lymph nodes. These events occurred at a low frequency over the course of days in conditions of tissue homeostasis. Current studies are designed to define the anatomic site of tumor intravasation into lymphatic vessels and investigate how the inflamed tumor microenvironment affects tumor migration into the lymphatic vasculature. Citation Format: Darci M. Fink, Alicia L. Connor, Philip M. Kelley, Richard M. Tempero, Michael A. Hollingsworth. Metastatic tumor migration in lymphatic vessels revealed by real-time intravital imaging. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4942. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4942
Automated Fault Detection and Diagnosis for HVAC&R Systems: Functional Description and Lessons Learnt

From the last two decades, the development of robust automated fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) methods applicable to HVAC&R equipment has been an area of active research, and several papers have been written on this issue. However, the use of these systems is not prevalent in the industry as yet, and some reasons for this status are presented in this paper. This paper also provides a description of the various functions and capabilities of an automated FDD system and summarizes pertinent lessons learnt from previous research studies. It is not meant to be a bibliographic review but a clear description and succinct assessment of the various issues which impact this topical area.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Estimation of global and national logistics expenditures : 2002 data update

The objective of this research was to estimate logistic expenditure for the global economy. An Artificial Neural Network was used to generate national estimates. The estimation set constitutes 24 countries representing approximately 75% of the global Gross Domestic Product. The model utilizes variables that capture economic activity, transportation activity, income level, country size, and geographic location. This research updates previous estimates and represents continuous improvement of the estimation method, including new input variables, better information quality, mathematical model refinement, and methods of model validation.
Mid‐infrared transmission through a subwavelength circular aperture coupled to a surrounding concentric metal grating by surface plasmon excitation

Surface plasmon polariton (SPP) coupling of mid-infrared light to the electrons on the surface of a concentric metal grating integrated onto a GaSb substrate is simulated with 3-dimensional finite difference time domain methods. The transmission through a subwavelength circular aperture at the center of the grating by this coupling is highly sensitive to the variation of the aperture diameter and shows the strongest SPP coupling when the diameter approximately becomes a half period of the grating. On the other hand, the simulation reveals that SPP coupling does not decay so fast for d larger than a half period and provides noticeable effects until the diameter becomes comparable to the grating period. It also shows that the coupling is ineffective when the diameter reaches a few grating periods. Transmission through the subwavelength aperture is remarkably enhanced by such SPP coupling, which can be very important in its practical applications. The simulation is focused on its application to mid-infrared focal plane arrays. Some potential factors for additional enhancement of transmission are discussed. (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Vorinostat in combination with bortezomib in patients with advanced malignancies directly alters transcription of target genes

Introduction Vorinostat is a small molecule inhibitor of class I and II histone deacetylase enzymes which alters the expression of target genes including the cell cycle gene p21, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.
Characterization of a Triphenylethylene- Antiestrogen-Binding Site on Rat Serum Low Density Lipoprotein

Several laboratories have reported the presence of an intracellular, high affinity [dissociation constant (Kd), 1-2 nM] antiestrogen-specific binding site in estrogen target tissues. In this report, we describe the binding properties and characteristics of an additional triphenylethylene antiestrogen-binding site in the serum of rats. By using saturation and competitive binding analyses with [3H]tamoxifen as the radio-labeled ligand, we have determined that rat serum contains a relatively high affinity (Kd, 28 nM), protease-sensitive binding site that is specific for antiestrogens of the triphenylethylene type (clomiphene and nafoxidine). Since this serum site has little affinity for the benzythiophene antiestrogens (LY 117018 and 156758), we have chosen the name of triphenylethylene-antiestrogen binding site (TABS). The concentration of serum TABS (picomoles of [3H]tamoxifen bound per ml serum) is roughly the same in males and females but is significantly greater in both sexes at days 5, 10, and 15 of age (400-500 pmol/ml) than in newborn or adult animals (100-200 pmol/ml). Preliminary characterization studies indicated that the serum TABS is probably a serum lipoprotein. Separation of rat serum lipoproteins on potassium bromide density gradients revealed that the serum TABS migrated with rat low density lipoprotein (LDL). Furthermore, rat LDL purified by density gradient centrifugation has an affinity and specificity for [3H]tamoxifen that is similar to the TABS found in whole serum. In contrast, the rat liver intracellular TABS does not have these density gradient characteristics. These data suggest that the rat serum TABS is LDL; however, the role of this serum lipoprotein in the mechanism of action of antiestrogens remains to be determined.
An efficient comparative machine learning-based metagenomics binning technique via using Random forest

Metagenomics is the study of microorganisms collected directly from natural environments. Metagenomics studies use DNA fragments obtained directly from a natural environment using whole genome shotgun (WGS) sequencing. Sequencing random fragments obtained from whole genome shotgun into taxa-based groups is known as binning. Currently, there are two different methods of binning: sequence similarity methods and sequence composition methods. Sequence similarity methods are usually based on sequence alignment to known genome like BLAST, or MEGAN. As only a very small fraction of species is available in the current databases, similarity methods do not yield good results. As a given database of organisms grows, the complexity of the search will also grow. Sequence composition methods are based on compositional features of a given DNA sequence like K-mers, or other genomic signature(s). Most of these current methods for binning have two major issues: they do not work well with short sequences and closely related genomes. In this paper we propose new machine learning related predictive DNA sequence feature selection algorithms to solve binning problems in more accurate and efficient ways. In this work we use Oligonucleotide frequencies from 2-mers to 4-mers as features to differentiate between sequences. 2-mers produces 16 features, 3-mers produces 64 features and 4-mers produces 256 features. We did not use feature higher than 4-mers as the number of feature increases exponentially and for 5-mers the number of feature would be 1024 features. We found out that the 4-mers produces better results than 2-mers and 3-mers. The data used in this work has an average length of 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 base pairs. Experimental results of the proposed algorithms are presented to show the potential value of the proposed methods. The proposed algorithm accuracy is tested on a variety of data sets and the classification/prediction accuracy achieved is between 78% - 99% for various simulated data sets using Random forest classifier and 37% - 95% using Naive Bayes classifier. Random forest Classifier did better in classification in all the dataset compared to Naive Bayes.
The effect of evolved attributes on classification algorithms

We carry out a systematic study of the effect on the performance of a range of classification algorithms with the inclusion of attributes constructed using genetic programming. The genetic program uses information gain as the basis of its fitness. The classification algorithms used are C5, CART, CHAID and a MLP. The results show that, for the majority of the data sets used, all algorithms benefit by the inclusion of the evolved attributes. However, for one data set, whilst the performance of C5 improves, the performance of the other techniques deteriorates. Whilst this is not statistically significant, it does indicate that care must be taken when a pre-processing technique (attribute construction using GP) and the classification technique (in this case, C5) use the same fundamental technology, in this case Information Gain.
Novel Insights on the Effect of Nicotine in a Murine Colitis Model

Studies showed that nicotine has a positive influence on symptoms of ulcerative colitis. In the present study, we explored the effect of nicotine treatment using different routes of administration in the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colitis mouse model. We also investigated the effects of cotinine, a major metabolite of nicotine, in the model. C57BL6 adult male mice were given DSS solution freely in the drinking water for seven consecutive days, and tap water was given thereafter. Disease severity, length of the colon, colon tissue histology, and inflammatory markers, including colonic myeloperoxidase activity and colonic tumor necrosis factor-α levels, were evaluated. The effect of nicotine and cotinine treatments via various different routes of administration were examined the DSS model. In addition, we measured the plasma levels of nicotine and cotinine in our treatment protocols. Administration of low, but not high, doses of oral nicotine in DSS-treated mice resulted in a significant decrease in disease severity, histologic damage scores, as well as colonic level of tumor necrosis factor-α. However, the anti-inflammatory effect of nicotine was not seen after chronic s.c. or minipump infusion of the drug. Differences in plasma levels of nicotine and cotinine do not seem to account for this lack of effect. Finally, oral cotinine alone failed to show a significant effect in the DSS model of colitis. These results highlight that dose and route of administration play a critical role in the protective effect of nicotine in the DSS mouse colitis model.
A pilot study of rapid lithium administration in the treatment of acute mania

Objectives The use of rapid lithium dosage administration, a strategy that could lead to rapid improvement in mania, has been largely unexamined. In this open-label, pilot, acute-treatment study, we sought to determine the safety and tolerability of lithium administered at 20 mg/ kg/day. A secondary aim was to provide preliminary data regarding the efficacy of this strategy in ameliorating manic, depressive, and psychotic symptoms. Methods Fifteen patients hospitalized with DSM-IV bipolar disorder, manic or mixed, and who provided written informed consent, received lithium 20 mg/kg/day for up to 10 days. Patients were evaluated for adverse effects daily. Lithium levels were obtained on days 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 10 or at study termination. Electrocardiograms (EKGs) were performed at baseline and on days 1-5, 7, and 10 or at study termination. Symptomatic improvement was assessed daily using the Young Mania Rating Scale, 24-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and the Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS). Results Five of the 15 patients completed the 10-day study period. Two patients dropped out due to adverse events. Seven patients did not complete the inpatient trial because of improvement sufficient to allow hospital discharge. All patients achieved serum lithium concentrations > or =0.6 mEq/L after 1 day of treatment; the mean + SD concentration on day 5 was 1.1 (+/- 0.1) mEq/L on day 5. There were significant reductions from baseline to endpoint on all rating scales, except the SAPS bizarre behavior subscale. Conclusions These pilot data suggest that lithium 20 mg/kg/day was well tolerated and that this strategy may produce rapid improvement in affective and psychotic symptoms. These impressions require confirmation in double-blind, randomized trials.
Is upper gastrointestinal radiography a cost-effective alternative to a Helicobacter pylori “Test and Treat” strategy for patients with suspected peptic ulcer disease?

Is upper gastrointestinal radiography a cost-effective alternative to a Helicobacter pylori “ Test and Treat” strategy for patients with suspected peptic ulcer disease?
A Review of the Cross-Cultural Survey Guidelines Website

Earlier this year, a set of best practices for the conduct of cross-national and cross-cultural survey research were announced during the Berlin International Conference on Survey Methods in Multinational, Multi-regional, and Multicultural Contexts (http://www.3mc2008.de/). Available at: http://ccsg. isr.umich.edu/, these recommendations are intended to provide guidance to researchers who might be developing plans for cross-national, and other forms of cross-cultural, survey research. The conduct of cross-cultural survey research has rapidly grown in importance over the past several decades, and there are an increasing number of ongoing multi-national collaborative survey studies now being fielded on a regular basis by governmental, business and academic consortiums. With this increased activity, practical knowledge and experience are also being accumulated, although there have been few attempts (although see Harkness et al. 2003) to systematically organize this information and make it available to the larger survey research community, until now. This project was no small undertaking. The efforts of working groups who contributed to these guidelines had been ongoing for several years. They grew out of a CSDI (Comparative Survey Design and Implementation) initiative spearheaded by Beth-Ellen Pennell (University of Michigan) and Janet Harkness (University of Nebraska & ZUMA, Mannheim, Germany). Thirteen additional authors from multiple institutions are also credited with having contributed to these guidelines, which have been further vetted by an impressive list of reviewers. The guidelines are organized into a series of modules that cover the various steps necessary when developing, conducting and processing data from a crosscultural survey. Some of these modules deal with topics that will be very familiar to survey practitioners (e.g., sample design, questionnaire design, pretesting), albeit tailored to address cross-cultural considerations. Other modules, in contrast, focus directly on the additional methodological and operational challenges that must be confronted when conducting survey research across
Rethinking Civil Society–State Relations in Japan after the Fukushima Accident

The 3/11 combined disaster in Japan focused both Japanese civil society and government decision makers on the issue of nuclear power. Whereas surveys over the post-war period indicated that many Japanese supported the growing role of nuclear power in Japan's overall energy policy, the current crisis has resulted in a sea-change in public opinion. Even though some scholars have depicted Japanese civil society as comparatively weak and poorly organized, the disaster has stimulated citizen science, prompted large protests, and spurred many to challenge governmental authority. This article investigates the ways that Japan's relatively stable patterns of state-and-civil-society relations have been reconfigured as a result of the Tohoku disaster.
THINKING AND NOT THINKING ABOUT RACE IN THE UNITED STATES

John Skrentny, The Minority Rights Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002) Richard King, Race, Culture and the Intellectuals, 1940–1970 (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Press, 2004) Since June 1964, all three branches of the federal government have supported the goal of racial justice in the United States. John Skrentny, in The Minority Rights Revolution , explains how that goal and related ones have been implemented over the last sixty years. He argues that key policy developments since that time were driven less by mass movements and much more by elite “meaning entrepreneurs.” Well before the 1964 Civil Rights Act was made law, in the immediate post-World War II years, a bevy of transatlantic intellectuals responded to Nazi race policy by seeking a universalist vision that would unite humanity. Richard King, in Race, Culture and the Intellectuals , explores how intellectuals pursued that anti-racist universalist vision and then how African and African-American intellectuals in the 1960s, in particular, rejected universalism and began, instead, to pursue racial justice through cultural particularism. King's traditional intellectual history, when combined with Skrentny's sociological analysis of how elites managed ideas to pursue specific policies, reveals how American society, in pursuit of racial justice, moved from the simple stated ideals of the 1964 Civil Rights Act—equal opportunity and access—to the complexities of affirmative action and an embrace of “diversity” in American life.
Controls on the Temperature Sensitivity of Soil Enzymes: A Key Driver of In Situ Enzyme Activity Rates

Enzyme activities are commonly measured in lab assays at a single standard temperature, which does not provide any information on their temperature sensitivity. Temperature is one of the primary controls on enzyme activities, yet few studies have explored how temperature drives enzyme activities in the environment. The temperature sensitivity of enzyme activity is controlled by the structure and conformation of the isoenzymes that constitute an environmental enzyme pool as well as physical and chemical interactions with soil minerals, clays, and organic matter. Yet, these complex relationships are typically represented by a simple Q 10 of 2. There is sufficient evidence to suggest that even for the same enzyme class, temperature sensitivities vary between soils, and even seasonally in a single site. We will explore the controls on enzyme temperature sensitivity and their importance for understanding seasonal patterns in soil processes and their potential responses to global change.
Diagnosis of liver-spleen abscesses in children-with emphasis on ultrasound for the initial and follow-up examinations

Seven children with hepatic and one with splenic abscess were evaluated using at least two of the following imaging modalities: ultrasound, radionuclide liver-spleen scan, computed tomography (CT) and angiography. Seven children had pyogenic, and one mixed pyogenic-amebic abscess. In all cases ultrasound demonstrated the lesions, which in 6/7 of hepatic abscesses were located only to the right liver lobe.99mTc-sulphur colloid liver-spleen scans were positive in 4/4 cases while67Ga failed to demonstrate 2/2 lesions. CT gave additional information in regard to etiology of lesions observed at ultrasound examination. Angiography performed in four cases showed vessel displacement by poorly vascularized mass lesions and arterioportal shunting in one but, overall, did not contribute to patient management. In clinically suggested hepatic-splenic abscesses, ultrasound together with CT will provide the diagnostic information needed for treatment. Follow-up studies should be performed by ultrasound.
A 90 to 170V scalable P-LDMOS with accompanied high voltage PJFET

A novel JFET redesign of a laterally scaled P-LDMOS device is presented. The P-LDMOS device has excellent Rsp as it is scaled from 90V to 170V operation. This P-LDMOS design is modified to produce a 100V PJFET with good turn-off characteristics and a relatively low Vpinch of 3–7V.
Background correction for cDNA microarray images using the TV+L1 model

Motivation: Background correction is an important preprocess in cDNA microarray data analysis. A variety of methods have been used for this purpose. However, many kinds of backgrounds, especially inhomogeneous ones, cannot be estimated correctly using any of the existing methods. In this paper, we propose the use of the TV+L1 model, which minimizes the total variation (TV) of the image subject to an L1-fidelity term, to correct background bias. We demonstrate its advantages over the existing methods by both analytically discussing its properties and numerically comparing it with morphological opening. Results: Experimental results on both synthetic data and real microarray images demonstrate that the TV+L1 model gives the restored intensity that is closer to the true data than morphological opening. As a result, this method can serve an important role in the preprocessing of cDNA microarray data. Contact: wy2002@columbia.edu
Terahertz Dielectric Sensitivity to Biomolecular Structure and Function

A review of recent terahertz (THz) dielectric response measurements on large biomolecules is presented. The origin of the dielectric response in this frequency range is discussed. We specifically address the questions of the relative contributions of collective vibrational modes and relaxational contributions. When sample uniformity is controlled and multiple reflection effects included in the analysis, the overall dielectric response of large biomolecules in the THz range is broad and featureless. The response, however, is highly sensitive to hydration, temperature, binding, and conformational change. The origin of these effects is discussed with emphasis on the contribution of surface side chain relaxational loss and how this might be affected by environment, structure, and function.
Inconsistent Self-Report of Delinquency by Adolescents and Young Adults with ADHD

The purpose of the current study was to test the ability of adolescents and young adults with childhood ADHD to reliably self-report delinquency history. Data were examined from the Pittsburgh ADHD Longitudinal Study (PALS), a follow-up study of children diagnosed with ADHD between 1987 and 1996. Self-report of lifetime delinquency history was compared to concurrent parent-report and to self-report 1 year later. Participants included 313 male probands and 209 demographically similar comparison individuals without ADHD. Results indicated that adolescents and young adults with childhood ADHD were more likely than comparison participants to fail to report delinquent acts reported by a parent and to recant acts they endorsed 1 year earlier. This trend was most apparent for acts of mild to moderate severity. After controlling for several covariates, current ADHD symptom severity and parent-report of the participant's tendency to lie predicted reporting fewer delinquent acts than one's parent. Current ADHD symptom severity also predicted more recanting of previously endorsed acts. Based on these findings, several recommendations are made for the assessment of delinquency history in adolescents and young adults with childhood ADHD.
Not so risky business: the use of planning within rock climbing

To understand precautionary behaviour within risk sport, the present study assessed participants’ (n = 72) degree of planning for a rock climbing task and its impact on task performance. Participants with varying degrees of climbing experience were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (a) planning-inhibited, (b) planning, or a (c) control. Results indicated significantly (p < 0.01) more planning behaviour by planning and control participants than by those who were planning-inhibited. Additionally, inexperienced participants reported significantly (p < 0.01) more pre-task thoughts and mental preparation than experienced participants. Although climbing times were not significantly different among conditions, descriptively planning-inhibited participants climbed the slowest, while participants prompted to plan climbed the fastest. Results suggest that while participants appeared to engage in a degree of planning, the practice did not affect performance. Discussion concerns the use of planning as a p...
Apparent absence of reversal of oxaphosphetane formation in some Wittig reactions

Abstract Reversal of oxaphosphetane formation in the reaction of benzaldehyde with benzylidene(2-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)diphenylphosphorane ( 1 ) and benzylidine(4-N,N-dlmethylamlnophenyl)diphenylphosphorane ( 2 ), respectively, is found not to occur in tetrahydrofuran solution. The reason for this is that the rates of dissociation of the oxaphosphetanes to stilbenes and the corresponding triarylphosphine oxide are faster than reversal to the reagents.
PINK DISCOLORATION IN CHEDDAR CHEESE

Pink material isolated from defective Cheddar cheeses consisted of norbixin associated with phospholipid and casein. UV spectra and polyacrylamide gel electro-phoretic studies indicated that the associated casein fraction was mainly Beta casein with at least three additional unidentified peptide components. The presence of norbixin was confirmed by chromatographic and spectral studies. Evidence for the phospholipid part of the complex is circumstantial and needs further confirmation. Model system studies indicated that a localized production of hydrogen sulfide can cause a micro-fine precipitation of norbixin due to a decrease in pH. Phospholipid may act to prevent the resolubilization of norbixin which appears as pink zones in the cheese
Calcium entry mediated by GLR3.3, an Arabidopsis glutamate receptor with a broad agonist profile.

The amino acids glutamate (Glu) and glycine (Gly) trigger large, rapid rises in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and a concomitant rise in membrane potential (depolarization) in plants. The possibility that plant homologs of neuronal ionotropic glutamate receptors mediate these neuron-like ionic responses was tested in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings using a combination of Ca2+ measurements, electrophysiology, and reverse genetics. The membrane depolarization triggered by Glu was greatly reduced or completely blocked in some conditions by mutations in GLR3.3, one of the 20 GLR genes in Arabidopsis. The same mutations completely blocked the associated rise in cytosolic Ca2+. These results genetically demonstrate the participation of a glutamate receptor in the rapid ionic responses to an amino acid. The GLR3.3-independent component of the depolarization required Glu concentrations above 25 μm, did not display desensitization, and was strongly suppressed by increasing extracellular pH. It is suggested to result from H+-amino acid symport. Six amino acids commonly present in soils (Glu, Gly, alanine, serine, asparagine, and cysteine) as well as the tripeptide glutathione (γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-Gly) were found to be strong agonists of the GLR3.3-mediated responses. All other amino acids induced a small depolarization similar to the non-GLR, putative symporter component and in most cases evoked little or no Ca2+ rise. From these results it may be concluded that sensing of six amino acids in the rhizosphere and perhaps extracellular peptides is coupled to Ca2+ signaling through a GLR-dependent mechanism homologous to a fundamental component of neuronal signaling.
Thyroid Regulation of NADPH:Cytochrome P450 Oxidoreductase: Identification of a Thyroid-Responsive Element in the 5′-Flank of the Oxidoreductase Gene

The current study demonstrates that T3-activated transcription of the NADPH:cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (P450R) gene is dependent on the thyroid hormonal status of the animal, with both transcriptional and post-transcriptional pathways being important in regulating the cellular P450R mRNA level. The region required for transcriptional activation of the P450R gene by T3 has been identified. Nuclear run-on experiments demonstrated that the effects of T3 on P450R transcription are dependent on thyroid status, with a transcriptional enhancement obtained in T3-treated hypothyroid rat liver (1.8-fold increase) but not in T3-treated euthyroid animals. Transient cotransfection of P450R promoter/chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) constructs and the thyroid hormone receptor β1 (TRβ1) expression plasmid into rat hepatoma H4IIE cells resulted in a 2.4-fold induction of promoter activity that was both T3 and TRβ1 dependent. Analysis of promoter deletion constructs identified a P450R-thyroid response region (P450R-TRE; bases, −564 to −536) containing three imperfect direct repeats of the thyroid response motif, AGGTCA. Mutational analysis further established that T3 induction was dependent only on the upstream direct repeat, having the sequence AGGTGAgctgAGGCCA. Footprint analysis showed that all three motifs were protected by proteins present in rat liver nuclear extracts, and a direct interaction between P450R-TRE and T3 receptors TRα1 and TRβ1 was demonstrated by gel-shift analysis. In vitrobinding studies with P450R-TRE revealed the formation of heterodimeric complexes when TRα1 was coincubated with either the retinoic X receptor α or nuclear extract from rat liver, COS, or H4IIE cells. In addition, placement of the P450R-TRE upstream of the T3-nonresponsive heterologous thymidine kinase promoter resulted in a 2.7-fold transcriptional enhancement that was both T3 and TRβ1 dependent. Previous studies have demonstrated that T3 augments P450R mRNA levels ∼20–30-fold and ∼12-fold, respectively, in hypothyroid and euthyroid rats. Hence, for the hypothyroid state, transcriptional and post-transcriptional events contribute to the T3-induced mRNA increases; however, the marked increase in message level in T3-treated euthyroid animals depends primarily on post-transcriptional pathways.
Comparative Analysis Reveals Potential Utility of Digital Microscopy in the Evaluation of Peripheral Blood Smears With Some Barriers to Implementation.

Objectives: Evaluation of the peripheral blood smear (PBS) is an essential diagnostic test in current medical practice. We aimed to evaluate the use of digital microscopy for the examination of PBS as an option to provide expert interpretation to remote sites and in “on-call” situations. Methods: We collected 100 Wright-Giemsa–stained PBS slides representing normal and abnormal findings seen at a community-based hospital. Four hematopathologists independently evaluated the cases using conventional light and digital microscopy. Results: When comparing digital vs light microscopy, most of the cellular features evaluated showed at least a moderate degree of agreement in at least three of the reviewers. Discrepancies in final diagnosis were identified in a minority of the cases, most of which were attributed to the poorer resolution of digital microscopy at high magnification (×400). Conclusions: These results support the limited use of digital microscopy for evaluation and triage of peripheral blood smears as a practical option to obtain expert opinion in locations where experienced staff is not available on site. Our results indicate that while digital microscopy is well suited for basic triage of these blood smears, limitations in quality of imaging at higher magnification as well as large file size may limit its utility in certain settings and situations.
Some Extermal Problems in Martingale Theory and Harmonic Analysis

The main new results are Theorem 6.3 and its corollary for stochastic integrals, Theorem 6.6. However, we begin with a little background with roots in some of the work of Kolmogorov and M. Riesz of more than seventy years ago. Let n be a positive integer, D a domain of ℝ n , and ℍ a real or complex Hilbert space. Suppose that u and v are harmonic on D with values in ℍ. Let \(\left| {\nabla u} \right| = {\left( {{{\sum\nolimits_{k = 1}^n {\left| {\partial u/\partial {x_k}} \right|} }^2}} \right)^{1/2}}\). Then v is differentially subordinate to u if, for all x ∈ D, $$\left| {\nabla \upsilon \left( x \right)} \right| \leqslant \left| {\nabla u\left( x \right)} \right|.$$
Sphingidae Collected in Blacklight Traps Baited with Isoamyl Salicylate

Collections of male tobacco horn worms, Manduca sexta (L.), in blacklight (BL) traps can be increased 10 or more times by baiting the traps with virgin female moths (Hoffman et al. 1966, Cantelo and Smith 1971). However. the rearing of these females is expensive and time consuming, and a synthetic female pheromone is not available. Therefore, we hoped to find a substitute material that could be used to increase collections. Isoamyl salicylate was chosen for evaluation because when it was used to bait relatively inefficient screen traps in Tennessee, it caught as many as 925 tobacco hornworms in a season. Also, 16 other species of sphingids were caught, but only Byles lineata (F.) and Xylophanes tersa (L.) were caught “in numbers” (Morgan and Lyon 1928). Moreover, at Oxford, N. C., collections in 12 similar-type traps (Stahl 1954) baited with isoamyl salicylate plus simulated jimson weed flowers averaged 112 M. sexta and 155 tomato hornworms, M. quinquemaculata (Haworth), each year from 1942 through 1953 with peak yearly collections of 414 M. sexta and 218 M. quinquemaculata . (However, in 1949, unbaited BL traps collected 15 × as many hornworm moths (both species) and in 1952–53 7–9× as many as the baited screen traps.)
Hydrogen-Bonded Water Molecules in the M2 Channel of the Influenza A Virus Guide the Binding Preferences of Ammonium-Based Inhibitors

The tetrameric M2 proton channel of influenza A virus is an integral membrane protein responsible for the acidification of the viral interior. Drugs such as amantadine target the transmembrane region of wild type M2 by acting as pore blockers. However, a number of mutations affecting this domain confer drug resistance, prompting the need for alternative inhibitors. The availability of high-resolution structures of drug-bound M2, paired with computational investigations, revealed that inhibitors can bind at different sites, and provided useful insights in understanding the principles governing proton conduction. Here, we investigated by computation the energetic and geometric factors determining the relative stability of pore blockers at individual sites of different M2 strains. We found that local free energy minima along the translocation pathway of positively charged chemical species correspond to experimentally determined binding sites of inhibitors. Then, by examining the structure of water clusters h...
The Isolation of Morphologically Intact Mitochondria from Rat Liver.

In previous communications it was reported that the respiratory enzyme systems, cytochrome oxidase and succinoxidase, were associated, probably exclusively, with the “large granule” fraction isolated by differential centrifugation either from water homogenates1 or from saline extracts2 of rat liver. The identification of the components making up the large granule fraction presented an important and difficult problem. Microscopical examination of the fraction prepared in isotonic saline revealed the presence of spherical bodies ranging between 0.5 to 2 μ in diameter. The corresponding preparation obtained from a water homogenate of liver contained much larger and paler spheres. It was suggested, mainly on the basis of a comparison of the size of the isolated granules with that of known cellular inclusions, that the large granule fraction consisted mostly of mitochondria.2,3 It was realized, however, that this evidence was not conclusive proof for the hypothesis that large granules were mitochondria, since ...
The Natural Resistance of the Pigeon to the Pneumococcus

Attempts to determine the biologic factors which govern natural immunity to bacterial infection have too often been attempts to reduce the mechanism of resistance to terms of a single factor. Thus, only after an extended epoch of controversy between two schools, each seeking to explain natural immunity in terms of a single general factor, namely, body cells in the one instance and body fluids in the other, have we come to recognize, as, for instance, in the role of opsonins, the dependence of each of these factors on the other and the fallacy of attempting to eliminate either. In those instances, also, in which a relatively high or low body temperature has been advanced as the basis of resistance, the tendency has been to emphasize this single feature to the exclusion of other factors.
Progress on metabolism of cities

Along with the increasing rate of urbanization in China,the population living in cities and surrounding areas has gradually grown. In such a highly concentrated modern city,mainly directed by the artificial built-environment,people are importing more and more resources from nature and exporting waste in excess of the load-capacity of natural ecological systems. This has led to environmental degradation in surrounding areas,resource depletion,degradation of natural ecosystems and an imbalance in urban ecosystem metabolism. Imbalances in urban metabolism cause many environmental problems. Here,we review research in this field and summarize the process of the rise,development,stagnation and progress of urban metabolism. Studies tend to approach this from two angles:metabolism on the energy equivalent of Odum,and metabolism from the input to output of urban material. We conclude that the direction of future research is reflected in four aspects:urban indicators of sustainable development;urban greenhouse gas emissions calculations;mathematical models of urban metabolism;and foundations of sustainable urban design. Using urban metabolism to guide urban planning is a new research direction for China. Our future direction should be social,health and economic indicators into the framework of urban metabolism in order to determine a reasonable path for the sustainable development of cities.
Research on low modulus silicon rubber formula and interface adhesion technology for flexible joints

The effects of the constituents such as curing agent, tackifier and reinforcement filler on mechanical property of a sort of silicon rubber formula with low modulus, low rigidity and high strength were studied. To meet the technical requirement of the interface adhesion between silicon rubber/ steel, a kind of adhesive formula was developed. The shear modulus of silicon rubber formula is less than 0.3MPa, and the shear strength of interface adhesion between silicon-rubber and steel is greater than 2.5MPa. So the formula can meet the property requirement of flexible joint.
Analysis of risk factors for high-risk colorectal adenomas

Objective To explore the risk factors for high-risk colorectal adenomas.Methods Data of 124 patients with colorectal adenomas were retrospectively analyzed.The relations between high-risk colorectal adenomas and history of hypertension,coronary artery disease,diabetes mellitus,hyperlipidemia and life style such as smoking and alcohol intake were assessed by Logistic regression and Chi-square.Results The risk of developing colorectal high-risk adenomas had a 3.26-fold increase in patients with hyperlipidemia compared to those without hyperlipidemia.The incidence of high-risk colorectal adenomas was significantly related to age(OR=1.06,P=0.008),history of diabetes mellitus(OR=5.35,P=0.028) and hyperlipidemia(OR=5.92,P0.000 1),but not to sex,smoking,alcohol intake,hypertension and coronary artery disease.Conclusion Age,diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia could increase the risk of developing high-risk colorectal adenomas.
Lycopene: a word of caution.

Increased screening for and detection of prostate cancer have been accompanied by increased attention to and interest in new methods of prevention and treatment. A burgeoning area, buoyed by epidemiologic data that prostate cancer might be preventable, has been alternative medicine. Among a number