cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phosphorescent OLEDs with saturated colors

In this paper, two approaches are demonstrated to narrow phosphorescent OLED (PHOLED) emission lineshapes to increase color saturation while keeping device high efficiency performance, which is critical for large area flat panel displays. One approach uses bottom-emissive microcavity structure in green and blue devices to achieve 22 nm full width half maximum (FWHM) emissions. The other approach is to reduce the natural width of the emission as exemplifying in a red device. A new NTSC red with 64 nm FWHM emission is reported. In a standard device, it has a luminous efficiency of 18.3 cd/A at 10 mA/cm 2 .
Land Tax and Social Change in Sichuan, 1925-1935

During the second, third, and fourth decades of this century, Sichuan (Szechwan) province underwent a process of sweeping social change. A new class of landlords controlling large estates arose-a class made up of warlords in intimate association with ostensibly civilian bureaucrats, the two forming an elite which virtually monopolized political power and governmental authority. Under their rule, traditional rural society was deeply altered. The old landlord elite was destroyed, the numbers of small, free-holding peasants were steeply reduced, and tenancy increased in proportion. In this process of change, the warlord administration of the land tax played a crucial role. This paper examines the nature and impact of the land tax. The significance of the tax during the years 1925-1935 was twofold (1) levies became confiscatory, and (2) the burden of payments fell on all old classes, although not equally, while the new warlord and bureaucrat landlords escaped taxation After 1925 land-tax exactions grew by leaps and bounds as the Sichuan warlords demanded ever more funds to finance their expanding armies and to pay for armed conflicts of increasing frequency and intensity. In 1916 the regular armies in Sichuan totaled between five and eight divisions, and those
Inelastic neutron scattering spectra of free base and zinc porphines: A comparison with DFT-based vibrational analysis

Inelastic neutron scattering (INS) spectra of free base (FBP) and zinc (ZnP) porphines are presented and compared with the results of density functional theory (DFT) calculations using the B3LYP functional with 6-31G(d) or 6-311G(d,p) basis sets. To obtain quantitative agreement between experiment and theory, two different scaling techniques have been applied: a scaled quantum mechanical (DFT-SQM) force field was developed for B3LYP/6-31G(d) calculations and the uniform frequency scaling technique (DFT-UFS) was applied to B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) results. The DFT-SQM calculations have been previously compared with IR and Raman spectra with good agreement, which allows for a nearly complete vibrational assignment. The results of the present study extend previous vibrational analysis to a higher level of reliability and complexity. The previous results are augmented by the comparison of calculated and observed INS intensities and the comparison of calculated modes with those observed in INS spectra but previously unobserved in optical spectra. Excellent agreement is acquired between the INS spectra and the results of both calculations, permitting a more detailed and reliable description of the vibrational properties of porphyrins.
Localization performance measure and optimal edge detection

Recent developments in edge detection have exposed diiferent criteria to gauge the performance of edge detectors in the presense of noise. One of the criteria is "Localization", which is the ability of the edge detector to produce from noisy data a detected edge that is as close as possible to the true edge in the image. In this paper, we show the limitation of the localization criteria as previously formulated and propose an alternative. This new performance measure is based on the theory of zero-crossings of stochastic processes. We show that the derivative of a Gaussian is the optimal edge detector for this new measure.
PROGRESS IN SIC MATERIALS/DEVICES AND THEIR COMPETITION

Power semiconductor devices are important for numerous applications with power conversion being an important one. Wide energy gap semiconductors SiC and GaN have properties that make them attractive for such applications. Among these properties are high thermal conductivity, high breakdown electric field, wide energy gap, low intrinsic carrier concentration, high thermal stability, high saturation velocity and chemical inertness. These lead to low on-resistance, high breakdown voltage, high frequencies, small volume, and small passive inductors and capacitors. These desirable properties are offset by the higher material costs and higher defect densities. Although wide energy gap devices have been in development for many years, only recently have they become available commercially. Their main competition is silicon power devices with breakdown voltages up to 8000 V and very high surge current capacity. However, silicon power devices are approaching their material limits and wide energy gap devices are beginning to have an impact in the power electronics space. SiC has the advantage of substrates with diameters approaching 150 mm and the ability to grow thermal SiO2. GaN has the heterojunction advantage, but no viable substrate technology. In fact, a large portion of SiC production is used for GaN substrates. GaN material development has also benefited significantly from the development of optical devices, e.g., light-emitting diodes and lasers.
Consensus and Cooperation on State Supreme Courts

The opinion-writing process is a vital yet understudied aspect of judicial decision making on state supreme courts. We argue that this process is influenced by the political context and particularl...
Factors Influencing the Characterization of Gluten Proteins by Size‐Exclusion Chromatography and Multiangle Laser Light Scattering (SEC‐MALLS)

ABSTRACT The use of multiangle laser light scattering (MALLS) in conjunction with size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was investigated for characterizing wheat proteins. Four solvent systems including 50% acetonitrile and 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, 50 mM sodium phosphate (NaPhos) pH 2.5, 500 mM acetic acid, and 50 mM NaPhos pH 7.0 + 1% SDS were evaluated for protein extraction as well as for use as SEC mobile phases for MALLS analysis. The dn/dc values for wheat proteins were measured in each solvent. Except for the SDS-based mobile phase, gluten proteins showed dn/dc values of 0.16–0.20 that were similar to values reported for other proteins. When analyzed in the SDS solvent, gluten proteins showed dn/dc values of 0.32, similar to that found for other SDS-protein complexes. While all solvents showed similar resolution when used as mobile phases in SEC analysis, the SDS solvent extracted the most protein (≈82%) in the unreduced form. This solvent system also displayed no concentrationdependent or electros...
Intelligence and interpersonal sensitivity: A meta-analysis

Abstract A meta-analytic review investigated the association between general intelligence and interpersonal sensitivity. The review involved 38 independent samples with 2988 total participants. There was a highly significant small-to-medium effect for intelligence measures to be correlated with decoding accuracy (r = .19, p
Issue Indivisibility and Time Horizons as Rationalist Explanations for War

This paper focuses on two rationalist explanations for war: issue indivisibility and time horizons. It argues that both types of bargaining problems have not only been undertheorized in the international relations literature, but that a non-trivial proportion of the violence witnessed since the end of the Cold War may be explained by these obstacles to non-violent conflict resolution. The paper includes a discussion of nationalism and religious belief and how these relate to issue indivisibility and infinite time horizons. To illustrate the key arguments, it uses the case of Russia's two most recent wars in Chechnya.
Influence of flowering phenology on seed production in smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora Loisel.)

Abstract Smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora Loisel.), a dominant salt marsh grass along the Atlantic and Gulf Coast of North America, is used extensively for reclamation and restoration of eroding coastal wetlands. Aerial seeding is both economical and practically feasible to vegetate large areas of marsh land. It can accelerate coastal restoration efforts by replacing the expensive hand planting of vegetative clones. However, unavailability of large quantities of viable seed, due to poor seed set in S. alterniflora, is a major hindrance. Our objective was to study the effect of flowering phenology on seed production in 20 native smooth cordgrass accessions collected from south Louisiana. Flowering initiated in early July and ended by middle of October, with peak flowering between early September and early October. Total florets per panicle decreased as the season progressed while the seed set and 1000-kernel weight steadily increased. Thousand-kernel weight, flowering date, and seed weight per panicle showed positive correlation with seed set, and direct effects of these traits were significant, as revealed in path-coefficient analysis. The average seed set was 47 ± 2%. The range of 0–94% provides an opportunity to identify superior lines for developing populations with improved seed production. It is evident from this study that flowering is an important determinant influencing seed set, and selection could be made for plants that flower within the peak flowering period resulting in the highest number of filled seeds with improved germination and higher kernel weight.
Extractive catalysis: Solvent effects on equilibria of enzymatic reactions in two-phase systems

Abstract Enzymatic reactions in two-phase systems are discussed with regard to the product concentrations attainable at equilibrium. Special emphasis is placed on hydrolytic reactions, the role of water, and the conditions necessary to shift equilibrium product concentrations. Equilibrium equations, in terms of partition coefficients and activities, may be used to predict product yields in reverse micelle and other two-phase systems.
Enhanced flexoelectricity through residual ferroelectricity in barium strontium titanate

Residual ferroelectricity is observed in barium strontium titanate ceramics over 30 °C above the global phase transition temperature, in the same temperature range in which anomalously large flexoelectric coefficients are reported. The application of a strain gradient leads to strain gradient-induced poling or flexoelectric poling. This was observed by the development of a remanent polarization in flexoelectric measurements, an induced d33 piezoelectric response even after the strain gradient was removed, and the production of an internal bias of 9 kV m−1. It is concluded that residual ferroelectric response considerably enhances the observed flexoelectric response.
Three-dimensional Flow of Solution in an Industry-size Hydrothermal Autoclave Subjected to Non-uniform Heating Effects of a Baffle on Flow and Temperature Separation

Hydrothermal growth takes place in a closed cylindrical container called an autoclave. Natural convection flow of an aqueous solution at a high temperature and a high pressure carries the nutrient. The high temperature growth condition and the natural convection flow are maintained by two independently controlled electrical heaters on the outside of the autoclave. In practice, the heating is circumferentially non-uniform. Many theoretical and numerical studies, however, assume axially symmetric heating conditions. This paper presents a numerical analysis of the three-dimensional heat transfer and fluid flow with a non-uniform heating condition. The analysis is based on an industry-size autoclave with an aspect ratio of 10. The non-uniform heating is introduced on the surface of the lower dissolving chamber and the upper growing chamber of an autoclave with or without a baffle at the middle height. The flow and temperature patterns are obtained. The circumferentially non-uniform surface temperature has dramatic effects on the fluid flow and therefore the temperature distribution in the bulk fluid. With a temperature deviation, the flow is three-dimensional. When only the dissolving chamber is subjected to circumferentially non-uniform heating, a baffle is essential to create a uniform growth environment in the growing chamber. Based on a parametric study, it is evident that in order to obtain high-quality single crystals wall temperature control on the growing chamber wall is more important than that on the dissolving chamber wall.
Endocardial unipolar voltage mapping to identify epicardial substrate in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia.

Background The risk and success of epicardial substrate ablation for ventricular tachycardia (VT) support the value of techniques identifying the epicardial substrate with endocardial mapping. Objective The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that endocardial unipolar voltage mapping in patients with right ventricular (RV) VT and preserved endocardial bipolar voltage abnormalities might identify the extent of epicardial bipolar voltage abnormality. Methods Using a cutoff of Results The area of epicardial unipolar voltage abnormality in all 10 group 1 patients with ARVC/D (62 ± 21 cm2) and in 9 of the 13 group 2 patients (8 with criteria for ARVC/D) (53 ± 21 cm2) was on average three times more extensive than the endocardial bipolar abnormality and correlated (r = 0.63, P Conclusion Endocardial unipolar mapping with cutoff of 5.5 mV identifies more extensive areas of epicardial bipolar signal abnormalities in patients with ARVC/D and limited endocardial VT substrate.
Baja California: Late Cretaceous Dinosaurs

Late Cretaceous dinosaurs have been discovered along the Pacific margin of Baja California. The presence of Hypacrosaurus sp. is suggestive of correlation with the Upper Edmonton Formation, Alberta. Dissimilarities between the Baja California fauna and those from contemporary units along the eastern trend of the Rocky Mountains suggest that Baja California was ecologically separated from mainland Mexico during late Campanian and early Maastrictian time.
Activation of nucleotide oligomerization domain containing protein 1 induces lipolysis through NF-κB and the lipolytic PKA activation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

Obesity is associated with chronic inflammation. Toll-like receptors (TLR) and NOD-like receptors (NLR) are two families of pattern recognition receptors that play important roles in the immune response and inflammation in adipocytes. Activation of TLR4 has been shown to stimulate lipolysis from adipose tissue or adipocytes. However, effects of activation of nucleotide-oligomerization domain containing protein 1 (NOD1), one of the prominent members of NLRs, on adipocyte lipolysis have not been studied. Here we report that NOD1 activation by the synthetic ligands (Tri-DAP and C12-iEDAP) stimulated lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in a time- and dose-dependent manner. C12-iEDAP-induced lipolysis was attenuated with NOD1 siRNA knockdown, demonstrating the specificity of the effects. Moreover, inhibition of the protein kinase A (PKA)/hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) and NF-κB pathways by the pharmacological inhibitors attenuated the lipolytic effects of C12-iEDAP. Furthermore, we show NOD1 activation induced PKA ...
Carcinoma NOS is a common histologic diagnosis and is increasing in proportion among non-small cell lung cancer histologies.

Background: Recent clinical trials have demonstrated differential survival benefit from chemotherapy regimens according to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) histology. We investigated whether the distribution of carcinoma NOS (not otherwise specified) among NSCLC cases in California have changed over time and determined the prognostic significance of carcinoma NOS. Methods: Retrospective population-based study of 175,298 NSCLC patients diagnosed histologically or cytologically from the statewide California Cancer Registry from 1989 to 2006. Results: Carcinoma NOS accounted for 22.1% of all NSCLC patients, was the most commonly diagnosed cytologically (37.0%), and had the poorest 5-year survival estimates (5.8%) and median overall survival (OS, 5 months) among all NSCLC histologies. The proportion of carcinoma NOS had increased significantly from 1989 to 2006 in both males and females, in both histologically and cytologically diagnosed NSCLC, among all four major ethnicities (whites, African American, Hispanic, and Asian), among all age categories, and among all American Joint Committee on Cancer stages. The very elderly (80+ years) had the highest proportion of carcinoma NOS and cytologically diagnosed NSCLC regardless of period of diagnosis. Cytologically diagnosed NSCLC had significantly decreased OS than histologically diagnosed NSCLC ( p p p Conclusions: Carcinoma NOS was a common histologic diagnosis, had been increasing over time among NSCLC, and carried an independent unfavorable prognosis among stage 4 NSCLC patients.
Consolidation of amorphous copper based powder by equal channel angular extrusion

Cu50Ti32Zr12Ni5Si1 gas-atomized powder was consolidated by equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE). Powder was vacuum encapsulated in copper cans and extruded at a temperature above the glass transition temperature (Tg), but below the crystallization temperature (Tx). Five samples were subjected to one extrusion pass, each with a different temperature and extrusion rate. Microstructure, thermal stability, X-ray diffraction measurements and hardness of the ECAE consolidates were examined and compared with those of the initial powder and with a conventional extrusion (CE) consolidate. All consolidates exhibit a supercooled liquid region slightly narrower than that of the starting powder. No significant crystallization peaks are observed in XRD measurements; however, changes in peak shape and the total enthalpy of crystallization in differential scanning calorimetry measurements are attributed to nanocrystallization that is not easily detected by these methods. Greater microhardness values in ECAE consolidates in comparison with the starting powder also support the probability of nanocrystallization. The brittle behavior exhibited by all consolidates is attributed to an initial high oxygen contamination of the powder (∼2000 ppm) and the possibility of crystallization due to long exposure to temperatures above Tg during consolidation. Microstructural examination of the ECAE consolidates shows significant shear deformation of the particles with one ECAE pass. The results of the present study encourage further work on the fabrication of bulk metallic glass from powder by ECAE consolidation.
A note on parts inventory and mass customization for a two-stage JIT supply chain with zero-one type of bills of materials

Mass customizing products for customers in some industries has recently been on the increase. The determination of a sequence schedule for a just-in-time supply chain with an assembly system that makes such products typically aims at minimizing variation in the usage of parts. In many cases, the bills of materials are of a 0–1 type. Based on an objective function often used for smoothing parts usage in practice, we theoretically derive a lower bound on inventory deviation, carry out some associated analyses, and provide useful insights. For example, we find that increasing the degree of mass customization tends to increase the inventory levels of relevant parts in the system. This has practical implications for managing parts with multiple variants in the above environment.
Effect of Temperature On Parasitism of Meloidogyne Incognita Eggs By Dactylella Oviparasitica

Dactylella oviparasitica had an optimum temperature for radial growth on agar of 24-27° C, but it parasitized Meloidogyne incognita eggs on agar and in soil at temperatures of 12-27°. Although egg parasitism took longer at low temperatures, the fungus became a slightly more efficient parasite as temperatures decreased below the optimum for egg production, egg development and hatch.
The interaction of polyoma virus with mouse-hamster somatic hybrid cells.

Abstract Somatic cell hybrids have been made between derivatives of the BHK hamster line and the 3T3 mouse line. Clones were isolated in which mouse and hamster chromosomes were present in different proportions over a 10-fold range. The hybrid lines were examined for their ability to support the various stages of polyoma virus multiplication and compared with the parental mouse line, which is permissive, and the parental hamster line which is nonpermissive. The ability of the hybrid lines to support viral functions was related to the abundance of chromosomes of each of the parental species. The synthesis of the polyoma T-antigen was expressed in all hybrids calculated to contain a complete mouse genome, regardless of the amount of hamster genetic material present. Hybrids possessing a single parental hamster complement were as fully permissive for all viral functions as the mouse parent. The presence of increasing amounts of hamster genetic material produced decreasing permissiveness, in some cases depressing yield of infectious virus to as low as 10−3 that of the mouse parent. However, only hybrids with very reduced mouse chromosome complements were totally nonpermissive, presumably because of the absence of essential mouse genes. In all hybrids producing a reduced viral yield, there was reduced viral DNA synthesis. If any viral DNA synthesis occurred, all later functions followed to some degree. Possible mechanisms for the effect of the hamster genome are suggested.
COMPLICATIONS OF LAPAROSCOPIC NEPHRECTOMY: THE MAYO CLINIC EXPERIENCE

ABSTRACTPurpose: We present the incidence of complications and conversions during laparoscopic nephrectomy performed for various indications and discuss methods to help prevent future complications.Materials and Methods: From June 1999 to February 2003 at our institution 285 laparoscopic nephrectomy cases were performed, consisting of 113 radical nephrectomies, 101 donor nephrectomies, 27 simple nephrectomies, 23 partial nephrectomies and 21 nephroureterectomies. We reviewed the data base of patients who underwent laparoscopic nephrectomy to examine complications and analyze factors related to conversion to an open surgical procedure.Results: Major complications occurred in 16 patients (5.6%). Major complications were surgical in 12 patients and medical in 4. Of the major surgical complications 3, 6, 1, 1 and 1 occurred during laparoscopic radical nephrectomy, donor nephrectomy, nephroureterectomy, simple nephrectomy and partial nephrectomy, respectively. The predominant major surgical complication was bl...
Reactive compatibilization of nylon 6/styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer blends. Part 1. Phase inversion behavior

Abstract The phase morphology and phase inversion behavior of nylon 6 (PA)/styrene–acrylonitrile (SAN) compatibilized blends have been studied using an imidized acrylic polymer (IA) and a styrene/acrylonitrile/maleic anhydride terpolymer (SANMA) as compatibilizers. PA/SAN blends can be considered as a simpler version of industrially important PA/ABS blends; therefore, this study is useful for the better understanding of the morphology development for PA/ABS blends with compatibilizers. Compared to binary blends of nylon 6 and SAN, addition of IA causes the phase inversion composition to shift to a higher nylon 6 volume fraction; whereas, addition of SANMA slightly changes the phase inversion composition to a lower nylon 6 volume fraction. The use of IA results in a significant increase of the nylon 6 phase viscosity due to the in situ formation of graft polymers during the melt processing; whereas, the addition of SANMA only slightly increases the nylon 6 phase viscosity. The significant change in the nylon 6 to SAN25 viscosity ratio due to the formation of PA–IA graft polymer may be partially responsible for the shift of the phase inversion composition observed as addition of IA. The method of the mixing also affects the phase inversion composition. The composition range where the nylon 6 forms a continuous phase extends to a lower nylon 6 volume fraction for blends mixed in an extruder compared to those prepared in a Brabender. The stabilization of blend morphology by formation of graft copolymers was studied for compositions near phase inversion as well as at compositions away from this region. Accordingly, it has been shown that IA does not stabilize the morphology near the phase inversion composition, but it is very effective at compositions where either of the components forms a clearly defined dispersed phase. The factors affecting the critical composition where phase inversion occurs have been established.
An overview of the ford foundation’s strategy for population work

From 1952-1968 the Ford Foundation expended $100000000 in population work. Of this about $55000000 went towards research in reproductive biology; $29000000 in training and research in the dissemination of information; and $17000000 in assistance to family planning programs. 68% of the funds have been spent in the U.S. on activities directed at developing countries; 15% in Asia 5% in Latin America 4% in the Middle East and 7% in Europe. $11600000 was given to university population centers. The Foundation has supported population and family planning programs in 26 countries in the developing world. It has also funded a few specific activities in the U.S. that have supported experimental programs intended to improve delivery of services.
Feature extraction for musical instrument recognition with application to music segmentation

The problem of musical instrument recognition is investigated and its application to music segmentation is examined in this research. We propose a new framework for extracting features, in which audio frames are not placed uniformly as done traditionally. The equal spacing method inevitably leads to the consequence that some frames may contain a transition between notes and/or two notes may be included in one frame. Then, a music frame may consist of sounds from multiple instruments. Onset detection is integrated with frame location selection in this work to mitigate this phenomenon. This new framing scheme, called onsetaware framing scheme, provides comparable or better performance as compared with traditional methods. A new histogram-based feature is also presented and used with other common features in the musical instrument classification task. Feature reduction is adopted to reduce the dimensionality of the feature space. We conduct experiments on data sets of a different size with both synthesized and real musical signals. Finally, a simple segmentation method based on the musical instrument classification is proposed and demonstrated by an example.
Prophylactic indications for vena cava filters: critical appraisal.

Vena caval filters (VCFs) were developed and initially used for therapeutic indications, primarily to prevent recurrence of pulmonary embolism (PE) or its occurrence in selected cases of deep venous thrombosis (DVT), where risk of PE was very high and anticoagulant therapy (AC Rx) was deemed ineffective, contraindicated by concurrent disease, or had to be discontinued because of complications. Prophylactic indications—where there was no DVT or PE but the risk of them was considered very high and AC Rx was contraindicated or considered ineffective—were invoked relatively infrequently at first, but when percutaneous placement became routine in the late 1980s, this indication increased steadily. The categories of patients considered at high-enough risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), albeit temporary, to justify VCF have also expanded steadily, most with little objective basis for choosing VCFs over other methods of prophylaxis. In many of these prophylactic categories, eg, patients undergoing surgery associated with a high risk of VTE, the risk is for a limited period only, until the patient is ambulatory or AC Rx can be instituted. In addition, there are potential disadvantages to leaving a permanent filter in, especially in younger patients with an extended longevity outlook and no ongoing risk of VTE. This was brought out in the PREPIC trial. This realization has, in turn, spurred interest in developing temporary or retrievable filters for short-term prophylactic use. No design has yet proven entirely satisfactory for this purpose, but the practice of placing such filters for prophylactic indications has steadily grown, using available devices. This article critically reviews these trends, suggests directions for future developments, and recommends necessary studies on which to base the practice of prophylactic VCF use.
An MHC Class II Disparity Raises the Threshold for Tolerance Induction in Pulmonary Allografts in Miniature Swine

Abstract Objectives The mechanisms and treatment of chronic rejection in pulmonary allotransplantation remain elusive. We have induced robust tolerance to class I-disparate lung allografts in miniature swine using an intensive 12-day course of tacrolimus. Here, we tested whether a tolerant state can be induced in swine receiving fully mismatched lung allografts. Methods Orthotopic left lung allografts were performed using MHC class I-disparate (group 1: n = 3) or fully disparate (group 2: n = 6) donors. The recipients received a 12-day postoperative course of tacrolimus (continuous intravenous infusion; target level = 35–50 ng/mL) as their only immunosuppression. Results All swine in group 1 maintained their grafts long term without developing any lesions of chronic rejection (>497, >432, >451 days). These recipients exhibited donor-specific hyporesponsiveness in cell-mediated lymphocytotoxity (CML) and mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assays. In group 2, five of the six recipients maintained their grafts long term (sacrificed on postoperative days 515, 389, 429, 481, and 438 with viable grafts). Isolated lesions of obliterative bronchiolitis were occasionally seen on biopsy, and donor-specific hyporesponsiveness on assays was consistently observed. The remaining recipient rejected its graft on day 103 with histologic findings of obliterative bronchiolitis. Conclusions We report long-term graft acceptance without chronic immunosuppression in five of six recipients across a full MHC disparity, albeit with some evidence of obliterative bronchiolitis. These data suggest that the class II disparity inherent in a fully mismatched transplant increases the requirement for tolerance induction.
Alpine-type sensu strictu(ophiolitic) peridotites: Refractory residues from partial melting or igneous sediments? A contribution to the discussion of the paper: “The origin of ultramafic and ultrabasic rocks” by P.J. Wyllie

Abstract Although Alpine peridotites and basaltic lavas are widely associated in eugeosynclines and oceanic areas, their genetic ties are obscure. Three major characteristics of olivine-rich Alpine peridotite and dunite—relict cumulus textures, aggregated masses of chromitite, and intimate association with magnesium-rich gabbro — cannot be explained by partial melting of garnet peridotite to form tholeiite. Association of magnesium-rich gabbro with the chromite-bearing and so-called high-temperature Alpine peridotites is believed to present problems that have not been considered by advocates of the partial-melting hypothesis. The chromite-bearing Alpine peridotites and related feldspathic rocks are believed to have formed near the top of the mantle by gravitational differentiation processes which are largely independent of the melting processes that produce basaltic magma at depths of 50 km or more.
Increasing Wnt signaling in the bone marrow microenvironment inhibits the development of myeloma bone disease and reduces tumor burden in bone in vivo

There is increasing evidence to suggest that the Wnt signaling pathway plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of myeloma bone disease. In the present study, we determined whether increasing Wnt signaling within the bone marrow microenvironment in myeloma counteracts development of osteolytic bone disease. C57BL/KaLwRij mice were inoculated intravenously with murine 5TGM1 myeloma cells, resulting in tumor growth in bone and development of myeloma bone disease. Lithium chloride (LiCl) treatment activated Wnt signaling in osteoblasts, inhibited myeloma bone disease, and decreased tumor burden in bone, but increased tumor growth when 5TGM1 cells were inoculated subcutaneously. Abrogation of β-catenin activity and disruption of Wnt signaling in 5TGM1 cells by stable overexpression of a dominant-negative TCF4 prevented the LiCl-induced increase in subcutaneous growth but had no effect on LiCl-induced reduction in tumor burden within bone or on osteolysis in myeloma-bearing mice. Together, these data highlight the importance of the local microenvironment in the effect of Wnt signaling on the development of myeloma bone disease and demonstrate that, despite a direct effect to increase tumor growth at extraosseous sites, increasing Wnt signaling in the bone marrow microenvironment can prevent the development of myeloma bone disease and inhibit myeloma growth within bone in vivo.
Substituent effects on the disproportionation-combination rate constant ratios for gas-phase halocarbon radicals. II. Reactions of •CF3 +CF3CH2CH2• and CF3CH2CH2• + CF3CH2CH2•

Rate constant ratios, kd/kc for the disproportionation/combination reaction have been measured as 0.07 ± 0.02 when an H is removed from the CH2 position of the CF3CH2CHCH3 radical and as 0.24 ± 0.03 when the H is removed from the CH3 position in the reaction with the CF3 radical. For the self-reaction between two CF3CH2CHCH3 radicals, kd/kc has been measured as 0.27 ± 0.03 when the H is removed from the CH2 position and as 0.47 ± 0.04 when the H is removed from the CH3 position. The branching fraction, corrected for the number of hydrogens at each site, is 0.70 favoring the methyl position when the acceptor radical is CF3 and 0.54 when CF3CH2CHCH3 is the acceptor radical. Branching fraction results show that the CF3 substituent on the CF3CH2CHCH3 radical hinders disproportionation when CF3 is the acceptor radical. When the accepting radical is CF3CH2CHCH3 the CF3 substituent may slightly impede the disproportionation reaction, but the branching ratio is nearly statistical. The effect of substituents on the donor radical, CF3CH2CHX, will be discussed for the series X = H, CF3, Cl, and CH3 when the acceptor radical is CF3. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 33: 549–557, 2001
Harmful algal blooms: causes, impacts and detection

Blooms of autotrophic algae and some heterotrophic protists are increasingly frequent in coastal waters around the world and are collectively grouped as harmful algal blooms (HABs). Blooms of these organisms are attributed to two primary factors: natural processes such as circulation, upwelling relaxation, and river flow; and, anthropogenic loadings leading to eutrophication. Unfortunately, the latter is commonly assumed to be the primary cause of all blooms, which is not the case in many instances. Moreover, although it is generally acknowledged that occurrences of these phenomena are increasing throughout the world's oceans, the reasons for this apparent increase remain debated and include not only eutrophication but increased observation efforts in coastal zones of the world. There is a rapidly advancing monitoring effort resulting from the perception of increased impacts from these HABs, manifested as expanding routine coastal monitoring programs, rapid development and deployment of new detection methods for individual species, toxins, and toxicities, and expansion of coastal modeling activities towards observational forecasts of bloom landfall and eventually bloom prediction. Together, these many efforts will provide resource managers with the tools needed to develop effective strategies for the management and mitigation of HABs and their frequently devastating impacts on the coastal environment.
Obesity-related differences in neural correlates of force control

Greater body segment mass due to obesity has shown to impair gross and fine motor functions and reduce balance control. While recent studies suggest that obesity may be linked with altered brain functions involved in fine motor tasks, this association is not well investigated. The purpose of this study was to examine the neural correlates of motor performance in non-obese and obese adults during force control of two upper extremity muscles. Nine non-obese and eight obese young adults performed intermittent handgrip and elbow flexion exertions at 30 % of their respective muscle strengths for 4 min. Functional near infrared spectroscopy was employed to measure neural activity in the prefrontal cortex bilaterally, joint steadiness was computed using force fluctuations, and ratings of perceived exertions (RPEs) were obtained to assess perceived effort. Obesity was associated with higher force fluctuations and lower prefrontal cortex activation during handgrip exertions, while RPE scores remained similar across both groups. No obesity-related differences in neural activity, force fluctuation, or RPE scores were observed during elbow flexion exertions. The study is one of the first to examine obesity-related differences on prefrontal cortex activation during force control of the upper extremity musculature. The study findings indicate that the neural correlates of motor activity in the obese may be muscle-specific. Future work is warranted to extend the investigation to monitoring multiple motor-function related cortical regions and examining obesity differences with different task parameters (e.g., longer duration, increased precision demands, larger muscles, etc.).
The determinants of protein catabolism in neonates on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Abstract Background/Purpose: Protein catabolism appears to be markedly elevated among neonates on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of dietary caloric intake on protein catabolism in neonates on ECMO to help construct therapies that may promote anabolism. Methods: Twelve total parenteral nutrition (TPN)-fed (88.1 ± 5.0 [SE] kcal/kg/d; range, 60 to 113 kcal/kg/d; 2.3 ± 0.2 g/kg/d protein) neonates were studied on ECMO at day of life 7.2 ± 0.8 d. Protein kinetics were determined using infusions of NaH 13 CO 3 and 1-[ 13 C]leucine. Results: As expected, C-reactive protein levels were significantly elevated compared with normal controls (44.0 ± 7.6 mg/L v 1.9 ± 1.1 mg/L; P r = −0.88, P r = 0.85, P r = 0.73, P r = 0.72, P r = 0.66, P 2 production rate ( r = 0.73, P Conclusions: A surplus of dietary caloric intake does not improve protein catabolism and merely increases CO 2 production in these highly stressed neonates. Thus, judicious caloric supplementation is warranted.
Autoregulation of glucose in the isolated perfused rat liver.

Abstract Glucose utilization and production by the isolated perfused rat liver have been examined under a variety of conditions. Rat livers perfused with 20 m m lactate and increasing glucose concentrations from 3 to 55 m m come to a point of equilibrium at which glucose production equals glucose utilization. This occurs with an initial glucose concentration of about 12 m m in the normal fasted rat and 20 m m in the alloxan diabetic. An increase in glucose utilization was observed in livers from diabetic rats with initial perfusate glucose concentrations greater than 30 m m . Such a response is not consistent with the properties of any of the known enzyme systems that convert glucose to glucose-6-phosphate. Further, it has been observed that in prolonged fasting glucose utilization is not depressed to the extent that glucokinase activity is decreased. Although glucose utilization by the normal rat liver would appear to be regulated by glucokinase, alterations observed in alloxan diabetes and prolonged fasting are not consistent with phosphorylation by this enzyme.
A case against the single‐sample repeated‐measures experiment

This article attempts to defend the thesis that the disadvantages of single‐sample repeated‐measures experiments outweigh the advantages and that they should be avoided unless explicit substantive considerations require them.
Case-control study of risk factors for partial molar pregnancy.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to identify risk factors for partial molar pregnancy from a woman's general, reproductive, and dietary history. STUDY DESIGN: Sixyt-five women with pathologically confirmed partial molar pregnancy were interviewed, and their experiences were compared with those of 130 age-matched control women who had successfully completed a pregnancy with delivery of a live infant at the same hospital during the same calendar period. RESULTS: Multivariate analysis revealed that exposures which independently and significantly predicted increased risk for partial molar pregnancy included irregular cycles, pregnancy histories including only male infants among prior live births, and oral contraceptive use for >4 years. Dietary factors previously postulated for complete molar pregnancy including protein, fat, vitamin A, or carotene were found not to be related to risk for partial molar pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Epidemiologic patterns for complete and partial molar pregnancies appear to differ somewhat; risk for partial mole is associated with reproductive history but not dietary factors.
Trichloroethyl esters as derivatives for gas chromatography with electron capture detection

Abstract Esters of 2,2,2-trichloroethanol were studied as derivatives for gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The ester derivatives of ten model benzenoid carboxylic acid were prepared and characterized. Good gas chromatographic development of these compounds was observed and their separation was achieved on a 3% OV-17 column. A rapid and quantitative esterification technique was developed for small scale preparation based on reaction with 2,2,2-trichloroethanol in trifluoroacetic anhydride. The trichloroethyl esters were found to be sensitively measured with a nickel-63 electron capture detector.
MATURATION, REPRODUCTION, AND GROWTH OF Penaeus vannamei AND P. stylirostris FED NATURAL DIETS

A variety of natural foods have been reported to induce ovarian maturation of penaeid shrimp. In this study, conducted from 19 June to 11 September 1980, four single-food diets (clams, shrimp, squid, and worms) and one composite diet consisting of all four foods were fed to Penaeus vannamei in 3.7-m diameter indoor circular tanks. The shrimp, averaging 28 g, were stocked at a rate of 6.9 m-2 with a 1:1 male to female ratio. Unilateral eyestalk ablation was performed on half of the females in each tank. Tanks received one turnover of water volume daily and the water temperature and salinity averaged 27.0°C and 28.6 ppt, respectively. Daily photoperiod was maintained at 13 hours of light. Ovarian maturation, spawning, molting rate, and survival were monitored daily and growth and gonad size were measured at termination. The composite diet was the best overall diet, while squid was the best single-food diet, followed by shrimp, worms, and clams. No maturation of unablated females was observed with the exception of one female that developed to stage 3. Although the size of the shrimp was considered marginal for spawning, 5 mated females were observed, but only one (squid treatment) produced viable nauplii. After termination of this study, all shrimp were fed the composite diet for 41 days. During this period, ovarian maturation and spawning occurred in the previously unproductive treatment receiving only clams, and growth rate of shrimp in all previously single-food treatments increased 4 to 7 fold. The composite diet was also fed to two tanks of P. stylirostris (mean initial weight = 45.4 g) for a period of 118 days. During that time, 50 spawns were obtained with up to 3 spawns per female. A total of 4.3 × 105P. stylirostris nauplii were produced.
Hypothermia is critical for survival during prolonged insulin-induced hypoglycemia in rats

Hypothermia is a well-known concomitant of hypoglycemia in mammals. We tested the hypothesis that this hypothermia is an important adaptive response to hypoglycemia in 11 normal Sprague-Dawley rats. Twelve-hour fasted, conscious animals received primed, continuous insulin infusions for up to 8 hours. Plasma glucose was clamped between 30 and 40 mg/dL and core body temperature was monitored continuously during the insulin infusions. Five of the animals were maintained in a room temperature environment (22 to 24 degrees C) during the hypoglycemia; all became hypothermic (mean +/- SE nadir core temperature, 31 +/- 0.5 degrees C). Spontaneous activity was reduced in these animals, but they remained conscious and responsive to external stimuli. All five returned to normal behavior after euglycemia was restored at the end of the insulin infusions. In the remaining six animals, hypothermia was prevented during hypoglycemia by warming of the air in their cages (mean of hourly core temperatures, 37 +/- 0.1 degrees C). None of these animals survived more than 7 hours. The severity of the hypoglycemia was no greater in the euthermic than in the hypothermic group, as judged by the mean of individual nadir plasma glucose levels (25 +/- 1 v 24 +/- 1 mg/dl, respectively) and by the mean number of glucose values per animal that were less than 30 mg/dL (2 +/- 1 v 7 +/- 1). Plasma osmolality did not change significantly in either group during the period of hypoglycemia, suggesting that dehydration was not the cause of death in the euthermic animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Developmental differences in the influence of orthographic and phonological information in visual word recognition

In a modified Stroop colour-naming task, words which were semantically unassociated with the colour names, but which shared sound and spelling characteristics with those names, produced Stroop-like facilitation and inhibition in groups of college students, 12- and 8-year-olds. When the stimulus words rhymed with the colour names but were orthographically dissimilar, effects were observed only for the 8-year-olds. The pattern of results suggests that phonological and orthographic characteristics of a word are available rapidly enough, in visual word recognition, to affect colour naming. For older subjects, the pattern of effects is consistent with lexical priming. For the younger subjects, the effects are attributed to the continued influence of grapheme-phoneme translation rules in establishing production codes for word naming.
Spatial mask and diffusion filtering in surveillance video compression

A surveillance-centric video compression algorithm is discussed that exploits a background model, motion estimation, truncated difference correction, and entropy encoding. The algorithm's architecture allows tradeoffs between image quality and compression to target regions of salient activity. A set of window-based filters and heat diffusion PDEs is examined for impact on compression ratio and signal quality. Results show that filtering techniques are effective at reducing certain contributions to the data stream with minimal impact on image quality. Results from other compression codecs are included for comparison. The test set comprises a diverse range of surveillance scenes featuring vehicular and pedestrian traffic.