cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Basal cell carcinoma of the lip.

T HE basal cell carcinoma is a locally malignant tumor frequently occurring on the face and characterized by the appearance of a slow-growing, painless nodule usually having a pearly gleam and being well circumscribed. It may develop on a previous area of hyperkeratosis or from apparently normal skin. Frequently, areas of ulceration appear which fail to heal, forming a scale over the surface which can be picked off, only to expose a raw surface again. This process may occur over a period of many years in the more slowly growing lesions, One type of basal cell carcinoma is believed to develop from the epithelium of hair follicles, and the tumor microscopically shows a characteristic picture. Although growth may be slow with no tendency to metastasize, the tumor may invade deeper structures and completely erode soft tissues, cartilage, and bone, and if not excised may cause the death of the patient by invasion of contiguous structures. F. D., a 71-year-old retired business man, presented himself to the Tufts College Dental Clinic on Nov. 29,1950, with a chief complaint of an ulcer of the lower lip which failed to heal. Four years prior to this time, a scaly area appeared on his lip which was painless and which he picked off. This left a raw surface which eventually crusted over. He picked the crust off again, and the same process repeated itself. This occurred over several years, during which time the lesion never completely healed. This area grew in size and became indurated, and he finally presented himself for treatment. Physical examination at the time revealed a 1 by 1 cm., hard, bluish, pearly, nontender, noninflamed, ulcerated area of the left side of the lip, which had rolled edges with an ulcerated crater in the center (Fig. 1). There was no evidence of senile keratosis elsewhere on his face, and all other structures appeared normal. A clinical diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma was made, and an excision biopsy was performed. On Nov. 30, 1950, the left side of the patient’s face was prepared and draped. Xylocaine, 0.5 C.C. of a 2 per cent solution, with 1 :lOO,OOO epinephrine, was injected int,o the area to be operatecl upon. By means of a scalpel, an elliptical incision was made which completely skirted the lesion on the surface. This was carved deep through the subcutaneous tissues to the triangularis and quadratus labii inferioris muscles. This section was removed, and clinically there was an adequate margin of normal tissue on the periphery and at the depth of the incision. The skin and subcutaneous tissues were then undermined for a distance of about 2.5 cm. around the entire periphery for mobilization of the skin surface. Bleeding was not a factor, and the skin edges were
Thickness dependence of the crystallization process of wedge-shaped Zr70Cu27.5Rh2.5 metallic glass prepared by ion milling

Abstract Crystallization happens when metallic glass is annealed at elevated temperature. It has been believed that the crystallization process is primarily determined by the metallic glass composition with no report and expectation that it may depend on the physical dimension. In the present work, in situ annealing experiment was performed on a Zr 70 Cu 27.5 Rh 2.5 metallic glass under transmission electron microscopy observation. The specimen is prepared by ion milling and is wedge-shaped with its edge thin enough to be transparent for 200 keV electrons. At annealing condition well beyond that required for full crystallization for the regular ribbons, crystallization was not observed in areas with thickness of approximately 250 nm while crystalline grains in the thin and thick neighboring areas were observed.
Computational fluid dynamics characterization of blood flow in central aorta to pulmonary artery connections: importance of shunt angulation as a determinant of shear stress-induced thrombosis.

The central aortic shunt, consisting of a Gore-Tex (polytetrafluoroethylene) tube (graft) connecting the ascending aorta to the pulmonary artery, is a palliative operation for neonates with cyanotic congenital heart disease. These tubes often have an extended length, and therefore must be angulated to complete the connection to the posterior pulmonary arteries. Thrombosis of the graft is not uncommon and can be life-threatening. We have shown that a viscous fluid (such as blood) traversing a curve or bend in a small-caliber vessel or conduit can give rise to marked increases in wall shear stress, which is the major mechanical factor responsible for vascular thrombosis. Thus, the objective of this study was to use computational fluid dynamics to investigate whether wall shear stress (and shear rate) generated in angulated central aorta-to-pulmonary artery connections, in vivo, can be of magnitude and distribution to initiate platelet activation/aggregation, ultimately leading to thrombus formation. Anatomical features required to construct the computer-simulated blood flow pathways were verified from angiograms of central aortic shunts in patients. For the modeled central aortic shunts, we found wall shear stresses of (80–200 N/m2), with shear rates of (16,000–40,000/s), at sites of even modest curvature, to be high enough to cause platelet-mediated shunt thrombosis. The corresponding energy losses for the fluid transitions through the aorta-to-pulmonary connections constituted (70 %) of the incoming flow’s mechanical energy. The associated velocity fields within these shunts exhibited vortices, eddies, and flow stagnation/recirculation, which are thrombogenic in nature and conducive to energy dissipation. Angulation-induced, shear stress-mediated shunt thrombosis is insensitive to aspirin therapy alone. Thus, for patients with central aortic shunts of longer length and with angulation, aspirin alone will provide insufficient protection against clotting. These patients are at risk for shunt thrombosis and significant morbidity and mortality, unless their anticoagulation regimen includes additional antiplatelet medications.
Sickling hemoglobin polymerization in iguana erythrocytes.

Abstract 1. 1. Polymerized hemoglobin in the cytoplasm and nuclei of erythrocytes from iguana (Cyclura cornuta and Cyclura figgensi) form fibers like those of sickled cells in some mammals. 2. 2. Sickling is greater in C. cornuta than in C. figgensi and is promoted by O2 or N2 while pH has no effect. 3. 3. Iguana hemoglobins crystallize readily and are insoluble in phosphate buffers. 1.12-2.57 M. 4. 4. Electrophoresis in an alkaline buffer revealed 2 hemoglobins in all animals, with an identical slowly migrating one in both species and a faster one which moves more rapidly in C. cornuta than in C. figgensi.
Microwave observations of Saturn's rings: anisotropy in directly transmitted and scattered saturnian thermal emission

Abstract We present a new Very Large Array (VLA) image of Saturn, made from data taken in October 1998 at a wavelength of λ 3.6 cm. The moderate ring opening angle ( B ≈15°) allows us to explore direct transmission of microwave photons through the A and C rings. We find a strong asymmetry of photons transmitted through the A ring, but not in the C ring, a new diagnostic of wake structure in the ring particles. We also find a weak asymmetry between east and west for the far side of the ansae. To facilitate quantitative comparison between dynamic models of the A ring and radio observations, we extend our Monte Carlo radiative transfer code (described in Dunn et al., 2002, Icarus 160, 132–160) to include idealized wakes. We show the idealized model can reproduce the properties of dynamic simulations in directly transmitted light. We examine the model behavior in directly transmitted and scattered light over a range of physical and geometric wake parameters. Finally, we present a wake model with a plausible set of physical parameters that quantitatively reproduces the observed intensity and asymmetry of the A ring both across the planet and in the ansae.
Child characteristics and successful use of housing vouchers: Estimates from the moving to opportunity demonstration

Abstract Voucher‐based programs have become the most common form of housing assistance for low‐income families in the United States, yet only a slim majority of households that are offered vouchers actually move with them. This article uses data from 2,938 households in the Moving to Opportunity demonstration program to examine whether child characteristics influence the probability that a household will successfully use a housing voucher to lease‐up. Our results suggest that while many child characteristics have little bearing on the use of housing vouchers, child health, behavioral, and educational problems, particularly the presence of multiple problems in a household, do have an influence. Households with two or more child problems are 7 percentage points less likely to move than those who have none of these problems or only one. Results suggest that such families may need additional support to benefit from housing vouchers or alternative types of affordable housing units.
Early prenatal development of the human precommissural septum

The development of the septum was studied in human embryos and fetuses ranging from 8 to 24.5 weeks of menstrual age (22.2 to 216 mm crown-rump length). Neuroblasts migrating from the ventricular layer of the ventromedial hemispheric wall form a narrow intermediate layer that constitutes the primordial septum (8 weeks). Only a primordial nucleus of the diagonal band is identifiable within the gradually enlarging primordial septum at early stages. By 10 weeks the primordial septum is subdivided into medial and lateral zones. At 11.5 weeks well-defined medial nuclei and the nucleus of the diagonal band are evident within the medial zone. Differentiation within the lateral zone occurs by 12.5 weeks with the appearance of nucleus lateralis pars interna. Nucleus dorsalis is developing in the lateral zone by 14.5 weeks and, by 15.5 weeks, well-defined nuclei are present throughout the lateral zone. Further neuronal maturation and conformational changes result in the nearly adult appearance of the septum in older fetuses. Although a definite mediolateral differentiation-gradient occurs, individual nuclei appear to differentiate along their own longitudinal gradient. Evidence presented suggests that the earliest fibers within the primordial septum are related to the tuberculum olfactorium and the medial forebrain bundle, that septohippocampal fibers appear at 10 weeks, hippocamposeptal fibers by 11.5 weeks, and that, later, stria terminalis fibers develop. The suggested developmental relationships of the septum with the hypothalamus (and brainstem), tuberculum, hippocampus, and amygdala emphasizes its role as an internode in the limbic system.
Free-Carrier Magneto-Microwave Kerr Effect in Semiconductors

The free-carrier magneto-Kerr effect is analyzed in terms of $R$, the amplitude ratio of the two orthogonal linearly polarized components of the reflected wave, and $\ensuremath{\delta}$, the phase difference between these two components. Equations relating $R$ and $\ensuremath{\delta}$ to the elements of the magnetoconductivity tensor are presented for the plane-wave case and the T${\mathrm{E}}_{11}$ mode in a circular waveguide. Simple approximate expressions for $R$ and $\ensuremath{\delta}$ are given for the high-loss case where $\frac{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{s}}{\ensuremath{\omega}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{s}}\ensuremath{\gg}1$, ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{H}}B\ensuremath{\ll}1$, and $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\ll}1$ (${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{s}=\mathrm{z}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{d}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{y}$; ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{s}=\mathrm{static}\mathrm{dielectric}\mathrm{constant}$; ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{H}}=\mathrm{Hall}\mathrm{mobility}$; $\ensuremath{\tau}=\mathrm{scattering}\mathrm{time}$). These approximate expressions are compared with curves computed from the more complex expressions. The effect of multiple reflections within the semiconductor is considered. Experimental data for $R$ and $\ensuremath{\delta}$ as functions of magnetic flux density and resistivity are presented for $n$-type germanium, $n$- and $p$-type silicon, and $n$-type indium antimonide at room temperature for the T${\mathrm{E}}_{11}$ mode in a circular waveguide. It is found experimentally that the T${\mathrm{E}}_{11}$-mode analysis of the magneto-Kerr effect applies equally well to samples placed inside the circular waveguide and to those abutting on the end of the waveguide. Data on one $n$-type germanium and one $n$-type indium antimonide crystal are presented for temperatures between about 100 and 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The effect of surface treatment on the measurements is also discussed.
Interactions between root pathogens and soil microarthropods

Abstract Major biotic components of the rhizosphere include the microflora and the micro/mesofauna which, through their complex interactions, create an environment that may be either conductive or suppressive to plant growth, health and function. Many species of the Protozoa, free-living nematodes, and microarthropods (Acarina and Collembola) are microphagous or specifically mycophagous and capable of modifying the natural rhizosphere microflora. Recently, the potential of these animals as plant-pathogen deterrents has been recognized. Rhizosphere-inhabiting collembolans, Proisotoma minuta Tullberg and Onychiurus encarpatus Denis, grazed preferentially upon the cotton-seedling pathogen Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn in the presence of three well-known biological control fungi, Laetisaria arvalis Bierdsall, Trichoderma harzianum Rifai and Gliocladium virens Miller et al. Subsequent tests showed that the insects in populations of 1000–2000 kg−1 soil, suppressed R. solani significantly and cotton-seedling disease and, when integrated with each of the biocontrol fungi, disease control was further enhanced. Biocontrol value of the Collembola is being assessed in the light of certain potentially adverse effects on plants.
Enhanced stress responsivity of tourette syndrome patients undergoing lumbar puncture

Tourette's syndrome (TS) is a complex inherited neuropsychiatric disorder that is characterized by multiple motor and phonic tics. Stress-related fluctuations in symptom severity and medication responsiveness are common, and patients often report that tics are worsened by fatigue, emotional trauma, and anxiety. We examined the effects of lumbar puncture (LP) stress on plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol, urinary catecholamines, and self- and clinician ratings of anxiety in 13 medication-free TS patients and 10 normal controls, ages 17 to 41 years. The TS patients secreted significantly more ACTH than the normal controls in response to the stress of the lumbar puncture. Compared to the controls the TS patients had significantly greater postLP mean and postLP peak ACTH levels. The TS patients also excreted significantly more norepinephrine in the 20 hr preceding the lumbar puncture and reported higher levels of anxiety before and during the procedure than the controls. In addition, urinary norepinephrine excretion of the TS patients was significantly correlated with clinician ratings of tic severity. The results were not related to current levels of depression and anxiety. Taken together, these findings suggest that a subset of TS patients may be characterized by heightened reactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and related noradrenergic sympathetic systems.
Zur Frage der tuberkulösen Erstinfektion in der Kriegsmarine

Die seit dem Weltkriege sich vollziehende Verschiebung der tuberkulosen Erstinfektion in das jugendliche Erwachsenenalter findet ihren charakteristischen Niederschlag in klinischen Formenkreisen, die man fruher vorwiegend dem Kindesalter zuzuordnen pflegte. Unter den jungen Marinesoldaten unseres Krankengutes beobachtet man eine beachtenswerte Haufung von akuten Kleinkinderformen der Tuberkulose, die sich als frische Hilusdrusentuberkulosen, hamatogene Fruhstreuungen, akute Miliartuberkulosen, und kasige Pneumonien manifestieren. Durch Mitteilung von 4 Fallen, die fruhsekundaren Entwicklungsreihen angehoren und nach rontgenologischen und anatomischen Kriterien Zeichen alterer Infektionen vermissen lassen, wird darauf hingewiesen, das eine nicht unbedeutende Anzahl dieser fur junge Soldaten typischen phthisischen Verlaufsformen als unmittelbare Folge spater Primarinfektionen anzusprechen ist.
Lower respiratory infections and potential complications in athletes

A review and synthesis of recently published literature regarding lower respiratory infections in athletes was conducted. Diagnosis and treatment of common etiologies, specifically acute bronchitis, pneumonia, and influenza, are examined and discussed. In addition, potential complications, including spontaneous pneumothorax, bronchiectasis, hemoptysis, and acute respiratory failure that may result from inadequate diagnosis and treatment, are addressed. Criteria for allowing athletes to return to play were reviewed and current accepted guidelines for return to activity are discussed.
Photoinduced Rydberg Ionization (PIRI) Spectroscopy of the B̃ State of the Fluorobenzene Cation

Vibrationally resolved PIRI spectra of the B state of the fluorobenzene cation via the origin, 16a, 6b, and 11 vibrational modes in the ground ionic state require a reassignment of the accepted state symmetry. On the basis of lower resolution studies, the B ← X transition has been previously assigned as an electronically forbidden 2B2 ← 2B1 transition. Vibrational analyses of the spectra observed via various ground-state nonsymmetric vibrations, particularly from the 16a vibrational mode, unambiguously locate the origin of the transition at 21 075 cm-1, resulting in the reassignment of the ionic state as 2B1. Ab initio calculations, while not conclusive, also suggest that the B ← X transition is an allowed π to π transition.
Reduction of elevated CSF beta-endorphin by fenfluramine in infantile autism.

Abstract Fenfluramine therapy has been reported to improve behavior in infantile autism and has been associated with a decrease in abnormally increased blood serotonin content. The primary central effect has not been proved to be serotonergic. Beta-endorphin is involved in the anorexic effect of fenfluramine and may play a role in autism. Nine children with infantile autism were treated with fenfluramine in double-blind, placebocrossover design. Transient anorexia was the only adverse effect. Autistic behavior was reported to improve in three patients, but objective psychometric tests were unchanged. Beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity was determined in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid of patients during and before or after treatment with fenfluramine and then was compared to normal controls. Beta-endorphin was elevated significantly in the baseline autistic group ( p
Analysis of a baculovirus lacking a functional viral fibroblast growth factor homolog

Baculoviruses encode fibroblast growth factor (vfgf) homologs whose function during virus infection is unknown. We constructed a recombinant bacmid of Autographa californica M nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) lacking a functional vfgf and characterized it in two insect cell lines. The kinetics of budded virus production were similar in the parental and vfgf-deficient viruses in both cell lines at both high and low multiplicities of infection. In addition, no obvious differences were observed between the mutant and parental viruses in protein or DNA synthesis. Finally, coinfection of vfgf-containing and -deficient viruses and passage for several generations did not reveal a consistent growth advantage for either virus.
Combination of two candidate subunit vaccine antigens elicits protective immunity to ricin and anthrax toxin in mice

In an effort to develop combination vaccines for biodefense, we evaluated a ricin subunit antigen, RiVax, given in conjunction with an anthrax protective antigen, DNI. The combination led to high endpoint titer antibody response, neutralizing antibodies, and protective immunity against ricin and anthrax lethal toxin. This is a natural combination vaccine, since both antigens are recombinant subunit proteins that would be given to the same target population.
Hydroethidine- and MitoSOX-derived red fluorescence is not a reliable indicator of intracellular superoxide formation: Another inconvenient truth

Hydroethidine (HE; or dihydroethidium) is the most popular fluorogenic probe used for detecting intracellular superoxide radical anion. The reaction between superoxide and HE generates a highly specific red fluorescent product, 2-hydroxyethidium (2-OH-E(+)). In biological systems, another red fluorescent product, ethidium, is also formed, usually at a much higher concentration than 2-OH-E(+). In this article, we review the methods to selectively detect the superoxide-specific product (2-OH-E(+)) and the factors affecting its levels in cellular and biological systems. The most important conclusion of this review is that it is nearly impossible to assess the intracellular levels of the superoxide-specific product, 2-OH-E(+), using confocal microscopy or other fluorescence-based microscopic assays and that it is essential to measure by HPLC the intracellular HE and other oxidation products of HE, in addition to 2-OH-E(+), to fully understand the origin of red fluorescence. The chemical reactivity of mitochondria-targeted hydroethidine (Mito-HE, MitoSOX red) with superoxide is similar to the reactivity of HE with superoxide, and therefore, all of the limitations attributed to the HE assay are applicable to Mito-HE (or MitoSOX) as well.
Where is the facilitation of media violence: The effects of nonexposure and placement of anger arousal

Abstract The present study examined the conditions under which media violence would “facilitate” aggression in angered individuals. It was noted that previous research has lacked support for facilitation due to improper control groups. It was predicted, based upon evidence that aggressive and neutral films are capable of both arousing a subject and shifting his attention away from previous anger instigation (attentional shift), that only under a condition where an aggressive film is viewed prior to anger arousal will increased aggression occur if compared to a no-film control. It was found that when subjects were angered prior to film exposure, netural films reduced aggression, with aggressive films not differing from a no-film control. Under subsequent anger arousal, however, there was a facilitation for aggressive film exposure. The implication of this, and other recent media violence studies, for past and future research in the area of media violence and aggression is discussed.
Intractable frontal lobe epilepsy: Pathological and MRI features

The clinical, pathological, and at least one year follow-up of 48 patients with intractable frontal lobe partial epilepsy who underwent surgical treatment for their seizure disorder were reviewed. The group consisted of 27 males and 21 females. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was normal (26 patients), demonstrated focal frontal lobe (16 patients) or multilobar signal abnormalities (6 patients). Postoperatively patients were divided into one of four groups based upon the degree of seizure activity (Class I: seizure free, Class IV: little to no improvement, Classes II/III: intermediate). Eight patients with tumors (low grade gliomas) were Class I (N = 6) or Class II (N = 2) postoperatively. The remaining six patients with focal, completely resected pathological lesions (e.g. tubers, contusions, etc.) also had Class I or Class II outcomes. Of the 31 patients with the pathological diagnosis of gliosis, the outcome was dependent on the MRI appearance. Preoperative MRI scans of these patients were normal (N = 23), or had focal frontal lobe (N = 2) or multilobar (N = 6) abnormalities. The gliosis patients with unilateral frontal MRI lesions had a good outcome (Class I or II) while those with multilobar MRI abnormalities were all Class IV. Successful outcome correlated strongly with both focal frontal lobe MRI and pathological abnormalities in contrast to the less favorable results seen in patients with normal head MRI scans and gliosis or no pathological abnormality on pathological examination. Multilobar MRI abnormalities invariably had the poorest outcome of all patient groups. Thus presurgical MRI is an important tool and predictor of surgical outcome in patients with frontal lobe epilepsy.
Population genomics: a new generation of genome scans to bridge the gap with functional genomics

Population genomics is an increasingly popular approach to investigate the genetic basis of adaptation and speciation at the genome scale. However, it has so far largely failed to go beyond the mere identification of anonymous markers displaying selection signatures. Will population genomics ever be up to our expectations and able to really pinpoint genes underlying adaptation and speciation processes? In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Namroud et al. use population genomics to investigate local adaptation in natural populations of a conifer tree, the white spruce (Picea glauca). They show how population and functional genomics can finally converge with the deployment of the next generation of genome scans, which target gene-rich regions rather than the whole genome.
Recognition of melanoma: A dermatologic clinical competency in medical student education

Background Non-dermatologist physicians are well positioned for opportunistic melanoma detection; however, education in the skin cancer examination is limited during medical school and traditionally lecture-based. Simulating melanoma cases provides a means to demonstrate whether proficiency in knowledge and recognition of melanoma images translates into improved clinical skill. Objective To evaluate medical student recognition and appropriate response to a prosthetic melanoma placed on a standardized patient (SP) during a simulated clinical encounter. Methods In this pilot study, prosthetic mimics of melanoma were placed on the backs of SPs unbeknownst to a convenience sample of 59 second-year medical students. The study took place during clinical skills practice sessions with SPs conducted from February to April 2010 at Mount Sinai School of Medicine (New York, NY). SPs presented with non-dermatologic chief complaints typical for an acute office visit. All students had the opportunity to attend a lecture on the clinical signs of melanoma 2 to 4 months earlier, for which pre-test and post-test data were collected. Results Recognition and evaluation of a prosthetic melanoma as determined by querying the SPs and reviewing the students' examination notes. During the SP encounter, 37 students (63%) asked about the melanoma moulage; of those, 25 (68%) made recommendations for further evaluation. The moulage was documented in 17 examination notes (43%). Thirty-three students (56%) asked about the skin on review of systems, although this did not predict moulage detection. Conclusions Prosthetic mimics of melanoma are useful tools for assessing skin cancer awareness and detection skills among medical students.
DIGOXIN AND METABOLITES IN URINE AND FECES: A FLUORESCENCE DERIVATIZATION-HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE

Abstract A high-performance liquid chromatography method is described for the determination of digoxin and its metabolites digoxigenin, digoxigenin monodigitoxoside, digoxigenin bis-digitoxoside and dihydrodigoxin (20S and 20R) excreted in urine and feces. The urine sample or fecal supernatant is extracted with methylene chloride in the presence of digitoxigenin or digitoxin as internal standard. Pre-column derivatization is achieved using 1-naphthoyl chloride with subsequent separation of the derivatized compounds on either a normal- or reversed-phase system with fluorescence detection. Recoveries for digoxin and all metabolites from fecal samples were in the range 60–74%, which is comparable to that previously determined for urine samples. Standard curve data revealed linearity over a wide range of concentrations. Coefficients of variation for the analysis were less than 10% for all compounds over a range of 5–125 ng per ml urine and 10–250 ng per 200 mg feces. Peaks for digoxin and metabolites in urine and feces were obtained when human excreta were analyzed.
Surgical care of the arteriovenous graft: issues for the interventionalist

The optimal treatment of arteriovenous (AV) grafts requires a multidisciplinary approach to the management of graft pathology. Open surgical and percutaneous methods must complement each other. Patient care can be enhanced if the indications, strengths, and weaknesses of a given technique are understood by all those involved in patient care. Continued study of the relative efficacy of the various techniques and clinical algorithms is indicated so that the most appropriate procedure is undertaken for a given pathology. This article reviews graft pathology treated via open surgical intervention. The interventionalist must have a thorough understanding of surgical treatment options so that an appropriate and timely referral can be made. The need for the interventionalist to evaluate a wide range of graft pathology and to decide on the most appropriate treatment is becoming more important, because in many institutions, the interventionalist has become the primary referral physician for AV graft dysfunction.
Predicting Cation Exchange Capacity for Soil Survey Using Linear Models

sons, clay and organic matter differences between soils should beincorporated into any kind ofpredictivemodel. Measuring the cation exchange capacity (CEC) for all horizons of Several researchers have attempted to predict CEC every map unit component in a survey area is very time consuming from clay and organic C contents alone, using multiple and costly. The objective of this study was to develop CEC (pH 7 regression. Results show that greater than 50% of the NH4OAc) prediction models that encompass most soils of the United States. The National Soil Survey Characterization database was used variation in CEC could be explained by the variation in to develop the predictive models using general linear models. Data clay and organic C content for several New Jersey soils were stratified into more homogeneous groups based on the organic (Drakeand Motto,1982),for sandysoilsin Florida(Yuan C content, soil pH, taxonomic family mineralogy class and CEC- et al., 1967), for some Philippine soils (Sahrawat, 1983), activity class, and taxonomic order. Models were developed for each andfor foursoils inMexico(Bell andvan Keulen,1995). strata or data group. Organic matter and noncarbonate clay contents Only a small improvement was obtained by adding pH were the main predictor variables used. Water at 1500 kPa was used to the model for four Mexican soils (Bell and van Keuin lieu of clay content on four groups. Results indicate that between len, 1995). In B horizons of a toposequence, the amount 43 and 78% of the variation in CEC could be explained for the high of fine clay (0.2 m) was shown to explain a larger organic C data groups; between 53 and 84% could be explained for percent of the variation in CEC than the total clay the mineralogy groups; between 86 and 95% could be explained for the CEC-activity class groups; and between 53 and 86% could be content (Wilding and Rutledge, 1966). In gleyed subsoil explained for the taxonomic orders. The same predictive model was horizons of lowland soils in Quebec, surface area (of the applicable for Gelisols and Histosols. Inceptisols and Alfisols (0.3% soil) gave a better prediction of CEC than did total clay organic C) also shared the same model. In general, the mineralogy/ (Martel et al., 1978). Martel et al. (1978) also showed that CEC-activity class equations had lower RMSEs than the taxonomic the variations in mineralogical composition, although order equations. A decision tree, based on how the data was stratified, small, were sufficient to explain nearly 50% of the variguides the selection of which model to use for a soil layer. Validation ation in CEC. Similarly, Miller (1970) found that the results indicated that the models, in aggregate, provide a reasonable type of clay alone could explain up to 50% of the variaestimate of CEC for most soils of the United States. tion in CEC. Many of the above predictive models are specific to a region or area and confined to only a few soil types. Our approach is to develop predictive models
Failure analysis of modular-block reinforced-soil Walls during earthquakes

Several modular-block reinforced-soil retaining walls failed during the 1999 Ji-Ji (Chi-chi) earthquake of Taiwan. Similar walls showed distress during the 1994 Northridge, Calif., earthquake. The instability or failure of these walls offered an opportunity to validate the simplistic pseudostatic limit-equilibrium procedures. In this study, the Ta Kung Wall of the Ji-Ji earthquake is analyzed, and the Gould and Valencia Walls of the Northridge earthquake are revisited with an improved estimation of local site acceleration. The local acceleration was estimated by using simple attenuation relationships obtained through the earthquake records. The results of analysis indicate that these three walls had adequate internal stability under estimated site acceleration. The geosynthetic length was inadequate to resist compound modes of failure where the potential failure surface extends beyond the reinforced zone. The external stability was most critical in the presence of horizontal and vertical accelerations.
Lipopolysaccharide enhances bactericidal activity in Dictyostelium discoideum cells

Innate immune cells respond to invading microbes upon detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS). PAMP-recognition machinery is evolutionarily conserved, allowing for characterization in model organisms. The model organism Dictyostelium discoideum can exist as single-celled amoebae, which phagocytize bacteria for nutrients. Although D. discoideum is used extensively to study phagocytosis, it has not been determined if D. discoideum detects bacterial PAMPs using pattern-recognition machinery. Here we show that D. discoideum mounts responses against the bacterial cell wall PAMP, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Upon treatment with LPS or its active component Lipid A, D. discoideum cells more efficiently clear phagocytized bacteria. LPS-enhanced bactericidal activity appears dependent both on MAPK signaling pathways as well as on the D. discoideum toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing protein, TirA. These findings indicate that pattern-recognition machinery required to detect and respond to bacterial PAMPs may be conserved in D. discoideum.
Changes in synaptic density in motor cortex of rhesus monkey during fetal and postnatal life.

The density and proportion of synaptic contacts in the primate motor cortex (Brodmann area 4) were determined in 21 rhesus monkeys ranging in age from embryonic day 41 (E41) to 20 years. Two to 4 vertical electron microscopic probes, each consisting of 150–250 overlapping micrographs traversing the thickness of the cortex, were prepared for each specimen. Synapses were categorized according to their morphology (symmetrical or asymmetrical), cellular location (on spines, shafts or soma), number, and ratio of laminar distribution. The density of synapses was expressed per unit area and volume of neuropil (excluding neuronal and glia cell bodies, myelin sheath, blood vessels and extracellular space). The first synapse in the area of the emerging motor cortex were observed at E53 in the marginal zone (prospective layer I) and in the transient subplate zone situated beneath the developing cortical plate. Around midgestation (E89) synapses were observed over the entire width of the cortical plate, and their density was about 5/100 μm3 of neuropil. During the last two months of gestation synaptic density increased 8-fold across all layers to reach about 40/100 μm3 at the time of birth (E165). Synaptic production continued postnatally and by the end of the second postnatal month attained a level of 60/100 μm3 neuropil which is two times higher than in the adults. This level decreased at a slow rate until sexual maturity (3 years of age) and then more rapidly to the adult level which is characterized by relative stability of about 30/100 μm3. The decline in synaptic density after the peak in infancy occurs predominantly at the expense of asymmetric synapses situated on dendritic spines; the population of symmetric synapses on dendritic shafts remains relatively constant. The development of synaptic connections in the motor cortex of non-human primates involves initial overproduction followed by selective elimination and structural alterations.
Response to a "White Discourse on White Racism"

I would prefer not to respond to the "White Discourse on White Racism," but I am constrained to do so. I do not wish to address the question because Scheurich's essay confirms my opinion that America does not need a discourse on race. Rather, America needs to transcend the discourse on race. Nevertheless, I am constrained by a circumstance that imposes on my conscience. For the (or at least an) apparent source of the reflections in this essay is a statement that originated with me. As a member of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights from 1987 through 1992, I initiated and ultimately participated in authoring the statement from which the epigraph to Scheurich's essay was drawn. Insofar as the author takes that epigraph to announce the theme of the essay, he largely, if not completely, misunderstood the point. "Focusing attention" on rising tensions ought to eventuate in a renewed resolve to remove race and ethnicity as points of moral reference in our society. Many, however, believe that race/ethnicity constitutes the unique point of moral reference, even on the side of the "angels." This has occurred, I believe, on account of profound and gradual reorientations in our understanding of education. The theme of this response, accordingly, is that every effort to root education in the confirmation or elaboration of fundamen-
Smaller weight changes in standardized body mass index in response to treatment as weight classification increases.

Objectives To compare the differential efficacy of a weight loss program for Mexican-American children who are overweight, obese, and severely obese. Study design Study participants were enrolled in an intensive weight loss intervention aimed at improving eating and physical activity behaviors with behavior modification strategies. Participants included 212 children (45% female) between the ages of 9 and 14 (mean = 12.0, standard deviation=0.7). All participants were classified as overweight, obese, or severely obese. Results Repeated measures analyses revealed that children in the overweight, obese, and severely obese weight categories differed significantly in standardized body mass index (zBMI) decreases at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months (F = 4.57, P p 2 = .06). Follow-up paired samples t tests showed a significant change in zBMI from baseline to 3 and 6 months for children in the overweight, obese, and severely obese weight categories. However, at 12 months only the overweight and obese students continued to show significant improvement from baseline in zBMI. Conclusions These findings suggest that an intensive behavioral weight loss intervention that has demonstrated efficacy for decreasing zBMI may have incrementally smaller effects for children as weight classification increases.
Effects of sensory deafferentation on glucose metabolism of muscles during locomotion

Abstract We measured the uptake of a radiolabeled analogue of glucose ([ 3 H]FDG) into muscles during treadmill walking so as to determine whether sensory deafferentation of a limb affects the muscles' metabolic response to the exercise. The muscles on the deafferented side took up less tracer than those in the intact side with exercise, but not at rest. Extensor muscles were more affected than flexors by deafferentation. This agrees with the proposal that “reflex” inputs adjust the level of recruitment of motor units by central pattern generators.
Lossless compression: the Rice alternative to JPEG

ABSTRACT This paper describes a remarkable but relatively unknown algorithm invented by Robert Rice ofNASA's Jet PropulsionLaboratory for lossless compression of imagery and other scientific data collected by spaceborne sensors. Its state-of-the-artperformance is compared to the more well known lossless JPEG compression algorithm. Since lossless algorithms bydefmition produce perfectly reconstructed imagery, performance comparisons are based on the amount of compression eachalgorithm achieves. The JPEG algorithm uses Huffinan tables. For optimal performance the Huffman table used by JPEGmust be custom-designed based on the statistics ofthe image being coded. The Rice algorithm which uses no tables is shownto produce compression results comparable to JPEG with custom Huffman tables. Implementation ofthe Rice algorithmwhich requires only one pass is shown to be simpler than the implementation of custom lossless JPEG which requires twopasses through the image data. The effects of channel errors on Rice-encoded imagery are analyzed, revealing a probablyunintentional tendency toward self-correction of some errors.Keywords: lossless compression, Rice compression, lossless image compression
Vocal Fold Dynamics for Frequency Change

This article provides a review of data drawn from a series of related experiments to demonstrate how frequency change (Δf0) is accomplished in the modal register. The research cited involves studies of (1) laryngeal size, (2) vocal fold length, (3) vocal fold thickness, and (4) subglottic pressure; new data describe their effect on vocal fold mass. It was found that changes in these dimensions (1) explain how the shifts in frequency are accomplished, (2) establish the way vocal fold mass can be measured, and (3) strongly support the aerodynamic-myoelastic theory of phonation.
Rubeosis Iridis in "Pseudogliomas"

Abstract A total of 85 eyes (75 patients) with pseudogliomas (i.e., certain conditions which simulate retinoblastoma) were examined histopathologically to determine the incidence of rubeosis iridis. Neovascularization of the anterior surface of the iris was found in 70 eyes (82%). The principal associated changes in these eyes were moderate to severe inflammation of the uveal tract and retinal detachment. These findings are interpreted as indicating that inflammation, retinal detachment, and/or ischemia are effective stimulants in producing iris neovascularization, and rubeosis is not a significant factor in differentiating eyes with retinoblastoma from those eyes with pseudogliomas.
Socio-Demographic Variables Predicting Formal vs. Informal Juvenile Justice System Handling and Associated Outcomes

This analysis compares and contrasts first-time juvenile offenders enrolled in a community-based balanced and restorative justice program whose cases were processed either informally or formally. The study examines contributors to both levels of processing and re-offending. This study examines how family characteristics are associated specifically with level of processing, which are unique attributes compared with juvenile justice studies in the literature. Multivariate predictors of formal levels of processing were age, gender, race, type of offense, marital status of biological parents, and the number of children in the home. Analyses also found that almost twice as many youth who were formally processed were recidivists at 1 year as compared to youth who were informally processed. No significant difference was found in regards to rates of recidivism at 3 years.
Orbital Burden Rates for Manned Space Missions

The present trend of making maximum use of available space flight hardware focuses the attention of the systems analyst on orbital operations, such as assembly, maintenance, fueling, checkout, and launch of deep-space ships. Such operations require skilled labor and additional masses to be available in earth orbit. The purpose of this paper is to derive the mass and cost burden rates associated with the orbital preparation of space vehicles for departure on specific missions. Major system parameters are defined and their sensitivities are determined. It is shown that the daily propellaiit consumption in orbit, the maximum launch-rate capability of the primary cargo transport, the assembly reliability, and the mass of orbital support equipment are the more influential parameters. Representative values for the burden rates are given in dimensionless graphs with orbital departure mass and number of ships leaving as parameters. It is shown that they can be of the same orders of magnitude as the minimum mass and cost required to place the space vehicle departure mass in orbit. It is clear that orbital burden rates can not be neglected in space mission evaluations, but that they would be much smaller (factors up to 10) if a large, post-Saturn cargo vehicle were available.
Effects of prostaglandins and catecholamines on rat spleen adenylate cyclase in vitro

Abstract The results reported here show some characteristics of adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1) derived from homogenates of rat spleen, and describe the in vitro stimulation of this enzyme by prostaglandins, nucleotides, and F− under conditions where cyclic nucleotide degradative pathways are effectively inhibited. Particulate fractions from rat spleen homogenates contain high adenylate cyclase activities, and the highest specific activity is recovered in a particulate fraction prepared by low speed (1200 × g) centrifugation. Activity found in all particulate fractions is stimulated by fluoride, prostaglandins E1 and E2, catecholamines, and purine nucleotides. No stimulation is caused by prostaglandins F1α and F2α. Stimulation by prostaglandin E1 or E2 is augmented by GTP and other purine nucleotides, and stimulation by the combination of GTP and prostaglandin E1 is equal to that caused by optimal fluoride concentrations. Stimulation c caused by L-isoproterenol is additive to that caused by GTP but is not increased by GTP.
Connections between mechanisms for anosognosia and implicit memory

Mograbi and Morris review work highlighting an interesting phenomenon whereby individuals are explicitly anosognosic for their deficits despite intact expression of implicit awareness. Parallels exist between this phenomenon and recent cognitive neuroscience findings demonstrating intact memory test performance despite unawareness of performance. We discuss these parallels with regard to the proposed CAM model. Given that it is possible to investigate the neurological underpinnings of explicit and implicit processing in memory tasks, methods from cognitive neuroscience may offer substantial insight into implicit awareness in anosognosia in various forms of dementia as well as in addition to advancing theoretical understanding of anosognosia broadly.
An RFLP marker for rb in pea

We have located an RFLP marker, corresponding to the locus Vc-5, which is linked to the rb locus. We also show that the heterogeneity at the Vc-5 locus is less among rbrb lines than among pea genotypes as a whole. The relevance of this RFLP is discussed in relation to the construction of the double recessive rr rbrb genotypes.