cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the Replication of Plasmids Containing hr Sequences in Baculovirus-Infected Spodoptera frugiperda Cells

The replication of a series of plasmids, each containing one or more of 6 homologous regions (hrs) from the Autographa californica multinucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) genome, was investigated in AcMNPV-infected Spodoptera frugiperda cells. Although a construct containing hr2 showed the most efficient replication, the sequences flanking the hr region appeared to influence the levels of replication. Plasmids with non-hr-containing AcMNPV inserts showed greatly reduced replication relative to hr-containing plasmids. A variety of features of hr-containing plasmid replication were characterized. These included the time course of plasmid replication and the influence of plasmid concentration and multiplicity of infection of the helper AcMNPV on replication efficiency. It was found that replicated plasmid DNA was detectable by 36 hr p.i. and plateaued by 60 hr p.i. Under our experimental conditions, plasmid levels of 0.5-2 micrograms/1.25 x 10(6) cells and multiplicities of infection of 0.1 to 10 produced optimal levels of plasmid replication. The transfection procedure was shown to delay viral DNA replication by about 12 hr. Experiments directed toward determining the form of the replicated hr-containing plasmid DNA were conducted using partial restriction enzyme digestion. The results indicated that the AcMNPV-replicated plasmids were composed of high molecular weight concatemers.
Medicine and Memorization [Perspectives on Graduate Life]

The third course of my medical school curriculum was a sevenweek course titled the Human Body, which included gross anatomy, histology, and embryology. Gross anatomy is possibly the most quintessential medical school experience. It was our first real medical school class (as biochemistry contained a lot of material from undergraduate courses) and all the information was completely new. It was also the first class where we began to feel like physicians or at least physicians in training.
A numerical method for calculating the mean intensity in an inhomogeneous Rayleigh scattering atmosphere

We describe a method for calculating directly the mean integrated intensity in an inhomogeneous Rayleigh scattering atmosphere using a combined variational and iterative technique. This method is particularly useful for computing dissociation rates in aeronomical problems. Simple semi-analytic expressions are derived.
The crystallization and melting of selenium

Abstract Trigonal selenium single crystals were grown isothermally and in a temperature gradient from the vapor phase. Kinetic studies of crystallization and melting, thermal analysis (DTA, DSC), X-ray diffraction, and optical and electron microscopy were carried out. The true melting point of trigonal selenium was determined to be 494.2±0.1 K, the heat and entropy of fusion were found to be 6.20 kJ/mol Se and 12.55 J/(K mol Se) respectively. The mechanism of crystal growth from the gas phase is shown to involve crystallization polymerization and occurs up to temperatures close to the melting point, while melt crystallization starts only at considerably lower temperatures due to the need of molecular nucleation of the long chain molecules. The melting was shown to be an activated process. A detailed sequence of melting steps is described, supporting a mechanism involving the initiation at the (11¯1) surface edge of the crystal with only small amounts of initial chain breakage.
A double-blind comparison of fluphenazine and haloperidol in outpatient schizophrenic children.

A study is presented in which fluphenazine and haloperidol administered on a double-blind basis were evaluated in an outpatient group of 30 schizophrenic children, 6 to 12 years of age. The duration of treatment was 12 weeks. Mean dosage for both treatment groups was 10.4 mg/d, with a maximum dose of 16 mg/d. Both fluphenazine and haloperidol proved highly effective in our population of schizophrenic children, with the two drugs indistinguishable in overall efficacy. Both drugs were characterized by low incidence of side effects with a tendency for fluphenazine treatment to induce extrapyramidal symptoms with greater frequency than haloperidol. Side effects were easily managed by dose reduction or contramedication. No child had to be terminated due to an adverse reaction. It is suggested that these findings, as well as other reports in the literature, indicate that fluphenazine and haloperidol deserve consideration in the treatment of schizophrenic children.
Does the detailed turbulence profile matter

The profile of atmospheric turbulence strength along a laser propagation or imaging path is thought to significantly influence performance. We use wave optics simulation to evaluate performance under random variations of turbulence profiles along a 50-km propagation path. Performance is given by power in the bucket (PIB) strehl in a (lambda) /D bucket. For a point source and under the conditions we investigated, we conclude that, in addition to the Rytov parameter, knowledge of r0 can significantly improve performance prediction.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Skeletal anabolism, PTH, and the bone-vascular axis.

Bone formation never occurs without vascular interactions(1–3). This obvious and simple statement of biological fact does not do justice to the physiological and pharmacological implications of the relationship. The vasculature is of course the conduit for calcium phosphate and nutrient exchange between bone and the rest of the body; this is relevant not only to the rapidly mobilization of skeletal calcium when urgently needed(4) but also the delivery of metabolic substrate to the basic multicellular unit (BMU) for bone–forming osteoblast functions(5). However, the vasculature also provides the sustentacular niche for osteoblast progenitors(6) --- and is the conduit for egress of bone marrow – derived formed elements from the osteoblast-regulated hematopoietic niche(7). Indeed, Ignarro and colleagues have coupled PTH-mediated bone anabolism with G-CSF treatment as a strategy to mobilize endothelial progenitor cells (ePCs) and enhance ischemic limb recovery in mice(8). Surprisingly, the inextricable interdependence of vascular physiology, skeletogenesis, bone remodeling, and mineral metabolism has escaped widespread appreciation until very recently. Studies by Clemens et al established that the constitutive elaboration of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF) by osteoblasts increases bone formation via mechanisms that require expansion of skeletal vascularity(9). They went on to show that pharmacologic augmentation of endogenous skeletal VEGF production accelerates skeletal repair during distraction osteogenesis(10). Exogenous VEGF implants exhibit similar properties in critical bone defects(11). However, the regulation of bone vascular biology and anatomy in response to metabolic, morphogenetic, mechanical, inflammatory, and endocrine cues is very poorly understood. A fundamental understanding of bone-vascular interactions will be necessary to develop new strategies that safely and efficaciously enhance bone formation in the settings of malignancy, fracture non-union, the open epiphyses of childhood, and the arteriosclerotic vasculopathy of diabetes, uremia, rheumatoid arthritis, and advanced age.
Computational Investigation of Simulated Large-Droplet Ice Shapes on Airfoil Aerodynamics

The objective of this research was to study numerically the effects of simulated spanwise-step-ice accretions (resulting from supercooled large-droplet icing conditions ) on subsonic aircraft aerodynamics. The investigation was performed with a high-resolution full Navier ‐Stokes code with a solution-adaptive unstructured grid for both non-icedandicedcone gurations.Theairfoilinvestigatedwasamodie ed NACA23012 witha simplee ap.Simulated ice shapesweretested on theairfoilto determinethe sensitivity oficeshapesizeon airfoil performanceand control. Predictions of sectional aerodynamic characteristics for quarter-round ice shape heights of 0.0083 and 0.0139 chords are presented and compared with experimental data. Signie cant reductions in lift were noted for these relatively small protuberances, which were consistent with experimental e ndings. The results also indicate good predictive performance for drag, pitching-moment, and hinge-moment variations.
Phonological working memory in children with phonological impairment

Phonological working memory was examined in a group of children with phonological impairment and a group of normal age-matched controls. Based on the Baddeley and Hitch model of working memory, traditional serial recall tasks of word length and phonological similarity were used to examine the efficiency of subvocal rehearsal and short-term storage, respectively. Analysis of recall performance for lists of four and six words revealed that, in comparison to agematched controls, children with phonological impairment are similarly sensitive to the effects of word length and phonological similarity, but demonstrate poorer overall recall for word lists of unrelated items. Theoretically, these findings suggest that the subvocal rehearsal mechanism and the phonological short-term store appear to be operating efficiently in this group of children with phonological impairment. Therefore their poorer recall performance may be attributable to interactions between short-term memory processes and aspects of phonologica...
Regulation of V-nitrogenase genes in Anabaena variabilis by RNA processing and by dual repressors

Summary Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 fixes nitrogen in specialized cells called heterocysts using either a Mo-nitrogenase or a V-nitrogenase. V-nitrogenase structural genes, vnfDGK, as well as vnfEN form an operon with ava4025, located upstream of vnfDG that isrepressedbyfixednitrogenandbyMo.Theava4025vnfDGKEN operon is under the control of a Morepressible promoter located nearly 600 bp upstream of ava4025. Levels of vnfDG transcript were about 500-fold higher than ava4025, the first gene of the operon. This may be the result of RNA processing at a site 87 bp upstream of vnfDG that was initially identified as the transcription start site. A strain with a deletion in the coding region of ava4025 grew diazotrophically with Mo or with V. Two similar proteins, VnfR1 and VnfR2, whose genes are located some distance from the ava4025-vnfDGKEN operon, each repressed transcription from the ava4025-vnfDGKEN promoter and a mutant lacking both VnfR1 and VnfR2 made the V-nitrogenase in the presence of Mo. Overexpression of the V-nitrogenase in the double vnfR1 vnfR2 mutant resulted in decreased activity of the Mo-nitrogenase.VnfR1boundspecifically,invitro,toa region upstream of the ava4025 promoter.
IGF-I regulates IRS-1 expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

IRS-1 (the insulin receptor substrate-1) is required for signaling by both insulin and IGF-I. Chronic treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with insulin at all concentrations results in increased proteolysis of IRS-1. In contrast, treatment with low concentrations of IGF-I (EC50 = 625 pM) for 4 h caused an increase in IRS-1 to 170% of control. Actinomycin D and cycloheximide blocked the IGF-I effect, but not the insulin effect, suggesting that IGF-I stimulated the synthesis of IRS-1. Concentrations of IGF-I high enough to cause significant binding to the insulin receptor resulted in the down-regulation of IRS-1. Phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase inhibitors blocked both the insulin and IGF-I effects. Chronic IGF-I treatment caused an increase in both acute insulin-stimulated dGlc uptake and acute IGF-I-stimulated dGlc uptake. Chronic insulin treatment caused a decrease in both acute insulin-stimulated dGlc uptake and acute IGF-I-stimulated dGlc uptake.
Petrography and bulk chemistry of Martian lherzolite LEW88516

The meteorite Lewis Cliffs 88516 is a gabbroic lherzolite with geochemical and petrologic characteristics typical of the shergottites, a distinct subgroup of basaltic achondrites belonging to the SNC (Martian) meteorite clan. We report new INAA and microprobe data for LEW88516, noting small but significant differences between our results and those previously published for this meteorite, These discrepancies are mainly attributed to heterogeneities in the bulk rock powder which was distributed to several laboratories for geochemical studies. Other discrepancies are attributed to interlaboratory bias. We emphasize that even minor variations between datasets may have the potential to significantly affect geochemical models for Martian basalts. Small differences in bulk trace element chemistry between LEW88516 and Martian lherzolite ALH77005 may indicate that they crystallized from different magmas. Copyright © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd
Anisotropy influence on B-scan imaging and tissue characterization

Aspects of wave mechanics in inhomogeneous and anisotropic media that relate to potential speckle pattern variations in B-scan imaging analysis are presented. The hypotheses that diseased or malignancy areas embedded inside larger tissue masses become more or less anisotropic or ordered or disordered compared to the surrounding tissue is explored. It is shown that speckle pattern variations due to impingement angle or scan direction that relates to the anisotropic or ordered character of the tissue can occur. The influence of frequency and frequency bandwidth is studied with respect to image quality and characterization potential. Sample problems are presented in phantom analysis of unidirectional fibers in a fluid medium in an attempt to direct the technological efforts toward in vivo tissue characterization analysis. >
Evolution of the Amazonian frontier: Land values in Rondônia, Brazil

Abstract Patterns in property values provide strong signals about the future and sustainability of land use. This paper analyzes the determinants of land value in an Amazonian frontier settlement. We estimate hedonic price functions to identify factors that affect the value of farm properties in the western Brazilian Amazon. Distance to market explains nearly one-third of the variation in farm value, as predicted by the von Thunen model. After controlling for location relative to the central market and for municipality, we find that investment in the farms (as reflected in the stocking rate of pastures and the establishment of home gardens) has the next largest impact on land value. The value per hectare of land is negatively related to total lot size, suggesting that any economies of scale are outweighed by the cost of accessing remote corners of large properties. We do not find that land values are related to available measures of biophysical factors or to historic or current land use. Our results do not identify any premium for forest cover or for land uses considered to be more sustainable than pasture on the property itself. However, farm values are affected by neighboring land cover, specifically, the extent of barren land. Thus, local knowledge of factors contributing to future productivity, as summarized in land values, confirms that soil exhaustion can lead to a general decline in property values, while investments in a property both as a homestead and as a farm can help sustain frontier settlements.
Sufficient conditions for non-negative impulse response of arbitrary-order systems

This paper presents a set of sufficient conditions that ensure an arbitrary-order transfer function to exhibit a non-negative impulse response. Such conditions are given for both continuous-time and discrete-time systems. This set of sufficient conditions expose a simple geometric pole-zero pattern that can be easily employed for designing filters with a non-negative impulse response. Most of the existing work can be obtained as a special case of this work. This paper significantly extends the class of pole-zero patterns that are known to exhibit a non-negative impulse response, in both continuous-time and discrete-time domains.
Isolation of fibroblasts and epithelial cells in Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL)

The long-term outcome of lung transplants is poor with 60%-70% of patients developing chronic rejection. Chronic rejection is manifested histologically by obliterative bronchiolitis with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), the clinical surrogate. Recent studies suggest that fibroblasts and epithelial cells present in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) may be a clinically relevant biomarker for BOS. The goal of this investigation was to develop a fast, repeatable method to individually isolate these low-frequency cell types. Fibroblasts and epithelial cells were isolated from BAL using attachment methods and the phenotype of the cells confirmed using immunostaining for vimentin (fibroblasts) and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM, epithelial cells). Both fibroblasts and epithelial cells were isolated in every sample of BAL processed with the frequency of fibroblasts ranging from 0.03% to 0.48% and epithelial cells ranging from 0.05% to 1.5% of the total sample. Additional studies were performed using cytospins of cells after macrophages were depleted; cells exhibiting characteristics of both fibroblasts and epithelial cells were observed. The frequency of the cells of interest suggests that conventional methods of immunomagnetic isolation will not be effective in isolating these subpopulations. Finally, some of the low-frequency cells isolated via cytospin exhibit characteristics of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (which was not observed in plating incubations), indicating that the epithelial to mesenchymal cell transition fibroblasts may be nonadherent. In future studies, this technique and dataset may be of use to statistically correlate low-frequency cell type abundance to the onset and development of BOS.
Modeling of microstrip dispersion in FD-TD analysis for HTSC applications

Dispersion in microstrip lines is readily apparent under finite difference-time domain analysis methods. Although the mathematical rigor of such methods provides an accurate representation of system performance for normal conductors, modeling of dispersion-free high temperature superconducting structures requires an appropriate correction to eliminate this effect. A model is proposed whereby the effective substrate permittivity may be adjusted to compensate for the absence of dispersion at higher frequencies.
Testing Murphy's Strategic Model Assigning the Majority Opinion to the Marginal Justice in the Conference Coalition on the U.S. Supreme Court

Murphy contended that an astute chief justice could assign the majority opinion to the “most moderate member” of the conference coalition, hoping that such an assignment “might prevent defection or even gain adherents.” We discovered that Murphy's model was partially supported with data from the Vinson, Warren, and Burger Courts. When the conference coalition was larger than minimum winning (mw), assignment of the majority opinion to the marginal justice in the conference coalition was more likely to result in an opinion joined by the other justices in the conference coalition, making it an effective defensive strategy. It may not, however, be a very effective offensive strategy.
Initial Evidence of Religious Practice and Belief in Depressed African American Cancer Patients

Objective: This study examined spiritual coping (beliefs and practices) of depressed African American cancer patients through a comparison with depressed White cancer patients and non-depressed African American cancer patients. Methods: Using mixed methods, 74 breast (n=41) and prostate (n=33) cancer survivors including 34 depressed and 23 nondepressed African Americans and 17 depressed Whites were interviewed. The interviews were audiotaped and transcribed. Qualitative data analysis identified themes that were coded. The codes were entered into SPSS software. The Fisher's exact test was performed to examine group differences in self-reported spiritual coping. Results: Significantly more depressed African Americans questioned God when learning of a cancer diagnosis than the non-depressed African Americans (p=.03), but they did not differ from the depressed Whites in this regard (p=.70). Significantly more depressed African Americans reported having faith in God (p=.04), reading the bible (p=.02), and conversing with God (p=.01) than did the depressed Whites. They also reported praying alone (p=.01) more frequently than the depressed Whites who, on the other hand, reported praying with others (non-family members) together for one's own health more frequently (p=.04). Conclusions: Depression is associated with a deepening need for spirituality and it affects religious beliefs and practices more in African American than White cancer patients. Given its important role in the lives of African American cancer patients, spirituality may be utilized as a reasonable, culturally-based approach to better assess and treat depression in these patients.
A Pilot Study: Exposing Novice Medical and Nursing Students to Point-of-Care Sonography Skills

Point-of-care sonography is a valuable tool used in medical practice. A free health clinic was the venue for the authors’ approach to hands-on training for medical and nursing students. Students we...
Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Fiber-Optic Sensor

A fiber-optic system was developed for exciting and collecting surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signals generated from a sensing plate tip having silver-coated microparticles deposited on a glass support. Various fiber parameters, such as fiber type, fiber-substrate geometry, and other experimental parameters, were investigated to obtain the optimum conditions for the SERS fiber-optic device. In addition, analytical figures of merit relevant to the performance of the SERS fiber-optic sensor, such as SERS spectral characteristics, reproducibility, linear dynamic range, and limit of detection, were also investigated.
Webs of causation in violent relationships

RATIONALE, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Predictors of intimate partner violence (IPV) include husband, wife and relational characteristics. However, we know little about the proximal, day-to-day triggering of abusive events. The purpose of the study was to analyse the daily temporal relationships among environmental, relational and violence variables in violent marital relationships. METHOD: Two hundred adult primary care women who experienced violence in the previous month were recruited from six primary care clinics. Women completed daily assessments of household environment, marital relationship and violence using telephone interactive verbal response for 12 weeks. Same-day correlates were sought using cross-correlations among the environmental, relational and violence factors. Prior-day and prior-week associations were sought using vector autoregressions. RESULTS: Except for wife's alcohol intake, all household environment and relationship factors demonstrated significant same-day correlations with IPV. However, prior-day violence by the husband, hassles, lack of husband's alcohol intake, emotional upset and marital distance were significantly related to current husband-perpetrated violence. Wife's violence depended upon her prior-day violence and alcohol intake only. All factors were related to husband-perpetrated violence in the subsequent week. Only wife's alcohol intake and husband's seeking forgiveness did not feedforward. In addition to the presence of multiple interdependent factors, circular causality was noted for marital distance and feeling upset. CONCLUSIONS: IPV was due to multiple interdependent factors, feedforward dynamics and circular causality as expected in complex systems. The complex dynamics imply that simple interventions may have little chance of success, but understanding couple-specific dynamics may allow women to recognize high-risk prior-day profiles and take preventive action. Language: en
Early Recognition of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome Leads to Avoidance of Endotracheal Intubation

Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome occurs in patients with rapidly recovering immune systems in response to antigens (viable pathogens, nonviable pathogen debris, host antigens or tumor antigens). The acronym IRIS, Greek for spectrum of color, is often used for immune reconstitution inflammatory response syndrome and reflects the wide spectrum of clinical manifestations associated with this entity. This is a case report of an acute myelogenous leukemia patient with neutropenia after cytotoxic chemotherapy who developed severe dyspnea and new pulmonary infiltrates temporal ly associated with rapid neutrophil recovery. The incidence, pathogenesis, clinical presentation and therapy of IRIS will be discussed in this article. There should be an increased awareness of the many clinical manifestations of IRIS in hematologic malignancy patients with rapid neutrophil recovery after cytotoxic chemotherapy, in order to allow prompt institution of corticosteroids which could be life saving.
The Experience and Issues of Gay Stepfamilies

Gay stepfamilies are a small, albeit growing, type of family that has been neglected in professional literature. A group interview was used with six mothers and stepmothers in gay stepfamilies to s...
Clinical course of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) presented with normal ALT in Asian American patients.

Summary The clinical course for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients with normal ALT and with or without minimal histologic activity remains unclear. We assessed frequency, amplitude, disease activities, and associated factors of ALT and/or AST flares in this subpopulation. Forty-seven consecutive treatment naive Asian patients with CHB were enrolled from two liver clinics between December 2003 and January 2013, who had normal baseline ALT by routine clinical biochemical testing performed 6 weeks before or after the liver biopsy. We defined a flare as elevation of ALT/AST above the upper limit of normal of ALT/AST. The mean follow-up was 37.6 (CI = 12, 88) months, and the mean age at entry into the study was 43.3 (CI = 19, 65); 22/47 (46.8%) were males; 15/45 (33.3%), HBeAg+; 68.1% had stage 0–1 fibrosis; 63.8% had grade 0–1 inflammation. During follow-up, 13/47 (27.7%) cases developed ALT flare at least once in a mean of 13.5 (CI = 2, 43) months after liver biopsy; ALT flare was not associated with baseline ALT level, fibrosis stage, inflammation grade, hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA load, HBeAg status, HBV genotype, HBV precore and basal core promoter mutations. 11/13 (84/6%) of ALT flares resolved during follow-up. 13/13 (100%) of ALT flares met AASLD treatment criteria, but only 6/13 (46.2%) were on HBV treatment. Serum ALT and/or AST flares occur frequently in CHB carriers who initially presented with normal ALT during pretreatment period. Thus, regular follow-up is warranted despite status of ALT/AST. No clinical factors were found to be associated with ALT flares.
Low cost method to obtain clutter data for space time adaptive processing studies utilising an existing radar platform

The most difficult area related to validating space time adaptive processing (STAP) algorithms is the generation of simulated input signals to the multi-channel radar system that adequately models the realistic clutter levels for airborne radar. In order to build an operational STAP system to collect data, several hardware developments including expensive well-matched receivers, fast high-dynamic-range A/D converters, VLSI digital equalisers etc. are required. This study examines a low cost way to obtain moving clutter data using an existing single channel airborne radar platform such as synthetic aperture radar with minimum modifications. A procedure to reconstruct clutter data suitable for STAP studies is discussed with simulated examples.
Storytelling as a tool of technical explanation-improvisation risks and benefits

K. Echlin (1997) published her main research findings on infrasonic communication between elephants in the form of a novel, called "Elephant Winter". Echlin was then invited to address the 1998 IPCC conference because of the "juxtaposition of both literary and extraordinarily effective technical writing evident in her book". (T. Malkinson, 1998). Echlin reported that until the conference committee contacted her and invited her to address the IPCC, she had not known that she had created "technical writing", and still did not know how she'd done it. Echlin's book exemplifies both the benefits and the risks of creative improvisation. The risk consists in not knowing how a new aesthetic or technical effect is created or how to reproduce it. In this paper, I analyze Echlin's novel, together with other novels constructed to help explain technical topics: R. Persig's "Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance" (1974) and A. Manning's "Supposition Error" (1996). The analysis indicates principles governing the successful incorporation of storytelling in technical explanation. These principles relate to concepts of minimalist documentation (J. Carroll, 1998), as well as rules of textual clarity developed by K. Riley and F. Parker (1998).
[Comment on “Soil erosion—sediment yield research in progress”] Role of mulch in preventing erosion

Several of the researchers whose work is reported by H.G. Heinemann and R.F. Piest (‘Soil Erosion—Sediment Yield Research in Progress’ EOS, 56(3), 149—159, 1975) agree that mulch helps stop erosion. Although the comparative values quoted are encouraging, it should be pointed out that still better results are obtainable. Study of the mechanism that initiates sediment movement not only explains why mulch is beneficial but also shows how it is possible to achieve greatly improved protection. Whether this can be done economically depends upon the local availability of suitable material.
Organization Development in the Entrepreneurial Firm

Theories and methods in the field of organization development have historically been based on the experience of researchers and practitioners studying and consulting with large organizations. However, the vast majority of firms in the world today are small, entrepreneurial ventures. Thus the purpose of this article is to articulate an alternative framework for diagnosis and intervention in these kinds of organizations.
Fractionation Studies on a Factor in Linseed Meal Protecting Against Selenosis in Chicks

Growth rate of Single Combe White Leghorn cockerels fed a casein-gelatin-glucose diet was significantly depressed at two weeks when 10 p.p.m. or more selenium was added to the diet. When 20% linseed meal was included in the diet, growth was not reduced with 10 p.p.m. selenium and only slightly reduced with 20 p.p.m. selenium. Including 20% soybean meal failed to modify the toxicity. Levels of 5 and 10% linseed meal were less effective in counteracting selenosis than was 20%. Fractionation studies showed that a protective factor in linseed meal was extracted by methanol and ethanol and was not destroyed by autoclaving. Ashing the ethanol extract destroyed its activity. The factor was readily extracted by chlorform:methanol (2:1) but less effectively by acetone and diethyl ether. Washed chloroform:methanol extract was inactive but the washings contained the factor. Concentrates of the factor were active at less than 1% of the dry matter of the diet. The results of these studies show that linseed meal contains a heat stable, organic, polar factor that modified selenium toxicity in the chick.
The choice of strategic alternatives under increasing regulation in high technology companies.

The strategic response of U.S. high technology companies in the medical X-ray manufacturing industry to increased governmental regulations from 1962 to 1977 is examined. Results suggest that regula...
On the theory of hybrid whistlers

Abstract It is suggested that the reason for the multiple, discrete, well-defined components in the nose whistlers is the different electron streams of discrete velocities along the same geomagnetic line. This new hypothesis is discussed in detail, and it is shown that the experimental evidence agrees with the analysis.
'Is she experiencing any pain?': disability and the physician-patient relationship

In this essay, I reflect on my experience as a multiple sclerosis patient in order to identify some of the unique challenges that chronic disability poses in the physician-patient relationship. I suggest that it is important to broaden the goals of the clinical encounter to incorporate personal (as opposed to simply bodily) well-being, to be aware of the manner in which chronic disability affects decisions regarding treatment, to recognize the import of physical and attitudinal barriers and to acknowledge that patients with chronic disabilities have an 'expert' knowledge of bodily experience. I also suggest that chronic disability provides an exceptional opportunity with respect to the relationship between doctors and patients.
Efficiency of Membrane Protein Expression Following Infection with Recombinant Adenovirus of Polarized Non-Transformed Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

Transient expression of exogenous proteins facilitates studies of molecular mechanisms and utility for transplantation of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in culture. Here, we compared expression of the membrane protein β5 integrin-GFP (β5-GFP) in two recently established models of differentiated human RPE, adult RPE stem cell-derived RPE and primary fetal RPE, upon infection with recombinant adenovirus or transfection with DNA in liposomes. We varied viral titer and duration of virus incubation and examined β5-GFP and the tight junction marker ZO-1 in manipulated cells by confocal microscopy. Fewer than 5 % of cells expressed β5-GFP after liposome-mediated transfection. The percentage of cells with detectable β5-GFP exceeded 90 % after adenovirus infection for as little as 1 h. Decreasing virus titer two-fold did not alter the fraction of cells expressing β5-GFP but increased variability of β5-GFP level among cells. In cells with low expression levels, β5-GFP localized mostly to the apical plasma membrane like endogenous αvβ5 integrin. In cells with high expression levels, β5-GFP localized to the cytoplasm in addition to the apical surface suggesting accumulation in trafficking compartments. Altogether, adenovirus delivery yields efficient exogenous membrane protein expression of correct polarity in differentiated human RPE cells in culture.
Radiation LD 50-5 and its relation to surviving intestinal stem cells.

(1969). Radiation LD50/5 and Its Relation to Surviving Intestinal Stem Cells. International Journal of Radiation Biology and Related Studies in Physics, Chemistry and Medicine: Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 291-292.
The Growth of the World's 1000 and 500 Largest Banks

Abstract Using assets data of the World's 1,000 and 500 largest banks, this paper provides comparisons in terms of averages and percentages held by top banks. The paper also provides a comparison in asset concentration by using the Herfindahl and Theil's entropy indexes for measurement of concentration. Of special interest is whether the merger wave in the banking sector in recent years considerably increased the level of concentration.
Differential inhibition of cholinergic and noncholinergic neurogenic contractions by 5-hydroxytryptamine1A receptor agonists in guinea pig ileum

Previous studies have shown that 5-hydroxytryptamine1A (5-HT1A) receptors are localized only to a subset of myenteric neurons in guinea pig ileum; the purpose of this study was to determine the possible functional significance of this differential receptor localization. Nerve-mediated contractions of the longitudinal muscle, myenteric plexus of guinea pig ileum were studied in vitro. Contractions were evoked by single transmural electrical stimuli (0.5-msec duration, at 0.1 Hz; cholinergic) or trains of stimuli (10 or 20 Hz for 1 sec; noncholinergic; scopolamine, 1 microM present). The 5-HT1A agonist, 8-hydroxy-2-(n-dipropylamino)tetralin (DPAT), reduced cholinergic contractions by no more than 14% in the concentration range of 0.001 to 0.3 microM. At high concentrations (1 to 100 microM), DPAT inhibited longitudinal muscle, myenteric plexus contractions; the EC50 was 6 microM. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-carboxamidotryptamine (5-CT) reduced longitudinal muscle, myenteric plexus contractions by a maximum of 35% and 24% at 100 and 30 microM, respectively. Spiperone and 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-[4-(2-phthalimidobutyl]piperazine (NAN-190), two 5-HT1A receptor antagonists, did not block DPAT-induced inhibition of cholinergic contractions. DPAT (3, 10 and 30 microM) shifted histamine concentration-response curves to the right in an apparently competitive manner; Schild analysis yielded a pA2 of 5.2. DPAT (3, 10, 30 and 100 microM) also shifted bethanechol concentration-response curves to the right in an apparently competitive manner; Schild analysis yielded a pA2 of 5.5. These data indicate that DPAT blocks histamine and muscarinic receptors on longitudinal muscle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A Study of Coronal Holes Observed by SOHO/EIT and the Nobeyama Radioheliograph

Coronal holes (CHs) are areas of reduced emission in EUV and X-ray images that show bright patches of microwave enhancements (MEs) related to magnetic network junctions inside the CHs. A clear correlation between the CH size and the solar wind (SW) speed is well known, but we have less information about the relationship between MEs and other CH and SW properties. We studied the characteristics of 21 equatorial CHs associated with corotating interaction regions (CIRs) during 1996 to 2005. Our CHs were divided into two groups according to the intensity of the associated geomagnetic storms: Dst 100 nT (10 events) and > 100 nT (11 events). Using EUV 284 A images obtained by SOHO/EIT and 17GHz microwave images obtained by the Nobeyama Radioheliograph (NoRH), we found a linear correlation not only between the maximum SW speed and the area of EUVCH (r = 0.62), but also between the maximum SW speed and the area of the ME (r = 0.79). We also compared the EUVCH areas with and without an overlapping ME. The area of the CHs with an ME is better correlated with the SW speed (r = 0.71) than the area of those without an ME (r = 0.36). Therefore, the radio ME may play an important role in understanding the origin of SW.
Thick airfoil designs for a HALE vehicle

Three thick airfoils were designed in support of the conceptuai design of two high altitude, long endurance unmanned air vehicles. The Initial conceptual design study identified the need for a 30 percent thick airfoil with low drag and good iift characteristics at a Reynolds of one million. Due to the low drag requirement, the airfoiis were designed with large extents of natural laminar flow. The low Reynolds number requirement introduced the problem of eliminating or minimizing the effects of laminar separation bubbles. Two 26 percent thick airfoils were designed to meet the needs of the initial vehicle. The first airfoii demonstrated the feasibility of designing thick airfoils at low Reynolds numbers with large extents of a laminar boundary layer. One goal that was achieved for the second airfoil, was to minimize the effect of laminar separation bubbles. Although the characteristics of the conceptuai vehicle changed, the third airfoil was designed to Incorporate the lessons learned in the design of the first two airfoiis. The accuracy of the Eppler Airfoil Design And Analysis code was verified by testing the airfoils in the wind tunnel. The first two airfoils were tested In the subsonic tunnel at David Taylor Research Center.
Optimal placement and sizing of the storage supporting transmission and distribution networks

Abstract Developments of renewable energy resources imposes many uncertainties and variabilities in power grids. One of the best approaches to mitigate these stochastic disturbances is thought the use of Battery Energy Storage System (BESS). Besides application of the BESS such as decreasing the disturbances in distribution system, the grid frequency can be controlled in contingencies using the appropriate storage in transmission network to compensate the power shortage. Thus, the optimal siting and sizing of the BESS is important to have the minimum costs and losses. This paper describes a heuristic method to find the optimal location(s) and capacity of a multi-purpose BESS including transmission and distribution parts. In the transmission storage part, a sensitive analysis is performed using Complex-Valued Neural Networks (CVNN) and Time Domain Power Flow (TDPF) in order to detect the optimal BESS location(s). Additionally, running TDPF and Economic Dispatch (ED) leads to the optimal BESS size. In the distribution storage part, the optimal BESS size is calculated to perform distribution grid services such as peak load shaving and load curve smoothing. The proposed method has been applied to a real model (Maui island in Hawai'i -United States) to calculate the optimal results for both transmission and distribution sides.
Bourbon Palliatives and the Central American Mining Industry, 1765–1800

It has become a well-established fact that agricultural and mineral production underwent marked increase during the eighteenth century in Latin America. An expanding European market, regular and abundant maritime transportation, the lowering of taxes, the reduction of prices of crown monopolies, and the granting of government loans to industry were all factors which, in varying degree, stimulated increased production. Less well known, however, is the fact that in some areas production failed to rise above an unimpressive level despite these favorable conditions and official encouragement. The Central American mining industry, for example, experienced no noticeable change in productivity during the last half of the eighteenth century, although trade increased in volume, stimulative legislation was implemented, and penetrating suggestions—reflecting rays of the Enlightenment— were offered by miners and government officials.
Reduced renal responses to volume expansion in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

To determine whether the volume reflex is defective in the diabetic state, the diuretic and natriuretic responses to acute volume expansion (VE) were measured in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic (Dia) rats. Urine flow (UV) and sodium excretion (UNaV) were measured before and after VE from innervated and denervated kidneys in anesthetized (Inactin 0.1 g/kg, ip) control and Dia rats (Sprague-Dawley rats injected with vehicle or STZ 65 mg/kg ip, respectively, 2 wk before the experiment). Blood glucose levels were significantly elevated in the Dia group compared with the control group. A VE of 1.2 ml/min for 15 min produced a significantly greater diuresis and natriuresis in control rats compared with Dia rats. In addition, reducing the hyperglycemia in Dia rats (third group) by treatment with insulin reversed the blunted UV and UNaV responses to VE. Ratios of UV (innervated-denervated, I/D) before and after VE indicate significant increases in UV by the innervated kidneys, relative to the denervated kidneys in all three groups. I/D ratios of UNa V were not different between the three groups before VE, but were significantly smaller in the Dia rats compared with both control and STZ plus insulin groups after VE. This study demonstrates that 1) there is an abnormal volume reflex in the STZ-induced Dia rats; 2) the natriuresis due to renal sympatho-inhibition is blunted in response to VE in Dia rats; and 3) restoring the glucose levels to normal by insulin treatment in the Dia rats normalizes the volume reflex.
Design Concepts for a Fluid-Filled Three-Phase Axial-Peg-Style Electrostatic Rotating Machine Utilizing Variable Elastance

Rotating electric machinery is usually constructed of iron/steel laminations, copper windings, and permanent magnets. This paper investigates fluid-filled, electrostatic rotating machines for the ultimate ambition of transitioning fundamental magnetic materials to dielectrics in order to reduce production costs. The study of the axial-peg-style electrostatic rotating machine focuses on basic geometric and material knowledge and the creation of design tools. An axial-peg machine possesses interdigitated pegs (cylinders) that come into, and out of, radial alignment as the machine rotates causing variable capacitance between the stator and rotor. A prototype with peak torque of 0.7 Nm and gap field strength of 15 kV/mm was constructed. The specific torque density of the machine is 0.101 Nm/kg, comparable to fractional horsepower NEMA class induction machines. This was achieved by filling the machine with a dielectric fluid, whose relative permittivity is 7.1, rather than the ultra-high vacuum typically employed in canonical electrostatics. Experimental measurements presented include angular capacitance, peak torque, and torque-per-volt under stall conditions. Construction techniques are discussed in detail.
The Relationship Between Interpersonal Violence Victimization and Smoking Behavior Across Time and by Gender

This study examined relationships between interpersonal violence victimization and smoking from childhood to adulthood. Data were from a community-based longitudinal study (N = 808) spanning ages 10 to 33. Cross-lag path analysis was used to model concurrent, directional, and reciprocal effects. Results indicate that childhood physical abuse predicted smoking and partner violence in young adulthood; partner violence and smoking were reciprocally related in the transition from young adulthood to adulthood. Gender differences in this relationship were not detected. Social work prevention efforts focused on interpersonal violence and interventions targeting smoking cessation could be critical factors for reducing both issues.
Regional differentiation in the rat aorta for a novel signaling pathway: leucine to glutamate

Rat aortic endothelium is differentiated regionally for regulating guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) levels in underlying smooth muscle by signaling via nitric oxide and prostaglandin H2. Highest activity is just distal to the aortic arch and diminishes peripherally. The same differentiation pattern is reported here for a third and novel signal pathway: endothelial conversion of L-leucine to L-glutamate. Sequential segments of rat aorta incubated in vitro convert L-[U-14C]leucine to a major 14C metabolite identified as L-glutamate. Net synthesis of glutamate is greatest in aortic segments of the "windkessel" region; significant quantities are also observed in the pancreas, testis, and lung but very little in 10 additional tissues. Endothelial cells cultured from mouse brain, human umbilical vein, or bovine aorta and human peripheral blood macrophages also form [14C]glutamate. When aortic segments are denuded of endothelium, treatment with L-glutamate in the presence of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine significantly increases the cGMP content. A number of leucine derivatives inhibit the leucine-to-glutamate conversion and decrease the cGMP content in aortic segments in vitro.
The Rebel Codpiece and the State

It seems odd that neither the Duke nor Escalus nor Isabella nor even Claudio thinks to point out that the ‘hideous law’ (I. iv. 63) punishing fornication with death is appalling. They question Angelo’s rigid enforcement, but it does not seem obvious to them that the statute violates fundamental moral rights. The play, clearly, does not endorse the law — in the end, the Duke simply ignores it — but only Vienna’s pimps and johns find the whole business of sexual regulation absurd. We, of course, also have trouble viewing ‘the rebellion of a codpiece’ (III. ii. 100–1) as seriously problematic, which is one reason why Measure for Measure is, for us, a problem comedy: the play wrestles with a law that seems basically fruitloops.
More Lachlan Games

With the Kleene-Post [1954] paper on oracle constructions presented in Chapter 6, and the finite injury computable approximations to them in Friedberg [1957] and Muchnik [1956] presented in Chapter 7, constructions in computability entered a new and much more complicated phase in the 1960s. Shoenfield [1961] and independently Sacks [1963a, 1963c, and 1964a] invented the infinite injury method for constructing c.e. sets and degrees.