cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gender-Biased Language of the Workplace

Introduction. The World Economic Forum reports that in 2018 only 34 % of managerial positions globally were occupied by women, and the wage gap between male and female employees constitutes 63 % on average with only 67 % of women doing paid jobs. While there are multiple economic, social and cultural reasons why women are not being employed or promoted, the goal of the present study is to look at the linguistic biases hindering women's careers. We will be looking at the previous research devoted language of job advertisements, resumes, job interviews, letters of recommendation and performance reviews in order to uncover the gender-specific language and its possible effect on women's employability and analyzing the language of the public professional recommendations. Methodology and sources. We looked at the research devoted to the gender-biased language in the workplace in the last ten years which helped us to formulate three hypotheses. Then we tested these hypotheses against the data we collected from 80 public professional profiles of male and female managers. Our goal was to discover quantitative differences in usage of communal and agentic terms in reference to men and women. Results and discussion. Confirming previous findings we found out that the difference in usage of agentic terms is statistically significant across genders. Men are more often described as "leaders", "mentors", and "achievers" and attributed sense of humor than women. On the other hand, communal terms are equally used for both male and female managers. Conclusion. The gendered language can be found in all texts related to recruitment and promotion and maybe one of the reasons for the professional gender-gap. Continuous research on the topic and bringing awareness to human resource professionals and career coaches may be helpful in improving inclusion and diversity especially in higher management of the companies and in academia.
Ratio-of-Mediator-Probability Weighting for Causal Mediation Analysis in the Presence of Treatment-By-Mediator Interaction

Conventional methods for mediation analysis generate biased results when the mediatorâ€“outcome relationship depends on the treatment condition.
Hydrogen plasma favored modification of anatase TiO 2 (001 ) surface with desirable water splitting performance

We show that when ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}$ anatase (001) is exposed to hydrogen plasma that the pristine surface termination becomes unfavorable to another, slightly modified, surface. On this modified surface the topmost ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}$ layer is intact but out of registry with the bottom layers. Nevertheless, the modified surface has significantly improved ability to split water under exposure to sunlight. We show by explicit calculation of the water splitting reaction that the energy barrier that exists on a pristine surface is not present on the modified surface. The valence band maximum of the surface is raised relative to the pristine surface, which is a favorable way of adjusting the band gap in ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}$ to the solar spectrum.
SGRs in nearby galaxies: rate, luminosity function and fraction among short GRBs

It was suggested that some of the short-duration Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRB) are giant flares of Soft Gamma-ray Repeaters (SGR) in nearby galaxies. To test this hypothesis, I have constructed a sample of 47 short GRBs, detected by the Inter-Planetary Network (IPN), for which the position is constrained by at least one annulus on the celestial sphere. For each burst, I have checked whether its IPN 3-sigma error region coincides with the apparent disk of one of 316 galaxies found within 20 Mpc. I find a single match of a GRB with M74, which could, however, be due to a chance coincidence. I estimate the IPN efficiency as a function of fluence and derive the galaxy sample completeness. I find that assuming there is a cut-off in the observed energy distribution of SGR flares at <10^47 erg, the fraction of SGRs among short GRBs is <16% (95% confidence). I estimate the number of active SGRs in each one of the galaxies in the sample, and combine it with the distances to these galaxies, the IPN efficiency, and the SGR flare energy distribution, to derive the rate of giant flares with energy above 4x10^46 erg. I find that the rate of such giant flares is about (0.4-5)x10^-4 yr^-1 per SGR. This rate is marginally consistent with the observed Galactic rate. Comparison of the Galactic rate with the inferred extragalactic rate implies a steepening of the flare energy distribution at <3x10^46 erg (95% confidence). Using the Galactic SGR flare rate, I set a lower limit of one percent on the fraction of SGR flares among short GRBs.
Review of “Taxonomic revision of the genus Dioon (Zamiaceae)” published in Phytotaxa 442(4): 267–290

Dioon Lindley (1843: 59–60) is the best understood of the three cycad genera in Mesoamerica. As such, the appearance of an article published earlier this year in Phytotaxa, claiming to be a revision of the genus, was somewhat surprising. While the article provides a fairly thorough summary of previous work, there is no taxonomic revision. There are also numerous issues/errors (some quite serious) that need to be clarified and/or corrected (see separate Appendix for full list). This correspondence will critique the aforementioned article section by section, beginning with the title and stated goals.
A Brief Review of Frequently Used Self-Report Measures of Trust in Automation:

With the growing popularity of trust in automation research, there is a strong need for a review of which methods are used to measure trust in automation. This review catalogues the self-report met...
An insight into quartz mineral interactions with kerogen in Green River oil shale

Abstract Green River oil shale is an organic-inorganic macromolecular composite system. Identifying the interactions between nanoscale organic kerogen and the inorganic mineral matrix in oil shale is an important step towards the design of technologies for economic and efficient recovery of shale oil. Quartz (SiO2), one of the tectosilicate minerals present in the Green River oil shale, is modeled to determine the interactions with the 3D kerogen model. The molecular dynamics simulation technique is used as the tool for modeling the interactions. Two models with different orientations of quartz mineral and kerogen are built to evaluate the role of mineral orientation on the molecular interactions. The models are simulated at room temperature and pressure (300 K and 1.013 bar). The kerogen-quartz interactions are evaluated with respect to eight kerogen fragments. We observe that different fragments within the 3D Kerogen molecules interact with the quartz depending upon the quartz orientation. In both cases, the unconstrained ammonium (NH4) ions from the adjacent layer of kerogen migrate to the quartz cavities. All the non-interacting kerogen fragments move away from quartz. The nonbonded interactions between kerogen and quartz are generally electrostatic. The presence of quartz mineral also affects the inter-fragment and inter-layer interactions within the kerogen molecule.
Molière’s L’École des femmes and the Work of Accessories

In Moliere’s L’Ecole des femmes, fashion accessories—the small and mobile flourishes that festoon an outfit—circulate among characters in ways that limn the fault lines between the sexes and genera...
Wide Bandwidth, High Sensitivity Hg 0.8 Cd 0.2 Te Photodiodes for CO 2 Laser Applications

This paper presents experimental results describing the dc and CO2 laser heterodyne characteristics of single element and four element n+-n--p Hg0.8Cd0.2Te photodiode arrays. These diodes exhibited wide bandwidths (~2.0 GHz) and fairly good effective heterodyne quantum efficiencies (~13-30% at 2.0 GHz). Typical noise equivalent powers of approximately 1.44 x 10-20w/Hz to 6.23 x 10-20w/Hz have been measured at 2.0 GHz.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Prevalence of Behavioral Health Concerns and Systemic Issues in Disability Treatment and Management

This chapter explores the breadth of behavioral health (BH) concerns in greater detail. While there has been an increasing trend of BH disability claims, there are also multiple issues that occur within the treatment and management systems that serve to prolong them. Moreover, because there is a lack of standardization in identifying and treating BH concerns, each professional plays a role in the current iatrogenic disability process. These primary issues that occur within the BH disability management process will be discussed further in order for a consumer of clinical services to be of these potential pitfalls that lead to iatrogenic BH disability.
Evaluation of 18F-labeled amino acids and FDG to distinguish viable glioma from radiation necrosis in mice

520 Objectives To evaluate the ability of FDG and three 18F-labeled amino acids targeting different transport systems to distinguish mouse DBT gliomas from radiation necrosis using microPET. Methods Radiation necrosis was induced in the brains of BALB/c mice (n=4) with a single 60 Gy fraction using a gamma knife system. Approximately 6 weeks after irradiation, the mice underwent MRI for lesion confirmation followed by dynamic microPET using the 18F-labeled tracers (R)-MeFAMP (system A substrate), FET (system L substrate), (S)-AFETP (cationic amino acid transport substrate), and FDG. These tracers were also evaluated in a separate group of mice implanted with intracranial DBT gliomas (n=3 or 4). The percent change in SUV between early (7.5-12.5 min) and late (47.5-60 min) time points was compared using 2-tailed t-tests. Results For each tracer, the average SUVs were similar in the DBT tumors and radiation necrosis lesions, possibly due to the relatively short time interval between irradiation and imaging. The percentage of activity present at the late time point relative to the early time point was significantly different for radiation necrosis versus DBT tumors with FDG and MeFAMP but not with AFETP or FET. In the case of FDG, uptake was decreased at the late time point in radiation necrosis (83±11% of early value) but was increased at the late time point in the DBT tumors (131±30% of early value, p = 0.04). In the case of MeFAMP, uptake was also decreased at the late time point in radiation necrosis (44±4% of early value) but was relatively constant at the late time point in DBT tumors (94±17% of early value, p = 0.03). Conclusions The kinetics, but not the absolute amount of uptake, of FDG and MeFAMP appear to distinguish radiation necrosis from DBT tumors in this model. This relatively simple PET imaging paradigm could be adapted for evaluating patients with brain tumors after radiation therapy. Research Support NIH/NCI P50CA094056 (Washington University Molecular Imaging Center) K08CA15479
Forensiphilia: Is the Public Fascination with Forensic Science a Love Affair or a Fatal Attraction?

In February of 2009, the National Academy of Sciences released its much anticipated diagnosis and prescription for what ails the forensic science community. The Report confirmed the low but steady noise that had been building in the criminal justice system for at least a decade: that, with the exception of DNA evidence, much of what is presented as forensic science is not really science at all. Instead, a large segment of the high-tech pageantry seen on television and now expected and employed in court would fail to clear even the lowest hurdles of stringent scientific inquiry. Nonetheless, forensic evidence is often used to demonstrate the certainty of a person’s guilt by authoritatively “matching” evidence from the crime scene or victim to the suspect. The Report sounded the alarm as to the needs of the forensic science community, raised critical concerns, and even suggested a remedy by calling for the creation of an independent agency to regulate the field of forensic science. Moreover, it came at a time of “forensiphilia” – where forensic science is itself a celebrity that captivates and enchants audiences. One year after the Report caused ripples throughout scientific and legal circles, it seems as though, in some ways, the shock has passed, numbness has set in, and progress is idle. This article will examine the evolution of forensic science on television and in the courtroom. It will evaluate whether DNA is the reliable anomaly among the forensic science disciplines. Finally, along a similar vein to the Report’s resolution to strengthen forensic science, this article will call for a strengthening in legal education aimed at fostering both an understanding of the advances in science and a skepticism towards methods that inherently lack a solid foundation in science.
Maintaining Validity: The Development of the Concept of Trust

Maintaining validity while moving a concept to a higher level of maturity is a dilemma that faces all qualitative researchers. In this section, research projects related to the concept of trust will be used to illustrate how new studies can be built on previous ones and then all studies integrated to develop a comprehensive model without compromising validity. The multiple stages of inquiry will be elucidated using the strategies of deconstruction, development of a skeletal framework, and scaffolding as described by in the opening section by Morse and Mitcham. The strategy of deconstruction was used in the initial project (Morse, 2000), which was a multidisciplinary concept analysis to determine the level of conceptual maturity. Once it was determined that trust was not well developed in the context of health care interactions, literature was used as data (Morse, 2000) to advance the concept further for the purposes of concept clarification. Although this began the process of identifying the structural features of the concept, these data left us with many questions, particularly since the trust literature was context bound and thus not easily applied to health care relationships. A skeletal framework was then developed to investigate trust in health care relationships using grounded theory (Hupcey, Penrod, & Morse, 2000). This project also advanced the concept further toward maturity, but some aspects still remained unclear. For example, risk as a precondition for trust as found during the concept clarification was not necessarily seen when trust was applied to health care relationships. The strategy of scaffolding was then used as data collection continued with other types of participants and in different contexts to clarify discrepancies in the data and verify the developing model of the concept of trust in health care interactions (Hupcey, Clark, Hutcheson, & Thompson, in press; Thompson, Hupcey, & Clark, in press). Here, I focus on the process of deconstruction, and briefly describe the development of a skeletal framework and the scaffolding process for this research program related to the concept of trust.
The mediating role of coherence in curriculum implementation

Implementation of inquiry-based curriculum materials has been a challenge in science education. Recent research points to the importance of coherence in professional development as a means to improving implementation. Policy researchers have defined coherence in terms of alignment of standards, curriculum, and assessment is key to supporting implementation, while teacher learning researchers have analyzed coherence as an aspect of teachers' perception influenced by features of their professional development. This paper presents an expanded model of coherence that focuses on teachers' perception of alignment of curriculum materials that are the focus of professional development and on the fit of the materials to their local school context. Using empirical data from a state-wide systemic inquiry science reform effort targeting students from kindergarten to eighth grade, we describe how these two factors influenced teachers' global perceptions of the coherence of their professional development activities and subsequent implementation of curriculum materials.
Delay and area optimization for discrete gate sizes under double-sided timing constraints

A three-step algorithm is presented for the discrete gate sizing problem of delay/area optimization under double-sided timing constraints. The problem is first formulated as a linear program. The solution to the linear problem is then mapped onto a permissible set. Using this set, the gate sizes are adjusted to satisfy the delay lower and upper bounds simultaneously. It is shown that the algorithm is able to find a near-optimal solution in a reasonable amount of time.
Association of 4S ribonucleic acid with oncornavirus ribonucleic acids.

Oncornavirus 60 to 70 S ribonucleic acids (RNA), such as those from avian myeloblastosis virus, Schmidt-Ruppin virus, or mouse sarcoma-mouse leukemia viruses, isolated by conventional techniques, contain 4 S transferlike RNA molecules that are released upon dissociation of the 60 to 70 S RNA with heat. The 4 S RNA represents 2.5 to 3.0% of the RNA in the 65 S aggregate or 4 to 5 molecules per molecule of 35 S RNA formed. Images
Synthesis and Characterization of a Self‐Fluorescent Hyaluronic Acid–Based Gel for Dermal Applications

Combinations of polymer conjugates affording in situ gelation hold promise for treatment of pathological cavities (e.g., arthritis) and sustained drug release. In particular, hyaluronic acid (HA) functionalized with reactive groups is regarded as an excellent biomaterial due to its tunable cross-linking kinetics and mechanical properties. HA-based reagents, however, can be irritating to surrounding tissues due to the reactivity of pendant groups, and their fast gelation kinetics can result in poor cavity filling. In this study, a biocompatible "click" reaction between cyanobenzothiazole (CBT) and d-cysteine (d-Cys) is employed to produce HA-based conjugates for in situ gelation. Rheological studies conducted on a gel obtained from the combination of HA-CBT and HA-d-Cys indicate optimal gelation time and mechanical properties. Further, in vitro studies on porcine skin demonstrate the ability of the gel to form in situ upon subcutaneous injection or topical application, and to act as a reservoir for sustained release of protein therapeutics. Finally, the safety of the HA-based conjugates is demonstrated on human keratinocytes. The presented results demonstrate the applicability of the binary mixture for in situ gelation and the potential of the proposed system for a variety of biomedical applications.
Aflatoxin can be degraded by the mycelium of aspergillus parasiticus.

Aflatoxins B1 B2, G1, and G2 were degraded by the 8- and 16-day old but not by the 4-day old mycelium of a toxigenic strain ofAspergillus parasiticus. The 16-day old mycelium degraded the toxin more rapidly than did the 8-day old mycelium. Degradation of toxin by the mycelium was similar at pH 2.5 and 6.0.
A novel transcription factor, T-bet, directs Th1 lineage commitment.

Abstract Naive T helper cells differentiate into two subsets, Th1 and Th2, each with distinct functions and cytokine profiles. Here, we report the isolation of T-bet, a Th1-specific T box transcription factor that controls the expression of the hallmark Th1 cytokine, IFNγ. T-bet expression correlates with IFNγ expression in Th1 and NK cells. Ectopic expression of T-bet both transactivates the IFNγ gene and induces endogenous IFNγ production. Remarkably, retroviral gene transduction of T-bet into polarized Th2 and Tc2 primary T cells redirects them into Th1 and Tc1 cells, respectively, as evidenced by the simultaneous induction of IFNγ and repression of IL-4 and IL-5. Thus, T-bet initiates Th1 lineage development from naive Thp cells both by activating Th1 genetic programs and by repressing the opposing Th2 programs.
Technology out of control

THE WHALE AND THE REACTOR: A SEARCH FOR LIMITS IN THE AGE OF HIGH TECHNOLOGY by Langdon Winner Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986. 200 pp. $17.50 AUTONOMOUS TECHNOLOGY: TECHNICS‐OUT‐OF‐CONTROL AS A THEME IN POLITICAL THOUGHT by Langdon Winner Cambridge: MIT Press. 1977. 386 pp., $7.95 paper TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF AMERICA edited by Stephen F. Goldberg and Charles R. Strain Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1987. 240 pp., $19.95 TECHNOLOGY, THE ECONOMY AND SOCIETY: THE AMERICAN EXPERIENCE edited by Joel Colton and Stuart Bruchey New York: Columbia University Press, 1987. 287 pp., $35.00
On the Excess Noise Factors and Noise Parameter Equations for RF CMOS

This work examines the differences between the gd0 and gm referenced drain current excess noise factors in CMOS transistors as a function of channel length and bias. Using standard linear noisy two-port theory, we present a simple derivation of noise parameters. The results are compared with the well known Fukui's empirical FET noise equations. Experimental data on a 0.18 mum CMOS process are measured and used to evaluate the simple model equations
Isolation and partial characterization of a mutant of Escherichia coli lacking pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase

Abstract A mutant of Escherichia coli lacking pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase (EC 1.6.1.1) was isolated by assaying activity in clones of cells mutagenized with N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. The mutant is missing both energy-independent and energy-dependent transhydrogenase, but has normal NADH dehydrogenase and ATPase activities. Compared to the parental strain, the mutant has normal growth rates with glucose, glycerol, or succinate aerobically and with glucose or glycerol plus fumarate anaerobically. The aerobic growth yield with limiting glucose concentrations is also normal. These growth properties indicate that the enzyme is not an essential source of NADPH or ATP in vivo.
Mapping Different Intra-Hemispheric Parietal-Motor Networks Using Twin Coil TMS

Background Accumulating evidence suggests anatomical and functional differences in connectivity between the anterior and posterior parts of the inferior-parietal lobule (IPL) and the frontal motor areas.
Preferences of 14 rat strains for 17 taste compounds

Abstract Two-bottle choice tests were used to assess the taste preferences of 8 male and 8 female rats from 3 outbred strains (SD, LE, WI) and 11 inbred strains (BN, BUF, COP, DA, Dahl-S, F344, FHH, LEW, Noble, PVG, SHR). Each rat received a series of 109 48-h tests with a choice between water and a “taste solution”. Four to eight concentrations of the following compounds were tested: NaCl, CaCl2, NH4Cl, KCl, MgCl2, saccharin, sucrose, ethanol, HCl, citric acid, quinine hydrochloride (QHCl), caffeine, denatonium, monosodium glutamate (MSG), Polycose, corn oil, and capsaicin. Strain differences (p
Arraying the orchestration of allograft pathology

Microarrays, or gene chips, are exciting investigative tools for analyzing expression changes across thousands of genes in concert in tissues and cells of interest. Despite the relatively recent application of microarrays to transplant research, they hold great promise for unraveling the staging of rejection, stratifying patients towards more individualized treatment regimes, and discovering noninvasive biomarkers for monitoring of intragraft events. Bioinformatics tools are being developed to sift through the large data sets generated as ‘genomic fingerprints’ of the underlying biologic pathways. Gene clustering and class prediction tools allow discovery of diagnostic and prognostic molecular signatures of health and disease. Oligonucleotide-based microarrays also have utility in genotyping polymorphic markers. This report reviews the current literature of microarray use in transplantation research, compares currently available array platforms, and discusses future application of this technology to clinical organ transplantation.
The Geographical Dimension of Terrorism

The events of September 11 ushered us all into a world in which our security and sense of invulnerability were savagely replaced by vulnerability and irrational fear. To the delight of our adversaries who planned these attacks, we often responded in ways that furthered their agenda by weakening the cultural colossus that we call home. Normally terrorism is viewed as intense but localized violence. Seldom is terrorism viewed in its more expansive dimensions. It is burned into our collective memories as a collapsed building, a shattered bus, an incinerated nightclub, or facilities closed by a few anthrax-laced letters. However, terrorism must be studied in dimensions larger than the view from a news camera. This conclusion forms the intellectual basis for The Geographical Dimension of Terrorism.
COMMUTER-BASED CARSHARING: MARKET NICHE POTENTIAL

The automobile accounts for more than 95 percent of all person miles traveled in the United States, whereas transit accounts for less than 3 percent of all trips. Between the private automobile and traditional transit, niche markets exist for other transportation services, such as airport and transit feeder shuttles and carsharing. Commuter-based carsharing, by which individuals share a fleet of vehicles linked to transit, could potentially fill and expand one such niche; complement existing services, mainly transit and feeder shuttles; and develop into a viable transportation alternative. A brief overview is presented of transit feeder services, particularly in Northern California. The CarLink I field test is described—a commuter-based carsharing model developed and tested in the San Francisco Bay Area in 1999. Key behavioral findings are highlighted. Recommendations are made for strengthening the viability of this innovative service, mainly on the basis of experience from the CarLink I field test. Empir...
Functional lipid microstructures immobilized on a gold electrode for voltammetric biosensing of cholera toxin

Redox functionalized microstructures of diacetylene lipids containing cell surface ligand GM1 have been prepared for the construction of an electrochemical biosensor for cholera toxin from Vibrio cholerae. Incorporation of lipid molecules with disulfide functionality into the microstructures allows for firm attachment of the microstructures on a gold surface to form a sensing interface. The observed morphology of the microstructures is platelet, with size around 240 nm as determined by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The electrochemical response stems from electron transfer between the electrode and the redox sites on the microstructures, and the Faradaic current is influenced by the binding events of protein toxins to the ligands displayed on the crystalline surface. Electrochemical characterization indicates that electron transfer of surface ferrocene on the gold electrode is facile. Differential pulse voltammetry was used to measure the current magnitude as a function of toxin concentration, and a working range expanding from 1.0 × 10−8 to 5.0 × 10−7 M was obtained. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as a control agent with which no interference to Faradaic response was found in the same concentration range. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to characterize the morphology and distribution of microstructures on the gold surface. The effectiveness of the design for bypassing surface fouling of proteins in electrochemical detection has been demonstrated, and a binding regulated electron hopping mechanism for the observed electrochemical behavior has been proposed.
Transforming growth factor alpha-immunoreactivity in neural tissues of the rat stomach

We report TGF alpha immunoreactivity in neurons of the myenteric plexus and in nerve fibers in the muscle and submucosal layers of the rat stomach. Association of TGF alpha staining nerve fibers to vessels and smooth muscle cells gives morphological evidence that EGF/TGF alpha's actions to increase mucosal blood flow and gastric motility may be mediated by TGF alpha derived from neural structures. These data suggest that TGF alpha plays a role in the neural control of the gastric function.
MO‐E‐16A‐01: Preparing for the ABR Therapy Medical Physics Exam

Preparing for all three parts of the Therapy ABR Physics boards is more than just studying as much material as possible. There will always be material that is missed and gaps in one's knowledge. Therefore it is crucial to understand how the materials relate to each other and to clinical experiences in order to fill those gaps. Each part of the board exam presents its own difficulties: Part I: Determining what material to study, most of which have been learned a long time ago. Part II: Solving a vast array of clinical calculations rapidly by hand Part III: Gaining crucial clinical experiences and being able to explain orally how they are performed and what they mean. All three require different skill sets and preparation, from memorizing vast amounts of material, to rapidly recognizing and solving calculations, to being able to easily and confidently respond to oral questions about all aspects of working in the clinic and why those clinical methods and procedures are performed that way. This symposium is not a comprehensive review of all required study material. Instead it focuses on the previously mentioned problems and required skill sets that are needed for each part of the board exam. Expert Medical Physicists will share their experiences and methods to help students best prepare for the challenges of each individual exam. Learning Objectives: 1. How to Prepare for Part 1 by determining study material 2. How to Prepare for Part 2 by learning to solve clinical calculations rapidly 3. How to Prepare for Part 3 by determining critical clinical experiences and learning how to answer questions orally
Anti-CMV antibodies and coronary artery disease.

To the Editor: Recently, Ridker et al published their observations about cytomegalovirus (CMV) and atherosclerosis.1 They found that “there is no evidence of a positive association between baseline IgG antibodies directed against CMV or HSV [herpes simplex virus] and the development of future MI [myocardial infarction] or thromboembolic stroke. Furthermore, we found no evidence of association between CMV or HSV exposure and concentration of CRP [C-reactive protein]”.1 …
Mast cell TNF mRNA expression in nasal mucosa demonstrated by in situ hybridization: a comparison of mast cell detection methods.

Abstract We have used 35 S-labelled RNA probes to detect TNF cytokine gene expression in nasal mucosa derived from patients with perennial rhinitis. As mast cells comprise a minor component of the total cell population in nasal mucosa, additional methods are needed to determine whether mast cells contribute to the cytokine mRNA detected by in situ hybridization. We have combined in situ hybridization with alternate methods to detect mast cells (tryptase immunostaining or toluidine blue staining) and determined that in situ hybridization coupled with tryptase immunostaining provides optimal methods to detect mast cell cytokine gene expression in tissue sections. Using in situ hybridization and tryptase immunostaining, we demonstrate that mast cells in nasal mucosa can express TNF mRNA. However, the number of tryptase − , TNF + cells (1.99 ± 1.59 cells/mm 2 ) exceeded the number of tryptase + , TNF + mast cells (0.09 ± 0.21 cells/mm 2 ). Mast cells thus comprised a subpopulation of the total number of TNF mRNA positive cells in nasal mucosa.
Compiling APL for parallel and vector execution

The inherent parallelism of applicative languages such as APL and functional languages such as FP present a little-exploited and somewhat unorthodox means of parallel programming. Here we summarize our investigation of a new approach to compiling such programs for execution on various types of parallel hardware. Our method centers around an intermediate form that is an extension of the lambda calculus. We present evidence that APL programs are easily translated into this intermediate form, and that this intermediate representation lends itself readily to code generation for a variety of parallel hardware.
Enhanced 24-hour norepinephrine and renin secretion in young patients with essential hypertension: Relation with the circadian pattern of arterial blood pressure

This study examines the possibility that 24-hour differences in blood pressure (BP) regulation between hypertensive and normotensive subjects is related to changes in 24-hour secretory patterns in circulating pressor hormones. Nine young subjects with normal BP and 9 patients with essential hypertension (EH) were studied during 24-hour recumbency. Every 20 minutes samples were taken to determine plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels and plasma renin activity (PRA). BP was measured every 20 minutes by automatic recording. A distinct circadian rhythm was demonstrated for mean BP, NE and PRA in both groups. Nocturnal reductions in mean BP, NE and PRA related best to the sleep-wakefulness cycle in both groups. Circadian changes in mean BP correlated with NE levels in both normal subjects and patients with EH. The most striking difference between the 2 groups was the absolute levels of mean BP, NE and PRA, which were higher in the EH group at most time points in the 24-cycle. Differences in levels of NE and PRA between the 2 groups were most accentuated during sleep. Thus, young persons with EH show evidence of enhanced sympathetic nervous activity throughout the 24-hour cycle, which is most pronounced during sleep. The multiple sampling approach offers a more sensitive indicator of the role of pressor hormones in BP maintenance.
The transformation of Central Asia: Implications for regional and international security

(1992). The transformation of Central Asia: Implications for regional and international security. Survival: Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 68-89.
Factors affecting freezing damage of lactic dehydrogenase.

Abstract A study was made of the separate effects of changes in temperature, pH, salt composition, and protein concentration of the unfrozen phase as well as of the presence of glycerol and ice, on inactivation of lactic dehydrogenase during freezing. Results showed that inactivation increased rapidly with decreasing temperature (+2 to −10 °C) and pH (7.8–6.0) and increasing salt concentration (up to 3.3 m was studied). Increasing the enzyme protein concentration (up to 2.5 mg/ml) reduced inactivation markedly. Phosphates caused more inactivation than chlorides, while glycerol reduced inactivation mainly by maintaining salt concentrations at a lower value. In the presence of ice, the enzyme was preferentially held in or on the ice crystals, but this did not significantly affect inactivation.
Synthesis of 2,5‐disubstituted tetrazoles as possible antiinflammatory agents

Several 2-(1-acetoxy-3-substituted carbamido)-5-phenyltetrazoles were synthesized as possible antiinflammatory agents. Nmr spectroscopy was used as a tool in assigning the structure of the. Positional isomers of these substituted phenyltelrazoles. Compounds possessing antiinflammatory activity (100 mg./kg., i.p.) provided 11–41% protection against carrageenin-induced edema in rats. Seven of these substituted phenyltelrazoles possessed antiproteolytic activity and the in vitro inhibition of trypsin activity during hydrolysis of bovine serum albumin ranged from 9–66%.
Anxiety and muscle tension as consequences of caffeine withdrawal

Regular consumers of caffeine had higher muscle tension after three or more hours of abstinence than low caffeine consumers. This difference was absent after double-blind administration of caffeine citrate or placebo. In a discriminative reaction time test, caffeine treatment improved performance. Among subjects receiving placebo, anxiety was highly correlated with prior caffeine use, suggesting that even a brief abstinence may produce anxiety in the regular user.
Dinitrophenol inhibition of pituitary adenoma formation in mice fed propylthiouracil.

SummaryIncorporation of 0.5 g of 2,4-dinitrophenol per kg of diet reduced the incidence of pituitary adenomas caused by prolonged feeding of 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil.
Effects of deprivation and presence of food on intake of sucrose solution in six-bottle tests

Relative sucrose solution intake in 6-bottle tests was studied in rats under conditions of food-, water-, food-and-water-, and non-deprivation, and under conditions in which food was present or absent during testing. Water deprivation was most effective in altering the intake function, but deprivation interacted with the test-food variable to produce changes in the intake functions of food-, and food-and-water deprived Ss.
Congruence and Typology of Diagnoses in School Psychology: An Empirical Study.

Focus is directed upon the logic and import of the assumption that effective preventative and remedial mental health service demands reasonable agreement among service providers as to the nature and course of psychological problems. The study proceeds to test the belief that school psychologists improve in diagnostic agreement as a function of increased training and experience. Seventy-two randomly selected members of groups of novice, intern, and expert school psychologists were presented with three child case studies containing a full breadth of information and were subsequently asked to render diagnoses. It was found that diagnostic agreement was absent at all levels of experience, and further, a trend was noted wherein school psychologists tended to demonstrate increasing disagreement with one another as they acquired more training and experience. The findings were examined in the context of comparative research from allied mental health and educational specialties, with a special concern for discovering prevailing patterns of decision-making errors that result in reduced diagnostic agreement and validity.
The effect of experimental hypothyroidism on coronary blood flow and hemodynamic factors.

A reduction in the basal metabolism rate and protein bound iodine conversion ratio in a group of dogs following the administration of I131 was accepted as evidence of experimentally induced hypothyroidism. Observations of cardiac functions were made in the normal control group and in the hypothyroid group. The latter group was characterized by a reduction in coronary sinus blood flow, left ventricular oxygen consumption and heart rate. Atropine increased each of these values in the hypothyroid animals to a level approximately equal to that induced by atropine in the normal control group. The ability of the hypothyroid heart to raise coronary sinus blood flow and left ventricular oxygen consumption to the level of the normal heart in response to atropine is explained in terms of changes in heart rate because a close association between heart rate and these two functions has been established under a wide variety of experimental conditions. The capacity of the hypothyroid heart to change its rate appears to be unimpaired. The cardiac index of the hypothyroid heart is also reduced but fails to return to the normal control levels in response to atropine. This reduction is probably associated with an increase in A-V oxygen difference, indicating a relatively greater reduction in cardiac output than in total oxygen consumption.
Transient Annealing of Ion-Implanted Silicon Using A Scanning IR Line Source

Recent interest in finding an efficient method for transient annealing of ion-implanted silicon has led to studies of various rapid annealing schemes such as graphite heaters and high intensity incoherent light sources as alternative methods to laser annealing. In this paper, we describe a recent study of transient annealing of ion-implanted silicon using a scanning IR line source created by a single tungsten filament enclosed in a quartz envelope. Various dopants (B+, P+ and As+) with fluences of 1014 to 1016 ions/cm2 were implanted and annealed under both transient and steady-state thermal conditions. Dopant depth distributions were analyzed using the SIMS technique. Sheet resistance measurements indicated that almost 100% activations of the implanted dopants were achieved. Sensitivities of dopant activation to transient annealing conditions were studied as a function of dopant concentrations, and high-dose As- and B-implanted samples were found to be sensitive to transient thermal cycle, particularly to the peak temperature. Recrystallization was studied with Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy using 2 Mev He+ ions.
STUDIES ON PATHOGENIC B. COLI FROM BOVINE SOURCES : I. THE PATHOGENIC ACTION OF CULTURE FILTRATES.

The relatively young bouillon filtrates, 24 and 48 hours old, of certain strains of B. coli obtained directly from the ileum of scouring calves, were highly toxic for calves about 1 month old, as well as for older calves and cows when given into a vein. The symptoms, of panting followed by dyspneic and jerky respiration, indicate some at first obstructive action upon the alveolar and endothelial cells, followed by a greater permeability and eventual filling up of the air spaces with a serous, fibrinous, and hemorrhagic exudate. Similar effects are produced in other organs, such as liver and kidneys, if the toxin reaches them or is formed there by multiplying bacteria. There are no immediate or remote effects resembling those on calves following the intraperitoneal or the intracardiac injection of B. coli filtrates into guinea pigs even when the dose represents many multiples, per body weight, of the dangerous or even fatal calf dose. The administration of the filtrate subcutaneously is without visible effect. Similarly, feeding large numbers of living bacilli produced no manifest disturbances. In support of the hypothesis of a genetic relation between the group of B. coli and of paratyphoid, a similar but less severe effect was produced in a calf by the intravenous injection of a bouillon filtrate of a paratyphoid strain.
Alternatively Spliced Transcripts of the Aromatase Cytochrome P450 (CYP19) Gene in Adipose Tissue of Women

Estrogen biosynthesis in adipose tissue has assumed great significance in terms of a number of estrogen-related diseases. The biosynthesis of estrogens from C19 steroids is catalyzed by a specific form of cytochrome P450, namely aromatase cytochrome P450 (P450arom; the product of the CYP19 gene). The human CYP19 gene comprises nine coding exons, II–X, and its transcripts are expressed in the ovary, placenta, testes, adipose tissue, and brain. Tissue-specific expression of the CYP19 gene is determined at least in part by the use of tissue-specific promoters, which give rise to transcripts with unique 5′-noncoding termini. Thus, the distal promoter I.1 is responsible for expression uniquely in placenta. On the other hand, the proximal promoter II, which regulates expression via a cAMP-dependent signaling pathway, is responsible for expression in the gonads. Transcripts in breast adipose tissue contain 5′-termini corresponding to expression derived from promoters I.4, II, and I.3, with I.4-specific termini p...
Construction and Validation of Synthetic Electronic Medical Records

There is a current and pressing need for a test bed of electronic medical records (EMRs) to insure consistent development, validation and verification of public health related algorithms that operate on EMRs. However, access to full EMRs is limited and not generally available to the academic algorithm developers who support the public health community. This paper describes a set of algorithms that produce synthetic EMRs using real EMRs as a model. The algorithms were used to generate a pilot set of over 3000 synthetic EMRs that are currently available on CDC’s Public Health grid. The properties of the synthetic EMRs were validated, both in the entire aggregate data set and for individual (synthetic) patients. We describe how the algorithms can be extended to produce records beyond the initial pilot data set.
Experimental Investigation of Liquid Phase Breakup in Solid Fuel Rockets

Solid rocket motors (SRM)s commonly use aluminized composite propellants. The combustion of aluminum composite propellants in SRM chambers lead to high temperature and pressure conditions resulting in the liquid alumina as a combustion product. The presence of liquid alumina in the flow presents problems such as; chemical erosion of propellant, and mechanical erosion of nozzle. One method of solving the problem of liquid alumina in flow is to change the SRM geometry to induce liquid breakup and suspend the alumina in the flow thus avoiding erosive behavior. To validate numerical simulation methods for geometric breakup induction simulation models of alumina flow can be compared to air and liquid water flows, and the air-liquid water flow models then compared to water-air experimental results. This study investigates experimental geometric induced liquid breakup behavior for the implementation of the alumina flow and nozzle geometry simulation in SRM design. A rectangular chamber was considered for experimental and simulation to explore the air-water flow behavior. The suspension of water was induced with a triangular shaped jump. The resulting two phase flow was examined using photography technique. Significant incitement in the air-water behavior was observed due to geometry modification. Replication of experimental results was simulated with some accuracy.© 2014 ASME
Hepatitis B virus in the United States: infection, exposure, and immunity rates in a nationally representative survey.

Current estimates of the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, exposure, and immunity are needed to assess the effectiveness of programs to prevent transmission. This study of 39 787 par...
Dietary Sodium Intake Modulates Pituitary Proopiomelanocortin mRNA Abundance

The pituitary prohormone proopiomelanocortin gives rise to melanocortins of α, β, and γ primary structure in addition to corticotropin. Melanocortins have a variety of actions in mammals, and each is natriuretic. In particular, γ-melanocyte–stimulating hormone has been shown to mediate reflex natriuresis after acute unilateral nephrectomy. We examined whether this peptide could play a role in longer term adjustments in sodium balance by measuring plasma γ-melanocyte–stimulating hormone and corticotropin concentrations, as well as pituitary proopiomelanocortin mRNA abundance, in Sprague-Dawley rats ingesting either a low (0.07% NaCl) or high (7.5% NaCl) sodium diet. One week after the high sodium diet, plasma γ-melanocyte–stimulating hormone concentration was double the value seen in rats on the low sodium diet (158±5 [SE] versus 76±9 fmol/mL, P
Three-dimensional MHD flow in insulating circular ducts in non-uniform transverse magnetic fields

Abstract The steady, laminar flow of a liquid metal in a circular duct with electrically insulating wall in the presence of a strong transverse non-uniform field is investigated. The interaction parameter and Hartmann number are assumed to be large, whereas the magnetic Reynolds number is assumed to be small. General solutions for the inviscid inertialess core of the flow and the viscous inertialess Hartmann layer are matched at the core/Hartmann layer interface. This matching provides sufficient conditions for obtaining a unique solution. The numerical scheme used in the solution is discussed and results for the case of a fringing magnetic field are presented. The numerical scheme employs an approximate treatment for the side region containing the singularity at the point where the magnetic field lines are tangential to the inner surface of the duct. This approximation is shown to be appropriate for MHD flows under fusion reactor relevant conditions.
A physical description of the pathogenesis, histopathology and treatment of corneal epithelial edema

Abstract The origins, progression and histopathology of corneal epithelial edema are explained and illustrated in terms of corneal mechanics and load transmission. It is shown that, as has been suggested previously, an elevated subepithelial fluid pressure is necessary for the development of edema and subepithelial bullae, and hence that effective therapies must act to reduce this pressure. The mechanisms of osmotherapy and intralamellar inserts, and the clinically observed diurnal variation in the severity of bullous keratopathy, are discussed in this context.