cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetics of Coxsackie B3 (CVB3) myocarditis

The pathogenic T cell responsible for myocarditis following CVB3 infection differs between BALB/c and DBA/2 mice. Since these two strains are identical at the major histocompatibility (MHC) loci (both H-2d), our aim was to investigate the genetic basis for this difference in T cell immunity, as well as the tissue origin responsible. As previously described, DBA/2 mice are protected from developing myocarditis by CD4+ T cell depletion; BALB/c CUM mice could be protected by CD8+ depletion. TxBM DBA/2 mice were irradiated and reconstituted with thymus and bone marrow cells of either DBA/2 or BALB/c CUM origin. These mice were then tested for susceptibility to CVB3 myocarditis following specific T cell depletion. These studies demonstrated that the pathogenic mechanism is inherent in the bone marrow of the animal and does not reflect thymic selection during T cell ontogeny. Further studies involving C.D2 mice, which are BALB/c AnPt mice congenic with DBA/2, were performed to analyse the susceptibility pattern following specific T cell depletion and virus infection. Analysis of BALB/c AnPt and congenics revealed a pattern consistent with the DBA/2 strain, and not the BALB/c CUM strain. This indicates that the differences in immune pathogenicity lie within subfamilies of BALB/c mice, making information on strain origin important when comparing experimental results in this system.
Evaluation of CBCT Digital Models and Traditional Models Using the Little's Index

Abstract Objective: To determine if measurements obtained from digital models from cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were comparable to the traditional method of digital study models by impressions. Materials and Methods: Digital models of 30 subjects were used. InVivoDental (Anatomage, San Jose, Calif) software was used to analyze CBCT scans taken by a Galileos cone beam scanner (Sirona, Charlotte, NC) with a field of view of 15 × 15 × 15 cm3 and a voxel resolution of 0.125 mm. OrthoCAD (Cadent, Fairview, NJ) software was used to analyze impression scans of patients at different stages of orthodontic treatment. Impressions were taken using alginate and were mailed to OrthoCAD for digital conversion. The scans were then electronically returned in digital format for analysis. Results: The maxillary mean scores for the Little's Index were 9.65 mm for digital models and 8.87 mm for InVivoDental models, respectively. The mandibular mean scores for the Little's Index were 6.41 mm for digital models a...
Disaggregating Torture Allegations: Introducing the Ill-Treatment and Torture (ITT) Country-Year Data†

The Ill-Treatment and Torture (ITT) Data Collection Project uses content analysis to measure allegations of government ill-treatment and torture made by Amnesty International (AI) from 1995 to 2005. ITT's country-year (CY) data quantify AI allegations of ill-treatment and torture at the country-year unit of observation and further across different responsible government agents and across different econo-socio-political groups of alleged victims. This paper introduces the Ill-Treatment and Torture country-year data, describes quantitative patterns likely to be of interest to researchers focused on the study of international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) and human rights, and suggests a number of theoretically motivated questions that can be explored using the ITT country-year data.
Analysis of modal reduction techniques for the dynamics of general tridiagonal systems

Abstract An analysis and algorithm are provided for developing modal reduced-order models for general tridiagonal system dynamics. A number of new results are presented including a set of bounding equations for the dominant system time constant and an error measure that enables one to determine the suitability of the reduced-order model with regard to both its mathematical form and order. The model reduction algorithm provided in this work provides fast, reliable estimates of the parameters required for the reduced-order models. In addition, the eigenvalue bounding equations provide conservative estimates of the domain in which the dominant system time constant must lie. These bounds provide the maximum error in the value for the dominant system time constant evaluated with our technique. Finally, the use of the error measure quantity defined in this work is shown to be of value in evaluating issues related to model suitability.
Co-morbid pain and opioid addiction: Long term effect of opioid maintenance on acute pain

Abstract Introduction Medication assisted treatment for opioid dependence alters the pain experience. This study will evaluate changes pain sensitivity and tolerance with opioid treatments; and duration of this effect after treatment cessation. Method 120 Individuals with chronic pain were recruited in 4 groups ( N = 30): 1-methadone for opioid addiction; 2-buprenorphine for opioid addiction; 3-history of opioid maintenance treatment for opioid addiction but with prolonged abstinence ( M = 121 weeks; SD = 23.3); and 4-opioid naive controls. Participants completed a psychological assessment and a cold water task including, time to first pain (sensitivity) and time to stopping the pain task (tolerance). Data analysis used survival analyses. Results A Kaplan–Meier–Cox survival analysis showed group differences for both pain sensitivity (log rank = 15.50; p p p 's p R = .37; p Conclusion Among individuals with a history of prolonged opioid maintenance, there appears to be long-term differences in pain sensitivity that do not resolve with discontinuation of opioid maintenance. Although pain sensitivity does not change, pain tolerance does improve after opioid maintenance cessation. Implications for treating co-morbid opioid addiction and pain (acute and chronic) are discussed.
On a measure of ambiguity

We consider a general characterization of a measure of ambiguity suggested by Fishburn and investigate the appropriateness of this characterization. It is shown that a number of concepts related to uncertainty and taken from fuzzy logic-measures of fuzziness, measures of specificity, and measures of possibility/certainty interval-satisfy this characterization. In addition, a measure from classical logic indicating the certainty of our knowledge of the truth or falsity of a proposition in the face of a collection of premises also satisfies the characterization of Fishburn. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Experimental Transmission of Saint Louis Encephalitis to White Swiss Mice by Dermacentor variabilis.

Summary1. The virus of Saint Louis encephalitis was recovered from the bodies of engorged larval ticks which had fed in infected adult Swiss mice. 2. Under experimental conditions the Saint Louis encephalitis virus was transmited to young Swiss mice by larval ticks. 3. Normal adult mice upon which infected, full-grown ticks had fed developed considerable resistance to intracerebral inoculation of virus.
Cisplatin neuropathy. Clinical, electrophysiologic, morphologic, and toxicologic studies

Ten of 11 patients with ovarian cancer receiving cisplatin developed a distal sensory neuropathy, manifested early by decreased vibratory sensibility in toes and depressed ankle jerks and later by uncomfortable paresthesias. Eleven patients receiving cisplatin, 50 mg/m2 monthly (mean tstal, 580 mg/m2) were studied prospectively with monthly neurologic examinations and conduction velocity determinations of median, peroneal, and sural nerves. Early signs were decreased vibratory sensibility in toes (mean dose, 417 f 132 mg/m2 [SD]) and loss of ankle jerks (mean dose, 455 f 86 mg/m2). With continued therapy, four developed paresthesias. Strehgth was Unaffected. Sural nerve responses abruptly disappeared in six patients (mean dose, 383 +- 103 mg/m2). Other conduction velocities remain4 sormal. Electron microscopy of peripheral nerves from four patients showed axonal degeneration and secondary myelin breakdown. Platinum concentrations in three patients were similar in tumor (3.3 fig/&, sural nerves (3.5 fig/g), and spinal ganglia (3.8 pg/g), but lower in brain (0.17 fig/&. This may explain the cisplatin toxicity of peripheral nerves with relative sparing of the central nervous system. Cancer 54:1269-1275, 1984. isDiAMiNE DICHLOROPLATINU~~ (cisplatin) has been C used as a cancer chemotherapeutic agent since I 972'.2 and has shown particular efficacy against ovarian, testicular, and bladder cancer^.^ The principle side effects are nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, nausea and vomiting, and myelos~ppression.~ Scattered reports of peripheral neuropathy associated with cisplatin therapy also have ap~eared.~-'~ The neuropathy was primarily sensory and often the initial symptoms were paresthesias in the feet.4.5.9.10.12.14.15 Mild motor involvement was present in some case^.^.^.' Although most patients improved with cessation of treatment,4,5*10.1 '*13*18 some progressed to severe di~ability.~.~ Previous nerve conduction studies have suggested greater involvement of sensory nerves than motor newes.4.5.9.10.14 Sural nerve biopsies revealed changes interpreted as destruction of myelin in five and
ACUTE VAPOR TOXICITY OF PHOSPHORUS OXYCHLORIDE, PHOSPHORUS TRICHLORIDE AND METHYL PHOSPHONIC DICHLORIDE.

Abstract The acute vapor toxicities of POCl3, PCl3, and CH3POCl2 and of their decomposition and hydrolysis products were studied to provide information for industrial hygiene procedures. Also studied were the effects on toxicity when these phosphorus compound vapors were neutralized with NH3 in the air. The effects of NH3 were in proportion to the degree of hydrolysis of the compound (presumably neutralizing the HCl produced). These experiments found that the neutralization with NH3 caused abatement of sensory effects, but may even worsen the clinical state of those exposed.
TRAFFIC CONTROL AT FREEWAY WORK SITES

A comprehensive, multidisciplinary study of traffic control needs of freeway lane closures at work zones included surveys of drivers and highway patrolmen, test driver studies, field measurements of merging and speed characteristics, a digital simulation study, and the field testing of novel signs. Construction accident data, collected on a turnpike facility, was dominated by collisions with objects, many involving trucks at night in the transition area at crossovers. Rear‐end accidents resulted in higher injury rates than other accidents, most occurring in the closed lane or bidirectional area. The simulation study indicated that potential problems increase rapidly as approach volumes increase toward open‐lane capacity, but these problems can be greatly reduced if closed lane drivers can be induced to initiate early merges. Several signs designed to influence driver behavior were field tested. The results were largely inconclusive, but the “Merge Soon With Caution” sign was found to increase early merge ...
Chemical and biological terrorism preparedness for staff development specialists.

Staff development specialists must adapt orientation and continuing/life-long learning educational programs to provide nursing staff with the knowledge and skills required to respond to a biological or chemical terrorist attack. The integration of accurate, reliable, and timely information into staff development programs will contribute to the advancement of a national nursing workforce adequately prepared to respond to a major public health event resulting from the intentional use of biological and chemical weapons. Language: en
A 40+ year record of Cd, Hg, Pb, and U deposition in sediments of Patroon Reservoir, Albany County, NY, USA

Sediments of the Patroon Creek watershed (33 km(2)) are known to contain significant concentrations of heavy metals derived from two industrial sites within the watershed. Mercury Refining, Inc (Mereco) has stored and recycled Hg from 1955 to the present day, and National Lead Industries (NLI) manufactured aircraft components containing Cd, Pb, and U from 1958 to 1984. Here we present the first record of heavy metal deposition as preserved in a 3-m long sediment core collected in 1999 from Patroon Reservoir, a small water body (1.3 ha) downstream of the industrial sites. Bulk sediment samples were collected from the core at 0.05-m intervals and analyzed for total Cd, Pb, and U by ICP-MS and total Hg by CVAAS. Total Hg increases from less than 1 mg kg(-1) (dw) below 1.68 m, to a maximum of 6.2 mg kg(-1) at 0.80 m, and then declines to the sediment-water interface. Total Cd, Pb, and U concentrations increase abruptly above 1.68 m to maximum values of 25, 320, and 3600 mg kg(-1) (dw), respectively, and then decline gradually upwards. By correlating metal profiles with industrial history, we conclude that the 1.68 m horizon was deposited no earlier than 1958, the beginning of aircraft component manufacturing at NLI. The average, apparent sedimentation rate within the reservoir has a minimum value of approximately 0.04 m year(-1) for the 41-year period from 1958 to 1999. In the interval 0--1.68 m, average concentrations of Cd, Hg, Pb, and U are 1.69, 1.50, 461, and 13 mg kg(-1), respectively. These levels are comparable with other lake, reservoir and stream sediments that have been moderately to severely impacted by industrial pollution and are above levels expected to be detrimental to aquatic organisms.
Integrin binding uniquely regulates tropic breast cancer cell phenotypes in vitro

Breast cancer preferentially spreads to the bone, brain, liver, and lung, and this tissue-specific spread (tropism) is not well understood. The diversity of tissue sites often recipient of metastatic colonization suggests a role for the extracellular matrix (ECM) in tropism. We created a biomaterial platform that varies ECM type and composition, inspired by the bone, brain, and lung tissues, in order to study integrin-mediated adhesion and motility phenotypes. We report that bone, brain, and lung tropic breast cancer cells respond to ECM variations uniquely, implicating integrin binding in tropism. We confirmed these phenotypes in other metastatic cell lines, establishing a connection between in vitro phenotype and in vivo fate. We report that integrin-targeting alters the tropic phenotype, and provide insight toward integrins as druggable targets for metastatic disease. In sum, we emphasize the importance of the ECM and engineered microenvironments in order to understand breast cancer spread.
Depressive behavior in mice due to immune stimulation is accompanied by reduced neural activity in brain regions involved in positively motivated behavior.

Background Immune stimulation inhibits positively motivated behavior and induces depressive illness. To help clarify the mechanism of these effects, neural activity in response to a positive stimulus was examined in brain regions associated with positively motivated activity defined on the basis of prior behavioral studies of central α 1 -adrenoceptor action. Methods Mice pretreated with either lipopolysaccharide or, for comparison, reserpine were exposed to a motivating stimulus (fresh cage) and subsequently assayed for fos expression and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation, two measures associated with α 1 -adrenoceptor-dependent neural activity, in several positive-activity-related (motor, piriform, cingulate cortex, nucleus accumbens, locus coeruleus) and stress-related brain regions (paraventricular hypothalamus, bed nucleus stria terminalis). Results Both lipopolysaccharide and reserpine pretreatment abolished fresh cage-induced fos expression and MAPK activation in the positive activity-related brain regions but enhanced these measures in the stress-related areas. Conclusions The results support the hypothesis that immune activation reduces α 1 -adrenoceptor-related signaling and neural activity in brain regions associated with positive activity while it increases these functions in stress-associated areas. It is suggested that neural activities of these two types of brain regions are mutually antagonistic and that a reciprocal shift toward the stress regions is a factor in the loss of positively motivated behaviors in sickness behavior and depressive illness.
Moisture Bursts over the Tropical Pacific Ocean

The frequency and location of moisture bursts are examined. A moisture burst is described and defined, and this definition is applied to IR imagery for four six-month cool seasons (November-April) in the eastern North Pacific. It is observed that about ten moisture bursts/month occur during the cool seasons; the bursts last about 2-4 days and no more than 10 days; and they are distributed uniformly across the Pacific to the west of 110 deg W. The relation between the moisture bursts and the El Nino event of 1982-1983, and moisture bursts in the general circulation are analyzed. The analyses reveal that few bursts occur in the region associated with the El Nino event, and the moisture bursts resemble transient intensification of the mean meridional circulation in regions with a weak Hadley cell. Two modes for the behavior of the Hadley cell in the Pacific are proposed.
Discrete Developmental Roles for Temperate Cereal Grass VERNALIZATION1/FRUITFULL-Like Genes in Flowering Competency and the Transition to Flowering

Members of the grass subfamily Pooideae are characterized by their adaptation to cool temperate climates. Vernalization is the process whereby flowering is accelerated in response to a prolonged period of cold. Winter cereals are tolerant of low temperatures and flower earlier with vernalization, whereas spring cultivars are intolerant of low temperatures and flower later with vernalization. In the pooid grasses wheat (Triticum monococcum, Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare), vernalization responsiveness is determined by allelic variation at the VERNALIZATION1 (VRN1) and/or VRN2 loci. To determine whether VRN1, and its paralog FRUITFULL2 (FUL2), are involved in vernalization requirement across Pooideae, we determined expression profiles for multiple cultivars of oat (Avena sativa) and wheat with and without cold treatment. Our results demonstrate significant up-regulation of VRN1 expression in leaves of winter oat and wheat in response to vernalization; no treatment effect was found for spring or facultative growth habit oat and wheat. Similar cold-dependent patterns of leaf expression were found for FUL2 in winter oat, but not winter wheat, suggesting a redundant qualitative role for these genes in the quantitative induction of flowering competency of oat. These and other data support the hypothesis that VRN1 is a common regulator of vernalization responsiveness within the crown pooids. Finally, we found that up-regulation of VRN1 in vegetative meristems of oat was significantly later than in leaves. This suggests distinct and conserved roles for temperate cereal grass VRN1/FUL-like genes, first, in systemic signaling to induce flowering competency, and second, in meristems to activate genes involved in the floral transition.
Iterative introduction of integral approximations with error bounds in SCF calculations

Another possible application of a previously reported approximation theory for electron repulsion integrals using rigorous error bounds is considered by incorporating the electron density matrix in the approximation scheme. Error bounds are set on the contribution of a given integral to the total energy for a given molecular wave-function; the wave-function is then refined cyclically and additional integrals are computed exactly if necessary until convergence is achieved.
Distinguishing benign from malignant liver tumours

Liver masses are very common and most are benign. It is therefore important to avoid unnecessary interventions for benign lesions, while at the same time ensuring accurate diagnosis of hepatic malignancies. Many cancer patients, like the general population, have incidental benign liver lesions. In planning treatment for cancer patients, it is critical to avoid inappropriate treatment decisions based on misdiagnosis of a benign lesion as a metastasis or primary liver malignancy. This article describes the salient imaging features of the common benign liver masses and outlines a general approach to distinguishing between benign and malignant hepatic lesions.
Emerging Adulthood, a 21st Century Theory: A Rejoinder to Hendry and Kloep

ABSTRACT—I offer a rejoinder to Hendry and Kloep’s critique of my theory of emerging adulthood. We differ in our perspectives in that I see more value than they do in overall terms for and conceptions of periods of the life course, including emerging adulthood. Also, they claim a greater influence for social class on well-being in emerging adulthood than I believe is warranted. However, we agree on the necessity of investigating the diversity of paths through emerging adulthood and in recognizing its cultural and historical context.
Studies on one-dimensional polyaniline (PANI) nanostructures and the morphological evolution

Abstract In this context, we studied the morphologies and morphology evolution of one-dimensional polyaniline (PANI) nanostructures during a wet chemical oxidation process via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis methods. The results showed that the one-dimensional nanostructures of PANI followed a nucleation, agglomeration or self-growing processes, sequentially. Two distinctive morphologies were observed. One was that cylindrical nanotubes derived, most probably, from the self growing of the as-formed bubble-like ribbons. Another one, in comparison, was rectangular nanotubing structures stemmed from, apparently, a self-guided agglomerating or aggregating process of the as-formed primary nanoparticles, as confirmed unambiguously by both SEM and TEM observations. While the diameters of either individual or hyperbranched PANI nanotubes having a smooth surface were in the range of 250–1500 nm, the size of the rectangular nanotubings was ca. 600 nm.
Template-directed polynucleotide synthesis on mineral surfaces

Ferric hydroxide, a plausible prebiotic material, strongly adsorbs polynucleotides. We show that adsorption on ferric hydroxide and on several other minerals has no effect, under the conditions studies, on the template-directed oligomerization of guanylic acid on polycytidylic acid.
Purification of ribonuclease T1.

Abstract An improved method for purifying ribonuclease T1 from Aspergillus oryzae is described. The method uses gradient elution from DEAE-cellulose and sulfopropyl-Sephadex columns followed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 to give almost 100 mg (50% yield) of ribonuclease T1 from 100 g of starting material in less than 5 days.
Plasma Etching of n-Type 4H-SiC for Photoconductive Semiconductor Switch Applications

Photoconductive semiconductor switches (PCSS) fabricated on high-purity semi-insulating 4H-SiC substrates (000\( \bar{1} \)) are capable of switching high currents in compact packages with long device lifetimes. A heavily doped n-type SiC epitaxial layer of appropriate thickness is required to form low-resistance ohmic contacts with these devices. In addition, to enhance the performance of the PCSSs, the SiC surface between the ohmic contacts must be extremely smooth. We report a chlorine-based, inductively coupled plasma reactive ion-etching process yielding n-type SiC epitaxial layers with the required smoothness. The rate of etching and post-etching surface morphology were dependent on plasma conditions. We found that the surface smoothness of epitaxial layers can be improved by including BCl3 in the argon–chlorine mixture. The optimum etching process yielded very smooth surfaces (∼0.3 nm RMS) at a relatively high rate of etching of ∼220 nm/min. This new fabrication approach significantly reduced the on-state resistance of the PCSS device and improved its durability of operation.
Delaminations in composite plates under transverse static loads - Experimental results

Tests were performed measuring the damage initiation loads and the locations, shapes, and sizes of delaminations in Fiberite T300/976 graphite/epoxy, Fiberite IM7/977-2 graphite-toughened epoxy, and ICI APC-2 graphite-PEEK plates subjected to transverse static loads. The data were compared to the results of the Finn-Springer model, and good agreements were found between the measured and calculated delamination lengths and widths.
Using Emotional Solidarity to Explain Residents’ Attitudes about Tourism and Tourism Development:

Research has neglected to consider the role residents’ feelings toward tourists play in formulating attitudes about tourism and tourism development. Following a two-step process (i.e., establishing a measurement model and structural path model), the Emotional Solidarity Scale (ESS) and its factors were used to predict levels of the Tourism Impact Attitude Scale (TIAS) and its factors. In confirming the factor structure for each scale, both were found to have high internal consistency (through composite reliability and maximal weighted alpha coefficients) and high validity (through convergent and discriminant validity). Collectively, each of the three ESS factors (welcoming nature, emotional closeness, and sympathetic understanding) significantly predicted the two TIAS factors (support for tourism development and contributions tourism makes to the community), with two exceptions. Implications are discussed and suggestions for future research are provided.
Wnt Signaling in Bone Development and Disease: Making Stronger Bone with Wnts

The skeleton as an organ is widely distributed throughout the entire vertebrate body. Wnt signaling has emerged to play major roles in almost all aspects of skeletal development and homeostasis. Because abnormal Wnt signaling causes various human skeletal diseases, Wnt signaling has become a focal point of intensive studies in skeletal development and disease. As a result, promising effective therapeutic agents for bone diseases are being developed by targeting the Wnt signaling pathway. Understanding the functional mechanisms of Wnt signaling in skeletal biology and diseases highlights how basic and clinical studies can stimulate each other to push a quick and productive advancement of the entire field. Here we review the current understanding of Wnt signaling in critical aspects of skeletal biology such as bone development, remodeling, mechanotransduction, and fracture healing. We took special efforts to place fundamentally important discoveries in the context of human skeletal diseases.
Experimental onion-induced hemolytic anemia in dogs.

Within one day following a single oral dose of dehydrated onions, dogs were found to have large numbers of Heinz bodies within erythrocytes. The percentage of erythrocytes that contained Heinz bodies increased slightly to a maximum on day 3 and then declined. The turbidity index increased more gradually with a maximal value on day 4. Erythrocytes with hemoglobin contracted to one side of the cell (eccentrocytes) also appeared after onion feeding. Eccentrocytes are believed to result from a direct injury to the erythrocyte membrane. As with Heinz body-containing cells, the percentages of eccentrocytes present declined as anemia developed. The packed cell volume began to decrease one day after onion administration. A mean decrease of 19 percentage points was reached by day 5. The most anemic dogs had evidence of intravascular hemolysis. Reticulocytosis was first observed five days after onion administration. A slight increase in methemoglobin content was measured four hours after onion administration. No significant changes in erythrocyte reduced glutathione concentration were measured. Transient neutrophilia occurred concomitant with the peak reticulocyte response. Hemolytic anemia that results from the consumption or oral administration of onions has been reported in cattle," ~heep,'~ horses," cats," and dog^.^.^. 12,19,21.22
Efficient amplification of multiple transposon-flanking sequences

Transposon mutagenesis is a very useful tool for gene identification in bacteria. Once the transposon mutants of interest are isolated, it is often necessary to identify the sequences that flank the transposon insertions. We devised an efficient method for specific amplification of transposon-flanking sequences that requires the sequence information of only transposon-specific sequences. The basic steps for this method consists of (1) digestion with a restriction enzyme, (2) ligation with a Y-shaped linker and (3) polymerase chain reaction amplification using a transposon-specific primer and a primer specific to the Y-shaped linker. The feasibility of this method was demonstrated with mini-Tn5 mutants of Salmonella typhimurium. We also found that this method can be used for simultaneous amplification of multiple transposon-flanking sequences.
Mathematics in Modern Mechanics

Summary In recent years, theoretical research in engineering mechanics has increasingly utilized highspeed digital computer‐orientated iterative methods and the more powerful mathematical analysis methods. For example, functional analysis has received considerable attention in optimization and estimation. Not only does the researcher in engineering mechanics have an in‐depth knowledge of the classical topics in theoretical mechanics, but he also has considerable knowledge of several topics in modern applied mathematics. The structural dynamicist uses the calculus of variations and maximum principles. Rigid body and non‐linear mechanics research utilizes approximate methods in ordinary and partial differential equations.
Pasteurized human donor milk use among US level 3 neonatal intensive care units.

Background:Pasteurized human donor milk (DM) is recommended by the World Health Organization and American Academy of Pediatrics for preterm infants when mother’s own milk is unavailable, yet the ex...
Application of Modified Regression Techniques to a Quantitative Assessment for the Motor Signs of Parkinson's Disease

Effective clinical trials for neuroprotective interventions for Parkinson's disease (PD) require a way to quantify an individual's motor symptoms and analyze the change in these symptoms over time. Clinical scales provide a global picture of function but cannot precisely measure specific aspects of motor control. We have used commercially available sensors to create a protocol called Advanced Sensing for Assessment of Parkinson's disease (ASAP) to obtain a quantitative and reliable measure of motor impairment in early to moderate PD. The ASAP protocol measures grip force as an individual tracks a sinusoidal or pseudorandom target force under three conditions of increasing cognitive load. Thirty individuals with PD have completed the ASAP protocol. The ASAP data for 26 of these individuals were summarized in terms of 36 variables, and modified regression techniques were used to predict an individual's score on the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale based on ASAP data. We observed a mean prediction error of approximately 3.5 UPDRS points, and the predicted score accounted for approximately 76% of the variability of the UPDRS. These results demonstrate that the ASAP protocol can measure differences for individuals who are clinically different. This indicates that the ASAP protocol may be able to measure changes with time in the motor signs of an individual with PD.
Parameter and state estimation with a time-dependent adjoint marine ice sheet model

Abstract. To date, assimilation of observations into large-scale ice models has consisted predominantly of time-independent inversions of surface velocities for basal traction, bed elevation, or ice stiffness, and has relied primarily on analytically derived adjoints of glaciological stress balance models. To overcome limitations of such "snapshot" inversions – i.e., their inability to assimilate time-dependent data for the purpose of constraining transient flow states, or to produce initial states with minimum artificial drift and suitable for time-dependent simulations – we have developed an adjoint of a time-dependent parallel glaciological flow model. The model implements a hybrid shallow shelf–shallow ice stress balance, solves the continuity equation for ice thickness evolution, and can represent the floating, fast-sliding, and frozen bed regimes of a marine ice sheet. The adjoint is generated by a combination of analytic methods and the use of algorithmic differentiation (AD) software. Several experiments are carried out with idealized geometries and synthetic observations, including inversion of time-dependent surface elevations for past thicknesses, and simultaneous retrieval of basal traction and topography from surface data. Flexible generation of the adjoint for a range of independent uncertain variables is exemplified through sensitivity calculations of grounded ice volume to changes in basal melting of floating and basal sliding of grounded ice. The results are encouraging and suggest the feasibility, using real observations, of improved ice sheet state estimation and comprehensive transient sensitivity assessments.
The effect of a standardized psychological stressor on the cardiovascular response to physical effort soon after uncomplicated myocardial infarction.

Abstract To determine whether a standardized psychological stressor combined with physical stress might disclose ischemic abnormalities not evident with physical stress alone, 30 men, mean age 54, were evaluated seven weeks after clinically uncomplicated myocardial infarction. In the first 20 patients, two symptom-limited treadmill tests (TM) were performed on the same day, with and without superimposed psychological quiz (Q). In the next 10 consecutive patients, the Q was administered at a submaximal level (4 METs). When TM and TM + Q responses were compared, no significant differences were noted in the maximal levels of heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), rate pressure product, or in the prevalence of ischemic ST segment depression or anginal pectoris. The HR and double product at which ischemic ST segment depression and angina pectoris appeared were similar for the two types of testing. The psychological stress of a psychological quiz may not, of course, approximate the effect of the more severe stressors individuals may encounter in their daily routines.
Thermal Induced Stresses in Bridge-Wire Initiator Glass-to-Metal Seals

Cracks have been observed in the insulating glass of bridge-wire initiators that may allow moisture to penetrate the assembly, potentially leading to the corrosion and degradation of the bridge wire and the pyrotechnic material. Degradation of the pyrotechnic or the bridge wire may result in initiator failure or diminished performance. The goal of this research is to determine if the manufacturing processes could produce thermal stresses great enough to crack the glass. A parametric plane stress closed-form solution was used to determine the effects of changing material properties and dimensions of the initiator, and to determine potential stresses within the initiator from two different manufacturing scenarios. To verify and expand the plane stress closed-form solution, a two-dimensional axisymmetric finite element analysis was performed. To reproduce the two manufacturing scenarios, lumped models and models that included the effects of cooling the initiator were used. Both models showed that if the manufacturing process involves pouring molten glass into the initiator, the potential for cracking exists. Furthermore, if the surface of the initiator cools faster than the center, cracking is more likely.
Geochemical Effects of Magmatic Solitary Waves—Ii. Some Analysis

SUMMARY As a complement to the numerical solutions of Watson & Spiegelman (1994; hereafter known as Paper I), we present some analytic solutions and proofs to illustrate more generally how a single magmatic solitary wave affects the transport of trace elements. In the absence of any diffusion or dispersion, the equations for trace element transport can be solved by the method of characteristics. This analysis shows that without diffusion, a solitary wave can transport chemical signals but cannot permanently change the shape of an initial trace element distribution. The solitary waves, however, can locally steepen trace element gradients by a distortion factor S which depends only on the ratio of initial and local transport velocities. These results are quite general and are expected for any solitary wave of permanent form and constant velocity because these waves always provide a frame of reference where the melt and solid velocities are steady state.
Juvenile life-history diversity and population stability of spring Chinook salmon in the Willamette River basin, Oregon

Migratory and rearing pathways of juvenile spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were documented in the Willamette River basin to identify life histories and estimate their contribution to smolt production and population stability. We identified six primary life histories that included two phenotypes for early migratory tactics: fry that migrated up to 140–200 km shortly after emergence (movers) and fish that reared for 8–16 months in natal areas (stayers). Peak emigration of juvenile salmon from the Willamette River was in June–July (subyearling smolts), March–May (yearling smolts), and November–December (considered as “autumn smolts”). Alternative migratory behaviors of juvenile salmon were associated with extensive use of diverse habitats that eventually encompassed up to 400 rkm of the basin, including tributaries in natal areas and large rivers. Juvenile salmon that reared in natal reaches and migrated as yearlings were the most prevalent life history and had the lowest temporal variabilit...
Dynamic switching with heterogeneous channels in multichannel 802.11 WLANs

In a multichannel wireless system, the performance of a link depends on many factors. The link quality is subject to temporal, spatial and spectral diversity, i.e. the SNR is time varying, link-dependent and channel-dependent. In addition, the performance also depends on MAC dynamics and the degree of congestion present in the channel. As a result, different links can experience different performance on the same channel, and the performance of a link varies across channels and time. An effective way to exploit and cope with the diversity in the wireless system is to use opportunistic channel switching. This technique allows a link to dynamically search for a channel/spectrum where it can maximize its performance at a given point of time. In addition, we observe that the link diversity can make it beneficial to have channels configured with different PHY/MAC parameters (e.g. different transmit power, data rates, or carrier sensing threshold). We refer to these as heterogeneous channels. A group of links may perform better under a set of parameters while a different group may perform better under a different set. In this paper we combine an opportunistic channel switching scheme with heterogeneous channels in multichannel Wireless LANs (WLANs) and show that the combined approach is effective in increasing link throughput and fairness.
Avoid Jargon Terms for Normal.

Journal REFERENCES 1. Jha S. Point: twin dogmas of maintenance of certification. J Am Coll Radiol 2015;12:430-3. 2. ABR. Bylaws. Available at: http://www. theabr.org/sites/all/themes/abr-media/pdf/ BOT_Bylaws_2014-05-17.pdf. Accessed March 10, 2015. 3. Ofri D. Stop Wasting Doctors’ Time. Board Certification Has Gone Too Far. The New York Times article. Available at: http://www.nytimes. com/2014/12/16/opinion/board-certificationhas-gone-too-far.html?_r1⁄40. Accessed March 10, 2015.
Comparative fiber property and transcriptome analyses reveal key genes potentially related to high fiber strength in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) line MD52ne

Individual fiber strength is an important quality attribute that greatly influences the strength of the yarn spun from cotton fibers. Fiber strength is usually measured from bundles of fibers due to the difficulty of reliably measuring strength from individual cotton fibers. However, bundle fiber strength (BFS) is not always correlated with yarn strength since it is affected by multiple fiber properties involved in fiber-to-fiber interactions within a bundle in addition to the individual fiber strength. Molecular mechanisms responsible for regulating individual fiber strength remain unknown. Gossypium hirsutum near isogenic lines (NILs), MD52ne and MD90ne showing variations in BFS provide an opportunity for dissecting the regulatory mechanisms involved in individual fiber strength. Comprehensive fiber property analyses of the NILs revealed that the superior bundle strength of MD52ne fibers resulted from high individual fiber strength with minor contributions from greater fiber length. Comparative transcriptome analyses of the NILs showed that the superior bundle strength of MD52ne fibers was potentially related to two signaling pathways: one is ethylene and the interconnected phytohormonal pathways that are involved in cotton fiber elongation, and the other is receptor-like kinases (RLKs) signaling pathways that are involved in maintaining cell wall integrity. Multiple RLKs were differentially expressed in MD52ne fibers and localized in genomic regions encompassing the strength quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Several candidate genes involved in crystalline cellulose assembly were also up-regulated in MD52ne fibers while the secondary cell wall was produced. Comparative phenotypic and transcriptomic analyses revealed differential expressions of the genes involved in crystalline cellulose assembly, ethylene and RLK signaling pathways between the MD52ne and MD90ne developing fibers. Ethylene and its phytohormonal network might promote the elongation of MD52ne fibers and indirectly contribute to the bundle strength by potentially improving fiber-to-fiber interactions. RLKs that were suggested to mediate a coordination of cell elongation and SCW biosynthesis in other plants might be candidate genes for regulating cotton fiber cell wall assembly and strength.
Mutant allele frequencies in domestic cats of Portugal and the Azores

The genetic profiles of cat populations of mainland Portugal are basically similar to those of the adjacent Atlantic littoral. The profiles of Azorean populations, while relatively homogeneous among themselves, are strikingly different from the mainland. It is tentatively concluded that some form of selective migration was the most important contributing factor in establishing the differences.
Water diuresis from clonidine (catapres).

The renal hemodynamic and excretory effects of clonidine were tested in two groups of dogs. In one group, the drug was given directly into the renal artery at a rate of 1.2 mug/min and resulted in a significant decrease of the effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) in both kidneys, an increase in filtration fraction (FF), urine volume (UV), and free water clearance (CH2O) and had no effect upon the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), osmolar clearance (Cosm) and the excretion of sodium (UNaV), chloride (UC1V), potassium (UKV), calcium (UCaV) and phosphorous (UPO4V). No unilateral effect was appreciated. In the second group of animals it was given intravenously at a rate of 12.0 mug/min and resulted in a significant decrease of ERPF, UNaV, UC1V, and increase in FF, UV, and CH2O) but had no effect upon GFR, Cosm, UKV, UCaV and UPO4V. Systemically it decreased heart rate (H.R.) and respiratory rate (R.R.) in both groups of animals; it increased blood pressure (BP) in Group 1 and had no effect on BP in Group 2.
Robust rotorcraft flight control system design including rotor degrees of freedom

Rotorcraft flight control systems present design challenges which often exceed those associated with fixed-wing aircraft. First, large variations in the response characteristics of rotorcraft result from the wide range of airspeeds of typical operation (hover to over 100 kts). Second, the assumption of vehicle rigidity often employed in the design of fixed-wing flight control systems is rarely justified in rotorcraft where rotor degrees of freedom can have a significant impact on the system performance and stability. Proposed herein is a methodology for the design of robust rotorcraft flight control systems utilizing Quantitative Feedback Theory (QFI'), a technique which accounts for variability in the dynamic response of the controlled element in the design of robust control systems. It was developed to address a Multiple-Input-Single-Output (MISO) design problem, but was extended to the address the Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) flight control system (FCS) design problem of a UH-60 Black Hawk Helicopter. Inherent conservatism in this design technique leads to limitations in its utility. A modified QFI' approach proved a viable method for designing robust MIMO flight control systems. An analysis of the two flight control system design methodologies is presented.
Gamma radiation sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes

Seven strains of Listeria monocytogenes were irradiated in culture media or in mechanically deboned chicken meat. The survivor plots were quadratic curves when cultures were in the log phase of growth or when they were irradiated in chicken meat; cultures in the senescent phase of growth showed linear responses to irradiation. Cultures from cells surviving an irradiation dose of 1.5 kGy were no more radiation resistant than those which had had no previous exposure to irradiation. Cultures centrifuged and resuspended in water were more sensitive to radiation than those resuspended in solutions containing organic materials. These studies indicated that a dose of 2 kGy was surfficient to destroy 1 X 10(4) cells of L. monocytogenes.
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion

Closed cycle ocean thermal energy conversion is technically feasible at the present time for small power sizes. Turbines and the cold water pipe need scaled-up application engineering for use in large ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) units. However, other types of cycles, including open and diphasic cycles, are possible and the competition between various techniques is wide open. Anticipated escalations in electricity cost from oil, gas, coal, or nuclear plants means that the first generation of commercial OTEC power plants is competitive within approximately ten years. The potential application of OTEC power in integrated ocean industrial complexes needs to be studied in details but as a renewable and non-polluting form of solar energy, OTEC can in the long run have an influence on the energy scenarios on a scale so far inconceivable, especially for those countries that have no or very little conventional energy resources. Oceanographic and geo-economical surveys aiming at the identification and in-depth study of precise OTEC potential sites and adjacent regions still remain to be done for most of the tropical countries and should also be given a high degree of priority in all the forthcoming development programs.
Capitalist Competition, Consumption, and Contradictions of Industrial Transformation

Market expansion in India has been undoubtedly solid as evidenced by the growth of the vehicle industry. Not only has demand increased to unprecedented levels but there has been considerable diversity in the composition of demand. From the supply side firms have kept up with market growth with new products — parts and components — and adopted institutional arrangements, which have contributed immensely to production flexibility. The Indian state contributed to the class of consumers through state-led industrialization in general. But most importantly it transformed itself from a passive regulator to an active participant in the industry. It formed the key joint-venture in the Indian auto industry with majority equity, regulated industry participants, and ultimately facilitated the internationalization of the industry through economic liberalization, deregulation, and privatization.