cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
War and tsunami PTSD responses in Sri Lankan children: primacy of reexperiencing and arousal compared to avoidance-numbing

This article addresses post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in Sri Lankan children in response to war and the 2004 tsunami. Exposure to war and the tsunami each predicted severity of posttraumatic symptomatology. In both studies, reexperiencing and arousal symptoms were reported more than avoidance-numbing. Furthermore, symptom severity was greater in groups reporting many symptoms compared to those reporting fewer symptoms, and there was no difference in symptom severity when the DSM-IV set of six symptoms was compared to a different set of 6 symptoms (with just one avoidance-numbing symptom). The relative primacy of reexperiencing and arousal symptoms are highlighted in this understudied South Asian population, informing cultural variation in diagnostic criteria and clinical interventions for post-traumatic stress symptoms.
Use of radiolabelled monoclonal antibodies in patients with primary and metastatic large bowel cancer.

Abstract Accurate assessment of the extent of primary and metastatic large bowel cancer is critical to surgical decision making and to providing reliable prognostic information. This prospective study compared external gamma camera images and an intraoperative hand-held gamma detecting probe for detection of radiolabelled monoclonal antibody (B72.3) in 28 patients with primary and metastatic large bowel cancer. Fourteen patients received 0.2 to 20 mg (2 or 5 mCi) 111indium-labelled monoclonal antibody B72.3 followed by whole body imaging scan with an external gamma detector/camera on two occasions 24 h apart within 7 days after injection. Fourteen patients received 1.0 mg (2.0 mCi) 125iodine-B72.3 followed by intraoperative probe evaluation 2–3 weeks postinjection. Mean patient ages for the two groups were 60 years (range 28–75 years) and 63 years (range 43–77 years), respectively. Disease sites were primary in the large bowel in six patients and primary as well as metastatic in 22 patients. External scanning detected 111indium-B72.3 uptake in 1 5 primary lesions, 1 7 hepatic and 1 3 extrahepatic sites. The intraoperative gamma probe localized disease in 1 3 primary lesions, 7 11 hepatic and 3 3 extrahepatic sites. The intraoperative gamma probe had a sensitivity of 71% for detection of metastases compared with a 20% sensitivity using the external gamma scan method (P = 0.03). 125iodine-labelled B72.3 influenced the extent of the operative procedure in 4 14 (29%) patients; immunolocalization with external gamma detection did not alter the operative procedure in the 14 patients studied. Thus, using a hand-held gamma probe at operation to detect tumour uptake of 125iodine-B72.3 was more sensitive compared with external scanning for 111indium-B72.3 in patients with primary and metastatic large bowel cancer.
Common sense for our genomes

A personal DNA sequence is not yet practically useful. But it could be, argues Steven E. Brenner, if we had the right resources available to interpret genomes. A personal DNA sequence — as this week's cover story illustrates — is revealing yet frustrating. It could yield so much more useful information if we had the means of interpreting all that data. In a Commentary, Steven Brenner proposes the means: a Genome Commons. This is a public knowledge base of genetic variation and its effect, culled from databases, diagnostic labs and the scientific literature. Such a repository would be a vast resource for research, medicine and understanding ourselves. Continuing the personal genomics theme, autobiographies from two sequenced individuals who need no introduction are reviewed. And in a Special Report, Ricki Lewis looks at the growth of the genetic counselling profession.
Initiation and exacerbation of autoimmune demyelination of the central nervous system via virus-induced molecular mimicry: Implications for the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis

Epidemiological studies indicate that infectious agents are important in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Our previous reports showed that the infection of SJL mice with a nonpathogenic variant of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) engineered to express a naturally occurring Haemophilus influenzae-encoded molecular mimic (HI574-586) of an immunodominant self-myelin proteolipid protein epitope (PLP139-151) induced a rapid-onset demyelinating disease associated with the activation of PLP139-151-specific Th1 responses. The current results extend our previous findings in four critical respects. We show that disease initiation by the H. influenzae mimic is prevented by tolerance to the self PLP139-151 epitope, definitively proving the occurrence of infection-induced molecular mimicry. We demonstrate that the H. influenzae mimic epitope can be processed from the flanking sequences within the native mimic protein. We show that the H. influenzae mimic epitope only induces an immunopathologic self-reactive Th1 response and subsequent clinical disease in the context of the TMEV infection and not when administered in complete Freund's adjuvant, indicating that molecular mimicry-induced disease initiation requires virus-activated innate immune signals. Lastly, we show that the infection of SJL mice with TMEV expressing the H. influenzae mimic can exacerbate a previously established nonprogressive autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. Collectively, these findings illustrate the evolving mechanisms by which virus infections may contribute to both the initiation and exacerbation of autoimmune diseases, and they have important implications for MS pathogenesis.
Surface chemistry of mercaptopyridines at Ag(111) electrodes studied by EELS, LEED, Auger spectroscopy and electrochemistry

Surface electrochemical studies of 2-pyridinethiol (2PyT, 2-mercaptopyridine) and 4-pyridinethiol (4PyT, 4-mercaptopyridine) at Ag(111) single-crystal electrode surfaces in aqueous fluoride solutions are reported. LEED patterns observed for 2PyT adsorbed at Ag(111) from a 1 mM aqueous solution containing 2 mM HF (pH 3) at potentials between −0.54 V and −0.64 V (vs. Ag/AgCl reference) reveal that an ordered layer is formed having a rectangular unit mesh, Ag(111) (2×0.53)R30°-2PyT, containing one molecule of 2PyT. Adsorption at potentials more positive than −0.54 V results in LEED patterns which are relatively diffuse and have not yet been identified. A weak but observable Ag(111) (30.53× 30.53)R30° LEED pattern is obtained for adsorption of 4PyT at −0.40 V from a 1 mM aqueous solution (pH 3). Molecular packing densities (nmolcm2) measured by means of Auger spectroscopy indicate that 2PyT and 4PyT molecules are adsorbed with the pyridine ring perpendicular to the Ag(111) surface. The packing density of these adsorbates is virtually independent of adsorbate concentration from 0.01 mM to near saturation (about 0.2 M) at −0.60 V. Packing density of 2PyT increases slightly but abruptly when the electrode potential is increased above about −0.4 V. The Ag(111) (2×0.53)R30°-2PyT structure contains about 0.57 nmolcm2, slightly less than the saturation packing density, 0.67 nmolcm2, observed at more positive electrode potentials. EELS spectra of adsorbed 2PyT indicate that attachment to the Ag(111) surface at potentials less than −0.2 V occurs primarily through the sulfur atom, with dissociation of the sulfhydryl hydrogen atom. At potentials more positive than 0.0 V, a coupling reaction between an adsorbed 2PyT and a dissolved 2PyT occurs at the Ag(111) surface. The occurrence of this coupling reaction is more apparent for 4PyT at the Ag(111) surface. Amplitudes of the EELS bands due to CH bending and CS stretching depend upon the electrode potential at which adsorption is carried out. EELS spectra of 2PyT adsorbed at Ag(111) at negative potentials (E < −0.4 V) closely resemble the IR spectrum of the unadsorbed compound; the same is true for 4PyT. Apart from potential-dependent adsorption/desorption and coupling reactions, adsorbed 4PyT and 2PyT are relatively inert towards electrochemical oxidation and reduction. The 2PyT and 4PyT adsorbed layers are stable in UHV.
Calibration of SeaWiFS. I. Direct techniques

We present an overview of the calibration of the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of View Sensor (SeaWiFS) from its performance verification at the manufacturer’s facility to the completion of its third year of on-orbit measurements. These calibration procedures have three principal parts: a prelaunch radiometric calibration that is traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology; the Transfer-to-Orbit Experiment, a set of measurements that determine changes in the instrument’s calibration from its manufacture to the start of on-orbit operations; and measurements of the sun and the moon to determine radiometric changes on orbit. To our knowledge, SeaWiFS is the only instrument that uses routine lunar measurements to determine changes in its radiometric sensitivity. On the basis of these methods, the overall uncertainty in the SeaWiFS top-of-the-atmosphere radiances is estimated to be 4–5%. We also show the results of comparison campaigns with aircraft- and ground-based measurements, plus the results of an experiment, called the Southern Ocean Band 8 Gain Study. These results are used to check the calibration of the SeaWiFS bands. To date, they have not been used to change the instrument’s prelaunch calibration coefficients. In addition to these procedures, SeaWiFS is a vicariously calibrated instrument for ocean-color measurements. In the vicarious calibration of the SeaWiFS visible bands, the calibration coefficients are modified to force agreement with surface truth measurements from the Marine Optical Buoy, which is moored off the Hawaiian Island of Lanai. This vicarious calibration is described in a companion paper.
Cocycles, the descent equations, and the Virasoro algebra

Abstract A generalization of Faddeev's group cohomology applicable to diffeomorphism groups is presented. This cohomology is used to calculate the two cocycles associated with a projective representation of the diffeomorphism group on the circle. The group version of the n3 term descends from a three dimensional Chern-Simons action based on the diffeomorphism group. The group version of the n term arises from an ambiguity in the descent equations of adding closed but not exact forms and is trivial only if its appropriately normalized coefficient is quantized to be an integer. Finally, a hamiltonian interpretation of global anomalies is suggested in the language of group cohomology.
Nuclear F-actin is required for AcMNPV nucleocapsid morphogenesis.

During nucleocapsid assembly, filamentous actin (F-actin) colocalizes with the major capsid protein of Autographa californica M nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) within nuclei of infected lepidopteran host cells. Cytochalasin D (CD) disrupts actin filaments and prevents assembly of progeny AcMNPV, suggesting that nuclear F-actin is essential for nucleocapsid morphogenesis. Direct proof for this hypothesis was provided by the demonstration that two AcMNPV recombinants engineered to express either wild-type- or CD-resistant actin at equivalent rates were differentially sensitive to CD. The AcMNPV requirement for nuclear F-actin is unique among intracellular pathogens and may constitute a significant host range factor.
Candida lusitaniae fungemia in cancer patients: risk factors for amphotericin B failure and outcome

Candida lusitaniae, a Candida species frequently resistant to amphotericin B (AMB), is a rare cause of candidemia. The clinical significance of this in vitro resistant phenotype, the risk factors for, and the clinical presentation of C. lusitaniae fungemia in comparison with those of Candida albicans have not been completely characterized. We reviewed 13 consecutive cases of C. lusitaniae fungemia in cancer patients and compared them with 41 consecutive cases of C. albicans fungemia (1990-2004). The AMB mutational frequency and rate of fungicidal activity was compared between a bloodstream, AMB-susceptible C. lusitaniae isolate associated with clinical failure and reference C. albicans and Candida glabrata strains. In multivariate analysis, patients having C. lusitaniae fungemia were more likely to have neutropenia (p=0.001), stem cell transplantation (p=0.014) and to have received prior antifungals (p=0.04). Mutational frequencies at clinically-achievable AMB exposures were 8 x 10(5) for C. lusitaniae and <1 x 10(9) for C. albicans and C. glabrata reference strains. Compared to C. albicans and C. glabrata, AMB had much less fungicidal activity against C. lusitaniae in time-kill curve analysis. Clinically, C. lusitaniae fungemia was more frequently associated with stem cell transplant and neutropenia. C. lusitaniae, even originally susceptible to AMB, might be less amenable to AMB therapy.
The Good Beginnings Clinic: An Interdisciplinary Collaboration

The purpose of this paper is to present the development, implementation and outcomes of an interdisciplinary clinic that models “best practices” in pediatric occupational therapy and speech language pathology. The collaborative process is presented through the use of a case example as well as information about the program's logistics, benefits, limitations and future goals.
Hybrid Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes and Kinetic Eddy Simulation of External and Internal Flows

thus alleviating the grid-spacing dependency found in other detached eddy simulation and hybrid Reynoldsaveraged Navier–Stokes and large eddy simulation models. Within the hybrid Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes andkinetic eddy simulation model, fourdifferent options (a combination of two different blending functions andthe use of realizability constraints to bound the kinetic eddy simulation model parameters) have been evaluated and studied for flows over airfoils (RAE2822, NACA0015) and a turbine vane configuration. Although all four options showed good correlation with the test data, blendingk-!-SST with kinetic eddy simulation using Menter’sk-!-SST F2 function showed better predictions in separated flows than using the baseline k-!-SST model. OST current computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods used in the simulation and analysis of external and internal flows are based on Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) approaches, which depend on turbulence-closure models to provide flowfield turbulent variables. Although RANS approaches yield good predictions for attached flowfields, they fail to accurately predict flow structures in separated-flow regions because they resolve only a portion of the turbulence scales of interest. Of course, the ideal approach would be direct numerical simulation (DNS), because the entire range of spatial and temporal scales of turbulence is resolved, but the computational cost of DNS is prohibitive. Another intermediate technique between DNS and RANS has been proposedtoreplaceRANSinsuchcases;thisapproachiscalledlarge eddy simulation (LES). In LES, the contribution of large energy-containing structures and all scales larger than the grid resolution to momentum and energy transfer is computed, and the effect of subgrid unresolved small
Schwangerschaftsrisiken bei erworbenen Herzerkrankungen

Optimales Management von Schwangerschaften bei Patientinnen mit erworbenen Herzklappenfehlern setzt genaue Kenntnis der hamodynamischen Auswirkungen des Vitiums auf die schwangerschaftsbedingten kardiovaskularen Adaptationsvorgange voraus. Mutterliches und fatales Risiko sind in Betracht zu ziehen und gegeneinander abzuwagen. Kritische Zeitpunkte, in denen die Patientinnen interdisziplinar engmaschig betreut werden sollten, sind v.a. die 30. – 32. Schwangerschaftswoche, in der ein maximaler Anstieg von Herzfrequenz, Herzzeitvolumen (HZV) und Plasmavolumen beobachtet wird, sowie die peripartale Phase. Stenosevitien werden generell durch die mechanisch bedingte Fixierung des HZV deutlich schlechter toleriert als Insuffizienzvitien. Therapeutische Ziele sind Senkung der Herzfrequenz und, bei pulmonalvenoser Kongestion, die Vorlastsenkung. Vaginale Entbindungen sind bei leicht- bis mittelgradigen Stenosevitien moglich, bei hoherem Schweregrad ist eine Sectio caesarea vorzuziehen. Insuffizienzvitien werden bei normaler Pumpfunktion besser toleriert. Oft wird sogar durch den schwangerschaftsinduzierten Abfall des peripharen Widerstandes eine Reduktion der Regurgitation beobachtet. Therapeutisch kann eine zusatzliche Nachlastsenkung bei Kontraindikationen gegen ACE-Hemmer und AT1-Antagonisten durch eine Kombinationstherapie aus Hydralazin und Nitraten oder Kalziumantagonisten erzielt werden. Peripartale Kardiomyopathien sind selten und mit einer hohen mutterlichen Mortalitat von 25 – 50 % assoziiert. Die Therapieprinzipien unterscheiden sich – unter Beachtung der schwangerschaftsbedingten Kontraindikationen – nicht von denen anderer Herzinsuffizienzformen. Schwangerschaften bei hypertropher obstruktiver Kardiomyopathie werden meist gut uberstanden, allerdings sind sowohl vereinzelte schwangerschaftsassoziierte Dekompensationen als auch plotzliche rhythmogene Todesfalle beschrieben worden. Seltene, lebensbedrohliche Komplikationen fur Mutter und Fotus stellen aortale oder koronararterielle Dissektionen dar, die bei pradisponierten Patientinnen durch hormonelle und hamodynamische Adaptationsvorgange in der Schwangerschaft auftreten konnen. Grundvoraussetzung fur ein erfolgreiches Management einer Risikoschwangerschaft bei maternaler Herzerkrankung ist eine enge interdisziplinare Zusammenarbeit und die engmaschige Betreuung der Patientinnen.
Display terminals can help people to use computers

A user likes to think of a display-terminal screen as a working surface upon which he can create objects and with which he can view and easily manipulate these objects. He is interested in such objects as text, line drawings, data clusters, and natural scenes. In reality, such objects may be black-and-white or in full color, and may be 2-, 3-, or higher-dimensional.
Multiple forms of trehalase during development in Dictyostelium discoideum

Abstract The specific activity of intracellular trehalase decreased 5- to 10-fold during the first 14 hr of development in the cellular slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum. During the last 10 h (i.e., culmination), enzymatic activity increased 10-fold and was maximal in mature sorocarps. Accompanying these changes in intracellular enzyme was the biphasic appearance of extracellular trehalase. Alterations in the electrophoretic profile of trehalase accompanied the changes in activities of the intra- and extracellular enzymes. Although a single intracellular trehalase activity (i.e., isozyme I) was detectable prior to 14 h, during culmination a second form of the enzyme, i.e., isozyme II, accumulated. Multiple extracellular trehalase activities were also detectable during development. Extracellular enzyme accumulated during the first 14 h (i.e., isozyme I′) had an Rm value equal to that of isozyme I, while the major activity accumulated during culmination was isozyme II′, having an Rm identical to that of isozyme II. Since previous studies ( B.L. Jefferson and C.L. Rutherford, 1976 , Exp. Cell Res. 103: 127–134) have indicated that the increase in enzyme specific activity occurring during culmination is uniquely localized in the stalk, the results of the present study suggest that this may be due to a cell type-specific accumulation of isozyme II.
RISK OF IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME AND DEPRESSION IN WOMEN WITH INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS: A CASE-CONTROL STUDY

ABSTRACTPurpose: We determined the risk of irritable bowel syndrome and depression in women with interstitial cystitis.Materials and Methods: Cases consisted of 46 women with newly diagnosed interstitial cystitis. The control group consisted of 46 women presenting for an annual gynecologic examination. Data were collected using standardized, validated questionnaires.Results: The 2 groups were similar with respect to age, race, parity, previous pelvic surgery and postmenopausal hormone use. Compared with controls patients with interstitial cystitis were more likely to be diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome (OR 11, 95% CI 2.7 to 52, p <0.001) and depression (OR 3.97, 95% CI 1.17 to 14.1, p <0.05). In the interstitial cystitis group when we compared women with and without depression, we noted that women with depression were significantly more likely to complain of bladder pain, nocturia, abdominal pain and other bowel symptoms.Conclusions: The association of irritable bowel syndrome and depression appear...
Estrogen Regulates the Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-Stimulated Secretion of Biologically Active Luteinizing Hormone*

Estrogen produces time-dependent bidirectional effects on the GnRH-stimulated release of immunoactive LH in various species. To examine estrogen's regulation of biologically active LH secretion in response to pulsatile stimulation by GnRH, we studied estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women basally and during treatment with diethlystilbesterol (DES; 1 mg, orally, daily). Basal and GnRH-stimulated plasma concentrations of bioactive LH were assayed by the in vitro rat interstitial cell testosterone bioassay. GnRH-promoted LH secretory bursts in response to two consecutive stimuli were quantitated by multiple parameter deconvolution analysis. Basal half-lives of LH averaged 171 +/- 17 min (immunoactive) and 223 +/- 10 min (bioactive). Analysis of variance revealed a significant decrease in mean basal plasma bioactive LH concentrations on days 10 and 30 of DES treatment. Mean serum immunoactive LH concentrations fell similarly. DES significantly increased the half-life of immunoactive LH (days 5 and 10), but did not change that of bioactive LH. GnRH self-priming of bioactive LH secretion (increased LH secretory peak 2 compared to peak 1) was demonstrated, with a maximal value on day 10 of DES treatment. In addition, the ratio of the mass of bioactive to immunoactive LH secreted in response to the first GnRH pulse was significantly enhanced by estrogen on day 5, whereas that after the second pulse of GnRH was significantly suppressed on day 30 of DES. The self-priming action of GnRH on bioactive LH release evident in the presence of oral DES was corroborated in a separate group of six women, who were treated for 30 days with 17 beta-estradiol via an intravaginally placed Silastic ring. In conclusion, we infer that estrogen exerts a highly selective effect on the gonadotroph secretory process, such that successive GnRH stimuli result in an increase in the maximal rate and mass of secretion of biologically active LH.
Atmospheric aerosols and climate over East Asia

[1] As the most heavily populated and fastest developing region of the world, East Asia is a major source of anthropogenic aerosols, which can affect air quality and climate. In addition, the arid regions of its interior are a significant source of dust in the atmosphere over East Asia. Aerosol emissions could have noticeable effects on weather and climate in the region. To unravel the complex relationships between the environment and climate changes, extensive studies were conducted in China to understand the sources, distribution, transportation, transformation, and climatic effects of the Asian aerosols. In an introduction to a Journal of Geophysical Research special section,Li et al. provide an overview of 30 investigations conducted as part of the East Asian Studies of Tropospheric Aerosols and their Impact on Regional Climate (EAST-AIRC) program. (Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, doi:10.1029/2010JD015257, 2011)
Hostile environmental intellectuals? Critiques and counter-critiques of science and technology in West Germany after 1945.

Feindliche intellektuelle Umwelt? Kritiker und Gegenkritiker von Naturwissenschaft und Technik in Westdeutschland nach 1945. Paul Forman stellt in seiner Arbeit uber Physik in der Weimarer Republik die These auf, dass in diesem Kontext von Niederlage und politischer Krise eine irrationalistische Stromung innerhalb deutscher intellektueller Geschichte plotzlich gestarkt wurde. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg war die Lage Deutschlands noch katastrophaler, dennoch kam ein vergleichbares Klima von Irrationalismus nur sehr begrenzt auf. Der Zusammenbruch des Nationalsozialismus war genugend rational erklarbar, ohne einen philosophischen Fatalismus als Grund anzufuhren. F.G. Junger, als eine Ausnahme, setzte dem eine autonome, damonische Technik als Erklarungsmodell gegenuber. Viele Kulturkritiker der damaligen Zeit fanden solche Betrachtungen unrealistisch und favorisierten stattdessen eine Integration technischer und humanistischer Interpretationsansatze. Auch eine neue Welle einer teilweise apokalyptischen Umweltkrisen-Literatur nach dem Krieg stutzte sich auf spezifisch wissenschaftliche Analysen und nicht auf einen generellen gesellschaftlichen Kulturpessimismus. Hostile Environmental Intellectuals? Critiques and Counter-Critiques of Science and Technology in West Germany after 1945. Paul Forman, in his work on physics in Weimar Germany, advanced the thesis that an irrationalist current within German intellectual history was then suddenly exacerbated in a context of defeat and political crisis. After World War II, Germany's situation was if any thing even more catastrophic; nevertheless, a comparable climate of irrationalism arose only in a limited way. The collapse of National Socialism was, in effect, sufficiently explicable on rational grounds to resort to a philosophical fatalism. F. G. Junger, as a possible exception, put forward a theory of autonomous, demonic technology as an explanation; many cultural critics of the time, however, found these views unrealistic and favored an integration of technical and humanistic approaches. Moreover, even a new wave of (sometimes apocalyptic) literature of environmental crisis focused on specific scientifically analyses rather than a diffuse cultural pessimism.
Influence of inclusion microgeometry on some thermomechanical properties of isotropic polymer-matrix composites

The influence of inclusion shape on some selected thermomechanical properties of isotropic viscoelastic composites is investigated by a micromechanical theory. These properties include: (i) the cyclic stress-strain behavior; (ii) cyclic creep; (iii) the master compliance curve; and (iv) the effective thermal expansion coefficient. It is found that these viscoelastic properties are all strongly dependent upon the inclusion shape. Specifically, under a strain-controlled cyclic loading the transient stress-strain curves of the composites all exhibit cyclic hardening behavior, but the level of flow stress reached is controlled by the inclusion shape. Except for the disk-reinforced case the per-cycle energy loss of the composite at 20% of inclusion concentration is found to be greater than the loss of the pure viscoelastic matrix. The complex shear modulus of the composite with various inclusion shapes is shown to lie on or within Milton and Berryman`s bounds (1997). Creep under cyclic stress tends to oscillate around the creep curve under a constant, mean stress for all inclusion shapes, with disks showing the greatest resistance. To uncover the influence of temperature, the creep compliance of the composite with a thermorheologically simple matrix is investigated and it is demonstrated that the compliance curves at various temperatures can allmore » be plotted into a single master one on a reduced time scale. Finally, the effective thermal expansion coefficient of the composite is shown to be generally time-dependent, but the degree of time-dependence is low with spherical inclusions and very high with disks, others lying in-between.« less
Effect of Blanching and Drying on Pectin Constitutents and Related Characteristics of Dehydrated Peaches

The effects of sulfuring, blanching, dehydration, and storage (of dehydrated fruits), on the pectic constitutents and other characteristics of peaches are reported. Adequate blanching stabilized pectins of the dehydrated peaches so higher rehydration capacity and lower rehydration losses were observed after 5 min blanching. Increase in degradation was observed in nonblanched or 1.5 min heat-treated fruits, which resulted in lower rehydration capacity. A significant correlation was found between the contents of total pectin and protopectin fractions and the firmness or rehydration ratio of the peaches. Thus, pectin, one of the major cell-wall and intercellular tissue components, plays a significant role in determining the textural-structural characteristics of dehydrated fruits.
Biochemical effects of DDT and DDE in rat and mouse liver

The effects of two hepatocarcinogens, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-di-4-(chlorophenyl)ethane and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDT and DDE), on hepatic biochemical parameters were examined in adult female rats and mice. Two oral administrations of DDT (66 mg/kg) at 21 and 4 hr before sacrifice increased rat hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 content by 28%. After two oral treatments with 175 and 525 mg/kg of DDE, rat hepatic ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity was increased 6.5- and 22-fold while cytochrome P-450 content was elevated by 58 and 123%, respectively. As DDT did not actuely increase rat ODC activity, a chronic exposure to DDT was also performed. Thirty days after a single oral treatment with 90 mg/kg DDT, rat hepatic ODC activity was not elevated above control values. Neither DDT nor DDE caused any significant biochemical changes in mouse liver. Thus rat hepatic ODC, a biochemical marker for tumor-promoters, responded to DDE, the stronger of the two hepatocarcinogens, but not to DDT. Neither DDT nor DDE caused hepatic DNA damage in either rat or mouse liver.
Characterization of differentially expressed genes in purified Drosophila follicle cells: Toward a general strategy for cell type-specific developmental analysis

Axis formation in Drosophila depends on correct patterning of the follicular epithelium and on signaling between the germ line and soma during oogenesis. We describe a method for identifying genes expressed in the follicle cells with potential roles in axis formation. Follicle cells are purified from whole ovaries by enzymatic digestion, filtration, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Two strategies are used to obtain complementary cell groups. In the first strategy, spatially restricted subpopulations are marked for FACS selection using a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter. In the second, cells are purified from animals mutant for the epidermal growth factor receptor ligand gurken (grk) and from their wild-type siblings. cDNA from these samples of spatially restricted or genetically mutant follicle cells is used in differential expression screens employing PCR-based differential display or hybridization to a cDNA microarray. Positives are confirmed by in situ hybridization to whole mounts. These methods are found to be capable of identifying both spatially restricted and grk-dependent transcripts. Results from our pilot screens include (i) the identification of a homologue of the immunophilin FKBP-12 with dorsal anterior expression in egg chambers, (ii) the discovery that the ecdysone-inducible nuclear hormone receptor gene E78 is regulated by grk during oogenesis and is required for proper dorsal appendage formation, and (iii) the identification of a Drosophila homologue of the human SET-binding factor gene SBF1 with elevated transcription in grk mutant egg chambers.
An Examination of Youth with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Language Learning Disabilities: A Clinical Study

This study examined the performance of 96 youth hospitalized at an acute-care psychiatric hospital on a battery of language measures. The participants were separated into four groups: (a) participants with language learning disabilities (LLD; n = 14), (b) participants with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; n = 26), (c) participants with both ADHD and LLD (ADHD/LLD; n = 18), (d) participants with neither ADHD nor LLD (Neither; n = 38). Participants with ADHD/LLD performed significantly more poorly than did the ADHD group or the Neither group on measures of phonology and syntax, but not semantics. However, participants with ADHD/LLD did not significantly differ from participants with LLD on a majority of language-based measures. This finding suggests that participants with ADHD/LLD have profiles more similar to those of participants with LLD than participants with ADHD. Educational implications for instruction for students with ADHD/LLD are presented.
Neonatal Adrenoleukodystrophy: A Clinical, Pathologic, and Biochemical Study

Neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy constitutes a distinct genetic disorder of autosomal recessive inheritance, and is distinguishable from the cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome of Zellweger and X-linked juvenile adrenoleukodystrophy, although all three conditions store very long chain fatty acids. Abnormal clinical features in neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy are generally present at birth, and include muscle hypotonia, severe psychomotor retardation, and failure to thrive. These infants are generally blind and deaf, with seizures developing during their first few weeks. A retinopathic "leopard spot" is common, and should help identify this disorder. The brains of four infants who died of neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy were biochemically analyzed for complex lipids, including cholesterol, cholesterol esters, total phospholipids, total galactolipids, and gangliosides. Additional analyses included the separation and identification of very long chain fatty acids and various forms of brain plasmalogen. Analyses of brains with neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy revealed the chemical identification of at least two stored lipid products. Very long chain fatty acids are present, especially in cholesterol esters, and vinyl ether ethanolamine plasmalogens are markedly elevated. The storage of vinyl ether plasmalogen in brains of infants dying of neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy clearly distinguishes them from those with cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome of Zellweger, which fail to synthesize plasmalogens.
Temperature Effects on a Box-Girder Integral-Abutment Bridge

As part of a study to quantify temperature effects on integral-abutment box-girder bridges, field instrumentation was monitored continuously for one year on a bridge near Sacramento, California. Thermocouples were installed throughout the deck as well as over the height of the superstructure. Temperature changes were used to obtain maximum and minimum average temperatures as well as positive and negative thermal gradients. These values were compared with recommended respective temperature ranges. Strain changes at various locations were obtained by driving trucks along five load paths. These data, along with strain changes resulting from daily temperature variations, were used to validate a finite-element model using solid elements for the superstructure and springs at the abutments, in order to replicate the partial fixity of the bridge. The validated finite-element model was used to evaluate the effects that the partial fixity and temperature gradients have on the temperature stress for a typical integral-abutment bridge.
Fantasies of Friendship in The Faerie Queene, Book IV

AbstractFor such members of the Sidney‐Essex circle as Spenser, who supported monarchy as such but were uneasy about a number of specific policies, what historians have described as a move in the 1590s away from mid‐century conciliar theories generated anxiety about the status of the nobility and the future of Protestantism. The erotic relations of the 1596 edition of The Faerie Queene register such concerns about the absolutist rhetoric of the last fifteen years of Elizabeth's reign, most noticeably in the revised ending of Book III. Whereas the 1590 Book of Chastity concludes with Scudamour and Amoret merging into a hermaphroditic figure of mutual devotion, the 1596 version replaces this scene of conjugal bliss with a protracted narrative of Scudamour's despairing suspicion and Amoret's continued affliction. The nature of Amoret's loyalty, moreover, is itself complicated by the concluding cantos of Book IV, which reveal that the husband for whom she has willingly suffered was in fact the first of her as...
The Mechanisms Responsible for Lack of Reproducible Induction of Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia

Lack of AVNRT Induction. Introduction: AV nodal reen(ran( tachycardia (AVNRT) is not aiways rcproducibiy inducible. The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanisms responsible for the lack of reproducible induction of AVNRT. Methods and Results: The induction of AVNRT was assessed with atrial burst pacing, and with atrial and ventricular programmed stimulation, each with one and two extrastimuli, in 103 patients with AVNRT. The stimulation protocol was repeated 10 times in the baseline state, during isoproterenol infusion, and after atropine administration, or until AVNRT was induced in 7 of 10 attempts. The mechanisms responsible for < 7 of 10 inductions were classified as: (I) the inability to achieve critical AH prolongation; (2) fast pathway block; and (3) slow pathway block. The induction endpoint was achieved in 90 patients: 55 in tbe baseline state, 34 during isoproterenol infusion, and 1 after atropine. Tbe mechanism of noninducibili ty in the baseline state (n = 48) was tbe inability to achieve a critical AH interval in 20%, fast patbway block in 49%, and slow pathway block in 31% (I* = 0.02). During isoproterenol administration (n = 14) and after atropine administration (n = 13), the three mechanisms were equally responsible for nonreproducible induction of AVNRT. Conclusions: The induction of AVNRT is poorly reproducible in approximately 10% of patients. In the baseline state, tbe most common reason for tbe inability to reproducibly induce AVNRT is fast pathway block. In the presence of isoproterenol or atropine, each of the three mechanisms was equally responsible for noninducibility of AVNRT. (J Cardiovusc Elearophxsiol. Vol. 7. pp. 494-502, June 1996}
Primary production off the coast of northwest Africa: excretion of dissolved organic matter and its heterotrophic uptake

Abstract The flux of carbon in a eutrophic coastal upwelling region was studied in the Cap Blanc area of northwest Africa from March through May 1974. As part of the primary productivity measurements using radioactive carbon, the release of dissolved organic carbon was measured at 38 stations with 6- and 24-h incubations. The average excretion for the 24-h incubations was 8.16 mg C m −2 h −1 , 8.7% of the total carbon fixed. Excretion covaried with carbon fixation but was not directly influenced by varying nutrient or light conditions. Heterotrophic uptake was computed by means of a carbon mass flux model based on the difference between the rates of accumulation of excretion products in the light and in the dark. This model indicates that bacteria removed 17.8% of the total amount of excreted matter per hour, representing an uptake of 1.45 mg C m −2 h −1 . This is 1.7% of the autotrophic particulate production rate. The total bacterioplankton production available for grazing by the food chain will be less than 1.7% of the autotrophic particulate production, because bacterial respiration and cell maintenance will consume part of the organic uptake. The data indicate that bacterioplankton production has a minor role in the particulate carbon budget of upwelling regions. Conversely, the carbon mass flux model indicates that the heterotrophic bacterial uptake of phytoplankton excretion products regulates the concentration of dissolved organic carbon in the euphotic zone and prevents the accumulation of dissolved material during phytoplankton blooms. In this upwelling region heterotrophs play a major role in determining the chemical character of the water, but they play a minor role in the flux of carbon through the food web.
Base-collector heterojunction barrier effects at high current densities of Si/SiGe/Si heterojunction bipolar transistors

The excess electron barrier height at high current densities is examined. The barrier effects on the collector current, transconductance as well as base-collector junction capacitance are calculated. The analytical results are compared with the experimental data and device simulation results. Temperature-dependent characteristics are also evaluated.
The role of p21 in regulating mammalian regeneration

The MRL (Murphy Roths Large) mouse has provided a unique model of adult mammalian regeneration as multiple tissues show this important phenotype. Furthermore, the healing employs a blastema-like structure similar to that seen in amphibian regenerating tissue. Cells from the MRL mouse display DNA damage, cell cycle G2/M arrest, and a reduced level of p21CIP1/WAF. A functional role for p21 was confirmed when tissue injury in an adult p21-/- mouse showed a healing phenotype that matched the MRL mouse, with the replacement of tissues, including cartilage, and with hair follicle formation and a lack of scarring. Since the major canonical function of p21 is part of the p53/p21 axis, we explored the consequences of p53 deletion. A regenerative response was not seen in a p53-/- mouse and the elimination of p53 from the MRL background had no negative effect on the regeneration of the MRL.p53-/- mouse. An exploration of other knockout mice to identify p21-dependent, p53-independent regulatory pathways involved in the regenerative response revealed another significant finding showing that elimination of transforming growth factor-β1 displayed a healing response as well. These results are discussed in terms of their effect on senescence and differentiation.
Correction of chloride threshold concentration and time-to- corrosion due to reinforcement presence

Reinforcement presence affecting corrosion threshold concentration, C t , determination and time-to-corrosion, T i , has been investigated. Elevated C t and decreased T i due to reinforcement physical obstruction on the path of chloride ingression into concrete has been examined with finite element modeling. Results indicated that reinforcement with larger size, better corrosion resistance, less cover thickness, or a more flat leading edge causes more pronounced T i reduction. Experimental results exposed aggregate content discrepancy within reinforced bar vicinity zone. According to this finding, a multi-shell chloride diffusion model, in which specific chloride ion diffusivity in each shell surrounding bar presents, is proposed. The C t results of proposed model are discussed along with those acquired from traditional one-dimensional model, in which chloride diffusion follows Fick's second law without considering reinforcement presence, and two-dimensional model with the effect of reinforcement physical obstruction regarded.
Development of Staging and Stratification Systems

Physicians communicate with each other on a daily basis using staging and stratification systems, whether they recognize this or not. At a minimum, they help convey a wealth of information in communicating about patients and their disease; more sophisticated staging systems help physicians recommend therapy and prevention strategies for patients, or predict functional and survival prognoses in concordance with the current scientific evidence. The goal of this article is to discuss the purpose and rationale of staging or stratification systems, and to introduce the clinical and statistical development and evaluation of these systems. The practicing physician should be aware of basic methodologic principles in the development of staging systems that help ensure their quality and applicability, so that staging systems can help improve patient care.
Ambient laser ablation sampling for capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry

RATIONALE: Ambient laser ablation with mass spectrometric detection is a powerful method for direct analysis of biological samples in their native environment. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) can separate complex mixtures of biological molecules prior to mass spectrometry (MS) analysis and an ambient sampling interface for CE/MS will allow the detection of minor components. METHODS: An infrared (IR) laser ablated and transferred sample materials under ambient conditions for direct loading onto the CE separation column. Samples were deposited on a transparent target and ablated in transmission geometry using a pulsed mid-IR laser. The ablated materials were captured in the exposed sampling solvent and then loaded into a capillary by electrokinetic injection for separation and analysis by electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS. RESULTS: The system was tested using mixtures of peptide and protein standards. It is estimated that tens of fmol of material was transferred from the ablation target for injection into the CE system and the theoretical plate number was between 1000 and 3000. CONCLUSIONS: A novel interface for ambient sampling to CE/MS was developed. The interface is generally applicable and has potential utility for mass spectrometry imaging as well as the loading of microfluidic devices from untreated ambient samples.
Methodologies for experimental research in computer architecture and performance measurement

The minitrack on experimental research is introduced. Types of approaches include trace-driven simulation, software monitoring, microcoded instrumentation, and hardware monitoring. Examples of each approach are discussed. The authors conclude with an assertion about the need for the coordinated use of experimental methods. >
Helical polysomes in muscles of regenerating newt limbs.

During the process of amphibian limb regeneration muscle fibers injured by the amputation lose their myofibrils and sarcoplasmic systems of membrane. Fragmentation of many of these dedifferentiated fibers to produce regeneration blastema cells has been reported numerous times by other investigators. The present work utilizing the electron microscope calls attention to dedifferentiated fibers that contain numerous helical polyribosomes and disorganized myofilaments. A number of polysome-filled cells can be found beside mature muscle fibers as if in the process of fusing. In embryonic muscle, individual myoblasts containing helical polysomes fuse continually to form multinucleated fibers. The presence of the helical polysomes and myofilaments in sparsely fibrillar muscle elements of the regenerating limb, together with other features, is taken as evidence that the muscle elements are stages of regenerating fibers. These regenerating fibers can be found several days before the blastema becomes visible at the limb tip and are a normal part of the overall regeneration process. Indeed, tissue regenerative events marked by the appearance of helical polysomes become evident so soon after muscle injury/amputation that they imply a continuous but probably subliminal tissue turnover that is unmasked by the injury. According to the degree of injury, either the synthetic or the destructive phase of turnover might be favored, resulting in repair or extensive dedifferentiation of the individual fibers. Whether tissue regeneration or blastema cell formation thereafter occurs seems to be determined in part by the closeness of the fibers to the amputation surface.
Roles of Rhizospheric Processes and Plant Physiology in Applied Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soils Using Brassica Oilseeds

The current chapter reviews in detail significant physiological mechanisms of metal accumulating Brassica species and discusses rhizospheric processes and soil management, including the role of soil amendments such as chelators in enhancing the uptake of toxic metals, focusing on their roles in phytoremediation of contaminated sites worldwide, in addition to presenting an overview of the field of phytoremediation, including its merits and shortcomings. Recent progress towards the use of oilseed Brassica species in field-based studies is also discussed.