cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiocarbon dating of tsunami and storm deposits

Abstract Radiocarbon age determinations can be an expedient and accurate means to assign age to deposits of tsunami or storm origin. Essential to the process of incorporating radiocarbon age determinations in tsunami or coastal storm investigations is an awareness on the part of the investigator that a sample will always return an age from a laboratory, but only carefully selected samples inform deposit age. Samples that inform deposit age are of two fundamentally different sample types, in-growth-position samples and detrital samples. For both in-growth-position samples and detrital samples, stratigraphic context is the critical information needed to evaluate how well sample age can constrain deposit age. Well constrained deposit ages require bracketing samples collected to provide both maximum and minimum limiting ages for the deposit(s) of interest. Therefore, sampling should be carried out with the intention of multiple sample submissions for age in order to optimize the potential for acquiring closely limiting ages. If there are multiple age determinations within a stratigraphic sequence that contains tsunami or storm deposits, then the calibrated radiocarbon ages can be, and should be, framed within a Bayesian model structure to better constrain deposit ages. Such models can be further improved by the incorporation of independent stratigraphic age information.
Identifying COVID-19 Cases and Social Groups at High Risk of Transmission: A Strategy to Reduce Community Spread.

Author(s): Gunn, Robert A; Bellettiere, John; Garfein, Richard S; Long, Kanya C; Binkin, Nancy J; Anderson, Cheryl AM
BIOLOGIC BASIS OF PRIMARY WOUND CARE

SUMMARY Primary wound care should proceed in an orderly fashion and is based on the history and complexity of the wound. With rare exception, epinephrine-containing local anesthetic agents are used for regional block anesthesia and local infiltration. Essentially all the commonly used topical antiseptic agents, even when diluted, are toxic to the open wound and should be avoided. Removal of gross debris is followed by copious irrigation with high pressure (>8 psi) sterile saline. Judicious debridement of frankly necrotic tissue precedes careful, tension-free, layered closure of the wound. Sutured and partial-thickness wounds can be covered with topical antibiotic ointment and an occlusive dressing to enhance epithelial healing. Selective systemic antibiotic therapy, gentle wound cleansing, sun protection, and tape strip support of the wound for the first 6 weeks after injury are important wound adjuncts.
Abstract IA08: What are some different ways to evaluate immunotherapy combinations?

This talk will focus on new ways to consider clinical trials testing combinations of immunotherapy agents. Lessons learned from explorations of the combination of PD-1 + CTLA-4 blockade will be shared. Specifically, we will review data related to the concept of treatment free survival as well as highlight recent data using an adaptive/individualized approach to de-escalate combination immunotherapy in patients with advanced melanoma. Citation Format: Michael Postow. What are some different ways to evaluate immunotherapy combinations? [abstract]. In: Abstracts: AACR Virtual Special Conference: Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2020 Oct 19-20. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2021;9(2 Suppl):Abstract nr IA08.
Transformation of aldehydes into nitriles in an aqueous medium using O-phenylhydroxylamine as the nitrogen source.

Abstract The conversion of an aldehyde into a nitrile can be efficiently performed using O-phenylhydroxylamine hydrochloride in buffered aqueous solutions. The reported method is specifically optimized for aqueous-soluble substrates including carbohydrates. Several reducing sugars including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and silyl-protected saccharides were transformed into cyanohydrins in high yields. The reaction conditions are also suitable for the formation of nitriles from various types of hydrophobic aldehyde substrates. Furthermore, cyanide can be eliminated from cyanohydrins, analogous to the Wohl degradation, by utilizing a readily-removed weakly basic resin as a promoter.
Real-Time Monitoring of Aqueous Organic Reduction Reactions Using Ex Situ Fiber Optic Raman Spectroscopy

Here, we demonstrate the use of Raman spectroscopy for real-time monitoring and analysis of the reduction of nitroarenes and ketones in an aqueous medium using an external fiber optic probe. In one case, the catalytic reduction of nitroarenes using hydrazine hydrate and a nickel boron composite catalyst was studied by monitoring the disappearance of the distinct nitro stretching frequency at 1350 cm–¹. Quantitative Raman spectroscopic techniques showed that the aqueous reduction reaction proceeds with pseudo-first-order kinetics. The biphasic reduction of cyclic ketones by aqueous dimethylamine borane (DMAB) was also examined. A nonpolar carbonyl compound and aqueous DMAB were mixed and an external Raman probe monitored the loss of the starting material via the carbonyl stretch at 1713 cm–¹ in the top organic phase. We also found that saturated aliphatic carbonyl compounds were reduced much faster than α,β-unsaturated and aromatic carbonyl compounds. Additionally, DMAB was found to be unreactive toward epoxides and esters, allowing for selective reduction of aliphatic ketones. Density functional theory analysis suggests that carbonyl reduction occurred through a dissociation mechanism followed by a concerted hydride transfer pathway.
Self-Care Strategies and Job-Crafting Practices Among Behavior Analysts: Do They Predict Perceptions of Work–Life Balance, Work Engagement, and Burnout?

Applied behavior analysis (ABA) practitioners report high levels of burnout, exhibited as exhaustion and disengagement. Turnover, a stressful and costly experience for individual practitioners and the human service organizations that employ them, is a potential consequence of burnout. Work–life balance and work engagement are associated with lower burnout and lower intention to quit. Research concerning behavioral predictors of work–life balance, work engagement, and burnout—all of which are associated with turnover intentions—among ABA service providers is scant. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to explore whether and how the use of self-care strategies and job-crafting practices influences perceived levels of work–life balance, work engagement, and burnout among ABA practitioners who work in human service settings. In a sample of 826 ABA practitioners, 72% reported medium to high levels of burnout. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that the use of both self-care strategies and job-crafting practices strongly predicted work–life balance, work engagement, and burnout above and beyond sociodemographic variables (gender and years of experience). Findings can inform the development of effective organizational/systems- and individual-level self-care and job-crafting interventions that support sustainable individual, organizational, and client-related outcomes. We contend that self-care and job-crafting interventions support a culture of well-being in graduate programs, training/supervision curricula, and mentor–mentee relationships.
Intervillous thrombi in the placenta and their possible relation to erythromblatosis fetalis

Abstract Examination of 1660 placenta revealed the presence of intervillous thrombosis in 3.6 per cent. Among 56 placentas in which the cells of the thrombi could be typed the blood groups of the infant, mother, and thrombus were the same in 44. In the remaining 12, in which the mother and the infant belonged to different blood groups, the cells of the thrombus were in all instances of the same typed as those of the mother. The presence of such thrombi cannot be used as proof for the contention that fetal blood may escape from the villi during pregnancy and may consequently be the cause of maternal immunization when the fetus is Rh positive and the mother is Rh negative.
ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Management of acute ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has been transformed in the last 20 yr by the results of large, prospective, randomized trials. Advances have been made in all components of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) management, from primary and secondary prevention to prehospital care, acute reperfusion therapy, adjunctive medical therapy, and management of complications. Despite this progress, however, acute MI remains the most common cause of death in industrialized nations; in addition, while mortality rates have been falling, the incidence of new infarction has not fallen in concert. The long-term consequences of myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure and ventricular arrhythmias, consume a large and growing proportion of health care resources. Thus, there is great need for continued progress in the prevention and treatment of acute MI.
Soy protein diet and exercise training increase relative bone volume and enhance bone microarchitecture in a mouse model of uremia

Soy protein consumption and exercise training have been widely studied for their effects on the vasculature and bone in healthy populations, but little is known about the effectiveness of these interventions in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Cardiovascular disease and bone fracture risk are significantly elevated in CKD, and current pharmacological interventions have been unsuccessful in treating these conditions simultaneously. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a soy protein diet and endurance exercise training, alone or in combination, on cardiovascular and bone health in a mouse model of renal insufficiency. At 8 weeks of age, 60 female apolipoprotein E−/− mice underwent a two-step surgical procedure to induce uremia. These mice were then randomized at 12 weeks of age to one of four treatment groups for the 16-week intervention period: sedentary, control diet (n = 16); sedentary, soy protein diet (n = 18); exercise, control diet (n = 14); and exercise, soy protein diet (n = 12). There were no significant treatment effects on atherosclerotic lesion areas or aortic calcium deposits. We demonstrated a significant main effect of both diet and exercise on relative bone volume, trabecular number, trabecular separation, and trabecular connective density in the proximal femur as measured by microcomputed tomography. There were no treatment effects on trabecular thickness. We also showed a main effect of diet on plasma urea levels. These data suggest that soy protein intake and exercise training exert beneficial effects on properties of bone and plasma urea levels in mice with surgically induced renal impairment.
Empirical Advances in Technology-Assisted Instruction for Students with Mild and Moderate Disabilities.

AbstractIn this literature review, the effects of technology-assisted instruction on the learning of students with mild and moderate disabilities are synthesized for the 1988–1995 period. Empirically based findings are reviewed and discussed in the basic skill areas of reading, written expression, whole language, and mathematics, as well as in the content areas of social studies and science. Results are interpreted and recommendations are provided regarding the design of software for students with disabilities, effective instructional practices, curricular integration, and uses of newer technologies. Future directions for research and challenges facing teachers of students with disabilities are identified.
Antithrombin activity of a peptide corresponding to residues 54-75 of heparin cofactor II.

Abstract Heparin cofactor II (HCII) is a highly specific serine proteinase inhibitor, which complexes covalently with thrombin in a reaction catalyzed by heparin and other polyanions. The molecular basis for the thrombin specificity may be explained by the identification here of a segment of HCII including residues 54-75 that binds to thrombin. A synthetic peptide, HCII(54-75), based on this segment of HCII, Gly-Glu-Glu-Asp-Asp-Asp-Tyr-Leu-Asp-Leu-Glu- Lys-Ile-Phe-Ala-Glu-Asp-Asp-Asp-Tyr-Ile-Asp inhibited thrombin's cleavage of fibrinogen. Clotting activity of thrombin was inhibited 50% at a concentration of 28 microM. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that HCII(54-75) inhibited thrombin's cleavage of both the A alpha and B beta polypeptides in fibrinogen. However, the peptide did not block thrombin's active site, as hydrolysis of chromogenic substrates was not inhibited. HCII(54-75) probably binds to the same site on thrombin as do carboxyl-terminal residues of hirudins, thrombin inhibitors of leeches. HCII(54-75) inhibited binding of thrombin to a synthetic peptide corresponding to residues 54-66 of hirudin PA, but the hirudin peptide was about 30-fold more potent in binding and clotting assays. Both synthetic peptides, as a result of their polyanionic character, might be expected to stimulate the reaction of HCII with thrombin. However, the hirudin-related peptide inhibited this reaction, suggesting that it blocked a site on thrombin required for interaction with HCII. HCII(54-75) had a net stimulatory effect on the thrombin-HCII reaction as a consequence of its lower affinity for thrombin and greater negative charge relative to the hirudin-related peptide. These studies suggest that residues 54-75 of HCII interact with a noncatalytic binding site on thrombin and that this interaction contributes to efficient inhibition of thrombin by HCII.
Not all culture is created equal: A comparative study in search of the most productive cultivation methodology

Abstract Considerable investment through public/private consortia has been towards increasing the productivity from mass algal cultivation for making the industries involved more economically viable. Although high-tech solutions have been popular in recent years, I questioned whether low-tech answers through the method that algae are cultivated could shed light on increasing productivity in mass cultivation systems. Shade-limited growth was studied for Thalassiosira pseudonana (marine diatom) cultures exposed to 85 Ein m − 2 d − 1 under continuous light, and mixed through a 20 cm water column (a standard depth for open pond cultivation), to compare ash-free dry weight (AFDW) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations, net primary productivity ( P ) and specific growth rates ( μ ) obtained by batch culture, continuous culture, and semi-continuous culture. Under shade-limiting conditions, both AFDW and Chl-a concentrations varied inversely with μ for the three cultivation methods. During the linear growth phase of batch culture, P did not vary in relation to μ or biomass ( B ), therefore μ = P / B , and growth rate varied as a power for biomass. For continuous culture methods, B is a function of μ (as dilution rate), therefore B = P μ m , and m = − 1 if linear growth is modeled. Net primary production did vary in relation to μ for both continuous and semi-continuous cultures, and m > − 1. Therefore continuous and semi-continuous culture methods did not reproduce a linear growth phase as found for shade-limited growth. For growth rate > 0.5 doubling d − 1 , semi-continuous culture had highest, and continuous culture had lowest P for the three methods compared. These results provide evidence that the method of cultivation introduces large variability to net primary productivity under shade-limiting conditions, and needs consideration in the design of cultivation systems and microbiological experiments.
Dynamic Element Matching With Signal-Independent Element Transition Rates for Multibit $\Delta\Sigma$ Modulators

This paper presents a novel dynamic element matching (DEM) technique for multi-bit $\Delta\Sigma$ digital-to-analog converters (DACs). The proposed technique can address errors due to both static element mismatch and dynamic inter-symbol-interference (ISI). The proposed technique ensures no ISI-induced distortion even at large signal amplitudes by de-correlating the instantaneous number of DAC transitions from the signal. It can shape the total number of transitions and whiten the individual transition sequence, thereby significantly reducing the in-band ISI errors. The proposed technique can be easily extended to higher-order shaping for both static mismatch and ISI errors. An efficient hardware implementation based on the vector-quantizer mismatch shaping framework is also presented. Simulation results show that the proposed technique can significantly improve DAC linearity in presence of both static mismatch and dynamic ISI errors.
Further Studies on the Inhibition of Histoplasma capsulatum Within Macrophages from Immunized Animals

Mononuclear phagocytes freshly harvested from immunized animals restrict the intracellular growth of Histoplasma capsulatum. The fate of the inhibited fungus is the subject of this report. Macrophages harvested from mice immunized by sublethal infection were parasitized in vitro with yeast cells of H. capsulatum. The subsequent fate of the fungus was assessed by staining characteristics, viability on subculture, and radioisotopic techniques. No tinctorial distinction could be made between yeasts within normal or immune phagocytes stained by the May Greenwald-Giemsa or by the Gridley techniques. Yeast cells recovered after 24 h of residence within the cytoplasm of immune monocytes excluded the dye eosin-Y, germinated on Casamino Acid agar incubated at 30 C, and initiated growth at a normal rate within phagocytes from normal animals. Thus even though the growth of H. capsulatum was inhibited within macrophages from immunized animals, the fungus was not killed by the encounter. However, autoradiographic studies established that protein synthesis by the fungus in situ was impaired.
The Influence of Plant Extracts on Phytotoxin Production and Growth Rate of Alternaria helianthi

When liquid cultures of Alternaria helianthi were supplemented with aqueous extracts of leaf tissue of its host plant (sunflower), pronounced effects on both growth and production of the toxin deoxyradicinin were apparent. Very low levels of leaf extract stimulated toxin production but did not significantly affect growth, while higher levels markedly stimulated mycelial growth and at the same time toxin production was greatly suppressed. Leaf extracts of non-host plant species were also stimulatory to phytotoxin biosynthesis.
Dendrimer-assisted controlled growth of carbon nanotubes for enhanced thermal interface conductance

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with systematically varied diameter distributions and defect densities were reproducibly grown from a modified catalyst structure templated in an amine-terminated fourth-generation poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer by microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Thermal interface resistances of the vertically oriented MWCNT arrays as determined by a photoacoustic technique reveal a strong correlation with the quality as assessed by Raman spectroscopy. This study contributes not only to the development of an active catalyst via a wet chemical route for structure-controlled MWCNT growth, but also to the development of efficient and low-cost MWCNT-based thermal interface materials with thermal interface resistances 10 mm 2 KW −1 .
Framework for hybrid life cycle inventory databases: a case study on the Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES) database

Purpose In an effort to develop a whole building Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) tool, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is transforming new bottom-up Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES) data into a hybrid database in which the strengths of both bottom-up and top-down approaches can be combined. The objective of this paper is to describe the framework and the process under which the hybrid BEES database is being built, with an emphasis on its accounting structure. This paper can support other efforts to build hybrid Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) databases.
Generalization of a Hardy-Littlewood-Polya inequality

Abstract This article is concerned with a generalization of the well-known Hardy-Littlewood-Polya (HLP) inequality to higher dimensions n ⩾ 2. We also show via construction of a counterexample that for certain exponents and consequently in some spaces such extension is impossible.
Skeletal muscle mitochondrial function and lean body mass in healthy exercising elderly

Background: The decline in muscle mass (sarcopenia) with aging may be related to a decline in mitochondrial function. However, investigators have yet to reach a consensus as to whether a decline in mitochondrial function can be attenuated by physical activity has yet to reach a consensus. Methods: Using dynamic 31PMRS to measure mitochondrial function, we measured baseline Phosphocreatine (PCr), inorganic phosphate (Pi), phosphodiester (PDE), [ADP], pH and recovery times (t1/2) for PCr and [ADP] following exercise, in 45 older (73±4 years, SD), and 20 younger subjects (25±4 years, SD) who were matched for ody mass across high and low activity levels and within age and sex groupings. Results: Baseline PCr, and Pi, were lower, and PDE higher in the older subjects compared to younger subjects (all P<0.01). The t1/2ADP was longer in older subjects (P<0.001) controlling for age and sex in the low activity group (P=0.02). In the older low activity groups, t1/2PCr was longer than high activity groups. Higher PDE levels were positively correlated with longer t1/2PCr in the older low activity females (both P<0.05). Conclusions: Our data suggests that mitochondrial function declines with age in healthy, exercising elderly adults and that the decline appears to be influenced by the level of physical activity.
Über einige Derivate von [2,2]-Paracyclophan mit physiologischer Aktivität

Die Synthese von 4-Dialkylaminoacetyl-[2,2]-paracyclophanen, der entsprechenden Aminoalkohole, von 1-(2-N,N-Diathylamino-athoxy)-1-(4-[2,2]-paracyclophan), und 4-([2,2]-Paracyclophanyl)-penicillin wird beschrieben. Eine biologische Auswertung zeigt, das die Eigenschaften dieser Substanzen, im Vergleich zu denen analoger bekannter Benzolderivate, qualitativ den Erwartungen entsprechen.
Non-fastidious, melanoma-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes from choroidal melanoma patients.

To characterize the anti-melanoma reactivity of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) from choroidal melanoma patients, CTL clones were isolated from the peripheral blood of three patients after mixed lymphocyte/tumor cell culture (MLTC). Clones were derived from lymphocytes stimulated by allogeneic (OCM-1, A24, A28) or autologous (OCM-3, Al, A30) melanoma cells. Their reactivity against a panel of HLA-typed melanoma and nonmelanoma cells was assessed, to determine whether a single CTL clone could recognize and lyse a variety of allogeneic melanoma cell lines. While proportionately more clones derived from autologous MLTC were melanoma-specific than allogeneic MLTC (42% versus 14%), melanoma-specific CTL were recovered from both. Notably, a novel melanoma specificity was identified. These CTL clones were termed non-fastidious because they were capable of lysing melanoma cells with which they had no HLA class I alleles in common. Nonetheless, lysis was mediated by the HLA class I molecule. Since lysis was specific for melanoma cells, these CTL appeared to recognize a shared melanoma peptide(s). Because of their prevalence, we propose that non-fastidious CTL are integral to human anti-melanoma T cell immunity. This reinforces clinical findings that allogeneic melanomas can substitute for autologous tumors in active specific immunotherapy. By circumventing the need for autologous melanoma, it is possible to treat patients after removal of the primary choroidal melanoma in an attempt to prevent metastasis.
Evaluation of Methods for Classifying Epidemiological Data on Choropleth Maps in Series

Our research goal was to determine which choropleth classification methods are most suitable for epidemiological rate maps. We compared seven methods using responses by fifty-six subjects in a two-part experiment involving nine series of U.S. mortality maps. Subjects answered a wide range of general map-reading questions that involved individual maps and comparisons among maps in a series. The questions addressed varied scales of map-reading, from individual enumeration units, to regions, to whole-map distributions. Quantiles and minimum boundary error classification methods were best suited for these general choropleth map-reading tasks. Natural breaks (Jenks) and a hybrid version of equal-intervals classing formed a second grouping in the results, both producing responses less than 70 percent as accurate as for quantiles. Using matched legends across a series of maps (when possible) increased map-comparison accuracy by approximately 28 percent. The advantages of careful optimization procedures in chorop...
On the exact calculation of cumulative F probabilities

Various approximate procedures have been employed in the tabulation of F distributions. These approximations generally perform poorly for small degrees of freedom and/or for extreme tail areas. Closed form expressions are presented in this paper for the exact calculation of cumulative probabilities of F distributions. For small degrees of freedom, the probabilities may be calculated with the aid of standard mathematical tables and a calculator. An APL computer program, also presented in this paper, may be used in calculating the cumulative probabilities according to the exact expressions.
Locating an Isolated Global Minimizer of a Constrained Nonconvex Program

Conditions are given which verify the existence and determine the location of an isolated local constrained minimizer of a constrained nonconvex program. An exact formula is given for the amount by which the value of the objective function at some point differs from the value at that isolated point. Further conditions are given which ensure that the local minimizer is a global minimizer.
A design sensitivity analysis principle and its implementation into ADIANA

Abstract This paper describes a continuum principle of design sensitivity analysis of linear and nonlinear structures for shape and nonshape optimization problems. The principle has been derived previously using the virtual work equation, and the concepts of reference volume and adjoint structure. It is stated in a form that is more convenient to interpret and discretize for numerical calculations. Physical interpretation for each implicit design variation term in the principle is given relating it to the virtual work of internal or external forces, or their explicit design variations. A discretization of the principle using usual shape functions of finite element analysis is developed for implementation into computer programs, such as ADINA. Some numerical examples are solved to show practical use of the principle.
Expression of neuronal phenotypes in neuroblastoma cell hybrids

Four series of neuroblastoma cell hybrids were isolated, using as parental cells a human and a mouse neuroblastoma, a human fibroblast, and a mouse L cell line. Hybrid clones were analyzed for karyotype, morphology, acetylcholinesterase, and choline acetyltransferase. Acetylcholinesterase activity, which was present in the neuroblastoma parents but absent in the fibroblasts, showed continued expression in all series of hybrids, and neuronal morphology was expressed in three of the four hybrid series. Choline acetyltransferase, which mediates acetylcholine synthesis in cholinergic neurons, was absent from all parents and hybrids except for one hybrid clone, in which expression of the enzyme was activated. These results are compared with the results, reported elsewhere, of assays of the same hybrids for additional neuronal phenotypes. These phenotypes are electrical excitability and acetylcholine sensitivity, presence of the neuron-specific 14-3-2 protein and steroid sulfatase, and glycosphingolipd composition. Among those phenotypes which continue to be expressed, the level of expression is closely correlated with acetylcholinesterase specific activity, and also with chromosome number. These results are discussed in terms of the genetic regulation of cell differentiation.
Stochastic models and numerical solutions for production planning with applications to the paper industry

Abstract This work is concerned with models and numerical algorithms for production planning of systems under uncertainties. Using stochastic processes to describe the system dynamics, we model the random demand and capacity processes by two finite-state continuous-time Markov chains. We seek the optimal production rate by minimizing an expected cost of the system. Discretizing the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) equations satisfied by the value functions and using an approximation procedure yield the optimal solution, which allows us to make production decisions sequentially throughout the process lifespan. Three case studies are presented. Using demand data collected from a large paper manufacturer, the optimal production policies of the paper machine are obtained for different machine capacity and demand processes.
A large area gas Cerenkov telescope for high energy gamma-ray astronomy.

Abstract In order to achieve a major advance in the sensitivity of detectors for high energy gamma-ray astronomy, we have developed a new type of detector, a large area gas Cerenkov telescope suitable for use on balloons and satellites. This detector has a collection area of almost 5 m2 and the capability of significantly lowering the flux limits from gamma ray sources.
Damage formation and recovery in C+-irradiated 6H–SiC

Abstract Single crystals of 6H–SiC were irradiated with 550 keV C+ ions over a range of temperatures (180–870 K) and ion fluences (1 × 1018 to 5 × 1019 C+/m2). The damage induced by the irradiation ranged from dilute defect concentrations up to buried amorphous layers. Damage recovery in the samples irradiated at 180 K has been followed by isochronal annealing (20 min) at 300, 470, 670 and 870 K. The accumulation and recovery of atomic disorder on the Si sublattice has been studied using in situ Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry in combination with ion channeling methods (RBS/C). The disordering rate shows a sigmoidal dependence on dose at each irradiation temperature. Simultaneous defect recovery processes occur during irradiation at room temperature, and post-irradiation thermal defect recovery is also observed at room temperature.
Linkage of the N-terminal peptide portion of renin substrate to the remainder of the protein. Evidence for an alkali-labile Tyr-Ser and against an ester bond.

Abstract Tetradecapeptide renin substrate (Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe-His-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-Ser) was originally isolated by treatment of protein renin substrate with trypsin. Because trypsin is not known to cleave at a serine bond, but does have esterase activity, and because NaOH in ethanol was reported also to produce the tetradecapeptide from the protein substrate, an ester linkage of the peptide to the protein was proposed. In the present study protein renin substrate has been treated with several ‘specific’ esterolytic reagents: 1 M NH 2 OH, pH 9.5, 40°C, 1.5 h; 1 M hydrazine, pH 9, 40°C, 5 h; and, for comparison with previous work, 1 M NaOH in 95% ethanol, 25°C, 0.5 h. A peptide product was isolated by ultrafiltration, Bio-Gel P-2 chromatography, and ion-exchange chromatography. Identification of the peptide was by its localization during ion-exchange chromatography and high voltage electrophoresis as well as by amino acid analysis. In each case the tridecapeptide, Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe-His-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr was isolated, i.e. tetradecapeptide minus its C-terminal serine or des-Ser 14 tetradecapeptide. Treatment of the isolated peptide with renin yielded angiotensin I. Authentic tetradecapeptide subjected to action of the same esterolytic reagents, produced the same tridecapeptide as was obtained from protein renin substrate. The Tyr-Ser of the tetradecapeptide, like that of some other model peptides including adreno corticotropic hormone (ACTH), appears to be very sensitive to cleavage under these conditions. In contrast, no peptide product was obtained when protein renin substrate was treated with LiBH 4 in tetrahydrofuran, a reagent which quantitatively cleaves ester bonds. We conclude that the N-terminal peptide portion of renin substrate is linked to the remainder of the protein through a labile peptide bond. The proposal of an ester bond linkage of peptide to protein appears to be inconsistent with the current evidence.
The hnRNP proteins

The isolation of hnRNP complexes has identified many new proteins and their characterization has led to the identification of several motifs that are important for RNA binding. These motifs are present in a wide variety of proteins including splicing factors, ribosomal proteins, and several proteins of unknown function. These findings have blurred the lines of demarcation between proteins previously thought of as RNA “packaging” proteins and RNA processing factors. Recent findings on hnRNP proteins have suggested a plethora of possible functions along the pathway of mRNA metabolism. It can be expected that the next few years will see the unraveling of the detailed functions of hnRNP proteins.
Adverse clinical outcomes associated with short stature at dialysis initiation: a report of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study.

Objective. We examined whether height less than the 1% for age (z score <-2.5) at dialysis initiation predicts adverse clinical outcomes for children with kidney failure. Design. National cohort study of children initiating dialysis, followed for a minimum of 1 month to a maximum of 8 years. Setting. Voluntary consortium of pediatric nephrology centers across the United States and Canada in the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study. Patients. Two thousand three hundred six patients ≤21 years old initiated on dialysis between 1992 and 2000. Outcome Measures. School attendance, transplant wait listing, hospitalization rates, and survival. Results. Although there were no differences in transplant wait listings, school-aged children with short stature were less likely to be attending school full-time than were their counterparts with more normal height, even if medically capable. Short-stature patients have significantly more hospital days per month of dialysis follow-up than those patients with better growth (mean: 1.92 vs 1.58; median: 0.73 vs 0.44 hospital days per month of follow-up). Cox proportional hazards regression analyses show that children with height <1% for age have a twofold higher risk of death than those with more normal height, even after controlling for patient age, race, gender, cause of end-stage renal disease, wait list status, and dialysis modality. Conclusions. Poor growth during chronic renal insufficiency leading to short stature at dialysis initiation is a marker for a more complicated clinical course for children with kidney failure. Aggressive nutritional support and early referral to a nephrologist to optimize growth may improve long-term outcomes for children with chronic kidney disease. Pediatrics 2002;109:909-913; growth, kidney disease, morbidity.
Transformations that render curves parallel

Abstract Five examples are given to indicate the desirability of having a general theory treating sets of curves that can be transformed into parallel curves. With this theory it is shown that a set of curves can be rendered parallel if and only if every pair of functions in the completion of a particular group associated with the curves is uncrossed. Under general conditions any two transformations rendering a set of curves parallel are related by a linear transformation. Methods for calculating transformations are proposed. Several structural properties of sets of curves which can be rendered parallel are proven.
Managing Postsocialist Transitions: Politicized Sense Making as a Facilitator of Organizational Change.

This study explores what organizational strategies are employed to initiate and facilitate organizational change in higher education institutions in the increasingly complex and competitive postsoc...
Behavioral Teratology Comes to the Classroom.

As an introduction to behavioral teratology, this article discusses types of teratogenic agents, behavioral targets, organismic vulnerability during growth spurts, teratogenic “routing,” exposure, and duration of effects. It also describes some chemical neurotoxins, using lead as a paradigm, that are known to affect cognitive and noncognitive behaviors crucial to learning and appropriate conduct in the classroom. Finally, the article points out two ways in which behavioral teratology is particularly important for special education. First, behavioral teratology balances the tendency to attribute educational problems exclusively to social or environmental antecedents. Second, it provides a much needed subject matter for the educational curriculum of the nation's junior and senior high schools.
Observations of Cygnus X-3 above 50 keV

Cygnus X-3 was observed in the energy range 50-400 keV using a balloon-borne, actively collimated, NaI(Tl) scintillation detector. The observation was made from phase 0.45-0.91 of the 4.8 hour period. The photon number spectrum was well represented by a power law with index -2.2. The flux increased throughout the observation, consistent with a highly asymmetric light curve with a peak near phase 0.9.
Sunday Schools and English Teaching: Re-reading Ian Hunter and the Emergence of 'English' in the United States

This article represents an ‘overdue encounter’ with the ideas of Ian Hunter to reconsider the historical emergence and descent of English teaching in the United States. Influenced by Hunter’s account of the ‘pastoral’ and ‘bureaucratic’ genealogy of English teaching in England, my historical study documented continuities and discontinuities between the pedagogical archives of the nineteenth-century American Sunday school and turn of the twentieth-century English education. This analysis highlights the pastoral, scientific and bureaucratic lineage of ‘modern’ literary education in the United States and the ways that English, since its emergence, has been implicated in practices of pastoral power, discipline, biopower and governmentality. My aim is to draw attention to Hunter’s provocative ideas, lay groundwork for more comparative histories of English teaching across Anglophone countries and stimulate discussions concerning English’s cultural importance and value, dangers and normalising tendencies, and lo...
Waves in man-made materials: superlattice to metamaterials

While artificial or man-made structures date back to Lord Rayleigh, the work started by Lewin in 1947, placing spheres onto cubic lattices, greatly enriched microwave materials and devices. It was very suggestive of both metamaterials and photonics crystals. Effective medium models were used to describe bulk properties with some success. The concept of metamaterials followed photonic crystals, and these both were introduced after the introduction of the man-made superlattices designed to enrich the class of materials for electronic devices. The work on serrated ridged waveguides by Kirschbaum and Tsu for the control of the refractive index of microwave lenses as well as microwave matching devices in 1959 used a combination of theory, such as Floquet’s theory, Bloch theory in one dimension, as well as periodic lumped loading. There is much in common between metamaterials and superlattices, but in this paper, we discuss some practical limitations to both. It is pointed out that unlike superlattices where kl...
Personality and symptom dimensions of the MCMI-II: an item factor analysis

The self-reports of a sample of 248 male psychiatric patients on the MCMI-II (Millon, 1987) were factor analyzed at the item level. Principal components analyses with both Varimax and Direct Oblimin rotations were carried out separately on 120 personality disorder items and 51 clinical symptom items. As judged by the scree test, seven factors accounted for the personality disorder items, and five factors accounted for the symptom items. The personality disorder factors were interpreted as Schizotypal, Social Introversion vs. Extraversion, Conformity, Submissive vs. Aggressive, Antisocial, Narcissism, and Hostile Aggression. The symptom factors were hypothesized to represent Depression/Anxiety, Alcohol Dependence, Suicidal Ideation, Hypomania, and Drug Dependence. Agreement with a similar analysis of the MCMI-I was close.
The in vivo reproductive potential of density separated cells

Abstract Murine ascites cells (L1210, L5178Y, Ehrlich ascites) were labelled with 131 I-iododeoxyuridine and subjected to buoyant density centrifugation on a continuous, linear Ficoll gradient. Cell losses sustained during density centrifugation were evaluated by recording the amount of 131 I recovered in the final cell fractions. The viability and proliferative capacity of the density separated cells were tested by monitoring the rate of 131 I excretion following inoculation of the recovered cells into new, non-radioactive hosts. Density separation in Ficoll appeared to cause few, if any, adverse effects. Cell recovery under properly regulated experimental conditions was virtually complete (97% or higher). The reproductive potential of density-separated cells was identical to that of control cells. However, considerable cell mortality could be induced by permitting cellular aggregation in medium free of antiagglutinin or by exposure of excessive quantities of cells to a density gradient. Viability indices obtained with trypan blue proved unsuitable for predicting long-term survival. In some experiments the trypan blue data provided a 90–100% viability reading when in fact the entire cell population had been inactivated by irradiation or heat incubation. Since the trypan blue test also did not reveal the full extent of mortality among aggregated cells or cells recovered from overloaded gradients, it was concluded that the dye exclusion test, in spite of its utility for monitoring immediate cell death and membrane destruction, was of limited value for evaluating the reproductive potential of mammalian cells.
Structural adjustment and education: Adapting to a growing global market

Abstract Structural adjustment effects on education have largely been viewed as policies imposed by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. This view overlooks the larger process of structural adjustment in a rapidly growing global economy. This article seeks to locate the structural adjustment implication for education within a global framework. Education's systemic dependence and system influence are identified. Specific educational effects of structural adjustment are discussed, addressing both short-term implications and long-term responses. Educational policy implications and research trends are addressed in the light of the evolving world system of education.
Note on Two Generalizations of Coefficient Alpha.

An important relationship is given for two generalizations of coefficient alpha, Rajaratnam, Cronbach and Gleser's generalizability formula for stratified-parallel tests and Raju's coefficient beta.
Overcoming practice site challenges in clinical faculty positions.

New practitioners who become faculty members at colleges of pharmacy commonly describe their positions as both challenging and rewarding on many levels. For faculty members with experiential teaching responsibilities, practice site challenges can be among the more difficult challenges to conquer.
Obligation, contracts, and negotiation: Outlining an approach

Abstract In this paper I outline an ambitious project to incorporate into a normative language the tools necessary for an account of hierarchical organizations and the changing roles and obligations of agents within them, and an analogous account of contracts and the changing roles and obligations of agents who are parties to contracts. While such an enriched language is likely to be considerably more complex than those most often considered for deontic logic, it promises for that very reason to enlarge considerably the range of normative problems that can be accurately expressed and effectively addressed.
Modification of leucyl-sRNA after bacteriophage infection.

Abstract Aminoacyl-sRNA's of Escherichia coli B with and without bacteriophage T2 infection have been examined using methylated albumin kieselguhr column chromatography. Out of 17 aminoacyl-sRNA's examined, only one, leucyl-sRNA, was found to be clearly different before and after the infection. This alteration lies in sRNA and not in leueyl-sRNA synthetase, and is one of the earliest events after the infection. Phage T4 and T6 infections show the same modification of leueyl-sRNA, whereas infection with T1, T3, T5 and T7 and λ induction do not induce the modification. Leucyl-sRNA was examined in Shigella dysenteriae 60 and in various strains of E. coli after T2 infection, and in permissive and nonpermissive hosts after infection with various early amber mutants of T4. In all cases, the same modification of the leueyl-sRNA was observed. It is not excluded that the leucyl-sRNA change may take some role in the arrest of host-protein synthesis
Leadership networks in Catholic parishes: Implications for implementation research in health

Through two case studies of Catholic parishes in Massachusetts, this study explores the implications of leader-centered versus distributed leadership in Catholic parishes for the implementation of evidence-based health interventions. The two parishes involved in the study differ from each other in several ways. In the first, parishioners are less engaged in leadership activities at the decision-making level in the parish. A small group of lay volunteers work with the parish priest and other ordained leaders on parish activities. In the second parish, a large and active lay volunteer leadership have forged an organizational structure that allows more independence from the pastor's direct oversight. In this parish, lay volunteer leaders are the prime drivers of organizational programs and events. In 2012–2013, three types of networks were assessed at each parish: discussion, collaboration, and outside-of-parish ties. The contrasts between each parish include differences in density of collaboration, in frequency of discussion, and network centrality of the respective parish priests. We further identified key actors in the network structures at each parish. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding organizational capacity in the context of health program implementation.