cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monster: inferring non-covalent interactions in macromolecular structures from atomic coordinate data

A web application for inferring potentially stabilizing non-bonding interactions in macromolecular structures from input atomic coordinate data is described. The core software, called Monster, comprises a PERL wrapper that takes advantage of scripts developed in-house as well as established software in the public domain to validate atomic coordinate files, identify interacting residues and assign the nature of these interactions. The results are assembled and presented in an intuitive and interactive graphical format. Potential applications of Monster range from mining and validating experimentally determined structures to guiding functional analysis. Non-commercial users can perform Monster analysis free of charge at http://monster.northwestern.edu.
Teratogenicity of anticonvulsant drugs. III: Radiographic hand analysis of children exposed in utero to diphenylhydantoin

As part of a prospective study of the teratogenicity of anticonvulsant drugs, hand radiographs were obtained on 51 children born to epileptic mothers. The phalanges and metacarpals were measured and a diagnosis of distal digital hypoplasia (DDH) was made if the distal phalangeal to other digital bone ratio was more than 2 SD below the mean for age in at least two of the digits. By these criteria, roughly 30% of infants exposed to diphenylhydantoin in utero demonstrate DDH; this was in close agreement with the clinical diagnosis of DDH. The data suggest that there is no familial tendency to the expression of this teratogenicity, there is no sex influence, there is no difference between exposure to diphenylhydantoin alone and diphenylhydantoin in combination with other anticonvulsants, and that the digital changes occur most often in the absence of other sequelae of in utero exposure to diphenylhydantoin.
Changes in area affect figure-ground assignment in pigeons.

Abstract A critical cue for figure–ground assignment in humans is area: smaller regions are more likely to be perceived as figures than are larger regions. To see if pigeons are similarly sensitive to this cue, we trained birds to report whether a target appeared on a colored figure or on a differently colored background. The initial training figure was either smaller than (Experiments 1 and 2) or the same area as (Experiment 2) the background. After training, we increased or decreased the size of the figure. When the original training shape was smaller than the background, pigeons’ performance improved with smaller figures (and worsened with larger figures); when the original training shape was the same area as the background, pigeons’ performance worsened when they were tested with smaller figures. A smaller figural region appeared to improve the figure–ground discrimination only when size was a relevant cue in the initial discrimination.
Routing with confidence: supporting discretionary routing requirements in policy based networks

We propose a novel policy-based secure routing framework that extends the mandatory nature of network access-control policies and allows users to exercise discretionary control on what routes they choose in a given network. In contrast to existing research that focuses mainly on restricting network access based on user credentials, we present a model that allows users to specify discretionary constraints on path characteristics and discover routes based on situational trust attributes of routers in a network. In this context, we present three levels of trust-attribute certification based on inherent, consensus based, and inferred characteristics of routers. We also define a "confidence" measure that captures the "quality of protection" of a route with regard to various dynamic trust relationships that arise from this interaction between user preferences and network policy. Based on this measure, we show how to generate paths of highest confidence efficiently by using shortest path algorithms. We show how our model generalizes the notion of quality of protection (QoP) for secure routing and discuss how it can be applied to anonymous and privacy-aware routing, intrusion tolerant communication, and secure resource discovery for ubiquitous computing, high performance, and peer-to-peer environments.
The Management of Sleep and Circadian Disturbance in Patients with Dementia

Sleep and circadian disturbances are common among patients with dementia. Symptomatic manifestations vary according to dementia subtype, with one commonly shared pattern--the irregular sleep-wake rhythm (ISWR), a circadian disorder characterized by an absence of the sleepwake cycle’s circadian synchronization. Hypothesized mechanisms of circadian rhythm disturbance include suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) circadian pacemaker damage, pineal gland and melatonin secretion alterations, and reduced zeitbeigers and decreased input to the SCN. Management options include prescribed sleep/wake scheduling, light therapy, melatonin, physical and social activity, and mixed modality. The mixed-modality approach is the most effective method in treating ISWR. Pharmacologic interventions are controversial, with no evidence supporting their effectiveness while associated with multiple side effects. They should be used with caution and only be considered as short-term therapy. All treatment strategies should be individualized to achieve the best outcomes.
PAROTID AREA LYMPH NODE METASTASES FROM CUTANEOUS SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA: IMPLICATIONS FOR DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, AND PROGNOSIS

Background. Parotid area lymph node metastasis from primary scalp and facial cutaneous cancers is a poorly recognized clinical entity partly because of the long time lapse between the index lesion and regional spread. Methods. A retrospective review of the University of Wis- consin Tumor Registry and Head and Neck Oncology Tumor Board was performed over a 10-year period from 1989 to 1999. One hundred two patients with a malignant parotid mass were identified. Of these, 20 patients were identified with parotid region squamous cell carcinoma and prior index skin cancer of the face or scalp. These patients were analyzed regarding pre- sentation, diagnostic evaluation, interval between index lesion and metastasis, treatment method, and long-term outcome. Results. Approximately 20% of patients (20 of 102) in this series with a malignant parotid mass had presumed metastasis from an identifiable skin primary tumor. The mean time from index lesion to presentation of regional spread was 13.5 months. Seventy percent of the patients (14 of 20) underwent surgery followed by radiation as locoregional therapy, whereas 30% underwent surgery alone. Six (30%) of 20 patients required some degree of facial nerve sacrifice. Three patients (15%) experienced subsequent locoregional failure. Two of six patients from the surgery alone group and one of 14 patients who received surgery plus radiation therapy experienced locore- gional relapse.
Responsibility for Failures of Government: The Problem of Many Hands

The problem of many hands—the difficulty of assigning responsibility in organizations in which many different individuals contribute to decisions and policies—stands in the way of investigating and correcting the failures of government. The problem can be mitigated by giving greater attention to the design of processes of organizational responsibility. An independent investigation can identify both the individual actions and the structural defects that contributed to an organizational failure. Then, specific individuals can be designated as overseers, who are held responsible for monitoring the structure and making changes as necessary. Three cases—the official responses to terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in 2001, the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010, and the financial crisis that began in 2007—illustrate how this prospective approach of designing responsibility could work in practice.
Empirical Analysis of Blood Plasma LIBS Images Using the Nonlinear Diffusion Method

In an attempt to develop a method of early epithelial ovarian cancer detection we apply a laser to blood samples. With laser induced breakdown spectroscopy, (LIBS), plasma state images of blood samples are prepared and analyzed. We apply an improved nonlinear diffusion filter in order to enhance relevant image edges and to remove noise and irrelevant texture. We hope to identify differences in the shapes of these images by which we can detect the earliest stages of ovarian cancer.
An enhancement of the Role-Based Access Control model to facilitate information access management in context of team collaboration and workflow

Graphical abstractDisplay Omitted Highlights? We have enhanced RBAC for information access management in collaborative processes. ? New model incorporates universal constraint, workflow context and access delegation. ? Bridging entities and contributing attributes support access management in teamwork. ? Domain ontologies drive implementation of the enhanced RBAC in specific application. ? Enhanced RBAC is successfully applied to coordinate clinical education programs. Although information access control models have been developed and applied to various applications, few of the previous works have addressed the issue of managing information access in the combined context of team collaboration and workflow. To facilitate this requirement, we have enhanced the Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) model through formulating universal constraints, defining bridging entities and contributing attributes, extending access permissions to include workflow contexts, synthesizing a role-based access delegation model to target on specific objects, and developing domain ontologies as instantiations of the general model to particular applications. We have successfully applied this model to the New York State HIV Clinical Education Initiative (CEI) project to address the specific needs of information management in collaborative processes. An initial evaluation has shown this model achieved a high level of agreement with an existing system when applied to 4576 cases (kappa=0.801). Comparing to a reference standard, the sensitivity and specificity of the enhanced RBAC model were at the level of 97-100%. These results indicate that the enhanced RBAC model can be effectively used for information access management in context of team collaboration and workflow to coordinate clinical education programs. Future research is required to incrementally develop additional types of universal constraints, to further investigate how the workflow context and access delegation can be enriched to support the various needs on information access management in collaborative processes, and to examine the generalizability of the enhanced RBAC model for other applications in clinical education, biomedical research, and patient care.
Reverse Mathematics and Grundy colorings of graphs

The relationship of Grundy and chromatic numbers of graphs in the context of Reverse Mathematics is investi-gated (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Some Scaling Rules for the Overall Thermal Conductivity in Porous Materials

The overall thermal conductivity in an isotropic porous medium containing cavities of various shapes is studied in this work. The cavity shapes under consideration include spherical and cylindrical pores, prelate and oblate spheroids, and cylindrical cavities with rectangular cross sections. The unique feature lies in the derivation of the scaling rules governing the overall thermal conductivity in porous media containing various shapes of internal cavities. The temperature distribution around the representative cavity surface, the central quantity in the present differential formulation, is obtained by the boundary element method employing the exterior formulation.
Human DNA polymerase α catalytic polypeptide binds ConA and RCA and contains a specific labile site in the N-terminus

Abstract The catalytic polypeptide of DNA polymerase alpha is often observed in vitro as a family of phosphopolypeptides predominantly of 180 and 165 kDa derived from a single primary structure. The estimated Mr of this polypeptide deduced from the full-length cDNA is 165 kDa. Immunoblot analysis with polyclonal antibodies against peptides of the N- and C-termini of the deduced primary sequence indicates that the observed family of polypeptides from 180 kDa to lower molecular weight results from proteolytic cleavage from the N-terminus. Antibodies against the N-terminal peptide detect only the 180 kDa species suggesting that this higher molecular weight polypeptide may be the result of posttranslational modification of the 165 kDa primary translation product. The catalytic polypeptide is not only phosphorylated but is also found to react with lectins ConA and RCA. N-terminal sequencing of the isolated catalytic polypeptide from human cells and of the recombinant fusion proteins indicates that the often observed 165 kDa polypeptide is the in vitro proteolytic cleavage product of the modified 180 kDa protein at the specific site between lys123 and lys124 within the sequence -RNVKKLAVTKPNN-.
Myocardial cell diameters in primate hearts

This light microscope study on the cell diameters of six myocardial structures was based 15 primate hearts. One hundred cell measurements were made of each cell category in each of five speciments of three primate species (monkey, baboon, man). Mean values of cell diameter, range and the standard error of each group of measurements are presented in graph form. The coefficients of variation between the cells in each of the five hearts of each species are presented. Microscopically the small cells of the SA and AV nodes constitute a more uniform population, while the atrium, AV bundle and left bundle branch have a heterogeneous admixture of large and small cells. Left ventricles of the human and baboon hearts had more uniform cell populations than did the left ventricle of the monkey. Representative examples of the more heterogeneous areas are demonstrated photographically. The sources of error, importance of several cardiac junction sites, significance of cell diameter in cardiac hypertrophy and the potential relationship between cell size and cardiac conduction velocities are presented.
Culture, types of social withdrawal, and children's beliefs: An integrative perspective

Cultural norms and values provide guidance for children to judge and evaluate specific behavioural characteristics including shyness, unsociability, and social avoidance. The perceptions and attitudes of children, in turn, determine how they exhibit and regulate their behaviours and how they respond to peers' behaviours in social interactions. Investigation of children's beliefs across societies may shed some light on the processes in which culture is involved in shaping the display and developmental significance of different types of social withdrawal. To achieve a better understanding of the role of children's beliefs in mediating cultural influence on development, it will be important to examine how children's beliefs about withdrawn behaviours are associated with patterns of social interactions and relationships in various circumstances.
The validity of the Shipley-Hartford retreat test for “deterioration”

1. The Shipley-Hartford Scale test was given to 50 patients in a State hospital. Most of the patients are unimproved and have been in the hospital for a number of years. 2. The vast majority of patients with dementia praecox and of patients with psychoses with organic states showed signs of “deterioration.” This corresponded closely with their clinical states. 3. The test seems to be a valid and valuable addition to our diagnostic armamentarium. It should be considered as such and not as an absolute diagnosis of “deterioration.” It should be regarded only as an aid to our present diagnostic methods of investigation.
Fair scheduling of dynamic task systems on multiprocessors

In dynamic real-time task systems, tasks that are subject to deadlines are allowed to join and leave the system. In previous work, Stoica et al. and Baruah et al. presented conditions under which such joins and leaves may occur in fair-scheduled uniprocessor systems without causing missed deadlines. In this paper, we extend their work by considering fair-scheduled multiprocessors. We show that their conditions are sufficient on M processors, under any deadline-based Pfair scheduling algorithm, if the utilization of every subset of M-1 tasks is at most one. Further, for the general case in which task utilizations are not restricted in this way, we derive sufficient join/leave conditions for the PD^2 Pfair algorithm. We also show that, in general, these conditions cannot be improved upon without causing missed deadlines.
Diagnostic error in medicine: introduction.

In 1999 the Institute of Medicine (a division of the US National Academy of Sciences) published a landmark report indicating that from 44,000 to 98,000 deaths per year could be attributed to preventable medical errors (Kohn et al. 1999). Although the majority of errors related to therapy, including medication and surgical errors, the report identified a significant number of diagnostic errors. Until recently, most of the research in patient safety had not addressed these errors. In the last few years there has been increased recognition of the prevalence and severity of diagnostic errors. In 2007 the US Department of Health and Human Services’ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) identified diagnostic errors as an area of special emphasis. (http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/ NOT-HS-08-002.html). There is a background of research that is relevant to this newly recognized domain. Several patient safety and quality improvement researchers have focused on analyzing and characterizing errors and their impact, figuring what went wrong, why, and how can we fix it (Schiff 1994; Schiff et al. 2005; Croskerry 2000a, b, 2002, 2003a, b, c, 2005; Croskerry and Wears 2003; Cosby and Croskerry 2003; Graber et al. 2002; Graber 2004; Graber et al. 2005). In addition to a few patient safety/quality improvement researchers’ interests in diagnostic errors, three other research domains have a longer history than the more recent interest in diagnostic errors within the patient safety arena, addressing fundamental questions about how humans make diagnoses and strategies to improve the process. These research domains are:
Stakeholders‟ Perspectives Of Accounting Faculty Time Allocations

This study provides evidence on how various stakeholder groups perceive faculty time is and should be allocated across teaching, research and service. To ascertain the priorities of various stakeholders, a questionnaire was administered to accounting professionals, accounting students, and taxpayers. Assistant professors were also surveyed to establish a benchmark for comparisons. Overall, the findings indicate a disparity between the perceptions of accounting professors and their stakeholders regarding time allocations. Suggestions on ways to mitigate these differences are offered.
DNMT1 is a required genomic regulator for murine liver histogenesis and regeneration.

DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) is an essential regulator maintaining both epigenetic reprogramming during DNA replication and genome stability. We investigated the role of DNMT1 in the regulation of postnatal liver histogenesis under homeostasis and stress conditions. We generated Dnmt1 conditional knockout mice (Dnmt1Δalb) by crossing Dnmt1fl/fl with albumin-cyclization recombination transgenic mice. Serum, liver tissues, and primary hepatocytes were collected from 1-week-old to 20-week old mice. The Dnmt1Δalb phenotype was assessed by histology, confocal and electron microscopy, biochemistry, as well as transcriptome and methylation profiling. Regenerative growth was induced by partial hepatectomy and exposure to carbon tetrachloride. The impact of Dnmt1 knockdown was also analyzed in hepatic progenitor cell lines; proliferation, apoptosis, DNA damage, and sphere formation were assessed. Dnmt1 loss in postnatal hepatocytes caused global hypomethylation, enhanced DNA damage response, and initiated a senescence state causing a progressive inability to maintain tissue homeostasis and proliferate in response to injury. The liver regenerated through activation and repopulation from progenitors due to lineage-dependent differences in albumin-cyclization recombination expression, providing a basis for selection of less mature and therefore less damaged hepatic progenitor cell progeny. Consistently, efficient knockdown of Dnmt1 in cultured hepatic progenitor cells caused severe DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, senescence, and cell death. Mx1-cyclization recombination-driven deletion of Dnmt1 in adult quiescent hepatocytes did not affect liver homeostasis. Conclusion: These results establish the indispensable role of DNMT1-mediated epigenetic regulation in postnatal liver growth and regeneration; Dnmt1Δalb mice provide a unique experimental model to study the role of senescence and the contribution of progenitor cells to physiological and regenerative liver growth. (Hepatology 2016;64:582-598)
2D Boron Nitride: Synthesis and Applications

Abstract Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), a layered material isostructural to graphite, has similar exotic properties like graphite. With single atom thick and alternating boron and nitrogen atoms in its atomic structure, h-BN is an insulator with band gap ~ 5.9 eV. As monolayer h-BN or boron nitride nanosheet (BNNS) has been studied for over a decade, a brief overview about the structure and stability is provided. In addition, this chapter provides insight into the different forms of h-BN focusing mainly on the synthesis of single layer h-BN or BNNS via different techniques such as mechanical exfoliation, solvent exfoliation, and chemical vapor deposition. Along with BNNS, h-BN nanoribbon synthesis is also presented as it follows a similar approach to BNNS. As h-BN is the insulating isostructure to graphene, use of h-BN in some of the major applications such as coatings, dielectric, and some device applications are also discussed.
Improvement in relapse recovery with peginterferon beta-1a in patients with multiple sclerosis:

BackgroundSubcutaneous peginterferon beta-1a every 2 weeks significantly affects clinical outcomes in patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS).ObjectivesTo explore relationships ...
Mechanisms of Post-Replication DNA Repair

Accurate DNA replication is crucial for cell survival and the maintenance of genome stability. Cells have developed mechanisms to cope with the frequent genotoxic injuries that arise from both endogenous and environmental sources. Lesions encountered during DNA replication are often tolerated by post-replication repair mechanisms that prevent replication fork collapse and avert the formation of DNA double strand breaks. There are two predominant post-replication repair pathways, trans-lesion synthesis (TLS) and template switching (TS). TLS is a DNA damage-tolerant and low-fidelity mode of DNA synthesis that utilizes specialized 'Y-family' DNA polymerases to replicate damaged templates. TS, however, is an error-free 'DNA damage avoidance' mode of DNA synthesis that uses a newly synthesized sister chromatid as a template in lieu of the damaged parent strand. Both TLS and TS pathways are tightly controlled signaling cascades that integrate DNA synthesis with the overall DNA damage response and are thus crucial for genome stability. This review will cover the current knowledge of the primary mediators of post-replication repair and how they are regulated in the cell.
Comparison of endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration and PET/CT in preoperative diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Abstract Background Endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) is the procedure of choice to investigate and sample pancreatic masses for the preoperative diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The role of 18 fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in PDAC is debated. This study evaluates the role of EUS-FNA as compared to PET/CT in the preoperative evaluation of PDAC. Methods Preoperative evaluation by PET/CT and EUS-FNA was performed on 25 patients with pancreatic solid lesions, who underwent a subsequent Whipple procedure or partial pancreatic resection. Results This series included 19 PDACs and 6 non-PDACs including 1 metastatic breast ductal adenocarcinoma, 2 low grade neuroendocrine tumors, 2 chronic pancreatitis and 1 gastrointestinal tumor abutting the pancreas. EUS-FNA correctly diagnosed 18 of 19 PDACs, 1 metastatic breast ductal adenocarcinoma and all 5 of the other non-PDAC cases. One case of well differentiated PDAC was negative on EUS-FNA. PET/CT provided excellent size and was positive in 14 of 19 PDACs and the metastatic breast ductal adenocarcinoma. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy for EUS-FNA in diagnosis of selected pancreatic tumors were 91%, 100%, 100%, 50% and 92%, respectively, while they were 65%, 100%, 100%, 20% and 68% for PET/CT, respectively. Conclusions Compared to PET/CT, EUS-FNA has a higher sensitivity and accuracy for preoperative diagnosis of PDAC. However, PET/CT provides excellent size, volume and stage information. A combination of both PET/CT and EUS will better help guide diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
System Order Reduction in Quadratic Stabilization Problems

Abstract Using a fixed quadratic Lyapunov function approach (quadratic stabilization) we investigate the possibility of reducing the robust stabilization problem of a given uncertain system to a similar problem for an uncertain subsystem with fewer number of states; this subsystem is the so-called regular subsystem associated with the original system. It is shown that when some of the control input. channels of the given uncertain system are "free of uncertainty" this reduction is possible. We show that a given uncertain system is quadratically stabilizable via linear state-feedback if and only if the same holds for its regular subsystem. When the regular subsystem is quadraticaUy stabilizable via linear state-feedback, a simple formula for a controller that quadratically stabilizes the original system is given.
Changes in Motor Unit Number Estimate and Forced Vital Capacity as Predictors of ALS Progression (P5.041)

OBJECTIVE: We defined cutoff values for 3-month changes in forced vital capacity-percent of predicted (FVC[percnt]) and motor unit number estimate (MUNE) that identify amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients with rapidly progressive disease,defined as survival of 30 months or less from symptom onset. BACKGROUND: An independent measure of lower motor neuron function that can be monitored over time is essential to evaluating the effect of treatments and determining prognosis in ALS. Longitudinal changes in FVC[percnt] and MUNE may identify patient groups with more rapid disease progression. DESIGN/METHODS: We report EMG and FVC[percnt] data from a 26- patient cohort. Both 3-month percent change in MUNE and FVC[percnt] were incorporated into a Cox proportional hazards survival model. Individual ROC curves were constructed for 3-month percent change in MUNE and FVC[percnt] as tests for rapid progression. The choice of cut points to identify rapid progressors was made by visual inspection of the ROC curves. We calculated the sensitivity and specificity of a rule combining the two cut-points and compared the Kaplan-Meier survival curves for the rule-positive and rule-negative patients using the log-rank test. RESULTS: Of the 26 patients, 7 had rapid progression. Either a 40[percnt] decrease in statistical MUNE or a 20[percnt] decrease in FVC[percnt] over 3 months identified 6 of 7 rapid progressors (Sensitivity=86[percnt], 95[percnt] confidence interval [CI] 42.1[percnt] - 99.6[percnt]). Of the 19 patients without rapid progression, 18 met neither the FVC or MUNE criterion (Specificity = 94.7[percnt] CI 95[percnt] 74.0[percnt] - 99.9[percnt]). In a proportional hazards model, 3-month change in FVC and MUNE were both significantly predictive of decreased survival. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest the use of a three-month change in MUNE or FVC[percnt] as a secondary enrollment criterion in therapeutic trials or to identify a subgroup of rapid progressors who may respond differently to treatments. Disclosure: Dr. Olney has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kohn has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lomen-Hoerth has nothing to disclose. Dr. Olney has nothing to disclose.
Political Communication Theory and Research: An Overview 1978–1979

The authors analyze 90 articles published during 1978 and the first half of 1979. All major journals in human communication, mass communication, and political science were canvassed for titles link...
Land values, property rights, and home ownership: Implications for property taxation in Peru

Abstract This paper evaluates the effect of property rights on property values in Peru. Previous research on squatting has shed light on how the provision of formal land titles affects a number of socioeconomic outcomes and a subset of this research has provided estimates on how the provision of formal titles affects property values. However, the phenomenon of squatting encompasses a variety of informal property rights distinct from the possession of a legal title. Using an exceptionally rich household data set including geo-location at the community level we study the effects of both formal and informal property rights on property values. Having a title increases property values by almost 7 percent and squatting on the land by invasion reduces values by about 6 percent. Using these estimates, we determine the potential losses of property tax revenue and are able to study the issue of squatting in the context of public finance.
Chapter 40 Diseases of the nerves in the shoulder girdle and upper limb

Publisher Summary This chapter describes neuropathies in the shoulder girdle and upper limbs. Neuropathies involving the upper limbs are common, with each mononeuropathy discussed in detail. The most common neuropathies are presented first, followed by a discussion of the less common proximal neuropathies. Additionally, many of the generalized diseases that may affect the nerves in the shoulder girdle and upper limb are described. The chapter focuses primarily on mononeuropathies but it is important to remember that many generalized or multifocal neuropathies may appear superficially to be mononeuropathies. However, with a careful history, physical examination, and electrodiagnostic study, the appropriate diagnosis can be elucidated and appropriate treatment instituted. This chapter also emphasizes the importance of nerve conduction studies and electromyography and their crucial role in determining the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Radiographic studies, especially magnetic resonance imaging, are often helpful in confirming the diagnosis of a neuropathy and documenting associated abnormalities such as soft tissue masses, tumors, and bony lesions.
The rise of cryptology in the European Renaissance

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the rise of cryptology in the European renaissance. The rise of cryptology in the Europe of the Renaissance period cannot consider this 15th-century development in a vacuum. It is true that the increasing power of the Italian city states and a growing papal authority may have hastened the perceived need for modern cryptographic methods, but this phenomenon has to be seen from a historical perspective. The various cryptographic methods developed in classical antiquity had been mostly lost during the Middle Ages. For this reason, it is interesting to see how gradually and over a period of perhaps 150 years early modern cryptologists became increasingly aware of classical western materials even though the entire body of advanced Arabic-Islamic cryptology remained inaccessible.
Calling a Truce in the Marriage Wars

The debate over the changing institution of marriage is marked by the clash of ideas about social institutions. Recent marriage reform proposals highlight these differences. Covenant marriages, in which spouses waive the right to a no-fault divorce, appeal to social conservatives but are regarded with suspicion by social liberals. Authorization of same sex marriages appeals to social liberals but is strongly opposed by social conservatives. Previous articles have focused on same sex marriage and have proclaimed a total victory to one side or the other in the debate. We offer a compromise based on jurisdictional choice and enforcement of contracts. Objections to recognizing covenant or same sex marriages in one's own state are stronger than those to enforcing at least the contractual elements of marriages solemnized elsewhere. At the same time, a state need not give a non-standard foreign marriage the same effect internally as to government-conferred subsidies and benefits as it has in the state of celebration. In other words, we would reject the all-or-nothing principle by which a marriage is either wholly valid or wholly invalid in other states for all purposes. This compromise approach is preferable to absolutist, top-down solutions because it offers a chance of building a consensus between the two sides in the debate.
Gender Analysis of Invention Disclosures and Companies Founded by Stanford University Faculty from 2000-2014

This study examined gender differences in entrepreneurship by faculty at a major U.S. research university using data from the Stanford Office of Technology Licensing from 2000-2014 and relevant public data. Differences in participation by men and women faculty in reporting inventions were observed based on the total number of invention disclosures and the number of faculty who disclosed during the study period. As demonstrated through invention disclosures, women faculty increasingly engaged in offering their discoveries for possible commercial development to benefit the public. However, they remain much less likely than their men counterparts to be involved with start-up companies and in leadership roles among companies licensing university-generated intellectual property. Universities can track these activities through their licensing offices to devise strategies that encourage and facilitate the engagement of women faculty with technology transfer and formation of new companies.
Answering a Question Older Than Most Pediatricians: What to Do About Duarte Variant Galactosemia

* Abbreviations: DG — : Duarte variant galactosemia NBS — : newborn screening In their article “Developmental Outcomes in Duarte Galactosemia” in this issue of Pediatrics , Carlock et al1 report the results of a landmark study in which it was demonstrated that Duarte variant galactosemia (DG) is not associated with an increased risk of developmental abnormalities and does not require dietary treatment. The field has been waiting 50 years for this study, since newborn screening (NBS) for galactosemia began.2 This work can be used to impact clinical care and NBS program planning. It can also be used to teach us important lessons about the public funding of research into clinical outcomes and the importance of data-driven clinical decision-making. The study was well designed and robustly powered to answer the questions asked, and the results clearly reveal through careful neuropsychological testing that no significant developmental differences are seen in children with this biochemically mild variant of galactosemia, compared with controls. The immediate implication of this for health care providers is obvious; dietary therapy, which always includes stopping breastfeeding, is not indicated for infants … Address correspondence to Shawn E. McCandless, MD, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver AMC, 13121 E 17th Ave, L-28 Fourth Floor, MS 8400, Aurora, CO 80045. E-mail: shawn.mccandless{at}ucdenver.edu
An autoethnographic approach to understanding identity construction through the enactment of sense of humor as embodied practice

Abstract “Sense of humor” refers to an embodied practice whereby identity is performed and constructed in daily life in interaction with others. Whereas ethnographic studies of humorous activity have a long tradition in linguistic anthropology and sociolinguistics (cf. C.E. Davies, 2017 for overview), the focus of analysis has never been on the joking practice of an individual in a longitudinal way. Psychological studies of the sense of humor (Ruch, 1998) tend to focus on reactions to humorous materials. Using an approach adapted from autoethnography (Chang, 2007; Ellis et al., 2011), this study documents and analyzes the sense of humor of an individual across a range of contexts in the conduct of ordinary life. It thus considers an individual sense of humor as a dimension of identity in embodied practice. The study attempts to characterize an individual sense of humor in terms of a particular style, while showing how aspects of the style are modified in relation to particular contexts. It shows how a sense of humor is primarily expressed toward others and constructed with others in discourse but that it can also occur privately. The data, drawn from field notes that are supplemented by audio recordings, are analyzed using interactional sociolinguistic techniques of discourse analysis that focus on the agency and insights of the joker concerning intent of the joking and interpretation of the contextualized interaction.
Lewis Cliff 86211 and 86498: Metal-sulfide liquid segregates from a carbonaceous chondrite impact melt

Abstract The petrogenesis of the ungrouped iron meteorite Lewis Cliffs (LEW) 86211 and its proposed pair LEW 86498 has remained elusive in the decades since their discovery in Antarctica. Wasson (1990) and Kracher et al. (1998) noted the enrichment in the siderophile refractory elements, fine-grained texture, and high abundances of sulfides in LEW 86211 as features that are both difficult to explain and that set it apart from other iron meteorites. In this work, we investigate the pairing and formation of these two ungrouped iron meteorites using a combination of petrography, electron microprobe analyses, and secondary ion probe analyses of oxygen-three isotope of olivine. Similarities in petrographic features and phase compositions further support the initial pairing of LEW 86211 and 86498. The bulk composition of LEW 86211 (Wasson, 1990) closely resembles those of separated chondritic metallic components (e.g., Kong and Ebihara, 1997), which indicates this pairing group formed directly from this portion of a chondrite. The metal-sulfide cellular textures and mineral compositional trends are consistent with LEW 86211 and 86498 forming by rapid cooling of the FeNiS immiscible liquid of a larger chondritic impact melt unit. Previous bulk oxygen-three isotope analyses (Clayton and Mayeda, 1996) combined with the in situ oxygen-three isotope analyses from this work are consistent with LEW 86211 having a carbonaceous chondrite provenance. LEW 86211 is most similar to CR chondrites in its oxygen-three isotope signatures, but may not be from an established carbonaceous chondrite group. The silicate inclusions in LEW 86211 and 86498 record evidence of pre-impact metamorphism and later reduction related to contact with the metal-sulfide impact melt liquid. The silicate inclusions appear to have been engulfed by metal-sulfide liquids rather than part of the impact melted unit. Additionally, the size of this sulfide-dominated pairing group compared to the volume of sulfides and metal in unmelted CR chondrite suggests that these meteorites originated from a much larger carbonaceous chondrite impact melt body than has been previously recognized (e.g., Lunning et al., 2016).
EFFECT OF PORCINE SOMATOTROPIN (PST) TREATMENT AND WITHDRAWAL ON PERFORMANCE AND ADIPOSE TISSUE CELLULARITY IN FINISHING SWINE

A 10-wk trial was conducted with 60 barrows and 60 gilts (initial weight = 47 kg) to investigate the effect of pST treatment (3 mg/d) for wk 0 to 5, 5 to 10, or 0 to 10 on performance, carcass traits, and adipose tissue cellularity of finishing hogs. The primary objective of the study was to determine the effect of 5 wk of pST treatment followed by 5 wk of withdrawal on performance and carcass traits relative to a control or to pigs treated for the entire period. After 5 wk, pST-treated pigs exhibited improved (P < .OOl) gain (11%) and efficiency (22%) and decreased (P < .001) feed intake (-22%) and 10th rib backfat accretion ( -93%, P < .001). There was an increase in adipose cell number/gram of tissue (control, 2.57 vs pST, 3.36 x 106/g; P < .005) and a decrease in cell diameter (control, 72.4 vs pST, 67.2 pm; P < .005). Backfat thickness and cell diameter increased in control pigs from wk 5 to 10. During the last 5-wk period, pST-treated animals continued to exhibit improved performance and maintained adipose cell size distribution and number similar to the pST- treated pigs at wk 5. Pigs treated for the first 5 wk and withdrawn from treatment for the second 5 wk had decreased efficiency ( -12%, P < .05) and a twofold increase in backfat accretion (P < .001) relative to control. The increase in backfat thickness was accom- panied by an increase in adipocyte diameter, indica- tive of lipid filling. Most of the benefits of pST observed during the first 5 wk were lost during the withdrawal period. Reductions in carcass fat in response to pST treatment are at least partially accounted for by inhibition of lipid filling in adipose tissue, an effect that is reversed upon cessation of treatment.
The basis of cellular and regional vulnerability in Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) differentially and specifically affects brain regions and neuronal cell types in a predictable pattern. Damage to the brain appears to spread and worsens with time, taking over more regions and activating multiple stressors that can converge to promote vulnerability of certain cell types. At the same time, other cell types and brain regions remain intact in the face of this onslaught of neuropathology. Although neuropathologic descriptions of AD have been extensively expanded and mapped over the last several decades, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying how certain regions and cell populations are specifically vulnerable or resistant has lagged behind. In this review, we detail what is known about the selectivity of local initiation of AD pathology in the hippocampus, its proposed spread via synaptic connections, and the diversity of clinical phenotypes and brain atrophy patterns that may arise from different fibrillar strains of pathologic proteins or genetic predispositions. We summarize accumulated and emerging knowledge of the cellular and molecular basis for neuroanatomic selectivity, consider potential disease-relevant differences between vulnerable and resistant neuronal cell types and isolate molecular markers to identify them.
Effects of Graphite Structure and Ion Transport on the Electrochemical Properties of Rechargeable Aluminum–Graphite Batteries

Rechargeable aluminum–graphite batteries using chloroaluminate-containing ionic liquid electrolytes store charge when molecular chloroaluminate anions intercalate into graphite. However, the relati...
Conformal Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna With Parasitic Elements For 5G Millimeter Wave Applications

This work presents a conformal antipodal Vivaldi antenna design on a Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) substrate that operates in the 5G millimeter frequency range. A double exponentially tapered Vivaldi antenna is used to achieve wide bandwidth, and the planar directors in front of the slot aperture help to increase the antenna directivity, also the elliptic substrate at the front end serves as a dielectric lens to further enhance the gain. The conformal nature of the LCP substrate allows the antenna to be flexibly integrated into vehicle radome and hand held mobile devices, while maintaining stable radiation characteristics. Moreover, such antenna can be used in a large quantity in the active incoherent millimeter wave imaging system due to its low cost, light-weight, and compact features. The simulated -10 dB impedance bandwidth is 8.2 GHz (37.3 GHz to 45.5 GHz) with the maximum simulated realized gain of 9.7 dBi at 40 GHz.
Voicing-conditioned durational differences in vowels and consonants in the speech of three-and four-year old children

Abstract Seven consonant-vowel-consonant minimal pairs, differing only in the voicing characteristic of the final consonants, were elicited from 20 three- and four-year old native speakers of American English. Spectrographic analyses of the utterances revealed that (1) children produced vowel duration differences of the same nature and magnitude as those found in adult speakers' utterances; (2) the duration of a preceding vowel, as well as the duration of voicing during the final consonant closure, are reliable predictors of the voicing characteristic of the final consonant (3) other measures, such as syllable duration, final consonant duration, and vowel duration plus final consonant duration, are not as reliable as vowel duration and closure voicing duration as predictors of final consonant voicing; (4) the three- and four-year olds did not produce significantly different vowel or closure voicing duration.
Synthesis and structural characterization of iridium(I) complexes of 20-membered macrocyclic rings bearing chelating bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) ligands.

The reactivities of two 20-membered macrocyclic ligands, each containing two N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) and two amine groups, towards [IrCl(COD)]2 (COD is cyclo­octa-1,5-diene) were investigated. Macrocycles containing imidazolin-2-yl­idene groups formed the monometallic com­plex [(1,2,5,6-η)-cyclo­octa-1,5-diene](5,16-dibenzyl-1,5,9,12,16,20-hexa­aza­tri­cyclo­[18.2.1.19,12]tetra­cosa-10,21-dien-21,22-diyl­idene)iridium(I) bromide di­chloro­methane monosolvate, [Ir(C8H12)(C32H42N6)]Br·CH2Cl2, 2a. The structure of iridium com­plex 2a at 100 K has triclinic P\overline{1} symmetry. The ligand in 2a coordinates to the Ir center through the NHC moieties in a cis fashion. Additionally, the ligand adopts an umbrella-like structure that appears to envelope the Ir center. The structure displays C—H⋯Br inter­actions. Macrocycles containing benzimidazolin-2-yl­idene groups formed the bimetallic com­plex [μ-5,20-dibenzyl-1,5,9,16,20,24-hexa­aza­penta­cyclo­[22.6.1.19,16.010,15.025,30]dotriaconta-10(15),11,13,25(30),26,28-hexa­ene-31,32-diyl­idene]bis­{bromido­[(1,2,5,6-η)-cyclo­octa-1,5-diene]iridium(I)}, [Ir2Br2(C8H12)2(C40H46N6)], 2b. The structure of com­plex 2b at 100 K has ortho­rhom­bic Pbca symmetry. Each NHC moiety in 2b coordinates in a monodentate fashion to an Ir(COD) fragment. The structure exhibits disorder of the main mol­ecule. This disorder is found in the portion of the macrocycle containing an amine group. This structure also displays C—H⋯Br inter­actions. Finally, the structure of the hexa­fluorophosphate salt of the imidazolin-2-yl­idene-containing macrocycle, namely 5,16-dibenzyl-1λ5,5,9,12λ5,16,20-hexa­aza­tri­cyclo­[18.2.1.19,12]tetra­cosa-1(23),10,12(24),21-tetra­ene-1,12-diium bis­(hexa­fluoro­phosphate), C32H44N62+·2PF6−, 1c, was determined. The structure of macrocycle 1c at 100 K has triclinic P\overline{1} symmetry and was found to contain C—H⋯F inter­actions.