cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Educator of the Court: The Role of the Expert Witness in Cases Involving Autism Spectrum Disorder.

ABSTRACTThe role of the expert witness in legal contexts is to educate fact finders of the court who may have no background in the expert’s area. This role can be especially difficult for those who assist in cases involving individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). As expert assistance on ASD is crucial to ensuring just outcomes for individuals diagnosed with ASD, knowledge on how expert witnesses perceive and approach their roles, and what factors may influence these perceptions, is essential. This qualitative research utilizes semi-structured interviews with a sample of expert witnesses in cases involving ASD, analyzed using a grounded-theory constant-comparative analytic approach. Data reveal that experts appear to view their roles in court as reconstructionists, educators, myth-dispellers, and most of all, communicators, actively using their testimony to fill these roles in cases. These results also allow for the development of a model that illustrates two areas that coalesce to affect how expe...
Old and New Directions in Strategy Selection

Research on strategy selection, which has progressed a great deal over the past 50 years, is briefly reviewed. Past challenges that the field has faced, and new directions that have emerged in this field, are reviewed. As the articles featured in this special issue demonstrate, the topic of strategy selection continues to garner strong interest and make steady progress. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Origin of Anomalous Water Diffusion in Silica Glasses at Low Temperatures

Anomalous water diffusion into SiO2 glass was observed in a low temperature range, below ~ 850°C, under a constant water vapor pressure of 355 Torr (47.3 kPa). Both the effective water diffusion coefficient and water solubility exhibited an anomalous time-dependence. For example, water solubility in the low temperature range increased initially, achieving much higher values than expected based on extrapolation from higher temperature data, and then decreased with time toward an equilibrium value. This phenomenon was reported earlier, but a complete explanation was not possible; a new model is presented based upon glass surface compressive stress generation and subsequent surface stress relaxation. Water diffusion can promote stress generation and stress relaxation, both of which affect the reaction between diffused molecular water and the glass structure. By considering these stress effects, the anomalous water diffusion behavior in silica glass is explained. Furthermore, the same model can account for the reversal of external tensile and compressive stress effects on water solubility and diffusivity in silica glass observed after a few hours of heat-treatment at 650°C in 355 Torr water vapor pressure. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Proinflammatory CXCL12-CXCR4/CXCR7 Signaling Axis Drives Myc-Induced Prostate Cancer in Obese Mice

Obesity is a prognostic risk factor in the progression of prostate cancer (PCa), however, the molecular mechanisms involved are unclear. In this study, we provide preclinical proof of concept for the role of a pro-inflammatory CXCL12-CXCR4/CXCR7 signaling axis in an obesity-driven mouse model of HiMyc prostate cancer. Analysis of the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) from periprostatic white adipose tissue (ppWAT) from obese HiMyc mice at 6 months of age revealed a dramatic increase in mRNAs encoding various chemokines, cytokines, growth factors and angiogenesis mediators, with CXCL12 among the most significantly upregulated genes. Immunofluorescence staining of ventral prostate tissue from obese HiMyc mice revealed high levels of CXCL12 in the stromal compartment as well as high staining for CXCR4 and CXCR7 in the epithelial compartment of tumors. PCa cell lines derived from HiMyc tumors (HMVP2 and derivative cell lines) displayed increased protein expression of both CXCR4 and CXCR7 compared to protein lysates from a non-tumorigenic prostate epithelial cell line (NMVP cells). CXCL12 treatment stimulated migration and invasion of HMVP2 cells but not NMVP cells. These effects of CXCL12 on HMVP2 cells were inhibited by the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 as well as knockdown of either CXCR4 or CXCR7. CXCL12 treatment also produced rapid activation of STAT3, NFkB, and MAPK signaling in HMVP2 cells which was again attenuated by either AMD3100 or knockdown of CXCR4 or CXCR7. Collectively, these data suggest that CXCL12 secreted by stromal cells activates invasiveness of PCa cells and may play a role in driving tumor progression in obesity. Targeting the CXCL12-CXCR4/CXCR7 axis could lead to novel approaches for offsetting the effects of obesity on PCa progression.
Effect of Abrupt Discontinuation of Antidepressants in Critically Ill Hospitalized Adults.

Objectives To determine whether discontinuation of chronic antidepressant therapy is associated with a higher risk of antidepressant discontinuation syndrome (ADS) symptoms in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) when compared with those who were continued on therapy and to identify factors associated with increased risk of ADS in this population. Design Single-center retrospective observational cohort study. Setting ICUs in a tertiary care hospital. Patients One hundred-six adult patients, admitted to the ICU between September 2013 and August 2014, who had a length of stay ≥ 72 hours and who were receiving chronic selective serotonin (SSRI) or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) prior to admission. Measurements and Main Results Patients were classified as continued or discontinued from therapy based on initiation of home SSRI/SNRI therapy within 48 hours of admission. The primary endpoint was incidence of ADS symptoms. Type of symptoms, receipt of symptom-related therapies, and length of stay were also assessed. Sequential logistic regression analysis was used to determine the impact of discontinuation while controlling for other risk factors. Therapy was discontinued in 38.7% of patients. The risk of developing ADS symptoms was higher in discontinued patients (unadjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12-6.07, p=0.024). After adjusting for covariates, the odds of ADS increased (adjusted OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.3-11.7, p=0.018). Female sex was associated with an increase in risk of ADS (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.2-10.0, p=0.026). Affective symptoms were the most prevalent type reported (34.1% vs. 10.8%, p=0.005). Use of symptom-related therapies and length of stay did not differ between groups. Conclusion Abrupt discontinuation of SSRI/SNRI therapy increases the risk of ADS symptoms in critically ill patients, particularly in females. These results underscore the importance of continuation of home antidepressant therapy even in the setting of critical illness. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Effects of crystallization interfaces on irradiated ferroelectric thin films

This work investigates the role of crystallization interfaces and chemical heterogeneity in the radiation tolerance of chemical solution-deposited lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films. Two sets of PZT thin films were fabricated with crystallization performed at (i) every deposited layer or (ii) every three layers. The films were exposed to a range of 60Co gamma radiation doses, between 0.2 and 20 Mrad, and their functional response was compared before and after irradiation. The observed trends indicate enhancements of dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric responses at low radiation doses and degradation of the same at higher doses. Response enhancements are expected to result from low-dose (≤2 Mrad), ionizing radiation-induced charging of internal interfaces—an effect that results in neutralization of pre-existing internal bias in the samples. At higher radiation doses (>2 Mrad), accumulation and self-ordering of radiation-modified, mobile, oxygen vacancy-related defects contribute to degradati...
A Small Molecule Mimetic of the Humanin Peptide as a Candidate for Modulating NMDA-Induced Neurotoxicity.

Humanin (HN), a 24-amino acid bioactive peptide, has been shown to increase cell survival of neurons after exposure to Aβ and NMDA-induced toxicity and thus could be beneficial in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The neuroprotection by HN is reported to be primarily through its agonist binding properties to the gp130 receptor. However, the peptidic nature of HN presents challenges in its development as a therapeutic for AD. We report here for the first time the elucidation of the binding site of Humanin (HN) peptide to the gp130 receptor extracellular domain through modeling and the synthesis of small molecule mimetics that interact with the HN binding site on the gp130 receptor and provide protection against NMDA-induced neurotoxicity in primary hippocampal neurons. A brain permeable small molecule mimetic was identified through exploratory medicinal chemistry using microfluidic flow chemistry to facilitate the synthesis of new analogues for screening and SAR optimization.
Comparing case-mix systems for nursing home payment.

Case-mix systems for nursing homes use resident characteristics to predict the relative use of resources. Seven systems are compared in structure, accuracy in explaining resource use, group homogeneity, and ability to identify residents receiving heavy care. Resource utilization groups, version II (RUG-II), was almost uniformly the best system, although management minutes and the Minnesota case-mix system were also highly-effective. Relative weights for case-mix groups were sensitive to cost differences and should be recomputed for new applications. Multiple criteria should be used in choosing a case-mix system, including consideration of inherent incentives and how residents' characteristics are defined.
Hg isotopes reveal in-stream processing and legacy inputs in East Fork Poplar Creek, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.

Natural abundance stable Hg isotope measurements were used to place new constraints on sources, transport, and transformations of Hg along the flow path of East Fork Poplar Creek (EFPC), a point-source contaminated headwater stream in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Particulate-bound Hg in the water column of EFPC within the Y-12 National Security Complex, was isotopically similar to average metallic Hg(0) used in industry, having a mean δ202Hg value of −0.42 ± 0.09‰ (1SD) and near-zero Δ199Hg. On average, particulate fraction δ202Hg values increased downstream by 0.53‰, while Δ199Hg decreased by −0.10‰, converging with the Hg isotopic composition of the fine fraction of streambed sediment along the 26 km flow path. The dissolved fraction behaved differently. Although initial Δ199Hg values of the dissolved fraction were also near-zero, these values increased transiently along the flow path. Initial δ202Hg values of the dissolved fraction were more variable than in the particulate fraction, ranging from −0.44 to 0.18‰ among three seasonal sampling campaigns, but converged to an average δ202Hg value of 0.01 ± 0.10‰ (1SD) downstream. Dissolved Hg in the hyporheic and riparian pore water had higher and lower δ202Hg values, respectively, compared to dissolved Hg in stream water. Variations in Hg isotopic composition of the dissolved and suspended fractions along the flow path suggest that: (1) physical processes such as dilution and sedimentation do not fully explain decreases in total mercury concentrations along the flow path; (2) in-stream processes include photochemical reduction, but microbial reduction is likely more dominant; and (3) additional sources of dissolved mercury inputs to EFPC at baseflow during this study predominantly arise from the hyporheic zone.
Automatic Detection and Classification of Malarial Retinopathy- Associated Retinal Whitening in Digital Retinal Images

Malarial retinopathy addresses diseases that are characterized by abnormalities in retinal fundus imaging. Macular whitening is one of the distinct signs of cerebral malaria but has hardly been explored as a critical bio-marker. The paper proposes a computerized detection and classification method for malarial retinopathy using retinal whitening as a bio-marker. The paper combines various statistical and color based features to form a sound feature set for accurate detection of retinal whitening. All features are extracted at image level and feature selection is performed to detect most discriminate features. A new method for macula location is also presented. The detected macula location is further used for grading of whitening as macular or peripheral whitening. Support vector machine along with radial basis function is used for classification of normal and malarial retinopathy patients. The evaluation is performed using a locally gathered dataset from malarial patients and it achieves an accuracy of 95% for detection of retinal whitening and 100% accuracy for grading of retinal whitening as macular or non-macular. One of the major contributions of proposed method is grading of retinal whitening into macular or peripheral whitening.
Westworld and the uncanny valley

HBO’s Westworld is located to the right of the uncanny valley, near the archipelago of governments proposing to regulate sexbots and strong artificial intelligence.
Assessing university students’ sexual risk behaviors as predictors of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine uptake behavior

Abstract Objectives There exists a significant gap in vaccine coverage of the human papillomavirus (HPV) among college-aged students. This study assessed sexual risk-taking behavior among university students and analyzed predictors of HPV vaccine initiation and completion in this population. Materials and methods Data (n = 746) were from an anonymous online, cross-sectional survey distributed to university students, between the ages of 19–26 years, at a private Midwestern university. Both chi-square and multivariable logistics regression models estimated the association between sociodemographic characteristics and sexual risk factors (including number of vaginal sexual partners, number of oral sexual partners, initiation of oral sex, and initiation of vaginal sex), with HPV vaccine initiation and completion. Results A significant number of participants (40%) had not received a single dose of the HPV vaccine series. Of those who initiated the series, more than half (51%) did not achieve completion. Additionally, a greater number of participants have had multiple (4 or more) oral sexual partners than vaginal sexual partners (25.7% vs. 20.3%). After adjusting for covariates, it was found that sexual risk factors were not significantly associated with HPV vaccine initiation or completion. Conclusion HPV vaccine initiation and completion rates are suboptimal among university students. High levels of sexual-risk taking behaviors associated with HPV infection persist, yet are not significant predictors of HPV vaccine behaviors in this age group. To increase uptake among 18–26-year-old students, future public health interventions should focus on HPV vaccine education and uptake across the entire population, irrespective of sexual risk profile.
Joining of Austenitic Stainless Steels for Cryogenic Applications

The welds that are used to fabricate a structure from wrought stainless steel subcomponents usually have poorer mechanical properties than the wrought material at cryogenic temperatures. This means that the critical fracture path in these structures could be through the welds. For many applications the welds may never be stressed to critical levels, but for very aggressive structural designs it can be a real concern. For these aggressive designs, the structural designer could place the welds in less critical regions, however, such a design philosophy might be difficult to implement. It would be better to learn how to make welds with improved properties.
Growth of the Breast-fed Infant

Nutrient requirements of infants have been based on observations of ad libitum intakes of normal breast-fed populations1,2 or derived from a factorial approach that sums nutrient needs for growth, maintenance, and activity.3 Both definitions rely heavily on criteria for normal growth. Estimates derived from ad libitum intakes depend on the identification of populations with normal anthropometric indices. The use of the factorial approach requires a more complex definition of normal growth. Measurements of body composition and anthropometric indices are needed. The combination of body composition and weight gain provides estimates of the net accretion of specific nutrients and the nutrient costs of tissue synthesis and deposition. Current applications of the factorial approach predict that the cost of growth falls from approximately 30 kcal/kg body weight the first month to less than 4 kcal/kg body weight by the end of the first year of life.4 The decline is not linear, but is more rapid during the first four months of life.
DIRECT INVESTMENT IN LESS-DEVELOPED COUNTRIES: HISTORICAL WRONGS AND PRESENT VALUES

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the relations between host countries and foreign firms specializing in primary products for export. The theory of direct investment postulates that the foreign investor must have an advantage over the domestic investor to overcome the disadvantages of operating in a foreign culture and at a distance from its decision center. The foreign company's advantage over local enterprise lies in marketing even without the economies of coordination is just outlined. Taxes raise the problem of the time profile because of the shift of bargaining power from a time before a foreign investment is installed until after it is fully developed. There is growing evidence that some foreign investors require their subsidiaries to buy equipment, components, and raw materials from an international subsidiary and charge higher than competitive prices. The formula for discounting a perpetual stream of incomes does not properly apply to a flow of compensation payments for a stipulated period.
Gaussian Process Emulators and Surrogate Models

This chapter introduces the idea of using Gaussian process regression to model the output of a simulation code. We begin with a discussion of Bayesian linear regression and show that by using the kernel trick, we can derive a regression model that has an infinite number of basis functions. The resulting Gaussian process models are then used to model a variety of functions, including real simulation data.
Adaptation, Implementation, and Evaluation of a Public Health Research Methods Training for Youth.

Abstract Purpose: To adapt, implement, and evaluate a public health research methods training program for youth. The Community Research Fellows Training Program is an evidence-based public health r...
Human CCL1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) screened as a potent inhibitor of M2b monocytes (INC6P.322)

In a murine model of γ-irradiation, bacterial translocation and subsequent sepsis have been effectively controlled by CCL1 antisense ODN, a M2b macrophage reverter. In the present study, we tried to obtain human CCL1 antisense ODN which is inhibitory on human M2b macrophages. Twenty human CCL1 antisense ODNs were synthesized based on the prediction of CCL1 mRNA secondary structure, calculation of GC content, and binding energy of ODNs. To evaluate the activity of these ODNs, an amount of CCL1 in culture fluids of M2b monocytes cultured with the ODNs was determined by ELISA. M2b monocytes were generated in vitro from healthy donor peripheral blood monocytes after stimulation with IL-1β and IgG in combination. In the results, 2 ODNs (HCA-15 ; CAACATCTGGAGAAGGGT : HCA-17 ; GGGCTGTGGTGATGATC), at doses of 20 and 100 µg/ml, suppressed 70-80% or more of CCL1 production by M2b monocytes. Also, decreased expression of IL-10 and CD163 was shown in M2b monocytes cultured with HCA-15 and HCA-17. The other 18 ODNs were not significantly active on the M2b macrophage reversion. These results suggest that HCA-15 and HCA-17 may be beneficial in controlling bacterial translocation and subsequent sepsis in patients with γ-irradiation.
Computation of Minimal Uniform Transmission Range in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks

Power conservation is a critical issue for ad hoc wireless networks. The main objective of the paper is to find the minimum uniform transmission range of an ad hoc wireless network, where each node uses the same transmission power, while maintaining network connectivity. Three different algorithms, Prim's Minimum Spanning Tree (MST), its extension with Fibonacci heap implementation, and an area-based binary search are developed to solve the problem. Their performance is compared by simulation study together with Kruskal's MST, a known solution proposed by Ramanathan and Rosales-Hain for topology control by transmission power adjustment, and an edge-based binary search used by the same study in order to find the per-node-minimality after Kruskal's algorithm is applied. Our results show that Prim's MST outperforms both Kruskal's MST and the two binary searches. The performance between Prim's MST implemented with binary heap and Fibonacci heap is fairly close, with the Fibonacci implementation slightly outperforming the other.
Challenging Assumptions about Ownership and Diversity: An Examination of U.S. Local On-Air Television Newsroom Personnel

Media ownership and diversity have been areas of concern for the U.S.’ Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for decades. In this study, the effects of ownership type and network affiliation upon...
Crafting Mixed Sexual Advertisements for Mainstream Media: Examining the Impact of Homosexual and Heterosexual Imagery Inclusion on Advertising Effectiveness.

This research applied both qualitative and quantitative methods to measure the effectiveness of mixed sexual advertisements that explicitly feature both homosexual and heterosexual models within th...
Mobile Outreach: An Innovative Program for Older Orthopedic Patients in Care Facilities.

Introduction:The worldwide incidence of fragility fractures is increasing and the greatest burden is borne by the oldest population. Mobile Outreach, an innovative orthopedic-based program providin...
Large tetragonality and room temperature ferroelectricity in compressively strained CaTiO3 thin films

Ferroelectricity and piezoelectricity are desirable for a variety of high-temperature applications such as actuators and sensors in heat engines, high-temperature manufacturing, and space technologies; however, the material candidates are currently limited. Here, we demonstrate that CaTiO3, the prototype perovskite mineral, abundantly found in the Earth, which as a nonpolar material in bulk form, becomes a high-temperature ferroelectric oxide under compressive strain when grown as a thin film. A strain-phase-temperature diagram of CaTiO3 films is created by growing films on various substrates with different in plane strains in order to map out the polar behavior for compressive and tensile strain. Using temperature dependent optical second harmonic generation analysis, we show that tensile strained films exhibit predominantly in-plane polarization with orthorhombiclike point group symmetry with a phase transition below room temperature. On the other hand, compressively strained CaTiO3 films exhibit a near-tetragonal unit cell with a c/a ratio of 1.03, larger than that of classic ferroelectric, e.g., BaTiO3 (c/a ∼ 1.01). These films exhibit a robust and switchable out-of-plane polarization at room temperature, with a ferroelectric transition temperature up to ∼800 K. Density functional theory calculations reveal that compressive strain gives rise to a large out-of-plane displacement of Ti-cations inside the TiO6 octahedral cages and is the major contributor to the calculated polarization of ∼9 µC/cm2. Given that nearly half of the perovskites exhibit the bulk symmetry of CaTiO3, compressive strain tuning of this perovskite family may prove to be a fertile ground for the discovery of strain-induced piezoelectrics and ferroelectrics at high-temperatures.
Identifying the Key Elements of Racially Concordant Care in a Freestanding Birth Center

Introduction There is empirical evidence that the quality of interpersonal care patients receive varies dramatically along racial and ethnic lines, with African American people often reporting much lower quality of care than their white counterparts. Improving the interpersonal relationship between clinicians and patients has been identified as one way to improve quality of care. Specifically, research has identified that patients feel more satisfied with the care that they receive from clinicians with whom they share a racial identity. However, little is known about how clinicians provide racially concordant care. The goal of this analysis was to identify the key components of high-quality care that were most salient for African American birthworkers providing perinatal care to African American patients. Methods We conducted semistructured interviews (30 to 90 minutes) with clinicians (N = 10; midwives, student midwives, and doulas) who either worked at or worked closely with an African American-owned birth center in North Minneapolis, Minnesota. We used inductive coding methods to analyze data and to identify key themes. Results Providing racially concordant perinatal care to African American birthing individuals required clinicians to acknowledge and center the sociocultural realities and experiences of their patients. Four key themes emerged in our analysis. The first overarching theme identified was the need to acknowledge how cultural identity of patients is fundamental to the clinical encounter. The second theme that emerged was a commitment to racial justice. The third and fourth themes were agency and cultural humility, which highlight the reciprocal nature of the clinician-patient relationship. Discussion The most salient aspect of the care that birthworkers of color provide is their culturally centered approach. This approach and all subsequent themes suggest that achieving birth equity for pregnant African American people starts by acknowledging and honoring their sociocultural experiences.
Compiler assisted hybrid implicit and explicit GPU memory management under unified address space

To improve programmability and productivity, recent GPUs adopt a virtual memory address space shared with CPUs (e.g., NVIDIA's unified memory). Unified memory migrates the data management burden from programmers to system software and hardware, and enables GPUs to address datasets that exceed their memory capacity. Our experiments show that while the implicit data transfer of unified memory may bring better data movement efficiency, page fault overhead and data thrashing can erase its benefits. In this paper, we propose several user-transparent unified memory management schemes to 1) achieve adaptive implicit and explicit data transfer and 2) prevent data thrashing. Unlike previous approaches which mostly rely on the runtime and thus suffer from large overhead, we demonstrate the benefits of exploiting key information from compiler analyses, including data locality, access density, and target reuse distance, to accomplish our goal. We implement the proposed schemes to improve OpenMP GPU offloading performance. Our evaluation shows that our schemes improve the GPU performance and memory efficiency significantly.
Burns as the Outlier in Early Enteral Nutrition in Critical Illness

Severe burn injuries result in a number of physiologic and metabolic derangements that make nutritional support an especially critical and challenging component of burn patient's treatment. This article aims to review the current literature regarding early enteral nutrition in burn patients. Early enteral feeding is thought to be an important component of modulating the hypermetabolic and inflammatory response seen in critical illness. This dogma has been questioned by studies indicating that permissive underfeeding in the first phase of critical illness might be of benefit. However, these studies lack stratification to evaluate outcomes in the burn population, specifically. Studies that do evaluate early enteral nutrition in the burn population have revealed reduced morbidity and mortality with this nutrition strategy. The hypermetabolic response that occurs in severe burns makes this form of injury unique. Evidence supports early enteral nutrition as the gold standard in this population. Future advances in the field of nutrition must be evaluated in the burn population, specifically, before being applied to patients with this form of critical illness.
Moral Development, Theories of

Socialization approaches and cognitive-developmental theory have provided two major approaches to studying moral development. Socialization approaches have focused on the development of conscience through guilt and internalized behavior, typically measured in terms of compliance, whereas cognitive-developmental theories have emphasized developmental changes in moral judgments and reasoning. While important differences persist, contemporary approaches have attempted to integrate thoughts, emotions, and behaviors and have stressed the importance of social interactions. The rise of evolutionary based accounts have led to more research with infants and studies incorporating neuroscience, furthering the understanding of the complex nature of moral development.
Dietary mannose supplementation in phosphomannomutase 2 deficiency (PMM2-CDG)

PMM2-CDG (CDG-Ia) is the most frequent N-glycosylation disorder. While supplying mannose to PMM2-deficient fibroblasts corrects the altered N-glycosylation in vitro, short term therapeutic approaches with mannose supplementation in PMM2-CDG patients have been unsuccessful. Mannose found no further mention in the design of a potential therapy for PMM2-CDG in the past years, as it applies to be ineffective. This retrospective study analyzes the first long term mannose supplementation in 20 PMM2-CDG patients. Mannose was given at a total of 1–2 g mannose/kg b.w./d divided into 5 single doses over a mean time of 57,75 ± 25,85 months. Protein glycosylation, blood mannose concentration and clinical presentation were monitored in everyday clinical practice. After a mean time period of more than 1 year the majority of patients showed significant improvements in protein glycosylation. Dietary mannose supplementation shows biological effects in PMM2-CDG patients improving glycosylation in the majority of patients. A double-blind randomized study is needed to examine the role of mannose in the design of a therapy for children with PMM2-CDG in more detail.
Lawyer Advertising: “Yes, But …”

Recently, in both the United States and great Britain lawyers have been permitted to advertise. Reactions are mixed. Some see the change as an assault on professionalism and opening the door to misleading consumers of legal services. Others hail the change as opening the door to lower prices, efficiency and increased access to legal services. This article reviews the available data. While they are suggestive, they do not begin to chart the likely impact of lawyer advertising. Some studies are seriously misleading. The issues are complex and raise questions that are difficult to answer. More seriously, the whole debate about lawyer advertising may divert attention from more important issues concerning access to the legal system. Cases that should be resolved by other-than-legal means may be channelled to lawyers. Cases involving complex issues rather than procedures that can be standardized still may require expensive services beyond the reach of much of the population. Advertising may cost lawyers and the public some of the virtues of professionalism. It may, on the other hand, help make some services at reasonable prices available. However, we can wonder whether it will make much difference in the long run. In other words, our conclusion is likely to be, “yes, but …”
¡Culture empowers!: The pathways to degree attainment of first-generation Latinx student-athletes

One’s culture has the capacity to nurture and empower. Thereby, college students rely on their cultural capital to persist and graduate. However, the current system of higher education favors one t...
Abstract 12834: Cardiac Catheterization Lab Activations for ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) are Frequently Cancelled at a Major Los Angeles County STEMI-Receiving Center

Introduction: Los Angeles County (LAC) has developed ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)-receiving centers (SRC) which integrate pre-hospital electrocardiograms (PHECG) into a cardiac catheterization laboratory (CCL) activation algorithm as a strategy to reduce door-to-balloon (DTB) times. While DTB times have improved, CCL cancellations have become a challenging problem. We report the frequency and reasons for cancellation at a major LAC SRC. Methods: We reviewed 1275 consecutive PHECG STEMI-activations between 1/1/2007 and 12/31/2012. Results: Of the 1275 patients, 392 (31%) PHECG-activations were taken emergently to the CCL while 883 (69%) were cancelled. Reasons for cancellation (Figure 1) included poor-quality PHECG (n = 293, 23%), non-STEMI ST-segment abnormality (n = 123, 9.6%), dysrhythmia (n = 105, 8.2%), bundle-branch block (n = 96, 7.5%), early repolarization abnormality (n = 57, 4.5%), medical condition other than STEMI (n = 31, 2.4%), paced rhythm (n = 27, 2.1%), patient preference or goals of care (n = 22, 1.7%), and pericarditis (n = 14, 1.1%). Conclusion: PHECG STEMI-activations were frequently cancelled at this Los Angeles SRC. This was most commonly attributable to a poor-quality PHECG. Further investigation is warranted to determine the clinical characteristics of patients who are taken to the CCL and those who are cancelled, as well as to determine the clinical outcomes for the various groups.
Biinterpretability up to double jump in the degrees below 0

We prove that, for every z 00 with z00 > 000 (i.e. z 2 L2), the structure D( z) of the Turing degrees below x is biinterpretable with rst rst order arithmetic up to double jump. As a corollary, every relation on D( z) which is invariant under double jump is de nable in D( z) if and only if it is de nable in arithmetic.
Dynamics of TCP/RED and a scalable control

We demonstrate that the dynamic behavior of queue and average window is determined predominantly by the stability of TCP/RED, not by AIMD probing nor noise traffic. We develop a general multi-link multi-source model for TCP/RED and derive a local stability condition in the case of a single link with heterogeneous sources. We validate our model with simulations and illustrate the stability region of TCP/RED. These results suggest that TCP/RED becomes unstable when delay increases, or more strikingly, when link capacity increases. The analysis illustrates the difficulty of setting RED parameters to stabilize TCP: they can be tuned to improve stability, but only at the cost of large queues even when they are dynamically adjusted. Finally, we present a simple distributed congestion control algorithm that maintains stability for arbitrary network delay, capacity, load and topology.
The Effect of Cycloplegia on Measurement of the Ocular Components

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of cycloplegic agent on the measurement, of refractive error and the ocular components. Methods. We compared two commonly used topical cycloplegic agents, 1 % tropicamide and 1 % cyclopentolatc, for their effect on the measurement of refractive error (by Canon R-l autorefraction), accommodative response (by Canon R-l autorefraction and by the conventional, subjective "pushup" method), crystalline lens power (by video phakometry and by calculation), and axial ocular dimensions (by A-scan ultrasonography) in 20 emmetropic to moderately hyperopic children. Results. Comparison of refractive error at each drug's reported time of maximum cycloplegia (30 minutes for tropicamide and (50 minutes for cyclopentolate) showed that distance autorefraction in the vertical meridian differed by +0.20 ± 0.30 diopters (D) (P = 0.008). The average difference was +0.07 ±0.10 mm for anterior chamber depth (P = 0.004), —0.03 ± 0.05 mm for crystalline lens thickness (P = 0.025), —0.65 ± 0.(39 D for phakometrically measured crystalline lens power (P < 0.001), +0.03 ± 1.55 D for calculated crystalline lens power (P = 0.94), and -0.09 ± 0.19 mm for vitreous chamber depth (P = 0.062, all paired / tests; positive signs denote greater values with cyclopentolate). Residual accommodation was 0.4 7 and 0.67 D greater with tropicamide when measured by autorefraction and the pushup method (/-" = 0.013 and 0.08 respectively, paired / test). All significant differences were consistently in the direction of poorer cycloplegia with tropicamide. Conclusions. Although tropicamide, as expected, showed poorer cycloplegia compared to cyclopentolate, the degree of difference appeared to be small, with minimal effect on the measurement of distance refractive error and the ocular optical components. Invest Ophthalmol VisSci. 1994 ;35:515-527. v^linicians' use of cycloplegic agents to determine the "true" manifest refractive error is widespread, especially in infants and children. Pharmaceutical paralysis of accommodation is often necessary to relax the habitual accommodative posture in young hyperopes. However, the amount of cycloplegia required to accomplish this has been debated in the literature for many years. The belief that more cycloplegia is necessarily better has led to severe and inconvenient procedures,
μ opioid receptor activity is regulated by endothelin converting enzyme-2 (659.5)

Regulation of neuropeptide receptors via endocytosis and recycling has been studied extensively, however very few studies have evaluated the fate of the internalized neuropeptide. It is generally thought that the internalized peptide is hydrolyzed allowing for recycling of the receptor. Previously we have shown that endothelin-converting enzyme-2 (ECE-2), a member of the neprilysin family of metallopeptidases, is important for opioid peptide processing in vitro and opioid actions in vivo. In the current study, we directly examined the involvement of ECE-2 in modulating µ opioid receptor (µOR) recycling and analgesia using a selective ECE-2 inhibitor. In cells stably expressing µORs and ECE-2, receptor endocytosis is not altered by inhibition of ECE-2, but recycling is significantly impaired. Recycling was only blocked following administration of opioid peptides (i.e. dynorphin B) which are substrates of ECE-2, but not for other opioid peptides (i.e. Leu-enkephalin, dynorphin A8). Similar results were foun...
Decadal to century scale trends in North American snow extent in coupled atmosphere‐ocean general circulation models

[1] 20th and 21st century decadal scale trends and variability in winter North American snow cover extent (NA-SCE) are investigated using coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model experiments participating in the upcoming Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report. Significant between-model variability is found, with most models underestimating mean NA-SCE. 20th century simulations are poorly correlated with observations, and, while individual ensemble members capture the magnitude of decadal scale variability, the variability of the signal is dampened in the ensemble mean, indicating that decadal-scale NA-SCE variability is associated predominantly with internal model variability rather than external forcing. Two 21st century emission scenarios with realistic (moderate or significant) greenhouse gas emission rates produce decreasing NA-SCE trends, while one unrealistic scenario with fixed concentrations produces little or no NA-SCE trend. These results suggest that snow cover may be a sensitive indicator of climate change, and that North American snow extent will probably decrease in response to greenhouse gas emissions, although the magnitude of the response may be nonlinear.
Primitive Accumulation, New Enclosures, and Global Land Grabs: A Theoretical Intervention

Recent critical analyses of global land grabs have variously invoked global capitalism and neocolonialism to account for this trend. One line of inquiry approaches land grabs as instances of “primitive accumulation of capital” whereby lands in the Global South are “enclosed” and brought within the ambit of global capitalism. Another perspective invokes the history of Anglo-American colonialism for critiquing the developmentalist discourse that depicts Africa as the “last frontier” to be tamed by the techno-industrial civilization of the North. This essay integrates these two perspectives by elaborating capitalism as an irreducibly colonial formation with global inceptions. I begin with a discussion of “primitive accumulation” and, counter to many, question the suitability of “enclosure” for interpreting land grabs. The second section delves into the theoretical origins of primitive accumulation, proposing to situate it in a global and colonial genealogy of capitalism. A final section charts the theoretical and historical contours of this global genealogy and arrives at a more capacious reconceptualization of primitive accumulation. I conclude by reflecting on the implications of contemporary land grabs for in situ displacement, the fungibility of land, and new enclosures in the contemporary reconfiguration of global value chains.
Securing Web Applications with Better "Patches": An Architectural Approach for Systematic Input Validation with Security Patterns

Some of the most rampant problems in software security originate from improper input validation. This is partly due to ad hoc approaches taken by software developers when dealing with user inputs. Therefore, it is a crucial research question in software security to ask how to effectively apply well-known input validation and sanitization techniques against security attacks exploiting the user input-related weaknesses found in software. This paper examines the current ways of how input validation is conducted in major open-source projects and attempts to confirm the main source of the problem as these ad hoc responses to the input validation-related attacks such as SQL injection and cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks through a case study. In addition, we propose a more systematic software security approach by promoting the adoption of proactive, architectural design-based solutions to move away from the current practice of chronic vulnerability-centric and reactive approaches.
Point-of-Care Testing

Point-of-care testing (POCT) is defined as testing at or near the site of patient care wherever that medical care is needed. The goal of POCT is to facilitate immediate evidence-based medical decisions that improve patient outcomes and reduce patient acuity, criticality, morbidity, and mortality, especially during life-threatening crises and emergency resuscitations. POCT is efficient and efficacious because it facilitates rapid diagnosis, faster treatment decisions, high-quality trend monitoring, and patient and physician satisfaction. New point-of-care technologies are appearing rapidly. This article summarizes principles and analytical methods of whole-blood analysis (WBA) for chemistry, hematology, and hemostasis analytes, cardiac injury markers, and other point-of-care diagnostic tests. Then, the article discusses important clinical aspects, including test clusters and medical indications, methods of monitoring and enhancing performance, and optimization strategies. In the next two decades, diagnostic testing will continue to shift to the point of care, necessitating collaborative integration, information consolidation, and Knowledge Optimization® in surgery, intensive care, emergency medicine, and other settings extending from the acute care center to the patient's home.
Localized diffuse scattering from icosahedral Ti-Mn

Abstract In diffraction from some icosahedral quasicrystals, diffuse scattering is concentrated on arcs in TEM diffraction patterns. The new Ti-Mn icosahedral phase produces much more intense arcs than previously observed in quasicrystals, allowing a significantly deeper study of them.
Assessment of protamine-induced thrombosis of tumor vessels for cancer therapy using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI.

Since the role of angiogenesis in cancer development has been recognized, the study of anti-angiogenic or anti-vascular therapeutic agents has become increasingly important for cancer treatment. Selective thrombosis is one approach towards this goal. Since many types of carcinoma accumulate large numbers of degranulating mast cells which will release heparin, intravenously injected protamine may bind to heparin, neutralize its anti-coagulant effect and induce thrombosis. In this work we studied the formation of thrombosis by using dynamic contrast enhanced MRI. The enhancement kinetics of the contrast medium measured before and after protamine treatment were compared to assess the thrombotic effect. The underlying concept was that if the vessels became clotted, the subsequently injected contrast medium could not be delivered into the tissue to cause enhancement. In addition to the tissue-specific changes, protamine may also induce systemic effect in the host. The therapy-induced changes measured in tumors were compared to changes in normal tissues: liver, kidney, and especially the muscle adjacent to tumor. The results showed that protamine induced pronounced changes in the tumor. However, the degree of change measured by MRI was not associated with the results of semiquantitative assessment of thrombosis assessed by histology, perhaps due to the heterogeneous nature of the tumor and the difficulty in sampling sufficient regions histologically. The protamine-induced temporal effects were also studied. We demonstrated that protamine could induce selective thrombosis in tumors, and that the effect could last for several hours. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI can serve as a suitable means to investigate the mechanism of this novel approach to induce selective thrombosis for anti-vascular cancer therapy.
The “creative confrontation” of Herbert Schmertz: Public relations sense making and the corporate persona

Abstract Beginning in the early 1970s, Mobil Oil's public relations, under the direction of Herbert Schmertz, attempted to demonstrate to Americans that the company acted like a person who worked to benefit society. With an approach he called “creative confrontation,” Schmertz offered an adversarial stance toward the news media, coupled with inventive methods of supporting the arts. Creative confrontation sought the public's support by revealing that the corporation was an entity that understood the needs of the public and worked to uphold American values like free expression and progress. This work, in examining a distinctive and sustained effort to communicate the corporate personality, offers lingering implications for how public relations, through the conveyance of the corporate persona, can more widely conceptualize and execute its sense-making role in society.
Nondestructive Adhesive Analysis on Stamps by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Spectroscopy has long been a popular subject with respect to postal stamps, but analysis of postal stamps has been the subject of only a few spectroscopic studies. Fourier transform infrared techniques were used in developing a nondestructive technique to analyze the adhesives on the back of stamps. This factor is of importance since the value of a stamp is partially dependent on the conditions of the original adhesive. Diffuse reflectance was finally settled on as the method of choice for this analysis, and it shows great promise not only for stamp analysis but also for other types of documentation analysis as well.