cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association between parental access to paid sick leave and children's access to and use of healthcare services.

Background We examined the association between parental access to paid sick leave (PPSL) and children's use of preventive care and reduced likelihood of delayed medical care and emergency room (ER) visits. Methods We used the child sample of the National Health Interview Survey data (linked to the adult and family samples) from 2011 through 2015 and logistic and negative binomial regression models. Results Controlling for covariates, the odds of children with PPSL receiving flu vaccination were 12.5% [95%CI: 1.06–1.19] higher and receiving annual medical checkups were 13.2% [95%CI: 1.04–1.23] higher than those of children without PPSL. With PPSL, the odds of children receiving delayed medical care because of time mismatch were 13.3% [95%CI: 0.76–0.98] lower, and being taken to ER were 53.6% [95%CI: 0.27–0.81] lower than those of children without PPSL. PPSL was associated with 11% [95%CI: 0.82–0.97] fewer ER visits per year. Conclusion PPSL may improve children's access and use of healthcare services and reduce the number of ER visits. Am. J. Ind. Med. 60:276–284, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Robust Online Motion Planning with Regions of Finite Time Invariance

In this paper we consider the problem of generating motion plans for a nonlinear dynamical system that are guaranteed to succeed despite uncertainty in the environment, parametric model uncertainty, disturbances, and/or errors in state estimation. Furthermore, we consider the case where these plans must be generated online, because constraints such as obstacles in the environment may not be known until they are perceived (with a noisy sensor) at runtime. Previous work on feedback motion planning for nonlinear systems was limited to offline planning due to the computational cost of safety verification. Here we take a trajectory library approach by designing controllers that stabilize the nominal trajectories in the library and precomputing regions of finite time invariance (”funnels”) for the resulting closed loop system. We leverage sums-of-squares programming in order to efficiently compute funnels which take into account bounded disturbances and uncertainty. The resulting funnel library is then used to sequentially compose motion plans at runtime while ensuring the safety of the robot. A major advantage of the work presented here is that by explicitly taking into account the effect of uncertainty, the robot can evaluate motion plans based on how vulnerable they are to disturbances.We demonstrate our method on a simulation of a plane flying through a two dimensional forest of polygonal trees with parametric uncertainty and disturbances in the form of a bounded ”cross-wind”.
CHAPTER 2 – BASIC RESOLUTION

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses general resolution inference systems. The Davis–Putnam, ground resolution, and general resolution inference systems are considered procedures by coupling a saturation search process to the inference system. The basic resolution procedure is a breadth-first procedure. The (binary) resolution inference rule conjoins two clauses after deleting a complementary pair of literals, one from each clause. The identification of the complementary pair of literals involves the unification of atoms at the general level. A factoring inference rule is necessary at the general level if only one literal is chosen per clause for instantiation and deletion within the resolution rule. Resolution is built from the ground up. An unsatisfiable set of clauses has an associated unsatisfiable ground set that has a ground resolution refutation. This ground refutation can be lifted to a refutation of the given set. The refutation directly corresponds to its ground counterpart except for the possible addition of factors.
Outcomes of Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in Multiple Myeloma Patients with Renal Insufficiency: A Meta-Analysis

Objective Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is used sparingly among myeloma (MM) patients with renal impairment due to concerns of morbidity and mortality. A number of studies have been published, but most are single-center studies and include a relatively small number of subjects limiting generalizability. Our objective is to perform a meta-analysis of the published literature. Data Sources PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane review database, and clinicaltrials.gov were queried for the keywords “renal insufficiency, dialysis,” “autologous stem cell transplant,” and “multiple myeloma” through August 29, 2018. Study Selection Retrospective, prospective studies and sub-group analysis studies were included. Abstracts, Case reports, Case series studies and CIBTMR data analysis studies were excluded. Data Extraction and Synthesis Data was extracted based on Reviews and Meta- Analysis guidelines. Pooled risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using DerSimonian-Laird (DL) random effects model. Heterogeneity between studies was evaluated using Q test and sensitivity analysis. Publication bias was evaluated using a funnel plot and with Egger's test and Begg's test. Outcomes were calculated by using ‘Metafor’ and ‘Meta’ packages by R-Studio and “CRAN” project. Main Outcomes and Measures Complete response (CR) was defined per standard criteria. Treatment related mortality (TRM) was defined as death within 100 days after transplant. Improvement in renal function (IRF) was defined by improvement in GFR or dialysis independence during follow up period. Progression-free survival (PFS) was defined as time from transplant to progression or death. Results A total of 177 studies were assessed for eligibility. Of those, 18 studies were eligible, which included a total of 605 patients with MM and renal insufficiency who underwent ASCT. Treatment related mortality (TRM) occurred in 12% (n=296; 95% CI, 8%- 20%) of the patients. Complete response was achieved in 39% (n=605; 95% CI, 31%-48%) and renal function improvement 10% (n=323; 95% CI 7%-15%) of patients. The odds of achieving complete response increased 42% following autologous stem cell transplantation. Median Progression free survival is about 47 (n=102; 95% CI, 36.35- 56.90) months. Keywords Renal insufficiency, Multiple Myeloma, Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation
Melatonin stimulation of prolactin secretion in male rats: Influence of pinealectomy, castration or gonadal steroid pretreatment

Intravenous administration of melatonin stimulates plasma prolactin (PRL) secretion in untreated or estrogen-progesterone, urethane-anesthetized adult male rats. Melatonin failed to elicit the plasma PRL response either in rats which had been previously primed for 3 days with either estrogen or progesterone alone or in castrated rats. Replacement treatment with sc injections of testosterone propionate in castrated rats restored the PRL response to melatonin injections. Since PRL levels in pinealectomized rats rose after administration of melatonin, it is thought that the PRL-releasing effect of the indole is not immediately and directly via an action of melatonin on the pineal.
The Gene Sculpt Suite: a set of tools for genome editing.

The discovery and development of DNA-editing nucleases (Zinc Finger Nucleases, TALENs, CRISPR/Cas systems) has given scientists the ability to precisely engineer or edit genomes as never before. Several different platforms, protocols and vectors for precision genome editing are now available, leading to the development of supporting web-based software. Here we present the Gene Sculpt Suite (GSS), which comprises three tools: (i) GTagHD, which automatically designs and generates oligonucleotides for use with the GeneWeld knock-in protocol; (ii) MEDJED, a machine learning method, which predicts the extent to which a double-stranded DNA break site will utilize the microhomology-mediated repair pathway; and (iii) MENTHU, a tool for identifying genomic locations likely to give rise to a single predominant microhomology-mediated end joining allele (PreMA) repair outcome. All tools in the GSS are freely available for download under the GPL v3.0 license and can be run locally on Windows, Mac and Linux systems capable of running R and/or Docker. The GSS is also freely available online at www.genesculpt.org.
Abstract 3650: Integrative mass spectrometry and RNA-sequencing identifies DLK1 as a candidate immunotherapeutic target in neuroblastoma

BACKGROUND. Neuroblastoma (NB) is an embryonal tumor of the sympathetic nervous system that accounts for 12% of childhood cancer deaths. Despite multimodal therapy, survival probability for high-risk NB patients remains below 50% and relapsed NB is largely incurable. To date, the cell surface landscape (surfaceome) of NB remains poorly defined. An unbiased survey of these proteins will facilitate the identification of candidate immunotherapeutic targets for preclinical validation. METHODS. To identify proteins on the cell surface of NB cells, we performed plasma membrane protein extraction utilizing a sucrose density gradient methodology followed by nano-liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (nLC-MS/MS) in NB cell lines (n=12) and patient derived xenografts (PDX; n=10). We next integrated MS data with RNA-sequencing (NB=153; Normal=7859) data to evaluate proteins with an annotated extracellular domain differentially expressed in NB compared to normal tissues. Candidate immunotherapeutic targets were validated by immunohistochemistry on NB tumor and normal tissue microarray (TMA) and in-vitrofunctional studies were performed following genetic manipulation of candidate targets to assess cell proliferation, differentiation and viability. RESULTS. We yielded on average 66% (range:60-68%) membrane protein enrichment with high reproducibility between biological replicates (80%; range:78-84%) and identified 4826 unique membrane proteins. Our approach confirmed known cell surface proteins in development as immunotherapeutic targets in NB (ALK, GPC2, NCAM1, DLL3 and CD276). We prioritized DLK1 for further evaluation due to it being the only candidate with expression directly associated with a super enhancer element (P=6.09X10-5). Genetic depletion of DLK1 resulted in neurite outgrowth suggesting induction of terminal differentiation (P=7.26X10-5). Full proteome analysis of DLK1 knockdown and control using MS showed regulation of proteins that promote outgrowth of neurites (P=3.37X10-3) and development of neurons (P=3.76X10-3). CONCLUSION. We have developed the first MS-based surfaceome of NB. DLK1 is an epigenetically regulated oncoprotein in a large subset of high-risk NBs. We are currently developing antibody drug conjugate therapeutics designed for NBs with proven overexpression of DLK1. Citation Format: Amber K. Weiner, Alexander B. Radaoui, Nathan M. Kendsersky, Jo Lynne Harenza-Rokita, Simone Sidoli, Karina L. Conkrite, Zalman Vaksman, Komal Rathi, Pichai Raman, Daniel Martinez, Tricia Bhatti, Matthew Tsang, Bruce Pawel, Benjamin A. Garcia, John M. Maris, Sharon J. Diskin. Integrative mass spectrometry and RNA-sequencing identifies DLK1 as a candidate immunotherapeutic target in neuroblastoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3650.
A Generalization of Schroter's Formula To George Andrews, on his 80th Birthday

We prove a generalization of Schroter’s formula to a product of an arbitrary number of Jacobi triple products. It is then shown that many of the well-known identities involving Jacobi triple products (for example the Quintuple Product Identity, the Septuple Product Identity, and Winquist’s Identity) all then follow as special cases of this general identity. Various other general identities, for example certain expansions of $$(q;q)_{\infty }$$ and $$(q;q)_{\infty }^k$$, $$k\ge 3$$, as combinations of Jacobi triple products, are also proved.
Trochlear nerve palsy and contralateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia: an unusual crossed syndrome

Trochlear nerve palsies and internuclear ophthalmoplegias are well documented neuro‐ophthalmological conditions.2017 However, cases of both of these conditions occurring together in the same patien...
A precision medicine-based, 'fast-fail' approach for psychiatry.

A ‘fast-fail’ clinical-trial approach for depression indicates that engaging κ-opioid-receptor antagonism improves reward-circuit dysfunction and anhedonia.
Foley Vacation Use to Reduce CAUTI in an ICU

Background This project identifies the impact to Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI) with the use of a Foley Vacation Algorithm. An increase in CAUTIs was noted in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) at a Comprehensive Stroke Center. Methods This project includes patients admitted to the ICU. The intended target for the Foley vacation algorithm was patients with an indication of “urinary retention.” The Foley vacation algorithm was implemented in June 2018. Pre-data was collected starting in January 2018, when the increase in CAUTIs was identified. Post implementation data is through Quarter 3 2019. The hypothesis of the change was that CAUTIs would decrease with implementation of the Foley Vacation Algorithm with an expected decrease in device utilization contributing to a decreased infection risk. The CAUTI definition used was based on NHSN criteria and the outcome data includes a Standardized Infection Ratio (SIR) and Standardized Utilization Ratio (SUR) also defined by NHSN. Results After implementation of the Foley Vacation Algorithm in June 2018, the SUR dropped and the ICU has had 2 infections in the first 3 quarters of 2019 as compared to 7 in the same time frame the year prior. The SIR dropped more than half from an average of 2.4 per quarter in 2018 to 1.093 per quarter in 2019. Conclusions This project found that utilization of a Foley Vacation Algorithm for patients in the ICU with an indication of “urinary retention” resulted in a decrease in CAUTIs. Utilization of this practice when other CAUTI prevention bundle measures are in place can help decrease utilization and prevent CAUTI in other units or facilities.
Parental divorce in childhood is related to lower urinary oxytocin concentrations in adulthood

Oxytocin has been shown to be important for social behavior and emotional attachments in early life and may also mediate effects of early experiences on social motivation in adulthood. In animal models, early maternal separation results in alterations in the oxytocin system, with effects on sexual, maternal, and stress reactivity behaviors in adulthood. Studies of children experiencing parental divorce find effects on mood disorders, substance abuse, and other behaviors in adulthood. Here, we examine the effect of divorce on adult urine oxytocin levels. To stimulate oxytocin release, participants, aged 18 to 62, were asked to complete a set of questionnaires on attachment style, parental history of divorce (age at parental divorce ranged from 0 to 20), and other measures. A sample of urine was then collected for the oxytocin assay. Urine oxytocin concentrations were substantially lower (p = .016) in subjects who experienced parental divorce (M = 3.70, Standard Error of the Mean = 0.73), compared to those who did not (M = 8.00, Standard Error of the Mean = 1.21), and correlated with responses on several attachment instruments. These results suggest that oxytocin levels are adversely affected by parental divorce in humans and may be related to attachment measures in adulthood. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Granulocytic Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells as Negative Regulators of Anticancer Immunity

The immune system plays a critical role in cancer progression and response to therapy. However, the immune system can be compromised during the neoplastic process. Notably, the myeloid lineage, which gives rise to granulocytic cells, including neutrophils, is a well-recognized target of tumor-mediated immune suppression. Ordinarily, granulocytic cells are integral for host defense, but in neoplasia the normal process of granulocyte differentiation (i.e., granulopoiesis) can be impaired leading instead to the formation of granulocytic (or PMN)-myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Such cells comprise various stages of myeloid differentiation and are defined functionally by their highly pro-tumorigenic and immune suppressive activities. Thus, considerable interest has been devoted to impeding the negative contributions of PMN-MDSCs to the antitumor response. Understanding their biology has the potential to unveil novel therapeutic opportunities to hamper PMN-MDSC production in the bone marrow, their mobilization, or their effector functions within the tumor microenvironment and, therefore, bolster anticancer therapies that require a competent myeloid compartment. In this review, we will highlight mechanisms by which the neoplastic process skews granulopoiesis to produce PMN-MDSCs, summarize mechanisms by which they execute their pro-tumorigenic activities and, lastly, underscore strategies to obstruct their role as negative regulators of antitumor immunity.
Global Adaptation to Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Hazards Must Fit Local Contexts

Sea-level rise and coastal flooding threaten the lives and assets of millions. Adapting to these hazards is urgent, but to be effective and sustainable, adaptation strategies must be integrated into local contexts, needs, and priorities.
Different Worlds and Divergent Paths: Academic Careers Defined by Race and Gender

In this article, Juanita Johnson-Bailey, a Black female professor, and Ronald M. Cervero, a White male professor, examine and contrast their academic lives by exploring how race and gender have influenced their journeys and their experiences. Using journal excerpts, personal examples, and a comparative list of privileges, the authors present a picture of their different realities at a research university. The depiction of their collective forty years in academia reveals that White men and Black women are regarded and treated differently by colleagues and students. Manifestations of this disparate treatment are evident primarily in classroom and faculty interactions. An examination of the professors' relationships with people and with their institution illustrates that, overall, the Black woman is often relegated to a second-class existence characterized by hostility, isolation, and lack of respect, while the White man lives an ideal academic life as a respected scholar who disseminates knowledge, understa...
Overlap among spatial memories triggers divergence of hippocampal representations

Across the domains of spatial navigation and episodic memory, the hippocampus is thought to play a critical role in forming distinct representations of overlapping events. However, it is less clear how and when hippocampal representations of overlapping events become distinct. Here, using spatiotemporal pattern analysis of human fMRI data, we measured learning-related changes in hippocampal representations of overlapping real-world routes. We found that learning resulted in highly targeted representational changes within the hippocampus that specifically reduced similarity among overlapping routes. Strikingly, and in contrast to representations in other navigation-related brain regions, hippocampal representations of overlapping routes diverged to the point where overlapping routes became less similar than non-overlapping routes. This learning-related plasticity preferentially occurred for hippocampal voxels that were initially shared across overlapping routes. Collectively, these findings indicate that overlap among event representations triggers a divergence of hippocampal activity patterns that dramatically reshapes representational structure.
The Commodification of Rhetoric in Classical Athens

Western philosophy was born as a protest against sophistry: the commodification of rhetoric. This chapter studies the effects of money on the Greek mind, through the philosophy of Aristotle, the comedies of Aristophanes and the dialogues of Plato. In comedies like Plutus money is personified, while the slave Cario is objectified, and Aristophanes shows how these two processes are mutually determining. Aristophanes’ Clouds parallels Socrates’ insistence that the thought of people like Gorgias, Hippias, and Protagoras was determined by their need to sell their wisdom for a profit. Commodification inevitably instills a belief in the performative power of representation and a corresponding denigration of logos. Ancient Athens thus established a dialectic between logos and eidolon that continues to dominate Western thought to this day.
A Scoping Review of the Pharmacy Curriculum Outcomes Assessment Literature.

Objective. To identify themes, gaps, and sources of evidence from the literature regarding the Pharmacy Curriculum Outcomes Assessment (PCOA) to inform practice and additional areas for research in pharmacy education. Findings. Nineteen articles describing the administration and use of PCOA were identified. Since PCOA was made a curricular requirement by the Accreditation Council of Pharmacy Education in 2016, the focus of literature related to the PCOA has shifted from administration practices (four articles published before 2016 vs two articles published since) to determining models that may predict student performance on the assessment (two vs five articles) or how the examination might be used to predict future performance (one vs seven articles), especially on the North American Pharmacist Licensing Examination. While there is a growing body of literature focused on the PCOA’s utility for measuring performance, few variables have been consistently used. Summary. This review found no studies with objectives that aligned with the initial intended use of the PCOA as defined by the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy, which included tracking individual student performance throughout the curriculum, benchmarking programs against other programs, and evaluating whether a program was meeting their desired outcomes. Additionally, no consensus across the Academy was found as to the proper use of the PCOA, and a paucity of literature exists regarding how the PCOA informs schools and colleges about the effectiveness of their curriculum. There is a need for the Academy to establish a uniform application for the PCOA in pharmacy schools, assess the resources that programs need to administer this required assessment, and determine the utility of the PCOA to measure curricular effectiveness and/or student performance.
Role of electron spin dynamics and coupling network in designing dynamic nuclear polarization.

Abstract Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) has emerged as a powerful sensitivity booster of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for the characterization of biological solids, catalysts and other functional materials, but is yet to reach its full potential. DNP transfers the high polarization of electron spins to nuclear spins using microwave irradiation as a perturbation. A major focus in DNP research is to improve its efficiency at conditions germane to solid-state NMR, at high magnetic fields and fast magic-angle spinning. In this review, we highlight three key strategies towards designing DNP experiments: time-domain “smart” microwave manipulation to optimize and/or modulate electron spin polarization, EPR detection under operational DNP conditions to decipher the underlying electron spin dynamics, and quantum mechanical simulations of coupled electron spins to gain microscopic insights into the DNP mechanism. These strategies are aimed at understanding and modeling the properties of the electron spin dynamics and coupling network. The outcome of these strategies is expected to be key to developing next-generation polarizing agents and DNP methods.
Some Observations on the Economics of Comity

Comity is the deference one State shows to the decisions of another State. Comity is manifested in an array of judicial doctrines, such as the presumption against the extraterritorial application of statutes and the presumption in favor of recognition of foreign judgments. Comity does not require a State to defer in every case (it is not “a matter of absolute obligation”), but determining when comity requires deference poses difficult doctrinal and theoretical issues. This paper offers some observations on the economics of comity in an attempt to provide insights into those issues. It first describes the (largely unsatisfactory) attempts to define comity and identifies the various judicial doctrines that are based on comity. Generalizing from the existing literature, which uses game theory (most commonly the prisoners’ dilemma game) to analyze legal doctrines based on comity, the paper then sets out a basic and tentative economic analysis of comity. Comity often serves a cooperative function: courts rely on comity as the basis for doctrines that enhance cooperation with other States. In such cases, refusing to grant comity to a decision of another State constitutes defection from the cooperative solution. But if the original decision itself constitutes defection — such as a State opportunistically entering a judgment against a foreign citizen — refusing to grant comity would not be defection but would instead be an attempt to sanction the other State’s defection. Thus, the central inquiry when a court decides whether to grant comity can be framed as whether the State decision being examined constitutes cooperation or defection. Further, given the uncertainty courts face in making such a determination, comity itself then can be seen as establishing a default presumption that a particular type of State decision constitutes cooperation (or, in cases in which courts refuse to grant comity, as a default presumption of defection). The paper then argues that any rule a court adopts on the basis of comity should be treated as a default rule rather than a mandatory rule. The argument in favor of default rules over mandatory rules is a familiar one, and seems to apply well here. Thus, as U.S. and U.K. courts have held — but contrary to decisions of the European Court of Justice — comity concerns should not preclude a court specified in an exclusive forum selection clause from entering an anti-suit injunction against foreign court litigation. An arbitration clause, by comparison, provides a much weaker case for finding that the parties contracted around the comity-based default. Finally, the paper suggests possible avenues for future research: in particular, examining the importance of rent-seeking and judicial incentives in the economics of comity.
Observed Climatic Variability: Spatial Structure

Atmospheric dynamicists and statisticians have been working more or less independently, in an effort to make sense out of the structure and behaviour of the climate system. Dynamicists have tended to focus on variables such as geopotential height and wind, whereas statisticians have been primarily concerned with long term trends in regionally, hemispherically or globally averaged quantities such as surface air temperature. The dynamicists have confined their attention almost exclusively to wintertime phenomena, whilst those working to document global temperature trends have considered all seasons. The differing research priorities are rooted in differing paradigms concerning the spatial structure and seasonality of climate variability. In this chapter we will examine these contrasting ways of conceptualizing and analyzing climate variability and attempt to reconcile them.
The Socioeconomic Pathways Leading to Romantic Relationship Outcomes: A Genetically Informed Early Life Course Investigation

The present study tests a multilevel comprehensive model incorporating both life course processes and genetic influences leading to young adults' romantic relationship quality using data from 1,560 adolescents over 13 years in the nationally representative Add Health sample. Results provided evidence of a socioeconomic mediating pathway linking early family and community contexts to young adults' romantic relationship quality, and novel evidence for both direct and interactive genetic associations that relate to these mediating pathways. A cumulative genetic index showed (a) direct associations with young adults' socioeconomic attainment and (b) interactions with community adversity and mothers' marital stability on young adults' achieved socioeconomic context and relationship quality.
Sensitivity of School-Performance Ratings to Scaling Decisions

Policymakers usually leave decisions about scaling the scores used for accountability to their appointed technical advisory committees and the testing contractors. However, scaling decisions can have an appreciable impact on school ratings. Using middle-school data from New York State, we examined the consistency of school ratings based on two scaling approaches that differed in scaling decisions that are important in high-stakes testing contexts. We found that, depending on subject, grade, and year, a switch in scaling approach led to (1) average absolute shifts in ranks of between 50 and 132 positions (median = 69), which are appreciable shifts for a listing of 1,243 schools; and (2) between 7% and 45% (average = 20%) of schools experiencing shifts in assigned performance bands, depending on the classification scheme. Further, the effect of scaling approach was larger when the raw-score distribution has more severe ceiling effect, and in these cases, it was driven primarily by the difference in the loca...
The frequency of Salmonella and Arizona microorganisms in zoo turtles.

A screening survey of turtles for the presence of cloacal Salmonella and Arizona microorganisms was made in nine major zoos and zoological gardens. Six Salmonella serotypes and one Arizona serotype were recovered from 14 species representing 5 turtle families. The apparent rate of infection was 12.1%.
Configuration of nonspherical amphiphilic particles at a fluid–fluid interface

We present the equilibrium configuration of amphiphilic ellipsoids and amphiphilic dumbbells with asymmetric shape (i.e., unequal surface areas for apolar and polar sides) and surface wetting properties at an oil–water interface. The equilibrium configurations are obtained by minimizing the attachment energy of each amphiphilic particle as a function of orientation angle and vertical displacement of the particle with respect to the interface. We find that the orientation and vertical displacement of nonspherical amphiphilic particles are significantly influenced by their shape, aspect ratio, surface properties, and the location of the wettability separation line. In particular, due to the asymmetry in the particle geometry and wettability of these amphiphilic particles, we observe unique configurations that are not expected in symmetric Janus ellipsoids and dumbbells at fluid–fluid interfaces. In the case of amphiphilic ellipsoids, their orientation as a function of particle geometry and wettability can be divided into three regimes: upright orientation, tilted orientation, and coexistence of upright and tilted orientations due to the presence of secondary energy minima under appropriate conditions. In general, the secondary energy minimum is present when the aspect ratio of the ellipsoids becomes high. As for amphiphilic dumbbells, in addition to upright and tilted orientations, they can adopt intermediate orientations, especially when the size of the two spheres is significantly different, which leads to the detachment of one of the two spheres from the oil–water interface. This study provides guidelines for designing nonspherical amphiphilic particles with suitable geometry and wettability to tailor their properties as solid surfactants for emulsion stabilization and fluid interface modification.
Epigenetic reprogramming and induced pluripotency

The cloning of animals from adult cells has demonstrated that the developmental state of adult cells can be reprogrammed into that of embryonic cells by uncharacterized factors within the oocyte. More recently, transcription factors have been identified that can induce pluripotency in somatic cells without the use of oocytes, generating induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. iPS cells provide a unique platform to dissect the molecular mechanisms that underlie epigenetic reprogramming. Moreover, iPS cells can teach us about principles of normal development and disease, and might ultimately facilitate the treatment of patients by custom-tailored cell therapy.
Dopamine-mediated behavior produced by the enkephalin analogue FK 33-824

Intraperitoneal injection of FK 33-824 produced apomorphine-like stereotyped behavior in rats. Antagonism of this stereotypy by naloxone and neuroleptics suggests that FK 33-824 can activate opiate and dopamine receptors in the brain. Because increased dopaminergic neuronal activity is thought to be involved in schizophrenia and dopamine-mediated stereotypy has been used as an animal model for this illness, these results are consistent with an involvement of endogenous opiate-like peptides in schizophrenia. This involvement provides a possible mechanism for the reported improvement in schizophrenic psychosis produced by naloxone.
Ethanol consumption in mice with a targeted disruption of the dopamine-3 receptor gene.

Considerable evidence suggests that the mesolimbic dopaminergic system is an important substrate for the rewarding effects of ethanol consumption. Previous data have demonstrated that pharmacological agents that alter dopamine signaling also influence the self-administration of ethanol. The present experiments were designed to assess the role of the dopamine-3 receptor (D3-R) on voluntary ethanol consumption in C57BL/6 mice. Mice with targeted disruption of the D3-R gene (D3-R - / -) were compared to wild-type controls in an ethanol intake paradigm. In Experiment 1, mice had 24-hour access to ethanol each day in a two-bottle choice paradigm for a period of 7 days per concentration. The concentrations tested were 3, 6, 10 and 15%. In Experiment 2, mice had 1 hour of access to ethanol each day in a two-bottle paradigm for a period of 7 days per concentration. The same concentrations in Experiment 1 were compared in Experiment 2. In Experiment 3 we sought to test the development of a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) after receiving an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 2.0 glkg ethanol. In Experiment 4, blood ethanol levels where assessed following a 2.0 g/kg i.p. injection of ethanol. Experiment 5 assessed taste preference for saccharine and quinine in wild-type and D3-R - / - mice. Contrary to our predictions, both D3-R - / - and wild-types on a C57BL/6 background had similar intakes of ethanol, at all concentrations tested, in the 24-hour and 1-hour intake paradigms. Wild-type and D3-R - / - mice respond to injected ethanol similarly by developing a conditioned taste aversion. Metabolic analysis revealed mutant mice are slower in metabolizing a bolus injection of ethanol. Lastly, wild-type and D3-R - / - mice showed similar consumption to increasing concentration of both sweet and bitter tastes. These data suggest that deletion of the D3-R gene does not increase ethanol consumption above that found on the C57BL/6 genetic background. Furthermore, the D3-R - I - mice adequately learn a CTA to ethanol and do not have differing taste reactivity to saccharin or quinine. However, D3-R - / - mice do appear to have a slower rate of ethanol metabolism.
Computer simulation of texture evolution during grain growth: effect of boundary properties and initial microstructure

We investigate orientation selection during grain growth by computer simulation in two-dimension using the phase-field method. The model characterizes misorientation in three-dimension with all three degrees of freedom. The systems considered consist of a single cube component embedded in a matrix of randomly oriented grains in the initial microstructure. The average grain size and size distribution are similar for both textured and randomly oriented grains. Starting from various fractions and spatial distributions of the cube component, we show that the effect of boundary energy anisotropy on texture development differs drastically from that of mobility anisotropy. In all cases the fraction of the cube component increases if boundary energy is anisotropic, and decreases if boundary mobility is anisotropic while energy is isotropic. Similar to previous studies, when boundary energy is anisotropic the misorientation distribution is no longer time-invariant and grain growth kinetics deviates from the behavior of isotropic grain growth. However, mobility anisotropy could also alter misorientation distribution and hence affect grain growth kinetics, which is different from the results obtained previously for systems of either random or single-component texture. The initial spatial distribution of the texture component plays an important role in determining the time-evolution of the misorientation distribution and hence affects the overall kinetics of texture evolution and grain growth. The simulation results are analyzed using Turbull's theory on grain growth. It is found that even though many individual factors affect texture evolution during grain growth, the key factor that really controls the process is the local grain boundary energy density.
Capsule Commentary on Hess et al. A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial of the Functional Assessment Screening Tablet to Engage Patients at the Point of Care

This pilot trial by Hess et al.1 compared patient and provider reports of discussions regarding health behaviors and mental and physical health-related quality of life (HRQoL) during a clinical encounter among patients who (1) received or (2) did not receive a health-information technology intervention that provided them with feedback prior to the encounter. The authors note that in previous research, reports of discussion of health behaviors by both patients and providers are infrequent 2,3 and they speculate that lack of time4 (i.e., <15 min appointments) contributes to fewer discussions. Resident-physicians at an academic health center were randomized to have their patients either receive or not receive FAST-Feedback, a personalized information sheet about their health behaviors and HRQoL, after completing the FAST, an intake questionnaire delivered via a tablet computer. Results indicated no significant differences among patients who received vs. did not receive FAST-Feedback in frequency of initiating any necessary discussion, the occurrence of any necessary discussion regardless of initiator, or the helpfulness of discussions. However, patients with low mental HRQoL who received FAST-Feedback were more likely to report initiating discussions related to mental HRQoL. Also, resident-physicians whose patients received FAST-Feedback reported that more of their patients with low physical HRQoL initiated discussion of physical HRQoL. Agreement between patients and resident-physicians regarding whether discussions occurred and the helpfulness of these discussions was low. This study had limitations, including a low sample size that limited power to detect group differences, a low participation rate (24 % of eligible patients), and non-blinded randomization of resident-physicians rather than patients. The FAST-Feedback intervention was also low in intensity, consisting of a single information sheet. Nevertheless, as the authors note, the finding that more discussions of mental health occurred in the intervention group is notable, as discussions about mental health may be especially challenging for both patients and physicians to initiate. Overall, this research is aimed at using newly available technologies to develop more efficient methods of providing primary care within the restrictions of the existing health care system.
The echogenic ependymal wall in intraventricular hemorrhage: sonographic-pathologic correlation.

Fifty-one patients with ultrasound diagnosis of intraventricular hemorrhage (Grades III and IV) were studied retrospectively for the presence of ependymal echogenicity. The sonographic findings were then correlated with histologic findings in six autopsy cases. Forty-one out of fifty-one newborns with intraventricular hemorrhage developed ependymal echogenicity on serial ultrasound studies. This echogenicity appeared approximately seven days after the hemorrhagic event and ulsually disappeared in about six weeks. Histologic examination revealed disruptions in the ependyma with proliferation and extension of subependymal glial cells onto the ventricular surface in those cases in which ependymal echogenicity was present at the time of death. This layer of proliferating subependymal glial cells may account for the ependymal echogenicity.
Modification of the effects of ECS as a function of prior footshock: The aversive properties of ECS☆

Abstract In two studies one-trial fear conditioning was demonstrated, using ECS as a UCS. Fear conditioning was shown to take place only when footshock was administered prior to the pairing of a CS and ECS. When prior footshock was not administered, pairing of the CS and ECS did not result in reliable one-trial fear conditioning.
The treatment of family issues in united states history textbooks: General thoughts and a review of several examples

Beginning to formulate questions for this review, I found my identification quickly shifting to the other side of the transaction, imagining myself a textbook author (which I am not). Is the challenge implicit in this review a fair one? How can we fairly demand that yet another issue, another theme, another aspect of history be "covered"? After several decades of teaching, I think of coverage as a goal often in tension with that of drawing students into what makes history engaging. Moreover, in teaching family history to undergraduates, I often find it difficult to get students to think about families in a contextualized, grounded manner if they do not know any "standard" history. Lacking that grounding, they tend to conceive of families as floating, disconnected institutions and behaviors. These doubts show the need for caution and self-consciousness about what we ask of survey textbooks. If we ask them to cover more, we may lose depth and readability. Still, there are losses in offering students no sense of the historical embeddedness of family life. Some of what we want from introductory history courses is the education of citizens. This purpose argues strongly for inclusion of material about the family because so many contemporary public controversies concern familythose about abortion, gay rights, single motherhood, and the "underclass," for example. The public discourse about these issues could be much enlightened, the whole level of the debate raised, if there were more historical knowledge and fewer assumptions about a golden age in which families were homogeneous and harmonious. We also want introductory courses to invite college students to become majors in history, to show them what is attractive about the study of history. The attractions surely include the considerable widening of the subject matter of history that has taken place in the last decades, to include the "personal," the demographic, the cultural. Family issues provide excellent stories for introducing students to a variety of historical approaches and fields.
Progressive localization of deformation during exhumation of a major strike-slip shear zone: Norumbega fault zone, south-central Maine, USA

Detailed structural studies along with 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology provide important constraints on the temporal,spatial and structural evolution of a major orogen-parallel strike-slip shear zone, the Norumbega fault zone in Maine. Detailed structural analysis in south-central Maine reveals two very different styles of dextral noncoaxial deformation, a wide zone (>25 km) of heterogeneously distributed ductile shear structures, and a relatively narrow zone (∼1 km) of lower greenschist facies high-strain mylonitization. 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology indicates that these two zones of deformation developed during a prolonged period of regional exhumation following Middle Devonian amphibolite facies metamorphism. The wide zone of dextral shear is interpreted to reflect a major episode of moderate temperature (post-amphibolite facies metamorphism but pre-regional cooling below 320°C) Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous transcurrent tectonism. The narrow zone of dextral shear represents both a younger (latest Carboniferous) and significantly cooler (<320°C) deformational event occurring at much higher structural levels. A general model of increasingly narrow, but more highly focused noncoaxial deformation during progressive regional exhumation is supported by the observations.
Pitch angle diffusion as seen by CRRES

Abstract Lifetimes and pitch angle distributions of radiation belt electrons injected into the slot region are determined from CRRES/MEA particle flux measurements. The dominant loss mechanism is presumed to be pitch angle scattering due to whistler waves, for which a theoretical formulation is available. The empirical lifetimes are compared to those from recent calculations, which rely on model whistler wave parameters. CRRES measurements of cyclotron-frequency electric fields are also presented and compared to the wave model.
Comparisons between laser damage and optical electric field behaviors for hafnia/silica antireflection coatings

We compare designs and laser-induced damage thresholds (LIDTs) of hafnia/silica antireflection (AR) coatings for 1054 nm or dual 527 nm/1054 nm wavelengths and 0° to 45° angles of incidence (AOIs). For a 527 nm/1054 nm, 0° AOI AR coating, LIDTs from three runs arbitrarily selected over three years are ∼20 J/cm2 or higher at 1054 nm and 35 J/cm2) but not as high for Ppol (>30 J/cm2 at 32° AOI; ∼15 J/cm2 at 45° AOI). Field intensities show that Ppol discontinuities at media interfaces correlate with the lower Ppol LIDTs at these AOIs. For Side 1 and Side 2 dual 527 nm/1054 nm AR coatings of a diagnostic beam splitter at 22.5° AOI, Spol and Ppol LIDTs (>10 J/cm2 at 527 nm; >35 J/cm2 at 1054 nm) are consistent with Spol and Ppol intensity behaviors.
Items of information retrieved as a function of cue system and topical area

Five cueing systems composed of sixteen cues each were used in combination with three topical areas to form cue‐topic pairs which acted as stimulus items for the retrieval of naturally stored information. The results indicate that the subject's own self‐generated cue system significantly facilitated a retrieval of naturally stored information as compared to the other four cue systems.
Changes in the Returns to Education and College Quality.

Abstract This paper estimates changes in the effects of educational attainment and college quality on three cohorts of students observed during the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. Consistent with most of the prior literature, I find that educational attainment and college quality raise earnings, and the magnitudes of these effects have increased over time. The new contributions of this paper are the following: (1) changes in these effects are disaggregated by sex, race, and parent's SES, and include estimates of effects on earnings, labor force participation, family formation, and civic participation; (2) evidence of larger increases in the effects of education on earnings and labor force participation for men, Blacks, and Hispanics; (3) declining effects of educational attainment on voter registration; and (4) increasing effects of college quality on delaying marriage and childbearing, particularly for males.