cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The elements model: toward a new generation of positive psychology interventions

Positive psychology interventions (PPIs) are intentional activities for increasing hedonic or eudaimonic well-being. One of the most puzzling questions about them is why, after more than twenty yea...
The Two Black Hole Problem

The decade of the seventies started with several important papers on black hole perturbations, paper that signalled what would be the “hot” topic in relativity for the next seven or eight years. In one of those decade-starting papers [1] Vishu computed the scattering of gravitational waves off a Schwarzschild hole. I remember looking at that scattered waveform and wondering “why do black holes ring like that?” The answers, of course, have been supplied over the years.
The Value(s) of a Story: theories, models and cognitive values

This paper aims 1) to introduce the notion of theoretical story as a resource and source of constraint for the construction and assessment of models of phenomena; 2) to show the relevance of this notion for a better understanding of the role and nature of values in scientific activity. The reflection on the role of values and value judgments in scientific activity should be attentive, I will argue, to the distinction between models and the theoretical story that guides and constrains their construction. The aim of scientific activity is to develop understanding of phenomena, and something that serves this aim and contributes to the development of understanding has a cognitive value. Cognitive values are the features that something that plays a role in scientific activity should have so that it can serve its aim. I will focus my attention on the features of the theoretical story and of the models.
Zinc and Lipid Metabolism

Essential fatty acids (EFA) belong to two families, those with the n-6 configuration (first double bond at the sixth carbon from the methyl terminal) and those with the n-3 configuration (first double bond at the third carbon from the methyl terminal) (see Fig. 6-1). The parent fatty acids of these two families (linoleic acid, 18:2n-6; and α-linoleic acid, 18:3n-3) cannot be synthesized in vivo,and hence are considered to be essential (Fig. 6-1). Their products are formed by stepwise desaturation and elongation reactions characteristic of the metabolism of long-chain fatty acids.
Psychology and its Relation to Athletic Competition

(1925). Psychology and its Relation to Athletic Competition. American Physical Education Review: Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 193-199.
Analyzing Policy Networks Using Valued Exponential Random Graph Models: Do Government‐Sponsored Collaborative Groups Enhance Organizational Networks?

This paper examines collaborative management groups from the perspective of policymakers seeking to increase coordination within a policy network. While governments often support collaborative groups as a tool to address perceived network failures such as a lack of coordination, the net impact groups have is unclear. I use valued exponential random graph models (ERGMs) to model relationships of varying strength among a regional network of organizations involved in 57 collaborative groups. This provides a unique opportunity to study the interplay between numerous groups and organizations within a large-scale network. Valued ERGMs are a recently developed extension of standard ERGMs that model valued instead of binary ties; thus, this paper also makes a methodological contribution to the policy literature. Findings suggest that participation in collaborative groups does motivate coordination and cooperation amongst individual network organizations; however, this effect is strongest for: (i) organizations that are not already members of another group and (ii) organizations that do not have a preexisting tie. These results support a transaction-cost-based perspective of how government-sponsored collaborative groups can influence network coordination; further, they also provide an empirical example of the Ecology of Games, in which multiple collaborative institutions have interactive effects on one another within a policy network.
The Curious Case of Fake Beijing Olympics Merchandise

This chapter closely scrutinizes the intellectual property developments during and in the run-up to the Beijing Olympics to determine whether this important world event has provided the much-needed example to show that China could effectively address the counterfeiting problem when national interests are at stake. As the chapter will show, the case of fake Beijing Olympics merchandise is rather curious. Even though the sale of this merchandise was significantly reduced in Beijing and other major cities during the Olympic Games, such sale was widely present in other parts of the country. To a large extent, the presence of fake Olympic merchandise has shown that the challenge of confronting counterfeiting in China is more a reality than an excuse. It also provides an instructive example for understanding what the Chinese government can and cannot do in its effort to combat massive counterfeiting, the necessary complements for success, and the remaining challenges concerning efforts to protect trademark rights in such a large, complex, and highly populous country. This chapter begins by describing the measures that the Chinese government and the Beijing municipality took in the run-up to the Beijing Olympics. It then explains why the case of fake Beijing Olympics merchandise provides an instructive example of the challenges to combating massive counterfeiting in China. In particular, this chapter explains the local protectionism problem, the need for both the government's will and the people's will, and the inevitable trade-offs concerning the use of enforcement resources. The chapter concludes with some lessons on the future protection of trademark rights in China.
Climate Change, Federalism, and the Constitution

Climate change is a global problem. There can be little doubt about its seriousness and the challenges it poses for our society. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) 2007 report explains the scientific consensus that concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHG) “have increased markedly as a result of human activities since 1750 and now far exceed pre-industrial values determined from ice cores spanning many thousands of years.” Moreover, climate change is already upon us, and its effects are being felt not only at the global level but in many localities. “Examples of observed changes caused by human releases of GHG include shrinkage of glaciers, thawing of permafrost, later freezing and earlier break-up of ice on rivers and lakes,” as well as biological changes such as “shifts of plants and animal ranges, declines of some plant and animal populations, and earlier flowering of trees, emerging of insects, and egglaying in birds.” Further impacts await us.
Analysis of the effects of Streptomyces hyaluronidase on formation of the neural tube.

Chick embryos at stages 8 to 9 were treated in ovo with Streptomyces hyaluronidase (SH) to determine whether neurulation occurs normally in embryos depleted of hyaluronic acid, a major component of the extracellular matrix. Open neural tube defects occurred in 60–94 % (depending on the particular enzyme batch) of the embryos treated with SH and examined after an additional 24 h of incubation. Defects were confined mainly to the spinal cord. The neural folds underwent elevation in defective regions but failed to converge and fuse across the dorsal midline. The extracellular matrix of embryos treated with SH was depleted consistently, as determined with sections stained with Alcian blue. Control experiments were done to ensure that neural tube defects were not caused by non-specific protease contamination of SH, or by digestion products of hyaluronic acid. We propose several plausible and testable mechanisms through which the extracellular matrix might influence the complex developmental process of neurulation.
Ahead of its Time: On Martha Derthick's Policymaking for Social Security

Martha Derthick's Policymaking for Social Security is a great work of political analysis—one of the best studies of the politics of public policy ever produced. Written a quarter-century ago, the argument remains fresh and compelling today—fresher, in fact, than most policy work produced more recently. Indeed, what is striking in revisiting this wonderful book is how Derthick beautifully explores some themes that are only now reasserting themselves in the discipline and commanding the attention of political scientists.
Viral RNA in the cytoplasm of SV40-transformed mouse cells: post-transcriptional processing.

Abstract The virus-specific RNA present in the cytoplasmic and total cellular RNA of three standard and three flat lines of SV40-transformed mouse cells has been examined. The results using separated strands of the entire viral genome as hybridization probes indicate that extensive processing or selection of viral-specific RNA sequences occurs in some lines when viral RNA is transported to the cytoplasm. Regardless of the amount of viral-specific RNA found in the total cellular RNA, cytoplasmic RNA extracted from each of the standard transformants hybridized to saturation 14–16% of the E strand. The two flat lines which continue to divide at confluence did not show as extensive differences between viral RNA in total RNA and cytoplasmic RNA as the standard transformants. The one flat transformant which ceases DNA synthesis at confluence (10-A-7) had very little SV40-specific RNA in either the total cellular or cytoplasmic fraction.
Ab initio study on the oxidation of NCN by O (3P): prediction of the total rate constant and product branching ratios.

The reaction of NCN with O is relevant to the formation of prompt NO according to the new mechanism, CH + N 2 → cyclic-C(H)NN- → HNCN → H + NCN. The reaction has been investigated by ab initio molecular orbital and transition state theory calculations. The mechanisms for formation of possible product channels involved in the singlet and triplet potential energy surfaces have been predicted at the highest level of the modified GAUSSIAN-2 (G2M) method, G2M (CC1). The barrierless association/dissociation processes on the singlet surface were also examined with the third-order Rayleigh-Schrodinger perturbation (CASPT3) and the multireference configuration interaction methods including Davidson's correction for higher excitations (MRCI+Q) at the CASPT3(6,6)/6-311+G(3df)//UB3LYP/6-311G(d) and MRCI+Q(6,6)/6-311+G(3df)// UB3LYP/6-311G(d) levels. The rate constants for the low-energy channels producing CO + N 2 , CN + NO, and N( 4 S) + NCO have been calculated in the temperature range of 200-3000 K. The results show that the formation of CN + NO is dominant and its branching ratio is over 99% in the whole temperature range; no pressure dependence was noted at pressures below 100 atm. The total rate constant can be expressed by: k t = 4.23 x 10 -11 T 0.15 exp(17/T) cm 3 molecule -1 s -1 .
University attrition: LISREL with logistic regression for the persistence criterion

This study demonstrates the use of logistic regression in conjunction with LISREL for a university attrition study. College records and surveys completed by first-year university students at the beginning of the semester and in the third month of the semester were used to operationalize key constructs within Tinto's attrition model. The sample of 313 students was divided into male and female subgroups for analysis. Significant influential factors within the final empirical models varied between the two groups. LISREL was used to test hypothesized differences between empirical models. Because of the skewed distribution of the final criterion—persistence—logistic regression was used to identify significant predictors.
DESCRIPTIVE TESTS OF MATHEMATICS SKILLS: A FOLLOW-UP OF PERFORMANCE OF OLDER MASTER'S LEVEL STUDENTS

Summary.-The academic performances of older Master's level business administration students in calculus and statistics were compared for students passing the algebra tests of the Descriptive Tests of Mathematics Skills and for those required to remediate their basic algebra skills deficiency. Of the 606 students entering the Master's program for the last 4 yr.. 118 enrolled in calculus and 128 enrolled in statistics. For both courses, students passing the Descriptive Tests earned higher grades than students remediating their deficiency. The difference was statistically significant for the calculus course but not the statistics course. These findings with the exception of the nonsignificant difference in the statistics course grade were consistent with the literature regarding older junior level business administration students. The Descriptive Tests of Mathematics Skills (Educational Testing Service, 1979) is composed of four instruments: Arithmetic Skills, Elementary Algebra Skills, Intermediate Algebra Skills, and Functions and Graphs. Each test has 30 or 35 items with a 30-min. time limit. The Descriptive Tests are recommended for a variety of purposes ranging from identifying a college student's learning needs through group screening and placement of students entering college. However, the Descriptive Tests and other nationally normed instruments are not generally used by colleges because these institutions have developed local programs (Suddick & Vaccaro, 1983). Research is limited (Suddick & Collins, 1983).
Growth and gas exchange responses of Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius) and native South Florida species to salinity

Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Schinus) is an invasive exotic species widely found in disturbed and native communities of Florida. This species has been shown to displace native species as well as alter community structure and function. The purpose of this study was to determine if the growth and gas exchange patterns of Schinus, under differing salinity conditions, were different from native species. Two native upland glycophytic species (Rapanea punctata and Randia aculeata) and two native mangrove species (Rhizophora mangle and Laguncularia racemosa) were compared with the exotic. Overall, the exotic’s morphologic changes and gas exchange patterns were most similar to R. mangle. Across treatments, increasing salinity decreased relative growth rate (RGR), leaf area ratio (LAR) and specific leaf area (SLA) but did not affect root/shoot ratios (R:S). Allocation patterns were however significantly different among species. The largest proportion of Schinus biomass was allocated to stems (47%), resulting in plants that were generally taller than the other species. Schinus also had the highest SLA and largest total leaf area of all species. This meant that the exotic, which was taller and had thinner leaves, was potentially able to maintain photosynthetic area comparable to native species. Schinus’ response patterns show that this exotic exhibits some physiological tolerance for saline conditions. Coupled with its biomass allocation patterns (more stem biomass and large area of thin leaves), the growth traits of this exotic potentially provide this species an advantage over native plants in terms of light acquisition in a brackish forested ecosystem.
Determining Incremental Regulation and Dead Band of Governors on Steam Turbine Generators Under System Load Conditions

The purpose of this paper is to present some of the reasons for testing steam turbine governors and to describe a method which makes it possible to determine the incremental regulation, dead band and stability of a governor connected to a large power system. The test equipment described has no mechanical inertia or lost motion and requires only connections to the potential and current metering circuits of the generator. The values obtained show the corresponding load change on the generator for any change in frequency. It is believed that these are the values which are most desired and are obtained directly under actual operating conditions of the unit without resort to assumptions as to the relationship between inlet valve movement and generator output. Some difficulties have been encountered and these are discussed with the hope that the work so far completed may be of interest to others and may stimulate thought towards a more simplified system for determining governor performance.
Genetic relatedness in winter populations of seasonally gregarious southern flying squirrels, Glaucomys volans

Southern flying squirrels (Glaucomys volans) face a dilemma: winter aggregation is beneficial for thermoregulation but costly due to nest mates pilfering stored food in the home area and the tendency for groups to attract predators. Living with kin in winter aggregations may mitigate these deleterious effects because if an individual dies, its stored food can be beneficial to relatives, thereby increasing inclusive fitness. Southern flying squirrels from 7 populations and a captive colony were genotyped at 6 microsatellite loci. We calculated group mean relatedness and dyad relatedness within groups. In the wild, winter populations were found to be more highly related than expected by chance. Fifty-seven percent of animals were associated with a highly related individual in their winter aggregation. We show that southern flying squirrels have a preference for relatives as winter nest mates.
Optimal marketing and pricing over social networks

We discuss the use of social networks in implementing viral marketing strategies. In the first part of this tutorial, we study influence maximization or how the structure of the social network affects the spread of behaviors and technologies. In the second part, we then consider how one might monopolize these natural processes to generate revenue in a revenue maximization setting.
Role of Angiopoietins and Tie receptor tyrosine kinases in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis

This review focuses on the signaling system involving the Angiopoietin1/Tie2 receptor, which appears to be involved in the secondary stages of blood vessel formation. Although this system is crucial for blood and lymphatic vessel formation, identifying its precise role in embryonic and adult vascular biology has been a major challenge. The evidence for the key role of the Angiopoietin/Tie system is discussed, and some of the other members of the system (Ang2, Tie1) are mentioned. A comparison is made with the VEGF signaling system, which seems to provide a complementary, and somewhat more tractable, signaling system. Some of the basic unanswered questions concerning Tie/Angiopoietin biology and the secondary stages of blood vessel formation are also highlighted.
Pediatric urology fellowship training: Are we teaching what they need to learn?

Abstract Objective Pediatric urology training has traditionally been based on an apprenticeship model. As part of our curriculum re-development, we surveyed recent graduates (2007–2009) regarding the teaching of clinical/surgical skills and medical knowledge during their training. Methods 44 pediatric urologists who completed 2 years of ACGME (Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education)-accredited programs and had been practicing for at least 18 months were anonymously surveyed. An IRB-approved survey was developed by a team of educators at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and Bloomberg School of Public Health. Results 31 of 44 responded to 100% of the questions; 90% of the respondents felt their fellowship successfully prepared them for discussing surgical options and performing the procedures that they are now doing; 74% felt well trained to manage perioperative complications and 65% felt well trained to manage non-surgical problems. Faculty feedback/supervision, independent reading, and conferences were rated as a very effective method of teaching (87%). Top three procedures they wished they had learned: laparoscopic/robotic surgery, hypospadias repair, and augmentation/Mitrofanoff. Top three non-surgical topics: urinary tract infection, voiding dysfunction, and billing/coding. Conclusion It is reassuring that ACGME fellowship-trained pediatric urologists feel prepared in commonly performed procedures and perioperative care. Faculty supervision/feedback is highly valued.
Outcomes and Processes on Estimation Test Items in Different Formats.

The performance of students in grades five through eight on test items in formats designed to measure various aspects of computational estimation was examined. Paper-pencil test data for 1376 students and interviews with 20 students were analyzed. Performance differed by item format, types of numbers and operations in the items, and grade level of students. Students tended to round numbers to the nearest leading power of 10 even when the items required other estimation processes.
Flux-line-cutting losses in type-II superconductors

Energy dissipation associated with flux-line cutting (intersection and cross-joining of adjacent nonparallel vortices) is considered theoretically. The flux-line-cutting contribution to the dissipation per unit volume, arising from mutual annihilation of transverse magnetic flux, is identified as ${\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{J}}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{E}}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$. where ${\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{J}}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$ and ${\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{E}}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$ are the components of the current density and the electric field parallel to the magnetic induction. The dynamical behavior of the magnetic structure at the flux-line-cutting threshold is shown to be governed by a special critical-state model similar to that proposed by previous authors. The resulting flux-line-cutting critical-state model, characterized in planar geometry by a parallel critical current density ${J}_{c\ensuremath{\parallel}}$ or a critical angle gradient ${k}_{c}$, is used to calculate predicted hysteretic ac flux-line-cutting losses in type-II superconductors in which the flux pinning is weak. The relation of the theory to previous experiments is discussed.
Prophylaxis of bacterial endocarditis.

BACTERIAL endocarditis or endarteritis is the result of localization and multiplication of bacteria at an intravascular focus. The causative micro-organisms usually gain access to the blood stream from the oropharynx, but occasionally the portal of entry is the skin, respiratory, genito-urinary or gastrointestinal tract, or an intravascular catheter, suture or infusion [ 1, 2, 31. Although patients without pre-existing heart disease can develop bacterial endocarditis, the vast majority of cases occur in patients who have cardiovascular deformities due to rheumatic, congenital, arteriosclerotic, or syphilitic cardiovascular disease [ 11. The optimal approach to prophylaxis of bacterial endocarditis is prevention or correction of underlying cardiovascular defects which predispose to intravascular infection, and some progress towards this goal is being achieved through modern medical and surgical therapy. Another approach, which is the subject of the present review, consists of attempts to prevent bacterial invasion of the blood stream and subsequent localization and multiplication at an intravascular site.
Mechanism for myocardial localization and rapid liver clearance of Tc-99m-N-MPO: a new perfusion radiotracer for heart imaging.

Background [Tc-99m-N(mpo)(PNP5)]+ (Tc-99m-N-MPO: Hmpo = 2-mercaptopyridine N-oxide and PNP5 = N-ethoxyethyl-N,N-bis[2-(bis(3-methoxypropyl)phosphino)ethyl]amine) is a new Tc-99m radiotracer useful for myocardial perfusion imaging. The main objective of this study is to elucidate the mechanism for myocardial localization and fast liver clearance of Tc-99m-N-MPO in comparison with Tc-99m-sestamibi ([Tc-99m-(MIBI)6]+: MIBI = 2-methoxy-2-methylpropylisonitrile).
Computation of shear mode weight functions for circular and elliptical cracks

Three-dimensional shear mode fundamental fields in finite bodies with mixed boundary conditions are analyzed by a special finite element method for circular and elliptical cracks. A procedure for determining the Fourier coefficients of the stress intensity factor for circular cracks is presented. A special series is proposed to represent the computed crack face weight functions for elliptical cracks.
The Kinetics of Binding of Peptide/MHC Complexes to T-Cell Receptors: Application of Surface Plasmon Resonance to a Low-Affinity Measurement

Abstract The BIAcore is a powerful tool for the analysis of biomolecular interactions and its applications are expanding rapidly. At its inception the BIAcore was shown to be useful for qualitative comparisons of high-affinity interactions, such as the mapping of antibody epitopes on antigens [L. G. Fagerstam et al. (1990) J. Mol. Recogn . 3, 208-214]. Soon thereafter, the instrument was applied to more quantitative measurements, such as the determination of affinities and rate constants for antibody/antigen interactions [R. Karlsson et al . (1991) J. Immunol. Methods 145, 229-240]. Currently, the instrument is being applied to the analyses of many diverse biological interactions, including the binding of transcription factors to DNA, peptide/protein interactions, DNA hybridization, and protein/proteoglycan binding. The application of the BIAcore to these measurements is typically more convenient and faster than the technologies it replaces, but similar data can be obtained with conventional methodology. In contrast, until the advent of the BIAcore, no single, easily adaptable technique for the analysis of low-affinity macromolecular associations was available. For example, radioligand binding assays have seen universal and diverse use but often fail to measure interactions with equilibrium dissociation constants ( K d ) greater than 10 −7 M. Using the BIAcore to investigate T-cell receptor (TCR) binding to peptide/MHC molecules, we find that we can measure interactions that are 1000-fold weaker (10 −4 M). Thus, an extremely important application of the BIAcore technology is the characterization of transient, low-affinity interactions. Here, we concentrate on this application and use the binding of peptide/MHC complexes to T-cell receptors as an example.
The Cross-Gender Equivalence of Strains and Gains from Occupying Multiple Roles Among Dual-Earner Couples

Objective. This study tests for gender equivalence of measures designed to tap strains and gains resulting from occupying both family and work roles. Design. Participants were part of a substudy at 5 of 10 sites participating in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. There were 121 dual-earner families with complete data at 15 months and 116 dual-earner families with complete data at 36 months. Multiple group confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to test for gender factor structure equivalence and gender mean structure equivalence. Results. At 15 months, family interferes with work (FIW) and work interferes with family (WIF) were equivalent across gender, and work-family gains (GWF) was partially equivalent across gender. At 36 months, FIW and GWF were equivalent, and WIF was partially equivalent. There were no latent mean structure differences at either time point. Conclusions. Although there were more similarities than differen...
Extinction in Subdivided Habitats: Reply to Gilpin

The purpose of our article (Quinn & Hastings 1987) was to provoke discussion of the apparently widely held belief that subdivided populations are necessarily more susceptible to regional extinction than are comparably large panmictic populations. Gilpin's thoughtful comment suggests that we have been at least partially successful, and expands on some important issues that bear further investigation. Our approach was to construct the simplest model of extinction in populations subdivided into multiple habitat patches (which might represent isolated nature reserves) in which the essential feature of both patchsize-dependent extinction rates and spreading extinction risks in space and time can be captured. Not surprisingly, the effects of subdivision on regional extinction do not follow merely from the degree of habitat fragmentation, but also depend critically on the relationship between fragment size and extinction probability. If there is a relatively abrupt threshold size above which extinction becomes very unlikely, as is the case with demographic stochasticity models (Richter-Dyn & Goel 1972) and a few empirical studies (Schoener & Schoener 1983), subdivision increases the chance of regional extinction in even the simplest of models. In essence, subdivision can push population sizes below the persistence threshold. However, if the decrease in extinction probability with increasing population size is fairly gradual, as in most environmental stochasticity models (Leigh 1981; Hanson & Tuckwell 1981; Gripenberg 1985) and a number of empirical studies (reviewed by Diamond 1984; Quinn & Hastings 1987; Quinn & Robinson 1988), then the model predicts that multiple independent populations of moderate size are likely to be more persistent than single large ones. Consequently, if one wishes to argue as a matter of ecological principle that subdivided habitats, including dispersed reserves, increase the risk of regional extinction, ancillary assumptions are needed. Gilpin offers several candidates.
Controlled comparison of individual versus group cognitive therapy for irritable bowel syndrome

Thirty-two patients with irritable bowel syndrome were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions: cognitive therapy in small groups of 3 to 5 individuals; cognitive therapy in an individual format; or an 8-week symptom-monitoring waitlist control. Treatment consisted of 10 sessions. Pre- to posttreatment evaluations showed significantly greater gastrointestinal symptom reduction on a composite measure for the treated subjects than for the symptom-monitoring condition (p = .01); the group cognitive treatment and individual cognitive treatment conditions did not significantly differ. At posttreatment, 64% of the group cognitive treatment condition and 55% of the individual cognitive treatment condition showed clinically significant improvement (at least a 50% reduction in the composite measure) as compared to 10% of the monitoring group. Treatment gains were maintained for those who responded (12 of 22 treated subjects) to a 3-month follow-up study.
Differential response of marine diatoms to trace metals.

Phytoplankton constitutes the base of aquatic food chains and is thus important to aquatic communities. Trace metal micro-nutrients play a significant role in the ecology of phytoplankton (Ryther and Gnillard 1959). Trace metals are waste products of many industrial processes and in many places are released into the ocean. Therefore, they are important causes of environmental pollution. A number of studies indicate that trace metals are toxic to phytoplankton (Genter et al. 1987; Rachlin et al. 1983; Rao and Subr~manian 1982; Whitton 1979.)
Inverse-limit and topological aspects of abstract interpretation

We develop abstract-interpretation domain construction in terms of the inverse-limit construction of denotational semantics and topological principles: we define an abstract domain as a ''structural approximation'' of a concrete domain if the former exists as a finite approximant in the inverse-limit construction of the latter, and we extract the appropriate Galois connection for sound and complete abstract interpretations. The elements of the abstract domain denote (basic) open sets from the concrete domain's Scott topology, and we hypothesize that every abstract domain, even non-structural approximations, defines a weakened form of topology on its corresponding concrete domain. We implement this observation by relaxing the definitions of topological open set and continuity; key results still hold. We show that families of closed and open sets defined by abstract domains generate post- and pre-condition analyses, respectively, and Giacobazzi's forwards- and backwards-complete functions of abstract-interpretation theory are the topologically closed and continuous maps, respectively. Finally, we show that Smyth's upper and lower topologies for power domains induce the overapproximating and underapproximating transition functions used for abstract-model checking.
Treatment of Patients Admitted to the Hospital With Congestive Heart Failure: Specialty-Related Disparities in Practice Patterns and Outcomes

Abstract Objectives. This study sought to define specialty-related differences in the care and outcome of patients admitted to the hospital with congestive heart failure (CHF). Background. Congestive heart failure is the leading diagnosis-related group (DRG) discharge diagnosis in the United States and accounts for an estimated annual hospital cost in excess of $7 billion. The clinical impact of aggressive CHF management and the importance of the subspecialist in guiding this care have not been evaluated. Methods. To define differences in physician practice patterns, we performed a chart review of consecutive patients admitted to a university teaching hospital with a primary DRG discharge diagnosis of CHF. We compared treatment and outcome of patients cared for by a generalist (n = 160) and those whose care was guided by a cardiologist (n = 138) during their index hospital period with CHF and over the next 6 months. Results. At our institution, >50% of patients admitted to the hospital with CHF cared for by generalists alone had minimal (New York Heart Association functional class I or II) symptoms, compared with Conclusions. Involvement of a cardiologist in the care of patients admitted to the hospital with CHF is associated with increased use of diagnostic testing, longer hospital stays and improved clinical outcome. These results substantiate practice guidelines that suggest a role for cardiologists in the care of symptomatic patients with CHF.
Personal Attendant Turnover: Association with Level of Injury, Burden of Care, and Psychosocial Outcome

Background: Personal assistant services (PAS) are essential for many individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) to fully participate and interact in society. Method: This study describes the PAS received by individuals who have been living with SCI for 15–25 years and examines factors that may influence personal care attendant (PCA) turnover and the impact of high PCA turnover (⩾2 new attendants in previous 6 months) on the individual with SCI. Results: The results indicate that PCA turnover was generally low and satisfaction with the PAS received was rated as high. The probability of higher PCA turnover was associated with a tetraplegic level of injury as well as increased receipt of PAS services. Conclusion: The higher turnover of PCA did not appear to have a large impact on the lives of the participants in this study, although satisfaction with the skill level and quality of care was lower and restriction in daily life was higher for those with higher PCA turnover.
SU-FF-I-110: Measurement of X-Ray Beam and Grid Misalignment in Portable Chest Radiography Using a 3D Test Object

Purpose: X‐ray beam to grid alignment is crucial for acquiring high‐quality portable chest radiographs. The purpose of this work was to measure x‐ray beam to grid alignment by imaging a custom alignment phantom during routine acquisition of portable chest images acquired using computed radiography(CR). A better understanding of typical beam alignment in the clinical practice is expected to be useful to specify the most appropriate grid ratio and to help foster better in‐room alignment. Materials and Methods: The disk‐shaped phantom was 5 cm in diameter and 1 cm tall. A 2 cm diameter ring of sixteen 2 mm tungsten balls was positioned at the entrance surface of the phantom and a 4 cm ring of twenty‐four balls was positioned at the exit surface. Computer analysis of the phantom on the CRimage provided for measurement of the 3D spatial location of the x‐ray focal spot with respect to the image center. Results: Trial measurements using uniform exposure images demonstrated that the (x, y, z) location of the focal spot with respect to the image plane could be measured with error less than 2% of the x‐ray source to image distance. A preliminary clinical trial using 20 portable chest images demonstrated that misalignment of the x‐ray beam to the grid ranged from 0 to 14 cm (average = 6 cm) in the direction perpendicular to the gridlines. Conclusions: A phantom and image analysis application was developed to measure the x‐ray beam to grid misalignment for CR portable chest radiographs. Initial measurements showed that the precision is appropriate for this task. Preliminary clinical studies demonstrated a relatively wide variation in alignment in the clinical practice. The results of this work will be used to foster better alignment and to specify the most appropriate grid ratio for portable chest imaging.
Process and post-process: A discursive history

Abstract While the term post-process can be useful as a heuristic for expanding the scope of the field of second language writing, the uncritical adoption of this and other keywords can have serious consequences because they often oversimplify the historical complexity of the intellectual developments they describe. In order to provide a critical understanding of the term post-process in its own historical context, this article examines the history of process and post-process in composition studies, focusing on the ways in which terms such as current-traditional rhetoric , process , and post-process have contributed to the discursive construction of reality. Based on this analysis, I argue that the use of the term post-process in the context of L2 writing needs to be guided by a critical awareness of the discursive construction process. I further argue that the notion of post-process needs to be understood not as the rejection of process but as the recognition of the multiplicity of L2 writing theories and pedagogies.
Structural constraints on the complex of elongation factor Tu with magnesium guanosine diphosphate from rotational-echo double-resonance NMR

Abstract Rotational-echo, double-resonance (REDOR) NMR measurements of 31 P 15 N dipolar couplings have been made on a complex of Mg guanosine diphosphate (MgGDP) with uniformly 15 N-labeled elongation factor Tu. The complex was embedded in a lyophilized buffer glass. The observed 15 N REDOR dephasing by 31 P was accounted for quantitatively by distances from 15 N of Gly23 and Lys24 to P α and P β of MgGDP as determined by X-ray crystallography of a MgGDP complex formed using an elongation factor Tu that is missing a 15 residue loop in the vicinity of the binding site.
Imaging the Condensation and Evaporation of Molecularly Thin Films of Water with Nanometer Resolution

The polarization force between an electrically charged atomic force microscope tip and a substrate has been used to follow the processes of condensation and evaporation of a monolayer of water on mica at room temperature. Condensation proceeds in two distinct structural phases. Up to about 25 percent humidity, the water film grows by forming two-dimensional clusters of less than a few 1000 angstroms in diameter. Above about 25 percent humidity, a second phase grows, forming large two-dimensional islands with geometrical shapes in epitaxial relation with the underlaying mica lattice. The growth of this second water phase is completed when the humidity reaches about 45 percent. The reverse process of evaporation has also been imaged.
Infrared absorption of some high-purity chalcogenide glasses☆

Abstract New compouning techniques were devised to prepare high-purity Ge28Sb12Se60 (TI 1173)and Ge33As12Se55 TI 20). The methods were based on the combination of the reactant purification and compounding steps. The goal of the program was to establish the absorption limit for the glasses and to lower the absorption at 10.6 μm. At the present purity level, the GeSbSe glass is found to have an absorption level of about 0.01 cm−1 at 10.6 μm while the absorption level for the GeAsSe glass is 0.05 cm−1. Underlying causes for the limits are discussed along with the possibilities for improvement.
Coarse Woody Habitat, Lakeshore Residential Development, and Largemouth Bass Nesting Behavior

Abstract Lakeshore residential development (LRD) is associated with both low riparian tree density and reduced structural complexity of the littoral zone. Fallen trees from riparian zones (coarse woody habitat [CWH]) provide littoral structure for fish refuge, substrate for invertebrate production, and habitat for nesting fish. We performed a subsurface viewing and snorkel survey comparing the spawning behavior of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides in six lakes that span the known regional gradients of CWH and LRD in Wisconsin's Northern Highlands Lake District. We tested for differences in the water depth at nest sites and the nest distance to littoral structures (including every dock encountered) among lakes with contrasting CWH or LRD density. Largemouth bass nested under or near CWH in lakes with high CWH density. In lakes with low CWH, many males nested near CWH; however, nests contained smaller pieces of wood and were established in deeper water within low-CWH lakes than within high-CWH lakes. No...
Thermodynamic properties and phase transitions of dodecylammonium tetrachloromanganate(II) and tetrachlorozincate(II) from 280 to 500 K

Abstract The heat capacities of (n-C12H25NH3)2MCl4 (M = Mn, Zn) were measured from 280 to 500 K by means of an automated adiabatic calorimeter. Two phase transitions for each compound were found, the temperatures of the maxima occurring at 330.6 K (solid III → II) and 334.5 K (solid II → I) for the manganese compound and at 364.3 K (solid II → I) and 435.1 K (solid I → liquid) for the zinc compound. The enthalpies and entropies of the transitions were found to be 47.78 and 144.5 kJ mol−1 (solid III → II) and 5.96 and 17.82 J K−1 mol−1 (solid III → I) for the manganese compound and 66.79 and 183.3 J K−1 mol−1 (solid II → I) and 9.12 and 20.96 J K−1 mol−1 (solid I → liquid) for the zinc compound. The selected thermodynamic functions were tabulated at intervals of 10 K from 280 to 500 K.
Portable real-time optical coherence tomography system for intraoperative imaging and staging of breast cancer

Breast cancer continues to be one of the most widely diagnosed forms of cancer amongst women and the second leading type of cancer deaths amongst women. The recurrence rate of breast cancer is highly dependent on several factors including the complete removal of the primary tumor and the presence of cancer cells in involved lymph nodes. The metastatic spread and staging of breast cancer is also evaluated through the nodal assessment of the regional lymphatic system. A portable real-time spectral domain optical coherence tomography system is being presented as a clinical diagnostic tool in the intraoperative delineation of tumor margins as well as for real time lymph node assessment. The system employs a super luminescent diode centered at 1310 nm with a bandwidth of 92 nm. Using a spectral domain detection system, the data is acquired at a rate of 5 KHz / axial scan. The sample arm is a galvanometer scanning telecentric probe with an objective lens (f = 60 mm, confocal parameter = 1.5 mm) yielding an axial resolution of 8.3 mm and a transverse resolution of 35.0 mm. Images of tumor margins are acquired in the operating room ex vivo on freshly excised human tissue specimen. This data shows the potential of the use of OCT in defining the structural tumor margins in breast cancer. Images taken from ex-vivo samples on the bench system clearly delineate the differences between clusters of tumor cells and nearby adipose cells. In addition, the data shows the potential for OCT as a diagnostic tool in the staging of cancer metastasis through locoregional lymph node assessment.
Potentiation of Insulin Secretory Responses by Plasma Glucose Levels in Man: Evidence That Hyperglycemia in Diabetes Compensates for Impaired Glucose Potentiation*

ABSTRACT Insulin secretory responses to nonglucose stimuli may be of normal magnitude in maturity-onset diabetics (MOD). We have used the β-adrenergic agent isoproterenol as a tool to assess the role of basal hyperglycemia in maintaining these islet responses of MOD. The acute insulin responses (AIR; mean Δ 2- to 4-min immunoreactive insulin) to 12 μg isoproterenol increased in eight MOD and eight controls when plasma glucose (PG) levels were increasedby glucose infusions. Although increases of PG were similar in the two groups, differences ofAIR of controls vs. those of MOD were magnified during glucose infusion: AIR, 40 ± 8vs. 20 ± 15 μU/ml,(mean ± SEM), P < 0.05, baseline; and 263 ± 56 vs. 60 ± 20, P < 0.01, 900 mg/min glucose infusion. Conversely, infusion of insulin for 2 h lowered PG and inhibited the AIR to isoproterenol in six controls (Δglucose, -11 ± 2 mg/dl; AAIR, -15 ± 3μU/ml, P < 0.01 vs. baseline AIR) and six MOD (Δglucose, -112 ± 21; ΔAIR, -11 ± 4, P < 0.05). For each subject, the potentiat...
Oligopsony Potential in Agriculture: Residual Supply Estimation in California's Processing Tomato Market

Farmers' selling opportunities are often limited because of few processor/handlers and costly-to-transport raw products. This paper develops an empirical model to analyze the potential for exercise of monopsony power in these food markets. The approach is based on estimation of residual supply functions facing a processor or group of processors. Residual supply is the raw product supply facing a processor or group of processors after rivals' demands for the product have been accounted for. The model is applied to the processing tomato industry in California. Estimation results suggest that the oligopsony potential in this market is limited.
Tuning the bipolar conductance of an alkali-doped C60 layer sandwiched between two tunneling barriers

Resonant tunneling through a C60 monolayer doped with single Na, K, Rb, and Cs atoms was measured between the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope and a NiAl(110) substrate. By supporting the mon...
Study on the Corrosion Behaviour of Nickel-Base Alloy 625 in Landfill Leachate Treated by Supercritical Water Oxidation

Experiments were conducted to study the corrosion behaviors of nickel-base alloy 625 under various temperature and oxygen fluxes, since severe corrosion always happens in landfill leachate treated by supercritical water oxidation. It indicates that under the condition of various oxygen fluxes, corrosion rates of nickel-base alloy 625 have similar variation, but at different temperature, such variation of corrosion rates can not be found, which implies oxygen fluxes may have more effects on corrosion rate than temperature. Meanwhile, oxide films of nickel-base alloy 625 changed obviously from low oxygen flux to high oxygen flux. The precipitation on the surfaces of alloys are confirmed as NiCrO4, which may form by the combination of dissolved Ni2+ and CrO42-.
Effect of particle agglomeration and interphase on the glass transition temperature of polymer nanocomposites

In this article, we utilize finite element modeling to investigate the effect of nanoparticle agglomeration on the glass transition temperature of polymer nanocomposites. The case of an attractive interaction between polymer and nanofiller is considered for which an interphase domain of gradient properties is developed. This model utilizes representative volume elements that are created and analyzed with varying degrees of nanoparticle clustering and length scale of interphase domain. The viscoelastic properties of the composites are studied using a statistical approach to account for variations due to the random nature of the microstructure. Results show that a monotonic increase in nanofiller clustering not only results in the loss of interphase volume but also obstructs the formation of a percolating interphase network in the nanocomposite. The combined impacts lead to a remarkable decrease of Tg enhancement of clustering nanofillers in comparison with a well-dispersed configuration. Our simulation results provide qualitative support for experimental observations that clustering observed at high nanofiller concentrations negatively impacts the effects of the nanofiller on overall properties. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011