cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of artificial saliva on the rheological properties of tooth whitening systems

This work was undertaken to explore the effect of saliva addition on the rheological properties of two contrasting tooth bleaching systems, one of which was a paste (Colgate Platinum) and the other a gel (Zaris, 3M ESPE). Using a dynamic stress rheometer with cone and plate geometry, it was shown that addition of artificial saliva reduced the apparent viscosity of each material. However, in some cases this was accompanied by an increase in elasticity. It is suggested that saliva may not have a deleterious effect on the ability of the materials to remain in the bleaching tray.
An inexpensive, floating, insect-emergence trap.

The Environmental Sciences Division of Oak Ridge National Laboratory has been investigating the usefulness of aquarium microcosms and ponds for the quantification and predictions of toxicant effects on freshwater systems. Ideally, concepts and methods applicable to both 150-L microcosms and 15,000-L ponds would bridge the gap between the two. The effort of processing the benthic samples, as well as the destructiveness of the sampling in small ponds, limited the number of samples that could be taken. Therefore, the author developed an inexpensive emergence trap appropriate for use in small outdoor ponds, as one method of increasing sampling efficiency and economy. To prevent the possibility of trapping adults from adjacent ponds, which would confound the results, the traps had to be designed such that they could only trap insects from the ponds upon which they were floating. The design of this trap is described.
Intermolecular spectrum of 4-octyl-4′-cyanobiphenyl in n-heptane: OHD-RIKES measurements

Abstract The low frequency spectrum of 4-octyl-4 ′ -cyanobiphenyl (8CB) in n -heptane was obtained by using optical heterodyne-detected Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy (OHD-RIKES). The spectrum is characterized by a broad band at ∼61 cm −1 and weaker bands at ∼180 and ∼210 cm −1 . The broad band becomes narrower and shifts to lower frequency upon dilution. These spectral changes can be explained by a decrease in the curvature of the effective intermolecular potential upon dilution. The intensities of the weak bands also decrease upon dilution. This behavior is consistent with the bands being due to collective modes of a locally ordered structure.
Statistical Learning in Web Search

Search is becoming the major means for people to access the information on the Internet. According to a survey, 55% of web users use search engines every day. Web search engines are built with technologies mainly from two areas, namely, large-scale distributed computing and statistical learning. Statistical learning is useful because there are many uncertainties in crawling, indexing, ranking, and serving of Web search and the solutions have to be data-driven. In this talk, I will explain how statistical learning technologies are being used in web search. I will also introduce some of the statistical learning technologies for web search, which we have developed recently at MSRA. They include BrowseRrank, ranking refinement, query dependent ranking, and query refinement.
Sequential Solutions to Capacity‐Planning and Pricing Decisions*

Ideally, firms should jointly solve capacity-planning and product-pricing problems. In practice, informational limitations and cognitive bounds may force firms to sequentially solve the two problems. For example, a firm may plan capacity using limited demand information, and update prices subsequently once additional demand information becomes available. In a simple setting, we characterize the economic loss due to such sequential planning. We use simulation experiments to assess the extent of this loss in more complex settings. We find a relatively low loss if the firm plans for capacity using limited demand information and subsequently adjusts product prices to reflect realized market conditions. However, even “reasonable” restrictions on the subsequent price adjustment (e.g., constraining adjusted prices to always exceed full cost) lead to significant economic loss.
Cytologic differential diagnosis of myxoid and mucinous neoplasms of the sacrum and parasacral soft tissues.

A diagnostically important group of lesions involving the sacrum, spinal canal, and parasacral soft tissues is characterized by a myxoid or mucinous background in cytologic smears. This group of myxoid/mucoid neoplasms includes chordoma, myxopapillary ependymoma, metastatic mucinous adenocarcinoma, and extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma. Despite the similarity of the background substance, each neoplasm within this differential diagnosis has a characteristic composite set of morphologic and immunophenotypic features. Because many of these masses are not easily surgically biopsied, fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is often used for their diagnosis. The private consultation records of the author and the cytology files of the University of Utah Department of Pathology were searched for all lesions arising in or around the sacrum. These cases were reviewed to determine which had a myxoid/mucinous background. Fourteen neoplasms were found and comprise the study set. Four of these cases had cell block material in addition to Diff-Quik-stained smears; a panel of antibodies, including cytokeratin, glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), S-100 protein, and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), was performed on the cell block material. The smears were evaluated for cytologic features, including the presence of rosette-like structures, physaliphorous cells, gland-like structures, chondroid fragments, "signet ring" and "goblet" cells, as well as the character of the myxoid/mucinous background substance. The cases included one myxopapillary ependymoma, 10 chordomas, two mucinous adenocarcinomas of colonic or gastric origin, and one myxoid chondrosarcoma. Physaliphorous cells were found to be highly specific for chordoma, while a fibrillary myxoid stroma containing cells with elongated cytoplasmic processes and cells lying in a rosette-like pattern around central cores of myxoid to fibrillary stroma were highly characteristic of myxopapillary ependymoma. Fragments of a myxoid/chondroid matrix with lacunar-like spaces strongly supported the diagnosis of myxoid chondrosarcoma. "goblet" or "signet ring" cells with a single distinct vacuole favored mucinous adenocarcinoma. There appear to be sufficient cytomorphologic features present within the FNA smears and cell block material to allow cytologic separation of the more common myxoid and mucinous neoplasms involving the sacral and parasacral tissues.
Leading and Organizing Social Change for Companion Animals

Governmental agencies and shelters are charged with controlling the animal overpopulation problem, and historically they have accomplished this by euthanizing companion animals. Community-wide efforts in diverse locations, however, have implemented creative strategies that have dramatically lowered the number of animals entering shelters and subsequently being euthanized. This paper, using a case study methodology, examines how an animal-focused grassroots coalition in Hillsborough County, Florida organized, developed, and led initiatives for change while enlisting the community's support in developing and implementing programs to solve the problem of companion animal overpopulation. This social change effort encountered five types of challenges: performance metrics, coalitions and collaboration, integrating professional and volunteer animal protection organizations, the handling of stray cats, and community leadership.
The nucleolus and RNA metabolism in Urechis eggs

Abstract RNA synthesis in unfertilized and fertilized eggs of Urechis caupo has been studied by autoradiography using H 3 -uridine. The nucleolar apparatus as well as the chromosomes synthesize RNA in unfertilized eggs. RNA synthesis stops in disappearing nucleoli and in chromosomes after nuclear membrane breakdown following sperm entry and does not resume during 2- to 4-cell stages. The persisting nucleolar remnant at prometaphase-metaphase I retains most of the labeled RNA synthesized immediately before sperm entry. This suggests that the large fraction of the nucleolar substance which disappears by prometaphase-metaphase I consists of ribonucleoproteins which had been produced at an earlier time, prior to labeling of unfertilized eggs.
Activity profiles of bacterioplankton in a eutrophic river

1. The significance of microbial diversity in processing dissolved organic matter (DOM) is largely unknown. We investigated the range of functional diversity in the bacterioplankton from a eutrophic river by profiling extracellular enzyme activities (EEA) and substrate-induced respiration (SIR) patterns. 2. The EEA profiles consisted of assays for 21 hydrolases, measured using fluorogenic substrates arrayed on 96-well microplates. Commercially available BiOLOG® GN and ECO plates, which contained 120 different substrates, were used for the SIR profiles. 3. The EEA data were more dynamic than the SIR. Five enzymes, leucine aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminopeptidase, arginine aminopeptidase and β-glucosidase, showed consistently high activity; ten others were ubiquitous at lower activity levels; the remainder were detected intermittently. The SIR data showed less temporal variability. With one exception (citrate), the 20 substrates that generated the largest responses were all saccharides or their derivatives. 4. The EEA and SIR data did not generally correlate. Both methods were effective for ordinating bacterioplankton although, unlike the SIR, the EEA ordination followed a clear temporal trajectory. 5. Because the SIR profiles are based on a culture response, whilst the EEA profiles measure activity of the extant community, the latter appear to be more directly linked to the mechanics of DOM processing.
Local approaches to hereditary breast cancer

The diagnostic and local treatment modalities of hereditary breast cancer (HBC) are evolving based on emerging evidence from new imaging, radiotherapy and surgical studies. The optimal selection of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for the individual HBC patient remains an area of active research in this relatively new patient population. In this context, some rational pathways of intervention are currently available to both reduce cancer risk in mutation carriers without a cancer diagnosis, as well as to reduce the risk of recurrence or new cancers among the carriers already diagnosed with a malignancy. It is encouraging to notice to what degree certain interventions have successfully reduced both the risk of malignancy and the anxiety associated with this genetic diagnosis. This updated report aims at summarizing the most recent findings, while it identifies the areas of uncertainty that remain, and continue to present difficult challenges, particularly among younger HBC patients.
Inherited infantile dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs: genetic, clinical, biochemical, and morphologic findings.

Dilated cardiomyopathy, a lethal disease characterized by left ventricular dilation and systolic dysfunction, is relatively common in humans and other mammals. Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDCM) is a primary myocardial disease of unknown cause and can be a familial disorder. This report describes autosomal recessive IDCM in dogs. It occurs in Portuguese Water Dog (PWD) pups and is manifested by acute, vague clinical signs and sudden death. Affected pups have progressive reduction of fractional shortening that can be demonstrated by echocardiography prior to the development of clinical signs. Furthermore, these pups have low plasma taurine levels when consuming certain diets. Affected pups had dilation of the left ventricle and alterations in the sarcomere appearance, while immunohistochemical and biochemical studies demonstrate an increase in desmin, a cytoskeleton protein. The clinical and morphologic findings of IDCM in PWDs are distinct from those reported in adult IDCM. Finally, the clinical and echocardiographic manifestations were reversible in some pups following oral taurine supplementation for 2 months. These results suggest that IDCM in PWDs is correlated with low plasma taurine levels.
Geometrical design of thin film photovoltaic modules for improved shade tolerance and performance

Partial shading in photovoltaic modules is an important reliability and performance concern for all photovoltaic technologies. In this paper, we show how cell geometry can be used as a design variable for improved shade tolerance and performance in monolithic thin film photovoltaic modules (TFPV). We use circuit simulations to illustrate the geometrical aspects of partial shading in typical monolithic TFPV modules with rectangular cells, and formulate rules for shade tolerant design. We show that the problem of partial shading can be overcome by modifying the cell shape and orientation, while preserving the module shape and output characteristics. We discuss two geometrical designs with cells arranged in radial and spiral patterns, which (i) prevent the reverse breakdown of partially shaded cells, (ii) improve the overall power output under partial shading, and (iii) in case of spiral design, may additionally improve the module efficiency by reducing sheet resistance losses. We compare these designs quantitatively using realistic parameters and discuss the practical aspects for their implementation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
C1q nephropathy: A variant of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

C1q nephropathy: A variant of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Background C1q nephropathy is a poorly understood and controversial entity with distinctive immunopathologic features. In order to better define the clinical-pathologic spectrum, we report the largest single-center series. Methods Nineteen biopsies with C1q nephropathy were identified from among 8909 native kidney biopsies received from 1994 to 2002 (0.21%). Defining criteria included (1) dominant or co-dominant immunofluorescence staining for C1q, ( 2 ) mesangial electron dense deposits, and ( 3 ) no clinical or serologic evidence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Results The 19 patients were predominantly African American (73.7%), female (73.7%), young adults and children (range, 3 to 42 years; mean, 24.2 years). Presentation included nephrotic range proteinuria (78.9%), nephrotic syndrome (50%), renal insufficiency (27.8%), and hematuria (22.2%). No patient had hypocomplementemia or evidence of underlying autoimmune or infectious disease. Renal biopsy revealed focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) in 17 (including six collapsing and two cellular) and minimal-change disease (MCD) in two. All biopsies displayed co-deposits of immunoglobulin G (IgG), with more variable IgM (84.2%), IgA (31.6%), and C3 (52.6%). Foot process effacement varied from 20% to 100% (mean, 51%). Twelve of 16 patients with available follow-up received immunosuppressive therapy. One patient had complete remission of proteinuria and six had partial remission. Four patients with FSGS pattern had progressive renal insufficiency, including two who reached end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Median time from biopsy to ESRD was 81 months. On multivariate analysis, the best correlate of renal insufficiency at biopsy and at follow-up was the degree of tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis ( P = 0.0495 and 0.0341, respectively). Conclusion C1q nephropathy falls within the clinical-pathologic spectrum of MCD/FSGS. Although further studies are needed to determine the pathomechanism of C1q deposition, we hypothesize that it may be a non-specific marker of increased mesangial trafficking in the setting of glomerular proteinuria.
From shared contexts to syntactic categories: The role of distributional information in learning linguistic form-classes

A fundamental component of language acquisition involves organizing words into grammatical categories. Previous literature has suggested a number of ways in which this categorization task might be accomplished. Here we ask whether the patterning of the words in a corpus of linguistic input (distributional information) is sufficient, along with a small set of learning biases, to extract these underlying structural categories. In a series of experiments, we show that learners can acquire linguistic form-classes, generalizing from instances of the distributional contexts of individual words in the exposure set to the full range of contexts for all the words in the set. Crucially, we explore how several specific distributional variables enable learners to form a category of lexical items and generalize to novel words, yet also allow for exceptions that maintain lexical specificity. We suggest that learners are sensitive to the contexts of individual words, the overlaps among contexts across words, the non-overlap of contexts (or systematic gaps in information), and the size of the exposure set. We also ask how learners determine the category membership of a new word for which there is very sparse contextual information. We find that, when there are strong category cues and robust category learning of other words, adults readily generalize the distributional properties of the learned category to a new word that shares just one context with the other category members. However, as the distributional cues regarding the category become sparser and contain more consistent gaps, learners show more conservatism in generalizing distributional properties to the novel word. Taken together, these results show that learners are highly systematic in their use of the distributional properties of the input corpus, using them in a principled way to determine when to generalize and when to preserve lexical specificity.
Hole mobility anisotropy and crystal structure of β-9,10 dichloroanthracene

Abstract Hole drift mobilities have been measured in β-9,10 dichloroanthracene by the transient photoconductivity method. Mobilities were found to be isotropic in the ac plane, 0.6 cm 2 /V sec, and 0.18 cm 2 /V sec normal to this plane, b ∗ , at room temperature. At lower temperatures the mobilities were thermally activated, with an activation energy of ∼0.25eV. The crystal structure of β-9,10 dichloroanthracene has been determined; it is triclinic. a = 8.582 A , b = 16.825 A , c = 3.869 A , α = 97.90 , β = 97.90°, γ = 75.99° . The influence of the crystal structures of the α- and β- forms on the intermolecular electronic overlap and hence carrier mobilities are discussed.
CW Tunable Laser Emission of Nd3+:Na0.4Y0.6F2.2

The combination of efficient laser diodes and optically pumped laser materials with high energy storage is currently of great interest. The requirements of the laser material for this application are somewhat different than with normal lamp excitation. First, the fluorescence lifetime of the upper laser level should be long in order to integrate the limited peak power from the laser diode. Second, since pumping by a laser diode can be near-resonant with the upper laser level, the thermal and mechanical requirements of the laser material are not quite as strict.
Tracking the Trajectory of Space Debris in Close Proximity via a Vision-Based Method

AbstractThe increasingly cluttered environment in space is placing a premium on future spacecraft and satellites that are capable of tracking and estimating the trajectory of unknown space debris autonomously without consistent communication with ground stations. In this paper, a vision-based debris trajectory–tracking method in close proximity is presented using two cameras onboard of two satellites in a formation. To differentiate the target debris from other clutters, a data-association technique is investigated. A two-stage nonlinear robust controller is developed to adjust the attitude of the satellites such that the target debris can be maintained within the field of view of the onboard cameras. Capabilities of the proposed estimation and control methods are validated in the simulations.
Wnt Genes in the Mouse Uterus: Potential Regulation of Implantation

Wnt genes are involved in critical developmental and growth processes. The present study comprehensively analyzed temporal and spatial alterations in Wnt and Fzd gene expression in the mouse uterus during peri-implantation of pregnancy. Expression of Wnt4, Wnt5a, Wnt7a, Wnt7b, Wnt11, Wnt16, Fzd2, Fzd4, and Fzd6 was detected in the uterus during implantation. Wnt4 mRNA was most abundant in the decidua, whereas Wnt5a mRNA was restricted to the mesometrial decidua during decidualization. Wnt7a, Wnt7b, and Wnt11 mRNAs were abundantly detected in the endometrial epithelia. The expression of Wnt7b was robust in the luminal epithelium (LE) at the implantation site on Gestational Day 5, whereas Wnt11 mRNA disappeared in the LE adjacent to the embryo in the antimesometrial implantation chamber but remained abundant in the LE. Wnt16 mRNA was localized to the stroma surrounding the LE on Day 4 and remained in the stroma adjacent to the LE but not in areas undergoing the decidual reaction. Fzd2 mRNA was detected in the decidua, Fzd4 mRNA was in the vessels and stroma surrounding the embryo, and Fzd6 mRNA was observed in the endometrial epithelia, stroma, and some blood vessels during implantation. Ovarian steroid hormone treatment was found to regulate Wnt genes and Fzd receptors in ovariectomized mice. Especially, single injections of progesterone stimulated Wnt11 mRNA, and estrogen stimulated Wnt4 and Wnt7b. The temporal and spatial alterations in Wnt genes likely play a critical role during implantation and decidualization in mice.
Evolution of Protein Synthesis from an RNA World

SUMMARY Because of the molecular complexity of the ribosome and protein synthesis, it is a challenge to imagine how translation could have evolved from a primitive RNA World. Two specific suggestions are made here to help to address this, involving separate evolution of the peptidyl transferase and decoding functions. First, it is proposed that translation originally arose not to synthesize functionalproteins, but to provide simple (perhaps random)peptidesthat bound to RNA,increasingitsavailablestructurespace,andthereforeitsfunctionalcapabilities.Second, itisproposedthatthedecodingsiteoftheribosomeevolvedfromamechanismforduplication of RNA. This process involved homodimeric “duplicator RNAs,” resembling the anticodon arms of tRNAs, which directed ligation of trinucleotides in response to an RNA template.
Multiple-reflection polarizers using dielectric-coated metallic mirrors

Multiple-reflection polarizers are designed using a single-reflection p- or s-suppressing polarizing mirror as the basic component, with the constraint that all mirrors be made of the same metallic substrate coated by the same dielectric film. Results are presented for polarizer designs using dielec-tric-coated titanium mirrors at the HF laser wavelength A = 2.8 um. The best designs are those that suppress the p polarization with all mirrors being coated by equal thicknesses of the same polarizing film. Excellent performance over a small operating wavelength range and in the presence of limited film-thickness and angle-of-incidence errors is demonstrated.
Solving Probabilistic Airspace Congestion: Preliminary Benefits Analysis

In the U.S. National Airspace System (NAS) a function called traffic flow management (TFM) seeks a balance between resource capacities and the demands placed upon them by air traffic. In general, capacity cannot be manipulated, and it is necessary for demand to be altered to meet a reduced capacity. Typically, demand can be altered in time (via delay, i.e., slowing flights so that the number per unit time is reduced) or space (via rerouting, when specific airspace sector capacity is reduced, e.g., during severe en route weather). This paper discusses the use of probability modeling for assessing airspace capacity, and discusses comparison of three techniques for generating solutions to the problem of demand allocation during reduced airspace capacity caused by severe en route weather.
LatLong: Diagnosing Wide-Area Latency Changes for CDNs

Minimizing user-perceived latency is crucial for Content Distribution Networks (CDNs) hosting interactive services. Latency may increase for many reasons, such as interdomain routing changes and the CDN's own load-balancing policies. CDNs need greater visibility into the causes of latency increases, so they can adapt by directing traffic to different servers or paths. In this paper, we propose a tool for CDNs to diagnose large latency increases, based on passive measurements of performance, traffic, and routing. Separating the many causes from the effects is challenging. We propose a decision tree for classifying latency changes, and determine how to distinguish traffic shifts from increases in latency for existing servers, routers, and paths. Another challenge is that network operators group related clients to reduce measurement and control overhead, but the clients in a region may use multiple servers and paths during a measurement interval. We propose metrics that quantify the latency contributions across sets of servers and routers. Based on the design, we implement the LatLong tool for diagnosing large latency increases for CDN. We use LatLong to analyze a month of data from Google's CDN, and find that nearly 1% of the daily latency changes increase delay by more than 100 msec. Note that the latency increase of 100 msec is significant, since these are daily averages over groups of clients, and we only focus on latency-sensitive traffic for our study. More than 40% of these increases coincide with interdomain routing changes, and more than one-third involve a shift in traffic to different servers. This is the first work to diagnose latency problems in a large, operational CDN from purely passive measurements. Through case studies of individual events, we identify research challenges for managing wide-area latency for CDNs.
The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire: U.S. normative data.

The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire is a self-report personality inventory measuring three major personality dimensions: Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, and Reward Dependence. Normative data, based on a U.S. national probability sample of 1,019 adults, are presented and the psychometric properties of the questionnaire are discussed.
Flow-responsive remodeling after angioplasty is enhanced by high cholesterol diet. Prevention with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate.

Abstract We examined the effects of high cholesterol diet and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) on flow-dependent remodeling after angioplasty. After right common carotid balloon-injury, the right external carotid (low flow) or left common carotid artery were ligated (high flow) in rabbits fed normal diet, 1% cholesterol diet without or with the antioxidant PDTC for 7 days pre- and 7–28 days post-injury. Angiographic lumen diameter was significantly greater at 28 days in high flow than low flow normal diet animals, attributable on perfusion-fixed vessel morphometry to altered remodeling (area within the external elastic lamina: high flow 1.85±0.24 vs. low flow 1.31±0.04 mm 2 , P 2 , P 2 ). Mean Doppler flow velocities (initial/post-ligation/28 day follow-up, cm/s) had almost normalized in normal diet animals (high flow 30/49/35, low flow 32/9/26) but showed overcompensation in 1% cholesterol diet animals (high flow 32/49/22, low flow 30/11/25). PDTC therapy markedly attenuated remodeling (area within the external elastic lamina: high flow 2.20±0.18, and low flow 2.00±0.11 both P
Simulating convection-enhanced delivery in the putamen using probabilistic tractography

The treatment of brain diseases is complicated by the presence of the blood-brain barrier. This barrier limits the crossing of therapeutic molecules from the blood vessels into the brain. Today, direct intracerebral infusion applying convection-enhanced delivery (CED) is proposed to circumvent this problem and enhance the area of distribution of infusate beyond the parameters of diffusion. Several factors affect the efficacy, predictability and replicability of CED, such as the catheter model, infusion rate and site of infusion. We set out to investigate if probabilistic tractography can be used to model the infusion flow and predict the intracerebral movement of molecules. In this study we describe a modeling and analysis framework based upon probabilistic tractography. This framework was used to compare probabilistic tractography modeling and actual CED infusion measurements in the putamen of non-human primates, as this gray matter structure is proposed as a target for CED treatment of Parkinson's disease.
CRUCIAL ISSUES IN THE TREATMENT OF A SEXUALLY ABUSED LATENCY-AGED BOY

By the time Mickey had logged only 7 short years on this planet, he wanted to leave. He had twice tried to hang himself but had been discovered and punished for his trouble. Sometime later he barely escaped injury when he crept into a parked car and set it on fire. Retrospectively it can be said that he was “red-flagging” the sexual abuse two of his uncles were subjecting him to, sexual abuse that had continued undiscovered despite numerous Department of Social Service investigations of physical abuse and neglect complaints. Mickey had indeed been brutalized. The atrocities to which he had been subjected-anal intercourse, oral sex, forced sexual contact with his sister for the entertainment of the perpetrators, and seeing his sister abused and hearing her cries to him for help-prompt a response that fuses rage, pity, horror, helplessness, and a storm of emotions that no language captures. Human reactions notwithstanding, it is the therapist’s formidable challenge to differentiate problems in psychological terms so as to formulate a treatment plan that gives direction and coherence. For Mickey, abuse was not an event but a process; he was victimized over a long period of time. As in all such cases, the psychological sequelae were extensive, with a primary impact on his self-concept. Most theoretical construct systems consider children’s self-concepts as coalescing around messages that they receive about themselves from others. Mickey’s experience told him that he was an instrument to be used for the purposes of others. The sexual abuse to which he was subjected was not gentle in any respect but rather was strongly violent, sadistic, and physically painful. A child who had taken quite seriously the responsibility of looking after his older but less capable sister, Mickey felt most strongly a sense of failure in his role of protector. Not only had he failed to shield his sisThis article is based on an analysis of 4 years of videotaped sessions of the play therapy treatment of a boy named Mickey (pseudonym) with his therapist, Robert A. Ciottone, PhD. Address correspondence to John Madonna, 469 Chandler Street, Worcester, MA 01602.
Large-Eddy Simulation of Plasma-Based Active Control on Imperfectly Expanded Jets

Jet flow control is important for mixing enhancement and noise mitigation. In previous efforts, we have used validated simulations to examine the effect of localized arc filament plasma actuators (LAFPA) on perfectly expanded Mach 1.3 jets. Here, we extend the analysis to an underexpanded jet at the same Mach number to examine the effect of shocks and expansions on control authority. After validation of the baseline flow, it is shown that the downstream evolution is relatively independent of Reynolds number. Simulations performed at different values of upstream pressure indicate that the higher stagnation pressure yields shock cells that are quantitatively stronger but qualitatively similar to those observed for the lower upstream stagnation pressure condition. For control simulations, axisymmetric mode pulsing is considered at two different Strouhal numbers of St = 0.3 and St = 0.9. These simulations show that the response of the jet to flow control is a strong function of the actuation frequency. Relative to the no-control case, actuating at the column-mode instability frequency (St = 0.3) results in an increase in the rate of spreading of the shear layer. Phase-averaged results indicate the formation of large toroidal vortices formed as a result of amplification of the column-mode instabilities that are excited at this frequency. On the other hand, the higher frequency actuation affects the initial shear-layer instability and interferes with the formation of the large-scale structures. Detailed integral azimuthal length scale analyses reveal that despite the absence of the axisymmetric toroids, the St = 0.9 case shows the dominance of the axisymmetric mode even at large distances from the nozzle exit. This indicates that flow control methods need not always have a visual signature of their influence on the system.
Believe in the beauty of your dreams: A message to new pharmacy graduates

Abstract Objective To encourage new pharmacy graduates who enter community practice to adopt three approaches to life that will bring them personal and professional fulfillment. Data sources Published evidence on adverse drug events (ADEs), surveys of the community pharmacy work environment, and observations on how most pharmacists spend their time. Summary New pharmacy graduates are encouraged to continue their “education in the classroom of life,” deepen their awareness of the dimensions of human potential, and apply their ever-expanding wisdom to the advancement of pharmacy. Estimates indicate that 15 patients per day will experience some harm or less-than-optimal result from the medicines dispensed by a community pharmacist. About one-fourth of ADEs are preventable; therefore, an opportunity exists for community pharmacists to help patients avoid the pain, distress, or expense of an ADE. Community pharmacists should demonstrate more awareness of this situation and resolve to help correct it. Five actions are suggested that, if taken by enough pharmacists over sufficient time, would close the current gap between the capabilities of pharmacists and their influence on the safe and appropriate use of medicines. Conclusion Pharmacists have many choices in their professional practice, and more should assertively endeavor to practice in ways that help people achieve optimum wellness through appropriate use of medicines.
Cardiopulmonary responses to chronic hypoxia in transgenic mice that overexpress ANP

Elevated plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) levels have been shown to blunt pulmonary hemodynamic responses to chronic hypoxia, but whether elevated circulating ANP levels negatively feedback on cardiac expression of the ANP gene is unknown. Using a recently developed strain of transgenic mouse (TTR-ANF) that expresses a transthyretin promoter-ANP fusion gene in the liver, we studied the effect of chronically elevated plasma ANP levels on cardiac hypertrophic and pulmonary hemodynamic responses and expression of the endogenous cardiac ANP gene during chronic hypoxia. Plasma ANP levels were 10-fold higher in TTR-ANF mice than in their non-transgenic littermates. After 3 wk of hypobaric hypoxia (0.5 atm), right ventricular hypertrophy and pulmonary hypertension had developed in both groups of mice, but TTR-ANF mice had lower right ventricle-to-left ventricle plus septum weight ratios (0.39 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.45 +/- 0.02), right ventricular systolic pressures (25 +/- 2 vs. 29 +/- 2 mmHg), and lung dry weight-to-body weight ratios (0.48 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.57 +/- 0.01 mg/g) and less muscularization of peripheral pulmonary vessels (8.3 +/- 1.4 vs. 17.4 +/- 2.5%) than nontransgenic controls. Right atrial and ventricular steady-state ANP mRNA levels were the same in both groups of mice under normoxic and hypoxic conditions despite much higher plasma ANP levels and less pulmonary hypertension in TTR-ANF mice. We conclude that chronically elevated plasma ANP levels attenuate the development of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in mice but do not suppress cardiac expression of the endogenous ANP gene under normoxic conditions nor blunt the upregulation of right ventricular ANP expression during chronic hypoxia.
Equality of what: Welfare, resources, or capabilities?

Many of us have egalitarian concerns. To some extent, that is, at some cost, we prefer a world in which goods powers, liberties, opportunities, wealth, health are more equally distributed to one in which they are not. At least to some extent, we are willing to forego delivering a greater benefit to someone who is already better off in order to deliver a lesser benefit to someone who is worse off. Whether we are strictly concerned with equality or merely with giving priority to the claims of those who are worse off, we face the question, What is the ultimate target of our egalitarian concerns? Three apparently distinct targets have been proposed as answers to this question. First, when we urge specific egalitarian reforms, we are really trying to make people equally happy or satisfied, or at least to guarantee them equal opportunity for such welfare. This is the claim made by Richard Arneson and (with qualifications) by G. A. Cohen.3 Rejecting welfare-based targets, others say the target of our egalitarian concerns is assuring people greater equality in the resources needed to pursue their ends. Ronald Dworkin argues in this vein,4 and John Rawls' Difference
CYTOGENETIC STUDIES IN CLARKIA, SECTION PRIMIGENIA. V. INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN C. AMOENA HUNTIANA AND C. LASSENENSIS.

In a recent survey, Snow (1963a) discussed briefly the cytological and phylogenetic status of section Primigenia ir Clarkia and Abdel-Hameed and Snow (1968) presented a comparison of cytological variability in natural populations of the only tetraploid of this section, i.e., C. gracilis. It becomes evident that experimental data are needed to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships between this tetraploid species and the diploids in the section to explain its origin. One of the diploid parents was found to be C. amoena huntiana (Abdel-Hameed, 1967; AbdelHameed and Snow, 1968) while the other was assumed to be C. lassenensis (Lewis and Lewis, 1955). The purpose of this paper is to show the relationship between these two diploid species.
Community Based Epidemiological Study of Chagas Disease in Rural Peru

COMMUNITY BASED EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF CHAGAS DISEASE IN RURAL PERU. Paul C. Walker, Robert H. Gilman, and Michael Z. Levy. Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. (Sponsored by Michele Barry, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.) The purpose of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology of Trypanosoma cruzi infection, to evaluate the TESA blot, and to characterize cardiac findings of patients with Chagas disease in a rural setting near Arequipa, Peru. The study site was the town of Quequena, Peru with a population of 774 with 236 inhabitants under the age of 18 according to the 2005 census conducted by Peru. A fumigation/insect collection campaign was done in December of 2006 to quantify household infestation levels, document housing characteristics, and GPS household locations. Of the 602 people surveyed to be living in Quequena, blood samples were taken from 445 (73.9%), and 15 (3.37%) were positive for Chagas disease by ELISA and confirmed by immunofluorescence. The TESA blot was also performed on all positives (N=15) and a random subset of negative (N=20) blood samples with a sensitivity of 93% and a specificity of 100%. Electrocardiograms (EKGs) were performed on 37 people, 9 of whom were positive for Chagas disease and the other 28 were age and sex matched controls. All EKGs of Chagas positive patients were normal and 27 of 28 EKGs were normal in the control group. Of the 284 households in Quequena, 242 (85.2%) were sprayed, and fifty-eight (24.0%) were infested with triatomines. Nineteen households (7.85%) harbored triatomines infected with T. cruzi. Of the 15 patients positive for Chagas disease, 9 lived in a house positive for triatomines (60%), of which 3 were positive for T. cruzi (33%). A serosurvey for Chagas disease in a rural community of Peru was successfully conducted with a prevalence of 3.4%. This information will aid the local Chagas Control Program in its estimates as it continues its fumigation campaign. In addition, the TESA blot was successfully employed in a community based setting enabling its role to be expanded in
Measuring the Impact of Whole-Body Computed Tomography on Hospital Length of Stay in Blunt Trauma

Rationale and Objectives Whole-body computed tomography (WBCT) imaging has become commonplace in some emergency departments (EDs) for trauma where management is dependent on rapid diagnosis achieved through comprehensive imaging. The purpose of this study was to assess the value that computed tomography (CT) imaging contributes to trauma patients by retrospectively comparing hospital length of stay (LOS) between WBCT and selective CT imaging, while controlling for hemodynamic stability and socio-economic considerations. Materials and Methods This study was institutional review board approved. The institutional trauma registry database was cross-referenced with our radiology information system database to identify adult patients who sustained blunt trauma between July 2011 and June 2013 and received CT imaging. Propensity score weighting was utilized to achieve balance in baseline covariates, including demographics, hemodynamic stability, Glasgow Coma Scale, and socioeconomic factors. A generalized linear model was used to compare LOS between imaging types, and a multinomial logistic regression was utilized to analyze differences in discharge disposition. Results A total of 2291 patients were identified of which 14.5% underwent WBCT imaging. WBCT patients had an insignificantly longer inpatient hospital LOS of 0.31 days ( P = 0.54), and insignificantly higher odds of being discharged to a nursing home facility (versus home, odds ratio = 1.29 [ P = 0.34]) when compared to those who received selective CT. Conclusion WBCT imaging did not have a statistically significant effect on inpatient hospital LOS or discharge disposition.
Forces at the Gate: Social Media’s Influence on Editorial and Production Decisions in Local Television Newsrooms

This nationwide survey of news directors at network affiliate television stations explores the impact social media is having on editorial and production decisions related to newscasts. The results ...
Diagnostic imaging of upper extremity trauma

The radiologic evaluation of upper extremity trauma relies primarily on standard as well as optional radiographic projections. Certain injuries are more fully evaluated with fluoroscopy, arthrography, ultrasound, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging. The imaging approach to upper extremity trauma is presented, with emphasis on subtle or commonly overlooked lesions. The indications for evaluation by fluoroscopy, arthrography, and advanced imaging modalities are discussed.
Evidence Mapping to Advance Justice Practice

This chapter provides an overview of the Evidence Mapping to Advance Justice Practice (EMTAP) project commissioned by the Center for Advancing Correctional Excellence (ACE!) at George Mason University to summarize systematic reviews (SRs) and meta-analyses related to behavioral health interventions in the justice system. An extensive overview of the EMTAP “review of reviews” methodology is provided and findings from the coding of more than 300 SRs and meta-analyses are discussed. Project findings highlight problematic variability in the descriptive validity of included SRs. Incomplete reporting of key intervention features limits the transportability of research synthesis findings to practice. Among coded reviews, only 48.3 % considered methodological quality of primary studies, 8.7 % considered implementation fidelity, and 37.2 % assessed for publication bias. EMTAP findings identify several important limitations that plague many existing research syntheses including poorly defined interventions, a lack of consideration of implementation issues, and inadequately reported findings that hinder transportability and replication. The implications of EMTAP findings for research and practice are discussed and recommendations are made for improving the quality of systematic reviews and meta-analyses in criminology and related fields.
Jewish Identity and Civil Rights in America: The Dilemma of Jewish Difference

Late in the election year of 2004, a soft-spoken but determined civil rights lawyer named Susan Tuchman filed a complaint with the San Francisco regional office of the U.S. Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights (OCR). Tuchman, little known then even within the organized Jewish world, was the new director of the Center for Law and Justice at the Zionist Organization of America. Already an experienced litigator, Tuchman had been the first woman litigation partner at her Boston law firm before moving to New York the previous year. Tuchman’s complaint described an extraordinary pattern of anti-Semitic intimidation, harassment, threats, and vandalism at the prestigious Irvine campus of the University of California. Within two years, this OCR case would catapult Tuchman to the Jewish Daily Forward ’s prestigious “ Forward 50” list of the people who are “making a difference in the way American Jews, for better or worse, view the world and themselves.” At the same time, it would demonstrate deep ambivalence, discomfort, and confusion in the way that the federal government perceives American Jews. In her complaint, Tuchman Irvine with fostering a hostile environment for Jewish students in violation of the prohibition on racial and national origin discrimination contained in Title VI of the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964. With extraordinary specificity, Tuchman detailed that Jewish students had been physically and verbally harassed, threatened, shoved, and targeted by rock throwing; that Jewish property had been defaced with swastikas; and that a Jewish holocaust memorial was vandalized. Signs were posted on campus showing a Star of David dripping with blood. Jews were chastised for arrogance by public speakers; called “dirty Jew” and “fucking Jew”; told to “go back to Russia” and “burn in hell”; and heard people urge one another to “slaughter the Jews.” One Jewish student who wore a pin bearing the flags of the United States and Israel was told to “take off that pin or we’ll beat your ass.” Another was told, “Jewish students are the plague of mankind” and “Jews should be finished off in the ovens.”
Lessons of Partnership: Successes and Challenges Associated with the Dissemination of the Not-On-Tobacco Program within Cooperative Extension Service Framework

Not-On-Tobacco (N-O-T) is a voluntary smoking cessation program for teens. The West Virginia Prevention Research Center (WVPRC) partnered with West Virginia University Extension Service to test a regional implementation model of N-O-T within the current 4-H infrastructure. Directed content analysis was used to allow for pre-determined themes and categories to be assessed by identifying barriers and successes at each phase of model implementation. The project effectively set a foundation of collaboration between Extension and the WVPRC, highlighted the differences between prevention theories and positive youth development ideology and showcased that Extension’s efforts are more successful when county based.