cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Commonly encountered dilemmas in breast cancer reporting and staging

Treatment modalities for common malignancies such as breast carcinoma have become increasingly complex, necessitating more rigorous documentation by pathologists of the histopathologic features required for staging and therapy. In 2009 the American Joint Committee on Cancer published the most recent update to its Cancer Staging Manual , the most salient points of which are readily available on the College of American Pathologists' Web site. Based on these guidelines, herein we summarize some of the more commonly encountered dilemmas in breast cancer reporting, with emphasis on tumor size, lymph node status, determination of mitotic count for tumor grade, and skin/chest wall involvement (pathologic stage T4).
Associations of serum vitamin A and carotenoid levels with markers of prostate cancer detection among US men

Associations of serum vitamin A and carotenoid levels with markers of prostate cancer detection were evaluated among 3,927 US men, 40–85 years of age, who participated in the 2001–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Five recommended definitions of prostate cancer detection were adopted using total and free prostate-specific antigen (tPSA and fPSA) laboratory measurements. Men were identified as high risk based on alternative cutoffs, namely tPSA > 10 ng/ml, tPSA > 4 ng/ml, tPSA > 2.5 ng/ml, %fPSA 10 ng/ml: Q4 vs. Q1 → OR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.14–1.00) and α-carotene (%fPSA 2.5 ng/ml: Q4 vs. Q1 → OR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.01–2.14) was associated with a greater odds of prostate cancer detection. Apart from the three significant associations observed, no other exposure–outcome association was significant. Monitoring specific antioxidant levels may be helpful in the early detection of prostate cancer.
Predictive value of the ECG in determining cardiac resuscitation outcome in a canine model of postcountershock electromechanical dissociation after prolonged ventricular fibrillation

The purpose of our study was to determine if the surface ECG in postcountershock electromechanical dissociation (EMD) is of value in predicting return of effective myocardial contractile function during CPR. Nine dogs were subjected to five minutes of ventricular fibrillation (VF) without CPR followed by countershock and closed-chest CPR. Intravascular pressures, coronary perfusion pressure, and coronary sinus flow were measured during conventional CPR. After countershock, and before CPR, the frequencies of the following ECG variables were assessed: the presence or absence of P waves, an abnormal QRS duration (> 100 ms), a prolonged QT c (> 430 ms), and a bradyarrhythmia (QRS rate .05) between animals successfully resuscitated and those that were not. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of individual ECG variables in estimating successful cardiac resuscitation exhibited a wide range of values. The QT c had the highest sensitivity (1.00), but the lowest specificity (0.08). The presence or absence of P waves had the highest specificity (0.62), but a sensitivity of only 0.40. QRS rate had the greatest positive predictive value (0.48) but a negative predictive value of 0.46 for successful cardiac resuscitation. The QT c had the greatest negative predictive value (1.00) but a positive predictive value of only 0.45. Multiple regression analysis using the study ECG variables as independent variables demonstrated that ECG variables were not related to outcome. During CPR, coronary perfusion pressures and coronary sinus flows in nonresuscitated animals averaged 17 ± 2 mm Hg and 15 ± 6 mL/min/100 g, and in those successfully resuscitated averaged 31 ± 8 mm Hg and 23 ± 4 mL/min/100 g (P = .0003 and .007, respectively). We conclude that the surface ECG is of limited value in predicting outcome of postcountershock EMD after prolonged VF and that CPR-generated myocardial flow appears to be a determinant of cardiac resuscitation outcome.
Psychotherapy and Recovery from Schizophrenia: A Model of Treatment as Informed by a Dialogical Model of the Self Experience in Psychosis

Since the term schizophrenia was coined, the disorder has been linked to experiences of self-diminishment. This link calls for theoretical work that helps us understand experiences of diminishment wherein persons find themselves less than they once were but nevertheless able to recognize and describe their diminishment. In response this paper describes how dialogical psychology may help us both understand this feature of schizophrenia and inform the practice of psychotherapy. In particular, we suggest that some alterations in sense of self in schizophrenia may proceed from a range of losses in a person’s ability to sustain intrapersonal and interpersonal dialogues. Moreover, we suggest that these losses lead to at least three different forms of disturbed self experience: barren, monological and cacophonous selves. We then explore the unique challenges each poses to psychotherapy and suggest that attention to dialogical deficits may enrich self-experience if it attends to aspects of self-experience that emerge within session.
Auditory autokinesis: Effects of signal frequency and intensity

An experiment is reported on auditory autokinesis performed under diotic listening conditions. Tests were conducted with pure tones of 500, 1,000, 2,000, and 5,000 Hz at signal levels of 25, 40, 55, 70, and 85 dB sound pressure level. Neither signal frequency nor signal intensity level, over the range of values tested, had any significant systematic effect on the obtained function. These results do not support a localization-precision or a sensory-adaptation hypothesis, which have been proposed to account for auditory autokinesis.
The Case of Missing Solutions of an Ordinary Differential Equation

This short paper offers a new technique to extract independent solutions from a certain type of ordinary differential equation which would frequently refuse to declare all the solutions under conventional infinite series treatment. This new mathematical tool, most suited for differential equations with elusive solutions, is not found in the mathematics courses taken by a first-year graduate student in Engineering. It should, therefore, be of special interest to him, when he is in the dilemma of deciding whether he has an oversupply of boundary conditions or a shortage of arbitrary constants. Assuming that the differential equation is not in error, he is most likely negligent in not having claimed all the independent solutions from the differential equation. The new technique described in this paper may help remedy this situation.
Using the operant and strategic contingencies models of power to understand resistance to change

Abstract This paper discusses the joint implications of the operant and strategic contingencies models of power for understanding and decreasing resistance to change in organizations. In particular, resistance is expected when the organizational change being introduced either intentionally or unintentionally results in changes in who has direct or indirect control over reinforcing and aversive stimuli in the organization. Power holders and leaders can be expected to resist changes that decrease their ability to obtain responses in, and rewards for, their work groups. Workers can be expected to respond negatively to changes that affect the availability of positive consequences or the ability to obtain those consequences. Change efforts that minimize these problems are predicted to be more successful.
Inhibition of cell-substratum attachment of cultured rat heart cells by protein synthesis inhibitors.

Abstract Addition of cycloheximide to growth medium of neonatal rat heart cell cultures prevented cell-substratum attachment. Even concentrations of cycloheximide which inhibited only 50% of normal protein synthesis prevented some cells from attaching. Cells which required the longest time to attach were most dependent on protein synthesis. The kinetics of cell-substratum adhesion in the presence of various concentrations of cycloheximide supported the hypothesis that repair of damaged cell membranes was required prior to attachment. An alternate hypothesis that protein synthesis was required for substratum attachment either to synthesize new unique proteins or higher concentrations of existing proteins not damaged by enzymes was not supported by experimentally obtained data. If the second hypothesis were true, no cells would have attached when protein synthesis was completely inhibited (greater than 95%) and all cells should have been equally affected by protein synthesis inhibition; such was not the case. Inhibition of mRNA formation by actinomycin D also should have inhibited attachement completely and this was not observed. Since attachment was minimally affected by actinomycin D, protein synthesis on long-lived mRNA was apparently sufficient for cell-substratum adhesion.
Very-High-Energy Inelastic Hadron-Hadron Collisions

A framework is suggested for interpreting processes of the type $a+b\ensuremath{\rightarrow}a+b+(n \mathrm{poins})$ at energies from tens to hundreds of GeV. The model predicts, without any adjustable parameters, the observed average transverse momenta of the pions in the entire range, as well as the existence and observed masses of "fire-balls." The advantages of this model over the multi-Regge models is discussed.
Statistical Significance of Mutation Frequencies, and the Power of Statistical Testing, Using the Poisson Distribution

The Poisson distribution may be employed to test whether mutation frequencies differ from control frequencies. This paper describes how this testing procedure may be used for either one-tailed or two-tailed hypotheses. It is also shown how the power of the statistical test can be calculated, the power being the probability of correctly concluding the null hypothesis to be false.
Remarks on continuous feedback

We show that, in general, it is impossible to stabilize a controllable system by means of a continuous feedback, even if memory is allowed. No optimality considerations are involved. All state spaces are Euclidean spaces, so no obstructions arising from the state space topology are involved either. For one dimensional state and input, we prove that continuous stabilization with memory is always possible.
Competition and Demographics in Large Indian Cities

Recent studies suggest that consumer-household attributes may be as important in determining the level of competition in certain markets as firm characteristics and the number of firms. However, evidence on which consumer-household attributes matter for competition is limited, especially for developing countries. Focusing on India's retail sector, the present paper contributes to this literature by showing that the number of adult non-workers per household in the city, a proxy for shopping time opportunity cost, has a strong effect on competition between retailers. Policy implications of findings in light of the ongoing dramatic reductions in non-workers in India are discussed.
Formation of epitaxial oxide nanodots on oxide substrate : Cu2O on SrTiO3(100)

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis during the oxygen plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy, combined with atomic force microscopy, scanning Auger microscopy, and theoretical simulation studies have been used to evaluate the mechanism of single-phase Cu₂O nanodot formation on the SrTiO₃(100) surface. Formation of pure crystalline Cu₂O nanodots occurs rather in a narrow growth parameter window, outside which a coexistence of the multiple phases has been observed. Cuprous oxide nanodots on the SrTiO₃(100) substrate follow a growth mechanism which differs significantly from the growth modes observed for the majority of semiconductor quantum dots. Growth starts without wetting layer formation with appearance of well-ordered truncated square-based nanodots at submonolayer coverages. At the initial stages of growth, the nanodot size is only weakly changes with coverage and exponentially scales with temperature. After reaching a critical, temperature dependent dot density (~ 10¹³ cm-² for 760 K growth temperature), growth of mid-sized nanoclusters starts through coalescence, which is eventually followed by large dome-shaped cluster formation at higher coverages. The coexistence of the different types of the clusters at high coverages results in a multi-modal distribution of sizes and shapes.
The effect of elevated temperature and reactor shutdown on the benthic marine flora of the millstone thermal quarry, Connecticut

Abstract Forty-nine species and one variety of benthic blue-green, red, brown and green algae were found over a 1.5 year period in a thermal sea water dump where temperatures average 10°C above ambient Long Island Sound waters. Of these, 58% can survive temperatures exceeding 30°C, but only six show survival after prolonged excessive temperature. At temperatures less than 27°C, the number of taxa is independent of temperature, but at greater temperatures there is a significant negative correlation of temperature to taxa count, reaching a minimum of 3 species. Rapid temperature drops cause concomitant drops in taxa counts, 14% of this variation being attributed to drastic temperature change which affects the algae.
Computerized prompting partners and keystroke recording devices : Two macro driven writing tools

Recent research into composing processes has focused on instructional intervention strategies that promote effective composition practices within computerized writing environments. The field of computers and composition has benefitted both from advances in computing tools and developments in learning theory. The innovative computer tool discussed in this paper uses the macro-command language of a full-featured word processor to enact strategic support designed to help writers with their written work. From a theoretical standpoint, this tool created a writing environment based on Vygotskian theory of mediated learning and was grounded in an instructional strategy known as “procedural facilitation.” To evaluate the effectiveness of this computerprompting tool, a second macro application was used to log student keystrokes, thereby tracking student writing development, revisionary practices, and keystroke reactions to the prompting partner. Students using the prompting tool enacted divergent and convergent thinking assistance that appeared at the bottom of their computer screens while the system saved a process record of their keystrokes. Procedures for creating macro-driven prompting programs and keystroke-logging devices are discussed. Additionally, a catalog of prompts and summary of keystroke-mapping benefits are provided. Finally, our research using the macro-driven prompting partner and keystroke-register tool is detailed.
AGLITE: multiwavelength lidar for characterizing atmospheric emissions from animal feeding operations using simultaneous optical and point measurements

AGLITE is a multiwavelength lidar developed for Agricultural Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture and its program on particle emissions from animal production facilities. The lidar transmission system is a pulsed Nd:YAG laser (355, 532, 1064 nm) operating at a pulse rate of 10 kHz. We analyze and model lidar backscatter and extinction coefficients to extract aerosol physical properties. All wavelength channels operate simultaneously, day or night, using photon counting and high speed data acquisition. The lidar housing is a transportable trailer suitable for all-weather operation at any accessible site. We direct the laser and telescope field of views to targets of interest in both azimuth and elevation. Arrays of particle samplers and turbulence detectors were also used by colleagues specializing in those fields and are compared with the lidar data. The value of multiwavelength, eyesafe lidars for agricultural aerosol measurements has been confirmed by the successful operation of AGLITE. In this paper, we demonstrate the ability of the lidar system to quantitatively characterize particulate emissions as mass concentration fields applicable for USEPA regulations. The combination of lidar with point characterization information allows the development of 3-D distributions of standard USEPA mass concentration fractions (PM10, PM2.5, and other interesting groupings such as PM10-PM2.5 and PM1). Lidar measurements are also focused on air motion as seen by long duration scans of the farm region. We demonstrate the ability to use "standoff" lidar methods to determine the movement and concentrations of emissions over an entire agricultural facility.
Photo-Assisted RIE of GaN in BCl3/Cl2/N2

Gallium nitride (GaN) has been under intense investigation due to its unique qualities (wide band gap, chemical and temperature stability) for optoelectronic and high temperature/high power applications. To this end, reactive ion etching (RIE) experiments were performed on GaN thin films using BCl3/Cl2/Ar. These resulted in etch rates of 1400 A/min at −400 V dc bias1. However, rough etched surfaces, nitrogen surface depletion and high chlorine content were observed. In order to remedy these shortcomings, a photo-assisted RIE process using a filtered Xe lamp beam was developed, resulting in higher etch rates but again in nitrogen depleted surfaces2. Preliminary results on using nitrogen instead of argon in the process chemistry show a big improvement in photo-asssisted etch rates (50%) and Ga/N ratio (0.78 versus 1.25). In this paper, the effects of epilayer doping, dc bias, nitrogen flow rate and photo-irradiation flux on GaN etch rates, surface morphology and composition are presented. Finally, preliminary results on the use of a KrF excimer laser beam in the GaN photo-assisted RIE process are presented.
P43.07: Prenatal MR imaging of fetal teratomas: Intracranial, oropharyngeal and sacrococcygeal locations. A series of 7 cases

24years-old nullipara was referred at 23 weeks of gestation because absent cavum septum pellucidum was noticed at a routine ultrasound scan. Ultrasonography showed complete absence of septum pellucidum resulting in box like frontal horns and a mild form of holoprocencephaly. No other abnormalties were detected. An MRI image at 25 weeks has confirmed absent septum pellucidum without fusion of frontal lobes ruling out the diagnosis of lobar holoprocencephaly. Bilateral atrophy of optic nerve with hypoplasia of optic chiasm was seen on coronal 3D image. A normal male karyotyping was found. The fetus was followed up on 4-weekly basis. At 41 weeks gestation, following the onset of spontaneous contractions, an emergency caesarean section was performed for fetal distress. A 3650-g male baby was delivered with Apgar scores of 9, 10 and 10 at 1, 5 and 10 min, respectively. No resuscitation or respiratory support was required. Neonatal dilation fundoscopy examination at 3 months of age has revealed slightly small right optic nerve head and normal left one. Neonatal MRI at 4 months of age has confirmed complete absence of the septum pellucidum, low lying fornices, hypoplasia of cerebral white matter and mild ventriculomegaly. The posterior fossa, anterior visual pathway and optic nerves were normal. A hydrocortisone day curve at 4 months of age revealed low endogenous cortison level, which was replaced. the neonate has normal milestone. He was followed up until age of 14 months when he required a growth hormone replacement and his vision was normal. In conclusion, prenatal diagnosis of septo-optic dysplasia should involve MRI examination in order to outline the diagnosis followed by neonatal MRI and ophthalmological examination to help define the extent of optic-nerve lesion and therefore the prognosis. Neonatal multidisciplinary care is crucial for satisfactory outcome
Uncovering the Fundamental Chemistry of Alkyl + O2 Reactions via Measurements of Product Formation

The reactions of alkyl radicals (R) with molecular oxygen (O2) are critical components in chemical models of tropospheric chemistry, hydrocarbon flames, and autoignition phenomena. The fundamental kinetics of the R + O2 reactions is governed by a rich interplay of elementary physical chemistry processes. At low temperatures and moderate pressures, the reactions form stabilized alkylperoxy radicals (RO2), which are key chain carriers in the atmospheric oxidation of hydrocarbons. At higher temperatures, thermal dissociation of the alkylperoxy radicals becomes more rapid and the formation of hydroperoxyl radicals (HO2) and the conjugate alkenes begins to dominate the reaction. Internal isomerization of the RO2 radicals to produce hydroperoxyalkyl radicals, often denoted by QOOH, leads to the production of OH and cyclic ether products. More crucially for combustion chemistry, reactions of the ephemeral QOOH species are also thought to be the key to chain branching in autoignition chemistry. Over the past deca...
Invisible industrial hazard

With the growing use of X rays and gamma rays in the inspection of industrial products, it becomes increasingly important to acquaint both engineers and workers with the dangers to personnel engendered by the rays and with methods of protection from these dangers. Because of the “delayed-action” characteristics which render the radiations one of the most insidious of industrial hazards, safety measures must include not only preliminary protective barrier and distance factors, but must provide for periodic exposure tests and routine measurements of the dose of radiation to which a given worker is subjected.
Materials with computational experience and style

This paper discusses the design of materials that utilize embedded computational techniques to demonstrate the capacity to learn, adapt and develop responsive behaviors that are shaped over time. The focus is on materials that develop time-based relationships based on a level of `experience' they accumulate from long-term interaction with their users and environment. Materials with `computational experience' are demonstrated with two designs: an interactive rocking chair that utilizes its material properties and computational abilities to manage its own energy production and consumption while providing physical and mental exercises to its user; and an LED-based, reconfigurable display that adjusts its content based on its interaction with its user while monitoring its internal conditions, environmental factors and usage. These examples are used to discuss the design of computational `styles' for materials that would not only allow them to express signature characteristics embedded in their physical properties and computational behavior but also function as features that would evolve in response to interaction patterns and accumulated experiences. Throughout the paper, behavior-driven material practices are presented and their potential to influence the look, feel and functionalities of products and spaces are discussed.
Ethical Dilemmas in Researching a NGO Supporting Street Children

The diversity of NGOs makes it difficult to generalize, yet all have common origins in an individual with a dream and the will to establish an organization capable of providing a vital service for oneself or others. Less common are shared perspectives on what constitutes a "vital service." In the development context, provision of services is seen as the officially sanctioned role of NGOs, whereas many prefer to see themselves also as human-rights advocates playing watchdog and visionary roles that often demand fundamental structural changes to redress injustice. Ironically these organizations often are highly politicized entities in spite of their claims of an independent and apolitical status. This is certainly the case with many NGOs in Tanzania and else-where that are supported by national, international, bilateral, and/or multilateral funders (for a succinct discussion of historical and contemporary NGOs in East Africa see Fowler (1995)). Some of these NGOs garner huge sums; approximately 20 of the la...
Subsistence strategies and early human population history: an evolutionary ecological perspective

One of the keystones of the evolutionary ecological approach is the concept of energy budget, in which time and energy allocation is conceptually divided into somatic effort (growth, development and maintenance, and includes subsistence activities) and reproductive effort (which is further divided into mating effort and parental effort). Time and energy allocated to one component must be traded off against allocation to another. Using this energy budget approach in conjunction with some of the general implications of foraging theory, this article will explore the relationship between population dynamics and subsistence intensification. My discussion will revolve around two basic propositions regarding long-term human population history: 1) the near-zero growth rates that have prevailed through much of prehistory are likely due to long-term averaging across periods of relatively rapid local population growth interrupted by infrequent crashes caused by density-dependent and density-independent factors; and 2) broad changes in population growth rates across subsistence modes in prehistory are probably best explained in terms of changes in mortality due to the dampening or buffering of crashes rather than significant increases in fertility.
Measured lengths of supersonic hydrogen-air jet flames-compared to subsonic flame lengths-and analysis

Abstract Measurements of flame length are reported that help to quantify the overall fuel-air mixing process that occurs within a jet-like flame in the supersonic regime. A nonpremixed, turbulent, hydrogen-air jet flame is stabilized along the axis of a Mach 2.2 coflowing air stream. Supersonic flame lengths are compared to measured lengths of subsonic hydrogen-air flames with coflow that were stabilized on the axis of a subsonic wind tunnel for a range of fuel/air velocity and density ratios. The supersonic flames are found to be significantly shorter than (i.e., typically half as long as) corresponding subsonic flames, providing that both the velocity and density ratios are matched for the two cases. This difference implies that for axisymmetric jet geometries with combustion, mixing rates are larger in the supersonic case. Compressibility effects are not believed to be significant since typical convective Mach numbers are less than 0.45. One possible reason why the supersonic flames are relatively short is that the radial velocity, which controls entrainment, can be altered by compression/expansion waves that are inherent to the jet geometry. Both subsonic and supersonic flame lengths increase as the normalized fuel mass flux increases, which is predicted to occur by a scaling analysis. The density of the supersonic airstream was decreased in order to simulate an increase in altitude, and the supersonic flames became longer, as predicted by the analysis. Increasing the air stagnation temperature to 600K shortens the supersonic flames, which is not explained by the mixing-limited scaling analysis and may be due to finite-rate chemistry or partially premixed combustion, both of which are temperature dependent processes.
Telemental Health and Web-based Applications in Children and Adolescents

The authors conducted a review of the literature with regard to child and adolescent mental health intervention, from which they identified 20 unique publications and 12 separate interventions. These interventions encompassed depression, anxiety, substance abuse, eating disorders, and mental health promotion. Studies were heterogeneous, with a wide range of study designs and comparison groups creating some challenges in interpretation. However, modest evidence was found that Internet interventions showed benefits compared with controls and preintervention symptom levels. Interventions had been developed for a range of settings, but tended to recruit middle-class participants of European ethnicity. Internet interventions showed a range of approaches toward engaging children and incorporating parents and peers into the learning process.
Segregation of lemniscal inputs and motor cortex outputs in cat ventral thalamic nuclei: application of a novel technique

A double labeling method that permits accurate delineation of the terminals of medial lemniscal fibers was used to determine whether thalamic neurons projecting to motor cortex in the cat are in a position to be contacted by such terminals. Thalamic neurons in the VL nucleus were retrogradely labeled by injections of fluorogold placed in the cytoarchitectonically defined area 4, while lemniscal axons and their terminal boutons were anterogradely labeled, in a Golgi-like manner, from injections of Fast Blue placed under physiological control in different parts of the contralateral dorsal column nuclei. In additional experiments, spinothalamic fibers were similarly labeled by injections of Fast Blue in the spinal cord. The results reveal that there is no significant overlap in the distributions of lemniscal terminals and motor cortex-projecting neurons and that no somata or proximal dendrites of motor cortex-projecting neurons are in a position to receive lemniscal terminals. Spinothalamic terminals, on the other hand, end in clusters around motor cortex-projecting neurons in the VL nucleus as well as in other nuclei and are a more likely route for short latency somatosensory inputs to the motor cortex.
HARRIET MARTINEAU'S MATERIAL REBIRTH

In 1840, the Phrenological Journal published an anonymous personal testimony of phrenological salvation titled “Remarkable Case of Change of Character and Pursuits.” The article appears in the “Cases and Facts” section of the periodical, commonly reserved for correspondents who provided personal accounts of the truth of phrenology. The correspondent in this “Case” makes use of the conventional structure of the conversion narrative: youthful deviance, a moment of illumination, and rebirth into a new life of virtue, peace, and joy. Beginning with a description of his former life, he explains that being “Born in the lap of luxury – bred in the tainted atmosphere of opinion” led to the “best years of [his] existence [being] passed in idle, if not in sinful pursuits.” After becoming a military officer, his dissolute behavior increases until he finally decides to correct his character, and “the great instrument employed was phrenology” (342). After adopting a disciplined regimen of moral and intellectual mental exercises, he triumphantly emerges as a man who better knows himself and his capabilities. With his “new” character comes a new life more suited to his cultivated faculties: realizing that a soldier's advancement depends on the “number of victims” sacrificed for the country's cause, he “selected the more humble profession of the Civil Engineer, for which [he] believed, phrenologically, nature had made a fair provision.” He concludes by noting that his life has since been prosperous, and that he hopes now to “aid the cause of that science” through the phrenological education of his own children and his public confession in the journal (343).
The Impact of Raindrop Collisional Processes on the Polarimetric Radar Variables

AbstractThe impact of the collisional warm-rain microphysical processes on the polarimetric radar variables is quantified using a coupled microphysics–electromagnetic scattering model. A one-dimensional bin-microphysical rain shaft model that resolves explicitly the evolution of the drop size distribution (DSD) under the influence of collisional coalescence and breakup, drop settling, and aerodynamic breakup is coupled with electromagnetic scattering calculations that simulate vertical profiles of the polarimetric radar variables: reflectivity factor at horizontal polarization ZH, differential reflectivity ZDR, and specific differential phase KDP. The polarimetric radar fingerprint of each individual microphysical process is quantified as a function of the shape of the initial DSD and for different values of nominal rainfall rate. Results indicate that individual microphysical processes (collisional processes, evaporation) display a distinctive signature and evolve within specific areas of ZH–ZDR and ZDR–...
Fluphenazine Reduces Proteotoxicity in C. elegans and Mammalian Models of Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency

The classical form of α1-antitrypsin deficiency (ATD) is associated with hepatic fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. It is caused by the proteotoxic effect of a mutant secretory protein that aberrantly accumulates in the endoplasmic reticulum of liver cells. Recently we developed a model of this deficiency in C. Elegans and adapted it for high-content drug screening using an automated, image-based array scanning. Screening of the Library of Pharmacologically Active Compounds identified fluphenazine (Flu) among several other compounds as a drug which reduced intracellular accumulation of mutant α1-antitrypsin Z (ATZ). Because it is representative of the phenothiazine drug class that appears to have autophagy enhancer properties in addition to mood stabilizing activity, and can be relatively easily re-purposed, we further investigated its effects on mutant ATZ. The results indicate that Flu reverses the phenotypic effects of ATZ accumulation in the C. elegans model of ATD at doses which increase the number of autophagosomes in vivo. Furthermore, in nanomolar concentrations, Flu enhances the rate of intracellular degradation of ATZ and reduces the cellular ATZ load in mammalian cell line models. In the PiZ mouse model Flu reduces the accumulation of ATZ in the liver and mediates a decrease in hepatic fibrosis. These results show that Flu can reduce the proteotoxicity of ATZ accumulation in vivo and, because it has been used safely in humans, this drug can be moved rapidly into trials for liver disease due to ATD. The results also provide further validation for drug discovery using C. elegans models that can be adapted to high-content drug screening platforms and used together with mammalian cell line and animal models.
CricketLinking: Linking Event Mentions from Cricket Match Reports to Ball Entities in Commentaries

The 2011 Cricket World Cup final match was watched by around 135 million people. Such a huge viewership demands a great experience for users of online cricket portals. Many portals like espncricinfo.com host a variety of content related to recent matches including match reports and ball-by-ball commentaries. When reading a match report, reader experience can be significantly improved by augmenting (on demand) the event mentions in the report with detailed commentaries. We build an event linking system \emph{CricketLinking} which first identifies event mentions from the reports and then links them to a set of balls. Finding linkable mentions is challenging because unlike entity linking problem settings, we do not have a concrete set of event entities to link to. Further, depending on the event type, event mentions could be linked to a single ball, or to a set of balls. Hence, identifying mention type as well as linking becomes challenging. We use a large number of domain specific features to learn classifiers for mention and mention type detection. Further, we leverage structured match, context similarity and sequential proximity to perform accurate linking. Finally, context based summarization is performed to provide a concise briefing of linked balls to each mention.
Abstract 325: Characterization and evaluation of a mouse ovarian cancer model for its preclinical suitability.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Ovarian cancer is the second most frequent invasive malignancy of the female genital tract and the most common cause of death among women with gynecologic malignancies. Although epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) accounts for over 90% of all ovarian malignancies, the lack of proper animal models that mimic the development and consequences of human EOC limits the ability of current preclinical ovarian cancer models to predict treatment response. The orthotopic development of syngeneic EOC within its relevant tumor microenvironment is an experimental ideal. Here, we demonstrate the development and characterization of a syngeneic EOC mouse model in immunecompetent C57BL/6 mice by orthotopic implantation of ID 8 mouse ovarian cancer cells. Using conventional and ultrasound-based techniques to compare tumor weight, volume and vascularity we followed the development of primary tumors, metastases and ascites over 16 weeks. ID 8 cells were implanted directly underneath the left ovarian bursa. Normal saline was injected to the contralateral ovary as control. Ovarian tumors grew consistently throughout the study period; ovarian weight and volume increased twelve and seven fold, respectively, compared to the contralateral, non-cancerous ovary. Ultrasound measurements of primary tumors and surrounding tumor tissue correlated with the actual size after surgical tumor harvest. Abdominal ascites were first observed at 12 weeks post orthotopic ID8 implantation with volume changes correlating with changes in abdominal circumference. Metastatic lesions were identified by ultrasound at 12 weeks after orthotopic ID8 implantation; sites included peritoneum, liver, and intestine. Histopathological analysis of tumors and metastases indicated similarities between orthotopic ID8 ovarian tumors and human ovarian tumors, except a significantly lower formation of angiogenic vasculature within the ID8 tumors. This study confirms the successful development of a mouse model that closely replicates characteristics seen in human ovarian cancer patients. It shows the feasibility of using ultrasound to assess tumor formation, progression and vascularization. Furthermore, we demonstrate potential shortcomings, which could significantly limit the use of current animal models predicting therapeutic efficacy of novel agents, especially anti-angiogenic therapeutics, impacting the translation of preclinical information to actual clinical outcomes. Citation Format: Sungpil Cho, Yongen Sun, Andrew P. Soisson, Mark K. Dodson, C. Matthew Peterson, Elke A. Jarboe, Anne M. Kennedy, Margit M. Janat-Amsbury. Characterization and evaluation of a mouse ovarian cancer model for its preclinical suitability. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 325. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-325
Prandtl's biplane theory applied to canard and tandem aircraft

Prandtl's biplane theory for elliptic loadings is generalized to apply to nonelliptic spanwise load distributions. The induced drag is calculated by assuming an infinite stagger distance so all of the mutually induced drag acts upon the rear surface which has no effect upon the front surface. Consequently, the mutually induced drag is calculated by integrating the Trefftz-plane downwash of the front surface over the independent load distribution on the rear surface. This procedure is verified by explicit solutions that give the same mutually induced drag irrespective of the fore and aft location of the larger span when carrying either an elliptic or a uniform load distribution. It was found that the mutually induced drag was less when the larger span had a uniform load distribution, but the total induced drag was not decreased because of the additional self-induced drag produced by the change from the ideal elliptic loading to a uniform loading. However, when the larger span carried a uniform loading it allowed the smaller span, when either fore or aft, to support more of the aircraft's weight at the minimum induced drag condition.
Static-field effects on the nonlinear quantum resonances and the ionization spectrum of a simple bound particle.

A comparison of nonlinear classical resonances with the nonlinear quantum resonances has been well established for semiclassical systems. However, systems in which tunneling is present are no longer semiclassical and the correspondence between the classical and quantum systems breaks down. We examine nonlinear quantum resonances in a system consisting of a triangular potential well (formed by a static field plus an impenetrable wall) with an attractive \ensuremath{\delta}-function potential well and a weak external time-periodic force. In this system, tunneling is important and nonlinear quantum resonances that have no classical counterpart can occur. In the second part of this paper, we remove the impenetrable wall and consider this system to be a model of a bounded particle subject to a strong external static field and a weak periodic field. The presence of the static field leads to strong enhancement and suppression of the single-photon photodetachment rates for certain frequencies. This effect has been observed experimentally in the photodetachment of ${\mathit{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ ions and predicted by theoretical models. The model present here is particularly useful because the photodetachment spectrum can be obtained analytically and leads to greater insight into more realistic models.
A dynamic inventory system with recycling

This paper deals with a periodic review inventory system in which a constant proportion of stock issued to meet demand each period feeds back into the inventory after a fixed number of periods. Various applications of the model are discussed, including blood bank management and the control of reparable item inventories. We assume that on hand inventory is subject to proportional decay. Demands in successive periods are assumed to be independent identically distributed random variables. The functional equation defining an optimal policy is formulated and a myopic base stock approximation is developed. This myopic policy is shown to be optimal for the case where the feedback delay is equal to one period. Both cost and ordering decision comparisons for optimal and myopic policies are carried out numerically for a delay time of two periods over a wide range of input parameter values.
Pigment Variations in Anacystis nidulans Induced by Light of Selected Wavelengths

SUMMARY Growth of Anacystis nidulans in wavelengths of light predominantly absorbed by chlorophyll a causes dramatic lowering of the chlorophyll content with only small changes in phycocyanin and carotenoids. Steady-state growth under red photographic safe lamps produces cells with 1/4 of the chlorophyll content of cells grown under low intensities of white (tungsten) illumination. Pigment analyses permit resolution of in vivo absorption spectra into spectra of the component pigments and also the fractional absorption vs wavelenth. Even in normally pigmented cells phycocyanin is the major collector of light quanta for photosynthesis. The observed pigment control is viewed as a special case of intensity control which has chromatic character by virtue of the presence of two different pigment systems linked to the two light reactions of photosynthesis.
Prediction and identification of Arabidopsis thaliana microRNAs and their mRNA targets

Background A class of eukaryotic non-coding RNAs termed microRNAs (miRNAs) interact with target mRNAs by sequence complementarity to regulate their expression. The low abundance of some miRNAs and their time- and tissue-specific expression patterns make experimental miRNA identification difficult. We present here a computational method for genome-wide prediction of Arabidopsis thaliana microRNAs and their target mRNAs. This method uses characteristic features of known plant miRNAs as criteria to search for miRNAs conserved between Arabidopsis and Oryza sativa. Extensive sequence complementarity between miRNAs and their target mRNAs is used to predict miRNA-regulated Arabidopsis transcripts.
The age-related discrepancy in the effect of neuropeptide Y on select catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes in the adrenal medulla and hypothalamus in rats.

Abstract The elevated levels of circulating catecholamines (CAs) with age may be related to the increased expression of CA biosynthetic enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine β hydroxylase (DβH) in the adrenal medulla of senescent compared with younger animals. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is co-synthesized and co-released with CAs in the adrenal medulla. NPY inhibits the stimulated secretion of CAs, however, its role in regulation of the genes encoding CA biosynthetic enzymes is not clear. We hypothesized that NPY up-regulates TH, DβH and NPY expression in the adrenal medullae of young and old Fischer-344 rats. NPY increased mRNA expression of TH, DβH, NPY and also enhanced TH protein level in the adrenal medullae of young rats by 50%, 35%, 45% and by 20%, respectively. We also examined the effect of NPY on TH and NPY mRNA in the hypothalamus. Basal expression of TH mRNA was decreased in the hypothalamus with age. DNA binding activities of activator protein-1 and cAMP response element binding protein were also augmented only in the young by 140% and 125%, respectively. We conclude that NPY stimulates the CA biosynthetic pathway in the adrenal medulla and positive auto-regulation of NPY might be involved in this process. The stimulatory effect of NPY on adrenomedullary CA biosynthetic pathway is blunted with age.
Tumor Suppression in the Absence of p53-Mediated Cell-Cycle Arrest, Apoptosis, and Senescence

Cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, and senescence are widely accepted as the major mechanisms by which p53 inhibits tumor formation. Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether they are the rate-limiting steps in tumor suppression. Here, we have generated mice bearing lysine to arginine mutations at one (p53(K117R)) or three (p53(3KR); K117R+K161R+K162R) of p53 acetylation sites. Although p53(K117R/K117R) cells are competent for p53-mediated cell-cycle arrest and senescence, but not apoptosis, all three of these processes are ablated in p53(3KR/3KR) cells. Surprisingly, unlike p53 null mice, which rapidly succumb to spontaneous thymic lymphomas, early-onset tumor formation does not occur in either p53(K117R/K117R) or p53(3KR/3KR) animals. Notably, p53(3KR) retains the ability to regulate energy metabolism and reactive oxygen species production. These findings underscore the crucial role of acetylation in differentially modulating p53 responses and suggest that unconventional activities of p53, such as metabolic regulation and antioxidant function, are critical for suppression of early-onset spontaneous tumorigenesis.
"Jouet de cet œil d'eau morne…": Rimbaud's "Mémoire"

Place de ce poeme (1895) dans l'oeuvre de R. L'ambiguite lexicale et phonetique d'une oeuvre destinee a signaler l'inauthenticite d'une verite poetique presumee
A Statistical Investigation of Stock Return Decomposition Based on the State-Space Framework

In John Cochrane’s 2011 Presidential Address to the American Finance Association he surveys the findings, theories, and applications related to fluctuations in discount rates (aka expected returns) that are presented in the extant literature. He notes that theory suggests that fluctuations in the price-dividend ratio should be primarily due to movements in expected cash flows (dividend growth). However, the empirical literature finds that it is primarily variations in expected returns that contribute most to fluctuations in the price-dividend ratio. Our chapter shows that the existing literature has focused on point estimates with little detailed attention given to issues of inference. When issues of inference are considered we find that there is little evidence to support the notion that either expected returns or expected dividend growth contributes to movements in the price-dividend ratio. In an effort to explore why this finding exists we employ a state-space modeling framework. We find that within this framework, it is the existence of weak identification combined with a small signal-to-noise ratio that leads to the conclusion that the data contains too little information for one to make any reliable claims about how much expected returns or expected dividend growth contribute to movements in the price-dividend ratio.