cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Think-Tac-Toe, a Motivating Method of Increasing Comprehension

Many researchers agree that student choice plays a pivotal role in motivating pupils to put more into their assignments and to take responsibility. The Think-Tac-Toe strategy allows students to choose tasks that better align with their learning styles and interests and makes them accountable for revisiting important literacy skills. It is attractive because of its game-like quality. To implement the Think-Tac-Toe strategy, the teacher decides on a specific skill or concept to review, and creates nine tasks that practice that skill or concept. The students are allowed to choose three of the tasks to complete. This article describes the concept of Think-Tac-Toe, reviews the benefits of using the strategy, and explains how to create Think-Tac-Toe grids using comprehension examples that include story grammar, main idea, sequencing, and summarizing.
Blast crisis associated with granulocytic leukemia in strain 13 guinea pigs.

Abstract A transplantable granulocytic leukemia (GL-13) in inbred strain 13 guinea pigs had been shown previously to have many characteristics in common with human CML except that a blast crisis did not occur in the terminal stage of the disease. We report here that, after the 25th transplant generation, leukemic guinea pigs began to develop a blast crisis similar to that seen in human CML. This feature of the disease is still present after 90 transplant generations. The transplantation conditions necessary to produce the leukemia (now referred to as GL-13-BC) with a predictable clinical and hematological course over a short interval are described. Thus, s.c. injection of 3.0 × 10 6 leukemic cells results in a slowly rising leukocyte count, due mainly to increasing numbers of myelocytes and mature granulocytes, at about 3 weeks after injection. At this early stage the spleen weights of the leukemic animals are about seven times greater than those of normal controls. Approximately 4–7 days later the leukocyte count rises sharply due to a blast crisis and the animals die shortly thereafter with a mean survival time of 30 (range 25–32) days. It is proposed that the GL-13-BC leukemia could serve as a useful model for investigating the problem of blast crisis associated with human CML.
Growth and dry matter partitioning in loblolly and ponderosa pine seedlings in response to carbon and nitrogen availability

summary We grew loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) seedlings in a factorial experiment with two CO2 partial pressures (35 and 70 Pa) and two nitrogen treatments (1-0 and 3–5 mM NH4+) for one growing season in a ‘common garden’ experiment designed to examine the extent that dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and partitioning are environmentally controlled. Ponderosa pine seedlings grown in 35 Pa CO2 and 3.5 mM NH4+ showed symptoms of nitrogen toxicity, characterized by greatly reduced growth, and moderately reduced total plant N. With the exception of this treatment combination, there were no significant differences between species in total plant dry matter or total plant nitrogen, suggesting that responses of growth to environmental conditions were stronger than heritable responses. There were however large differences in dry matter and N partitioning between the two species. Increases in leaf mass were largest in loblolly pine, whilst ponderosa pine tended to have higher root: shoot (R:S) ratios. R:S ratio of loblolly increased in response to C availability and decreased in response to N availability, whilst R: S ratio of ponderosa pine was much less responsive to resource availability. Total plant N varied with N supply, and N partitioning was related to plant growth and carbon partitioning. Carbon and N were interactive, such that an increase in the accumulation of either resource was always accompanied by an increase in the other. Over several seasons the different patterns of resource acquisition and biomass allocation that we observed in a uniform environment could potentially result in different growth rates at most resource levels. In the first season, contrary to our expectations, heritable differences in growth rate did not appear.
Applying the sequence-pair representation to optimal facility layout designs

We present a new formulation for the facility layout problem based on the sequence-pair representation, which is used successfully in VLSI design. By tightening the structure of the problem with this formulation, we have extended the solvable solution space from problems with nine departments to problems with eleven departments.
Digital Orange Juice

As a law enforcement officer and forensic professional, I watched in horror as the O.J. Simpson trial unfolded. Sloppy crime scene work, poor chains of custody, incompetent and lying witnesses were...
The hippocampus and motivation revisited: appetite and activity

After reviewing the available data regarding the various effects of manipulating (e.g. lesions, chemical or electrical stimulation) the hippocampal formation, Jarrard [30] concluded that this structure likely played a role in motivated behaviors, specifically in general behavioral activation and incentive motivation. Since that time there have been technical advances in lesion techniques and conceptual advances in theories of motivation and learning. Here, we present more recent data that demonstrates the effects of hippocampal lesions on general activity, the utilization of interoceptive state cues, ingestive behaviors, and appetitive responding. We critically evaluate several theories of hippocampal function that have been proposed to explain these data, including the hippocampus as an inhibitor of general activation, as a processor of energy state signals and as a mediator of reward valuation. Finally, we propose that these findings may also be accounted for based on a role for the hippocampus in the learned inhibition of appetitive behaviors. We conclude that, while the specific mechanism of hippocampal involvement may not yet be determined, it is clear that this structure is involved in food-related behaviors and we caution researchers to consider this as a possible confound in studies of learning and memory processes.
Defect formation in GaAs grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy and the structure of the native defect EL2

Abstract Existing data describing the dependence of the concentrations of the defects S As , Zn Ga , Si Ga , Sb Ga , and EL2 in GaAs grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy on the partial pressures of arsine ( p As ) and the dopant-containing gases in the input gas stream are analyzed using a simple model. It is found that (1) As 4 is the dominant species of As in the vapor in equilibrium with the solid at the growth interface, (2) the electron concentration governing the charge state of the defect being formed is proportional to p As 3/4 independent of the dopant concentration, (3) the Fermi level during the defect formation process lies above the ionization levels of deep donors but below that of shallow donors, and (4) the atomic structure of the mid-gap electron trap, EL2, is stoichiometrically equivalent to the arsenic antisite, As Ga .
The structure of water—II

Abstract The electronic stability of planar, cyclic, hydrogen-bonded hexamers of water, featuring the oxygen-oxygen distance of 2.3 A suggested for water-II (also called polywater), was evaluated by a semiempirical LCAO molecular orbital method. Two hexamer configurations were examined: (1) a symmetric system with its monomers having 0-H bond lengths equal to 1.15 A, and (2) an asymmetric system with its monomers having two different 0-H bond lengths, one equal to 1.15 A and the other 0.96 A. A Mulliken electronic population analysis was performed on both hexamers. The symmetric and asymmetric structures were found unstable relative to six isolated monomers of ordinary water using the orbital energy sum as a criterion for stability. Our theoretical study reveals that the symmetric and asymmetric hexamers are not of major importance in the formation and stabilization of water-II, if indeed water-II does exist.
Shock tube study of ethylamine pyrolysis and oxidation

Abstract Ethylamine (CH 3 CH 2 NH 2 ) pyrolysis and oxidation were studied using laser absorption behind reflected shock waves. For ethylamine pyrolysis, NH 2 time-histories were measured in 2000 ppm ethylamine/argon mixtures. For ethylamine oxidation, ignition delay times, and NH 2 and OH time-histories were measured in ethylamine/O 2 /argon mixtures. Measurements covered the temperature range of 1200–1448 K, with pressures near 0.85, 1.35 and 2 atm, and fuel mixtures with equivalence ratios of 0.75, 1 and 1.25 in 0.2%, 0.8% and 4% O 2 /argon. Simulations using the recent Li et al. mechanism gave significantly shorter ignition delay times and higher intermediate radical species concentrations than the experimental results. The reaction rate constants for the two major ethylamine decomposition pathways were modified in the Li et al. mechanism to improve the prediction of the time-histories of NH 2 and OH in ethylamine pyrolysis. In addition, recommendations from recent studies of ethylamine + OH reactions were implemented. With these modifications, the Modified Li et al. mechanism provides significantly improved agreement with the species time-history measurements and the ignition delay time data.
Regulation of indoleamine N-Acetyltransferase activity in the retina: Effects of light and dark, protein synthesis inhibitors and cyclic nucleotide analogs

The regulation of indoleamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT) in the posterior eye was investigated in vivo, and in vitro in cultured eye cups. Surgical separation of neural retina from the retinal pigment epithelium-choroid complex indicated that NAT was localized to neural retina. The activity of retinal NAT fluctuated in vivo in a rhythmic fashion, with peak activity in the dark phase of the light-dark cycle. The rhythm of NAT activity persisted for up to 3 days in constant darkness, with a rhythmic period of approximately 25 h. The rhythm was suppressed by constant light, and could be phase-shifted by exposure to a new light-dark cycle. These observations indicate that retinal NAT activity occurs as a circadian rhythm that is entrained by light and dark. Retinas also responded to light and dark in vitro with changes of NAT activity. A significant increase in retinal NAT activity occurred in eye cups cultured in darkness during the dark phase of the light-dark cycle. This increase was completely suppressed in eye cups cultured at the same time of day in light. The dark-induced increase in NAT was completely blocked by protein synthesis inhibitors, and mimicked in light by cyclic AMP analogs. The similarity of the regulation of NAT activity in retina to that in pineal, and the possible relationship of the retinal NAT rhythm to cyclic metabolism in photoreceptors are discussed.
On non-linear oscillations with slowly varying system parameters

Abstract The paper deals with an approximate analysis of non-linear oscillation problems with slowly varying system parameters. From the differential equations for amplitude and phase, set up by the method of variation of parameters, the approximate solutions are obtained by using the generalized averaging method of Sinha and Srinivasan based on ultraspherical polynomial expansions. The Bogoliubov-Mitropolsky results are given by a particular set of these polynomials. Problems of a single degree of freedom system as well as monofrequency oscillations in systems with multiple degrees of freedom are considered. The approach has been illustrated by an example and the results are compared with the numerical solutions. A close agreement is found.
δ receptor involvement in morphine suppression of noxiously evoked activity of spinal WDR neurons in cats

Morphine has been considered to be primarily a μ opiate receptor agonist. The present study was designed to determine if opiate receptor subtypes in addition to μ contribute to morphine analgesia at the level of the spinal cord. Extracellular activity of single wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons in the feline lumbar spinal cord were studied. Intrathecal administration of DAGO (selective μ agonist) or DPDPE (selective δ agonist) suppressed the noxiously (51 °C radiant heat) evoked activity of WDR neurons. Pretreatment with spinal β-FNA (selective μ antagonist) antagonized the suppressive effects of spinal DAGO, but not that of DPDPE. Two doses of spinal morphine (200 and 400 μg) suppressed the noxiously evoked activity of WDR neurons confirming our previous report. Following β-FNA pretreatment, the suppressive effects of morphine were reduced, however, when ICI 174,864 (selective δ antagonist) was co-administered with morphine on the spinal cord of the animals pretreated by β-FNA, there was an even greater reduction in the neuronal suppression by morphine. Intravenous ICI 174,864 also reversed the suppressive effects of morphine in β-FNA pretreated animals. β-FNA antagonism of spinal morphine is evidence of the well-known μ receptor-mediating antinociception. However, antagonism by ICI 174,864 of morphine suppression in β-FNA-pretreated animals demonstrates that morphine is capable of suppressing noxiously evoked activity of WDR neurons as a result of an interaction with δ receptors in addition to μ receptors at the level of spinal cord.
Ethnic differences in attitudes towards discipline among day care providers: Implications for training

Based on surveys of 50 day care providers involved in discipline-training workshops, this study showed that ethnic differences in childrearing attitudes towards discipline may also be reflected in providers' attitudes towards discipline in a day care setting. Results are discussed in terms of the need for increased sensitivity to the underlying childrearing values of day care providers when designing training sessions.
Direct comparison of electrochemical and spectrochemical kinetics for catalytic oxygen reduction.

We describe here a direct comparison of electrochemical and spectrochemical experiments to determine rates and selectivity of oxygen reduction catalyzed by iron 5,10,15,20-meso-tetraphenylporphyrin chloride. Good agreement was found between the two methods, suggesting the same mechanism is occurring under both conditions, with the same third-order rate law, similar selectivity, and the derived rate constants agreeing within a factor of at most 4, with kcat ≅ 2 × 106 M–2 s–1. This Communication provides a rare example of a redox catalytic process characterized by two common but very different methods.
Stress-induced preproenkephalin mRNA expression in the amygdala changes during early ontogeny in the rat.

Stress activates endogenous opioids that modulate nociceptive transmission. Exposure to a potentially infanticidal adult male rat suppresses pain-related behaviors in pre-weaning but not in older rats. This male-induced analgesia is mediated by l opioid receptors in the periaqueductal gray, a midbrain structure that is innervated by amygdala projections. To determine whether enkephalin, a l and d opioid receptor agonist, is activated by male exposure, mRNA levels of its precursor, preproenkephalin, were measured in subdivisions of the amygdala and the periaqueductal gray. In 14-day-old but not in 21-day-old rats, 5 min of male exposure induced analgesia to heat and increased preproenkephalin mRNA levels in the central nucleus of the amygdala but not in the periaqueductal gray. The change in the activation of enkephalinergic neurons in the central amygdala may contribute to the change in stress-induced analgesia during early ontogeny.
Transcription Elongation by RNA Polymerase I Is Linked to Efficient rRNA Processing and Ribosome Assembly

The synthesis of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells is a complex process involving many nonribosomal protein factors and snoRNAs. In general, the processes of rRNA transcription and ribosome assembly are treated as temporally or spatially distinct. Here, we describe the identification of a point mutation in the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase I near the active center of the enzyme that results in an elongation-defective enzyme in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In vivo, this mutant shows significant defects in rRNA processing and ribosome assembly. Taken together, these data suggest that transcription of rRNA by RNA polymerase I is linked to rRNA processing and maturation. Thus, RNA polymerase I, elongation factors, and rRNA sequence elements appear to function together to optimize transcription elongation, coordinating cotranscriptional interactions of many factors/snoRNAs with pre-rRNA for correct rRNA processing and ribosome assembly.
Synthesis of Minimal Threshold Logic Networks

An algorithm is developed for synthesizing networks which realize Boolean switching functions through the use of a minimum number of threshold logic elements. A switching function is represented by a matrix and the algorithm is based on the principle that the removal of the positive linear dependences from the rows of this matrix results in a linearly separable function. The positive linear dependences are removed by adding columns to the matrix, each column representing the output of a threshold logic element in the network. The added columns in effect transform a nonseparable function into a sparable function a higher dimensional space. The algorithm is illustrated with examples of the synthesis of both single and multiple output networks. The technique is not restricted to completely specified functions.
The use of real-time ultrasound in microneurography

The use of microneurography to measure muscle sympathetic nerve activity has provided important insights in human physiology. However, placing microelectrodes into nerves can be challenging, particularly in certain patient populations. In this paper, we describe the use of real-time ultrasound guidance to assist with microneurography, including advantages, disadvantages, and proper training.
Efficient Sequence Detection of Multi-Carrier Transmissions Over Doubly Dispersive Channels

Multicarrier modulation (MCM) over a doubly dispersive (DD) channel yields complicated inter-carrier interference (ICI) and inter-symbol interference (ISI) responses. With appropriately designed MCM pulse shapes, however, ISI can be mostly suppressed, as can ICI outside a small subcarrier radius. In this case, the channel can be well described by a quasi-banded subcarrier coupling matrix. Several sequence detectors (SDs) have been proposed to leverage this quasi-banded structure, including linear, decision feedback (DF), and maximum likelihood (ML) schemes. Relative to linear and DF schemes, the ML schemes offer superior performance, but are significantly more complex, even when efficient Viterbi or sphere-detection algorithms are used. In this paper, we propose a new SD algorithm for the quasi-banded application with a frame error rate (FER) that is nearly indistinguishable from ML and an average complexity that is on par with DF SD.
Characterization of the shallow groundwater system in an area with thin soils and sinkholes

Door County, Wisconsin, is a region of karst topography underlain by Silurian dolomite bedrock. Numerous sinkholes intercept much of the surface runoff and act as sites for direct groundwater recharge. The clay-rich and impermeable Upper Ordovician Maquoketa formation separates the dolomite aquifer from the deeper aquifers and appears to be a factor in groundwater circulation and karst formation Thin glacial drift and Quaternary materials overlie the dolomite and are hydrologically connected with it
A neurobiologically-based two-stage model for human color vision

Presently there are two dominant theories for human color vision: Young-Helmholtz-Maxwell's Trichromatic Theory and Hering's Opponent-Color Theory. It has been widely accepted that the Trichromatic Theory holds true for retinal color processing whereas the Opponent-Color Theory works for cortical color processing-this conception has become the "Standard Model" for human color vision. My purposes in the present paper are threefold: First, to demonstrate that the Opponent-Color Theory is fundamentally untenable, based on both theoretical and empirical grounds; second, to resurrect a two-stage trichromatic model, in which both retinal and cortical color processing are trichromatic, proposed by W. McDougall more than a century ago; and third, to map the cortical color processing stage (which directly correlates with color consciousness) in this model to layer 4 within the primary visual cortex (V1) of the human brain.
Activation of p300 Histone Acetyltransferase Activity Is an Early Endothelial Response to Laminar Shear Stress and Is Essential for Stimulation of Endothelial Nitric-oxide Synthase mRNA Transcription*

Previous studies have shown that the acute stimulation of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) mRNA transcription by laminar shear stress is dependent on nuclear factor κ B (NFκB) subunits p50 and p65 binding to a shear stress response element (SSRE) in the human eNOS promoter and that mutation of the SSRE abrogates the shear-stimulated increase in eNOS promoter activity. In the present study, we found that although shear markedly increased eNOS mRNA, the increase in nuclear translocation of p50 and p65 caused by shear was only 2-fold, suggesting that shear has additional effects on NFκB cofactor activity beyond nuclear translocation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that virtually no p50 or p65 was bound to the eNOS promoter at base line but that shear increased the binding of these subunits to the human eNOS SSRE by 10- to 20-fold. Co-immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated during the first 30 min of shear p300 bound to p65. Shear also increased p300 histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity by 2.5-fold and increased acetylation of p65. The increase in eNOS mRNA caused by shear was completely blocked by pharmacological inhibition of p300/HAT activity with curcumin or by p300 small interfering RNA. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays also showed that shear stimulated acetylation of histones 3 and 4 at the region of the eNOS promoter SSRE and extended 3′ toward the eNOS coding region. This was associated with opening of chromatin at the SSRE. In conclusion, these studies reveal a previously unknown role of p300/HAT activation as a very early response to shear that is essential for increasing eNOS mRNA levels.
Searching for a light Higgs boson

Abstract The Linde-Weinberg bound [1] on the mass of the Higgs boson does not apply if one of the fermions of the standard model is very massive [2] or in non-standard models with multiple Higgs particles [1]. We consider both the standard model and a common extension thereof to two or more Higgs doublets. If the Higgs responsible for lepton masses is very light, one reliable method for indirectly detecting it would be a more careful measurement of g − 2 for the muon. More direct is the search for Higgs particles detected in association with τ pairs in existing or defunct e+e− colliders operating well below the Z mass. We analyze both methods in detail, and find that data from several existing colliders could eliminate large portions of parameter space - or, perhaps, find the Higgs boson.
Regulation of the activity of ornithine decarboxylase in tadpole hepatic tissue

Abstract The activity of ornithine decarboxylase is increased 20–500-fold in three situations in tadpole hepatic tissue. Two effects are thyroxine-induced. The first is transient and occurs 3–8 hr after the injection of thyroxine; the second occurs several days after the hormone injection; and the third effect is independent of exogenous thyroxine and occurs 2–10 hr after tadpoles which had been kept in water at 5° are transferred to water at 25°C. The latter effect, which is maximal if tadpoles are kept at 5° for 24 hr, is partially inhibited by cycloheximide.
Acknowledging different needs: Developing a taxonomy of welfare leavers

This chapter uses cluster analysis to distinguish three groups of leavers of Temporary Assistance to Needy Families in terms of their self-reported well-being after exit, verifies these clusters, and then uses classification tree analysis to isolate some of the factors that may be responsible for these differences in post-exit outcomes.
The 2000 election and the future of U.S. politics.

After presenting data on how various ethnic/racial and income groups cast their votes in the 2000 presidential election, this article addresses the question of why Al Gore did well enough to beat George W. Bush in the popular vote but not well enough to prevent Bush from achieving a virtual tie. The author challenges some arguments put forward--Gore's being "too much of a populist" and not running on the achievements of the Clinton administration--and, based on poll data, suggests that more important to voters were problems of trust, cultural conservatism, and generic anti-government sentiment. These findings on the 2000 election suggest a number of possibilities about the political future and some ways in which the Democratic Party might develop its program to win back voters.
A new look at outcomes after infrainguinal bypass surgery: traditional reporting standards systematically underestimate the expenditure of effort required to attain limb salvage.

Abstract Background Graft patency, limb salvage, and mortality are the traditional means of assessing the outcome of infrainguinal bypass surgery (IBS). However, these measures underestimate patient morbidity and fail to consider the entire spectrum of treatment required to restore the patients to their premorbid state. The aim of this study was to quantify the efforts required to achieve limb salvage by assessing three nontraditional outcomes: (1) index limb reoperation rate in 3 months, (2) hospital readmission rate in the first 6 months after IBS, and (3) wound-healing time. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 318 IBSs performed at a single institution. Repeat operations for limb or graft-related problems and readmissions within 6 months of the initial operation were recorded. When available, wound-healing time was determined. Pertinent demographics and comorbidities were subjected to univariate and multivariate analysis to determine risk factors for adverse outcomes. Results Seventy-two percent of patients underwent IBS for critical limb ischemia (CLI), and 84% had below-knee popliteal or distal bypasses. Among those who underwent IBS for CLI, 48.9% of patients required at least one reoperation within 3 months. Within 6 months, 49.3% of patients required hospital readmission. Time to heal exceeded 3 months in 54% of patients. After multivariate analysis, tissue loss and minority status were significant risk factors for reoperation within 3 months. Tissue loss and renal failure increased the odds for readmission within 6 months. Diabetes was the sole risk factor for prolonged wound healing. Conclusions IBS for limb salvage is often complicated by prolonged recovery and multiple reoperations and readmissions. Traditional reporting standards for limb salvage operations need modification to reflect the true outcome of such procedures.
Study of polar and nonpolar substituted benzenes and aromatic isomers on carbon-coated zirconia and alkyl bonded phases

Retention factors of polar and non-polar mono- and di-substituted benzene derivatives were measured on carbon coated zirconia (C/ZrO2) and an alkyl modified silica using water-acetonitrile mobile phases. Published data on porous graphitic carbon phases (PGC) were used to facilitate comparisons between the two types of carbon media. This work showed that retention on both C/ZrO2 and PGC is much more sensitive to the solute polarizability, dipolarity, and shape than on aliphatic phases. For simple disubstituted benzenes there was no general clear cut advantage in terms of chromatographic selectivity to using a carbon-based phase over a bonded phase silica; however, the selectivities towards such isomers are quite different on the two types of media. In contradistinction to their effect on alkyl bonded phase retention, addition of a dipolar substituent and weak hydrogen bond acceptor to a benzene ring almost always increases the solute's retention on C/ZrO2 and PGC.
Dispatching regular and express shipments between a supplier and manufacturer

Abstract A dispatching schedule is to be developed for a supplier providing parts to a manufacturer, given the cumulative production at the supplier and the cumulative demand at the manufacturer. This paper develops dispatching strategies that combine regular (e.g. truck of ship) and express (e.g. air) shipments, and compares these strategies as a function of the total inventory in the system (i.e. cumulative production minus cumulative demand). In most cases, one of five basic strategies should provide a cost that is close to optimal. Company A is the exclusive supplier of a part used by Company B. To satisfy all demand, the cumulative production at Company A, P(t), must always equal or exceed the cumulative demand at Company B, D(t). Parts are shipped by either of two modes: a regular mode, at a cost of A per shipment with a travel time of τ; or an express mode, at a cost of B + bQe (where Qe equals the shipment size) with a travel time of 0. Given P(t), D(t), A, τ, B, and b, determine a shipment dispatch schedule that minimizes total transportation cost.
The effects of pressure on cell division and oral morphogenesis in Tetrahymena

The effects of brief exposures to high hydrostatic pressure on cell division and oral morphogenesis in synchronized Tetraphymena have been studied. The results indicate a “transition point” at approximately 45 minutes after the end of the synchronizing treatment. Prior to the transition point, pressure treatment produced long division delays and a correlated blockage or reversal of oral differentiation. Treatment with pressure after this time also blocked oral morphogenesis, but most cells continued to divide, and produced daughter cells with incomplete oral structures. After consideration of these data in relation to results with cycloheximide and colchicine, we suggest that the effects of pressure on protein-protein interaction may be responsible, at least in part, for the consequences of pressure application prior to the transition point, and may be entirely responsible for the effects found after the transition point. Cell development after the transition point in Tetrahymena, therefore, may be exclusively dependent on assembly processes.
LiBr.2H2O crystallization inhibition in the presence of additives

Abstract Experiments have been performed to measure the effect of additives on the crystallization temperature of concentrated LiBr solutions cooled at a rate of 20°C/h. The measured crystallization temperatures correspond not to the temperatures of equilibrium solubility but to the critical temperature for heterogeneous nucleation of the hydrated LiBr salt on the glass wall of the test tube containing the sample solution. Various additives at concentrations from 250 to 1500 ppm have been investigated. Some soluble additives further decreased the experimental crystallization temperature by as much as 13°C, corresponding to 22°C below the equilibrium solubility. Large decreases in the crystallization temperature can be correlated with large values of complexation constants of the additive for either the Li+ or the Br− ion in solution. Solution complexation, however, is not sufficient to explain the magnitude of the decrease in the crystallization temperature. The only phenomenon capable of quantitatively explaining the magnitude of the decrease in the crystallization temperature is the change in the crystal/solution interfacial energy due to adsorption of the additive on the surface of the prenucleation embryos. A quantitative model of the crystal/solution interfacial energy due to adsorption has been developed using both the Langmuir and Gibbs adsorption equations, allowing the quantitative prediction of crystallization temperatures with additive concentration.
Usability and Feasibility of an mHealth Intervention for Monitoring and Managing Pain Symptoms in Sickle Cell Disease: The Sickle Cell Disease Mobile Application to Record Symptoms via Technology (SMART)

AbstractPatients with sickle cell disease frequently experience severe pain events that lead to unplanned healthcare utilization. Mobile health tools (mHealth) may help prevent these events by providing remote monitoring and self-management support. This article describes the feasibility of the Sickle cell disease Mobile Application to Record symptoms via Technology (SMART), an mHealth app developed to help sickle cell disease patients monitor and manage their day-to-day symptoms. Fifteen patients recorded their pain intensity using a paper visual analog scale (VAS) and then repeated this measurement using an electronic VAS pain measure on SMART. Patients continued using SMART to record clinical symptoms, pain intensity, location and perceived severity, and treatment strategies for at least 28 days. Patient median age was 29 years (range 16–54); 60.0% were male. There was a high intraclass correlation between pain measurements entered on the paper VAS and SMART on the iPhone and the iPad We found a strong...
4+4: an architecture for evolving the Internet address space back toward transparency

We propose 4+4, a simple address extension architecture for Internet that provides an evolutionary approach to extending the existing IPv4 address space in comparison to more complex and disruptive approaches best exemplified by IPv6 deployment. The 4+4 architecture leverages the existence of Network Address Translators (NATs) and private address realms, and importantly, enables the return to end-to-end address transparency as the incremental deployment of 4+4 progresses. During the transition to 4+4, only NATs and end-hosts need to be updated and not the network routers. The 4+4 architecture retains the existing semantics of Internet names and addresses, and only proposes simple changes to the network layer that focus entirely on address extension. Encapsulation is used as the main tool to maintain backward compatibility. We present the design, implementation, and evaluation of the 4+4 architecture and discuss our implementation experiences and results from local and wide-area Internet experimentation. The 4+4 source code is freely available from the Web (comet.columbia.edu/ipv44) for experimentation.
Consolidation and News Content: How Broadcast Ownership Policy Impacts Local Television News and the Public Interests

In 1999, the Federal Communications Commission changed the Local Television Ownership Rule, allowing a single company to own two television stations in the same media market. The new rules led to t...
Delay optimal partitioning targeting low power VLSI circuits

Abstract: In this paper, a delay optimal clustering/partitioning algorithm for minimizing the power dissipation of a circuit is proposed. Traditional approaches for delay optimal partitioning are based on Lawler's clustering algorithm that makes no attempt to explore alternative partitioning solutions that have the same delay but better power implementations. Our algorithm provides a formal mechanism which implicitly enumerates alternate partitionings and selects a partitioning that has the same delay but less power dissipation. For tree circuits, the proposed algorithm produces delay and power optimal partitioning whereas for non-tree circuits it produces delay optimal partitioning with significantly improved power dissipation.
The Prevalence of Elder Care Responsibilities among the Work Force Population: Response Bias among a Group of Cross-Sectional Surveys

This review synthesizes the findings of 17 independent studies dealing with the prevalence of elder care responsibilities among the work force population. Across-study, summative findings were: (a) approximately one fifth (M = 21.1%) to one quarter (Md = 23.1%) of employees provide care for an elderly dependent; primary study findings varied by a factor of nearly 25, ranging from a high estimate of 46.0% to a low of 1.9%; (b) the average response rate was fairly low (M = 45.0% and Md = 41. 1%), indicating that the studies captured only slightly more than one third, but less than half of all eligible in-sample assignments; (c) the correlation of prevalence and response rates was found to be r = -.69, p < .01; (d) the partial correlation of prevalence with response rate, adjusted for the breadth of the elder care operational definition, remained significant, r = -.50,p < .05; and (e) these two methodological characteristics together accounted for half (R2 = .505) of the variability in reported prevalence, r...
Effects of Changing Aspect Ratio Through a Wind-Tunnel Contraction

This is a publisher's version of an article published in AIAA Journal 2001 published by AIAA. This version is reproduced with permission from American Institute of Aeronatutics and Astronautics. http://www.aiaa.org/contant.cfm?pageid=2
The Oxidation of Nickel-Aluminum and Iron-Aluminum Alloys *

The high-temperature oxidation behavior of several ordered alloys in the Ni-Al and Fe-Al systems is reviewed with special emphasis on Ni/sub 3/Al and NiAl. Ordering influences oxidation through its effect on the activities of the alloy components and by changing the point defect concentration in an alloy. Three categories of Ni-Al alloys are distinguished based on Al content and oxidation behavior. A characteristic feature of the oxidation of high-aluminum Ni-Al and Fe-Al alloys is the formation of voids in the substrate at the oxidate-metal interface. The mechanism of void formation and its suppression by minor additions of oxygen-active elements is discussed. A brief description of the effect of preoxidation on the reactions of Ni/sub 3/Al-base alloys in SO/sub 2//O/sub 2/ environments is also included. 51 references, 14 figures, 1 table.
Development, Simulation, and Validation of a Highly Nonlinear Hydraulic Servosystem Model

A highly accurate and predictive dynamic model of an electrohydraulic actuation system has been developed and verified. The accuracy of the model can be attributed to the inclusion of nonlinear representations of many system elements including hysteresis and saturation effects, orifice areas, piston damping, and flow forces. This level of accuracy makes the model a potentially valuable tool in the analysis and design of electrohydraulic actuation systems.
Steady states and constraints in model predictive control

Studies on the theory of model predictive control include the assumption that the origin is in the interior of the feasible region (that is, the inequality constraints are not active at steady state). The reason for making this assumption is that without it one cannot guarantee feasibility of the control problem on the infinite horizon because of the finite horizon parameterization of the input with an unconstrained linear feedback law. As demonstrated in this article, however, this assumption often does not hold in practice. A strategy for handling inequality constraints active at steady state is presented by projecting the system onto the active constraints under the finite horizon parameterization of the input, as well as an algorithm for constructing the optimal linear feedback law that constrains the system to the active constraints. Feasibility is obtained using output admissible sets. For the steady-state target calculation, we propose an algorithm utilizing exact penalties that treats systems in a unified fashion with more inputs than outputs and vice versa. Assuming the system is detectable, it is proven that the algorithm yields a unique steady-state target.
Lyapunov Analysis of Sample-and-Hold Hybrid Feedbacks

For hybrid closed-loop systems arising from hybrid control of nonlinear systems, we show that the sample-and-hold implementation of the hybrid controller preserves (semiglobally and practically) the stability properties of the closed-loop system. We provide a general model for the hybrid closed-loop system where the hybrid controller is implemented digitally and it is interfaced to the nonlinear system through sample and hold devices. We model the sample device and the digital controller/hold device as single asynchronous hybrid systems with independent timing constants and data. The main result is established by means of a Lyapunov function for the hybrid closed-loop system resulting from the interconnection of its hybrid and nonlinear subsystems.
Virtue and Eudaimonism

The two most important and central concepts in ancient ethical theory are those of virtue (aretē) and happiness (eudaimonia). This is well-known by now, as is the way that many scholars and philosophers have in recent years investigated the structure of ancient ethical theories, at least partly in the hope that this would help us in our modern ethical thinking by introducing us to developed theories which escape the problems that have led to so much frustration with deontological and consequentialist approaches. And there has indeed been considerable interest in developing modern forms of ethics which draw inspiration, to a greater or lesser extent, from the ancient theories. However, there is an asymmetry here. Modern theories which take their inspiration from Aristotle and other ancient theorists are standardly called virtue ethics, not happiness ethics. We have rediscovered the appeal of aretē, but eudaimonia is still, it appears, problematic for us. This has an important consequence for us, for in ancient theories virtue is not discussed in isolation; it is seen as part of a larger structure in which the overarching concept is happiness. If we focus on virtue alone and ignore its relation to happiness, we are missing a large part of the interest that study of the ancient theories can offer.
Considerations in Assessing the Immunotoxic Potential of Investigational Drugs

Determination of the potential for an investigational drug to adversely affect the immune system is a standard component of nonclinical toxicology studies. Potential adverse immune effects include ...
Helping self-help: The fundamental conundrum of development assistance

For more than half a century, there have been government programs and international organizations devoted to socially engineering development. As evidenced by the recent United Nation’s Millennium Project report, surprisingly little has been learned as to why that mode of development assistance is ineffective. This paper takes an interdisciplinary approach to explaining the old idea that the best form of assistance is to help people help themselves but that this cannot be “engineered” as is amply evidenced by over a half-century of failures. There is a conundrum: how can the helpers supply help that furthers rather than overrides or undercuts the goal of the doers helping themselves? Otherwise, it is actually “unhelpful help.” The overriding and undercutting forms of unhelpful help are analyzed and strategies for autonomy-respecting help are presented.
The codependent relationships of compulsive eaters and drinkers: Drawing parallels

Abstract This study compares compulsive eaters and their spouses with compulsive drinkers and their spouses. Through intensive interviewing, a pattern evolved revealing that these couples are often unable to process feelings and resolve conflicts. In order to cope with the resulting feelings and distance, the IPs, and often their spouses, engage in compulsive behaviors. The spouses' attempts to control and change the IPs' compulsivity exacerbates it; the couples' communication is organized around the compulsive behaviors. Thus, more feelings and conflict result which cannot be expressed constructively and resolved, perpetuating the cycle. The paper offers insight into and operationalizes the codependent nature of these relationships and implications for treatment.
Alternative definitions of epistasis: dependence and interaction

Although epistasis is at the center of the Fisher-Wright debate, biologists not involved in the controversy are often unaware that there are actually two different formal definitions of epistasis. We compare concepts of genetic independence in the two theoretical traditions of evolutionary genetics, population genetics and quantitative genetics, and show how independence of gene action (represented by the multiplicative model of population genetics) can be different from the absence of gene interaction (represented by the linear additive model of quantitative genetics). The two formulations converge with weak selection but not with strong selection or, for multiple loci, when the aggregated interaction terms are not negligible. As a result of the different
Percutaneous Catheter-directed Thrombolysis for Treatment of Complete Body and Bilateral Limb Endovascular Aortic Graft Occlusion

Abstract Introduction Endovascular aortic aneurysm repair has specific complications, of these there have been few reports of complete body and bilateral limb occlusion. Report We describe a case of a 67 year old man presenting with complete EVAR body and bilateral limb graft occlusion treated with percutaneous catheter-directed thrombolysis. Complete graft patency was obtained within 24 h. Discussion Complete EVAR graft body and bilateral limb is exceedingly uncommon. Treatments suggested include surgical bypass axillo- or aorto- bifemoral, and surgical thrombectomy. We have described a novel method of percutaneous catheter directed thrombolysis with good results.
Binaural interaction in human auditory evoked potentials

Binaural interaction (BI) in auditory evoked potentials was defined as any deviation from the predictions of a model which assumes two independent populations of neurons whose outputs are, in the far field, simply additive. Monaural responses are added to yield the model's prediction of binaurally evoked response; this trace is then subtracted from the actual binaural response to yield a difference trace which is considered to represent BI. In a previous study, strong BI was seen in guinea pig BSEP, maximal at about 4 msec latency; the interaction was greatest for simultaneous (delta t = 0) stimuli of equal intensitsy (delta I = 0). Sixteen normal young adults had BSEP and middle-latency auditory evoked potentials (middle AEP) recorded in response to binaural and monaural clicks. Although BI (in the 6 msec latency region) was observed in the difference trace for the majority of subjects' BSEP, there were no significant differences between binaural and predicted-binaural responses in the group means for individual peak amplitudes and latencies. In middle AEP, the amplitude of peak Pa was usually much smaller in binaurally evoked responses than in the predicted-binaural response. Four subjects had middle AEP which were felt to be predominantly myogenic on the basis of short latency and large amplitude; these responses demonstrated a reverse pattern of interaction, with binaural responses much larger than the monaural sums.
Beamforming and interference canceling with very large wideband arrays

Future radio telescopes are envisioned to be beamforming arrays containing hundreds to millions of elements distributed over thousands of km/sup 2/, with bandwidths that are 10% or more of the RF center frequency. It is awkward to analyze such systems using traditional narrowband beamforming theory. This paper presents a frequency-domain model that includes relevant features such as true time delay, distributed Doppler effects, and nonideal instrumental frequency response. Conventional beamforming - i.e., maximizing the gain in a certain direction subject to no other constraints - is analyzed in the context of the model. A simple method for suppressing interference in the beamformer output is also analyzed. In this method, a second beam is formed in the direction of the interference and subtracted from the output of the desired beam. Although the concept is sound, two problems are identified. First is the potential for partial or complete canceling of the desired source, along with the interference. The second problem is coloring of the noise spectrum, which may thwart the detection of weak spectral features. These problems are shown to be closely related to the array geometry, and some workarounds are suggested.