cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of relationships and justification in an interdependent allocation task

Two factors, the type of relationship between the involved parties and the justification of the decision maker for being in his or her position, are predicted to influence resource allocation decisions. These predictions are based on a synthesis of several forces, including self-interest, a politeness norm, and a norm of reciprocity, that we argue underlie the selection of allocation norms that guide interdependent resource allocation decisions. An ultimatum bargaining game, in which player 1 divides a resource ($10) and player 2 decides to either reject or accept this division, is employed in a laboratory study to test the hypotheses. For subjects in the player 1 position, subjects with friends as player 2 or those assigned to their position randomly allocated lower amounts of money to themselves than did subjects with strangers as player 2 or those who earned their position. Friends in the player 2 position demanded significantly less to reach an agreement than strangers. These and other results are discussed in terms of the various allocation norms, particularly equity and equality, that appeared to influence subjects' decisions.
The synthesis of bottom-up and top-down approaches to climate policy modeling: Electric power technology detail in a social accounting framework

Abstract “Hybrid” climate policy simulations have sought to bridge the gap between “bottom-up” engineering and “top-down” macroeconomic models by integrating the former's energy technology detail into the latter's macroeconomic framework. Construction of hybrid models is complicated by the need to numerically calibrate them to multiple, incommensurate sources of economic and engineering data. I develop a solution to this problem following Howitt's [Howitt, R.E., 1995. Positive Mathematical Programming, American Journal of Agricultural Economics 77: 329-342] positive mathematical programming approach. Using data for the U.S., I illustrate how the inputs to the electricity sector in a social accounting matrix may be allocated among discrete types of generation so as to be consistent with both technologies' input shares from engineering cost estimates, and the zero profit and market clearance conditions of the sector's macroeconomic production structure.
Frequency-switched pulse sequences: Homonuclear decoupling and dilute spin NMR in solids

Abstract A new rf pulse sequence is described for the decoupling of homonuclear dipolar interactions in solid state NMR. It involves alternate 2π rotations of opposite signs about the magic-angle axis in spin space, by π rf phase shifts synchronous with rapid switching of the rf carrier frequency between opposite sides of resonance; the frequency offsets and the rf field intensity satisfy the Lee-Goldburg coherent averaging condition. Direct digital frequency synthesis ensures phase coherence. The pulse sequence has significant advantages over previous methods in the case that abundant spins are irradiated while dilute spins are observed, in an experiment measuring heteronuclear spin-spin couplings.
The magnetic fabric of early Tertiary sediments from the Rockall Plateau, northeast Atlantic Ocean

Abstract Magnetic fabric (anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility) measurements have been made on mudstones of Paleocene to Eocene age from the southwest margin of the Rockall Plateau. These sediments are from Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) sites 403, 404, and 405 and were cored by D/V “Glomar Challenger” during Leg 48. Non-horizontal magnetic foliation planes in these sediments are interpreted as representing paleoslopes. At sites 403 and 404, a deltaic sequence is identified as having prograded towards the southeast or east, indicating that it was derived from Greenland rather than Rockall. This can be confirmed from other geological evidence and from paleo-geographic reconstructions. Southerly dipping depositional surfaces have been identified in a submarine fan complex at site 405, in agreement with interpretation of seismic reflection records. This supports the view that this fan has been built out southwards from the east-west trending transform fault scarp which controls the Rockall margin in this area.
Acquired arteriovenous fistula in a patient with hemophilia.

nephrofic syndrome of children, Clin Exp Immunol 6:109, 1970. 8. Levinsky RJ, Malleson PN, Barratt TM, and Soothill JF: Circulating immune complexes in steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome, N Engl J Med 298:126, 1978. 9. Ooi BS, Orlina AR, and Masaitis L: Lymphocytotoxins in primary renal diseases, Lancet 2:1348, 1974. 10. Sobel AT, Braneller A, Blanc CJ, and Lagrue GA: Physico11. chemical characterization of a vascular permeability factor produced by con-A stimulated lymphocytes, J Immunol 119:1230, 1977. Thomson PD, Barratt TM, Stokes CR, Turner MW, and Soothill JF: HLA antigens and atopic features in steroidresponsive nephrotic syndrome of childhood, Lancet 2:765, 1976.
The Space-Charge Region of Neutron-Irradiated Silicon p+n Junctions

A model has been developed describing the space-charge region of silicon p+n junctions in the presence of deep traps. These traps are assumed to be defects with discrete energy levels in the forbidden energy gap. This model is applied to high frequency (1 MHz) capacitance-voltage measurements of two neutron-irradiated silicon p+n junctions where Nd = 5 X 1014 cm-3 and 1015 cm-3. It was found that two acceptor traps at Ec-0.4 eV and Ec-0.58 eV adequately fit the data. Since the divacancy has similar levels, the divacancy is a logical defect to assign to these levels. In addition, it was found that the defect introduction rate was 0.95 cm-1 for one of the junctions (Nd = 5 X 1014 cm-3), fabricated in bulk material; whereas, for the other junction (Nd = 5 X 1014 cm-3), fabricated in epitaxial material, the defect introduction rate was 0.64 cm-1. These rates are consistent with those reported previously in the literature.
Stained ground sections of teeth and bone.

Formalin-fixed rat hemimandibles were ground to approximately 80μ with the aid of a diamond disc attached to a dental handpiece. A 1/10-hp motor attached to the handpiece by a pulley powered the disc to speeds up to 4000 rev/min. Contact between the hemimandible, which was placed on water-moistened cork, and the diamond disc was made possible through manipulation of the handpiece. The ground sections obtained by this procedure were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and periodic acid-Schiff for microscopic study. The fine structure of mineralized tissues (teeth and bones) as well as related soft structures, e.g., blood vessels, endosteum, pulp, etc., were demonstrated. The procedure did not require the embedding of the tissue nor were complicated grinding devices necessary.
Titin-isoform dependence of titin-actin interaction and its regulation by S100A1/Ca2+ in skinned myocardium.

Titin, also known as connectin, is a large filamentous protein that greatly contributes to passive myocardial stiffness. In vitro evidence suggests that one of titin's spring elements, the PEVK, interacts with actin and that this adds a viscous component to passive stiffness. Differential splicing of titin gives rise to the stiff N2B and more compliant N2BA isoforms. Here we studied the titin-isoform dependence of titin-actin interaction and studied the bovine left atrium (BLA) that expresses mainly N2BA titin, and the bovine left ventricle (BLV) that expresses a mixture of both N2B and N2BA isforms. For comparison we also studied mouse left ventricular (MLV) myocardium which expresses predominately N2B titin. Using the actin-severing protein gelsolin, we obtained evidence that titin-actin interaction contributes significantly to passive myocardial stiffness in all tissue types, but most in MLV, least in BLA, and an intermediate level in BLV. We also studied whether titin-actin interaction is regulated by S100A1/calcium and found that calcium alone or S100A1 alone did not alter passive stiffness, but that combined they significantly lowered stiffness. We propose that titin-actin interaction is a “viscous break” that is on during diastole and off during systole.
Applications of variable property heat-transfer and friction equations to rocket nozzle coolant passages and comparison with nuclear rocket test results

Variable property heat transfer and friction equations to rocket nozzle coolant passages and comparison with nuclear rocket test results
Predicting Romantic Involvement, Relationship Cognitions, and Relationship Qualities from Physical Appearance, Perceived Norms, and Relational Styles regarding Friends and Parents.

Using a sample of 199 adolescents, the present study examined Furman and Wehner's (1999) hypothesis that the predictors of the degree of romantic involvement and the predictors of romantic relationship cognitions and qualities differ. As hypothesized, physical appearance and friends' normative romantic involvement were related to the degree of casual and serious romantic involvement, whereas relational styles regarding friends and parents were unrelated in almost all cases. On the other hand, relational styles regarding friends and parents were related to supportive and negative romantic interactions and romantic styles. In contrast, physical appearance and friends' normative romantic involvement were generally unrelated to interactions and romantic styles. Physical appearance was also related to romantic appeal and satisfaction.
Ovipositional response of three Heliothis species (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to allelochemicals from cultivated and wild host plants

The role of plant allelochemicals on the oviposition behavior ofHeliothis virescens (F.),H. subflexa (Guenee), andH. zea (Boddie) was investigated in the laboratory using a “choice” bioassay system. Fresh young leaves of tobacco,Desmodium tortuosum (Swartz) de Candolle, groundcherry (Physalis angulata L.), and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) squares (flower buds) were washed in methylene chloride or methanol, concentrated to 1 g equivalent of washed material, and applied to a cloth oviposition substrate. Each of the extracts—including groundcherry, a nonhost—stimulated oviposition byH. virescens. H. subflexa were stimulated to oviposit by groundcherry extract, its normal host, and extract from cotton squares, a nonhost. None of the extracts stimulated oviposition byH. zea, although all except groundcherry were from reported hosts. The sensitivity of the bioassay was confirmed by givingH. virescens andH. subflexa an opportunity to choose between extracts that showed stimulant qualities when tested independently versus only solvent-treated controls. In these tests, tobacco showed the highest level of stimulant activity forH. virescens; groundcherry exhibited the highest level of stimulation forH. subflexa.
Morphogenesis in skin is governed by discrete sets of differentially expressed microRNAs

During embryogenesis, multipotent progenitors within the single-layered surface epithelium differentiate to form the epidermis and its appendages. Here, we show that microRNAs (miRNAs) have an essential role in orchestrating these events. We cloned more than 100 miRNAs from skin and show that epidermis and hair follicles differentially express discrete miRNA families. To explore the functional significance of this finding, we conditionally targeted Dicer1 gene ablation in embryonic skin progenitors. Within the first week after loss of miRNA expression, cell fate specification and differentiation were not markedly impaired, and in the interfollicular epidermis, apoptosis was not markedly increased. Notably, however, developing hair germs evaginate rather than invaginate, thereby perturbing the epidermal organization. Here we characterize miRNAs in skin, the existence of which was hitherto unappreciated, and demonstrate their differential expression and importance in the morphogenesis of epithelial tissues within this vital organ.
Representational Styles in the U.S. House of Representatives

This paper attempts to explicate and test the assumptions underlying typologies of legislative behavior. Quantitative data on a wide range of behaviors of 150 House members are used to produce a typology of styles of congressional behavior and to test two related theories of congressional behavior. Cluster analylsis reveals four distinct types of representatives: (1) activists, who are fairly extreme ideologically, highly active and highly visible, (2) backbenchers, who are inactive across all dimensions of behavior sampled here, (3) ingratiators, who are highly constituency-oriented, active in the solicitation and exploitation of casework, and very moderate ideologically, and (4) ideologues, who are moderate in their general level of activism, and rather extreme ideologically. Individual electoral threat is a weak determinant of the style a representative will adopt. Years of seniority within the institution and the political culture of the home district have major effects.
Central venous port placement: A comparison of axillary versus anterior chest wall placement

Background To compare morbidity in patients with surgically implanted central venous ports that were placed in the subcutaneous tissues of the mid axillary line at the anterior border of the latissimus muscle (group A) versus the anterior chest wall (group C).
Scaphoid overstuffing: the effects of the dimensions of scaphoid reconstruction on scapholunate alignment.

Purpose Osteochondral replacement of the proximal scaphoid has been reported using a vascularized flap from the medial femoral trochlea. A concern with this technique is the loss of stability of the scapholunate relationship with resection of the scaphoid proximal pole. Overexpansion of the scaphoid dimensions (overstuffing) during scaphoid reconstruction with the osteochondral flap may play a role in maintaining scapholunate alignment. Our purpose was to determine if overstuffing the scaphoid can correct rotatory carpal instability in a cadaveric model studied radiographically. Methods The radiolunate angle and scapholunate interval were measured for 5 fresh cadaver wrists. We completely incised the scapholunate interosseous ligament and performed an osteotomy to excise the proximal third of the scaphoid to simulate a proximal pole deficiency nonunion and create a dorsal intercalated segmental instability deformity. Radiographic measurements were repeated. The proximal pole of the scaphoid was replaced with its original piece of bone; radiographic measurements were repeated without scapholunate ligament repair. The osteotomy site was overstuffed with a 4-mm sawbone spacer without scapholunate ligament repair, and radiographs were obtained. Results Sectioning of scapholunate ligaments and proximal pole excision successfully created carpal instability demonstrated by abnormal radiolunate angles. Without ligament repair, proximal pole replacement did not restore normal radiolunate angles. Expansion of the scaphoid dimensions corrected radiolunate angles on lateral unloaded radiographs and improved scapholunate intervals on clenched fist radiographs. These findings were statistically significant compared with the unexpanded (replaced) scaphoid. Conclusions These findings suggest that scaphoid reconstruction that results in expansion of the scaphoid's normal dimensions will restore carpal alignment without scapholunate ligament reconstruction. Clinical relevance Osteochondral reconstruction of difficult proximal pole nonunions may not require any preservation or reconstruction of scapholunate integrity if the reconstruction expands the normal dimensions of the native scaphoid. Scapholunate interval and carpal alignment may be restored by scaphoid overstuffing. The effects on increased contact pressure and range of motion require further investigation.
Clinical Indicators of Extracranial Carotid Artery Disease in Patients With Transient Symptoms

The clinical findings in 64 patients with transient symptoms of unilateral carotid system ischemic disease (amaurosis fugax or transient focal cerebral ischemic attacks or both) were reviewed in an effort to determine the value of the neurovascular examination in predicting the presence and extent of roentgenographically demonstrated ipsilateral extracranial internal carotid artery disease. Amaurosis fugax seems to be a highly specific indicator of disease, being associated with 4% of normal vessels as compared to 27% for patients with transient focal cerebral ischemic attacks alone. In patients with transient symptoms, the incidence of a normal, ipsilateral carotid artery was 36% in the absence of any positive neurovascular findings, 15% in the presence of an ipsilateral carotid bruit, 6% in the presence of ipsilateral retinal embolic events, 5% in the presence of ipsilateral reduction in superficial temporal or carotid (or both) pulse, 4% in the presence of an ipsilateral reduction in retinal artery pre...
Bromide adsorption on Pt(100): rotating ring-Pt(100) disk electrode and surface X-ray scattering measurements

Abstract The rotating ring-disk electrode technique with a Pt(100) single crystal disk electrode is used to establish both the bromide adsorption isotherm and the electrosorption valency on Pt(100). In 0.1M HClO 4 with ∼ 10 −4 Br − , bromide adsorption begins at about −0.25 V and reaches a coverage of ∼0.42 ML at 0.5 V; the electrosorption valency is essentially unity. The major peak in the voltammetry at ∼ −0.1 V is the simultaneous adsorption/desorption of hydrogen and desorption/adsorption of Br − . By subtracting the Br − flux we are able to deconvolute the charge for the hydrogen adsorption in the presence of Br − . The saturation coverage is about the same as in solution free of Br − ∼210 μC cm −2 , but the potential region for the onset of adsorption is shifted negatively by 0.35 V due to the competition with Br − adsorption. The reversible pseudocapacitive feature recorded in 0.1M HClO 4 at 0.175≲ E ≲0.375 V should be assigned to the reversible adsorption of hydroxyl species. Despite the inability to detect any in-plane superlattice peaks corresponding to a long-range ordered structure in the Br adlayer, the x-ray scattering data provide information about the surface normal structure and local bonding sites for the Br adlayer on Pt(100).
Strain-space plasticity formulation for hardening-softening materials with elastoplastic coupling

Abstract Engineering materials such as concretes, rocks and soils exhibit a strong strain-softening behavior in the post-failure range, showing a significant elastoplastic coupling for the degradation of elastic modulus with increasing plastic deformation. Stress-space formulation of plasticity based on Drucker’s stability postulate for these materials encounters difficulties in modeling the softening/elastoplastic coupling behavior; strain-space formulation is therefore necessary for further progress. In this article we first introduce a general form of strain-space plasticity formulation which is somewhat similar to that developed previously by Yoder and Iwan. To account for the elastoplastic coupling effect, the conventional plasticity theory is combined with the fracturing theory of Dougill to give a more general form of strain-space formulation. Attempt is then made to apply the general theory to model the softening behavior of a concrete element failed in a mixed crushing/cracking mode.
A comparison of plants regenerated from a variegated Epipremnum aureum

In order to study chloroplast biogenesis, we chose natural variegated Epipremnum aureum (golden pothos) and regenerated pale yellow, variegated and green plants from all three types of tissue explants. The percentage of three types of regenerated shoots from three different explants was very close. Regenerated plants have been maintained for a year and show no sign of a colour switch. By comparing their protein profiles, two major differences between pale yellow and green plants were observed at the 15 and 40 to 50 kDa proteins. Moreover, pale yellow plants had unexpected high molecular mass proteins (greater than 60 kDa). Both variegated and green plants had more chlorophyll (Chl) a than Chl b, the ratios were about 1.46 and 1.93, respectively. In contrast, the pale yellow plants not only had less total Chl, but also the reduction of Chl a was much greater than Chl b, resulting in a higher content of Chl b than Chl a. Microscopic analysis revealed that pale yellow plants contained predominantly undeveloped chloroplasts with low Chl contents, even though their mesophyll cells were similar to green and variegated plants. PCR amplification of chloroplast DNA with 14 universal chloroplast primers did not reveal any difference among these regenerated plants.
THE ADVANCED CAMERA FOR SURVEYS NEARBY GALAXY SURVEY TREASURY. VI. THE ANCIENT STAR-FORMING DISK OF NGC 404

We present HST/WFPC2 observations across the disk of the nearby isolated dwarf S0 galaxy NGC 404, which hosts an extended gas disk. The locations of our fields contain a roughly equal mixture of bulge and disk stars. All of our resolved stellar photometry reaches m {sub F814W} = 26 (M {sub F814W} = -1.4), which covers 2.5 mag of the red giant branch and main-sequence stars with ages 10 Gyr) population. Detailed modeling of the color-magnitude diagram suggests that {approx}70% of the stellar mass in the NGC 404 disk formed by z {approx} 2 (10 Gyr ago) and at least {approx}90% formed prior to z {approx} 1 (8 Gyr ago). These results indicate that the stellar populations of the NGC 404 disk are on average significantly older than those of othermore » nearby disk galaxies, suggesting that early- and late-type disks may have different long-term evolutionary histories, not simply differences in their recent star formation rates. Comparisons of the spatial distribution of the young stellar mass and FUV emission in Galaxy Evolution Explorer images show that the brightest FUV regions contain the youngest stars, but that some young stars (<160 Myr) lie outside of these regions. FUV luminosity appears to be strongly affected by both age and stellar mass within individual regions. Finally, we use our measurements to infer the relationship between the star formation rate and the gas density of the disk at previous epochs. We find that most of the history of the NGC 404 disk is consistent with star formation that has decreased with the gas density according to the Schmidt law. However, {approx} 0.5-1 Gyr ago, the star formation rate was unusually low for the inferred gas density, consistent with the possibility that there was a gas accretion event that reignited star formation {approx}0.5 Gyr ago. Such an event could explain why this S0 galaxy hosts an extended gas disk.« less
Essential roles of Gab1 tyrosine phosphorylation in growth factor-mediated signaling and angiogenesis

Growth factors and their downstream receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) mediate a number of biological processes controlling cell function. Adaptor (docking) proteins, which consist exclusively of domains and motifs that mediate molecular interactions, link receptor activation to downstream effectors. Recent studies have revealed that Grb2-associated-binders (Gab) family members (including Gab1, Gab2, and Gab3), when phosphorylated on tyrosine residues, provide binding sites for multiple effector proteins, such as Src homology-2 (SH2)-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) regulatory subunit p85, thereby playing important roles in transducing RTKs-mediated signals into pathways with diversified biological functions. Here, we provide an up-to-date overview on the domain structure and biological functions of Gab1, the most intensively studied Gab family protein, in growth factor signaling and biological functions, with a special focus on angiogenesis.
Elbow Lateral Collateral Ligament Injuries

The lateral collateral ligament (LCL) of the elbow is a complex capsuloligamentous structure critical in stabilizing the ulnohumeral and radiocapitellar articulations. LCL injury can result in elbow instability, allowing the proximal radius and ulna to externally rotate away from the humerus as a supination stress is applied to the forearm. Elbow dislocation is the most common cause of LCL injury, followed by iatrogenic injury. LCL pathology resulting in late recurrent instability is rare but disabling. The diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion, detailed history, and focused physical examination maneuvers. Stress radiographs are often the most useful imaging modality. Despite controversy over the anatomy of the LCL complex and the relative importance of its component structures, treatment of late instability is focused on lateral ligament reconstruction from the humerus to the ulna using tendon grafts with reasonably good outcomes.
The Addition of Urinary Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator to Urinary Nuclear Matrix Protein 22 and Cytology Improves the Detection of Bladder Cancer

ABSTRACTPurpose: We have previously reported that urinary urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR) are elevated in patients with bladder cancer. In the current study we tested the hypothesis that urinary uPA and uPAR would add to the predictive ability of urinary nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP22) and cytology for the diagnosis of bladder cancer.Materials and Methods: Urinary uPA, uPAR and NMP22 were measured in voided specimens obtained before cystoscopy in 229 consecutive subjects at risk for transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), of whom 122 (53%) were found to have bladder TCC. Bladder washout samples for cytology were also collected in 191 subjects. Associations with TCC were tested by logistic regression. Nonparametric ROC curves were generated and AUCs were compared.Results: Urinary uPA, uPAR and NMP22 were higher in patients with TCC than in controls (p <0.001, 0.016 and <0.001, respectively), while uPA (test for trend p = 0.018) was associated with the risk of TCC after adjus...
A possible relation between the degree of after-cooking discoloration and the optical density of extracts of ontario potatoes

The degree of after-cooking discoloration in potatoes modified by holding them at room temperature for various lengths of time following cold storage was measured in mean color scores and suggested relation to the degree of absorbence at 270 millimicrons, and to a lesser degree to a colorimetric phenol determination.
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis: Regulation, functional implications, and contribution to disease pathology

It is now well established that the mammalian brain has the capacity to produce new neurons into adulthood. One such region that provides the proper milieu to sustain progenitor cells and is permissive to neuronal fate determination is located in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. This review will discuss in detail the complex process of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, including proliferation, differentiation, survival, and incorporation into neuronal networks. The regulation of this phenomenon by a number of factors is described, including neurotransmitter systems, growth factors, paracrine signaling molecules, neuropeptides, transcription factors, endogenous psychotropic systems, sex hormones, stress, and others. This review also addresses the functional significance of adult born hippocampal granule cells with regard to hippocampal circuitry dynamics and behavior. Furthermore, the relevance of perturbations in adult hippocampal neurogenesis to the pathophysiology of various disease states, including depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy, and diabetes are examined. Finally, this review discusses the potential of using hippocampal neurogenesis as a therapeutic target for these disorders.
EHMTI-0287. Peptides involved in sleep and appetite homeostatic regulation and its effects in the modulation of trigeminovascular nociceptive activation

Background Disturbances in appetite and sleep contribute to triggering in migraineurs. Neuropeptide Y (NPY), leptin and insulin are involved in hypothalamic appetite and sleep regulation, and pain modulation. The orexinergic system, known to modulate trigeminocervical complex (TCC) nociceptive activation, is reciprocally influenced by NPY, leptin and insulin. Importantly, hypothalamic activation is involved in migraine pathophysiology.
Relativistic fluids, superfluids, solids, and supersolids from a coset construction

We provide a systematic coset construction of the effective field theories governing the low-energy dynamics of relativistic fluids and solids and of their ``super'' counterparts. These effective theories agree with those previously derived via different techniques. As an application of our methods, we rederive the Wess-Zumino term relevant for anomalous charge-carrying fluids in ($1+1$) dimensions.
Cognitive Decline With Immunologic and Virologic Stability in Four Children With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease

This case series describes 4 children with vertically acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection who exhibited immunologic, virologic, and clinical stability while on a protease inhibitor-containing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen, yet demonstrated significant cognitive decline as measured by standardized intelligence tests. A retrospective review of 107 patient records of children with HIV infection on HAART treatment protocols was conducted. Four patients were identified who responded to protease inhibitor-containing HAART therapy with sustained viral load suppression, and stable immunologic and medical parameters, yet demonstrated significant cognitive decline. Such discordance between biological and clinical markers previously has been reported in adults with HIV disease but not in children. This observed decline in neurocognitive functioning despite stable medical parameters suggests that HAART regimens that are effective for systemic disease may not be as effective for the central nervous system (CNS), perhaps because the antiretrovirals do not penetrate adequately into the CNS. Of note, 3 of these 4 patients did not have zidovudine (ZDV) included in their HAART regimen. The only patient who was treated with ZDV containing regimen received 90 mg/m 2 every 6 hours, which is at the lower end of the recommended ZDV pediatric full-dose range (90 mg/m 2 to 120 mg/m 2 ). Two of the 4 patients began ZDV at 120 mg/m 2 every 6 hours following the decline in their cognitive test scores and subsequently showed improved or stable functioning as evidenced by the results of follow-up psychometric testing. Long-term prospective studies using both systemic and CNS measures are necessary to further investigate the effects of HAART in children with HIV disease. Longitudinal cognitive assessments of children receiving HAART appear indicated to identify cognitive decline and to provide appropriate therapeutic intervention when manifestations of HIV-related CNS disease progression occur.
Selective Cognitive Impairment Following Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats

Impairment of cognitive abilities is a frequent and significant sequelae of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The purpose of this experiment was to examine the generality of the cognitive deficits observed after TBI. The performance of three tasks was evaluated. Two of the tasks (passive avoidance and a constant-start version of the Morris water maze) were chosen because they do not depend on hippocampal processing. The third task examined was the standard version of the Morris water maze which is known to rely on hippocampal processing. Rats were either injured at a moderate level (2.1 atm) of fluid percussion brain injury or surgically prepared but not injured (sham-injured control group). Nine days after fluid percussion injury, injured (n = 9) and sham-injured rats (n = 8) were trained on the one-trial passive avoidance task with retention assessed 24 h later. On days 11-15 following injury, injured (n = 9) and sham-injured (n = 8) rats were trained on a constant-start version of the Morris water maze that has the animals begin the maze from a fixed start position on each trial. Additional injured (n = 8) and sham-injured (n = 8) animals were trained on days 11-15 after injury on the standard (i.e. using variable start positions) version of the Morris water maze. The results of this experiment revealed that performance of the passive avoidance and the constant-start version of the Morris water maze were not impaired by fluid percussion TBI.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Design and evaluation of a compiler for embedded stream programs

Applications that combine live data streams with embedded, parallel, and distributed processing are becoming more commonplace. WaveScript is a domain-specific language that brings high-level, type-safe, garbage-collected programming to these domains. This is made possible by three primary implementation techniques, each of which leverages characteristics of the streaming domain. First, we employ a novel evaluation strategy that uses a combination of interpretation and reification to partially evaluate programs into stream dataflow graphs. Second, we use profile-driven compilation to enable many optimizations that are normally only available in the synchronous (rather than asynchronous) dataflow domain. Finally, we incorporate an extensible system for rewrite rules to capture algebraic properties in specific domains (such as signal processing).We have used our language to build and deploy a sensornetwork for the acoustic localization of wild animals, in particular, the Yellow-Bellied marmot. We evaluate WaveScript's performance on this application, showing that it yields good performance on both embedded and desktop-class machines, including distributed execution and substantial parallel speedups. Our language allowed us to implement the application rapidly, while outperforming a previous C implementation by over 35%, using fewer than half the lines of code. We evaluate the contribution of our optimizations to this success.
Identification of motor neurons that contain a FMRFamidelike peptide and the effects of FMRFamide on longitudinal muscle in the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis

Excitatory motor neurons in the leech are cholinergic. By using a combination of intracellular Lucifer yellow injection and indirect immunofluorescence, we localized FMRFamidelike immunoreactivity to a number of the motor neurons innervating longitudinal and dorsoventral muscle in the leech. All excitatory motor neurons innervating longitudinal muscle (cells 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, L, 106, 107, 108) were labeled with an antiserum to FMRFamide, while the inhibitory motor neurons innervating longitudinal muscle (cells, 1, 2, 7, 9, 102) were not. The excitatory motor neuron innervating medial dorsoventral muscle (cell 117) was labeled, while the excitatory motor neuron innervating lateral dorsoventral muscle (cell 109) was not. The inhibitory motor neuron innervating dorsoventral muscle (cell 101) was also labeled. Nerve terminals along dorsoventral muscle were also labeled with the antiserum. FMRFamide was bath applied to strips of longitudinal muscle while recording tension, and the muscle's response was compared to its response to the previously identified neuromuscular transmitter ACh. Brief applications of FMRFamide caused a contraction approximately one-tenth as large as that caused by an equimolar amount of ACh. The muscle response to FMRFamide was unaffected by curare. During extended exposures, FMRFamide caused a maintained contraction in longitudinal muscle without any apparent desensitization of the FMRFamide receptors and occasionally triggered an irregular myogenic rhythm. This extended exposure to FMRFamide caused a post-exposure potentiation of the longitudinal muscle's response to ACh that shorter applications of FMRFamide did not. Thus FMRFamide may act as a transmitter or modulator in cholinergic motor neurons innervating longitudinal and dorsoventral muscles in the leech.
Performance of a manufacturing system using a token-passing communication network

The authors consider a flexible and automated two-stage manufacturing system that is externally controlled by computer-based equipment. Communication among the components of this integrated manufacturing system is accomplished over a local area network using a token-passing medium access procedure. Messages from the manufacturing system to the control computers may contain information about the progress of the manufacturing process. Based on this data, the control computers send instructions that serve to control and modify the manufacturing process. A model of such a system is formulated and analyzed, and a set of numerical examples is discussed. The objective is to understand how the efficiency of the manufacturing system is affected by the mechanism and parameters of the communication network. >
Phylogenetic relationships of the Hamamelidaceae inferred from sequences of internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA.

Intergeneric relationships in the Hamamelidaceae have long been controversial. In this study, sequences of the internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA were used to reconstruct the phylogeny for the Hamamelidaceae. Three major clades were recognized in the ITS-based phylogenetic tree: (1) Mytilaria-Exbucklandia-Rhodoleia , (2) Disanthus, and (3) the Hamamelidoideae. Within the Hamamelidoideae there were three well-supported lineages: (1) Corylopsis-LoropetalumTetrathyrium-Maingaya-Matudaea , (2) Eustigmateae sensu Endress, plus Molinadendron-Dicoryphinae, and (3) HamamelisFothergilleae sensu Endress, excluding Matudaea and Molinadendron. The Exbucklandioideae sensu Endress were not monophyletic, nor were the tribes in the Hamamelidoideae in their current circumscriptions except for the Corylopsideae. Strap-shaped petals, apetaly, and wind pollination have evolved three times independently in the Hamamelidaceae s.s. (Hamamelidaceae minus Altingioideae), suggesting that homoplasy should be considered in future classifications of the family.
Simple Inequalities for Consecutive-k-out of-n:F Networks

This paper develops simple inequalities for the failure probability of a consecutive-k-out-of-n:F network. Comparisons with standard networks can be readily accomplished from the results.
The Infant With Undiagnosed Cardiac Disease in the Emergency Department

Infants who present to the emergency department with previously undiagnosed cardiac disease will often present with nonspecific complaints. A thorough physical exam and appropriate testing will typically lead to the correct diagnosis and treatment. These infants can be divided into 3 groups: those with structural congenital heart disease; those with an arrhythmia; and those with acquired cardiac disease such as myocarditis. This article will provide an overview to the identification of infants with undiagnosed cardiac disease.
Dispelling Rumors of a Gene Shortage

The Birth of the Mind How a Tiny Number of Genes Creates the Complexities of Human Thought. by Gary Marcus. Basic Books, New York, 2004. 288 pp. $26, C$36.95, £19.99. ISBN 0-465-04405-0. Marcus argues that a small number of genes underlie the emergence of the complex brain structure and mental capabilities of humans.
Recurrent de novo appearance of small linear DNAs in Leishmania major and relationship to extra-chromosomal DNAs in other species

We have detected several new chromosome-sized DNAs in lines derived from the LT252 isolate of Leishmania major. These DNAs appeared de novo in two clonal lines undergoing methotrexate (MTX) selection (clone 7-R50, clone 15-R50), in a stably MTX-resistant population reverting from MTX pressure (R1000-11-P55rev), and spontaneously during routine serial passage of the wild-type LT252 line in vitro (LT252+). No association of these new DNAs with drug resistance was detected. The new chromosomes were present in multiple copies, stably maintained, linear, and hybridized to a telomere-specific probe, and ranged in size from 180 to 220 kb. Southern blot hybridization revealed that all four new DNAs were related, and the family was designated the 715 class of small linear DNAs (SLDs). A 715-class SLD hybridization probe also identified small chromosomes described previously in Leishmania donovani (LD-1, HU-3 minichromosome) and Leishmania braziliensis (LD-1); LD-1 is known to be related to a smaller circular DNA, CD-1. A cloned probe derived from CD-1 (from K. Stuart and C. Tripp) identified two of the four L. major 715 class of SLDs in addition to the LD-1 DNAs of L. donovani and L. braziliensis, however the 715-class SLD probe did not identify CD-1 itself. L. major and L. donovani possess a homologous 1.5 Mb chromosome containing both the CD-1 and 715 sequences within a 40-kb region, whose size remained unaltered following appearance of the SLDs. These data suggest that SLDs and CD-1 may arise from an evolutionarily conserved chromosomal reservoir.
Population structure, genetic diversity, and clone formation in Quercus chrysolepis (Fagaceae).

Stands of canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis, Fagaceae) are maintained for fuelwood, fire management, recreation, and as habitat for wildlife. Information about the link between the oak’s reproductive ecology and its extent of genetic diversity is important in developing land management policies that will maintain the long-term viability of populations. Basal sprouting is the primary means of reproduction following fire or cutting, and stands frequently include groups of visibly connected trees in a clustered distribution that suggests cloning. We determined the extent to which clusters of trees were clonal and defined the spatial pattern and diversity of genotypes for six populations across nearly the entire east‐west extent of the San Bernardino Mountains in southern California. We mapped over 100 trees at each of five sites and genotyped each tree for allozymes at seven polymorphic loci. We identified clones using these multilocus genotypes and detected an average of 34.4 6 7.3 (SD) clones per site, most of which had unique genotypes. In general, clustered trees belong to single clones and most clones consist of few trees (mean 5 3.4 6 0.6 trees per clone). However, clone size increased significantly with increased individual heterozygosity, suggesting that selection may favor highly heterozygous clones. Clonal diversity and evenness were high relative to reports for most other clonal species; an average of 97% of clones had distinct genotypes, and Simpson’s index of diversity averaged 0.95 6 0.02. Population genetic analyses of 319 clones from six sites revealed high genetic diversity within sites (mean HS 5 0.443). Only a small proportion of the total genetic diversity was explained by variation among sites (mean GST 5 0.018), which is consistent with high gene flow among sites ( Nm 5 9.5). We found no significant substructure among plots within sites, and fixation indices within sites were generally small, suggesting that either little inbreeding occurs, and/or few inbred progeny survive. However, spatial autocorrelation analysis of clones indicated fine-scale genetic structure at distances under 4 m, possibly due to limited seed dispersal. Our data suggest that guidelines for seed collection of canyon live oak for use in restoration can be specified in a manner similar to that recommended for conifer species within the region studied.
Voting the Agenda: Candidates, Elections and Ballot Propositions

Voting the Agenda: Candidates, Elections and Ballot Propositions. By Stephen P. Nicholson. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005. 208p. $35.00Many good books are published in political science, but rarely is one so powerful that it restructures the study of politics in multiple subfields. Stephen Nicholson's Voting the Agenda may be such a book, as it forces scholars to reconsider how we study not only voting and elections but also Congress, the presidency, state legislatures, governors, direct democracy, the media, and political campaigns.
The Management Development Program: A Competency-Based Model for Preparing Hospitality Leaders

As management educators increasingly focus their attention on instructional outcomes, competency-based education has emerged as an important component in graduate business education. The most sought after graduate students are not only knowledgeable in business fields but also demonstrate competence in critical managerial skills. This article focuses on the development, implementation, and assessment of a competency-based component of the Master of Management in Hospitality program at the School of Hotel Administration at Cornell University. This program component assesses and directs the development of graduate students’ skills in writing, presentational speaking, and leadership/group process skills. To the extent that it has proven effective in accomplishing its objectives, it may serve as a model for business educators interested in including competency-based education in their programs.
Molecular coordination of hierarchical self-assembly

a b s t r a c t A serious challenge to nanotechnology is the problem of assembling complex physical systems that are structured from the nanoscale up through the macroscale, but embryological morphogenesis provides a good model of how it can be accomplished. We review the fundamental processes in embryological development and argue that these processes, or approximations to them, will be feasible in artificial morphogenetic systems. Nevertheless, there are differences between natural and artificial systems, which future research must address. We explain the approach we are taking toward morphogenetic programming, present a notation for describing morphogenetic programs, and present two examples: the routing of neuron-like connections and the assembly of a segmented body frame with segmented legs by a clock-and-wavefront mechanism. Although much research remains to be done, we show how to implement the fundamental processes of morphogenesis and thereby coordinate very large numbers of agents to self-assemble into multiscale complex hierarchical systems.
Mass Center Anomalies from Asymmetric Propellant Positions in Spacecraft

Surface tension propellant management devices are passive systems used to position liquid propellants in space craft propellant tanks in orbit. In weightlessness, the surface tension minimizes the surface area of the liquid-vapor interface, intersecting walls and vanes at the contact angle. This minimum energy interface is a stable solution - there is no lower-energy solution possible. Vanes, gallery arms, and similar components in propellant management devices are generally designed with some symmetry, such as four vanes located 90 degrees apart around the tank axis. Mathematical and experimental research in capillary fluids in the last two decades has shown that liquid that partially fills certain symmetric containers can have an asymmetric solution as the lowest energy solution. Such an asymmetric solution displaces the mass center of the liquid propellant o of the container axis. To quantify this mass center shift for propellant tanks, the symmetric solution and two dierent asymmetric solutions are computed for a typical propellant management device design at zero Bond number and in a range of Bond numbers. Small thrusts, such as in stationkeeping maneuvers for communications satellites in geosychronous orbit are also a source of o-axis mass center positions. It is found that in many cases a cylindrical tank with four vanes has asymmetric propellant positions that are lower energy than the symmetric solution. Asymmetric solutions that are local or seemingly global energy minima are also possible in an accelerating spacecraft.
Efficacy of Abreactive Ego State Therapy for PTSD: Trauma Resolution, Depression, and Anxiety

Abstract Using manualized abreactive Ego State Therapy (EST), 30 subjects meeting DSM–IV–TR and Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) criteria were exposed to either 5–6 hours of treatment or the Ochberg Counting Method (placebo) in a single session. EST emphasized repeated hypnotically activated abreactive “reliving” of the trauma and ego strengthening by the cotherapists. Posttreatment 1-month and 3-month follow-ups showed EST to be an effective treatment for PTSD. Using the Davidson Trauma Scale, Beck Depression II, and Beck Anxiety Scales, EST subjects showed significant positive effects from pretreatment levels at all posttreatment measurement periods in contrast to the placebo treatment. Most of the EST subjects responded and showed further improvement over time.