cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microglial Physiology and Pathophysiology: Insights from Genome-wide Transcriptional Profiling

Microglia originate from erythromyeloid progenitors (EMPs) in the yolk sac and develop in the forming CNS. Microglia are fundamental for the development and function of a healthy brain. By contrast, their role in immune host defense of the CNS remains speculative, given the immune privilege of this organ. Alterations in microglia functionality are involved in brain aging, as well as in neurodegenerative disease severity and progression. The combination of their ontogeny with the influence of the complex environment of the CNS makes microglia a unique cell population. Recent observations about microglia ontogeny combined with extensive gene expression profiling allow us to better capture the variety of nuances that microglia can manifest. Here, we provide a contemporary appraisal of microglial uniqueness based on their origin, functions, and expression profiles. Furthermore, we give an overview of the impact of aging and neurodegenerative diseases on microglia transcriptomes.
Sex Pheromones of Lepidoptera. XXVIII. Factors Modifying the Release Rate and Extractable Quantity of Pheromone from Females of Trichoplusia ni (Noctuidae)

The following 3 aspects of female sex pheromone production and release were quantitatively studied, using a laboratory colony of Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) : the amount of pheromone contained on and in the whole gland, the amount contained on the gland surface only, and the amount evaporated into the air from the gland surface after the gland was everted (exposed to the air). The whole-gland content and the evaporation rate were strongly influenced by female age and by unexplained population variation over several weeks and months. Time of day had no pronounced effect on wholegland content or evaporation rate. In an air stream moving 10 cm per second, mean evaporation rate was 7 nanograms per minute during the first 10 minutes following gland eversion. This evaporation rate rapidly depleted the amount of pheromone initially found on the gland surface (about 48 nanograms), and a considerably reduced rate occurred during the second 10 minutes of gland eversion. Evaporation took place more rapidly in an air stream moving 100, as opposed to 10, cm per second.
Lipotropic Action of Certain Compounds Related to Choline Chloride.

The hypothesis that choline chloride functions lipotropically by virtue of supplying an essential component of lecithin and possibly other lipid complexes appears particularly worthy of consideration. In this connection many compounds related to choline chloride have been subjected to examination, using the mouse method described in the previous paper. Two of these compounds, the arsenic analogue of betaine hydrochloride and α-methyl-β-phenyleholine chloride have apparently not been prepared hitherto; the preparation of these and other compounds will be described in a later publication. It is desired to list the results obtained with the various substances but to reserve the larger part of the interpretation at present.The writers believe that statements concerning the precise activity of various compounds in terms of choline chloride are unwise unless a large number of experiments have ken done in that dosage range where the relation between size of dose and lipotropic effect is most significant. Prelimi...
Inelastic Buckling of Shallow Arches

A numerical procedure is presented for the determination of the inelastic buckling behavior of shallow circular arches subjected to arbitrary loadings. The prebuckling deformation, maximum pressure, critical buckling mode and stress distribution for two clamped arches, which are made of the same material but of different geometry and subjected to uniform pressure, have been numerically determined. The numerical results indicate that an inelastic arch may have a symmetric or asymmetric deformation mode at the maximum pressure depending on its rise to thickness ratio. The maximum pressure may also be approximately determined by a tangent modulus formula.
Thrips Control Onion 2014

The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of insecticides for control of onion thrips and western flower thrips on dehydrator onions under desert growing conditions. Dehydrator onion (White Creole) was direct seeded into six row beds on 40 inch centers on 25 Oct 2013 at the University of California Desert Research and Extension Center, El Centro, CA. Stand establishment was achieved using overhead sprinkler irrigation initiated on 28 Oct 2013; Sprinklers were used until January 2014 and furrow irrigation was utilized thereafter. Plots were four beds 13.3 ft wide by 50 ft long and bordered by two-buffer beds between plots and 3 ft beffers between replicate blocks. The experiment included 11 insecticidal treatments and an untreated check. Four replications of each treatment were arranged in a RCB design. Insecticidal compounds, formulations and application rates, along with treatment dates, are provided in Table 1. All insecticide treatments were foliar sprays applied with a Lee Spider Spray TracTractor 4-row sprayer …
A Research on the Cubic Uniform B-spline Curve and Its Application on Trajectory Planning Algorithm of Industry Robot

It is hard to approximate the shape of workpiece using straight line curve and arc curve.Therefore,a trajectory planning algorithm based on the cubic uniform B-spline curve is researched to solve such problems.The purpose is to drive the robot’s end-effector move along each working point on the workpiece smoothly.After reviewed characteristics of cubic uniform B-spline curve,the expressions of such curve had been listed;a chasing method had been used to calculate the control points since two free endpoints conditions had been added to the solutions.A predictor-corrector method was used to reason the interpolation algorithm,which could drive the velocity of end-effecter to be a parabolic blends speed curve.Then,all the algorithms were simulated based on an industry robot,the joint-link model and D-H parameters of such industry robot were listed.The simulation result is quiet well and the algorithms are feasible.
Will global convergence of per-capita emissions lead the way to meeting the UNFCCC goal?

ABSTRACTOne of the contentious issues of the ongoing climate negotiations is the huge differences in per-capita CO2 emissions between Annex I and Non-Annex I countries. This paper analyzes the costs of reducing this gap using a global computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. A range of carbon taxes are considered for Annex I countries as policy instruments. Results show that the average per-capita CO2 emissions of Annex I countries would still remain almost twice as high as those of Non-Annex I countries in 2030 even if the CO2 emissions of the former are reduced by 57% from the baseline through a heavy carbon tax of $250/tCO2. The global reduction of CO2 emissions would be only 18% due to an increase in CO2 emissions in the Non-Annex I countries. This reduction would not be sufficient to stabilize atmospheric CO2 concentration at the level implied by UNFCCC to avoid dangerous climate change. The $250/tCO2 carbon tax, on the other hand, would reduce Annex I countries’ gross domestic product by 2.4%, an...
Inequalities in China’s Compulsory Education

In the last three decades, China has experienced massive economic development, with its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) increasing almost 42 times from 1,206 billion yuan in 1987 to 50,532 billion yuan in 2012. Like many developing countries, the rapid economic progress in China since the 1980s has had contradictory effects.
Proof Without Words: A Right Triangle Identity

SummaryWe use a figure to relate the semiperimeter, inradius, and circumradius of a right triangle.
Justice Without Solidarity? Collective Identity and the Fate of the "Ethical" in Habermas' Recent Political Theory

In past work, Habermas has claimed that justice and solidarity stand in a complementary relationship—that ‘ethical’ relations of solidarity are the ‘reverse side’ of justice. Yet in a recent address to the World Congress of Philosophy, he rejects this idea. This paper argues against this rejection. After explaining the idea, arguing for its centrality to Habermas' thought, and evaluating Habermas' scant reflections on this major transformation, I argue that his rejection of the idea is a result of a newfound skepticism about the power of secular reason, and should thus be understood in terms of his corresponding turn to religious traditions as alternative sources of solidarity. I argue against this ‘religious turn’ by developing an alternative advocated by Habermas himself in earlier reflections—attention to real sociopolitical movements. In particular, I analyze feminist and black liberation movements to demonstrate that Habermas' pessimism about secular sources of justice-producing solidarity is unwarranted, and that, while ‘postsecular’ sources may provide one avenue for actionable solidarity, they are not the only one. I conclude by identifying a conceptual commonality in these two alternatives: an inclusive conception of what it means to be human.
IL-3 Coordination of the Myeloblast Transcriptome by Modulating mRNA Stability

The growth factor interleukin-3 (IL-3) promotes the survival and growth of multipotent hematopoietic progenitors and stimulates myelopoiesis. It has also been reported to oppose terminal granulopoiesis and to support leukemic cell growth through autocrine or paracrine mechanisms. While most investigations of the action of hematopoietic cytokines such as IL-3 have focused on cytokine signal transduction leading to transcriptional activation, IL3 has been reported to downregulate proapoptotic Bim in factor-dependent lymphocytes (Matsui et. al., Mol. Cell, 2007). We hypothesized that IL-3 could support the myeloblast phenotype and oppose differentiation by stabilizing transcripts involved in proliferation or differentiation blockade. Kinetic microarray analysis of actinomycin chase experiments in IL-3-dependent 32Dcl3 myeloblasts demonstrated that IL-3 caused stabilization of hundreds of transcripts in pathways relevant to myeloblast function. Control of transcript decay by IL-3 did not require new transcription. Among the most IL-3 stabilized transcripts, 8 out of the top 22 gene ontology categories at a corrected significance level <0.001 were related to cell cycling, and 5 were related to RNA processing. Northern Blotting validated stabilization of transcripts by IL-3, including transcripts associated with proliferation and leukemic transformation (pik3cd, myb, pim-1), hematopoietic development (cited2), differentiation control (cdkn1a) and RNA processing (BRF1, BRF2). A domain was localized in the 3′-utr of IL-6 that mediated IL-3 responsiveness. Proteins known to modulate mRNA stability bound to this domain and to other IL-3 controlled transcripts. The v-Abl oncoprotein (that can support cytokine-independent proliferation of 32Dcl3 myeloblasts) was also shown to stabilize several of the IL-3 targeted transcripts. These findings support a new model of IL-3 action through coordinated mRNA stability control and suggest that leukemic oncoproteins can hijack the ability of IL3 to regulate the decay rate of critical transcripts in myeloblasts.
Controlled relative humidity storage for high toughness and strength of binderless green pellets

An equation was developed to predict fracture toughness of green powder compacts. The model combines crack tip toughness predicted by Kendall's model with crack tip shielding due to bridging of moisture meniscuses across the crack. The model predicts that crack tip shielding due to moisture should be dominant. Fracture tests on ceria green pellets verified that storing pellets at a high relative humidity (98% RH) for an extended period of time led to fracture strength more than double those stored at lower RH. However, at lower RH there is no significant increase in fracture strength with increased RH as predicted by the model. The lower strength at low RH is due to insufficient capillary and surface forces but may also be related to the lack of sufficient adsorbed moisture to form bridging meniscuses. The high green strengths achieved by storing pellets at a high RH suggest a method of strengthening green parts without adding binder. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Experimental Results of Heavy Flavor Production and Correlation at RHIC

Abstract Heavy flavor probes are essential tools to study the strongly coupled quark gluon plasma created in heavy-ion collisions. The experiments at RHIC pioneered the measurements of production and correlation of heavy flavor probes. This paper presents highlights of these measurements and focus on the recent results.
Recent Advances in the Development of Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs): Attempts for Sustainable Medicine?

Background Since the first isolation of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) they have attracted extensive interest in medicinal chemistry. However, only a few AMP-based drugs are currently available on the market. Despite their effectiveness, biodegradability, and versatile mode of action that is less likely to induce resistance compared to conventional antibiotics, AMPs suffer from major issues that need to be addressed to broaden their use. Notably, AMPs can lack selectivity leading to side effects and cytotoxicity, and also exhibit in vivo instability. Several strategies are being actively considered to overcome the limitations that restrain the success of AMPs. Methods In the current work, recent strategies reported for improving AMPs in the context of drug design and delivery were surveyed, and also their possible impact on patients and the environment was assessed. Results As a major advantage AMPs possess an easily tunable skeleton offering opportunities to improve their properties. Strategic structural modifications and the beneficial properties of cyclic or branched AMPs in term of stability have been reported. The conjugation of AMPs with nanoparticles has also been explored to increase their in vivo stability. Other techniques such as the coupling of AMPs with specific antibodies aim to increase the selectivity of the potential drug towards the target. These strategies were evaluated for their effect on the environment highlighting green technologies. Conclusion Although further research is needed taking into account both environmental and human health consequences of novel AMPs, several of these compounds are promising drug candidates for use in sustainable medicine.
INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF INNOVATION TRANSFORMATIONS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN THE CONTEXT OF PROVIDING ECONOMIC SECURITY

Urgency of the research. Competitive development and ensuring of economic security of the country determine the need for intensification of the innovation process in agricultural and industrial production. The achievement of these imperatives is due to their institutionalization, which determines the relevance of the research topic. Target setting. Due to the lack of a systemic base for the development of agricultural and industrial production, the priorities of the industry are uncoordinated, there are no results of innovative changes. It is the institutionalization of innovation transformations, ensuring of the systematic interaction of institutes can certify the achievement of strategic priorities for the development of agricultural and industrial production. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Instrumentation of institutionalism for the formation of the conceptual regulations of innovative development and determination of its determinants were used by A. Balyan, O. Datsiy, L. Kurilo, I. Kostyrko, P. Sabluk, M. Malik, S. Tivonchuk, L. Fedulova, O. Shpykulyak, O. Shubravska. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. The need to define conceptual regulations for the formation of innovation development leads to further study of the problems related to the methodology of institutional transformations and the peculiarities of the institutional security. The research objective. The purpose of the article is to determine the peculiarities of institutionalization of innovative transformations of agricultural and industria production, its characteristic features and constituent elements. The statement of basic materials. The article substantiates the importance of developing innovations in the agrarian sector to ensure the country's food security. The purposefulness of innovation development on the basis of implementing innovative policy tools leads to the introduction of regulatory, signalling and stimulating institutions. Conclusions. To ensure the activation of the innovation process, it is necessary to develop an appropriate institutional mechanism that is capable of implementing the priorities of innovation development at the level of the industry and regions and the growth of producers’ innovation activity.
Deep-Learning-Based Imaging through Glass-Air Disordered Fiber with Transverse Anderson Localization

We demonstrate for the first time that deep neural networks (DNNs) can be trained to recover images transported through a 90 cm-long silica-air disordered optical fiber at variable working distances without any distal optics.
Design of CUSUM Control Charts Using Narrow Limit Gauges

A scheme for the design of attributes CUSUM control charts using narrow limit gauges is presented. This scheme yields attribute sampling plans having specified average run lengths (ARLs) when the process is in or out of control. We demonstrate that for ..
Limits of Methodological Differences in Family Studies

Kanner’s (1943) lucid clinical description of the autistic syndrome enabled clinicians from many different regions to identify similar children. Although such children were identified with increasing regularity, the origins of their strange behavior continued to be mysterious and puzzling. Among the first and most extensive efforts to clarify these unknown causes have been the research studies seeking links between the peculiar characteristics of the autistic child and his parents and their family life. A large proportion of these publications have claimed direct and indirect evidence that these parents show psychopathology of personality, communication styles, child-rearing proclivities, and family interactions. These pathological factors were widely considered as primary explanations for the child’s autistic development. Yet another group of studies well illustrated by McAdoo and DeMyer (Chapter 17) and comprehensively reviewed by Cantwell et al. (Chapter 18) do not find evidence for pathogenic traits in parents of autistic children. These two opposing views on the parents of autistic children have been supported by large numbers of publications. (Over 100 were cited in Cantwell et al.)
To bid or not to bid: An empirical study of the supply determinants of crowd-shipping

Abstract This study makes three contributions to the literature of crowd-shipping. First, we represent a national data set incorporating 16,850 crowd-shipping requests across the United States for the 2-year period of January 2015 through December 2016. Second, we develop a two-part model of supply defined by both the probability of receiving a bid from a crowd-courier, and the bid count. Model results along with elasticity measurements summarize the effects of variation in shipping request and package, built environment, and socioeconomic characteristics. Third, we report the sensitivity of elasticities over different segmentations to understand whether and to what extent the supply responsiveness varies across segments. Our results show that (1) supply is unevenly distributed across the U.S. at the block group level, (2) this geographical disparity is a function of not only the shipping request and service characteristics, but also the socioeconomic and built-environment attributes, (3) the supply has denser pockets in areas with a higher percentage of African-American population, high wage workers, and families with two or more vehicles, (4) the supply peters off in areas with higher population and employment densities, while, it is accumulated in geographical areas with higher destination accessibility and regional employment diversity, and (5) the out-of-state and the business-to-customer shipments present the highest elasticity in receiving a bid, while posted requests with a delivery deadline is the most inelastic segment. Transportation planners and crowd-shipping companies can use these results to implement improved supply creation, geographically targeted growth, and price discrimination strategies.
Exercise counseling in integrative oncology: Patient characteristics and effects on self-reported symptoms.

10089Background: Physical activity and exercise have shown benefits for cancer prevention and contribute to improved treatment related outcomes. We reviewed the characteristics of cancer patients r...
Characterizing the protective effects of SHLP2, a mitochondrial-derived peptide, in macular degeneration.

Mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs) are rapidly emerging therapeutic targets to combat development of neurodegenerative diseases. SHLP2 (small humanin-like peptide 2) is a newly discovered MDP that is coded from the MT-RNR2 (Mitochondrially encoded 16S rRNA) gene in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). In the current study, we examined the biological consequences of treatment with exogenously-added SHLP2 in an in vitro human transmitochondrial age-related macular degeneration (AMD) ARPE-19 cell model. In AMD cells, we observed significant down-regulation of the MDP-coding MT-RNR2 gene, and remarkably reduced levels of all five oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complex I-V protein subunits that are involved in the electron transport chain; these results suggested mitochondrial toxicity and abnormal OXPHOS complex protein subunits’ levels in AMD cells. However, treatment of AMD cells with SHLP2: (1) restored the normal levels of OXPHOS complex protein subunits, (2) prevented loss of viable cells and mitochondria, (3) increased the number of mtDNA copies, (4) induced anti-apoptotic effects, and (5) attenuated amyloid-β-induced cellular and mitochondrial toxicity. Cumulatively, our findings established the protective role of SHLP2 in AMD cells in vitro. In conclusion, this novel study supports the merit of SHLP2 in the treatment of AMD, a primary retinal disease that is a leading cause of blindness among the elderly population in the United States as well as worldwide.
Diazotrophic Macroalgal Associations With Living and Decomposing Sargassum .

Despite several studies reporting diazotrophic macroalgal associations (DMAs), biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is still largely overlooked as a potential source of nitrogen (N) for macroalgal productivity. We investigated the role of BNF, via the acetylene reduction method, throughout different life stages of the invasive macroalga, Sargassum horneri, in its non-native Southern California coastal ecosystem. Throughout most of its life cycle, BNF rates were not detectable or yielded insignificant amounts of fixed N to support S. horneri productivity. However, during late summer when nutrient concentrations are usually at their minimum, BNF associated with juvenile S. horneri contributed ~3-36% of its required N, potentially providing it with a competitive advantage. As DMAs remain poorly understood within macroalgal detrital systems, long term (15-28 days) laboratory decomposition time series were carried out to investigate the role of BNF throughout decomposition of the endemic macroalga, S. palmeri, and the invasive S. horneri. Nitrogenase activity increased drastically during the second phase of decomposition, when increasing microbial populations are typically thought to drive macroalgal degradation, with BNF rates associated with S. palmeri and S. horneri reaching up to 65 and 247 nmol N × g-1(dw) × h-1, respectively. Stimulation of BNF rates by glucose and mannitol additions, up to 42x higher rates observed with S. palmeri, suggest that labile carbon may be limiting at varying degrees in these detrital systems. Comparable, if not higher, dark BNF rates relative to light incubations during S. horneri decomposition suggest an important contribution from heterotrophic N fixers. Inhibition of nitrogenase activity, up to 98%, by sodium molybdate additions also suggest that sulfate reducers may be an important constituent of the detrital diazotrophic community. As labile N can become limiting to the microbial community during macroalgal decomposition, our results suggest that BNF may provide a source of new N, alleviating this limitation. Additionally, while BNF is rarely considered as a source for N enrichment with aging macroalgal detritus, we found it to account for ~1-11% of N immobilized with decaying S. horneri. Our investigations suggest that DMAs may be globally important with Sargassum and potentially occur within other macroalgal detrital systems.
Forcing Patients To Do What They Really Want To Do: The Case for Excuse Paternalism

Because we don't have a choice when it comes to obeying a mandatory rule, the law provides us with an excuse when it makes us do something we would want to do anyway, but for what others might think. This insight is the basis for what "excuse paternalism." And for a whole class of situations in which people refrain from desirable conduct in order to appear fair - a state of affairs extremely common in patient decision-making-excuse paternalism can justify regulation. Excuse paternalism can be explained in behavioral-economic terms as the interaction between other-regarding actors (for example, trust-seeking patients), signaling costs (whatever the patient is afraid of revealing), and mandatory rules (which take the decision out of the patient's hands). This interaction can make mandatory rules beneficial because they eliminate signaling costs for other-regarding actors. Any regulation that creates such a benefit is excuse paternalistic. While any limitation on patient choice that creates this excuse-paternalism benefit will necessarily bring along costs, there will be times when the benefits outweigh the costs and a regulation will be justified. The patient reaction to mandatory second opinion programs (MSOs) is a potential example of excuse paternalism. Studies have shown patients to be very comfortable with MSOs in spite of the fact that when second opinions are not mandatory very few patients voluntarily obtain them. But if we do not mind being forced to seek a second opinion, why don't we choose to seek them on their own? While there are many contributing factors, a likely explanation is that we often want second opinions but abstain from asking our doctors for fear of hurting their feelings. On this explanation, MSO programs may be an example of excuse paternalism.
Narcotic Use and Resiliency Scores Do Not Predict Changes in Sleep Quality 6 Months After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair.

Background:Patients with rotator cuff disease commonly complain of difficulty sleeping. Arthroscopic repair has been associated with improved sleep quality in many patients with rotator cuff tears;...
Using Relational-Cultural Theory to Conceptualize International Student Transitions

ABSTRACTIn this article, Relational-Cultural Theory (RCT) is applied to international student transition experiences. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to describe the lived experience...
Enriching Entrepreneurship Education Through Integration of Industry-Standard Technology Tools and Software

This chapter demonstrates how an entrepreneurship course can be enriched by incorporating industry-standard tools and software. In a yearlong case study, we ran multiple sections of an entrepreneurship course in which students learned and applied industry-standard tools and software. During and after the course, we collected feedback and analyzed their learning experiences, summarizing the lessons learned, best practices, and challenges.
Highly absorptive pupil mask fabricated with black silicon

Many of NASA’s direct imaging of exoplanet missions and projects require fabricated coronagraph masks to control scattering and diffraction of light. The designed, patterned mask intended for the coronagraphic testbeds are highly absorptive in the visible range on non-metallic regions. In this work, we employed the cryogenic etching process to fabricate black silicon (BSi) to achieve a high aspect ratio (HAR) structures with higher etch rate than conventional reactive ion etching (REI). Recent bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) measurements of uniformly etched BSi on silicon wafer show highly diffusive BSi with a specular reflective component in the orders of seven magnitudes lower than the total hemispherical reflectance when the polarized or non-polarized incident beam is used.
Lepton-nucleus cross section measurements for DUNE with the LDMX detector

We point out that the LDMX (Light Dark Matter eXperiment) detector design, conceived to search for sub-GeV dark matter, will also have very advantageous characteristics to pursue electron-nucleus scattering measurements of direct relevance to the neutrino program at DUNE and elsewhere. These characteristics include a 4-GeV electron beam, a precision tracker, electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters with near $2\ensuremath{\pi}$ azimuthal acceptance from the forward beam axis out to $\ensuremath{\sim}40\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ angle, and low reconstruction energy threshold. LDMX thus could provide (semi)exclusive cross section measurements, with detailed information about final-state electrons, pions, protons, and neutrons. We compare the predictions of two widely used neutrino generators (genie, gibuu) in the LDMX region of acceptance to illustrate the large modeling discrepancies in electron-nucleus interactions at DUNE-like kinematics. We argue that discriminating between these predictions is well within the capabilities of the LDMX detector.
A Cross-Country Analysis of ICT Diffusion, Economic Growth, and Global Competitiveness

This study explores the causal relationships between information and communications technology (ICT) and economic growth. It spans the post-Great Recession period of 2008–2017, which is both a period of economic tumult and slow recovery but also significant pathbreaking developments in ICT technologies. Generalized Method of Moments estimation is applied to a dynamic panel of 107 countries to examine causality between ICT measures and economic growth. The study is unique in that it distinguishes between more affluent and less affluent countries, which makes a significant difference in the results. Stronger and statistically significant causal impacts exist in less affluent countries from mobile internet penetration to GDP per capita. Conversely, causal impacts are statistically detected from GDP per capita growth to mobile internet penetration in both more affluent and less affluent countries. However, a weak and delayed causal impact occurs from GDP per capita to fixed broadband penetration in more affluent countries; none in less affluent countries. Granger-causality between mobile internet penetration and GDP per capita is, indeed, bidirectional, at least in less affluent countries.
Engineering self and civil society: the promise of charity in Turkey

In this article, I will show that charitable giving, along with charitable associations’ institutional practices, fashion moral, productive, and religious citizens through both intent and practice ...
Treatment for Pediatric Aphasia: A Critical Review

Objective: The primary aim of this study was to summarize the current state-of-science for principles and practices of intervention in acquired pediatric aphasia (APA). A secondary aim was to identify gaps in research regarding interventional frameworks, and to identify key areas of future inquiry to optimize language outcomes. Conclusions: Although epidemiologic data indicate rising incidence in APA, limited research on recovery and intervention exists. Results suggest that language intervention supports aphasia recovery; however, available data lack adequate description of methodologies to make crosscomparisons and dosage recommendations possible. Evidence from observational studies suggests that a) pediatric recovery is not necessarily more rapid nor complete than adult recovery; b) principles of neuroplasticity may be applied to pediatric aphasia; however prognostication may be affected by developmental stage and presence of immature language networks; and, c) aphasia symptoms related to literacy may extend into adulthood, even after functional communication has been established. Clinical implications as well as recommendations for research are discussed in light of evidence.
SABRE: WIMP modulation detection in the northern and southern hemisphere

Measuring an annual modulation in a direct Dark Matter detection experiment is not only a proof of the existence of WIMPs but can also tell us more about their interaction with standard matter and maybe even their density and velocity in the halo. Such a modulation has been measured by the DAMA/LIBRA experiment in NaI(Tl) crystals. However, the interpretation as WIMP signal is controversial due to contradicting results by other experiments. The SABRE experiment aims to shed light on this controversy by detecting the annual modulation in the same target material as DAMA with twin detectors at LNGS in Italy and at SUPL in Australia. The two locations in the northern and southern hemisphere allow to verify if other seasonal effects or the site have an influence on the measurement, thus reducing systematic effects. This paper will give an overview on the experimental design, the current status of the proof of principle phase mainly devoted to high-purity crystal growing, and an outlook on future plans.
The emerging role of quantitative imaging in asthma.

Quantitative imaging of the lung has proved to be a valuable tool that has improved our understanding of asthma. CT, MRI, and positron emission tomography have all been utilized in asthma with each...
Abstract 16824: Circulating Microvesicles in Heart Failure Patients Prior to, and Following LVAD Implantation

Introduction: Elevated levels of circulating endothelial and platelet (EMV and PMV) microvesicles are associated with endothelial dysfunction and thrombosis/inflammation, respectively. EMVs and PMV...
Quantifying the Relative Influence of Railway Hump Classification Yard Performance Factors

AbstractSingle-railcar freight shipments that move in multiple freight trains and are sorted at several classification yards between origin and destination remain an important source of traffic and...
Driftability

In this paper, I argue (contra some recent philosophical work) that an objective distinction between natural selection and drift can be drawn. I draw this distinction by conceiving of drift, in the most fundamental sense, as an individual-level phenomenon. This goes against some other attempts to distinguish selection from drift, which have argued either that drift is a population-level process or that it is a population-level product. Instead of identifying drift with population-level features, the account introduced here can explain these population-level features based on a property that I label driftability. Additionally, this account shows that biology’s “first law”—the Principle of Drift (Brandon, J Phil 102(7):319–335 2006)—is not a foundational law, but is a consequence of driftability.
HER2-Directed Therapy in Advanced Gastric and Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma: Triumphs and Troubles

Gastric and gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) cancers represent the third leading cause of malignancy-associated death worldwide. Approximately 15–20% of these adenocarcinomas overexpress the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), a pro-proliferative receptor tyrosine kinase that has been therapeutically exploited in other disease contexts. The landmark ToGA trial demonstrated that trastuzumab, an anti-HER2 antibody, could improve overall survival for patients with HER2 overexpressing advanced gastric and GEJ adenocarcinomas. In the ensuing decade, great effort has been made to refine and expand this therapeutic strategy through a variety of avenues including optimization of chemotherapy backbones, identifying potential synergy with immune checkpoint inhibition, deployment of alternative HER2-targeted antibodies, use of small molecule inhibitors, and development of HER2-directed antibody drug conjugates. While the results of these efforts have had variable success, they have led to a greater understanding of the mechanisms of both primary and acquired resistance to HER2-directed therapies, laying the groundwork for future investigations. Recently, KEYNOTE-811 and DESTINY-Gastric01 have led to the FDA approvals of pembrolizumab in combination with trastuzumab and chemotherapy in the 1st-line advanced setting and trastuzumab deruxtecan (fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan-nxki) in the 2nd-line setting, respectively. Herein, we review these significant works as well as discuss the ongoing investigations they have inspired, which aim to find and utilize additional means for targeting HER2 in gastric and GEJ cancers.
Co-expression network analysis reveals immune response pathways important for pathogenesis of Chlamydial pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). (HUM8P.329)

Processes driving development of immune pathology after Chlamydia trachomatis infection are poorly understood. To provide insight into the pathways that may be underappreciated by individual gene analysis, weighted gene co-expression network analysis was performed to identify network modules using blood transcriptional profiles of women with chlamydial PID (N=15) and asymptomatically infected women (N=84). Modules, defined as centrally connected genes, that were significantly associated with chlamydial PID were further accessed via Ingenuity Pathway analysis. Type I and type II interferon (IFN) signaling pathways were significantly up regulated in women with chlamydial PID. Up regulation of both of these pathways has been detected in the transcriptomes of patients with active tuberculosis, suggesting a parallel role in PID. Up regulation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor, agranulocyte/granulocyte adhesion and diapedesis pathways was also noted, while EIF2/EIF4, mTOR and ILK signaling, granzyme A/B signaling, cross talk between dendritic cells and natural killer cells, signaling in T helper cells and T cell receptor pathways were down-regulated. Pathways likely to contribute to immunopathogenesis, including migration of leukocytes and inflammation were activated in chlamydial PID, while those involved in cell growth/proliferation and clearance of infected cells were decreased. Bioinformatics provides a new avenue to improve understanding of chlamydial disease mechanisms.
Forum: Complexity in Political-Administrative Relations and the Limits of the Dichotomy Concept

Understanding the relationship between politics and administration is critical for the field of public administration. This understanding has been obscured, however, by inappropriate emphasis on dichotomy as a central organizing concept. Although it is typically rejected as a normative and empirical guide, Patrick Overeem has attempted to restore the concept by reducing its scope to the mutual non-interference in the selection of counterpart officials and the exclusion of administrators from resolving political controversies. This is important, but it is one of five elements that shape a model of political-administrative relations along with political neutrality, professionalism, sharing and division of functions, and distinctive means. A model of complementarity better captures the complexity of a relationship that includes both distinction and overlap. The term dichotomy is better reserved for situations in which there is strict separation of roles and limited interaction. Although such conditions are r...
Multipoint series of Gromov-Witten invariants of CP^1

We give explicit formulas for the multipoint series of Gromov-Witten invariants of CP^1. We use the recursions of the Toda hierarchy to calculate these in degree 0, and the Toda equation and the degree 0 formulas to extend the calculation to higher degrees. We also obtain formulas for the Hodge series for the Hodge classes lambda_g and lambda_{g-1}.
Oriented polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene (P(VDF-TrFE)) films by Langmuir-Blodgett deposition: a synchrotron X-ray diffraction study.

Langmuir-Blodgett films of polyvinylidene fluoride trifluoroethylene - P(VDF-TrFE)-copolymers possess substantially improved electrocaloric and pyroelectric properties, when compared with conventionally spin-cast films. In order to rationalize this, we prepared single-layered films of P(VDF-TrFE) (70 : 30) using both deposition techniques. Grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS), reveals that Langmuir-Blodgett deposited films have a higher concentration of the ferroelectric β-phase crystals, and that these films are highly oriented with respect to the substrate. Based on these observations, we suggest alternative means of deposition, which may substantially enhance the electrocaloric effect in P(VDF-TrFE) films. This development has significant implications for the potential use of P(VDF-TrFE) in solid-state refrigeration.
Self‐assembly of amelogenin proteins at the water–oil interface

Martinez-Avila OM, Wu S, Cheng Y, Lee R, Khan F, Habelitz S. Self-assembly of amelogenin proteins at the water–oil interface. Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119 (Suppl. 1): 75–82. © 2011 Eur J Oral Sci Self-assembly of amelogenin plays a key role in controlling enamel biomineralization. Recently, we generated self-aligning nanoribbons of amelogenin in water-in-oil emulsions stabilized by the full-length protein (rH174). Here, we tested the hypothesis that the hydrophilic C-terminus is critical for self-assembly of amelogenin into nanoribbons. The self-assembled structures of two amelogenin cleavage products, rH163 and rH146, were compared with structures of rH174 at different pH values and degrees of saturation using atomic force microscopy, electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering. We observed that the number density of rH174 nanoribbons increased significantly when the initial pH was raised from 4.5 to 5.6. Nanoribbons, as well as unique helical nanostructures, were also readily observed when amelogenin rH146 was used, but showed little tendency for parallel alignment and did not bundle into fibrils like rH174. In contrast, rH163 rarely formed nanoribbons but predominantly assembled into nanospheres under the same conditions. We conclude that the presence of a hydrophilic C-terminus may not be a prerequisite for nanoribbon formation but may be critical for ribbon alignment and subsequent fibril formation. These results highlight the contribution of the hydrophobic domain in the self-assembly of elongated structures of amelogenins. Molecular mechanisms governing these processes based on the formation of reverse micelles are discussed.
Ultrafast pulse characterization using XPM in silicon

Due to the high-index contrast between the silicon core and silica cladding, the silicon waveguide allows strong optical confinement and large effective nonlinearity, which facilitates low cost chip scale demonstration of all-optical nonlinear functional devices at relatively low pump powers. One of the challenges in ultrafast science is the full characterization of optical pulses in real time. The time-wavelength mapping is proven to be a powerful technique for real time characterization of fast analog signals. Here we demonstrated a technique based on the cross-phase modulation (XPM) between the short pulse and the chirped supercontinuum (SC) pulse in the silicon chip to map fast varying optical signals into spectral domain. In the experiment, when 30 nm linearly chirped supercontinuum pulses generated in a 5 km dispersion-shifted fiber at the normal regime and 2.4 ps pulse are launched into a 1.7 cm silicon chip with 5 µm 2 modal area, a time-wavelength mapped pattern of the short pulses is observed on the optical spectrum analyzer. From the measured spectral mapping the actual 2.4ps temporal pulse profile is reconstructed in a computer. This phenomenon can be extended to full characterization of amplitude and phase information of short pulses. Due to time wavelength mapping this approach can also be used in real time amplitude and phase measurement of ultrafast optical signals with arbitrary temporal width. The high nonlinearity and negligible distortions due to walk off make silicon an ideal candidate for XPM based measurements.
Pion scattering to 4(-) states in 14C.

Angular distributions and excitation functions for inelastic scattering of ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ from $^{14}\mathrm{C}$ were measured at incident pion energies near the ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{33}$ resonance. Three states at excitation energies 11.7, 15.2, and 17.3 MeV were identified as ${4}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ states. Isovector and isoscalar spectroscopic amplitudes ${Z}_{0}$ and ${Z}_{1}$, and equivalently, neutron and proton amplitudes ${Z}_{\mathrm{n}}$ and ${Z}_{\mathrm{p}}$ were deduced by comparison with microscopic distorted wave impulse approximation calculations. The 11.7-MeV state was found to be excited with a ${Z}_{\mathrm{n}/{Z}_{\mathrm{p}}}$ amplitude ratio of -1/3, resulting in a complete cancellation of the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ cross section. A nearly pure proton excitation was observed for the transition to the 17.3-MeV state. Both results are in qualitative agreement with the presented shell-model calculations. A poor correspondence with theory is found for the 15.2-MeV state. Data and distorted-wave impulse approximation calculations using shell-model wave functions are presented for the first ${3}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ state at 6.73 MeV as an example of a transition dominated by \ensuremath{\Delta}S=0 (no spin transfer). Its excitation function and angular-distribution shape contrast sharply with the transitions to the ${4}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ states that proceed by \ensuremath{\Delta}S=1.
Finite element analysis of smart structures

Materials systems and structures which can respond in an “intelligent” fashion to their environment are currently being proposed and investigated. Two such materials which can serve as actuators in smart structures are shape memory alloys (SMA) and piezoceramics. A series of finite element analyses was performed to investigate the response of such material systems on two different structural configurations. A change in buckling load of a stiffened aluminum panel was predicted by finite element analysis with embedded, activated SMA wires. A three-dimensional analysis of the activation of a piezoceramic patch on a plastic plate was also performed. Verification of the latter example was provided by moire interferometric experiments.
Fulminant demyelinating encephalomyelitis associated with productive HHV-6 infection in an immunocompetent adult

Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), the etiologic agent of roseola in young children, has been reported to be detectable in the brain of many neurologically normal adults, although regional localization to plaques of multiple sclerosis has also been demonstrated. Large amounts of this virus were present in multifocal demyelinating white matter lesions of fulminant encephalomyelitis with seizures in a 21-year-old woman with normal immune parameters. Brain biopsy after 3 weeks of neurologic deterioration revealed a viral etiology by light and electron microscopy; the virus was identified as HHV-6 by immunohistochemistry and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification in biopsy and autopsy specimens.