cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction to the Mathematical Background

This chapter discusses the mathematical background. Students need to be encouraged to think about and reason with mathematics. The scientific projects bring out these issues in students of mathematics, but the pure mathematical questions also interest some students. There is a mathematical project to explain why symmetric differences are more accurate. This is also used in a numerical approach to the natural exponential function in another mathematical project. The Scientific Projects require math and the Mathematical Projects require thinking as well as computing—both with paper and pencil and Mathematica .
Brief report: Overgeneral autobiographical memory in adolescent major depressive disorder.

The current study examined whether overgeneral autobiographical memory (OGM) bias serves as a state-like marker of major depressive disorder (MDD) in adolescence or whether it would also be observed in currently nondepressed adolescents with a history of MDD. We examined differences in OGM to positive and negative cue words between adolescents (aged 11-18 years) with current MDD (n = 15), remitted MDD (n = 25), and no history of any depressive disorder (n = 25). Youth and their parents were administered a structured diagnostic interview and adolescents completed the autobiographical memory test. Compared to never depressed adolescents, adolescents with current or remitted MDD recalled less specific memories in response to positive and negative cue words. The difference between the two MDD groups was small and nonsignificant. These findings suggest that OGM is not simply a state-like marker in currently depressed adolescents, but is also evident in adolescents with remitted MDD, indicating that it may represent a trait-like vulnerability that increases risk for relapse.
Inferential validation and evidence interpretation

Publisher Summary This chapter illustrates that validation of interpretation is a distinct research and development activity that is separable from other kinds of validation. It is formalized to a large extent. The term “validation” is used in various ways in the forensic context. It is used to describe a number of distinct activities in forensic research and operations. The community of scientists engaged in microbial forensic research and operations, who have addressed certain important aspects of validation, generally appreciates this concern. It is also possible to find clear and useful guidance for establishing the precision and accuracy of a variety of assays of use in microbial forensics. The receiver-operating characteristic/ likelihood ratio method represents a transparent and straightforward approach to inferential validation that uses mainstream statistical concepts and leads naturally to an interpretation of microbial forensic data that does not overstate its probative value. This approach also makes it easy to compare two methods designed for the same purpose or to combine results of two independent analyses using orthogonal methods. Although the effort to apply it systematically has only begun recently, it can be applied to a large number of microbial forensic assays. Wider adoption of this methodology will help assure that the interpretation of microbial forensic evidence will meet modern scientific standards.
'It’s Called Lunch': Judicial Ethics and the Political and Legal Space for the Judiciary to 'Lobby'

It has long been known that governments build partnerships with, and lobby, other governments for resources, for public policy changes, and to fight off encroachments on their power. The independence of U.S. courts is related to its perception of impartiality, fairness in decision-making, and isolation from politics. To some, this means that it is important that court officials remain above politics and resist urges to become entangled in political battles. As an independent branch of government, how do courts enter the political process, interact with other branches, and participate equally in the political process, if they must also remain impartial and appear “apolitical”?Past research demonstrates that court officials may indeed behave conservatively in their political work out of fear of political entanglement. However, as with any governmental body, the need of resources, creation of policy beneficial to the branch, and to fight off attacks on independence necessitate active and powerful participation in our pluralist, competitive, federalist system of government. I also argue that what judges and court officials know about law and the justice system is imperative for our elected leaders to hear. The judicial voice is important to the creation of good public policy in so many areas of law like family, torts, criminal justice, and how businesses relate to consumers. When lawmakers pursue legal reforms, judicial officials can shed light on unintended positive and negative consequences.Court personnel are said to face additional constraints on their ability to behave openly and politically in the political process. Some of these constraints are legaland ethical. Some constraints are formal and some are norms of behavior adopted and followed over time as customs. This paper explores past research on how courts lobby the other branches and what we can learn from doing more research on this particular topic. Past research demonstrates that courts lobby other branches informally and formally and that they sometimes do so in a sophisticated manner. Of specific attention here is what state codes of judicial conduct tell us about the ability of judges to engage the other branches and the public on political issues. After assessing state codes, I argue that there is significant political and legal “space” for judges to participate more actively in the political system on topics permitted in the codes like “law” and “judicial administration.” In the end, informal lobbying over “lunch” needs a shift of focus to building lobbying capacity and political institutions inside and outside of courts to do this work.
The Effect of Aging on Tungsten Filament Surface Kinetics in Hot-Wire Chemical Vapor Deposition of Silicon

Wire-desorbed radicals present during hot-wire chemical vapor deposition growth have been measured by quadrupole mass spectrometry. For wire temperatures in excess of 1500 K, Si is the predominant radical desorbed from a new wire, with a minor contribution from SiH3. Aged wires showed profoundly different radical desorption kinetics, consistent with evaporation of Si from liquid silicon. It is proposed that this aging is related to silicide formation at the surface of the wire.
Rare germline TP53 variants in lung adenocarcinoma.

1548 Background: TP53 is one of the most commonly altered genes in lung adenocarcinoma, with as many as 50% of all cases possessing somatic inactivating mutations. Germline mutations in TP53 predis...
Neurosarcoidosis: Clinical Features, Pathogenesis, and Management

Sarcoidosis is a systemic immune-mediated inflammatory disease which significantly affects three major organs: the skin, pulmonary tract, and lymph nodes. Up to 10 % of patients with sarcoidosis develop neurosarcoidosis, and in a minority of patients, neurologic manifestations constitute the presenting clinical picture. The inflammatory non-caseating granulomas of sarcoidosis are the salient pathologic features and can affect the nervous system at several locations. Neurosarcoidosis generates a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations; therefore, its diagnosis requires a systemic approach. The conclusive diagnosis of sarcoidosis rests on pathologic examination of the biopsied tissue; however, imaging techniques, including MRI of central nervous system with contrast, play a significant role in the diagnosis of neurosarcoidosis. There is no cure for sarcoidosis or neurosarcoidosis. Presently, the treatment is based on chronic immunosuppression utilizing TNF-α antagonists, corticosteroids, and a number of cytotoxic medications. Symptomatic treatments of the neurologic complications of neurosarcoidosis involve multiple treatment teams and use of various medications.
Integrating fast feedback and GIS to plan for important agricultural land designations in Kauai County, Hawaii

ABSTRACTWith increased affluence worldwide, planning for and preserving land for agriculture and conservation have become important goals in many communities. In Hawaii, the identification and designation of Important Agricultural Land (IAL) was first proposed at the 1978 Hawaii Constitutional Convention and approved by voters the same year. The state is required to conserve and protect agricultural lands, promote diversified agriculture, increase agricultural self-sufficiency, and assure the availability of agriculturally suitable lands. Act 183 in 2005 extended these efforts by defining IAL. The law established eight criteria to evaluate IAL and created county-led and landowner-initiated processes for designating IAL. It also specified policies for promoting agricultural production and identified landowner incentives for the designation of IAL. A central challenge facing policymakers is how to operationalize and implement these land use policies. This paper describes methods used to operationalize Act 1...
Religious Medievalisms in RTVE’s Isabel

Radio-Television Espanola’s 2012–2014 series Isabel presents an important new adaptation of the so-called Catholic queen in that the program successfully depicts Isabel I of Castile as a ruler in her own right whose influence was decisive in the formation of Spain. The program provides an important corrective to many of the one-dimensional portraits of the queen in the historical record in that this Isabel is an independent monarch rather than merely her husband’s pious helper. Nevertheless, the series profoundly re-orients the religious characterization of the queen by diminishing her commitment to the aspects of her reign that remain distasteful to modern audiences, thus revealing postmodern audiences’ continued aversion to associations of Christianity with the exclusionary practices of the past.
Identifying surgical site infections in electronic health data using predictive models.

Objective The objective was to prospectively derive and validate a prediction rule for detecting cases warranting investigation for surgical site infections (SSI) after ambulatory surgery. Methods We analysed electronic health record (EHR) data for children who underwent ambulatory surgery at one of 4 ambulatory surgical facilities. Using regularized logistic regression and random forests, we derived SSI prediction rules using 30 months of data (derivation set) and evaluated performance with data from the subsequent 10 months (validation set). Models were developed both with and without data extracted from free text. We also evaluated the presence of an antibiotic prescription within 60 days after surgery as an independent indicator of SSI evidence. Our goal was to exceed 80% sensitivity and 10% positive predictive value (PPV). Results We identified 234 surgeries with evidence of SSI among the 7910 surgeries available for analysis. We derived and validated an optimal prediction rule that included free text data using a random forest model (sensitivity = 0.9, PPV = 0.28). Presence of an antibiotic prescription had poor sensitivity (0.65) when applied to the derivation data but performed better when applied to the validation data (sensitivity = 0.84, PPV = 0.28). Conclusions EHR data can facilitate SSI surveillance with adequate sensitivity and PPV.
SERT, Serotonin Transporter

Serotonin Transporter (SERT) is a member of the Neurotransmitter-Sodium Symporter (NSS) family and is closely related to transporters for …
Neuropeptides and Autoregulatory Immune Processes

Bioactive neuropeptides, formerly thought of primarily as signal molecules confined to the nervous system, are now known to be widely distributed in the organism. One of the multiple roles of these messenger substances is their participation in the coordination of internal immunoregulatory processes (van Epps and Saland 1984; Fischer and Falke 1984). Most of the vertebrate data referred to in this and several other chapters have been obtained from mammalian studies. In recent years a rich body of information has been added to these observations based on the use of representatives of two invertebrate phyla, molluscs and insects.
Design of a Fault-Tolerant DRAM with New On-Chip ECC

Soft errors induced by incident alpha particles are one of the most serious problems at present and in future VLSI dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) development. Alpha particles emitted during radioactive decay of uranium and thorium, contained in minute proportions in packaging materials [1], have been shown to cause 98% failures that occur during normal operation of the DRAM chip [2,3]. On-line hard and medium errors are relatively very low in a well-designed chip. Hard errors are caused by permanent defects such as stuck-at faults, while the causes of medium errors are obscure, and frequently these errors result due to patternsensitive leakage currents. Such errors are virtually eliminated by testing the chips rigorously after manufacture. A small fraction of failures are due to transients like the voltage spikes and man-made statics. By introducing suitable filtering circuits these sources of transient errors can be sufficiently suppressed. But the alpha-particle-induced soft errors are becoming more and more critical as the the cell dimension is reducing.
Model integration and cyber physical systems: a semantics perspective

Recent attention to Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) is driven by the need for deeper integration of design disciplines that dominate physical and computational domains. Consequently, heterogeneity is the norm as well as the main challenge in CPS design: components and systems are modeled using multiple physical, logical, functional and non-functional modeling aspects. The scope of relevant design domains includes (1) physical domains, such as structure, mechanical dynamics, thermal, propulsion, fluid, electrical, acoustics/vibration and (2) computational/networking domains, such as system control, sensors, health management, mission management, communication. However, the practice of multi-modeling - using established domain-specific modeling languages and tools independently in the design process - is insufficient. Modeling and analyzing cross-domain interactions among physical and computational/networking domains and understanding the effects of heterogeneous abstraction layers in the design flow are fundamental part of CPS design theories. I will cast this challenge as a model integration problem and discuss solutions for capturing interdependencies across the modeling domains using constructs for meta-model composition and integration.
The Potential Value of Impact Analysis on Intelligence Policy

Given that there exists an extensive web of underlying implicit intelligence policy, it is likely that this web has extensive impact on explicit policies. But how can this impact be traced? How can the relationships among the elements of implicit policy and the elements of the explicit policy it drives be analyzed?
The Community: Twentieth-Century Studies

Studies of the social correlates of mental illness, as we have seen, produced some important results. Consistently, lower socioeconomic status (SES) was found to be associated with a high frequency of mental disorder, and usually the distribution of mental illness followed certain sociological patterns. But how adverse social conditions etiologically relate to mental illness or even explain the observed distributions are still unanswered questions. Intensive studies of communities offered opportunities for investigating the nature and extent of the associations between social and cultural processes and mental health and illness. In this chapter we will look at some of these studies.
Comparative Phylogeny of the Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

Abstract Much of the history of modern immunology has focused on a relatively small number of species, most of which are placental mammals such as mice. This is not surprising given that they represent the closest models for the study of human immunology and diseases. Since the publication of the previous edition of this text, however, substantial progress has been made in the field of mucosal immunology of nonmammalian vertebrates. This has economic significance for the aquaculture industry's need for vaccine development, as well as increasing the understanding of the origin and function of mucosal immune systems. Most striking has been some of the lineage-specific adaptations that have occurred to solve unique problems different vertebrate lineages face with respect to how they interact with their environment.
Bayesian model averaging for Kriging regression structure selection

Abstract Kriging metamodels are widely used to approximate the response of computationally-intensive engineering models for a variety of applications, ranging from system design to uncertainty quantification. Their predictions are formulated by combining a regression that captures global trends of the true model with a Gaussian process approximation that provides a localized correction. Conventional Kriging approaches construct the regression model with a single set of basis functions. Selection among different candidate sets of basis functions is typically deterministically performed, choosing a single model based on some optimality criterion, ignoring, therefore, any uncertainties in this identification. In this paper, a Bayesian model class averaging formulation is adopted to consider different sets of basis functions, and therefore different regression models in establishing the Kriging predictions. Each model is weighted by its respective posterior model probability when aggregating the final predictions. To enable the computationally efficient application of such a Bayesian model averaging scheme, a data-driven and tractable prior distribution is proposed, and multiple strategies in the inference and prediction stage are presented. Numerical examples show that the proposed Kriging implementation is capable of constructing a more accurate metamodel than other alternatives with comparable computational cost. Comparisons are performed with respect to both the mean metamodel predictions as well as to the predictions established within an uncertainty quantification setting.
Comorbid mental health disorders in persons living with HIV: Adherence to antiretroviral therapy.

Abstract This is a secondary data analysis exploring adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in persons living with HIV (PLWH) with a comorbid mental health disorder. Logistic regression analyses indicated that PLWH who had reliable housing were over six times more adherent than those with unreliable housing. Descriptive odds ratio analyses showed directional relationships for ART adherence with coping, employment, and social support. These results indicate areas for future investigation in PLWH and comorbid mental health disorders, and the potential to find ways to foster certain emotional or living conditions that promote ART adherence.
Photoinitiated Copper(I) Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition Reaction for Ion Conductive Networks.

The photoinitiated copper(I)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (photo-CuAAC) is a “click” reaction that enables spatially and temporally controlled polymerizations. The solventless photopolymeri...
Lung separation in children: Options and impact on gas exchange and lung compliance.

BACKGROUND One-lung ventilation is a challenging airway technique in the pediatric population. Multiple airway devices can be employed, but there is no consensus as to the most reliable and physiologically advantageous method. This report is a review of the methods of one-lung ventilation in children in our practice, as well as an analysis of the impact of airway device type, patient age, and duration of lung separation on respiratory mechanics and gas exchange. METHODS The records of all pediatric patients undergoing procedures requiring one-lung ventilation in a single center over an 18-month period were reviewed. Demographics, time required to achieve lung separation (anesthesia ready-time), and duration of one-lung ventilation were collected. Data from arterial blood gas analysis and ventilator parameters were collected at three time points: 15 minutes prior to one-lung ventilation (pre-OLV), 15 minutes after initiation of one-lung ventilation (during OLV), and 15 minutes after one-lung ventilation was ended (post-OLV). Standard equations for calculating compliance, the ratio of arterial partial pressure of oxygen to the fraction of inspired oxygen, and the alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient were used. RESULTS Forty-six patients were identified with a mean age of 9.3 (inner quartile range 3-15) years. All patients had significant changes in pulmonary function when comparing pre-OLV with during OLV and when comparing during OLV with post-OLV. There were no significant changes from pre- to post-OLV. On further analysis, there were more pronounced changes in compliance and gas exchange in older patients (P = 0.003; 95% CI: -0.62 to -0.14). There was also a significant decrease in post-OLV compliance with a longer duration of OLV (P = 0.018; 95% CI: -0.02 to <-0.01). Airway device type did not have significant impact on the parameters examined. CONCLUSION Our report demonstrates significant changes in lung function during one-lung ventilation. One particular device does not seem to be superior. Though pre-OLV measures of pulmonary function correlate closely with post-OLV, older age and a prolonged duration of one-lung ventilation did impact compliance.
Electrophysiological responses to appetitive and aversive outcomes: A comparison of college drinkers and non-drinkers.

Abstract The current study compared electrophysiological responses (the feedback-related negativity [FRN]) to appetitive and aversive outcomes between a group of college drinkers and non-drinkers. 50 undergraduate students completed a passive, slot machine-like task while their electroencephalographic data was recorded to extract the FRN to unexpected appetitive and aversive outcomes. In the appetitive condition, participants could expectedly or unexpectedly win $1 or not win $1 and in the aversive condition participants could expectedly or unexpectedly be exposed to a loud noise burst or silence. The FRN was recorded in response to a cue indicating the outcome. Participants also reported on the number of drinks they consumed in a typical week to establish drinking status (drinker/non-drinker). Results showed that non-drinkers had a larger FRN in the aversive task compared to the appetitive task while drinkers had similar FRNs between the tasks. Drinkers had a significantly smaller aversive outcome related FRN compared to non-drinkers. Neural sensitivity to aversive outcomes might be a marker of decreased punishment sensitivity in college drinkers compared to non-drinkers, contributing to unhealthy drinking behavior.
Clostridium difficile infection mimics intestinal acute cellular rejection in pediatric multivisceral transplant-A case series.

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the most common health care-associated infection in the United States. Thirty-nine percent of intestinal transplant recipients may develop CDI. Induction of rejection has been reported as a rare event. To our knowledge, this will be the second report of an association between CDI and rejection in the literature. We describe our experience with four pediatric MVT recipients, three of whom on treatment of their CDI alone had resolution of biopsy findings of intestinal ACR. Our patients were males aged 2-5 years old who had their first CDI post-MVT occurring from 2 months to 15 months post-transplant. All first episodes of CDI were treated with a 10-14 day course of metronidazole with one additionally receiving vancomycin. All four recipients had recurrent CDI, and two recipients had septic shock as a manifestation of their CDI. Three recipients had biopsies showing mild rejection during episodes of CDI, and treatment of the CDI resulted in resolution of biopsy findings of rejection. Our case series suggests CDI may mimic ACR on intestinal biopsy. Treatment of rejection during active CDI carries the risk of over-suppression and worsening of CDI. Our experience has taught us that surveillance endoscopy for rejection may be deceiving during an active CDI, and if mild acute rejection is noted during active CDI, treatment of rejection can be safely delayed and potentially avoided.
Trends and Determinants of Readmissions to Another Facility After Endovascular Aortic Repair.

Background Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) has become the procedure of choice for abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). It has been previously reported that significant percentage of patients were being readmitted to another hospital after complications after EVAR. We aimed to evaluate trends and clinical predictors of readmission to another (secondary) hospital after index EVAR. Methods The Nationwide Readmissions Database (NRD) was queried for all 30-day readmissions after an index EVAR procedure from 2012 to 2014. Readmission diagnosis, patient demographics, and hospital characteristics were collected regarding those patients who were admitted to another care facility after EVAR. Univariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify predictors for readmission to a different hospital. Results Between 2012 and 2014, 3,215 patients were readmitted to another hospital within 30 days of their index EVAR constituting 22.8% of a total 14,073 readmissions during that time period. Comorbidities of patients examined were similar between those patients readmitted to the primary hospital versus the secondary hospital except for the incidence of hypothyroidism (P Conclusions Significant proportion of patients is being readmitted elsewhere after elective EVAR adding complexity to the determination of appropriate healthcare resource allocation. In our study, index EVAR at a small hospital (
Reply: Intraoperative Assessment of DIEP Flap Breast Reconstruction Using Indocyanine Green Angiography: Reduction of Fat Necrosis, Resection Volumes, and Postoperative Surveillance.

Background This study aims to characterize the effect of laser-assisted indocyanine green fluorescence angiography on fat necrosis and flap failure in deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flap breast reconstruction. Methods A retrospective review was performed on 1000 free flaps for breast reconstruction at a single center from 2010 to 2017. Indocyanine green angiography was used after completion of recipient-site anastomoses to subjectively assess for areas of hypoperfusion. A multivariable logistical analysis was conducted with 24 demographic and surgical factors and their effects on fat necrosis and flap failure. Results Five hundred six DIEP flaps were included in the statistical analyses. Thirteen percent of flaps had fat necrosis. Indocyanine green angiography was used for 200 flaps and was independently associated with a decrease in the odds of fat necrosis (OR, 0.38; p = 0.004). There was no reduction in flap failure rates when using indocyanine green angiography (OR, 1.15; p = 0.85). However, there was a decrease in flap loss with increasing venous coupler diameter (OR, 0.031 per 1-mm increase; p = 0.012). The 84.9-g higher weight of resected tissue before inset without indocyanine green angiography versus the weight of the tissue resected with indocyanine green angiography was statistically significant (p = 0.01). Per single incident of fat necrosis, our cohort underwent an additional 0.69 revision procedures, 1.22 imaging studies, 0.77 biopsies, and 1.7 additional oncologic office visits. Conclusion Intraoperative indocyanine green fluorescence angiography decreases the odds of fat necrosis, saves volume when flap trimming at inset, and can significantly reduce the postoperative surveillance burden in DIEP-based breast reconstruction. Clinical question/level of evidence Therapeutic, III.
When the Going Get Tight: Institutional Solutions when Antitrust Enforcement Resources are Scarce

The adoption of antitrust law is a necessary but insufficient condition for it to affect social welfare. Laws remaining on the books will not change the conduct of market participants unless other indirect inducements for abiding by laws exist, such as moral incentives or legal sanctions. Such laws will not enable jurisdictions to reap the benefits of lowering private barriers to trade, which include reducing the ability of market participants to reap supracompetitive benefits based on anticompetitive acts and increasing the ability of others to participate in the market game. What, then, determines whether and how antitrust law will be enforced? As elaborated elsewhere, antitrust is like a flower: in order to bloom it needs soil (a supportive socio-economic ideology), pesticides (tools to limit political economy influences), and water and sun (efficient institutions).1 Indeed, antitrust is not a stand-alone regulatory tool; rather, it is part-and-parcel of a wider set of public policies in pursuit of social welfare. As such, it is shaped and transformed by existing socio-economic ideology and other policy tools that are implemented. The experience of many jurisdictions clearly indicates that it is only when the paradigms of public policy endorse market functioning, rather than government action, as the cornerstone of economic development, that antitrust begins to blossom.2 Antitrust is
Intoxication with Fireball Whiskey causing severe lactic acidosis.

Propylene glycol is a viscous, colorless liquid that has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for use as a preservative in foods and as a solvent in pharmaceuticals. Compared with m...
When funding fails: Planetary exploration at NASA in an era of austerity, 1967-1976.

We can learn most about how science funding works when it stops working. Like moments of breakdown surfacing the inner workings of infrastructure, periodic fiscal crises reveal the social life of s...
Centrifugal spinning and characterization of CO3O4 coated carbon fibers

Abstract Centrifugally spun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) microfibers surface-coated with Co3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared as precursors to produce coated Co3O4 carbon-composite fibers. The Co3O4/C composite fibers were obtained through a staged heating process during which the Co3O4PAN precursor fibers were stabilized over four hours at 200 °C, and subsequently the stabilized fibers were carbonized for six hours at 600 °C. The synthesis process presented in this work provides an effective strategy for the fabrication of surface coated-fiber materials, including composite fibers with good structure and morphology. The characterization of the Co3O4/C composite fibers was performed using SEM, EDS, XPS, XRD and BET. The SEM data indicated the fibers were micron-sized in diameter with a non-homogenous distribution of the Co3O4 NPs on both the Co3O4-PAN and the CO3O4-Carbon composite fibers. The EDS mapping of the cobalt showed it to be distributed throughout the samples on the surface, but areas of high concentrations of particles were observed. The powder XRD data showed a reduction of the Co(III)/Co(II) starting material into a combination of Co-metal and CoO. The XRD results were confirmed by the Co 2P XPS data, which showed a change from the pure Co3O4 NPs to a combination of Co(III), Co(II) and Co-metal. In addition, the binding of the Co3O4 nanoparticles to the PAN fibers before carbonization showed a change in the chemical environment, which included attachment through an N ligand on the fibers.
Relativistic Two-Fluid Electrodynamics Using Implicit-Explicit Discontinuous-Galerkin Methods

Relativistic weakly collisional plasmas describe a variety of astrophysical and terrestrial plasmas, ranging from relativistic outflows from active galactic nuclei to high power microwave and magnetically insulated transmission lines. In many such systems, high fidelity kinetic models are computationally infeasible due large dynamical scales and long dynamical times. Conversely, most fluid based models such as magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) miss many relevant aspects of plasma behavior. Between these two models, two fluid methods – where the electrons and ions are evolved as separate, coupled fluids – capture many of the plasma physics of a kinetic code while remaining computational tractable for large systems.
Social Media and Humanitarian Logistics: The Impact of Task-technology Fit on New Service Development☆

Abstract The concept of humanitarian technology is growing in popularity due to the role of organizations such as food charities that provide food to populations with challenges in acquiring food from traditional outlets (retail stores, restaurants, etc.). Many food charities receive donations from retail outlets looking to donate products that are near expiration dates (Jett and Crumbly, 2013). To ensure impoverished populations gain access to food with limited dates, food charities search for ways to improve the delivery process through the use of information technology tools to enhance operational efficiency and effectiveness. This paper explores how to improve supply chain management in humanitarian organizations, such as food charities, by utilizing new service development and task technology fit as the theoretical foundation. In particular, it provides the conceptual development for an integrated model of social media and supply chain management. Results and implications will be discussed at the conference.
Do all science disciplines rely on spatial abilities? preliminary evidence from self-report questionnaires

Spatial abilities are correlated with success in science. However, research on this topic has not focused on possible differences in the spatial demands of different scientific fields. Furthermore, there is a partial dissociation between spatial abilities involved in dealing with the space of environments (large-scale spatial abilities) and those involved in dealing with the space of objects (smallscale spatial abilities). We used on-line self-report measures to collect preliminary data on the spatial abilities of scientists in different fields, as well as humanists and individuals in professional fields. Geoscientists had the highest self-report ratings of both environmental and small-scale spatial abilities, whereas geographers had relatively high self ratings of environmental spatial abilities and engineers had relatively high self ratings of small-scale spatial abilities. Other scientific disciplines did not differ from the mean in self reported spatial abilities. Self ratings of verbal ability were uncorrelated with self ratings of spatial abilities and, as expected, were highest for humanities specialists.
The Starvation-Stress Response (SSR) of Salmonella

Salmonella serovars are common etiologic agents of intestinal-based disease of animals and humans. As a result of their lifestyle, salmonellae occupy and survive in a wide range of niches where they can encounter an even broader range of environmental stresses. One of the most common stresses is starvation for an essential nutrient such as a carbon/energy (C)-source. The genetic and physiologic changes that the bacterium undergoes in response to starvation-stress are referred to as the starvation-stress response or SSR. The genetic loci whose expression increases in response to the starvation-stress compose the SSR stimulon. Several loci of the SSR stimulon have been identified in Salmonella typhimurium and grouped, based on putative or known functions or products, into transport systems, C-compound catabolic enzymes, known protective enzymes, respiratory enzyme systems, regulatory proteins, virulence loci and unclassified products. The majority of loci identified are under positive control by the rpoS-encoded sigma factor, sigma S. However, a few are under (indirect) negative control by sigma S, but only during starvation-induced stationary phase. Most of the loci identified are also under either positive or negative control by the cAMP:CRP complex. For many, additional regulatory proteins (e.g. FadR, OxyR, and RelA and others) play a role in their regulation as well. Furthermore, most of the SSR loci identified are induced during other stresses or environmental conditions. For example, some are induced during P- or N-starvation, in addition to C-starvation; some are induced by extremes in pH or osmolarity; and some are induced in the intracellular environment of epithelial cells, and/or macrophages, and/or medium designed to mimic the intracellular milieu of mammalian cells (ISM). Several SSR loci are required for long-term starvation-survival (core SSR loci), e.g. narZ, dadA, stiC and rpoS. In addition, a few of the core SSR loci are also required for stress-specific-inducible and/or C-starvation-inducible resistance to H2O2 (e.g. stiC), thermal (e.g. stiC), and/or acid pH (e.g. narZ), challenge. Interestingly, C-starved cells are resistant to challenge with the antimicrobial peptide, polymyxin B. However, this resistance mechanism(s) is different from the resistance mechanisms for H2O2 and other environmental stresses. Furthermore, a link between the SSR and Salmonella virulence can be hypothesized since the two major regulators of the SSR, sigma s and cAMP:CRP, are required for full virulence of Salmonella. Moreover, the spv (Salmonella plasmid-associated virulence) genes, required for Salmonella to cause systemic disease, are C (and P- and N-)-starvation-inducible. However, a direct link between starvation-stress and virulence has not been established conclusively.
GROWTH AND LETHAL EFFECTS OF THE PSITTACOSIS AGENT IN CHICKEN EMBRYOS OF DIFFERENT AGES

Abstract Stewart, Robert B. (University of Rochester, Rochester, N. Y.). Growth and lethal effects of the psittacosis agent in chicken embryos of different ages. J. Bacteriol. 83:423–428. 1962.—Inoculation of the psittacosis agent (strain 6BC) into the yolk sacs of chicken eggs in different stages of embryonic development resulted in a steady decrease in ld50 titer as the embryos increased in age from 7 to 10 days. Correlated with the decreased ld50 titers in older eggs was the finding that the titers of the organism were lower in the yolk-sac tissues of the older eggs. The embryos themselves also gained appreciably in resistance with increase in age, since comparable titers of psittacosis organisms were found in embryonic tissues of differing ages at the time of inoculation but the mortality of older embryos was considerably less. This resistance of older embryos to the lethal effects of the psittacosis agent could not be demonstrated when the organism was introduced intravenously instead of into the yolk sac.
Efficacy of Bath Treatments of Formalin and Copper Sulfate on Cultured White Bass, Morone chrysops, Concurrently Infected by Onchocleidus mimus and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

Concurrent ectoparasite infections on fishes are commonly encountered in the wild and in aquaculture (Rohde 1984; Hoffman 1999), for example, infections of both Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet, 1876 (Hymenostomatida: Ichthyopththiriidae; Colorni 2008) and gill‐infecting monogenoids (Platyhelminthes: Monogenoidea; Whittington and Chisholm 2008). The decision to aggressively treat infections of either of these parasites can be prudent in aquaculture systems. Both taxa have direct life cycles and short generation times, which may result in high infection intensities that can debilitate or kill the fish host (Noga 2010). Various chemical therapies have been evaluated to prevent, reduce, or eliminate such infections. Typical treatments for killing monogenoids include: freshwater or saltwater baths, formalin, copper sulfate (CuSO4), hydrogen peroxide, mebendazole, trichlorphon, and praziquantel (Whittington and Chisholm 2008). Treatments for infections of I. multifiliis (Ich) include: temporary exposure to high temperature, formalin, malachite green, CuSO4, potassium permanganate, and sodium chloride (Colorni 2008). Despite the common occurrence of these parasites on fish, little species‐specific information exists for the vast majority of fish–parasite combinations across the diversity of culture systems and captive settings. Formalin is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) for use as a treatment for external monogenetic trematodes in fish at up to 250 mg/L for up to 1 h (US FWS/AFS 2008). The ambiguity of this recommendation suggests a wide therapeutic range with no interpretation of repeated applications. Likewise, little information exists on the safety or efficacy of repeated formalin treatments on fish, and CuSO4 has an indeterminate approval status but is widely accepted as having high efficacy. In October 2009, white bass, Morone chrysops (Rafinesque, 1820; Perciformes: Moronidae), in a flow‐through culture system were diagnosed with concurrent infections of the gill‐infecting monogenoid Onchocleidus mimus (Mueller, 1936; Monogenoidea: Ancyrocephalidae) and Ich. O. mimus has a direct life cycle with no intermediate host required and as the intensity of infection increases can become problematic to a population. This study reports an opportunistic evaluation of the efficacy of repeated applications of formalin and CuSO4 to reduce, control, or eradicate these infections in cultured white bass.
Electrospray mass spectrometry of undiluted ionic liquids

Ionic liquids have been analyzed in undiluted form using electrospray mass spectrometry (ES-MS); results indicate that signal-to-noise ratios for minor constituents are comparable to those observed in conventional, diluted ES-MS and that this approach could be readily applied for mass spectrometric analysis of ionic liquids and ionic impurities/additives dissolved therein, especially those that are solvent reactive.
The role of biological fluid and dynamic flow in the behavior and cellular interactions of gold nanoparticles

Due to their distinctive physicochemical properties, nanoparticles (NPs) have proven to be extremely advantageous for product and application development, but are also capable of inducing detrimental outcomes in biological systems. Standard in vitro methodologies are currently the primary means for evaluating NP safety, as vast quantities of particles exist that require appraisal. However, cell-based models are plagued by the fact that they are not representative of complex physiological systems. The need for a more accurate exposure model is highlighted by the fact that NP behavior and subsequent bioresponses are highly dependent upon their surroundings. Therefore, standard in vitro models will likely produce inaccurate NP behavioral analyses and erroneous safety results. As such, the goal of this study was to develop an enhanced in vitro model for NP evaluation that retained the advantages of cell culture, but implemented the key physiological variables of accurate biological fluid and dynamic flow. In this study, a cellular microenvironment was modeled and created after an inhalation exposure scenario. This system comprised of A549 lung epithelial cells, artificial alveolar fluid (AAF), and biologically accurate dynamic flow. Under the influence of microenvironment variables, tannic acid coated gold NPs (AuNPs) displayed modulated physicochemical characteristics, including increased agglomeration, disruption of the spectral signature, and decreased rate of ionic dissolution. Furthermore, AuNP deposition efficiency, internalization patterns, and the nano-cellular interface varied as a function of fluid composition and flow condition. AAF incubation simultaneously influenced both AuNPs and cellular behavior, through excessive NP agglomeration and alteration to A549 morphology. Dynamic flow targeted the nano-cellular interface, with differential responses including modified deposition, internalization patterns, and cellular elongation. Lastly, the biocompatibility of the system was verified to ensure cellular health following AAF exposure and fluid dynamics. This study confirmed the feasibility of improving standard in vitro models through the incorporation of physiological variables. Utilization of this enhanced system demonstrated that to elucidate true NP behavior and accurately gauge their cellular interactions, assessments should be carried out in a more complex and relevant biological exposure model.
Monitoring the tobacco use epidemic V: The environment: factors that influence tobacco use

Abstract Objective This environment paper (V of V) summarizes important surveillance and evaluation systems that monitor influences on tobacco use such as smoke-free laws and other legislation, excise taxes, mass media, and a broad range of tobacco control activities, discusses their strengths and weaknesses, and makes recommendations for enhancement. Methods We summarize and expand on the recommendations from the Environment Working Group of the National Tobacco Monitoring, Research, and Evaluation Workshop prioritized surveillance needs. This group rank-ordered surveillance needs various environmental influences, considering both the perceived importance of each environmental influence and the adequacy of the current surveillance systems. Based on this ranking and subsequent discussion, the group identified key priorities for enhancement. Results The group arrived at two key priorities: (1) develop and implement a national system for local tobacco control ordinance surveillance, and (2) develop and implement a comprehensive program monitoring system that is used by all states and supported by all funding agencies. Other environmental influences recommended for priority monitoring include cigarette prices and tobacco countermarketing. Conclusion Systematic surveillance and monitoring of key program inputs and outputs and environmental influences is central to understand the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of tobacco control efforts.
The role of the V-ATPase in renal epithelial H+ transport

Summary This article provides a brief review of the history of the identification and characterization of the renal V-ATPase, and a review of the physiology of renal bicarbonate reabsorption and H + transport.
Synthesis and organization of nanoscale II–VI semiconductor materials using evolved peptide specificity and viral capsid assembly

Biological selection using the M13 bacteriophage was used to isolate peptide–phage fusions capable of specific recognition and nucleation of zinc sulfide (ZnS) and cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanocrystals. Advanced analytical electron microscopy data revealed that the phage constructs were found to control both crystal size and structure of semiconductor nanocrystals synthesized in aqueous solution at room temperature. Most significantly, different engineered peptide–phage constructs were found that directed the specific nucleation of either the zinc-blende or wurtzite structure for both ZnS and CdS nanocrystals. The ZnS specific peptides were found to function the same in either of two different fusion constructs, a pIII and pVIII fusion. As such, this method provides a new route to the synthesis of nanocrystals with specified physical characteristics such as size and crystal phase and has the potential to assemble biological II–VI hybrid materials into spatially complex functional mesoscopic electronic and photonic structures.