cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does the type of out-of-hospital airway interfere with other cardiopulmonary resuscitation tasks?

Summary Background Out-of-hospital rescuers often perform tracheal intubation (TI) prior to other cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) interventions. TI is a complex and error-prone procedure that may interfere with other key resuscitation tasks. We compared the effects of TI versus esophageal tracheal combitube (ETC) insertion on the accomplishment of other interventions during simulated cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Methods In this prospective trial using a human simulator, two-paramedic teams simulated resuscitation of a ventricular fibrillation cardiopulmonary arrest using standard Advanced Cardiac Life Support guidelines. In each of two trials, teams used either TI or ETC as the primary airway device. Following delivery of three rescue shocks, we measured time intervals to successful airway placement, intravenous (IV) line insertion, drug administration, delivery of fourth rescue shock and completion of all four tasks. We also measured the total time without chest compressions. We compared task completion times using non-parametric statistics (Wilcoxon signed-ranks test) with a Bonferroni-adjusted p -value of 0.008. Results Twenty teams each completed two scenarios. Participants required a median of 172.5s (IQR: 146.5–225.5) to accomplish all four tasks. Elapsed time to airway placement was significantly less for ETC than TI (median difference 26.5s (IQR 13–44.5), p =0.002). Time without chest compressions was less for ETC than TI (median difference 8.5s (IQR 2.5–23.5), p =0.005). There were no differences between ETC and TI in times to IV placement (median difference 23.5s (IQR −20 to 61), p =0.11), drug delivery (39.5s (IQR −18 to 63), p =0.07), delivery of fourth rescue shock (39.5s (IQR −21.5 to 87.5), p =0.07) or completion of all four tasks (33s (IQR −11 to 74.5), p =0.08). Conclusion Compared with TI, ETC reduced time to airway placement and time without chest compressions, but did not affect elapsed times to accomplish other interventions. Additional time differences may be realized if translated to clinical out-of-hospital conditions.
A proposed luminosity monitor for CMS based on small angle diamond pixel telescopes

Measurement and monitoring of the luminosity in the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN will be essential both for physics measurements (e.g., production cross-sections of top, Higgs and SUSY) and for accurate simulation of rate dependent detector characteristics. Our proposal for a CMS luminosity monitoring system consists of a set of small angle diamond pixel telescopes. These telescopes are situated close to the beam pipe where radiation levels are very high and room for mechanical structures and services is quite limited. The CMS pixel readout chip provides a fast over-threshold signal that will be used to monitor the bunch-to-bunch luminosity variations by counting the number of particles that hit the telescope array in each beam crossing. The proposed system will determine the individual bunch-to-bunch luminosity variations to a precision of better than 1% over a 1 s time scale.
A note on the reflection of signs in the extraction of centroid factors.

This note suggests that the reflection of residuals in the centroid method of factor analysis should be continued, whenever possible, after all the sums of the columns in the correlation matrix, excluding diagonal values, are positive. A criterion is given for determining whether further reflection is possible in such cases.
Physical activity and long-term maintenance of weight loss.

To examine the effect of exercise on the long-term maintenance of weight loss, two types of literature were reviewed - correlational studies of predictors of long-term weight loss, and randomized trials comparing diet, exercise, and the combination of diet plus exercise. Both literatures were striking in the consistency with which activity emerged as a determinant of long-term maintenance of weight loss. The benefits of exercise for long-term weight maintenance were observed with different types of populations, diets, and exercise interventions. Several possible explanations for these positive effects of diet plus exercise are presented, and suggestions made for future research on ways to maximize the benefit of this approach to weight control. Since adherence to exercise may ultimately prove to be the cornerstone for long-term weight maintenance, studying ways to improve exercise adherence is recommended.
Decreases in the Swelling and Porosity of Bituminous Coals during Devolatilization at High Heating Rates

Abstract Concern about comparability and validity of different methods for producing coal chars for reactivity experiments has led to research on the effect of devolatilization conditions on the char physical and chemical structure. Particle diameter and porosity changes during devolatilization significantly affect char oxidation rates. In particular, physical properties of chars prepared in drop tube reactors differ greatly from chars prepared in flat flame burner experiments. Recent data indicate that the presence of oxygen in the gas atmosphere has no effect on swelling until char oxidation has begun. The present research concentrates on the effects of heating rate, particle temperature and residence time on the swelling and porosity of a plastic coal, and compares these results with a nonplastic coal. The heating rate at which the transition from increasing swelling to decreasing swelling occurs is approximately 5 × 103 K/s for swelling coals. Swelling coals also reach a maximum porosity near this heating rate. At low particle heating rates swelling gradually increases versus heating rate in contrast to a decline in the swelling at high heating rates in a narrow heating rate region of 2 × 104 to 7 × 104 K/s. Nonswelling bituminous and lignite coals continue to increase in porosity beyond the heating rate of 2 × 104 K/s.
Operational performance of the NIJI-III superconducting storage ring

The operational performance of the NIJI-III superconducting storage ring has been studied with particular attention focused on the vacuum performance of the cold-bore chamber. Photon-stimulated gas desorption in the cold-bore chamber was examined after commissioning the storage ring. It was confirmed that the photon-stimulated gas desorption due to diffuse reflection of synchrotron radiation at the absorber was not dominant in the gas desorption when the electron beam was accumulated in the storage ring.
Simulation of asperity plowing in an atomic force microscope Part 1: Experimental and theoretical methods

Abstract The plowing of a soft workpiece by a hard tool asperity is recognized as a fundamental tribological problem and key contributor to friction and wear in bulk metal forming processes such as rolling and extrusion. However, experiments on an asperity scale have been difficult to perform to date since measurements of plow track geometry, the forces required to create the plow track, and the plowing speed must be made over a very small length scale. It is therefore the purpose of this paper to describe a new experimental method that stimulates single asperity plowing of a soft workpiece material in an atomic force microscope. Using a sharp diamond indentor as a tool asperity, plow tracks were formed in 99.99% pure aluminu which was chosen to demonstrate that the method gave repeatable results over a range of forces and speeeds. A mathematical model of plowing was modified to take the plow track geometry, the measured normal and plowing forces, and the plowing speed as input variables and provide a measure of the friction factor (and hence shear stress) along the indentor-workpiece interface, as well as the workpiece flow strength. The companion paper presents the results of asperity plowing experiments (based upon the methods presented in the present article) on specific aluminum alloys of differing hardnesses.
Critical care in the austere environment: providing exceptional care in unusual places.

Background:War and other disasters are inexorably linked to illness and injury. As a consequence of this, healthcare providers will be challenged to provide advanced physiological support to preserve human life. Given the mobility and modularity of modern medical systems, the ability to provide crit
Numerical analysis of the error in the sound power predicted through the Lighthill acoustic analogy

This article gives rigorous numerical analysis of the error in prediction of aeroacoustic noise via Lighthill analogy. The first fundamental and intractable problem considered herein is to predict the sound power generated by aerodynamic noise on surfaces. We give a full analysis of three methods of prediction. The second fundamental difficulty in the numerical analysis of aeroacoustics is the limited regularity of the underlying turbulent flow. This is treated herein by giving a negative norm error analysis which reduces the required regularity. We also give a comprehensive analysis of a fully discrete scheme including effects of the error coming into acoustic equation from the turbulent flow simulation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 28: 204–234,2012
Alcohol and Caffeine: Effect on Inferred Visual Dreaming

In seven subjects, a large amount of alcohol, taken at bedtime, reduced the total duration of stage 1 electroencephalographic-rapid-eye-movement periods in the first 5 hours of sleep; a moderate amount of caffeine produced no significant change.
The effect of thymectomy on tooth-germ allografts in rats

Abstract The development of the lymphoid tissues is dependent on the presence of a normal thymus gland. The removal of the thymus in 24-hr old rats produces a dramatic suppression of immunological activity in lymphoid tissues. When tooth germs were allogenically transplanted to 2-week-old rats totally thymectomized at birth, the transplants grew, developed and calcified without immunological rejection. When the tooth germs were transplanted allogenically to sham-thymectomized and normal rats, the transplants suffered cellular changes, round cell infiltration, necrosis, resorption and exfoliation. The significant difference between these groups strongly suggests that the mechanism of rejection of allogenically transplanted tooth germs is thymus dependent.
Late preterm births major cause of prematurity and adverse outcomes of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.

1. Simic N, Asztalos EV, Rovet J. Impact of neonatal thyroid hormone insufficiency and medical morbidity on infant neurodevelopment and attention following preterm birth. Thyroid. 2009; 19:395-401. 2. Reuss ML, Paneth N, Pinto-Martin JA, Lorenz JM, Susser M. The relation of transient hypothyroxinemia in preterm infants to neurologic development at two years of age. New Eng J Med. 1996;334:821-7. 3. Den Ouden AL, Kok JH, Verkerk PH, Brand R, VerlooveVanhorick SP. The relation between neonatal thyroxine levels and neurodevelopmental outcome at age 5 and 9 years in a national cohort of very preterm and/or very low birth weight infants. Pediatr Res. 1996;39:142-5. 4. Meijer WJ, Verloove-Vanhorick SP, Brand R, van den Brande JL. Transient hypothyroxinaemia associated with developmental delay in very preterm infants. Arch Dis Child. 1992;67:944-7. 5. Delahunty C, Falconer S, Hume R, Jackson L, Midgley P, Mirfield M, et al. Scottish Preterm Thyroid Group. Levels of neonatal thyroid hormone in preterm infants and neurodevelopmental outcome at 5 1/2 years: millennium cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:4898–908. 6. Dilli D, Eras Z, Andiran N, Dilmen U, Sakrucu ED. Neurodevelopmental evaluation of very low birth weight infants with transient hypothyroxinemia at corrected age of 18-24 months. Indian Pediatr. 2012;49:711-5. 7. Brook CGD. Do preterm infants need thyroxine replacement? BMJ. 1996;312:1133-4. 8. Karna P. Developmental follow-up of very low birthweight premature infants with low free thyroxine. Am J Perinatol. 1991;8:288–91.
FACILE, REDOX-PROMOTED FORMATION OF RHODOCENIUM COMPLEXES BEARING THE 1,2,3-TRI-TERT-BUTYLCYCLOPENTADIENYL LIGAND

Although pentadienediyl complex 6b does not react when heated for months in refluxing toluene, it rapidly converts to the rhodocenium product 7b+ when subjected to electrochemical or chemical oxidizing conditions. Oxidation of the indenyl pentadienediyl complex 6a likewise affords rhodocenium complex 7a+.
A knowledge-based system for multiple pattern recognition paradigms support

This paper focuses on developing a knowledge-based system with multiple pattern recognition paradigms to support a variety of facilities for an intelligent pattern classifier design. Since re-developing a pattern recognition system to fulfill the new requirements can be quite expensive, our work has inspired with research in software re-engineering by treating the existing pattern recognition software as a valuable resource. The approach lies in extracting knowledge intended to be reused from original pattern recognition programs and replacing them with libraries containing pre-generated packages. We then integrate these transformed packages into a specific application.
Management of bilateral gas-bubble breakthrough during femtosecond LASIK in the presence of anterior basement membrane dystrophy.

We describe the case of a 50-year-old woman with anterior basement membrane dystrophy and dry eyes who had femtosecond laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) with gas-bubble breakthrough during flap creation in both eyes. The gas-bubble breakthrough appeared beneath the applanation interface in advance of the leading laser edge in the right eye and behind the advancing laser edge in the left eye. The surgery was aborted and 5 days later, photorefractive keratectomy with mitomycin-C was performed in the right eye and LASIK in the left eye. When a gas-bubble breakthrough extends in front of the advancing laser edge of the flap, the surgery should be aborted; surface ablation can be performed as a second-stage procedure. However, if the breakthrough occurs behind the advancing laser edge, the flap can be carefully lifted and the LASIK completed. Financial Disclosure Dr. Krueger is a consultant to Alcon Laboratories, Inc. Dr. Ribeiro has no financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Abrupt Terminations of Late Pleistocene Ice Ages: A Simple Milankovitch Explanation

Abrupt changes of climate known as Terminations mark the end of a number of late Pleistocene ice ages. This paper argues that Terminations were a normal part of the climate system’s response to orbital forcing during the late Pleistocene, and that it is unnecessary to invoke special mechanisms which operate only during these episodes of rapid change.
Broadcast electrode-addressing for pin-constrained multi-functional digital microfluidic biochips

Recent advances in digital microfluidics have enabled lab-on-a-chip devices for DNA sequencing, immunoassays, clinical chemistry, and protein crystallization. Basic operations such as droplet dispensing, mixing, dilution, localized heating, and incubation can be carried out using a two-dimensional array of electrodes and nanoliter volumes of liquid. The number of independent input pins used to control the electrodes in such microfluidic "biochips" is an important cost-driver, especially for disposable PCB devices that are being developed for clinical and point-of-care diagnostics. However, most prior work on biochip design-automation has assumed independent control of the electrodes using a large number of input pins. Another limitation of prior work is that the mapping of control pins to electrodes is only applicable for a specific bioassay. We present a broadcast-addressing-based design technique for pin-constrained multi-functional biochips. The proposed method provides high throughput for bioassays and it reduces the number of control pins by identifying and connecting control pins with "compatible" actuation sequences. The proposed method is evaluated using a multifunctional chip designed to execute a set of multiplexed bioassays, the polymerase chain reaction, and a protein dilution assay.
Contaminant Fate, Dynamics and Bioavailability: Biochemical and Molecular Mechanism at the Soil: Root interface

Environmental contamination from improper disposal of hazardous industrial and municipal wastes has long been recognised as an issue of public concern, regulatory activity, and scientific investigation. Such disposals have resulted in the occurrence of in excess of 80,000 potentially contaminated sites in Australia (Natusch, 1997) and over 3 million such sites in the Asia region. In the United States (US), there are estimated to be about 400,000 waste disposal sites where soil and groundwater contamination is deemed to be of sufficient extent and magnitude that some type of remedial action is warranted to protect public health or to minimize adverse environmental and ecological impacts (Rao et al., 1996; USEPA, 2004, http://www.epa.gov/superfund/news/30years.htm). Remediation of contaminated sites to the extent practicable is expected to cost approximately $5 to 8 billion in Australia (Powell, 1992;
Terminal Ordovician carbon isotope stratigraphy and glacioeustatic sea-level change across Anticosti Island (Québec, Canada)

Globally documented carbon isotope excursions provide time-varying signals that can be used for high-resolution stratigraphic correlation. We report detailed inorganic and organic carbon isotope curves from carbonate rocks of the Ellis Bay and Becscie Formations spanning the Ordovician-Silurian boundary on Anticosti Island, Quebec, Canada. Strata of the Anticosti Basin record the development of a storm-dominated tropical carbonate ramp. These strata host the well-known Hirnantian positive carbon isotope excursion, which attains maximum values of ~4.5‰ in carbonate carbon of the Laframboise Member or the Fox Point Member of the Becscie Formation. The excursion also occurs in organic carbon, and δ^(13)C_carb and δ^(13)C_org values covary such that no reproducible Δ^(13)C (= δ^(13)C_carb – δ^(13)C_org) excursion is observed. The most complete stratigraphic section, at Laframboise Point in the west, shows the characteristic shape of the Hirnantian Stage excursion at the global stratotype section and point (GSSP) for the Hirnantian Stage in China and the Silurian System in Scotland. We therefore suggest that the entire Hirnantian Stage on Anticosti Island is confined to the Laframboise and lower Fox Point Members. By documenting discontinuities in the architecture of the carbon isotope curve at multiple stratigraphic sections spanning a proximal to distal transect across the sedimentary basin, we are able to reconstruct glacioeustatic sea-level fluctuations corresponding to maximum glacial conditions associated with the end-Ordovician ice age. The combined litho- and chemostratigraphic approach provides evidence for the diachroneity of the oncolite bed and Becscie limestones; the former transgresses from west to east, and the latter progrades from east to west. The sea-level curve consistent with our sequence-stratigraphic model indicates that glacioeustatic sea-level changes and the positive carbon isotope excursion were not perfectly coupled. Although the start of the isotope excursion and the initial sea-level drawdown were coincident, the peak of the isotope excursion did not occur until after sea level had begun to rise. Carbon isotope values did not return to baseline until well after the Anticosti ramp was reflooded. The sea-level–δ13Ccarb relationship proposed here is consistent with the “weathering” hypothesis for the origin of the Hirnantian δ^(13)C_carb excursion.
A patient outreach program between visits improves diabetes care: a pilot study

Objective. Barriers to guideline-based diabetes care include poor patient activation, haphazard clinic appointments, poorly organized medical records and a lack of automated physician decision support. We developed a patient recall intervention to mitigate these barriers and improve diabetes care coordination. We evaluated this intervention in terms of operational feasibility, provider and patient acceptance and effects on process of care measures. Methods. On the basis of the American Diabetes Association criteria, we identified patients with diabetes in a large internal medicine practice who were due for provider visits; hemoglobin A1c, lipid, microalbumin and serum creatinine laboratories; and retinal examinations. An outreach coordinator contacted patients to summarize this information and schedule recommended services. We assessed patient responsiveness to outreach and used medical chart review to compare diabetes care rendered before and after the intervention. Providers gave feedback about their satisfaction with the program. Results. Over 3 months, 709 patients were overdue for diabetes-related services. Of 415 overdue for provider visits, a total of 125 (30.1%) completed such visits arranged by an outreach coordinator and, of these, 101 (80.8%) completed laboratories at least a day ahead of time. An additional 52 out of 415 patients (12.5%) bypassed the outreach coordinator to self-schedule diabetes visits within a 6-week period after the outreach letter was mailed. Among overdue patients, completion of recommended services and intensity of diabetes care were significantly greater through the outreach program compared with traditional care. Provider attitudes were favorable. Conclusions. An outreach intervention was associated with improved timeliness and intensity of diabetes care in an outpatient setting. The success of this pilot program in terms of process measures warrants additional evaluation focused on clinical outcomes.
Evaluation of an Automated Technique for Assessment of Marrow Engraftment After Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation Using a Commercially Available Kit

Several methods have been used to evaluate engraftment after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). We assessed the usefulness of a multiple short tandem repeat (STR) amplification kit combined with a capillary electrophoresis unit for DNA identity analysis in the evaluation of engraftment after BMT. For 17 of 18 patients, at least 1 locus showed unique alleles for the donor and the recipient. In all cases, at least 1 locus was informative for the presence of small amounts of recipient DNA. The results from STR analysis were the same as Southern blot analysis in 14 of 17 cases. Differences included mixed chimerism detected only with STR analysis, informative loci present only with STR analysis, and informative loci present only with Southern blot analysis (1 case each). By using mock mixed chimeras, minor populations of 5% were detected routinely in all loci using the kit manufacturer’s default protocol. By increasing the amount of amplified DNA, minor populations of 1% were detected in all cases but not in all loci. This single reaction technique provides for faster results, reduced workforce needs, and greater sensitivity than traditional Southern blot.
Targeting inflammatory pathways for the treatment of cardiovascular disease

This editorial refers to ‘Inflammatory cytokines and risk of coronary heart disease: new prospective study and updated meta-analysis’[†][1], by S. Kaptoge et al ., on page 578 In the 15 years that have passed since C-reactive protein was linked to future cardiovascular events in otherwise healthy individuals,1 no alternative biomarker has proved to be a superior surrogate for vascular inflammation in the prediction of global cardiovascular risk. This observation is re-affirmed in population-based prospective cohort data from the Danish Research Center of Prevention and Health published by Kaptoge and colleagues in this issue of the European Heart Journal .2 In brief, in age- and gender-adjusted analyses, as well as in full multivariate models, basal levels of the ‘upstream’ pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-18, and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were all associated with future vascular events in an approximately log-linear manner, as were levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9. However, and also consistent with prior work in this arena, the magnitudes of these effects were smaller than that associated with the ‘downstream’ inflammatory biomarker, C-reactive protein. Furthermore, among those study participants in whom direct comparison could be performed, only two biomarkers—downstream C-reactive protein (hazard ratio 1.69 per 1 SD higher baseline level) and upstream TNF-α (hazard ratio 1.32 per 1 SD higher baseline level)—remained statistically significant predictors of future vascular risk when simultaneously adjusting for the full panel of cytokines and chemokines. The core question raised in the present analysis, however, does not relate to which inflammatory biomarker is best suited for clinical practice. That issue was addressed in a prior comprehensive meta-analysis from the Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, in which the incremental utility of C-reactive protein for predicting vascular risk was found to be fully comparable in magnitude to that of total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.3 Rather, what the present … [1]: #fn-2
In vitro pleural fluid clottability and fibrinogen content

Twenty-three specimens of pleural fluid from 23 patients were examined for quantitative fibrinogen, total protein levels, and for clottability in vitro using the recalcification time. Of the 19 specimens of pleural fluid from patients without loculation, 11 (seven exudates) had no detectable fibrinogen; another 8 (six exudates) had a mean fibrinogen level of 55.0 ± 10.2 mg percent, and a mean recalcification time of 19.4 ± 2.6 minutes. The pleural fluids from the four patients with loculation had no detectable fibrinogen. The only fluids containing fibrinolytic activity were from the nonloculated non-fibrinogen-containing group. No correlation existed between pleural fluid/plasma total protein ratios and pleural fluid/plasma fibrinogen ratios. In vitro clottability in this study did not reflect the in vivo tendency for coagulation and loculation.
Wireless manipulation of single cells using magnetic microtransporters

For such biomedical applications as single cell manipulation and targeted delivery of chemicals, it is important to fabricate microstructures that can be powered and controlled without a tether in fluidic environments. In this work, we describe the construction and operation of micronsized, biocompatible ferromagnetic microtransporters driven by external magnetic fields capable of exerting forces at the pico Newton scale. We develop microtransporters using a simple, single step micro fabrication technique that allows us to produce large numbers in the same step. We also fabricate microgels to deliver drugs. We demonstrate that the microtransporters can be navigated to separate individual targeted cells with micron-scale precision, and deliver microgels without disturbing the cells in the neighborhood and the local microenvironment.
Detecting arcing events in semiconductor manufacturing equipment

Bipolar arcs require a high voltage difference between two closely spaced points. As an example; if there is excessive deposition or contamination on the deposition and or cover ring in a physical vapor deposition tool (PVD) tool, a DC bipolar arc can occur leading to ablation of underlying materials, wafer breakage or chamber damage caused by the discharge. In some cases these incidents are not identified until numerous wafers have been processed. Therefore it is essential to identify arcing at the time of the event. In this paper, we address a problem for arc detection in a PVD chamber. The electrostatic chuck (ESC) critical parameter(s) are captured with 1000Hz sampling frequency and wavelet transforms are used to isolate arcs from the raw data. This methodology can easily be implemented on other plasma chamber types.
Effects of endocannabinoids on discharge of baroreceptive NTS neurons

Abstract Previously, we have shown that microinjection of endocannabinoids (ECBs) into the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) can modulate baroreflex control of blood pressure (BP), prolonging pressor-induced inhibition of renal sympathetic nerve activity. This suggests that ECBs can modulate excitability of baroreceptive neurons in the NTS. Studies by others have shown that neural cannabinoid (CB 1 ) receptors are present on fibers in the NTS, suggesting that some presynaptic modulation of transmitter release could occur in this region which receives direct afferent projections from arterial baroreceptors and cardiac mechanoreceptors. This study, therefore, was performed to determine the effects of ECBs on NTS baroreceptive neuronal discharge. Picoinjection of the ECB anandamide (AEA) was found to significantly increase discharge of baroreceptive neurons (20 of 23). Picoinjection of the ECB uptake inhibitor, AM404, which enhances endogenous ECB activity, also significantly increased discharge of baroreceptive neurons (8 of 10 neurons). To determine if effects of ECBs involved a GABAA mechanism, the neuronal responses to AEA and AM404 were tested after prior blockade of postsynaptic GABAA receptors by bicuculline (BIC) or SR 95531 hydrobromide (gabazine—SR 95531), which would eliminate any effects due to modulation of GABA input. The increase in neuronal discharge to both AEA and AM404 was significantly attenuated following BIC or SR 95531, which alone significantly increased discharge of baroreceptive neurons tested. These results support the hypothesis that ECBs enhance baroreflex function through increases in NTS baroreceptive neuronal activity, due in part to modulation of GABAergic inhibitory effects at the neuronal level.
Robust design of biological experiments

We address the problem of robust, computationally-efficient design of biological experiments. Classical optimal experiment design methods have not been widely adopted in biological practice, in part because the resulting designs can be very brittle if the nominal parameter estimates for the model are poor, and in part because of computational constraints. We present a method for robust experiment design based on a semidefinite programming relaxation. We present an application of this method to the design of experiments for a complex calcium signal transduction pathway, where we have found that the parameter estimates obtained from the robust design are better than those obtained from an "optimal" design.
The Catabolism of Plasma Albumin in the Rabbit: Its rate and regulation

From I(131)-albumin studies and previously defined mathematical formulations, rates of breakdown were estimated for native plasma albumin in rabbits. These rates of catabolism per unit weight of animal were remarkably constant and were independent of variations in the steady state values of albumin concentration in the plasma. These results imply that, at least between animals, the breakdown of plasma albumin follows a kinetic process of approximately zero order. It seems plausible that the process operates similarly in individual animals, and hence that albumin is maintained at normal steady state levels in the healthy animal primarily by means of a regulated rate of synthesis.
Passing for English Fluent: Latino Immigrant Children Masking Language Proficiency

This article describes passing for English fluent among Latino immigrant children. A two-year ethnography of eight Latino immigrant families was conducted in which fifth-grade children were followed in home, school, and community contexts. This article presents passing as a consequence of U.S. race relations. Their reasons for presenting themselves as English fluent suggest a sophisticated awareness of the power and status of English in this country and a clear link between language and identity. [bilingualism, English language learners, Latino students, identity]
Developmental psychopathology: Pathways to the future:

This article highlights the defining principles, progress and future directions in developmental psychopathology in relation to this special section. Six fundamental principles of developmental psychopathology are identified and the pervasive impact of this integrative framework on research, theory, and practice in behavioral health fields over the past three decades is described. This special section reflects the increasing influence of developmental systems theory, the growing focus on change, intensifying interest in translational research, and the increasingly complex and differentiated nature of research on pathways toward and away from psychopathology. A new era in developmental psychopathology is dawning, with exciting frontiers in brain development and plasticity, gene-environment interaction, resilience and recovery, multilevel dynamics, interdisciplinary research and training, and methodologies for assessing and analyzing change over time within and across individual systems and their contexts.
In-Situ NDE Monitoring of Crack Bridging in Ceramic Composites via Crack Opening Displacement

A study of crack bridging in long-fiber reinforced ceramic matrix composites (CMC) is the main focus of this paper. The in-situ observation using NDE techniques reveals that 1D SiC/CAS CMCs show only partial fiber bridging behavior while 2D SiC/SiC CMCs possess an excellent bridging mechanism. Laser interferometric technique was successfully applied to measure crack opening displacements (COD) in the notched specimens under four-point flexural loading. The onset of precracking and the effects of fiber bridging were also detected by in-situ optical microscopy and acoustic emission techniques. The applied load-COD relations were shown and on the basis of these results, the bridging stiffness parameter can be determined via the fracture mechanics formulation proposed by Cox and Marshall.© 1994 ASME
A New Instrument for Measurement of the Solar Aureole Radiance Distribution from Unstable Platforms

A novel imaging solar aureole radiometer, which can obtain absolute radiometric measurements of the solar aureole when operated on an unstable platform, is described. A CCD array is used to image the aureole, while a neutral density occulter on a long pole blocks the direct solar radiation. This ensures accurate direction registration as the sun appears in acquired images, and the total circumsolar region is measured simultaneously. The imaging nature of this instrument along with a special triggering device permit acquisition of the circumsolar sky radiance within 7.58 of the center of the solar disk, and within 18 of the edge of the solar disk. This innovation makes possible, for the first time, reliable and accurate radiometric measurements of the solar aureole from unstable mobile platforms such as ships. This allows determination of the small angle atmospheric light scattering. The instrument has been used in field studies of atmospheric aerosols and will be used in satellite validation and calibration campaigns.
Prognostic Factors in Patients with Refractory and Relapsed Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) Treated with Inotuzumab Ozogamicin (IO), a CD22 Monoclonal Antibody

Background: IO was found to be highly active in pts with refractory-relapsed ALL, with an overall response rate of 58% and a median survival of 6.3 months (mos). Identifying factors associated with different outcomes on IO therapy may help select patients for this treatment and advice of prognosis. Methods: A total of 89 pts treated with IO on previous studies were analyzed. IO was given at 1.3-1.8 mg/m 2 IV x 1 every 3-4 weeks or weekly (0.8 mg/m 2 Day 1, 0.5 mg/m2 Days 8 and 15) every 3-4 weeks. Pretreatment factors associated with achieving marrow complete response (CR) and with survival were analyzed using standard statistical methods. Results: Baseline characteristics of the 89 pts are summarized in Table 1. Overall, 17 pts (19%) achieved CR, 29 (33%) had CRp, and 6 pts (7%) had bone marrow CR with incomplete recovery (Cri). 5 pts (6%) died within 4 weeks of starting therapy. The ORR was 58%. The rate of cytogenetic CR by morphologic responses was as follows: 8 cytogenetic CR/10 morphologic CR (80%); 16 cytogenetic CR/22 morphologic CRp (73%); and 4 cytogenetic CR/4 morphologic CRi (100%). The median survival of patients with at least marrow CR was 9 mos versus 3.4 mos for those without marrow CR (p Conclusion: Our current analyses identified a subset of adult pts with ALL in whom outcome of therapy with IO can be differentially predicted. Disclosures Kadia: GSK: Research Funding; ARIAD: Honoraria. Hagop: ARIAD: Research Funding; Pfizer: Research Funding; Amgen: Research Funding.
INTER-GLANDULAR ASSOCIATIONS (A STATISTICAL STUDY)Preliminary Report

The opinion has frequently been expressed that the glands of internal secretion comprise a system of specifically interrelated organs. Many diagrams have been published to show the nature of the assumed associations. If the glands are interrelated, it is obvious that any disturbance of the normal balance of the system, either by disease or by design, would give an end result expressing the total disharmony rather than the direct response of individual structures to a single stimulus. It is clear, then, that a determination of the validity of the assumption can be arrived at only through an examination of normal material. With this in mind, it was decided to test the assumption by a determination of the specific size (weight) correlations of the incretory organs in normal subjects, using the statistical method of partial correlation as the analytical procedure, and the weights of the thyroid, thymus, adrenals, pancreas, gonads and hypophysis of male and female adult albino rats as raw data. Several months ...
Report of the Seminar on Wet-end Chemistry

On Oct. 1216, 1987, TAPPI'S PAPERMAKER'S WEEK was held at the Peabody Hotel in Memphis Tenn. It featured two Seminars on Wetend chemistry : “Introduction” and “Advanced Topics” in Wetend chemistry Seminar. This paper is a summary of these seminars. The curriculum of these seminars were wide touched and well edited. In this curriculum I was impressed by the recent paper industries' strong necessity or the deep interests on wetend chemistry.
FEEDBACK AND TIME PERCEPTION

Robinson (1963) demonstrated that both specific and vague feedback about performance on a time-perception cask led to improved accuracy in time estimation. Feedback was given on all trials. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effectiveness of specific partial feedback on a time-production task for 42 female undergraduates who were enrolled in a class in introductory psychology. A General Electric timer was used to measure the subjects' production of time intervals. The timer was connected to a switch which the subject activated and deactivated to mark the boundaries of the assigned time interval. The subjects were randomly divided into three groups of 14. One group received feedback after each trial, the second group received feedback on 50% of the trials and the last group served as the control condition, receiving no feedback on any trial. After each feedback trial, the subject was told the interval they produced to the nearest 0.1 sec. Each subject was tested on 30 trials in five blocks of six trials. Within each block the subjects were asked to produce the following time intervals: 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, and 23 sec. The order of presentation of these intervals were randomly determined for each block As suggested by Hornstein and Rotter ( 1969), ratios of produced time to actual time were computed for all the data points. For the complete feedback group the mean ratios across blocks were 0.866, 1.011, 1.059, 1.076, and 1.056. For the partial feedback group the mean ratios were .835, 1.021, 1.094, 1.061, and 1.051 and for the control group the mean ratios were 0.715, 0.821, 0.931, 0.962, and 1.074. The pattern of results for the partial and complete feedback conditions is identical; both groups produced accurate time intervals by trial Block 2 and continued this performance for the remaining trials. Similar accuracy was not achieved by the control group until the third trial block. Newman-Keuls procedures demonstrated that the estimations of the control group in Blocks 3 through 5 differed from those in Block 1 and the estimations in Block 5 were different from those in Block 2. For both feedback groups, the estimations in Blocks 2 through 5 were different from those in Block 1. All differences were significant (p = .Ol). Unequivocally the results demonstrate the feedback on 50% of the trials in a time-production task enhances performance as effectively as 100% feedback. The improvement in the no-feedback, control group may be explained by the cumulative timeproduction error (Boulter & Appley, 1967). Briefly, on a time-production task subjects tend to increase their estimations of intervals over trials. Additional blocks of experimental trials may verify this actual difference bemeen the control and experimental groups by demonstrating that the estimations of the control group increase in magnitude and become less accurate while the experimental group continues with accurate estimates. REFERENCES
SUPERCRITICAL WATER REACTOR STEADY-STATE, BURNUP, AND TRANSIENT ANALYSES WITH EXTENDED PARCS/RELAP5

This paper studies the U.S. reference Supercritical Water Reactor (SCWR) design with the newly extended coupled codes PARCS/RELAP5. Steady-state, burnup, and loss-of-feedwater transients are simulated. A possible flow reversal in moderator channels is found in the simulations, and the impact of this reversal on power peaking and reactivity is observed. The transient results show that the assembly with the maximum cladding surface temperature (MCST) and the assembly with the maximum power are different and that the MCST is within the material limit under the current design.
Climate and hillslope degradation vary in concert; 85 ka to present, eastern Sierra Nevada, CA, USA

Abstract Degradation in the landscape results when the interactions of climate, substrate, and biota dislodge and transport sediment that is mantling landforms. Rates of degradation through time control landform stability and resiliency. Therefore, records of past degradation rates can be used to inform us on how a given landscape responded to significant changes in past climates. For example, climate has varied at many temporal scales, and some of the largest recent shifts enabled the glacial advances and retreats in time scales of 20–100 ka. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect that the rate of landscape degradation has also varied at similar time scales. However, the general hillslope diffusion equation that is commonly used to model cross-profiles of hillslopes on time scales of thousands to tens of thousands of years typically relies on a constant and optimized rate parameter to generate a model cross-profile approximating the current observed landform cross-profile. Using a time-varying diffusivity parameter, we generated three separate degradation scenarios for the Mono Basin moraine in the eastern Sierra Nevada, CA, USA, in order to assess the potential impact of varying past climates on sediment transport. We used published paleoclimate records in the study area and modern rates of surface degradation from climates that correspond broadly to those paleoclimates. The results indicate that, in this case, the climate driven and, therefore, time-dependent degradation model produces a good fit between the modeled and observed landform profiles. Results showed that, when the surface elevations of the reference case (constant optimized diffusivity) were compared through time to the surface elevations of the time-dependent model, the differences were relatively small. The largest deviation was found to occur during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). We found that for investigations into the geological effects of climate change in glacial and polar regions, the use of time-varying diffusivity offers improved estimates of landform degradation through time. The rates of surface lowering that change through time are important for analyses of the depths of past exposures, exposure dating, and renewal or preservation of surfaces, all of which are relevant in landscape dating, in interpretation of paleoecology, and in modeling landscape evolution.
The effects of punishment schedule on disfluency rate.

In Experiment I, 40 normal speaking subjects spoke spontaneously. One group of 20 subjects received 100% punishment (time-out) for disfluencies in the first session and 25% punishment for disfluenc...
Visualizing of Signaling Proteins on Endosomes Utilizing Knockdown and Reconstitution Approach

Abstract Spatial distribution of intracellular signaling molecules and assembly of signaling complexes are yet to be fully understood. Studies of signaling events in time or space present a particular challenge due to the adverse effects that overexpression of signaling proteins may have on their functions and localization. To follow the distribution of signaling proteins in living cells we developed a methodology named knockdown and reconstitution (KDAR) that allows one to visualize proteins at levels of expression that are close to physiological. This methodology provides a stable expression of “endogenous” shRNA for long-term silencing of the targeted gene and simultaneous expression of a DNA cassette coding for a fluorescently labeled protein, which is insensitive to the targeting shRNA. In this chapter we discuss the needed reagents and outline two experimental approaches to generate KDAR stable cell lines. First, we demonstrate how the plasmid-mediated KDAR approach is successfully utilized to visualize spatial distribution of the GFP-labeled MEK2 in living cells. We then show how the lentivirus-mediated KDAR approach is used to reconstitute and visualize expression of the ERK1/2 scaffold protein Shoc2.
Essential features of compacted silty sand behavior via suction-controlled triaxial testing

The main intent of this work was to gain further insight into some of the limitations (and potential) of the Barcelona Basic Model (BBM) in predicting the stress-strain response of compacted unsaturated soils that are prone to post-peak strain-induced softening during suction-controlled shearing. To this aim, a comprehensive series of suc-tion-controlled tests were conducted on statically compacted specimens of silty sand using a recently implemented, servo/suction-controlled, double-walled triaxial apparatus. The brittle and dilatant nature of the test soil, as expected, did not allow for good agreement between the experimental and BBM predicted stress-strain responses of compacted silty sand, since post-peak softening was not adequately captured. BBM simulations, however, held reasonably good during the early shearing stage (up to about 1-2% total shear strain), and at higher values of shear strain, that is, close to critical state condition.
Vascular Injuries and Replantation

This chapter covers the diagnosis and management of blood vessel injuries likely to be encountered when dealing with disaster-related orthopedic trauma. The focus is primarily on the expedient diagnosis and management of arterial injuries to the extremities. While the intricacies of definitive arterial and venous diagnosis and repair are beyond the scope of this chapter, we will outline the diagnosis of vascular injuries with emphasis on the physical examination and discuss the field management of hemorrhage and ischemia. We will cover vascular injury management techniques primarily constituting “vascular damage control,” consisting of initial life and limb salvage maneuvers. A basic vascular surgical anatomy and technique reference can be invaluable when planning emergency surgery and will help to clarify the exposures and techniques mentioned below. Finally, attention is given to the identification and management of the physiologic consequences of Ischemia-Reperfusion (I-R) and a discussion of the vascular issues encountered in the evaluation and treatment of mangled or traumatically amputated extremities.