cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Henry's law constants and mass transfer coefficients for methyl bromide and 1,3-dichloropropene applied to Florida sandy field soil

Abstract Methyl bromide, a pre-emergent soil fumigant, is scheduled to be phased out in the US by 2005, with exceptions for critical use. Comparison of some of the physical constants related to distribution and retention for methyl bromide (MBr) to other fumigants yields a useful quantification of possible alternatives. In this study, the atmospheric and subsurface dissipation of methyl bromide as well as (Z)- and (E)-1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) isomers in Telone II were examined. The Henry’s law constants of the three chemicals at soil temperature and their mass transfer coefficients for movement through an agricultural mulch of UV-resistant, high-density polyethylene (PE) were evaluated using field data. At the soil temperature of 16.4 °C, calculated Henry’s law constant gave a fumigant ranking of MBr (0.21) ≫ (Z)-1,3-D (0.041) > (E)-1,3-D (0.027). Since rapid subsurface distribution of a fumigant is highly dependent on the amount in the gas phase, the greater value for Henry’s law constant implies faster distribution throughout the soil. After distribution through the soil, retention of the fumigant becomes imperative. Calculation of the fumigant’s mass transfer coefficients through PE from field data gave a ranking of the three chemicals: MBr (1.08 cm/h)
What Agent Should be Used to Prevent Recurrent Preterm Birth: 17-P or Natural Progesterone?

Preterm birth has increased over the last decade. In 2006, 12.5% of all births in the United States occurred at fewer than 37 weeks gestation. This is associated with significant health care costs as well as related neonatal morbidity and mortality. In 2003, costs related to care for infants with preterm-birth or low-birth weight exceeded 11 billion dollars. This article re- views the literature on 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-P) and natural progesterone and concludes that 17-P is indicated for prevention of preterm birth in women with a documented history of a preterm birth before 37 weeks.
Light-induced states in attosecond transient absorption spectra of laser-dressed helium

Laser-dressed absorption in atomic helium is studied, both theoretically and experimentally, by transient absorption spectroscopy using isolated 400-as pulses centered at 22 eV and 12-fs near-infrared (NIR) pulses with 780-nm central wavelength. Multiple features in the helium singly excited bound-state spectrum are observed only when the NIR and attosecond pulses are overlapped in time. Theoretical analysis indicates that these light-induced structures (LISs) are the intermediate states in resonant, second-order processes that transfer population to multiple dipole forbidden states. The use of broadband, coherent extreme ultraviolet (XUV) radiation allows observation of these LISs without specifically tuning to a two-photon resonance, as would be required with narrowband XUV light. The strength and position of the LISs depend strongly on the NIR intensity and the pump-probe delay.
Cultural expectations of muscularity in men: The evolution of playgirl centerfolds

Objective We sought to assess whether cultural ideals of the male body, as illustrated by magazine models, have changed over the past 25 years. Method We examined 115 male centerfold models in Playgirl magazine from 1973 to 1997. Using the models' heights and weights quoted by the magazine, together with visual estimates of body fat, we calculated the body mass index (BMI) and fat-free mass index (FFMI) of each model. Results The Playgirl centerfold models became increasingly “dense” and more muscular over time, as indicated by the significant correlations between BMI, FFMI, and year of publication. Discussion These observations, in combination with previous studies, suggest that cultural norms of the ideal male body are growing increasingly muscular. © 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 90–93, 2001.
Inelastic X-Ray Scattering Study of Solid and Liquid Li and Na.

We present the first measurements of the dynamic structure factor of lithium and sodium in the liquid and solid phases, in the intermediate- $q$ regime. The overall shape of the response function is little changed on melting, implying that it is not determined by the long range order of the ion cores. Conversely, fine structure, observed in the Li data, disappears on melting, and is attributed to band-structure-induced transitions. At small $q$, the plasmon lifetime and dispersion remain unchanged on melting.
Support of dinuclear copper triketonate complexes on silica: Monolayer loading from complex footprint and the first crystallographically characterized cis dipyridine adduct

Abstract To demonstrate that monolayer coverage of a complex can be estimated from the footprint area of the complex and surface area of the support, various loadings of two dinuclear copper complexes, bis(heptane-2,4,6-trionato)dicopper(II) [Cu2(daa)2] and bis(1,5-diphenyl-1,3,5-pentanetrionato)dicopper(II) [Cu2(dba)2], were supported on Cab-O-Sil by batch impregnation. The supported samples were characterized by elemental analysis, powder XRD, DRIFTS, EPR spectroscopy, and TGA. Elemental analysis and TGA data confirm that the Cu2(daa)2 complex loses one triketonate ligand upon adsorption onto silica from THF solution and therefore is not suitable for estimating monolayer coverage. By contrast, the Cu2(dba)2 complex was adsorbed on the silica surface intact from CH2Cl2. PXRD and DRIFTS confirmed the partial loading of the second Cu2(dba)2 layer on the Cab–O–Sil surface for samples containing ⩾2.64 wt% copper. This agrees with a predicted loading based on the surface area of the support and footprint of the complex which was determined by X-ray crystallography of the dipyridine adduct. This is the first dicopper bis triketonate complex in which the pyridines are cis.
An image contrast agent selectively activated by prostate specific antigen

Abstract A family of image contrast agent conjugates designed to undergo enzymatic activation has been synthesized. The agents underwent activation both with enzymatically active prostate specific antigen (PSA) and α-chymotrypsin, releasing free fluorophore via cleavage of a three-component system. A hexapeptide derivative showed exclusive activation by PSA and constitutes a method for tracking PSA activity in vitro.
MODIFIED PROCEDURE TO ELIMINATE ELUTION OF FOOD PROTEINS DURING SEROASSAY FOR STAPHYLOCOCCAL ENTEROTOXINS

The effect of two sodium phosphate-sodium chloride buffers (0.2 M, pH 7.4 and 0.05 M, pH 6.5) on the separation of staphylococcal enterotoxins from soluble proteins in foods was examined by ion exchange column chromatography. The microslide gel diffusion test, by which recovery was determined, was more accurately interpreted when lower ionic strength buffer was used. The procedure described here has been incorporated into the official method of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists for the separation of staphylococcal enterotoxins from foods.
Increase of the USA300 clone among community-acquired methicillin- susceptible Staphylococcus aureus causing invasive infections

Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) USA300 is a predominant cause of community-acquired (CA) infection in the United States. We compared clinical characteristics of children with USA300 versus non-USA300 CA-methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (CA-MSSA) invasive infections at Texas Children's Hospital (TCH). Methods: Medical records were reviewed from children with invasive CA-MSSA infections at TCH between August 1, 2001 and September 30, 2006. Isolates were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and polymerase chain reaction for Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes (pvl). Results: Invasive CA-MSSA infections increased from 14 in year 1 to 36 in year 5 (5-year total = 122 patients). Among the CA-MSSA isolates available for typing in the 5-year period, USA300 MSSA strains increased from 14% (2 of 14) to 35% (11 of 31) (P = 0.03). USA300 MSSA strains were more likely than non-USA300 MSSA strains to be nonsusceptible to erythromycin [66% (19 of 29) versus 28% (25 of 88); P < 0.01]. Osteomyelitis cases increased from 43% (6 of 14) in year 1 to 67% (24 of 36) in year 5. The majority of pvl + MSSA isolates were USA300 (71% (25 of 35); only 5% (4 of 82) of pvl - MSSA isolates were USA300. Patients with osteomyelitis caused by pvl + isolates had significantly higher mean values for erythrocyte sedimentation rate at admission (P = 0.005) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate maximum value (P = 0.002), maximum C-reactive protein (P = 0.04), and absolute neutrophil count at presentation (P = 0.04) compared with patients whose isolates were pvl - . Conclusions: USA300 accounted for a growing proportion of CA-MSSA isolates among children and was associated with increased numbers of invasive CA-MSSA infections at TCH, especially osteomyelitis. Associations were found in CA-MSSA osteomyelitis between pvl and increased concentrations of systemic inflammatory markers in patients.
Parvalbumin gene transfer corrects diastolic dysfunction in diseased cardiac myocytes.

Abstract Heart failure frequently involves diastolic dysfunction that is characterized by a prolonged relaxation. This prolonged relaxation is typically the result of a decreased rate of intracellular Ca2+ sequestration. No effective treatment for this decreased Ca2+ sequestration rate currently exists. As an approach to possibly correct diastolic dysfunction, we hypothesized that expression of the Ca2+ binding protein parvalbumin in cardiac myocytes would lead to increased rates of Ca2+ sequestration and mechanical relaxation. Parvalbumin, which is normally absent in cardiac tissue, is known to act as a soluble relaxing factor in fast skeletal muscle fibers by acting as a delayed Ca2+ sink. As a test of the hypothesis, gene transfer was used to express parvalbumin in isolated adult cardiac myocytes. We report here that expression of parvalbumin dramatically increases the rate of Ca2+ sequestration and the relaxation rate in normal cardiac myocytes. Importantly, parvalbumin fully restored the relaxation rate in diseased cardiac myocytes isolated from an animal model of human diastolic dysfunction. These findings indicate that parvalbumin gene transfer offers unique potential as a possible direct treatment for diastolic dysfunction in failing hearts.
Synthesis and structures of M(Me3SiNCHNSiMe3)3 (M = Al, Ga) via reactions of M‐hydrides with Me3SiNCNSiMe3

Reactions of LiAlH4 and LiGaH4 with Me3SiNCNSiMe3 yield, respectively, the monomeric hexacoordinate Al(Me3SiNCHNSiMe3)3 (1) and Ga(Me3SiNCHNSiMe3)3, (2) metal amidinate compounds. A unique feature of the work is the creation of the previously unknown bidentate [Me3SiNCHNSiMe3] anion ligand which shows the propensity to fully encapsulate the Al and Ga metal centers despite potential steric crowding associated with the six-fold coordination. Compound 1 was also obtained by the reaction of (Me3N)AlH3 with Me3SiNCNSiMe3 via displacement of NMe3 followed by reduction of the carbodiimide group. The structural properties of 1 and 2 derived from single crystal X-ray diffraction are elucidated and compared with various coordination analogs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Affiliation motivation and interest in entrepreneurial careers

Purpose – The goal of this paper is to better understand affiliation motivation patterns among students interested in pursuing entrepreneurial/self‐employment careers as compared to students less interested in pursuing entrepreneurial careers.Design/methodology/approach – The study sample included 424 college students enrolled in upper‐division business courses in a public institution in the Mid‐Atlantic region of the USA. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the effects of four dimensions of affiliation motivation on entrepreneurial aspirations.Findings – Interest in entrepreneurial careers was negatively associated with the need for emotional support and positively associated with the need for positive stimulation from other persons. Therefore, persons with entrepreneurial interests enjoy interacting with other people, but they are not emotionally dependent upon them. Neither the need for social comparison nor the need for attention varied as a function of entrepreneurial aspirations.Researc...
Single Pulse Temperature Measurements in Flames by Thermally Assisted Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Instantaneous single-shot temperatures measured using the thermally assisted fluorescence (THAF) technique are reported for three C2H2/O2/Ar flames which range in temperature from 2200 K to 2465 K. The temperature precision of 100 single-shot THAF measurements ranges, in general, from 10 K to 60 K. Comparison with averaged THAF temperature measurements and reversal temperature values indicates the high accuracy and precision obtainable with single-shot THAF and its potential for use as a thermometric method for laboratory and turbulent flames.
Selective Activation of the Muscles of Micturition Using Intrafascicular Stimulation of the Pudendal Nerve

We investigate the hypothesis that intrafascicular stimulation of the pudendal nerve (PN) can be used to selectively activate the detrusor bladder muscle and the external urethral sphincter (EUS). Nine anesthetized male canines were used in this study. Muscle activations were measured via bladder catheter pressure transducers and EUS electromyography (EMG) wires. The PNs were exposed via dissection of the ischioanal fossa and implanted with Utah Slanted Electrode Arrays (USEAs). USEAs consist of 100, 0.5–1.5 mm long microelectrodes that project out from a 4 $\,\times\,$ 4 mm substrate. Intrafascicular stimulation was delivered via individual USEA microelectrodes in order to map the ability of each electrode to selectively or nonselectively evoke detrusor and/or EUS contractions. We were able to selectively activate the detrusor using 33 Hz stimulation of PN axons with an average of $4.57 \pm 3.82$ ( ${\rm mean }\pm {\rm sd}$ ) USEA electrodes per animal tested. Electrically-evoked and distention-evoked bladder contractions had similar kinetics. Sustained bladder contractions were evoked via 60 s of intrafascicular stimulation. The EUS was activated using 33 Hz stimulation via an average of $26.14 \pm 19.45$ electrodes per animal tested. High frequency ( $> {2}~{\rm kHz}$ ) stimulation delivered via EUS selective electrodes produced nonselective block of PN axons. Examples of how this selective axonal access could be used to restore continence and activate micturition were demonstrated in two animals. We report herein the first study demonstrating selective detrusor and EUS activation via microelectrodes implanted intrafascicularly in the PN. Such selective activation enables new therapeutic possibilities for controlling the muscles of micturition.
The first excited state in 23Al and its influence on 22Mg(p,γ)23Al

Abstract The excitation energy of the first excited state in 23Al was determined by the 24Mg(7Li, 8He) reaction. The state is observed to be at 460 ± 60 keV and belongs to the first excited A = 23 isospin quartet. The results are used to compute the coefficients of the isobaric multiplet mass equation. The influence of this state, a resonance in the 22Mg(p,γ) channel, on the reaction flow in rp-process nucleosynthesis is discussed in detail.
Diffusion Cells for Integrating Temperature and Humidity Over Long Periods of Time

The rate of many processes, including the diffusion of water into rhyolitic volcanic glass (obsidian), as well as the racemization of amino acids is temperature dependent, and a knowledge of temperatures integrated over time periods of at least a year is necessary to quantify these processes. The construction and properties of simple devices consisting of small plastic containers that change weight at a rate that is a function of temperature and the activity of water will be described. The cells function because water diffuses through the plastic across a constant vapor-pressure gradient. This vapor-pressure gradient is maintained constant between the substances within the cell and the materials outside the cell. The plastic cells are usually filled with water and surrounded by a dehydrating agent, such as silica gel. A better arrangement is to fill the cell with a mixture of solid sodium chloride (NaCl) and a saturated solution of NaCl, and to surround the cell with pure water. A number of plastics have been investigated, including polycarbonate, polystyrene, tefzel, polyallomer, and methacrylate. The cells have been sealed by various methods including screw caps, room-temperature vulcanizing silicone rubber sealant, and rubber stoppers. The final design consists of a small cell made of a polycarbonate plastic centrifuge tube containing solid NaCl plus NaCl-saturated solution sealed with a rubber stopper and placed in a polypropylene tube containing pure water. Our aim has been to develop cells that are sufficiently sensitive to yield a precision of ±0.2°C when exposed for one year at temperatures that range from 0° to 40°, and that will fit into metal fittings that can be screwed into standard 3/4-inch plastic water pipe (approximately 1 inch outside diameter).
Assessing climate interannual variability from NOAA sounders: preliminary comparisons of 1988 versus 1987

The NOAA polar low earth orbit operational satellites carry HIRS2/MSU instruments and thus have thermal and microwave remote sensing capability. The measurements have been processed for retrieval of surface and atmospheric meteorological parameters using a version of the Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres (GLA) interactive forecast-retrieval-analysis system. This interactive approach has properties that make it desirable for derivation of climate data sets, because it provides for accurate treatment of the effects of clouds on the IR radiances and elimination of some systematic errors form the retrieved quantities. The use of the microwave MSU cloud-penetrating wavelengths adds significantly to the remote sensing capabilities for the retrievals, as it allows for use of thermal data under partial cloud cover as high as 80%. Interannual differences of atmospheric temperatures derived from HIRS2/MSU on NOAA 10 show good quantitive agreement with values obtained from radiosonde reports. As part of the TOVS Pathfinder program, the retrieval system will be frozen to produce a 15 year (1979 - 1994) set of satellite-derived surface and atmospheric parameters. Data for the years 1986, 1987, and 1988 based on the current retrieval analysis are now available.
PRODUCTION SCHEDULING—A BEHAVIORAL MODEL

Abstract A group of Faculty members of the School of Industrial Management at Purdue University have for some time been engaged in studies of decision making in a large, decentralized American manufacturing company. These studies have investigated decisions at the mills producing raw material and the converting plants of this fully integrated company. Examinations have been made of decision processes within and between company plants with the objective of adding to theory of behavior in organizations, particularly theory of working relations and theory of cognitive processes in the carrying out of complex organizational tasks, and application of theory to the solution of practical problems, such as those of scheduling production and of formal organization. This paper discusses one of these projects, an attempt to construct a behavioral model of the decision rules actually employed to schedule orders for production in one of the firm's plants. This project has sought to embody decision rules in a computer ...
Variability of the Indo-Pacific Ocean exchanges

Abstract The ECCO–GODAE global estimate of the ocean circulation 1992–2007 is analyzed in the region of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF), including the Southern Ocean flow south of Australia. General characteristics are an intense month-to-month noise, only weak trends, and an important annual cycle (which is not the focus of attention). Apart from the details of the unresolved flows within the various passages, and right on the equator, the region and its large-scale climate effects appears to be accurately diagnosed by large-scale geostrophic balance, so that the ITF can be calculated either from the upstream or the downstream balanced flow (but no simple reference level can be defined). The INSTANT program occurs during a more or less typical three-year period. Indications of response to the large 1997–1998 El Nino are weak.
Possible experimental manifestations of the many-body localization

Recently, it was predicted that if all one-electron states in a noninteracting disordered system are localized, the interaction between electrons in the absence of coupling to phonons leads to a finite-temperature metal-insulator transition. Here, we show that even in the presence of a weak coupling to phonons the transition manifests itself (i) in the nonlinear conduction, leading to a bistable $I\text{\ensuremath{-}}V$ curve, and (ii) by a dramatic enhancement of the nonequilibrium current noise near the transition.
REFLECTIVE JUDGMENT: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY OF UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION MAJORS '

Using a reflective judgment interview based upon Kitchener and King's 1985 model, the present study investigated reflectivity among undergraduate education majors and student teachers. Each set of students responded during a semi-structured interview to three ill-structured problems in education. These interviews were rated using Kitchener and King's 1985 scoring manual. No differences were found between responses of the two groups. On two of the three issues the modal response was at Stage 4, while on the remaining issues the modal response was at Stage 5. Issues regarding preparation of teachers are raised, and implications for further study are suggested.
Drug use and HIV risks among African-American, Mexican-American, and Puerto Rican drug injectors.

Abstract This article documents the prevalence of injection-related HIV risk behaviors among a sample of 758 Mexican-American. Puerto Rican, and African-American drug injectors derived from the National Institute on Drug Abuse Cooperative Agreement database. The results show that the two Hispanic subgroups had higher injection-related risks than the African-American group. Further, among Hispanics, Puerto Ricans had higher rates of drug injection than Mexican-Americans, but Mexican-Americans had higher rates of sharing injection paraphernalia than Puerto Ricans. The research suggests that more aggressive HIV/AIDS intervention efforts be targeted to minority injection drug users, especially those that are contextualized by the racial/ethnic group targeted.
Diffusivities of n-Alkanes in Silicalite By Steady-State Single-Crystal Membrane Technique

A novel experimental technique that measures the diffusive flux through a single-crystal membrane (SCM) was developed and tested. Unlike all other macroscopic techniques that depend on a transient response, SCM is used under steady-state conditions, which results in a wide range of applicability from 10−2 to 10−11 cm2/s. Phenomenological equations for the steady-state data analysis were developed. The variation of driving force over the diffusion path is included in the model. As required by thermodynamics, the micropore concentration is given as a function of surface-excess amount adsorbed and gas density. The membrane configuration measures diffusivity in only one crystallographic direction. The micropore difusivities of C1 to C10 normal alkanes through silicalite crystal in the z-direction were measured at 30, 50 and 70°C. The activation energies for micropore diffusion are also reported. The data agree excellently with the other two studies that measure directional diffusivities. Diffusion and adsorption of hexane and heptane in silicalite display structural heterogeneity induced by the comparable lengths of molecules and silicalite channels rather than diameter of molecule vis-a-vis pore diameter.
Are your participants gaming the system?: screening mechanical turk workers

In this paper we discuss a screening process used in conjunction with a survey administered via Amazon.com's Mechanical Turk. We sought an easily implementable method to disqualify those people who participate but don't take the study tasks seriously. By using two previously pilot tested screening questions, we identified 764 of 1,962 people who did not answer conscientiously. Young men seem to be most likely to fail the qualification task. Those that are professionals, students, and non-workers seem to be more likely to take the task seriously than financial workers, hourly workers, and other workers. Men over 30 and women were more likely to answer seriously.
The 2.2 A resolution crystal structure of Bacillus cereus Nif3-family protein YqfO reveals a conserved dimetal-binding motif and a regulatory domain

YqfO of Bacillus cereus is a member of the widespread Nif3 family of proteins, which has been highlighted as an important target for structural genomics. The N- and C-terminal domains are conserved across the family and contain a dimetal-binding motif in a putative active site. YqfO contains an insert in the middle of the protein, present in a minority of bacterial family members. The structure of YqfO was determined at a resolution of 2.2 A and reveals conservation of the putative active site. It also reveals the previously unknown structure of the insert, which despite extremely limited sequence conservation, bears great similarity to PII, CutA, and a number of other trimeric regulatory proteins. Our results suggest that this domain acts as a signal sensor to regulate the still-unknown catalytic activity of the more-conserved domains.
Shaping the Power Spectrum of Ultra-Wideband Radio-Frequency Signals

We demonstrate the ability to tailor the power spectrum of ultra-wideband (UWB) RF waveforms via a photonics-based electromagnetic pulse shaper. We describe and experimentally demonstrate a waveform design methodology that allows us to achieve desirable power spectrum properties, such as broad bandwidth and minimal spectral ripple. As one example, we generate a 115% fractional-bandwidth impulsive waveform which spans the 3-10-GHz band, with ripple below plusmn1.5 dB over a 5-GHz band. Furthermore, by treating the RF spectral phase as a design parameter, we demonstrate how to achieve increased power spectral density. We illustrate the spectral design capabilities of our technique by presenting a variety of tailored UWB waveforms (including impulses, chirped signals, and arbitrary waveforms) with bandwidths that range from ~4 to 8 GHz
A Bayesian perspective on why the EKF fails in passive tracking

The problem of passive tracking (estimation of target location and velocity using only bearing to target information) is difficult but very important. Solutions have been proposed using the extended Kalman filter (EKF) based on various state representations. While some perform better than others, all are subject to failure through divergence. In this paper, EKF failure is considered from a Bayesian viewpoint by examining the differences between the EKF approximated conditional densities and the true conditional densities. It is shown that the EKF misses important features of the conditional densities and introduces distortions that can partially explain divergence. It is suggested that comparing the EKF approximated densities and the true densities could guide the design of improved estimators.
Fast and scalable method for resolving anomalies in firewall policies

In this paper, we investigate the problem of improving the performance and scalability of large firewall policies that comprise thousands of rules by detecting and resolving any potential conflicts among them. We present a novel, highly scalable data structure that requires O(n) space where n is the number of rules in the policy to represent the dependency among rules. After that, we describe a practical heuristic that utilizes our data structure to find conflicting rules, and consequently find an optimal ordering of consistent ones. Our algorithm has time complexity O(n 2 log n), making it the fastest to-date known algorithm for firewall rule anomaly dis- covery and resolution. We validate the practicality of our algorithm through real-life firewall policies and synthetic firewall policies of large data. Performance results show that our heuristic algorithm achieves from 40% to 87% improvement in the number of comparisons overhead, comparatively with the original policies.
ZAP-70 Association with T Cell Receptor ζ (TCRζ): Fluorescence Imaging of Dynamic Changes upon Cellular Stimulation

The nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase ZAP-70 is a critical enzyme required for successful T lymphocyte activation. After antigenic stimulation, ZAP-70 rapidly associates with T cell receptor (TCR) subunits. The kinetics of its translocation to the cell surface, the properties of its specific interaction with the TCRζ chain expressed as a chimeric protein (TTζ and Tζζ), and its mobility in different intracellular compartments were studied in individual live HeLa cells, using ZAP-70 and Tζζ fused to green fluorescent protein (ZAP-70 GFP and Tζζ–GFP, respectively). Time-lapse imaging using confocal microscopy indicated that the activation-induced redistribution of ZAP-70 to the plasma membrane, after a delayed onset, is of long duration. The presence of the TCRζ chain is critical for the redistribution, which is enhanced when an active form of the protein tyrosine kinase Lck is coexpressed. Binding specificity to TTζ was indicated using mutant ZAP-70 GFPs and a truncated ζ chimera. Photobleaching techniques revealed that ZAP-70 GFP has decreased mobility at the plasma membrane, in contrast to its rapid mobility in the cytosol and nucleus. Tζζ– GFP is relatively immobile, while peripherally located ZAP-70 in stimulated cells is less mobile than cytosolic ZAP-70 in unstimulated cells, a phenotype confirmed by determining the respective diffusion constants. Examination of the specific molecular association of signaling proteins using these approaches has provided new insights into the TCRζ–ZAP-70 interaction and will be a powerful tool for continuing studies of lymphocyte activation.
Analysis of Glial Cell Development and Function in Drosophila

Glial cells are the most abundant cell type in our brains, yet we understand very little about their development and function. An accumulating body of work over the last decade has revealed that glia are critical regulators of nervous system development, function, and health. Based on morphological and molecular criteria, glia in Drosophila melanogaster are very similar to their mammalian counterparts, suggesting that a detailed investigation of fly glia has the potential to add greatly to our understanding of fundamental aspects of glial cell biology. In this article, we provide an overview of the subtypes of glial cells found in Drosophila and discuss our current understanding of their functions, the development of a subset of well-defined glial lineages, and the molecular-genetic tools available for manipulating glial subtypes in vivo.
Key players and hierarchical organization of prairie dog social networks

A B S T R A C T The use of social network theory in evaluating animal social groups has gained traction in recent years. Despite the utility of social network analysis in describing attributes of social groups, it remains unclear how comparable this approach is to traditional behavioral observational studies. Using data on Gunnison's prairie dog (Cynomys gunnisoni) social interactions we describe social networks from three populations. We then compare those social networks to groups identified by traditional behavioral approaches and explore whether individuals group together based on similarities. The social groups identified by social network analysis were consistent with those identified by more traditional behavioral approaches. However, fine-grained social sub-structuring was revealed only with social network analysis. We found variation in the patterns of interactions among prairie dog social groups that was largely independent of the behavioral attributes or genetics of the individuals within those groups. We detected that some social groups include disproportionately well-connected individuals acting as hubs or bridges. This study contributes to a growing body of evidence that social networks analysis is a
Classical physics and quantum loops

The standard picture of the loop expansion associates a factor of $\ensuremath{\hbar}$ with each loop, suggesting that the tree diagrams are to be associated with classical physics, while loop effects are quantum mechanical in nature. We discuss counterexamples wherein classical effects arise from loop diagrams and display the relationship between the classical terms and the long range effects of massless particles.
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM WESTERN COAL INCLUDING CO2 SEQUESTRATION AND COALBED METHANE RECOVERY: ECONOMICS, CO2 EMISSIONS, AND ENERGY BALANCE

Four process schemes were evaluated in this study of coal gasification for hydrogen production: 1) a reference case where CO2 sequestration and coalbed methane recovery are not incorporated, 2) a CO2 sequestration case, 3) maximum hydrogen production incorporating steam methane reforming of recovered coalbed methane, and 4) hydrogen/power coproduction with the hydrogen being produced from the syngas and the power from the recovered methane. The economics favor sequestering CO2, recovering coalbed methane, and making hydrogen or power (Cases 3 and 4). However, due to the CO2 emissions generated from the steam methane reformer, additional hydrogen production via recovered natural gas (Case 3) is not necessarily the most environmentally friendly option from a CO2 standpoint. Coal fired power plants emit large quantities of CO2, therefore optimizing hydrogen production with electricity generation, as in Case 4, is a means of lowering the CO2 emissions from power generation in the U.S. Because of the high temperatures and low CH4 content in the resulting syngas, coal gasification for hydrogen production does not require a steam methane reforming step, and adding CO2 sequestration (Case 2), results in almost no CO2 being emitted to the atmosphere, for minimal additional cost. Mandating a carbon tax would make sequestering the CO2 economically viable. However, for all of the cases examined in the analysis, it should be noted that there is much debate about the fate of the sequestered CO2 and its long term environmental effects.
Modeling of upwelling/relaxation events with the Navy Coastal Ocean Model

Prediction System (COAMPS TM )(COAMPS is a registered trademark of the Naval Research Laboratory). Issues investigated in this study are: NCOM-based model simulations of upwelling and relaxation events, coupling to COAMPS, use of sigma versus hybrid (sigma-z) vertical grids, and coupling with a larger-scale model on the open boundaries. The NCOM simulations were able to reproduce the observed sequence of the upwelling and relaxation events, which can be attributed, in part, to the good agreement between the observed and COAMPS winds. Comparisons with the mooring observations show that COAMPS overestimates shortwave radiation values, which makes the NCOM modeled SSTs too warm in comparison with observations. The NCOM runs forced with different resolution atmospheric forcing (3 versus 9 km) do not show significant differences in the predicted SSTs and mixed-layer depths at the mooring locations. At the same time, during the extended upwelling event, the model runs forced with 3 and 9 km resolution COAMPS fields show differences in the surface circulation patterns, which are the most distinct in the southern portion of the model domain. The model run with 9-km forcing develops a northward flow along the coast, which is not present in the run with 3-km forcing and in observations (for example, HF radar-derived radials). Comparison of the wind patterns of the 3- and 9-km products shows a weakening of the 9-km wind stress along the southern coast of the NCOM model domain, which is responsible for the development of the artificial northward flow in the NCOM run with 9-km forcing.
RNA pseudoknot prediction using term rewriting

RNA plays a critical role in mediating every step of cellular information transfer from genes to functional proteins. Pseudoknots are widely occurring structural motifs found in all types of RNA and are also functionally important. Therefore predicting their structures is an important problem. In this paper, we present a new RNA pseudoknot prediction method based on term rewriting rather than on dynamic programming, comparative sequence analysis, or context-free grammars. The method we describe is implemented using the Mfold RNA/DNA folding package and the term rewriting language Maude. Our method was tested on 211 pseudoknots in PseudoBase and achieves an average accuracy of 74.085% compared to the experimentally determined structure. In fact, most pseudoknots discovered by our method achieve an accuracy of above 90%. These results indicate that term rewriting has a broad potential in RNA applications from prediction of pseudoknots to higher level RNA structures involving complex RNA tertiary interactions.
Neuromuscular Effects of Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction

Neurologically intact male and female TMJ dysfunction patients with or without cervical spine involvement were examined using standard clinical neurologic testing for balance and coordination. Seventy percent of the TMJ patients without cervical involvement exhibited positive signs for balance, coordination, and/or ataxia found in response to having the patient's mandible stressed by extending it as far as possible laterally, and also opened (as wide as possible) or closed (biting down). The performance of patients with cervical involvement was not significantly different than those without cervical involvement. Further examination of the relation between the TMJ and auditory, visual, cerebellar, and coordination mechanisms is therefore indicated.
An Error Concealment Scheme for Entire Frame Losses for H.264/AVC

In this paper, an error concealment scheme is proposed to conceal an entirely lost frame in a compressed video bitstream due to errors introduced during transmission. The proposed scheme targets low bit rate video transmission applications using H.264/AVC. The motion field of the lost frame is first reconstructed by copying the co-located motion vectors and reference indices from the last decoded reference frame. After the motion field estimation of the missing frame, motion compensation is performed to reconstruct the frame. This technique reuses existing modules of the video decoder and it does not incur extra complexity compared to decoding a normal frame. It has also been adopted as a non-normative decoder option to the JM reference software at the JVT meeting in Poznan, Poland in July 2005 [1] and has been incorporated into the SA4 video ad hoc group's toolkit at the 3GPP meeting at Paris [2] in September 2005. Simulation results will show its improved performance over other simple error concealment schemes such as "frame copy," both subjectively and objectively, without significant complexity overhead.
Endoscopic removal of esophageal meat impaction

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Eastern Pacific corals monitor El Niño/Southern Oscillation, precipitation, and sea surface temperature variability over the past 3 centuries

300 to 400 year-long marine climate reconstructions based on oxygen isotopic ratios in eastern Pacific corals document climate regimes significantly different from those of the modern instrumental period. Past climate variability may be expressed as: 1) changes in the frequency of El Nino warm-mode and cool-mode events, 2) changes in the strength of the annual cycle in eastern Pacific precipitation, and 3) inversely correlated decade-to-century trends in sea surface temperature at Galapagos and rainfall in Panama. The coral records suggest slight cooling through time near the equator and increased rainfall in Panama, probably linked to slightly higher water temperatures in the warm region west of Central America. The eastern tropical Pacific exerts a strong influence on North and Central American climate. A network of coral sites is needed to provide additional details about past marine-terrestrial climate forcing.
Airborne Double Pulsed 2-micron IPDA Lidar for Atmospheric CO2 Measurement

We have developed an airborne 2-micron Integrated Path Differential Absorption (IPDA) lidar for atmospheric CO2 measurements. The double pulsed, high pulse energy lidar instrument can provide high-precision CO2 column density measurements.
Rapid Prediction of Unsteady Aeroelastic Loads in Shock-Dominated Flows

A capability needed for the development of high-speed systems is accurate and efficient prediction of aerodynamic pressure, particularly for light-weight systems where the unsteady aerodynamic loads may be strongly coupled with the structural response. This is particularly challenging in shockdominated environments (i.e., inlets, near control surfaces, etc.) where the flow is discontinuous, highly nonlinear, and leads to severe loading. This study extends a previously developed modeling approach one that corrects steady-state CFD surrogates for dynamic fluid-structural coupling using piston theory to conditions with oblique impinging shock waves. The approach is based on the “local” piston theory method, where relevant freestream flow parameters are replaced with spatially local quantities. The approach is examined for cases with oblique shocks impinging on two and three-dimensional surfaces. Mean errors in the generalized aeroelastic forces are less than 1.3% when compared to the full unsteady Reynold’s Averaged Navier-Stokes solutions for both stationary and oscillating shocks impinging on vibrating surface panels. Furthermore, the approach is found to reproduce shock induced limit cycle oscillations recently reported in the literature based on high fidelity CFD solvers. The high accuracy of this approach is based on two important factors. First, the shock-induced steady-state pressure dominates the structural loading. Second, the unsteady perturbations to the steady flow solution, due to dynamic surface motion, is effectively captured using inviscid flow theory. Finally, the computational cost of the developed model is orders of magnitude less than that required for the full CFD prediction, making it a viable approach for long time record response prediction of high speed structural systems in shock-dominated environments.
Lifestyle and Dietary Interventions in the Management of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

NAFLD is the leading cause of chronic liver disease in the Western world with an estimated prevalence of 20-30 %. Lifestyle interventions targeted at weight loss through dietary interventions and exercise are the most effective treatment, but only a minority of patients are able to achieve and sustain the necessary intervention targets. Weight loss of 3-5 % has been associated with a reduction of hepatic steatosis while weight loss of ≥5-7 % has correlated with resolution of NASH in some studies. Greater reductions in weight loss (≥10 %) may improve hepatic fibrosis. In the absence of weight loss, no specific diet has demonstrated superiority. Physical activity can improve hepatic steatosis and metabolic indices even without weight loss. Diet coupled with exercise can produce significant weight loss and may improve histologic components of the NAFLD activity score. While formal guidelines for diet and exercise in NAFLD are lacking, adherence to diet and exercise recommendations similar to those from the American Diabetes Association for diabetic care seems reasonable. Dietary supplementation with vitamin E in non-diabetics with biopsy-proven NASH has been shown to improve NAFLD activity score. The role for other macronutrients, micronutrients, antioxidants, and probiotics in the treatment of NAFLD remains limited.
Construction of Technical Support of Condition-based Maintenance in Centralized Maintenance System

Under the Centralized Maintenance System,the condition-based maintenance reflects a fine management guiding ideology,which is an important way to improve the efficiency and effectiveness.Building a good technology support is a key element to carry out and successfully carried out condition-based maintenance.Measures such as technical supervision,state evaluation,application of information technology,laying a solid foundation management,accelerating integrated professional personnel training on scene practical and theory are the core of technical construction.
Bladder carcinoma involving the lower abdominal wall.

AbstractOur experience in treating 13 patients with bladder tumors involving the abdominal wall is presented. A technique is described wherein part of the suprapubic abdominal wall is excised and the resultant defect is closed with ox fascia. Of the 9 patients treated surgically 8 have had no local recurrence but distant metastases have developed. Presently 2 patients are clinically free of disease, 18 and 22 months after abdominal wall excision. One of these 2 patients required a subsequent groin dissection and was then lost to followup.
Measurement of the E r c . m . = 259 keV resonance in the N 14 ( p , γ ) O 15 reaction

The ${}^{14}$N($p$,$\ensuremath{\gamma}$)${}^{15}$O reaction is the slowest reaction of the stellar CN(O) nucleosynthesis cycle and governs stellar energy production for all stars at some point during their lifetime. It therefore impacts many aspects of stellar structure and evolution. The authors report on new measurements of the energy, strength, and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray branching ratios for the 259-keV resonance, which significantly reduce the uncertainty in estimating the $S$ factor for this reaction.