cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A study of the absorption of radioactive sodium iodide from a variety of ointment bases.

A summary is presented of the results of a study of the absorption of radioactive sodium iodide from 37 ointment bases of varying composition. Absorption from half of the bases was equally as good as from lard. The other half of the bases proved to be less efficient than lard from the point of view of absorption. The salt was most efficiently absorbed from wool fat. The white rat was used as the test animal.
Anterior cranial base reconstruction using free tissue transfer: Changing trends

Introduction. A consecutive series of 135 patients undergoing resection for malignant tumors involving the anterior cranial base between 1976 and 1999 was reviewed. Patient and Methods. In the years from 1976–1991, free-tissue transfer was used in 5 of 76 or 6.6% of cases, whereas free-tissue reconstruction was used in 24 of 59 or 40% of cases in the years 1992–1999. Of those cases reconstructed with free-tissue transfer in 1976–1991, 60% (three of five) underwent a complex resection defined as involving dura, brain, or more than one major structure adjacent to skull base. Of those patients reconstructed with conventional (pericranial or pericranial/galeal) pedicled flaps in this time period, 35% (25 of 71) underwent a complex resection. From 1992–1999, 75% (18 of 24) of patients reconstructed with free-tissue transfer received a complex resection, whereas only 6% (2 of 35) of patients reconstructed by other means received a complex resection. Outcomes. For those patients reconstructed by free-tissue transfer, there were no instances of flap loss. Comparison of these two time periods was notable for a similar patient composition in terms of age, histologic findings, and extent of resection. Major complication rates for patients who are reconstructed with free-tissue transfer for anterior cranial base resections (31%) are similar compared with patients who have been reconstructed with conventional pedicled flaps (35%). This was noted despite an increased extent and complexity of resection in those patients who underwent free-tissue transfer reconstruction (72%) compared with those patients reconstructed by more conventional means (26%) p < .001. Conclusion. In our institution, the use of vascularized, free-tissue transfer has replaced pedicled flaps as the preferred modality for reconstructing complex anterior cranial base defects involving resection of dura, brain, or multiple major structures adjacent to local skull base, including the orbit, palate, and other structures. Complication rates for patients reconstructed with free-tissue transfer techniques is similar to those patients reconstructed by conventional techniques, despite an increase in complexity of resection in this group. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 000–000, 2002
On the application of Cramér's theorem to axisymmetric, incompressible turbulence

In the theory of homogeneous, stationary, axisymmetric, incompressible velocity turbulence there arise four scalar functions. The incompressibility condition provides two relations between these four functions.
Effects of Normative Feedback on Consumption among Heavy Drinking College Students

College students, particularly those who drink heavily, tend to overestimate the prevalence of heavy drinking among their peers. A self-regulation model predicts that feedback of undesirable deviation from normative standards would result in correction of behavior toward perceived norms. From a screening of 568 college students, sixty-four heavy drinkers were identified and offered the opportunity to participate in a survey study of drinking. Of these, twenty-six accepted and returned questionnaires with detailed information regarding their drinking practices. These were randomized to receive or not receive, by return mail, personal feedback of their drinking relative to population norms. At an independent follow-up interview, feedback subjects showed greater reduction in weekly consumption and typical intoxication levels, relative to controls. This simple feedback intervention, requiring no personal contact, may be a cost-effective strategy for reducing risky drinking.
A class of volumetric barrier decomposition algorithms for stochastic quadratic programming

Abstract Ariyawansa and Zhu have introduced a class of volumetric barrier decomposition algorithms [K.A. Ariyawansa, Y. Zhu. A class of polynomial volumetric barrier decomposition algorithms for stochastic semidefinite programming, Available as Technical Report 2006-7, Department of Mathematics, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, submitted for publication. Available from: ] for solving two-stage stochastic semidefinite programs with recourse (SSDPs) [K.A. Ariyawansa, Y. Zhu, Stochastic semidefinite programming: a new paradigm for stochastic optimization, 4OR—The Quarterly Journal of the Belgian, French and Italian OR Societies, (in press). Available as Technical Report 2004-10, Department of Mathematics, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, October 2004. Available from: ]. In this paper we utilize their work for SSDPs to derive a class of volumetric barrier decomposition algorithms for solving two-stage stochastic quadratic programs with recourse and to establish polynomial complexity of certain members of the class of algorithms.
Muftis and Matrimony: Islamic Law and Gender in Ottoman Syria and Palestine

This essay explores the ways in which Muslim jurists of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Syria and Palestine elaborated their vision of a gendered society. In the many fatāwā dealing with marriage arrangements and the rights and responsibilities of husbands and wives, muftis constructed a legal discourse that focused on gender difference yet proved flexible and responsive to changing social conditions. This discourse on marriage formed a backdrop against which the judges of the Islamic courts, and members of the general population, further developed the legal doctrines of marriage through their use of the court system. As wives and husbands brought complaints or made claims against each other, and the qādī delivered his judgment, they contributed to the ongoing elaboration of a legal discourse that took account of social reality.
Heavy element abundances in Ap stars from ultraviolet data. I - The bright reference stars Alpha Lyrae and Alpha Canis Majoris A

Curve-of-growth analysis is used to derive chemical abundances in Alpha Lyr and Alpha CMa, based on ultraviolet spectra obtained with Copernicus. This analysis is part of a program to study the abundances of the heavy elements mercury and platinum and the short-lived element technetium in the atmospheres of Ap and Am stars. Ultraviolet Fe II lines are used to establish the curves of growth for Alpha Lyr and Alpha CMa A; abundances of a variety of elements, along with upper limits on Hg, Pt, and Tc, are derived. In cases where previous studies based on visual spectra have included elements in common with the present analysis, the agreement is good within the known uncertainties. One new element, cadmium, is observed for these two stars. The upper limits on Pt and Hg, as well as Tc, show that these elements are probably not enhanced in Alpha CMa A by more than about one order of magnitude.
Ancillary benefits of prenatal maternal serum screening achieved in the California program.

Objective To evaluate the extent of fetal structural abnormalities, other than neural tube and abdominal wall defects (AWDs), identified by California's Prenatal Screening Program. Methods The Quad Marker Prenatal Screening records of 516,172 women were examined for screening interpretation and the diagnosis of structural abnormalities detected via follow-up. Women who were screen-positive for trisomy 21, trisomy 18, neural tube defects (NTDs) or Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) received follow-up services at state-approved Prenatal Diagnosis Centers (PDCs). Detailed reports of services and diagnostic information were linked in a database to the original screening results. Results A total of 26 323 women received follow-up ultrasound services at the PDCs in the study time period. Of these women, 1085 (4.1%) were identified as having fetuses with significant structural abnormalities, other than NTDs (n = 207) or AWDs (n = 254). In addition to the structural abnormalities, 225 cases of fetal demise, 4 molar pregnancies, 15 cases of twin-to-twin transfusion, and 92 cases with placental abnormalities were identified. Conclusion While Prenatal Screening Programs do not explicitly screen for structural abnormalities other than NTDs and AWDs, clearly many other structural abnormalities may be associated with a screen-positive status. Thus, the detection of these additional structural defects can be considered an ancillary program benefit. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An experimental comparison of hypothesis management approaches for process query systems

A Process Query System (PQS) is a generic software system that can be used in tracking applications across a variety of domains. As in most other tracking systems, multiple hypotheses about which reports are assigned to which tracks must be maintained. Since the number of hypotheses that are possible can be exponential in the number of reports, some technique for managing a pool of the best candidate hypotheses must be used. In this paper, we compare a genetic algorithm approach and a hypothesis clustering approach with the basic top-H pruning policy. Metrics for comparison include performance accuracy and computational requirements. Simulations show positive results for both of these approaches and suggest that the clustering approach has the best overall performance. Other experiments indicate that the genetic algorithm technique can converge over time to the ground truth.
The National Outcomes Measurement System for Pediatric Speech-Language Pathology

Purpose The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association’s (ASHA’s) National Outcomes Measurement System (NOMS) was developed in the late 1990s. The primary purpose was to serve as a source of data for speech-language pathologists (SLPs) who found themselves called on to provide empirical evidence of the functional outcomes associated with their clinical services for child and adult clients who were exhibiting various speech-language pathologies. The present discourse focuses on data that were collected in school settings from the prekindergarten NOMS and the K–12 NOMS. This initial account describes how the data collection systems were developed and the data were collected as well as an overview of the information contained in these databases. Method ASHA’s Functional Communication Measures (FCMs) were used to describe the disorder-specific communicative dysfunction(s) of each student. These data were obtained at the initiation of a child’s speech-language pathology services and again at the time of disc...
Shape Evolution of Multicellular Systems; Application to Tissue Engineering

Organs are in high demand. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine might be the answer to this challenge of the 21st century. Towards this goal our objective is to optimize the conditions for cells to self assemble into functional structures, such as tissues and eventually organoids. To facilitate self-assembly we employ the technology of bioprinting. To maintain the extended cellular assemblies, they need to be vascularized. Thus we first concentrate on the fabrication of blood vessels. We prepare convenient bioink particles, multicellular units composed of the relevant cell types and we deposit them into a geometry, consistent with the shape of the vessels. Self-assembly and the maturation of the construct takes place post-printing in special-purpose bioreactors by the fusion of the bioink units and the rearrangement of the cells within them. The time to achieve near physiological biomechanical properties has so far been found by trial and error. We have developed an experimental-theoretical-computational framework to optimize the postprinting maturation process, in particular the fusion of the bioink units. This paper focuses on the experimental component of this formalism, in particular on the fusion of spherical and cylindrical bioink units. The connection between experiments and computer simulations are guided by theory. Here we report the results of extended fusion experiments and on their comparison with predictions of the theory. The excellent agreement we find, on one hand, provides a verification of the theoretical component of the formalism, and, on the other hand, the input for the computational component of the formalism. Specifically, our experiments, together with the theory, allow the calibration of the basic simulation parameters, which in turn allows to fully implement the computational component of the formalism to optimize the fabrication of blood vessels through the bioprinting process.
Disclosure of Year 2000 Issues in Corporate Financial Reports

The Year 2000 represents a significant challenge for many organizations. Financial report users, which include investors,creditors, suppliers, customers, employees, as well as others,have an interest in knowing how organizations are dealing with the Year 2000 issue. There could be significant negative consequences for organizations that fail to properly address the Year 2000 issue. Public corporations that have material issues associated with the Year 2000 issue are required by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to disclose specific information in their annual financial reports. This paper introduces the Year 2000 issue and reviews the development of public corporation annual report disclosures that are required and recommended by the SEC. The annual reports of 51 companies, which had fiscal years ending in the last half of 1998, were selected from the S&P 500 and were examined for the quality and quantity of Year 2000 disclosures. While all of the companies examined provided some ...
Effect of hydrogen ion concentration on sucrose leakage from corn scutellum slices: Evidence for two kinds of sucrose pool within the slice

Abstract Incubation of corn scutellum slices in HCl concentrations above 0·01 M caused a marked disruption of cell function as evidenced by the copious leakage of sucrose from the tissue, the loss of the tissue's capacity for the synthesis and storage of sucrose from exogenously supplied hexose and the failure of the tissue to store exogenously supplied sucrose. In contrast, treatment of the tissue in 0·01 M HCl both in the presence and the absence of fructose increased the leakage of sucrose without seriously impairing sucrose synthesis. In addition, pretreatment of the slices in 0·01 M HCl did not reduce sucrose synthesis and storage in the presence of exogenous fructose or inhibit the storage of exogenous sucrose. The leakage of sucrose into 0·01 M HCl or 0·01 M HCl plus fructose is not ascribed to a disruption of the plasmalemma but rather to the existence of two pools of stored sucrose within the tissue, one mobile in acid and the other immobile in acid. The location of these pools within the tissue and the movements of sucrose between pools and bathing solution are discussed in relation to previously conceived ideas of cellular compartmentation and observed anatomical features of the scutellum tissue.
Parasite genetics and the immune host: recombination between antigenic types of Eimeria maxima as an entrée to the identification of protective antigens

The genomes of protozoan parasites encode thousands of gene products and identification of the subset that stimulates a protective immune response is a daunting task. Most screens for vaccine candidates identify molecules by capacity to induce immune responses rather than protection. This paper describes the core findings of a strategy developed with the coccidial parasite Eimeria maxima to rationally identify loci within its genome that encode immunoprotective antigens. Our strategy uses a novel combination of parasite genetics, DNA fingerprinting, drug-resistance and strain-specific immunity and centres on two strains of E. maxima that each induce a lethal strain-specific protective immune response in the host and show a differential response to anti-Eimeria chemotherapy. Through classical mating studies with these strains we have demonstrated that loci encoding molecules stimulating strain-specific protective immunity or resistance to the anti-coccidial drug robenidine segregate independently. Furthermore, passage of populations of recombinant parasites in the face of killing in the immune host was accompanied by the elimination of some polymorphic DNA markers defining the parent strain used to immunise the host. Consideration of the numbers of parasites recombinant for the two traits implicates very few antigen-encoding loci. Our data provide a potential strategy to identify putative antigen-encoding loci in other parasites.
POPE JOHN PAUL II AND THE DYNAMICS OF HISTORY

Abstract John Paul II was the most politically consequential pope in centuries, and his “culture-first” reading of history challenged the notions that politics runs history, or economics runs history. As a priest and bishop in Krakow, he emphasized Polish culture as he and others resisted communist influence. The Pope applied a similar strategy to quite different situations when he went to Chile and Cuba, focusing on Christian heritage and civil society. He did not, however, strongly develop the Church's just war doctrine or define terms like “humanitarian intervention.” His impact demonstrates the decisive role of non-state actors in contemporary world politics.
The Control of Sand Curtains Used in Abrasion Testing

Abrasion testing that follows the ASTM G65-04(2010) test method involves the delivery of a test sand to an abrasion wheel that removes material from a test specimen. The sand flow is controlled by a supply valve and delivered to a nozzle in order to form a uniform “curtain.” It has been found that as the nozzle exit area is increased, the sand flow becomes widely dispersed and unstable. An experimental study was performed to determine the cause of this effect and to identify a means to mitigate it. By visualizing the inlet and outlet flow of different nozzles it was found that the dispersed flow occurs when the feed tube does not completely fill with sand. This sparsely packed flow in the nozzle is able to exit with a wide range of exit angles and yields the dispersed flow pattern as well as a higher flow rate. It was found that when the flow is controlled at the nozzle outlet, allowing the system to completely fill with sand before the flow is initiated, a desirable narrow sand curtain forms because the particles are more closely packed and thus their motion is more constrained. The narrow curtain is associated with lower flow rates than the dispersed pattern for the same geometry and once established will remain stable until the flow is terminated.
Can we reduce Wi-Fi energy consumption during VoIP calls?

In this paper we examine if any energy savings are possible by letting the Wireless LAN interface transition to sleep mode during a VoIP call considering the real time nature of voice. Using our proposed energy saving algorithm Green-Call, we show that it is possible, and quantify the possible savings through both empirical and trace based simulation experiments.
Ultrasensitive detection of red blood cell lysing in a microfabricated semiconductor laser cavity

In this paper we report investigations of semiconductor laser microcavities for use in detecting changes of human blood cells during lysing. By studying the spectral before and during mixing of blood fluids with di-ionized water, we are able to qualify the cell shape and concentration of hemoglobin in real time during the dynamical process of lysing. We find that the spectra can detect subtle changes that are orders of magnitude smaller than can be observed by standard optical microscopy. Such sensitivity in observing cell structural changes has implications for measuring cell fragility, monitoring apoptitic events in real time, development of photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy, and in-vitro micromanipulation techniques.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Analysis of weight uniformity, content uniformity and 30-day stability in halves and quarters of routinely prescribed cardiovascular medications

Abstract Objectives Congenital and acquired cardiac disorders are frequently diagnosed in small breed dogs and cats. In order to appropriately dose cardiovascular drugs for small patients, fractions of commercially available tablets must be prescribed. The aims of this study were to evaluate weight and content uniformity and 30-day chemical stability in halves and quarters of 11 drug formulations commonly prescribed to treat cardiovascular disorders in small breed dogs and cats. Animals, materials and methods Fifteen tablets from 11 drug formulations were obtained within the same lot. Tablets were split by a single operator using a commercially available pill splitter. Whole tablets, halves and quarters were weighed and stored in plastic containers. High-pressure liquid chromatography or liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry were utilized to determine drug content and repeated 30 days later to estimate chemical stability. Results Statistically significant weight variability, content non-uniformity and chemical degradation were found for some formulations. Digoxin showed a significant degradation that should be considered in clinical practice. Conclusions It appears that pill splitting is overall a relatively reliable practice; however tablets should not be split ahead of time but only immediately prior to intended usage.
Effects of Public Opinion and Political System Characteristics on State Policy Outputs

Rather than competing with socioeconomic variables as direct determinants ofstate policy, political system characteristics may operate as mediatingfactors that eitherfacilitate or impede the translation of constituency preferences into policy. In this study, the state opinion liberalism index presented by Gerald Wright, Robert Erikson, and John Mclver is incorporated in multiplicative regression models as a measure of citizen preferences to address this theoretical reformulation. Although pervasive empirical corroboration is not found for the reconceptualized role for political variables, political system characteristics do demonstrate significant effects on state policy. In addition, suggesting that public officials respond directly to citizenpreferences, evidence ispresented on democratic representation within the states.
The effects of unlabeled and labeled picture cues on very young children’s memory for location

Twenty children at each of three age levels were tested in a nine-choice delayed-response task to evaluate their use of picture cues. On some trials, no picture cues were available; on others, unlabeled pictures or labeled pictures were provided. Although performance improved with age, all age groups showed more errorless trials as more cues were provided. The results suggest that children under 3 years can use picture cues, and that age-related increases in verbal label production are not responsible for the developmental improvement.
Doubling times of human chorionic gonadotropin increase in early viable intrauterine pregnancies

Although the doubling time of serum human chorionic gonadotropin has been assumed to be constant in early viable intrauterine pregnancy (prior to 6 to 7 weeks after menses), the range has varied between 1.4 and 3.5 days in the literature. To evaluate this variability of the doubling time, the mean doubling times at different ranges of human chorionic gonadotropin concentrations were determined in 49 normal pregnancies, and the doubling times at different intervals of gestation from both the day of the basal body temperature shift and the last menstrual period. The data obtained from the three different methods indicate that the doubling time of human chorionic gonadotropin is not constant but rather increases with increasing human chorionic gonadotropin concentration or gestational age. In addition, statistical analysis of the semilogarithmic plots of serum human chorionic gonadotropin concentrations indicated that the exponential rate of increase of serum human chorionic gonadotropin significantly decreases with gestational age. Since serum human chorionic gonadotropin doubling times increase and the exponential rate decreases with gestational age, estimates of normal values should be established for small sampling ranges and/or short intervals of gestation.
Firmware modification attacks on programmable logic controllers

Abstract Recent attacks on industrial control systems, such as the highly publicized Stuxnet malware, have intensified a “race to the bottom” where lower-level attacks have a tactical advantage. Programmable logic controller (PLC) firmware, which provides a software-driven interface between system inputs and physical outputs, can be easily modified at the user level. Efforts directed at protecting against firmware modification are hindered by the lack of foundational research about attack development and implementation. This paper examines the vulnerability of PLCs to intentional firmware modifications in order to obtain a better understanding of the threats posed by PLC firmware modification attacks and the feasibility of these attacks. A general firmware analysis methodology is presented, and a proof-of-concept experiment is used to demonstrate how legitimate firmware can be updated and uploaded to an Allen-Bradley ControlLogix L61 PLC.
Limitations of "container neophobia" as an explanation of rats' responding for food in the presence of free food.

The hypothesis that responding for food in the presence of free food results from “container neophobia” was discussed. An alternative explanation of the data cited in support of this hypothesis was presented: that habits established during training largely determine the performance of subjects tested for responding in the presence of free food. A study in which container neophobia was not confounded with habits established in training was described. Rats pre-exposed to the free food container before being tested for responding in the presence of free food performed no differently from rats which did not receive this pre-exposure. Thus the data failed to confirm the hypothesis that container neophobia is the principal determinant of responding in this situation.
JNK-interacting protein 3 mediates the retrograde transport of activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase and lysosomes.

Retrograde axonal transport requires an intricate interaction between the dynein motor and its cargo. What mediates this interaction is largely unknown. Using forward genetics and a novel in vivo imaging approach, we identified JNK-interacting protein 3 (Jip3) as a direct mediator of dynein-based retrograde transport of activated (phosphorylated) c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) and lysosomes. Zebrafish jip3 mutants (jip3nl7) displayed large axon terminal swellings that contained high levels of activated JNK and lysosomes, but not other retrograde cargos such as late endosomes and autophagosomes. Using in vivo analysis of axonal transport, we demonstrated that the terminal accumulations of activated JNK and lysosomes were due to a decreased frequency of retrograde movement of these cargos in jip3nl7, whereas anterograde transport was largely unaffected. Through rescue experiments with Jip3 engineered to lack the JNK binding domain and exogenous expression of constitutively active JNK, we further showed that loss of Jip3–JNK interaction underlies deficits in pJNK retrograde transport, which subsequently caused axon terminal swellings but not lysosome accumulation. Lysosome accumulation, rather, resulted from loss of lysosome association with dynein light intermediate chain (dynein accessory protein) in jip3nl7, as demonstrated by our co-transport analyses. Thus, our results demonstrate that Jip3 is necessary for the retrograde transport of two distinct cargos, active JNK and lysosomes. Furthermore, our data provide strong evidence that Jip3 in fact serves as an adapter protein linking these cargos to dynein.
REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF THE CERRO CUADRADO (JURASSIC) FOSSIL CONIFERS: PARARAUCARIA PATAGONICA

A B S T R A C T Seventy-two silicified cone specimens of Pararaucaria patagonica Wieland from the Cerro Cuadrado (Jurassic) petrified forest in Patagonia were studied by use of thin sections and reflected light. Traces from the cone axis stele to the bract and ovuliferous scale are separate at their origins. In cross section the abaxially concave ovuliferous scale trace and massive circular bract trace branch half-way out into the cone-scale complex. Two triangular-shaped bundles of fibers follow the scale trace into the laminar part of the ovuliferous scale. Both surfaces of the ovuliferous scale possess hairs which may have assisted in cone closure. Cones typically contain one flattened, winged seed per ovuliferous scale. Multi-layered seed integuments are represented by an inner fleshy layer of large cells filled with a black amorphous material, a sclerotesta consisting of wedges or fan-shaped groups of sclereids oriented at right angles to the seed surface, and a thin, often crushed fleshy layer. Seed wings consist of anastomosing, branched cells resembling glandular hairs and containing many intercellular spaces. Well-preserved polycotyledonous embryos containing up to eight cotyledons are present in several cones. Tissues of the embryo including the shoot apex, calyptroperiblem, hypocotyl, and cotyledons are described. On the basis of anatomical and morphological features, specimens of P. patagonica are compared to members of both extant and extinct families of conifers including the Araucariaceae, Taxodiaceae, Pinaceae, Cupressaceae, and Cheirolepidaceae.
Spinel twin formation in flux grown MgAl2O4 crystals

Abstract An attempt to grow artificial spinel twins in flux grown MgAl2O4 crystals has been made with the addition of BeAl2O4 in the melt. The mechanism of the twin formation is interpreted to be due to the introduction of stacking disorder between the oxygen close-packing layers taking place as a result of the epitaxial growth of crysoberyl layers on the growing spinel surface.
Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide Inhibits Proton Pumping in Ubiquinol:Cytochrome c Oxidoreductase ofRhodobacter sphaeroidesand Binds to Aspartate-187 of Cytochrome b☆

Abstract In recent studies we reported that dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) inhibited proton translocation in ubiquinol:cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome bc 1 complex) from yeast mitochondria where it was bound to aspartate-160 of cytochrome b. In the current study, we report that DCCD and its fluorescent analogue, N -cyclohexyl- N ′-[4-(dimethylamino)naphthyl]carbodiimide (NCD-4), inhibit 50–60% proton pumping in the cytochrome bc 1 complex of the bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides with a 20% inhibition of electron transfer activity. Radioactive DCCD is bound exclusively to cytochrome b at aspartate-187, which is located at the C-terminal region of the CD loop connecting membrane-spanning helices C and D of cytochrome b. Fluorescent studies with NCD-4 revealed that aspartate-187 is located in a mildly hydrophobic pocket in the bc 1 complex at a distance of 2–3 A from the surface of the membrane.
Diabetes beliefs among low-income, white residents of a rural North Carolina community.

: Context: Every social group shares beliefs about health and illness. Knowledge and understanding of these health beliefs are essential for education programs to address health promotion and illness prevention. Purpose: This analysis describes the diabetes Explanatory Models of Illness (EMs) of low-income, rural, white Southerners who have not been diagnosed with diabetes. Method: In-depth interviews were conducted with low-income white women (n = 19) and men (n = 20) aged 18 to 54 years who resided in a rural Southern town. The tape-recorded interviews were completed by trained interviewers and were transcribed verbatim. Computer-assisted text analysis was used, and all transcripts were coded by 2 investigators. Findings: Although all the participants had heard of diabetes, their EMs were vague and undeveloped. Women were more knowledgeable than men were. Family and heredity were widely believed to be causes, with heredity including genetic and learned behavior components. Participants disagreed about the role of diet and weight in causing diabetes; exercise was not perceived as related to causation. Participants had knowledge of those symptoms, complications, and treatments that could be observed. Conclusions: These rural, white Southerners did not share well-developed EMs for diabetes, with most having a vague and incomplete understanding of this disease. The diabetes beliefs of these rural Southerners differ significantly from current medical knowledge. To be effective, culturally appropriate primary prevention programs must recognize these lay beliefs.
Conformational dynamics of recoverin's Ca2+-myristoyl switch probed by 15N NMR relaxation dispersion and chemical shift analysis.

Recoverin, a member of the neuronal calcium sensor (NCS) branch of the calmodulin superfamily, serves as a calcium sensor in retinal rod cells. Ca2+-induced conformational changes in recoverin promote extrusion of its covalently attached myristate, known as the Ca2+-myristoyl switch. Here, we present nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation dispersion and chemical shift analysis on 15N-labeled recoverin to probe main chain conformational dynamics. 15N NMR relaxation data suggest that Ca2+-free recoverin undergoes millisecond conformational dynamics at particular amide sites throughout the protein. The addition of trace Ca2+ levels (0.05 equivalents) increases the number of residues that show detectable relaxation dispersion. The Ca2+-dependent chemical shifts and relaxation dispersion suggest that recoverin has an intermediate conformational state (I) between the sequestered apo state (T) and Ca2+ saturated extruded state (R): T ↔ I ↔ R. The first step is a fast conformational equilibrium ([T]/[I] 1). The main chain structure of I is similar in part to the structure of half-saturated E85Q recoverin with a sequestered myristoyl group. We propose that millisecond dynamics during T ↔ I may transiently increase the exposure of Ca2+-binding sites to initiate Ca2+ binding that drives extrusion of the myristoyl group during I ↔ R. Proteins 2011; © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Two New Species of Passiflora supersect. Decaloba (Passifloraceae) from Eastern Mexico

Two new species of Passiflora L. (Passifloraceae) endemic to eastern Mexico are described and illustrated and placed in subgenus Decaloba (DC.) Rchb., supersection Decaloba in a clade distinguished by no laminar nectaries. Passiflora dictamo DC. is a synonym of P. biflora Lam., and the rare diminutive species previously assigned to P. dictamo in Killip's monograph is described as P. lauana J. M. MacDougal. A second species, P. complanata J. M. MacDougal, is described and placed in the P. sexflora Juss. species group, where it is notable for its clusters of large flowers to 4 cm diam., flattened stems, and unusual 1/2 phyllotaxy. From Mexico we now recognize 75 native species of passionflowers.
Crowdsourced Exploration of Security Configurations

Smartphone apps today request permission to access a multitude of sensitive resources, which users must accept completely during installation (e.g., on Android) or selectively configure after installation (e.g., on iOS, but also planned for Android). Everyday users, however, do not have the ability to make informed decisions about which permissions are essential for their usage. For enhanced privacy, we seek to leverage crowdsourcing to find minimal sets of permissions that will preserve the usability of the app for diverse users. We advocate an efficient 'lattice-based' crowd-management strategy to explore the space of permissions sets. We conducted a user study (N = 26) in which participants explored different permission sets for the popular Instagram app. This study validates our efficient crowd management strategy and shows that usability scores for diverse users can be predicted accurately, enabling suitable recommendations.
Evidence for Genetic Linkage to Alcohol Dependence on Chromosomes 4 and 11 From an Autosome-Wide Scan in an American Indian Population

To identify specific genes affecting vulnerability or resistance, we performed a whole-autosomal genome scan for genetic linkage to alcohol dependence in a Southwestern American Indian tribe. Genotypes at 517 autosomal microsatellite loci and clinical evaluations were available for 152 subjects belonging to extended pedigrees and forming 172 sib-pairs. Highly suggestive evidence for linkage emerged for two genomic regions using two- and multipoint sib-pair regression methods; both regions harbored neurogenetic candidate genes. The best evidence is seen with D11S1984 (nominal P = 0.00007, lod approximately equal to 3.1) on chromosome 11p, in close proximity to the DRD4 dopamine receptor and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) genes. Good evidence is seen with D4S3242 (nominal P = 0.0002, lod approximately equal to 2.8) on chromosome 4p, near the beta1 GABA receptor gene. Interestingly, three loci in the alcohol dehydrogenase gene cluster on chromosome 4q showed evidence for linkage with two-point analyses, but not multipoint analysis.
Tumor inhibitors. I. Preliminary investigation of antitumor activity of Sarracenia flava.

The chloroform and aqueous extracts of the roots of Sarracenia flava showed antitumor activity against human epidermoid carcinoma of the nasopharynx (KB). Betulin was identified as one constituent responsible for this activity. Testing data are reported for betulinic acid and derivatives.
Riverbank filtration potential of pharmaceuticals in a wastewater-impacted stream.

Pharmaceutical contamination of shallow groundwater is a substantial concern in effluent-dominated streams, due to high aqueous mobility, designed bioactivity, and effluent-driven hydraulic gradients. In October and December 2012, effluent contributed approximately 99% and 71%, respectively, to downstream flow in Fourmile Creek, Iowa, USA. Strong hydrologic connectivity was observed between surface-water and shallow-groundwater. Carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole, and immunologicallyrelated compounds were detected in groundwater at greater than 0.02 m gL �1 at distances up to 6 m from the stream bank. Direct aqueous-injection HPLC-MS/MS revealed 43% and 55% of 110 total pharmaceutical analytes in surface-water samples in October and December, respectively, with 16% and 6%, respectively, detected in groundwater approximately 20 m from the stream bank. The results demonstrate the importance of effluent discharge as a driver of local hydrologic conditions in an effluentimpacted stream and thus as a fundamental control on surface-water to groundwater transport of effluent-derived pharmaceutical contaminants. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://
A Pragmatic Study of Conventional and Alternative Farmers in Colorado

The adoption of alternative agriculture in the form of organic farming and Holistic Resource Management (HRM) ranching is controlled by individual farmer decision making. Drawing on pragmatism, a method of inquiry based on understanding peoples’ experiences, this paper shows how agricultural land–use decisions are based on numerous factors, including sources of information, individual perceptions of agriculture, and attitudes about the environment that are narrowed to a farmer’s practical range of choice. Descriptive statistics identify variations between groups of conventional and alternative farmers, while qualitative analysis details incremental variations among case study farmers. Based on 57 mail survey responses and 11 case study interviews in Colorado, 12 behavioral characteristics are identified that describe composite reactive and proactive farmers. Differences are linked to variations between an internal and external locus of control. Results indicate that there is a spectrum of attitudes and ch...
Fatty Acid Composition of Submandibular Salivary Gland Lipids in Essential Fatty Acid Deficient Rats

Essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency was induced in young weanling rats by feeding a fat-free diet or a diet containing 7% Hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO). At intervals of 4, 8, and 16 weeks, rats from the deficient and the control groups were killed and their Submandibular Salivary Glands (SMSG) were dissected out and extracted for lipids. The fatty acid composition of total lipids, triglycerides (TG), free fatty acids (FFA), phosphatidyl choline (PC), and phosphatidyl ethanola-mine (PE) fractions was determined. The levels of 16:1 and 18:1 were increased whereas those of 18:2 and 20:4 were decreased in the EFA-deficient groups as compared to the controls. 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid (20:3 omega9) accumulated in the total lipids as well as other lipid fractions of the SMSG from the deficient rats. The levels of this fatty acid increased as the EFA-deficiency progressed. Changes in fatty acid composition of SMSG lipids of EFA-deficient rats were associated with a reduction in flow rate of whole saliva. Protein concentration and amylase activity of saliva was the same in the two groups.
Urine PCA3 and TMPRSS2:ERG Using Cancer-specific Markers to Detect Cancer

The limitations of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) as a prostate cancer (PCa) early detection biomarker are well described, and controversy surrounding its use in the screening setting was highlighted recently. Importantly, PSA is a prostate-specific biomarker rather than a PCaspecific biomarker. The explosion in the knowledge of gene expression changes and driving molecular events in PCa has motivated efforts to identify more PCa-specific biomarkers that may augment or outperform PSA in early detection. Prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) represents a highly PCa-specific biomarker, originally described in 1999 by Bussemakers et al. [1], that has been reported to be overexpressed in >90% of PCa. Subsequent gene expression profiling studies have confirmed that PCA3 is one of the most sensitive and specific PCa biomarkers, similar to alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR; which is used at the tissue level diagnostically). Although PCA3 does not encode a protein, PCA3 transcripts are detectable and quantifiable in urine, and PCA3 has been extensively studied as a urine-based PCa biomarker [2]. Clinical development has focused mainly on an assay based on transcriptionmediated amplification (TMA) (Progensa PCA3 test), which assesses post–digital rectal examination (DRE) whole urine specimens yielding a PCA3 score (urine PCA3 transcripts/ urine PSA transcripts) [3]. Importantly, this assay is CE marked and has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for assessing PCa risk in men with a previous negative biopsy. Additionally, the PCA3 test has also shown utility in refining PCa risk in men undergoing initial prostate biopsy (most commonly due to elevated serum PSA) [2].
Familiarity-and-Liking Relationship Under Conditions of Induced Lateral Orientation

Right-handed subjects who oriented their bodies and their attention toward their right produced a significant relationship between their rated familiarity with and liking for several well-known individuals. Those induced to orient toward their left showed no such effect. It is argued that such orientation produces relatively greater activation of the contralateral hemisphere, and experiments and reviews are cited which show that the left hemisphere has been suggested as the site for both processing of familiar stimuli and positive affect. Even if familiarity does activate liking by some means by virtue of being predominantly processed in the same hemisphere, it is not known how this occurs nor how it is altered by lateralized attention.
Assessing Antisocial and Psychopathic Personalities

The assessment of antisocial and psychopathic personalities presents special challenges for the forensic evaluator. This chapter emphasizes use of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R), Rorschach, and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) for a comprehensive evaluation of these patients. These measures lend incremental validity to understanding these difficult patients, especially when combined with testing of intelligence and cognitive functioning. Integrating data from multiple domains is essential to answering the psycholegal and forensic treatment questions surrounding the antisocial and psychopathic patient. The forensically trained clinical psychologist is best suited to assess psychopathy, a task that historically has been overlooked or avoided in traditional mental health settings.
Special session - developing engineering student's philosophical inquiry skills

This special session provides an opportunity for participants to engage in a reflective dialogue on the topic of developing student's philosophical inquiry skills. The session will provide participants with a cooperative inquiry environment intended to help engineering educators identify, evaluate, and synthesize a more coherent view of engineering education from a philosophical perspective. Also, this session will advance the ongoing discussion about the philosophical underpinnings of engineering education practice. Note: this special session is designed as a partner session to another special session: Heywood, Grimson, & Korte, Teaching Philosophy in Engineering Courses, Session M4A and a supporting paper by Heywood, Grimson, & Korte, Teaching Philosophy to Engineering Students, also in Session M4A.
An Extended Adaptive Detection Method and Its Application in Power Quality Improvement

This paper intensively investigates an active noise cancellation method's application in power quality improvement applications. The original algorithm in acoustic area is first introduced and then extended to current harmonic selective detection. The adaptive algorithm identifies amplitudes, phases and frequencies of fundamental and harmonic components from nonlinear load current. The identified results are used to generate control reference for power quality improvement control. The current harmonic selective feature lies in its ability to estimate any specific harmonics. The extended algorithm is fully tested both in simulation and experiment. It is also compared with traditional d-q transformation based harmonic detection method. And this method is found to have advantages such as internal frequency tracking, easy application to single phase and three phase unbalanced systems, simple and flexible. At last, an active filter application example shows the effectiveness of this proposed adaptive method in power quality application.
The Effects of an Acute Stressor on Depressive Symptoms among Older Adults: The Moderating Effects of Social Support and Age

This study uses longitudinal data to examine the potential moderating effects of social support and age among older adults exposed to an acute stressor. Using a sample of 651 older persons, data were gathered in the spring of 1992 and in the fall of 1993, approximately 60 days after the peak impact of flooding in the Midwest. Results indicate a positive association between pre- and postflood depression and a negative association between social support and postflood depression. For the youngest of the two older age groups, there is also a positive association between flood exposure and post-flood depression, controlling for prior levels of depression. Age interactions reveal that social support moderates the effects of flood exposure on depression only for the younger age group.