cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reprogrammed mouse astrocytes retain a “memory” of tissue origin and possess more tendencies for neuronal differentiation than reprogrammed mouse embryonic fibroblasts

Direct reprogramming of a variety of somatic cells with the transcription factors Oct4 (also called Pou5f1), Sox2 with either Klf4 and Myc or Lin28 and Nanog generates the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with marker similarity to embryonic stem cells. However, the difference between iPSCs derived from different origins is unclear. In this study, we hypothesized that reprogrammed cells retain a “memory” of their origins and possess additional potential of related tissue differentiation. We reprogrammed primary mouse astrocytes via ectopic retroviral expression of OCT3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and Myc and found the iPSCs from mouse astrocytes expressed stem cell markers and formed teratomas in SCID mice containing derivatives of all three germ layers similar to mouse embryonic stem cells besides semblable morphologies. To test our hypothesis, we compared embryonic bodies (EBs) formation and neuronal differentiation between iPSCs from mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFsiPSCs) and iPSCs from mouse astrocytes (mAsiPSCs). We found that mAsiPSCs grew slower and possessed more potential for neuronal differentiation compared to MEFsiPSCs. Our results suggest that mAsiPSCs retain a “memory” of the central nervous system, which confers additional potential upon neuronal differentiation.
An embedding resin miscible with water for electron microscopy.

THERE are three embedding media commonly used at present to prepare biological specimens for thin sectioning and electron microscopy: methacrylate esters1, ‘Vestopal’ polyester resin2, and ‘Araldite’ epoxy resin3. These, although excellent for many purposes, all have the limitation that they are not miscible with water and so require the specimen to be dehydrated before it can be infiltrated with the medium. This dehydration, for which ethanol is most often used, frequently causes undesirable leaching of tissue components. The introduction of a water-miscible resin of low solvent power therefore appears desirable.
Mobility of Electrons in Germanium-Silicon Alloys

The mobility of electrons in germanium-silicon alloys with compositions varying from 0 to 30 atomic percent silicon has been measured between 77 and 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and the contribution of ionized impurity scattering has been subtracted. The resulting mobility for electrons in the conduction band with (111) symmetry was found to vary with composition as a combination of a constant term and a term varying as ${{\ensuremath{\alpha}(1\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha})}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, where $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is the mole-fraction of minority component in the alloy. In the region where either these (111) electrons or electrons in the (100) conduction band are dominating the conductivity, a subtraction of a constant mobility due to scattering by phonons leaves a mobility which varies with temperature as ${T}^{\ensuremath{-}0.7}$ to ${T}^{\ensuremath{-}0.8}$. Both of these observations are in qualitative agreement with what is to be expected on the basis of presently available theories for the scattering by disorder.
Developmental changes in selective and integrative visual attention.

Abstract School-aged children and adults performed two speeded classification tasks designed to examine the relation between selective and integrative aspects of visual attention. Stimuli consisted of two parentheses (Experiment 1) or two arrows (Experiment 2) separated by 0.5 to 16° visual angle. In a selective attention task, observers classified stimuli on the basis of one of the two elements. Younger children experienced more interference when the elements were closely spaced than older children and adults. In an integrative attention task, stimuli were classified on the basis of both of the elements. Here age differences were most pronounced when elements were separated by large visual angles. These findings suggest that the ability to contract and expand the size of the attentional “spotlight” improves with age in the school years.
Preparation of two stereochemically defined isomers of deuterium labeled δ‐cadinene

Deuterated δ-cadinenes needed for biosynthetic feeding studies in cotton were prepared by acid catalyzed rearrangements of (-)-α-cubebene and (+,-)-α-copaene. In both cases, one deuterium was incorporated in the 7 position. Stereochemistry of the added deuterium was determined by 1 H NMR spectroscopy to be exclusively cis to the isopropyl group in the α-copaene derived product and predominantly trans (20% cis) to the isopropyl group in the cubebene derived product.
Collagen gel anisotropy measured by 2-D laser trap microrheometry.

Collagen gels can serve as biomaterials ideal for tissue equivalents, especially if they are remodeled to have fibril anisotropy mimicking native tissue. Type I collagen gel remodeling was studied microscopically to investigate the changes caused by fibroblasts in collagen gel structures, with and without the growth factors PDGF-BB and TGF-β1. A bidirectional laser trap microrheometry technique was developed that revealed a high degree of local heterogeneity and anisotropy in the structure of the collagen gels during active fibroblast contraction. The use of the growth factors increased not only the gel anisotropy, but the heterogeneity as well, indicating further changes in the collagen fibril orientations. This work shows the ability to influence the remodeling capabilities of fibroblasts by using growth factors in order to begin to elucidate the changes in the local mechanical environment of contracting collagen gels. We present this experimental technique as a method for probing changes in the fibroblast-driven anisotropy of collagen gels as a basis for understanding microstructural tissue organization important in the development of collagen-based tissue equivalents.
Melittin-grafted HPMA-oligolysine based copolymers for gene delivery.

Abstract Non-viral gene delivery systems capable of transfecting cells in the brain are critical in realizing the potential impact of nucleic acid therapeutics for diseases of the central nervous system. In this study, the membrane-lytic peptide melittin was incorporated into block copolymers synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The first block, designed for melittin conjugation, was composed of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) and pyridyl disulfide methacrylamide (PDSMA) and the second block, designed for DNA binding, was composed of oligo- l -lysine (K10) and HPMA. Melittin modified with cysteine at the C-terminus was conjugated to the polymers through the pyridyl disulfide pendent groups via disulfide exchange. The resulting pHgMelbHK10 copolymers are more membrane-lytic than melittin-free control polymers, and efficiently condensed plasmid DNA into salt-stable particles (∼100–200 nm). The melittin-modified polymers transfected both HeLa and neuron-like PC-12 cells more efficiently than melittin-free polymers although toxicity associated with the melittin peptide was observed. Optimized formulations containing the luciferase reporter gene were delivered to mouse brain by intraventricular brain injections. Melittin-containing polyplexes produced about 35-fold higher luciferase activity in the brain compared to polyplexes without melittin. Thus, the melittin-containing block copolymers described in this work are promising materials for gene delivery to the brain.
Differential requirements of two insect cell lines for growth in serum-free medium

The development of a serum-free medium that supports the growth of cells from a Spodoptera frugiperda and a Lymantria dispar cell line is reported. A yeast hydrolysate provided the B-vitamin complex, and a combination of a meat hydrolysate and tryptose provided most of the free amino acids required for cell growth. Supplemental cystine and methionine were required to achieve maximum cell growth. The serum or serum replacements used in earlier formulations were replaced with commercial lipid preparations and increased levels of iron salts. Although the cell growth cycle had a somewhat extended lag phase and the population doubling time of the S. frugiperda cells was longer than on serum-containing medium, the saturation densities were much higher. Spodoptera cells grown in this medium replicated the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus well, producing 8.71 x 10(6) TCID50 extracellular virus and 4.4 x 10(6) polyhedra/ml culture. The specific activity of the polyhedra was somewhat less than that of polyhedra produced in insects.
Catalase in insect trypanosomatids.

SYNOPSIS. Seven monoxenous Trypanosomatidae, Crithidia fasciculata (Anopheles strain), C. fasciculata (Culex pipiens, Wallace), C. fasciculata (Culex pipiens, Noller), C. luciliae, C. sp. from Euryophthalmus, “Strigomonas” oncopelti and Blastocrithidia culicis all are catalase-positive. S. oncopelti is only catalase-positive when grown in hemin-media. When grown at elevated temperature, C. fasciculata (Anopheles), C. luciliae and S. oncopelti have greater and C. fasciculata (Culex pipiens, Wallace) reduced catalase activity. C. fasciculata (Culex pipiens, Noller) and C. sp. from Euryophthalmus show reduced catalase activity at elevated temperature that is of borderline significance. Catalase as a phylogenetic marker is discussed.
THE STABILITY OF RADIALLY BOUNDED THIN FILMS

Abstract The linear stability of radially bounded thinning free films is examined for the case in which the surfaces of the film are initially plane and parallel. The two-dimensional time-dependent drainage flow computed by lubrication theory constitutes the base state. The linear stability of this flow with respect to axially symmetric varicose disturbance is treated in the quasistatic approximation. For thin films, disperse London-van der Waals attractive forces play a key role in determining the critical thickness at rupture, and the results are presented as predictions of critical film aspect ratio as a function of two dimensionless groups which are ratios of the important physical-chemical forces on the film. Predicted critical thicknesses are seen to agree well with the limited available experimental data.
The synthesis of 2-silanorcaranes

Abstract 2,2-Dimethyl-2-silanorcarane has been prepared by the stepwise reduction of 7,7-dibromo-2,2-dimethyl-2-silanorcarane with tri-n-butyltin hydride. Treatment of the dibromonorcarane with silver ion or pyrolysis with quinoline releases hydrogen bromide and decomposs the ring system. Trimethyl(dimethylamino)stannane reduces the dibromo compound to a 1.5/1 mixture of the endo - and exo -isomers of 7-bromo-2,2-dimethy-2-silanorcarane in the first known reaction of the tinnitrogen bond to proceed by a radical mechanism. β-Elimination of bromine is favored endo ⪢ exo in the mass spectrometer. The 7,7-dibromo compound is prepared by a series of steps which include the hydrosilation of 5-chloro-1-pentyne by trichlorosilane, the intramolecular Barbier cyclization of the product, the methylation of the resulting 1,1-dichloro-1-sila-2-cyclohexene, and the action of a dihalocarbene generated from phenyl(tribromomethyl)mercury on this silacyclohexene. The dibromonocarane is formed in 50% yield, but a side reaction produces 5-(dimethylbromosilyl)-1-pentene, which was identified as its hydrolysis product, [CH 2 CH)CH 2 ) 3 Si(CH 3 ) 2 ] 2 O. Deuteration experiments establish that the process of ring-opening is concerted, and the observation of resonances due to a transient β-addition product in the NMR leads to the proposal of an HBr-addition β-elimination mechanism for ring-opening which appears to apply to several examples of unsaturated sila- and germacarbocycles in general. Hydrostannation of 5-chloro-1-pentyne by dimethyltin hydride chloride leads to the dimethylchlorostannyl-substituted 5-chloro-1-pentene which undergoes alkyl group redistribution to form a mixture of alkyltin chlorides.
Active compression-decompression resuscitation: effects on pulmonary ventilation

Abstract This investigation was designed to test the hypothesis that active compression-decompression resuscitation is able to independently provide improved levels of minute ventilation when compared to high-impulse manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Eight adult beagles (10–15 kg) were studied after induction of ventricular fibrillation. Single 1-min CPR trials were performed while arterial blood gases and minute ventilation were monitored. ACD and high-impulse CPR were performed sequentially, in random order at compression rates of 120/min, 1.5- to 2.0-inch compression depth and 50% duty cycle. Minute ventilation averaged 3. 6 ± 0.77 1 during high-impulse CPR and increased to 4.9 ± 0.88 1 during ACD CPR. No difference was observed in arterial blood pH, P co 2, or P o 2 when ACD was compared to high-impulse CPR. We conclude that ACD CPR provides improved levels of minute ventilation when compared to high-impulse manual CPR in this canine model of cardiac arrest. Improved minute ventilation may contribute to the mechanism of improved cardiopulmonary hemodynamics reported in previous investigations of ACD CPR. Further investigation is warranted to determine the effects of ACD CPR on pulmonary ventilation in human subjects after cardiac arrest.
Cytotoxic activity of peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytes from patients with multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases. Analysis at the single cell level using morphological and surface marker phenotype criteria.

Abstract The large granular lymphocyte (LGL) has been identified in normal individuals' MNC population as the NK-K cell (Ault and Weiner 1978; Timonen et al. 1981); it bears the OKM1 surface antigen (Breard et al. 1981; Fast et al. 1981) and while negative for T cell antigens OKT4 and OKT8, is a low avidity E-rosette forming cell. However, in an unfractionated nylon wool passed peripheral blood lymphocyte (NWP PBL) population, we show that not more than 50% of NK activity in normal or OND control NWP PBL and 30% NK activity in MS NWP PBL can be attributed to this cell. Nevertheless, 100% of control K cell activity and 50% of MS K cell activity can be mediated by an LGL. MS patients have normal proportions of LGLs in their NWP PBL. The proportion of LGLs in CSF of MS and OND patients is too low to account for the number of CSF K cells. While in control NWP PBLs, the LGLs are OKM1 + and mediate NK and ADCC, in MS the LGL NK effectors are probably different from LGL-K cell effectors. In MS both populations include effector cells with T cell surface antigens. Thus, the OKM1 + LGL characteristics may not be used in analysis of NK and K cells in multiple sclerosis.
Cryogenic chilldown process under low flow rates.

Abstract In this paper, we investigated the chilldown process of a horizontal tube by a liquid nitrogen flow with low mass fluxes. The flow patterns and heat transfer characteristics are studied experimentally. Visualization results illustrate the successive states of liquid–wall interaction with different mass fluxes. For a horizontal tube, the liquid filament–wall interaction is an important contributor to the heat transfer on the bottom wall while the upper wall is cooled by forced convection with superheated vapor. A phenomenological model is developed, in which the heat transfer on the bottom wall is composed of film boiling and forced convection while for the upper wall, forced convection is the only mechanism of heat transfer. A good agreement is achieved between the model prediction and the experimental result.
WITHDRAWN: Existing Infrastructure for the Delivery of Emergency Care in Post-Conflict Rwanda: an Initial Descriptive Study

Abstract Background Rwanda is a landlocked East-African country that was the site of the 1994 genocide, during which much of its health infrastructure was destroyed. It remains one of the poorest and least developed countries in the world. In the last two decades, there have been significant efforts to rebuild its healthcare system. No study has since examined Rwanda's emergency medicine (EM) infrastructure. Study objective To perform an initial descriptive study of EM infrastructure in post-conflict Rwanda. Methods We employed two methods. The first was 160h of direct observation at six healthcare sites in the capital city of Kigali leading to a descriptive understanding of Rwanda's EM infrastructure. The second method utilized face-to-face narrative interviews based on a 5-item open-ended questionnaire with a convenience sample of 54 healthcare workers. Results A relatively basic EM infrastructure was found to exist. Emergency care is available to all, though timely access and demand for payment are barriers to care. Emergency care is delivered at all levels, from local community health centres to district hospitals to national referral centres. The majority of physicians working in the Emergency Departments (EDs) are general practitioners, and only one hospital provides specialised training at the BLS level to EM practitioners. Prehospital care is almost entirely missing. The three most commonly cited problems facing EM infrastructure in Rwanda were lack of resources (94% of respondents), need for specialised EM training (89%), and absence of prehospital care (74%). All except one worker surveyed (98%) were satisfied with the progress Rwanda has made to improve EM in the last 10years. Conclusion Despite ongoing challenges, the infrastructure for the delivery of emergency care is much improved since 1994, and Rwanda's continuing progress can serve as a model for EM development in other developing and/or post-conflict countries in Africa.
Differences in prescribing patterns for anxiety and depression between General Internal Medicine and Family Medicine.

Abstract Introduction Depression and anxiety are routinely managed by physicians in Family Medicine (FM) or General Internal Medicine (GIM). Because FM requires more behavioral health training than GIM, we sought to determine if prescribing patterns for patients with anxiety, depression, or both differed between FM vs. GIM providers. Methods In a cross-sectional design, patient data and provider type were obtained from 2008 to 2013 electronic medical record patient data registry ( n =27,225 (FM=10,994, GIM=16,231)) Prescription orders were modeled for specific benzodiazepines and antidepressants and by drug class. Covariates included gender, age, race, marital status and comorbidity index. Separate logistic regression models were computed, before and after adjusting for covariates, to estimate the odds of FM vs. GIM providers prescribing benzodiazepine or antidepressant medication to patients with anxiety, depression, and both disorders. Results After adjusting for covariates, patients with anxiety alone, depression alone, and both had significantly greater odds of receiving an antidepressant (OR=2.08;95%CI:1.46–2.96, OR=2.13;95%CI:1.48–3.06, and OR=2.26;95%CI:1.09–4.66, respectively) if treated by FM vs. GIM. Benzodiazepine prescription did not differ by physician type. Limitations It is not known if results will generalize to other regions of the United States. Conclusions Patients with anxiety, depression, and both seen by FM providers, as compared to GIM providers, are more likely to receive antidepressant medications. Further investigation into the determinants of these differences is warranted. Under-treatment in GIM may result in less advantageous outcomes.
Teaching nontraditional adult students: adult learning theories in practice

As the USA experiences rapid growth of nontraditional adult students in higher education, educators and institutions will increasingly need to look beyond the traditional youth-centric educational models to better address adult learning needs. To date, no research has been conducted examining the learning experiences of adult students enrolled in a disciplinary course that was built upon core principles of adult learning. Ten adult students (mean age = 45.4 years), enrolled in an American university with a college dedicated to adult students, were interviewed to assess their learning experiences and felt impact after completing a psychology course created upon adult learning principles. Findings revealed that students progressed through a five-themed model that challenged their pre-existing meaning structures, caused emotional and cognitive disequilibrium, and pushed them toward irrevocable change.
Pyrimidine hydrates and dimers in ultraviolet-irradiated tobacco mosaic virus ribonucleic acid.

Abstract A method has been developed to isolate the photoproducts of ultraviolet-irradiated tobacco mosaic virus ribonucleic acid. The method consists of enzymic hydrolysis of the ultraviolet-irradiated ribonucleic acid and isolation of the photoproducts by paper and ion exchange chromatography. Five photoproducts have been isolated: uridine hydrate, two isomeric forms of cyclobutane-type dimers, and two unknown photoproducts. The amount of uridine hydrate formed is a function of dose and the solvent. The rate of formation of uridine hydrate is greater in water than in deuterium oxide. A deuterium isotope effect of 2.2 was observed. This is in agreement with that observed in the biological inactivation of the viral nucleic acid. The rate of formation of pyrimidine dimers and the two unknown photoproducts is the same whether the irradiation is carried out in water or deuterium oxide. The results suggest that the inactivation of tobacco mosaic virus ribonucleic acid by ultraviolet light is mainly due to pyrimidine hydrate formation in solvents of low ionic strength.
Nonlinear Limit Motions of a Slightly Asymmetric Re-entry Vehicle

Although the linear damping moment on a symmetric missile is the same for planar motion as for coning motion, nonlinear damping for these different motions is not necessarily the same. The general cubic nonlinear damping expression requires the use of two coefficients arid such damping can cause either circular or planar limit motion. The addition of configuration s! asymmetry introduces the possibility of more complicated limit motion. The existence of one-, two-, and three-mode stable limit motions is studied by quasi-linear analysis and the results verified by numerical integration of the exact differential equation.
A longitudinal study of Caenorhabditis elegans larvae reveals a novel locomotion switch, regulated by Gαs signaling

Despite their simplicity, longitudinal studies of invertebrate models are rare. We thus sought to characterize behavioral trends of Caenorhabditis elegans, from the mid fourth larval stage through the mid young adult stage. We found that, outside of lethargus, animals exhibited abrupt switching between two distinct behavioral states: active wakefulness and quiet wakefulness. The durations of epochs of active wakefulness exhibited non-Poisson statistics. Increased Gαs signaling stabilized the active wakefulness state before, during and after lethargus. In contrast, decreased Gαs signaling, decreased neuropeptide release, or decreased CREB activity destabilized active wakefulness outside of, but not during, lethargus. Taken together, our findings support a model in which protein kinase A (PKA) stabilizes active wakefulness, at least in part through two of its downstream targets: neuropeptide release and CREB. However, during lethargus, when active wakefulness is strongly suppressed, the native role of PKA signaling in modulating locomotion and quiescence may be minor. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00782.001
Bayesian Predictive Profiles With Applications to Retail Transaction Data

Massive transaction data sets are recorded in a routine manner in telecommunications, retail commerce, and Web site management. In this paper we address the problem of inferring predictive individual profiles from such historical transaction data. We describe a generative mixture model for count data and use an an approximate Bayesian estimation framework that effectively combines an individual's specific history with more general population patterns. We use a large real-world retail transaction data set to illustrate how these profiles consistently outperform non-mixture and non-Bayesian techniques in predicting customer behavior in out-of-sample data.
Correlated Bigram LSA for Unsupervised Language Model Adaptation

We present a correlated bigram LSA approach for unsupervised LM adaptation for automatic speech recognition. The model is trained using efficient variational EM and smoothed using the proposed fractional Kneser-Ney smoothing which handles fractional counts. We address the scalability issue to large training corpora via bootstrapping of bigram LSA from unigram LSA. For LM adaptation, unigram and bigram LSA are integrated into the background N-gram LM via marginal adaptation and linear interpolation respectively. Experimental results on the Mandarin RT04 test set show that applying unigram and bigram LSA together yields 6%-8% relative perplexity reduction and 2.5% relative character error rate reduction which is statistically significant compared to applying only unigram LSA. On the large-scale evaluation on Arabic, 3% relative word error rate reduction is achieved which is also statistically significant.
Urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation: response to chemotherapy and radiation.

Abstract Purpose This review will summarize the literature relating urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation and its response to chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Methods The English literature in PubMED was extensively search for articles pertaining to urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation and its response to chemotherapy or radiation. Articles reference lists were then further scrutinized to ensure all relevant literature had been identified. Results Urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation is generally treated as if it were pure urothelial carcinoma. However, it remains unclear if such mixed histology portends a different prognosis for patients with bladder cancer, particularly regarding the response to chemotherapy and radiation. Initial studies suggested a worse response to such therapy in mixed histology but more recent data has challenged that observation. Unfortunately the literature is limited by the type and quality of the existent studies and mixed results among the data that is available. Conclusion The final word on whether urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation responds differently to chemotherapy or radiation therapy remains uncertain. This important question warrants careful study in the future.
High Technology: Its Impacts and Effects in Science and Technology Research

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report on the annual Forum on Science and Technology Policy. This is an update on federal commitments to science and scientific research and policy.Design/Methodology/approach – The focus this year on High Technology reinforces the role of funding and awards of research grants to contribute to the political agenda of the current administration.Findings – One gains an overview about the current state of affairs in science and technology research, trends in scientific communication, and the resulting public policy that follows.Research limitations/implications – Political consequences and trends of recent directives cause one to pause and be concerned about the state of federally sponsored research in the USA.Originality/valve – The paper highlights the efforts and impacts of high technology in science and technology research.
Ureteral Cell Cultures II: Collagen Production and Response to Pharmacologic Agents

AbstractPurpose: To investigate the in vitro response of ureteral cells to potentially anti-fibrotic agents.Materials and Methods: Cultured human uroepithelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and myofibroblasts were assayed for proliferation and production of collagen types I and III, with and without the presence of hydrocortisone, colchicine, retinol, verapamil, and D-penicillamine.Results: Hydrocortisone stimulated the proliferation of all three cell types and reduced the type I and type III collagen production by myofibroblasts and smooth muscle cells, respectively. Verapamil enhanced the growth of uroepithelial cells and decreased collagen III production by both uroepithelial and smooth muscle cells. D-penicillamine increased the proliferation of uroepithelial and smooth muscle cells, and inhibited collagen type III production by all three cell types.Conclusions: In vitro evidence suggests that hydrocortisone, verapamil, and D-penicillamine have effects that could favorably alter the healing of endoscopi...
Do Tax-Deferred Exchanges Impact Purchase Price? Evidence from the Phoenix Apartment Market

Many authors have commented on the compliance risk associated with tax-deferred exchanges. However, no published studies explicitly address whether the risks associated with the exchange process impact the price at which exchanged assets trade. Using a unique data set that documents transactions for nondirect exchanges, this study examines the price impact of tax-deferred exchanges on apartment transactions in the Phoenix, Arizona, market. Consistent with the price pressure hypothesis originally developed by Scholes (1972) and Kraus and Stoll (1972) and the tax capitalization hypothesis proposed by Oates (1969), the data show that exchange participants pay an economically significant premium to acquire replacement assets. A conventional hedonic price index is generated to investigate the rational bounds of the exchange premium.
GHOSTS OF GHOSTS

What hope of answer, or redress? Behind the veil, behind the veil. In Memoriam 56, ll. 27–28
20q– Clonality in a Case of Oral Sweet Syndrome and Myelodysplasia

We report the case of a patient with myelodysplasia who had Sweet syndrome of the oral cavity. An atypical myeloid immunophenotype was present in the gingival biopsy specimen and in a concurrent bone marrow specimen. Fluorescence in situ hybridization performed on the gingival biopsy specimen demonstrated the same del(20q) cytogenetic abnormality present in the bone marrow, confirming the presence of a clonally related myeloid proliferation in both tissues. This is the first reported case of Sweet syndrome and myelodysplasia in which the chromosomal abnormality was identified in the neutrophilic infiltrate, confirming the neutrophilic infiltrate to be clonally related to the underlying myeloid neoplasm.
Modeling and simulation of high speed sliding

Abstract We analyze the processes of thermal softening, melting and subsequent melt lubrication that occur during the high speed sliding of a metal piece on another metal block. The temperature rise in the slider arising from both high speed interface friction and from the energy dissipated during plastic deformations is computed using simple analysis and the finite element method. Subsequently, we propose a mathematical model for the transient lubrication problem that describes the behavior of the molten film at the slider–rail interface. This model successfully predicts the evolution process of the melt thickness and the melt front velocity of the liquid film; these predictions agree with the experimentally observed dynamics of molten film better than those from other existing models.
Widespread detection of antibodies to Leptospira in feral swine in the United States

SUMMARY As feral swine continue to expand their geographical range and distribution across the United States, their involvement in crop damage, livestock predation, and pathogen transmission is likely to increase. Despite the relatively recent discovery of feral swine involvement in the aetiology of a variety of pathogens, their propensity to transmit and carry a wide variety of pathogens is disconcerting. We examined sera from 2055 feral swine for antibody presence to six serovars of Leptospira that can also infect humans, livestock or domestic animals. About 13% of all samples tested positive for at least one serovar, suggesting that Leptospira infection is common in feral swine. Further studies to identify the proportion of actively infected animals are needed to more fully understand the risk they pose.
Effect of environmental conditions on juvenile recruitment of alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis) in fresh water: a coastwide perspective

The abundance of alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis) has declined throughout their range, and there are increasing concerns about their conservation status. Becau...
Enamel Wear Opposing Polished and Aged Zirconia

Aging of dental zirconia roughens its surface through low temperature degradation. We hypothesized that age-related roughening of zirconia crowns may cause detrimental wear to the enamel of an opposing tooth. To test our hypothesis, we subjected artificially aged zirconia and reference specimens to simulated mastication in a wear device and measured the wear of an opposing enamel cusp. Additionally, the roughness of the pretest surfaces was measured. The zirconia specimens, artificially aged by autoclave, showed no significant increase in roughness compared to the nonaged specimens. Furthermore, no significant difference in material or opposing enamel wear between the aged and nonaged zirconia was seen. All zirconia specimens showed less material and opposing enamel wear than the enamel to enamel control or veneering porcelain specimens. Scanning electron micrographs showed relatively smooth surfaces of aged and nonaged zirconia following wear testing. The micrographs of the veneering ceramic showed sharp fractured edges and fragments of wear debris. Zirconia may be considered a wear-friendly material for restorations opposing enamel, even after simulated aging.
Physical Organic Chemistry by Any Other Name Would Smell as Sweet

The techniques and thought processes of the field of physical organic chemistry, focused on small organic molecule structure and reactivity, have been taken up by numerous other fields, including, but not limited to, sensor design, organometallics, organic materials, organocatalysis, and supramolecular chemistry. The unifying principles of each field stem from physical organic chemistry pursuits. The insights, terminology, and lessons, as well as the experimental and computational techniques of physical organic chemistry currently permeate nearly all fields of organic chemistry. Thus, although the number of individuals that call themselves physical organic chemists is dwindling, we should recognize this as the inevitable outcome, revealing the strength of the discipline—it is so powerful that all areas of organic chemistry have adopted it, and therefore, we are all physical organic chemists at heart. This manuscript sets forth to highlight this conclusion by showing how several recent studies in fields not historically recognized as physical organic can be described as being so. The message is upbeat; organic chemists have a common background and language that emanates from physical organic chemistry, irrespective of the titles we each associate ourselves with.
Dual interpretations of pion clouds in relativistic heavy ion collisions

A gauge theory of pions interacting with \ensuremath{\rho}-mesons at elevated temperatures is used to calculate the pressure in a hot pion gas. No reference is made to the pion's status as a QCD Goldstone boson. The role of the pion is merely that of a carrier of an SU(2) symmetry, gauged to create a vector-meson interaction, the \ensuremath{\rho} playing the role of the interacting vector particle. The results are in rough agreement with much more elaborate calculations, both of the purely hadronic variety, and those that invoke quark-gluon degrees of freedom. The quark-gluon and purely hadronic calculations seemingly lead to very similar predictions which are in accord with recent data from the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The results motivate the question as to whether the two descriptions are dual to each other in the sense of being alternate models, each sufficient to explain the observed data.
Cellular Patterns of Transcription Factor Expression in Developing Cortical Interneurons

Most gamma-aminobutyric acidergic interneurons in the neocortex and hippocampus are derived from subpallial progenitors in the medial ganglionic eminence and migrate tangentially to the pallium, where they differentiate into a diverse set of neuronal subtypes. Toward elucidating the mechanisms underlying the generation of interneuron diversity, we have studied in mice the expression patterns in differentiating and mature neocortical interneurons of 8 transcription factors, including 6 homeobox (Dlx1, Dlx2, Dlx5, Arx, Lhx6, Cux2), 1 basic helix-loop-helix, (NPAS1), and 1 bZIP (MafB). Their patterns of expression change during interneuron differentiation and show distinct distributions within interneuron subpopulations in adult neocortex. This study is a first step to define the combinatorial codes of transcription factors that participate in regulating the specification and function of cortical interneuron subtypes.
Histometric evaluation of periodontal surgery I. The modified Widman flap procedure

The present investigation was performed in the Rhesus monkey to determine the effect of the modified Widman flap procedure on the level of the connective tissue attachment and supporting alveolar bone. Two adult male Rhesus monkeys were used. Eighteen contralateral pairs of periodontal pockets were produced in a standardized manner. Surgical treatment of the pockets was performed around experimental teeth and the contralateral teeth were used as the unoperated controls. Twelve months following treatment the animals were sacrificed and histological sections obtained. Using the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) as a fixed reference point, linear measurements along the root surface were made to the most apical cells of the junctional epithelium (JE), to the crest of the interproximal alveolar bone (CR), and to the apical extent of angular bony defects (AAD). These measurements from operated and unoperated pockets were then compared. The data revealed that treatment of periodontal pockets using the modified Widman flap procedure produced no gain in connective tissue attachment and no increase in crestal bone height. In angular bony defects a certain degree "bone fill" was noted. This bone repair was never accompanied by new connective tissue attachment.
EFFECTS OF DROUGHT ON THE WATER-TABLE DYNAMICS OF A SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN MOUNTAIN FLOODPLAIN AND ASSOCIATED FEN

Annual and seasonal variations in precipitation have been shown to influence the hydrology of nontidal wetlands, including depth to water table. Water-table depth is assessed in wetlands for a variety of reasons, most notably for wetland delineations or determining the success of restoration projects. Many short-term assessment efforts probably occur during periods of abnormal precipitation and, as such, may not provide a thorough understanding of wetland hydrology. I have been evaluating water-table dynamics of a wetlands complex in western North Carolina for seven years in support of a wetlands restoration project. A series of water-table wells and piezometers were installed to determine the spatial and temporal patterns of the water table and vertical hydraulic gradient (VHG). For over three years, the area was classified as having conditions of moderate to severe drought. The drought lowered the average monthly water table by 26 cm in a mountain fen and 22 cm in the adjacent floodplain. The fen was a constant ground-water recharge area before the drought and a discharge area for three of 12 months during the drought. The drought also impacted a shallow, constant ground-water source to the fen on an adjacent hillslope. The impacts of the drought were greater during the active growing season, presumably due to increased evapotranspiration. The results support the need for long-term hydrologic assessment of wetlands and the need to relate wetland hydrology to annual, seasonal, and monthly precipitation patterns.
Defining Our Own Future: Human Service Leaders on Social Innovation

While the social innovation paradigm fosters new thinking for nonprofits, most definitions have come from management. Human service leaders have not driven the definition and application. This exploratory study engaged 23 human service leaders to understand their perspectives on social innovation. Participants identified with social innovation language around developing new solutions but provided more-nuanced language for how innovation manifests in their environment. This language included alignment with business concepts, collaboration, and integration of technology. Given the significant role human services plays in social service delivery, these perspectives are critical in defining the future of social innovation.
Role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in hemodynamic adaptations after graded renal mass reduction

The mediator(s) of the adaptive increases in renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) after renal mass reduction have not been identified. The present studies were designed to investigate the role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide (EDNO) in the hemodynamic adaptations after graded renal mass reduction. The experiments were performed in rats that had undergone a sham reduction in renal mass, uninephrectomy (UNX), or 5/6 NX (UNX plus excision of both poles of the contralateral kidney) 3-4 wk before. Measurements of RBF, GFR, renal vascular resistance (RVR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and plasma renin concentration (PRC) were obtained before and after administration of the EDNO synthesis inhibitor NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA). L-NMMA (50 mg/kg bolus plus 500 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 infusion) led to significant (P < 0.01) and comparable increases in MAP (mmHg) (P < 0.01) in sham rats (117 +/- 6 to 154 +/- 6), UNX rats (112 +/- 5 to 139 +/- 7), and 5/6 NX rats (116 +/- 5 to 149 +/- 7). RVR increased significantly in all three groups (P < 0.01). The resultant decrease in RBF (ml.min-1.kg-1) was similar in sham rats (34.9 +/- 2.6 to 23.8 +/- 1.6), UNX rats (43.9 +/- 3.6 to 27.3 +/- 2.8), and 5/6 NX rats (34.6 +/- 2 to 22.3 +/- 1.6) (P < 0.01 for all groups).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Electron-hole asymmetry, Dirac fermions, and quantum magnetoresistance in BaMnBi 2

We report two-dimensional quantum transport and Dirac fermions in ${\mathrm{BaMnBi}}_{2}$ single crystals. ${\mathrm{BaMnBi}}_{2}$ is a layered bad metal with highly anisotropic conductivity and magnetic order below 290 K. Magnetotransport properties, nonzero Berry phase, small cyclotron mass, and the first-principles band structure calculations indicate the presence of Dirac fermions in Bi square nets. Quantum oscillations in the Hall channel suggest the presence of both electron and hole pockets, whereas Dirac and parabolic states coexist at the Fermi level.
Remodeling of the Cytoskeleton and Regulation of Store-Operated Calcium Entry

Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) is a critical Ca2+ entry and is activated by ER-Ca2+ store depletion while refilling the stores leads inactivation of the process. STIM1 is the main Ca2+ sensor protein in the ER that responds to store depletion, aggregates and translocates to ER-PM junctional domains, where it interacts with, and activates, the channels mediating SOCE, such as Orai1. However, little is known about other proteins that interact with STIM1 to facilitate the regulation of SOCE. In this study, we identified 155 specific STIM1 binding partners using a shotgun proteomic approach on STIM1 immunoprecipitated complex from HSG cell lysates. In order to determine quantitative changes in the STIM1 proteome during stimulation status, mixtures of lysates from control cells and stimulated cells with Tg were analyzed using a SILAC (Stable Isotope Labeling by Amino acids in Cell culture) approach. Our analysis reveal several interesting changes in the STIM1 proteome upon stimulation. As a result of the SILAC findings, we found that cytoskeletal interacting/remodeling proteins such as CDC42, ARP2, N-WASP, and zyxin interact with STIM1 and Orai1. In addition to inducing changes in cell morphology and actin cytoskeleton, some of these also significantly impact SOCE. Together, our data suggest that cytoskeletal remodeling has an important role in the assembly of the Orai1-STIM1 complex and regulation of SOCE.
Challenges Facing Group Work Online.

AbstractOnline group work can be complicated because of its asynchronous characteristics and lack of physical presence, and its requirements for skills in handling technology, human relationships, and content-related tasks. This study focuses on the administrative, logistical and relationship-related challenges in online group work. Challenges in areas such as commitment/responsibility, communication/coordination, structure/management, and leadership are discussed; strategies for how to streamline the management of online group work, how to decrease unnecessary logistical load and extra layers of structure, and how to improve online group work through the design of the syllabus are presented. The study suggests that instructors split group work into individual portions, use peer evaluation, establish guidelines for communication, use tools such as Google Drive to streamline duplicate works, monitor the process of the group work, and give group members freedom, ownership, and autonomy in their group work.
Metabolism of Eicosapolyenoic Acid Lipids in Race Specific Interactions Between Phytophthora infestans and Potato

Arachidonic (AA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acids are efficient elicitors of the metabolic cascade occurring in potato tuber during hypersensitivity expression,1, 2, 3 Important components of this cascade include the accumulation of sesquiterpene phytoalexins, deposition of lignin and hydroxyproline in tuber cell walls, evolution of ethylene and ethane, and stimulation of oxidative enzymes. Induction of this response following inoculation with incompatible races of the fungal pathogen, Phytophthora infestans, in which EPA and AA occur primarily as esters in membrane and storage lipids, restricts fungal ingress and prevents colonization of host tissue.4,5 Compatible isolates of the pathogen colonize potato tissue and defense reactions are not induced. The interaction between P. infestans and potato provides a unique opportunity for the study of bioTogically active lipids in recognition phenomena in plant-pathogen interaction.
Special Findings: Their Use at Trial and on Appeal

This article deals with the provisions of the Uniform Code of Military Justice for obtaining special findings at courts-martial conducted by a judge sitting alone without a panel of members. Stated another way, special findings are a tool counsel can employ to ensure that their trial presentations will be properly interpreted and applied by the military judge, and that any error in law or judgment made by the judge will be preserved for appeal. Observed in this light, special findings serve many of the same functions as do jury instructions in trials before a court with members. Unfortunately, special findings have rarely been used by military counsel, although civilian, particularly federal, litigators have made wide use of them. The disparity between federal and military practice seems particularly difficult to explain as article 51(d) is derived principally from rule 23(c) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. The primary objective of this article is to acquaint military attorneys with special findings, compare the federal practice with that of the military, and present various alternative means of implementing special findings creatively. Because so little military legal authority addresses these topics, great reliance will initially be placed upon federal cases for establishing parameters. Once this foundational material has been presented, a detailed discussion of military practice will follow.