cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Salivary duct carcinoma of the accessory parotid gland

Objective: 1) Present a rare case of salivary duct carcinoma of the accessory parotid gland (APG). 2) Understand the current prevalence, diagnosis, and management of benign and malignant tumors of the APG.Method: This study includes a case presentation and literature review. The literature review included articles from October 1966 to January 2010 and included all cases of accessory parotid gland tumors in adults.Results: One hundred and nineteen cases with 19 different tumor types were reported in the accessory parotid gland (APG). Pleomorphic adenoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma represented 50% and 23%, respectively. There were no previously reported salivary duct carcinomas of the APG. Forty percent of APG neoplasms were malignant. This malignancy rate was comparable to previous studies reporting a higher rate of malignant tumors in the APG compared with 15% to 20% in parotid tumors. A standard parotidectomy remains the preferred approach with less risk to the facial nerve compared with direct cheek re...
Effect of Wire Thickness on Electromigration and Stress Migration Lifetime of Cu

Electromigration and stress migration lifetimes are characterized as a function of metal thickness for Cu interconnects fabricated using 0.13 ?m process technology. The stress migration lifetime decreases as metal thickness decreases, consistent with previous studies. The electromigration lifetime shows a more complicated dependence on metal thickness. For vias landing on narrow lines, the electromigration lifetime can actually be longer for thin wires (50 nm) than for thick wires (400 nm), because the via is more likely to touch the liner of the underlying metal as wire thickness decreases. In contrast, for vias landing on wide lines (and for vias landing on narrow lines at short stress times), the electromigration lifetime is independent of wire thickness.
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and nonunion of humeral shaft fractures

Objective To analyze the relationship between nonunion of humeral shaft fractures and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) exposure in older adults. Methods A cohort of 9,995 patients with humeral shaft fractures was identified using diagnosis and procedure codes from a Medicare database of >500,000 patients. Prescription NSAID as well as prescription opioid use was assessed from pharmacy claims data for 3 30-day periods immediately after the initial fracture. Nonunion was defined by the presence of procedure codes for repair of nonunion 90–365 days after the index fracture. We examined the association between NSAIDs and nonunion using multivariate Cox proportional hazards models. Results Of the 9,995 humeral shaft fractures, 105 patients developed nonunions (1.1%), and 1,032 (10.3%) were exposed to NSAIDs in the 90 days after fracture. NSAID exposure within the first 90 days was significantly associated with nonunion (relative risk [RR] 3.7, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 2.4–5.6). When indicators for exposure to NSAIDs during each of the 3 30-day windows were placed into the same multivariate model, only the period 61–90 days postfracture was significantly associated with nonunion (RR 3.9, 95% CI 2.0–6.2). We observed a similar association between opioids and nonunion, with exposure to opioids between 61 and 90 days associated with nonunion (RR 2.7, 95% CI 1.5–5.2), but exposure to opioids during neither of the 2 earlier 30-day periods significantly associated with nonunion. Conclusion We found that exposure to nonselective NSAIDs or opioids in the period 61–90 days after a humeral shaft fracture was associated with nonunion. Although these associations may be causal, they are more likely to reflect the use of analgesics by patients with painful nonhealing fractures.
Drug Transport Mechanisms in HL60 Cells Isolated for Resistance to Adriamycin: Evidence for Nuclear Drug Accumulation and Redistribution in Resistant Cells

Abstract HL60 cells isolated for resistance to Adriamycin are multidrug resistant and defective in the cellular accumulation of drug. These cells do not contain detectable levels of P-glycoprotein. At the present time the mechanism by which HL60/Adr cells reduce drug levels is not known. To gain insight into the molecular basis of this system we have analyzed transport pathways and the distribution of daunomycin in drug-resistant HL60 cells. Using a cell fractionation technique we find that the major portion of daunomycin accumulates in the nucleus of both sensitive and resistant cells. Further studies reveal, however, that under efflux conditions drug is retained in the nuclei of sensitive cells but rapidly removed from the nuclei of the resistant isolate. Essentially identical results are obtained when daunomycin distribution and transport are analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. A number of agents which alter transport processes have been tested for their effect on drug accumulation in resistant cells. Thus we find that brefeldin A, which disassembles Golgi, and various lysosomotropic agents such as chloroquine and methylamine do not affect drug levels. In contrast the protonophores nigericin and monensin induce an increase in drug accumulation and inhibit efflux. The results of this study thus suggest that resistance in HL60/Adr cells is related to a mechanism whereby drug is transported to the nucleus and thereafter rapidly redistributed to the extracellular space. The molecular basis of this transport pathway is not known.
New features of the method of integral relations for the blunt body problem.

The opposite trends were observed when the normal velocity component at the wall was taken negative. The skin friction is increased in the suction region, and since the tangential velocity components are again changed in different proportions, the slope of the limiting streamlines exhibits variations similar to those shown in Fig. 3. However, for the suction problem, the streamlines are deflected to the right of the unperturbed streamlines in Fig. 4. In other words, the effect of the suction on the streamline curvature may be compared with a reduction of the pressure gradient. This result suggested that suction can be used to reduce if not avoid the drift of the flow inside the boundary layer due to the pressure gradients. Such a flowfield has been analysed in Ref. 5: It was found that the magnitude of the normal velocity component at the wall had to be of the order of 50 so that the flow direction in the neighborhood of the wall would be .the same as that for the inviscid flow. It is clear that boundary-layer theory is inadequate to predict accurately the change of the flow characteristics inside the boundary layer for such extreme boundary conditions. It is, however, remarkable that the integration scheme did not break down as could have been expected. This shows the great flexibility of finite-difference solutions, which definitely will become a powerful tool for analysing three-dimensional boundary layers.
Deducing topology of protein-protein interaction networks from experimentally measured sub-networks

Protein-protein interaction networks are commonly sampled using yeast two hybrid approaches. However, whether topological information reaped from these experimentally-measured sub-networks can be extrapolated to complete protein-protein interaction networks is unclear. By analyzing various experimental protein-protein interaction datasets, we found that they are not random samples of the parent networks. Based on the experimental bait-prey behaviors, our computer simulations show that these non-random sampling features may affect the topological information. We tested the hypothesis that a core sub-network exists within the experimentally sampled network that better maintains the topological characteristics of the parent protein-protein interaction network. We developed a method to filter the experimentally sampled network to result in a core sub-network that more accurately reflects the topology of the parent network. These findings have fundamental implications for large-scale protein interaction studies and for our understanding of the behavior of cellular networks. The topological information from experimental measured networks network as is may not be the correct source for topological information about the parent protein-protein interaction network. We define a core sub-network that more accurately reflects the topology of the parent network.
Impact ionization in GaAs MESFETs

A method to measure impact ionization current in GaAs MESFETs is presented. The impact ionization current is then used to calculate the maximum electric field in the channel and the impact ionization coefficient. Data for the electron impact ionization coefficient in [110] GaAs are extended beyond previous studies by five orders of magnitude. Impact ionization is taken into account in a new gate current model. >
Mapping tropospheric ozone profiles from an airborne ultraviolet-visible spectrometer

We present a novel technique for retrieving ozone (O3) profiles and especially tropospheric O3 from airborne UV/visible spectrometer measurements. This technique utilizes radiance spectra from one down-looking and two up-looking (85 degrees and 75 degrees) directions, taking advantage of the O3 absorption structure in the Huggins (300-340-nm) and Chappuis (530-650-nm) bands. This technique is especially sensitive to tropospheric O3 below and < or =8 km above the aircraft with a vertical resolution of 2-6 km and is sensitive to lower and middle stratospheric O3 with a vertical resolution of 8-15 km. It can measure tropospheric O3 at spatial resolutions of 2 km x 2 km or higher and is therefore well suited for regional air-quality studies and validation of satellite measurements.
concepts of the person among the Gurungs of Nepal

The Western conception of the person as a bounded, unique, more or less integrated motivational and cognitive universe, a dynamic center of awareness, emotion, judgment, and action organized into a distinctive whole and set contrastively both against other such wholes and against its social and natural background, is, however incorrigible it may seem to us, a rather peculiar idea within the context of the world's cultures [1984:126]. My thesis is that while the concept of person is indeed a socially derived category (see Mauss 1950 [1938]; Fortes 1973) and therefore does vary cross-culturally, the difference between Western and other concepts of person has been overdrawn. It is both valuable and important to acknowledge the fact that other peoples do not conceive of the person in the same terms as we do, and it is instructive to examine concepts of person as they are constructed in particular societies. It seems useful, however, to go beyond a discussion of differences between Us and Them and look at areas of commonality in models of the person that relate to the shared experience of being human. I propose to carry out the project suggested by Geertz and others of examining experience within the native framework, not to underline the essential foreignness of other worlds, but in hope of illuminating both contrasts and parallels with our way of thinking about personhood and relationship. This article illustrates how Gurung concepts about the constituent parts that make up a person reflect a larger set of cultural ideas. It also addresses questions about the ways in which personhood is understood and experienced in particular societies. Gurung concepts of the person provide fertile ground for developing an understanding of such questions for several reasons: they encapsulate central issues in Gurung life, acting as a nexus where a number of important ideas intersect; they are not esoteric but are actively used by people in working out the problems that confront them in everyday life; and they shed light on aspects of belief and experience common to South Asia as a culture area and likely to be present in other societies where belonging and conformity to prescribed social roles are stressed. Anthropologists have suggested that members of some cultures in South Asia lack a notion of individuality. Data from the Gurungs of Nepal show that a high value on interrelationship does not preclude a well-defined concept of the individual. The Gurungs are a people for whom integration in a social network is of paramount importance, yet they conceive of the person as a discrete entity with distinct needs and impulses that may run counter to demands for social cohesion. Gurung concepts of the person reflect the importance placed on social embeddedness and a recognition of an individual being that is embedded. Concepts of individuality and relatedness and the ways in which they are articulated and reconciled express tensions inherent in South Asian social life. [South Asia, person, culture and experience]
Climatology and trends of tropospheric ozone over the eastern Pacific Ocean: The influences of biomass burning and tropospheric dynamics

To study the latitudinal variation of tropospheric ozone over the eastern Pacific Ocean, we derive ozone in the lower troposphere by subtracting TOMS column ozone over the Andes from the ozone column over the eastern Pacific Ocean. The analysis of tropospheric ozone climatology in conjunction with meteorological and biomass-burning data suggests three latitude bands with different characteristics for tropospheric ozone. (1) Air in the latitude range 3°N–7°N experiences persistent upward motion in the middle troposphere over the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. This condition results in relatively low ozone amounts in this region. (2) Tropospheric ozone between latitudes 2°N–22°S shows strong seasonal variation that is well correlated with the biomass burning season over southern tropical South America. Persistent subsidence in the middle troposphere and prevailing easterlies over this region provide favorable conditions for enhancing ozone amounts in the lower troposphere. (3) Tropospheric ozone over 23°S–36°S does not appear to be influenced by biomass burning. Regression analysis of deseasonalized tropospheric ozone shows positive trends from 12°S to 23°S and from 2°N to 5°N with essentially zero trends elsewhere. Trends north of the equator are generally smaller and less consistently positive than trends from 12°S–23°S. With tropospheric ozone seasonally in phase in the presence of enabling horizontal and vertical winds, the average increasing trend of +0.9±0.3(2σ)[%/yr] or +0.14±0.04(2σ)[DU/yr] between 12°S and 23°S over the 14 years analyzed here is consistent with an increasing biomass-burning source.
Just-in-Time Control of Spo0A Synthesis in Bacillus subtilis by Multiple Regulatory Mechanisms

The response regulator Spo0A governs multiple developmental processes in Bacillus subtilis, including most conspicuously sporulation. Spo0A is activated by phosphorylation via a multicomponent phosphorelay. Previous work has shown that the Spo0A protein is not rate limiting for sporulation. Rather, Spo0A is present at high levels in growing cells, rapidly rising to yet higher levels under sporulation-inducing conditions, suggesting that synthesis of the response regulator is subject to a just-in-time control mechanism. Transcription of spo0A is governed by a promoter switching mechanism, involving a vegetative, σ(A)-recognized promoter, P(v), and a sporulation σ(H)-recognized promoter, P(s), that is under phosphorylated Spo0A (Spo0A∼P) control. The spo0A regulatory region also contains four (including one identified in the present work) conserved elements that conform to the consensus binding site for Spo0A∼P binding sites. These are herein designated O(1), O(2), O(3), and O(4) in reverse order of their proximity to the coding sequence. Here we report that O(1) is responsible for repressing P(v) during the transition to stationary phase, that O(2) is responsible for repressing P(s) during growth, that O(3) is responsible for activating P(s) at the start of sporulation, and that O(4) is dispensable for promoter switching. We also report that Spo0A synthesis is subject to a posttranscriptional control mechanism such that translation of mRNAs originating from P(v) is impeded due to RNA secondary structure whereas mRNAs originating from P(s) are fully competent for protein synthesis. We propose that the opposing actions of O(2) and O(3) and the enhanced translatability of mRNAs originating from P(s) create a highly sensitive, self-reinforcing switch that is responsible for producing a burst of Spo0A synthesis at the start of sporulation.
A distributed active response architecture for preventing SSH dictionary attacks

Dictionary attacks against Internet servers that provide the secure shell (SSH) service for secure, remote login is very common. The dictionary attack is an attempt to gain unauthorized access to a server by continuously guessing username and password pairs using sophisticated brute force techniques. Solutions exist that can detect and prevent this attack for a local host. However, a technique that distributes the detection and prevention information to a server's trusted neighbors can provide a gain in security by way of preemptive protection. This paper describes a distributed active response architecture that provides proactive, preemptive protection against the SSH dictionary attack.
Daedalon: A Revolutionary Morphing Spacecraft Design for Planetary Exploration

The product of a study sponsored by the NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts (NIAC), Daedalon is a spacecraft design baselined for Mars which utilizes morphing wing technology to achieve the design objective of a standard, flexible architecture for unmanned planetary exploration. This design encompasses a detailed vehicle mass and power sizing study for the Daedalon lander as well as its cruise stage and entry backshell. A cost estimation and comparison study is also performed, and qualitative functionality comparisons are made between Daedalon and other Mars lander and airplane designs. Quantitative comparisons of gross mass and range are also made, including the results of scaling an existing Mars aerial vehicle design to match Daedalon functionality. Altogether, the Daedalon launch mass is found to be 896 kg for a 12 kg payload capacity. If five such vehicles are produced, it is found that the per-mission cost can be as low as $224 million. Given the necessary morphing wing technology development, it is concluded that the Daedalon design may be a feasible and cost-effective approach to planetary exploration 20-40 years in the future.
Knowledge intensive empirical learning using multiple levels of background knowledge

The author describes a substructure discovery system, PLAND, that combines empirical learning methods with knowledge-intense learning algorithms. Unlike other systems which combine similarity-difference-based and explanation-based learning techniques at a single level, the PLAND system uses knowledge to direct the learning process on three distinct levels. This multileveled approach to learning allows a system to be more flexible and adaptive to the current learning task than with a single-level approach. An example run of PLAND is presented. >
Involvement and mechanism of DGAT2 upregulation in the pathogenesis of alcoholic fatty liver disease

The mechanisms involved in the development of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) are not well established. We investigated the involvement of acyl-CoA: diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) upregulation in mediating hepatic fat accumulation induced by chronic alcohol consumption. Chronic alcohol feeding caused fatty liver and increased hepatic DGAT2 gene and protein expression, concomitant with a significant suppression of hepatic MAPK/ERK kinase/extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (MEK/ERK1/2) activation. In vitro studies demonstrated that specific inhibitors of the MEK/ERK1/2 pathway increased DGAT2 gene expression and triglyceride (TG) contents in HepG2 cells, whereas epidermal growth factor, a strong ERK1/2 activator, had the opposite effect. Moreover, chronic alcohol feeding decreased hepatic S-adenosylmethionine (SAM): S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) ratio, an indicator of disrupted transmethylation reactions. Mechanistic investigations revealed that N-acetyl-S-farnesyl-L-cysteine, a potent inhibitor of isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase, suppressed ERK1/2 activation, followed by an enhanced DGAT2 expression and an elevated TG content in HepG2 cells. Lastly, we demonstrated that the beneficial effects of betaine supplementation in ALD were associated with improved SAM/SAH ratio, alleviated ERK1/2 inhibition, and attenuated DGAT2 upregulation. In conclusion, our data suggest that upregulation of DGAT2 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ALD, and that abnormal methionine metabolism contributes, at least partially, to DGAT2 upregulation via suppression of MEK/ERK1/2 activation.
Extended Family Support Networks of Caribbean Black Adults in the United States

This paper investigates the extended family social support networks of Caribbean Black adults (Afro Caribbeans). Although there are several ethnographic accounts of familial ties and support exchanges among Black Caribbean immigrants, only a handful of studies utilize quantitative data. This paper utilizes data from the National Survey of American Life, which contains the first national probability sample of Caribbean Blacks in the United States. Age, gender, income, material hardship and immigration status were all associated with at least one of the four indicators of family support networks. Subjective family closeness and frequency of family contact were significantly associated with both giving and receiving informal support. A significant age and parental status interaction for receiving support indicated that older adults without children received assistance from their extended families less frequently than older adults with children. Overall, study findings affirm the importance of extended family networks for Caribbean Black adults.
Alterations in lipid kinetics in men with HIV-dyslipidemia

Hypertriglyceridemia is common in individuals with human immunodeficiency (HIV) infection, but the mechanisms responsible for increased plasma triglyceride (TG) concentrations are not clear. We eva...
On implementation of computational algorithms for optimal design 1: Preliminary investigation

In this two part paper, the problem of implementation of computational algorithms for design optimization into a computer software is discussed. A recently developed algorithm that generates and incorporates approximate second order information about the problem is selected for detailed analyses and discussions. It is shown that numerical behaviour of the algorithm is influenced by variation of the key parameters and procedures. The concept of numerical experiments is introduced, and certain variations of the algorithm and parameters are selected and their influence on its performance is studied. It is shown that the numerical rate of convergence can be substantially improved with proper procedures and values of the parameters. The first part of the paper describes some preliminary analyses and investigations. The second part describes further numerical analyses and detailed procedures for evaluation of performance of various variations of an algorithm or different computer codes. The basic conclusion from the study is that robust and efficient implementation of algorithms requires expert knowledge and considerable numerical experimentation. A wide range of small scale and large scale problems of varying difficulty must be solved to evaluate performance of an algorithm. The study suggests development of knowledge-based systems for practical design optimization.
Circularity in the conditional analysis of phenomenal concepts

The conditional analysis of phenomenal concepts purports to give physicalists a way of understanding phenomenal concepts that will allow them to (1) accept the zombie intuition, (2) accept that conceivability is generally a good guide to possibility, and yet (3) reject the conclusion that zombies are metaphysically possible. It does this by positing that whether phenomenal concepts refer to physical or nonphysical states depends on what the actual world is like. In this paper, I offer support for the Chalmers/Alter objection that the conditional analysis fails to accommodate the true zombie intuition, and develop a new and far more powerful argument against the conditional analysis. I argue that, as stated, the conditional analysis is radically incomplete. But when fully fleshed out, the analysis becomes viciously circular. The only way to avoid this circularity is to adopt a species of analytic functionalism, on which it’s a priori that phenomenal concepts refer to the state (perhaps physical, perhaps nonphysical) that actually plays so-and-so functional role. While this rigidified analytic functionalism is coherent, it is highly unattractive, running contrary to both the intuitions that motivate functionalism and the intuitions that motivated the conditional analysis.
General Mental Ability: From Psychometrics to Biology

Individual differences on diverse tests of mental abilities that range in complexity from simple reaction time to abstract reasoning are all positively correlated in the population. The total covar...
P2X3 receptor subunit messenger RNA expression in the female mouse bladder after oophorectomy with or without estrogen replacement

Abstract Objective: This investigation was undertaken to determine whether the sensory neuron adenosine triphosphate receptor subunit (P2X 3 ) messenger RNA expression is altered in female mouse bladders after surgical oophorectomy with or without estrogen replacement. Study Design: The mean relative concentrations of the P2X 3 receptor in 30 female mouse bladders (10 sham operated, 10 oophorectomized, and 10 oophorectomized with estrogen replacement) were determined with quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. Results: P2X 3 expression increased after surgical oophorectomy (0.91 ± 0.16 vs 1.04 ± 0.11, P =.048). However, P2X 3 expression after oophorectomy and immediate estrogen replacement did not differ from that of oophorectomy alone (1.11 ± 0.15 vs 1.04 ± 0.11, P =.206). Conclusions: The P2X 3 sensory neuron receptor messenger RNA expression is increased after oophorectomy but is not influenced by subsequent estrogen replacement. This has clinical significance because sensory neuron receptors may be associated with certain forms of bladder dysfunction. ( Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:103-6.)
Evaluation of Physical Activity Measured via Accelerometry in Rural Fourth-Grade Children

Interest in the benefits of exercise has prompted increased research examining the relationship between physical activity and health status in adults. More recently, considerable research effort has been directed toward the role of physical activity in young children as a precursor to adult physical fitness. The purpose of this study was to estimate the relationship between physical activity measured via accelerometry and body mass index, body mass, body composition, and physical fitness in fourth-grade boys and girls during physical education lessons. 54 fourth-grade students in rural Pennsylvania (28 girls, M age 9.6, SD = .56; 26 boys, M age 9.5, SD = .51) were subjects. Girls were significantly less active during all lessons measured (p < .001). The results of linear regression analyses indicated that physical activity was negatively associated with body mass index, body mass, and body fat percentage (p < .05), and positively associated with physical fitness (VO2max) (p < .01). These data indicate the need for curricular intervention to motivate girls to increase their activity during structured physical education lessons and demonstrate the efficacy of the body mass index as a screening tool within the schools.
Power Calculations for a General Class of Family-Based Association Tests: Dichotomous Traits

Using large-sample theory, we present a unified approach to power calculations for family-based association tests. Currently available methods for power calculations are restricted to special designs or require approximations or simulations. Our analytical approach to power calculations is broadly applicable in many settings. We discuss power calculations for two scenarios that have high practical relevance and in which power previously could only be assessed by simulation studies or by approximations: (1) studies using both affected and unaffected offspring and (2) studies with missing parental information. When the population prevalence is high, it can be worthwhile to genotype unaffected offspring. For many scenarios, high power can be achieved with reasonable sample sizes, even when no parental information is available.
Microsite abundance and distribution of woody seedlings in a South Carolina cypress-tupelo swamp

At least 16 types of microsites or substrates for vascular plant seedlings can be distinguished in bald cypress-water tupelo (Taxodium distichum-Nyssa aquatica) swamps. We measured the relative abundances of these microsite types, and the distribution of woody seedlings on them, in two riverine swamp forests on the Savannah River floodplain, South Carolina. Microsite abundances in a little disturbed forest differed significantly from those in a more open stand which had experienced much recent sediment deposition from upstream erosion, as well as higher water temperatures. Woody seedlings were distributed nonrandomly among microsite types (i.e., not in proportion to the abundance of a given microsite type). There were significant differences in microsite distribution patterns among growth forms (tree spp. vs. shrubs vs. vines) and among species within growth form. Many human activities may alter substrate nature and abundance in a wetland, thus indirectly altering the abundance and species composition of seedling recruitment.
Adult-Onset Autosomal Dominant Leukodystrophy as a Multiple Sclerosis Mimic (P02.110)

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical and radiographic distinctions between adult-onset autosomal dominant leukodystrophy (ADLD) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Recommendations are made to distinguish between these entities with different prognostications and treatments. BACKGROUND: Adult-onset ADLD is a rare demyelinating disease of the central nervous system caused by duplication of the lamin B1 gene (LMNB1). Because of its autonomic features and prominent white matter involvement, ADLD is often initially mistaken for primary progressive MS. Distinction between these similar diseases is crucial for appropriate treatment and family counseling. DESIGN/METHODS: This is a case report with relevant neuroimaging review. RESULTS: A 58 year old right-handed male with a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis presented to our office for a second opinion. Detailed history revealed a 10-year history of impotence with recent constipation and increasing urinary urgency/frequency despite use of tamsulosin. The patient9s mother as well as maternal aunt, uncle and cousin had experienced similar symptoms and all died in their 60s from respiratory decline. On examination the patient was mildly spastic with diffuse hyperreflexia and Babinski sign present bilaterally. MRI brain showed diffuse subcortical and deep white matter T2 hyperintensities sparing the U fibers but extending to the midbrain, middle cerebellar peduncles and medulla. Spinal cord imaging was normal. Chromosome 5 analysis showed LMNB1 duplication consistent with ADLD. CONCLUSIONS: Adult-onset ADLD is characterized by early autonomic dysfunction and diffuse white matter disease in patients with a family history suggesting autosomal dominant inheritance. Ataxia and cognitive changes are variably seen. Unlike in MS, white matter lesions in ADLD are symmetrical and have a preference for the corticospinal tracts and brainstem with sparing of the cortex, corpus callosum and periventricular regions. Thorough history taking and careful MRI analysis in our patient prompted appropriate genetic testing and subsequent family counseling. Disclosure: Dr. Beary has nothing to disclose. Dr. Conway has nothing to disclose.
Marketing the Transit System

Passenger transit companies in many cities are now municipally owned, and the trend to municipal ownership has accelerated in the past decade. As a result, city governments are faced with serious marketing problems for the transportation services they are selling. City-owned transit systems have inherited the marketing problems of the earlier private companies. Here is a discussion of how these problems evolved, and the implications for the cities and citizens involved.
G186 Video simulation to improve guidelines against Never Events

Aims Guidelines are often written by experts without heed to real-life use. This is especially problematic for emergency guidelines of infrequent use often out of hours by staff with varying skill mix. A guideline for safe infusion of concentrated potassium solution was required that was usable across all wards and specialties in a UK children’s hospital. Using improvement methodology we modified one created by experts using video simulation. Methods The guideline was modified after each PDSA cycle of table top simulation with target users, the doctors and nurses of all skill mixes in their wards. Participants were pre briefed. The nurse role-played from a written scenario and the doctor asked to produce a prescription with the guideline and salient information. Video was used to further understand the process. An independent observer collected pre-defined measures at each simulation, these included: time taken to prescribe, whether key information was sought by the prescriber and ability to produce a correct prescription. Structural feedback were taken from all participants for their views on the usability and suggestions for improvement for the guideline. Results The guideline was modified after studying the measures and user suggestions at each simulation. Additional useful information was gained from video study not apparent by direct observation. Modifications made included font size, diagrams, didactic wording, simplification of calculations and table layouts. After five simulation cycles the time taken to prescribe a correct prescription reduced from 22 min to 7 min (figure). Secondary effect included culture change of involving users in guideline development and a better understanding of the microsystems of our hospital. Conclusion Simulation can test and improve complex guidelines especially those rarely used in real life regardless of skill mix and hierarchy. Video review adds to information that participants were unaware of or not able to verbalise. Of note, it is time consuming, each simulation and debrief takes upwards of an hour.
A Qualitative Assessment of Reasons for Nonurgent Visits to the Emergency Department: Parent and Health Professional Opinions

ObjectiveEach day, children incur more than 69,000 emergency department (ED) visits, with 58% to 82% of them for nonurgent reasons. The objectives of this study were to elicit and to describe guardians’ and health professionals’ opinions on reasons for nonurgent pediatric ED visits.MethodsFocus grou
Clinical processes in behavioral couples therapy.

Behavioral couples therapy is a broad term for couples therapies that use behavioral techniques based on principles of operant conditioning, such as reinforcement. Behavioral shaping and rehearsal and acceptance are clinical processes found across contemporary behavioral couples therapies. These clinical processes are useful for assessment and case formulation, as well as teaching couples new methods of conflict resolution. Although these clinical processes assist therapists in achieving efficient and effective therapeutic change with distressed couples by rapidly stemming couples’ corrosive affective exchanges, they also address the thoughts, emotions, and issues of trust and intimacy that are important aspects of the human experience in the context of a couple. Vignettes are provided to illustrate the clinical processes described.
Applying Systems Engineering Processes to Reduce Spacecraft Subsystem Personnel Support in Post-Launch Flight Operations

By applying systems engineering processes to post-launch mission operations of legacy observatory spacecraft, the efficiency and effectiveness of the Flight Operations Team (FOT) is improved. Applying the systems engineering mindset allows the FOT to increase global awareness of mission operations, better understand the space and ground segment architectures, maximize resources, and improve internal and external interface cohesion. Application and tailoring of a system life cycle model introduces a standardized process for the FOT in anomaly identification and resolution as well as development of process improvements. This allows for the FOT to take a greater role in maintaining the health and safety of the spacecraft and reduces the amount spacecraft subsystem support required for the mission. This is beneficial for legacy missions that have exceeded their designed mission life in which reduction in subsystem support is a byproduct of mission continuation. Case studies of the application of a system life cycle model in flight operations are presented, referencing work performed on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer (RXTE).
The Effects of Curcumin-based Compounds on Proliferation and Cell Death in Cervical Cancer Cells

Aim To systematically investigate the effects of a class of curcumin-based compounds on cancer cell viability, proliferation, and apoptosis. Materials and methods Cytotoxicity and anti-proliferative potency were estimated by the trypan blue exclusion assay and WST-1 cell proliferation assay, respectively. Cell death pathways were discriminated according to plasma membrane integrity and lipid asymmetry cell profiles using a F2N12S and CYTOX AADvanced double staining flow cytometry-based assay. Results Nine compounds ( 2-10: ) exhibit 13- to 58-fold better cytotoxic and anti-proliferative potencies than curcumin towards HeLa cells. In this cervical cancer cell model, dienone and 1-methylpiperidone serve as the favorable central linkers; 5-methylisoxazol-3-yl and 3-methylisoxazol-5-yl act as the optimal terminal aromatic moiety. Finally, the effects of compounds 6: and 10: on HeLa cells' plasma membrane integrity and lipid asymmetry suggest that the early cytotoxic effect of these compounds is due to a stimulation of apoptosis.
L-histidine decarboxylase decreases its own transcription through downregulation of ERK activity.

A poorly defined negative feedback loop decreases transcription of thel-histidine decarboxylase (HDC) gene. To help understand this regulation, we have studied the effect of HDC protein expression ...
Daily gridded weather for pesticide exposure modeling

Daily weather is compiled for pesticide exposure modeling from 1961 to 2014źat 0.25ź×ź0.25° latitude/longitude resolution for the United States using two National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) products: National Center for Environmental Prediction Reanalysis and NOAA Climate Prediction Center Unified Rain Gauge Analysis. The compiled weather includes precipitation, temperature, wind speed, solar radiation, and reference evapotranspiration. Reference evapotranspiration is calculated using the Hargreaves-Samani method. Prior to this update, US pesticide exposure models relied upon the Solar and Meteorological Surface Observation Network dataset, which provides the same variables but only from 1961 to 1990 for 237 US weather stations. More extensive (1961-2014), spatially-resolved weather allows for more robust estimates of time-averaged pesticide concentrations for assessing acute and chronic exposure to pesticides. Continued expansion of the weather dataset is planned as the latest data is released. Processed weather for pesticide exposure modeling will be publicly available from the US EPA. Daily, gridded weather is compiled from 1961 to 2014 for chemical transport modeling.Reference evapotranspiration is calculated empirically and included in the dataset.The dataset improves the spatial and temporal resolution of US pesticide models.The updated weather allows for more robust estimates of acute and chronic exposure.
Adult happiness and prior traumatic victimization in and out of the household

A large share of the American population suffers from traumatic experiences early in life. Many adults are also victims of trauma. Using data drawn from the National Comorbidity Survey–Replication, we examine the link between self-reported happiness, a broad gauge of subjective well-being, and four types of traumatic victimization that may occur at various points in the life cycle. In particular, we consider the association between home violence, sexual assault, community violence, and stalking and subsequent victims’ adult happiness. For females and males, we find that each of these traumas significantly reduces self-reported happiness later in the life course, and for both women and men, the estimated impact of home violence is greatest. Furthermore, we find that the adverse effects of trauma on happiness are comparable to the impact of critical socioeconomic developments on happiness. Moreover, we find that experiencing more than one type of these four traumas has a greater negative impact on subsequent happiness than experiencing only one type. Our findings are robust to the inclusion of a wide range of controls, and the influence of trauma on subsequent happiness is independent of personal and family characteristics. Since happiness and mental health are closely related, our work suggests that traumatic victimization undermines overall health and well-being in the U.S.
The Left and the Foreclosure Crisis: Roots, Resources and Ideology:

This paper completes an investigation into why there was no major social movement around the foreclosure crisis. The basis of this research was a community study that involved surveys of foreclosed people, community members, and activists, as well as participant observation of anti-foreclosure organizations. Initially I found that lack of membership in or contact with civic organizations on the part of those going through foreclosure was at the heart of the failure to form a movement. The present study adds to this finding by focusing on the groups attempting to organize around foreclosure. I argue that the absence of progressive organizations with organic social roots in the communities affected by foreclosure, lack of resources to make foreclosure a public issue, and failure to develop an ideology that could effectively frame this issue played additional parts in explaining this missing movement.
Rectal Examination in Volume Determination of Carcinoma of the Prostate: Clinical and Anatomical Correlations

AbstractA comparison was made between tumor area estimated on rectal palpation and actual tumor size calculated from the radical prostatectomy specimen in 17 patients with prostatic carcinoma. For each patient a diagram of the rectal examination findings was superimposed onto a histological reconstruction map of the surgical specimen, and relative areas were measured with a computer. In only 1 case was there close correlation between palpated and actual tumor area. Seven patients had actual tumor areas that were more than twice the palpated area. In 5 patients the palpated areas corresponded to foci of capsular involvement, while adjacent large areas of cancer abutting the capsule were not recognized. Discrepancies of this magnitude may result not infrequently in assignment of a clinical stage B1 to tumors that are histologically stage B2.
Tradition and Tolerance: Reconfiguring Bihzad in Nadeem Aslam’s The Wasted Vigil

In Modernism and the Art of Muslim South Asia, Iftikhar Dadi demonstrates how Pakistani artists draw on a range of traditional and contemporary aesthetic practices and intellectual currents. Consistent with Finbarr Barry Flood’s criticism of the post-9/11 mobilization of “Islamic art” against neo-fundamentalism, Dadi argues that Pakistani artistic works cannot be reduced to performing an anti-hegemonic function. Here, I use Dadi and Flood’s claims to analyze the Pakistani-British author Nadeem Aslam’s mediation of the Persianate miniaturist Bihzad (1465–1535) in his novel The Wasted Vigil (2008). While Aslam reconfigures Bihzad to affirm and interrogate Buddhist and Islamic practices in Afghanistan, he nonetheless privileges a secular, aesthetic critique of neo-fundamentalism. Moreover, athough the scriptures are a source of creativity for Aslam, when decoupled from the arts they mostly inspire violence. This creates a binary between artistic and textual forms of Islam, essentializing art as an embodiment of tolerance.
Color Objectively Considered

In the previous chapter, color was considered in its subjective aspect as an appearance. Now we shall consider color in its objective aspect as a feature apparently possessed by bodies and regions of space. We originally focused upon color because considerations of its status as an appearance suggested interesting differences between visual and other forms of perception. In this chapter we shall discover that reflecting upon color will reveal interesting differences between our common picture of nature and a rival picture that has a better claim to be true.
Employment outcomes of young parents who age out of foster care

Abstract Despite the high rate of early parenthood among youths in foster care, relatively little is known about the employment outcomes of young parents after they age out of the child welfare system. This study analyzed administrative data for 1943 recently emancipated youths who were the parent of at least one child. Like prior studies of former foster youths, this study finds that only half of the parents were employed at any point during the first four quarters after exiting care, most of those who worked were not consistently employed, and the earnings of parents who were employed were very low. Several demographic and placement history characteristics were associated with an increase or decrease in the odds of being employed and/or with total earnings among the parents who worked. The implications of these findings for policy and practice are discussed.
Survival of Campylobacter jejuni at Different Temperatures in Broth, Beef, Chicken and Cod Supplemented with Sodium Chloride

Growth and survival of Campylobacter jejuni strains ATCC 33250 and ATCC 29428 with NaCl levels ranging from 0 to 3% were studied in brucella broth at -18, 6, 10 and 42°C. Both strains grew under microaerobic conditions at 42°C with 0 to 1% NaCl, but counts declined sharply with higher salt levels. At -18°C, there was a large initial decline in counts with little subsequent change during 5 d of storage and no appreciable effect of NaCl. At 6 or 10°C, counts decreased with increasing NaCl concentration over the 5-d period, but the organism survived in substantial numbers even with 3% NaCl. Survival of C. jejuni in ground chicken, beef and cod with 0, 1 and 2% added NaCl was determined at -18, 6 and 10°C over a 5-d period. At -18°C, survival of C. jejuni was similar in all three types of flesh, whether raw or previously cooked, and C. jejuni counts during frozen storage were not affected by the level of NaCl. Survival patterns of C. jejuni at 6 and 10°C in raw and cooked chicken and beef were very similar. Statistically significant decreases in counts occurred with increasing NaCl concentration, but the differences were slight. Substantial decreases in counts occurred in refrigerated raw cod, but less in the cooked fish. In the raw cod, counts decreased significantly with increasing NaCl concentration and the decline was more pronounced during storage at 10°C than at 6°C.