cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LONG‐WAVE ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION INDUCES PROTEIN KINASE C IN NORMAL HUMAN KERATINOCYTES

Skin tumor promotion by phorbol ester is believed to be mediated by the phospholipid-dependent ser/thr kinase, protein kinase C (PKC). Long-wave ultraviolet radiation (320-400 nm, UVA), which has also been shown to promote skin tumors, induces elevated levels of PKC in murine fibroblasts, suggesting that UVA may promote the development of basal and squamous cell skin cancers by a mechanism involving PKC. To examine UVA effects on PKC in a model relevant to skin, we maintained normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) in serum-free medium and exposed the cultured cells to various doses of UVA or to the phorbol ester, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Fifty minutes after exposure to UVA (5-20 J/cm2), PKC activity was elevated up to three-fold in NHEK cytosolic fractions, and membrane-associated PKC activity was elevated up to two-fold by UVA. The TPA treatment induced a 10-fold increase in membrane-associate PKC activity only. Immunoblot analysis suggested that a UVA-induced increase in PKC protein occurred. Both UVA and TPA reduced the cell number by 50-75% in the first 24-48 h; however, irradiated cultures began to recover at 72 h post-UVA due to an increased proliferative rate beginning after 48 h. Treatment with TPA induced a high level of differentiation as measured by cornified envelope formation. Ultraviolet A irradiation exposure was not followed by increased differentiation. These findings suggest that acute UVA exposure elevates PKC activity in human keratinocytes and may act through PKC to promote actinic skin cancer. The molecular mechanism is like to differ from that of the phorbol esters, however.
Decomposing complete edge-chromatic graphs and hypergraphs. Revisited

A d-graph G=(V;E"1,...,E"d) is a complete graph whose edges are colored by d colors, that is, partitioned into d subsets some of which might be empty. We say that a d-graph G is complementary connected (CC) if the complement to each chromatic component of G is connected on V. We prove that every such d-graph contains a sub-d-graph @P or @D, where @P has four vertices and two non-empty chromatic components each of which is a P"4, while @D is a three-colored triangle. This statement implies that each @P- and @D-free d-graph is uniquely decomposable in accordance with a tree T=T(G) whose leaves are the vertices of V and the interior vertices of T are labeled by the colors 1,...d. Such a tree is naturally interpreted as a positional game form (with perfect information and without moves of chance) of d players I={1,...,d} and n outcomes V={v"1,...,v"n}. Thus, we get a one-to-one correspondence between these game forms and @P- and @D-free d-graphs. As a corollary, we obtain a characterization of the normal forms of positional games with perfect information and, in case d=2, several characterizations of the read-once Boolean functions. These results are not new; in fact, they are 30 and, in case d=2, even 40 years old. Yet, some important proofs did not appear in English. Gyarfas and Simonyi recently proved a similar decomposition theorem for the @D-free d-graphs. They showed that each @D-free d-graph can be obtained from the d-graphs with only two non-empty chromatic components by successive substitutions. This theorem is based on results by Gallai, Lovasz, Cameron and Edmonds. We obtain some new applications of these results.
Questioning the likelihood that sodium oxybate can be used to successfully treat fibromyalgia: Comment on the article by Russell et al

To the Editor: I read with interest the recent report by Russell et al on the results of a trial evaluating the effects of sodium oxybate in patients with fibromyalgia (Russell IJ, Perkins AT, Michalek JE, and the Oxybate SXB-26 Fibromyalgia Syndrome Study Group. Sodium oxybate relieves pain and improves function in fibromyalgia syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled, multicenter clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum 2009; 60:299–309), and I sincerely commend the investigators for conducting such a study. From the practical point of view, however, and based on my clinical experience with fibromyalgia patients, I question how likely it is that, in the long-term, patients will continue to take a medication that may help only 30% of them, while at the same time continuing to abstain from taking opiates, antidepressants, cyclobenzaprine, and tramadol, and from drinking alcohol. Furthermore, will patients be willing to set their alarm clocks and interrupt their sleep in order to take a second dose of the medication? And, given the number of additional exclusion criteria in the study by Russell and colleagues, what population of fibromyalgia patients will actually be able to take sodium oxybate, when and if this drug is used outside the context of a clinical trial? Also, as a point of clarification, the study by Russell et al was a randomized clinical trial. It is not a prospective study, as the authors refer to it in the Discussion section of their report, since it is not a study in which patients who were either exposed and not exposed to a given risk are followed up over time for the occurrence of a given disease (see www. statsdirect.com/help/basics/prospective.htm). Unfortunately, inappropriate use of the terms “retrospective” and “prospective” is common in the medical literature, and the journal should not perpetuate this error.
Synthetic studies in the β-carboline area new entry into4-substituted and 3,4-disubstituied β-carbolines

Abstract The [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement of the allyl ether 2 to provide 3 represents a new synthetic entry into 3,4-disubstituted β-carbolines. In keeping with the interest in such substituted β-carbolines, the hydrazine mediated conversion of 4-oxo-tetrahydro β-carboline 1b into 4-amino β-carboline 2b is also described, as well as the analogous reaction in the isoquinoline series.
Simulation of sonic boom interaction with shear turbulence

Abstract We investigate the interaction of pressure waves with the shear turbulence in a supersonic jet flow obtained from the direct numerical integration of the time-dependent, three-dimensional Euler equations. The resulting self-sustaining turbulent jet flow matches closely the relevant time and length scales of atmospheric turbulence. N-waves, characteristic of sonic booms, are simulated by perturbing the pressure profile and following these perturbations in space and time. The results reproduce most of the wave forms reported in laboratory experiments and in flight test data.
Information effects on the response-reinforcer association

Pigeons were trained on a discrete-trial delayed reinforcement procedure with respect to one response key that was periodically illuminated. In some conditions, a second response key, or a tone, both previously paired with reinforcement, was interpolated in the delay-of-reinforcement interval. In comparison to a control condition with neither stimulus in the delay interval, the interpolated stimulus attenuated (blocked) the amount of responding that was maintained by the delayed reinforcement contingency. The degree of blocking was unaffected by whether the interpolated stimulus was the tone or keylight, in spite of the fact that the keylight evoked responding and the tone did not. A second study showed that the blocking effects involved the response-reinforcer association in that blocking occurred when the delayed reinforcement was response-dependent but did not occur when reinforcement was response-independent. The results thus show that response-reinforcer associations are affected by informational variables in the same manner as has been shown for stimulus-reinforcer associations. They also demonstrate that preexisting stimulus-reinforcer associations can block response-reinforcer associations, thus suggesting that both types of association depend upon the same associative process.
Accuracy of central venous pressure monitoring in the intraabdominal inferior vena cava : a canine study

Study objective : To test the hypotheses that in multiple pathophysiologic settings (1) end-expiratory central venous pressure measurements in the intraabdominal inferior vena cava accurately reflect those in the superior vena cava and (2) mean central venous pressure monitoring is as reliable in the inferior vena cava as it is in the superior vena cava. Design Simultaneous inferior vena caval and superior vena caval pressures were measured during five ventilatory phases: apnea, end-expiratory mechanical ventilation, maximal inspiratory mechanical ventilation, end-expiratory spontaneous ventilation, and maximal inspiratory spontaneous ventilation. Measurements were repeated after progressive intravascular volume depletion. Subjects Eight pupples. Measurements and results Simultaneous inferior vena caval and superior vena caval end-expiratory pressures did not differ significantly (mean differences 0 to 0.1 mm Hg) and the limits of agreement of these measurements were within 2 mm Hg. Differences between mean maximal inspiratory pressures in the inferior vena cava and superior vena cava during mechanical and spontaneous ventilation were −0.7 and 3.6 mm Hg, respectively ( p p Conclusions Under the experimental conditions studied (1) end-expiratory intraabdominal inferior vena caval pressures accurately reflected end-expiratory superior vena caval pressures and (2) mean central venous pressure monitoring was as reliable in the inferior vena cava as in the superior vena cava.
A Study of the Treatment of Rett Syndrome With Folate and Betaine

We tested the hypothesis that increasing methyl-group pools might promote transcriptional repression by other methyl-binding proteins or by mutant methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 with altered affinity, ameliorating the clinical features of Rett syndrome. A 12-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled folate-betaine trial enrolled 73 methylCpG-binding protein 2 mutation positive female participants meeting consensus criteria for Rett syndrome. Participants were randomized as young ( or= age 5 years). Structured clinical assessments occurred at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months. Primary outcome measures included quantitative evaluation of breathing and hand movements during wakefulness, growth, anthropometry, motor/behavioral function, and qualitative evaluations from electroencephalograms and parent questionnaires. In all, 68 participants completed the study. Objective evidence of improvement was not found. Subjective improvement from parent questionnaires was noted for the <5 years group. This study should inform future treatment trials regarding balancing participants with specific mutations and comparable severity to minimize selection bias.
Conceptual complexity and imagery in comprehension and memory

Two experiments tested the hypothesis that verbs are represented in memory as combinations of primitive actions and relations which encode their underlying conceptual structure. This hypothesis forms the basis of a theory of language understanding called Conceptual Dependency Theory ( Schank, 1972 ). In Experiment I, comprehension latencies and cued recall probabilities were obtained for sentences of varying conceptual complexity. Increasing the complexity of conceptual structures resulted in longer comprehension latencies and lower recall levels when the verb was part of the target for recall. These results supported the conceptual complexity hypothesis, but were confounded with imagery value of the verbs. In Experiment II, imagery value and conceptual complexity were manipulated orthogonally. The results rejected complexity in favor of imagery as the predictor of performance. Recall data from both experiments suggested that imagery had a discrete effect on memory for verbs only, and did not serve to integrate individual sentences into holistic units.
Cell lineage relationships in the development of the mammalian CNS. II. Bilateral independence of CNS clones.

This report contains additional observations on the cell lineage relationships of the motor neurons of the facial nucleus and of the cerebellar Purkinje cells of the mouse. These cell populations were quantitatively analyzed in the mosaic brains of experimental aggregation chimeras. The cell markers used to perform the analysis were (1) staining differences in β-glucuronidase enzyme activity due to differences at the Gus locus on chromosome 5 and (2) self-destruction of all Purkinje cells of one genotype due to the cell autonomous action of the lurcher gene on chromosome 6. Of 6 animals examined in the Purkinje cell study, 5 showed left/right differences in the clonal composition of the cerebellum. Of 4 animals examined in the facial nucleus study, all 4 showed differences in genotype ratio. These results imply that the event that defines the selection of the progenitor cells for each of these two cell types is, in fact, two bilaterally independent events. This is consistent with the pictures of the early...
Evaluation of a community mental health role using a structured Q sort.

The evaluation of a new community mental health role, the facilitator, is presented with special emphasis on the theoretical and methodological aspects of the evaluative process. The role players, a psychiatrist and social psychologist, were to span the heretofore semipermeable boundaries between a community mental health center and the catchment community it serves to “facilitate” mutual adaptation. Role formation was selected as the first link in a chain of evaluative objectives. Hypotheses on ideal role formation were formulated and tested using structured Qsorts based on Katz and Kahn's organizational theory. Qualified support was found for the hypotheses.
Enhancing the quality of life and preserving independence for target needs populations through integration of assistive technology devices.

Abstract Telehealth Test Bed—Quality of Life Studies is a research study investigating, testing, evaluating, and demonstrating technologies that have the potential to improve the quality of life for target populations, such as warriors in transition, veterans, individuals with physical and mental disabilities, and adults age 65 and older, who may require assistive technology devices to aid in maintaining or improving their quality of life. Thousands of soldiers who fought in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom have been wounded in action or have sustained injuries from noncombat accidents. Many of these injuries affecting military populations, as well as the general public, have resulted in amputations, traumatic brain injuries, and other physical or mental impairments. Depending on the severity of the injury, assistive technologies may be temporarily needed, or as a long-term solution, to regain and maintain normal daily functions. Saint Francis University's Center of Excellence for Re...
Optimal flower lifetimes

ESS floral lifetimes satisfy the product theorem from sex allocation theory. The dimensionless time investment per flower is a symmetric function of two dimensionless gain : cost ratios, one for each gender function.
Evaluation of the homework problem checklist with students with behavior disorders

In response to the call for educational reform, educators are beginning to review their programs and implement new instructional strategies such as homework programs to enhance the academic performance of students. Naturally, reliable and valid assessment instruments will be needed to identify students experiencing homework difficulties. The purpose of this study was to determine the inter-rater reliability and internal consistency of the Homework Problem Checklist (HPC) (Anesko, Schoiock, Ramirez, & Levine. 1987) for use with students with behavior disorders (BD). Fifty-one pairs of teachers and parents of students with BD completed the rating scale describing students' homework problems. The HPC demonstrated low to moderate levels of inter-rater reliability. Acceptable levels of internal consistency were reported for both teacher and parent ratings.
Antioxidants, Activators, and Inhibitors Affect the Enzymic Lipid Peroxidation System of Catfish Muscle Microsomes

Various promoters and inhibitors of enzymic lipid peroxidation in catfish were investigated. At 100 ppm BHA, BHT, NDGA, TBHQ, PG, EDTA, STPP, TDPA, THBP, and ethoxyquin completely inhibited lipid peroxidation activity. Natural antioxidants, a-tocopherol, P-carotene, and rosemary powder, had moderate inhibitory effects. Sodium ascorbate and erythorbate at a concentration of 100 ppm activated lipid peroxidation; however, higher concenlrations of these antioxidants had inhibitory effects. Unlike ferric and ferrous ions, Cu++ ions at 0.015 mM did not catalyze lipid peroxidation. Inorganic pyrophosphate and phosphate at 0.1 mM chelated ferric ion and inhibited lipid peroxidation.
Geographic and temporal variations of sugar and margarine consumption in relation to Crohn's disease.

Patients with Crohn’s disease show an increased consumption of refined sugar compared to controls. It was speculated that the frequent occurrence of Crohn’s disease in developed countries might be rel
The ku protein complex interacts with YY1, is up-regulated in human heart failure and represses alpha myosin heavy chain gene expression and promoter activity

The Ku Protein Complex Interacts with YY1, is Up-Regulated in Human Heart Failure and Represses alpha Myosin Heavy Chain Gene Expression and Promoter Activity Carmen C. Sucharov, Steve Helmke, Stephen Langer, Benjamin Perryman, Michael R. Bristow, Leslie A. Leinwand; Cardiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO; Colorado Center for Innovative Proteomics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO; MCDBiology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of South Dakota and Sioux Valley Hospitals and Health Systems, Sioux Falls, SD
Linking Calcium to Aβ and Alzheimer's Disease

Recent developments point to a critical role for calcium dysregulation in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. A novel calcium-conducting channel called CALHM1 is genetically linked to the disorder and modulates Aβ production. Calcium homeostasis has also been shown to be perturbed in dendritic spines adjacent to amyloid plaques. Finally, new studies have elucidated the role by which presenilins modulate calcium signaling, including effects on SERCA2b and gating of the IP 3 receptor, and lead to Aβ production.
Quality lessons from America's Baldrige winners

74 0 ver the last decade American business has lost worldwide market share in a number of major industries, including automobiles, computers, electronics, and textiles. In an effort to improve the overall competitiveness of U.S. industries, Congress created the Malcolm Baldrige Quality Award (MBQA) in 1987. Each year, up to two MBQAs can be given to applications in each of three categories: manufacturing, services, and small businesses. This article is based on research conducted among the MBQA winners of recent years, using on-site visits, telephone interviews, and secondary data. In addition to such well-known firms as ATT Marlow Industries, a manufacturer of thermoelectric coolers; Solectron, which assembles complex circuit boards and subsystems; and Zytec, which designs and manufacturers electronic power supplies. The result of these analyses is eight lessons that are universal among Baldrige winners and that are critical to the success of firms trying to become the best in their class.
Kinetische Betrachtungen über die Riesenfeldprobe zur Untersuchung der Art einer Peroxyverbindungl

Es ist versucht worden, die Riesenfeldprobe vom kinetischen Standpunkt aus zu besprechen, um zu zeigen, wie sie durch Ge-brauch einer Pufferlosung einfach modifiziert werden kann, so dafi sie eindeutig zwischen „echten” (z. B. Kaliumperoxyaulfat) und „unechten” (z. B. Wasserstoffperoxyd) Peroxysalzen zu unterscheiden vermag. Eine schwerere Aufgabe bietet das Studium der (wahrscheinlich haufigen) Verbindungen, welche weder als „echt” oder als extrem „unecht” bezeichnet werden konnen, und welche deshalb den Wert solcher Bezeichnungen in Zweifel stellen. Einer der einfachsten dieser Falle ist in annahernd quantitativer Weise behandelt worden; bei den komplizierteren werden grundliche kinetische Untersuchungen bei geeigneten Versuchsbedingungen notig sein, da die einfache Probe zur Aufklarung dieser Falle kaum genugen wird.
Is proton channeling a diffraction process

Abstract Diffraction and inelastic (plasmon excitation) parameters are compared for 80 keV - 1 MeV electrons and 1–5 MeV protons in silicon. It in concluded that proton diffraction will be choked off by inelastic interactions, since an elastically-scattered wave cannot propagate from one Bragg-reflecting plane to the next.
Lethality of thermal processes for food in anomalous-shaped plastic containers

Abstract A numerical simulation was performed to obtain the temperature distribution in a bowl-shaped plastic container with a metal lid. The boundary conditions included the first and thirk kinds, which were applied to the lid and the plastic parts, respectively. Due to the curvilinear boundary, a finite volume numerical method was used to calculate the nodal temperature, which was verified experimentally. The location of the lowest temperature (cold point) during heating was found by temperature interpolation and rearrangement of nodal points. It was found that the cold point of the bowl-shaped container, using a circulating superheated water-type retort, was located at 0·46 H on the rotating axis above the bottom. However, the lowest calculated total lethality, when including the cooling phase, was at 0·4 H and was 1% to 2% less than the lethality of the cold point (the lowest temperature in the heating phase).
Controls on Water Use for Thermoelectric Generation: Case Study Texas, U.S.

Large-scale U.S. dependence on thermoelectric (steam electric) generation requiring water for cooling underscores the need to understand controls on this water use. The study objective was to quantify water consumption and withdrawal for thermoelectric generation, identifying controls, using Texas as a case study. Water consumption for thermoelectricity in Texas in 2010 totaled ∼0.43 million acre feet (maf; 0.53 km3), accounting for ∼4% of total state water consumption. High water withdrawals (26.2 maf, 32.3 km3) mostly reflect circulation between ponds and power plants, with only two-thirds of this water required for cooling. Controls on water consumption include (1) generator technology/thermal efficiency and (2) cooling system, resulting in statewide consumption intensity for natural gas combined cycle generators with mostly cooling towers (0.19 gal/kWh) being 63% lower than that of traditional coal, nuclear, or natural gas steam turbine generators with mostly cooling ponds (0.52 gal/kWh). The primary ...
Vibrational studies of metal cation reduction at oxide glass surfaces

Abstract Reduction of metal oxide metaphosphate glasses (M 2 O · P 2 O 5 , or MO · P 2 O 5 , where M is a metal cation) is observed above ca. 100°C when the glass is treated with one several gaseous reducing agents such as H 2 , atomic hydrogen, Hg or K. Such amorphous systems are characterized by rapid cation diffusion, with cation reduction occurring principally at the glass surface, which leads to metal cluster formation and eventual continuous metal film growth. Structural changes induced in the glass by cation migration and subsequent reduction are studied by transmission infrared spectroscopy on thin-film samples during the reaction. Scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy are also employed to study and characterize the glass surfaces. The effect of water vapor on increasing the reaction rate for the mercuric metaphosphate/hydrogen reaction is demonstrated by continuous measurements of vibrational intensity changes. Surface-adsorbed water is seen to reduce the reaction induction period with little effect on the subsequent reaction rate. These results suggest that the rate-determining step of metal ion reduction at glass surface is a diffusion-limited process.
Destructive and reparative transference in multiple levels of group psychotherapy

Group members are challenged to form psychologically meaningful relationships with therapists, other members, and the group as a whole. The way in which individuals perceive this challenge is based on their past experiences. Early relationships establish a perceptual frame in which fears of being hurt and concern about hurting others coexist. Balance between these two ways of generating meaning enables individuals to form relatively healthy relationships. Imbalance in this perceptual frame results in distorted perceptions and maladaptive patterns emerging as transference manifestations. Working through involves repeatedly addressing distortions as members relate to therapists, others and the group as a whole.
Retinal sensitivity to damage from short wavelength light

A GROWING body of literature attests to the deleterious effects of long term exposure to light1–8. To define more critically the differences between thermal and photochemical effects, we have exposed the retinae of rhesus monkeys to eight monochromatic laser lines from 1,064–441.6 nm. Thermal damage to the retina is to be expected for the 1,064-nm line since the photopigments are not involved and energy absorption takes place predominantly in the melanin granules of the pigment epithelium and the choroid. Although data on pathogenesis are not yet available, we found some interesting differences in retinal sensitivity in going from the near infrared to the blue wavelengths in the visible spectrum.
Fiber selectivity in simulated nerve bundle FES from a point source

Steady-state electrotonic potentials within a bundle of peripheral nerve fibers from an external point source electrode are determined from computer simulation. The cylindrical nerve bundle is described as an anisotropic bidomain, a concept which considers the interstitial space, the intracellular space, and the fiber membrane between the two domains but simplifies the discrete structure by treating each domain as a continuum. The dependence of an individual fiber's excitability on its diameter and depth within the bundle is then examined using the interstitial fluid of the bundle as applied to the myelinated nerve. The decline in potential versus radial depth within the bundle and axial distance from the point source necessarily affects threshold criteria for individual fibers. The results provide insight into the design criteria for specialized functional electrical stimulation (FES) applications, such as selective stimulation of small-diameter fibers, in order to obtain a graded neuromuscular response. >
Public perceptions of white-collar crime and punishment

Abstract Although financial losses from white-collar crime continue to exceed those of street crime, the criminal justice system has traditionally focused on the latter. Past research suggested that citizens are more likely to support punitive sanctions for street offenders than white-collar offenders. Recent corporate scandals have increased public awareness of white-collar crime, but whether public attitudes have been altered remains to be determined. Using a 2005 national sample of 402 telephone survey participants, the current study examined citizen perceptions of white-collar and street crime, as well as attitudes regarding apprehension and punishment. This research extended prior studies by also considering the influence of sociodemographic characteristics as well as perceptions of white-collar crime and punishment on the public's support for increasing resource allocation. Implications for future research and development of more effective white-collar crime control policy are discussed.
The implications of using hydrocarbon fuels to generate electricity for hydrogen fuel powered automobiles on electrical capital, hydrocarbon consumption, and anthropogenic emissions

Abstract This paper considers some of the impacts of adopting hydrogen fuel cell powered electric automobiles in the US. The change will need significant adjustments to the electrical generation industry including additional capital and hydrocarbon fuel consumption as well as impacting anthropogenic greenhouse emissions. Examining the use of three fuels to generate hydrogen fuels, using three production methods, distributed in three geographic scenarios, we determine that while the change reduces anthropogenic greenhouse emissions with minimal additional electrical generation capital expenditures, it accelerates the use of natural gas. Electrolysis provides a sustainable, longer-term solution, but requires more capital investment in electrical generation and yields an increase in anthropogenic greenhouse emissions.
Genome Expression Analysis in Yeast Reveals Novel Transcriptional Regulation by Inositol and Choline and New Regulatory Functions for Opi1p, Ino2p, and Ino4p

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, genes encoding phospholipid-synthesizing enzymes are regulated by inositol and choline (IC). The current model suggests that when these precursors become limiting, the transcriptional complex Ino2p-Ino4p activates the expression of these genes, whereas repression requires Opi1p and occurs when IC are available. In this study, microarray-based expression analysis was performed to assess the global transcriptional response to IC in a wild-type strain and in the opi1delta, ino2delta, and ino4delta null mutant strains. Fifty genes were either activated or repressed by IC in the wild-type strain, including three already known IC-repressed genes. We demonstrated that the IC response was not limited to genes involved in membrane biogenesis, but encompassed various metabolic pathways such as biotin synthesis, one-carbon compound metabolism, nitrogen-containing compound transport and degradation, cell wall organization and biogenesis, and acetyl-CoA metabolism. The expression of a large number of IC-regulated genes did not change in the opi1delta, ino2delta, and ino4delta strains, thus implicating new regulatory elements in the IC response. Our studies revealed that Opi1p, Ino2p, and Ino4p have dual regulatory activities, acting in both positive and negative transcriptional regulation of a large number of genes, most of which are not regulated by IC and only a subset of which is involved in membrane biogenesis. These data provide the first global response profile of yeast to IC and reveal novel regulatory mechanisms by these precursors.
Inclusion of organ deformation in dose calculations.

A previously described system for modeling organ deformation using finite element analysis has been extended to permit dose calculation. Using this tool, the calculated dose to the liver during radiotherapy can be compared using a traditional static model (STATIC), a model including rigid body motion (RB), and finally a model that incorporates rigid body motion and deformation (RBD). A model of the liver, consisting of approximately 6000 tetrahedral finite elements distributed throughout the contoured volume, is created from the CT data obtained at exhale. A deformation map is then created to relate the liver in the exhale CT data to the liver in the inhale CT data. Six intermediate phase positions of each element are then calculated from their trajectories. The coordinates of the centroid of each element at each phase are used to determine the dose received. These intermediate dose values are then time weighted according to a population-modeled breathing pattern to determine the total dose to each element during treatment. This method has been tested on four patient datasets. The change in prescribed dose for each patient’s actual tumor as well as a simulated tumor of the same size, located in the superior, intermediate, and inferior regions of the liver, was determined using a normal tissue complication model, maintaining a predicted probability of complications of 15%. The average change in prescribed dose from RBD to STATIC for simulated tumors in the superior, intermediate, and inferior regions are 4.0 (range 2.1 to 5.3), −3.6 (range −5.0 to −2.2), and −14.5 (range −27.0 to −10.0) Gy, respectively. The average change in prescribed dose for the patient’s actual tumor was −0.4 Gy (range −4.1 to 1.7 Gy). The average change in prescribed dose from RBD to RB for simulated tumors in the superior, intermediate, and inferior regions are −0.04 (range −2.4 to 2.2), 0.2 (range −1.5 to 1.9), and 3.9 (range 0.8 to 7.3) Gy, respectively. The average change in the prescribed dose for the patient’s actual tumor was 0.7 Gy (range 0.2 to 1.1 Gy). This patient sampling indicates the potential importance of including deformation in dose calculations.
Numerical Simulation of Water Droplets Falling Near a Wall: Existence of Wall Repulsion

The numerical simulation has been carried out to investigate the motion of a droplet initially near a wall under gravity and confirm the existence of the wall repulsive force on the droplet. The numerical model is developed based on a mass conservation level set algorithm to capture the surface deformation of the droplet. The results show that the wall repulsive force on the droplet initially near the wall plays an important role in the droplet falling process, and the viscosity force affects the oscillatory trajectory of the falling droplet. In addition, the mutual repulsive effect between two droplets is also studied by settling symmetrically two droplets, and the oscillatory mechanism of droplet motion is discussed as well.
Multiplicities ofp-finite modp Galois representations inJ 0 (Np)

LetM≥1 be an integer. LetJ 0 (M) be the Jacobian Pic0(X 0 (M)) of the modular curveX 0 M Q. Let T M be the subring of End (J 0 (M)) generated by the Hecke operatorsT n withn≥1. Suppose thatp is a maximal ideal of T M . The residue field T M /p is a finite fieldk, whose characteristic will be denotedp. Attached top is a semisimple continuous degree-2 representation ρ p of Gal $$(\bar Q/Q)$$ overk, such that ρ p (ϕτ) has characteristic polynomialX 2−T τ X+τ (modp) for each prime numberr prime toM p. We assume that ρ p is absolutely irreducible. By a result of Boston, Lenstra, and the author, the representation $$\mathfrak{p}]: = \left\{ {x \in J_0 (M)(\bar Q)|\lambda x = 0forall \lambda \in \mathfrak{p}} \right\}$$ is a direct sum of copies of ρ p . The number of copies in the direct sum is themultiplicity μ p attached top. Results of Mazur and the author show that μ p =1 ifp is odd and prime toM, or ifp exactly dividesM and ρ p is not finite atp. This article concerns the case wherep exactly dividesM and ρ p is finite atp. We prove thatJ 0 (M)[p] is multiplicity free (in the sense that μ p ) if and only ifB[p] is multiplicity free, whereB is thep-new subvariety ofJ 0 (M).
A routing scheme for hierarchically structured LAN/WAN networks

The authors propose a routing scheme for multiorganizational networks structured hierarchically in a two-level LAN/WAN (local-area network/wide-area network) configuration. The targeted networks, besides being hierarchical, are small in size than the public internets. These two characteristics play a key role in identifying suitable routing mechanisms. The authors propose a simple area routing algorithm for the two-level LAN/WAN network. Its main features consist of a decentralized interarea routing algorithm, with centralized routing functions within areas for interarea routing only. The routing mechanism does not interfere with the operation of the local subnets. The operation of the routing centers is fairly simple and can easily be duplicated in all the gateway nodes for reliability. The gateway routing protocol is based on source routing and is very simple to implement, consisting of only a mapping function. It involves very little processing overhead at the transit gateways. >
Nonlinear optics and group velocity dispersion engineering in silicon nitride waveguides

We demonstrate normal and anomalous dispersion engineering as well as self phase modulation induced pulse spectral broadening in silicon nitride waveguides. Nonlinear losses are shown to be absent up to peak intensities of 12GW/cm2.
Network Lifetime Optimization for Heterogeneous Sensor Networks With Mixed Communication Modes

Because of the inherent constraints imposed by sensor nodes themselves, prolonging the span of network lifetime for the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) introduces many new challenges. In this paper, we consider the cluster-based heterogeneous WSNs, which consist of two types of nodes, namely, the powerful cluster-heads and the inexpensive sensor nodes. In particular, in the WSN, the sensor nodes are deployed along the grid points. To better balance the energy consumption, the sensor nodes exchange data with the cluster-heads through mixed communication modes, i.e., they can communicate with cluster-heads by either single-hop or multi-hop mode. Given the initial energy of the sensor nodes, we develop the analytical models to derive the optimal communication range and identify the optimal mixed communication modes to maximize the span of WSN's lifetime. Also presented are the simulation results which verify our developed analytical models.
Low power and high performance sram design using bank-based selective forward body bias

Leakage power consumption is a large fraction of the total power consumption in contemporary VLSI designs. Since memories occupy a large portion of the total area of many high-performance ICs, it is crucial to reduce the leakage energy of memories. This problem is particularly aggravated for memories implemented in the 45nm technology node, since these processes exhibit significantly higher leakage power. For these memories, leakage is a significant problem not only from a power point of view, but also from a performance degradation standpoint. In this paper, we quantify this problem and provide a solution, using a 512KByte SRAM implemented in a 45nm bulk process as a design example. We show that implementing the SRAM as a monolithic memory results in increased delay as well as power. We illustrate a methodology to optimally reduce leakage power and improve performance in memories by splitting the memory array into word line groups (WLGs) which are selectively forward body biased when accessed. We present a derivation of optimal number of WLGs and the forward body bias voltage value, and show that our approach results in a 9:2% access time reduction, and a 53:4% reduction in power during a read operation. Our approach also achieves an 18% reduction in power during a write operation and a 69% leakage power improvement. The area overhead of our scheme is 7:2% compared to a monolithic memory.
Further Study of Sintering Phenomena

The sintering mechanism of aluminum oxide was studied with attention to the influence of time, temperature, and particle size. Mechanisms proposed by other investigators are reviewed as they pertain to the information obtained from the study. Shrinkage, density, and grain growth are considered; they indicate that rate and degree of sintering increase with decreasing particle size. Loose powders are shown to exhibit sintering phenomena when the particle size is small.
THE TARGET TEST: A BRIEF LATERALITY MEASURE OF SPEED AND ACCURACY

This paper describes a performance measure of lateral dominance, the Target Tests, which provides separate assessments of manual speed and accuracy within a relatively simple paper-and-pencil format. The Target Tests were administered to 111 normal adults, and scores were examined with respect to handedness, familial left-handedness, and sex. The tests significantly differentiated between right- and left-handers. Target scores were substantially correlated with the Harris Tests of Lateral Dominance, suggesting adequate reliability and validity. The means, standard deviations, and ranges for the preferred and nonpreferred hands for both handedness groups were nearly identical. The Target Tests provide a convenient instrument for assessing motoric lateralization of speed and accuracy in clinical and research settings.
Subjective prior distributions for modeling longitudinal continuous outcomes with non-ignorable dropout.

Substance abuse treatment research is complicated by the pervasive problem of non-ignorable missing data – i.e., the occurrence of the missing data is related to the unobserved outcomes. Missing data frequently arise due to early client departure from treatment. Pattern-mixture models (PMMs) are often employed in such situations to jointly model the outcome and the missing data mechanism. PMMs require non-testable assumptions to identify model parameters. Several approaches to parameter identification have therefore been explored for longitudinal modeling of continuous outcomes, and informative priors have been developed in other contexts. In this paper, we describe an expert interview conducted with five substance abuse treatment clinical experts who have familiarity with the Therapeutic Community modality of substance abuse treatment and with treatment process scores collected using the Dimensions of Change Instrument. The goal of the interviews was to obtain expert opinion about the rate of change in continuous client-level treatment process scores for clients who leave before completing two assessments and whose rate of change (slope) in treatment process scores is unidentified by the data. We find that the experts’ opinions differed dramatically from widely-utilized assumptions used to identify parameters in the PMM. Further, subjective prior assessment allows one to properly address the uncertainty inherent in the subjective decisions required to identify parameters in the PMM and to measure their effect on conclusions drawn from the analysis.
Classification Aided Analysis of Oscillatory Signatures in Controlled Retrieval

Control processes are critical for both facilitating and suppressing memory retrieval, but these processes are not well understood. The current work, inspired by a similar fMRI design (Detre et al., in press), used a modified Think/No-Think(TNT) paradigm to investigate the neural signatures of volition over enhancing and suppressing memory retrieval. Previous studies have shown memory enhancement when well-learned stimulus pairs are restudied in cued recall (“Recall or think of studied pair item”), and degradation when restudied with cued suppression (“Avoid thinking of studied pair item”). We used category-based (faces vs. scenes) multivariate classification of electroencephalography signals to determine if individual target items were successfully retrieved or suppressed. A logistic regression based on classifier output determined that retrieval activation during the cued recall/suppression period was a predictor for subsequent memory. Labeling trials with this internal measure, as opposed to their nominal Think vs. No-Think condition, revealed the classic TNT pattern of enhanced memory for successful cued-retrieval and degraded memory for cued-suppression. This classification process enabled a more selective investigation into the time-frequency signatures of control over retrieval. Comparing controlled retrieval vs. controlled suppression, results showed more prominent Theta oscillations (3 to 8 Hz) in controlled retrieval. Beta oscillations (12 to 30 Hz) were involved in high levels of both controlled retrieval and suppression, suggesting it may have a more general control-related role. These results suggest unique roles for these frequency bands in retrieval processes.
The role of MicroRNAs in lung cancer development, progression, and metastasis

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death globally. Although molecularly targeted agents have made small advances in the treatment options for patients, the overall 5-year survival rate has changed little in the past several decades, necessitating a greater understanding of the biology driving tumor progression and metastasis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a relatively recently discovered class of non-protein coding RNAs that modulate extremely important cellular functions via their post-transcriptional regulation of mRNAs. Recent evidence from multiple tumor types and model systems implicates miRNA dysregulation as a common mechanism of tumorigenesis and progression. This represents a rapidly emerging and changing field with new biological connections and applications being reported each month, which provide unique insights into miRNA functions and potential new approaches for diagnosis and therapy.
Change in chromosome number associated with a double deletion in the Neurospora crassa mitochondrial chromosome

The mitochondrial genome of Neurospora is usually found in a single covalently closed circular 62-kbp DNA molecule. We report here that the mitochondrial genome of a phenotypic revertant of a stopper mutant (stp-ruv) is contained primarily in two separate, nonoverlapping, autonomously replicating circular chromosomes. The circles, one about 21 kbp and the other somewhat less than 36 kbp are derived from the most frequent classes of recombinant chromosomes (21 and 41 kbp) in the chromosomal population of mitochondria in the original stopper mutant. The new, more stable chromosomal configuration, is associated with the deletion of two sequences (1 kbp and 4 kbp) at the splice junctions of the two circles. The data suggest that both deletions are likely to have originated from a single recombinational event involved in generating the 36-kbp circle. Secondary, spontaneously arising derivatives of stp-ruv have been found to yield, at high copy number, short sections of the 21-kbp circle in covalently closed supercoiled circles varying from unit length to very high multimers. The amplified segments span a common segment likely to contain the replication origin of the 21-kbp chromosome.
Role of climate and competitors in limiting fitness across range edges of an annual plant

It is often assumed that the geographic distributions of species match their climatic tolerances, but this assumption is not frequently tested. Moreover, few studies examine the relative importance of abiotic and biotic factors for limiting species ranges. We combined multiple approaches to assess the extent to which fitness of a widespread native annual legume, Chamaecrista fasciculata, decreases at and beyond its northern and western range edges, and how this is influenced by the presence of neighbors. First, we examined plant fitness and the effect of neighbors in natural populations at different geographic range locations for three years. Fitness decreased toward the northern range edge, but not the western edge. Neighbor removal had a consistently positive effect on seedpod production across all years and sites. Second, we established experimental populations at sites within the range, and at and beyond the northern and western range edges. We tracked individual fitness and recorded seedling recruitment in the following year (a complete generation) to estimate population growth rate. Individual fitness and population growth declined to near zero beyond both range edges, indicating that C. fasciculata with its present genetic composition will not establish in these regions, given conditions currently. We also carried out a neighbor removal treatment. Consistent with the natural populations, neighbors reduced seedpod production of reproductive adults. However, neighbors also increased early-season survival, and this positive effect early in life history resulted in a net positive effect of neighbors on lifetime fitness at most range locations. Our data show that the population growth rate of C. fasciculata includes values above replacement, and populations are well adapted to conditions up to the edge of the range, whereas the severely compromised fitness at sites beyond the edge precludes immediate establishment of populations and thereby impedes adaptation to these conditions.