cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The specification and generation of neurons in the ventral spinal cord

Abstract The central nervous system (CNS) of vertebrates is comprised of a diverse array of neuronal cell types located in specific regions and positions that are interconnected in circuits that form the core functional units of the structure. The correct establishment of these complex connections during development requires that cells with specific identities be generated at the proper times and positions. Moreover, as most of the major neural cell classes that populate the adult CNS, excluding the cerebellum, are generated over a relatively brief period during embryogenesis, it is necessary that the process be carried out with great precision from the outset. This involves orchestrating numerous cellular behaviors including cell division, subtype specification, migration, neurite outgrowth, and synapse formation. The degree to which each of these processes contributes to the formation of the final structure differs among CNS regions (forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord). For example, the number of neurons generated during neurogenesis in the forebrain or cerebellum (postnatally) far exceeds the number in the most caudal division of the CNS, the spinal cord, and each subdivision contains distinct cell subtypes dedicated to region-specific functions. Thus, there are significant regional differences in cell division, cell cycle exit, and migration (Kelly et al., 2009). Despite these differences, many or most of the core mechanisms involved in neurogenesis are conserved throughout the CNS. Among the major CNS subdivisions, the spinal cord is unique in that it extends along the majority of the body axis in vertebrates and thus contains the longest nerve tracts. However, despite this, the spinal cord has the simplest general structure, and its basic functions are carried out by a parsimonious number of neurons organized into well-mapped nuclei. In addition, the discrete location of the spinal cord in the body provides greater experimental accessibility compared to the brain. Because of these features, the spinal cord has long served as an excellent model system for experimental investigation of CNS development for over a century (Yu et al., 2013).
The poetics of trauma and hope in Wounded water by Anabel Torres

Wounded Water / Agua herida (Bogota 2004) es un libro de poesia bilingue de la poeta colombiana contemporanea Anabel Torres (1948). Esta obra ofrece un encuentro poetico con el trauma o “las pequenas sacudidas personales” de las que consistia, en esencia, la poesia de Charles Baudelaire para Paul Valery. Torres escribe de su vida cotidiana como mujer, como poeta y como emigrante radicada en Europa durante las ultimas dos decadas. Propongo que Wounded Water /Agua herida es poesia de supervivencia, similar a la que Gregory Orr define como “poesia lirica de transformacion”. El campo semantico del agua en la poesia de Torres conceptualiza un amplio espectro de ciclos vitales
Radar evidence of ponded subglacial water in Greenland

The thermal state at the bed of a large ice sheet is a critical boundary condition governing its future evolution. Radar surveys provide an opportunity for direct but remote observation of the ice-sheet bed, and therefore offer a means of constraining numerical ice-sheet models at the ice–bed interface. Here we have processed results of radar surveys of the Greenland Ice Sheet undertaken by the Program for Arctic Regional Climate Assessment (PARCA) between 1999 and 2003, to explore this opportunity. We consider the robustness of the measurements in the context of uncertain dielectric losses in the ice sheet, concluding that the observed radar signal characteristics reflect the character of the bed itself rather than that of uncertain englacial absorption. However, the identification of thaw is restricted to areas where subglacial water has sufficient depth to influence the radar reflection. We derive a map of inferred areas of subglacial thaw, and compare our results with other studies predicting regions with temperate bed. We show that in many areas the radar inferences of ponded water lie within areas predicted to be thawed by modelling and radiostratigraphy. There is clear disagreement in certain areas, suggesting the presence of high geothermal flux anomalies.
ANALYSIS OF ANIMAL FOOD PRODUCTS FOR CHLORINATED INSECTICIDE RESIDUES

Summary The use of ECGC along with proper sample clean-up provides an accurate analytical method for the detection and measurement of trace amounts of chlorinated insecticide residues. Levels of 0.01 ppm of several insecticides may be determined, providing a degree of accuracy comparable to other analytical procedures, if the following precautions are observed: (a) a representative sample is available; (b) the linearity of the instrument is determined for each compound; (c) all reagents are redistilled; (d) only high purity nitrogen is used as the carrier gas; (e) the chromatographic clean-up column is not overloaded with fat; (f) proper elution techniques are followed; (g) the best column packing is used for the insecticides being analyzed; (h) an all glass system is used including a borosilicate glass injector tube and a borosilicate glass column; (i) careful control of temperature and rate of gas flow is performed; and (j) analytical instrument is carefully calibrated with standard insecticide solution...
Mosaic Effects of Growth Hormone on Fibrous Dysplasia of Bone

Growth Hormone Effects in Mosaic Fibrous Dysplasia This case of mosaic fibrous dysplasia of bone shows hypersensitivity to growth hormone excess in affected bone, as compared with unaffected bone, ...
ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN BETA-BLOCKER THERAPY AND CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES AND ESTABLISHED ATHEROSCLEROTIC CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: INSIGHTS FROM THE TECOS STUDY

The secondary prevention effects of beta-blocker therapy (BBT) in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) are unclear. Using an inverse probability of treatment-weighted Cox proportional hazards model, we examined the association between baseline BBT and
The Sequential Indirect Effect of Negative Urgency on Drinking Consequences Through Distress Intolerance and Drinking Motives: Initial Examination in College Students Reporting Past Month Alcohol Use

Identification of cognitive and affective vulnerabilities among college drinkers may aid in developing focused interventions that promote a reduction in the prevalence of alcohol use. Negative urgency (NU) and distress intolerance (DI) evidence concurrent, unique, and synergistic relations with drinking motives and negative consequences of alcohol use. Utilizing a sequential multiple mediation framework to investigate a comprehensive model of these variables, we examined NU as a behavioral risk factor that potentiates the development of DI, thereby contributing to drinking motives that increase the risk of problematic use in young adults. A diverse sample of undergraduate students (N = 616; Mage = 19.1, SD = 1.4, range = 18–25; 50.6% female; 60.6% Caucasian; recruited between September 2015 and Spring 2017) reporting past month alcohol use completed an online questionnaire battery. The results suggested that NU may contribute to negative alcohol use outcomes via its relation to DI and the motivation to drink in order to cope with negative emotional states and conform to social pressure. These findings suggest that NU may be a primary intervention target in young adults.
Amino Acid Profiles of 44 Soybean Lines and ACE-I Inhibitory Activities of Peptide Fractions from Selected Lines

Soybeans are cultivated in the United States chiefly for cooking oil, while the residue after oil extraction (soybean meal) is mostly used in animal feed formulations. High protein content in the defatted soybean meals led to the extraction of pure protein and its application in food products. We selected 44 soybean lines to determine their moisture and protein contents, and their amino acid composition was investigated. Soybean lines with high protein content, one high yielding (R95-1705), and two high oleic acid (N98-4445A, S03-543CR), were selected for protein isolate preparation, hydrolysis using alcalase and gastro-intestinal (GI) resistance. Furthermore, the GI resistant hydrolysates were fractionated and tested for angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE-I) inhibition activity. The amino acid analysis showed high methionine in the high protein and fatty acid lines (R05-4494 and R05-5491), and high cysteine content in one of the high oleic acid soybean line CRR05-188 in comparison to the check lines (UA-4805 and 5601-T). The protein isolate with the highest purity (90–93 %) was derived from the selected lines N98-4445A and S03-543CR, and hydrolyzed using alcalase enzyme. The protein hydrolysates (500 µg/mL) showed inhibition of the ACE-I by 49 %. The results from this study will promote the use of high oleic acid soybeans as a source of protein and peptides with functional activities.
Breastfeeding Barriers in Female Physicians

Purpose: Breast milk is considered the normative nutrition for human infants, and exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life is recommended by several national and global societies .Female physicians have been shown to be a high-risk group for early unintended weaning. This study aimed to assess and compare the most common barriers perceived by female physicians in various stages of training and practice. Methods: We surveyed female faculty physicians, fellows, residents, and medical …
Deformable registration of PET/CT and ultrasound for disease-targeted focal prostate brachytherapy.

We propose a deformable registration algorithm for prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET/CT and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) fusion. Accurate registration of PSMA PET to intraoperative TRUS will allow physicians to customize dose planning based on the regions involved. The inputs to the registration algorithm are the PET/CT and TRUS volumes as well as the prostate segmentations. PET/CT and TRUS volumes are first rigidly registered by maximizing the overlap between the segmented prostate binary masks. Three-dimensional anatomical landmarks are then automatically extracted from the boundary as well as within the prostate. Then, a deformable registration is performed using a regularized thin plate spline where the landmark localization error is optimized between the extracted landmarks that are in correspondence. The proposed algorithm was evaluated on 25 prostate cancer patients treated with low-dose-rate brachytherapy. We registered the postimplant CT to TRUS using the proposed algorithm and computed target registration errors (TREs) by comparing implanted seed locations. Our approach outperforms state-of-the-art methods, with significantly lower (mean ± standard deviation) TRE of 1.96 ± 1.29 mm while being computationally efficient (mean computation time of 38 s). The proposed landmark-based PET/CT-TRUS deformable registration algorithm is simple, computationally efficient, and capable of producing quality registration of the prostate boundary as well as the internal gland.
Theory Making from the Middle: Researching LGBTQ Communities in Small Cities:

Urban lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) community research in sociology has largely ignored LGBTQ communities in the most common urban form: small cities. In this article, I ar...
Stage Review of Jitney at Arena Stage

A review of Jitney by August Wilson, staged at The Kreeger Theater's Arena Stage in Washington, D.C. from September 13 through October 27, 2019.
Current Understanding of Nonaqueous Electrolytes for Calcium‐Based Batteries

Calcium metal batteries are receiving growing research attention due to significant breakthroughs in recent years that have indicated reversible Ca plating/stripping with attractive Coulombic efficiencies (90-95%), once thought to be out of reach. While the Ca anode is often described as being surface film-controlled, the ability to access reversible Ca electrochemistry is highly electrolyte-dependent in general, which affects both interfacial chemistry on plated Ca along with more fundamental Ca2+/Ca redox properties. This mini-review describes recent progress towards a reversible Ca anode from the point of view of the most successful electrolyte chemistries identified to date. This includes, centrally, what is currently known about the Ca2+ solvation environment in these systems. Experimental (physico-chemical and spectroscopy) and computational results are summarized for the two major solvent classes - carbonates and ethers - that have yielded promising results so far. Current knowledge gaps and opportunities to improve fundamental understanding of Ca2+/Ca redox are also identified.
Radiographic and clinical outcomes of second generation Trabecular Metal™ glenoid components in total shoulder arthroplasty.

BackgroundTotal shoulder arthroplasty with second generation porous tantalum glenoid implants (Trabecular Metal™) has shown good short-term outcomes, but mid-term outcomes are unknown. This study d...
On constructing a dielectric function for cesium lead halide perovskites

The potential applications of cesium lead halide perovskites are widespread and are based on their unique dielectric response properties. It follows that for modeling the dielectric response of these materials, construction of a dielectric response function that is formulated for quantitative representation of underlying physical processes is required for the simulation of their performance as detectors, emitters or photocathodes. The present study examines physical characteristics of the dielectric response of cesium lead halide perovskites that provide a foundation for formulating quantitative dielectric response functions.
Factors associated with quality of life in cutaneous lupus erythematosus using the Revised Wilson and Cleary Model.

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to characterize the impact of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) in adults and identify the clinical and non-clinical factors associated with quality of lif...
Poly(A)-Binding Protein Regulates the Efficiency of Translation Termination

Multiple factors influence translation termination efficiency, including nonsense codon identity and immediate context. To determine whether the relative position of a nonsense codon within an open reading frame (ORF) influences termination efficiency, we quantitate the production of prematurely terminated and/or readthrough polypeptides from 26 nonsense alleles of 3 genes expressed in yeast. The accumulation of premature termination products and the extent of readthrough for the respective premature termination codons (PTCs) manifest a marked dependence on PTC proximity to the mRNA 3' end. Premature termination products increase in relative abundance, whereas readthrough efficiencies decrease progressively across different ORFs, and readthrough efficiencies for a PTC increase in response to 3' UTR lengthening. These effects are eliminated and overall translation termination efficiency decreases considerably in cells harboring pab1 mutations. Our results support a critical role for poly(A)-binding protein in the regulation of translation termination and also suggest that inefficient termination is a trigger for nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD).
S103 Baseline CT thorax in patients undergoing allogeneic haematopoetic stem-cell transplantation and risk of invasive fungal disease- a prospective 5-year study

Invasive fungal lung disease (IFD) is a well-recognised complication post haematopoietic stem-cell transplant (HSCT), occurring in approximately 5–21% of patients, despite tri-azole anti-fungal prophylaxis. Baseline CT thorax (BCT) pre-HSCT is increasingly considered as standard practise to evaluate lung disease, however evidence on outcomes from previous studies has been limited by either small or heterogenous cohorts (Ceesay et al 2018, Bitterman et al 2019). Kings College Hospital is one of the largest HSCT centres in the UK, as such IFD accounts for a significant patient morbidity and hospital bed days. We conducted a single centre prospective analysis of patients with myeloid malignancies and aplastic anaemia (n=350) who underwent T-cell deplete allo-HSCT between Jan 2015 and April 2019. BCT was performed in 235 patients. IFD was defined by by EORTC criteria. See figure 1 for baseline characteristics. Post HSCT, IFD developed in 9.1% of total patients (n=32/350) and in 12.3% (n=29/235) of those who had BCT. Patients with European Platform of Cancer Research (EORTC) defined changes on BCT developed significantly more IFD (34.2% vs 9.4%, p=0.0004). Univariate analysis of baseline characteristics identified that a significantly higher proportion of those with pre-HSCT IFD developed post-HSCT IFD (33.3% vs 8.3%; P=0.003). Reduced intensity conditioning, poor baseline performance status and co-morbidities, and gas transfer (TLCO Abnormal BCT did not influence overall survival, however in patients with EORTC defined changes on BCT, there was a significant reduction in median IFD-free survival (30.5 months vs 47 months, p=0.009) when compared to non-EORTC and normal CT findings. There was a significant reduction in overall survival at 12 months post HSCT in those who developed IFD (62% vs 76%, p=0.001, log rank). Previous IFD, EORTC BCT changes and abnormal TLCO pre-HSCT influence IFD related outcomes and we suggest early respiratory optimisation pre-HSCT to reduce risk of IFD-related mortality. Further evaluation of impact of interventions in patients with abnormal BCT is warranted.
Media Synchronicity and Media Choice: Choosing Media for Performance

One of the most widely used media theories is Media Richness Theory (MRT), which argues that task performance will be improved when task information needs are matched to a medium’s information richness (later called just “media richness”). Media capable of sending “rich” information (e.g., face-to-face meetings) are better suited to equivocal tasks (where there are multiple interpretations for information) and less “rich” media (e.g., computer-mediated communication) are best suited to tasks with a lack of information. MRT was developed to theorize which media should prove most effective, not to theorize how managers choose media (Daft & Lengel, 1986; Dennis & Kinney, 1998). Nonetheless, the expected effectiveness of using a media, is one important factor influencing the choice to use it (Daft, Lengel, & Trevino, 1987). Empirical tests of MRT for “new media” such as computer-mediated communication have not been convincing, (Burke & Chidambaram, 1999; Carnevale et al., 1981; Dennis & Kinney, 1998; El-Shinnawy & Markus, 1992; Kinney & Watson, 1992; Lee, 1994; Markus, 1994; Mennecke, Valacich, & Wheeler, 2000; Ngwenyama & Lee, 1997; Rice & Shook, 1990; Trevino, Lengel, Bodensteiner, Gerloff, & Muir, 1990; Valacich, Paranka, George, & Nunamaker, 1993; Vickery et al. 2004). In this paper, following from the Fit-Appropriation Model (Dennis, Wixom, & Vandenberg, 2001), we argue that the fit of media capabilities to the communication needs of a task influence the appropriation and choice to use a medium.
FASN inhibition as a potential treatment for endocrine-resistant breast cancer

The majority of breast cancers are estrogen receptor (ERα) positive making endocrine therapy a mainstay for these patients. Unfortunately, resistance to endocrine therapy is a common occurrence. Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is a key enzyme in lipid biosynthesis and its expression is commensurate with tumor grade and resistance to numerous therapies. The effect of the FASN inhibitor TVB-3166 on ERα expression and cell growth was characterized in tamoxifen-resistant cell lines, xenografts, and patient explants. Subcellular localization of ERα was assessed using subcellular fractionations. Palmitoylation and ubiquitination of ERα were assessed by immunoprecipitation. ERα and p-eIF2α protein levels were analyzed by Western blotting after treatment with TVB-3166 with or without the addition of palmitate or BAPTA. TVB-3166 treatment leads to a marked inhibition of proliferation in tamoxifen-resistant cells compared to the parental cells. Additionally, TVB-3166 significantly inhibited tamoxifen-resistant breast tumor growth in mice and decreased proliferation of primary tumor explants compared to untreated controls. FASN inhibition significantly reduced ERα levels most prominently in endocrine-resistant cells and altered its subcellular localization. Furthermore, we showed that the reduction of ERα expression upon TVB-3166 treatment is mediated through the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Our preclinical data provide evidence that FASN inhibition by TVB-3166 presents a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of endocrine-resistant breast cancer. Further clinical development of FASN inhibitors for endocrine-resistant breast cancer should be considered.
Environmental Health Science and Engineering for Policy, Programming, and Practice

AbstractAt the interface of environmental health science and engineering with policy, programming, and practice, multiple actors and social processes support communication and decisions. Understand...
Radiometry with nighttime DMSP images in digital form

The USAF Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) spacecraft sends images to earth in the form of numbers. It has been common practice to erase the only digital records, the magnetic tapes, for reuse, after films (resembling photographs) have been created from the numbers. While the DMSP images have been widely used, their application in research has been hindered by both the lack of digital data and the lack of an authoritative source of related technical information. The character of the digital form is considered. Each image is essentially a three-dimensional list (X,Y,Z) in which X and Y represent the position coordinates of a pixel and Z is its associated radiance. Only the value of Z is given and the X-Y position must be deduced from adjunct information. Each original scan composed of 1464 pixels represents an area on the earth's surface about 3 km wide and 3000 km long. Strengths and weaknesses of the system with respect to research applications are considered, and concepts for the design of a nocturnal imager are discussed.
Economic Take Off or Great Leap Forward

This article examines Soviet analyses of the economic reforms that China implemented during the 1980s under Deng Xiaoping. Many historians have argued that Soviet economic reform efforts during the Perestroika era might have been more successful had the Kremlin more closely followed Chinese efforts. This article shows that Soviet economists and sinologists carefully studied China’s reforms to agriculture, industry, and foreign investment law. By the mid-1980s, the article suggests, a significant section of the Soviet intelligentsia believed that China’s market-based economic reforms were working and that the Soviet Union should learn from them.
CALIBRATION TESTS OF A490 HIGH-STRENGTH BOLTS

Tests were conducted on two lots of A490 bolts at Lehigh University and the University of Illinois to determine if testing procedures constitute a variable. Over 100 calibration tests were conducted of 7/8-in. by 5 l/2-in. and 7/8-in. by 9 1/2-in. ASTM A490 high-strength bolts. These included 40 direct tension tests and 60 torqued-tension tests. The torqued-tension tests were conducted in hydraulic calibrating devices and in solid steel blocks. Data on bolt tension, elongation, turns-of-nut, and general behavior were analyzed. The tests showed no significant difference between the results obtained at the two universities. The tests showed that the direct tensile strength was 10% to 20% greater than the torqued tension strength. Only the shorter bolts (7/8-in. by 5 l/2-in.) reached proof load after one-half turn from snug. Comparisons of bolt behavior when torqued in the hydraulic bolt calibrator and in the solid steel block showed that less load was induced into the bolt at one-half turn in the hydraulic calibrator. This study shows that additional rotation beyond one-half turn is necessary for the longer A490 bolt if the proof load is to be reached.
Chaperone-mediated autophagy components are upregulated in sporadic inclusion-body myositis muscle fibres

Aims Sporadic inclusion-body myositis (s-IBM) is an age-associated degenerative muscle disease. Characteristic features are muscle-fibre vacuolization and intramuscle-fibre accumulations of multiprotein aggregates, which may result from the demonstrated impairments of the 26S proteasome and autophagy. Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is a selective form of lysosomal degradation targeting proteins carrying the KFERQ motif. Lysosome-associated membrane protein type 2A (LAMP2A) and the heat-shock cognate protein 70 (Hsc70) constitute specific CMA components. Neither CMA components nor CMA activity has been studied in normal or disease human muscle, to our knowledge. Methods We studied CMA components by immunocytochemistry, immunoblots, real-time PCR and immunoprecipitation in: (a) 16 s-IBM, nine aged-matched normal and nine disease control muscle biopsies; and (b) cultured human muscle fibres (CHMFs) with experimentally inhibited activities of either the 26S proteasome or autophagy. Results Compared with age-matched controls, in s-IBM muscle, LAMP2A and Hsc70 were on a given transverse section accumulated as aggregates in approximately 5% of muscle fibres, where they (a) colocalized with each other and α-synuclein (α-syn), a CMA-targeted protein; and (b) were bound to each other and to α-syn by immunoprecipitation. By immunoblots, LAMP2A was increased sevenfold P < 0.001 and Hsc70 2.6-fold P < 0.05. LAMP2A mRNA was increased 4.4-fold P < 0.001 and Hsc70 mRNA 1.9-fold P < 0.05. In CHMFs inhibition of either the 26S proteasome or autophagy induced CMA, evidenced by a significant increase of both LAMP2A and Hsc70. Conclusions Our study demonstrates, for the first time, up-regulation of CMA components in s-IBM muscle, and it provides further evidence that altered protein degradation is likely an important pathogenic aspect in s-IBM.
Chapter 18 - Prediction of anion adsorption and transport in soil systems using the constant capacitance model

Adsorption of trace elements on soil surfaces is an important process in managing trace element toxicity or deficiency, as well as trace element concentrations in discharge waters. Increasing demands for high quality water in arid and semi arid regions are coupled with environmental concerns and constraints of the discharge of agricultural drainage waters. Careful quantification of soil solution trace element concentrations and characterization of trace element adsorption reactions on soil surfaces is needed. There are currently restrictions on discharge of oxyanions from drainage waters into many surface streams and rivers in the southwestern United States. The constant capacitance model is a surface complexation model that was developed by the research groups of Schindler and Stumm for the oxide-solution interface. This model explicitly defines surface species, chemical reactions, equilibrium constant expressions, and electrostatic potential effects. The chapter presents a study on the extension of the constant capacitance model to describe and predict adsorption of the trace element anions: borate, molybdate, and arsenate on soil surfaces. The constant capacitance model composes the following assumptions: (1) all surface complexes are inner-sphere; (2) anion adsorption occurs via a ligand exchange mechanism with reactive surface hydroxyl groups, (3) no surface complexes are formed with ions from the background electrolyte, (4) the relationship between surface charge, σ , and surface potential, Ψ (V), is linear.
Analysis of the Transperitoneal Approach to Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy for the Treatment of Anterior and Posterior Renal Masses.

Abstract Objective: Few studies have directly assessed the impact of tumor anterior/posterior location during transperitoneal robotic-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (TPRPN). The present study sought to assess perioperative and pathological outcomes associated with TPRPN among patients with anterior versus posterior tumors. Patients and Methods: The Institutional Review Board–approved Mount Sinai Kidney Cancer database was used to identify 123 patients who underwent TPRPN from May 2011 to April 2015. Perioperative outcomes, including operative time, warm ischemia time (WIT), estimated blood loss (EBL), hospital length of stay (LOS), surgical margin status, complications, and reduction in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at discharge and at last follow-up, were compared between those with anterior and posterior masses while controlling for clinical and pathological variables (i.e., age, gender, body mass index, tumor size, tumor laterality, malignancy, hilar location, and R.E.N.A.L. ne...
Robots, the Internet of Things, and the Future of Trade

Will robots and the Internet of Things falter at national borders?If the Internet of Things offers eyes and ears and robots add arms and legs, both these revolutionary technologies often depend on brains and memories located far away. This is the nature of the remote sensor/server architecture utilized by both the Internet of Things and cloud robotics. Thus, both the Internet of Things and robots rely on the free flow of information across national borders. But this global free flow of data is increasingly at risk to claims that such flows jeopardize privacy and security. Increasingly, national laws restrict the transfer of information outside the home country. A Dropcam, a Fitbit, a Nest thermometer and even a Google car all depend on the flow of data to the home country of their creators. The Internet of Things and cloud robotics may thus find themselves foiled by national borders, victim to a new privacy-based non-tariff barrier to trade.Can international trade law, which after all seeks to liberalize trade in both goods and services, help stave off attempts to erect border barriers to this new type of trade? The smart objects of the 21st century consist of both goods and information services, and thus are subject to multiple means of government protectionism, but also trade liberalization. This paper is the first effort to locate and analyze the Internet of Things and modern robotics within the international trade framework.
Choice of Human-Computer Interaction Mode in Stroke Rehabilitation.

Background and Objective. Advances in technology are providing new forms of human–computer interaction. The current study examined one form of human–computer interaction, augmented reality (AR), whereby subjects train in the real-world workspace with virtual objects projected by the computer. Motor performances were compared with those obtained while subjects used a traditional human–computer interaction, that is, a personal computer (PC) with a mouse. Methods. Patients used goal-directed arm movements to play AR and PC versions of the Fruit Ninja video game. The 2 versions required the same arm movements to control the game but had different cognitive demands. With AR, the game was projected onto the desktop, where subjects viewed the game plus their arm movements simultaneously, in the same visual coordinate space. In the PC version, subjects used the same arm movements but viewed the game by looking up at a computer monitor. Results. Among 18 patients with chronic hemiparesis after stroke, the AR game ...
Thoughts on communication.

Living without the ability to communicate is humbling. Time spent on a sabbatical in Florence, Italy, taught me that my outgoing manner, my interactional skills, and my ability to establish rapport, all personality traits and skills that I thought would overcome my inadequacies as a communicator in Italian are not immutable. I gained some understanding of what our nonnative English-speaking patients might feel. I learned the following lessons: (1) be cautious—what appears to be a lack of interest may be a lack of understanding; (2) our perceptions of aptitude may be mistaken if based on patients’ facial expressions and body language; (3) we should not adjust our words and speed of speech just because we think a patient cannot understand what we are saying; and (4) language is an amazingly powerful tool—the inability to communicate transforms us.
Nonhandicapped very-low-birth-weight infants at one year of age: developmental profile.

The developmental profile of 61 very-low-birth-weight infants without major cognitive, motor, or sensory deficits was compared with that of 28 term infants at 1 year chronologic age. The groups significantly differed in two ways on the Revised Gesell Developmental Schedules. First, very-low-birth-weight infants were more likely than term infants to have significant discrepancies between either their fine motor or language abilities and their early problem-solving skills as measured by the Adaptive scale of the Gesell. Second, across all fields of behavior (adaptive, gross motor, fine motor, language, and personal/social), very-low-birth-weight infants scored significantly below term infants. The very-low-birth-weight infant9s motor performance significantly correlated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intracranial hemorrhage, and number of days spent in the hospital. Language performance significantly correlated with intracranial hemorrhage, birth weight, and sex. These findings underscore the limitations of global developmental scores to describe adequately the developmental performance of very-low-birth-weight infants. Instead, a comprehensive assessment of all fields of behavior is necessary to provide an accurate profile of this high-risk group.
Distinct Patterns of Viewpoint-Dependent BOLD Activity during Common-Object Recognition and Mental Rotation

A fundamental but unanswered question about the human visual system concerns the way in which misoriented objects are recognized. One hypothesis maintains that representations of incoming stimuli are transformed via parietally based spatial normalization mechanisms (eg mental rotation) to match view-specific representations in long-term memory. Using fMRI, we tested this hypothesis by directly comparing patterns of brain activity evoked during classic mental rotation and misoriented object recognition involving everyday objects. BOLD activity increased systematically with stimulus rotation within the ventral visual stream during object recognition and within the dorsal visual stream during mental rotation. More specifically, viewpoint-dependent activity was significantly greater in the right superior parietal lobule during mental rotation than during object recognition. In contrast, viewpoint-dependent activity was significantly greater in the right fusiform gyrus during object recognition than during mental rotation. In addition to these differences in viewpoint-dependent activity, object recognition and mental rotation produced distinct patterns of brain activity, independent of stimulus rotation: object recognition resulted in greater overall activity within ventral stream visual areas and mental rotation resulted in greater overall activity within dorsal stream visual areas. The present results are inconsistent with the hypothesis that misoriented object recognition is mediated by structures within the parietal lobe that are known to be involved in mental rotation.
An active head–neck model in whole-body vibration: Vibration magnitude and softening

Abstract An active head–neck model is introduced in this work to predict human-dynamic response to different vibration magnitudes during fore-aft whole-body vibration. The proposed model is a rigid-link dynamic system augmented with passive spring–damper tissue-like elements and additional active dampers that resemble the active part of the muscles. The additional active dampers are functions of the input displacement, velocity, and acceleration and are based on active control theories and a kd-tree data-searching scheme. Five human subjects exposed to random fore-aft vibration with frequency content of 0.5–10 Hz were tested under different vibration with magnitudes of 0.46 m/s 2 , 1.32 m/s 2 , and 1.66 m/s 2 rms. The results showed that the proposed model was able to reasonably capture the softening characteristics of the human head–neck response during fore-aft whole-body vibration of different magnitudes.
Estimates of medical device--associated adverse events from emergency departments.

Abstract Background The true public health burden of adverse events associated with medical devices is unknown. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to produce the first-ever national estimates of medical device–associated adverse events resulting in emergency department (ED) visits. Methods From July 1999 through June 2000, reports of 10,395 medical device–associated adverse events were accumulated using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS), which collects information on product-related injuries from the ED records of a national stratified probability sample of hospitals. The reports were used to estimate annual total number of medical device–associated adverse events as well as number of adverse events associated with specific devices, injury diagnoses, demographic characteristics, and patient disposition status. Results The total estimated number of adverse events was 454,383 (95% confidence interval [CI]=371,156–537,610), involving a broad range of devices from 15 medical specialty groups. Unintentional traumatic events associated with a particular device appeared to be the most common mechanism of injury. The most prevalent types of injuries included contusions/abrasions, punctures, and lacerations; 13% of total estimated cases resulted in patient hospitalization. Adverse events occurred within healthcare facilities, and some were occupationally related, although they occurred at home more frequently than any other location (about 42%). Conclusions The magnitude of the total estimate, which is over four times greater than the annual number of adverse event reports received by medical device–regulating surveillance systems, emphasizes medical device–associated adverse events as an under-recognized public health problem. Planned collection of more detailed NEISS data will allow for appropriate public health interventions.
Teaching Newborn Medicine to Third-Year Medical Students: Use of a Checklist

Objective: To determine if use of a checklist during the third-year medical student's newborn medicine rotation within the pediatric clerkship affected grades, endof-course examination scores, or perceptions of the newborn clinical experience before and after use of this teaching aid. Methods: The checklist contained 46 newborn medicine–related skills and concepts and required staff review. A postclerkship questionnaire was used to assess the student's perception of all components of the clinical clerkship. A standardized test was used to assess clinical knowledge. The clerkship grade was based on test scores (30%) and clinical performance (70%). Results: All students (N=321) returned the postclerkship questionnaire from July 1, 1988, to June 30, 1990, and the checklist plus questionnaire (N=294) from July 1, 1990, to June 30, 1992. During both periods, the curriculum and clinical experience remained unchanged. Although there was no change in grade distribution, mean final examination score (P Conclusions: Use of a readily available checklist, to remind students and faculty of the skills and concepts to be mastered during the nursery portion of the clerkship, did not impact final grades, although information transfer and student perception of the clinical experience improved. We speculate that clear delineation of readily available objectives focuses students and staff, decreases anxiety, and provides a sense of accomplishment. (Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1995;149:49-52)
Shrinkage domination of some usual estimators of the common mean of several multivariate normal populations

Abstract Given n mutually independent p -dimensional random vectors ( X 1 ,…, X n ), where X i ∼N p ( μ , σ 2 i I ), the problem of estimating the common mean vector μ is considered assuming that σ 2 i 's are unknown. A class of Stein-type shrinkage estimators uniformly dominating a usual estimator based only on X i 's is given. This strengthens a similar result due to George (1991) and Krishnamoorthy (1991) for the special case n =2. As a consequence of this result, a class of Stein-type shrinkage estimators uniformly dominating a usual estimator based on X i 's and some estimators of σ 2 i 's distributed independently of X i 's are also obtained.
A comparison of distances flown by different visitors to flowers of the same species

The morphologically complex flowers of Delphinium nelsonii, D. barbeyi, and Ipomopsis aggregata are visited by a wide variety of animals. Visitors to each species range from small insects, such as worker bumblebees and solitary bees, to hummingbirds, and thus span roughly an order of magnitude in body mass and metabolic rate while flying; they also differ in type of food collected and in their efficacy as pollinators. Despite these differences, all the visitors to a given plant species fly similar, short distances between successively visited flowers and plants. There are no significant relationships between mean flight distance and metabolic rate or body mass among the visitors to any plant species. Thus there is no evidence that flight characteristics depend on anything as straightforward as whether flower visitors have high or low energetic requirements.
Maternal age and depressive symptoms in a low‐income sample

In this study, depressive symptoms of 2,011 European-American, African-American, and Latina low-income mothers at approximately 14 months after birth of the child were examined. Maternal age was used as a predictor of depressive symptoms. Overall, 31.9% of mothers were classified as depressed using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Younger mothers tended to have more depressive symptoms among European-American mothers only. Latina mothers had fewer depressive symptoms than African-American and European-American mothers. Number of children 5 years and under in the home was positively related to depressive symptoms. In addition, mothers with higher levels of self-mastery reported fewer symptoms of depression. Implications for preventing maternal depressive symptoms are discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Monte Carlo simulation of chemical reactions

Abstract A computer-based algorithm to solve complex chemical rate equations is introduced. A simple Monte Carlo sampling method is used to generate chemical reactions in numbers proportional to reaction probabilities, and a second-order Runge-Kutta method is used to calculate time. The method is compared with a closed form mathematical solution for a simple chemical system, and it is compared with a numerical integration of the rate equations for a more complicated system.
The development of corannulene-based blue emitters

Novel blue emitters were synthesized based on the fullerene fragment corannulene. 1,2- bis(corannulenylethynyl)benzene and 1,4-bis(corannulenylethynyl)benzene were designed, synthesized, and shown to exhibit significant red shifts in their absorption spectra as compared to that of the parent corannulene. Photoluminescence studies show both 1,2- bis(corannulenylethynyl)benzene and 1,4- bis(corannulenylethynyl)benzene gives enhanced blue luminescence compared to the parent corannulene structure. 1,4-bis(corannulenylethynyl)benzene was observed to give intense blue luminescence when excited at 400 nm. DFT and TD-DFT calculations were performed and shown to be consistent with the observed experimental results.
Evolution of enzymatic activities in the orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase suprafamily: enhancing the promiscuous D-arabino-hex-3-ulose 6-phosphate synthase reaction catalyzed by 3-keto-L-gulonate 6-phosphate decarboxylase.

3-Keto-l-gulonate 6-phosphate decarboxylase (KGPDC) and d-arabino-hex-3-ulose 6-phosphate synthase (HPS) are members of the orotidine 5‘-monophosphate decarboxylase (OMPDC) suprafamily [Wise, E., Y...
The zooplankton community in the vicinity of the ice edge, western Weddell Sea, March 1986

The zooplankton community in the vicinity of the ice edge in the west central Weddell Sea was investigated in the late austral summer (March 1986). Sampling was done with two ships operating concurrently, one in the pack ice and the other in the adjcent open sea. Metazoan microzooplankton (<1 mm) was most abundant in the epipelagic zone. It consisted mostly of copepod nauplii and copepods of the genera Oithona, Oncaea, Ctenocalanus and Microcalanus. While species composition was similar in both areas, vertical patterns differed in that the microzooplankton had sparse populations in the upper 50 m under the ice. This may have been related to water temperature which in the upper 50 m under the ice was more than 1°C cooler than in the open sea. Zooplankton in the 1–20 mm size range was dominated by the calanoid copepods Metridia gerlachei, Calanus propinquus and Calanoides acutus which constituted half the biomass in the upper 1000 m. Their populations had highest densities in the upper 150 m, though much of the C. acutus population resided below 300 m. Metridia gerlachei and C. propinquus underwent diel vertical migrations in both areas whereas C. acutus did not migrate. Species diversity in the epipelagic zone was moderate and the fauna was characterized by species typical of the oceanic east wind drift. Diversity increased with depth and was due primarily to the appearance of circumpolar mesopelagic copepods in Weddell Warm Deep Water. Biomass of 1–20 mm zooplankton in the 0–1000 m zone was low (1.1–1.3 gDWm-2) compared to other Southern Ocean areas investigated with comparable methods. It is suggested that this is related to Weddell circulation patterns and the resulting low annual primary production in the central Weddell Sea.
Using climatology to predict the first major summer corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) catch in north central Illinois

One of the largest food production companies in the United States, with sales in the billions of dollars, must closely monitor anything that may affect their vegetable crops. This includes harmful insects, such as the corn earworm (CEW) (Helicoverpa zea), that can reduce sweet corn yields and cause losses of approximately 12 million dollars annually in the Midwest. For this study, a major sweet corn production area located in north central Illinois was used to evaluate CEW moth flight characteristics. The initial major CEW catch (i.e. when 10 or more CEWs were caught in a field trap within a 24 h period) occurs on average around 20 August. However, during the period from 1960 to 2005 the first major catch occurred between 1 August and 16 September. If climatological information can be used to anticipate the initial major CEW arrival, then pest management strategies can be better implemented and field losses reduced. Seven of 13 years with an early first major CEW arrival (1 to 15 August) occurred when accumulated growing degree days (GDDs with a base of 10 °C) were > 917 and the number of warm nights (minimum temperatures ≥ 18.3 °C) was above average (>21 days) from 1 May to 31 July, while 7 of 13 years with a late first major CEW arrival (24 August to 16 September) occurred when accumulated GDDs < 853, the number of warm nights was < 18 days, and the number of days with an average air flow from the south was < 30 between 1 May and 31 July. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Estimation of protein digestibility—I. Development of an in vitro method for estimating protein digestibility in salmonids (Salmo gairdneri)

Abstract A pH-stat in vitro assay method using enzyme fraction from fish pyloric ceca was developed for estimating protein digestibility in salmonid diets. The data obtained by pH-stat method were compared with those obtained by pH-shift methods and with in vivo digestibility in fish. Results indicated that the pH-stat method better predicts the range of protein digestibility of the samples studied than pH-shift methods. The method has potential as an accurate way to estimate the digestibility and biological value of alternate protein sources for salmonid feeds.