cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new intermediate state model for the GTO: Relation to the turn-off process

An intermediate state of the GTO is treated, that is characterized simultaneously, by a negative gate current, high anode current, and reverse biases on parts of both the n+p and pn-junctions. This state provides insight into the processes occurring during the storage and fall stages of turn-off. The intermediate state exists when a negative gate current is present that is insufficient to cause turn-off. Under these circumstances there exists a boundary layer between the squeezed highly conducting on-region and the fully depleted off-region. It is this boundary layer that provides most of the holes for the gate current, and during the fall stage only this region is present. The mathematical approach is based upon quasistationary equations and a quasi-one-dimensional approximation. The storage time, fall time and the width of the boundary region are obtained for both high and low-injection regimes. This treatment is the first to clearly define the fall stage of turn-off.
Arsenic removal using polymer-supported hydrated iron(III) oxide nanoparticles: role of donnan membrane effect.

The conditions leading to the Donnan membrane equilibrium arise from the inability of ions to diffuse out from one phase in a heterogeneous system. In a polymeric cation exchanger, negatively charged sulfonic acid groups are covalently attached to the polymer chains, and thus, they cannot permeate out of the polymer phase. Conversely, a polymeric anion exchanger contains a high concentration of non-diffusible positively charged quaternary ammonium functional groups. It is well-established that submicron or nanoscale hydrated iron(III) oxide (HFO) particles exhibit high sorption affinity toward both arsenates and arsenites. In this study, commercially available cation and anion exchangers were used as host materials for dispersing HFO nanoparticles within the polymer phase using a technique previously developed. The resulting polymeric/inorganic hybrid sorbent particles were subsequently used for arsenic removal in the laboratory. The most significant finding of the study is that the anion exchanger as a s...
Low and high acetate amendments are equally as effective at promoting complete dechlorination of trichloroethylene (TCE)

Experiments with trichloroethylene-contaminated aquifer material demonstrated that TCE, cis-DCE, and VC were completely degraded with concurrent Fe(III) or Fe(III) and sulfate reduction when acetate was amended at stoichiometric concentration; competing TEAPs did not inhibit ethene production. Adding 10× more acetate did not increase the rate or extent of TCE reduction, but only increased methane production. Enrichment cultures demonstrated that ~90 μM TCE or ~22 μM VC was degraded primarily to ethene within 20 days with concurrent Fe(III) or Fe(III) + sulfate reduction. The dechlorination rates were comparable between the low and high acetate concentrations (0.36 vs 0.34 day−1, respectively), with a slightly slower rate in the 10× acetate amended incubations. Methane accumulated to 13.5 (±0.5) μmol/tube in the TCE-degrading incubations with 10× acetate, and only 1.4 (±0.1) μmol/tube with low acetate concentration. Methane accumulated to 16 (±1.5) μmol/tube in VC-degrading enrichment with 10× acetate and 2 (±0.1) μmol/tube with stoichiometric acetate. The estimated fraction of electrons distributed to methanogenesis increased substantially when excessive acetate was added. Quantitative PCR analysis indicated that 10× acetate did not enhance Dehalococcoides biomass but rather increased the methanogen abundance by nearly one order of magnitude compared to that with stoichiometric acetate. The data suggest that adding low levels of substrate may be equally if not more effective as high concentrations, without producing excessive methane. This has implications for field remediation efforts, in that adding excess electron donor may not benefit the reactions of interest, which in turn will increase treatment costs without direct benefit to the stakeholders.
Stress concentrations and microfracturing patterns in a brittle-elastic solid with interacting pores of diverse shapes

Elastic interactions between holes of diverse eccentricities, as well as between holes and cracks, are analyzed. We examine physical effects produced by interactions and the impact of hole eccentricities on these effects. Mixtures of strongly interacting holes of diverse eccentricities and sizes are of particular interest. Patterns of stress concentrations in such mixtures imply certain microfracturing patterns in materials with multiple defects.
Addressing the Dependency Problem in Access Security System Architecture Design

The objective of this research is to present a method for evaluating the performance of access control security systems, such as airport security operations. This requires the examination of security system architectures, which involve security technology devices and the algorithms that coordinate their operations. Dependence between device responses in multiple-device systems is a critical practical issue in assessing the performance of such architectures, though no results on this problem have appeared in the literature. This paper presents a method for evaluating when multipledevice security systems with overlapping capabilities are cost-effective. This is achieved using a dependency structure for security system devices to quantify how various technologies interact and to measure the impact of device dependence on system error probabilities. A measure of device response dependence for a two-device system is defined and its properties are explored, including bounds on the dependency measure. The effect of dependence on the system Type I and Type II error probabilities is examined for the two-device system. System performance is compared for independent vs. dependent device responses and desirable dependence relationships are identified. Results are also presented for a cascading sequence of devices. An example is presented to illustrate the results for the two-device system. Implications of these results are discussed, such as how they can be used to identify the optimal use of security devices and to determine whether new technologies warrant investment.
Influence of intraoperative capsule rupture on outcomes in stage I epithelial ovarian cancer.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effect of tumor capsule rupture on disease prognosis in stage I epithelial ovarian cancer.METHODS:All patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage I epithelial ovarian cancer operated on at the Mayo Clinic and The Ohio State University between J
Application of new, high-sensitivity, 1H-13C-N.M.R.-spectral techniques to the study of oligosaccharides

Abstract Four n.m.r. methods that are especially useful for characterization of oligosaccharides are applied to the trisaccharide α-Neu5Ac-(2→3)-β-Gal-(1→4)-Glc (1). Three of these are two-dimensional, heteronuclear methods that provide chemical-shift correlation maps having much higher sensitivity than was previously possible, because they rely on indirect observation of 13C via1H detection. These methods are used to assign, completely, the 1H- and 13C-n.m.r. spectra of both anomers of the trisaccharide. In addition to these two-dimensional methods, a one-dimensional method is used to measure 1H-1H coupling-constants accurately within each sugar ring. The values of the coupling constants thus measured for 1 are evidence that the conformations of the individual sugar rings are not affected by linkage into the trisaccharide.
Telemetry interference incorrectly interpreted as evidence for lightning and present‐day volcanism at Venus

Spike-like responses to interruptions in the data recorded by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter electric field detector, identified as broadband whistler noise by Singh and Russell (1986), are analyzed. It is shown that these spikes are nonphysical artifacts of the processing of interruptions in telemetry data, and that they are readily distinguishable from other nonartificial noise apppearing in the measurements. It is suggested that key portions of the results of Singh and Russell are compromised by the inclusion of the artificial data. It is concluded that the present electric field data set provides no evidence for inferring the presence of either lighning or present-day volcanism at Venus.
W. W. Keen: America's Pioneer Neurological Surgeon

The contributions of William Williams Keen to the development of neurological surgery were greater than those of any other American surgeon in the last quarter of the 19th century. His close association with S. Weir Mitchell, the father of American neurology, spanned more than 50 years. Keen's early publications included topics of neuroanatomical and neurophysiological interest. He was the first surgeon in America to remove a meningeal tumor and effect a cure and the first in America to stimulate the brain at operation. He made contributions to the surgical treatment of hydrocephalus, craniostenosis, torticollis, trigeminal neuralgia, and nervous system trauma. Keen's surgical texts provided an important foundation for Cushing, Frazier, and those that followed. Showered with honors as America's dean of surgery, Keen lived to see the many specialties evolve.
Hyperspectral remote sensing of Cyanobacteria: successes and challenges

Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CHABs) is a major water quality issue in surface water bodies because of its scum and bad odor forming and toxin producing abilities. Terminations of blooms also cause oxygen depletion leading to hypoxia and widespread fish kills. Therefore, continuous monitoring of CHABs in recreational water bodies and surface drinking water sources is highly required for their early detection and subsequent issuance of a health warning and reducing the economic loss. We present a comparative study between a modified quasi-analytical algorithm (QAA) and a novel three-band algorithm (PC3) to retrieve phycocyanin (PC) pigment concentration in cyanobacteria laden inland waters. An extensive dataset, consisting of radiometric measurements, absorption measurements of phytoplankton, organic matter, detritus, and pigment concentration, was used to optimize the algorithms. The QAA algorithm isolates the PC signal from the remote sensing reflectance data using a set of radiative transfer equations and retrieves PC concentration in the water bodies through bio-optical inversion. Validation of the QAA algorithm, using an independent dataset, produced a mean relative error (MRE) of 34%. For the PC 3 algorithm, we propose a coefficient (ψ) for isolating the PC absorption component at 620 nm. Results show that inclusion of the model coefficient relating chlorophyll-a (chla) absorption at 620 nm to 665 nm enables PC 3 to compensate for the confounding effect of chl-a and considerably increases the accuracy of the PC prediction algorithm. The MRE of prediction for PC 3 was 27%. Moreover, PC 3 eliminates the nonlinear sensitivity issue of PC algorithms at high range.
Memory training interventions for older adults: A meta-analysis

A systematic review and meta-analysis of memory training research was conducted to characterize the effect of memory strategies on memory performance among cognitively intact, community-dwelling older adults, and to identify characteristics of individuals and of programs associated with improved memory. The review identified 402 publications, of which 35 studies met criteria for inclusion. The overall effect size estimate, representing the mean standardized difference in pre-post change between memory-trained and control groups, was 0.31 standard deviations (SD; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.22, 0.39). The pre-post training effect for memory-trained interventions was 0.43 SD (95% CI: 0.29, 0.57) and the practice effect for control groups was 0.06 SD (95% CI: 0.05, 0.16). Among 10 distinct memory strategies identified in studies, meta-analytic methods revealed that training multiple strategies was associated with larger training gains (p=0.04), although this association did not reach statistical significance after adjusting for multiple comparisons. Treatment gains among memory-trained individuals were not better after training in any particular strategy, or by the average age of participants, session length, or type of control condition. These findings can inform the design of future memory training programs for older adults.
Athermal Photonic Crystal Membrane Reflectors on Diamond

We report here experimental demonstration of Fano resonance photonic crystal Si membrane reflectors on diamond for much improved thermal performance. At normal incidence, high reflection is obtained over a broad spectral band, with reflectivity greater than 95% from 1260 to 1450 nm. The measured reflection spectrum agrees well with the theoretical design. The improved thermal performance, with much reduced temperature rise, was also observed experimentally over a wide range of high incident optical power intensities. Such athermal Si membrane reflectors on diamond offer great opportunities for the applications in energy efficient lasers and high-power lasers.
ETHNIC IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONALLY ADOPTED CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: IMPLICATIONS FOR FAMILY THERAPISTS

The life story of the internationally adopted child tends to be an emotional one. How the story is told and retold in the family can have lasting consequences for the child's adjustment and well-being. In telling the story, parents are faced with a unique challenge: To what extent is it desirable to encourage their children, who already struggle with identity issues related to adoption, to identify with their cultures of origin? Therapists working on these issues with multiethnic adoptive families can find little guidance in the family systems literature. To fill this gap, the present article reviews the literature on racial/ethnic identity development and the available research on ethnic identification, self-esteem, and the psychological adjustment of cross-ethnically adopted children and adolescents. Implications for practice include developmental considerations, identifying children and families at risk, and recommendations for those in need of intervention.
Karenia brevis red tides, brevetoxins in the food web, and impacts on natural resources: decadal advancements.

As recently as a decade ago, Karenia brevis red tides and their effects on animal resources in the Gulf of Mexico were principally perceived as acute blooms that caused massive fish kills. Although occasional mortalities of higher vertebrates were documented, it has only been in the past decade that conclusive evidence has unequivocally demonstrated that red tides and their brevetoxins are lethal to these organisms. Brevetoxins can be transferred through the food chain and are accumulated in or transferred by biota at many trophic levels. The trophic transfer of brevetoxins in the food web is a complex phenomenon, one that is far more complicated than originally conceived. Unexplained fish kills and other animal mortalities in areas where red tide is endemic are being increasingly linked with post-bloom exposures of biota to brevetoxins. Mass mortality events of endangered Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) follow a consistent spatial and temporal pattern, occurring primarily in the spring in southwestern Florida. Persistent blooms can also cause a cascade of environmental changes, affecting the ecosystem and causing widespread die-offs of benthic communities. Ongoing fish kills from sustained blooms can lead to short-term declines in local populations. Although animal populations in areas where red tide is endemic are unquestionably at risk, it remains to be determined to what extent populations can continue to recover from these sustained effects.
The cognitive unconscious: An evolutionary perspective

Abstract In recent decades it has become increasingly clear that a substantial amount of cognitive work goes on independent of consciousness. The research has been carried out largely under two rubrics, implicit learning and implicit memory. The former has been concerned primarily with the acquisition of knowledge independent of awareness and the latter with the manner in which memories not readily available to conscious recall or recognition play a role in behavior; collectively these operations comprise the essential functions of the cognitive unconscious. This paper reviews the recent history of work on these issues, identifies some of the problems confronting researchers, and introduces a theoretical framework based on principles of evolutionary biology within which to view them. The argument is that the cognitive unconscious, despite its apparent sophistication, is of considerable evolutionary antiquity and antedates conscious cognitive systems by a considerable amount of time. Various entailments of this evolutionary perspective are explored including such issues as phylogeny and ontogeny of implicit processes, the robustness of the implicit functions as displayed by the capacity to resist disruptions from psychological and neurological disorders, the relationship between implicit cognition and intelligence, and individual differences in implicit cognitive abilities.
GeSi Infrared Detectors Using Selective Deposition

Heterojunction p++ GeSi / Si internal photoemission (HIP) detectors deposited by ultra high vacuum chemical vapor deposition (UHV/CVD) were investigated as alternatives to silicide Schottky-barrier type detectors for infrared focal plane arrays. HIP structures were grown using SiH4, GeH4, and B2H6 source gases on (100) p- Si substrates patterned with thermal oxide windows. Selective epitaxy was maintained over a range of boron concentrations (6×1019 – 6.5×1020 cm-3) and Ge fractions (0.38–0.50), and a maximum selective thickness of ~300A was determined for silicon growth at 550°C. These structures were fabricated into IR detectors using techniques compatible with standard Si focal plane array processing technology. Photoresponse data were analyzed according to the modified Fowler equation, indicating cut-off wavelengths of 5–12 (μm) and Cl values of 8–21 (%/eV) depending on sample parameters. I(V) characteristics were also measured at various temperatures, yielding electrical barrier heights consistent with optical measurements.
Optical response of small niobium clusters.

The optical absorption spectra of small, isolated niobium clusters from seven to twenty atoms have been measured from 334 to 614 nm via photodepletion of niobium cluster-argon van der Waals complexes, ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{\mathit{n}}$${\mathrm{Ar}}_{\mathit{m}}$, in a moleculear beam. The absorption cross sections of all clusters in this size range increase with decreasing wavelength, as predicted by classical electrodynamic theory applied to small niobium spheres, however, the magnitudes of the cross sections are several times larger than predicted.
Equity restoration, the Holocaust and tourism of sacred sites

Abstract Distressing events perpetrated against specific ethnic and religious groups frequently have implications that stretch well beyond the cessation of violent activities. Many times the victims and their descendants manifest their animosity in the realm of tourism and consumption related activity. This paper, utilizing netnographic data, examines the reactions of some global Jewish citizens in relation to tourism activity surrounding historic Holocaust sites located in Eastern Europe. Related to the emergent themes of equity restoration, controllability, and discounting, this research examines why many tourists decide to avoid tourism to historic heritage sites, leading to an examination of the link between physical location, remembrance and relational work. Additionally, data indicate some Jewish tourists may avoid travel because of the paucity of Jewish life in the areas surrounding sacred sites, thereby creating the perception that anti-Semitism is still present. Our research calls to question the value of visual and physical evidence in relation to maintaining identity and facilitating remembrance.
Experimental evidence for dislocation core structures in silicon

Abstract We will discuss a new electron diffraction technique for obtaining direct experimental evidence of dislocation core structures. We will show how this method can be used to distinguish between the two proposed models for the Si 90° partial and measure their energy difference if both are present.
Electron Probe Microanalysis of Noncarious Enamel and Dentin and Calcified Tissues in Mottled Teeth

A quantitative chemical distribution of five elements in several undecalcified sections of teeth was determined by the electron microprobe method. The calcium (Ca)/ phosphorus (P) weight percent ratios were determined in scans through the enamel and dentin, and characteristic curves for the concentration of the trace elements magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), and chlorine (Cl) were obtained.
The coronary collateral circulation in normal goats.

Abstract This study was undertaken to evaluate the coronary collateral circulation of the goat. Year old, castrated male goats were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. A branch of the left circumflex coronary artery was dissected and a snare placed around it. Regional myocardial blood flow was measured by injecting colored microspheres into the left atrium before and during 3 hr of occlusion of this coronary artery. The Area At Risk for infarction, as defined by a left atrial injection of Brilliant Green dye, was divided into a central Ischemic zone and a peripheral Ischemic Border zone. The degree of overlap in the blood flow distributions between the risk and the nonrisk areas was quantitatively assessed by injecting microspheres directly into the artery to the Area At Risk. Baseline blood flow to the normally perfused goat myocardium was 1.13 ± 0.18 ml/min/g (mean ± SE). Following occlusion, the flow to the Ischemic zone was 0.07 ± 0.03 ml/min/g and to the Ischemic Border zone was 0.31 ± 0.18 ml/min/g. Flow to either zone did not increase during the 3-hr observation period. Overlap at the perimeter of the risk and nonrisk areas was approximately 22%. We conclude that flow to the Ischemic zone is low because the goat has few native collateral blood vessels, and that flow to the Ischemic Border zone is significantly affected by overlap with normal myocardium.
Fabrication of pin/hemt receiver oeics for Gb/s lightwave systems on three-inch diameter inp substrate

Receiver optoelectronic integrated circuits (OEICs) have been successfully designed on a three-inch diameter InP substrate. Epitaxial layers grown by OMVPE on three-inch diameter InP substrates showed good uniformity of electrical and optical properties. By using the epitaxial layers, transimpedance-type receiver OEICs were fabricated. the receiver OEICs over a three-inch diameter InP substrate showed an average bandwidth of 2.78 GHz with a standard deviation of 280 MHz. the receiver also exhibited a transimpedance of 61.1 dB and a sensitivity of -24.9 dBm for 2.4 Gb/s input signals. These results indicate that the receiver OEICs designed on a three-inch diameter InP substrate are ready for practical use in Gb/s lightwave systems.
Salmonella endocarditis complicated by a myocardial abscess

Abstract A patient in whom Salmonella endocarditis developed on a stenotic mitral valve is described. After apparent bacteriologic cure, she died with Salmonella septicemia and a myocardial abscess. The long period of clinical and bacteriologic remission in this case demonstrates the need for prolonged observation and frequent blood and stool cultures for many months after the completion of therapy for Salmonella endocarditis.
Experiments related to Possible Production of Superheavy Elements by Proton Irradiation

MARINOV et al. have reported results which led them to believe that they might have found element 112, which they took to be a mercury homologue, produced by secondary reactions occurring in the irradiation of tungsten targets with 24 GeV protons1. Evidence was presented for alpha and spontaneous fission decay associated with a species having chemical properties similar to those of mercury and a half-life of the order of months at least. As a possible mechanism for the synthesis of 112, they discussed the production, by proton scattering, of heavy recoil nuclei having kinetic energies exceeding the Coulomb barrier for their reaction with other tungsten nuclei in the target. With the assumptions that such recoils are produced with a cross section of about 1 µbarn and that they react to form the spontaneously fissioning species with a cross section about 10 µbarns, they estimated that in the 120 g cm−2 target, irradiated by 1018 protons, the yield could have been 103 superheavy atoms.
Turning the Crown Upside Down: Gene Tree Parsimony Roots the Eukaryotic Tree of Life

The first analyses of gene sequence data indicated that the eukaryotic tree of life consisted of a long stem of microbial groups "topped" by a crown-containing plants, animals, and fungi and their microbial relatives. Although more recent multigene concatenated analyses have refined the relationships among the many branches of eukaryotes, the root of the eukaryotic tree of life has remained elusive. Inferring the root of extant eukaryotes is challenging because of the age of the group (� 1.7-2.1 billion years old), tremendous heterogeneity in rates of evolution among lineages, and lack of obvious outgroups for many genes. Here, we reconstruct a rooted phylogeny of extant eukaryotes based on minimizing the number of duplications and losses among a collection of gene trees. This approach does not require outgroup sequences or assumptions of orthology among sequences. We also explore the impact of taxon and gene sampling and assess support for alternative hypotheses for the root. Using 20 gene trees from 84 diverse eukaryotic lineages, this approach recovers robust eukaryotic clades and reveals evidence for a eukaryotic root that lies between the Opisthokonta (animals, fungi and their microbial relatives) and all remaining eukaryotes. (Eukaryotes; gene tree; molecular systematics; species tree reconciliation; tree of life.)
Regulation of the follicular hierarchy and ovulation

Studies are discussed which investigate the regulation of follicular maturation and the ovulation sequence of the domestic hen. The number of FSH receptors of ovarian granulosa cells decreases as the follicle matures, and this decrease in receptor number is paralleled by a gradual loss of FSH-stimulable adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity. By contrast, LH-stimulable AC activity increases as the follicle progresses through the hierarchy. In addition, FSH stimulates progesterone secretion by granulosa cells of the smaller preovulatory follicles, whereas these cells are only minimally responsive to LH. These data suggest that the maturation of less mature (smaller) follicles is primarily controlled by FSH, while LH may serve primarily as the ovulation-inducing hormone. The ability of LH to stimulate progesterone release and induce premature ovulation is dependent upon the stage of the sequence. Injection of ovine LH 12 hr prior to ovulation of the first (C1) egg of the sequence induces fully potentiated preovulatory plasma progesterone surges and 100% premature ovulation, whereas injection prior to the second (C2) ovulation of the sequence fails to stimulate prolonged progesterone release and induces premature ovulation in less than 50% of injected hens. These results are consistent with data obtained in vitro which suggest that granulosa cells obtained 12 hr prior to a C1 ovulation secrete more progesterone in response to chicken LH compared to those obtained 12 hr prior to the C2 ovulation. These data are discussed in terms of the ovary's ability to act as a regulator of the ovulatory cycle.
Origin of alternative splicing by tandem exon duplication

Genes with new functions often evolve by gene duplication. Alternative splicing is another means of evolutionary innovation in eukaryotes, which allows a single gene to encode functionally diverse proteins. We investigate a connection between these two evolutionary phenomena. For approximately 10% of the described cases of substitution alternative splicing, such that either one or another amino acid sequence is included into the protein, evidence of origin by tandem exon duplication was found. This is a conservative estimate because alternative exons are typically short and, on many occasions, duplicates may have diverged beyond recognition. Dating exon duplications through a combination of the available experimental data on alternative splicing in orthologous genes from different species and computational analysis indicates that most of the duplications antedate at least the radiation of mammalian orders or even the radiation of vertebrate classes. At present, tandem exon duplication is the only mechanism of evolution of substitution alternative splicing that can be specifically demonstrated. Along with gene duplication, this could be a major route for generating functional diversity during evolution of multicellular eukaryotes.
Long‐term transient and metastable effects in cadmium telluride photovoltaic modules

Thin-film cadmium telluride (CdTe) photovoltaic (PV) technology is poised to begin making significant contributions and impact on terrestrial, electric power generation. However, some outstanding issues such as stability and transient behavior, and their impact on reliability and assessment of performance, remain to be thoroughly addressed, which has prompted some unease among PV industry integrators toward deploying this technology. We explore the issues of long-term stability and transient behavior in the performance of CdTe modules herein, using data acquired from indoor light-soaking studies. We find that measurement of current-voltage parameters and their temperature coefficients are entangled with transient effects. Changes in module power depend on recent operating history, such as electrical bias, and can result in either artificially high or low performance. Both the open-circuit voltage (VOC) and fill factor (FF) are significantly impacted by metastable behavior that appears to linger for up to tens of hours, and we observe such increased transient effects after modules have undergone several hundred hours of light exposure. We present and analyze data measured under standard reporting conditions and actual operating conditions for six CdTe modules light-exposed and stressed at 65°C nominal temperatures. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicting the percent live cover of corals: An in situ remote sensing approach

[1] Percent reflectance of corals is perhaps the most important remotely sensed data that can be related to their biophysical properties. Because most of the biophysical variables of corals (i.e., pigment content, live cover and algal overgrowth) are related to their reflectance spectra, the analysis and inversion of the spectra may provide an account of these variables. Our research was aimed at determining the relationship between the percent live cover and reflectance of corals. Two wavelength bands (405–425 nm, and 590–600 nm) were identified to establish the relationship. A linear relationship was observed, which showed higher correlation (R2 = 0.886) at 405–425 nm when compared to 590–600 nm (R2 = 0.602). Validation methods revealed that 405–425 nm wavelength range provided a better relationship than 590–600 nm in predicting percent live cover of corals.
Emotion, Meaning, and Appraisal Theory

According to psychological emotion theories referred to as appraisal theory, emotions are caused by appraisals (evaluative judgments). Borrowing a term from Jan Smedslund, it is the contention of this article that psychological appraisal theory is “pseudoempirical” (i.e., misleadingly or incorrectly empirical). In the article I outline what makes some scientific psychology “pseudoempirical,” distinguish my view on this from Jan Smedslund's, and then go on to show why paying heed to the ordinary meanings of emotion terms is relevant to psychology, and how appraisal theory is methodologically off the mark by employing experiments, questionnaires, and the like, to investigate what follows from the ordinary meanings of words. The overarching argument of the article is that the scientific research program of appraisal theory is fundamentally misguided and that a more philosophical approach is needed to address the kinds of questions it seeks to answer.
DOES RESEARCH MATTER? AN ANALYSIS OF MEDIA OPINION ON BILINGUAL EDUCATION, 1984-1994

Abstract Media opinion pieces, as persuasive rhetorical devices, have recourse to the use of social science research in support of their editorial positions. This study examines the extent to which newspaper and magazine opinion pieces employed scientific research findings in making their arguments in support of or opposition to bilingual education. A content analysis was conducted on bilingual education articles published in educational research journals as well as opinion pieces--staff editorials, signed opinion pieces, and letters to the editor--on bilingual education from five national newspapers and three national news magazines over an eleven year period, 1984–1994. Major findings of the analyses were that (a) 82% of empirical studies and research reviews reported favorable findings on the effectiveness of bilingual programs; (b) only 45% of persuasive newspaper articles took a similar position favorable to bilingual education; (c) less than half of all persuasive newspaper articles made any mention...
POPULATION ESTIMATES: BIRTH-TO-5 CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES:

How many infants, toddlers, and preschoolers with disabilities potentially could be served under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)? New estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau's Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) suggest that there were as many as 851,000 children with disabilities, birth to 5, during the 1991-1992 school year. The SIPP figures indicate that 80% of these children had received developmental services. The SIPP data also show that many children were served privately, rather than through IDEA or Chapter 1 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. Information in the SIPP also demonstrates the need to conduct outreach to low socioeconomic status (SES) and minority families with children under age 6 years.
Acute Paranasal Sinusitis in Critically Ill Patients: Guidelines for Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Nosocomial sinusitis is common in critical illness. Randomized trials indicate that radiographic sinusitis (RS) occurs in 25%-75% of all critically ill patients and that 18%-32% of endotracheally intubated patients will develop sinusitis. Variability in the estimated incidence of RS stems from the many radiographic techniques used for diagnosis. Critically ill patients with suspected sinusitis should undergo computed tomographic scanning of all paranasal sinuses. If the scans are positive (opacification, mucosal thickening, air-fluid level), aspiration is performed after meticulous nasal disinfection. Infection is confirmed if a pathogen is identified along with neutrophils. Nosocomial sinusitis is usually caused by gram-negative bacilli or is polymicrobial. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the most common causative organism, represents 15.9% of isolates. The most common gram-positive isolate is Staphylococcus aureus (10.6%); fungi represent 8.5% of isolates. Infection is treated with aspiration and systemic antibiotics. Treatment failures are common; drainage with indwelling catheters is sometimes necessary.
Preformed Membrane-Associated Stores of Interleukin (Il)-12 Are a Previously Unrecognized Source of Bioactive IL-12 That Is Mobilized within Minutes of Contact with an Intracellular Parasite

The prevailing paradigm is that production of the interleukin (IL)-12 p70 heterodimer, a critical T helper cell type 1 (Th1)–inducing cytokine, depends on the induced transcription of the p40 subunit. Concordant with this paradigm, we found that dendritic cells (DCs) produced IL-12 p70 only after at least 2–4 h of stimulation with lipopolysaccharide plus interferon γ. However, using several complementary experimental approaches, including electron and confocal microscopy, we now show that resting murine and human myeloid cells, including macrophages/DCs and DC-rich tissues, contain a novel source of bioactive IL-12 that is preformed and membrane associated. These preformed, membrane-associated IL-12 p70 stores are released within minutes after in vitro or in vivo contact with Leishmania donovani, an intracellular pathogen. Our findings highlight a novel source of bioactive IL-12 that is readily available for the rapid initiation of Th1 host responses to pathogens such as Leishmania species.
The endocannabinoid signaling system: a potential target for next-generation therapeutics for alcoholism

Research into the endocannabinoid signaling system has grown exponentially in recent years following the discovery of cannabinoid receptors (CB) and their endogenous ligands, such as anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Important advances have been made in our understanding of the endocannabinoid signaling system in various aspects of alcoholism, including alcohol-seeking behavior. Alcohol increases the synthesis or impairs the degradation of endocannabinoids, leading to a locally elevated endocannabinoid tone within the brain. Elevated endocannabinoid tone might be expected to result in compensatory down-regulation of CB1 receptors or dampened signal transduction. Following release, endocannabinoids diffuse back to the presynaptic neuron where they act as short-range modulators of synaptic activity by altering neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity. Mice treated with the CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A (rimonabant) or homozygous for a deletion of the CB1 receptor gene exhibit reduced voluntary alcohol intake. CB1 knockout mice also show increased alcohol sensitivity, withdrawal, and reduced conditioned place preference. Conversely, activation of CB1 receptor promotes alcohol intake. Recent studies also suggest that elevated endocannabinoid tone due to impaired degradation contributes to high alcohol preference and self-administration. These effects are reversed by local administration of rimonabant, suggesting the participation of the endocannabinoid signaling system in high alcohol preference and self-administration. These recent advances will be reviewed with an emphasis on the endocannabinoid signaling system for possible therapeutic interventions of alcoholism.
Multiterminal net routing for partial crossbar-based multi-FPGA systems

Multi-FPGA (field-programmable gate arrays) systems are used as custom computing machines to solve compute-intensive problems and also in the verification and prototyping of large circuits. In this paper, we address the problem of routing multiterminal nets in a multi-FPGA system that uses partial crossbars as interconnect structures. First, we model the multiterminal routing problem as a partitioned bin-packing problem and formulate it as an integer linear programming problem where the number of variables is exponential. A fast heuristic is applied to compute an upper bound on the routing solution. Then, a column generation technique is used to solve the linear relaxation of the initial master problem in order to obtain a lower bound on the routing solution. This is followed by an iterative branch-and-price procedure that attempts to find a routing solution somewhere between the two established bounds. In this regard, the proposed algorithm guarantees an exact-routing solution by searching a branch-and-price tree. Due to the tightness of the bounds, the branch-and-price tree is small resulting in shorter execution times. Experimental results are provided for different netlists and board configurations in order to demonstrate the algorithms performance. The obtained results show that the algorithm finds an exact routing solution in a very short time.
FDG PET/CT for management and assessing outcomes of squamous cell cancer of the oral cavity

OBJECTIVE. FDG PET/CT has excellent diagnostic accuracy for detecting locoregional nodal and distant metastases, can be used to assess therapeutic response, and provides valuable information about prognosis in patients with oral cavity cancer. The aim of this article is to summarize the value of FDG PET/CT in the treatment of patients with squamous cell cancer of the oral cavity. CONCLUSION. FDG PET/CT is a valuable imaging study in the management of oral squamous cell cancer and in predicting patient outcome.
Correlation between levator ani muscle injuries on magnetic resonance imaging and fecal incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, and urinary incontinence in primiparous women

Objective The objective of the study was to correlate the presence of major levator ani muscle (LAM) injuries on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with fecal incontinence (FI), pelvic organ prolapse (POP), and urinary incontinence (UI) in primiparous women 6-12 months postpartum. Study Design A published scoring system was used to characterize LAM injuries on MRI dichotomously (MRI negative, no/mild vs MRI positive, major). Results Major LAM injuries were observed in 17 of 89 (19.1%) women who delivered vaginally with external anal sphincter (EAS) injuries, 3 of 88 (3.5%) who delivered vaginally without EAS injury, and 0 of 29 (0%) who delivered by cesarean section before labor ( P = .0005). Among women with EAS injuries, those with major LAM injuries trended toward more FI, 35.3% vs 16.7% ( P = .10) and POP, 35.3% vs 15.5% ( P = .09), but not UI ( P = 1.0). Conclusion These data support the growing body of literature suggesting that both EAS and LAM are important for fecal continence and that multiple injuries contribute to pelvic floor dysfunction.
Queering Multicultural Competence in Counseling

The aim of this chapter is to help readers recognize how they reproduce heteronormative colonization, even if they identify as multiculturally competent. Drawing from the narrative of a beneficent heterosexual counselor, Nichole, I critically examine normative assumptions within the field of counseling, challenge the heteronormative status quo of multicultural competence, deconstruct hegemonic practices, and promote critical consciousness. I then examine and unpack the constructs of the discourse of heteronormativity, heterosexism, homophobia, modern heterosexism, microaggressions, heterosexual privilege, and the problematic relationship between each of these constructs and the fields of counseling and counseling psychology. I also present recommendations for decolonizing the field of counseling at the individual and systemic levels. Finally, I call for the fields to move beyond a multicultural counseling competence (MCC) model and to take up a social justice (SJ) model of counseling.
Treatment failure of fetal posterior communicating artery aneurysms with the pipeline embolization device

Aneurysms that involve the internal carotid artery and posterior communicating artery junction and incorporate a fetal posterior cerebral artery are known as fetal posterior communicating artery aneurysms. We report the outcomes of four patients with fetal posterior communicating artery aneurysms who underwent treatment with the pipeline embolization device with or without adjunctive coil embolization. In our study, all four patients failed to achieve aneurysm occlusion at the last follow-up evaluation. Based on our results, we currently do not recommend the use of the flow diverter for the treatment of fetal posterior communicating artery aneurysms.
Urbanization Impact on Streamflow

Studies of the impact of urbanization on runoff in the Tulsa metropolitan area are based on 114 floods recorded in Oklahoma City, Dallas, Fort Worth, and Austin, since satisfactory streamflow data are not available for Tulsa. It was found that impervious areas do not appreciably affect runoff timing and affect runoff volume much less than was anticipated. A model for computing urban runoff changes and calibration criteria are suggested, along with step-by-step procedure description.
Editorial Board Thoughts: The Importance of Staff Change Management in the Face of the Growing "Cloud"

Editorial Board Thoughts: The Importance of Staff Change Management in the Face of the Growing “Cloud”
The Quota Method of Apportionment

The problem of apportionment is explained together with an account of the methods used by the United States Congress beginning with the first decennial apportionment of 1792. Fairness and historica...
Histamine in blood and tissues of Aves.

SummarySpectrofluorometric assays were carried out on the blood fractions and some cardiovascular tissues of both sexes of chickens, ducks and pigeons to determine histamine levels. Cardiac tissue histamine ranged between 0.15 and 5.82 μg/g in both females and males of these three species; the chicken had the highest concentration. Atrial tissue histamine was higher than that found in the ventricles; males usually had higher concentrations than females. The relevance of these values to other biogenic amines are discussed. Splenic histamine ranged from 3.17 to 15.21 μg/g; the female had higher values than the males. Of all the blood fractions, the white blood cells contained the highest levels; the plasma contained the least. Histamine concentration in whole blood ranged from 0.33 to 0.90 μg/ml in chickens, 0.07 to 0.14 μg/ml in ducks, and 0.02 to 0.09 μg/ml in pigeons. The blood fractions of female birds showed higher histamine values than those of males.
Comparison of Insecticide Application Schedules for Control of Cotton Insects

Results of a 3-year study to determine the most effective and economical insecticide application schedule for control of cotton insects are presented. Three insecticide mixtures were each applied, and 6 different control schedules were used ranging from full-season insect control to schedules begun at the 25% boll weevil infestation level. The insecticide mixtures used in the experiment were: toxaphene-DDT, endrin-methyl parathion, and azinphosmethyl-DDT. This study indicated that yield losses were caused only by the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman; the bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie) ; and the tobacco budworm, H. virescens (F.). During the years when both the boll weevil and the bollworm complex caused economic damage, the most satisfactory schedule followed was one where control measures were begun at the 10% boll weevil infestation level and continued only as needed. However, in 1963, when bollworms and tobacco bud worms were the major pests, the highest yields were obtained when the insecticide applications were delayed until boll weevil infestations had reached the 25% level. In 2 of the 3 years, the fullseason schedule resulted in the lowest yields of the 6 application schedules. Results of the 3-year study showed that yields obtained from all application schedules were highly significant when compared with the untreated check; however, there were no significant differencesamong the yields from the application-schedule treatments,
Procedural Sedation and Analgesia in Children: Perspectives from Paediatric Emergency Physicians:

Procedural sedation and analgesia in children is now widely practised in many emergency departments internationally. In this article, we address the general principles, indications, guidelines, med...
Process Control Objects Knowledge Modeling for Cooperative Design Based on Collaboration Mechanism

On the basis of domain problem collaboration solving for cooperative design,the cooperation process control objects is analyzed to support the cooperative design.Furthermore,the collaboration mechanism of cooperative design process control objects is put forward oriented to the domain problem collaborative solving.By taking domain problem collaboration solving,business processing for cooperative design and domain control knowledge processing as the three key techniques,the knowledge-based model of the cooperative design process control objects is constructed and realized.Finally,with the background of active framework based business processing control,an approach to the domain problem solving process control knowledge processing algorithms for cooperative design is discussed.