cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aperture amplitude and phase control of offset dual reflectors

The dual-shaped reflector synthesis problem was first solved by Galindo and Kinber in the early 1950's for the circularly symmetric-shaped reflectors. Given an arbitrary feed pattern, it was shown that the surfaces required to transform this feed pattern by geometrical optics into any specified phase and amplitude pattern in the specified output aperture are found by the integration of two simultaneous nonlinear ordinary differential equations. For the offset noncoaxial geometry, however, it is shown that the equations found by this method are partial differential equations which, in general, do not form a total differential. Hence the exact solution to this problem is generally not possible. It is also shown, however, that for many important problems the partial differential equations form a nearly total differential. It thus becomes possible to generate a smooth subreflector by integration of the differential equations and then synthesize a main reflector which gives an exact solution for the specified aperture phase distribution. The resultant energy (or amplitude) distribution in the output aperture as well as the output aperture periphery are then approximately the specified values. A representative group of important solutions are presented which illustrate the very good quality that frequently results by this synthesis method. This includes high gain, low sidelobe, near-field Cassegrain, and different ( f/D ) ratio reflector systems.
GENERATION AND CONTROL OF SEPARATED VORTICES OVER A DELTA WING BY MEANS OF LEADING EDGE FLAPS

A series of experiments have been conducted to investigate the ability of leading edge flaps to generate and control separated vortices of enhanced strength over a delta wing. The flaps project towards the suction side, with inclinations ranging from being folded on the wing's upper surface to being perpendicular to it. Flaps of 7.5' and 5' apex angle were tested on a wind tunnel model equipped with pressure taps. Tests were run for both static and rapidly opening/closing flaps. Complementary flow visualization tests were carried out in a water channel. At zero and low angles of attack of the main wing, the flap generates and controls a - strong, separated vortex that generates significantly more lift than the wing alone. At high incidence the vortex enhancement and control capabilities are lost. Asymmetric opening of one flap is effective for rolling moment control only at the lowest angles of attack. Rapid opening of the flaps can result, temporarily, in much stronger vortices and suction peaks. Nomenclaturg
A comparison of pediatric freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling injuries sustained during a 2006 US national tournament

The purpose of this study was to compare the epidemiology of freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling injuries sustained during a 2006 United States (US) national tournament. A prospective injury surveillance study was conducted at the US 2006 ASICS/Vaughan Cadet and Junior National Championships. There were 83 freestyle- and 55 Greco-Roman-related injuries sustained, with the rate of injury per 1000 athlete-matches higher in freestyle (7.0) compared with Greco-Roman (4.6) wrestling [Rate ratio (RR)=1.51, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07-2.12]. Compared with Greco-Roman wrestling, there was a greater proportion of knee injuries in freestyle wrestling [injury proportion ratio (IPR)=4.17, 95% CI: 1.30-13.41]. In GrecoRoman wrestling, there were greater proportions of elbow (IPR=9.11, 95% CI: 1.13-73.59) and head/face/neck (IPR=1.72, 95% CI: 1.10-2.67) injuries and a greater proportion of concussions (IPR=1.95, 95% CI: 0.92-4.12), although the latter was statistically insignificant. Greco-Roman wrestlers sustained a greater proportion of injuries from being driven into the mat (IPR=2.97, 95% CI: 1.72-5.14). There were no statistically significant differences in injury outcome by wrestling style. The differing injury rates and patterns of injury between freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling are likely due to the different rules between these styles that allow lower leg attacks in freestyle wrestling and encourage the use of throws in Greco-Roman wrestling.
Isotope ratio analysis on micron-sized particles in complex matrices by Laser Ablation-Absorption Ratio Spectrometry

Abstract Laser ablation has been combined with dual tunable diode laser absorption spectrometry to measure 152 Gd: 160 Gd isotope ratios in micron-size particles. The diode lasers are tuned to specific isotopes in two different atomic transitions at 405.9 nm ( 152 Gd) and 413.4 nm ( 160 Gd) and directed collinearly through the laser ablation plume, separated on a diffraction grating, and detected with photodiodes to monitor transient absorption signals on a shot-by-shot basis. The method has been characterized first using Gd metal foil and then with particles of GdCl 3 · x H 2 0 as binary and ternary mixtures with 152 Gd: 160 Gd isotope ratios ranging from 0.01 to 0.43. These particulate mixtures have been diluted with Columbia River sediment powder (SRM 4350B) to simulate environmental samples and we show the method is capable of detecting a few highly-enriched particles in the presence of a >100-fold excess of low-enrichment particles, even when the Gd-bearing particles are a minor component (0.08%) in the SRM powder and widely dispersed (1178 particles detected in 800,000 ablation laser shots). The implications for monitoring 235 U: 238 U enrichment ratios in airborne particle samples, as related to the nuclear industry, are discussed.
Reliability of high aspect ratio plated through holes (PTH) for advanced printed circuit board (PCB) packages

A plated-through hole (PTH) in multi-layer printed wiring boards (PWB) is defined as "a hole in which electrical connection is made between internal or external conductive patterns, or both, by plating of metal on the wall of the hole". The recent trend to increase the packaging density at all levels has resulted in a significant increase in PWB wiring layers and in turn for PTH density in order to communicate between the layers of circuitry. The increase in overall PCB thickness, coupled to the decrease in PTH diameter makes the PTH integrity during the assembly process and subsequent field stresses one of the primary reliability concerns in PWB production and usage. Thermo-mechanical stresses mainly due to mismatch in out-of-plane (z-direction) coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) between the PTH metal and the laminated material can result in the failure of the PTHs. Failure of a PTH constitutes an electrical discontinuity which may be caused by fracture of the plating material at the barrel, fracture at the land-barrel junction, or delamination of the plating from the PWB. This paper will discuss the reliability performance of the PTHs when subjected to T/C (Temperature Cycle) stresses. During the initial reliability stressing through 1000 T/C 'B' (-55 to 125/spl deg/C) and T/C 'C' (-65 to 150/spl deg/C) electrical opens were observed. Physical analysis showed that the opens were due to barrel cracking of the PTHs. Extensive mechanical modeling and experimental validation were used to suggest changes in the materials, process and design to eliminate barrel cracking in high aspect ratio PTHs. Results of these analyses will be discussed in detail.
Sensitivity of remote aerosol distributions to representation of cloud–aerosol interactions in a global climate model

Abstract. Many global aerosol and climate models, including the widely used Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5), have large biases in predicting aerosols in remote regions such as the upper troposphere and high latitudes. In this study, we conduct CAM5 sensitivity simulations to understand the role of key processes associated with aerosol transformation and wet removal affecting the vertical and horizontal long-range transport of aerosols to the remote regions. Improvements are made to processes that are currently not well represented in CAM5, which are guided by surface and aircraft measurements together with results from a multi-scale aerosol–climate model that explicitly represents convection and aerosol–cloud interactions at cloud-resolving scales. We pay particular attention to black carbon (BC) due to its importance in the Earth system and the availability of measurements. We introduce into CAM5 a new unified scheme for convective transport and aerosol wet removal with explicit aerosol activation above convective cloud base. This new implementation reduces the excessive BC aloft to better simulate observed BC profiles that show decreasing mixing ratios in the mid- to upper-troposphere. After implementing this new unified convective scheme, we examine wet removal of submicron aerosols that occurs primarily through cloud processes. The wet removal depends strongly on the subgrid-scale liquid cloud fraction and the rate of conversion of liquid water to precipitation. These processes lead to very strong wet removal of BC and other aerosols over mid- to high latitudes during winter months. With our improvements, the Arctic BC burden has a 10-fold (5-fold) increase in the winter (summer) months, resulting in a much-better simulation of the BC seasonal cycle as well. Arctic sulphate and other aerosol species also increase but to a lesser extent. An explicit treatment of BC aging with slower aging assumptions produces an additional 30-fold (5-fold) increase in the Arctic winter (summer) BC burden. This BC aging treatment, however, has minimal effect on other underpredicted species. Interestingly, our modifications to CAM5 that aim at improving prediction of high-latitude and upper-tropospheric aerosols also produce much-better aerosol optical depth (AOD) over various other regions globally when compared to multi-year AERONET retrievals. The improved aerosol distributions have impacts on other aspects of CAM5, improving the simulation of global mean liquid water path and cloud forcing.
El Docente/Activista: Una Introducción al Conocimiento, Poder y Educación

This is an article for understanding a committed life story. Mike Apple makes a biographical narrative about how he became the scholar/activist who is. This story begins when he joined the Faculty of Education, as a student. He digs into his family roots and his original background and follows the path till today. He describes his experience in first person and provides a view from the inside about how different life experiences have been tacking to what Apple is as an educator and how he has built his work. He analyses his works, his readings, he describes his thoughts on power, education and curriculum. In his vital milestones, he notes that Wisconsin was a place where he could make a critical truly serious and committed work. A perfect place to become a "scholar/activist".
Video Bioinformatics: A New Dimension in Quantifying Plant Cell Dynamics

Microscopy of plant cells has evolved greatly within the past 50 years. Advances in live cell imaging, automation, optics, video microscopy, and the need for high content studies has stimulated the development of computational tools for manipulating, managing, and interpreting quantitative data. These tools automatically and semiautomatically determine, sizes, signal intensities, velocities, classes, and many other features of cells and subcellular structures. Quantitative methods provide data that is a basis for mathematical models and statistical analyses that lead the way to a quantitative systems outlook to cell biology. Four-dimensional video analysis provides vital data concerning the often ignored temporal dynamics within a cell. Here, we will review studies employing technology to detect regions of interest using segmentation, classify data using machine learning and track dynamics in living cells using video analysis. Many of the live cell studies presented would have been impractical without these advanced computational techniques. These examples illustrate the utility and potential for video bioinformatics to augment our knowledge of the dynamics of cells and cellular components in plants.
Komplikationen der kolorektalen Chirurgie

Die Komplikationen nach speziellen Operationen wegen kolorektaler Erkrankungen wurden in den vorausgehenden Kapiteln besprochen. In diesem Abschnitt werden die Hauptkomplikationen zusammengefast.
THE EFFECT OF A LOCAL CALCIUM DEPOT ON OSTEOGENESIS AND HEALING OF FRACTURES

Neither calcium phosphate and carbonate in the proportions in which they occur in bone, nor bone powder, made by removing the organic matter from bone, appear to stimulate osteogenesis of bone when implanted in a bone defect.
What Quality Metrics Is My Hospital Being Evaluated on and What Are the Consequences

Quality, experience, and cost are important indicators of value to patients. However, stakeholders have yet to reach agreement on how to define quality and which measures should be used to assess quality. Measures that have been used to assess quality in health care include structural, process, patient experience, efficiency, and outcomes measures. Payers and other quality rating organizations use a combination of measures to rate or rank hospitals on the quality of care they provide. These ratings can be strictly informational or can be used to steer patients, for contracting between payers and providers, and more recently, for adjustments to reimbursements. Physicians and hospitals have a crucial role to play in the development of quality measures that are used to measure and improve value. Consensus on quality measures will facilitate meaningful comparisons across providers and insights that will enable improvements in the value of care we deliver to our patients.
Effect of a Normal Shock Wave on Freestream Total Pressure Fluctuations in a Low-Density Mach 6 Flow

An experimental investigation of the changes to freestream total pressure fluctuations convected through a normal shock wave was conducted in a low-density Mach 6 blowdown wind tunnel. A Mach stem generated by the interaction of two oblique shock waves served as the normal shock wave. Total pressure fluctuations before and after the normal shock wave were obtained with a fast-response pressure transducer mounted in a Pitot pressure probe. Since measurements made upstream of the Mach stem were influenced by shock-shock interactions, measurements downstream of the Mach stem were compared to freestream measurements. Analyses of the total pressure fluctuation data provide information to changes to the total pressure fluctuation levels, longitudinal integral time scale, and power spectral density estimates in the immediate vicinity of the normal shock wave. Amplification factors for noise and power spectra were much lower than those found in previous shock-turbulence interaction studies. Integral time scales were observed to increase through the normal shock wave. Higher amplifications were generally observed for lower, incoming noise levels and for higher frequency components. Amplifications of power spectral density estimates qualitatively matched amplifications from a previous shock-turbulence interaction study in supersonic flow using hot-wire anemometers, suggesting that total pressure measurements obtained with more physically robust instrumentation may be an analog to hot-wire measurements obtained with fragile sensors.
Energetics of growth in nestling savannah sparrows: a comparison of doubly labeled water and laboratory estimates

The energy expenditure of free-living nestlings has previously been estimated by any of several methods, each of which contains assumptions that may result in errors of uncertain magnitude. We evaluated the energy budget of nestling Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) by analyzing their oxygen consumption and their accumulation of energy in tissues during growth. These results were compared with those obtained by means of the doubly labeled water (DLW) technique. From data on oxygen consumption of individual nestlings in metabolism chambers at 35*C, we calculated that a neonate metabolized 110.4 kJ of energy during the eight days that it occupied a nest. Applying standard conversion factors, we determined that a nestling accumulated 20.0 and 61.6 kJ of energy in lipid and non-lipid dry matter, respectively, for a total production (P) of 81.6 kJ. Direct evaluation of the energy in tissues by means of bomb calorimetry indicated that nestlings actually accumulated 75.2 kJ of energy, a value 7.8% lower than we previously obtained by converting lipid and non-lipid dry matter to energy with accepted conversion factors. From our analysis using data obtained in the laboratory, total metabolized energy (TME) equaled 185.8 kJ. Field metabolism, as estimated by DLW, summed to 171.5 kJ for the 8-day nestling period whereas estimates from oxygen consumption in the laboratory amounted to 110.4 kJ, a 35.6% difference. This disparity may have resulted from an increased energy expenditure for thermoregulation and activity during the latter stages of the nestling period, components which are not measured in laboratory experiments. Total metabolized energy (TME) as estimated by DLW (246.7 kJ) differed from laboratory estimates (182.9 kJ) by about 25%. Production (P) to TME ratios for Savannah Sparrows on a daily basis were nearly as high as those for altricial embryos (Agapornis) with values declining from a maxima of 0.4-0.5 to 0.1 near the end of the nestling period.
DFT Calculation of Russell–Saunders Splitting for Lanthanide Ions Doped in Hexagonal (β)-NaYF4 Nanocrystals

A systematic investigation is reported of the optimized geometry and electronic structure of trivalent lanthanide ions (Ln3+) doped in hexagonal (β)-NaYF4 nanocrystals in the basis of density functional theory with a spin polarization approach. A model Na24Y23Ln1F96 nanocrystal with a single central lanthanide dopant (Ln3+) is used. Electron spins couple to give a total spin, S, and electron orbital angular momenta couple to give total orbital angular momentum, L. Spin–orbit coupling is neglected in this initial study. Several key observables are found to be strongly related to the number of unpaired f-electrons in the model. After geometry optimization, the phenomenon of the lanthanide contraction is observed, and the configurations of 4f-electron-like orbitals satisfy Hund’s Rule under the orbital decomposition. Spin-polarized density functional theory is applied to generate the Russell–Saunders terms (2S+1L) terms of lanthanide ions. The energy differences between the first and the second terms are cal...
Effect of strophanthin and quinidine upon conduction and electrical systole (Q-T interval) of the rabbit heart.

SummaryRecovery curves of conductivity of the A-V node and ventricles for the isolated rabbit heart driven at various rates followed the usual logarithmic pattern. Strophanthin, and especially quinidine, caused delayed recovery and more prolonged refractoriness of both regions of the heart. Strophanthin prolonged the Q-T interval in small doses and usually shortened it in larger doses. Quinidine effects upon the Q-T interval were unexpectedly variable, contrary to the usual prolongation in thyrotron driven ventricles and in clinical cases.
Planaria: Interspecific transfer of a conditionability factor through cannibalism

Using an instrumental avoidance training procedure, Dugesia dorotocephala can be conditioned while Dugesia tigrina cannot. D. tigrina become conditionable if they cannibalize conditioned D. dorotocephala. The conditionability factor apparently is a result of conditioning of D. dorotocephala since D. tigrina that cannibalize naive D. dorotocephala remain nonconditionable.
Epidemic spread over networks with agent awareness and social distancing

We study an SIS epidemic model over an arbitrary connected network topology when the agents receive personalized information about the current epidemic state. The agents utilize their available information to either reduce interactions with their neighbors (social distancing) when they believe the epidemic is currently prevalent or resume normal interactions when they believe there is low risk of becoming infected. The information is a weighted combination of three sources: 1) the average states of nodes in contact neighborhoods 2) the average states of nodes in an information network 3) a global broadcast of the average epidemic state of the network. A 2n-state Markov Chain is first considered to model the disease dynamics with awareness, from which a mean-field discrete-time n-state dynamical system is derived, where each state corresponds to an agent's probability of being infected. The nonlinear model is a lower bound of its linearized version about the origin. Hence, global stability of the origin (the diseasefree equilibrium) in the linear model implies global stability in the nonlinear model. When the origin is not stable, we show the existence of a nontrivial fixed point in the awareness model, which obeys a strict partial order in relation to the nontrivial fixed point of the dynamics without distancing. In simulations, we define two performance metrics to understand the effectiveness agent awareness has in reducing the spread of an epidemic.
Reactivation tuberculosis: role of surveillance

The incidence and death rates from tuberculosis (TB) have declined through concerted efforts in the diagnosis and treatment of active disease. Despite this, 9.6 million new cases and 1.1 million deaths in 2014 are unacceptably high. To decrease the rates of TB further, the huge number of persons with latent TB infection (LTBI) from whom new cases will arise has to be addressed with a sense of priority. Identifying the highest risk groups and providing effective treatment has been shown to decrease active TB. Further research to refine the predictors of reactivation and shorter effective treatments are urgently needed. Implementing intensified case finding, testing and treatment for LTBI will require continued investment in health care capacity at multiple levels.
International Conference on Peyronie's disease advances in basic and clinical research. March 17-19, 1993. Introduction

The articles in this section of the Journal support the theory that the lesion of Peyronie's disease is a scar that has developed following trauma to the erect penis in a susceptible individual. The scar involves only the tunica albuginea and does not extend into the erectile tissue. Factors related to the formulation of this scar, discussed on a biochemical and cellular level, are elucidated in the following papers.
Psychological Well‐being Among Older Adults: The Role of Partnership Status

Today's older adults are increasingly unmarried. Some are in cohabiting unions, others are dating, and many remain unpartnered. Unmarried older adults are at risk of poorer well-being than the married, but it is unclear whether older cohabitors fare worse than or similar to their married counterparts. Nor have well-being differences among cohabitors, daters, and unpartnered persons been considered. Conceptualizing marital status as a continuum of social attachment, data from Waves I and II of the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project are used to examine how older married, cohabiting, dating, and unpartnered individuals differ across multiple indicators of psychological well-being. Among men, cohabitors appear to fare similarly to the married, and better than daters and the unpartnered. In contrast, there are few differences in psychological well-being by partnership status for women.
Characterizing renal cell carcinoma ablation cavities using 3D contrast enhanced ultrasound time intensity curve analysis

Treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) using ablation techniques is becoming increasingly common as a means for preserving renal function in poor surgical candidates. Despite concerns related to renal insufficiency, which is common in patients with renal disease, the current standard for imaging surveillance following ablation remains contrast-enhanced CT or MRI. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) relies on encapsulated microbubbles to visualize blood flow and carries no renal contraindications. Our group has demonstrated the feasibility of two dimensional (2D) CEUS for monitoring RCC recurrence following cryoablation. The purpose of this study was to expand previous findings with 2D CEUS to a larger patient population more prone to RCC recurrence and to explore the potential for detecting recurrence using volumetric CEUS. In addition, volumetric time-intensity curve analysis was applied to compare central and peripheral ablation cavity enhancement to the surrounding tissue. Initial results using this form of analysis appear capable of differentiating RCC recurrence from fat necrosis or scarring (both of which result in peripheral contrast-enhancement within the ablation cavity). Recurrent RCC had similar blood flow kinetics and intensity to normal tissue, which had average intensities of 147.1 arbitrary units (a.u.) and 141.5 a.u. respectively. Non-recurrent RCC ablation cavities exhibited a characteristic organization of higher peripheral intensity 35.7 a.u. compared to central intensity 29.8 a.u., with and generally a later contrast wash-in relative to the normal renal tissue.
Evolution of the Thermal Conductivity of Sm 2 Zr 2 O 7 Under CMAS Attack

One impact of the reaction of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) in gas turbine engines with volcanic ash or other debris (CMAS) is a change in the thermal conductivity. In this study, the effective thermal conductivity of the potential TBC material Sm2Zr2O7 was determined after CMAS reaction below and above the melting temperature of the CMAS. The conductivities of Sm2Zr2O7, CMAS, and the reaction layer were determined separately. The phase content and microstructure were characterized with scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The change in microstructure and formation of Ca2Sm8(SiO4)6O2 led to an increase in the effective conductivity, which would reduce the effectiveness of the TBC.
An adaptive hawkes process formulation for estimating time-of-day zonal trip arrivals with location-based social networking check-in data

Abstract Location-Based Social Networking (LBSN) services, such as Foursquare, Facebook check-ins, and Geo-tagged Twitter tweets, have emerged as new secondary data sources for studying individual travel mobility patterns at a fine-grained level. However, the differences between human social behavioral and travel patterns can cause significant sampling bias for travel demand estimation. This paper presents a dynamic model to estimate time-of-day zonal trip arrival patterns. In the proposed model, the state propagation is formulated by the Hawkes process; the observation model implements LBSN sampling. The proposed model is applied to Foursquare check-in data collected from Austin, Texas in 2010 and calibrated with Origin-Destination (OD) data and time of day factor from Capital Area Metropolitan Planning Organization (CAMPO). The proposed model is compared with a simple aggregation model of trip purposes and time of day based on a prior daily OD estimation model using the LBSN data. The results illustrate the promising benefits of applying stochastic point process models and state-space modeling in time-of-day zonal arrival pattern estimation with the LBSN data. The proposed model can significantly reduce the number of parameters to calibrate in order to reduce the sampling bias of LBSN data for trip arrival estimation.
Palm Measures and Capacity

Throughout this section X is a right process satisfying (6.2) and the notation of §6 is in force. In particular, for each e ξ ∈ Exc, (W, G 0 , Q ξ , (σ t ) t ∈ℝ) is the Kuznetsov flow of ξ. If K is a HRM of Y as defined in (8.19), then it is a SM relative to each Kuznetsov flow and we write P K ξ for its Palm measure relative to Q ξ . If v = v K ξ denotes the Revuz measure of K defined in (8.25), then it is immediate that v K ξ is just the restriction of Y0(P K ξ ) to E. In particular, if N is a HRM of X, then the Revuz measure of N relative to ξ, v ξ k is the restriction of Y0(P N* ξ ) to E where N* is the extension of N to W defined in (8.18). The formulas for SMs developed in §9 may now be interpreted in the present set-up. For example, (9.18) implies $$\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{{Q}_{\xi }}\int {\varphi (s)\int {F(t - s,{{Y}_{s}}){{K}_{1}}(dt){{K}_{2}}(ds)} } } \hfill \\ { = {{Q}_{\xi }}\int {\varphi (t)\int {F(t - s,{{Y}_{s}}){{K}_{1}}(dt){{K}_{2}}(ds)} } } \hfill \\ \end{array}$$ (1) for each ξ ∈ Exc, K1 and K2 HRMs of Y, φ ∈ pB, and F ∈ p(B⊗G*).
Geriatric monitoring units could provide solution to ICU overcrowding and improve survival in older hospitalised patients.

Commentary on: Abramovitch A, Friedmann R, Zevin S, et al . Operating a monitoring unit in the Geriatric Department: effects on outcomes. J Am Geriatr Soc 2017;65:427–32. In many countries, cost constraints have led to insufficient numbers of intensive care unit (ICU) beds.1 Given the ageing population and the increasing acuity of illness of hospitalised patients,2 some hospitals have responded to this need by opening department-based monitoring units (MUs).3 The MU provides a level of care that is higher and more specialised than that received in an …
Electrochemical and Biogeochemical Interactions under dc Electric Fields

Direct electric currents generate electrochemical and biochemical changes that impact the subsurface environment and can be engineered for transporting and mixing contaminants, biostimulants, and possibly bioaugmentation inoculants to enhance in situ bioremediation. A review of transport processes under dc fields, electrolysis reactions, and microbial adhesion and transport is provided in this chapter, followed by an evaluation the impact of dc fields on microbial activity. In general, dc electric field intensities tend to produce complex effects on the activity of mixed microbial cultures. Anaerobic cultures seem to experience an “environmental shock” when exposed to electric field intensities greater than 1.5 V/cm. However, these cultures are able to recover their activities once the electric currents are switched off. Aerobic cultures did not seem to be adversely affected by exposure to field intensities less than 0.28 V/cm. Higher dc field intensities, up to 1.14 V/cm, seem to stimulate aerobic cultures during the first 24 hours of exposure. However, continuous exposure to dc fields (in the range of 1.14 V/cm) following the first 24 hours seems to retard the growth of aerobic cultures.
Mannequin‐based Telesimulation: Increasing Access to Simulation‐based Education

A telesimulation platform utilizes communications technology to provide mannequin-based simulation education between learners and instructors located remotely from one another. Specifically, the instructor controls the mannequin and moderates the debriefing remotely. During these sessions, the instructor observes the learners in real time and provides immediate feedback during the debriefing. This platform obviates the need to have instructors, learners, and mannequins in the same place at the same time, potentially allowing simulation-based educational sessions to occur with greater frequency for institutions not located proximate to formal simulation centers. Additionally, the telesimulation platform enables an experienced simulation instructor to observe and directly help new simulation instructors at remote simulation locations. Readily available Web-conferencing, screen-sharing software, microphones, and webcams makes telesimulation possible. Mannequin-based telesimulation is relatively new and not well represented in the literature, but could facilitate systems changes, providing educational experiences to health care professionals in locations not currently benefiting from mannequin-based simulation opportunities. Several research questions need to be addressed in future studies to better develop this educational approach, including technical feasibility, logistic issues, a comparison of telesimulation to other simulation approaches, and assessing limitations of the telesimulation platform.
Portrait of Thinking

Judgments about intelligence carry great weight in our society, and we have a tendency to make sweeping assessments of people’s intelligence based on the kind of work they do. Unfortunately you have inherited a system of education that views conceptual and symbolic “learning” of facts while sitting down for most of the school day, in an unnatural position for our species, as the most important education.
Group centric networking: A new approach for wireless multi-hop networking

Abstract In this paper, we introduce a new networking architecture called Group Centric Networking (GCN), which is designed to support the large number of devices expected with the emergence of the Internet of Things. GCN is designed to enable these devices to operate collaboratively in a highly efficient and resilient fashion, while not sacrificing their ability to communicate with one another. We do a full protocol implementation of GCN in NS3, and compare GCN against different MANET routing approaches in both simulation and on a 90 node Android mobile phone testbed. We show that GCN utilizes up to an order of magnitude fewer network resources than traditional wireless networking schemes, while providing superior connectivity and reliability. The GCN source code is open-source and publicly available.
SOME REMARKS ON EXCHANGEABLE NORMAL VARIABLES WITH APPLICATIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents some remarks on exchangeable normal variables with applications. In order to make useful predictive probability calculations from a simple normally distributed process, a complex calculation is necessary even when asymptotic results are used to approximate discrete and finite random variables. A combination of high-speed computing and good numerical analytic techniques is necessary to make calculations highly accurate, both for the finite and limiting cases for n.
Role of Echocardiography in Evaluation of Women with Chest Pain

This chapter reviews the role of echocardiography in evaluation of women with chest pain. Stress echocardiography is a well-established and diagnostically reliable modality for assessment of women with chest pain and suspected myocardial ischemia due to epicardial coronary artery disease. The technique is particularly suitable in women because of the lack of radiation and applicability in individuals who are or are not able to exercise. The chapter addresses the difficult issue of chest pain in women with angiographically normal coronary arteries, including prognostic role of stress echocardiography in these women, and newer echocardiographic techniques for assessment of coronary flow reserve and detection of microvascular disease. The importance of coronary flow reserve abnormalities in women with chest pain is examined.
Labeled Causets in Discrete Quantum Gravity

We point out that labeled causets have a much simpler structure than unlabeled causets. For example, labeled causets can be uniquely specified by a sequence of integers. Moreover, each labeled causet processes a unique predecessor and hence has a unique history. Our main result shows that an arbitrary quantum sequential growth process (QSGP) on the set of labeled causets "compresses" in a natural way onto a QSGP on the set of unlabeled causets. The price we have to pay is that this procedure causes an "explosion" of values due to multiplicities. We also observe that this procedure is not reversible. This indicates that although many QSGPs on the set of unlabeled causets can be constructed using this method, not all can, so it is not completely general. We close by showing that a natural metric can be defined on labeled and unlabeled causets and on their paths.
The Anatomy of a Confession: An Examination of Verbal and Nonverbal Cues Surrounding a Confession

Many deception studies focus on interviewees who do not confess to wrongdoing; confessions are often treated as anomalies and ignored. This study begins to explore confessions by using a mixed-meth...
Reintervention After Heller Myotomy for Achalasia: Is It Inevitable?

Background Few studies of reintervention after Heller myotomy for achalasia set patients' expectations, assist therapeutic decision making, and direct follow-up. Therefore, we investigated the frequency and type of symptoms and reinterventions after myotomy based on achalasia type. Methods From January 2006 to March 2013, 248 patients who had preoperative high-resolution manometry and a timed barium esophagram (TBE) underwent Heller myotomy, 62 (25%) for type I, 162 (65%) for type II, and 24 (10%) for type III achalasia. Postoperative surveillance, including TBE, was performed at 8 weeks, then annually. Median follow-up was 36 months. End points were all symptom types and modes of reintervention, endoscopic or surgical. Reintervention was based on both symptoms and objective TBE measurements. Results Eventually most patients (169 of 218; 69%) experienced at least one symptom after myotomy. Fifty patients underwent 85 reinterventions, 41 endoscopic only, 4 surgical only, and 5 both. Five-year freedom from reintervention was 62% for type I, 74% for type II, and 87% for type III, most occurring within 6 months, although later in type III. At 5 years, number of reinterventions per 100 patients was 72 for type I, 51 for type II, and 13 for type III. After each reintervention, there was approximately a 50% chance of another within 2 years. Conclusions Patients' expectations when undergoing Heller myotomy for achalasia must be that symptoms will only be palliated, and patients who have worse esophageal function—achalasia type I—may require one or more postoperative reinterventions. Thus, we recommend that patients with achalasia have lifelong annual surveillance after Heller myotomy that includes TBE.
Electrothermal Simulation of Si Cells with Defects

An electrothermal simulation method is developed that allows for microscopic spatial variability of diode parameters and thermal properties for Si cells of arbitrary shape and contact configuration. Electrical and thermal effects of ohmic and nonohmic shunts are calculated and compared to relevant data. Heating due to ohmic shunts drastically reduces $V_{oc}$ and can accelerate degradation. Low lifetime distributions reduce $V_{oc}$ but have minimal heating effects. Lifetimes of $1-2\mu \mathrm {s}$ are predicted in the vicinity of structural defects. In addition to IVT curves in field conditions, EL, PL, and thermography can also be simulated.
"A Whole Bunch of Love the Sinner Hate the Sin": LGBTQ Microaggressions Experienced in Religious and Spiritual Context.

Research on microaggressions experienced by LGBTQ people has focused largely on a general understanding of this concept; however, no research exists that focuses exclusively on microaggressions tha...
Technical Note: The use of DirectDensity TM and dual-energy CT in the radiation oncology clinic

Purpose Two new tools available in Radiation Oncology clinics are Dual-energy CT (DECT) and Siemens' DirectDensity™ (DD) reconstruction algorithm, which allows scans of any kV setting to use the same calibration. This study demonstrates why DD scans should not be used in combination with DECT and quantifies the magnitude of potential errors in image quality and dose. Methods A CatPhan 504 phantom was scanned with a dual-pass DECT and reconstructed with many different kernels, including several DD kernels. The HU values of various inserts were measured. The RANDO® man phantom was also scanned. Bone was contoured and then histograms of the bone HU values were analyzed for Filtered-Backprojection (FBP) and DD reconstructions of the 80 and 140 kV scans, as well as several virtual, monoenergetic reconstructions generated from FBP and DD reconstructions. "Standard" dose distributions were calculated on several reconstructions of both phantoms for comparison. Results The DD kernel overcorrected the high-Z material inserts relative to bone, giving an excessively low relative electron density (RED). A unique artifact was observed in the high density inserts of the CatPhan in the monoenergetic scans when utilizing a DD kernel, due to the overcorrection in the DD scan of the material, especially at lower kV. Conclusions While DD and DECT perform as expected when used independently, errors from their combined use were demonstrated. Dose errors from misuse of the DD kernel with DECT post-processing were as large as 2.5%. The DECT post-processing was without value because the HU differences between low and high energy were removed by the DD kernel. When using DD and DECT, we recommend the use of a DD reconstruction of the high energy scan for the dose calculation, and use of a FBP filter for the low and high energy scans for the DECT post-processing.
Diverse Families in Early Intervention: Professionals’ Views of Coaching

This study examined the perceptions of family coaching and culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) families participating in early intervention (EI) in a southwestern state in the United States...
Mechanical Thrombectomy for Acute Stroke in Patients with Target and Unrelated Vessel AVMs and AVFs: A Case Series

Background Advances in acute and long-term poststroke care have resulted in improved survival and functional outcomes for patients who have suffered large vessel ischemic strokes. For years, tissue plasminogen activator was the mainstay of treatment for acute stroke. Its use was previously limited to patients without known comorbid intracranial vascular pathology because of concern for bleeding risk. More recently, however, the use of tissue plasminogen activator in select patients with vascular anomalies has increased and is now largely thought to be safe. With the safety and efficacy of mechanical thrombectomy now proven for large vessel occlusions (LVOs), similar investigation is needed to assess procedural safety in patients with concomitant arteriovenous (AV) malformations or fistulae. Methods We reviewed patients treated for LVOs at our institution and those of our collaborators and identified 6 patients who were treated for LVO with either known or incidentally identified concomitant AV malformations or dural AV fistulae. Results We present a case series of 6 patients with nonaneurysmal intracranial vascular lesions who underwent mechanical thrombectomy for LVO without complications related to these lesions. Conclusions Although limited by small size, our series adds to the literature evidence that mechanical thrombectomy for LVO can safely be performed with concomitant dural AV fistulae and AV malformations.
Multiple Family Group Therapy: A Review of Its Applicability to the Practice of School Psychology

As research continues to point to the relationship between a student's family functioning and school behavior, the family increasingly has become an important system with which school psychologists...
Quantitative Analysis of Ellipsoid Zone in Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy

Purpose:Quantitative end points for uveitis are needed. Here we quantify the rate of ellipsoid zone (EZ) recovery on optical coherence tomography (OCT) and correlate it with visual acuity (VA) impr...
In vivo chemical alteration profiling Caenorhabditis elegans during development and aging by hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering microscopy (Conference Presentation)

We systematically investigate the changes of lipid and protein contents at all developmental stages of Caenorhabditis elegans, including L1 to L4 larvae, and adults, using the recently developed hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering (hsSRS) microscopy. The gut granules in larvae, which are known as lysosome-like organelles, are specifically identified and the temporal change of these gut granules are tracked at different stages. By acquiring the spectral images of C. elegans at different ages and analyzing the lipid spectra change statistically with hsSRS, we will foster a better understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological processes in living organisms.
Correlation Between the Oswestry Disability Index and the North American Spine Surgery Patient Satisfaction Index.

Background The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) is a widely used patient-reported outcome instrument in lumbar spine surgery, but its relationship to the increasingly scrutinized but still heterogeneous patient satisfaction metrics has not been well described. One popular metric is the North American Spine Society (NASS) patient satisfaction index. This study aimed to determine whether change in ODI predicts patient satisfaction. Methods Adult patients at a neurosurgery spine clinic completed the ODI and NASS questionnaires at various times in their care between September 2014 and November 2018. Scores were retrospectively analyzed using ordinal logistic regression. Results One thousand thirty-seven patients were identified (mean age 59.3 ± 14.7 years, 54.2% male). At 3, 12, and 24 months postoperatively, 684 (84.5%), 400 (83.3%), and 215 (80.9%) patients, respectively, expressed satisfaction (NASS score 1 or 2). Mean ± standard deviation improvements in ODI at 3, 12, and 24 months postoperatively were 16.8 ± 17.5 (n = 675), 18.4 ± 17.5 (n = 396), and 19.7 ± 17.7 (n = 213). For every unit improvement in ODI, the odds of selecting the next most satisfied NASS score at 3, 12, and 24 months postoperatively increased by 6.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.6%–8.1%), 5.8% (95% CI 4.4%–7.1%), and 6.0% (95% CI 4.2%–7.9%), respectively. Every 10-unit improvement increased the odds, respectively, by 93.8% (95% CI 73.2%–117.0%), 75.0% (95% CI 53.8%–99.1%), and 79.4% (95% CI 50.3%–114.1%). Conclusions Improvements in ODI are predictive of increased patient satisfaction as defined by the NASS index. A 10-point improvement in ODI nearly doubled the odds of increased satisfaction 3 months postoperatively.
Sport-Related Concussion in Female Athletes: A Systematic Review.

Background:Female athletes are more susceptible to sport-related concussions (SRCs) and experience worse outcomes compared with male athletes. Although numerous studies on SRC have compared the out...
Microgrid Operational Planning Using Deviation Clustering Within a DDDAS Framework

As climate change progresses and the global population continues to increase, meeting the energy demand is an issue that has been brought to the forefront of the conversation. Microgrids (MGs) are groundbreaking tools that have risen in popularity to combat this crisis by capitalizing on renewable, distributed energy resources to efficiently satisfy the energy demand from environmental sensors via telemetry. In this work, we present a deviation clustering (DC) algorithm within a dynamic data-driven application systems (DDDAS) framework to reduce the length of the MG dispatch model’s planning horizon while retaining the temporal characteristics of the initial load profile. The DDDAS framework allows for the adjustment of the current dispatch decisions in near real-time. We develop two modules embedded within this framework; the first is a proposed rule-based policy (RBP) that modifies the sensing strategy and the second is the DC algorithm which reduces the execution time of the MG simulation. Numerical analysis was conducted on the IEEE-18 bus test network to assess the performance of the proposed framework and determine an appropriate threshold for clustering. The limitations of the presented framework were also determined by comparing the tradeoff between its the speed of the solver’s solution time and the accuracy of the resulting solution. The results indicate a decrease in solution time within the desired accuracy limits when using the proposed approach as opposed to traditional load dispatch.