cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cognition and Competency Restoration: Using the RBANS to Predict Length of Stay for Patients Deemed Incompetent to Stand Trial

Intact cognition is a foundational component of one's ability to be competent to stand trial. Given the cost of assessing and treating incompetence, it is recommended that clinicians develop efficient methods to identify individuals who are most likely to require intensive competence-related treatment interventions. This study sought to ascertain whether a brief cognitive screening instrument, the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), could predict the length of stay required to restore trial competency among 288 forensic psychiatric inpatients undergoing competency restoration treatment. Results indicated that incompetent defendants who were older or demonstrated poorer overall RBANS performance required longer hospitalizations to be deemed restored to trial competence. Interestingly, incompetent defendants scoring in the 51-60 range on the RBANS Total Scale Index were almost three times more likely to require hospitalization beyond the average length of stay. Findings support the use of the RBANS to identify individuals early in the treatment process who may require and benefit from intensive restoration treatment.
Increased Hot-Plate Ignition Probability for Nanoparticle-Laden Diesel Fuel

The present study attempts to improve the ignition properties of diesel fuel by investigating the influence of adding aluminum and aluminum oxide nanoparticles to diesel. As part of this study, droplet ignition experiments were carried out atop a heated hot plate. Different types of fuel mixtures were used; both particle size (15 and 50 nm) as well as the volume fraction (0%, 0.1%, and 0.5%) of nanoparticles added to diesel were varied. For each type of fuel mixture, several droplets were dropped on the hot plate from a fixed height and under identical conditions, and the probability of ignition of that fuel was recorded based on the number of droplets that ignited. These experiments were repeated at several temperatures over the range of 688-768 degrees C. It was observed that the ignition probability for the fuel mixtures that contained nanoparticles was significantly higher than that of pure diesel.
Investigating L2 Performance in Text Chat

This study examines the linguistic complexity and lexical diversity of both overt and covert L2 output produced during synchronous written computer-mediated communication, also referred to as chat. Video enhanced chatscripts produced by university learners of German (N = 23) engaged in dyadic task-based chat interaction were coded and analyzed for syntactic complexity (ratio of clauses to c-units), productive use of grammatical gender, and lexical diversity (Index of Guiraud). Results show that chat output that exhibits evidence of online planning in the form of post-production monitoring displays significantly greater linguistic complexity and lexical diversity than chat output that does not exhibit similar evidence of online planning. These findings suggest that L2 learners do appear to use the increased online (i.e. moment-by-moment) planning time afforded by chat to engage in careful production and monitoring.
Optimal 2 × 2 space-time block codes based on mutual information in Rayleigh fading

This paper investigates the design of a 2×2 optimal space-time block code (SBTC) for a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) system using the mutual information between the finite-alphabet input and the channel output as a main design criterion over Rayleigh fading channels. Different from the STBC design methods using PEP analysis usually seen in the literature that are valid only at high SNRs, our design method can apply to any SNR region, which is of more interest from both information-theoretic and practical points of view. To accomplish this, we first develop in closed-form an expression of the mutual information. This simple criterion is helpful in finding an optimal STBC and it can be applied to any discrete constellation such as quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) or phase shift keying (PSK). Numerical results indicate that our proposed STBCs provide a better mutual information performance than the previously wellknown STBCs, including the Damen code and Golden code.
Environmental Complexity and Isolation

The use of complex and deprived sensory environments was first begun by Hebb (1947, 1949), who enterprisingly and somewhat courageously reared rats as pets in his home. In comparison with those reared under impoverished laboratory conditions, his subsequently proved to be superior maze learners. The investigation of the effects of these environments on brain was first begun by the Berkeley research team composed especially of Mark Rosenzweig, Marian Diamond, Edward Bennett and David Krech, and any review of this area must read in large part as a tribute to the monolithic work of these people. Together they initiated a new field of careful, methodically replicated studies which have yielded a body of closely interwoven information rivaling that found in many more established fields.
A homomorphism theorem for multipliers

Throughout the paper, the symbols G 1 and G 2 will denote two locally compact abelian groups with character groups X 1 and X 2 , respectively. Haar measures on G j are denoted by μ j ; the ones on X j are denoted by θ j ( j =1,2). The measures μ j and θ j are normalized so that the Plancherel Theorem holds (see [7, p. 226, Theorem 31.18]).
Psychometric Characteristics of the Adult Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire in College Students

There is a growing concern for identifying individuals at risk for suicidal behaviors. Suicidal ideation, that is, the thoughts and cognitions one has about suicidal behaviors and intent, may be considered a primary marker for the risk of more serious suicidal behaviors. This investigation examined the reliability and validity of the Adult Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire (ASIQ; Reynolds, in press-a), a 25-item self-report suicidal ideation measure designed for adults. Subjects were 474 college students from two Midwestern universities. Results indicated high internal consistency (r alpha = .97) and test-retest (rtt = .86) reliability of the ASIQ with college students. Significant correlations (rs = .38 to .60) were found with measures of depression, hopelessness, anxiety, and self-esteem. For the total sample, a multiple correlation of .67 was found between the ASIQ, the independent variables just noted, and history of prior suicide attempt. Factor analysis of the ASIQ produced a four-factor solution. Psychometric support for the utilization of the ASIQ in clinical and research settings is presented and discussed.
WHAT SIZE SHOULD A BACTERIUM BE? A Question of Scale

▪ Abstract There are living prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea) that have cell sizes that range from 0.02–400 μm3. Over this tremendous range, various abilities to cope with the environment are needed. This review attempts to formulate some of the problems and some of the solutions. The smallest size for a free-living organism is suggested to be largely set by the catalytic efficiency of enzymes and protein synthetic machinery. Because of fluctuations in the environment, cells must maintain machinery to cope with various catastrophes; these mechanisms increase the minimum size of the cell. On the other hand, the largest cell is reasonably assumed to be limited by the ability of diffusion to bring nutrients to the appropriate part of the cell and to dispose of waste products. To explore the limitation imposed by diffusion, analysis is developed of diffusion processes through stirred and unstirred media, diffusion through media that contains obstacles, and the effect of size and shape.
Anything Can Happen and Does

Using the work of Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze, the author discusses the shift from sovereign to disciplinary to control societies, all of which exist today simultaneously. Freedom is described differently, but is possible, in each kind of society. The recent failure of the economic sector in Western control societies may or may not indicate a loosening of their neoliberal values, structures, and practices, but recent revolutions in the Mideast encourage multiple analyses of freedom-work, which, given the kind of society, may be grand, large-scale revolutions and also small, everyday practices of resistance.
Stokes shifts in TI‐doped alkali halides

This article presents some electronic ab initio calculations of ion clusters simulating a piece of alkali halide crystal, both pure and doped with Tl+. In the case of pure crystals, we calculate the (direct) energy band gap from the cluster energy levels. For the case of doped crystals, we calculate the absorption and emission energies and the corresponding Stokes shifts. The cluster model consists of a central cation surrounded by three or four shells of ions, with and without point charges embedding the cluster. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Automated testing of virtual reality application interfaces

We describe a technique for supporting testing of the interaction aspect of virtual reality (VR) applications. Testing is a fundamental development practice that forms the basis of many software engineering methodologies. It is used to ensure the correct behavior of applications. Currently, there is no common pattern for automated testing of VR application interaction. We review current software engineering practices used in testing and explore how they may be applied to the specific realm of VR applications. We then discuss the ways in which current practices are insuficient to test VR application interaction and propose a testing architecture for addressing the problems. We present an implementation of the design written on top of the VR Juggler platform. This system allows VR developers to employ standard software engineering techniques that require automated testing methods.
Segmentation of three-dimensional intravascular ultrasound images using spectral analysis and a dual active surface model

Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging provides detailed assessment of the coronary anatomy and can be used as at quantitative tool for tracking the progression of atherosclerotic disease. The geometric information also provides evaluation of positive remodeling, a phenomenon linked to the likelihood of plaque rupture. To provide this valuable information, luminal and medial-adventitial borders must be identified in the sequence of IVUS images, a problem traditionally approached using gray-scale intensity based algorithms. However, by acquiring the radiofrequency (RF) IVUS data, the frequency information that is typically ignored can be used to improve segmentation algorithms.
Keep collecting: accurate species distribution modelling requires more collections than previously thought

Aim Species distribution models (SDMs) use the locations of collection records to map the distributions of species, making them a powerful tool in conservation biology, ecology and biogeography. However, the accuracy of range predictions may be reduced by temporally autocorrelated biases in the data. We assess the accuracy of SDMs in predicting the ranges of tropical plant species on the basis of different sample sizes while incorporating real-world collection patterns and biases. Location Tropical South American moist forests. Methods We use dated herbarium records to model the distributions of 65 Amazonian and Andean plant species. For each species, we use the first 25, 50, 100, 125 and 150 records collected and available for each species to analyse changes in spatial aggregation and climatic representativeness through time. We compare the accuracy of SDM range estimates produced using the time-ordered data subsets to the accuracy of range estimates generated using the same number of collections but randomly subsampled from all available records. Results We find that collections become increasingly aggregated through time but that additional collecting sites are added resulting in progressively better representations of the species’ full climatic niches. The range predictions produced using time-ordered data subsets are less accurate than predictions from random subsets of equal sample sizes. Range predictions produced using time-ordered data subsets consistently underestimate the extent of ranges while no such tendency exists for range predictions produced using random data subsets. Main conclusions These results suggest that larger sample sizes are required to accurately map species ranges. Additional attention should be given to increasing the number of records available per species through continued collecting, better distributed collecting, and/or increasing access to existing collections. The fact that SDMs generally under-predict the extent of species ranges means that extinction risks of species because of future habitat loss may be lower than previously estimated.
Parents' contributions to knowledge and attitudes regarding AIDS

Examined, in a sample of 170 students in Grades 1-12, relationships between parental background and socialization variables and children's knowledge of AIDS risk factors and willingness to interact with people who have AIDS. Most parents had talked to their children about AIDS and supported early AIDS education, but were susceptible to common transmission myths. Age was the strongest predictor of a child's knowledge and attitudes, but parent ethnicity, education, and occupational status also contributed. Moreover, consistent with a "potentiation" model of socialization, parent knowledge of common transmission myths predicted child knowledge of those same myths only when parent-child communication about AIDS was relatively frequent.
Unsteady multicomponent diffusional evaporation

The unsteady diffusion-controlled evaporation of a pure fluid into a multicomponent mixture is studied by a boundary-layer method. An expression is obtained for the volume of vapor produced by the evaporating species as a function of time. It is shown that the result can be interpreted in terms of an effective diffusivity of the type proposed by Wilke and by Stewart. It is further demonstrated that the boundary-layer method predicts a sweep-diffusion effect.
A Spatial Model of International Conflict

1 he model presented here assumes that nations initiate conflict to change the international status quo across one or more issues to an outcome they prefer. Their preferences for different issue outcomes are represented by a classical spatial utility function. International coalitions are formed both to enhance the chance of a successful challenge and to counter existing challenges. Disputes are modeled as periods of competition between two coalitions through the recruitment of additional members, erosion of support for the opposing coalition and escalation of the crisis. The two-nation model is analyzed in detail, and the existence of the core for the resulting game is proved. The two main conclusions of the two-nation model are that nations have a general incentive to exaggerate their issue positions in disputes and that the possibility of issue trades enhances the likelihood of compromise. Because scientific understanding arises from theories, the explication of theories is essential for the development of scientific understanding. To understand international conflictthat is, the resolution of disputes between nations by coercion or the threat of coercion-a theory that can explain such conflict is needed. This paper will present a model drawn from rational choice theory -specifically game theory-that explains national actions in conflicts as strategic choices made in order to gain preferred resolutions of the international issues in dispute. Compared to existing game theory models of international conflict, the model presented here provides an explicit description of how each nation's evaluation of the issues in dispute affects its desire to pursue compromise or conflict; a more detailed sequence of escalation allowing for the detailed study of escalation strategies; and a framework that can explain the timing and extent of third-party interventions into ongoing crises.
Task Uncertainty and Mission Command in a Naval Context

Mission command is a leadership philosophy that was designed to ensure that military organizations could operate effectively in uncertain situations. It has become the exemplar of military leadership. This study explores whether an increase in task uncertainty is positively related to appreciation of mission command by crew members of Norwegian state-of-the-art, Nansen-class frigates (N = 174). The result of a simultaneous multiple regression indicates that there is a relationship, but in the opposite direction of what was hypothesized. The greater the task uncertainty, the more the behavior of the preferred leader deviated from mission command. The most important predictor was perceived lack of information, and the more the respondents felt that they lacked information when carrying out their tasks, the more their description of preferred leader behavior deviated from mission command.
Contrasting Effects of Ibotenate Lesions of the Paraventricular Nucleus and Subparaventricular Zone on Sleep–Wake Cycle and Temperature Regulation

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the circadian pacemaker for the brain, provides a massive projection to the subparaventricular zone (SPZ), but the role of the SPZ in circadian processes has received little attention. We examined the effects on circadian rhythms of sleep, body temperature, and activity in rats of restricted ibotenic acid lesions of the ventral or dorsal SPZ that spared the immediately adjacent paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH) and the SCN. Ventral SPZ lesions caused profound reduction of measures of circadian index of sleep (by 90%) and locomotor activity (75% reduction) but had less effect on body temperature (50% reduction); dorsal SPZ lesions caused greater reduction of circadian index of body temperature (by 70%) but had less effect on circadian index of locomotor activity (45% reduction) or sleep (<5% reduction). The loss of circadian regulation of body temperature or sleep was replaced by a strong ultradian rhythm (period approximately 3 hr). Lesions of the PVH, immediately dorsal to the SPZ, had no significant effect on any circadian rhythms that we measured, nor did the lesions affect the baseline body temperature. However, the fever response after intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide (5 microg/kg) was markedly decreased in the rats with PVH lesions (66.6%) but not dorsal SPZ lesions. These results indicate that circadian rhythms of sleep and body temperatures are regulated by separate neuronal populations in the SPZ, and different aspects of thermoregulation (circadian rhythm and fever response) are controlled by distinct anatomical substrates.
Nursing staff characteristics related to patient assault.

There is an underlying belief that there is something special about the victims of patient assault, that they possess certain characteristics or behave in a different way from those staff who are not assaulted. Is this a case of blaming the victims, or are there some actual differences between those staff members who are assaulted and those who are not? This study undertook this question. Its specific purpose was to (I) characterize staff victims and compare them to nonassaulted staff and (2) document outcomes on staff who were assaulted.The design included a prospective and retrospective phase. Nursing staff on two acute and four long-term psychiatric units were asked sociodemographic and job-related information at the beginning of the study. The frequency with which each staff member was assaulted was recorded. At the end of I year, staff who had been assaulted were compared with staff who had not been assaulted. Any staff members who were assaulted were interviewed to assess the physical and emotional ...
Influence of genetic variation in the fungal endophyte of a grass on an herbivore and its parasitoid

Neotyphodium coenophialum (Glenn, Bacon, Price & Hanlin) (Ascomycota: Clavicipitaceae) is an endophytic fungus that lives symbiotically within grasses and produces alkaloids that can help protect its hosts from some insect pests. We used laboratory-based experiments to investigate whether fungal genotype influences an herbivore and its parasitoid. We tested whether variation in novel isolates, plus a control lacking fungal infection, affected preference by fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Amphipyrini), and growth and survival of Euplectrus comstockii Howard (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Euplectrini), a parasitoid of fall armyworm. Caterpillars preferred leaf blades in choice experiments from uninfected tall fescue [Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh., cultivar Jesup (Poaceae)] and tended to avoid blades from plants containing fungal isolates AR502, AR542, or the most common strain from pastures in Georgia, USA, in tall fescue. However, caterpillars fed as much on leaf blades from plants containing isolate AR502 as from those lacking infection. Parasitoid pupal mass was not influenced by fungal isolate, yet fungal isolate did influence parasitoid survival. Survival was higher than expected for parasitoids reared from hosts fed plants lacking fungal infection, but was lower than expected for those reared from hosts fed plants infected with the common strain or AR542 isolates. In contrast, parasitoids reared from hosts fed plants infected with isolate AR502 did not experience higher mortality than expected by chance. Our results show that N. coenophialum can modify bottom-up trophic cascades through direct effects on herbivores, as well as indirect effects on a natural enemy of the herbivores and that the fungus may influence the tritrophic interaction in ways that counterbalance herbivore protection provided by the symbiont. Our work also shows that these effects are influenced by fungal genotype. As attempts are made to produce forage cultivars with strains of fungal endophyte that lack negative influences on livestock, it will be prudent for investigators to assess the multi-trophic effects of these novel associations within agroecosystems.
Caught Between the “Soft” and “Hard” Arms of the State: A Conceptual Apparatus for Situating the Formative Role of Drug User Organizations in National Policy-Making and Local Service Delivery –A Commentary

The purpose of this commentary is to develop a conceptual apparatus for understanding the role of drug user organizations in the development and implementation of national harm reduction initiatives by extrapolating some general trends and important lessons derived from the collection of essays found in this special issue. The development of such a framework will include the findings of this research, while also suggesting systemic trends within which the role of drug users as “change agents” can be more generally examined. As these essays demonstrate, the formative role of drug user organizations in public policy can be evaluated from a number of perspectives. But rather than present a causal reason for why drug users become involved in policymaking and service delivery, I propose a structural framework that links the theme of drug users as “change agents” to the antagonism that exists between the state institutions of public health (PH) and law enforcement (LE) over the most efficient means to reduce injection-related harm. This approach, which is developed to a certain extent by the essays in this volume, will enable us to assess the strategies that characterize “drug user activism” as well as allowing us to examine the sources of power that become available to drug users when they organize their efforts collectively as civil organizations. In what follows, I will demonstrate how a universal asymmetry between the contradictory logics of PH and LE provides a tension from which to explore the myriad of forces that motivate drug users to become involved in service delivery and policy-making. While the specific antagonisms that exist in a particular country are relative to the ideological systems that inform its raison d’ˆ etre, the internal, push-pull relationship between these two poles (LE & PH) nevertheless provides a general framework to examine both the factors that motivate drug users to become politically active and the “sources of power” that
Assessment and Treatment of Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Tendon Pathology: A Critical Analysis Review.

Injury of the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon in the sixth dorsal compartment represents a frequent source of ulnar-sided wrist pain and commonly results from forces applied to the wrist while held in a position of flexion and ulnar deviation. This frequently occurs as a sudden rotational force against the forearm in supination, as follows swinging a racquet or club, and produces opposition against the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon and stabilizing structures over the ulnar aspect of the wrist and dorsal aspect of the ulna1. As such, racquets, bats, and golf clubs serve to extend the lever arm of forces applied to the extensor carpi ulnaris, and injuries are usually reported as an acute sensation of pain, popping, or instability over the …
In Vitro Studies of Immunologically Induced Secretion of Mediators from Cells and Related Phenomena

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the noncytotoxic release of mediators from cells induced in vitro by immunological stimuli. It discusses the release of mediators from these same cells by nonimmunological means. It focuses on demonstrating the overall resemblance of the release of mediators by immunologically induced noncytotoxic reactions to secretory processes, in general. The chapter describes the chemotaxis and phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes; release of lysosomal enzymes from the latter cells by staphylococcal toxin; leukocidin; aggregation of platelets; and the specifically and nonspecifically induced transformation of lymphocytes. In the context of this chapter, the term “mediators” is restricted to substances whose release is directly or indirectly initiated by an immunological reaction and are responsible for one or more of the manifestations of the subsequent allergic response.
Higher Order Nonlinear State Models

Higher order state models are considered in this chapter. As indicated previously, it is not possible to develop completely general procedures for analyzing such models. But it is possible to indicate certain special analytical procedures that, in special cases, may be of aid in determining the response properties of a dynamic system.
To What Limits Do Complex Iterated Radicals Converge

(1970). To What Limits Do Complex Iterated Radicals Converge? The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 77, No. 4, pp. 388-389.
Investigation of Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle Forward Bay Cover Separation Characteristics

The Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV), a vital component of the developing Constellation program, will utilize a system of staged parachute deployments to allow for a safe water landing when astronauts return to Earth in future space missions. The Forward Bay Cover (FBC) is a protective shroud that must be jettisoned during re-entry through the atmosphere to allow for parachute deployment. The aerodynamic characteristics of the FBC must be determined to ensure safety of flight since Apollo crews reported a definite concern for re-contact. The NASA Johnson Space Center Aerosciences and CFD Branch tasked the Air Force Academy Department of Aeronautics to accomplish wind tunnel testing to support the investigation of FBC separation characteristics. The USAFA Subsonic Wind Tunnel and Water Tunnel were used to evaluate these aerodynamic characteristics. Of primary interest to NASA was determining the location aft of the maximum negative drag coefficient acting on the FBC in the direction of the CEV. Because of high variability in the wake, an average and a worst-case analysis of the aerodynamic characteristics was accomplished. Wind tunnel results showed that the greatest average negative CD seen by the FBC was -0.0628 which occurred at a distance aft of the CEV of approximately 1.4 diameters. “Worst case” analysis using three standard deviations indicated that the greatest negative CD value was -0.9015, occurring at 1.6 diameters aft. Impulse analysis projected that 1433 lb-s would be required to jettison the FBC at Vjettison = 38 fps, M=0.5, 10,000 ft Standard Day based on the average drag predictions.
Trends in Media Reports of Celebrities’ Breast Cancer Treatment Decisions

Although the increasing use of bilateral mastectomies is multifaceted, one source of influence may be the media, including coverage of celebrity breast cancer treatment. We examined trends in media reporting that might impact decision making among women with breast cancer. We performed searches of two comprehensive online databases for articles from major U.S. print publications mentioning celebrities and terms related to the word “breast” and terms related to cancer treatment. Automated analysis using custom-created dictionaries was used to determine word frequencies over time. An analysis of net media tone was conducted using Lexicoder Sentiment Dictionaries. Celebrity breast cancer media reports significantly increased since 2004 (p < .05). Dramatic increases in bilateral mastectomy articles occurred in 2008–2009, with an increase in net positive tone. The surgical treatment was significantly more likely to be mentioned when a celebrity had bilateral mastectomies than unilateral mastectomy or breast conservation (44.8 vs 26.1 %, p < .001). The majority (60 %) of articles on celebrities undergoing bilateral mastectomy for cancer had no mention of genetics, family history, or risk. Media reports of celebrity breast cancer present a bias toward bilateral mastectomies in both frequency and tone. This may sway public opinion, particularly when factors such as risk and genetics are excluded. Surgeons need to work with the media to improve cancer reporting and identify methods to better educate patients prior to surgical consultations.
Factors influencing the treatment of smear-positive TB in Kaihua county,Quzhou city

Objective To analyze the influencing factors of TB treatment after the implementation of tuberculosis control project,and to explore the measures for further improving the effectiveness of TB treatment so that TB control projects can be more effectively implemented.MethodsTreatment management information of smear-positive tuberculosis patients from 2002 to 2008 was analyzed with case-control study.Results Smear-positive TB curative rate was 72.90%,including 76.86% of initially cured patients and 49.35% of recurrent patients.ConclusionDeath,nonsystematic management,side-effects and resistance to drugs in tuberculosis patients were the most influencing factors of TB treatment.
Children and AIDS.

Children with AIDS are a small but growing population who present unique policy and practice challenges. Social workers must develop an understanding of the needs of this population and their families. Social supports must be created and worker skills must be developed.
Informed Consent, Psychotherapy

Informed consent to psychotherapy involves a capable prospective client voluntarily choosing to enter treatment after he or she has been informed about the treatment by the therapist. Although informed consent to psychotherapy is an ethical obligation, it is also an opportunity for clinical benefit. It provides the therapist the chance to educate the client and correct any misconceptions; and it can also facilitate a strong, healthy, collaborative therapeutic alliance, widely considered a cornerstone of successful therapy. Variation exists in what information is provided, how the procedure takes place (e.g., written form and oral discussion), and when it happens. Increasingly, informed consent to psychotherapy is recognized as an ongoing process, with various types of information being covered at various points in the therapy process, rather than as a static, single event. Keywords: ethics in psychology; psychotherapies; ethics; informed consent; therapy
Planting and harvest dates, and irrigation on fenugreek in the semi-arid high plains of the USA

Abstract Fenugreek can be grown for medicinal purposes, as a spice or as an annual hay. Most fenugreek production is in India; none is grown in the USA. Practices suitable for growing fenugreek in the U.S. High Plains is unknown. The objectives were to identify the irrigation need, and planting and harvest dates in western Nebraska. Fenugreek was planted from early May to early June and harvested from late Aug to early Oct. Irrigation consisted of none, 15 and 30 cm. Height, flowering and fruiting, and seed and straw yields were measured. Later planting did not affect final height but delayed flowering and fruiting (late June to early Aug). Years differed due to weather variations. Seed and straw yields were greatest with later planting and with earlier harvest in 2013 and 2014. Irrigation affected yields primarily in 2013. The lowest yields were in 2015 when the agronomic parameters had the least effect probably due to the very wet spring conditions. For 2013 and 2014, maximum seed yields ranged from 1724 to 1886 kg ha −1 , and maximum straw yields ranged from 4352 to 4981 kg ha −1 when planted late, irrigated and harvested in late Aug or early Sep. Recommendations are that when May is very dry, plant near 1 June, irrigate and harvest in late Aug or early Sep, when May is slightly wet, plant in late May, do not irrigate and harvest early Sep, and when May is very wet, do not plant for seed and do not irrigate.
ADHD and Frontal-Motor Cortex Disconnection

The neurological concept involving the frontal lobe in the mechanism of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is reemphasized by neurologists and geneticists at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
Advanced inverter controls to dispatch distributed PV systems

The research presented in this paper compares five real-time control strategies for the power output of a large number of distributed PV systems in a large distribution feeder circuit. Both real and reactive power controls are considered with the goal of minimizing network over-voltage violations caused by high penetrations of PV generation. The control parameters are adjusted to maximize the effectiveness of each control. The controls are then compared based on their ability to achieve multiple objectives. These objectives include minimizing the total number of voltage violations, minimizing the total amount of PV energy curtailed or reactive power generated, and maximizing the fairness of any control action among all PV systems. The controls are simulated on the OpenDSS platform using time series load and spatially-distributed irradiance data.
Development of a new online learning module on solar energy sustainability

College curricula in the U.S. are now more intentionally incorporating topics related to infrastructure engineering, energy, and sustainability. While these three topics are typically developed and taught independently by faculty from different backgrounds and departments, curricula that integrate these three concepts are needed to train the students to more adequately tackle current and future energy challenges. In this paper, we describe the development and content of a new online curriculum that integrates infrastructure, energy, and sustainability concepts. This new online learning module focuses on both lower order skills (knowledge of basic PV concepts) and higher order skills (analysis and design recommendations for PV cells).
Coauthors and Collaborations

This personal reflective essay summarizes and explains why the frequency with which I have coauthored research has varied over my career and discusses the reasons that my coauthored publications and collaborations have arisen. The reasons include research that arises from casual conversations with colleagues, the sharing of data both as a donor and as a recipient, invitations to participate in large-scale projects, the division of labor and working with people with complementary skills and personalities, educating graduate and undergraduate students and the desire to give the former a leg up in the job market and to encourage the latter to pursue doctoral study, discussions with my wife about issues she faced as a teacher and administrator in public K12 education, and efforts to magnify my impact on an area of study by convening conferences, commissioning papers, and seeing conference volumes through to publication.
MIMO disturbance and plant uncertainty attenuation by feedback

This paper investigates the ability of feedback to reduce plant and disturbance uncertainties in the multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) case, by solving two fundamental problems posed by Zames in the late seventies. The first problem is termed the MIMO extension of the optimal robust disturbance attenuation problem, the second is a filtering of plant uncertainty two-degree of freedom feedback problem. The optimal solutions of these problems are characterized using Banach space duality theory and shown to satisfy an "allpass" condition and an extremal identity. Moreover, the duality description leads to a dual pair of optimizations and the introduction of two nonstandard matrix norms. In particular, the primal-dual optimization reduces naturally to approximate finite dimensional convex optimizations within desired tolerance. Whereas the computation of the nonstandard matrix norms are shown to be equivalent to specific semi-definite programming problems, and a numerical solution based on convex programming is provided. It is also shown using Douglas' range inclusion theorem that performance is a monotonic function of uncertainty, and some qualitative implications for feedback are derived.
Finding the traces of behavioral and cognitive processes in big data and naturally occurring datasets.

Today, people generate and store more data than ever before as they interact with both real and virtual environments. These digital traces of behavior and cognition offer cognitive scientists and psychologists an unprecedented opportunity to test theories outside the laboratory. Despite general excitement about big data and naturally occurring datasets among researchers, three “gaps” stand in the way of their wider adoption in theory-driven research: the imagination gap, the skills gap, and the culture gap. We outline an approach to bridging these three gaps while respecting our responsibilities to the public as participants in and consumers of the resulting research. To that end, we introduce Data on the Mind (http://www.dataonthemind.org), a community-focused initiative aimed at meeting the unprecedented challenges and opportunities of theory-driven research with big data and naturally occurring datasets. We argue that big data and naturally occurring datasets are most powerfully used to supplement—not supplant—traditional experimental paradigms in order to understand human behavior and cognition, and we highlight emerging ethical issues related to the collection, sharing, and use of these powerful datasets.
Stability of Enzymatic Biosensors for Wearable Applications

Technological evolution in wearable sensors accounts for major growth and transformation in a multitude of industries, ranging from healthcare to computing and informatics to communication and biomedical sciences. The major driver for this transformation is the new-found ability to continuously monitor and analyze the patients’ physiology in patients’ natural setting. Numerous wearable sensors are already on the market and are summarized. Most of the current technologies have focused on electrophysiological, electromechanical, or acoustic measurements. Wearable biochemical sensing devices are in their infancy. Traditional challenges in biochemical sensing such as reliability, repeatability, stability, and drift are amplified in wearable sensing systems due to variabilities in operating environment, sample/sensor handling, and motion artifacts. Enzymatic sensing technologies, due to reduced fluidic challenges, continue to be forerunners for converting into wearable sensors. This paper reviews the recent developments in wearable enzymatic sensors. The wearable sensors have been classified in three major groups based on sensor embodiment and placement relative to the human body: 1) on-body, 2) clothing/textile-based biosensors, and 3) biosensor accessories. The sensors, which come in the forms of stickers and tattoos, are categorized as on-body biosensors. The fabric-based biosensor comes in different models such as smart-shirts, socks, gloves, and smart undergarments with printed sensors for continuous monitoring.
Interfacial degradation of adhesive composite restorations mediated by oral biofilms and mechanical challenge in an extracted tooth model of secondary caries.

Abstract Objective To study the combined effect of simulated occlusal loading and plaque-derived biofilm on the interfacial integrity of dental composite restorations, and to explore whether the effects are modulated by the incorporation of sucrose. Methods MOD-class-II restorations were prepared in third molars. Half of the specimens (n = 27) were subjected to 200,000 cycles of mechanical loading using an artificial oral environment (ART). Then, both groups of specimens (fatigued and non-fatigued) were divided into three subgroups for testing in CDC-reactors under the following conditions: no biofilm (Control), biofilm with no sucrose (BNS) and biofilm pulsed with sucrose (BWS). BNS and BWS reactors were incubated with a multispecies inoculum from a single plaque donor whereas the control reactor was not. The BWS reactor was pulsed with sucrose five times a day. The biofilm challenges were repeated sequentially for 12 weeks. pH was recorded for each run. Specimens were examined for demineralization with micro-CT and load capacity by fast fracture test. Results Demineralization next to the restorations was only detectable in BWS teeth. Fracture loads were significantly reduced by the concomitant presence of biofilm and sucrose, regardless of whether cyclic mechanical loading was applied. Cyclic loading reduced fracture loads under all reactor conditions, but the reduction was not statistically significant. Conclusions Sucrose pulsing was required to induce biofilm-mediated degradation of the adhesive interface. We have presented a comprehensive and clinically relevant model to study the effects of mechanical loading and microbial challenge on the interfacial integrity of dental restorations.
Seismic performance of all-steel buckling-controlled braces with various cross-sections

Abstract An all-steel buckling-controlled brace (BCB) with two different configurations is studied and its behavior is compared with the conventional braces in terms of energy dissipation and ductility capacities. A parametric study was first conducted on an ensemble of all-steel BCBs in a general purpose finite-element (FE) software in order to study the influential parameters of these braces. The select types of BCBs were then experimentally investigated. Finally, seismic performance of buckling-controlled braced frames (BCBFs) was compared with that of special concentrically braced frames (SCBFs) as well as that of buckling-restrained braced frames (BRBFs). The study concludes that (1) the BCB with round-in-square tube section has stable hysteretic behavior either when thickness ratio of the outer tube to inner tube is greater than one or when an enhanced gusset plate is employed. Furthermore, due to much increased compressive strength in square in round BCBs, it is necessary to utilize an enhanced gusset plate in order to achieve ductile behavior; (2) BCBs have a stable and symmetrical hysteretic behavior in tension and compression with little post-yielding strength decrease or increase, avoiding the significant unbalanced force on the brace-intersected beams in SCBFs and BRBFs; (3) BCBFs are capable of sustaining larger story drift ratio response without considerable strength loss in comparison with SCBFs; (4) Inelastic deformation demand distributes throughout the height of BCBF floors, preventing the occurrence of weak story often observed in SCBFs.
Controlling spin flips of molecules in an electromagnetic trap

Doubly dipolar molecules exhibit complex internal spin dynamics when electric and magnetic fields are both applied. Near magnetic trap minima, these spin dynamics lead to enhancements in Majorana spin-flip transitions by many orders of magnitude relative to atoms and are thus an important obstacle for progress in molecule trapping and cooling. We conclusively demonstrate and address this with OH molecules in a trap geometry where spin-flip losses can be tuned from over 200 ${\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ to below our 2 ${\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ vacuum-limited loss rate with only a simple external bias coil and with minimal impact on trap depth and gradient.
Tandem copper and gold nanoclusters for two-color ratiometric explosives detection

We report a sensory platform for the determination of common explosive species (e.g., TNT, PETN, RDX) based on the differential response from two different luminescent metal nanoclusters. In particular, whereas the red emission from bovine serum albumin-protected gold nanoclusters was strongly quenched by nitro-, nitrate-, and nitroamine-containing explosive organic molecules, blue-emitting glutathione-capped copper nanoclusters proved inert to quenching by these same analytes, instead showing evidence for aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE). As a result, this discrete gold/copper nanocluster pairing provides a dual-probe, ratiometric (red-to-blue) system signaling the presence of TNT and other common explosives. This strategy opens up new potential for nanocluster-based analyte signaling, with implications to fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) strategies as well.
Environmental and individual PAH exposures near rural natural gas extraction.

Abstract Natural gas extraction (NGE) has expanded rapidly in the United States in recent years. Despite concerns, there is little information about the effects of NGE on air quality or personal exposures of people living or working nearby. Recent research suggests NGE emits polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into air. This study used low-density polyethylene passive samplers to measure concentrations of PAHs in air near active (n = 3) and proposed (n = 2) NGE sites. At each site, two concentric rings of air samplers were placed around the active or proposed well pad location. Silicone wristbands were used to assess personal PAH exposures of participants (n = 19) living or working near the sampling sites. All samples were analyzed for 62 PAHs using GC-MS/MS, and point sources were estimated using the fluoranthene/pyrene isomer ratio. ∑PAH was significantly higher in air at active NGE sites (Wilcoxon rank sum test, p