cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Industrially relevant ethylene trimerization catalysts and processes

1-Hexene is one of the comonomers used to produce mainly low linear density polyethylene (LLDPE) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The production of 1-hexene by ethylene trimerization method gained much interest in petrochemical industry due to its high selectivity towards 1-hexene in comparison to traditional ethylene oligomerization method. In literature, many catalyst systems are reported for ethylene trimerization reaction, but only few of them qualify for the commercial applications. In the present review, activity and selectivity of commercially viable catalyst systems and amount of polyethylene formed as a by-product on using these catalyst systems were discussed. Special attention is given to Chevron Phillips ethylene trimerization technology which is one of the dominant technologies in the production of 1-hexene. The challenges such as fouling issues at commercial plant due to polyethylene by-product formation were discussed and the progress made to overcome the challenges were also discussed. New generation nontoxic titanium catalysts look promising and challenges involved in commercializing these catalysts were presented in the review.
Layered superhydrophobic meshes for controlled drug release.

Layered superhydrophobic electrospun meshes composed of poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(glycerol monostearate-co-e-caprolactone) (PGC-C18) are described as a local source of chemotherapeutic delivery. Specifically, the chemotherapeutic agent SN-38 is incorporated into a central 'core' layer, between two 'shield' layers of mesh without drug. This mesh is resistant to wetting of the surface and throughout the bulk due to the pronounced hydrophobicity imparted by the high roughness of a hydrophobic polymer, PGC-C18. In serum solution, these meshes exhibit slow initial drug release over 10days corresponding to media infiltrating the shield layer, followed by steady release over >30days, as the drug-loaded core layer is wetted. This sequence of events is supported by X-ray computed tomography imaging of a contrast agent solution infiltrating the mesh. In vitro cytotoxicity data collected with Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) cells are consistent with this release profile, remaining cytotoxic for over 20days, longer than the unlayered version. Finally, after subcutaneous implantation in rats, histology of meshes with and without drug demonstrated good integration and lack of adverse reaction over 28days. The drug release rates, robust superhydrophobicity, in vitro cytotoxicity of SN-38 loaded meshes, and compatibility provide key design parameters for the development of an implantable chemotherapeutic-loaded device for the prevention of local lung cancer recurrence following surgical resection.
Regulation of the Securities Industry

Activities of investment banks impact the global economy and are very important to the smooth functioning of capital markets. Given their significance, it is no surprise that the business of investment banking has been subject to a great deal of government regulation. This chapter discusses the regulatory environment of investment banking. In the United States, although there was limited federal regulation of investment banks before the Great Depression started in 1929, banks had to adhere to state securities laws, or Blue Sky laws. The first Blue Sky law was enacted in Kansas in 1911. Among other features, it required that no security issued in the state could be offered without previously obtaining a permit from the state's Bank Commissioner. Between 1911 and 1933, 47 states enacted similar state laws regulating the issuance of new securities (all of the existing states at the time except Nevada). As federal regulations were enacted in the 1930s and 1940s, the state laws remained on the books while the federal laws mostly duplicated and extended the Blue Sky laws. The passage of the National Securities Markets Improvement Act by Congress in 1996 effectively removed states from securities regulation of investment banks, except for antifraud matters. On March 14, 2008, Bear Stearns, prominent investment banks based in the United States, collapsed. On September 26, 2008, in response to further changes in the investment banking landscape, the SEC announced that it was ending its Consolidated Supervised Entities program that oversaw investment banks, because the remaining major players were converted to bank holding companies. Additional understandings and new regulations continued to develop following the collapse of Lehman Brothers during September 2008, including efforts to achieve better coordination between different regulators and minimize systemic risk.
Knee adduction moment and development of chronic knee pain in elders

Objective To determine whether the adduction moment at the knee during locomotor activity contributes to the development of future chronic knee pain. Methods We studied 132 community-dwelling elders who had undergone a full kinetic and kinematic motion analysis while performing 4 different activities: standing, walking, rising from a chair, and descending stairs. We contacted the participants 3–4 years after their baseline locomotion analysis and identified those who reported no knee pain at the time of motion analysis but who subsequently developed new chronic knee pain at followup. We examined whether the development of new chronic knee pain was associated with higher peak adduction moment at the knee during activities, measured at baseline. Results Of the 132 elders evaluated in 1995–1996, 118 (89%) were contacted in 1999. Of the 118 contacted, 80 (mean age 75 years; 78% women) had no lower extremity prosthetic joints at baseline, no known underlying inflammatory arthritis at baseline nor followup, and no baseline knee pain. At followup, 7 had developed new chronic knee pain defined as pain or stiffness on most days of the month and with walking 2 blocks or using stairs. Compared with those who did not develop knee pain, those who did develop new chronic knee pain had higher baseline adduction moments for all activities (P = 0.01), ranging from 8% higher during chair rise to 39% higher during stair descent. Conclusion We found that greater adduction moment at the knee during activities contributes to the development of future chronic knee pain. Our results suggest that biomechanical factors may play an important role in the pathogenesis of knee pain and should be studied further.
Museums and Urban Culture in West Africa

Museums and Urban Culture in West Africa. ALEXIS B. A. ADANDE AND EMMANUEL ARINZE, eds. Oxford, UK: James Currey, 2002. 168 pp.
74 Creating combinatorial patterns with DNA origami arrays.

DNA origami (Rothemund, 2006) and smaller DNA tiles (Winfree et al., 1998) have been used as effective scaffolds to create complex patterns for organizing molecules with nanometer precision but of a limited size. Arrays of DNA origami (Liu et al., 2011) and DNA tiles have been shown to be capable of creating patterns in a larger scale, either periodically or following a specific set of rules defined by a cellular automaton (Rothemund et al., 2004). Here we aim to create a variety of large-scale complex patterns by using a combinatorial approach with a mathematically simple and elegant rule called Truchet tiling.
An Active Learning Algorithm for Control of Epidural Electrostimulation

Epidural electrostimulation has shown promise for spinal cord injury therapy. However, finding effective stimuli on the multi-electrode stimulating arrays employed requires a laborious manual search of a vast space for each patient. Widespread clinical application of these techniques would be greatly facilitated by an autonomous, algorithmic system which choses stimuli to simultaneously deliver effective therapy and explore this space. We propose a method based on ${\rm GP{\hbox{-}}BUCB}$ , a Gaussian process bandit algorithm. In $n = 4$ spinally transected rats, we implant epidural electrode arrays and examine the algorithm's performance in selecting bipolar stimuli to elicit specified muscle responses. These responses are compared with temporally interleaved intra-animal stimulus selections by a human expert. ${\rm GP{\hbox{-}}BUCB}$ successfully controlled the spinal electrostimulation preparation in 37 testing sessions, selecting 670 stimuli. These sessions included sustained autonomous operations (ten-session duration). Delivered performance with respect to the specified metric was as good as or better than that of the human expert. Despite receiving no information as to anatomically likely locations of effective stimuli, ${\rm GP{\hbox{-}}BUCB}$ also consistently discovered such a pattern. Further, ${\rm GP{\hbox{-}}BUCB}$ was able to extrapolate from previous sessions’ results to make predictions about performance in new testing sessions, while remaining sufficiently flexible to capture temporal variability. These results provide validation for applying automated stimulus selection methods to the problem of spinal cord injury therapy.
Isomorphic deactivation of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa oxidoreductase: The crystal structure of Ag(I) metallated azurin at 1.7 Å

Multiple biophysical methods demonstrate that silver effectively metallates Pseudomonas aeruginosa apo-azurin in solution. X-ray crystallography of the silver-modified protein reveals that silver binds to azurin at the traditional copper mediated active site with nearly identical geometry. Cyclic voltammetry indicates that the silver adduct is redox inert. Our results suggest that a potential mechanism for the microbial toxicity of silver is the deactivation of copper oxidoreductases by the effective binding and structural mimicry by silver without the corresponding function.
Efficient induction of immune tolerance to coagulation factor IX following direct intramuscular gene transfer

Summary. Background: The formation of inhibitory anti-factor IX (anti-FIX) antibodies is a major complication of FIX protein replacement-based treatment for hemophilia B. It is difficult to treat patients with anti-FIX antibodies. Gene therapy is emerging as a potentially effective treatment for hemophilia. Direct i.m. injection of adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a safe and efficient procedure for hemophilia B gene therapy. However, the development of anti-FIX antibodies following i.m. of AAV may impede its application to patients. Objective: We aimed to investigate induction of immune tolerance to human FIX (hFIX) by i.m. of AAV1, further validating i.m. of AAV1 for hemophilia B gene therapy. Methods and results: Cohorts of hemostatically normal and hemophilia B mice with diverse genetic and MHC backgrounds received i.m. of AAV-hFIX. Human FIX antigen and anti-hFIX antibodies were examined. I.m. of 1 × 1011 vector genomes (VG) of AAV2 elicits formation of anti-hFIX antibodies comparable to those by hFIX protein replacement. I.m. of 1 × 1011 VG of AAV1 results in expression of therapeutic levels of hFIX (up to 950 ng mL−1, mean = 772 ng mL−1, SEM ± 35.7) and hFIX-specific immune tolerance in C57BL/6 mice. Conclusions: A single i.m. of AAV1 can result in efficient expression of therapeutic levels of hFIX and induction of hFIX tolerance in hemostatically normal and hemophilic B mice. Our results substantiate the prospect of i.m. of AAV1 for hemophilia B gene therapy and FIX tolerance induction.
Counter-current and co-current gas separation

Abstract Recent developments in the production of semipermeable plastic tubing could make gas separation by tube bundles competitive with existing gas separation methods. In order to explore this possibility research was conducted on a variety of tubular gaseous diffusion cells. The results permitted the development of a predictive model for the outputs of tube bundles and the optimum operating conditions.
The Texas Ten Percent Plan

In this article, the authors discuss the formulation, provisions, and initial impact of the Texas Ten Percent Plan, which is often contrasted to affirmative action as a mechanism for achieving diversity on college campuses. They argue that although no evidence suggests that the plan will be as successful as affirmative action, it could potentially increase the proportion of minority and low-income students admitted to Texas public universities. This prospect is most likely if the affected communities build an efficacious cross-racial political coalition for quality education. The plan's main weaknesses mirror those of previous programs designed to redress racial discrimination. Most notably, the plan revises college admissions criteria to admit a percentage of minority and poor White students without addressing many of the problems concerning inferior education at the K-12 levels for these populations.
In-place reconstruction of delta compressed files

results in high latency and low bandwidth to web-enabled clients and prevents the timely delivery of software. We present an algorithm for modifying delta compressed files so that the compressed versions may be reconstructed without scratch space. This allows network clients with limited resources to efficiently update software by retrieving delta compressed versions over a network. Delta compression for binary files, compactly encoding a version of data with only the changed bytes from a previous version, may be used to efficiently distribute software over low bandwidth channels, such as the Internet. Traditional methods for rebuilding these delta files require memory or storage space on the target machine for both the old and new version of the file to be reconstructed. With the advent of network computing and Internet-enabled devices, many of these network attached target machines have limited additional scratch space. We present an algorithm for modifying a delta compressed version file so that it may rebuild the new me version in the space that the current version occupies. Differential or delta compression [5, 11, compactly encoding a new version of a file using only the changed bytes from a previous version, can be used to reduce the size of the file to be transmitted and consequently the time to perform software update. Currently, decompressing delta encoded files requires scratch space, additional disk or memory storage, used to hold a required second copy of the file. Two copies of the compressed file must be concurrently available, as the delta file contains directives to read data from the old file version while the new file version is being materialized in another region of storage. This presents a problem. Network attached devices often have limited memory resources and no disks and therefore are not capable of storing two file versions at the same time. Furthermore, adding storage to network attached devices is not viable, as keeping these devices simple limits their production costs.
Postnatal manganese exposure alters dopamine transporter function in adult rats: Potential impact on nonassociative and associative processes

In the present study, we examined whether exposing rats to a high-dose regimen of manganese chloride (Mn) during the postnatal period would depress presynaptic dopamine functioning and alter nonassociative and associative behaviors. To this end, rats were given oral supplements of Mn (750 μg/day) on postnatal days (PD) 1–21. On PD 90, dopamine transporter (DAT) immunoreactivity and [3H]dopamine uptake were assayed in the striatum and nucleus accumbens, while in vivo microdialysis was used to measure dopamine efflux in the same brain regions. The effects of postnatal Mn exposure on nigrostriatal functioning were evaluated by assessing rotorod performance and amphetamine-induced stereotypy in adulthood. In terms of associative processes, both cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) and sucrose-reinforced operant responding were examined. Results showed that postnatal Mn exposure caused persistent declines in DAT protein expression and [3H]dopamine uptake in the striatum and nucleus accumbens, as well as long-term reductions in striatal dopamine efflux. Rotorod performance did not differ according to exposure condition, however Mn-exposed rats did exhibit substantially more amphetamine-induced stereotypy than vehicle controls. Mn exposure did not alter performance on any aspect of the CPP task (preference, extinction, or reinstatement testing), nor did Mn affect progressive ratio responding (a measure of motivation). Interestingly, acquisition of a fixed ratio task was impaired in Mn-exposed rats, suggesting a deficit in procedural learning. In sum, these results indicate that postnatal Mn exposure causes persistent declines in various indices of presynaptic dopaminergic functioning. Mn-induced alterations in striatal functioning may have long-term impact on associative and nonassociative behavior.
Classroom Seating Location, Order Effects, and Reactivity

A study of classroom seating location by Levine, McDonald, O'Neal, and Garwood (1980) was interpreted as supporting the self-selection rather than the environmental hypothesis. Due to certain flaws in the design of the Levine et al. study, their rejection of the environmental hypothesis is premature.
Excess enthalpies for (ethane + chloromethane) at the temperatures (298.15, 323.15, 348.15, and 363.15) K and pressures from 5 MPa to 16 MPa

Abstract Excess molar enthalpies HEm for (ethane + chloromethane) have been measured at the temperatures (298.15, 323.15, 348.15, and 363.15) K and pressures from (5 to 16) MPa with a high-temperature high-pressure flow calorimeter. At low pressures (vapor + liquid) equilibrium occurs, resulting in linear regions in the HEm (x) curves. (Vapor + liquid) equilibria at p = 5 MPa were determined from the calorimetric measurements, and enabled us to construct a (vapor + liquid) equilibrium isobar. A weak dependence of HEm on temperature and pressure was observed at the higher pressures, with HEm results similar to those reported earlier for (propane + chloromethane) and (butane + chloromethane) over a wider range of pressures and temperatures.
Controlled release of a therapeutic protein.

Lyophilized macromolecules complexed with zinc and encapsulated within degradable microspheres are slowly released for at least one month (pages 795–799).
Investigation of the influence of cytosine methylation on DNA flexibility

To test the influence of pyrimidine methyl groups on DNA flexibility and helix repeat, two sets of 14 mixed sequence DNA molecules, spanning a range of lengths from 158 to 180 base pairs, were cyclized with T4 DNA ligase. The two sets differed only in that the Cyt-5 positions of all cytosines (80-90 cytosine residues per molecule) were fully methylated in the members of one set. Determination of the molar cyclization factors, persistence lengths, helix repeats, and torsional elastic constants revealed no significant differences between the two sets. These results imply that, at least for mixed sequence DNA, the biological consequences of cytosine methylation are likely to derive from either local structural distortions in the helix, which do not propagate as altered twist, or from direct protein-methyl cytosine interactions.
Global Circuits of Blackness: Interrogating the African Diaspora

Global Circuits of Blackness: Interrogating the African Diaspora , edited by Jean Rahier, Percy Hintzen and Felipe Smith, Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2010. This collection propo...
Spectral distribution calculations of the level density and spin-cutoff parameters of /sup 28/Si

Spectral distribution calculations of the separate positive and negative parity level densities and spin cutoff parameters for /sup 28/Si have been made in an sdf basis. A configuration expansion utilizing higher moments of the Hamiltonian is found to be important in improving agreement between calculation and experiment at low excitation energies. The Hamiltonian moments were corrected for the effects of spurious c.m. motion. The present results suggest that spectral distribution calculations can yield level densities which agree with experimental information on the number of levels, spin cutoff factors, and parity ratios over an energy range of over 20 MeV.
Use of Procainamide in Chronic Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis: Report of a Case

A patient on chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) was treated with procainamide for control of ventricular arrhythmias. A procainamide half-life of 11.5 hours was observed, with a dialysis clearance of 6.5 mL/min. The N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA) dialysis clearance was 5.3 mLlmin. The CAPD clearance of procainamide and its active metabolite, NAPA, is much lower than that reported for hemodialysis. Procainamide therapy should be initiated with reduced dosages in patients with renal failure.
The Isolation of Acrosome-Reaction-Inducing Glycoproteins from Sea Urchin Egg Jelly

The solubilized jelly coat of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus eggs was boiled in SDS and mercaptoethanol, precipitated in ethanol, washed in 70% ethanol, lyophilized, and redissolved in seawater. The sample retained its activity to induce the sperm acrosome reaction (AR), showing that the AR inducer was resistant to harsh denaturing conditions. Egg jelly (EJ) was separated into its component macromolecules by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the gel silver-stained. Several macromolecules ranging from approximately 30 to 380 kDa were consistently observed. These macromolecules were not seen by Coomassie blue staining. With the exception of the fucose sulfate polymer (FSP; 380 kDa) and the 300-kDa component, the other molecules were of minor abundance. Sephacryl-500 gel-filtration chromatography in detergents and disulfide reducing agents separated EJ into three fractions. The FSP and 300-kDa components were purified to homogeneity. A third fraction consisted of components of 30, 82, 116, and 138 kDa. The purified FSP and 300-kDa components had insignificant AR-inducing activity. Substantial AR activity was found only in the 30 to 138-kDa fraction. Ion-exchange chromatography and Centricon filtration separated the 82- and 138-kDa glycoproteins from the other components, but these two components could not be separated from each other. There may be other AR-inducing molecules in sea urchin EJ that were not visible after silver staining of gels. Also, some EJ components are so large that they did not enter the stacking gel. Of those macromolecules that were visible on gels after silver staining, only the fraction containing the 80- and 138-kDa proteins had significant AR-inducing activity.
Some Problems in the Culture of Oyster Larvae

The various problems in culture of oyster larvae are discussed. Oysters can be made to spawn in the laboratory. This is done by subjecting them to a water temperature above 20 C. They can also be encouraged to spawn by adding a sperm suspension to warm sea water. Spawnable animals can be assured for late summer and early fall by holding glycogen-rich animals in refrigerated sea water during the spawning season. Good water quality is essential. Blooms of algae and pollution are detrimental. Metals such as zinc, are harmful to larvae. Live alga is still the best food but “artificial” feeds must be developed. Disease can be a problem since oysters are crowded. Pathogenic bacteria cause the most problems. Some, such as bacterial necrosis, may be controlled with antibiotics. At metamorphosis abundant food is vital for oysters. If food is inadequate the rate of setting is reduced.
Pelvic abscess associated with anastomotic leak in patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA): transanastomotic or CT-guided drainage?

Evidence is lacking whether an abscess associated with anastomotic leak after an ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) should be drained by transanal or CT-guided drainage. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare outcomes after the two techniques for drainage. Patients who underwent IPAA (1984–2009) and diagnosed with a pelvic abscess associated with an anastomotic leak were identified. The choice of operative or image-guided drainage was based on surgeon preference. Differences between patients undergoing transanal (group TA) and CT-guided drainage (group CT) were determined. Groups TA (n = 53) and CT (n = 18) had similar age (p = 0.3), gender (p = 0.3), body mass index (p = 0.6), steroid use (p = 0.4), albumin level (p = 0.9), ileostomy (p = 0.6), and follow-up time (p = 0.5). The size of the abscess was greater in group CT (p = 0.012). Two patients developed fistula at the CT-guided drainage site. Both healed after conservative treatment and drainage of associated gluteal abscess, respectively. Thirteen patients in group TA and three patients in group CT (p = 0.6) had failure of drainage and underwent surgery. The success rates for the procedures in terms of long-term pouch retention were 75.5% and 83%, respectively, for TA and CT. Groups TA and CT had similar bowel frequency (p = 0.9), incontinence (p = 0.6), urgency (p = 0.9), seepage (p = 0.6), pad usage (p = 0.1), quality of life (p = 0.9), and happiness with surgery (p = 0.9). There is a risk of fistula at drainage site after a CT-guided drainage of the pelvic abscess associated with anastomotic leak following IPAA. Transanal and CT-guided drainage are equally effective and result in similar long-term pouch-related outcomes.
Quantitative Analysis of Videostroboscopic Images in Presbylarynges

Objective/Hypothesis Age-related dysphonia, or presbylarynges, is often identified as the cause of voice disorders in older individuals. It is a diagnosis of exclusion that typically includes the subjective videostroboscopic findings of vocal fold bowing or atrophy and incomplete glottal closure. We hypothesize that vocal fold bowing correlates directly with glottal gap in patients with presbylarynges and that these characteristics may be quantified objectively using measures obtained from videostroboscopic images. Study Design Retrospective analysis of patient data and prospective analysis of control subjects. Methods The quantitative measures of bowing index and normalized glottal gap, as well as a novel measure, normalized laryngeal outlet, were calculated from the videostroboscopic examinations of 46 patients with presbylarynges and 20 normal control subjects. Results The mean bowing index values from the presbylarynges and control groups differed significantly, although there was overlap of individual values between groups. Bowing index values did not consistently predict normalized glottal gap values. Mean normalized laryngeal outlet values of the patients with presbylarynges were significantly smaller than those of the control group. Conclusions Bowing does not consistently predict the extent of glottal gap. Therefore, other presbylaryngeal changes are probably contributing to incomplete glottal closure, which are not well-visualized stroboscopically, so the finding of bowing is not sufficiently specific to identify presbylarynges. The significantly smaller normalized laryngeal outlet values suggest that this identifies a compensatory strategy for glottal gap to optimize vocal function. This is a novel finding that contrasts with medial ventricular fold squeezing, which is more routinely sought and is typically considered a maladaptive compensatory strategy. Despite the advantages of quantitative stroboscopic measures, limitations in reliability limit their clinical utility.
Abstract C29: Prostate cancer detection and localization with diffusion-weighted imaging and 1H-MR spectroscopy

Abstract Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) of the human with 1.5T MRI gives the insight of Prostate Cancer Tissue details. DWI is now used also for other Liver, Kidney, and Heart Imaging than the brain, and especially focused on detection of Cancer Tissues in prostate.1H-MR spectroscopy technique is used to detect and localize prostate cancer. One difficult sight of 1.5T prostate spectroscopy is the use of a special endorectal coil, it is a thin wire covered with a latex balloon and inserted inside the tail end of the large bowel which is rectum. We detected and identified the prostate cancer by DWI and 3D 1H-MRS with a external phase arrayed multi-coils, this is optimal tumor invasion through bowel wall and adjacent organs. Note: This abstract was not presented at the conference because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: Akash Singh. Prostate cancer detection and localization with diffusion-weighted imaging and 1H-MR spectroscopy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Prostate Cancer Research; 2012 Feb 6-9; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(4 Suppl):Abstract nr C29.
Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis Activity and Sleep in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Alterations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sleep disturbances have been described separately in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is not known if HPA alterations and sleep disturbances are associated in PTSD. This study examined sleep and HPA activity in 20 male medication-free subjects with PTSD and 16 matched healthy controls. Two nights of polysomnography were obtained and 24-h urinary cortisol was collected during day 2. Subjects self-administered a low-dose (0.5 mg) salivary dexamethasone test at home. Compared with controls, PTSD subjects had higher 24-h urinary microg cortisol/g creatinine (mean+/-SD 40+/-17 vs 28+/-12, p=0.03) but not significantly higher 24-h urinary cortisol (mean+/-SD 52+/-15 microg/day vs 43+/-23, p=0.19). PTSD subjects showed a trend towards less cortisol suppression after dexamethasone (73%+/-18 vs 83%+/-10, p=0.06). In the combined sample, delta sleep was significantly and negatively correlated with 24-h urinary cortisol (r=-0.36, p=0.04), and with 24-h urinary cortisol/g creatinine on a trend level (r=-0.34, p=0.06). Our results suggest that increased cortisol is negatively associated with delta sleep. This may contribute to sleep abnormalities in conditions associated with elevated cortisol, possibly including PTSD. Future studies should explore the temporal relationship between HPA activity, sleep disturbances, and psychopathology after a traumatic event.
Advances in the Biology and Chemistry of Sialic Acids

Sialic acids are a subset of nonulosonic acids, which are nine-carbon α-keto aldonic acids. Natural existing sialic acid-containing structures are presented in different sialic acid forms, various sialyl linkages, and on diverse underlying glycans. They play important roles in biological, pathological, and immunological processes. Sialobiology has been a challenging and yet attractive research area. Recent advances in chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis, as well as large-scale E. coli cell-based production, have provided a large library of sialoside standards and derivatives in amounts sufficient for structure−activity relationship studies. Sialoglycan microarrays provide an efficient platform for quick identification of preferred ligands for sialic acid-binding proteins. Future research on sialic acid will continue to be at the interface of chemistry and biology. Research efforts not only will lead to a better understanding of the biological and pathological importance of sialic acids and their diversi...
Usefulness of color Doppler flow imaging to distinguish ventricular septal defect from acute mitral regurgitation complicating acute myocardial infarction

Abstract Several studies have found 2-dimensional echocardiography and conventional spectral Doppler ultrasound useful in the assessment of ventricular septal defect (VSD), but few data exist regarding the usefulness of color Doppler flow imaging in evaluating this problem. Thus, the results of color flow imaging performed in 14 patients who presented with a recent acute myocardial infarction (AMI), hemodynamic instability and a new systolic murmur were evaluated. All patients underwent cardiac catheterization for definitive diagnosis, which proved to be VSD in 7 and acute mitral regurgitation in 7. VSD, identified by turbulent flow traversing the ventricular septum during ventricular systole, was correctly identified in all 7 patients with septal rupture. In the remaining 7 patients with a new murmur after AMI, mitral regurgitation was demonstrated as turbulent systolic flow in the left atrium by both color flow imaging and cine ventriculography. In all 14 patients with new murmurs, color flow imaging was 100% accurate for the presence or absence of VSD. Color flow imaging localized the septal defect to the apical septum (3), inferior septum (3) or both inferior and apical septal regions (1), and was 100% concordant for location compared with cineangiography, surgery and conventional Doppler echocardiographic techniques. Color flow imaging was accurate in identifying the presence and location of VSD complicating AMI, and accurately differentiated VSD from mitral regurgitation. Color flow imaging provides safe, rapid diagnosis of VSD complicating AMI, and may alleviate the need for diagnostic right-sided heart catheterization and preoperative cine ventriculography in these seriouslyill patients.
A study of superplasticity in a modified 5083 Al-Mg-Mn alloy

The superplastic (SP) properties of a modified 5083 alloy (Al-4.7Mg-1.6Mn) were evaluated by tensile tests and microstructural characterization over a range of strain rates from 0.0005 to 0.1 s−1, temperatures from 500 °C to 550 °C, and initial grain sizes from 8.7 to 17 µm. The fine-grained material was found to exhibit strain-rate sensitivity values of greater than 0.5 over the strain-rate range of 0.002 to 0.1 s−1, while the coarser-grained material appeared to deform as a Class I solid solution by glide-controlled dislocation creep. It was found that the mechanical properties could be adequately represented by a semiempirical constitutive equation which reflected the flow hardening due to dynamic grain growth, the change in m with strain and strain rate, and the transition between SP deformation and dislocation creep with strain rate. Microstructural examination revealed the presence of several pre-existing cavities associated with intermetallic particles. Tensile elongations of up to 525 pct were obtained at a strain rate of 10−3s−1.
Issues underlying use of biosensors to measure metal bioavailability

Heavy metal-mediated toxicity in the environment is dependent on bioavailable metal concentrations both internal and external to microbial cells. Both internal and external metal bioavailability are influenced by multiple factors in the soil environment. External factors include pH, redox potential, ionic strength, organic matter and clay content. The internal bioavailable metal concentration is dependent on both the aforementioned external factors, as well as metal uptake and efflux activities that are specific for each microorganism. The metal-specific biosensors discussed in this article can be used to measure internal metal bioavailability.
Cell-mediated immunocompetence among nomadic Turkana children.

Cell-mediated immune function is readily impaired by nutritional and disease stress, while depressed cellular immunity, in turn, increases an individual's susceptibility to infection. The measurement of cellular immunity through delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) testing can provide important prognostic information, including the prediction of future health and survival, and can easily be performed in nonclinical settings. In a sample of 64 nomadic Turkana children, DTH response was measured seasonally by the simultaneous application of five standardized recall antigens and a glycerin control (Multiest CMI®). Reactivity, measured by mm of induration, varied substantially by antigen, with tuberculin eliciting the strongest response. However, the majority of children (56.2%) were nonreactive to all administered test antigens, indicating a level of anergy significantly higher than that found in U.S. and Peruvian juvenile populations. DTH response did not vary by sex or age of the subject. In addition, immunocompetence did not fluctuate seasonally. These results suggest that the level of immunosuppression found among Turkana children is extremely high, and may be an important determinant of the high rates of morbidity and mortality found in this population. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mental Health Problems of Displaced War-Affected Adolescents in Northern Uganda: Patterns of Agreement Between Self and Caregiver Assessment

We evaluate caregiver and adolescent concordance on adolescent mental health severity in war-affected Northern Uganda. Data were collected from 628 caregiver-adolescent dyads in two internally displaced persons’ camps. Internalizing and externalizing-type mental health problems were assessed using locally-developed scales. To evaluate concordance, mean caregiver and adolescent scores on each scale were compared using Pearson’s correlation coefficients and within-pair-differences were compared by subtracting caregiver from adolescent responses and using t tests to assess whether these differed from 0. Mental heath problem type and youth/caregiver gender and age were investigated as potential indicators of group differences. Adolescents consistently rated their problems as more severe for internalizing problems and less severe for externalizing problems compared with caregivers. Mothers’ reports exhibited better concordance for internalizing problems while fathers’ and other caregivers’ exhibited better concordance of externalizing problems. Results suggest researchers and program implementers need to be aware of respondent differences when planning studies and services.
4-Aryl-1,3,2-oxathiazolylium-5-olates as pH-controlled NO-donors: the next generation of S-nitrosothiols.

S-Nitrosothiols (RSNOs) are important exogenous and endogenous sources of nitric oxide (NO) in biological systems. A series of 4-aryl-1,3,2-oxathiazolylium-5-olates derivatives with varying aryl para-substituents (−CF3, −H, −Cl, and −OCH3) were synthesized. These compounds were found to release NO under acidic condition (pH = 5). The decomposition pathway of the aryloxathiazolyliumolates proceeded via an acid-catalyzed ring-opening mechanism after which NO was released and an S-centered radical was generated. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin trapping studies were performed to detect NO and the S-centered radical using the spin traps of iron(II) N-methyl-d-glucamine dithiocarbamate [(MGD)2−FeII] and 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO). Also, EPR spin trapping and UV−vis spectrophotometry were used to analyze the effect of aryl para substitution on the NO-releasing property of aryloxathiazolyliumolates. The results showed that the presence of an electron-withdrawing substituent such as −CF3 en...
Quantitative thin-layer chromatographic method for the determination of procainamide and its major metabolite in plasma

Abstract A sensitive and accurate spectrodensitometric method was developed for the determination of procainamide and its major metabolite, N-acetylprocainamide, in plasma. The method involves extraction into organic solvent at alkaline pH, separation by thin-layer chromatography and direct measurement of the adsorbance of the compounds on the plate at 275 nm. Quantities as low as 10 ng could be measured and a linear relationship was obtained between peak areas and amounts of the compounds in the spots from 10 to 200 ng. The recovery of both drugs from plasma was from 95.4 to 104.8%. The method is sensitive and specific, and procainamide was well separated from N-acetylprocainamide at all investigated concentrations. The method is recommended for clinical assays and pharmacokinetics studies.
Effects of salt injections on instrumental and consummatory activity and heart rate in the rat.

Abstract Using salt induction of thirst in rats, an experiment was conducted to explore Malmo's activation theory. The effects of various sodium chloride concentrations on bar pressing, water intake, and heart rate were studied. The behavioral data supported the position that the relationship between drive and performance is represented best by a quadratic function. Heart rate fell in a direction opposite to that predicted by activation theory. A number of possible explanations of the decrease in heart rate were entertained. It was concluded that heart rate is either not always a good peripheral measure of activation or that the theory cannot adequately account for heart rate changes with salt-induced thirst.
Generation of a mouse model for citrullinemia by targeted disruption of the argininosuccinate synthetase gene.

Argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) is a urea cycle enzyme that forms argininosuccinate from citrulline and aspartate. Mutations at the ASS locus in man cause the inherited disease, citrullinemia. Citrullinemia is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait and is characterized, biochemically, by elevated levels of blood citrulline and ammonia and often results in early neonatal death if untreated. We have used homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells to generate a line of mice having a targeted disruption of theAss gene. Homozygous mutant animals develop high levels of blood citrulline, become hyperammonemic, and die within one or two days after birth. Because the phenotype of the mutant mice closely resembles that of humans who lack the ASS enzyme, we expect that these mice will serve as a useful model for exploring new treatments for citrullinemia including somatic gene therapy.
A Woman's Place Is in the Composition Classroom: Pedagogy, Gender, and Difference

neither my stories of teaching nor those of many of my feminist colleagues. These practitioners, along with many women and men writing about composition studies today, urge us to design curricula to empower women and other students marginalized in relation to the dominant discourse. In their stories we see them empowering those women, who experience life and the academy from a marginal perspective, to write. Moving away from the developmental theories of William H. Perry and Jean Piaget, these researchers cite studies by women about the different ways women know and write to justify the ways they encourage their female students' literacy.2 But these feminists do not describe the nonmarginalized students many of the rest of us meet in our classes-those men, women, and culturally different ones who already belong in the academy. How many of those of us who are feminists and composition teachers interact only with students eager to be transformed by the political agendas of feminist, or for that matter, even composition pedagogy? The affirmation in the first part of my title gives away the ending of my story,
What About the Leader in Leader-Member Exchange? The Impact of Resource Exchanges and Substitutability on the Leader

To date, leader-member exchange (LMX) research has primarily examined member outcomes, such as member attitudes and performance. However, little research exists regarding outcomes specific to the leader. Focusing on the leader-member dyad, we develop a framework of leader outcomes resulting from resource exchanges with members. We propose specific resource substitutes and discuss the impact of LMX quality on the leader.
Biopharmaceutic factors that influence effects of anticholinergic drugs: Comparison of propantheline, hexocyclium, and isopropamide

The antisecretory (determined from salivary flow rates) and antimotility (determined from riboflavin absorption) effects of usually recommended doses of propantheline, hexocyclium, and isopropamide were compared in four adult volunteers. Both propantheline and hexocyclium significantly decreased salivary flow and increased riboflavin absorption. Although the usual dose of propantheline was about twice as effective as the usual dose of hexocyclium in suppressing salivary flow, these doses produced comparable effects on riboflavin absorption. Isopropamide had little or no effect on either the salivary flow rate or riboflavin absorption. Propantheline and hexocyclium elicited little effect on salivary flow when administered after a meal. Prolonged-release dosage forms of these drugs produced effects comparable to those produced by much smaller doses in conventional tablets and gave no indication of providing prolonged anticholinergic effects.
A Comparative Study of Finger-Maze Learning by Blind and Sighted Subjects

* Recommended by Walter R. Miles, accepted for publication by Carl Murchison of the Editorial Board, and received in the Editorial Office, May 5, 1933. † The publication of this manuscript has been made possible by a subsidy from the American Foundation for the Blind. 1 The writer is indebted to Dr. Helen Lois Koch, formerly of the University of Texas, for suggesting the problem and procedure, and to Dr. Walter R. Miles of Yale University for the maze used and for other aid and encouragement in preparation of the manuscript.
Management of Giant Cystic Hygromas in Infants

Summary Giant cystic lymphangioma is a rare lesion that presents major therapeutic challenges. Four infants presented in the first weeks of life with diffuse cysts in the neck. The tongue was involved in three, the mediastinum in one, and the pharynx and supraglottic larynx in two. These lesions are characterized by hundreds of cysts that infiltrate in and around muscles, nerves, and vessels. Complete excision is not possible without damaging the normal structures. All four infants initially had partial removal with unroofing and drainage of the remaining cysts and temporary tracheostomy to protect the airway. One infant died from a thrombosed sagittal sinus. She had severe venous congestion of the head and neck postoperatively which may have been caused by an overzealous attempt to remove all of the cysts. The other three have required nine additional operations for removal of recurrent neck cysts (one operation), removal of mediastinal cysts (one operation), partial glossectomy (three operations), and laser excision of lymphangiomas of the pharynx and supraglottic larynx (four operations). Two patients have required partial glossectomy which should be performed early to protect the airway, to allow normal speech development, and to prevent malocclusion and prognathism from constant pressure of the tongue against the teeth. Removal of wedges of tissue from each side and from the center of the dorsum of the tongue reduces bulk with minimal risk to the lingual arteries and nerves. Recurrent tongue enlargement is common and can be treated by repeated partial glossectomy. Lymphangiomatosis of the pharynx and supraglottic larynx is difficult to treat. The carbon dioxide laser allows very precise excision of individual cysts with minimal drainage to adjacent mucosa, but in our limited experience it has not prevented recurrence. Despite the extensive nature of these lesions, the impossibility of complete excision, and the need for multiple operations, the long-term results in the three surviving patients have been satisfactory. Asymmetry of the neck and face due to lymphedema tends to improve with time. All three children have an acceptable appearance and normal speech for their ages.
Taxation without Representation in Contemporary Rural China

1. Introduction 2. Peasants and taxation in historical perspective 3. Extracting funds from the peasants 4. Institutional sources of informal tax burdens 5. Burdens and resistance: peasant collective action 6. Containing burdens: change and persistence 7. Burden reduction: village democratization and farmer national interest representation 8. Conclusions.
The Iwasawa Main Conjectures for GL2

We prove the one-, two-, and three-variable Iwasawa-Greenberg Main Conjectures for a large class of modular forms that are ordinary with respect to an odd prime p. The method of proof involves an analysis of an Eisenstein ideal for ordinary Hida families for GU(2,2).