cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PRIMITIVE ERYTHROPOIESIS IN YOLK SAC EXPLANTS IS INHIBITED BY ANTISENSE ERYTHROPOIETIN-RECEPTOR, c-RAF, AND JAK2 OLIGODEOXYNUCLEOTIDES (ODN). • 940

Erythropoietin (EPO) binds its specific receptor (EPO-R) to mediate survival and proliferation of definitive (bone marrow/fetal liver) red cell precursors. In contrast, little is known about cytokine signaling inprimitive (yolk sac) erythroblasts. We detected EPO-R mRNA by in situ hybridization at early stages of murine yolk sac blood island development(E7.5-E8.5). Because the size and location of the mammalian embryo makes experimental manipulation difficult, we developed a serum-free murine yolk sac explant culture system {Blood 86:156, 1995}, and an antisense experimental approach to examine the functional role of EPO/EPO-R during the initial development of primary primitive erythroblasts from extra-embryonic mesoderm cells. The addition of EPO to E7.5 yolk sac explants increased both the accumulation of βH1-globin mRNA and the number of differentiating yolk sac erythroblasts compared to untreated explants. Antisense EPO-R ODN decreased βH1-globin accumulation 95% (p 50% (p<0.05), compared to missense EPO-R ODN-treated and untreated explants. A similar experimental approach was used to investigate putative EPO-R intracellular signaling cascades. Antisense c-raf and Jak2 ODN each decreased the number of primitive erythroblasts 40% (p<0.01), but only antisense c-raf ODN significantly decreased erythroid progenitors. We conclude that EPO/EPO-R signaling is functionally active during the initial differentiation of primary yolk sac erythroid cells, and suggest that this signaling may involve both the ras/raf and the Jak2/Stat pathways.
Metamorphic zonations on presumably subducted lithospheric plates from Japan, California and the Alps

High-pressure blueschist-type mineral parageneses from the Sanbagawa belt of southwestern Japan, the Franciscan terrane of western California and the Sesia zone, Pennine and Helvetic realms of the central Alps may reflect metamorphic conditions attending lithospheric plate descent. The observed progressive metamorphic sequences seemingly have developed chiefly, but not exclusively within the confines of oceanic crust, and evidently mark the suture zones between pairs of convergent lithospheric plates. The downgoing slabs have developed relatively near-surface (1) zeolitized rocks and apparently at successively greater depths (2) pumpellyite-bearing rocks, (3) greenschists and/or blueschists, and (4) albite-amphibolites; eclogitic assemblages are characteristic of the highergrade environments. The sense of metamorphic progression (1)→(2)→(3)→(4) marks the direction of presumed lithospheric underflow. Profound pressure discontinuities revealed by mineral assemblage contrasts across the plate junctions indicate that the high-pressure terranes must have risen great distances subsequent to the blueschist-type recrystallization. This conclusion is supported in California and the Alps by the exposure of rocks interpreted as basal portions of the oceanic or continental crust+upper mantle in the overlying lithospheric slabs; such sections appear to have been dragged upwards adjacent to the plate junctions during the buoyant rise of the underlying and subducted blueschistic slabs subsequent to active plate convergence. The exposed widths of the high-pressure metamorphic belts roughly correlate with the depths of inferred crustal subduction now exhumed of 25–35 km or more.
Genetic basis of attenuation of dengue virus type 4 small plaque mutants with restricted replication in suckling mice and in SCID mice transplanted with human liver cells.

Abstract Mutations that restrict replication of dengue virus have been sought for the generation of recombinant live-attenuated dengue virus vaccines. Dengue virus type 4 (DEN4) was previously grown in Vero cells in the presence of 5-fluorouracil, and the characterization of 1248 mutagenized, Vero cell passaged clones identified 20 temperature-sensitive ( ts ) mutant viruses that were attenuated ( att ) in suckling mouse brain (J. E. Blaney, Jr., D. H. Johnson, C. Y. Firestone, C. T. Hanson, B. R. Murphy, and S. S. Whitehead, 2001, J. Virol. 75(20), 9731–9740). The present investigation has extended these studies by identifying an additional 22 DEN4 mutant viruses which have a small plaque size ( sp ) phenotype in Vero cells and/or the liver cell line, HuH-7. Five mutant viruses have a sp phenotype in both Vero and HuH-7 cells, three of which are also ts . Seventeen mutant viruses have a sp phenotype in only HuH-7 cells, 13 of which are also ts . Each of the sp viruses was growth restricted in the suckling mouse brain, exhibiting a wide range of reduction in replication (9- to 100,000-fold). Complete nucleotide sequence was determined for the 22 DEN4 sp mutant viruses, and nucleotide substitutions were found in the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) as well as in all coding regions except NS4A. Identical mutations have been identified in multiple virus clones, suggesting that they may be involved in the adaptation of DEN4 virus to efficient growth in Vero cells. Six of the 22 sp 5-FU mutant viruses lacked coding mutations in the structural genes, and 17 recombinant DEN4 viruses were generated which separately encoded each of the mutations observed in these six sp viruses. Analysis of the recombinant DEN4 viruses defined the genetic basis of the sp , ts , and att phenotypes observed in the six sp viruses. Mutations in NS1, NS3, and the 3′-UTR were found to confer a greater than 100-fold, 10,000-fold, and 1000-fold reduction in replication of rDEN4 virus in SCID mice transplanted with HuH-7 cells, respectively, which serves as a novel small animal model for DEN4 infection.
Mechanism of mixing in internal mixer and energy‐based modelling

In this paper, differences between mill mixing and internal mixer operation are discussed, the experimental results of the energy balance during mixing with an internal mixer are presented, and then an energy-based modelling of the mechanism of mixing in the internal mixer is proposed.
A Structural Equation Model of HIV-Related Stigma, Depressive Symptoms, and Medication Adherence

HIV-related stigma has a damaging effect on health outcomes among people living with HIV (PLWH), as studies have associated it with poor HIV medication adherence and depressive symptoms. We investigated whether depressive symptoms mediate the relationship between stigma and medication adherence. In a cross-sectional study, 720 PLWH completed instruments measuring HIV-related stigma, depressive symptoms, and HIV medication adherence. We used structural equation modeling (SEM) to investigate associations among these constructs. In independent models, we found that poorer adherence was associated with higher levels of stigma and depressive symptoms. In the simultaneous model that included both stigma and depressive symptoms, depression had a direct effect on adherence, but the effect of stigma on adherence was not statistically significant. This pattern suggested that depressive symptoms at least partially mediated the association between HIV-related stigma and HIV medication adherence. These findings suggest that interconnections between several factors have important consequences for adherence.
Gating charge immobilization and sodium current inactivation in internally perfused crayfish axons.

The sodium permeability in nerve is regulated by two gating processes, activation and inactivation1. Their relationship to one another has been described as ‘independent’1 or ‘coupled’2,3. An independent model, the Hodgkin and Huxley formulation, makes two testable predictions regarding gating current. First, as inactivation is voltage sensitive, it requires its own voltage sensor and might be expected to generate its own gating current. Second, gating current associated with activation should be unaffected by inactivation. Although charge movement associated with sodium activation is well characterized4, no inactivation charge movement has been described. Instead, depolarizations long enough to produce sodium current inactivation were found to diminish the charge movement associated with channel closing5. Inactivation temporarily immobilized a substantial fraction of the gating charge. These observations suit a coupled model in which inactivation gains its voltage dependence by coupling to activation3, and inactivation may in turn influence activation. However, the relative time course of the development immobilization (τimmob) was found to be the same3, the same in some voltage ranges6 and slower than that for inactivation (τinact). In crayfish axons inactivation is roughly five times faster than in squid, providing an interesting opportunity to compare inactivation and immobilization. Further, inactivation is so rapid that inactivation gating current should be easily visible. No inactivation charge movement was found and τimmob equals τinact.
Cytokine effects on maturation of the phagosomes containing Mycobacteria avium subspecies paratuberculosis in J774 cells

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (M. a. ptb) is an intracellular pathogen of macrophages. Intracellular survival of several species of pathogenic mycobacteria is dependent on inhibition of maturation of the phagosomes containing these pathogens into functional phagolysosomes. In activated macrophages, however, this capacity is reduced, leading to increased bacterial killing. It is the hypothesis of this study that there is increased acidification and maturation of the phagosome containing M. a. ptb in interferon gamma and lipopolysaccharide (IFN-γ/LPS) activated macrophages. In activated macrophages colocalization of M. a. ptb with either a marker of acidic compartments (Lysotracker Red) or compartments containing a late phagosome maturation marker lysosome-associated membrane protein-1 (Lamp-1) were evaluated by laser confocal microscopy. Intracellular survival of M. a. ptb in activated macrophages was evaluated directly using differential fluorescent live/dead staining. The results of this study demonstrated increased colocalization of both Lysotracker Red and Lamp-1 with FITC labeled M. a. ptb, which correlated with decreased survival of M. a. ptb within activated macrophages.
Straining and scalar dissipation on material surfaces in turbulence: Implications for flamelets

Direct numerical simulations of turbulence are used to examine the straining on material surfaces, and the behavior of thin diffusive layers. The results are related to questions arising in the study of turbulent premixed and diffusion flames in the flamelet regime. The simulations are of constant-density, homogeneous, isotropic turbulence, with artificial forcing of the velocity field to maintain statistical stationarity. Taylor-scale Reynolds numbers (Rλ) up to 93 are achieved. It is found that the total rate-of-strain a in the tangent plane of a material surface is positive (i.e., extensive) with 80% probability. This straining causes the area of the surface to double every 2.5 Kolmogorov time scales (τη). A premixed flamelet can be viewed as a surface that propagates at a speed w (i.e., the local laminar flame speed) relative to the fluid ahead. It is shown that the distance z between such a propagating surface and an initially coincident material surface remains small if w is small compared to the Kolmogorov velocity scale. For this case, the statistics of z are characterized. Subject to certain assumptions, the thin diffusive layers between blobs of fluid of different concentration adopt a self-similar form (at least for small times). It is found that the scalar dissipation χ0 in the center of these layers is approximately log-normally distributed. The mean thickness of these layers is approximately 2 Batchelor scales, and is less than 5 Batchelor scales with 98% probability. The joint probability density of χ0 and a shows that χ0 fluctuates significantly about its quasi-static value based on a (for a > 0). The integral time scales of a and χ0 are found to be approximately τη and 4τη, respectively. None of the results obtained shows significant Reynolds-number dependence when normalized by the Kolmogorov scales.
Growth Hormone-Induced Tyrosyl Phosphorylation and Deoxyribonucleic Acid Binding Activity of Stat5A and Stat5B

GH is known to activate JAK2 tyrosine kinase and members of the Stat family of transcription factors, including Stats 1, 3, and 5. The recent observation that at least two Stat5 proteins (Stat5A and Stat5B) exist in mouse and human, raises the question of whether GH activates both Stat5A and Stat5B and, if so, whether the requirements for activation are the same. An initial report investigating this issue demonstrated GH-dependent activation of Stat5A but not Stat5B. In this paper, we demonstrate (in COS cells expressing rat GH receptor (rGHR) and either Stat5A or Stat5B, 3T3-F442A fibroblasts, and CHO cells expressing rGHR) that GH induces tyrosyl phosphorylation of both Stat5A and Stat5B. Similar time courses of phosphorylation were observed for the two proteins. Interestingly, the pattern of observed bands differs for the two forms of Stat5. Two closely migrating Stat5A bands can be detected in cells treated with or without GH. Both of these bands become tyrosyl phosphorylated in response to GH. Three species of Stat5B are observed in untreated cells. An additional, more slowly migrating Stat5B band, appears upon treatment with GH. The three more slower migrating Stat5B bands observed in response to GH contain phosphorylated tyrosyl residues. We further demonstrate that GH induces binding of Stat5A and Stat5B, as well as Stat1, to the GAS-like element in the beta-casein promoter. We and others have demonstrated previously that specific regions of GHR are required for GH-dependent activation of what is here identified as Stat5B. To gain insight into the mechanism by which GH promotes tyrosyl phosphorylation of Stat5A, GH-dependent tyrosyl phosphorylation of Stat5A was examined in CHO cells expressing truncated and mutated rGHR. The results indicate that Stat5A and Stat5B require the same regions of rGHR for maximal activation by GH: the C-terminal half of the cytoplasmic domain; tyrosines 333 and/or 338 in the N-terminal half of the cytoplasmic domain; and the regions required for JAK2 activation. To dissect further the mechanism by which GH activates Stat5A and B, the requirement for JAK2 in GH-dependent Stat5 tyrosyl phosphorylation was assessed using JAK2-deficient cells expressing GHR (gamma2A-GHR) and the wild-type parental cell line expressing GHR (2C4-GHR). GH-induced tyrosyl phosphorylation of Stat5B in 2C4-GHR cells but not in the JAK2 deficient, gamma2A-GHR cells, indicating that JAK2 is required for GH-dependent tyrosyl phosphorylation of Stat5B. Western blotting revealed that Stat5A is not expressed in this cell type. Taken together, these findings suggest that: 1) GH activates both Stat5A and Stat5B in several cell types; 2) the pattern of bands observed differs for Stat5A and Stat5B; 3) GH-dependent tyrosyl phosphorylation of Stat5A requires specific regions of GHR, and these requirements are the same as for Stat5B; and 4) JAK2 kinase is required for GH-dependent tyrosyl phosphorylation of Stat5B and, most likely, Stat5A.
Atomic structure of adenosine deaminase complexed with a transition-state analog: understanding catalysis and immunodeficiency mutations

The crystal structure of a murine adenosine deaminase complexed with 6-hydroxyl-1,6-dihydropurine ribonucleoside, a nearly ideal transition-state analog, has been determined and refined at 2.4 angstrom resolution. The structure is folded as an eight-stranded parallel alpha/beta barrel with a deep pocket at the beta-barrel COOH-terminal end wherein the inhibitor and a zinc are bound and completely sequestered. The presence of the zinc cofactor and the precise structure of the bound analog were not previously known. The 6R isomer of the analog is very tightly held in place by the coordination of the 6-hydroxyl to the zinc and the formation of nine hydrogen bonds. On the basis of the structure of the complex a stereoselective addition-elimination or SN2 mechanism of the enzyme is proposed with the zinc atom and the Glu and Asp residues playing key roles. A molecular explanation of a hereditary disease caused by several point mutations of an enzyme is also presented.
Nanotube electronics: High-performance transistors.

Future computers will require nanoscale transistors with high-dielectric-constant gate oxides. Carbon nanotube transistors integrated with ZrO2 gate oxides emerge as very promising candidates.
Error estimates for mixed finite element methods for nonlinear parabolic problems

We consider a class of mixed finite element methods for nonlinear parabolic problems over a plane domain. The finite element spaces taken are Raviart-Thomas spaces of index k, k ⩾ 0. We obtain optimal order L2- and almost optimal order L∞-error estimates for the finite element solution and order optimal L2-error estimates for its gradient. We also derive the error estimates for the time derivatives of the solution. Our results extend those previously obtained by Johnson and Thomee for the corresponding linear problems with k ⩾ 1.
COMPUTER-BASED LAND USE SUITABILITY MAPS

A computer-based method for generating land use suitability evaluations for urbanizing areas is presented. These evaluations are based on an analysis of the physical characteristics of land, such as topography, soil class, soil drainage, flood hazard, and depth to bedrock. This method allows a great deal of flexibility in analysis and provides the ability to look at land use suitability from a variety of viewpoints or development policies. The use of this computer-based system to prepare residential land use suitability maps for a 59.5-km² (23.0-sq mile) area containing 5,950-ha (2.47-acre) data cells is illustrated. Such a method could be a powerful planning tool when used in conjunction with an evaluation of the other social, economic, political, and environmental factors that shape the patterns of urban development.
Helium implantation effects in palladium at high doses

Abstract Helium release, bubble and blister formation effects on the surface and in the bulk of high dose helium implanted palladium have been studied using helium mass spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and x-ray diffraction. The dependence of these effects on implantation dose up to 2 × 1018 He atoms/cm2, implantation temperature (− 180°C to + 200°C) and limited pretreatment has been investigated. A strongly dosc dependent low temperature (− 180°C to 200°C) fractional helium release and accompanying surface deformation was found at high doses, and a qualitative model for these low temperature results is presented.
Formal approaches to systems analysis using UML: an overview

Formal methods, whereby a system is described and/or analyzed using precise mathematical techniques, is a well -established and yet, under-used approach for developing software systems. One of the reasons for this is that project deadlines often impose an unsatisfactory development strategy in which code is produced on an ad-hoc basis without proper thought about the requirements and design of the piece of software in mind. The result is a large, often poorly documented and un-modular monolith of code, which does not lend itself to formal analysis. Because of their complexity, formal methods work best when code is well structured, e.g., when they are applied at the modeling level. UML is a modeling language that is easily learned by system developers and, more importantly, an industry standard, which supports communication between the various project stakeholders. The increased popularity of UML provides a real opportunity for formal methods to be used on a daily basis within the software lifecycle. Unfortunately, the lack of preciseness of UML means that many formal techniques cannot be applied directly. If formal methods are to be given the place they deserve within UML, a more precise description of UML must be developed. This article surveys recent attempts to provide such a description, as well as techniques for analyzing UML models formally.
Deposition pattern of monocytes and fatty streak development in hypercholesterolemic rabbits

Abstract To further characterize the role of monocytes in atherogenesis, we studied the influence of a qualitatively, well-defined hemodynamic flow field on the deposition pattern of monocytes in the thoracic aorta of normal (N, n = 6) and hypercholesterolemic (H, n = 10) rabbits. Pairs of H rabbits were sacrificed after 1, 2, 4, 7 and 10 weeks of cholesterol feeding. Complete deposition patterns of adherent cells were quantified over 500 mm 2 of aortic endothelium around the lesion-susceptible intercostal orifices using an en face light microscopic technique. Adherent cells were almost exclusively monocytes by morphological criteria and non-specific esterase staining. The mean density of adherent cells in normal rabbits was 1.28 ± 1.21 (S.D.) per mm 2 of endothelium and increased nearly 5-fold by 7 weeks of cholesterol feeding. High local densities of adherent monocytes (up to 34 cells/mm 2 ) were noted over early fatty lesions present in one 4 week and all 7 and 10 week H rabbits. Adherent cell densities near intercostal orifices prior to lesion formation were ~50% greater than in non-orifice regions in both the normal and the 1 and 2 week H rabbit groups. These differences were statistically significant at P
Optimal expression evaluation for data parallel architectures

A data parallel machine represents an array or other composite data structure by allocating one processor (at least conceptually) per data item. A pointwise operation can be performed between two such arrays in unit time, provided their corresponding elements are allocated in the same processors. If the arrays are not aligned in this fashion, the cost of moving one or both of them is part of the cost of the operation. The choice of where to perform the operation then affects this cost. If an expression with several operands is to be evaluated, there may be many choices of where to perform the intermediate operations. An efficient algorithm is given to find the minimum-cost way to evaluate an expression, for several different data parallel architectures. This algorithm applies to any architecture in which the metric describing the cost of moving an array is robust. This encompasses most of the common data parallel communication architectures, including meshes of arbitrary dimension and hypercubes. Remarks are made on several variations of the problem, some of which are solved and some of which remain open.
Fatty acid composition of tissues of pigs fed whole peanuts.

SUMMARY The liver of pigs fed a whole-peanut-supplemented diet significantly increased in fatty acid means in 18:1 (carbon chain length: number of double bonds) and 18:2, and significantly decreased in 18:0, compared with the liver of pigs on a control diet. The kidney decreased significantly in 14:0 and 17:0, and the heart decreased significantly in 16:1. These changes were primarily the result of an increased total lipid consumption since the fatty acid compositions of both dietary lipids were very similar. Of all the tissues studied (liver, heart, kidney, ham, shoulder, skin, bacon fat, and chop) the liver contained the largest amount of 18:0, 18:2, and 20:4, and the least amount of 14:0, 16:0, 16:1, 17:1, and 18:1.
The Influence of Gamma Irradiation on the Weight and Selenium75 Mineralization of the Testes and Spleen of Chicks

Abstract Selenium, an element found in large amounts in grains from plants grown on “alkali-type” soils in South Dakota, lowered egg production, impaired growth, produced ruffled feathers and excessive nervousness in laying hens (Tully and Franke, 1935). Excess selenium also lowered hatchability in which some of the embryos were deformed. Schwartz et al. (1957) and Patterson et al. (1957) reported that selenium aided in the prevention of exudative diathesis in chicks. Nesheim and Scott (1961) found that chicks grew at a faster rate when given one milligram of selenium per kilogram of ration containing torula yeast. Factor III, which was reported to be related to vitamin E and cystine or methionine, was also found to be related to selenium (Schwartz et al., 1957). Seleno-methionine can replace its natural sulfur analogue as a substrate in two enzyme reactions involved in biological transmethylation (Mudd and Cantoni, 1957). The influence of sulfur compounds on…
Modeling ultra-fast ionization dynamics and electron transport with montecarlo collisional PIC simulations

Summary form only given. We present recent progress in our efforts to model electron transport and ionization dynamics in thin solid targets that are irradiated by ultra-short intense laser pulses, i.e. with intensities I>1018 W/cm2 and pulse durations below 1 ps. Using numerically advanced multi-dimensional particle-in-cell models that include field- and electron impact ionization, as well as binary collisions between charged particles, we study the energy transfer and partition between fast and thermal electrons; propagation of an electron beam-driven ionization front; ultra-fast isochoric heating and the generation of shock waves in solid targets
Albumin kinetics in hypoalbuminemic patients receiving total parenteral nutrition.

Background: By using undenatured purified albumin preparations radiolabeled with iodine, the half-life of serum albumin in well patients who are stable is known to be approximately 17 days. However, when a patient is suffering with an acute illness such as sepsis, trauma, burns or after an extensive operative procedure, the serum albumin level decreases. It is not known whether this fall in serum albumin is due to increased catabolism, decreased synthesis, or a combination of both factors. This study explores the kinetics of albumin catabolism under these circumstances to clarify the issue. Methods: 125I-labeled albumin was administered intravenously to 10 critically ill, hypoalbuminemic patients receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Each subject had frequent blood samples taken for at least 10 days to measure the decline of plasma radioactivity over time. None was receiving unlabeled albumin during the investigation. It was assumed that the plasma decay would follow first-order kinetics after the e...
Immunocytochemical localization of cholecystokinin and glutamic acid decarboxylase during normal development in the prepyriform cortex of rats

Immunocytochemical localization of specific neurotransmitters in the brain is becoming increasingly important in studies of maturation. We have used the trilaminar prepyriform cortex (PC) of rats to study the distribution, patterns and relative number of cells, fibers and terminals during postnatal development using antisera to cholecystokinin (CCK) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). Both antisera show distinct patterns of immunoreactivity at birth and subsequent periods of distinct changes in these patterns. CCK immunoreactivity is rare but present at birth mostly in layer II. There is a dramatic increase of CCK-labeled structures between postnatal (PN) days 6 and 9 and between PN 13 and 21. The adult pattern is observed by PN 21 with large numbers of labeled cells in layer II, numerous terminals in layers II and deep I and large immunoreactive fibers in the lateral olfactory tract. At birth GAD-immunoreactive terminals are present mainly in layer I, forming a distinct pattern of superficial and deep bands. Subsequent major changes occur in this pattern between PN 9 and 13 and again between PN 13 and 21. By PN 21 there appears to be a loss in deeper laminae of GAD positive terminals which are possibly replaced by the increasing numbers of CCK terminals in the same sublaminae. The adult pattern of GAD immunoreactivity is established by PN 21 with terminals and a few cells in layer I. Therefore, throughout development of the rat PC, there is a distinct complementary and changing distribution of GAD and CCK. Factors that may influence these changes in immunoreactivity are discussed.
Uterine blood flow response to alpha-adrenergic blockade in nulligravid women of reproductive age.

Elevated uterine artery resistance has been associated with the development of preeclampsia. We sought to determine if the human uterine arterial circulation was more sensitive to alpha-adrenergic blockade than a control vascular bed. We studied 38 healthy nulliparous women during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Arteriolized venous blood was measured for plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine. Doppler ultrasound of the uterine and upper extremity radial artery was performed before and after intravenous administration of phentolamine. Heart rate and volumetric flow were calculated. Data are presented as means ± SD. Mean heart rate before and after administration of phentolamine was 63 ± 11 and 68 ± 12 beats per minute (7.5% increase, P < .001). Mean radial artery blood flow before and after administration of phentolamine was 4.6 ± 4.7 mL/min and 5.8 ± 5.9 mL/min (19.9% increase, P = .071). Mean uterine blood flow before and administration of phentolamine was 15.4 ± 10.1 mL/min and 27.3 ±17.5 mL/min (43.7% increase, P < .001). The uterine response (43.7% increase) and radial response (19.9% increase) were significantly different (P <.001). The increase in uterine blood flow after phentolamine administration was linked with resting norepinephrine (r = 0.394, P = .063). We found evidence that uterine alpha-adrenergic tone is more sensitive to blockade by phentolamine than upper extremity radial circulation. This provides evidence for a differential responsiveness and sensitivity to alpha-adrenergic blockade in different vascular beds. We theorize that the increased adrenergic tone associated with preeclampsia may contribute disproportionately to decreased uterine blood flow.
Selective Nonoperative Management of Contained Intrathoracic Esophageal Disruptions

Eight patients with intrathoracic esophageal disruptions were managed nonoperatively and without pleural drainage. Criteria for nonoperative treatment included the following: disruption contained in the mediastinum or between the mediastinum and visceral lung pleura; drainage of the cavity back into the esophagus; minimal symptoms; and minimal signs of clinical sepsis. Cause of the esophageal perforation was pneumostatic dilatation (1 patient), vomiting (2), and a leak following esophageal operation (5). Antibiotics were administered intravenously to all patients; hyperalimentation was accomplished intravenously in 5, and nasogastric suction was used in only 1. The cavities contracted and the esophageal leaks sealed in all instances. Time before oral intake was resumed ranged from 7 to 38 days (average, 18 days). Days until discharge ranged from 15 to 52 days (average, 28 days).
A laboratory and field comparison of sediment polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bioaccumulation by the cosmopolitan estuarine polychaete Streblospio benedicti (Webster)

Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) bioaccumulation by the polychaete worm Streblospio benedicti (Webster) was measured under exposure to PAH-contaminated sediments in the field and for 28 d in the laboratory. Streblospio benedicti collected from field sediments contaminated at 2.94, 1.07, and l.52 μg g −1 fluoranthene (FLU), benz[a]anthracene (BAA), and benzo[a]pyrene (BAP), bioaccumulated those PAHs at 1.53, 0.215, and 0.332 μg g −1 , while worms isolated from less contaminated field sediments (0.399, 0.228, 0.288 μg g −1 FLU, BAA, and BAP) had FLU, BAA, and BAP body burdens of 0.543, 0.236, and 0.083 μg g −1 . Worms incubated for 28 d in PAH-spiked sediments (1.52, 0.991, 0.504 μg g −1 FLU, BAA, and BAP) bioaccumulated those PAHs at 0.382, 0.966, and 0.602 μg g −1 , respectively. Data normalization to organism lipid and sediment organic carbon (biota-sediment accumulation factors [BSAFs] strongly suggest that Streblospio PAH bioaccumulation was directly related to percent sediment organic carbon, but BSAFs were substantially lower than predicted by equilibrium partitioning theory. BSAFs decreased with increasing PAH log K ow , in worms collected from field sediments, but in spiked sediments BSAFs increased with increasing PAH hydrophobicity. This disparity may have been caused by insufficient spiked-sediment equilibration time (1.5h) in the case of the laboratory test sediments.
Computed tomography of ocular trauma

A wide variety of ocular (eyeball and related soft tissues) injuries resulting from concussive (blunt) and penetrating trauma can be diagnosed by computed tomography (CT). CT can show intraorbital and intraocular emphysema and themorrhage, lens dislocation and subluxation, globe rupture associated with corneal and scleral lacerations, retinal and choroidal detachment, optic nerve injury, and extraocular muscle injury. CT also can localize foreign bodies, and identify injuries caused by them and determine their nature. Not only may CT provide useful information when ocular trauma is clinically suspected, but trauma head and face CT scans may identify unsuspected ocular injuries in the multiple trauma patient. It is imperative that orbital contents be scrutinized carefully on both soft tissue and bone windows of all trauma head and face CT scans in order that clinically significantly ocular injuries not be overlooked.
Evaluation of Health Care Professionals' Attitudes and Knowledge on Traumatic Grief in Hospitals and Hospices

Abstract. The knowledge and attitudes of health care professionals toward traumatic grief was evaluated, and compared to the hospice caregivers' relationship with families experiencing traumatic grief. The study explored the care given to the families during bereavement and investigated the instruction given to the healthcare providers on how to assess families. The investigation consisted of informal interviews of health care professionals at Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Hospice of Louisiana, a part of the Willis-Knighton Health System. The health care providers evaluated were Family Physicians, Nurses, Social Workers, and Chaplains. The health care professionals from Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center were knowledgeable on traumatic grief, and the Chaplain of LSUHSC was the most knowledgeable of the other health care professionals who were interviewed. The health care providers at Willis-Knighton Hospice were knowledgeable on traumatic grief, but their focus for b...
Proceedings: The treatment of myelomeningocele patients with paralytic hip deformities by iliopsoas transfer.

Patients with myelomeningocele pose many problems. Muscle imbalance about the hip described in this communication is only one. The correction of this imbalance by removing a deforming force and using the iliopsoas transfer to provide active abductor power and greater stability of the hip usually resulted in improved function and better gait. The problems of myelomeningocele are sometimes overwhelming and require proper facilities and specially trained personnel. It is a unique medical disorder and deformities of the hip must be treated as such. The application of principles learned for the treatments of other hip deformities do not apply.
Lunar Module Descent Mission Design

Various lunar descent trajectories were analyzed that include the optimization of the Apollo constrained mission trajectory, a fully optimized minimum energy trajectory, and a optimal, constrained trajectory using current instrumentation technology. Trade studies were conducted to determine the impacts of mission assumptions, pilot in the loop/automated flight demands, and additional constraints for the present recurring missions to the same outpost landing site. For mission design at this conceptual phase of the program, the Apollo pre-mission planning was applied to account for known contingencies (hardware, instrumentation known uncertainties) and unknown unknowns. The mission Delta-V’s are presented in a risk form of conservative, nominal, and optimistic range where 90 percent of Delta-V is derived by trajectory analysis and the other 10 percent was derived from a qualitative analysis from Apollo 11 pre-mission planning. The recommendations for the Delta Vs are the following: conservative (Apollo derived) (2262 m/s), nominal (2053 m/s), and optimistic (1799 m/s). Because of the qualitative nature of the results, the degree of autonomy assumed, additional safety considerations for a lunar outpost, and the impact of advanced instrumentation, more in-depth analyses are required to refine the present recommendations. I. Nomenclature
An Approximate Analysis of a Periodically Switched Filter

A rapid means of analyzing linear networks containing a periodically operated switch is presented. It is assumed that the switch closure time is very short compared to the network time constants and the switching period. The method is based on obtaining an approximation for the pulse transfer function (ptf) of an arbitrary minimum reactance impedance by approximating the real part of the impedance as a sum of triangular elemental real part impedances. The approximate ptf is used in the analysis of a specific resonant transfer filter and the transmission response is computed. The approximate result is compared with the result based on more exact calculations. A table of normalized values for the ptf corresponding to elemental triangles is included so that the approximation can be used generally for other applications.
Fish: A New Computer Program for Friendly Introductory Statistics Help.

Summary All introductory statistics students must master certain basic descriptive statistics, including means, standard deviations and correlations. Students must also gain insight into such complex concepts as the central limit theorem and standard error. This article introduces and describes the Friendly Introductory Statistics Help (FISH) computer program, which is free and easy-to-use software designed to help students learn such introductory statistical concepts.
Polyphase Induction Motor with Solid Rotor; Effects of Saturation and Finite Length

An expression for the equivalent impedance of a solid rotor induction mnotor is derived, which includes the effects of saturation and finite length. Saturation effect is allowed for by the assumption of a rectangular magnetization curve while the finite effect is given in the form of an end effect factor, obtained from the solution of a three-dimensional field problem. Tests made on experimental motors with and without heavy copper end rings showed good correlation with calculated results.
Coping-skills training for adolescents: Applying cognitive behavioral principles to psychoeducational groups

Abstract A case study of a psychoeducational group program to teach stress-prevention coping skills is presented. A common training process consists of (a) providing the recipients with a rationale for the program, (b) modeling or demonstrating the procedure, (c) having the participants rehearse or practice the skills, and (d) motivating the participants to transfer the learning via self-directed in vivo homework activities. Findings from four evaluations are presented. The program appears to have promise as a primary prevention strategy even in its most primitive form, and more promise when enhanced by motivating pedagogical methods and complementary training modes. A discussion of limitations and recommendations for improving the program are offered.
Developmental regulation and structural organization of connexins in epidermal gap junctions.

The developmental regulation of gap junctions was analyzed in the developing rat epidermis by immunohistochemical and ultrastructural methods. The molecular composition of gap junction plaques was examined by laser scanning confocal microscopy following immuno-double labeling with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies specific for α1 (Cx43) and β2 (Cx26) connexins, respectively. During early fetal development (embryonic period), gap junctions were identified as large junctional plaques consisting of α1 and β2 connexins. Ultrastructurally, gap junctions were detected in the two-layered epidermis between the subapical borders of peridermal cells, at the periderm/basal layer interface, and between the basal cells. The first "switch" in the utilization of α1 and β2 connexins was observed at the onset of epidermal stratification, when β2 expression was down-regulated in the periderm and in the upper part of the intermedium. Gap junctions were also detected ultrastructurally in all layers of the stratified, nondifferentiated epidermis at E16. Junctional sizes included small plaques (0.05 μ2 in the periderm, medium-size plaques (1 μm2 in the upper part of the intermediate layer, and very large plaques (25 μm2) in the basal layer. The second "switch" in the utilization of gap junction components coincided with epidermal differentiation (>E18), when β2 was preferentially expressed in the differentiated granular and upper spinous layers. α1 connexin was present in the less differentiated spinous layer and in the proliferating basal layer. Gap junctions were no longer detectable in the periderm following differentiation (keratinization) of the epidermis (E18-E20). An analysis of immuno-double-stained sections by laser scanning confocal microscopy revealed domains of potentially mixed and segregated antigens within large junction plaques. These results indicated that large gap junction plaques (>1 μm in size) can contain segregated domains of connexons, which contain a single protein (homooligomer).
Molecular packing groups and ab initio crystal-structure prediction.

Ab initio crystal structure prediction can proceed by minimization of the packing energy of Z independent molecules per cell, or alternatively by energy minimization taking one molecule as independent and Z-1 molecules as related by assumed space-group symmetry. In the former method, a large number of positional variables must be considered. In the latter method, a large number of space groups must be considered. An alternative, more efficient, procedure is proposed, where it is recognized that values of Z and the number of molecules in the asymmetric unit, Z′, impose restrictions on possible space groups. Examples of application of this method to crystal structure prediction are given.
Encapsulation and Delivery of Crystalline Hydrophobic Nutraceuticals using Nanoemulsions: Factors Affecting Polymethoxyflavone Solubility

Polymethoxyflavones (PMF) isolated from citrus peel have potent anti-cancer activity, however their utilization as functional ingredients in foods is currently limited because of their high melting point and poor water-solubility. The influence of oil type and concentration, hydrophilic polymer addition, and simulated intestinal conditions on PMF (5-hydroxytangeretin) solubility in solutions and nanoemulsions was examined. The saturation concentration of PMF in water was relatively low (0.93 μM), but could be increased appreciably by adding certain hydrophilic polymers: polyethylene glycol (PEG) and β-cyclodextrin (CD) were ineffective at increasing solubility, but poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) greatly enhanced solubility (e.g., > 6 μM for 0.5 % polymer). PMF was more soluble in medium chain triglycerides (MCT, 6.1 mM) than long chain triglycerides (LCT, 4.2 mM). The encapsulation efficiency of PMF in oil-in-water nanoemulsions was higher when MCT was used as the oil phase rather than LCT, and could be increased by increasing the oil droplet content. The solubility of PMF in simulated small intestinal fluids was increased by solubilization in bile micelles and mixed micelles formed during lipid digestion. These results have important implications for the development of functional foods fortified with bioactive hydrophobic components aimed at improving human health and wellness.
Option Pricing with Transaction Costs and Stochastic Interest Rate

AbstractIn the case when transaction costs are associated with trading assets the option pricing problem is known to lead to solving nonlinear partial differential equations even when the underlying asset is modelled using a simple geometric Brownian motion. The nonlinear term in the resulting PDE corresponds to the presence of transaction costs. We generalize this model to a stochastic one-factor interest rate model. We show that the model follows a nonlinear parabolic type partial differential equation. Under certain assumption we prove the existence of classical solution for this model.
Concentric "microwaves" of Henle's fiber layer: associated with horizontal folding.

Concentric “microwaves” in Henle's fiber layer are found in a case of extensive horizontal folding in the fundus due to tumor pressure on the globe from behind. In addition to horizontal folding of inner choroid and inner retina between disk and fovea, somewhat irregular vertical folds are found next to the fovea in the inner retinal layers. The concentric waves of Henle's fiber layer are a new observation and they are suspected to be a protective adjustment of the central retina to minimize distortion of the foveola.
Metadata Correction: Online Social Networks and Smoking Cessation: A Scientific Research Agenda

Nathan K Cobb, MD; Amanda L Graham, PhD; M. Justin Byron, MHS; Raymond S Niaura, PhD; David B Abrams, PhD; Workshop Participants 1The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, American Legacy Foundation, Washington, DC, United States 2Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States 3Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center / Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, United States 4Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States 5see acknowledgements of original article
An assessment of the role of domain F and pest sequences in estrogen receptor half-life and bioactivity

The estrogen receptor (ER) is a rapidly turning over protein, with a half-life of ca. 3-4 h in estrogen target cells. Sequence analysis of the human ER reveals a putative PEST sequence, sequences rich in proline (P), glutamic acid (E), serine (S) and threonine (T), in the carboxy-terminal F domain of the protein. Since PEST sequences have been implicated in the rapid turnover of some proteins, we have used site-directed mutagenesis to investigate the role of the F region containing PEST residues in the stability and bioactivity of the receptor. A truncated form of ER lacking the last 41 amino acids of the protein and encompassing the PEST sequences (amino acids 555 to 567) was made by mutagenesis of the ER cDNA. Pulse-chase experiments, involving immunoprecipitation of [35S]methionine/[35S]cysteine labeled receptors or of receptors covalently labeled with tamoxifen aziridine followed by gel electrophoresis, were used to determine the half-life of the wild-type and truncated ERs. These experiments showed that the turnover rate of the receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary and monkey kidney (COS-1) cells was 3 to 5 h and that elimination of the PEST residues did not have a significant effect on the degradation rate of the protein. Moreover, deletion of the last 41 amino acids (F domain) of the ER did not affect transactivation ability, ligand binding affinity, or the phosphorylation pattern of the receptor. Therefore, the role of domain F in ER function remains unclear, but it is not a determinant of the relatively rapid rate of ER turnover in cells.
Linear programming in managerial accounting: A misinterpretation of shadow prices

Abstract The cost-volume-profit segments of managerial and cost accounting courses often include linear programming (LP). This note analyzes a fundamental aspect of LP: the interpretation of shadow prices. The analysis reveals a common misinterpretation of these shadow prices. To correct the general misinterpretation, a more accurate description of the significance of shadow prices is then provided