cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction: new insights, treatments, and management strategies for ADPKD.

Persistent progress has been made in the understanding of processes that are responsible for renal cyst formation and progression in hereditary polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Multiple lines of evidence support a role for epithelial cell proliferation, transepithelial fluid secretion, and extracellular matrix remodeling in PKD (1). More recent studies have begun to illuminate intracellular mechanisms that are responsible for abnormal cell proliferation and fluid secretion in PKD. For many years, investigators have attempted to alter disease progression in animal models of PKD, originally with the intention of testing hypotheses regarding disease pathogenesis. Advances in the understanding of disease mechanisms in PKD have allowed refinement in attempts to alter disease progression, with the idea of testing in human clinical trials interventions that are effective in multiple different animal models. These early steps in developing effective, specific treatments for PKD represent a maturation of the scientific understanding of PKD. At the 2007 Annual Meeting of the American Society of Nephrology, a new feature, “Meeting within a Meeting,” focused on PKD and included a session entitled “New Insights, Treatments, and Management Strategies for ADPKD.” The articles in this Moving Points in Nephrology series summarize the information presented at that session. Human autosomal dominant PKD (ADPKD) causes complications in multiple organs, including the kidneys. Because the most common, serious complication is ESRD, interest focuses on altering this aspect of ADPKD. With a complication that occurs in only 50% of patients, especially one that progresses slowly, it is difficult to demonstrate …
Specificity in curing by heteroimmune superinfection.

Abstract Superinfection of a lysogenic bacterium with heteroimmune phage can result in loss of the resident prophage-curing. Curing is attachment-site specific, and examination of the curing properties of ten classes of 21-λ hybrids implies that all the genes carrying site specificity in curing lie between susB and cIII . The products of both the int and xis genes are required for curing and are site specific in the sense that λ int cannot work with 21 xis or vice versa. Phages λ, 434, and 82 form a set of phages which mutually cure each other. The λ xis product can work with 434 int protein on the ends of prophage 434 and with 82 int protein on the ends of prophage 82. The 434 xis and int products can excise prophage λ and the 82 xis and int products can do so as well. Thus the int and xis products of λ and 21 can distinguish between the ends of prophage λ and prophage 21, but neither the int nor the xis products of λ, 434, or 82 can distinguish between the ends of prophages λ, 434, or 82.
Altered Ionic Calcium and Cell Motion in Ventricular Myocytes after Cutaneous Thermal Injury

Cutaneous thermal injury resulting in burns covering approximately 45% of the total body surface area initiates metabolic alterations which contribute to subsequent myocardial dysfunction. Alterations in calcium homeostasis have been proposed as one mechanism by which burn injury alters organ function. This study used fura-2 and time-resolved single cell fluorescence microscopy to examine stress-related alterations in intracellular calcium in isolated adult rat cardiac myocytes. Ventricular myocytes were isolated from rats given a full-thickness scald burn comprising 43% of the total body surface area and fluid resuscitated with lactated Ringer's by the Parkland formula; control animals were included for comparison. Burn trauma caused a significant increase in cardiac myocyte maximal (peak systolic) and minimal (diastolic) mean cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) transient ratios when compared to [Ca2+]i transient ratios measured in control rats. Isoproterenol application altered the time course of the [Ca2+]i transients of normal myocytes but this response was not observed in myocytes from the thermally injured rats. In addition, isoproterenol application to normal myocytes produced a significant increase in the amplitude of cell edge motion (+50%) compared to the cell edge motion measured in myocytes without isoproterenol stimulation; however, this cell motion response did not occur after isoproterenol application to myocytes from thermally injured rats. Caffeine application increased the maximal and minimal [Ca2+]i transient ratios of all myocytes, regardless of a burn injury, and the time course of the [Ca2+]i transients from the two groups appeared similar in the presence of caffeine as the myocytes progressed to contracture. Our data suggest that burn-mediated alterations in calcium homeostasis contribute, in part, to the cardiac contractile dysfunction which occurs after burn injury.
CaM kinase I binds and regulates p53 in breast cancer cells (613.2)

P53 is a tumor suppressor protein that regulates gene expression and cell cycle progression. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase) proteins, including CaM KK and CaM KI, are know...
Transmission, Barriers, and Constraints: A Dynamic Model of the Spread of War

This article offers a systemic and dynamic model of the spread of civil and interstate war. The model is based on three components: transmission mechanisms, barriers, and resource constraints. Trasmission mechanisms and barriers are based on our existing notions about the contagious effects of alliances and borders. Resource constraints are designed to capture the social welfare trade-off associated with military spending. Deductions from the model include a positive equilibrium value for the amount of war and the level of resources devoted to war fighting and preparations, the finding that additional transmission mechanisms increase the equilibrium level as well as the speed at which the equilibrium level is approached, and the conclusion that extraordinarily high levels of war will eventually decrease. Recommendations for decreasing a high-war equilibrium focus on the strengths of constraints relative to barriers.
An Integrative Review of Published Research in the Recreational Sports Journal, 1998–2010

The body of inquiry in the field of recreational sport management has continued to expand over the past decade; however, there have been few, if any, systematic evaluations of the body of knowledge in the field. The purpose of this paper was to conduct an integrative review of the research studies published in the Recreational Sports Journal (RSJ) to identify the themes and trends in recreational sports research since the journal’s inception in 1998. Results of this review indicated that RSJ would benefit from more theoretically-driven, empirical studies, studies that move beyond examining participation motivations and constraints, and studies that employ more diverse and rigorous research methodologies. These findings, as well as others related to research methodology, sample size, and topic selection, provide a snapshot of the trends and gaps in the body of knowledge in recreational sport management, and have implications for future research efforts in the field.
One-dimensional photonic bandgap microcavities for strong optical confinement in GaAs and GaAs/Al/sub x/O/sub y/ semiconductor waveguides

Photonic bandgap (PBG) waveguide microcavities with tightly confined resonant optical modes have been designed, fabricated using high-dielectric-contrast GaAs/Al/sub x/O/sub y/ III-V compound semiconductor structures, and characterized optically. The photonic crystal lattices are defined by one-dimensional (1-D) arrays of holes in waveguides, and a controlled defect in the spacing between two holes of an array defines a microcavity. Waveguide microcavity resonances have been studied in both monorail and suspended air-bridge geometries. Resonance states with cavity Q's as high as 360 were measured at wavelengths near 1.55 /spl mu/m, with modal volumes as small as 0.026 /spl mu/m, which corresponds to only two times (/spl lambda//2n)/sup 3/.
Behavioral and neuroendocrine consequences of social subjugation across adolescence and adulthood

Background Social subjugation is a very significant and natural stressor in the animal kingdom. Adult animals defeated and subjugated during establishment of dominance hierarchies or territorial encounters can be highly submissive in future agonistic interactions. While much is know about the biological and behavioral consequences of winning and losing fights in adulthood, little is known about adolescence; a developmental period noted for impulsivity and heightened agonistic behavior. The present studies were undertaken to determine if the behavioral and neuroendocrine consequences of social subjugation are comparable in adolescent versus adult Syrian golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Male siblings were studied from adolescence into adulthood following exposure to counterbalanced episodes of either a benign stressor, i.e., isolation in a novel cage, or the more severe stressor of social subjugation.
Abnormal Axonemes in Sperm of Fertile Men

Sperm of 20 men aged 20-44 years was analyzed for motility and tail deformities in a Makler chamber and for axoneme abnormalities by transmission electron microscopy. In the quantitative analyses, 12.5 +/- 5.5% deformed tails at the light microscopic level and 24.4 +/- 7.7% abnormal axonemes in the principal piece. This high incidence of abnormalities in the sperm of fertile men indicated that micrographs of abnormal axonemes alone could not be used to imply the pathogenesis of infertility or sperm immotility without statistical comparison with a control group. Axoneme abnormalities were subdivided into three types. There was an asymmetry of abnormal axoneme types along the length of the sperm tail. Based on this asymmetry and on images of longitudinally sectioned sperm, the different types of abnormal axonemes most likely represented a single process of doublet microtubule detachment and foldback. Correlation of electron and light microscopy suggested that axoneme foldback progressed to focal tail defects and subsequent collapse. The presence of these abnormalities in fertile donors indicated that they were part of a normal process of axoneme instability in human sperm.
The pre-embryo: an illusory category of convenience.

1. Edmund D. Pellegrino, MD* 1. 2. *Director, Center for Clinical Bioethics and The John Carroll Professor of Medicine and Medical Ethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 1. Is there such a thing as pre-embryo in the real world? 2. Are personhood and individuality the same thing? 3. Can the embryo really be harmed without being wronged? 4. Can benefit to others be used to justify the death of an embryo? 5. Is a purely negative morality sufficient to describe the moral life of humans? Goldworth has examined the ethical implications of IVF in terms of possible harms to the “pre-embryo,” the participating couple, the offspring produced thereby, and the community. Using the principle of “primum non nocere” as his moral guide, he concludes that although harms may occur by the use of IVF, there are no moral wrongs. In each case, he detects sufficient good for others to override the prima facie obligation not to inflict “gratuitous” harm. I take issue with this conclusion, the line of reason leading to it, the presuppositions with which it begins, and the subsidiary arguments it employs to buttress its justifications of IVF. I argue, to the contrary, that IVF does cause both harm and moral wrong to embryos and that even within the restricted moral constraints adopted by Goldworth, it is morally unjustifiable. Although I will confine myself to the embryo, my criticisms apply, mutatis mutandis, to the author’s other conclusions concerning harm and wrong to the couple, the offspring, and the community. Goldworth’s line of argument starts from a single moral presupposition, namely, “… any decision is ethically permitted if it is voluntary and does not cause gratuitous harm to others.…” He distinguishes“ harm” (ie, death or damage to others) from wrongs, which are morally condemnable because they are“ gratuitous” (ie, inflicted without adequate justifying reason). Therefore, he takes the proscription against harming as a prima facie obligation that can be trumped for a good reason, such as benefiting others. In the case …
Reproductive cycle length and pregnancy in the southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) as determined by fecal pregnane analysis and observations of mating behavior

Pregnancy and the reproductive cycle were monitored in 13 captive southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) by measuring progesterone metabolites in fecal extracts and by observing behavior patterns. Fecal hormones were measured using a monoclonal antibody produced against 4-pregnen-11-o1-3,20-dione hemisuccinate:BSA. Several subjects exhibited flat or erratic endocrine profiles, but we found evidence for 17 reproductive cycles in five females. Mating behavior coincided with nadirs in pregnane concentrations. These cycles appeared to fall into two general categories: those of approximately 1 month in duration (Type I: X¯ ± SEM = 35.4± 2.2 days; n = 10) and those lasting approximately 2 months (Type II: 65.9± 2.4 days; n = 7). Interluteal phase lengths were similar for the two cycle types, but Type II cycles were characterized by extended luteal phases lasting more than twice as long as Type I luteal phases. Because Type I cycles predominated in our data and because evidence suggests that some Type II cycles may be aberrant, we argue that these approximately monthly cycles represent the typical reproductive cycle for this species. Three females became pregnant during the course of the study. We were able to detect pregnancy by approximately 3 months post-breeding, as indicated by sustained pregnane concentrations markedly higher than nonpregnant luteal phase concentrations. These data help to characterize important reproductive events of this species and should be useful for captive breeding efforts for this threatened species. Zoo Biol 18:111–127, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Increases in intramuscular pressure raise arterial blood pressure during dynamic exercise

This investigation was designed to determine the role of intramuscular pressure-sensitive mechanoreceptors and chemically sensitive metaboreceptors in affecting the blood pressure response to dynamic exercise in humans. Sixteen subjects performed incremental (20 W/min) cycle exercise to fatigue under four conditions: control, exercise with thigh cuff occlusion of 90 Torr (Cuff occlusion), exercise with lower body positive pressure (LBPP) of 45 Torr, and a combination of thigh cuff occlusion and LBPP (combination). Indexes of central command (heart rate, oxygen uptake, ratings of perceived exertion, and electromyographic activity), cardiac output, stroke volume, and total peripheral resistance were not significantly different between the four conditions. Mechanical stimulation during LBPP and combination conditions resulted in significant elevations in intramuscular pressure and mean arterial pressure from control at rest and throughout the incremental exercise protocol (P < 0.05). Conversely, there existed no significant changes in mean arterial pressure when the metaboreflex was stimulated by cuff occlusion. These findings suggest that under normal conditions the mechanoreflex is tonically active and is the primary mediator of exercise pressor reflex-induced alterations in arterial blood pressure during submaximal dynamic exercise in humans.
Protein structure determination by MicroED.

In this review we discuss the current advances relating to structure determination from protein microcrystals with special emphasis on the newly developed method called MicroED. This method uses a transmission electron cryo-microscope to collect electron diffraction data from extremely small 3-dimensional (3D) crystals. MicroED has been used to solve the 3D structure of the model protein lysozyme to 2.9A resolution. As the method further matures, MicroED promises to offer a unique and widely applicable approach to protein crystallography using nanocrystals.
Cell wall regeneration in Chlamydomonas: accumulation of mRNAs encoding cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins.

Abstract The unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is surrounded by a cell wall composed entirely of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs). When the walls of vegetative cells are removed with the enzyme gamete autolysin (g-lysin), they regenerate a matrix within 3-4 hr. In vitro translation of mRNAs isolated from g-lysin-treated cells showed significant increases and decreases in abundance of several mRNAs encoding proline-rich polypeptides. Because the population of up-regulated mRNAs is likely to include species encoding cell wall components, expression of genes for two outer wall HRGPs (GP1 and GP2) was analyzed during wall regeneration by using cDNAs isolated from a C. reinhardtii lambda gt11 library. Transcripts encoding GP1 and GP2 were elevated severalfold within the first hour or regeneration, suggesting that upregulation of HRGP mRNAs is a primary response to cell wall removal by g-lysin. Cell wall regeneration in Chlamydomonas provides an accessible system to study HRGP gene expression during matrix development.
Ascending-to-descending aortic bypass: a simple solution to a complex problem.

Background Surgical correction of complex aortic coarctation can be associated with significant risks. Extraanatomic bypass may represent a safer alternative. Methods Between January 1985 and December 2012, 80 consecutive patients with complex coarctation underwent ascending-to-descending aortic bypass through a median sternotomy. Patients were a median age of 42 years (range, 15 to 75 years), and 51 (64%) were males. Recurrent coarctation was present in 52 patients (65%), with 6 (8%) having undergone balloon dilatation. Uncontrolled hypertension was present in 63 patients (79%). The most common concomitant pathology was aortic valve stenosis in 21 patients (26%), subaortic stenosis in 10 (13%), and Shone complex in 4 (5%). Results There were no early deaths. The most common concomitant procedures were aortic valve replacement, coronary artery bypass grafting, and resection of subaortic stenosis. The mean aortic cross-clamp and cardiopulmonary bypass times were 33 ± 40 and 106 ± 54 minutes, respectively. Morbidity included atrial fibrillation in 17 patients (21%) and reexploration for bleeding in 6 (8%). There was no paraplegia or stroke. Upper extremity blood pressure significantly improved (p Conclusions The ascending-to-descending aortic bypass can be performed with low morbidity and mortality. It is an effective solution to complex aortic coarctation and represents a safe single-stage approach for patients with concomitant cardiac pathology.
Erratum to: Sediment identification using free fall penetrometer acceleration-time histories

The previous acknowledgement of Dr. Robert A. McConnaughey failed to fully represent his contributions to this research. The unpublished FFCPT data and ground truth sediment samples discussed in this paper were acquired as part of his own research. The scientific oversight and technical planning provided by Dr. McConnaughey in his role as Chief Scientist on the 2006 Bering Sea Cruise of the NOAA ship Fairweather were also significant factors in successfully executing and concluding the field validation of the model described in this paper. This was a regrettable mistake that is hopefully resolved with this erratum.
Heterosexual, Lesbian, and Gay Male Relationships: A Comparison of Couples in 1975 and 2000 .

This study examined the differences among lesbians, gay men, and heterosexuals at two points in time (1975 and 2000) using responses of 6,864 participants from two archival data sets. Groups were compared on variables representing equality of behaviors between partners in seven realms: traditionally "feminine" housework, traditionally "masculine" housework, finances, support, communication, requesting/refusing sex, and decision-making. In addition, the current study compared monogamy agreements and monogamy behaviors reported by the two cohorts of couple types. Overall, the results indicate that on the equality variables, there have been many statistically significant behavioral shifts among the different sexual orientations across 25 years. In addition, all couple types reported substantially greater rates of monogamy in the year 2000 than in 1975. The present study has important clinical implications for therapists working with couples because it provides new baseline evidence regarding how couples now interact with one another (especially about monogamy) and how this has shifted over time. In addition, it elucidates the differences that still exist between different couple types, which could serve to inform couple therapists as they strive to become more culturally competent working with same-sex couples.
Effects of Temporal Wind Patterns on the Value of Wind-Generated Electricity in California and the Northwest

Wind power production is variable, but also has diurnal and seasonal patterns. These patterns differ between sites, potentially making electric power from some wind sites more valuable for meeting customer loads or selling in wholesale power markets. This paper investigates whether the timing of wind significantly affects the value of electricity from sites in California and the Northwestern United States. We use both measured and modeled wind data and estimate the time-varying value of wind power with both financial and load-based metrics. We find that the potential difference in wholesale market value between better-correlated and poorly correlated wind sites is modest, on the order of 5%-10%. A load-based metric, power production during the top 10% of peak load hours, varies more strongly between sites, suggesting that the capacity value of different wind projects could vary by as much as 50% based on the timing of wind alone.
Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry With the Transition Edge Sensor Microcalorimeter: A Revolutionary Advance in Materials Microanalysis

The NIST microcalorimeter energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer provides important advances in x-ray spectrometry. The high spectral resolution, approaching 2 eV for photon energies below 2 keV, the wide photon energy coverage, 250 eV to 10 keV, and the energy dispersive operation enable a wide range of materials characterization problems to be addressed. This performance is especially critical to high spatial resolution, low-voltage x-ray microanalysis performed with the field-emission gun scanning electron microscope.
EXAFS of Amorphous Materials

The structure of amorphous alloys is an important field in materials research. The lack of an extensive regular structure in these amorphous materials, however, often limits the amount of unambiguous structural information which can be gained from conventional structural techniques such as x-ray, neutron, or electron diffractions. This problem is particularly severe for those systems which have small percentages of impurity atoms. Yet many amorphous alloy systems of interest are those with dilute impurities. In this chapter, we shall see that one can gain important structural information for these materials through careful application of a new structural tool called Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS).
Notes on the smoothing of aggregate demand

The problem of smoothing (of excess demand) by aggregation was posed by Debreu (1972) and Hildenbrand (1974). It can be informally described as: ‘find natural frameworks in which even if preferences are not convex, one can reasonably expect that if there are a continuum of consumers and their characteristics are disperse, in some appropriated sense, then aggregate demand will be a continuous, or C I, function.’ Contributions have been made by Sondermann (1975a,b), Chichilnisky (1974), Ichiishi (1976), Araujo (1974), Mas-Cole11 (1973), Mas-Cole11 and Neuefeind f1977). Sondermann’s work is especially important for these notes. An economy with a continuum of traders is formalized as follows: there is given a metric space d of consumer characteristics; d will consist, for example, of preferences-endowments pairs or utility functions~ndowments pairs; by using, for example, utility functions we are free to assume when necessary that &’ possess a C’ type metric or even a c’ linear structure. There is given a space E c R” of parameters (or ‘names’) and a (Borel) probability measure v on R” with compact support contained in E and, for definiteness, absolutely continuous with respect to Lebesgue measure on R”. A (continuum) economy will then be specified by E, v, and suitably restricted function f :E--+&, i.e., an assignment of characteristics to parameters. Two approaches have been proposed for the definition and topologization of a space of economies. The first we will call the distribution ~~~~~~c~ and is due to Aumann (1964) and Hildenbrand (1974); since for the purposes of equilibrium theory only the distribution induced by f on d is relevant, two triples (E, v,f), (E’, v’, f’) are viewed as close if mean endowments are close and if the measures induced in & are close in the weak convergence for
Effect of tillage, fungicide seed treatment, and soil fumigation on seed bank dynamics of wild oat (Avena fatua)

Abstract No-tillage offers potential for improved soil quality, reduced erosion, and equal or increased crop yields. We hypothesized that, compared with conservation tillage (CT), no-tillage (NT) offers conditions more conducive to microbial decay of weed seed. In NT systems seed remain at or near the soil surface where crop residues, moisture, and lack of disturbance create an environment with greater soil microbial diversity. In late fall of 1998 and 1999, dormant seed of wild oat, either individually glued to plastic toothpicks or mixed with soil and placed in mesh bags, were buried (mean seed depth of 2.5 cm) in replicated field plots managed by NT or CT since 1982. Treatments including fungicide seed treatment (thiram + metalaxyl + captan) and soil fumigation (propylene oxide) provided estimates of the contribution of microorganisms to observed mortality. Seed were retrieved in May and August, 1999 and 2000. Contrary to our original hypothesis, the proportion of dead seed was generally similar in NT ...
Toxicity, Feeding Preference, and Repellency Associated with Selected Organic Insecticides Against Acrosternum hilare, and Euschistus servus, (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

ARSTRACT Experiments were conducted to evaluate the toxicity, feeding preference, repellency, and field efficacy associated with the organic insecticides azadirachtin, pyrethrins, and spinosad against two stink bug species, Acrosternum hilare, (Say) and Euschistus servus, (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Laboratory toxicity bioassays were conducted using treated green bean pods. The conventional pyrethroid λ-cyhalothrin was included for comparison. A. hilare, adults and nymphs were most susceptible to λ-cyhalothrin and to tank mixes of pyrethrins + spinosad. E. servus, adults were susceptible to λ-cyhalothrin, spinosad, and all tank mixes, whereas E. servus, nymphs were susceptible to λ-cyhalothrin only. Feeding preference tests were conducted using insecticide-treated tomatoes and counting the number of feeding stylet sheaths on fruit after 24 h. All tomatoes treated with either azadirachtin, pyrethrins, or tank mixes resulted in fewer numbers of stylet sheaths than the untreated control, whereas treatme...
Developing medicines that mimic the natural successes of the human genome: lessons from NPC1L1, HMGCR, PCSK9, APOC3, and CETP.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) remains the leading cause of death in the industrialized world and will soon become so worldwide [(1)][1]. Much research has focused on biological risk factors and developing medicines to modify them. However, remarkably few medicines (e.g., aspirin, statins, and
Exceptionally strong easterly wind burst stalling El Niño of 2014.

Intraseasonal wind bursts in the tropical Pacific are believed to affect the evolution and diversity of El Nino events. In particular, the occurrence of two strong westerly wind bursts (WWBs) in early 2014 apparently pushed the ocean-atmosphere system toward a moderate to strong El Nino--potentially an extreme event according to some climate models. However, the event's progression quickly stalled, and the warming remained very weak throughout the year. Here, we find that the occurrence of an unusually strong basin-wide easterly wind burst (EWB) in June was a key factor that impeded the El Nino development. It was shortly after this EWB that all major Nino indices fell rapidly to near-normal values; a modest growth resumed only later in the year. The easterly burst and the weakness of subsequent WWBs resulted in the persistence of two separate warming centers in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific, suppressing the positive Bjerknes feedback critical for El Nino. Experiments with a climate model with superimposed wind bursts support these conclusions, pointing to inherent limits in El Nino predictability. Furthermore, we show that the spatial structure of the easterly burst matches that of the observed decadal trend in wind stress in the tropical Pacific, suggesting potential links between intraseasonal wind bursts and decadal climate variations.
Research on Constructing Innovative Experimental Platform for Public Health

The article introduced the school of public health discipline advantage, innovation talents cultivation as the main line, to carry out academic innovation experimental platform construction of development train of thought. On the innovation platform construction, we have to consider both public experimental platform construction and the development of discipline advantage platform construction. On the construction of teaching staff, we strengthened teacher’s responsibility and arouse the enthusiasm of the teachers. In personnel training, fruitful results have been achieved.
Colonial and Postcolonial Glotopolitics in Equatorial Guinea

We cannot understand the development and political condition of African languages apart from their relations with colonial glotopolitics. European ideologies of language interfere not only on describing linguistic boundaries and languages in Africa but also in defining their status (Comaroff and Comaroff 1991; Fabian 1986; Errington 2008; Irvine 2008). Based on field work in Equatorial Guinea and archival research, the aim of this paper is to explain how the politics of language has shaped this multilingual complex society. Historically, a contested linguistic colonialism occurred in the middle of the 19th century when Great Britain and Spain fought to control the language of evangelization and schooling. Spain succeeded in using missionaries as her main glotopolitical agents: the officialization of Spanish mediated in the definition of the legal, social and economical condition of the subaltern. In 1968, the colonial language was forbidden with regard to the ethnotribalist policy of expanding Fang as the vehicular language. Now, trans-African migration, oil industries and geopolitical strategies explain the current glotopolitical situation as the reterritorialization of the African Diaspora has changed the ethnic and cultural process in the form of language exchange (Marquez-Reiter and Martin Rojo 2015) as well as government language policies.
GPU/MIC Acceleration of the LHC High Level Trigger to Extend the Physics Reach at the LHC

The quest for rare new physics phenomena leads the PI [3] to propose evaluation of coprocessors based on Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) and the Intel Many Integrated Core (MIC) architecture for integration into the trigger system at LHC. This will require development of a new massively parallel implementation of the well known Combinatorial Track Finder which uses the Kalman Filter to accelerate processing of data from the silicon pixel and microstrip detectors and reconstruct the trajectory of all charged particles down to momentums of 100 MeV. It is expected to run at least one order of magnitude faster than an equivalent algorithm on a quad core CPU for extreme pileup scenarios of 100 interactions per bunch crossing. The new tracking algorithms will be developed and optimized separately on the GPU and Intel MIC and then evaluated against each other for performance and power efficiency. The results will be used to project the cost of the proposed hardware architectures for the HLT server farm, taking into account the long term projections of the main vendors in the market (AMD, Intel, and NVIDIA) over the next 10 years. Extensive experience and familiarity of the PI with the LHC tracker and trigger requirementsmore » led to the development of a complementary tracking algorithm that is described in [arxiv: 1305.4855], [arxiv: 1309.6275] and preliminary results accepted to JINST.« less
Effect of low-protein diet-induced intrauterine growth retardation on rat placental amino acid transport

Given the central role of the placenta in nutrient transport to the fetus, one might propose that maternal nutrition would have a regulatory effect on this nutrient delivery. We have examined the e...
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus for Gauge Integrals

This note presents a Fundamental Theorem of Calculus for gauge integrals that is very general but still accessible to undergraduate students. We first define the gauge integral and give some of its properties. We then introduce an extended notion of differentiation, that of the parametric derivative. Finally, we combine these concepts to state and prove the most general Fundamental Theorem of which we are aware.
The Other Ride of Paul Revere: The Brokerage Role in the Making of the American Revolution

The celebrated tale of his "Midnight Ride" notwithstanding, Paul Revere's role in the events leading up to the American Revolution remains rather obscure. Joseph Warren, known as the man who sent Revere on that ride, presents a similar quandary. What was the nature of the roles they played in the mobilization process? I address the question from a social structural perspective, reassessing the evidence and reconsidering the key concept of brokerage. The analysis shows that these men were bridges par excellence, spanning the various social chasms and connecting disparate organizational elements of the movement, thus bringing together "men of all orders" to forge an emerging movement.
Establishment and application of RT-LAMP technique in detection of enterovirus 71 gene

A simple and sensitive Reverse Transcription Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification(RT-LAMP) method was established to provide a new rapid method for detecting Enterovirus 71 gene.A set of six specially primers that recognized eight distinct sequences of VP1 gene of EV71 were designed,RT-LAMP method was established,and the specificity and sensitivity of RT-LAMP were verified.The stool or throat specimens of patients infected with Hand Foot and Mouth Disease(HFMD) were tested by RT-LAMP technique,and the result was compared to that of RT-PCR and Real-time PCR.Results demonstrated that the RT-LAMP technique has been successfully detected VP1 gene of EV71,and showed a good consistency with Real-time PCR results but higher detection rates than RT-PCR method.It's suggested that RT-LAMP technique appeared to be high sensitivity and specificity,as well as simple and rapid.It is suitable for the diagnosis of HFMD and for molecular epidemiological surveillance of infection,and with good development prospects.
Research on 31p magnetic resonance spectroscopy of Malignant hepatic tumor

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) plays an important role in preclinical medicine and clinical medicine. It is the only method of compound quantitative analysis ,without trauma, studying the metabolism of the living body and biochemical changes. And it can also display the metabolism between normal and tumorous tissues and reflect pathological change in molecular level, phosphorus is an important element in energy metabolism, and many compounds in the liver contain phosphorus-31. The recent study of phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy and its clinical application are reviewed in this paper.
Italo Calvino. Quale autore laggiù attende la fine

The title of this brief book is a witty variant of the concluding story in Calvino’s Se una notte d’inverno un viaggiatore. That story is titled “Quale storia laggiu attende la fine?” but Anna Mari...
Material hardship and children's social-emotional development: Testing mitigating effects of Child Development Accounts in a randomized experiment.

SummaryBackground Research has established a negative association between household material hardship and children's mental health. This study examines whether Child Development Accounts (CDAs), an economic intervention that encourages families to accumulate assets for children's long-term development, mitigate the association between material hardship and children's social-emotional development. Methods Researchers conducted a randomized experiment of CDAs in Oklahoma, USA, with a probability sample (N = 7328) of all infants born in two 3-month periods in 2007. After agreeing to participate in the experiment, caregivers of 2704 infants completed a baseline survey and were assigned randomly to the treatment (n = 1358) or control group (n = 1346). The intervention exposed the treatment group to a CDA, which consisted of an Oklahoma 529 College Savings Plan account, financial incentives and financial information. Results Material hardship has a negative association with the social-emotional development of children around the age of 4 years. Estimates from regression analysis indicate that CDAs mitigate about 50% of the negative association between material hardship and children's social-emotional development. Conclusions Although they do not provide direct support for consumption in households experiencing material hardship, CDAs may improve child development by influencing parenting practices and parents' expectations for their children. We discuss the implications of using asset-building programmes to improve child development.
Market feedback for bounding future uncertainties in power system planning

With the introduction of electricity markets, it has become clear that power system planning must be considered a dynamic process, particularly with regards to understanding investor behavior given incentives to build new transmission lines and power plants. The authors have recently introduced a hybrid approach combining system dynamics modeling with the more traditional power system planning. In this paper, we focus on one aspect of this larger body of work, namely, the importance of uncertainty and its impact on investor decisions
A Gain-of-Function TRPP2 Ion Channel Created by Mutating Single Amino Acid in the S5 Transmembrane Domain

Mutations in polycystin-1 and TRPP2 (transient receptor potential polycystin 2) account for almost all clinically identified cases of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), one of the most common human genetic diseases. TRPP2 functions as cation channel when it is homomeric assembled, and when it forms a complex with polycystin-1. Studies on the function and regulation of TRPP2 are significantly delayed due to the lack of knowledge on its activation mechanism. Here, by applying a mutagenesis scan on the S4-S5 linker and the S5 transmembrane domain, we generated the constitutively active gain-of-function (GOF) mutant TRPP2_F604P and studied functional properties of this GOF channel.
An Exploratory Analysis of Patient-Provider Language-Concordant Home Health Care Visit Patterns.

Approximately one in five households in the United States speaks a language other than English at home. This exploratory, descriptive study sought to examine language-concordant visit patterns in an urban home health care agency serving a diverse and multilingual population. Patient care record data combined with administrative data facilitated the exploratory work. In a 2-year period, results showed that among the 238,513 visits with 18,132 limited English proficiency patients, only 20% of visits were language concordant. The study suggests that home health care services may not be meeting the demand for language services, but more research is needed to determine the right “dose” of bilingual home care visits to optimize home care outcomes and establish a standard for care.
Type of surgery for early breast cancer and predictive factors an institutional review: A regression model.

e12016 Background: Breast conserving surgery (BCS) is the preferred surgical management for most early-stage breast cancer, given the equivalent survival after BCS plus radiation and mastectomy (M)...
Imitators of Epilepsy

At least 25% of patients admitted for long-term video-EEG monitoring have no epilepsy. It is important for clinicians to determine whether the clinical events or spells are truly epileptic or not. Early event identification can prevent unnecessary investigations and treatment that may be harmful. This chapter will outline the imitators of epilepsy in neonates, children, and adults and describe in detail some of the most common diagnoses.
Abstract 628: Renin Does not Participate in the Production of Plasma Ang-(1-12) from Angiotensinogen

Angiotensin-(1-12) [Ang-(1-12)] is an extended form of Ang I capable of generating Ang II via angiotensin converting enzyme and chymase. To date no study has addressed the identity of the enzyme or enzymes that accounts for the formation of Ang-(1-12) from the native angiotensinogen (Aogen) substrate. With this in mind, we investigated whether renin is involved in the metabolism of a shorter form of Aogen, [Ang-(1-20)] into the downstream angiotensin peptides. Two groups of male WKY rats (age 12 weeks) received a 15 min intravenous infusion of either saline vehicle (n= 4) or synthetic Ang-(1-20) (n = 5, 20nmol/kg/min) while a third set of rats (n = 5) were administered the Ang-(1-20) 48 h after bilateral Nephrectomy (NTX). Arterial blood was rapidly collected at the end of the infusion period for RIA measurements of angiotensin peptides. Administration of Ang-(1-20) was associated with prompt increases in mean arterial pressure that at 5 min within the infusion period were equivalent in magnitude in both intact (58 ± 2 mm Hg) and anephric (56 ± 3 mm Hg) rats (P > 0.05). Similarly, in intact and anephric rats, Ang-(1-20) metabolism resulted in marked increases in plasma Ang-(1-12) (255-fold and 285-fold higher, respectively; p in vitro study, a 15 minutes incubation of plasma from NTX rats with and without aprotinin (kallikrein inhibitor; 20μM) revealed a higher plasma concentration of Ang-(1-12) (2.5-fold) when aprotinin was absent from the inhibitory cocktail. These data further suggest a contributory role of a member of the kallikrein family as the enzyme accounting for the cleavage of Ang-(1-12) from Aogen.
Penetration and pharmacokinetics of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in rat prostate tissue.

Background Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) involves inflammation of the prostate and affects the quality of life of men of all ages. It is well reported in clinical studies that the treatment for CP/CPPS using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) produced favorable outcomes. However, currently, there are no guidelines on choice of the NSAIDs for the treatment of CP/CPPS. Therefore, in the current research study, we evaluated the prostate tissue penetration of four NSAIDs in rats to provide guidance on choice of NSAIDs for the treatment of CP/CPPS. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered orally with four NSAIDs viz. celecoxib, diclofenac, ibuprofen, and naproxen at 500 mg/kg dose. The animals were then sacrificed at various time points, and their prostate tissues were harvested. The NSAIDs were then extracted from the prostate tissues using liquid extraction technique, and their concentration in prostate tissue was quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The prostate tissue penetration and related pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated by non-compartmental analysis. Results The HPLC method for quantifying NSAIDs in prostate tissue resulted in single, sharp peaks without any interference and all validation parameters were within limits. Celecoxib showed the highest area under the curve (AUC) [146.50 ± 2.75 μg/mL*h] of all NSAID's. A two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) with replication indicated an overall statistically significant difference in the pharmacokinetic parameters for celecoxib, diclofenac, ibuprofen, and naproxen. Conclusions This study for the first time reported the relative prostate tissue penetration of four NSAIDs. The pharmacokinetic data indicated that celecoxib has the highest penetration and retention in rat prostate tissues. Therefore, celecoxib may be considered as a better choice for the treatment CP/CPPS involving NSAIDs.
Cyberbullying Detection with Weakly Supervised Machine Learning

Detrimental online behavior such as harassment and cyberbullying is becoming a serious, large-scale problem damaging people’s lives. This phenomenon is creating a need for automated, data-driven techniques for analyzing and detecting such behaviors. We propose a machine learning method for simultaneously inferring user roles in harassment-based bullying and new vocabulary indicators of bullying. The learning algorithm considers social structure and infers which users tend to bully and which tend to be victimized. To address the elusive nature of cyberbullying, the learning algorithm only requires weak supervision. Experts provide a small seed vocabulary of bullying indicators, and the algorithm uses a large, unlabeled corpus of social media interactions to extract bullying roles of users and additional vocabulary indicators of bullying. The model estimates whether each social interaction is bullying based on who participates and based on what language is used, and it tries to maximize the agreement between these estimates, i.e., participant-vocabulary consistency (PVC). We evaluate PVC on three social media data sets, demonstrating quantitatively and qualitatively its effectiveness in cyberbullying detection.
Psychosocial Factors Associated with Healthy and Unhealthy Interpregnancy Intervals

Purpose: To examine the influence of psychosocial factors, including anxiety, depression, social support, maternal substance abuse, and intimate partner violence (IPV) on interpregnancy intervals (IPIs). Methods: B'more for Healthy Babies-Upton/Druid Heights is part of a citywide initiative to improve the health of at-risk pregnant women and their children. Participants with at least one prior birth completed baseline, postpartum, and 3-month follow-up surveys with questions about pregnancy, medical, and psychosocial history. Associations between IPI and the independent variables were assessed using chi-square analysis and analysis of variance. Multivariable multinomial logistic regression models examined significant associations while controlling for other independent variables and potential confounders. Results: Participants with current IPV were more likely to have a short IPI (odds ratio [OR]=13.1; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.07-158.9; p=0.04) than healthy IPI. Women with family social support were more likely to have a healthy IPI (OR=5.88, 95% CI=1.02-31.25, p=0.05) than those without family social support. Maternal anxiety and depression did not significantly influence IPI. Conclusion: IPV increased the likelihood of having an unhealthy IPI among this population and family social support increased the likelihood of having a healthy IPI. Additional efforts to address IPV and enhance family social support may lead to improved pregnancy outcomes.