cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Education in Psychological Perspective

As a general object of investigation, education is, of course, a great composite of interrelated institutions and events. Consequently, it can be approached from a number of different angles —social, political, religious, economic, psychological, and so on. In this article educational institutions and practices are examined in the perspective of scientific psychology. Unfortunately, much of what is regarded as scientific psychology is contaminated with traditional metaphysics. Accordingly, this analysis is based upon interbehavioral psychology, which rejects venerable but misleading authority in favor of free observation of organisms as they interbehave and develop in contact with environing objects and conditions. Only such a psychological perspective can illuminate the nature and problems of education and educational procedures.
Association of Shunt Type With Arrhythmias After Norwood Procedure

Background Transplant-free survival for single right ventricle (RV) lesions remains less than 70% at 3 years. Arrhythmia burden, influence of shunt type at Norwood procedure (RV-to-pulmonary artery shunt [RVPAS] versus Blalock-Taussig shunt [BTS]), and implications for mortality risk are not well defined. Methods The authors performed a single-center retrospective analysis of patients with single RV lesions enrolled in a prospective study of arrhythmias after congenital heart surgery. Results Fifty-eight patients received a RVPAS and 62 received a BTS, with a median follow-up of 773 days. Overall arrhythmia incidence was 78%, two-thirds of which prompted intervention. Among all types of arrhythmias, only ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) differed by shunt type, which were more common in patients receiving an RVPAS (29% RVPAS versus 14% BTS; p = 0.049). The majority of VAs were transient (69% less than 1 minute), and typically occurred early post-Norwood procedure (median 12 days). No additional variables were associated with development of VAs. Shunt type did not influence transplant-free survival. Within the entire cohort, there was a trend toward increased mortality with prior history of VA (odds ratio, 2.90; 95% confidence interval, 0.99 to 8.90; p = 0.052). For interstage survivors to Glenn palliation, any VA associated with a 14-fold increased risk of death or transplant (hazard ratio, 14.00; 95% confidence interval, 3.66 to 53.40; p .001). No other tachyarrhythmia or bradyarrhythmia was associated with mortality. Conclusions In this cohort with single RV lesions and prospective rhythm surveillance, patients receiving an RVPAS at Norwood surgery had an increased incidence of VAs compared with patients with a BTS. VAs correlated with late mortality in patients who survived the interstage period.
COSMOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS FROM THE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY MaxBCG CLUSTER CATALOG

We use the abundance and weak-lensing mass measurements of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey maxBCG cluster catalog to simultaneously constrain cosmology and the richness-mass relation of the clusters. Assuming a flat ?CDM cosmology, we find ?8(? m /0.25)0.41 = 0.832 ? 0.033 after marginalization over all systematics. In common with previous studies, our error budget is dominated by systematic uncertainties, the primary two being the absolute mass scale of the weak-lensing masses of the maxBCG clusters, and uncertainty in the scatter of the richness-mass relation. Our constraints are fully consistent with the WMAP five-year data, and in a joint analysis we find ?8 = 0.807 ? 0.020 and ? m = 0.265 ? 0.016, an improvement of nearly a factor of 2 relative to WMAP5 alone. Our results are also in excellent agreement with and comparable in precision to the latest cosmological constraints from X-ray cluster abundances. The remarkable consistency among these results demonstrates that cluster abundance constraints are not only tight but also robust, and highlight the power of optically selected cluster samples to produce precision constraints on cosmological parameters.
U.S. Healthcare Industry: Cybersecurity Regulatory and Compliance Issues

The health care industry is one of the most vital areas of critical infrastructure in the United States. In recent years, the healthcare industry has faced a barrage of cyberattacks that have disputed vital services and exposed vast amounts of sensitive data. Federal regulations such as HIPPA and the HITECH act were designed to protect this sensitive data, but often are left open for interpretation. For example, HIPPA mandates the protection of personal health information but gives little guidance on how to do it properly. Even with regulatory mandates, the health care industry continues to struggle with complying with current regulations. Various factors such as budgetary constraints and the lack of cybersecurity professionals who understand the security needs of the health care industry affect compliance. Also within the health care industry, there are various sectors which are all governed by different sets of rules and regulations. This can create a level of confusion when trying to create a standard for the industry as a whole. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the current regulatory and compliance landscape of the U.S. health care system.
Control as Object: Evidence for the Symbolic Interactionist Model

Chapter 5 presented a symbolic interactionist view of the relationship between violence and control. The model was presented to explain how violence can have both uncontrollable and controllable elements. This chapter provides detailed evidence from the data on how the model operates. Before presenting the findings, several preliminary remarks need to be made. These include clarifying what the model represents, discussing the shortcomings of the data, and identifying the subset of data that is used in the findings.
A COMPARISON OF CHORIOALLANTOIC AND PLACENTAL RESPIRATION

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a comparison of chorioallantoic and placental respiration. The studies of the dynamics of oxygen supply described in the chapter were started by measuring the total carbon monoxide diffusing capacity of the fertile hen's egg, using a preparation that was very simple in principle. Several living eggs at a known stage of incubation were placed in a closed system, containing a CO analyzer. Room air recirculated rapidly through the system. After temperature equilibrium to 38°C had been achieved, a small amount of CO was injected into the recirculating air, and its rate of disappearance was measured. Before the sixth day of incubation, eggs have such a low diffusing capacity that it cannot be measured accurately with this method. However, beginning at the sixth day, satisfactory measurements were obtained. Knowing the relative diffusibilities of O2 and CO, these measurements were translated into values for O2 diffusing capacity (DO2). The chapter also presents a graphical comparison of the oxygen tension gradient between environmental air and the tissues of a mammalian and an avian embryo.
Motivation and Signals

Motivation influences communication through its impact on both types of individual roles that underlie communication – signal production and assessment. Motivation regulates signal production by structuring an individual’s proximate goals and degree of effort, and influences assessment by focusing an individual’s attention on currently relevant stimuli. The impact of motivation can also be found in the interaction between the roles of signal production and assessment. Signaling systems have been shaped by natural selection and proximate processes to be effective both in capitalizing on motivational features of assessment systems and in the use of repeated signal inputs to induce and maintain motivational states.
The Role of Polymer Additives in Enhancing the Response of Calcium Phosphate Cement

Bone defects caused by trauma, tumors, errors in development, disease, and fractures occur within young and aging populations. Dysfunction, impairment, and pain are the main reasons that patients seek clinical intervention each year. In many of these cases, revision procedures are needed due to subsequent bone infection and resorption, bone mass loss, reemergence of bone cancer reoccurrence or failure of new bone tissue to grow. Revision procedures and increased hospital stays can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars for a single patient, significant lost time from work, altered and restricted lifestyles, and in some cases, death. Additionally, high-risk individuals in the population have led to an increase in the need for additional surgical operations due to device or implant failure or infection. The dental and orthopedic device industry also face major consumer demands for more functional, bioinstructional, and longer-lasting implants. A significant body of research has been directed towards addressing these concerns by examining the use of polymer additives that enhance calcium phosphate cement properties through the addition of enhanced functionalities.
at]Hard-switching reliability studies of 1200 V vertical GaN PiN diodes

We report on reliability testing of vertical GaN (v-GaN) devices under continuous switching conditions of 500, 750, and 1000 V. Using a modified double-pulse test circuit, we evaluate 1200 V-rated v-GaN PiN diodes fabricated by Avogy. Forward current-voltage characteristics do not change over the stress period. Under the reverse bias, the devices exhibit an initial rise in leakage current, followed by a slower rate of increase with further stress. The leakage recovers after a day’s relaxation which suggests that trapping of carriers in deep states is responsible. Overall, we found the devices to be robust over the range of conditions tested.
Heterogeneous multi-scale framework for cancer systems models and clinical applications

Abstract Clinical Cancer models need to incorporate a wide variety of patient data and tumor heterogeneity which requires integration of multiple models. Due to differences in time and length scales of individual processes, such a model integration is a challenging task. Here we have developed an integrated framework combining ErbB receptor mediated Ras-MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathway with p53 mediated DNA damage response pathway. We have applied this in a clinical setting to predict patient specific response of different treatments in cancers of prostate, lung and kidney.
An Intersectional Approach to the Glass Ceiling: Gender, Race and Share of Middle and Senior Management in U.S. Workplaces

A robust body of research examines factors affecting the likelihood that women experience increasing barriers to promotion in workplaces. However, limited research examines how racialized and gendered processes may intersect and work differently for racially and gender marginalized workers. Specifically, the processes relating to a worker’s ability to reach middle-level management positions (e.g., those managers who oversee a small group of employees) and senior-level management positions (e.g., CEOs and other executive positions) may vary based on workers’ race and gender. Using 2015 EEO-1 data collected by the U.S. Equal Opportunity Employment Commission (EEOC), we examine how the characteristics of a workplace affect Black men, Black women, White men, and White women’s share of middle- and senior-level management. We find Black women and Black men are strikingly under-represented in both middle and senior management in private-sector workplaces. Our results demonstrate that access to middle- and senior-management varies by the characteristics of the workplace and workers’ race and gender. Overall, our findings point to an important implication: Greater oversight of workplaces, including by the EEOC, is associated with marginalized race/gender groups having higher shares of management.
Evaluation of the Cervical Factor

The importance of the survival of the sperm in the cervix after coitus was first described by Sims, the pioneer gynecologist, in 1866. In 1888 he further amplified the various causes for failure to find surviving sperm.1 In 1913, further details of testing were expounded by Huhner,2 and since that time the Sims—Huhner postcoital test has been widely accepted as an important tool in infertility diagnosis.
Durability of polymer matrix composites fabricated via additive manufacturing

Abstract This chapter covers recent developments in additive manufacturing (AM) with polymer matrix composite materials having continuous or discontinuous fiber reinforcement. Potential benefits of composite AM include the freedom to produce light weight geometries that are impossible to produce with traditional manufacturing techniques, the ability to locally optimize fiber orientation with respect to anticipated loading conditions, and the elimination of molds and extensive hand labor. Factors that influence material durability, such as printing voids, interlayer bond strength, and fiber orientation, are strongly influenced by the AM process settings and material selection. The chapter includes discussion of emerging topics such as non-planar conformal material deposition and fabrication of open and closed-cell engineered cellular composite structures.
Salivary complement inhibitors from mosquitoes: Structure and mechanism of action

Inhibition of the alternative pathway (AP) of complement by saliva from Anopheles mosquitoes facilitates feeding by blocking production of the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a, which activate mast cells leading to plasma extravasation, pain, and itching. We have previously shown that albicin, a member of the SG7 protein family from An. Albimanus, blocks the AP by binding to and inhibiting the function of the C3 convertase, C3bBb. Here we show that SG7.AF, the albicin homolog from An. freeborni, has a similar potency to albicin but is more active in the presence of properdin, a plasma protein that acts to stabilize C3bBb. Conversely, albicin is highly active in the absence or presence of properdin. Albicin and SG7.AF stabilize the C3bBb complex in a form that accumulates on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) surfaces coated with properdin, but SG7.AF binds with lower affinity than albicin. Albicin induces oligomerization of the complex in solution, suggesting that it is oligomerization that leads to stabilization on SPR surfaces. Anophensin, the albicin ortholog from An. stephensi, is only weakly active as an inhibitor of the AP, suggesting that the SG7 family may play a different functional role in this species and other species of the subgenus Cellia, containing the major malaria vectors in Africa and Asia. Crystal structures of albicin and SG7.AF reveal a novel four-helix bundle arrangement that is stabilized by an N-terminal hydrogen bonding network. These structures provide insight into the SG7 family and related mosquito salivary proteins including the platelet-inhibitory 30 kDa family.
The Talbot effect as the fundamental solution to the free Schr\"odinger equation

The Talbot effect is usually modeled using the Helmholtz equation, but its main experimental features are captured by the solution to the free Schrodinger equation with the Dirac comb as initial datum. This simplified description is a consequence of the paraxial approximation in geometric optics. However, it is a heuristic approximation that is not mathematically well justified, so K. I. Oskolkov raised the problem of "mathematizing" it. We show that it holds exactly in the sense of distributions.
Does premarital cohabitation increase the likelihood of future marital dissolution

This study examines whether premarital cohabitation increases one’s likelihood of future marital dissolution. We use data from the 2015–2017 National Survey of Family Growth, which surveyed 5554 women aged 15–49. Premarital cohabitation predicts a substantially higher rate of marital dissolution, with a 31.4% divorce rate among those who had cohabited before marriage compared to a 25.9% rate among those who had not. However, some of this relationship is driven by the fact that cohabiting couples were also less religious and less likely to come from an intact family, factors which independently predict divorce. Our regression analysis controlling for these and other differences shows that cohabitation leads to a smaller, but still statistically and practically significant, 4.6 percentage point increase in the rate of marital dissolution.
Bystander Intervention During College Women’s Experiences of Gender Prejudice

Gender prejudice is a common occurrence that takes place throughout one’s life and in many arenas (i.e., school, work, public settings, etc.). Recent research has explored how targets respond to such experiences, but few studies examine bystander reactions to this type of event. The current study examined four factors (social norms, cost-effectiveness, distress, and feminist activism) that might influence how bystanders respond when witnessing gender prejudice. Male and female college students (n = 291) from the Western United States completed online surveys in which they described their experiences witnessing a woman being targeted with gender prejudice. Results indicate gender differences in appraisals of the cost-effectiveness of using particular responses, but no gender differences in the types of responses used. Results indicate that the endorsement of feminist activism predicted female bystanders’ use of confrontational responses, but none of the variables predicted male bystanders’ use of confrontational responses. For female bystanders, those who questioned whether their response would be cost-effective were more likely to report considering, but not using a confrontational response. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Future of Financial Intermediation and Regulation: An Overview

On March 11, Stephen G. Cecchetti, Executive Vice President and Director of Research at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, delivered the following remarks at the symposium A New Equilibrium in the Credit Business: The Future of Financial Systemsâ"Regulation in the Twenty-First Century, sponsored by the Oliver Wyman Institute and the Institut fur Kreditwesen, Universitat Munster.
"Neonatal Hepatitis" in Twin Pregnancy

The familial nature of "neonatal hepatitis" has been known far some years. The present paper reports on the occurrence of this condition in one of dizygotic twins. Case Report A.B., a white female, was first admitted to the Children9s Memorial Hospital at the age of 2 months with a history of persistent jaundice. She was the first born of a twin pregnancy with a birth weight of 5 lb (2.3 kg). Jaundice was first noted within a few hours after birth and increased in intensity as the child grew older. The stools were light and the urine dark. Despite a good appetite, the weight gain had been poor.
Nanoscale memristors: Devices engineering, CMOS integration and novel applications

We scaled the memristor devices in a crossbar arrays down to 8 nm using nanoimprint lithography. With reactive sputtering, we tuned the electrical properties of TiOx based memristors. We developed a silicon oxide device with ultra-thin layer chemically produced oxide that exhibited low voltage and electrode-dependent switching behavior. Finally, we integrated planar memristive devices with CMOS substrates, implementing hybrid circuits with lower switching voltage and better uniformity.
Assessing the Utility of Environmental Enforcement Networks: Maximising Benefits to Members

This paper provides a summary of the author’s recent study that assessed the utility of environmental enforcement networks. The study considered fourteen current and active environmental enforcement networks, at the sub-national, national, regional and global levels, from seven countries. The study established that there is utility in networks across the countries and networks studied. Further, the study identified a range of strategies and potential activities for environmental enforcement agencies to assist them in maximising the benefits they derive from their network engagement.
Alpha 1 Adrenoreceptor Antagonists

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2011;13:654–657. ©2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Key Points and Practical Recommendations • α Antagonists lower blood pressure by selectively blocking post-synaptic α1-adrenoreceptors, which antagonizes catecholamine-induced constriction of the arterial and venous vascular beds. • α1-Adrenoreceptor antagonists are not indicated for initial, first-line antihypertensive therapy; however, they can be added to most other antihypertensive drug classes in—preferably diuretic-containing—drug regimens. • When used over time, these agents cause expansion of the extracellular fluid and plasma volumes that typically manifests as weight gain and an attenuation of the blood pressure–lowering efficacy in persons who are consuming usual amounts of dietary sodium. • Utilization of α1-adrenoreceptor antagonists with diuretics such as chlorthalidone or hydrochlorothiazide is beneficial because these agents minimize the α antagonist–induced expansion of the extracellular and plasma volumes while providing significant incremental reductions in blood pressure. • α1-Adrenoreceptor antagonists are especially useful in men with benign prostatic hypertrophy because they increase mean and peak urinary flow rates as well as reduce lower urinary tract symptoms. • α1-Adrenoreceptor antagonists are contraindicated in persons with heart failure because of their aforementioned ability to expand extracellular and plasma volumes.
Livestock-Mediated Dispersal of Prosopis juliflora Imperils Grasslands and the Endangered Grevy's Zebra in Northeastern Ethiopia☆

Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC is a woody plant from the Americas that has dispersed worldwide via human intervention. Typically introduced with good intentions, Prosopis often proliferates and degrades native ecosystems. Prosopis first appeared in the Allideghi Wildlife Reserve (AWR) of northeastern Ethiopia in 1997. In 2005–2006 we determined: (1) patterns of Prosopis dispersal and establishment using global-positioning system mapping and seed-bank assessments; (2) impacts of Prosopis on cover composition and species richness of grassland vegetation using transects at replicated Prosopis stands that varied by tree size; and (3) attitudes of local people toward Prosopis using focus groups and interviews. Prosopis seeds first arrived in the AWR after pastoral livestock consumed seedpods along the Awash River, some 50 km away. Seeds have been deposited in corrals at recently established pastoral settlements within the AWR, and saplings now sprout along livestock trails. Prosopis has also colonized the AWR core grassland area, a vital habitat for wild grazers. Compared with sites lacking Prosopis, the largest class of Prosopis significantly reduced understory basal cover for perennial grasses from 68% to 2%, increased soil surface exposure from 30% to 80%, and lowered the number of grass species from seven to two. Attitudes of pastoralists toward Prosopis have become more negative over time. Local communities use Prosopis via limited charcoal production with some grinding of the seedpods for livestock feed. Infested sites are cleared by hand, but control has been ineffective. Because pastoral livestock are the main vectors for Prosopis seed dispersal and facilitate establishment, they will help transform the core of the AWR ecosystem from open grassland to denuded Prosopis woodland. While this bodes ill for grazing animals in general, it has particularly negative implications for the survival of an isolated population of an endangered, grass-dependent species—Grevy’s zebra (Equus grevyi).
Bending strength of upper canine tooth in domestic dogs.

Summary The bending stength of the upper canine tooth is analyzed on 51 domestic dogs of various breeds. Data show that canine tooth length is greater among small domestic dogs when compared to small wild dogs, and large wild dogs when compared among large domestic dogs. Tooth strength is also greater among small domestic dogs and large wild dogs. The greater tooth strength of the small domestic dogs may be attributed to the idea that small domestic dogs are closer in ancestry to the grey wolf ( Canis lupus ) than are small wild canids. Skull foreshortening and tooth strength appear to be correlated in the canidae.
Structure of kidney ceramide dihexoside sulfate.

Abstract 1. 1. It has been established by methylation that kidney ceramide dihexoside sulfate is a lactosyi ceramide with the sulfate group at C-3 of the galactose moiety. Thus, it is structurally related on the one hand to kidney neutral glycolipids which possess a lactosyl unit and on the other hand to the simpler galactose-containing cerebroside sulfate esters which have the sulfate group at C-3 of galactose. 2. 2. These results have been obtained by microtechniques using a few mg only of material.
Effects of substituting chia (Salvia hispanica L.) flour or seeds for wheat flour on the quality of the bread

Abstract The hydrogenated vegetable fat content was reduced and chia seeds or flour were added to the formulations of wheat flour bread based on a 2 2 CCRD, generating the two products: bread with 7.8 g/100 g chia flour and 0.9 g/100 g fat and bread with 11.0 g/100 g chia seeds and 1.0 g/100 g fat, resulting in a reduction of 27 and 24%, respectively, in the level of saturated fat compared to that of bread prepared with wheat flour. The ratio of polyunsaturated and saturated fats (PUFA:SAT), which was 1.01 in the control bread, was increased to 3.1 and 3.9, respectively, using chia flour and seeds. The content of fiber and ω-3 fatty acid was increased in the final products. These new formulations might be used on an industrial scale to prepare products that could contribute to reducing the intake of saturated fatty acids and increasing that of essential fatty acids, such as ω-3 fatty acid.
Stability of the nitrogen mustard mechlorethamine in novel formulations for dermatological use.

Abstract Long term stability measurements were made for the nitrogen mustard mechlorethamine HCl at a concentration of 0.02% in six topical formulations: Aquaphor ® ointment, Transcutol ® , Labrasol ® , 10% Transcutol ® in Aquaphor ® , 10% Transcutol ® in Labrasol ® , and Aquaphilic ® ointment. The drug decomposed gradually in Aquaphor ® ointment at room temperature, dropping to 95% in 4 weeks, 85% in 12 weeks, and 78% in 39 weeks. On the other hand, the drug decomposed rapidly in Aquaphilic ® ointment, giving an assay of less than 20% of its initial concentration after 24 h at room temperature. Generally, mechlorethamine HCl was more stable in Aquaphor ® ointment than in formulations containing Transcutol ® or Labrasol ® . However, the addition of the free radical inhibitor, BHT, significantly enhanced the stability of mechlorethamine in Transcutol ® and Labrasol ® formulations. Four BHT-stabilized Transcutol ® and Labrasol ® formulations gave assays in ranges of 92–99% at the end of 4 weeks, 77–98% at the end of 12 weeks, and 38–93% at the end of 41 weeks.
1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of reducing-residue anomeric protons of pertrifluoroacetylated carbohydrates.

Abstract Eight monosaccharides ( l -arabinose, l -fucose, d -galactose, d -glucose, d -lyxose, d -mannose, l -rhamnose, and d -xylose), eight disaccharides (cellobiose, gentiobiose, isomaltose, lactose, maltose, nigerose, sophorose, and xylobiose), and three trisaccharides (isomaltotriose, maltotriose, and xylotriose) were derivatized with N-methylbis-(trifluoroacetamide) in pyridine solution to form trifluoroacetylated derivatives. These were analyzed by 1H-n.m.r. spectroscopy to determine the characteristics of the spectra and distributions of the reaction products. Peaks corresponding to reducing-residue anomeric protons were located significantly downfield of all others, and were in general 0.4 p.p.m. or more downfield of equivalent signals from the same carbohydrates when they were free or derivatized with other groups. Neither the location of anomeric proton peaks relative to each other nor the degree of spin-spin coupling between H-1 and H-2 varied greatly with type of derivatization. Spin-spin coupling, however, decreased for some β-pyranose forms of xylobiose and the three trisaccharides. In all examples except some where H-2 was oriented equatorially to a pyranose ring, the proportion of the α-pyranose was either enhanced or not changed in concentration by trifluoroacetylation.
Pigmentary epitheliopathy, disc edema, and lead intoxication.

Abstract A 52-year-old lead-exposed worker presented with disc edema, nerve fiber layer infarcts, and an acute bilateral pigment epitheliopathy that phenotypically resembled APMPPE. The patient had definite laboratory evidence of increased total body lead burden. The simultaneous involvement of retina, disc, and choriocapillaris suggests that what has been reported as the spectrum of APMPPE may represent a nonspecific vascular response to multiple injurious stimuli, including lead.
Microcavity Lasing from Block Peptide Hierarchically Assembled Quantum Dot Spherical Resonators

Quantum dot (QD) resonators for microcavity lasing applications were successfully synthesized by a single system diblock copolypeptide mediated process. Using specifically tailored block peptides and nanoparticles, we present here the cooperative assembly of cadmium selenide (CdSe) QDs and silica nanoparticles into 3-dimensional microcavities with a high QD volume fraction. These hollow QD microspheres are a perfect combination of both quantum and optical confinement, in which the electronic states of the 3-dimensional confined semiconductor nanocrystals are coupled to the photonic states of the spherical microcavity. We show that the specific interaction between the mode properties of the cavity with the emission of its QD building blocks leads to room-temperature microcavity lasing without the use of additional mirrors, substrate spheres, or gratings.
Sensitivity to macrophage-mediated cytostasis is cell cycle dependent

Abstract We have examined the sensitivity of proliferating lymphoid cells in different phases of the cell cycle to macrophage-mediated cytostatic activity. These studies evaluated the ability of target cells enriched in individual cell cycle phases to pass into the next phase during brief (2–6 hr) periods of coculture with activated or nonactivated peritoneal macrophages. Both normal (concanavalin A-stimulated spleen cells) and neoplastic (Gross virus-induced thymic lymphoma) cells were analyzed. Spleen cells or lymphoma cells were first separated by centrifugal elutriation into populations highly enriched for G 1 , S, or G 2 /M phases of the cell cycle and cultured in the presence of nonactivated or activated macrophages for periods of 2, 4, or 6 hr. The cellular DNA content of recovered nonadherent target cells was then analyzed by flow cytometry after staining with propidium iodide. Macrophage contamination of target cell populations was insignificant under these conditions. Nonactivated macrophages did not affect target cell cycle traverse when compared with target cells cultured alone. Activated macrophage mediated cytostatic activity resulted in complete block of the transition of cells in G 1 phase into S phase and of the further accumulation of DNA by cells in early S phase. Cells already in mid to late S phase were able to continue DNA replication at rates nearly equivalent to control cells. There was no inhibition of the passage of cells through G 2 or mitosis. These effects were seen by as early as 2 hr of macrophage-target cell coculture and both normal and neoplastic cells exhibited identical patterns of cell cycle phase sensitivity.
On regular incidence quasi-polytopes

It is shown that under certain conditions the regularization of a pair of regular incidence polytopes is not itself an incidence polytope. Thus there exist regular incidence quasi-polytopes which are not incidence polytopes.
Effects of heat stress and plane of nutrition on lactating Holstein cows: I. Production, metabolism, and aspects of circulating somatotropin

Heat stress is detrimental to dairy production and affects numerous variables including feed intake and milk production. It is unclear, however, whether decreased milk yield is primarily due to the associated reduction in feed intake or the cumulative effects of heat stress on feed intake, metabolism, and physiology of dairy cattle. To distinguish between direct (not mediated by feed intake) and indirect (mediated by feed intake) effects of heat stress on physiological and metabolic indices, Holstein cows (n = 6) housed in thermal neutral conditions were pair-fed (PF) to match the nutrient intake of heat-stressed cows (HS; n = 6). All cows were subjected to 2 experimental periods: 1) thermal neutral and ad libitum intake for 9 d (P1) and 2) HS or PF for 9 d (P2). Heat-stress conditions were cyclical with daily temperatures ranging from 29.7 to 39.2 degrees C. During P1 and P2 all cows received i.v. challenges of epinephrine (d 6 of each period), and growth hormone releasing factor (GRF; d 7 of each period), and had circulating somatotropin (ST) profiles characterized (every 15 min for 6 h on d 8 of each period). During P2, HS cows were hyperthermic for the entire day and peak differences in rectal temperatures and respiration rates occurred in the afternoon (38.7 to 40.2 degrees C and 46 to 82 breaths/min, respectively). Heat stress decreased dry matter intake by greater than 35% and, by design, PF cows had similar reduced intakes. Heat stress and PF decreased milk yield, although the pattern and magnitude (40 and 21%, respectively) differed between treatments. The reduction in dry matter intake caused by HS accounted for only approximately 35% of the decrease in milk production. Both HS and PF cows entered into negative energy balance, but only PF cows had increased (approximately 120%) basal nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations. Both PF and HS cows had decreased (7%) plasma glucose levels. The NEFA response to epinephrine did not differ between treatments but was increased (greater than 50%) in all cows during P2. During P2, HS (but not PF) cows had a modest reduction (16%) in plasma insulin-like growth factor-I. Neither treatment nor period had an effect on the ST response to GRF and there was little or no treatment effect on mean ST levels or pulsatility characteristics, but both HS and PF cows had reduced mean ST concentrations during P2. In summary, reduced nutrient intake accounted for just 35% of the HS-induced decrease in milk yield, and modest changes in the somatotropic axis may have contributed to a portion of the remainder. Differences in basal NEFA between PF and HS cows suggest a shift in postabsorptive metabolism and nutrient partitioning that may explain the additional reduction in milk yield in cows experiencing a thermal load.
PKC inhibition ameliorates the cardiac phenotype in a mouse model of myotonic dystrophy type 1

Cardiac complications are a common cause of death in individuals with the inherited multisystemic disease myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1). A characteristic molecular feature of DM1 is misregulated alternative splicing due to disrupted functioning of the splicing regulators muscleblind-like 1 (MBNL1) and CUG-binding protein 1 (CUGBP1). CUGBP1 is upregulated in DM1 due to PKC pathway activation and subsequent CUGBP1 protein hyperphosphorylation and stabilization. Here, we blocked PKC activity in a heart-specific DM1 mouse model to determine its pathogenic role in DM1. Animals given PKC inhibitors exhibited substantially increased survival that correlated with reduced phosphorylation and decreased steady-state levels of CUGBP1. Functional studies demonstrated that PKC inhibition ameliorated the cardiac conduction defects and contraction abnormalities found in this mouse model. The inhibitor also reduced misregulation of splicing events regulated by CUGBP1 but not those regulated by MBNL1, suggesting distinct roles for these proteins in DM1 cardiac pathogenesis. The PKC inhibitor did not reduce mortality in transgenic mice with heart-specific CUGBP1 upregulation, indicating that PKC inhibition did not have a general protective effect on PKC-independent CUGBP1 increase. Our results suggest that pharmacological blockade of PKC activity mitigates the DM1 cardiac phenotype and provide strong evidence for a role for the PKC pathway in DM1 pathogenesis.
Plant regeneration from callus cultures of salt marsh hay, Spartina patens, and its cellular-based salt tolerance

Salt marsh hay, Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl. (Poaceae), is a perennial salt-tolerant grass common in salt marshes and sand dunes of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the USA, and grows vigorously at coastal seawater salinity. To study the salt tolerance mechanisms that operate in S. patens at the cellular level, a tissue culture and regeneration protocol for this species was developed. Callus was initiated from seedling mesocotyl on ADM medium (Murashige and Skoog (MS) salts + 3% sucrose + 1 mg l−1 indoleacetic acid (IAA) and 1 mg l−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)). Regenerable callus was selected from the several morphotypes that developed and was maintained on BND medium (MS salts + 3% sucrose + 0.5 mg l−1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), 1 mg l−1 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 0.5 mg l−1 2,4-D, and 50 ml l−1 coconut water (CW)). Shoots formed from 90% of the cultures grown on shoot regeneration medium containing BAP and IAA. Roots formed from shoots when they were transferred to root regeneration medium containing indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and activated charcoal or reduced strength MS medium. Plants regenerated via organogenesis have flowered and set viable seeds in a saltwater-irrigated field plot. Dry weight accumulation of unadapted callus at 510 mM NaCl is similar to that at 0 mM NaCl (control), indicating that S. patens has strong salt tolerance at the cellular level.
Direct Evidence for Specific Interactions of the Fibrinogen αC-Domains with the Central E Region and with Each Other†

The carboxyl-terminal regions of the fibrinogen Aalpha chains (alphaC regions) form compact alphaC-domains tethered to the bulk of the molecule with flexible alphaC-connectors. It was hypothesized that in fibrinogen two alphaC-domains interact intramolecularly with each other and with the central E region preferentially through its N-termini of Bbeta chains and that removal of fibrinopeptides A and B upon fibrin assembly results in dissociation of the alphaC regions and their switch to intermolecular interactions. To test this hypothesis, we studied the interactions of the recombinant alphaC region (Aalpha221-610 fragment) and its subfragments, alphaC-connector (Aalpha221-391) and alphaC-domain (Aalpha392-610), between each other and with the recombinant (Bbeta1-66)2 and (beta15-66)2 fragments and NDSK corresponding to the fibrin(ogen) central E region, using laser tweezers-based force spectroscopy. The alphaC-domain, but not the alphaC-connector, bound to NDSK, which contains fibrinopeptides A and B, and less frequently to desA-NDSK and (Bbeta1-66)2 containing only fibrinopeptides B; it was poorly reactive with desAB-NDSK and (beta15-66)2 both lacking fibrinopeptide B. The interactions of the alphaC-domains with each other and with the alphaC-connector were also observed, although they were weaker and heterogeneous in strength. These results provide the first direct evidence for the interaction between the alphaC-domains and the central E region through fibrinopeptide B, in agreement with the hypothesis given above, and indicate that fibrinopeptide A is also involved. They also confirm the hypothesized homomeric interactions between the alphaC-domains and display their interaction with the alphaC-connectors, which may contribute to covalent cross-linking of alpha polymers in fibrin.
Localization and inactivation of DNase activity inClostridium pasteurianum NRRL-B598

Each of four cell fractions ofClostridium pasteurianum NRRL-B598 contained DNase. The culture supernatant contained 31.3% of the total cellular DNase activity, while the cell wash, cell-wall compartmentalized and intracellular fractions contained 27.8, 27.8 and 13.1%, respectively. This enzyme was thermoresistant and heat treatment at various stages of the plasmid isolation protocol reduced chromosomal smearing, but did not improve plasmid recovery. The use of a new density gradient material (cesium trifluoroacetate; CsTFA) known to strongly inactivate DNase was compared to standard isopycnic centrifugation with cesium chloride. The consistent recovery of a 2.3 MDa plasmid only in the presence of CsTFA suggests that DNase continues to be a problem during ultracentrifugation as well as throughout the cleared lysate protocol.
A proof of the N-FINDR algorithm for the automated detection of endmembers in a hyperspectral image

N-FINDR, an automated end-member detection and unmixing algorithm, was first proposed four years ago. Since then, the algorithm has been used successfully in a number of situations. The apparent success of the N-FINDR algorithm is a strong motivator for a complete review of its approach, from its assumptions to its implementation details. This paper reviews the approach used in N-FINDR, and makes a theoretical argument that the algorithm works. The algorithm can be proven to work perfectly on theoretically perfect data. Moreover, N-FINDR can be shown to have good (although imperfect) convergence properties with non-ideal data.
Pulse sequences for removal of the effects of cross correlation between dipolar and chemical-shift anisotropy relaxation mechanisms on the measurement of heteronuclear T1 and T2 values in proteins

The effects of cross correlation between dipolar and chemical-shift anisotropy relaxation interactions on the measurement of heteroatom T1 and T2 relaxation times in proteins is considered. It is shown that such effects can produce errors of approximately 25% in the measurement of 15N transverse relaxation times at a field strength of 11.8 T. Cross correlation has a less significant effect on the measurement of 15N spin-lattice relaxation rates and for proteins the errors in T1 decrease as a function of increasing molecular weight. Nevertheless, for T1 measurements at 11.8 T errors of approximately 15 and 5% are calculated for proteins with correlation times, τc, of 5 and 9 ns, respectively. Pulse sequences which eliminate dipolar and chemical-shift anisotropy cross-correlation effects are described. These sequences are used to make more accurate measurements of 15N T1 and T2 values of staphylococcal nuclease and to determine errors in these parameters that result when cross correlations are present.
The thermal rearrangement of 7-ethyl-7-methylbicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene (1)

Abstract The title compound 1, when subjected to gas-phase pyrolysis at 275°C, undergoes predominantly fragmentation to cyclopentadiene and 2-methyl-1-butene.
Computer simulation of grain growth with second phase particle pinning

Abstract The pinning effect of second phase particles on grain growth was simulated by 2-D Monte Carlo simulations. A new variable, the degree of contact between grain boundaries and second phase particles, was introduced to predict the grain size limit in the presence of second phase particles. The modified Zener pinning model containing this new variable can be expressed as: D r = K Rf , where D is the pinned grain size, r is the mean size of second phase particles, K is a constant, f is the area fraction (or the volume fraction in 3-D) of second phase, and R is the degree of contact between grain boundaries and second phase particles. In 2-D Monte Carlo simulations of grain growth the ratio of pinned grain size to second phase particle size was found to be proportional to f−0.5, but also to (Rf)−1. The degree of contact increased during grain growth and reached a stable value when the grain structure was pinned. The initial location of second phase particles did not have a significant contribution to the pinning of grain boundaries.
SPH for incompressible free-surface flows. Part II: Performance of a modified SPH method

Abstract Building on Part I, we propose a modified method, mSPH, which retains the weak compressibility and kernel interpolation of the basic SPH method, but suppresses the two sources of spurious high-frequency dynamics in the presence of weak compressibility: the (stable) acoustic eigen solutions, and the unstable depth-oscillatory modes (associated with non-uniform density). We achieve this by using a form of the initial and boundary conditions consistent with the governing equations; and employing a robust dissipative scheme, in the form of periodic smoothing. We quantify the effect and efficacy of the latter in terms of the numerical parameters: the artificial sound speed, the kernel bandwidth, the Courant condition, and the smoothing frequency. Further, we obtain a global error metric that quantifies the spectral amplitudes of the high-frequency dynamics and identifies the initiation and growth of temporally unstable modes. This metric is used as an independent measure for the validity of the weak compressibility assumption, without the need for calibration with external data. We demonstrate the performance of mSPH, and the usefulness of the error metric in four illustrative applications: the hydrostatic problem, the collapse of a liquid column, the standard dam-break benchmark, and sloshing in a swaying tank. It is shown that mSPH is robust and obtains convergent and accurate kinematics and dynamics compared to theory and experiments.
WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System, Fourth Edition

WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System, Fourth Edition D.N. Louis, H. Ohgaki, O.D. Wiestler, W.K. Cavenee, editors IARC, Lyon, France Copyright © 2007 312 pages. CHF 122.00 / US $109.80. Representing the first volume in the fourth edition series of the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumours , this book provides a welcome mix of old and new. Similar to prior versions, it opens with a summary of the recently revised WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System (CNS), the remainder of the book being dedicated to a comprehensive yet succinct presentation of …
Unit Responses to Moving Visual Stimuli in the Motor Cortex of the Cat

Neurons in the pericruciate cortex of the cat were tested with moving visual stimuli for responses to specific properties of the visual receptive field. Specific response patterns were shown by cells of origin of the pyramidal tract as well as by other cells.
Proteolytic degradation of protein kinase C in the phorbol ester-induced interleukin-2 secreting thymoma cells

Abstract Effects of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) on the fate of protein kinase C in two mouse thymoma cell lines, which are either responsive (EL4) or unresponsive (IEL4) to PMA-induced interleukin-2 (IL-2) production, were investigated with polyclonal antibodies raised against rat brain enzyme. These antibodies immunoprecipitated completely the protein kinase C from both cell lines and detected mainly an 82-kDa protein by immunoblot analysis of the crude homogenates as well as the partially purified kinase preparations. PMA elicited a time- and dose-dependent redistribution of protein kinase C from cytosol to the particulate fraction and proteolytic degradation of the kinase from both cell lines. The dose of PMA required for half-maximum protein kinase C translocation and degradation was at least five times lower for EL4 than for IEL4. In the presence of 16 n m PMA the rates of protein kinase C translocation and degradation were faster in EL4 than in IEL4, and the half-lives of protein kinase C in EL4 and IEL4 were less than 5 min and greater than 2 h, respectively. Analysis of the tryptic fragments of the immunoprecipitated enzyme, previously phosphorylated in the presence of [γ- 32 P]ATP, revealed minor structural differences between the protein kinase C from these two cell lines. In neither cell line did the PMA-induced degradation of protein kinase C result in an accumulation of the Ca 2+ /phospholipid-independent kinase (catalytic unit) as analyzed by immunoblotting and gel filtration chromatography. Thus, activation of protein kinase C through the proteolytic conversion to the effector-independent catalytic unit plays little role in IL-2 production. The role of protein kinase C translocation and degradation in the PMA-induced responses in EL4 cells is unknown. However, IL-2 production in EL4 cells was reduced when PMA-induced degradation of protein kinase C was retarded by exogenously added protease inhibitors.