cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HELP System Hardware

HELP has always been a mainframe-based computerized hospital information system. As discussed in Chapter 1, the system initially operated on CDC 3300 computers and by the late 1970s was providing patient monitoring, signal processing, and laboratory interpretation services. As the demands on the system grew, this hardware started to become inadequate in terms of response time and expandability and in 1979 the decision was made to convert the HELP system to operate on an expandable multiprocessor Tandem computer system. The Tandem computer became operative in 1980 and continues to be the heart of the HELP system.
Role of the Vascular Endothelium in Cancer Metastasis

The overwhelming majority of patients who die from cancer do so because of metastatic disease. The prevention of cancer deaths is therefore dependent on understanding the mechanism of malignant tumor cell spread from primary tumor sites to distant organ sites. Cancer metastases form by way of a complex series of sequential steps involving a variety of tumor cell and host properties. These steps typically involve growth and invasion of malignant cells at primary sties, followed by their penetration of the lymphatics, the circulatory system, and body cavities. Once in this compartments, the malignant cells can detach and be transported to distant sites. There they can implant and invade surrounding tissues and establish suitable microenvironments for survival and growth.
Pathological Findings in Suboccipital Decompression in 63 Patients with Syringomyelia

Out of 97 patients with syringomyelia treated surgically, in 63 of them suboccipital decompression was performed. Various kinds of congenital or early acquired abnormalities were found to be the possible cause of the disease. Simple Arnold-Chiari malformation was found in 29 patients. In next 16 cases the Arnold-Chiari malformation was accompanied by partial occlusion of the foramen of Magendie with tiny, translucid membrane, that covered lower 1/2 or 3/4 of the foramen. In another 9 cases of Arnold-Chiari malformation, foramen of Magendie was totally occluded with thick, grayish membrane. In 7 cases lowered cerebellar tonsils were firmly attached to the medulla and joined by adhesions between themselves. In 1 case total atresia of foramen of Magendie was present only. In 1 case no pathological changes were found.
The Cis→Trans Stilbene Photoreaction Probed Through Two-Color UV Picosecond Pump-Probe Raman Spectroscopy

The formation of hot trans-stilbene by photoisomerization of cis-stilbene, and its subsequent vibrational cooling, have been monitored by picosecond two-color uv pump-probe anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy. Hot ground-state trans-stilbene appears promptly within our 10 ps experimental time resolution, and the anti-Stokes intensity decays with a time constant of 39 ± 10 ps in cyclohexane and 17 ± 5 ps in methanol. The decay of the anti-Stokes intensity is accompanied by a shift of the C=C stretching vibrations by about 20 cm−1 to higher frequencies, due probably to cooling of other vibrational modes anharmonically coupled to the C=C stretches.
Prediction of Red-Light Running using an Artificial Neural Network

Twenty-one percent of total highway fatalities occurred at or within an intersection, in 2017. When a driver is approaching a signalized intersection, and the traffic signal changes from green to yellow, the driver has to make a decision whether to safely stop or attempt to proceed through the intersection. Unlawfully passing through the signalized intersection can result in a dangerous traffic accident. The driver's decision can possibly result in a rear end crash (if driver stops abruptly) or a right-angle crash (if driver illegally runs red-light). An astounding 96% of drivers surveyed stated that they have a fear being hit by a red-light runner. Variables that have an effect on driver's decision is drivers distance from the stop line, drivers sex, and drivers age. In addition to making this decision of whether to proceed through the intersection, there are other factors (cell phone utilization) that can impact the decision of the driver. Cell phone utilization can be broken down into 2 task: incoming and outgoing call, and further broke down into 3 different interactions (Hands Free, Hand Set, and Hand Held). Previous studies indicate that cell phone utilization has a negative impact on driver's decision due to the distraction it creates. We propose to use an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to predict whether a driver will run a red light, based on various features including features involving distracted driving.
Microplasma Source Of High Energy Electrons

Microplasmas have emerged over the last ten years as an important direction for plasma development, providing moderate (>1 torr) and atmospheric pressure discharges at modest power input that are being widely investigated for applications ranging from catalysis, reforming processes, remediation, to surface treatment and manufacturing. Many of these applications use discharges with hollow cathodes. Microdischarges based on hollow anode geometry have gained interest due to nonlocal electron energy distribution offering possibilities of controlling the electron energy distribution function. We have designed and tested a microplasma electron source based on hollow anode geometry and operating in a dc regime. The hollow anode plasma electron source was tested with N 2 , CO 2 , and CH 4 /CO 2 as operating gases and characterized using optical emission spectroscopy and electrical probe diagnostics. The results show that the hollow anode source has higher electron energy and lower density compared to a hollow cathode arrangement operating under similar experimental conditions. The microplasma electron source is stable at voltages of 400 – 800 V, and current <1 mA in a pressure range of 2 – 10 torr, suitable for use in an Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope. Tests of the plasma source in an ESEM demonstrate the possibility of surface modifications and diagnostics (such as measuring surface composition or cluster growth on the surface) without the need for sample removal or transfer.
Non-monotonic effects of market concentration on prices for residential solar photovoltaics in the United States

Abstract Emerging renewable energy markets may become more concentrated over time as the most efficient firms accumulate market share. The effects of this market concentration on prices are tested using a rich dataset of residential solar photovoltaic (PV) systems in the United States. A novel hypothesis is explored that the effects of market concentration may be non-monotonic. Prices may decline in market concentration due to efficiency gains associated with returns to scale but increase in concentration in already concentrated markets due to increasing market power. The results of an econometric model provide evidence to support the non-monotonic hypothesis. However, the data suggest that the relationship between prices and firm scale is nuanced, and that both large- and small-scale PV installers may wield efficiency advantages.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Proposed Transparency Rule Threatens Health

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has proposed requiring that data considered when making public policy be “publicly available” and “transparent.” The authors discuss the implications of thi...
The Additive-Area Heuristic: An Efficient but Illusory Means of Visual Area Approximation:

How do we determine how much of something is present? A large body of research has investigated the mechanisms and consequences of number estimation, yet surprisingly little work has investigated a...
The effect of robot vs. human corrective feedback on children's intrinsic motivation

Several HRI studies have investigated the use of interactive social robots to enhance a variety of activities designed for children in recent years. Notably, these robots have shown the ability to facilitate greater engagement with rehabilitative therapy exercises. Yet, very few studies have directly compared the performance of a robotic therapist with that of a human therapist during therapy sessions. This type of analysis is even less common for studies involving children. This work presents the experimental results of a between subjects study conducted with 10 children who interacted with either a robot or human therapist while playing a virtual reality rehabilitation game. The results are analyzed in terms of user intrinsic motivation and compared to previous work with adult participants. Preliminary results show a trend that children enjoyed working with the robot therapist more than the human therapist while playing the game. This finding is consistent with related work within the domain of child-robot interaction and supports the continued investigation of the potential uses of social robots in therapeutic rehabilitation protocols for children.
Do disability, parenthood, and gender matter for health disparities?: A US population-based study.

Abstract Background Existing research has documented adverse health outcomes among parents with disabilities relative to parents without disabilities, but little is known about whether parenthood adds unique stress and health consequences for people with disabilities. Less is known about whether the effects of parenthood differ between mothers and fathers with disabilities. Objectives This paper examined health-related quality of life, obesity, and health behaviors between US parents and nonparents with and without disabilities. We also explored differences in health outcomes separately for men and women by one's parental and disability status. Methods An analytic sample of parents and nonparents aged 18–64, with and without disabilities, were derived from the 2016 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (9,117 parents and 33,961 nonparents with disabilities). Multivariate logistic regression analyses were applied, controlling for individuals’ socio-demographic characteristics and their history of chronic conditions. Results Parents with disabilities, compared to parents without disabilities and nonparents with and without disabilities, were at higher risk of reporting frequent physical distress, obesity, smoking, and insufficient sleep. Among those with disabilities, fathers were more likely than nonfathers to report poor or fair health, frequent physical and mental distress, and obesity; these differences were not evident between mothers and nonmothers with disabilities. Conclusions The findings suggest the urgent need for policies and programs to address the health-related needs of parents with disabilities, as well as the need for targeted programs to support fathers with disabilities.
Infections and Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an idiopathic disease defined by a low platelet count in the absence of other causes of thrombocytopenia such as malignancy, disseminated intravascular coagulation, or medication-induced thrombocytopenia. It is an (auto) immune-mediated disorder that affects both adults and children, although their clinical manifestations can be very different. The understanding of the pathophysiology of ITP has advanced dramatically since the first in vivo experiments were conducted by Dr. Harfington more than 50 years ago. Yet, much still needs to be learned about this interestingly diverse disease. Though it is known that auto-antibodies are made against platelet antigens, the initial trigger for antibody production is still unclear. Other issues that warrant further investigation include the mechanisms through which viruses initiate or maintain the disease process in ITP; this would have to take into account individual susceptibility factors (that is, genes). Other areas to be further elucidated include the role of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and mechanisms through which autoreactive immune cells escape negative selection by the developing immune system. The interaction between the immune system and infectious agents in the pathophysiology of ITP will remain a critical point of investigation.
Neural Integration of Continuous Dynamics

Neural dynamical systems are dynamical systems that are described at least in part by neural networks. The class of continuous-time neural dynamical systems must, however, be numerically integrated for simulation and learning. Here, we present a compact neural circuit for two common numerical integrators: the explicit fixed-step Runge-Kutta method of any order and the semi-implicit/predictor-corrector Adams-Bashforth-Moulton method. Modeled as constant-sized recurrent networks embedding a continuous neural differential equation, they achieve fully neural temporal output. Using the polynomial class of dynamical systems, we demonstrate the equivalence of neural and numerical integration.
A data science framework for planning the growth of bicycle infrastructures

Abstract Cities around the world are turning to non-motorized transport alternatives to help solve congestion and pollution issues. This paradigm shift demands on new infrastructure that serves and boosts local cycling rates. This creates the need for novel data sources, tools, and methods that allow us to identify and prioritize locations where to intervene via properly planned cycling infrastructure. Here, we define potential demand as the total trips of the population that could be supported by bicycle paths. To that end, we use information from a phone-based travel demand and the trip distance distribution from bike apps. Next, we use percolation theory to prioritize paths with high potential demand that benefit overall connectivity if a bike path would be added. We use Bogota as a case study to demonstrate our methods. The result is a data science framework that informs interventions and improvements to an urban cycling infrastructure.
Synthesis of Ni(II) Complexes Supported by Tetradentate Mixed-Donor Bis(amido)/Phosphine/Phosphido Ligands by Phosphine Substituent Elimination

A convenient nickel-templated phenyl elimination route is described for the synthesis of phosphide-containing multidentate ligands from triarylphosphine precursors. Treating Ni(COD)2 with the neutr...
Genotypic and Phenotypic Diversity of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Cystic Fibrosis Patient Lung Infections and Their Interactions with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

ABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus has recently overtaken Pseudomonas aeruginosa as the most commonly recognized bacterial pathogen that infects the respiratory tracts of individuals with the genetic disease cystic fibrosis (CF) in the United States. Most studies of S. aureus in CF patient lung infections have focused on a few isolates, often exclusively laboratory-adapted strains, and how they are killed by P. aeruginosa. Less is known about the diversity of S. aureus CF patient lung isolates in terms of both their virulence and their interaction with P. aeruginosa. To begin to address this gap, we recently sequenced 64 clinical S. aureus isolates and a reference isolate, JE2. Here, we analyzed the antibiotic resistance genotypes, sequence types, clonal complexes, spa types, agr types, and presence/absence of other known virulence factor genes of these isolates. We hypothesized that virulence phenotypes of S. aureus, namely, toxin production and the mucoid phenotype, would be lost in these isolates due to adaptation in the CF patient lung. In contrast to these expectations, we found that most isolates can lyse both rabbit and sheep blood (67.7%) and produce polysaccharide (69.2%), suggesting that these phenotypes were not lost during adaptation to the CF lung. We also identified three distinct phenotypic groups of S. aureus based on their survival in the presence of nonmucoid P. aeruginosa laboratory strain PAO1 and its mucoid derivative. Altogether, our work provides greater insight into the diversity of S. aureus isolates from CF patients, specifically the distribution of important virulence factors and their interaction with P. aeruginosa, all of which have implications in patient health. IMPORTANCEStaphylococcus aureus is now the most frequently detected recognized pathogen in the lungs of individuals who have cystic fibrosis (CF) in the United States, followed closely by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. When these pathogens are found to coinfect the CF lung, patients have a significantly worse prognosis. While P. aeruginosa has been rigorously studied in the context of bacterial pathogenesis in CF, less is known about S. aureus. Here, we present an in-depth study of 64 S. aureus clinical isolates from CF patients, for which we investigated genetic diversity utilizing whole-genome sequencing, virulence phenotypes, and interactions with P. aeruginosa. We found that S. aureus isolated from CF lungs are phylogenetically diverse; most retain known virulence factors and vary in their interactions with P. aeruginosa (i.e., they range from being highly sensitive to P. aeruginosa to completely tolerant to it). Deepening our understanding of how S. aureus responds to its environment and other microbes in the CF lung will enable future development of effective treatments and preventative measures against these formidable infections.
Nociceptive afferent phenotyping reveals that transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 promotes cold pain through neurogenic inflammation upstream of the neurotrophic factor receptor GFRα3 and the menthol receptor transient receptor potential melastatin 8.

ABSTRACT The proper detection and behavioral response to painfully cold temperatures is critical for avoiding potentially harmful tissue damage. Cold allodynia and hyperalgesia, pain associated with innocuous cooling and exaggerated pain with noxious cold, respectively, are common in patients with chronic pain. In peripheral somatosensory afferents, the ion channels transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) and transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) are candidate receptors for innocuous and noxious cold temperatures, respectively. However, the role of TRPA1 as a cold sensor has remained controversial, and recent evidence suggests that TRPM8 channels and afferents mediate the detection of both pleasant and painful cold. To determine the role of TRPA1 afferents in cold-induced mouse behaviors in vivo, we used functional phenotyping by targeted nerve conduction block with the cell-impermeant lidocaine derivative QX-314. Surprisingly, we find that injection of QX-314 with TRPA1 agonists reduces cold-induced behaviors in mice, but does so in a TRPM8-dependent manner. Moreover, this effect is sexually dimorphic and requires the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor GFRα3, as does cold hypersensitivity produced by the activation of TRPA1 channels. Taken together, these results suggest that under conditions of neurogenic inflammation, TRPA1 works upstream of GFRα3 and TRPM8 to produce cold hypersensitivity, providing novel insights into the role of TRPA1 channels in cold pain.
How Have Hospitals in the Mississippi Delta Fared Under the 2019 Revised Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program

In 2013, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) implemented the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program (2013 HRRP), which financially penalized hospitals if their 30-day readmissions...
Rhabdomyolysis after spinal fusion surgery: management schema and prevention of a catastrophic complication.

Rhabdomyolysis is a clinical syndrome with the potential to cause cardiac arrhythmias, renal failure, and even death. Currently, there are no studies regarding risk factors for developing post-oper...
Comparison of Halbach, Radial and Axial Magnet Arrangement for Single Phase Tubular Permanent Magnet Linear Alternators

Linear alternators converts linear motion directly into electricity. Linear alternators can be used in applications such as hybrid electric vehicles, Stirling engines, free piston engines, and renewable energy applications. This paper compares halbach, radial and axial magnet arrangement for single phase tubular permanent magnet linear alternator. Modeling has been done using FEMM and the electrical parameters such as power, open circuit voltage, load voltage and current have been compared. It was seen that the halbach arrangement provides best power output in comparison with radial and axial arrangement for the chosen configuration. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages associated with the three magnet arrangements have been discussed in detail.
Community standards of deception: Deception is perceived to be ethical when it prevents unnecessary harm.

We frequently claim that lying is wrong, despite modeling that it is often right. The present research sheds light on this tension by unearthing systematic cases in which people believe lying is ethical in everyday communication and by proposing and testing a theory to explain these cases. Using both inductive and experimental approaches, the present research finds that deception is perceived to be ethical and individuals want to be deceived when deception is perceived to prevent unnecessary harm. This research identifies eight community standards of deception: rules of deception that most people abide by and recognize once articulated, but have never previously been codified. These standards clarify systematic circumstances in which deception is perceived to prevent unnecessary harm, and therefore, circumstances in which deception is perceived to be ethical. This work also documents how perceptions of unnecessary harm influence the use and judgment of deception in everyday life, above and beyond other moral concerns. These findings provide insight into when and why people value honesty and paves the way for future research on when and why people embrace deception. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Heat transfer augmentation of parabolic trough solar collector receiver's tube using hybrid nanofluids and conical turbulators

Abstract Background Parabolic Trough Solar Collector (PTSC) is one of the most popular and an effective device that converts solar radiation into a heat or useful energy. However, it suffers from high temperature gradient and low thermal efficiency. The solution for this problem is to use new advanced coolants (hybrid nanofluids) in order to enhance PTSC's thermal efficiency. Methods A numerical analysis on the thermo-hydraulic performance of a PTSC receiver's tube equipped with conical turbulators is presented. The Navier-Stokes equations are solved using Finite Volume Method (FVM) coupled with Monte Carlo Ray Tracing (MCRT) method. The flow and thermal characteristics as well as entropy generation of the PTSC's receiver tube are investigated for three hybrid nanofluids (Ag-SWCNT, Ag-MWCNT, and Ag-MgO) having a mixing ratio of (50:50) dispersed in Syltherm oil 800, Reynolds number (5000 to 100,000) and fluid inlet temperatures (400 to 650 K). Significant findings The conical turbulators effectively augmented the thermal performance by 233.4% utilising Ag-SWCNT/Syltherm oil instead of pure Syltherm oil. The performance evaluation criterion is found to be in the range of 0.9–1.82. The thermal and exergetic efficiencies increased by 11.5% and 18.2%, respectively. The maximum decrement in the entropy generation rate and entropy generation ratio are 42.7% and 33.7%.
Fibronectin in Health and Disease

The Structure and Function of Fibronectins. Fibronectin in Development. Fibronectin and Aging. Fibronectin: Role in Phagocytic Host Defense and Lung Vascular Integrity. Fibronectin Interactions with Complement Proteins-Characteristics of the Binding Interactions and Potential Biologic Significance. Interactions Between Fibronectin and Bacteria. Fibronectin and Polymorphonuclear Neutrophil Function. Fibronectin and Monocyte Receptor Function. Fibronectin and Platelet Function. Fibronectin and Blood Coagulation. Fibronectin and Cancer: Implications of Cell Adhesion to Fibronectin for Tumor Metastasis. Fibronectin in the Skin. Fibronectin in the Lung. Fibronectin in Liver Disease. Fibronectin in Cartilage. Fibronectin and Rheumatic Disease. Fibronectin in Animal Models of Inflammation and Autoimmune Diseases. Index.
The Ethical Compass: Two for the Price of One is a Costly Choice: The Ethical Issues for Lawyer-Mediators Who Consider Drafting Agreements

Should a lawyer who serves as a mediator for two unrepresented parties also draft the resulting agreement if both mediating parties request the lawyer to do so? On June 30, 2010, the ABA Section of Dispute Resolution Committee on Mediator Ethical Guidance (hereinafter "The Committee") issued Ethics Opinion SODR-2010-1 "Mediator's Duty of Care When Drafting Agreements." This ethics opinion calls into question the blurry ethical contours between lawyering and mediation when mediating with pro se parties. In this column, I will review the Committee's ethics opinion and then, applying the New York Rules of Professional Conduct, discuss the potential ethical minefields and workable alternatives for those New York lawyers who serve as mediators and also contemplate drafting the resulting agreement.
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from frontotemporal dementia patient's peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were donated by a patient with clinically diagnosed frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were developed using integration-free CytoTune-iPS Sendai Reprogramming factors which include Sendai virus particles of the four Yamanaka factors Oct, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc.
The Changing Political Environment for Tobacco: Implications for Southern Tobacco Farmers, Rural Economies, Taxpayers, and Consumers: Discussion

First let me say how gratifying it is to be seen as part of the solution rather than the source of the problem. That is my reaction to seeing both the state-level and regional roundtables of the Southern Tobacco Communities Project listed in the table of selected educational programs addressing the economic adjustment issues facing tobacco dependent communities prepared by Woods, Isaacs, Mundy, and Given, Addressing the changes now taking place in the world of tobacco with creative and innovative solutions becomes all the more crucial based on the observations of Brown, Snell, and Tiller in describing the changing political environment for tobacco. They ask perhaps the most pertinent question in the tobacco world today, “Should national legislation concerning smoking and tobacco resurface in the near future, are there reasonable compromises concerning the US tobacco program that could (emphasis added) satisfy all the stake holders in the program?” This may be an important question in regard to future legislation on a national level, but the issues they describe in their discussion of political context will drive decisions in state legislatures this spring. Statehouses across the South will begin making decisions now about the allocations of their portions of the $206 billiondollar master settlement negotiated in November of 1998. The stakeholders in these allocation debates include all tobacco farmers, rural economies, tax payers, consumers and policy makers. Will the view taken as the allocation debates develop be short-term gain to preserve the current situation or long-term investment in sustainable rural communities?
Hydrodynamic Effects on the QPO Frequencies of Accreting Compact Objects

The variability properties of accreting compact objects predicted by dynamical models are characterized by a number of distinct frequencies that are specific to each model. Because the accretion disks around neutron stars and black holes are hydrodynamic flows, these modulation frequencies cannot be strictly equal to test particle frequencies. I discuss several implications of hydrodynamic corrections to the modulation frequencies predicted by dynamical models. Finally, I show that the recent detection of yet a third kHz QPO in three neutron-star systems favors a previously developed model that attributes the various QPO frequencies to fundamental general relativistic frequencies in the accretion flow.
Thermally induced residual stresses in eutectic composites

The effect of thermally induced residual stresses on the yield behavior of a unidirectionally solidified eutectic, (Co, Cr)-(Cr, Co)7C3 is presented. At low temperatures, the yield stress is found to depend on the sense of the applied stress. The difference in yield stress between tension and compression is a function of temperature and disappears at a sufficiently high stress relaxation temperature. A straightforward analysis is presented that predicts the observed yielding behavior and a stress relaxation temperature that agrees well not only with the value obtained by observing the temperature dependence of the yield stress, but also with the value obtained from the thermal expansion behavior of the eutectic composite.
CONSECUENCIAS DEL FIN DE LA HEGEMONÍA ESTADOUNIDENSE EN LA GERENCIA LATINOAMERICANA

Despues del final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Estados Unidos emergio como una potencia mundial. Aunque esta nacion sigue siendo protagonista de la economia mundial, los recientes acontecimientos mundiales parecen haber debilitado su posicion hegemonica. El dolar pierde terreno en relacion con el euro, en parte como resultado de la recesion economica mundial. Mientras tanto, algunas monedas asiaticas se fortalecen. India y China estan emergiendo como nuevas potencias economicas mundiales. El mundo esta cambiando hacia una situacion multipolar sin multilateralismo. Estos cambios estructurales tienen importantes implicaciones en el trabajo de los gerentes latinoamericanos al menos en las siguientes areas: reinsercion de las economias locales en la economia internacional, reformulacion de las relaciones economicas con Estados Unidos y los grandes consorcios internacionales, asimilacion de la tecnologia moderna y formulacion de politicas para la gestion del talento humano
The computational implementation of principle-based parsers

Recently, there has been some interest in the implementation of grammatical theories based on the principles and parameters approach (Correa, this volume; Johnson, this volume; Kolb and Thiersch, 1988; and Stabler, 1991 forthcoming). In this framework, a fixed set of universal principles parameterized according to particular languages interact deductively to account for diverse linguistic phenomena. Much of the work to date has focused on the not inconsiderable task of formalizing such theories. The primary goal of this chapter is to explore the computationally relevant properties of this framework. In particular, we address the hitherto largely unexplored issue of how to organize linguistic principles for efficient processing. More specifically, this chapter examines if, and how, a parser can reorder principles to avoid doing unnecessary work. Many important questions exist. For example: (1) What effect, if any, does principle-ordering have on the amount of work needed to parse a given sentence? (2) If the effect of principle-ordering is significant, then are some orderings much better than others? (3) If so, is it possible to predict (and explain) which ones these are?
Reversible dissociation of Escherichia coli ribosomes by N-ethylmaleimide

Abstract 1. 1. Treatment of extensively washed Escherichia coli ribosomes with N- ethylmaleimide resulted in a reduction of their ability to synthesize polyphenylalanine, bind phenylalanyl-tRNA or form 70-S ribosomes at 8 mM Mg2+. However, at 20 mM Mg2+ reassociation of N- ethylmaleimide-treated ribosomes occurs, and binding of phenylalanyl-tRNA is restored to that of untreated ribosomes. 2. 2. Once reassociated at 20 mM Mg2+ in the presence of polyuridylate and phenylalanyl-tRNA, the N- ethylmaleimide ribosomes can be shifted to 8 mM Mg2+ where they are fully active for dipeptide synthesis and 68% as active for polyphenylalanine synthesis as untreated controls. 3. 3. The N- ethylmaleimide treatment does not preferentially affect the tetracycline or deacylated-tRNA-sensitive binding sites on the ribosome nor does it interfere with enzyme-promoted binding. Consequently, N- ethylmaleimide-reacted sulfhydryl groups may interfere with subunit reassociation but do not prevent ribosome functions associated with peptide-bond formation.
A Wind Powered, White LED Lighting System for the Kibera Slum of Nairobi

A multidisciplinary team of engineering students traveled to Nairobi, Kenya in May 2006 to implement a service learning project between academic sessions. Low power, white light emitting diode (WLED) based lighting devices were designed and built by student participants and members of the student organization Engineers with a Mission during the months preceding the trip. Photometric performance and power consumption data are given for these devices, which were subsequently installed in seventeen homes in the large and infamous Kibera slum. A locally manufactured, technologically appropriate wind generator was purchased and installed to charge a single, centrally located deep cycle battery. Power from this battery was distributed to the LED-based lights through a student designed and built circuit breaker panel and a radial network of indoor/outdoor extension cords that served as low voltage transmission lines. The project provided a learning environment for alternative energy techniques, appropriate technologies, global and multicultural awareness, poverty apprehension, the realities of project implementation, and the social responsibility of those in the engineering profession. A network of Kenyan organizations consisting of a university, a non-governmental organization, a small business, and a community organization, was formed to facilitate sustainability and provide ongoing analysis and maintenance.
Optimally Engineering Traditional Introductory Physics Classes

This paper presents a measurement of the time and resources committed to traditional student actions such as reading and working homework. The perception of the educational value of each basic action for both students and faculty is captured. From this information, basic educational efficiencies are computed for a traditional mechanics course and a non-traditional hands-on Electricity and Magnetism course. The calculations show an allocation of resources in the traditional course which uses the most student time in the least educationally valuable activity. The computed efficiencies also show overseen student note-taking as potentially a very valuable general tool. The techniques presented allow any institution to carry out quantitative educational engineering of their course offerings at the highest level.
The relation of body weight to the biparietal diameter in the newborn.

Abstract The relation between body weight and the biparietal diameter of the head in a series of 600 newborn infants has been determined. There is found to be a general correlation between body weight and head size, but the extremes of variation are so great as to make it impossible and dangerous to estimate the possibility of cephalopelvic disproportion by the estimation of body weight.
Exploring women's development: Implications for career theory, practice, and research.

Developmentally, women are different from men. The claim has surfaced so often, it can no longer be denied. Whether the charted gender differences have been framed as inherent female defects in biology (Freud, 1925), feminine deficiencies in reasoning (Kohlberg, 1976), learned responses to a political reality (French, 1985; Schaef, 1981), the recognition of a distinct developmental voice for men and women (Belenky, Clinchy, Goldberger, and Tarule, 1986; Gilligan, 1977), or cause for celebrating a new psychology of women (Miller, 1976), the theme is the same. Women construct their conceptions of themselves, their lives, and the world around them differently from men. During the fragile early years of the Women's Movement, it was taboo to acknowledge any basic differences between men and women other than the most obvious biological ones. Equality between the sexes required a lock-step belief in what now seems a simplistic definition of equity as sameness. While we spoke of increasing human freedom by challenging stereotypic conceptions of men and women, we implicitly sold the male model of life and work as women's salvation from their second-class citizenship. But the time has come to move beyond the debate of whether women and men are developmentally different and to focus more clearly on understanding the differences and their implications. Masking these developmental differences serves neither gender. We have begun to admit (Friedan, 1981; Marshall, Chapter 13) that the male model of work and success may be a dead end (and health statistics say that literally may be true).
tau ---> mu eta in supersymmetric models

The existence of large ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ mixing suggests the likelihood of large smuon-stau mixing in supersymmetric models, leading to \ensuremath{\mu} and \ensuremath{\tau} number violation. In addition to interesting signatures in slepton and neutralino production and decay, this will lead to rare \ensuremath{\tau} decays, such as $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\tau}}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\gamma}.$ Recently, it has been pointed out that the $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\tau}}3\ensuremath{\mu}$ branching ratio could be substantial in the large $\mathrm{tan}\ensuremath{\beta}$ region of parameter space, due to an induced $\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\tau}$-Higgs vertex. In this paper, another signature, $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\tau}}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\eta}$ is considered. In the large $\mathrm{tan}\ensuremath{\beta}$ region, it is shown that the branching ratio of $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\tau}}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\eta}$ is 8.4 times the branching ratio of $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\tau}}3\ensuremath{\mu},$ independent of any unknown parameters, and it will thus give the most stringent bound on Higgs-mediated lepton flavor violation, and may provide its first signature. In the other regions of parameter space, where $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\tau}}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ is the most prominent decay, the branching ratio for $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\tau}}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\eta}$ is always substantially lower.
Removal of one nonhomologous DNA end during gene conversion by a RAD1- and MSH2-independent pathway.

Repair of a double-strand break (DSB) by homologous recombination depends on the invasion of a 3′-ended strand into an intact template sequence to initiate new DNA synthesis. When the end of the invading DNA is not homologous to the donor, the nonhomologous sequences must be removed before new synthesis can begin. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae , the removal of these ends depends on both the nucleotide excision repair endonuclease Rad1p/Rad10p and the mismatch repair proteins Msh2p/Msh3p. In rad1 or msh2 mutants, when both ends of the DSB have nonhomologous ends, repair is reduced ∼90-fold compared to a plasmid with perfect ends; however, with only one nonhomologous end, repair is reduced on average only 5-fold. These results suggest that yeast has an alternative, but less efficient, way to remove a nonhomologous tail from the second end participating in gene conversion. When the removal of one nonhomologous end is impaired in rad1 and msh2 mutants, there is also a 1-hr delay in the appearance of crossover products of gene conversion, compared to noncrossovers. We interpret these results in terms of the formation and resolution of alternative intermediates of a synthesis-dependent strand annealing mechanism.
The Lifetime Sequence of Returns: A Retirement Planning Conundrum

Individual investors are extremely vulnerable to the sequence of market returns experienced over their investing lifetimes. Individuals who behave exactly the same over their careers, saving the same percentage of the same salary for the same number of years, can otherwise experience very different outcomes based solely upon the specific sequence of investment returns which accompanies their career and retirement. The vulnerability reaches its peak at the retirement date, as this is the point in which a return to employment becomes increasingly difficult and a post-retirement market drop can be devastating. Actual wealth accumulations and sustainable withdrawal rates will vary substantially for different retirees, as these outcomes depend disproportionately on the shorter sequence of returns just before and after the retirement date.
Embedded software development challenges in the digital signal processing era

The rapid growth of products that incorporate programmable digital signal processors is a driving-force for improving the embedded software development process. DSP-based product development presents some difficult challenges for manufacturers. Several embedded software development trends can be anticipated as the industry seeks to overcome these difficulties. The paper discusses some of the challenges for embedded DSP software development and projects some opportunities to address these challenges.
Torque ripple minimization via PWM control technique with GaN-based motor drive for high speed single phase brushless DC motor

This paper proposes a novel reference voltage controlled pulse width modulation technique to minimize the excitation torque ripple of a single-phase brushless DC motor for high-speed applications. The proposed control technique reduces output current ripple by modifying PWM reference voltage rather than shifting input voltage phase. The comparison results of output torque indicate that the proposed control technique has 91.82% lower torque ripple than that of the conventional control technique. The overall efficiency of the motor is estimated taking account of the motor and the motor drive related losses. The proposed control achieves 1.5% higher efficiency due to the utilization of gallium nitride (GaN) switching devices and the lower rms phase current in high switching frequency operation.
The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the Fermi surface of Sb

Abstract The pressure dependences of cross sectional areas of the Fermi surface of Sb are obtained from de Haas-van Alphen measurements in solid and fluid He. Contrary to expectation, the behavior of the Fermi surface of Sb with pressure differs from that of Bi. Our results when combined with the assumption of carrier compensation, appear to substantiate the results of a new method due to Brandt, Mininia and Pospelov for determination of the pressure dependence of the carrier density in semimetals.
A Microprocessor-Controlled Portable Neutron Spectrometer

A neutron spectrometer that acquires and unfolds data in the field has been developed for use in the energy range from 1 to 20 MeV. The system includes an NE213 organic scintillation detector, automatic gain stabilization, automatically stabilized pulse-shape discrimination, an LSI-11 microprocessor for control and data reduction, and a multichannel analyzer for data acquisition. The system, with the exception of the multichannel analyzer, is mounted in a suitcase 47 by 66 by 23.5cm. The mass is 23.5 kg.
Space Remote Sensing Systems: An Introduction

In the general textbook sense, this book is not an introduction to space remote sensing systems. Rather, it is a review of a subset of modern Earth-sensing instruments. The author intends this book to be more for scientists and engineers rather than students, although the content is more suitable for program managers who are not intimately connected with the technical aspects of remote sensing and for those who want quick information on Earth-observing systems. The book's 257 pages contain 10 chapters, two appendices, and an index. The first chapter briefly covers the interaction of Earth's atmosphere and surface with solar radiation. The second chapter attempts to discuss fundamentals of space remote sensing such as satellite scanning techniques, types of telescopes, and optical materials. The third chapter takes up specific radiometric and imaging devices, such as photomultiplier tubes, CCDs, and cooling systems. The next four chapters for the most part cover specific flight hardware, including radiometers, spectrometers, imagers, microwave systems, lidar systems, and synthetic aperture radars (SAR). The final two chapters discuss launch vehicles and current or planned Earth observation missions.
A summary of ring rolling technology—I. Recent trends in machines, processes and production lines

Abstract Ring rolling process is widely used in the production of seamless rings for automotive and aerospace industry. This paper presents a summary of the ring rolling technology: machine and process types; process considerations; and examples of ring rolling lines. In this technology survey, recent trends in ring rolling machines and processes are emphasized. This survey will be specially valuable for industry personnel engaged with the selection and implementation of ring rolling lines and process planning engineers working with ring rolling companies. It will also provide adequate background to researchers initiating research in the mechanics of the ring rolling process.
A Case Series and Literature Review of Merkel Cell Carcinoma Metastasizing to Pancreas

Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare aggressive tumor arising from the mechanoreceptors of the epidermis with a relative higher mortality rate stage for stage than melanoma. Microscopically, the cells appear similar to small cell lung cancer, but they specifically stain positive for CK20 and are negative for TTF-1. It is rarely known to metastasize to the pancreas. To report four cases of Merkel cell carcinoma metastasizing to pancreas and compare them to previously reported patients. We performed a retrospective review of all patients who underwent endoscopic ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) for a suspected pancreatic lesion between January 2004 and December 2012. We reviewed other reported cases with a literature search using PubMed, Embase, and Scopus. Four male patients with mean age of 66 years were found to have metastatic disease in the pancreas on average 29 months after initial diagnosis of MCC. Two cases were diagnosed with EUS-FNA and two with PET-CT. Three patients had multifocal pancreatic involvement which has not been previously described. All four patients died within 3–9 months following tumor spread to the pancreas. Merkel cell carcinoma rarely metastasizes to the pancreas with only 10 cases being described in the medical literature. EUS-FNA is an effective tool that can be utilized in diagnosing pancreatic masses. Differentiating metastatic pancreatic tumors, especially Merkel cell carcinoma from primary pancreatic tumor is useful as systemic therapy is an option in pancreatic adenocarcinoma, but is ineffective in metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma.