cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Critical Disjuncture?: The Culmination of Post-world War II Socio-demographic and Economic Trends in the United States

This essay examines the consequences of major social, demographic and economic trends in the United States since World War II. These include rising women's employment, the 'Baby Boom', the outlines of the so-called 'new' immigration, the increasing racial and ethnic diversity deriving from that immigration, the economic contexts in which recent US immigration has occurred, and recent technologically-induced features of global work flows that will condition immigration's future reception and effects. Women's wartime work experiences, together with their economic opportunities in the ensuing decades, boosted married women's autonomy and domestic leverage. Rising economic prosperity encouraged marriage and family formation even as growing employment among married women of childbearing age made having and taking care of large families more difficult. World War II also spawned the expansion of migration to the United States, which in turn converted the country from a largely biracial society with a sizable white majority and a small black minority into a multiracial, multiethnic society with greater racial and ethnic boundary crossing and increasingly blurred colour lines. A major issue is whether currently changing economic conditions and social institutions will support and strengthen such tendencies or instead weaken them. Without robust job growth, the demographic legacy of the baby boom, which now involves ever-rising numbers of retired people, will be more difficult to support, especially given the country's current fiscal deficits. Greater earnings inequality and weak job growth may also poison the climate for further immigration to the US, thus diminishing the chance that newcomers can continue contributing to the dissolution of fault lines among racial-ethnic groups and to the resolution of periodic labour shortages.
Brain region-specific, age-related, alterations in mitochondrial responses to elevated calcium

An age-related Ca(2+) dysregulation and increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may contribute to late-onset neurodegenerative disorders. These alterations are often attributed to impaired mitochondrial function yet few studies have directly examined mitochondria isolated from various regions of the aged brain. The purpose of this study was to examine Ca(2+)-buffering and ROS production in mitochondria isolated from Fischer 344 rats ranging in age from 4 to 25 months. Mitchondria isolated from the cortex of the 25 month rat brain exhibited greater rates of ROS production and mitochondrial swelling in response to increasing Ca(2+) loads as compared to mitochondria isolated from younger (4, 13 month) animals. The increased swelling is indicative of opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore indicating impaired Ca(2+) buffering/cycling in aged animals. These age-related differences were not observed in mitochondria isolated from cerebellum. Together, these results demonstrate region specific, age-related, alterations in mitochondrial responses to Ca(2+).
Managing lymphoma with non-FDG radiotracers: current clinical and preclinical applications.

Nuclear medicine imaging modalities such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) have played a prominent role in lymphoma management. PET with [18F]Fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) is the most commonly used tool for lymphoma imaging. However, FDG-PET has several limitations that give the false positive or false negative diagnosis of lymphoma. Therefore, development of new radiotracers with higher sensitivity, specificity, and different uptake mechanism is in great demand in the management of lymphoma. This paper reviews non-FDG radiopharmaceuticals that have been applied for PET and SPECT imaging in patients with different types of lymphoma, with attention to diagnosis, staging, therapy response assessment, and surveillance for disease relapse. In addition, we introduce three radiolabeled anti-CD20 antibodies for radioimmunotherapy, which is another important arm for lymphoma treatment and management. Finally, the relatively promising radiotracers that are currently under preclinical development are also discussed in this paper.
A Dual-Process Model of Interactivity Effects

Although interactivity is often considered to have a positive influence on persuasion, research on interactivity effects is actually very mixed. This paper argues that under certain circumstances, interactivity may either enhance or inhibit persuasion. A dual-process model of interactivity effects is proposed and tested that posits differential effects of interactivity on persuasion depending on person and situation factors. Results of an experiment that manipulated level of Web site interactivity and task involvement, and measured user ability (Internet usage experience), show that under low-involvement conditions, the mere presence of interactivity served as a peripheral cue that led to more positive attitudes regardless of ability (experience). Under high-involvement conditions, however, interactivity elicited more positive attitudes for experienced users but less positive attitudes for inexperienced users. Implications for the use of interactivity in advertising and promotions are discussed.
A structural approach to the assessment of fracture risk in children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease

Children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have multiple risk factors for impaired accretion of trabecular and cortical bone. CKD during childhood poses an immediate fracture risk and compromises adult bone mass, resulting in significantly greater skeletal fragility throughout life. High-turnover disease initially results in thickened trabeculae, with greater bone volume. As disease progresses, resorption cavities dissect trabeculae, connectivity degrades, and bone volume decreases. Increased bone turnover also results in increased cortical porosity and decreased cortical thickness. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-based measures of bone mineral density (BMD) are derived from the total bone mass within the projected bone area (g/cm2), concealing distinct disease effects in trabecular and cortical bone. In contrast, peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) estimates volumetric BMD (vBMD, g/cm3), distinguishes between cortical and trabecular bone, and provides accurate estimates of cortical dimensions. Recent data have confirmed that pQCT measures of cortical vBMD and thickness provide substantially greater fracture discrimination in adult dialysis patients compared with hip or spine DXA. The following review considers the structural effects of renal osteodystrophy as it relates to fracture risk and the potential advantages and disadvantages of DXA and alternative measures of bone density, geometry, and microarchitecture, such as pQCT, micro-CT (μCT), and micro magnetic resonance imaging (μMRI) for fracture risk assessment.
Geochemistry of biogenic pyrite and ferromanganese coatings from a small watershed: A bacterial connection?

Present‐day groundwater in an alluvial aquifer in Holocene floodplain deposits in east‐central Alabama contains 0.1–4 mg/L Fe, 0.1–0.7 mg/L Mn, ∼1–10 μg/L each of Co, Ni, As, Zn, La, and Ce, and 40–175 μ/L Ba. There is a distinct correspondence between trace elements present in groundwater and those concentrated on ferromanganese coatings on present‐day stream alluvium in the study area. This indicates that the reduction and dissolution of such coatings in the alluvial aquifer, probably mediated by Fe‐ and Mn‐reducing bacteria, has been a major control on groundwater chemistry. Authigenic euhedral pyrite crystals up to 1.5 cm in diameter replace lig‐nitic macro wood fragments near the base of the alluvial aquifer, and sulfur isotope data (δ34S values from +3 to ‐40‰CDT) indicate that pyrite precipitated as a consequence of bacterial sulfate reduction in and adjacent to the irregularly distributed wood fragments. The authigenic pyrite contains several hundred parts per million of As, Co, and Ni, indicating...
Sexual reflexes in male and female rats

A novel preparation for the study of male and female sexual function in anesthetized, acutely spinalized rats is reported. In both sexes, the coitus reflex (the neuromuscular concomitants of sexual climax) could be elicited by mechanical stimulation of the distal urethra. It is concluded that the spinal sexual circuitry is essentially similar in both sexes and that the coitus reflex is generated by a hormone-insensitive spinal pattern generator and is triggered by a simple peripheral stimulus.
The effects of providing chronic hemodialysis patients written material on advance directives.

Because little is known about the stability of knowledge, attitudes, and behavior toward advance directives in chronic hemodialysis patients, we chose to determine whether providing written information on advance directives affects chronic hemodialysis patients' knowledge, attitudes, and behavior toward advance directives over time. Various patient demographic factors were also assessed for association with the above parameters. Thirty-one chronic incenter hemodialysis patients (55% women, 48% African-Americans, 81% on dialysis for more than 3 years) completed a questionnaire consisting of patient demographic features and agreement or disagreement with statements concerning knowledge, attitudes, and behavior toward advance directives. The responses were scored from 1 (strongly agree) to 5 (strongly disagree). Patients completed the questionnaire before, shortly after (1 to 3 months), and distant to (6 to 7 months) receiving written information on advance directives. Receiving written information on advance directives did not improve patients' understanding of living wills (58% understood before, 77% shortly after, and 58% distant to receiving the information) and only transiently improved understanding of a health care proxy (32% before, 67% shortly after [ P P = not significant]) and the hospital policy on advance directives (35% before, 61 shortly after [ P P = not significant]). Patients' attitudes about advance directives and perceived barriers to their use were not different before, shortly after, or distant to receiving information. After receiving information on advance directives, more patients (13% before, 48% shortly after, 37% distant; P P
A high sensitivity digital Raman difference spectrometer for studies on solutions of biological molecules with on-line computer control of data acquisition and reduction

The design and construction of a computer-controlled Raman spectrophotometer for the determination of difference spectra among up to four samples is described. The advantages of control by a minicomputer compared to a microcomputer or a hard wired controller are discussed. Conditions for the attainment of good signal/noise ratios with aqueous solutions of nucleotides in the 1 to 25 mM range are examined for the case of excitation in the visible spectrum to minimize radiation damage. Applications to studies of dilute aqueous solutions of biological molecules are discussed. The interactions of small molecules with biopolymers, particularly, are examined.
Kunhild and Ereshkigal, an extinct hot‐spot region on Venus

Analysis of imagery, topography and gravity for Kunhild and Ereshkigal, adjacent large volcanoes on Venus, indicates that they are extinct hot spots that were located over a broad mantle upwelling. The volcanoes probably formed contemporaneously, but volcanism persisted at Kunhild after Ereshkigal's extinction. A late event in each structure's formation was sagging of the central region to form a broad depression. Ereshkigal, the shorter of the two structures, has a broader and deeper central depression than Kunhild. We suggest that when a long-lived plume goes away from beneath a large Venusian shield volcano, removal of dynamic support from the plume stem produces a central sagging analogous to the collapse phase associated with corona formation on Venus.
Remarks on Constitutive Modeling of Nanofluids

We discuss briefly the constitutive modeling of the stress tensor for nanofluids. In particular, we look at the viscosity of nanofluids containing multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) stabilized b...
CT and radiographic appearance of extracranial Onyx® embolization

Onyx ® (ev3, Irvine, CA, USA) is a liquid embolic agent composed of ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer dissolved in dimethyl sulphoxide used for the treatment of intracranial arteriovenous malformations. Onyx is a preferred embolizing agent due to its unique properties, non-adhesive nature, and durability. In addition to its approved intracranial application, Onyx is also being used successfully in extracranial embolization in areas including extracranial aneurisms and vascular malformations, trauma, gastrointestinal bleeding, and neoplasms. Because of its increasing utilization, it is important for reporting radiologists to be able to recognize its extracranial appearance across different imaging techniques and to be familiar with its uses. The goal of this review is to describe the extracranial uses of Onyx and its appearance in various extracranial locations at radiography and CT, while providing didactic examples. Onyx appears radiodense at CT and plain radiography and has a curvilinear pattern following the expected path of the vessel embolized. At CT, Onyx creates streak artefact that may obstruct the view of surrounding tissues consistent with descriptions of other tantalum devices.
Residents speak: variables influencing home-related DIY decisions in the former USSR; the case of Vilnius, Lithuania

In this paper, the results of recent quantitative-based housing research on Vilnius are synthesized with yet more recent field work findings from the same city. In the former, the authors explored the statistical influence of a range of variables on the likelihood of resident-initiated “do-it-yourself (DIY)” work in or around the dwelling in 2001–2002. In the present research, these statistical findings are further explored through resident focus groups meetings and key-person interviews conducted in 2007. The combined results of these two studies shed light on the contextually-situated influence of specific physical/environmental, socio-economic/political, and individual perceptual variables on residents’ DIY behaviors in this former Soviet, newly European capital city.
On constructing a block layout by graph theory

This paper examines the problem of developing block layouts using graph theory. It is shown that there are several limitations associated with such layouts, particularly when facility relationships are represented quantitatively by a from-to chart. A modification to conventional construction-type layout procedures is presented which allows a graph theoretic block layout to be developed, regardless of the type of facility relationships used, and without performing all the steps required in the graph theoretic approach. This new method helps to avoid the limitations of the approach and alleviate its computational burden.
How flies make one equal two: dosage compensation in Drosophila

Dosage compensation is the process by which the expression of X-linked genes is equalized in males and females. In Drosophila, dosage compensation occurs by coordinately upregulating the transcription rates of all the genes on the single X chromosome in males. This hypertranscription requires the functioning of four autosomal male-specific lethal (msl) genes and is under the control of the Sxl gene. Recent genetic and molecular studies have suggested that the msl proteins may associate with one another in a sex-specific heteromeric complex on the male X chromosome, where they may function to alter its chromatin structure.
Prey capture by Pisaster brevispinus (Asteroidea: Echinodermata) on soft substrate

Observations on the subtidal seastar Pisaster brevispinus (Stimpson) indicate that this predator can extend the central tube feet into sand-mud substrate for a distance roughly equal to the radius of the seastar. Field and laboratory evidence demonstrates the use of the elongated tube feet by the asteroid for the capture of burrowed prey items. A relationship between predator size and the size of juveniles of the deep-burrowing clam Tresus nuttallii taken as prey is a product of the ability of larger seastars to extend the tube feet further into the substrate and capture deeper prey. The role of P. brevispinus as an important subtidal predator along the Pacific Coast of North America is discussed.
Rape: Politics and theory in war and peace

(1996). Rape: Politics and theory in war and peace. Australian Feminist Studies: Vol. 11, No. 23, pp. 147-162.
Short-lived Red Cells in Normal Individuals

NORMAL survival of red cells is reflected in the curves of nitrogen-15 tagging of haem versus time. Such curves1,2 have been analysed1,3, but re-examination indicates that they might fail to reveal the presence of moderate fractions of very short-lived erythrocytes in normal individuals. Berlin et al. 4 observed an extra peak on the ascending portion of the nitrogen-15 haem curve in a case of polycythaemia vera. This clearly reflects the presence of short-lived erythrocytes. The present communication describes evidence for the occurrence of short-lived erythrocytes in normal individuals. This evidence is of two independent types.
Bristlecone: Language Support for Robust Software Applications

We present Bristlecone, a programming language for robust software systems. Bristlecone applications have two components: a high-level organization specification that describes how the application's conceptual operations interact and a low-level operational specification that describes the sequence of instructions that comprise an individual conceptual operation. Bristlecone uses the high-level organization specification to recover the software system from an error to a consistent state and to reason how to safely continue the software system's execution after the error. We have implemented a compiler and runtime for Bristlecone. We have evaluated this implementation on three benchmark applications: a Web crawler, a Web server, and a multiroom chat server. We developed both a Bristlecone version and a Java version of each benchmark application. We used injected failures to evaluate the robustness of each version of the application. We found that the Bristlecone versions of the benchmark applications more successfully survived the injected failures. The Bristlecone compiler contains a static analysis that operates on the organization specification to generate a set of diagrams that graphically present the task interactions in the application. We have used the analysis to help understand the high-level structure of three Bristlecone applications: a game server, a Web server, and a chat server.
OPERA: optimization with ellipsoidal uncertainty for robust analog IC design

As the design-manufacturing interface becomes increasingly complicated with IC technology scaling, the corresponding process variability poses great challenges for nanoscale analog/RF design. Design optimization based on the enumeration of process corners has been widely used , but can suffer from inefficiency and overdesign. In this paper we propose to formulate the analog and RF design with variability problem as a special type of robust optimization problem, namely robust geometric programming. The statistical variations in both the process parameters and design variables are captured by a pre-specified confidence ellipsoid. Using such optimization with ellipsoidal uncertainy approach, robust design can be obtained with guaranteed yield bound and lower design cost, and most importantly, the problem size grows linearly with number of uncertain parameters. Numerical examples demonstrate the efficiency and reveal the trade-off between the design cost versus the yield requirement. We will also demonstrate significant improvement in the design cost using this approach compared with corner-enumeration optimization.
High Performance Photonics on Silicon

Using silicon for optical interconnects would enable a platform for such a monolithic integration of optics and microelectronics. Photonics on silicon has been suggested since the 1980's. The challenge of using silicon as a photonic platform is the lack of strong active devices in silicon rich modulators, switches and detectors. Photodetectors on silicon with high performance are the one key node that remains to be demonstrated to enable photonic interconnections on a microelectronic chip. Optical switches for dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) are key components for all optical networks on chip. Silicon photonics has attained much attention in recent years owing to the maturity of silicon in the electronic industry and its possibility to combine both photonic and electronic devices all on one chip.
Enumerative fluorescent vital staining of live and dead pathogenic yeast cells.

A quantitative technique is presented for differentiating live and dead yeast cells grown in culture through the use of the fluorescent dye acridine orange. the method gives results that correlate well with those of other commonly used vital staining techniques and is free of certain interpretative errors inherent in them. Vital staining of yeasts with acridine orange also allows for more precise assessment of the physiological state of individual cells and the culture as a whole. the progressive senescence of yeast cells in culture can be monitored by the changing staining characteristics of several subcellular organelles. the method is simple and reliable.
The Paradox of Professional Success: Grand Ambition, Furious Resistance, and the Derailment of the DSM-5 Revision Process

In 1980, Robert Spitzer and the DSM-III Task Force initiated a paradigm shift in psychiatric classification, effectively shoring up psychiatry’s legitimacy during a period of professional crisis. Thirty years after DSM-III, psychiatry once again finds itself in a precarious position, and once again, the DSM-5 Task Force is attempting to resolve its professional crisis by revising the DSM. However, the very success of DSM-III—both its integration into all facets of mental health and its centrality to psychiatry’s professional identity and authority—has made it impossible for the DSM-5 Task Force to duplicate Spitzer’s feat. As the DSM-5 revision process unfolds, it has become evident that vehement resistance within the profession has derailed the Task Force’s initial dream of introducing significant innovations and even realizing a paradigm shift through dimensional measurement. In recounting how and why the dimensional revisions were defeated, this chapter suggests the limitations of shoring up professional authority through a nosology. The vicissitudes of the DSM-5 process can only be understood by situating it within the professional politics of American psychiatry over the last three decades—a history dominated by the DSM.
Economic analysis of the N-1 reliable unit commitment and transmission switching problem using duality concepts

Currently, there is a national push for a smarter electric grid, one that is more controllable and flexible. Only limited control and flexibility of electric assets is currently built into electric network optimization models. Optimal transmission switching is a low cost way to leverage grid controllability: to make better use of the existing system and meet growing demand with existing infrastructure. Such control and flexibility can be categorized as a “smart grid application” where there is a co-optimization of both generators or loads and transmission topology. In this paper we form the dual problem and examine the multi-period N-1 reliable unit commitment and transmission switching problem with integer variables fixed to their optimal values. Results including LMPs and marginal cost distributions are presented for the IEEE RTS 96 test problem. The applications of this analysis in improving the efficiency of ISO and RTO markets are discussed.
U.S. Monetary Policy Surprises and International Securitized Real Estate Markets

This paper examines the impact of U.S. monetary policy surprises on securitized real estate markets in 18 countries. The policy surprises are measured by both the surprise changes to the target federal funds rate (the target factor) and surprises in the future direction of the Federal Reserve monetary policy (the path factor). The results show that most international securitized real estate markets have significantly positive responses to surprise decrease in current or future expected federal funds rates, though such responses vary greatly across countries. Also, while the U.S. securitized real estate market reacts mainly to the target factor, foreign securitized real estate markets react to the path factor. Furthermore, we find that the cross-country variation in the response to the target factor is correlated with the country’s exchange rate regime and its degree of real economic and particularly financial integration, while the cross-country variation in the response to the path factor is mainly related to the country’s degree of financial integration.
Late and Late Late Adulthood (Age 60 and beyond)

The elderly are the fastest growing segment of the population yet, until recently, the study of their development and methods of treatment specifically suited to them, was neglected. In this chapter, I plan to summarize the most current thinking in the field and point the way to future theoretical and clinical elaboration. The presentation will be divided into four subsections: the developmental tasks of late adulthood, the literature on psychotherapy and psychoanalysis in the second half of life, the nature of psychopathology in late adulthood, and treatment considerations. Material in this chapter is elaborated on in the new edition of the Course of Life, edited by Stanley Greenspan and George Pollock. That chapter is entitled “Development and Treatment in Late Adulthood.”
The Hysteresis Effect in Carpal Kinematics

Purpose Carpal bones show hysteresis that is dependent on the direction of wrist motion during a continuous active loading protocol. We describe an accurate methodology for analyzing the hysteresis effect and we apply this model to analyze the effect of sequential ligament sectioning on scapholunate instability. Methods In 8 fresh cadaver forearms scaphoid, lunate, and third metacarpal motions were recorded while each wrist was moved in continuous cycles of active motion in flexion–extension and radioulnar deviation. Motions were analyzed for the intact state and after sequential sectioning of the scapholunate interosseous, scaphotrapezium, and radioscaphocapitate ligaments. Carpal motion was curve-fitted with respect to the third metacarpal motion using optimization criteria. The area between the 2 curves that represents opposite directions of wrist motion was measured to give the total hysteresis area. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to determine significance. Results In the flexion–extension trials the scaphoid and lunate total hysteresis area was significantly greater than the intact state only after all 3 ligaments were sectioned. In the radioulnar deviation trials the scaphoid total hysteresis area was significantly greater than the intact after just scapholunate interosseous ligament sectioning; however, the lunate total hysteresis area decreased with additional sequential sectionings in 4 of the 8 specimens as compared with the intact state. These 4 specimens started with a significantly greater intact total hysteresis area than the other 4 specimens. Conclusions The computation of the total hysteresis area from the hysteresis effect was found to be a sensitive technique to determine the subtle onset of abnormal carpal motion. By using this technique in a ligament sectioning study significant increases in the total hysteresis area were seen after just scapholunate interosseous ligament sectioning during wrist radioulnar deviation. This subtle change may signify the onset of dynamic scapholunate instability. The total hysteresis area of the lunate in a subset of lax specimens did not increase after ligament sectioning. This divergent behavior may explain why some patients with scapholunate instability do not develop dorsal intercalated segmental instability.
RADIATION EXPOSURE DURING EQUINE RADIOGRAPHY

All personnel present in the X-ray examination room during equine radiography were monitored using low energy direct reading ionization chambers (pockets dosimeters) worn outside the lead apron at neck level. The individuals' task and dosimeter readings were recorded after each examination. Average doses ranged from 0 to 6 mrad per study. The greatest exposures were associated with radiography of the shoulder and averaged less than 4 mrad. The individual extending the horse's limb was at greatest risk although the individual holding the horse's halter and the one making the X-ray exposure received similar exposures. A survey of the overhead tube assembly used for some of the X-ray examinations also was performed. Meter readings obtained indicated an asymetric dose distribution around the tube assembly, with the highest dose occurring on the side to which the exposure cord was attached. Although the exposures observed were within acceptable limits for occupational workers, we have altered our protocol and no longer radiograph the equine shoulder unless the horse is anesthetized. Continued use of the pocket dosimeters and maintenance of a case record of radiation exposure appears to make the technologists more aware of radiation hazards.
Long-term treatment of photoaged human skin with topical retinoic acid improves epidermal cell atypia and thickens the collagen band in papillary dermis

Background Risk of photocarcinogenesis and the relevance of collagen in wrinkle effacement are two issues related to prolonged use of retinoic acid (RA) that have not been fully addressed. Objective Our purpose was to investigate the degree of epidermal cellular atypia and the thickness of papillary dermal collagen in photoaging after long-term use of RA. Methods Thirty-four subjects with photoaged skin were treated daily with 0.05% RA for at least 6 months. Epidermal cellular atypia was graded by means of a semiquantitative scale. Thickness of collagen band was measured by using image-analysis software. Results Compared with pretreatment findings, melanocytic and keratinocytic atypia was significantly reduced and the collagen band thickness doubled. Limitations This was an open-label study. Conclusion Improvement in epidermal cellular atypia is consistent with the ability of RA to act as a chemopreventive agent in epithelial carcinogenesis. Prolonged use also significantly increased collagen matrix deposition in dermal repair zones, which most likely contributes to wrinkle effacement by RA.
Mineralocorticoid receptor in the NTS stimulates saline intake during fourth ventricular infusions of aldosterone

The purpose of this study was to determine whether neurons within the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) that express the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) play a role in aldosterone stimulation of salt intake. Adult Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats received microinjections into the NTS of a short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) for the MR, to site specifically reduce levels of the MR by RNA interference (shRNA; n = 9) or scrambled RNA as a control (scRNA; n = 8). After injection of the viral construct, aldosterone-filled osmotic minipumps were implanted subcutaneously and connected to a cannula extending into the fourth ventricle to infuse aldosterone at a rate of 25 ng/h. Before and after surgeries, rats had ad libitum access to normal sodium (0.26%) rat chow and two graduated drinking bottles filled with either distilled water or 0.3 M NaCl. Before the surgeries, basal saline intake was 1.6 ± 0.6 ml in the scRNA group and 1.56 ± 0.6 ml in the shRNA group. Twenty-four days postsurgery, saline intake was elevated to a greater extent in the scRNA group (5.9 ± 1.07 ml) than in the shRNA group (2.41 ± 0.6 ml). Post mortem immunohistochemistry revealed a significant reduction in the number of NTS neurons exhibiting immunoreactivity for MR in shRNA-injected rats (23 ± 1 cells/section) versus scRNA-injected rats (33 ± 2 cells/section; P = 0.008). shRNA did not alter the level of 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II (HSD2) protein in the NTS as judged by the number of HSD2 immunoreactive neurons. These results suggest that fourth ventricular infusions of aldosterone stimulate saline intake, and that this stimulation is at least in part mediated by hindbrain NTS neurons that express MR.
Salicylate Inhibits Phosphorylation of the Nonreceptor Tyrosine Kinases, Proline-Rich Tyrosine Kinase 2 and c-Src

-The anti-inflammatory effects of salicylate are well known, but the intracellular mechanisms underlying those effects remain to be clarified and are not explained solely by an influence on cyclooxygenase activity. In the present study, we have used cardiac fibroblasts stimulated by either angiotensin II (Ang II) or platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) to demonstrate an inhibitory effect of salicylate on the phosphorylation of the nonreceptor tyrosine kinases, proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2) and c-Src, by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting methods. This inhibition was dose dependent, with a clear effect observed at concentrations between 5 and 20 mmol/L salicylate. Intracellular Ca(2+) chelation and protein kinase C (PKC) inhibition reduced Ang II and PDGF-induced PYK2 and c-Src phosphorylation. Salicylate significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of both of the tyrosine kinases activated by either ionophore A23187 or thapsigargin treatment, which led to an elevation of cytosolic Ca(2+). Activation of PKC by phorbol ester phosphorylated both PYK2 and Src, and this effect also was attenuated by salicylate. In contrast, salicylate had no effect on either the transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor by Ang II or the phosphorylation of phospholipase C-gamma by PDGF. These studies indicate a novel site of action for salicylate on PYK2 and c-Src phosphorylation and suggest that this inhibitory effect on these important signaling intermediates may be through a Ca(2+)- and PKC-dependent mechanism.
Effects of changes in mucosal solution Cl- or K+ concentration on cell water volume of Necturus gallbladder epithelium

An electrophysiologic technique was used to measure changes in cell water volume in response to isosmotic luminal solution ion replacement. Intracellular Cl- activity (aCl-i) was measured and net flux determined from the changes in volume and activity. Reduction of luminal solution [Cl-] from 98 to 10 mM (Cl- replaced with cyclamate) resulted in a large fall in aCl-i with no significant change in cell water volume. Elevation of luminal solution [K+] from 2.5 to 83.5 mM (K+ replaced Na+) caused a small increase in aCl-i with no change in cell water volume. Exposure of the Necturus gallbladder epithelium to agents that increase intracellular cAMP levels (forskolin and/or theophylline) induces an apical membrane electrodiffusive Cl- permeability accompanied by a fall in aCl-i and cell shrinkage. In stimulated tissues, reduction of luminal solution [Cl-] resulted in a large fall in aCl-i and rapid cell shrinkage, whereas elevation of luminal solution [K+] caused a large, rapid cell swelling with no significant change in aCl-i. The changes in cell water volume of stimulated tissues elicited by lowering luminal solution [Cl-] or by elevating luminal solution [K+] were reduced by 60 and 70%, respectively, by addition of tetraethylammonium (TEA+) to the luminal bathing solution. From these results, we conclude that: (a) In control tissues, the fall in aCl-i upon reducing luminal solution [Cl-], without concomitant cell shrinkage, indicates that the Cl- entry mechanism is electroneutral (Cl-/HCO3-) exchange. (b) Also in control tissues, the small increase in aCl-i upon elevating luminal solution [K+] is consistent with the recent demonstration of a basolateral Cl- conductance. (c) The cell shrinkage elicited by elevation of intracellular cAMP levels results from conductive loss of Cl- (and probably K+). (d) Elevation of cAMP inhibits apical membrane Cl-/HCO-3-exchange activity by 70%. (e) The cell shrinkage in response to the reduction of mucosal solution [Cl-] in stimulated tissues results from net K+ and Cl- efflux via parallel electrodiffusive pathways. (f) A major fraction of the K+ flux is via a TEA(+)-sensitive apical membrane K+ channel.
Evaluation of a surgical simulator for learning clinical anatomy.

Background New techniques in imaging and surgery have made 3-dimensional anatomical knowledge an increasingly important goal of medical education. This study compared the efficacy of 2 supplemental, self-study methods for learning shoulder joint anatomy to determine which method provides for greater transfer of learning to the clinical setting. Methods Two groups of medical students studied shoulder joint anatomy using either a second-generation virtual reality surgical simulator or images from a textbook. They were then asked to identify anatomical structures of the shoulder joint as they appeared in a videotape of a live arthroscopic procedure. Results The mean identification scores, out of a possible score of 7, were 3.1 ± 1.3 for the simulator group and 2.9 ± 1.5 for the textbook group (P = 0.70). Student ratings of the 2 methods on a 5-point Likert scale were significantly different. The simulator group rated the simulator more highly as an effective learning tool than the textbook group rated the textbook (means of 3.2 ± 0.7 and 2.6 ± 0.5, respectively, P = 0.02). Furthermore, the simulator group indicated that they were more likely to use the simulator as a learning tool if it were available to them than the textbook group was willing to use the textbook (means of 4.0 ± 1.2 and 3.0 ± 0.9, respectively, P = 0.02). Conclusion Our results show that this surgical simulator is at least as effective as textbook images for learning anatomy and could enhance student learning through increased motivation. These findings provide insight into simulator development and strategies for learning anatomy. Possible explanations and future research directions are discussed.
Strains of Ehrlichia chaffeensis in Southern Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, and North Carolina

Rates of infection of Amblyomma americanum (L.) by Ehrlichia chaffeensis were compared in 100 ticks collected from sites in each of four states: Indiana, North Carolina, Kentucky, and Mississippi. The overall infection rates were similar among sites, ranging from 1 to 4%. Because pathogenic differences may exist between E. chaffeensis strains, nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the variable-length PCR target (VLPT), and sequencing of the amplicons were performed to differentiate between strains. The most common infecting strains at all sites exhibited a repeat profile of 1,2,3,4 (corresponding to the Arkansas/Jax/Osceola and Liberty strains). To determine whether the minimum infection rates (MIRs) or the most common infecting strain were changing over time in southern Indiana sites, 2,765 ticks from six counties in 2000 and 837 ticks from seven counties in 2004 also were examined in pools of five ticks per pool. The MIRs for 2000 and 2004 were 3.5 and 4.2% respectively, suggesting that the overall MIRs remained low. At two sites, in Pike and Harrison counties, however, infection rates more than doubled from 2000 to 2004 (7 to 16% and 0.3 to 2.7% respectively). Across all sites, the most common infecting strains (Arkansas/Jax/Osceola and Liberty) did not significantly change (68% in 2000; 79% in 2004).
Clinical Manifestations and Treatment of Lyme Disease

Lyme disease is the most common tick-borne illness in the United States and is also seen in areas of Europe and Asia. The growing deer and Ixodes species tick populations in many areas underscore the importance of clinicians to properly recognize and treat the different stages of Lyme disease. Controversy regarding the cause and management of persistent symptoms following treatment of Lyme disease persists and is highlighted in this review.
Survey and analysis on the current status of human major parasitic diseases in Guangdong Province

Objective To understand the current status and trends of major parasitic diseases, a survey was carried out in in Guangdong Province. Methods All methods were performed according to the methods and requirements in the Detailed Operation Regulations of National Human Important Parasitic Disease Surveys. Results Totally, 9 species of parasites were found.17 014 individuals were surveyed for intestinal parasites,with a total infection rate of 27.11%.The infection rates of hookworm, ascaris, whipworm and Clonorchis sinensis were 6.46%, 7.79%, 5.70% and 5.36%, respectively. 2 425 individuals were examined for cysticercus, with a serologically positive rate of 0.08%. 3 736 children were examined for Enterobius vermicularis, with an infection rate of 30.38%. The infection peaks of both ascaris and whipworm were in the ages 5-15 group, while the hookworm's was in the groups of age 35 and above and the C. sinensis's in the groups of age 20 and above. The hookworm infecton rate of female (7.38%) was higher than the male's(5.52%), the differences between them were statistically significant (P0.01). The infection rate of C. sinensis of male showed 6.75%, while femail was 3.98%, and there were statistically significant of between them (P0.01). Conclusion Although the total infection rate and soil-born nematode infection rate of this survey show a decrease compared with the first parasite distribution survey (Year 1990), the infection rates of C. sinensis and E. vermicularis show an increase trend. Parasitic infections, closely relevant to working patterns and life habits, have been a severe public health problem in Guangdong Province. The comprehensive control work should be actively carried out.
Application of Neural Networks for Classification of Eddy Current NDT Data

The inverse problem in nondestructiye evaluation involves the characterization of flaw parameters given a transducer response signal. In general the governing equations and boundary conditions describing the underlying physical phenomena are complex. Consequently analytical closed form solutions can be obtained only under. strong simplifying assumptions with regard to geometry and linearity of the problem. This precludes their use as direct inverse models for solving realistic NDT problems necessitating the need for using indirect inverse models based on pattern recognition algorithms. These inverse models classify the NDT signal as belonging to one of the classes of defects stored in a data bank as shown in Fig. 1.
Management of schizophrenia

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria for diagnosing schizophrenia require the presence of characteristic symptoms and disabilities, as well as the specific exclusion of other disorders with similar symptomatology. Once schizophrenia is diagnosed, the classification of schizophrenic symptoms as psychotic, disorganized, or negative can help clinicians predict treatment outcomes and individualize both pharmacologic and psychosocial treatment. Three treatment phases (acute, resolving, and maintenance) have been described; each has different medication strategies and goals. The introduction of novel antipsychotic agents, such as clozapine and risperidone, has enhanced the clinicians' ability to manage schizophrenic patients. Nonetheless, psychosocial treatment remains an important component of overall patient management.
Multiprocessor Sequence Alignment

As stated in Chapter 3, the Human Genome Project has generated a massive volume of sequence data. Furthermore, longer sequences are being generated due to recent advances in sequencing technology. Consequently, the computational performance needed to analyze these new sequences is increasing enormously. It is presently impractical to align two long sequences or to align a large number of sequences of moderate length on a traditional single processor computer. To meet these computational demands, the high performance provided by parallel computers must be exploited.
Reading the “Heavy Industry of the Mind”: Ethical Criticism and the Anglo-American Academic Novel

The academic novel, through its express desire to critique, by means of satire, the unethical sensibilities that it ascribes to university life, seems a particularly meaningful arena for testing ethical criticism’s capacity to produce socially relevant literary interpretations. As the chapters that follow this brief introduction to the genre of academic fiction will reveal, ethical criticism proves especially revelatory when employed as a means for examining the satires of academic life propounded by the authors of university fiction. The very nature of their craft - through their deliberately derisive fabulation of story and character - underscores the ethical choices that practitioners of the academic novel confront as they construct their critiques of the academy and the hegemony of its institutions, the questionable morality of its denizens, and the fractured philosophical underpinnings of its mission.
Safety Assessment of Liver Injury with Quetiapine Fumarate XR Management in Very Heavy Drinking Alcohol-Dependent Patients

Background Studies have reported liver injury as a consequence of antipsychotic treatment. Very heavy alcohol drinking (ten or more drinks/day for men and eight for women) also causes liver injury. This study aims to evaluate liver injury with quetiapine extended release (XR) in very heavy drinking alcohol-dependent (AD) patients.
A time when science and politics were friends

Despite the pervasive role of science in modern civilization, it is not regarded as an integral part of our general culture. The scientific illiteracy lamented more than 30 years ago by C P Snow now seems to be even more prevalent and ominous. It prevents people from reaching an informed consensus in many current political debates, such as that over "star wars". Another striking instance of the cultural gulf in the US is the recently proposed national standards for teaching American history. From a process extending over three years and involving many historians, a 250-page document emerged, setting out a new curriculum for school children of ages between 10 and 17. It makes no mention of any scientific discovery or of any scientist.
Chisholm on Sensing and Perceiving

Much of Chisholm’s well deserved reputation results from his work in epistemology concerning the definition of ‘S knows that P’, his formulations of epistemic rules, and his defense of a foundational theory of empirical knowledge. Yet I believe that a less noticed area of his work may well have more important consequences for future developments in philosophy. I am referring to his nonepistemic theses about perception, especially his development and defense of the sensing terminology as preferable to the sense-datum terminology, and his analysis of ‘S perceives x’ in terms of sensing. And although these views concern terminology and analysis of certain linguistic phrases, I believe we can see both of them as contributions to what might be called the metaphysics of perception rather than to a theory of perceptual knowledge. My main aim in this paper is to transform his linguistic claims into ‘factual’ or metaphysical claims about perception and to evaluate some of his reasons for his theses. I shall also, however, consider briefly his view of secondary qualities to bring out what seems to be a theory of the nature of the external world as well as our perception of it.