cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phosphodiesterase type IV (PDE IV) inhibition. Synthesis and evaluation of a series of 1,3,4-trisubstituted pyrrolidines

Abstract Structure-activity relationships within a series of 1,3,4-trisubstituted pyrrolidines, novel and selective inhibitors of cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE IV), are discussed.
Free space laser communications based on Orthogonal On-Off Keying(O3K)

Orthogonal On-Off Keying is proposed for free space laser communication. In the proposed technique, the input digital signal is mapped into a block of orthogonal code. The encoded data, which is in orthogonal space, modulates the laser beam by means of On-Off Keying. At the receive side, the data is recovered by means of code correlation. This modulation technique offers synchronization and error control coding without any additional circuits.
Mass spectra of dicyanomethylene derivatives of benzophenone analogs

The dicyanomethylene derivative of a benzophenone analog significantly alters the fragmentation pattern observed during electron impact ionization of the underivatized parent compound. A double bond connecting the dicyanomethylene moiety to the parent compound is cleaved during a major fragmentation pathway for many of these compounds. A mechanism involving rearrangement of two hydrogen atoms is proposed to rationalize cleavage of this double bond. Conventional mass spectra as well as collisionally activated dissociation mass spectra of selected ions of several model compounds are reported and described in support of a proposed fragmentation mechanism.
Rawls and Nozick; Justice Without Well-Being

In this paper, I shall argue that for all of their differences both Rawls and Nozick expound principles of economic justice that fail sufficiently to consider well-being and are for this reason untenable. For Rawls, as we all know, the fundamental principle of economic justice prescribes that we maximize the income and wealth of the least well-off segment of society; for Nozick, the basic principles prescribe that we respect voluntary acquisition and transfer whenever there is no coercion or a violation of a ‘proviso’ that we be better off than we would be without any fixed property rights at all. While there appears little in common between these views, in fact both disregard the overall consequences of economic principles; both put out of court utility and standards of perfection as criteria or economic institutions; both rely upon the ‘free market’ to allocate resources (for Rawls, once the maximum principle determines income distribution; for Nozick, without qualification); and both require unanimity among those taxed in order to finance public goods. There is little attention in either to the worth of income or of liberty. What I shall try to show is that neither income nor liberty is a sufficiently reliable index of real well-being to serve as a principle of economic justice — income because it is a mere means to goods that are not of the same value to all, liberty because in the sphere of economic institutions it is a pattern of legal options created for further ends, not a natural capacity of ‘right’ to be preserved or protected as an end in itself.
A combined experimental and theoretical study of dinitrosyl iron complexes containing chelating bis(diphenyl)phosphinoX (X = benzene, propane and ethylene): X-ray crystal structures and properties influenced by the presence or absence of π-bonds in chelating ligands.

Abstract Recent discoveries involving the roles of nitric oxide in humans have stimulated intense interest in transition metal nitrosyl complexes. A series of dinitrosyl iron complexes with the formula [(DPPX)Fe(NO)2], {DPPX = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene (1), 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (2), and cis-1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethylene (3)} has been prepared and characterized through a combination of FT-IR, NMR, UV–Vis, X-ray crystallography, and electrochemical techniques. Infrared spectroscopy showed NO shifts to the region of 1723 and 1674 cm−1 for complexes 1 and 3, and 1708 and 1660 cm−1 for 2, indicating that ligand 2 acts as a stronger σ-donor. The X-ray crystallographic data showed that 1 and 3 possess the rare repulso conformation while 2 has the attracto conformation. CV studies on compounds 1, 2 and 3 display two quasi-reversible oxidations with the E°1/2 values at 0.101 and 0.186 V, 0.121 and 0.184 V, and 0.019 and 0.342 V, respectively. The larger ΔE value for compound 2 compared with that of 1 and 3 is attributed to the lack of π-bonds between the two phosphorus atoms. Theoretical calculations using density functional theory were carried out on the synthesized compounds and model compounds and the results are consistent with the experimental data. The calculated HOMO–LUMO gaps for compounds 1, 2 and 3 are 3.736, 4.060, and 3.669 eV, respectively, which supports the stronger back-donation for compound 2 than that of compounds 1 and 3.
Interactions of diphtheria toxin with lipid vesicles: determinants of ion channel formation.

Lipid vesicles have been utilized to study the interactions of diphtheria toxin (DT) with membranes. The assay for DT ion channel formation was fluorescence-detected membrane potential depolarization of vesicles in which valinomycin-induced potassium diffusion gradients had been generated. The following requirements for ion channel formation have been identified: (1) acid pH (< 5); (2) trans-negative membrane potentials (35-fold increase in channel-forming activity from −6 mV to −59 mV); and (3) negatively charged phospholipid headgroups (about 100-fold more activity using vesicles formed from asolectin compared to soybean phosphatidylcholine). Concentration dependence plots of toxin activity showed a linear response with logarithmic slopes of nearly one for each lipid composition. These results show a close parallel to those obtained previously with planar lipid bilayers and thus provide guidelines for conditions which facilitate functional insertion of the toxin into vesicles.
The role of the fourth nucleotide from the 3'end in the yeast phenylalanyl transfer RNA synthetase recognition site: requirement for adenosine.

Abstract Purified yeast phenylalanyl tRNA synthetase (PRS) can aminoacylate highly purified E. , coli tRNAMMet and E. , coli tRNAIIu, but cannot aminoacylate highly purified E. , coli tRNA3Gly, E. , coli tRNAHis and yeast tRNALys. It was previously proposed that a group of nine nucleotides comprising the region adjacent to the dihydrouridine loop were directly involved in the PRS recognition site. In addition to confirming this hypothesis, we now show that a second region of the tRNA molecule, consisting of the fourth nucleotide from the 3'end, is also directly involved in the PRS recognition site. This synthetase has an absolute requirement for adenosine at this location.
Rethinking the American anti-war movement

by Simon Hall, New York, Routledge, 2012, 150 pp., $26.95 (paperback), ISBN 978-0-415-80083-9 Simon Hall’s Rethinking the American Anti-War Movement is part of a Routledge series edited by Temple U...
The politics of a token economy.

This paper has a simple theme: Successful implementation of a token economy program in a mental hospital is largely a function of politics. The politics can sometimes be labeled interpersonal, financial, bureaucratic, institutional, societal, legal, or ethical; but whatever the label, politics are usually there. Hence, this issue needs to be dealt with. A brief discussion about the politics of implementing a token economy program follows. To a certain extent, token economies can be used as a vehicle to discuss hospital politics in general. Much of chis analysis probably applies to the implementation of any therapeutic program in any institution, especially when the program entails institutional change. BACKGROUND The theme of this paper is based on two domains. One domain is experiential-the author was directly involved in the implemencacion of several token economy programs. These programs were in settings as diverse as homes, schools, prisons, and mental hospitals. The experience of most relevance to this paper was 2 yr. (about 1500 hr.) of involvement with the implementation and maintenance of a token economy program in a mental hospital. This program was on a closed psychiatric ward for chronic adult female patients at a large (New York State) mental hospital. In many ways, this token economy resembled chose described in journals when it came to general technical procedures and patient characteristics (for reviews of token economies see Davison, 1969; Kazdin & Bootzin, 1972; Krasner, 1971; Krasner & Atthowe, 1971). The author's in'I owe a great deal to Dr. Robin C. Winkler and Professor Leonard Krasner of the State
Electronic Raman and infrared spectra of acceptors in isotopically controlled diamonds

The Lyman spectrum of substitutional boron acceptors in diamonds with natural composition and that in a ${}^{13}\mathrm{C}$ diamond exhibit remarkably similar features, but shifted to higher energies in the latter by 0.4--1.5 meV. Additional lines appear when the spectra are recorded as a function of temperature, indicating the thermal population of a level ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\sim}2\mathrm{meV}$ above the ground state; this can be interpreted as the spin-orbit splitting of the $1s$ acceptor ground state into ${1s(p}_{3/2})$ and ${1s(p}_{1/2}),$ the latter located ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ above the former. The Raman-allowed ${1s(p}_{3/2})\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{1s(p}_{1/2})$ electronic transition is directly observed at 2.07(1) and 2.01(1) meV in the Raman spectrum of natural and ${}^{13}\mathrm{C}$ diamond, respectively. Polarization features of the ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ Raman line reveal that it is predominantly ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{5}$ in character, as predicted by a theoretical calculation formulated in terms of the known values of Luttinger parameters. The theoretical expression for the Raman cross section for ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ enables the acceptor concentration to be deduced from an intercomparison of the intensity of the ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ line and that of the zone-center optical phonon. The presence of boron acceptors produces a quasicontinuous absorption spectrum in the range of the optical phonon branch, flanked by a sharp feature at the zone-center optical phonon frequency; their appearance can be attributed to the partial breakdown of the translational symmetry and the activation of otherwise inactive vibrations.
Fatigue crack growth specimen configuration with compressive loads present

In a recent issue of this Journal the author provided experimental data which indicated the great importance of applied compressive loads on fatigue crack growth following a single tensile overload [i]. The results showed that crack growth retardation following a single tensile overload was drastically reduced if subsequent small amplitude loading included compressive loads. Crack growth retardation behavior was provided for 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 aluminum using compact (CT) specimens with constant amplitude R ratios of 0, -1/2, -3/4, -i and -2 following single overloads. The larger the negative R ratio, the smaller the retardation. Additional extensive results with single overloads and negative R ratio have also recently been reported [2]. All data were obtained using modified CT specimens, Fig. la, loaded through a spherical monoball gripping system to assure axial ram loading.
On neumann problems for semilinear elliptic equations with critical nonlinearity:existance and symmetry of multi—peaked solutions1

In this paper we construct multi—peaked solutions of a semi—linear elliptic Neumann problem with homogeneous and critical nonlinearity. The multi—peakedness of our solutions is forced by symmetries of the domain. In fact we obain our solutions as local minimizers ofan energy functional in a certain fixed—point space determined by the given symmetries. We are also able to give asymptotic properties on the shape of the solutions as well as on the energy. One particular aspect of our investigations is to determine the exact symmetry of the solutions, i.e.,the isotropy subgroup of our solutions. We find, for instance, all exceptional subgroups of O(3) and the hypercube group in O(n) as isotropy subgroups.
Clinical trials for rare lung diseases: lessons from lymphangioleiomyomatosis.

Abstract Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare, slowly progressive neoplasm that causes gradual but often life-threatening cystic destruction of the lung. Advances in our understanding of the molecular and cellular pathogenesis have LAM have identified a number of promising targets for testing in therapeutic trials. However, the design, prioritization, organization, and implementation of clinical trials in rare lung diseases poses unique challenges, including geographically disperse populations, sluggish enrollment, off- label drug use, burdensome regulations, and paucity of validated surrogate endpoints.
COMMENTS ON HIGH-ORDER INTEGRATORS EMBEDDED WITHIN INTEGRAL DEFERRED CORRECTION METHODS

A class of novel deferred correction methods, integral deferred correction (IDC) methods, is studied. This class of methods is an extension of ideas introduced by Dutt, Greengard and Rokhlin on spectral deferred correction (SDC) methods for solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The novel nature of this class of defect correction methods is that the correction of the defect is carried out using an accurate integral form of the residual instead of the more familiar differential form. As a family of methods, these schemes are capable of matching the efficiency of popular high-order RK methods. The smoothness of the error vector associated with an IDC method is an important indicator of the order of convergence that can be expected from a scheme (Christlieb, Ong, and Qiu; Hansen and Strain; Skeel). It is demonstrated that embedding an r-th order integrator in the correction loop of an IDC method does not always result in an r-th order increase in accuracy. Examples include IDC methods constructed using non-self-starting multistep integrators, and IDC methods constructed using a nonuniform distribution of quadrature nodes. Additionally, the integral deferred correction concept is reposed as a framework to generate high-order Runge–Kutta (RK) methods; specifically, we explain how the prediction and correction loops can be incorporated as stages of a high-order RK method. This alternate point of view allows us to utilize standard methods for quantifying the performance (efficiency, accuracy and stability) of integral deferred correction schemes. It is found that IDC schemes constructed using uniformly distributed nodes and high-order integrators are competitive in terms of efficiency with IDC schemes constructed using Gauss–Lobatto nodes and forward Euler integrators. With respect to regions of absolute stability, however, IDC methods constructed with uniformly distributed nodes and high-order integrators are far superior. It is observed that as the order of the embedded integrator increases, the stability region of the IDC method increases.
Focusing Microprobes Based on Integrated Chains of Microspheres

The concept of nanoscale photonic jets has emerged as a novel way of focusing light with subwavelength spatial resolution. Practical focusing systems are, however, limited in their resolution by the multimodal structure of beams delivered by ∞exible waveguides or flbers. In this work, by using numerical modeling, we show that the chains of microspheres assembled inside the bores of the hollow waveguides or microcapillaries provide signiflcant advantages over single lenses in such applications. It is also shown that the chains of microspheres are capable of focusing light in contact with tissue. Experimental studies are performed for spheres with sizes from 10 to 300"m with difierent indices of refraction ranging from 1.47 to 1.9. The focusing and transport properties of such chains are found to be in good agreement with numerical modeling results.
The role of vorticity fluxes in the dynamics of the Zapiola Anticyclone

[1] The Argentine Basin in the South Atlantic Ocean is one of the most energetic regions in the ocean with complicated dynamics, which plays an important role in the global climate. A number of observations have discovered an intense anticyclonic gyre of barotropic circulation around the Zapiola Rise in the center of the basin. Theoretical studies have shown that the Zapiola Anticyclone represents an eddy-driven flow controlled by bottom friction. Recent advances in high-resolution global-ocean data syntheses, performed using NASA supercomputing facilities, provide realistic simulations of the circulation and the variability in the Argentine Basin. Using these simulations and satellite altimeter observations, we analyzed the vorticity balance of the Zapiola Anticyclone. Our results suggest the dominance of vorticity fluxes and the advection of the potential vorticity over a nonuniform bottom topography in determining the variability of the gyre, while the impact of the local wind stress is small. The divergence of the relative vorticity anomaly advection by eddies is found to be the most important contributor to the relative vorticity flux divergence influencing the variability of the Zapiola Anticyclone. Our results demonstrate that the relative vorticity influencing the variability of the anticyclone is mainly advected from the south where the northern branch of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current at the Subpolar Front is located.
Rapeseed meal II.—Chemical composition and biological quality of the protein

The chemical composition (moisture, ash, protein, amino acids, ether extract, crude fibre, Ca, P, Fe, thioglucosides, isothiocyanates and oxazolidinethiones) and biological quality (net protein utilisation, available lysine and digestibility) were investigated in 12 samples of presscake meal of rapeseed (Brassica napus) collected from local factories. Crude fibre and mineral contents were comparatively high. Thioglucosides and their hydrolysis products (isothiocyanates and oxazolidinethiones, which are toxic) were found in high concentrations. All samples showed a high protein content and their amino acid patterns corresponded to a good-quality protein with a score of 80, and an adequate level of available lysine. Nevertheless, the biological quality measured as net protein utilisation and digestibility gave low values, which could be explained on the basis of the presence of the toxic factors and the high level of crude fibre, respectively.
Analyzing singularity channel contracts

This paper presents techniques for analyzing channel contract specifications in Microsoft Research's Singularity operating system. A channel contract is a state machine that specifies the allowable interactions between a server and a client through an asynchronous communication channel. We show that, contrary to what is claimed in the Singularity documentation, processes that faithfully follow a channel contract can deadlock. We present a realizability analysis that can be used to identify channel contracts with problems. Our realizability analysis also leads to an efficient verification approach where properties about the interaction behavior can be verified without modeling the contents of communication channels. We analyzed more than 90 channel contracts from the Singularity code distribution and documentation. Only two contracts failed our realizability condition and these two contracts allow deadlocks. Our experimental results demonstrate that realizability analysis and verification of channel contracts can be done efficiently using our approach.
On the relationship between the Fourier and fractional Fourier transforms

In recent years, the fractional Fourier transform has been the focus of many research papers. In this letter, we show that the fractional Fourier transform is nothing more than a variation of the standard Fourier transform and, as such, many of its properties, such as its inversion formula and sampling theorems, can be deduced from those of the Fourier transform by a simple change of variable.
Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Erythromycin

Erythromycin pharmacokinetics were examined following intravenous infusion to male subjects. The biological half-life of erythromycin in serum was 2 hr in individuals with normal renal function. The half-life varied in cases of reduced renal function, with values of 3.9 and 7.0 hr occurring in two subjects with severe renal impairment. Postinfusion serum erythromycin levels were adequately described by two-compartment model kinetics, and values for the distribution volume of the central compartment and the overall distribution are described. Estimated erythromycin distribution volumes in normal individuals may facilitate calculation of absorption efficiencies of erythromycin and its salts after oral doses.
X-ray and electrochemical studies of Cu upd on single crystal electrodes in the presence of bromide : comparison between Au(111) and Pt(111) electrodes

Abstract Results from electrochemical and in-situ surface X-ray scattering studies of Cu underpotential deposition (upd) on Au(111) and Pt(111) surfaces in the presence of bromide anions are compared. On Au(111) two different ordered structures have been found by GIXD. At the initial stages of Cu deposition, an enhancement of bromide adsorption is observed resulting in the formation of a bromide incommensurate hexagonal structure, which compresses when the potential is scanned in the negative direction. At +0.32 V, there is a phase transition giving rise to the formation of a commensurate (4×4) bromide structure. This phase transition coincides with the appearance of a very sharp peak in the voltammetric profile. In this structure, copper adatoms are probably sandwiched between the electrode surface and the bromide adlayer. Unlike Cu upd on Pt(111) electrodes, no ordered CuBr adlayer is observed. The differences in behavior of Cu upd on Au(111) and Pt(111) electrodes is ascribed not to energetic considerations, but rather to geometric constraints imposed by the lattice structure of the metal relative to the deposited adlayer. The stability (to rinsing) and kinetics of the adlayers formed on Pt(111) electrodes in the presence of bromide have also been examined.
Secondary extinction in Pavlovian fear conditioning

Pavlov (1927/1960) reported that following the conditioning of several stimuli, extinction of one conditioned stimulus (CS) attenuated responding to others that had not undergone direct extinction. However, this secondary extinction effect has not been widely replicated in the contemporary literature. In three conditioned suppression experiments with rats, we further explored the phenomenon. In Experiment 1, we asked whether secondary extinction is more likely to occur with target CSs that have themselves undergone some prior extinction. A robust secondary extinction effect was obtained with a nonextinguished target CS. Experiment 2 showed that extinction of one CS was sufficient to reduce renewal of a second CS when it was tested in a neutral (nonextinction) context. In Experiment 3, secondary extinction was observed in groups that initially received intermixed conditioning trials with the target and nontarget CSs, but not in groups that received conditioning of the two CSs in separate sessions. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that CSs must be associated with a common temporal context during conditioning for secondary extinction to occur.
In-flight calibration of a navigation instrument

Navigation instrument geometrical calibration by natural satellites and reference stars during interplanetary flight
WHAT WOMEN IN MANAGEMENT WANT: THE IDEAL VS. THE REAL1

The article presents the findings of a study which examined the trajectory of careers of women managers in the U.S. A shortened version of the Mahoney, Jerdee, Carroll Management Activities Survey ...
Using teacher ratings of social behavior to differentiate gifted from non‐gifted students

This study investigated the effectiveness of teacher ratings of student social behavior in differentiating a group of 81 elementary‐age gifted students from a control group of 81 age and gender matched non‐gifted students. The School Social Behavior Scales, a recently developed set of rating scales that assesses both social competence and antisocial behavior, was used for the ratings. Gifted students were rated as having significantly higher levels of social competence and lower levels of antisocial behavior than the comparison group, and the individual scores of the gifted students were significantly skewed in the direction of better social‐behavioral adjustment. The findings also indicated the presence of a small subset of gifted students who appeared to have extremely poor social competence and high levels of problem behaviors. The results are compared to previous research on the psychosocial development of gifted children, and important areas for future research on this topic are recommended.
Ethical perceptions of organizational politics: A comparative evaluation of American and Hong Kong managers

This paper presents a cross-cultural analysis of ethics with U.S. and Hong Kong Chinese managers as subjects. These managers were given the Strategies of Upward Influence instrument and asked to evaluate the ethics of using various political strategies to attain influence within their organizations. Differences were found between Hong Kong and U.S. managers on a variety of dimensions, indicating important differences between these two groups on their perceptions of ethical behavior. In the paper, we identify potential reasons for the findings, and suggest directions for future work in this area.
Finding mathematical patterns in chaos

The Chaos Gameinvolves three fixed vertices; the point midway from any arbitrary starting point to one of the three randomly selected vertices is plotted. This new point is used as the next starting point, and the procedure is repeated indefinitely. In this article, we investigate generalizations of this procedure. The first involves using distance factors other than 0‐5, including values both less than 1 and greater than 1. The second generalization involves varying the number of vertices, using 4, 5, and 6 points. In each case, the geometrical patterns that arise are analysed.
Fos protein expression in the circadian clock is not associated with phase shifts induced by a nonphotic stimulus, triazolam

Recent studies have shown that light-induced phase shifts of the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity are associated with c-fos expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) of the lateral geniculate nucleus of rodents. In order to determine whether c-fos expression is necessary for the phase shifting effects of a non-photic stimulus, we assessed Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-lir) in the SCN and IGL at various times after an injection of the short-acting benzodiazepine, triazolam, at circadian time (CT) 6; i.e. at a time when triazolam induces an acute increase in locomotor activity and maximal phase advances in the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity. Specific Fos-lir staining was not observed in the SCN or IGL regions of any animals treated with triazolam or vehicle at any time point examined. These results indicate that exposure to an activity-inducing stimulus at circadian times when this stimulus induces phase shifts does not induce Fos protein synthesis in the SCN or IGL regions.
The mechanical damping of iron from room temperature to 400°c at 7 megacycles/sec

Abstract The pulse-echo method has been used to measure the Snoek damping peaks of nitrogen and carbon in α-iron at 6.65 Mc/sec. The diffusion peaks occurred at 326° ± 2°C for nitrogen and at 353° ± 4°C for carbon. The diffusion coefficient of nitrogen so determined was in good agreement with a determination by other workers at nearly the same temperature by a bulk desorption method. The carbon diffusion coefficient so determined fell on the Arrhenius line extrapolated upward from the low temperature data, but the present data accentuates the anomaly reported by both Smith and Homan. Consideration of all the available diffusion data for nitrogen in α-iron (and also δ-iron) shows that the diffusion coefficient can be represented from −50° to 1470°C by a single Arrhenius relation, namely: D = 4.88 × 10 −3 exp [ −(18,350) RT ] cm 2 / sec . The diffusion coefficient of carbon may be represented from −40° to at least 350°C by: D = 3.94 × 10 −3 exp [ −(19,160) RT ] cm 2 / sec . This new value for carbon removes the discrepancy between D0 for carbon and nitrogen and according to the ideas of Zener, shows that the strain energy is only a part of the total activation free energy for diffusion. The work on the carbon Snoek peak indicates that supersaturated solutions of carbon in α-iron may be quite persistent around 350°C. This could possibly account for the discrepancy between the heat of solution of cementite as measured by equilibria and by internal friction methods. The orientation dependence of the nitrogen Snoek peak height was observed with longitudinal waves propagated in the [100], [110] and [111] directions in single crystals, with results confirming Polder's theory. The tem perature dependence of this relaxation in single crystals gives a possible indication that nitrogen atoms resist martensite-type ordering to a great extent in dilute iron-nitrogen alloys. Magnetic damping peaks due to carbon and nitrogen, similar to those observed by Maringer near 1 c/s, have been observed at 6.65 Mc/sec. The small nitrogen Maringer peak, however, occurs at a lower temperature than the corresponding Snoek peak.
SU-FF-T-214: Quality Assurance Of Modern Helical CT-Simulator Scanners: Reproducibility Of Tissue Heterogeneity Curve

Purpose: Accurate and highly reproducible tissue heterogeneity curve is essential to the proper implementation of tissue heterogeneity correction in imaged‐basedtreatment planning systems (TPS). Tissue heterogeneity curve for a CT‐Simulator scanner must be determined at the time of TPS commissioning and at time intervals not to exceed three months. This work investigates the reproducibility of tissue heterogeneity curve over a number of modern helical CT‐Simulator scanners and a period of four years. Method and Materials: The tissue heterogeneity curve is obtained by scanning a commercially available tissue characterizationCT phantom with inserts of different densities. A tissue characterizationCT phantom model CIRS062 with 17 inserts covering the relative electron density from 0.19 to 1.51 was used. Five modern GE lightspeed plus helical CT‐Simulator scanners purchased within the last four years were investigated. The scanning parameters used were 120 kV, 260 mA and 5 mm slice thickness. After the CT phantom was scanned, a region of interest was drawn in the middle of each insert on the axial image to determine the mean HU (Hounsfield Units) value and standard deviation. The mean HU values were plotted against the relative electron densities. Results: To aid in the evaluation, the tissue heterogeneity curves were fitted with two linear equations. The slopes and intercepts were obtained and compared. These curves have almost identical slopes and intercepts within the standard deviation over the stated time intervals and for different but same model CT‐Simulator scanners.Conclusion: Modern helical CT‐simulator scanners give highly reproducible tissue heterogeneity curve over time. This investigation demonstrates the improvement in performance of modern CT‐Simulator scanners compared to fourth generation CTscanners. A technique of analysis based on fitted relationship is introduced for the quality assurance of the tissue heterogeneity curve.
Photoinduced oxidation of hydrocarbons with cobalt(III)-alkylperoxy complexes

Abstract A set of cobalt(III)-alkylperoxy complexes, [Co(BPI)(OAc)(OO1Bu)] (1), [Co(Me-BPI)(OAc)(OO1Bu)] (2) and [Co(Cl-BPI)-(OAc)(OO1Bu)] (3) where BPI is 1,3-bis(2′-pyridylimino) isoindoline, promotes photooxidation of alkanes at room temperature. Irradiation causes homoylysis of the CoO bond of the CoOO1Bu moieties in these complexes and produces 1BuOO radicals in the reaction mixture. Both 1BuOO and 1BuO (derived from 1BuOO) are responsible for the oxidation of the CH bonds.
p53 status determines IRF-1 induction of p21 and growth inhibition in HCT116 colon cancer cells

Abstract IRF-1 is a tumor suppressor which appears to have greater growth inhibition in cancer cells versus non-malignant cells; we hypothesize that cancer cells which have mutant or absent p53 are inhibited more by IRF-1 than non-malignant cells that have wild-type p53. Methods: HCT116 human colon cancer cells with wild-type p53 (p53 wt) and HCT116 cells in which p53 was deleted in both alleles (p53 ko) were used. Cells were treated for 4h with recombinant adenovirus expressing IRF-1 (Ad-IRF-1), empty adenoviral vector (ψ5), or mock, and media changed. Cells were harvested at 24h for western blot for IRF-1, p21, and β-actin, and assessed for growth inhibition at 72h by CellTiter-glo assay. Growth inhibition data is reported as % growth inhibition ± SEM of each treatment compared to mock treatment. Results: Ad-IRF-1 at 100 MOI produced equivalent or more IRF-1 in the p53 wt cell line versus the p53 ko cell line (Fig. B), but demonstrated less growth inhibition (26% versus 62%, Fig. A). This was seen in a dose-related manner with Ad-IRF-1 while ψ5 had no effect on growth inhibition. p21 levels by western were increased by Ad-IRF-1 versus ψ5 control in p53 ko cells, but were slightly decreased in p53 wt cells (Fig. B). p21 levels were higher at baseline in p53 wt cells; p21 is known to be induced by p53. Conclusions: IRF-1 upregulates p21 in p53 ko cells but not in p53 wt cells, and has less growth inhibition in p53 wt cells, consistent with the known function of p21. This may be due to protein-protein interactions or competitive binding in the promoter region of p21. Download : Download high-res image (86KB) Download : Download full-size image
Scale-invariant clustering with minimum volume ellipsoids

This paper develops theory and algorithms concerning a new metric for clustering data. The metric minimizes the total volume of clusters, where the volume of a cluster is defined as the volume of the minimum volume ellipsoid (MVE) enclosing all data points in the cluster. This metric is scale-invariant, that is, the optimal clusters are invariant under an affine transformation of the data space. We introduce the concept of outliers in the new metric and show that the proposed method of treating outliers asymptotically recovers the data distribution when the data comes from a single multivariate Gaussian distribution. Two heuristic algorithms are presented that attempt to optimize the new metric. On a series of empirical studies with Gaussian distributed simulated data, we show that volume-based clustering outperforms well-known clustering methods such as k-means, Ward's method, SOM, and model-based clustering.
Bow Shock Protons in the Lunar Environment

Protons from the earth's bow shock are observed by the suprathermal ion detector experiment (SIDE) in two regions of the lunar orbit. The dawn region begins at the dawn-side bow-shock crossing and ends about 5 days later, the dusk region begins at about 2 days prior to entering the dusk-side magnetosheath and ends at the inbound bow-shock crossing. Dusk and dawn refer to a terrestrial coordinate system. The dominant contribution to the ion spectra observed by the SIDE in these regions is from particles with energies between about 750 eV/q and 3500 eV/q. Analysis of simultaneous data from the Explorer 35 magnetometer and the SIDE indicates that the observability of bow-shock protons at the lunar distance is dependent on the configuration of the interplanetary magnetic field.
Heat flux and oxygen consumption of the pregnant uterus.

Abstract Heat flux (conductive and convective heat) and oxygen consumption of the pregnant uterus and its content were measured simultaneously in the same group of pregnant ewes during the acute postoperative period, during a chronic resting period, and during α- and β-adrenergic-receptor stimulation with norepinephrine and ritodrine. Results indicated four conclusions. First, an excellent correlation existed between heat flux and oxygen consumption in the acute and chronic resting condition as well as during increasing uteroplacental vascular resistance and decreasing blood flow produced by norepinephrine infusion; the correlation was not as good during ritodrine infusion. Second, during rest, about 85% of heat generated by the pregnant uterus is eliminated through the uteroplacental circulation while the remaining heat diffuses through the myometrium. Third, during decreasing uteroplacental blood flow and elevated resistance, the pregnant uterus is able to maintain a normal thermostasis by widening the temperature difference in the blood entering and leaving the uterus and by increasing the myometrial heat exchange; oxygen consumption also is maintained at normal level through increase in oxygen extraction. Fourth, with the exception of uteroplacental circulation, the circulatory, metabolic, and thermal conditions of the pregnant ewe are not different after 5 hours from 5 to 7 days after the surgical procedure.
Diazepines. VI. The chemistry of 3,8‐dihalo‐11H‐dibenzo[c,f] [1,2]diazepin‐11‐ones

The carbonyl group in the title compounds undergoes a number of reactions typical of ketones but in general is less reactive than a typical ketone. Reaction with hydrazine leads to reduction of the 5,6-bond rather than reaction at the carbonyl group. Reduction of the carbonyl group gives rise to a rather inert carbinol. The carbonyl group appears to exert little influence on typical reactions at the 5,6-position.
Prevalence and correlates of HIV testing among college students: an exploratory study.

Objectives: Whether college students who are most at-risk of HIV infection are being tested is unknown. This exploratory study identified the prevalence and correlates of ever having an HIV test among college students. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among a probability sample of 903 college students. Measures of sexual risk behaviour were assessed. Results: Of the students surveyed, 22.5% reported they had been tested for HIV. Testing was more likely among those 20 years of age or older (27.8% v. 14.7%; P = 0.0001), females (25.4% v. 17.8%; P = 0.01), and members of racial/ethnic minorities (42.7% v. 20.3%; P = 0.0001). After adjusting for these covariates, those who reported ever having vaginal sex (AOR = 5.5; 95% CI = 3.1–9.6); anal sex (AOR = 2.4; 95% CI = 1.6–3.6), and oral sex (AOR = 6.3; 95% CI = 3.0–13.3) were significantly more likely to report being tested. Students having vaginal sex in the past 12 months were significantly more likely to report testing (AOR = 5.3; 95% CI = 3.1–9.1). Those reporting vaginal sexual debut (AOR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.2–3.1) or oral sexual debut (AOR = 1.7; 95% CI = 1.1–2.5) ≤age 15 were significantly more likely to be tested. Students reporting four or more sex partners were significantly more likely to be tested than sexually experienced students reporting fewer partners (AOR = 3.2; 95% CI = 2.2–4.6). Finally, those reporting at least one episode of forced vaginal sex (AOR = 3.9; 95% CI = 2.1–7.2) and reporting at least one episode of any forced sex (vaginal, anal, oral) (AOR = 3.0; 95% CI = 1.8–5.0) were significantly more likely to report being tested. Conclusions: Within this population, demographically controlled findings suggest that those most at-risk of HIV infection are indeed being tested for the virus.
Anthranilamide inhibitors of factor Xa

Abstract SAR about the B-ring of a series of N 2 -aroyl anthranilamide factor Xa (fXa) inhibitors is described. B-ring o -aminoalkylether and B-ring p -amine probes of the S1′ and S4 sites, respectively, afforded picomolar fXa inhibitors that performed well in in vitro anticoagulation assays.
Detection of a polynitroaromatic compound using a novel polymer-based multiplate sensor

A novel sensor concept for detection of polynitroaromatic compounds has been developed in a partnership between Texas Instruments and the University of New Hampshire. The objective for this sensor is to demonstrate an explosive detection system designed specifically for field use. Our approach incorporates manufacturability and low cost while emphasizing field compatibility, usability, hand-held portability, selectivity, and sensitivity. The new device incorporates a novel multi-plate configuration and is based on colorimetric changes that occur when polynitroaromatic compounds react with polyvinylchloride polymer films containing Jeffamine T-403. Response time and characteristic absorbance for the films will be presented along with a description of the device. The results represent a first step toward a potential solution for detection of vapors utilizing chemically sensitive optical polymers.
Paragonimiasis in the United States. A report of nine cases in Hmong immigrants

Nine cases off paragonimiasis have been encountered in Laotian Hmong immigrants from Camp Ban Vinai in Thailand. Symptoms included cough, hemoptysis, and fever. Chest x-ray films showed segmental infiltrates and pleural effusions, often bilateral. The clinical presentation mimics tuberculosis. All Hmong patients with chronic infiltrates and pleural disease in whom tuberculosis has not been proven should have parasitologic and serologic evaluation to exclude paragonimiasis.
ResDesk: An automated solution for course reserves request tracking and process management

Purpose – This article seeks to look at the need for a library request system that can provide improved relationship management and personalized services, and meets public expectations about advances in technology and self‐service applications. In this case, a homegrown solution fills a need in an efficient, cost‐effective and gratifying manner. Design/methodology/approach – After investigating established reserves systems and finding them lacking in relationship and process management features, the libraries got to the point where library staff started looking for internal solutions to request tracking and workflow issues when a homegrown automated solution was discovered; Library Systems, the libraries' internal technical support unit, had developed a very versatile “Helpdesk” system that tracked the status of computer work and problem requests. This system had been adapted by other libraries and organizations around the country for a similar purpose and provided a simple yet versatile interface that would lend itself well to developing a system for reserve request tracking and process management. Findings – After making use of this system over three terms including a busy Fall 2006, ResDesk has made a huge positive impact on workflow and communication. Instructors can, and do, check the status of their requests at their own discretion resulting in fewer visits from stressed out instructors. The system itself has been phenomenal in managing the request, allowing reserves processing, even though there are more requests than ever, to be more efficient than ever. For comparison, even though the number of requests has steadily increased, the amount of processing time, with the implementation of ResDesk, has steadily decreased. Originality/value – While there have been many articles published on customer‐relationship management systems, they are firmly entrenched in the business sector and there has been little discussion in library literature about a system that would automate all communications and workflows surrounding interaction with patrons, from request to completion.
Permanent Replacements and the End of Labor's “Only True Weapon”

This article analyzes the origins and impact of one of the most powerful antiunion weapons used by American employers during the past four decades: the right to use and threaten to use permanent replacement workers during economic strikes. It examines the policy debate over replacements in the 1930s and 1940s, the increasing use of permanent replacements in the 1970s and 1980s, the growth of a powerful and sophisticated “strike management industry,” and the unsuccessful efforts of organized labor and its political allies to amend the National Labor Relations Act to outlaw permanent replacements. The article concludes with a brief discussion of the relationship between the “striker replacement doctrine” and declining strike levels in the postwar decades.
Magnetooptic multilayered memory structure with a birefringent superstrate: a rigorous analysis

A novel interference enhanced magnetooptic multilayered memory structure with a birefringent superstrate that converts incident linear polarization to rotated linear polarization on reflection is introduced. This structure employs a birefringent superstrate; several different ways of implementing a birefringnet superstrate are proposed. The structure is analyzed using a rigorous method described previously [ J. Opt. Soc. Am. A4, 1720 ( 1987)]. The reflection characteristics of the structure as functions of incident angle are given.
Interface-based design

A new system design methodology is proposed that separates communicationfrom behavior. To demonstrate the methodology weapplied it to a simple ATM design. Since verification is clearly amajor stumbling block for large system design, we focussed on theverification aspects of our methodology.In particular, a simulator was developed that is based on the communicationparadigm typical of our methodology. The simulatorgives substantial performance improvements without sacrificinguser access to detail.Finally, the potential for this methodology to improve verification,modeling and synthesis is explored.
The Impact of Inclusion on Students With and Without Disabilities and Their Educators

This article reviews the literature with respect to inclusion programs and students with and without disabilities and their teachers. The findings of the studies reviewed cited indicate that: (a) the impact of inclusion programs on the academic performance and social development of students with disabilities has been mixed; (b) the placement of students without disabilities in inclusion programs does not appear to interfere with their academic performance and has several social benefits for these students; and (c) teachers' responses to inclusion programs are complex, are shaped by multiple variables, and change over time. The implications of the findings for students and educators involved in inclusion programs as well as the limitations of the studies cited are discussed.
Measurement of Size Distributions of Bacterial Cells

Harvey, R. J. (University of California, Davis), and Allen G. Marr. Measurement of size distributions of bacterial cells. J. Bacteriol. 92:805–811. 1966.—Apparatus for the automatic determination of the volume distribution of particles by measurement of the amplitude of pulses generated in a Coulter transducer is described. Distributions of volume estimated by direct measurement of pulse amplitude are distorted by coincidence. Differentiation and integration of the pulses followed by automatic pulse-height analysis permit precise measurement of volume of latex spheres and of bacteria over a range of at least 0.25 to 20 μ3. The apparatus is also capable of accurate determination of particle concentration over a wide range. Other advantages are the speed of both measurement and data processing.