cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quality and reliability of oxide by low thermal budget rapid thermal oxidation

In order to meet increasing requirement for low thermal budget oxidation in memory and logic applications, RadOx™, previously known as in-situ steam generation (ISSG) oxidation, processes of low thermal budgets were developed. In this paper, oxides obtained by 700°C soak and 900–1050°C spike RadOx™ processes are presented. Sidewall growth behavior in STI-type structures were characterized and showed no bird’s beak encroachment by the developed oxidation processes. Basic bulk oxide (40A) integrity and reliability characteristics were compared to the 1050°C soak RadOx™ reference. Using planar metal-on-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors as the test vehicles, flat-band voltage (V fb ), interface trap density (D it ), leakage current, and stress-induced leakage current (SILC) were measured. V fb shift of less than 20mV and D it less than 2×1011/cm2 were observed from the low temperature soak and spike oxides. Leakage currents from fresh devices and after high current stressing (0.1A/cm2) were comparable to the reference oxide.
Operant conditioning of the GSR using partial reinforcement.

This study was designed to determine the influence of partial reinforcement upon the rate of emission of unelicited GSRs. 90 college students were divided into 2 groups with respect to delivery of visual reinforcement, Contingent (C) and Noncontingent (NC). The Contingent group was divided further into 3 subgroups, each of which received a different schedule of partial reinforcement; each contingent group had a yoked Noncontingent control. The over-all rate of responding was greater during Contingent reinforcement than Noncontingent reinforcement. Among the Contingent groups the effect of partial reinforcement was maximal during the initial minute of acquisition and the initial minutes of extinction. During the extinction period the Contingent and the Noncontingent groups tended to converge. A no-stimulation control group showed fairly steady responding during the last 32 min.
The Virulence Factors of the Bacterial Wilt Pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum

The bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum causes bacterial wilt on more than 200 plant species, including important crops such as potato, tomato, eggplant, pepper, tobacco and banana. Many factors contribute to the virulence of this pathogen. This review discusses the major virulence factors, including extracellular polysaccharide I, the type III secretion system and effectors, swimming motility and twitching motility, cell-wall-degrading enzymes and type II secretion system, and their contribution to the virulence and pathogenicity of Ralstonia solanacearum.
Social Judgment Advisor: An application of the Perceptual Computer

The Perceptual Computer (Per-C) is an architecture for making subjective judgments by computing with words. An application of the Per-C to a social judgment is described in this paper. First, a vocabulary is established for the social judgment and its words are modeled by interval type-2 fuzzy sets (IT2 FSs). Surveys are then designed to establish a structure of the rulebase and to obtain a rule-consequent histograms. After pre-processing to remove bad responses and outliers, perceptual reasoning (PR) is used to simplify the rulebase. Once the rulebase is established, PR is also used to infer the output IT2 FSs for new inputs. Finally, the output IT2 FSs are mapped back into words in the codebook using a similarity measure. So, from a user's point of view, he or she is interacting with the Per-C using only words from a vocabulary. The techniques introduced in this paper should be applicable to many rule-based decision-making situations.
Lending a Helping Hand: The Effects of Gender Stereotypes and Gender on Likelihood of Helping1

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of gender and gender-role stereotypes on judgments of help-giving. As part of a 2 × 2 within-subjects design, 40 undergraduates read 4 different scenarios that described either a man or a woman needing help in either a stereotypically masculine or a stereotypically feminine situation. Although male participants felt more sympathy for men in stereotypically feminine situations and for women in stereotypically masculine situations, they were no more likely to help these individuals than they were to help those in gender-consistent situations. By contrast, women were more likely to help people in gender-inconsistent situations, despite feeling the most sympathy for people needing help in masculine situations. Implications for Weiner's (1980) attribution model of help-giving and Nadler & Fisher's (1986) threat-to-self-esteem model are discussed.
Vinyl Sulfides from Thioacetals with Copper(I) Trifluoromethanesulfonate: (Z)‐2‐Methoxy‐1‐Phenylthio‐1,3‐Butadiene

Vinyl sulfides from thioacetals with copper(I) trifluoromethanesulfonate: (Z)-2-methoxy-1-phenylthio-1,3-butadiene intermediate: Bis(phenylthio)methane intermediate: 4,4-Bis(phenylthio)-3-methoxy-1-butene product: (Z)-2-Methoxy-1-phenylthio-1,3-butadiene reactant: 3.27 g. [0.00650 mole, 0.0126 g.-atom of copper(I)] of bis[copper(I) trifluoromethanesulfonate] benzene complex reactant: Thiophenol was purchased from Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc. reactant: Acrolein was purchased by the submitters from Cationics, Division of Columbia Organic Chemicals Company, Inc. (Columbia, South Carolina) Keywords: alkylation, O-alkylation; elimination, miscellaneous; replacement reactions, miscellaneous; benzene; bis[copper(I) trifluoromethanesulfonate]-benzene complex, preparation of; ethyldiisopropylamine; tetrahydrofuran; triethylamine; distillation, apparatus, Kugelrohr distillation oven
Organic forms dominate hydrologic nitrogen export from a lowland tropical watershed.

Observations of high dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentrations in stream water have reinforced the notion that primary tropical rain forests cycle nitrogen (N) in relative excess compared to phosphorus. Here we test this notion by evaluating hydrologic N export from a small watershed on the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica, where prior research has shown multiple indicators of conservative N cycling throughout the ecosystem. We repeatedly measured a host of factors known to influence N export for one year, including stream water chemistry and upslope litterfall, soil N availability and net N processing rates, and soil solution chemistry at the surface, 15- and 50-cm depths. Contrary to prevailing assumptions about the lowland N cycle, we find that dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) averaged 85% of dissolved N export for 48 of 52 consecutive weeks. For most of the year stream water nitrate (NO3−) export was very low, which reflected minimal net N processing and DIN leaching from upslope soils. Yet, for one ...
Postictal neurogenic stunned myocardium

Neurogenic left ventricular dysfunction is a recognized complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage, but this condition has not been reported after seizure activity. The authors present two cases of neurogenic stunned myocardium after convulsive seizures, suggesting that ictal activity can lead to sympathetically mediated cardiac injury.
Alteration in CM carbonaceous chondrites inferred from modal and chemical variations in matrix

The modal abundance of matrix in CM chondrites appears to vary from 57-85 vol%. The concentrations of volatile elements that should occur in matrix remain approximately constant despite differences in the proportions of matrix, suggesting that the differing matrix contents may not be real primary variations but are optical effects due to aqueous alteration processes that make other petrologic components unrecognizable. Apparent matrix content can be used as a qualitative measure of the degree of alteration experienced by each CM chondrite. Fe/Si ratios in matrices decrease progressively with increasing alteration due to the formation of new phyllosilicate phases with higher Mg/Fe ratios and optically recognizable opaque minerals that are not counted as matrix. The aqueous alteration process in CM chondrites appears to have been largely isochemical if the bulk meteorites are considered as the reacting systems, although depletion patterns and isotopic anomalies indicate open-system behavior for a few highly mobile components.
Analysis of a constant voltage anemometer circuit

A new circuit arrangement using an operational amplifier that maintains a constant voltage across a sensor connected between a node in the circuit and ground is described. The basic circuit consists of a T resistor network in the feedback of an operational amplifier where the sensor is connected in place of the center grounded element. The analysis of such a circuit arrangement is presented for a particular application to a hot-wire/film anemometer. An introduction is given to focus on the requirements of such a circuit to function as an anemometer, considering the hot-wire as a first order low-pass filter due to its thermal inertia. An innovative internal compensation method for the thermal inertia effects is presented which would extend the bandwidth. The expression for the overall bandwidth of such a circuit is derived with its sensitivity. An approach to extend the bandwidth even further using a composite amplifier configuration is presented. Experimental results showing excellent agreement with conventional approaches are presented. The advantage of the constant voltage operation in terms of insignificant cable capacitance effects and higher signal to noise ratio is discussed. >
Facilitating middle school students' sense making process in digital libraries

Previous research on using digital libraries in science classrooms indicated that middle school students tend to passively find answers rather than actively make sense of information they find in digital libraries. In response to this challenge, we designed a scaffolded software tool, the Digital IdeaKeeper, to support middle school students in making sense of digital library resources during online inquiry. This study describes preliminary results from a study to see how middle school students use different IdeaKeeper features. Initial data analysis indicates that IdeaKeeper can facilitate online learners to engage in sense-making process in online inquiry.
Is obesity associated with poor sleep quality in adolescents

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the U.S. and more developed countries, particularly so among adolescents. A substantial impact on public health could be achieved if other factors causing obesity besides the conventional ones of diet and physical activity could be identified and acted upon. The present study investigates whether there is a link between low sleep quality and obesity in a tri-ethnic, cross-sectional sample (n = 383) of male and female adolescents ages 11-16 years old (Heartfelt Study). Sleep quality was expressed as two variables, total sleep time and sleep disturbance time obtained by 24-hour wrist actigraphy. Percent body fat and body mass index (BMI) were used together to define obesity. The potential influence of demographic and behavioral confounders were considered in models that described the relation of sleep to obesity occurrence. Obese adolescents experienced less sleep than nonobese adolescents (P < 0.01). For each hour of lost sleep, the odds of obesity increased by 80%. Sleep disturbance was not directly related to obesity in the sample, but influenced physical activity level (P < 0.01). Daytime physical activity diminished by 3% for every hour increase in sleep disturbance. The above observations were independent of potential confounding variables. Inadequate and poor sleep quality in adolescents may be important factors to consider in the prevention of childhood obesity.
New Materialisms and Performance Studies

Engaging with contemporary lines of inquiry into the “liveness” of matter unearths where and how those lines, or turns of thought, intersect with the field of performance studies.
Gender Differences in Acquisitive Delinquency: A Macro-Level Routine Activities Analysis

This study examines macro-level variation in juvenile theft and burglary arrest rates using a sample of 127 large cities in the United States. Independent variables were drawn from routine activities theory and included measures of guardianship (e.g., portion of families with both parents working, police to resident ratio, etc.), the number of motivated offenders (e.g., portion of the population under age 18), and the availability of suitable targets (e.g., poverty rates). Both ordinary least squares and weighted least squares regression analyses were performed. These analyses found that the significant predictors varied between burglary and theft. Additionally, there were differences in the predictors which significantly affected the arrest rates of male and female juveniles. However, within each offense the models explained similar portions of the overall variation in arrests for both genders.
Saving Lives with High-Flow Nasal Oxygen

First reported in 1890,1 therapy with oxygen constitutes one of the fundamental advances in clinical medicine. It is an essential treatment for acute and chronic respiratory failure, a supportive therapy for general anesthesia and most surgical procedures, and an adjunctive treatment for patients with shock from sepsis, trauma, or cardiac failure. For spontaneously breathing patients with acute respiratory failure, various methods for providing supplemental oxygen have been studied. Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation with a tight-fitting face mask reduces morbidity and mortality among selected patients with acute respiratory failure caused by an exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.2,3 Noninvasive ventilation also . . .
Electric defibrillation

A series of animal experiments are reported that indicate the superiority of a-c defibrillation over the use of capacitor discharge or serial defibrillation in stopping fibrillation. However, the rapidity with which the procedure is instituted is crucial.
Potentiometric Measurements of Semiconductor Nanocrystal Redox Potentials

A potentiometric method for measuring redox potentials of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) is described. Fermi levels of colloidal ZnO NCs are measured in situ during photodoping, allowing correlation of NC redox potentials and reduction levels. Excellent agreement is found between electrochemical and optical redox-indicator methods. Potentiometry is also reported for colloidal CdSe NCs, which show more negative conduction-band-edge potentials than in ZnO. This difference is highlighted by spontaneous electron transfer from reduced CdSe NCs to ZnO NCs in solution, with potentiometry providing a measure of the inter-NC electron-transfer driving force. Future applications of NC potentiometry are briefly discussed.
Continued fractions and differentiability of fractions

(1988). Continued Fractions and Differentiability of Functions. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 95, No. 7, pp. 639-643.
A NUMERICAL MODEL OF ESTUARINE POLLUTANT TRANSPORT

Pollutant transport studies in estuaries may be divided into two general types: firstly, those where a new pollutant will be discharged into an existing estuary; and secondly, those where the estuarine geometry will be changed permanently, The first type of problem is analyzed more easily because distributions of existing natural or artificial tracers can be used to determine rates of transport and diffusion. For this type of problem one-dimensional or time-averaged two-dimensional models, employing apparent diffusivities evaluated from existing tracers, are often satisfactory. When permanent changes in the system are envisaged, however, it is likely that the bulk or apparent diffusivities of space and time-averaged models will be changed in unpredictable ways. Hence to determine what will be the effect of dredging a new channel in an estuary, or permanently changing the distribution of fresh water inflow, more sophisticated models must include the underlying mechanisms of pollutant transport and diffusion. The purpose of this paper is to present a two-dimensional, non-time averaged model which is computationally fast, seems to be reasonably accurate, and can be used to predict the effect of permanent changes wherever a two dimensional representation is satisfactory.
Estimating Optimal Denominations

Two distinct approaches have been taken in the literature to consider the optimal denominations of coins and banknotes. One approach reduces the problem to determining the smallest set of denominations capable of handling a given range of transactions. Another approach argues the optimal denomination structure would minimize the number of coins and banknotes used in the average transaction. Both are ultimately concerned with the optimal spacing of denominations. In contrast, I estimate the average range of denominations for coins and banknotes conditional on real income and the monetary unit employed. To illustrate the practical application of this approach, I use the estimates as a benchmark for evaluating the payment system of Somalia emerging after the state collapsed in 1991. I show that the surviving 1000 Somali shillings note is too small for conveniently making large transactions, but too large to make precise change in small transactions.
Emerging memory devices

Conventional memories such as SRAM, DRAM, and FLASH have set a very high cost/performance standard. Yet, recent advances in new materials, device technologies and circuits have made many emerging memories attractive candidates for a new generation of memories.
Method for self reconstruction of holograms for secure communication

We present the theory and experimental results behind using a 3D holographic signal for secure communications. A hologram of a complex 3D object is recorded to be used as a hard key for data encryption and decryption. The hologram is cut in half to be used at each end of the system. One piece is used for data encryption, while the other is used for data decryption. The first piece of hologram is modulated with the data to be encrypted. The hologram has an extremely complex phase distribution which encodes the data signal incident on the first piece of hologram. In order to extract the data from the modulated holographic carrier, the signal must be passed through the second hologram, removing the complex phase contributions of the first hologram. The signal beam from the first piece of hologram is used to illuminate the second piece of the same hologram, creating a self-reconstructing system. The 3D hologram’s interference pattern is highly specific to the 3D object and conditions during the holographic writing process. With a sufficiently complex 3D object used to generate the holographic hard key, the data will be nearly impossible to recover without using the second piece of the same hologram. This method of producing a self-reconstructing hologram ensures that the pieces in use are from the same original hologram, providing a system hard key, making it an extremely difficult system to counterfeit.
A small-molecule TrkB ligand restores hippocampal synaptic plasticity and object location memory in Rett syndrome mice

Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in methyl-CpG-binding protein-2 (MECP2), a transcriptional regulator of many genes, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF levels are reduced in RTT autopsy brains and in multiple brain areas of Mecp2-deficient mice. Furthermore, experimental interventions that increase BDNF levels improve RTT-like phenotypes in Mecp2 mutant mice. Here, we characterized the actions of a small-molecule ligand of the BDNF receptor TrkB in hippocampal function in Mecp2 mutant mice. Systemic treatment of female Mecp2 heterozygous (HET) mice with LM22A-4 for 4 weeks improved hippocampal-dependent object location memory and restored hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP). Mechanistically, LM22A-4 acts to dampen hyperactive hippocampal network activity, reduce the frequency and amplitude of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs), and reduce the frequency of spontaneous tetrodotoxin-resistant Ca2+ signals in Mecp2 mutant hippocampal neurons, making them comparable to those features observed in wild-type neurons. Together, these observations indicate that LM22A-4 is a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of hippocampal dysfunction in RTT.
Biopolitics and the Image Obscured

This chapter argues that Burke, well before Hannah Arendt or Giorgio Agamben, foresees a biopolitical threat resulting from breaking the link between “natural man” and the conventional “citizen,” oikos and polis, the social and the political introduced by the liberal democratic concept of the “state of nature.” But by contrast with Arendt’s conflation of “political space of appearances” with the state, Burke’s Reflections models a political sphere of the image divorced from its sacred, monarchical determination, but still defined as a “world” of “human artifice” and art, understood as both artifice and as aesthetic artistic production.
Anchoring effects on early autobiographical memories

Studies of childhood memory typically show that our earliest memories come from between three and four years of age. This finding is not universal, however. The age estimate varies across cultures and is affected by social influences. Research from the judgments and decision-making literature suggests that these estimates might also involve a judgment under uncertainty. Therefore, they might be susceptible to less social influences such as heuristics and biases. To investigate this possibility, we conducted two experiments that used anchoring paradigms to influence participants' estimates of their age during early autobiographical memories. In Experiment 1, participants answered either a high-anchor or a low-anchor question, and were warned that the anchor was uninformative; they went on to estimate their age during their earliest autobiographical memory. In Experiment 2, we replicated Experiment 1 and extended the design to examine additional early autobiographical memories. In both experiments, participants in the low-anchor condition gave earlier age estimates than those in the high-anchor condition. These results provide new insights into the methods used to investigate autobiographical memory. Moreover, they show that reports of early autobiographical memories can be influenced by a relatively light touch - a change to a single digit in a single question.
Emerging mechanisms of long noncoding RNA function during normal and malignant hematopoiesis

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are increasingly recognized as vital components of gene programs controlling cell differentiation and function. Central to their functions is an ability to act as scaffolds or as decoys that recruit or sequester effector proteins from their DNA, RNA, or protein targets. lncRNA-modulated effectors include regulators of transcription, chromatin organization, RNA processing, and translation, such that lncRNAs can influence gene expression at multiple levels. Here we review the current understanding of how lncRNAs help coordinate gene expression to modulate cell fate in the hematopoietic system. We focus on a growing number of mechanistic studies to synthesize emerging principles of lncRNA function, emphasizing how they facilitate diversification of gene programming during development. We also survey how disrupted lncRNA function can contribute to malignant transformation, highlighting opportunities for therapeutic intervention in specific myeloid and lymphoid cancers. Finally, we discuss challenges and prospects for further elucidation of lncRNA mechanisms.
PTC Thick Film Thermistors

Electrical properties of commercially available and developmental PTC thermistor compositions are presented. The electrical properties of commercially available PTC compositions 5091, 5092, 5093 and their developmental extensions to 16 kohm/sq/mil, were measured on various conductors. Detailed process sensitivities including effects of peak firing temperature, thickness, conductor and firing profile were obtained for the commercially available series. The PTC series is compatible with Ag, Ag/Pd and Au conductors. Sensitivity to processing is a function of the resistance. Low end members 5091 and 5092 have high linear TCR and low process sensitivity, typical of thick film resistors. The 1 kohm/sq/mil member 5093 is more sensitive to processing.
Methods for Selective, Restricted Lesion Placement in the Central Nervous System

Experimentally induced lesions of specific parts of the brain have been used extensively in two contexts. The first is in anatomical investigations designed to elucidate the pathways of the CNS with the aid of tract-tracing techniques such as the silver methods (see Chapter 4). Second, experimentally produced brain lesions have also been used widely as a means of studying the functions of specific brain regions: if a certain population of neurons or a pathway is destroyed, there is usually a loss or alteration of the function normally mediated by that structure. The purpose of this chapter is to outline some of the techniques available for experimental production of CNS lesions in animals. It should not be forgotten, however, that analysis of the human brain following spontaneously occurring lesions can also provide valuable information concerning pathways and function.
Growing into my white coat: improving the patient-provider relationship through diverse patient interviews.

The “Patient Diversity” assignment is an integral component for all medical and other health care professional students rotating through the Surgery clerkship at the Yale School of Medicine. Students are instructed to interview a surgical patient who is of a varied social or cultural background to identify how psychosocial factors impact patient coping strategies. In the process, students often appreciate how health care providers’ own social and cultural backgrounds similarly shape their sentiments and reactions in patient care. In this interview with a 26-year-old surgical patient, one student strives to come to terms with her personal insecurities in patient interactions and seeks to overcome them through open conversation and honest introspection. By working to acknowledge and understand patient diversity, health care providers can enhance understanding of their patients’ conditions and form more trustful and empathic relationships with both their patients and colleagues.
Diagnosis and Therapy of Brain Tumors Utilizing Radiolabeled Monoclonal Antibodies

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) have been developed against a wide variety of tumor-associated antigens and normal tissue antigens, including receptor molecules, extracellular matrix proteins, enzymes, and hormones. The in vitro use of these MAbs has greatly improved our ability to diagnose a number of diseases, including many cancers. The extension of MAbs to in vivo diagnosis and therapy, as the “magic bullets” envisioned by Paul Ehrlich1 at the turn of the century, has, however, met with more limited success. There are a number of reasons for this, and currently there is a great effort underway, using animal models to solve these problems, to pave the way for clinical use of MAbs in patients. To illustrate the problems inherent in the development of radiolabeled MAbs for clinical use, we will present our work utilizing MAbs in a variety of brain tumor models.
Processing Of Real-Time Images for Quantitative Neutron Radiography

Modern real-time imaging systems may provide an excellent sensor for quantitative neutron radiographic measurements. When properly designed, these sensors are much less sensitive than film to reciprocity failure and may be used over a very wide range of incident fluxes. Image processing can be used to correct the effects of system response and nonlinearities, permiting the quantitative measurement of neutron removal from all portions of the field of view. This is particularly useful for corrosion detection. The systems sensitivity to very small quantities of hydrogenous material and its uniformity of response are critical. The additional benefit of providing an accurate direct measurement of the degree of absorbtion is a great aid in interpreting the image.
A Backward Generalization of PCA for Exploration and Feature Extraction of Manifold-Valued Shapes

A generalized Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for manifold-valued shapes is discussed with forward and backward stepwise views of PCA. Finite and infinite dimensional shape spaces are briefly introduced. A backward extension of PCA for the shape spaces, called Principal Nested Spheres, is shown in more detail, which results in a non-geodesic decomposition of shape spaces, capturing more variation in lower dimension.
A Model for QCD in Three Dimensions

I study the chiral anomaly in 1 + 1 and 2 + 1 De Sitter space times. New features come to light in dimension 1 + 1 that carry over to very interesting things in dimension 2 + 1. It turns out that the anomaly equation (bosonization formula) is a relation between two topological gauge theories; dipole fermion fields and Chern-Simons boson fields. Both field theories describe particles that are “confined”, in the sense that, in the absence of anomalies, the physical excitations of either kind are only detected at the boundary. In this respect, the model presents some analogies with the quark-gluon section of QCD. Quantum anomalies are known to be present and to imply additional degrees of freedom; one hopes that they may extend the analogy to include hadrons. The theory has affinities to the Seiberg-Witten monopole model and may point towards an alternative approach to Floer’s invariants of three-manifolds.
Biomimetic recyclable microgels for on-demand generation of hydrogen peroxide and antipathogenic application.

Abstract Microgels that can generate antipathogenic levels of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) through simple rehydration in solutions with physiological pH are described herein. H 2 O 2 is a widely used disinfectant but the oxidant is hazardous to store and transport. Catechol, an adhesive moiety found in mussel adhesive proteins, was incorporated into microgels, which generated 1–5 mM of H 2 O 2 for up to four days as catechol autoxidized. The sustained release of low concentrations of H 2 O 2 was antimicrobial against both gram-positive ( Staphylococcus epidermidis ) and gram-negative ( Escherichia coli ) bacteria and antiviral against both non-enveloped porcine parvovirus (PPV) and enveloped bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). The amount of released H 2 O 2 is several orders of magnitude lower than H 2 O 2 concentration previously reported for antipathogenic activity. Most notably, these microgels reduced the infectivity of the more biocide resistant non-envelope virus by 3 log reduction value (99.9% reduction in infectivity). By controlling the oxidation state of catechol, microgels can be repeatedly activated and deactivated for H 2 O 2 generation. These microgels do not contain a reservoir for storing the reactive H 2 O 2 and can potentially function as a lightweight and portable dried powder source for the disinfectant for a wide range of applications. Statement of Significance Researchers have designed bioadhesives and coatings using the adhesive moiety catechol to mimic the strong adhesion capability of mussel adhesive proteins. During catechol autoxidation, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) is generated as a byproduct. Here, catechol was incorporated into microgels, which can generate millimolar levels of H 2 O 2 by simply hydrating the microgels in a solution with physiological pH. The sustained release of H 2 O 2 was both antimicrobial and antiviral, inactivating even the more biocide resistant non-enveloped virus. These microgels can be repeatedly activated and deactivated for H 2 O 2 generation by incubating them in solutions with different pH. This simplicity and recyclability will enable this biomaterial to function as a lightweight and portable source for the disinfectant for a wide range of applications.
Investigating associations between caffeinated beverage consumption and later alcohol consumption among early adolescents.

Abstract Previous research has demonstrated that caffeinated beverage consumption predicts alcohol consumption among early adolescents. This study aimed to investigate this association in two ways: (1) by examining if this association remained significant once other established risk factors for alcohol were adjusted for statistically; and (2) by considering three possible moderators of this association: gender, sensation-seeking, and parental monitoring. Data from the Camden Youth Development Study, a longitudinal, community-based study of middle-school students, were used. Youth were initially assessed in 6th and 7th grade and followed-up 16 months later. Self-reports of frequency of energy drink, coffee, and alcohol consumption, as well as sensation-seeking, perceived peer and best friend alcohol use, alcohol expectancies, and parental monitoring, were used. Results indicated that both energy drink and coffee consumption predicted later alcohol consumption, even after adjusting for other risk factors for alcohol consumption. Parental monitoring was a significant moderator of this link, such that youth who consumed energy drinks and reported low parental monitoring were particularly at risk for later alcohol consumption. These findings indicate that the link between earlier caffeine consumption and later alcohol consumption is not simply due to the co-occurrence of caffeine consumption with other risk factors for alcohol use. In addition, risk associated with early energy drink consumption appears to be particularly pronounced for youth in families characterized by low parental monitoring.
A Method for Defining the Position of Ion Formation in a MALDI TOFMS by Analysis of the Laser Image on the Sample Surface

A method is developed to determine the position of ion formation along the flight axis of a MALDI TOFMS instrument using the image of the laser on the sample surface. Previous work (JASMS 2018, 29, 422–434) showed that misalignment of the sample stage in a Bruker Autoflex III MALDI TOFMS as well as multiple insertions/mountings of the target plate and differences in target plate shape itself produced reproducible changes in the measured ion time-of-flight which could be attributed to changes in the position of ion formation along the instrument flight axis. Here, a small but reproducible change in the position of the laser in the sample-viewing camera image was observed, with the movement depending on both the sample position and target plate used. Using the change in coordinates of the laser position in the camera image and the known angle of incidence of the laser on the sample surface, the initial z-axis position of the ion at different locations on the plate can be calculated, exactly defining changes in the ion flight path length and the distance between the sample plate and first extraction plate/grid with sample position on the target plate. A correction method is developed to correct the time-of-flight values collected from different locations on the sample plate using the laser images, with the relative standard deviation (RSD) being reduced from 23 ppm to below 6 ppm. The laser images, along with the measured target plate heights, are also used to calculate the misalignment of the sample stage.
Nondestructive characterization of soft materials and biofilms by measurement of guided elastic wave propagation using optical coherence elastography

Biofilms are soft multicomponent biological materials composed of microbial communities attached to surfaces. Despite the crucial relevance of biofilms to diverse industrial, medical, and environmental applications, the mechanical properties of biofilms are understudied. Moreover, most of the available techniques for the characterization of biofilm mechanical properties are destructive. Here, we detail a model-based approach developed to characterize the viscoelastic properties of soft materials and bacterial biofilms based on experimental data obtained using the nondestructive dynamic optical coherence elastography (OCE) technique. The model predicted the frequency- and geometry-dependent propagation velocities of elastic waves in a soft viscoelastic plate supported by a rigid substratum. Our numerical calculations suggest that the dispersion curves of guided waves recorded in thin soft plates by the dynamic OCE technique are dominated by guided waves, whose phase velocities depend on the viscoelastic properties and plate thickness. The numerical model was validated against experimental measurements in agarose phantom samples with different thicknesses and concentrations. The model was then used to interpret guided wave dispersion curves obtained by the OCE technique in bacterial biofilms developed in a rotating annular reactor, which allowed the quantitative characterization of biofilm shear modulus and viscosity. This study is the first to employ measurements of elastic wave propagation to characterize biofilms, and it provides a novel framework combining a theoretical model and an experimental approach for studying the relationship between the biofilm internal physical structure and mechanical properties.
Testimony on Third Party Financing of Lawsuits

In this written testimony, Professor Steinitz addresses bills pending in the New York State Senate and Assembly relating to consumer litigation finance. Among other things, she suggests (1) establishing a “Minimum Payment” for plaintiffs, instead of (or in addition to) flat rates or interest caps; and (2) defining the scope of application by applying an “Unsophisticated Plaintiff” test rather than by focusing on the financing amount. She also addresses other matters implicated by the bills such as whether lawyers should be permitted to provide financial advice, prohibition of prepayment penalties, registration requirements, and right of rescission in the context of consumer litigation finance.
Halide-Rebound Polymerization of Twisted Amides

The first living polymerization of twisted amides is reported, achieved using simple primary alkyl iodides as initiators. Polymerization occurs through a halide-rebound mechanism in which the nucleophilic twisted amide is quaternized and subsequently ring-opened by the iodide counterion. The covalent electrophilic polymerization generates polymers with living chain ends that are both isolable and stable to ambient conditions, enabling the synthesis of block polymers. This presents a new class of polymers for study that possess high glass transition temperatures and robust thermal stability.
Measuring Positive Emotions: an Examination of the Reliability and Structural Validity of Scores on the Seven Dispositional Positive Emotions Scales

The Dispositional Positive Emotions Scales (DPES) are seven separate research scales that measure joy, awe, amusement, pride, contentment, compassion, and love. Despite widespread use of these scales, no comprehensive examination of the psychometric properties of DPES scores has been conducted. In this paper, we examined the internal consistency and structural validity of DPES scores in four independent American samples. In Study 1, exploratory factor analyses indicated that scores on the seven scales had a 1-factor structure, and these scores were found to be internally consistent. In Study 2, confirmatory factor analyses provided evidence that DPES scores were structurally valid (although evidence was mixed on the Love scale) and that the seven scales were distinct constructs. In addition, DPES scores were found to be internally consistent. Finally, evidence of convergent validity and discriminant validity was also found via comparing DPES scores with those on the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-Short Form.
Spontaneous Tumor Lysis Syndrome Secondary to Small-Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of Unknown Origin: A Rare Case Report and Literature Review

Spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome (STLS), in the absence of prior chemo or radiation therapy, is rare with solid tumors. Here, we present a case of STLS secondary to a small-cell neuroendocrine tumor of unknown origin in a 66-year-old female patient who presented with abdominal discomfort. Computed tomography (CT) abdomen showed a large tumor mass with peritoneal metastasis, and she developed renal failure from STLS, resulting in the need for hemodialysis. Due to the progressive deterioration and the comorbidities, she opted for comfort care. Timely recognition and intervention of STLS is critical. Further studies evaluating STLS in solid tumor patients are recommended.
A Text-Mining System for Concept Annotation in Biomedical Full Text Articles

PubTator Central (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/research/pubtator/) [1] is a web service for exploring and retrieving bioconcept annotations in full text biomedical articles. PubTator Central (PTC) provides automated annotations from state-of-the-art text mining systems for genes/proteins, genetic variants, diseases, chemicals, species and cell lines, all available for immediate download. PTC annotates PubMed (30 million abstracts), the PMC Open Access Subset and the Author Manuscript Collection (3 million full text articles). These full text articles increase the total number of annotations nearly four-fold. The new PTC web interface features semantic search and faceted shortcuts to improve navigation in full text. Increased throughput and speed despite a huge increase in data volume is permitted by a significantly redesigned back end that heavily exploits nonrelational data. Updated entity identification methods and a new disambiguation module based on cutting-edge deep learning techniques provide increased accuracy. The PTC web interface allows users to easily navigate through bioentities present in full-text articles, build full text document collections and visualize concept annotations in each document. Annotations are downloadable in multiple formats (XML, JSON and tab delimited) via the online interface, a RESTful web service and bulk FTP. PTC is synchronized with PubMed and PubMed Central, with new articles added daily. The original PubTator [2] service has served annotated abstracts for ~300 million requests, enabling third-party research in use cases such as biocuration support, gene prioritization, genetic disease analysis, and literature-based knowledge discovery. We demonstrate the full text results in PTC significantly increase biomedical concept coverage and anticipate this expansion will both enhance existing downstream applications and enable new use cases.
MYB-activated models for testing therapeutic agents in adenoid cystic carcinoma.

Abstract Objective There are no effective systemic therapies for adenoid cystic cancer (ACC) and lack of tumor lines and mouse models have hindered drug development. We aim to develop MYB-activated models for testing new therapeutic agents. Materials and methods We studied new ACC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models and generated a matched cell line from one patient. In addition, we generated a genetically-engineered MYB-NFIB mouse model (GEMM) that was crossed with Ink4a+/−/Arf+/− mice to study tumor spectrum and obtain tumor lines. Using human and murine ACC-like tumor lines, we analyzed MYB expression by RNA-Seq and immunoblot and tested efficacy of new MYB inhibitors. Results We detected MYB-NFIB transcripts in both UFH1 and UFH2 PDX and observed tumor inhibition by MYB depletion using shRNA in vivo. We observed rapid loss of MYB expression when we cultured UFH1 in vitro, but were able to generate a UFH2 tumor cell line that retained MYB expression for 6 months. RNA-Seq expression detected an ACC-like mRNA signature in PDX samples and we confirmed an identical KMT2A/MLL variant in UFH2 PDX, matched cell line, and primary biopsy. Although the predominant phenotype of the MYB-NFIB GEMM was B-cell leukemia, we also generated a MYB-activated ACC-like mammary tumor cell line. We observed tumor inhibition using a novel MYB peptidomimetic in both human and murine tumor models. Conclusions We generated and studied new murine and human MYB-activated tumor samples and detected growth inhibition with MYB peptidomimetics. These data provide tools to define treatment strategies for patients with advanced MYB-activated ACC.
Bi-directional Impacts of Heterotypic Interactions in Engineered 3D Human Cardiac Microtissues Revealed by Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing and Functional Analysis

Technological advancements have enabled the design of increasingly complex engineered tissue constructs, which better mimic native tissue cellularity. Therefore, dissecting the bi-directional interactions between distinct cell types in 3D is necessary to understand how heterotypic interactions at the single-cell level impact tissue-level properties. We systematically interrogated the interactions between cardiomyocytes (CMs) and cardiac non-myocytes in 3D self-assembled tissue constructs in an effort to determine the phenotypic and functional contributions of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) and endothelial cells (ECs) to cardiac tissue properties. One week after tissue formation, cardiac microtissues containing CFs exhibited improved calcium handling function compared to microtissues comprised of CMs alone or CMs mixed with ECs, and CMs cultured with CFs exhibited distinct transcriptional profiles, with increased expression of cytoskeletal and ECM-associated genes. However, one month after tissue formation, functional and phenotypic differences between heterotypic tissues were mitigated, indicating diminishing impacts of non-myocytes on CM phenotype and function over time. The combination of single-cell RNA-sequencing and calcium imaging enabled the determination of reciprocal transcriptomic changes accompanying tissue-level functional properties in engineered heterotypic cardiac microtissues.
Towards a More Connected Field of Community Development Education: Encouraging Community Well-Being Through an Engaged Symposium

As society continues to shift and progress, the field of community development becomes more salient to the well-being and sustainability of rural and urban communities. Globalization, global pandemics, technological change, and devolution are among several issues impacting the well-being of rural townships and urban neighborhoods nationally and globally. Post-secondary community development degree programs may be vital in developing individuals to address these unique issues. However, due to the multidisciplinary nature of the field, there has been a lack of communication and consensus among educators regarding the necessary skills, theories, and practices to teach in these programs. In 2017, a foundational initiative was implemented to examine community development education higher education programs across the United States. A unique component of this initiative was the inaugural Community Development Education Symposium. This innovative symposium engaged many community development educators from a variety of fields in an intense, purposeful three day event. This article captures the synergy of bringing together community development educators in a uniquely structured symposium, to network, share expertise, and ultimately build a Community of Practice (CoP) towards a more connected field of community development education and ultimately enhancing the well-being of communities through their student graduates.
Flecainide Toxicity Leading to Loss of Pacemaker Capture and Cardiac Arrest.

Abstract An 86-year-old man with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation on flecainide, a class IC antiarrhythmic, presented with cardiac arrest. The patient had extremely wide QRS complexes with inconsistent pacemaker capture on electrocardiography. Due to cardiac failure and renal failure, the patient developed progressive flecainide toxicity, which led to pacemaker failure, and ultimately, death. (Level of Difficulty: Beginner.)