cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A further Note on Active Control of Combustion instabilities Based on Hysteresis

Hysteretic behaviour, as found in the dump combustor facility at GALCIT, allows nonlinear active control of the instability, demonstrated recently by Knoop et al. (1996). As in that work, pulses of secondary fuel, based on a simple on/off control law, have been successfully used to drive the transition between the two modes present in the hysteretic region, thereby reducing the amplitude of the pressure oscillations with minimal use of fuel. In order to clarify the origin of the phenomenon, high speed shadowgraph images of the flowfield during the transition between 'unstable' and stable burning have been taken, showing distinctive features that may help in modeling the observed behaviour. A preliminary parametric study (type of injector, duration of pulses, type of secondary flow) has also been conducted, showing that the transition can be obtained over a broad range of conditions.
New Theoretical Methodology for Elucidating the Solution Structure of Peptides from NMR Data. 3. Solvation Effects

A short linear peptide in solution may populate several stable states (denoted here microstates) in thermodynamic equilibrium. Elucidating its dynamic 3D structure by multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is complex, since the experimentally measured nuclear Overhauser effect intensities (NOEs) represent averages over the individual contributions. In previous papers (paper 1, Meirovitch, H.; et al. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 4847; and paper 2, Meirovitch, E.; Meirovitch, H. Biopolymers 1996, 38, 69) we have developed a new theoretical methodology based on statistical mechanical considerations for analyzing NMR data from flexible molecules and applied it to Leu-enkephalin (H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-OH) using the potential energy function ECEPP. The corresponding experimental NOEs have been obtained from a cryoprotective solution of this molecule. Our approach is based on a conformational search which identifies a set of significantly different low-energy structures within a certain energy range above...
Study of polystyrene monolayers in two dimensions

Abstract The surface pressure of a series of monodisperse polystyrene monolayers covering a wide range of molecular weights was measured as a function of surface concentration and polymer molecular weight on an aqueous, i.e. hydrophilic, substrate. The determined experimental surface pressure-polymer surface concentration relationship corresponds closely to the theoretical scaling concepts. Interestingly, these relationships are dependent on the delivery solvent used in the formation of a polymer monolayer. An important implication of these studies is that the properties of the chains as observed in a particular solvent system (a three dimensional system) is retained, to a large extent, when the chains are placed onto an aqueous substrate and the solvent is evaporated. The solvent quality of the surface, in this particular instance, is poor. Therefore, it appears that the solvent qualith of the delivery solvent has a profound influence on the chain properties at the interfacial region.
The kinetic mechanism of the hypothalamic progesterone 5α-reductase

Abstract The kinetic mechanism of the hypothalamic NADPH-linked progesterone 5α-reductase from female rats was determined to be equilibrium ordered sequential by initial velocity, product inhibition and dead-end inhibition studies. Analysis of the initial velocity data resulted in intersecting double reciprocal plots indicating a sequential mechanism (apparent K m (progesterone) = 95.4 ± 4.5 nM; apparent K ia (NADPH) = 9.9 ± 0.7±M). The plot of l/v vs l/progesterone intersected on the ordinale which is consistent with an equilibrium ordered mechanism. Ordered addition of the substrates was also supported by product inhibition studies with NADP versus NADPH and NADP versus progesterone. NADP is a competitive inhibitor versus NADPH (apparent K is = 4.3 ± 1.3μM) and a noncompetitive inhibitor versus progesterone (apparent K is = 31.9 ± 1.4μM and apparent K ii = 145.4 ± 15.5μM). These inhibition patterns show that NADPH binds prior to progesterone. Taken together, these analyses indicate that the cofactor, NADPH, binds to the enzyme in rapid equilibrium and preferentially precedes the binding of progesterone.
Raman and X-ray diffraction studies of terbium trichloride: phase characterization and temperature relationship

Abstract We have used phonon Raman spectrophotometry as a rapid and convenient tool, complimentary to X-ray diffraction, for investigating the polymorphism of TbCl 3 . In the literature one finds references to the polymorphism of TbCl 3 , but there is some confusion regarding the structural identity and temperature relationship of the different phases reported. In the present work TbCl 3 was prepared via reaction of Tb 4 O 7 and anhydrous HCl gas. Its Raman spectrum was acquired at room temperature and pressure (RTP) and correlated with the results of X-ray diffraction analysis to confirm the PuBr 3 -type orthorhombic structure. This TbCl 3 structure was then monitored as a function of temperature, including after being quenched from the molten state. From our Raman and X-ray results, a phase transition occurred at about 510°C to a tentatively assigned tetragonal structure, which appeared stable up to the melting point (582°C). Additional annealing studies down to about 250°C resulted in the observation of only the RTP form. No evidence for a UCl 3 -type hexagonal or AlCl 3 -type monoclinic structure was found in this work, though they are common forms of other lanthanide trichlorides.
Product differentiation and endogenous disutility

Abstract This paper models the choice of degree of focus (or general purposeness) available to firms by endogenizing transportation costs in an address model of horizontal differentiation. The formulation is in three stages: entry, focus or design competition and price competition. The strategic effect of product design is analyzed. The equilibrium level of general purposeness is shown to depend critically on ‘neighbor exclusivity’. The latter and, more generally, market structure and product diversity are shown to depend on the cost of producing general purpose products. If general purposeness is ‘free’—to design and produce—only two firms enter the market and set large transportation costs, underproviding product diversity.
Unordered Versus Ordered Characters

Multistate morphological characters have generally been treated as either «unordered» or «ordered» in phylogenetic analyses using parsimony. Because ordering relations do not apply to the states of characters treated under these methods, I prefer «maximally connected» character to «unordered» character and «minimally connected» character to «ordered» character. This paper formally defines the two character types, compares their properties, and considers the consequences of the two methods for both resolution and congruence. The results demonstrate that minimally connected characters increase resolution relative to maximally connected characters. Minimally connected characters do not, however, necessarily increase congruence among data sets
Munchausen Syndrome in a Methadone Maintenance Patient

A case of chronic factitious illness in a methadone maintenance patient is presented. We believe that this is the first published report of chemical dependence as a presenting complaint in a Munchausen syndrome case.
Changes in NGF and NT-3 protein species in the superior cervical ganglion following axotomy of postganglionic axons

Abstract Mature sympathetic neurons in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) are regulated by target-derived neurotrophins such as nerve growth factor (NGF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3). High molecular weight NGF species and mature NT-3 are the predominant NGF and NT-3 protein isoforms in the SCG, yet it is unknown whether the presence of these species is dependent on intact connection with the target tissues. In an attempt to determine the role of peripheral targets in regulating the neurotrophin species found in the SCG, we investigated the NGF and NT-3 protein species present in the SCG following axotomy (transection) or injury of the post-ganglionic axons. Following a 7 day axotomy, the 22–24 kDa NGF species and the mature 14 kDa NT-3 species in the SCG were significantly reduced by 99% and 66% respectively, suggesting that intact connection with the target is necessary for the expression of these protein species. As expected, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein in the SCG was significantly reduced by 80% at 7 days following axotomy. In order to distinguish between the effects of injury and loss of target connectivity, the SCG was examined following compression injury to the post-ganglionic nerves. Following injury, no reduction in the 22–24 kDa NGF or 14 kDa mature NT-3 species was observed in the SCG. TH protein was slightly, yet significantly, decreased in the SCG following injury. The findings of this study suggest that the presence of the 22–24 kDa NGF and mature 14 kDa NT-3 species in the SCG is dependent on connection with peripheral targets and may influence, at least in part, TH protein expression in adult sympathetic neurons.
Carbohydrate vaccines that induce antibodies against cancer. 1. Rationale.

Carbohydrate antigens are the most abundant antigens expressed at the cancer cell surface and have been shown to be uniquely effective targets for immune recognition and attack. The basis for cancer vaccines that primarily induce an antibody response, such as vaccines against these carbohydrate antigens, is now well established in both experimental models and the clinical setting. In both cases, antibody administration or induction has been especially effective in the adjuvant setting when the targets are circulating tumor cells and micrometastases. The patterns of carbohydrate antigens expressed by different tumor types has been established, paving the way for polyvalent-antibody-inducing vaccines. This then forms the rationale for the construction and testing of carbohydrate vaccines against cancer, the focus of the second part of this review.
Staging of bone tumors: a review with illustrative examples.

OBJECTIVE. The radiologist plays an important role in the workup and staging of bone tumors. The purpose of this article is to review that role and to discuss recent changes to the primary malignant bone tumor staging system developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer.CONCLUSION. Knowledge of staging parameters for the diagnosis and management of bone tumors will help the radiologist to generate meaningful reports for the referring physician.
Microstructure and hydrogen performance of alloy 903

Transmission electron microscopy has been used to determine that the strengthening precipitate in Incoloy 903 is γ′ (Ni3 (Al, Ti)), with no evidence of γ″ (NixNb), although the latter has been reported. In addition, the alloy does not undergo a martensitic transformation when quenched to 4 K in the solution treated or aged conditions. Aged tensile specimens charged with 1200 at. ppm of hydrogen exhibited ductility losses when compared to uncharged specimens. The hydrogen-charged specimens failed in a ductile manner, the fracture being characterized by a finer dimple size than observed in uncharged specimens. The ductility loss is shown to be a function of the dimple size reduction (expressed as the ratio of dimple size with hydrogen to that without hydrogen) and can be explained in terms of accelerated dimple nucleation due to hydrogen accumulation at precipitate particles.
Role of leucine 31 of phospholamban in structural and functional interactions with the Ca2+ pump of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum

The ability of two loss-of-function mutants, L31A and L31C, of phospholamban (PLB) to bind to and inhibit the Ca2+ pump of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SERCA2a) was investigated using a molecular cross-linking approach. Leu31 of PLB, located at the cytoplasmic membrane boundary, is a critical amino acid shown previously to be essential for Ca2+-ATPase inhibition. We observed that L31A or L31C mutations of PLB prevented the inhibition of Ca2+-ATPase activity and disabled the cross-linking of N27C and N30C of PLB to Lys328 and Cys318 of SERCA2a. Although L31C-PLB failed to cross-link to any Cys or Lys residue of wild-type SERCA2a, L31C did cross-link with high efficiency to T317C of SERCA2a with use of the homobifunctional sulfhydryl cross-linking reagent, 1,6-bismaleimidohexane. This places Leu31 of PLB within 10 A of Thr317 of SERCA2a in the M4 helix. Thus, contrary to previous suggestions, PLB with loss-of-function mutations at Leu31 retains the ability to bind to SERCA2a, despite losing inhibitory activity. Cross-linking of L31C-PLB to T317C-SERCA2a occurred only in the absence of Ca2+ and in the presence of nucleotide and was prevented by thapsigargin and by anti-PLB antibody, demonstrating for a fourth cross-linking pair that PLB interacts near M4 only when the Ca2+ pump is in the Ca2+-free, nucleotide-bound E2 conformation, but not in the E2 state inhibited by thapsigargin. L31I-PLB retained full functional and cross-linking activity, suggesting that a bulky hydrophobic residue at position 31 of PLB is essential for productive interaction with SERCA2a. A model for the three-dimensional structure of the interaction site is proposed.
Technology-based globalization indicators: the centrality of innovation network data

Abstract Useful technology-based indicators are central to efforts to gain insights into the causes and consequences of globalization. But traditional technology-based globalization indicators are of limited use because they are based exclusively on innovation inputs (e.g. R&D spending) or outputs (e.g. patenting). Coming to grips with the globalization phenomenon requires more attention to events taking place in the innovation process itself. Indicators of technological collaboration (e.g. strategic alliances, joint ventures, intimate supplier-producer linkages) help fill this gap. Focusing on these cooperative arrangements places the emphasis where it should be—on the key organizational actors (e.g. firms, universities, government agencies) in the process of globalization. Indicators based on the dynamics of these innovation networks hold great promise for integrating input and output indicators. An example is the development of indicators of social capital—a stock of collective learning. Viewing globalization through the lens of the emergence and evolution of social capital points out that even in the most powerful technological innovation process, success depends as much on social factors (e.g. the key roles of trust, shared values, and community) as on economic, scientific, or engineering variables.
Nonlinear Coherent Multiwave Modes: Universal Integrals of Motion and Effective Hamiltonian.

It is shown that a resonant nonlinear interaction of waves may result in a variety of collective multiwave modes of coherent resonantly coupled waves. The equations of motion for the modes have a universal set of integrals (``collision constants'') reflecting a ``particle balance'' (in quantum-mechanical terms) in wave collisions. The existence of these integrals ensures that the collective modes are completely integrable. Any multiwave mode can be described by an effective single degree of freedom conservative Hamiltonian, similar to the one known for three-wave coherent modes (triads).
Characterization of an Escherichia coli Mutant MutY with a Cysteine to Alanine Mutation at the Iron−Sulfur Cluster Domain†

Escherichia coli MutY is an adenine and a weak guanine DNA glycosylase involved in reducing mutagenic effects of 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG). The [4Fe-4S] cluster of MutY is ligated by four conserved cysteine residues and has been shown to be important in substrate recognition. Here, we show that the C199A mutant MutY is very insoluble and can be denatured and renatured to regain activity only if iron and sulfur are present in the renaturation steps. The solubility of C199A-MutY can be improved substantially as a fusion protein containing streptococcal protein G (GB1 domain) at its N-terminus. Here, we describe the first biochemical characterization of the purified GB1-C199A-MutY protein which contains a [3Fe-4S] cluster. The apparent dissociation constant (Kd) values of GB1-C199A-MutY with both A/G and A/8-oxoG mismatches are slightly higher than that of the wild-type protein. The DNA glycosylase activity of GB1-C199A-MutY is comparable to that of the wild-type enzyme. Interestingly, the major diff...
An Outbreak of Fungal Endophthalmitis After Intravitreal Injection of Compounded Combined Bevacizumab and Triamcinolone

Importance Our experience may be useful to other practitioners using compounded intravitreal agents, those suspecting infectious outbreaks, and those managing fungal endophthalmitis. Objective To describe a series of patients with fungal endophthalmitis following intravitreal injection of combined bevacizumab and triamcinolone acetonide prepared by the same compounding pharmacy. Design and Setting Noncomparative case series. Participants Eight eyes of 8 patients who received an intravitreal injection of compounded combined bevacizumab-triamcinolone in a period of 3 weeks had subtle, nonspecific findings that were later diagnosed as fungal endophthalmitis. Main Outcome Measures Visual acuity, response to antimicrobial therapy, and number of vitreoretinal surgical operations after diagnosis of fungal endophthalmitis. Results Eight patients developed endophthalmitis 41 to 97 days after receiving the intravitreal injection, which was prepared by the same compounding pharmacy. The injections occurred at the same location in New York. Treatment was based on clinical examination findings and knowledge of the etiology of the endophthalmitis. Eventually, all patients were treated with oral voriconazole. Five of 8 patients were initially treated with intravitreal antimicrobial agents. After 3 months of follow-up, visual acuities ranged from 20/50 to hand motions. Local, state, and federal health department officials were involved in investigating the source of the outbreak. Conclusions and Relevance In the current study, we report a fungal endophthalmitis outbreak after intravitreal injection of contaminated, compounded combined bevacizumab-triamcinolone. In this series, Bipolaris hawaiiensis was the identified causative agent. The challenge of medical diagnosis, identification of the source of the outbreak, and management experience are highlighted in our series. Our experience may be useful to other practitioners using compounded intravitreal agents, those suspecting infectious outbreaks, and those managing fungal endophthalmitis.
Direct thrombin inhibitors for management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients receiving renal replacement therapy: Comparison of clinical outcomes

Purpose The clinical outcomes of patients receiving renal replacement therapy (RRT) and treated with direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) for the management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) were compared. Methods A retrospective evaluation of clinical outcomes of patients receiving RRT with a presumed diagnosis of HIT treated with lepirudin, argatroban, or bivalirudin was conducted. Inpatients at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center from January 1, 1995, through March 1, 2008, were included if they were receiving either continuous or intermittent RRT and argatroban, bivalirudin, or lepirudin; were exposed to heparin within the preceding 100 days (including a heparin-treated pulmonary artery catheter) or had a documented heparin allergy; and had at least one of following: (1) an absolute platelet count of 50% from baseline before exposure to heparin, or (3) a documented diagnosis of thrombocytopenia. The primary outcome assessed was a triple composite endpoint of thrombosis, hemorrhage, and inhospital mortality. A secondary assessment compared the pharmacodynamic relationship between activated partial thromboplastin time and the triple composite. Results For the primary endpoint, there was no statistically significant difference observed among DTIs. In patients receiving RRT, a lack of a previous heparin allergy, the degree of International Normalized Ratio elevation, and lower serum albumin were significantly correlated with increased morbidity and the occurrence of the composite endpoint. Conclusion No differences in adverse events or other clinical outcomes were observed in this retrospective evaluation of DTI use in patients receiving RRT with presumed HIT.
Mix and match: how climate selects phytoplankton

Climate strongly influences the distribution and diversity of animals and plants, but its affect on microbial communities is poorly understood. By using resource competition theory, fundamental physical principles and the fossil record we review how climate selects marine eukaryotic phytoplankton taxa. We suggest that climate determines the equator-to-pole and continent-to-land thermal gradients that provide energy for the wind-driven turbulent mixing in the upper ocean. This mixing, in turn, controls the nutrient fluxes that determine cell size and taxa-level distributions. Understanding this chain of linked processes will allow informed predictions to be made about how phytoplankton communities will change in the future.
Clinical assessment/ measurement of healing: evolution and status

Abstract Recent advances in the physiology of wound repair, in particular the identification of multiple growth factors, challenge previous understanding of the healing process and demand familiarity with molecular biology and cellular physiology. In the midst of this, few, poorly tested, seldom used methods of evaluating real patient's wounds exist. This paper analyzes some of the historical reasons underlying the present dearth of methods for systematically monitoring human healing. The discussion points out that this paucity did not occur because of a lack of interest or good will on the part of many. Knowledge of the past and the needs of the present, however, should only serve as fodder for changing the status quo. Those non-invasive instruments available for use in the clinical measurement of healing are described. Finally, suggestions for rectifying the need for valid, reliable, clinically useful methods of evaluating healing in humans are presented.
Tillage effects on soil water redistribution and bare soil evaporation throughout a season

Abstract Tillage-induced changes in soil properties are difficult to predict, yet can influence evaporation, infiltration and how water is redistributed within the profile after precipitation. We evaluated the effects of sweep tillage (ST) on near surface soil water dynamics as compared with an untilled (UT) soil during a 7-month period. Plots were established in a fallow field devoid of residue under stubble–mulch tillage management on a clay loam soil. Soil water contents were monitored using time-domain reflectometry at 0.05–0.3 m and using a neutron moisture gage to a depth of 2.3 m. Soil temperature and net radiation was also monitored. During a 114-day period from April through July, tillage with a sweep (0.07–0.1 m) significantly decreased net water storage above 0.3 m soil depth by an average of 12 mm ( P = 0.002) as compared with UT plots. After tillage, soil water contents at 0.05 and 0.1 m were significantly ( P P −1 ) despite the greater near-surface water contents of UT plots. Although ST plots exhibited 19 mm greater cumulative evaporation from July through October, this was offset by 26 mm greater infiltration compared with UT. A more advanced surface crust development and greater initial water contents were likely responsible for lower cumulative infiltration of UT compared with ST plots. Immediately after tillage, cumulative daily net radiation averaged 22% greater for ST compared with UT surfaces and these differences diminished with time. Increased evaporation under tillage was likely a result of enhanced vapor flow near the surface and greater absorption of radiation by a tilled surface with reduced albedo.
Self-consistent convective fluid model for moderate pressure microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition reactors

Microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (PACVD) reactors are used for the production of high quality diamond films. Microwave PACVD systems have traditionally been operated at pressures between 10 and 150 Torr, resulting in diamond growth rates of up to 5 um/hr.
A Computational Model for Structural Evolution of Protein Fibrils

A phase field modeling framework is developed to quantify structure evolution of protein fibrils in solution. The modeling framework employs a set of multi-physics constitutive relations to predict time dependent protein fibril structural evolution. The balance relations include chemical potential relations, microforces that govern local protein structure evolution, linear momentum and conservation of mass. Anisotropic formation of protein fibrils is controlled by protein monomer microforces and chemical fluxes to obtain long fibril growth from small seed particles. The theoretical model is implemented numerically using a nonlinear finite element phase field modeling approach which couples nonlinear mechanics with microscopic protein fibril structure evolution and chemical behavior. For comparisons to the model, the self-healing RADA16-I protein fibrils are characterized using transmission electron microscopy before and after ultrasonic radiation. Comparisons illustrate quantitative model predictions that govern spontaneous protein fibril self-healing that is predicted on the time scale of several hundred hours. The underlying physical mechanisms associated with self-assembly of the protein fibrils are discussed.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Serum protein-bound iodine during ingestion of desiccated thyroid.

IT HAS been demonstrated that hypothalamic-adenohypophyseal regulatory mechanisms maintain the production and release of thyroid hormone within euthyroid limits (1, 2). Previous observations from this laboratory have indicated that without exogenous thyroid or iodide intake the protein-bound iodine in healthy adults remains relatively constant (3). Granting adequate analytic precision, such constancy is compatible with, but does not necessarily support, the existence of a “feed-back” mechanism activated by changes in the plasma level of thyroid products. Introduction of exogenous thyroid products into such a system should provide evidence, however, concerning the presence and the efficiency of such adaptive responses. This report describes the effects of thyroid feeding on serum protein-bound iodine levels and other pertinent indices in euthyroid adult males. PROCEDURES Desiccated thyroid of the same lot number1 was administered in amounts ranging between 1 and 6 grains per day to 9 presumably healthy adu...
Patterns of changes in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 V3 sequence populations late in infection

We have used a V3-specific heteroduplex tracking assay (V3-HTA) with probes from two different human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtypes to examine the extent and pace of HIV-1 evolution late in infection. Twenty-four subjects with advanced HIV-1 infection (CD4(+) T-cell count, <100/microl) and stable viral loads were studied using blood plasma samples collected over a study period of approximately 9 months, during which time most of the subjects were treated with reverse transcriptase inhibitors. The V3-HTA patterns from the first and last time points were evaluated initially to determine the amounts of change in V3 sequence populations, which were primarily changes in abundance in preexisting sequence populations. Three of the 24 subjects had major changes (greater than 50% total change in the relative abundance of the sequence populations), 11 subjects had intermediate changes (10 to 50% total change), and 10 subjects had minimal changes (less than 10% total change). The average total amount of change was between two- and threefold greater in subjects with X4-like variants, although there was no correlation between average viral load and the presence of X4-like variants. V3-HTA patterns in monthly samples from 11 of the subjects were also compared. In two subjects, the amount of change exceeded 40% in a 1-month period. Overall, the pace of change in V3 populations varied between subjects and was not constant within a subject over time. Sequence analysis of the V3 variants showed that R5-like variants (not containing any X4-associated substitutions) continued to be maintained in three subjects in the presence of X4-like variants, indicating that X4 variants do not always outgrow R5 variants. The coreceptor usage of the V3 sequences from two subjects was determined using a cell fusion assay. One subject had an X4 variant that was maintained at a low level for at least 9 months, during which time the predominant variants were R5X4 (dualtropic), while in the second subject the reverse situation was observed. One of the dualtropic variants had a novel sequence motif in V3, suggesting another evolutionary pathway to altered tropism. These studies begin to probe the complexities and pace of V3 evolution in vivo, revealing dynamic patterns of change among multiple V3 sequence variants in a subset of subjects.
Fifteen-year Outcomes Following Conservative Management Among Men Aged 65 Years or Older with Localized Prostate Cancer

Background To understand the threat posed by localized prostate cancer and the potential impact of surgery or radiation, patients and healthcare providers require information on long-term outcomes following conservative management.
Traumatic Joint Luxations in Small Animals

Proper management of traumatic joint luxations in small animals requires complete assessment and treatment of life-threatening injuries, early joint reduction, stabilization of the joint, and early return to joint function. The methods of reduction vary with the joint involved but can often be achieved in a closed fashion. Joint stability is maintained by external coaptation or internal stabilization methods, depending on the degree of laxity present after reduction. Once joint stability is achieved, passive and active physical therapy is important to establish normal joint function. Reluxation, lameness, and degenerative joint disease are possible sequelae of traumatic joint luxations.
Emerging drugs for myelofibrosis.

Introduction: Myelofibrosis (MF), a Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative neoplasm, is a life-threatening heterogeneous disorder characterized by dysregulation of the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling network. The clinical hallmarks of MF are progressive splenomegaly, anemia and debilitating symptoms attributable to ineffective hematopoiesis and excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines. Areas covered: This review describes the pathogenesis, clinical features and current treatment of MF, clinical data for ruxolitinib, a potent oral JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor and the only therapy approved for the treatment of MF, and agents in development for the treatment of MF. Information was derived from relevant MF articles identified in the published literature and abstracts of recent congresses. Expert opinion: Ruxolitinib reduces spleen size and alleviates MF-related symptoms, thereby improving quality of life. Ruxolitinib may increase the risk of an...
Effects of pretreatment with epinephrine and reserpine on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage.

Abstract One hundred and fifty RF strain female mice were divided at random into six equal groups. Group I received a single injection of 0.005 ml/kg CCl 4 . Group II received a single injection of 0.2 mg/kg epinephrine simultaneously with CCl 4 . The third group (III) was pretreated daily for seven days with epinephrine before receiving CCl 4 . Group IV was pretreated daily for seven days with 0.25 mg/kg reserpine before receiving, simultaneously, injections of CCl 4 and epinephrine, while group V was pretreated (seven days) with both reserpine and epinephrine before receiving CCl 4 . Group VI was given seven daily injections of large doses of epinephrine (0.5 ml/kg). Epinephrine, whether given simultaneously with or prior to CCl 4 , did not alter liver necrosis. Reserpine pretreatment offered some protection against severe CCl 4 -induced hepatic necrosis, while reserpine-epinephrine pretreatment (group V) gave almost complete protection.
Putting a puzzle together: making spirituality meaningful for nursing using an evolving theoretical framework

Aims and objectives. This paper addresses the need for a practical understanding of spirituality in nursing by means of a generic definition of spirituality, an emerging theoretical framework, and some general practice guidelines. Background. Spirituality is being addressed more frequently in nursing literature, but there is still lacking a professional understanding of the phenomenon that is useful as a basis for practice and research. Conclusion. The history of spirituality in nursing is recognized, and then its role in peoples’ and patients’ lives, health and healing is examined. Spirituality is clarified through its various definitions in the literature, and identification of component concepts: connectedness, meaning, transcendence, values and beliefs, energy and emotion. A working definition and the concepts are brought together into a framework. Guidelines for how to incorporate spirituality into practice are presented. Relevance to clinical practice. With this understanding of spirituality by means of a clarifying definition, a theoretical framework and six general guidelines, nurses may be better equipped to incorporate spirituality into their practice. This will fulfil professional and accrediting mandates and, more importantly, provide more holistic, ethical and balanced care for patients.
Evolutionary divergence of the oncogenes GLI, HST and INT2

Almost a quarter of a century ago, the banding patterns of human and other higher primate chromosomes were compared, creating a barrage of speculation. Consequently, a number of approaches have been used to understand human descent. Chromosome modifications are believed to be important in the origin of species, and pericentric inversions account for the majority of evolutionary chromosomal alterations seen in Hominoidea. A comparative mapping fluorescence in situ hybridization technique, using locus-specific DNA probes as phylogenetic markers, was used to decipher the pericentric inversions of human chromosomes 11 and 12. Human-derived (Homo sapiens, HSA) DNA probes for GLI, HST and INT2 proto-oncogenes were used to identify their homologous locations in the chromosomes of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes, PTR), gorilla (Gorilla gorilla, GGO) and orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus, PPY). The INT2 and HST loci mapping results confirm the earlier putative claim that a pericentric inversion took place in HSA chromosome 11 and its equivalent PTR and GGO chromosomes. In addition, these data provide additional information regarding the orangutan's position on the evolutionary tree of Pongidae and Hominidae. GLI mapping reveals that a pericentric inversion occurred in the HSA chromosome 12 equivalent in PTR and GGO, but was not seen in HSA or PPY. These pericentric inversions in PTR and GGO may have occurred at a period when both PTR and GGO had branched off from the Hominoidae trunk. The use of loci-specific probes to decipher pericentric inversions has proved to be a formidable approach in characterizing chromosome rearrangements and providing further evidence on human descent.
Program for Cooperative Cataloging Tools Related to the 2002 Revision of AACR2

The Program for Cooperative Cataloging (PCC) is working to make tools available to catalogers of electronic serials and integrating resources. These resources are being developed to help catalogers understand and implement the 2002 revision of Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, 2d ed. (AACR2), related Library of Congress Rule Interpretations, and new MARC 21 coding. This column focuses on the revision plans for documentation of the program components of the PCC and new workshops from the Serials Cataloging Cooperative Training Program. Serials Review 2003; 29:40–42.
Depolarization-induced release of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) in primary neuronal cultures of the amygdala

The 41-amino acid neuropeptide, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is distributed throughout the central nervous system and appears to play a pivotal role in stress, anxiety and depression. CRF is present in high concentrations in the limbic brain region, the amygdala, an area important in emotional and autonomic responses to stress. In this report, primary neuronal cultures of amygdala from fetal rat brains (E18-E19) were used to study depolarization-induced CRF release. Immunocytochemical analyses of the cultures revealed a bead-like distribution of CRF immunoreactivity (CRFir) in about 1% of the neurons. Time course studies showed that 56 mM KCl-evoked CRF release occurred with an initial burst during the first minute that was maintained over 30 min; basal CRF release slightly increased over a 30-min period. CRF release in response to depolarization increased with increasing cell density and with increasing days in culture. Multiple serial incubations alternating basal and depolarizing conditions caused a depletion of the releasable pool of CRF. Potassium-evoked CRF release was calcium-dependent. These data suggest that primary neuronal cultures of fetal rat amygdala are an effective model system to study CRF release in this brain region.
Maze Solving by Chemotactic Droplets

Droplets emitting surface-active chemicals exhibit chemotaxis toward low-pH regions. Such droplets are self-propelled and navigate through a complex maze to seek a source of acid placed at one of the maze’s exits. In doing so, the droplets find the shortest path through the maze. Chemotaxis and maze solving are due to an interplay between acid/base chemistry and surface tension effects.
The 'New' South Africa: Ascent or Descent in the World System?

Abstract Focusing more on South Africa's international cultural‐political‐economic strengths and weaknesses than on current domestic affairs, as it moves away from apartheid, this article examines the new South Africa's chances for ascent (development) or descent (underdevelopment) within the world system. Politically, the State will remain weak by international standards. Economically, it is in decline, largely because it is uncompetitive internationally; and these negative trends well pre‐date the unrest and sanctions of the mid‐1980s. It is concluded that the new South Africa will be fortunate to maintain its present position in the medium‐term.
Factors affecting lipolysis rates in rat adipose tissue.

Abstract An attempt has been made to elucidate the mechanism in rat adipose tissue by which glucose overcomes the antilipolytic action of insulin and enhances lipolysis induced by epinephrine. The possible role in this phenomenon of the insulin-activated cell membrane carrier system for glucose has been examined by studying the action of other transportable sugars. Fructose behaves like glucose but higher concentrations are needed for maximum effects. No action is shown by 3- O -methyl glucose and, 2-deoxyglucose displays antilipolytic actions of its own. An antilipolytic action of insulin is seen when lipolysis is induced by theophylline, but not when dibutyryl cyclic AMP is employed. In both cases, however, an enhanced rate of lipolysis is observed if glucose and insulin are present. In each of these situations the accumulation of free fatty acids in the tissue is high and remains unchanged in the presence of glucose. Thus the enhancement of lipolysis by glucose would not appear to be dependent solely upon its ability to furnish glycerophosphate for reesterification of free fatty acids. Involvement of glycerophosphate in some manner is suggested, however, by the fact that lactate, inactive by itself, is able to significantly augment the stimulatory action of glucose upon lipolysis. A variety of substances including glycerophosphate, which could be produced by the metabolism of glucose or result from the fatty acid reesterification process were tested for their effects upon lipolysis without success.
Origin of Argentine Wild Horses

ANENT the recent discussion as to the origin of the wild (or feral) horses of the Argentine Republic, there is one line of evidence to which I venture to direct attention. That is the question of infertility.
A Unibus Processor Interface for a FASTBUS Data Acquisition System

Current work on a FASTBUS data acquisition system at Fermilab is described. The system will consist of three pieces of FASTBUS hardware: a UNIBUS processor interface (UPI), a dual-ported bulk memory, and a FASTBUS "event builder" (i.e., data acquisition processor). Our primary efforts have been on specifying and constructing a UPI. The present specification includes capability for all basic FASTBUS operations, including list processing of consecutive FASTBUS operations. In addition, the UPI will accept FASTBUS interrupts, allow UNIBUS DMA devices to access FASTBUS memory, and allow protected access to UNIBUS memory by FASTBUS devices. Some possible FASTBUS data acquisition system architectures employing the UPI will be discussed along with some detailed specifications of the UPI itself.
Immune modulation of biologic systems in renal somatic cells

The various theories discussed here suggest that somatic renal cells are susceptible to biologic modulation by the immune system independent of an inflammatory effect. (1) The mode of repression of type IV collagen synthesis by novel, soluble antigen-binding proteins, the down-regulation of class II MHC expression with interruption of antigen presentation to epithelia after selective gene regulation by antibody, and the diverse interactions of antibody with renal glomerular cells producing functional disturbances in endocytosis and permselectivity; (2) modification of surface-antigen composition; (3) alteration of matrix deposition, remodeling and composition; (4) biophysical perturbation of cytoskeletal and cell membrane components; (5) and lastly, alterations in cell adhesion through cell-surface alterations, all lend testimony to the richness of the signal transduction pathways in somatic cells. Although the preceding examples represent only a small fraction of those which may take place within the glomerular and tubular microenvironments, these paradigms may nevertheless serve as new models upon which one can consider the multitude of potential communications between disparate biologic systems that connect in complex organisms.
TV, Boon or Bane? Participation and a Televised Town Meeting

As a public participation tool, television has been particularly vexing for planners who see promise in its ability to reach large audiences, but have issues with its expense and love of “sound-bites”. In 2009, a regional planning organization in the middle of the USA put the power of television to the test with a live televised town meeting. This study evaluates the event's effectiveness using democratic principles. The program was successful at reaching huge numbers in a short time period, at being inspiring, at increasing political efficacy, and at creating networks. It fell short, however, where the medium of television is inherently undemocratic (in the timing and scheduling of the show and engagement, in expense, and in reinforcing passivity). Comparing the strengths and weaknesses of television reveals that planners can use television to its best participatory advantage when they focus on collaborative participation and when they have realistic expectations.
Courting the Woman Teacher: The National Education Association, 1917–1970

The National Education Association (NEA) has not been a topic of choice for many educational historians. Perhaps a major reason for this it that the NEA as a site for historical work seems fraught with pitfalls. Consider first the problem of the NEA as a setting for an institutional history. The major example of this kind of work yielded a decidedly unsatisfactory result. Edgar B. Wesley's centennial history of the NEA, published in 1957, is an almost completely uncritical description and an unabashed celebration of the organization.
One hundred prisoners and a lightbulb

This column is a place for those bits of contagious mathematics that travel from person to person in the community, because they are so elegant, suprising, or appealing that one has an urge to pass them on.
Frequency analysis of the surface electromyogram during sustained isometric contractions

Four male and four female volunteers served as subjects in these experiments to assess the frequency components of the surface EMG during and following brief (3 s) and sustained isometric contractions of the handgrip muscles. Two types of fatiguing contractions were performed. Contractions were either maintained to fatigue at a constant tension of up to 100% of their strength or were maintained as a sustained maximal effort in the unfatigued or previously fatigued muscle. The frequency components of the surface EMG were assessed by calculating the power spectra of 1.5 s samples of the EMG from a fundamental frequency of 4 Hz through the first 128 harmonics by Fourier analysis; the centre frequencies of the resultant power spectra were then used as an index of the mean frequency of the EMG. The results of these experiments showed that the centre frequency was independent of the tension exerted by the muscle during brief isometric contractions but decreased linearly with time throughout the duration of fatiguing isometric contractions at tensions between 25 and 100% MVC. During sustained maximal effort, the frequency initially decreased linearly with time. However, once the target tension could no longer be maintained, the centre frequency remained constant throughout the remainder of the contraction. The frequency was found to recover within 1 min following exercise at all tensions examined.
Stimulation of steroid C-11-beta-hydroxylation in adrenal mitochondria by cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate.

ADENOSINE-3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic 3 ′,5′-AMP) has been shown to stimulate steroid C–11β hydroxylations in rat adrenal homogenates1 as well as the production of corticosterone from endogenous precursors in surviving rat adrenal sections2. In the latter instance, the effect of the cyclic nucleotide appeared to be related to enhancement of α-glucan phosphorylase activity3, consequent NADPH production, and, possibly, to increased provision of endogenous steroid substrate4. In homogenates, however, stimulation of steroid C–11β hydroxylation did not seem to be dependent on glycogen phosphorylation, NADPH generation, or the availability of endogenous precursors5. Since steroid C–11β hydroxylase activity is associated with adrenal mitochondria6, experiments were undertaken to determine whether cyclic 3′,5′-AMP was effective in isolated mitochondria. The data presented here reveal that the cyclic nucleotide was capable of stimulating C–11β hydroxylation of added progesterone and 11-deoxycorticosterone in purified adrenal mitochondria fortified with NADPH.
Dynamics of a myoglobin mutant enzyme: 2D IR vibrational echo experiments and simulations.

Myoglobin (Mb) double mutant T67R/S92D displays peroxidase enzymatic activity in contrast to the wild type protein. The CO adduct of T67R/S92D shows two CO absorption bands corresponding to the A1 and A3 substates. The equilibrium protein dynamics for the two distinct substates of the Mb double mutant are investigated by using two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) vibrational echo spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The time-dependent changes in the 2D IR vibrational echo line shapes for both of the substates are analyzed using the center line slope (CLS) method to obtain the frequency-frequency correlation function (FFCF). The results for the double mutant are compared to those from the wild type Mb. The experimentally determined FFCF is compared to the FFCF obtained from molecular dynamics simulations, thereby testing the capacity of a force field to determine the amplitudes and time scales of protein structural fluctuations on fast time scales. The results provide insights into the nature ...