cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distribution of internal transverse magnetic fields in a Mn 12 -based single molecule magnet

A distribution of internal transverse magnetic fields has been observed in single molecule magnet ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{12}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{BrAc}$ in the pure magnetic quantum tunneling (MQT) regime. Magnetic relaxation experiments at 0.4 K are used to produce a hole in the distribution of transverse fields whose angle and depth depend on the orientation and amplitude of an applied transverse ``digging field.'' The presence of such transverse magnetic fields can explain the main features of resonant MQT in this material, including the tunneling rates, the form of the relaxation and the absence of tunneling selection rules. We propose a model in which the transverse fields originate from a distribution of tilts of the molecular magnetic easy axes.
Deep Throttle of a Nitrous Oxide and Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene Hybrid Rocket Motor

Deep-throttle static test results from an N2O and hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene hybrid rocket motor are presented. The nominal 800 N thrust level was turned down to less than 12 N while still maintaining stable and controlled combustion. This 67∶1 turndown was accomplished using a commercial off-the-shelf throttle valve and a solid rocket motor case adapted for hybrid rocket testing. During throttled motor tests, the pressure ratio across the injector grows from a nominal value of 2.0 to greater than 3.0. This feature contrasts with the observed behavior of liquid rockets, where the injector pressure ratio drops significantly during deep throttle. This characteristic likely supports the observed hybrid burn stability during deep throttle. Data comparisons with a physics-based, throttled, hybrid rocket burn model accurately match for combustor pressure, thrust, and propellant consumption. At throttle levels approaching 20% of nominal, the N2O exiting the throttle valve is entirely in a vapor state. The...
Stability of Synchronous Machines Effect of Armature Circuit Resistance

The theory of synchronous machines as developed by Doherty and Nickle1 has been extended to include a determination of the effect of armature circuit resistance on damping torque. Equations are developed for the damping torque of synchronous machines in general, i.e., both the salient-pole and round rotor types. These equations assume an exciting winding in the direct axis and an amortisseur winding in the quadrature axis, and further assume that all damping is due to currents induced in these two windings. The effect of an amortisseur winding in the direct axis is not considered because its damping action at the low frequency of hunting is small compared to that of the exciting winding. It is shown that the damping torque of any synchronous machine can become negative, giving instability, if the armature resistance is increased beyond a critical limiting value. This fact has been known,2 but an actual determination of the value of the critical resistance in terms of constants of the machine has not, to the authors' knowledge, been available. This value, for a salient-pole generator with normal excitation and no amortisseur winding, is r = x q tan ?? where r is armature circuit resistance?, x q is quadrature synchronous reactance, and ?? is the steady-state displacement angle. If r is less than the critical limiting value, the damping torque is positive; if greater, negative. The damping of a generator increases in the positive direction with increase in load.
The complexity of minimizing wire lengths in VLSI layouts

Abstract Deciding if a graph has a VLSI layout with a specified maximum edge length is NP-complete.
“Pardon Me for the Digression”: Robert Forten and James Forten Jr. Address the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society

This study features two speeches by African American abolitionists Robert B. Forten and James Forten Jr., who in the 1830s addressed the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society. Their orations simultaneously appeal to conventional nineteenth-century, white, upper- and middle-class notions of womanhood while drawing upon arguments that more typically inform male abolitionist rhetoric. In addition, both men emphasize traditional racial differences while seeking to establish links with their listeners that transcend these differences. The development of a powerful collective sense of identity, achieved through the constitutive quality of their arguments, forms the speeches' best opportunity to serve abolition.
A Prospective Controlled Trial of Routine Opt-Out HIV Testing in a Men's Jail

Background Approximately 10 million Americans enter jails annually. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention now recommends routine opt-out HIV testing in these settings. The logistics for performing routine opt-out HIV testing within jails, however, remain controversial. The objective of this study was to evaluate the optimal time to routinely HIV test newly incarcerated jail detainees using an opt-out strategy. Methods This prospective, controlled trial of routine opt-out HIV testing was conducted among 298 newly incarcerated male inmates in an urban men's jail in New Haven, Connecticut. 298 sequential entrants to the men's jail over a three week period in March and April 2008 were assigned to be offered routine opt-out HIV testing at one of three points after incarceration: immediate (same day, n = 103), early (next day, n = 98), or delayed (7 days, n = 97). The primary outcome was the proportion of men in each group consenting to testing. Results Routine opt-out HIV testing was significantly higher for the early (53%: AOR = 2.6; 95% CI = 1.5 to 4.7) and immediate (45%: AOR = 2.3; 95% CI = 1.3 to 4.0) testing groups compared to the delayed (33%) testing group. The immediate and early testing groups, however, did not significantly differ (p = 0.67). In multivariate analyses, factors significantly associated with routine opt-out HIV testing were assignment to the 'early' testing group (p = 0.0003) and low (bond > or = $5,000, immigration or federal charges or pre-sentencing > 30 days) likelihood of early release (p = 0.04). Two subjects received preliminary positive results and one of them was subsequently confirmed HIV seropositive. Conclusions In this men's jail where attrition was high, routine opt-out HIV testing was not only feasible, but resulted in the highest rates of HIV testing when performed within 24 hours of incarceration. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00624247.
A live multimedia stream querying system

Querying live media streams captured by various sensors is becoming a challenging problem, due to the data heterogeneity and the lack of a unifying data model capable of accessing various multimedia data and providing reasonable abstractions for the query purpose. In this paper we propose a system that enables directly capturing media streams from sensors and automatically generating more meaningful feature streams that can be queried by a data stream processor. The system provides an effective combination between extendible digital processing techniques and general data stream management research.
Strongyloidiasis Refractory to Treatment With Ivermectin

Strongyloides stercoralis usually causes chronic asymptomatic infection in humans. However, in patients with AIDS, malignancy, and individuals receiving corticosteroids, disseminated infection can develop, associated with an extremely high mortality rate and frequent treatment failure with thiabendazole. Recently, ivermectin was found to be very effective in such patients. The authors report a case of strongyloidiasis in a patient with hypogammaglobulinemia in which ivermectin failed to clear Strongyloides larvae from stool, despite repeated courses of treatment throughout 14 months.
Effective operators in supersymmetry

We consider a low-energy supersymmetric scenario in which the effects of heavy supersymmetric interactions are included in a model-independent manner through a series of supersymmetric $\mathrm{SU}{(3)}_{C}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}{(2)}_{L}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{U}{(1)}_{Y}$ invariant operators; we explicitly construct all such operators of dimension $l~6.$ From this set, those operators generated at tree level by the underlying theory are isolated since under weak coupling conditions they are expected to provide the largest effects in low-energy processes. Potential deviations from low-energy predictions in process such as proton decay, neutrinoless double-\ensuremath{\beta} decay, and flavor-changing neutral currents are analyzed as illustrations of the method.
Anomalous heat capacity of spherical clusters of atoms

Abstract The heat capacities of small spherical clusters of atoms are calculated in the harmonic approximation for clusters of up to 55 atoms. The heat capacities do not take the expected form C(T) = AT 3 - BT 2 . The heat capacity per atom is not monotonic in the number of atoms.
Introducing experimental design by evaluating efficacy of herbal remedies (Do herbal remedies really work

This paper is based upon experiments developed as part of a Directed Research course designed to provide undergraduate biology students experience in the principles and processes of the scientific method used in biological research. The project involved the evaluation of herbal remedies used in many parts of the world in the treatment of diseases producing diarrhea as a major symptom. Methods used for testing the efficacy of these remedies vary greatly, and this provides an opportunity for inquiry in the classroom. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is used as the test organism. Survival of this worm is easily determined by assessing motility using a dissection microscope. The influence of two solvents commonly used for testing these treatments, M9 salt solution and purified water, on survival of worms is examined. The results were important to a graduate project evaluating the influence of these solvents on bioassay sensitivity testing partially purified extracts of the West African plant, Anogeissus le...
Disseminated Trichosporonosis Caused by Trichosporon loubieri

Trichosporonosis is an emerging invasive fungal infection in immunosuppressed patients; a case of disseminated infection caused by Trichosporon loubieri presented confirms its role as a human pathogen.
Elevated Plasma Oxidized Lipids in Severe Pulmonary Hypertension are Fully Restored by Estrogen Therapy

Recently we reported that estrogen (E2) rescues pre-existing severe pulmonary hypertension (PH). PH is associated with pulmonary vascular remodelling. Vascular disorders result from complex interactions between oxidized-lipoproteins, monocytes/macrophages, injured endothelium and smooth muscle cells. Biological oxidation products of arachidonic acid, including prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) and hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (HODEs) play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, yet their role in PH is not fully known. Here we investigated whether PH is associated with increased plasma levels of oxidized-lipids, and if E2 can restore their levels. To induce PH, rats received monocrotaline (MCT, 60mg/kg, s.c.). Severe PH was established 21-days after MCT (PH, n=8). E2 (42.5ug/kg/day, s.c., n=6) was given from day-21 to 30. Saline treated rats served as control (CTRL, n=7). Cardiac catheterization was performed terminally to record RV-pressure (RVP). Plasma HODEs, HETEs, TXs and PGs were determined by mass-spectrometry. p<0.05 was considered significant. Values were mean±SE. Rats developed severe PH [RVP=68±2 vs. 31±2 mmHg in CTRL, p<0.01). E2 rescued PH (RVP=38±1 mmHg, p<0.01 vs. PH). PH was associated with increased plasma levels (ng/ml of plasma) of 9-HODE (2217±381 vs. 949±255 in CTRL, p<0.05) and 13-HODE (4347±439 vs. 1871±609 in CTRL, p<0.05). E2 reversed PH-induced increase in HODEs (9-HODE=976±259; 13-HODE=2469±531; all p<0.05 vs. PH). PH led to significantly elevated plasma 5-HETE (938±77 vs. 663±15), 12-HETE (9720±972 vs. 6633±522) and 15-HETE (818±62 vs. 534±7; all p<0.05 vs. CTRL). E2 fully reversed the increase in HETEs (5-HETE=708±37; 12-HETE=6981±248; 15-HETE=622±50; p<0.05 vs. PH). PH also led to elevated plasma TXB2 (3.5±0.2 vs. 2.8±0.1), PGD2 (98±11 vs. 35±7) and PGE2 (27±1 vs. 13±2; all p<0.05 vs. CTRL) and E2 restored their levels (TXB2=2.6±0.2; PGD2=54±10; PGE2=19±2; all p<0.05). In conclusion, severe PH is associated with increased plasma levels of oxidized lipids that are fully restored by E2.
Bayesian Approach to Average Bioequivalence Using Bayes' Factor

In recent years, bioavailability studies for assessment of bioequivalence between two or more drug formulations have become very popular in drug development. However the current practice for the assessment of bioequivalence suffers from certain serious drawbacks. For example, sometimes these tests fail to control the consumer's risk. In this article a new methodology based on the application of Bayes' factor for solving the average bioequivalence problem is proposed. We compare our approach with the existing methods by using real data sets from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Results are further explored using simulation studies.
Response to high-dose interferon-α after failure of standard therapy in MPGN associated with hepatitis C virus infection

Abstract A 42-year-old man developed mixed cryoglobulinemia secondary to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection with hypocomplementemia and nephrotic syndrome. His renal biopsy showed membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type I (MPGN). Despite treatment with interferon-α, three million units three times a week for a total of 6 months, the patient continued to have hypocomplementemia, cryoglobulinemia, and nephrosis. After a course of high-dose interferon-a treatment consisting of ten million units daily for 2 weeks followed by 10 million units three times per week for an additional 6 weeks, HCV RNA and cryoglobulin testing became negative, complement levels increased to normal levels, and nephrotic syndrome remitted. This case confirms an association between HCV infection and MPGN and suggests a role for high-dose interferon-α treatment when conventional interferon therapy fails.
4608 A randomized comparision of two biliary tissue sampling techniques for the detection of malignant strictures.

Background: Brush cytology is commonly used to evaluate potentially malignant strictures at ERCP. A new device with a second large lumen has been developed to allow the passage of accessories into the duct. We hypothesize that brushing obtained with this device would have a higher yield than a standard system because of the side pressure exerted by the catheter on the brush in the stricture. We report an alternating randomized trial comparing the accuracy of two systems. Methods: Method 1 uses the Cytomax brush system (CBS),Wilson-Cook, with an 8Fr-sheath diameter and a 2.5cm brush length. Brushings are obtained after stricture dilation with a separate 10Fr catheter. Method 2 uses the Howell Biliary system (HBS), Wilson-Cook, a 10Fr system with a separate channel to allow the passage of 5Fr sampling devices. The delivery device is used to dilate the stricture before brushings. In both systems bile was aspirated prior to brushings. The brush, slides, and fluid are sent for cytologic evaluation. Both catheter systems were flushed with sterile saline to salvage any cells within the sheath. Biliary biopsy forceps and FNA catheters were not routinely used. Results: 23 consecutive patients were enrolled, 11 CBS and 12 HBS. No significant demographic difference was present. The CBSgroup had 9 CBD and 2 IHD strictures (4 pancreatic adenocarcinoma, 2 cholangiocarcinoma, 5 benign strictures). This brushing technique alone had an accuracy of 81% with a sensitivity and specificity of 83% and 80%. The combination of brushing and aspirate had an accuracy 82% with sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 83%, 80%, 83%, and 80%, respectively. The HBSgroup had 10 CBD, 1 IHD, and 1 pancreatic stricture (6-pancreatic adenocarcinoma, 1-cholangiocarcinoma, 1-metastatic gastric adenoca, 1- metastatic renal cell ca, and 3-benign strictures). This brushing technique alone had an accuracy of 67% with a sensitivity and specificity of 56% and 100%. The combination of brushing and aspirates had an accuracy of 75%, with sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV of 67%, 100%, 100%, and 50%, respectively. The biopsy forceps were available in 3/12 patients. All specimens were satisfactory for interpretation and there were 2 true positives and 1 true negative. Overall, the CBS accuracy and HBS accuracy for brush + aspiration cytology were 82% vs. 75% (NS, p>.05, Fisher s Exact). Conclusion: Our preliminary results suggest that the HBS sytem does not increase yield when compared to the CBS system unless intraductal biopsies are performed.
Generalized Semilinear Canonical Correlation Analysis Applied to the Analysis of Electroencephalogram (EEG) Data

Semilinear canonical correlation analysis (SLCCA) is a technique developed by Gregg, Varvel, and Schafer to combine the powers in an electroencephalogram (EEG) power spectrum at each time point. This was used to give a single response that, over all time points, best correlated with a model that describes the response over time to changing levels of a drug in the brain. In this article, we generalize SLCCA so that both sides of the equation now have linear parameters. We call this generalized semilinear canonical correlation analysis (GSLCCA). In this form, it can readily deal with complex treatment structures. These power spectra matrices typically have significant colinearity between columns, which are effectively of reduced rank. We use a data-smoothing approach based on singular value decomposition (SVD) to reduce the dimensionality of these matrices. This increases the efficiency of the algorithm and also improves the results. The model being fitted by GSLCCA is applicable to other areas apart from t...
Ring-diagram calculations of normal and spin-polarized3He using the Aziz interactions

The authors calculate the ground-state energy of normal and spin-polarized {sup 3}He within a model-space ring diagram framework where the particle-particle hole-hole (pphh) ring diagrams of the ground-state energy shift are summed up to all orders. The Aziz HFDHE2 and HFD-B(HE) interactions are employed. They first calculate a model space reaction matrix (G{sup M}) whose intermediate states are required to be outside the chosen model space. The pphh ring diagrams with G{sup M}-matrix vertices are then summed within the model space by way of an RPA-type secular equation. The continuous single-particle spectrum of Mahaux is chosen. It is found that the inclusion of pphh ring diagrams gives a significant increase in the binding energy per particle (BE/A) as compared with Brueckner-Hartree-Fock calculations. For normal and spin-polarized {sup 3}He their calculated values for BE/A and saturation densities are respectively (1.86 K, 0.72 {angstrom}{sup {minus}1}) and (1.59 K, 0.91 {angstrom}{sup {minus}1}), while the corresponding experimental values for normal {sup 3}He are (2.47 K, 0.785 {angstrom}{sup {minus}1}). 53 refs.
Recursive maximum likelihood estimation of autoregressive processes

A new method of autoregressive parameter estimation is presented. The technique is a closer approximation to the true maximum likelihood estimator than that obtained using linear prediction techniques. The advantage of the new algorithm is mainly for short data records and/or sharply peaked spectra. Simulation results indicate that the parameter bias as well as the variance is reduced over the Yule-Walker and the forward-backward approaches of linear prediction. Also, spectral estimates exhibit more resolution and less spurious peaks. A stable all-pole filter estimate is guaranteed. The algorithm operates in a recursive model order fashion, which allows one to successively fit higher order models to the data.
Marsh expansion at Calaveras Point Marsh, South San Francisco Bay, California

Abstract Studies of shoreline progradation along low-energy vegetated shorelines have been limited, as these environments are generally experiencing erosion rather than deposition, with extreme erosion rates frequently found. This study examined yearly changes along a vegetated shoreline at Calaveras Point Marsh, South San Francisco Bay, California, using aerial photography, to determine the roles of climatic, watershed, and coastal process in driving shoreline changes. In addition, sediment accumulation was monitored on a yearly basis at 48 locations across the marsh to determine the role of geomorphic factors in promoting accumulation. Calaveras Point Marsh was found to have expanded from 49.26 ± 5.2 to 165.7 ± 4.7 ha between 1975 and 2005. Although the rate of marsh expansion was not positively correlated with yearly variability in precipitation, local streamflow, delta outflow, water level observations, population growth, or ENSO indices, marsh growth was greater during years of higher than average temperatures. Warmer temperatures may have promoted the recruitment and growth of Spartina foliosa, a C4 grass known to be highly responsive to temperature. Other factors, such as the formation of a coastal barrier, a recent change in the location of the mouth of the Guadalupe River, and channel readjustment in response to diking are credited with driving the bulk of the marsh expansion. Sediment accumulation was found to be high closest to channels and to the shoreline, at low elevations and in recently vegetated marsh. Globally, the pace of sea level rise exerts the primary control on wetland development and persistence. However, at local geographic scales, factors such as tectonic events, modifications to natural sediment transport pathways or land use changes may overwhelm the effects of regional sea level rise, and allow for wetlands to develop, expand and persist despite rapid sea level rise.
Densities, surface tensions, and isobaric vapor–liquid equilibria for the mixtures of 2-propanol, water, and 1,2-propanediol

Abstract Densities and surface tensions of the ternary system (2-propanol + 1,2-propanediol + water) at T = 298.15 K and its constituent binary systems (2-propanol + 1,2-propanediol and 1,2-propanediol + water) at T = 298.15, 308.15, 318.15, and 328.15 K were measured under atmospheric pressure. Densities were determined using a vibrating-tube densimeter. Surface tensions were determined by the Wilhelmy-plate method. From the experimental binary and ternary data, the excess molar volumes and deviations in surface tension were calculated. These excess quantities were fitted to the Redlich–Kister equation, a simple equation based on Connors and Wright, and a modified equation of Cibulka, respectively. The results were used to study the nature of mixing behaviors between mixture components. Isobaric vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) at P = 101.3 kPa have been measured for the ternary system of 2-propanol + water + 1,2-propanediol using an equilibrium still with circulation of both vapor and liquid phases. The effect of 1,2-propanediol on the VLE of 2-propanol + water was studied with three mass fractions (0.10, 0.30, and 0.50) of 1,2-propanediol in the overall liquid mixtures. The equilibrium compositions of mixtures were analyzed by gas–liquid chromatography. The results showed that the azeotropic point between 2-propanol and water can be eliminated when the mass fraction of 1,2-propanediol in the feed is up to 0.50. The relative volatilities of 2-propanol with respect to water were also determined. The new ternary VLE data were successfully correlated with the Wilson, NRTL, and UNIQUAC models, for which the binary interaction parameters are reported. The comparison of the volatility effect of 1,2-propanediol with that of 1,3-propanediol on 2-propanol + water was illustrated.
Understanding age-related reductions in visual working memory capacity: Examining the stages of change detection

Visual working memory (VWM) capacity is reduced in older adults. Research has shown age-related impairments to VWM encoding, but aging is likely to affect multiple stages of VWM. In the present study, we recorded the event-related potentials (ERPs) of younger and older adults during VWM maintenance and retrieval. We measured encoding-stage processing with the P1 component, maintenance-stage processing with the contralateral delay activity (CDA), and retrieval-stage processing by comparing the activity for old and new items (old–new effect). Older adults showed lower behavioral capacity estimates (K) than did younger adults, but surprisingly, their P1 components and CDAs were comparable to those of younger adults. This remarkable dissociation between neural activity and behavior in the older adults indicated that the P1 and CDA did not accurately assess their VWM capacity. However, the neural activity evoked during VWM retrieval yielded results that helped clarify the age-related differences. During retrieval, younger adults showed early old–new effects in frontal and occipital areas and a late central–parietal old–new effect, whereas older adults showed a late right-lateralized parietal old–new effect. The younger adults’ early old–new effects strongly resembled an index of perceptual fluency, suggesting that perceptual implicit memory was activated. The activation of implicit memory could have facilitated the younger adults’ behavior, and the lack of these early effects in older adults may suggest that they have much lower-resolution memory than do younger adults. From these data, we speculated that younger and older adults store the same number of items in VWM, but that younger adults store a higher-resolution representation than do older adults.
Pushing the reset button: chemical-induced conversion of amniotic fluid stem cells into a pluripotent state.

In an article by Moschidou et al. appearing in this issue of Molecular Therapy, a major step toward factor-free derivation of a pluripotent cell type was made using a c-Kit+ subpopulation of human first-trimester amniotic fluid cells, which could be converted into bona fide induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells without the ectopic expression of the pluripotency factors.1 After an extended cell culture period and exposure to the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor valproic acid (VPA), these so-called amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSCs) could be reset into a pluripotent state.
Fault And Natural Fracture Identification From Multicomponent Seismic At Rulison Field, Colorado

interpretations in the Piceance Basin. There are two significant differences between these past interpretations and this interpretation. The first main difference is that most of the previous research has focused on basin to field scale interpretations. This interpretation is over the reservoir interval of a relatively small 3-D multicomponent survey (~1.5 x ~1.5 mile). The other difference is that all the previous interpretations were done from p-wave seismic. This interpretation is from shear wave seismic. These two differences make this work significantly different. This fault interpretation is primarily from the slow shear (S2) volume.
Tris(2,2′-bipyrimidine)M (M = Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II)) perchlorate complexes. Spectroscopic properties for precursor complexes in the preparation of polymetallic systems

Abstract The synthesis, electronic spectrum, magnetic susceptibility and electrochemistry of the d8 metal complex [Ni(bpym)3] (ClO4)2 (bpym = 2,2′-bipyrimidine) are reported here. Additionally, for the d6, d7, d8 series of M(bpym)32+ species, M = Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), electronic spectral assignments are made by comparison with the analogous M(bpy)32+ (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) complexes. The relative position of the LUMOs and the relative amount of dM → πL* backbonding in M(bpy)32+ vs. M(bpym)32+ is obtained from the frequency of the MLCT absorption for the series of M(bpym)32+ complexes. Cyclic voltammetry of Ni(bpym)32+ in acetonitrile shows the reduction potential (E 1 2 (3+/2+)) is +0.4 V more positive than for Ni(bpy)32+. A similar trend was also observed for the tris(2,2′-bipyrimidine)Fe(II) and -Co(II) complexes.
Effects of a Black Raspberry Diet on Gene Expression in the Rat Esophagus

A diet containing 5% freeze-dried black raspberries (BRB) markedly inhibits esophageal cancer in rats treated with the carcinogen, N-Nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA). We previously identified esophageal genes that become dysregulated after short-term treatment of rats with NMBA and determined which genes are maintained at near-normal levels of expression if the animals were fed 5% BRB prior to and during NMBA treatment. In this study, we report the effects of the BRB diet on gene expression in esophagi from untreated (control) animals. After 3 wk on a 5% BRB diet, control esophagi were excised, stripped of the submucosal and muscularis layers, and processed for histology and microarray profiling. RNA microarrays revealed that the BRB altered the expression levels of 36 genes; 24 were upregulated, and 12 were downregulated. Among the upregulated genes are genes associated with cellular matrix, signaling cascades, transcription regulation, apoptosis, metabolism, and intriguingly, contraction. Most of the downregulated transcripts are involved in cell regulation, signal transduction, and metabolism. Histopathological analyses revealed that the BRB have little or no effect on esophageal morphology. In conclusion, histological and molecular studies indicate that a 5% BRB diet produces only modest effects on the esophagus, the target tissue for NMBA carcinogenesis in the rat.
Establishing Moral Education Programs: A Priority for Guidance

People accept the general idea that there should be “instruction in the schools that deals with morals and moral behavior.” The program described in this article presents one possible model for moral instruction. Counselors were not involved directly in the program because of funding limitations, but counselors can use the program to stimulate moral education activities.
Transient stability determination using differential inclusions

This paper formalizes the ideas presented in [1]. It is shown that, the power system dynamics can be modeled as dx/dt ? G(x) (which we call differential inclusion) where x is a 2-vector and G() is a point to set mapping. The concept of fuzzy trajectories is defined as the solution to the above equation. The structure of G(x) provides as with a simple characterization of the solution.
The effects of extinction and “central tendency” on stimulus generalization in pigeons

Following VI training to respond to a monochromatic stimulus, pigeons were tested for generalization in extinction with stimuli of shorter wavelength than the CS (uni-directional test) or with both shorter and longer wavelengths (bi-directional test). Regardless of test condition the gradients became reliably steeper during extinction; when gradients were equated for amount of extinction during testing there was no significant difference in steepness attributable to test condition.
PRESENCE OF IMIDAZOLEACETIC ACID RIBOSIDE AND RIBOTIDE IN RAT TISSUES.

THE products of histamine metabolism in vivo have been catalogued in investigations of the urine1,2, but relatively little work has been done on metabolites present in tissues. Since excreted metabolites reflect only the composite outflow of terminal products and need not represent the metabolites present in a tissue, it seemed of interest to examine the radioactive compounds present in some tissues after the injection of labelled histamine and histidine. A special effort was made to demonstrate the presence of histamine adenine dinucleotide (HAD) and histamine adenine dinucleotide phosphate (HADP)3,4.
Models of membranes of cerebral cells as substrates for information storage

The past decade has seen a growing understanding of functional capacities and structural organization of cell membranes. Studies in immunology, endocrinology and neurobiology have led to some unifying concepts about processes of transduction at the membrane surface, and the coupling of surface events to the interior of the cell. My interest in these problems has been directed in no small measure by interactions with Lars Onsager. His kindly tutelage and rigorous criticism have been a source of endless encouragement to those who sought the full measure of his wisdom in the difficult area of the energetics of membrane excitation. Onsager's unflagging interest in mechanisms of ion transportation led him to earnest consideration of a variety of non-classical models of conduction in proteins, always tempered by his deep insight into essential aspects of physical chemistry. My discussions with him at the MIT Neuroscience Research Program were a regular stimulus to the experiments which our groups have undertaken in search of answers to questions raised by the models presented here. Above all, Lars Onsager was a kindly, gentle man. In this personal example, he will be as sadly missed as for his broad and imaginative approach to critical questions in the physical and biological sciences.
Preliminary observations on the collection of baboon oviducal fluid

Five sexually mature and regularly ovulating baboons (Papio cyanocephalus) were subjected to bilateral oviducal cannulation. Prior to failure of the primary cannulation, peri-ovulatory fluids were collected during three menstrual cycles from one animal, during two cycles from a second animal, and during a single cycle from each of two additional animals. These four animals were subsequently recannulated and oviducal fluids obtained during six additional cycles, but tubal fluid collection after the second procedure was generally less satisfactory than following the initial manipulation. Two attempted cannulations in the fifth animal did not result in oviducal fluid collection. Of the 13 menstrual cycles during which tubal fluid was collected, four were apparently anovulatory. Collections from two of these as well as from three ovulatory cycles were characterized by erratic flow and mucous-blood contamination. Tubal fluids were collected without apparent technical interference or serum contamination from six ovulatory and two anovulatory cycles. Maximum volumes (1.77±.34 ml/oviduct/24 hours) of tubal fluids were collected during the 48 hours following the midcycle LH peak. Thereafter, the rate of oviducal fluid collection declined rapidly.
Childhood neglect and adulthood involvement in HIV-related risk behaviors

OBJECTIVE: Much research has been done to examine the long-term effects of being victimized by sexual, physical, and/or emotional abuse in childhood, but much less research has focused on the impact of childhood neglect experiences. This study examines the role that childhood neglect has on adult women's involvement in HIV-related risky behaviors. METHODS: The data come from a study of 250 "at risk" women living in the Atlanta, GA metropolitan area, most of whom were African American. Data were collected in face-to-face interviews between 1997 and 2000. Multiple regression was used to explore the relationship between childhood neglect experiences, self-esteem, attitudes toward condom use, and involvement in HIV-related risky behaviors. RESULTS: Overall, the model tested received strong support by the study data. Childhood neglect led to reduced self-esteem. Neglect was associated with worsened attitudes toward condom use and women who experienced childhood neglect also reported more involvement in HIV risk behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: HIV intervention programs ought to target women who have experienced childhood neglect, as neglect experiences have adverse impacts upon their self-esteem, condom-related attitudes, and HIV risk behavior practices in adulthood. Language: en
Signs at the Top: Habitat Features Influencing Snow Leopard Uncia uncia Activity in Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal

We used logistic regression to examine factors that affected the spatial distribution of sign (scrapes, feces, footprints, spray or scent marks, and rubbing sites) in a newly reestablished population of snow leopards (Uncia uncia) in Sagarmatha (Mount Everest) National Park, Nepal. Our results indicate that terrain and human activity were the most important factors determining the spatial distribution of leopard activity, whereas presence of their major prey species (Himalayan tahr [Hemitragus jemlahicus]) had only a moderate effect. This suggests that localities at which these animals are active represent a trade-off between suitable habitat and avoidance of potential risk from anthropogenic origins. However, the influence of prey presence was likely underestimated because of the methodology used, and likely weighed in the trade-off as well.
Predictors of violence and delinquency among high risk youth and youth gang members in San Salvador, El Salvador

Low future orientation, low empathy, educational difficulty, school expulsion, delinquent peers, gang membership, and low social support were found to be significant risk factors for violence and delinquency among a sample (N = 174) of high risk youth and youth gang members in San Salvador, El Salvador.
Calorimetric and rheological behavior of cowpea protein plus starch (cowpea and corn) gels

Abstract Thermal transition and gel formation in dispersions (10% solids) of cowpea protein, and in mixtures of the protein and corn starch and cowpea starch, were examined using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and dynamic rheometry, respectively. In mixtures of the protein and corn starch, two DSC peaks due to starch gelatinization and protein denaturation were observed. A single peak observed during the heating of the proteinlcowpea starch mixtures appeared to be an overlap of the starch and protein endotherm peaks. With an increase in the proteinl starch ratio (R), the starch gelatinization onset and peak temperatures shifted to higher values, while endotherm enthalpy decreased proportionally. G of the protein/starch gels increased with aging time at 20°C and attained plateau levels that decreased with increase in proteinl starch ratio (R). For proteinl cowpea starch gels, G growth with time was adequately described by a first-order kinetic model. In the early stages of structure development, a faster increase in G for the proteinl cowpea starch mixture ensured higher levels of G after 1 h of aging compared with that for starch gel at the same starch concentration. In comparison to corn starch gels, there was no significant increase in G of gels of protein/corn starch.
Remineralization Effects of a Two-solution Fluoride Mouthrinse: An in situ Study

Results from previous studies show that a two-solution fluoride (F) rinse is significantly more effective than a NaF rinse of the same F content of 250 microg/g (ppm) in remineralizing enamel and root lesions in an in vitro cyclic de- and remineralization model. In the present study, the two-solution rinse and two NaF rinses with F contents of 250 ppm and 1000 ppm were evaluated in an intra-oral remineralization model. Caries-like lesions were formed in the enamel of extracted human molars with the use of a pH 4 demineralizing solution. Thin sections of the enamel (approximately 120 microm) containing lesions were prepared, and the mineral contents of the lesions were assessed by quantitative microradiography. With the cut surfaces protected by nail varnish, 3 enamel specimens were mounted with wax in the lingual areas of a removable mandibular appliance. The study used a randomized, crossover design with seven subjects. In each of the 3 legs of the study, subjects wore the appliances continuously except when eating, drinking, and brushing their teeth. Twice daily (after breakfast and before bedtime), the subjects received a one-minute rinse with 20 mL of (1) 250-ppm-F NaF rinse, (2) 1000-ppm-F NaF rinse, or (3) 228-ppm-F two-solution F rinse. At the end of the 14-day experimental period, the sections were retrieved, and the mineral contents of the lesions were again assessed quantitatively. The results show that both the 1000-ppm-F NaF and 228-ppm-F two-solution rinses produced a greater (p 0.05) from that produced by the NaF rinse with 4x the F content (1000 ppm F).
Dialkylquinonimines validated as in vivo metabolites of alachlor, acetochlor, and metolachlor herbicides in rats.

The oncogenicity of chloroacetanilide herbicides (1−5) is proposed to involve bioactivation to 2,6-dialkylbenzoquinonimines (quinonimines, 9) based on two earlier observations: (1) in vitro conversion of the alachlor (1) metabolite diethylaniline (7Et2) to 2,6-diethylquinonimine (9Et2) which reacts readily with GSH and (2) induction of sister chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes for the parent herbicides and their purported 9 metabolites. This hypothesis lacks in vivo evidence for 9 formation which might be provided by analysis of urine and tissue for thiol adducts of 9. Accordingly, two mercapturates (10Et2 and 10Me2) and a cysteine conjugate (11Me2) were prepared by addition of N-acetylcysteine or cysteine to 9Et2 and the 2,6-dimethyl homologue (9Me2). Mercapturate 10Et2 was characterized by HPLC using the urine of rats treated ip with hydroxyaniline 8Et2, and both mercapturate 10Me2 and cysteine conjugate 11Me2 were found in the urine of mice administered hydroxyaniline 8Me2. The mercapturates wer...
Unique ionotropic receptors for D-aspartate are a target for serotonin-induced synaptic plasticity in Aplysia californica.

Abstract The non- l -glutamate ( l -Glu) receptor component of d -aspartate ( d -Asp) currents in Aplysia californica buccal S cluster (BSC) neurons was studied with whole cell voltage clamp to differentiate it from receptors activated by other well-known agonists of the Aplysia nervous system and investigate modulatory mechanisms of d -Asp currents associated with synaptic plasticity. Acetylcholine (ACh) and serotonin (5-HT) activated whole cell excitatory currents with similar current voltage relationships to d -Asp. These currents, however, were pharmacologically distinct from d -Asp. ACh currents were blocked by hexamethonium (C6) and tubocurarine (d-TC), while d -Asp currents were unaffected. 5-HT currents were blocked by granisetron and methysergide (MES), while d -Asp currents were unaffected. Conversely, while (2S,3R)-1-(Phenanthren-2-carbonyl)piperazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid(PPDA) blocked d -Asp currents, it had no effect on ACh or 5-HT currents. Comparison of the charge area described by currents induced by ACh or 5-HT separately from, or with, d -Asp suggests activation of distinct receptors by all 3 agonists. Charge area comparisons with l -Glu, however, suggested some overlap between l -Glu and d -Asp receptors. Ten minute exposure to 5-HT induced facilitation of d -Asp-evoked responses in BSC neurons. This effect was mimicked by phorbol ester, suggesting that protein kinase C (PKC) was involved.
A comparison of the PANSS pentagonal and Van Der Gaag 5-factor models for assessing change over time

The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) pentagonal (PM) and Van der Gaag (VDG) 5-factor models were compared on a range of change-over-time statistical indicators. PANSS data from a randomized, controlled trial for 108 adults diagnosed with schizophrenia were re-analyzed to calculate five factor scores for each model. Random effects regression was used to determine their relative performance in modeling change-over-time, determining covariance structure, and achieving goodness of fit. Performance of the 10 factors in estimating change-over-time was similar, as were significant covariates for the factor dyads: age, gender, chronicity/acuity, and anticholinergic medication. The PM model factors demonstrated the best "goodness of model fit" to the data on all five of the factor dyads. Correlation analyses indicated significantly high, positive correlations between the five factor dyads: Positive and Negative factors for the PM and VDG models, the PM Activation and VDG Excited factors, the PM Dysphoric Mood and the VDG emotional distress factors, and the PM Autistic Preoccupation and the VDG Disorganized factors, although the PANSS items on each factor differed somewhat. These results extend previous findings and indicate several important performance differences between the PM and VDG models in their parsimonious representation of the syndromes of schizophrenia and estimating change-over-time.
Melting Point Determination from Solid−Liquid Coexistence Initiated by Surface Melting

A coexisting solid−liquid (s−l) system of nitromethane is created by surface-induced melting. A nitromethane crystal with a free surface is simulated by molecular dynamics (MD) in the constant-volume and -energy (NVE) ensemble for initial conditions generated by short MD simulations of the constant-volume and -temperature (NVT) ensemble at temperatures slightly above the melting point. Melting starts at the surface, initiating a solid−liquid interface, and the temperature drops as the system moves toward a state of equilibrium in which the solid and liquid phases coexist. The temperature at which the coexisting solid and liquid reach equilibrium is taken to be the melting point. The melting points of crystals with exposed (100), (010), and (001) crystallographic faces are predicted to be 238, 245, and 242 K, respectively. The predicted melting points are in good agreement with experiment (244.7 K) and previous simulations. The approach to equilibrium during the NVE simulation is monitored by calculating t...
Detection of DNA copy number abnormality by microarray expression analysis.

Gene copy-number abnormalities (CNAs) are characteristic of solid tumors and are found in association with developmental abnormalities and/or mental retardation. The ultimate impact of CNAs is exerted by the altered expression of encoded genes. We have utilized high-density oligonucleotide arrays from Affymetrix to identify DNA CNAs via their impact on mRNA expression levels. In these studies, we have used three different trisomic cell lines (trisomy 9, trisomy 18, trisomy 21) as models of CNAs and have compared mRNA expression in those trisomic cells with that observed in diploid cell lines of matched tissue origin. Our data clearly show that genes from CNA chromosome regions are substantially over-represented (P<0.000001 by chi-square analysis) in the differentially expressed subset from comparisons of all three trisomic cell lines with normal matching cells. In addition, we have been able to detect the origin of the duplication by a statistical scan for over-expressed genes. These data show that microarray detection of differential mRNA expression can be used to identify significant DNA CNAs.
First-order displacement of a magnetic field line in an Elmo bumpy torus.

A perturbation procedure is employed to derive a formula for the field-line displacement in a magnetic configuration consisting of a dominant (unperturbed)= field with closed field lines and a small additional (perturbation) field that causes the perturbed field lines to fail to close on themselves. An expression for the spatial displacement of the perturbed field line per circuit, obtained in a first-order perturbation approximation in the Clebsch representation, is given in terms of an action integral representing a longitudinal adiabatic invariant. Numerical results are also presented to compare the first-order approximation with the exact relation.