cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bioenergy crop production on reclaimed mine land in the North Appalachian region, USA

Abstract There is a growing interest in converting marginal lands to bioenergy crop production instead of using high quality croplands which could jeopardize food security and soil quality. Miscanthus (Miscanthus x giganteus Greef & Deuter ex Hodkinson & Renvoize) is a promising feedstock due to its high biomass production under temperate climate and a wide range of soil properties. Appalachian region contains about 1.1 million hectares (Mha) of reclaimed minesoils (RMS) that can be used to produce bioenergy crops and spare arable lands for food production. This study was conducted on 27 years old RMS which was converted to corn and miscanthus land uses in 2013. We assessed the growth performance (plant populations, height, tillers), and aboveground dry biomass (AB) yields of miscanthus and corn (Zea mays L.) compared to antecedent meadow under reclaimed mined land (RML) as affected by different fertilization practices during the first three years of establishment of corn and miscanthus. Results show that the growth and AB yields did not significantly vary between source (synthetic and organic) and rate of nitrogen applications (0, 75, 150, 225 kg N h−1) within each land-use. For the first three years meadow and corn on average had a 30% higher cumulative potential AB harvest compared to miscanthus (12.2 Mg ha−1). Miscanthus generally takes about three years to establish good stand. However, miscanthus had the highest AB yields in the third year (19.6 Mg ha−1) and is expected to maintain higher yields than the meadow (8.0 Mg ha−1) and corn (8.3 Mg ha−1) land-uses, resulting in a greater harvestable AB yield potential in the long-term. Continued monitoring of AB yields is critical to determining whether sustained yields can be maintained with little or no inputs in RML.
Een protocol voor het omgaan met zelfverwonding op scholen

Sinds de eerste editie van dit boek werd gepubliceerd in 2006, is het in dit hoofdstuk beschreven protocol voor scholen geintegreerd in het Signs of Self-Injury Prevention Program. Dit preventieprogramma is ontwikkeld door Screening for Mental Health en The Bridge (Jacobs et al. 2009). Het Signs of Self-Injury Prevention Program bestaat uit twee onderdelen: (1) een handboek en educatieve dvd voor schoolpersoneel (incl. het hieronder beschreven protocol) en (2) een educatieve dvd en gesprekshandleiding voor middelbare scholieren. De dvd voor scholieren bestaat uit drie delen waarin jeugdige acteurs dilemma’s uitbeelden met betrekking tot zelfverwonding bij leeftijdsgenoten. De dvd bevat twee centrale boodschappen voor jongeren: (1) Als je ontdekt dat een leeftijdsgenoot aan zelfverwonding doet, laat hem of haar dan weten dat je je betrokken voelt en vertel het aan een verantwoordelijke volwassene (zoals een schooldecaan) en (2) bespreek de details van de zelfverwonding niet met leeftijdsgenoten, omdat dit hetzelfde gedrag bij anderen kan oproepen (een boodschap die erop gericht is om sociale besmetting te vermijden).
Colloidal Self-Assembly of Highly-Ordered Silica Inverse Opals for Deep Ultraviolet Diffraction

The fabrication of highly-ordered ~2 µm thick silica inverse opal (IO) photonic crystal (PhC) films is reported. These IO films diffract deep ultraviolet light (UV, < 250 nm) and are prepared using...
A defective seed coat pattern (Net) is correlated with the post-transcriptional abundance of soluble proline-rich cell wall proteins

The pigmented seed coats of several soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) plant introductions and isolines have unusual defects that result in cracking of the mature seed coat exposing the endosperm and cotyledons. It has previously been shown that the T (tawny) locus that controls the color of trichomes on stems and leaves also has an effect on both the structure and pigmentation of the seed coat. Distribution of pigmentation on the seed coat is controlled by alleles of the I (inhibitor) locus. It was also found that total seed coat proteins were difficult to extract from pigmented seed coats with i T genotypes because they have procyanidins that exhibit tannin properties. We report that the inclusion of poly-L-proline in the extraction buffer out-competes proteins for binding to procyanidins. Once this problem was solved, we examined expression of the proline-rich cell wall proteins PRP1 and PRP2 in pigmented genotypes with the dominant T allele. We found that both homozygous i T and i t genotypes have reduced soluble PRP1 levels. The epistatic interaction of the double recessive genotype at both loci is necessary to produce the pigmented, defective seed coat phenotype characteristic of seed coats with the double recessive i and t alleles. This implies a novel effect of an enzyme in the flavonoid pathway on seed coat structure in addition to its effect on flavonoids, anthocyanidins, and proanthocyanidins. No soluble PRP1 polypeptides were detectable in pigmented seed coats (i T genotypes) of isolines that also display a net-like pattern of seed coat cracking, known as the Net defect. PRP2 was also absent in one of the these lines. However, both PRP1 and PRP2 cytoplasmic mRNAs were found in the Net-defective seed coats. Together with in vitro translation studies, these results suggest that the absence of soluble PRP polypeptides in the defective Net lines is post-translational and could be due to a more rapid or premature insolubilization of PRP polypeptides within the cell wall matrix.
Dynamics of Negative Evaluations in the Information Exchange of Interactive Decision-Making Teams: Advancing the Design of Technology-Augmented GDSS

Applications of technology that contribute to managing decision-making teams for their objectives benefit from an explicit account of microprocessing in the information exchange of team members. While negative evaluations are well recognized as a key information type in this exchange, the micro-processing that underlies its exchange has not been well defined. Negative evaluations will be proposed to differ from other information types because of their dual properties as information and affect. We propose dynamics that are implied by the duality in negative evaluations we cite and report empirical studies that test abstract generalizations on the proposed dynamics. We then give an explicit form to exchange of negative evaluations in a numerical model of information exchange and use the model in exercises that directly demonstrate the proposed properties of negative evaluations in information exchange. Finally, we review contributions that the discourse offers to the design of AI-supported GDSSs for managerial objectives in the exchange of information in ill-structured decision making and introduce architecture of a prototype GDSS that implements quality-maximizing information exchange. Directions for subsequent study are discussed.
Real-Time Optical Fiber-Based Distributed Temperature Monitoring of Insulation Oil-Immersed Commercial Distribution Power Transformer

Timely detection of the incipient fault of a power transformer is of utmost importance to prevent potential malfunctioning. Monitoring the condition of the transformer insulation oil is the essential step as it contains most of the transformer’s health diagnostic information. Thus, the temperature of the oil is considered the most crucial parameter that has to be monitored continuously in real-time. Distributed optical fiber sensors for temperature monitoring has various advantages over traditional methods. In this study, an optical fiber-based distributed temperature measurement of insulation oil of a fully energized 100 kVA commercial distribution transformer is demonstrated. Two types of techniques were deployed to monitor the temperature of the transformer inside and outside of the tank using a distributed Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry (OFDR) and a quasi-distributed Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor array respectively. The insulation oil temperature was monitored with different load conditions in a distributed fashion and compared with the conventional method of single point thermocouple and infrared thermal imaging. The test results show very good agreement between the conventional methods and proposed distributed fiber temperature sensors.
Erlotinib and Trametinib in Patients With EGFR-Mutant Lung Adenocarcinoma and Acquired Resistance to a Prior Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor

PURPOSEInhibition of the MEK/ERK pathway is critical for Bcl-2-like protein 11 (BIM)-mediated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-induced apoptosis, and dysregul...
Radiologic and clinicopathologic characteristics of thyroid nodules with focal 68Ga-DOTATATE PET activity.

OBJECTIVE Our aim was to determine the radiologic and clinicopathologic characteristics of thyroid nodules with focal 68Ga-DOTATATE activity. METHODS In this retrospective study of 1927 consecutive 68Ga-DOTATATE PET scans, 85 patients with incidental and nonincidental focal 68Ga-DOTATATE avid thyroid nodules were identified, of which 31 patients with 33 thyroid nodules underwent fine-needle aspiration (FNA) or surgery. These 33 nodules were reviewed for Krenning score and SUVmax of the thyroid nodule, contralateral thyroid lobe and left atrium. RESULTS Cytology/histopathology included 58% (19/33) with benign findings, 18% (6/33) medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), 9% (3/33) atypia or follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS), 9% (3/33) suspicious for follicular neoplasm and Hurthle cell adenoma (SFN/HCA) and 6% (2/33) nondiagnostic cytology. Median serum calcitonin was 1156 pg/mL (range, 460-1828) in MTC and was <5.0 pg/mL (<5.0-12.5) in patients with benign nodules. Nodules had Krenning score of 1, 2 and 3 in 46% (15/33), 27% (9/33) and 27% (9/33). The majority of MTC and AUS/FLUS nodules had a Krenning score of 3, and there was substantial intragroup variation in Krenning score among the benign nodules. The mean SUVmax for the entire cohort was 5.5 ± 2.9 (mean ± SD), and the range was 2.0-13.0. There was overlap in the nodule/contralateral thyroid SUVmax ratios between groups. The MTC and AUS/FLUS nodules tended to have a higher nodule/blood pool SUVmax ratio than the other pathologic groups. CONCLUSION There was considerable variation in radiologic characteristics among benign thyroid nodules. The ratio of thyroid nodule SUVmax/blood pool SUVmax may be useful to differentiate pathologic groups, but larger studies are needed to investigate this further. Given the potential for malignancy in thyroid nodules with focal 68Ga-DOTATATE activity, further evaluation with serum calcitonin and FNA may be considered.Video Abstract: http://links.lww.com/NMC/A186.
A revision of the genus Pachyrhinus Schӧnherr 1823 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Entiminae) in the Nearctic Region

The North American species of the broad-nosed weevil genus Pachyrhinus Schonherr 1823 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Entiminae) are revised. Three species of Pachyrhinus are here recognized in North America: P. elegans (Couper 1865), P. californicus (Horn 1876), and P. cinereus (Casey 1888). Pachyrhinus lateralis (Casey 1888) and P. miscix (Fall 1901) are here designated as synonyms of P. elegans. Pachyrhinus crassicornis (Casey 1888) and P. albidus (Fall 1901) are here designated synonyms of P. cinereus (Casey 1888) The previously proposed synonymy of P. ferrugineus (Casey 1888) with P. californicus was confirmed. This revision includes detailed images of diagnostic characters as well as scanning electron micrographs of scale morphology for all species. A key to the Nearctic species of Pachyrhinus is provided. All Nearctic species of Pachyrhinus are considered minor pests of Pinus spp. [Pinaceae].
A phosphoregulated RhoGEF feedback loop tunes cortical flow driven amoeboid migration in vivo

Cortical flow driven amoeboid migration utilizes friction from retrograde cortical actin flow to generate motion. Many cell types, including cancer cells, can assemble a cortical flow engine to migrate under confinement and low adhesion in vitro, but it remains unclear whether this engine is endogenously utilized in vivo. Moreover, in the context of a changing environment, it is not known how upstream regulation can set in motion and sustain a mutual feedback between flow and polarity. Here, we establish that Drosophila primordial germ cells (PGCs) utilize cortical flow driven amoeboid migration and that flows are oriented by external cues during developmental homing in vivo. The molecular basis of flow modulation is a phosphoregulated feedback loop involving RhoGEF2, a microtubule plus-end tracking RhoA specific RhoGEF, enriched at the rear of PGCs. RhoGEF2 depletion slows and disorganizes cortical flow, reducing migration speed, while RhoGEF2 activation accelerates cortical flow, thereby augmenting myosin II polarity and migration speed. Both perturbations impair PGC pathfinding, suggesting cortical flows must be tuned for accurate guidance. We surprisingly find that RhoGEF2 polarity and activation are independent of upstream canonical Gα12/13 signaling. Instead, its PDZ domain and conserved RhoA binding residues in its PH domain are required to establish a positive feedback loop that augments its basal activity. Upstream regulation of this feedback loop occurs via AMPK dependent multisite phosphorylation near a conserved EB1 binding SxIP motif, which releases RhoGEF2 from EB1 dependent inhibition. Thus, we reveal cortical flows as versatile, tunable engines for directed amoeboid migration in vivo.
Marlowe's Ovid : The Elegies in the Marlowe Canon

Introduction: "Small things with greater may be copulate": Marlowe the Ovidian 1 Marlowe, Theatrical Speech, and the Epicenter of Sonnetdom: The Elegies 2 Tamburlaine and "the argument/Of every Epigram or Eligi" 3 Parts That No Eye Should Nehold: Dido and the Desultor 4 "It is no pain to speak men fair": The Desultor in Edward II 5 The Massacre at Paris: The Desultor as Playwright 6 "Loue alwaies makes those eloquent that haue it": Ovid in Hero and Leander 7 Lente, Lente: Doctor Faustus and the Elegies 8 Ovid in The Jew of Malta Coda
Proteincarbohydrate interaction. : Part XXII. A chemically-synthesized d-mannan and the interaction of some synthetic d-mannans with concanavalin A

Abstract 1,6-Anhydro-β- d -mannopyranose was polymerized in the presence of chloroacetic acid. A high-molecular-weight fraction insoluble in 80% ethanol was isolated and studied. Periodate-oxidation studies showed the polymer to contain 42% of (1→6)-like linkages, 36% of (1→4)- or (1→2)-like linkages, and 22% (1→3)-like linkages. End-group analysis gave d.p. = 113. The synthetic d -mannan reacted vigorously with concanavalin A, indicating that it was a highly branched polymer containing multiple α- d -mannopyranosyl residues at chain ends. A synthetic d -mannan obtained by the polymerization of d -mannose in the presence of phosphorous acid gave a much weaker reaction with concanavalin A, and two synthetic, linear polymers failed, as expected, to form a precipitate with this plant protein.
Adherence to the DASH Diet and Risk of Incident Chronic Kidney Disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Introduction: There are established guidelines for optimal dietary intake for the prevention of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Evidence is lacking for effective dietary patterns for the p...
Chapter 38 Executive compensation

Abstract This chapter summarizes the empirical and theoretical research on executive compensation and provides a comprehensive and up-to-date description of pay practices (and trends in pay practices) for chief executive officers (CEOs). Topics discussed include the level and structure of CEO pay (including detailed analyses of annual bonus plans, executive stock options, and option valuation), international pay differences, the pay-setting process, the relation between CEO pay and firm performance (“pay-performance sensitivities”), the relation between sensitivities and subsequent firm performance, relative performance evaluation, executive turnover, and the politics of CEO pay.
Loss of spastin function results in disease-specific axonal defects in human pluripotent stem cell-based models of hereditary spastic paraplegia

Human neuronal models of hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP) that recapitulate disease-specific axonal pathology hold the key to understanding why certain axons degenerate in patients and to developing therapies. SPG4, the most common form of HSP, is caused by autosomal dominant mutations in the SPAST gene, which encodes the microtubule-severing ATPase spastin. Here, we have generated a human neuronal model of SPG4 by establishing induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from an SPG4 patient and differentiating these cells into telencephalic glutamatergic neurons. The SPG4 neurons displayed a significant increase in axonal swellings, which stained strongly for mitochondria and tau, indicating the accumulation of axonal transport cargoes. In addition, mitochondrial transport was decreased in SPG4 neurons, revealing that these patient iPSC-derived neurons recapitulate disease-specific axonal phenotypes. Interestingly, spastin protein levels were significantly decreased in SPG4 neurons, supporting a haploinsufficiency mechanism. Furthermore, cortical neurons derived from spastin-knockdown human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) exhibited similar axonal swellings, confirming that the axonal defects can be caused by loss of spastin function. These spastin-knockdown hESCs serve as an additional model for studying HSP. Finally, levels of stabilized acetylated-tubulin were significantly increased in SPG4 neurons. Vinblastine, a microtubule-destabilizing drug, rescued this axonal swelling phenotype in neurons derived from both SPG4 iPSCs and spastin-knockdown hESCs. Thus, this study demonstrates the successful establishment of human pluripotent stem cell-based neuronal models of SPG4, which will be valuable for dissecting the pathogenic cellular mechanisms and screening compounds to rescue the axonal degeneration in HSP.
Cannabinoid receptor agonists potentiate action potential-independent release of GABA in the dentate gyrus through a CB1 receptor-independent mechanism

We report a novel excitatory effect of cannabinoid agonists on action potential-independent GABAergic transmission in the rat dentate gyrus. Specifically, we find that both WIN55,212-2 and anandamide increase the frequency of miniature IPSCs (mIPSCs)recorded from hilar mossy cells without altering event amplitude, area, rise time, or decay. The effect of WIN55,212-2 on mIPSCs is insensitive to AM251 and preserved in CB1 −/− animals,indicating that it does not depend on activation of CB1 receptors. It is also insensitive to AM630 and unaffected by capsazepine suggesting that neither CB2 nor TRPV1 receptors are involved. Further, it is blocked by pre-incubation in suramin and by a selective protein kinase A inhibitor (H-89), and is mimicked (and occluded) by bath application of forskolin. Similar CB1 receptor-independent facilitation of exocytosis is not apparent when recording evoked IPSCs in the presence of AM251, suggesting that the exocytotic mechanism that produces WIN55,212-2 sensitive mIPSCs is distinct from that which produces CB1 sensitive and action potential-dependent release. Despite clear independence from action potentials, WIN55,212-2 mediated facilitation of mIPSCs requires calcium, and yet is insensitive to chelation of calcium in the postsynaptic cell. Finally, we demonstrate that both bath application of 2-arachidonoylglycerol(2-AG) and depolarization-induced release of endogenous cannabinoids have minimal effect on mIPSC frequency. Cumulatively, our results indicate that cannabinoid ligands can selectively facilitate action potential-independent exocytosis of GABA in the rat dentate gyrus, and further emphasize that this new cannabinoid sensitive signalling system is distinct from previously described CB1 receptor-dependent systems in numerous respects.
Broadening participation through scaffolding

This research project aims to examine how participation in authentic community-situated science contributes to adolescent apprentices' sense of the scientific enterprise and identity development in this discipline. Using a theoretical framework based on the current research perspectives on informal science learning, learning science in the context of the local community, and research on communities of practice, we examine how apprentices develop an identity in science while also strengthening ties to their own community.
The Effects of Long-Term Soy Protein and Milk Protein Feeding on the Pancreas of Cebus albifrons Monkeys

Twenty-seven 2- to 4-yr-old cebus monkeys (Cebus albifrons) were fed from infancy purified diets containing lactalbumin, soy isolate, casein or soy concentrate as the sole protein source. Hematologic and clinical chemistry values were similar for all groups. Head and tail portions of each pancreas were surgically removed for histopathologic evaluation and determination of protein, RNA and DNA content, and for trypsin and chymotrypsin activity. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections from 26 of 27 monkeys showed normal pancreatic tissue with occasional acinar vacuolation in all diet groups. The remaining animal, one of only two fed soy concentrate, had diffuse interstitial fibrosis of the pancreas associated with mild to moderate atrophy of acinar tissue. Biochemical analyses of the pancreatic biopsies indicated no group differences among animals fed lactalbumin, soy isolate or casein. One of two monkeys in the soy concentrate group showed decreased pancreatic protein, RNA and trypsin concentrations; this was probably due to the fibrosis in this animal. No evidence of pancreatic hypertrophy or hyperplasia, as measured by RNA/DNA and protein/DNA ratios, respectively, was seen in any diet group.
Efficacy of taxol in the orpk mouse model of polycystic kidney disease

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) a is common disease in the human population that can lead to renal failure and death. Taxol has recently been reported to be of therapeutic benefit in the cpk mouse model of PKD. To determine whether these results also apply to other models of PKD, we studied the effects of taxol treatment on the development of renal cysts and biliary hyperplasia/dysplasia/fibrosis in the orpk mouse mutant, a unique murine model for human autosomal recessive PKD. We report no significant differences between the treatment and control groups with respect to weight gain, survival, urine to serum osmolality ratio, and serum concentration of liver enzymes. Moreover, renal cystic development was not affected by taxol treatment in the orpk mutant animals. This was confirmed by lectin staining and morphometric analysis of the renal cysts, which indicated no significant differences between treatment groups. Therefore, while taxol has a positive effect on the cystic kidney disease in cpk mutant mice, this effect is not applicable to all forms of PKD.
An interactive debugging expert system for GPSS/H simulation models

Many enhancements to simulation methodol ogy which will reduce the burden on the simulation analyst are likely to come as a result of the integration of expert systems methodol ogy with simulation. One phase of the simulation approach which appears to have particular promise for the integration of expert systems methodology is the model development task. This is perhaps the most time consuming step in the simulation approach and probably requires the highest level of expertise. Interest ingly, the piece of the model development task which is almost certainly the most frustrating to the analyst — program debugging — has attracted very little attention from an expert system perspective. Thus, it would appear that there is both a need and an opportunity for expert systems that could assist system analysts in the program debugging task. The major objective of this research was to develop an expert system which could function as a debugging advisor to simulation analysts. A second objective was to evaluate the...
Commentary on: Labia Minora Reduction Techniques: A Comprehensive Literature Review.

Labiaplasty procedures, especially those that reduce the size of the labia minora, have increased in popularity and acceptance within both the lay and medical communities over the past decade. Surgical reduction of the labia minora, for various indications and employing assorted techniques, has been described in peer-reviewed medical literature with increasing regularity since the early 1970s. Alter's publications in the late 1990's and early 2000's, describing his novel wedge excision labiaplasty technique,1 coincided with multiple articles about female genital cosmetic surgery in popular magazines and a heightening of public awareness about this type of surgery. Subsequently, there has been a veritable explosion of labiaplasty-related publications in the scientific literature. Numerous technical “improvements,” virtually all iterations of three basic techniques—edge excision, wedge excision, or central deepitheliation/excision—have been described as ways to achieve a seemingly straightforward surgical goal: reduction of the size of the labia minora. Desiring to distill and summarize the current state of affairs regarding published labia minora reduction techniques, Oranges and colleagues2 conducted this interesting, comprehensive review of the extant world labiaplasty literature. Excluding review articles, book chapters, and discussions/commentaries, they indentify and discuss 38 studies detailing operative …
Direct Modeling of EXAFS Spectra from Molecular Dynamics Simulations

A method for generating extended X-ray absorption fine-structure (EXAFS) spectra directly from molecular dynamics trajectories is described. Conventional molecular dynamics trajectories are run, and configurations from the trajectory are saved at periodic intervals. Clusters containing the EXAFS atom at the center are extracted from the configurations and used as input to the multiple scattering code FEFF6, which produces an EXAFS spectrum for each cluster. The separate spectra for the individual clusters are then averaged together to get a configurationally averaged EXAFS spectrum that can be compared directly with experiment. The method is tested on strontium chloride solutions and compared with recent experimental results on strontium nitrate solutions at both standard and supercritical conditions.
Pressure swing adsorption: Experimental study of an equilibrium theory

Abstract A theoretical model of pressure swing adsorption (PSA) processes that is based on local, linear equilibrium of a binary gas mixture with an adsorbent was experimentally tested under conditions supportive of the inherent assumptions and constraints. The components studied were nitrogen, oxygen and argon with 5A zeolite molecular sieve, at temperatures from 20 to 60°C. Simple breakthrough experiments were analysed to predict the slopes of the isotherms within 5.4% (mean absolute error) of actual equilibrium values. In two-bed PSA experiments at pressure ratios from 6.5 to 840, the recoveries of the light component (oxygen and argon) were within 7.1% (mean absolute error) of those predicted by theory. Typically, the feed rate to the process was about 2751 (STP)/kg h, based on the total mass of adsorbent. The light-component product purity averaged 99.6% (based on volume) and was never less than 99.2%, while theory predicts complete separation is possible. The results support the validity of the theoretical model for the conditions of the experiments.
NLRP6 in infection and inflammation

NLRs play fundamental roles in host-defense and inflammatory disorders. NLRP6 is a newly characterized member of this family that inhibits NF-κB and MAP-kinase dependent immune signaling to hamper anti-microbial defense. Further, NLRP6 regulates intestinal inflammation by maintaining gut microbiota composition. In this review, we examine the recent studies and emphasize the key functions regulated by NLRP6.
Phenomenology of Clinic-Referred Children and Adolescents with Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Comorbid Anxiety

This study examined profiles of clinic-referred youth with co-morbid oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and anxiety disorders (ADs) compared to youth with ODD without ADs. One hundred and twenty seven clinic-referred youth with ODD (ages 7–14, 85.6 % Caucasian) were assessed through a multi-method, multi-informant approach. Global functioning, ODD symptom impairment, child internalizing symptoms, caregiver distress, and parent-child relationship quality were explored to test group differences based on AD diagnosis. Youth with ODD and comorbid ADs generally had higher levels of global impairment, internalizing symptoms, caregiver distress, and parent-child relationship problems as compared to youth with ODD only. These findings, which generally suggest greater impairment in the group of youth with ODD/AD, offer support for the presence of distinct clinical features in youth with ODD/AD compared to youth with ODD alone. Such findings may have important implications for assessment and treatment of ODD in youth. For example, interventions to target broader child internalizing symptoms, caregiver distress, and parent-child relationships may be particularly important in youth with ODD/AD profiles.
Extracardiac Versus Intra-Atrial Lateral Tunnel Fontan: Extracardiac is Better

This article was prepared to summarize the points made in a debate that the first author (C.L.B.) had with Dr. Richard Jonas at the American Association for Thoracic Surgery 90th Annual Meeting. The topic of the debate was the optimal surgical approach for functional single-ventricle patients: extracardiac versus intra-atrial lateral tunnel Fontan. My role was to take the viewpoint that the extracardiac Fontan is better. This review summarizes our results at Children's Memorial Hospital (Chicago, IL) with 180 patients undergoing a primary Fontan procedure and 126 patients undergoing an extracardiac Fontan as part of a Fontan conversion. The world literature was reviewed on outcomes following the Fontan procedure, focusing on six main areas supporting the superiority of the extracardiac Fontan: hemodynamics, arrhythmias, applicability to complex anatomy, use of cardiopulmonary bypass, complications of fenestration and thromboembolism, and operative mortality. Based on this review, it is our conclusion that the extracardiac Fontan is the procedure of choice for patients with a functional single ventricle based on a very low operative mortality, a lower incidence of early and late arrhythmias, improved hemodynamics, fewer postoperative complications, and applicability to a wide variety of complex cardiac anatomy.
Circadian rhythms in Neurospora crassa: oligomycin-resistant mutations affect periodicity

Nuclear mutations conferring resistance to oligomycin, a mitochondrial inhibitor, shorten the period of the circadian conidiation rhythm of Neurospora crassa from the normal 21.5 hours to 18 to 19 hours and slow the linear growth rate by 30 percent. These olir mutations map very close to frq, a locus at which mutations affecting periodicity have been previously obtained. The possibilities are discussed that mitochondria are involved in circadian rhythm generation and that certain period-length mutations affect mitochondrial functions.
Convective Heat Transfer Through Film Cooling Holes of a Gas Turbine Blade Leading Edge

Studies of film cooling performance for a turbine airfoil predominately focus on the reduction of heat transfer to the external surface of the airfoil. However, convective cooling of the airfoil due to coolant flow through the film cooling holes is potentially a major contributor to the overall cooling of the airfoil. This study used experimental and computational methods to examine the convective heat transfer to the coolant as it traveled through the film cooling holes of a gas turbine blade leading edge. Experimental measurements were conducted on a model gas turbine blade leading edge composed of alumina ceramic which approximately matched the Biot number of an engine airfoil leading edge. The temperature rise in the coolant from the entrance to the exit of the film cooling holes was measured using a series of internal thermocouples and an external traversing thermocouple probe. A CFD simulation of the model of the leading edge was also done in order to facilitate the processing of the experimental data and provide a comparison for the experimental coolant hole heat transfer. Without impingement cooling, the coolant hole heat transfer was found to account for 50 to 80 percent of the airfoil internal cooling, i.e. the dominating cooling mechanism.© 2005 ASME
Results of surgical treatment in N2 lung cancer.

Eighty patients were treated by resection for carcinoma of the lung with mediastinal lymph node metastases. Complete resection of the primary tumor and a mediastinal lymph node dissection were performed on all patients. The majority also received postoperative external radiation therapy to the mediastinum. Survival after resection was 47% at 3 years and 38% at 4 years. Survival was better when the histologic diagnosis was adenocarcinoma, when the primary tumor was small, and when the mediastinum appeared normal on regular chest roentgenograms.
Béance persistante de la sclérotomie après injection intravitréenne de triamcinolone à l’aide d’une aiguille de 30-gauges

Nous rapportons un cas d’hypotonie severe par beance persistante de la sclerotomie survenue apres injection intravitreenne par la pars plana a l’aide d’une aiguille de 30 gauges. Il s’agissait d’une injection de triamcinolone pour traiter un œdeme maculaire diabetique. Cet œil avait deja ete traite par vitrectomie posterieure a 3 voies et photocoagulation panretinienne plus de 9 mois auparavant. Lors du controle a 5 jours, le patient presentait une hypotonie severe avec un chemosis et un signe de Seidel conjonctival en regard du point d’injection. L’exploration chirurgicale a revele une plaie sclerale punctiforme qui a ete suturee. Les suites ont ete simples. Notre observation souligne qu’en depit de sa simplicite, l’injection intravitreenne est un geste invasif qui requiert une surveillance rigoureuse, en particulier chez les patients aux antecedents de vitrectomie posterieure. L’augmentation exponentielle probable de ces injections dans les annees a venir nous incite a recommander qu’elles soient pratiquees sur le meridien de 6H ou ne se situe quasiment jamais d’orifice de vitrectomie.
Performance of self-encoded spread spectrum under pulsed-noise jamming

In this paper, we study the performance of self-encoded spread spectrum (SESS) system under pulsed noise jamming and show that iterative detection can improve the bit-error rate (BER) performance significantly. We first verify that the jamming performance of SESS with correlation detection is similar to conventional Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) system We then show that the performance improves by approximately 7dB when the correlation detection is combined with the iterative detection. The results demonstrate that iterative detection has the potential to completely mitigate the effect of jamming on the BER performance of SESS under pulsed-noise jamming.
Farm factors associated with the presence of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection in dairy herds on the New York State Paratuberculosis Control Program

An extensive questionnaire was developed and used to collect data from 33 herds that were on the New York State Paratuberculosis Control Program, to study farm factors associated with the presence of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection in dairy herds. The results of the last whole herd paratuberculosis fecal culture were used to indicate presence of infection in a herd, with herds having one or more animals positive classified as 'infected'. The average prevalence within herds was 5.2%. Fourteen herds were uninfected and 19 herds had prevalences ranging from 0.7%-28.2%. Data on 31 continuous and 67 categorical risk factors were collected by questionnaire. Ten factors were significantly associated with prevalence risk of infection in the univariable logistic regression. These factors were: the type of farm operation (commercial/registered or both); earlier diagnosis of the disease before entering the control program; number of clinical cases in the previous year; whether clinical cases were raised or purchased animals; typical signs in clinical cases; exposure of calves 0-6 weeks of age to feces of adult cows; contact of young stock with adult animal feces from using the same equipment to clean the housing for both groups of animals; spreading feces on fields from which forage is later harvested and fed to animals of any age group; what is done with animals that are suspected of having paratuberculosis or test positive on culture; and frequency of cleaning the cow barn. Stepwise logistic regression was used to determine the significance of each risk factor while controlling simultaneously for the effect of other factors. The significant factors were the type of farm operation, clinical signs, and exposure of calves to feces of adult cows. Commercial herds, presence of clinical signs typical of paratuberculosis in animals, and exposure of calves 0-6 weeks old to feces of adult cows all indicate a higher likelihood that a herd is infected with M. paratuberculosis.
Prenatal diagnosis of a neonate with fetus in fetu

Fetus in fetu is a rare condition not usually considered in the differential of a neonatal abdominal mass. This article illustrates the importance of prenatal ultrasound in the treatment of this condition as it facilitated the assembily of a multispecialty healthcare team that intervened within days of birth.
Cyclic AMP Impairs the PRL Stimulation of Iodide Uptake into Mouse Mammary Tissues

In earlier studies the uptake of iodide into mammary cells was found to occur by a mechanism similar to that in thyroid cells (i.e., the uptake occurs via a sodium-iodide symporter that is inhibited by perchlorate and thiocyanate). Although cyclic AMP stimulates the iodide transport mechanism in thyroid cells, the present studies show that cyclic AMP, as well as pharmacological agents that elevate cyclic AMP, impair iodide uptake into mammary cells. In addition, elevated cyclic AMP levels interfere with the PRL stimulation of iodide uptake as well as iodide incorporation into proteins in mammary tissues. Clearly, cyclic AMP has opposite effects on regulating iodide uptake processes in mammary versus thyroid cells.
The mechanism of overaging in Cu3Au-1.5 at.% Co alloy single crystals

Abstract Ordered and disordered Cu 3 Au-1.5 at.% Co alloy single crystals, aged at 450 °C for times ranging from 20 to 200 h, were tested in compression at 77, 183, 300 and 373 K. The cobalt-rich precipitate particles, which were quite small (less than 90 A in diameter even after 200 h of aging), were coherent with the nearly pure Cu 3 Au matrix and sheared by the dislocations. The mechanism of overaging was analyzed in terms of several theories of this process, including the Orowan mechanism and coherency strengthening. The modulus hardening theory of Knowles and Kelly yielded the best quantitative agreement with experiment, the measured and theoretically predicted values of the critical resolved shear stress agreeing to within 30%.
Residual coding with a JPEG2000 framework for controlling L-infinity error applied to ultraspectral sounder data

This paper presents a follow-up to last year's SPIE meeting where we presented a residual encoding method to control maximum absolute error (MAE) based on JPEG2000 Part 2 standard and which was applied to hyperspectral data. In this paper, we evaluate an improved version of the approach on the ultraspectral sounder satellite data made available by NOAA. The data set used consists of a subset of 1,501 bands out of the 2,378 total and where each band is an image of size 90 by 135 pixels. Each pixel or data value is a digital count integer that requires 12-14 bits to represent. We present compression performance using a transform in the band (z- or cross-component) direction. We use either the Karhunen-Loeve transform or the discrete wavelet transform with a non-uniform bit-rate allocation to take advantage of the energy compaction. One of the main features of this compression scheme is that residuals (original minus the decompressed values) are also coded in order to control the MAE; therefore, lossless compression can also be accomplished by using a desired MAE of 0.5. In all cases, the quantized residuals are losslessly encoded using the embedded block coding with optimized truncation (EBCOT) [5] bit-plane encoding method that is part of JPEG2000 Part 1. Finally, our recent algorithm [3] for automatically choosing the best (smallest total) combination of the two contributing bit rates is also extended to the 3-dimensional case. The two rates are: (1) the Open Loop rate for the lossy compression using JPEG2000 Part 2 by itself and (2) the EBCOT rate that results from the coding of the quantized residuals. The basis for the approach is the modeling of the residuals using generalized Gaussian random variables. Results for lossless and near-lossless compression will be presented using both an exhaustive search and the automatic search method for finding the minimum overall bit rate.
Integration of spectral domain optical coherence tomography with microperimetry generates unique datasets for the simultaneous identification of visual function and retinal structure in ophthalmological applications

Conventional perimeters are used routinely in various eye disease states to evaluate the central visual field and to quantitatively map sensitivity. However, standard automated perimetry proves difficult for retina and specifically macular disease due to the need for central and steady fixation. Advances in instrumentation have led to microperimetry, which incorporates eye tracking for placement of macular sensitivity values onto an image of the macular fundus thus enabling a precise functional and anatomical mapping of the central visual field. Functional sensitivity of the retina can be compared with the observed structural parameters that are acquired with high-resolution spectral domain optical coherence tomography and by integration of scanning laser ophthalmoscope-driven imaging. Findings of the present study generate a basis for age-matched comparison of sensitivity values in patients with macular pathology. Microperimetry registered with detailed structural data performed before and after intervention treatments provides valuable information about macular function, disease progression and treatment success. This approach also allows for the detection of disease or treatment related changes in retinal sensitivity when visual acuity is not affected and can drive the decision making process in choosing different treatment regimens and guiding visual rehabilitation. This has immediate relevance for applications in central retinal vein occlusion, central serous choroidopathy, age-related macular degeneration, familial macular dystrophy and several other forms of retina related visual disability.
The Drosophila developmental gene, engrailed , encodes a sequence-specific DNA binding activity

Plasmid expression vectors carrying either the entire engrailed coding region or a subfragment including the homoeo box, produce protein fusions having sequence-specific DNA binding activity.
Study of Tomography Of Nephrolithiasis Evaluation (STONE): methodology, approach and rationale.

Abstract Background Urolithiasis (kidney stones) is a common reason for Emergency Department (ED) visits, accounting for nearly 1% of all visits in the United States. Computed tomography (CT) has become the most common imaging test for these patients but there are few comparative effectiveness data to support its use in comparison to ultrasound. This paper describes the rationale and methods of STONE (Study of Tomography Of Nephrolithiasis Evaluation), a pragmatic randomized comparative effectiveness trial comparing different imaging strategies for patients with suspected urolithiasis. Methods STONE is a multi-center, non-blinded pragmatic randomized comparative effectiveness trial of patients between ages 18 and 75 with suspected nephrolithiasis seen in an ED setting. Patients were randomized to one of three initial imaging examinations: point-of-care ultrasound, ultrasound performed by a radiologist or CT. Participants then received diagnosis and treatment per usual care. The primary aim is to compare the rate of severe SAEs (Serious Adverse Events) between the three arms. In addition, a broad range of secondary outcomes was assessed at baseline and regularly for six months post-baseline using phone, email and mail questionnaires. Results Excluding 17 patients who withdrew after randomization, a total of 2759 patients were randomized and completed a baseline questionnaire (n = 908, 893 and 958 in the point-of-care ultrasound, radiology ultrasound and radiology CT arms, respectively). Follow-up is complete, and full or partial outcomes were assessed on over 90% of participants. Conclusions The detailed methodology of STONE will provide a roadmap for comparative effectiveness studies of diagnostic imaging conducted in an ED setting.
Cord blood banking and transplantation: advances and controversies.

Purpose of review A review of articles published since January 2012 on the topic of cord blood banking and cord blood stem cell transplantation was conducted for this the 25th anniversary year of the first cord blood transplant performed in a human. Recent findings Cord blood banking is performed throughout the world. Umbilical cord blood (UCB) transplantation is recognized as an acceptable alternative stem cell source for paediatric and adults requiring a haematopoietic transplant, particularly for patients of racial and ethnic minorities. To further advance the use of UCB, methods to enhance UCB stem cell expansion, engraftment and maintenance may be required. Controversy on the most effective and economically sustainable model for banking and storing an optimal UCB product continues to persist. Summary Cord blood banking and transplantation of cord blood stem cells has advanced rapidly over the initial 25 years, as more than 30 ,000 patients have benefited from the therapy. New concepts on the use of methods to expand UCB stem cells for transplantation and use for nonhaematopoietic indications may increase demand for UCB over the next few decades.
What effects do hemodilution and blood transfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass have on renal outcomes

What effects do hemodilution and blood transfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass have on renal outcomes?