cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-selected exercise intensity is unchanged by sleep loss.

Sleep loss alters the perceptual response to exercise: subjects describe constant external work loads as more severe after sleep deprivation. However, since subjects cannot be “blind” to their sleep status and have knowledge of previous exertional ratings, it remains unknown if this increase in perceived exertion merely represents expectations of increased difficulty of exercise after sleep loss. As one approach to this problem, we asked 24 subjects to produce equivalent “very hard” efforts, once after normal sleep, and once after 30 h without sleep. This was done by allowing the subject, while walking at constant speed, to adjust treadmill grade, without knowledge of the actual elevation. We found that exercise at equal perceived exertion was associated with the choice of a nearly equal absolute work load after sleep deprivation as after normal sleep (17.1 vs. 17.5% grade; p=n.s.). In addition, after 10 min of exercise at the self-selected intensity, subjects displayed identical ventilation, oxygen uptake, and CO2 production. However, heart rate was significantly lower during exercise after sleep loss (170±3 vs. 178±3 b·min−1; p<0.001). These results suggest that previously measured increases in perceived exertion during constant-load exercise after sleep loss may be spurious.
Titration of GLI3 Repressor Activity by Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Is Critical for Maintaining Multiple Adult Neural Stem Cell and Astrocyte Functions

Sonic hedgehog (SHH), a key regulator of embryonic neurogenesis, signals directly to neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and to astrocytes in the adult mouse forebrain. The specific mechanism by which the GLI2 and GLI3 transcriptional activators (GLI2A and GLI3A) and repressors (GLI2R and GLI3R) carry out SHH signaling has not been addressed. We found that the majority of slow-cycling NSCs express Gli2 and Gli3, whereas Gli1 is restricted ventrally and all three genes are downregulated when NSCs transition into proliferating progenitors. Surprisingly, whereas conditional ablation of Smo in postnatal glial fibrillary acidic protein-expressing cells results in cell-autonomous loss of NSCs and a progressive reduction in SVZ proliferation, without an increase in glial cell production, removal of Gli2 or Gli3 does not alter adult SVZ neurogenesis. Significantly, removing Gli3 in Smo conditional mutants largely rescues neurogenesis and, conversely, expression of a constitutive GLI3R in the absence of normal Gli2 and Gli3 abrogates neurogenesis. Thus unattenuated GLI3R is a primary inhibitor of adult SVZ NSC function. Ablation of Gli2 and Gli3 revealed a minor role for GLI2R and little requirement for GLIA function in stimulating SVZ neurogenesis. Moreover, we found that similar rules of GLI activity apply to SHH signaling in regulating SVZ-derived olfactory bulb interneurons and maintaining cortical astrocyte function. Namely, fewer superficial olfactory bulb interneurons are generated in the absence of Gli2 and Gli3, whereas astrocyte partial gliosis results from an increase in GLI3R. Thus precise titration of GLIR levels by SHH is critical to multiple functions of adult NSCs and astrocytes.
A novel application of high energy physics technology to the problem of audio preservation

Audio information stored in the undulations of grooves in a medium such as a phonograph record may be reconstructed, with no contact, by measuring the groove shape using precision metrology methods and digital image processing. The effects of damage and contamination may be compensated through image processing. The speed and data handling capacity of available computing hardware make this approach practical. A feasibility test is reported which used a general purpose optical metrology system to study a 50 year old 78 r.p.m. phonograph record.
Inference in hybrid Bayesian networks using mixtures of polynomials

The main goal of this paper is to describe inference in hybrid Bayesian networks (BNs) using mixture of polynomials (MOP) approximations of probability density functions (PDFs). Hybrid BNs contain a mix of discrete, continuous, and conditionally deterministic random variables. The conditionals for continuous variables are typically described by conditional PDFs. A major hurdle in making inference in hybrid BNs is marginalization of continuous variables, which involves integrating combinations of conditional PDFs. In this paper, we suggest the use of MOP approximations of PDFs, which are similar in spirit to using mixtures of truncated exponentials (MTEs) approximations. MOP functions can be easily integrated, and are closed under combination and marginalization. This enables us to propagate MOP potentials in the extended Shenoy-Shafer architecture for inference in hybrid BNs that can include deterministic variables. MOP approximations have several advantages over MTE approximations of PDFs. They are easier to find, even for multi-dimensional conditional PDFs, and are applicable for a larger class of deterministic functions in hybrid BNs.
Optimum structural sizing of conventional cantilever and joined wing configurations using equivalent beam models

The present paper describes an approach for the optimum sizing of single and joined wing structures that is based on representing the built-up finite element model of the structure by an equivalent beam model. The low order beam model is computationally more efficient in an environment that requires repetitive analysis of several trial designs. The design procedure is implemented in a computer program that requires geometry and loading data typically available from an aerodynamic synthesis program, to create the finite element model of the lifting surface and an equivalent beam model. A fully stressed design procedure is used to obtain rapid estimates of the optimum structural weight for the beam model for a given geometry, and a qualitative description of the material distribution over the wing structure. The synthesis procedure is demonstrated for representative single wing and joined wing structures.
Mapping psychiatric disease genes: Impact of new molecular strategies

Genetic mapping of genes which predispose to psychiatric illness is discussed in relation to recent developments in molecular genetic technology. Among the psychiatric disorders, the mechanism by which genetic factors contribute to illness is poorly understood, and the classification of phenotype (ill-status) is extremely complicated. These uncertainties, together with other complicating factors, tend to undermine the effectiveness of genetic linkage analysis. Two very powerful new molecular strategies have the potential to improve the overall gene mapping effort. First, new applications of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology will allow laboratories to generate much more genetic data than has been previously possible. Some of the factors which confound psychiatric linkage analysis should be mitigated by the larger data sets that will be generated with this technology. Second, the cloning of large segments of human chromosomes into yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) has given rise to strategies to clone and catalog the entire human genome. The goal of constructing overlapping YAC clones (contigs) end-to-end across each human chromosome now appears imminent. This development will have immense effect upon our ability to identify disease genes.
Abstract PR7: Visualizing the dynamic and heterogeneous responses of single cells to inhibitors of the growth factor signaling network

The growth factor signaling network, including the Akt, ERK, mTOR and other pathways, is deregulated in many diseases and is a prominent target for therapeutic inhibitors. The effectiveness of these inhibitors is limited by the existence of homeostatic feedback loops that act to restore signaling and attenuate the effects of inhibition. To obtain the single-cell data necessary to fully characterize these rapid and heterogeneous responses, we developed a library of mammary epithelial cells stably expressing over 90 fluorescent protein-based reporters. This library comprises reporters for: cellular processes including cell death, cell cycle, protein translation, and metabolism; kinases including ERK, Akt and AMPK; and microRNAs involved in the regulation of cellular differentiation and stress response. Using high-throughput live-cell microscopy and computational image analysis, we monitored the responses of these pathways to inhibitors of EGFR, ErbB2, PI3K, mTOR, MEK, Raf, and Bcl-2. This analysis revealed unexpectedly dynamic fluctuations in key pathways including ERK, Akt, and glycolysis. In one example, inhibition of EGFR transformed constitutive ERK activity into intermittent bursts of activity ranging in duration from 20-90 minutes with high cell-to-cell variability. Characterization of ERK activity pulses revealed that their frequency depended on the level of EGF receptor activity and that their duration was essential for controlling the commitment to cell proliferation. In sharp contrast, inhibition of MEK altered the amplitude, rather than the frequency, of ERK activity. Using these live-cell measurements in combination with high content immunofluorescence, we constructed a computational model of feedback loops controlling ERK activity pulses. Quantitative mapping of ERK output to proliferation rate revealed a distinct and exquisitely sensitive threshold of ERK output required for proliferation. Potential strategies for reducing ERK output below this threshold and effectively blocking proliferation include dual inhibition of upstream regulators or intermittent high-dose inhibition. Single-cell quantitative analysis of inhibitor responses is now being extended to other pathways to identify signaling dynamics and information transfer properties that enable effective therapeutic targeting of the network. This proffered talk is also presented as Poster A19. Citation Format: John Albeck, Yin P. Hung, Gregory Leya, Gary Yellen, Gordon Mills, Joan Brugge. Visualizing the dynamic and heterogeneous responses of single cells to inhibitors of the growth factor signaling network [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Chemical Systems Biology: Assembling and Interrogating Computational Models of the Cancer Cell by Chemical Perturbations; 2012 Jun 27-30; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(13 Suppl):Abstract nr PR7.
Steroid Pretreatment Does Not Prevent Paraquat Pneumonitis in Rabbits

Rabbits exposed to paraquat develop interstitial pneumonitis. A sublethal dose of paraquat (PQ) solution (250 mg/100 ml) was aerosolized by ultrasonic nebulization for one hour to rabbits in a closed vented chamber on two occasions with a five-day interval between exposures. Groups studied included saline-exposed (N = 4); saline-exposed, methylpred-nisolone (MP) treated (1 mg/kg daily IM starting one day prior to the first exposure and then throughout the exposure period until sacrifice at day 8) (N = 4); PQ-exposed (N = 6); and PQ-exposed, MP treated (N = 6). Controls and MP controls gained weight and showed no abnormalities of respiratory rate. PQ and PQ-MP animals lost weight (average − 0.35 kg) and had decreased breathing frequency (average decrease, 80-90 BPM). Blood gases showed minimal changes in all groups, although some individuals had hypoxemia and an increased alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure quotient [P(A-a)O2]. Bron-choalveolar lavage at sacrifice showed a marked increase in the percent of neutrophils in PQ and PQ-MP animals that correlated with pathology scores (R = 0.83). The P(A-a)O2 correlated with both the percent of neutrophils in lavage and the pathology score. Total cells recovered from a 100 ml lavage were comparable in all groups (approximately 3 × 107 cells). Steroid did not prevent the development of pathologic change.
Antiretroviral therapy for children

Advances in the development of antiviral drugs have been rapid and dramatic. Since the recognition of HIV-1 as the cause of AIDS in 1984, and improved understanding of retroviral replication and pathogenesis, three antiviral drugs, Zidovudine, Didanosine, and Zalcitabine, have been developed to the point of routine use in humans. There is substantial experience with the former two in children. Despite being unable to cure HIV-1 infection, the benefits of antiretroviral therapy, including extended survival and reductions in opportunistic infections in adults, and improved weight gain and well-being in children, are strong arguments for routine treatment of symptomatic disease. Because these agents may also interfere with human cellular processes and have toxicities including anemia, neutropenia, pancreatitis, and neuropathy, their routine use for the treatment of asymptomatic children requires further controlled study. There are multiple candidate agents being developed for entry into clinical trials. An additional potentially effective strategy is the use of combinations of drugs at the same time or in sequence to maximize the viral targets being attacked, while minimizing toxicity, and to prevent the emergence of a drug-resistant virus.
DnaK/DnaJ/GrpE of Hsp70 system have differing effects on α-synuclein fibrillation involved in Parkinson's disease

Chaperones assist in maintenance of functional proteome in vivo. However, they seem to be either ineffective or overwhelmed in the case of protein misfolding diseases like Parkinson's, Huntington's or Alzheimer's. Studies involving one or two chaperones from Hsp70 system cannot provide comprehensive information about the involvement of whole system. We present for the first time, in vitro characterization of the effect of each component of Hsp70 system on α-synuclein (involved in Parkinson's) using SEC and ThT assay. Our results show while some components enhance the aggregation others seem to stabilize α-synuclein against aggregation. Keeping whole Hsp70 system intact, the factor responsible for triggering aggregation seemed to be initial α-synuclein conformation.
Magnetoencephalography source localization and surgical outcome in temporal lobe epilepsy.

Abstract Objective : We prospectively investigated the role of magnetoencephalography (MEG) in localizing the seizure focus and in predicting outcome to surgical resections for intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Methods : We performed simultaneous interictal EEG and MEG recording (two 37-channel system) in 26 TLE patients followed by MEG source localization. We correlated early modeling dipoles with intracranial EEG, temporal surgical resection and surgical outcome. Results : There were 12 patients who had anterior temporal horizontal or tangential dipoles to the anterior infero-lateral temporal tip cortex. Two patients underwent selective amygdalo-hippocampectomy (SAH) and nine patients had antero-medial temporal lobectomy (AMTL). All patients had successful outcome except for one patient who initially failed SAH, but became seizure-free after AMTL. There were 11 patients who demonstrated anterior temporal vertical or tangential oblique dipoles. Five patients had AMTL and three had SAH; all became seizure free. Five of above 23 patients had invasive EEG and demonstrated mesial seizure onset. Three TLE patients had lateral vertical dipoles that were concordant with intracranial EEG and these became seizure free after temporal neocortical resections. Conclusions : MEG source analysis produces distinct source patterns that provide useful localizing information, predict surgical outcome, and may aid in planning limited surgical resection in TLE.
CEBPD Suppresses Prolactin Expression and Prolactinoma Cell Proliferation

Hyperprolactinemia, usually caused by a pituitary lactotroph tumor, leads to galactorrhea and infertility. Increased prolactin (PRL) levels may be due to enhanced PRL expression or proliferation of PRL-secreting cells. We hypothesize that PRL expression and PRL-secreting cell proliferation are linked. Using microarray-based gene expression profiling, we identified CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein δ (CEBPD) transcription factor as a critical gene that regulates both PRL expression and lactotroph cell proliferation. CEBPD expression levels are decreased approximately 7-fold in experimental rat prolactinoma cells. Forced expression of this transcription factor in PRL-secreting cells (GH3 and MMQ) inhibited PRL expression and cellular proliferation, and CEBPD knockdown by small interfering RNA leads to increased PRL expression in both cell lines. To determine mechanisms underlying this observation, we determined binding of CEBPD to the PRL promoter and also showed marked suppression (96%) of PRL promoter activity. CEBPD and Pit1 interact and attenuate each other's binding to the PRL promoter. CEBPD also suppresses expression of proliferation-related genes, including c-Myc, survivin, as well as cyclins B1, B2, and D1. These results show that PRL expression and cell proliferation are controlled in part by CEBPD.
Studies on species of Asclepias. IV. A comparative study of the leaves

This paper consists of a report on a study of the gross characteristics and histological features of leaves of Asclepias tuberosa, A. syriaca, A. speciosa, A. incarnata varieties, and A. curassavica.
Diuretic radionuclide urography: A non-invasive method for evaluating nephroureteral dilatation

The diuretic radionuclide urogram is a simple, rapid and non-invasive technique to determine whether true obstruction exists in dilated nephroureteral systems. The methodology, results and interpretation of 102 studies in 41 patients are presented and compared to the conventional methods of assessing hydroureteronephrosis.
CO 2 Laser Radar Systems

Since 1967 Raytheon Company has been pursuing the design and development of CO2 laser radar systems. Coherent detection has been used in both continuous wave and pulsed systems which heterodyne infrared radiation backscattered from atmospheric aerosols. The instruments and techniques reported here have been used for velocity measurements of ground wind, aircraft trailing vortices, wind shear, clear air turbulence, and two-dimensional wind fields.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Auditory detection and localization of approaching vehicles

Pedestrians must use a variety of cues when making safe decisions, many of which require processing of auditory information. We examined detection and localization of approaching vehicles using auditory cues. 50 adults ages 18-49 were presented with actual sounds of vehicles approaching at 5, 12, 25, and 35 mph. Three indices were of interest: the distance at which vehicles were detected, participants' decision regarding the direction from which vehicles were approaching, and their determination of the vehicles' arrival at their location. Participants more easily detected vehicles moving at higher speeds and vehicles approaching from the right. Determination of the direction of approach reached 90% accuracy or better when vehicles were traveling at, or greater than, 12 mph, and were more approaching from the right. Determination of vehicle arrival deteriorated significantly as speeds increased. Implications of the use of auditory cues in pedestrian settings, and future directions, are discussed.
Disability Status as an Antecedent to Chronic Conditions: National Health Interview Survey, 2006–2012

Introduction A strong relationship exists between disability and poor health. This relationship could exist as a result of disabilities emerging from chronic conditions; conversely, people with disabilities may be at increased risk of developing chronic conditions. Studying health in relation to age of disability onset can illuminate the extent to which disability may be a risk factor for future poor health. Methods We used data from the 2006-2012 National Health Interview Survey and conducted weighted logistic regression analyses to compare chronic conditions in adults with lifelong disabilities (n = 2,619) and adults with no limitations (n = 122,395). Results After adjusting for sociodemographic differences, adults with lifelong disabilities had increased odds of having the following chronic conditions compared with adults with no limitations: coronary heart disease (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.33-3.66) cancer (AOR = 1.61; 95% CI, 1.34-1.94), diabetes (AOR = 2.57; 95% CI, 2.10-3.15), obesity (AOR = 1.81; 95% CI, 1.63-2.01), and hypertension (AOR = 2.18; 95% CI, 1.94-2.45). Subpopulations of people with lifelong disabilities (ie, physical, mental, intellectual/developmental, and sensory) experienced similar increased odds for chronic conditions compared with people with no limitations. Conclusion Adults with lifelong disabilities were more likely to have chronic conditions than adults with no limitations, indicating that disability likely increases risk of developing poor health. This distinction is critical in understanding how to prevent health risks for people with disabilities. Health promotion efforts that target people living with a disability are needed.
WE‐C‐I‐609‐01: Computer‐Aided Diagnosis: Computerized Classification of Malignant and Benign Microcalcifications On Full Field Digital Mammograms

Purpose: To develop a computer‐aided diagnosis(CAD) system for characterization of malignant and benign microcalcifications on mammograms acquired with a full field digital mammography (FFDM) system. Method and Materials: Our computerized classification system uses raw digital mammograms as input. The individual microcalcifications are first segmented by the system from the mammographic breast tissue background. Five morphological features describing the size, the density, and the shape of the individual microcalcifications are extracted. The mean and the variation of each of these features for the individual microcalcifications within a cluster are calculated. These cluster features in combination with the number of microcalcifications in a cluster form the morphological feature space. For texture feature extraction, a region of interest (ROI) containing the cluster of microcalcifications is identified on the mammogram. Background correction is applied to the ROI to reduce the intensity variation in the breast tissue areas. Texture features including the mean, entropy, contrast, and angular second moment are extracted from the gray level dependence difference statistics of the background‐corrected ROIs in four directions. A leave‐one‐case‐out resampling scheme is used to train and test the linear discriminant classifier. The most effective features from the combined morphological and texture feature space are identified using stepwise feature selection with simplex optimization in each training cycle. The performance of the classifier is evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results: In a preliminary study using digitized mammograms, the computer classifier obtained an area under the ROC curve, Az, of 0.82±0.03 for testing. The performance of the CAD system using a data set of 100 cases of biopsy‐proven microcalcifications on FFDMs will be presented. Conclusion: A trained CAD system can provide an estimate of the likelihood of malignancy of microcalcification on mammograms and thus may be used as a second opinion by radiologists for mammographic interpretation.
Equivalent Viscosity of Plasma and Plasma Substitutes in Oscillatory Flow

Womersley's theory of oscillatory flow has been used to determine the equivalent viscosity (analogous to the apparent viscosity under steady flow conditions) of plasma and plasma substitutes (dextrans) of various molecular weights in rigid cylindrical tubes of radii ranging from 0.0304 to 0.162 cm. It is shown that the equivalent viscosity of dextran solutions is radius independent and is higher than that of plasma, at all frequencies. The continuum theory of suspensions, developed by Kline and Allen, is shown to be in good agreement with these findings.
Balance: Budget-driven smart thermostat control

Heating and cooling (HVAC) needs account for a large percentage of residential energy usage, which has prompted development of autonomous thermostat control to reduce unnecessary HVAC usage, primarily when occupants are away. We instead consider the balance of the financial burden of HVAC costs with occupants' comfort desires while they are at home. We present Balance, an autonomous thermostat management system that balances a range of user comfort levels with a user-defined monthly budget for HVAC costs. We provide a simple agent that accomplishes this task in realistic simulated environments.
LHRH and GTP-γ-S modify calcium current activation in bullfrog sympathetic neurons

LHRH (chicken II luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone) partially reduces calcium currents and slows the activation kinetics of part of the remaining current in frog sympathetic neurons. The effects of LHRH are mimicked by intracellular dialysis with GTP-gamma-S. A strong depolarization can temporarily reverse the effects of LHRH or GTP-gamma-S: activation kinetics return to normal, and the amplitude of the current is increased (facilitation). Facilitation develops rapidly (tau = 4-6 ms at greater than +30 mV) and decays more slowly (t 1/2 = 60 ms at -80 mV). Tail currents in LHRH are smaller and faster than in the control, and these effects are partially reversed by facilitation. These results can be explained by a model in which a fraction of the channels is shifted into a "reluctant" gating mode, where opening requires stronger depolarization. If this mechanism is at the root of presynaptic inhibition, our results predict that inhibition of transmitter release would be overcome during bursts of high frequency activity.
Deformation processes in semi-brittle polycrystalline ceramics

The paper focuses on the establishment of a simple, micro-mechanically based analytical model for an MgO polycrystalline specimen subjected to quasi-static uniaxial tension. The analytical description of the two basic modes of the irreversible rearrangements of the meso-structure: slip bands and Zener—Stroh cracks, is homogenized into a relation mapping macro stresses on macro strains.
Identification of the pigment responsible for the blue fluorescence band in the laser induced fluorescence (LIF) spectra of green plants, and the potential use of this band in remotely estimating rates of photosynthesis

rln 1he laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) of vegetation is being investigated in this laboratory for use as a technique for the remote detection of the effects of environmental stress upon vegetation, as well as for plant identification. The fluorescence band with a maximum at 440 nm, in conjunction with the chlorophyll bands with maxima at 685 and 740 nm, has been found to be a critical band in the development of algorithms for detecting stress, and identifying plant types. The identification of the plant constituent responsible for this band is vital to understanding the mechanism underlying its fluorescence changes in response to environmental and physiological changes. The identification was achieved as follows: The laser induced fluorescence (LIF) spectra of pure plant pigments were determined. Fluorescence bands with maxima at 420 nm, 440 nm, 490 nm, and 525 nm were observed for vitamin K 1, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADPH), beta-carotene, and riboflavin, respectively. The LIF spectra of water extracts and acetone extracts of clover leaves were also measured. It was found that the blue fluorescence band was associated with the water extract. NADPH which is a water-soluble compound, and the water extract of clover had no fluorescence after oxida
REACTIVE ION BEAM DEPOSITION OF ALUMINUM NITRIDE THIN FILMS

Aluminum nitride thin films have been prepared at room temperature by reactive ion beam sputtering for potential use as a passivant and diffusion/anneal cap in compound semiconductor technology. The electrical and optical pro-perties of these films have been studied along with the in-fluence of thermal annealing on the material characteristics. The quality of the films has also been found to improve in the presence of atomic hydrogen during the deposition.
Effectiveness of a shortened, clinically engaged anatomy course for physician assistant students

Physician Associate Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, ConnecticutThere is little consensus among programs that t rain physician assistants (PAs) regarding howmuch time should be devoted to the study of ana tomy, what should be included, or how itshould be taught. Similar concerns led us to redesign anatomy for medical students and intro-duce clinically engaged anatomy, an approach designed in collaboration with clinical faculty.This approach presents anatomy entirely within the context of common clinical cases. Thisreport examines whether clinically engaged anatomy could be adapted to the PA program,where students cover the basic sciences in half the time as medical students. We offered a modi-ﬁed version of clinically engaged anatomy to PA students in which time spent in self-directedlearning activities was reduced relative to medical students. We compared their scores on an ex-amination of long-term recall to students who took the previous course. Two classes who tookclinically engaged anatomy, scored the same or signiﬁcantly higher on every portion of theexamination (P < 0.05). Students expressed high satisfaction with the course (Likert scale,4.3–4.8/5 points). Compared to medical stude nts who took clinically engaged anatomy, thedata suggest that the tradeoff for reducing the time spent in self-directed learning was reducedskills in applying structure-function relationships and spatial reasoning to clinical problems. Thedata suggest clinically engaged anatomy can be effective in various educational settings, and canbe readily adapted to clinical programs that vary in the depth that anatomy is covered. Nonethe-less, careful assessments are needed to determine if the necessary tradeoffs are consistent withthe goals of the profession.
DNA polymerase and DNA synthesis in mammary carcinoma cells.

Abstract Explants of C3H and R3230AC mammary carcinomas cultured on chemically defined medium synthesize DNA and subsequently divide. Rates of DNA synthesis and DNA-polymerase activity (DNA nucleotidyltransferase) in fresh tissue are significantly greater than in normal mammary gland, and appear to reflect primarily the presence of greater numbers of proliferating cells. A three-fold increase in rates of DNA synthesis during incubation in vitro is associated with a concomitant rise in DNA-polymerase activity which appears to represent enzyme formation. Stimulation of DNA-polymerase activity in the C3H carcinoma is insulin-dependent, as in the normal cell, whereas in the R3230AC carcinoma stimulation of DNA-polymerase activity occurs independently of insulin.
Efficient metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction: polyaniline-derived N- and O-doped mesoporous carbons.

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR)—one of the two half-reactions in fuel cells—is one of the bottlenecks that has prevented fuel cells from finding a wide range of applications today. This is because ORR is inherently a sluggish reaction; it is also because inexpensive and sustainable ORR electrocatalysts that are not only efficient but also are based on earth-abundant elements are hard to come by. Herein we report the synthesis of novel carbon-based materials that can contribute to solving these challenges associated with ORR. Mesoporous oxygen- and nitrogen-doped carbons were synthesized from in situ polymerized mesoporous silica-supported polyaniline (PANI) by carbonization of the latter, followed by etching away the mesoporous silica template from it. The synthetic method also allowed the immobilization of different metals such as Fe and Co easily into the system. While all the resulting materials showed outstanding electrocatalytic activity toward ORR, the metal-free, PANI-derived mesoporous carbon ...
Susceptibility to herpes labialis following multiple experimental exposures to ultraviolet radiation.

Abstract We studied susceptibility to herpes labialis by exposing 20 volunteers to experimental ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on three occasions at 3- to 4-month intervals. The number of patients who developed lesions after each session was 9 20 (45%), 9 20 (45%) and 14 20 (70%). Herpes simplex virus (HSV) was isolated from 21 29 (72%) of lesions sampled. Three patients never developed a lesion, 13 developed lesions on one or two of the three occasions, and 4 patients had a lesion following all three sessions. Seven of 33 (21%) lesions were ‘immediate’ lesions (developed within 48 h) and the others developed 3–7 days after UVR exposure (delayed lesions). Development of lesions correlated with historical susceptibility to sun-induced herpes labialis, but not with age, sex, years with herpes labialis, frequency of herpes labialis from all causes, or concurrent serum levels of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone, estradiol, progesterone or α 1 -antitrypsin. Among normally menstruating females, a significant association was identified between the development of herpes labialis and the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle (8 cases of herpes labialis / 11 attempts, RR = 14, P = 0.005). The lack of correlation between episodes of natural herpes labialis and susceptibility to experimental UVR-induced disease suggests that these events are controlled differently. The results of serial attempts to induce experimental herpes in each patient was most commonly inconsistent, indicating that individual patient susceptibility to UVR varies over time. While the explanation for this variation remains unclear, stages of the menstrual cycle may be important among women.
The role of standards in building the worldwide optical telecommunications network

The unprecedented growth in demand for network capacity, driven by the internet and data services in general, has motivated equipment manufacturers and service providers to fully exploit the bandwidth potential of single-mode optical fiber. In addition to the optical fiber itself, erbium-doped fiber amplifiers and dense wavelength division multiplexing components have enabled capacities approaching 1 Tb/s on a single fiber. Optical networking, in which signal routing and switching are at the optical layer, is currently a subject of active research and debate. This presentation summarizes many of the current activities working on the physical layer aspects of the optical network including system and component issues.
Optimal polarimetric processing for enhanced target detection

The results of a study of several polarimetric target detection algorithms are presented. The study concerns the Lincoln Laboratory millimeter-wave SAR sensor, a fully polarimetric, 35 GHz synthetic-aperture radar. Fully polarimetric measurements (HH, HV, VV) are processed into intensity imagery using adaptive and nonadaptive polarimetric whitening filters (PWFs), and the amount of speckle reduction is quantified. Then a two-parameter CFAR (constant false alarm rate) detector is run over the imagery to detect the targets. Nonadaptive PWF processed imagery is shown to provide better detection performance than either adaptive PWF processed imagery or single-polarimetric-channel HH imagery. In addition, nonadaptive PWF processed imagery is shown to be visually clearer than adaptive PWF processed imagery. >
CXCR3 Deficiency Increases Susceptibility to Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection: Uncoupling of CD8+ T-Cell Effector Function but Not Migration

CXCR3 is a G-protein-coupled receptor preferentially expressed by activated T cells, NK cells, and dendritic cells. Signaling through gamma interferon-regulated chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and CXCR3 plays a critical role in the immune response of many viral pathogens. However, the relevance of CXCR3 for optimal T-cell activation and the induction of regulatory transcription factors (i.e., T-bet and eomesodermin) relative to host immune defense against genital herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection have been poorly defined. In this study, we evaluated the requirement of CXCR3 expression during genital HSV-2 infection using mice deficient in CXCR3 (CXCR3(-/-)) along with wild-type (WT) controls, assessing the resistance of mice to viral infection and focusing on the cytokine/chemokine response, phenotypic analysis of recruited leukocytes, and functional analysis of CD8(+) T cells. CXCR3(-/-) mice showed a heightened sensitivity to infection compared to WT animals in terms of the viral burden in infected tissues as well as elevated mortality. The poor response of CXCR3(-/-) mice to viral infection was associated with reduced cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity through the impairment of T-bet, perforin, and granzyme B expression by CD8(+) T cells. Corresponding with the defective cytolytic activity, a reduction in recruitment of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and CD80 expression in CD11c(+) dendritic cells in the draining lymph nodes of CXCR3(-/-) mice were detected. Collectively, the results provide a new perspective to CXCR3 signaling for the appropriate activation of CD8(+) T cells required for host defense against genital HSV-2 infection.
Innovation Strategy and the Impact of a Composite Model of Service Product Development on Performance

This article investigates how the magnitude of innovation strategy moderates the impact of a model of product development on performance in 62 large service enterprises. The model includes a strategy of fast-paced development cycles and an organization core of three sets of practices dealing with organization, processes, and tools. Results for services are compared with findings in goods industries.
The Role of Simulation and Modeling in Disaster Management

The threat of pandemic disaster has motivated many collaborative exercises for the purpose of preparation and evaluation. The nature of these exercises depends upon the status of pre-existing expectations for system behavior and the aims of the exercise stakeholders. The contents of this article argue that these exercises may be developed using the same approach as simulation modeling to advantage. Four levels of maturity are outlined as a guide to understanding reasonable expectations for such activity.
Elevated prothrombin promotes venous, but not arterial, thrombosis in mice.

Objective—Individuals with elevated prothrombin, including those with the prothrombin G20210A mutation, have increased risk of venous thrombosis. Although these individuals do not have increased circulating prothrombotic biomarkers, their plasma demonstrates increased tissue factor–dependent thrombin generation in vitro. The objectives of this study were to determine the pathological role of elevated prothrombin in venous and arterial thrombosis in vivo, and distinguish thrombogenic mechanisms in these vessels. Approach and Results—Prothrombin was infused into mice to raise circulating levels. Venous thrombosis was induced by electrolytic stimulus to the femoral vein or inferior vena cava ligation. Arterial thrombosis was induced by electrolytic stimulus or ferric chloride application to the carotid artery. Mice infused with prothrombin demonstrated increased tissue factor–triggered thrombin generation measured ex vivo, but did not have increased circulating prothrombotic biomarkers in the absence of vess...
Making progress in non-human mental time travel.

Humans can remember unique past events and plan for the future and they can imagine themselves at these events when they are not currently occurring, an ability often called mental time travel and thought to be distinctly human (Suddendorf and Corballis, 2007). The behavior of many non-human species indicates that they can also remember unique past events to plan for the future, however it is not known whether they actually imagine themselves outside of the present (Clayton et al., 2003). Corballis (2013a,b) recently commented on new research on the hippocampus (a brain region involved in spatial navigation) showing that rats may be able to imagine themselves in situations other than their current one because when resting they replay particular neurological sequences indicated by the firing of “place cells” associated with familiar and novel spatial trajectories (Gupta et al., 2010). Corballis considers this possible evidence that non-humans imagine themselves in the past and future and, thus, mentally travel in time. I agree that non-humans likely do imagine themselves in the past and future, however, it is important to note that while both humans and non-humans activate these neurological sequences to engage in goal-directed behavior (Ekstrom et al., 2003), there is no direct evidence yet that these sequences indicate that imagination or planning is involved (Gupta et al., 2012). These studies lack evidence from brain imaging studies that link imagination and planning to the neurological sequences associated with spatial trajectories. Brain imaging studies would also help evaluate Corballis (2013a,b) and Suddendorf's (2013) claim that human mental time travel is more complex than that in non-humans because we can imagine not only locations, but also other aspects of particular scenarios including “… people, things, places, [and] actions” (Corballis, 2013a, p. 5). It is too early to arrive at this conclusion due to the lack of research investigating imagination in non-humans as well as the absence of non-human mental time travel experiments that examine behavior and neurological activity at the same time. To understand what mental processes are involved in mental time travel, we must look at what mental processes are occurring in the brain when performing behavioral experiments. Investigating the question of what non-humans can imagine requires studying neurological activity across the whole brain, not just the hippocampus, since brain areas outside of the hippocampus are active when humans imagine other individuals, objects, and actions (e.g., Decety, 1996; Hassabis et al., 2013; Schlegel et al., 2013; see Polyn and Sederberg, 2014 for a review). Investigations of whole brain activity combined with creative experimental designs could determine whether non-humans use imagination to mentally travel in time.
Molecular basis of oncostatin M‐induced SOCS‐3 expression in astrocytes

Under neuropathological conditions, reactive astrocytes release cytokines and chemokines, which act in an autocrine and/or paracrine fashion to modulate production of immunoregulatory factors from cells including microglia, astrocytes, and neurons. In this way, astrocytes play an important role in orchestrating immune responses within the central nervous system (CNS). Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins are endogenous, negative regulators of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway and function as attenuators of the immune and inflammatory responses. As such, SOCS proteins may have critical roles in the CNS under neuroinflammatory conditions. In the inflamed CNS, expression of IL-6 cytokine family member oncostatin M (OSM) is elevated; however, its functional effects are not well understood. We demonstrate that OSM is a potent inducer of SOCS-3 in astrocytes. Analysis of the SOCS-3 promoter revealed that an AP-1 element, two IFN-gamma activation sequence (GAS) elements, and a GC-rich region are crucial for SOCS-3 gene expression. Using small interfering RNA against STAT-3, as well as a STAT-3 dominant-negative construct, we demonstrate that STAT-3 activation is critical for OSM induction of SOCS-3 expression. The ERK1/2 and JNK pathways also contribute to OSM-induced SOCS-3 gene expression. OSM stimulation led to a time-dependent recruitment of the transcription factors STAT-3, c-Fos, c-Jun, and Sp1 and the coactivators CREB-binding protein (CBP) and p300 to the endogenous SOCS-3 promoter. These data indicate that OSM-induced activation of STAT-3 and the ERK1/2 and JNK pathways are critical for astrocytic expression of SOCS-3, which provides for feedback inhibition of cytokine-induced inflammatory responses in the CNS.
Political Issues, Generation Gap, and Voting Behavior in South Korea: The 2010 Seoul Mayoral Election

Against all odds, South Korea's 2010 local elections were a landslide victory for the coalition of the opposition political parties. This article aims to provide an insight on the dynamic nature of Korean elections and politics by using a public opinion survey in Seoul's mayoral election as a case study. This article finds that the "north wind" triggered by the sinking of the South Korean battleship Cheonan helped the ruling party candidate, but not as much as the ruling party had hoped. Furthermore, a high turnout of the younger voters helped the opposition party candidate by showing a clear generation gap in terms of the important issues, ideology, and party orientation.
Understanding the α‐helix to coil transition in polypeptides using network rigidity: Predicting heat and cold denaturation in mixed solvent conditions

Thermodynamic stability in polypeptides is described using a novel Distance Constraint Model (DCM). Here, microscopic interactions are represented as constraints. A topological arrangement of constraints define a mechanical framework. Each constraint in the framework is associated with an enthalpic and entropic contribution. All accessible topological arrangements of distance constraints form an ensemble of mechanical frameworks, each representing a microstate of the polypeptide. A partition function is calculated exactly using a transfer matrix approach, where in many respects the DCM is similar to the Lifson-Roig model. The crucial difference is that the effect of network rigidity is explicitly calculated for each mechanical framework in the ensemble. Network rigidity is a mechanical interaction that provides a mechanism for long-range molecular cooperativity and enables a proper treatment of the nonadditivity of a microscopic free energy decomposition. Accounting for (1) helix coil conformation changes along the backbone similar to the Lifson-Roig model, (2) i to i + 4 hydrogen-bond formation breaking similar to the Zimm-Bragg model, and (3) structured unstructured solvent interaction (hydration effects), a six-parameter DCM describes normal and inverted helix-coil transitions in polypeptides. Under suitable mixed solvent conditions heat and cold denaturation is predicted. Model parameters are fitted to experimental data showing different degrees of cold denaturation in monomeric polypeptides in aqueous hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) solution at various HFIP concentrations. By assuming a linear HFIP concentration dependence (up to 6% by mole fraction) on model parameters, all essential experimentally observed features are captured.
Using high-density exon arrays to profile gene expression in closely related species

Global comparisons of gene expression profiles between species provide significant insight into gene regulation, evolutionary processes and disease mechanisms. In this work, we describe a flexible and intuitive approach for global expression profiling of closely related species, using high-density exon arrays designed for a single reference genome. The high-density probe coverage of exon arrays allows us to select identical sets of perfect-match probes to measure expression levels of orthologous genes. This eliminates a serious confounding factor in probe affinity effects of species-specific microarray probes, and enables direct comparisons of estimated expression indexes across species. Using a newly designed Affymetrix exon array, with eight probes per exon for approximately 315 000 exons in the human genome, we conducted expression profiling in corresponding tissues from humans, chimpanzees and rhesus macaques. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of differentially expressed candidate genes is highly concordant with microarray data, yielding a validation rate of 21/22 for human versus chimpanzee differences, and 11/11 for human versus rhesus differences. This method has the potential to greatly facilitate biomedical and evolutionary studies of gene expression in nonhuman primates and can be easily extended to expression array design and comparative analysis of other animals and plants.