cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computer system maintainability at the Lawrence Livermore laboratory

Since LLL's computer complex, or network, is in operation 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, maintenance procedures and controls have been or are in the process of being developed which minimize disruption of user service. The challenge of developing such tools and procedures is intensified by the diversity of hardware within LLL's system---CDC, IBM, DEC, Ampex, Lockheed, General Precision, and LLL---and by the number and type of users on-site-1,000-plus scientific and administrative users. Although designed for a time-sharing system (designated at LLL as the Octopus), many of the tools and procedures apply to a stand-alone system as well since the integrity of each user (host) computer to function as an independent entity has been preserved. Tools and procedures described include on-line and off-line diagnostic software. In addition, fail-soft procedures (recovery procedures effecting minimal system interruption) developed at LLL are described. In conclusion, the diagnostic tools and procedures are evaluated and findings from samplings of system availability are presented.
A Methanol-Tolerant Gas-Venting Microchannel for a Microdirect Methanol Fuel Cell

As a byproduct, gas is constantly generated from the electrochemical reactions of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). In the anodic channel of a DMFC, the gas forms bubbles, which leads to bubble clogging and pressure buildup if the device is miniaturized. Bubble clogging increases the flow resistance in microchannels, calling for excessive power consumption for fuel delivery. Pressure buildup aggravates the undesired crossover of methanol. In order to solve those problems, this paper introduces a gas-venting microchannel that directly removes gas bubbles from the two-phase flows of gas and methanol solution without leakage. By employing a hydrophobic nanoporous membrane, successful venting is achieved for both water and methanol fuel with a concentration of as high as 10 M. The fuel is contained without leakage under overpressures of as high as 200 kPa for both water and 10-M methanol, fulfilling the requirement of the current- as well as next-generation microdirect methanol fuel cells. A 1-D venting rate model is developed and experimentally verified for elongated bubbles. The reported bubble removal approach is also useful for other microfluidic devices, in which the accidental introduction of gas bubbles is prevalent.
Eimeria acervulina: DNA cloning and characterization of recombinant sporozoite and merozoite antigens.

Abstract Genes encoding antigens of Eimeria acervulina were cloned from cDNA expression libraries prepared from the sporozoite and merozoite stages in order to examine humoral and cellular immune responses to this protozoan parasite. Two clones expressing surface antigens were characterized by DNA hybridization studies to identify homologous genomic DNA fragments. The proteins they encode were identified by 125I-labeling, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, and T-cell activation experiments. One, designated cSZ-1, encodes a 130-kDa β-galactosidase fusion protein which represents a portion of a p 240 p 160 immunodominant sporozoite surface antigen. Immunofluorescence studies using anti-cSZ-1 sera and live or 1% paraformaldehyde-fixed E. acervulina sporozoites have confirmed this surface locale. Purified cSZ-1 fusion protein, which is not recognized by sera from E. acervulina-infected chickens, induced the activation of immune T lymphocytes in vitro. Another cDNA clone, designated cMZ-8, gives rise to a 150-kDa fusion protein and encodes a portion of a p250 immunodominant merozoite surface antigen. This was established by immunoblotting of 125I-labeled merozoite proteins with anti-cMZ-8 sera and immunofluorescence staining of live and 1% paraformaldehyde-fixed E. acervulina merozoites. Purified cMZ-8 is recognized by sera from E. acervulina-infected chickens and induces a significant activation of immune T lymphocytes in vitro.
Applied physics: A cascade laser's random walk

A random array of holes etched in a semiconductor structure, consisting of a periodic series of thin layers, has been demonstrated that emits mid-infrared laser radiation. The device could have sensing and imaging applications.
Beyond palisades: The nature and frequency of late prehistoric deliberate violent trauma in the Chickamauga reservoir of east Tennessee

Based on the presence of palisades and an iconography suggesting a warrior elite, warfare is presumed to be endemic in the Late Mississippian period (AD 1200-1600) of the southeastern United States. Warfare is theorized to play a vital role in the cycling of chiefdoms. However, apart from a few exemplary cases that display double-digit frequencies, very little direct (i.e., skeletal) evidence of violent trauma has dovetailed with the archaeological presumptions of warfare. Eight sites from the Chickamauga Reservoir of east Tennessee were examined for skeletal evidence of deliberate violent trauma. Violent trauma was anticipated because these sites are in close proximity and consist of two adjacent, sociopolitically distinct, and temporally overlapping phases: Dallas (AD 1300-1600) and Mouse Creek (AD 1400-1600). In addition to small, round, nonlethal ectocranial blunt-force trauma (BFT) on the frontal and upper parietal bones, inflicted projectile points and scalping were identified. The low total trauma frequency in the Dallas sample (3.86%, n = 259) is consistent with emerging evidence from east and west Tennessee Late Mississippian data, but significantly different from Mouse Creek (8.06%, n = 273). The proportion of nonlethal cranial BFT in the collective Chickamauga sample is large and at odds with the Tennessee River Valley comparative literature. Based on other bioarchaeological literature, this pattern suggests intragroup violence, but not face-to-face ritual contests. It is better explained as interpersonal conflict resolution along codified lines. This is consistent with southeastern ethnohistoric data and may explain the more frequent cranial BFT in the less stratified Mouse Creek phase, which likely would not have had an overarching civil authority.
Escherichia coli DNA Polymerase IV (Pol IV), but Not Pol II, Dynamically Switches with a Stalled Pol III* Replicase

The dnaN159 allele encodes a temperature-sensitive mutant form of the β sliding clamp (β159). SOS-induced levels of DNA polymerase IV (Pol IV) confer UV sensitivity upon the dnaN159 strain, while levels of Pol IV ∼4-fold higher than those induced by the SOS response severely impede its growth. Here, we used mutations in Pol IV that disrupted specific interactions with the β clamp to test our hypothesis that these phenotypes were the result of Pol IV gaining inappropriate access to the replication fork via a Pol III*-Pol IV switch relying on both the rim and cleft of the clamp. Our results clearly demonstrate that Pol IV relied on both the clamp rim and cleft interactions for these phenotypes. In contrast to the case for Pol IV, elevated levels of the other Pols, including Pol II, which was expressed at levels ∼8-fold higher than the normal SOS-induced levels, failed to impede growth of the dnaN159 strain. These findings suggest that the mechanism used by Pol IV to switch with Pol III* is distinct from those used by the other Pols. Results of experiments utilizing purified components to reconstitute the Pol III*-Pol II switch in vitro indicated that Pol II switched equally well with both a stalled and an actively replicating Pol III* in a manner that was independent of the rim contact required by Pol IV. These results provide compelling support for the Pol III*-Pol IV two-step switch model and demonstrate important mechanistic differences in how Pol IV and Pol II switch with Pol III*.
The edge dislocation inside an elliptical inclusion

Abstract The plane elasticity problem of an edge dislocation located within an elliptical inclusion in an unbounded matrix is considered. A general solution to this problem is obtained in terms of complex potential functions and all coefficients in the series representation of these potential functions are explicitly obtained. Convergence of these series is thus assured. Two specific cases of this general solution are considered in detail. The first case considers a very long, thin inclusion corresponding physically to the geometry of typical crazes in glassy polymers. the second case considers the almost circular inclusion representative of a number of crystal defects and imperfections. For the second case, expressions for the resultant force on the dislocation agree with results previously obtained for the limiting circular inclusions.
HETEROGENEITY OF THE PHOTOCHEMICAL CENTERS IN SYSTEM II OF CHLOROPLASTS

— In 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) poisoned chloroplasts of algae and‘ higher plants the area over the fluorescence induction curve increases with biphasic first order kinetics (Melis and Homann, 1975). Two possibilities are considered to explain the biphasic nature of the area growth. The first is a sequential double reduction of the primary electron acceptor in system II while the second envisages a heterogeneity of its photochemical centers. The kinetic properties of the area growth after firing a single saturating flash proved to be incompatible with the predictions of the “sequential double reduction” model. This conclusion was corroborated by results obtained from a kinetic analysis of the area restoration process in the dark, and an analysis of the partially restored areas. Assuming an existence of a heterogeneous pool of photochemical centers, the growth of the area over the fluorescence curve could be further analyzed to yield two components, a fast a-component, and a relatively slow β-component. The kinetic characteristics of these components, and the effect of a short saturating flash on their respective size, led to the conclusion that one type of photochemical center had a faster recombination rate of the photochemically separated charges and was less efficient in trapping excitation energy.
Ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS) and UPLC/MSE analysis of RNA oligonucleotides

Fast and efficient ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS) analysis of short interfering RNA oligonucleotides was used for identity confirmation of the target sequence-related impurities. Multiple truncated oligonucleotides and metabolites were identified based on the accurate mass, and their presumed sequence was confirmed by MS/MS and MS(E) (alternating low and elevated collision energy scanning modes) methods. Based on the resulting fragmentation of native and chemically modified oligonucleotides, it was found that the MS(E) technique is as efficient as the traditional MS/MS method, yet MS(E) is more general, faster, and capable of producing higher signal intensities of fragment ions. Fragmentation patterns of modified oligonucleotides were investigated using RNA 2'-ribose substitutions, phosphorothioate RNA, and LNA modifications. The developed sequence confirmation method that uses the MS(E) approach was applied to the analysis of in vitro hydrolyzed RNA oligonucleotide. The target RNA and metabolites, including the structural isomers, were resolved by UPLC, and their identity was confirmed by MS(E). Simultaneous RNA truncations from both termini were observed. The UPLC quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) MS/MS and MS(E) methods were shown to be an effective tool for the analysis and sequence confirmation of complex oligonucleotide mixtures.
Silurian of Central Texas: A First Record for the Region

Silurian outcrops, not previously recorded from central Texas, have been identified from the Llano uplift, where they occur in collapse structures within the Lower Ordovician Honeycut Formation of the Ellenburger Group. The formation is a pinkish-gray granular limestone, contains fossils of probable Wenlock age, and is named the Starcke Limestone.
A temporal difference in harpacticoid-copepod abundance at a deep-sea site: caused by benthic storms?

Abstract At the HEBBLE site at 4820 m depth on the Scotian Rise in the northwest Atlantic (40°27′N, 62°20′W), benthic storms (periods of strong bottom currents capable of eroding surface sediments) are common. I tested for their impact on harpacticoid-copepod abundances by comparing samples taken as a storm ended with samples taken in an interlude between storms. I. found harpacticoid abundances in the 0–1 cm layer to be significantly lower in the storm samples and showed that this difference did not arise from a migration into the sediment, suggesting that the decrease in abundance occurred because the harpacticoids were eroded during storms.
Compression of compound images and video for enabling rich media in embedded systems

It is possible to improve the features supported by devices with embedded systems by increasing the processor computing power, but this always results in higher costs, complexity, and power consumption. An interesting alternative is to use the growing networking infrastructures to do remote processing and visualization, with the embedded system mainly responsible for communications and user interaction. This enables devices to behave as if much more “intelligent” to users, at very low costs and power. In this article we explain how compression can make some of these solutions more bandwidth-efficient, enabling devices to simply decompress very rich graphical information and user interfaces that had been rendered elsewhere. The mixture of natural images and video with text, graphics, and animations simultaneously in the same frame is called compound video. We present a new method for compression of compound images and video, which is able to efficiently identify the different components during compression, and use an appropriate coding method. Our system uses lossless compression for graphics and text, and, on natural images and highly detailed parts, it uses lossy compression with dynamically varying quality. Since it was designed for embedded systems with very limited resources, and it has small executable size, and low complexity for classification, compression and decompression. Other compression methods (e.g., MPEG) can do the same, but are very inefficient for compound content. High-level graphics languages can be bandwidth-efficient, but are much less reliable (e.g., supporting Asian fonts), and are many orders of magnitude more complex. Numerical tests show the very significant gains in compression achieved by these systems.
SiC-Based Power Converters

The advantages that silicon carbide (SiC) based power electronic devices offer are being realized by using prototype or experimental devices in many different power applications ranging from medium voltage to high voltage or for high temperature or high switching frequency applications. The main advantages of using SiC-based devices are reduced thermal management requirements and smaller passive components which result in higher power density. An overview of the SiC research effort at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and The University of Tennessee (UT) is presented in this paper.
Computer Generation of Matching Polynimials of Chemical Graphs and Lattices

A computer program in Pascal is developed for computing the matching polynomials of graphs and lattices. This program is based on the recursive relation for matching polynomials outlined by Hosoya [Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 44, 2332 (1971)], Gutman and Hosoya [Theor. Chim. Acta, 48, 279 (1978)], and others. The graph whose matching polynomial is of interest is reduced recursively until the graph reduces to several trees. The characteristic polynomial of a tree is the same as the matching polynomial. The characteristic polynomials of resulting trees are computed using the computer program based on Frame's method developed by Balasubramanian [Theor. Chim. Acta, 65, 49 (1984)]; J. Comput. Chem., 5, 387 (1984). The resulting polynomials are then assembled to compute the matching polynomial of the initial graph. The program is especially useful in generating the matching polynomials of graphs containing a large number of vertices. The matching polynomials thus generated are potentially useful in several applications such as lattice statistics (dimer covering problem), aromaticity, valence bond methods (enumeration of perfect matchings) in the calculation of grand canonical partition functions, in the computation of thermodynamic properties of saturated hydrocarbons, and in chemical documentation.
Finance and macroeconomic volatility

Countries with more developed financial sectors, experience fewer fluctuations in real per capita output, consumption, and investment growth. But the manner in which the financial sector develops matters. The relative importance of banks in the financial system is important in explaining consumption, and investment volatility. The proportion of credit provided to the private sector, best explains volatility of consumption, and output. The authors generate their main results using fixed-effects estimates with panel data from seventy countries for the years 1956-98. Their general findings suggest that the risk management, and information processing provided by banks, maybe especially important in reducing consumption, and investment volatility. The simple availability of credit to the private sector, probably helps smooth consumption, and GDP.
Neuro Inspired Computing with Coupled Relaxation Oscillators

Harnessing the computational capabilities of dynamical systems has attracted the attention of scientists and engineers form varied technical disciplines over decades. The time evolution of coupled, non-linear synchronous oscillatory systems has led to active research in understanding their dynamical properties and exploring their applications in brain-inspired, neuromorphic computational models. In this paper we present the realization of coupled and scalable relaxation-oscillators utilizing the metal-insulator-metal transition of vanadium-dioxide (VO2) thin films. We demonstrate the potential use of such a system in pattern recognition, as one possible computational model using such a system.
A bilinear matrix inequality approach to robust nonlinear process control

While linear robust control theory is relatively well understood with many standard techniques for control system analysis and controller design, methods for designing robust nonlinear controllers are relatively undeveloped. This constitutes a significant gap between control theory and practice, as most real processes have significant nonlinearities associated with their startup and shutdown, and often during normal operations. Hence, the development of robust nonlinear controller design methods is widely recognized as one of the most important and challenging open fundamental problems in process control theory. Here, a rigorous approach is developed for designing robust nonlinear controllers using a combination of dynamic nonlinearity inversion and bilinear matrix inequalities.
Older Adults Exhibit a Reduced Ability to Fully Activate Their Biceps Brachii Muscle

Results. The AL was 94% for the elderly group and 97% for the young group (100% AL indicates complete activation). The AL for both the elderly and young groups was significantly (p < .05) lower than 100%. The AL ofthe elderly group was significantly (p < .05) lower than that of the young group. Conclusions. The loss of voluntary strength in older adults is a mixed result of muscle atrophy and a reduced ability to fully activate muscle.
On Stratified Shear Flow in Sea Straits of Arbitrary Cross Section

Equations and theorems governing the flow of an inviscid, incompressible, continuously-stratified fluid in a gradually varying channel with an arbitrary cross section are developed. The stratification and longitudinal velocity are assumed to be uniform in the transverse direction, an assumption that is supported under the assumption of gradual topographic variations. Extended forms of Long's model and the Taylor–Goldstein equation are developed. Interestingly, the presence of topographic variation does not alter the necessary condition for instability (Richardson number < 1/4) nor the bounds on unstable eigenvalues (the semi-circle theorem). The former can be proved using a new technique introduced herein. For the special case of homogeneous shear flow, generalized versions of the theorems of Rayleigh and Fjortoft do depend on the form of the topography, though no general tendency toward stabilization or destabilization is apparent. Previous results on the bounds and enumeration of neutral modes are also extended. The results should be of use in the hydraulic interpretation of exchange flow in sea straits.
Influence of manufacturing variables on the characteristics and effectiveness of chitosan products. II. Coagulation of activated sludge suspensions

Chitosan samples manufactured under different conditions were compared for effectiveness of coagulating an activated sludge suspension grown on vegetable canning wastes. Computer analysis of data from Buchner funnel filterability tests resulted in quadratic polynomial equations describing the response curves for volume of filtrate versus dosage, expressed as g/liter chitosan/100 g sludge suspended solids (SSS). The quotient of the filtrate volume and dosage at the inflection points of the equations obtained for 10 test samples and 1 commercial chitosan sample were compared to evaluate the response (effectiveness) per unit amount for each chitosan product. The product made by a standard procedure (deproteinated with 3% NaOH at 100°C for 1 hr, demineralized with 1N HCL at ambient temperature for 30 min, and deacetylated with 50% NaOH at 145–150°C under N2 for 5 or 15 min) gave the best performance as a coagulating agent for this activated sludge system. Other products, including the commercial preparation, required higher dosages to achieve the same effectiveness. Products deacetylated in the presence of sir rather than nitrogen decreased waste treatment effectiveness, which approximated the trends of reduced viscosity and molecular-weight distribution. The products containing minerals were less effective than products from which minerals had been removed prior to deacetylation, but they were more effective than the enzyme treated sample and the commercial product. In general, although chitosan products obtained after 15 min deacetylation were more effective than those receiving 5 min deacetylation, effectiveness did not correlate linearly with viscosity and molecular-weight distribution trends. However, chitosan products deacetylated for 15 min did show that the higher-molecular-weight products (0.65–1.1 × 106) were more effective coagulating agents for activated sludge than the manufactured product having the lowest molecular weight (0.47 × 106) and the commercial reference sample (0.56 × 106). Thus, higher values for molecular weight were predictive of greater effectiveness for coagulation of activated sludge suspensions.
All Things Considered: Systematic Cognitive Processing and Electoral Decision-making

This paper seeks to understand what difference it makes if voters systematically consider a representative range of salient criteria before choosing a candidate, and whether the effects of such systematic processing are conditioned by political knowledge. To this end, we executed experiments during the 2000 electoral season that randomly exposed some subjects to an Analytic Hierarchy Processing (AHP) tool, which encourages systematic processing of various orthogonal decision criteria in complex choice environments. We predicted, and found, that the choices of knowledgeable voters exposed to AHP were weaker and less consistent than control group responses, suggesting that systematic processing induces integrative complexity and perhaps “analysis paralysis” among knowledgeable voters. However, we found that among less knowledgeable voters, the opposite pattern generally emerged—AHP exposure was associated with even greater reliance on party ID and ideology cues, perhaps even bolstering predispositions via p...
Wavefront coding for detection and estimation with a single-lens incoherent optical system

We present a unique method of designing incoherent optical systems for detection and estimation tasks. Our approach is novel in that it physically consists of a phase mask placed at the lens of a standard incoherent optical system. This phase mask provides the ability to shift the phase of the incoming light at discrete regions at the lens. The use of this phase mask allows control of the optical transfer function (OTF) and impulse response, or point spread function (PSF), of the incoherent optical system. With the combination phase mask/incoherent optical system, and digital processing of resulting intermediate image, the overall detection and estimation performance of the system can be greatly enhanced. We describe three applications of this method. These are single-lens, single-image passive range estimation, high-resolution extended depth of field, and passive range detection.
Reliability of interlocking systems

The design of high integrity interlock systems involves more than the simple specification of high-quality components. Redundancy of components is often used as a strategy to improve the reliability of an interlock system. This paper uses quantitative reliability engineering methods to explore the relationships of component reliability, time between proof tests, redundancy and common cause failures to overall system performance. The paper demonstrates that addition to redundancy often, but not always, improves the reliability of an interlock system. The paper also demonstrates how common cause failures can greatly reduce the chances of an interlock system performing when needed.
Assessing the variation in individual frontal sinus outlines

It is often suggested that the frontal sinus morphology of no two individuals is alike, and that the configuration of the frontal sinus is as unique to an individual as his or her fingerprints. However, no empirical, quantitative testing of the uniqueness of frontal sinus outlines has ever been performed. Such testing is necessary for frontal sinus identifications to be admissible in many courts. This study investigated frontal sinus outline variability using elliptic Fourier analysis (EFA), a geometric morphometric approach that fits a closed curve to an ordered set of data points, generating a set of coefficients that can be used to reproduce the outline. Two-dimensional representations of 808 frontal sinuses (as seen in posterior-anterior cranial radiographs) were digitized, and differences in their shapes were assessed quantitatively by comparing the Euclidean distances between EFA-generated outlines. Results show that Euclidean distances between outlines of different individuals are significantly larger than those between replicates of the same individual, and typicalities show that the probability of finding two different individuals with Euclidean distances less that that between a particular case's replicate is very small. Thus, there is a quantifiable and significant difference between the shapes of individuals' frontal sinus outlines.
Novel hybrid imaging modalities

The purpose of this paper is to present the engineering principles of a cost-effective and efficient positron emission tomography (PET) detector operating on novel hybrid principles. The novelty of the proposed technology, which can be considered a low-cost alternative to the photomultiplier tube, consists of a BaF2 crystal coupled to coupled to an ultra low-pressure noble-gas filled tube, which operates under photoionization of excited states, in the prebreakdown regime. The design detector principles, the first Townsend coefficient, and the gas multiplication factor of the hybrid microstrip detector have been studied. The results of this study indicate that an adequate gas multiplication process can be achieved with a Xe filled gas detector operating at low gas pressures. Also, low-pressure gas-filled detectors have the advantages of being themselves insensitive to radiation, ensuring that only the light from the scintillator is detected in a high-energy radiation environment.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
METABOLISM OF COPROSTANOL-C14 AND CHOLESTANOL-4-C14 IN MAN.

Coprostanol-C14, biosynthetically prepared, was administered orally to two patients, and cholestanol-4-C14 was administered to one of them 10 months later. At the time when radioactivity in the circulation was at a maximum, 3.6 and 3.5% of the administered labeled coprostanol was present in the plasma; the corresponding value after administration of cholestanol-C14 was 4.7%. The dynamic behavior of absorbed radioactive cholestanol was identical with that of orally ingested cholesterol-4-C14, including the esterification process; on the other hand, virtually no coprostanol ester was present in the circulation. It is suggested that the conformation of the A/B rings or configuration at C-3 are related to the esterification mechanism of sterols. After 5 days, over 50% of both compounds had been excreted in the feces. The conversion of coprostanol-C14 to coprostanone-C14 has been demonstrated.
Amplitude and sign adjustment for peak-to-average-power reduction

In this letter, we propose a method to reduce the peak-to-mean-envelope-power ratio (PMEPR) of multicarrier signals by modifying the constellation. For M-ary phase-shift keying constellations, we minimize the maximum of the multicarrier signal over the sign and amplitude of each subcarrier. In order to find an efficient solution to the aforementioned nonconvex optimization problem, we present a suboptimal solution by first optimizing over the signs, and then optimizing over the amplitudes given the signs. We prove that the minimization of the maximum of a continuous multicarrier signal over the amplitude of each subcarrier can be written as a convex optimization problem with linear matrix inequality constraints. We also generalize the idea to other constellations such as 16-quadrature amplitude modulation. Simulation results show that by an average power increase of 0.21 dB, and not sending information over the sign of each subcarrier, PMEPR can be decreased by 5.1 dB for a system with 128 subcarriers.
Towards an International Institutional Law of Information

How does international institutional law shape the way in which international institutions govern information and exercise cognitive authority? Drawing from the existing literature on indicators, data collection and transparency in international institutions such as the World Bank and the UN , this paper argues that existing legal norms can be reconstructed as an overarching framework that legally structures global information governance. Indicators thus do not, as is often assumed, “escape” legal regulation; law rather co-constitutes the lens through which information about the world is generated. The paper analyses the institutional architecture and the modalities of informational action as well as the sources and regulatory modus of the existing legal framework. It exemplifies rules on institutional powers, participation, review and transparency and discusses general principles that structure the field. Taken together, these rules and principles circumscribe the emerging contours of an “international institutional law of information” that normatively frames the informational relationships between international institutions, states and individuals.
Further research on the biological activities and the safety of raspberry ketone is needed

Raspberry ketone supplements have grabbed consumer attention with the possibility that they might help burn fat and aid weight loss. While raspberry ketone occurs naturally, and is found in raspberry fruit, most is synthetically produced for use in commercial products as flavorings, fragrances, or dietary supplements. Currently, the amount of raspberry ketone in dietary supplements (currently sold in the US) is well above the maximum concentration recommended for food and fragrance products, so additional toxicology work is needed to ensure that such concentrations of raspberry ketone are safe. In addition to safety data, clinical studies are also needed to validate any health benefits. Without research on the effects of consuming high concentrations of raspberry ketone, consumers should be wary of unsubstantiated claims and mindful of potential harm to their health.
The Effect of Season on Occurrence of Ovulation in the Rhesus Monkey

An experiment was designed to examine the effect of season on frequency of ovulation and to estimate the proportion of ovulatory cycles during the summer and winter months in feral rhesus monkeys housed under conditions of controlled light and temperature. The frequency of ovulatory menstrual cycles was determined for 9 monkeys in the summer months of June July and August and again during December January and February. Occurrence of ovulation was determined by observations of the ovary at laparotomy. 5 of 24 menstrual cycles during the summer and 30 of 31 cycles during winter were ovulatory. The 5 ovulatory summer cycles were distributed among only 2 of the animals; the other 7 animals did not ovulate during the summer. The proportion of monkeys which ovulated during the summer months was 22%. Summer menstrual cycles showed greater variability in length than those occurring during the winter. The data suggest that some monkeys maintain a seasonal anovulatory season even in the absence of seasonal light and temperature variations. Other monkeys do ovulate during the summer presenting the possibility of selecting these animals for breeding colonies.(Authors modified)
Regionalismo, transformación del régimen y Pronasol: la política del Programa Nacional de Solidaridad en cuatro estados mexicanos

This paper argues that political change in Mexico since 1994 has been characterized by a process of de facto political decentralization: The vertical lines of control within the political system have been significantly attenuated while political power has undergone an unprecedented process ofregionalization. The paper analyzes the strategies foUowed by local political elites (particularly the state-delegates of Sedesol) in their attempt to capture the decentralization of power. The authors underscore three points of relevance for a more general imderstanding of political transitions in dominant-paiiy regi mos: regional politics; the role that formal rules may play in reshaping expectations; and the bargaining taking place within the hierarchies of the oid regime.
In vivo deep brain imaging using multiphoton microscopy

Deep tissue multiphoton microscopy (MPM) of mouse brain using 1280-nm excitation is presented. Several challenging issues and a promising new femtosecond fiber source for long wavelength MPM will be discussed.
Abstract 1084: Honokiol induces G1phase cell cycle arrest in human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Recent studies from our laboratory have indicated that pre applications of honokiol (one hour before) prevent UVB- induced skin cancer development in female SKH-1 mice. Honokiol reduced significantly the cell viability of A431, as assessed by MTT (IC50 60 μM) and BrdU incorporation assay. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of honokiol on the cell cycle of human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cell line and to investigate the influence of honokiol in the A431 cell cycle regulator proteins expression. A431 cells were treated at different concentrations with honokiol for specified periods of time (8, 16, 24, 32, 40 and 48 hours). Cells were harvested and fixed in 70% ethanol and stored at −20 °C. The cell cycle phase analysis was performed by using a Beckton Dickinson Facstar flow cytometer and CellQuest software. Cell lysates were prepared from A431 cells treated with honokiol in similar conditions; proteins were analyzed by Western blotting. Treatment with honokiol at concentration 50 μM and time periods of 24, 32, 40 and 48 hours blocked the A431 cell cycle in G1 phase significantly (P<0.05) and decreased the percentage of cells in the S and G2/M phase. Honokiol affects the expression of proteins involved in the A431 cell cycle regulation, down-regulating the expression of cyclin A, CDK2, CDK4 and CDK6 proteins and up-regulating the expression of p21 and p27 proteins which are CDKs inhibitors. These findings indicate that honokiol causes cell cycle arrest at G1 phase and alteres the expression of various proteins involved in the G1 phase of A431 cell cycle. (Supported by Translational Cancer Center Research Grant, funded as 2010 Research Initiative Center by the State of South Dakota). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1084.
Corporate Contributions: Altruistic or For-Profit?

Existing literature has focused on three rationales for corporate philanthropy: through-the-firm giving, corporate statesmanship, and profit motivated giving. The profit motivation argument was exa...
Viskoelastische Eigenschaften von Polyisobutylenen in verdünnten Lösungen

Die Speicher- und VerlustmodulnG′ undG″ verdunnter Losungen (2–4%) dreier Isobutylenpolymerisate mit den Molekulargewichten 0,63, 1,29 und 11×105 wurden in der Apparatur vonBirnboim undFerry uber einen Frequenzbereich von 0,4–400 Hz und einen Temperaturbereich von −17,5 bis 25,0° bestimmt. Fur die scharf fraktionierten Polymerisate von niederem Molekulargewicht ergab die Frequenzabhangigkeit der Moduln eine ausgezeichnete Ubereinstimmung mit der Theorie vonZimm. Die aus den experimentell erhaltenen Kurven ermittelten Molekulargewichte und grosten Relaxationszeiten waren von der erwarteten Grosenordnung. Fur das Polymerisat mit hoherem Molekulargewicht entsprach die Frequenzabhangigkeit vonG′ undG″ −ω ηs jedoch der Theorie vonRouse. Der Einflus der hydrodynamischen Wechselwirkung in der Bewegung der Knauelsegmente, in welchem der Unterschied zwischen den beiden Theorien besteht, erscheint als von der Grose des Molekulargewichts abhangig.
Email as cultural heritage resource: appraisal solutions from an art museum context

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to evaluate strategies to appraise email correspondence to select significant email for permanent preservation without capturing trivial or personal emails. The strategies were tested on the actual email accounts of selected individuals occupying important roles within an important cultural institution in the Northeastern USA. Design/methodology/approach – Treating this art museum as a case study site, email messages are manually appraised for retention using a rubric. Following the appraisal, strategies for expediting this appraisal process, using what is learned from the manual appraisal process, are explored. Findings – A major finding of this study is that sent mail is almost always significant, although preserving only sent mail, or preserving sent mail in combination with inbox items that have been acted upon (replied to or forwarded), are not sufficient to capture significant correspondence. Rather, a social network approach holds the most promise to accelerat...
Procedure and Methods of Economic Benefit Audit

Considering the definition of inner audit of economic benefit, study on its procedure and methods is carried out.
Psychosocial factors and risk of coronary heart disease in women: an epidemiologic perspective.

Objective: To review the associations between various psychosocial factors and risk of coronary heart disease in women. Design: Review of selected literature. Setting: Epidemiologic, clinical, and demographic studies. Patients: Adult women. Interventions: None. Main Outcome Measures: Coronary heart disease incidence and mortality rates and elevations in levels of coronary risk factors. Results: Low educational attainment consistently has been associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease in women. This association can be explained only partially by levels of known coronary risk factors and access to medical care; other intervening mechanisms remain unknown. Social networks and support have shown inconsistent associations with risk of coronary disease in women
The efficacy of prostaglandin F2α in second-trimester abortion

The New York State Legislature enacted an Amendment to the Penal Law, in 1970, which permitted legal abortions through the twenty-fourth week of pregnancy. To implement the abortion program, a protocol was created to investigate new drugs and new techniques, especially as they related to the early second-trimester termination of pregnancy. The protocol which is the basis for this report utilized prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α ). Thirty-seven patients were selected for intra-amniotic injection of PGF 2α . Complete abortion occurred in 83.8 per cent of these patients studied. The average total dosage of PGF 2α was 61.2mg. PGF 2α was administered with the use of an extraovular technique to 34 patients. The termination of pregnancy between the thirteenth and sixteenth weeks, the so-called "interim abortion," was studied specifically. Coagulation studies revealed an increase in platelets, fibrinogen, factor V, and factor VIII. This is in contrast to the decrease observed following injection of hypertonic saline.
O18.2 Injectable progestin contraception and acquisition of hsv-2 infection among south african women participating in the voice trial

Introduction Observational data suggest HIV-1 acquisition differs between users of two common injectable progestin-only contraceptives (IPC), depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and norethisterone enanthate (NET-EN). Data are limited on the potential impact of both IPC types on herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) acquisition. Methods We conducted a secondary analysis among IPC users enrolled at South African sites in VOICE, a multi-centre randomised trial of topical and oral HIV-1 chemoprophylaxis. Contraceptive use assessment was conducted monthly. HSV-2 was diagnosed by Focus HerpeSelect EIA at enrollment and repeat EIA at study exit in all participants (seroconversion cutoff value ≥3.5); quarterly EIA was available for a subset to assess seroconversion timing. Using Cox proportional hazards regression, we assessed the association between IPC type and HSV-2 acquisition with adjustment for potential confounders (age, marriage/cohabitation, education, condom use, number of partners, VOICE study arm). Results Among 1776 IPC users who were HSV-2-seronegative at enrollment, 922 (51.9%) used DMPA, 716 (40.3%) used NET-EN, and 138 (7.8%) used both IPC types at different times during follow-up. Among the 1638 IPC users who did not switch IPC type during follow-up, 1506 (91.9%) had baseline and exit HSV-2 serology available. Over 1534.1 person-years (py) of follow-up, 178 incident HSV-2 cases occurred: 107 in DMPA users (crude incidence rate [IR] 11.3/100 py) and 71 in NET-EN users (crude IR 12.1/100 py). Among 640 participants with quarterly HSV-2 serology, 45 cases occurred among DMPA users over 350.4 py and 31 among NET-EN users over 231.1 py (HR = 0.97; 95% CI 0.61–1.53; aHR = 1.02; 95% CI 0.64–1.62). Conclusion HSV-2 risk did not differ by DMPA versus NET-EN use. These results are consistent with our findings that DMPA users in VOICE did not have higher risk of genital tract infection (gonorrhoea, chlamydia or trichomoniasis) compared to NET-EN users, despite having higher risk for HIV-1 infection. Disclosure of interest statement The authors report no conflicts of interest.
SU-F-T-640: Feasibility of Using a Commercially Available Surface Guided Radiotherapy System with An Open-Face SRS Immobilization System

Purpose: To evaluate the inherent accuracy of using a surface guided radiotherapy system (SGRT) in the setup and monitoring of patients receiving stereotactic radiosurgery with an open-face SRS immobilization system. Methods: An anthropomorphic head phantom was set up using the Qfix Encompass SRS Immobilization System on a Varian Edge with OSMS and Varian TrueBeam with AlignRT. The phantom was positioned at 0° gantry and couch. A reference image was acquired using the SGRT system and an ROI was created over the mask opening. The couch and gantry were rotated to different combinations focusing on clinically used SRS gantry/couch combinations and those blocking the SGRT cameras. Perceived surface deviation by the SGRT system from the reference image was recorded. A Winston-Lutz test was performed on couch angles tested and used to exclude couch walkout. The deviation magnitude was calculated using translational values and rotational raw values were recorded. Results: The maximum couch walkouts were: 0.4mm (Edge) and 0.5mm (TB). Solely rotating the gantry resulted in a median couch deviation of 0.2mm and range of 0.1–0.3mm for both linacs. Only rotating the couch (0° gantry) resulted in median deviations of 0.6mm and 0.5mm with ranges of 0.3–1.0mm and 0.3–0.7mm for the Edge and TB, respectively. Combining gantry and couch rotations, the median deviations were 0.7mm and 0.9mm with ranges of 0.3–1.1mm and 0.2–1.9mm for the Edge and TB, respectively. Including all combinations, rotation, roll, and pitch median deviations ranged from 0.1–0.3° with pitch demonstrating consistently higher values and a maximum deviation of 1.0° (both linacs). Conclusion: SGRT is a reliable monitoring tool, though taking into account system fluctuations, 1mm is too restrictive a site tolerance to use with the Qfix Encompass mask. Gantry rotation has little effect on system fluctuation even with camera blockage, whereas couch rotation has a larger effect.
Ingenieur und öffentliches Leben

Zum dritten Male tagt heuer die Hauptversammlung des Vereines deutscher Ingenieure unter dem Zeichen des Krieges. Noch ist des Blutvergiesens kein Ende abzusehen. So fern aber der Friede noch sein mag — eine trostliche Gewisheit beseelt uns: wir werden siegen. Das danken wir dem unvergleichlichen Heldenmut derer, die drausen den festen Wall gegen unsere Feinde bilden. Ihrer zu gedenken, ist auch diesmal unsere erste Pflicht. Ganz besonderen Dank schulden wir jenen unserer Fachgenossen und jenen Mitarbeitern der Technik, die ihr Leben dem Vaterlande opfern musten. Wir geloben, uns ihrer dauernd in Treue zu erinnern. Wir geloben aber auch, uns der grosen Opfer wurdig zu erweisen durch Hingabe unserer Krafte fur die Grose unseres Vaterlandes und fur das Gemeinwohl unseres deutschen Volkes.
Protonated N-alkyl-2-nitroanilines undergo intramolecular oxidation of the alkyl chain upon collisional activation

Abstract The collisional activation of protonated N -propyl-2-nitroaniline obtained by electrospray ionization shows two major competitive dissociation pathways: the elimination of the elements of propionic acid, [M+H−C 3 H 6 O 2 ] + to give an m / z 107 ion, and of the elements of ethanol, [M+H−C 2 H 6 O] + to give an m / z 135 ion. The mechanistic study reported here addresses these unusual fragmentations to reveal that both occur via a common intermediate formed by the transfer of an oxygen atom from the nitro group to the first carbon atom of the propyl group, allowing elimination of propionic acid and (H 2 O + ethene), respectively. The corresponding loss of CH 4 O does not occur when the propyl group is replaced by an ethyl group, but elimination of the elements of propanol does occur when propyl is replaced by a butyl group. Further, the product ions of m / z 107 and 135 are also formed when the propyl chain is replaced with a hexyl group.