cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Model and measurements for a planar inductive oxygen discharge

For a planar inductive oxygen discharge, a global (volume-averaged) discharge model is applied to relate the electron and ion densities and the electron temperature to the neutral gas pressure in the range 2-60 mTorr and power in the range 10-1000 W. A simplified global model is developed, assuming the dominant neutral species is atomic oxygen, and compared to the more complete model. The effective collision frequency is determined in terms of electron-neutral, electron-ion and anomalous (stochastic) collisions and the relative importance of each mechanism is found. The plasma impedance, including the plasma resistance and the electron inertia inductance and the electron temperature and electron density predicted by the global model are compared to rf voltage, rf current and Langmuir probe measurements, yielding reasonable agreement.
Personality profiles among normal aged individuals as measured by the NEO-PI-R

The revised Neuroticism (N), Extraversion (E), Openness (O) to experience Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) is a multidimensional measure of normal personality traits that is intended to assess five major personality dimensions or domains-N, E, O, Agreeableness (A), and Conscientiousness (C). Although several studies have been conducted examining N, E, and O factors in people 65 through to 85 years old, there has been little research examining all five-core domains of personality in individuals 85 and older. We compared the NEO-PI-R domains and facet traits in the middle-aged/young-old versus old-old normal subjects. Thirty-eight community-dwelling subjects (22 women, 16 men) free from major neuropsychiatric disorders were given the NEO-PI-R, a self-administered 240-item personality inventory, assessing 30 facet traits within the five domains. We compared the scores of 21 middle-aged and young-old (age 50-84) individuals, to those of 17 old-old (age 85-100) subjects. The personality profiles of the two groups were similar except that the old-old group had lower scores on Extraversion, and four of the 30 facet traits (warmth, positive emotions, impulsiveness, and order) compared to the middle-aged/young-old group. These results were limited by the cross-sectional design and small sample size. Nonetheless, the findings suggest that the middle-aged/young-old and the old-old normal subjects have fairly similar personality traits.
Renal failure following perinatal anoxia

clinical hyaline membrane disease, although three (Cases 4, 6, and 7) developed respiratory distress owing to aspiration of meconium. Three infants had cephalhematomas, and seizures were present in five of the seven infants. Two were noted to be edematous, and two had slight renal enlargement. On admission to the Intensive Care Unit, all infants were placed on a regimen of fluid intake consisting of 100 ml/kg/24 hours of 10% dextrose in water. After 24 hours this solution was replaced with appropriate solution of electrolytes given at the same rate. Although all seven infants developed oliguria during the first 24 hours of life, this was often recognized only in retrospect. Delay or absence of urination was noted in all patients by 48 hours of age.
Acute Hemodynamic Effects of Recently Developed Monomer and Dimer Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Media: A Comparative Study

Rationale and Objectives. We evaluated and compared the acute cardiovascular effects of equiosmolar doses of recently developed nonionic monomer and macrocyclic dimer magnetic resonance (MR) imaging contrast media with the clinically available ionic and nonionic MR contrast media. Methods. Normotensive adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups of seven rats per group. Group 1 received the nonionic monomer Gd-CMPA-BMPA (500 mmol/l solution); group 2 received the nonionic dimer Gd 2 2(O)DO3A (500 mmol/l solution); group 3 also received Gd 2 2(O)DO3A but at a higher concentration (1,000 mmol/l solution); group 4 received gadopentetate dimeglumine (500 mmol/l solution); and group 5 received gadodiamide (500 mmol/l solution). Each rat received a rapid (1–2 sec) bolus intravenous injection of 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 mmol/kg of each contrast agent. Group 6 was used to test the peak effects of equiosmolar glucose solutions (500, 1,000, and 2,000 mOsm/kg water). Data were acquired at baseline, 20 sec (peak effect) after injection, and 1, 3, 5, and 10 min after injection. Peripheral (systolic, diastolic, and mean) pressure, central venous pressure, left ventricular (LV) pressure (peak systolic and end diastolic) pressure, first derivative of left ventricular pressure (±dP/dt), rate pressure product, and heart rate were measured. Results. Bolus administration (0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 mmol/kg) of Gd-CMPA-BMPA and gadodiamide (500 mmol/l) had no significant effects on the monitored cardiovascular parameters. Bolus injection of 0.25 and 0.5 mmol/kg Gd 2 2(O)DO3A (500 and 1,000 mmol/l) and gadopentetate dimeglumine (500 mmol/l) caused transient cardiovascular depression, including decreased peripheral blood pressure, LV systolic pressure, peak positive and negative dP/dt, and rate pressure product, but an increased LV end diastolic pressure. These cardiovascular effects were slightly less profound than those produced by gadopentetate dimeglumine. Conclusion. Gd-CMPA-BMPA and gadodiamide have no adverse cardiovascular effects. Gd 2 2(O)DO3A and gadopentetate dimeglumine cause vasodilation and reduced cardiac performance. Therefore, presuming similar effects, if Gd 2 2(O)DO3A and gadopentetate dimeglumine are to be used at high doses for the MR quantification of blood volume or as a bolus for perfusion study, appropriate consideration should be given to possible adverse physiologic changes.
Sleep cycle control and cholinergic mechanisms: Differential effects of carbachol injections at pontine brain stem sites

Muscular atonia and cortical desynchronization, two signs of desynchronized sleep, can be enhanced or suppressed by direct injection of carbachol into the pontine brain stem of cats. The positive effects are graded, being maximal in the gigantocellular tegmental field and less marked in adjacent nuclei. These positive effects are dose-dependent. Suppressive effects of carbachol are maximal in the region of the locus coeruleus and are dose-dependent but do not exceed those of the vehicle alone. The results support the hypothesis that cholinergic mechanisms of the pontine tegmentum are involved in desynchronized sleep generation.
Making Tough Decisions: Tactics for Improving Managerial Decision Making

The article reviews the book “Tough Decisions: Tactics for Improving Managerial Decision Making,” by Paul C. Nutt.
The use of soil microcosms in evaluating bacteriophagic nematode responses to other organisms and effects on nutrient cycling

Soil microcosms were found useful in evaluating bacteriophagic nematode population responses to biotic interactions. Bacterial and amoebal numbers were significantly decreased in the presence of an omnivorous nematode with a corresponding increase in the nematode numbers. Nematode numbers were lower in finer textured soils compared to coarser soils. Under some developmental stages, nematodes were found to increase the mineralization rate of nitrogen and phosphorus over microcosms with only bacteria present.
Contemporary Security Policy and surprise attack: Into the 1980s∗

(1981). Contemporary Security Policy and surprise attack: Into the 1980s. Arms Control: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 135-156.
Mechanisms of Cyclic AMP Regulation in Cerebral Anoxia and Their Relationship to Glycogenolysis

: Anoxia elevates levels of cyclic AMP and depresses levels of cyclic GMP in cerebral cortex of mice. Similar effects are also observed in other regions of the brain. Aminophylline inhibits accumulation of cyclic AMP about 50% in hippocampus and cerebellum, but not in cerebral cortex and striaturn; however, this effect requires high doses (250 mgikg). Pretreatment of animals with reserpine, which depletes brain stores of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin, and also produces sedation and mild hypothermia, markedly inhibits accumulation of cyclic AMP in all regions of anoxic brain. Destruction of norepinephrine terminals by treatment of neonatal animals with 6-OH- dopamine, which does not sedate or produce hypothermia, has an effect on cyclic AMP levels similar to that of reserpine. None of the above treatments modifies the effect of anoxia on cyclic GMP levels. These data indicate that norepinephrine is a major regulator of cyclic AMP levels in anoxic brain and that adenosine and, perhaps, other unidentified substances have lesser roles in this process. In contrast, biogenic amines and adenosine appear to have no effect on cyclic GMP regulation in anoxic brain. Reserpine slows the activation of phosphorylase and the utilization of ATP, and slightly attenuates the breakdown of glycogen caused by anoxia, but has no effect on the changes in glucose, lactate, or phosphocreatine. In contrast, 6-OH-dopamine has no effect on any of these anoxiainduced changes. It is concluded that the effect of reserpine on phosphorylase, glycogen, and ATP is most likely related to the hypothermic and sedative effect of the drug, and that either cyclic AMP is not responsible for initiating glycogenolysis in anoxic brain or only a small rise in cyclic AMP levels is necessary for this process.
Role of eicosanoids in abortion and its prevention by treatment with flunixin meglumine in cows during the first trimester of pregnancy

Summary Intravenous infusion of E. cofiendotoxin at a rate of 4.16 ng/kg/min over 6 hr (total dose 1.5 pg/kg) in 5 cows in the first trimester of gestation induced abortion between 60 and 72 hr in three cows. Plasma PGF2, levels in the aborting cows increased significantly to 289 % of the zero time control (ZTC) at 1 hr and remained elevated for 9 hr. The PGFza level remained unaffected in the non-aborting cows except at 2 hr. The plasma TxB2 levels were increased by 6 to 18 fold for 6 hr in both the aborting and non-aborting cows relative to their ZTC controls. The 6-keto-PGF1, levels were significantly increased to 2 to 3 fold only in the aborting cows. Plasma cortisol levels were increased maximally to 1,500 % of ZTC at 5 hr in the aborting cows. Thereafter, the levels gradually declined but remained significantly elevated for 24 hr. The increases in the cortisol levels in the non-aborting cows were only 280 % of ZTC at 5 hr and returned to ZTC value by 12 hr. Plasma progesterone levels in the aborting cows remained unaffected until 12 hr followed by a progressive decline through 18 hr to extremely low levels at 3,4, and 5 days. Endotoxin-infusion caused hyperglycemia in both aborting and non-aborting cows and lactic acidemia in the aborting cows. Treatment with two doses of flunixin meglumine (FM, 1.1 mglkg), an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase, 1 hr prior to endotoxin infusion and then 13 hr later, completely prevented the endotoxin-induced abortion and increases in the plasma PGF2,, TxB, and 6keto-PGF,, concentrations. The PGE level remained unaffected. Although FM treatment failed to abolish endotoxin-induced increases in the plasma cortisol and lactic acid levels, it effectively prevented marked decreases in the progesterone and increases in the glucose concentrations. It was concluded that the use of FM offers therapeutic promise in preventing bovine abortion caused by endotoxin resulting from bacterial infection during the 1st trimester of gestation.
Dynamic boundary surface detection

This paper presents an algorithm for detecting the dynamically changing surface of an organ such as the breathing lung or the beating heart from a time sequence of three-dimensional density distributions, making essential use of the temporal information. Results produced by the algorithm as applied to reconstruction of real organs produced by computerized X-ray tomography are included.
Scaling the fractional advective-dispersive equation for numerical evaluation of microbial dynamics in confined geometries with sticky boundaries

Microbial motility is often characterized by 'run and tumble' behavior which consists of bacteria making sequences of runs followed by tumbles (random changes in direction). As a superset of Brownian motion, Levy motion seems to describe such a motility pattern. The Eulerian (Fokker-Planck) equation describing these motions is similar to the classical advection-diffusion equation except that the order of highest derivative is fractional, @[email protected]?(0,2]. The Lagrangian equation, driven by a Levy measure with drift, is stochastic and employed to numerically explore the dynamics of microbes in a flow cell with sticky boundaries. The Eulerian equation is used to non-dimensionalize parameters. The amount of sorbed time on the boundaries is modeled as a random variable that can vary over a wide range of values. Salient features of first passage time are studied with respect to scaled parameters.
In Vitro and In Vivo Ruminal and Physiological Responses to Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue

Relationships between alkaloid compounds in endophyte-infected tall fescue and ruminal metabolism were studied in two experiments. In the first experiment, different combinations of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids, N-formyl and N-acetyl loline, were incubated with ruminal fluid for 0, 24, or 48 h. Rate of disappearance of N-formyl and N-acetyl loline increased over time. After 48 h, disappearance of N-formyl loline and combinations of N-formyl and N-acetyl loline was greater than N-acetyl loline. Significant amounts of N-formyl and N-acetyl loline were metabolized and converted to loline. In the second experiment, abomasally cannulated sheep were fed increasing amounts of endophyte-infected feed to compare diet digestibility, alkaloid metabolism, and physiological responses. Total tract DM digestibility was greatest for the endophyte-free diet, as were ruminal and total tract ADF, ruminal NDF, and total tract CP digestibilities. N-Formyl and N-acetyl loline recoveries averaged 5% from abomasal contents and 0% in feces. Sixty-eight percent of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids recovered in abomasal contents had been metabolizable to loline. Ergot alkaloids administered in the diet were recovered (50 to 60%) in the abomasal contents, but recovery was only 5% in fecal collections. No significant differences occurred in the physiological parameters measured. Results indicate that response to endophyte-infected tall fescue may be influenced by ruminal metabolism.
Microstructures of rapidly solidified powder and extruded rod of Ni3Ge

Rapidly solidified powders and extruded rods of Ni3Ge with and without 0.06at.% boron were characterized using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The powders were generally spherical and exhibited both dendritic and lamellar structures. The increase in lattice parameter per atom fraction of boron, e, was estimated to be 0.33. Extrusion of the powders produced fine grains of about 2μm in diameter. The extruded materials were partially recrystallized and showed a minor preference for {111} orientation. Annealing at 950 °C resulted in a fully recrystallized structure and a nearly random orientation. The addition of 0.06at.% boron had no observable effect on the morphology, microstructure, and texture. Precipitates of borides were observed in the annealed boron-doped alloy, suggesting that the solubility of boron in Ni3Ge may be below about 0.06at.%.
Assessing Performance Potential of Signalized Intersections and Arterials

Abstract Highway capacity is a scarce resource which needs to be allocated economically. Traffic control at signalized intersections involves balancing competing demands of different traffic streams for limited capacity at the intersection. Similarly, progression schemes on two-way arterial streets involve a compromise between the demands of opposing and competing traffic streams along the arterial. In these and similar cases there is a tradeoff between the performance potential that each traffic stream can attain and there is a need for determining the most effective signal controls under given circumstances. This phenomenon is akin to tradeoffs in production capabilities of economic systems that gives rise to the well-known Production Potential Frontier. We develop similar paradigms for signalized intersections and for coordinated arterial streets which are called Performance Potential Frontiers (PPF). We introduce two types of PPFs: the Transition Potential Frontier (TPF) for a single intersection and the Progression Potential Frontier (PPF) for a coordinated arterial street. The TPF measures the favorability of vehicles traversing an intersection as a function of the right-of-way allocation to competing demands. Similarly, the PPF quantifies the advantages in performance that can accrue to competing traffic flow streams along an arterial. Three approaches are introduced to assess the performance of arterial streets using the HCM Level-of-Service (LOS) concept. These approaches incorporate systematic accounting of the effects of coordination through the Cyclic Coordination Function (CCF) and the corresponding Coordination Adjustment Factor (CAF). © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Output behavior of electronic spin-flip Raman lasers

Abstract Analytic formulas for the power outputs of an electronic Raman laser are presented in a joint description of the pump wave, the Stokes wave, the anti-Stokes wave, and their coupling through a two-level electronic system. These results are in good agreement with experiments. In particular, the validity of our treatment of pump depletion is confirmed as well as our conclusion that a longer crystal yields a smaller anti-Stokes-to-Stokes power ratio.
Do Ethnic Parties Promote Minority Ethnic Conflict

Do ethnic parties exacerbate ethnic conflict? Many scholars have argued that the mere appearance of ethnic parties inevitably leads to a spiral of ethnic conflict and the collapse of incipient democracies. This article tests this proposition by examining how ethnic parties affect protest and communal conflict across 82 countries and 213 ethnic/communal groups from 1985–2003. Using a variety of quantitative techniques, I find that ethnic parties do mobilize minority ethnic groups to engage in protest, but there is no natural connection between the appearance of ethnic parties and the extent to which the minority group engages in communal conflict.
Cardiac autonomic nervous system activity in obese and never-obese young men

Autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity in age-matched, weight-stable, free-living, ad libitum-fed, obese (OB) and never-obese (NO) young men (body mass index means [SD], 38.5 [3.9] and 22.0 [1.7], respectively) was evaluated by sequential blockade of cardiac autonomic innervation with weight-adjusted doses of parasympathetic (atropine) and sympathetic (esmolol) blockers so as to produce maximal effects on heart rate. Change in heart period (interbeat interval) from baseline, induced by atropine, defined parasympathetic control (PC), and the subsequent change, after esmolol administration, defined sympathetic control (SC). The heart period, after PC and SC blockade, defined intrinsic heart period (I). In the OB group, baseline heart period and PC were lower, and SC and I were higher, than in the NO group. The results in the OB, relative to the NO subjects, are similar to those reported in a previous study of NO subjects who had undergone a 10% weight gain by overfeeding. These findings suggest that the ANS of individuals with obesity is chronically altered in a way that would tend to oppose their excessive adiposity, and that these autonomic changes are more likely to be responses to other forces that induce obesity, rather than being primary agents in the production of the disease.
Dynamics of oralrespiratory coordination in full‐term and preterm infants: II. Continuing effects at 3 months post term

Thirty-two infants participating in a longitudinal study of the effects of premature birth on sucking and breathing were tested at 3 months post term. They were assigned at a previous test to either a healthy full-term, healthy preterm, or high risk preterm group on the basis of birth weight, postconceptional age at birth, and perinatal medical status. Positive and negative sucking pressure as well as chest and abdominal breathing movements were recorded during nutritive sucking. The high risk preterms used a simpler and more stable pattern of coordination between sucking and breathing, were more likely to interrupt breathing at milk onset, and produced longer phase lags between positive and negative sucking pressure.
Maternal separation with early weaning: a rodent model providing novel insights into neglect associated developmental deficits.

Child neglect is the most prevalent form of child maltreatment in the United States, and poses a serious public health concern. Children who survive such episodes go on to experience long-lasting psychological and behavioral problems, including higher rates of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, depression, alcohol and drug abuse, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and cognitive deficits. To date, most research into the causes of these life-long problems has focused on well-established targets such as stress responsive systems, including the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis. Using the maternal separation and early weaning model, we have attempted to provide comprehensive molecular profiling of a model of early-life neglect in an organism amenable to genomic manipulation: the mouse. In this article, we report new findings generated with this model using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing, diffuse tensor magnetic resonance imaging, and behavioral analyses. We also review the validity of the maternal separation and early weaning model, which reflects behavioral deficits observed in neglected humans including hyperactivity, anxiety, and attentional deficits. Finally, we summarize the molecular characterization of these animals, including RNA profiling and label-free proteomics, which highlight protein translation and myelination as novel pathways of interest.
Biographical sketch: Franz König, MD 1832-1910.

This biographical sketch on Franz Konig corresponds to the historic text, The Classic: Ueber freie Korper in den Gelenken [On loose bodies in the joint] (1887), available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-013-2824-y
A Biologically Constrained, Mathematical Model of Cortical Wave Propagation Preceding Seizure Termination

Epilepsy—the condition of recurrent, unprovoked seizures—manifests in brain voltage activity with characteristic spatiotemporal patterns. These patterns include stereotyped semi-rhythmic activity produced by aggregate neuronal populations, and organized spatiotemporal phenomena, including waves. To assess these spatiotemporal patterns, we develop a mathematical model consistent with the observed neuronal population activity and determine analytically the parameter configurations that support traveling wave solutions. We then utilize high-density local field potential data recorded in vivo from human cortex preceding seizure termination from three patients to constrain the model parameters, and propose basic mechanisms that contribute to the observed traveling waves. We conclude that a relatively simple and abstract mathematical model consisting of localized interactions between excitatory cells with slow adaptation captures the quantitative features of wave propagation observed in the human local field potential preceding seizure termination.
Feeding responses in young boa constrictors are mediated by the vomeronasal system

Abstract The vomeronasal system has been shown to mediate feeding responses in several species of snakes. Most studies, however, have been done on snakes of the families Colubridae and Crotalidae. The role of the vomeronasal system in mediating feeding responses was examined in a member of the Boidae, Boa constrictor imperator . Young boa constrictors were presented with a mouse model that was either scented with mouse odours or unscented. In addition, the snakes underwent trials with their vomeronasal ducts plugged with glue (VNX) or with glue placed on one side of the mouth (Sham). Young boas responded to scented mouse models by tongue-flicking and striking the model; they responded to the models only under the Sham condition. The VNX condition resulted in no strikes and virtually no tongue flicking, suggesting that boa constrictors show appropriate feeding responses to mouse chemicals presented on a model and only respond when the vomeronasal system is intact.
Deformation effects on intragranular carbide precipitation and transgranular chromium depletion in type 316 stainless steels

Abstract Grain matrix or transgranular (TG) chromium depletion in type 316 stainless steels (SS) has been observed to be strain and heat treatment dependent, yielding C-curve behavior on a time-temperature-strain-TG corrosion map. The strain effect dominates above 16 to 20 percent showing increased TG corrosion and decreased time to develop TG depletion with increasing strain level. Higher temperatures also reduce the time to develop grain matrix attack, while isothermal holding for longer times produces higher amounts of TG corrosion in SS. Transgranular depletion is caused by precipitation of carbides within grain-matrix regions. Specifically, defect sites created during straining are favored locations for intragranular precipitation in SS. Regions of high dislocation density, deformation twin-stacking fault planes and twin-fault intersections were identified to be preferred sites for grain matrix precipitation during transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of 16 to 35 percent deformed SS.
Long-term stabilization of foams and emulsions with in-situ formed microparticles from hydrophobic cellulose.

We report a simple method to produce foams and emulsions of extraordinary stability by using hydrophobic cellulose microparticles, which are formed in situ by a liquid−liquid dispersion technique. The hydrophobic cellulose derivative, hypromellose phthalate (HP), was initially dissolved in water-miscible solvents such as acetone and ethanol/water mixtures. As these HP stock solutions were sheared in aqueous media, micron sized cellulose particles formed by the solvent attrition. We also designed and investigated an effective and simple process for making HP particles without any organic solvents, where both the solvent and antisolvent were aqueous buffer solutions at different pH. Consequently, the HP particles adsorbed onto the water/air or water/oil interfaces created during shear blending, resulting in highly stable foams or foam/emulsions. The formation of HP particles and their ability for short-term and long-term stabilization of interfaces strongly depended on the HP concentration in stock solution...
Involvement of Ethylene in the Action of the Cotton Defoliant Thidiazuron

The effect of the defoliant thidiazuron (N-phenyl-N′-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea) on endogenous ethylene evolution and the role of endogenous ethylene in thidiazuron-mediated leaf abscission were examined in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv Stoneville 519) seedlings. Treatment of 20- to 30-day-old seedlings with thidiazuron at concentrations equal to or greater than 10 micromolar resulted in leaf abscission. At a treatment concentration of 100 micromolar, nearly total abscission of the youngest leaves was observed. Following treatment, abscission of the younger leaves commenced within 48 hours and was complete by 120 hours. A large increase in ethylene evolution from leaf blades and abscission zone explants was readily detectable within 24 hours of treatment and persisted until leaf fall. Ethylene evolution from treated leaf blades was greatest 1 day posttreatment and reached levels in excess of 600 nanoliters per gram fresh weight per hour (26.7 nanomoles per gram fresh weight per hour). The increase in ethylene evolution occurred in the absence of increased ethane evolution, altered leaf water potential, or decreased chlorophyll levels. Treatment of seedlings with inhibitors of ethylene action (silver thiosulfate, hypobaric pressure) or ethylene synthesis (aminoethoxyvinylglycine) resulted in an inhibition of thidiazuron-induced defoliation. Application of exogenous ethylene or 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid largely restored the thidiazuron response. The results indicate that thidiazuron-induced leaf abscission is mediated, at least in part, by an increase in endogenous ethylene evolution. However, alterations of other phytohormone systems thought to be involved in regulating leaf abscission are not excluded by these studies.
Differences in Neural Circuitry Guiding Behavioral Responses to Polarized light Presented to Either the Dorsal or Ventral Retina in Drosophila

Linearly polarized light (POL) serves as an important cue for many animals, providing navigational information, as well as directing them toward food sources and reproduction sites. Many insects detect the celestial polarization pattern, or the linearly polarized reflections off of surfaces, such as water. Much progress has been made toward characterizing both retinal detectors and downstream circuit elements responsible for celestial POL vision in different insect species, yet much less is known about the neural basis of how polarized reflections are detected. We previously established a novel, fully automated behavioral assay for studying the spontaneous orientation response of Drosophila melanogaster populations to POL stimuli presented to either the dorsal, or the ventral halves of the retina. We identified separate retinal detectors mediating these responses: the 'Dorsal Rim Area' (DRA), which had long been implicated in celestial POL vision, as well as a previously uncharacterized 'ventral polarization area' (VPA). In this study, we investigate whether DRA and VPA use the same or different downstream circuitry, for mediating spontaneous behavioral responses. We use homozygous mutants, or molecular genetic circuit-breaking tools (silencing, as well as rescue of synaptic activity), in combination with our behavioral paradigm. We show that responses to dorsal versus ventral stimulation involve previously characterized optic lobe neurons, like lamina monopolar cell L2 and medulla cell types Dm8/Tm5c. However, using different experimental conditions, we show that important differences exist between the requirement of these cell types downstream of DRA versus VPA. Therefore, while the neural circuits underlying behavioral responses to celestial and reflected POL cues share important building blocks, these elements play different functional roles within the network.
Mapping our Progress: Identifying, Categorizing and Comparing Universities’ Ethics Infrastructures

Ethics researchers have scrutinized ethical business problems, which have been demonstrated through the actions of managers at Enron, WorldCom, and Arthur Andersen, among others. In response to these business transgressions, the US government has implemented the Sarbanes–Oxley Act to shore up businesses’ ethics infrastructures. However, universities, too, struggle with ethics problems. These include NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) violations, discrimination issues, sexual harassment, endowment admits, plagiarism, and research funding manipulation. Despite these problems, we have little knowledge regarding universities’ ethics infrastructures and codes of conduct, and insignificant empirical research on academic ethics issues (Kelley & Chang, Journal of Higher Education, under review, 2006; Morgan & Korschgen, College Student Journal, Sept., 2001). This lack of knowledge exists despite the critical role universities play in shaping the moral behavior of future generations (Langlais, The Chronicle of Higher Education, January 13:B11, 2006; Woo, BizEd, May/June:22–27, 2003). In this paper, we conduct exploratory research to identify the elements of universities ethics’ infrastructures. From our research, we develop an understanding of the ethics policies and infrastructure elements in place at a representative group of universities. We compare these infrastructures to those in business as well as across Carnegie Classifications. We then conclude with recommendations for developing university ethics infrastructures and suggestions for future research.
Analysis of surfaces, films, and multilayers by resonant laser ablation

In this manuscript we review briefly the history of Resonant Laser Ablation (RLA), and discuss some current ideas regarding sample preparation, laser parameters, and mechanisms. We also discuss current applications including spectral analysis of trace components, depth profiling of thin films and multilayer structures, and the use of RLA with the Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer (ITMS).
Current progress in neural crest cell motility and migration and future prospects for the zebrafish model system.

The neural crest is a unique population of cells that contributes to the formation of diverse cell types, including craniofacial cartilage, peripheral neurons, the cardiac outflow tract, and pigment cells. Neural crest cells (NCCs) are specified within the neuroepithelium, undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and migrate to target destinations throughout the embryo. Here, we review current understanding of two steps in NCC development, both of which involve NCC motility. The first is NCC delamination from the neuroepithelium and the changes in cell adhesion and the cytoskeleton necessary for the initiation of migration. The second is NCC migration and the signals that guide NCCs along specific migratory pathways. We illustrate the strength of the zebrafish, Danio rerio, as a model organism to study NCC motility. The zebrafish is particularly well suited for the study of neural crest motility because of the ability to combine genetic manipulation with live imaging of migrating NCCs.
The Impact of Two-Way Dual-Immersion Programs on Initially English-Dominant Latino Students' Attitudes

Forty initially English-dominant Latino students in four 90:10 Spanish two-way dual-immersion programs and 62 of their peers in mainstream English programs were studied to find out if their attitudes toward Spanish and Spanish-dominant individuals differ. Significant differences were found on many variables, with two-way dual-immersion students presenting higher means in each case of statistical significance, especially on variables measuring pleasure with Spanish reading and comfort speaking Spanish in public. Differences, again with higher means for dual-immersion students, were also noted for variables measuring general biculturalism. Attitudinal change is considered in light of relations between Latino generational subgroups.
Coping With Racism: What Works and Doesn’t Work for Black Women?

Perceived racial discrimination (PRD) has deleterious effects on Black Americans. However, there is minimal empirical research on the influence of gender and coping on the relationship between PRD ...
Phase-distortion representation and laser characteristics of ORMOSILs: oscillator/amplifier experiment

The optical characteristics of organically modified silicates (ORMOSILs) are discussed. The absorption spectra of ORMOSIL samples undoped and doped with pyrromethene 580 were measured and compared. The doped sample was utilized in an oscillator/amplifier experiment. Output energies on the order to two millijoules were observed and an amplifier gain of 1.44 was measured.
Reaction of the C3(X1Σg+) carbon cluster with H2S(X1A1), hydrogen sulfide: Photon-induced formation of C3S, tricarbon sulfur

In this paper we report on the neutral-neutral reaction of the C3 carbon cluster with H2S in solid inert argon at 12 K, conditions that mimic, in part, the surfaces of interstellar grains. In the first step of the reaction, a C3•H2S complex is formed via an almost barrierless entrance addition mechanism. This complex, stabilized by an estimated 7.45 kJ/mol (CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ//B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level), is formed by the interaction of a terminal carbon of C3 with a hydrogen in H2S. This con-covalent complex displays a band at 2044.1 cm−1 observed via Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy. With the help of the MP2/aug-ccpVDZ level method, this band is assigned to the CC asymmetric vibration mode. When the complex is exposed to UV-visible photons (hν < 5.5 eV) the tricarbon sulfur C3S molecule is identified, based on the appearance of a characteristic CC stretching band at 2047.5 cm−1. Calculated ground-state potential energy surfaces also confirm the concomitant formation of molecular H2. Th...
The Office Worker: Attitudes toward Self, Labor, and Management

W HITE-COLLAR workers are generally recognized as occupying an intermediate position in the American status hierarchy, below the managerial class but above the industrial worker. Indeed, the white-collar group is often regarded as the most representative in our society, the most typically middle class.' It is another significant part of the white-collar stereotype that the white-collarite is upwardly oriented and that he tends to be indentified more closely with the managerial than the laboring class. The managerial class, according to this stereotype, serves as his reference group; he tends to adopt the management point of view, presumably in hopes of some day rising to membership in that status group. However, working conditions have changed in recent times in a way that might suggest that a significant change may be under way in white-collar attitudes. The industrialization process, with its rationalization of business and industry, its emphasis upon specialization and mechanization, has some tendency to freeze workers at their occupational levels. It has made it increasingly difficult for the whitecollar worker to advance to a management position. At the same time, the routinization of many white-collar jobs, plus substantial improvements in blue-collar working conditions, have tended to blur some of the traditional distinctions between these two groups. Hence, it is not illogical to suspect that a change in orientation may be in process, one in which the white-collar worker is increasingly alienated from management and drawn more closely toward the laborer.
The Use of Mariculture to Produce a Quality Food Product, a Challenge for the Future1

The success of a mariculture industry may depend upon the quality of the food product. This review presents some of the problems to be considered by the mariculturist in producing a high-quality fish or shellfish.
Wall Temperature and Prandtl Number Effects on Turbulent Boundary Layer Thicknesses and Shape Factors for Subsonic Compressible Gas Flow Over a Flat Plate

Based on n-power velocity and temperature profiles a method of computing various turbulent boundary layer thicknesses and shape factors affected by wall temperature and Prandtl number for fully developed subsonic gas flow over a flat plate is presented. Density variation in the boundary layer is given main consideration. Numerical computations include both heating and cooling of gas. Boundary layer thicknesses and shape factors are shown to be significantly affected by wall temperature and to a lesser degree by Prandtl number. An experiment is described which involved air flow up to 30 m/sec over a flat plate maintained at constant wall temperatures up to 250 C. Comparisons between theory and experiment are good.Copyright © 1969 by ASME
Capacity of fading channels with channel side information

We obtain the Shannon capacity of a fading channel with channel side information at the transmitter and receiver, and at the receiver alone. The optimal power adaptation in the former case is "water-pouring" in time, analogous to water-pouring in frequency for time-invariant frequency-selective fading channels. Inverting the channel results in a large capacity penalty in severe fading.
The future of random-seeded crystal learning in computer-aided instruction

The US economy is undergoing a period of rapid change. A second industrial revolution is in process. The key to economic survival in these increasingly dynamic times is an educated workforce. The importance of mass education does not eclipse the need for customized education. Artificial intelligence technologies can drive multimedia systems, which can provide an unprecedented level of individual attention throughout the educational process. Such systems will present an exo-intelligence over the information superhighway. They will teach us how to learn more effectively. Random seeded crystal learning methodologies provide for interaction with the expert so as to amplify the basis knowledge, which is provided.
The limits of protein sequence comparison

Modern sequence alignment algorithms are used routinely to identify homologous proteins, proteins that share a common ancestor. Homologous proteins always share similar structures and often have similar functions. Over the past 20 years, sequence comparison has become both more sensitive, largely because of profile-based methods, and more reliable, because of more accurate statistical estimates. As sequence and structure databases become larger, and comparison methods become more powerful, reliable statistical estimates will become even more important for distinguishing similarities that are due to homology from those that are due to analogy (convergence). The newest sequence alignment methods are more sensitive than older methods, but more accurate statistical estimates are needed for their full power to be realized.
The intermediolateral cell column of the thoracic spinal cord is comprised of target-specific subnuclei: evidence from retrograde transport studies and immunohistochemistry

In this study we examined the hypothesis that the intermediolateral cell column (IML) of the thoracic spinal cord, the nucleus from which preganglionic sympathetic neurons originate, provides an anatomical substrate through which selective regulation of sympathetic nervous system targets is accomplished. Preganglionic sympathetic neurons of rats were retrogradely labeled by the simultaneous exposure of the cervical sympathetic trunk (CST) and the adrenal medulla to Fluoro-Gold and True blue, contrasting fluorescent dyes. Retrograde labeling from these sites revealed 2 populations of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in IML whose distribution overlapped between segments T1 and T4. In regions where these 2 groups of retrogradely labeled neurons overlapped, sympathoadrenal preganglionic (SAP) neurons occupied the most lateral aspect of the nucleus. It was also determined whether individual retrogradely labeled neurons within these two groups sent axon collaterals to both the CST and adrenal medulla. Diamidino yellow, a fluorescent retrograde tracer dye that labels only nuclei, was substituted for Fluoro-Gold and used in combination with True blue to simultaneously label preganglionic sympathetic neurons projecting to either the CST or adrenal medulla. No double-labeled cell bodies were observed in spinal cords of rats treated in this manner. Thus it appeared that the efferent projections of these 2 cell populations in IML were target-specific. Immunohistochemical analysis of the relationship between nerve fibers in the IML and preganglionic sympathetic neurons was also undertaken in an attempt to classify further these 2 populations of sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Equal proportions of identified CST and SAP neurons appeared to be apposed by varicosities immunoreactive for either somatostatin or serotonin. On the other hand, when the comparison was based on whether oxytocin-immunoreactive varicosities appeared to appose these 2 populations of retrogradely labeled sympathetic neurons, a highly significant difference was revealed. That is, oxytocin-immunoreactive fibers and terminals appeared to avoid SAP neurons. Thus these data support the hypothesis that an anatomical substrate exists in spinal cord IML whereby selective regulation of sympathetic nervous system targets may be mediated. Moreover, the lack of oxytocin-immunoreactive varicosities apposing SAP neurons in IML suggests that if the paraventricular nucleus innervates SAP neurons in IML, it does so via a population of neurons that do not use oxytocin as a neurotransmitter.
Elucidation of drivers for cancer initiation and metastasis: A data-mining approach

In this talk, I will present our recent work on how inflammation, change in the availability of oxygen, and hyaluronan play essential roles in key transitions in cancer development, including initiation and metastasis.
Automated multi-mission scheduling and control center operations at UC Berkeley

UC Berkeley has been operating eight spacecraft from its multi-mission control center at Space Sciences Laboratory, using the local Berkeley Ground Station as well as multiple government and commercial ground networks for space-to-ground communications. This paper describes challenges associated with developing multi-mission contact schedules in a constraint-based environment involving several ground networks with competing users, and presents a solution that provides short turn-around times and applies a high degree of systems automation.
Minority rights and majority power: Conditional party government and the motion to recommit in the house

Students of legislative politics have struggled to explain and measure party influence on voting and outcomes in Congress. Proponents of strong party effects point to the numerous procedural advantages enjoyed by the majority party as evidence of party effects, yet recent theoretical work by Krehbiel and Meirowitz (2002) argues that House rules guaranteeing the minority a motion to recommit with instructions effectively balances the procedural advantages enjoyed by the majority. This article identifies and tests the empirical implications of the Krehbiel and Meirowitz theory, using roll-call data from the 61st to 107th Congresses (1909�2002). The results call into question the validity of Krehbiel and Meirowitz's conclusions about party government in the House and provide support for the theory of conditional party government.
Polysaccharide addition effects on rhizosphere nitrogen fixation rates of the California cordgrass, Spartina foliosa.

Abstract Low nutrient availability in salt marsh ecosystems can potentially limit primary productivity and subsequent carbon export to coastal waters. In temperate marshes with low external nitrogen inputs, nitrogen (N2) fixation may enhance availability of usable nitrogen to marsh plant communities and increase their growth. The effects of sub-surface soil amendment of polysaccharides on rhizosphere N2 fixation, and on plant growth and tissue characteristics of the California cordgrass, Spartina foliosa, were tested in microcosms in a tidal simulator. Polysaccharide was added as alginate extract, and rhizosphere N2 fixation and plant characteristics were measured over 9 weeks. N2 fixation rates increased 10-fold in the alginate treatment compared to controls after 1 week of exposure as a result of increased availability of a readily usable form of carbon. N2 fixation rates in amended sediment were significantly higher than rates in control sediments at weeks 1 and 3. Although plant characteristics did no...