cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A two level feedback system design to provide regulation reserve

Demand side management has gained increasing importance as the penetration of renewable energy grows. Based on a Markov jump process model of a group of thermostatic loads, this paper proposes a two level feedback system to govern the interactions between an independent system operator (ISO) and a number of regulation reserve providers such that two objectives are achieved: 1) the ISO can optimally dispatch regulation signals to multiple providers in real time in order to reduce the requirement for expensive spinning reserves, and 2) each reserve provider can control its thermostatic loads to respond to the ISO signal. It is shown that the amount of regulation reserve that can be provided is implicitly restricted by a few fundamental parameters of the provider itself, such as the allowable set point choice and its thermal constant. An interesting finding is that there is a trade-off between an appliance's capacity for providing a large sustained reserve and its capacity of rapid reserve ramping. Simulations are presented to verify theoretical results.
Influence of Protoplasmic Water Loss on the Control of Protein Synthesis in the Desiccation-Tolerant Moss Tortula ruralis : Ramifications for a Repair-Based Mechanism of Desiccation Tolerance

Desiccation tolerance of the moss Tortula ruralis is characterized by a desiccation-induced change in gene expression that becomes evident upon rehydration. As reported earlier, this change in gene expression is apparently brought about by a change in the control of translation and does not include a major shift in mRNA abundance. A full qualitative and quantitative analysis of the alteration in gene expression, which is characterized by the loss of (or greater than fivefold decrease in) the synthesis of 25 hydration (h) proteins and initiation (or greater than fivefold increase) of the synthesis of 74 rehydration (r) proteins, is given in this report. Exposure to a desiccating atmosphere, for times that result in varying levels of water loss, enabled the determination that the control of synthesis of r proteins is different from the control of synthesis of h proteins. The r and h protein synthesis responses are internally coordinate, however. Similarly, the return to normal levels of h protein synthesis differs from that of the r proteins. The return to normal synthetic levels for all h proteins is synchronous, but the rate of loss of r protein synthesis varies with each individual r protein. Run-off translation of polysomes isolated from gametophytes during the drying phase demonstrates that there are no novel mRNAs recruited and no particular mRNA is favored for translation during desiccation. These findings add credence to the argument that translational control is the major component of the desiccation-induced alteration in gene expression in this plant, as discussed. Aspects of the response of protein synthesis to desiccation are consistent with the hypothesis that T. ruralis exhibits a repair-based mechanism of desiccation tolerance.
Magnetically actuated microshutter arrays

Two-dimensional microshutter arrays are being developed at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) for the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST) for use in the near-infrared region. Functioning as focal plane object selection devices, the microshutter arrays are 2-D programmable masks with high efficiency and high contrast. The NGST environment requires cryogenic operation at 45 K. Arrays are close-packed silicon nitride membranes with a unit cell size of 100x100 micrometer. Individual shutters are patterned with a torsion flexure permitting shutters to open 90 degrees with minimized mechanical stress concentration. The mechanical shutter arrays are fabricated with MEMS technologies. The processing includes a RIE front-etch to form shutters out of the nitride membrane, an anisotropic back-etch for wafer thinning, and a deep RIE (DRIE) back-etch down to the nitride shutter membrane to form frames and to relieve the shutters from the silicon substrate. A layer of magnetic material is deposited onto each shutter. Onto the side-wall of the support structure a metal layer is deposited that acts as a vertical hold electrode. Shutters are rotated into the support structure by means of an external magnet that is swept across the shutter array for opening. Addressing is performed through a scheme using row and column address lines on each chip and external addressing electronics.
Measurements of charge diffusion in deep-depletion CCDs by optical diffraction

The charge diffusion is measured in back illuminated, fully depleted, 250 {micro}m thick CCDs by imaging the diffraction pattern of a double slit. The CCDs studied are the focal plane detectors for the Dark Energy Camera (DECam) instrument currently under construction for the Dark Energy Survey (DES). The results presented here indicate that the dispersion of charge due to diffusion can be kept below the DES specification ({sigma}{sub d} < 7.0 {micro}m).
Light Scattering In Ceramics

A framework for systematically treating various aspects of optical propagation in ceramics and similar composite materials. The point of view is a compromise which attempts to deal with some of the difficulties of a completely rigorous treatment of the subject while providing a convenient means for evaluating the optical properties of real materials and designing processing strategies for new materials.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Quantification for contrast-enhanced digital breast tomosynthesis

Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) is a tomographic technique in which individual slices through the breast are reconstructed from x-ray projection images acquired over a limited angular range. In contrast-enhanced DBT (CE-DBT) functional information can be observed by administration of an x-ray contrast agent. We have investigated the technical requirements necessary to quantitatively analyze CE-DBT exams. Using a simplified physiological model, a maximum aerial concentration of approximately 2.2 mg iodine/cm2 in a 0.5 cm thick breast lesion is expected when administering 70 ml of 320 mg iodine/ml Visipaque-320®. This corresponds to a small change in x-ray transmission; up to 5% for a 4 cm thick compressed breast. We have modeled CE-DBT acquisition by simulating Rh target x-ray spectra from 40 to 49 kV. Comparison of attenuation data of our simulated and measured spectra were found to agree well. We investigated the effect of scatter, patient motion and temporal stability of the detector on quantifying iodine uptake. These parameters were evaluated by means of experiments and theoretical modeling.
Cation-induced polymorphism in iota-carrageenan

Abstract Recent X-ray fiber diffraction patterns from polycrystalline and well-oriented fibers of calcium, rubidium and potassium salt forms of ι-carrageenan correspond to large trigonal unit cells. In contrast to the previously reported sodium and calcium forms that contain three half-staggered double helices, these new unit cells accommodate 4, 16 and 27 double helices, respectively. Interestingly, their basal net dimensions ranging from 23.6 to 68.2 A can all be generated from the smallest trigonal lattice having cell edge 13.7 A. The peripheral sulfate groups on the prism shaped ι-carrageenan helix, along with cations and water molecules, are mainly responsible for the association of helices. The existence of several cation-dependent stable crystalline states is compatible with the observed versatility in the physical properties of ι-carrageenan.
Use of nondestructive inspection and fiber optic sensing for damage characterization in carbon fiber fuselage structure

To investigate a variety of nondestructive inspection technologies and assess impact damage characteristics in carbon fiber aircraft structure, the FAA Airworthiness Assurance Center, operated by Sandia National Labs, fabricated and impact tested two full-scale composite fuselage sections. The panels are representative of structure seen on advanced composite transport category aircraft and measured approximately 56”x76”. The structural components consisted of a 16 ply skin, co-cured hat-section stringers, fastened shear ties and frames. The material used to fabricate the panels was T800 unidirectional pre-preg (BMS 8-276) and was processed in an autoclave. Simulated hail impact testing was conducted on the panels using a high velocity gas gun with 2.4” diameter ice balls in collaboration with the University of California San Diego (UCSD). Damage was mapped onto the surface of the panels using conventional, hand deployed ultrasonic inspection techniques, as well as more advanced ultrasonic and resonance scanning techniques. In addition to the simulated hail impact testing performed on the panels, 2” diameter steel tip impacts were used to produce representative impact damage which can occur during ground maintenance operations. The extent of impact damage ranges from less than 1 in2 to 55 in2 of interply delamination in the 16 ply skin. Substructure damage on the panels includes shear tie cracking and stringer flange disbonding. It was demonstrated that the fiber optic distributed strain sensing system is capable of detecting impact damage when bonded to the backside of the fuselage.
Age Differences in Simple and Procedural Reaction Time Among Healthy Military Personnel

Knowledge of cognitive processing changes among adults is important as it can impact their work and home functioning. However, basic cognitive changes due to aging among healthy working adults are either not as well documented or focus on adults over 60 years of age. The purpose of this study was to examine the performance of younger (age 21-38) and older (age 39-58) military personnel on the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metric (ANAM) tests of simple and procedural reaction time. Descriptive statistics including correlation analyses were used to examine the data. Independent samples t-tests were used to compare the groups. Linear regression was used to predict age based on the three reaction time tests. Results of the correlation analyses failed to find a significant relationship between age and reaction time (p > .05). Results of the t-tests failed to find significant mean differences between younger and older participants (p > .05). Results of the linear regression analyses failed to find sig...
Some mixing conditions for stationary symmetric stable stochastic processes

Abstract We derive some necessary and sufficient conditions for mixing of non-Gaussian stationary symmetric stable processes in terms of the spectral representation, and derive additional conditions for the special case where the spectral representation itself is stationary. We also define equivalence relations on symmetric stable processes, and then show that the mixing property respects the equivalence relations.
Maternal left ventricular performance during bicycle exercise

Over the last few years, more women are exercising during pregnancy. Although many studies have examined left ventricular (LV) function during exercise in nonpregnant subjects, to date there is minimal data available on the LV response in the pregnant patient exercising at a high level of intensity during the second half of pregnancy. Pregnancy has been compared to a state of volume overload resulting in an increase in LV size without significant hypertrophy of the LV walls.1 This increase in radius-to-wall thickness ratio may be viewed as detrimental to LV emptying, because wall stress is directly proportional to this ratio.2 To offset this change in LV shape, vascular resistance and mean arterial blood pressure are significantly reduced during pregnancy.2 We hypothesized that strenuous exercise during the second half of pregnancy could result in an afterload mismatch. This study examines LV size and function during vigorous stationary bicycle exercise performed in an erect position in 16 fit, pregnant women using 2-dimensional M-mode echocardiography.
Gene expression and chromatin structure in the cellular slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum.

Micrococcal nuclease digestion of chromatin from growing cells reveals a structural organization which differs for genes transcribed at diverse rates. The late cAMP dependent prespore genes which are not transcribed in growing cells are found in growing cells in a regular nucleosomal repeat with an average spacing of 168 nucleotides. By contrast genes expressed at a low level in growing cells show an irregular pattern of bands with an average distance between bands of 80 nucleotides. The sizes of the bands generated from the transcribed genes are consistent with the concept that transcription results in the loss of the linker region histone H1 with concomitant sliding of nucleosomes to generate close packed (“slipped”) di, tri, and tetra nucleosomes lacking the linker region. Further analysis of dinucleosomes released by micrococcal nuclease digestion reveals that transcriptionally active genes are found associated with dinucleosome species which may be lacking histone H1. The length of DNA protected by these dinucleosomes is heterogeneous, ranging from 250 to 300 nucleotides. Methodology is described which has been adapted to allow two dimensional hybridization mapping of nucleoprotein complexes on single copy Dictyostelium genes.
Grid-Zone Particle Hydrodynamics and Solid Circulation in a Multiple Jet Fluidized Bed

Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Digital Image Analysis (DIA) were used to investigate the evolution of multiple inlet gas jets located at the distributor base of a two-dimensional fluidized bed setup. Experiments were conducted with varying distributor orifice diameter, orifice pitch, particle density, particle diameter, and fluidization velocity to understand the motion of particles in the grid-zone region of a fluidized bed. Results were used to develop a phenomenological model that quantifies the conditions throughout the entire grid-zone. The results and the model were further analyzed to understand the effect of operating conditions on the solid circulation dynamics of a multiple jet system fluidized bed. It was determined that the solid circulation rate increased linearly with an increase in the fluidization velocity until the jet system transitioned from isolated to an interacting system. The solid circulation increased at a much lower rate in the interacting system of jets. This sudden change in the solid circulation rate has not been reported in the literature possibly due to the lack of multiple jet studies. For multiple jet systems, this phenomenon may indicate the presence of an optimum operating condition with high circulation rate and low air input in the bed.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
The Mechanism of the Translocation Step in DNA Replication by DNA Polymerase I: A Computer Simulation Analysis

High-fidelity DNA polymerases copy DNA rapidly and accurately by adding correct deoxynucleotide triphosphates to a growing primer strand of DNA. Following nucleotide incorporation, a series of conformational changes translocate the DNA substrate by one base pair step, readying the polymerase for the next round of incorporation. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the translocation consists globally of a polymerase fingers-opening transition, followed by the DNA displacement and the insertion of the template base into the preinsertion site. They also show that the pyrophosphate release facilitates the opening transition and that the universally conserved Y714 plays a key role in coupling polymerase opening to DNA translocation. The transition involves several metastable intermediates in one of which the O helix is bent in the vicinity of G711. Completion of the translocation appears to require a gating motion of the O1 helix, perhaps facilitated by the presence of G715. These roles are consistent with the high level of conservation of Y714 and the two glycine residues at these positions. It is likely that a corresponding mechanism is applicable to other polymerases.
Versatile in-fiber sensing by use of core-replaced D-fiber

We present a method of replacing a section of the core of a D-shaped optical fiber with sensing materials as a platform for various extrinsic fiber sensors. In this configuration light guides within the sensing material allow for strong interaction between the sensing material and the optical field. Initial experimental results indicate that replacing the fiber core with polymer enhances its temperature sensitivity by at least a factor of 5. The new technique is promising as a means for incorporating various sensing materials into the path of a beam traveling in an optical fiber.
Cardiovascular control during exercise: Central and reflex neural mechanisms☆

Both reflex neural and central command mechanisms have been postulated to explain the cardiovascular responses that occur during exercise. The 2 mechanisms appear to affect the same neural circuits and to be capable of working either in conjunction with one another or independently.
Signal-to-noise ratio and radiation dose as a function of photon energy in mammography

This study investigated the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and radiation dose as a function of photon energy in screen-film mammography. An analytical expression was derived for the SNR for monoenergetic photons incident on simulated masses and microcalcifications embedded in uniform slabs of Lucite. The mean dose, D, was determined by dividing the total energy deposited in the Lucite phantom by the corresponding phantom mass. SNR and dose data for different photon energies were normalized to a constant value of energy absorbed by a 34 mg/cm2 Gd2O2S screen. A figure of merit (FOM), defined as SNR2/D, permitted the optimum photon energy to be determined for each imaging task. For microcalcifications, the optimum energy was dependent on the size of the microcalcification, and increased from 19 keV for 100 micrometer to 22 keV for 500 micrometer imaged in a 4 cm Lucite phantom. The optimal photon energy for microcalcifications was 16 - 19 keV for a 2 cm phantom, increasing to 24 - 26 keV for an 8 cm phantom. For simulated masses of all diameters (2 mm to 10 mm) and thickness (0.15 to 0.6 mm), the optimal photon energy was approximately 17 keV for a 2 cm phantom, and increased to approximately 32 keV for an 8 cm phantom.
Structure effects in ethane hydrogenolysis on RhSiO2 catalysts

Abstract The effects of oxidation-reduction cycling on the morphology, surface composition, metal surface area, and kinetics of ethane hydrogenolysis on Rh particles on SiO 2 have been studied by hydrogen chemisorption, kinetics in a differential flow reactor, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). When ~150-A-diameter Rh particles are oxidized at 500 °C and then reduced in H 2 at 250 °C, the activity increases by up to three orders of magnitude. Heating progressively up to 650 °C produces a decrease in activity to nearly its original value. Hydrogen uptake shows only a factor of less than 3 increase in metal surface area associated with the redispersion and sintering following oxidation and reduction. XPS confirms total oxidation by 500 °C and reduction by 150 °C. TEM shows that particles spread on the SiO 2 surface upon oxidation and form clusters of smaller Rh particles upon low-temperature reduction. These large activity changes appear to be associated with morphological changes in types and distribution of active sites on the metal surface. These transformations can be produced reversibly by successive oxidation-reduction treatments, and structures can be metastable for long times under reaction Conditions.
Quasi-one-dimensional nanostructures and efficient heat transfer in nanoscale devices

The steady decrease of the feature size of integrated circuits towards the nanometer scale leads to an increase in generated heat per unit area. Hence, efficient transfer of heat away from hotspots of integrated circuits becomes a crucial issue in the design of new generations of electronic devices. The importance of efficient thermal transport is even more pronounced in moving parts of nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). Recent research has shown that low-dimensional nanomaterials possess high thermal conductivity and hence are promising candidates for efficient heat reduction in nanodevices. In this talk, we present results of theoretical modeling of heat transport in one-dimensional (e.g. long chain molecules) and quasi-one-dimensional (e.g. carbon nanotubes) nanostructures. The study is performed under the assumption that the contribution of electrons to thermal conductivity is negligible and therefore the heat transfer is solely due to nonlinear interactions between vibrations of atoms in a nanostructure. We investigate the role of various lattice vibration modes in the heat transport with a particular focus on nonlinear localized vibration modes (breathers). These modes are highly localized and have properties qualitatively different from the linear phonon vibration modes. In particular, breathers are very stable and, at certain conditions, they move at a constant velocity which exceeds the speed of sound. This property of breathers suggests their potential use in efficient transfer of heat away from hotspots in a nanoscopic device.
Milky Spots Promote Ovarian Cancer Metastatic Colonization of Peritoneal Adipose in Experimental Models

The goal of controlling ovarian cancer metastasis formation has elicited considerable interest in identifying the tissue microenvironments involved in cancer cell colonization of the omentum. Omental adipose is a site of prodigious metastasis in both ovarian cancer models and clinical disease. This tissue is unusual for its milky spots, comprised of immune cells, stromal cells, and structural elements surrounding glomerulus-like capillary beds. The present study shows the novel finding that milky spots and adipocytes play distinct and complementary roles in omental metastatic colonization. In vivo assays showed that ID8, CaOV3, HeyA8, and SKOV3ip.1 cancer cells preferentially lodge and grow within omental and splenoportal fat, which contain milky spots, rather than in peritoneal fat depots. Similarly, medium conditioned by milky spot–containing adipose tissue caused 75% more cell migration than did medium conditioned by milky spot–deficient adipose. Studies with immunodeficient mice showed that the mouse genetic background does not alter omental milky spot number and size, nor does it affect ovarian cancer colonization. Finally, consistent with the role of lipids as an energy source for cancer cell growth, in vivo time-course studies revealed an inverse relationship between metastatic burden and omental adipocyte content. Our findings support a two-step model in which both milky spots and adipose have specific roles in colonization of the omentum by ovarian cancer cells.
Anti-CD25 mAb Administration Prevents Spontaneous Liver Transplant Tolerance

Liver allografts are accepted spontaneously in all mouse strain combinations without immunosuppressive therapy. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain largely undefined. In this study, we examined the effect of CD4+ CD25+ T regulatory cells (Treg) on the induction of mouse liver transplant tolerance. Orthotopic liver transplantation was performed from B10 (H2b) to C3H (H2k) mice. Depleting rat anti-mouse CD25 mAb (PC61) was given to the donors or recipients (250 microg/d IP) pretransplant or to the recipients postoperatively. At day 5 posttransplantation, both effector T cells (mainly CD8) and CD4+ CD25+ Treg were increased in the liver allografts and host spleens compared to naive mice. Anti-CD25 mAb administration, either pretransplantation or posttransplantation, reduced the ratio of CD4+ CD25+ Treg to the CD3 T cells of liver grafts and recipient spleens and induced liver allograft acute rejection compared to IgG treatment. Anti-CD25 mAb administration elevated anti-donor T-cell proliferative responses and CTL and NK activities of graft infiltrates and host splenocytes; reduced CTLA4, Foxp3, and IDO mRNA levels; increased IL-10 and IFN-gamma; and decreased IL-4 mRNA levels in the livers or host spleens. The number of apoptotic T cells was reduced significantly in the liver grafts and treated host spleens. Therefore, anti-CD25 mAb administration changed the balance of CD4+ CD25+ Treg to activated T cells of liver graft recipients, preventing liver transplant tolerance. This was associated with enhanced anti-donor immune reactivity, downregulated Treg gene expression, and reduced T cell apoptosis in the grafts and host spleens.
Glove permeation tests using novel microchemical techniques for 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) derivatives.

The aim was to assess the permeation of different herbicide emulsion concentrate formulations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) as 60.8 and 83.5% butoxyethyl ester (BEE) and 46.8% dimethyl amine salt (DMAS) through four types of glove materials (lined unsupported nitrile, unlined unsupported butyl, Silver Shield laminate, and Viton). This entailed the development of new microchemical techniques to allow sensitive capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of the permeated herbicide. The 2,4-D DMAS was esterified to the methyl ester by boron trifluoride-methanol complex with 99.2 ± 3.7% efficiency using microwave heating to minimize reaction time and to process microsamples. The GC/MS detection limit was 5 ng/ml (ppb) of 2,4-D DMAS in the collection medium. The permeates from the ester formulations were analyzed directly for the ester above the detection limit of 9 ng/ml (ppb) BEE. The permeation investigations utilized the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM)-type permeation cells with liquid collection media. The results showed that these gloves could provide at least 6 h protection for these formulations.
A simulation–optimization method: Its convergence and utility

An optimization method is given for solving problems where a portion of the explicit mathematical form is unknown but can be evaluated. The solution scheme is an iterative process utilizing optimization and subsystem evaluation (such as via simulation). Conditions for the convergence of the iterative process are given. Several published application articles are noted as using this basic methodology. The method is superior to most other numerical optimization procedures. However, the class of problems for which the method is applicable is restricted to problems with enough known structure to generate a convergent iterative procedure. Three numerical examples are given and comparisons made with several other methods of optimizing unknown systems.
On identifying stochastic closed-loop systems

The identification of closed-loop feedback systems having a white or colored stochastic input and a feedback structure is discussed for cases with and without measurement noise. It is shown that a consistent identification scheme can be obtained for the above cases.
Where are the Psychological Classics in Books of Readings

Summary Articles that are frequently cited in general psychology textbooks may be viewed as psychological classics. To see which of these classics are available to students in books of readings for general psychology, articles appearing in 15 readings books were compared with articles cited in eight general psychology textbooks. Of the 81 classics cited in more than half the textbooks, only three appeared in more than one readings book. Of the 34 articles appearing in more than one readings book, 10 were cited in more than one textbook. These 13 articles may be viewed as classic classics-articles for which there is some agreement as to their being worth citing in textbooks and worth reading by students.
An Assessment of Romantic Commitment Among Black and White Dating Couples1

The purpose of this study was to test the utility of the Investment Model (Rusbult, 1980) of romantic commitment for black and white dating couples. Twenty black and 20 white college dating couples completed questionnaires measuring the Investment Model components and additional variables. According to the Investment Model, the level of romantic commitment is positively related to relationship satisfaction and positively related to the magnitude of personal investments, but negatively related to the availability of romantic alternatives. We expected the romantic commitment of black couples to differ from that of white couples due to the shortage of available black male partners. The only racial differences to emerge, however, were found in a Race8 Gender interaction: Commitment increased with an increase in satisfaction for white males, but not black males. Gender differences indicated that the Investment Model provided a better account of the commitment of females. We also examined the role of two other factors in the prediction of commitment: perceived physical attractiveness of the partner and concern about AIDS. Both factors were significantly related to commitment for males, but not females, and neither of these factors demonstrated racial differences.
Ethics and Risk Management: Building a Framework

The subjects of ethical risk and ethical risk management are alluded to frequently in academic and practitioner literature on organizational risk management, but there is scant evidence to indicate that either issue has received deeper analysis. Thus, the question ‘What does it mean to manage ethical risks?’ remains largely unaddressed. This paper represents a first step in seeking a language for both ethical risks and ethical risk management. As such, it relies on an analytical framework developed by the Caux Round Table in its Principles for Business. This framework is the product of an extended international effort (by scholars and practitioners) to create a statement of business principles with global application. In turn, the framework supports an assessment process that allows organizations to evaluate their conformity with the principles.
Spray-Drying Egg White at Various pH Levels

Abstract THE advent of spray-drying enhanced the potential of the poultry industry by providing an alternate means of marketing and utilizing egg products. However, many advantages of spray-dried egg may not be realized until the effects of the drying process are better understood. This study was an evaluation of the influences of liquid egg white pH prior to spray-drying upon some properties of the resulting product. The attributes studied were: angel cake performance, heat coagulability, reconstitution pH, electrophoretic and iron-binding characteristics. The influence of several physical treatments upon egg white properties has been previously investigated. Since spray-drying combines heat, pressure, dispersion and dehydration to produce a low-moisture product, the effect of each treatment on egg white should be studied individually and in combination. Miller and Winter (1950) found that heat pasteurization of liquid egg white increased whipping time and damaged foam stability. However, Seideman (1963) detected improved angel cake volume and…
Molecular and regional targets of cocaine in primate brain: liberation from prosaic views.

Abstract The neurochemical processes underlying initial exposure to and reinforcing effects of cocaine are not fully understood. An enduring hypothesis of cocaine addiction is based on an underlying premise that dopamine is the acute mediator of the rewarding effects of cocaine and this nefarious role extends through each phase of addiction. Cocaine is an effective inhibitor of the dopamine transporter, thereby increasing extracellular dopamine levels. Euphoria is attributed to the cocaine-induced inundation of extracellular dopamine and the withdrawal and craving for cocaine after cessation of drug use are attributed to neuroadaptive processes to dampen dopaminergic transmission. Nevertheless, our understanding of the role of dopamine transporter blockade in cocaine addiction is not fully understood. The objectives of this laboratory are to investigate the primary targets of cocaine in the brain, those associated with the initial phase of cocaine use and that can provide leads for investigating neuroadaptive processes that may trigger addiction. Two prosaic views of the neurobiology of cocaine addiction are examined in this review. The first is based on the assumption that the dopamine transporter contributes significantly to the stimulant and reinforcing effects of cocaine, and focuses on how stimulant drugs of abuse such as cocaine bind to the dopamine transporter. We present evidence that the widespread assumption that dopamine transporter blockers require an amine nitrogen in their structure is incorrect as non-amines are effective blockers of transporters. The second prosaic view, based on the assumption that the dopamine transporter fulfills a paramount role in cocaine addiction, is assessed in view of mounting evidence that the transporter may not account for the full spectrum of cocaine's effects. Other targets of cocaine, which may be relevant to the acute and chronic effects of cocaine, are presented.
On a control-oriented notion of finite state approximation

We consider the problem of approximating discrete-time plants with finite-valued sensors and actuators by deterministic finite memory systems for the purpose of certified-by-design controller synthesis. We propose a control-oriented notion of input/output approximation for these systems, building on ideas from classical robust control theory, and we explain the relevance of the proposed notion of approximation to the control synthesis problem.
Blocking of beta-2 adrenergic receptors hastens recovery from hypoglycemia-associated social withdrawal.

Summary Objective Hypoglycemia is associated with a variety of adverse behaviors including fatigue, confusion and social withdrawal. While these clinical symptoms are well characterized, the mechanism of their cause is not understood. Here we investigated how insulin-induced hypoglycemia causes social withdrawal. Research design and methods Male 8–12-week-old C57BL/6J mice were injected intraperitoneally (IP) with or without and/or insulin, norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (Epi), terbutaline and butoxamine with subsequent measurement of blood glucose, social withdrawal and plasma catecholamines. Results Insulin generated (0.75 h post-injection) significant hypoglycemia with blood glucose nadirs of 64 ± 4 and 48 ± 5 mg/dl for 0.8 and 1.2 units/kg of insulin, respectively. Insulin (0.8 or 1.2 units/kg) caused near total social withdrawal at 0.75 h with full recovery not occurring until 4 h (0.8 units/kg) or 8 h (1.2 units/kg) post-insulin injection. Insulin also caused a marked elevation in plasma catecholamines. Basal 12 h fasting NE and Epi were 287 ± 38 and 350 ± 47 pg/ml, respectively. Insulin at 0.8 units/kg increased plasma NE and Epi to 994 ± 73 and 1842 ± 473 pg/ml, respectively. Administration of exogenous NE or Epi caused social withdrawal similar in magnitude to insulin. Importantly, administration of the beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist terbutaline also caused social withdrawal while administration of the beta-2 adrenergic receptor antagonist butoxamine blocked NE-induced social withdrawal. Finally, butoxamine blocked insulin-induced social withdrawal. Conclusions These data demonstrate that hypoglycemia-associated social withdrawal is dependent on catecholamines via a beta-2 receptor-mediated pathway.
Migraine-Associated Psychosis and Subsequent Renal Transplant

Background Migraine aura is a recurrent disorder manifesting in fairly brief attacks of focal neurological symptoms. Objective The authors present the case of a patient successfully treated for migraine aura that included prominent psychotic symptoms. Method The authors report a case of a woman diagnosed with basilar-type migraine, including psychotic symptoms, that were treated with a neuroleptic medication. Results The patient was treated with and responded to risperidone and was subsequently able to receive a kidney transplant. Conclusion Because the neuroleptic medication resolved psychotic symptoms, the patient became a successful candidate for renal transplant.
Toward A Meadian Conceptualization of Role

A conceptualization of role that transcends traditional structural and interactionist conceptualizations is developed. Following Mead, a role is said to be both a social object and a perspective; thus allowing for both universal and personal features. Implications for structural symbolic interactionism, various conceptualizations of structure, and empirical research are discussed.
Metonymy and the Metropolis: Television Show Settings and the Image of New York City:

This article argues that contemporary portrayals of cityscapes on television create a “postcard effect,” a way of seeing that affords the viewer the pleasureofa tourist gaze. This disposition both reflects and legitimizes a fragmented experience of visiting a location without immersing oneself in the intricacies of its politics and geography. Building on critical urban studies, film theory, semiotics, and critical ethnography, this article analyzes depictions of New York City in five television shows (Seinfeld, Friends, Sex and the City, Felicity, and The Sopranos) to demonstrate how metonymic representations of the city produce a narrative of a tourist destination on display.
Prenatal sonographic findings in fetal cirrhosis secondary to hemochromatosis.

During the past decade numerous abnormalities of the fetal liver have been described sonographically. Benign calcifications associated with either previous inflammation or infection, hepatic venous congestion and hepatomegaly associated with hydrops fetalis, and benign and malignant neoplasms have all been reported.1–3 While the liver disease associated with hydrops fetalis is often a secondary manifestation of the disease, instances occur in which a primary abnormality of the liver may result in nonimmune hydrops. We describe a case of fetal cirrhosis secondary to hemochromatosis occurring as nonimmune hydrops fetalis. Through the use of ultrasonography and MR imaging, the diagnosis of hemochromatosis with secondary cirrhosis was made. The diagnosis was confirmed by autopsy after the infant’s death. We present a documented case of the prenatal sonographic findings of cirrhosis.
p-type silicon drift detectors: first results

We have fabricated a 4 cm long, position-sensitive silicon drift detector using high purity, p-type silicon as the starting material. In this paper, we describe the double-sided planar process used to fabricate the detectors and the strategy used to suppress surface carrier inversion due to the presence of fixed positive charge at the Si-SiO/sub 2/ interface. The key issue in optimizing the fabrication process has been to minimize leakage currents and maximize breakdown voltages. Preliminary tests show that a drift signal can be measured across the entire length of the detectors and that the transit time of the holes varies linearly with the position of the induced charge signal. >
A Holistic Solution to Pursuer-Evader Tracking in Sensor Networks

In this paper we devise a holistic solution to the pursuer-evader tracking problem taking into account the limitations of the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) as well as the dynamics of both the pursuer and evader. More specifically, we present an optimal strategy for the pursuer to capture the evader despite the delayed and imprecise information available at the pursuer-side. In order to minimize the communication overhead while ensuring capture, we provide an optimal evader sampling scheme that adjusts the sampling frequency based on the strategies of the pursuer and evader, as well as the distance between the pursuer and evader. We support our adaptive sampling scheme with a just-in-time delivery protocol that publishes the evader’s location updates directly to the pursuer, reducing the communication overhead of tracking even further. To further enhance the tracking reliability, we use a two-level design of fault tolerance: 1) a double position advertisement scheme to mask single message losses, and 2) a breadcrumbs-based backup scheme for stabilizing from desynchronization.Our simulation results show that the adaptive sampling scheme guides the pursuer to capture the evader effectively, and reduces the communication overhead significantly compared to fixed rate sampling. Our simulation results also show that our two-level fault-tolerance strategy ensures high capture rates even under consecutive message losses.
AGENDA SETTING AND BARGAINING POWER: The Mexican State versus Transnational Automobile Corporations

The authors explore the often conflictual bargaining relations between transnational corporations and host governments of less developed countries. They focus particular attention on the conflict that surrounded the creation of the Mexican automobile industry (1960–1964), criticizing and reformulating a current approach to these issues. The argument proceeds in two parts—agenda setting and bargaining power. Each part is organized around a central criticism of the bargaining power approach and provides an alternative formulation which is then applied to an analysis of the bargaining relationship between the Mexican Government and the transnational automobile corporations.
Stress echocardiography in valvular heart disease: a current appraisal

Stress echocardiography is increasingly used in the management of patients with valvular heart disease and can aid in evaluation, risk stratification and clinical decision making in these patients. Evaluation of symptoms, exercise capacity and changes in blood pressure can be done during the exercise portion of the test, whereas echocardiographic portion can reveal changes in severity of disease, pulmonary artery pressure and left ventricular function in response to exercise. These parameters, which are not available at rest, can have diagnostic and prognostic importance. In this article, we will review the indications and diagnostic implications, prognostic implications, and clinical impact of stress echocardiography in decision making and management of patients with valvular heart disease.
Message-efficient dissemination for loop-free centralized routing

With steady improvement in the reliability and performance of communication devices, routing instabilities now contribute to many of the remaining service degradations and interruptions in modern networks. This has led to a renewed interest in centralized routing systems that, compared to distributed routing, can provide greater control over routing decisions and better visibility of the results. One benefit of centralized control is the opportunity to readily eliminate transient routing loops, which arise frequently after network changes because of inconsistent routing states across devices. Translating this conceptual simplicity into a solution with tolerable message complexity is non-trivial. Addressing this issue is the focus of this paper. We identify when and why avoiding transient loops might require a significant number of messages in a centralized routing system, and demonstrate that this is the case under many common failure scenarios. We also establish that minimizing the number of required messages is NP-hard, and propose a greedy heuristic that we show to perform well under many conditions. The paper's results can facilitate the deployment and evaluation of centralized architectures by leveraging their strengths without incurring unacceptable overhead.
The Image Reconstruction Contest

From the all-sky infra-red survey of the IRAS satellite, a dataset was prepared for an image reconstruction contest. The object for reconstruction was an image of the galaxy M51. The entries were judged by a panel of astronomers. The judging criterion was which entry brings out the most astronomy.
Yb-doped fiber amplifier for deep-space optical communications

A custom-developed high-power laser based on a Yb-doped amplifier is characterized as a transmitter for deep-space optical communications. The key requirements are high peak power at moderate data rates with good beam quality. The transient pulse dynamics are modeled via a simple rate equation approach and reveal a qualitative agreement with the pulsed performance. Peak powers were obtained up to 8 kW for a 22-ns pulsewidth at a 3.5-kHz repetition rates. The peak power dropped significantly as the repetition rate was increased to 50 kHz.
Variation in Follow-Up Visit Practices Across Clinicians and Conditions: Findings From a University Cardiology Practice.

BACKGROUND Specialty care access is increasingly constrained due to increasing demand for specialty care. Although much attention has been placed on the initial referral decision, much less is known about follow-up visit patterns. We examined the patterns of follow-up visits for new patients to a university-based cardiology practice and identified independent predictors of follow-up visits. METHODS This is a retrospective cohort study of new patient visits using electronic medical record data. The primary outcome was a follow-up visit. RESULTS Substantial variation in practice patterns by provider persisted after accounting for patient and disease factors. Most follow-up care was concentrated in a small population of patients. CONCLUSION Specialty care follow-up visits may represent a significant opportunity for standardization and quality improvement, and further studies are warranted to understand follow-up visits in specialty care. IMPLICATIONS Better understanding of between-provider differences could identify ways to reduce unnecessary follow-up visits. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Single-institution study.
Natural Development of Community Leadership

Our goal in this chapter is to provide some insights about the development of community leadership as it evolves in natural settings. The chapter presents comparisons between the ideas of established community leaders and those of research investigators. The leaders we quote spoke from firsthand experience; the investigators we cite wrote from their knowledge of the current data relevant to community leadership. First, we set out the conceptual framework that guided this communitybased inquiry.
Effects of lead on heme-synthesizing enzymes and urinary -aminolevulinic acid in the rat.

SummaryIn a study of early effects of lead on delta aminolevulinic acid (ALA) metabolism in rats a 4-fold increase in concentration of this metabolite was found in the urine within 12 hr after a single oral dose of lead acetate. This corresponded in time with a 3-fold increase in blood ALA synthetase (ALAS) and was preceded by at least 6 hr by a 90% decrease in blood ALA dehydrase (ALAD). Urinary ALA reached a peak at about 3-4 days and had returned to control levels at 6 days. Tissue ALAD increased towards normal throughout the 6-day period and was about twice the control values in liver after the second day. Blood ALAS decreased to half-normal by the second day.
An Effective Radar Noise Jamming Technology

The features of noise jamming and formation are discussed on the basis of noise jamming principle. Radar maximal operation range under noise jamming is introduced in logarithm method. The faature of the variation of the amplitude of signals received by target and jammer with range,the effect of effective radiated power density on the detection ability of radar are simulated.
The evaluating method for potential remaining oil and utilization degree in Sazhong area

Based on the analysis of the relative permeability curves in Sa-zhong area,the characteristics of these curves have been given in this paper,it includes the conformation of curves,the interval of water saturation between which oil and water can both flow,water saturation at isopotal point.According to the potential remaining oil evaluation model based on the relative permeability curves and filed data,the potential remaining oil and utilization degree of oil layer have been evaluated.The result shows that most of the relative permeability curves in Sa-zhong area belong to two types,the water relative permeability curves are concave up or straight line whose percentage is 45.2% and 40.5% each.The amount of remaining oil in class-3 oil layer are highest,remaining oil in main layer are lowest,and oil in class 2 is just between them,so necessary steps should be taken to recover the oil in the sub-main oil layers.