cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Janus on the mudflats.

An amphibious fish, Periophthalmus argentilineatus is a mudskipper that spends most of its time on the mudflats of the tropical mangrove swamps of Africa, Asia, and Polynesia. It uses its stiff fins like walking sticks to perambulate with surprising speed and agility in the intertidal zone, seeking insects and small aquatic organisms. These remarkable fish actually spend nearly all of their time out of water on an exposed mudflat. A member of the goby family, this species can reach up to 12 cm at maturity and, although epipelagic, occurs exclusively on mudflats and mangrove swamps. Its eyes can be raised and lowered, much like a genuine periscope. This remarkable task is accomplished by the use of a hammock-like structure composed of the inferior oblique and inferior rectus muscles. These muscles are stiffened in concert to elevate the globes. Conversely, when these retractile eyes are drawn closer to the body for protection, they are covered by puckered folds of skin. When out of water, the eyes of mudskippers are able to focus in air because of powerful and rapid accommodation using a round piscine lens. The iris has a functional sphincter, but insufficient, if any, dilator musculature. Consequently, pupillary …
Subnational Foreign Policy Actors: How and Why Governors Participate in U.S. Foreign Policy

U.S. governors lead overseas missions seeking investment and promoting trade, establish international offices, meet with heads of government, receive ambassadors, and take positions on foreign policy. This paper describes how governors are involved in participating in U.S. foreign policy, explains why governors seek to voice their views and play an active role in working with leaders and issues beyond their state's borders, and argues that U.S. states and governors need to be better conceptualized and considered in both international relations theory and foreign policy analysis. This study reveals that governors with greater institutional powers—such as appointment and budgetary control—as well as personal powers—derived from their electoral mandate, ambition, and public approval—are more likely to have higher degrees of foreign policy activity. These actions are more likely to take place during wartime and also from governors representing U.S. states bordering Canada or Mexico.
Development of cross strip MCP detectors for UV and optical instruments

Microchannel plate detectors with cross strip anodes have demonstrated excellent performance characteristics, their resolution has reached the 6-10 μm scale (the typical size of pores in a microchannel plate) and the imaging nonlinearities are small. Working at much lower gain (~5 x 10 5 ) than many other devices, the cross strip readout has many other advantages, low complexity, robustness, compactness and the ability to fit many formats. We have now implemented cross strip detectors in several formats including, 40mm open face (UV/particle) and 18mm sealed tube (optical). These have been combined with a new signal processing technique which allows for high counting rates exceeding 5 MHz with high spatial resolution (<20 μm FWHM). The imaging performance is dependent on optimization of firmware algorithms that are used to calculate event position centroids. With new FPGA designs and implementation considerable flexibility is gained, allowing the fidelity of the imaging readout to be progressively tuned for maximal performance.
Khaki Girls, VADs, and Tommy's Sisters: Gender and Class in First World War Britain

(1997). Khaki Girls, VADs, and Tommy's Sisters: Gender and Class in First World War Britain. The International History Review: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 32-51.
Investigation of the effect of electrode geometry on spark ignition

High-speed schlieren visualization and numerical simulations are used to study the fluid mechanics following a spark discharge and the effect on the ignition process in a hydrogen–air mixture. A two-dimensional axisymmetric model of spark discharge in air and spark ignition was developed using the non-reactive and reactive Navier–Stokes equations including mass and heat diffusion. The numerical method employs structured adaptive mesh refinement software to produce highly-resolved simulations, which is critical for accurate resolution of all the physical scales of the complex fluid mechanics and chemistry. The simulations were performed with three different electrode geometries to investigate the effect of the geometry on the fluid mechanics of the evolving spark kernel and on flame formation. The computational results were compared with high-speed schlieren visualization of spark and ignition kernels. It was shown that the spark channel emits a blast wave that is spherical near the electrode surfaces and cylindrical near the center of the spark gap, and thus is highly influenced by the electrode geometry. The ensuing competition between spherical and cylindrical expansion in the spark gap and the boundary layer on the electrode surface both generate vorticity, resulting in the toroidal shape of the hot gas kernel and enhanced mixing. The temperature and rate of cooling of the hot kernel and mixing region are significantly effected by the electrode geometry and will have a critical impact on ignition. In the flanged electrode configuration the viscous effects generate a multidimensional flow field and lead to a curved flame front, a result not seen in previous work. Also, the high level of confinement by the flanges results in higher gas temperatures, suggesting that a lower ignition energy would be required. The results of this work provide new insights on the roles of the various physical phenomena in spark kernel formation and ignition, in particular the important effects of viscosity, pressure gradients, electrode geometry, and hot gas confinement.
A method for analyzing electrical impedance spectroscopy data from breast cancer patients

Research on freshly-excised malignant breast tissues and surrounding normal tissues in an in vitro impedance cell has shown that breast tumors have different conductivity and permittivity from normal or non-malignant tissues. This contrast may provide a basis for breast cancer detection using electrical impedance imaging. This paper describes a procedure for collecting electrical impedance spectroscopy data simultaneously and in register with tomosynthesis data from patients. We describe the methods used to analyze the data in order to determine if the electrodes are making contact with the breast of the patient. Canonical voltage patterns are applied and used to synthesize the data that would have resulted from constant voltage patterns applied to each of two parallel mammography plates. A type of Cole–Cole plot is generated and displayed from each of the currents measured on each of the electrodes for each of the frequencies (5, 10, 30, 100 and 300 kHz) of applied voltages. We illustrate the potential usefulness of these displays in distinguishing breast cancer from benign lesions with the Cole–Cole plots for two patients—one having cancer and one having a benign lesion—by comparing these graphs with electrical impedance spectra previously found by Jossinet and Schmitt in tissue samples taken from a variety of patients.
Electron spin resonance study of chromium(V) formation and decomposition by basalt-inhabiting bacteria.

Bacterial reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) compounds may produce reactive intermediates Cr(V) and Cr(IV), which can affect the mobility and toxicity of chromium in environments. To address this important subject, we conducted an electron spin resonance (ESR) study to understand the kinetics of the formation and decomposition of Cr(V) during Cr(VI) reduction by different Gram-positive Cr(VI)-tolerant bacteria, which were isolated from polluted basalts from the United States of America and the Republic of Georgia. Results from our batch experiments show that during Cr(VI) reduction, the macromolecules at the cell wall of these bacteria could act as an electron donor to Cr(VI) to form a stable square-pyramidal Cr(V) complexes, which were reduced further probably via a one-electron transfer pathway to form Cr(IV) and Cr(III) compounds. The Cr(V) peak at the ESR spectrum possessed superhyperfine splitting characteristic of the Cr(V) complexes with diol-containing molecules. It appears that the kinetics of Cr(V) ...
Enhancement of apoptosis in cerebral endothelial cells by selected inflammatory signals.

Acute inflammation is characterized by (1) microvascular injury attracting acute inflammatory cells (mostly polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and macrophages), (2) plasma extravasation leading to swelling, and (3) edema in the inflamed site and tissue destruction.' The accumulation of PMNs and macrophages in the acutely inflamed tissue results from activation and injury of endothelial cells (ECs). PMN-EC and/or macrophage-EC interaction perpetuates progressive vascular injury, edema formation, and tissue injury. In inflammatory reactions, the potential pathogenetic roles of ECs have been increasingly recognized.? Interaction between ECs and PMNs/macrophages in acute inflammation is mediated by a number of inflammatory mediator^.^,' The recruitment of circulating PMNs and macrophages into the inflammatory foci involves the expression of adhesive molecules on ECs, PMNs, and macrophages. Interaction between PMNs/macrophages and ECs engage such inflammatory mediators as cytokines, free radicals, eicosanoids, kinins, and others (e.g., histamines and serotonin). Nitric oxide (NO) has emerged to be a key inflammatory mediator. Proinflammatory actions of NO are at least partly related to the formation of free radicals, such as per~xynitrite.~,~ In this communication, we summarize recent findings from our laboratory on the effects of inflammatory mediators, especially the free radicals and cytokines, on endothelial function in vitro.
The journal has survived its teenage years

Having served on the Editorial Board of the Journal of SolGel Science and Technology since 1993, I am extremely grateful for having been part of its successful launch. I have watched the Journal grow from being Sumio Sakka’s inspired creation to being the official voice of the sol-gel community. Over the course of the 16 years, the reputation of the journal has risen to one of the top journals in the materials field, emphasizing glass and ceramics. So, it is safe to say that it has survived its teenage years. As with children who grow up to adults, one breathes a sigh of relief when they reach that point when they graduate high school. Early on, it was necessary to solicit articles for the journal, and topical issues were organized to have a critical mass of content. However, the need for soliciting articles soon disappeared, once a self-sustaining flow of submissions developed. Clearly, the journal caught on. The Journal now serves as the official archives of the International Sol-Gel Society, a truly interdisciplinary society, bridging the sciences and engineering, from fundamental studies to commercial developments. My thanks go to the professional staff at Kluwer– Springer for all the help they have provided over the years. I recall the smooth transition from paper-based reviewing to on-line reviewing. The publisher and their staff handled this without a moment of hesitation. I have found their dedication to this Journal to be exceptional. As the community of sol-gel science has become global, the volume of papers has increased in all parts of the world. To reflect this expansion, the Editorial Board is gaining some new faces and losing some old faces. I am leaving the Editorial Board with the confidence that the Journal of SolGel Science and Technology is in good hands and that it will endure. I am proud to have been a part of the history of this Journal, and I hope in some small way I have contributed to its success.
Experimental nonlinear localization in a periodically forced repetitive system of coupled magnetoelastic beams

Abstract We experimentally study strongly localized modes (SLMs) in a repetitive system of four weakly coupled elastic beams oscillating in a magnetic field. We find four co-existing families of SLMs corresponding to energy confinement mainly in one of the four beams of the system. These solutions persist in frequency ranges close to the first linearized natural frequency of a single beam and are eliminated either through jumps to other weakly or strongly localized modes, or through sudden transitions to chaos.
Visual analysis of I/O system behavior for high-end computing

As supercomputers grow ever larger, so too do application run times and data requirements. The operational patterns of modern parallel I/O systems are far too complex to allow for a direct analysis of their trace logs. Several visualization methods have therefore been developed to address this issue. Traditional, direct visualizations of parallel systems, such as Gantt charts, can be applied to parallel file systems, but do they not capture domain specific properties nor scale up to modern systems. We propose a portable I/O tracing system and visualization methods to analyze the traces we have obtained. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this system on existing parallel storage systems.
Clinical practice. Unhealthy alcohol use.

A 32-year-old man has a three-month history of difficulty sleeping. On questioning, he mentions that he drinks four to six glasses of wine three to four times per week. How should his case be assessed and managed?
MORPHOLOGY ON UMBRA MATRICES

The umbra transform serves as a connection between gray-scale morphology and the classical two-valued morphology of G. Matheron and H. Hadwiger. From a general set-theoretic perspective, the umbra transform of an image (or signal) results in an infinite set, even in the discrete case. By employing bound matrix image representation it is possible to represent the umbra by a finite data structure, the result being an approach that is both intuitive and computational. Moreover, the method is essentially dimensionally independent and thus applies to both morphological image and signal processing.
Web 2.0 collaborations address uncertainty in climate reconstructions of the past millennium

Reducing uncertainty in global temperature reconstructions of the past millennium remains the key issue in applying this record to society’s pressing climate change problem. Reconstructions are collaborative, built on the research of hundreds of scientists who apply their diverse scientific expertise and field and laboratory skill to create the individual proxy reconstructions that underlie the multi-proxy, global average temperature time series. Web 2.0 features have enabled collaborative efforts that improve the characterization of uncertainty. Raw data shared via a repository (the World Data Center for Paleoclimatology) enable new reconstructions from the collection of user-generated data. Standards propagated by expert communities facilitate quality control and interoperability. Open access to data and computer code promote transparency and make the science accessible to a broader audience. Blogs, wikis, and listservs share background information and highlight contentious as well as unique aspects of paleo science. A novel approach now underway, titled the Paleoclimate Reconstruction Challenge, and based on the sharing of simulated data (pseudo-proxies) and reconstruction results, seeks to facilitate method development, further reducing uncertainty. Broadly-useful aspects of the Challenge may find application in other fields.
Multimodality imaging in partial epilepsies

Purpose of review The rapid expansion of novel applications and the development of new techniques in structural and functional imaging modalities present a troubling challenge to keep up with and harness potential valuable information created in this critical field of epilepsy localization and non-invasive in-vivo research. Recent findings Recent advances in epilepsy imaging have centered on: (1) improving the localization of epileptogenic tissue beyond that of state-of-the-art structural magnetic resonance imaging; (2) monitoring the development and progression of epileptogenic pathology, particularly mesial temporal sclerosis; and (3) an investigation of the in-vivo structural and functional disturbances underlying and revealing mechanisms of partial epilepsy pathophysiology. Summary The main impact of the progress in epilepsy localization with multimodality imaging is to allow more effective presurgical evaluation and the selection of patients with intractable seizures. By combining serial imaging findings and genetic studies, the major questions surrounding the development and progression of mesial temporal sclerosis with regard to the cause and consequence of epilepsy will soon be answered. Long-standing questions concerning in-vivo metabolic and neurotransmitter disturbances associated with partial epilepsy, detected and depicted (but not understood) with magnetic resonance spectroscopy and positron emission tomography, are finally being addressed.
Ultrasonography is unnecessary in evaluating boys with a nonpalpable testis.

Objective. An inguinal sonogram often is obtained in boys with a nonpalpable testis to “localize” the testis, ie, determine whether the testis is present. The results of ultrasonography in boys with a nonpalpable testis were analyzed. Methods. The records of boys who were referred to a pediatric urology center with a diagnosis of nonpalpable testis and who had undergone inguinal sonography were reviewed. The results of sonography were compared with findings in the office as well as surgical findings. Results. A total of 62 boys who were referred with a diagnosis of a nonpalpable testis and who had undergone a sonogram were reviewed. The sonogram was ordered by the primary care physician in 51 boys (82%) and by a general urologist in 11 cases (18%). The testis was identified by sonography in 12 (18%) of 66 cases, and all were localized to the inguinal canal. Physical examination by a pediatric urologist showed that 6 were in the scrotum and 6 were in the inguinal canal or perineum. Of the 54 testes that were not localized by the sonogram, 33 (61%) were palpable and 21 (39%) were nonpalpable. Of the truly nonpalpable testes, laparoscopy and abdominal/inguinal exploration identified the testis as abdominal in 10 cases and atrophic secondary to spermatic cord torsion in 11 cases. Conclusion. Sonography is unnecessary in boys with a nonpalpable testis, because it rarely if ever localizes a true nonpalpable testis, and it does not alter the surgical approach in these patients.
Innocuous-related sural nerve-evoked and finger-evoked potentials generated in the primary somatosensory and supplementary motor cortices.

Abstract Objective : Our earlier work revealed two components of the somatosensory evoked potential, which we have labeled SP1 and SP4a, that appear to be generated by neurons involved in the innocuous aspects of somatosensation. The objective of the present study was to examine a hypothesis developed in our earlier work, namely that SP1 and SP4a are generated in the primary somatosensory cortex. Methods : The dipole source localization method was applied to SP1 and SP4a evoked by electrical stimulation of the fingers and of the sural nerve in 20 subjects. The subjects rated the subjective magnitude of each stimulus on a 9 point scale. Results : The finger-evoked and sural nerve-evoked SP1 were best-fit by single sources located in the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) hand and foot areas, respectively. Both the finger-evoked and the sural nerve-evoked SP4a, on the other hand, were best-fit by a single source located in the supplementary motor area (SMA). Conclusions : These results are consistent with our hypothesis that SP1 reflects the activity of SI neurons that are involved in innocuous somatosensation. SP4a is not generated in SI as we originally hypothesized, but rather in the SMA. The SP4a amplitude-stimulus intensity function and the dependence of the SP4a source location on the evoking stimulus site and not the hand registering the magnitude rating suggests that SP4a reflects the response of SMA neurons to afferent input from the innocuous somatosensory pathways. Hence, SP4a may be generated by SMA activity involved in the sensory-guided selection and/or generation of motor responses.
New radio observations of the composite supernova remnant G29.7-0.3

The galactic supernova remnant G29.7-0.3, recently identified as a new member of the class of composite remnants, has been imaged with the VLA at three wavelengths: 2, 6, and 20 cm. Two spectrally distinct components, a flat-spectrum core surrounded by a shell with alpha of about -0.7, suggested by early observations, have been confirmed. Neutral hydrogen absorption measurements of these two components confirm their physical association and place the remnant at a distance of about 21 kpc. A radio polarization map of the Crab-like core and results of an examination of existing X-ray data for evidence of emission from the shell component are also presented. A comparison of the radio and X-ray properties of G29.7-0.3 and other composite SNRs concludes the report.
Photorefractivity in nematic liquid crystals containing electron donor-acceptor molecules that undergo intramolecular charge separation

We report photorefractivity in nematic liquid crystals doped with electron donor-acceptor molecules that undergo intramolecular photoinduced charge separation. We show that subsequent intermolecular electron transfer from the intramolecular ion pairs to neutral donor-acceptor molecules is responsible for the charge migration over macroscopic distances that is required to produce photorefractivity. The results are compared to nematic liquid crystals doped with identical unlinked donors and acceptors that can achieve charge separation only through intermolecular electron transfer. We find that the liquid crystals doped with molecules that first undergo intramolecular charge separation exhibit superior photorefractivity when compared to the same liquid crystals doped with unlinked donors and acceptors. The differing mechanisms for charge generation and charge transport in these liquid crystal composites are analyzed. 43 refs., 7 figs., 2 tabs.
Parachute mitral valve. Further observations and associated lesions.

Abstract The clinical, hemodynamic and anatomic findings in 3 patients with parachute mitral valve are presented. In each an abnormality not previously described in such patients was found. One had mitral regurgitation without stenosis; 2 had right ventricular outflow obstruction, which was due to an anomalous right ventricular muscle bundle in 1 patient and to valvular pulmonic stenosis in the other. The association of parachute mitral valve with other obstructive lesions in the systemic circulation has been emphasized in the past, but many other malformations also occur in patients with parachute mitral valve. The diversity of such malformations makes both diagnosis and operative treatment difficult.
Biochemical and morphological studies of Simian Sarcoma Virus, Type 1.

Abstract A productive infection has been established in a primary human-embryo fibroblastic cell line (HE) by Simian Sarcoma Virus, Type 1 (SSV-1). The C-type virus particles observed in the HE and marmoset lung cells are similar in morphology. Rate zonal centrifugation and acrylamide-agarose gel electrophoretic analysis of radioactively labeled SSV-1 ribonucleic acid reveal a 60–70-S component which is heat sensitive, as well as 28-S, 18-S, and 4–10-S components, all of which are hydrolyzed by alkali. Studies employing the simultaneous detection assay for viral enzyme and 60–70-S RNA show that the virus has biochemical properties similar to other oncorna viruses.
Linear Decay of Retrotransposon Antisense Bias across Genes Is Contingent upon Tissue Specificity

Retrotransposons comprise approximately half of the human genome and contribute to chromatin structure, regulatory motifs, and protein-coding sequences. Since retrotransposon insertions can disrupt functional genetic elements as well as introduce new sequence motifs to a region, they have the potential to affect the function of genes that harbour insertions as well as those nearby. Partly as a result of these effects, the distribution of retrotransposons across the genome is non-uniform and there are observed imbalances in the orientation of insertions with respect to the transcriptional direction of the containing gene. Although some of the factors underlying the observed distributions are understood, much of the variability remains unexplained. Detailed characterization of retrotransposon density in genes could help inform predictions of the functional consequence of de novo as well as polymorphic insertions. In order to characterize the relationship between genes and inserted elements, we have examined the distribution of retrotransposons and their internal motifs within tissue-specific and housekeeping genes. We have identified that the previously established retrotransposon antisense bias decays at a linear rate across genes, resulting in an equal density of sense and antisense retrotransposons near the 3′-UTR. In addition, the decay of antisense bias across genes is less pronounced among tissue-specific genes. Our results provide support for the scenario in which this linear decay in antisense bias is established by natural selection shortly after retrotransposon integration, and that total antisense bias observed is above and beyond any bias introduced by the integration process itself. Finally, we provide an example of a retrotransposon acting as an eQTL on a coincident gene, highlighting one of several possible avenues through which insertions may modulate gene function.
Extended basis set studies of hydrocarbon molecular orbital energies

Abstract Ab initio molecular orbital theory with three extended basis sets (4-31G, 6-31G, 6-31G * ) has been used to study some simple hydrocarbons. Results are presented for propane, 1,3-butadiyne and several of the isomers of the C 4 H 4 and C 4 H 6 systems. The inclusion of polarization functions (basis 6-31G * ) leads to relative energies within 3 kcal mol −1 of the available experimental data. Results are also presented for isodesmic energy comparisons, including bond separation energies.
A linear programming embedded genetic algorithm for an integrated cell formation and lot sizing considering product quality

Production lot sizing models are often used to decide the best lot size to minimize operation cost, inventory cost, and setup cost. Cellular manufacturing analyses mainly address how machines should be grouped and parts be produced. In this paper, a mathematical programming model is developed following an integrated approach for cell configuration and lot sizing in a dynamic manufacturing environment. The model development also considers the impact of lot sizes on product quality. Solution of the mathematical model is to minimize both production and quality related costs. The proposed model, with nonlinear terms and integer variables, cannot be solved for real size problems efficiently due to its NP-complexity. To solve the model for practical purposes, a linear programming embedded genetic algorithm was developed. The algorithm searches over the integer variables and for each integer solution visited the corresponding values of the continuous variables are determined by solving a linear programming subproblem using the simplex algorithm. Numerical examples showed that the proposed method is efficient and effective in searching for near optimal solutions.
A hierarchical modeling framework for on-chip communication architectures of multiprocessing SoCs

In multiprocessor-based SoCs, optimizing the communication architecture is often as important, if not more important, than optimizing the computation architecture. While there are mature platforms and techniques for the modeling and evaluation of architectures of processing elements, the same is not true for the communication architectures. This article presents an application-driven retargetable prototyping platform that fills this gap. This environment aims to facilitate the design exploration of the communication subsystem through application-level execution-driven simulations and quantitative analysis. Based on an analysis of a wide range of on-chip communication architectures, we describe how a specific hierarchical class library can be used to develop new on-chip communication architectures, or variants of existing ones with relatively little incremental effort. We demonstrate this through three case studies including two commercial on-chip bus systems and an on-chip packet switching network. Here we show that, through careful analysis and construction, it is possible for the modeling environment to support the common features of these architectures as part of the library and permit instantiation of the individual architectures as variants of the library design. Consequently, system-level design choices regarding the communication architecture can be made with high confidence in the early stages of design. In addition to improving design quality, this methodology also results in significantly shortening design-time.
Stereoselective inhibition of human placental aromatase.

Abstract We have synthesized the (19R)- and (19S)-isomers ( 2 and 3 . respectively) of 10β-oxiranylestr-4-ene-3,17-dione. The configurations and conformations of these compounds were established by X-ray crystallographic analysis. Each of these compounds is a powerful competitive inhibitor of human placental microsomal aromatase, and stereoselectivity of inhibition was observed (Ki values for 2 and 3 were 7 and 75 nanomolar, respectively). Spectroscopic studies with purified aromatase indicate that the inhibition process involves reversible binding of oxirane oxygen to the heme iron of the enzyme. The (19R)- and (19S)-10β-thiiranes ( 6 and 7 ) corresponding to 2 and 3 have been synthesized from the oxiranes by a stereospecific process. The thiiranes are very effective competitive inhibitors of placental aromatase, and show even greater stereoselectivity in binding than the oxiranes (Ki values for 6 and 7 were 1 and 75 nanomolar, respectively). Spectroscopic studies with purified aromatase indicate that the inhibition process involves reversible binding of thiirane sulfur to heme iron.
UNDERSTANDING THE EVOLUTION OF BEHAVIOR IN THREESPINE STICKLEBACK: THE VALUE OF GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION

The endemic radiation of the threespine stickleback in North America possesses features that will permit us to gain unique insights into evolutionary pattern and process. Already, comparison of populations has demonstrated a remarkable level of adaptive differentiation in reproductive behavior across populations in both southern British Columbia, Canada, and the Cook Inlet Region of Alaska, U.S.A. In small, shallow lakes, threespine stickleback feed predominantly on benthic invertebrates in the shallow littoral zone. They form large groups that attack nests defended by males, and consume all of the young within. In contrast, in larger, more oligotrophic lakes, adult stickleback feed primarily on plankton in large open-water foraging groups. They do not form groups that cannibalize young in nests. In these non-cannibalistic populations, males perform more conspicuous courtship behavior than do those in cannibalistic populations, apparently because risk of attack by visually hunting conspecifics is low. Courtship in these lakes more often includes the conspicuous zig-zag dance, and less often, meandering and dorsal pricking. Anadromous populations tend to be cannibalistic, but also are often behaviorally intermediate. They incorporate the zig-zag dance in courtship more often than do males in cannibalistic freshwater populations, but also usually incorporate the less conspicuous dorsal pricking behavior. These results suggest that the ancestral condition was intermediate and that both cannibalistic and non-cannibalistic freshwater populations display some derived elements in their reproductive repertoires. This kind of comparison among populations thought to have been independently derived from the marine form can provide insights into the patterns and causes of adaptive diversification. For populations such as these, carefully chosen from disparate geographic locations so as to preclude common evolutionary history after colonization of freshwater,
Cervical cytology screening and management of abnormal cytology in adolescent girls.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is highly prevalent in sexually active adolescent and young adult women. Although infection frequently is asymptomatic it may be associated with the development of condylomata and cervical carcinoma. Recent information about the natural history of HPV infection and abnormal cytology in adolescent and young adult women as well as the availability of HPV DNA testing and new techniques for cytologic screening have led to a comprehensive reassessment of current screening and management strategies in young women. In this review we will summarize new data on the natural history of HPV infection and cytology in young women review the limitations of cervical cytology and resulting new technologies for cytologic screening and HPV DNA testing and present strategies for cytologic screening and management of abnormal cytology in adolescent and young adult women. (excerpt)
Educating for Teacher Growth: A Cognitive-Developmental Perspective.

(1980). Educating for teacher growth: A cognitive developmental perspective. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 19, Teacher Development, pp. 278-286.
Cryptographic implementation of a tree hierarchy for access control

Abstract A cryptographic implementation is proposed for access control in a situation where users and information items are classified into security classes organized as a rooted tree, with the most privileged security class at the root. Each user stores a single key of fixed size corresponding to the user's security class. Keys for security classes in the subtree below the user's security class are generated from this key by iterative application of one-way functions. New security classes can be defined without altering existing keys. The scheme proposed here is based on conventional cryptosystems (as opposed to public key cryptosystems).
Using the "visual target grip test" to identify sincerity of effort during grip strength testing.

Abstract We devised a sincerity of effort assessment based on “tricking” a person into exerting maximal effort by providing incorrect visual feedback. The assessment involves deriving a target line from nonvisual peak gripping force, instructing participants to reach it with each grip repetition, and then secretly changing its position, which requires doubling the force necessary to reach it. Accordingly, participants are tricked into exerting more force than intended to reach the deceptive target line. We examined the validity of this test by comparing force values between “trick” and “non-trick” trials in 30 healthy participants. The study design used was a prospective cohort. Providing incorrect visual feedback caused significantly greater increases in force during submaximal effort (69%) than during maximal effort (28%). This test effectively detected submaximal effort (sensitivity = 0.83 and specificity = 0.93). Although this test is not safe for patients during initial therapy, it may be appropriate for patients who can safely exert maximal grip force. Level of Evidence Not applicable.
Do you know why it's not just hair to me? The importance of eliciting breast-cancer survivors' explanatory models throughout the cancer continuum

AbstractIn-depth semi-structured qualitative interviews of approximately an hour and a half were conducted with eight breast-cancer survivors. Two of the survivors interviewed were also nurses who work with breast-cancer survivors. Differences between survivor or lay explanatory models and biomedical explanatory models were identified in this study. Survivors see their cancer as an emotional emergency, believe that no cancer is 'good' cancer, and view their survivorship through their previous illness experiences as well as their families' previous illness experiences. Breast cancer is not routine for cancer survivors and treating a breast is different from treating another area of the body. Survivors may filter their experience through first-hand or second-hand cancer stories. While survivors do need encouragement throughout the process it is important to remember that the one last chemo or radiation treatment may feel like an insurmountable task. From a clinical standpoint, hair does grow back, but from ...
The impact of weekend hospital admission on the timing of intervention and outcomes after surgery for spinal metastases.

BACKGROUND Many studies have found that patients admitted on the weekend have inferior outcomes compared with those admitted on a weekday, which may be due partially to decreased availability of procedures. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of weekend admission on the timing of intervention and outcomes after surgery for metastatic spine disease. METHODS Data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2005-2008) were retrospectively extracted. Patients were included if they had metastatic disease and underwent spine surgery; elective hospital admissions were excluded. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to calculate the odds of undergoing early surgery, in-hospital death, and the development of a complication for patients admitted on the weekend compared with those admitted on a weekday. All analyses were adjusted for differences in age, sex, comorbid disease, primary tumor histology, myelopathy, visceral metastases, and expected primary payer, as well as hospital volume, bed size, and teaching status. RESULTS We evaluated 2714 admissions. Weekend admission was associated with a significantly lower adjusted odds of receiving surgery within 1 day (odds ratio, 0.66, 95% confidence interval, 0.54-0.81; P < .001) and within 2 days (odds ratio, 0.68; 95% confidence interval, 0.56-0.83; P < .001) of admission. The adjusted odds of in-hospital death and developing a postoperative complication were not significantly different for those admitted on the weekend. CONCLUSION In this nationwide study examining patients with spinal metastases, those admitted on the weekend were significantly less likely to receive early intervention. Future studies are needed to delineate the reasons for differences in the timing of surgery.
Testing predictions of foraging theory for a sit-and-wait forager, Anolis gingivinus

Research in foraging theory has been dominated by studies of active foragers choosing among patches and among prey within a patch. Studies of central-place foraging have mainly focused on loading decisions of an animal provisioning a central place. The problem faced by a sit-and-wait forager that encounters prey at a distance has received little attention. In this study we tested foraging theory predictions for such foragers, Anolis gingivinus females in the West Indies island of AnguiOa. We presented lizards with antHon larvae at various distances. Experiment 1 showed that an individual's probability of pursuing prey decreases with the prey's distance and is best described by a sigmoidal function (which may be as steep as a step function). This function's inflection point defines a cutoff distance. Experiment 3 tested how cutoff distance changes as a function of prey size. Cutoff distances were greater for larger prey, as predicted for an energy-maximizing forager. Experiments 2 and 4 tested how cutoff distance changes as a function of prey abundance. As predicted, cutoff rii*nnrr+ were greater at a site where prey abundance was lower. Furthermore, cutoff distances decreased immediately following prey augmentation and returned to previous values within one day of ending augmentation. Thus, moles' foraging behavior is a dynamic process, consistent with the qualitative predictions of foraging theory. We attribute the success of this study in supporting fundamental foraging theory predictions to the lizards exhibiting natural behavior under field conditions and to particular advantages of studying sit-and-wait foragers.
Reasons for Conflict: Political Implications of a Definition of Terrorism

: This essay analyzes the U.S. political situation before the 2003 invasion of Iraq and ties this conflict to the events of 9/11. The guiding thread of the discussion is the definition of “terrorism” that has led to George W. Bush's declared “war on terrorism.” By means of Hegel's dialectic logic, the essay exposes the problem offered by the category of causality involved in the definition of terrorism: Is terrorism the original “cause” of the war declared on it by the United States (as the Bush administration claims) or is terrorism rather the very “consequence” of that war?
Sexual satisfaction among married women age 50 and older.

Correlates of sexual satisfaction were identified in a sample of older married women. A 70-item questionnaire was mailed to an age-stratified sample of 5,000 married persons, including 1,000 married women over the age of 50. Usable questionnaires were received from 148 participants (14.8% return rate) Hierarchical multiple regression analysis, using sexual satisfaction as the dependent variable, yielded five predictor variables that accounted for a significant portion of the variation in sexual satisfaction (Cumulative R2 = .73). These results serve as a reminder that sexual interactions cannot be compartmentalized but must be considered within the context of the overall marriage relationship. Given the low return rate, interpretations should be limited until replication with an adequate sample has been completed.
Nuclear shapes of the transitional nuclei 186, 188, 190, 192Os

Abstract Excitation functions at θ lab = 130° have been measured for inelastic scattering of 13–24 MeV alpha particles from 186,188,190,192 Os. Data have been obtained for 0 + , 2 + , 4 + , 2 + ' states in 186,188,192 Os and for 0 + , 2 + states in 190 Os. Charge and mass quadrupole deformations, β 2 c and β 2 N , were deduced from coupled-channels analysis of the 2 + data. No simple model could provide good fits to the 4 + data over the entire energy range but the very deep interference minima observed establish the charge and mass hexadecapole moments, β 4 c and β 4 N , to be negative. The energies of the interference minima for the 4 + states could be reproduced by coupled-channels calculations only if large differences in β 4 c and β 4 N were allowed. Data for the ( J , K ) π = (2, 2) + states are inconsistent with an asymmetric rotational model.
Reversible sol–gel transitions in aqueous solutions of N‐isopropylacrylamide ionic copolymers

Ionic copolymers of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA) exhibiting sol–gel transitions in aqueous solutions were investigated. The studies were aimed at understanding of the structure–property relationship in the design of injectable, in situ forming gels for potential biomedical applications in delivery of therapeutics and tissue engineering. Aqueous solutions of NIPA ionic copolymers were found to flow freely at ambient temperatures and formed soft gels with controlled syneresis above 32 °C, the lower critical solution temperature of NIPA. The sol–gel transitions and temperature-dependent properties of the resulting gels were analyzed using dynamic rheometry and ultraviolet and infrared spectrometry, and were found to be controlled by the molecular weight and composition of copolymers, ionization state of comonomers and composition of aqueous solvent. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
A Longitudinal Study of Streptococcal Antibody Dynamics Showing Unusual Seasonal Fluctuations

A population of 160 children (mean age = 6.6 years) was followed at 2-month intervals over a 2-year period with serial determinations for 3 streptococcal antibodies: antistreptolysin O (ASO), antideoxyribonuclease B (anti-DNAse B) and anti-nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotidase (anti-NADase). Antibody dynamics of the more than 1,000 sera collected (mean no. bleedings/child = 7.3) were examined by comparing geometric mean titers (GMT) and significant rises at different times of the year. GMTs for all 3 antibodies increased during the summer and fall when streptococcal skin infections were common but leveled off or fell during the winter and spring despite a high prevalence of respiratory illness and positive throat cultures for group A streptocci (up to 70%). The smallest number of rises for all 3 antibodies occurred during the respiratory season. During the summer anti-DNAse B titers tended to rise more sharply and reached maximum levels sooner than the other two antibodies. Although GMTs were lowest in the 1–3-year age group, these children also showed marked rises during the summer and fall. Rises in ASO were less frequent than responses in the other two antibodies, especially after 3 years of age. Plateauing of GMTls occurred at a later age for anti-DNAse B than for the other two antibodies. This extraordinary, inverse seasonal pattern of antibody levels and responses emphasizes the predominant influence of skin infections in this population and raises the possibility of a curious immunological unresponsiveness to streptococcal respiratory infections during the winter month, behavior which may contribute to the low frequency of acute rheumatic fever relative to acute nephritis in this population.
Possible temperature variation effects on the interpretation of spatially resolved reflectance observations of asteroid surfaces

In virtue of the extent to which the visible and near-IR spectral reflectance of minerals that may be encountered on asteroid surfaces is a function of temperature, surface temperature distributions must be taken into account in the mineralogical evaluation of spectral reflectance data obtained from a spatially resolved asteroid surface. Possible errors of this type are presently illustrated for the case of a silicate mineral assemblage measured at the various temperatures that may be encountered over an asteroid surface, in order to allow optimal mineralogical data extraction.
The State of Survey Methodology Challenges, Dilemmas, and New Frontiers in the Era of the Tailored Design

In this overview, we discuss the current state of survey methodology in a form that is useful and informative to a general social science audience. The article covers existing challenges, dilemmas, and opportunities for survey researchers and social scientists. We draw on the most current research to articulate our points; however, we also speculate on both technological and cultural changes that currently influence or may soon affect the efficacy of different methodological choices.
Role of para-hydroxylation in phensuximide-induced urotoxicity in the Fischer 344 rat.

Abstract Phensuximide (PSX) is an antiepileptic agent which has been shown to induce hemorrhagic cystitis and mild nephrotoxicity following repeated administration in man or rats or when acutely administered to phenobarbital-pretreated rats. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of para-hydroxylation of the phenyl group of PSX in PSX-induced urotoxicity. Two PSX derivatives, 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-methylsuccinimide (FMPS) and N-methyl-2-(4-methyphenyl)succinimide (MMPS), were synthesized and evaluated for urotoxic potential. Male Fischer 344 rats (four rats/group) were administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) a succinimide (0.4 or 1.0 mmol/kg) or vehicle and renal function monitored for 48 h. In a separate experiment, rats were pretreated with phenobarbital (75 mg/kg/day; 3 days, i.p.) prior to succinimide or succinimide vehicle. In non-phenobarbital pretreated rats, acute FMPS or MMPS treatment had little effect on renal function or morphology at the doses tested. Hematuria (+) was noted in the FMPS (1.0 mmol/kg) group on post-treatment day 2. However, in the phenobarbital-pretreated rats, FMPS (0.4 or 1.0 mmol/kg) induced marked hematuria (++) and increased proteinuria while having little or no effect on other renal functional parameters or renal morphology. At killing, bladders of treated rats were distended with bloody urine and exhibited hemorrhagic areas within the bladder wall. In phenobarbital-pretreated rats, MMPS administration had little effect on any renal functional parameter measured or urological morphology. These results suggest that para-hydroxylation does not contribute to the hemorrhagic cystitis induced by PSX.