cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shifting thinking about memory impairment

In the wake of newer and better medications for Alzheimer's disease, there is a palpable change in the way geriatricians and other primary-care physicians are addressing cognitive impairment in their older patients. Historically, physicians felt some degree of impotence in caring for those with Alzheimer's disease, clearly the commonest cause of dementia in older persons. This has led to a subconscious reluctance to even make the diagnosis. There have been excellent resources for caregivers for some time through organisations such as the Alzheimer's Association, and good behavioural management techniques for patients, but primary medical treatment has come of age only recently with the availability of selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitors; medications that preferentially act on the cerebrum (and thus have fewer systemic side-effects), and with favourable pharmacokinetics allowing easier once-a-day dosing. With the availability of these newer medications, educational material has become more available for primary-care physicians to become more confident in making the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease-to make it one of "inclusion" rather than The cholinergic "exclusion" using codified criteria. The newer medications appear to have salutary therapeutic effects in about one-third of patients. Several more acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are in development and should be available in the coming months. Advances in acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are good news for geriatricians, patients, and families. That said, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are essentially palliative. Actual neurone preservation to avoid the brain-destroying ravages of Alzheimer's disease remains elusive. Hence, there has been excitement and promise surrounding studies of oestrogen and cognition. Oestrogen is used primarily for bone preservation in osteoporosis and possible avoidance of atherosclerotic disease, although the latter effect has recently been called into question. Studies of the effect of oestrogen in preserving cognition have been somewhat equivocal; however, several casecontrol studies show beneficial effects. Randomised controlled trials are now in progress to answer the question of oestrogen effectiveness in Alzheimer's disease (namely, the Women's Health Initiative). And, of course, the big news on the oestrogen front this year has been the development of selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SORMs). Some postmenopausal women have been reluctant to take oestrogen because of the increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer in
The United States Federal Government and New Public Management: How Good a Fit?

This article begins with an examination of the design of the United States governmental system – ‘separated institutions sharing powers’ – and the lack of attention that the framers of the American Constitution gave to the administrative arm of the state. Because of the separation of powers and the lack of attention given to the administrative arm, the bureaucracy that eventually developed in the USA has become contested ground. The article provides a brief introduction to the New Public Management, especially as it has been attempted in the USA, and the issues involved in applying the New Public Management in that country. General issues about New Public Management are raised, particularly about the problems of applying private sector solutions to pubic management. The article concludes that the design features that make the United States system resemble a market, and the unclear role of administration in the system, make it difficult to successfully apply many features of the New Public Management.
First findings of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus).

We report the detection and identification of Cryptosporidium and Giardia from 1 of 3 species of pinnipeds. Fecal samples were collected from Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi), northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris), and California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) in the northern California coastal area. By means of fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibodies, Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 3 samples from California sea lions, 1 of which also contained Giardia cysts. Oocysts of Cryptosporidium and cysts of Giardia were morphologically indistinguishable from oocysts of C. parvum and cysts of G. duodenalis from other animal origins. Oocysts and cysts were then purified using immunomagnetic separation techniques and identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), from which species-specific products were obtained. Sequence analysis revealed that the 452-bp and 358-bp PCR products of Cryptosporidium isolated from California sea lion had identities of 98% with sequences of thei...
Entangled in language. The Linguistic Terrain of Human-Animal Relations

Drawing on analyses of scientific knowledge and language from Foucault and Lyotard, this article explores the role of language in human-animal relations and human-animal ethics. The author examines several ways in which two linked manifestations of language—definitions and available vocabulary within a dominant discourse—aid in the production of linguistic or discursive borders between humans and other animals. Definitions of words such as “culture” or “cruelty” shape, among other things, our perceptions of animals as more or less like ourselves and what we consider reasonable to be done to them. Western scientific processes contribute to the vocabulary that is available to make legitimate knowledge claims about animals. Lyotard proposes the concept of “the social bond” that is created between humans through their everyday language and makes a distinction between this everyday language and scientific language. Using the examples presented in the article, the author contends that Western scientific language, as it relates to animals, also functions to contribute to the human social bond.
Tax Complexity and Compliance Costs of U.S. Multinational Corporations

Complex tax laws and the costs of complying with those laws are a major concern to U.S. multinational corporations. High costs of complying with complex tax rules and the nature of these rules are widely viewed as an impediment to the ability of U.S. multinational corporations to effectively compete in the international business arena and place them at a competitive disadvantage relative to multinational corporations chartered in other countries. This study examines tax compliance costs of U.S. multinational corporations over the years 1986 through 1988, the years immediately preceding and following passage of the Tax Reform Act of 1986. Research objective: determine the extent to which tax compliance costs increased over that period, the provisions of the act that most profoundly contributed to those increased costs, and other factors contributing to the tax complexity faced by U.S. multinational corporations.
Can Nutritional Assessment Tools Predict Response to Nutritional Therapy

Traditional tools and scoring systems for nutritional assessment have focused solely on parameters of poor nutritional status in the past, in an effort to define the elusive concept of malnutrition. Such tools fail to account for the contribution of disease severity to overall nutritional risk. High nutritional risk, caused by either deterioration of nutritional status or greater disease severity (or a combination of both factors), puts the patient in a metabolic stress state characterized by adverse outcome and increased complications. Newer scoring systems for determining nutritional risk, such as the Nutric Score and the Nutritional Risk Score-2002 have created a paradigm shift connecting assessment and treatment with quality outcome measures of success. Clinicians now have the opportunity to identify high risk patients through their initial assessment, provide adequate or sufficient nutrition therapy, and expect improved patient outcomes as a result. These concepts are supported by observational and prospective interventional trials. Greater clinical experience and refinement in these scoring systems are needed in the future to optimize patient response to nutrition therapy.
Laity, Institution, Theology, or Politics? Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish Washington Offices' Agenda Setting*

I examine the considerations that 15 prominent religious offices in Washington, D.C. take into account when establishing their political agendas. Data come from interviews with office directors, websites, and documents collected during the 108th Congress (2003-2004). I find that the offices do consider their theological traditions and the institutional policies of their sponsoring religious bodies. At the same time, different aspects of faith are called upon across theological camps (liberals/moderates versus conservatives) and faith families (Protestants versus Catholics versus Jews). Beyond the two universal considerations of institutional policy and theology, only liberals and most moderates take into account the external political climate. The laity plays a role in the agenda setting process of very few offices, contributing to overt tension experienced by some of the organizations. Implications for Washington offices' political advocacy, denominational structure, and their representativeness (or lack thereof) are discussed.
Quality in perspective: is genomics really that different?

Pathologists have classically evaluated ‘quality’ by accurate diagnoses and acceptable quality control. The underlying principles of laboratory quality are no different when considering genomic testing. However, the volume and types of information derived from genomic testing raise the bar on the quality equation. The Institute of Medicine defined quality care as that which is: patient centred, safe, effective, efficient, timely, and equitable. Genomic diagnostics are perhaps among the most patient centred , assuming that they are ordered by a properly informed patient and physician. Safety requires that no harm should come from care. The wrong information, or the right information inappropriately interpreted, pose risks to patient safety. Genomic tests are effective when evidence guides their selection and the information requested and provided positively influences decision making. Efficient services use streamlined processes to arrive at results and duplicate or unnecessary services are eliminated. Results are timely when they reach physicians in time to be most useful for care decisions. Lastly, care is equitable when all patients have equal access to the diagnostics they require. The power of genomic testing offers incredible opportunities for the advancement of diagnostic pathology; however, pathologists bear the responsibility to assure the power is used appropriately to maximise quality.
H-reflexes in normal human infants: depression of these electrically induced reflexes (EIR's) in sleep.

SummaryI. Three H-reflexes, 2 of which have not been described previously, have been obtained in 13 normal human neonates when the ulnar nerve was stimulated. These electrically induced reflexes (EIR's) were demonstrated by muscle action potential recordings from the flexor muscles of the forearm (UFEIR), the hypothenar (UHEIR) and the first dorsal interosseus muscles (UIEIR) of the hand. 2. The UFEIR had a lower threshold than either the UIEIR, or the previously described UHEIR. 3. All 3 EIR's were reduced in amplitude in neonates and in those subjects reexamined 2 to 4 months later, as the infants fell asleep. They were restored by spontaneous arousal or by waking induced by sensory stimulation with sound, light, or touch.
Synthesis, structure, and reactivity of an anionic Zr-oxo relevant to CO2 reduction by a Zr/Co heterobimetallic complex.

Oxidative addition of CO2 to the reduced Zr/Co complex (THF)Zr(MesNPiPr2)3Co (1) followed by one-electron reduction leads to formation of an unusual terminal Zr–oxo anion [2][Na(THF)3] in low yield. To facilitate further study of this compound, an alternative high-yielding synthetic route has been devised. First, 1 is treated with CO to form (THF)Zr(MesNPiPr2)3Co(CO) (3); then, addition of H2O to 3 leads to the Zr–hydroxide complex (HO)Zr(MesNPiPr2)3Co(CO) (4). Deprotonation of 4 with Li(N(SiMe3)2) leads to the anionic Zr–oxo species [2][Li(THF)3] or [2][Li(12-c-4)] in the absence or presence of 12-crown-4, respectively. The coordination sphere of the Li+ countercation is shown to lead to interesting structural differences between these two species. The anionic oxo fragment in complex [2][Li(12-c-4)] reacts with electrophiles such as MeOTf and Me3SiOTf to generate (MeO)Zr(MesNPiPr2)3Co(CO) (5) and (Me3SiO)Zr(MesNPiPr2)3Co(CO) (6), respectively, and addition of acetic anhydride generates (AcO)Zr(MesNPiPr2)...
Joint decoding of content-replication codes for flash memories

One serious challenge for flash memories is data reliability. In this work, we present the content-replication codeword problem, and it leads to our proposed joint decoder. We focus on joint decoding algorithms and study their theoretical decoding performances. The proposed scheme is novel for flash memories, and we show their reliability can be enhanced by increasing the diversity of error-correcting codes.
Host and parasite thermal acclimation responses depend on the stage of infection.

Global climate change is expected to alter patterns of temperature variability, which could influence species interactions including parasitism. Species interactions can be difficult to predict in variable-temperature environments because of thermal acclimation responses, i.e. physiological changes that allow organisms to adjust to a new temperature following a temperature shift. The goal of this study was to determine how thermal acclimation influences host resistance to infection and to test for parasite acclimation responses, which might differ from host responses in important ways. We tested predictions of three, non-mutually exclusive hypotheses regarding thermal acclimation effects on infection of green frog tadpoles (Lithobates clamitans) by the trematode parasite Ribeiroia ondatrae with fully replicated controlled-temperature experiments. Trematodes or tadpoles were independently acclimated to a range of 'acclimation temperatures' prior to shifting them to new 'performance temperatures' for experimental infections. Trematodes that were acclimated to intermediate temperatures (19-22 °C) had greater encystment success across temperatures than either cold- or warm-acclimated trematodes. However, host acclimation responses varied depending on the stage of infection (encystment vs. clearance): warm- (22-28 °C) and cold-acclimated (13-19 °C) tadpoles had fewer parasites encyst at warm and cold performance temperatures, respectively, whereas intermediate-acclimated tadpoles (19-25 °C) cleared the greatest proportion of parasites in the week following exposure. These results suggest that tadpoles use different immune mechanisms to resist different stages of trematode infection, and that each set of mechanisms has unique responses to temperature variability. Our results highlight the importance of considering thermal responses of both parasites and hosts when predicting disease patterns in variable-temperature environments.
Study on Chest Radiograph Replacing Chest Fluoroscopy in Occupational Health Examination

[Objective]To discuss the advantages and disadvantages of chest radiography replacing chest fluoroscopy in occupational health examination in primary centers for disease control and prevention.[Methods]The analysis and comparison were carried out from three different views,included radiation hazards,positive rate,advantages and disadvantages of two methods.[Results]Chest fluoroscopy was 11.92 times as the effective dose equivalent of X-rays as chest radiography. The positive detection rate of chest radiography was 5 fold that of chest fluoroscopy,and there was significant different (χ2=41.77,P0.01). Chest radiography had advantages of clear,high-contrast ratio,helping to discover the microscopic collapse of the lung in early stage and recording image objectively,and it was more suitable than chest fluoroscopy in occupational health examination.[Conclusion]In order to ensure legal health rights of workers,decrease harmful radiation of X-rays and increase the detection rate of occupational disease (pneumoconiosis),it is suggested that routine chest fluoroscopy was replaced by chest radiography in occupational health examination in primary centers for disease control and prevention.
Bivariate holomorphic embedding applied to the power flow problem

Iterative methods for solving the power flow problem, including the Newton Raphson method and fast decoupled methods require good starting points, otherwise they may not converge or may converge to the wrong (low voltage) solution. The holomorphic embedding method (HEM) is a recursive, not iterative, method which uses the no-load condition as its starting points and is theoretically guaranteed to converge to the operable, high-voltage (HV) solution if one exists. The HEM method uses Pade approximant as a means of analytic continuation and is capable of finding the HV solution up to the saddle node bifurcation point (SNBP). The univariate HEM has been proven to be an efficient tool in experiments. However, a key drawback of the univariate HEM is that it lacks flexibility: the method can calculate the solutions only when the load/generation profile is scaled as a whole. A straightforward improvement is to use a multi-variate HEM combined with multi-variate Pade approximants. This paper presents a bivariate HEM formulation, which uses a corresponding bivariate Pade (Chisholm) approximant. Simulations on a three-bus and a modified IEEE 14-bus system show that the method can yield accurate voltage solutions and accurate values of the SNBPs.
Dr. Sharon Smaldino

If you ask Dr. Sharon Smaldino about how she came into the field of educational technology, she will tell you a story about stumbling into [it] as she was having a conversation with her master’s advisor. Dr. Smaldino, the youngest of five children and originally from Binghamton, NY, already possessed a Bachelor of Arts in Speech Pathology/Audiology from SUNY-Albany and was working on a Master of Arts in Elementary Education at the University of Connecticut. Recognizing Smaldino’s intellect and innovative spirit, her advisor felt that she needed to be in a field that would allow Sharon to try new things. Taking this advice, Smaldino eventually graduated in 1987 with a Ph.D. in Educational Media/Computer Applications from Southern Illinois University. Dr. Smaldino spent most of her career at the University Northern Iowa (UNI), starting out as a Research Assistant in 1985. Smaldino climbed the academic ranks, eventually holding the title of Professor in the Department of Curriculum & Instruction and Interim Associate Dean of the College of Education-Graduate Studies. In 2003, Dr. Smaldino left to become the L.D. and Ruth Morgridge Endowed Chair for Teacher Education at Northern Illinois University (NIU), and it is from NIU that Sharon recently retired.
Nanosilver as a disinfectant in dental unit waterlines: Assessment of the physicochemical transformations of the AgNPs

Dental unit water lines (DUWL) are susceptible to biofilm development and bacterial growth leading to water contamination, causing health and ecological effects. This study monitors the interactions between a commonly used nanosilver disinfectant (ASAP-AGX-32, an antimicrobial cleaner for dental units, 0.0032% Ag) and biofilm development in DUWL. To simulate the disinfection scenario, an in-house DUWL model was assembled and biofilm accumulation was allowed. Subsequent to biofilm development, the disinfection process was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The pristine nanosilver particles in the cleaner measured between 3 and 5 nm in diameter and were surrounded by a stabilizing polymer. However, the polymeric stabilizing agent diminished over the disinfection process, initiating partial AgNPs aggregation. Furthermore, surface speciation of the pristine AgNPs were identified as primarily AgO, and after the disinfection process, transformations to AgCl were observed. The physicochemical characteristics of AgNPs are known to govern their fate, transport and environmental implications. Hence, knowledge of the AgNPs characteristics after the disinfection process (usage scenario) is of significance. This study demonstrates the adsorption of AgNPs onto biofilm surfaces and, therefore, will assist in illustration of the toxicity mechanisms of AgNPs to bacteria and biofilms. This work can be an initial step in better understanding how AgNPs transform depending on the conditions they are exposed to during their lifetime. Until this date, most research has been focused on assessing the impacts of pristine (lab synthesized) nanomaterials on various systems. However, it is our belief that nanoparticles may undergo transformations during usage, which must be taken into consideration. Furthermore, this experiment is unique as it was conducted with a commonly used, commercially available nanosilver suspension leading to more realistic and applicable findings.
A case report and technical tip of chronic subdural hematoma treated by the placement of a subdural peritoneal shunt

Abstract Background Chronic subdural hematomas (CSDH) tend to occur most commonly in the elderly population, usually resulting from minor or insignificant head trauma. The pathophysiology behind CSDH is often directly associated with cerebral atrophy, and other causes of cerebral atrophy such as alcoholism or dementia. Other predisposing factors include diabetes, coagulopathy, use of anticoagulants (including aspirin), seizure disorders, and CSF shunts. Considerable evidence supporting the use of external drainage after evacuation of primary CSDH is readily available in the literature. Case report We report the case of a 72year-old male with a history of recurrent left subdural hematoma presenting to the neurosurgical clinic with a two-day history of personality changes, difficulty speaking, urinary incontinence, and headaches. Burr hole evacuation was performed with the placement of a subdural peritoneal shunt. At the one-month follow-up appointment, the patient had complete resolution of symptoms and CT scan showed no new recurrence of the subdural hematoma. Conclusions Although several treatment options are available for the management of CSDH, recurrence of hematoma is a major and very common complication that may result in re-injury due to mass effect caused by chronic hematoma. However, placement of subdural peritoneal shunt for the treatment of CSDH can reduce the recurrence rate of CSDH and therefore, reduce the risk of brain re-injury.
Mind-Body Therapy for Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is pervasive among the pediatric population and new treatments with minimal adverse effects are necessary to be studied. The purpose of this article is to review current research studying mind–body therapies for treatment of children diagnosed with ADHD. Literature was reviewed pertaining to the effectiveness of movement-based therapies and mindfulness/meditation-based therapies for ADHD. Many positive effects of yoga, Tai Chi, physical activity, and meditation may significantly improve symptoms of ADHD among children.
Growth engineering of Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 for mixotrophy under natural light conditions for improved feedstock production

Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 has been widely explored as cyanobacterial cell factory through genetic modifications for production of various value-added compounds. However, successful industrial scale-ups have not been reported for the system predominantly due to its obligate photoautotrophic metabolism and use of artificial light in photobioreactors. Hence, engineering the organism to perform mixotrophy under natural light could serve as an effective solution. Thus, we applied a genetically engineered strain of Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 expressing heterologous hexose transporter gene (galP) to perform mixotrophy under natural light in a temperature controlled environmental chamber (EC). We systematically studied the comparative performances of these transformants using autotrophy and mixotrophy, which showed 3.4 times increase in biomass productivity of mixotrophically grown transformants over autotrophs in EC. Chlorophyll a yield was found to have decreased in mixotrophic conditions, possibly indicating reduced dependency on light for energy metabolism. Although pigment yield decreases under mixotrophy, titer was found to have improved due to increased biomass productivity. Carotenoid analysis showed that zeaxanthin is the major carotenoid produced by the species which is essential for photoprotection. Our work thus demonstrates that mixotrophy under temperature controlled natural light can serve as the viable solution to improve biomass productivity of Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 and for commercial production of natural or engineered value added compounds from the system. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:1182-1192, 2017.
Enhancing the therapeutic range of a targeted small-molecule tubulysin conjugate for folate receptor-based cancer therapy.

EC0305 represents a folate-tubulysin B construct capable of specifically eradicating folate receptor (FR)-positive subcutaneous tumors from mice (Leamon et al., Cancer Res 68:9839–9844, 8). Herein we report on the use of multiple polar carbohydrate segments (e.g. 1-amino-1-deoxy-glucitolyl-γ-glutamate) placed in-between the folate and tubulysin B moieties of EC0305 creating a new conjugate, herein referred to as EC0531, with more desirable biological properties. The synthesis of EC0531 and its tritium-labeled counterpart are described. EC0531’s affinity for FR binding and specific cytotoxic activity was assessed using standard in vitro assays. Human tumor xenografts were used to directly compare EC0305 and EC0531’s antitumor activity. Finally, bile duct cannulated, female Sprague–Dawley rats were used to compare hepatobiliary clearance of these two targeted chemotherapeutic agents. EC0531 tightly binds to the FR with an affinity about half that of folic acid. It was found to specifically inhibit the growth of FR+ cells (IC50 of ~2 nM) in a dose-dependent manner. Using 3H-labeled compounds, more than a 12-fold higher amount of tubulysin was measured in a FR + human tumor xenograft compared to the unconjugated drug, a finding that explains, in part, why EC0531 displays curative activity, whereas the unconjugated tubulysin agent is essentially inactive. EC0531 was found to produce greater FR-specific anti-tumor activity at lower dose levels than EC0305; furthermore, EC0531’s maximum tolerated dose level was significantly higher than that of EC0305, likely because EC0531’s saccharopeptidic-based spacer allows for ~sixfold reduction in hepatic clearance. These data provide additional evidence that the therapeutic range of targeted small-molecule drug conjugates can be favorably increased using molecular spacers constructed with 1-amino-1-deoxy-glucitolyl-γ-glutamate residues.
Let’s Get Personal: Digital Stories for Transformational Learning in Social Work Students

Anderson addresses the use of digital storytelling to deepen reflective practice for graduate social work students, describing how students created personal digital stories of adversity, presented them to their peers, and wrote reflection papers on the process and the effect of sharing their videos. Thematic analysis of students’ papers reveals alignment with Wong-Wylie’s self-reflection practice inclusive of Schon’s (Schon DA. The reflective practitioner: how professionals think in action. Basic Books, New York, 1983) two modes of practitioner reflection patterns: reflection-in-action and reflection-on-action, in particular, the impact on personal and professional development. Anderson concludes that digital story production provides what Mezirow (Mezirow J. Transformative dimensions in adult learning. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 1991) referred to as a transformational learning experience that challenged students’ personal and professional meaning structures.
Why World Vision supports healthy timing and spacing of pregnancies to improve maternal and child health: a faith-based perspective

World Vision, A Christian humanitarian organization, began to support Birth Spacing in 2007. After new data were published in 2008 that measured the impact of the length of the preceding birth-to-pregnancy (birth to conception) interval on maternal, infant and child mortality and child stunting, World Vision adopted the term “Healthy Timing and Spacing of Pregnancy” as their approach to family planning. This term refocused family planning to emphasized the health benefits for mothers, children, families and communities, of using contraception to time and space births. The data are explained and the consequences of shorter and longer birth intervals are outlined.
Multiscale Hydraulic Fracture Modeling With Discontinuous Galerkin Frequency-Domain Method and Impedance Transition Boundary Condition

To facilitate the detection of hydraulic fractures by electromagnetic survey, a discontinuous Galerkin frequency-domain (DGFD) method is introduced in this paper to efficiently model the fracture responses under complicated geophysical environments. In the proposed DGFD method, the computational domain can be split into multiple subdomains with nonconformal meshes. The Riemann solver (upwind flux) is introduced to evaluate the numerical flux. The impedance transition boundary condition (ITBC) is employed to facilitate fracture modeling by approximating fractures as surfaces. Numerical results show that the ITBC works well for different fracture conductivities, dipping angles, operation frequencies, as well as different sources. For both small- and large-scale fractures, it also shows good agreement with the references. The responses of fractures increase as their conductivities become larger. Large dipping angles can cause spikes on the responses in a borehole. For a magnetic source, higher operation frequencies can enhance the signal level, while for an electric source, the sensitivity to frequency is small. When no borehole is considered, the responses due to an electric source are in general larger than those due to a magnetic one. However, when a borehole with conductive mud is included, the responses can be reversed for the electric and magnetic sources. For multiple fractures outside a cased borehole, the signal level of an electric source is significantly reduced, while that of a magnetic source remains at a similar level compared with the scenario without a casing. With the proposed technique, multiscale modeling of hydraulic fractures in complicated geophysical environments becomes possible.
Experimental miliaria in man. V. The effect of poral closure on the secretory function of the eccrine sweat gland.

In previous papers of this series (1—4) it has been shown that a variety of minor epidermal injuries may induce keratotic closure of the pore of the eccrine sweat gland. Such poral occlusion always results in anhidrosis of the affected glands. Although the capacity to form sweat is unchanged, any sweat secreted cannot escape to the skin surface. Actually it can be demonstrated that under these circumstances the entrapped sweat may rupture the sweat duct at various levels producing different clinical signs of sweat retention. It can he shown from physiologic and histologic studies that in the event of rupture, sweat continues to form and be absorbed at the site of vesiculation. However, in the absence of sweat duct rupture, it is not known whether or not the secretory tubules continue to function. One view is that sweating does continue and that the sweat is reabsorbed by the ductal epithelium or that it diffuses through the intraepidermal ductal segment. The other view holds that sweat formation is stopped by the increased intraluminal pressure. The present study, the fiuial in this series, was undertaken to determine the functional status of the eccrine sweat gland in the presence of poral blockage. Keratotic occlusion of the sweat pores was achieved by the application of aluminum chloride solution, the glands were stimulated and tubular glycogen levels were determined histochemically. In the presence of continued active secretion, the glycogen disappears from the gland (5).
Confidentiality for students with disabilities: Liability cases

After an introductory legal framework based on the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, this article canvasses the court decisions concerning liability for disclosures of confidential informa...
Hydrothermal Metamorphism in Oceanic Crust from the Coast Range Ophiolite of California: Fluid-Rock Interaction in a Rifted Island Arc

Metamorphic-mineral parageneses and stable-isotope systematics in remnants of the southern portion of the California Coast Range ophiolite differ from those described in modern oceanic crust and many other ophiolites. Detailed studies of the Del Puerto and Point Sal ophiolite remnants reveal a style of submarine hydrothermal metamorphism characterized by (1) development within the extrusive section of a continuous low-P/T metamorphic facies series that includes zeolite-, prehnite-pumpellyite-, and greenschist-facies mineral assemblages; (2) pervasive alteration of the extrusive rocks; (3) absence of massive sulfide deposits; (4) large 18O enrichments in metavolcanic rocks (up to 20% [SMOW] in the Del Puerto remnant); and (5) absence of corresponding 18O depletions in associated plutonic rocks.
Mohs’ Micrographic Surgery of the Periorbital Area

Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) provides one of the highest cure rates and may be more tissue sparing than other methods of surgical resection. It is a preferred treatment for most periorbital malignancies. The most common periorbital cancers treated with MMS include basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and sebaceous carcinoma. MMS is not appropriate in certain circumstances for which other therapy such as wide local excision should be considered. A multidisciplinary combination of Mohs micrographic surgery, oculoplastic reconstructive surgery, and other medical and surgical specialties provides optimal patient care when treating periorbital cutaneous cancers. MMS for melanoma is controversial and not accepted at most centers due to the complexities encountered using frozen section histological evaluation. Modified MMS may be appropriate for some types of periorbital malignancy.
CROTALID VENOM SHOCK: MECHANISM AND TREATMENT

ABSTRACT The various mechanisms that may be involved in the production of crotalid venom-induced hypotension and shock are reviewed. Specific therapeutic measures for combating shock are outlined and their efficacy is discussed.
Process and Personality

The structure of reality exhibits various levels or grades, of which personality is, for Temple, the highest. These levels need to be examined as they have emerged in the World-Process; at the same time, it is germane to discover how Temple employs personality as a metaphysical principle of explanation.
Implementation of a Parallel Framework for Aerodynamic Design Optimization on Unstructured Meshes

As computational fluid dynamics codes have steadily evolved into everyday analysis tools, a large focus has recently been placed on integrating them into a design optimization environment. Much of the recent work done in the area of CFD-based design optimization has focused on adjoint methods. This approach has been found to be efficient in aerodynamic problems for cases where the number of design variables is typically large and the number of cost functions and/or flow field constraints is usually small. This chapter describes a parallel framework for performing aerodynamic design optimizations on unstructured meshes. The approach utilizes a discrete adjoint formulation that has previously been implemented in a sequential environment and is based on the three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations coupled with a one-equation turbulence model. In the chapter, only the inviscid terms are treated in order to develop a foundation for a multiprocessor design methodology. A parallel version of the adjoint solver is developed using a library of MPI-based linear and nonlinear solvers known as PETSc, while a shared-memory approach is taken for the mesh movement and gradient evaluation codes. Parallel efficiencies are demonstrated and the linearization of the residual is shown to remain valid.
Doubly regularized estimation and selection in linear mixed-effects models for high-dimensional longitudinal data

The linear mixed-effects model (LMM) is widely used in the analysis of clustered or longitudinal data. This paper aims to address analytic challenges arising from estimation and selection in the application of the LMM to high-dimensional longitudinal data. We develop a doubly regularized approach in the LMM to simultaneously select fixed and random effects. On the theoretical front, we establish large sample properties for the proposed method under the high-dimensional setting, allowing both numbers of fixed effects and random effects to be much larger than the sample size. We present new regularity conditions for the diverging rates, under which the proposed method achieves both estimation and selection consistency. In addition, we propose a new algorithm that solves the related optimization problem effectively so that its computational cost is comparable with that of the Newton-Raphson algorithm for maximum likelihood estimator in the LMM. Through simulation studies we assess performances of the proposed regularized LMM in both aspects of variable selection and estimation. We also illustrate the proposed method by two data analysis examples.
Learning From Sleeping Experts: Rewarding Informative, Available, and Accurate Experts

We consider a generalized model of learning from expert advice in which experts could abstain from participating at some rounds. Our proposed online algorithm falls into the class of weighted average predictors and uses a time-varying multiplicative weight update rule. This update rule changes the weight of an expert based on his or her relative performance compared to the average performance of available experts at the current round. This makes the algorithm suitable for recommendation systems in the presence of an adversary with many potential applications in the new emerging area of the Internet of Things. We prove the convergence of our algorithm to the best expert, defined in terms of both availability and accuracy, in the stochastic setting. In particular, we show the applicability of our definition of best expert through convergence analysis of another well-known algorithm in this setting. Finally, through simulation results on synthetic and real datasets, we justify the out-performance of our proposed algorithms compared to the existing ones in the literature.
Deteriorating effects of cocaine abuse on brain metabolic function of HIV infected patients

1849 Objectives HIV infection is a major health problem around the world. HIV infected patients, even if they have an undetectable HIV viral load because of treatment, suffer from cognitive, psychological, and behavioral disorders which affect brain metabolic function. Cocaine use is frequent among HIV infected individuals. Cocaine has destructive effect on the patients’ health and influences brain activity independently. In this study, we wanted to evaluate the effects of well controlled HIV infection and cocaine on brain metabolic function in patients with HIV. Methods Thirty six well controlled HIV infected patients were recruited prospectively into two groups of cocaine abusers and non-cocaine abusers with 18 in each group. Active cocaine use was defined according to DSM-5. The brain metabolic function was assessed by measuring the 18-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake activity in brain (entire brain and cortex) two hours after injecting FDG. The FDG level in target organ was measured by an adaptive threshold imaging software and recorded as global indices for entire brain and cortex separately and was compared between the two groups. Results There were 14 males and 4 females in each group and the mean age was 47.55±7.54 and 48.38±7.92 years for cocaine abusers and non-cocaine abusers, respectively. Compared to cocaine negative group, HIV patients with cocaine addiction tended to have lower global FDG uptake of entire brain (6601.41±1550.33 gr vs. 7793.61±1978.01, P=0.054) and cortex (5879.63±1453.07 Vs. 6911.07±1661.97, P=0.058). Conclusions FDG uptake is an accurate indicator of the brain metabolic function. Brain functioning disorders usually result in decreased brain metabolic function which is detectable by FDG-PET/CT scan. The neuropsychological, behavioral, and neurocognitive disorders are still significant in HIV infected patients regardless of noticeable improvements in HIV treatments. These disorders cause changes in brain metabolic function and may be exacerbated by cocaine abuse. The effects of HIV and cocaine associated brain disorders are additive and result in decreased brain metabolic function detected by FDG-PET/CT scan. Cocaine abuse was associated with lower brain metabolism and may lead to more severe brain function abnormalities in HIV infected patients.
The NIH genetic testing registry: Hereditary, pharmacogenetic, and somatic tests for oncology practice.

11104 Background: Oncology professionals need to access and gauge information about tests for hereditary cancer predisposition, biomarkers, pharmacogenetic dosing and risk-based chemoprevention. NI...
22-nm FD-SOI Embedded MRAM Technology for Low-Power Automotive-Grade-l MCU Applications

We demonstrate 22-nm FD-SOI 40Mb embedded MRAM (eMRAM) macros for automotive-grade-l (Auto-G1) MCU applications, highlighting sub-ppm to bit error rate and zero failure after 1M endurance cycles across Auto-G1 operating temperature range (-40∼150 °C). Read disturbance characterization with external field also reveals that 40Mb eMRAM macro is capable of active-mode magnetic immunity > 500 Oe at 150 °C. In addition, based on 22-nm eMRAM macro data, we review the effects of magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) size on reliability and examine scalability of eMRAM technology beyond 22 nm.
Corporate Social Responsibility and Firm Reputation Risk: Bettering Firm Reputational Risk Through Socially Responsible Activities

This study aims to extend the literature on CSR as insurance like in relation to firm performance. Socially responsible activities may provide insurance against reputational crises for firms. Specifically, a positive relationship is found between CSR and reputational risk demonstrating an additional reason why pursuing socially responsible activities makes fundamental sense for managers. This study also fills a gap in the literature by examining CSR in a multilevel model and examining an alternative data source to measure CSR beyond traditional KLD data.
OSTEOBLASTOMA: A CASE REPORT

Background Osteoblastoma is an uncommon benign tumor of osteoblasts containing areas of osteoid and immature bone. This tumor occurs most often in the spine of a young person, with a male-to-female ratio of 2:1, and the average age at discovery is 17 years. There may be a report of swelling or pain. Osteoblastomas are rare in the jaws, and when they do occur there, are found both in the tooth-bearing regions, more in the posterior mandible, and commonly around the temporomandibular joint (within the condyle or the temporal bone). Aggressive osteoblastoma may represent low-grade osteosarcoma. Objective(s) The aim of this study was to demonstrate a rare but potentially destructive lesion. Discussion/Conclusions A 14-year-old male was referred to the oral surgery clinic after the discovery of a swelling in the left side posterior mandible during a routine examination. The area was asymptomatic and a pantomograph revealed a radiopaque mass in the left posterior mandible. A series of radiographs demonstrated the growth of an enlarging radiopaque entity in the left side of the posterior mandible. An incisional biopsy was performed and the specimen submitted for decalcification and histopathologic examination. Enucleation and curettage of the left mandibular lesion with peripheral ostectomy was carried out, and a surgical plate that extended from the midramus to ipsilateral canine along the inferior border of the mandible was placed.
Surface water connectivity controls fish food web structure and complexity across local- and meta-food webs in Arctic Coastal Plain lakes

Abstract The need for theories that address food web assembly and complexity over multiple spatial scales are critical to understanding their stability and persistence. In a meta-food web – an integrated network of local food webs – spatial heterogeneity in physical processes may have profound effects on food web function and energy flow. In the Arctic, surface water connectivity plays a vital role in determining fish assemblage composition, and potentially, food web structure. We examined lentic food web complexity associated with heterogeneity in surface water connectivity among Arctic lakes at the local scale, by contrasting lakes over a stream-lake connectivity gradient, and at the regional scale, by contrasting two locations with different surface water conditions (i.e., wet and dry) on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska. Among lakes and across locations, increased hydrologic connectivity between streams and lakes increased the number of fish species and increased the complexity of the food web. The interaction of the region's hydrologic connectivity, local stream-lake connections, and the trophic niches of relevant fish species produced integrated, complex meta-food webs. Fully understanding mechanisms that support meta-food web stability are crucial when assessing future changes to Arctic stream-lake networks and the function and persistence of aquatic food webs.
Schools As Training Grounds for Sexual Harassment

This article deals with the schools’ role in permitting and encouraging peer sex- and gender-based harassment of children and the law’s role in failing to hold schools accountable for their negligent and intentional behavior in sanctioning it. Part I discusses the evidence of rampant sex- and gender-based harassment in schools. Part II analyzes the problem through the lens of masculinities theory and explains how cultural notions of masculinity create incentives for boys (and some girls) to engage in peer sex- and gender-based harassment. Part III analyzes court cases and OCR decisions and explains the serious disconnect between the two; it demonstrates the proof difficulties that victims experience when filing suit under Title IX and the resulting lack of incentives for schools to correct the problems. It also shows that, while the OCR has traditionally held schools to more exacting scrutiny than courts, the new Secretary of Education has proposed new regulations that would align its standards with those of the courts. Ironically, if the proposed regulations are promulgated, the result in the era of #MeToo will be to promote even more sex- and gender-based harassment in our schools. Part IV proposes new legal standards and interpretations of existing standards for the courts that would hold schools more accountable for allowing and condoning peer harassment and argues that the courts’ standards should be more similar to those applied by those historically applied by the OCR. To accomplish prevention, educators must understand the role that toxic masculinity plays in peer sex- and gender-based harassment while at the same time be aware of the potential unequal application of school rules to children of different races and classes. Finally, this article concludes that the law should create incentives for schools to fulfill their responsibility to educate themselves and their students to prevent and remedy peer sex- and gender-based harassment. When schools ignore their responsibilities in this area, they become important training grounds for future harassers, a role that the #MeToo movement should not tolerate.