cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spinel from Archean impact spherules

Abstract Large meteorite impacts are recorded in distal fall deposits preserved in two early Archean greenstone belt sequences (3.2–3.5 Ga). Mapping, stratigraphie, and geochemistry studies have been used to identify at least four impact layers in the Barberton greenstone belt of southern Africa and one in the Pilbara greenstone belt of Western Australia. Spherules that represent impact melt droplets distinguish these impact layers from associated tuffs. Spinel with unusual compositional traits occurs within spherules in two of these impact layers. Spinel is the only preserved primary phase, and is found within up to 10% of the spherules in the best preserved layers. Some spherules contain up to 40% spinel, which is often the only primary phase that crystallized within the spherules. Spinel morphologies include dendrites and skeletal octahedra, typical of those found in high temperature melts. Spinel compositions are similar to those of Cenozoic impacts, including very high Ni and ferric iron contents, but the Archean spinel is distinctive in being composed dominantly of the chalcophile elements Fe, Ni, Cr, and V. This spinel is not metamorphic or metasomatic in origin. Closely associated komatiites in the underlying Onverwacht Group, both fresh and highly altered, have unaltered spinel with igneous compositions and morphologies quite distinct from the impact spinel. Characteristics of spinel preserved in these Archean impact spherules suggest a rather complex series of steps following a large bolide impact. Initial high temperature reduction produced melt droplets, some of which were immiscible silicate-metal/sulfide. Density differences allowed separation of some of these immiscible melts, which subsequently evolved independently and formed spherules with highly variable chalcophile element contents. Oxidation during atmospheric reentry increased Ni Fe and Fe +3 Fe +2 in the chalcophile-siderophile melts. Archean impact spinel has higher Ni Fe than Cenozoic impact spinel, though distinctly lower Fe +3 Fe +2 , which probably reflects a substantially less oxidizing atmosphere during the Archean. The Archean atmospheric oxidation may in fact be a transient phenomenon associated with a large impact into the terrestrial ocean resulting in very high atmospheric H 2 O H 2 . Bolide size is estimated to be 24 km in diameter based on the average diameter of 0.85 mm for the spinel-bearing spherules. This estimate is consistent with the observed Ir fluence in spinel-bearing impact layers of approximately 5.3 mg/cm2, which would be produced by a 30 km diameter chondritic bolide.
Mechanisms and Functional Brain Areas

Explanations of how psychological capacities are carried out often invoke functional brain areas. I argue that such explanations cannot succeed. Psychological capacities are carried out by identifiable entities and their activities in the brain, but functional brain areas are not the relevant entities. I proceed by assuming that if functional brain areas did carry out psychological capacities, then these brain areas could be included in descriptions of mechanisms. And if functional brain areas participate in mechanisms, then they must engage in activities. A number of ways in which we might understand the claim that functional brain areas engage in activities are examined. None are successful, and so one conclusion is that functional brain areas do not participate in mechanisms. Consequently, they are not the entities that carry out psychological capacities.
Maximum frequency acceptable to female workers for one-handed lifts in the horizontal plane

Abstract A laboratory study was conducted to determine the maximum frequencies acceptable to female workers for one-handed lifts in the horizontal plane. A psychophysical method was used to determine maximum acceptable frequency for an 8-hour workday. Ten female college students were required to lift continuously three different loads to two different reach distances (38 and 63 cm) on a 91 cm high work table. The lifting task was paced by a repeating timer which the subject controlled according to her subjective feelings of fatigue. Heart rate and RPE were measured during the last 5min of the experiment to determine the physiological level of functioning and perceived exertion. Psychophysically determined maximum acceptable frequencies were compared with the standards based on methods-time measurement (MTM) analysis. Statistical analysis showed that both the weight of the load and reach distance had a significant effect on maximum frequency acceptable to the subjects. No single value for percentage of max...
Combined high-frequency oscillatory ventilation and intermittent mandatory ventilation in critically ill neonates

Combined high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) and intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) was used in 12 neonates with inadequate gas exchange with conventional IMV. Diagnoses included diaphragmatic hernia with hypoplastic lungs, pneumonia, persistent fetal circulation, and severe respiratory distress syndrome. In most patients there was severe air leak. Within 10 hours of beginning HFOV-IMV the mean arterial PCO2 fell from 60 +/- 5 (means +/- SEM) to 38 +/- 2 mm Hg (P less than 0.01) and the mean IMV rate was reduced from 96 +/- 8 to 17 +/- 4 breaths per minute (P less than 0.001). The mean arterial-alveolar oxygen tension ratio rose from 0.05 +/- 0.01 to 0.09 +/- 0.01 (P less than 0.005). Mean airway pressure in the trachea was reduced from 16 +/- 2 to 10 +/- 3 cm H2O (P less than 0.05). Four patients died, three of whom had diaphragmatic hernias with hypoplastic lungs. Five of the eight survivors had mild bronchopulmonary dysplasia requiring supplemental oxygen. These studies demonstrate that in some neonates with respiratory failure who fail to respond to conventional IMV, combined HFOV-IMV can be successful.
Sources of Variability in Net Primary Production Predictions at a Regional Scale: A Comparison Using PnET-II and TEM 4.0 in Northeastern US Forests

Because model predictions at continental and global scales are necessarily based on broad characterizations of vegetation, soils, and climate, estimates of carbon stocks and fluxes made by global terrestrial biosphere models may not be accurate for every region. At the regional scale, we suggest that attention can be focused more clearly on understanding the relative strengths of predicted net primary productivity (NPP) limitation by energy, water, and nutrients. We evaluate the sources of variability among model predictions of NPP with a regional-scale comparison between estimates made by PnET-II (a forest ecosystem process model previously applied to the northeastern region) and TEM 4.0 (a terrestrial biosphere model typically applied to the globe) for the northeastern US. When the same climate, vegetation, and soil data sets were used to drive both models, regional average NPP predictions made by PnET-II and TEM were remarkably similar, and at the biome level, model predictions agreed fairly well with NPP estimates developed from field measurements. However, TEM 4.0 predictions were more sensitive to regional variations in temperature as a result of feedbacks between temperature and belowground N availability. In PnET-II, the direct link between transpiration and photosynthesis caused substantial water stress in hardwood and pine forest types with increases in solar radiation; predicted water stress was relieved substantially when soil water holding capacity (WHC) was increased. Increasing soil WHC had little effect on TEM 4.0 predictions because soil water storage was already sufficient to meet plant demand with baseline WHC values, and because predicted N availability under baseline conditions in this region was not limited by water. Because NPP predictions were closely keyed to forest cover type, the relative coverage of low- versus high-productivity forests at both fine and coarse resolutions was an important determinant of regional NPP predictions. Therefore, changes in grid cell size and differences in the methods used to aggregate from fine to coarse resolution were important to NPP predictions insofar as they changed the relative proportions of forest cover. We suggest that because the small patches of high-elevation spruce-fir forest in this region are substantially less productive than forests in the remainder of the region, more accurate NPP predictions will result if models applied to this region use land cover input data sets that retain as much fine-resolution forest type variability as possible. The differences among model responses to variations in climate and soil WHC data sets suggest that the models will respond quite differently to scenarios of future climate. A better understanding of the dynamic interactions between water stress, N availability, and forest productivity in this region will enable models to make more accurate predictions of future carbon stocks and fluxes.
Polymyalgia rheumatica in patients with a normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate

OBJECTIVE To ascertain the frequency of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) with a normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR; < or = 30 mm/hour) and to determine any defining clinical characteristics. METHODS A retrospective chart review study of all patients meeting the clinical criteria for PMR seen over a 5-year period in a hospital and an office-based rheumatology practice. RESULTS We evaluated 117 patients; 26 (22.2%) had a pretreatment ESR of < or = 30 mm/hour (mean +/- SD 19.8 +/- 7.5 versus 74.4 +/- 30.3 mm/hour for elevated ESR group; P<0.0001). Of the 26 normal ESR patients, 15 (58%) were female compared with 74 of the 91 elevated ESR patients (81%) (P<0.02, by Fisher's exact test). The mean hemoglobin concentration was significantly lower in the elevated ESR population (mean +/- SD 1.23 +/- 0.15 gm/liter versus 1.38 +/- 0.11 gm/liter; P<0.0001). The duration of symptoms prior to treatment with prednisone was significantly longer for patients with a normal ESR (149 +/- 95 days versus 103 +/- 95 days for elevated ESR patients; P<0.04). CONCLUSION In our series, PMR with a normal ESR accounted for approximately one-fifth of all PMR patients, more commonly in men. The lack of characteristically abnormal laboratory findings may result in a delay in the proper diagnosis and management of this condition.
Mechanical Behavior of Collagen-Fibrin Co-Gels Reflects Transition From Series to Parallel Interactions With Increasing Collagen Content

Fibrin and collagen, biopolymers occurring naturally in the body, are biomaterials commonly-used as scaffolds for tissue engineering. How collagen and fibrin interact to confer macroscopic mechanical properties in collagen-fibrin composite systems remains poorly understood. In this study, we formulated collagen-fibrin co-gels at different collagen-to-fibrin ratios to observe changes in the overall mechanical behavior and microstructure. A modeling framework of a two-network system was developed by modifying our micro-scale model, considering two forms of interaction between the networks: (a) two interpenetrating but noninteracting networks ("parallel"), and (b) a single network consisting of randomly alternating collagen and fibrin fibrils ("series"). Mechanical testing of our gels show that collagen-fibrin co-gels exhibit intermediate properties (UTS, strain at failure, tangent modulus) compared to those of pure collagen and fibrin. The comparison with model predictions show that the parallel and series model cases provide upper and lower bounds, respectively, for the experimental data, suggesting that a combination of such interactions exists between the collagen and fibrin in co-gels. A transition from the series model to the parallel model occurs with increasing collagen content, with the series model best describing predominantly fibrin co-gels, and the parallel model best describing predominantly collagen co-gels.
Antimicrobial resistance in gram-negative bacteria isolated from the urinary tract in community-residing persons with spinal cord injury

Abstract Waites KB, Chen Y-Y, DeVivo MJ, Canupp KC, Moser SA. Antimicrobial resistance in gram-negative bacteria isolated from the urinary tract in community-residing persons with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000;81:764-9. Objective: To assess the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance among community-residing persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). Design: Retrospective analysis of existing data. Setting: Data were obtained from persons with SCI attending clinic for annual examinations. Participants: Two hundred eighty-seven SCI outpatients. Intervention: None. Main Outcome Measure: Occurrence of bacteriuria with gram-negative organisms demonstrating resistance to antimicrobial agents in 2 or more classes. Results: There were 706 gram-negative isolates from 444 urine specimens. Resistance to drugs in 2 or more classes occurred in 33% of bacterial isolates, but did not significantly increase in frequency among those injured for longer periods or more severely. Significantly higher rates of multidrug-resistant bacteria occurred in specimens from males, younger age group (≤45yrs), and persons with indwelling and condom catheters. Conclusions: Antimicrobial resistance in outpatients with SCI is common and is related to widespread use of specific drugs, type of bladder management, and other host factors. © 2000 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Genome locations of temperature-sensitive mutants in glycoprotein gB of herpes simplex virus type 1

Abstract A plasmid containing a herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) insert from strain KOS, prototypic coordinates 0.345 to 0.368 (3.45 kilobases) was mutagenized in vitro , and potential mutations were introduced into intact viral DNA by cotransfection. Functions normally associated with the glycoprotein gB are in the 1–9 complementation group, and the above coordinates include those that specify the gB glycoprotein gene. Following cotransfection, individual plaques were screened for temperature sensitivity (ts) of viral growth. A total of seven ts mutants was obtained, of which four were spurious mutations due to alterations outside the cloned sequences, presumably mediated by some aspect of the Ca-precipitation-cotranafection method. The remaining three did not complement known mutants of the 1–9 complementation group. These three mutants, along with tsJ12 ( P. A. Schaffer, G. M. Aron, N. Biswal, and M. Benyesh-Melnick, 1973 , Virology 52 , 57–71) and tsJ33 ( C.-T. Chu, D. S. Parris, R. A. F. Dixon, F. E. Farber, and P. A. Schaffer,1979 , Virology 98 , 168–181), were physically located by marker-rescue experiments to three different restriction fragments between 0.345 to 0.368 map units. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis was used to analyze the glycoproteins synthesized during continuous or pulse-chase labeling protocols. All five mutants were found to synthesize a precursor of gB but did not accumulate mature gB during a pulse, a chase, or continuous labeling at the nonpermissive temperature.
Effects of methyldopa on renal hemodynamics and tubular function

To determine the effects of methyldopa on renal function, clearance studies were performed on hypertensive subjects during sustained steady-state water diuresis. The data reveal an acute fall in glomerular filtration rate and sodium clearance, whereas renal blood flow was unchanged. The antinatriuresis was the result of decreased filtration of sodium and possibly enhanced proximal tubular sodium reabsorption. These changes occurred before any demonstrable fall in systemic blood pressure; thus a direct effect of the drug on arteriolar resistance within the renal circulation is suggested. Chronic administration of methyldopa for 1 wk induced sustained reduction in blood pressure and resulted in the same changes in renal hemodynamics and sodium excretion noted after acute administration. These data suggest that methyldopa, like other antihypertensives, reduces glomerular filtration rate and increases sodium retention.
Signaling network of dendritic cells in response to pathogens: a community-input supported knowledgebase

Background Dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells that play an essential role in linking the innate and adaptive immune systems. Much research has focused on the signaling pathways triggered upon infection of dendritic cells by various pathogens. The high level of activity in the field makes it desirable to have a pathway-based resource to access the information in the literature. Current pathway diagrams lack either comprehensiveness, or an open-access editorial interface. Hence, there is a need for a dependable, expertly curated knowledgebase that integrates this information into a map of signaling networks.
Fixed points on pairs of nilmanifolds

Abstract A theorem of D. Anosov states that, for any selfmap f : M ---) M of a compact nilmanifold M, N(f) = II-.( f)l where N(f) and 15(f) denote the Nielsen and the Lefschetz numbers of f, respectively. We generalize this result for relative Nielsen type numbers to selfmaps of pairs of nilmanifolds. As an application, we estimate the minimal number of periodic points of prime power period. Keywords: Relative Nielsen fixed point theory; Nilmanifolds; Periodic points AMS (MOS) Subj. Class.: Primary 55M20; secondary 57P99 1. Introduction One of the central questions in Nielsen fixed point theory is the computation of the Nielsen number. Anosov [ l] showed that the Nielsen number of a selfmap on a compact nilmanifold is the absolute value of its Lefschetz number. In other words, the essential Nielsen classes are of the same index of value +l or - 1. For relative Nielsen theory, the computation is more difficult (see [ 71) . The purpose of this paper is to generalize Anosov’s theorem, similar to the generalization in [ 111 for map extensions, for other relative Nielsen type numbers. As an application, we employ the approach of [ 121 to study periodic points on nilmanifolds. We assume that the reader is familiar with the basics of Nielsen theory as presented in [5] as well as relative Nielsen theory in
Affective reactivity of cognitive functioning and family history in schizophrenia

This article reports the results of two related studies investigating the association between affective reactivity of cognitive functioning in schizophrenia and family psychiatric history. In Study #1, we examined affective reactivity of positive formal thought disorder symptoms in 29 schizophrenic inpatients. We found that thought disorder was greatly exacerbated by negative affect in those patients with a family history of schizophrenia (SFH) (n = 11), and not in those without the family history (SNFH) (n = 18). In Study #2, we replicated this finding with a stable outpatient sample (n = 10). We also administered dichotic listening tests using affectively neutral and affectively negative stimuli, and found that right-ear advantage was more markedly diminished on the affectively negative task than on the neutral task in the SFH (n = 6) but not the SNFH (n = 4) subjects. These findings support our hypothesis that cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia are exacerbated by negative affect, and that this affective reactivity of symptoms is associated with a familial form of the disorder.
Does Race Matter? Examining the Relationship Between Co-Offending and Victim Characteristics for Violent Incidents Involving Female Offenders

Using National Incident-Based Reporting System data from 1998, the current study examines important factors concerning the situational context of violent incidents. First, the study explores the relationship between co-offending groups and several victim-related measures. Second, the study uses an intersectional approach to determine the extent to which these relationships may or may not be conditioned by offender(s) race. Two findings are notable in terms of offending differences among females: (a) race conditioned the relationship between offending group and victim(s) sex for robbery incidents and (b) race conditioned the relationship between offending group and the social distance between victim(s) and perpetrator(s) for aggravated assaults.
Trace-based program analysis

We present trace-based program analysts, a semantics-based framework for statically analyzing and transforming programs with loops, assignments, and nested record structures. Trace-based analyses are based on transfer transition, systems, which define the small-step operational semantics of programming languages. Intuitively, transfer transition systems provide direct support for reasoning about the possible execution traces of a program, instead of just individual program states. The traces in a transfer transition system have many uses, including the finite representation of all possible terminating executions of a loop. Also, traces may be systematically "pieced together," thus allowing the composition of separately analyzed program fragments. The utility of the approach is demonstrated by showing three applications: software pipelining, loop-invariant removal, and data alias detection.
Rocket-based investigations of O(3P), O2(α1Δg) and OH* (υ=1,2) during the solar eclipse of 26 February 1979

Abstract Altitude distributions of O(3P), the λ1.27 μm emission from metastable O2, and the OH Meinel Δυ = 1 emissions near λ = 2.9 μm were measured at (51°N, 94°W) during the solar eclipse of 26 February 1979. Atomic oxygen concentrations were determined directly with a rocket-borne OI λ1304 A resonant-scattering system and indirectly from an analysis of O2λ1.27 μm data obtained with a cryogenic radiometer. The maximum value of O density was found to be 7 x 1011 cm−3, with a fact or of two uncertainty, and to occur near 95 km. Pre-eclipsc O3 concentrations, derived from the O2λ1.27 /urn measurements, do not exhibit an 85 km bulge. The inferred O3 concentration at 85 km was (6.0±3.0) x 107 cm−3, with a column abundance of about 1 x 1014 cm−2 above 80 km. These reduced wintertime mesospheric ozone densities at 51°N may reflect the perturbation of mesospheric O3 by a major stratospheric wanning event. The OH Meinel δυ = 1 measurements at totality yielded a differential radiance profile characterized by apeak height of about 85 km and a full width at half maximum of 6.5 km. Previous reported relative intensities of the OH Meinel Δυ = 1 emissions were used to estimate I(1,0) ≌ 50 kR from below the layer.
A symposium and workshop report from the Global Nutrition and Epidemiologic Transition Initiative: nutrition transition and the global burden of type 2 diabetes.

The present report summarises the symposium ‘Nutrition Transition and the Global Burden of Type 2 Diabetes’ and a workshop on strategies for dietary interventions to prevent type 2 diabetes held by the Global Nutrition and Epidemiologic Transition Initiative, Boston, MA, USA in November 2011. The objectives of this event were to bring attention to the global epidemic of type 2 diabetes in light of the ongoing nutrition transition worldwide, especially in low- and middle-income countries, and to highlight the present evidence on key dietary risk factors contributing to the global diabetes burden. The meeting put forward ideas for further research on this topic and discussed practical recommendations to design and implement culturally appropriate dietary interventions with a focus on improving carbohydrate quality to help alleviate this growing health problem.
Basic aspects of stop-flow split injection

Major concerns in the development of the stop-flow split injection are discussed. Split ratio fluctuation caused by the pressure wave, solvent recondensation and gas viscosity change can be substantially diminished through the formation of a nearly uniform gaseous sample plug. Instrumental variables exerting influence on the accuracy of quantitation were studied. Higher injector temperature and the use of a carrier gas with higher heat conductivity benefit the quick vaporization of the sample liquid, and thus, help in the formation of a sample plug with more unformity.
The electrophysiology of ischemia and cardioplegia: implications for myocardial protection.

The primary goal of modern cardioplegia is to protect the heart during the periods of cardiac arrest and global ischemia that are required to perform cardiac surgery. In order to achieve this, cardioplegic solutions must be able to arrest rapidly the electrical activity of the heart. An understanding of the electrophysiology of cardioplegia is critical to an adequate understanding of its basic mechanisms of action. This article reviews recent advances in our understanding of the electrophysiological changes seen during ischemia and cardioplegia. Although 10 years ago, depolarization and repolarization were attributed to changes in membrane resistance, advances in molecular biology have elucidated that the mechanism of the action potential is governed by ionic transport across hydrophobic lipid membranes through carefully regulated pores formed by members of an extended family of ion channel proteins. There also have been great strides in our understanding of the heart's electrophysiological response to ischemia. One of the most dramatic responses to ischemia is a profound shortening of the cardiac action potential, which has been shown to be cardioprotective by limiting calcium influx into the cell. ATP-sensitive potassium channels have been confirmed to play a critical role in the action potential shortening seen during ischemia. Drugs that open these channels have been shown to limit infarct size, attenuate myocardial stunning, and ameliorate reperfusion injury. Recent work has demonstrated that these drugs may be effective cardioplegic agents. This approach is just one example of a cardioplegic strategy that exploits the new knowledge provided by recent advances in our understanding of cellular ion transport systems.
Visualizing loss of heterozygosity in living mouse cells and tissues

Abstract Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in somatic cells can contribute to the genesis of cancer, but little is known about the frequency with which LOH occurs in normal cells of the body. To detect LOH in situ , we studied mouse shYFP embryonic stem (ES) cells and cells of the intestinal epithelia derived from these ES cells. shYFP ES cells are heterozygous at the ROSA26 locus. One copy of the locus carries a gene encoding a yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), while the other copy harbors an shRNA gene that produces a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) molecule that causes degradation of YFP mRNA. Nearly all cells in shYFP populations were faintly fluorescent, but brightly fluorescent cells arose at a rate of approximately 10 −5 bright cells/generation. Bright cells lacked the gene encoding the shRNA and contained two copies of the YFP gene. Comparison of these results to previous data on LOH in ES cells that lacked interfering shRNA showed that LOH in shYFP cells was not influenced by the presence of the shRNA. Bright cells were also seen in intestinal villi of chimeric mice made by injecting blastocysts with shYFP cells. These data demonstrate that this approach can detect LOH and suggest that it will allow detection of LOH in a broad array of tissues and cell types in transgenic mice made from shYFP cells.
Overprescription of antireflux medications for infants with regurgitation.

To the Editor. — We read with great interest the article by Khoshoo et al,1 and we largely agree with it; however, we would like to express some opinions on antireflux therapy. Regurgitation is a physiologic and transient event during the first months of life and must be clearly distinguished from gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), because only the latter should be treated.2,3 It is everyday …
Major, minor and trace element mass fractions determined using ED-XRF, WD-XRF and INAA for five certified clay reference materials: NCS DC 60102–60105; NCS DC 61101 (GBW 03101A, 03102A, 03103, and 03115)

Major, minor and trace element mass fractions were determined using wavelength dispersive and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence and instrumental neutron activation analysis for five clay certified reference materials (NCS DC 60102–60105, 61101) distributed by the National Research Center for Certified Reference Materials in China. We report mass fractions for 10 major and the following 29 minor and trace elements: As, Ba, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Eu, Hf, La, Lu, Nb, Nd, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sm, Sr, Ta, Tb, Th, U, V, Y, Yb, Zn, and Zr.
Feasibility of using fMRI to study mothers responding to infant cries.

While parenting is a universal human behavior, its neuroanatomic basis is currently unknown. Animal data suggest that the cingulate may play an important function in mammalian parenting behavior. For example, in rodents cingulate lesions impair maternal behavior. Here, in an attempt to understand the brain basis of human maternal behavior, we had mothers listen to recorded infant cries and white noise control sounds while they underwent functional MRI (fMRI) of the brain. We hypothesized that mothers would show significantly greater cingulate activity during the cries compared to the control sounds. Of 7 subjects scanned, 4 had fMRI data suitable for analysis. When fMRI data were averaged for these 4 subjects, the anterior cingulate and right medial prefrontal cortex were the only brain regions showing statistically increased activity with the cries compared to white noise control sounds (cluster analysis with one-tailed z-map threshold of P < 0.001 and spatial extent threshold of P < 0.05). These results demonstrate the feasibility of using fMRI to study brain activity in mothers listening to infant cries and that the anterior cingulate may be involved in mothers listening to crying babies. We are currently replicating this study in a larger group of mothers. Future work in this area may help (1) unravel the functional neuroanatomy of the parent-infant bond and (2) examine whether markers of this bond, such as maternal brain response to infant crying, can predict maternal style (i.e., child neglect), offspring temperament, or offspring depression or anxiety.
Arming the Periphery: The Arms Trade in the Indian Ocean during the Age of Global Empire. By Emrys Chew. (New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. Pp. xii, 309. $85.00.)

The long nineteenth century [1780–1914] was a heyday for the global small arms trade. During this period, vast quantities of weapons were transported from Europe to Africa and Southern Asia, bolste...
Influence of BAY K-8644 on positive inotropic agents in guinea pig atrial muscle

Abstract This study examined the influence of BAY K-8644, a dihydropyridine Ca 2+ agonist, on the positive inotropic effects of strophanthidin, isoproterenol, methoxamine and extracellular Ca 2+ (Ca 0 2+ ) in atrial muscle isolated from guinea pig heart. BAY K-8644 enhanced both the maximum developed tension observed in the presence of strophanthidin and the sensitivity to its toxic effects. The maximum contractile force observed in the presence of methoxamine was also elevated by BAY K-8644 pretreatment; however, the ED 50 value for methoxamine was not affected. The maximum contractile force elicited by BAY K-8644 alone or by strophanthidin or methoxamine in combination with BAY K-8644 was approximately the same as that produced by isoproterenol alone. The Ca 2+ agonist did not alter the maximum developed tension elicited by increasing concentrations of isoproterenol or Ca 0 2+ : however, it reduced both the ED 50 for Ca 0 2+ and the concentration of isoproterenol necessary to produce maximum contractility. These results suggest that combinations of BAY K-8644 and cardiac glycosides can elevate contractile force to a level greater than that produced by cardiac glycosides alone.
Hydrogen isotopic fractionation of petroleum hydrocarbons during vaporization: implications for assessing artificial and natural remediation of petroleum contamination

Abstract Compound-specific H isotope analysis has been used to monitor bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons. However, the success of this approach requires a full evaluation of the isotopic effects resulting from evaporation, because light petroleum hydrocarbons undergo both biodegradation and evaporation under natural conditions. The authors determined the H isotope fractionation of common volatile petroleum hydrocarbons, including the C 10 –C 14 n- alkanes, MTBE ( tert -butyl methyl ether), and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, p -xylene and o -xylene) during progressive vaporization under simulated experimental conditions. A decrease in δD values for n -alkanes of up to 33.3‰ and up to 44.5‰ for BTEX compounds when 99% of these substances had evaporated was observed. The results also show that H isotope fractionation increases with n- alkane chain length. Such fractionation patterns are interpreted in terms of competition between the decreased intermolecular binding energy in D-enriched species, and the isotope effect due to the mass difference. In contrast to hydrocarbons, methanol and ethanol show H isotopic enrichment during vaporization, indicating that H-bonding, when present in organic molecules, plays a controlling role on the vapor pressure of different isotope species.
Mapping Argonaute and conventional RNA-binding protein interactions with RNA at single-nucleotide resolution using HITS-CLIP and CIMS analysis

The identification of sites where RNA-binding proteins (RNABPs) interact with target RNAs opens the door to understanding the vast complexity of RNA regulation. UV cross-linking and immunoprecipitation (CLIP) is a transformative technology in which RNAs purified from in vivo cross-linked RNA-protein complexes are sequenced to reveal footprints of RNABP:RNA contacts. CLIP combined with high-throughput sequencing (HITS-CLIP) is a generalizable strategy to produce transcriptome-wide maps of RNA binding with higher accuracy and resolution than standard RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) profiling or purely computational approaches. The application of CLIP to Argonaute proteins has expanded the utility of this approach to mapping binding sites for microRNAs and other small regulatory RNAs. Finally, recent advances in data analysis take advantage of cross-link-induced mutation sites (CIMS) to refine RNA-binding maps to single-nucleotide resolution. Once IP conditions are established, HITS-CLIP takes ∼8 d to prepare RNA for sequencing. Established pipelines for data analysis, including those for CIMS, take 3-4 d.
Collisionless Sound in Classical Fluids

The dynamic form factor $S(K,\ensuremath{\omega})$ for a classical fluid is calculated from the linearized Vlasov equation. Following Percus or Zwanzig, the effective interatomic potential is taken as $\ensuremath{-}kTc(r)$, where $c(r)$ is the direct correlation function. The result for $S(K,\ensuremath{\omega})$ is a simple closed expression with no free parameters except for the static structure factor $S(K)$. Using Ashcroft and Lekner's hard-sphere Percus-Yevick results for $S(K)$, we calculate the inelastic neutron scattering from liquid lead. The resulting scattering law shows a strong qualitative similarity with experiment. The narrow quasielastic peak observed experimentally is not, however, given by the calculation. The reasons for this discrepancy are discussed. An extension of the calculations to include a phenomenological collision term is also presented.
Developmental and Gender Differences in Elementary School Children's Recognition of Bullying.

Previous research has indicated that boys and girls differ in the ways they display aggression and experience victimization. This study examined the ability of American children to correctly differ...
Baculovirus expression of antibodies: A method for the expression of complete immunoglobulins in a eukaryotic host

To express complete immunoglobulin heterodimers in vitro, we have taken advantage of the baculovirus expression system. Several approaches to the simultaneous expression of recombinant heavy and light chains were examined, including coinfection with separate γ and κ expressing viruses, as well as infection with a single double recombinant virus that expresses both polypeptides. In both cases, the antibodies produced were correctly processed, glycosylated, and assembled into normal immunoglobulin heterodimers. Furthermore, the antibodies recovered from the supernatants of infected cultures behaved indistinguishably from B-cell-derived immunoglobulins with similar specificities. An additional benefit of a baculovirus-based expression system is the high yield of recombinant material produced in insect cells. Thus we describe here a general method for the high-level expression of authentic antibodies in a eukaryotic host.
Current practices in the counseling of the laryngectomy patient

Abstract While laryngectomy surgery is increasingly successful, the patient must cope with physical and psychological problems that challenge the individual long after the surgical wounds have healed. To successfully resolve these problems, it is essential that the individual receive accurate and timely counseling by professional workers involved in all phases of the rehabilitative process. Previous studies have found that in many instances the laryngectomy patient is uninformed of consequent physiological changes and, as a result, is unprepared to encounter a physical and psychological reality that has abruptly changed. The present study examines the pre- and postoperative counseling experience of 115 recent laryngectomees. Respondents were from varied locations within the United States. Survey results indicate that, while counseling of laryngectomy patients is usually informative and comprehensive, this vital aspect of the rehabilitative process is often inadequate to meet the needs of the individual. Remedial measures are suggested.
Levels of risk: maternal-, middle childhood-, and neighborhood-level predictors of adolescent disinhibitory behaviors from a longitudinal birth cohort in the United States

Disruptive behavior in adolescence may indicate a broad vulnerability to disinhibition, which begins in childhood and culminates in adult externalizing psychopathology. We utilized prospective birth cohort data to assess childhood predictors of adolescent disinhibition. We also examined the effect of pre-adolescent fluctuation in cognitive ability. Data were drawn from the Child Health and Development Study cohort, born 1961–1963; we used the subsample who participated in follow-up through adolescence (n = 1752). Six indicators of behavioral disinhibition (BD), reported in adolescence, were analyzed as a count outcome. Predictor variables were drawn from several waves of data collection and included individual- and neighborhood-level measures. Cognitive ability was assessed with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test at two time points. Neighborhood characteristics were assessed using census data from 1970. Number of BD indicators was predicted by maternal characteristics at prenatal assessment (maternal age...
Current and emerging treatment strategies for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.

Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) are a rare group of mature T-cell lymphomas presenting primarily in the skin. The most common subtypes of CTCL are mycosis fungoides and its leukaemic variant Sezary’s syndrome. Patients with early-stage disease frequently have an indolent clinical course; however, those with advanced stages have a shortened survival. For the treating physician, the question of how to choose a particular therapy in the management of CTCL is important. These diseases span the disciplines of dermatology, medical oncology and radiation oncology. Other than an allo-geneic stem cell transplant, there are no curative therapies for this disease. Hence, many treatment modalities need to be offered to the patient over the course of their life. An accepted treatment approach has been to delay traditional chemotherapy, which can cause excessive toxicity without durable benefit. More conservative treatment strategies in the initial management of CTCL have led to the development of newer biological and targeted therapies. These therapies include biological immune enhancers such as interferon a and extracorporeal photopheresis that exert their effect by stimulating an immune response to the tumour cells. Retinoids such as bexarotene have been shown to be effective and well tolerated with predictable adverse effects. The fusion toxin denileukin diftitox targets the interleukin-2 receptor expressed on malignant T cells. Histone deacetylase inhibitors such as vorinostat and romidepsin (depsipeptide) may reverse the epigenetic states associated with cancer. Forodesine is a novel inhibitor of purine nucleoside phosphorylase and leads to apoptosis of malignant T cells. Pralatrexate is a novel targeted antifolate that targets the reduced folate carrier in cancer cells. Lastly, systemic chemotherapy including transplantation is used when rapid disease control is needed or if all other biological therapies have failed. As response rates to most of the biological agents used to treat CTCL are 25–30%, it is also reasonable to consider clinical trials with novel agents if one or two front-line therapies have failed, especially before considering chemotherapy. CTCL is largely an incurable disease with significant morbidity and more active agents are needed.
Partial reduction of aquomethemoglobin on a Sephadex G-25 column as detected by magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy and revised extinction coefficients for aquomethemoglobin.

In a typical preparation of aquomethemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin is oxidized with potassium ferricyanide, and the resultant mixture of methemoglobin and potassium ferro- and ferricyanides is separated on a Sephadex G-25 column. We find that about 1% of the heme is reduced on the column and is eluted with the methemoglobin. Magnetic circular dichroism spectra show that the reduced species is oxyhemoglobin. Magnetic circular dichroism is more sensitive than is absorption spectroscopy to small amounts of oxyhemoglobin in such solutions; we can detect its presence at the 0.1% level. A redetermination of the extinction coefficients for methemoglobin gives a value of 0.80 for the absorbance ratio A570A630 at pH 6. This value lies clearly outside the currently accepted range of 0.83 to 0.87.
Parasites of the Face Fly and Two Other Species of Dung-Inhabiting Flies in Missouri

The parasitic insects attacking the face fly, Musca autumnalis De Geer, in Missouri were investigated during 1964 and 1965, along with those attacking Orthellia caesarion (Meigen) and Ravinia querula (Walker) in 1965. Since face fly populations are low most of the year in Missouri, a method of infesting field manure with face fly eggs from a laboratory colony, and subsequently recovering the puparia, was used. During 1964, 3 species of parasites, Aphaereta pallipes (Say), Eucoila impatiens (Say), and Aleochara bimaculata (Gravenhorst), were reared from the face fly. E. impaliens was the most frequent parasite recovered, Aphaereta pallipes was 2nd, and Aleochara bimaculata was 3rd. Parasitism was highest from mid-August through September. This feature is significant because parasitism during this period reduces the overwintering populations of adult face flies. In addition to the 3 species found attacking the face fly in 1964, 2 more were found in 1%5. However, both of these species, Alysia n. sp. and Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders, were each reared from the face fly only once. Aphaerela pallipes was the most frequent parasite recovered, E. impatiens was 2nd, and Aleochara bimaculata was 3rd. As in 1964, parasitism was highest from mid-August through September. During 1965 O. caesarian was a major bucoprophilous host of A. bimaculala but not of Aphaereta pallipes and E. impatiens. R. querula was a major host of both A. pallipes and Aleochara bimaculata , but not of E. impatiens .
Mechanistic studies on the oxidation of an anionic rhenium polyhydride complex: Generation and reactivity of the transient radical [ReH6(PMePh2)2]

Abstract The anionic polyhydride [ReH6P2][K] (1) (P = PMePh2) undergoes facile one-electron oxidation when treated with either ferricinium ion or [Fe(bpy)3]3+; the ultimate products are ReH7P2 (2) and dimer Re2H8P4 (3). Mechanistic studies are consistent with the intial production of the 17-electron intermediate [ReH6P2]; while the proposed intermediate is not trapped by added phosphines, it reacts with an added hydrogen atom source (1,4-cyclohexadiene) to form 2 at the expense of 3. The [ReH6P2] is proposed to proceed in the absence of trapping reagents to 2 and 3 via two distinct pathways, hydrogen abstraction and condensation with another rhenium hydride species. This competition is concentration dependent; while 2 is always observed as the major product, the percentage of 3 formed is greater at higher concentrations.
Development of structural vascular changes with subpressor angiotensin II administration in rats

We investigated whether the slow pressor action of small doses of angiotensin II (ANG II) administered to rats was accompanied by the development of structural vascular changes. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (350 to 400 g) were given ANG II intraperitoneally, 200 ng/kg/min, for 7 to 10 days or 6 weeks, or 100 ng/kg/min for 6 weeks. Sham-treated rats were controls. Lumen and external diameters of arterioles (30 to 60 μm) and small (61 to 120 μm) and intermediate-size (121 to 220 μm) arteries were measured in maximally dilated, pump-perfused (55 to 60 mm Hg), in situ fixed mesenteric and renal vascular beds, and wall-to-lumen ratios were calculated. Systolic blood pressure and vessel dimensions were unchanged in rats receiving ANG II for 7 to 10 days. Systolic blood pressures rose ( P P P P P
Suppression of canine myeloid cells by soluble factors from cultured canine tumor cells.

Background Cancer profoundly affects immunity and causes immunosuppression that contributes to tumor escape, metastases and resistance to therapy. The mechanisms by which cancer cells influence immune cells are not fully known but both innate and adaptive immune cells can be altered by cancer. Myeloid cells are innate immune cells that comprise the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS) and include monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs) and their progenitors. Myeloid cells play important roles in both the promotion and regulation of immune responses. Dysregulated myeloid cells are increasingly being recognized as contributing to cancer-related immunosuppression. This study investigated whether soluble factors produced by canine tumor cells inhibited canine myeloid cell function.
Silicon on sapphire mid-IR wave-front engineering by using sub-wavelength gratings

We propose a methodology to manipulate reflected field for the design of wavefront engineered device in mid-IR range using sub-wavelength silicon gratings on sapphire substrate. High reflectivity mirror, blazed grating and focusing reflector are designed.
Stretch-induced injury of cultured neuronal, glial, and endothelial cells. Effect of polyethylene glycol-conjugated superoxide dismutase

Background and Purpose There is abundant evidence that after in vivo traumatic brain injury, oxygen radicals contribute to changes in cerebrovascular structure and function; however, the cellular source of these oxygen radicals is not clear. The purpose of these experiments was to use a newly developed in vitro tissue culture model to elucidate the effect of strain, or stretch, on neuronal, glial, and endothelial cells and to determine the effect of the free radical scavenger polyethylene glycol–conjugated superoxide dismutase (PEG-SOD; pegorgotein, Dismutec) on the response of each cell type to trauma. Methods Rat brain astrocytes, neuronal plus glial cells, and aortic endothelial cells were grown in cell culture wells with 2-mm-thick silastic membrane bottoms. A controllable, 50-millisecond pressure pulse was used to transiently deform the silastic membrane and thus stretch the cells. Injury was assessed by quantifying the number of cells that took up the normally cell-impermeable dye propidium iodide. ...