cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scaling opportunities with next-generation, multi-pitch directed self assembly

As feature sizes shrink, state-of-the-art patterning has to meet three critical challenges: The ability to print patterns at tight pitch, the ability to accurately place patterns with respect to each other (edge placement error or EPE control) and the ability to deal with pattern variations induced by photon and resist stochastics. While extreme-UV lithography (EUV) with NA 0.33 can now routinely print sub 30 nm pitch line and space patterns and improve pattern placement by reducing the number of required overlay steps, the industry needs to invent complementary patterning techniques for continued pitch scaling with EUV. Complementary patterning methods like spacer-based pitch division have allowed the industry to break the Rayleigh resolution limit of 193 nm wavelength immersion lithography and pitch division of EUV patterns will allow the industry to scale pitch well below 20 nm. However, as the target pitch scales, variations in the critical dimensions (CD) of line and space patterns caused by photon and resist stochastics will absorb a significant portion of the EPE budget. Directed self-assembly (DSA) is a powerful patterning technique to pattern dense, periodic features with low number of defects and with pattern uniformity not readily achieved by optical lithography alone. DSA offers a fundamental EPE advantage over spacer-based pitch division since the line and space CDs are chemically encoded into each molecule with unprecedented accuracy. Additionally, ease of pitch scaling and low process complexity are well-documented features of DSA processing. However, since the pitch of the DSA-defined line/space pattern is determined by the molecular weight of the polymer, we have been unable to deploy DSA to flexible design rule applications that require multiple pitches and multiple CDs. In this paper we will report on process flows that use DSA to rectify a complex, multi-pitch and multi-CD pre-patterns printed with EUV. We will describe how material selection, EUV exposure, and processing conditions impact the type of complex patterns that can be rectified and highlight opportunities for materials development to make this powerful complementary patterning technology become a reality.
TedSim: temporal dynamics simulation of single cell RNA-sequencing data and cell division history

Recently, the combined scRNA-seq and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technologies have enabled simultaneous readouts of gene expressions and lineage barcodes, which allows for the reconstruction of the cell division tree, and makes it possible to trace the origin of each cell type. Computational methods are emerging to take advantage of the jointly profiled scRNA-seq and lineage barcode data to better reconstruct the cell division history or to infer the cell state trajectories. Here, we present TedSim (single cell Temporal dynamics Simulator), a simulator that simulates the cell division events from the root cell to present-day cells, simultaneously generating the lineage barcodes and scRNA-seq data. In particular, TedSim generates cells from multiple cell types through cell division events. TedSim can be used to benchmark and investigate computational methods which use either or both of the two types of data, scRNA-seq and lineage barcodes, to study cell lineages, ancestral cells or cell trajectories. TedSim is available at: https://github.com/Galaxeee/TedSim.
The effects of interface attachment kinetics on solidification interface morphologies

The presence of an interface kinetic effect significantly influences microstructures that form during the solidification of alloys. In order to quantitatively evaluate the effect of interface kinetics on microstructure formation, critical directional solidification studies have been designed in the pivalic acid-ethanol (PVA-Eth) system, in which significant anisotropies in interface properties are present. The interface kinetic effect is studied in high-purity PVA by measuring the interface temperature of a planar interface which is growing under steady-state conditions. In a binary system of PV A-Eth, the interface kinetic effect is characterized by examining the variations in dendritic microstructural scales with velocity and composition and by examining the planar interface instability condition. The variations in the dendrite tip radius,R, the primary spacing, and the secondary arm spacing near the dendrite tip with velocity,V, as well as with composition, have been characterized. Experimental results at a given composition showedVR2. to be constant, and those at constant velocity showed δTsR2 to be constant, where δTs is the product of the liquidus slope and the concentration difference at the dendrite tip. In order to characterize the system properly, additional experiments were carried out to measure the liquidus temperatures of the system. These experimental results are then compared with the theoretical models of planar interface instability and of dendritic growth to evaluate the role of interface kinetics on microstructure formation. Based on the theoretical models for planar and dendritic growth in an anisotropic system, the results on the interface kinetic effects are analyzed to give an insight into the possible phenomena which contribute to the complex kinetic behavior that is observed experimentally in the PVA system.
Deep learning, dark knowledge, and dark matter

Particle colliders are the primary experimental instruments of high-energy physics. By creating conditions that have not occurred naturally since the Big Bang, collider experiments aim to probe the most fundamental properties of matter and the universe. These costly experiments generate very large amounts of noisy data, creating important challenges and opportunities for machine learning. In this work we use deep learning to greatly improve the statistical power on three benchmark problems involving: (1) Higgs bosons; (2) supersymmetric particles; and (3) Higgs boson decay modes. This approach increases the expected discovery significance over traditional shallow methods, by 50%, 2%, and 11% respectively. In addition, we explore the use of model compression to transfer information (dark knowledge) from deep networks to shallow networks.
SocialCompetence and Employment of Retarded Persons

Publisher Summary Vocational competence may be viewed as the product of three interacting factors: (1) job responsibility, (2) task-production competence, and (3) social vocational competence. Job responsibility refers to behaviors that suggest a commitment to the job, such as being punctual, low absenteeism, and working continuously at job tasks. The second factor, task-production competence, refers to the production of work tasks to company standards for accuracy and for expected rates. Social-vocational competence, a third factor that contributes to vocational competence, refers to the adequacy of an individual's interactions with co-workers or supervisors. These interactions may be directly related to an individual's ability to get along with other workers. This chapter addresses research that has attempted to identify and describe social factors related to the employment success (i.e., social-vocational factors) of mentally retarded individuals. To examine how social competence relates to vocational competence, it is necessary to understand the parameters that define “social” as well as the dimensions that determine “competence”. Generally, social behaviors have been regarded as those behaviors that directly influence the behavior of others or as behaviors by two or more individuals with respect to a common environment. Recent examinations have characterized social behavior in terms of a distinct set of learned skills. That is, social behaviors such as smiling, acknowledging, questioning, or any number of gestures might be combined to produce social skills or social repertoires. Social skills in the workplace may include offering assistance to others, clarifying instructions, or working cooperatively. Individual social skills are important if they contribute to co-worker or employer judgments of overall vocational competence.
Female oxytocin gene-knockout mice, in a semi-natural environment, display exaggerated aggressive behavior

Compared to results from a generation of neuropharmacological work, the phenotype of mice lacking the oxytocin (OT) peptide gene was remarkably normal. An important component of the current experiments was to assay OT-knockout (OTKO) and wild-type (WT) littermate control mice living under controlled stressful conditions designed to mimic more closely the environment for which the mouse genome evolved. Furthermore, our experimental group was comprised of an all-female population, in contrast to previous studies which have focused on all-male populations. Our data indicated that aggressive behaviors initiated by OTKO during a food deprivation feeding challenge were considerably more intense and diverse than aggressive behaviors initiated by WT. From the measures of continuous social interaction in the intruder paradigm, it emerged that OTKO mice were more offensively aggressive (attacking rumps and tails) than WT. In a test of parental behaviors, OTKO mice were 100% infanticidal while WT were 16% infanticidal and 50% maternal. Finally, ‘alpha females’ (always OTKO) were identified in each experiment. They were the most aggressive, the first to feed and the most dominant at nesting behaviors. Semi-natural environments are excellent testing environments for elucidating behavioral differences between transgenic mice and their WT littermates which may not be ordinarily discernible. Future studies of mouse group behavior should include examining female groupings in addition to the more usual all-male groups.
Factor Structure Of Deterrents To Adult Participation In Higher Education

As institutions of higher learning have seen the aging of American college students, they have been increasingly concerned about helping them overcome what deters their reentry. Adult perception of deterrents is identified in this study. Analysis and the factor structure underlying these deterrents is examined in the Situational, Institutional, and Dispositional category of deterrents. Six factors with no extraneous items were identified: bad experience, institutional reasons, lack of resources, course offerings, cost/benefit ratio and childcare were identified for potential adult students at a small private tuition-driven undergraduate college. This complex set of findings fits with barriers established in the literature. Bad Experience, a dispositional barrier, and the Institutional factor correspond to Cross’ (1981) typology. Lack of Resources and Course Offerings are spread among situational, institutional and dispositional factors. Cost/Benefit Ratio is situational and institutional. Childcare is situational. This study contributes to a complex model of deterrents to participation.
Use of cluster and discriminant analyses to compare rhizosphere bacterial communities following biological perturbation

We present an approach to comparing the diversity and composition of bacterial communities from different habitats and for identifying which members of a community are most affected by an introduced bacterium. We use this method to explore both previously published and new data from field and growth chamber experiments in which we isolated heterotrophic bacteria from samples of root-free soil, roots of nontreated soybean seedlings, and from the roots of soybean seedlings grown from Bacillus cereus UW85nl—treated seeds. We characterize bacterial isolates for 40 physiological attributes, and grouped the isolates hierarchically using two-stage density-linkage cluster analysis. Multivariate analysis of variance and discriminant analysis of the relative frequencies of the clusters in the soil and rhizosphere habitats were then used to determine whether there were differences among the bacterial communities from the various habitats, and which of the clusters were most useful in discriminating among the communities. We used rarefied estimates of richness as a measure of community diversity in the various habitats. Introduction of UW85n 1 affected the composition and/or diversity of rhizosphere communities in three of four experiments.
Hypotension and bradycardia elicited by histamine into the C1 area of the rostral ventrolateral medulla.

Abstract In rat, anaesthetized with urethane and paralyzed, bilateral microinjections of histamine or naphazoline into a region of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVL) containing adrenergic neurons of the C1 group (C1 area) elicited a dose-dependent, anatomically specific and reversible decrease of arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR). Similar effects were observed with the histamine agonists 4-imidazole acetic acid or the selective H 2 agonist dimaprit. The selective H 2 antagonist metiamide but not the H 1 antagonist chlorpheniramine injected bilaterally into the C1 area reversibly blocked the hypotension and bradycardia elicited by histamine or dimaprit without affecting the responses produced by naphazoline. Neither metiamide nor chlorpheniramine change resting AP or HR. Pretreatment of the C1 area with the non-imidazole α-adrenoceptor blocker phenoxybenzamine while increasing resting AP and HR, antagonized the decrease of AP and HR elicited by the indirect sympathomimetic agonist tyramine but not those by histamine. We conclude, that (1) histaminergic and tonic noradrenergic mechanisms coexist in the C1 area of the RVL mediating sympathoinhibitory responses, (2) the effect of histamine is mediated by H 2 but not by H 1 receptors.
Estimating the daily intake of essential and nonessential elements from lamb m. longissimus thoracis et lumborum consumed by the population in Missouri (United States)

Abstract This paper estimated the daily intake of essential and nonessential elements from lamb muscle longissimus thoracis et lumborum (m. LTL) available to the population in Missouri. Missouri grain-finished (n = 36), Missouri grass-finished (n = 40) and imported New Zealand grass-finished (n = 40) lamb m. LTL were purchased and assayed for their element composition. Total mercury in samples was quantified by atomic absorption spectrometry and other elements were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. Analysis of certified reference materials (DORM-2 and TORT-2) gave recovery rates ranging from 86 to 108% and 85 to 104%, respectively. The abundance of essential elements in Missouri grain-finished and Missouri grass-finished lamb m. LTL followed the order: Potassium > phosphorus > sodium > magnesium > calcium > zinc > iron. The order in the imported New Zealand grass-finished group was: Potassium > phosphorus > sodium > calcium > magnesium > zinc > iron. Since many variables lacked normality, non-parametric (Kruskal–Wallis) comparison test was performed and the results suggested no significant difference (P > 0.05) in element composition among the lamb m. LTL groups. The estimated daily intake of 14 elements from consumption of 100 g lamb m. LTL posed no hazard to consumers.
Confocal laser scanning microscopy of whole mouse ovaries: excellent morphology, apoptosis detection, and spectroscopy.

Background: Ovaries consist of numerous follicles, oocytes, and granulosa cells in different stages of development. Many of these follicles will undergo an apoptotic process during the lifetime of the animal. By using proper tissue preparation methods, the events within the whole ovary can be observed by using 3D confocal microscopy. Methods: Whole ovaries were stained with LysoTracker Red (LT), fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (PF) and 1% glutaraldehyde (Glut), dehydrated with methanol (MEOH), and cleared with benzyl alcohol and benzyl benzoate (BABB). Using this tissue preparation technique, the ovary becomes relatively transparent, allowing its morphology to be observed with confocal microscopes. A spectral imaging system (PARISS) located on a conventional microscope was used to interpret the LT dye spectra and fixation products in the tissues with different excitation wavelengths. Results: Apoptosis in the follicle was detected as clusters of intensely stained granulosa cells located in close proximity to the oocytes. The fixation with Glut and PF preserved morphological details, increased tissue fluorescence, thus increased the signal to noise of the background image. Conclusions: Thick tissues can be imaged after they are properly stained, aldehyde fixed, and BABB cleared. LT intensely stained single cells or clusters of apoptotic cells in the follicles and the nucleolus. Spectral differences between LT as an indicator of apoptosis and Glut-PF fixation was used to visualize ovarian morphology and apoptosis. The PARISS spectrophotometer revealed spectral peaks for LT at 609.6 nm and for Glut-PF at 471.3 nm. The proper use of the spectra from these fluorescence molecules is the foundation for high quality morphological images of apoptosis. By sequentially imaging the two probes with a 488 nm laser and a 543/568 nm laser, there was a reduction in fluorescent cross talk and an increase in image quality. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Direct Synthesis of Heterometallic Europium/Barium Complexes: H2[Eu2Ba6O2(OiPr)16(THF)4] and EuBa2(OC6H4Me-4)7(diglyme)2(DME)

Convenient syntheses of mixed-metal Eu/Ba complexes starting from the elemental metals have been explored. A mixture of europium and barium ingots reacts in boiling 2-propanol to form a product which crystallizes from THF as the heterometallic complex formulated as H2[Eu2Ba6O2(OiPr)16(THF)4] (1). An analogous reaction in the presence of p-cresol (HOC6H4Me-4) forms trimetallic EuBa2(OC6H4Me4)7(diglyme)2(DME) (2), after recrystallization from THF/DME/diglyme (DME = 1,2-dimethoxyethane). Complex 1 exhibits an octametallic geometry comprised of two square pyramids with coplanar bases which share a basal edge and have apices on opposite sides. The six barium atoms occupy the basal positions and the two europium atoms are at the apices. Complex 2 exhibits a triangular arrangement of metal atoms with both terminal and bridging aryloxide ligands coordinated to the europium atom and bridging aryloxide and terminal ether ligands coordinated to the barium atoms.
Monetary expansion and bank credit: A lack of spark

Abstract This study shows that the recent expansionary monetary policy pursued by the U.S. Federal Reserve has deactivated the credit channel of policy transmission. We develop a model of changes in the monetary base as a function of changes in excess reserves, vault cash, bank credit, as well as domestic and foreign security investments. We employ ordinary least squares regression optimized for impact lags, as well as generalized linear model with a logarithmic link function in the empirical tests for a sample period 1999–2014. We verify robustness of the obtained results with vector auto-regression estimations and impulse response functions. The tests provide consistent evidence that an increase in the monetary base has been associated with higher excess reserves, an increase in security investments, and a contraction of bank credit.
Magnetic resonance imaging-based three-dimensional model of anterior vaginal wall position at rest and maximal strain in women with and without prolapse

Introduction and hypothesis Two-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrates apical support and vaginal length contribute to anterior wall prolapse (AWP). This paper describes a novel three-dimensional technique to examine the vagina and its relationship to pelvic sidewalls at rest and Valsalva.
Statins do not improve cardiovascular outcomes for dialysis patients.

Commentary on: Palmer SC, Navaneethan SD, Craig JC, et al. HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for dialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;(9):CD004289. Chronic kidney disease affected nearly 19 million people in the USA, with incidence increasing globally at an annual rate of 8%, most of which were unrecognised or undiagnosed. Cardiovascular events are common among patients with chronic kidney disease and highest in dialysis patients. While dialysis patients experience a high prevalence of traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), such as hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia and obesity, CVD in such patients is driven predominately by non-traditional risk factors such as anaemia, calcium/phosphate calcification, proteinuria, oxidative stress and uraemic hyper coagulopathy. Approximately 25% of deaths are related to traditional …
Quality variation control for three-dimensional wavelet-based video coders

The fluctuation of quality in time is a problem that exists in motion-compensated-temporal-filtering (MCTF-) based video coding. The goal of this paper is to design a solution for overcoming the distortion fluctuation challenges faced by wavelet-based video coders. We propose a new technique for determining the number of bits to be allocated to each temporal subband in order to minimize the fluctuation in the quality of the reconstructed video. Also, the wavelet filter properties are explored to design suitable scaling coefficients with the objective of smoothening the temporal PSNR. The biorthogonal 5/3 wavelet filter is considered in this paper and experimental results are presented for 2D+t and t+2D MCTF wavelet coders.
Working Toward a Just, Equitable, and Local Food System: The Social Impact of Community-Based Agriculture*

Objective. This article serves as a pilot study of three central aspects of sociological research concerning the impact of local agriculture on local communities: food equity, social integration, and natural human capital. Methods. Four CSA farmers, four partners in a direct-market organic farm, and four community garden site coordinators working in the Intervale, a local agriculture project in Burlington, Vermont, were interviewed in person for this research. Additionally, the author collected observational data in the Intervale, at two local farmers' markets, and as a member of a local community garden. Result. Different modes of local agricultural production have distinctive effects on the local population with regard to equitable access to healthy food, social inclusion, and experiential knowledge of the natural world. Conclusions. Given class-based disparities in local agricultural participation, local food projects should consider promoting programs designed for broader social inclusion, including subsidized farmer-to-family coupons.
Empirical comparisons of calculation procedures for estimating annoyance of jet aircraft flyovers

Abstract Thirty-five calculation procedures for relating annoyance of jet aircraft flyovers to physical parameters of the sounds were evaluated using the psychophysical method of constant stimulus differences. The large number of procedures evaluated is due to the interest in applying corrections for a discrete frequency above the broad-band noise and for duration of the noise to basic evaluation approaches such as Stevens' loudness level [1] and Kryter's perceived noise level [6]. In addition, two methods of identifying the extent of a discrete frequency above the broad-band noise were investigated. Due to the variability encountered in human responce studies, several of the procedures are considered acceptable for application purposes. However, the most precise procedure was loudness level (Mark VI) by S. S. Stevens [1] with a tone correction recommended by J. W. Little [2].
Visualizing multiattribute Web transactions using a freeze technique

Web transactions are multidimensional and have a number of attributes: client, URL, response times, and numbers of messages. One of the key questions is how to simultaneously lay out in a graph the multiple relationships, such as the relationships between the web client response times and URLs in a web access application. In this paper, we describe a freeze technique to enhance a physics-based visualization system for web transactions. The idea is to freeze one set of objects before laying out the next set of objects during the construction of the graph. As a result, we substantially reduce the force computation time. This technique consists of three steps: automated classification, a freeze operation, and a graph layout. These three steps are iterated until the final graph is generated. This iterated-freeze technique has been prototyped in several e-service applications at Hewlett Packard Laboratories. It has been used to visually analyze large volumes of service and sales transactions at online web sites.
Hydroperoxide metabolism of amphibia: Tissue catalases of Leopard Frogs

AbstractCatalase activities were measured and compared in liver, kidney, heart, and lung of American Leopard Frogs (Ranapipiens complex). The order of activities was found to be liver > kidney > heart ≈ lung. The liver enzyme was found to be inhibited by aminotriazole, cyanide, and azide and appears to peroxidatively oxidize ethanol.
Slowing presentation speed increases illusions of knowledge

Prior research on false memories has shown that suggestibility is often reduced when the presentation rate is slowed enough to allow monitoring. We examined whether slowing presentation speed would reduce factual errors learned from fictional stories. Would subjects use the extra time to detect the errors in the stories, reducing reproduction of these errors on a later test? Surprisingly, slowing presentation speed increased the production of story errors on a later general knowledge test. Instructing the reader to mark whether each sentence contained an error, however, did decrease suggestibility. Readers appear to passively accept information presented in stories and need a constant reminder to monitor for errors. These results highlight differences between typical episodic false memories and illusions of knowledge (such as learning from fiction). Manipulations that reduce suggestibility for episodic false memories do not always reduce suggestibility for illusions of knowledge.
Anaerobic digestion of dairy manure and field crop residues

Abstract This research was undertaken to determine guidelines for combining dairy manure and field crop residues for maximum methane production per volume of anaerobic digester. The parameter investigated for establishing the proper mixture was the nonlignin-carbon to nitrogen ratio. Six 4·4 litre laboratory digesters, with operating volumes of 3·4 litre, were tested for 18 months with dairy cow manure combined with either barley straw, rice hulls or rice straw in three separate six-month phases. Non-lignin-carbon to nitrogen ratios of the various feed mixtures ranged between 12·3 and 40. Results indicate that methane production from fresh dairy manure can be enhanced by addition of chopped field crop residues. The maximum performance occurs when the non-lignin-carbon to nitrogen ratio of these feed mixtures is between 25 and 32. The non-lignin-carbon to nitrogen ratios for various other agricultural residues were also determined.
Morphological and Functional Characterization of Isolated Human Parotid Acinar Cells

A method for the isolation of human parotid acinar cells using enzymatic dispersion and mild mechanical forces has been developed. The isolated acinar cells are morphologically and functionally intact, thus suitable for studies of the cellular physiology of secretion.
Vector movement underlies avian malaria at upper elevation in Hawaii: implications for transmission of human malaria

With climate warming, malaria in humans and birds at upper elevations is an emerging infectious disease because development of the parasite in the mosquito vector and vector life history are both temperature dependent. An enhanced-mosquito-movement model from climate warming predicts increased transmission of malaria at upper elevation sites that are too cool for parasite development in the mosquito vector. We evaluate this model with avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum) at 1,900-m elevation on the Island of Hawaii, with air temperatures too low for sporogony in the vector (Culex quinquefasciatus). On a well-defined site over a 14-year period, 10 of 14 species of native and introduced birds became infected, several epizootics occurred, and the increase in prevalence was driven more by resident species than by mobile species that could have acquired their infections at lower elevations. Greater movement of infectious mosquitoes from lower elevations now permits avian malaria to spread at 1,900 m in Hawaii, in advance of climate warming at that elevation. The increase in malaria at upper elevations due to dispersal of infectious mosquitoes is a real alternative to temperature for the increased incidence of human malaria in tropical highlands.
A past psychiatric history may be a risk factor for topiramate-related psychiatric and cognitive adverse events.

Abstract Objectives. Topiramate (TPM) is a new antiepileptic drug (AED) that has been found to be associated with a high prevalence of cognitive adverse events (CAEs). The prevalence of psychiatric adverse events (PAEs) has yet to be established. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of PAEs related to TPM when used in polytherapy regimens in a large cohort of adult patients with epilepsy, to identify any association between the occurrences of CAEs and PAEs and to identify predictors of PAEs and CAEs. Methods. Investigators from 16 epilepsy centers (PADS group) prospectively obtained postmarketing safety and efficacy data on 596 patients aged 16 years and older. All data were recorded on standardized data retrieval forms, completed at the initial visit, while follow-up data were obtained every 6 months or at the time of discontinuation. Results. PAEs were identified in 75 (12.6%) patients: 30 (5%) experienced symptoms of depression and 34 (5.7%) of aggressive behavior and irritability, while 9 patients experienced symptoms of psychosis (1.5%). CAEs were reported by 247 (41.5%) patients. There was a significant association between the occurrences of CAEs and PAEs. A past psychiatric history was a predictor of CAEs, while older age and past psychiatric history were predictors of PAEs. Conclusions. The use of TPM in polytherapy regimens can cause PAEs and CAEs and their occurrence is significantly correlated. Patients with a past psychiatric history may be at a higher risk for experiencing PAEs and CAEs.
Silicon-on-nitride optical waveguides for mid- and near-infrared integrated photonics

Silicon-on-nitride waveguides are demonstrated at mid- and near-infrared wavelengths. The fabrication is based on bonding silicon to silicon-on-insulator dies coated with low-stress silicon nitride. At 3.39 μm wavelength, the measured propagation loss is ∼5 dB/cm.
Prenatal Expression of 5-HT1C and 5-HT2 Receptors in the Rat Central Nervous System

Abstract The expression of mRNAs for two 5-HT receptors (5-HT1C, 5-HT2) has been investigated by evaluating in situ hybridization in the prenatal rat CNS. At Embryonic Day 14 (E14), the highest signal for 5-HT1C was found in the choroid plexus, while the marginal/intermediate (m/i) zones of the midbrain, brain stem (including monoaminergic groups), and spinal cord also displayed label. By E18-21 a number of more rostral regions contained transcript, including the hippocampus (CA1), in addition to more intense signal in midbrain. brain stem, and spinal cord. Expression in the choroid plexus appeared to peak between E 16-E 18, although considerable hybridization signal remained at E21. 5-HT2 transcripts were also detected at E14. Label was present in m/i zones of the midbrain and in a number of other areas. In comparison to 5-HT1C, 5-HT2 mRNA was distributed over a wider rostral-caudal extent at this age. As with 5-HT1C mRNA, signal increased over rostral and brain stem areas at late gestational ages with significant labeling appearing in the olfactory bulb, cerebellum, cortical plate and subplate, hippocampus (dentate gyrus), and monoaminergic nuclei. 5-HT1C and 5-HT2 receptor transcripts were also present over the meninges at E16 and may represent transient expression of these receptors. These expression patterns in the embryonic rat brain, in conjunction with previous evidence indicating that 5-HT can act as a differentiation signal for target neurons, suggests that prenatal 5-HT receptors are positioned to play a role in the prenatal development of the CNS.
Dimethylacetamide, a New Cryoprotective Agent for Platelets

Dimethylacetamide (DMAC) was used as cryoprotective agent for the preservation of platelets in the frozen state. The addition of dextrose to the platelet suspension greatly increased the cryoprotective effects of this agent. Rat platelets preserved with 5 per cent DMAC and 5 per cent dextrose showed a higher percentage of morphologically intact cells and higher clot retraction-promoting activity than platelets frozen in other concentrations of these two agents. The infusion of these platelets into thrombocytopenic rats resulted in platelet-count increments greater than those observed after administration of platelets frozen in 5 per cent dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and 5 per cent dextrose. At room temperatures, DMAC appeared to be less damaging to platelets than DMSO. Transfusions of human platelets frozen with DMAC and dextrose to thrombocytopenic patients with acute leukemia were associated with temporary increases of their platelet counts.
Assessing Coronary Flow Physiology with Intracoronary Doppler Following Coronary Interventions

Although coronary angiography has been the gold standard for assessing coronary artery stenoses, it yields information primarily about the anatomical severity of coronary artery disease, which frequently does not correlate with its physiological severity. Coronary interventions (PTCA, atherectomy, laser, etc.) are performed primarily to improve coronary flow physiology. Coronary flow physiology may be a more important end point than angiography following coronary interventions that were performed to normalize coronary flow physiology. In addition, the physiological significance of angiographically intermediate stenoses should he assessed before proceeding with catheter-based revascularization. Currently, the Doppler guidewire is available for routine clinical assessment of coronary flow physiology in the Cardiac Catheterization Lab. Several Doppler measurements have been used to assess the physiological effect of a stenosis, including the diastolic-systolic velocity ratio, proximal-distal velocity ratio, coronary flow reserve, continuity equation, and the hyperemic diastolic pressure-flow relationship. The Doppler derived coronary flow reserve correlates highly with stress nuclear perfusion images. These Doppler measurements have been made following PTCA, directional atherectomy, rotational atherectomy, and excimer laser. Following coronary interventions, adverse clinical events may be predicted if there is impaired flow physiology or cyclic flow variations. Many of the Doppler measurements used for assessing the lesion severity remain abnormal following successful coronary interventions for reasons unrelated to the lesion. Conversely, normalization of coronary physiology does not guarantee an adequate anatomical result. Further clinical trials will provide a more complete definition of the exact role for coronary flow velocity assessment following coronary interventions. (J Interven Cardiol 1996;9:163–173)
An Empirical Analysis of Consumers' Attitudes toward Physicians' Services Advertising: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to investigate current attitudes and opinions of physicians' advertising and to compare them to the attitudes expressed 20 years ago. This study was designed to determine (a) consumers' attitudes toward advertising by physicians and (b) whether age, occupation, income, education, and/or sex of consumers accounted for any significant difference in attitudes toward physicians who advertise. This study investigates possible changes in attitudes of consumers toward physicians advertising over a 20-year period. It replicates a survey done in 1986 and uses the same questionnaire and the same population to compare responses longitudinally. The study seems to confirm the belief of many marketing professionals that advertising and marketing clearly have a place in the management and operation of professional services. Although the present image of physicians is positive, most of the 2006 respondents' opinions were rather mixed as to whether it is proper for physicians to adver...
Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometric Densitometry in Osteoarthritis of the Hip Influence of secondary bone remodeling of the femoral neck

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of buttressing on bone densitometry measurements in the femoral neck, in Ward's triangle, and in the greater trochanter. In addition, we attempted to establish the length of the femoral axis (FAL) and the true length of the femoral neck (FNL) as potential correlates with osteoarthritis (OA) or with buttressing.Material and Methods: Our study comprised 101 hips in 68 adult patients. Conventional radiographs of the hip joints were obtained in order to assess the presence and extent of OA by means of the 6-step grading system introduced in 1990 by Croft et al., and in order to measure the cortical thickness at the medial aspect of the femoral neck. In addition, FAL and FNL were measured. All patients underwent dual energy x-ray absorptiometry so that bone density could be assessed in the femoral neck, in Ward's triangle, and in the greater trochanter. The Spearman rank correlation was used to compare the measurements.Results: Statistical analysis s...
Further studies on anti-thyroxine effects of various compounds.

Summary(1) The study of compouds inhibiting the peripheral metabolic action of thyroxine in thyroidectomized rats has been extended to such substances as vit. A, vit. B12, cholesterol and a series of aliphatics and aromatics carrying the 3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxyphenyl grouping. (2) The compounds found capable of producing approximately 50% inhibition were vit. A, β-carotene, cholesterol, butyl-3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and x-methyl-β-(3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxyphenyl) -propionic acid. Several other substances were found to be less active than these. No compound tested was found clearly active as a thyroxine antagonist at an inhibitor: thyroxine ratio of less than 300.
Low-gravity materials processing

The concept of growing crystals and of doing biological studies in the low-gravity space environment assumes that the absence of most, or all, of the influences of the earth's gravitational field on chemical and biological reactions is an important factor—at least important enough to justify costly testing. One normally thinks of the effects of the gravitational field as being like the effects of any othef field, electric or magnetic, on a thermodynamic process. In the simplest terms, there is work done as parts of a system travel through a gravitational field; a more exact statement would be that the free energy of a system, and hence the state of equilibrium, depends on the position within a gravitational field. The thermodynamic effects of the earth's gravitational field (the equation for the changes in free energy caused by differences in position within the field) are subtle but could be important in chemical and biological processes.
Rapid Inhibition by Cortisol of Incorporation of Glucose in vivo into the Thymus of the Rat

THE hypothesis that the effects of glucocorticoids on certain extrahepatic tissues result from inhibition of glucose utilization was proposed in 1942 by Drury1 and Ingle2 in connexion with the protein-catabolic effects of these hormones. It was later brought up by Bullough3 to explain mitotic inhibition in skin, and related phenomena such as involution of lymphatic tissue. Support for the hypothesis has recently come from several observations4–7, including demonstrations that glucocorticoids in vitro at concentrations approaching physiological levels inhibit glucose uptake by skin4 and adipose tissue5, and in vivo reduce glucose uptake by adipose tissue isolated 30 min after injection5. A number of arguments have been advanced for the view that this action represents the primary metabolic effect of the hormones on adipose tissue5.
Early assessment of hemodynamic status after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: a comparison of 24 hour (intensive care unit) and 1 year postoperative data in 98 patients

Hemodynamic data obtained in the intensive care unit, immediately after repair of tetralogy of Fallot, were compared with measurements obtained at 1 year postoperative catheterization in 98 infants and children. Eight of 12 patients who had pulmonary artery oxygen saturation of 80% or greater in the intensive care unit had a pulmonary to systemic flow ratio greater than 1.5 at catheterization; all 79 patients who had a pulmonary artery oxygen saturation of ess than 80% in the intensive care unit had a pulmonary to systemic flow ratio of 1.5 or less at catheterization. Five of six patients who had a right ventricular outflow tract pressure gradient greater than 40 mm Hg in the intensive care unit had a gradient greater than 40 mm Hg at catheterization; 7 of 61 patients who had a right ventricular outflow tract gradient of 40 mm Hg or less in the intensive care unit had a gradient greater than 40 mm Hg at catheterization. The addition of measurements of right ventricular pressure and the right ventricular to systemic arterial pressure ratio in the intensive care unit did not improve sensitivity in identifying patients with a right ventricular outflow tract gradient greater than 40 mm Hg at catheterization. Intensive care unit measurement of pulmonary artery oxygen saturation is valuable for determining the presence or absence of a significant left to right shunt after repair of tetralogy of Fallot and should be considered an adjunct to patient management. Intensive care unit measurement of the right ventricular outflow tract gradient identifies patients with a significant right ventricular outflow tract gradient at catheterization but is not highly sensitive.
Manufacturing Time: Global Competition in the Watch Industry, 1795–2000. By Amy K. Glasmeier

Reviews the book 'Manufacturing Time: Global Competition in the Watch Industry, 1795-2000,' by Amy K. Glasmeier.
The application of Compressive Sensing technique on a stationary surveillance camera system

Compressive Sensing (CS) is a recently emerged signal processing method. It shows that when a signal is sparse in a certain basis, it can be recovered from a small number of random measurements made on it. In this work, we investigate the possibility of utilizing CS to sample the video stream acquired by a fixed surveillance camera in order to reduce the amount of data transmitted. For every 15 continuous video frames, we select the first frame in the video stream as the reference frame. Then for each following frame, we compute the difference between this frame and its preceding frame, resulting in a difference frame, which can be represented by a small number of measurement samples. By only transmitting these samples, we greatly reduce the amount of transmitted data. The original video stream can still be effectively recovered. In our simulations, SPGL1 method is used to recover the original frame. Two different methods, random measurement and 2D Fourier transform, are used to make the measurements. In our simulations, the Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) ranges from 28.0dB to 50.9dB, depending on the measurement method and number of measurement used, indicating good recovery quality. Besides a good compression rate, the CS technique has the properties of being robust to noise and easily encrypted which all make CS technique a good candidate for signal processing in communication.
Simulation of large scale networks I: simulation of large-scale networks using SSF

Some applications of simulation require that the model state be advanced in simulation time faster than the wall-clock time advances as the simulation executes. This faster than real-time requirement is crucial, for instance, when a simulation is used as part of a real-time control system, working through the consequences of contemplated control actions, in order to identify feasible (or even optimal) decisions. This paper considers the issue of faster than real-time simulation of very large communication networks, and how this is accomplished using our implementation (in C++) of the Scalable Simulation Framework (SSF). Our tool (called iSSF) uses hierarchical levels of abstraction, and parallelism, to achieve speedups of nearly four orders of magnitude, enabling real-time execution rates on large network models. We quantify the effects that choice of hierarchical abstraction has on the simulation time advance rate, and show empirically how changing the abstraction mix affects the execution rate on a large network example.
Positive temperature coefficient of electrical resistivity in some ZnOTiO2NiO ceramics

Abstract The electrical resistance as a function of temperature of a group of ceramics made from ZnOTiO 2 NiO powders are shown to exhibit an anomalously large positive temperature coefficient of resistivity in the temperature range of −50°C to 400°C. X-ray examinations show these materials to be a two-phase mixture of ZnO and Zn 2 TiO 4 structures with NiO probably in solution in both phases in the composition range studied. No crystallographic transformations occurred, and it is unlikely that any ferroelectric or magnetic transitions occur in the temperature range in which the anomalous electrical properties exist. In order to more fully explore these phenomena, measurements have been made and are reported on the temperature dependence of the thermal e.m.f. and on the frequency and hydrostatic pressure dependence of the electrical resistivity. By variation of the temperature and the time of firing and the composition of these ceramics within the range studied the resistivity at room temperature can be varied from a few Ω−cm to 10 6 Ω−cm, and the maximum positive temperature coefficient of resistance can be varied from essentially zero to 2 per cent per °C.