cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protein kinase C activity regulates slow myosin heavy chain 2 gene expression in slow lineage skeletal muscle fibers.

Expression of the slow myosin heavy chain (MyHC) 2 gene defines slow versus fast avian skeletal muscle fiber types. Fetal, or secondary, skeletal muscle fibers express slowMyHC isoform genes in developmentally regulated patterns within the embryo, and this patterning is at least partly dependent on innervation in vivo. We have previously shown that slowMyHC 2 gene expression in vitro is regulated by a combination of innervation and cell lineage. This pattern of gene expression was indistinguishable from the pattern observed in vivo in that it was restricted to innervated muscle fibers of slow muscle origin. We show here that slowMyHC 2 gene expression in the slow muscle fiber lineage is regulated by protein kinase C (PKC) activity. Inhibition of PKC activity induced slowMyHC 2 gene expression, and the capacity to express the slowMyHC 2 gene was restricted to muscle fibers of slow muscle (medial adductor) origin. Fast muscle fibers derived from the pectoralis major did not express significant levels of slowMyHC 2 with or without inhibitors of PKC activity. This differential expression pattern coincided with different inherent PKC activities in fast versus slow muscle fiber types. Furthermore, over-expression of an unregulated PKCα mutant suppressed slowMyHC 2 gene expression in muscle fibers of the slow lineage. Lastly, denervation of skeletal muscles caused an increase in PKC activity, particularly in the slow medial adductor muscle. This increase in PKC activity was associated with lack of slowMyHC 2 gene expression in vivo. These results provide a mechanistic link between innervation, an intracellular signaling pathway mediated by PKC, and expression of a muscle fiber type-specific contractile protein gene. Dev Dyn 1999;216:177–189. ©1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Typhoid fever in the United States, 1999-2006.

Context Typhoid fever in the United States has increasingly been due to infection with antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella ser Typhi. National surveillance for typhoid fever can inform prevention and treatment recommendations. Objective To assess trends in infections with antimicrobial-resistant S Typhi. Design Cross-sectional, laboratory-based surveillance study. Setting and Participants We reviewed data from 1999-2006 for 1902 persons with typhoid fever who had epidemiologic information submitted to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and 2016 S Typhi isolates sent by participating public health laboratories to the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System Laboratory at the CDC for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Main Outcome Measures Proportion of S Typhi isolates demonstrating resistance to 14 antimicrobial agents and patient risk factors for antimicrobial-resistant infections. Results Patient median age was 22 years (range, Conclusion Infection with antimicrobial-resistant S Typhi strains among US patients with typhoid fever is associated with travel to the Indian subcontinent, and an increasing proportion of these infections are due to S Typhi strains with decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones.
The psychological development of prelinguistic deaf infants

This paper will discuss the emotional developmental problems displayed by those who are deaf at birth. In order to provide an in-depth understanding of the emotional needs of the prelinguistic infant the distinctive perspectives and concerns of various developmental psychologies will be reviewed. The tremendous need for mental health and social work services for the deaf population and their families has been rarely discussed, therefore, the last stage of this presentation will provide some suggestions for clinical treatment and prevention programs for deaf individuals.
AN ENERGY USE ANALYSIS of A FRESH and FROZEN FISH PROCESSING COMPANY

An energy use analysis was performed on a fresh and frozen fish processing company to identify current levels of energy consumption and establish an energy conservation program. Electrical energy constituted 79% and 87% of the fish and ice plants’energy consumption, respectively. Baseload electricity in the fish plant was 88% and 30% in the ice plant. the fish plant's intensity index was 1,882.3 BTU/Ib (4,371.9 KJ/Kg) of product while the ice plant's 172.5 BTU/lb (399.6 KJ/Kg) of ice. the trucking fleet had a fuel intensity index of 29,910.6 BTU/mile (19,630.6 KJ/Km) and was the largest energy consumer accounting for 60% of the company's total energy usage. Proposed energy conservation measures can lead to significant reductions in the current levels of energy consumption.
Temperature‐sensitive periods of sex determination in a lizard: Similarities with turtles and crocodilians

The sex of leopard geckoes is determined by incubation temperature. This study identified their temperature-sensitive period of sex determination by incubating embryos at a male-producing temperature (32°C) and a female-producing temperature (26°C) for various intervals of development and comparing the sex ratios from the different experiments. Eggs incubated at 26° for 14 days (to stage 32) could still develop as either sex, but eggs incubated 30 days (through stage 34) necessarily became female; incubation at 32° did not guarantee male development until 20 days of incubation (to stage 37). The temperature-sensitive period of irreversible sex determination therefore lies between stages 32–37 and occupies much of the first half of development. The temperature-sensitive period in geckoes is similar to those in turtles and alligators, which are only distantly related to geckoes, but the reasons for these similarities are obscure.
Far infrared spectra of palladium compounds—III Tetrahalo, tetraammine and dihalodiammine complexes] of palladium (II)

Abstract The infrared spectra of a number of square planar palladium (II) complexes of the type M 2 PdX 4 , PdL 4 X 2 , and trans and cis isomers of PdL 2 X 2 (where M = NH 4 + , K + , Rb + , or Cs + ; L = NH 3 ; X = Cl − , Br − , or I − ) have been recorded from 4000 to 40 cm −1 . The compounds were examined both at room temperature and at liquid nitrogen temperature. The investigation of four tetrachloropalladium (II) complexes gave Pdz.snfc; stretching vibrations in the range 327–336 cm −1 , Pdz.snfc; in-plane bending vibrations in the range 183–205, and Pdz.snfc; out-of-plane bending vibrations from 160 to 175 cm −1 . Four similar bromo complexes gave the corresponding PdBr vibrations in the ranges 249–260 cm −1 , 130–169 cm −1 and 114–140 cm −1 , respectively. The PdN in and out-of-plane bending vibrations of the tetraamine complexes were found in the ranges 245–273 and 160–190 cm −1 , respectively. By using the assignments for the tetrahalo and tetraammine complexes as well as isotopic shift data, assignments for the fundamental modes for a series of cis and trans dihalodiammine complexes of palladium (II) are given and discussed.
Upfront versus rating contingent fees: Implications for rating quality

Abstract This paper theoretically investigates whether compensating a credit rating agency (CRA) with an upfront fee, rather than a rating contingent fee, can improve rating quality. I show that an upfront fee delivers the same rating quality as the rating contingent fee if the CRA sets its rating policy before the issuer solicits a rating, whereas it can potentially improve quality if the rating policy is set only after a rating is solicited. These results suggest that the “Franken Amendment” that has been removed from the Dodd-Frank Act might be crucial for the proposed upfront fee regime to improve rating quality.
Postoperative Surgicel mimicking abscesses following cholecystectomy and liver biopsy

In postoperative patients presenting with abdominal pain or fever, a computed tomography (CT) finding of gas in the operative site raises concern for abscess but can be mimicked by the normal postoperative appearance of oxidized regenerated cellulose (Surgicel). Information about the operative use of Surgicel and its location is important for accurate CT interpretation of postoperative studies. This case illustrates a scenario in which knowledge of the use of Surgicel offered an explanation for the CT findings, resulting in successful conservative management.
Comparing Single-Row and Twin-Row Corn Production in the Mid South

Twin-row corn (Zea mays L.) has increased in the Mid South but with limited research. Comparisons of single- vs. twin-row irrigated corn stands of 25,700, 30,700, 35,000, and 39,200 plants/acre grown at N fertilizer rates of 180, 220, and 260 lbs N/acre were made at Stoneville, MS, in 2007 and 2008. Leaf area index (LAI) was greater (6.3) in twin rows than single rows (6.1) but was not affected by N fertilizer. LAI was greater in all stands in 2007 than 2008 due to more plants/acre and rainfall in July vs. drought in July 2008. Greater yields also occurred in 2007 than 2008. No yield differences occurred between row types except twin rows at 30,700 (238 bu/acre) and 35,000 (244 bu/acre) plants/acre in 2007 were greater than single rows (224 and 227 bu/acre, respectively). Row type nor N fertilizer affected 100-kernel weights, though they did decline in 2007 as stands increased from 25,700 (1.37 oz) to 30,700 (1.28 oz) plants/acre. In 2008, 100-kernel weights were less, with the two lower stands not differing (1.08 and 1.11 oz) and the two higher stands (1.05 oz) less than the 30,700 stand. Lodging occurred in 2007 and was greatest at 39,200 plants/acre. Aflatoxin and fumonisin were higher in 2008 (901.8 ppb and 8.6 ppm) than 2007 (0.4 ppb and 0.6 ppm) but unaffected by row type and N fertilizer. N fertilizer above 180 lbs/acre did not affect yield or other measured data.
Narrow row cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under saline conditions

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), although known to be one of the most salt tolerant crops, shows a significant reduction in plant size and yield when grown on highly saline soils. A field plot study was therefore conducted to determine the feasibility of increasing yield on highly saline soils by increasing population density by decreasing the distance between rows. Three row widths and four salinity levels were imposed on a nonsaline Pachappa fine sandy loam (mixed, thermic, Mollic Haploxerall). Canopy closure, plant height, earliness, and several yield components were measured. A significant yield increase was obtained at all salinity levels by decreasing the distance between rows from 102 to 86 or 71 cm.
Conjugate combined convective and conductive heat transfer along a vertical circular pin in a non-Newtonian ambient medium

An analysis is presented for the heat transfer characteristics of a steady, laminar, mixed convective flow of power-law type non-Newtonian fluid over a circular pin by the conjugate convection-conduction theory. Numerical results are presented for the dimensionless heat transfer transfer coefficients, local and overall heat fluxes and temperature distribution of the pin by a simultaneous solution of the convective boundary layer equations of the fluid and the energy equation of the pin.
Analysis of the symptoms of depression — a neural network approach

The purpose of this study is to determine the individual contribution, or importance number, of the symptoms to an analysis of depression, utilizing a neural network model. In addition, the presence of hopelessness and somatic complaints was examined, to determine their relevance to depression. Using Wave 1 data from Duke University's contribution in the Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) study, we created a mathematical model, a neural network, to map the relationship of nine symptoms of major depression, hopelessness and somatic complaints to the presence or absence of the formal diagnosis of depression, and performed a contribution analysis. The contribution analysis using the neural network revealed that the symptoms with the greatest impact on the occurrence of depression, or with the largest importance number for depression, were sadness, loss of interest, tiredness and sleeping trouble, in that order. The most frequently reported symptoms, though, were sadness, sleeping trouble, suicidal ideation, tiredness and poor concentration, in that order. Hopelessness and somatic symptoms were the lowest in their contribution to the diagnosis of depression. The study thus provides the hierarchy of the symptoms of depression and supports the DSM classification of major depression.
Complication of a non-invasive blood pressure cuff during prone positioning.

To the Editor: Textbooks ascribe negligible risk to standard noninvasive blood pressure (NIBP) devices.1,2 We report a complication from an appropriately placed cuff. Consent for publication was obtained in conformance with institutional publication consent guidelines. The cuff was placed on an athletic male and used during supine induction, then immediately inactivated after radial arterial catheter insertion and prone-positioning for a six-hour procedure. Postoperatively, marked erythema of the NIBP site and pronounced swelling of the proximal upper arm was observed. Painful, stocking-glove numbness in the dorsum of the hand and fingers presented. Orthopedic consultation confirmed significant edema of the upper extremity and compressive neurapraxia, which resolved spontaneously by the next day. Standard NIBP placement occurred with the arm in full extension. After assuming the prone position, the arm was flexed at the elbow, increasing biceps muscle diameter. This is typically tolerated on a daily basis without adverse effects. With this athletic patient, however, critical constriction occurred beneath the non-cycled cuff with flexion, leading to the signs and symptoms described. While a rare complication, cuff placement cannot be assumed to be innocuous, particularly in limbs subsequently flexed, even with inactivated cuffs. Forearm cuff placement may be preferred in such instances, as diameter is not subjected to such significant changes with positioning. Occilometric measurements do not require placement on the upper arm, and smaller cuffs can be used with smaller diameter locations. We report for the first time a significant tourniquet effect from an appropriately applied NIBP cuff, occurring intraoperatively during prolonged non-utilization, and while in the prone position.
Carbon Combustion Synthesis of Ferrites: Synthesis and Characterization

Submicrometer powders of Mn−Zn and Ni−Zn ferrites have been produced by carbon combustion synthesis of oxides (CCSO). The self-propagating temperature front had a maximum temperature of a up to 1300 °C and moved at a velocity 3.5 mm/s. Solid-state interactions between the precursors and crystal growth of the crystalline spinel ferrites started in the early period of the combustion and continued in the postcombustion zone. The crystalline Ni0.35Zn0.65Fe2O4 and Mn0.25Zn0.75Fe2O4 ferrites formed using reactant mixtures containing up to 40% carbon and did not require further calcination to get complete conversion. The product particle size increased with increasing carbon content in the reactants mixture and oxygen concentrations. At least twice the amount of required stoichiometric oxygen was needed to generate a stable combustion front and form pure spinel ferrite structure. The emission of carbon dioxide increased the porosity and friability of the products. The synthesized ferrites had soft magnetic prope...
The importance of surface immunoglobulin, mouse rosettes, and cd5 in the immunophenotyping of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and reactive lymphocytosis

Peripheral blood from 167 B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) and 119 reactive lymphocytosis (RLC) patients were analyzed to evaluate the immunophenotypic diagnostic value of mouse rosettes (M-rosette), and weak expression of monoclonal surface immunoglobulin (SIg). In B-CLL, 145 cases were M-rosette+ (86.83%), 135 surface immunoglobulin (SIg)+ (80.84%), and 117 M-rosette+ SIg+ (70.06%). Of 32 SIg- cases, 28 were M-rosette+; and of 22 M-rosette-cases, 18 were SIg+. By combining results of the two assays and accepting positivity of either one or both as sufficient for diagnosis, B-CLL was diagnosed in 163 cases (97.60%). CD5 was performed in 49 cases of the 167 with paired data for SIg and M-rosettes. By combining the results of the three assays and accepting positivity of any two or all three as sufficient for diagnosis, all 49 cases (100%) were diagnosed. Correlation analysis showed no significant association between M-rosette, SIg, and CD5 expression. The results demonstrate the independent expression of the three markers, and their complementary role in immunophenotyping B-CLL. In RLC, all 119 cases were T-lineage and SIg-, and 115 were M-rosette-, indicating the role of the two markers in differentiating B-CLL from RLC. Three of the four M-rosette+ T-RLC were subsequently diagnosed as B-CLL, suggesting the necessity of follow-up of such cases.
Depression during pregnancy: a risk factor for adverse neonatal outcomes? A critical review of the literature

AbstractObjective: We reviewed studies of maternal depression and preterm birth (PTB), low birthweight (LBW) and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) in the context of methodological differences between studies and potential limitations.Methods: We conducted a literature search of PubMed (1996–2011) for English-language studies of maternal depression and (1) PTB and gestational age (GA), (2) LBW and birthweight (BW) and (3) SGA. Thirty-six studies met eligibility criteria.Results: Elevated depression levels, particularly in early- to mid-pregnancy, appear to increase risk of PTB and SGA. Findings suggest an increased risk for LBW, but were less consistent. Methodological differences and limitations likely contributed to conflicting findings. A wide range of depression measures were used with the majority of studies utilizing measures not designed, or validated, for pregnant women. Studies failed to assess depression at multiple pregnancy time points, thus constraining the ability to assess the impact of durati...
Analysis of Harmonic Generation and RF Frequency Mixing in Optomechanical Oscillators

We have studied the generation of harmonics and the resulting RF frequency mixing properties in optomechanical oscillators (OMOs). Preliminary results and theoretical analysis show at small detuning regime OMO functions as square-law frequency mixer
Feminist methods of research in the history of rhetoric: What difference do they make?

Abstract Feminist research in the history of rhetoric has used traditional humanistic research techniques to recover many women rhetoricians. Nevertheless, such work has been faulted for making tendentious arguments on behalf of some women figures. These criticisms arise in part from failing to understanding that feminist researchers, although employing many traditional methods, do not seek the traditional goal of objective truth. Rather, they work for truths that are relative to the interests of specific communities. Scholars who refuse to accept their findings may be motivated in part by rejection of the emotional allegiances the relevant communities invoke. An exemplary theory to negotiate these research difficulties can be found in the work of Jacqueline Jones Royster.
p42, a Novel Cyclin-dependent Kinase-activating Kinase in Mammalian Cells

The cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-activating kinase (CAK) phosphorylates a conserved threonine residue on CDKs and activates them. Two known classes of CAKs are represented by monomeric Cak1p in budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and by heterotrimeric CDK7-cyclin H-Mat1 in human and other metazoa. We report here the identification of p42, a novel CAK activity in human cells. p42 has sequence homology to both Cak1p and CDK7 groups of CAKs. p42 is essential for the phosphorylation of Thr-160 and activation of CDK2. A dominant-negative p42 mutant, T161A, and posttranscriptional gene silencing of p42 with RNA(i)-impaired Thr-160 phosphorylation and activity of CDK2. Purified p42 phosphorylated glutathione S-transferase-CDK2 at Thr-160 within the T-loop and activated its histone H1 kinase activity. Finally, p42 is indispensable for cell growth. Cells lacking p42 were incapable of growing and forming colonies whereas cells with a reduced level of p42 grew at significantly slower rates than control cells. Our findings suggest that p42 represents a novel CAK activity in mammalian cells.
Progress in the molecular understanding of hereditary peripheral neuropathies reveals new insights into the biology of the peripheral nervous system

Since the first description of the autosomal dominant inherited peripheral neuropathy Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease over a century ago, there has been considerable disagreement, based on morphological abnormalities of both the axons of peripheral nerves and their surrounding Schwann cells, as to whether this disorder is due primarily to an autonomous Schwann cell defect or an autonomous neuronal defect. Recently, the Schwann cell protein peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP-22) has been implicated in the molecular pathogenesis of hereditary peripheral neuropathies in mice and humans. Reinterpretations of morphological studies of the diseased nerves in light of these findings strongly suggest that Schwann cells have a much more pronounced influence on their ensheathed axons than previously anticipated.
The Effect of Alkyllithium Reagent on Alkylation of Mono- and Disubstituted Vinyl Bromides via Halogen-Metal Exchange

Abstract In the course of developing a stereospecific trisubstituted olefin synthesis1 we required an efficient, procedurally easy, and reproducible method for generating vinyllithium species from vinyl bromides. Of the two most obvious methods, reaction with lithium metal2,3 and halogen-metal exchange with alkyllithium reagents3-6, we chose to examine the latter because it potentially presented the most convenient procedural method. Initial attempts utilizing n-butyllithium in tetrahydrofuran solvent at relatively low temperature (-78°C) proved disappointing, giving significant amounts of unreacted vinyl bromide even after 6h when using either (E)- or (Z)-5-bromo-5-decene. In order to approximate the amount of vinyllithium reagent formed we treated the resulting
The effects of sulindac on colorectal proliferation and apoptosis in familial adenomatous polyposis.

Abstract Background & Aims: The mechanism by which sulindac causes regression of adenomas in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is unclear. Conflicting data on the drug's effects on colorectal epithelial proliferation have been reported. An alternative mechanism, and one not previously studied, is via induction of colorectal epithelial cell apoptosis (programmed cell death). This hypothesis was tested by studying the effects of sulindac on colorectal epithelial proliferation and apoptosis in patients with FAP. Methods: Cell proliferation was studied via immunohistochemistry for proliferating cell nuclear antigen in a group of 22 patients randomized to either sulindac (150 mg twice a day) or placebo in a previously published trial. The rectal epithelium from 7 additional patients with FAP treated with sulindac was examined by flow cytometry to assess changes in cell-cycle distribution and apoptosis. Results: Although sulindac caused a significant decrease in polyp size and number, there was no significant change in cytokinetic variables or cell cycle distribution 3 months after treatment. However, the subdiploid apoptotic fraction was increased significantly 3 months after treatment with sulindac (31.3% ± 4.8% compared with 10% ± 4.3% at baseline; P = 0.01). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that sulindac does not affect colorectal epithelial proliferation and that its effects in patients with FAP may instead result from induction of apoptosis.
Long-term methadone treatment: effect on CD4+ lymphocyte counts and HIV-1 plasma RNA level in patients with HIV infection.

The objective was to examine the effect of methadone on CD4+ lymphocyte counts and viral load and to expect to document the safety of methadone maintenance in patients with human immune deficiency syndrome. This is a retrospective chart analysis comparing the trends in CD4+ count and viral load in two populations of 21 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients, one on methadone maintenance and a methadone non-using group. Each methadone user was matched with a control methadone non-user that had a similar CD4+ at the beginning of the study. For the CD4+ count we compared the slope of regression for each couple of patients. In 15 patients we also collected the viral load, which was measured at 4-6 monthly intervals. The mean length of follow-up was 811 days for the methadone group and 797 days in the control group. There was no statistical difference in the treatment received by the two groups of patients during the study. The slope of regression of CD4+ count showed a significantly steeper decline in the methadone-using patients compared with the methadone non-users (r= 0.487; p< 0.05). The evolution of the HIV-1 RNA levels was the same during the follow-up of mean 186 months in a few of the patients in each of the two groups. Long-term methadone use was associated with a significantly faster decrease of CD4+ count in HIV-1 affected patients compared with methadone non-users. HIV-1 RNA data were found in too few patients to enable any conclusions about the development of viral load in the two groups.
Optimum nonlinearity and approximation in complex FastICA

This paper discusses the performance of complex blind source separation via the FastICA algorithm. In particular, we show that the optimum nonlinearity for the algorithm can be derived from the common source distribution. In addition, this nonlinearity can be further approximated by a piecewise constant quantizer to reduce the complexity of the system. These results are obtained with an approach based on the magnitude-phase representation of complex signals and a circularly symmetric source PDF assumption. For QAM signal separation where this assumption is not true, the optimum nonlinearity and its approximation derived will still perform well if a good amplitude PDF model is matched to the QAM source distribution.
Nonlinear modeling of equilibrium sorption of selected anionic adsorbates from aqueous solutions on cellulosic substrates: part 2: experimental validation

The equilibrium sorption of CI Direct Blue 1, as a model anionic adsorbate, from aqueous solution on cotton fabric was experimentally studied. The equilibrium sorption data were employed to test the performance of a proposed nonlinear sorption model in describing the sorption behavior of anionic adsorbates on cellulosic substrates. The analysis of data based on the nonlinear least-squares curve fitting showed excellent correlation against experimental values as indicated by a high coefficient of determination (R 2). The V and −Δμ° parameters were determined based on the nonlinear model and employed to represent the internal accessible volume of cotton to CI Direct Blue 1 and the standard affinity of sorption. It was shown that variations in temperature and concentration of electrolyte (e.g. NaCl) in the sorption system result in slight variations in V. The findings extend the scope of the previous study and indicate that the nonlinear sorption model can be used to accurately determine the thermodynamic properties of a sorption system, such as the affinity (−Δμ°), enthalpy (ΔH°), and entropy (ΔS°), for anionic adsorbates on cellulosic substrates.
Thermoluminescent mechanisms involving transition metal ion impurities and V-type centres in MgO crystals exposed to ultraviolet radiation

Thermoluminescent (TL) mechanisms involving Fe, Cr, Mn and V ions in both divalent and trivalent valence states, and V-type centres were studied in MgO single crystals of varying impurity content after exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Using the ESR technique, it is shown that samples containing primarily divalent impurities show no V-type centres related to the TL mechanism, which is that of charge transfer between the impurities. V-type centres, when present, are seen to be more stable in purer samples than in less pure samples, resulting in a shift of the TL peaks to higher temperatures. The TL mechanism in this case includes charge transfer between V-type centres and the impurities. The supralinear behaviour of TL peak 1 is associated with the R-emission lines of Cr3+.
A lateral field excited liquid acoustic wave sensor

Lateral field excited (LFE) AT-cut quartz acoustic wave sensors in which the electrodes are located on the reference surface have been fabricated and tested in liquid environments. The sensing surface, which is opposite to the reference surface, is free allowing the electric field of the thickness shear mode (TSM) to penetrate into the liquid. This results in increased sensitivity to both mechanical and electrical property changes of the liquid. In the present paper, several 5-MHz LFE sensors with a range of electrode spacings were exposed to liquid environments in which the viscosity, relative permittivity, and conductivity were varied. The LFE sensors demonstrate sensitivity to viscosity that is more than twice that obtained for the standard quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), and sensitivity to relative permittivity and conductivity about 1.5 times that of the QCM sensors with modified electrodes. The present results clearly indicate that the LFE sensors may have a wide range of liquid phase applications in which sensitivity is crucial.
The Natural Roots of Religious Experience

This paper is devoted to the task of exploring just what there is in man's nature which makes it possible for him to be open to religious experience, to be positively disposed to receive it. By ‘natural’ here I mean only that which all men are in fact endowed with when they enter this present world of human history before they enter into any particular religious context. Hence I am not going to get involved in the difficult theological controversy as to whether this initial endowment includes only what is due to human nature as a created nature or also some supernatural extra gift of God as orienting man in a special way towards himself in this existential historical order, which could have been otherwise. What he begins life with in the present historical order I shall call natural, whatever its origin.What I mean by ‘religious experience’ must be left somewhat vague, so as to include its many varieties. Let us describe it roughly as any direct existential awareness of the presence or activity of an ultimate, absolute, transcendent dimension of reality, especially the more intense forms of unitive awareness of this Transcendent which have traditionally been called ‘mystical experience’. Before beginning our exploration, let me stress that my purpose here is not to establish or validate that there is such a thing as authentic religious experience. I presuppose that as known or accepted from elsewhere, at least as a hypothesis for discussion.
Advances in Diagnostic Imaging for Pathologic Conditions of the Jaws

Advances in dental and maxillofacial imaging are delineated along with the advantages and disadvantages of each imaging modality. The imaging modalities that are included are intraoral radiography, panoramic radiography, cone-beam computed tomography, multidetector computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear medicine, and ultrasound.
Lysosomal Storage Diseases.

•Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs), over 40 different diseases, are now considered treatable disorders. Only a few short years ago, Lysosomal storage disorders were seen as interesting neurodegenerative disorders without any potential for treatment. Effective treatment strategies such as bone marrow transplantation (BMT), enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), and glycolipid synthesis inhibition have been developed in the last 20 years and continue to be researched and evaluated. •Bone marrow transplantation began approximately 15 years ago and has shown benefit for some of the lysosomal storage disorders. In order to be effective, the transplant must be performed early in the course of the disease, before the development of irreversible neurologic damage. Diseases such as Hurler appear to respond to BMT, however, improvement in bone disease is much less vigorous than responses in other organs. Krabbe disease responds if the transplant is performed before irreversible signs of neurologic damage appear. Metachromatic leukodystrophy may respond if the transplant can be performed early enough although peripheral nerve findings appear to progress. Other diseases, eg, GM1- and GM2-gangliosidoses do not appear to be altered by BMT. •Despite its high cost, ERT has been very effective treatment for type I (non-neuronopathic) Gaucher disease. Enzyme replacement therapy for other LSDs, including ERT for Fabry and Pompe diseases, which are planned to be imminently introduced, and other enzymes such as for Morquio and Hunter diseases that are in the study phases, may be marketed in the very near future. •Glycolipid inhibitors, such as N-butyldeoxynijirimycin (OGS-918), have been effective in reducing the liver and spleen volume in type I Gaucher disease. These oral inhibitors may prove to be important adjuncts to ERT and provide the advantage of being able to cross the blood/brain barrier, which limits enzyme access to brain. Currently, clinical studies are being conducted on patients with type III Gaucher disease and Fabry disease using OGS-918. Other, potentially more specific, glycolipid inhibitors are being developed.
Regulation of mouse oocyte meiotic maturation: Implication of a decrease in oocyte cAMP and protein dephosphorylation in commitment to resume meiosis

Mouse oocytes are reversibly inhibited from resuming meiotic maturation in vitro by cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitors such as 3-isobutyl-1-methyl xanthine (IBMX) and cAMP analogs such as dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP). Oocytes cultured in IBMX-containing medium were transferred to and cultured in IBMX-free medium for various periods of time prior to their return to either IBMX- or dbcAMP-containing medium. Results from these experiments defined a period of time in which oocytes became committed to resuming meiosis. Forskolin, which elevated the intracellular oocyte cAMP concentration, transiently inhibited oocytes from resuming meiosis. Levels of cAMP were determined in oocytes incubated in medium that allows resumption of meiosis. The level of oocyte cAMP decreased significantly during the time in which oocytes become committed to resuming meiosis. This decrease in oocyte cAMP was not observed in oocytes inhibited from resuming meiosis by IBMX. In addition, cAMP levels were determined in preovulatory antral follicles, cumulus cell-oocyte complexes, and oocytes during gonadotropin-induced resumption of meiosis in vivo. A decrease in oocyte cAMP preceded resumption of meiosis as manifested by germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD). This decrease apparently occurred before or during a period of time in which follicle and cumulus cell cAMP were increasing. Associated with commitment to resume meiosis was a characteristic set of changes in oocyte phosphoprotein metabolism that preceded GVBD. These changes are, to date, some of the first reported biochemical changes that precede GVBD. Results from these experiments are discussed in terms of a possible role cAMP may play in regulation of resumption of meiosis in mammals.
Multiple-day drainage when using bone morphogenic protein for long-segment thoracolumbar fusions is associated with low rates of wound complications.

Background Concerns over increased wound complication rates have been raised when bone morphogenic protein (BMP) is used as an adjunct for fusion in spinal surgery. This study evaluated 87 consecutive patients undergoing long-segment thoracolumbar spinal fusions with BMP to assess drain output and the rates of reoperation for infection or seroma. Methods Inclusion criteria included patients undergoing 4 or more levels of posterior instrumented thoracolumbar fusion, use of BMP, age >18 years, and a perioperative follow-up of ≥60 days. Drain output, length of time of drainage, and need for reoperation for wound seroma or infection were reviewed. Results A total of 87 patients met inclusion criteria and had a mean age of 58.5 years (SD 16, range 20 to 81). The average number of levels instrumented and arthrodesed with BMP was 9.2 (SD 3.7; range 4 to 18), and the average dose of BMP used was 31.2 mg (SD 9.6, range 12 to 48) or 2.6 large sponges. Patients required drainage for a mean of 4.9 days (SD 1.3, range 3 to 9). The average total output was 1923 mL (SD 865, range 530 to 4310 mL). The wound infection rate was 2.3% (2 cases of deep wound infection that required reoperation). There was one (1.1%) hematoma, and one (1.1%) sterile seroma, both requiring evacuation. No other wound complications were noted. Conclusions Use of BMP for long-segment posterior thoracolumbar fusions may be associated with significant drain output, requiring multiple days of drainage. However, when drained adequately, infections and seromas occur infrequently.
Inclusionary Housing in International Perspective: Affordable Housing, Social Inclusion and Land Value Recapture edited by Nico Calavita and Alan Mallach

Nico Calavita and Alan Mallach (eds.) Inclusionary Housing in International Perspective: Affordable Housing, Social Inclusion and Land Value Recapture (Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Poli...
Design and Numerical Stress Analysis of Silicon Membrane Hibachi Windows

A silicon membrane windows is developed for a KrF laser system. The main function of the windows is to pass electron beam into the laser cell and to hold pressurized gas in the cell. 150 micro-meter thick silicon windows successfully survived from heated electron beam bombardment and shows 80% of electron beam transmission rate. The single silicon windows endured 250,000 cycles of electron beam shots. The arrayed windows did not show sufficient performance due to excessive heat generation. To enhance the longevity, the cooling system has to be improved and a study of the arc generated by the cathode is necessary
Activated protein C signals through the thrombin receptor PAR1 in endothelial cells

The anti-inflammatory effects of activated protein C (APC) have lead to its recent approval for the treatment of sepsis. Although the endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR) plays a crucial role in APC’ s protective roles in septicemia, the precise signaling mechanism of the protease APC remains unclear. In fibroblast overexpression systems, we find that APC activates protease activated receptors (PAR) 1 and 2 in an EPCR-dependent manner. Human endothelial cells (HUVECs) express PAR1, PAR2 and EPCR. Stimulation of HUVECs with either APC, or specific receptor activating peptides for PAR1 or PAR2, show that all three agonists induce a very similar set of early response genes as assessed by high density microarray analysis. Only the transcript for monocyte chemo-attractant protein-1 (MCP-1) was selectively induced by APC and the PAR1 agonist, but not by the PAR2 agonist. APC-mediated MAP kinase phosphorylation and gene induction were inhibited by cleavage blocking antibodies to PAR1, demonstrating that APC signals exclusively through PAR1 in endothelial cells. MCP-1 is protective in animal models of endotoxemia, suggesting that APC may prevent lethality in sepsis by inducing MCP-1 expression through EPCRdependent activation of endothelial cell PAR1. These data demonstrate unexpected protective functions of the major thrombin receptor PAR1 in endothelial cells.
The Effects of Background Television on the Toy Play Behavior of Very Young Children

This experiment tests the hypothesis that background, adult television is a disruptive influence on very young children's behavior. Fifty 12-, 24-, and 36-month-olds played with a variety of toys for 1 hr. For half of the hour, a game show played in the background on a monaural TV set. During the other half hour, the TV was off. The children looked at the TV for only a few seconds at a time and less than once per minute. Nevertheless, background TV significantly reduced toy play episode length as well as focused attention during play. Thus, background television disrupts very young children's play behavior even when they pay little overt attention to it. These findings have implications for subsequent cognitive development.
A miniature cylindrical quadrupole ion trap: simulation and experiment.

A cylindrical quadrupole ion trap (r0 = 2.5 mm, z0 = 2.88 mm, ∼1/64 of the volume of commercial hyperbolic ion traps) has been constructed, its geometry optimized, and its performance examined in the mass-selective instability scan mode. Spectra of ionized perfluorotributylamine and o-dichlorobenzene show a resolution (m/Δm, 50% valley definition) of ∼100. The instrument has been coupled to a membrane introduction system to test its applicability for on-line reaction monitoring and to determine detection limits. Simulations using the ion trap simulation program are used to explore the effects of geometry on performance and to validate the experimental results.
Wind tunnel blockage study of a generic three-dimensional sidewall compression scramjet inlet at Mach 10

A large scale model of a generic three-dimensional sidewall compression scramjet inlet has been designed based on the results of a computational parametric study for testing in the 31-inch Mach 10 Hypersonic Wind Tunnel at the NASA Langley Research Center. In order to increase the instrumentation density in interaction regions for a highly instrumented model, it is desirable to make the model as large as possible. When the cross-sectional area of a model becomes large relative to the inviscid core size of the tunnel, the effects of blockage must be considered. In order to assess these effects, a blockage model (an inexpensive, much less densely instrumented version of the configuration) was fabricated for preliminary testing. Since it was desired to determine both the effect of the model on the performance of the wind tunnel and also to determine if the inlet would start, the model possessed a total of 32 static pressure orifices distributed on the forebody plane and sidewalls; seventeen static pressure orifices on the tunnel wall and 3 pitot probes on the model monitored the tunnel performance. This paper presents the design considerations in the development of the wind tunnel model and the blockage aspects of the effects of contraction ratio, cowl location, Reynolds number, and angle of attack.
Pediatric Therapy in the 1990s: The Demise of the Educational versus Medical Dichotomy.

Since Public Law 94-142 was enacted in 1975, occupational therapists, physical therapists, parents, school administrators, physicians, and others have questioned and debated the difference between "medical therapy" and "educational therapy." This article proposes that changes in pediatric therapy in the 1990s have made the issue moot. Contemporary models of motor development, motor control, and motor learning, combined with an emphasis on functional outcomes and famly-centered services, not only support current practices in special education, but pertain to children receiving therapy services in any setting.
Lactation responses and amino acid utilization of dairy cows fed low-fat distillers dried grains with solubles with or without rumen-protected lysine supplementation

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding different amounts of low-fat distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in diets with or without supplementation of rumen-protected Lys (RPL) on lactation responses and AA utilization. Eight multiparous Holstein cows averaging 188 ± 13 DIM were assigned to a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Dietary treatments were as follows: (1) 15% low-fat DDGS, (2) 15% low-fat DDGS plus RPL, (3) 30% low-fat DDGS, and (4) 30% low-fat DDGS plus RPL. Periods lasted 21 d, with the last 3 d for data collection. Basal diets (without RPL) were formulated using the Cornell-Penn-Miner Dairy model [Cornell University (Ithaca, NY), University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia), and the W. H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute (Chazy, NY)] to be isonitrogenous (16.9% crude protein) and isocaloric (2.63 Mcal/kg) and inclusion of low-fat DDGS increased at the expense of corn and soybean meal. Inclusion rate of low-fat DDGS and RPL supplementation had no effect on dry matter intake and milk yield, averaging 25.3 ± 0.97 kg/d and 26.9 ± 1.94 kg/d, respectively (means ± standard error of the means). Milk fat and lactose concentrations were unaffected by treatments but milk protein concentration decreased in cows fed treatments with 30% low-fat DDGS compared with those fed treatments with 15% low-fat DDGS (3.49 vs. 3.40 ± 0.12%). Updated predictions from the Cornell-Penn-Miner Dairy model showed a decrease of 25 g of metabolizable protein Lys in cows fed treatments with 30% low-fat DDGS. Compared with cows fed treatments with 15% low-fat DDGS, cows fed treatments with 30% low-fat DDGS had a marked increase in extraction efficiency (49.4 vs. 61.4 ± 2.51%) and a tendency to increase milk protein concentration (3.41 vs. 3.48 ± 0.12%) with RPL supplementation, which supported that Lys supply was inadequate. Despite differences observed in milk protein concentration, milk protein yield was similar across treatments and averaged 0.92 ± 0.06 kg/d. Lack of response on arterial Lys concentration with RPL supplementation leads us to suspect that the RPL product delivered a lower amount of metabolizable Lys than expected. Based on extraction efficiencies, Lys, Arg, and Phe were the first 3 limiting AA across treatments. Supplementation of rumen-protected AA has the potential to be an effective nutritional strategy to supply limiting AA; however, accurate information on the bioavailability of the AA is needed.
An improved model for calculating the optical rotation of simple saccharides.

Abstract A calculational model for the optical rotation (OR) at the sodium D-line of simple saccharides has been developed that eliminates deficiencies of a previous model. Conformational conclusions based on the earlier model are not affected, as established by a recalculation of the OR ϕ,ψ-map of methyl 3- O -(α- d -mannopyranosyl)-α- d -mannopyranoside. The model relocates the strong long-wavelength σ–σ* circular dichroism (CD) component, which is mainly responsible for the Na D OR from 160 to below 130 nm, where it is now known to occur. That correction allows future modeling of CD bands of different origins that appear in the 150–190 nm region. In order to demonstrate the utility of the revised model, it was applied to calculating the OR of methyl 3- O -(α- l -rhamnopyranosyl)-α- l -rhamnopyranoside. The results provide experimental support for conformational conclusions derived from a molecular mechanics study of that molecule.
N-RasG12D induces features of stepwise transformation in preleukemic human umbilical cord blood cultures expressing the AML1-ETO fusion gene

AML1-ETO (AE) is a fusion product of t(8;21) observed in 40% French-American-British M2 type of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Clinical data suggest that Ras mutation is a frequent cooperating event in t(8;21) AML. Whether constitutively active Ras promotes leukemogenesis on the t(8;21) background has not been demonstrated experimentally. Here, we retrovirally expressed N-RasG12D in AE-expressing human hematopoieticcells to investigate cooperativity. The AE/N-RasG12D cultures were cytokine-independent, enriched for CD34 positivity, and possessed increased colony-forming and replating abilities. N-RasG12D expression led to Bcl-2 up-regulation and reduced apoptosis. Ectopic Bcl-2 expression also resulted in enhanced colony-forming and replating abilities but was insufficient to sustain cytokine independence. AE/N-RasG12D cells were more sensitive to Bcl-2 inhibition with ABT-737 than parent AE cells. Enhanced engraftment of AE/N-RasG12D cells was observed on intrafemoral injection into immunodeficient mice, presumably because of improved survival in the bone marrow microenvironment. N-RasG12D promotes progression toward transfor-mation in AE-expressing cells, partially through up-regulating Bcl-2.