cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chronic D-amphetamine induces sexually dimorphic effects on locomotion, recognition memory, and brain monoamines

While acute and chronic D-amphetamine (AMPH) treatments produce greater scores for locomotor activity in female rats in comparison with male rats, little is known about AMPH-induced gender differences on cognition. The objectives of the present study were to (1) investigate during a withdrawal period following chronic AMPH treatment whether performance of two memory tasks, object recognition (OR) and object placement (OP) are altered, and (2) determine if an AMPH challenge dose after a withdrawal period amplifies previously reported gender differences in locomotor activity and neurochemistry. Sprague-Dawley male and female adult rats were included in a chronic AMPH treatment (10 injections, 1 every other day; males: 3 mg/kg, females 2.6 mg/kg). Locomotor activity was quantified (acute, chronic, and after a 16-day withdrawal period). Neurotransmitter levels in brain areas were evaluated after an AMPH challenge dose on the 16th withdrawal day. During the withdrawal period, OR (2- and 4-h delays) was impaired in AMPH-treated males but they did not show any impairment in OP; AMPH females also showed impairments in OR (only 4-h delay). AMPH females showed more locomotion after acute and chronic treatment but AMPH-induced hyperactivity was comparable for females and males after a challenge dose. Following a challenge dose of AMPH after a withdrawal period, gender differences in dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmission in the striatum were found. These gender differences elicited by AMPH in monoaminergic pathways may be related to sex differences on behavioral components involved in locomotion and OR memory.
Thin Film Optical Switching Materials

The oxides of vanadium, VO 2 and V 2 O 3 , are attractive materials for optical switching applications due to their large excursions in both electrical and IR optical properties. These materials can be prepared in thin film form by a number of deposition techniques, making them compatible with optical and electrical device applications. The performance of these films is a sensitive function of microstructure and processing conditions. The effects of these variables are discussed.
Fish and amphibians as potential reservoirs of Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of Buruli ulcer disease.

Background : Buruli ulcer is a skin disease often associated with proximity to certain water bodies in Africa. Much remains unknown about the reservoir and transmission of this disease. Previous studies have suggested that fish may concentrate Mycobacterium ulcerans , the etiological agent of the disease, in their gills and intestines and serve as passive reservoirs of the bacterium. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that fish and amphibians serve as natural reservoirs of M. ulcerans or other closely related mycolactone-producing mycobacteria. Methods : Polymerase chain reaction targeting the enoyl reductase (ER) domain present in mlsA, which is required for mycolactone production, was used to screen water, fish, and amphibians from water bodies in Ghana for the presence of mycolactone-producing mycobacteria, and positive specimens were subjected to variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) typing. Results : The use of VNTR typing revealed the presence of Mycobacterium liflandii in a tadpole and a fish, and M. ulcerans in an adult frog. Similarity percentage analysis (SIMPER) showed that the predatory cichlid Hemichromis bimaculatus was associated with ER-positive water bodies. No amphibian species or fish-feeding guild served as a reliable indicator of the presence of mycolactone-producing mycobacteria in a water body, and there was no significant difference between fish and amphibian positivity rates ( P -value = 0.106). There was a significant difference between water bodies in the total number of ER-positive specimens ( P -value = 0.0164). Conclusions : Although IS 2404 -positive tadpoles and fish have been reported, this is the first VNTR confirmation of M. ulcerans or M. liflandii in wild amphibian and fish populations in West Africa. Results from this study suggest that amphibians should be carefully examined as potential reservoirs for M. ulcerans in West Africa, and that H. bimaculatus may be useful as an indicator of habitats likely to support mycolactone-producing mycobacteria. Keywords : mycolactone; enoyl reductase; Ghana; Africa; VNTR; Mycobacterium liflandii; inhibition; ecology (Published: 22 February 2013) Citation: Infection Ecology and Epidemiology 2013, 3: 19946 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/iee.v3i0.19946
California’s local health agencies and the state’s climate adaptation strategy

A changing climate will exacerbate many of the problems currently faced by California’s public health institutions. The public health impacts of climate change include: an increase in extreme heat events and associated increases in heat-related morbidity and mortality, increases in the frequency and severity of air pollution episodes, shifts in the range and incidence of vector-borne diseases, increases in the severity of wildfire, increased risks of drought and flooding, and other extreme events. This article assesses the readiness of California’s public health institutions to cope with the changes that will accompany a changing climate and how they relate to strategies laid out in the state’s Climate Adaptation Strategy. County-level health offices are the front line actors to preserve public health in the face of numerous threats, including climate change. Survey results show that local health officers in California believe that climate change is a serious threat to public health, but feel that they lack the funding and resources to reduce this risk. Local health agencies also have a number of tools in place that will be helpful for preparing for a changing climate.
A 10:1 Photomask Reduction Camera

To make high quality reticles for 1:1 projection steppers a new 10:1 reduction camera had been designed and built. Components of the camera, the illuminator and controller are described and operating conditions to print patterns of 0.75 μm lines and spaces are established. Optical and mechanical characterization results are presented.
A Perspective on the Role of Cromolyn Sodium as an Antiasthmatic Agent

The effectiveness of cromolyn sodium versus placebo for the prophylaxis of asthmatic symptoms was studied by using a double-blind-crossover clinical trial in 20 patients with symptomatic asthma. Eleven patients showed significant improvement in maximum voluntary ventilation, dyspnea index, and maximum mid-expiratory flow rate. Asthma uncomplicated by chronic bronchial infection predominated in this group. The average age was 32 years and the mean residual volume/total lung capacity ratio was 32 percent (SD ± 10 percent). Nine patients failed to show significant improvement in the above noted variables and chronic bronchial infection was an important factor in the asthma of all these patients; the average age was 50 years and the mean residual volume/total lung capacity ratio was 54 percent (SD ± 11 percent). Good agreement between subjective assessment and objective pulmonary function measurements was noted in 18 out of 20 cases. Cromolyn sodium appears to be more effective in young asthmatics with a low incidence of bronchial infection and with only mild pulmonary hyperinflation.
Neurotrophin‐4 is up‐regulated in ragged‐red fibers associated with pathogenic mitochondrial DNA mutations

Ragged-red fibers (RRFs) are found more frequently in highly oxidative type I fibers than in glycolytic type II fibers in the muscle of many patients with mitochondrial myopathies. Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4), a neuronal signaling molecule, is also expressed in skeletal muscle, predominantly in type I fibers. We found that NT-4 protein and mRNA were present in both type I and type II fibers but were up-regulated in RRFs of patients with mitochondrial encephalomyopathies; it is noteworthy that NT-4 was not up-regulated in muscle fibers from healthy aerobically trained athletes. Thus, NT-4 might represent a member of a new class of candidate molecules involved in the compensatory adjustments of muscle fibers to oxidative dysfunction, and may even play a role as a signaling molecule for mitochondrial proliferation.
PBX, MEIS, and IGF-I are potential mediators of retinoic acid-induced proximodistal limb reduction defects

Background Phocomelia, which is primarily due to a disruption in the proximodistal axis, is found in virtually all mouse embryos exposed to high doses of retinoic acid (RA) on 11 days post coitum (dpc). Methods To identify genes that potentially mediate the effects of retinoic acid (RA) on limb development, we have examined the expression of 9,000 clones from the IMAGE consortium by microarray analysis of RNA isolated from 11 dpc mouse forelimbs exposed to RA or vehicle for 6 hr. Eight genes that demonstrated altered expression were chosen for further study of their mRNA levels using RT-PCR. Protein levels were determined by Western blot analysis. Results Of the 9,000 genes examined in the microarray, approximately 111 demonstrated altered expression (33 known genes and 78 ESTs). Of the eight known genes chosen for further study using RT-PCR, four mRNAs (PBX1a, PBX1b, IGF-Ia, and IGF-Ib) demonstrated consistent elevation (≈3-fold) in their levels after RA treatment in both the forelimbs and hindlimbs as early as 3 hr after RA treatment. In addition to the two PBX1 isoforms, the mRNA level of the other two subtypes (PBX2 and PBX3) and the level of PBX1/2/3 protein were also found to be elevated in limb buds after RA treatment. Finally, we examined the expression of MEIS1, MEIS2, and MEIS3 because these proteins are necessary for PBX nuclear localization. The mRNA level of all three subtypes of MEIS were elevated approximately three- to four-fold in both the forelimbs and hindlimbs after RA treatment. Conclusions Because both PBX and MEIS (and their orthologs) are believed to be involved in the control of proximodistal axis formation in mouse and fly limbs and IGFs in the development of limbs, we suggest that increases in PBX, MEIS and IGF-1 mRNA levels may contribute to proximodistal limb reduction defects caused by teratogenic doses of RA. Teratology 66:224–234, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Serial murder in the United States 1900-1940: A historical perspective

Serial murder was a well-known phenomenon in the early twentieth century. Between about 1900 and 1940 there were dozens of recorded incidents in the United States, and extreme cases occurred almost as frequently as they have done in the last two decades. This article describes and attempts to classify incidents of serial homicide in this area. It also discusses the changing theoretical and medical explanations used to account for this type of crime and the impact of new theories on the practice of the courts and law-enforcement agencies. Finally, the frequency of serial homicide is tentatively linked to the broader social and economic history of the period.
Complex point-source representation of real point sources and the Gaussian beam summation method

A new exact representation for point sources is given in terms of complex point sources. In the simplest configuration, a point source is equivalent to a distribution of sources on the surface of a sphere in complex space. The representation can be used to consider the propagation of point disturbances through inhomogeneous media and across interfaces. In the high-frequency limit, these solutions may be obtained by the use of complex ray-tracing methods, which are just the analytic extension of ordinary ray methods. It is shown that the additional use of the paraxial approximation yields a procedure that is similar to the Gaussian beam summation method. The latter technique is normally based on a matched asymptotics argument. However, the complex point-source representation now offers an exact basis for this widely used method.
A Recursive Frame Qualitative Analysis of MFT Progress Note Tipping Points

Medically oriented psychotherapists typically record progress notes by articulating client symptoms, diagnoses, functional status, progress, and adherence to treatment plans. This orientation can challenge marriage and family therapists working from discursive or post-modern perspectives. Although there are discursive therapy friendly treatment planning guides, no published research on such practice exists. To address this gap the researchers conducted a recursive frame qualitative analysis of 206 de-identified progress notes from 30 completed cases seen by MFT master’s students learning discursive approaches to therapy in a university-based training clinic. Researchers found students noted problem to solution-focused discourse tipping or turning points in 20 cases with positive outcomes and no comparable shifts in 10 cases with negative or unclear outcomes.
Plutonium disposal, the third way

(2001). Plutonium disposal, the third way. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 53-57.
Heat illness in the athlete

Heat illness is one of the most common causes of disability in American football and there are frequent deaths caused by heatstroke. A better understanding of the physiology of heatstroke has changed the man ner of the approach to heat problems in the past 25 years. Sweating is the way the body dissipates the internal heat produced by muscular exercise. Since sweat is hypotonic, the result of excessive loss of weight through sweating is a water deficit in the body.The clinical disorders resulting from exercise in hot and humid environment are heat cramps, heat syncope, heat exhaustion, and heatstroke. Ways to prevent problems from heat illness include conditioning for the exercise, identifying the individuals who are most sus ceptible to heat problems, wearing proper clothing with as much skin as possible exposed to the air, evaluating the environmental conditions on the field, and providing adequate amounts of water on the field.Replacement of salt after practice through the use of electrolyte solutions ...
Comparison of a standard psychiatric evaluation to rating scales and EEG in the differential diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

The objective was to investigate the effectiveness of rating scales and electroencephalography (EEG) in detecting the presence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) within a diverse clinical sample. A standard psychiatric evaluation was used to assess 26 children/adolescents who presented to a clinic because a parent suspected the presence of ADHD. EEG data was collected in a blinded protocol, and rating scales were collected as well. Although all subjects had presented with ADHD-like symptoms, only 62% were diagnosed with ADHD, while the remaining 38% had other disorders or no diagnosis. Rating scales readily classified inattentive, impulsive, and/or hyperactive symptoms as being due to ADHD, regardless of the actual underlying disorder, leading to a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 22%. Previous studies have observed that there is an EEG marker that identifies ADHD vs. controls, and this marker was present in 15 out of 16 of the ADHD subjects (sensitivity=94%) and in none of the subjects with ADHD-like symptoms due to other disorders (specificity=100%). In the detection of ADHD in a diverse clinical sample, rating scales and EEG were both sensitive markers, whereas only EEG was specific. These results may have important implications to ADHD differential diagnosis. © 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Goals for Curriculum Development in Environmental Education

(1980). Goals for Curriculum Development in Environmental Education. The Journal of Environmental Education: Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 42-47.
Photon statistics of the SASE FEL

The photon statistics of the free-electron laser radiation are examined. The photon number moments are calculated for the multimode self-amplified spontaneous emission including the effects of the Gaussian free-electron laser spectral distribution. It is shown that, in the parameter regime where the pulse duration is of the order of the coherence time, the expectation value of the photon number moments deviate from those predicted by a negative-binomial probability distribution.
Assessment of social competence in an evaluation-interaction analogue.

Forty men were selected from a larger pool of 235 college students who had completed three questionnaires designed to measure social competence. Twenty high socially competent and 20 low socially competent college men were given either positive or negative feedback by a woman confederate in a five-minute dyadic interaction. The confederate made either four all-positive or all-negative statements on the impression she was forming about the men during the interaction. Measures were taken of the amount of time the men spoke, the latency of their response to the confederate's statements, and the number of topics and topic changes used during the interaction. Judgements were also made on the men's physical attractiveness and social skill. Finally, the men's verbal reactions to the confederate statements were content analyzed for direction (self, confederate, or other) and valence (positive, negative, or neutral). A 2-by-2-by-4 (competence by feedback by statements) ANOVA indicated that subjects differed over trials (statements) in their reaction latencies as a function of their competence level and feedback: low competent men took considerably longer to react to the confederate's negative feedback than did men in other conditions. There were no differences among groups on the amount of conversation time or number of topics and topic changes. High competent men were judged to be more attractive and more socially skilled than low competent men. Content analysis revealed that high competent and low competent men did not differ in their verbal responses when receiving positive feedback. During negative feedback, however, high competent men employed a wider range of responses than low competent men. These findings suggest that high and low socially competent men may differ in their responses to evaluative feedback such that high competent men are both quicker to respond and have a broader repertoire of response than do low competent men.
Flow Dialysis as a Means of Preserving Bovine Semen at Room Temperature

Summary A flow dialysis technique has been developed and used to prolong the life of bull sperm at room temperatures. Samples of undiluted semen in dialysis sacs were suspended in constantly flowing media of egg yolk-citrate, of milk, and of blood products. Undiluted semen controls in test tubes at room temperature lived for about 24 hr.; whereas, portions of the same samples undiluted in dialysis sacs survived for a week, with a yolk-citrate media constantly passing the sacs. Survival was better with the yolk-citrate mixture in the flow dialysis system than with any of the other media tried. Sperm life was supported better at room temperature than at 5° C. in the flow dialysis system. Bubbling O 2 through yolk-citrate media decreased the survival time of sperm compared to no gassing, whereas N 2 improved survival. Results from gassing with CO 2 varied from much improvement in survival at times to reduced survival in others. Further studies on the effects of CO 2 on bull sperm are in progress.
Characteristics of micro DMFCs array fabricated on flexible polymeric substrate

Abstract We propose a novel design and fabrication technique for a micro direct methanol fuel cell (μ-Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC)). Ten μ-DMFCs were fabricated on a polymeric flexible substrate containing a micro-holes array (∅ = 500 μm). Our concept is that a high voltage DMFC can be achieved through the integration of a micro DMFC array on one flexible substrate. With 10 cells in series on the substrate, we achieved an open circuit voltage of 5.6 V and an average cell power density of 3 mW cm−2. Further, none of the cells failed after subjecting the substrate to 1000 fold repetitions. Preliminary test results show that our DMFC fabricated on a polymeric substrate is useful as a miniature DMFC.
An Adaptive Control Scheme for Oscillatory Servo Systems

The application of a new model-following, adaptive control to an electromechanical servo system with low natural resonance frequency is discussed. The design of the adaptation mechanism is based on the use of a special Liapunov function describing the stability domain. Results are presented which show consistent improvement in the dynamic response for a fifth-order, long-shaft, servo system.
The organizational Imperative: Paradigm or Rationalization

This paper is a response to an essay by Hart and Scott (1975) on the "organizational imperative." It critically evaluates the a priori propositions and rules of admmistrative behavior identified by Hart and Scott as being fundamental to this concept. It con cludes that: (1) the a priori propositions supporting the organizational imperative are invalid; (2) the rules of administrative behavior defined as essential to organizational health may, in fact, be deleterious to it; and (3) the assumption that U.S cultural values parallel those of the organizational imperative is an unwarranted oversimplifi cation of cultural trends.
The influence of patient sex, provider sex, and sexist attitudes on pain treatment decisions.

Abstract Research suggests that patient sex, provider sex, and providers' sexist attitudes interact to influence pain care; however, few empirical studies have examined these influences. We investigated sex (patient and provider) differences in pain treatment and the extent to which providers' sexist attitudes were associated with these differences. Ninety-eight health care providers (52% female) completed the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory and made treatment ratings for 16 computer-simulated patients with low back pain. Patient sex was balanced across vignettes. Results indicated that female patients received significantly higher antidepressant (F[1, 96] = 4.51, P η p 2 = .05) and mental health referral (F[1, 96] = 3.89, P = .05, η p 2 = .04) ratings than male patients, which is consistent with our hypotheses; however, these differences were significant only among female providers. Controlling for providers' sexism scores did not substantially alter these results, which is counter to our hypotheses. These results suggest that female providers are more likely to recommend psychosocial treatments for female than for male pain patients, and providers' sexist attitudes do not account for these differences. Research is needed to elucidate the contributors to sex/gender differences in treatment in order to reduce pain disparities. Perspective The results of this study suggest that patient and provider sex, but not providers' sexist attitudes, influence pain care. These findings may inform efforts to raise awareness of sex/gender differences in pain care and reduce disparities.
Nonviolence and Satyagraha in Attenborough's Gandhi

Attenborough's movie furnishes a vivid portrayal of Gandhi's forceful, nonviolent, loving "search for truth." The unfolding of this strategy for Satyagraha demonstrates a set of values that provides a foundation for a humanistically oriented theory of personality. Most important, the artistic success of Gandhi underscores the continuing relevance of the values of Satyagraha for contemporary political and interpersonal affairs.
Striatal dopamine activity and unilateral barpressing in rats

A micro-punch tissue assay was used to measure changes in dopamine content at twenty-six sites within the striatum of rats trained to barpress exclusively with one forepaw for food pellets. Analysis of dopamine (DA) and its metabolite, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), was carried out using HPLC with electrochemical detection. The barpress group had a significantly higher DOPAC/DA ratio in both the contralateral and ipsilateral hemispheres when compared to feeding and homecage controls. The DOPAC/DA ratio is considered to be a measure of dopaminergic neuronal activity, thus suggesting a bilateral activation of the neostriatal dopaminergic afferents as a result of the motor performance. Topographical analysis within the barpress group revealed an anterior-posterior, medial-lateral gradient of dopaminergic activity with the posterior and lateral sites showing the greatest increases over the controls. The results of this experiment indicate that localized changes in neuronal activity can be monitored with the micro-punch assay-HPLC/EC technique and that voluntary motor behavior produces an activation of the striatal dopamine system.
Program Reusability through Program Transformation

How can a program written in pure applicative LISP be reused in a Fortran environment? One answer is by automatically transforming it from LISP into Fortran. In this paper we discuss a practical application of this technique-one that yields an efficient Fortran program. We view this process as an example of abstract programming, in which the LISP program constitutes an abstract specification for the Fortran version. The idea of strategy-a strategy for getting from LISP to Fortran-is basic to designing and applying the transformations. One strategic insight is that the task is easier if the LISP program is converted to ``recursive'' Fortran, and then the recursive Fortran program is converted to nonrecursive standard Fortran. Another strategic insight is that much of the task can be accomplished by converting the program from one canonical form to another. Developing a strategy also involves making various implementation decisions. One advantage of program transformation methodology is that it exposes such decisions for examination and review. Another is that it enables optimizations to be detected and implemented easily. Once a strategy has been discovered, it can be implemented by means of rewrite-rule transformations using the TAMPR program transformation system. The transformational approach to program reuse based on this strategy has a measure of elegance. It is also practical-the resulting Fortran program is 25 percent faster than its compiled LISP counterpart, even without extensive optimization.
Type 1 diabetes: A predictable disease

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by loss of insulin producing beta cells and reliance on exogenous insulin for survival. T1D is one of the most common chronic diseases in childhood and the incidence is increasing, especially in children less than 5 years of age. In individuals with a genetic predisposition, an unidentified trigger initiates an abnormal immune response and the development of islet autoantibodies directed against proteins in insulin producing beta cells. There are currently four biochemical islet autoantibodies measured in the serum directed against insulin, glutamic decarboxylase, islet antigen 2, and zinc transporter 8. Development of islet autoantibodies occurs before clinical diagnosis of T1D, making T1D a predictable disease in an individual with 2 or more autoantibodies. Screening for islet autoantibodies is still predominantly done through research studies, but efforts are underway to screen the general population. The benefits of screening for islet autoantibodies include decreasing the incidence of diabetic ketoacidosis that can be life threatening, initiating insulin therapy sooner in the disease process, and evaluating safe and specific therapies in large randomized clinical intervention trials to delay or prevent progression to diabetes onset.
Intertropical Convergence Zones during the Active Season in Daily Data

Synoptic-scale variability of vorticity structures in the lower troposphere of the tropics is analyzed in 23 yr of daily averaged high-resolution reanalysis data. The vorticity structures can be divided into zonally elongated vorticity strips, classified as intertropical convergence zones (ITCZs), and more localized maxima, termed westward-propagating disturbances. A composite of such variability is presented for the east to central Pacific and for the east Atlantic/Africa region, both in summer. The composite in the east Pacific is zonally elongated and ITCZ-like, propagating westward over a number of days before dissipating. The spatial structure of the vorticity strip shows the characteristic cyclonic tilt into the latitudinal direction with time that is also seen in modeling experiments. The composite over the Atlantic/Africa region shows two active regions that are correlated on synoptic time scales. The disturbances in the southern region are better developed and longer lasting, even though the time and space scales are smaller than over the east Pacific. Overall, variability over the Atlantic is consistent with variability due to African easterly waves. The double ITCZ in spring in the east Pacific is different from the few earlier studies available. It is stronger south of the equator and located at 10°S, which is farther poleward than earlier studies have indicated. The northern branch that is weak in comparison is located at 5°N. The two branches of the double ITCZ tend to appear in tandem on the 2-week time scale.
Response to Hurst, Weiss and Kinney

(1980). Response to Hurst, Weiss and Kinney. Theory & Research in Social Education: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 57-59.
Using intra-operative MRI to assess bleeding

Immediate detector of any surgically induced hemorrhage prior to the closure is important for minimizing the unnecessary post surgical complications. In the case of hemorrhage, the surgical site of interests often involves hemorrhagic blood in the presence of CSF as well as air pockets. It is known that the hemorrhagic blood or air has a different magnetic susceptibility from its surrounding tissue, and CSF has long T1 and T2. Based on these differences, a set of complimentary imaging techniques (T2, FLAIR, and GE) were optimized to reveal the existence of surgically induced acute hemorrhage. Among 330 neurosurgical cases, one relatively severe hemorrhage has been successfully found intra-operatively using the concept. During the case, a new hyperintense area close to the primary motor cortex was initially noticed on T2 weighted HASTE images. As soon as it was found to increase in size rapidly, the patient was treated immediately via craniotomy for aspiration of the intra-parenchymal blood. Owing to early detection and treatment, the patient was completely free of motor deficits. Besides, there were ten much less severe hemorrhages have been noticed using the method. The proper post-surgical care was planned to closely follow-up the patient for any sign of hemorrhage.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The aptitude-treatment interaction effects on the learning of grammar rules

Abstract The present study investigates the interaction between two types of explicit instructional approaches, deduction and explicit-induction, and the level of foreign language aptitude in the learning of grammar rules. Results indicate that on the whole the two equally explicit instructional approaches did not differentially affect learning performance. Among the components of language aptitude, memory for text correlated significantly with gain scores. In learners with good textual memory, explicit-induction produced significantly better results in the delayed posttests. Although deduction did not produce significantly better results in the delayed posttests in learners with bad textual memory, these learners tended to perform better under this learning condition. These results suggest that learner characteristics can interact with instructional conditions to affect learning performance and equally explicit instructional approaches can have differential effects on different types of learners.
Aromatic rescue of glycine in β sheets

Background: Glycine is an intrinsically destabilizing residue in β sheets. In natural proteins, however, this destabilization can be ‘rescued' by specific cross-strand pairing with aromatic residues. Here, we present an experimental study of this effect. Results: Protein variants containing glycine and aromatic residues positioned across β strands in both antiparallel and parallel orientations were studied. The pairing of glycine and phenylalanine across antiparallel strands resulted in a synergistic increase in protein stability. Dramatic differences in stability were observed for the parallel β -sheet mutants, which were dependent upon the type of site occupied by glycine as well as the type of aromatic residue with which it was cross-strand paired. Conclusions: Experimental results from a series of mutants suggest a thermodynamic benefit for glycine–aromatic pairing across antiparallel β strands, consistent with the prevalence of such pairs in natural proteins. We also demonstrate the specificity of glycine–aromatic interactions across parallel β strands, which defines strand register.
Massive magnetic-field-induced structural transformation in Gd5Ge4 and the nature of the giant magnetocaloric effect.

A massive magnetic-field-induced structural transformation in ${\mathrm{G}\mathrm{d}}_{5}{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}}_{4}$, which occurs below 30 K, was imaged at the atomic level by uniquely coupling high-resolution x-ray powder diffraction with magnetic fields up to 35 kOe. In addition to uncovering the nature of the magnetic field induced structural transition, our data demonstrate that the giant magnetocaloric effect, observed in low magnetic fields, arises from the amplification of a conventional magnetic entropy-driven mechanism by the difference in the entropies of two phases, borne by the concomitant structural transformation.
Do Therapists Address Gender and Power in Infidelity? A Feminist Analysis of the Treatment Literature

Sociocontextual factors such as gender and power play an important role in the etiology of affairs and in recovery from them, yet it is unclear how current treatment models address these issues. Drawing on feminist epistemology, this study utilized a grounded theory analysis of 29 scholarly articles and books on infidelity treatment published between 2000 and 2010 to identify the circumstances under which gender and power issues were or were not part of treatment. We found five conditions that limit attention to gender and power: (a) speaking (or assuming) as though partners are equal, (b) reframing infidelity as a relationship problem, (c) limiting discussion of societal context to background, (d) not considering how societal gender and power patterns impact relationship dynamics, and (e) limiting discussion of ethics on how to position around infidelity. Analysis explored how each occurred across three phases of couple therapy. The findings provide a useful foundation for a sociocontextual framework for infidelity treatment.
Utilizing tautomerization of 2-amino-oxazoline in hydrogen bonding tripodal ligands

A tetradentate tripodal ligand containing 2-amino-oxazoline moieties has been developed. This system tautomerizes upon chelation of a metal ion, forming a flexible cavity capable of accommodating ligands via an intramolecular hydrogen bonding network.
Assessing E-Folios in the On-Line Class.

Once they are aware of both the promises and pitfalls of e-folios, professors can make effective use of these collections of student work to enhance their students' learning and facilitate their own process of responding to student work.
Separation and analysis of DNA sequence reaction products by capillary gel electrophoresis.

Abstract This paper demonstrates the potential of capillary gel electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence detection as a tool for DNA sequence determination. Both synthetic oligonucleotides and single-stranded phage DNA were utilized as templates in the standard chain termination procedure. Primer molecules were tagged at the 5' end with the fluorescent dye, JOE. First, baseline resolution of a dA extended primer from 18 to 81 bases long, a total of 64 fragments, was observed. A second synthetic template was designed to yield alternating stretches of dA and dT extensions of the primer. Thirdly, the sequence reaction products from a synthetic oligonucleotide template containing all four bases was analyzed in four independent runs, one for each of the four base-specific reactions. In all cases, the expected number and patterns of peaks were observed by capillary gel electrophoretic analysis. Finally, separation of sequence reaction products generated with single-strand M 13mp 18 phage DNA as template exhibited baseline resolution of fragments differing in length by a single nucleotide and from 18 to greater than 330 bases total length.
Immunoglobulin synthesis in neonatal nurse sharks (Ginglymostoma cirratum).

Abstract 1. 1. Newborn nurse sharks were shown to have low levels of IgM at birth. 2. 2. The immunoglobulin present at birth was shown to be of the 19S form. The 7S form was found to appear later; both immunoglobulins increased in concentration throughout the first 42 days of life, at which time they were still less than half the adult levels. 3. 3. These observations support the hypothesis that shark 19S and 7S IgM are independently released into the circulation.
Optical modifications enabling simultaneous confocal imaging with dyes excited by ultraviolet‐ and visible‐wavelength light

SUMMARY Optical modifications to a confocal scanning laser microscope are described which allow simultaneous fluorescence imaging of living specimens excited by ultraviolet (UV)- and visible-wavelength light. Modifications to a Bio-Rad MRC 600 Lasersharp confocal microscope include the introduction of UV-path-specific lenses and a specially designed UV transmitting eyepiece and tube lens. Upon UV excitation these modifications provide similar resolution and field flatness when compared with visible confocal microscopy. The UV-path-specific optics could be adjusted to correct for varying amounts of longitudinal chromatic aberration in commercially available objectives. Eyepiece and tube lenses were chromatically corrected for UV through visible wavelengths to minimize lateral chromatic error. With these modifications, UV-wavelength light may be used to excite ratioing dyes to quantify intracellular ion concentrations, or as an energy source to release caged compounds in a spatially restricted volume, while simultaneously imaging with dyes excited by visible-wavelength light.
Conditioned analgesia in the rat

It has been suggested by recent studies that the analgesic reaction to electric shock can be conditioned. However, these studies either lacked shocked controls or used an indirect measure of analgesia (freezing). In the present investigation, each rat was exposed an equal number of times to two distinct environmental contexts. The rats were shocked in one context and reexposed to the same context before test, shocked in one context and reexposed to the nonshock context before test, or not shocked at all and reexposed to one of the two contexts. Immediately following reexposure, the pain reactivity of the rats was assessed by a hot plate (Experiment 1) and a tail-flick apparatus (Experiment 2). It was found that rats that were reexposed to the context in which they had been shocked were significantly more analgesic than rats in the other two groups (which did not differ). These results confirm that it is possible to condition shock-induced analgesia in the rat.
Myopathy Related to Administration of a Cationic Amphiphilic Drug and the Use of Multidose Drug Distribution Analysis to Predict its Occurrence

Many cationic amphiphilic (phospholipidosis-inducing) drugs (CADs) accumulate in tissues following repeated dosing in preclinical models, and this is sometimes associated with dose-limiting toxicities. Plasma drug levels cannot be used to estimate tissue accumulation of CADs since it occur si n tissues despite stabilization of plasma levels. Severe myopathy was found in skeletal muscles of rats during the initial safety evaluation of a dopamine D3 receptor antagonist, PNU-177864, and was associated with phospholipidosis in numerous tissues. The myopathy was observed only when plasma levels of PNU-177864 remained essentially constant throughout the 24-hour dosing period. A repeat dose drug distribution study using whole body autoradiography demonstrated that drug-related material did not accumulate in skeletal muscle or other tissues following repeated doses at levels considered within the therapeutic range and showing toxicokinetic profiles acceptable for further development. These observations provided support for the continued development of and longer-term toxicity studies with this candidate compound.
Modeling the Cell's Guidance System

Cell locomotion can be directed by external gradients of diffusible substances leading to chemotaxis. Recently, the mechanisms of gradient sensing, the cell guidance system, came under scrutiny both in experimental analysis and computational modeling. Here, we review several recent computational models of gradient sensing in eukaryotic cells, demonstrating why some of them predict little sensitivity to changes in the gradient and response "locking," whereas others predict high gradient sensitivity at the expense of signal gain. We also propose a way to view chemotaxis regulation as a highly coupled combination of semi-independent control modules, leading to simplifying modeling of this complex cellular behavior.
young Malinowski and his later years

This essay is a revised version of a talk at Barnard College, 23 April 1985. We wish to thank Joan Vincent and Morton Klass for their part in organizing this occasion. Feliks Gross, Emeritus Professor at Brooklyn College and the CUNY Graduate Center, is director of the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America.
Gender Differences in Job Stress, Tedium and Social Support in the Workplace

The amount of tedium, job stress, and home and work social support, were compared for men and women employed by four northeast Ohio employers. The differential effects of each source of support (i.e. supervisor, co-worker and partner) on tedium and job stress were also assessed. A sample of 116 individuals (61 males and 55 females), participated. Women and men reported similar amounts of job stress and similar amounts of work support. As predicted, women reported the experience of more tedium than men, and men reported the receipt of more household assistance than women. Also as predicted, workplace support was found to be more effective for men than for women. The data revealed that for men, household assistance was related to lower tedium, but for women, household assistance was related to greater tedium. The differential influence of home and work support for men and women was discussed.
Conformal kernel for the next-to-leading-order BFKL equation in N=4 super Yang-Mills theory

Using the requirement of Mobius invariance of N = 4 super Yang-Mills amplitudes in the Regge limit, we restore the explicit form of the conformal next-to-leading-order Balitsky-Fadin-Kuraev-Lipatov (BFKL) kernel out of the eigenvalues known from the forward next-to-leading-order BFKL result.
Maternal Controlling Feeding Styles During Early Infancy

This study sought to determine the relationship between maternal controlling feeding styles and maternal perception of their infant's ability to regulate feeding and infant weight. A cross-sectional survey of 208 mothers with infants between 2 weeks and 6 months old was performed in a private pediatric office. The authors assessed the relationship between restrictive and pressuring feeding styles with (a) maternal perception of the infant's ability to regulate feeding and (b) infant weight (both actual and perceived). Restrictive feeding style was associated with the perception that infants could not recognize their own hunger or satiety and with concern that the infant would become overweight in the future. Pressuring feeding style was associated with the perception that the baby's appetite is less than other babies and with concern that the infant would become underweight in the future. Maternal perceptions of infant feeding and weight should be incorporated into early obesity prevention strategies.
Conformationally Trapping the Actin-binding Cleft of Myosin with a Bifunctional Spin Label

We have trapped the catalytic domain of Dictyostelium (Dicty) myosin II in a weak actin-binding conformation by chemically crosslinking two engineered cysteines across the actin-binding cleft, using a bifunctional spin label (BSL). By connecting the lower and upper 50 kDa domains of myosin, the crosslink restricts the conformation of the actin-binding cleft. Crosslinking has no effect on the basal ATPase activity of isolated myosin, but it impairs rigor actin binding and actin-activation of myosin ATPase. EPR spectra of BSL provide insight into actomyosin structural dynamics. BSL is highly immobilized within the actin-binding cleft and is thus exquisitely sensitive to the global orientation and rotational motions of the myosin head. Conventional EPR shows that myosin heads bound to oriented actin filaments are highly disordered with respect to the actin filament axis, in contrast to the nearly crystalline order of myosin heads in rigor. This disorder is similar to that of weakly bound heads induced by ATP, but saturation transfer EPR shows that the disorder of crosslinked myosin is at least 100 times slower. Thus this cleft-crosslinked myosin is remarkably similar, in both actin affinity and rotational dynamics, to SH1-SH2 crosslinked BSL-myosin S1. We conclude that, whether myosin is trapped at the actin-myosin interface or in the force-generating region between the active site and lever arm, the structural state of myosin is intermediate between the weak-binding state preceding phosphate release and the strong-binding state that succeeds it. We propose that it represents the threshold of force generation.
Building educational activities for understanding: An elaboration on the embodied-design framework and its epistemic grounds☆

a b s t r a c t Design researchers should inform the commercial production of educational technology by explicating their tacit design practice in workable structures and language. Two activity genres for grounding mathematical concepts are explained: ‘‘perception-based design’’ builds on learners’ early mental capacity to draw logical inferences from perceptual judgment of intensive quantities in source phenomena, such as displays of color densities; ‘‘action-based design’’ builds on learners’ perceptuomotor capacity to develop new kinesthetic routines for strategic embodied interaction, such as moving the hands at different speeds to keep a screen green. In a primary problem, learners apply or develop non-symbolic perceptuomotor schemas to engage the task effectively; In a secondary problem, learners devise means of appropriating newly interpolated mathematical forms as enactive, semiotic, or epistemic means of enhancing, explaining, and evaluating their primary response. In so doing, learners heuristically determine either inferential parity (perception-based design) or functional parity (action-based design) as epistemic grounds for reconciling naive and scientific perspectives. Ultimately embodied-learning activities may interleave and synthesize the genres’ elements. This taxonomy opens design practice into richer dialog with the learning sciences. An appendix lays out the embodied-design framework in a ‘‘how to’’ form amenable for replication both within the domain of mathematics and beyond.