cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Copper phthalate coordination polymers incorporating kinked dipyridyl ligands: an unprecedented 8-connected network and one-dimensional chiral nanobarrels with hydrophobic channels constructed from septuple helical motifs.

Copper phthalate coordination polymers incorporating the kinked and hydrogen-bonding-capable imines 4,4′-dipyridylketone (dpk) and 4,4′-dipyridylamine (dpa) have been prepared and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. {[Cu(pht)(dpk)]·0.33CH3OH}n (1; pht = phthalate) possesses helical subunits built from the fusion of [Cu(dpk)]n 3-fold double helices and [Cu(pht)]n 3-fold helices with opposite handedness. The resulting achiral [Cu(pht)(dpk)]n helices are conjoined by bridging phthalate carboxylate oxygen atoms to construct {Cu2O2} dimeric units, which serve as 8-connected nodes for a three-dimensional (3D) coordination polymer lattice with an unprecedented 364125862 topology, evocative of a 3D Kagome lattice. {[Cu2(pht)2(dpa)]·H2O}n (2) manifests homochiral septuple left-handed [Cu2O2(dpa)]n helices formed by copper ions, phthalate oxygen atoms, and dpa ligands. The septuple helices are bracketed by pht anions to construct chiral one-dimensional nanobarrels with solvent-free “star...
Design of ceramic components using fracture mechanics concepts

Abstract Using linear elastic fracture mechanics concepts, a design lifetime diagram for an aluminum oxide insulator is developed. The stresses are given in terms of mechanical stress and temperature differences. Design considerations in the presence of subcritical crack growth are discussed as well as the statistical nature of the flaw populations in brittle solids. Depending on the nature of the environment, subcritical crack growth may or may not be important.
Phase-dependent line shapes in pump-probe interactions: A Floquet approach.

We present analytical and numerical results for the line shapes for a two-level atom interacting with pump and probe fields. We focus our attention on a time regime which is small enough that relaxation effects could be neglected, but sufficiently large that one could integrate the signal over a large number of population oscillations between the excited and ground states. As in our earlier work [J. H. Eberly and V. D. Popov, Phys. Rev. A 37, 2012 (1988)], we consider situations where the signal is determined by the atomic inversion, and identify the transient line shape with the time-averaged inversion considered as a function of the probe frequency. We present a formulation, based on the Floquet approach, that allows us to obtain formal expressions for the transient line shape in terms of infinite continued fractions, which can be evaluated numerically. We also present line shapes computed by directly solving the equations of motion numerically and integrating the inversion numerically over long times to compare with our continued-fraction results. We discuss the dependence on initial conditions, the relative pump-probe phase, and the non-Lorentzian character of these line shapes.
Pneumatosis Intestinalis in Adults: Management, Surgical Indications, and Risk Factors for Mortality

Pneumatosis intestinalis (PI) is an unusual finding that can exist in a benign setting but can indicate ischemic bowel and the need for surgical intervention. We present a series of cases of PI in adults to illustrate factors associated with death and surgical intervention. We reviewed the radiology database of the Mount Sinai Medical Center for cases of PI between 1996–2006 in adult patients. Chi-square and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors significant for surgery and death. Forty patients developed PI over a 10-year span. The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 20%, and the surgical rate was 35%. Factors independently associated with surgical management on multivariable analysis were age ≥ 60 years (p = 0.03), the presence of emesis (p = 0.01), and a WBC > 12 c/mm3 (p = 0.03). Pre-existing sepsis was independently associated with mortality (p = 0.03) while controlling for surgery. Patients with the concomitant presence of PI, a WBC > 12 c/mm3, and/or emesis in the >60-year-old age group were most likely to have surgical intervention, whereas PI patients with sepsis had the highest risk for death. A management algorithm is proposed, but further research will be needed to determine which patients with PI may benefit most from surgery.
On-demand protection of electrochemical sensors based on adaptive nanowires.

We report here on the use of adaptive nanowires for addressing the key surface fouling problem of electrochemical sensors. Effective resistance against surfactant fouling is obtained by switching magnetically the surface orientation of alkanethiol-coated gold nanowires (containing a short nickel segment) between horizontal and vertical positions to allow the transducer to perform the measurement and reset it to the protection mode between successive measurements. This leads to “opening” and “closing” of the surface and hence switching between active (sensing) and passive (protection) modes. Such on-demand protection and minimization of surface-fouling are indicated from prolonged series of stripping-voltammetric measurements of cadmium in the presence of gelatin, albumin, or Tween80. Factors influencing the protective action of the adaptive nanowires, including the length of the alkanethiol layer or of the gold/nickel segments were examined and optimized. Such on-demand protection capability should facili...
Degeneration of thalamic neurons in “Purkinje cell degeneration” mutant mice. I. Distribution of neuron loss

The Purkinje cell degeneration (pcd)mutation of the mouse is an autosomal recessive allele which previous studies have shown to be the cause of rapid degeneration of nearly all cerebellar Purkinje cells between 18 and 30 postnatal days of age (P18–P30), and slowly developing, progressive losses of retinal photoreceptor cells and mitral cells of the olfactory bulb. Through examination of serial frozen sections alternately stained for Nissl substance and for degenerating neuronal processes, we have found that discrete populations of thalamic neurons degenerate rapidly between P50 and P60. Severely affected nuclei, in which a majority of neurons degenerate, include the central division of the mediodorsal nucleus, the ventral medial geniculate, posterior, posterior ventromedial, and submedial nuclei, and those portions of the ventrolateral and posteromedial nuclei which immediately surround the medial division of the ventrobasal complex. More subtle cell losses occur during the same time period in restricted portions of the lateral ventrobasal, dorsal lateral geniculate, and lateral posterior nuclei, but even at P180 these nuclei are not markedly atrophic. No common denominator among target cell populations has been established. The pcd allele affects a diverse assortment of specific relay nuclei; degeneration has not been recognized in thalamic nuclei characterized primarily or exclusively by subcortical projections or by cortical projections directed relatively selectively to superficial or deep cortical laminae. The neuronal degenerations in the thalamus are not precipitated by prior or concurrent degeneration of cortical targets or afferent sources, though striking transneuronal changes, including cell death, do develop following thalamic neuronal degeneration in this mutant. No previously described murine mutant phenotype includes the rapid degeneration of highly restricted neuronal populations beginning at these relatively advanced ages.
Copyright and Fair Use of Multimedia Resources

L'article rappelle l'histoire du droit d'auteur aux Etats-Unis, ainsi que la formulation du concept de fair use (usage legitime). Les principes du droit d'usage legitime et son application dans le secteur de l'enseignement superieur sont examines. Les directives du CONFU (Committee on Fair Use) etablissent les limites de l'utilisation d'oeuvres creatives dans la creation de projets educatifs multimedia. L'article examine egalement l'impact du numerique sur la protection du droit d'auteur et sur l'usage legitime au plan international, avec notamment les traites du WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization). Il s'interesse aux efforts juridiques des Etats-Unis pour mettre en place ces traites, en particulier le Digital Millenium Copyright Act.
Postoperative screening of patients with carcinoma of the colon.

A prospective evaluation of 149 patients with Dukes' B2 or C colorectal carcinoma, including periodic history, physical examination, chest radiograph, liver function tests, complete blood count, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) radioimmunoassay, barium enema, and endoscopic studies, has been underway since 1976. Thirty-four patients have had recurrence. This study suggests that the history and CEA are the most sensitive noninvasive methods with which to detect recurrent tumors but are unlikely to indicate recurrence at a therapeutically advantageous stage.
The phenology of linyphiid spiders on heathland in Dorset

The spatial and temporal distribution of spiders was studied by continuous pitfall trapping over a period of three years (1962–65) in three National Nature Reserves in Dorset, and in this paper additional data are presented which were obtained from one site up until 1967. A detailed description of the habitat, and its relation to the spatial distribution of the species, will be provided in a later paper. As differences in the habitat have little or no effect on the temporal distribution, this alone will be described in this paper, as in the two previous papers of this series (Merrett, 1967, 1968).
So You Want to Find a Transitional House for Sexually Violent Persons: An Account of Political Failure

Many states passed legislation in the 1990s to address the problem of violent sex offenders. While academic inquiries into the nature and extent of sexual offending have revealed some interesting findings, very little is known regarding how communities address the issue of managing violent sex offenders. This account documents how the state of Wisconsin attempted to manage violent sex offenders once released from prison and civilly committed under a sexually violent person statute. It chronicles the experience of a committee charged with locating possible sites for a facility for sexual predators under supervised release to the community. In addition, this account shows the problematic nature of implementing a state statute in a large county and identifies barriers inherent to this process. The concept of political failure is introduced to describe why sex offender legislation is difficult to implement.
Standard Basis Theorem for Quantum Linear Groups

Abstract A linear basis indexed by standard bitableaux is given for quantum linear semi-groups. As a consequence, one can easily derive a standard basis for quantum linear groups. From a combinatorial point of view, quantum linear semigroups are identical with what results from quantization of the letterplace algebra Rota and co-workers, Adv. Math . 27 (1978), 63-92. The standard basis theorem proved here can be viewed as a quantum straightening formula. The present paper is written in the language of supersymmetric algebra. In doing so, we actually have obtained a standard basis for Manin′s quantum linear supersemigroups
Eleven-Year Implant Survival Rates of the All-Polyethylene and Metal-Backed Modular Optetrak Posterior Stabilized Knee in Bilateral Simultaneous Cases

A prospective randomized study was conducted to determine if a design change in the articular surface geometry introduced in the Optetrak total knee to increase prosthetic joint conformity and further reduce polyethylene stress had any impact on implant survival, particularly when the all-polyethylene version of the implant was used. Forty-seven patients undergoing bilateral simultaneous total knee arthroplasties were randomized for the side, receiving an all-polyethylene tibial component and followed up for a mean 11.6 years. Survival rates for the all-polyethylene and metal-backed modular versions of the implant were both 98%, excluding a single case of deep infection. Survival rates with revision for aseptic loosening as an end point were 100%. The increase in tibial and femoral radii in the coronal plane of the Optetrak posterior stabilized knee did not result in a reduced implant survival rate in either the metal-backed modular or all-polyethylene versions of the implant.
P-Bodies React to Stress and Nonsense

P-bodies are specialized cytoplasmic compartments where translational repression and mRNA turnover may occur. Findings in this issue of Cell provide evidence that P-bodies are sites of "mRNA purgatory." Bhattacharyya et al. (2006) reveal that normal mRNA can be released from P-bodies and translated into protein in response to stress. Meanwhile, Sheth and Parker (2006) report that aberrant mRNAs are targeted to P-bodies to undergo rapid decay.
The kinematics of the ionized gas in IC 10

We present the results of a WIYN integral field unit study of the kinematics of the ionized gas in IC 10, a dwarf irregular starburst galaxy in the Local Group. Though the velocity field of the ionized gas closely matches that of the H I, there are several kinematically interesting features in the galaxy. The diffuse ionized gas in the galaxy exhibits larger Hα line widths than the bright complexes. In one case this is due to an infusion of energy into the gas associated with the radio superbubble discovered by Yang & Skillman. We find that the amount of energy in this region is consistent with their hypothesis that the region contains 10 supernova remnants. We also detect a high-velocity (70 km s-1) expanding shell in the ionized gas, which is likely driven by three confirmed Wolf-Rayet stars that are located within the shell. Extrapolating from Hunter's initial mass function, we find that the central starburst region contains approximately equal energy contributions from stellar winds and supernovae (SNe), suggesting that SNe are just beginning to play a significant role in shaping the kinematics of the ionized gas. However, all of this energy cannot be easily accounted for in the kinematics of the gas. We detect an energetic flow of gas (3 × 1052 ergs), which we believe originates from the starburst region. We also detect a high-velocity (70 km s-1) feature not coincident with any structure in our Hα image. This feature, along with the flow and shell, can account for the energy produced by stellar wind and SNe. The flow resembles one discovered by Wilcots & Thurow in NGC 4214; together they suggest that the porosity of the interstellar medium contributes significantly to the high velocity of some portion of the ionized gas in irregular galaxies.
Uterine malignant mixed mullerian tumors should not be included in studies of endometrial carcinoma.

Abstract Objective Uterine mixed malignant mullerian tumors (MMMT) have traditionally been excluded from clinical trials of endometrial cancer because of a belief that they are more correctly included in the sarcoma category. Recently, investigators have suggested that uterine MMMTs are actually dedifferentiated epithelial tumors and should be treated as such. The current study was undertaken to compare outcomes, stage for stage, of uterine MMMT with poor prognosis endometrial adenocarcinomas. Methods Cases of MMMT from 1996 to 2004 were identified from the Tumor Registry after IRB consent was obtained. Retrospective chart review was performed. Cases were matched by age, stage, performance status, and surgical procedure to controls consisting of grade 3 endometrioid, papillary serous, and clear cell endometrial carcinomas from the same time period. Overall survival was compared using the Log-Rank test. Results 68 patients with MMMT were identified. 23 were excluded due to incomplete records. Patients with MMMT ranged in age from 51 to 95 years (mean 75.3 years). Approximately half of the patients (53%) had stage III or IV disease. Of the controls, 31 (69%) had grade 3 endometrioid, 11 (24%) papillary serous, and 3 (7%) clear cell carcinoma. Median overall survival for all patients with MMMT was significantly shorter than for controls, 18 months (range 0.5–72) versus 36 months (range 0.5–123) ( P = 0.02). Patients with early stage disease (stage I or II) had shorter median survival than controls, 26 months (range 3–7) vs. 95 months (range 4–123) ( P = 0.003). There was no difference in median survival when comparing advanced disease (stage III or IV) to matched controls, 15 months (range 0.5–70) vs. 19 months (range 0.5–100) ( P = NS). Conclusions Patients with uterine MMMT have a poorer prognosis than those patients with high grade epithelial tumors, especially for those with early stage disease. Given the discrepancy in survival, these patients should not be included in studies of endometrial carcinoma. Further investigations are necessary to identify factors to improve survival of these patients.
A joint interspike interval difference stochastic spike train analysis: detecting local trends in the temporal firing patterns of single neurons.

We introduce a stochastic spike train analysis method called joint interspike interval difference (JISID) analysis. By design, this method detects changes in firing interspike intervals (ISIs), called local trends, within a 4-spike pattern in a spike train. This analysis classifies 4-spike patterns that have similar incremental changes. It characterizes the higher-order serial dependence in spike firing relative to changes in the firing history. Mathematically, this spike train analysis describes the statistical joint distribution of consecutive changes in ISIs, from which the serial dependence of the changes in higher-order intervals can be determined. It is similar to the joint interspike interval (JISI) analysis, except that the joint distribution of consecutive ISI differences (ISIDs) is quantified. The graphical location of points in the JISID scatter plot reveals the local trends in firing (i.e., monotonically increasing, monotonically decreasing, or transitional firing). The trajectory of these points in the serial-JISID plot traces the time evolution of these trends represented by a 5-spike pattern, while points in the JISID scatter plot represent trends of a 4-spike pattern. We provide complete theoretical interpretations of the JISID analysis. We also demonstrate that this method indeed identifies firing trends in both simulated spike trains and spike trains recorded from cultured neurons.
On the Maintenance of Enstrophy in the Tropics during the FGGE Northern Summer

Abstract The wind fields generated by the ECMWF FGGE III-b analyses at ten mandatory levels were used to examine the tropical enstrophy budget in the spectral domain during the 1979 northern summer (June–August). The seasonal mean analysis shows that the wave enstrophy has its maximum value in the upper troposphere and its major content in the low wavenumber regime. The wave enstrophy is nonlinearly transferred from the low to the large wavenumber regime. The wave enstrophy in the upper troposphere is supplied through the beta effect, while the upward transport of the wave enstrophy is generated by vortex stretching in the lower troposphere. The zonal enstrophy also has its maximum value in the upper troposphere and is supplied by the beta vortex stretching effects in the upper troposphere. Both wave and zonal enstrophies in the tropics exhibited a 40–50 day variation in the 1979 northern summer. The time series of various enstrophy variables suggests that the time variation of the wave enstrophy is maint...
Orientation changes in Kevlar® 49 under axial compression

The orientation of crystals in a single Kevlar® 49 fibre has been measured by X-ray diffraction using a microcompressive device and the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS). The data show that the orientation with respect to the fibre axis decreases with increasing axial compressive strain. The birefringence has been measured on the same sample with a polarizing optical microscope and a tilting compensator. The results show that the birefringence decreases with increasing axial compressive strain. This also is consistent with a decreasing crystal orientation with increasing strain. Both effects are slightly nonlinear and a graph of the full width at half maximum of the crystal orientation versus birefringence is nearly linear. The decreasing crystal orientation in compression is opposite to the increasing orientation with increasing tensile strain. The tensile effect increases the fibre modulus. The compressive effect, on the other hand, should decrease the modulus. The former has a limiting effect, but the latter could have the opposite and might contribute to compressive failure.
Surface modification of ferrous alloys with boron

This paper presents the effects of boronizing on ferrous alloys such as plain-carbon steel AISI 1018, high-strength alloy steel AISI 4340, and austenitic stainless steel AISI 304. The coatings were produced by thermochemical treatment with powder mixtures at temperatures of 850°C for 4 h. The microstructure of obtained coatings was investigated, the microhardness was measured, and the corrosion resistance and oxidation resistance were tested. By metallographic analyses, the thickness of the coatings was measured. Microhardness of the boron coatings was measured using loads of 10 gf, 25 gf, and 50 gf. Corrosion tests were performed in 5% HCl, 10% HCl, and 15% HCl at room temperature. To determine the oxidation resistance of the coatings, the isothermal method was used to observe the weight change at a temperature of 600°C for 12 h. Results indicated that the presence of boronized coatings on ferrous alloys greatly improved their microhardness, oxidation resistance, and corrosion resistance.
Hematopoietic stem cells: generation and self-renewal

Adult stem cells hold great promise for future therapeutic applications. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are among the best-characterized adult stem cells. As such, these cells provide a conceptual framework for the study of adult stem cells from other organs. Here, we review the current knowledge of HSC generation during embryonic development and HSC maintenance in the bone marrow (BM) during adult life. Recent scientific progress has demonstrated that the development of HSCs involves many anatomical sites in the embryo, but the relative contribution of each of these sites to the adult HSC pool remains controversial. Specialized anatomical sites in the BM have been identified as stem cell niches, and these play essential roles in regulating the self-renewal and differentiation of HSCs through recently identified signaling pathways. Extracellular signaling from stem cell niches must integrate with the intracellular molecular machinery and/or genetic programs to regulate HSC fate choice. The exact cellular and/or molecular mechanisms defining stem cell niche and 'stemness' of HSC is largely unknown although substantial progress has been made recently. Hence, many questions remain to be answered even in this relatively well-defined model of stem cell biology.
Hyperspectral parameter estimation of elliptically contoured t mixture models using expectation-maximisation

The remote sensing community has been interested in parameter estimation for many years, and with the maturation of hyperspectral imaging technology, it is natural to turn our attention to estimating parameters of models for hyperspectral data. Existing statistical models employ one or many normal distributions to account for spectral variability. However, recent work demonstrates the deviation from normality for many data, and the lack of robustness of normal models. As such, we develop adaptive probability density models for hyperspectral images based on a mixture of t distributions. Model parameters are estimated using the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm, both in a traditional and stochastic formulation, with t distributions to account for the long, heavy tails exhibited by remotely sensed hyperspectral data. What makes this paper unique is the fact that unlike earlier work that uses EM in the context of normal or other distributions, no manual manipulation is required during model generation, ...
A crystal field study of a trigonally distorted complex: Bis (1,4,7-triazacyclononane) Ni(II) ion

Abstract The electronic spectrum of Ni [9]aneN 3 ) 2 2+ has been interpreted by Crystal Field Theory on the basis of a trigonal distortion from octahedral symmetry. Deconvoluted spectral band positions were used to calculate transition energies based upon the trigonal ( D 3 d ) model. This model gives more reasonable values of Dq and B (1140 and 980 cm −1 ) for complexes containing the nearly octahedral NiN 6 chromophore.
Efficacy of the Ketogenic Diet for Intractable Seizure Disorders: Review of 58 Cases

The ketogenic diet was developed in the 1920s as a treatment for intractable childhood seizures when few antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) were available. There are still children whose seizures are refractory even to modern therapy, but use of the ketogenic diet appears to be waning. At Johns Hopkins, we continue to believe that the diet is very effective and well accepted by patients and families. To reevaluate our opinion of the efficacy and acceptability of this form of therapy in patients cared for in the 1980s with the newer AEDs, we analyzed the records of 58 consecutive patients who had been started on the diet. Before using the diet, 80% of the patients had multiple seizure types and 88% were treated with multiple AEDs; these children were among our most intractable patients. Despite this, seizure control improved in 67% of patients with the ketogenic diet, and actuarial analysis indicated that 75% of these improved patients continued the diet for at least 18 months. Sixty-four percent had AEDs reduced, 36% became more alert, and 23% had improved behavior. The improvement in these patients with intractable seizures and the length of time that families maintained the regimen indicate that the ketogenic diet continues to have a very useful therapeutic role in selected patients and their families.
A Short Form of the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems Circumples Scales

The 127-item Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP) has proven useful in capturing clinically important aspects of client's interpersonal functioning. Alden, Wiggins, and Pincus constructed a 64-item circumplex form of the IIP (IIP-C). We found that an even shorter form was needed for situations involving the screening of patients in a brief time. We, therefore, constructed a 32-item short circumplex form (IIP-SC). This form was found to exhibit excellent internal consistency reliability and strong test-retest correlations in three outpatient samples. It was found to correlate highly with the longer forms of the IIP and to show similar treatment responsiveness to them. The IIP-SC has also been demonstrated to correspond closely to the circumplex model of interpersonal behavior. The IIP-SC is, thus, an adequate substitute for the complete IIP in settings where brevity is important.
A novel composite immunotoxin that suppresses rabies virus production by the infected cells

Abstract Using strepavidin as a scaffold, we have assembled a composite immunotoxin that consists of recombinant Pseudomonas exotoxin A subunit (PE38) and recombinant 25-D1.16 Fab fragment which recognizes the SIINFEKL (pOV8) peptide from ovalbumin in association with H-2K b MHC class I protein. The composite immunotoxin exercises cytotoxicity against H-2K b+ cells sensitized with pOV8 peptide but not with irrelevant peptide. Specific binding of the immunotoxin to H-2K b+ cells infected with recombinant rabies virus (RV) expressing pOV8 epitope (RV-pOV8) resulted in the suppression of the production of virus particles by the infected cells. This strategy allows readily produce different immunotoxins with desired specificity by combining various targeting and toxin molecules. The results provide a proof of concept that composite immunotoxins can be utilized as novel immunotherapeutics to stop virus spread in the acute phase of the infection allowing winning time for the development of protective immune response.
Dietary fibre and age at menarche: a re-examination of the evidence.

(1987). Dietary fibre and age at menarche: A re-examination of the evidence. Annals of Human Biology: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 69-75.
Cloning and chromosomal localization of a human class III myosin.

Two class III myosins have been identified to date: NINAC from Drosophila melanogaster and MyoIIILim from Limulus polyphemus. Both have N-terminal kinase domains and are expressed exclusively in photoreceptors. Mutations in NINAC have been shown to alter the photoresponse and compromise photoreceptor survival. We report the cloning and chromosomal localization of a human class III myosin, MYO3A, from retina and a retinal pigment epithelial cell line. Human MYO3A (which we will refer to simply as MYO3A) possesses an N-terminal kinase domain and three consensus calmodulin-binding (IQ) motifs, two in the neck and one in the tail domain. We detected two MYO3A splice variants differing by 52 amino acids near the kinase/myosin junction. On Northern blots, MYO3A probes detected a 6.5-kb transcript in human and monkey retina, in a cultured human RPE cell line (RPE-19), and at much lower levels in human pancreas. A somatic hybrid panel PCR screen localized MYO3A to human chromosome 10, and a radiation hybrid screen further localized it proximal to marker D10S197, which is located at 10p11.1 on the human cytogenetic map. Since mutations in NINAC have been shown to alter the photoresponse and compromise photoreceptor survival, the human homologue MYO3A may also play a role in photoreceptor function and/or maintenance.
The optimization of undulators for synchrotron radiation

Abstract The operation of a periodic insertion device in the undulator regime presents new possibilities for storage ring design when combined with permanent magnet technology and improved emittances. The major conclusion is that, if sufficiently low emittance can be achieved, a small gap, short period permanent magnet undulator can reach a given photon energy and intensity at a considerably lower electron energy than would be required using bending magnets.
Generalization of integrated system optimization and parameter estimation techniques

Abstract This paper deals with algorithms which provide optimum solutions for the on-line optimizing control problem. A number of algorithms are available to solve this problem in both the centralized and the decentralized situations. All these algorithms have been derived from a common base and hence they retain similarities in their algorithmic and control structure. It is because of this feature, these algorithms can be generalized both in terms of their structure as well as the conditions under which they converge. The generalization of the techniques result in one algorithm which will solve both the centralized and the decentralized problems, where the algorithm can involve augmentation, or not, of the process performance index.
Friends, Family or Foreigners? The Political Economy of Diasporic FDI and Remittances in China and India:

Focusing exclusively on foreign direct investment (FDI) as a comparative measure of capital inflows obscures another significant source of funds—that of monetary remittances. This article emphasizes the empirical and analytic value of disaggregating FDI data and analyzing remittance trends in the two most populous developing countries in the world, China and India. While identifying the determinants of FDI inflows dominates much of the literature on FDI, this article suggests that the concept of FDI may not be the most meaningful indicator of relative developmental performance, especially given the reality of national definitional differences in FDI, roundtrip capital, growth in portfolio investment and variation in the sources and uses of realized FDI. In this context, the article examines what motivates the respective diasporas to send money back to their homelands in the form of FDI versus remittances and the local developmental implications of these diasporic flows. It proposes that attending to verna...
Systematic framework to classify the status of research on spinal cord injury and physical activity.

Abstract Objectives To systematically classify the physical activity research for individuals with a spinal cord injury by using the behavioral epidemiologic framework; and to identify where the physical activity research for individuals with a spinal cord injury has focused between 2000 and 2012. Design Relevant research was identified and then categorized into 1 of 5 phases by following the coding rules of the behavioral epidemiology framework. Phase 1 studies link physical activity and health outcomes, phase 2 studies validate or develop measures of physical activity, phase 3 studies identify factors that influence behavior or examine explanatory theories of behavior, phase 4 studies evaluate interventions, and phase 5 studies disseminate health promotion programs or policies and translate research into practice. Setting Specific keywords were identified and then searched through EBSCOhost, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Participants Not applicable. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Not applicable. Results One hundred and thirteen articles met the criteria. Of the articles, 55% were categorized as phase 1, 12% as phase 2, 24% as phase 3, 5% as phase 4, and 4% as phase 5. Conclusions Most studies were categorized as phase 1, 2, or 3, which implies that this field is still in the early stages of development and research should focus on intervention development and dissemination.
Dialogue between Meaning Systems in Intermedial Texts

In her article "Dialogue between Meaning Systems in Intermedial Texts" Cristina Penamarin analyzes visual-verbal texts showing different ways of conceiving and representing the world, that in each case involves certain ways of reinforcing or challenging preconceptions about the object and ways of positioning author and addressee. Penamarin's aim is to explore a method by which to address presupposed world visions in the texts and to ask how images and plurisemiotic texts are used to confirm, discuss, or expand the boundaries of systems of meaning. She raises the question of the possibilities of dialogue, hybridization, cultural translation, and the change of systems without losing sight that communication includes walls, barriers, and collectivities that see themselves as mutually incompatible, of discrimination and inability to dialogue. Penamarin develops these problems by analyzing examples of maps and other every-day visual-verbal texts in order to investigate the contributions of these intermedial practices to common interpretive resources. Cristina Penamarin, "Dialogue between Meaning Systems in Intermedial Texts" page 2 of 9 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 13.3 (2011): Thematic issue New Perspectives on Material Culture and Intermedial Practice. Ed. Steven Totosy de Zepetnek, Asuncion Lopez-Varela, Haun Saussy, and Jan Mieszkowski
Asymptotic forms for the nonrelativistic coulomb propagator

The nonrelativistic Coulomb Green's function G(r1,r2,k) = G(x,y,k) (where x ≡ r1 + r2 + r12, y ≡ r1 + r2 − r12) was worked out in closed form by Hostler in 1963. There is as yet no closed form for the corresponding propagator K(x,y,t). The unavailability of this function is a serious defect of Feynman's path-integral formulation of quantum mechanics. It has moreover created a bottleneck in our formalism for generating atomic and molecular eigenvalue spectra by time-dependent Green's function techniques. As, perhaps, a first step toward the ultimate realization of a closed form, we have worked out asymptotic forms for K in the limiting domains as Z 0, t 0, and r ∞. We have exploited the structure of the propagator, whereby K = F exp (iS), in terms of the classical action integral S. Our main result is a first-order approximation to the Coulomb propagator, which can be connected to a corresponding approximation for G. We also propose a simpler function K for possible application in the aufbau of many-electron Green's functions. As such, this function might play a role analogous to that of Slater-type orbitals in conventional quantum chemistry.
Towards energy efficient VoIP over wireless LANs

Wireless LAN (WLAN) radios conserve energy by staying in sleep mode. With real-time applications like VoIP, it is not clear how much energy can be saved by this approach since packets delayed above a threshold are lost. In this work we propose the GreenCall algorithm to derive sleep/wakeup schedules for the WLAN radio to save energy during VoIP calls. The schedules provided by GreenCall consider the energy versus loss-rate tradeoff to ensure application quality is preserved. We implement GreenCall on commodity hardware and study its performance and point out possible limitations. We further extensively evaluate the effect of diverse network paths and different application parameters on possible energy savings through trace-based simulations. We show that, in spite of the interactive, real-time nature of voice, a significant amount of energy can be conserved through GreenCall.
Ketorolac versus meperidine: ED treatment of severe musculoskeletal low back pain.

Abstract The study objective was to assess the efficacy and patient acceptance of ketorolac as an alternative to meperidine for the treatment of severe musculoskeletal low back pain (LBP). A double blinded prospective trial in a convenience sample of patients >18 years of age presenting to an urban university hospital emergency department (ED) was conducted over a 19-month period. Patients were included if the pain was musculoskeletal in origin and was severe enough to warrant parenteral analgesics. Patients were randomized to receive 1 mg/kg meperidine intramuscularly (IM) or 60 mg ketorolac IM. Pain intensity was measured preadministration and at 60 minutes via a 100 mm Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Outcomes measured at 60 minutes were pain intensity decrease (PID), patient satisfaction, rescue analgesia requirement, sedation level, and adverse effects. Clinically significant pain reduction was defined as a PID of at least 13 mm or a reduction in pain of least 30%. One hundred fifty-five patients were enrolled (meperidine = 75, ketorolac = 80) and 153 patients completed the study. At 60 minutes the mean PID was 7 mm less in the ketorolac group (95% confidence interval [CI] − 15 mm to 2.6 mm). Pain reduction of at least 30% occurred in 63% of the ketorolac group versus 67% of the meperidine group (95% CI, odds ratio [OR] .43 to 1.61). Rescue analgesia was required in 35% of the ketorolac group versus 37% of the meperidine group (95% CI, OR .47 to 1.74). Patient satisfaction was less in the ketorolac group (ketorolac 68% satisfied versus meperidine 74% satisfied) however this was not significant (95% CI, OR .66 to 2.72). Sedation level and adverse effects were significantly greater in the meperidine group. Ketorolac shows comparable single dose analgesic efficacy to a single moderate dose of meperidine with less sedation and adverse effects in an ED population with severe musculoskeletal LBP. The trend for greater pain reduction and patient satisfaction with meperidine needs further investigation. (Am J Emerg Med 2000;18:404-407. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company)
A Mutant δ2 Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor Exhibits Dual Regulation by Phosphoinositides

The δ2 glutamate receptor (GluRδ2) is considered a member of the ionotropic glutamate receptor family, although a specific ligand that activates the wild-type receptor has yet to be identified. GluRδ2 is enriched in the parallel fiber-Purkinje cell (PF-PC) synapse, but the precise physiological role of the receptor is still unclear. A naturally-occurring single point mutant in the third transmembrane domain of the receptor (A654T), named Lurcher (GluRδ2Lc), exhibits constitutive activity.Our previous preliminary results suggested that the δ2 glutamate receptor - Lurcher mutant is inhibited by direct interactions with phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). Here we show that pre-incubation with wortmannin affects the activity of the receptor in a concentration-dependent manner, leading to an inhibition of the channel in the low micromolar range. This suggests that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) could also be involved in the regulation of the δ2 glutamate receptor. We further investigate the involvement of phosphoinositides in the regulation of δ2 glutamate receptor using more specific PI3K and PI4K inhibitors as well as soluble stereoisomers of different phosphoinositides.
Personal Political Salience: The Role of Personality in Collective Identity and Action

Personal political salience (PPS) is proposed as a personality characteristic that assesses individuals' linkage of political events with their personal identities. Its role in facilitating the development of politicized collective identity and action is examined. In four samples of midlife and activist women, we show that PPS was consistently related both to politicized gender identity and political participation. Further analyses show similar results for PPS, politicized racial identity, and political participation. Politicized gender identity mediated the relationship between PPS and women's rights activism, and politicized racial identity mediated the relationship between PPS and civil rights activism. PPS is demonstrated to independently predict political action and also to provide a personality link between group memberships, politicized collective identity, and political participation.
State-dependent inactivation of K+ currents in rat type II alveolar epithelial cells.

Inactivation of K+ channels responsible for delayed rectification in rat type II alveolar epithelial cells was studied in Ringer, 160 mM K-Ringer, and 20 mM Ca-Ringer. Inactivation is slower and less complete when the extracellular K+ concentration is increased from 4.5 to 160 mM. Inactivation is faster and more complete when the extracellular Ca2+ concentration is increased from 2 to 20 mM. Several observations suggest that inactivation is state-dependent. In each of these solutions depolarization to potentials near threshold results in slow and partial inactivation, whereas depolarization to potentials at which the K+ conductance, gK, is fully activated results in maximal inactivation, suggesting that open channels inactivate more readily than closed channels. The time constant of current inactivation during depolarizing pulses is clearly voltage-dependent only at potentials where activation is incomplete, a result consistent with coupling of inactivation to activation. Additional evidence for state-dependent inactivation includes cumulative inactivation and nonmonotonic from inactivation. A model like that proposed by C.M. Armstrong (1969. J. Gen. Physiol. 54: 553-575) for K+ channel block by internal quaternary ammonium ions accounts for most of these properties. The fundamental assumptions are: (a) inactivation is strictly coupled to activation (channels must open before inactivating, and recovery from inactivation requires passage through the open state); (b) the rate of inactivation is voltage-independent. Experimental data support this coupled model over models in which inactivation of closed channels is more rapid than that of open channels (e.g., Aldrich, R.W. 1981. Biophys. J. 36:519-532). No inactivation results from repeated depolarizing pulses that are too brief to open K+ channels. Inactivation is proportional to the total time that channels are open during both a depolarizing pulse and the tail current upon repolarization; repolarizing to more negative potentials at which the tail current decays faster results in less inactivation. Implications of the coupled model are discussed, as well as additional states needed to explain some details of inactivation kinetics.
Intrinsic circuitry in the deep layers of the cat superior colliculus

The mammalian superior colliculus is involved in the transformation of sensory signals into orienting behaviors. Sensory and motor signals are integrated in the colliculus to produce movements of the eyes, head, and neck. While there is a considerable amount of information available on the afferent and efferent connections of the colliculus, almost nothing is known about its intrinsic circuitry, particularly that of its deepest layers. It is likely that intrinsic connections in these deeper layers of the colliculus participate in the sensory-motor transformations leading to orienting movements. In this study, we used the neuroanatomical tracer biocytin to label small groups of neurons in the deeper layers of the cat superior colliculus and examine the distribution of their axons and terminals. We found a broadly distributed network of intrinsic projections throughout the deep layers of the superior colliculus. While the majority of terminals were found in a 1-2 mm radius around the injection site, labeled terminals were found throughout the deep layers of the colliculus up to 5 mm from the injection site. In addition, these injections sometimes labeled terminals in the superficial tectum. Extensive projections were demonstrated by the more superficial injections, but few terminals were found when injections were confined to the deepest layers of the colliculus. There was no evidence of anisotropy in the distribution of terminals from injections made at different rostrocaudal or mediolateral locations; neurons located in any one region in the colliculus could potentially influence any other region. This network of intrinsic connections in the cat superior colliculus could provide a means for deeper-layer efferent neurons to associate, and to modulate or coordinate their output. Interneurons could also provide a substrate for mutual inhibition between neurons at the rostral pole of the colliculus that are active during fixation, and more caudally located neurons whose activity is associated with saccadic eye movements.
In Intact Cone Photoreceptors, a Ca2+-dependent, Diffusible Factor Modulates the cGMP-gated Ion Channels Differently than in Rods

We investigated the modulation of cGMP-gated ion channels in single cone photoreceptors isolated from a fish retina. A new method allowed us to record currents from an intact outer segment while controlling its cytoplasmic composition by superfusion of the electropermeabilized inner segment. The sensitivity of the channels to agonists in the intact outer segment differs from that measured in membrane patches detached from the same cell. This sensitivity, measured as the ligand concentration necessary to activate half-maximal currents, K1/2, also increases as Ca2+ concentration decreases. In electropermeabilized cones, K1/2 for cGMP is 335.5 +/- 64.4 microM in the presence of 20 microM Ca2+, and 84.3 +/- 12.6 microM in its absence. For 8Br-cGMP, K1/2 is 72.7 +/- 11.3 microM in the presence of 20 microM Ca2+ and 15.3 +/- 4.5 microM in its absence. The Ca2+-dependent change in agonist sensitivity is larger in extent than that measured in rods. In electropermeabilized tiger salamander rods, K1/2 for 8Br-cGMP is 17.9 +/- 3.8 microM in the presence of 20 microM Ca2+ and 7.2 +/- 1.2 microM in its absence. The Ca2+-dependent modulation is reversible in intact cone outer segments, but is progressively lost in the absence of divalent cations, suggesting that it is mediated by a diffusible factor. Comparison of data in intact cells and detached membrane fragments from cones indicates that this factor is not calmodulin. At 40 microM 8Br-cGMP, the Ca2+-dependent change in sensitivity in cones is half-maximal at KCa = 286 +/- 66 nM Ca2+. In rods, by contrast, KCa is approximately 50 nM Ca2+. The difference in magnitude and Ca2+ dependence of channel modulation between photoreceptor types suggests that this modulation may play a more significant role in the regulation of photocurrent gain in cones than in rods.