cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experiments in thermal spallation of various rocks

The greatest limitation of the spallation process is its inability to spall (or to consistently spall) many rocks encountered in petroleum drilling and mining operations. The New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology has conducted a series of experiments to investigate the possibility of expanding the use of the spallation process to the penetration of rocks generally considered not to be spallable. The methods used during this work were 1) spalling at temperatures below that produced by the stoichiometric burning of fuel oil and air, and 2) spalling by alternately heating and quenching the rock surfaces. No success was experienced in spalling at the lower temperatures, but initial tests showed the alternate heating and chilling system to be successful, particularly in penetrating travertine limestone. However, continued testing indicated that, unless the rocks are extremely uniform in composition, spalling will result in highly irregular holes or holes that cannot be directionally controlled.
Products with an M3-factor

Abstract In this paper, we consider normality-like properties in products of topological spaces with an M 3 -factor.
Home food production in rural areas

Abstract Theories explaining the rise of capitalism have assumed that the complete separation of production from the household was a necessary condition for the creation and maintenance of capitalist labor markets. However, data from this study show that home food production is still quite prevalent in rural areas today. Several reasons, such as concern over the increasing geographic and organizational centralization of the food production system, may explain the persistence of home food production. While these activities generally contribute to the economic well-being of these households, social and cultural reasons for home food production must not be overlooked. The implications of these activities for rural development and as a strategy for social change are discussed.
Ironic effects of sleep urgency.

Abstract Normal sleepers were instructed either to fall asleep as quickly as they could or to fall asleep whenever they desired, under a high mental load (listening to John Philip Sousa marches) or a low mental load (listening to sleep-conducive new age music). Under low load, participants trying to fall asleep quickly did so faster than those attempting only to fall asleep whenever they desired. Under high load, however, and consistent with the ironic process theory of mental control (Wegner, D. M., 1994, Psychological Review, 101 , 34–52), sleep onset latency was greater for participants attempting to fall asleep quickly than for those not attempting to do so.
Abundance, Length Composition, and Migration of Spawning Inconnu in the Selawik River, Alaska

Abstract Inconnus Stenodus leucichthys in the Selawik River, Alaska, were sampled during spawning migrations in the years 1993–1996. Modified Petersen estimates of spawning inconnu were 5,190 (95% confidence interval = 3,690–7,272) for 1995 and 5,157 (3,038–12,983) for 1996. Fork lengths of migrating fish ranged from 52 to 120 cm. Minor differences in length-frequency distributions were observed among the 3 years sampled. Migrating inconnu reached holding areas 25 km below the spawning area in the first week of July and resided there for up to 1 month. Further upstream movement in late August was associated with precipitation. A short reach of river, approximately 12 km long, was identified as the spawning area by use of radiotelemetry. Postspawning migrations occurred as early as September 27 and were completed by October 19. Dispersal during the winter, as measured by tag returns, showed mixing with Kobuk River inconnu within the Selawik Lake–Hotham Inlet complex. Lack of observed interdrainage migratio...
William Morris Hunt, 1824-1879

List of illustrations Acknowledgements Introduction 1. Early life, travel and training abroad 2. Newport and Boston 3. Second European trip and teaching in Boston 4. Years of recovery and renewal: 1873-1878 5. Hunt's mural paintings and his last years 6. Hunt and art in America Notes Selected bibliography.
Alternative education programmes: synthesis and psychological perspectives

This paper addresses the problem of high school dropout rates, identifies what risk factors cause students to be more likely to drop out, and examines the types of programmes in existence that serve as alternative educational settings. The traits and characteristics of successful alternative high school programmes are also identified and critiqued using theoretical perspectives from behavioural, social cognitive, cognitive, and motivational psychology, emphasising particular aspects that significantly contribute to developing and implementing successful alternative programmes. Educators can use the information presented in this article to help create a successful educational experience, not only for those at risk of dropping out of school, but for all of the students they serve.
Magnetic remanent states and magnetization reversal in patterned trilayer nanodots

The magnetic properties of a trilayer system involving two ferromagnetic disks separated by a nonmagnetic spacer differ from those of isolated dots due to the magnetostatic and interlayer exchange coupling across the spacer. The reversal process for this system has been investigated experimentally, analytically and numerically for permalloy $({\mathrm{Ni}}_{80}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{20})$ dots with thicknesses of up to $40\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ and radii of $0.25--1.25\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ separated by a Cu spacer up to $45\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ thick. Hysteresis measurements and photoemission electron microscopy images of the remanent states show evidence of the vortex remanent state and reversal, respectively. Single and multidomain states, however, can be stabilized through flux closure between layers resulting in a reduction of the phase space occupied by the vortex state. Micromagnetic simulations indicate that the disks will each support oppositely directed vortices at remanence that reverse through coordinated nucleation, displacement and annihilation of vortices in the two layers. Experimental and numerical magnetic susceptibilities are in agreement with analytical calculations based on the rigid vortex model.
Outpatient low-dose computed tomography metrizamide myelography and evaluation of lumbar disk disease.

Abstract Outpatient low-dose computed tomography metrizamide myelography (CTMM) for the evaluation of lumbar disk disease is described in 55 patients. Ten individuals (group 1) were studied using 3.5 ml of 150 mg I/ml (525 mg I total) of metrizamide. Forty-five additional patients (group 2) were examined with 5 ml of 110 mg I/ml (550 mg I total) concentration of metrizamide. Group 2 experienced less postprocedure headache (6.6%) and nausea (2.2%) than did group 1 (30% and 10%, respectively). Group 2 demonstrated a lowered rate of headache (p
Density Matrices in NMR Spectroscopy: Part I

Density matrix theory for a weakly coupled two-spin system is outlined. It is shown that the sixteen basis matrices needed to describe events in the two-spin system are all simple direct products of pairs of the single-spin matrices.
Correlating light scattering with internal cellular structures

The origins of side scattering from a fibroblast and cervical cell line were determined by comparing side-scatter images with images stained for lysosomes, nuclei, and mitochondria on a cell by cell basis. Lysosomes or nuclei are the most efficient type of scatterer depending on the cell type and incident light polarization. The relative scattering efficiencies of lysosomes and mitochondria were the same for both cell lines, while the scattering efficiencies of the nuclei differed. The percent of 90° scattering from the nucleus, mitochondria, and lysosomes as well as the group of other internal cellular objects was estimated. The nucleus was the largest contributor to side scatter in the cervical carcinoma cells. The contributions of lysosomes, mitochondria, the nucleus, and particles unstained by either Hoechst, LysoSensor or MitoTracker ranges from ∼20% to ∼30% in fibroblast cells. The contribution of lysosomes to side scatter was much stronger when the incident light was polarized perpendicular to the scattering plane than when the polarization of the side scatter laser was parallel to the scattering plane. This dependence on side scatter polarization indicates that lysosomes contain scattering structures that are much smaller than the wavelength of light used in the measurements (785 nm). In conclusion, mitochondria were not found to be either the most efficient scatterer or to have the largest contribution to scattering in either cell line, in contrast to previous reports. Rather lysosomes, nuclei and unknown particles all have significant contributions to 90° scattering and the contributions of some of these particles can be modulated by changing the polarization of the incident light.
Determinants of the Drosophila odorant receptor pattern.

Summary In most olfactory systems studied to date, neurons that express the same odorant receptor ( Or ) gene are scattered across sensory epithelia, intermingled with neurons that express different Or genes. In Drosophila , olfactory sensilla that express the same Or gene are dispersed on the antenna and the maxillary palp. Here we show that Or identity is specified in a spatially stereotyped pattern by the cell-autonomous activity of the transcriptional regulators Engrailed and Dachshund. Olfactory sensilla then become highly motile and disperse beneath the epidermis. Thus, positional information and cell motility underlie the dispersed patterns of Drosophila Or gene expression.
(Nitro)Iron(III) Porphyrins. EPR Detection of a Transient Low-Spin Iron(III) Complex and Structural Characterization of an O Atom Transfer Product.

The reaction of BF3·OEt2 with the bis(nitro) complex of iron(III) picket-fence porphyrin, [K(18C6)(OH2)][Fe(TpivPP)(NO2)2], leads to the formation of a transient porphyrin intermediate, assigned on...
State and local government wage differentials: An intrastate analysis

Previous estimates of state and local government wage differentials have been typically based on data aggregated across all states, and such aggregation may produce seriously misleading differential estimates. We estimate intrastate earnings differentials for the state and local sectors in Wisconsin, four other midwestern states, and two states outside the midwest. There is substantial variation in the differentials: aggregated differentials can be misleading. Our work also confirms that state and local government labor markets have reduced earnings dispersion and investigates the possibility that higher public sector earnings may attract an “over-qualified” work force.
Antibody response to natural rubber latex following mucosal exposure

Abstract Rationale Natural rubber latex (NRL) allergy has become commonplace although it is unclear why. Intraperitoneal immunization studies in BALB/c mice with NRL and ovomucoid (Gal d1) allergens have not revealed differences in response. We investigated intranasal immunization to emulate clinical exposure. Methods Groups of 5 BALB/c mice received intranasal immunization with 20ul of NRL or Gal d1 in alum weekly for 8 weeks. Doses were ten-fold increments 1ug/ml to 10mg/ml; animals were bled every two weeks. Sera were analyzed for antibody of the IgG 1 , IgG 2a and IgE classes to the two allergens by ELISA. Results are expressed as designated antibody units (AU) by comparison to a hyperimmune serum. Results Levels of all isotypes to both allergens appeared at 100 ug. IgG 1 and IgE titers to Gal d1 decreased at the 10 mg dose (IgE=433 ± 18AU at 1mg vs. 154 ± 11AU at 10mg), while antibody to NRL continued to rise (IgE=973 ± 48AU at 1mg vs. 1515 ± 86AU at 10mg). Conclusions IgG 1 and IgE mouse antibodies are associated with atopy/anaphylaxis. While Gal d1 has a suppressive effect on production of antibodies at high allergen doses, NRL elicits continually increasing titers, suggesting a qualitative difference between allergens. This phenomenon may explain frequency of NRL allergy relative to other allergens.
Automated retinal layer segmentation in OCT images using spatially variant filtering

We have developed a new method to segment and analyze retinal layers in optical coherence tomography (OCT) images with the intent of monitoring changes in thickness of retinal layers due to disease. OCT is an imaging modality that obtains cross-sectional images of the retina, which makes it possible to measure thickness of individual layers. In this paper we present a method that identifies six key layers in OCT images. OCT images present challenges to conventional edge detection algorithms, including that due to the presence of speckle noise which affects the sharpness of inter-layer boundaries significantly. We use a directional filter bank, which has a wedge shaped passband that helps reduce noise while maintaining edge sharpness, in contrast to previous methods that use Gaussian filter or median filter variants that reduce the edge sharpness resulting in poor edge-detection performance. This filter is utilized in a spatially variant setting which uses additional information from the intersecting scans. The validity of extracted edge cues is determined according to the amount of gray-level transition across the edge, strength, continuity, relative location and polarity. These cues are processed according to the retinal model that we have developed and the processing yields edge contours.
Using CCSSE in Planning for Quality Enhancement.

This chapter describes how Tallahassee Community College used CCSSE data as part of its overall student-retention program, consisting of faculty workshops, analysis of state accountability data, and conscious incorporation of best practices. The resulting Quality Enhancement Plan (QEP) meets accreditation requirements and strengthens the college's strategic plan.
An intrastrand three-DNA-base interaction is a key specificity determinant of F transfer initiation and of F TraI relaxase DNA recognition and cleavage

Bacterial conjugation, transfer of a single conjugative plasmid strand between bacteria, diversifies prokaryotic genomes and disseminates antibiotic resistance genes. As a prerequisite for transfer, plasmid-encoded relaxases bind to and cleave the transferred plasmid strand with sequence specificity. The crystal structure of the F TraI relaxase domain with bound single-stranded DNA suggests binding specificity is partly determined by an intrastrand three-way base-pairing interaction. We showed previously that single substitutions for the three interacting bases could significantly reduce binding. Here we examine the effect of single and double base substitutions at these positions on plasmid mobilization. Many substitutions reduce transfer, although the detrimental effects of some substitutions can be partially overcome by substitutions at a second site. We measured the affinity of the F TraI relaxase domain for several DNA sequence variants. While reduced transfer generally correlates with reduced binding affinity, some oriT variants transfer with an efficiency different than expected from their binding affinities, indicating ssDNA binding and cleavage do not correlate absolutely. Oligonucleotide cleavage assay results suggest the essential function of the three-base interaction may be to position the scissile phosphate for cleavage, rather than to directly contribute to binding affinity.
Process Parameters for Infrared Processing of FePt Nanoparticle Films

Pulse thermal processing (PTP) of FePt nanoparticle films was studied using a high density infrared (HDI) plasma arc lamp. FePt nanoparticle films on silicon substrates were processed using 0.25- second infrared (IR) pulses. The processing was aimed at reaching a peak target temperature for multiple pulses of 550 C. Numerical simulations of the heat transfer for the PTP were performed to determine the operating power levels for the plasma arc lamp. Infrared measurements were conducted to obtain experimental data for the surface temperature of the FePt nanofilm. Parameters needed for the heat-transfer model were identified based on the experimental temperature results. Following the model validation, several numerical simulations were performed to estimate the power levels. It was shown that the FePt nanoparticle films were successfully processed using the power levels provided by the heat-transfer analysis.
The two-stage sounding rocket problem.

The problem is to determine the thrust history that produces maximum altitude for a vertically ascending, two-stage launch vehicle. Simplifying assumptions (e.g., a flat earth) are made, and rules for optimal thrust arcs are derived. Effects of changes in vehicle characteristics at staging, including the vehicle drag coefficient and the rocket engine characteristics, are investigated. Significant alterations from previously analyzed single-stage sounding rocket trajectories are possible—-intermediate coasting arcs, intermediate variable-thrust arcs, and up to five control switches can occur. The inclusion of realistic atmospheric drag profiles minimizes these differences, although they are probable occurrences if the lift-off acceleration of the sounding rocket is high.
Mitotic recombination in yeast

Abstract Mitotic crossing over in diploid cells, heterozygous for a recessive mutation, results in homozygosis and phenotypic expression of the mutant allele. In addition to crossing over, gene conversion also takes place during mitotic growth. As in meiosis, gene conversion and crossing over are associated.
Parallel algorithms for the orthogonal multiprocessor

The orthogonal multiprocessor is a partially shared memory architecture. The architecture exhibits attractive characteristics specially with regards to the simplicity of the interconnection network. This architecture proves to be a powerful platform for a large class of scientific problems. A large set of algorithms have been mapped into this architecture including matrix multiplication, fast Fourier transform, sorting, and partial differential equations.The major contribution of this paper is the mapping of two popular algorithms into the orthogonal multiprocessor architecture. The first algorithm is the Jacobi method for evaluating eigenvalues of a symmetric matrix. The second algorithm is image component labeling based on image shrinking operation. Also a discussion of areas of further study for the orthogonal multiprocessor is included.
"If God wanted me yesterday, I wouldn't be here today": religious and spiritual themes in patients' experiences of advanced cancer.

Abstract Background: This study sought to inductively derive core themes of religion and/or spirituality (R/S) active in patients' experiences of advanced cancer to inform the development of spiritual care interventions in the terminally ill cancer setting. Methods: This is a multisite, cross-sectional, mixed-methods study of randomly-selected patients with advanced cancer (n = 68). Scripted interviews assessed the role of R/S and R/S concerns encountered in the advanced cancer experience. Qualitative and quantitative data were analyzed. Theme extraction was performed with interdisciplinary input (sociology of religion, medicine, theology), utilizing grounded theory. Spearman correlations determined the degree of association between R/S themes. Predictors of R/S concerns were assessed using linear regression and analysis of variance. Results: Most participants (n = 53, 78%) stated that R/S had been important to the cancer experience. In descriptions of how R/S was related to the cancer experience, five pr...
The P-transform and photoacoustic image reconstruction

Photoacoustic imaging is a new imaging modality which converts pressure signals received by an array of transducers to a regional distribution of electromagnetic absorption density. This paper presents a rigorous theory for photoacoustic image reconstruction in a concise format. A new type of transform, the P-transform, is proposed, analysed and presented as the main mathematical tool for reconstruction. It is proved that photoacoustic image reconstruction is intrinsically a three-dimensional (3D) procedure. The spatial smear function (SSF) is introduced. To complete photoacoustic image reconstruction an integral equation must be solved, which is replaced by a matrix approach in a discretized space. An example using synthetic data proves the validity of the photoacoustic image reconstruction theory proposed in the paper. The example shows that even the first-order approximation of photoacoustic image reconstruction gives good agreement with reality. It is also seen from the example that the accuracy and noise immunity of the reconstruction procedure depend on the experimental arrangement.
Flexibility effects in multibody system dynamics

During the past f ive years there has been an increasing interest in the development of computer oriented methods for studying the dynamics of multibody systems. A "multibody system" as discussed herein, is defined as an "open-tree" or "open-chain" of connected r igid bodies such that adjacent bodies share at least one common point and such that no closed loops are formed. Figure I : depicts such a system. The reason for the interest in such systems is that they are excellent models of many physical systems including manipulators, cranes, cables, sate l l i tes, robotic systems, the human body, head/neck systems, and certain biodynamic systems. References [I-14] provide a br ief summary of some recent efforts to develop dynamic analyses of such multibody systems. In one of these efforts [7-9] i t is suggested that the governing equations can be obtained ef f ic ient ly by using Lagrange's form of d'Alembert's principle as exposited by Kane et. al [15-18]. This principle incorporates the advantages of Lagrange's equations (for example, the automatic elimination of nonworking constraint forces) but without the corresponding disadvantages (differentiat ion of scalar energy functions). I t leads to governing equations of the form:
The effect of environmental pH on the failure strain of anodic films formed on the aluminum alloy 2024

Abstract The ultimate tensile strain of anodic films formed on 2024-T4 aluminum was evaluated as a function of pH in environments of 10−3M and 1·0M KNO3, using resistive and capactive techniques. In the resistive technique, ultimate tensile strain was defined as the strain at which a discontinuous increase in anodic current was observed; in the capacitive technique, film failure was marked by a discontinuity in the slope of the capacitance versus strain curve. The ultimate tensile strain was seen to be significantly greater at the zero-point-of charge of the oxide (pH 8) than at higher or lower pH; in the capacitive measurements the ultimate tensile strain had an average value of 0·97 at pH 8 and 0·87 for measurements made at pH values of 4, 7 and 9. Dielectric behavior of the anodic films was seen to be different only in degree from that of films formed on pure aluminum. Changes in capacitance associated only with exposure were measured and taken into account. Capacitance behavior with strain was modeled by two linear regions; the first was attributed to elastic deformation of the film and the second, after failure, to the growth of regions of metal covered only with a thin, spontaneously-formed oxide.
Heterometallic Bismuth-Transition Metal Homoleptic β-Diketonates

Bismuth(III) hexafluoroacetylacetonate reacts readily with the first row transition-metal species to produce trinuclear heterobimetallic coordination complexes Bi2M(beta-diketonate)8 (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn). This unique, general approach may offer new possibilities for developing single-source molecular precursors for advance oxide materials.
The plasmapause and its relation to the ion composition in the topside ionosphere

Abstract The high O + -H + transition level at latitudes above 50° and the plasmapause with its characteristic density plateau suggest that both features are strongly correlated; upward fluxes of protons can consistently account for both observations. It is shown that plasma escape can produce sufficiently large fluxes at latitudes where the field lines are open, thus significantly decreasing the hydrogen-ion density. As a result, plasma diffusion across field lines is induced—coupled with upward fluxes of ionization along field lines, which leads to the formation of a plateau that characterizes the transition region from the open to the closed magnetosphere. Collision-type perpendicular diffusion would produce an enormously rapid transition over a distance of a few meters, which is not observed. This suggests that a turbulent state is built up in the transition region; thus, Bohm's coefficient for turbulent diffusion is employed, and this leads to a quantitatively satisfying description of the plasmapause.
A review of recent advances in the application of blank-holder force towards improving the forming limits of sheet metal parts

Abstract This paper presents a review of current industrial research and development in blank-holding technology, and its effect on the formability of sheet metals. The first section of the paper introduces a brief historical background of how and why the formability of sheet metal is defined in terms of a two-dimensional strain map. It also describes how the measure of formability depends on the state of strain, which in turn depends on the specific experimental technique used. Section 2 briefly reviews research work dealing with both experimental and theoretical determination of the forming-limit diagram (FLD), the focus being to demonstrate the significance of the strain path on the FLD by showing how the calculated limit strain depends on the strain history. 3 Control of blank-holder forces to improve sheet metal formability , 4 Localized variable BHF control and its effects on strain paths and the FLD demonstrate that for a given sheet material and part geometry, the parameters involved in stamping practice can significantly affect the formability of the material. It is shown how the blank-holder force and the way it is applied on the blank affects the state of stress and strain within the part, and also influences the strain path. Section 3 reviews open- and closed-loop control of the blank-holder force, and demonstrates that by properly adjusting this parameter the working window between the tearing and wrinkling boundaries can be expanded. The research work reviewed in this section employed a uniformly-distributed blank-holder force, which varied with time (punch depth). The application of this technology to large, industry-size panels is mostly reported by the Japanese automobile industry. Section 4 describes how the real-time control of the blank-holder force has been expanded to include spacial as well as time variations. The papers reviewed in this section deal with the multi-force variable-blank-holding technique and report considerable improvement in formability. Significant development in this area has been made in Germany, leading to the construction of production-size presses. So far as an optimum trajectory of blank-holder force variation is concerned, the results are inconclusive. It appears that an ideal trajectory depends on both part geometry and material type. Considering that different materials show different sensitivity to various modes of failure, the above observation is not unexpected.
Cytotoxicity and Specificity of Directed Toxins Composed of Diphtheria Toxin and the EGF-like Domain of Heregulin β1†

As a step in the design of directed toxins, aimed at cells that overexpress HER receptors, particularly breast carcinoma cells, we studied the properties of a chimera of diphtheria toxin (DT) and heregulin beta1. The EGF-like growth hormone heregulin is a ligand for the HER3 and HER4 receptors and their heterodimers with HER2. The 60-residue EGF-like domain (hrg) of heregulin elicits a biological response and binds to these receptors primarily through its N terminus. We tested a fusion protein in which hrg replaces the C-terminal receptor-binding domain of DT (DT(389)hrg) and an alternative design in which this domain is fused to the N terminus of DT(389). Of those two constructs, the N-terminal fusion was not active as a directed toxin but elicited a growth response. The C-terminal fusion of hrg to DT(389) yielded a functional toxin and showed cell line specific cytotoxicity that is consistent with heregulin specificity. The binding of hrg to its cognate receptor is not impaired as shown by receptor activation, direct binding, and competition with free hrg. Cytotoxicity is dependent on high-affinity binding of DT(389)hrg to HER3 and HER4 receptors and is not mediated by HER2 overexpression alone. For those cell lines exhibiting high-affinity binding sites, the level of cytotoxicity correlates with the rate of internalization. Thus DT(389)hrg chimeras offer a possible avenue toward directed toxins against cells that overexpress HER receptors.
Ends and Means in Language Teaching

Our modus operandi will count as heavily in the immediate future as the job we are doing. A plea for intellectual honesty in defining objectives, and for a realistic attitude in facing the future.
Intermolecular forces in lipid monolayers. Two-dimensional virial coefficients for pentadecanoic acid from micromanometry on spread monolayers at the air/water interface

The lateral intermolecular forces between surfactant or lipid molecules in monolayers at interfaces are fundamental to understanding the phenomena of surface activity and the interactions of lipids in two-dimensional structures such as smectic phases and biomembranes. The classical approach to these forces is via the two-dimensional virial coefficients, which requires precise micromanometry on monolayer isotherms in the dilute gaseous region. Low pressure isotherms out to high surface areas in the two-dimensional gas range have been measured at 15, 25 and 30 °C for insoluble monolayers of n-pentadecanoic acid spread at the interface between water-vapour saturated air and a dilute aqueous solution of HCl. The data allow estimates of virial coefficients up to the third term. The second virial coefficients are compared with those predicted from a statistical mechanical model for monolayers of n-alkylcarboxylic acids treated as side-by-side parallel chains extended at the surface with the carboxyl head groups shielded in the water phase. The two sets coincide at ∼26 °C, but the experimental estimates show a much larger dependence on temperature than the model predicts. Chain conformation effects, head group interactions and surface field polarization are discussed as possible temperature-dependent contributions to the lateral potentials of mean force.
Tunneled intergrowth structures in the Ga2O3-In2O3-SnO2 system

Abstract The structures of several Ga 2 O 3 –In 2 O 3 –SnO 2 phases were investigated using high-resolution electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Rietveld analysis of time-of-flight neutron diffraction data. The phases, expressed as Ga 4−4 x In 4 x Sn n −4 O 2 n −2 ( n =6 and 7–17, odd), are intergrowths between the β -gallia structure of (Ga,In) 2 O 3 and the rutile structure of SnO 2 . Samples prepared with n ≥9 crystallize in C 2/ m and are isostructural with intergrowths in the Ga 2 O 3 –TiO 2 system. Samples prepared with n =6 and n =7 are members of an alternative intergrowth series that crystallizes in P 2/ m . Both intergrowth series are similar in that their members possess 1-D tunnels along the b axis. The difference between the two series is described in terms of different crystallographic shear plane operations (CSP) on the parent rutile structure.
Cooled soil as a cooling source for buildings

Abstract Two approaches have been tested by the author for cooling soil in a given location to temperatures well below the “normal” temperatures in that location. The first approach has been tested in Sde Boqer Campus, in the Israeli Negev desert. The soil was covered with a layer of pebbles, about 10 cm. thick, and watered in the mornings. Substantial cooling of the soil was achieved. This cooling system was tested in test cells in Sde Boqer, Israel, and in a full scale room in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and has provided effective cooling. The second approach was tested at A&M University in Tallahassee, Florida. Temperature measurements were taken of moist soil under a wooden shack on stilts raised about 60 cm above the ground. Thus the soil under it was permanently shaded. The cooled soil temperatures were below the outdoors’ minimum temperatures, even during the peak of the summer, providing a potential heat sink for cooling buildings. The thermal performance of an earth covered building in the Negev arid region of Israel is also summarized.
Innovation in Healthcare Delivery Systems: A Conceptual Framework

The healthcare industry has experienced a proliferation of innovations aimed at enhancing life expectancy, quality of life, diagnostic and treatment options, as well as the efficiency and cost effectiveness of the healthcare system. Information technology has played a vital role in the innovation of healthcare systems. Despite the surge in innovation, theoretical research on the art and science of healthcare innovation has been limited. One of the driving forces in research is a conceptual framework that provides researchers with the foundation upon which their studies are built. This paper begins with a definition of healthcare innovation and an understanding of how innovation occurs in healthcare. A conceptual framework is then developed which articulates the intervening variables that drive innovation in healthcare. Based on the proposed definition of healthcare innovation, the dimensions of healthcare innovation, the process of healthcare innovation and the conceptual framework, this paper opens the door for researchers to address several questions regarding innovation in healthcare. If the concept of healthcare innovation can be clarified, then it may become easier for health policymakers and practitioners to evaluate, adopt and procure services in ways that realistically recognize, encourage and give priority to truly valuable healthcare innovations. Lastly, this paper presents 10 research questions that are pertinent to the field of healthcare innovation. It is believed that the answers to these and other such questions will hold the key to future advances in healthcare innovation research.
Churning in Raw Milk Samples and Its Effect on the Fat Test

Abstract Shipping or mailing milk samples, specifically those of Dairy Herd Improvement Associations, over long distances to centralized laboratories has rekindled interest in looking at the problem of churning. Churning causes loss or unavailability of fat in the fat determination. By simulating and exaggerating transportation motion it was shown that no churning was caused when sample bottles were completely filled or when the temperature was below 10C, even with partially fllled containers. Churning increased with time and with container head space. Of several additives tested, only sodium metaphosphate was effective in reducing churning, but not completely.
Acetaldehyde stimulates monocyte adhesion in a P-selectin- and TNFα-dependent manner

Objective The aim of this study was to determine the effects of acetaldehyde on various steps of the monocyte recruitment cascade.
Syrian Studies Association Annual Meeting

Notes from the 2014 Syrian Studies Association Annual Meeting, held during the Middle East Studies Association Annual Meeting in Washington, DC.
Is the AGU headquarters bond issue really a boon

In these somewhat difficult economic times and uncertain future, it is satisfying to know that AGU was able to secure a reasonable interest rate on its bond float to finance its new headquarters (see Eos, October 19, 1993). However, Burke's view that this interest rate leads to savings that can be applied to other AGU programs represents a limited view of this substantial financial commitment of AGU, in my opinion. For example, the borrowing of $11 million by issuing bonds at 5.98% interest rate represents an indebtedness to AGU over 30 years of nearly $20 million, or more than $600 ($20/year) for each of the 30,000 or so members (only approximately, since the issued bonds probably have varying interest rates and maturity periods). The yearly rate of this indebtedness is about the same as our present dues; will these have to be increased to pay for the new headquarters? I am also rather surprised to read that the AGU Council authorized an interest rate on the bonds up to 9', substantially higher than present bond interest rates.
Quick Fiber Process: Effect of Mash Temperature, Dry Solids, and Residual Germ on Fiber Yield and Purity

ABSTRACT Preliminary calculations showed that recovery of fiber before fermentation in the dry grind ethanol facilities known as the Quick Fiber process increases fermenter capacity and reduces ethanol production cost by as much as 4 ¢/gal. The objective of the current research was to evaluate the effect of mash temperature, dry solids, and residual germ on fiber yield and purity when using the quick fiber process. Fiber was recovered by flotation and skimming, while maintaining a specified temperature, dry solids, and residual germ in the mash. Varying temperature and dry solids in the mash resulted in a statistically significant effect on the fiber yield, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content, and weight of NDF/100 g of dry corn. Varying residual germ in the mash resulted in statistically significant differences for NDF through dilution and the weight of NDF/100 g of dry corn. The highest fiber yield was 10.9% at 45°C, 23% dry solids, and 15% residual germ; the highest NDF was 50.9% at 30°C, 21% dry sol...
Potential distribution in three-dimensional periodic myocardium. II. Application to extracellular stimulation

For pt.I see ibid., vol.37, no.3, p.252-66 (1990). Modeling potential distribution in the myocardium treated as a periodic structure implies that activation from high-current stimulation with extracellular electrodes is caused by the spatially oscillating components of the transmembrane potential. This hypothesis is tested by comparing the results of the model with experimental data. The conductivity, fiber orientation, extent of the region, location of the pacing site, and stimulus strength determined from experiments are components of the model used to predict the distributions of potential, potential gradient, and transmembrane potential throughout the region. Assuming that a specific value of the transmembrane potential is necessary and sufficient to activate fully repolarized myocardium, the model provides an analytical relation between large-scale field parameters, such as gradient and current density, and small-scale parameters, such as transmembrane potential. >
Persuading Skeptics and Rearming Believers

In a world where rational individuals may hold di↵erent prior beliefs, a sender can influence the behavior of a receiver by controlling the informativeness of a signal. We characterize the set of distributions of posterior beliefs that can be induced by a signal, and provide necessary and sucient conditions for a sender to benefit from information control. We examine a class of models with no value of information control under common priors, and show that a sender generically benefits from information control under heterogeneous priors. We extend our analysis to cases where the receiver’s prior is unknown to the sender.
Selectivity trends in packed column supercritical fluid chromatography with C18 stationary phases

The retention behavior of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in packed-column supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is studied for monomeric and polymeric C18 columns. Molecular shape discrimination (shape selectivity) is assessed through the use of Standard Reference Materials (SRMs), adn changes in selectivity are studied as a function of temperature, pressure, and mobile phase composition. Examples of separations of complex PAH isomer mixtures are presented, and guidelines are provided for modification and optimization of shape selectivity in SFC.
Hematuria in bone marrow transplant patients.

The usual fellowship program entails a 3-yr training period with at least 12 months devoted to clinical training and the remainder devoted primarily to research. In some cases, a 2-yr period of training is offered. The majority of the clinical months are performed during the first year. Trainees attend a weekly outpatient nephrology clinic and participate in weekend call on a regular basis throughout their fellowship. There are generally two to three trainees in each of the 3 yr of fellowship. Clinical training is obtained by caring for patients with renal and fluid and electrolyte disorders in both inpatient and outpatient settings in three hospitals and outpatient clinics located on one campus. A population of approximately 300 chronic dialysis patients and active acute dialysis, continuous venovenous hemofiltration. and renal transplantation programs. as well as a nephrology intensive care unit provide trainees with extensive experience in practical and theoretical aspects of all forms of chronic and acute renal replacement therapy. Many trainees spend an elective month on the pediatric nephrology service. Research training is obtained by the trainees’ participation in ongoing laboratory and clinical research programs under the direction of the nephrology faculty. These include the physiology, biochemistry. and molecular biology of diverse renal cell functions and clinical projects including ones dealing with solute, drug, and water transfer across artificial membranes. Some trainees obtain advanced graduate degrees during their fellowship.
BIDEC - A Binary-to-Decimal or Decimal-to-Binary Converter

Simple, high-speed devices to convert binary, binary coded octal, or Gray code numbers to binary coded decimal numbers or vice versa is described. Circuitry required is four shift register stages per decimal digit plus one 30-diode network per decimal digit. In simple form the conversion requires two operations per binary bit but is theoretically capable of working at one operation per bit.
Enhancing data privacy and integrity in the cloud

Cloud computing is a new computing paradigm in which dynamically scalable resources are provided as a service over the Internet. One central concern in cloud computing is the privacy and integrity of data processed at the cloud. In this paper, we propose blind processing service using trusted computing mechanisms to provide improved privacy and integrity to potential users. Utilizing blind communication and execution services, a user exchanges his/her sensitive information with a cloud system via isolated processes whose execution environment and data is shielded from the rest of the system after ensuring the system has correct hardware, trusted computing base, correct credentials, and trustworthy state.
Improving the dynamic and static cross regulation in multi-output resonant converters

The cross regulation error in multi-output resonant converters consists of dynamic and static components. The static component is caused by the leakage inductances in the multi-winding output transformer, whereas the dynamic component depends on the filter components. The dynamic cross regulation is investigated using a two-output parallel resonant converter. It is shown that the dynamic cross regulation error can be reduced by careful design of output filters. The design procedure is given for optimizing both dynamic and static cross regulation. The concepts are verified by computer simulation. >
Extraction of high-frequency equivalent network parameters of HBT's by low-frequency extrapolation of microwave S-parameter data

This paper reports a comprehensive low-frequency extrapolation method for the purpose of separating the intrinsic and extrinsic or parasitic equivalent network parameters of high-frequency HBT's. The method involves measurements of the device's small-signal parameters over a wide frequency range, and low-frequency extrapolation (LFE) of various transformed two-port parameters using a range of collector bias currents. For the extraction of the equivalent network parameters, the measured S-parameters are first converted into y- and h-parameters and they are used directly or in composite fashions in order to extract the parasitic series resistance elements (r/sub bb'/, and r/sub ee'/), the shunt capacitance elements (c/sub j/e, c/sub bc/ and c/sub c/), and the intrinsic emitter-to-collector transit time after allowing for the parasitic time constant effects. >
Adjuvant IL-15 does not enhance the efficacy of tumor cell lysate-pulsed dendritic cell vaccines for active immunotherapy of T cell lymphoma

There has been a recent interest in using IL-15 to enhance antitumor activity in several models because of its ability to stimulate CD8+ T cell expansion, inhibit apoptosis and promote memory T cell survival and maintenance. Previously, we reported that C6VL tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cell vaccines significantly enhanced the survival of tumor-bearing mice by stimulating a potent tumor-specific CD8+ T cell response. In this study, we determined whether IL-15 used as immunologic adjuvant would augment vaccine-primed CD8+ T cell immunity against C6VL and further improve the survival of tumor-bearing mice. We report that IL-15 given after C6VL lysate-pulsed dendritic cell vaccines stimulated local and systemic expansion of NK, NKT and CD8+ CD44hi T cells. IL-15 did not, however, augment innate or cellular responses against the tumor. T cells from mice infused with IL-15 following vaccination did not secrete increased levels of tumor-specific TNF-α or IFN-γ or have enhanced C6VL-specific CTL activity compared to T cells from recipients of the vaccine alone. Lastly, IL-15 did not enhance the survival of tumor-bearing vaccinated mice. Thus, while activated- and memory-phenotype CD8+ T cells were dramatically expanded by IL-15 infusion, vaccine-primed CD8+ T cell specific for C6VL were not significantly expanded. This is the first account of using IL-15 as an adjuvant in a therapeutic model of active immunotherapy where there was not a preexisting pool of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. Our results contrast the recent studies where IL-15 was successfully used to augment tumor-reactivity of adoptively transferred transgenic CD8+ T cells. This suggests that the adjuvant potential of IL-15 may be greatest in settings where it can augment the number and activity of preexisting tumor-specific CD8+ T cells.