cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Statistical Estimation in Physics

The problem of the estimation of parameters determined statistically from physical measurements is discussed. Emphasis is placed on the fundamental role played by the prior probability distribution for the parameter. The validity of "maximum likelihood" estimation is examined with particular reference to the case of the estimation of a parameter which actually has an unique but (originally) unknown magnitude. Situations in which the prior probability distribution for the parameter is completely unknown are treated and a method is described for the calculation of this distribution from appropriate experimental data. Many examples are given throughout from the field of cosmic radiation.
Hospice and Palliative Care

At the National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization's 6th Clinical Team Conference on Hospice and Palliative Care, held April 21-23, 2005, in Atlanta, Georgia, Perry G. Fine, MD, Professor in the Department of Anesthesiology at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City and Vice President of Medical Affairs for the National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization interviewed Louis W. Sullivan, MD, former Secretary of the US Department of Health and Human Services and currently President Emeritus of Morehouse School of Medicine, Chair of the Sullivan Commission—a commission to increase diversity among health professionals, Chair of the National Health Museum, Cochair of the President's Commission on HIV/AIDS, and Chair of the President's Commission on Black Colleges and Universities, as well as Chair of Medical Education for South African Blacks. Dr. Fine and Dr. Sullivan discussed the importance of hospice and palliative care, along with some of the practical issues facing clinicians who wish to use t...
Maternal age and preterm births in a black population.

Babies born to teenagers aged 15-19 years have a substantial risk of dying within the first year of life. Although associated socio-demographic factors may account for an increase in the risk of adverse reproductive outcomes for teenagers, there is a concern that young maternal age may also be a biological risk factor. We examined the effects of maternal age of primiparous black women on the incidence of preterm births using data from 6,072 black women delivering between 1989 and 1995 at an urban perinatal network of 17 hospitals and health centres serving residents in a well-defined geographical area. Maternal age was grouped as: or = 30 years age groups. The 20-24 age group with the highest number of births and lowest preterm rate was used as the reference age. Preterm birth was defined as delivery 30-year-old mothers 1.28 times [CI = 1.07, 1.52] that for the reference group. Adjustments using logistic regression analysis for the effects of maternal smoking, drug abuse during pregnancy, insurance status, having prenatal care and median family income from census tract of residence did not result in a significantly increased risk for preterm birth or low birthweight for the teenage groups compared with the reference group. We conclude that primiparous teenage black mothers do not have an inherent biologically increased risk for preterm births.
Structural characterization of vitrinite-rich and inertinite-rich Permian-aged South African bituminous coals

Abstract Two South African coals of the same rank and age, but different in maceral composition were subjected to extensive structural analyses. Inertinite-rich Highveld coal (dominated by semifusinite) and vitrinite-rich Waterberg coal were studied to determine structural differences and similarities. The two coals had similar carbon content (∼ 84%, dmmf) and vitrinite reflectance (mean-maximum 0.71% for vitrinite-rich vs. 0.75% for inertinite-rich), but differed in hydrogen content (6.23% for vitrinite-rich and 4.53% for inertinite-rich). The inertinite-rich coal was more aromatic (86% for inertinite-rich and 76% for vitrinite-rich) and more polycondensed (indicated by a higher bridgehead carbon content). The inertinite-rich coal was structurally more ordered, with a higher degree of crystalline stacking. Both coals had similar average aromatic cluster sizes (16 carbons for vitrinite-rich and 18 carbons for inertinite-rich) and number of cluster attachments (6 attachments for vitrinite-rich and 5 attachments for inertinite-rich). Mass spectrometry showed that both coals consist of similar molecular weight distributions; ranging to approximately 1700 m/z with a maximum abundance of ∼ 450 m/z for the vitrinite-rich coal and ∼ 550 m/z for the inertinite-rich coal. Compared to the Argonne Premium coals the South African vitrinite-rich Waterberg coal was comparable to the coals in the high-volatile bituminous range and inertinite-rich Highveld was closer to the medium- to low-volatile bituminous range. Both coals were surprisingly similar in bulk characterization, although inertinite-rich Highveld coal was structurally more ordered, hydrogen deficient, and more aromatic.
Multimodal particle size distributions emitted from HFA-134a solution pressurized metered-dose inhalers

The purpose of this research was to investigate the measurement and in vitro delivery implications of multimodal distributions, occurring near or in the respirable range, emitted from pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs). Particle size distributions of solution pMDIs containing hydrofluoroalkane-134a (HFA-134a) and ethanol were evaluated using 2 complementary particle-sizing methods: laser diffraction (LD) and cascade impaction (CI). Solution pMDIs were formulated from mixtures of HFA-134a (50%–97.5% wt/wt) and ethanol. A range of propellant concentrations was selected for a range of vapor pressures. The fluorescent probe, Rhodamine B, was included for chemical analysis. The complementary nature of LD and CI allowed identification of 2 dominant particle size modes at 1 and 10 μm or greater. Increasing propellant concentrations resulted in increases in the proportion of the size distributions at the 1-μm mode and also reduced the particle size of the larger droplet population. Despite significant spatial differences and time scales of measurement between the particle-sizing techniques, the fine particle fractions obtained from LD and CI were practically identical. This was consistent with LD experiments, which showed that particle sizes did not decrease with increasing measurement distance, and may be explained by the absence of significant evaporation/disintegration of larger droplets. The fine particle fractions (FPFs) emitted from HFA-134a/ethanol solution pMDI can be predicted on the basis of formulation parameters and is independent of measurement technique. These results highlight the importance of presenting particle size distribution data from complementary particle size techniques.
A note on the nature of optimality in the discrete Kalman filter

A derivation is presented in which it is shown that the optimal gain sequence of the discrete Kalman filter minimizes not only the trace of the estimation covariance matrix, but any linear combination of the main diagonal elements of that matrix.
Effect of Chloramphenicol on Chlorophyll Synthesis of Bean Leaves

Chloramphenicol has been found to inhibit the decrease in lag phase of chlorophyll accumulation in bean leaves that is brought about by a brief illumination followed by a prolonged dark period. The effectiveness of chloramphenicol depends on time of application. It is more effective when applied at the beginning of the dark period than at the end.
A Mathematical Model for DNA Damage and Repair

In cells, DNA repair has to keep up with DNA damage to maintain the integrity of the genome and prevent mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. While the importance of both DNA damage and repair is clear, the impact of imbalances between both processes has not been studied. In this paper, we created a combined mathematical model for the formation of DNA adducts from oxidative estrogen metabolism followed by base excision repair (BER) of these adducts. The model encompasses a set of differential equations representing the sequence of enzymatic reactions in both damage and repair pathways. By combining both pathways, we can simulate the overall process by starting from a given time-dependent concentration of 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) and 2'-deoxyguanosine, determine the extent of adduct formation and the correction by BER required to preserve the integrity of DNA. The model allows us to examine the effect of phenotypic and genotypic factors such as different concentrations of estrogen and variant enzyme haplotypes on the formation and repair of DNA adducts.
Sum rules for products of light scattering functions

Basis vectors of a spherical system are shown to be linear combinations of functions commonly used in light scattering. These expressions are used to obtain an expansion for the unit dyadic as a linear combination of products of these functions, and this expansion is used to motivate the use of matrix orthonormality to obtain a complete set of sum rules for products of scalar light scattering functions. As an example demonstrating the utility of these expressions, sum rules are obtained for dyadic, component, and inner products of vector spherical harmonics used in the theory of light scattering.
Preliminary interpretive criteria for in vitro susceptibility testing of CP-99219 by dilution and disk diffusion methods

CP-99219 is a novel 7-[3-azabicyclo (3.1.0) hexyl] quinolone that possesses activity against a wide variety of aerobic and anaerobic pathogens. The disk diffusion test results (5-micrograms CP-99219 disks) were compared with CP-99219 minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) using 445 contemporary clinical isolates, including 210 strains that were resistant to ciprofloxacin (MICs, > or = 4 micrograms/ml). A high correlation was observed between methods (r = 0.97), and the proposed conservative zone diameter interpretive criteria were selected primarily from the regression equation as follows: susceptible at > or = 15 mm ( or = 8 micrograms/ml); or susceptible at > or = 19 mm ( or = 4 micrograms/ml). Using these criteria, the occurrence of false-resistant and false-susceptible disk diffusion test results should remain rare (< or = 1.5%).
Use of Implicit Measures for Organizational Research: An Empirical Example

Les psychologues sociaux et cognitifs portent de plus en plus d'attention au traitement implicite, qui influence les attitudes et les comportements de nombreuses facons. Malheureusement, les chercheurs organisationnels ont eu tendance a se pencher presque exclusivement sur le traitement explicite, ce qui limite notre comprehension du fonctionnement des employes au travail si le traitement implicite joue effectivement un role. Dans cet article, les auteurs suggerent que le traitement implicite est vraisemblablement prevalent dans la structure organisationnelle et discutent des facons dont il peut etre mesure. Les auteurs presentent ensuite les resultats d'une experience qui suggerent que la justice organisationnelle-une variable importante en milieu de travail— aurait des effets implicites sur la motivation. De plus, la magnitude des effets explicites et implicites est moderee par un besoin de cognition, une variable de differences individuelles stable. Ces resultats demontrent le besoin de se pencher davantage sur le traitement implicite et sur son effet dans les organisations.
Radiation decreases murine small intestinal HCO3- secretion.

Purpose: While secretagogue-induced diarrhea is rich in chloride (Cl−) and bicarbonate (HCO3 −) anions, little is known about diarrhea or its anionic composition following irradiation. We performed studies to characterize the differences between cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-stimulated anion secretions in irradiated and non-irradiated mice.Materials and methods: HCO3 − secretion was examined in basal, cAMP-stimulated, and irradiated jejunal tissues from BALB/c (Bagg albino) mice. The abdomens of the mice were γ-irradiated using a caesium-137 source.Results: Ussing-chamber experiments performed in an HCO3−-containing, Cl−-free solution on the bath side showed inhibition of HCO3− in irradiated mice. Non-irradiated mice exhibited bumetanide-sensitive and insensitive current, while irradiated mice displayed bumetanide-sensitive current. pH-stat experiments showed inhibition of basal and cAMP-stimulated HCO3− secretions in irradiated mice. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis displayed a sodi...
Kinetics of the Allylic Amination of Olefins by Nitroarenes Catalyzed by [CpFe(CO)2]2

The kinetics of the [CpFe(CO)2]2-catalyzed allylic amination of α-methylstyrene derivatives by nitroarenes is reported. The reaction is found to be first-order in both alkene and nitroarene, zero-order in CO, and half-order in catalyst. Relative rate studies of para-substituted alkenes and nitroarenes show that the rate is increased for electron-deficient nitro compounds and for electron-rich alkenes. On the basis of these results, together with the regioselectivity of the reactions with unsymmetrical alkenes and the outcome of trapping experiments for free nitrosoarenes and nitrenes, a mechanistic scheme is proposed involving C−N bond formation from a CpFe(CO)(RNO)(alkene) intermediate.
Spatial-equilibrium analysis of transferable development rights

Abstract Transfer of development rights (TDR) programs combine low-density incentives with zoning flexibility to generate a market for development rights and to redirect land-use patterns. A differentiated spatial-equilibrium model is used to study the impacts of brokered and unbrokered TDR programs on rents, consumption/location patterns, household utility, and property-tax revenues. Properties of the TDR market, the relationship of TDR systems to uncontrolled and zoned economies, and questions regarding the optimal control of a TDR program are also examined.
Lumbar Fusion in the Treatment of Infections and Tumors

The management of infections or tumors affecting the lumbar spine presents a unique challenge. Indications for surgery and the appropriate timing for interventions are not always clear. Moreover, depending on the location and the extent of the disease as well as the underlying medical condition of the patient, surgical approaches and goals can vary significantly. With improved understanding of the pathologic process and the advent of new surgical techniques, our overall treatment strategies continue to evolve, leading to better outcomes and reduced morbidity. The available literature on the role of lumbar fusions in the treatment of infection and tumor will be presented.
Anterior compartment resection of the thigh in soft-tissue sarcomas

Aims Soft-tissue sarcomas of the anterior thigh present technical problems due to the proximity of the femoral vessels, and the disability caused by a standard anterior compartment resection. Methods We treated 44 consecutive patients with primary sarcomas in the anterior thigh with wide resection (n = 15), and modified (n=26) or standard (n = 3) compartment resection. No patient had amputation as primary treatment. Results The overall rate of local recurrence was 6/44 (14%). Local recurrence was observed in 1/3 patients with standard anterior compartment resection and 5/41 (12%) of those with wide excision or modified compartment resection. It was noted in 1/6 (17%) patients with adjuvant radiation and 5/38 (13%) of those treated with surgery alone. One of six patients with local recurrence required amputation. The 5-year survival rate was 66% varying significantly according to grade. Conclusions Limb preservation was possible in 98% of patients. Wide resection or modified compartment resection was feasible in the majority (93%) of patients resulting in improved function.
Thinking globally, acting locally: steroid hormone regulation of the dendritic architecture, synaptic connectivity and death of an individual neuron.

Steroid hormones act via evolutionarily conserved nuclear receptors to regulate neuronal phenotype during development, maturity and disease. Steroid hormones exert 'global' effects in organisms to produce coordinated physiological responses whereas, at the 'local' level, individual neurons can respond to a steroidal signal in highly specific ways. This review focuses on two phenomena-the loss of dendritic processes and the programmed cell death (PCD) of neurons-that can be regulated by steroid hormones (e.g. during sexual differentiation in vertebrates). In insects such as the moth, Manduca sexta, and fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, ecdysteroids orchestrate a reorganization of neural circuits during metamorphosis. In Manduca, accessory planta retractor (APR) motoneurons undergo dendritic loss at the end of larval life in response to a rise in 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). Dendritic regression is associated with a decrease in the strength of monosynaptic inputs, a decrease in the number of contacts from pre-synaptic neurons, and the loss of a behavior mediated by these synapses. The APRs in different abdominal segments undergo segment-specific PCD at pupation and adult emergence that is triggered directly and cell-autonomously by a genomic action of 20E, as demonstrated in cell culture. The post-emergence death of APRs provides a model for steroid-mediated neuroprotection. APR death occurs by autophagy, not apoptosis, and involves caspase activation and the aggregation and ultracondensation of mitochondria. Manduca genes involved in segmental identity, 20E signaling and PCD are being sought by suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) and cDNA microarrays. Experiments utilizing Drosophila as a complementary system have been initiated. These insect model systems contribute toward understanding the causes and functional consequences of dendritic loss and neurodegeneration in human neurological disorders.
Aniridia. A review

Aniridia occurs as a phenotypically heterogeneous condition which may be inherited as an autosomal dominant disorder or as part of several systemic syndromes. It has been linked with the loci of chromosomes 1 and 2 and associated with the deletion of the p-13 band of chromosome 11. Aniridia may occur in a highly penetrant form in association with other ocular abnormalities with poor vision or in a more variable form with good vision. The recognition of a child with sporadic aniridia should alert physicians to the increased risk of development of Wilms' tumor.
Implementation of a constrained Ritz series modeling technique for acoustic cavity-structural systems.

A prior study [Ginsberg, J. H. (2010b). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 127, 2749–2758] used Ritz series in conjunction with Hamilton’s principle to derive general equations describing the time domain response of an acoustic cavity bounded by an elastic structure. The equations of motion are supplemented by constraint equations that explicitly enforce velocity continuity at the cavity’s surface. These constraints are imposed by the surface traction, which is represented by unknown coefficients of Ritz-type series. The resulting set of equations are differential-algebraic type. Three methods are presented to convert the governing equations to forms that are familiar to structural acoustics, including one that transforms them from differential-algebraic type to the standard ordinary differential equations associated with linear multi-degree-of-freedom vibratory systems. In cases where only the structure is excited, the formulation offers options as to how displacement/velocity boundary conditions on the nonstructural b...
An efficient squarefree decomposition algorithm

The concept of polynomial squarefree decomposition is an important one in algebraic computation. The squarefree decomposition process has many uses in computer symbolic computation. A recent survey by D. Yun [3] describes many useful algorithms for this purpose. All of these methods depend on computing the greatest common divisior (gcd) of the polynomial to be decomposed and its first derivative (with respect to some variable). In the multivariate case, this gcd computation is non-trivial and dominates the cost for the squarefree decomposition.
Determination of pKa of acetic and benzoic acids in pyridine

Abstract The p K a 's of acetic acid and benzoic acid in pyridine as solvent are found to be 10.1 and 9.8, respectively, at 25°. These results are based on measurements of hydrogen ion activities in mixtures of the acids and their tetrabutylammonium salts. Supplementary studies of differential vapour pressure characteristics of solutions of the acids and the acid-salt mixtures, and conductance of tetrabutylammonium benzoate solutions are also incorporated.
Development and evaluation of porous ceramic and titanium alloy dental anchors implanted in miniature swine

A study sponsored by the National Institute of Dental Research has as its major goal the development of easily fabricated and implantable dental anchors for replacement of missing or extracted teeth. Tissue ingrowth fixes the anchors in the mandibular or maxillary bone where they can serve as a base for future attachment of prefabricated dental caps, bridges, or other dental prostheses. More immediate objectives are to determine the suitability of specific porous titanium and ceramic materials for anchor applications, to develop satisfactory designs and fabrication procedures for producing these devices, and to define material/bone interface bonding characteristics through in vivo studies. The value of the Hanford Miniature Swine as a human analog for dental research is being assessed concurrently.
Note on Hit-And-Miss Topologies

This is a continuation of [19]. We characterize first and second countability of the general hit-and-miss hyperspace topologyτ+Δ for weakly-R0 base spaces. Further, metrizability ofτ+Δ is characterized with no preliminary conditions on the base space and the generating family of closed sets and a new proof on uniformizability (i.e. complete regularity) ofτ+Δ is given in this general setting, thus generalizing results of [3], [5] and [6].
A Simple and Convenient Two-Step, One-Pot Synthesis of Heteroimidazoles from Nitroaminoaryls Catalyzed by Ytterbium Triflate.

An efficient two-step, one-pot conversion of o-nitroamino aromatics, e.g. (I), (IV), (VII), (VIII), (X), and (XII) into corresponding benzo- and heteroaromatic fused imidazoles is described.
Vibrator Use Among Heterosexual Men Varies by Partnership Status: Results From a Nationally Representative Study in the United States

This nationally representative study documents that vibrator use among heterosexually identified men in the United States is common, with 43.8% reporting use of a vibrator at some point in their lives, with most vibrator use by heterosexual men occurring within the context of sexual interactions with a female partner. Approximately 94% of male vibrator users reported that they had used a vibrator during sexual play with a partner, and 82% reported that they had used a vibrator during sexual intercourse. These data support the work of therapists and educators who often make recommendations for the incorporation of vibrators into partnered relationships.
Delayed infections following full-face CO2 laser resurfacing and occlusive dressing use

Background.Carbon dioxide (CO2) laser resurfacing has become an increasingly popular procedure for the treatment of facial rhytides and solar damage. Yet despite ongoing advancements in laser technology, CO2 laser resurfacing is still a risk-laden procedure that may lead to complications such as inf
Exponential growth in apoptosis

(e.g. Listeria monocytogenes) infections also remains to be elucidated. The prompt rejection of intraperitoneal tumor allografts, and the acute rejection of cardiac allografts, by perforin-knockout mice, indicates that perforin may not be a mandatory factor in CTL-mediated allograft rejection. However, a requirement of the Fas pathway in allograft rejection is far from established, since perforinknockout mice reject Fas-expressing and Fas-deficient tumor allografts at the same rate, which indicates the existence of a non-Fas, non-perforin mechanism(s) in allograft rejection.
Filling of nano-via holes by laser-assisted direct imprint

A new technique for filling narrow and high-aspect ratio nanoscale via holes by laser-assisted direct imprint has been proposed and developed. In the process, the filling material (e.g., metals or Si) is first deposited onto the nano-via holes by a deposition method that has a poor step coverage and hence fills the holes partially with voids. Then a mirror-flat transparent plate (mold) is pressed against the substrate, while an excimer laser pulse (XeCl, 308nm wavelength, 20ns pulse duration) shines through the mold. The laser pulse melts the filling material, and the flat mold presses the molten materials into the holes, filling them completely without voids. As examples, we successfully filled a hole array having 100nm diameter, 500nm depth (aspect ratio 5) and 200nm inter-hole spacing (pitch) with e-beam evaporated silicon and copper. Besides superior step coverage and negligible thermal budget, this technique is fast and simple and doesn't need a seed layer. Furthermore, it can planarize the wafer surface in addition to filling the holes. Clearly, this technique could be extended to other materials important for ICs metal interconnect, and may become an alternative to the dual damascene and CVD tungsten plug process used in the current ULSI fabrication.
Insulin increases sodium (Na+) channel density in A6 epithelia: implications for expression of hypertension.

Essential or primary hypertension is a multifactorial disease that is expressed as a result of complex interactions between genes and environmental influences. Several mutations in many different proteins are associated with expression of hypertension, including abnormalities in the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) found in absorptive organs (i.e., distal colon, distal tubule of the nephron). Some of these mutations result in structural and/or functional alterations in ENaC-mediated Na+ entry in epithelia responsible for fluid and electrolyte balance and are associated with expression of hypertension. Studies support the notion that there is a link between ENaC and hypertension of both the monogenic (single gene mutation) and primary or essential type (a multifactorial disease). Alterations of other aspects of the environment of absorptive cells (e.g., hyperinsulinemia, hyperaldosteronemia, high plasma cortisol, high plasma Na+) have also been shown to elicit hyperabsorption of Na+ via ENaC and therefore could contribute significantly to expression of hypertension in people with intermediate phenotypes. This article describes an initial study in which the effects of an environmental factor, extracellular levels of insulin, on ENaC were examined in a normal kidney cell model. Electrophysiologic techniques revealed that ENaC density rapidly increased in response to addition of insulin to the basolateral bath. This autoregulatory recruitment of Na+ total channel density masked a slight decrease in open channel probability. Insulin's effect on ENaC function and implications on fluid and electrolyte balance and expression of primary hypertension is discussed.
Effects of microbial agent-chemical pesticide mixtures on Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Heliothis nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) and Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki Berliner formulations, Elcar and Dipel, respectively, were tested in combination with eight chemical pesticides against first- and third-stage larvae of Heliothis virescens (F). Chemical pesticides included methoprene and diflubenzuron (insecticides), cyhexatin (acaracide), chlordimeform (acaracide-insecticide), and benomyl, chlorothalonil, fentin hydroxide, and thiabendazole (fungicides). Larval mortality from most mixtures was additive at either 7 days posttreatment or pupation, but some mixtures were synergistic and others antagonistic. Mortality from all Heliothis NPV-chemical pesticide mixtures that differed significantly from the calculated expected mortality at pupation were synergistic. Synergistic mixtures for either first- or third-stage larvae were Heliothis NPV-methoprene, fentin hydroxide, benomyl, or thiabendazole combinations. Mortality at pupation for the B. thuringiensis-methoprene or chlorothalonil mixture was synergistic for larvae treated in the third stage. B. thuringiensis-cyhexatin , chlordimeform, or fentin hydroxide mixtures were antagonistic against one or both larval age groups.
An advective-interpolation method for estimating pollutant movement during anatex

Abstract A temporal interpolation technique has been developed that uses meteorological information to show the evolution of an average air concentration pattern into its next time period average. Forward and backward trajectories are constructed from every point at the desired time to the next and previous time period patterns. The concentration is then the weighted average of the concentrations at the respective trajectory endpoints. The technique can be used to smooth transitions between successive images for movie animation or video presentations. An example sequence from the ANATEX video is shown.
Quilt: a collaborative tool for cooperative writing

Quilt is a computer-based tool for collaborative writing, which provides annotation, messaging, computer conferencing, and notification facilities to support communication and information sharing among the collaborators on a document. In addition, extensible sets of social roles and communication types are used to provide views of a document tailored to individual collaborators or to other users of the document based upon their position in a permission hierarchy. This paper describes the rationale for and design of Quilt.
The National Institutes of Health Clinical Center digital imaging network, picture archival and communication system, and radiology information system

In this work, we describe the digital imaging network (DIN), picture archival and communication system (PACS), and radiology information system (RIS) currently being implemented at the Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH). These systems are presently in clinical operation. The DIN is a redundant meshed network designed to address gigabit density and expected high bandwidth requirements for image transfer and server aggregation. The PACS projected workload is 5.0 TB of new imaging data per year. Its architecture consists of a central, high-throughput Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) data repository and distributed redundant array of inexpensive disks (RAID) servers employing fiber-channel technology for immediate delivery of imaging data. On demand distribution of images and reports to clinicians and researchers is accomplished via a clustered web server. The RIS follows a client-server model and provides tools to order exams, schedule resources, retrieve and review results, and generate management reports. The RIS-hospital information system (HIS) interfaces include admissions, discharges, and transfers (ATDs)/demographics, orders, appointment notifications, doctors update, and results.
Number sense as situated knowing in a conceptual domain

The term number sense refers to several important but elusive capabilities, including flexible mental computation, numerical estimation, and quantitative judgment. This paper presents a view of number sense as an example of knowing in a conceptual domain, the domain of numbers and quantities. I discuss a metaphor in which conceptual domains are considered as environments in which people can know how to live, and people's learning to live in an environment results mainly from their activities in it. In the view that I present, number sense is an example of cognitive expertise-knowledge that results from extensive activity in a domain through which people learn to interact successfully with the various resources of the domain, including knowing what resources the environment offers, knowing how to find resources and use them in their activities, perceiving and understanding subtle patterns, solving ordinary problems routinely, and generating new insights. Examples of Number Sense I believe that number sense is a term that requires theoretical analysis, rather than a definition. We recognize examples of number sense, even though we have no satisfactory definition that distinguishes its features. We need a theory to identify the important properties of these examples and to explain how those properties interact
Fracture of the lateral malleolus with associated tear of the medial collateral ligament of the ankle

A case of a fracture of the lateral malleolus with a missed diagnosis of associated tear of the deltoid ligament of the ankle is presented to emphasize the importance of examination of injuries about the ankle. The method of examination for this injury is described so that proper treatment may be undertaken.
Ion imaging study of NO3 radical photodissociation dynamics: characterization of multiple reaction pathways.

The photodissociation of NO3 has been studied using velocity map ion imaging. Measurements of the NO2 + O channel reveal statistical branching ratios of the O(3PJ) fine-structure states, isotropic angular distributions, and low product translational energy consistent with barrierless dissociation along the ground state potential surface. There is clear evidence for two distinct pathways to the formation of NO + O2 products. The dominant pathway (>70% yield) is characterized by vibrationally excited O2(3Σg−, v = 5−10) and rotationally cold NO(2Π), while the second pathway is characterized by O2(3Σg−, v = 0−4) and rotationally hotter NO(2Π) fragments. We speculate the first pathway has many similarities to the “roaming” dynamics recently implicated in several systems. The rotational angular momentum of the molecular fragments is positively correlated for this channel, suggesting geometric constraints in the dissociation. The second pathway results in almost exclusive formation of NO(2Π, v = 0). Although pro...
High temperature photochemistry, a new technique for rate coefficient measurements over wide temperature ranges: initial measurements on the O + CH4 reaction from 525–1250 K

Abstract High temperature photochemistry (HTP) is being developed to study elementary kinetics from approximately 300 to 1900 K. A summary description of HTP and first results on O + CH 4 → OH + CH 3 are reported, which compare well with those obtained previously by techniques suitable for either the T 1200 K regimes.
Properties of the X-ray emission from rocket-triggered lightning as measured by the Thunderstorm Energetic Radiation Array (TERA)

[1] The Thunderstorm Energetic Radiation Array (TERA) is located at the University of Florida, Florida Tech International Center for Lightning Research and Testing (ICLRT) at Camp Blanding, Florida. The array includes forty-five 7.6-cm-diameter NaI/photomultiplier tube detectors enclosed in 24 separate aluminum boxes that shield the detectors from light, moisture, and RF noise. The array covers the ∼1 km2 ICLRT facility, centered on the rocket launch tower, used to trigger lightning. From 2005 to 2007, TERA recorded seven rocket-triggered lightning flashes. In this paper we present an analysis of the X-ray emission of three of these flashes. The X-ray emission is observed to occur during the dart leader phase of each stroke, just prior to the time of the return stroke. Significant X-rays are observed on all the detectors to a distance of 500 m from the lightning channel for times up to 200 μs prior to the start of the return stroke. Using Monte Carlo simulations to model the X-ray propagation, we find that the energetic electrons that emit the X-rays have a characteristic energy of about 1 MeV for one particular dart-stepped leader event. The X-ray emission for all three events has a radial fall off proportional to [exp (−r/120)]/r and is most consistent with the energetic source electrons being emitted isotropically from the leader. It is also found that the X-ray and energetic electron luminosities of the leader channel decreases with increasing height above the ground. These results help shed light onto the mechanism for producing energetic radiation from lightning. For instance, a characteristic energy of 1 MeV is not consistent with the relativistic runaway electron avalanche mechanism, suggesting that so-called cold runaway electrons, produced by very strong electric fields, dominate the production of the X-rays.
The Role of the Donor in the Repair of the Marrow Vascular Niche Following Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant

Bone marrow sinusoids maintain homeostasis between developing hematopoietic cells and the circulation, and they provide niches for hematopoietic progenitors. Sinusoids are damaged by chemotherapy and radiation. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have been shown to produce endothelial progenitor cells that contribute to the repair of damaged blood vessels. Because HSCs home to the marrow during bone marrow transplant, these cells may play a role in repair of marrow sinusoids. Here, we explore the role of donor HSCs in the repair of damaged sinusoids following hematopoietic stem cell transplant. We used three methods to test this role: (a) expression of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule to identify endothelial progenitors and the presence of the Y chromosome to identify male donor cells in female recipients; (b) presence of the Y chromosome to identify male donor cells in female recipients, and expression of the panendothelial marker mouse endothelial cell antigen-32 to identify sinusoidal endothelium; and (c) use of Tie-2/green fluorescent protein mice as donors or recipients and presence of Dil-Ac-LDL to identify sinusoids. We found that sinusoids were predominantly host-derived posttransplant. Donor cells spread along the marrow vasculature early post-transplant in a pattern that matched stromal-derived factor-1 expression. Furthermore, these engrafting progenitors were positioned to provide physical support, as well as growth and survival signals in the form of vascular-endothelial growth factor-A. Occasionally, donor cells provide cellular "patches" in the damaged sinusoids, although this occurred at a low level compared with hematopoietic engraftment. Donor support for the repair of the marrow vascular niche may be a critical first step of hematopoietic engraftment.
Tomato Protein Kinase 1b Mediates Signaling of Plant Responses to Necrotrophic Fungi and Insect Herbivory

The tomato protein kinase 1 (TPK1b) gene encodes a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase localized to the plasma membrane. Pathogen infection, mechanical wounding, and oxidative stress induce expression of TPK1b, and reducing TPK1b gene expression through RNA interference (RNAi) increases tomato susceptibility to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea and to feeding by larvae of tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) but not to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. TPK1b RNAi seedlings are also impaired in ethylene (ET) responses. Notably, susceptibility to Botrytis and insect feeding is correlated with reduced expression of the proteinase inhibitor II gene in response to Botrytis and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, the natural precursor of ET, but wild-type expression in response to mechanical wounding and methyl-jasmonate. TPK1b functions independent of JA biosynthesis and response genes required for resistance to Botrytis. TPK1b is a functional kinase with autophosphorylation and Myelin Basis Protein phosphorylation activities. Three residues in the activation segment play a critical role in the kinase activity and in vivo signaling function of TPK1b. In sum, our findings establish a signaling role for TPK1b in an ET-mediated shared defense mechanism for resistance to necrotrophic fungi and herbivorous insects.
Daughters of Thunder: Black Women Preachers and Their Sermons, 1850-1979

Preface. Acknowledgments. Introduction: The Power of Black Women Preachers Textual Note Rising Above Adversity: The Struggle to Preach. PURSUING A MINISTRY ORDAINED BY GOD, 1850--1900. Women Who Paved the Way. Julia A. J. Foote: A 'Threshinga Sermon (1851) Christian Perfection (1894). Harriet A. BakerBehold: The Man (ca 1874--1892) Jesus Weeping over Jerusalem (ca 1874--1892). Mary J. Small: Ziona s Mission Work (1898). CLAIMING THE POWER OF THE PULPIT, 1900--1979. Florence Spearing Randolph: Hope (1898 and 1945) The FriAnds of Wickedness (1909) Antipathy to Women Preachers (ca. 1930) If I Were White (1941) Christian Perfection (1926) Conversion (1931) Woman, the Builder of Her House (1909) Looking Backward and Forward (1943) Leaning the Wrong Way (1934). Mary G. Evans: The Wages of Sin Is Death (1922). Ella Eugene Whitfield: Salvation Is a Discovery Found in Jesus Christ (1926) Making a Home a Safe Place for All That Enter Its Doors (1926). Ruth R. Dennis: What Are We Going to Do with the Children? (1927) Thousands Losing Faith in the Church (1927). Mrs. Raiff: Get the Right Ticket (1927). Rosa A. Horn: Was a Woman Called to Preach? Yes! (ca. 1930s) Is Jesus God the Father or Is He the Son of God? (ca. 1931) What Is Holiness? A Complete Life in Christ (ca. 1930s). Ida B. Robinson: Who Shall Be Able to Stand? (1934) Can These Bones Live? (1934) The Economic Persecution (1935) And a Little Child Shall Lead Them (1935). Rosa Edwards: Ministers Are Examples (1935). Quinceila Whitlow: The Woman in the Ministry of Jesus Christ (1940). F. E. Redwine: What Woman Is (1948). Pauli Murray: Male and Female He Created Them (1978) Women Seeking Admission to Holy OrdersCAs Crucifers Carrying the Cross (1974) Mary Has Chosen the Best Part (1977) The Holy Spirit (1977) The Gift of the Holy Spirit (1977) The Dilemma of the Minority Christian (1974) Salvation and Liberation (1979) Can These Bones Live Again (1978). Epilogue: Forging Ahead Toward Equality. Notes. Selected Bibliography. Thematic Index of Sermons. Index. Epilogue: Forging Ahead Toward Equality.
Comparison of two radioimmunoassays and a microbiologic assay for bleomycin

Recently two radioimmunoassays have been independently developed for determination of bleomycin levels. In this study these assays are compared with each other and with a standard microbiologic assay for bleomycin. Bleomycin levels were determined in serum and urine samples obtained at varying intervals following intramuscular bleomycin injection. There were systematic differences between the assays. One radioimmunoassay indicated bleomycin levels lower than the levels indicated by the microbiologic assay with serum samples. With urine samples, both radioimmunoassays indicated bleomycin levels greater than the microbiologic assay.
Simulation of convective heat exchange in the subduction zone

Results of the mathematical simulation of the convective heat exchange in the process of movement of a lithospheric plate colliding with a continental plate and submerging into the mantle in the subduction zone under conditions where the free fall acceleration in the mantle changes by the linear law are presented.
Prospective evaluation of cryoneurolysis for refractory neuralgia

Purpose The aim of this study is to determine the effect of nerve cryoablation on pain levels in patients with documented neuralgia. Cryoneurolysis has been used to obtain analgesia in several pain syndromes including occipital neuralgia, intercostal nerves for post-thoracotomy pain syndrome, entrapped ilioinguinal nerves, neuromas, and other conditions. Materials and Methods Twenty-two patients are included in this prospective study. The case mix includes intercostal nerves, foot neuromas, ilioinguinal, saphenous, and gluteal nerves. Pre-procedural and immediate postprocedural pain scores were recorded, with progressive recording of pain scores and Karnofsky functional status for a follow up period of 12 months after the procedure. Results The average pre-procedural pain score was 8.6 +/- 2.0. With the exception of one patient, all other patients included in the study described improvement in their pain. At one week after the procedure, the average pain level decreased to 2.4 +/- 2.7 (p Conclusion Cryoneurolysis is a potential treatment for patients with neuralgia pain symptoms when conventional treatments fail. Cryoneurolysis at the site of focal neuralgia statistically significantly decreased pain scores in patients. The decrease in pain levels is temporary and repeat treatments are necessary in all patients.
An introduction to information retrieval: applications in genomics

Information retrieval (IR) is the field of computer science that deals with the processing of documents containing free text, so that they can be rapidly retrieved based on keywords specified in a user's query. IR technology is the basis of Web-based search engines, and plays a vital role in biomedical research, because it is the foundation of software that supports literature search. Documents can be indexed by both the words they contain, as well as the concepts that can be matched to domain-specific thesauri; concept matching, however, poses several practical difficulties that make it unsuitable for use by itself. This article provides an introduction to IR and summarizes various applications of IR and related technologies to genomics.
An energy efficient 32nm 20 MB L3 cache for Intel ® Xeon ® processor E5 family

A 20-way set associative 20MB energy efficient L3 this paper. The design uses 0.2119um2 cell and is manufactured in the 32nm second generation of high-K dielectric metal gate process with 9-copper layers. The power efficiency was achieved by employing advanced power saving schemes and effective Vccmin design techniques. The proposed L3 cache topology seamlessly supports a high density modular and energy efficient designs.
Adsorption of genetically engineered proteins studied by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). Part B: hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA)

In Part A, we adopted principal component analysis (PCA) for the analysis of TOF-SIMS data to assess the binding specificity of GBP-1 to metallic Au, Ag and Pd. Within a given set of data, PCA aids in the interpretation of the TOF-SIMS spectra by capitalizing on the differences from one spectrum to another. In Part B, we introduce another multivariate statistical method called ‘hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA)’, where visualization of the similarity and difference in data is readily observed, from which a variety of adsorption conditions of GBP-1 were characterized. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Air Conditioning—A Luxury or a Necessity in Green Buildings?

Abstract Air conditioning is firmly entrenched in modern U.S. lifestyles, with over 80% of all new houses being centrally heated and cooled. This trend will likely remain in place even as energy prices increase along with pressure to reduce global carbon emissions. Air conditioning has been the major factor behind the explosive growth of the Sunbelt in the south and southwest. Las Vegas, Phoenix, Houston, Miami and many other cities would be only small regional centers if not for the availability of air conditioning for businesses and residences. Air conditioning is becoming more accepted even in areas where it was previously shunned, such as parts of Europe which experienced the severe heat wave in 2002 that was responsible for the deaths of thousands. Given its prominence in our modern society, we must learn to use air conditioning in an intelligent and efficient manner so we can benefit from the quality of life it provides, but without bankrupting our energy resources and permanently altering our globa...