cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of immobilized lectins and other ligands for the partial purification of erythropoietin.

The ability of a variety of affinity adsorbents to isolate erythropoietin (Ep) from contaminating proteins in crude preparations of the hormone was examined. Of 13 lectin-agarose derivatives, 6 bound Ep but only 2, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA), bound the hormone quantitatively. The extent to which PHA bound Ep depended on the isolectin composition of the PHA. The leukoagglutinating form (L-PHA) failed to bind the hormone completely, while the erythroagglutinating form (E-PHA) had such a high affinity for Ep that it could be released only with 4 M guanidine hydrochloride (pH 7.0). PHA-P, which contains both the E and L isolectins, bound Ep quantitatively, and the hormone could be partially released by either N-acetylgalactosamine or sialic acid. Ep bound to WGA-agarose could be partially released with N-acetylglucosamine or sialic acid; with N,N-diacetylchitobiose recovery was quantitative. Two adsorbents, Cibacron Blue F3GA and octylsuccinic anhydride, which have a high affinity for albumin, a major contaminant of crude Ep preparations, also bound Ep quantitatively. Agarose-bound antialbumin IgG, however, was effective in removing albumin from crude hormone preparations without adsorbing a significant quantity of Ep. Neither agarose-bound neuraminidase nor hydrophobic interaction chromatography employing agarose coated with substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon chains separated Ep from contaminating proteins in crude preparations of the hormone.
Experimentally induced alterations in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. I. In vitro restoration of erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and its relationship to erythrocyte purine nucleoside phosphorylase activity in a variety of species.

The relationship between red cell purine nucleoside phosphorylase activity and the ability of stored erythrocytes to regenerate the organic phosphate 2,3-diphosphoglycerate was evaluated in man, monkey, rabbit, dog, cat, and rat. A linear relationship was observed between the activity of this enzyme and the in vitro regeneration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate from a solution of inosine, pyruvate, and inorganic phosphate. These studies suggest that rabbit and monkey erythrocytes respond in a manner similar to that of human erythrocytes and, therefore, might be useful experimental models for the evaluation of pharmacologic methods for the in vivo alteration of the oxygen-hemoglobin equilibrium curve.
Uniform and high power selectively oxidized 8/spl times/8 VCSEL array

We report the uniform characteristics of an 8/spl times/8 individually addressable high power 850 nm VCSEL array. To achieve 2-dimensional array uniformity, both growth and fabrication uniformity issues must be considered. The VCSEL wafer is grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy using an EMCORE reactor designed and calibrated for high growth uniformity. The distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) mirrors are composed of Al/sub 0.16/Ga/sub 0.84/As/Al/sub 0.94/Ga/sub 0.06/As layers with continuous compositional grading at the interfaces. In the 6 DBR periods on each side of the optical cavity the doping profile is decreased to as low as 5/spl times/10/sup 17/ cm/sup -3/ for reduced optical absorption. This design enhances the output power at the expense of relatively higher threshold voltage.
Laser excited fluorescence probes to study insulator damage

Laser-excited fluorescent (LEF) probes are being investigated as a means of detecting low level electrical damage in insulators. These dyes selectively fluoresce at certain damage sites, showing the location and nature of the damage. The fluorescence characteristics differ for each dye, making it possible to focus on specific kinds of damage by judicious choice of dyes. This technique is sensitive enough to detect very low level damage, which makes it a good tool for studying pre-catastrophic electrical damage.
Reducing violence as the next great public health achievement

Violence is the greatest public health problem of our time, but is the only epidemic in which the health sector is not leading the response, says Gary Slutkin.
A new logic of beliefs: monotonic and non-monotonic beliefs-part 1

We present here a new formalization of beliefs, which has a simpler semantics than the previous formalizations, and develop an inference method for it by generalizing the resolution method. The usual prepositional formulas are embedded in our logic as a special type of belief formulas. One can obtain a non-monotonic logic of beliefs by applying, say, circumscription to the basic belief-logic developed here which is monotonic in nature. One can also apply the technique repeatedly to construct a hierarchy of belief-logics BLk, k > 1, where BLk⊃BLk-1and BLkcan handle formulas involving up to level k nested applications of the belief operator B.
Large-Scale Visual Odometry for Rough Terrain

Motion estimation from stereo imagery, sometimes called visual odometry, is a well-known process. However, it is difficult to achieve good performance using standard techniques. We present the results of several years of work on an integrated system to localize a mobile robot in rough outdoor terrain using visual odometry, with an increasing degree of precision. We discuss issues that are important for real-time, high-precision performance: choice of features, matching strategies, incremental bundle adjustment, and filtering with inertial measurement sensors. Using data with ground truth from an RTK GPS system, we show experimentally that our algorithms can track motion, in off-road terrain, over distances of 10 km, with an error of less than 10 m (0.1%).
BrightBeat: Effortlessly Influencing Breathing for Cultivating Calmness and Focus

While technology is usually associated with causing stress, technology also has the potential to bring about calm. In particular, breathing usually speeds up with higher stress, but it can be slowed through a manipulation, and in so doing, it can help the person lower their stress and improve their focus. This paper introduces BrightBeat, a set of seamless visual and auditory interventions that look like respiratory biofeedback, rhythmically oscillating, but that are tuned to appear with a slower speed, with the aim of slowing a stressed computer user's breathing and, consequently, bringing a sense of focus and calmness. These interventions were designed to run easily on commonplace personal electronic devices and to not require any focused attention in order to be effective. We have run a randomized placebo-controlled trial and examined both objective and subjective measures of impact with N=32 users undergoing work tasks. BrightBeat significantly influenced slower breathing, had a lasting effect, improved self-reported calmness and focus, and was highly preferred for future use.
Abstract 236: Coronary Artery Procedures in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory After Overnight Call: Are Patients at Higher Risk?

Background: Overnight call can lead to sleep deprivation and fatigue. It was hypothesized that complications will increase when coronary artery procedures are performed the day after overnight call...
Large Finite Structures with Few Types

We outline the structure theory for infinite structures which are smooth limits of finite structures, or equivalently for sufficiently large finite permutation groups with a bounded number of orbits on 4-tuples. The primitive case is treated explicitly in [11] assuming a bound on orbits on 5-tuples, and modifications needed to work with a bound on 4-tuples are indicated in [15]. This theory is an extension of the theory of ℵo-categorical ℵo-stable structures. The main technical innovations at this level of generality are due to Hrushovski; some of them are useful in other semistable contexts.
Networking support for mobile computing

With increasing use of small portable computers, wireless networks and satellites, a trend to support "computing on the move" has emerged. This trend is known as mobile computing or “anytime” and “anywhere” computing. Some people refer it as “Nomadic” computing. No matter which name is applied, all these terms really imply that a user may not maintain a fixed position in the network. The user is free to roam from one place to another. However the mobile user still expects uninterrupted network access and the ability to run some networked applications. To support such mobility, the user is typically provided a wireless interface to communicate with other fixed and mobile users. The mobile computing environment can be described by the following attributes (a) mobile users, (b) mobile support stations or base stations serving an area, (c) wireless interface, (d) wireless medium with varying channel characteristics (due to fading, noise, interference, etc.) and (e) various applications requiring specific support. A mobile computing environment raises such issues as how to route packets as the mobile user (hosts) moves from one place to the other and how to overcome limitations including limited bandwidth and storage.
The Impact of Charge Collection Volume and Parasitic Capacitance on SEUs in SOI- and Bulk-FinFET D Flip-Flops

Measured single-event (SE) heavy-ion data for comparable silicon on insulator (SOI) and bulk silicon FinFET D flip-flop (DFF) designs demonstrate a notably greater difference between the SOI and bulk responses, which has commonly been observed. Data show greater than $30\times $ in SE upset (SEU) LET threshold and 3 orders of magnitude decrease in saturated SE cross section for SOI FinFETs when compared to bulk FinFETs. The difference in SEU threshold is shown to be due to the saturation of SE transient (SET) pulsewidths at values that are comparable to feedback-loop delays of DFF design in the SOI technology. The feedback-loop delays in FinFET technologies are significantly impacted by the inherent parasitic capacitance. For the bulk technology, SET pulsewidths do not saturate due to charge collection from the substrate region.
Perioperative respiratory adverse event risk assessment in children with upper respiratory tract infection: Validation of the COLDS score.

Background The decision to proceed with anesthesia and surgery has been controversial in pediatric patients with an upper respiratory tract infection. The COLDS score was proposed by Lee and August as a potential risk stratification scheme, but no validation has been performed on this scale. Aims The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of the COLDS score in predicting perioperative respiratory adverse events and optimize its predictive ability. Methods COLDS scores, incidence of perioperative respiratory adverse events, surgical procedure type, and age were prospectively collected for 536 patients who met inclusion criteria. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curves was computed for total COLDS score and individual COLDS score categories. Multivariable regression was used create an optimized score. To quantify the decrease in risk associated with case cancelation due to illness, the other risk factors in COLDS were assessed separately from upper respiratory infection status and a risk model was created. Results The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the total COLDS score was 0.69, suggesting that the COLDS score has a moderate predictive ability for perioperative respiratory adverse events. When split into individual component scores, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve ranged from 0.55 to 0.63. We also found that the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the scoring system was higher in younger children than for children aged 4-6 (area under receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.70-0.71 vs 0.66). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the optimized scoring system was 0.71. Conclusion The COLDS score has the potential to be a valuable risk assessment tool for prediction of perioperative respiratory adverse events and appears to have a better predictive value in certain subpopulations.
The cost implications of palliative radiation therapy dose and fractionation for painful metastatic bone lesions.

145Background: Palliative radiation treatment (pRT) is used for symptomatic bone metastases (mets). Several fractionation schedules show equal efficacy for pain relief, and ASTRO’s Choosing Wisely ...
3D-T1ρ prepared zero echo time-based PETRA sequence for in vivo biexponential relaxation mapping of semisolid short-T2 tissues at 3 T.

Background In addition to the articular cartilage, osteoarthritis (OA) affects several other tissues such as tendons, ligaments, and subchondral bone. T1ρ relaxation study of these short T2 tissues may provide a more comprehensive evaluation of OA. Purpose To develop a 3D spin-lattice relaxation in the rotating frame (T1ρ ) prepared zero echo time (ZTE)-based pointwise encoding time reduction with radial acquisition (3D-T1ρ -PETRA) sequence for relaxation mapping of semisolid short-T2 tissues on a clinical 3 T scanner. Study type Prospective. Population Phantom, two bovine whole knee joint and Achilles tendon specimens, 10 healthy volunteers with no known inflammation, trauma or pain in the knee or ankle. Field strength/sequence A customized PETRA sequence to acquire fat-suppressed 3D T1ρ -weighted images tissues with semisolid short T2 / T 2 * relaxation times in the knee and ankle joints at 3 T. Assessment Mono- and biexponential T1ρ relaxation components were assessed in the patellar tendon (PT), anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), and Achilles tendon (AT). Statistical tests Kruskal-Wallis with post-hoc Dunn's test for multiple pairwise comparisons. Results Phantom and ex vivo studies showed the feasibility of T1ρ relaxation mapping using the proposed 3D-T1ρ -PETRA sequence. The in vivo study demonstrated an averaged mono-T1ρ relaxation of (median [IQR]) 15.9 [14.5] msec, 23.6 [9.4] msec, 17.4 [7.4] msec, and 5.8 [10.2] msec in the PT, ACL, PCL, and AT, respectively. The bicomponent analysis showed the short and long components (with their relative fractions) of 0.65 [1.0] msec (46.9 [15.3]%) and 37.3 [18.4] msec (53.1 [15.3]%) for PT, 1.7 [2.1] msec (42.5 [12.5]%) and 43.7 [17.8] msec (57.5 [12.5]%) for ACL, and 1.2 [1.9] msec (42.6 [14.0]%) and 27.7 [14.7] msec (57.3 [14.0]%) for PCL and 0.4 [0.02] msec (58.8 [13.3]%/) and 31.3 [10.8] msec (41.2 [13.3]%) for AT. Statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05) differences were observed in the mono- and biexponential relaxation between several regions. Data conclusion The 3D-T1ρ -PETRA sequence allows volumetric, isotropic (0.78 × 0.78 × 0.78 mm), biexponential T1ρ assessment with corresponding fractions of the tissues with semisolid short T2 / T 2 * . Level of evidence 2 Technical Efficacy Stage: 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:1207-1218.
Impact of intravesical therapy for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer on the accuracy of urine cytology.

Urine cytology remains an essential diagnostic tool in the surveillance of patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). The correlation of urine cytology with biopsy specimens to determine its accuracy following induction intravesical therapy has not been investigated. A retrospective review was performed of patients who underwent intravesical therapy for biopsy-proven non-muscle invasive disease between 2013 and 2016 at our institution. All patients uniformly underwent cytology and systematic bladder biopsies in the operating room within 12 weeks following intravesical therapy. The accuracy of urinary cytology in predicting high-grade disease recurrence following intravesical therapy was confirmed by correlating cytology results to post-treatment systematic biopsies, regardless of endoscopic findings. Only patients with complete information regarding urine cytology and pathologic biopsy results, both pre- and post-intravesical therapy, were included. 90 cytology samples following intravesical therapy were analyzed from 76 patients who met inclusion criteria. 72 (80.0%) and 18 (20.0%) of the samples were collected from patients initially treated for high- and low-grade disease, respectively. Fifty-six (62.2%) specimens were obtained from patients following induction of bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) therapy; the remainder were from patients treated with intravesical gemcitabine/docetaxel, mitomycin, or BCG/interferon. For patients treated with BCG, cytology was positive for high-grade disease in 8/15 patients with high-grade pathology on follow-up biopsy, thus demonstrating a sensitivity of 53% (95% CI 27–79%), specificity of 95% (95% CI 84–99%), positive predictive value of 80% (95% CI 44–98%), and negative predictive value of 85% (95% CI 71–94%). If cytologic interpretation was broadened to include high-grade and “suspicious for high-grade” findings, sensitivity increased to 67% (95% CI 38–88%) and specificity decreased to 88% (95% CI 74–96%). While urinary cytology maintains a high specificity following intravesical therapy, it demonstrates a low sensitivity for potentially aggressive high-grade urothelial carcinoma. Further evaluation of more effective, clinic-based enhanced cystoscopy techniques and biomarkers is warranted to better identify patients at risk for disease recurrence following BCG therapy.
Reinforced elastomers: Homogenization, macroscopic stability and relaxation

Abstract This paper deals with the stability and post-bifurcation response of reinforced hyperelastic composites under general loading conditions. It has long been known that these types of materials can undergo both microscopic and macroscopic instabilities. In the latter case, when the instability does not result in material failure, the behavior of the composite after the onset of the instability is less well understood. Recent work (Avazmohammadi and Ponte Castaneda, 2016) indicates that it is possible for the “principal” solution, i.e. the solution before the onset of any instability, to bifurcate into a lower energy solution via the formation of domains. These domains form on a scale much larger than that of the heterogeneity, but still smaller than that of the macroscopic specimen. This work is concerned with such domain formation in neo-Hookean laminates under general three-dimensional loading. In order to obtain the post-bifurcation behavior, the quasiconvexification or relaxation of the principal solution is computed explicitly. In addition, it is shown that the macroscopic instabilities are triggered not by the loss of strong ellipticity, but rather by the loss of global rank-1 convexity of the principal solution, which, in general, happens first. The calculation also reveals that the relaxation requires, in general, a rank-2 “laminate-within-a-laminate” microstructure and allows for multiple “perfectly soft” modes of deformation.
Impact of preoperative hyponatraemia on paediatric perioperative mortality.

Abstract Background Preoperative hyponatraemia is an independent risk factor for postoperative mortality in adults. To our knowledge, this has not been investigated in children. Methods Using data from the 2014 and 2015 data sets of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program-Pediatric (NSQIP-P), we conducted a retrospective study of children undergoing surgery. The primary outcome was 30-day all-cause mortality. The secondary outcomes of interest were postoperative seizure within 30 days and prolonged length of stay. To identify any independent association between preoperative hyponatraemia, defined as mild (serum sodium of 131–135 mEq L−1) or severe (≤130 mEq L−1), and death, postoperative seizures, or prolonged length of stay, multivariable logistic regression models were generated. Results A total of 152 894 patients were identified, and of these 35 291 were included in the final analysis. Preoperative hyponatraemia was present in 5422 patients or 15.4% of the final cohort. There were 432 (0.80%) deaths at 30 days. Compared with patients with a normal preoperative sodium concentration, those with mild (P=0.003; odds ratio [OR]: 1.59; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.17–2.18) and severe (P=0.002; OR: 2.16; 95% CI: 1.32–3.54) hyponatraemia had increased rates of death, after adjusting for co-morbidity and procedural complexity. Both mild (P Conclusions This retrospective analysis identified an association between preoperative hyponatraemia and perioperative mortality and length of stay in paediatric patients.
Progress Toward Solving the Problems and Potential Costs of Solutions

Here I estimate the economic costs to solve each of the problems based on the steps necessary to solve them. This includes costs to protect the environment, eradicate diseases, protect against asteroids, protect against interruptions of food supply, stop naturally and bioterrorist-caused pandemics, and disarm nuclear weapons.
Visual snow: Are we beginning to see the light?

Visual snow is a long-recognized clinical phenomenon, first described by Liu et al.1 in 1995. In this case series, persistent positive visual phenomena were depicted as being “extremely similar in their simplicity, quality, and involvement of the entire visual field.”1 Patients reported seeing “diffuse small particles, such as TV static, snow, lines of ants, dots, and rain, that lasted for months to years.”1 No underlying structural, drug-related, psychiatric, or epileptic cause for the visual perceptions was identified in this seminal publication; moreover, treatments were unhelpful.
Temperature-Dependent Reactivity of a Non-heme FeIII(OH)(SR) Complex: Relevance to Isopenicillin N Synthase.

Non-heme iron complexes with cis-FeIII(OH)(SAr/OAr) coordination were isolated and examined for their reactivity with a tertiary carbon radical. The sulfur-ligated complex shows a temperature dependence on •OH versus ArS• transfer, whereas the oxygen-ligated complex does not. These results provide the first working model for C-S bond formation in isopenicillin N synthase and indicate that kinetic control may be a key factor in the selectivity of non-heme iron "rebound" processes.
Acute Unilateral Nonhemorrhagic Adrenal Infarction in Pregnancy.

Abstract Objective To highlight the imaging findings in a pregnant woman with unilateral adrenal infarction complicating pregnancy. Methods Retrospective chart review to obtain pertinent information including history, physical examination findings, laboratory results, as well as review diagnostic imaging studies. MRI of the abdomen was reviewed and interpreted by the radiology team. Results A 24-year-old woman, 30 weeks pregnant, presented to the emergency room with severe left upper quadrant abdominal pain, radiating to the back, and associated with nausea and vomiting. Physical exam was significant for tenderness to light palpation in the left upper abdominal quadrant with voluntary guarding. Abdominal MRI noted a T2 hypointense left adrenal gland with loss of normal diffusion restriction. A diagnosis of unilateral adrenal infarct was made and patient was started on enoxaparin. Corticosteroids were started after a suboptimal cortisol response to ACTH stimulation. Conclusion Unilateral adrenal infarction is rare with only a few cases reports in the literature. Thrombophilia evaluation is warranted as antiphospholipid syndrome and MTHFR gene mutations have been associated with this condition. MRI is superior to other imaging modalities due to its sensitivity in detecting adrenal infarction and possible hemorrhage, if present. Unfortunately, there are no guidelines on managing such patients. Focus is usually placed on anticoagulation to prevent the infarction of the contralateral adrenal gland, with cautious monitoring as hemorrhagic conversion is possible, as well as screening patients for adrenal insufficiency for prompt supplementation with corticosteroids if needed. Attempting to find the underlying cause is crucial.
Collaborative imagination: A methodological approach

Abstract This paper explores the role of imagination as our primary cognitive mechanism for anticipating and deliberating on the future, and adopts the perspective that imagination is an innate human faculty that can be developed and deployed through particular methods and practices. Imagination is a crucial component for individual self-efficacy, collective agency, and our broader capacity for long-term survival and thriving as a species, driving fundamental advances in all arenas of human activity, from technological innovation to literature and the arts. We present a set of three case studies that we used to build our Imaginative Collaborative Framework, which aims to foster imagination within interdisciplinary teams. This framework extends research on collaboration to specifically account for, and foster, imagination, and identifies three primary areas of practice: creating conditions, defining processes, and shaping outputs.
Book Introduction: Innovators, Firms, and Markets: The Organizational Logic of Intellectual Property

It is generally assumed that stronger intellectual property protections have adverse competitive effects by raising entry costs and shielding incumbents. This book identifies a significant range of circumstances in which stronger IP protections lower entry costs for innovators who have robust R&D capacities but lack the capital and commercialization expertise required to challenge incumbents that enjoy existing financing, production and distribution infrastructures. This analytical framework, which integrates the costs of information exchange into the theory of the firm, is applied through a novel “organizational” history and political economy of the U.S. patent system (including patent-related antitrust enforcement) from 1890 to 2006. Both theory and empirics suggest that stronger patent regimes yield efficiency gains by maximizing organizational choice and enabling innovators to pursue contractual and other less integrated structures for converting R&D investments into commercially viable products. Weaker patent regimes yield efficiency losses by skewing firms’ organizational choices toward more integrated structures that substitute internal for external information and capital markets. Consistent with these proposed relationships between IP strength and organizational form, evidence on lobbying and advocacy activities shows that, outside biopharmaceuticals, larger firms that pursue systems-based and other integrated commercialization strategies have tended to disfavor stronger forms of patent protection. The opposite tends to be the case for R&D-intensive entities that rely on less integrated structures to extract value from innovation investments.
Precariously Employed Climate Journalists the Challenges of Freelance Climate Journalists in South Asia

Declines in the number of foreign correspondents and bureaus have caused media to rely on freelance journalists, particularly on coverage of complex and topical issues such as climate change. This ...
Research on Access Point and Capacity Optimization of Distributed Generation in Distribution Power Grid

This paper researches the different configuration modes of distributed generation, such as installation location, installation capacity and influence on distribution network, analyzes the running power factor, energy loss, network topology, voltage control mode with traditional voltage control equipment, and gives relevant conclusions, so that power system planning, dispatching and running engineer can process in time, effectively guide customers to connect distributed power to distribution power grid, minimize the distributed power impact to distribution power system. As for the access point and capacity optimization of distributed generation in distribution network, this paper proposes the intelligent optimization algorithm to solve the optimal access mode of distributed power supply. The objective is to maximize the capacity of distributed generation and minimize the system energy loss. At the same time, the upper and lower limits of branch current carrying capacity, main transformer capacity, section active power and node voltage are taken as constraints. By the calculation and analysis of the access capability of a real distribution network, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified.
Backfilling HPC Jobs with a Multimodal-Aware Predictor

Job scheduling aims to minimize the turnaround time on the submitted jobs while catering to the resource constraints of High Performance Computing (HPC) systems. The challenge with scheduling is that it must honor job requirements and priorities while actual job run times are unknown. Although approaches have been proposed that use classification techniques or machine learning to predict job run times for scheduling purposes, these approaches do not provide a technique for reducing underprediction, which has a negative impact on scheduling quality. A common cause of underprediction is that the distribution of the duration for a job class is multimodal, causing the average job duration to fall below the expected duration of longer jobs. In this work, we propose the Top Percent predictor, which uses a hierarchical classification scheme to provide better accuracy for job run time predictions than the user-requested time. Our predictor addresses multimodal job distributions by making a prediction that is higher than a specified percentage of the observed job run times. We integrate the Top Percent predictor into scheduling algorithms and evaluate the performance using schedule quality metrics found in literature. To accommodate the user policies of HPC systems, we propose priority metrics that account for job flow time, job resource requirements, and job priority. The experiments demonstrate that the Top Percent predictor outperforms the related approaches when evaluated using our proposed priority metrics.
The significance of transferrin for intestinal iron absorption

A mechanism is proposed by which apotransferrin is secreted from mucosal cells, loaded with iron in the intestinal lumen, and then the intact complex is taken into the cell. Within the cell, iron is released and transferred to the blood stream, whereas iron-free transferrin returns to the brush border to be recycled. We have investigated this hypothesis by measuring intestinal absorption of radioiron and 125I-labeled plasma transferrin using tied-off gut segments in normal and iron-deficient rats. There was no absorption of diferric transferrin from the ileum, but high absorption from the duodenum and jejunum segments. Jejunal absorption occurred as a function of the dose offered and showed saturation kinetics. In normal animals, 4 micrograms of the 50 micrograms of transferrin iron was absorbed over 1 hr. In iron-deficient animals, mean values as high as 13 micrograms were observed. Radioiron content of the jejunal mucosa bore a linear relationship to the dose administered and was inversely proportional to the amount of iron entering the plasma. Recycling of transferrin was indicated by the presence of labeled apotransferrin in the lumen, first observed between 15 and 60 min after the injection of diferric transferrin. A high resistance of diferric and apotransferrin to proteolytic degradation within the gut lumen was demonstrated. Comparative studies with lactoferrin and ferritin disclosed poor availability of their iron for absorption. The small amount that was absorbed did not relate to the iron status of the recipient animal. These studies support the role of mucosal transferrin as a shuttle protein for iron absorption.
Induction of Linguistic Structure with Combinatory Categorial Grammars

Our system consists of a simple, EM-based induction algorithm (Bisk and Hockenmaier, 2012), which induces a language-specific Combinatory Categorial grammar (CCG) and lexicon based on a small number of linguistic principles, e.g. that verbs may be the roots of sentences and can take nouns as arguments.
Imaginary Insect or Mite Infestations

Imaginary insect or mite infestations, a condition called delusions of parasitosis (DOP), are not uncommon in the human population. Pest control technicians, entomologists, and physicians (especially dermatologists) frequently encounter these patients who complain of mystery bites or itches which they attribute to tiny insects or mites. Patients characteristically produce numerous samples containing tiny bits of debris, lint, hair, fibers, and sometimes scabs and skin. This chapter provides in-depth coverage of the condition of DOP, its various contributing factors, and treatment strategies. A related condition, Morgellons disease, is also presented and discussed.
Role of β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors in regulation of Cl− and Ca2+ channels in guinea pig ventricular myocytes

The role of β1- and β2-adrenergic receptor stimulation in modulating adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-regulated Cl− and Ca2+ currents was investigated with use of guinea pig ventricular ...
Helicenebisquinones: Synthesis of a [7]Helicenebisquinone

3, 6-Diacetyl-9, 10-dimethoxyphenanthrene 3, 6-Bis[1-(triisopropylsiloxy)ethenyl]-9,10-dimethoxyphenanthrene Triethylamine 1, 4-Benzoquinone 6, 13-Bis(triisopropylsiloxy)-9,10-dimethoxy[7]helicenebisquinone Keywords: helicenebisquinones; photocyclization; functional groups; transformations; helical polymers; liquid crystals; helical ligands; columnar aggregates; asymmetric catalysts; chirality; nonlinear optical materials; waste disposal
Computer-assisted evaluation of aortic stiffness using data acquired via magnetic resonance

Aortic stiffness is frequently assessed through pulse wave velocity (PWV) measurements. Based on data acquired by magnetic resonance (MR) using a one-dimensional time-of-flight technique, a new computational tool has been developed to rapidly construct flow velocity images and automatically calculate PWV. Comparison between PWV results obtained from this and a manual analysis demonstrates good agreement (correlation coefficient of 0.9951), while the new method improves the time efficiency by more than 20 times. The new method can also significantly improve flow signal quality and yield more credible results when strong interfering background signals are present.
Biomechanical Comparison of Trans-Sacral and Triangular Osteosynthesis in a Vertically Unstable Pelvic Fracture Model

Vertically unstable fractures of the pelvis are uncommon high-energy injuries. There exist various methods of fixation for posterior pelvic ring injuries such as anterior plating, tension band-plating, trans-iliac bars, spinopelvic fixation, and iliosacral (IS) screws. Recent literature supports that triangular osteosynthesis (spinopelvic fixation) provides superior fixation strength compared to traditionally placed IS screw fixation. The theoretical advantage of triangular osteosynthesis fixation is that this technique combines unilateral spinopelvic distraction osteosynthesis for vertical stabilization with ipsilateral iliosacral screw fixation for horizontal stabilization, thereby providing biplanar stability. While spinopelvic fixation provides biplanar biomechanical stability there are inherent risks of spinal instrumentation, including neurologic injury from malpositioned pedicle screws, hardware loosening or breakage, local infection, wound dehiscence, hardware prominence requiring removal, and predisposition of spinal arthritis. Iliosacral screws are thought to be advantageous in that they can be applied percutaneously or as an open procedure, potentially limit soft tissue dissection, and minimize blood loss. However, IS screw fixation alone has been associated with fixation failure in unstable vertical shear pelvic fractures. There exists a vertical shear repair technique that has been used in revisional and non-union cases, which utilizes trans-sacral screws to stabilize vertical shear fractures. This trans-sacral technique provides biplanar stability and can be implemented without spinal instrumentation. The purpose of this study was to compare the structural integrity of trans-sacral (TS) versus triangular osteosynthesis (TO) in an unstable sacral fracture model.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The Dynamics of Inclusion at the Dynamics of Inclusion in Public Archaeology Workshop Public Event

This paper describes, analyzes and critiques a public archaeology event created to demonstrate the methodologies of a dialogic archaeology. Collaboratively produced by the Wenner-Gren-sponsored Dynamics of Inclusion in Public Archaeology Workshop and the African Burial Ground National Monument, this event drew a capacity crowd representing diverse communities from the New York City region for a program dedicated to exploring public archaeology as it is, and has been, practiced in New York City. The on the ground actions involved in designing the event are explored here for insight into how communities form in, around, and with archaeology, while participant observation data gathered during the event is used to demonstrate the facilitating role archaeology and archaeologists play when a community uses the past for needs in the present. Feedback from several of the audiences attending the event, including the Workshop participants and other archaeological colleagues who were present, provide reflection on the aims and goals of public archaeology.
Contrast polarity differences reduce crowding but do not benefit reading performance in peripheral vision

Previous studies have shown that the spatial extent of crowding in peripheral vision is reduced when a target letter and its flanking letters have opposite contrast polarity. We have examined if this reduction in crowding leads to improved reading performance. We compared the spatial extent of crowding, visual-span profiles (plots of letter-recognition accuracy versus letter position), and reading speed at 10 degrees inferior visual field, using white letters, black letters, or mixtures of white and black letters, presented on a mid-gray background. Consistent with previous studies, the spatial extent of crowding was reduced when the target and flanking letters had opposite contrast polarity. However, using mixed contrast polarity did not lead to improvements in visual-span profiles or reading speed.
Superconducting Transition of Lead

New measurements of the superconducting transition temperature of lead have been made ancillary to the redetermination of the absolute scale of thermoelectric power of this metal. Rather precise measurements on zone-purified lead give a transition temperature of 7.175\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K in zero field which is lower than the previously accepted value of 7.22\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The observed transition width was less than 0.001\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K.
243 THE INSULIN/GLUCAGON RATIO AFFECTS MITOCHONDRIAL ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE ACCUMULATION AND PYRUVATE CARBOXYLATION IN NEWBORN RABBIT LIVER

We have shown that a rapid postnatal increase in hepatic mitochondrial adenine nucleotide content and the matrix ATP/ADP ratio activates pyruvate carboxylation (a matrix reaction) thereby stimulating gluconeogenesis in the newborn rabbit (Ped.Res. 1983, 17:129). Here we examined the role of insulin and glucagon as initiating stimuli for this phenomenon. Manipulation of the insulin/glucagon ratio in vivo by insulin injection at birth delayed postnatal increases in mitochondrial adenine nucleotide content and pyruvate carboxylation (65 and 69% of controls respectively at 2 hrs after birth). Conversely, glucagon injection produced a supranormal increase in both mitochondrial adenine nucleotide content and pyruvate carboxylation (114 and 1195% of control respectively at 2 hrs postnatal). In addition, insulin injection prevented, while glucagon enhanced the normal postnatal increase in the cellular ATP/ADP ratio (2 fold decrease and 1.3 fold increase respectively by 1 hr after birth). These results show that a decreased insulin/glucagon ratio promotes the rapid movement of adenine nucleotides from the liver cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix. The increased matrix concentration of ATP stimulates pyruvate carboxylation, thereby activating gluconeogenesis during very early postnatal life. The results also suggest that persistent hypoglycemia in infants born to diabetic mothers may be due to a delay in the onset of postnatal gluconeogenesis that is secondary to a higher than normal insulin/glucagon ratio. (NIH HD 16936)
Global Economic Integration: Prospects for WTO Accession and Continued Russian Reforms

Recognizing Russia's remaining internal challenges to WTO accession and devising strategies to overcome them are critical to lock in domestic reforms and bring about the benefits of integration--both to Russians and to the world economy.
Intentional, Integrated Learning for Engineering Students

In order to prepare our engineering students to be effective and ethical professionals, citizens, and individuals, we have restructured our curriculum to offer a more effective and coherent experience, providing more opportunities for interdisciplinary, experiential, and civic education, as well as reflection on vocation. Students intentionally construct a "pathway" (courses addressing a common theme) that situates new knowledge into an existing framework of their own definition, helping them to develop the skills of self-monitoring and reflection, and encouraging integration of their education. We are in the first year of implementation of the new core curriculum. In this paper I will report on the changes to the engineering curriculum intended to foster the development of students' abilities to integrate a wide variety of perspectives into the study of their engineering major. I will discuss the learning objectives of the core curriculum, including the requirement for a "pathway," and describe how changes to the introductory course and other requirements make a new curriculum possible without adding to the courseload of engineering majors. The senior design capstone experience brings it all back together again, addressing both technical and non-technical aspects of each student's experience.
Middle cerebral artery occlusion model in rodents: methods and potential pitfalls

A variety of animal models have been developed for modeling ischemic stroke. The middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model has been utilized extensively, especially in rodents. While the MCAO model provides stroke researchers with an excellent platform to investigate the disease, controversial or even paradoxical results are occasionally seen in the literature utilizing this model. Various factors exert important effects on the outcome in this stroke model, including the age and sex of the animal examined. This paper discusses emerging information on the effects of age and sex on ischemic outcomes after MCAO, with an emphasis on mouse models of stroke.
Scolytid Beetles Associated with Douglas Fir: Response to Terpenes

Douglas-fir oleoresin and the terpene hydrocarbons (α-pinene, β-pinene, litnonene, camphene, geraniol, and α-terpineol) attracted various bark and timber beetles associated with Douiglas-fir forests during their flight. In responding to these volatile terpenes the bettles are directed to favorable breeding material.
Minimum number of hidden neurons does not necessarily provide the best generalization

The quality of a feedforward neural network that allows it to associate data not used in training is called generalization. A common method of creating the desired network is for the user to select the network architecture and allowing a training algorithm to evolve the synaptic weights between the neurons. A popular belief is that the network with the fewest number of hidden neurons that correctly learns a sufficient training set is a network with better generalization. This paper will contradict that belief. The optimization of generalization requires that the network not assume information that does not exist in the training data. Unfortunately, a network with the minimum number of hidden neurons may require assumptions of information that does not exist. The network then skews the surface that maps the input space to the output space in order to accommodate the minimum architecture which then sacrifices generalization.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Isoimmune neonatal neutropenia.

The third child of a 34-year-old Caucasian woman presented at two weeks of age with pyoderma of five days' duration and severe neutropenia. The neutropenia persisted for at least 28 days. A neutrophil-specific antibody was demonstrated in both the infant's and mother's blood. Muramidase determinations on the infant's serum revealed an initial level of 3.8 μg per milliliter at four weeks of age with a gradual fall to 2.2 μg per milliliter at eight weeks; this decrease possibly reflected neutrophil degradation. This infant represents a case of immune-induced neutropenia following maternal isoimmunization.
Band Edge Structure of PbS, PbSe, and PbTe

The available experimental data on PbS, PbSe, and PbTe indicate that the valence-and conduction-band extrema of these semi-conductors occur at the $L$ point of the Brillouin zone. The nearly-free-electron model predicts that the valence and conduction states in the vicinity of the forbidden gap at $L$ each consist of three simple spin-degenerate bands. These bands interact strongly with one another and are relatively well isolated from other bands at $L$. The forms of the dispersion relations, $E(\mathrm{k})$, for these bands are determined using their symmetry and k\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}P perturbation theory, and depend strongly on their order and spacing. The conduction-and valence-band extrema may be either anisotropic, with small, highly concentration-dependent transverse masses, as found in PbTe, or more nearly isotropic, as found in PbS. PbSe is thought to be an intermediate case. The theoretical variation with carrier concentration of the cyclotron masses and extremal cross-sectional areas of the Fermi surface is derived from k\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}P perturbation theory for a simple model of the band structure in PbTe. This model is found to be in good agreement with most of the transport data on PbTe. However, the $g$ factor for the valence band of PbTe, deduced from measurements of the Shubnikov-de Haas effect, is in definite disagreement with the predictions of the simple model, and a consideration of all six bands is necessary in order to obtain complete agreement with experiment. It appears that the band edge structure of PbSe and PbS are similar to that of PbTe with only a difference in the spacing of the various valence and conduction bands.
THE ESSENTIAL LESION IN EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES INSIPIDUS

WE HAVE stated (1941) that the von Hann view that diabetes insipidus (DI) cannot occur in the absence of pars distalis is incorrect, since sustained DI occurred in dogs as a result of total hypophysectomy, and persisted after removal of the pars distalis where DI had been produced by denervation of the neurohypophysis, complete absence of pars distalis being proved by serial sections. The present report confirms and extends these findings, offers an explanation for the apparent discrepancies in other workers' findings, and reports further observations on other endocrine influences on renal water output.