cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association of Sleep Characteristics With Nocturnal Hypertension and Nondipping Blood Pressure in the CARDIA Study.

Background Sleep characteristics and disorders are associated with higher blood pressure (BP) when measured in the clinic setting. Methods and Results We tested whether self‐reported sleep characte...
Pyrolysis End-Doping to Optimize Transport Propertiesof Carbon Molecular Sieve Hollow Fiber Membranes

In this article, we present a facile approach, pyrolysis end-doping (PED), to finely tune pore structures to optimize separation properties of polyimide-derived asymmetric carbon molecular sieve (CMS) hollow fiber membranes. The PED approach creates CMS fibers with excellent transport properties using argon with 10 ppm oxygen for 1 min at the end of a conventional high-temperature pyrolysis process. The tuning capability is demonstrated for a membrane with a thin selective skin layer of about 1 μm thickness for already highly permeable 6FDA-DETDA:DABE polyimide-derived CMS membranes to improve the CO2/CH4 permselectivity. In the PED process, trace oxygen reacts primarily with the skin layer and underlying support transition layer of ultramicropores and micropores to achieve overall membrane separation property improvements for natural gas purification. The PED is a simple one-step process that is easier to implement than a previously published dual temperature secondary oxygen doping (DTSOD) process. The PED approach, therefore, adds a valuable and scalable new tool, ideally suited for fine-tuning of membrane properties.
Long-term Effects of an Evidence-based Guideline for Emergency Management of Pediatric Syncope.

Variability exists in the management of childhood syncope as clinicians balance resource utilization with the need to identify serious diseases. Limited evidence exists regarding the long-term impact of evidence-based guidelines (EBGs) on clinical practices. This study's objective was to measure long-term changes in the management of syncope after implementing a syncope EBG in a single pediatric emergency department following the redistribution of resources to facilitate compliance over time. Methods We included healthy patients aged 8-22 years, presenting to the pediatric emergency department with syncope between 2009 and 2017. Interrupted time series analysis compared testing rates and length of stay among the pre-EBG, short-term follow-up, and long-term follow-up periods. Results The study included 1,294 subjects. From the pre-EBG period to the long-term follow-up period, recommended electrocardiogram and urine pregnancy test rose significantly [level change odds ratio (95% confidence interval) 5.56 (1.73-17.91) and 3.15 (1.07-9.32), respectively]. Testing and management not recommended by the EBG decreased significantly, including complete blood count, electrolytes, point-of-care glucose, chest radiograph, and intravenous fluids [level change odds ratio (95% confidence interval) 0.19 (0.09-0.40), 0.15 (0.07-0.32), 0.38 (0.18-0.81), 0.17 (0.06-0.49), and 0.18 (0.08-0.39), respectively]. Length of stay declined significantly. No delayed diagnoses occurred. Conclusions Sustained improvements in syncope management persisted during long-term follow-up of the EBG despite minimal resources. The EBG was associated with increased focused evaluation and decreased low yield testing. EBGs may be useful tools to influence sustained clinical practices to promote safe, cost-effective, and high-quality care.
Highway safety assessment and improvement through crash prediction by injury severity and vehicle damage using Multivariate Poisson-Lognormal model and Joint Negative Binomial-Generalized Ordered Probit Fractional Split model.

Abstract Introduction: Predicting crash counts by severity plays a dominant role in identifying roadway sites that experience overrepresented crashes, or an increase in the potential for crashes with higher severity levels. Valid and reliable methodologies for predicting highway accidents by severity are necessary in assessing contributing factors to severe highway crashes, and assisting the practitioners in allocating safety improvement resources. Methods: This paper uses urban and suburban intersection data in Connecticut, along with two sophisticated modeling approaches, i.e. a Multivariate Poisson-Lognormal (MVPLN) model and a Joint Negative Binomial-Generalized Ordered Probit Fractional Split (NB-GOPFS) model to assess the methodological rationality and accuracy by accommodating for the unobserved factors in predicting crash counts by severity level. Furthermore, crash prediction models based on vehicle damage level are estimated using the same two methodologies to supplement the injury severity in estimating crashes by severity when the sample mean of severe injury crashes (e.g., fatal crashes) is very low. Results: The model estimation results highlight the presence of correlations of crash counts among severity levels, as well as the crash counts in total and crash proportions by different severity levels. A comparison of results indicates that injury severity and vehicle damage are highly consistent. Conclusions: Crash severity counts are significantly correlated and should be accommodated in crash prediction models. Practical application: The findings of this research could help select sound and reliable methodologies for predicting highway accidents by injury severity. When crash data samples have challenges associated with the low observed sampling rates for severe injury crashes, this research also confirmed that vehicle damage can be appropriate as an alternative to injury severity in crash prediction by severity.
Risk and Reward of Fractionally-Leveraged ETFs in a Stock/Bond Portfolios

This article investigates using 1.25X leveraged stock and bond exchange-traded funds (ETFs) as an asset allocation strategy. Performance is analyzed by replicating funds from 1989-2017, including all relevant costs. Conditions for excess returns are derived analytically and confirmed empirically. Simulations are conducted to assess performance under a variety of market conditions, and demonstrate opportunities for excess returns over unlevered funds in a 60/40 stock/bond allocation. These results are accomplished with a small reduction in the Sharpe ratio and no need to access margin. We conclude that this asset allocation strategy could be well suited for investors more interested in total returns during upward trending markets.
Hypoxia Regulation of ndrgs

Many organisms rely on oxygen to efficiently produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). During severe hypoxia, the production of ATP decreases due to diminished activity of the electron transport chain, leading to cell damage or death. Conversely, excessive oxygen causes oxidative stress that is equally damaging to cells. To mitigate pathological outcomes, organisms have evolved mechanisms to adapt to fluctuations in oxygen levels. Zebrafish embryos are remarkably hypoxia-tolerant, surviving anoxia (zero oxygen) for hours in a hypometabolic, energy-conserving state. To begin to unravel underlying mechanisms, we analyze here the distribution and hypoxia-dependent regulation of members of the N-myc Downstream Regulated Gene (NDRG) family, NDRG 1-4. The role and regulation of these genes in response to hypoxia has primarily been studied in cancer cells and hence little is understood about their normal function. We show here using in situ hybridization that NDRGs are expressed in metabolically-demanding organs of the zebrafish embryo, such as the brain, kidney and heart. To investigate whether NDRGs are hypoxia-responsive, we exposed embryos to different severity and durations of hypoxia and analyzed transcript levels. We observed that these genes are differentially regulated and that ndrg1a is the most responsive, with eight-fold upregulation following prolonged anoxia. We further show that this treatment resulted in de novo expression of ndrg1a in tissues where it is not observed under normoxia, including somatic mesoderm and head vasculature. These findings provide an entry point into understanding the role of this conserved gene family in hypoxia adaptation of normal cells.
Leveraging Unlabeled Data for Glioma Molecular Subtype and Survival Prediction

In this paper, we address two long-standing radio-genomic challenges in glioma subtype and survival prediction: (1) how to leverage large amounts of unlabeled magnetic resonance (MR) imaging data and (2) how to unite MR data and genomic data. We propose a novel application of multi-task learning (MTL) that leverages unlabeled MR data by jointly learning an auxiliary tumor segmentation task with glioma subtype prediction and that can learn from patients with and without genomic data. We analyze multi-parametric MR data from 542 patients in the combined training, validation, and testing sets of the 2018 Multimodal Brain Tumor Segmentation Challenge and somatic copy number alteration (SCNA) data from 1090 patients in The Cancer Genome Atlas' (TCGA) lower-grade glioma and glioblastoma projects. Our MTL model significantly outperforms comparable classification models trained only on labeled MR data for both IDH1/2 mutation and 1p/19q co-deletion subtype prediction tasks. We also show that embeddings produced by our MTL models improve survival predictions beyond MR or SCNA on their own. Our code is available at https://github.com/nknuecht/glioma_mtl.
Backprop-Free Reinforcement Learning with Active Neural Generative Coding.

In humans, perceptual awareness facilitates the fast recognition and extraction of information from sensory input. This awareness largely depends on how the human agent interacts with the environment. In this work, we propose active neural generative coding, a computational framework for learning action-driven generative models without backpropagation of errors (backprop) in dynamic environments. Specifically, we develop an intelligent agent that operates even with sparse rewards, drawing inspiration from the cognitive theory of planning as inference. We demonstrate on several control problems, in the online learning setting, that our proposed modeling framework performs competitively with deep Q-learning models. The robust performance of our agent offers promising evidence that a backprop-free approach for neural inference and learning can drive goal-directed behavior.
Social Network Factors for HPV Vaccine Adoption in Young Adults

Studies find that while there is an increase in general awareness of HPV, many misconceptions about HPV and the vaccine remain. An individual’s adoption of HPV vaccination should be influenced, in part, by the behavior of others in their network. Understanding differences between HPV vaccine adopters and nonadopters when it comes to trust in sources, knowledge of HPV and HPV vaccines, and individual networks are critical as vaccine decisions are rarely made without consultation with others in the individual’s social network. An online survey of students attending a Northern California university (N=346) assessed HPV vaccination sources of information, knowledge, and adoption among young adults. Seventy-seven percent of respondents reported relying on the internet when initially seeking health or medical information. Respondents who received the HPV vaccine were more likely than unvaccinated respondents to know that HPV causes cancer (70% vs. 43%) and that it is sexually transmitted (80% vs. 62%). Vaccinated individuals are more knowledgeable about HPV and the HPV vaccine than non- vaccinated young adults. Social network differences are visible between vaccinated and unvaccinated respondents. The likelihood that a young adult will be vaccinated against HPV was positively related to whether the individual was part of the decision to vaccinate, whether the individual’s parent(s) were a part of the decision to vaccinate, whether or not they believed their family members to also have been vaccinated, and the density of their social network.
Preemergent Weed Control in Container and Field Grown Woody Nursery Crops with Gallery

Abstract Two container and four field tests were conducted to evaluate Gallery (isoxaben) for preemergent weed control in container and field grown woody nursery crops. Gallery was applied to newly potted nursery crops at 0.56 and 1.1 kg ai/ha (0.5 and 1 lb ai/A) alone and in combination with Surflan (oryzalin) or Treflan (trifluralin). No injury was observed on container grown Coral ‘azalea Bells,’ Rhododendron ‘Roseum Elegans,’ rockspray cotoneaster, forsythia, potentilla ‘Tangerine,’ Japanese dwarf garden juniper, ‘Old Gold’ juniper, or plaintain lily ‘Albo-marginata.’ Gallery, applied alone, caused no injury to field grown sawara false cypress, honey locust, Japanese yew, California privet, ‘San Jose’ holly, white pine, Douglas fir, white fir, green ash, or Japanese rose. Gallery injured field grown common lilac. When combined with Surflan, temporary reduction in white fir and Japanese barberry quality resulted. Douglas fir was injured significantly by Surflan, alone or in combination with Gallery. Ga...
Simulating optical system performance with three-dimensional scenes

Simulated images provide insight into optical system performance. If the Point Spread Function (PSF) is assumed spatially invariant, then the simulated image is the convolution of the PSF with the object scene. If the PSF varies across the field, multiple field points are sampled and interpolated to give the PSF. Simulated images are then assembled from the individual PSFs. These techniques assume a 2D planar object. We extend the image simulations to 3D scenes. The PSF now depends on the field point location and distance in object space. We investigate 3D scene simulation and examine approximations that reduce computation time.
Contractual Claims in International Law

Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/fss_papers Part of the Civil Law Commons, Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, Conflicts of Law Commons, Contracts Commons, Dispute Resolution and Arbitration Commons, Foreign Law Commons, Jurisprudence Commons, Law and Economics Commons, Litigation Commons, Politics Commons, Taxation-Transnational Commons, and the Transnational Law Commons
Quantitative understanding of skin tissue ablation from UV to NIR with a new plasma model

Summary from only given. A plasma model can provide satisfactory explanation to the experimental results on soft tissue ablation by short ultraviolet laser pulses and illustrate the fundamental mechanism underlying the tissue ablations. By considering quantitatively the thermal ionization pathway this new plasma model demonstrates, in contrary to the photochemical and photomechanical models, that the ionization is the cause of the tissue ablation in a wide spectral region from ultraviolet to near-infrared.
Design and implementation of an optical flow-based autonomous video surveillance system

Autonomous video surveillance systems typically consist of several functional modules working in concert. These modules perform specialized tasks including motion detection, separation of the foreground and background, depth estimation, object tracking, feature estimation, and behavioral analysis. Computational overhead and redundancy may result from designing each module individually, as each module may incorporate different variety of techniques and algorithms. This paper presents the design of a surveillance system that uses an optical flow algorithm throughout. We consider the capabilities, solutions, and limitations of this design. Additionally, an evaluation of the performance of optical flow in specific situations, such as depth estimation, rigid and non-rigid classification, segmentation, and tracking, is provided. The main contribution of this work is a new system-level architecture based on a single key algorithm (optical flow) for the entire video surveillance system.
Alcohol availability and youth homicide in the 91 largest US cities, 1984-2006.

The aggregate relationship between homicide and alcohol availability is well established across a number of national and sub-national settings in North America, Europe and some parts of Asia. However, results linking youth homicide and alcohol availability at the retail level are largely absent from the literature, especially at the city level and across longer time periods. In a multivariate, pooled time series and cross-section study, youth homicide offending rates for two age groups, 13-17 and 18-24, were analysed for the 91 largest cities in the USA between 1984 and 2006. Data for social and economic characteristics, drug use, street gang activity and gun availability were also used as time series measures. Data on the availability of alcohol for each city were gathered from the US Census of Economic Activity, which is conducted every 5 years. These data were used to construct an annual time series for the density of retail alcohol outlets in each city. Results indicated that net of other variables, several of which had significant impacts on youth homicide, the density of alcohol outlets had a significant positive effect on youth homicide for those aged 13-17 and 18-24. Such positive effects have been found for adults in national and neighbourhood level studies, but this is the first study to report such evidence for teenagers and young adults. An important policy implication of these findings is that the reduction of the density of retail alcohol outlets in a city may be an effective tool for violent crime reduction among such youth.[Parker RN, Williams KR, McCaffree KJ, Acensio EK, Browne A, Strom KJ, Barrick K. Alcohol availability and youth homicide in the 91 largest US cities, 1984-2006. Drug Alcohol Rev 2011;30:505-514]. Language: en
Convective Vaporization Data for Pure Refrigerants in Tube Banks Part II: Enhanced Tubes

Convective vaporization data were obtained for two different enhanced tube geometries in a staggered tube bank made of 18.9 mm (0.75 inch) outside diameter tubes having an equilateral pitch-to-diameter ratio of 1.25. Data are presented for pure refrigerants R-11, R-123, and R-134a at saturation temperatures of 4.4°C (40°F) and 26.7°C (80°F). The data span vapor qualities of 0.0 to 0.9, mass velocities (based on minimum flow cross section area) of 10 to 30 kg/(m2· s) (7,400 to 22,000 lb/h·ft2), and heat fluxes of 15 to 45 kW/m2 (4,760 to 14,300 Btu/h·ft2). The apparatus allowed independent control of vapor quality, mass velocity, and heat flux. The data were correlated in the form of an asymptotic model with a root mean squared error of less than 15%. A modified superposition model with a suppression factor of unity correlated all the Tu-B (R-11 and R-123) data and approximately 90% of the W-SE (R-134a) data within ±20%. The experimental results for the two enhanced tube geometries tested show that the tub...
In situ IR/MS study of partial oxidation of CH4 coupled with pulse technique over Rh/Al2O3

Abstract Partial oxidation of methane was studied by pulsing O 2 into a CH 4 flow over Rh/Al 2 O 3 in a sequence of in situ infrared (IR) cell and fixed bed reactor at 773 K. The results obtained from the sequence of an IR cell followed by a fixed bed reactor show that (i) adsorbed CO produced possesses a long residence time, indicating that adsorbed oxygen leading to the formation of CO is significantly different from those leading to CO 2 and (ii) CO 2 is not an intermediate species for the formation of CO. The results obtained from the reversed reactor sequence show the water–gas shift reaction as the dominant pathway in the downstream of the catalyst bed. Pulsing oxygen into varying partial pressure of methane revealed that H 2 oxidation is more sensitive to the partial pressure of the reactant than CO oxidation. In situ IR of pulse reaction coupled with alternating reactor sequence is an effective approach to study the primary and secondary reactions as well as the nature of their adsorbed species.
Ensemble Sensitivity Tools for Assessing Extratropical Cyclone Intensity and Track Predictability

AbstractThis paper applies ensemble sensitivity analysis to a U.S. East Coast snowstorm on 26–28 December 2010 in a way that may be beneficial for an operational forecaster to better understand the forecast uncertainties. Sensitivity using the principal components of the leading empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) on the 50-member European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ensemble identifies the sensitive regions and weather systems at earlier times associated with the cyclone intensity and track uncertainty separately. The 5.5-day forecast cyclone intensity uncertainty in the ECMWF ensemble is associated with trough and ridge systems over the northeastern Pacific and central United States, respectively, while the track uncertainty is associated with a short-wave trough over the southern Great Plains. Sensitivity based on the ensemble mean sea level pressure difference between two run cycles also suggests that the track's shift between the two cycles is linked with the initial errors in...
Data flow graph-programming environment for embedded multiprocessing

The GE Distributed Application Environment (GEDAE) is a graphical programming tool that facilitates the development of parallel distributed data flow applications on a heterogeneous network of processors. GEDAE provides a simple Motif interface, allowing the user to create, edit, control, and monitor hierarchical data flow graphs. GEDAE's simple programer interface makes it possible to easily create primitive function boxes by encapsulating existing software in a C language shell. GEDAE maintains much of the efficiency of special purpose code while hiding the details of network interconnection and data flow. GEDAE's data flow control software automatically takes advantage of any data parallelism or pipelining inherent in the constructed data flow graph. Data flow is efficient because objects cast or transfer themselves differently, depending on the type of data transfer, to optimize communications efficiency. An autocode generation capability provides the ability to automatically generate source code for multiprocessors and to efficiently support fine-grained data flow graphs. Currently, GEDAE is being enhanced to allow applications developed in a workstation environment to be mapped to embedded processors, for efficient execution.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Multiple mechanisms of early hyperglycaemic injury of the rat intestinal microcirculation.

SUMMARY 1. Hyperglycaemia in the vast majority of humans with diabetes mellitus is the end result of profound insulin resistance secondary to obesity. For patients in treatment, hyperglycaemia is usually not sustained but, rather, occurs intermittently. In in vivo studies of the rat intestinal microcirculation, endothelial impairment occurs within 30 min at D-glucose concentrations ≥ 300 mg/dL. Endothelial-dependent dilation to acetylcholine and constriction to noradrenaline is impaired. Vasodilation to exogenous nitric oxide (NO) remains normal. 2. When initiated before hyperglycaemia, suppression of oxygen radicals by both scavenging and pretreatment with cyclo-oxygenase blockade to prevent oxygen radical formation minimized endothelial impairments during hyperglycaemia. Neither treatment was effective in restoring endothelial function once it was damaged by hyperglycaemia. 3. A mechanism that may initiate the arachidonic acid– oxygen radical process is activation of specific isoforms of protein kinase C (PKC). De novo formation of diacylglycerol during hyperglycaemia activates PKC. Blockade of the βII PKC isoform with LY-333531 prior to hyperglycaemia protected NO formation within the arteriolar wall, as judged with NO-sensitive microelectrodes. Furthermore, once suppression of endothelial dilation was present in untreated animals, PKC blockade could substantially restore endothelial-dependent dilation. 4. These results indicate that acute hyperglycaemia is far from benign and, in the rat, causes rapid endothelial impairment. Both oxygen radical scavenging and cyclo-oxygenase blockade prior to bouts of hyperglycaemia minimize endothelial impairment with limited side effects. Blockade of specific PKC isozymes protects endothelial function both as a pre- or post-treatment during moderately severe hyperglycaemia.
Developmental formation and distribution of arginase in rat tissues.

Abstract Quantitative measurement of the arginase in the various rat tissues by a single method shows that it occurs among fetal tissues only in liver and later develops to a high concentration in adult liver and to small but significant concentrations in small intestine, kidney, and pancreas. Its development in the lactating mammary gland to a level comparable to the highest ones in extrahepatic tissues is confirmed. Low but apparently significant levels were found in several transplanted tumors. The developmental formation of arginase in the liver occurred in two distinct steps, prenatally during the late fetal period and postnatally during the third week. Injection of thyroxine (but not of hydrocortisone) enhanced the prenatal accumulation of arginase. Injection of hydrocortisone (but not of thyroxine) to 5–8-day-old rats caused the arginase level to rise in 24 hr to adult levels, normally reached only at 28 days of age. Adrenalectomy at 12 days of age inhibited the accumulation of arginase. The results suggest that thyroid and glucocorticoid hormones successively promote the developmental formation of arginase in the liver during the late fetal and the late suckling periods, respectively.
Incorporation of thymine-containing DNA precursors in plasmolysed cells infected by the T4 non-lethal recombination defective mutants.

Incorporation of TdR is aberrant in cells plasmolysed 15 min after infection by the recombination defective T4x and w mutants. The in situ results parallel those obtained in vivo: at high TdR concentrations both T4x and T4w induced incorporation is slightly reduced compared to wild type, whereas at low TdR concentration incorporation induced by T4x is reduced and that induced by T4w is increased compared to wild type. No differences between wild type and mutant induced TdR incorporation are observed when cells are plasmolysed 8 min after infection. Further, no difference in incorporation between wild type and T4x or T4w is observed when either 3H thymine or 3H dTTP is used as a substrate, however small incorporation differences are observed using 3H dTMP as substrate. The mitomycin C sensitivity of T4x induced TdR incorporation is also observed in situ, but the drug must be present throughout infection. T4tk w mutants have increased ability to incorporate 1 μM 3H TdR compared to T4tk and the reduced incorporation of 1 μM 3H TdR by T4x is suppressed in a T4td x double mutant. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that endogenously produced TdR modulates leading and lagging strand synthesis and that the aberrant 1 μM TdR incorporation exhibited by T4x and T4w reflects specific activity changes resulting from a recombination defect induced alteration of the TdR “modulator pool”.
Effects of growth hormone on lactation and body growth of parturient rats.

SummaryTwenty mature female albino rats which had reached growth stasis were bred, and on the day of parturition their litters were reduced to 6 young each. On the 5th postpartum day 10 rats were injected with 1 mg GH daily for 12 days and the other 10 rats served as controls. The GH-injected rats gained an average of 2 g each daily during the experimental period whereas the controls showed no increase in body weight. The growth rate of the litters was the same in both groups, indicating that GH did not increase milk production. This contrasts with the demonstrated ability of GH to increase milk production in cattle, sheep and goats.
Efficient Generation of Transgenic Rats Through the Male Germline Using Lentiviral Transduction and Transplantation of Spermatogonial Stem Cells

Spermatozoa produced from spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are the vehicle by which genes of a male are passed to the next generation. A single SSC has the ability to self-renew and produce thousands of spermatozoa; therefore, it is an ideal target for genetic modification to efficiently generate transgenic animals in mammalian species. Rats are an important model organism for biological research; however, gene function studies have been difficult because of a limited ability to generate transgenic animals. Transgenic rat production through SSCs offers a means to overcome this obstacle. Because SSCs divide slowly both in vivo and in vitro, lentiviral vectors may be an ideal method for introducing stable genetic modification. Using a lentiviral vector, an enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) transgene was introduced into the genome of cultured rat SSCs, which were microinjected into testes of immunodeficient mice to assess transduction efficiency. Approximately 40% of rat SSCs exposed to the lentiviral vector overnight carried the eGFP transgene and generated colonies of spermatogenesis. When transduced SSCs were transplanted into recipient rat testes, in which endogenous germ cells had been decreased but not eliminated by busulfan treatment, approximately 6% of offspring were transgenic. The transgene was stably integrated into the donor SSC genome and transmitted to and expressed by progeny in subsequent generations. Thus, lentiviral transduction of SSCs followed by transplantation is an effective means for generating transgenic rats through the male germline, and this approach may be applicable to other species in which existing methods are inadequate or not applicable.
Environmental Issues for Team Physicians

As outdoor sports continue to gain popularity, understanding the environmental factors that may influence athletes is becoming a more important aspect of medical care for team physicians. Temperature, ultraviolet light, lightning, and altitude are some of the most common elements that cause illness. Understanding how to prevent, diagnose, and promptly treat conditions caused by environmental factors is essential to optimizing athletic performance in outdoor sports and avoiding morbidity.
MARGINAL COST PRICING OF TRUCKLOAD SERVICES : A COMPARISON OF TWO APPROACHES

Abstract A useful input to the pricing of truckload trucking services is the marginal benefit to the entire system of an additional load going from one region to the next. Two approaches are reviewed for estimating the marginal system benefit. The first is based on a well-known deterministic network formulation in which certain easily obtainable shadow prices provide an estimate of the marginal benefit. The second is based on a nonlinear stochastic formulation which incorporates uncertainty in demand forecasts. Each procedure is reviewed in detail and evaluated in terms of the accuracy with which the actual change in total system profit (found by increasing the demand on a link and completely reoptimizing) matches the estimated benefit.
Bifidobacterial utilization of human milk oligosaccharides

A promising strategy to improve health is the rational manipulation of one's beneficial microbiota via dietary interventions. This is observed in nature where specific bifidobacteria utilize human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) that are encountered within the breast-fed infant colon. Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis is regarded as the archetypical HMO consumer associated with the developing neonate. This review summarizes the known molecular mechanisms underlying HMO utilization, as determined for bifidobacterial commensals. In addition, future directions of HMO research are discussed with an emphasis on physiological, ecological and clinical approaches to understand bifidobacterial utilization of this intriguing substrate.
Moral Authority in OGN Nursing

Ethical dilemmas are becoming more common in the work of the OGN nurse. Ethical decisions that involve nurses sometimes appear as traps in which nurses can feel coerced or manipulated. Nurses may overplay, underplay, or ignore their professional authority due to miscommunication or misunderstanding. A careful reassessment of personal values and assumptions about the OGN nurse's role and responsibility in decision making must be made.
Children's concepts of their rights 1

A three‐level progression of children's concepts of their rights toward principled reasoning was proposed. It was hypothesized that children in higher school grades and of high‐SES backgrounds woul...
The ‘Ratio Communis’ of the Analogous Name

Since the analogous name is one which signifies in a manner midway between that of pure equivocation and univocation,1 it will participate something of the modes of these extremes. Things are said to be named equivocally which have a common name but the notions signified by the name are diverse; things are said to be named univocally which have a common name which signifies the same notion in each case. The affinity of the analogous name with the equivocal as well as with the univocal name is brought out by saying that the notions signified by the analogous name partim sunt diversae et partim non diversae.2 This “in between” character of the analogous name has been responsible for difficulties which arise again and again in the minds of students of St. Thomas. If there is something the same in the many notions signified by the analogous name, can’t we extract that common note and say that, insofar as the term is taken to signify it, the term is univocal? Thus, while the ratio substantiae differs from the ratio accidentis, it is argued that there must be something common to both, a ratio communis and, if “being” is taken as signifying the latter, it is univocal; if taken to signify the diverse rationes of substance and accident, it is analogous. It is this thought that seems to have suggested the teaching of Duns Scotus that “being” is univocal insofar as it signifies a ratio communis.3 He takes as a sign of our recognition of such a common notion of “being” the fact that we can know that a thing is without being sure that it is a substance or that it is an accident.
The challenge of predicting temperature effects on short-term predator–prey dynamics

Understanding how interacting species respond to changing temperatures is complicated because both inter- and intraspecific processes can be temperature-dependent, and because the dynamics of interest often occur over short time scales. While efforts to document and integrate inter- and intraspecific effects are ongoing, few broad conclusions have emerged. Here, we use a simple structured predator–prey model to explore whether some such conclusions can be reached with incomplete knowledge about initial population sizes or about how temperature alters predation rates. We find that, despite strong sensitivity of quantitative predictions to the model’s details, qualitative predictions for how predator–prey communities respond to temperature may still be possible. As a case study, we ask whether biological control of the herbivorous insect pea aphid will be strengthened or weakened by increasing temperatures. Our empirically derived parameter estimates suggest biological control will be strengthened, but we caution that this result is not inevitable given what we currently know about the effects of temperature in this system. Our work highlights the complex interaction between inter- and intraspecific effects of temperature in ecological communities.
Boundary value problems in Magnetohydrodynamics (and fluid dynamics). I. radiation boundary condition

In view of the difficulties that emerge in numerical simulations of time-dependent phenomena involving MHD waves due to waves' artificial reflection at numerical boundaries, where time-dependent magnetic fields outside those boundaries are unknown, a method previously developed for the determination of radiative boundary conditions is generalized for the treatment of isothermal MHD waves. The illustrative problem thus treated is that of the magnetic braking of a rigidly rotating disk which is embedded in a differentially-rotating fluid. The analytic results obtained are compared with those from numerical simulations with and without the present boundary treatment.
Uniform consistency of a histogram density estimator and modal estimation

Let be an ordered sample of n independent observations, X1,X2,…,Xn of a random variable X with distribution function F(x) and density f(x) continuous on its support set . As a nonparametric histogram estimator of the density function f(x), consider an estimator fn (x) of the form: where {An (x)} is a suitably chosen sequence of non-negative integer-valued indexing random variables; and {kn} is also an appropriately defined sequence of positive integers which depends only on the sample size n . J. Van Ryzin (1973) has given conditions under which the above estimators are pointwise consistent. In this paper we establish conditions under which such a histogram density estimator is uniformly consistent almost surely. When the density has a unique mode, the results are used to obtain a strongly consistent estimator of the mode similar to that of Venter (1967).
Inertial and interceptional deposition of spherical particles and fibers in a bifurcating airway

Abstract Based upon the concept of the stop distance and interception distance of a particle in the cross-section of the daughter tube, a method was developed to calculate the inertial and interceptional deposition of spherical particles and fibers in a bifurcating airway. Theoretical deposition results obtained from this method agree well with available experimental data. Effects of branching geometry and flow field on deposition efficiencies were evaluated and discussed.
Electric interval data on the web: The value pyramid from AMR to risk management

ABSTRACT Meter interval data posted on the web has a pyramid of value. At the top of the pyramid is real time interval data used to support energy trading where millions of dollars in energy contracts are at risk. At the bottom of the pyramid is automatic meter reading [AMR] which has a value of about one dollar per month per account. Between the top and bottom are applications targeted to commercial and industrial users who need data for optimizing use and aggregating purchases. Energy and service suppliers have the opportunity to raise their sights above AMR and offer their C&I customers many real time interval based services offering higher returns in the pyramid of value.
X-ray zoom-in tomography of calcified tissue

X-ray computed tomography (XCT) is a powerful non-invasive imaging tool for biomedical applications. It provides not only morphology but also the absolute value of the linear attenuation coefficient distribution of the specimen in three dimensions, which is helpful in osteoporosis and other component-sensitive studies. Spatial resolution and specimen size are coupled through the detector's field of view (FOV) and the number of elements in the area detector. When the FOV is smaller than the specimen size, the truncated-data problem arises, which can cause large errors in the values of the volume elements (voxels) in the reconstruction. Zoom-in tomography is a technique that images a small region of interest (ROI) in a large-size specimen with high resolution and uses low-resolution data for the entire specimen to reduce reconstruction errors in the ROI. We developed a method to estimate the residual error in linear attenuation coefficient values persisting in zoom-in tomography and used it to judge the accuracy of zoom-in tomographic reconstructions. In this work, we imaged a sample of trabecular bone with zoom-in tomography and quantified differences in voxel values, concentrating on comparisons of low and high mineral regions of the bone.
A new approach to the definition of the effective atomic-charge calculated from molecular wavefunctions

Abstract The partitioning of the geometric space of a molecule rather than the function space of the orbital basis set, as the starting point for the definition of effective atomic charges is investigated. Numbers obtained for some simple diatomic molecules using 'potential' and 'force' criteria are reported and compared with those obtained using other definitions. A 'force' criterion with shielding correction appears to be a useful definition.
Embedding Research in Undergraduate Learning Opportunities

As a means of promoting scholarship, faculty are increasingly including undergraduate nursing students as team members in faculty-led research projects. Research involvement is a high-impact educational practice that enhances student engagement and retention rates and enables the reflection and integration of learning. The purpose of this article is to describe the benefits and innovative ways of directly involving undergraduate nursing students in faculty-guided research projects. Case examples from four non-research-intensive nursing programs are presented to illustrate the benefits of undergraduate student research involvement to students, faculty, their communities, as well as the nursing profession. Student assistance in all phases of the research process, ranging from research question generation, literature reviews, methods development, and data collection and analysis, to presentations and manuscript publication, motivates and helps faculty progress with their research programs. Benefits also include the creation of effective learning experiences that build nursing knowledge and potentially contribute to community health.
Transient acidosis induces delayed neurotoxicity in cultured hippocampal slices

It remains unknown if tissue acidosis contributes to neuronal loss during cerebral ischemia. We report that brief intracellular acidification (pH 6.62) results in delayed neuronal loss in cultured hippocampal slices. Cell loss was located primarily in stratum pyramidale and the hilus suggesting that neurons were preferentially damaged. Removal of molecular oxygen greatly attenuated cell loss suggesting that generation of reactive oxygen species may underlie acidosis-induced toxicity. These data suggest that acidosis and incomplete anoxia contributes to the delayed neuronal loss in the ischemic penumbra.
A new piecewise exponential estimator of a survival function

In 1983, Kitchin, Langberg and Proschan introduced a piecewise exponential estimator (PEXE) of a survival function for censored data that is undefined beyond the last observation. We propose a new PEXE that provides an exponential tail with a hazard rate determined by a novel nonparametric consideration.
Modification of the enzymatic isotopic assay of histamine and its application to measurement of histamine in tissues, serum and urine.

Abstract A modified enzymatic isotopic assay for histamine in tissue homogenates, serum and urine is described. The assay is based upon that of Snyder et al.1 in which histamine is converted to [14C]methylhistamine by incubation with histamine-N-methyltransferase and S-adenosylmethionine-[14C]methyl but is modified to make the formation and recovery of [14C]-methylhistamine quantitative and to reduce the extraction of other 14C-containing material. The modifications enhance the sensitivity of the assay to 0.1 ng histamine and permit the simultaneous measurement of as many as 80 to 100 samples. The assay is particularly useful for determining the histamine content in tissues with low histamine levels where the fluorometric assay of Shore et al.2 gives spuriously high results. The enzymatic assay also has the advantage that histamine can be measured directly in tissue homogenates, plasma, serum, and urine without the need for prior extraction of the histamine. Various amounts of histamine were detected in human tumors and normal tissues but none (less than 0.5 ng/ml) in human serum. Normal human urinary histamine excretion averaged 16 ± 14 (± SD) μg histamine/24 h.
Effect of C-reactive protein on chemokine expression in human aortic endothelial cells

Abstract Inflammation plays a pivotal role in atherosclerosis. In addition to being a risk marker for cardiovascular disease, much recent data support a role for C-reactive protein (CRP) in atherogenesis. Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a member of the CXC chemokines promotes monocyte–endothelial cell adhesion and arrest and is abundant in atherosclerotic plaques. However, there is a paucity of data examining the effect of CRP on IL-8 secretion in human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC). In this report, we show that incubation of HAEC with CRP resulted in a time and dose-dependent increase in IL-8 protein and mRNA via transcription. In contrast to human umbilical vein endothelial cells, monocyte-chemoattractant protein-1 expression in HAEC was not affected by CRP. Furthermore, CRP upregulated NF-kappa B activity in HAEC and inhibitors of NF-kappa B significantly reversed the upregulation of IL-8 by CRP. Blocking antibodies to IL-8 significantly decreased monocyte–endothelial cell adhesion induced by CRP (31%, P
Pyroelectric and dielectric properties of hemimorphite, Zn2Si2O7(OH)2·H2O

Abstract Pyroelectric, dielectric and other properties have been measured on naturally occurring hemimorphite Zn 2 Si 2 O 7 (OH) 2 ·H 2 O Crystals. Hemimorphite has a strong pyroelectric coefficient (−45 μC/m 2 °C at room temperature), low permittivity and loss, and weak piezoelectricity, making it an appealing sensor material. Dehydrated hemimorphite is also polar, and selected properties of this material are presented.
Calcium, Phosphorus, and Harvest Stages Effects Soybean Seed Production and Quality

ABSTRACT Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) play an important role in growth and development of plants however, their effects on soybean seed production and seed quality in late harvested seed crop has not been studied. Therefore, influence of three rates of calcium (0, 50, 100 kg ha− 1), and phosphorus (0, 45, 90 kg ha− 1) was investigated on seed production and seed quality in soybeans (cv. ‘Hutcheson’) harvested at three stages: (HS-1 = physiological maturity-yellow/brown pods; HS-2 = harvestable maturity-brown/dried pods; and HS-3 = harvested 15 days after HS-2). Results showed that yield components, seed yield and seed quality harvested at HS-1 and HS-2 stages were similar but were significantly higher than seed harvested at HS-3 stage. Calcium applied at 100 kg ha− 1 significantly increased harvest index, yield, and quality of seed. Phosphorus applied at 90 kg ha− 1 significantly increased the number of pods per plant and seed yield. Seed quality (viability and germination % after cold test) was enhanc...
Apparent Time Passage and Music Preference by Music and Nonmusic Majors

This article describes an investigation of the relationship between apparent time passage and music preference by music and nonmusic majors. Data were gathered from 80 university students. Subjects indicated an apparent time passage and a music preference response for each of eight instrumental popular music selections. Statistical analyses revealed (a) no significant correlation between apparent time passage and music preference measures, (b) no significant difference between the apparent time judgments or preference ratings by music and nonmusic majors, and (c) no significant interaction between level of training and time passage or music preference measures. Significant differences among music selections in apparent time passage and music preference measures (p < .0001) were found for both music and nonmusic majors. There was no significant interaction between music selections and level of training. The homogeneous preference ratings for popular music by music and nonmusic majors and directions for fut...