cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Results in Non-Iterative MAP Reconstruction for Optical Tomography

Maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation has been shown to be an effective method for reconstructing images from optical diffusion tomography data. However, one disadvantage of MAP reconstruction is that it typically requires the use of iterative methods which are computationally intensive. However, the direct reconstruction of MAP images is possible when the forward model is linear (or linearized) and the noise and image prior are assumed Gaussian. These non-iterative MAP reconstruction techniques only require the multiplication of an inverse matrix by a data vector to compute the reconstruction, but they depend on a combination of lossy source coding techniques and sparse matrix transforms to make the required matrix-vector product computation both computationally and memory efficient. In this paper, we show examples of how non-iterative MAP reconstruction methods can be used to dramatically reduce computation and storage for MAP reconstruction. Simulations of fluorescence optical diffusion tomography (FODT) measurements and corresponding reconstructions are used to demonstrate the potential value of these techniques. Numerical examples show the non-iterative MAP reconstruction can substantially reduce both storage and computation, as compared to traditional iterative reconstruction methods.
Site for unpurified islet transplantation is an important parameter for determination of the outcome of graft survival and function.

Abstract Transplantation of unpurified islets into the liver, unlike that of purified islets, causes portal hypertension and coagulopathy. The aim of this project was to determine the most suitable alternative site for transplantation of unpurified pancreatic islets in autotransplanted dogs. Twenty-five female mongrel dogs were divided into 5 groups depending on the site of islet transplantation: liver (3), spleen (7), skeletal muscle (5), omental pouch (6), and renal subcapsule (4). Pancreatic digestion of the total pancreatectomized specimen was carried out by distension of the pancreas with 1.5 mg/mL collagenase suspended in 250 mL Hanks' balanced salt solution using a semiautomatic method. The total number of islets equivalent isolated from 25 dogs was 90948 ± 6053. Only islets > 60 μm in diameter were counted, and the mean islet equivalent transplanted per kg body wt was 6762 ± 429. Islet function was achieved with transplantation into spleen in 71%, omental pouch in 50%, and muscle in 20%, but none in the renal subcapsule or liver groups. Glucose tolerance test at 30 d showed a mean K Value (decline in glucose, %/min) of 1.94 ± 0.73, 0.79 ± 0.15 and 1.02 in the splenic, omental pouch and muscle groups, respectively. All animals in the liver group, 2 from the splenic group, and 2 from the renal subcapsule group died of diffuse bleeding. Four out of 5 dogs in the muscle group developed necrosis at the site of transplantation and the islets never functioned. This study demonstrates that in dogs, spleen and omental pouch appear to be suitable sites for transplantation of unpurified islets.
Effect of Nanotube Cap on the Aromaticity of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes

The aromaticity properties of single-wall carbon nanotubes are investigated using density functional theory to determine the nucleus independent chemical shift at the open end of one-end-closed nanotubes and two-ends-open nanotubes. Two chiralities: near-arm-chair (6,5) and near-zigzag (9,1) nanotubes of identical diameter and each one having a unique cap compatible with their structure are examined for a comparison of their aromatic properties and the influence of the presence of the cap on such properties. The influence of the cap structure is also analyzed on the (8,3) nanotube having a larger diameter and being compatible with three different caps. We conclude that the presence of the cap and the specific chirality provide distinct aromaticity and reactivity properties to single-wall carbon nanotubes, whereas for a given chirality the particular nature of the cap seems to be of no relevance for these properties.
Aplastic anemia secondary to azathioprine in systemic lupus erythematosus: report of a case with normal thiopurine S-methyltransferase enzyme activity and review of the literature

Azathioprine-induced aplastic anemia and fatal myelosuppression is a rare occurrence in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We report a case of a 53-year-old female with a normal thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) level who developed aplastic anemia within 4 weeks of azathioprine initiation, resulting in death. Physicians should be vigilant in monitoring routine blood work when administering azathioprine, a relatively common drug, in patients with SLE.
Three recently published trials in hypertension.

These trials provide important new information that should be incorporated into clinical practice. More such data from the other 30 plus trials now in progress will be forthcoming. Careful attention must be given to them all so we can best protect our patients with hypertension.
High-Dose Carboplatin in the Treatment of Hematologic Malignancies

Carboplatin is a second-generation platinum complex developed to be less ototoxic and nephrotoxic than cisplatin. The major toxicity was found to be myelosuppression; thus, it was tried in acute leuke
Ordering of Tandem Constant-Service Stations to Minimize In-Process Stock Cost

We study tandem ordering of constant-service stations with unlimited buffers where service at each station adds a certain value to the job. With the goal of minimizing the total expect value of the jobs in the system, we provide conditions under which some particular orderings are optimal and describe a heuristic that finds a near-optimal order for stations of arbitrary service lengths and added values.
Chemical survey and erucic acid content of commercial varieties of nasturtium,Tropaeolum majus L.

Nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus L.) oil contains the highest levels of erucic acid of known seed oils (75–80%). A significant portion of the acid is attached to the 2-position of the glycerol, and trierucin is a major component (ca. 50%) of the oil. Seeds from eleven varieties of commercially available garden nasturtium (T. majus) were screened for oil content, erucic acid levels and fatty acid distribution. Oil contents ranged fromca. 6 to 11%, and erucic acid levels in the oils ranged from 62 to 80%. One sample ofT. speciosum was also analyzed, and contained 28% oil, fatty acids from C16 to C28 and triglycerides up to C72.
Chemoreception in the nudibranch gastropod Phestilla sibogae

Abstract The tropical nudibranch Phestilla sibogae feeds exclusively on corals of the genus Porites, which it locates and recognizes by chemical cues. Morphological and physiological analyses of chemosensory neural pathways in P. sibogae focussed on two pairs of cephalic tentacles, the rhinophores and the oral tentacles. Two nerves from each oral tentacle pass directly to the brain, whereas multiple nerves from the rhinophores converge on paired rhinophoral ganglia that connect to the cerebral ganglia. Chemical sensitivity, determined by changes in rates of discharge, was monitored by suction electrodes attached to cut ends of rhinophoral or oral-tentacle nerves while the excised structure was perfused with extracts of Porites spp., non-food corals, l -amino acids or glutamate-receptor modulators. Although the oral tentacles were relatively insensitive to the substances tested, responses in rhinophores were positive to extracts of Porites compressa and a non-food coral, were biphasic to l -aspartic and l -glutamic acids and were perceptible but weak to several other amino acids. Rhinophores responded positively to the glutamate-receptor modulators d -glutamate, 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX) and kainic acid but not to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA); the initial inceased firing-rate response to l -glutamate disappeared when the glutamate was dissolved in magnesium- or cobalt-substituted calcium-free seawater. For the substances tested here, including food corals and a set of amino acids, the rhinophores are the main chemosensory organs for P. sibogae. Glutamate receptors pharmacologically similar to the kainic acid type of vertebrates are present.
A comparison of models for the electric double layer

Abstract The relation between surface potential ψ 0 and surface charge density Γ of stabilizing ions is obtained for a model which represents the negative silver iodide-aqueous 1-1 electrolyte plane interface, with or without specific adsorption of cations. In the case of adsorption, the Gouy-Chapman-Stern-Grahame theory of the electric double layer is applied, with corrections due to discreteness-of-charge effect and counter ion-size. Also, the integral capacity of the inner region is assumed to decrease linearly with increase in ∥ Γ ∥. The general behavior of the experimental ( Γ , ψ 0 ) plots can be reproduced by the theory. Mirnik's claim that the condition of thermodynamic equilibrium between AgI and aqueous phases with respect to stabilizing (I − ) ions implies log Γ proportional to pI (or ψ 0 ) is shown to be incorrect. An alternative treatment by Mirnik of counter-ion adsorption on negative AgI particles, which is based on his ion-exchange theory, is examined. Certain objections are raised to this theory—a particular difficulty being Mirnik's conclusion that stabilizing I − ions are not in equilibrium between the AgI and aqueous phases. Mirnik's ion-exchange theory of coagulation is also discussed and arguments are given to show that this theory is incorrect.
Bioavailability and efficacy of omeprazole given orally and by nasogastric tube

We compared the bioavailability and the efficacy of omeprazole provided either as encapsulated enteric-coated granules or as enteric-coated granules delivered via a nasogastric tube in 10 healthy subjects. Omeprazole reduced mean pentagastrin-stimulated peak gastric acid secretion by 85.5%±23.7% when delivered orally and by 79.6%±32.1% when delivered by nasogastric tube; the mean plasma omeprazole concentration area under the curve (AUC) was 2.02±0.79 after oral delivery and 1.74±1.89 after nasogastric tube delivery. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the two routes of administration, and there was excellent intrasubject correlation between oral and nasogastric percent acid suppression and AUC. There was a close correlation between AUC and percent acid suppression at AUC values below 0.6, and complete acid suppression at AUC values above 0.6, regardless of the delivery route. We conclude that omeprazole delivered as enteric-coated granules via nasogastric tube provides equal bioavailability and gastric acid suppression as omeprazole given orally in its proprietary formulation.
Model comparisons and model selections based on generalization criterion methodology

The purpose of this article is to formalize the generalization criterion method for model comparison. The method has the potential to provide powerful comparisons of complex and nonnested models that may also differ in terms of numbers of parameters. The generalization criterion differs from the better known cross-validation criterion in the following critical procedure. Although both employ a calibration stage to estimate parameters, cross-validation employs a replication sample from the same design for the validation stage, whereas generalization employs a new design for the critical stage. Two examples of the generalization criterion method are presented that demonstrate its usefulness for selecting a model based on sound scientific principles out of a set that also contains models lacking sound scientific principles that are either overly complex or oversimplified. The main advantage of the generalization criterion is its reliance on extrapolations to new conditions. After all, accurate a priori predictions to new conditions are the hallmark of a good scientific theory.
Initiation and promotion of bone differentiation by bone morphogenetic proteins

The presence of growth and differentiation factors in bone has been demonstrated by subcutaneous implantation of demineralized bone matrix that initiates new cartilage and bone morphogenesis. The genes for bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have been cloned and expressed. Recombinant BMPs induce endochondral bone formation in vivo. The multistep sequential developmental cascade consists of chemotaxis, mitosis, and differentiation of cartilage and bone. The pleiotropic response has been well characterized. BMPs stimulate osteogenic and chondrogenic phenotypes. Natural bovine osteogenin (BMP-3) and recombinant BMP-4 are equipotent in chemotaxis, limb bud chondrogenesis, cartilage maintenance, and in vivo bone induction
Real-Time Detection of Independent Motion using Stereo

We describe a system that detects independently moving objects from a mobile platform in real time using a calibrated stereo camera. Interest points are first detected and tracked through the images. These tracks are used to obtain the motion of the platform by using an efficient three-point algorithm in a RANSAC framework for outlier detection. We use a formulation based on disparity space for our inlier computation. In the disparity space, two disparity images of a rigid object are related by a homography that depends on the object's euclidean rigid motion. We use the homography obtained from the camera motion to detect the independently moving objects from the disparity maps obtained by an efficient stereo algorithm. Our system is able to reliably detect the independently moving objects at 16 Hz for a 320 x 240 stereo image sequence using a standard laptop computer.
Solution 1H NMR investigation of the heme cavity and substrate binding site in cyanide-inhibited horseradish peroxidase.

Solution two-dimensional 1 H NMR studies have been carried out on cyanide-inhibited horseradish peroxidase isozyme C (HRP C -CN) to explore the scope and limitations of identifying residues in the heme pocket and substrate binding site, including those of the "second sphere" of the heme, i.e. residues which do not necessarily have dipolar contact with the heme. The experimental methods use a range of experimental conditions to obtain data on residue protons with a wide range of paramagnetic relaxivity. The signal assignment strategy is guided by the recently reported crystal structure of recombinant HRP C and the use of calculated magnetic axes. The goal of the assignment strategy is to identify signals from all residues in the heme, as well as proximal and distal, environment and the benzhydroxamic acid (BHA) substrate binding pocket. The detection and sequence specific assignment of aromatic and aliphatic residues in the vicinity of the heme pocket confirm the validity of the NMR methodologies described herein. Nearly all residues in the heme periphery are now assigned, and the first assignments of several "second sphere" residues in the heme periphery are reported. The results show that nearly all catalytically relevant amino acids in the active site can be identified by the NMR strategy. The residue assignment strategy is then extended to the BHA:HRP C -CN complex. Two Phe rings (Phe 68 and Phe 179) and an Ala (Ala 140) are shown to be in primary dipolar contact to BHA. The shift changes induced by substrate binding are shown to reflect primarily changes in the FeCN tilt from the heme normal. The present results demonstrate the practicality of detailed solution 1 H NMR investigation of the manner in which substrate binding is perturbed by either variable substrates or point mutations of HRP.
Expression profiles of ndel1a and ndel1b, two orthologs of the NudE-Like gene, in the zebrafish.

Abstract NudE-Like (NDEL1/NUDEL), through its interaction with LIS1 and DISC1, has been implicated in the etiology of neurological disorders such as lissencephaly and schizophrenia, respectively. Subsequently, a large portion of the research done on the function of NDEL1 has been specifically targeted to its role in brain development while ignoring its function in other developing and adult tissues. To begin a more global exploration of NDEL1’s function, this study characterizes the developmental expression pattern of the NDEL1 orthologs in the zebrafish embryo. Our bioinformatic analyses identified two NDEL1 orthologs in the zebrafish, ndel1a and ndel1b. ndel1a is expressed predominantly in the anterior central nervous system (CNS), trigeminal ganglia, and eyes while ndel1b is expressed in the developing somites and, later, in the CNS. In addition to the spatial differences in their expression patterns, these genes are also individually regulated in their temporal expression. Both are expressed maternally but at later time-points there are subtle differences. ndel1a expression is lost between 6 and 12 hpf but then increases to a higher, near steady state, level from 72 to 120 hpf. ndel1b expression decreases from 3 to 36 hpf and subsequently increases from 36 to 120 hpf. The non-overlapping expression patterns of these two orthologs may indicate that they have split the functional role of the one NDEL1 gene present in mammalian species. The temporal and spatial regulation of these two orthologs will aid in the characterization of the multiple functions of this gene in both the developing and mature organism.
Automatic time expression labeling for english and chinese text

In this paper, we describe systems for automatic labeling of time expressions occurring in English and Chinese text as specified in the ACE Temporal Expression Recognition and Normalization (TERN) task. We cast the chunking of text into time expressions as a tagging problem using a bracketed representation at token level, which takes into account embedded constructs. We adopted a left-to-right, token-by-token, discriminative, deterministic classification scheme to determine the tags for each token. A number of features are created from a predefined context centered at each token and augmented with decisions from a rule-based time expression tagger and/or a statistical time expression tagger trained on different type of text data, assuming they provide complementary information. We trained one-versus-all multi-class classifiers using support vector machines. We participated in the TERN 2004 recognition task and achieved competitive results.
Pulse jitter and timing errors in RSFQ circuits

We have carried out measurements of bit error rate (BER) of Rapid Single-Flux-Quantum (RSFQ) XOR gates with various nominal dc power supply voltages (from 0.1 V to 1.0 mV), operating at speeds up to 25 GHz. (For these gates, implemented using HYPRES' standard, 3.5-/spl mu/m, 10 /spl mu/A//spl mu/m/sup 2/ Nb-trilayer process, this speed is close to maximum.) A special on-chip RSFQ test circuit allowed high-speed measurements of BER in the range from 10/sup -9/ to 10/sup -13/ to be carried out. As a result of these experiments, a new type of thermal-fluctuation-induced digital errors in RSFQ circuits has been identified. These "timing" errors arise at high speed due to time jitter of data and clock pulses. We have developed a simple theory of these errors which allows a fair description of the experimental data. The theory shows that in some cases the timing errors may be an important factor limiting speed performance of RSFQ circuitry. Nevertheless, our XOR gates could operate at 25 GHz with BER below 10/sup -13/ at the standard temperature (4.2 K) at any dc power supply voltage in our range. For the lowest voltage (0.1 Volt) the calculated static power dissipation in the gate was as low as 23 nanowatts, lower than the unavoidable dynamic dissipation (43 nanowatts).
Self-Composed Rhetoric in Psychology Personal Statements

The personal statement written for graduate school admission has been a genre virtually ignored by rhetoricians but one that deserves attention. Not only a document of pragmatic importance for applicants, the personal statement is an indicator of disciplinary socialization. The discipline studied here is clinical psychology. Combining quantitative and qualitative methods, the author analyzed a corpus of statements to identify features distinguishing statements of admitted applicants from those of rejected applicants. The findings showed that successful applicants attended more to projecting their future research endeavors and demonstrating their commitments to scientific epistemology. Thus, the author argues that the modifier personal needs qualification, because successful applicants tend to emphasize their public identities as apprentice scientists.
On the radius of convergence of cascaded analytic nonlinear systems: The SISO case

A complete analysis is presented of the radius of convergence of the cascade connection of two SISO analytic nonlinear input-output systems represented as Fliess operators. Such operators are described by convergent functional series, which are indexed by words over a noncommutative alphabet. Their generating series are therefore specified in terms of noncommutative formal power series. Given growth conditions on the coefficients of the generating series for the component systems, the radius of convergence of the cascaded system is computed. The key idea behind the analysis is to use the notion of exchangeable series in combination with the composition product.
Development of high-performance nonpolar III-nitride light-emitting devices

Growth of InGaN/GaN light-emitting devices on nonpolar planes offers a viable approach to eliminating the issues associated with polarization-related electric fields present in c-plane III-nitride heterostructures. Although progress in device performance has been rapid since the introduction of high-quality free-standing nonpolar substrates, a full appreciation of the materials challenges unique to nonpolar III-nitride semiconductors has been slower to emerge. Only recently have researchers begun to understand issues such as the origins of the pyramidal hillocks typically observed on nominally on-axis m-plane GaN films, the effects of m-plane substrate misorientation on surface morphology, and the effects of m-plane substrate misorientation on device performance. In this article, we review the materials and growth issues unique to high-performance nonpolar light-emitting devices grown on high-quality free-standing substrates and provide an outlook for the opportunities and challenges that lie ahead.
Toxicology in the critical care unit

Toxicologic conditions are encountered in critically ill patients due to intentional or unintentional misuse of or exposure to therapeutic or illicit drugs. Additionally, toxicities related to medical interventions may develop in hospitalized patients. This review focuses on recent developments in the field of critical care toxicology. Early interventions to decrease absorption or enhance elimination of toxins have limited value. Specific interventions to manage toxicities due to analgesics, sedative-hypnotics, antidepressants, antipsychotics, cardiovascular agents, alcohols, carbon monoxide, and cholinergic agents are reviewed. Hospital-acquired toxicities due to methemoglobinemia, propylene glycol, and propofol should be recognized and treated. The clinician is continually required to incorporate clinical judgment along with available scientific data and clinical evidence to determine the best therapy for toxicologic conditions.
Exploring high-dimensional data space: Identifying optimal process conditions in photovoltaics

We demonstrate how advanced exploratory data analysis coupled to data-mining techniques can be used to scrutinize the high-dimensional data space of photovoltaics in the context of thin films of Al-doped ZnO (AZO), which are essential materials as a transparent conducting oxide (TCO) layer in CuIn x Ga 1−x Se 2 (CIGS) solar cells. AZO data space, wherein each sample is synthesized from a different process history and assessed with various characterizations, is transformed, reorganized, and visualized in order to extract optimal process conditions. The data-analysis methods used include parallel coordinates, diffusion maps, and hierarchical agglomerative clustering algorithms combined with diffusion map embedding.
Leiomioma de la vena safena interna: caso clínico y revisión de la literatura

Los tumores de la vena safena interna son muy poco frecuentes, independientemente de su naturaleza. El leiomioma es uno de los tumores vasculares benignos que puede presentarse como una masa localizada a dicho nivel. Sin embargo, su diagnostico definitivo requiere habitualmente multiples examenes radiologicos, al igual que su confirmacion histologica. El tumor se trata mediante reseccion extensa junto con una parte sana del vaso y la tasa de recidiva es muy baja. Describimos el caso de una paciente con un leiomioma de vena safena interna.
Toward controlling gene expression at will: Specific regulation of the erbB-2/HER-2 promoter by using polydactyl zinc finger proteins constructed from modular building blocks

To create a universal system for the control of gene expression, we have studied methods for the construction of novel polydactyl zinc finger proteins that recognize extended DNA sequences. Elsewhere we have described the generation of zinc finger domains recognizing sequences of the 5′-GNN-3′ subset of a 64-member zinc finger alphabet. Here we report on the use of these domains as modular building blocks for the construction of polydactyl proteins specifically recognizing 9- or 18-bp sequences. A rapid PCR assembly method was developed that, together with this predefined set of zinc finger domains, provides ready access to 17 million novel proteins that bind the 5′-(GNN)6-3′ family of 18-bp DNA sites. To examine the efficacy of this strategy in gene control, the human erbB-2 gene was chosen as a model. A polydactyl protein specifically recognizing an 18-bp sequence in the 5′-untranslated region of this gene was converted into a transcriptional repressor by fusion with Kruppel-associated box (KRAB), ERD, or SID repressor domains. Transcriptional activators were generated by fusion with the herpes simplex VP16 activation domain or with a tetrameric repeat of VP16’s minimal activation domain, termed VP64. We demonstrate that both gene repression and activation can be achieved by targeting designed proteins to a single site within the transcribed region of a gene. We anticipate that gene-specific transcriptional regulators of the type described here will find diverse applications in gene therapy, functional genomics, and the generation of transgenic organisms.
Canine Systemic Bacterial Infections

This article covers three bacterial diseases of the dog that are proven or suspected to cause ocular disease, usually uveitis. These diseases are leptospirosis, brucellosis, and Lyme borreliosis. Uveitis has been well documented in cases of brucellosis. Uveitis can probably be seen with both acute and chronic leptospirosis in dogs and is suspected in cases of Lyme borreliosis.
ALSB as a High-Energy Photon Detector

The possibility of using AlSb as a potential material for high-energy photon detection is examined by comparing the mobilities of the free carriers, the energy gap, the atomic number, and the carrier recombination time for AlSb, CdTe, Si, and Ge. It is concluded that at room temperature AlSb should be an intrinsically better high-energy photon detector than the three other materials. Simulated detector spectra for AlSb and CdTe are compared for ambient temperature detector performance.
Sensing, assessing, and augmenting threat detection: behavioral, neuroimaging, and brain stimulation evidence for the critical role of attention.

Rapidly identifying the potentially threatening movements of other people and objects—biological motion perception and action understanding—is critical to maintaining security in many civilian and military settings. A key approach to improving threat detection in these environments is to sense when less than ideal conditions exist for the human observer, assess that condition relative to an expected standard, and if necessary use tools to augment human performance. Action perception is typically viewed as a relatively “primitive,” automatic function immune to top-down effects. However, recent research shows that attention is a top-down factor that has a critical influence on the identification of threat-related targets. In this paper we show that detection of motion-based threats is attention sensitive when surveillance images are obscured by other movements, when they are visually degraded, when other stimuli or tasks compete for attention, or when low-probability threats must be watched for over long periods of time—all features typical of operational security settings. Neuroimaging studies reveal that action understanding recruits a distributed network of brain regions, including the superior temporal cortex, intraparietal cortex, and inferior frontal cortex. Within this network, attention modulates activation of the superior temporal sulcus and middle temporal gyrus. The dorsal frontoparietal network may provide the source of attention-modulation signals to action representation areas. Stimulation of this attention network should therefore enhance threat detection. We show that transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) at 2 mA accelerates perceptual learning of participants performing a challenging threat-detection task. Together, cognitive, neuroimaging, and brain stimulation studies provide converging evidence for the critical role of attention in the detection and understanding of threat-related intentional actions.
Correlates of active sport involvement for urban Costa Rican children

The relationships between active sport involvement and 16 variables were determined for 215 boys and 232 girls, ages 9 to 12 years, from five schools in urban Costa Rica. Data were collected by adm...
One White Teacher's Struggle for Culturally Relevant Pedagogy: The Problem of the Community

This is a case of one novice White teacher whose strong commitment to becoming a culturally relevant teacher was hindered by her struggle to develop meaningful connections to the home community of her mostly African American students. Using a hybrid methodology of action research, discourse analysis, and critical interpretive analysis of qualitative data collected over two years, I examine the practical, ideological, and discursive barriers this teacher faced while attempting to enact culturally relevant pedagogy. The deficit discourse of the school, the work life pressures on new teachers, and assumptions about Black families were significant barriers for this teacher.
A program for exact power of the 2 × 2 chi-square

Description d'un programme permettant d'obtenir la puissance d'un test du χ 2 (chi-2) 2×2 cases
Constructing Rights? Human Rights Education and the State

What role have states played in promoting human rights education? While nongovernmental organizations have been at the forefront of human rights education, scholars have neglected the increased activism of states, especially national human rights commis- sions. This article addresses this gap by sketching the relationship between states and human rights education, examining cross-regional trends and presenting a case study of South Africa's Human Rights Commission. The article concludes by considering the critical gap between state promotion and implementation of human rights education, as well as the limits of state involvement in constructing a culture of human rights.
Intervention steps for treating laryngospasm in pediatric patients

Summary Background: Laryngospasm, a potentially life-threatening complication of anesthesia, is reported more commonly in children (17.4/1000) than in the general population (8.7/1000). However, there are no clinical data on the optimal type and sequence of therapeutic interventions. We therefore characterized the interventions used at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital. Methods: The institutional quality improvement database was reviewed to identify cases of laryngospasm that occurred from July 1999 through December 2002. Patient records were examined to determine the timing of laryngospasm, the airway management technique in use and the type of intervention used to treat the episode. Results: Twenty one cases of laryngospasm occurred (1/1000) during 21 452 anesthetics delivered in the operating room (19%) or for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures outside of the operating room (81%). Episodes occurred during emergence (47.6%), induction (28.6%) and maintenance (23.8%). Thirty-eight percent of patients responded to airway repositioning and continuous positive airway pressure. Ten patients (47.6%) were given muscle relaxants and five (23.8%) were intubated. Conclusions: In the largest single-institution study to date of laryngospasm in pediatric patients, we found a rate of 1/1000 cases. Treatment followed a basic algorithm comprising continuous positive airway pressure, deepening of anesthesia, muscle relaxation and tracheal intubation.
Efficient Model-Based Estimation of Atmospheric Transmittance and Ocean Wind Vectors From WindSat Data

A new method for estimating the atmospheric transmittance and wind speed over the ocean from WindSat data is derived using a simplified model for the ocean surface reflectivity. The simplified reflectivity model is used to calculate both the surface emissivity and the reflection of downwelling atmospheric radiation. The wind-speed dependence of the surface reflectivity is parameterized using simple rational functions with coefficients determined from the WindSat data. Because the vertically polarized brightness temperature depends primarily on the atmospheric state, it is used to obtain an initial estimate of the atmospheric transmittance at each spatial location. These estimates are then combined with the horizontally polarized brightness temperature to estimate the wind speed at each location. The first wind-speed estimate is used to refine the estimate of the transmittance, and the process is repeated until the estimates converge, resulting in a simultaneous solution for the atmospheric transmittance and the wind speed. The results are illustrated for two WindSat data sets collected on September 12 and 14, 2003. We have also investigated two methods of estimating wind direction using WindSat measurements of the third and fourth Stokes parameters. The first method involves an algebraic solution for the wind direction from simultaneous measurements of the third and fourth Stokes parameters. The second method involves measurements of the third Stokes parameter from two look directions (fore and aft scan angles), made possible by the conical scanning geometry of WindSat. A comparison and evaluation of these methods is made using the same data sets.
The Concept of Economic Potential for War

T OWARD the end of the Second World War, Field Marshal Rommel confided to his diary that, once the German U-boats were beaten in the Battle of the Atlantic, and the swelling stream of American soldiers and supplies could reach Europe, Germany “was doomed to inevitable defeat at any place which was accessible to the Anglo-American transport fleets.” Not everyone will agree with this assertion of the prominent role played by sheer masses of military manpower and materiel in deciding the outcome of World War II. It is suggestive, however, that the fortunes of that war turned in close association with the changing ratio of munitions production by the Axis powers and the United Nations.
Systemic Therapies for Advanced Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are an uncommon tumor type and compose 1% to 2% of all pancreatic neoplasms. They are rarely localized at presentation and are typically diagnosed in the presence of metastatic disease. The management poses a significant challenge because of the heterogeneous clinical presentations and varying degrees of aggressiveness. A variety of systemic therapies have been developed for the management of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, including somatostatin analogues, a select group of cytotoxic chemotherapy agents, and targeted or biological agents. This article reviews the available systemic therapy options for advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.
The influence of race and other factors on pulmonary hyaline membranes. A report from the Collaborative Study of Cerebral Palsy.

Abstract 1. The pulmonary sections of 434 neonatal deaths out of 27,407 single live births in consecutive deliveries were reviewed, of which 131, or 4.8 per 1,000 live births showed HM. 2. The frequency of live births below 2,501 grams was nearly twice as high in the Negro as in the white. However the neonatal death rate was lower in the Negro than in the white for this birth weight group, but slightly higher in the Negro than in the white for birth weights over 2,500 grams. The HM rate was consistently lower in the Negro for all birth weight groups. 3. Hyaline membranes do occur in infants weighing over 2,500 grams and constitute 17.6 per cent of the total HM cases. In this birth weight group moderate and marked membranes were encountered with nearly the same frequency as slight membranes. 4. In the 500 to 1,500 gram birth weight group of infants with HM, more than 80 per cent died within 24 hours. The heavier infants with HM survived longer. In the non-HM group of all races, more than 50 per cent of the cases died within 24 hours regardless of birth weight. HM infants dying within 24 hours showed slight membranes more frequently than moderate or marked membranes in each birth weight group. The reverse was true with survival times of between 24 to 72 hours. 5. In whites, the survival time pattern of the HM group was similar to that of the non-HM group. In the Negro, 71.2 per cent of the HM group were dead within 24 hours, as against 49.4 per cent of the non-HM group. Only 1.5 per cent of the Negroes in the HM group were still alive at 72 hours in contrast to 23.1 per cent of Negroes in the non-HM group. 6. Pneumonia was seen in 33 of HM cases, and the associated membranes were frequently of moderate or marked degree. HM cases with pulmonary edema were fairly evenly distributed between those with slight (19.2 per cent) as with moderate and marked (20.8 per cent) membranes.
Trends in internet of things platforms

With billions of IOT devices predicted to appear over the next few years, some things have to change.
Preparation, cryopreservation, and growth of cells prepared from the green turtle ( Chelonia mydas)

Techniques are described for preparing, preserving, and growing cell cultures from 30 to 40-day old green turtle embryos (2.0–3.0 cm length) including cells derived from skeletal muscle, liver, heart, kidney, eye, lung, and brain. Acceptable growth of all cells occurred in all standard cell culture media tested, with optimum growth temperature near 30 °C. These cell cultures will be used in the study of sea turtle viral diseases including fibropapillomatosis, which is currently epidemic in some green turtle populations.
Composition Control in the Deposition of Cu(InGa)(SeS)2 Thin Films

The pentenary chalcopyrite compound Cu(InGa)(SeS)2 provides several potential advantages over Cu(InGa)Se2 as the absorber layer in thin film solar cells, especially with wide bandgap alloys. The effects of S addition to the quaternary alloy are investigated with films deposited by elemental thermal co-evaporation and by the reaction of metallic precursors in hydride gases. With co-evaporated films the addition of S complicates the control of composition through the film. The incorporation of the chalcogen species Se and S depend on the relative Cu in the film and, for films with excess Cu, on the relative group III composition. For the precursor reaction process the addition of S by the inclusion of H2S gas in the reaction enables control of the relative Ga concentration and bandgap of the film. With both processes the incorporation of S during deposition also effects the morphology and grain size. The co-evaporated films have smaller grains with S while the reacted films have larger grains which may be due to the higher TSS the S reaction enables.
Archival Resources in Gabon

The researcher interested in archival and bibliographical information on Gabon will already have consulted Hubert Deschamps' Traditions orales et archives du Gabon (Paris, 1962), and Brian Weinstein's "Gabon: A Bibliographical Essay," Africana Newsletter [Stanford], 1 (Winter 1963), pp. 4-9. It is not my intention to supersede these two documents but rather to provide a more recent survey of what is presently available to the researcher in Libreville. The local administrative archives, like those of most of the former French colonies in Africa, were removed to France on independence. This means that the investigator may spend less archival time in Gabon than he might have anticipated; nevertheless, there are several valuable archival resources available in Libreville. The most voluminous archives in
Effects of Central-Nervous-System Irradiation on Neuropsychologic Functioning of Children with Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia

Abstract Two neuropsychologic studies were performed to determine the long-term effects of "prophylactic" cranial or craniospinal irradiation on the psychologic and neurologic functions of children with acute lymphocytic leukemia. In a prospective study, 34 patients with leukemia who received either craniospinal irradiation or cranial irradiation combined with intrathecal methotrexate were evaluated by standardized neurologic and psychologic examinations before and after irradiation. Their performance was compared with that of 27 controls who received irradiation to parts of the body other than the cranium. In a retrospective study, 11 patients with leukemia receiving prophylactic craniospinal irradiation and 12 controls with the disease not receiving such therapy were followed from the second year after either irradiation or the initial hematologic remission. Eighteen months after irradiation in the prospective study and four years after irradiation in the retrospective study, no noteworthy neurologic or...
Development and Testing of a Computerized Decision Support System to Facilitate Brief Tobacco Cessation Treatment in the Pediatric Emergency Department: Proposal and Protocol

Background: Tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) is unequivocally harmful to children's health, yet up to 48% of children who visit the pediatric emergency department (PED) and urgent care setting are exposed to tobacco smoke. The incorporation of clinical decision support systems (CDSS) into the electronic health records (EHR) of PED patients may improve the rates of screening and brief TSE intervention of caregivers and result in decreased TSE in children. Objective: We propose a study that will be the first to develop and evaluate the integration of a CDSS for Registered Nurses (RNs) into the EHR of pediatric patients to facilitate the identification of caregivers who smoke and the delivery of TSE interventions to caregivers in the urgent care setting. Methods: We will conduct a two-phase project to develop, refine, and integrate an evidence-based CDSS into the pediatric urgent care setting. RNs will provide input on program content, function, and design. In Phase I, we will develop a CDSS with prompts to: (1) ASK about child TSE and caregiver smoking, (2) use a software program, Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap), to ADVISE caregivers to reduce their child's TSE via total smoking home and car bans and quitting smoking, and (3) ASSESS their interest in quitting and ASSIST caregivers to quit by directly connecting them to their choice of free cessation resources (eg, Quitline, SmokefreeTXT, or SmokefreeGOV) during the urgent care visit. We will create reports to provide feedback to RNs on their TSE counseling behaviors. In Phase II, we will conduct a 3-month feasibility trial to test the results of implementing our CDSS on changes in RNs’ TSE-related behaviors, and child and caregiver outcomes. Results: This trial is currently underway with funding support from the National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute. We have completed Phase I. The CDSS has been developed with input from our advisory panel and RNs, and pilot tested. We are nearing completion of Phase II, in which we are conducting the feasibility trial, analyzing data, and disseminating results. Conclusions: This project will develop, iteratively refine, integrate, and pilot test the use of an innovative CDSS to prompt RNs to provide TSE reduction and smoking cessation counseling to caregivers who smoke. If successful, this approach will create a sustainable and disseminable model for prompting pediatric practitioners to apply tobacco-related guideline recommendations. This systems-based approach has the potential to reach at least 12 million smokers a year and significantly reduce TSE-related pediatric illnesses and related costs.
Ten good practices in environmental constitutionalism that can contribute to sustainable shale gas development

Unconventional shale gas development is occurring at a breakneck pace, principally in North America, with vast reserves elsewhere. This development has placed new and unorthodox stresses on traditional environmental governance paradigms. Environmental constitutionalism offers an additional tool for engaging in sustainable practices in the development of shale gas. We identify ten ‘good practices’ in environmental constitutionalism including: situating it in systems amenable to social, economic and cultural rights, and those with civil law traditions; clearly articulating a positive individual or collective right; making provisions self-executing; aligning substantive, policy-based and procedural provisions; recognizing sustainability, public trust, climate and biocentrism; scaffolding additional statutory and regulatory means to implement constitutional prerogatives; liberalizing access to judicial vindication; combining national and sub-national environmental constitutionalism; adopting constitutional rights to information, participation and access to justice in environmental matters; and developing quality jurisprudence in environmental constitutionalism. Spotlighting the recently-decided Robinson Township decision from the Pennsylvania Supreme Court in the United States as an exemplar, we conclude that environmental constitutionalism can play a key role in promoting sustainable development of unconventional shale gas reserves, if at all.
Patterns and Timing of Failure for Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma After Initial Therapy in a Cohort Who Underwent Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation for Relapse

Purpose To evaluate the location and timing of initial recurrence in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) who subsequently underwent high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplant (HDC/ASCT), to direct approaches for disease surveillance, elucidate the patterns of failure of contemporary treatment strategies, and guide adjuvant treatment decisions. Methods and Materials We analyzed consecutive patients with DLBCL who underwent HDC/ASCT between May 1992 and March 2014 at our institution. Of the 187 evaluable patients, 8 had incomplete data, and 79 underwent HDC/ASCT as a component of initial treatment for de novo or refractory DLBCL and were excluded from further analysis. Results The median age was 50.8 years; the median time to relapse was 1.3 years. Patients were segregated according to the initial stage at diagnosis, with early stage (ES) defined as stage I/II and advanced stage (AS) defined as stage III/IV. In total, 40.4% of the ES and 75.5% of the AS patients relapsed in sites of initial disease; 68.4% of those with ES disease and 75.0% of those with AS disease relapsed in sites of initial disease only. Extranodal relapses were common (44.7% in ES and 35.9% in AS) and occurred in a variety of organs, although gastrointestinal tract/liver (n=12) was most frequent. Conclusions Most patients with DLBCL who relapse and subsequently undergo HDC/ASCT initially recur in the previously involved disease site(s). Time to recurrence is brief, suggesting that frequency of screening is most justifiably greatest in the early posttherapy years. © 2016 Elsevier Inc.