cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
COMPARISONS BETWEEN FAST SHOCK TUBE CALCULATIONS AND TESTS

Tests have been done to diagnose various aspects of the behavior of the shocked foam in the core of the fast shock tube. Calculations and test results of shock behavior in the foam are in good agreement. However, calculations with different foam equations of state differ in some details. Precursor shocks at the foam/HE interface were observed in some tests; a modified assembly procedure eliminated this problem. Calculations of shape and velocity of plates in direct contact with the foam are in relatively good agreement. Expansion of shocked foam down a barrel is complicated by perturbations from the barrel inlet and from deformed regions of the barrel. In one test, a 2.5-cm diameter by 2-mm thick stainless steel plate was accelerated to 0.78 cm/μs and remained planar for a 55-cm run through air.
Graft loss among renal-transplant recipients with early reduction of immunosuppression for BK viremia.

Graft loss among renal-transplant recipients with early reduction of immunosuppression for BK viremia
Adipose and Hair Function: An aPPARent Connection

Adipose tissue plays essential roles in various aspects of skin physiology, from regulating hair follicle morphogenesis to wound healing. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma is important for the maintenance of adipose tissue and has been implicated in some types of hair loss; however, its function during the hair cycle is still unclear. Sardella et al. investigate the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in hair follicle morphogenesis using a novel global peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-null mouse.
Design and Implementation of a Web-based Project Management Information System

BPM software is the result of a need to have easy to use software that supports the teaching of project management at both the undergraduate and graduate levels of instruction. Existing project management software offerings are not conducive to learning project management techniques as specified in the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK). This case details the development of the software and describes its use in real world projects. Additionally, it presents empirical evidence that students find the software easy to use and that it enhances their understanding of project management concepts.
The Line Blanketing Effect

The presence of lines in the spectrum of a star influences both the energy balance in the external layers of the star and the distribution of energy in the continuum spectrum radiated by the star. The latter effect may be divided into two parts: (a) a real redistribution of continuum spectral energy induced by the change in the energy balance in the star, and (b) an apparent redistribution of spectral energy caused by the ‘obscurration’ of the continuum by many overlapping lines. We shall not concern ourselves with this second effect except for the brief comments in the following two paragraphs.
Interactive Music for Instrumented Dancing Shoes

We have designed and built a pair of sneakers that each sense 16 different tactile and free-gesture parameters. These include continuous pressure at 3 points in the forward sole, dynamic pressure at the heel, bidirectional bend of the sole, height above instrumented portions of the floor, 3-axis orientation about the Earth's magnetic field, 2-axis gravitational tilt and low-G acceleration, 3-axis shock, angular rate about the vertical, and translational position via a sonar transponder. Both shoes transfer these parameters to a base station across an RF link at 50 Hz State updates. As they are powered by a local battery, there are no tethers or wires running off the shoe. A PC monitors the data streaming off both shoes and translates it into real-time interactive music. The shoe design is introduced, and the interactive music mappings that we have developed for dance performances are discussed.
Wave Propagation in Non-Viscous Fluids

In this paper, we will discuss the development in the theory of wave propagation. This will consist of two topics: the linear theory as developed by C. Huygens and many other mathematicians and physicists of eighteenth and nineteenth centuries; the non-linear theory which has been developed since that time. The first topic has its origins in the theory of optics. However, the second topic has its roots in the theory of supersonic flow of compressible fluids. We will outline the main contributions to the non-linear theory.
Unusual Amnestic Syndrome Associated with Combined Fentanyl and Cocaine Overdose (P1.200)

Objective: NA Background: A 30 year-old man was “found down” by a family member with drug paraphernalia next to his bed. The patient has a history of mood disorder and IV drug use and had completed a 35-day drug rehab program prior to his presentation. His drug of choice was heroine. He remained confused, asked repetitive quest, and has no recollection of the events of that day. Urine drug screen (UDS) at the outside facility was positive for cocaine. A non-contrasted computed tomography (CT) head showed bilateral globus pallidus hypodensities and the patient was transferred to our facility for further management. During the hospital course, the patient continued to have anterograde amnesia. MRI brain with/without contrast showed cytotoxic edema involving the bilateral hippocampi, the fornices, mammillary bodies and bilateral globus pallidus which was consistent with anoxic brain injury. A brief inpatient neuropsychological evaluation showed subtle executive dysfunction and deficits in memory retrieval and consolidation. Screening for fenantyl metabolites approximately 80 hours after use was positive for norfentanyl. Design/Methods: NA Results: NA Conclusions: The lesions seen on MRI is thought to be from stimulant-induced hypoxic-ischemic and excitotoxic injuries as the hippocampus and limbic structures appear more susceptible to such damage. This case is one among emerging cases in which acute and complete hippocampal lesions is associated with history of substance abuse, primarily opioids. Similar cases have been reported in Massachusetts, with more cases likely to be observed in the future as opioid addiction becomes endemic in the United States. Moreover, there is concern that some illicit drugs may contain additives or passed as other substances as our patient thought he was purchasing heroine. Therefore, health care providers should maintain high clinical suspicion in cases of new-onset amnesia. In addition to MRI and routine toxicology, advanced toxicology studies including fentanyl and its metabolites should be considered. Study Supported by: NA Disclosure: Dr. Vo has nothing to disclose. Dr. Duru has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pawar has nothing to disclose.
Cardiovascular risk prediction in older adults with the use of biomarkers

Estimation of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk is of paramount importance for the design of primary prevention strategies. Several multivariate risk models have been developed for CVD risk calculation in asymptomatic adults based upon assessment of multiple variables that cause a graded increase in risk.
Airline Ancillary Services: An Investigation into Passenger Purchase Behavior

U.S. airlines have a vested interested in the intentions and purchase behavior of their domestic airline passengers, especially their willingness to pay for assorted ancillary services. For this research, antecedents to purchase intention and actual purchase behavior of airline ancillary services were evaluated using logistic regression and generalized linear model (GLM) and data collected from Amazon Mechanical Turk. The results show differences in airline passenger preferences when purchasing ancillary services. The number of times a passenger flies per year and the trip purpose are significant, while age and gender are not.
HYPERTENSION IS STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH BARORECEPTOR REFLEX DYSFUNCTION

Imbalance between sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation of cardiovascular system is one of etiologies of heart failure (HF). Baroreceptor reflex dysfunction (BRD) is a manifestation of this autonomic imbalance. Clinical determinants of BRD in early stages of cardiac dysfunction are not fully
Potential dependent surface structure of the Pt(1 1 1) electrolyte interface

Abstract X-Ray scattering has been used to study the structure of the Pt(1 1 1) interface with 0.1 M KOH and 0.05 M H2SO4 electrolytes. The absence of in-plane reconstruction peaks and the intensity profiles of the crystal truncation rods (CTR) indicate that the surface is not reconstructed at any potential. At potentials just above hydrogen evolution a monotonic expansion of the top Pt layer occurs in the region where hydrogen is adsorbed on the surface. The maximum expansion was approximately 0.03 A in KOH electrolyte and approximately half this magnitude in H2SO4 electrolyte. For both electrolytes this expansion is smaller than observed for the Pt(0 0 1) surface. The “anomalous voltammetric feature” observed in both electrolytes appears to be due to anion adsorption and/or an ordering transition in the inner ionic layer. At potentials approximately 1 V positive of hydrogen evolution, displacement of a fraction of the top Pt layer from bulk lattice positions occurs during anodic oxidation. This restructuring is reversible upon lowering the potential and reducing the oxide. We have investigated the structure of the Pt(1 1 1) surface with dilute KOH and H2SO4 electrolytes in the potential region of between hydrogen evolution and irreversible oxide formation. In the hydrogen adsorption region in both electrolytes the top Pt layer expands away from the second layer. Surprisingly, although the surface coverage by adsorbed hydrogen in acid was slightly higher than in alkaline electrolyte, in sulfuric acid the maximum expansion was less than half of the maximum expansion in KOH electrolyte. The most likely reason for this difference is the influence of the strongly adsorbed tetrahedral (bi) sulfate anions at 0.4 V, which appear to cause an expansion of the top Pt layer at potentials above the hydrogen adsorption region. In both electrolytes the anomalous electrochemical feature appears to be a consequence of anion adsorption and/or ordering in the inner ionic layer. In KOH electrolyte the adsorbed anions are presumably hydrated hydroxyl species (which do not change the position of the top Pt layer) and in H2SO4 solution they are (bi)sulfate anions. Incipient oxidation in KOH electrolyte is reversible between 1.0 and 1.3 V, with the data favoring a place-exchange model for the restructured surface. However, the place-exchange process at these potentials is relatively slow, and may not occur at all under normal cycling sweep rates. In contrast, oxidation of the Pt(1 1 1) surface in H2SO4 electrolyte results in irreversible restructuring, since specifically adsorbed (bi)sulfate anions appear to block adsorption of hydroxyl in the potential region where place-exchange of hydroxyl with Pt is reversible.
How the Best of Naturalism Fits Inside a Foundational Mind

This chapter wraps up core themes in this exchange about a foundational mind. In the spirit of productive inquiry, Rasmussen seeks to highlight the value of Leon’s points toward filling out the best vision of an ultimate foundation capable of producing beings like us. Rasmussen reviews the arguments on the table and then addresses Leon’s latest concerns. A theme in Rasmussen’s response is that a remarkably unified vision can emerge by the separation of theories. We can steer through the thorns to find in Leon’s own vision core elements that a personal foundation (broadly conceived) would include. A result of this chapter, proposes Rasmussen, is that the core resources of a foundational mind shine through ever more brightly on closer examination.
African Theatre as Indigenous Education

African theatre is often seen in its traditional manifestation as total theatre. As total theatre, it includes indigenous elements of storytelling, music-and-dance performance, poetic recitation, and ritualistic and sacred performances in which the community is a participatory audience. As Duma Ndlovu has accurately depicted in Woza Albert! An Anthology of South African Plays, “grandmothers and grandfathers [were] telling their stories to families by the fireside. This was theater at its most natural, its most creative. This is the trend that has influenced our [African] drama and has set it apart from western theater” (1986, xix). When one witnesses a performance of Angano…Angano: Tales from Madagascar and sees how the storytellers vividly imitate by word and action mythic and cultural origins, one is reminded of the storytelling genesis of African theatre and its educational function. It was not a financial, capitalist venture; it was a community-oriented activity that taught people the importance of communal solidarity, values, and origins. In its manifestation, it educated people on what John S. Mbiti has referred to as the cardinal point of communal relationship and unity: “I am, because we are; and since we are, therefore I am” (1990, 106). Theatre was also “a way of passing on information from one generation to another” (Ndlovu, xx). The chapter will discuss how African theatre has been used throughout the ages to educate people on religion, spirituality, morality, filial and parental responsibilities, politics (both resistance and conformity), dynastic and genealogical history, life and death, and the importance of cultural preservation, among others. The chapter will also discuss how modern African theatre artists such as Hubert Ogunde, Wole Soyinka, Zulu Sofola, Femi Osofisan, J. P. Bekederemo-Clark, Efua Sutherland (from West Africa), Tewfiq al-Hakim (from North Africa), Ngugi wa Thiong’o, Micere Githae Mugo (from East Africa), and Athol Fugard, John Kani, and Winston Ntshona (from South Africa) have drawn on, or continued, this tradition in their dramaturgy. Whether as tragedy, comedy or satire, or simply as morality play, African theatre has maintained its prominence as a form of Indigenous education.
Regulation of the Mammalian SWI/SNF Family of Chromatin Remodeling Enzymes by Phosphorylation during Myogenesis

Myogenesis is the biological process by which skeletal muscle tissue forms. Regulation of myogenesis involves a variety of conventional, epigenetic, and epigenomic mechanisms that control chromatin remodeling, DNA methylation, histone modification, and activation of transcription factors. Chromatin remodeling enzymes utilize ATP hydrolysis to alter nucleosome structure and/or positioning. The mammalian SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable (mSWI/SNF) family of chromatin remodeling enzymes is essential for myogenesis. Here we review diverse and novel mechanisms of regulation of mSWI/SNF enzymes by kinases and phosphatases. The integration of classic signaling pathways with chromatin remodeling enzyme function impacts myoblast viability and proliferation as well as differentiation. Regulated processes include the assembly of the mSWI/SNF enzyme complex, choice of subunits to be incorporated into the complex, and sub-nuclear localization of enzyme subunits. Together these processes influence the chromatin remodeling and gene expression events that control myoblast function and the induction of tissue-specific genes during differentiation.
Urvashi: Celestial Women and Earthly Heroes

As a woman who undertakes multiple journeys between the world of Gods and humans, Urvashi’s story preserves important information on a woman’s life in ancient India. Her story from the Rigveda, Mahabharata, and Kalidasa’s Vikramorvashiyam are examined. Urvashi is an apsara, a divine nymph, frequently portrayed with intermittent short liaisons with mortals on the Earth. One of her relationships leaves an indelible imprint on the story of the Mahabharata. Her relationships and actions depict the life of women not involved in any longstanding personal relations. Her story is important to understand not only the contradictory aspects of domesticity and the independent life of women but also the nascent nature of evolving women’s social roles in classical India.
Flows of Inhomogeneous Matter: Improvising an augmented violin

This article reflects on how personal digital musical instruments evolve and presents an augmented violin developed and performed by the author in improvised performance as an example. Informed by the materialism of Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, an image of ‘flows of inhomogeneous matter’ provokes reflection on a mode of production common to artisanal craftmanship and digital lutherie alike, namely the pre-reflective skilfulness negotiating the singularities of inhomogeneous matter with the demands of the production – a process which itself may be thought of as im-pro-visation (‘un-fore-seen’). According to Gilbert Simondon, all technical objects develop in this way: functional interdependency emerges when abstractly ideated elements begin to enter into unanticipated synergistic relationships, suggesting a material logic dependent on unforeseen potentialities. The historical development of the acoustic violin exemplifies such an evolution, with, like all technical objects, additional latent potential. Digital artists can work like artisanal craftsmen in tinkering with technical elements, teasing out their synergies through abductive, trial-and-error experimentation. In the context of developing digital musical instruments, model-free design of real-time digital signal processing symmetrising action and perception yields highly refined results. Like musical improvisation – constrained by time – improvised development of these instruments turns the material obstacles into their very means of realisation.
IIIB: Characterization of Penile Cancers with Comprehensive Genomic Profiling

Penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) can be a devastating disease when major local recurrences and distant spread take place. In the modern era of targeted and immunotherapy approaches to cancer treatments, recent successes in the treatment of other genitourinary cancers has spurred the use of comprehensive genomic profiling evaluations using next-generation sequencing methods designed to uncover new routes of therapy for PSCC. In this chapter, the evidence of genomic differences between HPV-positive and HPV-negative clinically advanced PSCC is compared with a series of previously published studies considering the impact of molecular testing on PSCC treatment selection and clinical outcome. The genomic findings in PSCC are also compared and contrasted with those found in men with primary urethral SCC.
Empirical Evidence on the Economic Impacts of Hotel Taxes

Tourist taxes are an important source of revenue for many governments. In the United States, all states impose them in the form of hotel/motel occupancy taxes, yet there is little ex post evidence ...
Blood Pressure, Automatic Control of

Automatic blood pressure control is a technique that regulates the infusion rates of pharmacological agents automatically to maintain a patient’s mean arterial pressure within a desired level. Patients under blood pressure regulation treatment are usually in cardiac surgery or suffering from postsurgical hypertension or other cardiac diseases with abnormal arterial blood pressure. This treatment is usually performed by experienced personnel in the operation room or intensive care unit, which is very difficult and time consuming. An automatic controller that could deliver drugs based on a patient’s physiologic conditions safely and effectively without human intervention would be beneficial to both patients and medical care personnel. This article reviews various automatic control schemes that have been developed to regulate mean arterial pressure for patients with postsurgical hypertension using sodium nitroprusside proportional-derivative-integral controllers, adaptive controllers, rule-based controllers, and neural-network based controllers are common control strategies described in the literature. A brief description of each control scheme is provided, followed by examples of controller designs from the literature. Evaluations of the controller performance in computer simulation, animal studies, or clinical tests on human subjects are discussed. Keywords: blood pressure regulation; biomedical control systems; mathematical modeling; parameter estimation; drug delivery system
India's urban constituencies revisited

This article examines patterns of voter turnout and electoral competition in India's urban parliamentary constituencies. It places the 2014 Lok Sabha elections in historical context, drawing on constituency-level data from national elections since 1977 to explore broad changes and continuities in electoral competition, party structures, and voter turnout, with particular focus on comparisons between urban and rural India. The purpose of the article is descriptive, seeking to fill a gap in the literature on electoral competition in urban India. I find evidence that India's urban constituencies have recently, on average, been less competitive and participatory than non-urban constituencies, though this has not been a consistent trend since the mid-1970s. This article concludes with a brief outline for a research agenda on electoral politics in urban India.
Raman analysis of perrhenate and pertechnetate in alkali salts and borosilicate glasses

Sodium borosilicate glasses containing various concentrations of rhenium or technetium were fabricated, and their vibrational spectra studied using a Raman microscope. Spectra were interpreted with reference to new high resolution measurements of alkali pertechnetates and perrhenates NaReO4, KReO4, NaTcO4, and KTcO4. At low concentrations of ReO4- or TcO4-, glass spectra show weak peaks superimposed on a dominant spectrum of glass characteristic of silicate and borate network vibrations. At high concentrations, sharp peaks characteristic of crystal field splitting and C4h symmetry dominate the spectra of glasses, indicating alkali nearby tetrahedral Re or Tc. Often peaks indicative of both the K and Na pertechnetates/ perrhenates are evident in the Raman spectrum, with the latter being favored at high additions of the source chemical, since Na is more prevalent in the glass and ion exchange takes place. These results have significance to immobilization of nuclear waste containing radioactive 99Tc in glass for ultimate disposal.
Microbial production of vitamin B12 antimetabolites

Abstract 2-Amino-4-keto-3-methylpentanoic acids were isolated as a diastereomeric mixture from Bacillus cereus 439 fermentations and found to be vitamin B 12 antimetabolites in a bioassay system based on the vitamin B 12 -requiring Escherichia coli (Davis 113-3). A similar diastereomeric mixture with bioactivity was synthesized by condensation of 2-bromo-3-butanone with sodio diethyl acetamidomalonate followed by hydrolysis with 6 N HCl and purification by ion-exchange chromatography. The growth inhibitory effects of the antimetabolite were reversed by vitamin B 12 , l -methionine, l -isoleucine, l -leucine, l -valine, and d -alanine.
Sunday night, August 22, 2010—outskirts of Lafayette, IN

Delta’s head continued to spin long after the car had come to a stop. The blow to the rear side of the vehicle had spun it 180 degrees. The little green Geo now faced the opposite direction from which it had been headed, causing Delta a bit of confusion; she couldn’t quite get her bearings.
Aeroelastic problems of civil engineering structures

In recent decades the designs and methods of fabrication of new engineering structures have been such as to render them more flexible and not as highly damped as their counterparts of the past. As a result the sensitivity of such structures to the natural wind has become an object of considerable attention, and many studies in wind engineering have been occasioned. In these not only the character of the wind alone—as loading function—has been taken into account, but also the interaction between wind and structure and consequent structural motion have required consideration. It is the latter group of aeroelastic studies that will be examined particularly in this chapter.
OnabotulinumtoxinA in the treatment of migraine headache

Recent trials have demonstrated that onabotulinumtoxinA is a safe and effective treatment for the prevention of chronic migraine headaches. Although the exact effect of the toxin on the pathophysiology of migraine is not clear, several in vivo and in vitro models have shown that onabotulinumtoxinA inhibits the release of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides involved in pain-signaling pathways with resulting attenuation of both peripheral and central sensitization in migraine. Limited systemic adverse effects and physician-administered treatments that eliminate concerns for patient compliance have made onabotulinumtoxinA an appealing alternative to oral prophylactic medications for migraine. This article is designed to provide an overview of current research into the mechanism of action of onabotulinumtoxinA in the pathophysiology of pain conditions including migraine, as well the current literature supporting its efficacy in migraine treatment.
A solid-state electronic linear adaptive neuron with electrically alterable synapses

The authors address the hardware implementation of a semiconductor device which emulates the biological synaptic interconnection for the hardware realization of neural network systems. Specifically, they describe work on the electrically reprogrammable (alterable) SONOS (silicon blocking oxide nitride tunneling oxide silicon) nonvolatile synapse and a simple electronic neuron which incorporates these alterable synapses. The electronic synaptic interconnection strength, or the weight value, can be electrically altered at CMOS voltage levels. The authors have incorporated these modifiable synaptic weights into a solid-state electronic linear adaptive neuron with a Widrow-Hoff's delta learning rule as the updating algorithm to examine the electrical performance of these programmable synapses. The experimental results and the desirable features of these electronic synapses are discussed. >
Familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease presenting as epilepsia partialis continua

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare disorder caused by prions that can affect any part of the central nervous system. It is characterized by a long incubation period, but once symptoms start there is a progressive neurological decline. Clinical features include dementia, ataxia and myoclonus (startle), among others. We report a biopsy-proven case of familial CJD (fCJD) presenting with continuous focal seizures, epilepsia partialis continua (EPC), as the initial presentation. CJD is an unusual neurological disorder with an incidence of approximately one case per million population (Prusiner 2001). The disorder is due to neuronal degeneration resulting from the accumulation of a pathological isoform (PrP) of the prion protein (PrPc). Patients with fCJD have mutations in the gene encoding PrPc (PRNP) (Vercueil 2006, Collins et al. 2004). This fCJD represents 10-15% of CJD cases making the sporadic form more common 85-95% (Parry et al. 2001). During the course of the disease myoclonus has been reported in 88% of cases, and epileptic seizures (partial seizures, generalized status epilepticus) in 8% (Vercueil 2006). Periodic sharp wave complexes (PSWC) are uncommon in fCJD and occur in about 10% of patients (Wieser et al. 2006).
Optimization of the Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) Process for Strain Homogeneity

Two-Dimensional finite element analysis was carried out to optimize the equal channel angular pressing process (ECAP) for strain homogeneity under frictionless and frictional conditions. The effect of outside corner angle (Ψ), inner radius (r) and shear friction (m) on the strain homogeneity was investigated. The strain homogeneity can be increased by correcting the outside corner to eliminate the corner gap between the sample and the die at the expense of average strain. Small inside radius and outside corner radius would provide large deformations without much loss in the strain homogeneity under frictionless conditions. The work piece deformation is by bending if the inner radius exceeds a critical value. No improvement in strain homogeneity was observed under frictional conditions.
Finite-size scaling of the density of zeros of the partition function in first- and second-order phase transitions

The finite-size scaling form for the density of zeros of the partition function in first- and second-order phase transitions is derived. Using the finite-size scaling of the density of zeros, the order of a phase transition can be easily determined and the order parameter calculated from finite-size data. We illustrate the scaling theory using exact values for the zeros of the partition function of the two-dimensional Ising model in the complex magnetic-field plane.
Gender Differences in Self-Reports of Depression: The Response Bias Hypothesis Revisited

This study was designed to revisit the response bias hypothesis, which posits that gender differences in depression prevalence rates may reflect a tendency for men to underreport depressive symptoms. In this study, we examined aspects of gender role socialization (gender-related traits, socially desirable responding, beliefs about mental health and depression) that may contribute to a response bias in self-reports of depression. In addition, we investigated the impact of two contextual variables (i.e., cause of depression and level of intrusiveness of experimental follow-up) on self-reports of depressive symptoms. Results indicated that men, but not women, reported fewer depressive symptoms when consent forms indicated that a more involved follow-up might occur. Further, results indicated differential responding by men and women on measures of gender-related traits, mental health beliefs, and beliefs about depression and predictors of depressed mood. Together, our results support the assertion that, in specific contexts, a response bias explanation warrants further consideration in investigations of gender differences in rates of self-reported depression.
Beyond Academic Instruction: The Twenty-First Century School Model for Preschoolers.

Public schools must move beyond narrow academic goals to become a comprehensive child care and family support system.
Influence of clod-size and structure on wetting-induced volume change of compacted soil.

Volume changes due to wetting may occur in naturally deposited soils as well as earthen construction (e.g., compacted fills or embankments). Depending on the stress level, some soils exhibit increase in volume upon wetting (swell) while others may exhibit decrease in volume upon wetting (collapse). The work described in this paper focused on wetting-induced volume changes in compacted soils. Motivation for this work stemmed from observations of earthen structures that exhibit problematic behavior under wetting conditions, even though soils were compacted to engineering specifications (i.e., at or above minimum density and within moisture content ranges). Not only is this problematic behavior a concern but also the laboratory tests used to predict settlement of constructed facilities may not properly model the actual behavior of soil compacted under field conditions. For example, settlements experienced by compacted fills may be different from settlement predictions based on one-dimensional oedometer tests. These differences are partly related to the variations in the soil structure in tested specimens that arise because soil clods compacted in the laboratory are smaller than soil clods compacted in the field. The term "soil structure" includes the combined effects of soil fabric and interparticle forces. "Fabric" generally refers to the geometric arrangement of particles, whereas interparticle forces include physical and physicochemical interactions between particles. The soil structure in this case is associated with specimen preparation methods and is influenced by several factors including soil composition (including pore water chemistry), compaction method, clod sizes, initial moisture condition of clods, dry density or void ratio, and compaction moisture content. A laboratory research study was conducted to investigate the influence of variations in clod-size and structure on one-dimensional volume change, with emphasis on wetting-induced volume change, for nine different fine-grained soils. The results of the study suggest that the influence of structure in one-dimensional oedometer tests depends on soil type and nature of the clods in the compacted soil. Clayey soils appear to be influenced more by differences in structure, whereas silts or clayey sands of low plasticity (PI<10) do not appear to suffer as much from structure effects in one-dimensional oedometer tests. This is attributed to more extensive clod development in clayey soils. Furthermore, the moisture condition of clods appears to have an important influence on volume change behavior.
Electrodeposited Ceramic Superlattices

Ceramic superlattices have been produced by electrodeposition with modulation wavelengths in the range from 5 to 10 nanometers. The Tl a Pb b O c /Tl d Pb e O f superlattices were deposited from a single aqueous solution at room temperature, and the layer thicknesses were galvanostatically controlled. The films showed strong preferred orientation and distinct first-order satellites around the Bragg reflections in the x-ray diffraction pattem. The modulation wavelengths calculated from the satellite spacings were in agreement with those calculated from Faraday9s law. Because the modulation wavelengths are of electron mean free path dimensions, this dass of degenerate semiconductor metal-oxide superlattices may exhibit thickness-dependent quantum optical, electronic, or optoelectronic effects.
DECENTRALIZATION, MARKETIZATION, AND GLOBALIZATION: THE TRIPLE PROCESSES UNDERLYING REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA

Abstract China since the late 1970s has implemented a series of reforms and has undergone profound changes. This paper analyzes the three fundamental processes of China's economic reforms—decentralization, marketization, and globalization, and argues that an understanding of these triple transitions is necessary for a better understanding of regional development in China. These changes also have had significant implications for the development of regions, as the central state is no longer monopolizing the regional development process. It is speculated that China's regions will remain fragmented and the coastal-interior divide may persist.
NO‐flurbiprofen reduces amyloid‐β, is neuroprotective in cell culture, and enhances cognition in response to cholinergic blockade

The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug flurbiprofen is a selective amyloid lowering agent which has been studied clinically in Alzheimer’s disease. HCT-1026 is an ester prodrug of flurbiprofen incorporating a nitrate carrier moiety that in vivo provides NO bioactivity and an improved safety profile. In vitro, HCT-1026 retained the cyclooxygenase inhibitory and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug activity of flurbiprofen, but at concentrations at which levels of amyloid-β 1–42 amino acid were lowered by flurbiprofen, amyloid-β 1–42 amino acid levels were elevated 200% by HCT-1026. Conversely, at lower concentrations, HCT-1026 behaved as a selective amyloid lowering agent with greater potency than flurbiprofen. The difference in concentration–responses between flurbiprofen and HCT-1026 in vitro suggests different cellular targets; and in no case did a combination of nitrate drug with flurbiprofen provide similar actions. In vivo, HCT-1026 was observed to reverse cognitive deficits induced by scopolamine in two behavioral assays; activity that was also shown by a classical nitrate drug, but not by flurbiprofen. The ability to restore aversive memory and spatial working and reference memory after cholinergic blockade has been demonstrated by other agents that stimulate NO/cGMP signaling. These observations add positively to the preclinical profile of HCT-1026 and NO chimeras in Alzheimer’s disease.
Human responses to highway noise.

Abstract Some potential effects of the proposed extension of a major highway near a university campus were evaluated, with the expected increased levels of ambient traffic sound as the major independent variable. On self-reports, observation of classroom behavior, and in data collected during a 5-day dormitory field experiment, increased ambient sound had adverse effects on social interaction in group problem-solving and in the classroom, and on subjective reactions. No reliable changes were found on individual cognitive performance on brief tests, nor in pulse rate. The study demonstrates the need for careful, long-duration, multi-variable psychological research as a part of environmental impact predictions of major construction projects.
Tissue cholinesterase inhibition by 2-carbomethoxy-I-methylvinyl dimethyl phosphate (mevinphos)

Abstract Mevinphos inhibited blood, skeletal and heart muscle cholinesterases following ip injection of sublethal or lethal amounts in rats and rabbits. No inhibition of cholinesterase was noted in brain. The activity in other tissues approached its lowest value in 5–15 min and started recovering afterward. A recovery over the normal amounts of the enzyme was noted in skeletal muscles. Activity nearly approached normal 24 hr after mevinphos administration. Distribution of mevinphos in tissues indicated that the compound entered the brain but the concentrations in brain were considerably lower than that of blood. In vitro studies indicated that the enzyme preparations from erythrocytes and plasma were inhibited instantly by mevinphos. Brain enzyme required a longer interval to approach maximal inhibition as compared to blood enzymes. Brain enzyme also required higher concentrations of mevinphos for inhibition than did the enzyme from erythrocytes or plasma. Lack of enzyme inhibition in brain in vivo could be due to a combined effect of low concentrations of mevinphos in brain and the differences in the behavior of brain cholinesterase with regard to the inhibitor.
The Absorption of Ultra-Violet Light by Oxygen, Water Vapor and Quartz

Quantitative measurements were made of the absorption of light by oxygen, water vapor and crystalline quartz in the spectral region 1850 to 2300A, by means of a quartz spectraph and a recording densitometer. Defining the absorption coefficient $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ by $I={I}_{0}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}d}$ where $d$ is the distance in cms, values of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ were obtained for oxygen at atmospheric pressure in tubes up to 5 meters in length, which showed the peaks of absorption due to the Schumann-Runge band system below 1970A. From 2000 to 2100A the absorption appeared continuous with no marked peaks, $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ being 0.00025, 0.00032 and 0.00050 at 2100, 2050 and 2000A respectively. The values of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ for saturated water vapor at 25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C were 0.0005, 0.0013, 0.003 for wave-lengths 2050, 1950 and 1900A. For a specimen of crystalline quartz 2.5 cm thick $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ was found to be 0.086, 0.11, 0.13 and 0.17 for wave-lengths 2040, 2000, 1940 and 1870A.
Evidence That Fertilization Activates Starfish Eggs by Sequential Activation of a Src-like Kinase and Phospholipase Cγ *

Recent evidence has indicated a requirement for a Src family kinase in initiating Ca2+ release at fertilization in starfish eggs (Giusti, A. F., Carroll, D. J., Abassi, Y. A., Terasaki, M., Foltz, K. R., and Jaffe, L. A. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 29318–29322). We now show that injection of Src protein into starfish eggs initiates Ca2+ release and DNA synthesis, as occur at fertilization. These responses depend on the phosphorylation state of the Src protein; only the kinase active form is effective. Like Ca2+ release at fertilization, the Ca2+ release in response to Src protein injection is inhibited by prior injection of the SH2 domains of phospholipase Cγ. These findings support the conclusion that in starfish, sperm-egg interaction causes egg activation by sequential activation of a Src-like kinase and phospholipase Cγ. Injection of the SH2 domain of Src, which inhibits Ca2+ release at fertilization, does not inhibit Ca2+ release caused by Src protein injection. This indicates that the requirement for a Src SH2 domain interaction is upstream of Src activation in the pathway leading to Ca2+ release at fertilization.
Integrating Culture in the Design of ICTs.

Nationally and internationally, designers are challenged with meeting the needs of diverse populations, and they are faced with the dilemma of how to integrate culture in the design of information and communication technologies (ICTs). This paper reviews the literature in the fields of human–computer interaction and instructional design to argue that the present methods of integrating culture in design serve a limited scope of what culture can be in the design process. Two conclusions were drawn from this research. First, it is apparent that integrating culture in the design of ICTs serves a broader scope, from the generic or culture-neutral, to the specialised or culture-specific. Second, this review indicates that design has not caught up with technology and that to create for diverse audiences the process must be deliberate.
Tunneling in double-layered quantum Hall systems.

We study interlayer tunneling in some double-layered quantum Hall states that contain a neutral gapless superfluid mode. A tunneling current less than a certain critical value will not cause any voltage drop between the two layers. A finite voltage V between the layers will induce an ac current with a frequency \ensuremath{\omega}=eV/\ensuremath{\Elzxh}. In contrast to tunneling between superconductors, the critical current here is linear rather than quadratic in the tunneling amplitude.
Highly Efficient Parametric Nonlinear Optics Using On-Chip Amorphous Silicon Photonics

We exploit the high nonlinear refractive index and nonlinear figure of merit of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) for broad bandwidth and low-power four-wave mixing demonstrations including parametric amplification, time division demultiplexing, and ultrafast pulse characterization.
The effect of temporal aggregation on parameter estimation in distributed lag model

Abstract This paper considers the effect of temporal aggregation on parameter estimation in a finite distributed lag model through the least squares procedure. Numerical results are presented through a simple example. It is shown that the loss in efficiency due to aggregation is substantial. Moreover, the loss depends not only on the level of aggregation but also on the nature of the input variable. The loss is more severe if the input variable is negatively autocorrelated than otherwise.
Glutathione S-transferase AA from rat liver

Abstract Glutathione S-transferase AA from rat liver was purified to apparent homogeneity as judged by gel filtration and gel electrofocusing. The protein has an isoelectric point near pH 9.9 and a molecular weight of 45,000 and is composed of two apparently identical subunits. The enzyme is most active with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and glutathione as substrates. The catalytic properties of transferase AA are very similar to those of transferase B although the two proteins differ in their ability to bind bilirubin and other ligands, in their amino acid composition, and in their immunological properties. When mixtures of transferase AA with other purified glutathione S-transferases were denatured in 6 m guanidine hydrochloride and then renatured by dilution, no hybrids were formed as judged by gel electrofocusing. Isolation of the enzymes from a single rat liver revealed the presence of each of the known glutathione transferases.
On the abyssal circulation of the world ocean—V. The influence of bottom slope on the broadening of inertial boundary currents

Abstract A potential vorticity conserving model is offered to explain the remarkably great width of western boundary bottom currents, such as that which conveys the Antarctic Bottom Water northward in the western trough of the South Atlantic Ocean. Effects of varying bottom slope, latitude, and transport are explored. The essential element in this explanation is the small slope of the bottom along which the current flows.
TU-E-211A-03: Medical Imaging Physics: Career Opportunities and Considerations

Medical imaging is big business — a multibillion dollar business, both for the manufacturers of medical imaging equipment and for health care providers. It plays an important role in diagnosis and in therapy. For these and other reasons medical imaging physics offers a number of highly satisfying career paths — clinical support in small to moderate sized medical centers, consulting clinical support, academic radiology positions, and positions in industry. For the past 30+ years, the career path an individual takes depends primarily on individual interest and capabilities and to a lesser extent on job availability. This session focuses on the responsibilities of the medical imagingphysicist in these different career paths. Presented are examples of different career paths. Discussed are the responsibilities that medical physicists typically have, minimum educational and experience requirements, and desirable skills and credentials. This Meet the Expert Session will be moderated by Gary T. Barnes, Ph.D. Dr. Barnes has worked for more than thirty‐five years in medical imaging. His experience encompasses routine clinical support, radiology resident teaching, mentoring of young medical physicists, research, and prototype medical imaging equipment development. He is a Fellow of the AAPM, ACR and AIMBE, and is currently Professor Emeritus, Department of Radiology, UAB Medical Center, President of RAD Physics, Inc., a medical physics consulting company he founded in 1978, and President of X‐Ray Imaging Innovations, a technology development company he founded in 1998. For the fifteen years prior to his retirement from UAB and becoming Professor Emeritus, he was the Director of the Physics and Engineering Division of the Department of Radiology. The Division included medical physics faculty, medical imaging equipment service engineers, QC technologists and technicians, computer programmers, and other informatics specialists. At the time of his retirement the Division had twenty‐five members. Dr. Barnes is the author or coauthor of 100+ peer reviewed papers and has several issued U.S. patents.
Intellect in Brutea

I SEND the following notes on the habits of the red or agricultural and the small black ant, which may be of interest to the readers of NATURE:—