cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Commensurate-Incommensurate Transition in Bromine-Intercalated Graphite: A Model Stripe-Domain System

An x-ray scattering study is reported of the commensurate-incommensurate transition (CIT) in single-crystal ${\mathrm{C}}_{28}$${\mathrm{Br}}_{2}$ in which the ${\mathrm{Br}}_{2}$ stage-4 intercalant has an in-plane $\sqrt{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7$ superlattice structure. The CIT, which occurs only in the sevenfold direction, is a solid-to-solid transition with incommensurability $\ensuremath{\epsilon}\ensuremath{\sim}{(T\ensuremath{-}342.20)}^{0.50\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02}$. The relative displacements of successive harmonics are accurately predicted by a sharp domain-wall model with $\frac{4\ensuremath{\pi}}{7}$ phase shifts. The in-plane coherent ${\mathrm{Br}}_{2}$ regions exceed 10 000 \AA{} in both commensurate and incommensurate phases.
Hybrid glass and sol-gel integrated optical waveguides for biosensors

Novel integrated optical planar waveguide platform for absorption-based biosensing is demonstrated. The platform integrates surface ion-exchanged channel waveguides with UV patterned sol-gel structures. Estimated level of detection is about 1 pmol/cm2 of surface adsorbed.
Blunted feedback processing during risk-taking in adolescents with features of problematic Internet use

While the conceptualization of problematic Internet use (PIU) as a "behavioral addiction" resembling substance-use disorders is debated, the neurobiological underpinnings of PIU remain understudied. This study examined whether adolescents displaying features of PIU (at-risk PIU; ARPIU) are more impulsive and exhibit blunted responding in the neural mechanisms underlying feedback processing and outcome evaluation during risk-taking. Event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by positive (i.e. reward) and negative (i.e. loss) feedback were recorded during performance on a modified version of the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) among ARPIU (n=39) and non-ARPIU subjects (n=27). Compared to non-ARPIU, ARPIU adolescents displayed higher levels of urgency and lack of perseverance on the UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale. Although no between-group difference in BART performance was observed, ERPs demonstrated overall decreased sensitivity to feedback in ARPIU compared to non-ARPIU adolescents, as indexed by blunted feedback-related negativity (FRN) and P300 amplitudes to both negative and positive feedback. The present study provides evidence for feedback processing during risk-taking as a neural correlate of ARPIU. Given recent concerns regarding the growing prevalence of PIU as a health concern, future work should examine the extent to which feedback processing may represent a risk factor for PIU, a consequence of PIU, or possibly both.
Cys-diabody quantum dot conjugates (immunoQdots) for cancer marker detection.

The present work demonstrates the use of small bivalent engineered antibody fragments, cys-diabodies, for biological modification of nanoscale particles such as quantum dots (Qdots) for detection of target antigens. Novel bioconjugated quantum dots known as immunoQdots (iQdots) were developed by thiol-specific oriented coupling of tumor specific cys-diabodies, at a position away from the antigen binding site to amino PEG CdSe/ZnS Qdots. Initially, amino PEG Qdot 655 were coupled with reduced anti-HER2 cys-diabody by amine-sulfhydryl-reactive linker [N-e-maleimidocaproyloxy] succinimide ester (EMCS) to produce anti-HER2 iQdot 655. Spectral characterization of the conjugate revealed that the spectrum was symmetrical and essentially identical to unconjugated Qdot. Specific receptor binding activity of anti-HER2 iQdot 655 was confirmed by flow cytometry on HER2 positive and negative cells. Immunofluorescence results showed homogeneous surface labeling of the cell membrane with Qdot 655 conjugate. In addition, cys-diabodies specific for HER2, as well as prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA), were conjugated successfully with amino PEG Qdot 800. All of these iQdots retain the photoluminescence properties of the unconjugated Qdot 800 as well as the antigen binding specificity of the cys-diabody as demonstrated by flow cytometry. Simultaneous detection of two tumor antigens on LNCaP/PSCA prostate cancer cells (which express PSCA and HER2) in culture was possible using two iQdots, anti-HER2 iQdot 655 and anti-PSCA iQdot 800. Thus, these iQdots are potentially useful as optical probes for sensitive, multiplexed detection of surface markers on tumor cells. The present thiol-specific conjugation method demonstrates a general approach for site-specific oriented coupling of cys-diabodies to a wide variety of nanoparticles without disturbing the antigen binding site and maintaining small size compared to intact antibody.
Energy Levels of the Carbon Monoxide Molecule

IN a recent letter to NATURE (vol. 117, p. 376, 1926), Dr. R. C. Johnson shows that the third positive carbon bands are related to those recently discovered by Cameron (Phil. Mag. (7) 1, p. 405, 1926), and that the final states of the Cameron bands are identical with the final states of the fourth positive carbon bands. As the fourth positive bands are known to belong to the neutral carbon monoxide molecule from Leifson's absorption experiments (Astro. Jour., 63, 73, 1926), Johnson concludes that Cameron's bands and the third positive bands also belong to the neutral carbon monoxide molecule. We have recently completed some experiments on the excitation of the carbon monoxide spectra by electron impacts which support the views of Johnson, and they enable us to extend the scheme of energy levels so that it includes all of the bands of carbon monoxide.
The Relation of Extensive Reading and Civilization Test Scores in Second-Year French

IT has long been the opinion of the writer that, of the several objectives of modern language teaching, the cultural is of the greatest importance. This is especially true at Stephens College, where a very small percentage of students continue with language, even though they go on to a university. The object of this study was to determine, if possible, what contribution to the student's cultural background in French is made by extensive outside reading in the second year. The findings would also add to the data concerning the effect of extensive reading on reading, grammar, and vocabulary scores.' At the time this material was collected, the reading program had been in effect at Stephens for two years. Second-year students read between 1500 and 1700 pages, depending on their previous reading experience. None of the material read was "required," and very little of it was recommended by the instructors. The "free reading" situation was, therefore, very nearly ideal.
The thermal copolymerization of aspartic acid and glutamic acid.

Abstract Thermal condensation of aspartic acid and glutamic acid yields copolymeric products. In typical reactions for periods of 6 hr. or less, mean molecular weights range from 5000 to 25,000. The products are largely polyimides which are convertible by mildly alkaline treatment to materials which are fully linear peptides. The ratios of aspartic acid to glutamic acid in the total composition and in the N-terminal composition have been studied over a wide range of conditions. The proportion of glutamic acid in the N-terminal position in the product obtained, however, is much larger than the proportion in the total composition. This fact suggests in principle that the order of residues in a thermal copolyamino acid would be nonrandom.
Shear‐Lag Analysis of Fiber Push‐Out (Indentation) Tests for Estimating Interfacial Friction Stress in Ceramic‐Matrix Composites

A shear-lag analysis is presented for estimating sliding friction stress at fiber-matrix interfaces in ceramic-matrix composites using the single-fiber push-out test. The analysis includes an approximate correction for the increased interfacial compression and, therefore, the interfacial friction stress arising from the transverse (Poisson) expansion of the fibers subjected to the compressive load. An exponential decrease of the interfacial shear stress along the fiber length is predicted. This result is similar to the results of a finite-element analysis reported in the literature. The analysis also provides a basis for the experimental determination of a coefficient of interfacial friction (μ) and a residual interfacial compression (σ0). It is shown that the sliding friction stress (τf=μσ0) can be overestimated if the transverse expansion of the fibers is not taken into account.
Assembly of Lipids and Proteins into Lipoprotein Particles

The self-assembly of reconstituted discoidal high-density lipoproteins, known as nanodiscs, was studied using coarse-grained molecular dynamics and small-angle X-ray scattering. In humans, high-density lipoprotein particles transport cholesterol in the blood and facilitate the removal of excess cholesterol from the body. Native high-density lipoprotein exhibits a wide variety of shapes and sizes, forming lipid-free/poor, nascent discoidal, and mature spherical particles. Little is known about how these lipoprotein particles assemble and transform from one state to another. Multiple 10 μs coarse-grained simulations reveal the assembly of discoidal high-density lipoprotein particles from disordered protein−lipid complexes. Small-angle X-ray scattering patterns were calculated from the final assembled structures and compared with experimental measurements carried out for this study to verify the accuracy of the coarse-grained simulations. Results show that hydrophobic interactions assemble, within several mi...
Bibliography for Nutrition in Pregnancy

A compilation of sources of information on nutrition in pregnancy is presented. Sources for consumers and professionals are separated. The lists include booklets, articles, books, audiovisual materials, and addresses for other possible sources.
A predictive model with repeated measures analysis of Staphylococcus aureus growth data

Abstract Food microbiologists usually assume that multiple growth measurements collected from the same broth culture flask are independent of one another. However, these data should be considered repeated measures data since multiple measurements of a response variable are taken on the same experimental unit over time. These data are likely to be correlated, especially if the observation times are not randomized. A reparameterized Gompertz model was developed to predict the growth of Staphylococcus aureus 196E as a function of temperature, pH, and NaCl concentration, over time. Since the growth responses were measured repeatedly from each experimental unit (broth in flask), the need for a repeated measures approach to modeling is suggested. This approach was compared to the traditional approach of assuming independence among growth measurements. Each model (dependence or independence) adequately predicted the growth response of S. aureus 196E over the range of the growth factor levels tested. However, the repeated measures approach, where there are random components as well as an exponential spatial covariance structure, proved to be more appropriate than the independence model, where there are no random components and the covariance structure is the simple structure. Additionally, the likelihood ratio test provided further evidence that the dependence model was best suited for these data.
Protein profiling of the potato petiole under short day and long day photoperiods

In potato (Solanum tuberosum), a signal is delivered from the leaf to underground organs to activate tuber formation. Short-day (SD) conditions induce tuberization and long-day (LD) inhibits the process. Recent studies have implicated a mobile RNA, StBEL5, as a potential signal in this process. The petiole constitutes an important vascular channel for the transport of light-mediated signals originating from the leaf blade and is also the transcriptional source of StBEL5 RNA. Hence, identifying the proteins in the petiole and their differential expression under SD and LD photoperiods will be helpful in further understanding the downstream signaling process. Thus, we have undertaken a proteomic analysis of proteins isolated from potato petioles (PP) grown under LD and SD photoperiod conditions using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) followed by mass spectrometry based identification of proteins (a total of 125 proteins were identified from 185 spots). Sixty-seven differentially expressed proteins were identified in response to SD or LD photoperiods and an additional 43 putative phosphoproteins were identified through affinity enrichment. Numerous poly(U)-binding proteins which contain RNA recognition motifs have also been isolated and identified. This is the first comprehensive proteomics study that examines and catalogs proteins present in the potato petiole.
A putative suprachiasmatic nucleus of birds responds to visual motion.

In mammals, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is a pacemaker regulating daily rhythms. In birds, two retinorecipient nuclei have been called the avian SCN, one in the lateral hypothalamus and the other more medial and rostral. We asked whether the protooncogene c-fos is expressed in either nucleus after light exposure during subjective night, but not during subjective day, as is the case in the SCN of mammals.
US Supreme Court considers Obama’s health reform law

Will it matter what the justices decide? The big news here last week was that the Supreme Court has agreed to consider the constitutionality of the healthcare reform law. The nine justices (there have been calls on both sides for individual justices to recuse themselves because of conflicts of interest, but apparently none will) are scheduled to hear the case in March 2012.1 They have set aside an unprecedented five and a half hours for each oral argument, indicating the importance of the issue. This would put them on a course to announce their decision in late June, right in the middle of the US presidential election campaign. The key question is whether Congress has the authority to require all US citizens to either buy health insurance or pay a fine. No one is surprised that the justices decided to take on this so called “individual mandate” provision (about which more below), but many did not expect them to invite arguments on three other issues as well. These are whether Congress can require states to expand their Medicaid programmes (which are …
GPGPU parallelization of self-calibrating agent-based influenza outbreak simulation

Agent-based simulations of influenza spread are useful for decision making during public health emergencies. During such emergencies, decisions are required in cycles of less than day, and agent-based models should be adapted to support such decisions. The most important considerations for model adaptation are fast calibration of the model, low computational complexity as the population size is scaled up, and dependability of the results with low replication quantity. In previous work, we presented a self-calibrating model for agent-based influenza simulations. We now investigate whether general-purpose GPU computation is effective at accelerating the processing of this model to support health policy decision-making for pandemic and seasonal strains of the virus. The results of this paper indicate that a speedup of 94.3x is obtained with GPU algorithms for simulation sizes of 50 million people. Our GPU implementation scales linearly in the number of people which makes it a good choice for real-time decision support.
Cosmologically benign gravitinos at the weak scale

Abstract We show that a gravitino with mass O( m w ) and a high reheat temperature after inflation, T R ≅10 12 −10 14 GeV, c an be compatible with cosmological constraints if the gravitino decays predominantly into neutrino-sneutrino pairs. Models in which the lightest supersymmetric particle is either the sneutrino or the neutralino are described. In this scenario, gravitino decay provides an alternative mechanism for producing supersymmetric dark matter, which may be either hot or cold.
The effect of Massachusetts health reform on 30 day hospital readmissions: retrospective analysis of hospital episode statistics.

Objectives To analyse changes in overall readmission rates and disparities in such rates, among patients aged 18-64 (those most likely to have been affected by reform), using all payer inpatient discharge databases (hospital episode statistics) from Massachusetts and two control states (New York and New Jersey). Design Difference in differences analysis to identify the post-reform change, adjusted for secular changes unrelated to reform. Setting US hospitals in Massachusetts, New York, and New Jersey. Participants Adults aged 18-64 admitted for any cause, excluding obstetrical. Main outcome measure Readmissions at 30 days after an index admission. Results After adjustment for known confounders, including age, sex, comorbidity, hospital ownership, teaching hospital status, and nurse to census ratio, the odds of all cause readmission in Massachusetts was slightly increased compared with control states post-reform (odds ratio 1.02, 95% confidence interval 1.01 to 1.04, P Conclusions In the United States, and in Massachusetts in particular, extending health insurance coverage alone seems insufficient to improve readmission rates. Additional efforts are needed to reduce hospital readmissions and disparities in this outcome.
Nitrous-oxide-induced Diffusion Hypoxia in Patients Breathing Spontaneously

The outflow of nitrous oxide at the end of anesthesia in patients breathing spontaneously and its effects on arterial blood gases and ventilatory drive were measured in eight healthy young patients. Nitrous oxide-methoxyflurane anesthesia at an inspired oxygen concentration of 20.9 per cent resulted
Shift Invariance In Optical Associative Memories

Shift invariance in associative memories is discussed. Two optical systems which exhibit shift invariance are described in detail along with computer simulations showing their effectiveness. It is shown, however, that shift invariance cannot be achieved with systems that employ only linear interconnections to store the associations without an accompanying decrease in the storage capacity equal to the number of shifted versions that are recognizable.
Predictors of depressive symptoms in parents of chronically ill children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit.

Objective: To identify factors in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) patient population that may result in increased risk of depressive symptoms in their parents. Design: Six-month, prospecti...
Specific elimination of mitochondrial DNA from Chlamydomonas by intercalating dyes.

Minute colony mutations in C. reinhardtii are induced with 100% efficiency by intercalating dyes such as acriflavin and ethidium bromide. These mutants form small colonies on petri plates because they undergo only 8–9 mitotic divisions before growth ceases. In liquid media without the dye the mutants show gross alterations in mitochondrial structure and function. Here we demonstrate that induction of minute mutations is accompanied by the specific loss of mitochondrial DNA. We also provide evidence that the transmission of the minute colony phenotype in crosses can be explained in terms of uniparental transmission of mitochondrial DNA by the mt− parent.
Sediment delivery from bare and graveled forest road stream crossing approaches in the Virginia Piedmont

Abstract Forest road stream crossing approaches, or the section of road immediately adjacent to the stream crossing, represent primary sources and nearly direct pathways for sediment delivery to stream channels. This research quantified sediment delivery rates associated with reopening abandoned legacy road stream crossing approaches and evaluated the effectiveness of gravel surfacing of the entire running surface in reducing sediment delivery at stream crossings in the Virginia Piedmont. Sediment delivery rates from five regraded (bare) legacy road approaches were compared to those from four completely graveled road approaches. Repeated measurements of road derived sediment trapped by silt fences were used to quantify sediment delivery rates from the road approaches for one year (Aug. 5, 2011–Aug. 5, 2012). Annual sediment delivery rates from the bare approaches were 7.5 times higher than those of the gravel approaches. Sediment delivery rates ranged from 34 to 287 Mg ha −1 year −1 for the bare approaches and from 10 to 16 Mg ha −1 year −1 for the graveled approaches. The highest sediment delivery rates were associated inadequate road surface cover and insufficient water control structures. These findings show that reopened legacy roads and associated stream crossing approaches can deliver significant quantities of sediment if roads are not adequately closed or maintained and that corrective best management practices (BMPs), such as gravel and appropriate spacing of water control structures, can reduce sediment delivery to streams.
Numerical solution of highly oscillatory ordinary differential equations

One of the most difficult problems in the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and in differential-algebraic equations (DAEs) is the development of methods for dealing with highly oscillatory systems. These types of systems arise, for example, in vehicle simulation when modelling the suspension system or tyres, in models for contact and impact, in flexible body simulation from vibrations in the structural model, in molecular dynamics, in orbital mechanics, and in circuit simulation. Standard numerical methods can require a huge number of time-steps to track the oscillations, and even with small stepsizes they can alter the dynamics, unless the method is chosen very carefully.
Using imprecise tags of CP eigenstates in Bs and the determination of the CKM phase γ

Abstract We consider the possibility of studying the CP properties of various B s decays at an electron–positron machine tuned to the ϒ (5 S ). Since decay modes of the B s with definite CP are relatively rare, we suggest that the use of more common modes which are not pure CP eigenstates may allow the determination of the CKM phase γ . By studying the degree of correlation between different decay modes at a ϒ (5 S ) it is possible to determine the degree of affinity of each decay mode to a CP eigenstate. Once this is known, the correlation between a decay mode with a greater affinity to a particular CP eigenstate with a mode such as D s + K − gives a determination of the phase γ .
X-ray photoemission spectroscopy studies of cerium thin films on transition-metal foils: Ce/Re, Ce/Ir, and Ce/Pt.

We report x-ray photoemission spectroscopy studies of the growth of ultrathin (0.1--5 monolayers) cerium films on polycrystalline rhenium, iridium, and platinum substrates. Our data indicate that Ce grows on Re without intermixing or compound formation, that on Pt reaction (i.e., compound formation) as well as interdiffusion is strong, while on Ir compound formation occurs but interdiffusion is weaker than for Pt. At low coverages the Ce has identical 3d binding energy and is trivalent for all three substrates and there appears to be a threshold for the onset of mixed-valence behavior.
312 SERUM FREE TOCOPHEROL LEVELS IN PREMATURE INFANTS (PI) RECEIVING TOTAL PARENTERAL ALIMENTATION (TPN)

Documentation (J Pediatr 95:869, 1979) that PI are biochemically deficient in Vitamin E (V-E) led to the recommendation of supplementing V-E during the first 2 mos. for PI less than 1500g. However, exact V-E requirements for PI have not been documented. The table shows the predicted level (mg/dl) of V-E on PI (n = 10) who were receiving TPN only without lipid source. The TPN contains 1 ml of M.V.I. (USV Pharmaceutical Corp.) providing about 1 IU/kg/day of V-E. The mean gestational age was 30.8 wks with a mean birth weight of 1401 g. Serum free tocopherol levels were measured using a fluorometric micro method (Amer J of Clin Path 36:133, 1966) on the PI's cord blood and on 8 weekly samples. The change in V-E levels over 8 wks was done by fitting a second degree polynomial curve through the points of plot of V-E versus time in wks. The curve was described by an equation: V-E level = 3.65 + 0.365 day - 0.00336 day. This shows that free tocopherol levels above 0.5 mg/dl could be attained after approximately 7 days of TPN administration.
Differential impact of right and left hemisphere lesions on facial emotion and object imagery

Thirty-six patients with unilateral hemispheric lesions of the right hemisphere (RHD), left hemisphere (LHD), or no neurologic disease were evaluated on two tasks of visual imagery: one involved imagery for facial emotions and the other involved imagery for common objects. As a group, the RHD patients were more impaired on the emotional than the object imagery task, whereas the LHD patients showed the opposite pattern. Individual case analyses suggested that the RHD group consisted of different behavioural subtypes. One patient with a right inferior occipito-temporal lesion had a facial emotion imagery generation defect, other RHD patients displayed a facial affect agnosia (being impaired on emotional imagery and emotional perceptual tasks), while other RHD patients had perceptual defects with sparing of imagery performance. A final RHD group was globally impaired across all imagery and perceptual tasks. These findings support the hypothesis that the right hemisphere may contain a 'lexicon' of facial emotions. Furthermore, these findings argue against current views that it is exclusively the left or right hemisphere that mediates visual imagery. Rather, hemispheric asymmetries in imagery performance are to some extent material-representation specific and may arise when (a) the representations of objects/events to be imaged are differentially represented in the hemispheres, and/or (b) when the operations acting on these imaged events are differentially lateralized.
Side-payment profitability under convex demand-response modeling congestion-sensitive applications

This paper is concerned with the issue of side payments between content providers (CPs) and Internet service (access bandwidth) providers (ISPs) in an Internet that is potentially not neutral. We herein generalize past results modeling the ISP and CP interaction as a noncooperative game in two directions. We consider different demand response models (price sensitivities) for different provider types in order to explore when side payments are profitable to the ISP. Also, we consider convex (non-linear) demand response to model demand triggered by traffic which is sensitive to access bandwidth congestion, particularly delay-sensitive interactive real-time applications.
Simplification rules and complete axiomatization for relational update transactions

Relational update transactions consisting of line programs of inserts, deletes, and modifications are studied with respect to equivalence and simplification. A sound and complete set of axioms for proving transaction equivalence is exhibited. The axioms yield a set of simplification rules that can be used to optimize efficiently a large class of transactions of practical interest. The simplification rules are particularly well suited to a dynamic environment where transactions are presented in an on-line fashion, and where the time available for optimization may consist of arbitrarily short and sparse intervals.
Characteristics of Academically Talented Minority Students.

Although there is often fierce competition among schools and universities for the recruitment of academically talented minority students, little is known about their needs, interests, and future plans. This article provides insights into the concerns of talented young minority people by describing the profiles of approximately 3,545 minority students who scored in the top 5% on the American College Test Assessment. The authors examine the relationship of specific minority group membership and gender, postsecondary educational plans, career interests, needs for services, desires for extracurricular activities, and satisfaction with educational experiences. Implications are drawn for counselors, advisers, and administrators striving to improve their ability to serve academically talented minority students.
Rainfed mechanized farming and deforestation in central Sudan

Sudan is threatened by a serious deforestation problem. Total forested area decreased by about 20 percent over the last two decades, largely as a result of the expansion of rainfed mechanized farming (RMF). To safeguard against the problems of deforestation, the government's Mechanized Farming Corporation requires each farmer to leave at least ten percent of the total farm area under shelterbelts. Few farmers pay attention to this clause. This paper addresses the problem of RMF expansion and analyzes the effects of different factors on the preservation of shelterbelts. Results indicate that the following factors influence the decision to preserve shelterbelts: farmer's belief in the value of shelterbelts, the production of gum arabic, farm size, farmer's wealth, years a farm has been cultivated, and type of farm.
Atopic dermatitis: broadening the perspective.

Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) suffer through years of severely itching, erythematous, swollen, tight, scaling, often infected skin disease. The condition causes sleeplessness, embarrassment, parental and family stress, frustration, and confusion. AD, as a disease, suffers from an overabundance of concepts and opinions about its etiology.Today,the once sparselysprinkledfield has been caught in a downpour of ideas and a flood of information that can be difficult to process. This is especially true in the realm of immunology in recent years, and we are almost overwhelmed in trying to find the threads of reality that might allow us to write a coherent story on the mechanisms underlying AD.
Myosin-I moves actin filaments on a phospholipid substrate : implications for membrane targeting

Acanthamoeba myosin-I bound to substrates of nitrocellulose or planar lipid membranes on glass moved actin filaments at an average velocity of 0.2 micron/s. This movement required ATP and phosphorylation of the myosin-I heavy chain. We prepared planar lipid membranes on a glass support by passive fusion of lipid vesicles (Brian, A. A., and H. M. McConnell. 1984. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 81:6159-6163) composed of phosphatidylcholine and containing 0-40% phosphatidylserine. The mass of lipid that bound to the glass was the same for membranes of 2 and 20% phosphatidylserine in phosphatidylcholine and was sufficient to form a single bilayer. Myosin-I moved actin filaments on planar membranes of 5-40% but not 0-2% phosphatidylserine. At the low concentrations of phosphatidylserine, actin filaments tended to detach suggesting that less myosin-I was bound. We used the cooperative activation of Acanthamoeba myosin-I ATPase by low concentrations of actin to assess the association of phospholipids with myosin-I. Under conditions where activity depends on the binding of actin to the tail of myosin-I (Albanesi, J. P., H. Fujisaki, and E. D. Korn. 1985. J. Biol. Chem. 260:11174-11179), phospholipid vesicles with 5-40% phosphatidylserine inhibited ATPase activity. The motility and ATPase results demonstrate a specific interaction of the tail of myosin-I with physiological concentrations of phosphatidylserine. This interaction is sufficient to support motility and may provide a mechanism to target myosin-I to biological membranes.
Clinical Applications of Low Frequency Sound

The frequency response of the inner ear is discussed, together with available data on the human response to intense low frequency sound, and it is concluded that sounds of sufficient intensity can produce balance disturbances in both humans and guinea-pigs. The possible clinical application of this effect is considered and an experiment to further investigate the influence of low frequency sound on balance is described. The results of this experiment show that intensities of 140dB and over can produce symptoms of balance disturbance, including a vertical nystagmus, in some normal observers, the effect being greatest at a frequency of about 7Hz. Tests on two pathological individuals, with a known history of sensitivity to balance disturbance, showed a high sensitivity to low frequency sound, showing severe symptoms at levels of 105 and 140dB respectively.
Multiple-Target Tracking for Crossroad Traffic Utilizing Modified Probabilistic Data Association

A multiple-target tracking system aimed at analyzing crossroad traffic systematically is proposed in this paper. The proposed mechanism is based on Kalman filtering and modified probabilistic data association. Unlike traditional Kalman filtering tracking, the proposed mechanism constructs candidate measurement lists by matching the sizes of the measurements and the targets first. When the sizes do not match, object matching within a limited area is performed. Also, we modify the classical probabilistic data association method to enhance its performance and make it more suitable for vision-based systems. The proposed mechanism, which can serve as the foundation for automatic traffic event detection, can solve the occlusion problems effectively without incurring too much computational complexity.
Optimizing Image Registration by Mutually Exclusive Scale Components

Local optimum has been one of the most difficult problems in image registration notwithstanding the extensive research effort that has been put into solving it. Local optimums occur when a portion of patterns in the floating image coincide with a portion of patterns in the reference image even though the two images are not entirely matched. Existing hierarchical or multi-scale methods suffer from this problem mainly because some redundant information that causes local optimums appears in multiple scales. We propose to avoid it by decomposing an image into several mutually exclusive scale components so that minimal redundant information is present. Our method is evaluated and compared with existing methods using high resolution satellite imagery where thousands of local optimum traps are hidden. We show that our method has significant improvement over existing solutions in both robustness and efficiency.
Recent advances in the use of meiofaunal polychaetes for ecotoxicological assessments

While whole sediment toxicity tests with macrofaunal polychaetes are well developed and standardized, they are oftentimes not very sensitive to environmental contaminants. Meiofaunal polychaetes, however, are sensitive to contaminants, easy to culture, and representative of the interstitial habitat. These are desirable attributes for ecotoxicological assessments of marine and estuarine sediments. The meiofaunal polychaete, Dinophilus gyrociliatus Schmidt, 1857, is a cosmopolitan species that has become a useful tool for ecotoxicological assessments, particularly for its use in toxicity testing with sediment pore waters. Due to its short life cycle it is suitable for sublethal toxicity tests, with egg production by the females as a sensitive endpoint, which can be assessed in a 7-day exposure period. Toxicity assessments of pore waters from an industrialized bay in Texas, U.S.A., and of pore waters from sediments spiked with nitroaromatic explosives, demonstrated that the D. gyrociliatus reproduction endpoint was consistently among the most sensitive, when compared to early-life stage tests with several other marine species, including macro-algae, sea urchins and fish. There was also excellent agreement among the results of porewater tests with D. gyrociliatus, nauplii of the meiofaunal copepod, Longipedia americana, and embryos of the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata in a survey with pore waters extracted from sediments collected in the vicinity of an oil platform in the Gulf of Mexico, where metals were the primary contaminants of concern.
Creating an intrinsic-motivation-driven course design method

The low-cost intrinsic motivation (IM) course conversion project is an effort to create a new system of course design that focuses on creating scalable and sustainable courses that emphasize promoting students' IM to learn. Unlike many course design methods such as idea-based learning, project- or problem-driven learning, or “flipped” classrooms, which first ask, “How do we help students learn X better,” we ask “how do we foster intrinsically-motivated learners who want to learn X?” While this course design method still uses theories of cognition to design course structures, it uses motivational constructs such as purpose, autonomy, relatedness, and competence as the primary design considerations of a course. Secondarily, the course design method considers and documents the financial, time, political, and psychological costs of course design. In this paper, we present a preliminary attempt to formalize this IM-driven course design method as well as a system for evaluating the short- and long-term costs of implementing a specific course design.
Embolus radiolabelling in a new canine model.

Embolus radiolabelling with131I fibrinogen was studied in a canine model of internal carotid artery embolization. The dog was chosen as the experimental animal because of its maxillocarotid artery which permits collateral flow round the occlusion and helps to prevent strokes. Clot was prepared by incubating blood at room temperature to inactivate plasminogen activators and then refrigerating it to promote clot retraction. Emboli persisting 48 hours were seen in 80% of animals. Major strokes were not seen when 0.25 to 0.30 cm3 were used. Autoradiography and well counting revealed uptake of isotope. The test, when refined, should provide a tool for the investigation of thromboemboli.
Agricultural Price Policy in General Equilibrium Models: Results and Comparisons

A number of alternative policies toward agricultural prices, food subsidies, and intersectoral allocation of investment are analyzed with computable general equilibrium models for six countries. The models generally allow us to trace the intersectoral and intertemporal growth effects of these policies as well as their income distribution effects across social groups. The results obtained are shown to be eventually quite different from those derived from partial equilibrium and multimarket approaches. Sensitivity analysis to alternative specifications of the mechanism of wage determination shows that the real income effects of price policies are critically dependent upon the particular theory of wage determination used.
Influence of hydroxide on the sers of water and chloride

The intensities of surface enhanced Raman scattered (SERS) radiation from water and chloride adsorbed on silver are both higher in 1M KCl + 0.05M KOH than in 1M KCl. Temporal evolution of the intensities of SERS of adsorbed water and chloride in both electrolytes suggests that the presence of hydroxide improves the stability rather than increases the total number of SERS active sites. It is suggested that hydroxide ions form surface complexes of AgClxOHy which are bonded through the oxygen-end of the hydroxide to either the silver surface or to bulk water. The AgClxOHy have the same SERS activity as sites formed in 1M KCl but have greater stability.
Estimation of empirical null using a mixture of normals and its use in local false discovery rate

When high dimensional microarray data is given, it is of interest to select significant genes by controlling a given level of Type-I error. One popular way to control the level is the false discovery rate (FDR). This paper considers gene selection based on the local false discovery rate. In most of the previous studies, the null distribution of gene expression is commonly assumed to be a normal distribution. However, if the null distribution has heavier tail than that of normal, there may exist too many false discoveries leading to the failure of controlling the given level of FDR. We propose a novel procedure which enriches a class of null distribution based on a mixture of normals. We present simulation studies to show that our proposed procedure is less sensitive to variation of null distribution than local false discovery rate with a single normal for the null. We also provide real example of gene expression profiles of antigen-specific human CD8+ T-lymphocytes treated with cytokine Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and Interleukin-15 (IL-15) for comparison.
"Creative Solutions": selling cigarettes in a smoke-free world.

Objective: To analyse the development and execution of the “Creative Solutions” Benson & Hedges advertising campaign to understand its social, political, and commercial implications. Methods: Searches of the Philip Morris documents and Legacy Tobacco Documents websites for relevant materials; Lexis/Nexis searches of major news and business publications; and denotative and connotative analyses of the advertising imagery. Results: Philip Morris developed the Creative Solutions campaign in an effort to directly confront the successes of the tobacco control movement in establishing new laws and norms that promoted clean indoor air. The campaign’s imagery attempted to help smokers and potential smokers overcome the physical and social downsides of smoking cigarettes by managing risk and resolving internal conflict. The slogans suggested a variety of ways for smokers to respond to restrictions on their habit. The campaign also featured information about the Accommodation Program, Philip Morris’s attempt to organise opposition to clean indoor air laws. Conclusion: The campaign was a commercial failure, with little impact on sales of the brand. Philip Morris got some exposure for the Accommodation Program and its anti-regulatory position. The lack of commercial response to the ads suggests that they were unable to successfully resolve the contradictions that smokers were increasingly experiencing and confirms the power of changing social norms to counter tobacco industry tactics.
Dynamics of vibrational overtone excited pyruvic acid in the gas phase: line broadening through hydrogen-atom chattering.

The dynamics of overtone-excited pyruvic acid (PA) is studied using a combination of experimental and theoretical methods. It is experimentally observed that high overtone excitation of the OH-stretching mode of PA in the gas phase leads to a unimolecular decarboxylation reaction. An RRKM analysis of the rate is consistent with previous experiments for the thermal reaction but is inconsistent with the present overtone chemistry; from this it is concluded that the overtone-induced reaction is likely to be a direct reaction. Using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and a cavity ring-down spectrometer, the spectrum for the OH-stretch fundamental and overtone transitions is measured. We assign two conformers of PA in the spectrum, the Tc and Tt, corresponding to distinct orientations of the OH-group. The spectral peaks for the Tc-conformer broaden dramatically at the third and fourth overtones while those of the Tt-conformer remain relatively narrow. Using a three-mode quantum mechanical model for the ...
Phase Diagram of Iron by in Situ X-ray Diffraction: Implications for Earth's Core

The phase diagram of iron has been studied to 130 gigapascals (1 gigapascal = 104 atmospheres) and 3500 kelvin by a combined laser-heated diamond-anvil cell and x-ray diffraction technique that provides direct identification of the solid phases. Iron in the hexagonal close-packed (hcp) phase (e-Fe) is stable from 50 to at least 110 gigapascals at high temperatures. The wide stability field of e-Fe indicates that this polymorph should currently be considered the most relevant solid phase for Earth9s core. The triple point between the γ, e, and liquid phases is located at 2500 ± 200 kelvin and 50 ± 10 gigapascals. There is evidence for a phase with a double hcp structure below 40 gigapascals and for another transition above 110 gigapascals and 3000 kelvin.
Diamond photonic devices for non-linear optics

We demonstrate integrated on-chip ring resonators on a single crystal diamond on insulator substrate with wide band operation around 1550nm with quality factors as large as 15000 for TE and TM modes.
Atomic short-range order in oxygen deficient YBa2Cu3O7−σ

Abstract Low field magnetization measurements are presented for a set of oxygen deficient single crystals of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−σ . It is demonstrated that the superconducting transition temperature T c not only depends on the oxygen concentration but also on the degree of oxygen vacancy ordering of the samples. Various degrees of ordering were obtained by annealing crystals with reduced oxygen stoichiometries at various temperatures below 350°C and fast quenching them to cryogenic temperatures. Depending on oxygen stoichiometry and annealing temperature, changes in T c of up to 27 K are observed. The observed annealing and quenching behavior is explained in terms of the kinetics of vacancy short-range order in the Cu-O chains. One major conclusion is that the so-called “60 K plateau” in the plot of T c versus σ is completely absent when the crystals are in their most disordered state, i.e., with the smallest degree of vacancy short-range order.
The logic of the link: The associative paradigm in communication criticism

The “link”; metaphor typically applied to hypertext not only refers to electronic documents’ points of connection but also suggests something about how people think about and process contemporary informational forms. This essay examines features of electronic texts that contain such “clickable”; links and contrasts those features with others characterizing print documents. Two critical essays published in the Quarterly Journal of Speech demonstrate how the two competing perspectives inform communication criticism. Interestingly, however, associational reasoning, or a “logic of the link,”; can be found in both electronic and print texts, and in critical analysis of those texts. This essay shows that an important Junction of criticism is to constrain interpretation by controlling the processes of association.
A floating-point fused dot-product unit

A floating-point fused dot-product unit is presented that performs single-precision floating-point multiplication and addition operations on two pairs of data in a time that is only 150% the time required for a conventional floating-point multiplication. When placed and routed in a 45 nm process, the fused dot-product unit occupied about 70% of the area needed to implement a parallel dot-product unit using conventional floating-point adders and multipliers. The speed of the fused dot-product is 27% faster than the speed of the conventional parallel approach. The numerical result of the fused unit is more accurate because one rounding operation is needed versus at least three for other approaches.
Mathematical model of microporous hollow‐fiber membrane extractive fermentor

A mathematical model is presented for a microporous hollow-fiber membrane extractive fermentor (HFEF). The model is based on the continuous flow of the aqueous nutrient phase and cells through the shell space of the fermentor where the fermentation reaction occurs. The product diffuses from the shell space through the hollow-fiber membrane where it is continuously removed by solvent flowing concurrently through the fiber lumen. Results for ethanol production show that the HFEF has a volumetric productivity significantly higher than that possible using conventional methods. The model predicts the existence of an optimum volume fraction of hollow fibers in the fermentor that maximizes the total volumetric productivity. This optimum is the result of a classic trade-off between the volume fraction of the fermentor required for fermentation and that required for efficient removal of the ethanol product to minimize product inhibition.
A HYBRID FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR STOKES FLOW: PART I-FORMULATION AND NUMERICAL STUDIES

Abstract A hybrid finite element scheme, based on assumed deviatoric fluid stresses in the element and continuous velocity fields at the element-boundaries, is presented. The deviatoric stress and hydrostatic pressure field are subject a priori to the constraints of balance of momenta, the advantages of the present scheme are discussed, and its versatility is demonstrated through a few numerical examples. Studies of convergence and stability of the method are included in Part II of the paper.