cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In vitro modeling of solid tumor interactions with perfused blood vessels

Molecular crosstalk between intra-tumor blood vessels and tumor cells plays many critical roles in tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis. However, it has been very difficult to investigate the biochemical mechanisms underlying the overlapping, multifactorial processes that occur at the tumor-vascular interface using conventional murine models alone. Moreover, traditional two-dimensional (2D) culture models used in cancer research do not recapitulate aspects of the 3D tumor microenvironment. In the present study, we introduce a microfluidic model of the solid tumor-vascular interface composed of a human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC)-lined, perfusable, bioengineered blood vessel and tumor spheroids embedded in an extracellular matrix (ECM). We sought to optimize our model by varying the composition of the tumor spheroids (MDA-MB-231 breast tumor cells + mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)/human lung fibroblasts (HLFs)/HUVECs) and the extracellular matrix (ECM: collagen, Matrigel, and fibrin gels with or without free HLFs) that we used. Our results indicate that culturing tumor spheroids containing MDA-MB-231 cells + HUVECs in an HLF-laden, fibrin-based ECM within our microfluidic device optimally (1) enhances the sprouting and migration of tumor spheroids, (2) promotes angiogenesis, (3) facilitates vascular invasion, and (4) preserves the structural integrity and functionality of HUVEC-lined microfluidic channels. This model may provide a platform for drug screening and mechanism studies on solid tumor interactions with functional blood vessels.
In vitro and in cellula site-directed RNA editing using the λNDD-BoxB system.

Abstract Site-directed RNA editing (SDRE) exploits the enzymatic activity of Adenosine Deaminases Acting on RNAs (ADAR) to program changes in genetic information as it passes through RNA. ADARs convert adenosine (A) to inosine (I) through a hydrolytic deamination and since I can be read as guanosine (G) during translation, this change can regulate gene function and correct G → A genetic mutations. In SDRE, ADARs are redirected to convert user-defined A's to I's. SDRE also has certain advantages over genome editing because the changes in RNA are reversible and thus safer. In addition, ADARs are endogenously expressed in humans and therefore unlikely to provoke immunological complications when administered. Recently, a variety of systems for SDRE have been developed. Some rely on harnessing endogenously expressed ADARs and other deliver engineered versions of ADAR's catalytic domain. All systems are currently under refinement, and there are still challenges associated with raising their efficiency and specificity to levels that are adequate for therapeutics. This chapter provides a detailed protocol for in vitro and in cellula editing assays using the λNDD-BoxB system, one of the first systems developed for SDRE. The λNDD-BoxB system relies on gRNAs that are linked to the catalytic domain of human ADAR2 through a small RNA binding protein-RNA stem/loop interaction. We provide step-by-step protocols for (a) the construction of guide RNAs and editing enzyme plasmids, and (b) their use in vitro and in cellula for editing assays using a fluorescent protein-based reporter system containing a premature termination codon that can be corrected by editing.
Prevalence of typical operational problems and energy savings opportunities in U.S. commercial buildings

Abstract In the United States, as much as 30% of the 19 EJ that commercial buildings consume is considered excess. Much of the excess energy is due to the inability to manage building operations efficiently. Because almost 20% of the total primary energy consumption is associated with commercial buildings, significant energy reductions in this sector are needed to mitigate climate change. Therefore, many cities and states are mandating periodic “tune-ups” of these buildings to eliminate excess energy consumption. Although the benefits of tune-ups and retro-commissioning are clear, focusing these mandates to look for specific opportunities has been a challenge because of the lack of studies that document the prevalence of opportunities. Therefore, we analyzed building automation system data from 151 buildings across the United States to document common operational problems and opportunities to improve building operations. This analysis showed that opportunities to improve building operations exist in almost every building. These opportunities were not strongly correlated with building vintage or size, but were reflective of how the buildings are operated. The prevalence of the top 20 opportunities ranged between 74% and 23%, with 40% of these associated with air-handling units. The rest of the opportunities are associated with schedules, chilled and hot-water distribution, and zone controls. Of the 151 buildings, 69 of them implemented corrective actions of some or all opportunities that were identified. Implementation varied across the Re-tuning categories, with 60% for schedule opportunities, 50% for zone opportunities, over 40% for the air-handling unit and hot-water opportunities, and 35% of the chilled-water opportunities. There was wide variation in whole building energy savings, ranging from 0 to 50% and 0 to 18 $/m2 with median percent annual whole building savings of 12% and median normalized annual cost savings of $1.75/m2. In addition to documenting these key findings, the paper provides a list of opportunities that can be automatically and continuously identified and corrected and offers a list of those opportunities that should be the focus of the mandates.
Loss Functions for Discrete Contextual Pricing with Observational Data

We study a pricing setting where each customer is offered a contextualized price based on customer and/or product features that are predictive of the customer's valuation for that product. Often only historical sales records are available, where we observe whether each customer purchased a product at the price prescribed rather than the customer's true valuation. As such, the data is influenced by the historical sales policy which introduces difficulties in a) estimating future loss/regret for pricing policies without the possibility of conducting real experiments and b) optimizing new policies for downstream tasks such as revenue management. We study how to formulate loss functions which can be used for optimizing pricing policies directly, rather than going through an intermediate demand estimation stage, which can be biased in practice due to model misspecification, regularization or poor calibration. While existing approaches have been proposed when valuation data is available, we propose loss functions for the observational data setting. To achieve this, we adapt ideas from machine learning with corrupted labels, where we can consider each observed customer's outcome (purchased or not for a prescribed price), as a (known) probabilistic transformation of the customer's valuation. From this transformation we derive a class of suitable unbiased loss functions. Within this class we identify minimum variance estimators, those which are robust to poor demand function estimation, and provide guidance on when the estimated demand function is useful. Furthermore, we also show that when applied to our contextual pricing setting, estimators popular in the off-policy evaluation literature fall within this class of loss functions, and also offer managerial insights on when each estimator is likely to perform well in practice.
The Use of Corporal Punishment

Discipline has been consistently cited by the public as the most significant problem in education in Gallup polls of public attitudes toward education (Gallup 1984). Some of the erosion of confidence in education could be ascribed to citizens' perception that schools have inadequately handled discipline. Administrators and teachers, though differing with one another and with the public about how to define and overcome this problem, are also seriously concerned about it. In a recent survey of teacher attitudes and practices, 54 percent of those surveyed said that student behavior interferes with their teaching (NEA Survey 1980). Historically, corporal punishment has been the chief means of discipline in Western education. In modern times its use has declined in some Western nations, but it is still widely employed in the United States, England, and a number of other countries. While nonphysical punishment, rewards, assertive discipline, and other measures have been used more frequently lately, corporal punishment is still commonly employed. Its continued use has evoked much controversy that remains unresolved. The purposes of this article are to examine corporal punishment in terms of its legal aspects, the issues involved, and the underlying rationales of proponents and antagonists and to reach some conclusion for education policy and practice.
Uncertainty analysis for the integration of seismic and controlled source electro-magnetic data

ABSTRACT We study the appraisal problem for the joint inversion of seismic and controlled source electro‐magnetic (CSEM) data and utilize rock‐physics models to integrate these two disparate data sets. The appraisal problem is solved by adopting a Bayesian model and we incorporate four representative sources of uncertainty. These are uncertainties in 1) seismic wave velocity, 2) electric conductivity, 3) seismic data and 4) CSEM data. The uncertainties in porosity and water saturation are quantified by a posterior random sampling in the model space of porosity and water saturation in a marine one‐dimensional structure. We study the relative contributions from the four individual sources of uncertainty by performing several statistical experiments. The uncertainties in the seismic wave velocity and electric conductivity play a more significant role on the variation of posterior uncertainty than do the seismic and CSEM data noise. The numerical simulations also show that the uncertainty in porosity is most affected by the uncertainty in the seismic wave velocity and that the uncertainty in water saturation is most influenced by the uncertainty in electric conductivity. The framework of the uncertainty analysis presented in this study can be utilized to effectively reduce the uncertainty of the porosity and water saturation derived from the integration of seismic and CSEM data.
On the Mechanism for Flow in the Efferent Ducts

A cilio-peristaltic model for pumping of efferent duct (ED) contents that predicts the observed volumetric flow rates and is consistent with a positive pressure gradient toward the epididymis is proposed. The model predicts that the major contributor to fluid flow is the peristaltic component. The cilia, in contrast, may reduce flow by creating reflux. This effect may be reduced considerably with an increase in fluid viscosity, which is in turn a function of sperm concentration. It is concluded from this investigation that if the peristaltic wave has a 33% or more constriction, the spermatozoan concentration in the ED is at least 4 × 108 cells cm−3 and flow rates in the ED are the same as in the rete testis; then transit in the ED is due to cilio-peristaltic pumping.
Role of the renal medulla in volume and arterial pressure regulation

The original fascination with the medullary circulation of the kidney was driven by the unique structure of vasa recta capillary circulation, which Berliner and colleagues (Berliner, R. W., N. G. Levinsky, D. G. Davidson, and M. Eden. Am. J. Med. 24: 730-744, 1958) demonstrated could provide the economy of countercurrent exchange to concentrate large volumes of blood filtrate and produce small volumes of concentrated urine. We now believe we have found another equally important function of the renal medullary circulation. The data show that it is indeed the forces defined by Starling 100 years ago that are responsible for the pressure-natriuresis mechanisms through the transmission of changes of renal perfusion pressure to the vasa recta circulation. Despite receiving only 5-10% of the total renal blood flow, increases of blood flow to this region of the kidney cause a washout of the medullary urea gradient and a rise of the renal interstitial fluid pressure. These forces reduce tubular reabsorption of sodium and water, leading to a natriuresis and diuresis. Many of Starling's intrinsic chemicals, which he named "hormones," importantly modulate this pressure-natriuresis response by altering both the sensitivity and range of arterial pressure around which these responses occur. The vasculature of the renal medulla is uniquely sensitive to many of these vasoactive agents. Finally, we have found that the renal medullary circulation can play an important role in determining the level of arterial pressure required to achieve long-term fluid and electrolyte homeostasis by establishing the slope and set point of the pressure-natriuresis relationship. Measurable decreases of blood flow to the renal medulla with imperceptible changes of total renal blood flow can lead to the development of hypertension. Many questions remain, and it is now evident that this is a very complex regulatory system. It appears, however, that the medullary blood flow is a potent determinant of both sodium and water excretion and signals changes in blood volume and arterial pressure to the tubules via the physical forces that Professor Starling so clearly defined 100 years ago.
Influence of dose of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea on the induction of urinary bladder cancer in rats

N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) was instilled by a urethral catheter into the urinary bladders of female Wistar rats in weekly doses of 0.5 mg for 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks. At 75 weeks after the initial dose of MNU, the incidences of bladder cancer were 0, 7, 50 and 64% for the total doses of MNU of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg, respectively. Control rats instilled with 0.9% NaCl only for 1--4 weeks did not develop bladder cancer by 75 weeks. Higher doses of MNU of 4.0 and 6.0 mg, given weekly in 0.5 mg amounts for 8 and 12 weeks, respectively, induced a higher incidence (nearly 90%) of urinary bladder cancer in rats at 22--28 weeks. However, it was shown that control rats given 12 weekly installations of solvent only developed a significant number (33%) of bladder cancers by 22--28 weeks.
Inclusions of Uniform Eigenstrains and Constant or Other Stress Dependence

It is shown that the Eshelby inclusions, that is inclusions of uniform eigenstrains and constant eigenstress, form in three dimensions a connected nine-dimensional manifold, and, as a consequence, the only perturbations of an ellipsoid that preserve the Eshelby property are into another ellipsoid. The method is illustrated in both two and three dimensions, and can be also used to treat similar questions of other than constant dependence of the stress.
GnRH agonist reduces estrogen receptor dimerization in GT1-7 cells: evidence for cross-talk between membrane-initiated estrogen and GnRH signaling.

17β-estradiol (E2), a key participant on the initiation of the LH surge, exerts both positive and negative feedback on GnRH neurons. We sought to investigate potential interactions between estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ) and gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor (GnRH-R) in GT1-7 cells. Radioligand binding studies demonstrated a significant decrease in saturation E2 binding in cells treated with GnRH agonist. Conversely, there was a significant reduction in GnRH binding in GT1-7 cells treated with E2. In BRET1 experiments, ERα–ERα dimerization was suppressed in GT1-7 cells treated with GnRH agonist (p < 0.05). There was no evidence of direct interaction between ERs and GnRH-R. This study provides the first evidence of reduced ERα homodimerization by GnRH agonist. Collectively, these findings demonstrate significant cross-talk between membrane-initiated GnRH and E2 signaling in GT1-7 cells.
CAL—A computer analysis language for teaching structural analysis

Abstract A new language, specifically designed to assist in the teaching of modern structural analysis, is presented. It can be used in either batch or time-sharing mode. Also, it has been used on large main frame computer and on small 16-bit minicomputers. The basic purpose of the language is to bridge the gap between the teachings of traditional matrix methods of analysis and the use of completely automated structural analysis programs. In addition to approximately 25 matrix manipulation operations. CAL has several special direct stiffness operations to form element stiffnesses and to add them to the total stiffness matrix. The approach normally used in general purpose programs is subdivided into a logical sequence of separated CAL operations. Operations exist for both static and dynamic analyses. A two-dimensional, 3–9 node, isoparametric finite element stiffness operation is included. In order to illustrate the behavior of structural algorithms which involve iterations, multilevel looping operations can be used.
Aldosteronism and a Proinflammatory Vascular Phenotype Role of Mg2+, Ca2+, and H2O2 in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells

Background— Chronic, inappropriate (relative to dietary Na+) elevations in circulating aldosterone, such as occur in congestive heart failure, are accompanied by a proinflammatory vascular phenotype involving the coronary and systemic vasculature. An immunostimulatory state with activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) precedes this phenotype and is induced by a fall in cytosolic free [Mg2+]i and subsequent Ca2+ loading of these cells and transduced by oxidative/nitrosative stress. Methods and Results— We sought to further validate this hypothesis in rats with aldosterone/1%NaCl treatment (ALDOST) by using several interventions as cotreatment: a Mg2+-supplemented diet; amlodipine, a CCB; and N-acetylcysteine, an antioxidant. Blood samples were obtained at weeks 1 to 4 of ALDOST to monitor [Mg2+]i, [Ca2+]I, and H2O2 production in PBMCs. Coronal ventricular sections were examined for invading inflammatory cells and 3-nitrotyrosine labeling, a marker of oxidative/nitrosative stress. In response t...
The role of XML in preparing students for a career in e-commerce

This essay asserts that for those students interested in pursuing a career in the information and data driven area of e-commerce, XML must be included as a required topic of study. This paper explains the basics of XML, as well as a few of related business specific derivatives, XBRL, cXML and ebXML, and concludes that students, especially marketing majors, interested in or planning a career in e-commerce must possess a working knowledge of XML and its derivatives.
THE CREDIT‐RATING AGENCIES AND THE SUBPRIME DEBACLE

ABSTRACT By means of the high ratings that they awarded to subprime mortgage‐backed bonds, the three major rating agencies—Moody's, Standard & Poor's, and Fitch—played a central role in the current financial crisis. Without these ratings, it is doubtful that subprime mortgages would have been issued in such huge amounts, since a major reason for the subprime lending boom was investor demand for high‐rated bonds—much of it generated by regulations that made such bonds mandatory for large institutional investors. And it is even less likely that such bonds would have become concentrated on the balance sheets of the banks, for which they were rewarded by capital regulations that tilted toward high‐rated securities. Why, then, were the agencies excessively optimistic in their ratings of subprime mortgage‐backed securities? A combination of their fee structure, the complexity of the bonds that they were rating, insufficient historical data, some carelessness, and market pressures proved to be a potent brew. Thi...
Interferometric Investigation of Turbulently Fluctuating Temperature in an LMFBR Outlet Plenum Geometry

A novel optical technique is described for the measurement of turbulently fluctuating temperature in a transparent fluid flow. The technique employs a Mach-Zehnder interferometer of extremely short field and a simple photoconductive diode detector. The system produces a nearly linear D.C. electrical analog of the turbulent temperature fluctuations in a small, 1 mm/sup 3/ volume. The frequency response extends well above 2500 Hz, and can be improved by the choice of a more sophisticated photodetector. The turbulent sodium mixing in the ANL 1/sup 1///sub 15/-scale FFTF outlet plenum is investigated with a scale model outlet mixing plenum, using flows of air. The scale design represents a cross section of the ANL outlet plenum, so that the average recirculating flow inside the test cell is two dimensional. The range of the instrument is 120/sup 0/F above the ambient air temperature. The accuracy is generally +-5/sup 0/F, with most of the error due to noise originating from building vibrations and room noise. The power spectral density of the fluctuating temperature has been observed experimentally at six different stations in the flow. A strong 300 Hz component is generated in the inlet region, which decays as the flow progresses along streamlines. The effectmore » of the inlet Reynolds number and the temperature difference between the inlet flows on the power spectral density has also been investigated. Traces of the actual fluctuating temperature are included for the six stations.« less
Syntheses of deuterium-labelled pristanic and phytanic acids

Abstract The syntheses of tetradeuterated pristanic and phytanic acids, suitable for isotope dilution quantitation or pristanic and phytanic acids in plasma, is described. The key reaction, a Favorsky rearrangement, which simultaneously generates a methyl branch and incorporates deuterium, should be suitable for the preparation of other isotopically-labelled branched chain acids.
HPPD: A newly recognized autosomal dominant disorder involving hypertelorism, preauricular sinus, punctal pits, and deafness mapping to chromosome 14q31†

We report on a novel autosomal dominant disorder with variable phenotypic expression in a three-generation family; the major features include hypertelorism, preauricular sinus, deafness, and punctal pits with lacrimal-duct obstruction. We ruled out the involvement of EYA1, SIX1, and SIX5 as candidate genes by direct sequencing of their exons and by SNP-based linkage analysis. Subsequent SNP-based whole-genome genotyping and parametric multipoint linkage analysis gave lod scores >1 at 14q31 (LOD = 3.14), 11q25 (LOD = 1.87), and 8p23 (LOD = 1.18). By genotyping additional microsatellite markers at two of these three loci and using an expanded phenotype definition, the LOD at 14q31 increased to 3.34. Direct sequencing of the gene exons within the 14q31 critical interval and a custom aCGH experiment did not show any pathogenic mutation or copy-number changes. Further sequencing of 21 kb of promoter regions showed a novel polymorphism 1,249 bp upstream from the SELIL start codon that segregated with the disease haplotype. Cloning the novel polymorphism into luciferase reporter constructs resulted in a 20% reduction in the expression levels. The identification of this family with a distinctive clinical phenotype and linkage to a novel locus at 14q31 supports the existence of a new syndrome of the branchial cleft. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Surface-induced dissociation and ion—surface reactions at insulating surfaces

Abstract Insulators of macroscopic thickness (e.g. Teflon, adhesive tape) are used for surface-induced dissociation experiments by employing a cloud of low-energy electrons in close proximity to the surface. The spectra that result from collisions of mass-selected ions with these surfaces show molecular ion fragmentation and ion—surface reactions similar to those obtained with related hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayers.
The Egyptian hermes. A historical approach to the late pagan mind

(1988). The Egyptian hermes. A historical approach to the late pagan mind. History of European Ideas: Vol. 9, No. 5, pp. 623-624.
Behavior and binding: desensitization to α1-adrenergic stimulation of acoustic startle is associated with a decrease in α1-adrenoceptor binding sites

Desensitization of the excitatory effects of α 1 -adrenergic agonists on acoustic startle occurred 6 h after intrathecal administration of the α 1 -adrenergic agonist, phenylephrine. This desensitization was associated with a decrease in α 1 -adrenoceptor sites in the lumbar spinal cord.
Sensory Irritation Response in Rats II: Recovery and Dose-Dependence

Inhaled irritants can cause respiratory depression by simulating trigeminal nerves in the nasal cavity. This decrease in inhalation rate results in a decrease in the rate of the irritant gases flowing to the stimulated nerves, creating a complex feedback response. Previously, a model was created to describe how the presence of formaldehyde affects respiration in the rat. This ordinary differential equation model incorporated a model of the physiology of the upper respiratory tract of the rat and a model of the neurological control of the respiration rate due to signaling from the stimulated nerves in the nasal cavity. However, an optimal fit to data was not fully established. In the current study, the fit of the previously established model is reevaluated while incorporating the recovery of the ventilation rate after the end of exposure. Additionally, the dose-dependence of the adaptation time allowed by the previous model is more fully quantified, and the updated model predicts formaldehyde data well. Not only are the results of the previous study improved, the model is also shown to predict ventilation decrease in response to other irritants, specifically acrolein, ammonia, and sulfur dioxide. The model is expected to translate to predictions of other irritants with minor parameter changes.
Human Resource Development Quarterly: In the Beginning

Happy 20th birthday to the Human Resource Development Quarterly! The first issue of HRDQ appeared in January 1990. I had invested almost four years in getting this first research journal in human resource development (HRD) to become a reality. Others joined in along the way. The beginning of HRDQ was a tangled journey and worth every ounce of effort. Until January 1990, our fledging academic discipline had no research journal, no research methodology handbook, no secure academic home (we were imbedded in other departments and disciplines). There was no Academy of Human Resource Development. Pursuing all four of these fronts became the core strategy for advancing the HRD profession as a recognized academic discipline. Establishment of a research journal was the first priority. The Human Resource Development Research Center at the University of Minnesota hosted the original HRDQ planning work and the first eight years of its publication. In the planning stage of HRDQ, there were a number of naysayers who did not believe there was enough research going on in HRD to fill a quarterly research journal. Also in the planning stage, a number of organizational partners were entertained. Being a member of the American Society for Training and Development Research Committee and having established their successful theory-to-practice monograph series was the springboard for American Society for Training and Development involvement. Thank you, ASTD. Having published books through Steve Piersanti, who was then the president of Jossey-Bass Publishers, was the entree to Jossey-Bass as the publishing partner. Piersanti has influenced the HRD profession more than you can imagine. His support of HRDQ is just one major contribution made to HRD. Thank you, Steve Piersanti and Jossey-Bass. Other potential partners came and went, including the University of Minnesota. Originally it was to be the permanent home of HRDQ, with the
FRONTLINE-the turn away from social activism in psychoanalysis.

Psychopathology, and by extension, interpretation in expressive psychotherapy and psychoanalysis, tend toward a conservative venture to the extent they pathologize and/or interpret human inclinations that do not support the reigning order. In other words, the point of psychopathology is to identify thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are not entirely “functional” within the reigning order; and the point of inter pretation is, similarly, to reduce symptoms and optimize functioning. The last point requires further explanation. Interpretation, like systems of psychopathology, tends to seek change through insight into characteristics and symptoms that do not appear entirely functional. The interpretive psychotherapist allows much material to pass and then selects material deemed worthy of comment. That selection contains potential biases equivalent to those inherent in the project of establishing a system of psychopathology. This, in spite of the fact that as a discipline, psychoanalysts and psychodynamic therapists are far and away the most socially progressive branch of the helping professions. There is a dual potential in psychoanalysis and expressive psychotherapy. On one hand, there is the opportunity to delve beneath surface appearances and uncover deeper truths, and when this critical inclination is aimed at harsh social realities an alternative social consciousness emerges. On the other hand there is the tendency to focus narrowly on clinical issues at the expense of any kind of social consciousness. Currently, in the competition for scarce research funding and managed care authorization, psychodynamic and expressive therapies are pitted against other varieties of therapy, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and psychotropic medications. In that context, psychoanalysts and dynamic therapists tend to accentuate a narrow clinical perspec
Activation of the human α1(I) collagen promoter by leptin is not mediated by transforming growth factor β responsive elements

Leptin increases human alpha1 (I) collagen mRNA and type I collagen production and enhances hepatic fibrosis in animal models of hepatic fibrosis. These effects of leptin on fibrogenesis may be mediated by TGFbeta1, since leptin increases the TGFbeta type II receptor and augments the effect of TGFbeta1 on collagen production by stellate cells. In this study, leptin increased the activity of the human alpha1 (I) collagen promoter in transfected stellate cells. Leptin did not further enhance the activation of the promoter induced by TGFbeta1. Leptin had no effects on the transfected TGFbeta-responsive p3TP-LUX plasmid, which contains 3 CAGA elements that are essential and sufficient for the induction by TGFbeta. Leptin did not increase significantly the binding of proteins to two TGFbeta1 responsive elements in the human alpha1 (I) collagen promoter. In conclusion, this study shows that leptin activates the alpha1 (I) collagen gene and that this effect is not mediated by TGFbeta responsive elements.
Lactose assimilation by full-term infants: relation of [13C] and H2 breath tests with fecal [13C] excretion.

Summary: Colonic salvage of malabsorbed carbohydrate is probably a quantitatively important mechanism of lactose assimilation in the premature infant. The relative roles of the small and large intestines in carbohydrate absorption have not been assessed in the full-term infant. The [13C]-1-lactose (13C-1-L) breath test was first validated against [14C]-1-lactose (14C-1-L) in seven adult volunteers. Individual coefficients of correlation of the regression of % dose [13C] (% d [13C]) on % dose [14C] (% d [14C]) for the seven adults varied from 0.950-0.997; the ratio of the cumulative % dose [13C] (cum % [13C]) to the cumulative % dose [14C] (cum % [14C]) ranged from 0.89-1.15. Nineteen full-term infants (40.1 ± 0.9 wk gestation) were subsequently studied. On day 1 baseline breath and stool collections were carried out with unlabeled substrate (lactose-containing formula). In the initial ten infants [13C]-1-L was added to the 7 a.m. or 8 a.m. formula feeding on day 2 and an 8-h breath test was done. A 24-h stool collection was also carried out. In nine subsequent infants a breath test and stool collection with [13C]-1-glucose ([13C]-1-G) were carried out on day 2 and the studies with [13C]-1-L were moved to day 3. H2 and % d [13C]/h and cum % [13C] in breath and [13C] recovered in stool were determined.
Cerebral ischemia induces neuronal expression of novel VL30 mouse retrotransposons bound to polyribosomes

Mammalian genomes are burdened with a large heterogeneous group of endogenous replication defective retroviruses (retrotransposons). Previously, we identified a transcript resembling a virus-like 30S (VL30) retrotransposon increasing in mouse brain following transient cerebral ischemia. Paradoxically, this non-coding RNA was found bound to polyribosomes. Further analysis revealed that multiple retrotransposon species (BVL-1-like and mVL30-1-like) were bound to polyribosomes and induced by ischemia. These VL30 transcripts remained associated with polyribosomes in the presence of 0.5 M KCl, indicating that VL30 mRNA was tightly associated with ribosomal subunits. Furthermore, the profile of BVL-1 distribution on polyribosomal profiles was distinct from those of translated and translationally repressed mRNA. Consistent with expectations, 5.0 kb VL30 transcripts were detected in ischemic brain with a temporal pattern of expression that was distinct from c-fos. Expression of VL30 was localized in neurons using a combination of in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. 3'-RACE-PCR experiments yielded two unique sequences (VL30x-1 and VL30x-2) that were homologous to known VL30 genes. Phylogenetic analysis of VL30 promoter sequence (U3 region) resulted in the identification of two large VL30 subgroups. VL30x-1 and VL30x-2 were closely related and classified in a group that was distinct from the well-characterized VL30 genes BVL-1 and mVL30-1. The promoter regions of VL30x-1 and VL30x-2 did not possess the consensus sequences for either hypoxia or anoxia response elements, suggesting an alternative mechanism for induction. This is the first report that demonstrates ischemia-induced, neuronal expression of unique VL30 retrotransposons in mouse brain.
Effects of processing on the transverse fatigue properties of low-sulfur AISI 4140 steel

The effects of inclusions due to steelmaking processes on the fatigue life of AISI 4140 have been investigated. The test matrix consisted of three commercially produced heats of AISI 4140 of comparable cleanliness: one was conventionally cast (CC), and two were inert gas-shielded/ bottom-poured (IGS). One of the IGS heats was calcium-treated to explore the effects of inclusion shape control (IGS/SC). All heats were hot-rolled and reduced over 95 pct to produce bar stock of 127 to 152 mm (5 to 6 in.) in diameter. Transverse axial specimens conforming to ASTM E466 were machined, quenched, and tempered to approximately 40 HRC, and they were fatigue tested in tension-tension cycling (R = 0.1). Test results and statistical analyses of the stress-life data show that the IGS grade has several times the fatigue strength of the CC grade at 107 cycles. Lower-limit fatigue strengths calculated at a 99.9 pct probability were 518.5 MPa (75.2 ksi) for IGSvs 55.6 MPa (8.1 ksi) for the CC grade. The IGS/SC grade had the best performance at all stress and life levels. The results obtained indicate that fatigue performance can be improved by choosing a processing method that reduces the incidence of exogenous oxides and by controlling the shape of the sulfides.
THERMAL STRESSES IN A LONG CIRCULAR CYLINDER SUBJECTED TO SUDDEN COOLING DURING TRANSIENT CONVECTION HEATING

An analysis is presented of the thermal stresses encountered during cooling of a solid circular cylinder initially heated from uniform temperature by Newtonian convection, followed by sudden cooling prior to reaching thermal equilibrium during the heating phase of the cycle. The numerical results indicate that the magnitude of the stresses attained during the cooling phase increases with increasing duration of heating, but are less than the corresponding values encountered for convective cooling from a condition of initial uniform temperature. The relevance of these results to the prediction or interpretation of thermal fatigue behavior is noted.
Self-management competencies in self-managing teams: Their impact on multi-team system productivity

Abstract This research examined how composition of individual capabilities within self-managed teams translates into greater effectiveness for multi-team systems (MTS) in which teams are embedded. We investigated how a broad range of self-management competencies by team members aggregate to form a collective construct that influences productivity of a team network. In a semiconductor plant, we surveyed 716 members from 97 self-managed teams in 21 MTS. We found that MTS comprising teams whose members widely practice self-management strategies attain higher productivity gains and that multi-team systems consisting of highly cohesive teams of self-managers are the most productive.
The weak convergence of uniform measures

Abstract This paper presents a necessary and sufficient condition for the weak convergence of uniform measures on an arbitrary Hausdorff uniform space in terms of their projections in metric spaces. This result was inspired by and extends a result of Bartoszynski which characterizes the weak convergence of countably additive measures on C [0,1] in terms of their projections in finite dimensional spaces.
Adduction in the hexadecane—decane—urea—isopropanol system—II kinetic studies

Kinetic studies were performed for the system hexadecane—decane—urea—isopropanol at 25°C in a stopped-flow reactor. Altogether 188 experiments were carried out with seed densities ranging from 0 particles/cc to 2 × 105 particles/cc. The adduction rate was inversely proportional to the initial supersaturation at constant seed density and inversely proportional to the logarithm of the seed density at constant initial supersaturation. These experimental data agreed with theoretical predictions based on diffusion-controlled growth. This evidence suggested that adduction was controlled solely by the diffusion of poly-urea chains from the bulk solution to the solid adduct surface and not by diffusion of the hydrocarbon molecules.
Overridden Recessional Moraines of North-Central Ohio

The classic arcuate end moraines of north-central Ohio are veneered with from one to three Woodfordian (Late Wisconsinan) tills and probably predate the last glacial episode. These overridden moraines do not record the history of the latest ice sheet to invade the region. Overriding and subsequent deglaciation may result in modification of pre-existing moraines in several ways, such as (1) partial removal by scouring, (2) covering the moraine with a layer of drift, (3) filling in intermorainal tracts with drift, (4) deposition of new moraines beside or on top of older moraines, and (5) derangement of drainage with resulting dissection of moraines by meltwater streams. The total effect is to produce a composite landscape consisting of elements of two or more separate glaciations. The elements of different ages may be distinguished by stratigraphic relations, trend directions, and sharpness of topography, because newer features have changed least. Overridden moraines have a subdued or drowned appearance; at many places only a chain of knolls remains to indicate their presence. The end moraines in north-central Ohio are multiple, and several additional end morainic elements are present in areas formerly mapped as ground moraine. In the Scioto basin 27 morainic elements can be distinguished and these can be traced northeastward around the Mansfield Highland into the Killbuck basin. The similarity of form, pattern, and topographic expression of these moraines suggests they are recessional moraines of a single deglaciation. The presence of Millbrook Till, or its lateral equivalent, at the base of many exposures located on the moraines from north central Ohio eastward into Pennsylvania, suggests the moraines are pre-Woodfordian, probably Altonian, and therefore they do not mark Woodfordian till boundaries.
Influences of mothers' and fathers' income on children's nutritional status in Guatemala

The relative effects of fathers' and mothers' income on children's nutritional status were examined with a sample of 294 peri-urban Guatemalan children aged 8-47 months. Whether or not incomes tended to be pooled, and the relation of income earning to decision-making about purchases were examined. Four measures of income were constructed for both mother and father: total income, contribution to the household food budget, percentage of her/his income contributed to the household food budget, and a percentage of total family income earned by that person. In the majority of households, women did not report pooling their incomes. Women who earned a higher proportion of the family income had significantly more control over decision-making in all areas except food purchases, which were already primarily women's decisions. Relationships of income measures with children's nutritional status were examined with multiple linear regression analyses controlling for potentially confounding variables. For mothers, the percentage of the total family income they earned was most highly associated with children's nutritional status, suggesting that income control by mothers may have benefits for children. For fathers, the percentage of their income they contributed to the household food budget was most highly associated with children's nutritional status, suggesting that father investment or attitude toward children has important benefits for children.
Gender Stereotypes after Thirty Years: A Replication of Rosenkrantz, et al. (1968)

This study is a partial replication of the 1968 investigation by Rosenkrantz, Vogel, Bee, Broverman, and Broverman of gender stereotypes among college students. Like the students studied 30 years ago, male and female participants in this study showed very high agreement about the typical characteristics of men and women. However, current participants identified significantly fewer gender stereotypes than did those in the earlier study. In contrast to the participants in the original study, current participants judged the traits they associated with women to be significantly more socially desirable, in general, than the traits they associated with men.
Porosity changes in soot resulting from oxygen atom adsorption at 298 K

Abstract Previously reported experiments from our laboratory showed that soot oxidation by oxygen atoms at 298 K was dominated by large net oxygen atom adsorption on this soot. The adsorbed oxygen was stable at 298 K; at elevated temperatures, this oxygen desorbed entirely as carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Here, we describe experiments using electron microscopy and nitrogen adsorption measurements to characterize the as-collected soot, soot loaded with varying amounts of adsorbed oxygen, and this oxygen-loaded soot that has been thermally degassed. The electron micrographs show small changes in the soot except at very long oxygen-atom exposure times, for which significant carbon gasification has occurred. The nitrogen adsorption measurements show large increases in the micropore structure of soot on thermal desorption of the adsorbed oxygen. These results confirm our earlier conclusion that oxygen atom adsorption occurs throughout the soot particles, not just on the surface. These data further show that thermal desorption (of CO and CO 2 ) occurs from within the soot particles and does not result from migration of the chemisorbed oxygen to the soot surface.
The Orlik-Solomon algebra on the partition lattice and the free lie algebra

Abstract In the same spirit as before, we relate the action of S n on the Orlik-Solomon algebra of the partition lattice to the action of S n on the exterior algebra of the free Lie algebra. More precisely, we construct an explicit basis in each of those spaces and then we show that the matrices of adjacent transposition in one space are equal to minus the transpose of the matrices in the other space. This equality shows that the first S n -module is the dual of the other, tensored by the sign-representation.
Experimental study of localization in thin wires

The electrical properties of wires with cross-sectional areas in the range 1 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}11}$ to 3 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ have been studied. At temperatures below about 10 K, the resistance of the wires increases as the temperature is lowered. The magnitude of the resistance rise increases both as the cross-sectional area of the wire is made smaller and as the amount of randomness is increased. This behavior is in qualitative agreement with the recent predictions by Thouless concerning localization in thin wires. However, the magnitude of the resistance rise is much smaller than originally predicted, and to obtain quantitative agreement with the experimental results it is necessary to assume that the rate at which electrons are inelastically scattered is proportional to the temperature and independent of the size of the wire. This is not consistent with the usual electron-phonon or electron-electron scattering process, and suggests that either the sample geometry affects these processes or that scattering from some other source, such as the tunneling levels believed to be present in all highly disordered systems, is the dominant inelastic scattering process. Experiments on thin films with resistances per square in the range 15 to 100 $\ensuremath{\Omega}$ are also reported. The behavior of the films is similar to that of the wires; they exhibit a resistance rise at low temperatures, and the magnitude of the rise becomes larger as the resistance per square is increased. These results are in good agreement with the predictions of Abrahams et al. for localization in two dimensions and correlate well with recent experimental results of Dolan and Osheroff. The effect of a magnetic field has also been investigated. It is found that a field of 75 kOe has no significant effect on the behavior of the wires. However, a field of this size appears to change the behavior of the films markedly. While our results are all consistent with theoretical predictions based on localization, they are also consistent with recent theories based on electron-electron interaction effects in disordered systems.
Characterization and optimization of long-term controlled release system for groundwater remediation: a generalized modeling approach.

Abstract A well-based reactive barrier system using controlled-release KMnO 4 has been recently developed as a long-term in situ treatment option for plumes of dense and non-aqueous phase liquids in groundwater. In order to take advantage of the merits of controlled release systems (CRS) in environmental remediation, the release behavior needs to be optimized for the hydrologic and environmental conditions of target treatment zone. Where release systems are expected to be operated over long times, like for the reactive barriers, it may only be practical to describe the long-term behavior numerically. We developed a numerical model capable of describing release characteristics associated with variable forms and structures of long-term CRS. Sensitivity analyses and illustrative simulations showed that the release kinetics and durations would be constrained by changes in agent solubility, bulk diffusion coefficients, or structures of the release devices. The generality of the numerical model was demonstrated through simulations for CRS with monolithic and double-layered matrices. The generalized model was then used for actual design and analyses of an encapsulated-matrix CRS, which can yield constant release kinetics for several years. A well-based reactive barrier system (4.05 × 10 3 m 3 ) using the encapsulated-matrix CRS can release ∼1.65 kg of active agent (here MnO 4 - ) daily over the next 6.6 yr, creating prolonged reaction zone in the subsurface. The generalized model-based, target-specific approach using the long-term CRS could provide practical tool for improving the efficacy of advanced in situ remediation schemes such as in situ chemical oxidation, bioremediation, or in situ redox manipulation. Development of techniques for adjusting the bulk diffusion coefficients of the release matrices and facilitating the lateral spreading of the released agent is warranted.