cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can Vacancies Lubricate Dislocation Motion in Aluminum

The interaction of vacancy with dislocations in Al is studied using the semidiscrete variational Peierls-Nabarro model with ab initio determined $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ surface. For the first time, we confirm theoretically the so-called vacancy lubrication effect on dislocation motion in Al, a discovery that can settle a long-standing controversy in dislocation theory for fcc metals. We provide insights into the lubrication effect by exploring the connection between dislocation mobility and its core width. We predict an increased dislocation splitting in the presence of vacancy. We find that on average there is a weak repulsion between vacancies and dislocations which is independent of dislocation character.
Carcinoembryonic antigen induces signal transduction in Kupffer cells

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), an iptercellular adhesion molecule and a mediator of hepatic metastasis, is processed by an 80 kDa receptor on murine and human Kupffer cells in the liver. Activation of rat Kupffer cells in vitro by CEA via the 80 kDa receptor produced cytokines IL-1α and TNF-α which involved tyrosine phosphorylation. The peak response of TNF-α was 5.6 times greater than the corresponding IL-1α response and was associated with enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of 108 and 125 kDa proteins. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment, on the other hand, phosphorylated two major proteins with MW of 93 and 119 kDa associated with the loss of phosphorylation from a 125 kDa protein. Results demonstrate that CEA-induced IL-1α and TNF-α production involves tyrosine phosphorylation and the signaling in CEA treated cells is different than that seen with LPS stimulation.
Carcinocythemia (carcinoma cell leukemia) due to metastatic carcinoma of the breast. Report of a case

A patient with a 17-year course of metastatic lobular carcinoma of the breast is described who developed large numbers of circulating carcinoma cells which were easily detectable in several routine peripheral blood smears shortly before death. This rare complication of carcinoma has been called “carcinocythemia.” Carcinocythemia is probably due to widespread infiltration of many bone marrow sites and may also be related to splenectomy, which may impair reticuloendothelial clearance of circulating tumor cells. The differential diagnosis of carcinocythemia from superimposed acute myelogenous leukemia, which can complicate radiotherapy and chemotherapy for the primary tumor, is discussed. Cytomorphology, histochemistry, and electron microscopy of abnormal circulating cells should aid in the distinction of these two processes. Cancer 40:3107-3111, 1977.
Experimental light-scattering Mueller matrix for a fiber on a reflecting optical surface as a function of incident angle

The light-scattering Mueller matrix is experimentally determined for a 0.26-μm-radius quartz fiber mounted on an aluminum surface at five different incident angles. The results are compared with those for the experimental scattering elements of the lone fiber and the lone surface and with theoretical results derived from a simple fiber–surface model. The experimental matrix elements of the fiber–surface system do not resemble the matrix elements from any of these other systems.
Are Long-term Hormone Replacement Therapy Users Different from Short-term and Never Users?

The characteristics that differentiate long-term (> or = 10 years) hormone replacement therapy (HRT) users from short-term ( or = 10 years comprised the study population. Long-term HRT users (29.4 percent) were compared with short-term (28.1 percent) and never users (42.5 percent). The authors examined the association between duration of HRT use and demographic characteristics, personal and family medical history, menopausal symptoms, information used in decision making, attitudes toward HRT, provider encouragement to use HRT, and GHC utilization. Compared with never users, the strongest correlates of long-term HRT use were having a hysterectomy before or after menopause, positive attitudes espousing the benefits of HRTs, and perceived provider encouragement to use HRT. Long-term HRT use was not associated with educational attainment, ethnicity, body mass index, health status, physical activity, or family medical history. Correlates commonly associated with HRT use, such as higher education, greater physical activity and functioning, and lower chronic disease comorbidity, did not significantly distinguish long-term from short-term users.
Closed strings in open-string field theory.

An explicit construction of closed-string states is given in terms of open-string oscillators acting on the open-string Fock vacuum. The closed-open-open coupling is computed for the graviton and agrees with the standard result. The closed string states are not annihilated by the Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin operator Q. Instead they generate inner derivations which anticommute with Q. This is sufficient to insure gauge invariance of tree-level S-matrix elements. It also implies that the closed-string states obey, level by level, the linearized equation of motion of the cubic action.
“You Have Shed Much Blood, and Waged Great Wars”: Killing, Bloodguilt, and Combat Stress

ABSTRACT Are all warriors who have killed somehow polluted and prevented from an intimate relationship with God? This essay seeks to answer this question both affirmatively and negatively by correlating biblical literature, psychology, and the experience of veterans. Although killing in war defiles soldiers with bloodguilt and mars their relationship with the divine and with humans, ritual acts of purification in conjunction with appropriate psychological and pastoral care may cleanse this bloodguilt and restore relationships.
The virtuosos of policing

This paper reports the findings of a nationwide survey undertaken in order to address the issue of who the experts are in the field of law enforcement management. The results reflect the opinion of the leadership of the nation’s most prominent practitioner and academic professional criminal justice and law enforcement organizations. Thirty-seven individuals emerge as the leading law enforcement management experts-the virtuosos. Of these, eight are characterized as the nation’s elite.
Temperature's influence on the activity budget, terrestriality, and sun exposure of chimpanzees in the Budongo Forest, Uganda.

Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) activity budget, terrestriality, and sun exposure were found to be influenced by the immediate environmental temperature. Thirty adult chimpanzees in the Budongo Forest, Uganda, were observed for 247 h. Temperatures in the shade and sun, sky cover, sun exposure, activity, and terrestriality were recorded at 5-min intervals at <15 m from the center of the party. Terrestriality frequency was 26.5% for females and 41.5% for males. Terrestriality and resting both show a significant positive correlation with temperature in the sun. Controlling for seven potential confounding factors, temperature in the sun remained the strongest predictor of terrestriality. The difference between temperatures in the sun and shade had a significant effect on chimpanzee sun exposure frequency. Time spent continuously in the sun was negatively correlated with temperature, beginning to decrease around 30°C, and markedly decreasing around 40°C. A concurrent experiment determined that dark pelage (lacking physiological coping mechanisms) exposed to the same solar regime can easily reach 60°C within minutes. This study indicates that both temperature in the sun and sun exposure play a role in influencing chimpanzee activity behavior, and specifically suggests that chimpanzees thermoregulate behaviorally both by moving to the ground and by decreasing their activity level. These results, in the context of deforestation and increasing global temperatures, have physiological and conservation implications for wild chimpanzees. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Thoracic structure of the adult mecopteron, Bittacus strigosus Hagen (Mecoptera: Bittacidae)

The thoracic skeleton and musculature of the adult bittacid mecopteron Bittacus strigosus Hagen is described. In its musculature, Bittacus shows only moderate differences from two panorpids (Neopanorpa, Panorpa) that have been studied by Maki ('38) and by Hasken ('39), respectively. Not only are these three genera much alike in their musculature generally, but in all of them, and in Boreus (Boreidae) too, the mesothorax is extremely similar to the metathorax. Functional emphasis (for flight) on either of the two pterothoracic segments has not appeared among neuropteroid insects at the metopteran evolutionary level. Although the “snowfleas” of the genus Boreus possess striking alterations of pterothoracic structure in comparison with other mecopterons (Fuller, '54, '55), these are related to their unusual activities and have not, to any great extent, affected the two pterothoracic segments differentially. In terms of thoracic specialization, the overall mecopteran pattern represents a stage somewhat advanced beyond the primitive conditions exemplified by the Megaloptera and certain coleopterous larvae, but one that is in general less highly developed than is charatceristic of such neuropteroid orders as the Siphonaptera, Diptera, Trichoptera, and Lepidoptera.
Genetic mechanisms of antigenic variation in infectious bursal disease virus: analysis of a naturally occurring variant virus.

The major immunogenic protein VP2 from a pathogenic field isolate (variant A virus) of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was cloned and sequenced to examine antigenic variations. The VP2 open reading frame consists of 1509 nucleotides and codes for a 503 amino acid protein. Overall, the VP2 amino acid sequence of the variant A virus shares 98.6% identity with VP2 genes from other published IBDV strains. However, within the central region of VP2 (amino acids 222–334) lies a highly divergent area that we have termed thevariable domain. Relative to five other IBDV isolates, a total of six amino acid changes occur within the variable domain of the variant A virus. At positions 284–288, a substitution of isoleucine to threonine, a decrease in the number of Chou and Fasman β turns, and a switch from a hydrophilic to a hydrophobic region are found only in the variant A virus. Together these changes predict a decrease in antigenicity as determined by calculation of potential antigenic sites. This suggests that only minor changes within VP2 contributed to the emergence of a variant virus that can cause disease in immunized birds.
Alzheimer's α‐secretase may be a calcium‐dependent protease

Proteolytic processing of β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) is believed to be fundamental to the understanding of Alzheimer's disease. The identities and the regulatory elements of the proteases involved in the process, known as α/β/γ secretases, are unclear. In this study, by examining reported data, we found some indications suggesting that the putative α-secretase may be a calcium-dependent protease, and that this enzyme may play a primary role in the regulation of APP processing. Based on this, we proposed a model for the membrane orientations of the secretases for further discussions.
Hysteresis in water vapor adsorption and desorption isotherms of activated carbon products used in Japanese gas respirators

活性炭をはじめとする吸着材料とその吸着技術は,産 業衛生分野においても有害物質への対処のために今後も 重要と見込まれる.活性炭は広範な種類の有機ガスに良 好な吸着能力を示し,呼吸保護具吸収缶その他での利用 が現在進んでいる.一方で活性炭は水蒸気をも吸着し, その吸湿が進んだ場合には有機ガス吸着容量が大きく減 少することが知られている.我々は予防的見地より, 活性炭層での乾燥重量からの吸湿重量増加比率に対する 有機ガス破過時間の短縮に関する研究を進めてきた. そこで扱った活性炭試料での吸湿には,1970–90年代の 既報での活性炭の吸湿よりも程度の大きなものが見られ た.ここで,近年日本国内で流通する産業衛生向け活性 炭製品の室温付近での吸湿の程度と挙動の把握を目的と して,呼吸保護具吸収缶に使用されるものを例に,それ らの吸湿等温線とそこで生じるヒステリシス(履歴現象) の測定を行った. 対象と実験方法
Q/U Imaging Experiment (QUIET): a ground-based probe of cosmic microwave background polarization

QUIET is an experimental program to measure the polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation from the ground. Previous CMB polarization data have been used to constrain the cosmological parameters that model the history of our universe. The exciting target for current and future experiments is detecting and measuring the faint polarization signals caused by gravity waves from the inflationary epoch which occurred < 10-30 s after the Big Bang. QUIET has finished an observing season at 44 GHz (Q-Band); observing at 95 GHz (W-Band) is ongoing. The instrument incorporates several technologies and approaches novel to CMB experiments. We describe the observing strategy, optics design, detector technology, and data acquisition. These systems combine to produce a polarization sensitivity of 64 (57) μK for a 1 s exposure of the Phase I Q (W) Band array. We describe the QUIET Phase I instrument and explain how systematic errors are reduced and quantified.
Benchmarking value in the pork supply chain: Processing and consumer characteristics of hams manufactured from different quality raw materials

Abstract Impact of fresh ham quality on finished ham product characteristics was evaluated. Bone-in hams destined for spiral-sliced ham manufacturing were sorted into two pH groups before processing: pH ⩽ 5.5 and pH ⩾ 5.6. For boneless hams, raw materials were sorted into groups with different levels of pale, soft, and exudative (PSE) product before manufacturing into sliced vacuum packaged hams: “Low PSE” (⩽5% PSE muscle), “Intermediate PSE” (20–30% PSE muscle) or “High PSE” (40–60% PSE muscle). Few differences were observed between the pH ⩽ 5.5 and pH ⩾ 5.6 groups in objective color measures and drip loss in bone-in spiral-sliced hams stored under refrigeration, however, after frozen storage, hams from the pH ⩽ 5.5 group had lower L *- and a *-values and had much higher drip loss than those from the pH ⩾ 5.6 group. Processing yields for bone-in spiral-sliced hams were similar through cooking and chilling, however, the pH ⩾ 5.6 group had higher yields after slicing. For boneless hams, defects occurred at a greater frequency in hams formulated with a greater percentage of PSE raw materials than those with lower amounts of PSE. Differences in objective color measures and purge were minimal over the duration of storage time, but hams formulated with greater percentages of PSE raw materials were lighter in appearance and had less redness. Consumers gave lower color responses for hams formulated with “High PSE” amounts, but did not differentiate between hams manufactured with lower quantities of PSE muscle. However, when consumers directly compared packages of ham, there was distinct discrimination against hams manufactured with greater amounts of PSE. Purchase intent showed that consumers favored ham manufactured from fresh ham muscles containing low quantities of PSE tissue. Further research is needed to determine the optimal ratio of allowable PSE product in formulation that enables processors to maximize consumer appeal with the economic realities of sorting out PSE pork.
The QRS Vectorcardiogram in Congenital Heart Disease During the First Year of Life : A New Diagnostic Vectorcardiographic Technique

SUMMARY A new diagnostic vectorcardiographic technique was employed in the study of 21 patients with congenital heart disease under one year of age. The QRS vectorcardiograms were studied according to the position of the 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 and 0.05 second vectors and the rotation of the loop in the horizontal plane of the cube system of Grishman. Abnormalities in the location of these vectors and changes in the rotation of the loop including the appearance of figure of 8 loop during the first week of life were found useful in detecting ventricular hypertrophy in this age group. Criteria for the vectorcardiographic diagnosis of right ventricular hypertrophy and left ventricular hypertrophy were outlined for this method. Combined ventricular hypertrophy was diagnosed in two patients.
THEORY IN EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION: INSTRUCTIONAL AND CONTENT CONSIDERATIONS

A review is made of several efforts to describe the instructional emphasis and curricular content of courses relating to theory in educational administration. A summary is then provided of the evolution and eventual discontinuance of one approach to the teaching of theory which has previously been cited in the literature. Finally, a course format initiated as a replacement for the aforementioned instructional approach is described, and the content of the new course is discussed in some detail. A thesis of the article is that by making explicit what is taught concerning theory in educational administration it is thereby possible to provide a greater impetus for an increased theoretical orientation within the discipline.
Jadeite: improving API documentation using usage information

Jadeite is a new Javadoc-like API documentation system that takes advantage of multiple users' aggregate experience to reduce difficulties that programmers have learning new APIs. Previous studies have shown that programmers often guessed that certain classes or methods should exist, and looked for these in the API. Jadeite's "placeholders" let users add new "pretend" classes or methods that are displayed in the actual API documentation, and can be annotated with the appropriate APIs to use instead. Since studies showed that programmers had difficulty finding the right classes from long lists in documentation, Jadeite takes advantage of usage statistics to display commonly used classes more prominently. Programmers had difficulty finding the right helper objects and discovering how to instantiate objects, so Jadeite uses a large corpus of sample code to automatically identify the most common ways to construct an instance of any given class.
FosB mutant mice: loss of chronic cocaine induction of Fos-related proteins and heightened sensitivity to cocaine's psychomotor and rewarding effects.

Chronic exposure to cocaine leads to prominent, long-lasting changes in behavior that characterize a state of addiction. The striatum, including the nucleus accumbens and caudoputamen, is an important substrate for these actions. We previously have shown that long-lasting Fos-related proteins of 35–37 kDa are induced in the striatum by chronic cocaine administration. In the present study, the identity and functional role of these Fos-related proteins were examined using fosB mutant mice. The striatum of these mice completely lacked basal levels of the 35- to 37-kDa Fos-related proteins as well as their induction by chronic cocaine administration. This deficiency was associated with enhanced behavioral responses to cocaine: fosB mutant mice showed exaggerated locomotor activation in response to initial cocaine exposures as well as robust conditioned place preference to a lower dose of cocaine, compared with wild-type littermates. These results establish the long-lasting Fos-related proteins as products of the fosB gene (specifically ΔFosB isoforms) and suggest that transcriptional regulation by fosB gene products plays a critical role in cocaine-induced behavioral responses. This finding demonstrates that a Fos family member protein plays a functional role in behavioral responses to drugs of abuse and implicates fosB gene products as important determinants of cocaine abuse.
Relative and absolute apriority

L'A. postule que les propositions d'identite (identity sentences), telles que Cicero is Tully ne sont ni informatives, ni a posteriori, ni a priori mais que leur verite depend plutot de la semantique appliquee que de la semantique pure - une conclusion difficile pour la theorie de la reference directe (direct-reference theory).
Fast Track in the emergency department: a one-year experience with nurse practitioners

The use of a Fast Track system in the emergency department is becoming increasingly popular in order to provide fast and efficient service to patients with minor emergencies. In this paper we describe the one-year results of our system staffed by nurse practitioners. During the first year of operation, a total of 4468 patients were seen in Fast Track. Approximately 28% of patients are triaged to Fast Track during its hours of operation. The average patient seen in Fast Track was ready for discharge 94.4 minutes after presentation. Fewer than 1% of patients required admission to the hospital. Overall, patients and medical staff were highly satisfied with the Fast Track system. Our experience demonstrates that nurse practitioners can effectively and efficiently staff a Fast Track in an academic emergency department.
Conformational studies of antimetastatic laminin-1 derived peptides in different solvent systems, using solution NMR spectroscopy

Due to its critical role in cancer progression, interactions between laminin-1 and the 67 kDa Laminin-Binding Protein (the 67 kDa LBP) have been the focus of a number of structural and biological studies. As laminin-1 is such a large and complex molecule, research interests have turned to the investigation of bioactive peptides derived from binding domains of laminin-1. Two peptides of interest, CDPGYIGSR (peptide 11) and YIGSR, both derived from the beta1 chain of laminin-1, have been shown to block invasion of basement membranes by tumor cells. Substituting the C-terminal arginine to lysine, a conservative substitution, results in a loss of peptide antimetastatic activity. This difference in bioactivity has been attributed, based on numerous modeling studies of free peptide conformations, to structural differences between YIGSR and YIGSK. Yet the nature of the 'active' free peptide backbone conformation has been a matter of debate and controversy. In order to test the validity of the structural modeling claims, we have undertaken detailed conformational studies of the two laminin-1 derived peptides YIGSR and CDPGYIGSR along with the biologically inactive YIGSK analog by two-dimensional solution 1H NMR spectroscopy in three different solvent systems. Herein we report that although both the active (YIGSR, CDPGYIGSR) and the inactive (YIGSK) peptides can adopt several closely related conformations in solution, the two peptides share similar conformational preferences, and there are no significant structural differences between the active and inactive peptides, contrary to previously reported modeling data. We conclude that the basis of the peptide biological activity, in contrast to published models, cannot be attributed to well-defined structural preferences of the free peptides. We infer that the difference in bioactivity observed between YIGSR and YIGSK originates primarily from the chemical nature of the arginine versus lysine sidechain substitution, rather than being due to a structural change in the free peptide conformations.
Quantifying the thermal flowering rates of eighteen species of annual bedding plants

Abstract The effect of mean daily air temperature (MDT) on flowering rate (the reciprocal of days to flower) was quantified for 18 species of annual bedding plants. Plants were grown in environmental growth chambers at constant air temperature set points of 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 25, or 30 °C and under an irradiance of 160–180 μmol m –2 s –1 , with a 16-h photoperiod. Nonlinear mathematical equations were developed to predict the effect of MDT on flowering rate and to estimate the base, optimum, and maximum temperatures ( T min , T opt , and T max ), which are the temperatures at which flowering rates are zero (low temperature), maximal, and zero once again (high temperature), respectively. The estimated T min varied among species and ranged from 1.1 °C in French marigold ( Tagetes patula L.) to 9.9 °C in angelonia ( Angelonia angustifolia Benth.). T opt and T max were only observed for 8–10 species with the temperature range tested. T opt ranged from 19.1 °C in dahlia ( Dahlia × hybrida Cav.) to 28.0 °C in blue salvia ( Salvia farinacea Benth.), whereas T max ranged from 30.3 °C in snapdragon ( Antirrhinum majus L.) to 31.7 °C in moss rose ( Portulaca grandiflora Hook.). Angelonia, browallia ( Browallia speciosa Hook.), cosmos ( Cosmos sulphureus Cav.), dahlia, and snapdragon grown at 25 or 30 °C developed a mean of two to seven more nodes before flowering compared with plants grown at ≤15 °C. The results indicate that in many species, flowering rate in response to MDT is asymmetrical around T opt and the temperature range between T min and T opt is wider than that between T opt and T max . This information could be used to improve the predictability of flowering time of these ornamental crops and to assist growers in determining energy-efficient production temperatures.
Inspection/maintenance program evaluation: replicating the Denver Step Method for an Atlanta fleet.

The research presented in this paper employs the Step Method of Inspection/Maintenance (I/M) program evaluation to estimate the emissions reduction for an Atlanta I/M program. Stedman et al. (Stedman, D. H.; Bishop, G. A.; Aldrete, P.; Slott, R. S. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1997, 31, 927−931) introduced the Step Method of evaluation when they presented the results of a 1995 Denver I/M program evaluation. The research presented here replicates the original Denver Step Method analysis for a 1997 Atlanta I/M program. This evaluation was conducted separately for the nine outlying Atlanta counties and the four counties that are closest to the center of the city. The results of the analysis are similar to those found by Stedman et al. in Denver. While the Denver carbon monoxide (CO) weighted program benefit was 6.9%, the Atlanta area CO weighted program benefit is found to be 11.5% and 4.9% for the nine-county and four-county Atlanta areas, respectively. We conclude that the 1997 I/M program change in Atlanta yiel...
The Scheduled Squeeze On Children’s Programs: Tracking The Implications Of Projected Federal Spending Patterns

Federal programs for children are under increasing budgetary pressure. According to current federal law or any budget alternative being offered by the president or congressional leaders, spending o...
Sperm Quality Improvement in Cryopreserved Human Semen

AbstractPurpose: We determined if separation of spermatozoa (washed) on a discontinuous colloidal suspension of silica (Percoll† †Conception Technologies, La Jolla, California.) density gradient before cryopreservation improves post-thaw motility compared to an unprocessed (raw) cryopreserved sample.Materials and Methods: Ten normal healthy volunteers recruited into the andrology laboratory donor program were studied. Raw and washed cryopreserved spermatozoa were compared for loss of motility with time, motion characteristics, viability and membrane integrity after incubation for 1, 6 and 24 hours. Within group comparisons were made to baseline measurements (0 hours before incubation).Results: Raw and washed cryopreserved spermatozoa showed statistically significant decreases in motility and other motion characteristics after thawing. There were significant decreases in motility and other motion characteristics after incubation periods of 1, 6 and 24 hours, and significant decreases in viability and membr...
Analysis of Spatially Multiplexed Helically Propagating Channels in Step Index Optical Waveguides

Spatial Domain Multiplexing (SDM) is a novel optical multiplexing technique that allows co-propagation of multiple helical channels of same wavelength through a single optical fiber. Helical propagation of SDM channels is discussed and analyzed.
Estimating the nuclear level density with the Monte Carlo shell model

A method for making realistic estimates of the density of levels in even-even nuclei is presented making use of the Monte Carlo shell model (MCSM). The procedure follows three basic steps: (1) computation of the thermal energy with the MCSM, (2) evaluation of the partition function by integrating the thermal energy, and (3) evaluating the level density by performing the inverse Laplace transform of the partition function using maximum entropy reconstruction techniques. It is found that results obtained with schematic interactions, which do not have a sign problem in the MCSM, compare well with realistic shell-model interactions provided an important isospin dependence is accounted for.
Microcomputer applications in telephony

The application of microcomputers and other large-scale integrated (LSI) circuit products such as microcomputer memory peripherals, digital coders and decoders (codec), and channd filters to telephone switching systems, transmission systems, and to high-feature telephone instruments is discussed. Switching and transmission systems which use standardized digital transmission formats are described, and line circuit and common control functions are briefly discussed for digital switching system architectures using microcomputer control. A high-feature electronic telephone and trends in digital telephony are also reviewed as they relate to potential applications of products based on large scale integration techniques.
Use of the MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales in Detecting Criminal Malingering

The purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of criminal malingering on the MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) scales. Sixty undergraduate students were given the MMPI-2 twice. One administration was conducted according to the MMPI-2 manual, and the other was given with a special set of malingering instructions specific to a prison setting. The two MMPI-2 profiles for each participant were scored for both the Basic and RC scales. Eight participants were eliminated from the data analysis due to validity (VRIN or TRIN) concerns. Data from the remaining 52 participants were analyzed using a 2 × 2 repeated measures ANOVA. Results showed that, as expected, the participants achieved higher MMPI-2 scores in the malingering condition. Also, participants achieved higher scores overall on the Basic scales and a significant interaction showed that participants achieved higher scores on the Basic Scales in the malingering condition than on the RC scales in that condition. These results supported prior research, indicating that malingerers produce elevated RC profiles. However, the present results also suggest that the Basic scales may be more effective in actually detecting malingerers, mainly due to the much lower ceiling on the RC scaled scores. Further implications of these findings for research and clinical work are also discussed.
A Pharmacodynamic Approach to the Estimate of Carbamazepine Autoinduction

Population-based pharmacokinetic prediction algorithms have been developed for several medications. A fundamental assumption has been that the kinetics remain constant over time. Carbamazepine (CBZ), however, induces its own metabolism in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. A Bayesian estimation program is presented that models the changing catabolic enzyme activity, linearly related to hepatic microsomal enzyme concentration, along with the serum drug concentration. An Emax model is used for enzyme formation with respect to drug concentration: elimination of enzyme activity is modeled as a first-order process. This program was tested in 22 drug-naive outpatients begun on CBZ monotherapy. The 1 week concentrations were used to prospectively predict concentrations at 1 month of therapy and were very close to actual measurements: prediction bias (mean error of prediction) = − 0.1 μg/mL and precision (median absolute error of prediction) = 1.2 μg/mL. Comparison estimates, made by assuming a constant concentration/dose ratio, had bias = 2.6 μg/mL (p < 0.001) and precision = 2.2 μg/mL (p = 0.01). We conclude that (1) CBZ autoinduction is not complete after 1 week of therapy and (2) the methodology permits accurate estimation of CBZ pharmacokinetics.
Teacher Identity: Claiming Me

This article speaks to the reality of the lived experiences of student of color in society today: navigating the structures of diversity in a white world. For many, the author’s story resonates with what they feel at their core of belonging and unbelonging. It answers the age old questions, “Who am I?” and “What is my purpose?” The article gives pre-service teachers of color the ability to claim agency about who they are and what their purpose is in life. The author’s story is one of self-authorship. With the hope that White middle class teachers will better understand their students, the author also gives insight into the struggles and realities student of color face on a daily basis.
Silver Microstructure Control for Fluxless Bonding Success Using Ag-In System

A fluxless bonding process is successfully developed between silicon (Si) chips and copper (Cu) substrates using the silver-indium (Ag-In) binary system. This is a new design concept that utilizes thick Ag plated over the Cu substrate to deal with the large mismatch in coefficient of thermal expansion between semiconductors, such as Si (3 ppm/°C) and Cu (17 ppm/°C). The Ag layer actually becomes a part of the Ag-Cu substrate. Ag is chosen for the cladding because of its superior physical properties of ductility, high electrical conductivity, and high thermal conductivity. Following the thick Ag layer, 5 μm In and 0.1 μm Ag layers are plated. The thin outer Ag layer inhibits oxidation of inner In. After many bonding experiments, we realize that the success of producing a joint relates to the microstructure of the Ag layer. Ag with small grains results in rapid growth of solid Ag2In intermetallic compounds through grain boundary diffusion. Thus, a joint is not obtained because of lack of molten phase (L). To coarsen Ag grains, an annealing step is added to the Ag-plated Cu substrate. This step makes Ag grains 200 times coarser compared to the as-plated Ag. The coarsened microstructure slows down the Ag2In growth. Consequently, the (L) phase stays at the molten state with sufficient time to react with the Ag layer on the Si chip to produce a joint. Nearly perfect joints are produced on Ag-plated Cu substrates. The resulting joints consist of pure Ag, Ag-rich solid solution, Ag2In, and Ag3In. The melting temperature exceeds 650 °C. Using the present process, high temperature joints of high thermal conductivity are made between Si chips and Cu substrates at low bonding temperature (200°C). We foresee the Ag-In system as an important system to explore for various fluxless bonding applications in electronic packaging. This system provides the possibilities of producing joints of wide composition choices and wide melting temperature range. This paper provides preliminary but useful information on how the microstructure of Ag affects the bonding results.
Association of Genital Infection with Specific Chlamydia trachomatis Serovars and Race

Black race is an important risk marker for Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection. To define whether C. trachomatis serovars differ by ethnic distribution, a panel of monoclonal antibodies was used to serotype 934 urethral and 581 cervical isolates from patients attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic over 2 years. The overall serovar distribution in cervical and urethral infections was comparable, with B class serovars predominating. Significantly higher inclusion counts were observed both in younger women and in nonblacks regardless of serovar. Serovar D was less frequent among blacks at the urethral site (P = .001), while serovar Ia was more frequent in blacks at both sites (urethral, P < .001; cervical, P = .02). These associations remained significant after adjusting for age and number of inclusion-forming units by multivariate analysis. Thus, specific serovars may be associated with particular racial groups; either behavioral or biologic factors could explain these findings.
Targeted oxygen delivery within hepatic hollow fiber bioreactors via supplementation of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers.

Hepatic hollow fiber bioreactors are considered a promising class of bioartificial liver assist device (BLAD). Unfortunately, limited oxygen (O 2 ) transport to hepatocytes within this device hinders further development. Hepatocytes in vivo (in the liver sinusoid) experience a wide range of oxygen tensions (pO 2 = 25-70 mmHg), which is important for development of proper differentiated function (zonation). Previously, we observed that bovine red blood cell (bRBC) supplementation of the circulating media stream enhanced oxygenation of cultured C3A hepatoma cells compared to a culture with no O 2 carrier (Gordon, J.; Palmer, A. F. Artif. Cells, Blood Substitutes, Biotechnol. 2006, 33 (3), 297-306). Despite this success, the cells were not exposed to the desired in vivo O 2 spectrum (Sullivan, J.; Gordon, J.; Palmer, A. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2006, 93 (2) 306-317). We hypothesize that altering the kinetics of O 2 binding/release to/from hemoglobin-based O 2 carriers (HBOCs) could potentially target O 2 delivery to cell cultures. High P 50 (low O 2 affinity) HBOCs preferentially targeted O 2 delivery at high inlet pO 2 values. Conversely, low P 50 (high O 2 affinity) HBOCs targeted O 2 delivery at low inlet pO 2 values. Additionally, inlet pO 2 , flow rate, and HBOC concentration were varied to find optimal bioreactor operating conditions. Our results demonstrate that HBOCs can enhance O 2 delivery to cultured hepatocytes, while exposing them to in vivo-like O 2 tensions, which is critical to create a fully functional BLAD.
Rapid Platelet Accumulation Leading to Thrombotic Occlusion

Platelet thrombosis under arterial conditions remains a large clinical problem. Previous in vitro experiments have concentrated on early adherence without thrombotic occlusion. We have developed a controllable hemodynamic system that creates intravascular thrombosis to occlusion. Lightly heparinized (3.5 USP units/mL), whole, porcine blood is perfused through a 1.5 mm inner diameter, tubular, collagen-coated stenosis. The microscopic growth of thrombus is optically recorded using a high resolution CCD camera. Occlusive thrombus is examined using microcomputed tomography and histology. Thrombus consistently formed in the throat of the stenosis where wall shear rates were greatest. Rapid platelet accumulation (RPA) reached rates as high as 13.7 μm(3 )μm(-2) min(-1). Total occlusion of flow occurred after 17 ± 2.6 min (n = 6). The average thrombus volume accumulation of 7.8 ± 3.5 μm(3) μm(2) min(-1) occurred under very high wall shear rates exceeding 100,000 s(-1). Significant volumes of thrombus did not form until 7.6 ± 3.6 min after the onset of flow, a delay consistent with activation of adherent mural platelets. Platelets did not accumulate with large volume for normal wall shear rates <2000 s(-1). Very high wall shear rates stimulate the capture of millions of circulating platelets with exposure times <2 ms in an arterial stenosis.
Translating Biomaterial Properties to Intracellular Signaling

Bioactive materials present important micro-environmental cues that induce specific intracellular signaling responses which ultimately determine cell behavior. For example, vascular endothelial cells on a normal vessel wall resist inflammation and thrombosis, but the same cells seeded on an artificial vascular graft or stent do not. What makes these cells behave so differently when they are adhered to different materials? Intracellular signaling from integrins and other cell-surface receptors is an important part of the answer, but these signaling responses constitute a highly-branched, interconnected network of molecules. In order to perform rational design of biomaterials, one must understand how altering the properties of the material (micro-environment) causes changes in cell behavior, and this in turn requires understanding the complex signaling response. Systems biology and mathematical modeling aid analysis of the connectivity of this network. This review summarizes applicable systems biology and mathematical modeling techniques including ordinary differential equations-based models, principal component analysis, and Bayesian networks. Next covered is biomaterials research which studies the intracellular signaling responses generated by variation of biomaterial properties. Finally, the review details ways in which modeling has been or could be applied to better understand the link between biomaterial properties and intracellular signaling.
Development of Surface Adhesion in Caulobacter crescentus

Caulobacter crescentus has a dimorphic life cycle composed of a motile stage and a sessile stage. In the sessile stage, C. crescentus is often found tightly attached to a surface through its adhesive holdfast. In this study, we examined the contribution of growth and external structures to the attachment of C. crescentus to abiotic surfaces. We show that the holdfast is essential but not sufficient for optimal attachment. Rather, adhesion in C. crescentus is a complex developmental process. We found that the attachment of C. crescentus to surfaces is cell cycle regulated and that growth or energy or both are essential for this process. The initial stage of attachment occurs in swarmer cells and is facilitated by flagellar motility and pili. Our results suggest that strong attachment is mediated by the synthesis of a holdfast as the swarmer cell differentiates into a stalked cell.
Self-adapting software for numerical linear algebra and LAPACK for clusters

This article describes the context, design, and recent development of the LAPACK for clusters (LFC) project. It has been developed in the framework of Self-Adapting Numerical Software (SANS) since we believe such an approach can deliver the convenience and ease of use of existing sequential environments bundled with the power and versatility of highly tuned parallel codes that execute on clusters. Accomplishing this task is far from trivial as we argue in the paper by presenting pertinent case studies and possible usage scenarios.
Cost and outcome of mechanical ventilation for life-threatening stroke

Background and Purpose—Hospital mortality rates of 50% to 90% have been reported for stroke patients treated with mechanical ventilation. These data have raised serious questions about the cost-effectiveness of this intervention. We sought to determine how often stroke patients are mechanically ventilated, identify predictors of 30-day survival among ventilated patients, and evaluate the cost-effectiveness of this intervention. Methods—We identified mechanically ventilated patients in a population-based multiethnic cohort of 510 incidence stroke patients who were hospitalized between July 1993 and June 1996. Factors affecting 30-day survival were identified in a multiple logistic regression analysis. We calculated the cost per patient discharged alive, life-year saved, and quality-adjusted life-year saved using a zero-cost, zero-life assumption. Results—Ten percent of patients (n=52) were mechanically ventilated. Thirty-day mortality was 65% overall and did not differ significantly by stroke subtype. Glas...
LICHEN LITTERFALL CONSUMPTION BY WINTERING DEER AND ELK IN WESTERN MONTANA

Abstract We studied arboreal lichen production and availability for Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and mule deer (O. hemionus) during winter in western Montana, USA. In May and June of 1997 and 1998, we collected lichen litterfall inside and outside exclosures to assess deer and elk use of lichens and recorded associated tree stand characteristics. Bryoria spp. and Nodobryoria spp. composed >99% of the lichen litterfall. Lichen litterfall use by deer and elk on 2-yr sites averaged 7.91 kg/ha for the severe winter of 1996–1997, and 6.02 kg/ha for the milder winter of 1997–1998. The greater use of lichens in winter 1996–1997 was probably due to increased ungulate densities in forested habitats during a severe winter. A strong linear relationship between lichen availability and lichens consumed suggested that lichen use was driven by availability rather than opportunistic foraging and that ungulates may have selected habitat partly because of lichen a...
Racial Identity Development and Psychological Coping Strategies of Undergraduate and Graduate African American Males

African American men face many socio-cultural, academic, and negative stressors that generate stress experiences and identity conflicts. These stressors, in turn, may lead to psychological pressures that negatively affect relationships that African American men have with African American women, children, other African American men, and the African American community.The purpose of this study was to examine the impact that racial identity has on the development of psychological healthy coping strategies among African American males at a predominantly White university in the southeastern United States. The goal of the study was to see what factors helped young African American men at this institution succeed academically.
Bias And Random Measurement Error In Accounting-Based Surrogates For Internal Rate Of Return

Limitations inherent in alternative profitability measures as estimates of internal rate of return (IRR) often require that managers and researchers employ accounting-based profitability measures. Using published accounting and stock market data, this study models accounting rate of return (ARR) and conditional estimate of internal rate of return (CIRR) as functions of product market risk; growth (g) inventory cost flow assumption (INV), and depreciation method (DE). The models support inferences about the bias and efficiency (i.e. systematic and random error) in the relationships between the two accounting-based profitability measure and IRR, as estimated by the bias and efficiency in their relationships with a factor that is suggested in the finance literature as a determinant of systematic risk (product market risk). The results indicate that ARR estimates IRR with bias attributable to g; however, ARR is unaffected by INV and DEP. Whether g, INV, or DEP affect CIRRs ability to estimate IRR depends on the interval over which CIRR is estimated and the assumed cash flow pattern. On the other hand, CIRR generally estimates IRR with significantly greater efficiency. These results have research design implications, as well as implications for both accounting policy formulation and anti-trust policies.
Distorted mirrors

The authors introduce distorted mirrors, a mirroring system which combines write anywhere semantics with traditional database-specified block locations. This technique radically reduces the cost of small writes; making it attractive for random access applications such as OLTP, while retaining the ability to efficiently perform large sequential accesses. Distorted mirror also scale better than traditional mirrors in terms of both disk caching and large mirrored sets. The effectiveness of distorted mirrors is shown on the TP1 benchmark. >
Terahertz Spectroscopy of a Mesoscopic Tunnel Barrier

Recently, considerable theoretical and experimental effort has been directed towards understanding the frequency-dependent response functions of mesoscopic structures. This work bears directly on controversial issues such as the tunneling time through a barrier [1], and the complex admittance of mesoscopic systems [2]. At terahertz frequencies the admittance is predicted to crossover to a frequency-dependent regime.
The intramolecular allenolate Rauhut-Currier reaction.

An intramolecular Rauhut–Currier reaction utilizing alkynoates as the initial conjugate acceptor affords densely functionalized 5- and 6-membered rings from ynoate-enoate, ynoate-enenitrile, and alkynyl sulfone-enenitrile substrates. Trialkylphosphines catalyze the reaction, and TMSCN serves as a pronucelophile to effect turnover of the catalyst and the formation of a second C–C bond. Because of the highly electrophilic alkyne acceptor, this reaction yields products that cannot be easily accessed from the traditional Rauhut–Currier reaction.