cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural Polymorphism of (Cag)N Repeat RNA Elucidated using Single Molecule Nanomanipulation

Abnormal expansions of CAG trinucleotide repeats are responsible for 9 hereditary human disorders including Huntington's disease and a variety of Spinocerebellar ataxias. Disease symptoms typically manifest when the number of repeats exceeds a given threshold (typically 35+ repeats). It has been hypothesized that genetic instability and RNA toxicity arise due to the structurally polymorphic nature of expanded repeats. However, it is technically difficult to study the structure and folding of a heterogeneous population of RNAs. To overcome this problem, we applied a single-molecule approach to monitor folding of individual RNAs with up to 100 CAG repeats using optical tweezers. Compared to RNAs with non-repetitive sequences, a (CAG)n RNA folds slowly and non-cooperatively in multiple back-and-forth small steps, suggesting that the molecule undergoes an extensive conformational search. Most surprisingly, as a (CAG)100 RNA is extended by >100 nm, tension on the molecule remains largely unchanged at ∼13.5±0.4 pN, which is not expected for an elastic polymer. This unusual viscoelasticity implies that force is unevenly distributed in the molecular structures of the (CAG)n RNAs which possibly take the form of multi-branched, similarly-sized hairpins. The relatively constant unfolding force indicates that the folding energy landscape is almost flat at the force, and the small force fluctuation suggests that the energetic barriers between different conformations are very low. When a (CAG)n RNA is nanomanipulated to be partially unfolded, the molecule is trapped in a subset of conformations, as evident by the constant value of the mean extension. This observation leads to a hypothesis that the folding of (CAG)n RNAs is dominated by topological constraints, and the existing conformation is affected by preceding structures. Our findings support the structural polymorphism hypothesis for the (CAG)n RNAs and provide evidence for sequential folding of repeated sequences.
Methodology for determining dose reduction for chest tomosynthesis

Digital tomosynthesis is an imaging technique that reconstructs tomographic planes in an object from a set of projection images taken over a fixed angle1. Preliminary results show that this technique increases the detectability of lung nodules2. Current settings acquire images with approximately the same exposure as a screen-film lateral. However, due to the increased detectability of lung nodules from the removal of overlying structures, patient dose may be reduced while still maintaining increased sensitivity and specificity over conventional chest radiographs. This study describes a simulation method that provides realistic reduced dose images by adding noise to digital chest tomosynthesis images in order to simulate lower exposure settings for the purpose of dose optimization. Tomosynthesis projections of human subjects were taken at dose levels which were specified based on either patient thickness or a photo-timed digital chest radiograph acquired prior to tomosynthesis acquisition. For the purposes of this study, subtle nodules of varying size were simulated in the image for demonstration purposes before the noise simulation in order to have a known truth for nodule location and to evaluate the effect of additive noise on tumor detection. Noise was subsequently added in order to simulate 3/4, 1/2, and 1/4 of the original exposure in each projection. The projections were then processed with the MITS algorithm to produce slice images. This method will be applied to a study of dose reduction in the future using human subject cases.
A Comparison of the Manganese Center Responsible for Photosynthetic Water Oxidation in O2-Evolving Core Particles and Photosystem II Enriched Membranes: EPR of the S2 State

We have characterized the electron donors to Photosystem II (PS II) in an O2-evolving reaction center core preparation from spinach (Ghanotakis, D.F.; Yocum, C.F. FEBS Lett., 1986, 197: 244–248) using EPR spectroscopy of the manganese center involved in water oxidation and of the tyrosine donor responsible for signal II. Both the 16-line and the 19-line form of the S2 multiline EPR signal can be observed in the core particles under conditions similar to those which produce these signals in PS II membranes. Consequently, the structure of the coupled cluster of three or four Mn ions remains intact in the core particles. The Kok parameters which characterize the number of reaction centers capable of advancing by 0, 1, or 2 equivalents in response to a short laser pulse are found to be the same in PS II membranes and in the core particles. Also, there is no evidence for partially inactivated centers which reach the S2 or S3 states, but which do not advance to O2 release. Thus the new class of highly resolved O2-evolving particles appears to be well suited for biophysical studies directed at the mechanism of water oxidation.
Optical lithography with and without NGL for single-digit nanometer nodes

This presentation addresses the challenges to pattern single-digit nanometer nodes. Next generation lithography such as Extreme UV, Multiple E-Beam Direct Write, may or may not help to meet the challenges. Optical lithography may still be needed for all layers, in combination with NGL for relevant layers, or not at all. The consideration will be based on necessary requirements such as overlay accuracy, resolution, and defects. However, even if all these requirements are met, only a satisfactory cost can dictate the application in high volume manufacturing. Some considerations on costs will also be presented.
The impact of breast cancer-related lymphedema on the ability to perform upper extremity activities of daily living.

We sought to assess the association of breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) with the ability to perform upper extremity activities of daily living (ADL) in our patient population. 324 breast cancer patients who had received treatment for unilateral breast cancer at our institution between 2005 and 2014 were prospectively screened for lymphedema. Bilateral arm measurements were performed pre-operatively and during post-operative follow-up using a Perometer. Patients completed an extensive quality of life (QOL) questionnaire at the time of each study assessment. Lymphedema was defined as a relative volume change (RVC) of ≥10% from the patient’s pre-operative baseline measurement. Linear regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between post-operative arm function score (as a continuous variable) and RVC, demographic, clinical, and QOL factors. By multivariate analysis, greater fear of lymphedema (p 25 (p = 0.0015), mastectomy (p = 0.0001), and having an axillary node dissection (p = 0.0045) were all associated with lower functional scores. Higher emotional well-being score (p < 0.0001) and adjuvant chemotherapy (p = 0.0005) were associated with higher post-operative functional score. Neither low-level volume changes (5–10 % RVC) nor BCRL (RVC ≥10 %) were associated with ability to perform upper extremity ADL as measured by self-report (p = 0.99, p = 0.79). This prospective study demonstrates that low-level changes in arm volume (RVC 5–10 %) as well as clinically significant BCRL (RVC ≥10 %) did not impact the self-reported ability to use the affected extremity for ADL. These findings may help to inform clinicians and patients on the importance of prospective screening for lymphedema and QOL which enables early detection and intervention.
Process intensification-assisted conversion of α,ω-alkanediols to dibromides

Abstract The increasingly widespread applications of α,ω-dibromides motivated development of a scalable, inexpensive process to rapidly convert selected α,ω-alkanediols to the corresponding dibromides. Diols were heated with only 48% aq HBr and an organic solvent, using a Dean–Stark apparatus modified to fractionate the azeotropic distillate, thereby maintaining a higher HBr concentration and reaction rate in the pot. Intensified distillation also increased the reaction rate. Various other substrate, solvent, and parameter effects have been discovered and rationalized.
Numerical simulations of vehicle platform stabilization

A new model for low-power active control of automotive suspension is described and numerically simulated. It is based on the vertically compressed horizontally sliding spring (VeCHSS) and is in the form of a nonlinear coupled system of ordinary differential equations. The numerical simulations indicate that when the system has one steady state, it is stable; when there are three steady states two are stable and the middle one is unstable. However, when there are two steady states, both are unstable, although the system trajectory is shown to be bounded. The simulations also indicate that the system, without any controls, can follow a periodic road profile well.
Catalytic performance of Fe-modified AlPO4 catalyst in cyclohexene skeletal isomerization

Iron-modified AlPO4 catalysts (0.5–5 wt.% Fe2O3) have been prepared by impregnation until incipient wetness with different iron(III) salts. The resulting solids, after characterization by surface area, XRD and DRIFT measurements, were checked for their surface acidity through their catalytic activity towards cyclohexene skeletal isomerization test reaction. It was found that iron(III) increases the catalytic performance of AlPO4 and besides, the iron(III) salt used strongly influences the activity. Thus, the catalysts prepared using complexed iron(III) salts as starting materials presented higher specific activity (and hence, acidity) than those prepared using iron(III) nitrate. Moreover, a maximum in activity was found for 2 wt.% Fe2O3.
The role of vitamin D in reducing cancer risk and progression

Vitamin D is not really a vitamin but the precursor to the potent steroid hormone calcitriol, which has widespread actions throughout the body. Calcitriol regulates numerous cellular pathways that could have a role in determining cancer risk and prognosis. Although epidemiological and early clinical trials are inconsistent, and randomized control trials in humans do not yet exist to conclusively support a beneficial role for vitamin D, accumulating results from preclinical and some clinical studies strongly suggest that vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of developing cancer and that avoiding deficiency and adding vitamin D supplements might be an economical and safe way to reduce cancer incidence and improve cancer prognosis and outcome.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ll2-Structure Alloys Based on Al3Zr

The tetragonal compound Al3Zr can be transformed into the cubic Ll2 structure by additions of Cr, Fe, Ni or Cu. This result is interpreted in terms of Pettifor's structure map. The transformation is accompanied by substantial softening. The significant porosity of cast buttons which develops during the homogenization required to produce the Ll2 structure is attributed to the Kirkendall effect. Al-5.5Fe-25Zr (at. %) specimens with Ll2 structure can be deformed at room temperature in compression, and their yield stress has been determined as a function of temperature. Al-Fe-Zr is nevertheless a brittle material. This is illustrated for an Al-Fe-V-Zr Ll2-structure compound, the fracture toughness of which is only slightly higher than that of sintered SiC. Evidence is presented to suggest that Ll2 formation is accompanied by an increase in toughness. It appears also likely that significant improvements in the mechanical properties of Al3Zr-type alloys can be achieved by improved processing. 11 refs., 6 figs.
Synthesis and thermal properties of macrocyclic poly(9,9-dimethyl-2-vinylfluorene) containing single 1,4-benzylidene or 9,10-anthracenylidene linking units

Narrow distribution macrocyclic poly(9,9-dimethyl-2-vinylfluorene) (PDMVF) and the matching linear precursors with the same degree of polymerization (DPn from 12 to 145) were synthesized via anionic polymerization followed by the end-to-end coupling with 1,4-bis(bromomethyl)benzene (DBX) or 9,10-bis(chloromethyl)anthracene (BCMA). The molecular characterization was carried out by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), proton NMR, and MALDI. The ratios of apparent molecular weights (MW's) of the macrocycles and those of the matching linear polymers decreased with increasing molecular weights as seen with other vinylaromatic macrocycles. However, in contrast to all other vinylaromatic macrocycles, the PDMVF macrocycles showed increases in glass transition temperature with decreasing MW.
Redshifted 21 cm Emission from Minihalos before Reionization

Before reionization, the intergalactic medium (IGM) may have been sufficiently cold for low-mass "minihalos" to condense out of the gas and subsequently affect reionization. Previous work has shown that minihalos generate reasonably large 21 cm fluctuations. Here we consider this signal in its proper cosmological context and show that isolating minihalos from the rest of the IGM is extremely difficult. Using the well-known halo model, we compute the power spectrum of 21 cm fluctuations from minihalos and show that the signal decreases rapidly as feedback increases the Jeans mass. We then show that even a small Lyα background increases the 21 cm fluctuations of the diffuse IGM well beyond those of the minihalos; because the mass fraction in the IGM is much larger, minihalos will lie buried within the IGM signal. The distinctive signatures of nonlinear bias and minihalo structure emerge only at much smaller scales, well beyond the resolution of any upcoming instrument. Using simple but representative reionization histories, we then show that the required Lyα background level is most likely achieved at z 15, while minihalos are still rare, so that they are almost always degenerate with the diffuse IGM.
The evolutionary problem of genetic disease

(1955). The evolutionary problem of genetic disease. Eugenics Quarterly: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 40-45.
Low temperature normal state resistance of ternary molybdenum sulfides

Abstract The resistance varies as T2 over the range of T from Tc to nearly 40 K, in sintered, sputtered and evaporated thin film CuxMo6S8, and in sputtered PbMo6S8 films. In sintered PbMo6S8 the resistance varies as T. These results can neither be explained by existing theory for PbMo6S8, nor by a Mo2S3 phase argument.
STX-liposome conjugates as candidate vaccines.

Infection with Shiga toxin-producing (Stx) Escherichia coli (STEC) currently represents a serious public health problem due to its life-threatening complications: hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. An inability to induce neutralizing antibody in response to primary STEC infection has been reported in STEC-infected humans. Therefore, active immunization with detoxified Stx to induce the production of neutralizing antibodies against Stx is currently an attractive option. Although this would not prevent the spread of infection, it would protect against death caused by cytotoxin-producing E. coli infection. Stx coupled with liposomes effectively induced protection against challenge with lethal doses of Stx in mice and in monkeys. Unique characteristics of antigen-liposome conjugates found in our investigations are reviewed, and the possible application of Stx-liposome conjugates in vaccines for the prevention of life-threatening systemic complications caused by STEC infection is discussed.
FTIR External Reflection Study Of Molecular Orientation On Semiconductors

An infrared external reflection technique has been developed to study the structure of spontaneously adsorbed layers of surfactants on semiconductor (cuprous sulfide) from aqueous solution. Owing to the optical properties of the substrate, positive as well as negative absorption bands are observed in the spectrum depending on the angle of incidence and the polarization. Knowledge of the three theoretically calculated absorbance components, AIIX, A2z and Aiy, makes it possible to predict the absorbance values which match with experimental data and provides for an easier interpretation of the reflection spectra, especially for the case of an anisotropic layer. Generally good agreement has been obtained between experimental and calculated absorbance values.
US EPA particulate matter research centers: summary of research results for 2005–2011

The US Environmental Protection Agency funded five academic research centers in 2005 to address uncertainties in the health effects caused by airborne particulate matter (PM) as suggested by the 1998 National Research Council report, “Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter.” The centers employed multidisciplinary teams of epidemiologists, toxicologists, atmospheric scientists, engineers, and chemists to approach four key research themes: susceptibility to PM, biological mechanisms of PM response, exposure–response relationships, and source linkages. This review presents selected accomplishments in these categories from the past 5-year period. Publications from the centers are summarized to provide both an overview of the accomplishments to date and easy reference to much of the original literature published by the centers. Numerous investigators worked together within and across centers to investigate the relationships between atmospheric PM and health effects, including (a) the role of reactive oxygen species, inflammation, the nervous system, and the cardiovascular system, (b) particle characteristics such as size, composition, source, and temporal pattern of exposure, and (c) phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of the population that influence the level of exposure and risk in response to a given exposure.
Steady state probability approximation applied to stochastic model of biological network

The Steady State (SS) probability distribution for the Chemical Master Equation (CME) is an important quantity used to characterize many biological systems. In this paper, we propose a comparatively easy, yet efficient and accurate, way of finding the SS distribution assuming the existence of a unique deterministic SS (unimodal) of the system. In order to find the approximate SS, we first use the truncated-state space representation to reduce the system to a finite dimension, and subsequently reformulate an eigenvalue problem into a linear system. To demonstrate the utility of the approach, we apply the method and determine the SS probability distribution to quantify the parameter dependency of surface-associated BMP binding proteins (SBPs) in the regulation of BMP mediated signaling and pattern formation.
2001: A Prospective, Seasonal Odyssey Into Antiphospholipid Protein Antibodies

The human immune response is highly complex, dictated by incompletely understood genetic and environmental factors, and it appears to be important in contributing to several forms of cerebrovascular disease. Antiphospholipid-protein antibodies (aPL) have been implicated in immune-mediated clotting in both arterial and venous beds1 and are considered to be the most common hematological condition associated with ischemic stroke. However, given the vast number of conditions associated with aPL production, including systemic lupus erythematosus, HIV, syphilis, other infections, malignancy, immunizations, and medications, it is clear that aPL are quite a heterogeneous family of immunoglobulins that vary in specificity, isotype, subclass, titer, and associated mechanisms of action. aPL may also be seen in otherwise healthy individuals. Thus, there has been great difficulty is sorting out the potentially important aPL from the nonspecific immune system “noise.” A major breakthrough in the field came in 1990 when 3 groups identified the need for a cooperative phospholipid binding protein in order to detect most, but not all, aPL antibodies.2–4 Based on limited data, it has been suggested that infection-related aPL may be less pathogenic and that these aPL do not require a cofactor (apolipoprotein H, also called β2 glycoprotein-1 [β2GP1]) for their detection with ELISA. β2GP1 is a cationic plasma glycoprotein with a molecular mass of 50 kDa and a plasma concentration of ≈200 μg/mL. Cofactor-dependent aPL may allow identification of a more specific group of antibodies involved in thrombo-occlusive disease.1 These differences in aPL may also contribute to the lack of consistent data on …
Power consumption and BER of flip-flop inserted global interconnect

In nanometer scale integrated circuits, concurrent insertion of repeaters and sequential elements into the global interconnect lines has been proposed to support multicycle communication--a concept known as interconnect pipelining. The design targets of an interconnect-pipelining scheme are to ensure high reliability, low-power consumption, and less delay cycles. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the reliability in terms of bit error rate (BER) and the power consumption of wire-pipelining scheme. In this analysis, the dependencies of power consumption and BER on the number of inserted flip-flops, and the size of repeaters are illustrated. To trade off the design targets (wire delay, BER, and power consumption), a methodology is developed to optimize the repeater size and the number of flip-flops inserted which maximize a user-specified figure of merit. The methodology is demonstrated by calculating optimal solutions for interconnect pipelining for some International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductor technology nodes.
A DC-blocking dielectric waveguide via design for high speed signaling at millimeter wave frequencies

This study presents a dielectric waveguide via design. The design serves two purposes. First, it removes the need for DC-blocking capacitors within a high speed signaling system. This is because it is free of conductors and made of dielectric materials thus inherently accomplishing DC-blocking on a signal travel route. Second, it allows for efficient via performance at millimeter wave frequencies which is harder to achieve using traditional metallic via designs. The design uses quasi-optical principles in order to make the transit between one PCB layer trace to another possible. This study presents the design guidelines for such a via along with simulations showing operation and evaluating performance.
High level expression of transfected G protein αi3 subunit is required for plasma membrane targeting and adenylyl cyclase inhibition in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts

The α subunits of pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins Gi1, Gi2 and Gi3 have been shown to inhibit adenylyl cyclase in transfected cells. However, Gi3 has recently been associated with protein transport and localized to the Golgi apparatus in a number of cell lines, rather than to the plasma membrane. We studied NIH 3T3 clones stably expressing different levels of a constitutively activated mutant of the α subunit of Gi3 (αi3-Q204L). Transfected αi3 subunits were localized to the Golgi apparatus in all NIH 3T3 clones. In clones expressing αi3-Q204L at high levels, αi3 subunits were also localized to the plasma membrane. Those clones which demonstrated expression of αi3 at the plasma membrane showed a 40% to 60% inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation. Transfected NIH 3T3 clones in which plasma membrane αi3 was undetectable, did not show inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation. These data suggest that, unless high expression is achieved in transfected cells, αi3 is targeted predominantly to the Golgi, not to the plasma membrane, and does not control adenylyl cyclase activity in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts.
The nature of the serum iodine after large doses of I131.

THE administration of a large dose of radioiodine to man (1, 2) and to the rat (3) is sometimes followed by a temporary rise in the level of serum protein-bound iodine. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the nature of the serum iodine after large doses of radioiodine in man. Recent studies have indicated that the blood iodine normally present in man and in the rat is almost entirely thyroxine, loosely attached to the serum proteins. In support of this view is the demonstration of the identity between the serum iodine and thyroxine added to serum in terms of: precipitability with the serum proteins (4–9), solubility in n-butanol (4, 5, 9), inability to dialyze (4, 6, 9), recrystallization to constant specific activity (9), and development in various chromatographic systems (10, 11, 12). The latter method has demonstrated that small amounts of other iodine-containing compounds may also be present. Similar studies have shown that the serum iodine in Graves' disease appears to be identical with thy...
Performance and the bardic ambition of Vachel Lindsay

Vachel Lindsay's poetic career is best understood in light of the bardic tradition in America. Harking back to Whitman and anticipating such contemporary poets as Gary Snyder and Allen Ginsberg, Lindsay believed that poetry should play a central role in shaping the nation. Calling his message The Gospel of Beauty, Lindsay argued that aesthetic imagination was the single most important quality of good citizenship. He deplored the notion of poetry as a product for the cultural elite as well as its isolation from other arts. To counteract these tendencies, Lindsay developed a poetic style that incorporated not only popular Americal culture but such allied arts as drawing, music, and dance. Performance was particularly important to Lindsay because it was both a part of the fabric of his poetry and the most effective means of communicating his bardic vision to the American public.
Work in progress: Building bridges in our backyards: Engineering, service learning, and our elder neighbors

A novel partnership with community organizations serving older adults creates the opportunity for engineering students to practice design in a meaningful and unfamiliar but local service learning context. Students benefit from contextualization and user-centered design lessons typical of foreign design projects. Community members gain significant relationships and pride through these interactions.
CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION OF TONOMETERS

(1965). Calibration and Validation of Tonometers. Clinical and Experimental Optometry: Vol. 48, No. 5, pp. 131-135.
Murine mammary tumor virus related antigen in human male mammary carcinoma

An antigen immunologically related to mouse mammary tumor virus (MuMTV) and the major envelope glycoprotein, gp52 of MuMTV, was identified in tissue sections of human male and female mammary carcinomas using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. The specificity of the reaction was established by absorption studies. Positive reactions with the gp52 antiserum were seen in mouse and human mammary carcinomas, but not in normal mammary tissues, mammary tissues with benign diseases and in other primary malignant neoplasms. Almost all (32/36, 89%) male mammary carcinomas were positive for the gp52 related antigen. A lesser proportion of tumors among female patients (14/50, 28%) were positive. The gp52 positive tumors were significantly larger than the gp52 negative tumors in female patients (P less than 0.05). Gp52 positive tumors were also larger than gp52 negative tumors in male patients, but the difference was not statistically significant. Gp52 reactivity was also detected in metastatic mammary carcinoma in axillary lymph nodes of male and female patients. The presence of gp52 related antigen was not apparently related to tumor grade or lymphocytic infiltrate in the primary tumor. The data do not permit a firm conclusion regarding nodal status in men; no correlation of gp52 activity and nodal status in women was evident. These results indicate that mammary carcinomas in men as well as in women have an antigen related immunologically to MuMTV gp52. Other than tumor size, the antigen seems to be unrelated to major prognostic factors. The significance of the antigen with respect to etiologic features and prognosis in breast cancer remains to be determined.
Studies to improve the extraction of mannitol and alginic acid from Macrocystis pyrifera , a marine brown alga

Yields of mannitol and alginic acid from dry and freshMacrocystis pyrifera under different extraction conditions were characterized. Using seawater as the solvent for mannitol extraction, yields up to 98.5% of the total mannitol (12.4%) were obtained. A 4% Na2CO3 solution at 60°;C gave the highest yield of alginic acid (21.5%), but a 2% Na2CO3 extraction at room temperature (20.4%) was almost as effective. Thus crude mannitol and alginic acid can be obtained more economically than previously.
Tensor calculations on computer: appendix

In the main text of the paper [Comm. ACM 9, 12 (Dec. 1966), 864], a FORMAC program was discussed which is capable of calculating various quantities of interest in tensor calculus. This Appendix is intended as an example of the program output. Christoffel symbols calculated for 12 basic orthogonal coordinate systems are listed.
Pomacea paludosa (Florida apple snail) reproduction in restored and natural seasonal wetlands in the everglades.

Seasonal wetlands have high variability in the timing, depth, and duration of flooding. The timing of hydroperiod relative to reproduction may be especially critical since reproductive timing may be constrained by other factors. Pomacea paludosa (Florida apple snail) is a large, aquatic snail that tolerates a range of hydroperiods. This study compared P. paludosa reproduction in depressions in natural (N = 20) and restored (N = 60) seasonal wetlands (wet 6 to 8 months) in the southern Everglades for five years. The total number of egg clusters in a year ranged from 260 to 621. Restored sites always had fewer egg clusters per year (mean±standard error of 54.6 ± 4.8 to 64.2 ± 23.1) compared to a natural site (207.0 ± 38.4). Peak oviposition occurred after the onset of the wet season, typically in July, and then decreased approximately two months later even though similar surface water levels occurred. Compared to long hydroperiod wetlands, the average number of eggs per cluster was lower and reproductive timing shifted from the non-rainy/dry season to early wet season. A combination of hydrological characteristics appeared to influence the timing and amount of oviposition. Moreover, functionality of seasonal wetlands in the southern Everglades may change depending upon cumulative hydrological conditions over several years.
Benzoyl cyanide and mandelonitrile benzoate in the defensive secretions of millipedes

Analyses of the defensive secretions of 17 species of polydesmoid millipedes show that other chemicals besides HCN and benzaldehyde are liberated during cyanogenesis. Several members of the families Polydesmidae, Paradoxosomatidae, and Euryuridae are shown to secrete both phenol and guaiacol, with one paradoxosomatid also producing ethyl benzoate and benzoic acid. Also, members of the family Xystodesmidae commonly produce the three following compounds: benozoic acid, mandelonitrile benzoate, and benzoyl cyanide. Benzoyl cyanide has not been found previously as a natural product. The defensive role of these additional natural products as antipredator and antibiotic agents is discussed. For certain predators benzoyl cyanide in particular seems to possess anaesthetic properties. Our studies provide an initial chemotaxonomic basis for distinguishing between various polydesmoid taxa.
Analysis of lexical recovery in an individual with acute anomia

Observing recovery of cognitive functions may provide converging evidence about the organization of systems that mediate cognitive functions. We analyzed recovery of lexical abilities in a patient, HH, with an acute onset of anomic aphasia following a cerebral infarction confined to the left temporo-occipital junction (area 37). His initial assessment, described in detail elsewhere (Raymer et al. 1997a), indicated a cross-modal anomia arising at a stage in lexical processing at which semantic information accesses phonological and orthographic lexical mechanisms for speech and writing. We also documented reading and spelling impairments that we attributed to developmental deficits. We now report our patient's follow-up testing at 6 and 15 months post-stroke. Recovery testing demonstrated significant improvements in task performance across recovery phases: word retrieval in naming and spelling tasks recovered in the earlier recovery phase and reading improved at the later testing. Word frequency effects var...
Magnetostrictive strain and thermal expansion in NdCo5 in the spin orientation temperature region

Abstract Magnetostrictive strain and thermal expansion measurements in an oriented assembly of NdCo5 particles along the c-axis were carried out between 77 and 330 K. The measurement strains in the c-derection and transverse to the c-direction exhibited anomalous behavior at 285 and 245 K, which are assoiciated with the spin reorientation process in this temperature range. The estimated magnetostrictive energy 1 2 E(λ c - λ⊥ c ) 2 is comparable to the anisotropy energy at 285 K. There is also a pronouced anomaly in ther thermal expansion in the spin reorientation temperature region.
The effect of phenytoin on parathyroid hormone stimulated cAMP activity in cultured murine osteoblasts.

Abstract Cells were isolated by sequential collagenase digestion from the parietal segments of one day old mice (Swiss albino BNL strain) and characterized for osteoblast parameters by alkaline phosphatase histochemistry and bovine parathyroid hormone (bPTH- (1–34)) induced cAMP activity (protein binding assay). Phenytoin (DPH) reduced PTH stimulated cAMP activity nearly 3-fold in the presence and nearly 1.5-fold in the absence of added calcium. In the absence of PTH, DPH exerted no significant effect. Bay-K-8644, a calcium channel activator, appeared to approximate the PTH stimulation of cAMP activity, even in the presence of DPH. This study demonstrates that DPH has a direct effect on PTH stimulated cAMP activity in cultured murine osteoblasts.
A New Proof of the Engelbert-Schmidt Zero-One Law for Time-Homogeneous Diffusions

In this paper we give a new proof to the Engelbert-Schmidt zero-one law for time-homogeneous diffusions, which provides deterministic criteria for the convergence of integral functional of diffusions. Our proof is based on stochastic time change and Feller's test of explosions, and does not rely on advanced methods such as the first Ray-Knight theorem, Wiliam's theorem, Shepp's dichotomy result for Gaussian processes or Jeulin's lemma as in the previous literature (see Mijatovic and Urusov (2012) for a pointer to the literature). The new proof has an intuitive interpretation as we link the integral functional to the explosion time of an associated diffusion process.
Serum thyrotropin, prolactin, and growth hormone levels during the early neonatal period in the human infant

Normal term newborn infants have been studied during the first four hours after birth. Cord blood and brachial venous blood samples were collected for measurement of serum prolactin (n=15; 11 vaginal delivery; four cesarean section delivery), thyrotropin (n=8), growth hormone (n=7), tri-iodothyronine (n=7) and thyroxine (n=7). The mean cord serum TSH concentration was 12±2 μU/ml and peaked in all infants 30 minutes after birth (67±7 μU/ml). Blood PRL also increased in all of the 15 infants studied; the mean cord blood value of 165±15 ng/ml increased significantly to a mean of 214±22 ng/ml at 30 minutes and 204±17 ng/ml at 60 minutes. The peak blood PRL concentration was observed at 30 minutes in eight newborn infants, at 60 minutes in three, and at 120 minutes in four. Mean serum GH concentrations were statistically similar during the first four hours but there was a tendency for serum levels to fall somewhat during the first hour after birth. The mean cord serum T 3 concentration (47±5 ng/ml) increased significantly to a peak value of 227±38 ng/dl at 120 minutes. The increase in T 4 from a mean of 15.3±1.2 μg/dl to a mean of 17.9±2.6 μg/dl at four hours was less dramatic. These data are consistent with the possibility that the same mechanism responsible for the neonatal TSH surge may be responsible for a significant but lesser PRL surge during the early minutes after birth.
Prolonged alcohol consumption in the rat: Absence of retrograde amnesia for an avoidance response

Prolonged alcohol consumption (18 weeks) did not result in the disruption of retention of a previously learned avoidance response. Rats were pretrained to a criterion of 80% correct responses on a shuttlebox avoidance task and subsequently divided into three groups matched for performance and weight. One group received ethanol incorporated into a liquid diet which served as the source of calories and fluid. One control group was individually pair-fed the identical liquid diet except sucrose was isocalorically substituted for ethanol. A second control group was maintained on pelleted laboratory food and water. After 18 weeks of maintenance on the respective experimental dietts, all rats were given laboratory food and water ad lib. Three months after the ethanol-containing and sucrose-containing diets were replaced with laboratory food and water, the rats were tested for retention of the avoidance response. It was found that the groups were statistically indistinguishable on the measures of retention used. The results were interpreted as being in agreement with clinical descriptions of alcoholic Korsakoff patients.
Monitoring and evaluation of Guinea Worm Eradication

Abstract Dracunculiasis, or guinea worm disease is well-known for a number of reasons: its spectacular clinical manifestations (the emergence of a near-meter long worm from a painful cutaneous blister), the severe disease outbreaks which paralyze entire villages, and the striking traditional treatment which consists of laboriously rolling out inch after inch of the worm round a wooden stick. In the early 1980s, following the success of smallpox eradication, dracunculiasis was identified as the next candidate for eradication, since it could be tackled through simple preventive measures. Today, a successful global programme of eradication is underway in several countries. To appreciate the challenges of monitoring and evaluating the interventions, an understanding of the disease, the epidemiological situation and programme interventions is necessary; these aspects are therefore discussed. Then, based on the West and Central African experience, this article goes on to examine programme planning approaches and the monitoring and evaluation systems that were developed to track progress towards the global goal of eradication, notably community surveillance systems, formative evaluations, geo-reference database and mapping tools. Such monitoring and evaluation systems have several innovative elements unique to guinea worm eradication programmes and adapted to the requirements imposed by disease transmission patterns. There is evidence that the final efforts to eradicate guinea worm will be more costly, will take much longer than expected, and will require adequate and timely support in order to deal with the setbacks.
Requirement of cellular uptake for adenosine inhibition of p-nitrophenol glucuronidation in isolated rat hepatocytes

Abstract Adenosine (ADO) has been shown previously to inhibit p-nitrophenol glucuronidation in a concentration-dependent manner when concurrently incubated in isolated rat hepatocytes for 30–60 min. In the current study, preincubation of ADO (500 μM) in isolated hepatocytes for 30 min prior to addition of 100 μM p -nitrophenol resulted in a greater inhibition of glucuronidation when compared to that without preincubation (80 vs 50% inhibition). The inhibitory effect of 250 μM ADO on glucuronidation was decreased from 60 to 10% in the presence of the ADO transport inhibitor nitrobenzyl thioinosine during the 30-min preincubation period. Without prior incubation, 100 μM dibutyryl cyclic AMP (DBcAMP) produced an inhibition of glucuronidation similar to that of 500 μM ADO. In contrast to ADO, there was no significant difference in the inhibitory effect of DBcAMP on p -nitrophenol glucuronidation with or without a 30-min preincubation. Thus, DBcAMP and ADO appear to inhibit glucuronidation through different mechanisms. Furthermore, these results indicate that the inhibitory effect of ADO on p -nitrophenol glucuronidation is dependent to a large degree on the cellular uptake of ADO into hepatocytes, while a portion of the inhibitory effect may arise from the generation of intracellular cyclic AMP.
Heidegger and the Politics of the University

HEIDEGGER AND NATIONAL SOCIALISM Introduction It is unfortunate but in retrospect undeniable that Heidegger's brief but very public tenure as the first Nazi Rector of Freiburg University in 1933–1934 helped cast an early sheen of intellectual legitimacy over the brutal regime that, less than a decade later, earned everlasting historical infamy for Auschwitz and the other horrors of the Shoah. The question for many of us, then, is this: How do we come to terms with the fact that the man who was probably the greatest philosopher of the twentieth century threw the considerable weight of his thought behind what was certainly its most execrable political movement? This profoundly troubling juxtaposition has haunted intellectuals for seventy years, generating a secondary literature of singular immensity. Although the debates carried on in this literature are multifaceted and complex, an historical examination of this “Heidegger controversy” shows that it has long had the character of a trial, both before it actually became one and after Heidegger himself was no longer alive to stand trial. An “accuse or excuse” dichotomy still structures the field of competing interpretations, obliging scholars to take sides, as though with either the prosecution or the defense. Unfortunately, this adversarial logic increasingly dominates the public sphere in the West, its common spectacle of talking heads talking past one another working to obscure the fact that in complex matters the truth is usually located between the opposing extremes, and so is unfit for the polemical purposes of demagogues on either side.
INSANITY AND ADULTERY: FORENSIC IMPLICATIONS OF A DIVORCE CASE

Summary.-Legal responsibility For acts presumes that a person's behavior is rationally intentional and under voluntary control. Automatism, a type of insanity defense, contends that the person's conscious, voluntary control of behavior has been impaired by a mental disorder. In a recent case in South Carolina, automatism was offered as a defense to adultery, an at-fault grounds for divorce. On appeal, the State Supreme Court recognized the novel application of mental impairment defenses in domestic litigation and remanded the case for rehearing Implications of the ruling for clinical and Forensic practice in family court are discussed. Under American common law, a person is presumed to be legally responsible for his or her acts if, at the time of the act, the person was capable of voluntarily performing the act, actus reus, and capable of forming the intention to act, mens yea (Loewy, 1975). A person may be excused from punishment or legal consequences if either actus reus or mens yea are sufficiently impaired by a mental illness, mental defect, or other condition beyond the control of the individual. Generally in criminal law, disorders such as psychosis, manic-depressive Illness, and mental retardation are considered to affect mens yea. For example, a person suffering from schizophrenia, paranoid type, may have a delusion that a neighbor is attempting to kill him and as a result assaults the neighbor without provocation. Testimony showing that the assault was initiated by the persecutory delusion would hkely result in a verdict of Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity (NGRI) or Guilty but Mentally ILl (GBMI). Some mental dsorders, however, are considered to affect actus reus, the person's voluntary control over behavior. In such cases, the legal defense of automatism may be argued; the incapacitating conditions may include sleepwalking disorder, epilepsy, postconcussion syndrome, anoxia, and certain dissociative disorders of psychogenic fugue and multiple personahty dsorder (Melton, Petrila, Poythress, & Slobogin, 1987). For example, if a guest takes his host's jewelry during a sleepwallung episode, testimony that the act was not under the defendant's voluntary, conscious control would be the basis of the defense. Automatism is rarely employed in the United States, perhaps 'Address enquiries to G. R. McKee, Ph.D., William S. Hall Psychiatric Institute, 1800 Colonial Drive, POB 202, Columbia, SC 29202.
American Police Unions: A Hindrance or Help to Innovation?

In response to the crises of the 1960s, police departments in the United States embarked upon great change in their policies, operations, and programs. This literature, however, has largely neglected the duality of the role of police unions in the adoption of new programs and practices. Learning about the key actors in the innovations process, however, is crucial to understanding how organizational change emerges. This article builds upon previous research to understand the effects of police unions on the adoption of innovation. Findings indicate that police unions may actually promote rather than hinder the implementation of new innovation.
Bioavailable Testosterone and Depressed Mood in Older Men: The Rancho Bernardo Study

A cross-sectional population-based study examined the association between endogenous sex hormones and depressed mood in community-dwelling older men. Participants included 856 men, ages 50–89 yr, who attended a clinic visit between 1984–87. Total and bioavailable testosterone, total and bioavailable estradiol, and dihydrotestosterone levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in an endocrinology research laboratory. Depressed mood was assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Levels of bioavailable testosterone and bioavailable estradiol decreased with age, but total testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and total estradiol did not. BDI scores increased with age. Low bioavailable testosterone levels and high BDI scores were associated with weight loss and lack of physical activity, but not with cigarette smoking or alcohol intake. By linear regression or quartile analysis the BDI score was significantly and inversely associated with bioavailable testosterone (both P’s = 0.007), independent of age, wei...
In situ spectrophotometric determination of pH under geologic CO2 sequestration conditions: method development and application.

CO2 injection into deep geologic formations for long-term storage will cause a decrease in aqueous pH due to CO2 dissolution into reservoir water/brine. Current studies seeking to assess chemical changes under geological CO2 sequestration (GCS) conditions rely largely on thermodynamic modeling due to the lack of reliable experimental methods. In this work, a spectrophotometric method utilizing bromophenol blue to measure pH in laboratory experiments under GCS-relevant conditions was developed. The method was tested in simulated reservoir fluids (CO2–NaCl–H2O) at different temperatures, pressures, and ionic strengths, and the results were compared with those from other experimental studies and geochemical models. Measured pH values were generally in agreement with the models, but inconsistencies were present between the models. In situ pH measurements for a basalt rock–CO2–brine system were conducted under GCS conditions. The pH increased to 3.52 during a 10-day period due to rock dissolution, compared to ...
Transcriptional mechanisms in anterior pituitary cell differentiation

Development of the anterior pituitary gland involves the establishment of five distinct cell lineages which are each characterized by the expression of specific trophic hormone genes. Recent studies of the thyrotrope, somatotrope, and lactotrope cell types have investigated the molecular decisions responsible for the commitment and differentiation of these cell types and have characterized the regulatory mechanisms that govern cell-specific expression of individual hormone genes. In particular, elucidation of the molecular basis of heritable dwarf phenotypes lacking particular pituitary cell lineages, such as the Snell, Jackson, and little dwarf mice, and studies of the regulation of trans-acting factors, including Pit-1, involved in pituitary cell restricted gene activation have begun to delineate the pathways responsible for development of this organ.