cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Fundamental Limits of Exact Inference in Structured Prediction.

Inference is a main task in structured prediction and it is naturally modeled with a graph. In the context of Markov random fields, noisy observations corresponding to nodes and edges are usually involved, and the goal of exact inference is to recover the unknown true label for each node precisely. The focus of this paper is on the fundamental limits of exact recovery irrespective of computational efficiency, assuming the generative process proposed by Globerson et al. (2015). We derive the necessary condition for any algorithm and the sufficient condition for maximum likelihood estimation to achieve exact recovery with high probability, and reveal that the sufficient and necessary conditions are tight up to a logarithmic factor for a wide range of graphs. Finally, we show that there exists a gap between the fundamental limits and the performance of the computationally tractable method of Bello and Honorio (2019), which implies the need for further development of algorithms for exact inference.
Cell type-specific biogenesis of novel vesicles containing viral products in human cytomegalovirus infection

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), while highly restricted for the human species, infects an diverse array of cell types in the host. Patterns of infection are dictated by the cell type infected, but cell type-specific factors and how they impact tropism for specific cell types is poorly understood. Previous studies in primary endothelial cells showed that HCMV infection induces large multivesicular-like bodies (MVBs) that incorporate viral products, including dense bodies (DBs) and virions. Here we define the nature of these large vesicles using a recombinant virus where UL32, encoding the pp150 tegument protein, is fused in frame with green fluorescent protein (GFP, TB40/E-UL32-GFP). In fibroblasts, UL32-GFP-positive vesicles were marked with classical markers of MVBs, including CD63 and lysobisphosphatidic acid (LBPA), both classical MVB markers, as well as the clathrin and LAMP1. Unexpectedly, UL32-GFP-positive vesicles in primary human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs) were not labeled by CD63, and LBPA was completely lost from infected cells. We defined these UL32-positive vesicles in endothelial cells using markers for the cis-Golgi (GM130), lysosome (LAMP1), and autophagy (LC3B). These findings suggest that UL32-GFP containing MVBs in fibroblasts are derived from the canonical endocytic pathway and takeover classical exosomal release pathway. However, UL32-GFP containing MVBs in HMVECs are derived from the early biosynthetic pathway and exploit a less characterized early Golgi-LAMP1-associated non- canonical secretory autophagy pathway. These results reveal striking cell-type specific membrane trafficking differences in host pathways that are exploited by HCMV, which may reflect distinct pathways for virus egress.ImportanceHuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a herpesvirus that, like all herpesvirus, that establishes a life-long infection. HCMV remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the immunocompromised and HCMV seropositivity is associated with age-related pathology. HCMV infects many cells in the human host and the biology underlying the different patterns of infection in different cell types is poorly understood. Endothelial cells are important target of infection that contribute to hematogenous spread of the virus to tissues. Here we define striking differences in the biogenesis of large vesicles that incorporate virions in fibroblasts and endothelial cells. In fibroblasts, HCMV is incorporated into canonical MVBs derived from an endocytic pathway, whereas HCMV matures through vesicles derived from the biosynthetic pathway in endothelial cells. This work defines basic biological differences between these cell types that may impact how progeny virus is trafficked out of infected cells.
Virtual Urology Education in the Epicenter of COVID-19: Development and Outcomes of the Educational Multi-Institutional Program for Instructing REsidents (EMPIRE) Lecture Series

AbstractIntroduction:Sustaining resident education efforts during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic required innovative, virtual didactic programs. This article reviews the authors’ collaborative...
Non-cooperative maneuvering target tracking based on smoothers

This paper presents the problem of real-time tracking measurements of maneuvering target. discusses the optimal kalman smoother, introduced smooths methods, and compared the methods of Kalman filter and Kalman smoother, Unscented Kalman filter and Unscented Kalman smoother, Interacting Multiple Model Smoother(IMMF) based on the Multiple Model idea. Meanwhile, For the problem of nonliner based on the radar measurements and the target charicterristic, designed the classed scenes to teste the new methods, experiment results show the effectiveness.
UPennalizers: The University of Pennsylvania RoboCup Legged Soccer Team

The main areas of focus for our team were the development of solid algorithms for merging vision data with other inputs and basic strategies for moving the ball towards the goal and for defending the goal. Our team came in fifth place overall in the competition. We defeated Team Sweden 2-0, though both goals were “own-goals” (scored by Team Sweden). We lost 2-0 to Osaka Univ., in a game where the first half we spent 90% of the time in the corner of the field near their goal, unable to score, while in the second half they scored one quick goal, just making it past our (slow) goalkeeper, and then a second goal later on in the game. We also had two scrimmage games-a 2-0 victory over Team Sweden, and a 0-0 tie against the team from Humboldt.
Graduated Extinction: Behavioral Treatment for Bedtime Problems and Night Wakings in Young Children

Publisher Summary Bedtime problems and night waking, typically involve inappropriate sleep associations and/or limit-setting problems, in young children (ages 6 months to 5 years). Frequent night wakings are the hallmark symptom of behavioral insomnia of childhood–sleep onset association type (BIC–SOA), typically seen in children older than 6 months. BIC–SOA is caused by negative sleep associations that interfere with falling asleep at bedtime and returning to sleep independently throughout the night. BIC–limit-setting type is typically manifested as avoidance of bedtime, frequent requests after lights out, as well as refusal to get into bed, to stay in bed, or to participate in the bedtime routine. Finally, BIC–combined type occurs when a child has features of both SOA and limit-setting subtypes, often with difficulties limit setting leading to the development of negative sleep associations. Bedtime problems and night waking are highly prevalent with studies indicating that 20–30 percent of young children experience these sleep problems. Such problems can result in significant sleep loss in young children, which can impact all aspects of a child's well being and daytime functioning. In addition to the impact on the child, these sleep problems also negatively impact families, with sleep problems placing a significant burden on parents and the parent–child relationship.
Melanin endocytosis by cultured mammalian cells. A model for melanin in a cellular environment.

Abstract The incorporation of natural eumelanin from bovine eyes and synthetic 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) melanin into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells is reported. The process is linear for at least 8 h. Electron microscopy showed phagocytosis of melanin, either as a single granule or in groups of granules, into cell lysosomes with subsequent degradation of the granule. The general features of the ingestion and degradation processes mimic those of the incorporation of melanosomes into keratinocytes. CHO cells with ingested melanin in general revealed properties very similar to those of the pigment-free CHO cell: cell division, oxygen consumption and plating efficiency were not greatly altered by moderate concentrations of pigment. This suggests that the CHO cell system may be useful for the study of pigment in a cellular environment; pigment-free CHO cells are well characterized and can serve as a good control. Preliminary applications are reported: demonstrations of (1) incorporation of metal ions (Al 3+ ) into CHO cells using melanin as a carrier; (2) the ability of melanin to enhance the rate of oxygen consumption during photo-irradiation of the cells.
Control of a robotic manipulator to grasp a moving target using vision

Consideration is given to grasping a moving target by adaptively controlling a robot manipulator. The adaptive controller is capable to compensate for the system modeling errors and unknown payloads without deterioration of its performance. Because of the time needed to extract information from the computer images, a time delay is inherent in the calculated position of the object. This can be circumvented by predicting the position of the object so that the end effector of the manipulator can grasp it. Since the dynamics of the object are assumed to be unknown, a prediction is performed based on an autoregressive (AR) model, which is determined using the information extracted from the computer images. The information is then utilized in the controller so that the manipulator will grasp the moving object. The details of the prediction scheme are given. Control of the manipulator is reviewed. A simulation study on a manipulator for grasping a moving target using vision information and a self-tuning controller is described. The practicality of the approach is demonstrated by the laboratory experiments presented. >
LDES: a prototype array optical receiver for the Mars laser communications demonstration program

In 2009, NASA will launch an optical communications payload to Mars capable of supporting data rates of 1 to 30 Megabits per second. A key element of the Mars laser communications demonstration (MLCD) project is the development of a distributed optical receiver array known as LDES: link development and evaluation system. This paper describes the LDES system, discusses the key technical challenges in its implementation, and shows the performance of hardware developed for the receiver system.
Correlating seasonal averaged in situ monitoring of fine PM with satellite remote sensing data using geographic information system (GIS)

Satellite remote sensing data are another source of information to study air quality, supplementing the in situ monitoring networks. Satellite data have primarily been used to study specific events that affect air quality, such as wildfires, biomass burning, dust storms, and volcanoes. In this exploratory analysis we have used the monthly averaged aerosol optical depth (AOD) product of the MODIS sensor data from the Terra satellite platform to study fine particulate matter throughout the contiguous U.S. While most of the previous quantitative work has focused on hourly correlations between in situ monitors and satellite AOD data, we have attempted to quantify monthly, seasonal, and annual correlations. Our analysis of 2001 monthly data found that correlations do exist, but not throughout the entire study period or area. The best correlations were seen in the northeast and industrial Midwest during the summer months.
Isolation, structure elucidation, and biological evaluation of 15-amido-3-demethoxy-2α,3α-methylenedioxyerythroculine, a new alkaloid from Hyperbaena valida

A phytochemical investigation of the leaves of Hyperbaena valida resulted in the isolation and characterization of two erythrina-type alkaloids, 1 and 2, which were found to be antagonists at nicotinic receptors. Compound 1 was assigned as the new 15-amido-3-demethoxy-2alpha,3alpha-methylenedioxyerythroculine and compound 2 as the known 3-demethoxy-2alpha,3alpha-methylenedioxyerythroculine. Antagonism of a 100 microM nicotine response was observed for alkaloid 1 (IC50 value of 94 +/- 8 microM) and alkaloid 2 (IC50 value of 77 +/- 19 microM).
One-dimensional tunneling-limited conductivity of discrete, ordered conducting particles dispersed in a matrix

Abstract The conductivity in a phase-separated conductor-insulator composite fiber is found to be quite different from that of a percolating system. There is evidence that the placement of the conducting domains is in an ordered, rather than in a random, manner within the insulating matrix, with the conductivity being limited by tunneling from one conducting domain to another. The conductivity is found to scale as exp(αϕ 1 3 ) over a wide range of conductor volume fractions ϕ.
Alternating automata and program verification

We describe an automata-theoretic approach to the automatic verification of finite-state programs. The basic idea underlying this approach is that for any temporal formula we can construct an alternating automaton that accepts precisely the computations that satisfy the formula. For linear temporal logics the automaton runs on infinite words while for branching temporal logics the automaton runs on infinite trees. The simple combinatorial structures that emerge from the automata-theoretic approach decouple the logical and algorithmic components of finite-state-program verification and yield clear and general verification algorithms.
Integrated Nanoscale Porous Silicon Waveguide for Molecular Sensing Applications

A grating-coupled nanoscale porous silicon waveguide sensor with an integrated microfluidic flow cell is demonstrated for the selective detection of nucleic acid molecules. Diffusion, adsorption, and desorption coefficients of several biomolecules are also presented.
Experience with Applying Formal Methods to Protocol Specification and System Architecture

In the last three years or so we at Enterprise Platforms Group at Intel Corporation have been applying formal methods to various problems that arose during the process of defining platform architectures for Intel's processor families. In this paper we give an overview of some of the problems we have worked on, the results we have obtained, and the lessons we have learned. The last topic is addressed mainly from the perspective of platform architects.
Institutional Reformation in Eastern Europe

This paper outlines the industrial relations system under postwar central planning in eastern Europe, examines the changes in these industrial relations systems during the subsequent political and economic transitions, and evaluates the micro and macro impacts of the new institutions on labor market developments during the transitions.
Who is Empowering Who: Exploring the Causal Relationship Between Descriptive Representation and Black Empowerment

Previous studies of descriptive representation have not been able to overcome the classic endogeniety problem. For example, do Black elected officials cause Blacks to be more empowered? Or are Black politicians only elected in contexts where Blacks are already empowered? We address this shortcoming by utilizing genetic matching and the 1996 National Black Election Study. Genetic matching creates a pseudo-experimental environment where Blacks in districts with Black elected officials are matched with similarly situated Blacks in districts without Black representation. This research design allows us to better assess the causality of descriptive representation and changes in political attitudes. This study provides strong evidence that higher levels of efficacy are a result of descriptive representation, rather than the cause of it. Thus, our study demonstrates Black office-holding at the congressional level empowers the Black electorate.
Influence of diethanolamine (DEOA) on structure–property behavior of molded flexible polyurethane foams

In this study, the viscoelastic and morphological properties of molded foams were investigated to determine the influence of varying the concentration of diethanolamine (DEOA), a commercially utilized crosslinking agent. FTIR and WAXS analyses showed that DEOA had a disrupting effect on the bidentate hydrogen bonding within the hard domains of the polymer. DMS revealed that DEOA softens the foam above the Tg of the soft segment but only causes minor changes in the degree of microphase separation. Annealing treatments were shown to remove the DEOA influence on the microphase separation as well as some of the softening effect. FTIR was used to show that bidentate hydrogen bonding is enhanced through the annealing of DEOA foams. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 77: 202–216, 2000
Crustal isostasy indicates anomalous densities beneath Iceland

Recent seismological determinations of crustal thickness in Iceland, made mainly through identification of wide-angle PmP and SmS reflections, indicate that the depth to the Moho deepens from 11 km beneath the low-lying Reykjanes Penninsula to 39 km beneath the central highlands. By compiling all available crustal thickness measurements, we show that this trend holds generally for Iceland, with elevation (above m.s.l.) increasing at a rate of 35.54±6.4 (1 σ) meters for each kilometer of Moho depth (below m.s.l.). If one assumes that the topography and Moho are in local isostatic equilibrium with thickness changes in a lower crustal layer, while an upper crust maintains a constant thickness, with the part above sea level having a density of of 2500 kg/m³, then the rate of increase of depth with topographic elevation implies a density jump of 89±12 kg/m³ across the Moho. Petrological and seismological evidence indicate that the lower-crustal densities probably do not exceed about 3060±50 kg/m³. Mantle densities must therefore be low, 3150±60 kg/m³. The combined effects of chemical depletion, thermal expansion and melt entrainment in the mantle can account for some, but not all, of the anomaly.
Indentation response of molybdenum disilicide

The influence of microstructure on the indentation cracking behavior of molybdenum disilicide (MoSi{sub 2}) has been examined. The indentation response of samples produced by various methods has been measured to examine the elastic/plastic nature, hardness, and fracture toughness. Fracture toughness comparisons were made by measuring indentation crack lengths, observing the elastic/plastic indentation response, and quantifying the differences in the indentation cracking behavior. Further information was gained by monitoring the acoustic activity during indentation for selected specimens. It has been observed that the fine grain size and the dispersion of the silica phase promote microcracking and crack deflection. {copyright} {ital 1998 Materials Research Society.}
Effects of dietary sulfur source on rumen pH and hydrogen sulfide gas concentration

Abstract A variety of sources of S have been utilized to study S toxicity in cattle; however, it is unknown if these S sources have similar potential to produce ruminal hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different sources of dietary S commonly used in ruminant S toxicity research on ruminal pH and gas-cap H2S. Five cannulated steers were used in a 5×5 Latin square and fed 1 of 5 diets containing 0.49% S once daily at 1.3% of body weight (DM basis). Dietary S sources included ethanol co-products: dried distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS), condensed corn distillers solubles (CCDS), or inorganic sources: sulfuric acid (SA), sodium sulfate (SS), and calcium sulfate (CS). All diets contained 45% corn and 10% grass hay (DM basis). In the DDGS treatment, DDGS was included at 42% diet DM and contributed 0.40% S. In the non-DDGS treatments, DDGS was included at 21% diet DM and contributed 0.19% S to these diets. In the CCDS treatment, CCDS was included at 7% diet DM and contributed 0.19% S to the diet. For the inorganic treatments (SA, SS and CS) S sources contributed 0.17% S to the diet. In the non-DDGS diets, soyhulls were included to make up the balance of diet DM (15% diet DM for CCDS diet and 21% diet DM for the inorganic S source diets). Sampling of ruminal pH and H2S gas concentration occurred at 6 h post-feeding. Diet pH (P
Effect of Particle Aggregation on the Mechanical Properties of a Reinforced Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Sol-Gel Composite

Sol−gel materials are often reinforced through the addition of particulate fillers to improve their mechanical properties, such as toughness or stiffness. Related studies of filled polymeric materi...
Agonist regulation of the human platelet prostaglandin D2 receptor.

Abstract The effect of exposing platelets to prostaglandin D 2 (PGD 2 ) on hormone binding was studied. Incubation of platelets with PGD 2 for 2 hr resulted in a decrease in [ 3 H]PGD 2 binding that was dose dependent. Inhibition of binding was 14% after incubation with 10 −8 M PGD 2 , 19% after incubation with 10 −7 M PGD 2 , and 40% after exposure to 10 −6 M PGD 2 . This decreased binding (desensitization) was specific for [ 3 H]PGD 2 as binding to platelets by [ 3 H]PGE 1 and the α-adrenergic antagonist [ 3 H] dihydroergocryptine (DHEC) was comparable to control platelets. Saturation of [ 3 ]PGD 2 binding to desensitization platelets was at 27 fmole ligand/10 8 platelets compared to 43 fmoles/10 8 platelets in control platelets. Half-maximal saturation occured at 20 nM PGD 2 both for desensitized and control platelets, suggesting that decreased binding sites rather than altered affinity between ligand and receptor accounted for these results. These platelets had a partial increase in [ 3 H]PGD 2 binding a few hours after plasma was washed free of PGD 2 with complete resensitization after 24 hr. Since prostaglandins such as PGI 2 , PGD 2 , and PGE 1 are potent inhibitors of platelet aggregation, decreased binding of platelets to these hormones after prostaglandin exposure may provide a mechanism for altered responsiveness of platelets to aggregating stimuli.
Another look at recent results concerning bifurcation in one-dimensional models of superconductivity

In the preceding paper of this issue of EJAM, Bolley & Helffer [5] add to their extensive set of results on bifurcation in the one-dimensional Ginzburg–Landau model of superconductivity. One of their new results concerns the direction of bifurcation of symmetric solutions. We give another approach to this problem.
Influence of the degree of sulfonation on the structure and dynamics of sulfonated polystyrene copolymers

The structure and dynamics of sulfonated polystyrene (SPS) acid copolymers were investigated using X-ray scattering and broadband dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS). Evidence of acid group aggregation was found at 3.5, 6.7, and 9.5 mol % sulfonation. An increase in the segmental relaxation time and dielectric relaxation strength was observed with increasing acid content. The average state of dipolar interactions was quantified as a function of temperature using the Onsager equation and the Kirkwood−Frohlich correlation factor. Two high-temperature relaxation processes at frequencies 4−7 decades below the segmental relaxation were identified and are proposed to originate from Maxwell−Wagner−Sillars interfacial polarization and association dynamics of various assemblies of acid groups.
Sexual Occidentation: The Politics of Conversion, Christian-love and Boy-love in ‘Attār

This article explores tales and tropes of conversion, especially conversion engendered by romantic attraction for the religious other, in the poetry of Farīd al-Dīn ‘Attār. The plot dynamics of class, gender and confessional adherence are complex, and hold important clues to the poet's theology. One particularly rich example of the encoding of religious and social boundaries can be found in a body of ghazals written about the beautiful Christian boy (tarsā-bachcha). The history of this homoerotic sub-genre is traced, and ‘Attār's treatment of the theme is explored in juxtaposition not only to earlier authors, but to other motifs of the religious other and of religious conversion, appearing in his own oeuvre, including the narrative of Shaykh San‘ān with its representation of the Christian girl beloved. The terminology of Christianity and the markers by which ‘Attār construes Christian-ness are discussed, and these symbolically amorous encounters with Christianity are analyzed as part of a larger discourse...
As palavras como pétalas à beira do mar: A poesia pós-moderna de Isabel Mendes Ferreira

O presente estudo propoe uma leitura da obra poetica de Isabel Mendes Ferreira desde duas perspetivas criticas. Analisar-se-a a aproximacao dos seus versos das tendencias literarias actuais do pos-modernismo e como exemplo da literatura feminina em Portugal, e ao mesmo tempo contestar-se-a a aplicacao total das teorias antihegemonicas e antifalicas aderidas aquilo que se tem designado como o pos-modernismo literario de finais do sec. xx por meio da analise da voz intima, mitica e por vezes mistica na sua obra. Ao reconhecermos a presenca destes discursos na poesia de Ferreira, falar-se-a da teoria da deslocacao paradigmatica e da possibilidade que a mesma teoria servisse de ponto de referencia para uma compreensao maior da suposta contradicao que permeia a totalidade da sua obra.
OXIDATION OF MYOGLOBIN IN VITRO MEDIATED BY LIPID OXIDATION IN MICROSOMAL FRACTIONS OF MUSCLE

Enzymic lipid peroxidation of a microsomal fraction prepared from chicken leg muscle led to the oxidation of oxymyoglobin to metmyoglobin when the former was incubated in vitro with the microsomal peroxidation system. Similar oxidation of pigment was observed in the presence of linolenate hydroperoxide. On prolonged incubation of myoglobin with the peroxidizing microsomal fraction, some destruction of the pigment occurred. Incubation with either BHA or a mixture of glutathione and glutathione peroxidase inhibited much of the pigment oxidation.
Anesthesia in Sheep With Propofol or With Xylazine‐Ketamine Followed by Halothane

Objective- This study evaluates the clinical usefulness and anesthetic effect of propofol, and compares these effects with those of xylazine-ketamine-halothane anesthesia in sheep. Study Design- Prospective, randomized, clinical trial. Animals or Sample Population- Fourteen healthy adult male sheep. Methods- Sheep were randomly assigned to two different drug regimens: (1) Bolus injection of propofol (3 mg/kg, intravenously [IV]) followed by continuous intravenous infusion and (2) xylazine (0.11 mg/kg, IV) and ketamine (2.2 mg/kg, IV) for induction followed by halothane anesthesia. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and arterial blood pressures were monitored during anesthesia. Venous blood samples were collected for blood gas analysis. Quality of induction and recovery were also recorded. Results- The average dose of propofol used to induce and maintain anesthesia was 6.63 ±2.06 mg/kg and 29.3 ±11.7 mg/kg/hr (0.49 ±0.20 mg/kg/min), respectively. The duration of propofol anesthesia was 45.3 ±13.2 minutes and recovery to standing occurred in 14.7 ±5.7 minutes. Sheep receiving xylazine-ketamine-halothane were anesthetized for 35.9 ±4.0 minutes and recovery to standing occurred within 28.5 ±7.5 minutes. Sheep anesthetized with propofol had a significantly higher heart rate, diastolic blood pressure and Pvo2, and a lower Pvco2 at 30 minutes and lower BE at 15 and 30 minutes than sheep anesthetized with xylazine-ketamine-halothane. Conclusions- Propofol anesthesia was characterized by a smooth induction, effective surgical anesthesia and rapid recovery which was comparable to anesthesia with xylazine-ketamine-halothane. Clinical Relevance- Propofol may be indicated in situations when it is desirable to maintain anesthesia with an intravenous infusion followed by a rapid recovery in healthy sheep.
Development of a Single-Step Subtraction Method for Eukaryotic 18S and 28S Ribonucleic Acids

The abundance of mammalian 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA can decrease the detection sensitivity of bacterial or viral targets in complex host-pathogen mixtures. A method to capture human RNA in a single step was developed and characterized to address this issue. For this purpose, capture probes were covalently attached to magnetic microbeads using a dendrimer linker and the solid phase was tested using rat thymus RNA (mammalian components) with Escherichia coli RNA (bacterial target) as a model system. Our results indicated that random capture probes demonstrated better performance than specific ones presumably by increasing the number of possible binding sites, and the use of a tetrame-thylammonium-chloride (TMA-Cl-) based buffer for the hybridization showed a beneficial effect in the selectivity. The subtraction efficiency determined through real-time RT-PCR revealed capture-efficiencies comparable with commercially available enrichment kits. The performance of the solid phase can be further fine tuned by modifying the annealing time and temperature.
Psychological Evaluation and Medical Treatment of Transgender Youth in an Interdisciplinary “Gender Management Service” (GeMS) in a Major Pediatric Center

In 2007, an interdisciplinary clinic for children and adolescents with disorders of sex development (DSD) or gender identity disorder (GID) opened in a major pediatric center. Psychometric evaluation and endocrine treatment via pubertal suppressive therapy and administration of cross-sex steroid hormones was offered to carefully selected patients according to effective protocols used in Holland. Hembree et al.'s (2009) Guidelines for Endocrine Treatment of Transsexual Persons published by the Endocrine Society endorsed these methods. A description of the clinic's protocol and general patient demographics are provided, along with treatment philosophy and goals.
D-amino acid levels in human physiological fluids

Plasma, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and amniotic fluid were examined to determine whether free D-amino acids were present and if so at what levels. It was found that D-amino acids exist in all physiological fluids tested, but that their level varied considerably. The lowest levels of D-amino acids were usually found in amniotic fluid or CSF (almost always 90%). Correspondingly high levels of D-pipecolic acid were not found in plasma. Some of the trends found in this work seemed to be analogous to those found in a recent rodent study.
Manipulation of nickel nanoparticles deposited on HOPG

Nickel nanowires were fabricated by electrodepositing Ni from an aqueous plating solution onto the step edges of Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite (HOPG). Freshly cleaved HOPG was exposed to a plating solution of nickel and electro chemically deposited by cyclic voltametry. The morphology of the deposited nanoparticles was studied using an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) in non-contact mode. The magnetic force of interaction between the nanoparticles was studied by magnetizing the particles. The critical force to displace the nanoparticles was estimated using contact mode of AFM.
Examining the genetic integrity of a rare endemic Colorado cactus (Sclerocactus glaucus) in the face of hybridization threats from a close and widespread congener (Sclerocactus parviflorus)

Natural interspecific hybridization within plants is relatively common and plays an important evolutionary role. Hybridization between rare and common taxa is of concern due to questions of protection status related to hybrids. However, field based identification of hybrid plants can be challenging. Sclerocactus glaucus (Cactaceae), the Colorado hookless cactus, is protected under the Endangered Species Act and has a small range around Grand Junction, Colorado, where populations are threatened by anthropogenic activities. Field biologists frequently observe S. glaucus populations containing individuals with hooked spines that are thought to be either hybrids or individuals of a closely related, parapatrically distributed species, Sclerocactus parviflorus. We used 13 nuclear microsatellites and two chloroplast DNA sequence regions to examine genetic diversity and structure within S. glaucus and potential hybridization with S. parviflorus. The two species were found to be genetically distinct based on microsatellites (average FST = 0.14 among species) and chloroplast sequence data (no shared haplotypes among species). Evidence of minimal hybridization was documented (5.7 % of sampled S. glaucus individuals with >10 % S. parviflorus signal). Hybrid individuals did not show a clear geographic or morphological pattern. Sclerocactus glaucus populations contained significant genetic structure falling into north and south groups associated with two separate river drainages. Overall, genetic integrity of sampled S. glaucus populations is intact, with relatively high diversity (Ho = 0.47, He = 0.66) and low levels of inbreeding (FIS = 0.28), indicating management should focus on protecting existing populations and preventing movement of material among genetically distinct regions.
In vitro metabolism of the trichothecene 4-monoacetoxyscirpenol by fungus- and non-fungus-feeding insects

The metabolism of the trichothecene 4-monoacetoxyscirpenol by intact gut tissue was determined in the fungus-feeding Nitidulid,Carpophilus hemipterus (L.) and the non-fungus-feeding caterpillars, the fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) and the corn earworm,Heliothis zea (Boddie). The primary metabolite was the hydrolysis product scirpentriol. The amount of metabolism by theC. hemipterus larvae was ca 10 times that of the caterpillars on a per mg protein basis, suggesting metabolic adaptation for feeding on fungi that may contain mycotoxins.
Explicit treatment of inheritance in dating depositional surfaces using in situ 10Be and 26Al

We describe a new strategy for dating depositional landscape surfaces using in situ-produced cosmogenic radionuclides (CRNs) that removes the complication of nuclide inheritance by clasts prior to depositon. two amalgamated samples, each consisting of 30 clasts, one from the surface and one from a fixed depth in the subsurface, constrain this CRN inheritance and date the surface. The inheritance may be used to estimate minimum exhumation rates and maximum transport times within the geomorphic system. We test the technique using {sup 10}Be and {sup 26}Al to date the third (FR3) of five terraces along the Fremont River, Utah, and the third (WR3) of 15 along the Wind River, Wyoming. Whereas effective ages based solely upon the surface samples yield 118 -138 ka (FR3) and 93 ka (WR3), the subsurface samples reveal that inheritance accounts for 22% (WR3) to 43% (FR3) of the total CRN concentration. Taking this into account yeilds terrace ages of nearly 61-81 ka for FR3 and nearly 67-76 ka for WR3. We explore the dependence of age estimates on the accumulation history of the terrace silt caps. 22 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.
Do Science and Common Wisdom Collide or Coincide in their Understanding of Relational Aggression

Relational aggression is a form of covert or indirect aggression or bullying in which harm is caused through damage to relationships or social status within a group, rather than through physical violence. We compare findings from empirical research into relational aggression with the depictions, interpretations and interventions described in trade-books and popular media dealing with that same topic. Relational aggression is more common and more studied among girls than boys and is popularly described as synonymous with “mean-girl” behaviors. We investigate the degree that popular trade books and movies accurately portray findings from researched investigations including the incidence and indicators of the condition and its remedies. We determine that there is a great deal of similarity between these two sources in how relational aggression is understood and how it may be treated. The concurrence across both dissemination formats reflects terminology and definitions, the harmful effects of relational aggression, the gender-specific nature of the condition to women and girls, its age of occurrence, the impact of parenting styles, its relationship to girls’ social competence, and nature of its expression through non-physical means.
METHOD IN LANGUAGE TEACHING AS A FUNCTION OF TIME

Author's summary.— An attempt to show how our teaching time is spent, and how it may be utilized by the language teacher so as to secure not only immediate results but future benefits as well.
CORTICAL AND SUBCORTICAL RESPONSES TO HYPOTHERMIA.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of induced hypothermia on cortical and subcortical spontaneous electrical activity under two barbiturates and one muscle relaxant. Cats with cortically and subcortically implanted recording electrodes were given either sodium pentobarbital, sodium thiamylal, or gallamine triethiodide, and then hypothermia was induced by means of subtotal body cooling. Under the barbiturates, cortical and subcortical slow-wave activity was preserved until low intracerebral temperatures had been reached, at which time all activity tended to become isoelectric. However, under the muscle relaxant, cortical low-voltage fast activity was present at a readable level at low intracerebral temperatures. The most striking finding was the preservation of anterior reticular-formation activity at an excellent level at low intracerebral temperatures. It was the last brain stem region affected by hypothermia and the first to fully recover its precooling level of activity.
Low energy effective Lagrangian description of η and η' decays

A chiral Lagrangian incorporating a resolution of theU(1) problem is used to study some aspects of the η−η′ system. Mass relations, mixing angle predictions, and the 3π decay modes of η and η−η′ are obtained to be of the correct order of magnitude. Supplementing this Lagrangian with certain four derivative terms gives a rate for η−η′→ηππ which is nonvanishing in the chiral limit and in reasonable agreement with experiment. Some of the radiative decays of η and η′ are also discussed.
Potentiation of the antiviral activity of poly r(A-U) by xanthene dyes.

Abstract Ten xanthene dyes (XAN) are evaluated for their ability to potentiate the antiviral activity of poly r(A-U) using a human foreskin fibroblast — vesicular stomatitis virus bioassay in which the XAN is combined with 0.2 mM poly r(A-U) to produce a XAN/ribonucleotide ratio of 1 4 . Four of the ten XANs tested in this study, rhodamine 123, rhodamine B, rhodamine 6G and sulforhodamine B, enhance the antiviral activity of poly r(A-U) 8- to 15-fold. The interferon-inducing activity of the four active XAN/poly r(A-U) combinations is equal to the sum of the activities of their constituents. These four XANs appear to potentiate the antiviral activity of the poly r(A-U) without superinduction of interferon. The direct viral inactivation study demonstrates that the XANs, poly r(A-U) and the XAN/poly r(A-U) combinations do not inactivate the VSV at concentrations near the 50% effective dose.
Superconductivity in the tungsten bronzes

Abstract Four superconducting alkali tungsten bronzes (MxWO3) have been studied at pressures up to 20 kbar in a search for pressure-induced phase changes. Both the Na and the Rb bronzes show a linear dependence of Tc on pressure with no evidence of a phase change. In contrast, the K and Li bronzes show a distinct change in slope at 4.5 and 8.0 kbar, respectively, which may indicate some sort of transition. A series of rare earth tungsten bronzes has been surveyed to look for materials which might show the coexistence of superconductivity and long-range magnetic order. In these initial attempts, all the rare earth bronzes had cubic crystal structure and none showed superconductivity. The only phase change found was a sharp magnetic ordering transition at 1.54 K in a Tb bronze.
Automated construction of memory diagrams for program comprehension

Memory diagrams serve as a visualization technique that enables students to better understand the abstract state of program memory. Unlike traditional program visualizations, memory diagrams illustrate where variables of different types and storage classes are allocated. Our experience is that memory diagrams enhance the ability of novice programmers to understand object-oriented programming. Unfortunately, however, constructing these diagrams by hand can prove tedious.We introduce a toolkit for constructing memory diagrams. The toolkit enables students to verify their understanding of the state of their programs' memory, and allows instructors to generate both correct and incorrect diagrams to test their students' understanding of course material. We evaluate the toolkit in terms of its ability to generate visualizations of various Java language constructs including enumerations, arrays, and reference aliasing.
Plants and planet back in time

Geological Factors and the Evolution of Plants. Edited by Bruce H. Tiffney. Yale University Press: 1985. Pp. 294. 25, 25.
Behavior of the mutual coherence function in the unstable surface boundary

In the unstable surface boundary layer, extremes in optical turbulence structure are encountered that seldom occur in astronomical applications. This is especially true when concern is with regions very near the earth's surface. Quantities defining optical turbulence spectrums, e.g. inner scale, outer scale and C n 2 , exhibit distinct vertical structures that might reasonably be expected to influence path dependent turbulence phenomena. Propagation statistics derived using path-indexed turbulence spectrums requiring profiles for turbulent inner and outer scales in addition to C n 2 may differ from those predicted using the Kolmogorov spectrum, even when path dependence on C n 2 is included in both cases. To study this problem in an engineering context, the well-known modified von Karman spectrum is used to characterize optical turbulence structure. Because of it's relevance to a wide range of optical turbulence related phenomena, the mutual coherence function is selected as the propagation statistic of interest. To evaluate the mutual coherence function, a weak fluctuation gaussian beam wave model based on direct, high fidelity numerical evaluation of defining integrals is employed. Estimates of the wave structure function and related mutual coherence function are then derived for propagation paths through designated optical turbulence regimes. The vertical structure of optical turbulence is estimated by a model based on similarity theory and the universal equilibrium principle. Behavior of the mutual coherence function for plane and spherical wave propagation may then be examined for near-horizontal linear propagation paths through optical turbulence regimes representing the realistic extremes in structure characteristic of the unstable surface boundary. For purposes of comparison, parallel calculations of the mutual coherence function are performed by extrapolating from commonly employed engineering estimates based on the Kolmogorov spectrum. Differences in the mutual coherence functions derived using these two techniques reflect differences in spectral form, vertical structure in turbulence profiles, and approximations to integral forms typical of engineering applications. Results have significant bearing on the fidelity of standard engineering models employed in the assessment of optical turbulence effects on system design and performance.
The localization of rDNA in small, nucleolus-like structures in human diplotene oocyte nuclei

Small, nucleolus-like structures were demonstrated in the nuclei of human diplotene oocytes. At least some of these bodies were shown to be true micronucleoli by virtue of their ability to bind rRNA during RNA-DNA hybridization in situ.
An apparatus and procedure for studying the choice component of foraging in a captive group of chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes )

An apparatus is described which was used to investigate the choice component of foraging in a captive group of chimpanzees maintained in a large, outdoor compound at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center Field Station. The utilization of more than one apparatus would allow the investigation of other ecological and psychological concepts in nonhuman primates housed under semi-natural conditions.
Serving the distant student: Implications for external degree programming

The results of a questionnaire survey of 132 students enrolled in the University Without Walls (UWW) program at the University of Minnesota regarding how they assessed their UWW experience in general and the services provided by faculty in particular is presented. Readers will find a special focus on how local students who reside within commuting distance to campus compare with students who live a distance from campus. Comparisons are made in terms of students' frequency and mode of communication with faculty, general satisfaction with UWW, and satisfaction with faculty services. The majority of students responded favorably to the faculty with whom they worked. Implications of the study are considered for enhancing educational services for distant students.
Raman spectra of YBa2(Cu1−xMx)3O7−δ with transition metal dopants of Fe, Co, and Zn

Abstract Raman spectra of YBa 2 (Cu 1− x M x ) 3 O 7δ with 3d-metals substituting for Cu in the high- T c superconductor were studied systematically as a function of the doping concentration x . Four substituents Fe, Co, Ni, and Zn were investigated with concentrations ranging up to 12% for Fe and up to 9% for the others. The 500 cm -1 axial symmetric vibration of O(4) along the c -axis shows softening for increasing Co and Fe doping concentration, while it is unchanged for Ni and Zn substitutions. The sensitivity of this mode to the local changes in the chains is discussed. The 435 cm -1 in-phase and bond bending mode associated with out-of-plane vibration of O(2) and O(3) displays a general upward shift in frequency for Co, Fe and Zn. This mode is affected by the relative displacement of the Ba and Y atoms with respect to the CuO 2 plane brought about by the dopants, and therefore changes in the corresponding frequency do not necessarily indicate a perturbation in the Cu(2) site. Our Raman results are discussed on the basis of recent studies elucidating the local structures of similarly doped samples and the bond length changes brought about by doping, and in the context of the results of recent normal-coordinate calculations. We emphasize the interrelationship of charge distribution, bond length changes, Raman mode force constants and transition temperature, pointing out the similarity in the results between trivalent doping on the Cu(1)-O(1) chains and the creation of oxygen deficiency in the chains for the case of the pure material.
Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment: RNA ligands to bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase

High-affinity nucleic acid ligands for a protein were isolated by a procedure that depends on alternate cycles of ligand selection from pools of variant sequences and amplification of the bound species. Multiple rounds exponentially enrich the population for the highest affinity species that can be clonally isolated and characterized. In particular one eight-base region of an RNA that interacts with the T4 DNA polymerase was chosen and randomized. Two different sequences were selected by this procedure from the calculated pool of 65,536 species. One is the wild-type sequence found in the bacteriophage mRNA; one is varied from wild type at four positions. The binding constants of these two RNA's to T4 DNA polymerase are equivalent. These protocols with minimal modification can yield high-affinity ligands for any protein that binds nucleic acids as part of its function; high-affinity ligands could conceivably be developed for any target molecule.
Mechanical properties of synthetic type IIa diamond crystal

Abstract The mechanical behavior of synthetic type IIa diamond has been investigated by the Knoop hardness measurement and observation of the cleavage surfaces. It was clarified that the Knoop hardness in (100)〈100〉 of synthetic diamonds increases with decreasing of the nitrogen impurities concentration, and that the synthetic type IIa diamond, having few nitrogen impurities, has the highest hardness of synthetic diamonds. In addition, it was found that the Knoop hardness in (100)〈110〉 of synthetic type IIa diamond is extremely high, and the anisotropy in the hardness of the diamond is different from those of natural diamond and synthetic type Ib diamond. The cleavage surfaces of the synthetic type IIa diamonds were very smooth and showed remarkably regular cleavage patterns. These results indicate that there are very few impurities and crystal defects in the synthetic type IIa diamond, and also suggest that the diamond has high resistance to plastic flow.