cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design Principles and Characteristics of Frequency and Time Standards

Today's precision oscillators and clocks are discussed. They include cesium standards, rubidium standards, hydrogen masers, and quartz crystal oscillators. A brief review of their basic design philosophy and performance characteristics is given. Block diagrams of schematics of the physics packages as well as of the electronic systems are given, and it is pointed out quantitatively (where possible) which parameter changes cause frequency shifts and/or performance deterioration. Particular attention is focused on those parameters which are likely to change under nuclear radiation.
Conversion of human 5-lipoxygenase to a 15-lipoxygenase by a point mutation to mimic phosphorylation at Serine-663.

The enzyme 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) initiates biosynthesis of the proinflammatory leukotriene lipid mediators and, together with 15-LOX, is also required for synthesis of the anti-inflammatory lipoxins. The catalytic activity of 5-LOX is regulated through multiple mechanisms, including Ca2+-targeted membrane binding and phosphorylation at specific serine residues. To investigate the consequences of phosphorylation at S663, we mutated the residue to the phosphorylation mimic Asp, providing a homogenous preparation suitable for catalytic and structural studies. The S663D enzyme exhibits robust 15-LOX activity, as determined by spectrophotometric and HPLC analyses, with only traces of 5-LOX activity remaining; synthesis of the anti-inflammatory lipoxin A4 from arachidonic acid is also detected. The crystal structure of the S663D mutant in the absence and presence of arachidonic acid (in the context of the previously reported Stable-5-LOX) reveals substantial remodeling of helices that define the active site so...
A quantitative PCR method to quantify ruminant DNA in porcine crude heparin

Heparin is a well-known glycosaminoglycan extracted from porcine intestines. Increased vigilance for transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in animal-derived pharmaceuticals requires methods to prevent the introduction of heparin from ruminants into the supply chain. The sensitivity, specificity, and precision of the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) make it a superior analytical platform for screening heparin raw material for bovine-, ovine-, and caprine-derived material. A quantitative PCR probe and primer set homologous to the ruminant Bov-A2 short interspersed nuclear element (SINE) locus (Mendoza-Romero et al. J. Food Prot. 67:550–554, 2004) demonstrated nearly equivalent affinities for bovine, ovine, and caprine DNA targets, while exhibiting no cross-reactivity with porcine DNA in the quantitative PCR method. A second PCR primer and probe set, specific for the porcine PRE1 SINE sequence, was also developed to quantify the background porcine DNA level. DNA extraction and purification was not necessary for analysis of the raw heparin samples, although digestion of the sample with heparinase was employed. The method exhibits a quantitation range of 0.3–3,000 ppm ruminant DNA in heparin. Validation parameters of the method included accuracy, repeatability, precision, specificity, range, quantitation limit, and linearity.
Seasonal changes in oxygen consumption and body composition of Sceloporus occidentalis

1. 1. Oxygen consumption in the iguanid lizard Sceloporus occidentalis was recorded every hour at 25°C for at least 3 consecutive days by a coulometric technique, the principle of which is discussed. 2. 2. Metabolic data of 154 male and female lizards captured at 150 and 1500m in the Central Sierra Nevada of California are reported. Data on body composition were obtained from 489 lizards captured at 150m. 3. 3. All lizards displayed circadian changes in oxygen uptake whether placed in continuous darkness or light; the daily metabolic patterns were unimodal during spring and fall, but became bimodal in summer. 4. 4. Regardless of elevation, minimum oxygen consumption bears the same power function to body mass in both sexes, with mass exponent equal to 0.67 ± 0.03. 5. 5. Minimum oxygen consumption, expressed per body mass to the power 23, displayed seasonal changes (32%) with a peak in May–June and a low level in fall. These changes appear to reflect a true metabolic phenomenon rather than only changes in body mass or composition. 6. 6. The allometric relations between body mass, fat-free dry mass, body water, fat and snout-vent length are reported. 7. 7. Body mass and body composition at constant snout-vent length display seasonal changes.
The contribution of increases in extracellular potassium to primary afferent depolarization in the bullfrog spinal cord.

Abstract To assess the extent to which depolarization by accumulated K + contributes to the generation of primary afferent depolarization (PAD), the isolated bullfrog spinal cord was superfused with K + -rich Ringer solutions and the resultant dorsal root depolarizations were recorded extracellularly. Action potential blockade (with tetrodotoxin) did not reduce the K + -induced depolarization of primary afferents, indicating that the depolarization was generated locally in the region around the afferents. In this respect superfusion with K + -rich solutions adequately models the localized K + accumulation which occurs physiologically during afferent activity. K + -induced depolarizations were decreased in the presence of 20 mM Mg 2+ ; this effect was due to a decrease in the membrane response to K + and not to blockade of K + -induced transmitter release onto primary afferents. The depolarization caused by a K + concentration comparable to a maximum estimate of the K + accumulating around afferent terminals following a single afferent volley was found to account for no more than about one-third of the DRP height. However, higher K + levels, comparable to those resulting from high frequency afferent stimulation, caused large depolarizations of primary afferents, sometimes greater than the DRP amplitude. Therefore, K + -induced depolarization may contribute more significantly to PAD evoked by high frequency afferent activity.
Floating vertical raceway to culture salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.)

Abstract A floating vertical raceway was developed to culture salmon ( Oncorhynchus spp.), and tested for 12 years. The structure is composed of a durable, impervious liner suspended from a rigid flotation collar. Notable features of the raceway include low construction and maintenance costs, adaptability to sites that are remote or without suitable area for shore-based raceways, and high water quality in the rearing environment.
A systems view of sustainability: The triple value model

Abstract Environmental challenges are mounting, as the rapid pace of economic development threatens the availability of ecosystem services. Achieving sustainability in our highly-connected global economy will necessitate systems thinking to fully understand the implications of new policies and practices and to avoid unintended consequences. The Triple Value Model, first developed for OECD, is a framework for systems thinking that explicitly defines the linkages and flows of value among three major categories of systems—industrial, societal, and environmental systems. Moreover, using this framework it is possible to construct dynamic models that enable integrated assessment of the costs and benefits of proposed interventions. In the area of sustainable materials management, for example, systems thinking suggests a strategy of “dematerialization” that can be pursued using a variety of regulatory and voluntary approaches. Caterpillar is one company that has successfully used this strategy as a basis for its worldwide remanufacturing business.
Digital Rate Synthesis for Frequency Measurement and Control

Digital rate synthesis is a transformation of harmonic synthesis (beat methods) from the frequency to the time domain; the synthesis of harmonics is replaced by pulse techniques. The signal whose period is to be measured or controlled is in the form of a pulse train that has the repetition rate X. A single reference source drives a rate generator which consists of one or more dividing stages in fixed cascade; the output of the generator is a sequence of nonuniformly spaced pulses whose average repetition rate AS is known from the independently controllable connection between the individual stages and their output bus. A rate difference detector compares the rates X and AS. The smoothed detector output has the proper sign and serves to indicate the magnitude of the difference or to reduce the difference in a closed loop, for example, by controlling a tuning motor. The range of direct operation is limited by pulse techniques, but digital and harmonic synthesis can be combined with division and with phase-lock methods to stabilize an oscillator over a practically unlimited band of frequencies, the precision and purity approaching that of the reference source.
Thomson Scattering in a Strong Magnetic Field

The effect of a strong magnetic field on neutron stars or white dwarfs is calculated for Thomson scattering in a fully ionized collisionless plasma. The photon mean free path can be greatly extended for propagation nearly parallel or, for the extraordinary mode, nearly perpendicular to the field.
Categorical aspects of data type constructors

Abstract Sketches are introduced as presentations of many-sorted algebraic theories and data types are described as initial algebras for such sketches. A construction A+ofB is described where A+ is a suitably structured sketch and B is a sketch. In this construction each operation from A+ operates on all the sorts of B. Many examples are given. The two main theoretical results are the theorem about the tensor product ⊗ for structured sketches such that A+of(B+of C)≃(A+⊗B+)of C (Theorem 3.17), and the “homomorphism” theorem 4.2 which describes the operation of structured sketches on the fibred category of all models of all sketches.
Expressions for the local spectral absorption coefficient for correlation absorption spectroscopy

Abstract The apparent spectral absorption coefficient for correlation spectroscopy is independent of the spectral source-steradiancy for all optical depths if proper average values are chosen for the contributions by line centers and line wings to the absorption of optically thin source lines. It is shown that the absorption coefficient can be expressed by explicit relations if (a) the source line-widths are small compared with the absorber line-widths or (b) the absorbing medium is optically thin. In the latter case, the effective absorption coefficient depends on the source line-widths, as in the general case when the absorption coefficient has to be evaluated numerically; then the contributions by coincident lines and by line wings can be separated only if the latter are slowly varying functions of the wave-number over the full widths of the transmitting lines. It is shown that for many practical applications the approximation of negligible source line-widths is a valid one.
Differences in Symptom Occurrence, Frequency, Intensity, and Distress in Adolescents Prior to and One Week After the Administration of Chemotherapy

Purpose/objectives: The purpose of this study was to describe differences in occurrence, frequency, intensity, and distress of symptoms prior to (T1) and one week following (T2) the administration of intravenous chemotherapy. Design: Longitudinal, descriptive. Settings: Two regional children’s cancer centers in the Pacific Northwest. Sample: A total of 51 adolescents 10 to 19 years old receiving cancer chemotherapy. Methods: Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale (MSAS 7-12). Findings: No significant differences were found in symptom occurrence rates between T1 and T2. Fatigue was the only symptom with significantly greater frequency and intensity, and nausea was the only symptom with significantly greater distress at T2 compared with T1. Conclusions: Adolescents receiving chemotherapy experience multiple symptoms that persist over time. Implications for nursing: In monitoring for symptoms, nurses need to be aware of the extent to which symptoms are present throughout treatment, as evidenced by these findings ...
The Regional Structures of Third World Economies: Rural—Urban Dynamics in Kenya and Madagascar

A rural—urban dynamics model is presented as an organizing concept to describe and analyze the regional economic structures of two Third World regions—the Kutus Region of Kenya and the Ambositra Region of Madagascar. The first region evinces strong urban—rural relationships as vibrant trade generates sustained economic growth from commercial coffee, maize, and tomato production. In the Madagascar Region economic growth has stagnated as most of the agricultural production is subsistence in nature; the rural—urban dynamics are strong only in household consumer expenditures, and the multiplier effect is large but only for a limited set of exchanges.
New Zirconocene-Coupling Route to Large, Functionalized Macrocycles

The development of a new macrocyclization reagent, Rosenthal's Cp2Zr(pyr)(Me3SiC⋮CSiMe3), has allowed the preparation of two large, functionalized macrocycles. The diyne 5,5‘-bis(4-trimethylsilylphenyl)-2,2‘-bipyridine was trimerized to the bipyridine-containing macrocycle 5, and 1,4-bis(4-(trimethylsilyl)ethynyl-phenyl)-2,3-diphenyl-1,4-diazabuta-1,3-diene was dimerized to macrocycle 6. Both zirconocene-containing macrocycles were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Macrocycle 5, which is cleanly converted to air-stable cyclophane 7 with benzoic acid, has a cavity of van der Waals radius 6.03 A. In general, the Cp2Zr(pyr)(Me3SiC⋮CSiMe3) reagent gives higher yields of macrocycles via the coupling of diynes than does the reagent generated by addition of n-BuLi to Cp2ZrCl2.
Fetal lung growth after tracheal ligation is not solely a pressure phenomenon.

Abstract Fetal tracheal ligation increases lung growth in utero, making it potentially applicable for antenatal treatment of diaphragmatic hernia. This phenomenon has been ascribed to increased intratracheal pressure, which activates as yet unidentified pulmonary stretch receptors. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the composition of lung fluid has any effect on fetal lung development after tracheal obstruction. Six sets of fetal lamb twins underwent tracheal ligation with placement of intratracheal catheters at 122 days' gestation (term, 145 days). In group 1 (n = 6), tracheal fluid was aspirated daily, measured, and replaced with equal volumes of saline. Their respective twins (group 2, n=6) had daily reinfusion of their own tracheal aspirates. Intratracheal pressure was recorded daily in both groups. Unobstructed fetal lambs (n = 7) were used as negative controls. Animals were killed on postoperative day 14 (136 days). Lungs were weighed, perfusion fixed at 25 cm H 2 O, and processed for standard morphometric analysis. Intratracheal pressure remained between 3 and 5 torr in both experimental groups throughout the entire postoperative period. In all 12 experimental fetuses, tracheal ligation resulted in an almost threefold increase in lung fluid volume by day 1; a slight decrease at a mean of 2.4 days; and a second surge from day 4 on. Lung fluid volume was significantly higher in group 2 than in group 1 at all measured time points ( P P = .06). Lung weight per body weight (LWBW) at delivery was 0.045 ± 0.008 in group 1, not significantly different from unobstructed controls (0.038 ± 0.006). LWBW in group 2 was 0.055 ± 0.010, significantly larger than either group 1 or control ( P P
Youth tobacco control: reconciling theory and empirical evidence

Youth smoking is an important target for public policy. The implicit assumption behind targeting youth is that policies that reduce youth smoking initiation will reduce lifetime smoking propensities. This assumption has never been tested empirically. I use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to follow the smoking pattern of one cohort of teenagers. I examine how smoking rates in youth and young adulthood are affected by the taxes individuals faced at age 14. In panel data analysis, I find that the effects of taxes at age 14 are considerably attenuated by adulthood. I find some evidence suggesting that this result is a consequence of delayed smoking initiation that is correlated with taxes. These results suggest that reducing smoking among teens through tax policy may not be sufficient to substantially reduce smoking in adulthood.
Nontracking organic insulations

A novel principle has been discovered which retards or completely eliminates the formation of conducting decomposition products in organic materials exposed to electric discharges. The application of this principle to several organic insulation materials has greatly increased their ability to withstand electric arcing.
Characterization of Unsteady Core Flow Patterns through Noise Analysis Techniques

This work describes the application of noise analysis techniques to study the unsteady flow patterns in the core of nuclear reactor plants. The study is focused on the determination of the position of the flow perturbations and their causes. The analysis was performed using sampled data collected from a four loop plant instrumentation that included the loop flow rates, the ex-core neutron detectors and the core exit thermocouples. As part of the analysis, the thermocouple signals were cross-correlated to the flow data to determine approximate flow perturbation mappings in the core. The results of the analysis illustrate the value of noise analysis as a tool for the characterization of the flow conditions in the core.
Subjective intensity of a familiar liquid substance—coffee

Judges judged a sequence of coffee stimulus presentations with respect to strength or intensity. The psychophysical methods of magnitude estimation and of single stimuli were used. Power functions appropriately described the individual and group psychophysical relationships. The computed PSE appeared to correspond closely to suggestions made by the coffee stimulus manufacturer. A clustering of stimuli, based on subjective intensity values, was undertaken.
Characterization of nanophotonic structures using the finite element method

Gaussian beam excitations are applied to extract S parameters of nanophotonic structures. A method for calculating the complex propagation constant of periodic structures is also presented including a novel iterative eigenvalue solver which is applicable to large sparse matrices and gives the flexibility to calculate just the desired dominant eigenvalues.
On the E.S.R. spectra of intermediates generated during the electrochemical oxidation of triphenylacetic acid in acetonitrile

Summary The in situ controlled potential oxidation of triphenylacetic acid in acetonitrile at platinum does not produce an e.s.r. signal as has been reported. A signal corresponding to that reported for the triphenylmethyl radical is observed only after opening the circuit following a positive potential step of sufficient duration or by stepping the potential to a value negative of 0.35 V after a positive potential step of any duration. The mechanism apparently involves an overall two-electron oxidation of the acid to produce triphenylmethyl carbonium ion and carbon dioxide. The carbonium ion may then be reduced to the radical electrochemically or by diffusion of reduced material from the nearby counterelectrode in the e.s.r. electrochemical cell.
A Riemann problem solution methodology for a class of evolutionary mixture equations with an arbitrary number of components

The solution of the two-phase Riemann problem is a critical component of upwind finite-volume numerical schemes used to solve systems of evolutionary equations, which are routinely used to model compaction and combustion phenomena in gas-granular explosive mixtures. Extensions of a common two-phase model are currently being used to analyze the thermomechanics and combustion of explosive mixtures consisting of N components. Although a solution to the two-phase Riemann problem has been formulated, there is currently no available analogue for the N-phase system in the literature, due to the inherent difficulty of determining the correct wave ordering within the Riemann solver. The development of a solution for these systems is therefore an important step in the formulation of numerical schemes applied to N-phase mixtures. Here, an extension of the exact two-phase solution methodology is proposed for the N-phase case, which may be utilized in the construction of finite-volume schemes for multiphase systems, and can be used with general, convex equations of state. Finally, example problems for three-phase mixtures are considered to illustrate the accuracy of the solution compared to the results of a centered numerical scheme. These solutions also demonstrate the complexity of the possible wave configurations that arise when multiple solid phases are present, as well as the algorithmic challenges which must be addressed to provide a robust implementation.
On Numerical Semigroups Generated by Generalized Arithmetic Sequences

Abstract Given a numerical semigroup S, let M(S) = S\{0} and (lM(S) − lM(S)) = {x ∈ ℕ0 : x + lM(S) ⊆ lM(S)}. Define associated numerical semigroups B(S) ≔ (M(S) − M(S)) and . Set B 0(S) = S, and for i ≥ 1, define B i (S) ≔ B(B i−1(S)). Similarly, set L 0(S) = S, and for i ≥ 1, define L i (S) ≔ L(L i−1(S)). These constructions define two finite ascending chains of numerical semigroups S = B 0(S) ⊆ B 1(S) ⊆ … ⊆ B β(S)(S) = ℕ0 and S = L 0(S) ⊆ L 1(S) ⊆ … ⊆ L λ(S)(S) = ℕ0. It has been shown that not all numerical semigroups S have the property that B i (S) ⊆ L i (S) for all i ≥ 0. In this paper, we prove that if S is a numerical semigroup with a set of generators that form a generalized arithmetic sequence, then B i (S) ⊆ L i (S) for all i ≥ 0. Moreover, we see that this containment is not necessarily satisfied if a set of generators of S form an almost arithmetic sequence. In addition, we characterize numerical semigroups generated by generalized arithmetic sequences that satisfy other semigroup properties, ...
STUDIES ON SEEDS III. Isolation and Structure of Lipid-Containing Vesicles

Two structurally distinct lipid vesicles are present in pea and bean cotyledons during the first few days of germination. Both were isolated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation without significant morphological changes. Lipid vesicles of one type were elongated into a sausage-like or flattened-saccular shape, and were interassociated into sheets which were usually one vesicle thick. These sheets remained intact during homogenization and centrifugation, because some of the lipid vesicles in the sheet were interconnected through their bounding membranes, and because there seemed to be a bonding substance between adjacent vesicles. These vesicles were called "composite" lipid vesicles to distinguish them from the more usual, or "simple," lipid vesicles of other plant and animal tissues. Lipid vesicles of the other type were usually larger than the composite lipid vesicles and were always spherical in form. These vesicles remained single and did not interassociate into sheets. They were probably equivalent to the simple lipid vesicles of other tissues.
A regional climatology of monsoonal precipitation in the Southwestern United States using TRMM

AbstractUsing 13 yr of data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite, a regional climatology of monsoonal precipitation is created for portions of the southwest United States. The climatology created using precipitation features defined from the TRMM precipitation radar (PR) shows that the population of features includes a large number of small, weak features that do not produce much rain and are very shallow. A lesser percentage of large, stronger features contributes most of the region’s rainfall. Dividing the features into categories based on the median values of volumetric rainfall and maximum height of the 30-dBZ echo is a useful way to visualize the population of features, and the categories selected reflect the life cycle of monsoonal convection. An examination of the top rain-producing features at different elevations reveals that extreme features tend to occur at lower elevations later in the day. A comparison with the region studied in the North American Monsoon Experiment (...
Why Choose an Online Course

OCICU is the Online Consortium of Independent Colleges and Universities and consists of five provider institutions which are located throughout the United States and Ireland. This consortium is the first of its kind to exist in distance education. The researchers wanted to understand why students choose to take courses through the consortium as well as why students opt for online learning instead of traditional face to face instruction. The research was limited courses that were completed in the Fall 2006, Spring 2007, and Fall 2007. The review of the literature revealed several factors of teaching online that affect why member schools recommend an OCICU course to their students and why these students succeed or fail in an online environment. The response rate of 25% diminishes the ability of this investigation to generalize to this population of 64 institutions.
Bounded rationality in games

How do people reason about others in strategic situations and how does that affect their behavior? These questions have been at the forefront of game theory since its inception in the first half of the twentieth century. Traditionally, the focus has been on the question how "rational" players behave. As already observed by VonNeumann and Morgenstern (1944), however, the question how rational players should behave cannot be separated from the question how non-rational players behave. Even if one is concerned only with rational behavior, the interactive nature of the problem makes that one has to deal with all possible types of players: What is optimal for a rational player depends on what he expects his opponents to do, and these opponents may be boundedly rational. It is therefore desirable to have a theory of behavior in strategic settings that encompasses both perfect rationality and forms of bounded rationality. In this talk, I describe a general theoretical framework that takes into account that individuals may have limited capacities to reason about others, and sometimes only have access to a very coarse description of the game. I discuss the strategic implications of such a framework.
Differences among model simulations of climate change on the scale of resource regions

The climate simulations from atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs) are often used to analyze the potential effects of climate change on environmental resources. It has been demonstrated that there are differences among the simulations from various GCMs, on spatial scales ranging from global to regional. This paper quantifies the differences in temperature and precipitation simulated by three major GCMs for four specific regions: an agricultural region (the North American winter wheat belt), a hydrologic region (the Great Basin), a demographic region (the high-density population corridor of the northeast United States), and a political region (the state of Texas). Both the current (control) climate and the climatic response to a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) are considered
Attenuation of surface waves across the Arabian peninsula

Abstract Amplitude spectra of fundamental-mode Rayleigh and Love waves are used to determine shear-wave Q ( Q β ) models for the upper crust of the Arabian peninsula. The observed spectra are compared to theoretical spectra computed for earthquakes with known fault-plane solutions. Shear-wave Q in the upper crust can be obtained by trial-and-error modeling to fit the the slope of the amplitude spectra at short periods (5–30 s), if the source time function is less than about 6 s and if the depth of the earthquake is known to within about 3 km. Shear-velocity Q values obtained in this way vary from about 60 along the margin of the Red Sea to 100–150 in the central part of the peninsula, to 65–80 in the eastern folded region. These values are unusually low for a stable region and suggest that observed anelasticity there is affected by tectonic and epeirogenic activity which has occurred over the past 30 m.y. The shear-wave Q models derived from surface waves at periods of 5–30 s closely predict reported values of Lg Q at 1 Hz; shear-wave Q , therefore, appears to be independent of frequency in this region at periods between about 1 and 30 s.
Predictive Model for Colonic Ischemia Following Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair

Colonic ischemia is a complication of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair that results in significant morbidity and mortality. Numerous causes of colonic ischemia have been reported, but no attempt has been made to identify factors that predict its development. This study identifies those factors that increase risk for colonic ischemia following AAA repair and develops a predictive model for identification of patients who need more aggressive intervention.The records of 12 patients who underwent AAA repair at the authors' institution from 1987 to 1991 and developed colonic ischemia after surgery were reviewed along with a control group of 67 randomly chosen patients who also underwent AAA repair. Clinical factors in the following categories: vascular disease risk factors, medical history, presentation of aortic aneurysm, operative procedure, and postoperative course were examined. Fifteen factors, found to be significantly associated with the development of colonic ischemia (p<0.01), were used for the ...
Failed allografts and causes of death after orthotopic liver transplantation from 1985 to 1995: Decreasing prevalence of irreversible hepatic allograft rejection

Mayo Clinic pathology files from March 1985 to March 1995 contained records of 584 orthotopic liver transplantations in 515 patients. The most common indication for liver transplantation was primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), followed by primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), and cryptogenic cirrhosis. In 59 patients, a total of 69 single or repeated retransplantations became necessary. Vascular complications necessitated retransplantation in 35 cases, followed by irreversible rejection in 16 cases, and primary graft failure in 8 cases. Ninety-nine patients died, 25 of them after one or more retransplantations. Infectious complications caused death in 38 cases, followed by graft-related complications (excluding rejection) in 22 cases, noninfectious systemic diseases such as intracerebral hemorrhage (21 cases), malignancies in 13 cases, and irreversible rejection in 5 cases. In the decade from 1985 to 1995, only 14 patients had irreversible rejection that often was associated with other complications such as ischemic cholangitis. Furthermore, the rate of irreversible rejection decreased dramatically. Thus, although 5 deaths were caused by irreversible rejection, none occurred since March 1991, and of the 16 retransplantations for irreversible rejection, only one needed to be performed during these last 4 years. The disappearance of irreversible rejection, which can be described as the “vanishing vanishing bile duct syndrome,” must be considered when new immunosuppressants are tested, because graft loss and death from rejection are no longer suitable criteria. Copyright © 1996 by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.
The solution structure of the transducin-α–uncoordinated 119 protein complex suggests occlusion of the Gβ1γ1-binding sites

Uncoordinated 119 protein (UNC119) is a partner of transducin-α subunit (Gαt ) that is essential for transducin trafficking in rod photoreceptors. The interaction is known to involve binding of the acylated N terminus of Gαt to the hydrophobic pocket of UNC119. To gain insights into the mechanism of transducin trafficking, we isolated a highly pure protein complex between myristoylated chimeric Gαt (Gαt *) and UNC119₅₀₋₂₄₀, and examined the solution structure by small angle X-ray scattering and chemical crosslinking. The solution structure of the Gαt -UNC119₅₀₋₂₄₀ complex was derived with rigid body/ab initio modeling against the small angle X-ray scattering data by use of known atomic structures of Gαt and UNC119, and a distance constraint based on the protein crosslinking with p-phenyldimaleimide. The model of the Gαt -UNC119₅₀₋₂₄₀ complex indicates rotation and bending of the N-terminal α-helix of Gαt from its position in the structure of the heterotrimeric G-protein transducin (Gt ). This allows a considerably more compact complex conformation, which also suggests a novel interface involving the switch II/α3-β5 surface of Gαt . Supporting a novel interface, UNC119 was found to bind full-length Gαt * more strongly than the Gαt N-terminal peptide. Furthermore, UNC119 competed with the effector molecule phosphodiesterase-6 γ-subunit, which is known to bind to the same surface of Gαt . The solution structure of the Gαt -UNC119 complex suggests that the ability of UNC119 to dissociate Gt subunits and release Gαt from the membrane is attributable to disruption and sterical occlusion of the Gβ₁γ₁-binding sites on Gαt .
Selective expression of serotonin receptor transcripts in the mammalian cochlea and its subdivisions

Expression of serotonin receptor (5-HTR) mRNA has been determined in the mammalian cochlea and its subdivisions by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. Specific primers targeting individual 5-HTRs 1-7 directed amplification of 5-HTR subtypes 1A, 1B, 2B, 2C, 3, 5B, and 6 from mouse cochlea cDNA. No evidence of expression was obtained for 5-HTRs 1D, 2A, 4 (L and S), 5A, and 7. The distribution of receptor mRNA within the cochlea was determined with application of RT-PCR to morphologically defined microdissected subfractions of the rat cochlea. Messages for 5-HTR subtypes 1A, 1B, 2B, and 6 were present in the organ of Corti, lateral wall, and spiral ganglion subfractions. Messages for 5-HTR subtypes 2C, 3 and 5B were found in the spiral ganglion, but not in the organ of Corti or lateral wall fractions. The existence of transcripts for 5-HTRs 1A, 1B, 2B and 6 in the organ of Corti is consistent with a role for these receptors in serotonin-mediated modulation of the mechanosensory signal.
Lymphomatoid Papulosis from Childhood with Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma of the Small Bowel

Lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) is a lymphoproliferative disorder that exists on a spectrum of diseases with cutaneous CD30+ anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL). Multiple treatment options are available, although none are curative. The typical age of onset for LyP is in the third and fourth decades, but it has been seen occasionally in children. Lymphomatoid papulosis is associated with primary cutaneous ALCL and other lymphoproliferative malignancies, but is rarely associated with extranodal systemic ALCL. A 43-year-old man developed lymphomatoid papulosis lesions at 3 years of age, which persisted into adulthood, and he later developed ALCL of the duodenum. Treatment with standard CHOP (cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/vincristine/prednisolone) chemotherapy resulted in complete remission of his gastrointestinal lymphoma and temporary improvement of his skin lesions. However, the LyP relapsed and proved refractory to psoralen plus ultraviolet-A phototherapy, and was only temporarily and partially responsive to bexarotene and denileukin diftitox.
An experimental study of the efficacy of tables versus bar graphs with respect to type of task

Abstract A two factor experiment was performed with two levels of Display Presentation Type (table versus bar graph) and two levels of Task Type (retrieve relative information versus retrieve specific values). In the table condition specific value retrieval scored higher than relational information retrieval, while in the graph condition, the reverse was true. Despite this symmetry, the Table Group was significantly more satisfied with table use than the Graph Group was with graph use.
858 ABSENCE OF ISOLATED TESTICULAR RELAPSE (ITR) IN CHILDHOOD ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL) WITH A REPETITIVE REINDUCTION PROTOCOL

ITR has emerged as a major new problem in children with ALL both on and off therapy. Post treatment overt ITR up to 40% and a 10-30% incidence of occult ITR (by testicular biopsy) has been reported. Our data is in sharp contrast to the published reports of ITR. We have not encountered ITR as the sole initial relapse in any of 107 boys with ALL treated at our institution over an 11 year period. 10 patients had mediastinal mass at presentation and 41 had WBC > 20,000/mm3 at diagnosis. All were treated for 5 yrs. with identical chemotherapy. In addition, the last 68 patients received Intermittent Intrathecal Methotrexate (MTX) and Fractional Irradiation (IMFRA) Central Nervous System (CNS) prophylaxis. Remission was induced with Vincristine (VCR) 2 mg/M2 , 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP) 2.5 mg/kg, and Prednisone (Pred) 60 mg/M2 , and maintained with alternating cycles of biweekly oral MTX 30 mg/M2 for 6 weeks, and VCR + 6-MP + Pred for 4 weeks. IMFRA CNS prophylaxis is given every 10 weeks. The median duration of complete remission was 18 mos. (range 1-120 mo.) for patients not receiving CNS prophylaxis, and it has not yet been reached (> 33 mos.; range 1-95 mos.) in those receiving CNS prophylaxis. Five of 26 patients off therapy had relapse, but none in the testes. This suggests that an effective maintenance program such as the repetitive reinduction protocol described above prevents ITR and that testis may not be a sanctuary site.
Efficient Volume Changes in Constant-Pressure Monte Carlo Simulations

Abstract A new method for calculating the energy change resulting from an affine deformation of the system in constant-pressure Monte Carlo simulations is presented. The energy changes accompanying particle displacements are calculated exactly, but those accompanying volume changes are approximated. The latter energy is estimated from a Taylor expansion whose coefficients depend on the energetics of the system in its predeformed state. This method does not require an assumption of conformal potentials and is as readily applied to molecular systems and mixtures as to simple monatomic fluids. The expansion employed is not self-truncating and two ansatzen for this purpose are considered. The results obtained using these methods are compared with those from constant-pressure simulations using exact, time-consuming summations of the pair interactions in the affinely deformed system. Because of the additional overhead required, the method is not especially efficient for ordinary NPT simulations. However, it is ...
Structural analysis of the receptor binding domain of botulinum neurotoxin serotype D.

Abstract Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most toxic proteins known. The mechanism for entry into neuronal cells for serotypes A, B, E, F, and G involves a well understood dual receptor (protein and ganglioside) process, however, the mechanism of entry for serotypes C and D remains unclear. To provide structural insights into how BoNT/D enters neuronal cells, the crystal structure of the receptor binding domain (S863-E1276) for this serotype (BoNT/D-HCR) was determined at 1.65 A resolution. While BoNT/D-HCR adopts an overall fold similar to that observed in other known BoNT HCRs, several major structural differences are present. These structural differences are located at, or near, putative receptor binding sites and may be responsible for BoNT/D host preferences. Two loops, S1195-I1204 and K1236-N1244, located on both sides of the putative protein receptor binding pocket, are displaced >10 A relative to the corresponding residues in the crystal structures of BoNT/B and G. Obvious clashes were observed in the putative protein receptor binding site when the BoNT/B protein receptor synaptotagmin II was modeled into the BoNT/D-HCR structure. Although a ganglioside binding site has never been unambiguously identified in BoNT/D-HCR, a shallow cavity in an analogous location to the other BoNT serotypes HCR domains is observed in BoNT/D-HCR that has features compatible with membrane binding. A portion of a loop near the putative receptor binding site, K1236-N1244, is hydrophobic and solvent-exposed and may directly bind membrane lipids. Liposome-binding experiments with BoNT/D-HCR demonstrate that this membrane lipid may be phosphatidylethanolamine.
Equation of state of brucite: Single-crystal Brillouin spectroscopy study and polycrystalline pressure-volume-temperature measurement

Acoustic velocities of brucite were measured at room pressure in over 48 directions from Brillouin spectroscopy using a natural sample. These data are supplemented with volume measurements as a function of pressure and temperature that range from ambient conditions to 11 GPa and 873 K using synchrotron X-ray radiation at the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) in a cubic-anvil apparatus (SAM-85) with a synthetic polycrystalline sample. The diffraction patterns are collected during cooling cycles to minimize the effect of deviatoric stress on the measurements. These data yield internally consistent thermoelastic parameters defining the equation of state of brucite along with the single-crystal elastic moduli. The Brillouin spectroscopy measurements are best fit with the following elastic model: C11 5 156.7(8), C33 5 46.3(8), C44 5 21.7(5), C12 5 44.4(10), C13 5 12.0(15), and C14 5 0.2(8) GPa. The resultant linear compressibilities of the a and c axes are 3.8(1) 3 10 23 and 19.6(6) 3 10 23 (GPa 21 ), respectively, with the Reuss bound for the bulk modulus, KR 5 36.7(10) GPa and the Hill average, KH 5 46(1) GPa. The unitcell parameters (a, c, and volume) determined from the diffraction measurements were fit with a Birch-Murnaghan equation of state, yielding K0 5 39.6(14) Gpa, K 95 6.7(7), (]KT/ ]T)P 52 0.0114(16) GPa/K, and a5 5.0(7) 3 10 25 /K. The bulk modulus and linear compressibilities from X-ray diffraction are in agreement with those from Brillouin spectroscopy. The ratio of linear compressibility of the a to c axes is about five times at ambient conditions and reduces to almost unity by 10 GPa. The axial thermal expansions reflect a similar pressure dependence. The ambient shear anisotropy (C44/C66) is about 2.5.
Do I Think BLS Data are BS? The Consequences of Conspiracy Theories

While the willingness of people to believe unfounded and conspiratorial explanations of events is fascinating and troubling, few have addressed the broader impacts of the dissemination of conspiracy claims. We use survey experiments to assess whether realistic exposure to a conspiracy claim affects conspiracy beliefs and trust in government. These experiments yield interesting and potentially surprising results. We discover that respondents who are asked whether they believe in a conspiracy claim after reading a specific allegation actually report lower beliefs than those not exposed to the specific claim. Turning to trust in government, we find that exposure to a conspiracy claim has a potent negative effect on trust in government services and institutions including those unconnected to the allegations. Moreover, and consistent with our belief experiment, we find that first asking whether people believe in the conspiracy mitigates the negative trust effects. Combining these findings suggests that conspiracy exposure increases conspiracy beliefs and reduces trust, but that asking about beliefs prompts additional thinking about the claims which softens and/or reverses the exposure’s effect on beliefs and trust.
T Cell Factors Involved in the Isotype-Specific Regulation of the IgE Antibody Response

(1987). T Cell Factors Involved in the Isotype-Specific Regulation of the IgE Antibody Response. International Reviews of Immunology: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 1-26.
Synthesis, characterization, and water oxidation by a molecular chromophore-catalyst assembly prepared by atomic layer deposition. The “mummy” strategy

A new strategy for preparing spatially-controlled, multi-component films consisting of molecular light absorbing chromophores and water oxidation catalysts on high surface area, mesoporous metal oxide surfaces is described. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is used to embed a surface-bound chromophore in a thin layer of inert Al2O3, followed by catalyst binding to the new oxide surface. In a final step, catalyst surface-binding is stabilized by a subsequent ALD overlayer of Al2O3. The ALD assembly procedure bypasses synthetic difficulties arising from the preparation of phosphonic acid derivatized, covalently-linked assemblies. An ALD mummy-based assembly has been used to demonstrate photoelectrochemical dehydrogenation of hydroquinone. Electrocatalytic water oxidation at pH 8.8 is observed over a 2 hour electrolysis period and light-assisted water oxidation over a 6 hour photolysis period with O2 detected with a generator–collector electrode configuration.
Optimal Policies and Bounds for Stochastic Inventory Systems with Lost Sales

This paper studies the classical discrete-time, single-location inventory model with stochastic demand, lost sales, and positive lead time. We transform the problem into an equivalent problem of the Markovian demand inventory model with zero lead time and zero initial inventory, which provides a better understanding to the original problem. Based on this transformation, we introduce a key concept--effectual demand, which determines both the performance in the current period and the evolution into future periods. In this way, we provide a bridge of two research streams in the literature: Markovian demand inventory model and lost sales inventory model. We believe this Markovian approach is more straightforward to work with various applications. In this way, we easily show the existence of optimal policies in discounted and average cost, and finite and infinite horizon cases, when cost functions are of polynomial growth. The polynomial growth cost functions virtually cover all practical scenarios in real business settings. We then present simpler proofs and examples for the linear order cost case. The analytical solutions are first. We also derive bounds analytically on the optimal policy; these bounds are equivalent to those of the myopic policy but tighter than the popular bound in the literature.
Robust detection of comment spam using entropy rate

In this work, we design a method for blog comment spam detection using the assumption that spam is any kind of uninformative content. To measure the "informativeness" of a set of blog comments, we construct a language and tokenization independent metric which we call content complexity, providing a normalized answer to the informal question "how much information does this text contain?" We leverage this metric to create a small set of features well-adjusted to comment spam detection by computing the content complexity over groupings of messages sharing the same author, the same sender IP, the same included links, etc.We evaluate our method against an exact set of tens of millions of comments collected over a four months period and containing a variety of websites, including blogs and news sites. The data was provided to us with an initial spam labeling from an industry competitive source. Nevertheless the initial spam labeling had unknown performance characteristics. To train a logistic regression on this dataset using our features, we derive a simple mislabeling tolerant logistic regression algorithm based on expectation-maximization, which we show generally outperforms the plain version in precision-recall space.By using a parsimonious hand-labeling strategy, we show that our method can operate at an arbitrary high precision level, and that it significantly dominates, both in terms of precision and recall, the original labeling, despite being trained on it alone.The content complexity metric, the use of a noise-tolerant logistic regression and the evaluation methodology are thus the three central contributions with this work.