cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of transposable elements and DNA damage repair mechanisms in gene duplications and gene fusions in plant genomes

Plant genomes are shaped by structural variation. Gene-size insertions and among most prominent events and can have significant effects on amplification of gene families as well as facilitate new gene fusions. Transposable elements as well as plant DNA repair machinery have overlapping contributions to these events, and often work in synergy. Activity of transposable elements is often lineage specific and can preferentially affect specific gene families, such as disease resistance genes. Once duplicated, genes themselves can serve templates for additional variation that can arise from non-allelic homologous recombination. Non-homologous DNA repair mechanisms contribute to additional variation and diversify the mechanisms of gene movement, such as through ligation of extra-chromosomal DNA fragments. Genomic processes that generate structural variation can be induced by stress and, therefore, can provide adaptive potential. This review describes mechanisms that contribute to gene-size structural variation in plants, result in gene duplication and generation of new plant genes through gene fusion.
Formation of sinuous ridges by inversion of river-channel belts in Utah, USA, with implications for Mars

Sinuous ridges are important landforms on the surface of Mars that show promise for quantifying ancient martian surface hydrology. Morphological similarity of these ridges to river channels in planform led to a hypothesis that ridges are topographically inverted river channels, or “inverted channels”, formed due to an erosion-resistant channel-filling material that preserved a snapshot of the channel geometry in inverted relief due to differential erosion. An alternative deposit-inversion hypothesis proposes that ridges represent exhumed river-channel belts, with geometries that reflect the lateral migration and vertical aggradation of rivers over significant geologic time, rather than the original channel geometry. To investigate these hypotheses we studied sinuous ridges within the Cretaceous Cedar Mountain Formation near Green River, Utah, USA. Ridges in Utah extend for hundreds of meters, are up to 120 m wide, and stand up to 39 m above the surrounding plain. Ridges are capped by sandstone bodies 3–10 m thick that contain dune- and bar-scale inclined stratification, which we interpret as eroded remnants of channel belts that record the migration and aggradation of single-thread, sand-bedded rivers, rather than channel fills that can preserve the original channel geometry. Caprocks overlie mudstones and thinner sandstone beds that are interpreted as floodplain deposits, and in cases additional channel-belt sandstones are present lower in the ridge stratigraphy. Apparent networks from branching ridges typically represent discrete sandstone bodies that cross at different stratigraphic levels rather than a coeval river network. Ridge-forming sandstone bodies also have been narrowed during exhumation by cliff retreat and bisected by fluvial erosion. Using a large compilation of channel-belt geometries on Earth and our measurements of ridges in Utah, we propose that caprock thickness is the most reliable indicator of paleo-channel geometry, and can be used to reconstruct river depth and discharge. In contrast, channel lateral migration and caprock erosion during exhumation make ridge breadth an uncertain proxy for channel width. An example in Aeolis Dorsa, Mars, illustrates that river discharge estimates based solely on caprock width may differ significantly from estimates based on caprock thickness. Overall, our study suggests that sinuous ridges are not inverted channel fills, but rather reflect exhumation of a thick stratigraphic package of stacked channel belts and overbank deposits formed from depositional rivers over significant geologic time.
Clinical Symptom Profiles After Mild-Moderate Stroke.

Background There is heterogeneity in the severity of domains affected in patients with stroke, resulting in differences in health‐related quality of life (hrQoL). Identifying different clinical pro...
Economic Theories of Justice

Social justice considerations are incorporated into welfare economics via properties of the social welfare function and measures of individual utility. The ethical issues underlying various approac...
Lane flow distribution of congested traffic on three-lane freeways

Abstract This research presents an empirical analysis of lane flow distribution (LFD) in three-lane congested freeways. Data from 72 sites were analyzed to investigate LFD trends with respect to flow and the traffic and freeway characteristics that influence lane-specific traffic behavior. Regression analysis was employed to identify recurrent linear LFD trends with respect to flow and evaluate the factors that instigate the observed LFD patterns. It was found that varying LFD trends are just as prevalent as constant LFD trends and that LFD is not uniform. In addition, four recurrent combinations of varying LFD trends were observed among the sites. Regression models were estimated to represent class-specific linear LFD trends for sites with varying LFD. Results show that the estimated models represent the observed linear LFD trends reasonably well. It was also observed that proximity to freeway merges increases the probability of varying LFD trends, while the presence of HOV lanes reduces it.
Patterning of midlife marital trajectories in enduring marriages in a dyadic context: Physical and mental health outcomes in later years:

The current study, using prospective data over 25 years (1991–2015; N = 245 couples), investigates life course dyadic patterns of positive and negative marital trajectories (i.e., marital strength ...
Metabolic factors and post-traumatic arthritis may influence the increased rate of surgical site infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus following total hip arthroplasty

The impact of CD4+ T-cell count and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on the rate of surgical site infection (SSI) in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) undergoing total hip arthroplasty is still unclear. The goals of this study were to assess the rate of perioperative infection at a large tertiary care referral center and to identify risk factors in HIV+ patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA). This study was a prospective, observational study at a single medical center from 2000–2017. Patients who were HIV+ and underwent THA were followed from the preoperative assessment period, through surgery and for a 2-year follow-up period. Sixteen of 144 HIV+ patients (11%) undergoing THA developed perioperative surgical site infections. Fourteen patients (10%) required revision THA within a range of 12 to 97 days after the initial surgery. The patients’ mean age was 49.6 ± 4.5 years, and the most common diagnosis prompting THA was osteonecrosis (96%). Patients who developed SSI had a lower waist-hip ratio (0.86 vs. 0.93, p = 0.047), lower high density lipoprotein cholesterol (45.8 vs. 52.5, p = 0.015) and were more likely to have post-traumatic arthritis (12.5% vs. 0%, p = 0.008). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that current alcohol use and higher waist-hip ratio were significant protectors against infection (p < 0.05). No other demographic, medical, immunologic parameters, or specific HAART regimens were associated with perioperative infection. Immunologic status as measured by CD4+ cell count, HIV viral load, and medical therapy do not appear to influence the development of SSI in HIV+ patients undergoing THA. Metabolic factors and post-traumatic arthritis may influence the increased rate of infection in HIV+ patients following THA.
What Does the Public Need to Know About Brain Death

Brain death differs from traditional circulatory death, and understanding how it differs is important. Public awareness of brain death is based largely on inaccurate media representations, common examples of which are described here. The purpose of this article is to motivate lay understanding of brain death by tracing key moments in the history of how we've come to define and recognize brain death as death. This article also considers criticisms of brain death and rebuttals to those criticisms.
Consensus opinion on immune-mediated cytopenias after hematopoietic cell transplant for inherited metabolic disorders

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) has been increasingly used for patients with inherited metabolic disorders (IMD). Immune mediated cytopenias (IMCs) after HCT, manifesting as hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and/or neutropenia, are recognized as a significant complication in this patient population, yet our understanding of the incidence, risk factors, and pathophysiology is currently limited. Review of the published literature demonstrates a higher incidence in younger patients who undergo HCT for a nonmalignant disease indication. However, a few reports suggest that the incidence is even higher among those with IMD (incidence ranging from 10 to 56%). This review summarizes the literature, provides an approach to better understanding of the possible etiology of IMCs, and proposes a diagnostic and management plan for patients with IMD who develop single or multi-lineage cytopenias after HCT.
The interdependence of ancestors and their descendants

Ancestor worship, the communicated acceptance of the claim that dead ancestors influence and/or are influenced by their living descendants, has been documented in societies all over the world. Desp...
Key features to ensure sustainability of a tele-oncology program at a national cancer center.

e13613Background: Prior to COVID-19, there were few telehealth services offered in the oncology specialty area. During the pandemic, we at a national cancer center rapidly scaled our oncology teleh...
The role of magnification technique in modern mammography.

Magnification mammography is an adjunct to conventional mammographic technique. It produces fine-detail breast images containing additional anatomic information that may prove useful in refining mammographic diagnosis, especially in cases where conventional imaging demonstrates uncertain or equivocal findings.
The Educational Significance of Aesthetic Humor

This chapter extends the research of John Morreall and others who have examined the various connections between humor and aesthetics by focusing on the distinction between aesthetic and non-aesthetic humor. I begin my analysis by describing the nature and purpose of aesthetic experience while briefly distinguishing it from other human endeavors. In the next part, I critically examine Morreall’s distinction between aesthetic and non-aesthetic humor and argue that it does not adequately account for the differences between the two. Then I propose an alternative understanding of the distinction between aesthetic and non-aesthetic humor. Drawing on the example of four comedic performances, I assert that the difference between aesthetic and non-aesthetic humor needs to be assessed on the basis of the impact of the humor on the people who are viewing it rather than on the motivations and intentions of the performer. In the final part of this chapter, I offer some preliminary conclusions about the educational impact of aesthetic humor based on my experience with using this type of humor in a Philosophy of Humor and Laughter course.
A distributed key generation technique for public key infrastructures

Public Key Infrastructures (PKI) are important for the security of many networked systems. The current designs of PKIs often rely on a centralized key Certification Authority (CA) for the certification and distribution of keys. This centralized entity poses a performance and scalability bottleneck. In addition, it creates a serious security risk – if the CA is penetrated, the security of the entire system is irretrievably compromised. In this paper, we present an innovative method to generate globally unique keys in a completely distributed fashion. The ability to perform distributed key generation facilitates decentralized PKIs. We present security analysis of the method as well as a set of experimental performance results. Our method scales well, and is cryptographically strong.
Evaluating the effectiveness of Moral Reconation Therapy with the juvenile offender population

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Moral Reconation Therapy (MRT) with the juvenile offender population in regard to the effects on recidivism. The analyses resulted in no significant differences in recidivism between the treatment group, which consisted of 375 juvenile offenders who participated in MRT, and the comparison group, which consisted of 375 juvenile offenders who did not participate in MRT. Specific attention to the number of MRT steps completed in relation to recidivism also resulted in no significant results. Therefore, recidivism did not change based on the number of MRT steps completed. In addition to analyses to determine the effectiveness of MRT, analyses to study the ability of the Juvenile Crime Prevention Risk Assessment (JCP Risk Assessment) to predict recidivism were included. Specifically, the total number of risk indicators and the total number of protective factors within the JCP Risk Assessment each were significantly related to recidivism. To determine possible moderating effects, gender and race were included for the following analyses: (a) the number of MRT steps completed and recidivism, (b) the total number of risk indicators and recidivism, and (c) the total number of protective factors and recidivism. The addition of race and gender did not provide significant results for the number of MRT steps completed and recidivism. For the JCP Risk Assessment, the interaction terms, which included race and gender separately with risk indicators and protective factors, the contribution of all independent variables, and the interaction term, led to significant variation in recidivism. However, no interaction terms accounted for a statistically significant amount of variance in recidivism. This study did not provide for support of the effectiveness of MRT with the juvenile offender population of interest.
Mechanisms of polyanion stimulation of nuclear DNA synthesis. Examination of thermal destabilization

Abstract The polyanions heparin and poly- l -glutamic acid stimulate endogenous DNA synthesis in isolated nuclei and chromatin and destabilize the 78000 g fraction of rat liver chromatin to thermal denaturation; however, there is a poor correlation between the polyanion concentrations that result in large-scale template destabilization and those that stimulate endogenous DNA synthesis. We have isolated a chromatin fraction that is enriched in endogenous DNA synthesis, the degree of enrichment being significantly greater with heparin-treated chromatin; however, in both treated and untreated chromatin this fraction is indistinguishable from the remaining chromatin by thermal denaturation in dilute EDTA. This fact, as well as the different polyanion concentrations required to alter endogenous DNA synthesis and thermal stability, leads us to conclude that large-scale template destabilization does not correlate with increased endogenous DNA synthesis.
Protected Area Tourism in a Changing Climate: Will Visitation at US National Parks Warm Up or Overheat?

Climate change will affect not only natural and cultural resources within protected areas but also tourism and visitation patterns. The U.S. National Park Service systematically collects data regarding its 270+ million annual recreation visits, and therefore provides an opportunity to examine how human visitation may respond to climate change from the tropics to the polar regions. To assess the relationship between climate and park visitation, we evaluated historical monthly mean air temperature and visitation data (1979–2013) at 340 parks and projected potential future visitation (2041–2060) based on two warming-climate scenarios and two visitation-growth scenarios. For the entire park system a third-order polynomial temperature model explained 69% of the variation in historical visitation trends. Visitation generally increased with increasing average monthly temperature, but decreased strongly with temperatures > 25°C. Linear to polynomial monthly temperature models also explained historical visitation at individual parks (R2 0.12-0.99, mean = 0.79, median = 0.87). Future visitation at almost all parks (95%) may change based on historical temperature, historical visitation, and future temperature projections. Warming-mediated increases in potential visitation are projected for most months in most parks (67–77% of months; range across future scenarios), resulting in future increases in total annual visits across the park system (8–23%) and expansion of the visitation season at individual parks (13–31 days). Although very warm months at some parks may see decreases in future visitation, this potential change represents a relatively small proportion of visitation across the national park system. A changing climate is likely to have cascading and complex effects on protected area visitation, management, and local economies. Results suggest that protected areas and neighboring communities that develop adaptation strategies for these changes may be able to both capitalize on opportunities and minimize detriment related to changing visitation.
Transmission congestion control research in power system based on immune genetic algorithm

This paper investigates the cost control problem of congestion management model in the real-time power systems. An improved optimal congestion cost model is built by introducing the congestion factor in dealing with the cases: opening the generator side and load side simultaneously. The problem of real-time congestion management is transformed to a nonlinear programming problem. While the transmission congestion is maximum the adjustment cost is minimum based on the immune genetic algorithm, and the global optimal solution is obtained. Simulation results show that the improved optimal model can obviously reduce the adjustment cost and the designed algorithm is safe and easy to implement.
Scheduling flexible manufacturing systems based on timed Petri nets and fuzzy dispatching rules

To explicitly formulate concurrent activities shared resources, precedence constraints and routing flexibility in FMS scheduling, we adopt timed (place) Petri nets for problem representation. The bottom-up method is used to synthesize the system, i.e., the system is partitioned into sub-systems according to the job types, sub-models are constructed for each sub-systems, and a complete net model for the entire process is obtained by merging Petri nets of the sub-systems through the places representing the shared resources. Considering each transition in a conflicting set corresponds to each part type which competes for an available resource for next operation, the fuzzy dispatching rules are employed to select one of the enabled transitions to be fired in each conflicting set. They are derived from ordinarily adopted dispatching rules, such as SPT (shortest processing time) and S/RO (slack per remaining operation). An interpretation algorithm using these rules is given and illustrated through an FMS example.
The effect of 5-fluorouracil on the synthesis of nuclear RNA in L1210 cells in vitro.

The effect of 5-fluorouracil on nuclear RNA synthesis and its incorporation into nuclear RNA were studied in L1210 cells in vitro . Inhibition of the incorporation of [ 3 H]uridine into total RNA by 5-fluorouracil was proportional to the incorporation of drug into RNA. The antimetabolite inhibited the labeling of total nuclear RNA by [ 3 H]uridine but not its methylation. Fractionation of nuclear RNA into ribosomal RNA, nonpolyadenylic acid-heterogeneous RNA and polyadenylic acid-heterogeneous RNA revealed that although incorporation of [ 3 H]uridine was impaired by 5-fluorouracil, the incorporation of [ 3 H]-adenosine was not; however, polyadenylic acid synthesis was significantly impaired by 5-fluorouracil. The incorporation of [ 3 H]5-fluorouracil into the three species of nuclear RNA revealed that the concentration of drug per unit of RNA was greatest in polyadenylic acid-heterogeneous RNA, while the non-poly(A)heterogeneous RNA fraction contained the greatest total amount of 5-fluorouracil. These results show that although transcription is not impaired by 5-fluorouracil, posttranscriptional polyadenylation is inhibited. Moreover, incorporation of 5-fluorouracil into nuclear RNA, and particularly polyadenylic acid-containing RNA, appears to be the predominant feature of this drug with respect to transcription in L1210 cells.
Technical considerations for wideband powerline communication-a summary

The possible use of the power transmission and distribution system as a waveguiding structure for high data rate or wideband communications (e.g. internet connection) is examined in this paper. Generally, the higher the rate of information transfer (i.e. data rate measured in bits per second (B/sec)), the larger the signal bandwidth and the higher the range of frequencies used will be. Here systems that use frequencies up to 30 MHz are considered. The most significant advantage of wideband power line communication (WPLC) systems over their wired competition (e. g. xDSL and cable modem) is that they do not require an entirely new infrastructure. The most serious technical challenges to WPLC systems have been found to be: attenuation due to junctions such as taps, connected elements such as transformers and the lack of matched transmitter/receiver impedances; and legal limits on electromagnetic emissions from these unlicensed systems. The former causes the attenuation rate for high frequency signals to be quite high and (together with input power limitations due to the latter) results in possibly unacceptable limits on the range of the system. Reduction of the attenuation to more reasonable levels through system conditioning may require a financial investment that is incompatible with the requirement that the system be profitable.
Development of a hybrid MRI and fluorescence tomography system for small animal imaging

Fluorescence diffuse optical tomography (FT) is a molecular imaging technique that can create images of spatially resolved fluorophore concentrations and fluorescence lifetimes. One problem faced by FT is that the recovered fluorophore parameters greatly depend on the size and depth of the inclusion due to the ill-posedness of the FT inverse problem. Structural a priori information from imaging modalities with high spatial resolution is demonstrated to significantly improve the accuracy of the FT reconstruction. We have constructed a hybrid FT/MRI system for small animal imaging in this study. Near-infrared light was delivered and collected by optical fibers that connect the FT/MRI system to the interface in the MRI bore. We investigated the feasibility of a photo-multiplier tube (PMT) based detection system that acquired time-resolved data in the frequency domain. Phantom studies were used to evaluate the performance of the combined system. The concentration and lifetime maps were reconstructed with and without the structural a priori information obtained from MRI. ICG and DTTCI, two fluorophores with similar excitation and emission spectra but different lifetimes, were used in this evaluation. Specifically, we showed that the PMT-based frequency domain hybrid system was capable of differentiating between two fluorophores with different fluorescence lifetimes. Furthermore, this process was shown to be more accurate when MR a priori is used.
A Study of Graduate Bulletins to Determine General Information and Graduation Requirements for Doctoral Degree Programs in Health Education

Abstract A study of 150 college and university graduate bulletins was conducted to determine titles, admission information, and graduation requirements for master's degree programs in health education. Included were 22 schools of public health that offered master's degrees in health education. Findings indicated that the degrees most frequently offered in non-schools of public health were the master of science and master of education degrees. In the schools of public health, it was the MPH degree. The study found a lack of consistency in admission and graduation requirements. A major finding was that there was no health education background required for admission to the program. This was consistent with non-schools of public health as well as schools of public health. The number of semester hours required for graduation in non-schools of public health ranged from 30 to 40 semester hours. Schools of public health ranged from 30 to 36 hours. There was a greater emphasis on research, such as a thesis or rese...
Tolerancing an extended corner cube for high-altitude balloon experiment tracking and pointing applications

The High-Altitude Balloon Experiment requires the injection of an inertial reference beam into the optical system by means of an extended corner cube (ECC). The optical system including the ECC can move up to +/- 1 mrad with respect to the inertial beam. The ECC must return the beam antiparallel to the inertial beam to within +/- 40 nrad. The analysis presented here indicates that the three mirrors of the ECC must be perpendicular to each other to within 2 arcsec to meet the specification.
Dislocations in {1012} sapphire ribbons grown by the EFG process

Dislocations in as-grown {1012} EFG sapphire ribbons were investigated by etching in fused KOH in conjunction with X-ray topography. The etch pit density in the bulk along the ribbon thickness, measured on a fracture-cleaved {1012} surface lying at 86° from the surface was ≈1 × 105 cm−2. At the subsurface region, ≈50 μm from the surface, a high etch pit density of ≈3 × 106 cm−2 was measured. The measured variation of the etch pit densities across the ribbon thickness was in good agreement with the results of the X-ray section topography. The etch pit density on the as-grown ribbon surface varied from ≈1 × 105 to ≈2 × 106 cm−2.
α‐Smooth muscle actin‐expressing cells and lubricin in periprosthetic tissue

The objective of the study was to evaluate the distributions of (1) cells expressing the contractile actin isoform, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and (2) a lubricating and antiadhesion glycoprotein, lubricin, in the tissue around loose joint replacement prostheses in human subjects. Periprostehtic tissue resected at revision arthroplasty of noncemented glenoid components of total shoulder arthroplasties was obtained from 10 patients. Samples of periprosthetic tissue were stained with monoclonal antibodies to α-SMA and lubricin. α-SMA was found in cells, principally of fibroblast morphology, in many of the fields of view (FOVs) in samples from all patients. Moderate correlations were observed between the percentage of FOVs containing α-SMA-expressing cells and the percentages of FOVs containing polyethylene (R2 = 0.79) and metallic (R2 = 0.75) particles. Lubricin was identified (1) as a discrete layer on the surface, (2) within the extracellular matrix, and (3) intracellularly. These lubricin-positive features were found in samples from all patients. Strong correlations were noted between the percentages of FOVs with matrix and intracellular lubricin staining (R2 = 0.97) and between the percentages of FOVs with surface and matrix staining for lubricin (R2 = 0.96). Having established the presence of α-SMA and lubricin in periprosthetic tissue, hypotheses regarding their role in the development and persistence of periprosthetic tissue can be synthesized for future study: for example, α-SMA-enabled contracture of the fibrous periprosthetic tissue results in its densification, and lubricin-coated surfaces interfere with integrative repair processes necessary for resorption and remodeling. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010
Uncertainty analysis of life cycle greenhouse gas emissions from petroleum-based fuels and impacts on low carbon fuel policies.

The climate change impacts of U.S. petroleum-based fuels consumption have contributed to the development of legislation supporting the introduction of low carbon alternatives, such as biofuels. However, the potential greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions estimated for these policies using life cycle assessment methods are predominantly based on deterministic approaches that do not account for any uncertainty in outcomes. This may lead to unreliable and expensive decision making. In this study, the uncertainty in life cycle GHG emissions associated with petroleum-based fuels consumed in the U.S. is determined using a process-based framework and statistical modeling methods. Probability distributions fitted to available data were used to represent uncertain parameters in the life cycle model. Where data were not readily available, a partial least-squares (PLS) regression model based on existing data was developed. This was used in conjunction with probability mixture models to select appropriate distrib...
Bifurcation and Stability Analysis of an Ethylene Oxide Reactor System

In this work, an open-loop and closed-loop nonlinear stability analysis of an industrial ethylene oxide reactor is performed. The simulator, which consists of a gas−gas heat exchanger, a multitubular fixed-bed reactor, a steam generator, and a separation system, was benchmarked with data from an industrial ethylene oxide reactor system. A two-dimensional heterogeneous model was developed for the multitubular fixed-bed reactor. The steady-state operability problem (open-loop bifurcation) was addressed by using nonlinear bifurcation techniques. The stable control regions of the ethylene oxide reactor system were developed as a function of operating temperature, catalyst activity, controller tuning, and disturbance direction and magnitude. A reactor runaway event was simulated, from which it is shown that eliminating the oxygen in the feed to the reactor can be used to prevent reactor runaway.
Rule-based database visualization

This paper presents a framework in which a versatile visualization system can be developed to symbolically represent database records. Such a system can handle special visualization needs of individual applications without reprogramming the system. In addition to the regular visualization components, this framework has a rule component, which contains a rule interpreter, a rule base and a graphics base. The rules in the rule base and graphical templates in the graphics base capture application-specific knowledge about the data. The rule interpreter uses the rules to select and place graphical symbols to represent the dat records. Only the rules and templates need to be switched to adapt such a visualization system to different applications. A rule-based database visualization system has been built based on the framework. As a test of the system, it is adapted to draw collision diagram for the Ohio Department of Transportation, which has a database of traffic accident records. Each symbol in a collision diagram is graphical depiction of an accident. Rules and templates are defined so that the symbols can reveal vehicle direction, point of impact and other related information about the accident.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Working With Young Children With Disabilities: Perceptions, Skills, and Training Needs of Head Start Teachers

Increasing numbers of young children with disabilities are receiving services in inclusive settings such as Head Start. It is important to note that positive outcomes for young children with disabilities are due in large part to practitioners' understanding and implementation of both recommended practices in both early care and education and early childhood special education. This study examined the Head Start teachers' perceptions, skills, and professional development needs to best serve young children with disabilities. Results revealed positive perceptions about including young children with disabilities in Head Start programs. Teachers indicated that they could organize the environment, observe children's developmental progress, and implement positive guidance strategies. Perceptions were mixed regarding skills to work with families, related professionals, and support staff and there was limited agreement about implementing Individualized Education Program (IEP) goals and objectives, alternate forms o...
Gerbil’s pinnae movement as related to stimulus frequency and intensity

Pinnae responses to onset of tones, which ranged in frequency from 0.5 to 10 KHz and in intensity from 51 to 101 dB, are reported. The quality and frequency of these responses varied directly with intensity, but were not systematically related to frequency. The extent to which these responses index auditory sensitivity or serve a protective function are considered.
Inoculation and tissue distribution in pilot-scale plant root culture bioreactors

Inoculation of large-scale plant root culture reactors can be carried out by briefly homogenizing bulk root tissue, followed by aseptic transfer as a slurry to the reactor. Uniform root distribution can be achieved in bioreactors by entrapment of the growing root inoculum onto process packing elements (e.g. distillation packings), randomly distributed within the reactor, in a bubble column operation. These two techniques have been successfully used to inoculate a 14 L pilot-scale reactor which is subsequently operated as a trickle bed reactor.
Determinations of chlorinated hydrocarbons by gas chromatography using response factor calibration

Abstract The response of the Hall electrolytic conductivity detector relative to a response standard may be used to determine unidentified chlorinated hydrocarbons. The detector can be used as an organic chlorine detector since the response rationis independent of analyte structure for diverse compounds. The response standard acts as a detector response reference for all analytes determinded, similar to an internal standard, but requires neither identification nor identical reference substances for each measured analyte. Response factor calibration uses Hall electrolytic conductivity detector data for chlorinated hydrocarbons, based upon a response standard, for determinations in units of moles of analyte chlorine. Additional information such as supplemental gas chromatography—mass spectrometry data allows analyte determinations in units of mass. As an example, several chlorinated hexachlorocyclopentadiene photolysis products arre determined by using response factor calibration with Hall electrolytic conductivity detection.
Interpretation of differential pressure in laboratory surfactant/polymer displacements

Experimental data were obtained for two surfactant/polymer systems in which fluid mobilities and mobility control were studied through the analysis of differential pressure measurements. One system used nonane as the hydrocarbon phase, while the other system used crude oil from the Madison field, Greenwood County, KS. During the experimental studies, capillarypressure effects were observed in differential pressure data when floods were conducted at reservoir rates and small port spacing. Capillary-pressure effects interfered with the measurement of the ''true'' or viscous pressure drop in oil/water banks and the transition region between the oil/water bank and surfactant slug. Pressure ports were designed to permit injection of small quantities of fluid at the rock surface during displacements to verify and to eliminate capillary-pressure effects. Movement of fluid regions through the core was inferred from the differential pressure measurements along the core. Similar pressure perturbations at the ports were extrapolated to the end of the core and correlated with effluent fractions. In the nonane system, the microemulsion surfactant slug changed to a more mobile macroemulsion within the first half of the displacement. This macroemulsion moved through the last half of the core as a stabilized, constant velocity bank indicating good mobility control even thoughmore » the apparent viscosity of the macroemulsion was less than that of the stabilized oil/water bank. In the crude-oil surfactant system, pressure data collected along the core indicated capillary-pressure effects at the leading edge of the oil bank and the formation of a viscous, less mobile region resulting from mixing of the microemulsion slug with resident fluids.« less
Cost and performance analysis of haemagglutination inhibition, passive haemagglutination, radial haemolysis, and enzyme immunoassay for measuring rubella antibody.

Abstract Cost and performance of non-commercial haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and radial haemolysis (RH) tests, and the commercially available passive haemagglutination (PHA) Rubacell and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and Rubazyme assays were compared in their ability to detect rubella antibodies in 316 sera. Correlation coefficients were: HI to RH 0.96; HI to EIA 0.86. All 4 tests were in agreement on pre- and post-rubella immunization sera from 10 subjects. Eleven sera collected between 1 and 15 days after natural infection possessed clear HI titres whereas only 4 of them showed positive responses by PHA, RH or EIA. Immunity screening 285 sera identified 7 discordant results (positive in 2 of 4 tests). A detailed cost analysis for testing 100 sera showed a cost per test from $2.10 for HI to $3.71 for EIA. The labour component of the total cost was different for each assay and affected the unit cost of testing a single specimen. Results are discussed in view of antibody responses to specific rubella polypeptides and recommendations for diagnosis or immunity screening are made according to the findings.
Isolating settlement from recruitment of sea urchins

Recruitment of benthic marine invertebrates with planktonic larvae is composed of three components: larval supply; settlement and metamorphosis of larvae; and survival and growth in the benthic environment. We offer a technique that isolates settlement from the other processes for the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus. Settlement samplers constructed of common and inexpensive materials were deployed in a central California kelp forest for 1 yr and sampled monthly. The samplers effectively induced larval sea urchins Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson) to settle both in the laboratory and in the field. Other invertebrates occurred in the samplers as both adults and juveniles, and predation on settled sea urchins in the samplers probably influenced the results. We suggest that long-term use of settlement samplers will contribute to a better understanding of the population dynamics of sea urchins and other benthic invertebrates with planktonic larvae.
The effects of protein deprivation on dominance measured by shock avoidance competition and food competition.

Dominance behavior of rhesus macaques on either low or high protein diets was measured using three competition techniques. The appetitive measures consisted of food competition in the WGTA and food competition in a parallel box apparatus. The nonappetitive measure consisted of shock avoidance competition. The results indicated that rhesus monkeys raised on low protein diets were rated more dominant than rhesus monkeys raised on high protein diets on food competition and that high protein rhesus monkeys were more dominant on avoidance competition. All three measurement techniques were found to be stable, and the two appetitive measures were correlated highly.
TWO-DIMENSIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION OF PHTHALOCYANINE PIGMENTS AT THE AIR/WATER INTERFACE

Two-dimensional crystallization of highly planar phthalocyanine (Pc) pigments underneath the headgroups of a lipid Langmuir monolayer was observed and characterized by synchrotron X-ray diffraction at grazing angles of incidence (GID). The crystallization was achieved through spontaneous adsorption of positively charged, water-soluble Pc's to a spread dihexadecyl phosphate (DHDP) monolayer at the air/water interface. Analysis of the GID and rod profiles show that the lipid, pigment, and counterions form a complex in which the pigment plane is tilted with respect to the liquid surface; this is consistent with previous independent X-ray reflectivity investigations. In addition, the two-dimensional crystalline order of DHDP monolayers on pure H2O has been determined and an analysis of its structure both before and after complexation is presented.
Slip transfer and plastic strain accumulation across grain boundaries in Hastelloy X

Abstract In this study, high resolution ex situ digital image correlation (DIC) was used to measure plastic strain accumulation with sub-grain level spatial resolution in uniaxial tension of a nickel-based superalloy, Hastelloy X. In addition, the underlying microstructure was characterized with similar spatial resolution using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). With this combination of crystallographic orientation data and plastic strain measurements, the resolved shear strains on individual slip systems were spatially calculated across a substantial region of interest, i.e. , we determined the local slip system activity in an aggregate of ∼600 grains and annealing twins. The full-field DIC measurements show a high level of heterogeneity in the plastic response with large variations in strain magnitudes within grains and across grain boundaries (GBs). We used the experimental results to study these variations in strain, focusing in particular on the role of slip transmission across GBs in the development of strain heterogeneities. For every GB in the polycrystalline aggregate, we have established the most likely dislocation reaction and used that information to calculate the residual Burgers vector and plastic strain magnitudes due to slip transmission across each interface. We have also used molecular dynamics simulations (MD) to establish the energy barriers to slip transmission for selected cases yielding different magnitudes of the residual Burgers vector. From our analysis, we show an inverse relation between the magnitudes of the residual Burgers vector and the plastic strains across GBs. Also, the MD simulations reveal a higher energy barrier for slip transmission at high magnitudes of the residual Burgers vector. We therefore emphasize the importance of considering the magnitude of the residual Burgers vector to obtain a better description of the GB resistance to slip transmission, which in turn influences the local plastic strains in the vicinity of grain boundaries.
The Turán Number Of The Fano Plane

Let PG2(2) be the Fano plane, i. e., the unique hypergraph with 7 triples on 7 vertices in which every pair of vertices is contained in a unique triple. In this paper we prove that for sufficiently large n, the maximum number of edges in a 3-uniform hypergraph on n vertices not containing a Fano plane is $$ex{\left( {n,PG_{2} {\left( 2 \right)}} \right)} = {\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}c} {n} \\ {3} \\ \end{array} } \right)} - {\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}c} {{{\left\lfloor {n/2} \right\rfloor }}} \\ {3} \\ \end{array} } \right)} - {\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}c} {{{\left\lceil {n/2} \right\rceil }}} \\ {3} \\ \end{array} } \right)}.$$ Moreover, the only extremal configuration can be obtained by partitioning an n-element set into two almost equal parts, and taking all the triples that intersect both of them. This extends an earlier result of de Caen and Furedi, and proves an old conjecture of V. Sos. In addition, we also prove a stability result for the Fano plane, which says that a 3-uniform hypergraph with density close to 3/4 and no Fano plane is approximately 2-colorable.
Close-Kin Marriage and Upper-Class Formation in Late-Eighteenth-Century Philadelphia

In contrast with other contemporary urban elites, relatively few wealthy Philadel phians in the late eighteenth rentury married first cousins, and these marriages led to the forma tion of divisions among the wealthy rather than to social integration. These divisions and the social conflict which resulted from them were often strengthened by an emerging trend of rich Philadel phians marrying affinal kin. Philadelphia's religious norms, pluralistic social and political en vironment, changing business atmosphere, and latitudinarian marriage practices accounted for these patterns. The patterns, in turn, were part of a shift by wealthy Philadelphians toward "modern" family arrangements, based on affection, individualism, and voluntarism.
The effects of pilocarpine on the drinking behavior of rats following acute and chronic treatment with diisopropylfluorophosphate and during withdrawal.

The water intake of rats was examined after administration of pilocarpine (8 mg/kg, ip), a tertiary muscarinic agent, at various times during a chronic treatment regimen of DFP, an irreversible anticholinesterase agent, and during withdrawal from this chronic DFP treatment. Water intake was markedly reduced ( 90%) when the pilocarpine injection occurred after eight treatments with DFP. The animals recovered their sensitivity to pilocarpine approximately 8 wk after withdrawal from the DFP treatment, at about the time other investigators have shown brain cholinesterase activity to have returned to normal following acute injection with DFP. These findings support the hypothesis that a decrease in the sensitivity of the muscarinic cholinergic receptors is one mechanism underlying the development of tolerance to DFP.
The influence of polyenes of cyclic 3′,5′-AMP formation and glucose utilization in thyroid

Abstract The membrane modifying polyenes, filipin and nystatin, have been studied with respect to their ability to alter thyroid cell metabolism. Filipin, believed to modify membranes through interaction with phospholipids and/or cholesterol, appears to induce either no effect or mild inhibition of baseline [ 14 C]glucose oxidation in dog thyroid slices. Nystatin, which has been shown to react with membrane cholesterol, stimulates labeled glucose oxidation to 14 CO 2 . [6- 14 C]Glucose oxidation to 14 CO 2 is stimulated more extensively than [ i - 14 C]glucose oxidation (3-fold). Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulation, in contrast, is greater with [ i - 14 C]-glucose than [ 6 - 14 C]glucose. These observation would suggest that the nystatin stimulation is effected by a different mechanism than that induced by TSH. This probability is supported by the further observation that both nystatin and filipin are antagonistic to TSH-increased glucose oxidation. The nystatin stimulation may be due to increased movement of glucose through the cell membrane. A new radiometric assay has been developed for cyclic 3′,5′-AMP which permits measurement of samples as amall as 5.10- 13 mole. With this assay it was observed that nystatin and filipin reduced thyroid-slice 3′,5′-AMP levels. In order to determine if this reduction was due to a direct action on thyroid adenyl cyclase, a TSH-responsive 9000 × g particulate preparation was isolated and evaluated with respect to polyene effects. Both nystatin and filipin inhibit thyroid particulate adenyl cyclase activities. It is suggested that this subcellular inhibition may be correlated in part with polyene inhibitions of TSH-stimulated glucose oxidation and 3′,5′-AMP formation observed at the intact cell level.
Guanine Nucleotide Associated with the Protein of the Outer Fibers of Flagella and Cilia

Flagella from sperm of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis and cilia from Tetrahymena pyriformis contain guanine nucleotides bound to the outer-fiber fraction in the ratio of one mole of nucleotide per mole of protein subunit.
The heat kernel of the Laplacian defined on a uniform grid

We adapt a method originally developed by E.B. Davies for second order elliptic operators to obtain an upper heat kernel bound for the Laplacian defined on a uniform grid on the plane.
A few bad ideas on the way to the triumph of parallel computing

Abstract Parallelism has become mainstream, in the multicore chip, the GPU, and the internet datacenter running MapReduce. In my field, large-scale scientific computing, parallelism now reigns triumphant. It was no simple, direct route that led to this triumph. Along the way, we were confused by ideas that, in retrospect, turned out to be distractions and errors. The thinking behind them was reasonable, but wrong. One can learn from a dissection of mistakes, so I will retell part of the story here.