cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The preferred angle of illumination in shape from shading

Recovering 3D shape from shading is an ill-posed problem which the visual system can resolve only after making assumptions about the lighting, surface material, and/or viewpoint. Previous research has shown that people tend to assume light is above and slightly to the left [Sun and Perona 1998], but it is not known whether there is also an assumed elevation angle of the light with respect to the viewpoint. Consider a plane containing the eye, the point of interest, and the assumed light position. In this paper, we investigate whether there is an assumed elevation of light within this plane by measuring observer percepts of surface orientation with varying angles of light above or below the viewpoint. The estimations of surface orientation were made on smooth, virtual 3D shapes displayed monocularly using local Lambertian shading. We varied the elevation angle of light within a range +/66 deg (above/below) from the viewpoint, and subjects indicated local surface orientation at specified points on the shape by rotating a gauge figure to appear normal to the surface [Koenderink et al. 1992]. Observer settings were more accurate when the light was positioned above rather than below the viewpoint. Additionally, the angular difference between the indicated and actual surface normal was minimized when the light was 20-30 deg above the viewpoint. Measurements of slant and tilt error, as well as the variance of settings, support this result. These findings confirm that the human visual system has an aboveand-left prior for light position and demonstrate that the preferred position is 20-30 deg above the viewpoint.
Developmental changes in preschoolers' ability to distinguish memories of performed, pretended, and imagined actions

Abstract The goals of the research presented in this article were to: a) examine changes in pre-schoolers' ability to distinguish among memories of performed, pretended, and imagined episodes, and b) use source monitoring as a tool for inferring the nature of preschoolers' conceptualizations of pretense. The participants, 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds, performed, pretended, and imagined performing actions. After a short delay, they identified the origin of their memories in a 3-alternative, forced-choice procedure. Results showed significant improvements between ages 3 and 4 in the ability to distinguish: a) performed actions from imagined actions, and b) performed actions from pretended actions. However, 4- and 5- year-olds confused memories of pretended and imagined actions. These results were replicated in a second experiment with 3- and 4-year-olds, using a simpler 2-alternative, forced-choice format. The findings suggest that, by age 4, children represent both pretense and imagination in memory according to cognitive operation features associated with generating a fictional mental state. Thus, 4-year-olds may recognize that constructing a mental, alternative reality is an important part of pretense.
Are kekulene, coronene, and corannulene tetraanion superaromatic? Theoretical examination using hardness indices

The superaromaticity concept is examined and developed, taking into account what is known about aromaticity. Three new hardness indices indices are defined, and shown to be excellent parameters for characterizing superaromaticity. High superaromaticity indicates significant global annulenoid conjugation relative to local benzenoid conjugation in circularly annealed benzenoid molecules. Kekulene, coronene and corannulene tetraanion all are predicted to be superaromatic. The prediction for the corannulene tetraanion strongly supports the “annulene-within-an-annulene” structure derived from NMR data.
Chromogenic benzo- and monoaza-12-crown-4, 13-crown-4 and 14-crown-4 lithium-selective crown ethers

Abstract Chromogenic benzo-12-crown-4, benzo-13-crown-4 and benzo-14-crown-4 ethers have been compared with monoaza-12-crown-4 and monoazal-13-crown-4 ethers. Of these compounds, monoaza-13-crown-4 exhibited the best analytical characteristics toward the selective determination of lithium. K ex Li/K ex Na was 525 for the monoaza-crown-4 compound.
Analysis of SCG10 gene expression in transgenic mice reveals that neural specificity is achieved through selective derepression

SCG10 is a neural-specific, growth-associated protein that is broadly expressed in the embryonic central and peripheral nervous systems. Transgenic mice harboring a chimeric gene containing 4 kb of SCG10 5′ flanking DNA fused to the bacterial CAT gene exhibit expression in brain but not in nonneuronal tissues. A low level of expression is detected in adrenal gland as well, consistent with the behavior of endogenous SCG10. Such a transgene is also activated at the same relative stage of embryonic development as its endogenous counterpart. Deletion of the 5′-most 3.7 kb of SCG10 sequence yields deregulated expression of the transgene in numerous nonneuronal tissues, although expression remains highest in brain. In contrast to other tissue-specific genes, therefore, the specificity of SCG10 expression appears to be achieved predominantly through selective repression in nonneuronal tissues.
Technical matters: method, knowledge and infrastructure in twentieth-century life science

Conceptual breakthroughs in science tend to garner accolades and attention. But, as the invention of tissue culture and the development of isotopic tracers show, innovative methods open up new fields and enable the solution of longstanding problems.
Insights into the Function and Structural Flexibility of the Periplasmic Molecular Chaperone SurA

ABSTRACT SurA is the primary periplasmic molecular chaperone that facilitates the folding and assembling of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) in Gram-negative bacteria. Deletion of the surA gene in Escherichia coli leads to a decrease in outer membrane density and an increase in bacterial drug susceptibility. Here, we conducted mutational studies on SurA to identify residues that are critical for function. One mutant, SurAV37G, significantly reduced the activity of SurA. Further characterization indicated that SurAV37G was structurally similar to, but less stable than, the wild-type protein. The loss of activity in SurAV37G could be restored through the introduction of a pair of Cys residues and the subsequent formation of a disulfide bond. Inspired by this success, we created three additional SurA constructs, each containing a disulfide bond at different regions of the protein between two rigid secondary structural elements. The formation of disulfide bond in these mutants has no observable detrimental effect on protein activity, indicating that SurA does not undergo large-scale conformational change while performing its function.
Fast algorithm for the metric-space analysis of simultaneous responses of multiple single neurons

Spike train metrics quantify the notion of dissimilarity, or distance, between spike trains and between multineuronal responses (J. Neurophysiol. 76 (1996) 1310, Network 8 (1997) 127). We present a new algorithm for the implementation of a metric based on the timing of individual spikes and on their neurons of origin. This algorithm surpasses the earlier approach in speed by a factor that grows exponentially with the number of neurons, substantially extending the applicability of metric space methods to the study of coding in larger neuronal populations.
The secretory pathway in yeast

Abstract Yeast mutants that are temperature-sensitive for secretion and growth accumulate secretory organelles which contain glycoprotein intermediates. The secretory pathway, defined by these mutants, is also responsible for plasma membrane and vacuole assembly.
Recurrent joint symptoms in children vaccinated with HPV-77DK12 rubella vaccine.

A syndrome characterized by recurrent attacks of pain and stiffness of the knees was observed in 11 children 6 to 8 months after they had received the HPV-77 dog kidney rubella vaccine. In each child the symptoms first appeared 2 to 7 weeks after vaccination; there were recurrent attacks at 1 to 3 month intervals, and these lasted 1 to 7 days. The severity of the symptoms was generally less with each attack; however, recurrent symptoms usually interfered with school attendance and other activities. This syndrome was infrequent, occurring in only 3 of 225 children who initially had joint symptoms following the dog kidney vaccine.
Use of the Case Method in MBA Education

The position of the case method in MBA education is discussed, followed by an examination of the nature of business cases, benefits to be derived from the case method, roles for students and instructors in case-oriented courses, and issues concerning integration of cases into an overall course design. It is argued that case analysis helps students to develop the kinds of skills that are essential to success in business organizations: identification and analysis of complex business problems, application of judgment in developing solutions, interactive problem-solving, and persuasive presentation of conclusions. The case method presents special challenges to both the instructor and the student. Both are required to sacrifice their traditional roles. The instructor is a facilitator rather than a content expert, and the student must assume a highly active role, providing the substantive content for the discussion. Both instructor and student are well rewarded for their adjustments by the many benefits of the case method.
Do revenue forecasts influence budget setting? A small group experiment

This article reports on the results of a small group experiment relating the effects of situational and psychological factors to the use of revenue forecast information on budgetary decision-making. The results suggest ‘objective’ information is not completely ignored because of conditions in the budgetary environment and that one's role in the budget process influences how ‘objective’ information is used. The results also indicate that some useful insights for budget theory are possible from small group experiments.
Variational and projection methods for the volume constraint in finite deformation elasto-plasticity

This paper focuses on the treatment of volume constraints which in the context of elasto-plasticity typically arise as a result of assuming volume-preserving plastic flow. Projection methods based on the modification of the discrete gradient operator B, often proposed on an ad-hoc basis, are systematically obtained in the variational context furnished by a three-field Hu-Washizu principle. The fully nonlinear formulation proposed here is based on a local multiplicative split of the deformation gradient into volume-preserving and dilatational parts, without relying on rate forms of the weak form of momentum balance. This approach fits naturally in a formulation of plasticity based on the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient, and enables one to exactly enforce the condition of volume-preserving plastic flow. Within the framework proposed in this paper, rate forms and incrementally objective algorithms are entirely bypassed.
Locally Efficient Estimation of a Multivariate Survival Function in Longitudinal Studies

We consider estimation of the joint distribution of multivariate survival times T = (T1,…,Tk), which are subject to right-censoring by a common censoring variableC. Two estimators are proposed: an initial inverse-probability-of-censoring weighted (IPCW) estimator and a one-step estimator. Both estimators incorporate information on available time-independent and time-dependent prognostic factor (covariate) data. The IPCW estimator is consistent and asymptotically normal (CAN) under coarsening at random (CAR) and a correct specification of a model for the hazard of censoring given the past covariate and failure data. The one-step estimator is a locally efficient doubly robust estimator. That is, (i) it is CAN under the assumption of CAR and either (but not necessarily both) correct specification of a model for the hazard of censoring given the past or correct specification of a model for the conditional distribution of T given past failure and covariate information, and (ii) it is efficient when both these ...
Energetics of CdSxSe1-x quantum dots in borosilicate glasses

Abstract The thermodynamics of CdSe quantum dots embedded in a glass matrix is of great interest because of the numerous applications as optical materials. In this study, the energetics and stability of CdSe quantum dots in a borosilicate glass matrix is investigated as a function of size using high-temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry. CdS0.1Se0.9 nanoparticles (1–40 nm) embedded in glass were analyzed by photoluminescence spectroscopy, electron microprobe, X-ray fluorescence, high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction, and (scanning) transmission electron microscopy using both electron energy loss and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. As CdSe particles coarsen, their heat of formation becomes more exothermic. The interfacial energy of CdSe QDs embedded in a borosilicate glass, determined from the slope of enthalpy of drop solution versus calculated surface area, is 0.56 ± 0.01 J/m2.
InP/InGaAs Based Charge-Coupled Devices For MQW Spatial Light Modulator Applications

This paper discusses the development of InP based Charge-Coupled Device addressed Multi-Quantum Well Spatial Light Modulators. These devices are based on the quantum-confined Stark effect and promise to be very fast, with response times in the fractional nsec range.
Candida myocarditis without valvulitis

Thirty-one patients with systemic candidiasis at postmortem examination were found to have Candida involvement of the myocardium without valvulitis. Retrospective examination of their clinical course demonstrated that a new conduction disturbance was seen in 10, supraventricular arrhythmias in 5,QRS changes mimicking myocardial infarction in 3, and pronounced T wave changes in 13. Hypotension or shock was seen in 13 patients and could not be explained by coexistent bacteremia or blood loss in 8. One patient died suddenly. Of 19 patients with systemic candidiasis without myocardial invasion, 4 had minor T wave changes and one had a supraventricular arrhythmia. Candida invasion of the heart significantly complicates the clinical course in systemic candidiasis and should be suspected when a young person without preexistent heart disease has cultures positive for a Candida organism, a significant arrhythmia, conduction distrubance or other dramatic QRS change. The effect of therapy on Candida invasion of the heart is unknown.
Continuity of the rational: Naturalism and historical understanding in Collingwood

It is sometimes suggested that Collingwood's philosophy of history is decidedly anti-naturalist and argues for a complete separation between history and the natural sciences. The purpose of this paper is to examine this suggestion and to argue that Collingwood's conception of the relationship between history and natural sciences is much more subtle and nuanced than such a view would allow for. In fact, there is little in Collingwood to offend contemporary naturalistic sensibilities reasonably construed. The impression that Collingwood's views are incompatible with naturalism stems, in part, from an overly Kantian interpretation of the idea of rationality, as applied to historical agents, in terms of transcendentally fixed norms. This difficulty, however, does not arise if we opt for a more Hegelian interpretation of rationality in terms of continuity in thought, which Collingwood himself seemed to favor. Examining Collingwood's pronouncements on these topics leads one to the conclusion that, while objecting to the excesses of early naturalism, Collingwood saw no insurmountable obstacles to the reconciliation of science and history and their potential collaboration in some areas.
Recent developments in the analysis of lithic artifacts

A review of recent research on lithic technology and functional analysis is presented. Our perception of the state of the art is based on a review of the literature published during the past three years and on the topics that were covered at conferences and workshops on lithic analysis. While the goals have essentially remained the same since the turn of the century, concerns with chronology and the classification of lithic artifacts have given way to studies that treat stone implements as products of a dynamic system of human behavior. In order to understand stone artifacts and the people that made and used them, archaeologists must understand theprocesses involved in the acquisition, production, exchange, and consumption of lithic artifacts. In the past ten years, experimental studies involving the manufacturing and use of stone tools have been integrated with studies of refitted or conjoined lithic artifacts and microwear analysis. The result is a much more dynamic view of the variability in assemblages of lithic artifacts. In this review, we focus on replication and technological analysis of chipped stone artifacts and microwear analysis, and consider the implications of this research.
Immunological role for seminal plasma in insemination and pregnancy.

: Insemination confronts the female with paternally derived alloantigens and represents an immunological challenge preceding fertilization and implantation. Current evidence suggests a role for seminal plasma in regulating maternal immunity for insemination and pregnancy. In vitro seminal plasma has been shown to suppress T- and B-cell proliferation, neutrophil and macrophage phagocytic activity, as well as killer cell activity. Seminal plasma interacts with complement components C1 and C3 and contains factors that specifically bind the Fc region of IgG. These in vitro findings suggest possible seminal plasma-suppressive effects on female alloimmune responses after insemination. Seminal plasma also contains allotypic TLX antigens that could prime mothers prior to fertilization. Such priming effects for pregnancy acceptance are supported by improved implantation rates in controlled clinical trials using timed vaginal exposure to semen during in vitro fertilization or gamete intrafallopian transfer treatment cycles.
Aldehyde oxidase from rabbit liver: specificity toward purines and their analogs.

Abstract Aldehyde oxidase (EC 1.2.3.1) plays a role in the oxidation of aromatic heterocyclic compounds ingested by some higher vertebrates. To better understand this function, the specificity of the rabbit liver enzyme toward purines and their analogs was quantitatively studied. The chemical nature of the 6-substituent of purine markedly influenced substrate efficiency ( V max K m ). Substituents that were hydrophobic were generally favorable. There was a correlation between the degree of hydrophobicity and the tightness of binding. 6-Substituents that were strongly electron-withdrawing also enhanced substrate efficiency. 6-Hydroxy and 6-amino substituents virtually obliterated substrate activity. In contrast, 2-hydroxypurine and 2-aminopurine were efficiently oxidized. 2,6-Disubstitution of purine was much less favorable than either 2- or 6-monosubstitution. N-Substitution of purines enhanced substrate efficiency in many cases. The typical order of preference for 9-substituents was 2′-deoxyribofuranosyl > ribofuranosyl > arabinofuranosyl > H. Acyclic nucleosides (9-[(hydroxy-alkyloxy)methyl]purines) were usually more efficient substrates than were 2′-deoxyribonucleosides. The kinetic constants of a variety of purine analogs revealed that the pyrimidine portion of the purine ring system was a more important determinant of substrate activity than the imidazole portion. The efficient oxidation of a variety of nucleosides suggests that detoxification of naturally occurring nucleoside analogs might be an important aspect of the physiological role of this enzyme. Overall, the data presented serve as a guide for predicting the susceptibility of heterocycles to oxidation by this enzyme.
Effect of excessive bending on residual tensile strength of hybrid composite rods

Abstract Excessive bending has been identified as a concern for the hybrid composite core that is currently being used as the structural member for the Aluminum Conductor Composite Core Trapezoidal Wire (ACCC/TW™) transmission line. In this work the flexure strength of the ACCC core was measured in a series of four point bend tests while monitoring acoustic emissions. To quantify the stress state within the rods and to evaluate its flexure strength, an analytic solution for the bending stress was derived and numerically verified using the finite element method. In the second part of the study several specimens that had been subjected to excessive bending were subsequently tested for their residual tensile strength. It was found that wrapping the ACCC core around a 1 m mandrel, which is a common loading condition in practice, will not generate significant structural damage in the composite core. It was determined that the diameter of the mandrel that would cause failure of the composite core is 467 mm. From this work it was found that excessive bending, up to 90% of the flexural strength of the ACCC core, had no detrimental effect on the residual tensile strength of the hybrid composite. It was observed that the majority of the micro-structural damage that was accrued during the excessive bending of the cores presented itself in the form of matrix damage without any significant fiber kinking.
Lung transplantation: how to perform the venous anastomosis when clamping is too distal

During lung transplantation, the venous anastomosis is performed between the atrial cuffs of the donor and the receiver. In certain rare circumstances, however, the surgeon may find two veins and no possibility to reposition the clamp more proximally. A simple technique can be used in this case: both veins are reunited and the venous anastomosis carried out as usual between two large lumens.
Early detection of acute allograft rejection by linear and nonlinear analysis of heart rate variability.

Abstract Objective: The first months after orthotopic heart transplantation are associated with the highest risk of acute allograft rejection. This study explores the utility and reliability of linear and novel nonlinear metrics of heart rate variability as predictors of graft rejection. The underlying hypothesis is that the transplanted heart, in response to inflammatory mediators, alters the dynamic properties of its rhythm-generating system. Methods: In a cross-sectional study of 45 patients who had undergone heart transplantation, spanning a period of 4 months after the operation, heart rate variability was examined by time- and frequency-domain analysis. The nonlinear features of heart rate variability were studied by computing a pointwise correlation dimension of R-R interval time series. The results of heart rate variability analysis were compared with those of endomyocardial surveillance biopsy studies using the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation scoring system. Results: Duration of heart transplantation itself exhibited a significant ( P R 2 = 0.4) revealed that the only significant independent risk predictors were pointwise correlation dimension (odds ratio, 2.2 per 0.1 unit) and duration of heart transplantation (odds ratio, 1.7 per week). Conclusion: Nonlinear measures of heart rate variability provide noninvasive means for identifying patients undergoing cardiac transplantation with acute rejection, thereby enabling the assessment of the time-dependent adaptive response of the donor heart to its host. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;120:737-45)
Kinetic analysis of light-induced cytochrome c redox reactions in Anabaena lamellar fragments☆

Abstract Kinetic treatment of the anaerobic redox reaction of cytochrome c by Anabaena lamellar fragments revealed that both the photooxidation and the dark reduction of cytochrome c are first-order reactions. Velocities are a function of the oxidized or reduced forms of a substance, as yet unidentified, cytochrome-c reducing substance (CRS). Kinetic analysis allowed estimation of the total amount of CRS at about 1 5 of the chlorophyll-a content. Apparently CRS forms a large “electron pool” reduced by photochemical system 1. Further, it was possible to show that the heat-stable factor solubilized from acetone-treated lamellar fragments is identical with CRS.
MULTIPLICITIES IN LEPTON - HADRON PROCESSES

Abstract The average multiplicity in deep inelastic electro- and neutrinoproduction at large ω(ω∼s/Q2 + 1) is related in Feynman's version of the parton model to the average multiplicities in high-energy electron-positron annihilation and hadron-hadron scattering. The relation is: 〈n(s, Q 2 )〉 eP ,ν P ∼ C e + e − ln ( Q 2 M 1⊥ 2 ) + C h ln (ω − 1) , where Ce+ e− and Ch are, respectively, the coefficients of ln(s/M1⊥2) in the multiplicities from e+-e− and P-P in to hadrons, and M1⊥ is an average transverse mass.
Effects of environmental factors on 1,3-dichloropropene hydrolysis in water and soil

Hydrolysis is the major pathway for fumigant 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) degradation in water and soil, yet the process is not well understood. Experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of various environmental factors on the rate of 1,3-D hydrolysis. Cis-, trans-1,3-D and their isomeric mixture were spiked into water and Arlington soil (coarse-loamy, mixed, thermic Haplic Durixeralfs) and incubated under different conditions. The rate of 1,3-D hydrolysis in water and soil were evaluated based on its residual amount and Cl- release, respectively. 1,3-D hydrolyzed rapidly in deionized water, with a half-life of 9.8 d at 20 degrees C. The hydrolysis was pH dependent, with low pH inhibiting and high pH favoring the reaction. Other factors such as isomeric differences, photo irradiation, suspended particles, and small amounts of co-solutes had little effect on the reaction. In soil, 1,3-D hydrolyzed following pseudo first-order kinetics. The hydrolysis rate constant increased with soil moisture content and decreased with the initial 1,3-D concentration. At 20 degrees C, > 60% of the 1,3-D applied at < 0.61 g kg(-1) in 10% moisturized soil hydrolyzed within 30 d. The soil particle size and mineralogy had little effect on the reaction rate. Organic matter promoted 1,3-D degradation via direct substitution reactions, and the trans-isomer showed preference over the cis- to react with certain organic molecules. Microbial contributions were initially insignificant, and became important as soil microorganisms adapted to the fumigant. The results suggest that to accelerate 1,3-D degradation, pH, soil moisture, and organic amendment should be considered.
How Improved Local-Regional Therapy Impacts Survival

Findings from the 2005 Early Breast Cancer Trialists Collaborative Group overview of the effects of more extensive local therapy on breast cancer survival provide strong evidence supporting a causal link between local-regional cancer control and subsequent breast cancer survival. This article reviews the evidence supporting this link and discusses both the conditions that must be met for improved local-regional therapy to confer a survival benefit and the potential magnitude of the survival benefit from improved local-regional therapy.
Case report and review: computed tomography of multiple nodular pulmonary amyloidosis.

Abstract A 73-year-old male was found to have multiple subpleural pulmonary nodules, predominately of the upper lobes, on CT. Some contained calcifications. Lymphadenopathy was absent. The importance of CT in suggesting the diagnosis of nodular pulmonary amyloidosis is discussed.
A Comparative Study of Saphenous Vein, Internal Jugular Vein, and Knitted Dacron Patches for Carotid Artery Endarterectomy

To determine whether the choice of material used for patch closure following carotid artery endarterectomy (CAE) affected the immediate operative results, the early follow-up results, or the incidence of early restenosis, a retrospective study of 275 consecutive carotid endarterectomies by two vascular surgeons was performed. Among 275 primary CAEs performed between July 1991 and August 1993, 159 (57.8%) were closed with saphenous vein (SV), 25 (9.1%) with double-thickness internal jugular vein (JV), and 91 (33.1%) with knitted Dacron (KD). Primary closure was not used in any of the arteries in this series. The overall perioperative mortality rate was 1.1% and the rate of major and minor morbidity was 4.4%. There were four (1.5%) perioperative strokes: two (1.3%) in the SV group, one (4.0%) in the JV group, and one (1.1%) in the KD group. Two-hundred fifty-eight (93.8%) of the 275 endarterectomies were followed postoperatively for 2 to 35 months (mean 14.4). Two-hundred nineteen (79.6%) were evaluated using duplex scans during follow-up with a mean interval of 13.7 months. Of the arteries studied, four (3.6%) in the SV group, none in the JV group, and six (8.4%) in the KD group demonstrated restenosis of > 50% at the time of follow-up (NS). In addition, one (0.9%) artery in the SV group, one (5.6%) in the JV group, and none in the KD group demonstrated complete occlusion. Retrospective analysts of the data showed no statistically significant differences in perioperative morbidity, mortality, or early postoperative restenosis whether the artery was closed with saphenous vein, jugular vein, or knitted Dacron patches. Longer follow-up is needed to determine whether rates of late restenosis and aneurysmal dilatation will differ between synthetic and autologous patches.
The Pain and the Possibility: The Family Recovery Process

The onset of a mental illness is a traumatic experience for all the members of a family. While the mental illness in their family member may be life long, family members can experience their own recovery from the trauma, just as their family member with a mental illness can experience recovery. This article will describe the family recovery process.
Dynamic gate product and artifact generation from system models

Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is gaining acceptance as a way to formalize systems engineering practice through the use of models. 12The traditional method of producing and managing a plethora of disjointed documents and presentations (“Power-Point Engineering”) has proven both costly and limiting as a means to manage the complex and sophisticated specifications of modern space systems. We have developed a tool and method to produce sophisticated artifacts as views and by-products of integrated models, allowing us to minimize the practice of “Power-Point Engineering” from model-based projects and demonstrate the ability of MBSE to work within and supersede traditional engineering practices. This paper describes how we have created and successfully used model-based document generation techniques to extract paper artifacts from complex SysML and UML models in support of successful project reviews. Use of formal SysML and UML models for architecture and system design enables production of review documents, textual artifacts, and analyses that are consistent with one-another and require virtually no labor-intensive maintenance across small-scale design changes and multiple authors. This effort thus enables approaches that focus more on rigorous engineering work and less on “PowerPoint engineering” and production of paper-based documents or their “office-productivity” file equivalents.
“Banana Time” Job Satisfaction and Informal Interaction

This paper undertakes description and exploratory analysis of the social interaction which took place within a small work group of factory machine operatives during a two-month period of participan...
Phase I and II Study of Gemcitabine and Vinorelbine in Heavily Pretreated Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer and Review of the Literature

Background: Many phase II trials investigated the combination of Gemcitabine (G) and Vinorelbine (V) in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer (MBC) with variable outcomes. This study was conducted to explore whether this combination was effective and tolerable in MBC patients who were heavily pretreated with anthracyclines and taxanes. Methods: A phase I study was conducted first to establish the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of the G and V combination in MBC patients. Then, a phase II study evaluated the response rates, the median time to progression (TTP), the overall survival (OS) as well as the toxicities resulting from this combination at the MTD. Results: Nine patients were enrolled in the phase I study. The MTD was identified as 700mg/m2 of G on days 1 and 8 in combination with 15 mg/m2 of V on days 2 and 9, every 21 days. Twenty-one of 25 patients involved in the phase II study were evaluable for response. No complete or partial responses were achieved; 6 patients (24.0%) had stable disease and 15 (60.0%) progressed. The median TTP was 2 months and the median OS 10 months. Grade 3/4 Neutropenia was the major hematologic toxicity, occurring in 52% of the cycles. The most common non-hematologic grade 3/4 toxicities were fatigue (18%), myalgias (17%) and arthralgias (13%). Conclusion: In heavily pretreated patients with MBC, the combination of G and V at the doses stated above was ineffective as it did not induce partial or complete responses. Other chemotherapy agents or combinations should be evaluated in future studies.
Evaluation and integration of 49 genome-wide experiments and the prediction of previously unknown obesity-related genes

Motivation: Genome-wide experiments only rarely show resounding success in yielding genes associated with complex polygenic disorders. We evaluate 49 obesity-related genome-wide experiments with publicly available findings including microarray, genetics, proteomics and gene knock-down from human, mouse, rat and worm, in terms of their ability to rediscover a comprehensive set of genes previously found to be causally associated or having variants associated with obesity. Results: Individual experiments show poor predictive ability for rediscovering known obesity-associated genes. We show that intersecting the results of experiments significantly improves the sensitivity, specificity and precision of the prediction of obesity-associated genes. We create an integrative model that statistically significantly outperforms all 49 individual genome-wide experiments. We find that genes known to be associated with obesity are significantly implicated in more obesity-related experiments and use this to provide a list of genes that we predict to have the highest likelihood of association for obesity. The approach described here can include any number and type of genome-wide experiments and might be useful for other complex polygenic disorders as well. Contact: abutte@stanford.edu Supplementary information: Available online and at http://buttelab.stanford.edu/doku.php?id=public:obesityintegration
Analysis of a simplified hopping robot

The authors construct a simplified model of a dynamically dexterous robot, M.H. Raibert's hopper, and investigate its elegant, physically based control strategies. Analysis of induced discrete dynamics leads to strong conclusions concerning global limiting properties. These conclusions are then verified by computer simulation of the simplified models, the correspondence of which to the true physical apparatus is seen to be acceptable as well. >
Redox-linked conformation change and electron transfer between monoheme c-type cytochromes and oxides

Electron transfer between redox active proteins and mineral oxides is important in a variety of natural as well as technological processes, including electron transfer from dissimilatory metal-reducing bacteria to minerals. One of the pathways that could trigger electron transfer between proteins and minerals is redox-linked conformation change. We present electrochemical evidence that mitochondrial cytochrome c (Mcc) undergoes significant conformation change upon interaction with hematite and indium-tin oxide (ITO) surfaces. The apparent adsorption-induced conformation change causes the protein to become more reducing, which makes it able to transfer electrons to the hematite conduction band. Although Mcc is not a protein thought to be involved in interaction with mineral surfaces, it shares (or can be conformed so as to share) some characteristics with multiheme outer-membrane cytochromes thought to be involved in the transfer of electrons from dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria to ferric minerals during respiration. We present evidence that a 10.1 kDa monohoeme cytochrome isolated and purified from Acidiphilium cryptum, with properties similar to those of Mcc, also undergoes conformation change as a result of interaction with hematite surfaces.
Experimental investigation of coherent structures in turbulent boundary layers

The events which are responsible for strong Reynolds-stress production in the near-wall region of a bounded turbulent shear flow have been investigated in a turbulent boundary layer at a Reynolds number based on momentum thickness of Reθ = 4650. The coherent structures associated with the production process have been studied using the quadrant detection technique. All three velocity components were measured in a three-dimensional sampling volume about the point of detection. The conditional ensemble-averaged velocity field associated with the detection of a sweep or an ejection is presented and compared with non-conditioned space–time correlations. Conditional space–time probability density distributions were calculated at all measurement locations based on the occurrence of a Reynolds-stress-producing event at the detection point. The resulting three-dimensional representation of the conditional probability demonstrates that a significant fraction of the events are relatively large in scale, that a hierarchy of sizes exists and that there is a link between the outer flow and the ’bursting’ process. However, many investigators have shown that the ’bursting’ frequency scales with wall variables. Therefore all indications suggest that the scales are generated by a wall-layer mechanism but grow to sizes and convect with velocities scaling with the outer layer.
Dynamic context management for low power coarse-grained reconfigurable architecture

Coarse-grained reconfigurable architectures (CGRA) require many processing elements (PEs) and a configuration memory unit (configuration cache) for reconfiguration of its PE array. Al-though this structure is meant for high performance and flexibility, it consumes significant power. Specially, power consumption by configuration cache is explicit overhead compared to other types of IP cores. Reducing power in configuration cache is very crucial for CGRA to be more competitive and reliable processing core in embedded systems. In this paper, we propose a dynamic context management strategy for power saving in configuration cache. This power-efficient approach works without degrading the per-formance and flexibility of CGRA. Experimental results show that the proposed approach saves 38.24%/38.15% of the power in write/read-operation of configuration cache with negligible area overhead compared to the previous design.
Virginia's "Massive Folly": Harry Byrd, Prince Edward County, and the Front Line

This paper examines the closure of public schools in Prince Edward County, Virginia from 1959-1964 in an effort to avoid desegregation. Specifically, the paper traces the roots of the political actions which led to the closure and then-Governor Harry Byrd's role in Virginia's political machine at the time. The paper argues that it was Byrd's influence which led to the conditions that not only made the closure possible in Virginia, but encouraged the white citizens of Prince Edward County to make their stand.
A review of pervaporation for product recovery from biomass fermentation processes

Although several separation technologies are technically capable of removing volatile products from fermentation broths, distillation remains the dominant technology. This is especially true for the recovery of biofuels such as ethanol. In this paper, the status of an emerging membrane-based technology, called pervaporation, for this application is reviewed. Several issues and research priorities which will impact the ability of pervaporation to be competitive for biofuel recovery from fermentation systems are identified and discussed. They include: increased energy efficiency; reduction of capital cost for pervaporation systems; longer term trials with actual fermentation broths; optimized integration of pervaporation with fermentor; synergy of performing both alcohol recovery and solvent dehydration by pervaporation with dephlegmation fractional condensation technology; and updated economic analyses of pervaporation at various biofuel production scales. Pervaporation is currently viable for biofuel recovery in a number of situations, but more widespread application will be possible when progress has been made on these issues. Published in 2005 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Dynamic Nature of Ventriculoatrial Conduction

An endless loop tachycardia starts when the atrial sensory amplifier of a dual chamber pacemaker identifies an early atrial signal originating from a ventricular or atrial premature depolarization or from myopotential noise. The tachycardia will continue as long as ventriculoatrial conduction is sustained. By selecting the appropriate atrial sensitivity setting, postventricular atrial refractory period, or upper rate limit, it is possible to eliminate sustained endless loop tachycardia. Electrophysiological data obtained at the time of dual chamber pacemaker implantation can assist the physician when selecting these settings. This report summarizes our intraoperative data on ventriculoatrial conduction obtained from 432 consecutive patients. One hundred sixty-two patients had evidence of ventriculoatrial conduction including 14% of patients with antegrade complete heart block and 32% with 2:1 AVB. The majority of patients with preserved antegrade conduction had sustained retrograde conduction. During incremental ventricular pacing, ventriculoatrial conduction prolonged in the majority of patients, and with faster ventricular pacing rates, ventriculoatrial block developed. Ventriculoatrial block developed in half of the patients at a ventricular pacing rate exceeding 120 bpm. Analysis of these data suggests that by selecting an upper rate limit of 140 bpm, a postventricular atrial refractory period of 300 msec, and an atrioventricular interval of 125 msec, approximately 90% of patients will not have sustained endless loop tachycardia.
Coumarin-3-aldehyde as a scaffold for the design of tunable PET-modulated fluorescent sensors for neurotransmitters.

NeuroSensor 521 (NS521) is a fluorescent sensor for primary-amine neurotransmitters based on a platform that consists of an aryl moiety appended to position C4 of the coumarin-3-aldehyde scaffold. We demonstrate that sensors based on this platform behave as a directly linked donor-acceptor system that operates through an intramolecular acceptor-excited photoinduced electron transfer (a-PET) mechanism. To evaluate the PET process, a series of benzene- and thiophene-substituted derivatives were prepared and the photophysical properties, binding affinities, and fluorescence responses toward glutamate, norepinephrine, and dopamine were determined. The calculated energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital (EHOMO ) of the pendant aryl substituents, along with oxidation and reduction potential values derived from the calculated molecular orbital energy values of the platform components, allowed for calculation of the fluorescence properties of the benzene sensor series. Interestingly, the thiophene derivatives did not fit the typical PET model, highlighting the limitations of the method. A new sensor, NeuroSensor 539, displayed enhanced photophysical properties aptly suited for biological imaging. NeuroSensor 539 was validated by selectively labeling and imaging norepinephrine in secretory vesicles of live chromaffin cells.
Confined organization of fullerene units along high polymer chains

Conductive fullerene (C60) units were designed to be arranged in one dimensional close contact by locally organizing them with covalent bonds in a spatially constrained manner. Combined molecular dynamics and quantum chemical calculations predicted that the intramolecular electronic interactions (i.e. charge transport) between the pendant C60 units could be controlled by the length of the spacers linking the C60 units and the polymer main chain. In this context, C60 side-chain polymers with high relative degrees of polymerization up to 1220 and fullerene compositions up to 53% were synthesized by ruthenium catalyzed ring-opening metathesis polymerization of the corresponding norbornene-functionalized monomers. UV/vis absorption and photothermal deflection spectra corroborated the enhanced inter-fullerene interactions along the polymer chains. The electron mobility measured for the thin film field-effect transistor devices from the polymers was more than an order of magnitude higher than that from the monomers, as a result of the stronger electronic coupling between the adjacent fullerene units within the long polymer chains. This molecular design strategy represents a general approach to the enhancement of charge transport properties of organic materials via covalent bond-based organization.
Hydrogen in silicon: defect interactions and applications

Hydrogen in crystalline silicon has had a checkered impact on VLSI technology-widely studied, yet its alleged presence or use acknowledged in the barest of terms! Among the well-known phenomena are hydrogen diffusion, dopant deactivation, and bulk and interface defect passivation. More recently, hydrogen plasma treatment has been shown to enhance the rate of formation of thermal donors, as well as activate latent defects under subsequent thermal anneal. It has also been found that disordered and defective regions serve very effectively as sinks and sources for atomic hydrogen. An exciting finding of considerable interest to Si VLSI is the reported improvement in Si MOSFET hot carrier reliability when hydrogen is replaced with deuterium in the post-metallization sintering step. Proposed applications of hydrogen in Si also include lowered thermal budget for ion implant anneal, control of transient enhanced diffusion, impurity gettering, and trapping in gate oxide for a nonvolatile memory device. Here we review hydrogen-related phenomena in crystalline silicon, emphasizing defect interactions and potential applications.
Diagnostic expert systems from dynamic fault trees

A methodology for developing a diagnostic map for systems that can be analyzed via a dynamic fault tree is proposed in this paper. This paper shows how to automatically design a diagnostic decision tree from a dynamic fault tree used for reliability analysis. In particular the methodology makes use of Markov chains since they are mathematical models used for reliability analysis. We use approximate sensitivity as an intermediary step to obtain the Vesely-Fussell measure from the Markov chain. We used the Vesely-Fussell measure of importance as the corner stone of our methodology, because it provides an accurate measure of components' relevance from a diagnosis perspective. The outcome of this paper is a diagnostic decision tree, which was generated for a real dynamic system. The diagnostic decision tree produced is a map that can be used by repair and maintenance crew to diagnose a system without having previous knowledge or experience about the diagnosed system. The methodology we develop is capable of producing diagnostic decision trees that reduces the number of tests or checks required for a systems diagnosis.
Analysis of towed decoys

Recent advances in RF missile systems have reduced the effectiveness of conventional on-board electronic countermeasures (ECM) to defend friendly aircraft. To provide the much needed defense, off-board ECM techniques are being developed. The effectiveness of off-board RF ECM is analyzed, and specific observations are made about the effectiveness of such ECM when used to defend friendly aircraft. >
Variations in lumbosacral spinal roots in the dog.

A gross anatomic study of variations in lumbosacral spinal roots was carried out utilizing 99 adult dogs. The variations which existed are described, and their anatomic and clinic significance is discussed.