cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bioassessment of Stream-Water Quality Using Benthic and Planktonic Algae Collected Along an Urban Intensity Gradient in the Eastern Cornbelt Plains Ecoregion, Ohio, USA

Algae possess many attributes that make them ideal organisms to employ in water-quality investigations. They are ubiquitous, ecologically important, and sensitive to a broad range of stressors; moreover, they respond rapidly to changes in water quality. As part of the USGS National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program, two methods of analyzing stream-dwelling algae were used to assess relations among nutrient concentrations, algae, and overall biological integrity of streams along a gradient from agricultural to urban land cover. One method is based on algal production (chlorophyll a, biomass, and 48-h measures of dissolved oxygen), whereas the other is based on algal community assemblages (species abundance, biovolume, and autecology). Quantitative periphyton and phytoplankton samples were collected from 30 stream reaches in small watersheds (drainage area 7.7–188.7 km2) in south-west Ohio, during July 2000. Phytoplankton Chl a ranged from 0.5 mg/L in an urban area to 43 mg/L in an agricultural basin, whereas the epilithic periphyton Chl a ranged from 2 mg/m2 in an urban area to 142 mg/m2 in an agricultural basin. Spearman correlations were used to indicate relations between the physical, chemical, and biological factors and measures of algal production. Multivariate analysis of algal species abundance and metrics will be used to characterize gradients of algal community response relative to chemical and landscape factors. Results will be discussed in relation to the influence of urban land-use intensity and the US Environmental Protection Agency nutrient criteria proposed for this region. The extent to which the algal production and community structure results are useful for bioassessment of stream health will be evaluated with regard to understanding community responses to organic enrichment, dissolved oxygen, specific conductance, light availability, pesticide concentrations, and the monitoring of watershed management practices.
Neuromechanical Principles Underlying Movement Modularity and Their Implications for Rehabilitation

Neuromechanical principles define the properties and problems that shape neural solutions for movement. Although the theoretical and experimental evidence is debated, we present arguments for consistent structures in motor patterns, i.e., motor modules, that are neuromechanical solutions for movement particular to an individual and shaped by evolutionary, developmental, and learning processes. As a consequence, motor modules may be useful in assessing sensorimotor deficits specific to an individual and define targets for the rational development of novel rehabilitation therapies that enhance neural plasticity and sculpt motor recovery. We propose that motor module organization is disrupted and may be improved by therapy in spinal cord injury, stroke, and Parkinson's disease. Recent studies provide insights into the yet-unknown underlying neural mechanisms of motor modules, motor impairment, and motor learning and may lead to better understanding of the causal nature of modularity and its underlying neural substrates.
Silicon CMOS devices beyond scaling

To a large extent, scaling was not seriously challenged in the past. However, a closer look reveals that early signs of scaling limits were seen in high-performance devices in recent technology nodes. To obtain the projected performance gain of 30% per generation, device designers have been forced to relax the device subthreshold leakage continuously from one to several nA/µm for the 250-nm node to hundreds of nA/µm for the 65-nm node. Consequently, passive power density is now a significant portion of the power budget of a high-speed microprocessor. In this paper we discuss device and material options to improve device performance when conventional scaling is power-constrained. These options can be separated into three categories: improved short-channel behavior, improved current drive, and improved switching behavior. In the first category fall advanced dielectrics and multi-gate devices. The second category comprises mobility-enhancing measures through stress and substrate material alternatives. The third category focuses mainly on scaling of SOI body thickness to reduce capacitance. We do not provide details of the fabrication of these different device options or the manufacturing challenges that must be met. Rather, we discuss the fundamental scaling issues related to the various device options. We conclude with a brief discussion of the ultimate FET close to the fundamental silicon device limit.
Alcohol abuse and acute lung injury: can we target therapy?

Recent studies have revealed an important but previously unrecognized association between alcohol abuse and the risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This devastating form of lung injury strikes individuals of any age following insults, such as major trauma or sepsis, and even with state-of-the-art medical care it has a mortality as high as 50%. Although the precise incidence is unknown, it is estimated that 200,000 individuals develop ARDS each year in the USA alone. Alcohol abuse independently increases the risk approximately two- to fourfold and, therefore, causes tens of thousands of excess deaths annually. When one couples these grim estimates with the well-recognized association between alcohol abuse and severe lung infections, such as bacterial pneumonia and tuberculosis, it is apparent that alcohol-related lung diseases are a major public health problem. Exciting new studies reveal that the alcoholic lung is characterized by discrete changes in cellular function within the lower airw...
Deuterium isotope effects on 13C chemical shifts in amino acids and dipeptides

Abstract Deuterium isotope effects on the 13C chemical shifts of several amino acids and dipeptides have been measured. The dependency of the isotope shift upon the number of deuterons attached to the nitrogen and the distance of the carbon in question from the deuterated site suggest a method for assignments in complicated systems such as polypeptides and proteins.
An Integrated Theory of Linguistic Descriptions [1964]

Book reviewed: Jerrold J. Katz and Paul M. Postal, An Integrated Theory of Linguistic Descriptions
Technique for quick conversion of an obturator into a hollow bulb

SUMMARY A technique for the quick fabrication of a hollowobturator bulb for patients with maxillary resectionhas been described. The prosthesis is simple to con-struct, lightweight, and easy to clean; it has no directjunction between the oral, nasal, or antral environ-ments and the interior of the obturator. Thistechnique eliminates the fabrication of a separate lidand subsequent luting of the lid to the obturator. REFERENCES 1. Brown KE. Clinical considerations improving obturator treatment. JProsthet Dent 1970;24:461-6.2. elMahdy AS. Processing a hollow obturator. J Prosthet Dent1969;22:682-6.3. Brown K. Fabrication of a hollow-bulb obturator. J Prosthet Dent1969;21:97-103.4. Parel SM, LaFuente H. Single-visit hollow obturators for edentulouspatients. J Prosthet Dent 1978;40:426-9.5. Beder OE, Todo J. Rapid technique for constructing a hollow-bulb pro-visional obturator. J Prosthet Dent 1978;39:237-9. Reprint requests to: E RIC S. A SHER S CHOOL OF D ENTAL AND O RAL S URGERY C OLUMBIA
Adhesion and friction of self-assembled organic monolayers

Recent advances in the study of friction and adhesion using self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) include the use of microscopic measurements to investigate adhesion hysteresis and the effects of hydrogen bonding and acid-base interactions on this process. Also, recent molecular dynamics simulations have enabled several important observations to be made concerning friction between surfaces and the role that surface molecules play in systems.
Is SC + ILP = RC?

Sequential consistency (SC) is the simplest programming interface for shared-memory systems but imposes program order among all memory operations, possibly precluding high performance implementations. Release consistency (RC), however, enables the highest performance implementations but puts the burden on the programmer to specify which memory operations need to be atomic and in program order. This paper shows, for the first time, that SC implementations can perform as well as RC implementations if the hardware provides enough support for speculation. Both SC and RC implementations rely on reordering and overlapping memory operations for high performance. To enforce order when necessary, an RC implementation uses software guarantees, whereas an SC implementation relies on hardware speculation. Our SC implementation, called SC++, closes the performance gap because: (1) the hardware allows not just loads, as some current SC implementations do, but also stores to bypass each other speculatively to hide remote latencies, (2) the hardware provides large speculative state for not just processor, as previously proposed, but also memory to allow out-of-order memory operations, (3) the support for hardware speculation does not add excessive overheads to processor pipeline critical paths, and (4) well-behaved applications incur infrequent rollbacks of speculative execution. Using simulation, we show that SC++ achieves an RC implementation's performance in all the six applications we studied.
Creating Space for Participation: The Role of Organizational Practice in Structuring Youth Participation

Much of the literature on participation within youth and community development focuses on episodic experiences in which young people's input has been sought, transcribed, and represented. Within youth development, this literature focuses in particular on the power dynamics and ethical dilemmas embedded in time-bound adult-child and outsider-insider relationships. While we agree that these issues are crucial and in need of further examination in all forms of participatory practice, it is equally important to examine how outcomes are shaped by everyday practices at the organizations in and through which youth participation in community research and development often occurs (e.g., community-based organizations, schools, and municipal agencies). Drawing on experience from three summers of work in promoting youth participation in adult-led organizations of varying purpose, scale, and structure, a framework is proposed that presents participation as a spatial practice shaped by five overlapping dimensions. The ...
Yolk sac tumors of extragonadal origin.

Five instances of tumors arising in extragonadal sites which we believe are properly classified as yolk sac tumors are presented. One of these tumors constituted the malignant component of a mediastinal teratoma; one represented the development of malignancy in a sacrococcygeal cyst; a third started in the broad ligament; and two others have to be classified simply as pelvic extragonadal. All five patients died of their tumors. The histogenesis of these tumors is discussed and compared with that of testicular and ovarian yolk sac tumors.
145-kV Current Limiting Device - Design, Construction and Factory Test

The development of a current- limiting device (CLD) designed to reduce fault currents on a 145-kV transmission line is discussed. This CLD system consists of an electronic sensor that predicts the magnitude of a fault during the first 400 , is of its evolution, a fast switching system that opens in approximately 1 ms, and a large energy-absorbing resistor that is inserted into the line to limit the fault current when the switch opens. The prototype hardware performed successfully in the field during staged fault tests.
Construction and Characterization of Haemophilus ducreyi Lipooligosaccharide (LOS) Mutants Defective in Expression of Heptosyltransferase III and β1,4-Glucosyltransferase: Identification of LOS Glycoforms Containing Lactosamine Repeats

To begin to understand the role of the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) molecule in chancroid infections, we constructed mutants defective in expression of glycosyltransferase genes. Pyocin lysis and immunoscreening was used to identify a LOS mutant of Haemophilus ducreyi 35000. This mutant, HD35000R, produced a LOS molecule that lacked the monoclonal antibody 3F11 epitope and migrated with an increased mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Structural studies indicated that the principal LOS glycoform contains lipid A, Kdo, and two of the three core heptose residues. HD35000R was transformed with a plasmid library of H. ducreyi 35000 DNA, and a clone producing the wild-type LOS was identified. Sequence analysis of the plasmid insert revealed one open reading frame (ORF) that encodes a protein with homology to the WaaQ (heptosyltransferase III) of Escherichia coli. A second ORF had homology to the LgtF (glucosyltransferase) of Neisseria meningitidis. Individual isogenic mutants lacking expression of the putative H. ducreyi heptosyltransferase III, the putative glucosyltransferase, and both glycosyltransferases were constructed and characterized. Each mutant was complemented with the representative wild-type genes in trans to restore expression of parental LOS and confirm the function of each enzyme. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry and SDS-PAGE analysis identified several unique LOS glycoforms containing di-, tri-, and poly-N-acetyllactosamine repeats added to the terminal region of the main LOS branch synthesized by the heptosyltransferase III mutant. These novel H. ducreyi mutants provide important tools for studying the regulation of LOS assembly and biosynthesis.
The cardiodynamics of tricuspid insufficiency.

Summary1. The immediate cardiodynamic effects of uncomplicated tricuspid insufficiency were studied in dogs to elucidate the manner by which equilibrium between right and left ventricular output is maintained.2. Pressure pulses were recorded from the right auricle, right ventricle, pulmonary artery and) aorta by calibrated optical manometers.3. As in mitral insufficiency, regurgitation occurs chieflly during ventricular ejection. However, except during late systole and early diastole, auricular pressure is not greatly elevated. The increased venous pressure found in clinical cases is apparently due to an increased blood volume or to the mechanisms associated with compensation or other cardiac lesions.4. Comparison of pulmonary and aortic pressure pulses reveals that while the mechanism of left ventricular ejection is unchanged, that of the right is altered. The major portion of the stroke volume is ejected early in systole when regurgitation is less marked. The pulmonary pressure falls rapidly after reach...
Square-root algorithms for least-squares estimation

We present several new algorithms, and more generally a new approach, to recursive estimation algorithms for linear dynamical systems. Earlier results in this area have been obtained by several others, especially Potter, Golub, Dyer and McReynolds, Kaminski, Schmidt, Bryson, and Bierman on what are known as square-root algorithms. Our results are more comprehensive. They also show bow constancy of parameters can be exploited to reduce the number of computations and to obtain new forms of the Chandrasekhar-type equations for computing the filter gain. Our approach is essentially based on certain simple geometric interpretations of the overall estimation problem. One of our goals is to attract attention to non-Riccati-based studies of estimation problems.
Intense short wavelength sources for EUV lithography and other applications

Summary form only given. The development of efficient normal-incidence multilayer reflective coatings in the 13-14 nm wavelength region has led to many new optical applications. One of the most demanding applications is extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL). This lithography would use reduction imaging to print microchip features smaller than 0.1 /spl mu/m. The use of all-reflective optics (reflectivities up to 65% per surface with Mo:Si multilayer coatings) makes it possible to operate a lithographic stepper in the 13-14 nm wavelength range with the necessary throughput required by a commercial microchip manufacturers. The Lyman alpha transition in doubly ionized lithium appears to be an efficient source at 13.5 nm. The ratio of excitation energy to radiated energy for that transition is 53% and only two electrons per atom need to be removed to produce that radiating state. The optimum lithium plasma radiating at 13.5 nm has been estimated to require an electron density of 10/sup 18/-10/sup 19/ cm/sup -3/ and an electron temperature of 15-20 eV. Low inductance capillary discharges of compact design have been recently shown to be capable of producing these plasma conditions, while maintaining a small source size. Experiments demonstrating the "proof of principle" of this source are described. Future directions include the construction of a lithium vapor discharge lamp operating at temperatures up to 900 /spl deg/C.
Systematic mapping of two component response regulators to gene targets in a model sulfate reducing bacterium

Two component regulatory systems are the primary form of signal transduction in bacteria. Although genomic binding sites have been determined for several eukaryotic and bacterial transcription factors, comprehensive identification of gene targets of two component response regulators remains challenging due to the lack of knowledge of the signals required for their activation. We focused our study on Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough, a sulfate reducing bacterium that encodes unusually diverse and largely uncharacterized two component signal transduction systems. We report the first systematic mapping of the genes regulated by all transcriptionally acting response regulators in a single bacterium. Our results enabled functional predictions for several response regulators and include key processes of carbon, nitrogen and energy metabolism, cell motility and biofilm formation, and responses to stresses such as nitrite, low potassium and phosphate starvation. Our study also led to the prediction of new genes and regulatory networks, which found corroboration in a compendium of transcriptome data available for D. vulgaris. For several regulators we predicted and experimentally verified the binding site motifs, most of which were discovered as part of this study. The gene targets identified for the response regulators allowed strong functional predictions to be made for the corresponding two component systems. By tracking the D. vulgaris regulators and their motifs outside the Desulfovibrio spp. we provide testable hypotheses regarding the functions of orthologous regulators in other organisms. The in vitro array based method optimized here is generally applicable for the study of such systems in all organisms.
Effectiveness of Marketing Cues on Consumer Perceptions of Quality: The Moderating Roles of Brand Reputation and Third-Party Information

Consumers usually infer unobservable product quality by processing multiple-quality cues in the environment. Prior research considering the simultaneous effects of marketing cues on consumer quality perceptions is sparse. Despite the growing importance of third-party information, research examining its simultaneous effects with marketing cues on consumers’ decision making is especially absent. This research, drawing on cue-diagnosticity, cue-consistency, and negativity bias theories, proposes and tests a conceptual framework to reveal interplays among various marketing- and nonmarketing-controlled product cues. The first study examines how two- and three-way interactions of high-scope (i.e., brand reputation) and low-scope marketing cues (i.e., price and warranty) affect consumer perceptions. The second study examines a set of interaction effects between third-party quality ratings and marketing cues (i.e., price and warranty) on consumers’ perceptions. Overall, the results reveal theoretical and managerial implications for processing multiple-quality cues in consumers’ inference-making behaviors and suggest that consumers generally aggregate perceptions in more complex ways than suggested in the prior literature when making global product quality evaluations. C
Acid-Triggered Degradable Reagents for Differentiation of Adaptive and Innate Immune Responses to Leishmania-Associated Sugars.

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Leishmania spp are known to alter innate immune responses. However, the ability of these sugars to specifically alter adaptive T-cell responses is unclear. To study cap sugar–T-cell interactions, pathogen mimics (namely glycodendrimer-coated latex beads with acid-labile linkers) were synthesized. Upon lysosomal acidification, linker breakdown releases glycodendrimers for possible loading on antigen presenting molecules to induce T-cell growth. T-cell proliferation was indeed higher after macrophage exposure to mannobioside or -trioside-containing glycodendrimers than to non-functionalized beads. Yet, blocking phagolysosomal acidification only reduced T-cell proliferation with macrophages exposed to beads with an acid-labile-linker and not to covalently-linked beads. These sugar-modified reagents show that oligosaccharides alone can drive T-cell proliferation by acidification-requiring presentation, most significantly in NKT receptor (CD160)-restricted T cells.
The Corona Plus Cool Wind Model for of Stars and OB Supergiants

The anomalously strong OVI and NV lines in O stars and the CIV and Si IV lines in B supergiants may be due to Auger ionization by x-rays from a thin coronal zone at the base of their cool stellar winds. This paper summarizes the results of several studies to determine constraints on the size and temperature of coronal zones from calculations of the effects of coronae on continuum and line spectra. The model that has resulted can be tested by observations from HEAO-B of the predicted 2 kev emergent fluxes. The model explains very well the persistence of the OVI and NV in the ultraviolet spectra of supergiants to class B0.5 and B2 respectively, and it predicts that CIV should be observable in the ultraviolet spectra at and beyond B5I.
Single-image shadow detection and removal using paired regions

In this paper, we address the problem of shadow detection and removal from single images of natural scenes. Different from traditional methods that explore pixel or edge information, we employ a region based approach. In addition to considering individual regions separately, we predict relative illumination conditions between segmented regions from their appearances and perform pairwise classification based on such information. Classification results are used to build a graph of segments, and graph-cut is used to solve the labeling of shadow and non-shadow regions. Detection results are later refined by image matting, and the shadow free image is recovered by relighting each pixel based on our lighting model. We evaluate our method on the shadow detection dataset in [19]. In addition, we created a new dataset with shadow-free ground truth images, which provides a quantitative basis for evaluating shadow removal.
Enhanced purification of plasmid DNA isoforms by exploiting ionic strength effects during ultrafiltration.

The solution structure of plasmid DNA is known to be a strong function of solution conditions due to intramolecular electrostatic interactions between the charged phosphate groups along the DNA backbone. The objective of this work was to determine whether it was possible to enhance the use of ultrafiltration for separation of different plasmid isoforms by proper selection of the solution ionic strength and ion type. Experiments were performed with a 3.0 kbp plasmid using composite regenerated cellulose ultrafiltration membranes. The transmission of the linear isoform was nearly independent of solution ionic strength, but increased significantly with increasing filtrate flux due to the elongation of the highly flexible plasmid in the converging flow field into the membrane pores. In contrast, the transmission of the open-circular and supercoiled plasmids both increased with increasing NaCl or MgCl2 concentration due to the change in plasmid size and conformational flexibility. The effect of ionic strength was greatest for the supercoiled plasmid, providing opportunities for enhanced purification of this therapeutically active isoform. This behavior was confirmed using experiments performed with binary mixtures of the different isoforms. These results clearly demonstrate the potential for enhancing the performance of membrane systems for plasmid DNA separations by proper selection of the ionic conditions.
Determination of back contact barrier height in Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S) 2 and CdTe solar cells

A relatively straightforward technique has been developed to quantify the energy barrier for holes between a Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S) 2 (CIGSeS) or CdTe absorber and the back-contact metallization. The input data is the current-voltage (J-V) curves for the solar cell measured over a range of temperatures. The key parameter is the “turning current” J t , which is the current at the transition from the positive J-V curvature of a diode to the negative curvature associated with current limitation at a contact barrier. The analytical strategy is to calculate a series of J t vs. T curves for different values of barrier height and then overlay the experimental values of J t . Generally the experimental data follow a single barrier-height curve over a wide temperature range. The presentation will describe the turning point technique and apply it to specific solar-cell examples. The range of J t that can be practically identified extends from approximately 0.1 to 80 mA/cm2. Assuming that temperatures between 220 and 340 K are available, the range of barriers that can be determined is between 0.30 and 0.55 eV. This is also the practical range, since lower barriers do not have a measurable effect on the power quadrant and higher ones effectively kill the performance of the cell. Many CIGSeS and CdTe cells, however, do have a back-contact barrier in the 0.30 to 0.55 eV range, and the ability to determine it can assist both cell analysis and process optimization.
Can Claims-Based Data Be Used to Recruit Black and Hispanic Subjects into Clinical Trials?

Since 1993, the National Institute of Health (NIH) has required that racial and ethnic minority groups be adequately represented in all NIH (2009) sponsored research. Increasing the participation of racial and ethnic minorities in clinical trials is recognized as a key strategy for the reduction of health disparities (Freedman et al. 1995; Institute of Medicine 1999; Corbie-Smith, Moody-Ayers, and Thrasher 2004). Yet the representation of minorities in clinical trials continues to be suboptimal in many areas of biomedical research (Swanson and Ward 1995; Hall 1999; Heiat, Gross, and Krumholz 2002; Sateren et al. 2002; Swanson and Bailar 2002; Sullivan et al. 2007; Ford et al. 2008; Williams et al. 2010). Reasons for underrepresentation of minorities in clinical trials include lower socioeconomic status, lack of insurance, non-English language, disease burden, and fear of harm (Corbie-Smith et al. 2003; Hussain-Gambles, Atkin, and Leese 2004; Ford et al. 2008). Investigators also commonly cite limited access to minority communities as an additional barrier (Williams and Corbie-Smith 2006). The use of administrative claims data may be one potential approach to rapidly and efficiently identify, and recruit minorities into clinical trials. A major barrier to using such an approach has been incomplete ascertainment of race and ethnicity in private and public datasets (Lauderdale and Goldberg 1996; Arday et al. 2000; National Research Council 2004). However, over the past decade investigators have been able to validate several probabilistic approaches to assign race and ethnicity to large cohorts of patients in such claims data (Fremont et al. 2005; Fiscella and Fremont 2006; Elliott et al. 2008). These existing methodologies include geocoding techniques and the use of Census-based surname lists. Further, the combination of both methodologies, particularly when using a Bayesian approach, has shown to improve the sensitivity and predictive value of either one alone at identifying minority groups (Fiscella and Fremont 2006; Wei et al. 2006; Elliott et al. 2008; Elliott 2009). To date, this approach has been primarily used in observational studies. We hypothesize this approach may also be a powerful tool for recruiting minorities into clinical trials. In this paper, we describe a pilot study that evaluates a three-step algorithm that incorporates these existing methodologies and the Medicare Race Code (MRC) to identify racial/ethnic minority subjects from a large health benefits carrier database. The study was performed in preparation for a NIH-funded randomized clinical trial consisting of a phone-based intervention for which we plan to recruit 250 black and 250 Hispanic subjects having recently undergone a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCIS).
An Analytical Model to Predict the Effects of Heating Rate and Applied Load on Glass Transition Temperatures of Dental Porcelain

An analytical model was developed to predict the effects of heating rate and load on the glass transition temperature (Tg) of dental porcelain. An equation similar to the Moynihan equation relating heating rate to Tg was found for midspan load. The validity of the analytical model was demonstrated by using viscosity data from one published study to predict Tg behavior in an independent study. Values of Tg calculated with the analytical model for a dilatometer specimen were found to be higher than Tg values calculated for a bending beam viscometer.
Imaging features of haematological malignancies of kidneys

Haematological malignancies are relatively uncommon neoplasms of kidneys. Nevertheless, the incidence of these neoplasms is increasing, partly due to more widespread use of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. This article discusses the clinical and imaging features of renal lymphoma, leukaemia, extra-osseous multiple myeloma, and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Although there is overlap of imaging features with other more common malignancies, such as transitional and renal cell cancers, the combination of imaging findings and the appropriate clinical picture should allow the radiologist to raise a provisional diagnosis of a haematological neoplasm. This has management implications including the preference for image-guided core biopsies and a shift towards medical rather than surgical therapy.
Volumetric Properties of Propane, n-Octane, and Their Binary Mixtures at High Pressures

Density, isothermal compressibility, isobaric expansivity, thermal pressure coefficient, and excess volumes for binary mixtures of propane + n-octane are reported over a wide range of temperatures (from 320 to 440 K), and pressures (up to 400 bar) for mixture compositions with 0, 20.4, 42.4, 58.9, 79.7, and 100 wt % propane. Densities were determined using a fully computerized variable-volume view-cell system. A motorized pressure generator is used to bring about changes in the position of a movable piston in the cell at controlled and adjustable rates thereby bringing about changes in the internal volume and thus pressure. A long stroke-length linear variable differential transformer is used to continually monitor the position of the piston and thus the cell volume in real-time. Knowing the initial loading of the cell and the cell volume at any moment as pressure is altered permits generation of continuous density profiles along pressure scans in increasing (compression) or decreasing (decompression) dir...
Microbial flora of Hypoderma (diptera: Oestridae) larvae taken from cattle treated with juvenile hormone analogues.

An effort was made to determine whether specific bacterial species were involved in the inflammatory reaction associated with Hypoderma larvae in the dorsal subcutis of cattle treated with 2 juvenile hormone analogues (JHA). Either alphahemolytic streptococci or a Moraxella sp. were isolated from inflamed warbles in cattle treated with JHA. These agents caused severe inflammation and necrosis in guinea pigs following intradermal injection. The role of JHA in the inflammatory reaction in cattle was not determined. A Moraxella sp. was isolated from 2 inflamed warbles on 1 control cow. The warbles on the remaining control cattle were not inflamed and did not show evidence of α-hemolytic streptococci or Moraxella . Other bacterial species isolated from noninflamed warbles in JHA-treated and control cattle did not cause inflammatory reactions or necrosis in guinea pigs.
Unique Electronic Response of a Nanoscale Al/Alumina System

Research is conducted to understand relatively unknown electronic behavior of a nanoscale Al/alumina system. This is acquired by a two-step process where characterization by electron microscopy is first performed for crystallography, followed by electron energy loss spectroscopy for electronic response from spatially inequivalent spots of Al nanoparticles with a protective surface oxide. A novel and unique plasmon from the surface oxide is found in the energy loss spectra between 5 and 6 eV other than the previously reported transitions for individual Al and Al2O3. In the current study, various properties of the new transition are sought by evaluating its dependence on crystal structure and particle size along with related physical functions. The results indicate that the novel transition has collective properties, preceded by a single-electron excitation at a slightly lower energy. Application of the Bethe f-sum rule shows that the concentration of charge carriers reaches around the Mott density by the t...
Despair and happiness

“All my joyes to this are folly,/Naught so sweet as melancholy … All my griefes to this are jolly,/ Naught so sad as Melancholy.” Thus wrote Robert Burton (d. 1640) in his Anatomy of Melancholy . In early modern England, melancholy was both celebrated and decried. To be sure, sad emotions had been well known before this time. Alcuin had much to say about sorrow. The Burgundian chroniclers had been “troubled, sad, and upset at heart.” Gerson's Cuer Mondain wrongly thought that a hermit like Cuer Seulet must be “melancholy and sad.” These emotional communities had dwelled largely on sorrow's pain. Yet even before the early modern period, sorrow had had a positive side as well. Alcuin had talked about two sorts of tristitia , one a vice, the other a virtue. The Burgundians highly valued the pity that sorrows awakened. Margery Kempe found despair, however painful, to be the necessary springboard to joy. In Quattrocentro Italy, Marsilio Ficino (d. 1499) wrote about the wonders of melancholy, which he identified as the source of creativity, discovery, and scholarship. The Reformation brought new appreciation of despair. Luther made it the beginning of salvation as well as, in Angus Gowland's phrase, “a pathology of the soul.” Calvin thought that by falling “into deep despair,” man's conscience would at last seek God. He lauded the “dread of death” and despair because “both these emotions engender humility and self-abasement.” The first sermon that was regularly delivered in English parish churches was on “the misery of all mankind.” In seventeenth-century England, sorrowful emotions gained prestige even as they led some to suicide. If a whole society may be described as an emotional community, then early modern England was one obsessed by melancholy. With William Reddy, we might call this an emotional regime. But if so, the regime's power came not from political clout but rather the prestige of intellectuals, physicians, and divines who valued (variously) genius, inspiration, and religious authenticity. Looked at this way, the regime was hardly monolithic. And to its own variations on the theme must be added some contemporary groups that cared very little about melancholy at all. (For all the place names in this chapter, see Map 6.1.)
Knowledge Engineering: Building Cognitive Assistants for Evidence-based Reasoning

This book presents a significant advancement in the theory and practice of knowledge engineering, the discipline concerned with the development of intelligent agents that use knowledge and reasoning to perform problem solving and decision-making tasks. It covers the main stages in the development of a knowledge-based agent: understanding the application domain, modeling problem solving in that domain, developing the ontology, learning the reasoning rules, and testing the agent. The book focuses on a special class of agents: cognitive assistants for evidence-based reasoning that learn complex problem-solving expertise directly from human experts, support experts, and nonexperts in problem solving and decision making, and teach their problem-solving expertise to students. A powerful learning agent shell, Disciple-EBR, is included with the book, enabling students, practitioners, and researchers to develop cognitive assistants rapidly in a wide variety of domains that require evidence-based reasoning, including intelligence analysis, cybersecurity, law, forensics, medicine, and education.
The Potential of Energy as a Geopolitical Binding Factor in Asia

(2001). The Potential of Energy as a Geopolitical Binding Factor in Asia. Post-Soviet Geography and Economics: Vol. 42, No. 7, pp. 491-503.
International lending in the long run: motives and management

Foreign lending to sovereigns and companies has a long and colorful history. This fact is both easy to remember and easy to forget. Each time difficulties arise in international capital markets, observers invoke the precedent of history. Each debt crisis occasions the publication of scholarly studies citing parallels with debt crises past, making historical studies like this one a cottage industry.2 At the same time, the repetition of events suggests that each additional lending burst reflects decisions by investors who, if they are not ignorant of history, fail to use it to inform their actions. In the age of 24-hour trading, the typical investor complains, who has time to reflect on history books? The relevance of history is limited, moreover, by changes in the structure of international financial intermediation, the role played by bond markets in the 1920s and bank finance in the 1970s having given way to equity finance, fundamentally altering the lending process.
Lesions in the Splenium of the Corpus Callosum on MRI in Children: A Review

A wide variety of conditions may involve the splenium of the corpus callosum on magnetic resonance imaging in children. A single cause may present with different patterns of splenial involvement, and multiple diseases may have similar imaging findings. Keeping this limitation in mind, the goal of this text is to assist in the diagnostic process of pediatric neurological diseases that are characterized by prominent involvement of the splenium of the corpus callosum on imaging. The various pathologies will be reviewed and categorized based on etiology, reversibility, and pattern of additional or associated findings. Transient splenial lesions in children are an uncommon radiologic finding of unknown etiology in a long list of conditions that may present with altered consciousness, and it usually carries a favorable prognosis. The discussion continues with the presentation of diseases inflicting irreversible damage on the splenium. Familiarity with the various causes implicated in splenial injury may assist in the formulation of differential diagnosis in the appropriate clinical setting using an easily recognizable imaging finding.
Effects of long-term monotherapy with metoprolol CR/XL on the progression of left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling in dogs with chronic heart failure

We examined the effects of long-term monotherapy with the beta-blocker, metoprolol controlled release/extended release (CR/XL), on the progression of LV dysfunction as well as on global and cellular remodeling in dogs with heart failure (HF). Chronic HF was produced by intracoronary microembolizations that were discontinued when LV ejection fraction (EF) was between 30% and 40%. Dogs were randomized to 3 months oral monotherapy with metoprolol CR/XL (100 mg once daily, n = 7) or no therapy at all (control, n = 7). In control dogs, EF decreased from 38 ± 1% to 31 ± 2% (p = 0.002), and LV end-systolic volume (ESV) and LV end-diastolic volume (EDV) increased (37 ± 2 vs 45 ± 2 ml, p = 0.001; 59 ± 3 vs 65 ± 3 ml, p = 0.001; respectively) during the 3 month follow-up period. In dogs treated with metoprolol CR/XL, EF increased after 3 months from 36 ± 1% to 43 ± 1% (p = 0.001), and ESV decreased (42 ± 2 vs 38 ± 2 ml, p = 0.003), whereas EDV remained unchanged. Compared to controls, treatment with metoprolol CR/XL showed 46% reduction in replacement fibrosis, 54% reduction in interstitial fibrosis and 20% reduction in myocyte cross-sectional area, a measure of myocyte hypertrophy. These findings indicate that metoprolol CR/XL improves LV function and attenuates progressive global and cellular LV remodeling in dogs with HF. The benefits are fully attributable to β-blockade alone as no other adjunctive therapy was used.
The Psychological and Academic Costs of School-Based Racial and Ethnic Microaggressions.

Research examining links between racial-ethnic microaggressions and educational and psychological outcomes can be improved with the development of brief and reliable measurement tools. Our brief Sc...
CaMKIIα Mediates the Effect of IL-17 To Promote Ongoing Spontaneous and Evoked Pain in Multiple Sclerosis

Pain is a common and severe symptom in multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the CNS. The neurobiological mechanism underlying MS pain is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIα (CaMKIIα) in driving chronic pain in MS using a mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. We found that spinal CaMKIIα activity was enhanced in EAE, correlating with the development of ongoing spontaneous pain and evoked hypersensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimuli. Prophylactic or acute administration of KN93, a CaMKIIα inhibitor, significantly reduced the clinical scores of EAE and attenuated mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in EAE. siRNA targeting CaMKIIα reversed established mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity in EAE mice. Furthermore, CaMKIIαT286A point mutation mice showed significantly reduced EAE clinical scores, an absence of evoked pain, and ongoing spontaneous pain when compared with littermate wild-type mice. We found that IL-17 is responsible for inducing but not maintaining mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia that is mediated by CaMKIIα signaling in EAE. Together, these data implicate a critical role of CaMKIIα as a cellular mechanism for pain and neuropathy in multiple sclerosis and IL-17 may act upstream of CaMKIIα in the generation of pain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Pain is highly prevalent in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), significantly reducing patients' quality of life. Using the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, we were able to study not only evoked hyperalgesia, but also for the first time to demonstrate spontaneous pain that is also experienced by patients. Our study identified a role of spinal CaMKIIα in promoting and maintaining persistent ongoing spontaneous pain and evoked hyperalgesia pain in EAE. We further demonstrated that IL-17 contributes to persistent pain in EAE and functions as an upstream regulator of CaMKIIα signaling. These data for the first time implicated CaMKIIα and IL-17 as critical regulators of persistent pain in EAE, which may ultimately offer new therapeutic targets for mitigating pain in multiple sclerosis.
Autonomous Thermal-Oxidative Composition Inversion and Texture Tuning of Liquid Metal Surfaces.

Droplets capture an environment-dictated equilibrium state of a liquid material. Equilibrium, however, often necessitates nanoscale interface organization, especially with formation of a passivating layer. Herein, we demonstrate that this kinetics-driven organization may predispose a material to autonomous thermal-oxidative composition inversion (TOCI) and texture reconfiguration under felicitous choice of trigger. We exploit inherent structural complexity, differential reactivity, and metastability of the ultrathin (∼0.7–3 nm) passivating oxide layer on eutectic gallium–indium (EGaIn, 75.5% Ga, 24.5% In w/w) core–shell particles to illustrate this approach to surface engineering. Two tiers of texture can be produced after ca. 15 min of heating, with the first evolution showing crumpling, while the second is a particulate growth above the first uniform texture. The formation of tier 1 texture occurs primarily because of diffusion-driven oxide buildup, which, as expected, increases stiffness of the oxide l...
Radio Tracking of Dolphins in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Using VHF and HF Equipment

Abstract Radio tracking was used to study the dynamics of schools of dolphins involved in the yellowfin tuna fishery of the eastern tropical Pacific. Complete VHF and HF systems were assembled. The primary VHF system consisted of Model MK-IV transmitters by Telonics, Inc., a Model 320 automatic direction finder (ADFS) by Ocean Applied Research (OAR), and an OAR Model AA-380–400 Adcock Antenna. The primary HF system was based on OAR AB-245 transmitters, an OAR ADFS 210 receiver, and an OAR AA-270–400 Adcock antenna. Secondary components were assembled for both systems. The VHF system proved most reliable in allowing three two-day tracking sequences over 90.7, 19.1 and 120.9 nautical miles. Maximum range of the VHF system was 9.2 ± 0.2 nautical miles or 14.7 ± 0.3 nautical miles depending on the receiver. The dolphin schools showed a low degree of cohesion over the period of the study.
REACTIONS OF METAL SPECIES IN DRY ETCHING AND CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION

Many of the processes currently used in the semiconductor industry for the fabrication of microdevices involve chemical reactions at a solid/gas interface. The role of gas-phase metal reactions in the heterogeneous processes of chemical vapor deposition and dry etching is examined. Kinetic information available on the dry etching of Al, Cu, W and other metals is reviewed and compared with the more extensively studied etching of Si. Selective and blanket chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques of metals such as Cu and W are described.
M-Pesa adoption and usage: a qualitative study of young Kenyan entrepreneurs

Globally, there exits the largest ever youth population, otherwise known as the "youth bulge." Youth populations are especially sizable in developing countries like Kenya, where despite economic growth the challenge of creating job opportunities for this growing population persists. Concurrently, Kenya is experiencing tremendous growth in ICT adoption, most commonly the mobile phone. As mobile phones were quickly diffusing through Kenya, another unique innovation, M-Pesa, was created. M-Pesa is Kenya's leading mobile payment provider, and it has transformed financial services in the country. Using Diffusion of Innovations as a theoretical framework, this study explores M-Pesa adoption and use by Kenyan entrepreneurs. This study utilized semi-structured interviews with 28 young entrepreneurs in order to understand how the perceived attributes of M-Pesa influence adoption and continued usage.