cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Organizational Culture Audit: Countering Cultural Ambiguity in the Service Context

Development of a compelling organizational culture continues to be an imperative for organizations seeking a competitive advantage. Identifying culture deficiencies or gaps is an important step in creating such a culture. For culture development efforts to be successful, leaders must first know the reality of the current organizational culture, however assessing the organizations’ true culture may be more complicated than it appears. Several theoretical frameworks illustrate how highly committed mangers may have difficulty in this regard. The following study links theory with application providing an action research based model of culture assessment. First, the rationale and conceptual model of cultural analysis is provided based on past research. Next, a five-step model analyzing ten cultural areas is proposed, and recommendations are provided for implementation.
About the Collapse of the Third French Republic

Author's summary.— The collapse of France should teach Americans a lesson; the future will see the birth of a new France with which Americans can cooperate.
Generic relationships of Oparanthus and Petrobium, especially with reference to Bidens (Compositae, Heliantheae, Coreopsidinae)

Oparanthus with two species from the Tubuai Islands of the South Pacific Ocean and the monotypicPetrobium from St. Helena in the South Atlantic are judged to belong more properly withinBidens. Comparisons of diagnostic morphological features are provided, and the necessary combinations are made, includingBidens rapensis (F. Brown) Stuessy andB. tubuaiensis (F. Brown) Stuessy.
Robert Whytt, 1714-1766, eighteenth century limner of anorexia nervosa and bulimia, an essay

Robert Whytt's contributions to the field of eating disorders have fallen into obscurity since his death in 1766. In his text, Observations on the Nature, Causes, and Cure of those Disorders which have been Commonly called Nervous, Hypochondriac or Hysteric to which are prefixed some Remarks on the Sympathy of the Nerves, Whytt made seminal comments about both anorexia nervosa and bulimia. This essay contains a biographical sketch, quotations from his publication, and a commentary.
Vitamin E analog modulates UVB-induced signaling pathway activation and enhances cell survival

Abstract We have recently shown that exposure of human keratinocytes to physiologic doses of ultraviolet B (UVB) activates epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/extracellular-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and p38 signaling pathways via reactive oxygen species, an effect that can be modulated by antioxidants. Trolox, a water-soluble vitamin E analog, is among the antioxidants that are currently being investigated for their preventive and protective potential against harmful effects of UV radiation to the skin. We found that Trolox inhibits both basal and UVB-induced intracellular H2O2 generation in primary keratinocytes in a concentration-dependent manner. Trolox did not significantly affect UVB-induced phosphorylation of EGFR. Stronger inhibition was observed for ERK1/2 activation at lower, and for p38 activation at higher, concentrations of Trolox added to cells before exposure to UVB. Similarly different effects were found with regard to length of pretreatment with Trolox before UVB exposure—increasing inhibition for ERK1/2 activation at shorter, and for p38 activation at longer, pretreatment intervals. UVB-induced c-jun-N-terminal kinase activation was potently suppressed by Trolox. Also, increasing the pretreatment time of Trolox decreased the rate of cell death following UVB. In conclusion, UVB-induced signaling pathway activation is differentially modulated by Trolox. Further investigation into the time-dependent biologic activation of Trolox and its metabolic products, and modulation of signal transduction with cell outcome should facilitate development of rational strategies for pharmacologic applications.
Domain evolution of Ba Ti O 3 ultrathin films under an electric field: A first-principles study

A first-principles-derived method is used to study the morphology and electric-field-induced evolution of stripe nanodomains in (001) $\mathrm{Ba}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ (BTO) ultrathin films, and to compare them with those in (001) $\mathrm{Pb}(\mathrm{Zr},\mathrm{Ti}){\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ (PZT) ultrathin films. The $\mathrm{Ba}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ systems exhibit 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} periodic stripe domains at null electric field, as in PZT ultrathin films. However, the stripes alternate along [1--10] in BTO systems versus [010] in PZT systems, and no in-plane surface dipoles occur in BTO ultrathin films (unlike in PZT materials). Moreover, the evolution of the 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} stripe domains in the $\mathrm{Ba}\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ systems, when applying and increasing an electric field along [001], involves four regions: region I for which the magnitude of the ``down'' dipoles (i.e., those that are antiparallel to the electric field) is reduced, while the domain walls do not move; region II in which some local down dipoles adjacent to domain walls switch their direction, resulting in zigzagged domain walls---with the overall stripe periodicity being unchanged; region III in which nanobubbles are created, then contract along [110] and finally collapse; and region IV which is associated with a single monodomain. Such evolution differs from that of PZT ultrathin films for which neither region I nor zigzagged domain walls exist, and for which the bubbles contract along [100]. Discussion about such differences is provided.
Keith: A Case Study of Structural Family Therapy†

This is an edited case presentation of marital therapy of a couple whose child was originally presented as the problem. Two primary themes are emphasized throughout the case. The first is that therapy consists of stages involving critical transitional points that need to be appropriately timed. The second is the use of a task to bring about structural realignment within the family. Excerpts were chosen because they clearly represent the process of movement in the therapy, illustrating both the stages of therapy and the utilization of an assigned task by the therapist. Commentary on the case material is interspersed throughout transcriptions.
Magnetospheric ion sputtering and water ice grain size at Europa

Abstract We present the first calculation of Europa's sputtering (ion erosion) rate as a function of position on Europa's surface. We find a global sputtering rate of 2×10 27 H 2 O s −1 , some of which leaves the surface in the form of O 2 and H 2 . The calculated O 2 production rate is 1×10 26 O 2 s −1 , H 2 production is twice that value. The total sputtering rate (including all species) peaks at the trailing hemisphere apex and decreases to about 1/3rd of the peak value at the leading hemisphere apex. O 2 and H 2 sputtering, by contrast, is confined almost entirely to the trailing hemisphere. Most sputtering is done by energetic sulfur ions (100s of keV to MeV), but most of the O 2 and H 2 production is done by cold oxygen ions (temperature ∼ 100 eV, total energy ∼ 500 eV). As a part of the sputtering rate calculation we compared experimental sputtering yields with analytic estimates. We found that the experimental data are well approximated by the expressions of Fama et al. for ions with energies less than 100 keV (Fama, M., Shi, J., Baragiola, R.A., 2008. Sputtering of ice by low-energy ions. Surf. Sci. 602, 156–161), while the expressions from Johnson et al. fit the data best at higher energies (Johnson, R.E., Burger, M.H., Cassidy, T.A., Leblanc, F., Marconi, M., Smyth, W.H., 2009. Composition and Detection of Europa's Sputter-Induced Atmosphere, in: Pappalardo, R.T., McKinnon, W.B., Khurana, K.K. (Eds.), Europa. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.). We compare the calculated sputtering rate with estimates of water ice regolith grain size as estimated from Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) data, and find that they are strongly correlated as previously suggested by Clark et al. (Clark, R.N., Fanale, F.P., Zent, A.P., 1983. Frost grain size metamorphism: Implications for remote sensing of planetary surfaces. Icarus 56, 233–245.). The mechanism responsible for the sputtering rate/grain size link is uncertain. We also report a surface composition estimate using NIMS data from an area on the trailing hemisphere apex. We find a high abundance of sulfuric acid hydrate and radiation-resistant hydrated salts along with large water ice regolith grains, all of which are consistent with the high levels of magnetospheric bombardment at the trailing apex.
Alignment of short reads to multiple genomes using hashing

Materials and methods Inspired by [3], we propose a new method that attempts to take advantage of multiple genomes and SNV information to align reads. This approach is promising in that it allows us to distinguish between sequencing errors and SNV. Our proposed alignment algorithm uses read fragments to identify seeds and extend these seeds to find occurrences of reads in the genome. In this study, we have developed and implemented an algorithm using multiple genomes that captures genomic variations, indexes the multiple genomes and operates short read alignment on a collection of genomes. The preliminary result was validated on Aspergillus fumigatus.
Phase separation in simulated plutonium glasses with phosphate and fluorine and the effect on glass corrosion in water

The solubility limit of phosphate in glass was found to decrease as fluorine increased. Amorphous phase separation was found in the glass as a result of interaction between phosphate and fluorine, in which Ce and Gd strongly partitioned. The glasses exhibiting amorphous phase separation showed higher normalized B releases according to the 31-day product consistency test (PCT) compared to glasses without phase separation. Phosphate that leached from glass into water increased the concentrations of Ce and Gd in the 7- and 31-day PCT solutions by more than an order of magnitude. The liquid state 31P-NMR results suggested that phosphate in water interacts with Ce or Gd. Therefore, the observed concentration jump for Ce and Gd in the PCT solution may be attributed to the increases in the solubility limits of Ce and Gd as a result of phosphate complexation with Ce and Gd.
Comparison of gain-like properties of eye position signals in inferior colliculus versus auditory cortex of primates.

We evaluated to what extent the influence of eye position in the auditory pathway of primates can be described as a gain field. We compared single unit activity in the inferior colliculus (IC), core auditory cortex (A1) and the caudomedial belt (CM) region of auditory cortex in primates, and found stronger evidence for gain field-like interactions in the IC than in auditory cortex. In the inferior colliculus, eye position signals showed both multiplicative and additive interactions with auditory responses, whereas in auditory cortex the effects were not as well predicted by a gain field model.
Need for a gender-sensitive human security framework: results of a quantitative study of human security and sexual violence in Djohong District, Cameroon.

Background: Human security shifts traditional concepts of security from interstate conflict and the absence of war to the security of the individual. Broad definitions of human security include livelihoods and food security, health, psychosocial well-being, enjoyment of civil and political rights and freedom from oppression, and personal safety, in addition to absence of conflict. Methods: In March 2010, we undertook a population-based health and livelihood study of female refugees from conflict-affected Central African Republic living in Djohong District, Cameroon and their female counterparts within the Cameroonian host community. Embedded within the survey instrument were indicators of human security derived from the Leaning-Arie model that defined three domains of psychosocial stability suggesting individuals and communities are most stable when their core attachments to home, community and the future are intact. Results: While the female refugee human security outcomes describe a population successfully assimilated and thriving in their new environments based on these three domains, the ability of human security indicators to predict the presence or absence of lifetime and six-month sexual violence was inadequate. Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, the study demonstrates that common human security indicators do not uncover either lifetime or recent prevalence of sexual violence. Conclusions: These data suggest that current gender-blind approaches of describing human security are missing serious threats to the safety of one half of the population and that efforts to develop robust human security indicators should include those that specifically measure violence against women.
The introduction and performance of store brands

We present an analytical framework for understanding what makes a product category more conducive for store brand introduction. We also investigate market characteristics that help explain differences in store brand market share across product categories. Our findings suggest that the introduction of a store brand is likely to increase retailer's profits in a product category if the cross-price sensitivity among national brands is low and the cross-price sensitivity between the national brands and the store brand is high. Our model predicts that the store brand share would also be greater under these conditions. In addition, we find that the introduction of a store brand is more likely to lead to an increase in category profits if the category consists of a large number of national brands-even though the store brand market share is expected to be lower when there are a large number of national brands. We compare the key predictions of our model with data on 426 grocery product categories. The data are consistent with the predictions of the model.
The use of performance measures as an integral part of an entity's strategic plan

Purpose – The objective of this paper is to gain an understanding of the multiple ways companies are using performance measures throughout the organization in the areas of strategic planning, monitoring operations, and evaluation of employees work and satisfaction with the company and suppliers.Design/methodology/approach – A survey was developed and distributed to internal auditors to gather information on how their companies used performance measures.Findings – The results suggest that most companies tend to have an internal focus when using performance measures and place less value on benchmarking with competitors and suppliers.Originality/value – Based on the results of the survey, performance measures are used throughout the organization for numerous reasons from the determination of whether strategic goals are being met to evaluation of suppliers.
Universal Retention Indices and Their Prediction in Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography Based On Principal Component Analysis and Target Testing

A universal solute and solvent retention index system for reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) has been developed and tested with a library of compounds and mobile phases as the base set. Examination of reversed-phase LC retention data by principal component analysis and target transformation factor analysis reveals that the data obtained from three different reversed-phase columns share a common factor space and that three factors are sufficient to describe these retention data. The resulting eigenvector matrix associated with analyte compounds from singular value decomposition is found to be characteristic of the retention behavior of the compounds and independent of the mobile phases and reversed-phase columns used for the measurement. The same is true for the mobile phase eigenvector matrix. Based on these observations, a reference retention index system is developed for both chromatographic solutes and solvents across different reversed-phase columns. Mean errors of retention prediction using this index system are within 4%.
Bradykinin BK2 receptors contribute to reflex cardiovascular responses during brief abdominal ischemia

Ischemically sensitive visceral sympathetic nerve fibers, which are thought to represent the afferent limb of a strong cardiovascular pressor reflex, can be stimulated by exogenously applied bradyk...
The Limits of Consumer Directed Care as Public Policy in an Aging Society

This paper overviews the emergence of a philosophy of “consumer-direction” in personal, home, and community care for the disabled elderly in North America and Europe. Consumer direction is associated with direct payment schemes and other mechanisms that support user choices in the purchase of care, user empowerment and independence. To illustrate the strengths and limitations of consumer direction in practice, the paper analyses interview data collected from users and providers of existing care arrangements where elders and families choose and/or hire, supervise, and manage their “own” homecare workers who are self-employed. Interviews conducted separately with care users and providers illustrate how structural and interpersonal power related to financial, social and geographic proximity affect the way independent care arrangements are established, and maintained. Power issues embedded in marketized arrangements suggest the need for caution against wholesale adoption of market principles in social provisions for serving elders.
The consistency of theophylline absorption from a sustained-release formulation in asthmatic children.

Theophylline absorption was studied in asthmatic children ages 2–7 years. A bead-filled capsule of sustained-release theophylline (Slo-Bid, William H. Rorer, Inc., Fort Washington, PA) was administered in equal doses twice daily (8 am and 8 pm) to produce serum theophylline concentrations (STCs) between 10 and 20 μg ml. After 7 days, blood samples were obtained every 2 hours for 24 hours. This sequence was repeated after another seven days of treatment. Elimination values were calculated after an intravenous reference dose. Slo-Bid was completely absorbed (mean ± SD percentage of dose absorbed of 117.1 ± 26.1 on day 1, and 104.8 ± 16.1% on day 2), and the pattern of absorption was consistent from day to day, with maximum STCs occurring 2–6 hours after the dose, and minimum STCs at or near the time of pm dose. The percentage of fluctuation of 149.7 ± 49.7% and 163.0 ± 114.0% (mean ± SD) on days 1 and 2, respectively, was slightly higher than desired, but probably was a result of rapid theophylline clearance in this group of children (119.9 ± 25.8 ml/hr/kg). Mean residence time for absorption after am and pm doses indicated significantly longer time for absorption (ta) after the pm doses: mean ± SEM ta for am doses on days 1 and 2 was 2.8 ±0.3 and 2.7 ±0.2 hours, respectively, and increased to 3.9 ± 0.3 and 3.7 ± 0.5 hours after pm doses on days 1 and 2, respectively (p<0.0001). Theophylline was absorbed in a consistent pattern with predictable STCs over the 24-hour study periods. Although slower absorption was observed after pm doses, a temporally related decrease in STCs was not pronounced in this group of young asthmatics.
Connecting the Past With the Present: Moses Maimonides’ Contribution to Democratic Theory, Public Administration, and Civil Society

Moses Maimonides is widely regarded as one of the most important Jewish theologians. A careful examination of his life’s work, however, reveals that he also made important contributions to the hist...
The Status of Women in Political Science Departments in the South: Results of the Millennium Survey

IntroductionFor over a decade, the Southern Political Science Association has been committed to assessing the status of women faculty members by regularly administering surveys to political science programs within the South. These surveys, sponsored by the SPSA and administered by the Committee on the Status of Women, have resulted in numerous recommendations for creating diversity within departments and gender equity within programs. In this article we examine the results of the Millennium Survey, the latest effort to evaluate the progress of female political scientists within the South. Our findings suggest that in the last 10 years women faculty have made great progress, especially in Ph.D. granting institutions where the number of women in tenured positions at the rank of associate and full professor has doubled since the last survey. This is an important shift from a trend noted in an earlier CSW survey and in a national report in the September–October 1998 issue of Academe where the author remarked that “Women, unlike men, traded off rank for institutional prestige. For women, the more prestigious their institution, the lower their rank; for men there was no such relationship” (Valian 1998). Contrary to the national trend dynamic, women in the South are making the most progress at the most prestigious institutions. Perhaps there are a greater number of faculty positions within doctoral departments and that in the last 10 years these programs have had more opportunities to hire and promote women. Our survey suggests that there have been fewer tenure-track positions available for women within departments at smaller, bachelor's degree-granting institutions. While the number of female associate professors has increased within baccalaureate-granting programs, the number of female full professors has actually declined. However, the overall number of women faculty members at all ranks has increased in the majority of political science programs within the South.
Macroscopic description of heavy-ion reactions

We discuss the statics and dynamics of large scale nuclear collective motion, with special emphasis on very-heavy-ion reactions. Compound-nucleus cross sections are calculated by use of the criterion that the dynamical trajectory for the fusing system must pass inside the fission saddle point in a multidimensional space in order to form a compound nucleus. In an effort to understand whether nuclear dissipation is dominated by two-body collisions or by the interaction of particles with the mean field generated by the remaining particles, we compare the predictions of various macroscopic approaches with those of time-dependent mean-field (Harttee-Fock) theories.
Advanced technologies for ultra wideband system design

The author presents a summary of the ultrawideband (UWB) concept, clarifying its instantaneously large percent-bandwidth nature and the inseparability which results in its four-dimensional ambiguity function. In conventional design, this coupling is suppressed. However, evidence is presented that suggests that there may be unique performance and EMC (electromagnetic compatability) advantages to be gained from exploiting this coupling. It is explained why this improved performance is not attainable using switch-based transmitters. Attention is given to the use of a programmable function generator (e.g., a direct digital synthesizer) to generate the required UWB waveform and to the exploitation of localized wave solutions to Maxwell's equations for their contribution to improved resolution and reduced path loss. >
The life‐time rates of three major mood disorders and four major anxiety disorders in alcoholics and controls

Aims. While psychiatric symptoms are common in the general population and even more prevalent in alcoholics, their clinical implications are not clear. The goal of this study was to establish the life-time rates of several independent and concurrent mood and anxiety disorders in alcoholics, controls and their relatives. Design. Structured interviews were administered to alcoholics entering treatment, their relatives, and controls. Setting. The study was carried out in six different centers in the United States as pan of the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA). Participants. Data were gathered from 2713 alcohol dependent subjects (probands and their alcoholic relatives) and 919 controls. Measurements. The timeline-based Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA) interview teas administered face to face by trained, closely supervised interviewers. The life-time rates for concurrent and independent disorders were determined for three DSM-HI-R major mood and four major anxiety disorders. Findings. Some form of independent mood disorder was seen during the life-time in slightly fewer alcoholics than controls (14.0% and 17.1%), but alcoholics did show higher rates of independent bipolar disorder (2.3% vs. 1.0%). The life-time rate for independent anxiety disorders was significantly higher in alcoholics than controls (9.4% vs. 3.7%), with most of the differential related to panic disorder (4.2% vs. 1.0%) and social phobia (3.2% vs. 1.4%), but no significant group differences for agoraphobia or obsessive-compulsive disorder. In general, these findings regarding mood and anxiety disorders were reflected in close relatives. Conclusions. The large majority of alcohol-dependent men and women in this sample did not have any of the independent mood or anxiety disorders evaluated here. However, there was evidence of enhanced risks among alcoholics for independent bipolar panic and social phobic disorders. Studies which do not distinguish carefully between independent and concurrent mood and anxiety disorders in alcoholics are likely to report much higher rates of co-morbid psychiatric disorders than those that distinguish between the two types of syndromes.
High‐risk human papillomavirus DNA testing: A marker for atypical glandular cells

Cervical/endocervical cytology screening has decreased morbidity and mortality, and implementing adjunctive human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA testing for atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance has improved the specificity for detecting premalignant squamous lesions. Currently, there are no guidelines to perform HPV DNA testing on cervical/endocervical ThinPreps with atypical glandular cells (AGC). To assess the potential role of HPV DNA testing on AGC cases, Hybrid Capture 2 (Digene Corp.) testing was performed on 144 cervical/endocervical AGC specimens. One hundred three of 144 cases had follow-up; 60/103 (58.3%) were high-risk HPV negative and 43/103 (42.3%) were high-risk HPV positive. Of 43 HPV-positive patients, 37 had adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), or cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia, while only one patient without high-risk HPV had a squamous intraepithelial neoplasia. Furthermore, most high-risk HPV positive AGC cases harbored high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) rather than AIS. Our data support HPV DNA testing of all AGC specimens to detect cervical, especially squamous, neoplasia. neoplasia. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2006; 34:235–239. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Behavioral to structural translation in ESOP form

A translator for behavioral to structural descriptions of combinational logic circuits is presented. The input is in the form of a Boolean equation using Verilog syntax and the output is a Verilog net-list. The structure of the output circuit is in terms of an Exclusive-OR Sum-of-Products (ESOP) form which is noted for ease of testability and a reduced number of logic gates as compared to traditional Sum-of-Products forms. Also, since many FPGA devices are including the XOR gate as a basic structure, there is interest in ESOP circuit synthesis for FPGA implementations, The numerical methodology used to perform the translation is discussed in detail. >
Engaging dual diagnosis patients into treatment: the T.E.E.A.C.H. program.

This article outlines a model for engaging dually-diagnosed patients into treatment, particularly those patients in the precontemplation and contemplation phases of treatment. The model first focuses on the development of a positive therapeutic relationship with the patient. It then helps patients to realize both the positive and the negative aspects of their substance use. By acknowledging this central conflict and their ambivalence about using, and delivering hope that patients can learn other ways to obtain the benefits of their substance use without the negative consequences, patients can be engaged into treatment and helped to begin the process of change.
Adolescent Substance Use: Reviewing the Effectiveness of Prevention Strategies

U.S. youths continue to use alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs at alarmingly high rates despite a temporary downward trend in the 1980s. Among an average 500,000 individuals affected annually by substance use, youths (ages 12 to 18) rank as one of the highest groups in morbidity and mortality rates, resulting in many negative consequences. As a result the effectiveness of many prevention strategies has been called into question. This article reviews the extent and social cost of adolescent substance use; standard prevention strategies; prevention under criticism; and salient aspects of successful prevention strategies. Special attention is given to the social influence model of prevention as an effective and amenable model for social work professionals.
The physiological basis for regeneration response to variable retention harvest treatments in three pine species

Summary Variable retention harvesting (VRH) is promoted for enhancing biodiversity and ecosystem processes in managed forests, but regeneration responses to the complex stand structures that result from VRH are poorly understood. We analyzed foliar stable carbon isotope ratios ( δ 13 C), oxygen isotope ratios ( δ 18 O), light-saturated photosynthetic rates ( A max ), stomatal conductance ( g s ) and sizes of pine seedlings in Pinus resinosa stands treated with VRH systems that created different spatial patterns of overstor e y retention. Pinus banksiana , P. resinosa and P inus strobus seedlings in dispersed retention, aggregated retention between small gaps and aggregated retention between large gaps treatments had greater δ 13 C, A max , g s , diameter and height than seedlings in unharvested treatments, but seedling performance was similar among VRH treatments when averaged across stands. There were no signifi cant differences in δ 18 O associated with any treatment. These results indicate seedling photosynthetic capacity, water relations and growth were improved by VRH, but the spatial pattern of retention had surprisingly little impact on average performance in the fi rst 4 years after harvesting. This suggests retention treatments that produce different residual stand structures can promote similar mean rates of early seedling development when performance is averaged across all of the neighbourhood environments within each treatment.
Angiotensin II metabolic clearance rate and pressor responses in nonpregnant and pregnant women.

Objectives: Normal pregnancy is associated with reduced pressor dose-responses to infused angiotensin II. We tested the hypotheses that alterations in the metabolic clearance rate and the half-life of angiotensin II account for reduced pressor dose-responses during gestation and that angiotensin II increases circulating levels of vasodilatory prostaglandins I2 and E2 relative to thromboxane A2. Study Design: Eleven nonpregnant and 37 pregnant (30 ± 0.3 weeks' gestation, mean ± SE) women were infused with angiotensin II (3.11 to 22.36 ng/min · kg) for 15 minutes, and blood was obtained to evaluate steady-state immunoreactive plasma angiotensin II and eicosanoid concentrations. Results: Angiotensin II pressor responses were dose dependent in all groups and reduced in pregnant women (p Conclusion: Neither changes in angiotensin II metabolism nor angiotensin II-induced increases in plasma levels of prostaglandin I2, prostaglandin E2, or the prostaglandin I2/thromboxane A2 ratio appear responsible for the decreased pressor response sensitivity to infused angiotensin II observed during normal human pregnancy.
Prediction of Dispersive Errors in Numerical Solution of the Euler Equations

Dispersive errors in the discretization of the steady Euler equations describing the flow of a compressible, inviscid, ideal gas can produce low wave number oscillations near regions of high gradient. A linearized analysis is presented which allows one to predict the location and frequency of these oscillations. This analysis is applied to three numerical schemes: Galerkin finite element, cell-vertex finite element, and central difference finite element. Numerical experiments are presented verifying the analysis. An example showing the applicability of the analysis to a problem with significant nonlinearity is given.
Initiation of coagulation by tissue factor.

Tissue factor (TF) is an integral membrane glycoprotein which functions as an initiator of coagulation. Furthermore, it is probably the principal biological initiator of this essential hemostatic process. This article reviews the studies which form the basis for these assertions. The work on TF is traced from the 19th century discovery of the thromboplastic activity of tissues to the recent purification of the protein from bovine and human tissues and the isolation cDNA clones coding from human TF. The features of TF structure and function which tailor it to the role of initiator of the coagulation cascade are considered. For example, cell-surface TF and factor VII, the plasma serine proteases zymogen, form a proteolytic complex without prior proteolysis of either component. In addition, a kinetic model for the molecular mechanism of TF-initiated clotting is reviewed. The factors which control the expression of TF procoagulant activity by cultured cells are examined in light of the hypothesized role of TF in normal hemostasis. Also, the potential pathological consequences of aberrant TF expression, i.e., thrombosis and hemorrhage, are explored.
The Federal Arbitration Act and the Power of Congress Over State Courts

The Federal Arbitration Act is unconstitutional as it has been applied to the states over the past 20 years. In its 1984 decision in Southland Corp. v. Keating, the Supreme Court held that FAA is substantive law binding on state courts under the Supremacy Clause. The resulting doctrine of FAA preemption has nullified dozens of state contract laws, sewn confusion in the courts, and poised the FAA to become a significant "tort reform" statute. The FAA is thus an important example of a larger recent trend of efforts to impose tort reform, indirectly, by federal regulation of state court procedure. States' sovereignty over the structure, jurisdiction and procedure of their courts is fundamental to federalism. The Supremacy Clause requires state courts to apply federal substantive law, but the constitution assumes state courts will do so applying their own neutral rules of procedure. While state courts' implementation of federal substantive law may incidentally, in isolated cases, affect state procedural rules, Congressional efforts to impose procedural rules on state courts abridge the states' "residual and inviolable sovereignty" and impermissibly commandeer both state judges and legislatures.The FAA is procedural regulation, notwithstanding Southland. It governs contracts about procedure and overrides the fundamentally procedural allocation of decisionmaking authority between courts and arbitrators. Looked at through every relevant context in which a substance-procedure distinction has been applied, arbitration enforcement is a procedural matter, and Congress is without power to impose it on the states.
Presidential Power and the 'Ongoing Criminal Investigation' Constraint: Getting Away With Silence

The presidencies of William J. Clinton and George W. Bush are in many ways kindred. It seems certain that both will be noted by historians for their determined and mechanistic evasions of public scrutiny. The misleading insinuations, failed memories, perjuries, obstructions of justice, and novel assertions of executive privilege have been exposed sharply and criticized roundly by Congress, academics, and the press. Still, there is a particular tactic of presidential evasion, utilized by Clinton and Bush alike, that has been left undisturbed. This is the White House's increasingly regular practice of claiming that the President and his advisors are "constrained" from publicly commenting on particular matters due to the existence of an "ongoing criminal investigation." In many minds, the invocation of this constraint, no matter the circumstances, reflexively transforms a White House stonewall into an instance of responsible and principled presidential restraint. This Article examines the "ongoing criminal investigation" constraint, and argues that its scope is limited and discernible. The constraint does not, for instance, extend to investigations (1) over which the President lacks control; and (2) which suggest that he or his associates committed improprieties. The practical impact of this conclusion is that Presidents are never externally constrained from publicly commenting on matters pursued by Special Counsels, which, by their very nature, are independent of the White House's control, and concern allegations of high-level executive branch malfeasance.
THE ELDER AS SAGE, OLD AGE AS SPIRITUAL PATH: TOWARDS A TRANSPERSONAL GERONTOLOGY

In 1990 and again in 1994 the author called for a new field, ''transpersonal gerontology,'' that would integrate transpersonal psychology and gerontology and would ''include such topics as personal and ultimate meaning and purpose for late-life existence, late life spirituality, life after death, spirituality and life span development, spiritual autobiography, wisdom and compassion, and the Elder-Child'' (1994, p. 98). In the fifteen plus years since the publication, the need to further define and develop transpersonal gerontology has accelerated, given the continuing and even growing lack of meaning and purpose of the later years, especially in terms of positive, growth oriented, and spiritual models and the Baby Boomers beginning to reach retirement age. This article addresses elements, applications, and practices of and possibilities for late life spirituality to establish a knowledge, research, program and practice base for transpersonal gerontology predicated on the premise that our later adult years provide special and ideal conditions for such psycho-spiritual development. The Baby Boomers' (1946-64) huge numbers will challenge most every institution in this country as well as those in many countries around the world, and transform aging and old age beyond anything known up to this point in human and world history. Given the composition and experience of this cohort, their lived experience will take unforeseeable and unimaginable expressions throughout the next 30 years. Generally speaking, the current elderly are living somewhat marginal lives limited by their and societies' expectations. The Baby Boomer generation is beginning its odyssey into the retirement years and this group, more than any preceding group, has the freedom and means to expect more of their later years. The current post retirees are asking and even demanding much more of their retirement period that may span 20 or more years and encompass one fourth of their lives. It is hard to imagine one fourth of life as being marginalized especially during the period, unlike childhood/adolescence, when we finally know who we are, what is really important, how we can contribute, and maybe even how life works and why we are here. So what is possible in and for the later years beyond what has previously passed for being enough or all that could be expected? This article provides an overview of what can be possible from a psycho- spiritual perspective in the later years, serves as the lead article for this special issue of the Journal of Transpersonal Psychology on the new and emerging area or field of transpersonal gerontology and provides the reader as well as current and future elders, researchers and service providers with an introduction to what could be possible for the last fourth of our lives.
Bayesian PCA

The technique of principal component analysis (PCA) has recently been expressed as the maximum likelihood solution for a generative latent variable model. In this paper we use this probabilistic reformulation as the basis for a Bayesian treatment of PCA. Our key result is that effective dimensionality of the latent space (equivalent to the number of retained principal components) can be determined automatically as part of the Bayesian inference procedure. An important application of this framework is to mixtures of probabilistic PCA models, in which each component can determine its own effective complexity.
Cardiovascular dysfunction following spinal cord injury

Both sensorimotor and autonomic dysfunctions often occur after spinal cord injury (SCI). Particularly, a high thoracic or cervical SCI interrupts supraspinal vasomotor pathways and results in disordered hemodynamics due to deregulated sympathetic outflow. As a result of the reduced sympathetic activity, patients with SCI may experience hypotension, cardiac dysrhythmias, and hypothermia post-injury. In the chronic phase, changes within the CNS and blood vessels lead to orthostatic hypotension and life-threatening autonomic dysreflexia (AD). AD is characterized by an episodic, massive sympathetic discharge that causes severe hypertension associated with bradycardia. The syndrome is often triggered by unpleasant visceral or sensory stimuli below the injury level. Currently the only treatments are palliative - once a stimulus elicits AD, pharmacological vasodilators are administered to help reduce the spike in arterial blood pressure. However, a more effective means would be to mitigate AD development by attenuating contributing mechanisms, such as the reorganization of intraspinal circuits below the level of injury. A better understanding of the neuropathophysiology underlying cardiovascular dysfunction after SCI is essential to better develop novel therapeutic approaches to restore hemodynamic performance.
The Influence of Temperature on the Toxicity of Carbon Disulphide to Wireworms

The relation of temperature to the toxicity of a soil fumigant for wireworms has been shown by means of a diagram. A study was made of the toxicity of carbon disulphide to wireworms at various temperatures when other factors, such as diffusion and adsorption have been eliminated. The relation of temperature to toxicity has been determined by a method in which median lethal concentrations were the basis of comparison. The results show that the median lethal concentration of carbon disulphide increases with a decrease in temperature. For every ten degree drop in temperature the concentration is approximately doubled.
The Other Map Coloring Theorem

The Four Color Problem has probably been the most notorious mathematical problem of modern times. This problem asks whether four colors suffice to color every planar map so that adjacent countries, i.e., countries that share a border of positive length, receive different colors. This question's deceptive simplicity attracted many would-be solvers who oft times spent years on their search for a solution. Most returned empty-handed, or worse, with a false proof. Some were fortunate enough to have devised a new twist on the original problem that was sufficiently interesting to attract the attention of other aficionados. The Heawood Conjecture, one of the earliest of these offshoots, proved to be also one of the most fascinating and difficult. This other coloring conjecture guessed at the number of colors required by maps on other, more complicated, surfaces. Surprisingly enough, even though this later problem seems more difficult than its planar progenitor, Heawood's conjecture was actually verified a decade earlier. In my opinion this verification marks a milestone in the development of the modern combinatorial approach to geometry. It is my intention here to formulate this problem, recount its history, and discuss its relationship to the original Four Color Problem, as well as to other branches of mathematics.
Impact of Global Health Research Training on Scholarly Productivity: The Fogarty International Clinical Research Scholars and Fellows Program

In the Fogarty International Clinical Research Scholars and Fellows (FICRS-F) Program, 536 U.S. and international doctoral and postdoctoral health profession students and trainees completed 1-year research training at research centers in low- and middle-income countries. To evaluate the Program's impact, we analyzed data gathered prospectively during the Program, from PubMed, and from a representative survey of alumni. Of 100 randomly selected respondents, 94 returned the survey. Reflecting the sources of funding, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome was the focus of 47% of the projects, but research in noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and dual infection/NCD-related topics increased over time. Among the first 1,617 alumni publications, output was associated positively with being an international versus U.S. trainee, a postdoctoral Fellow versus predoctoral Scholar, and accumulation of more years post-training (all P < 0.001). Fellows were first author on a higher proportion of their articles than were Scholars (P < 0.001), and U.S. trainees were more often first author than international trainees (P = 0.04). Survey respondents had submitted 117 grant applications, and 79 (67.5%) had been funded. The FICRS-F Program yielded substantial research productivity in the early post-training years. Research outputs and impact will increase over time as alumni careers mature and they gain research independence and assume leadership positions.
Descriptions of Some Immature Nephopterix in the Eastern United States (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Phycitinae)

The biology of the immature stages of the following 7 species of Nephopterix H u bner from the eastern United States was studied: N. subfuscella (Ragonot), N. dammersi floridensis Heinrich N. subcaesiella (Clemens), N. virgatella (Clemens), N. uvinella (Ragonot), N. celtidella (Hulst), and N. crassifasciella Ragonot. Biological data include host plants, habits of early and latestage larvae, number of instars, pupation sites, oviposition sites, number of generations per year, overwintering stages and parasitoids.
“Low-dose” growth hormone therapy during peritoneal dialysis or following renal transplantation

The minimal effective dose of growth hormone (GH) to promote growth in children on dialysis or following renal transplantation remains unsettled. In order to study the issue, “low-dose” GH was administered to children with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) receiving chronic automated peritoneal dialysis (APD,n = 6, 4 males, 2 females) or following renal transplantation (T,n = 9, 8 males, 1 female). No APD patient was GH deficient, while 1 T patient (no. 2) had data consistent with GH deficiency, although he was obese (body mass index = 34 kg/m2). The mean dose of GH after 6 and 12 months of treatment was 0.16±0.02 and 0.22±0.07 versus 0.16±0.03 and 0.27±0.21 mg/kg per week for APD and T patients, respectively. When analyzing all patients, there were no significant differences before or after 6 and 12 months of GH therapy within or between the two groups, in terms of height velocity, bone age, renal function (in the T group) and height Z-scores (Z-Ht). However, the height velocity Z-score (Z-HV) increased significantly at 6 and 12 months compared with baseline in the APD patients only (P < 0.05). When the 2 T patients with the most impaired renal function were excluded from the analysis, Z-HV also increased significantly in the T patients after 12 months of GH (P < 0.02). We conclude that following “low-dose” GH therapy, children with ESRD treated with APD or T have similar increases in HV, allowing maintenance of Z-Ht but not “catch-up” growth.
Code red and blue--safely limiting health care's GDP footprint.

U.S. health care value is low, and the gap between health spending growth and growth of the GDP saps economic vitality. Our health care system needs to adopt new work methods, outlined in the Institute of Medicine's vision of a learning health system.