cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High fat diet induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance: Role of dysregulated ceramide metabolism.

Aim: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an insulin resistance disease that can progress to cirrhosis and liver failure. We hypothesized that in NAFLD, insulin resistance dysregulates lipid metabolism, increasing production of cytotoxic lipids including ceramides, which exacerbate hepatic insulin resistance and injury. Methods: Long Evans rats were pair-fed low (LFD) or high (HFD) fat diets for 8 weeks. Livers were used to measure lipids, gene expression, insulin receptor binding, integrity of insulin signaling, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. In vitro experiments characterized effects of ceramides on Huh7 cell viability, mitochondrial function, and insulin signaling. Results: High fat diet feeding caused NAFLD with peripheral and hepatic insulin resistance, increased hepatic expression of pro-ceramide genes, sphingomyelinase activity, and lipid peroxidation, and increased serum ceramide. Ceramide treatment impaired Huh7 cell viability, mitochondrial function, and insulin signaling. Conclusions: Increased hepatic ceramide generation and release may mediate both hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance in NAFLD.
Three-dimensional structure of fast ion conducting 0.5Li2S + 0.5[(1 − x)GeS2 + xGeO2] glasses from high-energy X-ray diffraction and reverse Monte Carlo simulations

A high-energy X-ray diffraction study has been carried out on a series of 0.5Li2S + 0.5[(1 � x)GeS2 + xGeO2] glasses with x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8. Structure factors were measured to wave vectors as high as 30 A � 1 resulting in atomic pair distribution functions with high real space resolution. The three dimensional atomic-scale structure of the glasses was modeled by reverse Monte Carlo simulations based on the diffraction data. Results from the simulations show that at the atomic-scale 0.5Li2S + 0.5[(1 � x)GeS2 + xGeO2] glasses may be viewed as an assembly of independent chains of (Li +S)2GeS2/2 and
Neurofuzzy agents and neurofuzzy laws for autonomous machine learning and control

Real world autonomous agents exhibit adaptive, incremental, exploratory, and sometimes explosive learning behaviors. Learning in neurofuzzy control, however, is often referred to as global training with a large set of random examples and with a very low learning rate. This type of controller does not show exploratory learning behaviors. An agent-oriented approach to neurofuzzy control is introduced and illustrated in folding-legged robot locomotion and gymnastics: necessary and sufficient conditions are established for agent-oriented neurofuzzy discovery; and a theory of coordinated multiagent neurofuzzy control is analytically formulated. The analytical features bridge a gap between linear control, neurofuzzy control, adaptive learning, and exploratory learning.
Patterns of Nonelectrolyte Permeability in Human Red Blood Cell Membrane

The permeability of human red cell membrane to 90 different molecules has been measured. These solutes cover a wide spectrum of nonelectrolytes with varying chemical structure, chain length, lipid solubility, chemical reactive group, ability to form hydrogen bonds, and other properties. In general, the present study suggests that the permeability of red cell membrane to a large solute is determined by lipid solubility, its molecular size, and its hydrogen-bonding ability. The permeability coefficient increases with increasing lipid solubility and decreasing ability to form hydrogen bonds, whereas it decreases with increasing molecular size. In the case of small solutes, the predominant diffusion factor is steric hindrance augmented by lipid solubility. It is also found that replacement of a hydroxyl group by a carbonyl group or an ether linkage tends to increase permeability. On the other hand, replacement of a hydroxyl group by an amide group tends to decrease the permeability coefficient.
When Life is Linear: From Computer Graphics to Bracketology

Preface 1. X marks the spot 2. Entering the matrices 3. Sum matrices 4. Fitting the norm 5. Go forth and multiply 6. It's elementary, my dear Watson 7. Math to the max 8. Stretch and shrink 9. Zombie math-decomposing 10. What are the chances? 11. Mining for meaning 12. Who's number 1? 13. End of the line.
An Experimental Method of Studying Transient Phenomena

The following is a description of an experimental method of studying transient phenomena which, by repeating the phenomena synchronously, enables one to observe it on the screen of an oscillograph as long as desired.
SIV antigen immunization induces transient antigen-specific T cell responses and selectively activates viral replication in draining lymph nodes in retroviral suppressed rhesus macaques

Background: HIV infection causes a qualitative and quantitative loss of CD4 + T cell immunity. The institution of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) restores CD4 + T cell responses to many pathogens, but HIV-specific responses remain deficient. Similarly, therapeutic immunization with HIV antigens of chronically infected, ART treated subjects results in poor induction of HIV-specific CD4 responses. In this study, we used a macaque model of ART treatment during chronic infection to study the virologic consequences of SIV antigen stimulation in lymph nodes early after immunization. Rhesus CMV (RhCMV) seropositive, Mamu A*01 positive rhesus macaques were chronically infected with SIVmac251 and treated with ART. The immune and viral responses to SIV gag and RhCMV pp65 antigen immunization in draining lymph nodes and peripheral blood were analyzed. Animals were immunized on contralateral sides with SIV gag and RhCMV pp65 encoding plasmids, which allowed lymph nodes draining each antigen to be obtained at the same time from the same animal for direct comparison. Results: We observed that both SIV and RhCMV immunizations stimulated transient antigen-specific T cell responses in draining lymph nodes. The RhCMV-specific responses were potent and sustained (50 days postimmunization) in the periphery, while the SIV-specific responses were transient and extinguished quickly. The SIV antigen stimulation selectively induced transient SIV replication in draining lymph nodes. Conclusions: The data are consistent with a model whereby viral replication in response to SIV antigen stimulation limits the generation of SIV antigen-specific responses and suggests a potential mechanism for the early loss and poor HIV-specific CD4 + T cell response observed in HIV-infected individuals.
Opsonic activity of myeloma immuno‐globulins (mm‐lg)

Patients with MM are at an increased risk for life-threatening bacterial infections, primarily by organisms that require opsonization for interaction with granulocytes. In the present study we used a neutrophil chemiluminescence (CL) assay of opsonization to explore the opsonic activity of MM-Ig for zymosan particles. Particles were treated with serum lacking in Ig to explore the contribution of Ig to zymosan opsonization. This serum was found to have 69 +/- 2.6% (X +/- SEM) of the opsonic activity of normal serum (P less than .001). Normal serum concentrations of normal IgG, MM-IgG, and MM-IgA all lacked opsonic activity for zymosan. However, when particles were treated with Nl-IgG, MM-IgG, or MM-IgA as well as complement, normal opsonic activity was generated. Increasing the concentration of the Ig to stimulate MM serum did not inhibit this opsonic activity. Thus both MM-IgG and MM-IgA can function as normal, nonspecific opsonins.
Modeling TCP long file transfer latency over long delay wireless multilink PPP

The modeling of TCP transfer latency has received significant attention in the last decade. Several models have been proposed for TCP performance under various conditions. All the available,models predict TCP performance for-a single link. Furthermore, all models relate timeouts to packet drops either due to congestion or due to transmission errors. However, TCP connections may be running over a multilink connection that aggregates the bandwidth of multiple links into a single logical pipe using the multilink point-to-point protocol (MLPPP). In such aggregate links, packet drops occur if any of the individual links experience a call drop. None of the available models account for call drops as a possible source of performance degradation. In this letter, we study the call drop phenomenon under MLPPP and incorporate our results into a method that predicts TCP latency for a long transfer. The performance model is experimentally evaluated by running TCP over MLPPP over multiple Iridium satellite links.
Formation and characterization of nanostructured V—P—O particles in flames: A new route for the formation of catalysts

A counterflow diffusion flame burner was used to produce nanophase vanadium-phosphorus oxide powders in a hydrogen-oxygen flame. Liquid precursors, i.e., VOCl3 and PCl3, were used as source materials in a 1:1 ratio. In situ formation processes were investigated at two temperatures by laser light scattering, by emission and absorption spectroscopy, and by collecting particles directly onto carbon-coated TEM grids. At the higher temperature, the collected powders are spherical particles about 30 to 50 nm in diameter. At the lower temperature, the powders collected are chain-like structures composed of particles 5 to 10 nm in diameter. Particles formed in the burner were collected also from the burner's flanges and from two auxiliary strips. Their crystalline phases and surface area were determined by x-ray diffractometry, FT-IR spectroscopy, and BET analysis by nitrogen desorption. These results indicate a strong influence of temperature on the crystalline phases of the powders. At the higher temperature, the powder collected is a mixture of VOPO4 · 2H2O and δ-VOPO4. This mixture forms Λ-VOPO4 upon subsequent reheating at 750 °C. At the lower temperature, the powders collected are a VOHxPO4 · yH2O phase and VO(H2PO4)2, and form β-VOPO4 and V(PO3)3, respectively, upon subsequent reheating at 750 °C.
An Estimate of India's Uranium Enrichment Capacity

Although the existence of India's uranium enrichment program has been known for a while, there is little technical information on the program available in the public domain. Here, we try to estimate its capacity based on the assumption that it has succeeded in producing sufficient enriched uranium for the core of the prototype reactor for the nuclear submarine that India has been developing. While there are large uncertainties in the data and, consequently, our estimates, this exercise is nonetheless useful to get a sense of scale and can be used to make rough estimates of how much weapons grade uranium could be produced at this facility should India use it for that purpose.
A passive mechanism for relocating payloads with a quadrotor

We present a passive mechanism for quadrotor vehicles and other hover-capable aerial robots based on the cam-follower. This mechanism has two mating parts, one attached to the quadrotor and the other attached to a payload. These two parts are joined by a toggle switch—push to connect, push to disconnect—that is easy to activate with the quadrotor by varying thrust. We discuss the design parameters and provide an inertial model for our mechanism. With hardware experiments, we demonstrate the use of this passive mechanism to autonomously place a wireless camera in several different locations on the underside of a steel beam. Our mechanism is open source and can be easily fabricated with a 3D printer.
The Question Concerning Design

The American Heritage Dictionary defines design as both a verb and a noun with the general meaning that someone makes and/or executes plans or the actual plans. However, many disciplines claimto design as a part of their productivity and result of their labor. The problem comes when these disciplines and professions work collaboratively. Their individual understandings of the term “design” can lead to much confusion and misunderstandings amongst team members. Since so much design is interdisciplinary and collaborative, this is becoming more and more of issue. I am currently working in an environment with architects, engineers and scientists who are coming together to “design” a project but we are coming at this from very different understandings of the term.This paper will attempt to unpack the meaning and practice of design for the disciplines of architecture, engineering and science. I will employ the comparative method to examine the way that architects, engineers and scientists use this word to describe what they do in order to discover the similarities and differences of usage. The paper will begin with a look at the etymology of the word, ”design,” and then will provide an overview of the literature and practices available on the topic of design for each discipline. The intent is to find a common ground between the disciplines or at least provide a lexicon for the disciplines when working together
An Institutional and Opinion Analysis of Colorado’s Hydraulic Fracturing Disclosure Policy

AbstractHydraulic fracturing and oil and natural gas development are possibly the most contentious energy and environmental issues to face the USA in the twenty-first century. One point of contention is the disclosure of fluids used in the hydraulic fracturing process. This paper analyses the Colorado 2011 policy requiring disclosure of hydraulic fracturing fluid information, considered one of the first comprehensive hydraulic fracturing disclosure policies in the country. We conduct an institutional analysis of the disclosure policy to understand how the policy establishes information flows and grants and restricts choices by targeted actors. We then analyse the opinions of people actively involved in hydraulic fracturing debates in Colorado to assess whether they view the disclosure policy as resolving problems. The institutional analysis illustrates how the policy allocates responsibilities in sending and receiving information and the opinion survey shows divergence in perceptions of its potential to r...
Where Are We Going? Where Have We Been?

With this issue of NeoReviews , we mark our 15-year anniversary as an online-only journal (the first 6 issues were in print, incorporated into Pediatrics in Review at the end of 1999). It therefore seems appropriate not only to look back but also to evaluate where we are now and what lies ahead. Five years ago, we acknowledged our 10th anniversary by publishing Milestones in Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine , which was a collection of historical perspectives that documented the development of many of the important principles of present-day neonatology. Both before that and since then, we have published a large number of perinatal profiles of individuals who contributed greatly to the field, many of whom were from countries other than the United States. We are exploring the possibility of publishing an e-book collecting these into one place. It would provide more historical perspectives with an emphasis on personalities more than principles, although the person profiled almost always will have contributed something important to neonatal-perinatal medicine. During the past decade, we have established a rather regular pattern of content, with some kind of perspective (historical, international, or educational) followed by 3 or 4 themed articles (which generally address content specifications of the …
Study on multi-PCR-SSP technique for HPA-1 ~ 17bw genotyping and the distribution of HPAs polymorphism in Chinese Zhuang population

Objective To develop a multi-PCR-SSP technique for human platelet antigens(HPAs)-1 to-17bw genotyping.And study on the distribution of HPAs polymorphism in Zhuang population by this technique.Methods We designed various combinations of HPA sequence-specific primers in order to simultaneously amplify several target HPA gene fragments in one PCR reaction by using one multi-primers combination.The results of HPA genotype were read and assigned according to the size of the target fragment and the presence or absence of the fragment.The effectiveness of the multi-PCRSSP technique was evaluated by using 17 HPA reference DNA samples that were provided in 14th Platelet Immunology Workshop and 100 HPA-known DNA samples of platelet donors.Total of 2 659 random samples from unrelated and healthy adults of Zhuang population in Guangxi region were studied for HPA-1 to-17bw genotype and antigens polymorphism by the developed technique.Results There are 16 primers mixes in the multi-PCR-SSP method,and 6 of them are multi-PCR primers combinations mixes in our technical system.100% concordance of genotyping results were showed by the evaluation of using 17 reference DNA samples and 100 DNA samples of known-HPA-genotype platelet donors.The HPAs allele frequencies in Zhuang population were 0.991 5 and 0.008 5 for HPA-1a and-1b;0.956 9 and 0.043 1 for HPA-2a and-2b;0.512 2 and 0.487 8 for HPA-3a and-3b;0.985 0 and 0.015 0 for HPA-5a and-5b;0.985 1 and 0.014 9 for HPA-6a and -6b;0.525 6 and 0.474 4 for HPA-15a and-15b,respectively.There only a / a homozygosis was detected in HPA-4,HPA-7 ~ 14bw,-16 ~ 21bw.And a / a and b / b homozygosis in HPA-2 ~ 3,HPA-6bw and HPA-15 were found.Conclusion In this study,we successfully established a multi-PCR-SSP technique for HPA-1 to-17bw genotyping.It was a rapid and accurate method for HPA genotyping,particularly suitable for large quantity samples' HPA-1 ~ 17bw genotyping.This study showed that the HPAs polymorphism in Zhuang population had their own national characteristics,and the data helps us to know the characteristics of platelet immunological in Zhuang population.
Neuromusclar Blocking Agents and Sedative Drags: Clinical Uses and Toxic Effects in the Critical Care Unit

This article discusses the therapeutic and toxic effects of sedative drugs and neuromuscular blocking agents in the critically ill patient. Common misconceptions of drug properties are highlighted and dispelled. A rational plan for the use of each type of drag is described. The appropriate use of sedative drugs may cause withdrawal syndromes; treatment options are outlined.
Productive Memory: “Forward Dreaming” in Tomás Gutiérrez Alea’s Cuban Films

Not since Sergei Eisenstein and Dziga Vertov in the USSR in the 1920s had an innovative national cinema unfolded in the context of revolution until the films of post-revolutionary Cuba did so with directors such as Tomas Gutierrez Alea (1928–1996), Julio Garcia Espinosa (1926-), and Humberto Solas (1941–2008). Alea’s oeuvre in particular engages views to reflect on the challenges facing Cuban society after 1959, and to think about the way that the reality on the ground conforms or contrasts with revolutionary ideals. Even after his death in 1996, Alea’s close associate, Juan Carlos Tabio, has carried those ideas forward into the evolving political, social, and cultural landscapes. Looking back at Alea’s oeuvre reveals it to be a perceptive and even prescient commentary on issues that are still confronting Cuba today, including democratic reforms, gender relations, and the role of religion.1
Increasing the efficacy of 5-fluorouracil with interferons: preclinical, clinical, and pharmacokinetic studies.

The interferons are a family of glycoproteins which possess potent antiviral, immunomodulatory, and antiproliferative effects in vivo 1. The interferons also additively or synergistically enhance the efficacy of many cytotoxic agents against a number of cultured human adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and lymphoid tumor cell lines in vivo 1. In particular, interferon-α synergistically augments the antineoplastic effect of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in cultured human colonic adenocarcinoma cell lines in vivo.2 At the cellular level, the interferons act in a variety of ways to augment the antineoplastic effect of 5-FU by: (1) increasing the activity of thymidine Phosphorylase 3, thereby augmenting the anabolism of 5-FU to its active metabolite, fluorodeoxyuridylate monophosphate, (2) enhancing inhibition of thymidylate synthase, the target enzyme of 5-FU, at the post-transcriptional level 4, (3) inhibiting thymidine salvage pathways 3, and (4) by enhancing 5-FU induced DNA damage 5.
A dual-frequency co-linear array for prostate acoustic angiography

Approximately 80% of men who reach 80-years of age will have some form of prostate cancer. The challenge remains to differentiate indolent from aggressive disease. Based on recent research, acoustic angiography, a novel contrast enhanced ultrasound imaging technique, can provide high-resolution visualization of tissue microvasculature and has demonstrated the ability to differentiate vascular characteristics between healthy and tumor tissue. We hypothesize that transrectal acoustic angiography may enhance assessment of prostate cancer. In this paper, we describe the development of a dual layer co-linear array ultrasound transducer for transrectal acoustic angiography. The KLM model and Field II were used for the element design and acoustic field simulation, respectively. The probe consists of 64 transmit elements with a center frequency of 3 MHz and 128 receive elements with a center frequency of 15 MHz. The dimensions of the array are 18 mm in azimuth and 8 mm in elevation. The pitch is 280 µm for transmitting (TX) elements and 140 µm for receiving (RX) elements. Pulse-echo test of TX/RX elements were conducted and compared with the simulation results. Real-time contrast imaging was tested using a Verasonics system. Non-linear responses from microbubble contrast agents at a depth of 18 mm were clearly observed. The axial beam width (−6 dB) and CTR were calculated from the measured signals to be 400 µm and 20 dB, respectively. These results suggest that the prototype co-linear array is capable of performing dual-frequency superharmonic imaging of microbubbles for prostate cancer assessment.
Durability and Ductility of Advanced Composites

In recent years, several fiber reinforced composites have been successfully used as prestressing materials for demonstration highway structures. Since these materials are relatively brittle and are subjected to high permanent stresses due to prestressing, their durability and ductility in an alkaline concrete environment is of utmost concern. This paper reviews results from recently completed tests to assess the suitability of advanced composites as pretensioning materials.
Simulating Conflict Detection in Heterogeneous Services of a Smart City: Demo Abstract

Despite the increasing intelligence of smart services and sophistication of IoT platforms, the safety issues in smart cities are not addressed adequately, especially the safety issues arising from the integration of smart services. Therefore, in this demo abstract, we present CityGuard, a safety-aware watchdog architecture to detect conflicts among actions of heterogeneous services considering both safety and performance requirements. This demo simulates parts of New York City to depict how CityGuard identifies unsafe actions and thus helps to prevent the city from safety hazards, detects two major types of conflicts, i.e., device and environmental conflicts, and improves the overall city performance in terms of multiple performance metrics. This demo complements the full paper on CityGuard that appears in this conference [2].
Anti-Windup Designs for Systems with Amplitude and Rate Bounded Actuators

Abstract In this paper we propose a new anti-windup augmentation design for systems with magnitude and rate bounded actuators. Unlike the common practice which uses the energy-to-peak performance measure, in our design we use the peak-to-peak gain technique to establish stability and performance guarantees. In doing so, we expand our results to address more practical cases in which the exogenous input is peak bounded. We demonstrate the effectiveness and performance of our new anti-windup augmentation design through a numerical example which studies the pitch dynamics of a fighter aircraft with magnitude and rate actuator saturation.
Recovery from N Deprivation Is a Transcriptionally and Functionally Distinct State in Chlamydomonas.

Facing adverse conditions such as nitrogen (N) deprivation, microalgae enter cellular quiescence, a reversible cell cycle arrest with drastic changes in metabolism allowing cells to remain viable. Recovering from N deprivation and quiescence is an active and orderly process as we are showing here for Chlamydomonas reinhardtii . We conducted comparative transcriptomics on this alga to discern processes relevant to quiescence in the context of N deprivation and recovery following refeeding. A mutant with slow recovery from N deprivation, compromised hydrolysis of triacylglycerols7 ( cht7 ), was included to better define the regulatory processes governing the respective transitions. We identified an ordered set of biological processes with expression patterns that showed sequential reversal following N resupply and uncovered acclimation responses specific to the recovery phase. Biochemical assays and microscopy validated selected inferences made based on the transcriptional analyses. These comprise (1) the restoration of N source preference and cellular bioenergetics during the early stage of recovery; (2) flagellum-based motility in the mid to late stage of recovery; and (3) recovery phase-specific gene groups cooperating in the rapid replenishment of chloroplast proteins. In the cht7 mutant, a large number of programmed responses failed to readjust in a timely manner. Finally, evidence is provided for the involvement of the cAMP-protein kinase A pathway in gating the recovery. We conclude that the recovery from N deprivation represents not simply a reversal of processes directly following N deprivation, but a distinct cellular state.
The first structural model for the resting state of the active site of nickel acireductone dioxygenase (Ni-ARD)

Abstract The synthesis and preliminary biomimetic reactivity of the first structural analogue for the resting state of the active site of the nickel oxygenase nickel acireductone dioxyegenase (Ni-ARD), is presented. Compound 1 ([NiII(OPhN4(6-H-DPEN)(H2O))](OTf)) is only the second model complex for Ni-ARD. The N4O ligand motif, mimics the contributions of the glutamate and histidines enzymatic residues, and opens up the possibility for systematic structural modification studies that will lead to a greater understanding of the role that structure plays in function for ARD. Early reactivity studies with 1 suggest that it might capable of carbon-carbon bond cleavage of a ketone presumably via dioxygenase type chemistry in line with the reactivity of the enzyme.
Associations of Whole and Refined Grain Intakes With Adiposity-Related Cancer Risk in the Framingham Offspring Cohort (1991-2013)

Case-control studies suggest that higher whole grain and lower refined grain intakes are associated with reduced cancer risk, but longitudinal evidence is limited. The objective of this prospective...
Underwater Acoustic Displays by Male Harbor Seals ( Phoca Vitulina ):Initial Results

Underwater vocalizations have been studied for a number of the phocid pinnipeds. Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddelli) produce a wide variety of vocalizations that include chirps, trills, whistles and chugs (Schevill and Watkins, 1965; Thomas and Kuechle, 1982). These vocalizations have been classified by Thomas and Kuechle (1982) into 12 underwater calls with 34 call types. They used descriptive terminology to identify these vocalizations, i.e., what-chunk, guttural glug, mew, jaw claps, and found that male Weddell seals have a larger, more complex repertoire than females, which they appear to use in underwater territorial displays during the breeding season. Weddell seals are an excellent example of the correlation between a highly polygamous breeding system and large vocal repertoire size (Evans and Bastian, 1969). Another polygamous phocid, the harp seal (Phoca groenlandica), maintains underwater territories (Mohl, Terhune, and Ronald, 1975) and is also very vocal, with 15 vocalizations in its repertoire.
Neuronal Ion Channel Signalling Pathways: Modulation by Angiotensin II

The brain contains both angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 (AT1) and Ang II type 2 (AT2) receptors. Neuronal AT1 receptors mediate the stimulatory actions of Ang II on blood pressure, water and salt intake, and secretion of vasopressin. In contrast, neuronal AT2 receptors have been implicated in the stimulation of apoptosis and as being antagonistic to AT1 receptors. The physiological actions of Ang II in the brain, whether mediated by AT1 or AT2 receptors, involve changes in neuronal activity that are initiated by changes in the activity of membrane ionic currents and channels. This review focusses on the intracellular signalling pathways that couple neuronal AT1 and AT2 receptors to changes in the activity of membrane K+ and Ca2+ currents and channels. As will become clear from our discussion, the signalling pathways that are modulated by neuronal AT1 and AT2 receptors are quite distinct.
Disturbances in Acid-Base Balance During Hypophosphatemia and Phosphate Depletion

It is very difficult to produce appreciable phosphate depletion by simple dietary deprivation. During an 18-day study of normal men and women on a low phosphate diet (1), phosphate virtually disappeared from the urine by the twelfth day, but persistent stool losses resulted in a slight negative balance in both sexes. Nevertheless, serum phosphorus remained normal in men (perhaps because of greater soft tissue breakdown, as evidenced by more extensive potassium losses) but fell in women (where the large calcium losses suggest a skeletal origin). In both men and women, however, the loss of phosphate from the body was small. By contrast, severe hypophosphatemia may eventuate as a result of shifts of phosphate into cells without any appreciable loss from the body. To examine derangements in phosphate metabolism, therefore, a sharp distinction must be made between hypophosphatemia and disturbances in phosphate metabolism which may or may not be associated with it.
Chronic Treatment with the 21-Aminosteroid U74389F, an Inhibitor of Lipid Peroxidation, Does Not Prevent Diabetic Endothelial Dysfunction

Oxygen-derived free radicals are believed to be involved in diabetes-induced vascular complications. The role of oxygen radicals in endothelial dysfunction in diabetes is not known with certainty. In this study we tested whether inhibition of lipid peroxidation using the potent inhibitor U74389F, a 21-aminosteroid also known as lazaroid, could prevent endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. Lewis strain rats were made diabetic by intravenous injection of streptozotocin. A subgroup of diabetic animals received daily oral doses of 10 mg/kg U74389F at 72 hours post streptozotocin and throughout the 8-week duration of diabetes. Thoracic aortas were isolated and suspended in isolated tissue baths and contracted with norepinephrine. Relaxation due to the endothelium-dependent vasodilator, acetylcholine, was impaired in diabetic aorta while relaxation due to A23187 and nitroglycerin was unaltered. Chronic treatment of diabetic animals with U74389F normalized the increase in plasma lipid peroxides as assessed by thiobarbituric acid–reactive substances but did not alter serum insulin levels, blood glucose concentration, nor total glycosylated hemoglobin. Increases in aortic catalase activity resulting from diabetes was not altered by U74389F. Despite reductions in lipid peroxides, U74389F did not prevent the diabetes-induced impairment in endothelium-dependent relaxation caused by acetylcholine. These data suggest that other pathways that are antecedent to lipid peroxidation may be responsible for endothelial dysfunction in diabetes.
Total synthesis of (±)-swermirin

The total synthesis of the anti-HBV natural product (±)-swermirin is described. Key steps include two sequential regioselective Stille cross coupling reactions, selective oxidative cleavage and spontaneous 6π-electrocyclization.
Jouissance and discontent: A meeting of psychoanalysis, race and American slavery

This article reads American slavery as an early manifestation of the instinctive drive toward pleasure and aggression that Freud recognizes in subjects after the First World War. It ties slavery to production of race as an abiding apparatus of jouissance, or a tool for accessing denied psychic pleasure. Where Freud links denial of pleasure to restraints set in place by civilization, the transgressive excesses of slavery not only unveil a Lacanian understanding of the subject’s psyche as rooted fundamentally in lack, but also display the fantasies through which subjects mask this psychic reality. Moving through an analysis of the relation of lack to slave masters and their slaves, the article turns to the anthropological and literary works of Zora Neale Hurston to describe religion and race as mechanisms through which African Americans contend against social unveilings of psychic lack. It demonstrates that, from slavery on through our contemporary times, race maintains itself as an apparatus for mediating the unbearable relation to lack that plagues not just African Americans, but also each Lacanian subject of our post-slavery America.
Validating the National Violent Death Reporting System as a Source of Data on Fatal Shootings of Civilians by Law Enforcement Officers.

Objectives. To evaluate the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) as a surveillance system for fatal shootings of civilians by law enforcement in the United States.Methods. We cross-linke...
An Examination of the Role of Miniature Projectile Points at the Lindenmeier Folsom Site, Colorado

Significantly smaller-than-average projectile points have been observed in many Folsom weaponry assemblages. However, while several hypotheses have been put forth suggesting the role these miniatur...
ANALYSIS OF A STATE CHANGING SUPERSOFT X-RAY SOURCE IN M31

We report on observations of a luminous supersoft X-ray source (SSS) in M31, r1-25, that has exhibited spectral changes to harder X-ray states. We document these spectral changes. In addition, we show that they have important implications for modeling the source. Quasisoft states in a source that has been observed as an SSS represent a newly discovered phenomenon. We show how such state changers could prove to be examples of unusual black hole or neutron star accretors. Future observations of this and other state changers can provide the information needed to determine the nature(s) of these intriguing new sources.
Hired Latinx child farm labor in North Carolina: The demand-support-control model applied to a vulnerable worker population.

BACKGROUND US government child labor policies allow children as young as age 10 to be hired as workers on farms not operated by family members. Children may face substantial health risks in an industry known for high worker morbidity and mortality rates, due to high demands for productivity, and low control and little support because of the organization of the workplace. This paper examines how child farmworkers in North Carolina experience their work situation. METHODS In-depth interviews conducted in 2016 with 30 Latinx child farmworkers, ages 10 to 17, were analyzed using concepts from the demand-control-support model. All had worked as either migrant or seasonal hired farmworkers within the past year. RESULTS Children reported planting, cultivating, and harvesting crops including fruits, vegetables, and tobacco. The crew leader supervisory system, piece-rate pay, and coworker pressure produced significant demands to work quickly and take risks including lifting heavy loads, operating mechanical equipment, and working in excessive heat. Children had little control over work to counter demands they experienced; and they labored in a state of fear of firing, wage theft, and other sanctions. Support was variable, with younger children more likely to experience family and coworker support than older children. CONCLUSIONS The high demands with limited control and, for some, little support, that these children experience place them at risk and show the possibility of injury and exploitation. Future research should systematically document the occupational injury and illness of hired child farmworkers, and consider whether changes in labor policy are warranted.
Expertise and the Future

This chapter explores whether “experts” can see the future better than ordinary persons. The chapter introduces the Leapfrog Theory of Scientific Advance, and that theory’s implications for the kinds of expertise that must be sought, and developed. It describes the accession of the knowledge economy, noting traditional capitalists’ resistance to this shift, and the further resistance due to traditions of anti-intellectualism. The tendency of experts to look for answers only within their field of expertise—known as “hypocognition”—is noted. The chapter closes by describing a large expert survey which concludes medical and computer sciences are expected to produce the most potential for scientific breakthroughs in the next 35 years.
First case of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children in Shanghai

报道上海第l例确诊新型冠状病毒（2019-nCoV）感染患儿的诊治经过。患儿 男，7岁，因"发热3 h伴咳嗽"以及父亲被确诊2019-nCoV感染的肺炎收入复旦大学附属儿科医院负压病房。经过对症治疗后治愈。儿童2019-nCoV感染临床表现相对成人较轻，家庭内传播是儿童感染重要的途径。本例患儿虽然症状轻，但恢复期连续2次2019-nCoV核酸检测阳性，提示需要观察轻症儿童病例在恢复期无症状排毒的传染性。.
Considerations for Bedside Urologic Procedures in Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2.

Abstract Objective To provide guidance when performing bedside urologic procedures on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) positive patients and offer considerations to maximize the safety of the patients and providers, conserve supplies, and provide optimal management of urologic issues. Methods Urologic trainees and attending physicians at our institution, who are familiar with existing safety recommendations and guidelines regarding the care of infected patients, were queried regarding their experiences to determine an expert consensus on best practices for bedside procedures for SARS-CoV-2 positive patients. Results Our team developed the following general recommendations for urologic interventions on SARS-CoV-2 positive patients: maximize use of telehealth (even for inpatient consults), minimize in-room time, use personal protective equipment appropriately, enlist a colleague to assist, and acquire all supplies that may be needed and maintain them outside the room. Detailed recommendations were also developed for difficult urethral catheterization, bedside cystoscopy, incision and drainage of abscesses, and gross hematuria/clot irrigations. Conclusion As patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 infection are predominantly men over 50 years old, there are significant urologic challenges common in this population that have emerged with this pandemic. While there is tremendous variation in how different regions have been affected, the demographics of SARS-CoV-2 mean that urologists will continue to have a unique role in helping to manage these patients. Here, we summarize recommendations for bedside urologic interventions specific to SARS-CoV-2 positive patients based on experiences from a large metropolitan hospital system. Regulations and requirements may differ on an institutional basis, so these guidelines are intended to augment specific local protocols.
Comparing costs in time-based and event-based prospective memory

Although much recent research has focused on event-based prospective memory (PM), fewer studies have compared event- and time-based PM. In the current study, two experiments were conducted to direc...
Measuring Orthopedic Plate Strain to Track Bone Healing Using a Fluidic Sensor Read via Plain Radiography

We describe a fluidic X-ray visualized strain indicator under applied load (X-VISUAL) to quantify orthopedic plate strain and inform rehabilitative care. This sensor uses a liquid-level gauge with hydro-mechanical amplification and is visualized in plain radiographs which are routinely acquired during patient recovery to find pathologies but are usually insufficient to quantify fracture stiffness. The sensor has two components: a stainless-steel lever which attaches to the plate, and an acrylic fluidic component which sits between the plate and lever. The fluidic component has a reservoir filled with radio-dense solution and an adjoining capillary wherein the fluid level is measured. When the plate bends under load, the lever squeezes the reservoir, which pushes the fluid along the channel. A tibial osteotomy model (5 mm gap) was used to simulate an unstable fracture, and allograft repair used to simulate a stiffer healed fracture. A cadaveric tibia and a mechanically equivalent composite tibia mimic were cyclically loaded five times (0 - 400 N axial force) while fluid displacement was measured from radiographs. The sensor displayed reversible and repeatable behavior with a slope of 0.096 mm/kg and fluid level noise of 50 to 80 micrometers (equivalent to 5-10 N). The allograft-repaired composite fracture was 13 times stiffer than the unstable fracture. An analysis of prior external fracture fixation studies and fatigue curves for internal plates indicates that the threshold for safe weight bearing should be 1/5th -1/10th of the initial bending for an unstable fracture. The precision of our device (
Mechanisms in Irritant Contact Dermatitis

Irritant contact dermatitis is the consequence of direct toxic effects of chemical or physical stimuli contacting the skin and perturbing skin homeostasis. Acute or repeated exposure to irritants determines the activation of the innate immune system with the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by keratinocytes and other skin resident cells. The local release of IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 activates endothelial cells and promotes the recruitment of migrating cells, such as neutrophils, monocytes and T lymphocytes that are involved in the amplification of the inflammatory reaction. Susceptibility to develop an irritant contact dermatitis depends on several intrinsic factors which ranges from the age and sex of the individual, to the integrity of the skin barrier, and, finally, to the genetic polymorphism in cytokine genes.
On research and hope, in an America aflame: sketching youth civic futures as a mother and a researcher

My research – examining youth political expression in online spaces – stems from a longstanding belief in the empowering potential of young people’s online political practices, and a desire to supp...
The Evolution of Merger Enforcement Intensity: What Do the Data Show?

A growing narrative in the popular press and among some academics has been that antitrust regulators have systematically relaxed existing antitrust law enforcement. This narrative has led to calls for reinvigorated enforcement and even the passage of new tougher antitrust legislation. The merits of this narrative and the corollary calls for antitrust reforms depend in part on whether the claim that antitrust regulators have become more relaxed in their enforcement efforts over time is correct. In this paper, we employ data from the United States antitrust agencies to examine one element of this claim. Specifically, we investigate whether antitrust regulators have become less likely to challenge proposed mergers over time. Our results indicate that, contrary to the popular narrative, the Agencies have become more likely to challenge proposed mergers over 1979-2017. Controlling for the number of merger proposals submitted to the antitrust agencies, we find that the likelihood of a merger challenge has more than doubled over this period. We explore reasons behind this increase, and find that increases in antitrust agencies’ budgets have led to enhanced merger enforcement intensity.
Improving Elderly Patient Care Coordination by Focusing on Outpatient Providers’ Needs:

Outpatient providers rely upon discharge summaries to obtain the clinical information about patients recently discharged from acute care settings. This information is needed to coordinate care for ...
Tensor Arnoldi-Tikhonov and GMRES-type methods for ill-posed problems with a t-product structure

This paper describes solution methods for linear discrete ill-posed problems defined by third order tensors and the t-product formalism introduced in [M. E. Kilmer and C. D. Martin, Factorization strategies for third order tensors, Linear Algebra Appl., 435 (2011), pp. 641--658]. A t-product Arnoldi (t-Arnoldi) process is defined and applied to reduce a large-scale Tikhonov regularization problem for third order tensors to a problem of small size. The data may be represented by a laterally oriented matrix or a third order tensor, and the regularization operator is a third order tensor. The discrepancy principle is used to determine the regularization parameter and the number of steps of the t-Arnoldi process. Numerical examples compare results for several solution methods, and illustrate the potential superiority of solution methods that tensorize over solution methods that matricize linear discrete ill-posed problems for third order tensors.
Development of Non-Parametric Deterioration Models for Risk and Reliability Assessments of Concrete and Timber Bridges

AbstractDistresses in concrete and timber bridge components occur due to physical, chemical and mechanical factors that manifest as observable symptoms of deterioration. Deterioration models relate...
Federalism, Instrumentalism, and the Legacy of the Rehnquist Court

This paper starts from the proposition that although the Rehnquist Court imposed limits on federal power in the name of states' rights far more aggressively than did its post-1937 predecessors, it just as often chose not to impose limits in cases that otherwise fairly can be thought to have presented a question of federalism. The article then makes three claims. First, the article argues that any ultimately satisfying account of the Rehnquist Court's federalism doctrine must acknowledge that the decisions have often appeared to be driven as much by the Justices' policy preferences about the underlying substantive matters at issue in the cases as they have by any neutral theory of federalism. Second, the article acknowledges that there are other accounts of why the Rehnquist Court only selectively invoked federalism, but argues that none of those accounts is superior to the instrumentalist account as a descriptive matter. To the extent that those accounts do accurately capture the Rehnquist Court's federalism doctrine, moreover, the article argues that they nonetheless leave the Justices room to choose when to invoke federalism and when to preference other values, constitutional or otherwise. And it is in the exercise of this doctrinal discretion that the Rehnquist Court has invited the charge that its federalism cases are driven as much by instrumentalist goals as by neutral principles of federalism. Whereas the first two claims address the ends in federalism cases - in the sense that the Rehnquist Court's federalism cases cannot be understood without considering the underlying policy objectives advanced by those decisions - the article's third claim concerns the means in federalism cases. Specifically, the article considers why, if the instrumentalist account is correct, the ostensible constraints of judicial convention - particularly the requirement of a reasoned judicial opinion and the practices of adherence to precedent and (for those who claim to be originalists) reliance on a finite set of original source materials - have failed in federalism cases. The article's third claim is that careful study of the Rehnquist Court's federalism decisions reveals that the Justices systematically made careful, selective use of precedent and selectively relied on founding-era voices in cases in which originalism was the chosen methodology.