cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Religious and Spiritual Needs of Patients in the Hospital Setting Do Not Depend on Patient Level of Religious/Spiritual Observance and Should be Initiated by Healthcare Providers

According to many studies, addressing the religious and spiritual (R/S) needs of patient's increase patient satisfaction. One area of interest is how patient self-perceived level of religiosity and spirituality (R/S) influences hospital needs. In this cross-sectional study, 195 inpatients at a non-faith-based academic hospital in Toledo, OH, USA completed surveys examining self-perceived R/S levels, as well as how those R/S levels impacted preferred services, conversations, and experiences in the hospital. Patients with no religious identity (self-identified as atheist, agnostic, or no religion) were less likely to report discussions about R/S needs than religious respondents (16.7% vs. 47.3%, p = 0.039). Nevertheless, such patients were just as likely to want a R/S conversation started by their healthcare provider (75% vs. 56%, p = 0.241). Those with no R/S identity were more likely to report presumed negative assumptions by hospital staff (25% vs. 0%, p < 0.001). Our data suggests that even for a nonreligious population, it is important to consider R/S needs.
Recent Progress of RF Cavity Study at Mucool Test Area

In order to develop an RF cavity that is applicable for a muon beam cooling channel, a new facility, called Mucool Test Area (MTA) has been built at Fermilab. MTA is a unique facility whose purpose is to test RF cavities in various conditions. There are 201 and 805 MHz high power sources, a 4-Tesla solenoid magnet, a cryogenic system including a Helium liquifier, an explosion proof apparatus to operate gaseous/liquid Hydrogen, and a beam transport line to send an intense H- beam from the Fermilab Linac accelerator to the MTA hall. Recent activities at MTA will be discussed in this document.
MO-A-137-03: Effective Heuristic Cuts for Beam Angle Optimization in Radiation Therapy

Purpose: To improve the solution efficiency (i.e., reducing computation time while obtaining high‐quality treatment plans) for the beam angle optimization problem (BAO) in radiation therapy treatment planning. Methods: We formulate BAO as a mixed integer programming problem (MIP) whose solution gives the optimal beam orientation as well as optimal beam intensity map. We then incorporate a family of heuristic cuts into the resultant MIP based on the observation that the number of candidate beams is usually much larger than the number of beams used in the treatment plan, and therefore, it is less likely that adjacent beams are simultaneously used in the optimal treatment plan. The proposed cuts, referred to as ((neighbor cuts)), force the optimization system to choose one or a few beams from any set of adjacent beams. As a Result, the search space and the computation time are reduced considerably. The neighbor cuts can be added to any MIP formulation for BAO including the cases of coplanar/noncoplanar beams for intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). For the numerical experiments a liver case (both IMRT and SBRT) with 34 and a head and neck case (only IMRT) with 36 coplanar beams were considered. Each beam was divided into 109‐144 beamlets of size 1*1 cm2. Results: We first solved the corresponding MIP without the neighbor cuts and recorded the optimal solution and the computation time. Then we incorporated the neighbor cuts into the MIP and resolved it. Our results show that incorporating the neighbor cuts into the MIP reduces the computation time considerably and results in solutions with negligible optimality gaps. Conclusion: This research incorporates the observation that optimal beam configurations are typically a sparse set of well‐spaced beams to improve the efficiency of the solution technique drastically. The project was supported by the Federal Share of program income earned by Massachusetts General Hospital on C06 CA059267, Proton Therapy Research and Treatment Center and also partially by RaySearch laboratories.
Natural Is Not Always Better: The Varied Effects of a Natural Environment and Exercise on Affect and Cognition

The Attention Restoration Theory (ART) has been widely cited to account for beneficial effects of natural environments on affect and attention. However, the effects of environment and exercise are not consistent. In a within-subjects design, participants completed affective and cognitive measures that varied in attentional demands (memory, working memory, and executive function) both before and after exercise in a natural and indoor environment. Contrary to the hypotheses, a natural environment resulted in lower positive affect and no difference in negative affect compared to an indoor environment. A natural environment resulted in the most improvement for cognitive tasks that required moderate attentional demand: Trail Making Test A and Digit Span Forwards. As predicted, exercise resulted in improved affect and improved executive function (Trail Making Test B). There were no interactions between environment and exercise. These results suggest that ART cannot fully explain the influence of environment on affect and cognition.
Identity Sharing and Adaptive Personalization Influencing Online Repurchases

Adaptive personalization systems are becoming common in online retail. These systems use dynamically generated data and advanced data analytic techniques to infer customer preferences and recommend...
Ultrasound for the Objective Measurement of Breast Lymphedema

OBJECTIVES Breast lymphedema has supplanted upper extremity lymphedema as a common and debilitating sequela of breast cancer treatment, but has no objective measurement. We assessed the utility of ultrasound-measured difference in dermal thickness between affected and unaffected breasts as a measure of breast lymphedema. We associated this measure with patient characteristics, treatment parameters, and patient-reported impact on quality of life. METHODS We enrolled 30 invasive breast carcinoma patients treated with breast-conserving surgery, sentinel lymph node biopsy, and radiotherapy, and 10 control patients evaluated for benign breast conditions without prior breast surgery or radiotherapy. Patient and treatment variables were ascertained from medical records and radiotherapy instruments. Impacts on quality of life were measured with a modified Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire. We characterized breast lymphedema by calculating the difference in ultrasound-measured dermal thickness between affected and unaffected breasts. Associations with patient characteristics, treatment, and quality of life were quantified with log-binomial regression models. RESULTS Breast lymphedema was defined as a dermal thickness difference of >0.3 mm. Nineteen patients in the invasive group (63%) had breast lymphedema by this definition. We observed positive associations between ultrasound-defined breast lymphedema and surgical factors (size of primary tumor, number of lymph nodes removed), radiotherapy factors (breast volume irradiated, receipt of radiation boost), and patient-reported outcomes (sleep quality and overall confidence). CONCLUSIONS Difference in dermal thickness is an easy and inexpensive measurement for quantifying breast lymphedema, and correlates with treatment parameters and patient-reported impacts on quality of life.
Bilingual figurative language processing

This chapter provides an overview of the research in bilingual figurative language processing. It starts with reviewing different types of figurative language and the importance it has for revealing the mechanisms underlying language processing in general. As research into how bilinguals process figurative language is largely an extension of the research questions explored in the monolingual literature, the chapter next discusses models developed to account for how native language (L1) speakers store and process figurative language. The chapter then summarizes the still limited studies into L2 (nonnative) and bilingual figurative processing and identifies major research themes that have been explored through off-line and online behavioral, electrophysiological, and eye-tracking studies which looked at how nonnative language users acquire, store, and retrieve different figurative tropes.
Modeling tribal exposures to methyl mercury from fish consumption

Exposure assessment and risk management considerations for tribal fish consumption are different than for the general U.S. population because of higher fish intake from subsistence fishing and/or from unique cultural practices. This research summarizes analyses of available data and methodologies for estimating tribal fish consumption exposures to methyl mercury (MeHg). Large MeHg fish tissue data sets from the Environmental Protections Agency's (EPA's) Office of Water, USGS's EMMMA program, and other data sources, were integrated, analyzed, and combined with fish intake (consumption) data for exposure analyses using EPA's SHEDS-Dietary model. Results were mapped with GIS tools to depict spatial distributions of the MeHg in fish tissues and fish consumption exposure patterns. Contribution analyses indicates the major sources for those exposures, such as type and length of fish, geographical distribution (water bodies), and dietary exposure patterns. Sensitivity analyses identify the key variables and exposure pathways. Our results show that MeHg exposure of tribal populations from fish are about 3 to 10 times higher than the US general population and that exposure poses potential health risks. The estimated risks would be reduced as much as 50%, especially for high percentiles, just by avoiding consumption of fish species with higher MeHg concentrations such as walleye and bowfin, even without changing total fish intake. These exposure assessment methods and tools can help inform decisions regarding meal sizes and frequency, types of fish and water bodies to avoid, and other factors to minimize exposures and potential health risks from contaminated fish on tribal lands.
Cannabinoid-Opioid Interactions

The growing use of cannabis in western societies is of significant concern especially considering that its consumption has increased in teens who are most at risk for developing addictive disorders and other psychiatric illnesses linked to early cannabis exposure. Unfortunately recent years have also seen a surge in the abuse of opioid drugs, a phenomenon often predated by early cannabis use. Moreover, many abusers find greater reward by combining use of cannabis with opioids such as heroin. These patterns suggest possible synergistic interactions between cannabinoid and opioid systems underlying addiction and related psychiatric disorders. This chapter reviews neurobiological systems relevant to reward, motivation and emotional regulation in which cannabinoids and opioids interact.
A theoretical review of flexibility, agility and responsiveness in the operations management literature: Toward a conceptual definition of customer responsiveness

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the often overlapping use of the related terms flexibility, agility and responsiveness in the operations management literature to clarify differences between the terms.Design/methodology/approach – Drawing on the notion of the ladder of abstraction, a conceptual differentiation between the three terms is proposed.Findings – Based on the most common associations of the terms in the literature, the paper proposes a hierarchical interrelationship between the terms in that: flexibility is most commonly associated with the inherent property of systems which allows them to change within pre‐established parameters; agility is predominantly used to describe an approach to organizing that provides for rapid system reconfiguration in the face of unforeseeable changes; and responsiveness commonly refers to a system behavior involving timely purposeful change in the presence of modulating stimuli.Practical implications – As managers of manufacturing firms strive to impr...
Lectures on Elliptic and Parabolic Equations in Holder Spaces

Second-order elliptic equations in $W^{2}_{2}(\mathbb{R}^{d})$ Second-order parabolic equations in $W^{1,k}_{2}(\mathbb{R}^{d+1})$ Some tools from real analysis Basic $\mathcal{L}_{p}$-estimates for parabolic and elliptic equations Parabolic and elliptic equations in$W^{1,k}_{p}$ and $W^{k}_{p}$ Equations with VMO coefficients Parabolic equations with VMO coefficients in spaces with mixed norms Second-order elliptic equations in $W^{2}_{p}(\Omega)$ Second-order elliptic equations in $W^{k}_{p}(\Omega)$ Sobolev embedding theorems for $W^{k}_{p}(\Omega)$ Second-order elliptic equations $Lu-\lambda u=f$ with $\lambda$ small Fourier transform and elliptic operators Elliptic operators and the spaces $H^{\gamma}_{p}$ Bibliography Index.
Cryogenic Deuterium and Deuterium-Tritium Direct–Drive Implosions on Omega

The success of ignition target designs in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments critically depends on the ability to maintain the main fuel entropy at a low level while accelerating the shell to ignition-relevant velocities of V imp > 3 ×107 cm/s. The University of Rochester’s Laboratory for Laser Energetics has been implodingcryogenic deuterium and deuterium–tritium targets on the Omega Laser System for over a decade. Fuel entropy is inferred in these experiment by measuring fuel areal density near peak compression. Measured areal densities up to ⟨ρR⟩n ∼ 300 mg/cm2 (larger than 85 % of predicted values) are demonstrated in the cryogenic implosion with V imp approaching 3 ×107 cm/s and peak laser intensities of 8 ×1014 W/cm2. Scaled to the laser energies available at the National Ignition Facility, implosions, hydrodynamically equivalent to theseOmega designs, are predicted to achieve ⟨ρR⟩n > 1. 2 g/cm2, sufficient for ignition demonstration in direct-drive ICF experiments.
A survey of contemporary instructional operating systems for use in undergraduate courses

An instructional operating system is one intended for use in teaching courses in operating systems. Student programming assignments develop or enhance the instructional operating system. This paper presents an overview of the issues related to using operating systems, especially instructional ones, in coursework. We also present results of a survey we conducted to determine which instructional operating systems are in use at campuses in the United States.
Informal Rangeland Monitoring and Its Importance to Conservation in a U.S. Ranching Community

Effective natural resource management relies on accurate and timely information on the natural environment, which may be obtained by formal (“scientific”) or informal (“local” or “traditional”) methods. Formal monitoring methods are well documented and widely accepted among the rangeland science community, yet adoption by U.S. ranchers is inconsistent. In contrast, informal monitoring appears to be widely used by ranchers, but its practice and importance have rarely been documented or assessed. By interviewing ranchers and government agency personnel, we evaluated informal monitoring in and around the Altar Valley, Arizona, United States. Informal monitoring techniques included qualitative visual appraisals of forage quantity, indicator species and erosion, and incorporated local environmental history. The environmental knowledge embedded in informal monitoring was generally compatible with natural science. Informal monitoring was conducted continuously throughout the year and provided near real-time assessments that integrated observations of most land in individual pastures and ranches. In contrast, formal monitoring was generally performed only once per year, in a limited number of areas and with a delay of a few months between observation and completion of analysis. Thus informal monitoring had higher spatial coverage and temporal resolution and provided assessments faster than formal monitoring. Consequently, ranchers generally considered informal monitoring to be more relevant than formal monitoring to formulating yearly grazing plans and responding rapidly to unpredictable changes in the natural environment. Ranchers incorporated informal monitoring into assessments of rangeland trends and outcomes of conservation measures and thereby into choices of grazing system and planning of brush management and erosion control. Thus informal monitoring was foundational to long-term conservation, annual rangeland management planning, and adaptive natural resource management on subyearly timescales. If informal monitoring is of comparable utility in other rural communities, it would appear advantageous to document and evaluate informal approaches and to incorporate them into formal conservation planning.
MIGRATION OF MINOR CONSTITUENTS FROM FOOD PACKAGING MATERIALS

Techniques for the evaluation of potential migration of minor food packaging materials constituents are discussed with emphasis on vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) migration including recently developed methods of analysis. These methods combined with sorption isotherm theory enable calculation of the maximum allowable concentration of a potential migrant (e.g., VCM) in a packaging material corresponding to an “effective zero” migration to the contacting phase.
Comparison of in vitro and in vivo labeling of virus-induced L-cell interferon.

Preparations of NDVuv-induced L-cell interferon were labeled in vitro with 125I and 3H gas, or in vivo through incorporation of amino acids-3H during synthesis. Prior to purification, more than 90% of the interferon titer was lost during in vitro labeling by either procedure, whereas 34% of the initial activity of in vivo-labeled material was preserved during preparatory handling. Purification by carboxymethyl-Sephadex chromatography and electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels was about 100-fold, and electrophoretic profiles revealed close concordance between isotopes and interferon titers in all instances. Noninterferon proteins from control cells, although less extensively labeled with tritium during synthesis than proteins from interferon-producing cells and released in lesser amounts, also contained components of identical electrophoretic mobility and distribution in acrylamide gels as interferon. The highest specific activity (6 x 106 U/mg protein) but lowest cpm per interferon unit ratio (0.3) were exhibited by in vivo-labeled interferon. The advantage of better isotope incorporation through in vitro labeling techniques was largely offset by extensive losses in interferon activity.
Effects of Silicon on the Oxidation Behavior of Ni-Base Chromia-Forming Alloys

This paper compares and analyzes the oxidation behavior of Ni-base alloys with and without about 2.7 wt.% Si addition. The Ni-base alloys studied were of two types: cast model alloys or wrought commercial alloys. Oxidation testing was conducted at 1000°C in still air. The specific aspects studied were scale spallation resistance, nature by which the silicon oxidized, and the influence of silicon on the subsurface depletion behavior of chromium. From oxidation results of the cast model alloys, Si addition was found to improve oxidation resistance by forming a continuous SiO2 layer at the alloy/scale interface, which resulted in decreased oxidation kinetics. The cast alloys with Si addition also showed larger average effective interdiffusion coefficients of chromium compared to the cast alloys without Si addition. As a consequence, the Si addition assisted in the establishment and re-formation of a chromia scale during oxidation. In the case of the wrought commercial alloys, a discontinuous distribution of SiO2 precipitates in the vicinity of the alloy/scale interface was found to be beneficial to cyclic oxidation resistance.
Visual illusions and other effects with night vision devices

To investigate the breadth of visual illusions experienced by aviators flying with night vision devices (NVDs), an open-ended questionnaire was distributed to the military helicopter community. Of the 242 returned questionnaires, there were 221 image intensification (I2) reports and 21 thermal imaging system reports. Most sensory events occurred at night, during low illumination, good weather, and over varied terrain. Contributing factors included inexperience, division of attention, and fatigue. Frequently reported illusions were misjudgments of drift, clearance, height above the terrain, and attitude. Also reported were illusions due to external lights and disturbed depth perception caused by differences in brightness between I2 tubes. Other respondents cited hardware problems and physiological effects. There were no obvious differences between the experiences of I2 users and FLIR (forward-looking infrared) users. Although incidence rates cannot be inferred from these data, the variety of aviator reports will be useful to all those connected with the human factors and safety of NVDs.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Timed neural nets for moving target recognition

We propose a timed neural net (TNN) approach to the problem of recognition of moving targets. We consider a synchronous timed Petri net (TPN) as a model for this timed neural net. In a TPN the transitions are enabled and fired by using a 'time' token. A group of place nodes and their corresponding transition nodes model a neuron in a TNN. In order to classify the type of motion that a moving target is executing, we look upon an image sequence as a single image evolving in time. The reachability set, R(t) at any instant of time represents a snapshot of the weight matrix of a static neural net recognizing the target. The motion classification is achieved by analyzing R(t). An example illustrating the approach is constructed.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effects of rare non-target stimuli on brain electrophysiological activity and performance.

Abstract In order to assess the effects of non-target stimuli on task performance and electrophysiological activity, 16 subjects performed reaction time (RT) experiments under 3 conditions. In all conditions, subjects had to press a button upon detection of rare (15%) target stimuli (1600 Hz) presented among frequent (85%) non-target stimuli. The 3 conditions differed based on their non-target stimuli. In one condition, the non-targets consisted of ‘standard’ stimuli (900 Hz). In the two other conditions, rare and deviant non-target stimuli were randomly added to the standard stimuli. These deviant non-target stimuli consisted of either constant (700-Hz tones) or novel (buzzes, filtered noises and other unusual sounds) stimuli. Both the rare target and non-target stimuli elicited P300, responses. Behavioral (RT) and electrophysiological (event-related potential) data showed that stimuli that followed standard stimuli were processed differently compared to stimuli that followed deviant non-target stimuli. In the conditions containing deviant non-target stimuli, the P3b to the target stimuli was smaller and later, and the mean RT longer than in the condition with no deviant stimuli. These behavioral and electrophysiological changes induced by the deviant non-target stimuli were discussed with reference to two factors, distraction and increased level of task difficulty. It was suggested that each of these factors were differentially sensitive to the novelty of the rare deviant stimuli.
Erythritol, a non-nutritive sugar alcohol sweetener and the main component of truvia®, is a palatable ingested insecticide

Insecticides have a variety of commercial applications including urban pest control, agricultural use to increase crop yields, and prevention of proliferation of insect-borne diseases. Many pesticides in current use are synthetic molecules such as organochlorine and organophosphate compounds. Some synthetic insecticides suffer drawbacks including high production costs, concern over environmental sustainability, harmful effects on human health, targeting non-intended insect species, and the evolution of resistance among insect populations. Thus, there is a large worldwide need and demand for environmentally safe and effective insecticides. Here we show that Erythritol, a non-nutritive sugar alcohol, was toxic to the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Ingested erythritol decreased fruit fly longevity in a dose-dependent manner, and erythritol was ingested by flies that had free access to control (sucrose) foods in choice and CAFE studies. Erythritol was US FDA approved in 2001 and is used as a food additive in the United States. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, that erythritol may be used as a novel, environmentally sustainable and human safe approach for insect pest control.
Mitigation of noneliminated harmonics of SHEPWM three-level multipulse three-phase active front end converters with low switching frequency for meeting standard IEEE-519-92

Three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) active-front-end three-phase (3LAFE) converters can be applied to high-power medium voltage applications, with four-quadrant unity-power-factor operation, allowing a broad range for power conversion systems, such as decentralized energy distribution and utilization. Switching losses and network interaction limit the operation of 3LAFE high-power converters, especially when GTO-converters are used. This is why low switching frequency and reduced harmonic distortion are the main goals when using optimum pattern pulsewidth modulation (PWM) where the selective harmonic elimination modulation method (SHEPWM) is used. This paper introduces a simple strategy to choose a good operating point for two 3LAFE converters in a 12-pulse configuration based on the behavior of noneliminated harmonics by SHE method. This strategy allows accomplishing the meeting of the IEEE Std. 519-92 and jointly, the minimization or elimination of harmonics filters. A complete characterization is given as a base of SHE method and for noneliminated harmonics behavior, as well as the full explanation of the optimization strategy. Experimental results show the strategy effectiveness for reducing harmonic distortion and meeting IEEE Std. 519-92.
Study of Enhanced Solid Phase Epitaxy of Amorphous Silicon with Low Concentrations of Implanted Phosphorous

In this work we measured the functional dependence of the solid phase epitaxial (SPE) regrowth of amorphous silicon on the implanted phosphorous concentration, Np. The growth rates of self-ion amorphized layers in silicon wafers with (100) substrate orientation were measured by in situ, high precision, isothermal cw laser interferometry for temperatures from 460°C to 590°C, and concentrations in the range 2x1017 cm-3<Np<4x1020 cnr-3. For low impurity concentrations, the fractional increase in the intrinsic SPE growth velocity ΔV/Vi depended linearly on Np as previously established for boron. For a given impurity concentration, the relative change V/Vi decreased with increasing annealing temperature.
A Review of “BibleWorks 9”

The motto of BibleWorks is “focus on the text,” and version 9 is the new version. It adds many new resources to aid in the study of the Bible in languages from English to Thai to Turkish. Each vers...
Examining the Contexts of Children′s Classroom Behaviors: The Influence of Teacher Control

Abstract The naturally occurring behaviors of children in two second- and two sixth-grade classrooms were videotaped during the systematic manipulation of four classroom contexts: Unsupervised Free Time, Unsupervised Desk Work, Supervised Free Time, and Class Lesson. These contexts represented combinations of the teacher being absent or present in the classroom with the absence or presence of an academic assignment. The classroom teachers were trained to arrange these contexts during the typical course of the school day, one per day. The frequencies of peer interactions, teacher interactions, solitary work behaviors, and solitary nonwork behaviors were coded. Second graders were most sensitive to the assignment manipulation, working on the assignment whether or not the teacher was present. With no assignment, second graders increased their frequency of peer interactions, particularly in the absence of the teacher. For sixth graders, with neither teacher control variable in place, time was divided between peer interactions and solitary work. Adding an assignment increased the number of work behaviors while leaving the frequency of peer interactions the same; the presence of the teacher (with no assignment) significantly increased work behaviors and decreased peer interactions. During the Class Lesson Context children of both grades behaved similarly: many teacher interactions and work behaviors and very few peer interactions. The findings are discussed in terms of the impact of social context on behavior and the importance of integrating the examination of context variables into developmental research.
Lebedev discrete variable representation

We describe the construction of a Lebedev discrete variable representation (DVR) (Dickinson and Certain 1968 J. Chem. Phys. 49 4209, Lill, Parker and Light 1982 Chem. Phys. Lett. 89 483, Light, Hamilton and Lill 1985 J. Chem. Phys. 82 1400). This DVR is based upon a new algorithm for constructing a generalized DVR in one or more dimensions. The novel part of this algorithm is a contraction of the underlying functional basis that is based upon the given points and weights. The contraction allows us to define a set of basis functions and a set of points, of equal number, for which the transformation between the 'point basis' and the 'function basis' is neither singular nor close to it. We present both a strictly orthogonal and a discretely orthogonal version of the Lebedev DVR, which are based on the octahedrally symmetric Lebedev quadratures for the sphere. The discretely orthogonal DVR is a classic generalized DVR (Light, Hamilton and Lill 1985 J. Chem. Phys. 82 1400) and the strictly orthogonal version is similar to a diagonalization DVR. These DVRs perform well in test calculations. The algorithm is general and should be applicable to nonseparable bases in many dimensions.
Extracorporeal CO2 Removal in a Lung Lavage Model of Respiratory Failure

Abstract Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) is a recognized treatment for neonatal respiratory distress unresponsive to other forms of therapy. Variations of this technique are being developed in an effort to extend its applicability and safety. Extracorporeal CO 2 removal (ECCO 2 R) is one such modification that requires blood flows of 20% to 50% of cardiac output and therefore lends itself to percutaneous venous cannulation. The authors evaluated ECCO 2 R in conjunction with low-frequency ventilation, using a lung lavage-induced model of respiratory failure in rabbits. Six rabbits were lavaged an average of 9 times with 15 mL/kg Plasma-Lyte A at 37°C via an endotracheal tube. Incremental ventilatory changes were made during lavage, to an Fio 2 of 1.0, rate of 80, peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) of 37 cm H 2 O, and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 4 cm H 2 O. Arterial blood gas values of Pao 2 2 > 60 mm Hg resulted, meeting our criteria for respiratory failure. The rabbits were placed on veno-venous ECCO 2 R using a 0.8-m 2 hollow fiber oxygenatir and a commercially available double-lumen dialysis catheter. Blood flows of 10 to 20 mL/kg/min were used to manage CO 2 removal. A low-frequency ventilation technique was employed using an Fio 2 of 1.0 and a rate of 5 breaths per minute. PEEP was increased incrementally to maintain the Pao 2 above 80 mm Hg. After initiation of ECCO 2 R, the arterial Pao 2 increased to 165 ± 109 mm Hg, with PEEP above 15 cm H 2 O, and Paco 2 decreased to 37 ± 5 mm Hg, with a bypass flow rate of 15 mL/kg/min. In all cases, when the animals were removed from bypass, arterial blood gas levels returned to postlavage values, and death ensued, confirming respiratory failure. These results demonstrate the utility of a lung lavage model of respiratory failure in rabbits. Whereas conventional ventilatory management failed, ECCO 2 R, when combined with low-frequency ventilation, not only removed CO 2 but also significantly increased oxygenation.
Binuclear Cyclopentadienylcobalt Carbonyls: Comparison with Binuclear Iron Carbonyls

The binuclear cyclopentadienylcobalt carbonyls Cp2Co2(CO)n (n = 3, 2, 1; Cp = η5-C5H5) are studied by density functional theory using the B3LYP and BP86 functionals. The experimentally known monobridged isomer Cp2Co2(CO)2(μ-CO) and the tribridged isomer Cp2Co2(μ-CO)3 of Cp2Co2(CO)3 with formal Co−Co single bonds are found to be similar in energy, with the precise relative energies of the two isomers depending on the functional chosen. For Cp2Co2(CO)2, the experimentally known coaxial isomer Cp2Co2(μ-CO)2 with two bridging CO groups and a formal CoCo double bond (2.360 A by B3LYP or 2.346 A by BP86) is found to lie 38.2 (B3LYP) or 34.9 kcal/mol (BP86) below a perpendicular isomer ⊥-Cp2Co2(CO)2. Similarly, for Cp2Co2(CO), the coaxial isomer Cp2Co2(μ-CO) with one bridging CO group and a formal Co⋮Co triple bond (2.021 A by B3LYP or 2.050 A by BP86) is found to lie 9.36 (B3LYP) or 9.62 kcal/mol (BP86) below the corresponding perpendicular isomer ⊥-Cp2Co2(CO). This coaxial isomer Cp2Co2(μ-CO) is a possible int...
Sterol utilization in honey bees fed a synthetic diet: Effects on brood rearing

Abstract The dietary sterols, cholesterol, campesterol, sitosterol, stigmasterol and 24-methylenecholesterol, were tested for their ability to support brood rearing in the honey bee, Apis mellifera L., by adding them singly to a chemically-defined worker bee diet. Diet supplemented with 24-methylenecholesterol supported the greatest survival of worker bees, but diet supplemented with either 24-methylenecholesterol or cholesterol supported the production of nearly equivalent amounts of sealed brood and more than any of the other three sterols tested. Diets containing stigmasterol, sitosterol, campesterol, or no supplement produced less sealed brood, in decreasing order.
Schrödinger operators with many bound states

Consider the Schrodinger operators H±=-d2/dx2±V(x). We present a method for estimating the potential in terms of the negative eigenvalues of these operators. Among the applications are inverse Lieb-Thirring inequalities and several sharp results concerning the spectral properties of H±
Harmonic analysis for cognitive vision: perisaccadic perception

The data model for image representation in terms of projective Fourier transform (PFT) is well adapted to both image perspective transformations and the retinotopic mappings of the brain visual pathways. Here we model first aspects of the human visual process in which the understanding of a scene is built up in a sequence of fixations for visual information acquisition followed by fast saccadic eye movements that reposition the fovea on the next target. We make about three saccades per second with an eyeball's maximum speed of 700 deg/sec. The visual sensitivity is markedly reduced during saccadic eye movements such that, three times per second, there are instant large changes in the retinal images without almost any information consciously carried across fixations. Inverse Projective Fourier transform is computable by FFT in coordinates given by a complex logarithm that also approximates the retinotopy. Thus, it gives the cortical image representation, and a simple translation in log coordinates brings the presaccadic scene into the postsaccadic reference frame, eliminating the need for starting processing anew three times per second at each fixation.
SIGI PLUS and project LEARN: A retrospective

In 1975 the W. K. Kellogg Foundation funded a trial of SIGI (System of Interactive Guidance and Information) at the University of California at Irvine (UCI). Developed by Educational Testing Service (ETS) under the direction of Martin Katz, the computer-based career guidance system was aimed at the needs of college students, but UCI staff also used it with re-entry adults and later in nearby corporations. What was learned during this trial helped suggest the possibility of what eventually became Project LEARN--the Lifelong Education Assessment and Referral Network. In the early 1980s the Foundation funded this project, under the direction of Arlon Elser, as a way of furthering its interest in lifelong learning for adults. The two main goals of ETS, a major participant in the project (along with the Council for the Advancement of Experiential Learning [CAEL]), were (1) to develop a career guidance program to meet the special needs of adult learners, and (2) to explore ways to ensure widespread dissemination of career guidance services, especially to adults. Project LEARN also supported a training component, led by Cynthia Johnson, consisting of a network of professionals to train counselors in using computer-based career guidance with adults. In an early phase of the project, ETS concentrated on increasing dissemination. SIGI originally ran on a minicomputer costing about $60,000, because microcomputers were non-existent. Color and graphics were not possible, and the system could not run without the
The synthesis of macrocyclic polyether‐diester ligands containing a long‐chain alkoxy substituted pyridine subcyclic unit

Two new series of macrocyclic polyether-diester ligands have been prepared containing 4-pentoxy- and 4-octoxypyridine subcyclic units. The 4-alkoxy-2, 6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid derivatives used as starting materials were prepared from 4-chloro-2, 6-pyridinecarbonyl chloride. The 4-octoxydiketopyridino-18-crown-6 ligand greatly facilitates the transport of silver ions across a chloroform liquid membrane.
Effects of salinity on larval stages of the rhizocephalan barnacle Loxothylacus texanus: survival and metamorphosis in response to the host, Callinectes sapidus

Abstract It is known that the rhizocephalan barnacle Loxothylacus texanus infects the greater blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, in the Gulf of Mexico and adjacent waters, however, factors that affect the prevalence and distribution of this parasite, particularly the dispersive larval stages of this organism, are not well understood. In the current study, the effects of salinity on larval survival and the metamorphosis of L. texanus in response to postmolt host exoskeleton were examined. Acute and acclimated responses were similar. Larval survival was highest in the 20–35‰ range, with 100% mortality of nauplii at all salinities 50‰. L. texanus cyprids were able to metamorphose over a broad range of salinities (15–60‰). In several cases, metamorphosis was actually greatest at high salinities (40–50‰). These data predict that L. texanus larvae would be concentrated in portions of Gulf of Mexico waters with salinities >20‰ such as the mouths of estuaries and bays. Conversely, upper regions of estuaries may be inhospitable to the dispersive (naupliar) stage of the parasite and may serve as a refuge from infection for host crabs.
Hydroxyurea treatment affects the G1 phase in next generation CHO cells.

Abstract DNA replication kinetics were studied in populations of synchronized CHO cells treated in the previous generation with hydroxyurea. These CHO cells were re-synchronized by selective detachment of mitotic cells after previously synchronized G1 traversing cultures were treated with 0.1 mM and 2 mM hydroxyurea for 9 and 13 h. Our results show that these cells exhibit a shortening of G1 of at least 1 h relative to cells selected in mitosis from untreated exponentially growing cultures. Survival studies indicated that the hydroxyurea treatments did not affect plating efficiencies. Cell viability was reduced when the initially synchronized populations were blocked with 2 mM, but not 0.1 mM hydroxyurea for greater than 13 h. DNA replication measurements after these blocks showed that all cultures treated with 2 mM hydroxyurea for either 9, 13 or 15 h were blocked at the same point near the G1/S boundary, and then progressed through S phase with similar kinetics. The observed shortening of G1 in the next generation of these cells was independent of both the concentration (0.1 or 2.0 mM) and the time (9 or 13 h) of the hydroxyurea block. These results suggest that specific events relating to the next cell generation can be uncoupled from DNA synthesis and can occur when hydroxyurea inhibits normal cell cycle traverse of G1 cells into and through S phase.
Myofibroblast and endothelial cell proliferation during murine myocardial infarct repair

Granulation tissue formation is a critical step in infarct repair, however, the kinetics of cell replication and the molecules that regulate this process are poorly understood. In uninjured mouse hearts and at 2 days post-infarction, very little DNA synthesis (measured by incorporation of a BrdU pulse) was detected in any cell type. Four days after permanent coronary occlusion, the rates of myofibroblast (smooth muscle α-actin and BrdU double-positive) and endothelial cell (CD31 and BrdU double-positive) proliferation were 15.4 ± 1.1% and 2.9 ± 0.5%, respectively. Most proliferating cells were located at the interface of the infarct and viable tissue. By 1 week, fibroblast and endothelial cell proliferation declined to 4.1 ± 0.6% and 0.7 ± 0.1%, respectively. In the 2-week infarct, the remaining necrosis had been phagocytosed, and fibroblast and endothelial cell proliferation were 2 ) declined from 3643 ± 82 in control hearts to 2716 ± 197 at 1 week and 1010 ± 47 at 4 weeks post-myocardial infarction (MI). The average percent area occupied by vessels did not change significantly between the groups but the area/vessel (μm 2 ) increased from 14.1 ± 0.3 in control hearts to 16.9 ± 1.9 at 1 week and 38.7 ± 7.9 at 4 weeks post-MI. These data indicate that mitogens for fibroblasts and endothelial cells peak within 4 days of infarction in the mouse heart. This provides the basis for identifying the responsible molecules and developing strategies to alter wound repair and improve cardiac function.
Cost-Effectiveness of an HIV/AIDS Prevention Intervention for Gay Men

The present study sought to determine the cost per discounted quality-adjusted-life-year (QALY) saved by a small group workshop-format, cognitive-behavioral HIV-prevention intervention for gay men. The methodology employed was a retrospective cost-utility analysis of the behavioral intervention. The ability of the intervention to effect HIV-related behavior change was previously assessed in a randomized controlled trial. In the original trial, clients were recruited from gay bars, health department clinics, and other community settings in metropolitan area of 400,000 residents; the intervention was delivered in a medical school outreach setting. The participants were 104 gay men; 87% of the clients identified their race/ethnicity as White, 13% as ethnic minority. The experimental intervention was comprised of 12 sessions and provided HIV-related risk behavior education, self-management and sexual assertion training, and development of reliable and positive social support networks. The comparison condition was a wait-list control group. The main outcome measure in our retrospective cost-utility analysis was “cost per discounted QALY saved.” Under base case assumptions, the cost of the intervention was $24,000 (rounded to the nearest thousand). The discounted medical costs averted by preventing HIV infection were $42,000. Approximately 5.5 discounted QALYs were saved. Hence the intervention is cost-saving under base case assumptions (i.e., the cost per discounted QALY saved ratio is less than zero). The results are generally robust to changes in cost-utility analysis model parameters and assumptions. Because the intervention is cost-saving under base case assumptions, it compares favorably to other health service interventions in which society currently invests. Behavioral interventions such as the one examined here should receive serious consideration for investment by public health decision makers allocating fiscal resources for health services.
Weighing the Costs and Benefits of Mexican Immigration: The Mexican‐American Perspective*

Objective. Survey research posits that Mexican Americans' perceptions of the costs and benefits of immigration drive their opinions about immigration, but this research does not provide a clear picture of how Mexican Americans calculate these costs and benefits. This article aims to understand the processes that explain how Mexican Americans calculate the costs and benefits of Mexican immigration. Methods. The article employs 123 in-depth interviews and observation with later-generation Mexican Americans in Garden City, Kansas, and Santa Maria, California. Result. Respondents are ambivalent about how Mexican immigrants affect their lives, and their ambivalence is driven by prevailing ideologies in American society regarding immigration, race, and ethnicity. On the one hand, ardent anti-Mexican nativism leads Mexican Americans to see substantial costs accruing to Mexican immigration. Mexican Americans fear that anti-Mexican nativism leads to status degradation for all people of Mexican descent. On the other hand, an ideology of multiculturalism and its accompanying value of diversity lead Mexican Americans to see substantial benefits accruing to the large Mexican-immigrant population, particularly in politics, the labor market, and popular culture. Conclusions. Mexican Americans' perceptions of the costs and benefits of Mexican immigration are based not only on economic considerations, but on social and cultural considerations structured by prevailing and often paradoxical ideologies. Respondents' structural position increases concerns about status degradation resulting from immigration, but also shapes how they are positioned to benefit from the boost in prominence that immigration provides to the entire Mexican-origin population.
Diet of Didelphis albiventris Lund, 1840 (Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae) in two periurban areas in southern Brazil

Didelphis albiventris Lund, 1840 is one of the least known Brazilian marsupials with respect to its feeding habits. Since the white-eared opossum is omnivorous, it occupies several niches and may be found in urban areas as well as in forest fragments. Current analysis aimed at determining and comparing the diet of D. albiventris in two periurban areas of the municipality of Viamao, a conserved forest remnant and a degraded area resulting from agricultural activities. Captures of D. albiventris were carried out for a period of 30 months by a sampling effort of 504 trap-nights. Forty fecal samples were collected from 45 captures corresponding to 18 specimens. Diet was determined by fecal analysis. Fruit was the most representative item, at an occurrence of 77.5%, comprising six species of plants, followed by invertebrates (62.5%) and vertebrates (37.5%). Didelphis albiventris displayed a frugivorous-omnivorous habit, with no difference between the sexes with respect to composition and frequency of the items consumed. Since there was a greater diversity of food items and fruits in the more conserved area, seasonal variations in the diet could be detected. Generalist species, such as D. albiventris, may have an important role in the recovery of degraded areas through the dispersal of seeds of species of initial successional stages.