cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analyzing family data: A GEE approach for substance use researchers.

Abstract Introduction Analyzing data that arises from correlated observations such as husband–wife pairs, siblings, or repeated assessments of the same individuals over time requires more specialized analytic tools. Additionally, outcomes that are not normally distributed such as count data, (e.g., number of symptoms or number of problems endorsed) also require specialized analytic tools. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) are a very flexible tool for dealing with correlated data (such as data derived from related individuals such as families). The objective of this report was to compare traditional ordinary least squares regression (OLS) to a GEE approach for analyzing family data. Methods Using data from an ongoing five-wave longitudinal study of newlywed couples, we examined a subset of 173 families with children between the ages of 4 and 11 at two data collection points. The relation between parental risk factors (e.g., heavy drinking, aggression, marital quality) and child internalizing symptoms was examined within the context of two regression-based models: traditional OLS regression and a GEE approach. Results Overall, the GEE approach allowed a more complete use of the available data, provided more robust findings, and produced more reliable parameter estimates. Conclusion GEE models are a flexible regression-based approach for dealing with related data that arises from correlated data such as family data. Further, given the availability of the models in common statistical programs, family researchers should consider these models for their work.
Alterations in the fine structure of the rat epididymis after vasectomy.

The epididymal epithelium of rats who had undergone either unilateral or bilateral vasectomies or sham operations were studied by electron microscopy. Structures containing an abundance of membranous material accumulated in the cytoplasm of light cells in larger amounts after bilateral vasectomy than after sham operation. Membranes were found in apical vacuoles membrane-bounded bodies in the midregion of the cells and most prominently in large infranuclear masses. The large infranuclear membranous masses had a polymorphic interior composed of granules and amorphous matter in addition to membranes and thus morphologically resembled large lysosomes or residual bodies. In some instances there were recognizable sperm parts found in the apical vacuoles of eptihelial cells after vasectomy though it would seem that most of the sperm degenerated in the lumen prior to being phagocytosed. The development of spermatic granulomas may have delayed the development of alterations in the male reproductive tract proximal to the point of ligation.(AUTHORS MODIFIED)
Reflecting on Quiz Placement in Online Tutorials: Creating a More Active Learning Experience

As the number of online library tutorials increases, so does the need to create active learning experiences and options for self-assessment. This article looks at embedding short Flash quizzes into tutorials created with Camtasia as a way to address this need. It also attempts to determine how quiz placement affects desire to view online tutorials and information retention.
Tumor Inhibitors VI: Cissampareine, New Cytotoxic Alkaloid from Cissampelos pareira. Cytotoxicity of Bisbenzylisoquinoline Alkaloids

A preliminary study of Cissampelos pareira Linn. from Peru yielded a new alkaloid, cissampareine. Evidence is presented for assignment to cissampareine of the empirical formula, C 37 H 38 N 2 O 6 . Cissampareine and four other bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids isolated from menispermaceous plants were found to show significant and reproducible inhibitory activity against human carcinoma of the nasopharynx carried in cell culture (KB).
Traffic management for sustainable LTE networks

This paper presents a technique to reduce the carbon footprint of cellular network through the use of renewable energy as a power source. Novel to other approaches in the literature, the presented technique adapts the traffic conditions and Quality of Experience (QoE) goals. Through effectively integrating energy and traffic management, the presented technique shapes the traffic serviced by the base station based on the predicted renewable energy surplus or deficit, and by controllably reducing the real-time video quality and increasing the data traffic delay. Simulation results show an increase of fifty percent in the proportion of time that the base station is powered from renewable sources with a very small, controlled and bounded impact on real time traffic quality and data delay.
Negative phase velocity composites employing magnetic hosts

Materials having both a negative permittivity and a negative permeability allow the free propagation of electromagnetic waves with a negative phase velocity (NPV), i.e., the phase velocity is opposite the direction of energy propagation. An NPV material can be made with a lattice of fine wires cladded in nonmagnetoc insulation and embedded in a magnetic host. The wires give rise to the negative permittivity, the magnetic host supplies the negative permeability, and the nonmagnetic cladding minimizes the coupling between the wires and the magnetic host. This structure is so simple that it has the potential to be made small enough for NPV materials to operate in the far infrared. This presentation describes calculations developed to compare to experiments at microwave frequencies with cladded wires in ferrimagnetic hosts.
The complex relationship between guest-free polymorphic products and desolvation of p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene inclusion compounds

Depending on the details of the technique employed, desolvation of tBC inclusion compounds leads to either a dense, guest-free polymorph, or a guest-free low density polymorph, the latter also having distinct high and low temperature forms.
Nuclear DNA Contents of Coelacanth Erythrocytes

AMONG the living fishes, groups of widely different phylogenetic antiquity may be classified by equally diverse sets of characteristics, both morphometric and biochemical. One such character that has been used in the study of the relationships between the major groups is cellular DNA content. It is now well known that, among fishes, modern teleosts have the lowest diploid levels (as low as 0.8 pg) and that elasmobranchs have somewhat intermediate levels (3–15 pg). The Dipnoi have the highest levels among living vertebrates (160–285 pg), and these values are approached most closely by some (but by no means all) Amphibia, such as Necturus and Amphiuma (205 and 192 pg respectively)1,2.
In vitro Flowering From Citrus limon Lateral Buds

Summary Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. cv. «Eureka» vegetative lateral buds from 6-year old trees, when cultured at 14 to 20 °C in vitro , flower at rates of 5 to 20 % after 16 weeks and 90 % within 32 weeks. Buds maintained at 25 °C did not flower, and attempts to chemically induce flowering at 25 °C using various growth inhibitors and promoters as well as high concentrations of sugars failed. Abscission of floral and foliar buds, as well as leaves, was common in vitro .
Direct Synthesis of Composites and Solid Solutions by Combustion Reactions

Abstract–The synthesis of multicomponent ceramic systems by combustion reactions is investigated. These systems can be either composites or solid solutions depending on the miscibility of the individual phases. Representative systems studied include the TiR2–TiC and Si2 N4–SiC system for the first case and the Ti(C, N) and SIALONS for the second. Various self-propagating reaction schemes have been considered for the synthesis ofeach particular system. The effects of parameters like particle size of the reactant powders, dilution of the solid phase with a final product (lowering of a combustion temperature) and gas pressure, on the combustion characteristics and especially on the phase composition of the synthesized product arc studied in detail. in order to determine the optimum synthesis conditions for the systems under study.
Addressing cultural sensitivity in a smoking cessation intervention: Development of the kick it at swope project

There are marked and growing disparities in the health status among different racial/ethnic groups. Most researchers and practitioners agree health interventions that are tailored for specific populations are ethically important and more likely to succeed, yet there are few models for how to tailor interventions. This article outlines three phases and eight activities conducted to increase the cultural sensitivity of a clinical trial assessing the efficacy of bupropion for smoking cessation among African Americans. Early in the project development (Phase I) a strong partnership was built with a community-based clinic, two Advisory Boards were formed (Community and Scientific), and materials were developed. Formative research (Phase II) included a survey to assess smoking cessation needs of clinic patients and exploratory focus groups. Through pilot testing (Phase III), clinic patients tested the intervention components and, in follow-up focus groups, discussed their experiences. Over 13 months the project successfully recruited 523 African Americans into a randomized trial, and preliminary analysis suggest acceptable follow-up rates. Successful recruitment and retention suggests the activities are promising and potentially generalizable. Discussions of these activities illustrate concrete steps researchers and practitioners can take to increase the cultural sensitivity of health promotion and prevention interventions and clinical trials. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The effects of Computerized Provider Order Entry implementation on communication in Intensive Care Units

a b s t r a c t The literature shows that communication in health care is one of the most important factors associated with quality of care and patients safety. Especially in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) communication is of importance, due to the characteristics of the setting. However, relatively little is known about the different aspects of communication in health care and how Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE) implementation may impact communication, and consequently, quality of care. In this study we adapted an existing questionnaire developed by Shortell et al. [11] to examine the impact of CPOE implementation on communication in a repeated cross-sectional design (6 months before implementation, 3 months after implementation and one-year after implementation). Results show overall that CPOE did not have a negative effect on communication, especially in the long term.
Temporal, spatial and ecological dynamics of speciation among amphi-Beringian small mammals

Aim Quaternary climate cycles played an important role in promoting diversification across the Northern Hemisphere, although details of the mechanisms driving evolutionary change are still poorly resolved. In a comparative phylogeographical framework, we investigate temporal, spatial and ecological components of evolution within a suite of Holarctic small mammals. We test a hypothesis of simultaneous divergence among multiple taxon pairs, investigating time to coalescence and demographic change for each taxon in response to a combination of climate and geography. Location Beringia, the nexus of the northern continents. Methods We used approximate Bayesian computation methods to test for simultaneous divergence among eight pairs of taxa, using cytochrome b gene sequences. We calculated coalescence times for eastern and western components of each pair and for the combined pairs, and relate dates to Quaternary climatic periodicity and combinations of environmental events and physical barriers. Population growth and expansion statistics were used to test evolutionary responses among taxa, including range shifts, persistence or periodic extirpation. Species distribution models (SDMs) for each taxon were used to predict their geographical ranges during the present interglacial, Last Glacial Maximum and previous interglacial. Results Multiple divergence events across Beringia were primarily coincident with extreme glacial cycles of the late Quaternary. Structure within Beringia is spatially consistent with at least three environmental barriers arising at different times: the Kolyma Uplands, Bering Strait and portions of the Bering Isthmus. Levels of divergence varied substantially, indicating evolutionary processes spanning deep and shallow time-scales. The different demographics among taxa reflect their distinct ecological responses. SDMs predicted regional distributional changes through time and different spatial responses among taxa. Main conclusions Beringia predominantly constituted a dispersal corridor during the early Quaternary and a major centre of endemism in the late Quaternary. Coincident with severe glacial cycles, small mammal species were ‘caught’ in Beringia and diversified over multiple climatic phases. Relative genetic differentiation across Beringia appears to be related to ecological differences reflecting a gradual adaptation to Beringian environments through time. Some methodological constraints associated with resolving recent (late Quaternary) isolation events or drawing inferences from a single locus are discussed.
Hthreads: A Computational Model for Reconfigurable Devices

Recent architectural advancements in reconfigurable devices have exposed the ability to support massive parallelism inside of small, low-cost, embedded devices. The massive parallelism inside of these reconfigurable devices has promised to bring an unprecedented level of performance to the embedded systems domain. However, the complexity of programming these reconfigurable devices is daunting - too daunting for the average programmer. This paper presents Hthreads. Hthreads is a computational architecture which aims to bridge the gap between regular programmers and powerful but complex reconfigurable devices. Hthreads accomplishes this goal using three layers of abstraction built upon standard reconfigurable devices: an operating system capable of supporting a diverse collection of computational models within a reconfigurable device, an intermediate form representation which eases the development of applications on reconfigurable devices, and support for high level languages which are familiar to most programmers
Energy flows in axially excited, locally biaxial, dielectric, helicoidal bianisotropic media (HBMs)

Axial propagation modes in locally biaxial, dielectric, helicoidal bianisotropic media (HBMs) are analyzed. Each axial propagation mode is shown to consist of two circularly polarized (transverse) plane waves and a longitudinal plane wave, all three with different spatial frequencies. The time-averaged Poynting vector of each mode is analyzed in terms of the power densities and the energy-flow directions of the transverse plane-wave components. A previously prescribed constraint on the constitutive properties of dissipative dielectric HBMs is replaced by a less restrictive one.
A small percentage of patients with hepatitis C receive triple therapy with boceprevir or telaprevir.

Background & Aims Protease inhibitor triple therapy for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection (boceprevir or telaprevir with pegylated interferon and ribavirin) has been shown to increase rates of sustained virologic response in phase 3 trials. We investigated the proportion of patients who began therapy with this regimen in the 12 months after the Food and Drug Administration approval of boceprevir and telaprevir in the United States. Methods We performed a retrospective cross-sectional study of 487 patients with HCV genotype 1 infection (396 did not receive triple therapy, and 91 had begun triple therapy with boceprevir or telaprevir), who were seen at hepatology practices in Dallas and Miami from June 2011 through February 2012. The subjects were predominantly middle-aged, non-Hispanic white, and privately insured; 50% were treatment-naive, and most had advanced fibrosis. We compared features of patients who initiated triple therapy with those who deferred it. Treated patients were followed to determine the discontinuation rate in the first 12 weeks of treatment. Results Of patients assessed, only 18.7% began triple therapy, the same percentage as those receiving dual therapy (pegylated interferon and ribavirin) before boceprevir or telaprevir was approved for treatment of HCV infection in the United States. Reasons for deferring treatment included relative contraindications (50.5%), patient choice (22.5%), and less advanced liver disease (17.4%). Among treated patients, 15% discontinued prematurely because of serious adverse events. On the basis of multivariate analysis, factors associated with initiation of triple therapy included prior treatment relapse (odds ratio [OR], 4.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.1–9.9) and liver fibrosis of stage 3 (OR, 9.1; 95% CI, 3.1–27) or stage 4 (OR, 9.0; 95% CI, 3.3–25) but not hepatic decompensation. Conclusions Only 18.7% of patients with HCV genotype 1 infection received triple therapy in the 12 months after Food and Drug Administration approval of boceprevir and telaprevir. This low percentage might result from concerns of side effects and recognition that more effective medications could be available in the future.
Models of mast fruiting in trees.

Abstract I analyze a set of life history models that differ in the timing and frequency of reproduction. They predict that mast fruiting should be restricted to populations with relatively high adult survivorship and low population growth rate. Foresters' data on a variety of tree species provide indirect support for these predictions. The models also permit calculation of the occasional fecundity necessary to match a given annual fecundity, but insufficient data exist to test this prediction.
Plasmonic tunable glucose sensing based on the dissociation of Con A-aggregated dextran-coated gold colloids

We have recently developed a new approach to glucose sensing based on the aggregation of nanometer-sized noble-metal nanoparticles and their respective change in plasmon absorption upon glucose addition. High molecular weight Dextran coated nanoparticles are aggregated with Concanavalin A, (Con A), where the aggregation results in a significant shift in metal-plasmon absorption. The addition of glucose competitively binds to Con A, reducing nanoparticle aggregation, and therefore the plasmon absorption when monitored at 650 nm. We have optimized our plasmonic glucose sensing mechanism with regard to nanoparticle stability, the dynamic range for glucose sensing and the wavelength of observation, to be compatible with both clinical glucose requirements and measurements.
Perioperative spinal canal narrowing in with Down's syndrome

Two patients with Down's syndrome undergoing intracardiac operations had segmental and generalized myoclonic movements postoperatively and eventual brain death. Electroencephalography in 1 patient showed no seizure despite the presence of the myoclonic movements. Computed tomographic scan showed possible cerebellar hemorrhage. Ultrasound showed cerebral edema when the pupils became fixed and dilated. Because known postoperative neurologic complications could not fully explain the clinical course, and the myoclonic movements suggested spinal origin, we considered the possibility of atlantoaxial instability causing spinal cord damage related to perioperative head and neck positioning. Postmortem study on the second patient revealed 50% reduction of the spinal canal with hyperextension and 90-degree external rotation of the head and neck. In contrast, similar maneuvers in 3 infants without Down's syndrome resulted in only mild spinal canal narrowing. Although the myoclonic movements could be explained by spinal cord compression at the atlantoaxial level, the explanation for the eventual brain death is unclear. However, kinking of the vertebral arteries related to the positioning could have caused cerebellar ischemia, hemorrhage, and increased intracranial pressure. We believe that attention to the problem might bring further answers in the future.
IL-17 in obesity and adipogenesis

The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-17 (also known as IL-17) has been associated with induction of tissue inflammation. Obese individuals exhibit many symptoms of chronic low-grade inflammation, suggesting that IL-17 may impact adipose tissue. However, the role of IL-17 in obesity is largely unexplored. Emerging studies indicate that obesity selectively promotes expansion of the Th17 T-cell lineage, exacerbating disease in murine models of autoimmunity such as EAE and colitis. Human studies support this concept, as new clinical studies suggest that IL-17 is expressed at elevated levels in obese individuals. Conversely, however, an anti-adipogenic role for IL-17 is becoming evident, and therefore the interconnections between IL-17 and fat metabolism may be quite complex. Here, we consolidate the potential implications of IL-17 in relation to obesity and describe the emerging data regarding the role of IL-17 in adipose tissue.
Echocardiographic features of primary pulmonary hypertension

Abstract Echocardiograms were recorded in nine patients with primary pulmonary hypertension proved at cardiac catheterization. A reduced diastolic slope of the anterior mitral valve leaflet, simulating mitral stenosis but with normal motion of the posterior leaflet, was observed in all patients. Other features found included a large right ventricular dimension (nine patients), a small left ventricular dimension (three patients), a thick interventricular septum (six patients), systolic mitral leaflet prolapse (four patients) and abnormal septal motion (four patients). The last feature was most probably due to secondary tricuspid or pulmonic insufficiency, or both. The finding of a decreased mitral valve slope, often used as a criterion for mitral stenosis, should not be accepted alone as proof of mitral stenosis; the posterior mitral valve leaflet echo must be carefully searched for and identified. This echo is often difficult to identify, but the normal motion of this structure found in all patients excludes the diagnosis of mitral stenosis as a cause for the pulmonary hypertension.
Agreement in body fat estimates between a hand-held bioelectrical impedance analyzer and skinfold thicknesses in African American and Caucasian adolescents.

(2006). Agreement in Body Fat Estimates Between a Hand-Held Bioelectrical Impedance Analyzer and Skinfold Thicknesses in African American and Caucasian Adolescents. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 77, No. 4, pp. 519-526.
Stereospecific transduction of behavioral effects via diazepam-insensitive GABAA receptors.

Abstract Previous studies reported a positive correlation between ligand affinities at diazepam-insensitive GABA A receptors and substitution for the discriminative stimulus effects of the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, flumazenil, in pigeons. In the present experiments, bretazenil and Ro 14-5974 (ethyl-( S )-11,12,13,13a-tetrahydro-9-oxo-9 H -imidazo[1,5-a]-pyrrolo-[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine-1-carboxylate) partially substituted for, and blocked the discriminative stimulus effects of midazolam, congruent with their actions at diazepam-sensitive GABA A receptors in vitro. In addition, bretazenil and Ro 14-5974, but not their R -enantiomers, had high affinity for diazepam-insensitive receptors and fully substituted for the discriminative stimulus effects of flumazenil. The R -enantiomers of these compounds had low affinity ( K i > 1 μ M) for diazepam-sensitive and diazepam-insensitive receptors, and did not share discriminative stimulus effects with flumazenil or midazolam. Ro 19-0528 (7-chloro-3-(3-cyclopropyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-4,5-dihydro-5-methyl-6 H -imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepin-6-one), a structurally related compound with full agonist actions at diazepam-sensitive GABA A receptors, had high diazepam-insensitive receptor affinity ( K i = 96 nM) and partially substituted for the discriminative stimulus effects of flumazenil. These results are consistent with stereospecific mediation of the discriminative stimulus effects of flumazenil through high affinity binding to diazepam-insensitive receptors in pigeons.
A CONSISTENT NONPARAMETRIC TEST OF PARAMETRIC REGRESSION MODELS UNDER CONDITIONAL QUANTILE RESTRICTIONS

This paper proposes a nonparametric, kernel-based test of parametric quantile regression models. The test statistic has a limiting standard normal distribution if the parametric quantile model is correctly specified and diverges to infinity for any misspecification of the parametric model. Thus the test is consistent against any fixed alternative. The test also has asymptotic power 1 against local alternatives converging to the null at proper rates. A simulation study is provided to evaluate the finite-sample performance of the test.
The veins of the thalamus

Data derived from angiographic exploration of the veins of the thalamus were correlated with data obtained in anatomical and radio-anatomical studies. Since the thalamus is in the supply area of the vertebral artery, its venous drainage should be studied solely on vertebral phlebograms. The veins of the thalamus may be divided into: (1) a superior group including (a) the superior thalamic vein, large and constantly present and (b) the anterior thalamic vein, an inconstant accessory; (2) an inferior group; and (3) a posterior group, which includes a variable number of perforating veins. The drainage areas of the respective groups are analogous to the supply territories of the thalamic arteries. Observation of the thalamic veins may furnish valuable information in the investigation of deep cerebral tumours.
Direct Observation of Spin-State Mixing in Superconductors

We observe a peak in the tunneling conductance between two very thin superconducting aluminum films in an intense parallel magnetic field at a voltage $V=\frac{({\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{1}+{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{2}\ensuremath{-}2\ensuremath{\mu}H)}{e}$. The magnetic field dependence of this peak identifies it as that predicted by Engler and Fulde for spin-state mixing in superconductors. The spin-orbit scattering rate $b=\frac{\ensuremath{\hbar}}{3\ensuremath{\Delta}}{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{s}.\mathrm{o}.}$ obtained from this measurement is approximately 0.1.
Assessing fungicide resistance in populations of Alternaria in Idaho potato fields

Early blight, caused by the fungus Alternaria solani and brown leaf spot, caused by Alternaria alternata, are important diseases of potato crops in Idaho. In recent years growers have reported a reduction in efficacy of fungicides traditionally used in the past decade to control early blight. In 2009, a collection of A. solani 39 isolates were screened for resistance to azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, boscalid and famoxadone. Fungicide sensitivity testing was done using spiral plate dilution gradients. Results showed that of 39 isolates screened, all were resistant to azoxystrobin and three were resistant to boscalid. None were resistant to pyraclostrobin or famoxadone. In summer 2010, more isolates were collected (9 A. alternata and 26 A. solani) and the survey was expanded to include more fungicides with four different modes of action that targeted succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), methionine biosynthesis, mitochondrial respiration and multi-site contact activity. New isolates of A. solani and A. alternata were also collected from two additional sites. The results showed that 57% of the isolates were resistant to boscalid as well as an average of 63% of the isolates being resistant to the strobilurin fungicides. Seven and 15% of isolates were resistant to penthiopyrad (an SDH inhibitor), and pyrimethanil (a methionine biosynthesis inhibitor), respectively. However, none of the isolates were resistant to fluopyram (an SDH inhibitor) or a mixture of fluopyram and pyrimethanil. Although there appears to be cross resistance developing in Alternaria spp. to some of the new SDH inhibitors like penthiopyrad, others such as fluopyram are still showing limited to no resistance development in Alternaria spp. in Idaho.
Subdecadal to multidecadal cycles of Late Holocene North Atlantic climate variability preserved by estuarine fossil pigments

The climate system in the North Atlantic region is complex and influenced by outside forcings as well as internal modes of the system. Modeling and observational work have suggested that a better understanding of the connections between ocean- and atmosphere-driven variability could lead to predictive power for North American and European weather patterns. Here we present a new millennial-length proxy record of estuarine fossil pigments and use it to investigate cyclic components of North Atlantic climate through the effects on estuarine ecosystems. The time series exhibits significant cyclic components that can be related to two of the dominant internal modes of climate variability in the region: the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). The NAO signal is associated with internal atmospheric variability, while the AMO has been linked to previously modeled and observed changes in thermohaline circulation and meridional heatflux. In our record, the dominant periodicity of the AMO has shifted over time, in concert with Medieval Warm Period–Little Ice Age–Present Warm Period transitions. A relationship between an intermittent NAO cycle and the AMO signal suggests coupling of the ocean-atmosphere system at multidecadal time scales. Although the causal relationship is not resolved, predictive models of Northern Hemisphere interannual weather patterns and estuarine productivity may be improved by incorporating the results of this study.
SIDS: genetic and environmental influences may cause arrhythmia in this silent killer

In this issue of the JCI, Bowers et al. show that the common polymorphism of the cardiac voltage-gated sodium channel, type Valpha (SCN5A), designated S1103Y, found in African Americans is associated with an increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Wild-type and mutant SCN5A channels both functioned typically under normal conditions in vitro, but exposure to acidic intracellular pH levels such as those found in respiratory acidosis--a known risk factor for SIDS--produced abnormal gain-of-function late reopenings of S1103Y channels, behavior that is often associated with cardiac arrhythmias. These pathologic late reopenings were suppressed by low levels of the channel-blocking drug mexiletine. These findings provide an excellent illustration of a causal relationship between the interaction of the environment and genetic background in SIDS and also raise interesting questions about the linkage of a genetic abnormality with a clinical phenotype.
Are Involved Parents Providing Public Goods or Private Goods

Parents who lobby their children's schools for better or increased educational resources may be providing a schoolwide public good. However, they may also be capturing a larger share of school resources, possibly leaving other families worse off. A regression of within-school variation in input quality on parent-initiated school contact identifies this ``private-good'' effect, using involvement in civic organizations to instrument for contact. A 10 percent increase in the probability of parental contact raises the probability of inclusion in a gifted program by 2 percent to 3 percent. At the average school, the highest ``non-gifted'' students significantly outscore the lowest ``gifted'' students, suggesting that this lobbying crowds out deserving students. Alongside these private-good effects, involved parents also provide public goods: again instrumenting with civic involvement, higher participation in a school's parent—teacher organization leads to a higher probability that principals frequently observe...
Radiation combined with EGFR signal inhibitors: head and neck cancer focus.

Molecular inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling represents one of the most promising current arenas for the advancement of molecularly targeted cancer therapies. A series of EGFR inhibitors from both the monoclonal antibody (mAb) and tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) class have shown clear clinical activity in the treatment of several common human cancers. Three EGFR inhibitors have recently gained Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for cancer therapy in the United States including the mAb cetuximab (Erbitux™) and the small-molecule TKIs gefitinib (Iressa™) and erlotinib (Tarceva™). The rapidly expanding preclinical and clinical data contributing to these FDA approvals validate a central role of the EGFR as an important molecular target in epithelial malignancies. Indeed, one of the more striking clinical results in this field has been recently achieved by combining an EGFR inhibitor (cetuximab) with radiation in the treatment of advanced head and neck cancer patients. Nevertheless, the overall clinical gains realized to date with the EGFR inhibitors are modest for the global cancer population. Much remains to be learned regarding the rational integration of EGFR inhibitors into cancer treatment regimens as well as methods to optimize the selection of patients most likely to benefit from EGFR inhibitor strategies.
Electron scattering by laser-excited barium atoms

Inelastic and superelastic scattering of 30- and 100-eV electrons by laser-excited 6s 6p 1P and subsequent cascade-populated 6s 6p 3P, 6s 5d 1D, and 6s 5d 3D Ba atoms have been observed. Absolute differential cross sections for the singlet and relative scattering intensities for the triplet species have been determined in the 5 to 20 deg angular region. Under the present conditions excitations dominate over deexcitations.
Rhodium−Germanium Carbonyl Complexes

The compound Rh(CO)4GePh3, 3, was obtained in a high yield (95%) from the reaction of [Rh(CO)2Cl]2 with LiGePh3 under a CO atmosphere. Reaction of 3 with HGePh3 yielded the new dirhodium compound R...
Variable Electron and Neutral Density Attachment Mass Spectrometry: Temperature-Dependent Kinetics of Electron Attachment to PSCl3 and PSCl2 and Mutual Neutralization of PSCl2− and PSCl− with Ar+†

We describe the VENDAMS (variable electron and neutral density attachment mass spectrometry) technique to measure the rate constants of various processes occurring as primary, secondary, and higher order chemistry in a flowing afterglow at high charge densities over a temperature range of 300 to 550 K. In particular, we report measurements of rate constants of ion-ion mutual neutralization and electron attachment to radical species, processes which have proven difficult to study through other means. The product negative ion abundances from the addition of PSCl(3) to an Ar(+)/e(-) plasma have been measured as a function of initial electron densities between 1 × 10(8) and 4 × 10(10) cm(-3). Data at lower electron densities yield branching ratios of the primary electron attachment to PSCl(3); determination of the reactions and rate constants occurring at low electron densities then allows for determination of the greater number of reactions and rate constants contributing at higher electron densities. Reaction rate constants and branching ratios of electron attachment to PSCl(2) are reported; this is the first measurement of electron attachment to a radical as a function of temperature. The data show an unusual negative temperature dependence; however, a zero or even slightly positive dependence is within the uncertainty. Measured electron attachment rate constants are 1.4 × 10(-7), 1.1 × 10(-7), and 9.1 × 10(-8) ± 40% cm(3) s(-1) at 300, 400, and 550 K, respectively; the dominant product channel is PSCl + Cl(-) (95, 87, and 77% at 300, 400, and 550 K), and the minor channel is PSCl(-) + Cl. Ion-ion mutual neutralization rate constants of both PSCl(-) and PSCl(2)(-) with Ar(+) are reported over the investigated temperature range; rate constants at 300 K are 4.9 × 10(-8) ± 20% cm(3) s(-1) and 4.5 × 10(-8) ± 15% cm(3) s(-1) and show temperature dependences of T(-0.5±0.3) and T(-0.9±0.3), respectively.
A PHOTOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE BINARY SYSTEM KO AQUILAE

We report photometric uvbyoi observations of the variable KO Aql obtained during the summer of 1993. One time of primary minima was observed, and improved quadratic and linear ephemerides were calculated. Eclipse timings of KO Aql, spanning over a sixty year interval, show that the system is undergoing a period increase of 1.7 (± 0.1) X 10-8 days/cycle. Analysis of our photometry with the new Wilson eclipsing binary computer program indicates that the mass ratio of the system is 0.29 and that the secondary star is cooler than the previously determined G0 spectral type. The masses and radii of the two components are also estimated.
The Nonfiltrability of Typhus-Fever Virus

In a communication dealing with the etiology of typhus fever, Plotz1 presented a review of the evidence which led him to believe that the virus is nonfiltrable. No effort was made at that time to give all the facts leading to this conclusion. It is the purpose of my paper to analyze the previous work, and to present new evidence bearing on the nonfiltrability of typhus virus. The basis for the assertion that the virus is filtrable is a single, very doubtful, experiment of Nicolle, Conor, and Conseil.2 As additional support, the single incomplete experiment of Wilder3 is usually quoted. Thus, Wolbach4 classified typhus among the filtrable viruses on such evidence; so did Lofifler5 and Lipschiitz.6 R. Kraus7 stated dogmatically that typhus-fever virus was filtrable, while Park and Williams8 asserted that there was "the possibility of the virus having a filtrable stage." Jordan9 quite recently stated that "inoculation with filtered blood does, however, render monkeys refractory to further infection, according to the testimony of several observers." In reviewing the original sources of the assumption that the virus is filtrable I shall analyze Nicolle's work first. All his work on this problem may be summarized in a resume of 5 series of experiments. The first series comprised 4 monkeys ? 1 injected with unfiltered, the other 3 with filtered typhus serum. All failed to react, except 'Bonnet 47,' which was injected with filtered serum; this animal showed an elevation of one-half degree (Centigrade) between the 16th and 18th days after inoculation. After a time all these monkeys were reinoculated with typhus virus and all except Bonnet 47 developed the
COLLECTIVE MOBILIZATION AND IDENTITY FROM THE UNDERGROUND: The Deployment of "Oppositional Capital" in the Harm Reduction Movement

Within social movement literature, the concept of collective identity is used to discuss the process through which political activists create in-group cohesion and distinguish themselves from socie...
Side-channel attack resistant ROM-based AES S-Box

In the AES algorithm, the Substitution Box (S-Box) often dominates the area and delay of implementations. The S-Box performs a byte-wise substitution on the data based on an established code book, and most AES algorithm implementations use a large complex logic block consisting mainly of XORs to implement the S-Box. Direct implementation of the S-Box with a look-up table (LUT) has been eschewed due to difficulty in pipelining the structure, hence restricting the throughput. However, we present a custom ROM-based S-Box implementation that can achieve comparable throughput to logic-based implementations, yet is smaller in both area and power. Additionally, the symmetrical nature of the ROM is well suited towards achieving data-independent power dissipation, which is key in defending against power analysis side-channel attacks. We present both power-analysis hardened and unhardened ROM-based S-Box designs which significantly outperform logic-based designs in area, power, performance, and power-analysis resistance.
MAN AGAINST HIS ENVIRONMENT: A GAME THEORETIC FRAMEWORK

W ITHOUT cataloging the many and various definitions of human geography by professional geographers over the past few decades, it is safe to say that most have included the words Man and Environment. Traditionally, geographers have had a deep intellectual curiosity and concern for the face of the earth and the way it provides, in a larger sense, a home for mankind. Much of what we see upon the surface of the earth is the work of Man, and is the result of a variety of decisions that men have made as individuals or groups. Unfortunately, we have all too often lacked, or failed to consider, conceptual frameworks of theory in which to examine Man's relationship to his environment, the manner in which he weighs the alternatives presented, and the rationality of his choices once they have been made. Underlining a belief that such theoretical structures are desirable, and that they sometimes enable us to see old and oft-examined things with new eyes, this paper attempts to draw the attention of geographers to the Theory of Games as a conceptual framework and tool of research in human geography.' Upon its initial and formal appearance in 1944,2 a reviewer stated: "Posterity may regard
Rabbi Moshe Isserles and the Study of Science Among Polish Rabbis

Conventional wisdom has it that Ashkenazic rabbinic culture was far less receptive to non-Jewish learning and worldly disciplines than its Sephardic counterpart. Whereas great Sephardic rabbis such as Maimonides and many others were masters of philosophy, medicine, and science, Ashkenazic rabbis usually restricted their intellectual horizons to talmudic literature and, in the best of cases, “broadened” them to include the Bible and/or Kabbalah. Ashkenazic rabbinic culture was, according to this image, insular and unidimensional.
Two-dimensional, subsonic flowfield analysis for arbitrary boundaries with lifting bodies

A computational method suitable for analyzing flowfields about lifting bodies in free air and within the confines of arbitrary shaped ducts is presented. The method utilizes a compressible, perturbation stream function in a Cartesian formulation and is restricted to two-dimensional, subcritical, isentropic flows. The pertinent boundary conditions are presented. Comparisons are made with results obtained from exact analytical solutions and with the numerical methods of Carlson and Sells. These comparisons show the method gives good results for a similar number of grid points. Results are also presented for a lifting airfoil in tunnels with straight and shaped walls.
The Hot Seat: Over-Attribution to Leaders and Dismissal for Bad Luck

Are managers fired for bad luck? Although many scholars have argued that leaders receive more credit and blame for organizational performance than they deserve, there is a glaring paucity of conclu...
Impact of change of maternal body mass index between pregnancies on the risk of recurrent term low birth weight

ON THE RISK OF RECURRENT TERM LOW BIRTH WEIGHT LAURA LAFFINEUSE (F), AMY GOODWIN, MARC COLLIN, BRIAN MERCER, CASE-MetroHealth Medical Center, Reproductive Biology, Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, CASE-MetroHealth Medical Center, Pediatrics, Cleveland, Ohio OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between pre-pregnancy maternal body mass index (mBMI) and the risk of subsequent low birth weight (LBW) at term. STUDY DESIGN: This is an analysis of data from a single institution from 1996 to 2004. Data was collected by chart review at the time of discharge and maintained in an electronic database. We included only those who delivered their 1st and 2nd pregnancies at our institution, and delivered a term singleton infant in both pregnancies. Pre-pregnancy mBMI’s were calculated for the 1st and 2nd deliveries. We evaluated the impact of mBMI on birth weight (BWT) and LBW (BWT ! 2500 grams). The impact of LBW in the 1st pregnancy on the rate of subsequent LBW was also assessed. We also evaluated change in mBMI between pregnancies to determine if weight gain or oss altered the risk of subsequent LBW. A p!0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: 1,029 women met our inclusion criteria. We found a positive correlation between BWT in the 1st and 2nd pregnancies (p! 0.0001, R=0.24). Increasing mBMI was associated with increasing BWT (p!0.0001) in the first pregnancy. Women delivering a LBW infant in the 1st pregnancy were more likely to have LBW in the 2nd pregnancy (14.3 vs. 3.9%, relative risk 3.7, p = 0.02). Overall the risk of LBW in the 2nd pregnancy did not change with increasing or decreasing mBMI between pregnancies (p = 0.17). After controlling for LBW in the 1st pregnancy (p = 0.005), and pregravid mBMI (p = 0.06), risk of LBW in the 2nd pregnancy was not altered by change in mBMI (ANOVA, p = 0.36). CONCLUSION: Though LBW at term is associated with low mBMI and a prior LBW delivery, change in mBMI between pregnancies does not alter this risk.
Treatment-refractory bipolar disorder: classification to aid in clinical management

Bipolar disorder is an illness with complex symptomatology that encompasses severe symptoms of mood and thought disorder and can limit the cognitive range of human brain functioning. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th edition and International Classification of Mental Disorder recommend subgroups of bipolar disorder based on symptoms, illness severity, and frequency of episodes. Pharmacological agents commonly used in the management of bipolar disorder include lithium; anticonvulsants, such as valproate, carbamazepine and lamotrigine; and recent years have witnessed increasing use of atypical antipsychotics. There are several intra- and inter-class differences in these compounds, especially relating to polarity of mood episode under consideration. Monotherapy trials have focused on efficacy of the compounds; few have explored combination therapy, especially in patients failing to respond or inadequately responding to one agent. Clinicians have frequently prescribed two or more compounds to stabilize moods. Monotherapy treatment of bipolar manic episode with various compounds including atypical antipsychotics, mood stabilizers such as lithium, valproic acid and carbamazepine yielded response rates of 50%. However, combination therapy of atypical antipsychotics with valproic acid or lithium offered an additional 20% improvement in the response rates. The article will review published data on augmentation studies, comment on case reports published in treatment-refractory bipolar disorder, and propose a new classification guideline for staging treatment-refractory bipolar disorder.
Negotiation as a Search for Justice

Current theories hold either that justice is absent from negotiation or that it hovers over negotiations as a single validating principle. This article maintains that neither is correct. There is no single validating principle of justice, but justice is not absent from negotiation. In the process of negotiation, negotiators themselves come to an agreement on a notion of justice which will govern the disposition of the items in conflict, and if they do not, negotiations will not be able to proceed any further to a conclusion. After a review of various competing approaches to negotiation, the article identifies three different types of simple justice, priority, equal and unequal, and also introduces the notion of compound justice. It examines the limited role of process justice in negotiations and then examines the search for justice in negotiations relating to arms control and regional security issues, as well as the role of justice in experimental work on negotiation. It concludes with an indication of the need for further research, particularly in regard to the choice of the type of justice which would be applicable to individual cases.