cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Research and Application of Multiple Spanning Tree Network Topology Discovery Algorithm

Network topology information was vital for network management. According to the requirement of the real network environment ,in this paper we studied the current mainstream level two and level three topology discovery algorithms, including simple spanning tree topology discovery algorithms and forwarding-table topology discovery algorithm, discussing the advantages and disadvantages of each method and come up with a network topology discovery method suited for multiple spanning Tree protocol topology, protocols including STP / RSTP, PVST +, MISTP / MSTP protocols, The algorithm has been tested in several enterprise-level environments, and the results showed that it discovered the physical connection information, VLAN information, spanning tree logical connection information considerably accurate.
Truly quantitative analysis of the firefly luciferase complementation assay

Abstract Luciferase complementation assays detect protein-protein interactions within living cells using bioluminescence. Since the first report using plant cells was published in 2007, over 100 peer-reviewed articles have been published describing the detection of protein-protein interactions within plant cells by the assays. The assays have also been used to analyze networks of protein-protein interactions in plants. Although the assays have a high dynamic range, they remain qualitative with respect to determining the affinities of interactions. In this article, we first summarize the luciferase complementation assays developed in the past years. We then describe the mechanism of the firefly luciferase complementation that is most widely used in plants, and the reason it is qualitative rather than quantitative using a mathematical model. Finally, we discuss possible procedures to quantitatively determine the affinity of a protein pair using the firefly luciferase complementation assay.
Improving Observation Skill in Physician Assistant Students

The Medicine Through the Arts feature is intended as a forum for presentation and discussion of the arts as they relate to medicine, however broadly construed. Appropriate submissions include photographs of paintings or other artwork related to illness or the practice of medicine, with accompanying descriptions, as well as poems, short stories, and other literary forms. Authors desiring to contribute to Medicine Through the Arts should forward submissions to:
Multiple Frequency Distorted Born Iterative Method for Tomographic Imaging

The goal of ultrasound tomography is to produce a two-dimensional (2D) map of the acoustical properties of a region of interest (ROI) from measurements of the acoustic field taken outside the ROL This map or image can prove very useful in medical diagnosis, non-destructive evaluation, and earth sciences [2, 5, 8, 12]. One solution of the tomographic imaging problem is by solving the inverse scattering problem [2, 4, 6, 10]. The inverse scattering problem is dependent on the total field inside the ROI which is unknown and is dependent on medium properties. This makes the inverse scattering problem nonlinear, and difficult to solve. A linearized, Born-approximate wave equation is usually inverted instead [4, 12].
4,4′-([4,4′-Bipyridine]-1,1′-diium-1,1′-diyl)dibenzoate dihydrate

We report here the synthesis of a neutral viologen derivative, C24H16N2O4·2H2O. The non-solvent portion of the structure (Z-Lig) is a zwitterion, consisting of two positively charged pyridinium cations and two negatively charged carboxyl­ate anions. The carboxyl­ate group is almost coplanar [dihedral angle = 2.04 (11)°] with the benzene ring, whereas the dihedral angle between pyridine and benzene rings is 46.28 (5)°. The Z-Lig mol­ecule is positioned on a center of inversion (Fig. 1). The presence of the twofold axis perpendicular to the c-glide plane in space group C2/c generates a screw-axis parallel to the b axis that is shifted from the origin by 1/4 in the a and c directions. This screw-axis replicates the mol­ecule (and solvent water mol­ecules) through space. The Z-Lig mol­ecule links to adjacent mol­ecules via O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving solvent water mol­ecules as well as inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions. There are also π–π inter­actions between benzene rings on adjacent mol­ecules.
Effect of single respiratory manoeuvres on specific airway conductance in heart-lung transplant recipients.

1. The time course and magnitude of the effect of single slow and rapid respiratory manoeuvres on specific airway conductance (s G aw) was assessed in seven normal control subjects and in seven heart–lung transplant (HLT) recipients before and after experimentally induced bronchoconstriction. 2. Neither full inspiration, full exhalation nor vital capacity manoeuvres significantly altered s G aw in normal controls or HLT recipients under baseline conditions despite the presence of hyper-responsiveness to methacholine (MC) in the latter group. 3. After induced bronchoconstriction, single slow and rapid inspirations to total lung capacity transiently abolished or attenuated the bronchoconstriction in normal controls. This effect was absent in the HLT recipients. 4. In HLT recipients, the combination of hyper-responsiveness to MC, the absence of bronchoconstriction with respiratory manoeuvres and the absence of significant bronchodilatation after deep inspiration suggest lack of normal pulmonary innervation.
Diagnosis and prevention of overtraining syndrome: an opinion on education strategies

Overtraining syndrome is a condition of maladapted physiology in the setting of excessive exercise without adequate rest. The exact etiology and pathogenesis are unknown and being investigated. Symptoms are multisystem in nature and often representative of underlying hormonal, immunologic, neurologic, and psychologic disturbances. Unfortunately, systematic review of the literature does not clearly direct diagnosis, management, or prevention. However, given the severity of symptoms and impairment to quality of life, prevention of overtraining syndrome should be considered by all who interact with endurance athletes. This article will provide suggestions for management of at-risk athletes despite absence of validated diagnostic tests and preventative measures.
Plerixafor (a CXCR4 antagonist) following myeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation enhances hematopoietic recovery

The binding of CXCR4 with its ligand (stromal-derived factor-1) maintains hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) in a quiescent state. We hypothesized that blocking CXCR4/SDF-1 interaction after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) promotes hematopoiesis by inducing HSC proliferation. We conducted a phase I/II trial of plerixafor on hematopoietic cell recovery following myeloablative allogeneic HSCT. Patients with hematologic malignancies receiving myeloablative conditioning were enrolled. Plerixafor 240 μg/kg was administered subcutaneously every other day beginning day +2 until day +21 or until neutrophil recovery. The primary efficacy endpoints of the study were time to absolute neutrophil count >500/μl and platelet count >20,000/μl. The cumulative incidence of neutrophil and platelet engraftment of the study cohort was compared to that of a cohort of 95 allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplant recipients treated during the same period of time and who received similar conditioning and graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis. Thirty patients received plerixafor following peripheral blood stem cell (n = 28) (PBSC) or bone marrow (n = 2) transplantation. Adverse events attributable to plerixafor were mild and indistinguishable from effects of conditioning. The kinetics of neutrophil and platelet engraftment, as demonstrated by cumulative incidence, from the 28 study subjects receiving PBSC showed faster neutrophil (p = 0.04) and platelet recovery >20 K (p = 0.04) compared to the controls. Our study demonstrated that plerixafor can be given safely following myeloablative HSCT. It provides proof of principle that blocking CXCR4 after HSCT enhances hematopoietic recovery. Larger, confirmatory studies in other settings are warranted. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01280955
Neurosurgical Infection Rates and Risk Factors: A National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Analysis of 132,000 Patients, 2006–2014

Background The existing body of literature on postoperative neurosurgical infections lacks large multicenter reports on postoperative neurosurgical infections. This is the largest study to date of postoperative neurosurgical infections rates, time to event, and risk factors. Methods Demographics, medical history, and postoperative infections were assessed for all adult patients in the large, randomized, multicenter American College of Surgeons–National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database undergoing an operation with a surgeon whose primary specialty was neurological surgery from 2006 to 2014. Results Of 3,723,797 cases from 517 institutions in the NSQIP from 2006 to 2014, 132,063 neurosurgery cases were identified. Within these patients, the 30-day rate of postoperative infections was 5.3%. Postoperatively, 1.8% of patients developed surgical site infections (SSI), and 3.9% developed other infections including pneumonia and urinary tract infections. Superficial SSI had a cumulative incidence of 0.8% at a median of 16 (interquartile range [IQR], 11–22) days. Pneumonia had a cumulative incidence of 1.4% at a median of 5 days (IQR, 2–10 days). Systemic inflammatory response syndrome had a cumulative incidence of 1.6% at a median of 3 days (IQR, 8–16 days). Predictors of postoperative infections on multivariable analysis included female sex, older age, obesity, functionally dependent status before surgery, ventilator dependence, preoperative steroid use, bleeding disorders, hyponatremia, lymphocytosis, anemia, thrombocytosis, emergent case status, wound class II–IV, American Society of Anesthesiologists class 3–5, and longer operative times. Conclusion The overall ACS-NSQIP reported rate of postoperative infections was 5.3% from 2006 to 2014. Multivariable analysis demonstrated several predictive factors for postoperative infections.
Serologic (Antibody Detection) Methods

For communicable diseases, clinical management, and public health response, it is often important to know the body's immune response following exposure and infection with pathogens. Although humoral and cell-mediated immunity both play roles in the body's specific immunity against viral pathogens, testing antibody response for humoral immunity is much more common and is also easier in clinical virology laboratories than testing for cell-mediated immunity because of the convenience of antibody serological testing methods. There is a long history of using various serologic methods in clinical virology laboratories for antibody detection. Some methods, such as complement fixation test and immunodiffusion test, have been gradually phased out and replaced by faster and less laborious methods (1, 2). In this chapter, we will focus on antibody detection methods used in clinical virology laboratories: neutralization, hemagglutination inhibition, indirect immunofluorescence, enzyme immunoassay, and Western blot.
Cooperative Education and Applied Geography

Applied geography has generated much discussion within the discipline over the past decade. Among academic geographers, deleterious trends within higher education, including declining enrollments, departmental reductions and closures, and erosion of traditional labor markets, have stimulated that discussion. In some people’s minds, applied geography is a solution for these inimical developments (Foster and Jones 1977; Frazier 1982).
Effects of a clock mutation on the subjective day--implications for a membrane model of the Drosophila circadian clock.

The fly brain, like the human brain, possesses an oscillatory system which enables the brain to form a model of the 24 hour cycle in the external environment. This oscillator is termed circadian, since it continues to oscillate in the absence of environmental cues with a period of about a day.1 The molecular mechanism of the circadian oscillator in any organism is as yet unknown. Since the fruit fly is an excellent organism for the study of the effects of mutations on nervous system function, chemically induced mutations affecting circadian rhythmicity were isolated.2,3 These mutations behave as alleles of a single genetic locus, per,which has been mapped by means of deletions to the 3B1-2 region of the X chromosome.2–4 They affect the periodicity of the eclosion rhythm and the adult locomotor activity rhythm in a similar manner: the short-period allele, per s ,shortens the period from 24 hours in wild-type to 19 hours in the mutant; the long-period allele, per 1 , lengthens the period to 29 hours; and an arrhythmic allele, per o , produces aperiodic eclosion and activity.
Beliefs Associated with Pharmacy-Based Naloxone: a Qualitative Study of Pharmacy-Based Naloxone Purchasers and People at Risk for Opioid Overdose.

Drug overdose is the leading cause of unintentional death in the USA and the majority of deaths involve an opioid. Pharmacies are playing an increasingly important role in getting naloxone—the antidote to an opioid overdose—into the community. The aim of the current study was to understand, from the perspective of those who had obtained naloxone at the pharmacy, whose drug using status and pain patient status was not known until the interviews were conducted, as well as those who had not obtained naloxone at the pharmacy but were at risk for overdose, factors that impact the likelihood of obtaining pharmacy-based naloxone (PBN). Fifty-two participants from two New England states were interviewed between August 2016 and April 2017. We used a phenomenological approach to investigate participants’ beliefs about pharmacy-based naloxone. The social contextual model was chosen to structure the collection and analysis of the qualitative data as it takes into account individual, interpersonal, organizational (pharmacy), community, and societal influences on a specific health behavior. Of the 52 people interviewed, 24 participants had obtained naloxone from the pharmacy in the past year, of which 4% (n = 1) self-disclosed during the interview current illicit drug use and 29% (n = 7) mentioned using prescribed opioid pain medication. Of the 28 people who had not obtained naloxone from the pharmacy, 46% (n = 13) had obtained an over the counter syringe from a pharmacy in the past month and had used an opioid in the past month, and 54% (n = 15) had used a prescribed opioid pain medication in the past month but did not report a syringe purchase. Several main themes emerged from the interview data. Individual-level themes were as follows: helplessness and fear, naloxone as empowerment to help, and past experiences at the pharmacy. Interpersonal-level themes were as follows: concern for family and friends, and sources of harm reduction information. Themes associated with pharmacy-level influence were as follows: perceived stigma from pharmacists, confusion at the pharmacy counter, and receptivity to pharmacists’ offer of naloxone; community-level themes were as follows: community caretaking and need for education and training. Finally, themes at the societal-level of influence were as follows: generational crisis, and frustration at lack of response to opioid crisis. Overall our findings reveal factors at multiple levels which may play a role in likelihood of obtaining naloxone at the pharmacy. These factors can be used to inform interventions seeking to increase provision of pharmacy-based naloxone.
Flight to Safety in Deindustrialized Cities: Perceptions of School Safety in Charter and Public Schools in Detroit, Michigan:

Safety is one of the primary reasons why parents report seeking out a school of choice in depressed cities with a high proportion of charter schools. However, little empirical research has examined...
Socioeconomic Disparities in Chronic Physiologic Stress Are Associated With Brain Structure in Children.

Abstract Background Socioeconomic factors have been consistently linked with the structure of children’s hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Chronic stress—as indexed by hair cortisol concentration—may represent an important mechanism underlying these associations. Here, we examined associations between hair cortisol and children’s hippocampal and ACC structure, including across hippocampal subfields, and whether hair cortisol mediated associations between socioeconomic background (family income-to-needs ratio, parental education) and the structure of these brain regions. Methods Participants were 5- to 9-year-old children (N = 94; 61% female) from socioeconomically diverse families. Parents and children provided hair samples that were assayed for cortisol. High-resolution, T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans were acquired, and FreeSurfer 6.0 was used to compute hippocampal volume and rostral and caudal ACC thickness and surface area (n = 37 with both child hair cortisol and magnetic resonance imaging data; n = 41 with both parent hair cortisol and magnetic resonance imaging data). Results Higher hair cortisol concentration was significantly associated with smaller CA3 and dentate gyrus hippocampal subfield volumes but not with CA1 or subiculum volume. Higher hair cortisol was also associated with greater caudal ACC thickness. Hair cortisol significantly mediated associations between parental education level and CA3 and dentate gyrus volumes; lower parental education level was associated with higher hair cortisol, which in turn was associated with smaller volume in these subfields. Conclusions These findings point to chronic physiologic stress as a potential mechanism through which lower parental education level leads to reduced hippocampal volume. Hair cortisol concentration may be an informative biomarker leading to more effective prevention and intervention strategies aimed at childhood socioeconomic disadvantage.
Promoting the Purposes of Student Loans by Tempering Bankruptcy Nondischargeability

Student loans, unlike other debts, are not dischargeable in bankruptcy unless the debtor starts a special proceeding and proves that repayment would cause “undue hardship.” This requirement probably accounts for the fact that only a tiny fraction of bankrupt debtors succeed in discharging their student loans. This Article is the first to make the case that student-loan nondischargeability interferes with achieving the programs’ goals and to propose solutions that courts and the Department of Education (“Department”) can employ under current law. The Article draws on the legislative history of the student-loan programs to establish that they serve at least four distinct purposes: providing equality of access to higher education, educating the population for the benefit of the country, enabling students’ free choice of career, and providing a benefit to students. The Article then looks to the empirical literature and to fundamental precepts of bankruptcy law to show that nondischargeability can thwart the purposes of the student-loan programs through four different effects: deterring students from starting or completing higher education, distorting career choice, discouraging borrowers from economic and social participation, and rendering student loans harmful to borrowers. The Article offers suggestions for tempering each of these effects. To avoid deterrence of education, the fact that bankruptcy relief often is available if requested should be made more salient. To combat distortion of career choice, bankruptcy courts should stop ruling that debtors should abandon jobs for which their education has prepared and find others that pay more. To remedy borrower discouragement, courts and the Department should take account of the likelihood that borrowers will be discouraged in deciding whether to grant or consent to discharge. The debt-income ratio is a promising proxy for likelihood of discouragement. Finally, courts and the Department should consider whether student loans harmed the borrower.
Sacrifice: My Life in a Fascist Militia by Alessandro Orsini

Review of: Sacrifice: My Life in a Fascist Militia by Alessandro Orsini. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2017 (216 pages; cloth).
Selective Embolization Is Safe and Effective for Total Knee Arthroplasty-Associated Recurrent Hemarthroses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA)-associated hemarthroses are infrequent and often respond to nonoperative therapy. Geniculate artery embolization may provide symptomatic relief in cases recalcitrant to needle aspiration, although no meta-analysis exists regarding this therapy. This meta-analysis aims to assess the rate of symptom relief, the number of embolizations needed to achieve relief, and the rate of complications associated with embolization. Public databases were queried from 1998 until 2018 for TKA-associated recurrent hemarthroses treated with embolization. Eight studies met inclusion and exclusion criteria. Major complications were defined as those requiring readmission or nonelective reoperation; minor complications were defined as those not requiring readmission or reoperation. Pooled statistics were calculated utilizing the method of inverse variance. Fifty-nine patients with a mean follow-up of 30 months (range, 1–50 months) were evaluated. The pooled proportion of patients with symptom improvement following embolization was 86% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 74–93%, I 2: 0%, p = 0.97). The average number of embolization procedures was 1.30 (95% CI: 1.03–1.63, I 2: 0%, p = 0.66). The pooled proportion of patients who required a second embolization procedure was 26% (95% CI: 15–40%, I 2: 0%, p = 0.43), while those requiring three or more procedures was 13% (95% CI: 6–25%, I 2: 0%, p = 0.87). The rate of complications were as follows: any complication – 19% (95% CI: 11–32%, I 2: 0%, p = 0.81); major complications–8% (95% CI: 3–19%, I 2: 0%, p = 0.96); minor complications–18% (95% CI: 10–31%, I 2: 0%, p = 0.79); inguinal hematoma–9% (95% CI: 4–19%, I 2: 0%, p = 1.00); skin necrosis–15% (95% CI: 7–29%, I 2: 0%, p = 0.62); and incision breakdown–7% (95% CI: 3–17%, I 2: 0%, p = 1.00). Previous literature on selective artery embolization following TKA is relatively limited. This meta-analysis supports embolization as a potentially safe and effective treatment for recurrent hemarthroses after TKA. Other correctable causes of recurrent hemarthrosis, such as instability or malalignment, must be diligently ruled out prior to utilizing embolization. Surgeons should be aware of embolization's potential role in the postoperative period following TKA.
Estimation of microbial activities in Lake sediments by measurement of sediment gas evolution

The employment of an inverted sheet-metal cone permitted measurement of in situ evolution of methane and carbon dioxide from various Lake Erie sediments. The methane evolution rates varied from 0 to 71.5 mg/m 2 /h, while the carbon dioxide evolution rate reached a maximum of 6.1 mg/m 2 /h. The corresponding in vitro methane evolution or production rates demonstrated similar trends in some cases, but in other cases, obvious variations were observed. The in vitro variations in methanogenesis were attributed to the physical disruption of the sediment, which may have resulted in oxidation of the sample. The corresponding dissolved methane concentrations in the water column correlated well with the in situ methane evolution rates. In sediment regions where distinct lateral gradients of methanogenesis were observed, a corresponding gradient was observed in the overlying water column. Sediment regions consisting of clay, sand, or clay-sand mixtures showed no gaseous evolution. Minimal methane concentrations were observed in the water column above these sediments. The more active gaseous evolution occurred at near-shore regions, where external loadings contributed to the organic loading of the sediments. The use of this inverted cone proved to be critical in assaying in situ methanogenesis. The in vitro methanogenic rates were susceptible to oxidation and resulted in variable estimations of net sediment methanogenesis. The association of this sediment methane and carbon dioxide evolution with sediment denitrification rates (nitrogen evolution) could provide valuable data for carbon and nitrogen budgets in freshwater systems.
IMPACT OF A CARDIOLOGY FELLOWSHIP NIGHT FLOAT SYSTEM ON LENGTH OF STAY AND DOOR TO BALLOON TIME

With the escalating complexity of patients with cardiovascular disease, there is increased incentive to improve mechanisms of care delivery. Systems-based practices and educational models can be leveraged to meet this goal. Herein we describe the implementation of a cardiology fellowship night float
Methadone for Cancer Pain in Pediatric End-of-Life Care.

Background:The goal of adequate pain control becomes increasingly salient for children with cancer and their families as the patients approach the end of life. Methadone is one option that is parti...
Determining Critical Combinations of Safety Fatality Causes Using Spectral Clustering and Computational Data Mining Algorithms

AbstractAlthough the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has played a key role in decreasing safety accidents on construction sites, such reduction is not well perceived among the ...
Imaging Osseo-ligamentous Spine Anatomy

Imaging of osseo-ligamentous spine is performed utilizing a combination of plain radiography, computed tomography (CT), CT myelography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). High-resolution depiction of osseous anatomy is best appreciated on conventional CT, which makes this modality an excellent examination for suspected traumatic osseous injury and assessment of benign and malignant lesions and systemic osseous disorders with spine involvement or for preoperative planning. MRI is better for evaluation of ligaments, discs, facet joints, and the paravertebral tissues. In those individuals where MRI is contraindicated, CT myelography, although slightly more invasive, is an excellent alternative. CT myelography is also helpful in patients with intracranial hypotension or suspected spinal CSF leak or in evaluating the intradural space.
Fatigue of Supersonic Transport Materials Using Simulated Flight-by-Flight Loading

Methods to reduce the fatigue test time for structural materials which are candidates for supersonic transport airplanes were investigated by conducting real-time and accelerated fatigue tests. The tests employed sequences of stresses and temperatures to simulate the flights of a Mach 3 transport airplane. Some of the simulated flights were altered to determine the effect of the design mean stress and the number of stress cycles per flight on fatigue life. Salt solution was also applied in other tests. Notched Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V and Ti-6Al-4V were used in the investigation.
Reference at Clinic

Among Morris’s three sectors that are appropriately studied by linguists, the problem of reference, or the relationship of words to things, is perhaps one of the most relevant areas to attract our attention as therapists. To make the bridge from the previous chapter, one must recognize that words, as units of meaning, are probably as arbitrary as are sentences, as units designed to convey the flow of relationships between thoughts. The relation of words to their smaller units— morphemes and phonemes—and to their larger units—sentences— provides us with a way of looking at the building blocks of language itself. However, analysis into units does not permit us to ask a more general question about the relationship of words to thoughts. Considering referential issues permits more formal study of the relation of the mental activity involved in forming and applying words to those elements that are registered as perceptions emanating from the external world; that is, the things of the world relative to the names by which we call those things.
The presentation of Legg−Calvé−Perthes disease in females

Purpose Legg−Calve−Perthes disease (LCPD) is uncommon in girls. The presentation of LCPD in female patients has been reported as later in onset and associated with certain high-impact activities. Our aim is to characterize the presentation of female LCPD at a large center, with particular attention to the clinical and radiographic features of late-onset disease (>ten years of age). We perceived an increasing burden of late-onset disease with adult-like radiographic features.
Compact polarization-insensitive 2/spl times/2 optical switch

We demonstrate a compact, low power 2/spl times/2 optical switch with a contrast ratio (21/spl plusmn/2)dB over the temperature range from 16/spl deg/C to 64/spl deg/C a polarization sensitivity < 2 dB and a propagation loss (3/spl plusmn/2)dB from /spl lambda/ = 1520 nm to 1580 nm.
Studying context: a comparison of activity theory, situated action models, and distributed cognition

It has been recognized that system design will benefit from explicit study of the context in which users work. The unaided individual divorced from a social group and from supporting artifacts is no longer the model user. But with this realization about the importance of context come many difficult questions. What exactly is context? If the individual is no longer central, what is the correct unit of analysis? What are the relations between artifacts, individuals, and the social groups to which they belong? This chapter compares three approaches to the study of context: activity theory, situated action models, and distributed cognition. I consider the basic concepts each approach promulgates and evaluate the usefulness of each for the design of technology. (http://www.ics.uci.edu/~corps/phaseii/nardi-ch4.pdf)
Ratsnake response to bottomland flooding: implications for avian nest predation

Lower predation has been documented for birds’ nests located over water and a recent study found lower predation on wood duck ( Aix sponsa ) nests in bottomland forest during flooding. In a three-year study we used radio telemetry to determine whether flooding affected use of bottomlands by ratsnakes ( Elaphe obsoleta ) and thus might explain reduced nest predation. Of the 22 ratsnakes we tracked, only five used bottomlands and three of them did so exclusively, suggesting a surprising degree of habitat specialization by individual snakes. Those individuals regularly moved into flooded forest and their frequency of movement and distance moved appeared unaffected by flooding. Although it seems unlikely that ratsnakes leave bottomlands during floods, they may prey more extensively on small mammals that are restricted to trees when the forest is flooded, thereby reducing predation pressure on nesting birds.
Feedback with carry shift registers over finite fields

The ideal cryptosystem would be one that can be proved secure against all possible cryptanalytic attacks (at least computatioually secure). In practice, of course, we settle for cryptosystems that are secure against all known attacks (and in some cases merely rely on intuition rather than proof to believe they are secure). This is particularly true of private key systems. Thus the history of research on stream ciphers repeats a cycle in which a new system is developed, and perhaps proved secure against many existing attacks, then a new method is developed for attacking the new system. Future systems must be secure against the new attack. If the new attack is highly specialized, this tends to be easy random unrelated methods of encryption are likely to be secure against the attack, or the attack may simply make no sense outside the context of the cryptosystem it was designed for. In some cases, however, a general purpose attack is developed that can potentially be used against a large class of cryptosystems. Furthermore, in some cases such attacks come with numeric measures of resistence to the attack. Such is the case, for example with the Berlekamp-Massey algorithm and linear span. All sequences used in stream ciphers must have large linear spans in order to resist the Berlekamp-Massey attack. This algorithm is based on the idea of synthesizing a linear feedback shift register (LFSR) that generates a given sequence, given a small number of bits of the sequence. Essential to make the algorithm work is the existence of an algebraic framework for the analysis of LFSR sequences, based on power series and polynomials over GF(2) . In the Cambridge Algorithms Workshop in 1993, I described joint work with Mark Goresky in which we developed a new type of feedback register, feedback
Paterno-Büchi reaction

Photoinduced electrocyclization of a carbonyl with an alkene to form polysubstituted oxetane ring systems
Home healthcare nurse retention and patient outcome model: discussion and model development.

ellenbecker c.h. & cushman m. (2011) Home healthcare nurse retention and patient outcome model: discussion and model development. Journal of Advanced Nursing68(6), 1881–1893. Abstract Aim. This paper discusses additions to an empirically tested model of home healthcare nurse retention. An argument is made that the variables of shared decision-making and organizational commitment be added to the model based on the authors’ previous research and additional evidence from the literature. Background. Previous research testing the home healthcare nurse retention model established empirical relationships between nurse, agency, and area characteristics to nurse job satisfaction, intent to stay, and retention. Unexplained model variance prompted a new literature search to augment understanding of nurse retention and patient and agency outcomes. Data sources. Data come from the authors’ previous research, and a literature search from 1990 to 2011 on the topics organizational commitment, shared decision-making, nurse retention, patient outcomes and agency performance. Discussion. The literature provides a rationale for the additional variables of shared decision-making and affective and continuous organizational commitment, linking these variables to nurse job satisfaction, nurse intent to stay, nurse retention and patient outcomes and agency performance. Implications for nursing. The new variables in the model suggest that all agencies, even those not struggling to retain nurses, should develop interventions to enhance nurse job satisfaction to assure quality patient outcomes. Conclusion. The new nurse retention and patient outcome model increases our understanding of nurse retention. An understanding of the relationship among these variables will guide future research and the development of interventions to create and maintain nursing work environments that contribute to nurse affective agency commitment, nurse retention and quality of patient outcomes.
Copper spray substitutes

From the above discussion it is evident that there are a number of materials which are useful as copper substitutes both as seed protectants and as foliage sprays. At the present time three materials are in production and have the abilty to control disease. These are tetrachlorquinone (Spergon), tetramethylthiuram disulfide (Thiosan and Dubay 1205 FF), and ferric dimethyldithiocarbamate (Fermate, Dubay 870, and IN-870). All of these have shown excellent disease controlling power under field conditions on a number of crops. Doubtless there are other materials of equal promise. We have, in fact, tested a number of other organic compounds and some copper salts of organic compounds which have made excellent showing under field conditions, but these compounds are not on the market or else have not been tested sufficiently widely to be safe to recommend for large-scale use at the present time. The three mentioned are merely the beginning; the possibilities remain legion in the field of copper substitutes.
Exaggeration of Walleye Catches by Alberta Anglers

Abstract I studied anglers’ exaggeration of catches of walleyes Stizostedion vitreum at Alberta sport fisheries to determine whether trends in reported catches were indicative of actual trends. To quantify anglers’ exaggeration, I compared the ratios of protected-length to legal-length walleyes as reported by anglers with similar ratios confirmed from test angling at 22 walleye sport fisheries from 1991 to 2000. Overall, anglers reported catching 2.2 times more protected-length walleyes per legal-length walleyes than were caught in the test-angling fisheries. Exaggeration in catches was not constant but increased exponentially with decreasing catch rate. On-site exaggeration, in combination with further exaggeration in mail surveys, results in the reported catch rate declining at a lower rate than the actual catch rate, thereby causing a perception of hyperstability in the fishery. Hyperstability has profound implications for biologists who manage fisheries based on reported data because reported catch ra...
Incident on the Bay Hap River and the Guns of August: The “Swift Boat Drama” and Counter-Narrative in the 2004 Election

The “Swift Boat Drama” of August 2004 was a political counter-narrative contesting an action on the Bay Hap River for which Senator John Kerry was awarded the Bronze Star and his third Purple Heart. The message and timing of the Swift Boat Veterans for Truth combined with uncritical media coverage to dominate the election in early August. When this coverage shifted, the group's counter-narrative lost much of its force. This essay suggests the importance of timing and message arrangement in the strategic use of and response to counter-narrative in political communication.
Pravastatin therapy in hyperlipidemia: effects on thrombus formation and the systemic hemostatic profile.

AbstractOBJECTIVESThe study sought to determine the effects of lipid-lowering with pravastatin on the systemic fibrinolytic profile and on thrombus formation under dynamic flow conditions.BACKGROUN...
Separation of the alpha-emitting radioisotopes actinium-225 and bismuth-213 from thorium-229 using alpha recoil methods

Abstract An innovative method has been demonstrated for separating alpha-emitting isotopes for medical radiotherapy applications. The method relies on recoil-ion separation rather than on conventional wet chemistry techniques to separate medical isotopes from their precursor sources. The isotopes 225 Ac and 213 Bi have been separated from electro-deposited sources of 229 ThO 2 . Separations of 225 Ac were carried out by placing nickel recoil collector foils in firm contact with the 229 ThO 2 sources. One-stage recoil-ion separations of 225 Ac from 229 Th have been performed as well as two-stage separations of 213 Bi from previously recoil separated 225 Ac. In addition, a direct recoil separation of 213 Bi from 229 Th has been demonstrated. The 213 Bi from the one-stage direct separation has a high isotopic purity, but contains small amounts of long-lived 225 Ac alpha activity. The two-stage separations of 213 Bi produce high isotopic purity material (>99.9999%), but result in lower isotopic yields. Range-energy calculations have been carried out to determine the yields of recoil ions as a function of alpha-particle energy and ThO 2 thickness. The results of the calculations have been benchmarked with recoil separation measurements carried out using ThO 2 electro-deposits over a range of thickness. A computer code based on the generalized Bateman equations has been developed to allow calculations of the amounts of any isotope in the 229 Th decay chain as a function of recoil separation exposure time and elapsed time after the separation. An excellent match has been obtained between the predictions of the Bateman calculations and the results of recoil separation measurements. The recoil separation method has proven to be a simple and effective way of separating medically useful isotopes such as 213 Bi. In addition, the method has been shown to produce no chemical or radioactive wastes, in contrast to radiochemical separation methods, which generate mixed (chemical and radioactive) waste.
A Theoretical Review of Risk and Protective Factors Related to Post-Divorce Adjustment in Young Children

Abstract Parental divorce can be a stressful experience for children at any age, but children whose parents divorce prior to the age of 6 may be particularly at risk for developmental disruptions and maladaptive behaviors. Because the child's age is an essential variable both to research and intervention development, the present article reviews theory (attachment theory, cognitive theory, and cumulative stress theory) as well as risk and protective factors that are commonly associated with post-divorce adjustment in young children.
The Birth of Empire: DeWitt Clinton and the American Experience, 1769-1828

DeWitt Clinton (1769-1828) was one of the nation's strongest political leaders in the first quarter of the nineteenth century, serving as mayor of New York City, governor of the state, and narrowly losing the Presidential race of 1812 to James Madison. Patrician in his sentiments, Clinton nevertheless invented new forms of party politics. His greatest achievement, the Erie Canal, hastened the economic expansion of the country, altered the political geography of the nation, set an example for activist government, and decisively secured New York City's position as America's first and foremost metropolis. This new book relates the full biography of one of the most important political figures in US history.
N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate deacetylase (nagA) is required for N-acetyl glucosamine assimilation in Gluconacetobacter xylinus.

Metabolic pathways for amino sugars (N-acetylglucosamine; GlcNAc and glucosamine; Gln) are essential and remain largely conserved in all three kingdoms of life, i.e., microbes, plants and animals. Upon uptake, in the cytoplasm these amino sugars undergo phosphorylation by phosphokinases and subsequently deacetylation by the enzyme N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate deacetylase (nagA) to yield glucosamine-6-phosphate and acetate, the first committed step for both GlcNAc assimilation and amino-sugar-nucleotides biosynthesis. Here we report the cloning of a DNA fragment encoding a partial nagA gene and its implications with regard to amino sugar metabolism in the cellulose producing bacterium Glucoacetobacter xylinus (formally known as Acetobacter xylinum). For this purpose, nagA was disrupted by inserting tetracycline resistant gene (nagA::tetr; named as ΔnagA) via homologous recombination. When compared to glucose fed conditions, the UDP-GlcNAc synthesis and bacterial growth (due to lack of GlcNAc utilization) was completely inhibited in nagA mutants. Interestingly, that inhibition occured without compromising cellulose production efficiency and its molecular composition under GlcNAc fed conditions. We conclude that nagA plays an essential role for GlcNAc assimilation by G. xylinus thus is required for the growth and survival for the bacterium in presence of GlcNAc as carbon source. Additionally, G. xylinus appears to possess the same molecular machinery for UDP-GlcNAc biosynthesis from GlcNAc precursors as other related bacterial species.
The evolution of comparative genomics.

In this commentary I have only highlighted a few dimensions that comparative genomics has reached into. Looking at a PubMed search of publications with the exact combination and order of the words “comparative genomics” in the title or abstract identifies 3752 articles as of the date of this writing. The chart in Figure ​Figure22 shows the growth of this field, which at first lagged in growth relative to the same search for “genomics,” but overall tracks this more general field of research. Other dimensions of comparative genomics, beyond the three areas I touched on above, include intraindividual comparative genomics (Cheng et al. 2012; Biesecker and Spinner 2013; Watson et al. 2013), human microbiome comparative genomics (Human Microbiome Project Consortium 2012) and how comparative genomics can shed light on a multidrug-resistant bacteria spread through a hospital (Snitkin et al. 2012). Clearly, as the field of genomics continues to expand, comparative genomics will always be an essential and central enabling component to help us discover and better understand the complexities, intricacies, and interrelatedness of the genomics of life. Figure 2 A PubMed search of publications with the exact combination and order of the words “comparative genomics” in the title or abstract identifies 3752 articles. This chart shows the growth of publications in this field year-by-year, and for ... Acknowledgments This research was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health.
Biochemical insight into insecticidal properties ofL-Canavanine, a higher plant protective allelochemical.

l-Canavanine manifests potent insecticidal properties in a canavanine-sensitive insect such as the tobacco hornworm,Manduca sexta (L.) (Sphingidae). Investigations of the biochemical basis for the antimetabolic properties of this arginine analog reveal that it is activated and aminoacylated by arginyl tRNA synthetase and incorporated into the nascent polypeptide chain. This creates structurally aberrant, canavanine-containing proteins that can possess altered physicochemical properties. Evidence is presented in studies with the tobacco hornworm; the canavanine-adapted bruchid beetle,Caryedes brasiliensis (Bruchidae) and the weevil,Sternechus tuberculatus (Curculionidae); as well as the canavanine-resistant larvae ofHeliothis virescens [Noctuidae] to support the contention that formation of aberrant, canavanyl proteins produce deleterious biological effects and is a significant basis for canavanine's antimetabolic properties.
State energy functionals and variational equations in density functional theory

Abstract To resolve certain physical and mathematical problems in the customary Levy–Lieb constrained search formulation of Density Functional Theory (DFT), especially its spin-polarized form, we have presented elsewhere a reformulation of both time-independent and time-dependent DFT. The analysis is based on the full space–spin density and some of its implications are most accessible via expansions in terms of General Spin Orbitals (GSOs). The approach defines a universal energy functional on equivalence classes of N-fermion states labelled by those full space–spin densities via the constrained search technique. Here we apply theorems from constrained optimization theory to show that such a universal functional is well-defined (not multi-valued) on paths of N-particle states as long as certain first and second derivative conditions are satisfied. These, we demonstrate, are equivalent to V-representability conditions. Two types of one-particle GSO equations are derived for the ground state density, one involving model states in the spirit of Kohn–Sham, the other not involving model states. The relationship between DFT based upon the space–spin density with the more common forms based on the spatial density alone is examined with respect to symmetry breaking solutions of the one-particle equations.
Reconfiguring the Turkish nation in the 1930s

This article studies Turkish nationalism during the 1930s. In this decade of Kemalism par excellence or High Kemalism, the rise of ethnicist nationalism in Turkey was accompanied by the ascent of the ‘Turkish history thesis’. The article presents an analysis of Turkish nationalism in this era through Ankara's population resettlement policies. Consequently, it examines Turkish nationalism through the interaction between the Kemalist state and the country's minorities.