cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Thermotoga maritima Trk Potassium Transporter—from Frameshift to Function

The gene for the Thermotoga maritima Trk potassium transporter component TrkA was originally thought to be a frameshift mutation and not to encode a functional protein. However, expression from this gene yielded a complex consisting of two distinct proteins designated TM1088A and -B. Genetic complementation of Escherichia coli mutants unable to transport potassium suggests that TM1088A/B is part of a functional Trk potassium transporter complex with the membrane protein TM1089. The protein structure for TM1088A shows a characteristic Rossmann fold indicating an NAD+ binding site and has structural similarity to potassium channel-related proteins. Ligand binding studies indicated that ATP, ADP, and AMP stabilized TM1088A to a much greater degree than NADH and NAD, consistent with the crystal structure of TM1088A, which contains a bound AMP natural ligand at the characteristic GXGXXG nucleotide binding site. Mutation of single and all glycines at this nucleotide binding site eliminated in vitro protein stabilization by the ligand, yet these mutated proteins could still functionally complement the E. coli potassium uptake mutants. We predict that this new two-subunit class of TrkA proteins is present in a number of organisms. A further subclass of the predicted two-subunit TrkA proteins lack an identifiable membrane-spanning subunit of the Trk K+ transporter. This class, as exemplified by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, did not complement E. coli potassium transport with the native E. coli TrkH; thus, it may require a novel TrkH-like protein for activity or provide an alternate function in vivo.
Delta antagonist and kappa agonist activity of Naltriben: evidence for differential kappa interaction with the delta 1 and delta 2 opioid receptor subtypes.

The selective delta 2 receptor antagonist Naltriben (NTB) has played an important role in the identification of subtypes of the delta opioid receptor, termed delta 1 and delta 2, and their role in antinociception. However, the majority of these studies have been conducted in the mouse. The present study determined the opioid receptor selectivity of subcutaneously (s.c.) administered NTB in the rat. Five minute pretreatment with 1 mg/kg s.c. NTB antagonized the increase in TFL produced by i.t. administration of equieffective doses of the delta 2 receptor agonist [D-Ala2,Glu4]deltorphin (DELT) or the delta 1 receptor agonist [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]enkephalin (DPDPE), but did not antagonize the mu receptor agonist [D-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly-ol5]enkephalin (DAMGO). These data confirm previous reports that NTB is a selective delta opioid receptor antagonist. However, this dose of NTB antagonized DELT and DPDPE to an equivalent extent, suggesting that its selectivity for the delta 2 receptor is not maintained after s.c. administration in the rat. A lower dose of NTB (0.56 mg/kg s.c.) was ineffective. When the dose of NTB was increased to 3 mg/kg s.c. the antagonism of DELT and of DPDPE was unexpectedly lost. Pretreatment with the kappa receptor antagonist norbinaltorphimine (nor-BNI) partially restored the antagonism of DELT, but not DPDPE by this dose of NTB and did not modify the antagonism of DAMGO by NTB. These data suggest that high doses of NTB have kappa receptor agonist-like activity and support the proposal that kappa opioid agonists diminish the actions of delta receptor antagonists. They also suggest that nor-BNI-sensitive kappa opioid receptors interact with delta 2, but not delta 1 opioid receptors in the spinal cord.
Manual vs. computerized practice sets: A test for differences

Abstract This article reports the results of an experiment comparing the test performance, attitudes and time requirements of two groups of intermediate financial accounting students completing a practice set. The practice set was used at the beginning of the course as an accounting cycle review. One group of students completed a manual practice set; the other completed a nearly identical computerized practice set. Practice set formats were found to have no significant effect on students' test performance and little effect on their attitudes. However, students completing the computerized format did so in significantly less time than students completing the manual format.
Effects of low levels of cadmium and lead on cognitive functioning in children.

Hair cadmium and lead content were related to intelligence tests, motor impairment assessments, and school achievement scores from 149 children aged 5 to 16 yr enrolled in rural Maryland public school systems. Hair cadmium and lead were significantly correlated with both intelligence scores and school achievement scores, but not motor impairment scores. Significant relations with I.Q. were obtained after regressing out demographic factors and were observed, even in children within a normal I.Q. range. Evidence of different effects of cadmium and lead on cognitive development was obtained. Hierarchical regression analyses suggest that cadmium has a significantly stronger effect on verbal I.Q. than does lead and that lead has a stronger effect on performance I.Q. than does cadmium.
A rapid technique to resolve and partially purify multiple dna polymerases from a crude extract.

Abstract Adsorption and continuous gradient elution from DNA-cellulose of a crude protein extract allows a one-step separation and partial purification of multiple eukaryotic DNA polymerase activities. This technique removes 97% of the contaminating proteins and resolves the total DNA polymerase activities of a crude extract into four reproducible fractions.
UL13 Protein Kinase of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Complexes with Glycoprotein E and Mediates the Phosphorylation of the Viral Fc Receptor: Glycoproteins E and I

Herpes simplex virus 1 encodes a Fc receptor consisting of glycoproteins E (gE) and I (gI) and two protein kinases specified by UL13 and US3, respectively. We report the following: (i) Antibody to UL13 formed immune complexes containing gE and gI in addition to UL13 protein. Immune complexes formed by monoclonal antibody to gE, but not those formed by monoclonal antibody to gI, also contained the UL13 protein. This association may reflect direct interaction between gE and UL13 inasmuch as IgG in preimmune rabbit serum and an antiserum made against another viral protein which does not react with the UL13 protein directly also bound gE and UL13. (ii) In cells infected with the wild-type virus, gE formed two sharp bands and a diffuse, slower migrating band. The slower sharp band was undetectable, and the diffuse slower migrating forms of gE were diminished in lysates of cells infected with a mutant virus lacking the UL13 gene (DeltaUL13). (iii) Both gE and gI were labeled with 32Pi in cells infected with wild-type or the DeltaUL13 virus, but the labeling was significantly stronger in cells infected with the wild-type virus than in those infected with the DeltaUL13 virus. (iv) In an in vitro protein kinase assay, UL13 immunoprecipitated from cells infected with wild-type virus labeled gE in the presence of [gamma-32P]ATP. This activity was absent in precipitates from cells infected with DeltaUL13 virus. The labeled gE comigrated with the slower, sharp band of gE. (v) gI present in the UL13 immune complex was also phosphorylated in the in vitro kinase assay. (vi) The cytoplasmic domain of gE contains recognition sequences for phosphorylation by casein kinase II (CKII). Exogenous CKII phosphorylated gE in immune complexes from lysates of cells infected with the DeltaUL13 mutant or in immune complexes from lysates of cells infected with wild-type virus that had been heated to inactivate all endogenous kinase activity including that of UL13. In both instances, CKII phosphorylated gE in both the slow and fast migrating sharp bands. We conclude that UL13 physically associates with gE and mediates the phosphorylation of gE and gI. UL13 may also be a determinant in posttranslational processing of gE.
We may not measure the correct intestinal wall permeability coefficient of drugs: Alternative absorptive clearance concept

It is shown that the conventional method (based on the thin-wall membrane theory) of studying the rate of disappearance or absorption from the lumen alone may not yield the correct intestinal wall (membrane) permeability coefficient of drugs. Potential reasons for causing this problem such as first-pass metabolism and accumulation of drugs in gut wall or tissue as well as back diffusion of drugs from the gut tissue to the lumen (i.e., a part of exsorption phenomenon) and potential major transport barriers across the protoplasm, basal membrane, and basement membrane are discussed. Contrary to the conventional concept, basal and basement membranes should also be considered major barriers for absorption into the blood for compounds with low intestinal permeability, and the protoplasm or cytoplasma should also be considered a major absorption barrier for compounds with high intestinal permeability. Strictly speaking, the conventional experimental method cannot be considered abona fide method for studying drug permeability that deals with the movement of drug molecules from one side to the other side of a membrane, cell, medium, or device. The wall permeability coefficient thus obtained may therefore not represent the true wall permeability coefficient. “Intestinal absorptive clearance per unit gross surface area” is advocated as the best alternative term because it should more accurately reflect the true meaning of an experimental results for any compounds studied. In contrast to conventional cylindrical, unstirred tube models for the determination of wall permeability coefficients, the absorptive clearance calculation can be made based on a physiologically more realistic model-independent, “flat” or “distended,” stirred (not well-stirred) intestinal model. Two model-independent terms, “effective intestinal permeability coefficient” and “effective absorptive permeability coefficient,” are recommended as the second alternatives. These terms are theoretically valid for compounds that are not metabolized in the intestinal tissue; they represent the overall permeability across the intestinal tissue (from lumen to blood) under given experimental conditions. Potential shortcomings of using dimensionless wall permeability in the conventional absorption modeling are also discussed.
Understanding the feasibility of scaled III–V TFET for logic by bridging atomistic simulations and experimental results

A detailed comparison between III–V TFET's experimental characteristics and atomistic quantum mechanical predictions is reported to study the validity of the performance improvement predictions of a scaled TFET. Simulations did not employ any fitting parameters to match the experimental data, but instead used material and geometry parameters as the only inputs. The results show that the experimental and simulation characteristics are in reasonable agreement, suggesting that the experimental devices are without significant unknown effects or defects, and the atomistic simulations have good predictability. The differences between scaled TFET predictions and large experimental TFET devices are shown to be due to the geometry, meaning that improved electrostatics with thin body and double-gate (DG) is required for TFET scaling. Results demonstrate that the III–V TFET is a realistic candidate for future low-voltage logic applications.
Deadlock-free dynamic resource assignment in multi-robot systems with multiple missions:application in wireless sensor networks

In unstructured environments, dynamic resource assignment is required for effective cooperation of robot teams. In some scenarios, robots are in charge of executing multiple missions simultaneously. This creates risks of deadlock due to the presence of shared resources among various missions. The main contribution of this paper is the development of a novel approach that combines the one-step look-ahead deadlock avoidance policy with dynamic resource assignment. The dynamic resource assignment is achieved using greedy resource assignment for multi-mission robot teams in the framework of a matrix-based discrete event controller. Simulation results are presented in MATLAB® to discuss in detail the proposed control strategy. The paper also discusses the toolkit developed in LabVIEW® which is used to implement this control framework using a suitable example.
INTRADIALYTIC CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS: I

An 87-year-old white male with adult onset diabetes mellitus and progressive renal insufficiency was admitted because of dyspnea. Admission workup revealed a blood urea nitrogen (SUN) of 133 mg/dl, a creatinine of 5.6 mg/dl, a potassium of 5.0 mEq/l, and echocardiographic evidence of a pericardial effusion. The pericardial effusion was not hemodynamically significant, with no pulsus paradoxus and no evidence of right atrial or right ventricular collapse on echocardiogram. Of significance was a past medical history of third degree heart block managed by the placement of a sequential atrial-ventricular (DDD) cardiac pacemaker. On admission his pacemaker was A-V sequential pacing at a rate of 80 bpm. Hemodialysis was initiated without heparin, and transmembrane pressure was minimized so as not to precipitate cardiac tamponade. No net ultrafiltration occurred during the dialysis. Two hours after the initiation of hemodialysis, hypotension and an irregular tachycardia occurred. The hypotension was not volume responsive. Echocardiogram and rhythm strip showed atrial fibrillation with irregularly irregular ventricular pacing. Cardiology consultation was requested to further evaluate the pacemaker status. The pacemaker was emergently converted to a VVI mode of 90 bpm. The patient subsequently became normotensive and hemodynamically stable. He was also given a loading dose of 1000 mg of procainamide and a continuous infusion of procainamide was initiated at 1 mg/min. Organized atrial activity was restored within 15 min. No further atrial arrhythmias were noted during subsequent hemodialyses.
Detection of mode-locked laser signals

Abstract The passive Fabry-Perot cavity is shown to be a good practical approach to the matched-filter optimization for the sensitive detection of a mode-locked laser signal. Doppler measurements of relative motion over a wide range of velocities are possible simply by measuring the cavity length for a peaked output.
Distance distributions from the tyrosyl to disulfide residues in the oxytocin and [Arg8]-vasopressin measured using frequency-domain fluorescence resonance energy transfer.

We have examined the fluorescence intensity decays of oxytocin and [Arg8]-vasopressin resulting from the single tyrosyl residue in each peptide, and the intensity decay of the Asu 1,6-analogues in which the disulfide bridge is substituted by a CH2-CH2 bridge. Viscosity-dependent steady state and intensity decay measurements indicated that fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from tyrosyl phenol to the disulfide bridge is responsible for the decrease in fluorescence relative to the Asu-analogues. The frequency-domain phase and modulation data for the tyrosyl donor were interpreted in terms of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to the weakly absorbing disulfide bridge and a distribution of donor-to-acceptor distances. Energy transfer efficiencies were determined from both time-resolved and steady-state measurements. Fitting the frequency-domain phase and modulation data to a Gaussian distance distribution indicated that the average inter-chromophoric distance (Rav) is similar in both compounds, Rav=7.94 A for oxytocin and Rav = 8.00 A for vasopressin. However, the width of the distance distribution is narrower for vasopression (hw =2.80 A) than for oxytocin (hw =3.58 A), which is consistent with restriction of the tyrosine phenol motion due to its stacking with the Phe3 side chain of vasopressin. Finally, the recovered distance distribution functions are compared with histograms describing the distance between the chromophores during the course of long, in vacuo, molecular dynamics runs using the computer program CHARMm and the QUANTA 3.0 parameters.
Crosstalk Due to Activation of Atrial Sense Marker Function of DDD Pulse Generators

We studied the occurrence and characteristics of crosstalk related to the atrial sense marker function of the Intermedics Cosmos DDD pulse generator in 29 patients. Upon activation of the atrial sense markers, the pulse generator delivers a series of markers in the form of triggered atrial stimuli at 0.025 ms in duration at the programmed voltage output of the atrial channel. Under certain circumstances, these atrial sense marker stimuli may cause crosstalk when they are sensed by the ventricular sensing amplifier. This form of crosstalk may be eliminated in most cases by decreasing ventricular sensitivity and/or atrial output voltage.
The Second Half of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Forms a Functional Chloride Channel

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) consists of two transmembrane domains (TMDs), TMD1 and TMD2, two cytoplasmic nucleotide binding domains (NBDs), NBD1 and NBD2, and a regulatory domain. To elucidate the complex function of the CFTR, deletion constructs encompassing the second half of the CFTR distal to the first transmembrane domain were expressed in Xenopusoocytes and IB3 cells (a cystic fibrosis cell line). Constructs containing the regulatory domain, the second transmembrane domain, and the second nucleotide binding domain formed constitutively active channels, which were further stimulated upon the addition of cAMP. On the other hand, a construct encompassing the second transmembrane domain and the second nucleotide binding domain was stimulated to a small but noticeable extent upon the addition of cAMP. The selectivity of the second-half construct was the same for iodide and chloride, in contrast to the selectivity of wild-type CFTR, which is Cl− > I−. However, both constructs displayed single-channel conductances that were significantly smaller than those displayed by the first half of the CFTR. We conclude that regions of the second transmembrane domain may contribute to the overall channel of the pore, although the first half of the CFTR may confer its selectivity.
Apparent cooperativity of amino acid transport in Halobacterium halobium: effect of electrical potential.

Active serine accumulation in cell envelope vesicles from Halobacterium halobium proceeds by co-transport with Na(+) and can be induced by either transmembrane electrical potential or transmembrane Na(+) concentration difference. It was shown earlier that in the former case the initial transport rate is a fourth-power function of the magnitude of the electrochemical potential difference of sodium ions, and in the latter, a second-power function. A possible interpretation of this finding is cooperativity of sodium-transporting sites in the transport carrier. When both kinds of driving force are imposed simultaneously on the vesicles, fourth-power dependence on the total potential difference of sodium ions is obtained, suggesting that the transport carrier is regulated by the electrical potential. Heat treatment of the vesicles at 48 C partially inactivates transport and abolishes this effect of the electrical potential.
An interference-free two-step enzyme assay with UPLC–tandem mass spectrometric product measurement for the clinical diagnosis of uridine diphosphate galactose-4-epimerase deficiency

We present a robust clinical assay for the measurement of red blood cell uridine diphosphate galactose-4-epimerase enzyme activity for the diagnostic confirmation of patients positive for a newborn screen for inherited galactosemia in whom galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase activity is normal. Previous assays required the use of ion-pairing reagents and frequent need for system maintenance that was not appropriate for heavy clinical use where patient results should be quickly available. We have designed a two-step enzyme assay which converts stable-isotope-labeled UDP-galactose to isotope-labeled-UDP-glucose which is converted in the second reaction to the final product of [(13)C6]-UDP-glucuronic acid. Measurement conditions t remove potential interference from endogenous UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose. We also report a significant ion suppression effect of the red cell preparation for which we have optimized assay sample volume to minimize this effect.
A Handheld Texel Camera for Acquiring Near-Instantaneous 3D Images

A Texel camera is a device which synchronously captures depth information via a ladar and digital imagery of the same scene. The ladar and digital camera are co-boresighted to eliminate parallax. This configuration fuses the ladar data to the digital image at the pixel level, eliminating complex post-processing to register the datasets. This paper describes a handheld version of a Texel Camera which can be used to create near-instantaneous 3D imagery. The hardware configuration of the Texel Camera, issues and method associated with ladar/camera calibration, and representative imagery are presented.
The thermodynamic activity of MnO in melts containing SiO 2 , B 2 O 3 , and TiO 2

The activity of MnO in the systems MnO-Ti2 and MnO-B2O3, and in pseudobinary sections in the systems MnO-TiO2-SiO2, MnO-TiO2-B2O3 and MnO-SiO2-B2O3 have been measured at temperatures in the range of 1400 to 1550 °C by means of the technique in which equilibrium is established between the melt, a gaseous atmosphere of fixed oxygen pressure and a Pt-Mn foil immersed in the melt. The excess free energies of melts in the system MnO-TiO2 at 1500 and 1550 °C are closely represented by the regular solution formalism withGxs = −55280NMnO ·NTiO2 J, and the form of the variation ofaMnO, within the narrow composition range amenable to study at 1400 °C in the system MnO-B2O3, is characteristic of a system of polyanions. The negative deviations ofaMnO from a proposed model behavior, observed in melts in the systems MnO-SiO2-TiO2 and MnO-B2O3-TiO2, are explained in terms of the influence of preferred ionic interactions between Ti4+ and O2 and between Mn2+ and the O− groups on the polysilicate or polyborate anions. The activity of MnO is independent of composition in the system 2MnO · SiO2−3MnO · B2O3 and the thermodynamics of mixing are calculated from application of polymer theory. The influence of B2O3 and TiO2 on the activity of MnO in manganese silicates is discussed with reference to the proposed use of B2O3 and/or TiO2 as substitutes for CaF2 as the flux for steelmaking slags.
Coupling of torsional modes in the Earth

Summary. The effect of modal coupling is examined for torsional eigenvibrations of an anelastic earth with oceanic and continental structure. While a coupling effect is hard to observe in the eigenspectrum, some eigenfunctions show significant coupled energy into a secondary neighbouring multiplet. The deeper the heterogeneity, the greater the coupling. Also, stronger coupling is observed in an elastic earth model than in an anelastic model because the poles of the two modes in the complex s-plane are closer in the elastic case than in the anelastic case. The scatter of Q values in a multiplet is less than 5 per cent in our examples but, in extreme cases, strong coupling produces Q values that range between the two Q values for the average earth models. The result indicates that caution is needed in determining Q values for modes that interfere. The results strongly suggest that necessity of incorporating coupling effects in the formulation of inversion aimed at resolving heterogeneity in the Earth.
Study 1: effect of type of immunosuppression reduction in patients with BK allograft nephropathy

O verimmunosuppression is a risk factor for BKAN virus allograft nephropathy. An ideal protocol for reduction in immunosuppression is needed to minimize the impact of this infection. In this study, 93 patients with BKAN were followed up for a mean of 16.8 months after the reduction in immunosuppression. Maintenance immunosuppression consisted of tacrolimus (TAC), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and prednisone in 86 patients; cyclosporine (CsA), MMF, and prednisone in 5 patients; and azathioprine, prednisone, and TAC or CsA in 2 patients. Protocols for reduction of immunosuppression were as follows: 37 patients received a calcineurin inhibitor (TAC, n 35; CsA, n 2) with MMF at 50% of the initial dose and prednisone. The target levels for TAC and CsA were 6 to 8 ng/mL and 75 to 100 mg/mL, respectively. A calcineurin inhibitor with prednisone was given to 29 patients (TAC, n 25 [18 low dose]; CsA, n 4 [3 low dose]). Twenty-seven patients received sirolimus (SRL)– based immunosuppression, 5 patients received SRL in combination with MMF (50% dose in 2 patients) and prednisone, and 2 patients received SRL in combination with a reduced dose of TAC and prednisone. The remaining 20 patients received only SRL and prednisone. Two patients received only MMF at 50% of initial dose and prednisone; 1 received only prednisone. After reduction of immunosuppression, biopsy-proven acute allograft rejection developed in 26% of patients. During the observation period, 26 patients (28%) lost graft function and in 21 patients (22.5%) the infection was cleared in subsequent biopsies and urine cytologic tests. There was no difference in the rate of acute allograft rejection between the immunosuppression reduction protocols. For patients in whom immunosuppression was reduced, those treated with prednisone and 2 immunosuppressant drugs (TAC, CsA or SRL, and MMF) were compared with patients receiving prednisone and a single immunosuppressant drug (TAC, CsA, SRL, or MMF). A significantly larger number of patients lost graft function in the first group (P .01). More significant graft loss was identified when patients received a calcineurin inhibitor (TAC or CsA) together with MMF and prednisone when compared with patients who received a single drug (TAC, CsA, SRL, or MMF) and prednisone (P .0017). Interestingly, disappearance of BK viral cytopathic changes in subsequent biopsies and urine samples was significantly higher in patients who received a single drug in addition to prednisone in comparison with patients who received 2 drugs and prednisone (P .009). Conclusion: Patients who were treated with a combination of prednisone and 1 other immunosuppressive agent had a much better graft survival and a higher chance of clearing the BK viruria compared with patients who were left on a regimen of 3 immunosuppressive drugs, albeit at lower doses. From the Departments of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, and Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. © 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 0955-470X/03/1704-0001$30.00/0 doi:10.1016/j.trre.2003.10.018
The Effects of Urban Configuration on Urban Air Temperatures

Urban forms affect main climatic elements, such as solar radiation, wind speed and air temperature. They are claimed to be the major cause of intra-urban climatic variations. This paper discusses the impact on urban air temperatures of urban configuration variables such as building density, spacing and orientation. The temperature profiles reflect the effect of heat storage, as the higher density experiences warmer temperatures during the afternoon until early morning. Similarly, the daytime temperatures for deeper canyons are cooler, but night-time temperatures are warmer. East-West axis Street proved to be of preferable temperatures in both solstice seasons.
Measurements of wet and dry deposition in a Northern Hardwood forest

Inputs of wet and dry deposition were monitored at the Huntington Forest in the Adirondack Mountains of New York for two years in the open and beneath the canopy of a northern hardwood forest. In the open, ion flux estimates were similar using wet-only weekly (NADP protocol) and event collections, but bulk collections were higher for all ions except H+, which was much lower. These differences were due to the contribution of dry deposition and possible biotic alterations in bulk collectors. Dry deposition was estimated using air concentrations and ion-specific depositional velocities modeled with meteorological data, and contributed substantially to the input of all ions [H+ (45%), Na+ (24%), K+ (22%), NH4 + (12%), Ca2+ (58%), Mg2+(43%), NO3 − (55%), Cl− (27%) and SO4 −2 (26%)]. Dry input of base cations was dominated by coarse particles, whereas gaseous inputs were more important for S and NO3 −. Atmospheric concentrations of SO2 and inputs of SO4 2− and H+ were lower at this site than sites closer to point sources of S gas emission. The importance of estimating atmospheric inputs was examined using examples of elemental budgets. For example, different estimates of the contribution of dry deposition of SO4 2− (9–21 meq m−2 y−1) resulted in conclusions ranging from no net retention to a net loss of this element. Such differences have important implications in assessing the current and future role of atmospheric inputs in affecting elemental cycling.
Stimulated collective scattering from a magnetized relativistic electron beam

We analyze stimulated scattering of a right-circularly-polarized electromagnetic pump wave, of frequency $omega$$sub 0$, from a cold relativistic magnetized electron beam. The pump wave is chosen to satisfy the dispersion relation associated with the magnetized beam. The scattered waves consist of collective plasma oscillations as well as right- and left-polarized electromagnetic waves, traveling parallel and antiparallel to the beam. The frequency of the forward-scattered electromagnetic wave is Doppler shifted up twice and is of order $gamma$$sub 0$/subz/$sup 2$$omega$$sub 0$, where $gamma$$sub 0$/subz/= (1-v$sub 0$$sup 2$/c$sup 2$)$sup -1$/$sup 2$ and v$sub 0$ is the beam's speed. Enhanced stimulated scattering results if the frequency of the pump, in the beam frame, is approximately equal to the electron's cyclotron frequency. Enhanced growth rates for the scattering process are obtained for the scattered radiation. This theory describes a mechanism which is a plausible explanation of a recent experiment in which approx.100 kW of submillimeter radiation was observed. In view of the large up-conversion in frequency and enhanced growth rates of the scattered radiation, a new high-frequency generative device based on this mechanism seems possible.
Centering Culture: teaching for critical sexual literacy using the sexual diversity wheel

Abstract Expanding on the author's earlier work, this essay explicates the concept of critical sexual literacy within the context of four curricular models for multicultural sexuality education: tolerance, diversity, difference and differance. The Sexual Diversity Wheel is presented as a pedagogical tool to facilitate student inquiry into the multiple cross‐cultural constructions and valuations of gender and sexuality. Illustrating these differences, the author describes his fieldwork activities in the central Philippines and explores the implications of these findings for those teaching about sexuality in western societies.
SU-E-T-91: The Effect of Phantom Setup Uncertainties On Gantry Angle Correction Factors for MatriXX Evolution

Purpose: Prior research has shown that the MatriXX Evolution™ 2D ion chamber array has an angular‐dependent dose response. This can be corrected using user‐defined gantry angle correction factors (GACFs). The GACF for a given angle is defined as the ratio of the user's TPS‐calculated dose to the phantom‐measured dose at that angle. This work evaluates the effect of phantom setup uncertainties on GACF values. Methods: Measurements were made with the MatriXX in a MultiCube phantom (IBA Dosimetry). The GACFs were created using the vendor's recommended procedure. The phantom was irradiated with a 6 MV, 27×27 cm2 field at gantry angles 0° to 355° (IEC convention) in 5‐degree increments. Additional measurements were made in 1‐degree increments from 85° to 95° and 265° to 275°. The reference planar doses for each angle were computed using Philips Pinnacle3 TPS. Translation errors of 1 mm and 2 mm along each axis were simulated, along with rotational errors about the longitudinal axis of 0.5° and 1°. GACFs were computed for each shift and compared to the values for the unshifted phantom. Results: Vertical shifts produced changes in GACFs of up to 1.5% at a gantry angles near 180°. Vertical shifts produced changes of up to 8% near 90° and 270°, where the GACFs vary rapidly with angle. Lateral shifts produced changes of up to 1.7%. Longitudinal shifts, which occur parallel to the gantry rotation axis, caused negligible changes to GACFs. Rotational shifts of 1° produced up to 6% changes in GACFs near 90° and 270°. Conclusion: Shifts in phantom position and orientation of less than 2 mm or 1 degree generally produce changes in computed GACFs of less than 2%. Larger changes in GACFs at certain angles may be important for IMRT plan verification for plans with beam angles near the more sensitive angles.
Ion Exchange at Edge and Interlayer in Montmorillonites Differing in Size

Titrations of hydrogen-saturated montmorillonite with sodium hydroxide indicate that two kinds of hydrogen are exchanged on the surface of the clay. At low pH there is more titratable hydrogen in a fine-size fraction of the clay than there is in a coarse fraction. This indicates neutralization of hydrogen adsorbed at the crystallite edge. The hydrogen adsorbed on the interlayer flake surface is neutralized at a higher pH, and there are more titratable hydrogen ions for the coarse fraction than for the fine. This suggests that surface-charge density is a function of crystallite size, a proposal already made on the basis of other properties of clay.
Regulation of the Dephosphorylation of Stat6 PARTICIPATION OF TYR-713 IN THE INTERLEUKIN-4 RECEPTOR α, THE TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE SHP-1, AND THE PROTEASOME

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (Stat6) plays an important role in interleukin (IL)-4-induced responses. To analyze the regulation of Stat6 phosphorylation, cells were cultured in the continuous presence of IL-4 or after a pulse and washout. In the continual presence of IL-4, Stat6 remained phosphorylated for an extended period. After IL-4 removal and inhibition of the Janus family kinase, tyrosine-phosphorylated Stat6 decayed at a rate dependent upon the length of IL-4 stimulation. The decay of tyrosine-phosphorylated Stat6 was similar in the presence or absence of either cycloheximide or actinomycin D. In the absence of functional Src homology-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1), the early loss of tyrosine-phosphorylated Stat6 was substantially reduced. Furthermore, the rate of loss of tyrosine-phosphorylated Stat6 in cells expressing a mutation of the human IL-4 receptor α in the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif sequence (Y5F) was dramatically decreased compared with wild-type cells. The early rate of decay was similar in the presence or absence of MG132, an inhibitor of the proteasome, but the later rate of decay was decreased 5-fold. These results suggest that the loss of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat6 is regulated by the action of SHP-1 and the proteasome but is not dependent on new protein synthesis.
Influence of dissolved oxygen on silver nanoparticle mobility and dissolution in water-saturated quartz sand

The influence of dissolved oxygen (DO) on the transport behavior and dissolution kinetics of silver nanoparticles (nAg) was explored through a combination of experimental and mathematical modeling studies. One-dimensional column experiments were conducted with water-saturated 40–50 mesh Ottawa sand, operated at pH 4 or 7 under three DO conditions (8.9, 2, or <0.2 mg/L). The experimental protocol consisted of a nAg deposition phase, designed to assess nanoparticle mobility as a function of DO level, followed by a dissolution phase, to evaluate the release of Ag+ from retained nanoparticles. Experimental observations revealed that the mobility of nAg increased by 15 % when the DO level was reduced from 8.9 to <0.2 mg/L at pH 4, and that, once retained by the quartz sand, the fraction of nAg mass eluted as Ag+ decreased from 21.6 to 13.5 to 11.3 % with decreasing oxygen level (8.9, 2, and <0.2 mg/L, respectively). In both batch and column studies, rates of nAg dissolution decreased over time, behavior attributed to aging of the nanoparticle surface due to oxidation. A hybrid Eulerian–Lagrangian nanoparticle transport model was developed and implemented to simulate the mobility of nAg, subject to DO-dependent dissolution kinetics and particle aging. Model simulations accurately captured nAg transport and dissolution as a function of pH and DO level, and demonstrate the importance of considering nanoparticle surface aging to accurately predict Ag+ release over time.
Relative abundance of macroinvertebrates found in habitats associated with backwater area confluences in Pool 13 of the Upper Mississippi River

Ephemeroptera showed the greatest diversity and Diptera (due mainly to Chaoboridae) the greatest absolute abundance among the macroinvertebrate taxa collected in and near three backwater areas of the Upper Mississippi River from 24 April to 24 August 1983. Of the 32 taxa identified, all were insect larvae, pupae, or adults except for one amphipod and one copepod. Three peaks in total abundance were observed — a major one in late July and August and smaller ones in May and June. These peaks corresponded to periods of high temperatures and low flows. When the macroinvertebrates were divided into groups, depending on whether they were found predominantly in the backwater areas, in the main channel, or in a combination of the two, total densities were greater in the backwater areas than in either of the main-channel habitats. In the two main-channel habitats, densities were slightly greater downstream than upstream from the confluences of the backwaters with the main channel, possibly indicating that macroinvertebrates were drifting out of the backwater areas or that nutrients and zooplankton were drifting out of the backwater areas, increasing productivity in downstream areas.
Heat-shock proteins in infection-mediated inflammation-induced tumorigenesis

Inflammation is a necessary albeit insufficient component of tumorigenesis in some cancers. Infectious agents directly implicated in tumorigenesis have been shown to induce inflammation. This process involves both the innate and adaptive components of the immune system which contribute to tumor angiogenesis, tumor tolerance and metastatic properties of neoplasms. Recently, heat-shock proteins have been identified as mediators of this inflammatory process and thus may provide a link between infection-mediated inflammation and subsequent cancer development. In this review, the role of heat-shock proteins in infection-induced inflammation and carcinogenesis will be discussed.
The Hyperabduction Syndrome With Special Reference to Its Relationship to Raynaud's Syndrome

The hyperabduction syndrome was described in 1945. This report includes information and experience gained from the study of 52 patients suffering from its consequences and of many others in whom the diagnosis was necessarily considered. The signs and symptoms and age and sex incidence are summarized. Among the most striking findings was the fact that Raynaud's syndrome occurred in 20 of the 52 patients, an incidence far greater than anticipated in the general population. In some patients elimination of the hyperabduction position abolished Raynaud's syndrome. So far as we can determine this relationship has not been previously reported.
A minimalist hardware architecture for using commercial microcontrollers in space

Microcontrollers provide very dense functionality for embedded applications ranging from telephones to automobiles. The acceptance of these devices for space applications has been hindered by their manufacture which often uses multiple semiconductor fabrication techniques and thereby compromises radiation tolerance. If such concerns could be mitigated, microcontrollers would provide substantial increase in performance for builders of spacecraft electronics. This paper presents hardware considerations for using commercial microcontrollers in space applications. The motivations for starting with commercial devices associated with their use are advantages of software versus hardware voting schemes to mitigate single-event effects are discussed. Interprocess communications approaches and schemes for improving I/O robustness are presented.
Mechanism of Inhibition of Retrovirus Release from Cells by Interferon-Induced Gene ISG15

Budding of retroviruses from cell membranes requires ubiquitination of Gag and recruitment of cellular proteins involved in endosome sorting, including endosome sorting complex required for transport III (ESCRT-III) protein complex and vacuolar protein sorting 4 (VPS4) and its ATPase. In response to infection, a cellular mechanism has evolved that blocks virus replication early and late in the budding process through expression of interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), a dimer homologue of ubiquitin. Interferon treatment of DF-1 cells blocks avian sarcoma/leukosis virus release, demonstrating that this mechanism is functional under physiological conditions. The late block to release is caused in part by a loss in interaction between VPS4 and its coactivator protein LIP5, which is required to promote the formation of the ESCRT III-VPS4 double-hexamer complex to activate its ATPase. ISG15 is conjugated to two different LIP5-ESCRT-III-binding charged multivesicular body proteins, CHMP2A and CHMP5. Upon ISGylation of each, interaction with LIP5 is no longer detected. Two other ESCRT-III proteins, CHMP4B and CHMP6, are also conjugated to ISG15. ISGylation of CHMP2A, CHMP4B, and CHMP6 weakens their binding directly to VPS4, thereby facilitating the release of this protein from the membrane into the cytosol. The remaining budding complex fails to release particles from the cell membrane. Introducing a mutant of ISG15 into cells that cannot be conjugated to proteins prevents the ISG15-dependent mechanism from blocking virus release. CHMP5 is the primary switch to initiate the antiviral mechanism, because removal of CHMP5 from cells prevents ISGylation of CHMP2A and CHMP6.
Cytochrome c in Hydrogenomonas eutropha

A c-type cytochrome from Hydrogenomonas eutropha was purified 150-fold by butanol extraction, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and column chromatography. Three distinct c-type cytochromes were recovered which did not bind with either carbon monoxide or cyanide and hence did not appear to be denatured. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that one protein was acidic and the other two were basic. The acidic cytochrome c had a sedimentation coefficient of 3.46. Its amino acid composition was not markedly different from other bacterial cytochromes, but relative to mammalian cytochromes c it was low in lysine, threonine, and isoleucine and high in alanine and valine.
Please Don't give Up On Me: When Faculty Fail To Care:

Students in an evening MBA program were given the opportunity to respond to the following four questions: (a) Have you ever had the feeling that a faculty member or instructor had “given up” on you and your learning in a course? (b) What did the faculty member or instructor do or not do to give you that feeling? (d) What did you do as a result of that feeling, perception? and (d) What are ways that a faculty member or instructor can communicate to you that he or she has not given up on his or her commitment to you and your learning in a course? The authors examine the student responses in the context of an ethic of care, pedagogical caring, and pedagogical respect. They conclude with some specific recommendations for improving faculty pedagogical caring.
Identification of Redeye, a new sleep-regulating protein whose expression is modulated by sleep amount

Almost all animals need to sleep, including most insects. In experiments in the 1980s, a group of rats that were completely deprived of sleep died within only a few weeks. Sleep has been implicated in processes including tissue repair, memory consolidation and, more recently, the removal of waste materials from the brain. However, a full understanding of why we sleep is still lacking. As anyone who has experienced jetlag can testify, the timing of the sleep/wake cycle is governed by the circadian clock, which leads us to feel sleepy at certain points of the day–night cycle and alert at others. The duration of sleep is regulated by a second process called sleep/wake homeostasis. The longer we remain awake, the more the body’s need for sleep—or ‘sleep drive’—increases, until it becomes almost impossible to stay awake any longer. Whereas many components of the circadian clock have been identified, relatively little is known about the molecular basis of this second process. Now, Shi et al. have identified a key component of the sleep/wake homeostatic system using the fruit fly and genetic model organism, Drosophila. Flies with a mutation in one particular gene, subsequently named redeye, were found to sleep only half as long as normal flies. While the insects were able to fall asleep, they would wake again only a few minutes later. Redeye encodes a subunit of a receptor that has previously been implicated in the control of wakefulness, known as the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Mutant flies had normal circadian rhythms, suggesting that their sleep problems were the result of disrupted sleep/wake homeostasis. Consistent with this, levels of redeye showed two daily peaks, one corresponding to night-time sleep and the second to the time at which flies would normally take an afternoon siesta. This suggests that redeye signals an acute need for sleep, and then helps to maintain sleep once it is underway. While redeye is not thought to be the factor that triggers sleep per se, it is directly under control of the sleep homeostat, and may be a useful biomarker for sleep deprivation. The fact that redeye was identified in fruit flies, a species whose genome has been fully sequenced, opens up the possibility of further studies to identify the genetic basis of sleep regulation.
Kinetics and thermodynamics of the decarboxylation of 1,2-glycerol carbonate to produce glycidol: computational insights

The kinetics and thermodynamics of the decarboxylation of 1,2-glycerol carbonate to yield glycidol were studied using “chemically accurate” quantum chemical calculations. Both base- and acid-catalyzed reactions were examined, as were the potential reactions that yield the 3-hydroxyoxetane isomer. Under all conditions, glycidol was the preferred product. While the free energy barrier for the alkoxide form of 1,2-glycerol carbonate to form the epoxide ring is low, the rate-determining step of the overall reaction is the loss of carbon dioxide from the resultant carbonate anion (ca. 21.7 kcal mol−1). Protonation of 1,2-glycerol carbonate is expected to be difficult, but decarboxylation henceforth is exergonic, and the free energy barrier is lower (12.3 kcal mol−1). Calculations also indicate that oligomerization of 1,2-glycerol carbonate (ΔG = 4.9 kcal mol−1), followed by degradation to glycidol, is unlikely on thermodynamic grounds.