cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Testing equality of stationary autocovariances

. This article studies tests for assessing whether two stationary and independent time series have the same dynamics – specifically, whether the autocovariances of both series coincide at all lags. Frequency domain statistics previously proposed for this purpose are reviewed. A time domain statistic is then developed and investigated. The performance of these statistics are compared. Multivariate versions of the results are constructed. The methods are applied in the analysis of temperatures and precipitations from Atlanta and Athens, Georgia. Our interest here is driven by the need to identify a good climatological reference series for a given station.
Resilience, Restoration, and Riparian Ecosystems: Case Study of a Dryland, Urban River

Resilient systems can absorb disturbance and persist despite variability as long as the capacity of the system to adapt is not exceeded. Riparian plant communities of dryland alluvial rivers are expected to be naturally resilient systems because they persist in the highly variable floodplain. River modification has altered the flow regime on many dryland rivers, in some cases exceeding the adaptive capacity of the riparian vegetation, but these changes may be readily reversible. The Salt River in Phoenix, Arizona has been impounded, dewatered, channelized, but also re-watered with urban effluent and storm drain runoff. To determine whether riparian vegetation is resilient to these various perturbations, paired comparisons were made in the vegetation and seed bank between a non-diverted reference reach, a diverted reach, and a re-watered urban reach. In the diverted reach, composition had shifted to that of a stress tolerant xeroriparian shrubland with low diversity in both the seed bank and extant vegetation. Most surprisingly, few differences were observed in the composition and structure of the vegetation and soil seed banks between the reference reach and the urban reach, particularly in the wet patches, suggesting that hydric riparian plant communities have the capacity to adapt to these modified conditions. These results provide support for a process-oriented approach to restoration on the Salt River and other urban dryland rivers using patches of persisting vegetation as models for achievable restoration targets.
Lagrangian studies of deep ocean currents

It is now more than 10 years since the first experiment using subsurface drifters (so-called Sofar floats) took place in the Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment (Mode). Since then they have been applied in a series of exploratory studies culminating in the Polymode Local Dynamics Experiment (LDE), and more recently along 55°W in a study of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre in a region well removed from the dynamics of western boundary regions. These neutrally buoyant instruments, which can be ballasted to drift with the waters at pressures up to 2000 dbars (meters), are tracked acoustically over long periods of time (months to years). Conceptually the floats may be thought of as large molecules, fluid parcels whose pathways and speeds are explicitly known. The structure of their trajectories often yields surprisingly detailed information on the horizontal structure of the velocity field. When used in clusters they can tell us much about the mean field and the dispersive properties of the region. This article provides a brief retrospective o f what we have learned in the 10 years since their first application in Mode. We begin with a brief descripion of the Sofar float technology.
A Road Closed: Rural Insurgency in Post-Independence Pennsylvania

Something remarkable happened in the Pennsylvania countryside in the years following the federal Constitutional Convention of 1787: large numbers of farmers closed the main roads that led into and out of their communities. During an eightyear period, fall 1787 through fall 1795, rural Pennsylvanians obstructed roads at least sixty-two times. 1 The road closings were not confined to any particular county or region: farmers blocked highways in new backcountry settlements and in the established communities surrounding Philadelphia. And while road closings were more frequent in the central and frontier parts of the state, barriers appeared in roadways only twenty-five miles beyond the Quaker city. (See map.) The obstructions were usually formidable, often making roads impassable for many months at a time. Throughout Pennsylvania, farmers constructed six-foot-high fences that stretched fifty feet across the highway. Some farmers felled trees across roads or hauled timber into log piles that sometimes measured thirty feet wide and forty feet long. Others blocked roads with heavy stones, brush, and decaying logs. Still others scarred roadways with eight-foot-wide, five-foot-deep ditches large enough to halt any wagon or coach. One group in the southeastern county of Chester shoveled enough dirt out of the main highway to Philadelphia that they created an impassable crater measuring fifty feet in circumference and seven feet deep. Farmers in two other eastern counties flooded roads by carving out canals to nearby waterways. On the
Parameter estimation in longitudinal studies with outcome-dependent follow-up

In many observational studies, individuals are measured repeatedly over time, although not necessarily at a set of prespecified occasions. Instead, individuals may be measured at irregular intervals, with those having a history of poorer health outcomes being measured with somewhat greater frequency and regularity; i.e., those individuals with poorer health outcomes may have more frequent follow-up measurements and the intervals between their repeated measurements may be shorter. In this article, we consider estimation of regression parameters in models for longitudinal data where the follow-up times are not fixed by design but can depend on previous outcomes. In particular, we focus on general linear models for longitudinal data where the repeated measures are assumed to have a multivariate Gaussian distribution. We consider assumptions regarding the follow-up time process that result in the likelihood function separating into two components: one for the follow-up time process, the other for the outcome process. The practical implication of this separation is that the former process can be ignored when making likelihood-based inferences about the latter; i.e., maximum likelihood (ML) estimation of the regression parameters relating the mean of the longitudinal outcomes to covariates does not require that a model for the distribution of follow-up times be specified. As a result, standard statistical software, e.g., SAS PROC MIXED (Littell et al., 1996, SAS System for Mixed Models), can be used to analyze the data. However, we also demonstrate that misspecification of the model for the covariance among the repeated measures will, in general, result in regression parameter estimates that are biased. Furthermore, results of a simulation study indicate that the potential bias due to misspecification of the covariance can be quite considerable in this setting. Finally, we illustrate these results using data from a longitudinal observational study (Lipshultz et al., 1995, New England Journal of Medicine 332, 1738-1743) that explored the cardiotoxic effects of doxorubicin chemotherapy for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children.
A new analysis method for dynamic distributed constraint satisfaction

There has been an increasing recognition that a number of key computational problems require distributed solution techniques. To facilitate the creation and advancement of these techniques, researchers have developed the distributed constraint satisfaction (DCSP) formalism with the understanding that many critical real-world problems can be represented using it. Consequently, this formalism has led to the creation of myriad protocols for solving problems in this class. However, this formalism ignores a critical feature of many environments: problems change over time.The dynamic, DCSP (DynDCSP) formalism was invented to address this deficiency, but this model has received inadequate attention from the research community. A key impediment to advancing this research area is the lack of a compelling theoretical underpinning to the analysis of these problems and the evaluation of the protocols used to solve them. This work creates a mapping of the DynDCSP formalism onto thermodynamic systems. Under this mapping, it shows that DynDCSPs obey the three laws of thermodynamics. Utilizing these laws, this work develops, for the first time, a method for characterizing the impact that dynamics has on a distributed problem as well as a technique for predicting the expected performance of distributed protocols under various levels of dynamics.
A body-mind-spirit intervention helps treat depression in India.

Commentary on: Rentala S, Fong TC, Nattala P, et al. Effectiveness of body-mind-spirit intervention on well-being, functional impairment and quality of life among depressive patients—a randomized controlled trial. J Adv Nurs 2015;71:2153–63.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3] Rentala and colleagues investigated the impact of adding a BMS intervention to usual care in patients with depression at an Indian … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJ%2BAdv%2BNurs%26rft.volume%253D71%26rft.spage%253D2153%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1111%252Fjan.12677%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F25967378%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1111/jan.12677&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=25967378&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febnurs%2F19%2F1%2F10.atom
A Perspective on the Evolving Landscape in Male Reproductive Medicine.

Context: Men's health and aging are emerging as important areas of research opportunity because of advances in reproductive biology and the recognition of men's health as a unique and important aspect of public health. Evidence Acquisition: A perspective of the evolving landscape in male reproductive medicine. Evidence Synthesis: Remarkable discoveries in reproductive biology have greatly advanced the treatment of erectile dysfunction, androgen deficiency, infertility, hormone sensitive cancers, and prostate diseases. Although the off-label use of testosterone in middle-aged and older men has grown, the management of androgen deficiency syndromes remains suboptimal. There is a pressing need for wider adoption of accurate testosterone assays and harmonized reference ranges and large randomized trials of testosterone's efficacy and cardiovascular and prostate safety. The transformation in idealized body image towards greater muscularity has contributed to increasing prevalence of body image disorders and th...
Rotation of a bulky triptycene in the solid state: toward engineered nanoscale artificial molecular machines.

We report the design and dynamics of a solid-state molecular rotor with a large triptycene rotator. With a cross-section and surface area that are 2 and 3 times larger than those of the phenylene rotators previously studied in the solid state, it is expected that van der Waals forces and steric hindrance will render the motion of the larger triptycene more difficult. To address this challenge, we used a rigid and shape-persistent stator in a dendritic structure that reaches ca. 3.6 nm in length. Using variable-temperature solid-state 2H NMR spectroscopy, we determined a symmetric three-fold rotational potential with a barrier of 10.2 kcal/mol and a pre-exponential factor of 1.1 × 1010 s–1, which correspond to ca. 4600 Brownian jumps per second in the solid state at 300 K.
Temperature effects on nitrogen cycling and nitrate removal-production efficiency in bed form-induced hyporheic zones

Hyporheic flow in aquatic sediment controls solute and heat transport thereby mediating the fate of nutrients and contaminants, dissolved oxygen, and temperature in the hyporheic zone (HZ). We conducted a series of numerical simulations of hyporheic processes within a dune with different uniform temperatures, coupling turbulent open channel fluid flow, porous fluid flow, and reactive solute transport to study the temperature dependence of nitrogen source/sink functionality and its efficiency. Two cases were considered: a polluted stream and a pristine stream. Sensitivity analysis was performed to investigate the influence of stream water [NO3−]/[NH4+]. The simulations showed that in both cases warmer temperatures resulted in shallower denitrification zones and oxic-anoxic zone boundaries, but the trend of net denitrification rate and nitrate removal or production efficiency of the HZ for these two cases differed. For both cases, at high [NO3−]/[NH4+], the HZ functioned as a NO3− sink with the nitrate removal efficiency increasing with temperature. But at low [NO3−]/[NH4+] for the polluted stream, the HZ is a NO3− sink at low temperature but then switches to a NO3− source at warmer temperatures. For the pristine stream case, the HZ was always a NO3− source, with the NO3− production efficiency increasing monotonically with temperature. In addition, although the interfacial fluid flux expectedly increased with increasing temperature due to decreasing fluid viscosity, the total nitrate flux into the HZ did not follow this trend. This is because when HZ nitrification is high, uniformly elevated [NO3−] lowers dispersive fluxes into the HZ. We found that there are numerous confounding and interacting factors that combined to lead to the final temperature dependence of N transformation reaction rates. Although the temperature effect on the rate constant can be considered as the dominant factor, simply using the Arrhenius equation to predict the reaction rate would lead to incomplete insight by ignoring the changes in interfacial fluid and solute fluxes and reaction zone areas. Our study shows that HZ temperature and stream [NO3−]/[NH4+] are key controls for HZ sink/source functions.
First-Generation Parasitism of the Mimosa Webworm (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) by Elasmus albizziae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in an Urban Forest

Elasmus albizziae Burks is a parasitoid of the mimosa webworm, Homadaula anisocentra Meyrick. Honeylocust foliage samples containing first-generation mimosa webworm cocoons were collected in Ames, Iowa, by using a stratified random sampling plan during 1985, 1986, and 1987. Survey objectives were to determine the percentage of parasitized first-generation webworm prepupae and to assess the potential of E. albizziae in an integrated pest management program. Conservative determinations of first-generation parasitism of mimosa webworm prepupae by E. albizziae were 44,39, and 47% for 1985, 1986, and 1987, respectively. Precise effects of this parasitism on webworm populations have not been determined. Mortality levels imposed by E. albizziae should, however, be taken into account when management practices are considered. The parasitoids are exposed during host-seeking activity and would be vulnerable to broad-spectrum insecticides applied when first-generation webworm larvae were spinning cocoons on honeylocust foliage. When insecticidal treatment is warranted for management, it is recommended that Bacillus thuringiensis insecticides be adopted as the treatment of choice over broad-spectrum insecticides to minimize damage to the parasitoid complex.
Abstract 538: Mesenchymal stem cell subset prevents cycling of KG1a leukemic cells by cell-cell interaction

The interactions that occur between leukemic cells and the microenvironment are currently poorly understood. The definition of novel pathways that deliver survival and drug resistance signaling from the milieu to leukemic cells may lead to the discovery of new drugs that are able to target microenvironmental cues perpetuating the leukemic clones. Since the bone marrow (BM) environment is comprised of a complex assortment of different cell types, matrices and soluble and membrane-bound factors, it is crucial to start delineating specific cell-cell interactions and their effects on leukemic cell survival. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are a fundamental component of the BM niche as they support hematopoiesis and are able to differentiate into neighboring cellular types. Therefore, in these studies we investigated the effect of Stro-1+ MSC on the growth and survival of KG1a, a primitive, differentiation-resistant subtype of acute myeloid leukemia. MSC and KG1a cells were co-cultured for 3 days under contact or non-contact conditions, at incremental ratios of 1:1, 1:5, 1:10 and 1:100 respectively, while maintaining a constant initial total number of cells for each dilution (n=3). In transwell non-contact cultures, KG1a cells proliferated at the same rate as KG1a alone with a 3 to 5 fold increase in cell numbers, regardless of the ratio. By contrast, when KG1a were cultured in direct contact with MSC, KG1a growth inhibition was directly proportional to the MSC:KG1a ratio. Specifically, MSC cultured with KG1a cells at ratios of 1:1, 1:5, 1:10, and 1:100 inhibited the growth of KG1a cells by 84%, 76%, 74%, and 45%, respectively while remaining 99-100% viable. Thus, we next performed cell cycle analysis using flow cytometry and found that while the cell cycle distribution of KG1a cultures were: 23% in G0/G1; 19% in G2/M; and 58% in S phase, KG1a co-cultured with MSC had undergone cell cycle arrest in S-phase (98%). Although our results contrast with prior studies showing that MSC inhibited KG1a in G1phase through the production of soluble factors, it is possible that the differences seen are due to the population of MSC used. Within the MSC, Stro-1+ cells constitute a primitive population of cells in intimate relation with the osteoblastic niche, the role of which is to retain stem cells in a quiescent state. Therefore, studies are currently underway to identify molecules responsible cell cycle arrest upon KG1a/MSC interaction. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 538.
Botulinum Toxin for Post-stroke Spastic Hypertonia: A Review of its Efficacy and Application in Clinical Practice

Botulinum toxins (BTX) have revolutionised the management of focal post-stroke spastic hypertonia. Published literature has supported the efficacy and safety of BTX in reducing spastic hypertonia but has not convincingly demonstrated the ability to enhance function. While clinicians and stroke survivors have reported impressive clinical outcomes, randomised, controlled trials (RCTs), have demonstrated only significant improvement in muscle tone but not functional changes. This paper will review the evidence supporting the efficacy of BTX for spastic hypertonia and discuss current clinical practice.
An exploratory study of potential As and Pb contamination by atmospheric deposition in two urban vegetable gardens in Rome, Italy

A preliminary study was carried out in Rome (Italy) to assess the potential role of atmospheric deposition in trace element contamination in urban vegetable gardens relative to human health risk from crop consumption. Two sites were selected on the basis of previously known contamination issues. Atmospheric deposition, parent material, soils properties affecting trace element mobility, and various anthropogenic inputs were considered. Soil samples were taken at depth from two points in each garden, within 5 cm of sampled crops. Inputs and crops were sampled and analysed for As and Pb content. A rain and dust gauge was set up in each garden for the duration of 93 days (late spring to late summer) for atmospheric deposition sampling. Atmospheric deposition influx was high at both sites (2.22 and 2.32 As and 2.67 and 3.42 Pb μg m−3 day−1). Soil pH was between 6.70 and 7.57 and texture varied from loamy sand to clay loam (3.4 to 31.9 % clay content). CEC ranged between 21.6 and 54.2 meq/100 g within rooting depth, rising almost commensurately with soil organic carbon (SOC) content (1.87–8.37 %). Somewhat high total soil Pb content (80.8–522.7 ppm) contrasted with negligible exchangeability and crop content (<0.01 ppm). Total soil As (17.0–32.0 ppm) corresponded with exchangeable and crop As for one site in one of the gardens. Leaves evinced high As accumulation levels (16.0–41.2 ppm) in all crops. High amounts of atmospheric Pb combined with negligible amounts of extractable Pb and Pb plant tissue content point to particulate inhalation and ingestion as a main health threat in the case of Pb. In contrast, food intake seems to be of greater concern relative to high As contamination. Greater soil As solubility may be explanatory, but the mostly low amounts of extractable As and the high atmospheric As suggest an airborne route being playing an important role. Preliminary results suggest that research on trace element contamination in urban gardens should consider atmospheric deposition as a major contributing source.
Differential expression of pancreatic protein and chemosensing receptor mRNAs in NKCC1-null intestine.

AIM: To investigate the intestinal functions of the NKCC1 Na+-K+-2Cl cotransporter (SLC12a2 gene), differential mRNA expression changes in NKCC1-null intestine were analyzed. METHODS: Microarray analysis of mRNA from intestines of adult wild-type mice and gene-targeted NKCC1-null mice (n = 6 of each genotype) was performed to identify patterns of differential gene expression changes. Differential expression patterns were further examined by Gene Ontology analysis using the online Gorilla program, and expression changes of selected genes were verified using northern blot analysis and quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction. Histological staining and immunofluorescence were performed to identify cell types in which upregulated pancreatic digestive enzymes were expressed. RESULTS: Genes typically associated with pancreatic function were upregulated. These included lipase, amylase, elastase, and serine proteases indicative of pancreatic exocrine function, as well as insulin and regenerating islet genes, representative of endocrine function. Northern blot analysis and immunohistochemistry showed that differential expression of exocrine pancreas mRNAs was specific to the duodenum and localized to a subset of goblet cells. In addition, a major pattern of changes involving differential expression of olfactory receptors that function in chemical sensing, as well as other chemosensing G-protein coupled receptors, was observed. These changes in chemosensory receptor expression may be related to the failure of intestinal function and dependency on parenteral nutrition observed in humans with SLC12a2 mutations. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that loss of NKCC1 affects not only secretion, but also goblet cell function and chemosensing of intestinal contents via G-protein coupled chemosensory receptors.
Success of patient training in improving proficiency of eyedrop administration among various ophthalmic patient populations.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to evaluate the success and usefulness of patient education in eyedrop self-administration technique via an educational handout and a short instructional video. Patients and methods We conducted a prospective study that included 34 patients who were self-administering ophthalmic drops. Of the total patients included, 12% had used drops for 12 months. Average age of patients in the study was 67 years, with an age range of 19-91 years. Of the total patients included, 82% had glaucoma, 6% had dry eyes, and 12% did not have a specific diagnosis. Subjects were video recorded and assessed by a trained observer on two occasions: at baseline and after they viewed a demonstrational video and handout. A maximum score of 15 points was awarded based on 15 criteria. A written self-assessment was administered at the end of each study. Results Pre- and post-teaching assessment scores improved significantly with education. Patients initially scored an average 2.53 points compared to a post-education score of 6.15 out of 15 points, demonstrating a 2.43 (P=0.008) factor of improvement. After education, 94% of patients versus 47% pre-teaching (P=0.0001) pulled down their lower eyelids. A total of 91% pre-teaching versus 59% post-teaching (P=0.0042) patients squeezed one drop into the lower fornix, 74% pre-teaching versus 26% post-teaching (P=0.0002) patients released the eyelid and closed the eye for 1 minute, and 56% pre-teaching versus 3% post-teaching (P=0.0001) patients applied nasal digital pressure on each eye. We found no significant difference in score changes between those who previously received education and those who had not (P=0.37). A total of 91% patients responded in a postassessment survey that they now feel more confident of their ability to self-administer eyedrops as their doctor prescribed and that the educational materials were responsible. Conclusion Participants demonstrated an immediate and statistically significant improvement in several areas of proper eyedrop self-administration after exposure to a demonstration video and instructional handout.
Imaging inside a wavelength

Classical physics assigns sharp positions x,y,z to objects, but it is well-known in quantum mechanics that this description must give way to a blurrier picture with x,y,z promoted to operators in some Hilbert space. The photon poses a subtler problem as Newton and Wigner pointed out many years ago, and in fact there is no suitable position operator with all of the qualities one would expect-something new must arise. That new ingredient is that the various components xcirc,ycirc,zcirc of a position operator of rcirc no longer commute. The commutation relations are reminiscent of those of the x,y,z components of spin, and in fact the picture that emerges is one where the photon can have a well defined z, for example, representing the front of a light wave, while the and y components of its position become blurry in a wavelength-dependent fashion. We review these results and discuss possible experimental setups and expected results that may occur for the position of a photon inside its wavelength. Quantum theory predicts that a noncommutative effective geometry to emerge-a new prediction which present-day technology should just make it feasible to test
School Self-Concept in Adolescents With Chronic Pain.

Objective This study investigated school self-efficacy and sense of school membership (collectively "school self-concept") as potential influences on impaired school function among adolescents with chronic pain, including comparison of adolescents with primary pain to those with disease-based pain and pain-free peers. Methods In all, 264 adolescents (12-17 years old) with primary pain conditions, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, or no pain completed measures of functional disability, school functioning, pain characteristics, and school self-concept, the Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for School Situations (SEQ-SS), and Psychological Sense of School Membership (PSSM). Results Both the SEQ-SS and PSSM demonstrated reliability and some validity, with the SEQ-SS more strongly supported. As a group, adolescents with primary pain conditions reported poorer school self-concept. School self-efficacy, but not school belongingness, predicted school functioning later in the school year. Conclusions School self-concept, especially as assessed with the SEQ-SS, is relevant and important to assess when addressing school functioning in youth with chronic pain.
Hybrid electrochemical modeling with recurrent neural networks for li-ion batteries

This paper examines a hybrid battery system modeling framework, where data-oriented recurrent neural network (RNN) and first-principle electrochemical battery model are combined. The data-driven RNN model captures unmodeled dynamics in the electrochemical model. We specifically study a simple RNN model called an Elman network, which has feedback loops in the hidden layer. We analyze and prove convergence of the weight errors for a class of Elman networks and learning update laws. In simulation, we compare our proposed hybrid battery model with reduced electrochemical battery models. The results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid approach outperforms other reduced electrochemical battery models in most scenarios.
Depression Is Associated with a Higher Risk of Death among Stroke Survivors.

Background Poststroke depression is common, affecting approximately 1 in 3 stroke survivors. We aimed to evaluate the association between depression and mortality in adults with and without prior stroke. Methods Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study (1982-1992), we investigated the association between depression and all-cause mortality among adults aged 25-74 years with and without prior stroke, and stroke mortality among stroke survivors, adjusting for covariates. Results Among 9919 individuals, 121 (1.2%) reported prior stroke. The adjusted depression prevalence was 37.1% among stroke survivors and 17.3% among individuals without stroke. In persons aged 25-64 years, neither stroke nor depression was associated with all-cause mortality. The combination of depression and stroke was not associated with all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 2.83, 95% confidence interval [CI] .67-12.04). Among persons aged 65-74 years, depression alone (adjusted HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.04-1.47), stroke alone (adjusted HR 1.64, 95% CI 1.17-2.32), and the combination of depression and stroke (adjusted HR 2.28, 95% CI 1.79-2.90) were associated with all-cause mortality, consistent with an additive relationship. Among all ages, the combination of depression and stroke was associated with all-cause mortality (adjusted HR 1.93, 95% CI 1.28-2.92). Higher stroke mortality was only observed in those aged 65-74 years (adjusted HR 2.43, 95% CI 1.05-5.60). Compared with stroke survivors without depression, those with depression were ~35 times more likely to die from a stroke (adjusted HR 35.33, 95% CI 7.79-160.32). Conclusions The combination of prior stroke and depression is associated with higher all-cause mortality than either condition alone. The presence of depression after stroke increases stroke mortality 35-fold, highlighting the importance of identifying and treating depression among stroke survivors.
Do Local Government Executives Believe They Are More Political or Administrative? An Analysis of the Ethics of Administrative Officer Self-Perception

This research focuses on the self-perceptions of managers in medium-sized localities. Using a survey of 249 mayors, chief administrative officers, and city managers the authors gathered data regarding the tasks these executives perceive themselves as performing. Using time allocation and function allocation models, the authors then searched for links between job titles and rates of administrative or political functions. The analysis finds that mayors allocate their time in more political areas, while city managers and chief administrative officers spend more of their time in administrative/managerial areas. While there was little difference in functional activity, self-perception between appointed chief administrative officers and city managers, mayors saw their functional role largely as managerial and political. The higher rate of managerial self-perception for mayors could lead to a lack of deference to the expertise of appointed chief administrative officers and city managers. The article theorizes th...
Lyophilized Engineered Phages for Escherichia coli Detection in Food Matrices

Ease of use, low cost, and convenient transport are the key requirements for a commercial bacteria detection kit designed for resource-limited settings. Here, we report the colorimetric detection of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in food samples using freeze-dried engineered bacteriophages (phages). In this approach, we have engineered T7 phages to carry the lacZ operon driven by T7 promoter to overexpress reporter enzymes. The engineered phages were freeze-dried in a water-soluble polymer for storage and transportation. When used for the detection of E. coli cells, the intracellular enzyme [β-galactosidase (β-gal)] was overexpressed and released into the surrounding media, providing an enzyme-amplified colorimetric signal. Using this strategy, we were able to detect E. coli cells at the concentration of 102 CFU mL–1 in food samples without the need for sophisticated instruments or skilled operators.
The definition of "applied psychophysiology": a dangerous exercise in exclusivity.

Dr. Schwartz's (1999) definition of “applied psychophysiology” and his attempt to limit what can be presented at the society's meeting, published in its journal, and by extension, used by members of AAPB, are discussed. The exclusivity is seen as repressive and even dangerous. Examples from irritable bowel syndrome and chronic headache are provided.
Lightweighting Shipping Containers: Life Cycle Impacts on Multimodal Freight Transportation

Abstract Freight transportation by truck, train, and ship accounts for 5% of the United States’ annual energy consumption (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2017a). Much of this freight is transported in shipping containers. Lightweighting containers is an unexplored strategy to decrease energy and GHG emissions. We evaluate life cycle fuel savings and environmental performance of lightweighting scenarios applied to a forty-foot (12.2 meters) container transported by ship, train, and truck. Use phase burdens for both conventional and lightweighted containers (steel reduction, substitution with aluminum, or substitution with high tensile steel) were compared to life cycle burdens. The study scope ranged from the transportation of one container 100 km to the lifetime movement of the global container fleet on ships. Case studies demonstrated the impact of lightweighting on typical multimodal freight deliveries to the United States. GREET 1 and 2 (Argonne National Laboratory, 2016a,b) were used to estimate the total fuel cycle burdens associated with use phase fuel consumption. Fuel consumption was determined using modal Fuel Reduction Values (FRV), which relate mass reduction to fuel reduction. A lifetime reduction of 21% in the fuel required to transport a container, and 1.4% in the total fuel required to move the vehicles, cargo, and containers can be achieved. It was determined that a 10% reduction in mass of the system will result in a fuel reduction ranging from 2% to 8.4%, depending on the mode. Globally, container lightweighting can reduce energy demand by 3.6 EJ and GHG emissions by 300 million tonnes CO2e over a 15-year lifetime.
Taphonomy and Hunting

The terms “meat-eating” and “hunting” are generally used in anthropology in the same sense as “carnivory” and “predation” are used in zoology. This book symbolizes the importance that anthropologists give to hunting as a behavioral adaptation in human evolution. Meat-eating per se seems to provoke less controversy in discussions about early humans than whether the meat was acquired by hunting or scavenging.
The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly in Diabetic Diets

In this article we have focused on the evolving pattern of nutritional management of the person with diabetes. Before the advent of insulin in 1922, it was sufficient to identify a meal plan that would keep people alive until they could be rescued from mortality due to diabetic ketoacidosis (the major killer of the era) by pharmacologic means. Now, the life expectancy of people with diabetes is close to that of the general population and focus has turned to combating the new threats of macrovascular disease and kidney failure. Over recent years the susceptibility of NIDDM patients to macrovascular events has been established and the twofold increase in risk of a heart attack in diabetic men is outshadowed by the four- to fivefold risk in diabetic women and the 13- to 17-fold greater risk in diabetics under the age of 30 years compared with their nondiabetic counterparts. The mechanism behind the susceptibility to macrovascular disease has generated a veritable plethora of investigations focusing on the atherogenic profile of diabetic dyslipidemia. Hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and overtreatment of the diabetic with insulin have been claimed as contributors to the development of premature atherosclerosis. The hallmark of the diabetic dyslipidemia is the tendency to elevated VLDL triglyceride levels and the closely linked reduction in HDL cholesterol. Although there is some controversy on the relationship between triglyceride levels and the incidence of CAD, there is no doubt that HDL is an independent risk factor. It can now be safely said that elevated triglycerides are a risk factor in women and that in men elevated triglycerides constitute a risk factor if accompanied by a reduced HDL level. For these reasons, any approach to nutritional management of the diabetic must attempt not only to normalize glycemia but to make every effort to reduce the atherogenic profile. In the accompanying algorithm (Fig. 4), we consider the risk factors conducive to a reduction in life expectancy and offer a meal plan that is appropriate for the individual with diabetes. For the 80% of NIDDM patients who are obese, a diet with a reduction of 500 to 1000 kcal is in order and this may be achieved by a periodic VLCD. We examined carefully the controversy related to yo-yo dieting and support the notion that its effects in humans are not all that harmful. Ingestion of simple sugars in the high carbohydrate diet has negative effects both on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
NIOBIUM-CLAD 304L STAINLESS STEEL PEMFC BIPOLAR PLATE MATERIAL: TENSILE AND BEND PROPERTIES

Niobium (Nb)-clad 304L stainless steel (SS) is currently under consideration for use as a bipolar plate material in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stacks. Because metal bipolar plates will likely be formed by stamping, the sheet-metal properties of this material were characterized in both the as-rolled and an optimized annealed condition via a series of bend and quasi-static tensile tests. Results from tensile testing demonstrate that annealing significantly softens and thereby improves the ductility of the material. Bend test results indicate that springback is nearly independent of the bend direction relative to rolling direction for both the as-rolled and annealed conditions. In the as-rolled condition, springback is also nearly independent of specimen orientation (i.e. whether the cladding layer is on the inside or outside of the bend). However, in the annealed condition, springback does depend on the cladding orientation relative to bending and was found in all cases to be substantially lower than that observed in the as-rolled condition. Microstructural analysis of the specimens indicates that two failure conditions can potentially arise, dependent on the thermomechanical condition of the material. In the as-rolled condition, failure initiates via fracture through the Nb cladding. In the annealed specimens, failure can occur by brittle fracture of an interfacial intermetallic layer that forms during the annealing treatment. This generates a series of crack-induced pores along the interface between the Nb cladding and the SS core, which eventually leads to ductile failure of the Nb cladding via localized necking. However, the conditions required for this phenomenon to take place are fairly extreme and can be readily avoided in practice. In general, the results suggest that to achieve acceptable stamping tolerances, the material should be annealed prior to forming and the bipolar plate flow channel pattern should be designed such that extreme levels of strain at the cladding/core interface are avoided to mitigate the potential for partial delamination within the material.
Focal dystonia after chemotherapy: a case series

Dystonia is a rare neurologic disorder of the basal ganglia presenting with involuntary twisting or turning spasm of muscles. Movements localized to the face, eyes, or neck generally present during late adulthood. Cranial dystonia is usually idiopathic but may be caused by trauma or medications. Of 148 patients with focal dystonia referred to Indiana University over four years, four women had the onset of face and neck symptoms eight days to 34 months after completing treatment with chemotherapy alone or combined with radiation therapy. Two patients were treated with 5-FU, one received doxorubicin and one was treated with both. Both drugs have been associated with transient parkinsonism, but no chemotherapeutic medications have been reported to cause dystonia. Three patients remain free of demonstrable malignancy. A possible association of chemotherapy and focal dystonia has not been previously described.
On the Pragmatics of Deep Disagreement

In this paper, I present two tools that help shed light on deep disagreements and their epistemological consequences. First, I argue that we are best off construing deep disagreements as disagreements over conflicting understandings of certain concepts. More specifically, I suggest that deep disagreements are disagreements over how to understand concepts that play what Michael Friedman calls a “constitutive” role for speakers. Second, I argue that we need a better understanding of what speakers are doing when they engage in deep disagreements—what speech acts they are carrying out. I show that we are best off not reducing the relevant speech acts to more familiar speech act kinds, such as assertions or imperatives. I argue that when a speaker articulates an understanding of a concept, they are in part carrying out an act of stipulation. I provide an account of the pragmatics of stipulation and apply the account to examples of deep disagreement. Focusing on the stipulative dimension of deep disagreement opens up, in turn, a novel approach to defusing the epistemological challenges such disagreement seems to pose.
Women’s microfinance participation and HIV literacy in Bangladesh: results from a nationally representative study

This study evaluated the association between microfinance participation and HIV literacy within a nationally representative sample of 3,614 married women aged 15–49 years from the Bangladesh Demogr...
The expanding landscape of ‘oncohistone’ mutations in human cancers

Mutations in epigenetic pathways are common oncogenic drivers. Histones, the fundamental substrates for chromatin-modifying and remodelling enzymes, are mutated in tumours including gliomas, sarcomas, head and neck cancers, and carcinosarcomas. Classical 'oncohistone' mutations occur in the N-terminal tail of histone H3 and affect the function of polycomb repressor complexes 1 and 2 (PRC1 and PRC2). However, the prevalence and function of histone mutations in other tumour contexts is unknown. Here we show that somatic histone mutations occur in approximately 4% (at a conservative estimate) of diverse tumour types and in crucial regions of histone proteins. Mutations occur in all four core histones, in both the N-terminal tails and globular histone fold domains, and at or near residues that contain important post-translational modifications. Many globular domain mutations are homologous to yeast mutants that abrogate the need for SWI/SNF function, occur in the key regulatory 'acidic patch' of histones H2A and H2B, or are predicted to disrupt the H2B-H4 interface. The histone mutation dataset and the hypotheses presented here on the effect of the mutations on important chromatin functions should serve as a resource and starting point for the chromatin and cancer biology fields in exploring an expanding role of histone mutations in cancer.
Alaska's community development quota program: A complex institution affecting rural communities in disparate ways

Abstract The Western Alaska Community Development Quota (CDQ) program created six regional CDQ groups, each of which were given fisheries quota to manage on behalf of qualifying rural Alaskan communities. Since its inception in the 1990s, the program has created dozens of jobs and millions of dollars' worth of revenue and is widely considered an example of successful community development. However, in mixed economies like those of the rural Alaskan villages covered by the CDQ program, economic metrics often fail to capture changes in non-economic factors of critical importance to residents. To address this lacuna, we examined how CDQ has influenced community well-being in four communities associated with four different CDQ groups. Interviews and focus groups in these communities indicated that CDQ's influence on well-being varied greatly. In some communities, CDQ increased local autonomy and, hence, well-being. In other communities, residents felt disenfranchised; control of their resources rested in urban board rooms to which they struggled to gain access. These findings indicate that power dynamics built into the design of the CDQ program have important ramifications for community well-being and that future development programs in fisheries management could benefit from better understandings of socio-cultural concepts such as well-being, in both program design and assessment stages.
Retention in Outpatient Child Behavioral Health Services Among Military and Civilian Families.

Retention in treatment for children with behavior problems is critical to achieve successful outcomes, and clinical evidence suggests the behavioral health needs and retention of military-connected and civilian families differ meaningfully. Military and civilian children in outpatient behavioral treatment were compared in terms of presenting problems as well as appointment adherence (n = 446 children and their parents). Demographics and rates of externalizing behavior were similar across the two groups. More military than civilian children had internalizing problems. Military parents had more parenting distress and depressive symptoms. Fewer military families dropped out of treatment early. Within-military comparisons demonstrated that children whose parent had recently deployed were more likely to have internalizing problems and poor adaptive skills. Although retention was better among military families, the early treatment drop-out proportions (20–30%) for both groups highlight a barrier to effective behavioral intervention.
Randomized non negative matrix factorization for hyperspectral image classification

Non negative matrix factorization (NMF) has been widely adopted in hyperspectral applications due to its intuitive nonnegative data representation. However, this non-negative constraint also makes NMF computationally expensive. On the contrary, random projection (RP) based dimensionality reduction (DR) methods have been extensively applied in hyperspectral data analysis due to benefits such as data independent representation, lower computation time and storage costs, and preservation of vital information in the data. This work aims to combine the advantages of non-negative representation of NMF for feature extraction along with the computational benefits of RPs to realize a two-fold DR. Composite kernel support vector machine (SVM-CK) is used to incorporate spatial-spectral information for enhanced supervised classification performance. It is experimentally demonstrated that our proposed RP based NMF feature extraction approaches can outperform other methods.