cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Essay Review: Symmetries in Physics*

Editors, like generals, often have to make do with the articles they have and not the ones they wish they had. The competent and committed editors of this volume, Katherine Brading and Elena Castellani, have done their earnest to package it as a means—or rather with hope—to bring to “non-experts, including students and philosophers of science in general” (ix) a point of access into the question of the role and significance of the technical notions of symmetry in contemporary physics and into a spectrum of current philosophical debates about them. The centrality of the notion of symmetry in mathematics—in general a formal property of equivalence or invariance in equations and quantities—and its application to physics cannot escape the attention of any student of the evolution and many successes of modern physics. In fact, Klein and Lie’s invariants theory is what Emmy Noether worked out in mathematics, and Invariance Theory is what Einstein had originally meant to call his infamously misleadingly renamed Relativity Theory in physics. (The actual scope of most of the articles suggests that a more adequate title might have been Symmetries in Twentieth-Century Physics [cursory historical remarks and references to classical physics notwithstanding]). To some philosophers the scientific significance and philosophical puzzle and lessons involving symmetries are linked to their status as redundancy or “surplus structure” in physical descriptions. To others, they are linked to the resulting invariance property of quantities or laws of evolution under the corresponding mathematical transformations. But what exactly the different kinds of symmetries do, how they are linked to much trum-
Variation in initial kidney replacement therapy for end‐stage renal disease due to lupus nephritis in the United States

Objective Little is known about the patterns of use of initial kidney replacement therapies among patients with lupus nephritis (LN) end-stage renal disease (ESRD). We aimed to identify sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with variation in initial kidney replacement therapies among LN ESRD patients. Methods Patients with incident LN ESRD (1995–2006) were identified in the US Renal Data System. Age, sex, race, ethnicity, medical insurance, employment status, residential region, clinical factors, and comorbidities were considered as potential predictors of ESRD treatment choice, i.e., peritoneal dialysis (PD), hemodialysis (HD), or preemptive kidney transplantation in age-adjusted and multivariable-adjusted logistic regression analyses. Results Of the 11,317 individuals with incident LN ESRD, 82.0% initiated HD, 12.2% initiated PD, and 2.8% underwent preemptive kidney transplantation. Receiving initial PD was significantly associated with earlier calendar year, female sex, higher albumin and hemoglobin levels, and lower serum creatinine levels. African Americans (versus whites), Medicaid beneficiaries and those with no health insurance (versus private insurance), and those unemployed (versus employed) had significantly reduced PD initiation. Comorbidities including congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, and the inability to ambulate were also associated with decreased PD. Many sociodemographic and clinical factors favoring PD were associated with preemptive kidney transplant (versus dialysis) as well. Conclusion Few patients with LN ESRD receive initial PD or preemptive kidney transplantation. Race, ethnicity, employment, and medical insurance type are strongly associated with initial kidney replacement therapy choice. Future studies need to investigate the appropriateness of sociodemographic and clinical variation and the comparative effectiveness of kidney replacement therapies for LN ESRD.
The AMICIST auroral sounding rocket: A comparison of transverse ion acceleration mechanisms

Recent auroral sounding rocket data illustrate the relative significance of two transverse acceleration of ion (TAI) mechanisms for initiating nightside auroral ion outflow. First, the new data from this two payload mission show clearly that for lower hybrid solitary wave events, a) these individual events are spatially localized to scales approximately 100 m wide perpendicular to B, and b) the probability of occurrence of the events is greatest at times of maximum VLF wave intensity. Second, ion acceleration by broadband, low frequency electrostatic waves is observed in a 30 km wide region at the poleward edge of the arc. The fluxes from this and other sounding rockets are shown to be consistent with DE-1 and Freja outflow measurements, indicating that the AMICIST observations show the low altitude, microphysical signatures of nightside auroral outflow from TAI.
Evidence for alternate galactose oxidation in a patient with deletion of the galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase gene.

The persistent, dietary-independent elevation of galactose metabolites in patients with galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) deficiency is probably secondary to de novo synthesis of galactose. Relatively constant steady-state levels of galactose metabolites in patients also suggest that non-GALT metabolic pathways must function to dispose of the galactose synthesized each day. The discovery of a patient with a rare deletion of the GALT gene provided a unique opportunity to examine the availability of any alternate galactose oxidative capacity both in vivo and in vitro. Utilizing genomic DNA from the patient, Southern blot data demonstrated that 10 of the 11 GALT exons were homozygously deleted. By measurement of 13CO2 in expired air for up to 24 h after an oral bolus of [1-13C]galactose, it was demonstrated that 17% of the galactose was metabolized, a value comparable to the 3-h elimination rate in a control subject. Furthermore, lymphoblasts prepared from the patient could also convert [1-14C]galactose to 14CO2. This unique study provides the first unambiguous evidence that another pathway exists in man that can be responsible for galactose disposal. Further knowledge of this alternate galactose oxidative route and its regulation may aid in formulating new strategies for the treatment of galactosemia.
DELAY OF CELL DIFFERENTIATION IN Anabaena aequalis CAUSED BY UV‐B RADIATION AND THE ROLE OF PHOTOREACTIVATION AND EXCISION REPAIR

The effect of ultraviolet light on cell differentiation was studied in the cyanobacterium Anabaena aequalis. Exposure of cells to UV-B wavelengths (280-320 nm) significantly delayed the differentiation of vegetative cells into heterocysts and akinetes at doses up to 56 kJ m-2. Heterocyst differentiation was essentially stopped at all exposure levels when photoreactivation was prevented, even when excision repair was available to the cells. Photoreactivated samples produced heterocysts at doses through 28 kJ m-2, after which differentiation dropped steeply to near zero levels. Some recovery of differentiation was evident at higher doses but at levels much below that of controls. Akinete differentiation was only slightly delayed by the exposures when cells were photoreactivated. Samples then showed rapid differentiation with the numbers of akinetes significantly greater than controls. Cells that did not receive photoreactivating light showed a greater initial delay in differentiation but 2 weeks after the exposures had recovered to control levels. Caffeine had more effect on the differentiation of akinetes than heterocysts. Inhibition of excision repair greatly reduced differentiation in photoreactivated samples and essentially eliminated differentiation in the nonphotoreactivated samples.
A Streamlined Strategy for Biohydrogen Production with Halanaerobium hydrogeniformans, an Alkaliphilic Bacterium

Biofuels are anticipated to enable a shift from fossil fuels for renewable transportation and manufacturing fuels, with biohydrogen considered attractive since it could offer the largest reduction of global carbon budgets. Currently, lignocellulosic biohydrogen production remains inefficient with pretreatments that are heavily fossil fuel-dependent. However, bacteria using alkali-treated biomass could streamline biofuel production while reducing costs and fossil fuel needs. An alkaliphilic bacterium, Halanaerobium hydrogeniformans, is described that is capable of biohydrogen production at levels rivaling neutrophilic strains, but at pH 11 and hypersaline conditions. H. hydrogeniformans ferments a variety of 5- and 6- carbon sugars derived from hemicellulose and cellulose including cellobiose, and forms the end products hydrogen, acetate and formate. Further, it can also produce biohydrogen from switchgrass and straw pretreated at temperatures far lower than any previously reported and in solutions compatible with growth. Hence, this bacterium can potentially increase the efficiency and efficacy of biohydrogen production from renewable biomass resources.
An exploratory investigation of links between changes in adipokines and quality of life in individuals undergoing weight loss interventions: Possible implications for cancer research

Abstract Objective Obesity has been linked to a wide spectrum of malignancies, with the strongest association demonstrated for endometrial cancer. Although the mechanisms are not yet entirely clear, a number of risk biomarkers have been proposed, including altered adipokines. Systemic levels of these adipose derived molecules have also been linked in prior research to self-reported quality of life (QOL). The study objective was to examine the hypothesis that adipokine changes during intentional weight loss may be associated with changes in QOL. Methods Fifty-two female participants were selected from two behavioral weight loss trials (SMART and PREFER) on the basis of achieving successful weight loss at 6month assessment, availability of blood samples and completion of standard SF-36 QOL questionnaires. Levels of adiponectin, leptin, and resistin were measured using xMAP immunoassays. Changes in QOL were examined using linear regression models in relation to pre- and post-intervention changes in biomarker levels and BMI. Results Significant changes between pre- and post-intervention were observed for leptin. Controlling for baseline BMI, leptin was the only biomarker that predicted change in QOL (Physical Component Scale, PCS). Linear regression models demonstrated that leptin continued to be a significant predictor of change in PCS when other possible predictor variables were included in the model. Conclusions This study is among the first to demonstrate that changes in PCS may be regulated by levels of both metabolic variables and adipokines. An improved understanding of biological mechanisms associated with weight loss and the role of QOL may help guide preventive strategies for obesity-associated cancers.
Biochemical, structural, and biomarker evidence for calpain-mediated cytoskeletal change after diffuse brain injury uncomplicated by contusion.

Calpain-mediated degradation of the cytoskeletal protein α-II-spectrin has been implicated in the pathobiology of experimental and human traumatic brain injury (TBI). Spectrin proteolysis after diffuse/widespread TBI uncomplicated by either subtle or overt contusion and/or mass lesions, (i.e. mild to moderate TBI), has not been previously evaluated. To determine the spatiotemporal pattern and cellular localization of calpain-mediated spectrin proteolysis after diffuse/widespread TBI and the extent to which parenchymal changes in calpain-mediated spectrin proteolysis are reflected in the cerebrospinal fluid, adult rats were subjected to a moderate midline fluid percussion injury and allowed to survive for 3 hours to 7 days postinjury. Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical and Western blot analyses were performed to identify the calpain-specific 145-kDa breakdown product of α-II-spectrin (SBDP145). After diffuse TBI, enhanced levels of SBDP145 immunoreactivity were observed in the neocortex, subcortical white matter, thalamus, and hippocampus, peaking between 24 and 48 hours postinjury. Immunoreactivity was localized almost exclusively to damaged axons and axonal terminal debris. Heightened levels of SBDP145 were also observed in the cerebrospinal fluid at 24 hours postinjury. These results confirm the widespread occurrence of calpain-mediated spectrin proteolysis after diffuse TBI without contusion and support the potential utility of SBDPs as biomarkers of a diffusely injured brain.
Exchange Corrections to Hot-Electron Lifetimes

We obtain an improved approximation for the inverse vertex function ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}t}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\kappa}},\ensuremath{\omega})$ with exchange corrections. The imaginary part of the self-energy of hot electrons is calculated and compared with the random-phase-approximation (RPA) values. The RPA results differ significantly from Quinn's earlier RPA results owing to improved computational facilities. The mean free path of an electron 5 eV above the Fermi surface in aluminum is compared with Kanter's experimental value.
Platinum-sulfated-zirconia. Infrared study of adsorbed pyridine

Pyridine adsorption on sulfated zirconia (SO2−4-ZrO2) provides evidence for infrared bands characteristic of both Bronsted and Lewis acid sites. Samples treated at 100°C retain water and have a higher fraction of Bronsted acidity than when the sample is treated at 400°C. The fraction of Bronsted acid sites observed for SO2−4-ZrO2 is the same in the presence or absence of supported Pt. Based on pyridine adsorption, exposure to gaseous hydrogen at 100 or 150°C did not significantly alter the fraction of Bronsted acid sites following the exposure to hydrogen.
A comparative analysis of terrestrial and planetary bow shocks

Collisionless shocks, such as the Earth bow shock, are very spectacular and energetic events in the Universe. For instance, generated by supernovae, stellar winds, and the solar wind collisonless shock have important effects. They are considered to be efficient particle accelerators and they act galactic nebula and therefore they are considered to trigger formation of planetary systems. The Earth's bow shock results from the interaction of the solar wind with the Earth's magnetosphere. Compared to all other shocks wave in the Universe and even our solar system. It is easily accessible by spacecraft, has been studied in detail over the last several decades. It was one of the prime science objectives of many space missions, such as ISEE, AMPTE, Cluster, and Themis. The idea of this short paper is to provide a summary of the talk presented at the conference.
Response to Marc Sageman's “The Stagnation in Terrorism Research”

Dr. Sageman makes a good point that despite the influx of government funding in the last decade, terrorism scholars have not been able to answer what he calls a “simple question”—what leads a perso...
Reconstruction of the segmental mandibular defect: current state of the art.

Purpose of reviewThis article reviews literature pertaining to advances in the reconstruction of segmental mandibular defects in the context of an established standard of care, microvascular transfer of free osteocutaneous flaps.Recent findingsMost literature reiterates established reconstructive te
GRIDiron: an interactive authoring and cognitive training foundation for reconstructive plastic surgery procedures

We present an interactive simulation framework for authoring surgical procedures of soft tissue manipulation using physics-based simulation to animate the flesh. This interactive authoring tool can be used by clinical educators to craft three-dimensional illustrations of the intricate maneuvers involved in craniofacial repairs, in contrast to two-dimensional sketches and still photographs which are the medium used to describe these procedures in the traditional surgical curriculum. Our virtual environment also allows surgeons-intraining to develop cognitive skills for craniofacial surgery by experimenting with different approaches to reconstructive challenges, adapting stock techniques to flesh regions with nonstandard shape, and reach preliminary predictions about the feasibility of a given repair plan. We use a Cartesian grid-based embedded discretization of nonlinear elasticity to maximize regularity, and expose opportunities for aggressive multithreading and SIMD accelerations. Using a grid-based approach facilitates performance and scalability, but constrains our ability to capture the topology of thin surgical incisions. We circumvent this restriction by hybridizing the grid-based discretization with an explicit hexahedral mesh representation in regions where the embedding mesh necessitates overlap or nonmanifold connectivity. Finally, we detail how the front-end of our system can run on lightweight clients, while the core simulation capability can be hosted on a dedicated server and delivered as a network service.
Resident but not transient Eurasian Siskins reduce body mass in response to increasing predation risk: a natural experiment

The body mass of birds is the result of a trade-off between predation and starvation risks. According to the mass-dependent predation hypothesis, birds reduce their body mass when predation risk increases. Many studies have supported this hypothesis, but it has rarely been possible to investigate the mass-dependent predation risk response by comparing individuals of the same species foraging simultaneously at the same location, in the field and facing a real (not simulated) risk of predation. Wintering Siskins (Carduelis spinus) are divided in two subpopulations: residents, which stay in a foraging area for several weeks or months, and transients, which only remain a few hours or days. In this paper, we present a natural experiment by comparing the body mass variation of resident and transient Siskins between a period of the wintering season without avian predators and another period with a Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) that was hunting regularly. We found that resident Siskins reduced their body mass with the presence of the hawk, while transients did not. Since in a previous study with no avian predators at the study area it was found that the difference in body condition between residents and transients did not vary throughout the wintering season, we can confidently say that the reduction in body mass observed in this study was directly linked to the presence of the hawk. We additionally found that this reduction was not associated with the dominance of residents over transients. We discuss the advantages of residence related to the knowledge of actual predation risk. Our results strongly support the mass-dependent predation hypothesis.
Comparative analysis of the sequence and structure of two Drosophila melanogaster genes encoding vitelline membrane proteins.

Abstract Two Drosophila melanogaster vitelline membrane protein-encoding genes ( VM ), located at polytene band positions 26A and 34C, have been cloned and comparatively characterized at the nucleotide level. Sequence analysis of genomic and cDNA clones for the two genes, VM26A.1 and VM34C.1 , indicates that both are similarly organized with a central highly conserved domain [Scherer et al., Dev. Biol. 130 (1988) 786–788] which is flanked by unrelated regions, and that both genes lack introns. Comparison of the upstream regions reveals that both VM genes contain a heptameric element identical to one associated with the D. melanogaster yolk protein-encoding genes ( YP ). This heptamer occurs in the specific 5' flanking region responsible for ovarian temporal- and tissue-specific control in both VM and YP genes. A putative chorion transcription factor 2 site is also associated with an upstream control element of VM26A.1 , but not with any sequenced portion of VM34C.1 .
Jet Shapes in pp and PbPb collisions in the CMS Experiment

Abstract Jet shape measurements are important for many applications. When measured in pp collisions they can be used to constrain generator and showering settings. When measured in PbPb collisions they can be used to probe for distortions from interactions with the hot and dense medium. Fully unfolded jet shape measurements are presented and compared with generator expectations in 7 TeV pp collisions, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36 p b − 1 . In addition, first measurement of jet shapes in heavy-ion (PbPb) collisions are presented and compared with observations in 2.76 TeV pp collisions to probe if the jet structure is modified in the medium due to parton energy loss. The PbPb data set collected in 2011 is analyzed, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 129 μ b − 1 . The jets are reconstructed with the anti-kT clustering algorithm by utilizing particle-flow objects.
Dynamical theory of an atom with two or three levels interacting with quantized cavity fields

Abstract We review the dynamical interaction of an atom with radiation in the framework of models of the Jaynes-Cummings type. The atom is restricted to a few energy levels and the radiation consists of quantized near-resonant loss-free modes. A general formalism is presented that allows a compact discussion of atom and field dynamics without approximations. Quantum wave packet collapse and revival phenomena, coherent trapping states, and some experimental prospects for two-level and three-level atoms are treated in detail, and some related effects are discussed more briefly.
Escaping the Symbolic Politics Trap: Reconciliation Initiatives and Conflict Resolution in Ethnic Wars

Existing approaches to resolving civil wars are based primarily on the assumption that these wars result from conflicts of interest among rational individuals. However, peacebuilding efforts based on this approach usually fail in cases of ethnic civil war, leading sooner or later to renewed fighting. Symbolic politics theory suggests the problem with these peace efforts is that they pay insufficient attention to ameliorating the emotional and symbolic roots of extremist ethnic politics. The theory suggests that resolving ethnic war requires reconciliation-changing hostile attitudes to more moderate ones, assuaging ethnic fears, and replacing the intragroup symbolic politics of ethnic chauvinism with a politics that rewards moderation. The only policy tools for promoting such attitudinal and social changes are reconciliation initiatives such as leaders' acknowledgement of their sides' misdeeds, public education efforts such as media campaigns, and problem-solving workshops. Integrating such reconciliation initiatives into a comprehensive conflict resolution strategy, it is argued, is necessary for conflict resolution efforts to be more effective in ending ethnic civil wars.
267 OXYGENATION DOES NOT STIMULATE HEPATIC GLUCOSE PRODUCTION IN FETAL LAMES

Previous studies have demonstrated zero glucose flux and absence of gluconeogenesis by the fetal liver. Shortly after birth, however, the newborn liver releases glucose both by glycogenolysis and by gluconeogenesis. Warnes et al have suggested that oxygen availability stimulates hepatic gluconeogenesis at birth. To test whether an increase in blood pO2 stimulates hepatic release of glucose, we studied 6 healthy fetal lambs at 136.5 days which had catheters chronically maintained in the right or left hepatic vein (HV), umbilical vein, inferior vena cava, and fetal descending aorta (FA), and a large tube in the trachea. We ventilated the lambs in utero, first with 57.CO2, 3%O2, 92%N2 and then with 95X02, 5ZC02- We measured hepatic blood flow by the microsphere method and hepatic glucose (Glu) flux by the Fick method. Our results (mean±SD) are as follows: These near-term lambs did demonstrate hepatic glucose production in the control period. However, although the results suggest that oxygenation increases HV Glu concentration, and decreases liver blood flow, the differences are not significant, and oxygenation did not change hepatic glucose flux. (Supported by HL24056.)
Cervical spine injuries among submersion victims.

Background: Submersion victims are frequently considered at high risk for cervical spine (C-spine) injury regardless of whether they sustain a traumatic injury. We hypothesized that C-spine injury is unlikely in submersion victims who do not sustain high-impact injuries. Methods: The study was a cohort study of all people who submerged between January 1974 and July 1996 and received medical care or were seen by the medical examiner in King, Pierce, and Snohomish counties in Washington State. Results: Eleven (0.5%) of 2,244 submersion victims had C-spine injuries. All 11 had submerged in open bodies of water; had clinical signs of serious injury; and had a history of diving, motorized vehicle crash, or fall from height. No C-spine injuries occurred in 880 low-impact submersions. Conclusion: Submersion victims are at risk for C-spine injury only if they have also sustained a traumatic injury. Routine C-spine immobilization does not appear to be warranted solely on the basis of a history of submersion.
Knowledge for Practice with Transgendered Persons.

Abstract Most social work practitioners have had very limited knowledge about or information to inform their practice with transgend-ered persons, but cultivating a knowledge base of practice to prepare students to work more competently and effectively with transgendered persons is an essential element of good practice and needs to be integrated into a foundation level social work curriculum in meaningful and conscientious ways. The following paper explores the theme of knowledge for practice with transgendered persons by examining seven areas from where social work practice is derived.
The surface interaction of O2 and NO with manganous oxide

Abstract Surface interactions occurring during the contact of O 2 and NO with supported and unsupported MnO were studied by volumetric and gravimetric methods and electron paramagnetic resonance. At 25 °C the interaction between oxygen and MnO is confined to the surface at complete coverage. The attainment of the monolayer coverage is very fast. The oxygen chemisorbs dissociatively and for every molecule adsorbed four Mn 2+ spin centers are annihilated by oxidation to Mn 3+ . At 400 °C the Mn 3+ ions disproportionate to Mn 2+ and Mn 4+ ions. At −78 °C similar proeesses take place only on a part of the exposed surface. At >70 °C the incorporation of oxygen into the bulk takes place. The interaction of NO with the surface of MnO at 25 °C leads to the oxidation of the manganous ions to Mn 3+ and the simultaneous chemisorption of NO on the resulting Mn 2 O 3 surface. The oxidation of MnO is not confined to the surface but takes place much slower than the surface interaction with O 2 . The NO adsorbed on Mn 2 O 3 can be desorbed as such. The gaseous product of the MnO oxidation is largely N 2 O with small amounts of N 2 . In contrast the chemisorption of NO on MnO 2 surfaces is very small.
Theory and design of two-dimensional nonseparable shift-invariant filter banks

Shift-variance limits the usage of 2D maximally-decimated filter banks in many image processing applications where shift-invariance is desired. Several approaches have been proposed to overcome this problem for both 1D and 2D multirate systems. All of the existing methods are 1D-based algorithms, i.e. dealing with 2D image by separable processing, and thus do not have the advantages that a non- separable 2D system offers. In this paper, a framework for the theory and the design of 2D shift-invariant filter banks with non-separable sampling and/or non-separable filters are presented. There are three major advantages that the proposed 2D shift-invariant filter banks have over the separable 2D systems using the existing methods. First of all, it is a non-separable 2D approach and therefore has the advantages that a 'true' 2D approach offers. Secondly, the resulting 2D filter banks and wavelets have the conventional dyadic structure while possessing better SI property. Finally, the proposed filter bank is independent of input images. Design examples are presented.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Intracellular thyroxine-binding proteins in rabbit muscle and liver

Abstract Cellular thyroxine-binding proteins in rabbit skeletal muscle and liver were studied by gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography and polyvinyl chloride electrophoresis. Soluble protein fractions with affinity for thyroxine were detected in muscle and liver extracts by gel filtration. The fraction with the highest relative affinity for thyroxine was further purified. In both tissues this fraction was found to consist mainly of two cellular thyroxine-binding proteins when analysed by ion-exchange chromatography. Electrophoresis showed that these fractions were not completely homogeneous. The cellular thyroxine-binding proteins tus isolated had different electrophoretic mobilities than rabbit serum thyroxine-binding proteine. The thyroxine-binding capacities of the isolated cellular thyroxine-binding proteins were studied by electrophoresis. The maximal binding capacities varied from 3.5 to 10.5 μg thyroxine per mg protein. The total binding capacity of both muscle and liver extract was so large that it was not possible to completely saturate it with the electrophoretic technique. It was over 600 μg thyroxine per 100 ml supernatant. The easy release of thyroxine from cellular thyroxine-binding proteins during the purification procedure indicates a rather low affinity of cellular thyroxine-binding proteins for thyroxine. The physiological function of cellular thyroxine-binding proteins is not known.
The References to the Time and Place of the Crucifixion in the Peri Pascha of Melito of Sardis

After the time of the gospels, Melito of Sardis is the first Christian writer of whom we have a record to make reference to the place where Jesus was crucified. His references to the place of crucifixion have been thought to reflect knowledge of where the site of Golgotha was located within the plan of second-century Aelia Capitolina. However, a survey of all his references to the time and place of crucifixion indicates that they are governed by Melito's rhetorical purposes and are not historically reliable.
THE TRIFLUOROMETHYL GROUP IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS. A REVIEW

(1996). THE TRIFLUOROMETHYL GROUP IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS. A REVIEW. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 289-318.
FT-NIR Spectroscopic Analysis of Nitrogen in Cotton Leaves

Near-infrared spectroscopy was evaluated as a means to quantify the nitrogen content in fresh cotton leaves (Gossypium hirsutum L. var. Delta Pine 90) subjected to a factorial design experiment of varying nitrogen and water applications. Absorbance spectra were collected in the 10 000-4000 cm-1 (1000-2500 nm) region from fresh cotton leaves over a two month portion of the growing season. Total nitrogen content was quantified by a wet chemistry Kjeldahl method for validation purposes. Partial least-squares regression analysis, using an automated grid search method, selected the spectral region 6041 to 5651 cm-1 (1650-1770 nm) for analysis based on having the lowest standard error of prediction of total nitrogen content. This region includes protein spectral features. Nitrogen predictions resulted in a correlation coefficient of 0.83, and a standard error of prediction of 0.29% for nitrogen levels ranging from 3.1 to 5.2% total nitrogen. This approach has promise for providing rapid plant chemical analyses for cotton crop fertilization management purposes.
Biogenic silica as an estimate of siliceous microfossil abundance in Great Lakes sediments

Biogenic silica concentration (BSi) in sediment cores from the Great Lakes is evaluated as an estimate of siliceous microfossil abundance. A significant linear relationship was found between measured BSi and diatom valve abundance for sediment cores from the Bay of Quinte, Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, Lake Michigan and Lake Superior and between measured BSi and diatom biovolume for Lake Erie, Lake Michigan, and Lake Superior but not for Lake Ontario. Diatom silica predicted from diatom species abundance and an estimated silica content per cell in the Lake Erie cores accounted for 117% and 103% of measured BSi, respectively. By contrast, predicted diatom silica could only account for 28% of measured BSi in the Lake Michigan core and only 25% in the Lake Superior core. A few large diatoms with a large silica content per cell comprised a major portion of predicted diatom silica in all cores. The discrepancy between chemically measured BSi and the silica predicted from diatoms in the Lake Michigan and Lake Superior cores was partially due to the inability of the regression model, used to estimate diatom silica content, to account for different degrees of silicification in the diatom asemblages from the more dissolved silica rich Lake Michigan and Lake Superior.
Dynamics of lava flow: Thickness growth characteristics of steady two-dimensional flow

The thickness growth characteristics of flowing lava are investigated using a heat balance model and a two-dimensional model for flow of a Bingham plastic fluid down an inclined plane. It is found that yield strength plays a crucial role in the thickening of a lava flow of given flow rate. To illustrate this point, downstream thickness profiles and yield strength distributions were calculated for flows with mass flow rates of 10,000 and 100,000 kg/m-sec. Higher flow rates led to slow cooling rates which resulted in slow rate of increase of yield strength and thus greater flow lengths.
Efficient public goods provision with incomplete markets

Unsolved issues of efficient public investment in stochastic-dynamic models of the economy are examined using results from incomplete markets general equilibrium theory. The analysis delivers two previously unarticulated findings. First, the equilibrium interest rate can be used to bound the socially optimal discount rate for a public investment. Second, a new non-market mechanism (CRM) that is welfare improving over alternatives in the Groves class is introduced. The second finding amends the well-known characterization theorem of Green and Laffont (Incentives in Public Decision-Making, North-Holland, New York, 1979) and identifies a new class of direct-revelation mechanisms for public goods provision in stochastic-dynamic settings.
Internal structures in part of the South Mountain batholith, Nova Scotia, Canada

The Devonian South Mountain batholith (SMB) in southern Nova Scotia provides an opportunity to examine the deformation produced in a magma during emplacement. The SMB was emplaced in three principal stages, from oldest to youngest, (1) granodiorite, (2) monzogranite, and (3) late granite porphyry, aplite, and pegmatite. This investigation focuses on the monzogranite that underlies the eastern end of the batholith, approximately 15 km south of the city of Halifax. The deformation consists of various types of mesoscopic and macroscopic flow folds, defined by mapping the preferred orientation of alkali feldspar megacrysts. The fold geometry is similar to that produced during melt-dominated (>30% liquid) flow in migmatites. The deformation did not affect the envelope of Cambrian-Ordovician metasedimentary rocks of the Meguma Group; hence, the stresses that caused the folding were internal. The response to the stresses was by ductile deformation (folding) and only locally by fracturing (schlieren, megacrystic dikes) during the late stages of consolidation. The magma behaved as a Bingham substance during emplacement, alternately plastic or brittle, depending on the stress.
Livelock avoidance for Meta-schedulers

Meta-scheduling, a process which allows a user to schedule a job across multiple sites, has a potential for livelock. Current systems avoid livelock by locking down resources at multiple sites and allowing a meta-scheduler to control the resources during the lock down period or by limiting job size to that which will fit on one site. The former approach leads to poor utilization; the later poses limitations on job size. This research uses BYU's Meta-scheduler (YMS) which allows jobs to be scheduled across multiple sites without the need for locking down the nodes. YMS avoids livelock through exponential back-off. This research quantifies the potential for livelock, determines a suitable back-off period, and provides a structure upon which to test theoretical local schedulers. The results show that livelock exists and that a suitable exponential back-off not only avoids livelock but reduces the scheduling time for each job.
Whither the genome project

The Human Genome Project represents the convergence of three billion years of biological evolution and ten thousand or more years of cultural evolution-and their interaction is bound to change both, profoundly. From now on, their futures will be indissolubly linked. Actually, these streams, coursing through time, have already unwittingly made contact. With the invention of sanitation and the introduction of modem medicine, the role of natural selection in the perpetuation of the species was markedly reduced, with inevitable influence on the human gene pool. Now we foresee a more conscious interaction. Those who fear, even dread, its uncertain consequences, argue that we should prevent or abort this meeting. To do so would, of course, consign humanity forever to the cruelties and opportunities of the genetic lottery-statistical cruelties that mean blighted lives for those afflicted; statistical opportunities that provide the rare genius who, appearing at the right time, forever changes our civilization. Must we accept the former to have the latter? And though rarely noted, to do so implies that our present genetic endowment-with all of its admixed ancient baggage and recent innovation-is beyond human grasp and appreciation, much less improvement, an acme, or the expression of a divine will. To some, even increased knowledge of the genetic basis of human characteristics is an assault upon human dignity. But is human dignity best affirmed by willful ignorance, or by increasing human self-knowledge? Some, seeking an intermediate course, argue that biology and culture should meet at arms length. They fear the consequence of unrestrained interaction. They seek a decorous relationship in which the culture may pick and choose from the biological knowledge acquired to alleviate a few grievous genetic ailments, but avoid large-scale biological, and inevitably cultural, change. Others would set no a priori limits to this interaction, but would advocate great caution. We know so little about the complexity and tolerances of either our biological or cultural organization, they argue, that either or both could easily be destabilized with catastrophic consequence. In their view any experiments should be of small scale and slow pace. Still others, no doubt, full of confidence, would simply permit free enterprise to reign. The human genome project per se is intended solely to acquire knowledge. Yet in the ethos of modem society, it is feckless to suppose that knowledge, once available, will not be used. While ethicists may properly debate the morality of experimentation with sentient beings-in either the biological or cultural mode-heuristically, in a secular age dominated by the twin pillars of power-commerce and politics-what in fact is likely to happen? …
Ab initio studies of tamoxifen and related compounds

An extensive theoretical study of tamoxifen and related compounds has been performed at the ab initio Hartree–Fock (HF)/6-31G** and B3LYP/6-31G** levels. The optimized structures are in good agreement with X-ray data. Theoretical calculations indicate that the ground state energies of cis- and trans-tamoxifen, as well as the energies of the 4-hydroxytamoxifen isomeric pair, are close, which confirms experimental and AM1 results and suggests nearly equivalent populations of the two isomers under equilibrium conditions. The effects of solvation were calculated with the Onsager model with full geometry optimization. The results indicate that solvation has little effect on the total energies. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Dietary Choices of the Pouched Mouse (Saccostomus mearnsi) in Central Kenya1

Abstract Although there is growing recognition of the importance of small mammals in savanna ecosystems of east Africa, the ecology and behavior of these organisms are not well known. We conducted studies on the dietary preferences of one rodent, the pouched mouse (Saccostomus mearnsi), which is the dominant small mammal in a widespread habitat in central Kenya. To establish the food preferences of this species, we: (1) conducted cafeteria trials in the laboratory whereby individual mice were offered seeds and a selection of herbaceous vegetation from the habitat; (2) surveyed the habitat for piles of vegetation clipped by these mice and identified these clippings to species; and (3) estimated the abundance of plant species in the habitat to determine if the mice were clipping species in proportion to their availability. Our results indicated that S. mearnsi prefers green vegetation to seeds, at least during wet seasons, and that it has a strong preference for forbs. In cafeteria trials, S. mearnsi chose ...
A Parametric Approach to Orthographic Processing in the Brain: An fMRI Study

Brain activation studies of orthographic stimuli typically start with the premise that different types of orthographic strings (e.g., words, pseudowords) differ from each other in discrete ways, which should be reflected in separate and distinct areas of brain activation. The present study starts from a different premise: Words, pseudowords, letterstrings, and false fonts vary systematically across a continuous dimension of familiarity to English readers. Using a one-back matching task to force encoding of the stimuli, the four types of stimuli were visually presented to healthy adult subjects while fMRI activations were obtained. Data analysis focused on parametric comparisons of fMRI activation sites. We did not find any region that was exclusively activated for real words. Rather, differences among these string types were mainly expressed as graded changes in the balance of activations among the regions. Our results suggest that there is a widespread network of brain regions that form a common network for the processing of all orthographic string types.
Centrifuge Testing of Rocking Foundations on Saturated Sand and Unconnected Piles: The Fluid Response

Current research has shown the capabilities and improved seismic performance of rocking shallow foundations for bridges, and much work has been done for implementation of such a mechanism in industry. By properly reducing the size of the footing, rocking behavior due to seismic loading can occur about the footing base. It has been shown experimentally that rocking foundations on competent soils can reduce seismic ductility demand on bridge columns and improve bridge performance. One concern of rocking systems is the potential for significant settlement accumulation in poor soil conditions. This research explores soil, footing, and structural response of similar bridge structures on poor, liquefiable, and saturated soil conditions in addition to the effectiveness and practicality of using unconnected piles as a potential settlement mitigation technique. A centrifuge test series showed rocking foundations in saturated sand over a liquefiable soil layer not only experience the traditional deformations from liquefaction, but are also susceptible to additional deformations such as suction and erosion around the footing.
Radmilla's Voice: Music Genre, Blood Quantum, and Belonging on the Navajo Nation

In this article, I examine race, sound, and belonging through an analysis of the first Navajo/African American Miss Navajo Nation, Radmilla Cody. Cody, a professional singer and a Navajo citizen, has been a polarizing public figure in Navajo communities since her crowning in 1997. Utilizing a mixed methodology of participant observation, sound recordings, and press releases, I probe how sound and voice inform a politics of indigeneity in today's Navajo Nation (Dine Bikeyah). Focusing on black/Native parentage and how sound serves as an additional form of marking, I foreground how voice, musical genre, and blood quantum inform public opinion about social authenticity and about who belongs as a Dine citizen. My larger contention becomes that both poetics and politics matter, albeit in differing ways and on divergent scales.
Competition Between Unequals: The Role of Mainstream Party Strategy in Niche Party Success

What accounts for variation in the electoral success of niche parties? Although institutional and sociological explanations of single-issue party strength have been dominant, they tend to remove parties from the analysis. In this article, I argue that the behavior of mainstream parties influences the electoral fortunes of the new, niche party actors. In contrast to standard spatial theories, my theory recognizes that party tactics work by altering the salience and ownership of issues for political competition, not just party issue positions. It follows that niche party support can be shaped by both proximal and non-proximal competitors. Analysis of green and radical right party vote in 17 Western European countries from 1970 to 2000 confirms that mainstream party strategies matter; the modified spatial theory accounts for the failure and success of niche parties across countries and over time better than institutional, sociological, and even standard spatial explanations.
Self-phase modulation by means of resonant cascaded surface-emitting second-harmonic generation

The interaction of four waves in the resonant cascaded surface-emitting second-harmonic-generation structure is analyzed theoretically. The inherent waveguide birefringence is shown to result in the large self-phase modulation as well as in the self-rotation of the polarization direction. The equivalent nonlinear index of refraction is calculated, and the potential device applications are considered.
Structure and Mechanism of RNA Mimics of Green Fluorescent Protein

RNAs have highly complex and dynamic cellular localization patterns. Technologies for imaging RNA in living cells are important for uncovering their function and regulatory pathways. One approach for imaging RNA involves genetically encoding fluorescent RNAs using RNA mimics of green fluorescent protein (GFP). These mimics are RNA aptamers that bind fluorophores resembling those naturally found in GFP and activate their fluorescence. These RNA-fluorophore complexes, including Spinach, Spinach2, and Broccoli, can be used to tag RNAs and to image their localization in living cells. In this article, we describe the generation and optimization of these aptamers, along with strategies for expanding the spectral properties of their associated RNA-fluorophore complexes. We also discuss the structural basis for the fluorescence and photophysical properties of Spinach, and we describe future prospects for designing enhanced RNA-fluorophore complexes with enhanced photostability and increased sensitivity.
Chemically resolved aerosol dynamics for internal mixtures by the quadrature method of moments

Abstract The quadrature method of moments (QMOM), a promising new tool for aerosol dynamics simulation, is extended to multicomponent, internally mixed particle populations. A new moment closure method, the Jacobian matrix transformation (JMT), is introduced and shown to provide an efficient procedure for evolving quadrature abscissas and weights directly and in closed form. For special growth laws where analytic results are available for comparison, the QMOM is also found to be exact. The JMT implementation of the QMOM is used to explore the asymptotic behavior of coagulating aerosols at long time. Nondimensional reduced moments are constructed, and found to evolve to constant values in excellent agreement with estimates derived from ‘self-preserving’ distributions previously obtained by independent methods. Our findings support the QMOM as a new tool for rapid, accurate simulation of the dynamics of an evolving internally mixed aerosol population, including the approach to asymptotic behavior at long time, in terms of lower-order moments.