cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Imaging focal reperfusion injury following global ischemia with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Abstract The purpose of the study was to determine whether diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) could identify focal lesions that develop in ischemia-sensitive cerebral tissues during reperfusion following global brain ischemia. Localized 1 H-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ( 1 H-MRS) measurements were also obtained to determine whether abnormal spectroscopic markers were associated with focal lesions and to define time correlations between DWI and metabolic changes. Brain diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging measurements were made in a cat model of repetitive global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Five animals were exposed to three episodes of 10 min vascular occlusions at hourly intervals. Three animals were evaluated as controls. DWI, T2WI, and 1 H-MRS data were acquired for up to 12 h. Transient focal DWI hyperintensity was detected in the hippocampus, basal ganglia, and cortical watershed areas. These focal abnormalities usually appeared during the final reperfusion and eventually spread to encompass all of the gray matter. Spectroscopic measurements demonstrated the expected elevation of the lactate signal intensity during vessel occlusion, which returned to normal during early reperfusion. A subsequent rise in the lactate signal occurred approximately 3–4 h after the beginning of the third reperfusion. This late lactate elevation occurred after focal hyperintensities were identified by DWI. No significant signal changes were seen in spectroscopic metabolites other than lactate. The study illustrates that DWI and 1 H-MRS are sensitive to focal cerebral lesions that occur during reperfusion following global cerebral ischemia.
Speedometer based on atomic coherence

Abstract A new technique of Quantum Nondemolition Measurement of a projection of canonical momentum of a three level Λ atom is proposed. The scheme of measurement is based on the detection of a Stokes component of two counterpropagating probe electromagnetic waves, interacting with the atom. The measurement allows to infer the velocity of the atom after the interaction with an accuracy better than the Standard Quantum Limit.
Trends in Public Support for Egypt and Israel, 1956-1978

This essay examines public support for Israel and Egypt between 1956 and 1978. Changes in support for the two Middle Eastern adversaries are examined in relation to changes in U.S. Middle Eastern policy. The results suggest that changes in public images of the two nations tend to follow changes in official policy. As American policy has shifted toward a more neutral stance, public evaluations of the two nations have converged and by 1977, Israel was favored over Egypt by a narrow margin. Variations in public evaluations of the two nations are also investigated. Besides Jewish Americans, the more educated and more affluent tend to rate Israel more favorably. Among nonwhites, the poor, and less- educated, Egypt and Israel tend to be rated evenly. In conclusion, it is noted that if cur rent U.S. Middle Eastern policy is maintained, public images of Egypt are likely to im prove gradually.
A Dominant Negative RAF-1 Mutant Prevents V-SRC-Induced Transformation

A vector expressing a dominant negative mutant of Raf-1 was stably introduced into BALB/c 3T3 cells expressing a temperature-sensitive derivative of v-Src. High levels of the Raf-mutant were detected in these cells. Expression of the Raf-1 mutant blocked v-Src-induced transformation, as determined by reversion to a flat non-transformed morphology and the inability to form colonies in soft agar. Cells transfected with the parental vector lacking the mutant Raf-1 could be transformed by v-Src. These data suggest that intracellular signals activated by v-Src that are mediated by Raf-1 are required for transformation by v-Src.
Sample shape and temperature strongly influence the yield strength of metallic nanopillars

For bulk face-centered cubic metals in conventional tests, the effects of sample shape on the yield stress are negligibly small, and the strength dependence on temperature is very weak. Using molecular dynamics simulations, here we demonstrate marked differences in yield stress for Cu pillars with different cross-sectional geometries, or tested at different temperatures, when the sample dimensions are on the nanometer scale. The origin of this change in yield behavior from conventional bulk Cu is explained by analyzing dislocation emission from the surfaces and corners as the mechanism to mediate plasticity. Based on a systematic characterization of the surface structure, atomic-level stresses and strains, a local strain criterion is proposed for yielding in such nanoscale objects.
Atomic vibrations and the melting process in metals

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to show that the Gruneisen equation for potential energy (as a function of distances between the atoms) provides for instability in the lattice of crystalline metals when the amplitude of vibration exceeds a critical distance, ( r i − r 0 ). Upon this basis the general theory is tested by comparing the experimental melting temperatures of thirty-one elements of the periodic table with those computed from the theory. A different equation is required for the close-packed structures than for the loose-packed structures.
New Strategies for Improvement and Implementation of the Digital Electrostatic e-beam Array Lithography (DEAL) Concept

The digital electrostatically focused e-beam array direct-write lithography (DEAL) concept incorporates a digitally addressable field-emission array (DAFEA) and an integrated dose control circuit to function as the write head for an e-beam lithography tool. Typically, DEAL devices have been fabricated using vertically aligned carbon nanofibers as the field emitter. To further improve device performance and patterning resolution, tungsten nanofibers formed by electron-beam-induced deposition (EBID) were used. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterization results have shown that high purity, single crystal beta-W nanofibers with sharp tips can be deterministically grown and used for field emission. Additional design modifications have been implemented in an attempt to further improve lithography results. These include the introduction of an integrated, 500-nm diameter, beam-forming aperture in an effort to increase the depth of focus and minimize beam divergence as well as to function as a focusing electrode. Fabrication and operation details will be discussed, as well as modeling results which predict the anticipated performance improvements
Engineering geologic and geotechnical analysis of paleoseismic shaking using liquefaction effects: field examples

Abstract The greatest impediments to the widespread acceptance of back-calculated ground motion characteristics from paleoliquefaction studies typically stem from three uncertainties: (1) the significance of changes in the geotechnical properties of post-liquefied sediments (e.g., “aging” and density changes), (2) the selection of appropriate geotechnical soil indices from individual paleoliquefaction sites, and (3) the methodology for integration of back-calculated results of strength of shaking from individual paleoliquefaction sites into a regional assessment of paleoseismic strength of shaking. Presented herein are two case studies that illustrate the methods outlined by Olson et al. [Engineering Geology, this issue] for addressing these uncertainties. The first case study is for a site near Memphis, Tennessee, wherein cone penetration test data from side-by-side locations, one of liquefaction and the other of no liquefaction, are used to readily discern that the influence of post-liquefaction “aging” and density changes on the measured in situ soil indices is minimal. In the second case study, 12 sites that are at scattered locations in the Wabash Valley and that exhibit paleoliquefaction features are analyzed. The features are first provisionally attributed to the Vincennes Earthquake, which occurred around 6100 years BP, and are used to illustrate our proposed approach for selecting representative soil indices of the liquefied sediments. These indices are used in back-calculating the strength of shaking at the individual sites, the results from which are then incorporated into a regional assessment of the moment magnitude, M, of the Vincennes Earthquake. The regional assessment validated the provisional assumption that the paleoliquefaction features at the scattered sites were induced by the Vincennes Earthquake, in the main, which was determined to have M∼7.5. The uncertainties and assumptions used in the assessment are discussed in detail.
Cement for passive damping

Multifunctional concretes capable of both structural and non- structural functions are made possible by appropriate admixtures. The use of acid treated silica fume (15% by weight of cement), latex (20 - 30% by weight of cement) or methylcellulose (0.4 - 0.8% by weight of cement) as an admixture gave the vibration damping function (with loss tangent up to 0.18, i.e., up to 390% increase, and loss modulus up to 2.2 GPa, i.e., up to 2200% increase, at 0.2 - 2 Hz loading).
Half-site strand transfer by step-arrest mutants of yeast site-specific recombinase Flp.

Abstract The Flp recombinase of Saccharomyces cerevisae can mediate strand transfer within a half-site, between two half-sites and between a half-site and a full-site. The ability of “step-arrest” mutants of Flp to partake in half-site reactions has been examined. Arg308 variants of Flp, which show little or no strand cleavage in reactions with normal full-sites, execute significant levels of strand transfer in half-site reactions. On the other hand, His305 variants of Flp, which normally accumulate the strand cleavage product from full-sites but do not complete strand transfer, yield only minute amounts of strand transfer products from halfsites. As would be predicted, the step-arrest mutants are unable to produce “normal” or “reverse” recombinants between a half-site and a full-site. The Flp protein is able to form higher-order complexes in association with a half-site. The step-arrest mutants of Flp show specific defects in forming these complexes.
Antenatal Betamethasone and the Risk of Cerebral Palsy (CP) in Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW) Neonates

Antenatal Betamethasone and the Risk of Cerebral Palsy (CP) in Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW) Neonates
The bat flower: A source of microtubule-destabilizing and -stabilizing compounds with synergistic antiproliferative actions

The biosynthesis of secondary metabolites provides higher plants with mechanisms of defense against microbes, insects, and herbivores. One common cellular target of these molecules is the highly conserved microtubule cytoskeleton, and microtubule-targeting compounds with insecticidal, antifungal, nematicidal, and anticancer activities have been identified from plants. A new retro-dihydrochalcone, taccabulin A, with microtubule-destabilizing activity has been identified from the roots and rhizomes of Tacca species. This finding is notable because the microtubule-stabilizing taccalonolides are also isolated from these sources. This is the first report of an organism producing compounds with both microtubule-stabilizing and -destabilizing activities. A two-step chemical synthesis of taccabulin A was performed. Mechanistic studies showed that taccabulin A binds within the colchicine site on tubulin and has synergistic antiproliferative effects against cancer cells when combined with a taccalonolide, which bin...
CT appearance of primary pancreatic lymphoma

Primary lymphoma of the pancreas is a rare neoplasm that may resemble pancreatic carcinoma on CT scans. Two cases with CT findings are presented.
The critical role of water at the gold-titania interface in catalytic CO oxidation

We provide direct evidence of a water-mediated reaction mechanism for room-temperature CO oxidation over Au/TiO2 catalysts. A hydrogen/deuterium kinetic isotope effect of nearly 2 implicates O-H(D) bond breaking in the rate-determining step. Kinetics and in situ infrared spectroscopy experiments showed that the coverage of weakly adsorbed water on TiO2 largely determines catalyst activity by changing the number of active sites. Density functional theory calculations indicated that proton transfer at the metal-support interface facilitates O2 binding and activation; the resulting Au-OOH species readily reacts with adsorbed Au-CO, yielding Au-COOH. Au-COOH decomposition involves proton transfer to water and was suggested to be rate determining. These results provide a unified explanation to disparate literature results, clearly defining the mechanistic roles of water, support OH groups, and the metal-support interface.
Circannual variation and genetic regulation of hepatic testosterone hydroxylase activities in inbred strains of mice.

Hydroxylation of testosterone by hepatic microsomes at positions 6α, 6β, 7α, 15α, and 16α has been studied in C57BL/6J, 129/J, and A/J mice. Differences in hydroxylase activities between the C57BL/6J and A/J strains and between the C57BL/6J and 129/J strains were investigated using standard genetic breeding protocols. In the C57BL/6J × A/J line, 6α- and 7α-hydroxylase activity appeared to be under polygenic control in both sexes, as did 15α-hydroxylase activity in females. The lack of 16α-hydroxylase activity observed in 129/J females behaved as a recessive, autosomal, single locus, sex-limited trait. In several instances, the level of hydroxylase activity at one position appeared to be affected by the level of hydroxylase activity at a second position; however, no clear-cut pattern was discerned. Over a period of a year, a remarkable cycle in total hydroxylase activity for all mice was observed; the average activity was greatest in December and least in April.
Scheduling and admission control for integrated-services networks: the Priority Token Bank

This paper proposes a new mechanism called the Priority Token Bank for admission control, scheduling and policing in integrated-services networks. In such networks, both arrival processes and performance objectives can vary greatly from one packet stream to another. There are two principal components to the Priority Token Bank: accepting or rejecting requests to admit entire packet streams, where acceptance means guaranteeing that the packet stream's performance objectives will be met, and scheduling the transmission of packets such that performance objectives are met, even under heavy loads. To the extent possible, the performance of traffic is also optimized beyond the requirements. The performance achieved with the Priority Token Bank is compared to that of other typical algorithms. It is shown that, when operating under the constraint that the performance objectives of applications such as packet voice, video and bulk data transfer must be met in an ATM network, the mean delay experienced by other traffic is much better with the Priority Token Bank. Furthermore, the admission control algorithm can guarantee requirements will be met, and admit more traffic than the common alternatives.
Mitteilung aus dem Kent Chemical Laboratory der Universität von Chicago. Das periodische System und die Eigenschaften der Elemente

In dieser Arbeit ist eine periodische Tabelle entwickelt worden, die graphisch die Beziehungen zwischen den Haupt-und Nebengruppen der Elemente zeigt. Der wesentliche Fehler aller fruher vorgeschlagenen periodischen Tabellen besteht darin, das sie diese Beziehungen nicht richtig wiedergeben.
TGF-β inhibitors for the treatment of cancer

Advances in understanding the role of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β in tumorigenesis have led to the development of TGF-β inhibitors for cancer treatment. Three platforms of TGF-β inhibitors have evolved: antisense oligonucleotides, monoclonal antibodies and small molecules. In this review, the current stage of development of each known TGF-β inhibitor will be discussed. As part of the risk/benefit assessment of TGF-β inhibitors, the known effects of TGF-β deficiency in mice, non-clinical toxicology studies with TGF-β inhibitors in rats, and the clinical studies with monoclonal antibodies against TGF-β will be summarised.
Linear thermal expansivity (1–300 K), specific heat (1–108 K), and electrical resistivity of the icosahedral quasicrystal i-Al61.4Cu25.4Fe13.2

Linear thermal expansivity $(\ensuremath{\alpha},$ 1--300 K), heat capacity ${(C}_{p},$ 1--108 K), and electrical resistivity $(\ensuremath{\rho},$ 1--300 K) measurements are reported for single grain $i\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Al}}_{61.4}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{25.4}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{13.2}$ quasicrystals as a function of sample processing. While $\ensuremath{\rho}(T)$ is sensitive to sample treatment, both ${C}_{p}$ and $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ are relatively insensitive (to a few percent) except at the lowest temperatures (below 4 K), where an inverse correlation between $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and the electronic ${C}_{p}$ coefficient $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ appears to exist. Dispersion effects (deviations from Debye-like behavior) in both ${C}_{p}$ and the lattice Gr\"uneisen parameter $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ are large and comparable with those for single grain $i\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Al}}_{71}{\mathrm{Pd}}_{21}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{08}$ quasicrystal and its ${\mathrm{Al}}_{72}{\mathrm{Pd}}_{25}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{03}$ approximant [Phys. Rev. B $65,$ 184206 (2002)]. Since the 0-K Debye temperature $[{\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{0}=536(2)\mathrm{K}]$ is in reasonable agreement with that from 4-K elastic constants [548(8) K], a previous postulate for AlPdMn that these large dispersion effects are associated with high dispersion lattice modes in off-symmetry directions also appears to apply to $i\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Al}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Cu}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Fe}.$ A comparison with other ${C}_{p}$ data suggests that the major effects of sample treatment (and composition) are reflected, with a few exceptions, in the values of $\ensuremath{\gamma},$ with remarkably similar lattice contributions.
Confidence Bands in Linear Regression with Constraints on the Independent Variables

Several writers have studied the problem of obtaining confidence bands for a straight line regression under the requirement that the bands be at a specified confidence level, (1 – α) say, for values of the independent variable restricted to a pre-specified closed interval. The bands studied by other writers have been either bands of equal width throughout the interval or trapezoidal bands. This paper studies confidence bands of the classical hyperbolic type under the restriction noted above. Relevant distribution results differ according to whether the pre-specified interval on the independent variable is symmetric or asymmetric about the mean of the independent variable values in the experiment. In the former case the problem under study, is shown to be equivalent to a problem studied by Halperin et al (JASA, Sept. 1967) for which distribution theory and tables are already available. The symmetrical case is generalized to obtain confidence bands in multiple linear regression at level (1 – α) for an ellip...
Differential kinetics of fast and slow ankle extensors during the paw-shake in the cat

Force, length, and EMG were assessed in the medial gastrocnemius and soleus muscles of two cats during the paw-shake response. The medial gastrocnemius produced high forces and significant electrical activity while force production and electrical activity were negligible in the soleus. This observation is significant as it provides evidence, through the direct measurement of muscle force, of selective recruitment of a fast muscle when a slow synergist is not activated. Additionally, the relationship among force, length, and neural activation indicates that the role of the medial gastrocnemius during the paw-shake response is to decelerate muscle lengthening and begin muscle shortening.
Pitfalls In Velocity Analysis Using Common-Offset Time Migration

The velocity of an event measured by common-offset time migration velocity analysis is fairly insensitive to the initial migration velocity even for dipping reflectors. However, the time at which that event occurs is very sensitive to the initial migration velocity. This is because errors in the initial velocity result in under or overmigration of the event. For example, if the initial velocity is too slow, the data will be under migrated, and the velocity event from a dipping reflector would appear at approximately the correct velocity but at a time that is too early. When velocities increase with depth, this error would cause us to pick a velocity function that is faster than the correct function. However, this new velocity will generally be closer to the correct velocity than the initial migration velocity. Convergence to the correct velocity usually occurs after a few iterations.
Project Kittyhawk: building a global-scale computer: Blue Gene/P as a generic computing platform

This paper describes Project Kittyhawk, an undertaking at IBM Research to explore the construction of a next-generation platform capable of hosting many simultaneous web-scale workloads. We hypothesize that for a large class of web-scale workloads the Blue Gene/P platform is an order of magnitude more efficient to purchase and operate than the commodity clusters in use today. Driven by scientific computing demands the Blue Gene designers pursued an aggressive system-on-a-chip methodology that led to a scalable platform composed of air-cooled racks. Each rack contains more than a thousand independent computers with highspeed interconnects inside and between racks.We postulate that the same demands of efficiency and density apply to web-scale platforms. This project aims to develop the system software to enable Blue Gene/P as a generic platform capable of being used by heterogeneous workloads. We describe our firmware and operating system work to provide Blue Gene/P with generic system software, one of the results of which is the ability to run thousands of heterogeneous Linux instances connected by TCP/IP networks over the high-speed internal interconnects.
Cover Picture: Towards the Efficient, Total Glycan Utilization of Biomass (ChemSusChem 5/2009)

The cover picture shows common sources of waste biomass (agricultural, municipal, forestry) being processed into a mixture of substituted furans in the biomass digester described by M. Mascal and E. B. Nikitin in their Communication on page 423. The method is remarkably simple and is based on a biphasic reactor incorporating a solvent extraction loop. Isolated product yields from raw biomass approach 90 % of the theoretical, from which can be derived new generation “furanoline” biofuels such as 5-ethoxymethylfurfural and 5-methylfurfural, as well as the value-added products furfural and levulinic acid (picture courtesy of Gorkem Gunbas, Department of Chemistry, UC Davis).
Single dose myocardial protection technique utilizing del Nido cardioplegia solution during congenital heart surgery procedures.

Background: The single dose cardioplegia technique for myocardial protection during congenital heart surgery is a viable alternative to multidose protocols.Methods: Thirty-four pediatric patients w...
Side chain requirements for affinity and specificity in D5, an HIV-1 antibody derived from the VH1-69 germline segment

Background Analysis of factors contributing to high affinity antibody-protein interactions provides insight into natural antibody evolution, and guides the design of antibodies with new or enhanced function. We previously studied the interaction between antibody D5 and its target, a designed protein based on HIV-1 gp41 known as 5-Helix, as a model system [Da Silva, G. F.; Harrison, J. S.; Lai, J. R., Biochemistry, 2010, 49, 5464–5472]. Antibody D5 represents an interesting case study because it is derived from the VH1-69 germline segment; this germline segment is characterized by a hydrophobic second heavy chain complementarity determining region (HCDR2) that constitutes the major functional paratope in D5 and several antibodies derived from the same progenitor.
Subcloning the MAC-T bovine mammary epithelial cell line: morphology, growth properties, and cytogenetic analysis of clonal cells.

The objectives of the present study were 1) to determine the heterogeneity of the MAC-T cell line; 2) to examine whether homogeneous clones could be derived from MAC-T cells; and 3) to examine cell morphology, cytoskeletal characteristics, size, colony-forming ability, growth characteristics, beta-casein production, response to oxytocin, and cytogenetic properties of the clones. Three clonal cells, designated CU-1, CU-2, and CU-3, were derived from MAC-T cells. CU-1 and CU-2 cells were morphologically homogeneous. CU-3 cells were heterogeneous and contained two distinct subtypes. All clones contained cytokeratin 14 and 18. CU-2 and CU-3 cells were 30 and 18% larger, respectively, than CU-1 cells. CU-1 cells did not grow in serum-free medium. Doubling times for MAC-T, CU-2, and CU-3 were 46, 48, and 78 h, respectively, in serum-free medium. MAC-T cells and clones constitutively expressed beta-casein in culture ranging from .1 to .3 micrograms/ml per 24 h. Cytogenetic analyses revealed Robertsonian translocations and isochromosomes in the clonal lines. We conclude that parental MAC-T cells are heterogeneous in morphology, growth, and cytogenetic characteristics.
Respiratory effects of secondhand smoke exposure among young adults residing in a "clean" indoor air state.

The objective of this study is to estimate the prevalence of self-reported secondhand smoke (SHS) exposures and its association with respiratory symptoms in a sample of young adults residing in a state with a partial clean indoor air law. A cross-sectional telephone survey of Florida households and a single state University was conducted in 2005. Enrolled participants between 18 and 24 years of age completed a 15–20 min interview assessing past and current SHS exposure and current respiratory symptoms (n = 1858). Approximately 60% of the sample were female; nearly 70% were non-Hispanic white, 10% were non-Hispanic Black, and 11% were Hispanic. Over two-thirds reported completing at least some college; 23% reported smoking in the past month. Nearly two-thirds (64%) reported visiting a bar or nightclub which exposed them to SHS in the previous month; nearly half (46%) reported SHS exposure while riding in automobiles; 15% reported occupational SHS exposure; and nearly 9% reported living with at least one smoker. In multivariable models, personal smoking behavior, parental smoking history, and exposure to SHS in automobiles and in bars or nightclubs were significantly associated with increased reports of respiratory symptoms. Despite residing in a “clean” indoor air state, the majority of surveyed young adults continue to report exposure to SHS, especially in automobiles and in bars, and these exposures adversely impact respiratory health. All municipalities should pursue clean indoor air legislation which does not exempt bars and restaurants. Educational campaigns directed at reducing SHS exposure in motor vehicles also are needed.
In vitro evidence for a blood-borne renin-releasing factor.

Abstract The present studies using kidney slices were designed to test whether serotonergic stimulation of renin secretion is mediated via an endocrine signal. Previous in vivo studies have indicated that central serotonergic neurons regulate renin secretion. Administration of the serotonin releaser di-p-chloroamphetamine-HCl (PCA) to rats causes dose-dependent increases in renin secretion that can be blocked by serotonin depletion with p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), injections of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine into the dorsal raphe nucleus or ablation of the mediobasal hypothalamus. The renin-releasing substance was obtained from nephrectomized male donor rats which were sacrificed 1 hour after receiving an injection of PCA intraperitoneally. Plasma from rats that received saline injections was used as control. The plasma was collected and separated by ultrafiltration into fractions containing solutes with molecular weights between 500–10,000 daltons. The renin-releasing ability of this substance was studied in vitro using rat renal cortical slices. The plasma fraction (M.W. = 500 − 10,000) from rats treated with PCA caused dose-dependent increases in renin release from the kidney slices. Heating of the plasma factor at 100°C for 30 minutes did not reduce the ability of this substance to release renin from the kidney slices. PCA alone (66 X 10−6M) did not increase renin release from the kidney slices. These data suggest that stimulation of serotonergic receptors in the brain triggers the release of an endocrine factor that is capable of directly stimulating renin release from the kidneys.
Alternating impedance electromagnetic bandgap structure for noise isolation in ultra-wideband

A novel structure for noise isolation in ultra-wideband applications is designed, fabricated and measured. The structure is a hybrid alternating impedance electromagnetic bandgap (AI-EBG) structure and shows excellent noise isolation over 10 GHz. This cost-effective hybrid AI-EBG structure shows better noise isolation and suppression capability (over -80 dB isolation on average in an ultra-wide stopband range) than any reported EBG-based structures.
Goal aggregation in design optimization

Criteria for design evaluation in an optimization environment may be combined in different forms to produce a more accurate representation of the overall merit of a design. A rational and systematic procedure for aggregating performance criteria based on fuzzy set theory is presented. Optimal solutions obtained from this procedure are formally related to solutions to traditional formulations in multiobjective optimization. The procedure is illustrated with an example
Rumination as a mechanism linking stressful life events to symptoms of depression and anxiety: Longitudinal evidence in early adolescents and adults

Rumination is a well-established risk factor for the onset of major depression and anxiety symptomatology in both adolescents and adults. Despite the robust associations between rumination and internalizing psychopathology, there is a dearth of research examining factors that might lead to a ruminative response style. In the current study, we examined whether social environmental experiences were associated with rumination. Specifically, we evaluated whether self-reported exposure to stressful life events predicted subsequent increases in rumination. We also investigated whether rumination served as a mechanism underlying the longitudinal association between self-reported stressful life events and internalizing symptoms. Self-reported stressful life events, rumination, and symptoms of depression and anxiety were assessed in 2 separate longitudinal samples. A sample of early adolescents (N = 1,065) was assessed at 3 time points spanning 7 months. A sample of adults (N = 1,132) was assessed at 2 time points spanning 12 months. In both samples, self-reported exposure to stressful life events was associated longitudinally with increased engagement in rumination. In addition, rumination mediated the longitudinal relationship between self-reported stressors and symptoms of anxiety in both samples and the relationship between self-reported life events and symptoms of depression in the adult sample. Identifying the psychological and neurobiological mechanisms that explain a greater propensity for rumination following stressors remains an important goal for future research. This study provides novel evidence for the role of stressful life events in shaping characteristic responses to distress, specifically engagement in rumination, highlighting potentially useful targets for interventions aimed at preventing the onset of depression and anxiety.
Mobile applications need targeted micro-updates

Smart-phone applications ("apps") run across a wide range of environmental conditions, locations, and hardware platforms. They are often subject to an array of interactions that are hard or impossible for developers to emulate or even anticipate during testing. Once an application is released, feedback obtained from users and from analytics over usage and performance data result in further modifications. Many of these changes are relatively small, and can often be parameterized.
From finch to fish to man: Role of aquaporins in body fluid and brain water regulation

Charles Darwin, in his Origin of the Species, noted that different species of finches on the Galapagos Islands had adapted their beak size based on where they sought their food. Homer Smith, in his book From Fish to Philosopher, discussed the evolution of the nephron from a single conduit in salt water vertebrates, to nephrons with large glomerular capillaries and proximal and distal tubules in fresh water vertebrates, to smaller glomerular capillaries in amphibians, to nephrons with loops of Henle to allow for urinary concentration and dilution in mammals. The kidney with its million nephrons has emerged as the vital organ for regulating body fluid composition and volume. With the recent discovery of aquaporin water channels, our understanding of volume regulation has been greatly enhanced. This article reviews current knowledge regarding: 1) the unifying hypothesis of body fluid volume regulation; 2) brain aquaporins and their role in pathophysiologic states; and 3) function and regulation of renal aquaporins in the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH).
Remacemide hydrochloride reduces cortical lesion volume following brain trauma in the rat

We evaluated the therapeutic effects of remacemide hydrochloride, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-associated ionophore blocker with sodium channel blocking activity, on cortical lesion volume and memory dysfunction following parasagittal fluid-percussion brain injury in the anesthetized rat. We found that intravenous (i.v.) administration 15 min following injury of remacemide hydrochloride at both 25 and 10 mg/kg significantly reduced posttraumatic cortical lesion volume (P < 0.05), measured at 48 h postinjury using a tetrazolium salt tissue staining technique. However, neither of these doses nor the dosing regimen of 25 mg/kg i.v. 15 min postinjury plus a subcutaneous infusion over 24 h of 20 mg/kg remacemide hydrochloride improved posttraumatic memory function determined by a Morris water maze paradigm.
Does a Currency Union Boost International Trade

This article explores the impact of currency unions—the decision by two or more nations to adopt the same currency—on international trade. It demonstrates that even after all other relevant factors are held constant, currency unions have a significant impact on trade: countries that share the same currency trade with each other three times as much as with countries with different currencies. This analysis suggests that the impact of the single European currency on trade—and thus competition—within Europe will be much more substantial than many observers have predicted.
A Survey Evaluation of the Reliability of Visual Inspection and Functional Analysis Graphs.

Visual inspection is the primary method used to analyze graphed behavioral data produced by functional analyses of problem behavior. The purpose of this study was to examine rater reliability of functional analysis graphs using visual inspection. Forty-three participants responded to a one-time anonymous survey (N = 454) mailed to graduate programs accredited in applied behavior analysis (N = 11). Respondents were instructed to classify single-subject data arrays depicted in multielement graphs from published studies. Classification was based on function categories by Hagopian, Fisher, Thompson, and Owen-DeSchryver. Three indices based on overall inter-rater agreement, the consistency of individual raters across graphs, and the aggregate performance of raters per graph were calculated and compared. Results for all three indices of rater performance were moderate to low. Results confirm prior preliminary work indicating relatively low levels of reliability and are discussed in relation to research, training, and practice issues.
Tracking Water, O2 and Ice in Molecular Clouds: PDRs Models with Photodesorption and Grain Chemistry

We have expanded our model of photodissociation regions (PDRs) to include the freezing of O- and C-bearing species on dust grains, simple grain surface chemistry, and desorption processes, including photodesorption, that may be important in the surface layers of diffuse, translucent, and dense molecular clouds. The main result of including these processes is that a number of important gas-phase species, including H 2 O and O 2 , peak in abundance at A V ~ few into the cloud. Most of the gas-phase column, and most of the emission, from these species arises in the peak. Closer to the surface, H 2 O and O 2 are photodissociated, while deeper into the cloud, they freeze out onto grain surfaces. The result is H 2 O and O 2 column densities that are nearly constant for a wide range of gas densities, n , and for FUV fields G 0 $\lesssim$ 500. The roughly constant column densities of these species provides an explanation for the low line-of-sight average abundances of H 2 O observed toward GMCs. The model results also suggest that regions of high FUV field are the best places to search for O 2 .
Convergence of Pólya Algorithm and Continuous Metric Selections in Space of Continuous Functions

We show that one can construct a continuous selection for the metric projection in the space of continuous functions by the Polya algorithm. Moreover, the existence of a continuous selection for the metric projection is equivalent to the stable convergence of the Polya algorithm.
Input to the vestibulo cerebellum and triceps brachii motoneurons during natural vestibular stimulation in frog

The response of cerebellar Purkinje cells and nerve triceps brachii was recorded in paralyzed frogs during natural vestibular stimulation. The response from about 63% of the Purkinje cells (mossy fiber input) recorded in the vestibulo cerebellum and of the triceps nerve during triangular wave roll oscillation consisted of activity increase during the ipsilateral side-down half of the cycle and decrease during the contralateral side-down half. It was shown that this activity, which originates partially from ipsilateral vertical canals, can be added to, or suppressed by, otolithic activity, depending on head position and direction rotation. The fact that the response of Purkinje cells was similar to that of triceps nerve implies that the vestibulo-cerebellum receives information of vestibular signals passing to the motor system. The characteristics of otolithic-canal interaction recorded in triceps nerve may explain the motor disturbances that result from lesions of otolithic receptors.
Sustaining superior performance in an emerging economy: an empirical test in the Indian context

We demonstrate a negative relationship between pro-market reforms and the sustainability of superior profits in an emerging economy. The decline in sustainability of superior profits shows that pro-market reforms bring significant threats in addition to the various opportunities such as greater availability of production factors and greater freedom to enter and operate businesses highlighted in the extant literature. Our study thus contributes to a more complete conceptual understanding of the performance consequences of pro-market reforms in emerging economies. We also show that investment in research and development and greater investments in marketing and advertising are firm-level resources that provide a measure of protection against the erosion in sustainability of superior profits associated with pro-market reforms. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Community engagement: an important addition to the medical curriculum.

In “Patient and Citizen Participation in Health: The Need for Improved Ethical Support,” Williamson (2014) argues that ethics in the health care disciplines does not meet the needs of patient parti...
The Management of Status Epilepticus

Status epilepticus is a major medical emergency associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Status epilepticus is best defined as a continuous, generalized, convulsive seizure lasting > 5 min, or two or more seizures during which the patient does not return to baseline consciousness. Lorazepam in a dose of 0.1 mg/kg is the drug of first choice for terminating status epilepticus. Patients who continue to have clinical or EEG evidence of seizure activity after treatment with lorazepam should be considered to have refractory status epileptics and should be treated with a continuous infusion of propofol or midazolam. This article reviews current information regarding the management of status epilepticus in adults.
Mitigation: The combined effects of imposition and certitude

Abstract This investigation examines the degree to which linguistic mitigation is motivated by levels of imposition and speaker certitude in dialogic interactions in Spanish. In an experimental approach, native speakers of Mexican Spanish participated in four role play scenarios, each varying in the levels of imposition and certitude. Mitigation was measured using a density measure of mitigation markers (i.e., interpersonal markers, discourse markers, and epistemic markers). Results indicated that severe imposition and speaker uncertainty motivate mitigation. A significant interaction between imposition and certitude showed that the combined effect of severe imposition and speaker uncertainty motivates the highest degree of mitigation, confirming the hypothesis. Specifically, the impact of certitude was shown to be modulated by imposition. Subsequent quantitative and qualitative analyses demonstrated that epistemic markers were unexpectedly limited. Interpersonal and discourse markers interacted differently with the two motivations of mitigation, aligning with distinct coping mechanisms.
Effectiveness of Jet-Cooked Pearl Cornstarch as a Controlled Release Matrix†

The effectiveness of non-chemically modified pearl cornstarch as an encapsulating matrix for active agents such as herbicides is reported. Aqueous gelatinization of pearl cornstarch at high temperatures followed by active agent addition, drying and grinding yielded encapsulated products showing slow release of active agent. Efficiency of encapsulation and rate of release of the herbicide butylate varied with temperature and concentration of starch during steam-jet cooking, amount of butylate incorporated and method of drying. Retrogradation is the major factor influencing efficiency of encapsulation and rate of active agent release. Die Wirksamkeit von dusengekochter Perl-Maisstarke als kontrollierte Freigabematrix. Es wird uber die Wirksamkeit von nichtchemisch modifizierter Perl-Maisstarke als verkapselnde Matrix fur aktive Wirkstoffe wie Herbizide berichtet. Die wassrige Verkleisterung von Perl-Maisstarke bei hohen Temperaturen, gefolgt durch Zusatz des aktiven Wirkstoffes, Trocknung und Vermahlung fuhrte zu verkapselten Produkten, die den aktiven Wirkstoff nur langsam freigaben. Die Wirksamkeit der Verkapselung und die Geschwindigkeit der Freigabe des Herbizidbutylates variierte mit der Temperatur und der Konzentration der Starke wahrend der Dampfdusen-Verkochung, dem gebundenen Butylat und der Trocknungsmethode. Die Verkapselung und die Freigabe des aktiven Wirkstoffes wird hauptsachlich durch Retrogradation beeinflust.
Understanding the glycerol surface as it relates to the secondary ion mass spectrometry experiment: a review

Abstract A detailed understanding of the physical processes which can occur at the glycerol surface is essential to understanding the secondary ion mass spectra obtained from glycerol solutions. Because of differences in surface activity, the relative contribution of two solutes to the surface composition can differ dramatically with profound effects on the SIMS spectrum. Both first-order and secondary effects of this type are discussed. Also discussed is the preparation of surface active derivatives, the use of surfactants of opposite charge, and the use of surfactants as reagents and complexing agents.
The role of weighted distributions in stochastic modeling

C. R. Rao pointed out that “The role of statistical methodology is to extract the relevant information from a given sample to answer specific questions about the parent population” and raised the question “What population does a sample represent”? Wrong specification can lead to invalid inference giving rise to a third kind of error. Rao introduced the concept of weighted distributions as a method of adjustment applicable to many situations. In this paper, we study the relationship between the weighted distributions and the parent distributions in the context of reliability and life testing. These relationships depend on the nature of the weight function and give rise to interesting connections between the different ageing criteria of the two distributions. As special cases, the length biased distribution, the equilibrium distribution of the backward and forward recurrence times and the residual life distribution, which frequently arise in practice, are studied and their relationships with the original di...
Techniques for soft tissue augmentation: an 'a to z'.

As society continues to seek the most opportune means to preserve youthful looks, an interest in filling substances has been reawakened. This is partly because the upper third of the face can now be successfully treated as a result of the development and recent US FDA approval of botulinum toxin (Botox®). Patients seeking cosmetic improvement need no longer resort to invasive procedures that require down-time for the upper third of the face, and they are consequently seeking similar results for the lower two-thirds of the face. Filling agents have filled this void. This article discusses current techniques for soft tissue augmentation, including fat transfer and bovine collagen injections, which enable doctors to provide their patients with highly satisfactory results using minimally invasive procedures. Included in this review are an overview of the history of soft tissue augmentation and a brief prospectus of where this field of dermatology is headed in the future. Many of the currently available fillers are listed with a description of their most popular uses, possible adverse effects, manufacturers, and countries of use. Information regarding injection techniques and results from the most recent studies help to make this paper a useful source of information for experienced and novice injectors alike.
Energy and Radiation Balance Components for Three Grass Surfaces Near Kursik, Russia

The energy and radiation balance components were determined over three grass surfaces, located on the Streletskaya steppe during July 1991. The Bowen ratio energy balance method was used to determine the sensible and latent heat flux densities using six computer controlled systems. A total of 126 variables were sampled, including global, diffuse, and reflected solar radiation, long wave radiation (up and down), net radiation, photosynthetically active radiation above and below the vegetation, infrared surface temperatues, soil temperature and heat flow, air temperature and vapor pressure at two levels, wind speed and direction, and precipitation. The ranking of the sites from greatest to smallest for net radiation and latent heat flux density were preserve, mowed in 1990, and mowed in 1991. The ranking of the sites from greatest to smallest for sensible heat flux density were mowed in 1990, mowed in 1991, and preserve.