cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of electrospinning of poly(caprolactone) via a multi-nozzle spinneret connected to a twin screw extruder and properties of electrospun fibers

Conventional electrospinning is a simple process, suitable for the processing of solvated polymers at relatively low rates. It lacks the capabilities of conveying of solids, mixing of polymeric resins and devolatilization and has limited capabilities in melting and incorporation of fillers, including nanoparticles. The use of a twin screw extruder as the front end of the electrospinning process provides these capabilities but only becomes feasible at relatively high throughput rates. Such high rates of electrospinning can only be achieved by using multi-nozzle spinnerets. However, the dynamics of electrospinning processes using multi-nozzle spinnerets has not been well studied. Here a multi-nozzle spinneret attached to a hybrid twin screw extrusion and electrospinning apparatus was employed for the characterization of the dynamics in terms of the electrospun mesh thickness distributions of poly(caprolactone), PCL, as a function of the principal parameters of the electrospinning process, i.e., applied voltage, distance of separation between the spinneret die, and the collector, i.e., a conductive mandrel, and its rotational speed. PCL fiber diameter and orientation distributions, as well as the thickness, crystallinity, and mechanical properties of the non-woven meshes, were characterized to gain a basic understanding of how the electrospun mesh properties develop as a function of process parameters in the multi-nozzle configuration. ENG. SCI., 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Survey of Electron-Bombardment Thruster Research

Data from research and development programs which have been carried out on various aspects of the electron-bombardment ion thruster are reviewed and summarized. The design and principles of operation of the thruster are discussed. Specifically examined are the discharge chamber, the electron temperature distribution, the plasma density, the plasma potential, and the discharge losses. Much attention is given to experimental and theoretical investigations of the accelerator grids, and to experience obtained with thermionic cathodes and with hollow cathodes used in mercury and cesium thrusters. It is shown that the performance demonstrated by the electron-bombardment thruster makes it a candidate for such applications as stationkeeping and prime propulsion.
Potentiation of Opiate Analgesia and Apparent Reversal of Morphine Tolerance by Proglumide

Exogenous cholecystokinin selectively antagonizes opiate analgesia, which suggests that endogenous cholecystokinin may act physiologically as an opiate antagonist and may play a role in opiate tolerance. The use of the selective cholecystokinin antagonist proglumide provided a test of these hypotheses in rats that were either inexperienced with or tolerant to opiates. Proglumide potentiated analgesia produced by morphine and endogenous opiates and seemed to reverse tolerance. These results suggest that endogenous cholecystokinin systems oppose the action of opiates.
Evaluation of five fungicide application timings for control of leaf-spot diseases and fusarium head blight in hard red spring wheat

The optimum timing of fungicide applications for control of leaf-spot diseases in hard red spring wheat (HRSW) is reported to be at Zadok's growth stage 39 (GS 39; flag leaf collar visible), while the optimum timing for suppression of fusarium head blight (FHB) is at GS 60 (beginning of anthesis). The objectives of this research were the following: (i) to compare five different timings of fungicide applications for control of common leaf-spot diseases and FHB and (ii) to evaluate whether the tested HRSW cultivars could be grouped based on their disease ratings to formulate recommendations for the use of fungicides. Across cultivars, the optimum timing of a fungicide application to control leaf diseases was at GS 60 rather than at GS 39. Waiting until flowering did not sacrifice control of the leafspot diseases or grain yield. The application of one half of the labeled rate of Stratego at GS 15 (fifth leaf unfolded) in combination with the labeled rate of Folicur at GS 60 tended to provide the best control...
Farewell Editorial From the JLT Editor-in-Chief

I T is with mixed emotions that I write this last editorial as the Editor-in-Chief (EIC) of IEEE/OSA JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY (JLT). There is a sense of pride for being part of a success, sadness for parting from close teammates, and great relief with mission accomplished. JLT is currently ranked 5th of 78 publications in Telecommunications, 9th of 77 in Optics, and 25th in all of 244 publications in electrical and electronic engineering, including all types and lengths,measured by the impact factor provided by Journal Citation Reports, Science Edition 2012. The submission has been at all-time high, increased to 924 manuscripts in 2012 from 787 in 2006. The JLT team successfully reduced the manuscript processing time from 6.5 months in 2006 to 3.5 months in 2012 for submission- to-final decision, at parwith that of letter-type publications. In addition, a new category of invited review articles and new color cover art to highlight exciting results were introduced.
Advances in classification and therapy of indolent B-cell malignancies

Advances in our understanding of normal B-cell differentiation have allowed for improved classification and therapy of B-cell malignancies. B-cell neoplastic diseases may be classified more accurately according to the differentiation stages of presumed normal B-cell counterparts. These advances have challenged the notion that chronic lymphocytic leukemia represents a malignancy of naive CD5 B cells. Analyses of immunoglobulin genes and gene expression patterns through microarray have defined at least two types of chronic lymphocytic leukemia that differ in their tendency toward disease progression. Nevertheless, these types still share more in common than they do with other lymphoid malignancies, and both may be derived from memory-type B cells. Advances in immune therapy are revolutionizing the approach to therapy. B-cell surface differentiation antigens constitute tissue-specific targets for passive immune therapy. Since the US Food and Drug Administration approval of rituximab (Rituxan; Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, and IDEC Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA) for use in the treatment of follicular lymphoma, monoclonal antibody therapy is being considered for all types of B-cell malignancies. The ability to transform leukemia and lymphoma B cells into effective antigen-presenting cells through CD40 ligation allows for autologous immune recognition of neoplastic cells. Together, active and passive immune approaches have potential for effective treatment of patients with these diseases. Semin Oncol 29 (suppl 2):98-104. Copyright © 2002 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Is globalization dangerous to our health

When asked about globalization, Margaret Thatcher, the former Prime Minister of Great Britain, replied, “There is no alternative.” Her reply was shortened to “TINA,” which some people think is a newly discovered law of nature. Yet, public resistance to this new corporate-centered trade is increasing. What relevance does this have to American physicians? Does globalization affect health? Many think about the health effects of modern global trade as involving increased pollution as corporations strive to limit environmental restraints or global warming caused by the increased reliance on cheap fossil fuels. Others focus on the changes in diet produced by genetically modified foods or the increase in the tobacco market penetration. The expansion of global cigarette exports is a dramatic example, totaling 223 billion (109) cigarettes in 1975 and rising to 1.1 trillion (1012) cigarettes in 1996 (a 5-fold increase). Others might consider the health of child laborers in Pakistan who produce many of the disposable surgical instruments that are increasingly used in US hospitals. Or they might consider deaths from toxic exposures in poor countries as US corporations evade environmental restraints at home. One such example occurred 15 years ago in Bhopal, India, where 5 tons of poisonous methyl isocyanate gas leaked into the air from a Union Carbide pesticide plant, killing more than 3,000 people. These effects are real, but they pale in comparison with globalization's effect on increasing inequality, the most powerful factor affecting population health and responsible for perhaps 14 to 18 million deaths a year (18% of total deaths) worldwide.1
Red Light, Purple Light: Findings from a Randomized Trial Using Circle Time Games to Improve Behavioral Self-Regulation in Preschool.

Research Findings: The present study examined the efficacy of a self-regulation intervention with 65 preschool children. Using circle time games, the study examined whether participating in a treatment group significantly improved behavioral self-regulation and early academic outcomes. Half of the children were randomly assigned to participate in 16 playgroups during the winter of the school year. Behavioral aspects of self-regulation and early achievement were assessed in the fall and spring. Although there was no treatment effect in the overall sample, post hoc analyses revealed that participation in the treatment group was significantly related to self-regulation gains in children who started the year with low levels of these skills. Children in the treatment group also demonstrated significant letter-word identification gains compared to children in the control group. Practice or Policy: The findings from this study provide preliminary evidence for the efficacy of the intervention in terms of improvin...
Performance of the Production Band 3 receivers (84-116 GHz) for the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA)

This paper presents the performance of production Band 3 receivers (84-116 GHz) for the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) that operate in Chile at 5000 m altitude. The fabrication, and testing of a total of 73 receivers necessitated stringent quality control during assembly and custom designed automated test set for accurate and reproducible measurement results. Interfaces to the ALMA receiver system are described in details. The average single side band noise temperature of band 3 production receivers is 33.2 K, with a minimum of 24.4 K and a maximum of 45.5 K. As for image rejection, the average is 18 dB, with a minimum at 12 dB and a maximum of 21 dB. Other performances with test methodology are described such as gain variation within the IF band, the gain and phase stability, gain compression, and beam patterns. This paper also describes the interfaces to the ALMA front end system, the testing methodology used, and the test results.
Abdominal complications following cardiac surgery

Abstract Between 1978 and 1991, 116 of 19,246 patients (0.6%) undergoing cardiac surgery developed abdominal complications (renal/hepatic failure excluded) within 30 days of their cardiac operation. Comparison with a randomly selected control group of 217 patients operated upon over the same period of time was also undertaken. Compared to the control group, the study patients were older (mean age, 63.3 ± 12.5 years vs 57.5 ± 21.5 years; P = 0.03), more likely to have a history of alcohol abuse (10% vs 4%; P = 0.03), and more likely to have a previous history of gastrointestinal problems (43% vs 17%; P = 0.0001). There was also a trend towards a greater number of patients having valvular surgery, particularly reoperative surgery, in the study group. Postoperatively, patients with marked low cardiac output, requiring the intra-aortic balloon pump, were more likely to develop abdominal complications. These complications included complicated peptic ulcer disease in 54 (47%), intestinal obstruction and/or perforation in 19 (16%), biliary tract disease in 13 (11%), mesenteric ischemia in 13 (11%), acute pancreatitis in 3 (3%), and miscellaneous complications in the remaining 14 (12%). Forty-three patients were treated medically and 73 patients required operative intervention. The surgical procedures performed were truncal vagotomy and drainage (12), oversewing of a perforation or a bleeding vessel (6), gastrectomy (2), intestinal resection (14), laparotomy only (14), cholecystectomy (14), and other (11). Mortality was 26% ( 30 116 ) with the mortality for medical and surgical treatment being 16% vs 32%, respectively (P = 0.112). Intestinal ischemia had the highest mortality, with a rate of 85% ( 11 13 ). Despite intensive monitoring and care of cardiac surgical patients, abdominal complications do occur, although rarely. Risk factors include older age, a positive history of gastrointestinal disease, reoperative valve surgery, and severe postoperative low cardiac output.
Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α in Astrocytes- and/or Myeloid Cells is not Required for the Development of Autoimmune Demyelinating Disease

Hypoxia-like tissue alterations, characterized by the upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), have been described in the normal appearing white matter and pre-demyelinating lesions of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. As HIF-1α regulates the transcription of a wide set of genes involved in neuroprotection and neuroinflammation, HIF-1α expression may contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory demyelination. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the effect of cell-specific genetic ablation or overexpression of HIF-1α on the onset and progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model for MS. HIF-1α was mainly expressed in astrocytes and microglia/macrophages in the mouse spinal cord at the peak of EAE. However, genetic ablation of HIF-1α in astrocytes and/or myeloid cells did not ameliorate clinical symptoms. Furthermore, conditional knock-out of Von Hippel Lindau, a negative regulator of HIF-1α stabilization, failed to exacerbate the clinical course of EAE. In accordance with clinical symptoms, genetic ablation or overexpression of HIF-1α did not change the extent of spinal cord inflammation and demyelination. Overall, our data indicate that despite dramatic upregulation of HIF-1α in astrocytes and myeloid cells in EAE, HIF-1α expression in these two cell types is not required for the development of inflammatory demyelination. Despite numerous reports indicating HIF-1α expression in glia, neurons, and inflammatory cells in the CNS of MS patients, the cell-specific contribution of HIF-1α to disease pathogenesis remains unclear. Here we show that although HIF-1α is dramatically upregulated in astrocytes and myeloid cells in EAE, cell-specific depletion of HIF-1α in these two cell types surprisingly does not affect the development of neuroinflammatory disease. Together with two recently published studies showing a role for oligodendrocyte-specific HIF-1α in myelination and T-cell-specific HIF-1α in EAE, our results demonstrate a tightly regulated cellular specificity for HIF-1α contribution in nervous system pathogenesis.
Mössbauer effect study of krypton-oxygen bonding

Abstract The 9·3 keV Mossbauer transition in 83 Kr, populated from ( n , γ ) produced by 83 Se by a two beta decay sequence, has been used to study the extent of chemical bonding between the krypton atom and its nearest neighbor environment in metallic selenium, SeO 2 , (NH 4 )SeO 4 , and the question of chemical bonding in krypton- hydroquinone clathrate (HQKr) has been re-examined. Using a standard HQKr absorber the largest resonance effect and a significantly broadened resonance line are observed with an SeO 2 source. Only a very small room temperature resonance effect is observed with the (NH 4 ) 2 SeO 4 source. These results are interpreted in terms of the dependence of the magnitude of the recoil-free fraction on the existence of long-range order in the source host matrix and an estimate of the nuclear quadrupole hyperfine interaction based on previously reported data for KrF 2 . The present data indicate the existence of a bona fide KrO bond in the SeO 2 and HQKr host matrices.
Distribution studies of (14C)delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in mice: effect of vehicle, route of administration, and duration of treatment.

Abstract The vehicle, route of administration, and duration of treatment affect the absorption, distribution, and excretion of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in mice. [14C]THC [5 mg (20 μCi)/kg] was prepared in 10% Tween 80 and saline (TW) in 5% bovine serum albumin in water (BSA), in 10% propylene glycol−1% Tween 80 and saline (PPG) or in corn oil (COL). 14C concentration was measured in plasma, liver, brain, lung, and fat tissues. Total radioactivity in all tissues was lowest after po or sc administration, higher after ip, and highest after iv injection. After iv bolus injection, the 14C plasma concentration declined in a biphasic manner. Liver contained and retained the largest amount of 14C. Brain contained significantly less 14C than other tissues. Higher 14C plasma concentrations were seen at 1 hr after THC iv injection in PPG than with TW and BSA. BSA produced lower values than did PPG and TW. However, the 14C lung concentration was four times higher with BSA than that in PPG and TW. There were no significant differences in 14C brain concentrations 4 hr after iv administration of THC in TW, BSA, or PPG. However, TW produced significantly higher 14C brain values 1 hr after THC iv injection. Concentration of 14C in all tissues was significantly lower after THC ip or po administration in COL when compared to those found with TW. There was significantly more 14C excreted in the feces when compared to the amount measured in urine. Repeated iv administration of [14C]THC (5 days) produced high concentrations of 14C in liver, lung, and fat. Brain and plasma concentrations of 14C were lower following repeated administration.
Revealing the process and outcome of hostage negotiations: The utility of structural analysis

Abstract Hostage-taking is a means by which non-state actors engage governments in political discourse. The abduction of states' citizens will continue as new nations emerge onto the world stage seeking independence. These state—non-state encounters warrant study within a negotiation framework that acknowledges an asymmetric distribution of power as well as the secrecy that shrouds such crises. Structural analysis embraces power as a determinant of both process and outcome. The approach also relies on such factors as the physical setting of the crisis and the channel of communication used by the participants. The availability of information related to these structural components allows negotiation theorists to circumvent the methodological barriers imposed by the secrecy that surrounds hostage crises.
Comments on Poynting's theorem for a moving conducting medium

Abstract Two microscopic corrections to the transport equation of electromagnetic energy (Poynting's theorem) in a moving conducting medium, derived in a recent communication, are found to be error.
Advances in NDE of DM Welds From RPV ID

In Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs), the similar and dissimilar welds joining the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) nozzles to the main coolant piping have normally been volumetrically examined as part of the full 10-year RPV inspection. Generally due to access challenges to the outside diameter (OD) surface, these examinations have been performed from the component inside diameter (ID) surface. In the US and for many plants around the world, these welds fall under the requirements of the ASME B&PV Code Section XI, Appendix VIII performance demonstration as mandated by the applicable safety authority, requiring blind demonstration of detection and sizing accuracy on known defects. Many in-service inspection (ISI) vendors have qualified themselves for ID these examinations under the EPRI Appendix VIII Performance Demonstration (PD) program since it’s initiation in the early 2000s, but examination of the wavy surface DM welds and field welds (closure welds) has been a challenge for virtually all vendors to achieve the target 0.125″ RMS depth sizing error. This has been managed by assuming a larger depth sizing error corresponding to whatever the vendor’s PD assessed error was should an indication be found that required accurate sizing to justify continued plant operation. Moreover, vendors have been reluctant to re-qualify their systems as new tools have immerged due to the high associated cost.Equipment obsolescence and an interest to apply the latest technology prompted AREVA to undertake a re-qualification for these welds. This has allowed use of more advanced phased array techniques with 3-D wavy surface compensation. In addition, a new nozzle examination tool, NEMO has been developed. Such a tool is particularly suitable for plants where the nozzles must be examined on their 10 year or shorter interval schedule but where the vessel examination can be deferred to 20 years. This paper discusses the detection and sizing advances for these wavy surface DM welds as well as the first deployment of the NEMO tool.© 2014 ASME
Trends of Forest Dynamics in Tiger Landscapes Across Asia

Protected areas (PAs) are cornerstones of biodiversity conservation, but small parks alone cannot support wide-ranging species, such as the tiger. Hence, forest dynamics in the surrounding landscapes of PAs are also important to tiger conservation. Tiger landscapes often support considerable human population in proximity of the PA, sometimes within the core itself, and thus are subject to various land use activities (such as agricultural expansion and road development) driving habitat loss and fragmentation. We synthesize information from 27 journal articles in 24 tiger landscapes to assess forest-cover dynamics in tiger-range countries. Although 29% of the PAs considered in this study have negligible change in overall forest cover, approximately 71% are undergoing deforestation and fragmentation. Approximately 58% of the total case studies have human settlements within the core area. Most changes—including agricultural expansion, plantation, and farming (52%), fuelwood and fodder collection (43%), logging (38%), grazing (38%), and tourism and development (10%)—can be attributed to human impacts largely linked to the nature of the management regime. This study highlights the need for incorporating new perspectives, ideas, and lessons learned locally and across borders into management plans to ensure tiger conservation in landscapes dominated by human activities. Given the increasing isolation of most parks due to agricultural, infrastructural, and commercial developments at the periphery, it is imperative to conduct planning and evaluation at the landscape level, as well as incorporate multiple actors and institutions in planning, instead of focusing solely on conservation within the PAs as is currently the case in most tiger parks.
Coming to our senses.

Sensory organs are specialized to receive different kinds of input from the outside world. However, common features of their development suggest that they could have a shared evolutionary origin. In a recent paper, Niwa et al.1 show that three Drosophila adult sensory organs all rely on the spatial signals Decapentaplegic and Wingless to specify their position, and the temporal signal ecdysone to initiate their development. The proneural gene atonal is an important site for integration of these regulatory inputs. These results suggest the existence of a primitive sensory organ precursor, which would differentiate according to the identity of its segment of origin. The authors argue that the eyeless gene controls eye disc identity, indirectly producing an eye from the sensory organ precursor within this disc. BioEssays 26:825–828, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel phase-coherent programmable clock for high-precision arbitrary waveform generation applied to digital ion trap mass spectrometry

Abstract Digital ion trap (DIT) mass spectrometry requires the ability to precisely and accurately produce waveforms. The quality of the mass spectra produced in terms of resolution and mass accuracy depend on the resolution and precision of the applied waveforms. This publication reveals a novel method for the production of arbitrary waveforms in general and then applies the method to the production of DIT waveforms. Arbitrary waveforms can be created by varying the clock frequency input to a programmable read only memory that is then input to a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). The arbitrary waveform is composed of a defined number of points that are triggered to be written after programmed numbers of clock cycles to define the arbitrary waveform. The novelty introduced here is that the direct digital synthesis (DDS) generated clock frequency can be precisely changed as the arbitrary waveform is written because we have developed a method to rapidly switch the DDS frequency exactly at the end of the output clock cycle allowing exact timing of multiple transitions to produce precise and temporally complex waveforms. Changing the frequency only at the end of the output clock cycle is a phase-coherent process that permits precise timing between each point in the arbitrary waveform. This waveform generation technique was demonstrated by creating a prototype that was used to operate a digital ion trap mass spectrometer. The jitter in the phase-coherent DDS TTL output that was used as the frequency-variable clock was 20 ps. This jitter represents the realizable limit of precision for waveform generation. The rectangular waveforms used to operate the mass spectrometer were created with counters that increased the arbitrary jitter to 100 ps. The mass resolution achieved was 5000 at m / z = 414. Resolution should improve with increasing mass because the waveforms have longer periods while the jitter should remain constant. Given the current limit of the variable clock resolution, much better mass resolution should be achievable with future generations of the waveform production system. The agility of the DDS function generators permits the phase-coherent variable clock to be switched at a rate up to 250 MHz. This permits arbitrary waveforms to be produced with much more temporal complexity than previously possible.
Evolution of dimorphism in a predator-prey model.

Abstract Allelic polymorphism is well known in cases where the heterozygote is fitter than either homozygote (Fisher, 1958 , p. 114ff). By contrast, we consider a model where the tactics of a predator and its prey are both controlled by genetic factors which exhibit pure Mendelian dominance. Using a deterministic, differential-equation approximation we prove that, under suitable conditions, the system has a unique equilibrium point where each species is dimorphic at the locus controlling its behavior. At the equilibrium, each species, taken as a whole, uses its tactics in the proportions of the game-theoretic optimal mixed strategy. The equilibrium is strongly stable in the sense that oscillations about it are damped out exponentially. Interestingly, the corresponding haploid model does not exhibit this type of damping. Our object is to give a detailed mathematical analysis of a model which makes explicit one possible form of interspecific interaction. This example illustrates very clearly the genetic feedback mechanism discussed by Pimentel, 1961 , Pimentel, 1965 and exhibits a form of competitive selection quite different from that considered by Nei (to appear).
Information discovery in loosely integrated data

We model heterogeneous data sources with cross references, such as those crawled on the (enterprise) web, as a labeled graph with data objects as typed nodes and references or links as edges. Given the labeled data graph, we introduce flexible and efficient querying capabilities that go beyond existing capabilities by additionally discovering meaningful relationships between objects that satisfy keyword and/or structured query filters. We introduce the relationship search operator that exploits the link structure between data objects to rank objects related to the result of a filter. We implement the search operator using the ObjectRank [1] algorithm that uses the random surfer model. We study several alternatives for constructing summary graphs for query results that consist of individual and aggregate nodes that are somehow linked to qualifying result nodes. Some of the summary graphs are useful for presenting query results to the user, while others could be used to evaluate subsequent queries efficiently without considering all the nodes and links in the original data graph.
A simple simulation method for designing fibrous insulation materials

Abstract Conductive heat in a fibrous material travels through both the air (interstitial fluid) and the fibers (solid phase). The numerical simulations reported in this paper are devised to study the effective thermal conductivity of fibrous media with different microstructural parameters. Simulations were conducted in 3-D fibrous geometries resembling the microstructure of a fibrous material. Assuming that the heat transfer through the interstitial fluid is independent of the geometrical parameters of the solid phase (for when the porosity is held constant), the energy equation was solved only for the solid structures, and the resulting values were used to predict the effective thermal conductivity of the whole media. This treatment allows us to drastically reduce the computational cost of such simulations. The results indicate that heat conduction through the solid fibrous structure increases by increasing the material’s solid volume fraction, fiber diameter, and fibers’ through-plane orientations. The in-plane orientation of the fibers, on the other hand, did not show any significant influence on the material’s conductivity. It was also shown that the microstructural parameters of fibrous insulations have negligible influence on the material’s performance if the conductivity of the solid phase is close to that of the interstitial fluid.
Occurrence and determination of inositol in the oviducts of turkey and hen.

AT the junction of uterus and vagina of the turkey a few scattered tubular glands have been observed, Spermatozoa are stored there2 and retain their fertilizing ability for about 45 days2. Turkey semen collected for insemination, however, has to be used within an hour of ejaculation, because fertility decreases considerably after that time.
Optimal benthic macrofaunal sampling protocol for detecting differences among four habitats in Willapa Bay, Washington, USA

As part of an effort to estimate estuarine habitat values with respect to ecological indicators of benthic macrofaunal community condition, an optimal (effective and least costly) sampling protocol (sample unit size [area x depth], sieve mesh size, and sample number [n]) was determined. The goal was to use four ecological indicators (number of species, abundance, biomass, and fish and crab prey abundance) to detect differences among four intertidal habitats in Willapa Bay, Washington, United States. The four habitats were eelgrass (Zostera marina), Atlantic cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora), mud shrimp (Upogebia pugettensis), and ghost shrimp (Neotrypaea californiensis). Four sample unit areas (0.005, 0.010, 0.015, and 0.020 m2), two sample unit depths (0–5 and 0–10 cm), and two sieve mesh sizes (1.0 and 0.5 mm) were evaluated. The optimal sampling protocol was defined as the least costly protocol capable of reliably (statistical power, 1−β≥0.80) detecting significant (α=0.05) differences among ≥4 of the 6 pairwise habitat contrasts by ANOVA on all four ecological indicators. The relative cost of each sampling protocol was estimated as a direct function of the sample unit size and number and the cost-in-processing-time ratios of 1 (5 cm deep):1.7 (10 cm deep) and 1 (≥1.0 mm macrofauna size fraction); 2.5 (≥0.5 mm macrofauna size fraction), which were taken from previous studies. The optimal sampling protocol was 15–20, 0.01-m2×5-cm deep, 0.5-mm mesh samples per habitat.
Investigation of gas phase ion structure for proline-containing b2 ion

Unusual fragmentation was observed for doubly charged VPDPR in which cleavage C-terminal to proline and N-terminal to aspartic acid yielded b(2) (+ a(2))/y(3) complementary ions. This unique fragmentation is contradictory to trends previously established by statistical analysis of peptide tandem mass (MS/MS) spectra. Substitution of alanine for aspartic acid (i.e., VPAPR) did not change the fragmentation, indicating the cleavage was not directed by aspartic acid. Fragmentation patterns for VPAPR and V(NmA)APR (NmA = N-methyl alanine) were compared to determine whether conformational constraints from proline's cyclic side-chain contribute to b(2) ion formation. While both peptide sequences fragmented to yield b(2)/y(3) ions, only VPAPR produced a(2) ions, suggesting the VP b(2) ion is structurally different from the V(NmA) b(2) ion. Instead, the V(NmA) b(2) ion was accompanied by an ion corresponding to formal loss of 71. The suspected structural differences were confirmed by isolation and fragmentation of the respective b(2) ions (i.e., MS(3) spectra). Evidence supporting a diketopiperazine structure for the VP b(2) ion is reported. Fragmentation patterns for the VP b(2) ion and a synthetic VP diketopiperazine showed great similarity. N-terminal acetylation of VPAPR prevented the formation of the VP b(2) ion, presumably by blocking nucleophilic attack by the N-terminal amine on the carbonyl oxygen of the protonation site. Acetylation of the N-terminus for V(NmA)APR did not prevent the formation of the V(NmA) b(2) ion, indicating the V(NmA) b(2) ion has a structure, presumably that of an oxazolone, which requires no attack by the N-terminus for formation. Finally, high-resolution, accurate mass measurements determined that the V(NmA) (b(2)-71) ion results from losing a portion of valine from oxazolone V(NmA) b(2) ion, rather than cross-ring cleavage of the alternate diketopiperazine.
Shifts in alkane-degrading bacteria genotypes during bioremediation of a vegetated coastal soil

The effect of plants (milo, oleander and buffelgrass) and hexadecane (1 g/kg of soil) on the diversity of hexadecane-degraders in a coastal soil was investigated. Hexadecane was rapidly degraded during the first 56 days. Its depletion was not plant-enhanced but was slightly retarded by milo and buffelgrass. The diversity of the dominant cultured hexadecane-degrading bacteria was based on sequencing of the V6-8 region of 16S rDNA. On day 0, Alphaproteobacteria prevailed. By day 56, Gammaproteobacteria dominated the contaminated samples whereas similar numbers of Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria genotypes occurred in the uncontaminated samples. Bacteria related to Alcanivorax, a specialized alkane-degrading marine bacterium, were found in all contaminated samples except for buffelgrass rhizospheres, which solely harbored Pseudomonas indica. On day 114, when hexadecane was highly depleted in the contaminated treatments, similar numbers of Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria genotypes occurred in contaminated and uncontaminated samples. At this stage Alcanivorax had virtually disappeared. Thus in this coastal soil the prevalence of the alkane-dependent Alcanivorax may be a useful indicator of bioremediation progress provided the plant cover favors the dominance of Alcanivorax.
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma

A highly distinctive malignant tumor arising from tracheobronchial glands, adenoid cystic carcinoma is characterized by tubular, cribriform, and solid histopathologic patterns and a propensity for extension along perineural spaces. Asthma-like manifestations with wheezing as a prominent sign can be seen in proximally located lesions. Ulceration of the overlying mucosa may result in blood-tinged sputum or frank hemoptysis while atelectasis is more likely to result from larger obstructing lesions. Tracheal tumors manifest as intraluminal nodules that may have smooth irregular or lobulated margins or as eccentric or circumferential thickening of the tracheal wall with concurrent narrowing of the lumen. Within the trachea, these tumors show a characteristic predilection for the lateral and posterolateral walls at the junction of the cartilaginous tissue and the posterior connective tissue membrane. Growing into the lumen, the tumors may adopt a lobulated, polypoid, or fusiform appearance. The mucosal surfaces may be highly vascularized.
A fully polynomial approximation scheme for the total tardiness problem

A fully polynomial approximation scheme is presented for the problem of sequencing jobs for processing by a single machine so as to minimize total tardiness. This result is obtained by modifying the author's pseudopolynomial algorithm for the same problem.
ACTION OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES ON BASAL METABOLISM OF NORMAL AND HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED PIGEONS AND ON A PARADOXICAL INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE1

Two years ago it seemed desirable and possible to undertake a fairly comprehensive study of the action of various anterior lobe hormones on basal heat production. Such a study obviously required two quite distinct lines of investigation. First, the assay of all preparations for their content of some or all of the various pituitary hormones. Second, the determination in normal, hypophysectomized and thyroidectomized animals of the action of these attested preparations on the rate of heat production. This laboratory was then in favorable position to undertake this bi-partite study. Most American and some European laboratories engaged in pituitary study have generously supplied us with preparations which they had assayed for one or another response and upon which, in many cases, much physiological study had been made. We consider all those who have thus shared their preparations as collaborators in this study. Though we have made, tested and variously studied many preparations of our own, a necessarily wide ...
A TRANSFORMATION APPROACH TO NONLINEAR PROCESS CONTROL

This paper focusses on the approximate modeling and control of nonlinear processes. A polynomial expansion method helps develop successively more accurate models valid for the whole operating region and also provides a means to quantify the uncertainty associated with the approximation. A stability analysis can be performed in a straightforward fashion to identify stable operating regions as well as stable directions for the output variable moves. This permits the testing of linear and nonlinear compensators and the practicality of the method is demonstrated with a case study of heat-exchanger control.
Nerve growth factor attenuates proliferation of astrocytes via the p75 neurotrophin receptor.

The p75 neurotrophin receptor has been implicated in the regulation of multiple cellular functions that differ depending on the cell context. We have observed that p75NTR is strongly induced on astrocytes as well as neurons in the hippocampal CA3 region after seizures; however, the function of this receptor on these glial cells has not been defined. We have employed a primary culture system to investigate the effects of neurotrophins on astrocytes. Treatment of hippocampal astrocytes with nerve growth factor (NGF) caused a reduction in cell number, but did not elicit an apoptotic response, in contrast to hippocampal neurons. Instead, activation of p75NTR by NGF attenuated proliferation induced by mitogens such as EGF or serum. These studies demonstrate the cell type specificity of neurotrophin functions in the brain. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
MOC-31 aids in the differentiation between adenocarcinoma and reactive mesothelial cells.

BACKGROUND Evaluation of effusion specimens for the presence of adenocarcinoma often is complicated by the presence of reactive mesothelial cells that can mimic adenocarcinoma. Ancillary studies, in particular immunohistochemistry, can be helpful in making this distinction. MOC-31 is an antibody that recently was reported to be useful in distinguishing adenocarcinoma from mesothelioma in tissue specimens. In this study we examined the utility of this antibody in pleural effusions. METHODS Eighty-nine archival, formalin fixed, paraffin embedded cell blocks representing 59 adenocarcinomas, 12 other neoplasms (including 6 mesotheliomas), and 18 reactive effusions were retrieved. After protease digestion, recut slides were immunostained with the MOC-31 antibody utilizing a modified avidin-biotin complex technique. Only membrane-based reactivity was considered as positive. RESULTS In two adenocarcinomas there was insufficient material remaining in the cell block. Among the 57 remaining cases, reactivity was observed in 54 cases. Reactivity also was observed in one of six mesotheliomas and one small cell carcinoma. The remaining cases, including all 18 reactive effusions, were nonreactive. In distinguishing adenocarcinoma from reactive mesothelial cells, the presence of MOC-31 reactivity was found to be 95% sensitive and 100% specific with a positive predictive value of 100% and a negative predictive value of 95%. CONCLUSIONS MOC-31 is useful in differentiating between adenocarcinoma and reactive mesothelial cells in pleural effusion specimens. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 1999;87:390–4. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
The role of arteriography in acute penetrating trauma to the extremities.

The role of arteriography was studied in a series of 98 patients presenting with acute penetrating trauma to their extremities. We concluded: (1) Following “proximity only” injury, arteriography is indicated since vessel damage may occur despite a lack of either signs or symptoms; proximity only injuries, however, donot require emergency angiography. (2) Negative arteriography is reliable in excluding arterial injury. and (3) Not all angiographic abnormalities require surgery.
Reversible obesity and plasma fat metabolites

Rats were made to overeat and gain weight (about 50 g) by long-acting protamine zinc insulin (PZI) treatment. When the PZI treatment was stopped, the rats ate much less than normal for at least seven days. During recovery from PZI-induced obesity, negative correlations were observed between food intake and plasma levels of the fat metabolites, free fatty acids, glycerol, and ketone bodies. A similar but smaller effect was observed during recovery from dietary obesity (about 15 g). The plasma fat metabolites may be the blood-borne signals which suppress hunger under these conditions.
Thyroid cancer: Diagnosis and management based on a review of 142 cases

Abstract Review of 142 patients with thyroid cancer diagnosed and treated in a community hospital from 1958 through 1972 suggests that total thyroidectomy and radical neck dissection are unwarranted in the treatment of papillary carcinoma. Radioactive iodine scanning and needle biopsy are also shown to be unreliable indexes of malignancy. An operative approach to the management of specific thyroid cancers is presented.
Semiconductor Particle Counters at Low Temperatures

Studies of the behavior of semiconductor surface-barrier counters have been made in the temperature range 0.2°K -300° K. A simple model which appears to describe the observed behavior is presented. Mountings suitable for low temperature applications are described.
Dipole-bound anion of hydrogen fluoride dimer: theoretical ab initio study

Abstract Ab initio calculations have been performed to determine the electron affinity of the hydrogen fluoride dimer, (HF) 2 . Although, a single hydrogen fluoride molecule does not form a stable stationary state with an excess electron, the hydrogen fluoride dimer has a positive electron affinity. In this system the excess electron is bound by the dipole field of the complex. The present theoretical calculations render the value of adiabatic electron affinity equal to 52 meV. The calculated value is in a good agreement with experimental result of 63 ± 6 meV of Bowen and coworkers.
Neonatal brain damage and intelligence in rats

Rats were reared in a complex environment containing a variety of doors and passageways. Periodic observation showed that brain damage reduced spontaneous exploitation of the environment; and subsequent testing showed that the resulting deficit in experience was reflected in inability to negotiate doors and passageways to reach a goal.
Mobility of Adsorbed Proteins Studied by Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching

The mobility of proteins adsorbed on a solid substrate and on a lipid monolayer was measured by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. Both a conventional fluorescence microscope with a charge-coupled device camera and a laser scanning confocal microscope were used. For proteins adsorbed on a solid substrate, the bleached area never recovered fully, while for proteins adsorbed at liquid interfaces, the recovery was very fast. The data analysis to evaluate diffusion coefficients was done on the basis of the full intensity profiles instead of the conventional method based on recovery curves in terms of average or total intensities. The diffusion coefficients were obtained by fitting the experimental data to the intensity profiles calculated based on a solution of the diffusion equation in two dimensions, thereby reducing the possible effects of artifacts in the intensity measurements. The diffusion coefficients at the liquid interface obtained by this method were on the order of 10 - 7 cm 2 /s. Comparison with the results for proteins adsorbed on a supported lipid monolayer show that the fast recovery is related to the tangential mobility of the floating lipid monolayer.
Imaging of deep brain stimulation leads using extended Hounsfield unit CT.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has become a routine therapy for Parkinson’s disease. Standard CT imaging, often used to evaluate DBS electrodes in patients with limited benefit or significant side effects, has limitations including inability to distinguish different metallic components of the DBS lead. CT imaging with an extended Hounsfield unit (EHU) scale allows advanced image processing techniques to detect individual electrodes. EHU-CT may be co-registered to MRI volumes to provide accurate anatomical visualization of DBS lead contacts.
On the precision of the gravimetric determination of the geoid

On the basis of the gravity material available, the author studies two statistical functions: G2 = the rms (root mean square) anomaly in a square with side s, and E2 = the rms deviation of one actual point anomaly from the actual mean anomaly in a square with side s. The function E2, is called the error of representation, for if inside a square there is only one observed anomaly and this anomaly is accepted to represent the mean anomaly of the entire square, a standard mean error E can be used for the estimation of accuracy. On the other hand, if there are no observations inside the square and the mean anomaly of the square is assumed to be zero, G can be used as the standard mean error. For points or for very small squares, E is zero and G has a maximum value G0. For a hemisphere, G is zero and E has a maximum value G0. There is a critical size at about s = 3°, where E = G. When s is greater, it is not advisable to use the observed anomaly at a single station, as the representative of the mean anomaly of the square, because for zero the error to be expected is smaller. The weighted mean of zero and the observed anomaly is recommended. Because the regions without any observations are still large, it is necessary to estimate the size of the smallest squares, where the mean anomaly can be assumed to be independent of the mean anomalies of the adjacent squares. On the basis of the present gravity data, an estimated value of s = 30° seems to be acceptable. Using the functions E and G and the accepted values s = 3° and s = 30°, the precision obtainable for the gravimetric determination of the elevations N of the geoid (Stokes' formula) and of the deflections δ of the vertical (Vening Meinesz' formula) has been estimated. In the most favorable cases (Central Europe and the central parts of the United States) the standard mean error of N is ±10 meters and that of δ ± 0.″85. The former figure is almost entirely due to the great unexplored areas of the Earth'; the latter depends half on these unexplored areas and half on the small gaps within a distance of 50° from the point where δ is computed.