cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adherence Behavior Among Adolescents with Type I Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus: The Role of Cognitive Appraisal Processes

Guided by a transactional stress and coping model, this study examined the contribution of cognitive appraisal processes to diabetes adherence behavior among adolescents 12 to 18 years old (n = 40). Multiple hierarchical regression analyses indicated that esteem related to physical appearance accounted for a significant 16% of the variance in checking one's blood sugar. Perceived control when ill and attributional style for negative events each accounted for significant increments of variance as well (10 and 6%, respectively), yielding a total of 32% of the variance explained by appraisal processes. Results suggest that adolescents who (a) have a negative perception of their bodies, (b) perceive little internal control over health when ill, and (c) have an external attributional style for negative events were at greatest risk for poor compliance as indicated by less frequent checking of blood sugar.
Students' Perceptions of Electronic Feedback as an Alternative to Handwritten Feedback: One University's Inquiry.

This study explored the area of effective feedback and whether undergraduate students prefer electronic or handwritten feedback. In teacher training programs this determination has become crucial because of the escalation in the number of formative assessments replacing summative assessments. A mixed methodology design was completed that involved participants that were undergraduate students who were education majors enrolled in the spring of 2013. An online application of a survey was used for data collection that was composed of 29 close-ended questions and 4 open-ended questions. The survey’s closed-ended questions referred to demographic information, as well as preference questions concerning feedback in the form of handwritten or electronic responses. The researchers found that the participating undergraduate students who were either Elementary Education majors or double majors in Elementary Education and Special Education were equally split in their preference, with 50% preferring handwritten and 50% preferring electronic feedback. In addition, the results consisted of four identified themes; personal, efficiency, legibility, and individualization. The striking conclusion was that students reported overwhelmingly that handwritten feedback was preferred because it gave them the ability to establish a more personal rapport with their professors.
Mathematics for a fundamental problem of biological information processing

The grand challenge of distributed processes is to bridge the chasm separating local...from global.... How does cellular behavior determine structure and behavior at the tissue level? How do the switching characteristics of transistors determine the behavior of a computer chip? The first of these questions is made difficult by the amorphous nature of communication between components. In both theory and simulations, the authors use large irregular networks of automata with asynchronous activity as models. The local structure is seen in the automaton's state-transition diagram. The global structure is seen in the global computation space. THEME: In entropy-reducing processes, the global attractors are homomorphic to the local slate-transition graph. The authors' investigations focus on systems of oscillators, on Turing's leopards' spot problem, and on networks of finite state automata. To the extent that global structure corresponds to global behavior, the authors' results provide a way of reducing the behavior of a tissue to that of its cells (a fundamental problem of biology). >
Microstructure of the solar wind

In this review microstructure is understood to summarize the dynamical properties of the solar wind that enter the fluid equations, usually employed to describe the overall flow, only in one or the other averaged form. Thus, first a description of the kinetic picture of the solar wind is given; it mainly involves the structure of the particle distributions in velocity space and associated instabilities. Waves and discontinuities are discussed next. Two selected examples are mentioned where the effects of waves and discontinuities play a role. Specific physical properties of the interplanetary magnetic irregularity spectrum and its relevance for cosmic ray propagation are discussed at the end.
Drought mediates the importance of stochastic community assembly

Historically, the biodiversity and composition of species in a locality was thought to be influenced primarily by deterministic factors. In such cases, species' niches create differential responses to environmental conditions and interspecific interactions, which combine to determine that locality's biodiversity and species composition. More recently, proponents of the neutral theory have placed a premium on how stochastic factors, such as birth, death, colonization, and extinction (termed “ecological drift”) influence diversity and species composition in a locality independent of their niches. Here, I develop the hypothesis that the relative importance of stochastic ecological drift and/or priority effects depend on the harshness of the ecological filter in those habitats. I established long-term experimental ponds to explore the relative importance of community assembly history and drought on patterns of community compositional similarity among ponds that were otherwise similar in their environmental conditions. I show considerable site-to-site variation in pond community composition in the absence of drought that likely resulted from a combination of stochastic ecological drift and priority effects. However, in ponds that experienced drought, I found much higher similarity among communities that likely resulted from niche-selection filtering out species from the regional pool that could not tolerate such environmental harshness. These results implicate the critical role for understanding the processes of community assembly when examining patterns of biodiversity at different spatial scales.
Comparison of DEM and BEET linearization techniques for flash analog-to-digital converters using a SFDR metric

Data converter linearization has been a subject of some interest for most of the past decade. New methods of linearizing analog-to-digital converters (ADC) continue to be developed. Various linearization methods are available but their comparative strengths and weaknesses are not easily recognizable, making it somewhat difficult to determine which compensator would provide maximum benefit for a specific device. This paper provides a performance comparison of two promising real-time linearization methods for flash ADCs: the in-device DEM method, and the peripherally-implemented BEET method. SFDR is used as the primary performance metric. It is found that BEET is the superior compensator for devices with INL values larger than 0.25 LSB and DNL values larger than 0.25 LSB. DEM is the better-performing compensator for devices with INL/DNL values below the BEET-preferred region.
Organelles enter the game of aging related aggregation and retention of misfolded proteins

Aging is a degenerative process associated with several phenotypes among which are increases in accumulation of misfolded and damaged proteins. Several studies have shown associations of altered mitochondrial DNA and structure, oxidative phosphorylation function, and ROS production with aging. In this study, Zhou et al explore the role of mitochondria in regulating protein aggregate distribution during cell division. This is in fact the first account of a framework mechanism for proteome quality control and its role in aging and cell rejuvenation.
Predictability of Zonal Means During Boreal Summer

This study examines the predictability of seasonal means during boreal summer. The results are based on ensembles of June-July-August (JJA) simulations (started in mid May) carried out with the NASA Seasonal-to-Interannual Prediction Project (NSIPP-1) atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) forced with observed sea surface temperatures (SSTS) and sea ice for the years 1980-1999. We find that the predictability of the JJA extra-tropical height field is primarily in the zonal mean component of the response to the SST anomalies. This contrasts with the cold season (January-February-March) when the predictability of seasonal means in the boreal extratropics is primarily in the wave component of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) response. Two patterns dominate the interannual variability of the ensemble mean JJA zonal mean height field. One has maximum variance in the tropical/subtropical upper troposphere, while the other has substantial variance in middle latitudes of both hemispheres. Both are symmetric with respect to the equator. A regression analysis suggests that the tropical/subtropical pattern is associated with SST anomalies in the far eastern tropical Pacific and the Indian Ocean, while the middle latitude pattern is forced by SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific just east of the dateline. The two leading zonal height patterns are reproduced in model runs forced with the two leading JJA SST patterns of variability. A comparison with observations shows a signature of the middle latitude pattern that is consistent with the occurrence of dry and wet summers over the United States. We hypothesize that both patterns, while imposing only weak constraints on extratropical warm season continental-scale climates, may play a role in the predilection for drought or pluvial conditions.
The Corticocuneate Pathway in the Cat: Relations among Terminal Distribution Patterns, Cytoarchitecture, and Single Neuron Functional Properties

A combined anatomical and physiological strategy was used to investigate the organization of the corticocuneate pathway in the cat. The distribution of the corticocuneate projection was mapped by means of the anterograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeling technique and correlated with the nuclear cytoarchitecture in Nissl and Golgi material, the distribution of retrogradely labeled relay cells after HRP injections in the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus, and the topographic organization derived from single-and multiunit recordings in the decerebrate, unanesthetized cat. This approach provided details about the arrangement of the corticocuneate pathway that were not available from previous studies with anterograde degeneration methods.On the basis of cytoarchitectonic and connectional features, a number of subdivisions are identified in the cuneate nucleus, each of which is associated with characteristic functional properties. In agreement with previous studies, it is found that a large portion of th...
Contingency planning and obstacle anticipation for autonomous driving

This thesis explores the challenge of robustly handling dynamic obstacle uncertainty in autonomous driving systems. The path planning performance of Cornell’s autonomous vehicle platform Skynet in the DARPA Urban Challenge (DUC) is analyzed and a new contingency planning formulation is presented that incorporates anticipated obstacle motions for improved collision avoidance capabilities. A discrete set of trajectory predictions is generated for each dynamic obstacle in the environment based on possible maneuvers the obstacle might make. A set of contingency paths is then optimized in real-time to accurately account for the mutually exclusive nature of these obstacle predictions. Computational scaling is addressed using a trajectory clustering algorithm that allows the contingency planner to plan a fixed number of paths regardless of the number of dynamic obstacles and possible obstacle goals in the environment. This contingency planning approach is evaluated using a series of human-in-the-loop experiments and simulations and is found to offer significant improvements in safety compared to the DUC planner and in performance compared to non-contingency planning approaches. A method for performing multi-step prediction over a two-stage Gaussian Process (GP) model is also presented. This prediction method is applied to a two-stage driver-vehicle obstacle model for the generation of high quality obstacle motion predictions using observed obstacle trajectories. An on-the-fly data selection technique is used to minimize computation when analytically evaluating higher order moments of the GP output. An adaptive Gaussian mixture model approach is also presented that allows this prediction technique to accurately predict the motion of highly nonlinear and multimodal systems.
Recent Antibiotic Treatment Increases the Risk of Urinary Tract Infection after Outpatient Cystoscopy

Abstract Introduction Symptomatic urinary tract infection is a complication of office based cystoscopy. AUA guidelines recommend prophylactic antibiotics for patients with an increased risk of urinary tract infection. However, study results are mixed regarding the efficacy of prophylaxis for urinary tract infection prevention. We evaluate predictors of infection to identify groups at increased risk for urinary tract infection after cystoscopy. Methods We identified all office cystoscopies performed at a single institution from April 2012 through May 2014. Patients with a positive urine culture within 30 days of the procedure were reviewed for symptomatic urinary tract infection. Those with a urinary tract infection were matched to 4 controls. Patient characteristics were extracted and examined for association with urinary tract infection. A multivariable logistic regression model was fit to identify associations between composite clinical variables and urinary tract infection. Results During the study period 5,488 patients underwent cystoscopy, of whom 29 (0.53%) had a urinary tract infection. Cultures showed quinolone resistant organisms in 13 of 29 (45%) urinary tract infections. The use of an external catheter or intermittent catheterization (p=0.04), hospitalization within 4 weeks (p=0.04) and the use of antibiotics within 6 months of cystoscopy (p=0.01) were associated with urinary tract infection. Recent antibiotic exposure, recent nongenitourinary infection or recent hospitalization was associated with urinary tract infection on multivariable analysis (OR 5.26, 95% CI 1.87–14.8, p Conclusions Recent antibiotic exposure, infection or hospitalization is associated with an increased risk of urinary tract infection after cystoscopy. Most symptomatic urinary tract infections are due to quinolone resistant organisms in this population. The optimal prophylactic regimen should be tailored to regional antibiotic susceptibility patterns and individual patient risk factors.
An unusual syndrome of hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenic purpura and renal disease.

This paper describes a recurrent illness which occurred in a child and consisted of hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and a renal disease clinically resembling acute glomerulonephritis. The hemolytic process was characterized by unusual red cell morphology together with evidence of an extracorpuscular hemolytic mechanism. Acute respiratory infections appeared to be related to exacerbations of the disease. Splenectomy failed to prevent recurrence of the hematologic abnormalities, and cortisone did not appear to influence the course of one typical episode of illness. It is the authors’ opinion that this syndrome represents a form of "hypersensitivity" and may be related to the syndrome of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.
El reino de Castilla en la época de Alfonso VIII .

V. I : Estudio (1080 p. + 5 map. + 1 lam. pleg.); v. II : Documentos, 1145-1190 (967 p.); v. III : Documentos, 1191-1217, e indices (1006 p. + 1 hoj.)
Development and validation of a diabetes self-management instrument for older African-Americans

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to develop and validate a new diabetes self-management instrument for older African-Americans 65 years of age and older. The Self-Care Utility Geriatric African-American Rating (SUGAAR) was developed using the American Diabetes Association’s standards for the management of type 2 diabetes in older adults and cognitive interviews with older African-Americans. The instrument underwent extensive review by a panel of experts, two rounds of cognitive interviews, and a pilot test before it was administered in an interview format to 125 community-dwelling older African-Americans. The instrument demonstrated content validity and significant, but modest, convergent validity with items from an established diabetes self-management instrument. Social workers and health care professionals can use the SUGARR to assess diabetes self-management and to identify areas for education and support for older African-Americans with type 2 diabetes.
Improving the CFD Predictions of Airfoils in Stall

The inconsistent ability of Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stok es (RANS) simulations to predict the aerodynamic characteristics and flow field physics of airfoils and wings at and near stalled conditions is well known. At stall, vario us turbulence models can give widely varying results, while at lower angles of attack the resul ts are essentially invariant. The Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model, in conjunction with Michel’s Criterion to determine transition, provides the most consistent correlations with experimental data. However, the addition of a transition model does not guarantee good p ost-stall comparison with experimental data. Some preliminary modifications to the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model appear to improve post-stall correlation with exp erimental data and warrant further investigation.
Penile implants in spinal cord injury patients for maintaining external appliances.

AbstractNoninflatable penile prostheses can be of great value to the spinal cord injury patient for the maintenance of the external collecting device and the prevention of penile skin lacerations. The difficulty in applying a condom catheter was overcome in 16 patients after implantation of a penile prosthesis. There were 14 patients with frequent skin lacerations, which were eliminated completely in 11 and reduced significantly in all. We emphasize the 25 per cent erosion rate believed to be related particularly to the penile skin anesthesia encountered in these patients.
The right tool and the right place for the job: the importance of the field in experimental neurophysiology, 1880-1945.

This paper seeks to contribute to understandings of practice and place in the history of early American neurophysiology by exploring research with jellyfish at marine stations. Jellyfish became a particularly important research tool to experimental physiologists studying neurological subjects at the turn of the twentieth century. But their enthusiasm for the potential of this organism was constrained by its delicacy in captivity. The discovery of hardier species made experimentation at the shore possible and resulted in two epicenters of neurophysiological research on the American East Coast: the Marine Biological Laboratory and the Carnegie Institution’s Dry Tortugas Laboratory. Work done in these locations had impacts on a wide range of physiological questions. These centers were short lived—researchers at the MBL eventually focused on the squid giant axon and the Tortugas lab closed after the death of Mayer—but the development of basic requirements and best practices to sustain these organisms paints an important picture of early experimental neurophysiology. Marine organisms and locations have played an integral role in the development of experimental life sciences in America. By understanding the earliest experimental research done at these locations, and the organisms that lured researchers from the campus to the coastline, we can begin to integrate marine stations into the larger historical narrative of American physiology.
Cloning, Sequencing, and the Expression of the Elusive Sarcomeric TPM4α Isoform in Humans.

In mammals, tropomyosin is encoded by four known TPM genes (TPM1, TPM2, TPM3, and TPM4) each of which can generate a number of TPM isoforms via alternative splicing and/or using alternate promoters. In humans, the sarcomeric isoform(s) of each of the TPM genes, except for the TPM4, have been known for a long time. Recently, on the basis of computational analyses of the human genome sequence, the predicted sequence of TPM4α has been posted in GenBank. We designed primer-pairs for RT-PCR and showed the expression of the transcripts of TPM4α and a novel isoform TPM4δ in human heart and skeletal muscle. qRT-PCR shows that the relative expression of TPM4α and TPM4δ is higher in human cardiac muscle. Western blot analyses using CH1 monoclonal antibodies show the absence of the expression of TPM4δ protein (~28 kDa) in human heart muscle. 2D western blot analyses with the same antibody show the expression of at least nine distinct tropomyosin molecules with a mass ~32 kD and above in adult heart. By Mass spectrometry, we determined the amino acid sequences of the extracted proteins from these spots. Spot “G” reveals the putative expression of TPM4α along with TPM1α protein in human adult heart.
Citizen Petition to the US Food and Drug Administration to Change Prescribing Guidelines: The Metformin Experience

The First Amendment to the US Constitution guarantees “the right of the people...to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.” When it comes to the regulation of drugs and protection of public health, individuals have the right to address their concerns by directly petitioning the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Any person (including a non-US citizen) can request that the FDA “issue, amend, or revoke a regulation or order or take or refrain from taking any other form of administrative action.” Although healthcare professionals rarely submit such petitions, they can exert a powerful impact on the labeling requirements for drugs. Metformin is one such example. Metformin is widely accepted as the first-line drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It effectively lowers hemoglobin A1c levels by 1% to 2% and is weight neutral, safe, and inexpensive. Moreover, one trial demonstrated that it reduces cardiovascular disease complications in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. When metformin was first approved in 1994, it was contraindicated in patients with heart failure and in those with elevated creatinine levels because of concerns about lactic acidosis. This restriction on drug use usually necessitated a switch from metformin to a glucose-lowering agent in a different category, one that frequently carried other risks (such as hypoglycemia), appreciably increased cost, or both. In 2006, the FDA eliminated the heart failure contraindication in response to 2 observational studies.1 These studies suggested that metformin is safe and may actually confer mortality benefits in patients with heart failure.1 However, the contraindication in patients with elevated creatinine levels remained unchanged. Since then, concerns over lactic acidosis have been examined and found to be largely unfounded unless kidney disease is advanced. On the basis of the available data, metformin can be used safely …
Continuing Education and Special Collections Professionals: The Need for Rethinking

THE PROBLEM OF EVALUATION AS A START TO DETERMINING THE ALTERNATIVES Despite the fact that continuing education has become a staple in the education and training of special collections librarians, archivists and manuscripts curators, and related professionals, there has been little critical assessment of the effectiveness of such education.1 This presents a serious problem, given the seeming dependence by special collections professionals2 on such educational efforts. As one essay on the quality of continuing education suggests, “an effective way to improve the quality of continuing education (CE) for librarians, information professionals and others in the field is to conduct sound . . .
Plasticity in turtle grass (Thalassia testudinum) flower production as a response to porewater nitrogen availability

Abstract Terrestrial plants often demonstrate plasticity in reproductive timing and output in response to environmental conditions such as temperature, photoperiod, water availability and nutrients. Despite the importance of sexual reproduction for seagrass establishment and persistence, factors influencing reproductive timing and output of these underwater marine plants remain largely unknown. We used a manipulative field-based experiment to assess the effect of porewater nitrogen on turtle grass (Thalassia testudinum) flower production. Experiments were conducted within monospecific turtle grass beds in Lower Laguna Madre, Texas, a region with consistently low water column and porewater nutrient levels. We enriched 50 turtle grass plots with fertilizer buried within the sediment at the rhizome layer. This resulted in increased porewater ammonium concentrations of 679 ± 188 μM in enriched plots, compared to 204 ± 34 μM in unenriched plots. After the onset of the reproductive season, we examined turtle grass reproductive status, plant morphology and elemental composition. Unenriched plots had a higher proportion of reproductive shoots (0.19 ± 0.10) than enriched (0.08 ± 0.04) plots. Shoots from enriched plots, alternatively, assimilated additional available nitrogen into leaf tissue and had more leaves that were longer and wider than their unenriched counterparts. Our results indicate that turtle grass exhibits plasticity in reproduction as a response to nutrient availability, whereby under low porewater nitrogen conditions, resources are diverted to sexual reproduction rather than somatic growth. The worldwide increase in coastal nutrient loading, particularly in the form of submarine groundwater discharge, has the potential to reduce flowering in Thalassia species.
Visualization and measurement of reverse flow in an actual channel of a microchannel evaporator

Abstract Two leading edge channels of a microchannel evaporator are made transparent to visualize the flow regimes inside. The evaporator is operated in an automotive air conditioning system under both two-phase refrigerant feeding and liquid refrigerant feeding modes. The flow regimes in the microchannels are different in these two operation modes. In two-phase feeding mode: churn, bubbly/slug, and annular flows occur alternatively, but the period of each flow regime is not constant. Flow reversal is only witnessed occasionally in bubbly/slug flow regime. In liquid feeding mode, only liquid and bubbly/slug flows are observed. Reverse flow occurs periodically. The duration of flow reversal is shorter in two-phase feeding mode than in liquid feeding mode. Most likely it is due to higher upstream resistance caused by two-phase refrigerant feeding.
Collagenase Clostridium histolyticum in the treatment of Peyronie's disease: patient selection and perspectives

The safety and efficacy of the use of collagenase Clostridium histolyticum (CCH) for the treatment of Peyronie's disease has been confirmed over the past several years. However, identification of the ideal patient population for use of this treatment is not well established. Multiple studies have attempted to delineate various patient-specific factors that may predict response to treatment with CCH, with the intent of enhancing patient selection. To date, these include baseline curvature severity, duration of disease, disease phase at presentation, plaque calcification, baseline erectile function, plaque size, age, comorbid diabetes, previous penile trauma, responsiveness to first treatment cycle, baseline penile shortening or pain, prior treatment with intralesional injection, compliance with plaque modeling, and atypical curvature. In addition, other studies have sought to explore various aspects of treatment with CCH that may affect patient perspective of treatment. They have focused on patient-reported outcomes, female partner considerations, cost of treatment, and potential confounders of patient satisfaction. This review provides a summary and analysis of currently available literature on topics of patient selection and perspectives in regard to treatment of Peyronie's disease with CCH.
WORSE OUTCOMES IN HOSPITALIZATIONS OF WOMEN WITH TURNER SYNDROME COMPARED TO WOMEN WITHOUT TURNER SYNDROME

Background: While studies show Turner Syndrome (TS) patients are at an increased risk for cardiovascular (CV) complications, outcomes of hospitalized TS patients are yet to be explored. Methods: Cases of TS and comparable controls were acquired from an administrative database of inpatient
A single-crystal model for the high-strain rate deformation of cyclotrimethylene trinitramine including phase transformations and plastic slip

A continuum model for the high-rate, thermo-mechanical deformation of single-crystal cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX) is developed. The model includes the effects of anisotropy, large deformations, nonlinear thermo-elasticity, phase transformations, and plastic slip. A multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient is used. The volumetric elastic component of the deformation is accounted for through a free-energy based equation of state for the low- (α) and high-pressure (γ) polymorphs of RDX. Crystal plasticity is addressed using a phenomenological thermal activation model. The deformation gradient for the phase transformation is based on an approach that has been applied to martensitic transformations. Simulations were conducted and compared to high-rate, impact loading of oriented RDX single crystals. The simulations considered multiple orientations of the crystal relative to the direction of shock loading and multiple sample thicknesses. Thirteen slip systems, which were inferred from in...
Molecular dynamics of conformation-specific dopamine transporter-inhibitor complexes

The recreational psychostimulant cocaine inhibits dopamine reuptake from the synapse, resulting in excessive stimulation of postsynaptic dopamine receptors in brain areas associated with reward and addiction. Cocaine binds to and stabilizes the outward- (extracellular-) facing conformation of the dopamine transporter (DAT) protein, while the low abuse potential DAT inhibitor benztropine prefers the inward- (cytoplasmic-) facing conformation. A correlation has been previously postulated between psychostimulant abuse potential and preference for the outward-facing DAT conformation. The 3β-aryltropane cocaine analogs LX10 and LX11, however, differ only in stereochemistry and share a preference for the outward-facing DAT, yet are reported to vary widely in abuse potential in an animal model. In search of the molecular basis for DAT conformation preference, complexes of cocaine, benztropine, LX10 or LX11 bound to each DAT conformation were subjected to 100 ns of all-atom molecular dynamics simulation. Results were consistent with previous findings from cysteine accessibility assays used to assess an inhibitor’s DAT conformation preference. The respective 2β- and 2α-substituted phenyltropanes of LX10 and LX11 interacted with hydrophobic regions of the DAT S1 binding site that were inaccessible to cocaine. Solvent accessibility measurements also revealed subtle differences in inhibitor positioning within a given DAT conformation. This work serves to advance our understanding of the conformational selectivity of DAT inhibitors and suggests that MD may be useful in antipsychostimulant therapeutic design.
Factor Structure of the CHC Model for the KABC-II: Exploratory Factor Analyses with the 16 Core and Supplementary Subtests

The factor structure of the 16 core and supplementary Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model subtests for the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition (KABC-II; Kaufman and Kaufman, 2004a) standardization sample samples aged 7–18 (N = 2025) was examined using exploratory factor analytic techniques (EFA) not included in the KABC-II manual (Kaufman and Kaufman, 2004b). The present results failed to replicate the five-factor CHC-based structure posited by the test publisher at school age. Factor extraction for the core battery suggested four factors, whereas five factors were supported for the total battery configuration. When these structures were transformed with the Schmid and Leiman (Psychometrika, 22, 53–61, 1957) orthgonalization procedure, the second-order general factor accounted for larger portions of total and common variance when compared to the reliable variance accounted for by the resulting four and five first-order factors. Users are encouraged to interpret the KABC-II primarily at the level of the Fluid-Crystallized Index (FCI), with additional consideration of the factor-based scores employed with more caution. Implications for clinical interpretation are discussed.
Grading Innovation in an International Marketing Course: Promoting Student Collaboration and Individual Accountability

In this article, the author proposes an innovative, exam-based homework grading method to facilitate both collaboration among students and individual accountability while learning a complex theory ...
Therapeutic Potential of Annexin A1 in Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to be the leading cause of death in the world. Increased inflammation and an enhanced thrombotic milieu represent two major complications of CVD, which can culminate into an ischemic event. Treatment for these life-threatening complications remains reperfusion and restoration of blood flow. However, reperfusion strategies may result in ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/RI) secondary to various cardiovascular pathologies, including myocardial infarction and stroke, by furthering the inflammatory and thrombotic responses and delivering inflammatory mediators to the affected tissue. Annexin A1 (AnxA1) and its mimetic peptides are endogenous anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving mediators, known to have significant effects in resolving inflammation in a variety of disease models. Mounting evidence suggests that AnxA1, which interacts with the formyl peptide receptor (FPR) family, may have a significant role in mitigating I/RI associated complications. In this review article, we focus on how AnxA1 plays a protective role in the I/R based vascular pathologies.
Some Nonhuman Animals Can Have Pains in a Morally Relevant Sense

In a series of works, Peter Carruthers has argued for the denial of the title proposition. Here, I defend that proposition by offering direct support drawn from relevant sciences and by undercutting Carruthers‘ argument. In doing the latter, I distinguish an intrinsic theory of consciousness from Carruthers‘ relational theory of consciousness. This relational theory has two readings, one of which makes essential appeal to evolutionary theory. I argue that neither reading offers a successful view.
Start-Up Barriers to Medical Equipment Innovation

Not every innovative medical instrument reaches practitioners for their evaluation. In the process of commercializing a product, start-up difficulties lead to the discontinuation of development projects. The abandonment of the effort may be based on rational considerations when an analysis of the market for the new device shows predicted costs to be higher than anticipated profits. But, irrespective of the prospects for a new product, a start-up effort may also be aborted due to organizational problems such as an inability to coalesce a management team, or a failure to raise adequate investment money.1 As a consequence, the cancellation of promising medical device projects can delay improvements in medical care and perpetuate the use of less effective treatments indefinitely.
Addition of frontal EEG to adult home sleep apnea testing: does a more accurate determination of sleep time make a difference?

Home sleep apnea testing (HSAT) typically does not include electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring for sleep assessment. In patients with insomnia and low sleep efficiency, overestimation of the sleep period can result from absence of EEG, which will reduce sleep disordered breathing (SDB) indices and may lead to a false-negative result. To validate a single channel frontal EEG for scoring sleep versus wake against full EEG during polysomnography, and then to examine the utility of adding this single channel EEG to standard HSAT to prevent false-negative results. Epoch-by-epoch validation for sleep scoring of single channel EEG versus full PSG was first performed in 21 subjects. This was followed by a separate retrospective analysis of 207 consecutive HSATs in adults performed in a university-affiliated sleep center using the Somte (Compumedics) HSAT with one frontal EEG as well as chin EMG, nasal airflow, oxyhemoglobin saturation, respiratory effort, pulse rate, and body position. Each study was scored twice, with (HSATEEG) and without the EEG signal visible (HSATPolygraphy), to calculate AHI4 and RDI and the effect on OSA diagnosis and severity. Analyses were repeated in 69 patients with poor sleep suggesting insomnia plus Epworth Sleepiness Scale < 7 as well as in 38 patients ultimately shown to have sleep efficiency < 70% on HSAT with EEG. Single channel and full EEG during polysomnography agreed on sleep versus wake in 92–95% of all epochs. HSAT without EEG overestimated the sleep period by 20% (VST = 440 ± 76 min vs TST = 356 ± 82 min), had a false-negative rate of 8% by AHI4 criteria, and underestimated disease severity in 11% of all patients. Sub-group analysis of patients with subjective poor sleep suggesting insomnia did not change the results. Patients later shown to have low sleep efficiency had lower SDB indices and a 20.8% false negative rate of sleep apnea diagnosis. Although overall false negative rates using HSATPolygraphy were moderate, suggesting utility for ruling out OSA, there was a specific subgroup in whom there were significant missed diagnoses. However, we were unable to identify this subgroup a priori.
Diversity and abundance of wild bees in an agriculturally dominated landscape of eastern Colorado

Agricultural intensification has resulted in loss of natural and semi-natural habitats impacting several important ecosystem services. One group of organisms that has suffered greatly are the bees and hence pollination, the supporting ecosystem service they complete. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) has implemented conservation practices designed to improve habitat for pollinators in agroecosystems by paying to recover environmentally sensitive agricultural land from production, and restoring them by planting native grass mixes, pollinator-friendly legumes and wildflowers. Our study, aimed at demonstrating the efficacy of this practice, measured diversity and abundance of wild bee genera in the agricultural landscape of eastern semiarid regions of Colorado, USA, where CRP practices were implemented. Over our 3-year study, we obtained a total of 16,207 bees belonging to 51 genera. We found inconsistent differences in number of bee genera and abundance of bees in CRP fields supplemented with wildflowers compared to those with conventional grass seed mix. However, we observed only a 40–80% overlap in bee genera between fields supplemented with wildflowers and those with grass seed mixes indicating that diversity was enhanced by having both habitats. With the caveat that 3 years is a very short period to see appreciable changes, our results suggest that recovering environmentally sensitive land can strengthen pollinator populations in landscapes dominated by agricultural activities. In addition, periodic evaluation and maintenance of these recovered lands will further support the efforts towards revitalization of ecosystem services in these areas.
Short-interval severe fire erodes the resilience of subalpine lodgepole pine forests.

Subalpine forests in the northern Rocky Mountains have been resilient to stand-replacing fires that historically burned at 100- to 300-year intervals. Fire intervals are projected to decline drastically as climate warms, and forests that reburn before recovering from previous fire may lose their ability to rebound. We studied recent fires in Greater Yellowstone (Wyoming, United States) and asked whether short-interval ( Pinus contorta var. latifolia ) forest resilience via increased burn severity, reduced early postfire tree regeneration, reduced carbon stocks, and slower carbon recovery. During 2016, fires reburned young lodgepole pine forests that regenerated after wildfires in 1988 and 2000. During 2017, we sampled 0.25-ha plots in stand-replacing reburns ( n = 18) and nearby young forests that did not reburn ( n = 9). We also simulated stand development with and without reburns to assess carbon recovery trajectories. Nearly all prefire biomass was combusted (“crown fire plus”) in some reburns in which prefire trees were dense and small (≤4-cm basal diameter). Postfire tree seedling density was reduced sixfold relative to the previous (long-interval) fire, and high-density stands (>40,000 stems ha −1 ) were converted to sparse stands ( −1 ). In reburns, coarse wood biomass and aboveground carbon stocks were reduced by 65 and 62%, respectively, relative to areas that did not reburn. Increased carbon loss plus sparse tree regeneration delayed simulated carbon recovery by >150 years. Forests did not transition to nonforest, but extreme burn severity and reduced tree recovery foreshadow an erosion of forest resilience.
"Social justice is a dream": Tensions and contradictions in nursing education.

Objective The purpose of this study was to explore nurse educators' conceptualizations of social justice in theory courses. The findings contextualize the role of nurse educators in promoting social justice among future health care providers and the relevance of their perspectives on social justice. Design This descriptive qualitative study was completed utilizing constructivist grounded theory methods. Sample and measurements I interviewed 28 nurse educators teaching theory courses in Baccalaureate nursing programs on the West coast of the United States. Initial and focused codes were constructed from interview transcripts to understand and contextualize statements about social justice. Results Participants' conceptualizations of social justice include equity, equality, self-awareness, withholding judgment, and taking action. Conclusions Notable differences emerged along racial lines and, less so, in relation to educational background and nursing specialty. This study highlights areas of concern with respect to how nurse educators enact the claim that social justice is a core professional nursing value. The findings call attention to tensions and contradictions as individuals navigate the landscape of nursing with limited structural and institutional effort.
Deep learning reveals hidden variables underlying NF-κB activation in single cells

Individual cells show great heterogeneity when responding to environmental cues. For example, under cytokine stimulation some cells activate immune signaling pathways while others completely ignore the signal. The underlying sources of cellular variability have been inaccessible due to the destructive nature of experiments. Here we apply deep learning, live-cell analysis, and mechanistic modeling to uncover hidden variables controlling NF-kB activation in single-cells. Our computer-vision algorithm accurately predicts cells that will respond to pro-inflammatory TNF stimulation and shows that single-cell activation is pre-determined by minute amounts of leaky nuclear NF-kB localization before stimulation. Theoretical analysis predicts and experiments confirm that the ratio of NF-kB to its inhibitor IkB determines the activation probability of a given cell. Our results demonstrate how computer vision can study living-cells without the use of destructive measurements and settles the question of whether heterogenous NF-kB activation is controlled by pre-existing deterministic variables or purely stochastic ones.
A Model for Three-Phase Flow in Porous Media with Rate-Dependent Capillary Pressure

As a contaminant, such as oil, travels through a porous media, such as soil, there is contact between the contaminant, groundwater, and the intermediate gas, air. At this interface there is a pressure difference, capillary pressure, which impacts the flow of the contaminant through the porous media. We derive a model for three-phase flow in porous media with the inclusion of capillary pressure, as given by thermodynamically constrained averaging theory (TCAT). Starting with conservation of mass, an incompressibility condition, and Darcy’s law, we include constitutive equations that extend a strictly hyperbolic system analyzed by Juanes and Patzek. In the absence of gravity and capillarity, they show that solutions include rarefaction waves and shocks which satisfy the Liu entropy criterion. By incorporating capillary pressure, we show that the model gains dissipation and dispersion terms, the latter of which is rate-dependent. This extends the framework developed by Hayes and LeFloch in which there are solutions involving shocks which do not satisfy the Liu entropy criterion.
Gate Drive Technology Evaluation and Development to Maximize Switching Speed of SiC Discrete Devices and Power Modules in Hard Switching Applications

To understand the limitation of maximizing the switching speed of SiC low-current discrete devices and high-current power modules in hard switching applications, double pulse tests are conducted and the testing results are analyzed. For power modules, the switching speed is generally limited by the parasitics rather than the gate drive capability. For discrete SiC devices, the conventional voltage source gate drive (VSG) is not sufficient to maximize the switching speed even if the external gate resistance is minimized. The limitation of existing current source gate drives (CSG) is analyzed, and a CSG dedicated for SiC discrete devices is proposed, which can provide constant current during the switching transient, regardless of the high Miller voltage and large internal gate resistance. Compared with the conventional VSG, the proposed CSG achieves 67% faster turn on time and 50% faster turn off time, and 68% reduction in switching loss at full-load condition.
Demonstratives and the Noun Phrase Structure of Hakha Chin

Demonstratives are linked to spatial deixis, definiteness, and other semantic and pragmatic functions. This paper looks at the demonstrative class in Hakha Chin, a Kuki-Chin language in the Tibeto-Burman family. Hakha Chin demonstratives exhibit several remarkable features, such as their ability to appear in prenominal, postnominal, and “circumnominal” positions (in which they appear concurrently in prenominal and postnominal positions). This analysis also examines Hakha Chin demonstratives as they relate to other elements in the noun phrase structure, such as case marking, numerals, classifiers, and adjectives. The paper also touches on the relationship between demonstratives and the expression of definiteness and familiarity in Hakha Chin, finding that bare nouns can be interpreted as either definite or indefinite and that there is a dedicated familiarity morpheme kha. The findings of this paper presents several questions for future research on the syntactic structure of Hakha Chin nominal phrases and their semantic interpretations.
The changing landscape in the management of newly diagnosed castration sensitive metastatic prostate cancer

Metastatic prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease entity. Men without prior androgen deprivation therapy exposure are termed metastatic castration sensitive prostate cancer (mCSPC). The goal of this article is to update the reader on the rapidly changing landscape of treatment for men with mCSPC. Along with the options available to the clinician for treatment of men with mCSPC, the care of these patients has evolved into a multi-disciplinary field with expanding roles for medical, urologic, and radiation oncologists.