cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
4Q541, Fragment 24 Reconsidered

Fragment 24 of the text 4Q541 has proved to be puzzling to scholars. Of the six lines of the fragment, the first three are virtually illegible. This chapter deals principally with only one segment, namely line 4 and the first part of line 5, since they are the most mysterious. The key mystery centers around the import of the three words translated by Puech as tque demande l'agitateurt Puech first translated the phrase as tqu’a demande la colombet (twhat the dove askedt) in his original publication of the fragment. The Qumran instances are the oldest attestations of the root, and the original meaning, from which the later meanings are derived, is something like to let go, let fall, hence in this context to neglect. Keywords: 4Q541 texts; fragment 24; Qumran
Direct PTA for Acute Ischemic Stroke.

SUMMARY We have performed direct PTA for 23 patients with acute ischemic stroke. Occlusion was identified at extracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) in 6 patients, at extracranial vertebral artery (VA) in I, at intracranial ICA in 3, at middle cerebral artery (MCA) in 12, and at basilar artery (BA) in 1. Stenosis was identified at extracranial VA in 1 patient. In 4 of 6 patients of extracranial ICA, 1 of 1 patient of extracranial VA, 1 of 3 patients of intracranial ICA, 7 of 12 patients of MCA and 1 of 1 patient of BA, recanalization was observed. Fourteen of 22 occluded arteries (64%) were recanalized. The recanalization rate approximated that of local intraarterial fibrinolytic therapy. We have not experienced complications with this procedure. Direct PTA is promising and might be a novel recanalization technique.
Operational modes of the organic anion exchanger in canine renal brush-border membrane vesicles.

This study delineates the various operational modes catalyzed by the organic anion exchanger present in the canine renal brush-border membrane. The experiments examined the carrier-mediated effects of various organic and inorganic anions on the transport of either p-[3H]aminohippuric acid ([3H]PAH) or 36Cl-. [3H]PAH countertransport was significantly stimulated by PAH, urate, Cl-, Br-, HCO3-, and by a pH gradient. This pH stimulation remained in the absence of HCO3- (i.e., under N2), implying PAH-OH- exchange. Furosemide, bumetanide, penicillin, and probenecid inhibited countertransport of [3H]PAH. Likewise, the above anions produced cis inhibition of [3H]PAH transport. The cis and trans effects of SO4(-2) and formate were minimal. 36Cl- countertransport was stimulated by PAH, Cl-, Br-, HCO3-, formate, and by a pH gradient that was effective even in the absence of HCO3- (i.e., under N2), implying Cl- -OH- exchange. Cl- -OH- and Cl- -Cl- exchange was inhibited by PAH. In each instance, the trans-stimulation of 36Cl- efflux was insensitive to maneuvers that created an inside-positive membrane potential, demonstrating electroneutral mediated exchange. We conclude that the organic anion transporter can operate in three distinct exchange modes: organic-organic, organic-inorganic, and inorganic-inorganic.
Rhabdomyosarcoma and Other Soft-Tissue Sarcomas

This chapter discusses the epidemiology, pathologic classification, genetics, clinical features, diagnostic evaluation, staging, and treatments of Rhabdomyosarcoma. It is a tumor of striated muscle, most common pediatric soft-tissue sarcoma, and is the third common solid tumor. The histologic subtypes with reference to their frequency, morphology, site of origin, and age distribution are also discussed. Specific assays may be necessary to aid in the differential diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma from the other small round cell tumors. These assays include: electron microscopy, immunocytochemistry, and cytogenetics. The disease may occur in any anatomic location of the body where there is skeletal muscle, as well as in sites where no skeletal muscle is found. The most frequent sign is a mass. Specific clinical manifestations vary with the site of origin of the primary lesion; thereby, head and neck primary tumor is important clinical feature of parameningeal. The diagnostic evaluation of the primary tumor and the extent of metastatic disease consist of the following: complete history, physical examination, complete blood count, urinalysis, serum electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen, and magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography of primary lesion. Local control is accomplished using surgery or radiotherapy. Systemic control is accomplished with chemotherapy. Patients with localized disease require systemic therapy to eradicate micrometastatic disease typically present at diagnosis.
Sequences of Functions

Chapter 3 introduces the idea of a sequence of real numbers and discusses theorems related to the limit \(\lim \limits _{n\rightarrow \infty }a_{n}\), limit superior \(\limsup \limits _{n\rightarrow \infty }a_{n}\), limit inferior \(\liminf \limits _{n\rightarrow \infty }a_{n}\), and subsequences \( \) of such a sequence. If instead of requiring the terms of the sequence a n to be constants, the a n were allowed to depend on the value of a variable as in f n (x), then the sequence is a sequence of functions. Thus, for each value of x, if all the functions f n (x) are defined at x, then there is a sequence of real numbers, . This sequence changes as x changes, and, indeed, there is a different sequence of real numbers for each choice of x. The limit of the sequence, if it exists, could be different for each x, and, therefore, the limit would also be a function, f(x). The first question that arises is, what is meant by the convergence of such a sequence? In fact, there are many different definitions for the convergence of a sequence of functions, each with its own applications and properties. The next question is, what can one say about the properties of the limit of the sequence? For example, under what conditions can you know that the limit function is continuous, differentiable, or integrable? In particular, if the sequence of integrable functions converges to an integrable function f(x), when can you conclude that \(\lim \limits _{n\rightarrow \infty }\int \limits _{a}^{b}f_{n}(x)dx =\int \limits _{ a}^{b}f(x)dx\)?
H-2 -linked Control of the Susceptibility of Mice to Cleft Palate Induced by Cortisone and Testosterone

In the course of mapping H–2–linked genes which control susceptibility to cortisoneinduced cleft palate, we have observed that certain pairs of congenic strains which have been considered to have the same H–2–recombinant chromosomes differ in their susceptibility. The B10.A(1R) and B10.A(2R) congenic strains have been believed to possess the same a/b crossover in the S/D interval, but B10.A(2R) is significantly more susceptible than B10.A(1R). Likewise, the B10.A(18R) and B10.BAR5 strains have been considered to have the same b/a crossover in the S/D interval, but B10.BAR5 is significantly more susceptible than B10.A(18R). In order to assess the possible effects of these genes on susceptibility to other steroids, we have injected pregnant mice on days 11 through 14 with testosterone. We have observed significant differences among H-2 congenic strains in the frequency of testosterone-induced fetal resorption. Among surviving fetuses, there were significant differences in the frequency of testosterone-induced cleft palate.
New Directions in Preservice and Inservice Professional Development for Teaching Students with and Without Specific Learning Disabilities in Middle Childhood and Early Adolescence

This chapter proposed evidence-based approaches to professional development of educators with focus on teaching writing as well as reading during middle childhood and adolescence to students with and without specific learning disabilities (SLD). Key features for both preservice and inservice professional development are considered. One key feature is grounding professional development in conceptual frameworks for all language systems (Language by Ear, Language by Mouth, Language by Eye, and Language by Hand), a multi-component language learning system, and domains of development (cognitive/memory, language, sensori-motor, attention/executive functions, and social emotional). An example of inservice professional development for developing morphological awareness as well as phonological awareness for teaching word spelling and reading for English, a morphophonemic orthography, is provided.
Origin of the pulse‐like signature of shallow long‐period volcano seismicity

Short-duration, pulse-like long-period (LP) events are a characteristic type of seismicity accompanying eruptive activity at Mount Etna in Italy in 2004 and 2008 and at Turrialba Volcano in Costa Rica and Ubinas Volcano in Peru in 2009. We use the discrete wave number method to compute the free surface response in the near field of a rectangular tensile crack embedded in a homogeneous elastic half space and to gain insights into the origin of the LP pulses. Two source models are considered, including (1) a vertical fluid-driven crack and (2) a unilateral tensile rupture growing at a fixed sub-Rayleigh velocity with constant opening on a vertical crack. We apply cross correlation to the synthetics and data to demonstrate that a fluid-driven crack provides a natural explanation for these data with realistic source sizes and fluid properties. Our modeling points to shallow sources ( ∼1 km. While a slow-rupture failure provides another potential model for these events, the synthetics and resulting fits to the data are not optimal in this model compared to a fluid-driven source. We infer that pulse-like LP signatures are parts of the continuum of responses produced by shallow fluid-driven sources in volcanoes.
Energy and Civilization

In Chapter 1, the sources and utilization of energy are put in perspective with emphasis on several events in history that either have shaped our current energy infrastructure or reveal what is possible. The Standard oil monopoly provides a good example of how powerful energy industries can become. World War II provides an example of what can be achieved in the way of advances in technology when such advances become a national priority. More recently, Tesla Motors marketing and oil fracking technology are providing stability and options in the energy sector in ways that were not predictable 10 years earlier.
Modeling radar targets beyond the first Born approximation

In this chapter, we return to the foundations of the SAR ambiguity theory that we presented in Chapter 2, and address the inconsistencies of the conventional approach outlined in Section 2.7 A standard representation of the image in the SAR ambiguity theory is by the convolution integral ( 2.1) [see also ( 2.31)]:
The effect of coupled wear and creep during grid-to-rod fretting

Abstract The initial stages of grid-to-rod fretting (GTRF) are associated with stress-relaxation. Both creep and wear contribute to this process. These mechanisms act in concert, and are influenced by each other. The development of a strategy to couple creep and wear is important for the numerical modeling of gap formation in a pressurized-water reactor (PWR). However, the characteristic time scales for the two processes are very different, which can cause numerical problems. In this paper, an approach is presented to develop reasonably efficient, yet accurate, models that couple the two processes. This approach is used for a numerical analysis of gap formation during grid-to-rod fretting. In this analysis, the effects of wear are integrated with the effects of creep relaxation, providing insight into the relative roles of the two mechanisms in this particular application. During the early stages of gap formation, the fluid-induced excitation forces are not large enough to cause macroscopic slip and wear across the entire interface. As a result, creep, rather than wear, is the dominant mechanism that dictates the evolution of the contact stress. Creep contributes to stress relaxation both through the creep-down of the cladding onto the fuel, and by local stress relaxation at the contacts. Although localized wear always occurs at the edge of the contacts, the effects are so small that this can be considered to be an incubation period for wear. Eventually, the contact force relaxes to such an extent that slip occurs over the entire contact between the rod and grid, and wear becomes the dominant relaxation mechanism. The simulations demonstrating these concepts explored different pressure fluctuations, friction coefficients, wear coefficients, and initial interference, to show how these different parameters affect the wear profile and the time at which contact is lost between the rod and grid.
Lucie Sebetka: The Phenomenon of Abandonment in Milan Kundera’s The Joke

Milan Kundera describes Lucie Sebetka, the tacit heroine in The Joke, as “a mysterious, elusive” character who “stands, so to speak, behind glass; she cannot be touched” (The Art of the Novel, p. 86). The Joke is about, among other things, the depersonalization of individual existence, the impossibility of self-definition in the post-1948 Communist Czechoslovakia. Through Lucie and the other characters in the novel, Kundera explores the phenomenon of abandonment, the peripheral position of the individual in the course of history, the cataclysmic sociopolitical changes and unyielding revolutionary requisites. Particularly in the case of Lucie, the author seems to test, rather than to prove, whether it is at all possible for any person to remain “elusive” and untouchable. As Kostka and Ludvik relate in the novel, Lucie seems outside history, unaware of the revolution or Christianity, and she expresses herself mostly through non-verbal, pastoral icons, an “instinctive precursor of language.” However, her constant displacement around the country, the two rape incidents and other mistreatments suggest that Lucie’s peripheral position does not warrant a comforting retreat from the socio-political euphoria. Rather, it becomes the realm where the revolutionary history seems to encroach in a most vicious manner on individual existence in order to proclaim its imminence.
Reciprocal justification in science and moral theory

In this paper, I analyze the particular conception of reciprocal justification proposed by Nelson Goodman and incorporated by John Rawls into what he called “reflective equilibrium”. I propose a way of avoiding the twin dangers which threaten to push this idea to either of two extremes: the reliance on epistemically privileged observation reports (or moral judgments in Rawls’ version), which tends to disrupt the balance struck between the two sides of the equilibrium and to re-establish a foundationalism; and the denial of any privileged status to such reports (or judgments), which makes the equilibrium into a theoretical monolith.
Brand associations: the value of ability versus social responsibility depends on consumer goals

Prior research establishes that brand value is built through the development of brand associations, broadly categorized based on ability and social responsibility associations. Of the two associations, ability associations are generally considered more valuable; they provide direct evidence of product qualities, while social responsibility associations are not thought to. We argue that consumers’ consumption goals (attribute- vs. experience-related) can moderate the influence of ability versus social responsibility communications on consumers’ product appraisals. This effect occurs because ability and social responsibility associations, respectively, allude to person-to-person perceptions of competence and warmth, thereby altering the fit between brand associations and consumers’ consumption goals. Specifically, in person-to-person perceptions, competence aligns to capabilities and expertise while warmth aligns with social traits including kindness and helpfulness, which foster social cohesion—characteristics that, respectively, align more closely to product attributes versus experiences. Results from an experimental study (coffee was the context) indicated that consumers valued ability over social responsibility when considering product attributes, but valued social responsibility more than ability when considering consumption experiences. Hence, this research demonstrates a reversal of the dominant findings within the literature.
Legislative Drafting: Teaching and Training Strategies in the U.S.

Teaching legislative drafting to law students and training "real world" legislative drafters are two related but distinctly different pedagogical challenges. This article draws upon 30 years of experience in running a Legislative and Administrative Advocacy Clinic and in conducting an International Legislative Drafting Institute at Tulane Law School, describing how different teaching and training strategies inform and enrich one another. Leg/Ad focuses on the legislative enactment process and on how agencies promulgate rules under the Administrative Procedure Act. The Institute curriculum emphasizes plain language drafting and techniques for improving the clarity and democratic legitimacy of subordinate legislation. Louisiana's Civil Code, unique among the 50 states, invites discussion of civilian and common law methodologies as they relate to legislative drafting. The article describes training for U.S. legislative drafters in state and federal government jobs, in private and public interest practice, and online and proposes an "ideal" training curriculum that includes statutory interpretation "by the rules" rather than in accordance with judicial canons. The article considers how technology can be used to teach and train distantly and urges increased recourse to state legislative and administrative procedures in teaching law students.
Symbolic Convergence Theory

Symbolic convergence theory (SCT) is a communication centered theory that resonates with time-tested organizational communication foci such as narratives and storytelling, shared and collective meanings, rhetoric, and the grapple with the relationship between little “d” and big “D” discourse. This entry on SCT contextualizes it in the broader history of communication studies, remembers its central ideas, explains its resonance with organizational communication studies, identifies organizational communication criticisms of SCT, discusses how organizational communication theories can improve SCT, examines how a reformulated SCT is influencing organizational communication studies, and considers future directions for SCT based works. Keywords: fantasy themes; rhetorical visions; symbolic convergence theory
Tissue-bound, acid-labile phosphorus in tobacco leaves, oat coleoptiles, and rat liver.

In much of the work on phosphorus metabolism in plants and animals, primary attention has been focused on the P which is easily extracted with cold acid. However, such an extraction procedure usually removes only about one-half of the total P contained in many tissues (1, 3, 8, 11). As a result of recent work with radioactive P32, it has become increasingly apparent that the acid-insoluble P is subject to rapid turnover and hence is of interest in P metabolism. For example, Gest and Kamen (4) have shown with Chlmella hhat there is rapid turnover of the acid-insoluble P and that the rate of turnover is markedly accelerated during photosynthesis. Our own work, which will be presented elsewhere, indicates that auxin influences the rate of turnover of the acid-insoluble P during the growth of oat coleoptiles. It becomes of interest, therefore, to determine the nature of the substances in which such acid-insoluble P is found. Various attempts have been made to characterize the bound P in tissues (5, S), and as a result the general current view is that a large proportion of such P is bound to proteins, although there is little direct experimental evidence to suggest what proteins are the responsible agents. In a study of 2’ metabolism of green spinach leaves (ll), it was found that almost onehalf of the total P contained in leaves is acid-insoluble. Further investigation revealed that a large part of the bound P is associated with a bulk prot’ein of spinach cytoplasm. This protein, Fraction I, constitutes about 75 per cent of the i,otal cytoplasmic proteins, is electrophoretically homogeneous, contains 0.3 per cent total P, and has t.he enzymatic properties of a phospha.tase (10). The 1’ present in Frnct,ion I protein can be separated from the protein into two distinct, subfractions (11). When the purified protein is precipit,ated wh trichloroacetic acid (TCA), and irreversibly denat,ured as a consequence, about 50 per cent of the t,otal protein P is freed into t,he clesr Supernatant T which remains after removal of the protein by cent,rifuging. The cold acid extraction comes to an end-point, since a second identical treatment removes less than 8 per cent as much P as the first. Extending the extraction period for as long as 8 hours does not sig-
Cytokines, their Receptors and Signals

Cytokines are intercellular protein signals and multifunctional mediators of inflammation and tissue repair. Cytokines by interacting with receptors activate a wide variety of cell types and initiate signal transduction cascades resulting in the transcription of multiple genes involved in both innate and adaptive immunity. Many of the cytokines augment inflammatory reactions in the course of host defense, while others engage in restoring homeostasis and suppress inflammation. Various cytokines have been shown to exacerbate or suppress autoimmune diseases. This chapter therefore reviews the members of the cytokine and receptor subfamilies that can exacerbate or diminish inappropriate autoimmune reactions aimed at “self” antigens. Consequently, targeting some of these proinflammatory or suppressive cytokines, their receptors, or signal transduction pathways, although not curative, can be of considerable therapeutic benefit by reducing autoimmune reactions.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CENTRAL CATECHOLAMINERGIC NEURONS OF THE RAT

Publisher Summary This chapter describes development of the central catecholaminergic neurons of the rat. As it has been established for other major nuclei in the brainstem, the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the noradrenergic neurons in the locus coereleus undergo a brief but intense period of cell division between 12–14 days of gestation. Thus, the total population of catecholaminergic neurons becomes fixed in number quite early in development. At 13 days of gestation, catecholaminergic neurons can first be observed in the rat brain with the histofluorescent technique, and by 15 days of gestation, both noradrenergic and dopaminergic cell bodies can be clearly distinguished. During this period, the neurons migrate to their ultimate localization for their respective nuclei. As early as eight days before birth, axonal processes can be seen emanating from the nascent catecholaminergic neurons in the rat brain; this is well before many of the regions of the brain, such as the cerebral cortex and cerebellum, that receive catecholaminergic innervation, have been formed.
Interval Histogram Analysis of Eeg Hemispheric Activity In Schizophrenia

While research into the psychophysiological correlates of maladaptive behavior has expanded during recent years, the investigation of the hemispheric processes related to psychopathology has experienced unprecedented growth during the last few years (e.g., Flor-Henry, 1979). One particular branch of this type of hemisphericity research which has received considerable attention and yielded results of heuristic value has been the study of hemispheric activity in schizophrenics, see Flor-Henry, Koles & Reddon (this volume); Flor-Henry & Koles (1984); Newlin, Carpenter and Golden (1981) and Walker, Hoppes and Emory (1981) for comprehensive reviews on this subject.
Software Patents: Innovation or Litigation?

The Directive on the Patentability of Computer-Implemented Inventions recently approved by the European Parliament may have significant implications for the software industry, public policy and patent protection. In this paper, we summarize the scope of patent protection in the European Union, the United States, and Japan. We examine the patentability of computer software under E.U. and U.S. patent law and also consider two instances of software patenting and their effects. We provide an overview of the Directive and finally assess the legal, economic, and public policy implications for software developers and users.
Extreme Response Style: A Simulation Study Comparison of Three Multidimensional Item Response Models.

Several multidimensional item response models have been proposed for survey responses affected by response styles. Through simulation, this study compares three models designed to account for extre...
Fair Use is a Right, Haters to the Left: A Primer for Libraries and Other Cultural Institutions

The fair use doctrine is an integral part of copyright law. The Supreme Court has described fair use as "the guarantee of breathing space for new expression within the confines of copyright law.” Its codification in the Copyright Act of 1976, balanced the exclusive rights of the creator with a limitation that is critical to copyright’s purpose: “to promote the progress of science and the useful arts.” While fair use was not specifically referenced prior to the 1976 Copyright Act, the doctrine, including the four factors, derived from Justice Joseph Story’s opinion in Folsom v. March (1841). However, in the 30 years of fair use’s modern statutory existence, a terrible myth has crept its way into the doctrine: fair use is an “affirmative defense.” This myth has created more controversy and misunderstanding of our most critical of all copyright exceptions. But, in the end, it is just a myth, and citizens, journalists, teachers, librarians, authors, students, artists, and others should work to dispel this myth. Fair use is a right. This article outlines the history of fair use and the development of the “affirmative defense” myth. Part I discusses the origins and history of fair use and its development from English law. Part II reveals the treatises and other secondary sources that began to muddy the fair use doctrine. And Part III reveals how the myth was adapted into the common law by a few courts. Finally, in Part IV, the author offers three areas to examine and help reverse the affirmative defense myth: the accurate legislative history of fair use , the plain meaning textualism of the statute, and modern fair use case interpretation. Each of these studies will reveal that fair use is, and was always meant to be, a fundamental right.
A single dose of dietary nitrate increases maximal muscle speed and power in healthy older men and women

Background: Aging results in reductions in maximal muscular strength, speed, and power, which often lead to functional limitations highly predictive of disability, institutionalization, and mortality in the elderly. This may be partially due to reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. We therefore hypothesized that dietary nitrate (NO3-), a source of NO via the NO3- [->] nitrite (NO2-) [->] NO enterosalivary pathway, could increase muscle contractile function in older subjects. Methods: Twelve healthy older (age 71{+/-}1 y) subjects were studied using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design. After fasting overnight, subjects were tested 2 h after ingesting beetroot juice containing or devoid of 13.4{+/-}0.5 mmol NO3-. Plasma NO3- and NO2- and breath NO were measured periodically, and muscle function was determined using isokinetic dynamometry. Results: NO3- ingestion increased (P<0.001) plasma NO3-, plasma NO2-, and breath NO by 1050%, 140%, and 110%, respectively. Maximal velocity of knee extension increased (P<0.01) by 1.1{+/-}0.3 rad/s, or by 10.9{+/-}3.5%. Maximal knee extensor power increased (P<0.05) by 0.14{+/-}0.06 W/kg, or by 4.4{+/-}2.3%. Conclusions: Acute dietary NO3- intake improves muscle contractility in older individuals. These findings have important implications for this population, in whom diminished muscle function can lead to functional limitations, dependence, and even premature death.
Success Through Connection

This chapter highlights the people and practices that helped me to move through academic struggle. Although the concepts described here were not new to me, I had somewhat of a shallow appreciation for them before my experience as a struggling student. For example, I valued collaborative learning, but understood it as somewhat peripheral to the educational enterprise. I was surprised at the central role being able to connect with another human being played in my ability to persevere through struggle. In this chapter, I identify how moving past my bias toward individualism into a more community-oriented understanding of learning allowed me to get unstuck. My goal in this chapter is to stimulate readers’ ideas about how they might use collaboration, experiential learning, and community engagement as ways to provide transformative educational experiences for their own students.
The archaeology of villages in eastern North America: edited by Jennifer Birch and Victor D. Thompson, Gainesville, University of Florida Press, 2018, xvii, 211 pp., figures, tables, index, $80.00 (cloth), ISBN 9781683400462.

The village concept has travelled far during its millennium-long journey from its Latin and Middle English roots in rural villas, manor houses, and farmsteads. Yet as we see from contributions to T...
Factors related to advance care planning among older African American women: Age, medication, and acute care visits

Objectives Advance care planning (ACP) is linked with high-quality clinical outcomes at the end of life. However, ACP engagement is lower among African Americans than among Whites. In this study, we sought to identify correlates of ACP among African American women with multiple chronic conditions for two reasons: (1) African American women with multiple chronic conditions have high risks for serious illnesses, more intensive treatments, and circumstances that may require substitutes' decision-making and (2) identifying correlates of ACP among African American women can help us identify important characteristics to inform ACP outreach and interventions for this group. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 116 African American women aged ≥50 years who were recruited from the central area of a mid-western city. Results On average, participants were 64 years old (SD = 9.42). The majority were not married (78%), had less than a college education (50%), and had an annual income of $15,000 (54%). Their mean numbers of chronic conditions and prescribed medications were 3.31 (SD = 1.25) and 8.75 (SD = 4.42), respectively. Fifty-nine per cent reported having talked with someone about their preferences (informal ACP); only 30% had completed a living will or a power of attorney for healthcare (formal ACP). Logistic regression showed that age, the number of hospitalizations or emergency department visits, and the number of prescription medications were significantly correlated with both informal and formal ACP; other demographic and psychosocial characteristics (the knowledge of ACP, self-efficacy, and trust in the medical system) were not. Significance of results Results of this study suggest a need for targeted, culturally sensitive outpatient ACP education to promote ACP engagement in older African American women, taking into account age, the severity of chronic conditions, and levels of medication management.
A Theory of Wisdom Needs Theory of Mind

The Common Wisdom Model (Grossmann et al., this issue) represents a significant synthesis and advancement of our scientific understanding of wisdom. By arguing that moral aspirations and perspectiv...
Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on orthodontic education and global practice guidance: A scoping review

The acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as COVID-19, has had unprecedented impact on orthodontic care and education. Dental schools and clinics have stopped their normal educational and clinical activities worldwide, while only accepting emergency cases. It is still unknown when students will return to clinics to resume patient care and receive training. This scoping review aims to examine, summarize, and reference current resources to analyze the impact of SARSCoV-2 on orthodontic practice recommendations and orthodontic education. This review summarizes recommended global guidelines to provide a better understanding of the current consensus for protocols of safe orthodontic care; this scoping review serves to help create concrete guidelines for orthodontists to deal with the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and for future infectious diseases, and assessing the impact on orthodontic education. Using inclusion/exclusion criteria, 456 articles were screened by two independent screeners and data were extracted and charted from 50 relevant sources. These 50 sources conveyed similar guidelines for provider and patient safety in orthodontic practices, with some stressing certain protocols such as personal protective equipment over others. Impacts on orthodontic education conveyed changes in protocols for learning, competency, and clinical skills. As this respiratory illness progresses, the field of orthodontics needs cohesive universal clinical guidelines and further assessment of the impacts of SARS-CoV-2 on orthodontic education.
Informal Borrowers and Financial Exclusion: The Invisible Unbanked at the Intersections of Race and Gender:

Previous work has found that predominantly Black and Hispanic neighborhoods continue to have less access to mainstream financial services and a greater prevalence of high-cost alternatives. Less at...
Colonic Macrophages Combat Fungal Intoxication: Metchnikoff Would Be Pleased

How the colon microenvironment confronts a breach of its epithelial border remains incompletely understood. In this issue, the laboratories of Lennon-Dumenil and Vignjevic reveal a novel role for macrophages in sustaining epithelial integrity in the face of fungal metabolites.
A robust mathematical model for a loophole-free Clauser–Horne experiment

Recent experiments (Giustina et al 2013 Nature 497 227–30; Christensen et al 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 130406) have reached detection efficiencies sufficient to close the detection loophole, testing the Clauser–Horne version of Bell's inequality. For a similar future experiment to be completely loophole-free, it will be important to have discrete experimental trials with randomized measurement settings for each trial, and the statistical analysis should not overlook the possibility of a local state varying over time with possible dependence on earlier trials (the 'memory loophole'). In this paper, a mathematical model for such an experiment is presented, and a method for statistical analysis that is robust to memory effects is introduced. Additionally, a new method for calculating exact p-values for martingale-based statistics is described; previously, only non-sharp upper bounds derived from the Azuma–Hoeffding inequality have been available for such statistics. This improvement decreases the required number of experimental trials to demonstrate non-locality. The statistical techniques are applied to the data of Giustina et al (2013 Nature 497 227–30) and Christensen et al (2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 130406) and found to perform well.
Switchable Magnets as a Power-Efficient Alternative for Electromagnets in a Mobile Robotic System

The goal of this research is to investigate the power-efficiency of a switchable magnet, in place of an electromagnet, to pick up one-inch diameter ferromagnetic coins for a color coin sorting mobile robot. Recently, switchable magnets have been proven to be more energy efficient than an electromagnet in mobile robotic applications. This is because electromagnets require a constant state of power consumption where switchable magnets only require power to change its state on or off. Switchable magnets are used just like electromagnets for magnetic flux control to induce magnetic attraction to an object by changing its state. The switchable magnet’s housing is fitted with a digital servo motor to rotate the top dynamic magnet 180° using pulse width modulated signals to change its state to on or off. A switchable magnet and electromagnet are tested for their respective power consumption on the mobile systems battery pack by measuring the current and voltage over the time that it takes to pick up and drop off a single coin. The results show that the switchable magnet uses 59.8% less power, measured in Watts, while being able to hold 5 times more weight, measured in Newtons, than the electromagnet. Over the duration of 20 seconds, the time estimated to displace the coin, the switchable magnet will use 25 times less power, measured in milliAmp-hours, compared to the electromagnet; therefore, switchable magnets present a more power-efficient alternative for magnetically controlled applications, specifically on a mobile system.
Global Perspectives on Global Citizenship

At a conference on global citizenship held in 2014, participants discussed topics ranging from effective models for basic education, to ending violence against women, to models of reconciliation and forgiveness in the aftermath of ethnic cleansing (Melton Foundation, 2014).
A systematic review of biomarkers associated with maternal infection in pregnant and postpartum women

Background Serum biomarkers are commonly used to support the diagnosis of infection in non-pregnant patients whose clinical presentation suggests infection. The utility of serum biomarkers for infection in pregnant and postpartum women is uncertain. Search strategy PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.gov, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and SCOPUS were searched from inception to February 2020. Selection criteria Full-text manuscripts in English were included if they reported the measurement of maternal serum biomarkers - and included a control group - to identify infection in pregnant and postpartum women. Data collection and analysis Two authors independently screened manuscripts, extracted data, and assessed methodological quality. Main results Interleukin 6 (IL-6), c-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), calgranulin B, neopterin (NPT), and interferon gamma inducible protein 10 (IP-10) reliably indicated infection. Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF), soluble interleukin 6 receptor (sIL-6R), and interleukin 8 (IL-8) were not useful markers in pregnant and postpartum women. Conclusions Findings suggest certain biomarkers have diagnostic value when maternal infection is suspected, but also confirms limitations in this population. (CRD42020162321).
A scoping review of unmet needs of caregivers of patients with pulmonary fibrosis.

Purpose of review Pulmonary fibrosis is an incurable lung disease that leads to significant morbidity. In many patients, pulmonary fibrosis is progressive causing debilitating dyspnea that impairs patients' ability to perform everyday tasks and maintain independence. Informal caregivers provide invaluable support for patients with pulmonary fibrosis; however, support for the caregiver is inadequate. The purpose of this scoping review is to identify unmet needs for caregivers of pulmonary fibrosis patients. Recent findings During the past 18 months, there has been an increase in studies about the impact of pulmonary fibrosis on the caregiver or carer of the patient with pulmonary fibrosis. These carers experience caregiver burden which includes negative psychological and physical effects on caregiver health because of the challenge in caring for someone with pulmonary fibrosis. Caregivers describe the need for help navigating the healthcare system. This includes supportive and informational needs, lack of access to comprehensive patient-centred care, geographically accessible specialty centres and psychological support for both patient and caregiver. Summary Caregivers of pulmonary fibrosis patients have numerous unmet care needs that include education about the disease, symptom management, financial assistance, access to specialty centres, advanced care planning and psychological support. This resulting caregiver burden can be alleviated with comprehensive support tailored throughout the disease course.
Introduction to Immunohistochemistry: From to Evolving Science to Timeless Art.

Immunohistochemistry and all techniques that use antibodies and fluorescence are widespread, essential and irreplaceable tools used in both research laboratory settings and diagnostic pathology laboratories. The field was born approximately 80 years ago, with the idea that antibodies could be tagged with fluorescent substances and used to detect antigens in cells and microorganisms, and has vertiginously evolved since; these advances have come in all aspects of the methodology, tissue fixation, generation of antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, signal amplification, antigen retrieval, signal amplification, microscopy and have become increasingly sophisticated, from in situ hybridization, in situ proximity ligation assay, flow cytometry, comet assay, to multiplexing and green fluorescent protein reconstitution, yielding Nobel Prizes along the way and generating invaluable scientific and diagnostic advances as well as timeless beautiful images.
Can a Closed Carotid Artery Be Reopened

Carotid occlusion is a disease that presents a difficult decision for the treating provider. Traditionally, many providers would opt for expectant management with risk factor reduction and supportive therapy. There is a growing body of literature however pointing to possible improved outcomes of more aggressive treatments, including reopening of the occluded carotid. In this review, we discuss the difficulties involved in diagnosing a patient presenting with symptomatic carotid occlusion, the natural history of the disease, and the emerging treatment options and paradigms of different institutions based on recent literature.
Axial interbody arthrodesis of the L5–S1 segment: a systematic review of the literature

OBJECT The object of this study was to determine the fusion rate and safety profile of an axial interbody arthrodesis of the L5–S1 motion segment. METHODS A systematic search of MEDLINE was conducted for literature published between January 1, 2000, and August 17, 2014. All peer-reviewed articles related to the fusion rate of L5–S1 and the safety profile of an axial interbody arthrodesis were evaluated. RESULTS Seventy-four articles were identified, but only 15 (13 case series and 2 retrospective cohort studies) met the study inclusion criteria. The overall pseudarthrosis rate at L5–S1 was 6.9%, and the rate of all other complications was 12.9%. A total of 14.4% of patients required additional surgery, and the infection rate was 5.4%. Deformity studies reported a significantly increased rate of complications (46.3%), and prospectively collected data demonstrated significantly higher complication (36.8%) and revision (22.6%) rates. Lastly, studies with a conflict of interest reported lower complication rat...
Inkjet-printed paper/polymer-based “green” RFID and Wireless Sensor Nodes: The final step to bridge cognitive intelligence nanotechnology and RF?

In this talk, inkjet-printed flexible antennas, RF electronics and sensors fabricated on paper and other polymer (e.g. LCP) substrates are introduced as a system-level solution for ultra-low-cost mass production of UHF Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Tags and RFID-enabled Wireless Sensor Nodes (WSN's) in an approach that could be easily expanded to other microwave and wireless “cognition” applications. The talk will also touch up the state-of-the-art area of fully integrated wireless sensor modules on paper or LCP and demonstrate the 2D and the first ever 3D sensor integration in the form of module-on-paper, that could potentially set the foundation for the truly convergent wireless sensor ad-hoc networks of the future with enhanced cognitive intelligence and “rugged” packaging. Various examples encompassing temperature sensors, carbon-nanotube-enabled inkjet printed gas sensors and crack detection sensors will be covered in detail.
System reliability assessment incorporating interface and function failure

This paper proposes a new perspective and method to model system reliability by analyzing a system's functional and interface/interaction failure. System failure is evaluated based on the functions that a system is designed to deliver. Functional failures can be attributed to physical component-level failure as well as the interface failure. A new system reliability modeling framework is developed to quantify the reliability performance through system function and interface analysis. Interfaces failure and possible multiple functions failure can then be integrated into the traditional fault tree and reliability block diagram reliability analysis. The research is motivated by the high proportion of Non-Defect Found or “NDF” in failure analysis of complex engineering systems, which has been attributed to the lack of interface failure analyses. The proposed function and interface analysis based system reliability method is demonstrated through assessing and modeling the reliability of a power assembly system in a diesel-electric engine.
Initial Characterization of Partially Stabilized HfO2 Single Crystals

Results are presented for initial characterization of physical properties, microstructure, and phase structure of partially stabilized HfO/sub 2/ single crystals. These results, for crystals prepared by skull melting, are compared with those for ZrO/sub 2/ single crystals of similar composition and for fully stabilized ZrO/sub 2/ and HfO/sub 2/ single crystals. The observed microstructures and mechanical properties suggest that partially stabilized HfO/sub 2/ crystals may be useful high temperature structural ceramics.
Puerto Rican elders and botanical shops: a community resource or liability?

Puerto Rican elders face tremendous challenges in having their health and social service needs met in the United States. Service delivery to this population requires innovative approaches for involving the community. The use of botanical shops (cultural versions of pharmacies) in collaborative activities offers much potential for the profession of social work and the field of human services. This article will report on a literature review and the results of a key informant survey of leading scholars on the topic of botanical shops; recommendations for the use of this community resource will be presented.
QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF FOUR CHILE-BASED FRUIT SPREADS DEVELOPED FOR HOME CANNING

Four fruit spreads containing green chile (apple green chile butter [AGCB], carrot green chile marmalade [CGCM], tomato green chile pineapple preserves [TGCP] and raspberry green chile jam [RGCJ]) designed for home boiling-water canning were developed and analyzed for total solids by refractometry, Bostwick viscosity, water activity (Aw), pH, L, C, h color values and microbial characteristics at 0, 5, 30, 60, 90 and 180 days of storage. Total solids ranged from 36.27 to 47.95%. Viscosity changed little over time for AGCB and TGCP but increased for CGCM and RGCJ. Aw ranged from 0.842 to 0.956. All products were acid with pH values ranging from 3.14 to 3.85 and were appropriate for boiling-water canning. Color characteristics for AGCB, CGCM and TGCP changed little during storage. RGCJ became duller and less red over time. No aerobic bacteria or mold/yeast growth were detected in any product over the storage period. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The data collected in this study confirm that the four fruit spreads are acidic in nature, stable during proper storage and safe for home boiling-water canning. Although no formal sensory evaluation was conducted as part of this study, subsequent informal sensory evaluations have been conducted with the students and faculty at New Mexico State University. Results have been positive and New Mexico extension personnel have requested that the recipes be made available. The home versions of the recipes and preparation instructions are therefore being incorporated into an extension guide that will be published in both paper and online forms. Suggestions for unique uses for the spreads and recipes developed using the fruit spreads as ingredients will also be incorporated into the guide.