cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Humanistic psychology and the trivialization of time.

Humanistic psychology rightly boasts of seeing personality in a more rounded, full-orbed way than other approaches do. Because it uses not only the empirical method but other modes also, it can deal with whole realms of human experience that do not lend themselves to easy quantification. Through the medium of the participant-observer, humanistic psychology has opened up new fields of knowledge not amenable to laboratory experimentation. But most significantly, it has emphasized the human dimension that allows people to be known as persons rather than objects. Despite the assertion in an introductory psychology text that ~'real insight is gained each time psychologists can account for a formerly mysterious process in a mechanical way, ''1 genuine learning cannot be so simply explained. Polyani has demonstrated the fundamental difference between person and machine and the resultant dissimilarity in the kind of study applicable to these two realities. 2 The late Abraham Maslow understood these distinctions very well. ~'I must approach a person as an individual," he insisted, '~unique, and peculiar, as the sole member of his class. ''3 Deriving from this perception of the person is the proposition '~that awareness per s e b y and of i t s e l f can be curative. "4 That this assumption is valid has been granted by critic and advocate alike. Yet as liberating as humanistic psychology has been in the area of knowing persons, it has been strangely narrow in its perception of time. As conceived by most of its practitioners, this discipline fosters a trivialization of time. It narrows both the depth and breadth of its approach by overemphasizing the present to the exclusion of the past and the future and by truncating the length of therapy. Moreover, by providing instant need gratification, it discourages postponement for the sake of a future good. Let us now turn to the first of these emphases. In the past, humanistic therapists seemed bogged down in the external present. Fritz Perls, for example, stated that his therapy deals with ~'the here and now, "5 while Carl Rogers,
Field-Emission Characteristics of Selectively Grown CNTs

The experimental results of field-emission characteristics of selectively grown randomly oriented multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are presented. The CNTs are synthesized onto plain silicon (n-type 100) substrates having an iron (Fe) catalyst layer using chemical vapor deposition. The field-emission measurement results indicate that the randomly oriented CNTs have significant field-emission capabilities, and the pattern size has an impact on the effective emission area. Effects of pattern size on the turn-on field of the samples are investigated.
Magnetic-field dependence of the ac susceptibility in granular YBa2Cu3O7: Data and models.

For a sintered rod of YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7} at 78.3 K, detailed data are reported for the complicated dependence of the ac susceptibility {tilde {chi}}={chi}{prime}{minus}{ital i}{chi}{prime}{prime} on applied ac and dc fields, ascribed to the inter- and intragranular components of the material. The intergranular data are understood in detail by a modified critical-state model, assuming a critical current density {ital J}{sub {ital c}}({ital H}){similar to}{ital H}{sup {minus}2}. $chi tilde (H sub roman dc )--- also displays hysteresis which is not readily explicable by this model.
Properties of Plastic Tapes for Cryogenic Power Cable Insulation

A superconducting ac power transmission cable is under development at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). This project was undertaken in 1972 in response to growing national power requirements. The goal of this program is to develop an underground power transmission system suitable for transferring bulk quantities of electricity over distances of 16 to 160 km. Both the capital investment and operating costs must be low enough to make the system attractive to the electric utilities.
Oregon shines: Updating the Oregon state strategic plan

Abstract The Oregon Shines State Strategic Plan, and associated Benchmarks, are considered national models for state government. Oregon Shines was originally written in 1988-89, as the state was emerging from a deep recession. Meanwhile, economy has turned around. Therefore, Governor Kitzhaber appointed a citizen task force to update the plan. The Governor's charge directed a major plan update using a ‘bottom-up’ approach. A University of Oregon research team provided basic staff and analytical support to the task force. The process included a series of ten regional meetings, a review of polling data and interviews with the majority of Oregon's legislators, county commissioners and majors. Many of the findings were surprising, including: 1. Oregonians, in a Maslo-like hierarchy, want to move beyond economic issues to address social and environmental issues. 2. In general, community leaders were on a higher step of the hierarchy than the general citizenry but were not intimately in touch with the current concerns in the same way as the general population. 3. Oregonians recognize that the economy is in the midst of a change to an information economy but there is a distinct lag in developing public policy consistent with this reality. The process of reshaping Oregon Shines provides some interesting insights into the citizen involvement process, its limits in governance and a glimpse at the institutional issues that play a role in the societal adaptation process.
Ultrasound Enhances Recombinant Human BMP-2 Induced Ectopic Bone Formation in a Rat Model

Abstract Two methods to improve bone repair include the use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS). The present study was designed to determine if LIPUS enhances the effect of rhBMP-2–induced bone formation in a well characterized ectopic implant model. Absorbable collagen sponges loaded with 0-, 1-, 2.5- or 5-μg doses of rhBMP-2 were implanted subcutaneously in 11-week-old, male Long Evans rats, followed by daily 20-min LIPUS or sham LIPUS treatment beginning 1 d after surgery. Explanted sponges were assessed for bone volume, mineral density and mineral content by microcomputed tomography (μCT). At two weeks, LIPUS had no effect on rhBMP-2–induced bone formation, but at four weeks, LIPUS increased bone volume in the 1-μg rhBMP-2–treated implants 117.7-fold (0.02 ± 0.04 mm 3 vs. 2.07 S.E.M. ± 1.67 mm 3 ; p = 0.028), and 2.3-fold in the 5-μg dose implants (5.96 ± 3.68 mm 3 vs. 13.52 ± 6.81 mm 3 ; p = 0.077) compared with sham LIPUS. Bone mineral density was not affected by LIPUS treatment. Total mineral content followed the same pattern as bone volume. Histologic staining for mineralized tissue was consistent with the μCT observations. The present study is the first to demonstrate that LIPUS enhances bone formation induced by rhBMP-2. (E-mail: robert_leven@rush.edu)
Overexpression of CREB reduces CRE-mediated transcription: behavioral and cellular analyses in transgenic mice.

The CREB transcription factor mediates neuronal plasticity in many systems, but the relationship between CREB levels and CRE-mediated transcription in individual neurons in vivo is unclear. In FVB/N nontransgenic mice, we observed that Purkinje cells showed low basal levels of Ser(133)-phosphorylated CREB protein yet displayed strong CRE-directed transcription. Transgenic mice overexpressing CREB in Purkinje cells and dentate gyrus granule cells showed a decreased CRE-lacZ signal in the same cells, indicating repression of ATF/CREB family function. Dentate region long-term potentiation was not altered by these changes in CREB expression. CREB transgenic mice demonstrated an inability to perform the rotarod task, without signs of overt ataxia. Our results demonstrate that the level of phosphorylated CREB protein is not a reliable indicator of CRE-mediated function. Furthermore, we conclude that CRE-mediated transcription may be linked to only a subset of cerebellum-mediated motor behaviors and may not be universally required for long-lasting synaptic potentiation. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Kenneth Burke on Recalcitrance

This essay discloses distinctive but overlapping realist, communicative, and critical dimensions of Burke's concept of recalcitrance. Previous scholarly uses of the concept have tended to yield only partial understandings of one or another of these three distinctive dimensions. Moreover, that previous work overlooked some of Burke's pivotal and revealing writings on the term when elaborating its meaning, including his designation of the term's application to factors that substantiate, incite, and correct statements. This essay offers the term's first comprehensive account that integrates overlooked writings and yields its full range of conceptual dimensions and applications as Burke had envisioned them.
Monte Carlo Simulations of Arterial Imaging with Optical Coherence Tomography

The laser-tissue interaction code LATIS [London et al., Appl. Optics 36, 9068 ( 1998)] is used to analyze photon scattering histories representative of optical coherence tomography (OCT) experiment performed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Monte Carlo photonics with Henyey-Greenstein anisotropic scattering is implemented and used to simulate signal discrimination of intravascular structure. An analytic model is developed and used to obtain a scaling law relation for optimization of the OCT signal and to validate Monte Carlo photonics. The appropriateness of the Henyey-Greenstein phase function is studied by direct comparison with more detailed Mie scattering theory using an ensemble of spherical dielectric scatterers. Modest differences are found between the two prescriptions for describing photon angular scattering in tissue. In particular, the Mie scattering phase functions provide less overall reflectance signal but more signal contrast compared to the Henyey-Greenstein formulation.
Sampling from the Weibull and gamma distributions in GPSS

This paper presents a technique for sampling from the three-parameter Weibull distribution within the context of GPSS, and briefly discusses the routine extension of this technique to the case of sampling from the gamma distribution. The several alternative algorithms which appear in the literature for sampling from these important distributions cannot be implemented directly in GPSS, because they involve such things as evaluation of logarithms and exponentiation, capabilities which GPSS does not currently have. The Weibull sampling technique developed and illustrated here in detail consequently involves creating generalized tables of pertinent functions, then performing lookups in these tables to support the sampling process. Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Chi-square testing of a large variety of samples drawn via this technique support the hypothesis at the 0.05 significance level that the samples were drawn from Weibull populations. The Weibull and gamma distributions are important in describing the behavior of a variety of random phenomena which occur in the fields of inventory theory, queuing theory, reliability studies, and maintenance scheduling. Because of the wide variety of shapes which these distributions can assume, they are also of interest in fitting empirical data which, consistent with the Weibull and gamma distributions, are typically non-negative, skewed, and unimodal. The methodology presented here, although straightforward, has not previously appeared in the literature, and is thought to be of potential interest and utility to a large number of GPSS users.
SU-FF-T-26: A Monte-Carlo Study of the Effects of Miniphantom-Material On In-Air Output Ratio

Purpose: To investigate the effects of miniphantom materials on in‐air output ratio measurement. Method and Materials: Monte‐Carlo (MC) simulations were performed to examine the effects of miniphantom materials on in‐air output ratio for photon energies 6 MV and 15 MV and for collimator settings ranging from 3×3 to 40×40 cm2. The miniphantom materials included water, PMMA, graphite,copper, and lead. EGSnrc and BEAMnrc (2007) software packages were used for the simulations. The miniphantoms in the simulations were of cylindrical shape and the lateral dimensions were 4 g/cm2, which were large enough to provide electron equilibrium. Attenuation coefficients and energy absorption coefficients for each collimator setting were calculated using energy spectra. Phantom scatter factors were obtained by dose simulations in miniphantoms. Correction factors were developed for attenuation coefficient, mass energy absorption coefficient, and phantom scatter factor. The product of these three correction factors gave a total correction factor for in‐air out ratio. Results: In‐air energy spectra for primary and headscatter beams were obtained for each energy setting and collimator setting using beam code. There is an energy spectrum shift between the headscattered and primary beams. In addition, the magnitude of headscatter energy fluence increases significantly as the collimator setting is changed from 3×3 to 20×20 cm2. Correction factors for in‐air output ratio, which were determined by MC simulations and measurements, respectively, were compared. Conclusions:MC simulations confirmed our experimental correction factors for miniphantoms made of different materials. The maximum total correction factors for miniphantom thicknesses up to 30 g/cm2 are less than 1.01. For the miniphantom thickness of 10 g/cm2, the maximum MC (measured) total correction factors for in‐air output ratio on the central‐axis are 1.002 (1.002), 1.004 (1.003), 1.005 (1.005), and 1.007 (1.007) for PMMA, graphite,copper, and lead, respectively. The correction factors are much larger at off‐axis locations.
Increase in rat pineal melatonin content following L-Dopa administration

Abstract L-Dopa in saline suspension, administered subcutaneously to rats, caused a 3 to 6-fold increase in pineal melatonin content. Injection of the saline vehicle alone resulted in a modest (i.e., 30–50%) increase in melatonin. The effect of L-Dopa on pineal melatonin content is potentiated in animals whose postganglionic sympathetic neurons have been damaged by pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine.
On-chip, high-dispersion-value and coupled strip/slotted waveguide structure for efficient dispersion compensation

We propose a slot-waveguide-based dispersion compensator with a negative dispersion of −181520 ps/nm/km. Dispersion compensation for a 320 Gb/s NRZ signal at 11-km fiber transmission has an eye-opening penalty of 4 dB.
Applying a statewide geospatial leaching tool for assessing soil vulnerability ratings for agrochemicals across the contiguous United States.

Abstract A large-scale leaching assessment tool not only illustrates soil (or groundwater) vulnerability in unmonitored areas, but also can identify areas of potential concern for agrochemical contamination. This study describes the methodology of how the statewide leaching tool in Hawaii modified recently for use with pesticides and volatile organic compounds can be extended to the national assessment of soil vulnerability ratings. For this study, the tool was updated by extending the soil and recharge maps to cover the lower 48 states in the United States (US). In addition, digital maps of annual pesticide use (at a national scale) as well as detailed soil properties and monthly recharge rates (at high spatial and temporal resolutions) were used to examine variations in the leaching (loads) of pesticides for the upper soil horizons. Results showed that the extended tool successfully delineated areas of high to low vulnerability to selected pesticides. The leaching potential was high for picloram, medium for simazine, and low to negligible for 2,4-D and glyphosate. The mass loadings of picloram moving below 0.5 m depth increased greatly in northwestern and central US that recorded its extensive use in agricultural crops. However, in addition to the amount of pesticide used, annual leaching load of atrazine was also affected by other factors that determined the intrinsic aquifer vulnerability such as soil and recharge properties. Spatial and temporal resolutions of digital maps had a great effect on the leaching potential of pesticides, requiring a trade-off between data availability and accuracy. Potential applications of this tool include the rapid, large-scale vulnerability assessments for emerging contaminants which are hard to quantify directly through vadose zone models due to lack of full environmental data.
Is a diagnosis of infiltrating versus in Situ ductal carcinoma of the breast possible in fine‐needle aspiration specimens?

Background With widespread use of mammographic screening, more cases of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) are being detected. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is an established and reliable method for diagnosing breast carcinoma. However, its usefulness in distinguishing infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) from DCIS is controversial. Methods The authors retrospectively reviewed 36 breast FNAs (23 palpable lesions and 13 nonpalpable lesions) that were confirmed histologically as being exclusively DCIS. On review, 27 cases (75%) were categorized as carcinomas, and 9 cases (25%) were categorized as proliferative lesions with atypia. Findings of only these 27 carcinomas were compared with findings of 42 breast FNAs that surgically were proven to be IDC (> or = 85% invasive). Five key cytologic features compared included the presence of fibroadipose tissue, stromal fragments, benign epithelial groups, angulated tumor cell clusters, and tubular structures of tumor cells; for the first three features, the proximity with tumor cells also was noted. Results The presence of stromal fragments associated with tumor cells was significantly different between cases of DCIS (9 of 27; 33%) and IDC (29 of 42; 69%) (P = 0.006). Tubular structures were present only in IDCs (10 of 42; 24%) (P = 0.02). Nine of ten IDCs that had tubular structures also contained stromal fragments. No other cytologic features were different statistically between IDC and DCIS on FNA specimens. Conclusions Tubular structures of tumor cells and the presence of stromal fragments in breast FNA are significant indicators of stromal invasion. However, the low occurrence rate of tubular structures (24% in this series) in IDC and the low specificity of stromal fragments limit their utility in separating IDC from DCIS. Nonetheless, if present, tubular structures in conjunction with stromal fragments can be used to evaluate stromal invasion in patients whose disease is being managed surgically.
Short-Term Sexual Health Effects of Relationships with Significantly Older Females on Adolescent Boys

Abstract Purpose To examine the short-term effects on the sexual health of adolescent boys in age discordant relationships. Methods Weighted logistic regression analyses were conducted using data from waves 1 and 2 of the National Survey of Adolescent Health to determine the health effects of entry into an age discordant relationship on adolescent boys. Results Results indicate that boys involved in an age discordant relationship, in comparison with boys in a similar age relationship, had higher odds of having had sexual intercourse (OR = 2.92), having got a partner pregnant (OR = 1.89), having been diagnosed with STD (OR = 4.41), and having lost one's virginity (OR = 3.39). Analyses on the sexually active subset reveal no significant relationship between involvement in an age discordant relationship and birth control use broadly, or condom use specifically, at their most recent sexual intercourse. Conclusion In general, entering into an age discordant relationship as a younger partner is associated with some adverse sexual health effects for adolescent boys. Thus, some outcomes that were demonstrated in previous research to be problematic for adolescent girls dating significantly older males are similarly problematic for adolescent boys dating older females.
Risk Analysis and Satellite Communications Terminals

Satellite communications terminals' costs and schedules are driven by a variety of terminal and satellite risks. Understanding the impact of these risks on the terminals is necessary so risks can be planned for and mitigated. A methodology for analyzing these risks and categorizing them as Technical, Schedule, Estimation, and Financial Risks is established. These risks are qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated to determine detailed as well as overall program risks and to provide a statistically generated program cost range.
Multiobjective linear programming model on injection oilfield recovery system

Abstract This paper proposes a Multiobjective Linear Programming (MLP) model on injection oilfield recovery system. A modified interior-point algorithm to MLP problems has been constructed by using concepts of Kamarkar's interior point algorithm and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). This algorithm is shown to likely be more efficient than other MLP's algorithms in the application of decision making on the petroleum industry through the demonstration of a numerical example. The MLP model's optimal solution allows decision makers to optimally design the developing plan of the injection oilfield recovery system.
Intra-abdominal desmoplastic small cell tumor presenting as an acute abdomen after trauma

The intraperitoneal mass most commonly encountered after blunt abdominal truama is a hematoma. However, one must also consider unusual bulky tumors that can have imaging characteristics similar to those of hematoma. The most typical of these neoplasms is lymphoma, but a desmoplastic small cell tumor also may be observed. The presentation and imaging findings of a desmoplastic small tumor are described.
Credit Rating Before Dun and Bradstreet

During the years after the Napoleonic Wars London merchant bankers, including Baring Brothers and Company, faced new complexities in the management of their business. Among the new problems was to find a satisfactory means of selecting trustworthy correspondents. London had become the leading money center of the world. With that development came a great extension of business for all leading banking and mercantile houses. Old correspondents in all parts of the world increased their operations with “The City” and many new names were added to the lists of correspondents on the books of the Londoners. The relative standing of all these changed from month to month and year to year. Thus, the increasing numbers and the rapidly changing status of the correspondents afforded plentiful evidence that the former haphazard collection of information and the strictly personal knowledge were inadequate for the demands of safety and prudence.
Fluorometric Determination of Avian Sperm Viability and Concentration

Abstract A fluorometric technique for the evaluation of avian semen quality was studied. The fluorometric technique was precise, accurate, and rapid for simultaneous determination of concentration and percent damaged or dead spermatozoa.
Two-photon exchange between two three-level atoms in separate cavities

The temporal evolution of two coupled cavities, each containing a single three-level atom, is studied when the cavities exchange two coherent photons. The general state of the system is a linear superposition of symmetric and antisymmetric states with the symmetric states controlled by two of the four eigenfrequencies and the antisymmetric states by the other two. The system undergoes Rabi oscillations between the two symmetric (antisymmetric) states. There is state transfer between the cavities when both atoms are in the ground state and two photons are exchanged. In addition, there is also Rabi ``flopping'' whereby one atom is in the excited state and the other in the ground state and the roles are reversed in a periodic fashion by the exchange of two photons. The generation of entanglement can be explicitly given as a function of time. Models of coupled cavities are of interest in distributed quantum information and computation.
Suitability of the Broth-Disk Elution Test for Evaluating Susceptibility of Obligate Anaerobes to Trimethoprim-Sulfonamides

Species of anaerobic bacteria isolated from clinical veterinary specimens were tested for suscep- tibility to trimethoprim-sulfonamides by the broth-disk elution technique. Three different media were used for each organism: prereduced anaerobically sterilized (PRAS) brain-heart infusion broth (BHI), thioglycollate broth, and a semidefined PRAS medium. Susceptibility results from these media were compared with those determined by interpreting the minimal inhibitory concentration obtained using an agar dilution technique. Results from broth-disk testing in semidefined medium agreed in 68.7% of the cases, in 53.7% for thioglycollate broth, and in 36.9% for BHI. The greatest deviation between techniques occurred with isolates belonging to the genus Bacteroides, followed by those of the genus Clostridium and those of the genus Fusobacterium. This deviation was directly proportional to increasing concentrations of thymidine in the BHI and thioglycollate broths but not with the semidefined medium. We conclude that the broth-disk elution method for measuring susceptibility of obligate anaerobes to trimethoprim-sulfonamides is unsuitable. Obligate anaerobes are a component of approxi- mately 25-35% of samples obtained from pyonecrotic processes of animals. 3,6,7,12 Most of these conditions are treated in part with antimicrobial agents, the choice of which is guided by susceptibility test results. Trimeth- oprim-sulfonamide combinations are desirable ther- apeutic agents because they are easy to administer, nontoxic, and do little to disrupt resident gastrointes- tinal obligate anaerobes that prevent colonization by potential pathogens (colonization resistance). l5 More- over, when tested by the agar dilution technique, 90% of obligate anaerobes isolated from animals were sus- ceptible to trimethoprim-sulfonamides. 8 Agar dilution susceptibility testing is rarely used in most clinical laboratories dealing with samples ob- tained from veterinary sources because it is so labor intensive. The broth-disk elution method, however, is commonly used to assess susceptibility of obligate an- aerobes to antimicrobial agents. Although results ob- tained from the disk elution and the agar dilution as- says agree for most antimicrobial agents, 16 little is known regarding the suitability of the broth-disk elu- tion technique for trimethoprim-sulfonamides. The purpose of the present study was to determine the suitability of the broth-disk elution technique for testing susceptibility of obligate anaerobes to trimeth- oprim-sulfonamides. Two of the media that were test- ed (brain-heart infusion broth and thioglycollate broth)
Hg(II) sequestration and protection by the MerR metal-binding domain (MBD).

MerR, the metalloregulator of the bacterial mercury resistance (mer) operon, binds Hg(II) with high affinity. To study the mechanism of metal-induced activation, a small protein was previously engineered embodying in a single polypeptide the metal-binding domain (MBD) ordinarily formed between two monomers of MerR. Here the physiological and biochemical properties of MBD expressed on the cell surface or in the cytosol were examined, to better understand the environments in which specific metal binding can occur with this small derivative. Over 20 000 surface copies of MBD were expressed per Escherichia coli cell, with metal stoichiometries of ∼1·0 Hg(II) per MBD monomer. Cells expressing MBD on their surface in rich medium bound 6·1-fold more Hg(II) than those not expressing MBD. Although in nature cells use the entire mer operon to detoxify mercury, it was interesting to note that cells expressing only MBD survived Hg(II) challenge and recovered more quickly than cells without MBD. Cell-surface-expressed MBD bound Hg(II) preferentially even in the presence of a 22-fold molar excess of Zn(II) and when exposed to equimolar Cd(II) in addition. MBD expressed in the cystosol also afforded improved survival from Hg(II) exposure for E. coli and for the completely unrelated bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans.
A special-purpose content addressable memory chip for real-time image processing

An application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) using a special-purpose content addressable memory that performs parallel search and multiple update (PSMU) operation is presented. This chip, referred to as multiple update content addressable memory (MUCAM), can search 256, 8-b-wide locations in parallel for target data and update all such locations with new data within 50 ns. MUCAM has been developed for image component labeling and merging operation in a connected component analyzer. It was fabricated using 0.9- mu m CMOS technology. >
The Evolution of the Axillofemoral Bypass over Two Decades

To determine if the indications and numbers of the axillofemoral bypass have changed, a retrospective analysis was performed of all patients undergoing axillofemoral bypass over the past two decades. Group A (1980-89) and group B (1990-99) were compared using demographics, comorbid illness, perioperative outcomes, and indications for operation. There were 33 extraanatomic bypasses performed in group A and 24 extraanatomic bypasses in group B. The average age in both group A and group B was 69 years. Males comprised a higher percentage in group B (75%) than in group A (55%). The percentage of smokers was roughly equivalent (group A 76%, group B 71%). Coronary artery disease was more prevalent in group A (85%) than in group B (63%). Diabetes mellitus was also more common in group A (33%) than in group B (21%). All of the grafts in group B were composed of PTFE and there were 2 early (30 day) failures (6%). There were no perioperative deaths, strokes, or myocardial infarctions. At our institution, the axillofemoral bypass is now reserved almost exclusively for the treatment of graft infections and rarely for primary limb ischemia. This evolution is a reflection of the increase in interventional techniques used to improve inflow in high-risk patients who require revascularization.
Effects of Seed Additions and Grazing History on Diversity and Productivity of Subhumid Grasslands

Recent studies indicate that plant species richness and primary productivity of grasslands may be limited by seed availability. However, it is not known how widespread this limitation is, whether it is affected by disturbance, or which mechanisms underlie any disturbance effect. We tested for seed limitation and explored the role of litter accumulation in explaining effects of recent grazing history on seedling establishment, species diversity (richness and evenness), and plant productivity in a subhumid grassland ecosystem in Texas, USA. We added seeds and removed litter in a factorial treatment arrangement (seeds added, litter removed, seeds added and litter removed, and control (no seeds added nor litter removed)) within each of five fields: currently grazed, no grazing for 1-2, 2-3, or 6-7 yr, and an unplowed prairie remnant. Seeds from each of 20 native species were added to replicated 1-m 2 plots in each field during each of two growing seasons. Adding seeds increased seedling emergence in all fields, but this increase was much greater when litter was removed, especially in ungrazed fields. Counter to our expectations, seedling emergence increased with time since grazing when litter was removed and was greatest in fields not grazed for 1-3 yr when litter was present. As expected, light availability at the soil surface decreased with time since grazing. However, soil water availability to 15 cm depth increased with time since grazing, suggesting that limits on seedling emergence changed from water to light with time since grazing. Aboveground productivity during the second year of the study was significantly reduced following seed additions in the four fields along the grazing gradient, primarily because of a decrease in the productivity of C4 grasses. Species diversity decreased with time since grazing. Seed additions slightly increased species richness but decreased species evenness in fields located along the grazing gradient, resulting in no net effect on diversity. In the more species-rich prairie remnant, seed additions had no effect on aboveground productivity or species richness or evenness. These results suggest that seedling emergence does not relate linearly to time since grazing and that seed availability does not limit productivity and diversity in these subhumid grasslands.
End‐group effect on physical aging and polymer properties for poly(ether sulfones)

The physical aging properties of amorphous thermoplastics having various terminal groups were investigated with creep recovery and linear dilatometry. The structure of the chain end groups affected physical aging at lower molecular weights; however, above the critical molecular weight for entanglements the end-group effect on aging diminished. Experimental densities and glass-transition temperatures were also end-group dependent. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 2850–2860, 2003
Parallel algorithms for relational coarsest partition problems

Relational Coarsest Partition Problems (RCPPs) play a vital role in verifying concurrent systems. It is known that RCPPs are P-complete and hence it may not be possible to design polylog time parallel algorithms for these problems. In this paper, we present two efficient parallel algorithms for RCPP in which its associated label transition system is assumed to have m transitions and n states. The first algorithm runs in O(n/sup 1+/spl epsiv//) time using m/n/sup /spl epsiv// CREW PRAM processors, for any fixed /spl epsiv/<1. This algorithm is analogous to and optimal with respect to the sequential algorithm of P.C. Kanellakis and S.A. Smolka (1990). The second algorithm runs in O(n log n) time using m/n CREW PRAM processors. This algorithm is analogous to and nearly optimal with respect to the sequential algorithm of R. Paige and R.E. Tarjan (1987).
SHADING MASK: a teaching tool for sun shading devices

Abstract Sun shading devices provide an opportunity for the designer to control natural lighting, ventilation, and solar gain, all of which provide a benefit to the overall building performance. Through sun path diagrams and shading masks, some of the effects of these solar controls can be demonstrated graphically. This paper describes shading mask , a computer program written to help designers understand the basic theory of solar control; generate sun path diagrams; design overhead, side, and eggcrate shading devices; calculate solar angles and shading masks; and provide case studies of actual buildings.
Genome-Wide Responses of the Model Archaeon Halobacterium sp. Strain NRC-1 to Oxygen Limitation

As part of a comprehensive postgenomic investigation of the model archaeon Halobacterium sp. strain NRC-1, we used whole-genome DNA microarrays to compare transcriptional profiles of cells grown under anaerobic or aerobic conditions. When anaerobic growth supported by arginine fermentation was compared to aerobic growth, genes for arginine fermentation (arc) and anaerobic respiration (dms), using trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) as the terminal electron acceptor, were highly upregulated, as was the bop gene, required for phototrophic growth. When arginine fermentation was compared to anaerobic respiration with TMAO, the arc and dms genes were both induced with arginine, while TMAO induced the bop gene and major gas vesicle protein (gvpAC) genes specifying buoyant gas vesicles. Anaerobic conditions with either TMAO or arginine also upregulated the cba genes, encoding one of three cytochrome oxidases. In-frame deletion of two COG3413 family regulatory genes, bat and dmsR, showed downregulation of the bop gene cluster and loss of purple membrane synthesis and downregulation of the dms operon and loss of anaerobic respiration capability, respectively. Bioinformatic analysis identified additional regulatory and sensor genes that are likely involved in the full range of cellular responses to oxygen limitation. Our results show that the Halobacterium sp. has evolved a carefully orchestrated set of responses to oxygen limitation. As conditions become more reducing, cells progressively increase buoyancy, as well as capabilities for phototrophy, scavenging of molecular oxygen, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation.
Physical Assembly Mapper: A Model-Driven Optimization Tool for QoS-Enabled Component Middleware

This paper provides four contributions to the study of optimization techniques for component-based distributed real-time and embedded (DRE) systems. First, we describe key challenges of designing component-based DRE systems and identify key sources of overhead in a typical component-based DRE system from the domain of shipboard computing. Second, we describe a class of optimization techniques applicable to the deployment of component-based DRE systems. Third, we describe the physical assembly mapper (PAM), which is a model-driven optimization tool that implements these techniques to reduce footprint. Fourth, we evaluate the benefits of these optimization techniques empirically and analyze the results. Our results indicate that the deployment-time optimization techniques in PAM provides significant benefits, such as 45% improvement in footprint, when compared to conventional component middleware technologies.
Roentgenographic Underestimation of Early Asbestosis by International Labor Organization Classification: Analysis of Data and Probabilities

We analyzed the limitations of the International Labor Organization (ELO) classification of chest roentgenograms in predicting the presence of histologically determined early asbestosis. The ILO system is arbitrary, without histologic correlates, and does not consider the asbestos exposure history or clinical and laboratory information. We present data from the literature and our own work which demonstrate that the application of the ELO classification to an asbestos-exposed individual can result in a 10 to 20 percent probability of a “normal” roentgenographic interpretation in the presence of significant asbestosis at the histologic level, leading to an inappropriate conclusion regarding the presence of asbestosis. In view of the data and statistical analysis presented, we suggest that sole reliance upon the ELO classified chest roentgenogram for determination of the presence of early pulmonary asbestosis in individual cases is inappropriate.
Gated clock routing minimizing the switched capacitance

This paper presents a zero-skew gated clock routing technique for VLSI circuits. The gated clock tree has masking gates at the internal nodes of the clock tree, which are selectively turned on and off by the gate control signals during the active and idle times of the circuit modules to reduce switched capacitance of the clock tree. This work extends our previous work so as to account for the switched capacitance and the area of the gate control signal routing. Various tradeoffs between power and area for different design options and module activities are discussed and detailed experimental results are presented.
Sensitivity and specificity of the Distress Thermometer for depression in newly diagnosed breast cancer patients.

Background: Receiving a new diagnosis of breast cancer is a distressing experience that may precipitate an episode of major depressive disorder. Efficient screening methods for detecting depression in the oncology setting are needed. This study evaluated the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) of the single-item Distress Thermometer (DT) for detecting depression in women newly diagnosed with Stage I–III breast cancer. Methods: We assessed 321 patients (of 345 consecutive patients) at the time of their pre-surgical consultation at a Comprehensive Breast Cancer Program. Patients were administered the DT along with the Patient Health Questionnaire 9-Item Depression Module (PHQ-9) as a gold standard diagnostic assessment of depression status. Results: Mean DT scores (11-point scale, 0–10) were significantly higher for depressed versus non-depressed patients (8.1 versus 4.4). In ROC analyses the DT showed strong discriminatory power relative to the PHQ-9-derived diagnosis of depression, with an area under the curve of 0.87. Patient age, education, marital status and stage of disease resulted in similar operating characteristics. A score of 7 represented the optimal trade-off between sensitivity (0.81) and specificity (0.85) characteristics for detecting depression. Conclusions: The single-item DT performs satisfactorily relative to the PHQ-9 for detecting depression in newly diagnosed breast cancer patients. A cutoff score of 7 on the DT possesses the optimal sensitivity and specificity characteristics. The strength of these findings suggests that a careful psychosocial evaluation should follow a positive screen. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Warfarin Dosing Algorithms and the Need for Human Intervention.

Abstract Background Dosing algorithms for warfarin incorporate clinical and genetic factors, but human intervention to overrule algorithm-based dosing may occasionally be required. The frequency and reasons for varying from algorithmic warfarin management have not been well studied. Methods We analyzed a prospective cohort of 1015 participants from the Clarification of Optimal Anticoagulation through Genetics trial who were randomized to either pharmacogenetic- or clinically-guided warfarin dosing algorithms. Clinicians and participants were blinded to dose but not international normalized ratio (INR) during the first 28 days. If an issue arose that raised concern for clinicians but might not be adequately accounted for by the protocol, then clinicians contacted the unblinded medical monitor who could approve exceptions if clinically justified. All granted exceptions were logged and categorized. We analyzed the relationships between dosing exceptions and both baseline characteristics and the outcome of percentage of time in the therapeutic INR range during the first 4 weeks. Results Sixteen percent of participants required at least one exception to the protocol-defined warfarin dose (15% in the genotype arm and 17% in the clinical arm). Ninety percent of dose exceptions occurred after the first 5 days of dosing. The only baseline characteristic associated with dose exceptions was congestive heart failure (odds ratio 2.12, 95% confidence interval, 1.49-3.02, P Conclusion Despite rigorous algorithms, human intervention is frequently employed in the early management of warfarin dosing. Congestive heart failure at baseline appears to predict early exceptions to standardized protocol management.
Achieving Effective Universal Health Coverage And Diagonal Approaches To Care For Chronic Illnesses

Health systems in low- and middle-income countries were designed to provide episodic care for acute conditions. However, the burden of disease has shifted to be overwhelmingly dominated by chronic conditions and illnesses that require health systems to function in an integrated manner across a spectrum of disease stages from prevention to palliation. Low- and middle-income countries are also aiming to ensure health care access for all through universal health coverage. This article proposes a framework of effective universal health coverage intended to meet the challenge of chronic illnesses. It outlines strategies to strengthen health systems through a "diagonal approach." We argue that the core challenge to health systems is chronicity of illness that requires ongoing and long-term health care. The example of breast cancer within the broader context of health system reform in Mexico is presented to illustrate effective universal health coverage along the chronic disease continuum and across health systems functions. The article concludes with recommendations to strengthen health systems in order to achieve effective universal health coverage.
Effects of external pressure loading on human skin blood flow measured by 133Xe clearance

Forearm skin blood flow was measured during external pressure loading in normal human subjects using 133Xe washout from intracutaneous injection sites. Pressures ranging between 5 and 150 mmHg were applied through a 3-cm-diameter disc placed over the site of flow determination. The pressure was maintained constant by a servo-controlled loading mechanism. Flow decreased with pressures from 5 to 10 and 30 to 150 mmHg, but remained constant with pressures from 10 to 30 mmHg. Reactive hyperemia occurred following removal of pressures of 90 mmHg or greater, but did not occur following removal of lower pressures. The pressure-flow curve for parasacral skin of paraplegic subjects closely paralleled the pressure-flow curve of normal skin at pressures tested: 5-15 mmHg. These data are interpreted to demonstrate autoregulation of skin blood flow. Autoregulation in parasacral skin of paraplegic subjects suggests a peripheral mechanism. The occurrence of hyperemia at pressures which exceed the ability of skin to autoregulate suggests that both autoregulation and post occlusion hyperemia may have the same mechanism.
COMPARATIVE ESCAPE BEHAVIOR OF CHIHUAHUAN DESERT PARTHENOGENETIC AND GONOCHORISTIC WHIPTAIL LIZARDS

Abstract We characterized differences in escape behavior among syntopic parthenogenetic and gonochoristic whiptail lizards (Teiidae: Aspidoscelis) in western Texas by performing 2 experiments. The first experiment revealed that Aspidoscelis exsanguis (parthenogenetic) allowed a human simulated predator to approach significantly closer than Aspidoscelis neomexicana (parthenogenetic), and both species allowed a significantly closer approach than Aspidoscelis tigris (gonochoristic). Furthermore, A. neomexicana and A. exsanguis did not flee as far as A. tigris, but this difference in flight distance was not statistically significant. Temperature was not correlated with approach distance or flight distance for any of the above species. The second experiment determined that, when captured, Aspidoscelis tesselata (parthenogenetic) was more likely to release cloacal contents on a human captor than A. tigris (gonochoristic).
Phase Recovery and the Ambiguity Function

Various techniques for determining phase information are interpreted in terms of the ambiguity function. It is shown that this facilitates the comparison of different methods and promotes the development of novel phase retrieval schemes.
The Pen(cil) Is Mightier than the (S)Word? Telling Sophisticated Silent Stories Using Shaun Tan’s Wordless Graphic Novel, the Arrival

This research study focuses on four teacher-researchers’ experiences with Shaun Tan’s (2006) The Arrival, a wordless graphic novel that is in their elementary, middle school, high school, and university classrooms. While in each case, many readers approached The Arrival with resistance, the aesthetic style and lack of recognizable language also invited readers to enter and participate in the story. The teacher-researchers found entry points through dialogic and embodied ways of meaning-making in order to engage students in a deep exploration of issues surrounding diversity and social justice. Drawn together by the common threads of critical multimodal literacies and arts-based pedagogies, the authors found that readers responded powerfully and empathetically to the text as they worked together to construct and expand meaning.
Feeding experiments on rats with plants at different stages of development. Part II.1

This investigation was undertaken in order to ascertain the effect of supplementing a basal diet with dried samples of ungerminated, germinated and green corn. The object of the experiments was to see whether any growth-promoting substances were produced in the course of germination and “greening”.Experiments with ten groups of rats on diets: (1) regular (normal); (2) S + “A” + “B” (3) S + “B” (4) S + “A” (5) S + “A” + ungerminated corn; (6) S + “B” + ungerminated corn; (7) S + “A” + germinated corn; (8) S + “B” + germinated corn; (9) S + “A” + green corn; (10) S + “B” + green corn—were carried out simultaneously under such conditions as to make the results, from a comparative standpoint, suggestive. During the first month each group of rats (four to a cage) receiving either ungerminated, germinated or green material, was given 4 gm. of such material per day; during the second month this was increased to 8 gm. and during the third month to 12 gm. The results at the end of the first month showed that aside...