cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alcoholism: A Life Span Perspective on Etiology and Course

Alcoholism is a disorder involving problems with the use of alcohol such that the consumption becomes compulsive and/or negatively affects the person’s health, personal relationships, and ability to fulfill major role obligations (e.g., work, family). For over 30 years, the disorder was defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) disorders of alcohol dependence and abuse. Dependence involves physiological addiction (tolerance or withdrawal) and/or compulsive alcohol use, where use is continued despite problems of physical and mental health as well as impairment in social, family, and job responsibilities. Alcohol abuse involves less severe drinking problems, including hazardous use (e.g., drunk driving) and social problems (e.g., legal problems due to drinking), but not physiological dependence. There is little evidence, however, to justify the distinction between symptoms of abuse and dependence (Borges et al., 2010). Rather, problematic alcohol use seems best conceptualized as a continuum ranging from heavy use to severe symptoms. As such, the broader term alcohol use disorder (AUD) is now used in the recently published, latest edition of the DSM (DSM-5), which we also use to refer to the general condition of problematic alcohol use over time.
Effects of antimitotic agents on ultrastructure and intracellular transport of protein in pancreatic acini.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the effects of antimitotic agents in the preparation of pancreatic acini and reviews the combined studies of ultrastructure, enzyme secretion, and intracellular transport of the newly synthesized protein. Pancreatic acini retain both structures and function and are exquisitely sensitive to hormones and neurotransmitters. The chapter also describes the relative importance of microtubules in intracellular transport and release of secretory materials. In the pancreas, the preformed secretory product exists as zymogen granules, and release of digestive enzymes such as amylase is not dependent on the new protein synthesis. In contrast, when the release of the newly synthesized protein is studied, intracellular transport and the final release process are measured. Thus, if an inhibitor simultaneously blocks the release of both amylase and the newly synthesized protein, the release process is affected; however, if amylase secretion is not reduced but that of the newly synthesized protein is, it can be concluded that intracellular transport is affected.
Thinking about thinking about the unthinkable

The author explores why, amid widespread concern over the arms race and nuclear war, college and university professors are reluctant to address this issue.
29 TO SHARE SCIENCE OR NOT TO: RECOGNIZING FUTON BIAS IN IMMUNOLOGY JOURNALS

Introduction Full Text on the Net bias (FUTON Bias) is the “tendency to peruse what is more readily available on the Internet.” This innate tendency to pick the “low-hanging fruit of convenience” greatly enhances the odds that a FUTON article will be read or cited. By the same token, invisible research, defined as not readily accessible on-line, may possibly be ignored or overlooked and therefore disregarded. Purpose We sought to determine if there was any effect on the increase in impact factor (IF) of immunology journals which were available FUTON and whether going on-line affected the IF. Methods A comprehensive search was made to identify all rheumatology and immunology journals worldwide using MEDLINE, PubMed, and EMBASE databases and several search engines. The on-line status of these journals in MEDLINE (as FUTON, abstracts only, and no abstracts or citations) was ascertained. Impact factors for all available journals from 1990 to 2003 were abstracted. Journals that went on-line in the first half of the Internet era (prior to 1998), as opposed to those that went on-line later, were compared using sign rank and rank sum tests. Summary of Results In general impact factors have increased with the availability of the World Wide Web. As expected the “prior to 1998 era” journals (n = 69) tended to have higher mean impact factors than the post 1998 era journals (n = 58) available as FUTON (2.994 ± 0.793 vs. 0.1.392 ± 0.0.195). Interestingly while FUTON and “abstract only” journals continued to improve their impact factors every year after they went on-line those that had only references or citations without abstracts failed to improve their impact factors. Also “abstract only” journals failed to catch up with the impact factors of their peer journals available as FUTON (p Conclusion This suggests that although the Internet has increased awareness of the existence of a journal, those allowing FUTON access are likely to make substantial leaps in their impact factors and continue to outstrip their peers who fail to provide such access. Also, barrier free access will threaten journals that insist on subscription who need to recognize the looming threat of becoming obscure. The FUTON bias like the “Tower of Babel” bias influences visibility of research and limits consideration of relevant medical literature impeding the progress of evidence based medicine.
Effect of Benidipine hydrochloride on Blood Pressure in Patients with Hypertension Assessed by Ambulatory Blood Pressure

Objective To assess the antihypertensive effect and tolerability of benidipine hydrochloride in patients with essential hypertension. Methods After 2 weeks wash-out, patients with seated diastolic blood pressure (SiDBP) 95-115 mmHg and ambulatory diastolic blood pressure(ADBP) ≥85 mmHg were treated by open-label method with benidipine hydrochloride 4 mg/d for 2 weeks. Dosage was titrated to 8 mg/d for another 6 weeks in patients when SiDBP≥90 mmHg. Both ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and laboratory test were performed after wash-out and at the end of 8 weeks. Results Mean reductions from baseline in 24 h, day-time(6:00-22:00), night-time(22:00-6:00) were (9.4±5.4/6.2±4.1), (10.7±6.7/6.8±3.8), (6.9±9.0/5.1±7.7) mmHg, respectively. Trough:Peak ratios were 58 for DBP and 59 for SBP. The incidences of adverse events were very low. Conclusion Benidipine hydrochloride 4-8 mg/d appears to be an effective antihypertensive treatment.
Entry of US medical school graduates into family medicine residencies: 2007-2008 And 3-year summary

This is the 27th report prepared by the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) on the percentage of each US medical school's graduates entering family medicine residency programs. Approximately 8.3% of the 16,300 graduates of US medical schools between July 2006 and June 2007 were first-year family medicine residents in 2007, compared with 8.5% in 2006 and 8.4% in 2005. Medical school graduates from publicly funded medical schools were more likely to be first-year family medicine residents in October 2007 than were residents from privately funded schools, 10.0% compared with 5.6%. The West North Central and the Mountain regions reported the highest percentage of medical school graduates who were first-year residents in family medicine programs in October 2007 at 12.2% and 11.9%, respectively; the New England and Middle Atlantic regions reported the lowest percentages at 5.5% and 4.7%, respectively. Nearly half of the medical school graduates (46.5%) entering a family medicine residency program as first-year residents in October 2007 entered a program in the same state where they graduated from medical school. The percentages for each medical school have varied substantially from year to year since the AAFP began reporting this information. This article reports the average percentage for each medical school for the last 3 years. Also reported are the number and percentage of graduates from colleges of osteopathic medicine who entered Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-accredited family medicine residency programs, based on estimates provided by the American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine.
New directions for psychiatric rehabilitation in the USA

American researchers have led the world in developing, evaluating, and disseminating evidence-based psychiatric rehabilitation practices for people with serious mental illness. Paradoxically, however, the USA lags behind most industrialized nations in providing access to high-quality mental health and psychiatric services. This essay examines several evidence-based practices developed in the USA, the spread of these practices, the barriers to ensuring availability to people who could benefit from these services, and some promising directions for overcoming the barriers. Factors influencing the growth and sustainment of effective client-centred practices include the availability of adequate and stable funding, committed leadership, and the influence of vested interests. Two strategies for promoting the spread and sustainment of well-implemented evidence-based practices are the adoption of fidelity scales and learning communities.
Reduction of Gait Covariate Factors Using Feature Selection and Sparse Dictionary Learning

Human gait recognition is still a very challenging problem because natural human gait is affected by many covariate conditions such as changes in the clothing, variations in viewing angle, and changes in carrying condition. Although existing gait recognition methods perform well under a controlled environment where the gait is in normal condition with no covariate factors, the performance drastically decreases in practical conditions where it is susceptible to many covariate factors. This paper analyzes the most important features of gait under the carrying and clothing conditions. We find that the intra-class variations of the features that remain static during the gait cycle affect the recognition accuracy adversely. Thus, we introduce an effective and robust feature selection method based on the Gait Energy Image. We also propose an augmentation technique to overcome some of the problems associated with the intra-class gait fluctuations, as well as when the amount of the training data is relatively small. Finally, we use dictionary learning with sparse coding and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) to seek the best discriminative data representation before feeding it to the Nearest Centroid classifier. When our method is applied on the large CASIAB and OU-ISIR-B gait data sets, it outperforms existing gait methods.
Protein kinase C-mediated preconditioning of cardiac myocytes : role of adenosine receptor and KATP channel

Activation of the adenosine receptor, protein kinase C (PKC), and the ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel is known to induce preconditioning. The objective here was to determine the signaling role of the adenosine receptor, PKC, and the KATP channel and the temporal sequence of activation of these three mediators in preconditioning of cardiac myocytes. Chick embryo ventricular myocytes were used as a myocyte model of preconditioning. Brief hypoxic or adenosine exposure preconditioned the myocytes, and the PKC inhibitors chelerythrine or calphostin C blocked this preconditioning effect, suggesting that PKC is an effector distal to the adenosine receptor in initiating the hypoxia- or adenosine-induced preconditioning. The PKC activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), but not the inactive phorbol 4 alpha-phorbol [2,13-didecanoate or 4 alpha-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, could precondition the myocyte; the PMA-induced preconditioning effect was blocked by chelerythrine or calphostin C. Glibenclamide or 5-hydroxydecanoate, when present during a 5-min exposure to PMA or a 90-min hypoxic period, blocked the PMA-induced preconditioning. However, the presence of 8-sulfophenyltheophylline during exposure to PMA failed to block the PMA-induced preconditioning, whereas 8-sulfophenyltheophylline was able to abolish this preconditioning effect when added during the 90-min hypoxic period. The data provide direct evidence that the KATP channel, not the adenosine receptor, is the effector down-stream from PKC in initiating PKC-mediated preconditioning. Both the adenosine receptor and KATP channel are required to exert the actual protective effect during the sustained hypoxia.
Abstract 5129: Cell-penetrating doxorubicin released from Elastin-like polypeptide kills doxorubicin-resistant cancer cells

A drug-releasing system facilitated by external stimuli could be used to deliver cytotoxic chemotherapy agents to tumor sites selectively and safely. Among many suggested strategies, elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) exploits its characteristic of phase transitioning in response to changes in ambient temperature. This unique property permits selective targeting of the polymer to hyperthermic tumors by aggregating as it transitions. ELP therefore can be used as a thermosensitive vector for the delivery of chemotherapy agents and therapeutic peptides, resulting in a rise in drug concentration exclusively in tumors. This novel strategy introduces unprecedented options for treating cancer, with fewer concerns about indiscriminate side effects from the chemotherapy. In this study, the ELP-drug conjugate was further modified with incorporation of an enzyme-specific cleavable linker in order to trigger drug release within tumors. The suggested system is composed of ELP, a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) substrate, a cell penetrating peptide (CPP), and 6-maleimidocaproyl amide derivative of doxorubicin (Dox). Rationale for this design is that this construct may be initially targeted to the tumor site by local application of mild heat. When the construct reaches tumor site, it is cleaved by MMP, releasing CPP conjugated Dox, which is able to more efficiently infiltrate tumor tissues and penetrate cancer cell membranes. This strategy shows up to 4-fold increase in cell penetration up to four times and results more cell death in breast cancer cells than the ELP-doxorubicin complex. Even in doxorubicin-resistant cancer cells (NCI/ADR and MES/ADR), ELP-released, cell-penetrating doxorubicin demonstrated better membrane penetration (two fold), leading to at least twice killing of the resistant cancer cells than ELP-Dox and free Dox. Citation Format: Jung Su Ryu, Drazen Raucher. Cell-penetrating doxorubicin released from Elastin-like polypeptide kills doxorubicin-resistant cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5129. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-5129
Hypervalent aryliodine compounds as precursors for radiofluorination

Over the last 2 decades or so, hypervalent iodine compounds, such as diaryliodonium salts and aryliodonium ylides, have emerged as useful precursors for labeling homoarenes and heteroarenes with no-carrier-added cyclotron-produced [18 F]fluoride ion (t1/2 = 109.8 min). They permit rapid and effective radiofluorination at electron-rich as well as electron-deficient aryl rings, and often with unrestricted choice of ring position. Consequently, hypervalent aryliodine compounds have found special utility as precursors to various small-molecule 18 F-labeling synthons and to many radiotracers for biomedical imaging with positron emission tomography. This review summarizes this advance in radiofluorination chemistry, with emphasis on precursor synthesis, radiofluorination mechanism, method scope, and method application.
Grammatical characterizations of NPDAs and VPDAs with counters

Abstract We give a characterization of NPDAs with reversal-bounded counters (NPCMs) in terms of context-free grammars with monotonic counters. We show that the grammar characterization can be used to give simple proofs of previously known results such as the semilinearity of the Parikh map of any language accepted by an NPCM. We prove a Chomsky–Schutzenberger-like theorem: A language L is accepted by an NPCM if and only if there is a k ≥ 1 and an alphabet Σ containing at least k distinguished symbols, p 1 , . . . , p k , such that L = h ( D ∩ E k ( R ) ) for some homomorphism h, Dyck language D ⊆ Σ ⁎ , and regular set R ⊆ Σ ⁎ , where E k ( R ) = { w | w ∈ R , | w | p 1 = ⋯ = | w | p k } . We also give characterizations of other machine models, such as visibly pushdown automata with reversal-bounded counters (VPCMs). We then investigate the complexity of some decision problems concerning these grammatical models. Finally, we introduce other grammatical models equivalent to NPCM.
Development of Self-Recognition Systems in Natural Killer Cells

Natural killer (NK) cells, discovered in the early 1970s, are cytolytic lymphocytes that are able to mediate the spontaneous lysis of tumor cells, virally infected cells and normal allogeneic cells without prior sensitization (1). NK killing is distinct from major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) killing because both syngeneic and allogeneic targets can be lysed. NK cells are defined as lymphocytes that have a large granular morphology, have their T cell receptor (TCR) and B cell receptor (BCR) genes in germline configuration, do not express surface CD3, express FCyRII/III and a wide variety of cell surface receptors unique to NK cells and a subset of T cells; these include NK1.1 and 2B4 in mice and CD56 in humans. Initially it was believed that NK killing was non-MHC restricted and non-specific, but in the last 5–6 years, abundant evidence has accumulated to show that NK killing is in fact regulated by the MHC class I receptors. There is also increasing evidence that NK cell development is regulated by the presence of MHC class I antigens in the environment. The “missing-self” hypothesis put forth by Klas Karre explains to a large extent the pattern of recognition by NK cells (2). According to this hypothesis, NK cells lyse class I- or allogeneic targets because of the absence of (“missing”) self-class I on the surfaces of these target cells. This hypothesis is now strongly supported by the discovery of receptors for MHC class I molecules on NK cells. Interaction of these receptors with their specific class I ligands leads to a negative signal that inhibits target cell lysis. It is therefore logical to hypothesize that NK cells are “educated” during development to recognize self class I and that there is a programmed expression of the different NK receptors during ontogeny. This review focuses on the recent findings in NK cell differentiation and the ontogeny and function of murine NK cell receptors.
Fluxon Pinning by Artificial Magnetic Arrays

The field dependent transport properties of superconducting niobium films, which are modulated by a regular array of non-magnetic and magnetic normal-metal inclusions (dots), have been investigated. Strong peaks in the critical current are seen for fields at which the vortex density in the superconductor is some rational or sub-rational multiple of the dot density. This commensurate peak effect is enhanced for the magnetic dot arrays when the dots are magnetized in a direction parallel to the applied magnetic field and suppressed when they are anti-aligned. Qualitative information on the strength of this dot-vortex interaction is inferred from the commensurate peaks present and missing for different regular lattices.
Semiconductor Manufacturing Scheduling and Dispatching

This chapter discusses scheduling and dispatching in one of the most complex manufacturing environments — wafer fabrication facilities. These facilities represent the most costly and time-consuming portion of the semiconductor manufacturing process. After a brief introduction to wafer fabrication operations, the results of a survey of semiconductor manufacturers that focused on the current state of the practice and future needs are presented. Then the chapter presents a review of some recent dispatching approaches and finally an overview of a recent deterministic scheduling approach is provided.
Solar Energy Storage in Packed Beds

Solar heating of buildingsand grain drying for example, requires the accumulation and storage of solar energy to provide heating for the night and for cloudy days, since it is available on clear and partly cloudy days. Solar heating is a promising fuel saver as the cost of using fossile fuels becomes more expensive. However, it will be economically feasible and practical only when the initial cost of this system is competitive with conventional heating systems. The storage of solar energy is one of the major problems to be solved. Economically acceptable solutions must be a relatively compact heat-storage unit within the house or building, since the heat-storage bin is generally quite bulky.
Assignment, attribution, and accountability: new responsibilities and relationships in accountable care organizations.

Well designed and effectively implemented ACOs should help those who deliver primary care become trusted elicitors of informed patient preferences and knowledgeable coordinators of care.
Pathogenesis of human strongyloidiasis: autopsy and quantitative parasitological analysis.

The distribution of pathologic lesions and the parasite burden of major organs were studied in seven patients with disseminated strongyloidiasis who were autopsied at the University of Texas Medical Branch (Galveston, TX). All patients were immunosuppressed and had additional bacterial, viral, and fungal infections; six patients had received cortisone therapy and one patient had AIDS. High Strongyloides burdens were noted in untreated patients or in those with a short period of treatment. The proximal small intestine and the lungs showed the heaviest parasite burden, with large numbers of filariform larvae found in both locations. The lungs showed persistence of larvae in all patients, in the absence of intestinal or extraintestinal infection; this suggests that the respiratory cycle may be more resistant to therapy than the intestinal cycle. In the intestines, filariform larvae were seen at all levels, but higher burdens were seen in the upper as compared to lower small intestine, and larvae were more concentrated in the proximal jejunum than in the duodenum. Autoinfection (i.e., filariform larval penetration) occurred more prominently in the distal small and proximal large intestine than in the distal colon. Most filariform larvae were found in the intestinal lymphatics and were highly concentrated in mesenteric and retroperitoneal lymph nodes; conversely, larvae were not found in the spleen and were found in very low density in the liver. These findings, in concert, suggest that during autoinfection in humans, the Stronglyloides larvae transverse lymphatics to the thoracic duct, then pursue a lymphohematogenous dissemination to the lungs where they penetrate the air spaces and ascend through the airways to reach the gut.
The role of discourse strategies in the grammaticalization of the Japanese discourse marker dakara

Abstract The present study examines the diachronic development of the Japanese discourse marker dakara ‘so’ from the perspective of grammaticalization with a special focus on the role of discursive strategy in its semantic-pragmatic meaning change. Stemming from the adverbial phrase soredakara ‘because it is so’, dakara originally emerged as a causal connective that introduces a consequence. Subsequently, it gained several non-causal uses, i.e. the point-making use that refers back to what has been said or inferable in the discourse to stress the point that the speaker has been trying to make, the point-clarification use that points out that the preceding interlocutor’s statements need more elaboration, and the point-denying use that indicates the speaker’s opposition to the interlocutor’s claim. Among the new non-causal uses, it is found that the point-making use emerged from the retrospective use of causality as a result of employing the discourse strategy of justification in argumentative discourse, while the point-clarification and the point-denying uses arose due to its use as a device for delaying disagreement. It is argued that these new uses developed because the expression was repeatedly used for these two discourse strategies and over time the readings associated with these contexts became conventionalized and turned into the expression’s encoded meaning. This low-level generalization seems to better explain the process of grammaticalization than the high-level generalization of (inter)subjectivity for the developments of dakara.
Invasive annuals respond more negatively to drought than native species.

In his foundational list of ‘ideal weed’ characteristics, Baker (1965) proposed that weedy plants maximize reproductive output under high resource availability. Since then, the idea that invasive plant species are more responsive to fluctuating resources compared with native or noninvasive species has gained considerable traction, although few studies extend this hypothesis to include reproductive output. We revisit Baker's hypothesis in the context of invasion and drought in California grasslands, exploring whether invasives show greater growth and reproductive responses to water availability compared with the native wildflowers they displace. In an outdoor potted study, we grew eight native and eight invasive species of annuals commonly found in southern California grasslands to reproductive maturity under both well‐watered and drought conditions. While drought negatively impacted plant performance overall, invasives showed more negative responses for growth and reproductive traits. Invasives also grew larger than native species, especially under well‐watered conditions, and produced seed with higher rates of germination. Invasives may be more negatively impacted by drought compared with natives, but they are also able to capitalize on high resource conditions and greatly increase reproductive output. Such opportunistic responses exhibited by invasives might explain previously observed fluctuations in their abundance under variable precipitation.
Gene Delivery to Human Limbal Stem Cells Using Viral Vectors.

Limbal stem cell (LSC) transplantation is a promising treatment for ocular surface diseases especially LSC deficiency. Genetic engineering represents an attractive strategy to increase the potentia...
Recursive Polynomial Minimum Mean-Square Error Estimation with Applications to Orbit Determination

This paper presents a systematic generalization of the linear update structure associated with the extended Kalman filter for high-order polynomial estimation of nonlinear dynamical systems. The mi...
Expanding Our Thinking About Intimate Partner Violence: Examinations of Partner Violence Using Non-Shelter Samples

This chapter examines IPV research based on community samples of adults as well as studies of college students and adolescents, and sexual minorities. Much of this research utilizes the Conflict Tactics Scale to measure intimate partner violence (IPV). The CTS measures how often people use various forms of physical aggression toward their partners. Much reported IPV has been found to consist of relatively mild forms of “violence.” These studies consistently indicate the women as well as men use all forms of IPV, as do sexual minorities. Although studies based on CTS-like measures often report that women are more likely than men to perpetrate IPV, newer studies focusing on more serious violence do indicate that men are more often perpetrators, and the women are more often victimized by IPV. Samples drawn from general populations systematically indicate that the majority of couples use no physical violence at all. Rates of psychological or emotional aggression are higher than those for physical IPV, although both forms of IPV are correlated. Reasons for violence include anger and jealousy for both men and women. Being intoxicated from alcohol or drugs is another commonly identified motive. Research on the impact of IPV on victims indicates that IPV can be associated with a large variety of physical and mental health problems.
NOAA ProbSevere v2.0—ProbHail, ProbWind, and ProbTor

AbstractSevere convective storms are hazardous to both life and property and thus their accurate and timely prediction is imperative. In response to this critical need to help fulfill the mission o...
Linear relations on LLT polynomials and their k-Schur positivity for $$k=2$$ k = 2

LLT polynomials are q-analogs of products of Schur functions that are known to be Schur positive by Grojnowski and Haiman. However, there is no known combinatorial formula for the coefficients in the Schur expansion. Finding such a formula also provides Schur positivity of Macdonald polynomials. On the other hand, Haiman and Haglund conjectured that LLT polynomials for skew partitions lying on k adjacent diagonals are k-Schur positive, which is much stronger than Schur positivity. In this paper, we prove the conjecture for $$k=2$$ by analyzing unicellular LLT polynomials. We first present a linearity theorem for unicellular LLT polynomials for $$k=2$$ . By analyzing linear relations between LLT polynomials with known results on LLT polynomials for rectangles, we provide the 2-Schur positivity of the unicellular LLT polynomials as well as LLT polynomials appearing in Haiman–Haglund conjecture for $$k=2$$ .
Sustainable management scenarios for northern Africa’s fossil aquifer systems

Abstract Achieving sustainability for the groundwater resources is more crucial and challenging in northern Africa than in any other part of the globe. We integrated temporal (April 2002–September 2019) terrestrial water storage (TWS) data derived from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE; April 2002–June 2017) and GRACE-Follow On (GRACE-FO; June 2018–present) missions with soil moisture, altimetry, and rainfall remote-sensing products to assess the sustainability of groundwater resources in northern Africa’s largest fossil aquifer systems: the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System (NSAS) and the Northwestern Saharan Aquifer System (NWSAS). Results indicate the following: (1) in Algeria, Libya, and Tunisia, the NWSAS is currently being depleted due to excessive groundwater extraction; sustainable groundwater utilization could be achieved there if the average annual groundwater withdrawal is reduced by 2.70 km3; (2) the NSAS in Egypt (Dakhla sub-basin) is experiencing groundwater depletion, but it could achieve sustainable groundwater utilization if average annual groundwater withdrawal is reduced by 1.50 km3; and (3) the entire NSAS, in Egypt, Libya, Chad, and Sudan; the northern Sudan sub-basin in northern Sudan; and the Kufra sub-basin in Libya, northeastern Chad, and northwestern Sudan are healthy, and all three of them can be sustained at current levels of utilization. This study promises to improve our understanding of northern Africa’s aquifer dynamics and sustainability, signals an urgent need for integrated responses to develop sustainable utilization plans for groundwater resources, and promotes expanded and improved usage of GRACE and GRACE-FO products by the scientific community, end-users, and decision makers around the globe.
Cerebellar modulation of spatial working memory performance and decision-related prefrontal-hippocampal gamma coherence

The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and dorsal hippocampal CA1 region (dCA1) in rodents show increased coherence of neuronal oscillations during decisions in learned spatial working memory (SWM) tasks and the coherence changes reflect decision outcome. However, how coherence is controlled is unknown. We found in mice that decision related gamma coherence modulation between the mPFC and dCA1 and normal SWM performance required an intact cerebellum. Optogenetic activation of the cerebellar lobulus simplex impaired decision-related mPFC-dCA1 coherence modulation and SWM performance. Our findings reveal a role for the cerebellum in the task-specific modulation of coherence between cerebral cortical areas as possible mechanism of cerebellar cognitive function.
The Anthropology of Expeditions: Travel, Visualities, Afterlives: Edited by JOSHUA A. BELL and ERIN L. HASINOFF. New York: Bard Graduate Center, 2015. 13 + 286 pp., preface, acknowledgments, notes, references, illustrations, afterword, contributors, index, $65.00 (HB). ISBN-13: 978-1-941792-00-1.

Between the 1890s and 1930s, as industry and commerce became increasingly globalized, hundreds of expeditions large and small were sent from economically developed parts of the world (mainly in Nor...
Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Psychosis (CBT-p) as an Adjunct to Competency Restoration

Adjudicative competence evaluations are the most common forensic evaluation to occur in the United States. As a result of these evaluations, pretrial defendants are often found to be incompetent to...
Commentary: practical insights to ensure sales force digitalization success: the educator’s perspective

The authors evaluate the implications of Zoltners and colleagues (2021) for contemporary sales education. They commend Zoltners and colleagues for their unique angle in exploring the path to succes...
Type 2 Diabetes as a Socioecological Disease: Can Youth Poets of Color Become Messengers of Truth and Catalysts for Change?

BackgroundEfforts to confront the type 2 diabetes (T2D) epidemic have been stymied by an absence of effective communication on policy fronts. Whether art can be harnessed to reframe the T2D discour...
Discussion on Key Technologies and Model for Hydropower-dominated Electricity Spot Market in Sichuan

Different from other provincial electricity spot markets in China where hydropower account for a small proportion, the hydropower-dominated energy structure of Sichuan Power Grid presents unique characteristics. It is necessary to create a spot market sample for large hydropower provinces in combination with its energy characteristics. In this paper, the author analyzes the main characteristics of Sichuan power grid, establishes the evaluation index of the Sichuan electricity market model selection based on the discussion of Sichuan power system operation status, basic electricity market model and experiences in construction of foreign electricity markets, demonstrates the feasibility of developing "centralized spot trading market + medium- and long-term contract for difference" in Sichuan, and discusses the key technical problems in its electricity market construction, providing a useful reference for the follow-up construction of electricity spot market with the characteristics of "cascade hydropower playing a dominant role".
Nitrate Ground-Water Modeling for Agricultural and Other Nonpoint Sources

Some basic approaches to modeling nonpoint-source nitrate contamination in ground water are reviewed including statistical models, reservoir models, analytic models, and numerical transport models. Ongoing studies in Nebraska are used to illustrate several modeling approaches. Although there are a range of models that could be useful in modeling nitrate pollution in Nebraska, the data base limits the choices to relatively simple models in most cases.
Abomasal Casein Infusion and Exogenous Somatotropin Enhance Nitrogen Utilization By Growing Lambs

Growing Dorset wether lambs (23 kg initial body weight) were used to determine whether the magnitude of nitrogen retention response to daily administration of exogenous somatotropin is limited by post-ruminal amino acid availability in growing ruminants. Eight lambs surgically fitted with abomasal cannulae were fed a total mixed ration of 85% of ad libitum intake. All lambs received a continuous abomasal infusion of 2 L of water or casein and twice daily subcutaneous injections of 0 or 100 micrograms recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST)/kg body wt for 15 d per treatment in a 2 x 2 single reversal design. The casein solution was infused at a rate (4 to 5 g nitrogen/d) to achieve 25% of nitrogen intake observed with ad libitum feeding prior to initiation of treatments. Each lamb received all four treatments. Nitrogen balance was determined on d 8 to 14 of each treatment. Casein infusion increased nitrogen balance 43.4% (P less than 0.001), and rbST increased nitrogen balance 33.5% (P less than 0.001), without significant interaction (P less than 0.88). Combined effects of casein and rbST were additive, resulting in an 89% increase in nitrogen balance when compared with water plus excipient treatment. Results suggest that the quantity or composition of absorbed amino acids, or both, limit nitrogen retention by growing lambs, and that rbST increases the efficiency of utilization of absorbed amino acids for protein deposition.
The effect of hydrosalpinges on IVF-ET outcome.

Purpose: Our purpose was to determine if the presence of a hydrosalpinx effects the outcome of in vitro fertilization (IVF)–embryo transfer. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of IVF cycle stimulation sheets. Results: A total of 1000 patients with tubal factor infertility was analyzed. There were 60 hydrosalpinx patients who underwent 116 initiated cycles with 106 embryo transfers, compared to 940 control patients undergoing 1428 initiated cycles with 1150 embryo transfers. Both groups had a similar response to ovarian stimulation, number of oocytes retrieved, and number of embryos transferred. The hydrosalpinx group had a significantly higher preclinical loss rate (22/59 = 37% vs 80/566 = 14%; P = 0.001), a significantly lower implantation rate (55/352 = 16% vs 795/3795 = 21%; P = 0.013), a trend toward a reduced delivery rate per transfer (28/106 = 26% vs 387/1150 = 34%; P = 0.066), a significantly higher ectopic pregnancy rate (5/59 = 8% vs 16/566 = 3%; P = 0.04), and a similar spontaneous abortion rate (9/37 = 24% vs 99/486 = 20%; P = 0.28) compared to the control tubal factor group. Conclusions: This study demonstrates a decrease in implantation rates and an increase in preclinical miscarriages and ectopic pregnancies in patients with hydrosalpinges compared to tubal-factor patients without sonographic evidence of dilated fallopian tubes.
N-phenylselenophthalimide (NPSP) : A valuable selenenylating agent

Abstract The phenylseleno group (PhSe) has evolved in recent years as a very useful and versatile functionality. Its facile introduction into organic molecules and its subsequent oxidative or reductive removal, has allowed many important synthetic transformations. 1–7 Due to the fact that, similarly to halogens, it can exist either as an electrophilic species (PhSe + ) or as a nucleophilic one (PhSe - ), this group can be introduced either via nucleophilic substrates (e.g. carbanions, olefins), or via electrophilic ones (e.g. epoxides, halides), as illustrated in Scheme 1. Another valuable aspect of the phenylseleno group is that it can be readily oxidized to the corresponding selenoxide(PhSe(O)—), which undergoes β-hydrogen abstraction and syn -elimination to form olefins, under relatively mild conditions (Scheme 2(a)). Furthermore, this group can be substituted with hydrogen, upon the action of an appropriate reducing agent (Scheme 2(b)). The great synthetic utility of the phenylseleno group is apparent from its extensive utilization in numerous natural products syntheses, 1 as well as many other synthetic studies. 2–7
Different cap 1 : cap 2 ratios in rabbit α and β globin mRNA

CAP structures type 0 (m7G5′ppp5′X), type 1 (m7G5′ppp5′XmY), and type 2 (m7G5′ppp5′XmYmZ), differing in the number of 2′-O-methylated penultimate nucleotides, have been found at the 5′ termini of many viral and non-viral eukaryotic messenger RNAs1. The ability to quantitatively remove the m7G5′ppp-blocking group from eukaryotic mRNAs and to subsequently label their 5′ termini with 32P using [γ-32P]ATP and T4 poly-nucleotide kinase has led to the determination of nucleotide sequences present at the 5′ termini for rabbit α and β globin mRNA2,3 and alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 4 (ref. 4). The first six nucleotides of both rabbit α and β globin mRNA are identical and these two mRNAs each contain a mixture of cap types 1 (m7G5′ppp5′m6AmC) and 2 (m7G5′ppp5′m6AmCmA), differing only by the 2′-O-methylation of their penultimate C residues2. This 5′-end labelling procedure can also be used to determine the relative amounts of cap types for each individual rabbit globin mRNA, without having to first purify each mRNA to homogeneity2. In this work the cap 1 : cap 2 ratios have been determined. The results indicate a two- to threefold enrichment of type 1 cap structures in α relative to β mRNA.
Phenotypic characterization of rambouillet sheep expression the callipyge gene: III. Muscle weights and muscle weight distribution

Paternal half-sibling Rambouillet ram lambs (n = 18) representing two muscle phenotypes were slaughtered at 54.5 kg to evaluate the effect of the callipyge gene on muscle mass. Lambs were produced from a sire that was heterozygous for the callipyge gene. Nineteen muscles were dissected from the right side of each carcass to evaluate muscle weights relative to carcass weight. Excised muscle mass was significantly higher (42%) for lambs exhibiting a callipyge muscle phenotype than for half-siblings. In the pelvic limb, all excised muscles except the peronius tertius were larger in lambs expressing the callipyge gene (P <.001). In the torso, the longissimus (P <.001), psoas major (P <.001), and psoas minor (P <.01) were larger in lambs with the callipyge phenotype. In the thoracic limb, the biceps brachii (P <.001), triceps brachii (P <.002), and extensor carpi radialis ( P <.01) were larger in lambs with the callipyge phenotype. Total pelvic limb (P < .001), torso (P <.001), and thoracic muscle weights were higher (P <.01) in lambs with the callipyge phenotype. Callipyge lambs had a higher (P <.01) percentage of excised muscle weight in the pelvic limb and torso and a lower (P <.01) percentage in the thoracic limb when compared to controls. These data indicate that the magnitude of expression of the callipyge gene is dependent upon the location of the muscle on the body and that the increased muscle mass was concentrated in the leg and loin.
A Digital GeoLibrary: Integrating Keywords And Place Names

A digital library typically includes a set of keywords (or subject terms) for each document in its collection(s). For some applications, including natural resource management, geographic location (e.g., the place of a study or a project) is very important. The metadata for such documents needs to indicate the location(s) associated with a document – and users need to be able to search for documents by keyword as well as location. We have developed and implemented a digital library that supports – but does not require – georeferenceable documents (i.e., documents with reference to geography through the use of a textual place name). Because of their implicit spatial footprint, place names benefit from spatial reasoning and querying (e.g., to find all documents that describe work performed within a five-mile radius of a certain point) in addition to traditional keyword-based search. This paper presents the architecture for a digital library that combines spatial reasoning and selection with traditional (non-spatial) search. The contributions of this work are: (1) the use of a traditional geographic information system (GIS) for spatial processing rather than a specially tailored GIS system or a separate gazetteer and (2) the seamless integration of GIS with our thesaurus-based Metadata++ system, so users can easily take advantage of the strengths of both systems.
New Winds of Social Policy in the East

East Europe’s welfare states have undergone enormous changes in the two and a half decades since Communism collapsed. After forming part of a distinctive Communist political economy for four decades, they have been restructured in market-conforming directions that re-define public and private responsibility for societal well-being. Civil society or nonprofit organizations (NPOs) and market providers have entered the welfare sphere. The present paper maps divergent trajectories of East-Central European (ECE) welfare states and those of the Former Soviet Union (FSU), focusing on persistent legacies as well as innovation, political negotiation over reforms, and the strong influence of the European Union in shaping outcomes. It shows the growing role of NPOs across contemporary ECE and FSU welfare sectors, as advocates and as service providers partnering with governments. While NPOs remain comparatively weak in post-communist states, there is remarkable convergence of democratic and authoritarian regimes around policies of government–NPO partnerships to improve welfare performance.
Sleep Disturbance Partially Mediates the Relationship Between Intimate Partner Violence and Physical/Mental Health in Women and Men

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a worldwide health concern and an important risk factor for poor mental/physical health in both women and men. Little is known about whether IPV leads to sleep disturbance. However, sleep problems may be common in the context of IPV and may mediate relationships with mental/physical health. Data from the 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) were used ( N = 34,975). IPV was assessed in female and male participants for any history of being threatened by, physically hurt by, or forced to have sex with an intimate partner (THREAT, HURT, and SEX, respectively), and, further, as being forced to have sex with or physically injured by an intimate partner within the past year (SEXyr and HURTyr, respectively). These survey items were coded yes/no. Sleep disturbance was assessed as difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or sleeping too much at least 6 of the last 14 days. Logistic regression analyses, adjusted for age, sex, race, income, education, and physical/mental health, assessed whether IPV predicted sleep disturbance. Sobel-Goodman tests assessed whether relationships between IPV and physical/mental health were partially mediated by sleep disturbance. All IPV variables were associated with sleep disturbance, even after adjusting for the effects of age, sex, race/ethnicity, income, education, employment, marital status, physical health and mental health. THREAT was associated with sleep disturbance (odds ratio [OR] = 2.798, p < .0001), as was HURT (OR = 2.683, p < .0001), SEX (OR = 3.237, p < .0001), SEXyr (OR = 7.741, p < .0001), and HURTyr (OR = 7.497, p < .0001). In mediation analyses, all IPV variables were associated with mental health ( p < .0001), and all were associated with physical health ( p < .007) except SEXyr. Sleep disturbance partially mediated all relationships (Sobel p < .0005 for all tests). Mediation was around 30%, ranging from 18% (HURTyr and mental health) to 41% (HURT and physical health). IPV was strongly associated with current sleep disturbance above the effect of demographics and overall mental/physical health, even if the IPV happened in the past. Furthermore, sleep disturbance partially mediates the relationship between IPV and mental/physical health. Sleep interventions may potentially mitigate negative effects of IPV.