cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bayesian methods in hydrologic modeling: A study of recent advancements in Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques

[1] Bayesian methods, and particularly Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques, are extremely useful in uncertainty assessment and parameter estimation of hydrologic models. However, MCMC algorithms can be difficult to implement successfully because of the sensitivity of an algorithm to model initialization and complexity of the parameter space. Many hydrologic studies, even relatively simple conceptualizations, are hindered by complex parameter interactions where typical uncertainty methods are harder to apply. This paper presents comparisons between three recently introduced MCMC approaches, the adaptive Metropolis, the delayed rejection adaptive Metropolis, and the differential evolution Markov chain algorithms via two case studies: (1) a synthetic Gaussian mixture with five parameters and two modes and (2) a real-world hydrologic modeling scenario where each algorithm will serve as the uncertainty and parameter estimation framework for a conceptual precipitation-runoff model.
Bounds checking with taint-based analysis

We analyze the performance of different bounds checking implementations. Specifically, we examine using the x86 bound instruction to reduce the run-time overhead. We also propose a compiler optimization that prunes the bounds checks that are not necessary to guarantee security. The optimization is based on the observation that buffer overflow attacks are launched through external inputs. Therefore, it is sufficient to bounds check only the accesses to those data structures that can possibly hold the external inputs. Also, it is sufficient to bounds check only the memory writes. The proposed optimizations reduce the number of required bounds checks as well as the amount of meta-data that need to be maintained to perform those checks.
Radiological Imaging of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract

Radiological imaging of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract provides useful diagnostic information regarding a wide variety of benign and malignant tumors. Whereas computed tomography (CT) scanning may detect larger invasive tumors and provide information regarding lymphatic and distant metastases, properly done barium studies provide more detail regarding mucosally based or intramural lesions. This chapter reviews the radiological findings of the various benign and malignant tumors of the esophagus and stomach.
Fluorescence approaches for determining protein conformations, interactions and mechanisms at membranes.

Processes that occur at membranes are essential for the viability of every cell, but such processes are the least well understood at the molecular level. The complex nature and physical properties of the molecular components involved, as well as the requirement for two separated aqueous compartments, restrict the experimental approaches that can be successfully applied to examine the structure, conformational changes and interactions of the membrane-bound proteins that accomplish these processes. In particular, to accurately elucidate the molecular mechanisms that effect and regulate such processes, one must use experimental approaches that do not disrupt the structural integrity or functionality of the protein–membrane complexes being examined. To best accomplish this goal, especially when large multicomponent complexes and native membranes are involved, the optimal experimental approach to use is most often fluorescence spectroscopy. Using multiple independent fluorescence techniques, one can determine structural information in real time and in intact membranes under native conditions that cannot be obtained by crystallography, electron microscopy and NMR techniques, among others. Furthermore, fluorescence techniques provide a comprehensive range of information, from kinetic to thermodynamic, about the assembly, structure, function and regulation of membrane-bound proteins and complexes. This article describes the use of various fluorescence techniques to characterize different aspects of proteins bound to or embedded in membranes.
On the quantitative analysis and evaluation of magnetic hysteresis data

Magnetic hysteresis data are centrally important in pure and applied rock magnetism, but to date, no objective quantitative methods have been developed for assessment of data quality and of the uncertainty in parameters calculated from imperfect data. We propose several initial steps toward such assessment, using loop symmetry as an important key. With a few notable exceptions (e.g., related to field cooling and exchange bias), magnetic hysteresis loops possess a high degree of inversion symmetry (M(H) = −M(−H)). This property enables us to treat the upper and lower half-loops as replicate measurements for quantification of random noise, drift, and offsets. This, in turn, makes it possible to evaluate the statistical significance of nonlinearity, either in the high-field region (due to nonsaturation of the ferromagnetic moment) or over the complete range of applied fields (due to nonnegligible contribution of ferromagnetic phases to the total magnetic signal). It also allows us to quantify the significance of fitting errors for model loops constructed from analytical basis functions. When a statistically significant high-field nonlinearity is found, magnetic parameters must be calculated by approach-to-saturation fitting, e.g., by a model of the form M(H) = Ms + χHFH + αHβ. This nonlinear high-field inverse modeling problem is strongly ill conditioned, resulting in large and strongly covariant uncertainties in the fitted parameters, which we characterize through bootstrap analyses. For a variety of materials, including ferrihydrite and mid-ocean ridge basalts, measured in applied fields up to about 1.5 T, we find that the calculated value of the exponent β is extremely sensitive to small differences in the data or in the method of processing and that the overall uncertainty exceeds the range of physically reasonable values. The “unknowability” of β is accompanied by relatively large uncertainties in the other parameters, which can be characterized, if not rigorously quantified, through the bootstrapped distribution of best fit models. Nevertheless, approach-to-saturation fitting yields much more accurate estimates of important parameters like Ms than those obtained by linear M(H) fitting and should be used when maximum available fields are insufficient to reach saturation.
The effect of betazole on serum group I pepsinogen levels: studies in symptomatic patients with and without recurrent ulcer after vagotomy and gastric resection or drainage.

Serum group I pepsinogen (PG I) levels have been determined before and at intervals after the administration of betazole hydrochloride (Histalog) in 50 symptomatic postoperative patients, 20 with and 30 without recurrent ulcer, after either a vagotomy and gastric resection or a drainage procedure. In patients with recurrent ulcer, mean serum PG I levels increased after betazole and reached a maximum of 116.5 ± 2.2% (SE) of basal at 2 hr; range 98.9 to 135.7%. In contrast, mean serum PG I levels decreased in patients without recurrent ulcer and reached a nadir of 75.0 ± 4.3% of basal at 2 hr; range 46.9 to 142.4%. All 20 patients with recurrent ulcer and 5 patients without recurrence had a 2-hr serum PG I level of more than 98% of basal, while each of the remaining 25 patients without recurrent ulcer had a 2-hr level of less than 92% of basal. A 2-hr serum PG I level of more than 98% of basal was also correlated with a vagotomy and drainage, a peak acid output of more than 11 mEq per hr, and a positive insulin test, while a level of less than 92% of basal was correlated with a vagotomy and gastric resection, a peak acid output of less than 11 mEq per hr, and a negative insulin test. In addition, basal serum PG I and serum gastrin levels were significantly higher ( P
Ion detection in mass spectrometry: The dependence of ion-sensitive plate response on ion structure and composition

The response of various types of ion-sensitive plates as a function of ion structure and composition has been investigated. Several ions of similar nominal mass and equal energy covering a wide variation in structure have been studied. It has been found that the response of the emulsion is dependent on the structure and composition of the impinging ion. The selectivity of emulsion response to molecular ions of variant structure is discussed in terms of a mathematical model proposed by Honig. The experimental results suggest that monoatomic ions and ions generally containing a smaller number of atoms produce darker photographic images than ions of the same mass and energy, but of more polyatomic nature. Ions of similar structure produce images of equal relative intensity but a dependence on chemical composition is also apparent. The evaporated silver bromide plates exhibited a linear relationship of total peak area versus log relative exposure over a dynamic range of at least 100.
Outpatient Biochemotherapy With Interleukin-2 and Interferon Alfa-2b in Patients With Metastatic Malignant Melanoma: Results of Two Phase II Cytokine Working Group Trials

PURPOSE: The Cytokine Working Group performed a randomized phase II trial of two outpatient biochemotherapy regimens to identify an outpatient regimen with high antitumor activity and less toxicity than inpatient regimens which might be compared with chemotherapy or inpatient biochemotherapy regimens in future phase III trials. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eighty-one patients with metastatic malignant melanoma received dacarbazine 250 mg/m2/d intravenously (IV) and cisplatin 25 mg/m2/d IV on days 1, 2, and 3, plus interferon (IFN) alfa-2b 5 mU/m2 subcutaneously (SC) on days 6, 8, 10, 13, and 15, given every 28 days. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) was given daily on days 6 to 10 and 13 to 15. In group 1, IV IL-2 was given at 18.0 MU/m2, and in group 2, SC IL-2 was given at 5.0 mU/m2. RESULTS: In group 1 (IV IL-2), there were five complete responses (CRs) and 11 partial responses (PRs) among 44 patients (objective response rate [ORR], 36%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 22% to 51%). In group 2 (SC IL-2), there was one CR and...
Dieterich receives 2000 Walter Bucher Medal

James H. Dieterich was awarded the Walter Bucher Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony which was held on December 17, 2000, in San Francisco, California. The medal honors original contributions to the basic knowledge of the Earth's crust.
Pain scores among ED patients: correlation with desire for pain medication

Introduction: Pain has been identified as the most common reason for Emergency Department (ED) visits. The verbal numeric rating pain scale (VNRS) is commonly used to assess pain in the ED. This study was undertaken to determine whether VNRS pain scores correlate with desire for pain medication among ED patients. Methods: In this prospective survey study, eligible patients included Emergency Department patients over 18 with painful conditions. The primary outcome measures included self-reported VNRS, ED diagnosis, number of ED visits and number of ED admissions within the past year, and the self-reported desire for pain medication. Results: Among 482 participants in 2012, the median triage pain score was 8 (IQR 6-10); the most frequently occurring score was 10. Overall, there were significant differences in pain scores with patient desire for analgesics. 67% reported desire for pain medications. Patients who did not want pain medications had significantly lower pain scores (median 6; IQR 4-8) compared to those who wanted medication (median 8; IQR 7-10) (p<0.001) and compared to those who were ambivalent about medication (median 7; IQR 6-10) (p=0.01). There was no association between desire for pain medication and demographics including age, gender, race, or insurance status. Conclusions: ED patients who did not desire pain medication had significantly lower pain scores than patients who desired pain medication. Pain scores usually effectively predicted which patients desired pain medications. Desire for pain medication was not associated with age, gender, race, or insurance status.
Human Topoisomerase IIα Possesses an Intrinsic Nucleic Acid Specificity for DNA Ligation USE OF 5′ COVALENTLY ACTIVATED OLIGONUCLEOTIDE SUBSTRATES TO STUDY ENZYME MECHANISM

Abstract Despite the importance of topoisomerase II-mediated DNA ligation to the essential physiological functions of the enzyme, the mechanistic details of this important reaction are poorly understood. Because topoisomerase II normally does not release cleaved DNA molecules prior to ligation, it is not known whether all of the nucleic acid specificity of its cleavage/ligation cycle is embodied in DNA cleavage or whether ligation also contributes specificity to the enzyme. All currently available ligation assays require that topoisomerase II cleave the initial DNA substrate before rejoining can be monitored. Consequently, it has been impossible to examine the specificity of DNA ligation separately from that of scission. To address this issue, a cleavage-independent topoisomerase II DNA ligation assay was developed. This assay utilizes a nicked oligonucleotide whose 5′-phosphate terminus at the nick has been activated by covalent attachment to the tyrosine mimic,p-nitrophenol. Human topoisomerase IIα and enzymes with active-site mutations that abrogated cleavage activity ligated the activated nick by catalyzing the direct attack of the terminal 3′-OH on the activated 5′-phosphate. Results with different DNA sequences indicate that human topoisomerase IIα possesses an intrinsic nucleic acid specificity for ligation that parallels its specificity for DNA cleavage.
Sensor architecture for a two-actuator robotic endoscope tip

An angular positioning methodology for a two-actuator robotic endoscope tip is presented. The actuators used to position the tip of the endoscope and tools in the tool channel are miniature rotary motors configured to pull mono-filament cables. The sensors used in this system are a camera at the tip and two three-axis gyroscopes. This paper discusses the electrical hardware and communications architecture of the system. A model to account for the dynamic nonlinearities in the system is introduced, experimental results are presented, and control schemes necessary to position the tip is outlined. It was found that the maximum rotational speed of the tip is 400 degrees per second and that the windup delay is around 50 ms which allows for fast angular positioning.
Comparison of the functional power of APL2 and FORTRAN 90

APL and Fortran, although very different, share the challenge of remaining "competitive" in the light of an onslaught of "modern" computer languages. To meet this challenge, both have attempted to enhance their position by adding significant new features to their language. For example, APL2 is an extension of APL.Fortran has also attempted to meet the challenges of modern programming by developing a new Fortran standard called Fortran 90. This standard revises many areas of Fortran, but this paper will only concentrate on those that affect the computational power of Fortran. Many of the changes were motivated by the increased use of vector and array "supercomputers." Therefore, array features, the ability to act on entire arrays instead of individual elements, are an important part of this new standard. In doing this work, the Fortran community looked to APL as an example of a powerful array language.This paper will answer several questions regarding this new standard. First, from a computational or functional point of view, what are the major features of Fortran 90? Next, how do these features compare with APL2? And finally, what can APL2 learn from the Fortran 90 work?
Applicability of Uniform Heat Flux Nusselt Number Correlations to Thermosyphon Heat Exchangers for Solar Water Heaters

Nusselt numbers are measured in three counterflow tube-in-shell heat exchangers with flow rates and temperatures representative of thermosyphon operation in solar water heating systems. Mixed convection heat transfer correlations for these tube-in-shell heat exchangers were previously developed in Dahl and Davidson (1998) from data obtained in carefully controlled experiments with uniform heat flux at the tube walls. The data presented in this paper confirm that the uniform heat flux correlations apply under more realistic conditions. Water flows in the shell and 50 percent ethylene glycol circulates in the tubes. Actual Nusselt numbers are within 15 percent of the values predicted for a constant heat flux boundary condition. The data reconfirm the importance of mixed convection in determining heat transfer rates. Under most operating conditions, natural convection heat transfer accounts for more than half of the total heat transfer rate.
A FASTBUS Interface for the 3081/E

The design of a FASTBUS interface to the 3081/E is presented. The interface consists of two boards, one specific to FASTBUS, the other usable by other interfaces to the 3081/E. The FASTBUS board is a dual-ported slave, permitting access from either of two cable segments. The general purpose board supports transfers to and from 3081/E memory and provides control of program execution. It also has several features which facilitate software debugging.
Identification of protein carbonyls in serum of the fetal and neonatal pig.

article i nfo Oxidation of serum proteins leads to non-reversible carbonyl formation which alters their function and is associated with stress-related disease processes. The primary objective of this study was to quantify and identify oxidized serum proteins in fetal and newborn piglets. Protein carbonyls were converted to hydrazones with dinitrophenyl hydrazine and quantified spectrophotometrically. For identification, serum protein carbonyls were derivatized with biotin hydrazide, separated by 2D PAGE and stained with FITC- avidin. Biotin-labeled proteins were excised from gels and identified by mass spectrometry. At birth, carbonyls were determined to be ∼600 pmole/mg serum protein. Fetuses at 50 and 100 days of gestation had similar levels of protein carbonyls as newborns. Carbonyl levels were also similar for control and runt (b 1k g at birth) piglets between 1 and 21 days of age; however, distribution of many proteins varied by age and was also influenced by birth weight. Major oxidized proteins identified in fetal (f) and newborn (n) pigs included; albumin (f, n), transferrin (f, n), fetuin-A (f, n) alpha fetoprotein (f, n), plasminogen (f, n), fetuin-B (f), alpha-1-antitrypsin (f, n) alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (f) and immunoglobulins (n). While abundance and distribution of oxidized proteins changed over time, these changes appear to primarily reflect relative amounts of those proteins in serum.
Public information: The shifting roles of minority language news media in the Buryat territories of Russia

Abstract In ‘multinational states’ such as the former Soviet Union and contemporary Russian Federation, minority language media have been developed for diverse ends. This article examines the changing roles of minority language news media over a century of language shift in the Lake Baikal region, where generations of Buryat speakers have been shifting to Russian. Drawing on archival materials and ethnographic research with media personnel and audiences, I show how linguists, journalists, and policymakers have directed minority language media practices in response to their own shifting conceptions of an existing, emergent, or contracting Buryat language public—and of media’s ideal or actual relationship to it.
Surface wave delay line acoustooptic devices for signal processing

Several acoustooptic devices have been developed for use as electronic signal processors at the Harry Diamond Laboratories. These devices use the Bragg interaction between a coherent light beam and surface acoustic waves propagating in a transparent crystalline delay line. Both real-time convolution and correlation of signals have been performed, and a real-time continuous Fourier transform has also been achieved. A programmable memory correlator has been demonstrated. This device uses a newly discovered photorefractive effect to store an image of a surface acoustic wave in a lithium niobate delay line. An acoustooptic implementation of the triple-product convolver is under active development. This device has been proposed for use in conjunction with charge-coupled-device chirp-Z-transform modules to perform very long discrete Fourier transforms and to do ω-k beam forming.
Suprathermal electrons in high‐speed streams from coronal holes: Counterstreaming on open field lines at 1 AU

Using ACE and Genesis data, suprathermal electron measurements within high-speed streams and their associated corotating interaction regions (CIRs) have been analyzed. Enhanced fluxes of sunward streaming suprathennal electrons are consistently observed following the passage of a corotating interaction region (CIR) over spacecraft at 1 AU. A backstreaming electron beam, produced at the CIR, is observed whether the CIRs are bounded by reverse shocks or reverse pressure waves. Because an antisunward directed electron strahl distribution is also normally present, electron counterstreaming results. Counterstreaming following CIRs can last for more than 2 days, after which time a 1 AU spacecraft is magnetically connected to a CIR at 3-5 AU. Although electron counterstreaming is frequently associated with closed field lines of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs), electron counterstreaming associated with CIRs occurs on open field lines. Occasionally, electron counterstreaming associated with CIR-produced suprathermal electrons is also seen within the slow wind preceding a CIR. In each such case observed the counterstreaming lasted less than 1 day.
You Can't Paint Yourself into a Corner

Thomassen posed the following problem: SupposeGis a planar graph andW?V(G) such that the distance between any two vertices inWis at least 100. Can a 5-coloring ofWbe extended to a 5-coloring ofG? It is known that no 4-coloring result of this nature can hold. We provide a best possible solution to Thomassen's problem as well as some generalizations.
Oesophagitis--a complication of inhaled steroid therapy.

Summary The hazards of steroid therapy, both inhaled and oral, in the asthmatic patient are well recognized. The following case report presents an unusual complication of steroid therapy, namely, that of a concomitant Candida and Herpes simplex oesophagitis occurring in a steroid-dependent 15-year-old asthmatic who had been maintained on inhaled beclomethasone for approximately 15 months. Oesophagoscopy revealed a ‘cottage cheese’ appearance of the distal oesophagus. Cultures of the biopsy specimens obtained during oesophagoscopy grew Candida and Herpes simplex virus. Lymphocyte stimulation studies were consistent with a primary cellular response, although the neutralizing antibody titres to the Herpes simplex virus were intially high and remained stable throughout the illness and convalescent period. The patient responded well to oral nystatin therapy and developed no evidence of disseminated herpes. Eleven months after the initial episode, the patient's oropharynx cultured Herpes simplex virus but not Candida. Doctors who care for asthmatic patients need to be aware of the possibility of a herpetic as well as a candidal oesophagitis as a significant complication of inhaled steroid therapy.
Modeling respirator penetration values with the beta distribution: an application to occupational tuberculosis transmission.

The lognormal distribution typically is used to model variability in respirator penetration values. The lognormal model is a good descriptor where the average penetration value is low, but may be a poor descriptor where the average penetration value is high because a significant fraction of penetration values could be predicted to exceed unity. In this regard, the beta distribution offers greater flexibility than the lognormal in modeling penetration values over the physically plausible interval [0,1]. The beta distribution also is shown to be mathematically convenient for describing the risk of airborne transmission of tuberculosis among a respirator-wearing population. Infection can occur following inhalation of respirable particles, termed droplet nuclei, carrying viable Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli. Based on the expected number of infectious doses inhaled, the Poisson probability model traditionally is used to predict an individual's risk of infection. This article synthesizes the beta distribut...
Self Evaluation in Practice Teaching

According to the TESOL Guidelines, the evaluation of the trainee's teaching performance is an integral part of the teacher preparation program. A crucial component is self evaluation which ideally should not only help trainees identify strengths and weaknesses of their present teaching performance, but see directions for future improvement as well. This paper discusses steps and problems involved in self evaluation and suggests a procedure and a format based on the analysis of comments by participants completing their practice teaching.
Experimental studies of atomic step contrast in reflection electron microscopy (REM)

Abstract One-atom-high steps on crystal surfaces have been observed with the Reflection Electron Microscopy (REM) technique. Strong focus-dependent contrast suggests that it is basically phase contrast. In this experimental work we studied the contrast of atomic steps under combined and separated Bragg condition and resonance condition. It is observed that although the resonance condition strongly affects the intensity of the images, the usual phase contrast features are observed only if the Bragg condition is satisfied.
Expression of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan glypican‐1 in the developing rodent

The glypicans are a family of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteoglycans that, by virtue of their cell-surface localization and possession of heparan sulfate chains, may regulate the responses of cells to numerous heparin-binding growth factors, cell adhesion molecules, and extracellular matrix components. Mutations in one glypican cause a syndrome of human birth defects, suggesting important roles for these proteoglycans in development. Glypican-1, the first-discovered member of this family, was originally found in cultured fibroblasts, and later shown to be a major proteoglycan of the mature and developing brain. Here we examine the pattern of glypican-1 mRNA and protein expression more widely in the developing rodent, concentrating on late embryonic and early postnatal stages. High levels of glypican-1 expression were found throughout the brain and skeletal system. In the brain, glypican-1 mRNA was widely, and sometimes only transiently, expressed by zones of neurons and neuroepithelia. Glypican-1 protein localized strongly to axons and, in the adult, to synaptic terminal fields as well. In the developing skeletal system, glypican-1 was found in the periosteum and bony trabeculae in a pattern consistent with expression by osteoblasts, as well as in the bone marrow. Glypican-1 was also observed in skeletal and smooth muscle, epidermis, and in the developing tubules and glomeruli of the kidney. Little or no expression was observed in the developing heart, lung, liver, dermis, or vascular endothelium at the stages examined. The tissue-, cell type-, and in some cases stage-specific expression of glypican-1 revealed in this study are likely to provide insight into the functions of this proteoglycan in development.
Inhibition of Lipid Peroxidation and Structure−Activity-Related Studies of the Dietary Constituents Anthocyanins, Anthocyanidins, and Catechins

The antioxidant activities of a series of commonly consumed and biogenetically related plant phenolics, namely, anthocyanidins, anthocyanins, and catechins, in a liposomal model system have been investigated. The antioxidant efficacies of the compounds were evaluated on their abilities to inhibit the fluorescence intensity decay of an extrinsic probe, 3-[p-(6-phenyl)-1,3,5-hexatrienyl]phenylpropionic acid, caused by free radicals generated during metal ion-induced peroxidation. Distinct structure-activity relationships were revealed for the antioxidant abilities of these structurally related compounds. Whereas antioxidant activity increased with an increasing number of hydroxyl substituents present on the B-ring for anthocyanidins, the converse was observed for catechins. However, substitution by methoxyl groups diminished the antioxidant activity of the anthocyanidins. Substitution at position 3 of ring C played a major role in determining the antioxidant activity of these classes of compounds. The anthocyanidins, which possess a hydroxyl group at position 3, demonstrated potent antioxidant activities. For the cyanidins, an increasing number of glycosyl units at position 3 resulted in decreased antioxidant activity. Similarly, the substitution of a galloyl group at position 3 of the flavonoid moiety resulted in significantly decreased antioxidant activity for the catechins. Among catechins, cis-trans isomerism, epimerization, and racemization did not play a role in overall antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activities of test compounds (at 40 microM concentrations) were compared to the commercial antioxidants tert-butylhydroquinone, butylated hydroxytoluene, butylated hydroxyanisole, and vitamin E (all at 10 microM concentrations).
On Reducing Control to Movement

. Hornstein (1999, 2001) proposes a version of the movement theory of control (MTC) in which movement of a DP is driven by the need to “receive” a θ-feature of the verb/predicate it merges with. I argue against the use of θ-features in syntax on the grounds that they are fundamentally semantic, hence properly belong to the bare output conditions of the C-I interface. I propose instead a version of the MTC closer in spirit to Bowers (1973/1986, 1981) in which Merge is driven by interpretable or uninterpretable c-selection features of the standard sort. I then show that, given standard minimalist assumptions, the MTC is not only possible but necessary. I conclude by arguing that the MTC thus formulated supports a purely derivational theory of syntax and interpretation that contains no level of LF.
Scaled DFT selenium NMR chemical shieldings

Abstract NMR chemical shielding calculations have been carried out on a series of selenium compounds employing our scaled density functional (DFT) approach as well as our EMPI method which combines a particular mixture of Hartree–Fock and Moller–Plesset calculations. The EMPI calculations provide results equivalent to coupled cluster methods while the scaled DFT approach provides considerable improvement over other DFT and ab initio methods.
A heterogeneous sensor network simulation system with integrated terrain data for real-time target detection in 3D space

Large scale sensor networks composed of many low-cost small sensors networked together with a small number of high fidelity position sensors can provide a robust, fast and accurate air defense and warning system. The team has been developing simulations of such large networks, and is now adding terrain data in an effort to provide more realistic analysis of the approach. This work, a heterogeneous sensor network simulation system with integrated terrain data for real-time target detection in a three-dimensional environment is presented. The sensor network can be composed of large numbers of low fidelity binary and bearing-only sensors, and small numbers of high fidelity position sensors, such as radars. The binary and bearing-only sensors are randomly distributed over a large geographic region; while the position sensors are distributed evenly. The elevations of the sensors are determined through the use of DTED Level 0 dataset. The targets are located through fusing measurement information from all types of sensors modeled by the simulation. The network simulation utilizes the same search-based optimization algorithm as in our previous two-dimensional sensor network simulation with some significant modifications. The fusion algorithm is parallelized using spatial decomposition approach: the entire surveillance area is divided into small regions and each region is assigned to one compute node. Each node processes sensor measurements and terrain data only for the assigned sub region. A master process combines the information from all the compute nodes to get the overall network state. The simulation results have indicated that the distributed fusion algorithm is efficient enough so that an optimal solution can be reached before the arrival of the next sensor data with a reasonable time interval, and real-time target detection can be achieved. The simulation was performed on a Linux cluster with communication between nodes facilitated by the Message Passing Interface (MPI). The input target information for the simulations is a set of modified target track data generated from a realistic theater level air combat simulation. The probability of detection (POD), false alarm rate (FAR), and average deviation (AVD) are used in evaluating the network performance.
[0 0 0 1] Compression response at room temperature of single-crystal magnesium

Compression of single-crystal magnesium along the [0 0 0 1] direction at room temperature confirmed a high yield stress, high work-hardening and minimal plastic deformation prior to fracture. Post-deformation examination revealed the dominance of c + a slip; straight and zig-zag dislocations and numerous fine dislocation loops, all with the 〈11–23〉 Burgers vector, were observed. These are thought to be responsible for the high work-hardening behavior. Extension and contraction twins were present, but only occasionally. Extension twins were shown to occur during unloading.
Lorentz drag - an engineering approximation

Method estimating relative magnitude of magnetoaerodynamic drag/MADD/ or Lorentz drag used for decelerating space vehicle reentry
The removal of oil from wastewater by air flotation: A review

Oil and grease are common industrial pollutants whose removal is normally effected by gravity separation followed by a chemically enhanced air separation process. In this review, the author discusses oil and grease, their sources, their analysis, and their removal. Although removal by chemical treatment, gravity separation, and ultrafiltration are discussed initially in the article, the major thrust of the review is removal of oil by air bubbles. Discussed are the theory of flotation and equipment involved (in generating the bubbles with the discussion based on the mechanism of bubble generation), i.e., dissolved, induced, or nozzle air flotation systems. In the review, many performance data are given for numerous types of industrial wastewaters in one of several air flotation systems. The final section of the review deals with air pollution aspects, handling of the recovered product, and costs.
The utility of chromosomal microarray analysis in developmental and behavioral pediatrics.

Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) has emerged as a powerful new tool to identify genomic abnormalities associated with a wide range of developmental disabilities including congenital malformations, cognitive impairment, and behavioral abnormalities. CMA includes array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays, both of which are useful for detection of genomic copy number variants (CNV) such as microdeletions and microduplications. The frequency of disease-causing CNVs is highest (20%–25%) in children with moderate to severe intellectual disability accompanied by malformations or dysmorphic features. Disease-causing CNVs are found in 5%–10% of cases of autism, being more frequent in severe phenotypes. CMA has replaced Giemsa-banded karyotype as the first-tier test for genetic evaluation of children with developmental and behavioral disabilities.
Competition between Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Staphylococcus epidermidis during iron-limited or replete continuous culture

Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain P9-2 was grown in iron-limited or replete continuous culture at a dilution rate of 0.05 h−1, in the presence and absence of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Gonococci maintained expression of pili (P+) and the transparent colony phenotype in pure culture during transitions of iron- and cystine-limited growth. They competed well with staphylococci during iron-limited co-culture and comprised greater than 95% of the population. Transition to cystine-limited growth allowed the staphylococcus to predominate but the gonococcus did not wash out. Furthermore, the gonococcal opaque colony phenotype (O+), indicating synthesis of outer membrane proteins II, was now expressed. Restoration of iron limitation returned the co-culture to its original composition but with the P+O+ gonococci dominating. These results suggest that environments might exist in Man where gonococci can compete successfully with normal indigenous bacteria during infection.
Swelling behavior of an aromatic polyimide

The swelling behavior of poly(N, N'-bisphenoxyphenylpyromellitimide) (PMDA-ODA) using dimethylsulfoxide DMSO and N-methylpyrollidinone NMP was investigated by gravimetric means. For PMDA-ODA samples imidized on a substrate, the weight uptake was found to depend linearly on time over a temperature range from 25 to 150°C. For a given temperature of imidization, the equilibrium swelling concentration was found to be independent of the temperature at which the swelling studies were performed. However, the rate of solvent uptake depended strongly on the swelling temperature, yielding an activation energy of about 50 kJ/mol. In general, increasing the initial imidization temperature caused a decrease in the rate of swelling but did not alter the equilibrium swelling concentration. This swelling behavior resembles Case II diffusion typically seen in glassy polymers with some noteworthy exceptions. In cases, where PMDA-ODA was imidized in a free-standing state, no swelling was observed. However, deformation of these isotropic specimens was found to induce substantial swelling.
Learning and Engaging the Information Values of a Karst Community of Practice

This is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in the Journal of Academic Librarianship. Editorial and formatting changes may have been made to this version since it was submitted for publication. The final version was published in the Journal of Academic Librarianship, 26(1), 79-85. doi:10.1016/j.acalib.2009.12.001
The Use of Adaptive Optics to Study Optical and Neural Impact on Visual Performance

Recent advances in adaptive optics enhanced our understanding of optics of the eye and its impact on visual performance. It was found with adaptive optics that long-term neural adaptation to their native higher order aberrations compensated for some of the detrimental impact of optical blur on visual performance in highly aberrated eyes.
Modeling CO2 leakage scenarios, including transitions between super- and sub-critical conditions, and phase change between liquid and gaseous CO2

Abstract Storage of CO 2 in saline aquifers would be made at supercritical pressure and temperature conditions, but CO 2 leaking from a geologic storage reservoir and migrating towards the land surface (through faults, fractures, or improperly abandoned wells) would reach sub-critical conditions above 500-750 m depth for typical temperature and pressure conditions in terrestrial crust. At shallower horizons, subcritical CO 2 can form two-phase mixtures of liquid and gaseous CO 2 , with significant latent heat effects during boiling and condensation processes. Additional strong non-isothermal effects can arise from decompression of gas-like subcritical CO 2 , the so-called Joule-Thomson effect. Evaluation of leakage scenarios requires a capability to model nonisothermal flows of brine and CO 2 at conditions that range from supercritical to subcritical, including three-phase flow of aqueous phase, and liquid and gaseous CO 2 . In this paper we describe the development of comprehensive simulation capabilities that can cope with all possible phase conditions in brine- CO 2 systems. Our model formulation includes • an accurate description of phase properties as function of temperature, pressure, and composition, including the mutual dissolution of CO 2 and H 2 O in aqueous and CO 2 -rich phases; • transitions between super- and sub-critical conditions, including phase change between liquid and gaseous CO 2 ; • one-, two-, and three-phase flow of brine- CO 2 mixtures, including heat flow; • non-isothermal effects associated with phase change, mutual dissolution of CO 2 and water, and (de-) compression effects; • effects of dissolved NaCl, and the possibility of precipitating solid halite, with associated porosity and permeability change. Applications to specific leakage scenarios demonstrate that the peculiar thermophysical properties of CO 2 provide a potential for positive as well as negative feedbacks on leakage rates. The interplay of self-enhancing and self-limiting effects on different space and time scales can induce non-monotonic behavior of CO 2 flow rates. Such behavior may facilitate monitoring of CO 2 storage systems, as it may provide signals that may be more easily distinguished from background noise.
Playing and Protesting: Sport as a Vehicle for Social Change:

Despite the fact that athletic activism is nonnormative behavior, there is still a long, albeit small, tradition of individuals who use the playing field to advocate for political and social justice. This article examines such individuals who, while in their role as athletes, engage in social or political activism to foster progressive social change. Using data from 21 in-depth interviews conducted with athletes who have been involved in activism on a range of issues, we identify four embedded dimensions of sport that have strong implications for a progressive and activist political orientation. These dimensions are social consciousness, meritocracy, responsible citizenship, and interdependency. In conclusion, we make the case that sports can and should be a vehicle for progressive social change.
Excess Asset Returns with Limited Enforcement

This paper investigates the effect of limited enforcement of contracts on asset returns in a three-period pure- exchange overlapping generations economy. We consider a life-cycle setting with a safe and a risky asset and find that lack of commitment can significantly affect the rate of returns of these assets and possibly generate large equity premia.
The Theory-Ladenness of Experiment

Theory-ladenness is the view that observation cannot function in an unbiased way in the testing of theories because observational judgments are affected by the theoretical beliefs of the observer. Its more radical cousin, incommensurability, argues that because there is no theory-neutral language, paradigms, or worldviews, cannot be compared because in different paradigms the meaning of observational terms is different, even when the word used is the same. There are both philosophical and practical components to these problems. I argue, using a procedurally-defined, theory-neutral experiment that paradigms are indeed commensurable. The practical problems of theory ladenness include experimental design, failure to interpret observations correctly, possible experimenter bias, and difficulties in data acquisition. I suggest that there are methods to deal with these problems, although sometimes they cannot be dealt with completely. I believe that the philosophical problems of theory-ladenness have been solved, although the practical problems remain.
SU‐E‐J‐10: Panoramic Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT)

Purpose: Cone‐beam computed tomography(CBCT) is the main imaging tool for image‐guidedradiotherapy but its functionalities is limited by small imaging volume and restricted image position (imaged at the central instead of treatment position for lateral targets to avoid collisions). In this paper we present the concept of “panoramic CBCT” which can image patients at the treatment position with a volume as large as practically needed. Methods: This novel “panoramic CBCT” technique scans the target panoramically for different imager positions, stitch together the panoramic projection images of the same gantry angle to form a larger projection image, and perform CBCTreconstruction using the stitched projection images. To study the potential reconstruction artifacts of this imaging technique, we calculated cone‐beam projections of the MCAT thorax phantom for one imager in three adjacent positions. Different gaps and exposure levels were introduced between adjacent imager positions to simulate imperfect stitching. Simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (SART) was used to reconstructCBCTimages using the stitched projection images for half‐scan (180‐degree+cone‐anlge/2 gantry rotation). As a gold standard, CBCTreconstruction using projection images big enough to encompass the target were also performed for full scan (360‐degree gantry rotation). Results: Incomplete reconstruction with artifacts was observed for reconstruction using projections from the central imager position only. When stitching is perfect, complete reconstruction was obtained from the stitched projection images with quality similar to the gold standard. Streak and ring artifacts were observed when stitching is imperfect and the severity of artifacts increases with the gap size and exposure level difference. Conclusions: Since half‐scan can be achieved for most treatment positions without collisions, the proposed “panoramic CBCT” can imagetumors of any location for patients of any size at the treatment position. Good image stitching algorithms are needed to eliminate the reconstruction artifacts from imperfect stitching.
Are Social Stereotypes Vanishing: A Study of a Non-College Population

Participants in an in-service course mandatory for school employees were asked to rate one white and one black class member of the same sex who was unknown to them at the first class meeting. White raters adhered to certain stereotypes. They rated blacks as more superstitious, more religious, and less individualistic; they perceived whites as possessing more ability and greater dominance. There was no overall difference in favorableness of the traits attributed to the two races; however, when attribution of traits descriptive of the same disposition but differing in evaluative aspects was compared, it was found that the negatively evaluated traits were attributed more to blacks, while the positive or neutral traits were attributed more to whites.
5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptors mediate two distinct depolarizing responses in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons.

Abstract The effects of serotonin (5-HT) were studied on transmembrane potentials in 188 rat dorsal root ganglion cells (150 A-type, 16 C-type and 22 unidentified neurons). 5-HT produced a concentration-dependent depolarization in 88% of these neurons. Membrane input resistance (Rin), determined from the slope of current-voltage displacement curves, was increased in 51% and decreased in 41% of the responding neurons. Both responses occurred in 8% of the neurons. No differences in these responses were observed between A- and C-type neurons. Norepinephrine (NE) depolarized 75% (n = 20) of the neurons tested while increasing the Rin. In cells where 5-HT decreased Rin, 2-methyl 5-HT, but not α-methyl 5-HT, mimicked the response. The selective 5-HT3 antagonist, ICS 205–930, blocked this response, but ketanserin and methiothepin did not affect it. The 5-HT-induced increase in Rin was blocked by 5-HT2 antagonists (ketanserin, methiothepin and spiperone); mimicked by α-methyl 5-HT, but not affected by 2-methyl 5-HT. The selective 5-HT3 antagonist, ICS 205–930, did not antagonize this response. The action of NE but not 5-HT was blocked by the selectiveα1 antagonist, prazosin. These data indicate that the 5-HT induced depolarization with decreased Rin is mediated by 5-HT3 receptors and the depolarization with increased Rin is mediated by 5-HT2 receptors. Furthermore, these two receptors can occur on the same cell.