cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coalgebras in a category of classes

Abstract In this paper the familiar construction of the category of coalgebras for a cartesian comonad is extended to the setting of “algebraic set theory”. In particular, it is shown that, under suitable assumptions, several kinds of categories of classes are stable under the formation of coalgebras for a cartesian comonad, internal presheaves and comma categories.
Adenovirus inhibition of cellular protein synthesis and the specific translation of late viral mRNAs

Abstract The late phase of adenovirus (Ad) infection is marked by the inhibition of cellular protein synthesis, the preferential translation of late viral mRNAs and resistance to the translation inhibitory effects of interferon. This article reviews the evidence for each form of translational control by the virus, and the molecular mechanisms that are likely involved. Insensitivity to interferon is clearly provided by a small viral transcript known as VAI RNA, which prevents the activation and antiviral activities of the interferon induced kinase, DAI. Suppression of cellular protein synthesis and preferential translation of late viral mRNAs involves several translational control mechanisms mediated by Ad: (1) inactivation of initiation factor eIF-4F through the dephosphorylation of its cap binding protein component; (2) the unusual ability of late viral mRNAs to translate with little if any requirement for eIF-4F; and (3) additional but poorly understood activities of the late viral 100k protein, activated DAI kinase and VAI RNA.
Ligand Self-Recognition in the Self-Assembly of a [{Cu(L)}2 ]2+ Complex: The Role of Chirality.

The chirality alone of a conformationally restricted, bifunctional ligand (L) is the basis for the self-recognition process schematically represented below. A racemic mixture of these ligands reacts with Cu+ ions quantitatively to generate a racemic mixture of a [(CuL)2 ]2+ homochiral complex (represented by cubes), where each complex contains ligands with identical configurations.
Kinetic consequences of the inhibition by ATP of the metabolism of inositol (1,4,5) trisphosphate and inositol (1,3,4,5) tetrakisphosphate in liver. Different effects upon the 3- and 5-phosphatases.

A kinetic analysis was undertaken of the inhibition by 5nM MgATP of Ins(1,4,5)P3 5-phosphatase in 100, 000 g particulate fractions prepared from liver homogenates. The Km fo Ins(1,4,5)P3 was increased by 44% (from 16 to 23 μM). The competitive nature of the inhibition was confirmed with a Dixon plot. The effect of MgATP on 5-phosphatase was also studied at physiological concentrations of Ins(1,4,5)P4 was also hydrolysed by (i.e. 1.5 μM); the rate of substrate hydrolysis was inhibited by over 30%. Ins (1,3,4,5)P4 was also hydrolysed by a 3-phosphatase, but this enzyme was unaffected by 5 mM MgATP. Thus, ATP, by differentially affecting Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 3- and 5-phosphatase, may increase the flux through the futile cycle that interconverts Ins(1,4,5)P3 and Ins(1,3,4,5)P4.
Medical Nutrition Therapy Guidelines For Treating The Breast Cancer Patient

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To help medical nutrition therapists develop diet guidelines for breast cancer patients and women at risk of developing breast cancer. Every year the incidence of breast cancer in the United States is greater than 180,000. The annual mortality for American women is 46,000. Similar characteristics are found in the traditional diets of the Japanese who have a lower incidence of breast cancer, and diets of non-human primates that are resistant to the development of mammary cancers even when exposed to estrogens and carcinogens. Implementing medical nutrition therapy (MNT) that incorporates these characteristics may result in reduced incidence of first time breast cancers in high risk populations and recurrent breast cancers in previously treated patients. Based on clinical and animal studies published from 1981 to 1995, we developed a protocol for female patients with breast cancer, and for women whose family history and obesity place them at risk for developing breast cancer. The protocol can be adjusted during aggressive treatment of the acute disease (radiotherapy, chemotherapy, surgery and pharmacological management). MNT guidelines for lowering the risk for primary and secondary breast cancers include: 1) adjustment of energy intake to attain and maintain a healthy weight use attaining and maintaining a body mass index of 20-25 can decrease the incidence of recurring breast cancer; 2) reduction of fat to 15-20% of energy intake (because higher treatment failure is associated with high fat intake) while minimizing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) . Olive, canola or peanut oils, low in PUFA, are preferred over other vegetable oils to avoid the potential risk of tumor promotion by omega-6 fatty acids; 3) achievement of 15-20% of energy as protein, emphasizing vegetable proteins such as soy, which has been shown to inhibit mammary tumor growth in animals; 4) consuming the balance of calories as carbohydrates, with liberal intake of fruits and vegetables , because diets high in fiber and certain vitamins are associated with improved tumor characteristics; and 5) addition of a daily, low dose, multi-vitamin/mineral supplement plus calcium during intentional weight loss, when intake is likely to be less than the recommended dietary allowance, or during acute treatment of the disease, when requirements are increased. Selected vitamins and minerals are essential components for support of a competent immune system and cell regeneration.
Hexacarbon neuropathy: Cell body changes are early, dynamic, and specific

To study the evolution of cell body alterations during toxic neuropathy we exposed rats to the prototype neurotoxin 2,5-hexanedione and examined perikarya of lumbar dorsal root ganglia with electron microscopy and stereology at three stages of neuropathy. Compared to unintoxicated controls, neurons from rats with incipient (four weeks) and intermediate (six to seven weeks) neuropathy showed dispersion of Nissl substance and significant decreases (p less than 0.001) in the volume fractions of Nissl bodies, but not of mitochondria or Golgi apparatus. However, at advanced (twelve to fourteen weeks) stages the volume fraction of Nissl bodies had increased and no longer differed from that of controls; distinct chromatolysis-like changes also became prominent. To evaluate the specificity of this remodeling we compared current morphometric results to data from rats exposed to acrylamide monomer and found significant differences (p less than 0.001) in the volume fractions of Nissl bodies and mitochondria. We conclude: (1) in axonopathy, cell body remodeling occurs early and advances as a dynamic, evolving process, and (2) distinct differences in the patterns of cell body changes can distinguish the neuropathies studied, implying distinct cell body functions.
Attitudes towards Social Networking and Sharing Behaviors among Consumers of Direct-to-Consumer Personal Genomics

Little is known about how consumers of direct-to-consumer personal genetic services share personal genetic risk information. In an age of ubiquitous online networking and rapid development of social networking tools, understanding how consumers share personal genetic risk assessments is critical in the development of appropriate and effective policies. This exploratory study investigates how consumers share personal genetic information and attitudes towards social networking behaviors. Methods: Adult participants aged 23 to 72 years old who purchased direct-to-consumer genetic testing from a personal genomics company were administered a web-based survey regarding their sharing activities and social networking behaviors related to their personal genetic test results. Results: 80 participants completed the survey; of those, 45% shared results on Facebook and 50.9% reported meeting or reconnecting with more than 10 other individuals through the sharing of their personal genetic information. For help interpreting test results, 70.4% turned to Internet websites and online sources, compared to 22.7% who consulted their healthcare providers. Amongst participants, 51.8% reported that they believe the privacy of their personal genetic information would be breached in the future. Conclusion: Consumers actively utilize online social networking tools to help them share and interpret their personal genetic information. These findings suggest a need for careful consideration of policy recommendations in light of the current ambiguity of regulation and oversight of consumer initiated sharing activities.
An immunohistochemical characterization of somatostatin-28 and somatostatin-281-12 in monkey prefrontal cortex.

The distribution of the prosomatostatin-derived peptides (PSDP) somatostatin-28 (SS-28) and somatostatin-281–12 (SS-281–12) was characterized immunohistochemically in the prefrontal cortical regions of both Old World cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) and New Worldsquirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Comparison of staining with antisera specific for each peptide revealed that these antigens were segregated within immunoreactive neurons such that SS-28 was largely confined to theperinuclear region of the cell body whereas SS-281–12 was primarily found in axons and dendrites. The laminar pattern of immunoreactive fibers was similar in all areas of the prefrontal cortex. The most dense terminal arborization was in layers I, II, and superficial III. Deep III and IV were traversed by radial fibersthat had little arborization. Layers V and VI contained both radial fibers and a moderately dense terminal plexus. Labeled fibers were less numerous in the white matter. There were marked regional differences in fiber density. Areas 12 and 24 had the greatest density of immunoreactive fibers, areas 9, 11, and 25 were of intermediate density, and areas 10 and 46 were the least dense. Most of the immunoreactive cells appeared to be multipolar or bitufted. They were found throughout all cortical layers and the white matter. The largest number were located in layers II, superficial III, and deep V and VI. There were also marked regional differences in cell body density, which paralleled the regional differences in fiber density. Area 24 (anterior cingulate) had the greatest density of immunoreactive cell bodies (148 ± 14/mm2), area 9 was of intermediate density (109 ± 13/mm2), and area 46 was the least dense (83 ± 12/mm2). Our findings indicate that PSDP compose a complex and extensive cortical system that is largely or totally intrinsic. The substantial regional heterogeneity in density exhibited by PSDP-containing neurons has not previously been reported for an intrinsic cortical system. The laminar and regionalinnervation patterns of these fibers and cell bodies suggest that the PSDP cortical system may play an important role in the polymodal information processing that occurs in association regions of prefrontal cortex.
Morphological changes in polyurethane coatings on exposure to water

When a polyurethane self-priming coating on a sol-gel treated aluminum panel was immersed in dilute Harrison's solution, subsequent change of the polyurethane coating surface was inspected with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). After immersion, filiform threads formed in the coating surface. The mechanism suggested for the formation of filiform structures is that when the solution penetrates into the coating, osmotic cells form under the surface layer of the coating. The formation of these osmotic cells may be caused by the existence of soluble impurities in the coating and these soluble impurities concentrate in the solution and promote water adsorption into the coating. As a result, blisters form on the surface, especially at flexible, loosely cross-linked locations. The combination of blisters appears as filiform structures on the coating surface.
Moral and Amoral Conceptions of Trust, with an Application in Organizational Ethics

Across the management, social science, and business ethics literatures, and in much of the philosophy literature, trust is characterized as a disposition to act given epistemic states—beliefs and/or expectations about others and about the risks involved. This characterization of trust is best thought of as epistemological because epistemic states distinguish trust from other dispositions. The epistemological characterization of trust is the amoral one referred to in the title of this paper, and we argue that this characterization is conceptually inadequate. We outline and defend an alternative conception of trust as a moral phenomenon: when A trusts B to do something, A invites B to acknowledge and accept an obligation; when B accepts the invitation, B takes on an obligation; in that way trust creates an obligation. We conclude with an application, drawing out the difference between the epistemological conception of trust and our own in the context of Ghoshal et al.’s (Sloan Management Review 40:9–20, 1995, Academy of Management Learning & Education 4:75–91, 2005) critique of transaction cost theories of the firm.
Targeting the RAAS for the treatment of atherosclerosis

Emerging therapies for treatment of atherosclerotic disease now include medications whose main action is suppression of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS). Whereas this therapeutic modality is consistently beneficial in animal models of early atherosclerosis, the positive relationship needs further investigation in the clinical setting where extensive vascular remodeling, plaque rupture and thrombosis predominate. We focus here on recent pharmacotherapeutic breakthroughs that provide additional mechanistic insights into cardiovascular protection as well as potentially novel methods of targeting the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system in atherosclerosis prevention.
Extended Jones matrix method and its application in the analysis of compensators for liquid crystal displays

We describe an extended Jones matrix method which is a powerful tool to treat the transmission of light through birefringent networks, where the incident angle of light and the optical axis of the birefringent media are arbitrary. The method is generalized to cover all dielectric media including uniaxial and biaxial crystals and gyrotropic materials that exhibit optical rotatory power and Faraday rotation. We then apply this method to investigate various birefringent optical thin films that can be used to improve the viewing angle characteristics and gray scale stability of conventional twisted nematic liquid crystal displays (TN-LCDs). The birefringent phase retardation films include negative uniaxial, positive uniaxial and biaxial films of various orientations. The results are presented and discussed.
Preventing Diabetes in the Clinical Setting

OBJECTIVE: Translating lessons from clinical trials on the prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes to populations in nonstudy settings remains a challenge. The purpose of this paper is to review, from the perspective of practicing clinicians, available evidence on lifestyle interventions or medication to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes.
Advanced Reliability Methods for Structural Evaluation

Fast probability integration (FPI) methods, which can yield approximate solutions to such general structural reliability problems as the computation of the probabilities of complicated functions of random variables, are known to require one-tenth the computer time of Monte Carlo methods for a probability level of 0.001; lower probabilities yield even more dramatic differences. A strategy is presented in which a computer routine is run k times with selected perturbed values of the variables to obtain k solutions for a response variable Y. An approximating polynomial is fit to the k 'data' sets, and FPI methods are employed for this explicit form.
Reliability of Commercially Available SiC Power Mosfets

Results are presented indicating a disparity in the response of different vendors' commercially available SiC power MOSFETs to bias temperature stressing. In addition, it was observed that bias-temperature stress under negative gate bias led to larger shifts in the threshold voltage than under positive gate bias.
Electronic contributions to the hydrogen-induced reconstruction of W(110).

A band of localized states on the W(110) surface has been observed along Sigma-bar which undergoes a considerable shift to higher binding energy with hydrogen adsorption. We interpret this state and the associated shift in energy to be related to the hydrogen-induced reconstruction of this surface. The change in the nature of the electronic states intrinsic to this surface which result from hydrogen adsorption is fundamental to an understanding of the mechanism which drives this reconstruction.
Taxanes and Capecitabine in Combination: Rationale and Clinical Results

Abstract The clinical utility of capecitabine as a single agent in metastatic breast cancer has been demonstrated with significant responses seen in women already treated with anthracyclines and taxanes. A phase II study in older women with metastatic breast cancer demonstrated capecitabine to be an effective front-line therapeutic agent. Clinical trials of capecitabine in combination with the taxanes, paclitaxel and docetaxel, have been based on the observed upregulation of thymidine phosphorylase (TP) in preclinical studies. This taxane- mediated upregulation is synergistic, time dependent, and persists for up to 10 days. Studies of taxanes administered every 3 weeks with capecitabine have shown favorable antitumor responses and the combination of a taxane with capecitabine was favored over a taxane alone. The day-to-day administration of taxanes and capecitabine led to toxicity concerns, which have hindered their daily use. The administration of taxanes on a weekly schedule has demonstrated a more favorable toxicity profile (ie, less myelosuppression), and initial studies in combination with capecitabine have demonstrated their utility in various solid tumors. Schedule optimization based on the upregulation of TP may result in a greater therapeutic index, thus allowing for the determination of the most advantageous way of combining these agents.
Karyopherin alpha 1 is a putative substrate of the RAG1 ubiquitin ligase.

Abstract The RAG1 recombinase, which participates in DNA manipulation during rearrangement of antigen receptor genes in developing immune cells, possesses ubiquitin ligase activity. The nuclear transport protein karyopherin alpha 1 (KPNA1) binds to RAG1 upstream of its ubiquitin ligase domain, but this interaction is not required for nuclear localization of RAG1. We found that the isolated ubiquitin ligase domain of RAG1 (amino acids 218–389) promoted ubiquitylation of purified KPNA1. While RAG1 auto-ubiquitylation is dependent on the ubiquitin conjugating enzyme CDC34, ubiquitylation of KPNA1 was best supported by UbcH2/Rad6 and UbcH5a. Ubiquitylation of KPNA1 required the lysine/arginine-rich region spanning RAG1 amino acids 218–263 upstream of the RAG1 ubiquitin ligase domain, but RAG1 was still able to undergo auto-ubiquitylation in this region even in the presence of KPNA1. This is the first putative substrate identified for the RAG1 ubiquitin ligase, and to our knowledge it is the first reported case of ubiquitylation of KPNA1.
Dispersion Inequalities and Their Application to the Pion’s Electromagnetic Radius and the Kℓ3 Parameters

The dispersion relation is an indispensable tool for analyzing various problems in high energy physics. In this paper, we shall consider applications of a new type of dispersion relation to various problems.
Microfluidic inverse phase ELISA via manipulation of magnetic beads

We report a new technique for conducting immuno-diagnostics on a microfluidic platform. Rather than handling fluid reagents against a stationary solid phase, the platform manipulates analyte-coated magnetic beads through stationary plugs of fluid reagents to detect an antigenic analyte. These isolated but accessible plugs are pre-encapsulated in a microchannel by capillary force. We call this platform microfluidic inverse phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (μIPELISA). μIPELISA has distinctive advantages in the family of microfluidic immunoassay. In particular, it avoids pumping and valving fluid reagents during assaying, thus leading to a lab-on-a-chip format that is free of instrumentation for fluid actuation and control. We use μIPELISA to detect digoxigenin-labeled DNA segments amplified from E. coli O157:H7 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and compare its detection capability with that of microplate ELISA. For 0.259 ng μl−1 of digoxigenin-labeled amplicon, μIPELISA is as responsive as the microplate ELISA. Also, we simultaneously conduct μIPELISA in two parallel microchannels.
Photocarrier drift measurements and solar cell models for amorphous silicon

Abstract The relationship between transport research and solar cell models for hydrogenated amorphous silicon is reviewed. It is argued that a complete program of steady-state photoconductivity, ambipolar diffusion length, and photoconductivity response time measurements is required to support modeling; the present knowledge of these measurements in electronic quality a-Si:H is summarized. A qualitative discrepancy between trap distributions used for steady-state transport models and estimated from transient photocurrent measurements is discussed.
Childhood brain tumors: children's and siblings' concerns regarding the diagnosis and phase of illness.

Abstract Our objective was to identify commonly reported problems and helpful resources important to children with brain or spinal cord tumors and siblings during phases of illness. Affected children and siblings from 40 families responded to a regional survey. Items encompassed four general content areas: health care provider interactions, medical information/education, health care utilization, and psychosocial. Children rated individual items as helpful, a problem, and for importance; relative frequencies were derived. One-third or more affected children reported important problems: hospitalization/surgery—help with schoolwork; hospital discharge—help with changes in physical activity, appearance, moods, special needs at school; adjuvant treatment—Internet information, help with moods; and remission—socializing. One-third or more siblings reported important problems: diagnosis—information about etiology and prognosis, manner of physician and parents in providing information; hospitalization/surgery—information about prognosis, help with schoolwork; hospital discharge—help with schoolwork; adjuvant treatment—help with changes in sister or brother's appearance, physical activity, moods, and information about the treatment; end of life—treatment of sister's or brother's pain, information about dying, family harmony, support from friends, help with schoolwork, and preparation for the death. Consideration of problems and helpful resources will provide the framework for developing and evaluating intervention strategies at each phase of illness.
TFIIB dephosphorylation links transcription inhibition with the p53-dependent DNA damage response

The general transcription factor II B (TFIIB) plays a central role in both the assembly of the transcription complex at gene promoters and also in the events that lead to transcription initiation. TFIIB is phosphorylated at serine-65 at the promoters of several endogenous genes, and this modification is required to drive the formation of gene promoter–3′ processing site contacts through the cleavage stimulation factor 3′ (CstF 3′)-processing complex. Here we demonstrate that TFIIB phosphorylation is dispensable for the transcription of genes activated by the p53 tumor suppressor. We find that the kinase activity of TFIIH is critical for the phosphorylation of TFIIB serine-65, but it is also dispensable for the transcriptional activation of p53-target genes. Moreover, we demonstrate that p53 directly interacts with CstF independent of TFIIB phosphorylation, providing an alternative route to the recruitment of 3′-processing complexes to the gene promoter. Finally, we show that DNA damage leads to a reduction in the level of phospho-ser65 TFIIB that leaves the p53 transcriptional response intact, but attenuates transcription at other genes. Our data reveal a mode of phospho-TFIIB-independent transcriptional regulation that prioritizes the transcription of p53-target genes during cellular stress.
Inclusion of Social Subsystem Issues in IT Investment Decisions: An Empirical Assessment

Researchers have attempted to augment the traditional cost/benefit analysis model used in the IT decision process. However, frequently social subsystem issues are inadequately considered. Survey data, collected from a U.S. sample of 200 executives, provides an empirical assessment of how these issues compare with other IT decision criteria given differing decision types. The social subsystem issues considered most important by decision makers are also identified and the manner by which they consider these issues is investigated.
Phase II study of thalidomide and radiation in children with newly diagnosed brain stem gliomas and glioblastoma multiforme

A phase II study was conducted to assess the efficacy of administering daily thalidomide concomitantly with radiation and continuing for up to 1 year following radiation in children with brain stem gliomas (BSG) or glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Secondary objectives were to obtain preliminary evidence of biologic activity of thalidomide and to evaluate toxicities from chronic administration of thalidomide in this population.
Fabrication of Diffractive Optical Elements with Digital Projection Photochemical Etching

We demonstrate a new fabrication technique called digital projection photochemical etching and apply it to make complicated gray-scale diffractive optical elements, such as a radial sinusoidal grating, in a single processing step.
The influence of membrane lateral pressures on simple geometric models of protein conformational equilibria.

Abstract The function of many intrinsic membrane proteins requires a conformational transition that is often strongly influenced by the molecular composition of the bilayer in which the protein is embedded. Recently, a mechanism for this shift in conformational equilibrium was suggested, in which it is argued that a shift in distribution of lateral pressures of the bilayer resulting from a change in lipid composition alters the amount of mechanical work of the protein conformational transition, if the change in the cross-sectional area profile of the protein varies with depth within the bilayer. As there is little information on the change in shape of the transmembrane region of any protein, various simple geometric models are considered. For both a generic model, and more specific models that approximate likely cooperative rearrangements of α-helices in bundles, it is found that the conformational equilibrium depends on the first and second integral moments of the lateral pressure distribution. In addition to revealing the possible physical underpinnings of the well-known correlation between protein activity and the ‘nonlamellar’ tendency of bilayer lipids, this dependence on moments of the pressure profile allows for prediction of the relative effects of different lipid compositional changes even in the absence of information on specific protein shape changes. Effects of variation in acyl chain length, degree and position of cis-unsaturation, and addition of cholesterol and small interfacially-active solutes (n-alkanols) are compared.
Realizing Business Agility Requirements through SOA and Cloud Computing

In the past five years, the IT community has witnessed the adoption of two major trends that had significant ramifications on how software solutions are developed and deployed. The first trend is focused on the software development side and is manifested through the popular use and adoption of software services and service oriented architecture (SOA). The second trend provides support to SOA and changes many views on how software is deployed and developed as well. Both trends are here to stay and pose many challenges for both business and IT on how to leverage them to enhance the overall productivity, agility and efficiency of the overall organization. More specifically, how to realize business agility requirements through the potential synergies between SOA and cloud computing.
Change of type and loss of evolution of the white-metzner model

In this paper a mathematical study of the White-Metzner model is presented. This model gives rise to systems of first order nonlinear (not quasilinear) partial differential equations. The unsteady case is studied first to determine if the Cauchy problem is well posed, stable to short waves. Then we study two-dimensional steady flow by classifying the streamfunction equation for type. The roots of a polynomial have to be analyzed. We show how to use the roots to factorize an operator, we compute the roots and carry out the factorization globally, using a symbol manipulator, and locally, using perturbation analysis. The additional nonlinearities are found to add more hyperbolicity.
Purification and some properties of sulfite oxidase from Thiobacillus neapolitanus.

Sulfite oxidase has been purified 100-fold from extracts of Thiobacillus neapolitanus. The enzymatic activity, measured as the rate of oxygen consumption, was stimulated some 1.5–2-fold by 3.3mm AMP throughout the course of purificationm indicating that a single enzyme is responsible for the oxidation of sulfite in the presence and absence of AMP. Reduced glutathione inhibited activity and prevented the AMP-dependent rate stimulation. The rate of sulfite oxidation in the presence and absence of AMP was first order with respect to the sulfite concentration.
Choreographing Couch and Collimator in Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy

Purpose To design and optimize trajectory-based, noncoplanar subarcs for volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) deliverable on both Varian TrueBEAM system and traditional accelerators; and to investigate their potential advantages for treating central nervous system (CNS) tumors. Methods and Materials To guide the computerized selection of beam trajectories consisting of simultaneous couch, gantry, and collimator motion, a score function was implemented to estimate the geometric overlap between targets and organs at risk for each couch/gantry angle combination. An initial set of beam orientations is obtained as a function of couch and gantry angle, according to a minimum search of the score function excluding zones of collision. This set is grouped into multiple continuous and extended subarcs subject to mechanical limitations using a hierarchical clustering algorithm. After determination of couch/gantry trajectories, a principal component analysis finds the collimator angle at each beam orientation that minimizes residual target–organ at risk overlaps. An in-house VMAT optimization algorithm determines the optimal multileaf collimator position and monitor units for control points within each subarc. A retrospective study of 10 CNS patients compares the proposed method of VMAT trajectory with dynamic gantry, leaves, couch, and collimator motion (Tra-VMAT); a standard noncoplanar VMAT with no couch/collimator motion within subarcs (Std-VMAT); and noncoplanar intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) plans that were clinically used. Results Tra-VMAT provided improved target dose conformality and lowered maximum dose to brainstem, optic nerves, and chiasm by 7.7%, 1.1%, 2.3%, and 1.7%, respectively, compared with Std-VMAT. Tra-VMAT provided higher planning target volume minimum dose and reduced maximum dose to chiasm, optic nerves, and cochlea by 6.2%, 1.3%, 6.3%, and 8.4%, respectively, and reduced cochlea mean dose by 8.7%, compared with IMRT. Tra-VMAT averaged beam-on time was comparable to Std-VMAT but significantly (45%) less than IMRT. Conclusion Optimized couch, gantry, and collimator trajectories may be integrated into VMAT with improved mechanical flexibility and may provide better dosimetric properties and improved efficiency in the treatment of CNS tumors.
Application of the lattice gas theory to lipid monolayers

Abstract The “expanded” ( L 1 ) phase of monolayers is treated as a two-dimensional lattice gas, using an analogy between the nature of the lattice gas and the Ising model of ferromagnetism. This treatment permits calculation of the relationship between the surface pressure (π) and the available area per mol. ( A ), and also calculation of the phase transition points for the transition L 1 to condensed phase. The calculated values are in fairly good agreement with Adams' experimental data.
Symposium Introductory Remarks: A Brief History of Aquatic Microbial Ecology

This report serves to introduce the symposium on food chains and food webs that is jointly sponsored by the Society of Protozoologists and the Phycological Society of America. A brief history of the field of aquatic microbial ecology is presented with an emphasis on the development of theoretical models that have directed the course of research — research that has shaped the development of new and more complex models of the present. the paper aims to provide historical background for all symposium participants and an introduction to the specific presentations of the four guest speakers.
Micellization of PS-PMMA Diblock Copolymers in an Ionic Liquid

Three polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-PMMA) block copolymers with varying molecular content have been shown to form micelles when dissolved in the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIM PF 6 ). The micellar structure was studied via cryogenic transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering, and a morphological transition from spherical to cylindrical micelles was observed upon reduction of the PMMA volume fraction. The possibility of frozen micellar morphology was considered, due to the solution preparation method and high glass transition temperature (Tg) of the PS blocks that form the micellar cores. By comparison of the behavior of a 100 kDa PMMA homopolymer dissolved in both BMIM PF 6 and a known good solvent, acetone, it was determined that BMIM PF 6 behaves as a good solvent for PMMA. It was also observed that extended exposure to the electron beam during cryogenic transmission electron microscopy could damage the copolymer micelles and result in a reversal of contrast.
Antidepressants and the Elderly

The pharmacologic treatment of depression in the elderly is often complicated by cardiovascular disease and other medical illnesses. Both the tricyclic antidepressants and the monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors have adverse effects that are potentially dangerous in this age group. Second generation antidepressants may have fewer cardiovascular and anticholinergic side effects, but many do not offer any real advantage over the older drugs. In practical terms, the choice of antidepressants for use in elderly patients will be based largely on their degree of tolerance for unwanted effects.
Gender stereotyping and sex trafficking: comparative review of research on male and female sex tourism.

Within the growing body of scholarly research focused on sex trafficking, the existence of male victims is not often acknowledged. Current understanding of sex trafficking overlooks exploitation of male victims by restricting the phenomenon to a single exploiter–exploited gender pattern, that of males exploiting females. This comparative review aims to broaden this construction by focusing on the small but emerging phenomenon of female sex tourism in Caribbean countries that features a transposed exploiter–exploited gender pattern. Results of the review describe female sex tourists and male sex workers as well as the dynamics of their liaisons and compare these with the more typical and exploitive depictions used by scholarly researchers to describe male sex tourism. In addition, existing theoretical orientations used to understand sex work and sex trafficking, specifically applied to sex tourism, are examined. Lastly, recommendations are presented urging advancement of scholarly research toward understan...
Synthesis of a structure proposed for scotophobin

Es wurde ein biologisch interessantes Polypeptid mit der fur Scotophobin vorgeschlagenen Sequenz synthetisiert. Da dieses nur eine geringe biologische Aktivitat besass, wird angenommen, dass die fur das naturliche Produkt vorgeschlagene Strukturformel nicht korrekt ist.
Complications in the postanesthetic care unit

ECOVERY from general anesthesia should be uneventful as volatile inhalants are exhaled with respiration, and serum levels of narcotics and sedatives reach a point at which patients awaken with stable cardiorespiratory function. However, the very existence of a "postanesthetic recovery" state implies that untoward events do indeed occur, and that a level of vigilance must be exercised comparable to that within the operating room itself. Outcome studies vary from 10% to 18% 1-3 to 23% 4 as to the overall incidence of complications in the postanesthetic care unit (PACU). Although these complications range broadly in severity and need for medical intervention, these figures show that untoward events remain a significant source of patient morbidity. Yet despite the fact that one in four patients may have a complication in the PACU, international debate continues as to the necessity
Heparin resistance as detected with an antifactor Xa assay is not more common in venous thromboembolism than in other thromboembolic conditions.

Study Objective. To identify whether heparin resistance when measured with an antifactor Xa assay is more frequent in patients with venous thromboembolic disease than in patients with other thromboembolic conditions. Design. Prospective observational cohort study. Setting. A 625-bed, adults-only, private teaching hospital. Patients. Three hundred seventy-two patients receiving intravenous unfractionated heparin for a variety of indications classified as either venous thromboembolism or arterial thromboembolism. Intervention. All patients received an initial unfractionated heparin dosage according to a protocol based on age and estimated blood volume. Targeted antifactor Xa was 0.35–0.65 U/ml. Measurements and Main Results. A modest increase in heparin dosage requirement was noted in patients with venous thromboembolism that was entirely related to lower hemoglobin concentration in that group compared with the arterial thromboembolism group. Low hemoglobin concentration was significantly associated with increased heparin resistance regardless of treatment indication. Conclusions. True heparin resistance seen with an antifactor Xa assay is not more common in venous thromboembolism than in other conditions. Low hemoglobin concentration, rather than treatment indication, appears to be associated with increased heparin resistance.
Inhibition of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis in Rats Severely Depleted of T Cells

Lewis rats depleted of thymus-derived cells (B rats) failed to develop either experimental allergic encephalomyelitis or antibody against myelin basic protein. Lewis B rats reconstituted with 690 x 106 thymocytes developed experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and levels of antibody against myelin basic protein comparable to those of controls. The Lewis B rat model should be useful in the analysis of the role of thymus-derived cell populations and antibody in the induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.
Structure and electron localization of anionic NaCl clusters with excess electrons

The structure and electron localization mode of (NaCl)−n clusters with a single excess electron are studied with simulated annealing. We find that the attachment of the excess electron induces a dramatic reorganization of the ionic configuration. The electron is localized in most clusters, either in an F‐center state or partially neutralizing a sodium ion sticking out of the cluster. In rare cases the electron is found to be delocalized, spreading over the surface of the cluster. The calculated electron binding energies agree very well with recent photoelectron measurements.
Kinetics and mechanism of the germane decomposition

The homogeneous gas-phase thermal decomposition kinetics of germane have been measured in a single-pulse shock tube between 950 and 1060 K at pressures around 4000 torr. The initial decomposition is GeH4 GeH2 + H2 in its pressure-dependent regime, with log k = 13.83 ± 0.78 – 50,750 ± 3570 cal/2.303RT. RRKM calculations suggest that the high-pressure Arrhenius parameters are log k GeH4(M ∞) = 15.5 – 54,300 cal/2.303RT. Extrapolations to static system pyrolysis conditions (T ∼ 600 K, P ∼ 200 torr) give homogeneous reaction rates which are much slower than those observed, hence the static system pyrolysis of germane must be predominantly heterogeneous. Shock-initiated pyrolysis reaction stoichiometry is 2 mol H2 per mole GeH4, suggesting that the subsequent decomposition of germylene is essentially quantitative. Investigations of the hydrogen product yields for pyrolysis of GeD4 in oCH3 further indicate that the germylene decomposition reaction is mainly GeH2 H2 + Ge, but that a small amount of reaction to H atoms may also occur.
Interagency Coordination: The Other Side of CIMIC

All governments wrestle with the challenge of interagency coordination. Improving civil-military coordination, at the national level as well as in the field, can be a useful step in designing a more effective defense decision-making process. National-level organisations do not cooperate easily, but young military and civilian personnel with CIMIC experience can begin to open stovepipes. If vertically organized governments are ever to deal effectively with horizontally organized threats, they must become populated by those who have witnessed the power of horizontal thinking. CIMIC operations thus prepare future `bureaucrats' to create government networks capable of managing the triple threat of terrorism, insurgency and organized crime
Mating success of male hermit crabs in shell generalist and shell specialist species

The reproductive behavior of two species of diogenid hermit crabs was studied in Hawaii. In the shell generalist, Clibanarius zebra, male reproductive success varied little with size, although the largest males were less successful in obtaining copulations than were medium-large males. Male and female size were positively correlated, in successful pairs, thus larger males had the potential to fertilize more eggs when they were successful in obtaining a copulation. Female fecundity in C. zebra was not affected by species of gastropod shell inhabited once female size was taken into account. Male copulatory success was very strongly influenced by the species of gastropod shell inhabited. Males in Trochus or Nerita shells had greatly reduced reproductive success compared to males in Turbo or Nassarius shells. This result was due both to (1) males in Trochus especially dropping and otherwise poorly handling females during precopulatory behavior and (2) females not responding to precopulatory behavior patterns executed by males in Trochus and Nerita. Transferring males from “good” to “bad” shapes of shells and vice versa showed that male success was a function of shell type inhabited and not some correlated feature of the crabs. In the shell specialist, Calcinus seurati, which is found primarily in Nerita shells as an adult, males in Nerita shells were quite successful in obtaining copulations.
Entrepreneurs' perceived chances for success

Abstract Entrepreneurs involved in planning or starting firms must engage in a continuing process of appraising prospects for success. These assessments presumably bear upon the preparations they make, as well as, at some later point, whether they decide to make major changes or even to discontinue the business. In this study, data from 2994 entrepreneurs who had recently become business owners were analyzed to determine their perceived changes of success. Although previous evidence on business survival led to the hypothesis that the entrepreneurs would only be cautiously optimistic, this was not the case. They perceived their prospects as very favorable, with 81% seeing odds of 7 out of 10 or better and a remarkable 33% seeing odds of success of 10 out of 10. In considering the prospects for other businesses like their own, they perceived odds which were significantly lower, but still moderately favorable. Based upon previous research on factors associated with new business success, it was hypothesized that those who were “more likely to succeed” (based upon their personal backgrounds and the nature of their new firms) would be more optimistic. However, this was not the case. Those who were poorly prepared were just as optimistic as those who were well prepared. At this point, shortly after having become business owners, the assessment by entrepreneurs of their own likelihood of success was dramatically detached from past macro statistics, from perceived prospects for peer businesses, and from characteristics typically associated with higher performing new firms. The psychological literature on “post-decisional bolstering” suggests that decision makers, in many settings, tend to bolster or exaggerate the attractiveness of an option after it has been chosen. This, coupled with the tendency of entrepreneurs to believe that they can control their own destinies, implies that the extreme optimism observed here is probably a typical occurrence. For entrepreneurs the findings suggest that it is probably natural to experience feelings of entrepreneurial euphoria when first becoming a business owner. With the available evidence, it is difficult to judge whether this leads to inadequate preparations or an inability to diagnose problems and make adjustments after the business is started. This extreme optimism probably does contribute to the heavy personal commitments observed here, in which the median entrepreneur devoted more than 60 hours per week to the business. The entrepreneur would seem well advised to form relationships with outsiders, such as board members and professional advisors, who can be objective and detached in diagnosing problems and assessing objectively the prospects for the business in its current form.
Market Reform and Collective Action in China

Although it is universally agreed that socialist political economy fails to satisfy the demand for private goods, it is often assumed that socialist states are superior providers of public goods by virtue of the public ownership of property and appeals to altruistic impulses. This article reviews social choice and game theoretic approaches to collective action, and concludes to the contrary that in China such institutions have been counterproductive. By contrast, it is argued that the self-interested, market-oriented reforms introduced since the death of Mao can actually enhance collective action, provided that the regime assures social stability and the enforcement of property rights.