cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can U.S. Antitrust Laws Open International Markets

This article examines the issue of whether United States antitrust law can be an affirmative tool to help US firms sell products and services into markets that have been closed to foreign competition as a result of either governmental or private barriers to trade. The issue first surfaced in the 1980s in connection with bilateral trade disputes between the United States and Japan over market access. Subsequently the issue of antitrust and market access arose in the ICPAC hearings of the Justice Department and the continuing controversy over the proper role of the World Trade Organization in the area of competition law. The vigorous and non-discriminatory enforcement of antitrust law can contribute to promoting an international marketplace characterized by an open competitive process. However, national antitrust is at best, a supporting player in constructing a liberal multilateral trading order and is incapable of promoting any single country's exports. This article suggests a small, but important role for United States antitrust law in promoting that competitive marketplace in conjunction with a developing wave of competition law around the globe.
La racionalidad de las preferencias políticas en México: estudios recientes de opinión pública y comportamiento electoral

La revision de los cuatro libros seleccionados conduce al retrato de dos mundos distintos en lo tocante a la racionalidad de las preferencias politicas mexicanas. El primer mundo nos revela un grupo de dimensiones de opinion publica y comportamiento politico que muestran signos de coherencia y predictibilidad. Este mapa justifica hablar de preferencias politicas racionales. De manera opuesta, un segundo conjunto de dimensiones indica patrones contradictorios e inconsistentes entre si. Esta segunda imagen cuestiona la racionalidad de las preferencias politicas de los mexicanos. El retrato que surge de la opinion publica y del comportamiento electoral en Mexico es paradojico
Exit-site study methods and results

Contrary to peritonitis, where the clinical presentation is clearly different from that of normal, there is a spectrum of appearances from uninfected to infected exit sites. This led to imprecise definitions of exit-site infection, difficulties in interpreting the results of various studies, and many, varied treatment recommendations. We have performed 565 evaluations of 61 healed exit sites in 56 patients. The exit and the sinus were inspected using a Zeiss prism loupe with 4.5x magnification for the presence, absence, intensity, and/or characteristics of specific attributes such as swelling, color, crust, drainage, granulation tissue, and epithelium in the sinus. Pictures of the external exit and the visible sinus tract were then drawn and photographs of the exit site and visible sinus tract were taken. Visual attributes discerned by loupe inspection were verified by review of photographs. A new classification was developed with six distinct categories of exit appearances: acute infection, chronic infection, external cuff infection, equivocal, good, and perfect. Finally, the category of traumatized exit was established, because trauma may result in various appearances. The outcomes in each category were correlated with treatment measures in a 5-year longitudinal study. The validity of this classification and its applicability to clinical practice was subjected to further investigation in a cross-sectional study. Forty-five patients were evaluated only once by ZJT using a Zeiss prism loupe and by the primary nurse, who used a handheld magnifier. The features were recorded and classification was made. The results of loupe and magnifier evaluations were then compared regarding agreement in discerning features. In 41 evaluations (91%) there was agreement. The new classification may be useful in making treatment decisions, in reporting exit-site infection data, and in designing improved prospective, randomized studies.
Comparing a form-based and a language-based user interface for instructing a mail program

In the domain of interaction languages, forms have been found to be of value in allowing users, especially non-programmers, to specify objects and operations with a minimum of training, time, and errors. Most of that research, however, has been on the use of data base query languages. The present research found that in a procedural task of specifying mail filtering instructions, non-programmers using a form were as fast as programmers using a procedural language, although programmers using the form were faster still.
The Revolution in Health Care Antitrust: New Methods and Provocative Implications

Context: In recent years, federal courts have permitted hospital consolidations and other potentially anticompetitive actions by accepting hospitals’ claims that they compete in expansive geographic markets. Recent events, including two actions by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission, suggest that antitrust is undergoing a sea change, thanks in part to new methods for defining geographic markets. This article reviews the recent history of hospital antitrust, describes the methods used to define markets, and illustrates the new methods by considering two consolidations recently proposed by a New York regulatory agency. Methods: The new methods for defining geographic markets rely on estimates from conditional choice models using patient-level hospitalization data. These estimates are the raw material for computations of price effects derived from a theoretical model of hospital pricing in a managed care environment. Findings: Applying these methods to two proposed consolidations in New York shows that one of the mergers would likely raise prices by a substantial amount without the promise of offsetting efficiencies but that the other would not have this effect. Conclusions: New methods for geographic market definition may fundamentally alter how courts will evaluate antitrust challenges. Although additional research is necessary to refine the predictions of these new methods, consolidating hospitals, as well as any other hospitals engaging in potentially anticompetitive conduct, can no longer anticipate a friendly reception in the courtroom.
The Meaning of Peak and Nadir Experiences of Pediatric Oncology Nurses: Secondary Analysis

Abstract This article explores the meanings pediatric oncology nurses derive from their work role and describes the process by which nurses create meaning. This was a secondary analysis of data from a qualitative study that examines peak and nadir experiences and their consequences in pediatric oncology nurses. A semistructured interview was used to gather data from a sample of 26 nurses at a pediatric cancer treatment center. Interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed. Content analysis was used in the primary study to identify themes and characteristics of the peak and nadir experiences and their consequences. Constant comparative analysis revealed emerging categories of significant meaning for pediatric oncology nurses. These categories included relating to others; experiencing life, death and dying; being aware of self as nurse; and experiencing diminishing qualities of the nursing situation. Through a process of giving and receiving, the nurses were able to find fulfillment in giving care to children with cancer.
Long-Term Phosphorus Fertilizer Effects on Phosphorus Uptake, Efficiency, and Recovery by Upland Rice on an Ultisol

Phosphorus (P) deficiency is a major constraint to upland rice production on highly weathered, low activity clay soils in the humid zone of West Africa. There is a paucity of information on the long-term fertilizer P effects on rice on these soils. A field experiment was conducted for six years (1993–1998) to determine the response of four upland rice cultivars to fertilizer P applied at 0, 45, 90, 135, and 180 kg P ha−1 only once in 1993, and to residual P in 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1998. The experimental site was located on an Ultisol, low in available P, in the humid forest zone of Cote d'Ivoire, West Africa. This paper discusses long-term P effects on P uptake and efficiency of upland rice cultivars. The cultivars evaluated differed in cumulative agronomic and physiological P efficiencies, and the efficiencies were higher at lower P rates for the P-efficient cultivars. The P uptake response and P harvest index were affected by P rate and its residual effect, which decreased with time after P was applied...
William Playfair and His Graphical Inventions: An Excerpt From the Introduction to the Republication of His Atlas and Statistical Breviary

(2005). William Playfair and His Graphical Inventions: An Excerpt From the Introduction to the Republication of His Atlas and Statistical Breviary. The American Statistician: Vol. 59, No. 3, pp. 224-229.
On the enumeration of cross-sections

THD PAPER is motivated by the desire to enumerate the classes of immersions of manifolds in euclidean spaces. There is no problem in the stable range: all immersions are equivalent by Whitney’s theorem. We concentrate on dimensions just out of this range. Hirsch [l] has reduced the problem to one of homotopy theory. In a preliminary note [3] we have reformulated the relevant part of his result so as to make it susceptible to the methods of Postnikov theory. Thus the immersion problem can be regarded as a special case of the following one.
Micro‐Raman spectroscopic investigations of mineral assemblages in parallel to bedding laminae in 2.9 Ga sandstones of the Pongola Supergroup, South Africa

Laminated sandstones from the 2.9 Ga Pongola Supergroup, South Africa, were characterized using micro-Raman spectral imaging to elucidate the origin of the mineral components. These sandstones were formed in a paleoenvironment conducive to sustaining life and contain compelling features reminiscent of ancient microbial mat remains. Most sedimentary rocks of this age have been altered over time through metamorphism and weathering, obscuring any original biologic or mineralogic signatures. Therefore, determination of the exact formation mechanism for biologically associated features is often precluded, resulting in large gaps in our understanding of early life and Earth's early habitable environments. The results of the Raman analyses show that the parallel to bedding laminations in these rocks consist of elongated muscovite grains that are intimately associated with anatase, rutile, goethite, and graphitic carbon. The morphology, orientation, and intimate associations of the component mineral assemblage in the laminations suggest that physiochemical events, such as weathering, low-grade metamorphism, or hydrothermal fluids, were also key in their formation and influenced their geochemical makeup. Given the complicated histories of ancient sedimentary rocks, the use of techniques such as micro-Raman spectroscopy is crucial in determining the origins of sedimentary structures that might otherwise be misinterpreted. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Workplace accommodations and unmet needs specific to individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to identify the workplace accommodations used by individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing, to report the perceived impact of the accommodations and to identify unmet needs with respect to workplace accommodations. Method: Individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing participated in an online survey. Respondents identified with one of four levels of functional hearing ability and selected from descriptions of workplace accommodations. Each selection was ranked according to perceived importance, satisfaction and frequency of use. Respondents also commented on unmet needs. Results: The most common accommodations were telephone aids (55%), co-worker helps (34%) and electronic communication (31%). Importance and frequency of use ranked high among most respondents (76% and 87%, respectively). However, perceived satisfaction ranked high among only 50% of respondents. The most common unmet needs were effective communication in groups and lack of co-worker support. Conclusio...
Argument in hypertext: Writing strategies and the problem of order in a nonsequential world

Abstract The qualities of nonsequentiality that make hypertext so appealing to writers and readers of informative and literary texts are also those that problematize arguments in the same settings. For a hypertextual argument to succeed, it should clearly employ the fundamentals of giving good reasons and ample evidence. But such an essay should also deal with the loss of control over order by making use of recent developments in rhetoric and argument theory. Specifically, I present concepts of informal logic, stasis theory, primacy/recency/repetition effects, spatial metaphors, and textual coherence as a starting point for building a rhetorical understanding of argumentation strategies in hypertext.
Management and Monitoring of Cancer-Associated Retinopathy

• Cancer-associated retinopathy is a rare paraneoplastic event that can involve allergic reactions and result in retinal degradation. A patient, who had a 35-year smoking history, complained of visual loss and was found to have serum antibodies that reacted with an extract of retina, including the previously described retinal cancer-associated retinopathy antigen. Prednisone treatment appeared to reduce the patient's antibody titers to normal levels. Visual fields stabilized, and the patient was able to maintain useful vision throughout the course of treatment until his death 1 year following initial diagnosis. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case in which monitoring of antibody responses to retinal antigens appeared to be useful in the decision whether to initiate prednisone therapy. Rising antibody titers to the cancer-associated retinopathy antigen probably occurs before progressive visual field loss and may be considered an indication for prompt steroid therapy.
Relationship between caloric intake, body composition, and physical activity to leptin, thyroid hormones, and cortisol in adolescents.

This study examined the interrelationships between (1) the hormones leptin, TSH, free T3, and cortisol, and (2) caloric intake, body composition, and physical activity to these select hormones in adolescent boys and girls (n = 125, age = 13.4 ± 0.9 years). The data indicate that adolescent boys and girls have some common hormonal interrelationships. However, certain hormonal relationships are not in agreement with reports for adults, suggesting that researchers should not assume that all endocrine findings in adults are automatically applicable to adolescents.
REGULATORY INFLUENCES ON PORTFOLIO PERFORMANCE: SHORT SELLING AND REGULATION T

Several models are developed to examine the portfolio effect of short selling. Three things are demonstrated in this study. First, that for many assets, short selling is a useful strategy for reducing risk when constructing mean-variance efficient portfolios. Second, Regulation T can be used in combination with short selling to further improve expected portfolio performance. Third, the performance of the suggested models is superior to previously suggested allocation models. Ex ante and ex post tests are conducted to arrive at the above conclusions.
Stratospheric polar warming by ENSO in winter: A statistical study

[1] Applying Linear Discriminant Analysis on 47 years of NCEP stratospheric temperature data from 1959 to 2005, we find that the warm-ENSO (“El Nino”) years are significantly warmer also in the stratosphere at the Northern Hemisphere polar and midlatitudes than the cold-ENSO (“La Nina”) years, during winter. Specifically, the zonal mean, December-February mean, 10–50 hPa mean temperature, when projected onto the coherent spatial structure that best distinguishes the two ENSO groups, classified according to the equatorial Pacific-ocean Cold Tongue Index, is 4°K warmer in the polar stratosphere in the warm-ENSO mean than in the cold-ENSO mean. The difference is statistically significant at above the 95% confidence level. This is the first time statistical significance has been established for ENSO's influence on the polar stratosphere. A surprising result is that the ENSO perturbation to the polar stratosphere is comparable in magnitude to the better-known QBO perturbation, which is 3.8°K between easterly QBO mean and the westerly QBO mean.
Illicit Drug Use and Return to Treatment: Follow-up Study of Treatment Admissions to DARP during 1969-1971

The present study was based on follow-up data on 1,409 persons interviewed 4 to 6 years after admission to drug treatments in the Drug Abuse Reporting Program (DARP). The admissions to DARP occurred in 1969-1971, and for most persons the follow-up data included 3 or more years after termination of DARP treatment. The focus of this study was on illicit drug use of former DARP clients, taking into account if and when they reentered drug treatment after termination of DARP treatment. The results showed that a significant drop in opioid and nonopioid (but not marijuana) drug use generally occurred upon entry into other, post-DARP treatments, and that these beneficial effects of treatment tended to continue beyond the end of treatment. Overall, 42% of the sample had no further drug treatment during the first 3 years after DARP, and almost half (42%) of this group used no opioid or nonopioid drugs at all during this time. Comparisons between DARP treatment groups also indicated that therapeutic community client...
Bishop Turner's African Dream

ment, it has existed in one form or another among American Negroes since before the Civil War. In the years between Reconstruction and World War I the chief prophet of black nationalism was Bishop Henry McNeal Turner (1834-1915), who urged his people to go to Africa. Turner, a blunt, forceful man who pushed his way into the upper ranks of Negro leadership, lacked formal education or wide acceptance by Negro intellectuals. W. E. B. Du Bois remembered him as the "last of his clan: mighty men, physically and mentally, men who started at the bottom and hammered their way to the top by sheer brute strength."2 But Turner was soon forgotten because journalists and historians who could have kept his
The in situ surgical management of renal cell carcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma of the kidney

In situ renal surgery can result in successful treatment of renal cell carcinoma or transitional cell carcinoma of the kidney in carefully evaluated patients. In our increasingly older population, more patients may present with impaired renal function from contralateral renal or renal vascular disease. As a result there will be more candidates for in situ surgical excision of renal tumors, in addition to those patients who have been the primary candidates in the past with bilateral tumors or tumors in solitary kidneys.
Searching for Twitter Posts by Location

The microblogging service Twitter is an increasingly popular platform for sharing information worldwide. This motivates the potential to mine information from Twitter, which can serve as a valuable resource for applications such as event localization and location-specific recommendation systems. Geolocation of Twitter messages is integral to such applications. However, only a a small percentage of Twitter posts are accompanied by a GPS location. Recent works have begun exploring ways to estimate the unknown location of Twitter users based on the content of their posts and various available metadata. This presents interesting challenges for natural language processing and multi-objective optimization. We propose a new method for estimating the home location of users based on both the content of their posts and their social connections on Twitter. Our method achieves an accuracy of 77% within 10 km in exchange for a reduction in coverage of 76% with respect to techniques which only use social connections.
Foraging strategies of spiders.

Abundant and ecologically important in many ecosystems as predators of insects (including agricultural pests), spiders have recently gained attention as a result of a number of significant studies. In addition, because of their small size, short lifespan, and the strong influence of genetic control on their behavior, spiders are regarded with keen interest as model organisms in behavioral ecology.
Evaluating solutions to the faint young Sun problem

During the Archean eon, between about 3.8 billion years ago and 2.5 billion years ago, the Sun was about 20%–25% fainter than it is today. With less sunlight to warm the Earth, the oceans should have been frozen over, but geological evidence suggests that this was not the case.
The dynamics of issue introduction: A model based on the politics of ideology

Many topics might be discussed in the course of any election, but problems that are in fact discussed, and which affect the electorate's choice, are located in the issue space of a relatively small dimension. Two factors contribute to this phenomenon: (a) party platforms are usually presented to the electorate as packages of issues, and (b) candidates tend to emphasize only a few particular issues in the campaign. We model a dynamic process of changing the issue space by candidates as a matter of their campaign strategy and study factors causing changes in the dimensionality or/and in the structure of the set of issues shaping the political conflict in the election. We show how particular features of an added new issue can change voter perceptions of the candidates or the structure of the political conflict in the election when the new issue is such that (1) voters care about it, (2) a majority of voters are interested changing the status quo of anything associated with this issue, and (3) the existing ideological differences among the candidates have clear reflections in voters' minds.
Subacute Perforation of the St. Jude Riata Implantable Cardioverter–Defibrillator Lead: A Report of Two Pediatric Cases

The Medtronic Riata implantable cardioverter–defibrillator (ICD) lead is a 7-Fr ICD lead shown to have a propensity for cardiac perforation. This report details two pediatric cases of cardiac perforation in patients with a Riata ICD lead. Analysis regarding the effect of ICD implantation techniques on cardiac perforation specific to pediatric patients is discussed.
Neutral composition in the polar thermosphere - Observations made on Dynamics Explorer

A neutral mass spectrometer on the lower altitude satellite of the Dynamics Explorer program is providing observations of compositional variability in the thermosphere. The 90 deg inclination of the satellite orbit provides excellent coverage over the polar caps. Two data sets, one in the Southern Hemisphere and the other in the Northern, are used to further illustrate the strong magnetic control of some of the heat and momentum sources at high latitudes and the complex morphology that results.
Critical Groups in Saddle Point Theorems without a Finite Dimensional Closed Loop

We obtain critical points with nontrivial critical groups in certain saddle point type theorems where there is no finite dimensional closed loop. An application to a semilinear elliptic boundary value problem with concave and jumping nonlinearities is given.
Linguistic authority and convention in a speech act analysis of pornography

Recently, several philosophers have recast feminist arguments against pornography in terms of Speech Act Theory. In particular, they have considered the ways in which the illocutionary force of pornographic speech serves to set the conventions of sexual discourse while simultaneously silencing the speech of women, especially during unwanted sexual encounters. Yet, this raises serious questions as to how pornographers could (i) be authorities in the language game of sex, and (ii) set the conventions for sexual discourse—questions which these speech act-theoretic arguments against pornography have thus far failed to adequately answer. I fill in this gap of the argumentation by demonstrating that there are fairly weak standards for who counts as an authority or convention-setter in sexual discourse. With this analysis of the underpinnings of a speech act analysis of pornography in mind, I discuss a range of possible objections. I conclude that (i) the endorsement of censorship by a speech act analysis of por...
Greene, Krusin-Elbaum, and Malozemoff reply

A reply to the comment on magnetic penetration depth of YBaCuO is given. The authors agree with the comment, but it does not change the results substantially. (AIP)
Reliable on-demand multicast routing with congestion control in wireless ad hoc networks

In this paper, we address the congestion control multicast routing problem in wireless ad hoc networks through the medium access control (MAC) layer. We first introduce the Broadcast Medium Window (BMW) MAC protocol, which provides reliable delivery to broadcast packets at the MAC layer. We then extend the wireless On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol (ODMRP) to facilitate congestion control in ad hoc networks using BMW. Through simulation, we show that ODMRP with congestion control adapts well to multicast sources that are aggressive in data transmissions.
The myth of natural monopoly

M o s t so-called utilities have been public granted governmental f ranchise monopolies because they are thought to be "natural monopolies." Put simply, a na tura l monopoly is said to occur when product ion technology, such as relat ively high fixed costs, causes long-run average total costs to decline as output expands. In such industries, the theory goes, a single producer will eventual ly be able to produce at a lower cost than any two other producers, t he reby crea t ing a "natural" monopoly. Higher prices will resul t if more than one producer supplies the market. Fu r the rmore , competi t ion is said to cause consumer inconvenience because of the construct ion of duplicat ive facilities, e.g., digging up the s t ree t s to put in dual gas or wa te r lines. Avoiding such inconveniences is ano ther reason offered for government f ranchise monopol ies for i ndus t r i e s wi th decl ining long-run average total costs. It is a myth that natural monopoly theory was developed first by economists, and then used by legislators to "justify" franchise monopolies. The truth is that the monopolies were created decades before the theory was formalized by intervention-minded economists, who then used the theory as an ex post rationale for government intervention. At the time when the first government franchise monopolies were being granted, the large majority of economists understood that large-scale, capital intensive production did not lead to monopoly, but was an absolutely desirable aspect of the competitive process.
Applications and research on nano power electronics: an adventure beyond quantum electronics

This paper is a roadmap to the exhaustive role of the newly emerging field of nanotechnology in various application and research areas. Some of the today's important topics are plasma, dielectric layer semiconductor, and carbon nanoparticle based technologies. Carbon nanotubes are very useful for the purpose of fabricating nano opto power devices. The basic concept behind tunneling of electrons has been utilized to define another scope of this technology, and thus came many quantum scale tunneling devices and elements. Fabrication of crystal semiconductors of high quality along with oxides of nano aspect would give rise to superior device performance and find applications such as LEDs, LASER, VLSI technology and also in highly efficient solar cells. Many nano-research based organizations are fully devoted to develop nano power cells, which would give birth to new battery cells, tunneling devises, with high power quality, longer lives, and higher activation rates. Different electronics industries as well as the military organizations would be largely benefited due to this major component and system design ideas of 'Smart Power' technologies. The contribution of nano scale power electronics would be realized in various fields like switching devices, electromechanical systems and quantum science. Such a sophisticated technology will have great impact on the modernization of robotics; space systems, automotive systems and many other fields. The highly emerging field of nanomedicine according to specialists would bring a dramatic revolution in the present century. However nanomedicine is nothing but an integration of biology, medicine and technology. Thermoelectric materials as been referred earlier also are used in case of implantable medical equipments for generation of electric power sufficient for those equipments.
Blind frequency offset estimation and intercarrier interference cancelation for FD-MC-CDMA systems in aerial vehicle communication

FD-MC-CDMA is an attractive candidate for next generation high speed aerial vehicle communication for its high spectrum efficiency and excellent BER performance. Similar to other multi-carrier transmission technologies, FD-MC-CDMA suffers significant performance degradation resulting from intercarrier interference (ICI) in high mobility environments. Particularly, because of the ICI is observed from all other subcarriers, the benefit of decomposing subcarriers into non-contiguous sets diminishes. In this paper, we propose a parallel processing based blind frequency offset estimation and ICI cancelation method for FD-MC-CDMA system to significantly improve the BER performance in high mobility environment. Specifically, by exploiting frequency offset quantization, the proposed scheme takes advantage of the orthogonality of the ICI matrix and offers excellent ICI cancelation and significant BER improvement. Moreover, the proposed scheme does not lower the transmission rate or reduce the network capacity. It is important to note that the proposed ICI cancelation scheme maintains the low complexity of optimum multi-user detection (MUD) receiver and achieves the ICI cancelation and excellent BER performance at linearly growing cost. Simulation results in AWGN channel and multi-path fading channel confirm the performance of the proposed scheme in the presence of frequency offset and in mobile channel.
Effects of location and timing of co-activated neurons in the auditory midbrain on cortical activity: implications for a new central auditory prosthesis

Objective. An increasing number of deaf individuals are being implanted with central auditory prostheses, but their performance has generally been poorer than for cochlear implant users. The goal of this study is to investigate stimulation strategies for improving hearing performance with a new auditory midbrain implant (AMI). Previous studies have shown that repeated electrical stimulation of a single site in each isofrequency lamina of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) causes strong suppressive effects in elicited responses within the primary auditory cortex (A1). Here we investigate if improved cortical activity can be achieved by co-activating neurons with different timing and locations across an ICC lamina and if this cortical activity varies across A1. Approach. We electrically stimulated two sites at different locations across an isofrequency ICC lamina using varying delays in ketamine-anesthetized guinea pigs. We recorded and analyzed spike activity and local field potentials across different layers and locations of A1. Results. Co-activating two sites within an isofrequency lamina with short inter-pulse intervals (<5 ms) could elicit cortical activity that is enhanced beyond a linear summation of activity elicited by the individual sites. A significantly greater extent of normalized cortical activity was observed for stimulation of the rostral?lateral region of an ICC lamina compared to the caudal?medial region. We did not identify any location trends across A1, but the most cortical enhancement was observed in supragranular layers, suggesting further integration of the stimuli through the cortical layers. Significance. The topographic organization identified by this study provides further evidence for the presence of functional zones across an ICC lamina with locations consistent with those identified by previous studies. Clinically, these results suggest that co-activating different neural populations in the rostral?lateral ICC rather than the caudal?medial ICC using the AMI may improve or elicit different types of hearing capabilities.
Charge Transport in Semiconductor Detectors with Trapping and Detrapping

The transient response of surface barrier detectors fabricated from semi-insulating CdTe has been analyzed under the conditions of trapping and detrapping. An analysis of the response of these devices to alphas allows measurement of material parameters pertinent to gamma detection and also verifies a theoretical model of trapping and detrapping. Actual and theoretical pulses presented here have a fast rising component followed by a slow rising component, the latter being associated with the release of carriers from traps. Decreasing the electric field increases the rise time and relative amplitude of the slow rising component. However, under high field conditions when detrapping times are much larger than the transit times and comparable to or greater than the trapping times, the rise time of the slow component of the pulse is nearly independent of electric field and is proportional to exp ?A/kT where ?A is the depth of the trap. In addition, when the detrapping time is much larger than the transit time, decreasing the temperature increases the rise time of the slow component but does not change its relative amplitude. This analysis shows that although 100% collection efficiencies may be attained in conventional solid state detectors at elevated temperatures, this may not be the case at reduced temperature. Degradation in the performance of germanium spectrometers below 20°K may be explained by the trapping and detrapping of carriers.
The prediction of the 13C NMR spectra of arenes using mathematical modeling techniques

Abstract The prediction of the 13 C NMR spectra for derivatives of benzene has been investigated using mathematical modeling techniques. A large data set ( n = 7440) was investigated and a number of models developed. The most practical model contained 52 terms and had a correlation coefficient of observed against predicted line positions of 0.99 with an average error of prediction of 1.6 ppm.
Use of Insulated Concrete Form (ICF) Construction for Energy Conservation in Residential Construction

As a nation the United States must reduce its dependence on imported energy resources. Net imports of foreign oil as a percentage of total U.S. oil demand have increased from 37% in 1980 to 55% in 2001 and are predicted to increase to 65% by the year 2016. Since heating and air conditioning account for 44% of the energy usage in a typical U.S. home, residential energy conservation techniques hold great promise for significant savings. Insulated concrete form (ICF) construction is a promising construction technique for both residential and commercial construction. Some advantages of ICF construction include: reduced construction time, compatibility with any inside or outside surface finish, insect resistance, strength, noise reduction, reduced infiltration, significant and continuing energy savings, lower HVAC capital costs for the building, and 12” (30 cm) wide window sills. Disadvantages of ICF construction include: resistance from builders and sub-contractors unfamiliar with the construction technique, higher material costs, the necessary custom window and door openings, and the difficulty and expense of making changes once the walls are in place. Even though the material costs are higher than typical (stick-frame) construction, labor savings might result in overall savings. In this paper actual energy usage for an ICF house constructed in 1998 is compared to the energy usage for a 1988 conventional stick-frame building. Comparison of these two buildings indicates a 75% reduction in energy usage per square foot per degree-day for the ICF building when compared to the stick-frame building. During this same time period, energy (gas) usage for heating and hot water decreased 85%. Computer simulations were made for both an ICF wall and for a conventional frame wall. These computer simulations indicate significant saving potential for the ICF wall when compared to a conventional frame wall section. In addition these simulations illustrate dramatically the effect of separating the thermal resistance and thermal capacitance inherent in this “sandwich” construction.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Motor Proficiency in Dyslexic Children With and Without Attentional Disorders

Motor proficiency, in terms of speed, rhythm and absence of overflow, has previously been shown to distinguish nonlearning disabled hyperactive boys from matched controls. Accepted screening methods for selecting children with dyslexia do not include assessments of hyperactivity or other attentional deficits. Dyslexic children selected in this customary manner were compared with an otherwise matched group that had been screened for attentional disorders, on a series of repetitive and alternating movements of the fingers, hands, and feet. The screened dyslexic group performed more rapidly on five of six movements and had fewer qualitative signs of dysrhythmia or overflow.
Sodium Channel-blocking Agents Their Use in Neuropathic Pain Conditions

Neuropathic pain conditions are due to damage or permanent alteration of the peripheral or central nervous system. These conditions are generally chronic and less responsive to opiates than nociceptive (acute) pain conditions; as such, they are very difficult to treat clinically. Numerous classes of drugs, including opiates, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, local anesthetics, antiarrhythmics, steroids, antipsychotic agents, and topical capsaicin have been used to treat neuropathic pain. One mechanism common to several of these pharmacological agents is their ability to block sodium channels in a use-dependent fashion. In this focus article clinical evidence of the effectiveness of sodium channel-blocking drugs for relieving neuropathic pain will be presented. Experimental evidence for the site of action of these drugs will be discussed, along with future studies that are needed to develop new, more effective, agents.
Photochemical DNA Activation

A new photocaged nucleoside was synthesized and incorporated into DNA with the use of standard synthesis conditions. This approach enabled the disruption of specific H-bonds and allowed for the analysis of their contribution to the activity of a DNAzyme. Brief irradiation with nonphotodamaging UV light led to rapid decaging and almost quantitative restoration of DNAzyme activity. The developed strategy has the potential to find widespread application in the light-induced regulation of oligonucleotide function.
An unusual cause of trigeminal-distribution pain and tumour

Case presentation An immunocompetent 45-year-old woman presented with a 13 month history of right facial numbness and “lightning bolt-like” pain in the maxillary distribution of the right trigeminal nerve. Numbness was present over the right side of the nose next to the zygoma, and light tactile stimulation of this area or of the right side of the forehead elicited pain (allodynia) over the entire face. Neurological examination revealed loss of pinprick sensation in the maxillary distribution of the right trigeminal nerve. Motor function of the trigeminal and other cranial nerves was unimpaired, and the corneal reflex was intact. The CSF was acellular. CT and MRI scans of the head were normal. The patient was treated with gabapentin (900 mg three times daily) but her pain increased. After 1 year, both CT and MRI scans revealed a 0·90·92·0 cm homogeneously enhancing mass at the base of the brain on the right hand side, corresponding to the site of the trigeminal ganglion (figure 1). Craniotomy Marcelo Vilela and Robert Rostomily Craniotomy revealed a soft, rounded, smooth mass that extended from the posterior part of the right trigeminal ganglion along the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve into the foramen rotundum. The mass was well demarcated, yellow, quite firm, and mostly avascular; it surrounded most of the maxillary roots and was easily distinguishable from the roots of the mandibular and ophthalmic divisions of the trigeminal nerve. The arachnoid layer around Meckel’s cave was intact, and the mass had not infiltrated the cavernous sinus. The mass was removed with complete preservation of the ophthalmic and mandibular divisions and partial preservation of the maxillary roots of the trigeminal nerve.
Computational study of laser-accelerated proton beam transport in solid density matters

Laser-accelerated proton beams produced from a spherically curved target can be focused to exceptionally high density (1019−1021 particles/cm3) and intense current (100s kA). The physics of such intense proton beam transport in solid-density matter is still not understood well and is important for high energy density physics.
The flow-volume loop in inducible laryngeal obstruction: one component of the complete evaluation.

The flow-volume loop in inducible laryngeal obstruction: one component of the complete evaluation
First-principles study of transparent p -type conductive SrCu 2 O 2 and related compounds

Using first-principles band structure methods we have systematically studied the electronic and optical properties of p-type transparent conductive oxides ${\mathrm{SrCu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and related compounds ${A}^{\mathrm{II}}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2},$ where $A=\mathrm{Mg},$ Ca, and Ba, as well as their host material ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}\mathrm{O}.$ We show that all these compounds have direct band gap at the zone center $(\ensuremath{\Gamma})$ with ${\mathrm{SrCu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ having the largest band gap. The trend of band gap variation of ${A}^{\mathrm{II}}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ as a function of ${A}^{\mathrm{II}}$ is explained in terms of atomic energy levels and atomic sizes of the ${A}^{\mathrm{II}}$ elements. Transparency of ${\mathrm{SrCu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ is explained by the calculated dipole transition matrix elements. The calculated effective masses for the conduction band states are found to be larger than those for the valence states for ${\mathrm{SrCu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2},$ opposite to the trend in conventional semiconductors and n-type transparent conductive oxides. We predict that adding a small amount of Ca (\ensuremath{\sim}16%) into ${\mathrm{SrCu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ can increase the band gap and reduce the hole effective mass of ${\mathrm{SrCu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{2},$ therefore, increase the transparency and conductivity.
Models of female orgasm

Self-report instruments concerning personality and subjective responses to sexual orgasm were filled out by 281 female university undergraduates. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to evaluate the dimensionality of women's subjective responsiveness to orgasm. The results did not support the concept of a unidimensional orgasm process; separate coital and masturbatory factors of orgasmic experience were obtained. Highly internally consistent scales were developed to assess the two factors, and both scales were found to be significantly correlated with indices of extraversion, attitudes toward masturbation, and sexual experience. A path-analytic model was developed which is consistent with the hypothesis that heterosexual and monosexual behaviors act as mediators between extraversion, neuroticism, and attitudes toward masturbation, on the one hand, and subjective coital or masturbatory orgasmic responsiveness, on the other. It appears that attitudes toward masturbation may also have a direct influence on masturbatory responsiveness. Various therapeutic implications of the path model are described. Replications and extensions of the study with older, more experienced populations are necessary.
Maintaining aged rodents for biogerontology research.

Aged rodents present unique concerns for both husbandry staff and investigators. Choosing the correct rodent model and providing the appropriate care are important elements for successful use of rodent models in biogerontology research programs. The author discusses issues to be evaluated when housing and using aged rodents.
Ten-Year Research Review of Physical Injuries

ABSTRACT Objective To review the past 10 years of research relevant to psychiatry on injuries in children and adolescents. Method A literature search of databases for "wounds and injuries, excluding head injuries," was done with Medline and PsycINFO, yielding 589 and 299 citations, respectively. Further searching identified additional studies. Results Progress is occurring in prevention, pain management, acute care, psychiatric treatment, and outcomes. The emotional and behavioral effects of injuries contribute to morbidity and mortality. Psychiatric assessment, crisis intervention, psychotherapy, psychopharmacological treatment, and interventions for families are now priorities. Research offers new interventions for pain, delirium, posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, prior maltreatment, substance abuse, disruptive behavior, and end-of-life care. High-risk subgroups are infants, adolescents, maltreated children, suicide attempters, and substance abusers. Staff training improves quality of care and reduces staff stress. Conclusions Despite the high priority that injuries receive in pediatric research and treatment, psychiatric aspects are neglected. There is a need for assessment and for planning of psychotherapeutic, psychopharmacological, and multimodal treatments, based on severity of injury, comorbid psychopathology, bodily location(s), and prognosis. Psychiatric collaboration with emergency, trauma, and rehabilitation teams enhances medical care. Research should focus on alleviating pain, early psychiatric case identification, and treatment of children, adolescents, and their families, to prevent further injuries and reduce disability.