cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recoupled long-range C-H dipolar dephasing in solid-state NMR, and its use for spectral selection of fused aromatic rings

Abstract This work introduces a simple new solid-state 13 C NMR method for distinguishing various types of aromatic residues, e.g. those of lignin from fused rings of charcoal. It is based on long-range dipolar dephasing, which is achieved by recoupling of long-range C–H dipolar interactions, using two 1 H 180° pulses per rotation period. This speeds up dephasing of unprotonated carbon signals approximately threefold compared to standard dipolar dephasing without recoupling and thus provides much more efficient differential dephasing. It also reduces the effects of spinning-speed dependent effective proton–proton dipolar couplings on the heteronuclear dephasing. Signals of unprotonated carbons with two or more protons at a two-bond distance dephase to 13 C polarization is used on these structurally complex samples to prevent loss of the signals of interest, which by design originate from carbons that are distant from protons and therefore crosspolarize poorly. In natural organic matter such as humic acids, this combination of recoupled dipolar dephasing and direct polarization at 7-kHz MAS enables selective observation of signals from fused rings that are characteristic of charcoal.
Operator analysis of the langevin algorithm

Abstract By studying the Fokker-Planck equation in its operator form, various Langevin algorithms can be systematically derived and analyzed without the use of stochastic differential equations or the Kramers-Moyal expansion. New, but in a way canonical, second order Langevin algorithms are presented. The convergence behaviors of these new algorithms are numerically shown to be superior to that of the usual Runge-Kutta algorithm.
Cognitive factors influencing perceptions of clinical documentation tools

Identifying healthcare providers' perceptions of clinical documentation methods can inform the design of computer-based documentation tools. The authors investigated the cognitive factors underlying such perceptions by performing a qualitative analysis that included open-ended in-depth interviews of a convenience sample of healthcare providers who use a variety of documentation methods. A total of 16 providers participated in the study; subjects included physicians and nurse practitioners from medical and surgical specialties who used paper- and computer-based documentation tools. Based on interview data, authors identified five factors that influenced satisfaction with clinical documentation tools: document system time efficiency, availability, expressivity, structure, and quality. These factors, if validated by subsequent investigations, can be used to develop a formal conceptual model of providers' perceptions of their satisfaction with various documentation systems.
Multifractal characterization of airborne geophysical data at the Oak Ridge facility

Scaling analyses on geophysical measurements of electrical conductivity, gamma radiation, and magnetic fields, at the Oak Ridge Reservation were conducted. The electrical conductivity and magnetic data exhibited multifractality in the north-south and east-west directions. The radiation data were observed to be non-scaling; a variogram with a sill was found to be more appropriate. The scaling of the EC and magnetic was generally within a range smaller than the maximum distance selected, as periodicity dominated at the larger distances. The electrical conductivity had anisotropy in the scaling of their variograms. But the magnetic data appear to have an isotropic scaling. The underlying statistics of the fields were near Gaussian for the electrical conductivity, but essentially Gaussian for the magnetic data. In environmental hydrogeology, knowledge of the spatial distribution of the intrinsic permeability, K, is very helpful in understanding the transport and spreading of contaminant plumes. Our previous studies have shown that the subsurface permeability, K, is multifractal. Detailed measurement of K is costly. Hence, large data sets of value collected both on a fine scale and over large distances are rare. In this study, we hypothesize that geophysical data could be used indirectly as a surrogate measurement for K, for obtaining statistical information on scale limited K data, and perhaps, directly at sites where K and electrical conductivity are correlated.
LIFE TABLE TECHNIQUES FOR MULTIPLE-CAUSE MORTALITY

A lethal defect-wear model of mortality is presented which rationalizes the assumption of independent risks when death may be due to more than a single condition, Under this model, it is shown how competing risk theory and standard categorical data methods may be merged in a unified approach to the analysis of multiple-cause mortality data. The methodology is used to analyze linkages among diseases in the mortality data and evaluate the implication of the elimination of patterns of morbid states for multiple-cause mortality data from deaths occurring in 1969 in North Carolina.
Global revocation for the intersection collision warning safety application

Identifying and removing malicious insiders from a network is a topic of active research. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) may suffer from insider attacks; that is, an attacker may use authorized vehicles to attack other vehicles. Specifically, attackers may use their vehicles to broadcast specially formed packets that will trigger warnings in target vehicles. This malicious behavior could have a significant detrimental effect on cooperative safety applications (SAs), one of the driving forces behind VANET deployment. We propose modifications to the intersection collision warning (ICW) SA that enable a certificate authority (CA) to be offline and yet to decide to revoke a vehicle's certificates using retransmitted information that cannot repudiated. Our approach differs from previous proposals in that it is SA specific, and it is immune to Sybil attacks. We simulate and measure the resources an attacker requires to attack a vehicle using the ICW SA without our modifications and demonstrate that our additions reduce the false positive rate arising from errors in estimated vehicle dynamics.
Land Treatment in Watershed Program Areas

Several types of watershed program areas, principally but not solely those operated under authority of the Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act, are greatly altering the American landscape for good. While structural measures tend to be the most spectacular feature of these watersheds, land treatment measures (soil, water, woodland, and wildlife conservation practices) actually are basic to the long term stability and maximum contributions of these watershed programs.
Losing your inhibition: Linking cortical GABAergic interneurons to schizophrenia

GABAergic interneurons of the cerebral cortex (cINs) play crucial roles in many aspects of cortical function. The diverse types of cINs are classified into subgroups according to their morphology, intrinsic physiology, neurochemical markers and synaptic targeting. Recent advances in mouse genetics, imaging and electrophysiology techniques have greatly advanced our efforts to understand the role of normal cIN function and its dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disorders. In schizophrenia (SCZ), a wealth of data suggests that cIN function is perturbed, and that interneuron dysfunction may underlie key symptoms of the disease. In this review, we discuss the link between cINs and SCZ, focusing on the evidence for GABAergic signaling deficits from both SCZ patients and mouse models.
Cat heart muscle in vitro. IX. Cell ion and water contents in anisosmolal solutions.

Cell contents of water, K, Na, and Cl have been determined in cat right ventricular papillary muscles immersed in solutions with and without NaCl when the external osmolality was varied with sucrose. The plot of cell water/kilogram dry weight (corrected for sucrose content) vs. (external osmolality)-1 suggests that not less than 82% of water present in cells at physiological external osmolality is free to move across the cell membrane in response to an imposed osmotic gradient. Cells fail to increase their water content in very hypotonic solutions. For osmolalities greater than 5 times isosmolal, at which the mannitol space and the Cl36 space are both equal to 100% of muscle water, rather large amounts of univalent cation appear to remain "bound" to the tissue.
Electron microscopic study of recurrent Reis-Bücklers' corneal dystrophy.

We studied the cornea of a 51-year-old woman with recurrent Reis-Bucklers' dystrophy with the transmission electron microscope. The patient had had a superficial keratectomy nine years earlier. The epithelium removed in a second keratectomy contained distended endoplasmic reticulum and swollen mitochondria. The basal layer showed some cells in mitosis and a slight increase in the number of dark cells. The anterior portion of the removed stroma contained dense collagen fibrils, with the appearance of curly fibrils, which is characteristic of this disease. There were also severe degenerative changes in the stroma. These changes in the collagen fibers and alterations in keratocytes of the deeper layers were less severe than those of the superficial layer. A biopsy of the bulbar conjunctiva showed reduplication of the basement membrane.
Experimental measurement of chemical diffusivity of Tin in Lead

This result of a modest increase of Dch with tin concentration shows that the thermodynamic potential φ = [1 + (dlnγ/dlnc)] (where γ is the activity coefficient) is greater than one. As a result the tin atoms do not distribute themselves completely randomly but tend to keep somewhat separate as the concentration increases.
Functional analysis of trophoblast giant cells in parthenogenetic mouse embryos.

Diploid mouse embryos containing only maternal DNA (parthenotes) fail, in part, because the inner cell mass does not induce the trophoblast to grow. In this study, we asked whether any of the defects in parthenotes may arise from alterations in trophoblast function. We examined the expression of genes important for normal trophoblast function and found several trophoblast genes that were expressed at normal levels in the primary trophoblast cells of parthenotes: E-cadherin, a cell adhesion molecule, was expressed normally in both the ICM and trophectoderm of parthenogenetic blastocysts and blastocyst outgrowths; the gene for Hxt, a basic helix-loop-helix factor that regulates trophoblast development, was expressed in both zygotic and parthenogenetic giant cells; placental lactogen-1, a hormone that is normally secreted by trophoblast giant cells, was expressed in most of both parthenogenetic and normal trophoblast cells; and the 92 kDa matrix metalloproteinase, gelatinase B, also known as MMP-9, was secreted at equivalent levels by both zygotic and parthenogenetic blastocyst outgrowths. However, once the outgrowths had developed, a subpopulation of trophoblast cells in parthenogenetic embryos had decreased DNA replication and significantly fewer nucleoli per nucleus than did zygotic embryos. Moreover, the parthenogenetic trophoblast cells growing out from blastocysts had a decreased viability in culture. These data suggest that, although parthenogenetic embryos are able to initiate primary trophoblast differentiation, the stability and continued differentiation of trophoblast giant cells may be abnormal. Our data support the hypothesis that the deficiency of secondary trophoblast giant cells may contribute to the decline of parthenogenetic embryos and suggest that the factors controlling this subset of trophoblast are distinct from those for primary trophoblast. Dev Genet 20:1–10, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fluid Mixing in Micro Scale Channel Patterned Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic Surface

Micro scale fluid control or mixing is critical for chemistry and life sciences. Successful performance of on-chip biochemical analysis processes, such as DNA hybridization and PCR amplification, highly depend on rapid mixing of multiple fluid species. In this paper, a set of initial designs is developed for flow mixing. In micro channels with 100 and 200μm width, alternating regions of hydrophobic/hydrophilic surface are created on silicon surfaces by photolithography and dry etch techniques. Experimental results show that in the micro channels with 20mm length, effective mixing is observed on the device patterned by incline hydrophobic/hydrophilic grilles in which eddy diffusion mixes two liquids. In contrasts, slight mixing is caused by the development of liquid instability induced by alternating hydrophobic/hydrophilic patterns orthogonal to the flow direction.© 2006 ASME
Labor market participation among young adults: an event history analysis.

This study models culture of poverty explanations earlier experiences that tend to restrict opportunities demographic effects representing differential rates of participation by social groups and health and marijuana use variables indicating the influence of individual life- style differences as predictors of the rate of labor market entry promotion and dismissal among subjects from early adolescence to young adulthood. The data are drawn from the 1st and 4th waves of a 4-wave panel of half the 1971 Houston Texas Independent School District 7th grade born in 1958. The findings indicate that those who believe most in the efficacy of alternatives to conventional social and economic institutions and those who expect to benefit least are most likely to have higher rates of participation. This higher rate of participation is significantly greater for earlier years and contradicts predictions of a culture of poverty theory. 1 opportunity-structure variable poor grades significantly increases the rate of entry into the labor market primarily because it represents the inability of individuals to pursue advanced education prior to labor market entry. Education reduces overall rates of labor market entry for a young adult cohort by delaying labor market entry. The strong relationship between drug use and unemployment may be due to motivation impaired ability probability of failure or increased time to use drugs. The findings also indicate that females are more capable overall of performing their jobs and getting along with co-workers but are less likely to be promoted. Finally those who have been sanctioned or disadvantaged within the institutions that define and enforce the norms of the economic opportunity structure are significantly more likely to enter the labor market earlier and continue to have higher rates of negative experiences such as dismissal within those institutions.
Hannah Arendt's Political Theology of Democratic Life

In this essay, I explore Hannah Arendt's suggestion that we conceptualize human power and freedom polytheistically if our aim is to understand the challenges and requirements of democratic self-governance. Although it is not clear that politics must always be understood through theological grammars, if it is to be, polytheism affirms that there may be multiple sources of value and of right, offering both a metaphysical counterpart to value pluralism and a vision of how to create political practices and institutions that mirror and honor both the equality and distinction of human beings.
The impact of tumor progesterone receptor status on optimal adjuvant endocrine therapy for postmenopausal patients with early-stage breast cancer: a decision analysis.

BACKGROUND Emerging data suggest that treatment outcomes with aromatase inhibitors (AIs) and/or tamoxifen may differ for tumors that express both the estrogen receptor (ER) and the progesterone receptor (PR) (ER+/PR+) compared with those that lack PR expression (ER+/PR−). However, the optimal sequencing of AIs and tamoxifen as adjuvant therapy is not known and may differ for biologic subsets of cancers. METHODS Markov models were used to simulate disease-free survival (DFS) separately among postmenopausal women with ER+/PR+ cancers and women with ER+/PR− cancers. By using risk estimates reported from randomized clinical trials, treatment with 5 years of an AI alone with sequential treatment consisting of tamoxifen with crossover to an AI at 2 years was compared. RESULTS For women with ER+/PR+ cancers, sequential therapy with tamoxifen followed by crossover to an AI at 2 years yielded modest improvements in 10-year DFS estimates compared with planned AI monotherapy (84.3% vs. 82.2% and 68.8% vs. 64.8% for lymph node-negative and lymph node-positive patients, respectively). However, for women with ER+/PR− cancers, upfront treatment with an AI yielded improved outcomes with 10-year DFS rates of 90.5% and 80.1% for the lymph node-negative and node-positive groups, respectively, compared with 88.2% and 76.1%, respectively, for sequential treatment with tamoxifen followed by an AI. CONCLUSIONS Modeling estimates suggested that the optimal endocrine treatment strategy may differ based on the biologic features of breast cancer tumors. Patients with ER+/PR+ tumors achieved optimal 10-year DFS estimates with tamoxifen followed by a crossover to AI therapy, whereas patients with ER+/PR− tumors fared best when they initiated treatment with AI. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
A Tian-Calvet heat-flux microcalorimeter for measurement of differential heats of adsorption

A Tian-Calvet heat-flux microcalorimeter system is described for measurement of heats of adsorption and reaction on solid surfaces. Heat-flux signals are measured in transducer assemblies consisting of several hundred Seebeck-effect thermoelements connected in series and arranged in a thimble configuration. These transducers surround quartz calorimeter cells connected to a high-vacuum, volumetric adsorption system. The sensitivity of the calorimeter can be calibrated with a Joule-effect device or by measurement of heats of adsorption for known processes. Microcalorimetric measurements have been conducted at temperatures from 300 to 473 K, and operation at temperatures from about 200 to 573 K is possible. Calorimeter cells are described that facilitate sample handling under controlled atmosphere conditions, allowing studies of freshly treated materials and samples that have been exposed to catalytic reaction conditions.
Modeling speciation, transport and transformation of metals from mine wastes

Abstract This paper describes the results of modeling studies on transformation and speciation of metals within a river basin contaminated by mining wastes. New methods for estimating contaminant transformation on a comprehensive river basin based on assembled subsite behaviors are demonstrated for a collection of Hazardous Waste Sites mandated for clean up under the special act of United States Congress, commonly referred to as Superfund sites in the Upper Clark Fork River, south-western Montana, USA. A linked assessment system — consisting of contaminant transformation, Non-Point Source (NPS) and groundwater mixing and transport, surface hydrology and erosion, and surface-water quality models — has been developed, tested, and applied at the site. The main focus of this paper is development and application of site-specific models for metal speciation and tranformation processes. Results of metals speciation modeling, specifically copper, indicate that metal oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, and sulfates are precipitates that control the availability of heavy metal solutes for transport.
Habitat-induced morphological variation influences photosynthesis and drag on the marine macroalga Pachydictyon coriaceum

Photosynthesis, growth, distribution, and persistence of macroalgae are determined in part by the physical environment in which they live. Therefore, discerning how macroalgae interact with their physical environment is necessary to better understand their physiological performance. The purpose of this study was to examine what photosynthetic and hydrodynamic costs and benefits the morphology of Pachydictyoncoriaceum (Phaeophyta) confers on the thallus in a given environment. Principal components analysis of morphometric measurements of Pachydictyoncoriaceum from different flow habitats and depths separated thalli into three distinct morphs: shallow wave-exposed, shallow wave-protected, and deep. To test the hypothesis that thallus morphology affects net photosynthesis (NP), thalli of three morphotypes of P. coriaceum were incubated in an enclosed recirculating flume under three simulated light/water flow environments representing conditions from which the three morphotypes were collected. The wave-protected and deep morphs had significantly higher rates of photosynthesis than the wave-exposed morph for all three simulated environments. The dense, compact shape of the wave-exposed morph readily streamlines with flow and in doing so, potentially shades many of its internal blades likely accounting for its lower biomass-specific NP. Drag coefficients (Cd) were estimated for the three morphotypes over a range of flow velocities between 0.08 and 0.47 m s−1. At lower water flow velocities (0.08–0.21 m s−1), wave-exposed morphs had the lowest Cd among the three morphotypes. But drag coefficients of the three morphotypes converged with increasing flow velocities, and at velocities >0.31 m s−1 there were no differences in Cd among the three morphotypes. The results of this study indicate that the environmentally-shaped morphs influence photosynthesis and, to a lesser degree, hydrodynamic forces acting on P. coriaceum.
Bilateral temperature asymmetry in the loin of the bovine carcass.

Conflicting claims of the effects of early postmortem electrical stimulation on the temperature and cooling rate of beef were investigated, using an improved method of temperature measurement and a precise alternation of sides receiving the treatment. No stimulation effect on temperature was detected, but a consistent laterality effect was observed, the right loin on average being almost 2°C warmer than the left at 3 hr postmortem regardless of prior unilateral or bilateral stimulation. This temperature difference appears to be a localized phenomenon due to the asymmetric distribution and “tightness” of the kidney fat overlying the interior surface of the central loin area.
Chemical thermodynamic properties of molecules that undergo inversion I. Aniline, methylamine, cyclopropylamine, and cyclopentene

Abstract The chemical thermodynamic properties of aniline, methylamine, cyclopropylamine, and cyclopentene have been calculated from spectroscopic quantities. The contributions derived for the inversion motion of these molecules have been obtained from energy levels calculated with reduced potential functions. These potential functions are based on observed transitions and barrier heights of the inversion mode for the respective molecules. A method of computing thermodynamic-property contributions due to complex asymmetric rotation is also presented.
A 32-channel fully implantable wireless neurosensor for simultaneous recording from two cortical regions

We present a fully implantable, wireless, neurosensor for multiple-location neural interface applications. The device integrates two independent 16-channel intracortical microelectrode arrays and can simultaneously acquire 32 channels of broadband neural data from two separate cortical areas. The system-on-chip implantable sensor is built on a flexible Kapton polymer substrate and incorporates three very low power subunits: two cortical subunits connected to a common subcutaneous subunit. Each cortical subunit has an ultra-low power 16-channel preamplifier and multiplexer integrated onto a cortical microelectrode array. The subcutaneous epicranial unit has an inductively coupled power supply, two analog-to-digital converters, a low power digital controller chip, and microlaser-based infrared telemetry. The entire system is soft encapsulated with biocompatible flexible materials for in vivo applications. Broadband neural data is conditioned, amplified, and analog multiplexed by each of the cortical subunits and passed to the subcutaneous component, where it is digitized and combined with synchronization data and wirelessly transmitted transcutaneously using high speed infrared telemetry.
Hydrophilic interaction chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry analysis of polar compounds for natural product drug discovery.

For the drug discovery efforts currently taking place within the pharmaceutical industry, natural product extracts have been found to provide a valuable source of molecular diversity which is complementary to that provided by traditional synthetic organic methods or combinatorial chemistry. However, there exists a need for analytical tools that can facilitate the separation and characterization of components from these sources in a rapid manner. Specifically, the evaluation of highly polar compounds (i.e., compounds that cannot be retained on traditional reversed-phase stationary phases) has been challenging, and a hydrophilic interaction chromatography−electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HILIC−ESI-MS) method was developed to meet this need. In this investigation, amide-, Polyhydroxyethyl Aspartamide-, and cyclodextrin-based packings provided superior performance for the analysis of a set of polar natural product compounds. The properties of the mobile-phase buffers also greatly impacted the separa...
Synthesis of Optically Active Imidazolines, Azapenams, Dioxocyclams, and Bis-dioxocyclams

Optically active 4-methyl-4-carbomethoxy-Δ2-imidazoline was efficiently synthesized on a multigram scale. Photolysis with (methoxymethylcarbene)chromium complex produced the optically active azapenam in good yield and with high stereoselectivity. Acid-catalyzed dimerization followed by reduction produced the corresponding optically active dioxocyclam in good yield. Using a bis-carbene complex, an optically active bis-dioxocyclam was produced in excellent yield.
Effect of pentachlorophenol on the activation of 2,6-dinitrotoluene to genotoxic urinary metabolites in CD-1 mice: a comparison of GI enzyme activities and urine mutagenicity.

2,6-Dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) are used for industrial purposes and are found in the environment as hazardous contaminants. Because concurrent exposure to both compounds can occur, it is of interest to determine if organochlorine compounds potentiate the effect of nitroaromatic chemicals. CD-1 mice were treated with PCP (42.8 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. On weeks 1, 2, and 4 after the initial PCP dose, mice were treated p.o. with 2,6-DNT (75 mg/kg) and 24 hr urines were collected. After concentration, the urines were tested for their mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 without metabolic activation in a microsuspension bioassay. A significant increase (P less than .05) in mutagenicity was observed in urines from mice treated with 2,6-DNT alone and in combination with PCP. By week 4, mice that received both 2,6-DNT and PCP excreted urine that was more mutagenic than that from animals which received only 2,6-DNT. At weeks 2 and 4, mice were sacrificed and intestinal enzyme activities (nitroreductase, azo reductase, beta-glucuronidase, dechlorinase, and dehydrochlorinase) were quantitated. The enhanced genotoxicity observed in urines from 2,6-DNT/PCP-treated mice coincided with a decrease in nitroreductase and an increase in beta-glucuronidase activities in the small intestine.
Remarks on the van der Waerden permanent conjecture

Abstract The van der Waerden permanent conjecture is shown to belong to a large family of conjectured inequalities which are of some interest in themselves and all of which might be provable by a routine computation with convex bodies. In fact, the permanent conjecture in cases n=3 and 4 does yield to this method. For n=5, with the computations made by hand, no proof was found, but a slight extension of the computation (which would probably require electronic assistance) could still settle this case and perhaps even a few more small values of n. The question of whether the method must work remains open.
Erratum to “Reconciling stock assessment and management scales under conditions of spatially varying catch histories” [Fish. Res. 107 (1–3) (2011) 22–38]

ig. 1. Catch history scenarios and stock assessment assumptions. Figures are catch histories by region. The percentage of total catch across all years is provided for combined egions 1–3, 4–6, and 7–9 (the common catch zones (CCZ) across all scenarios). Shading of each region illustrates regions within the same ‘assessment area’. DOI of original article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2012.09.008. ∗ Corresponding author at: Fishery Resource Analysis and Monitoring Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, 2725 Montlake Blvd. East, Seattle, WA 8112-2097, United States. Tel.: +1 206 302 2417. E-mail address: jason.cope@noaa.gov (J.M. Cope).
Surgical correction of buried penis: a review of 60 cases.

Abstract Background/Purpose: The authors reviewed 60 cases of buried penis, treated in a single institution with postoperative follow-up for at least 6 months. The review was aimed at providing information that might help to optimize the results in future surgical correction of this uncommon, but not rare, congenital disorder. Methods: From January 1, 1989 to December 31, 1998, 62 boys with buried penis were treated with 1 of the following procedures: group 1A (n = 6), preputial unfurling alone; group 1B (n = 8), modified preputial unfurling; group 1C (n = 12), penoplasty devised by the first author with preservation of the preputial skin; and group 2 (n = 36), penoplasty with trimming of the inner preputial skin. Postoperative follow-up of more than 6 months after operation was achieved in 60 of 62 patients for a total of 25 patients in group 1 (A through C) and 35 patients in group 2. Results: Recurrent buried penis developed in 8 of 60 patients (13%), and redundant penile skin with or without lymphedema occurred in 18 (30%). The complications occurred in 18 of 25 patients (72%) in group 1 (A through C) but in only 8 of 35 (23%) in group 2. The difference was significant ( P =.001). Most of the complications were mild and acceptable. A second procedure was required in 5 of the 25 patients in group 1 but in none of group 2. The second procedures were required to correct recurrent buried penis in 1 and to resect excess redundant penile skin in 4. Conclusion: The superior results achieved in group 2 suggest that in addition to penoplasty with adequate fixation of the unfurling prepuce, resection of excess inner preputial skin is required to achieve an optimal outcome in children requiring surgical correction of buried penis. J Pediatr Surg 36:426-429. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Diabetes Insipidus: A Challenging Diagnosis with New Drug Therapies

Diabetes Insipidus (DI) is either due to deficient secretion of arginine vasopressin (central) or to tubular unresponsiveness (nephrogenic). Drug induced DI is a well-known entity with an extensive list of medications. Polyuria is generally defined as urine output exceeding 3 liters per day in adults. It is crucial to identify the cause of diabetes insipidus and to implement therapy as early as possible to prevent the electrolyte disturbances and the associated mortality and morbidity. It is very rare to have an idiosyncratic effect after a short use of a medication, and physicians should be aware of such a complication to avoid volume depletion. The diagnosis of diabetes insipidus is very challenging because it relies on laboratory values, urine output, and the physical examination of the patient. A high clinical suspicion of diabetes insipidus should be enough to initiate treatment. The complications related to DI are mostly related to the electrolyte imbalance that can affect the normal physiology of different organ systems.
Support to Aging Parents and Grown Children in Black and White Families

Purpose: Black and White middle-aged adults typically are in a pivot position of providing support to generations above and below. Racial differences in support to each generation in the family remain unclear, however. Different factors may account for racial differences in support of grown children versus aging parents. Design and Methods: Middleaged adults (aged 40–60 years; 35%, n = 216 Black and 65%, n = 397 White) rated social support they provided each aging parent and grown child. Participants reported background characteristics representing their resources and measures of needs for each family member. Interviews also assessed beliefs about obligation to support parents and grown children and rewards from helping. Results: Multilevel models revealed White middle-aged adults provided more support to grown children than Black middle-aged adults. Demands from offspring, beliefs about support, and rewards from helping explained these racial differences. Black middle-aged adults provided more support to parents than White middle-aged adults. Beliefs about support and feelings of personal reward from providing support explained this difference but resources and demands did not. Implications: Racial differences varied by generation (parent or offspring). The prolonged transitions common for White young adults explained racial differences in support of offspring. Middleaged adults may treat support of parents as more discretionary, with cultural ideas about obligation and personal rewards guiding behaviors.
Quinoxaline/phenylquinoxaline copolymers

The thermal crosslinkability of the quinoxaline moiety incorporated within poly(phenylquinoxalines) was demonstrated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), torsional braid analysis (TBA), and high-temperature adhesive evaluation. Several homopolymers, random copolymers, and polymer blends were prepared and evaluated. A new bis(1,2-dicarbonyl) monomer, 4-(4-phenylglyoxalylphenoxy)phenylglyoxal hydrate, was prepared and reacted with 3,3′, 4,4′-tetraaminobiphenyl to provide a polymer where a phenyl group was located on alternating quinoxaline rings. The apparent Tg of this polymer was initially 280°C and increased to 360°C after exposure to 400°C for 0.5 hr in air.
The Psychology of WMD Terrorism

The concern for superterrorism using CBRN weapons has generally focused on what terrorists can do and what our societal vulnerabilities are, with scant attention to terrorist motivations, their incentives, and constraints. In considering which in the spectrum of terrorist groups might be inclined to carry out acts of chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear (CBRN) terrorism, it is important to differentiate the spectrum of such acts as well. Consider the following categorization: (a) large-scale casualties with conventional weapons; (b) CBRN hoaxes; (c) a conventional attack on a nuclear facility; (d) a limited-scale chemical or biological attack or radiological dispersal; (e) a large-scale chemical or biological attack or radiological dispersal; and (f) CBRN strikes (superterrorism) in which thousands of casualties may result. The crucial psychological barrier is not the choice of weapon but rather the willingness to cause mass casualties—a threshold that has already been crossed by some groups. These groups are not attempting to influence the West but to take revenge against the West. Besides the motivation or the willingness to inflict mass casualties by any means, terrorists must possess the technical and financial capabilities to obtain the materials and skills to weaponize such materials and carry out an attack. Chemical and biological weapons may pose a risk to the terrorists themselves and caution might deter them from using such weapons. The technical hurdles and lack of “know-how” can prevent even a willing terrorist from staging a mass casualty terrorist act. Given the skills and hazards in working with radiological and nuclear materials in particular, some groups might question the necessity to move into this technologically difficult and dangerous area when they could inflict mass casualties and mass terror by using conventional weapons, as was …
Charting a Course for Research in Multicultural Counseling Training

This article presents an integrative reaction to the lead contributions by Kiselica, Lark and Paul, and Rooney, Flores, and Mercier. Following the narrative path set by these contributors, the author begins with some personal reflections regarding his own multicultural development. A theme analysis of the lead contributions, along with the author's own experiences, leads to the delineation of 31 characteristics of effective multicultural training organized in three sections: characteristics of effective trainers and mentors, characteristics of promising trainees, and characteristics of facilitative training environments. The second half of this article presents both a general and specific research agenda for multicultural counseling training in the coming decade. Building from the identified themes, research recommendations are presented in five areas: racial identity development, multicultural competency assessment, mentoring, model programs, and the role of program diversity in training effectiveness. T...
Adventures in Identity Development: The Impact of Adventure Recreation on Adolescent Identity Development

This study examined the effect of an adventure recreation program on adolescent identity development. Participants included 43 males and 45 females, ages 11 to 15 (M = 13.33, SD = .86). Twenty-two males and 23 females participated in the program, and the remaining youth served as members of a comparison group. Participants completed a two-week adventure program that included such activities as backpacking, mountain biking, white-water rafting, environmental education, and leadership training. The Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory was used to measure levels of identity, intimacy, and generativity, and the Identity Styles Inventory was used to assess informational, normative, and diffuse/avoidant approaches to identity formation. Results indicated that program participants experienced significant identity development when contrasted with the comparison group.
DEPOLYMERIZATION OF POLY-β-HYDROXYBUTYRATE BY AN INTRACELLULAR ENZYME SYSTEM

Merrick, J. M. (State University of New York, Buffalo), and M. Doudoroff. Depolymerization of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate by an intracellular enzyme system. J. Bacteriol. 88:60–71. 1964.—The poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid contained in the “lipid granules” of Bacillus megaterium is hydrolyzed to d(−)-β-hydroxybutyric acid by a complex enzyme system present in the soluble enzyme fraction of polymer-depleted cells of Rhodospirillum rubrum. This system consists of a thermostable “activator,” a thermolabile “depolymerase,” and an “esterase.” Under certain conditions, the activator can be replaced by trypsin. Various chemical and physical treatments inactivate the “native lipid granules,” and make them unsuitable as a substrate for the digestive enzymes. This inactivation of the granules is often expressed in the extent rather than the rate of their digestion, and is not correlated with the destruction of the polymer-synthesizing enzymes associated with the granules. The principal product of depolymerase action is d(−)-β-hydroxybutyric acid, but small amounts of esterified products are also released. These are hydrolyzed by the esterase.
What to Do With Meaning? A Research Conundrum for the 21st Century

It is difficult to know what to do with meaning. Some kinesiologists, particularly those in the humanities, would argue that it should be given due attention—perhaps even priority attention. Others would argue that meaning is unimportant or simply impossible to study in any objective way. This conundrum can be solved by adopting a new research paradigm, one that places meaning on a level playing field with muscles, cells, genes, and other movement-related phenomena. I argue that we might be in the middle of a Kuhnian paradigm shift. This new way of conceptualizing reality has significant implications, not only for how we do research, but also for how we understand our field. I identify five implications of the new paradigm for kinesiology.
Characterization of an Spm-Controlled Bronze-Mutable Allele in Maize

The association of a receptor (Rs) of the Spm system with a Bz-1 allele has created a two-element Spm-controlled bz-mutable allele (bz-m13) of maize (Zea mays L.). In the absence of Spm, one copy of bz-m13 (bz/bz/bz-m13 ) conditions full anthocyanin production in the aleurone layer of the seed. In the presence of this Spm, bz-m13 produces a unique, coarsely variegated seed phenotype and has a high rate (50–83%) of gametic change to stable bz' or Bz' derivatives. Even one copy of a Bz' derivative allele conditions full anthocyanin production in the aleurone, but the enzyme (UFGT) level of the progenitor Bz-1 allele is not restored in most Bz' derivatives.
Alteration of Pulmonary Macrophage Intracellular PH Following Inhalation Exposure to Sulfuric Acid/Ozone Mixtures

Recent studies have demonstrated that additive and synergistic effects on rabbit pulmonary macrophages (PMo) function can occur after combined exposures to acid aerosols and ozone. This study investigated intracellular pH (pHi) homeostasis and H+ extrusion mechanisms of PMo from rabbits exposed to sulfuric acid, ozone, and their mixtures. Animals were exposed for 3 h to 125 μg/m3 sulfuric acid, 0.1, 0.3, 0.6 ppm ozone, or combinations of acid with each concentration of ozone, and the pHi was determined by a fluorescent dye ratioing technique. Exposure to 125 μg/m3 acid reduced pHi and exposure to ozone resulted in a concentration-dependent reduction in pHi. Ozone generally tended to mitigate the effect of the acid aerosol on pHi. Other groups of rabbits were exposed to 50 μg/m3 sulfuric acid, 0.6 ppm ozone, or their mixture, for 3 h, and PMo were again harvested. The pHi of PMo following exposure to each of the pollutant atmospheres was not different from control. However, H+ extrusion with an imposed int...
Analysis of the frequency/voltage ratio of the EEG in intracranial diseases.

Abstract 1.1. An automatic frequency/voltage ratio analysis of the EEG was described. It is based on the reciprocal relationship which exists between the average frequency (F) of the EEG and the corresponding average voltage (V). The quotient F/V can be expressed in units of activity (U a ) and the analog function U a is used to quantitate the average activity present in one EEG channel. Furthermore, the integration of U a in 10 sec epochs allows for further data compression. 2.2. A total of 84 patients with various forms of intracerebral disease were studied. They included 42 cases of cerebrovascular disease, 32 cases of intracranial tumors and ten cases of acute head injury. Presence or absence of focal intracranial disease was subsequently proven in all cases by non-electroencephalographic diagnostic studies. 3.3. In each category a typical case was briefly presented and the comparison technique of the frequency/voltage ratio analysis was demonstrated. 4.4. The analysis was shown to be an accurate method of detecting areas of minimal slow wave activity across the cerebral hemispheres. 5.5. The frequency/voltage ration analysis is a simple procedure based on a fundamental electrophysiological observation. It yields online quantitative EEG data. It should be a valuable adjunct in clinical electroencephalography.
Limiting efficiencies over 50% using multijunction solar cells with multiple exciton generation

The achievement of solar cells over 50% is a critical goal for photovoltaics. Multijunction solar cells over 5 junctions allow such efficiencies, but are severely limited by material constraints and growth requirements for lattice matching. Nanostructured approaches such as multiple exciton generation (MEG) potentially offer a route to higher efficiency but still require high values of sunlight concentration and large quantum yields. We show an approach that allows for higher efficiencies based on including MEG in a multijunction solar cell. We also present a thermodynamic model for multijunction solar cells with MEG that demonstrates possible improvements.
A Method for Automatically Extracting Road Layers from Raster Maps

To exploit the road network in raster maps, the first step is to extract the pixels that constitute the roads and then vectorize the road pixels. Identifying colors that represent roads in raster maps for extracting road pixels is difficult since raster maps often contain numerous colors due to the noise introduced during the processes of image compression and scanning. In this paper, we present an approach that minimizes the required user input for identifying the road colors representing the road network in a raster map. We can then use the identified road colors to extract road pixels from the map. Our approach can be used on scanned and compressed maps that are otherwise difficult to process automatically and tedious to process manually. We tested our approach with 100 maps from a variety of sources, which include 90 scanned maps with various compression levels and 10 computer generated maps. We successfully identified the road colors and extracted the road pixels from all test maps with fewer than four user labels per map on average.
Brain Dysfunction in Patients with Chronic Critical Illness

Critically ill patients frequently experience acute brain dysfunction in the form of coma or delirium, both of which are common during acute and chronic critical illness (CCI). These manifestations of brain dysfunction are associated with numerous adverse outcomes during acute critical illness, including prolonged hospitalization, increased healthcare costs, and increased mortality. The prognosis of CCI patients with coma or delirium has not yet been thoroughly studied, but preliminary studies suggest this population is at high risk for detrimental outcomes associated with acute brain dysfunction. Additionally, a high percentage of patients who survive acute or CCI suffer from long-term brain dysfunction, which manifests primarily as memory deficits and executive dysfunction and is predicted by brain dysfunction in the ICU. Interventions directed at reducing the burden of brain dysfunction during critical illness have shown promise in studies of patients with acute critical illness, but these therapies have yet to be studied during CCI. Thus, multicenter randomized trials are needed to determine which interventions are most effective for such patients. Until these data are available, management strategies that have been proven beneficial during acute critical illness—such as reduction of sedative exposure, especially to benzodiazepines, and early use of physical and occupational therapy—should be employed during the treatment of patients with CCI.
The effects of age and viral serology on γδ T-cell numbers and exercise responsiveness in humans.

Abstract γδ T-cells are cytotoxic effector cells that preferentially migrate to peripheral tissues and recognize many types of antigen. We examined the effects of age and viral serology on the exercise responsiveness of γδ T-cells. Blood was collected from 17 younger (age: 23–35 yrs) and 17 older (50–64 yrs) healthy males matched for cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex virus-1 and Parvovirus B19 serologic status before and after a single bout of cycling exercise. Older had lower numbers and proportions of γδ T-cells than younger, while CMV was associated with increased numbers and proportions of γδ T-cells in younger but not older. Exercise evoked a ∼2-fold increase in circulating γδ T-cell numbers. The magnitude of this response was 3-times greater in younger compared to older, and 1.6-times greater in younger CMV-infected compared to younger non CMV-infected. To conclude, γδ T-cell numbers and exercise responsiveness decreases with age and may contribute to impaired immunosurveillance after acute acute physical stress.