cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of steric interactions on models of charge-transfer complexes: A preliminary report

An attempt was made to study the steric effects in charge-transfer complexes by selecting two enantiomers, (R) and (S) 2-(2-butyl)anisole, as models of electron donors. A phenyl ring was placed parallel and adjacent to one face of each of the enantiomers, and the conformational properties of the 2-butyl groups were studied. Calculations of conformational energies were performed with CAMSEQ/M, using only the steric term; no electronic or quantum-chemical properties were included. There was a clear difference between the conformational properties of the two enantiomers as studied in this chiral environment.
Nuclear acoustic resonance in single-crystal hydrogen-free tantalum

Nuclear-acoustic-resonance studies have been made of single-crystal 99.99% pure tantalum metal from which all hydrogen has been removed (hydrogen concentration much less than 7 at. ppm or 0.04 wt ppm). The shapes and widths of the $^{181}\mathrm{Ta}$ $\ensuremath{\Delta}m=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1 \mathrm{and} \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2$ absorption lines can be explained as due to quadrupole broadening caused by a random distribution of charged impurities. Unlike hydrogenated Ta, the $\ensuremath{\Delta}m=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2$ line shape and linewidth for the hydrogen-free specimen are independent of magnet angle and temperature between 78 and 300 K. The measured $^{181}\mathrm{Ta}$ Knight shift is (1.14 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.02)% relative to $^{181}\mathrm{Ta}$ in KTa${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. The magnitudes and relative signs of the components of the tensor relating electric field gradient to elastic strain are ${S}_{11}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}26\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{15}$ statcoulomb ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ and ${S}_{44}=\ensuremath{\mp}29\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{15}$ statcoulomb ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$.
Notes on Flat Needlefish, Ablennes hians in North Carolina

Abstract Maximum lengths of three flat needlefish, Ablennes hians collected in North Carolina between1990 and 2012 increased to 564 mm TL for inshore captures and 1,300 mm TL for offshore captures.
A design approach for dual-polarized multiband frequency selective surfaces using fractal elements

We propose a technique for the design of multiband frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) that is based on the use of fractal screen elements. We demonstrate the design methodology by exploiting the self-similarity of the crossbar fractal to implement a tri-band FSS. Another benefit of this design approach, in addition to its multiband performance, is that the frequency response of both the TE and TM modes are exactly the same, owing to the symmetry in the tree-like fractal structure of the screen elements. Dielectric loading effects have been considered for practical implementation of designs with coverage exceeding two bands.
Structural analysis of type II variants within the mouse intracisternal A-particle sequence family

Intracisternal A-particle (IAP) elements are present in multiple copies in the mouse and other rodent genomes. The bulk of this sequence family in Mus musculus consists of 7 Kb long elements, but the majority of IAP sequences involved in known transpositions have been deleted forms. The present study describes a subset of deleted IAP sequences (type II IAP) characterized by insertion of a particular short sequence element (AIIins). AIIins are interspersed and the majority occur as part of the type II IAP elements in the mouse genome. AIIins sequences are absent or in low copy number outside Mus musculus. We have isolated clones containing AIIins from a mouse genomic DNA library and have sequenced three isolates of AIIins and their surrounding IAP sequences to define the detailed structure of type II elements. AIIins are 272, 268 and 264 bp long and 90% homologous in sequence. They are bracketed by 9 bp duplications, suggesting they may be inserted elements. A 75 bp region containing a core enhancer sequence is repeated at the 5' end in type II IAP elements. Insertion into the IAP genome, with potential to encode an integrase function, may have played a role in the amplification of AIIins.
KnightShift: shifting the I/O burden in datacenters to management processor for energy efficiency

Data center energy costs are growing concern. Many datacenters use direct-attached-storage architecture where data is distributed across disks attached to several servers. In this organization even if a server is not utilized it can not be turned off since each server carries a fraction of the permanent state needed to complete a request. Operating servers at low utilization is very inefficient due to the lack of energy proportionality. In this research we propose to use out-of-band management processor, typically used for remotely managing a server, to satisfy I/O requests from a remote server. By handling requests with limited processing needs, the management processor takes the load off the primary server thereby allowing the primary server to sleep when not actively being used; we call this approach KnightShift. We describe how existing management processors can be modified to handle KnightShift responsibility. We use several production datacenter traces to evaluate the energy impact of KnightShift and show that energy consumption can be reduced by 2.6X by allowing management processors to handle only those requests that demand less than 5% of the primary CPU utilization.
PET vs. SPECT: in the Context of Ongoing Developments (Review Article)

This paper intends to compare the abilities of the two major imaging modalities in nuclear medicine imaging: Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT). The motivations are many-fold: (i) To gain a better understanding of the strengths and limitations of the two imaging modalities in the context of recent and ongoing developments in hardware and software design; (ii) To emphasize that certain issues, historically and commonly thought as limitations, may now be instead viewed as challenges that can be addressed; (iii) To point out that existing PET and SPECT scanners in the field can (much) benefit from improvements in image-reconstruction software; (iii) To point-out (to engineers, physicists and software-developers) important areas of research in PET and SPECT imaging that will be instrumental to further improvements in the two modalities;
An integrated course in fundamental engineering and English composition using interactive and process learning methodologies

At the University of Arizona, the electrical and computer engineering faculty teamed up with English composition instructors and used process-oriented teaching strategies to teach a combined English/engineering course to freshmen. The six credit-hour course combined three credit hours of introductory engineering and three credit hours of English composition, both required courses in the curriculum. The combined course is a creative problem-solving class that emphasizes the use of critical reading, thinking, and writing as appropriate learning strategies for technical material. The authors found that the seminar/lecture/laboratory approach produced an increased awareness of learning processes and resulted in more collaborative learning and holistic thinking. >
Yellow fever: 100 years of discovery.

The article describes a series of experiments conducted to explore how yellow fever is propagated from individual to individual and how the contagium is spread within households. The study was conducted in an experimental sanitary station in Cuba, where exposures and movements could be completely controlled. During the investigation, 12 nonimmune persons underwent different exposures, including mosquitoes that had fed on yellow fever patients, blood from infected patients, and fomites belonging to infected patients.The study provided the following observations: (1) Aedes aegypti mosquitoes transferred the disease from an infected individual to a nonimmune person; (2) at least 12 days were needed for the extrinsic incubation period in the mosquito before it could transmit the infection; (3) yellow fever can be transferred to a nonimmune person from the blood of an infected individual taken during the first 2 days of the illness; (4) a filterable agent was responsible for infection; (5) the incubation period for humans ranged between 2 and 6 days; and (6) yellow fever cannot be transmitted by fomites nor spread in a house without the presence of mosquitoes. The most significant conclusion was that the “spread of yellow fever can be most effectually controlled by measures directed to the destruction of mosquitoes.”See PDF for full text of the original JAMA article.
Toward an exact incremental geometric robot motion planner

In this paper we introduce a new class of geometric robot motion planning problems that we call incremental problems. We also introduce the concept of incremental algorithms to solve this class of problems. As an example, we describe an incremental critical curve based exact cell decomposition algorithm for a line segment robot moving freely amidst polygonal obstacles. In the example, after computing an initial representation of the robot's free space, the algorithm maintains the representation as obstacles are moved between planning problems. The cost to maintain the representation is expected to be small relative to the cost of its initial construction.
Automatic extraction of relations between medical concepts in clinical texts

Objective A supervised machine learning approach to discover relations between medical problems, treatments, and tests mentioned in electronic medical records. Materials and methods A single support vector machine classifier was used to identify relations between concepts and to assign their semantic type. Several resources such as Wikipedia, WordNet, General Inquirer, and a relation similarity metric inform the classifier. Results The techniques reported in this paper were evaluated in the 2010 i2b2 Challenge and obtained the highest F1 score for the relation extraction task. When gold standard data for concepts and assertions were available, F1 was 73.7, precision was 72.0, and recall was 75.3. F1 is defined as 2\*Precision\*Recall/(Precision+Recall). Alternatively, when concepts and assertions were discovered automatically, F1 was 48.4, precision was 57.6, and recall was 41.7. Discussion Although a rich set of features was developed for the classifiers presented in this paper, little knowledge mining was performed from medical ontologies such as those found in UMLS. Future studies should incorporate features extracted from such knowledge sources, which we expect to further improve the results. Moreover, each relation discovery was treated independently. Joint classification of relations may further improve the quality of results. Also, joint learning of the discovery of concepts, assertions, and relations may also improve the results of automatic relation extraction. Conclusion Lexical and contextual features proved to be very important in relation extraction from medical texts. When they are not available to the classifier, the F1 score decreases by 3.7%. In addition, features based on similarity contribute to a decrease of 1.1% when they are not available.
Breath Alcohol Analyzer Mistakes Methanol Poisoning for Alcohol Intoxication

Breath alcohol analyzers are used to detect ethanol in motorists and others suspected of public intoxication. One concern is their ability to detect interfering substances that may falsely increase the ethanol reading. A 47-year-old-man was found in a public park, acting intoxicated. A breath analyzer test (Intoxilyzer 5000EN) measured 0.288 g/210 L breath ethanol, without an interferent noted. In the emergency department, the patient admitted to drinking HEET Gas-Line antifreeze, which contains 99% methanol. Two to three hours after ingestion, serum and urine toxicology screen results were negative for ethanol and multiple other substances. His serum methanol concentration was 589 mg/dL, serum osmolality 503 mOsm/kg, osmolar gap 193 mOsm/kg, and anion gap 17 mmol/L. The patient was treated with intravenous ethanol, fomepizole, and hemodialysis without complication. This is a unique clinical case of a breath alcohol analyzer reporting methanol as ethanol. Intoxilyzer devices have been shown to indicate some substances (acetone) as interferents in humans but not methanol. Increased serum concentrations of methanol can be reported as ethanol by a commonly used breath alcohol analyzer, which can result in a delayed diagnosis or misdiagnosis and subsequent methanol toxicity if antidotal treatment is not administered in a timely manner.
Accumulation of a polyisoprene-linked amino sugar in polymyxin-resistant Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli: structural characterization and transfer to lipid A in the periplasm.

Abstract Polymyxin-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium accumulate a novel minor lipid that can donate 4-amino-4-deoxy-l-arabinose units (l-Ara4N) to lipid A. We now report the purification of this lipid from a pss−pmrA C mutant of E. coli and assign its structure as undecaprenyl phosphate-α-l-Ara4N. Approximately 0.2 mg of homogeneous material was isolated from an 8-liter culture by solvent extraction, followed by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, C18 reverse phase resin, and silicic acid. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time of flight mass spectrometry in the negative mode yielded a single species [M − H]− at m/z 977.5, consistent with undecaprenyl phosphate-α-l-Ara4N (M r = 978.41). 31P NMR spectroscopy showed a single phosphorus atom at −0.44 ppm characteristic of a phosphodiester linkage. Selective inverse decoupling difference spectroscopy demonstrated that the undecaprenyl phosphate group is attached to the anomeric carbon of the l-Ara4N unit. One- and two-dimensional 1H NMR studies confirmed the presence of a polyisoprene chain and a sugar moiety with chemical shifts and coupling constants expected for an equatorially substituted arabinopyranoside. Heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence spectroscopy analysis demonstrated that a nitrogen atom is attached to C-4 of the sugar residue. The purified donor supports in vitro conversion of lipid IVA to lipid IIA, which is substituted with a single l-Ara4N moiety. The identification of undecaprenyl phosphate-α-l-Ara4N implies that l-Ara4N transfer to lipid A occurs in the periplasm of polymyxin-resistant strains, and establishes a new enzymatic pathway by which Gram-negative bacteria acquire antibiotic resistance.
Aae, an Autotransporter Involved in Adhesion of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans to Epithelial Cells

ABSTRACT The periodontal pathogen Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans possesses myriad virulence factors, among them the ability to adhere to and invade epithelial cells. Recent advances in the molecular manipulation of this pathogen and the sequencing of strain HK 1651 (http://www.genome.ou.edu/act.html ) have facilitated examination of the genetics of its interaction with epithelial cells. The related gram-negative organism, Haemophilus influenzae, possesses autotransporter adhesins. A search of the sequence database of strain HK 1651 revealed a homologue with similarity in the pore-forming domain to that of the H. influenzae autotransporter, Hap. A. actinomycetemcomitans mutants deficient in the homologue, Aae, showed reduced binding to epithelial cells. A method for making A. actinomycetemcomitans SUNY 465 transiently resistant to spectinomycin was used with conjugation to generate an isogenic aae mutant. An allelic replacement mutant was created in the naturally transformable A. actinomycetemcomitans strain ATCC 29523. Lactoferrin, an important part of the innate host defense system, protects against bacterial infection by bactericidal and antiadhesion mechanisms. Lactoferrin in human milk removes or cleaves Hap and another autotransporter, an immunoglobulin A1 protease, from the surface of H. influenzae, thereby reducing their binding to epithelial cells. Human milk whey had similar effects on Aae from A. actinomycetemcomitans ATCC 29523 and its binding to epithelial cells; however, there was little effect on the binding of SUNY 465. A difference in the genetic structure of aae in the two strains, apparently due to the copy number of a 135-base repeated sequence, may be the cause of the differential action of lactoferrin. aae is the first A. actinomycetemcomitans gene involved in adhesion to epithelial cells to be identified.
C. elegans cell survival gene ced-9 encodes a functional homolog of the mammalian proto-oncogene bcl-2

The activity of the C. elegans gene ced-9 is required to protect cells that normally survive from undergoing programmed cell death. Here we describe the cloning and molecular characterization of this gene. ced-9 is an element of a polycistronic locus that also contains the gene cyt-1, which encodes a protein similar to cytochrome b560 of complex II of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. ced-9 encodes a 280 amino acid protein showing sequence and structural similarities to the mammalian proto-oncogene bcl-2. Overexpression of bcl-2 can mimic the protective effect of ced-9 on C. elegans cell death and can prevent the ectopic cell deaths that occur in ced-9 loss-of-function mutants. These results suggest that ced-9 and bcl-2 are homologs and that the molecular mechanism of programmed cell death has been conserved from nematodes to mammals.
Plasma α-Fetoprotein Elevation and Mutagenicity of Urine as Early Predictors of Carcinogenecity in Benzo(α)Pyrene Fed Rats

ABSTRACTWeanling male Fischer rats were fed purified diets containing 0, 1, 100, or 1,000 ppm benzo(α)pyrene (BAP) for 6 weeks or 0, 1, or 100 ppm BAP for 3 weeks, then the same diets with or without 500 ppm sodium phenobarbital (PB) for an additional 5 weeks. Blood plasma α-fetoprotein (AFP) was determined at one to two week intervals. Urine, collected for eight hours during the sixth or eighth week of treatment, was tested for mutagenicity with S. typhimurium strain TA98 by the Salmonella/mammalian microsome test. Frozen liver sections were stained for γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activity. Only the 1000 ppm BAP treatment induced elevated blood plasma levels of AFP and GGT-positive hepatic cell foci. Urine from rats fed 1000 ppm BAP or 100 ppm BAP + 500 ppm PB caused a significant (P < .05) increase in revertants of S. typhimurium, compared to urine from control rats. Evidence from this investigation suggests that plasma AFP determination and urinary mutagenesis testing could be useful in short term ...
Magnetic Resonance-Based Female Pelvic Anatomy as Relevant for Maternal Childbirth Injury Simulations

The objectives of the study are to review the female pelvic floor anatomy relevant to childbirth simulations, to discuss available methods for clinical evaluation of female pelvic floor function, and to review the variation in pelvic floor changes after vaginal childbirth. A high-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) data set from an asymptomatic nullipara was used to illustrate the MR anatomy of the female pelvic floor. Manual segmentation was performed and three-dimensional reconstructions of the pelvic floor structures were generated, which were used to illustrate the 3D anatomy of the pelvic floor. Variation in the post partum appearance of the levator ani muscles is illustrated using other 2D MR data sets, which depict unilateral and bilateral disruptions in the puborectalis portion of levator ani, as well as shape variations, which may be seen in the post partum levator. The clinical evaluation of the pelvic floor is then reviewed. The female pelvis is composed of a bony scaffold, from which the pelvic floor muscles (obturator internus, levator ani) are suspended. The rectum fits in a midline groove in the levator ani. The vagina is suspended across the midline, attaching bilaterally to the obturator and levator ani. The vagina supports the bladder and urethra. MR studies have demonstrated disruptions in levator ani attachments after vaginal childbirth. Such disruptions are rare in women who have not given birth vaginally. Changes to the neuromuscular apparatus of the pelvic floor can also be demonstrated after vaginal delivery. The combination of childbirth-related anatomic and neurological injury to the pelvic floor may be associated with pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD). These changes are difficult to study in vivo but may be studied through simulations. Appropriate consideration of clinical anatomy is important in these simulations.
Ventricular Volume of Nonbeating Excised Dog Hearts in the State of Elastic Equilibrium

The volume in the left ventricle and that in the right ventricle were measured statically starting from zero transmural pressure, when the ventricle is in the state of elastic equilibrium, to a negative transmural pressure of 30 mm Hg. Freshly excised dog hearts were submerged in Ringer's solution at 10°C to establish zero transmural pressure, to offset the contribution of the weight of the ventricular walls on the shape of the ventricle, and to retard the onset of postmortem changes. The volume was approximated by an equation which included a power function of the body weight and another of the ventricular weight. For male dogs, the left ventricle when in the state of elastic equilibrium contained a mean volume of 14.5 ml for a body weight of 10 kg and a ventricular weight of 58 g; the corresponding figure for the right ventricle was 12.2 ml. In a quiescent heart below a certain ventricular volume, potential energy will be stored in structural elements of the ventricle wall that will facilitate the filling of the ventricle.
Electrical Activation and Impurity Redistribution During Pulsed Laser Annealing of BF 2 + Implanted Amorphized Silicon

Results of experiments studying the electrical activation and impurity redistribution during annealing of BF 2 +implanted amorphized silicon with a Q-switched Nd:glass laser ( \lambda , = 1.06 µm) of 27.5 nm full-width half-maximum (FWHM) are presented. The experimental results are explained on the basis of a thermal melting model. The laser fluence necessary to initiate melting of the front surface was determined using time-resolved reflectivity measurements. The samples irradiated with laser fluences just below the melting threshold and with higher fluences producing melting to successively deeper regions inside the material were specifically investigated. It was found that for full electrical activation, the laser fluence should be large enough to melt past the original amorphouscrystalline interface and the underlying damaged layer, leading to liquid phase epitaxial regrowth and ~100 percent electrical activation.
Facilitating Instructor Adoption of Inquiry-Based Learning in College Mathematics

Faculty development workshops are one strategy for increasing instructor use of evidence-based teaching practices that are known to improve student outcomes in mathematics and other STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) disciplines. Yet relatively little is known about the impact of professional development on teaching practice in higher education. We report findings on participant outcomes from a series of annual, weeklong professional development workshops for college mathematics instructors about Inquiry-Based Learning (IBL) in undergraduate mathematics. We gathered data from surveys with the 139 workshop participants and interviews with a subset of 16 participants. These workshops were found to be effective in encouraging instructors to try this student-centered approach to teaching mathematics, as 58 % of participants reported implementing IBL strategies in the year following the workshop they attended. Analysis suggested that certain features of the workshops supported participants’ adoption of IBL strategies. The findings pointed to the importance of (1) sharing broad, inclusive definitions of IBL, (2) representing viewpoints and experiences from diverse institutional contexts, (3) allowing sufficient time within the workshop to explore and revisit topics, (4) addressing common concerns such as content coverage, student resistance, and skills to implement IBL, and (5) providing ongoing follow-up support and inclusion in the community of IBL practitioners. We also make connections with studies of the impact of instructional development in other STEM disciplines and share implications for effective professional development in general.
The Barrier to Autointegration Factor: Interlocking Antiviral Defense with Genome Maintenance

Intrinsic defenses targeting foreign DNA are one facet of the cellular armament tasked with protecting host genomic integrity. The DNA binding protein BAF (barrier to autointegration factor) contributes to multiple aspects of genome maintenance and intercepts retrovirus, poxvirus, and herpesvirus genomes during infection. In this gem, we discuss the unique position BAF occupies at the virus-host interface and how both viral and cellular mechanisms may regulate its capacity to act as a pro- or antiviral effector targeting viral DNA.
The Electronic Medical Record's Role in Support of Smoking Cessation Activities.

INTRODUCTION Electronic medical records (EMRs) have been touted as a tool for improving physicians' performance in the effort to reduce smoking harm. The purpose of this research is to assess EMR sophistication and functionality in relationship to smoking status documentation, cessation counseling, and medication use in ambulatory care settings. METHODS Regression analyses of the 2007-2010 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey were conducted to measure the association between EMR sophistication and smoking status recorded, smoking cessation counseling, and medication prescribing during visits. In general, EMR sophistication is measured by the presence of interactive EMR capabilities where "advanced" systems include functionalities for clinical decision support and management of orders and tests compared to "basic" systems. RESULTS Physicians using advanced EMR systems were significantly more likely to record smoking status, counsel patients on smoking cessation, and document prescribing medications to support cessation efforts than doctors using less sophisticated technologies. CONCLUSIONS Generally, the use of more sophisticated EMRs were associated with improved smoking cessation support by physicians in the ambulatory environment. Physicians purchasing or upgrading an EMR system should include the smoking cessation support features as part of their requirements. Future stages in the federal government's EMR Meaningful Use incentives and rewards program should include explicit metrics related to smoking cessation activities. IMPLICATIONS The findings of this article contribute to current literature on EMR and smoking cessation by providing empirical evidence that advanced EMR systems with features like clinical reminders serve to influence the structure of the clinical encounter such that clinicians are significantly more likely to document smoking, engage in counseling, and prescribe medications. Physicians purchasing or upgrading an EMR system should include the smoking cessation support features as part of their requirements. Future stages in the federal government's EMR Meaningful Use incentives and rewards program should include explicit metrics related to smoking cessation activities.
Evaluating Cross-Channel Exchange in the Santa Barbara Region: Experimental Data on Acorn Processing and Transport

mash of southern California were one of the most complex hunter-gatherer groups in North America (Arnold 2001; Gamble 2008). A key component of Chumash complexity concerns the intensive exchange that occurred across the Santa Barbara Channel (Figure 1). Over the course of several centuries starting around 900 C.E., Chumash bead specialists on Santa Cruz Island produced millions of shell beads that were exported to the mainland coast and traded throughout southern California and the Great Basin (Bennyhoff and Hughes 1987; Eerkens et al. 2005). In exchange for such beads, it has often been suggested that the Island Chumash received terrestrial plant foods, which were rare on the islands but abundant on the mainland coast (Arnold 1992, 2001; Gamble 2008; Kennett 2005). Of the many plant foods that might have been traded to the islands, acorns are among the most frequently mentioned in ethnohistoric literature (King 1976; Timbrook 2007) and represent one of the most easily storable and transportable food items available to the Chumash. As such, acorns can serve as a good proxy for the evaluation of food transport from the mainland to the islands. Numerous recent scholarly works have mentioned acorns as representing an important mainland contribution to Chumash exchange systems (Arnold 2001, 2012; Gamble 2008; Kennett 2005). Despite the prominence of acorns in the literature, archaeological evidence for their exchange across the Santa Barbara Channel is extremely thin. This problem is most apparent when we look at evidence from macrobotanical studies conducted on Santa Cruz Island (Martin 2010; Martin and Popper 2001), which have found only a handful of acorns after decades of archaeological work. Additionally, bedrock mortars are extremely rare on the islands (Hudson and Blackburn 1983:102), a pattern that we would not expect to see if islanders were importing large amounts of acorns and grinding them into meal. EVALUATING CROSS-CHANNEL EXCHANGE IN THE SANTA BARBARA REGION: EXPERIMENTAL DATA ON ACORN PROCESSING AND TRANSPORT
Temperature and species concentration measurements in a swirled hydrogen diffusion flame

w . . Vanderbilt 'university Nashville, Tennessee 37235 Temperature measurements made by thermocouple and by spontaneous vibrational Raman scattering are compared in a swirled and unswirled turbulent lifted hydrogen jet diffusion flame. The thermocouple based temperature studies, which are restricted in depth and breadth because of thermocouple wire melting point limitations, are shown to be consistent with previous thermocouple measurements in the same flame. However, the thermocouple temperature measurements lead to an erroneous description of the flame as they depart significantly from the nonintrusive Raman scattering temperature measurements. Using a KrF excimer laser, Raman scattering and fluorescence measurements of the major species (H,, H20, 02 , N2), minor species (OH), and temperature are presented for unswirled and swirled lifted turbulent hydrogen jet diffusion flames into still air. These are the most comprehensive measurement of scalars obtained to date in reacting swirling flows. They show the effect of swirl and lift on the mixing and chemistry in the flame and provide data for development of improved models of mixing and turbulent-chemistry interactions in turbulent swirled flames.
From Yuanqi(Primal Energy) To Wenqi(Literary Pneuma):A Philosophical Study of a Chinese Aesthetics

Wenqi(literary pneuma) is a foundational idea in Chinese aesthetics.Since Cao Pi first proposed it in "A Discourse on Literature",wenqi has been one of the most important aesthetic concepts in the Chinese tradition.However,as is characteristic of many ancient Chinese aesthetic concepts,it was not clearly defined,nor was its relationship to other concepts clearly conceptualized in its initial formulation.Therefore,wenqi has still remained an elusive concept and seems to exemplify Oriental mysticism.To examine the restricted meanings of the category,I propose to explore its general as well as specific implications against the larger background of Chinese intellectual thought and in relation to contemporary theories of literature and aesthetics.Through a historical and conceptual inquiry,I attempt to probe into these questions:What is the nature and function of wenqi? Does the theory of wenqi form an aesthetic system? Can we understand it in analytic terms? What is its relation to Chinese philosophy and literary creation?
Model for fluid-solid interaction problem between a thin cylindrical shell and a transversal cross-flow

For the fluid-solid interaction problem between an elastic thin cylindrical shell and a transversal cross-flow,United Lagrangian-Eulerian method is applied to build the model and theoretical equations,and the deformation and surface pressure coefficient of the shell of large bending are focused on.The results suggest that under the action of a transversal cross-flow,the round section of the shell is changed into approximate ellipse,besides,the deformation of the shell influences the surface pressure coefficient of the shell.By examples,the effects of parameters concerned on deformation and surface pressure coefficient of the shell are discussed.The research results can supply future reference when the interaction problems between a thin cylindrical shell and viscous fluid are being solved using United Lagrange-Euler method.
DroidTest: Testing Android Applications for Leakage of Private Information

Smartphones have become a basic necessity in recent years, and a large portion of users are using them for storing private data such as personal contacts and performing sensitive operations such as financial transactions. As a result, there is a high incentive for attackers to compromise these devices. Researchers have also found that there are indeed many malicious applications on official or unofficial Android markets, and a large fraction of them steal private user data once they are installed on smartphones. In this paper, we propose a novel method to test Android applications for the leakage of private data. Our method reuses existing test cases, produced either manually or automatically, and converts each of them into a set of new correlated test cases. The property of these correlated test cases is such that- they will trigger the same result in our system if there is no leakage of private data. As a result, the leakage of information can be detected if we observe different outputs from executions under correlated inputs. We have evaluated our system on an Android malware dataset and the top 50 free applications on official Android market. The result shows that our tool can effectively and efficiently detect leakage of private data.
Effect of amino acid infusion on renal hemodynamics in humans: a dose-response study.

We evaluated the dose-response relationship between the plasma amino acid (AA) concentration and renal hemodynamics in eight normal subjects. After an overnight fast, a balanced 10% AA solution was infused for 180 min at five separate infusion rates: 0.5 (group I), 1.0 (group II), 2.0 (group III), 4.0 (group IV), and 6.0 (group V) ml.kg-1.min-1 on separate days. Basal plasma AA concentration was 1.87 +/- 0.1 mmol/l and increased to 2.26 +/- 0.1 (group I), 2.66 +/- 0.2 (group II), 3.79 +/- 0.5 (group III), 5.81 +/- 0.4 (group IV), and 7.41 +/- 0.4 mmol/l (group V). Basal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF) averaged 95 +/- 4 and 476 +/- 29 ml.1.73 m-2.min-1, respectively, and rose to 98 +/- 5 and 506 +/- 40 (group I) [P = not significant (NS)], 102 +/- 3 and 533 +/- 30 (group II) (P < 0.05 vs. basal), 110 +/- 4 and 567 +/- 29 (group III), 115 +/- 7 and 610 +/- 55 (group IV), and 117 +/- 7 and 614 +/- 66 ml.1.73 m-2.min-1 (group V) (P = NS vs. group IV). Basal plasma glucagon concentration averaged 68 +/- 10 pg/ml and increased to 74 +/- 10 (group I), 83 +/- 11 (group II) (P < 0.05 vs. basal), 100 +/- 14 (group III), 121 +/- 14 (group IV), and 229 +/- 35 pg/ml (group V) (P < 0.01 vs. basal). Increases in plasma growth hormone (GH) and insulin levels were observed only during groups IV and V.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Transitions: 1933–1935

Well past 1931 semantics was for Tarski simply a tool for producing explicit definitions of certain concepts that appeared both suspect and difficult to avoid: truth, denotation, satisfaction and (semantic) definition. Some of the tools thereby developed were even mathematically fruitful, as shown in the later pages of ODS and its sequel, “Logical Operations and Projective Sets”, co-authored with Kuratowski. But it seems not to have occurred to Tarski to think of meaning itself in terms of semantic word–world relations; he was too wedded to the conception of meaning in terms of the expression of thought and the constraints placed on this by the deductive structure of an axiom system. His willingness to present “Some Methodological Investigations” in 1934 and publish it in 1935 shows how far he was, even that late, from thinking that semantics could stand on its own or take the place of the older meaning-theoretic notions he had acquired from Kotarbinski and Leśniewski. Padoa’s method clearly should be construed in semantic terms, yet in 1934 Tarski is willing to re-use material from 1926 in which the notion of an interpretation of a term receives the same psychologistic treatment it gets from Padoa himself.
Challenging graduate nurses' transition: Care of the deteriorating patient.

Aim and objective To explore graduate nurses' experiences of caring for deteriorating patients during the first year of practice. Background Hospital-based transition programmes have been established to ease graduate nurse transition. Despite this, novice nurses persistently cite caring for deteriorating patients as a clinical challenge. Few studies have explored the unique needs of novice nurses during such encounters, even less research has been undertaken from their perspective. Design Qualitative interpretive phenomenological analysis. Method One-on-one, semi-structured, in-depth, audio-recorded interviews were conducted between July–November 2014. A purposive sample of eight novice nurses working in acute care, ICU and the ED was recruited through the use of flyers. Results Three major patterns with related themes illuminate the experience of caring for deteriorating patients as it is lived by graduate nurses. Dwelling with uncertainty occurred during initial encounters with deteriorating patients with its deeply felt impact upon these novices causing them to question their capability of becoming a nurse. ‘Success’ or ‘failure’ of their performance during these encounters extended to their view of themselves as nurses and impacted transition. Building me up was influenced by participants’ expressed need for and importance of trusted relationships with preceptors, nurse colleagues and/or educators as they learned to care for deteriorating patients. A new lifeline: Salient being emerged as change in participants’ identity and increased self-understanding as professional nurses. Conclusion Caring for deteriorating patients impacted graduate nurses because they viewed such encounters to be ‘high stakes’ not only for their patient but also for themselves. Crucial to their development were trusted relationships with preceptors, nurse colleagues and/or educators. Relevance to clinical practice The findings identify needs of graduate nurses' during a high-stakes patient encounter and shed light upon one aspect of transition. Clinical leaders may use the findings from this study to improve preceptor development and transition programme curricula.
Guest Editors' Introduction Challenges and Opportunities in Analog/Mixed-Signal CAD

The articles in this special section focus on analog-mix-signal CAD design. With the advent of "Internet of Things" always connected, sensor-driven electronics are becoming a pervasive part of our lives. Fueled by the commoditization of digital compute capabilities, open source hardware movement such as Arduino, and the relentless advances in biomedical electronics, this trend is only going to accelerate. Yet despite the digital processing that is at the core of such electronics, the environment in which these devices operate is inherently analog. As a result, the analog/mixed-signal (AMS) circuits are occupying an increasingly large percentage of the die area. In response to this special issue topic, we received eight submissions covering a broad range of topics, including modeling, simulation, optimization, validation, and testing.
Case Scenario for Perioperative Fluid Management in Major Orthopedic Surgery

Fluid management is a crucial issue for patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery, in which large blood loss, transfusions, fluid shifts, and high incidence of postoperative complications are important concerns. Fluid balance is a major contributing factor to postoperative morbidity and mortality. Persistent hypovolemia is associated with organ hypoperfusion, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, and multiple organ failure. Fluid overload, on the other hand, is associated with edema, ileus, postoperative nausea and vomiting, pulmonary complications, and increased cardiac demands
Componentization and Semantic Mediation

Reuse and agility are all basic requirements in a rapid development environment. Among all disciplines, componentization is crucial and also the foundation to maintain a consistent responsiveness between business and IT. Based on this objective, this paper proposes that first the terminology of semantic mediation needs to be clarified. This should not be initiated from the macro architecture layer; instead we propose that both mediation and interoperability should impact components first and push semantics strategy directly into the micro process to be synthesized into the service layer. To achieve this goal, a precise framework for its life cycle includes, decision, analysis and design are key steps in building the skeleton of enterprise integration. In this research paper we deal with the component identification, we further explore the brief of micro mechanism of component interference and service provisioning in achieving service virtualization.
Extraction of Basic Noun Phrases from Natural Language Using Statistical Context-Free Grammar

The objective of this research was to extract simple noun phrases from natural language texts using two different grammars: stochastic context-free grammar (SCFG) and non-statistical context free grammar (CFG). Precision and recall were calculated to determine how many precise and correct noun phrases were extracted using these two grammars. Several text files containing sentences from English natural language specifications were analyzed manually to obtain the test-set of simple noun-phrases. To obtain precision and recall, this test-set of manually extracted noun phrases was compared with the extracted-sets of noun phrases obtained using the both grammars SCFG and CFG. A probabilistic chart parser was developed by modifying a deterministic parallel chart parser. Extraction of simple noun-phrases with the SCFG was accomplished using this probabilistic chart parser, a dictionary containing word probabilities along with the meaning, context-free grammar rules associated with rule probabilities and finally an algorithm to extract most likely parses of a sentence. The probabilistic parsing algorithm and the algorithm to determine figures of merit were implemented using C++ programming language.
Patterns of DON and DOC Leaching Losses Across a Natural N Availability Gradient in Temperate Hardwood Forests

Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) is a potentially significant vector of N loss from forest ecosystems that has been characterized as an “N leak.” Although the term “leak” suggests a lack of regulation, it is clear DON losses are a function of biological and physicochemical processes that influence its production and retention across the landscape. In this study, we investigated how soil processes that influence DON cycling impact ecosystem patterns of DON loss in five northern hardwood forests that spanned a gradient of N availability, tree species composition, and moisture–edaphic characteristics. We collected soil leachate from the forest floor and at 15 and 100 cm soil depths and related solution chemistry to its physical environment. We found that DON losses were a function of ecosystem N status and increased modestly with soil N stock. We also found a unimodal pattern of DOC/DON losses across the gradient driven by low DOC/DON in the lowest N availability stand, likely due to the interaction between strongly sorbing DOM inputs from C-rich, oak-derived leaf litter with highly sorptive soils. We suggest DOM losses from forests depend on interactions between soil solution input chemistry from the forest floor, which reflects changes in tree species composition across the landscape, and soil sorptive processes where organic compounds are dynamically exchanged between solid and dissolved phases. These results emphasize the need to understand how fine-scale processes can interact to shape ecosystem patterns of DOM loss.
Inhibitors of ubiquitin E3 ligase as potential new antimalarial drug leads

Protein ubiquitylation is an important post-translational regulation, which has been shown to be necessary for life cycle progression and survival of Plasmodium falciparum. Ubiquitin is a highly conserved 76 amino acid polypeptide, which attaches covalently to target proteins through combined action of three classes of enzymes namely, the ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1), ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) and ubiquitin-protein ligase (E3). Ubiquitin E1 and E2 are highly conserved within eukaryotes. However, the P. falciparum E3 ligase is substantially variable and divergent compared to the homologs from other eukaryotes, which make the E3 ligase a parasite-specific target. A set of selected E3 ubiquitin ligase inhibitors was tested in vitro against a chloroquine-sensitive P. falciparum D6 strain (PfD6) and a chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum W2 strain (PfW2). The inhibitors were also tested against Vero and transformed THP1 cells for cytotoxicity. The lead antimalarial E3 ubiquitin ligase inhibitors were further evaluated for the stage-specific antimalarial action and effects on cellular development of P. falciparum in vitro. Statistics analysis was done by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey and Sidak multiple comparison test using GraphPad Prism 6. E3 ligase inhibitors namely, JNJ 26854165, HLI 373 and Nutlin 3 showed prominent antimalarial activity against PfD6 and PfW2. These inhibitors were considerably less cytotoxic to mammalian Vero cells. JNJ 26854165, HLI 373 and Nutlin 3 blocked the development of P. falciparum parasite at the trophozoite and schizont stages, resulting in accumulation of distorted trophozoites and immature schizonts. Interruption of trophozoites and schizont maturation by the antimalarial E3 ligase inhibitors suggest the role of ubiquitin/proteasome functions in the intraerythrocytic development of malaria parasite. The ubiquitin/proteasome functions may be critical for schizont maturation. Further investigations on the lead E3 ligase inhibitors shall provide better understanding regarding the importance of E3 ligase functions in the malaria parasite as a potential new antimalarial drug target and a new class of antimalarial drug leads.
Using Generic Reasoning to Compare Fractions

This chapter traces the students’ use of generic reasoning throughout their explorations with fraction comparisons. It identifies trends in the students’ reasoning that suggest that these patterns are a result of the kinds of tasks that were presented and the opportunities that students had to record their justifications as they built their models and solutions.