cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MO-D-I-609-05: Uncertainties in Measuring Activity Concetrations of a Moving Phantom Aquired with Standard Clinical PET/CT Protocol

Purpose: We have evaluated the magnitude of errors associated with measuring activities in moving objects in PET/CT images acquired using standard helical/clinical CT data. Method and Materials: In this study we used 2001 NEMA IEC Body phantom which has six fillable spheres with diameters of 37, 28, 22, 17, 13 and 10 mm. The target-to-background 18FDG activity in a phantom was 8:1. A motorized platform moved the phantom with motion amplitude and period set to 2 cm and 5 s. All data was acquired using standard helical/clinical protocol: helical CT follow by PET emission scan. To determine uncertainties in activity measurements in stationary phantom we have acquired PET/CT scans of a phantom at 5 different positions. To evaluated the magnitude of errors in moving phantom we have reconstructed a PET image using emission data for the moving phantom and data for 30 different helical/clinical CT scans of the moving phantom acquired at random. Results: The uncertainties in measuring activities in the stationary phantom ranged from 9% for the largest sphere to 47% for the sphere with smallest diameter. The errors in measuring activity in the sphere in the moving phantom from 30 PET/CT image ranged from 10% to 33 % depending on the sphere's size. We have estimated the maximum possible observable error between the activity in stationary and moving phantom to be 21% for the largest and 75% for the smaller size sphere. Conclusion: The CT acquisition is on an order seconds and is fast enough that it will not acquire a motion-average CT scan. PET emission scan on the other had is a motion-average data. As a result, activity measured from PET/CT data acquired with standard helical/clinical protocol will vary depending on a start-time of the CT acquisition with respect to the phase of the motion cycle.
The effects of REM sleep deprivation on the metabolic rates of male rats

To confirm earlier speculation and to replicate the results of a single study, the effect of REM sleep deprivation on the oxygen consumption of male rats was monitored over a 10-day period. The data suggested an inverse relationship between these variables during the treatment period. However, we also identified variables for future research, which contribute ambiguity to the interpretation of this relationship.
Compact composition operators between weighted Bergman spaces on convex domains in ℂ n

It is shown that a compact composition operator on a weighted Bergman space over a smoothly bounded strongly convex domain in ℂ n can have no angular derivative. Also, sufficient conditions for the boundedness and the compactness of composition operators defined on Hardy and weighted Bergman spaces are obtained, for situations in which each of the target spaces is enlarged in a natural way.
Interruption of and harassment during copulation by stumptail macaques, Macaca arctoides

Abstract To study the phenomena of harassment during and interruption of copulation, a captive group of 15–28 stumptail macaques, Macaca arctoides, was observed for over 1200 hours during a 7-year period. Characteristics of harassment and interruption were described under a variety of social conditions. Individuals engaged in copulation were typically harassed by at least one group member. Harassment was directed primarily toward high-ranking individuals and was performed primarily by females. Copulatory interruption was performed only by high-ranking males. The Possessive, Dominance/Revanchism, Reproductive Potential and Sentinel Hypotheses concerning the functions of copulatory harassment were examined. None of these hypotheses was supported completely by the data and it was concluded that for stumptail macaques no current hypothesis explains this behaviour unambiguously. Harassment was also discussed in terms of social disruption and reconciliation patterns among these primates. The Reproductive Potential Hypothesis for interruption was supported by the data, and, unlike explanations of harassment, this hypothesis seems to explain copulatory interruption for a variety of different primate species.
Addison's disease in children

Summary Two cases of primary chronic adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease) in children are presented. The symptoms and signs of chronicadrenocortical insufficiency seldom suffice to certify a diagnosis. Similarly, reliance on laboratory methods that do not involve actual measurements of adrenal hormones in plasma and urine may obscure an underlying adrenal insufficiency by false-negative results. The use of the quantitative adrenalresponse to ACTH stimulation as reflected in urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids and 17-hydroxycorticoids and plasma 17-hydroxycorticoid levels provides the most accurate laboratory tool now available in the diagnosis of Addison's disease. The use of 9-alpha-fluorohydrocortisoneprovides an agent which, when used together with cortisone or hydrocortisone, promises to allow effective, safe, and relatively inexpensive oral therapy for chronic adrenal insufficiency. Appendix of Methods .—(1) Blood sugarswere done by Folin-Wu method. (2) Urinary creatinines were done by Folin method. (3) Urinary 17-ketosteroids were done by the Klendshoj modification of the Drekter method. 19 (4) Urinary 17-hydroxycorticoids were done by a modification of the Reddy procedure. 20 (5) Plasma 17-hydroxycorticoids were done by an adaptation of the method published by Silber and Bush. 21
On the Causes and Consequences of Ballot Order Effects

We investigate the effect of ballot order on the outcomes of California city council and school board elections. Candidates listed first win office between four and five percentage points more often than expected absent order effects. This first candidate advantage is larger in races with more candidates and for higher quality candidates. The first candidate advantage is similar across contexts: the magnitude of the effect is not statistically distinguishable in city council and in school board elections, in races with and without an open seat, and in races consolidated and not consolidated with statewide general elections. Standard satisficing models cannot fully explain ballot order effects in our dataset of multi-winner elections.
A habitat for psychrophiles in deep Antarctic ice

Microbes, some of which may be viable, have been found in ice cores drilled at Vostok Station at depths down to approximately 3,600 m, close to the surface of the huge subglacial Lake Vostok. Two types of ice have been found. The upper 3,500 m comprises glacial ice containing traces of nutrients of aeolian origin including sulfuric acid, nitric acid, methanosulfonic acid (MSA), formic acid, sea salts, and mineral grains. Ice below approximately 3,500 m comprises refrozen water from Lake Vostok, accreted to the bottom of the glacial ice. Nutrients in the accretion ice include salts and dissolved organic carbon. There is great interest in searching for living microbes and especially for new species in deepest Antarctic ice. I propose a habitat consisting of interconnected liquid veins along three-grain boundaries in ice in which psychrophilic bacteria can move and obtain energy and carbon from ions in solution. In the accretion ice, with an age of a few 10(4) years and a temperature a few degrees below freezing, the carbon and energy sources in the veins can maintain significant numbers of cells per cubic centimeter that are metabolizing but not multiplying. In the 4 x 10(5)-year-old colder glacial ice, at least 1 cell per cm(3) in acid veins can be maintained. With fluorescence microscopy tuned to detect NADH in live organisms, motile bacteria could be detected by direct scanning of the veins in ice samples.
An Initial lexicon of sensory properties for nail polish

Synopsis Objective The objective of this study was to develop an initial lexicon for sensory properties of nail polish and to validate this lexicon using a descriptive analysis study of selected samples. Methods Seventeen commercial products from four categories (regular, flake-containing, water-based and gel) were used in this study. Descriptive sensory analysis was conducted in this study to characterize and evaluate application and removal properties of these nail polishes. Data was then processed by ANOVA, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Pearson's Correlation Coefficient analysis to explore the differences among samples and attributes. Results A lexicon of 21 sensory attributes was developed to describe the application of nail polish. It included three initial texture attributes, thirteen initial appearance attributes and five aroma attributes. A lexicon of five attributes in five stages was developed to describe the removal of nail polish. The results from ANOVA and PCA showed that attributes in the lexicon separated the different product categories. Conclusion The results of this study indicated that descriptive sensory analysis can be used to evaluate nail polish. The results of this study present scientists who are working on nail polish an additional tool to describe application and removal properties of nail polish. Resume Objectif L'objectif de cette etude etait de developper un lexique initial pour les proprietes sensorielles de vernis a ongles et de valider ce lexique a l'aide d'une etude de l'analyse descriptive des echantillons selectionnes. Methodes Dix-sept produits commerciaux issus de quatre categories (reguliere, contenant flocons, a base d'eau et gel) ont ete utilises dans cette etude. L'analyse sensorielle descriptive a ete realisee dans cette etude pour caracteriser et evaluer les proprietes d'application et d'elimination de ces vernis a ongles. Les donnees ont ensuite ete traitees par l'analyse de variance (ANOVA), l'Analyse des Composantes Principales (ACP) et l'analyse de coefficient de correlation de Pearson pour explorer les differences entre les echantillons et les attributs. Resultats Un lexique de vingt et un attributs sensoriels a ete developpe pour decrire l'application de vernis a ongles. Il comprend trois attributs de texture initiale, treize attributs d'aspect initial et cinq attributs d'arome. Un lexique de cinq attributs en cinq etapes a ete developpe pour decrire l'elimination des vernis a ongles. Les resultats de l'ANOVA et l'APC ont montre que les attributs dans le lexique permettaient de separer les differentes categories de produits. Conclusion Les resultats de cette etude indiquent que l'analyse sensorielle descriptive peut etre utilisee pour evaluer les vernis a ongles. Les resultats de cette etude presente aux scientifiques qui travaillent sur ​​le vernis a ongles un outil supplementaire pour decrire les proprietes d'application et d'elimination des vernis a ongles.
High resolution optical A/D conversion using oversampling and interpolative coding

A novel approach to optical analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion based on oversampling and interpolative coding techniques is proposed. This approach incorporates the high resolution capabilities of classical oversampled A/D conversion with the high speed of optical processing technology to extend the resolution and conversion rates beyond those currently possible with other electronic or optical converters. The proposed optical converter uses optical threshold and arithmetic operators and fundamentally trades bandwidth for improving amplitude resolution. A non-interferometric realization using multiple quantum well electroabsorption modulators, photodetectors, and a novel approach for noninterferometric optical subtraction is described that can provide 8 bit resolution at a conversion rate of approximately 1 GHz. >
Cortical surface characteristics among offspring of schizophrenia subjects

Abstract Background A systematic study of cortical surface parameters in adolescent offspring of schizophrenia subjects before clinical manifestation could clarify neurodevelopmental antecedents of increased genetic risk. We examined these measures obtained on structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans at baseline and one year on a series of offspring of schizophrenia parents and healthy subjects. Methods We measured cortical surface area, curvature and thickness using BRAINS2 on structural MRI scans acquired using 1.5 T GE whole body scanner on all subjects. We examined the differences between study groups at baseline using mixed-effects models, and longitudinal trajectory of these measures using linear mixed-effects models. Results At baseline, offspring of schizophrenia parents showed reduced gyral surface area in the fronto-parietal lobes along with increased sulcal curvature and parietal gyral cortical thinning compared to healthy subjects. Prospective follow up of these subjects for one year showed shrinking of the total surface area, especially in the bilateral frontal and occipital regions along with preservation of cortical thickness among offspring of schizophrenia parents whereas healthy subjects showed preserved or increased surface area and cortical thinning. Correlation of these measures with lobar volumes was not observed at baseline cross-sectional comparisons but was observed in longitudinal examinations. Discussion Our observations suggest that adolescents with genetically elevated risk for schizophrenia show altered cortical surface measures affecting cortical surface area and thickness differentially suggesting a divergent trajectory of neurodevelopment. Cortical surface measures appear to be more sensitive to genetic liability to schizophrenia compared to volumetric measures.
Development of reflux in the perforator veins in limbs with primary venous disease.

Objective To determine the patterns by which perforator vein (PV) reflux develops in patients with primary chronic venous disease (CVD). Methods Patients with CVD who had at least two examinations with duplex ultrasonography before any treatment were included in this study. These were patients who were offered an operation at their first visit, but for various reasons treatment was postponed. All affected limbs were classified by the CEAP classification system. A detailed map of normal and refluxing sites was drawn on an anatomic chart by using several landmarks of the skin, muscle, and bone. Reflux was induced by distal limb compression followed by sudden release by using rapid-inflation pneumatic cuffs and dorsiplantar flexion. All new reflux sites were documented. The PV reflux was divided into ascending type, descending type (re-entry flow), and those that developed in new locations, which did not have reflux in any system at that level. Results The total number of patients studied was 127 (158 limbs). There were 29 limbs (18%) in 26 patients with reflux development in the PV. In total, 38 new incompetent PVs were identified. The median time for the examination was 25 months (range, 9-52 months). Reflux in a previously normal PV at a re-entry site was detected in 15, in an ascending manner from an extension of superficial vein reflux in 18, and in a new, previously intact location in 5. At the new sites, reflux in the superficial veins connected to the incompetent PVs was always present. PVs connected to the great saphenous vein system were most common (n = 27), followed by those connected to short saphenous (n = 8) and nonsaphenous (n = 3) veins. Worsening in the clinical class was observed in 11 limbs: 5 from class 2 to 3, 2 from class 2 to 4, 2 from class 3 to 4, and 2 from class 4 to 6. The worsening could not be attributed to the PV reflux alone, because other veins became incompetent as well. Conclusions Reflux in PVs develops in ascending fashion through the superficial veins, at re-entry points, and at new sites. Worsening of CVD is observed with new PV reflux, but many other factors play a major role, and therefore a causative association is difficult to prove.
High hydrostatic pressure increased stability and activity of immobilized lipase in hexane

Abstract Lipases are important to high value product synthesis, modification, and enhancement. However, they are often unstable above 40 °C. While most current applications of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) are for inactivating deleterious enzymes, there is evidence that HHP can stabilize and increase activity of some enzymes. This study examines the apparent kinetics of immobilized lipase-catalyzed synthesis of isoamyl acetate at HHP in hexane. HHP reduced thermal inactivation of lipase by up to 152% after 4 h at 80 °C and 400 MPa when compared to incubations at low pressure. No significant differences were found in activation energy (Ea) at different pressures, irrespectively of the pressurization and heating sequence, and were between 35.7 ± 3.5 and 47.8 ± 8.2 kJ mol−1, depending on the method. In all methods utilized, activity at 63.5 and 80 °C at 400 MPa was greater (from about 20 to 96% increase) than at low pressure. Activity increased by 110% at low pressure versus a 239% increase at 350 MPa when the temperature was increased from 40 to 80 °C. Increasing pressure up to 350 MPa increased lipase activity while pressures greater than 350 MPa maintained or decreased lipase activity. Activation volume (ΔV≠) appeared negative between ambient pressure and 200 MPa in contrast to a positive ΔV≠ between 300 and 600 MPa. Apparent ΔV≠ was 14.3 ± 1.7 or 15.2 ± 2.2 cm3 mol−1 at 40 or 80 °C, respectively, between 300 and 500 MPa.
Management of sorafenib-related adverse events: a clinician's perspective.

Sorafenib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is approved for the treatment of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). It is being evaluated in phase II and III clinical trials, which include treatment as a single agent (locally advanced/metastatic radioactive iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer [DTC]), as part of multimodality care (HCC), and in combination with chemotherapeutic agents (metastatic breast cancer). Sorafenib-related adverse events (AEs) that commonly occur across these tumor types include hand–foot skin reaction (HSFR), rash, upper and lower gastrointestinal (GI) distress (ie, diarrhea), fatigue, and hypertension. These commonly range from grade 1 to 3, per the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE), and often occur early in treatment. The goal for the management of these AEs is to prevent, treat, and/or minimize their effects, thereby enabling patients to remain on treatment and improve their quality of life. Proactive management, along with ongoing patient education (before and during sorafenib treatment), can help to effectively manage symptoms, often without the need for sorafenib dose modification or drug holidays. Effective management techniques for common sorafenib-related AEs, as well other important disease sequelae not directly related to treatment, are presented. Recommendations and observations are based on physician/author experience and recommendations from published literature.
Effects of concanavalin A on mouse peritoneal macrophages. I. Stimulation of endocytic activity and inhibition of phago-lysosome formation.

Concanavalin A (Con A) binds to saccharide residues on the mouse peritoneal macrophage plasma membrane and stimulates extensive pinocytic interiorization of the membrane. The overall pinocytic rate is increased 3.5–4.5 times by the addition of Con A, and the surface marker enzyme adenosine triphosphatase can be identified histochemically in association with the cytoplasmic vesicles generated after exposure of the cells to Con A. Once formed, these pinocytic vesicles may persist for several days and fail to show morphologic evidence of fusion with primary or preformed secondary lysosomes. There is no apparent effect on the capacity of the macrophage to ingest either latex particles or IgG-coated SRBC administered either simultaneously with or subsequent to the Con A.
Buried fluvial channels off New Jersey: Did sea-level lowstands expose the entire shelf during the Miocene?

High-resolution multichannel seismic profiles from the New Jersey continental margin reveal that some middle to late Miocene sea-level falls exposed the entire continental shelf. At several sequence boundaries, fluvial channels occur landward of the clinoform breakpoints that mark paleo-shelf edges. The seismically observed progradation therefore resulted from sediment delivery to the shelf edge by rivers during lowstands. Suspended sediment crossing the relatively shallow water (30–40 m) shelf also fostered progradation during highstands. River systems reaching the outermost shelf were small and closely spaced; they approximated a line source of sediment. This finding helps to explain the observed linearity of Miocene shelf edges. Although these systems discharged near clinoform tops, they did not form canyons incising the clinoforms; such canyons were rare in this active depositional setting, in contrast to their prevalence on the modern continental slope.
Evaluation of phenoxybenzamine in the CFA model of pain following gene expression studies and connectivity mapping

We have previously used the rat 4 day Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) model to screen compounds with potential to reduce osteoarthritic pain. The aim of this study was to identify genes altered in this model of osteoarthritic pain and use this information to infer analgesic potential of compounds based on their own gene expression profiles using the Connectivity Map approach. Using microarrays, we identified differentially expressed genes in L4 and L5 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) from rats that had received intraplantar CFA for 4 days compared to matched, untreated control animals. Analysis of these data indicated that the two groups were distinguishable by differences in genes important in immune responses, nerve growth and regeneration. This list of differentially expressed genes defined a "CFA signature". We used the Connectivity Map approach to identify pharmacologic agents in the Broad Institute Build02 database that had gene expression signatures that were inversely related ('negatively connected') with our CFA signature. To test the predictive nature of the Connectivity Map methodology, we tested phenoxybenzamine (an alpha adrenergic receptor antagonist) - one of the most negatively connected compounds identified in this database - for analgesic activity in the CFA model. Our results indicate that at 10 mg/kg, phenoxybenzamine demonstrated analgesia comparable to that of Naproxen in this model. Evaluation of phenoxybenzamine-induced analgesia in the current study lends support to the utility of the Connectivity Map approach for identifying compounds with analgesic properties in the CFA model.
Dynamic contrast-enhanced three-dimensional MR imaging of liver parenchyma: Source images and angiographic reconstructions to define hepatic arterial anatomy

PURPOSE: To assess the accuracy of an interpolated breath-hold T1-weighted three-dimensional (3D) gradient-echo (GRE) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging sequence with near-isotropic pixel size (≤2.3 mm) for evaluation of hepatic arterial anatomy variants during dynamic liver parenchymal imaging and to report patterns of hepatic arterial anatomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Liver MR imaging, including an interpolated breath-hold 3D GRE sequence with fat suppression (4.2/1.8 [repetition time msec/echo time msec], 12° flip angle), was performed in 207 consecutive patients before and after gadopentetate dimeglumine administration. Of the 207 patients, 202 (98%) had technically satisfactory studies clearly defining the hepatic arterial system. The first contrast material–enhanced GRE acquisition was timed for optimal arterial enhancement with a timing examination. In a retrospective review, hepatic arteries were evaluated on the basis of arterial phase images interpreted by two independent readers using transverse sou...
Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of [Nle10] neurokinin A (4-10) analogs with constraint in the backbone and at position six

Steric requirements of binding [Nle10]NKA(4–10) to NK-2 receptor were studied by introducing conformationally constrained amino acid analogs into its sequence. Two series of [Nle10]NKA(4–10) analogs were synthesized to investigate (i) the significance of a putative β-turn in the receptor-ligand interaction by insertion of either (S)- or (R)-Gly8{ANC-2}Leu9 γ-lactams to mimic a β-turn constraint, and (ii) the effect of hindered rotation in the Φ, χ1 and χ2 dihedral angle space of the crucially important Phe6 which was replaced systematically with d-Phe, d- and l-Tyr, as well as with their conformationally constrained analogs, Tic, HOTic and β-MePhe. Competition binding experiments with [3H]NKA were performed using cloned human NK-2 receptors expressed in CHO cells. The analog possessing only an (R)-Gly8{ANC-2}Leu9 constraint, had the same binding affinity as that of the parent peptide. The rank order of potency of the other analogs showed a cumulative effect of different structural modifications in decreasing the binding affinity, i.e., when changing the configuration of the lactam ring to S, replacing Phe6 with constrained analogs, Tic or β-MePhe, changing the configuration of the amino acid at position six to d, and introducing a hydroxyl group on the aromatic ring.
Characterizing the spiking dynamics of subthalamic nucleus neurons in Parkinson's disease using generalized linear models

Accurately describing the spiking patterns of neurons in the subthalamic nucleus of patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease is important for understanding the pathogenesis of the disease and for achieving the maximum therapeutic benefit from deep brain stimulation. We analyze the spiking activity of 24 subthalamic neurons recorded in Parkinson’s patients during a directed hand movement task by using a point process generalized linear model. The model relates each neuron’s spiking probability simultaneously to factors associated with movement planning and execution, directional selectivity, refractoriness, bursting and oscillatory dynamics. The model indicated that while short-term history dependence related to refractoriness and bursting are most informative in predicting spiking activity, nearly all of the neurons analyzed has a structured pattern of long-term history dependence such that the spiking probability was reduced 20 to 30 ms and then increased 30 to 60 ms after a previous spike. This suggests that the previously described oscillatory firing of neurons in the subthalamic nucleus of Parkinson’s patients during volitional movements is composed of a structured pattern of inhibition and excitation. This point process model provides a systematic framework for characterizing the dynamics of subthalamic neuronal activity.
The Resonant Body Transistor

This paper introduces the resonant body transistor (RBT), a silicon-based dielectrically transduced nanoelectromechanical (NEM) resonator embedding a sense transistor directly into the resonator body. Combining the benefits of FET sensing with the frequency scaling capabilities and high quality factors (Q) of internal dielectrically transduced bar resonators, the resonant body transistor achieves >10 GHz frequencies and can be integrated into a standard CMOS process for on-chip clock generation, high-Q microwave circuits, fundamental quantum-state preparation and observation, and high-sensitivity measurements. An 11.7 GHz bulk-mode RBT is demonstrated with a quality factor Q of 1830, marking the highest frequency acoustic resonance measured to date on a silicon wafer.
Un plan para combatir la tuberculosis en Córdoba en la década del '30

From the beginning of the XX century, tuberculosis posed a serious sanitary problem for the province of Cordoba: its climate was praised by doctors, consequently an important amount of sick people traveled to its mountains and its capital city. During the 1930s, and although mortality rates had decreased, a group of physicians, graduated from Cordoba University, presented a plan to combat tuberculosis. Although this plan was never implemented, it shows the main ideas about the causes of the illness and how to fight against it. The perception of tuberculosis as a social illness, the need to isolate the sick, the distrust towards the State as being unable to carry out the fight against this disease, the need for an insertion beyond academic and hospital areas, and the emphasis to reinforce the fight in Cordoba were part of a speciality which was just beginning.
Esfuerzo, captura y captura por unidad de esfuerzo en la pesquería de la langosta de Juan Fernández ( Jasus frontalis), durante la temporada de pesca 1996-1997 *

The effort, catches and yields of the Juan Fernandez spiny rock lobster ( Jasus frontalis), during the 1996-1997 fishing season. For this purpose the monthly information given by the fishermen in ad-hoc forms was used in the islands Robinson Crusoe-Santa Clara, Alejandro Selkirk and Desventuradas (San Felix and San Ambrosio islands). This information was complementary records obtained directly by technical personnel on board of artisanal boats operating off Robinson Crusoe and Santa Clara islands. The latter enabled us to gather antecedents referred to the catch per trap by fishing zone and depth.
Mediastinal epithelioid hemangioendothelioma metastatic to lymph nodes and pleural fluid: Report of a case

Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is a rare mesenchymal tumor of vascular origin, classified as a sarcoma of intermediate malignant potential. Involvement of numerous sites of the body, including visceral organs, soft tissue, testis, skeleton, brain, meninges, and skin have been described. We report an unusual case of a mediastinal epithelioid hemangioendothelioma in a 65-year-old female initially presenting as a metastasis to lymph nodes of the hilar region and subsequently as a malignant pleural effusion. The patient had a complex history of papillary renal cell carcinoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma, and Waldenstrom's hyperglobulinemia making the diagnosis of metastatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma difficult. Clinical, cytological and immunohistochemical features of this tumor are described with an emphasis on diagnostic pitfalls.
I-Xe dating: From adolescence to maturity

The I–Xe chronometer is based upon decay of now-extinct 129I where the ratio of accumulated daughter 129Xe to stable 127I reflects the iodine isotopic ratio at closure of the host mineral. Since none of the parent remains, I–Xe is by nature a relative chronometer but, when referenced by a standard mineral of known age, the I–Xe system becomes an absolute chronometer reflecting true closure times. Most iodine hosts are secondary minerals so the I–Xe system is unique in providing details of post-formational chronometry not readily available with other chronometers. The short half-life of 129I gives it exceptional precision. However, the secondary nature of iodine host minerals, combined with the inherent precision of I–Xe, were responsible for a large database of “whole-rock” I–Xe ages that were not easily interpreted. As this problem evolved historically, doubts were cast upon the viability of the I–Xe system as a chronometer which persisted until it was tested against other chronometers in single-mineral systems. Properly calibrated, absolute I–Xe ages reflect the true closure time of the host minerals, and sequences of closure times in different hosts provide cooling rates for the parent object.
Undergraduate student leadership and social change

AbstractColleges are under increasing pressure to develop future citizens who are interested in-and capable of-creating positive social change and improving their communities. Using data from the multiinstitutional SERU survey, this study suggests college students’ participation in leadership positions can promote their engagement in greater social change.
A compliant thermal spreader with internal liquid metal cooling channels

This paper describes a 1 mm thick substrate with integrated flow channels to circulate liquid metal that is pumped with an electromagnetic pump. The substrate was fabricated using conventional circuit board assembly methods. Tests were performed with pumping current of up to 10 amps, which corresponded to a pumping power of 450 mW. This testing showed that the substrate had an effective thermal conductivity of more than 6000 W/mK. The thin geometry and organic circuit board materials of the substrate allow it to be mechanically compliant and therefore can reduce the need for thermal gap fillers to connect dissipating components to the thermal spreader.
Deformed expression in the Drosophila central nervous system is controlled by an autoactivated intronic enhancer

Abstract Deformed (Dfd) is a Drosophila homeotic selector gene required for normal development of maxillary segment morphology in the larval and adult head. Consistent with this function, Dfd transcripts are restricted to epidermal, mesodermal and neural cells in the embryonic mandibular and maxillary primordia. Previous studies have identified a far upstream element in Dfd sequences which functions as an epidermal-specific autoregulatory enhancer. In a search through 35 kb of Dfd sequences for additional transcriptional control elements, we have identified a 3.2 kb DNA fragment containing an enhancer that mimics the expression of Dfd in the subesophageal ganglion of the embryonic central nervous system. This Neural autoregulatory enhancer (NAE) maps in the large Dfd intron just upstream of the homeobox exon and requires Dfd protein function for its full activity. A 608 bp NAE subfragment retains regulatory function that is principally localized in the subesophageal ganglion. This small region of the Drosophila melanogaster genome contains numerous blocks of sequence conservation with a comparable region from the Dfd locus of D.hydei. A pair of conserved blocks of NAE sequence match a Dfd protein binding site in the epidermal autoregulatory element, while another conserved sequence motif is repeated multiple times within the 608 bp subelement.
Changes in soybean gas-exchange after moisture stress and spider mite injury

Field experiments were conducted in 1997 and 1998 to understand the physiological responses of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, to injury from two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, and to examine the contribution of soil moisture toward soybean tolerance to spider mite injury. A split-plot treatment design was used consisting of moisture stress as the main plot and spider mite injury as the sub-plot treatments in a randomized complete block design with eight replications. Soybeans were moisture-stressed beginning approximately at V10 growth stage, and spider mites were maintained on soybeans for 10 d, and then physiological responses of soybean were determined. Moisture-stressed soybeans had lower leaf water potentials, photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductances, and transpiration rates. Spider mite injury also caused a significant reduction in photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration, and chlorophyll content. The lack of a significant impact of spider mite injury on chlorophyll fluorescence and similar light curves, at low light intensities, of soybean leaves with and without spider mite injury, suggest that spider mite injury does not interfere with the light reaction center at the initial stage of photosynthesis. Despite measurable reductions in total chlorophyll content from mite injury, fluorescence data and light curves strongly indicate photosynthetic rate reductions from mite injury were not immediately associated with chlorophyll loss or effects on photosynthetic electron transport. There were significant interactions between moisture stress and spider mite injury for some gas-exchange parameters. Photosynthetic rate reductions by spider mites were greater in moisture-unstressed than stressed soybeans. Superimposing spider mite injury did not reduce photosynthetic rates greatly in moisture-stressed soybeans because of an initially low photosynthetic rate from moisture stress. However, comparison of absolute photosynthetic rates of spider mite-injured soybean leaves with and without moisture stress suggested that soil moisture improved soybean tolerance to spider mite injury.
Intra- and inter-observer variability of functional MR urography (fMRU) assessment in children

Functional MR urography (fMRU) provides comprehensive functional data that can be subject to variability. To interpret the results of fMRU, it is essential to know the intra- and inter-observer variability of the measured parameters. To define the range of variability in fMRU, particularly that of the differential renal function based on volume (volumetric differential renal function) and Patlak differential renal function measurements in children. We included 15 fMRU studies, 10 of non-duplicated and 5 of unilateral duplex kidneys. We recruited six observers with a range of fMRU experience, including two MRI technologists, one resident, one fellow, one pediatric radiologist and one pediatric urologist. The observers underwent intensive training in using the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP)-fMRU freeware for analysis. They conducted the fMRU analysis on each case twice, at least 1 week apart. Mean and standard deviation were calculated for each set of absolute volume, absolute Patlak, volumetric differential renal function and Patlak differential renal function. We calculated the statistical significance of these deviations using the student’s t-test. We also calculated interclass correlations for intra-observer and inter-observer agreement of both volume and Patlak measurements using SPSS software. Intra- and inter-observer variability did not differ significantly, measuring 6% and 4% for relative volume (volumetric differential renal function: P > 0.05) and 5% and 3% for relative function (Patlak differential renal function: P > 0.05). Absolute values of parameters showed more variability than the relative values. Intra- and inter-observer agreement was well above 0.90 (P < 0.001) for all volume measures except for duplex upper pole intra-observer measurements (0.80, P < 0.01). Intra- and inter-observer agreement for Patlak values were also above 0.90 (P < 0.001) except for duplex upper pole measurements, which were 0.54 (P = 0.13) and 0.81 (P < 0.01), respectively. Functional MRU analysis using CHOP-fMRU software is reproducible, with overall intra- and inter-observer variability rates of 5% for volumetric differential renal function and 4% for Patlak differential renal function. There was higher variability in volume and function measurements between upper and lower pole moieties of duplicated kidneys and for absolute volume and function values overall. A range of 45–55% for relative values of volumetric differential renal function and Patlak differential renal function could serve as the normal range.
Zibethacarus beeri (Astigmata: Glycyphagidae), a new mite species inhabiting vole nests in western Oregon, U.S.A

Abstract Zibethacarus beeri sp. nov., is described and illustrated from adults collected from the nest of Microtus oregoni (Bachman) (Rodentia) in western Oregon, U.S.A. Males are approximately half the size of females, and samples collected into alcohol using a Berlese funnel contained males still clinging to the dorsum of females, their modified tibiae of legs II clasping the female's modified dorsal setae h2 . It is probable that such persistent clinging behavior is a result of mate guarding on the part of the male.
Soluble Precursors for CuInSe2, CuIn1–xGaxSe2, and Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 Based on Colloidal Nanocrystals and Molecular Metal Chalcogenide Surface Ligands

We report a new platform for design of soluble precursors for CuInSe2 (CIS), Cu(In1–xGax)Se2 (CIGS), and Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTS) phases for thin-film potovoltaics. To form these complex phases, we used colloidal nanocrystals (NCs) with metal chalcogenide complexes (MCCs) as surface ligands. The MCC ligands both provided colloidal stability and represented essential components of target phase. To obtain soluble precursors for CuInSe2, we used Cu2–xSe NCs capped with In2Se42– MCC surface ligands or CuInSe2 NCs capped with {In2Cu2Se4S3}3– MCCs. A mixture of Cu2–xSe and ZnS NCs, both capped with Sn2S64– or Sn2Se64– ligands was used for solution deposition of CZTS films. Upon thermal annealing, the inorganic ligands reacted with NC cores forming well-crystallized pure ternary and quaternary phases. Solution-processed CIS and CZTS films featured large grain size and high phase purity, confirming the prospects of this approach for practical applications.
Design Optimization of Tractor-Trailer Drag Reduction

Drag reduction is one way to reduce vehicle fuel consumption. Tractor-trailers have a higher drag coefficient than other vehicles due to their bluff-body shape. Over the years, numerous add-on devices have been invented to help reduce drag and fuel consumption. The current research extends our previous idea of add-on humps and investigates their effect in conjuction with curved boat-tail flaps. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in the form of unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) and detached-eddy (DES) simulations were used to determine viable design strategies. Design optimization was applied on the new add-on devices. A 3D baseline computational model was constructed using an Ahmed body. The predicted drag coefficient of the baseline configuration showed good agreement with experimental data. The results from the optimized design with add-on humps and curved boat-tail flaps are shown to have a 50.9% reduction in drag coefficient. The predicted results using three different turbulent models, including standard k-e, RNG k-e, and DES, were compared with each other. Predictions with the standard k-e model produced the best agreement with the baseline experimental drag coefficient.
GRACE star camera noise

Abstract Extending results from previous work by Bandikova et al. (2012) and Inacio et al. (2015), this paper analyzes Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) star camera attitude measurement noise by processing inter-camera quaternions from 2003 to 2015. We describe a correction to star camera data, which will eliminate a several-arcsec twice-per-rev error with daily modulation, currently visible in the auto-covariance function of the inter-camera quaternion, from future GRACE Level-1B product releases. We also present evidence supporting the argument that thermal conditions/settings affect long-term inter-camera attitude biases by at least tens-of-arcsecs, and that several-to-tens-of-arcsecs per-rev star camera errors depend largely on field-of-view.
In and out of love with hip-hop: saliency of sexual scripts for young adult African American women in hip-hop and Black-oriented television

Hip-hop media and Black-oriented reality television are powerful mechanisms for conveying and promoting stereotypes of Black women. Black women's sexuality is frequently presented as highly-salient in each medium. However, little is known about the impact of those images on Black women's sexuality and identity. The current study uses focus-group methodology to engage young adult Black in critical discussion of two predominant sexual scripts found in hip-hop music and Black-oriented reality television - the Freak and the Gold Digger. Analyses revealed shared and distinct aspects of each sexual script represented in both media and the impact of those scripts on participants' experiences. Implications for future research are discussed.
The true incidence of silent rupture of cesarean section scars: A prospective analysis of 403 cases

Abstract 1. 1. Four hundred three consecutive repeat cesarean sections in patients with 482 scars have been reviewed. There were 48 ruptures, of which 22 were in previous transverse incisions, 20 in vertical incisions, and 6 in classical. The incidence of rupture in transverse scar was 8.3 per cent, in vertical 12.9 per cent, and in classical 18.2 per cent. 2. 2. The two most important factors for evaluating scar potentiality, namely, surgical technique and healing power of the patient, cannot be ascertained from all available data. 3. 3. An afebrile postoperative course does not guarantee a good scar, nor a febrile course indicate a poor scar. 4. 4. Most defective scars develop during the puerperium of the previous pregnancy, and are accentuated by the present pregnancy. 5. 5. The operative record should include the number of special sutures required for hemostasis. This may serve as an aid in evaluating the integrity of the scar in future pregnancies. 6. 6. Symptomatic rupture of a previous scar during pregnancy almost invariably occurs in the classical type of incision. Lower segment scars rarely produce symptomatic rupture prior to labor. 7. 7. Elimination of the classical incision will minimize the occurrence of symptomatic rupture prior to the anticipated date of repeat section. 8. 8. There is no means of predicting accurately the behavior of a uterine scar during the course of a subsequent pregnancy.
Unusual presentation of Sjögren syndrome.

This case report describes a patient with Sjogren syndrome (SS) whose sole presenting feature was bilateral and painful submandibular gland enlargement. Extensive workup for alternate etiologies was negative and while serologies specific for SS were unremarkable, the diagnosis was eventually suggested by excisional biopsy. This case highlights the difficulty in making an early diagnosis of SS and demonstrates the important role of excisional biopsy in that diagnosis.
Inhibition of Polo-Like Kinase 3 by CIB1 Facilitates Outside-In Signaling through αIIbβ3 in Platelets.

Integrin α IIb β 3 , the platelet fibrinogen receptor, is involved in bi-directional signaling during platelet activation. It has been shown that the β 3 subunit of this receptor is phosphorylated on both threonine and tyrosine. Although, the role of tyrosine phosphorylation is well studied, the role of threonine phosphorylation is not well understood. Here we identify the kinase responsible for threonine phosphoruylation of β 3 and provide a mechanistic significance of this phosphorylation in outside-in signaling. We found that calcium- and integrin-binding protein 1 (CIB1), which specifically interacts with the cytoplasmic domain of α IIb , is not involved in inside-out signaling, but regulates outside-in signaling through α IIb β 3 . CIB1 is known to interact with and regulate several serine/threonine protein kinases. Among these, p21 activated kinase 1 (PAK-1) is highly expressed in platelets. We found that CIB1 does not colocalize with PAK-1 during outside in signaling induced by adhesion of platelets to immobilized fibrinogen. When searched for the expression of other kinases that are known to interact with CIB1, we found that polo-like kinase 3 (Plk3) is expressed in platelets and is responsible for the constitutive phosphorylation of β 3 . Plk3 is constitutively active in resting platelets but is rendered inactive during outside in signaling as a result of CIB1 binding in a calcium dependent manner. Plk3 becomes colocalized with CIB1 at the filopodia when platelets change shape in response to an agonist and remain associated with both CIB1 and α IIb as platelets spread on immobilized fibrinogen, as indicated by immunoprecipitation experiments. These results suggest that in resting platelets, constitutively active Plk3 maintains β 3 in a threonine phosphorylated state which is nonpermissive for activation. Upon platelet activation by agonist CIB1 associates with Plk3 and renders it inactive in a calcium-dependent manner. This allows serine/threonine phosphatases, such as PP1-c to dephosphorylate β 3 on threonine and facilitate outside-in signaling. Thus we have identified the kinase responsible for threonine phosphorylation of β 3 and have provided a possible mechanism of the regulation of outside-in signaling.