cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Industry Specialization and Auditor Quality in US Markets

This study investigates the relation between audit quality, auditor industry market share, and audit fees. Prior literature has asserted that audit providers with high market shares can be designated as industry specialists and that the fee premiums that sometimes attach to these auditors is evidence of a quality differentiated audit product. Using data from the U.S. audit market for the fiscal year 2003 we extend this literature by investigating the relationships among audit fee premiums, auditor market shares, and two dimensions of audit quality: external reporting and economies of scope in providing joint audit and non-audit services. We find little evidence to support the conjecture that high market share auditors provide increased audit quality. Further, we find that most auditors with high market shares do not seem to charge a fee premium. To the contrary, we report that the high market share fee premiums found in pooled (across industry) tests are primarily attributable to a small set of industries in which the high market share (specialist) auditor has a dominant position. This leads us to conclude that the available evidence is more supportive of the hypothesis that high-market share firms are extracting rents than the hypothesis that these auditors are providing a quality differentiated product.
Phonons in aluminum at high temperatures studied by inelastic neutron scattering

Inelastic neutron scattering measurements on aluminum metal were performed at temperatures of 10, 150, 300, 525, and 775 K using direct-geometry Fermi chopper spectrometers. The temperature dependent phonon density of states (DOS) was determined from the scattering, and was used to fit Born–von Karman models of lattice dynamics. The shifts in the phonon frequencies with increasing temperature were largely explained by the softening of the longitudinal force constants out to third nearest neighbors. A significant broadening of the phonon spectra at high temperatures was also measured. The phonon DOS was used to determine the vibrational contributions to the entropy of aluminum as a function of temperature. All other contributions to the entropy of aluminum were calculated or assessed, and the total entropy was in excellent agreement with the NIST-JANAF compilation [M. W. Chase, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data Monogr. 9, 59 (1998)]. Anharmonic effects were attributed to phonon-phonon interactions. The quasiharmonic approximation was generally successful, but its weaknesses are discussed.
The Effect of Dopamine on Adenylate Cyclase and Na+,K+-ATPase Activity in the Developing Rat Renal Cortical and Medullary Tubule Cells

Dopamine has an age-dependent natriuretic and diuretic effect. We have investigated the ontogeny of the dopamine response on adenylate cyclase activity and Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity in two different cell populations in the infant (10-d-old) and the adult (40-d-old) rat kidney. Basal- and forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in tubular suspensions of renal cortex was 5.4-fold (p < 0.05) higher in the 10-d-old rats than in the 40-d-old rats but unchanged between the ages in a suspension of medullary tubules. The dopamine-1-specific agonist fenoldopam did not stimulate adenylate cyclase activity in the cortical cells from 10-d-old rats but did stimulate activity 51 +/- 16% (p < 0.05) in the 40-d-old rats. In the medullary suspension, fenoldopam stimulated adenylate cyclase activity by 43.5 +/- 5% (p < 0.001) in the 10-d-old rats and by 32.0 +/- 7% (p < 0.01) in the 40-d-old rats. In the isolated proximal convoluted tubule, dopamine inhibited Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity in both the 10-d-old (34 +/- 3%, p < 0.001) and 40-d-old rats (44 +/- 7%, p < 0.001). In contrast, in the medullary thick ascending limb of Henle, inhibition of Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity by fenoldopam was more pronounced in the 10-d-old (56 +/- 6%, p < 0.001) than in the 40-d-old rat (33 +/- 6%, p < 0.001). In summary, the renal tubular effects of dopamine on adenylate cyclase and Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity change during postnatal development in a cell-specific manner.
Tetralogy of Fallot: what operation, at which age

Background: The optimal management of tetralogy of Fallot is still under debate, particularly with respect to surgical approach and the age of operation. In recent times a transatrial-transpulmonary approach and primary repair in younger patients is favoured. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the result of our current surgical management by assessing the perioperative and intermediate term follow up in order to define the optimal strategy and timing of operation for our institution. Methods: One hundred and thirty two patients with tetralogy of Fallot who underwent definitive repair between May 1993 and December 1998 were analyzed by reviewing their medical records and follow-up. Median age was 15.5 (2.3‐68.6) months and median weight was 8.8 (5‐16) kg. Ten (7.57%) patients were under 6 months, 38 (28.78%) were between 6 and 12 months, 36 (27.27%) were between 12 and 18 months, 23 (17.42%) were between 18 and 24 months and 25 (18.93%) were more than 24 months age. During the study period there was a move to earlier surgery and differing methods of repair depending on the anatomy observed. Follow up was conducted by the referring cardiologist. Median follow up was 35.48 (8.07‐74.93) months. Results: Forty-two (31.8%) patients required a palliative procedure before total correction due to unfavourable anatomy. Subpulmonary infundibular obstruction with a fibrous component increased significantly with age (P , 0:05). Operations were entirely transatrial in 14 (10.6%), transatrial and transpulmonary in 69 (52.2%), transatrial and transventricularly in 42 (31.8%) and a homograft conduit was used in seven (5.3%) patients. Younger patients had narrower pulmonary valves and required a transannular patch more frequently. All patients were in sinus rhythm, 28 (21.1%) showing right bundle branch block. Median hospital stay was 8 (5‐54) days. No patient required reintervention during follow up and there was no early or late mortality. Conclusion: Correction of tetralogy of Fallot at younger age does not increase morbidity or mortality and has potential advantages. A surgical technique adapted to the anatomy of the right ventricular outflow tract, achieves the best results. q 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Alternative Derivations of a Rule for Early Stopping in Favor of H 0

It is often desirable to stop a large clinical trial before its planned end if a null result seems inevitable. This early stopping can save considerable resources. It is especially appealing when an experimental treatment is being compared to a standard treatment. Three procedures for early stopping, all with different interpretations and derivations, are described and shown to produce identical rules for normal data and certain parameters. In some cases, this is unexpected and informative. The procedures differ in which of their parameters are adjusted from the fixed sample values to maintain the desired Type I error in this setting of multiple looks at the data.
Thermal rearrangements of the photochemical 1,3-adducts of benzene to methylenecyclobutane

Methylencyclobutan (I) und Benzol (II) geben mit 5 % Ausbeute die beiden Addukte (III) und (IV).
Recent introduction of an Asian estuarine copepod, Pseudodiaptomus marinus (Copepoda: Calanoida), into southern California embayments

Past studies made between 1938 and the mid-1970's of coastal embayments between northern Baja California and Oregon (USA) established the presence of only one species of the calanoid copepod genus Pseudodiaptomus, P. euryhalinus. This species is endemic to warm temperate latitudes of western North America. We now report the presence of breeding populations of the Asian calanoid copepod P. marinus in two Southern California embayments, Mission Bay and Agua Hedionda Lagoon. The Mission Bay population was monitored monthly from December 1986 to June 1987 and showed evidence of continuous breeding and growth. The regional, endemic species, P. euryhalinus, was not observed in either embayment. Mechanisms that might account for the apparent recent introductions of P. marinus into Southern California include dispersion by ocean circulations and transport by transoceanic ships. In the present case, the explanation is that the introduction is most likely a direct consequence of aquaculture projects. Remaining to be confirmed by systematic sampling is the apparent disappearance of P. euryhalinus from embayments dominated by P. marinus.
Trophic status of Missouri River floodplanin lakes in relation to basin type and connectivity

Limnological data were collected over a two-year period from 12 lakes in the Missouri River floodplain in order to evaluate lake trophic status and the influence of basin type and connectivity on nutrient, seston, and phytoplankton dynamics. The lakes were located in west-central Missouri and included eight scour basins formed by levee breaks during a 1993 flood and four older oxbow lakes. The Missouri River was also sampled. Five of the scour basins (connected scours) were inundated by the Missouri River for varying periods during the study. The other lakes (protected lakes) were hydrologically isolated from the river by levees. On the basis of mean total phosphorus (TP-61-282 μg/L), mean total nitrogen (TN-0.7-2.1 mg/L), mean chlorophyll (CHL-22-67 μg/L), and mean suspended solids (TSS-16-93 mg/L), all 12 sites were highly eutrophic compared to other lakes in Missouri. Nutrient fractions and seston composition indicated dominance of inorganic nutrients and abiotic seston in the riverine lakes. Maximum concentrations of nutrients and TSS occurred in oxbow lakes during periods of sediment resuspension and in connected scours during floods in spring 1995 and 1996 when connected sites were inundated by the Missouri River. Algal blooms with peak CHL>200 μg/L occurred sporadically in the oxbow lakes. Similarly large blooms (peak CHL 81–689 μg/L) occurred in connected scours when low river levels reduced exchange with the river. Reduced connectivity was accompanied by rapid loss of dissolved N and P fractions, especially nitrate. Protected scours had lower average TP, TN, and TSS than the other sites and were less temporally variable.
What is the Mass of an Exciton

In the effective-mass approximation, the mass ${M}^{*}$ of an exciton is just the sum of the electron and hole masses, ${{m}_{e}}^{*}+{{m}_{h}}^{*}$. However, the effective-mass approximation is invalid if the forces are strong. Here we derive a plausible formula for the $n$ th bound state of the exciton: ${{M}_{n}}^{*}=\frac{({{m}_{e}}^{*}+{{m}_{h}}^{*})}{(1\ensuremath{-}\frac{{K}_{n}}{W})}$, where ${K}_{n}$ is the kinetic energy in the bound state and $W$ is one-half the sum of the electron and hole bandwidths. For Wannier excitons, $\frac{{K}_{n}}{W}\ensuremath{\ll}1$, while for Frenkel excitons, $\frac{{K}_{1s}}{W}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1$, and the composite particle is effectively localized.
Impact of bounded delay on throughput in multi-hop networks

This paper presents a closed form solution relating to the impact of bounded delays on throughput in multi-hop networks. In contrast to contemporary literature that largely focuses on average delay to estimate the Quality of Service, our model focuses on an upper bound of delay, referred to as delay threshold in this paper. Traffic that exceeds the delay threshold is treated as lost throughput. The results obtained can be used in scaling resources in a multi-hop network for attaining specified levels of throughput under different thresholds of acceptable delays. Both single-hop and multi-hop transfers are addressed. The theoretical analysis presented in this paper is further corroborated by simulation. The findings presented in this paper will be very relevant to multi-hop network applications where received data that are older than a specified threshold period are not relevant and must be discarded.
Examining Issues Affecting African American Participation in Research Studies

This article reviews literature on research issues influencing African American participation as participants in medical, nursing, education, and mental health studies between 1990 and 2007. Identi...
Silver Bromide Nanoparticle/Polymer Composites: Dual Action Tunable Antimicrobial Materials

We present a simple method of fabricating highly potent dual action antibacterial composites consisting of a cationic polymer matrix and embedded silver bromide nanoparticles. A simple and novel technique of on-site precipitation of AgBr was used to synthesize the polymer/nanoparticle composites. The synthesized composites have potent antibacterial activity toward both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The materials form good coatings on surfaces and kill both airborne and waterborne bacteria. Surfaces coated with these composites resist biofilm formation. These composites are different from other silver-containing antibacterial materials both in the ease of synthesis and in the use of a silver salt nanoparticle instead of elemental silver or complex silver compounds. We also demonstrate the ability to tune the release of biocidal Ag+ ions from these composites by controlling the size of the embedded AgBr nanoparticles. These composites are potentially useful as antimicrobial coatings in a wide va...
Adolescent Victims of Natural Disasters: A Phenomenological Study on Lived Experiences and Behaviors Displayed after a Crisis

This qualitative study explored lived experiences and behavioral changes among 15 adolescent victims of natural disasters utilizing the behaviorism perspective. Volunteer adolescent victims participated in a semi-standardized open-end interview, and data were coded using pattern recognition, theme, and content analysis. Results identified that participants' most prevalent themes for behavioral changes were isolation, social withdrawal, increased arguments with family and friends, avoid relationships, and over-protectiveness. Prevalent themes for lived experiences were moving to a new home, changing schools, and mother or father lost job. The majority of the participants reported hurricanes as their natural disaster experience. In conclusion, adolescent victims reported multiple behavioral changes that were a result of a natural disaster such as hurricanes. Likewise, these victims reported facing many lived experiences after a natural disaster occurrence.
Monthly Bigeye Tuna Catches Forecasting Using Wavelet Functional Autoregression

In this paper, the aim is to apply a functional autoregressive (FAR) model combined with multiscale wavelet analysis for monthly bigeye tuna catches forecasting in the ocean ecosystem of the equatorial Indian ocean. Wavelet technique performs a time-frequency analysis of a time series, which permits to decompose the raw time series into trend and residual components. In wavelet domain, the trend component and residual component are forecasted with a linear autoregressive model and a FAR model; respectively. Hence, the proposed forecast is the co-addition of two predicted components. We find that the proposed forecasting strategy achieves $98\%$ of the explained variance with reduced parsimony and high accuracy.
InsightNotes: summary-based annotation management in relational databases

In this paper, we address the challenges that arise from the growing scale of annotations in scientific databases. On one hand, end-users and scientists are incapable of analyzing and extracting knowledge from the large number of reported annotations, e.g., one tuple may have hundreds of annotations attached to it over time. On the other hand, current annotation management techniques fall short in providing advanced processing over the annotations beyond just propagating them to end-users. To address this limitation, we propose the InsightNotes system, a summary-based annotation management engine in relational databases. InsightNotes integrates data mining and summarization techniques into annotation management in novel ways with the objective of creating and reporting concise representations (summaries) of the raw annotations. We propose an extended summary-aware query processing engine for efficient manipulation and propagation of the annotation summaries in the query pipeline. We introduce several optimizations for the creation, maintenance, and zoom-in processing over the annotations summaries. InsightNotes is implemented on top of an existing annotation management system within which it is experimentally evaluated using real-world datasets. The results illustrate significant performance gain from the proposed techniques and optimizations (up to 100x in some operations) compared to the naive approaches.
The relationship of dietary energy level and density to the growth response of chicks to fats.

Abstract FATS from several sources have been reported to stimulate growth rate when added to diets for chicks. Included in this group are the oils derived from corn, peanuts, cottonseed and soybeans, egg oil, and lard. The reports on this subject have been reviewed by Rand et al. (1958), Hill et al. (1958), Dam et al. (1959), Denton and Menge (1959), Carew et al. (1959) and Menge and Denton (1961). This effect of certain fats on growth rate may reflect the presence of a required nutrient or may be related to the higher caloric density of diets containing added fat. Results which would support the latter possibility have been presented for fats of both animal and vegetable origin. Work by Baldini and Rosenberg (1957) showed that growth responses to beef tallow did not occur when energy levels of diets containing added fat were maintained isocaloric to that of the low-fat basal…
Strategic analysis of operating income: an extension to Horngren, Foster and Datar

Abstract In the 10th edition of their Cost Accounting text, Horngren, Foster and Datar introduce the concept of strategic analysis of operating income by separating a company's operating income into growth, price-recovery, and productivity components. These components are then used to evaluate the success, or lack thereof, of a company's cost-leadership or product differentiation strategies. I extend their analysis of fixed capacity costs in the following manner. First, I suggest that the “long-term view” supported by activity-based costing might be more appropriate for determining the growth component instead of the “short-term view” supported by throughput costing and Goldratt and Cox in The Goal . Next, I introduce a new component called capacity underutilization into their formulation which highlights the impact of (1) changing capacity costs relating to unused capacities, (2) changes in available capacities between the years, and (3) changes in capacities used between the years.
Thermal diffusion in concentrated solid solutions

The kinetic model of thermal diffusion in crystals is considered for a concentrated multicomponent system. The dependence of the heat of transport upon thermodynamic variables introduces corrective terms which are capable of explaining many of the large heats of transport found in the experimental literature. These terms also appear in the diffusion coefficients for substitutional as well as interstitial solutes; the form for the diffusion coefficient would suggest that diagonal terms in the matrix of diffusion coefficients would be larger than off-diagonal terms in agreement with experiment.
Digital Simulation of Guidance and Control for Exo-Atmospheric Intercept

A mathematical model for various configurations of interceptor missiles operating outside the earth's atmosphere is described. The associated digital computer simulation program provides means for evaluating the performance of different guidance and control systems and for studying the influence of parameter variations on the overall mission effectiveness. The simulation program also provides a means for establishing dynamic and kinematic criteria for the variable mass interceptor configurations. A complete attack mission, from exo-atmospheric launch to kill, may be carried out in three-dimensional space with all six degrees-of-freedom of the interceptor accounted for in the dynamics. Several models of thrusting and passive tracking may be selected for guidance. The guidance law is based on biased proportional navigation. The program simulates the sensing of the target, control system functions, and interceptor dynamics, all in closed loop form. The control loops contain optional time lags, gains, limits, and shaping neetworks in addition to a White Gaussian noise generator capable of simulating both receiver noise and angular scintillation. The vehicle's physical characteristics, the control constants, and the intercept mission are entirely arbitrary. The target is a pre-programmed point mass whose trajectory may be described by tabular data, equations for constant acceleration, circular equations, or other options. Output generated consists of time histories of all significant functions and a series of plots generated on a 1403 printer. A simple mission used to demonstrate the capabilities of the program will be discussed.
Assessing professional behavior: yesterday, today, and tomorrow.

ABSTRACTPurposeThe author interprets the state of the art of assessing professional behavior. She defines the concept of professionalism, reviews the psychometric properties of key approaches to assessing professionalism, conveys major findings that these approaches produced, and discusses recommend
Why does "pain management" exclude psychic pain?

Since 1999 when the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) added pain assessment and management to their regulatory standards, which were implemented in 2001, ?pain management? has been elevated in level of importance. The phrase ?pain management,? used by health care regulatory agencies, health care organizations, and health care providers has become a buzzword that is used without thinking of its broader implications or its exclusionary taken-for-granted meaning.
The Removal of Soluble Silica from Fresh Water Entering the Sea

Abstract Determinations of soluble silica and chlorosity of water samples collected in and around the east Mississippi Delta showed that most of the soluble silica was removed from river-water by some process other than dilution with sea-water. While biological uptake by diatoms can account for part of this removal, it is more likely that a major portion is removed by inorganic precipitation. Laboratory experiments with river-water and sea-water showed that both suspended matter from the river and electrolytes in sea-water are necessary for maximum inorganic precipitation. It is concluded that this process is an adsorption of soluble silica on suspended matter as it comes in contact with electrolytes, rather than a simple formation of salts with electrolytes. The inorganic removal can increase by a maximum of 4.5 per cent the weight of sediment in the water which may be expected to reach the bottom.
Surface characteristics and atmospheric footprint of springtime Arctic leads at SHEBA

[1] Observations of several freezing leads that occurred in spring near the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) ice station were made. The leads that formed during this study were between 3 and 400 m wide. Ice production in the leads less than 20 m wide was predominantly through congelation growth, while both frazil ice production and congelation ice growth was observed in the wider leads. The production of frazil ice and its advection downwind allowed open water to persist in the wider leads for between 5 and 24 hours, depending on the crossing angle of the wind. The surface energy budget of a wide freezing lead was estimated from observations and with a model that resolves the coupling between surface turbulent fluxes and ice growth across the lead. Both estimates of the net heat flux agreed with the increases in ice thickness observed throughout the 24-hour period, though the modeled net heat flux deficit was 50% larger. The larger net heat flux deficit obtained with the model can be attributed to the simulation of larger turbulent heat fluxes. It was found that the surface roughness length for nilas given by Guest and Davidson [1991] was too large resulting in excessive surface cooling at night. Using a smaller roughness length improved the nighttime bias but resulted in a warm bias during the day. The daytime warm bias was due, in part, to neglecting the impact of frost flowers on the surface albedo. Additional uncertainty in the treatment of solar absorption by nilas also likely contributed. The modeled ice thickness and skin temperature were also affected by the treatment of the oceanic heat flux, which acted to warm the surface. The length of time that a lead affects the atmosphere is determined by lead surface conditions, atmospheric stability, wind speed, fetch, and upwind temperature. Under lead-perpendicular winds the atmospheric influence of a 400 m wide lead extended more than 2.5 km downwind. Sensible heat fluxes observed 70 m downwind of the lead were a function of across lead fetch, upwind stability, and open water fraction. The sensible heat fluxes measured at this site were elevated above background values for nearly two days despite 11.5 cm of ice growth in the lead.
Resistive loads powered by separate or by common electrical sources

In designing a multiple load electrical system, the designer may wish to compare the performance of two setups: a common electrical source powering all loads, or separate electrical sources powering individual loads. Three types of electrical sources: an ideal voltage source, an ideal current source, and solar cell source powering resistive loads were analyzed for their performances in separate and common source systems. A mathematical proof is given, for each case, indicating the merit of the separate or common source system. The main conclusions are: (1) identical resistive loads powered by ideal voltage sources perform the same in both system setups, (2) nonidentical resistive loads powered by ideal voltage sources perform the same in both system setups, (3) nonidentical resistive loads powered by ideal current sources have higher performance in separate source systems, and (4) nonidentical resistive loads powered by solar cells have higher performance in a common source system for a wide range of load resistances.
Comparison of photosynthetic characteristics of two photoautotrophic cell suspension cultures of soybean

A new photoautotrophic soybean suspension culture (SB1-P) was initiated within a 14-month period, and was characterized for the purpose of comparing the physiology with that of a established soybean photoautotrophic strain, SB-P. SB1-P was found to have comparable Chl levels (1500–1700 μg g−1 fresh weight), cell size (near 30μm in diameter) cell aggregate size (150–190 μm diameter), chromosomes number (2n = 40), rates of growth (cell division time 4.5–5.0 days), net photosynthetic CO2 fixation (19 and 36 μmol mg−1 Chl h−1 at atmospheric levels of CO2 and 21 and 2% O2, respectively) and oxygen evolution (74–76 μmol mg−1 Chl h−1), light-dependent and dark 14CO2 fixation (49–54 and 3.5–3.7 μmol mg−1 Chl h−, respectively) and oxygen inhibition of photosynthesis (47% inhibition at 21% O2 compared to photosynthesis at 2% O2 with atmospheric levels of CO2). SB1-P was similar to SB-P with regard to the activation level of RuBPcase (40% activated in cells grown at 5% CO2), low in vitro RuBPcase activity (25–30 μmol CO2 fixed mg−1 Chl h−1), and a low ratio of RuBPcase(initial)/PEP case (0.28–0.85). Traits shared by SB1-P and SB-P are a low photosynthetic capacity, an inability to grow at air levels of CO2, high dark respiration, an elevated CO2 compensation concentration in culture, and RuBPcase deactivation at air CO2 levels. From these observations it was concluded that many of the characteristics of photoautotrophic soybean cultures are caused by the conditions employed in culture, and are not due to the specific genotype of soybean cultured or to chance occurence during initiation. The cultures which are actively growing exhibit several traits similar to those of developing leaf cells (active cell division, low photosynthetic capacity, elevated respiration, a low ratio of RuBPcase(initial)/PEPcase. This indicates the photoautotrophic cell physiology is more comparable to that of developing leaf cells, rather than to that of mature leaf cells.
Endocrine disrupting chemical emissions from combustion sources: diesel particulate emissions and domestic waste open burn emissions

Abstract Emissions of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) from combustion sources are poorly characterized due to the large number of compounds present in the emissions, the complexity of the analytical separations required, and the uncertainty regarding identification of chemicals with endocrine effects. In this work, multidimensional gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry (MDGC-MS) was used to characterize emissions from both controlled (diesel engine) and uncontrolled (open burning of domestic waste) combustion sources. The results of this study suggest that, by using MDGC-MS, one can resolve a much greater percentage of the chromatogram and identify about 84% of these resolved compounds. This increase in resolution helped to identify and quantify various classes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the combustion emissions that had not been identified previously. Significant emissions (when compared to industrial sources) of known EDCs, dioctyl phthalate (over ∼2,500,000 kg year−1) and bisphenol A (over ∼75,000 kg year−1) were estimated from uncontrolled domestic waste burning. Emissions of several suspected EDCs (oxygenated PAHs) were observed in both diesel soot and the uncontrolled domestic waste burn samples. The emission rates of known and suspected EDCs estimated in this study suggest that combustion emissions need to be characterized for EDCs to further assess its importance as a source of EDC exposure.
New Progress Concerning Research of Product Design Theory and Methods

The product design theory and methods based on “the Scientific Outlook on Development” have been set up by our group in recent 10 years, The new progress concerning Research of product design theory and methods include: 1) QCTES was instead of IQCTES including six requirements of product design; 2) traditional design stages were replaced with four new stages including investigation, planning, implement and inspection; 3) green design was replaced with harmonious design; 4) traditional design method was replaced with deep-layer design method; 5) concept and connotation of product top-layer design were proposed; 6) more detailed contents of product synthesis design method were advanced. We got good effects to apply above product design methodology on many product designs recent years.
Calcium enhances factor Xa activity independent of γ-carboxyglutamic acid residues

We investigated the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) independent effect of calcium on the activity of human factor Xa. The effect of calcium on the reaction rate of factor Xa was compared using native and Gla-modified forms of human factor Xa [chemically decarboxylated (Gla-modified, 10 Gla residues modified/mol) and Gla-domainless (chymotrypsin-treated)]. Factor Xa activity was assessed by hydrolysis of a synthetic tripeptide nitroanilide substrate, by p-aminobenzamidine binding to the active site and by inhibition with antithrombin III. Calcium (1 mM) increased, by 25-35%, the amidolytic hydrolysis rates of all three factor Xa derivatives. Calcium had an apparent Kd of approximately 200 uM with both native and modified forms of factor Xa. However, there was no change in binding of p-aminobenzamidine, a small fluorescent probe, to factor Xa in the presence of calcium. Calcium (1 mM) increased the inhibition reaction rates of native and modified forms of factor Xa with antithrombin III by 20-30%. Magnesium (1 mM) showed greatly reduced effects on factor Xa activity relative to activities with calcium. We conclude that Gla-independent calcium interactions with factor Xa are important for some catalytic activities of this blood coagulation protease.
Terminal Titanium(IV) (Trimethylsilyl)imides Prepared by Oxidatively Induced Trimethylsilyl Abstraction

Titanium (trimethylsilyl)imide triflate complexes of the type (L)TiNSiMe3(OTf) (L- = [ArNC(CH3)]2CH, Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3; L- = N[2-P(CHMe2)2-4-MeC6H3]2) can be readily prepared by one-electron oxidation and subsequent trimethylsilyl abstraction in the Ti(III) precursors (L)TiCl(N{SiMe3}2).
Bile Acid Induction of Cytokine Expression by Macrophages Correlates with Repression of Hepatic Cholesterol 7α-Hydroxylase

In the studies reported herein, we show that two complementary experimental models: inbred strains of mice (i.e. C57BL/6 and C3H/HeJ), and a differentiated line of rat hepatoma cells (i.e. L35 cells), require the activation of cytokines by monocyte/macrophages to display bile acid negative feedback repression of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1). Feeding a bile acid-containing atherogenic diet for 3 weeks to C57BL/6 mice led to a 70% reduction in the expression of hepatic CYP7A1 mRNA, whereas no reduction was observed in C3H/HeJ mice. The strain-specific response to repression of CYP7A1 paralleled the activation of hepatic cytokine expression. Studies using cultured THP-1 monocyte/macrophages showed that the hydrophobic bile acid chenodeoxycholate, a well established potent repressor of CYP7A1, induced the expression of mRNAs encoding interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). In contrast, the hydrophilic bile acid ursodeoxycholate, which does not repress CYP7A1, did not induce cytokine mRNA expression by THP-1 cells. Chenodeoxycholate activation of cytokines by THP-1 cells was blocked by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonist rosiglitazone. The expression of cytokines (e.g. IL-1 and TNFα) by THP-1 cells paralleled with the ability of these cells to produce conditioned medium that when added to rat L35 hepatoma cells, repressed CYP7A1. Moreover, rosiglitazone, which blocks cytokine activation by macrophages, also blocked the repression of CYP7A1 normally exhibited by C57BL/6 mice fed the bile acid-containing atherogenic diet. The combined data indicate that the activation of cytokines may mediate CYP7A1 repression caused by feeding mice an atherogenic diet containing bile acids.
A Global Optimization RLT-based Approach for Solving the Fuzzy Clustering Problem

The field of cluster analysis is primarily concerned with the sorting of data points into different clusters so as to optimize a certain criterion. Rapid advances in technology have made it possible to address clustering problems via optimization theory. In this paper, we present a global optimization algorithm to solve the hard clustering problem, where each data point is to be assigned to exactly one cluster. The hard clustering problem is formulated as a nonlinear program, for which a tight linear programming relaxation is constructed via the Reformulation-Linearization Technique (RLT) in concert with additional valid inequalities that serve to defeat the inherent symmetry in the problem. This construct is embedded within a specialized branch-and-bound algorithm to solve the problem to global optimality. Pertinent implementation issues that can enhance the efficiency of the branch-and-bound algorithm are also discussed. Computational experience is reported using several standard data sets found in the literature as well as using synthetically generated larger problem instances. The results validate the robustness of the proposed algorithmic procedure and exhibit its dominance over the popular k-means clustering technique. Finally, a heuristic procedure to obtain a good quality solution at a relative ease of computational effort is also described.
Neonatal withdrawal symptoms associated with maternal use of pentazocine

An infant born to a mother who took pentazocine orally throughout her pregnancy developed the neonatal withdrawal syndrome. Therapy for neonatal withdrawal ameliorated the clinical manifestations. The infant subsequently did well for a while but died at age three months of sudden, infant death syndrome.
Incorporating Price and Replacement Purchases in New Product Diffusion Models for Consumer Durables

The article presents theoretical and empirical research findings which incorporate price and replacement purchases in new product diffusion models. On the theoretical side, this paper characterizes, qualitatively, optimum pricing policies for new products. Possible entry of rivals is not considered, but repeat sales, cost learning dynamics and discounting of future profit streams are allowed. Theoretical research findings suggest that the inclusion of repeat purchases in the diffusion model significantly changes the derived optimal pricing policy even if replacements were not price dependent. On the empirical side, alternative first purchase and repeat purchase models have been estimated and compared using nonlinear procedures. The diffusion data analyzed is related to nine consumer durables. Empirical research findings suggest that, for the considered product categories, diffusion is basically an imitative process, price can affect first and replacement purchases, and unit production cost is a decreasing function of cumulative first purchases. Managerial implications of the research findings are also discussed.
Kurt Lewin's View of Social Psychology: The Crisis of 1977 and the Crisis of 1927:

The issue raised by the "historical" view of social psychology were discussed by Lewin as early as 1927. Lewin sharply separates historical and systematic analysis of psychological events. His distinction between "historical-geographic" concepts and "conditional-genetic" concepts is examined. Perhaps surprisingly, Lewin supports many of the views of the "historians," while rejecting their conclusion that laws are impossible. Lewin argues that lawful concepts are concrete, real, content-full and re fer to potentialities. They include feedback loops, values, and perceptual-cognitive variables and apply to unique events. Lewin's work is placed in a neo-Kantian tradition which con trasts with our dominant tradition which is based on Hume and Locke. This Lockean-Humean world view may be the source of much of our current frustration.
Disaggregation of brain polysomes by L-5-hydroxytryptophan: Mediation by serotonin

Abstract In rats, intraperitoneal administration of L-5-hydroxytryptophan (200 mg/kg) causes extensive disaggregation of whole brain polysomes after one hour. Polysome disaggregation is prevented if the conversion of L-5-hydroxytryptophan to serotonin is blocked by pretreatment with an aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor; disaggregation is potentiated by pretreatment with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. The brain polysome disaggregation induced by L-phenylalanine administration (1 g/kg) is not blocked by decarboxylase inhibition.
Magnitude and duration of surface uplift above the Socorro magma body

We use interferometric synthetic aperture radar and geomorphic data to constrain the magnitude and duration of uplift driven by the magma body beneath Socorro, New Mexico, United States. Interferometry spanning 1992–2006 confirms uplift of the Socorro magma body at a rate of ~2.5 mm/yr. However, we find no clear evidence for volcanic uplift after an examination of three rivers (Rio Salado, Rio Puerco, Rio Grande), and two terraces (Llano de Manzano, Llano de Albuquerque) crossing the Socorro magma body. Our geomorphic measurements permit at most 25–50 m of cumulative surface uplift above the Socorro magma body since the middle Pleistocene, but require no long-term uplift. Given previously articulated thermal arguments for the Socorro magma body, we therefore suggest either a recent (within the last few centuries) initiation of uplift at Socorro, or that long-term uplift and subsidence have been essentially equal.
Developing an empirically based typology of attitudes of entering students toward participation in learning communities

Learning communities (LC) seek to strengthen and enrich students’ connections to each other, their teachers, and the subject matter they are studying. Their success depends on the nature of the learning community program, the learning styles of the students who participate and the reasons why students entered the program. This study uses a combination of factor and cluster analysis to develop a typology of student experiences that is used to examine the efficacy of the Learning Community program at Temple University, Philadelphia. The findings identify distinctive types of learning community experience and show that not all types match well with all students. The study questions the common assumption that learning communities are always helpful to student learning and development, and cautions against the belief that benefits will inevitably accrue. The variation in the value and impact on students of this long‐standing learning community program suggests that the evaluative burden of proof is for adminis...
The Age Grading of Physical Activity among Children

To test the hypothesis that children view participation in physical activity as less appropriate among adults of increasing chronological age, pre-school children (N = 51 males; N = 51 females) were shown six facial pictures of two adults who had been aged fictitiously through make-up, and were asked to rate the competence of these adults on six physical activities. The most significant finding of the study was that these children's assessments of the competence of adult participation in physical activity was, to a large extent, dictated by their perceptions of the age of the adult. Adults perceived as more advanced in chronological age were viewed as less proficient at each physical activity. The children's chronological age, gender, or motor skill level did not interact with their responses to the pictures.
Measurement of the J integral in polycarbonate using the method of caustics

The nonlinear fracture behavior of polycarbonate is investigated. The feasibility of measurement of the J integral through the optical method of reflected caustics is demonstrated. Significant increase in the crack growth resistance during small amounts of crack extension is observed.
Approximate solutions of the Liouville equation. II. Stationary variational principles

Stationary variational functionals for the Laplace transform of the Liouville distribution are constructed. The value of the functional is the autocorrelation function that one wishes to compute. It is shown that the functionals may be transformed to a renormalized form. Trial functions not involving the potential explicitly give rise to time-dependent autocorrelation functions determined only by equilibrium spatial correlation functions. Another class of functionals is constructed by independently varying the parity symmetric and antisymmetric parts of the distribution function. Trial functions need only be assumed for one of these—the optimum value of the other one is given exactly. This procedure is used to improve the simplest known theories for velocity and density autocorrelation functions.
What differentiates meta-analysis from other forms of review?

An issue of friendly disagreement between Cooper and Arkin (1981) and Cook and Leviton (1980) involves the definition of meta-analysis. Cooper and Arkin favor a definition stressing the degree of quantification in review studies, while we claim that studies labeled as “meta-analysis” are differentiated from other reviews in terms of the aggregation of effect sizes or probability values across studies for the purpose of reaching numerical estimates of the average magnitude of a relationship (as preferred by Glass) or the probability of reaching the average probability by chance (as originally preferred by Rosenthal). This definitional issue is important because the major objection to past meta-analytic studies raised by Cook and Leviton involved the possibility that meta-analysis might be used uncritically by some persons to derive “bottom line” estimates that are biased because confounds biasing the estimate in one direction are more prevalent than confounds biasing it in the opposite direction. Defining meta-analysis as more quantification takes much of the steam out of our critique, but it also reduces the saliency of what has been unique about past efforts labeled as meta-analysis–the generation of a single numerical estimate of a relationship derived from a set of many related studies.
Identification of initiation sites for the in vitro transcription of rRNA operons rrnE and rrnA in E. coli.

Abstract The transcription initiation sites of E. coli rRNA operons were determined using various DNA fragments derived from transducing phage λ metA 20 carrying rrnE and from hybrid plasmid pLC19-3 carrying rrnA . In vitro transcription products were analyzed for their 5′ end sequences and their oligonucleotide compositions. The results are in full agreement with the nucleotide sequences of the DNA templates described in an accompanying paper (de Boer, Gilbert and Nomura, 1979) and allow us to make the following conclusions. First, there are two transcription start sites on each of the rRNA operons; they are 109 bp apart in the case of rrnE and 117 ± 1 bp apart in rrnA . Second, the first start site is 283 bp upstream from the m16S rRNA coding region in the case of rrnE , while it is 291 bp upstream in rrnA . Initiation starts with ATP in both cases. Finally, the second start sites are 174 and 174 ± 1 bp from the m16S rRNA genes in rrnE and rrnA , respectively. Initiation starts with CTP in both cases. We have also shown that in the present in vitro transcription system, guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) inhibits the synthesis of full-sized RNAs from both start sites in each rRNA operon.
Radiation damage tests of a PMP scintillator

Abstract Three tests of the radiation resistance of polystyrene-based scintillator samples doped with 1-phenyl-3-mesityl-2-pyrazoline (PMP) fluor were performed. The substantial amount of damage observed prevents the use of PMP in the high radiation dose environments of planned future experiments, as for example, at the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC).
An assessment of data formats for layered manufacturing

Abstract Layered manufacturing (LM) is an emerging technology for fabricating parts, layer by layer. This technique offers several advantages over conventional manufacturing. The data representation and exchange issues in LM are crucial, and currently the STL format is used as an industry standard. In this paper, we consider 3-D and slice data formats in LM and analyse their strengths and weaknesses. We perform an in-depth analysis of the STL format and comment on the perceived need for its replacement. We also propose metrics for the evaluation of the 3-D and slice formats and compare them. The study reported in this paper can provide guidelines for the development of new representations and formats for use in LM.
Elimination of Ulcerative Cecitis from a Rat Colony by Chemotherapy of Mothers

ConclusionsWe have previously shown that ulcerative cecitis of rats can be prevented by adding sulfaguanidine to the food ration. The present observations indicate that the disease may be largely eliminated from a colony in which it is endemic by treatment of the mothers during pregnancy and lactation only. This procedure effects an economy of chemotherapy which reduces the expense to a reasonable level. These observations confirm and amplify those previously reported.