cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interpreting the Lambda Sensor Output Signal to Control Emissions From Natural Gas Fueled Engines

This paper presents the work done to date on a modeling study of the Non-Selective Catalytic Reduction (NSCR) system. Several recent experimental studies indicate that the voltage signal from the heated exhaust gas oxygen sensor commonly used to control these emission reduction systems may not be interpreted correctly because of the physical nature in the way the sensor senses the exhaust gas concentration. While the current signal interpretation may be satisfactory for modest NOX and CO reduction, an improved understanding of the signal is necessary to achieve consistently low NOX and CO emission levels. The increasingly strict emission regulations may require implementing NSCR as a promising emission control technology for stationary spark ignition engines. Many recent experimental investigations that used NSCR systems for stationary natural gas fueled engines showed that NSCR systems were unable to consistently control the emissions level below the compliance limits. Modeling of NSCR components to better understand, and then exploit, the underlying physical processes that occur in the lambda sensor and the catalyst media is now considered an essential step toward improving NSCR system performance. This paper focuses only on the lambda sensor that provides feedback to the air-to-fuel ratio controller. The goals of this modeling study are: • Improve the understanding of the transport phenomena and electrochemical processes that occur within the sensor. • Investigate the cross-sensitivity of exhaust gases from natural gas fueled engines on the sensor performance. • Serve as a tool for improving NSCR control strategies. This model simulates the output from a planar switch type lambda sensor. The model consists of three modules. The first module models the multi-component mass transport through the sensor protective layer. A one dimensional mass conservation equation is used for each exhaust gas species. Diffusion fluxes are calculated using the Maxwell-Stefan equation. The second module includes all the surface catalytic reactions that take place on the sensor platinum electrodes. All kinetic reactions are modeled based on the Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic mechanism. The third module is responsible for simulating the reactions that occur on the electrolyte material and determining the sensor output voltage. The details of these three modules as well as a parametric study that investigates the sensitivity of the output voltage signal to various exhaust gas parameters is provided in the paper.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Cultural competence: cardiovascular medications.

Interethnic or racial differences are associated with enzyme polymorphisms, which are tiny variations in individuals in the physiology, absence, or presence of drug-metabolizing enzymes. The largest class of cardiovascular drugs investigated in pharmacogenetic studies is the antihypertensives. A number of studies have examined the best choices of antihypertensives for individuals within selected racial and ethnically defined populations. There is a fairly strong consensus about the pattern of antihypertensive treatment for black patients, but clear treatment directives for antihypertensive patients with other cultural affiliations have not emerged. Less information is reported about racial, ethnic, or cultural differences in effectiveness for other cardiovascular drugs. Nurses should consider whether the ethnic or racial affiliation of the patient places him or her more at risk for impaired drug metabolism. This article contains a guide for nursing assessment of culturally important factors related to polymorphisms.
Developmental gene expression in Eimeria bovis

Abstract By differential screening of stage-specific cDNA libraries of Eimeria bovis , we have identified and isolated a large set of genes that are regulated during development of the sporozoites and merozoites. Duplicate lifts of cDNA libraries constructed from partially sporulated oocysts and merozoites were probed with radioactively labeled first-strand cDNA prepared from partially sporulated oocyst and merozoite mRNA. Out of 60 000 plaques screened in each case, over 250 plaques from the partially sporulated oocyst library preferentially hybridized with the oocyst cDNA probe and 67 plaques from the merozoite library preferentially hybridized with the merozoite cDNA probe. Three of the oocyst phage and 7 of the merozoite phage were selected for further characterization. Northern analysis revealed a common pattern of mRNA expression for the oocyst cDNA clones. Consistent with the results of the differential screen, no hybridization to merozoite RNA was detected with any of these 3 oocyst cDNA clones. The expression of the merozoite cDNA clones was more complex, with 3 different classes of merozoite genes being identified based on their pattern of developmental regulation. Although each of the merozoite clones was expressed to some extent during sporulation, in all cases, expression was higher in merozoites than in partially sporulated oocysts, consistent with the restriction of expression defined by the differential screen. Sequence analysis revealed that 2 of the merozoite cDNA clones encode elongation factor 1α and the ubiquitin/ribosomal protein fusion, and 1 of the sporozoite cDNAs displays a significant identity to insulin-degrading enzyme. The developmental expression of E. bovis genes involved in protein synthesis and degradation provides additional evidence for the importance of regulation of protein metabolism during parasite development.
Assay of histidine decarboxylase inhibitors in human plasma

Abstract A technique has been devised for assay of plasma levels of histidine decarboxylase inhibitors in man. It is based upon determination of the power of plasma to inhibit the activity of a preparation of histidine decarboxylase in vitro after administration of a drug. This method, which should be generally applicable to assay of all histidine decarboxylase inhibitors, was used to study plasma levels of brocresine and d -2 hydrazino-3-4 (5) -imidazole propionic acid (MK - 785) after oral administration of various single doses. Levels obtained with MK-785 were much higher than with equivalent doses of brocresine. Both the rate at which peak plasma levels were attained and the rate of disappearance from plasma were more rapid with brocresine than with MK-785.
The Looking Glass Self: An Empirical Test and Elaboration

We test the hypothesis inspired by Mead and Cooley, that one's self-perceptions are an internalization of the perceptions of the views of others, using a large set of network data from 56 naturally occurring communities. The results are compatible with an internalization model, whereby self-conceptions are instilled through interaction with high-status alters. Yet it does not seem that personality is simply an impression made in a malleable mind by theforce of social interaction - examination of longitudinal data demonstrates that over time, it is possiblefor individuals to bring others around to their self-conceptions, presumably because they are able to build up a reputation through consistent acts.
The Myth of the Angry Atheist

Atheists are often portrayed in the media and elsewhere as angry individuals. Although atheists disagree with the pillar of many religions, namely the existence of a God, it may not necessarily be the case that they are angry individuals. The prevalence and accuracy of angry-atheist perceptions were examined in 7 studies with 1,677 participants from multiple institutions and locations in the United States. Studies 1–3 revealed that people believe atheists are angrier than believers, people in general, and other minority groups, both explicitly and implicitly. Studies 4–7 then examined the accuracy of these beliefs. Belief in God, state anger, and trait anger were assessed in multiple ways and contexts. None of these studies supported the idea that atheists are particularly angry individuals. Rather, these results support the idea that people believe atheists are angry individuals, but they do not appear to be angrier than other individuals in reality.
Teaching White Papers Through Client Projects

White papers are increasingly prevalent in business and professional settings. Although textbook resources for white paper assignments are limited, a white paper assignment completed for a community client can provide a learning experience that students enjoy and that strengthens ties between the university and the community. This article describes a way to approach the white paper assignment in a communications-focused course and identifies resources to support white paper assignments.
Leukemoid reaction: a rare paraneoplastic syndrome associated with advanced bladder carcinoma

We report a case of leukemoid reaction associated with tumor recurrence and rapid progression in a patient following resection of a high-grade transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. The clinical, pathologic, and etiologic features of tumor-associated leukemoid reactions are emphasized. In the setting of recurrent carcinoma, a leukemoid reaction suggests highly aggressive or metastatic disease.
Periodic activation functions in memristor-based analog neural networks

This work explores the use of periodic activation functions in memristor-based analog neural networks. We propose a hardware neuron based on a folding amplifier that produces a periodic output voltage. Furthermore, the amplifier's fold factor be adjusted to change the number of low-to-high or high-to-low output voltage transitions. We also propose a memristor-based synapse circuit and training circuitry for realizing the Perceptron learning rule. Behavioral models of our circuits were developed for simulating a single-layer, single-output feedforward neural network. The network was trained to detect the edges of a grayscale image. Our results show that neurons with a single fold-with an activation function similar to a sigmoidal activation function-perform the worst for this application, since they are unable to learn functions with multiple decision boundaries. Conversely, the 4-fold neuron performs the best (up to ≈65% better than the 1-fold neuron), as its activation function is periodic, and it is able to learn functions with four decision boundaries.
Transverse Anderson localization in a disordered glass optical fiber

We report the first observation of transverse Anderson localization in a glass optical fiber. The strong localization happens near the outer boundary of the fiber and no trace of localization is observed in the central regions. However, these observations complement previous reports that the boundary of a disordered medium has a de-localizing effect. Our observations can be explained by considering the non-uniform distribution of disorder in the fiber, where the substantially larger disorder near the outer boundary of the fiber offsets the de-localizing effect of the boundary.
Numerical Analysis of Fully Penetrated Weld Pools in Gas Tungsten Arc Welding

Full penetration welding is widely used in metal joining, but it has been ignored in previous convective numerical models. In addition to the free surface on top of the pool, an additional free sur...
Telling the Unknown Story Complex and Explicit Narration by African American Preadolescents—Preliminary Examination of Gender and Socioeconomic Issues

Abstract This article investigates the oral personal narration of 16 African American children, 8 males and 8 females. Half of the 16 children were from a low socioeconomic status (SES) and half from a middle SES background. Narratives were analyzed using dependency analysis and yielded the following measures: fully implicit propositions, partially implicit propositions, explicit propositions, repeated propositions, internal corrections, and false starts, the highest level of proposition, and reported speech. There was a main effect of gender and SES on the highest level of proposition articulated. Girls achieved a significantly higher level of proposition than did boys, indicating a tendency to greater elaboration in their discourses. Of greatest interest was the finding that low SES children achieved a significantly higher level of proposition than did middle SES children.
High-precision measurement of the swelling of microspheres

For controlled release of drugs and other uses, the accurate and precise measurement of swelling of polymer microsphere carriers is often crucial. Most currently available techniques were designed to measure high degrees of swelling. We explored the use of digital light microscopy for the high precision measurement of small degrees of swelling of individual microsphere particles. By using a camera to acquire images of microspheres in a sample cell filled with solvent, accurate, precise, measurements of swelling were obtained. The technique has a precision of 0.52% change in the swelling of the volume of a microsphere. We compared this technique with a state-of-the-art gravimetric technique. Comparison of the two techniques revealed that as much as 84% of swelling as measured by the gravimetric method is excess fluid arising from confounding factors such as adsorption and capillary effects. Computer modeling shows that the inaccuracies are due entirely to liquid bridge formation between the microspheres. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Agricultural Virtual Water Trade and Water Footprint of U.S. States

Virtual water transfer in the form of trade in water-intensive crop, animal, and industrial products can constitute a substantial part of the water supply and demand balance of both importing and e...
Multi-Way System Partitioning into a Single Type or Multiple Types of FPGAs

This paper considers the problem of partitioning a circuit into a collection of subcircuits, such that each subcircuit is feasible for some device from an FPGA library, and the total cost of devices is minimized. We propose a three-phase heuristic that uses ordering, clustering, and dynamic programming to achieve good solutions. Experimental comparisons are made with the previous methods of [Circuit Partitioning for Huge Logic Emulation Systems][Cost Minimization of Partitions into Multiple Devices].
Kawasaki disease: an update.

Kawasaki disease is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children in many parts of the world. It is an acute systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology predominantly affecting children under 5 years of age. It is diagnosed clinically by the presence of a constellation of manifestations and exclusion of other diseases with similar findings. Children develop a spectrum of cardiovascular manifestations including coronary artery involvement in 30–35% of untreated cases with myocardial infarction and death in ≤2% of them. Acute stage treatment is by administration of intravenous immunoglobulin and aspirin. Those with coronary artery involvement need long-term cardiac risk stratification and management because many of them will become the part of a growing pool of adults with ischemic heart disease.
Studies on nuclear deprimerones: Isolation, fractionation, characterization and control of gene expression

A procedure was developed for the isolation of low molecular weight peptides (deprimerones) from calf thymus nuclei and other tissues. These peptides are active in controlling transcription and translation in cell-free systems, and stabilize the double stranded structure of DNA. The procedure involves extaction of nuclei with 80% ethanol at pH 9.5 and fractionation of the extracted peptides on Sephadex G-25. The isolated deprimerones represent heterogenous peptidic fractions which can be separated into four activity peaks on Sephadex G-25 column and into ten peptidic spots on two-dimensional cellulose gel thin layer chromatography. One of the peaks is identical to a chromatin peptidic fraction isolated previously by binding to DNA-cellulose. The deprimerones contain about 8 or 9 different amino acids. It was demonstrated that the cytoplasm contains about 10% of the deprimerones present in nuclei. They are also ubiquitous, since they were found in each of the tissues studied: calf thymus, mouse thymus, mouse spleen and mouse liver.
Autocrine TGFβ signaling mediates vitamin D3 analog-induced growth inhibition in breast cells

In this study, we address whether TGFbeta signaling mediates vitamin D3 analog-induced growth inhibition in nonmalignant and malignant breast cells. Normal mammary epithelial cells (184), immortalized nonmalignant mammary epithelial cells (184A1 and MCF10A), and breast cancer cells (early passage MCF7: MCF7E) were sensitive to the inhibitory effects of vitamin D3 analogs (EB1089 and MC1288) while late passage MCF7 breast cancer (MCF7L) cells were relatively resistant. A similar pattern of sensitivity to TGFbeta was observed with these cells. Thus, the sensitivity to the vitamin D3 analogs correlated with the sensitivity to TGFbeta. MCF7L TGFbetaRII-transfected cells, which have autocrine TGFbeta activity, were more sensitive to EB1089 than MCF7L cells. TGFbeta neutralizing antibody was found to block the inhibitory effects of these analogs. These results are consistent with the idea that autocrine TGFbeta signaling mediates the anti-proliferative effects of the vitamin D3 analogs in these cells. The expression of TGFbeta isoforms and/or TGFbeta receptors was induced by the analogs in the vitamin D3 and TGFbeta sensitive cells. Vitamin D3 analogs did not induce TGFbeta or TGFbeta receptor expression in the resistant MCF7L cells. Therefore, EB1089 induces autocrine TGFbeta activity through increasing expression of TGFbeta isoforms and/or TGFbeta receptors. In addition, EB1089 induced nuclear VDR protein levels in the sensitive 184A1 cells but not in the resistant MCF7L cells. 184A1 cells were more sensitive to EB1089-induced VDR-dependent transactivation than MCF7L cells as measured by a luciferase reporter construct containing the VDRE, indicating a defect of VDR signaling in MCF7L cells. Smad3, a TGFbeta signaling mediator, coactivated VDR-dependent transactivation in 184A1 cells but not in MCF7L cells. These results indicate that Smad3 coactivates VDR to further enhance TGFbeta signaling and vitamin D3 signaling in the sensitive 184A1 cells. The results also indicate that Smad3 is not of itself sufficient to coactivate VDR in TGFbeta/vitamin D3 resistant MCF7L cells and other factors are required. We found that the PI 3-kinase pathway inhibitor LY29004 inhibited the synergy of TGFbeta and EB1089 on VDR-dependent transactivation activity. This indicates that the crosstalk between TGFbeta and vitamin D signaling is also PI 3-kinase pathway dependent.
Physics-Based Microstructure Simulation for Drilled Hole Surface in Hardened Steel

For a fully hardened steel material, hole surface microstructuresare often subject to microstructural transition because of theintense thermomechanical loading. A white layer can be formedon the surface of a drilled hole of hardened carbon steels, whichresults from two mechanisms: thermally driven phase transforma-tion and mechanical grain reﬁnement due to severe plastic defor-mation. In this study, a multistep numerical analysis is conductedto investigate the potential mechanism of surface microstructurealterations in hard drilling. First, three-dimensional (3D) ﬁniteelement (FE) simulations are performed using a relative coarsemesh with
Arnold-Chiari malformation in a pregnant woman.

Abstract Background The Arnold-Chiari malformation type I is characterized by the prolapse of the cerebellar tonsils below the foramen magnum. There is a lack of literature on the management of a pregnancy in a woman affected by an Arnold-Chiari malformation. Case A young primipara with severe headaches underwent an elective primary cesarean delivery under general anesthesia successfully. Five years earlier, she had undergone neurosurgical resection for filum terminale syndrome shortly after her first pregnancy (term vaginal delivery) and decompression of a type I Arnold-Chiari malformation 4 months later. Conclusion Careful selection of anesthetic technique for the delivery of a woman with an Arnold-Chiari malformation is of paramount importance.
Abstract 4288: in vivo Imaging of early inflammation response in bacterial infection

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide and a prime cause in hospital infections. Staphylococcus aureus bactereremia is prevalent in neutropenic cancer patients, and malignancies form a sizeable risk factor for methycillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections. Targeting the virulence products is a promising approach for developing novel therapeutics. A detailed understanding of the virulence factors and the resultant immune response is quite essential for such development. Here, we established an athymic mice model to assess the initial immune response to S.aureus inoculation. As the polymorphonuclear neutrophils(PMN)and macrophages are a part of the early response, determination of its myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in vivo is established. MPO is an inflammatory heme protein and utilizes hydrogen peroxide in the process of reactive oxygen species generation. 24 hrs after the intra muscular injection of the S.aureus bacterial lysate, the MPO activity was detected by i.p injection of luminal in mice. The blue luminescence resulting from the MPO activity was imaged and the luminescence images were overlaid on planar X-ray images for anatomical co-registration. The results show a robust MPO activity in the mouse bladder. This increase in MPO activity as a result of neutrophil activation at the bladder region was further confirmed using non-invasive X-ray contrast imaging of the bladder and co-registering the luminescence and the X-ray density signals at the bladder. The initial response shown here has similarities with the mechanism suggested recently for myobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) treatment of bladder cancer. Bacterial components, its structures that are involved in eliciting the robust PMN infiltration in bladder will be very valuable in the developing better bladder cancer anti-tumor treatments. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4288. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4288
A Spatial Analysis of the Neighborhood Scale of Residential Perceptions of Physical Disorder

Perceived disorder and objective disorder in a neighborhood are hypothesized to be important factors in relation to criminal behavior. Given the importance of the neighborhood in the theory of collective efficacy as well as in effective community policing, it is imperative to understand the appropriate geographic scale of the neighborhood. In this paper, we examine the impact of the size of bespoke neighborhoods on the correlation between systematic observations of disorder and surveys of residents' perceptions of disorder. We test neighborhood sizes ranging from a radius of 50 to 500 m. We use two tests to conduct this comparison: ordinary least squares regression of spatial averages and a modification of the bivariate Moran’s I test of spatial correlation. These two tests provide evidence that the residents perceive their neighborhood to be a comparatively large region when considering neighborhood disorder. However, both tests show only a weak, albeit statistically significant, correlation between the systematic observations of disorder and the residents’ perceptions of disorder.
Ca2+ -stimulated adenylyl cyclases regulate ERK-dependent activation of MSK1 during fear conditioning.

Summary The cAMP and ERK/MAP kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathways are critical for hippocampus-dependent memory, a process that depends on CREB-mediated transcription. However, the extent of crosstalk between these pathways and the downstream CREB kinase activated during memory formation has not been elucidated. Here we report that PKA, MAPK, and MSK1, a CREB kinase, are coactivated in a subset of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons following contextual fear conditioning. Activation of PKA, MAPK, MSK1, and CREB is absolutely dependent on Ca 2+ -stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity. We conclude that adenylyl cyclase activity supports the activation of MAPK, and that MSK1 is the major CREB kinase activated during training for contextual memory.
Abstract 3494: Combining ATRA and GSK3 inhibition in AML

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is the most common form of leukemia in adults. Unfortunately, the standard therapeutic agents used for this disease have high toxicities and poor efficacy. The one exception to these poor outcomes is the use of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) for a rare subtype of AML (APL, 5-10% of AML). The use of the differentiation agent, ATRA, in combination with low dose chemotherapy leads to the long term survival and presumed cure of 75-85% of patients. Unfortunately ATRA is not clinically useful for other subtypes of AML. Though the non-APL leukemic cells also express retinoic acid receptors (RAR), they require significantly higher concentrations of ATRA for effective differentiation. The requirement for high doses of ATRA for differentiation is at least partially due to the fact that ATRA initiates a negative feedback loop resulting in the degradation of RAR. This feedback loop limits the magnitude and duration of its effects. Despite the high clinical significance of inhibiting the degradation of RAR to enhance the efficacy of ATRA, little is known about the pathways leading to RAR degradation. Our data suggests that the kinase, GSK3, plays a role in RAR degradation. Utilizing genetic and biochemical approaches with AML cell lines and mouse xenograft studies, we have identified that inhibition of GSK3 in combination with ATRA is a promising strategy to induce AML differentiation and growth inhibition. For example, the combination of ATRA and GSK3 inhibitors including Lithium and SB415286 leads to a significant enhancement in anti-tumor activity in a mouse AML xenograft model system. Mechanistically, our data suggests that GSK3 enhances ATRA activity through modulating the expression of RAR. Utilizing HL-60 cells, we have found that not only can endogenous GSK3 and RAR physically interact, but GSK3 can directly phosphorylate RAR and modulate its stability. After the addition of GSK3 inhibitors, the interaction with RAR is disrupted and the GSK3-mediated phosphorylation of RAR is blocked. Overall, our studies suggest the clinical potential of ATRA and GSK3 inhibition for AML and provide a mechanistic framework to explain the promising activity of this combination regimen. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3494. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3494
A suggestion of a new approach to the theory of some biological periodicities.

Previous studies of L. Danziger and G. Elmergreen (Bull. Math. Biophysics,16, 15–21, 1954;18, 1–13, 1956) of possible biochemical periodicities in organisms assumed non-linear biochemical interaction between different metabolites, because linear systems do not lead to undamped ocsillations. They treated homogeneous systems. Later N. Rashevsky generalized their results to a more realistic case where the non-homogeneity due to the histological structure is considered. (Some Medical Aspects of Mathematical Biology, Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, Publisher, 1964;Bull. Math. Biophysics,29, 389–393, 1967.) As long as the histological structure remains constant, the existence of sustained periodicities requires the assumption of non-linearity of biochemical interactions. If, however, the secretions of an endocrine gland affect the histological structure of the target organ, notably as in the menstrual cycle, and if there is a feed-back, the equations become non-linear and may admit sustained periodic solutions even if the purely biochemical interactions are linear.
The influence of citric acid, EDTA, and fulvic acid on U(VI) sorption onto kaolinite

Abstract Uranium(VI) sorption onto kaolinite was investigated as a function of pH (3–12), sorbate/sorbent ratio (1 × 10 −6 –1 × 10 −4 M U(VI) with 2 g/L kaolinite), ionic strength (0.001–0.1 M NaNO 3 ), and pCO 2 (0–5%) in the presence or absence of 1 × 10 −2 –1 × 10 −4 M citric acid, 1 × 10 −2 –1 × 10 −4 M EDTA, and 10 or 20 mg/L fulvic acid. Control experiments without-solids, containing 1 × 10 −6 –1 × 10 −4 M U(VI) in 0.01 M NaNO 3 were used to evaluate sorption to the container wall and precipitation of U phases as a function of pH. Control experiments demonstrate significant loss (up to 100%) of U from solution. Although some loss, particularly in 1 × 10 −5 and 1 × 10 −4 M U experiments, is expected due to precipitation of schoepite, adsorption on the container walls is significant, particularly in 1 × 10 −6 M U experiments. In the absence of ligands, U(VI) sorption on kaolinite increases from pH ∼3 to 7 and decreases from pH ∼7.5 to 12. Increasing ionic strength from 0.001 to 0.1 M produces only a slight decrease in U(VI) sorption at pH 2 greatly diminishes U(VI) sorption between pH ∼5.5 and 11. Addition of fulvic acid produces a small increase in U(VI) sorption at pH
Students Discover Real World Scheduling: OR, The Proof is in the Posting

An essay about graduate students of Sequencing and Scheduling Models at West Virginia University and their real-world project assignment to improve scheduling at a local garment contractor's shop.
Reference material needs in clinical laboratory science

In 1968, clinical chemistry was considered to be the field most in need of certified reference materials (CRMs). While significant progress has been made in this area, new diagnostic assays are continually being developed that create a need for new CRMs. Members of the clinical laboratory community help to identify reference material needs. Professional and governmental organizations, such as IFCC, AACC, NCCLS, CDC, and the national metrological institutes (NMIs), respond to develop protocols and materials. Several measurands are presented as examples. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, in response to a need for standardization of lipid and lipoprotein measurements, CDC developed a reference system that included secondary reference materials. Over the years, the process of preparation of these materials was refined, eventually leading to the development of NCCLS guideline for preparation of commutable frozen serum pools for use as secondary reference materials (C37-A). This protocol was used for the preparation of NIST SRM 1951a (lipids in frozen (liquid) human serum). In the 1980s, a need for a reference material for blood lead was identified. CDC and NIST cooperated to develop SRM 955 (lead in bovine blood). More recently, efforts have been initiated to standardize high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) assays. In this case, a CRM for CRP existed (CRM 470, developed by IFCC and available from IRMM), but at concentrations in the acute phase reactant range and not in the low range needed for hsCRP assays. CDC coordinated a study to evaluate diluted CRM470 and other candidate materials as secondary reference materials for hsCRP assays.
Noise floor reduction of a fiber-based photonic microwave generator by use of a mode-filtering cavity

We demonstrate a 10-GHz fiber-based photonic microwave generator with residual phase noise below −110 dBc/Hz for Fourier frequencies higher than 2-Hz. The noise floor is reduced to −156 dBc/Hz by using an optical mode-filtering cavity.
The signal recognition particle receptor mediates the GTP-dependent displacement of SRP from the signal sequence of the nascent polypeptide

Abstract The signal recognition particle (SRP)-mediated transport of proteins across mammalian endoplasmic reticulum requires GTP in a capacity distinct from polypeptide elongation. We defined the role of GTP by a molecular characterization of translocation intermediates that accumulate after incubation of SRP-ribosome complexes with microsomal membranes. SRP receptor-catalyzed displacement of SRP from ribosomes was GTP-dependent both with intact membranes and with the purified SRP receptor. GTP-specific binding was localized to the α subunit of the receptor by photoaffinity labeling and by probing nitrocellulose blots of the receptor with GTP. Analysis of the α subunit of the SRP receptor revealed amino acid sequences that are similar to guanine ribonucleotide binding site consensus sequence elements.
A Direct Reading Voltage Divider with Standard Cell Reference

A highly accurate Direct Reading Voltage Divider has been developed in which the output voltage is equal to that of a standard cell when the input resistance has been adjusted so that 1 ma of current is flowing through the divider. The range of measurement with direct reference to a standard cell is from 2 to 1100 v. The range may be lowered to 0.02 v with decreased accuracy by the use of a Lindeck potentiometer in place of the standard cell. The stability, repeatability and calibration accuracy of the divider have been evaluated. Results indicate that accuracies of approximately 0.005 per cent may be obtained from 2.0 v to 1100 v without applying corrections. Design, evaluation and certification of the divider will be discussed.
Teaching & Learning Guide for: Multilingualism in Educational Contexts: Identities and Ideologies

This Teaching and Learning Guide is intended to provide instructors of courses in Sociolinguistics some guidance in incorporating the topic of multilingualism in educational contexts into their syllabi. Although schools the world over are increasingly serving multilingual populations, awareness of this reality has not, in many cases, sifted through to public consciousness, and incorporation of this topic into the sociolinguistic curriculum is a crucial step in addressing this gap in awareness. The incidence of multilingualism in educational contexts has increased greatly in the last few decades in a number of critical ways. First, while multilingualism has long been the norm in educational settings in places such as India and some countries of Africa, widespread multilingualism has only recently begun to be seen as a factor in education in many parts of the Americas, Europe, and Asia. Second, in addition to there being more regions of the world that have multilingual populations of schoolchildren, the demographics of these populations are also changing. There are increasing numbers of middle class professionals moving to countries in which immigrants were previously overwhelmingly citizens of poor countries who came to work unskilled jobs. Third, not only have different patterns of immigration led to a broader range of regions and social groups becoming multilingual, but the ability to speak more than one language is increasingly seen as desirable for those who stay put. Bilingual education or intensive language study for the children of majority language populations is gaining popularity in Europe, the United States, and Asia. What this amounts to is that multilingualism in schools is becoming more common, and the situations in which it occurs are as varied as the languages involved. This article addresses the social issues of language ideologies and identity construction in this context.
A directed graph representation for computer simulation of belief systems

Abstract A method of representing data structures in the form of a directed graph is described. Such a graph is suitable for the data base of belief systems in particular and of large memory structures in general.
Drug abuse treatment on demand in San Francisco: preliminary findings.

Abstract This article reports on a process and capacity evaluation of San Francisco's Treatment on Demand Initiative, which was launched in 1997 to increase availability of publicly-funded substance abuse treatment. For the process evaluation, data from public documents, interviews with community key informants, and newspaper articles were analyzed. For the capacity evaluation, budget documents and admissions data for publicly-funded substance abuse treatment in San Francisco for fiscal years 1995–1998 were analyzed. Results from the process evaluation document the development of the community-oriented Treatment on Demand Planning Council, and its efforts to not only expand treatment, but to create a continuum of services to address the needs of San Francisco's richly diverse communities, to provide service enhancements, and to prioritize service needs. Process evaluation results also highlight the complexities of implementing treatment on demand, including the difficulty of opening new programs. Results ...
Comparison of the Biofire FilmArray RP, Genmark eSensor RVP, Luminex xTAG RVPv1, and Luminex xTAG RVP Fast Multiplex Assays for Detection of Respiratory Viruses

There are several U.S. FDA-cleared molecular respiratory virus panels available today, each with advantages and disadvantages. This study compares four multiplex panels, the BioFire Diagnostics FilmArray RP (respiratory panel), the GenMark Dx eSensor RVP (respiratory viral panel), the Luminex xTAG RVPv1, and the Luminex xTAG RVP fast. Three hundred specimens (200 retrospective and 100 consecutive) were tested using all four platforms to determine performance characteristics. The overall sensitivity and specificity, respectively, and 95% confidence interval (CI; in parentheses) for each panel were as follows: FilmArray RP, 84.5% (79.2, 88.6) and 100% (96.2, 100); eSensor RVP, 98.3% (95.5, 99.5) and 99.2% (95.4, 100); xTAG RVPv1, 92.7% (88.5, 95.4) and 99.8% (96.0, 100); and xTAG RVP fast, 84.4% (78.5, 88.9) and 99.9% (96.1, 100). The sensitivity of each assay fluctuated by viral target, with the greatest discrepancies noted for adenovirus and influenza virus B detection. Hands-on time and time to result were recorded and ease of use was assessed to generate a complete profile of each assay.
Comments on the Reiss Screen for Maladaptive Behaviour and its factor structure

Sturmey's factor analysis of the Reiss Screen for Maladaptive Behavior is based upon several significant errors, some of which are of general interest because misuse of factor analysis is common (Ford et al. 1986). In this commentary, the author discusses; the concept of factor robustness; appropriate samples for evaluating the factor structure of a dual diagnosis instrument, the differences between exploratory and confirmatory analyses; and how the Reiss Screen was intended to fulfill its purpose. In the Sturmey study, the Reiss Screen may have actually performed well under adverse conditions. The criteria for conducting valid factor analytic studies of dual diagnosis instruments are identified in order to encourage future research evaluating the Reiss Screen and other instruments.
A modified k - ε model of turbulence

In this paper, the parameters of a thermodynamically consistent k - e model of turbulence are first determined, and the numerical values of the various model coefficients are evaluated. Limiting flows of a decaying homogeneous turbulence, turbulent flow in the inertial sublayer, and known properties of purely diffusive turbulence are used for this purpose. The thermodynamically consistent model is then incorporated into an enhanced version of the TEACH computer code called STARPIC. Finally, the modified computational code is used to simulate the flow through a channel to assess its capability in predicting turbulent flows. The computational results are compared with available experimental data, and found to have reasonable matching. The flows are also simulated using standard k - e model, for comparison. It is observed that the present thermodynamically consistent modified k - e model predictions are better compared to the standard k - e model predictions. DOI: 10.3329/jme.v38i0.895 Journal of Mechanical Engineering Vol.38 Dec. 2007 pp.14-17
A heterozygote advantage.

The evidence for balancing selection at the prion protein gene ( PRNP ) due to kuru in the Fore group of the Papua New Guinea Highlands is compelling (“Balancing selection at the prion protein gene consistent with prehistoric kurulike epidemics,” S. Mead et al. , Reports, 25 April, p. [640][1]). That is, their analysis of worldwide haplotype diversity and sequence analysis demonstrates that the major alleles at the PRNP locus are maintained by selective factors favoring the maintenance of heterozygotes. In addition, the extent of the “heterozygote advantage” in the Fore in terms of their viability in the present generation can be calculated from Mead et al. 's genotypic data (provided by S. Mead). In 30 women over the age of 50 that had a history of multiple exposures to mortuary feasts, 4 were homozygous MM , 23 were heterozygous MV , and 3 were homozygous VV ( M and V indicate methonine and valine at position 129), a large deviation from Hardy-Weinberg proportions. In another sample of unexposed Fore individuals, the genotypes were in Hardy-Weinberg proportions (31 MM , 72 MV , and 37 VV ). Using these two groups as the frequencies of the genotypes after (indicated by primes below) and before selection, the viability of genotype MM relative to genotype MV can be estimated ([1][2]) as VMM = ( P' MMPMV )/( P' MVPMM ) = (0.133)(0.514)/(0.767)(0.221) = 0.403, and the viability of genotype VV relative to genotype MV can be estimated as VVV = ( P' VVPMV )/( P' MVPVV ) = (0.100)(0.514)/(0.767)(0.264) = 0.254. In other words, the relative viabilities of the genotypes MM , MV , and VV are 0.403, 1.0, and 0.254, respectively, a very strong heterozygote advantage in the face of kuru. Because adult males participated little at feasts, this heterozygote advantage acts primarily in females. Therefore, the average selection coefficient ( s = 1 − V ) against MM homozygotes is approximately- sMM = (1 − VMM )/2 = 0.299, and against VV homozygotes, it is − sVV = (1 − VVV )/2 = 0.373. The expected equilibrium frequency of the V allele is therefore qV = − sMM /(− sMM + − sVV ) = 0.45, not very different from the observed frequency of 0.55. Although it is not known whether selection has been this strong in previous generations, the strength of balancing selection in this one generation appears to be the strongest yet documented in any human population. 1. 1.[↵][3] 1. P. W. Hedrick , Genetics of Populations, ed. 2 (Jones & Bartlett, Boston, 2000). [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1083320 [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1. in text"
Temperature Dependence of the Deactivation Behaviour of Substituted Acridizinium Derivatives in Dilute Solutions

The energies of the excited states which are involved in the deactivation, the quantum yields of fluorescence and intersystem crossing, and the fluorescence decay times were determined for acridizinium and seven substituted acridizinium derivatives. Taking into account a contribution of temperature independent intersystem crossing the temperature dependence of the fluorescence quantum yield can be described by means of the Arrhenius equation. The thermally activated isc-process in acridizinium (kisc± = 6 · 108 s−1) which determines the radiationless deactivation, is equivalent to the S1 (1B2u) T3 (3B3u) transition observed in anthracene. The level inversion of the energetic sequence of S1 and T2 which is known from the exocyclic substitution of anthracene, takes place during the endocyclic azinium-substitution, too. — Depending on their nature and position, additional exocyclic substituents will influence the activation energy, resulting in the case of heavy atoms in a drastic acceleration of kisc± or the rate constant for the temperature independent isc-process (kisc0).
Accreted terranes and mineral deposits of Indochina

Abstract Indochina is an amalgamation of the Sino–Vietnam, Viet–Lao, Uttaradit, and Khorat–Kontum terranes. Mineral deposits are distributed as follows: In the Sino–Vietnam terranes, gold, iron, copper, lead–zinc, ruby, pagodite, and Permian bauxite deposits are known. Gold, tin, tungsten, phosphate, lead–zinc, skarn type iron, rare-earth minerals, pagodite, and graphite deposits are found in the Viet–Lao terrane. Gold, Tertiary bauxite, lead–zinc, copper, ruby, sapphire, tin, pagodite, phosphate, potash, and halite deposits are present in the Khorat–Kontum terrane, whereas chromium, gold, tin, and tungsten deposits occur in the Uttaradit terrane. The tectonic evolution of these terranes provides information on the distribution and origin of these deposits.
Mayday for Maybery: A reply to an invalid critique of the mixed model of linear‐syllogistic reasoning

Murray Maybery's critique of the mixed model of linear-syllogistic reasoning as applied to both determinate and indeterminate items is invalid. First, the model correctly predicts that heterogeneous indeterminate linear syllogisms should be harder, not easier, than determinate ones. Second, contrary to Maybery's claim, my coding of the mismatch parameter was correct. Third, the operations I suggest for distinguishing indeterminate from determinate linear syllogisms do indeed apply to all items I (or Herbert Clark) modelled, although there do exist other problems that might have been modelled for which the operations would be insufficient to make the distinction. These points notwithstanding, the mixed model has in common with other cognitive models that it is an approximation to what subjects do, not an exact rendition. And as I have shown earlier, there are individual differences in subject strategies that are worth taking into account.
Amplitude test of a Regge-pole model

The phenomenologically determined helicity amplitudes for elastic proton-proton scattering at 6 GeV/c are compared with the predictions of a recent and sophisticated version of the Regge-pole model. The quantitative agreement is found to be very bad, and qualitative resemblance is found for only two of the many amplitude parameters. Some suggestions are made for how this comparison could be refined.
General strategy for hierarchical decomposition of multivariate time series: implications for temporal lobe seizures.

We describe a novel method for the analysis of multivariate time series that exploits the dynamic relationships among the multiple signals. The approach resolves the multivariate time series into hierarchically dependent underlying sources, each driven by noise input and influencing subordinate sources in the hierarchy. Implementation of this hierarchical decomposition (HD) combines principal components analysis (PCA), autoregressive modeling, and a novel search strategy among orthogonal rotations. For model systems conforming to this hierarchical structure, HD accurately extracts the underlying sources, whereas PCA or independent components analysis does not. The interdependencies of cortical, subcortical, and brainstem networks suggest application of HD to multivariate measures of brain activity. We show first that HD indeed resolves temporal lobe ictal electrocorticographic data into nearly hierarchical form. A previous analysis of these data identified characteristic nonlinearities in the PCA-derived temporal components that resembled those seen in absence (petit mal) seizure electroencephalographic traces. However, the components containing these characteristic nonlinearities accounted for only a small fraction of the power. Analysis of these data with HD reveals furthermore that components containing characteristic nonlinearities, though small, can be at the origin of the hierarchy. This finding supports the link between temporal lobe and absence epilepsy. © 2001 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC01: 8719Nn, 0545Tp, 0250-r, 0230Lt