cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship between polarity of extensional fault arrays and presence of detachments

Abstract Extensional fault arrays are often dominated by a single fault vergence, forming ‘domino’ fault blocks. The polarity of faults can be defined as synthetic or antithetic in relation to the overall shear sense across the fault system. Observations of the geometry of a number of field examples of extensional fault arrays vs. the lithologies (as a proxy for strength profile) show that synthetic extensional arrays from the North Sea and Bristol Channel Basin detach on salt layers, whereas examples of antithetic arrays from the North Sea are found to pin out downwards and no basal detachment is present. In the Sacramento Mountains core complex of the Basin and Range, the major low-angle detachment fault post-dates antithetic shears that evolved at mid-crustal level and are preserved in the granitic footwall. These antithetic shears were cut by the main low-angle detachment, whose hanging wall disintegrated into an array of synthetic faults. The kinematics of synthetic vs. antithetic arrays dictate that faults within synthetic arrays must branch onto a basal detachment, whereas faults within antithetic arrays may die out downwards. Therefore, the results emphasise that fault polarity in domino arrays may be related to the boundary conditions of the fault blocks and therefore may be diagnostic of the strength profile of the faulted stratigraphy.
Decreasing Clostridium difficile in the Newborn Intensive Care Unit through Institution of Environmental Cleaning Procedures

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Clostridium Difficile is a gram positive spore-forming rod that has been historically associated with antibiotic related diarrheas. This is the most common cause of Hospital Associated diarrhea – 3 million cases per year in the United States, adding up to $10,000 per case with an expected two week hospitalization stay. Our hospital had been tracking the C-Difficile cases since October of 2003, averaging from 6-8 cases per month for our entire hospital, and the Newborn Intensive Care Unit (NICU) averaging one case every other month. Between July and August of 2005 our NICU reported 8 confirmed cases of C-diff. All infants were symptomatic and had positive toxin assays. An investigation was launched to determine any possible commonalities among the infected infants. We found that all of the 8 infected infants had shared one of three beds in a corner of the NICU. Our objective was to decrease the incidence of C-Difficile in the NICU through implementation of cleaning measures with diluted household bleach. METHODS: A literature search was launched to find any related studies. The CDC website was referred to and a call was placed to the CDC to confirm the efficacy of our proposed cleaning. After confirming with the CDC that the use of bleach was the best method of cleaning open to us our environmental services cleaned the affected corner from top to bottom with a 1-10 bleach solution. All moveable items, rockers, screens, scales, etc., were also cleaned. We launched extensive staff education related to C-difficile and its ability to be found on environmental surfaces, in tandem with educating to the importance of washing hands with soap and water when you are caring for a patient with C-difficile . RESULTS: The occurrences of C-difficile in the NICU have been drastically reduced. The cleaning was done in August of 2005, since that time there has not been one positive toxin assay for C-difficile in the NICU. CONCLUSIONS: Outbreaks of C-difficile can be controlled with the CDC recommended disinfecting with bleach along with the implementation of hand washing with soap and water. An incidence of C-difficile can cost $10,000 for the extended hospital stay; therefore by cleaning of environmental surfaces with bleach of known C-difficile patients, you can prevent transference of this organism to other patients, thus saving money, freeing up hospital space and decreasing cross-contamination.
Timeout control in distributed systems using Perturbation Analysis

Timeout control is a simple mechanism used when direct feedback is either impossible, unreliable, or too costly, as is often the case in distributed systems. Its effectiveness is determined by a timeout threshold parameter and our goal is to quantify the effect of this parameter on the behavior of such systems. In this paper, we consider a basic communication system with timeout control, model it as a stochastic flow system, and use Infinitesimal Perturbation Analysis to determine the sensitivity of a “goodput” performance metric with respect to the timeout threshold parameter. In conjunction with a gradient-based scheme, we show that we can determine an optimal value of this parameter. Some numerical examples are included.
Sintering and technical properties of silicon carbide heaters in relation to the grain size

Sintering of blanks of SiC of different grain-size distributions is accompanied by slight recrystallization and the appearance of fine grains not present in the original silicon carbide.
Interpersonal Communication for Police Officers: Using Needs Assessment to Prepare for Skeptical Trainees:

The philosophy of community policing emphasizes interpersonal communication skills for police officers. However, trainee police officers may be wary of training conducted by someone outside of law enforcement. This article lends support for using a needs assessment that helps trainers overcome organizational and personal boundaries in such a training class. In teaching interpersonal communication for groups of 8 to 12 police officers in two-hour training sessions, I learned that strate gically using the results of a needs assessment could encourage trainees to have a vested interest in the class and help the trainer feel competent and comfortable.
Optical imaging in the frequency domain

Our laboratory has developed a modular laser tomography system, with pulsed or amplitude modulated (MHz to GHz), near infrared lasers that deliver a probing beam to the tissue of interest through a fiber optic. After the incoming light is scattered and attenuated by the tissue, a detector or imaging fiber optic bundle delivers it to a point detector (photomultiplier tube) which is heterodyned with the modulation frequency to yield the phase delay and demodulation resulting from the light-tissue interaction. The CCD electronics are phase-locked with those of the digitizer to minimize pixel jitter and, in addition, an external clock synchronizes the detector units with the modulated laser source. The digitized time slices are integrated into four bins corresponding to four quadrants of the cross correlation period. The final processing step, a fast Fourier transform, generates the phase shift, demodulation, and average intensity data suitable for image reconstruction.
Image Interpretation Using Large Corpus: Wikipedia

Image is a powerful medium for expressing one's ideas and rightly confirms the adage, “One picture is worth a thousand words.” In this work, we explore the application of world knowledge in the form of Wikipedia to achieve this objective-literally. In the first part, we disambiguate and rank semantic concepts associated with ambiguous keywords by exploiting link structure of articles in Wikipedia. In the second part, we explore an image representation in terms of keywords which reflect the semantic content of an image. Our approach is inspired by the desire to augment low-level image representation with massive amounts of world knowledge, to facilitate computer vision tasks like image retrieval based on this information. We represent an image as a weighted mixture of a predetermined set of concrete concepts whose definition has been agreed upon by a wide variety of audience. To achieve this objective, we use concepts defined by Wikipedia articles, e.g., sky, building, or automobile. An important advantage of our approach is availability of vast amounts of highly organized human knowledge in Wikipedia. Wikipedia evolves rapidly steadily increasing its breadth and depth over time.
Temporally-Dependent Dirichlet Process Mixtures for Egocentric Video Segmentation

In this paper, we present a novel approach for segmenting video into large regions of generally similar activity. Based on the Dirichlet Process Multinomial Mixture model, we introduce temporal dependency into the inference algorithm, allowing our method to automatically create long segments with high saliency while ignoring small, inconsequential interruptions. We evaluate our algorithm and other topic models with both synthetic datasets and real-world video. Additionally, applicability to image segmentation is shown. Results show that our method outperforms related methods with respect to accuracy and noise removal.
Efficiency of Hybrid Normalization of Microarray Gene Expression: A Simulation Study

Microarray experiment's data contain errors, from various sources. The process of identifying and adjusting of systematic variation in intensities between samples on the same slide is known as normalization. We implemented a Java application with graphical user interface that allows easy evaluation of errors and the role of hybrid normalization methods to remove the systematic errors from the experiment's data. We calculated true hybridization intensity then applied different additive and multiplicative errors and computed the normalized intensity logged ratio using background subtraction, self-normalization method and dye-flip technique. Results show the efficiency of hybrid normalization method in order to remove error rates from the intensity values.
A NONPERTURBATIVE SUPERPOTENTIAL WITH E8-SYMMETRY

We compute the nonperturbative superpotential in F-theory compactification to four dimensions on a complex threefold P1×S, where S is a rational elliptic surface. In contrast to examples considered previously, the superpotential in this case has interesting modular properties; it is essentially an E8 theta function.
Photochemical and thermal evolution of interstellar/precometary ice analogs

The photochemical and thermal evolution of H2O-, CH3OH-, NH3-, and CO-containing ices whose relative proportions in mixture are consistent with those of interstellar ice are presently studied experimentally. The UV photolysis of these ice analogs invariably generates H2CO, CO2, CO, CH4, and HCO, largely through the photofragmentation of CH3OH. CO and CH4 leave the samples as warmup proceeds to 100 K; most of the parent ice molecules are found to have sublimed upon the reaching of 200 K, with only a mixture of more refractory substances remaining. A residue of CH2 groups remains even after warmup to 300 K.
Bedside measurement of lung water.

Extravascular lung water (EVLW) has been measured sequentially in 12 patients by the thermal-green dye double-indicator dilution technique. EVLW referenced to body weight has ranged from 3.3 to 17.2 ml/kg, with normals averaging 5.7 ml/kg. The coefficient of variation of multiple readings at the same time is 8%, so reproducibility is excellent. The method shows good correlation with other clinical parameters, including radiographic infiltrates, the PaO2F1O2 ratio, PA wedge pressure, and pulmonary compliance. Postmortem estimation of lung water in two patients was in good agreement with premortem EVLW measurement. The method requires a femoral artery catheter and central venous or pulmonary artery catheter, which are usually present in critically ill patients. Use of a bedside microprocessor computer allows rapid calculation of EVLW and cardiac output, making the results immediately available. The technique appears to be a useful and accurate clinical tool in assessing pulmonary edema of cardiogenic or noncardiogenic origin and expanded clinical use is anticipated.
Quantitative structure-activity relationship studies of boron-containing dipeptide proteasome inhibitors using calculated mathematical descriptors

Topological indices (TIs) and atom pairs (APs) were used to develop quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models of a set of 58 dipeptide boronic acids which are potent inhibitors of proteasome and have found applications in the treatment of various types of cancers. Of the three linear regression methods used for QSAR development, viz., principal components regression (PCR), partial least square (PLS), and ridge regression (RR), the last method gave the most satisfactory models whereas the remaining two methods yielded poor models. RR results obtained in this paper using TIs and APs are comparable to the CoMFA and CoMSIA results reported in the literature with the same set of compounds.
Expertise and public ignorance

Abstract Recent sociological/philosophical treatments of expertise, best represented by the work of Steve Fuller, attempt to (1) reduce displays of expertise to sophistic exercises of discretionary power, and (2) refute the claim that because laypeople are epistemically inferior to experts, it is rational to defer to an expert's opinion rather than making up one's own mind. But upon inspection, Fuller fails to provide reasonable grounds for liberating laypeople from the tyranny of cognitive authoritarianism. Rather, he presents a patronizing description of the expert‐lay relation, one that actually makes the public seem more ignorant than is warranted.
Effect of Aging Treatment on Fatigue Behavior of an Al-Cu-Mg-Ag Alloy

An investigation of the fatigue properties of an Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy with two different heat treatments—peak aged (T6), and peak aged interrupted (T6I4)—has been conducted. While the strength levels resulting from the two heat treatments were similar, the main difference between the microstructures was that the peak aged interrupted material contained a higher volume fraction of the θ′ precipitates. This study specifically focused on the effects of these treatments on the fatigue lifetime distribution, and the role of crack initiation vs the small crack growth behavior. Several total fatigue lifetime tests were completed at room temperature and at a given stress level to characterize the distribution in fatigue lifetimes. Fatigue results indicate that there is almost no difference in the mean lifetime for either heat treatment, but there is a significant difference in the minimum lifetimes, where the peak aged condition exhibited a higher propensity for life-limiting failure mechanisms. The small crack growth behavior of the two aging treatments was studied both at room temperature and elevated temperature by means of a standard acetate replication method. The small crack growth rates at both temperatures were largely unaffected by the different aging treatments. Based on the given number of tests, results suggest that the life-limiting fatigue failures of the two aging treatments are primarily governed by different crack initiation mechanisms due to the differences seen in the density of θ′ precipitates.
Lanthanide-Containing Zirconotitanate Solid Solutions

Solid solutions between several lanthanide-containing dititanate and dizirconate compounds have been synthesized and identified using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Complete solubility was found in the pyrochlore-pyrochlore-type systems Er{sub 2}Ti{sub 2}O{sub 7}-Nd{sub 2}Zr{sub 2}O{sub 7} and Nd{sub 1.2}Er{sub 0.8}Ti{sub 2}O{sub 7}-Nd{sub 2}Zr{sub 2}O{sub 7}. Some solubility of Nd{sub 2}Ti{sub 2}O{sub 7}, a monoclinic dititanate, in defect fluorite Er{sub 2}Zr{sub 2}O{sub 7} was observed, and it was determined that there is some solubility of Nd{sub 2}Ti{sub 2}O{sub 7} in pyrochlore-type Nd{sub 2}Zr{sub 2}O{sub 7}. The systems Nd{sub 2}Zr{sub 2}O{sub 7}-TiO{sub 2} and Nd{sub 2}Ti{sub 2}O{sub 7}-ZrO{sub 2} also were investigated to help define a region of pyrochlore solid solution formation in the system NdO{sub 1.5}-TiO{sub 2}-ZrO{sub 2}. Additionally, attempts were made to synthesize pyrochlore-type solid solutions between Ce{sub 2}Ti{sub 2}O{sub 7} and Ce{sub 2}Zr{sub 2}O{sub 7} and to substitute titanium with zirconium in the perovskite-type phases SrNd{sub 2}Ti{sub 4}O{sub 12} and Sr{sub 2}Ce{sub 2}Ti{sub 5}O{sub 16}.
Depression distortion and life stress extended findings

Previous research by Hammen (1978) investigating cognitive distortion among college students yielded an interaction between depression level and stressful life experiences, with depressed individuals with low stress showing the highest levels of distortion. The current study reexamined cognitive bias among college subjects with more severe levels of depression, as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory. In addition, a 12-month time period was imposed for assessing stressful life events, thereby tapping higher stress levels than did the 6-month time period used by Hammen. Use of a longer stress period revealed a curvilinear relation between depression and stress; this interaction persisted when the more severely depressed subjects were examined.
The seasonality of rhinovirus infections and its implications for clinical recognition

Abstract Background: Rhinoviruses are the most common cause of acute respiratory infections. Isolation of rhinoviruses occurs in a distinct and consistent seasonal pattern that can be used to help determine whether an acute respiratory illness is caused by a rhinovirus. Objective: This article reviews information on the seasonality of rhinovirus infection derived from early and recent studies of rhinovirus occurrence and treatment. Methods: PubMed was searched from 1965 to the present to identify all potentially relevant papers. The search terms used were rhinovirus and seasonality . A total of 1998 papers were screened. Results: Rhinoviruses comprise more than three quarters of viruses circulating in early autumn. In some years and perhaps some geographic areas, spring is an even more important time for rhinovirus transmission. Although overall rates of respiratory illness are lower in summer, rhinoviruses are the most frequently isolated virus at this time of year. Other viral agents, including influenza viruses and respiratory syncytial virus (particularly with parainfluenza virus), predominate in the winter. Thus, for most of the year, rhinoviruses are the cause of the majority of acute viral respiratory infections. Conclusion: Understanding the seasonal incidence of rhinovirus infection may help determine how best to employ currently available antirhinoviral agents in patients presenting with symptoms of an acute viral respiratory infection.
Against Brain-in-a-Vatism: On the Value of Virtual Reality

The term “virtual reality” was first coined by Antonin Artaud to describe a value-adding characteristic of certain types of theatrical performances. The expression has more recently come to refer to a broad range of incipient digital technologies that many current philosophers regard as a serious threat to human autonomy and well-being. Their concerns, which are formulated most succinctly in “brain in a vat”-type thought experiments and in Robert Nozick's famous “experience machine” argument, reflect a fundamental misunderstanding of the way that such technologies would probably have to work. They also considerably underestimate the positive contributions that virtual reality (VR) technologies could make to the growth of human knowledge. Here, we examine and critique Nozick's claim that no reasonable person would want to plug into his hypothetical experience machine in light of a broadly enactivist understanding of how future VR technologies might be expected to function. We then sketch out a tentative theory of the phenomenon of truth in fiction, in order to characterize some of the distinct epistemic opportunities that VR technologies promise to provide.
Influence of audio triggered emotional attention on video perception

Perceptual video coding methods attempt to improve compression efficiency by discarding visual information not perceived by end users. Most of the current approaches for perceptual video coding only use visual features ignoring the auditory component. Many psychophysical studies have demonstrated that auditory stimuli affects our visual perception. In this paper we present our study of audio triggered emotional attention and it’s applicability to perceptual video coding. Experiments with movie clips show that the reaction time to detect video compression artifacts was longer when video was presented with the audio information. The results reported are statistically significant with p=0.024.
On the ‘discount’ factor in growth economies

Abstract This note shows that well-defined competitive equilibria with positive interest rates may exist in infinite horizon growth economies even though individuals have discount factors larger than one. It concludes that these cases should not be excluded when examining the behavior of such economies.
Development of an in-process, gap-caused flash monitoring system in injection molding processes

This paper describes the development of an in-process, gap-caused flash monitoring (IGFM) system for injection-molding machines. An accelerometer sensor was integrated in the proposed IGFM system to detect the difference of the vibration signals between flash and non-flash products in the last period of the injection molding filling stage. Through an approach suggested by the statistical process control mechanism, the threshold in the decision-making mechanism of this system was established. That threshold then was used by the IGFM system to determine if flash occurred in the molded products when the machine was running. An experiment was designed and performed by manipulating the variables of gap and no-gap. The experimental testing results indicated that this system could successfully monitor injection-molded products’ flash status with approximately 94.7% accuracy while the machine was in process .
Muscle function and power output during suction feeding in largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides

Muscle power output is thought to limit suction feeding performance, yet muscle power output during suction feeding has never been directly measured. In this study, epaxial activation and strain, hyoid depression, and intra-oral pressure were simultaneously measured during suction feeding in the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). A mechanical model of muscle force transmission between the neurocranium and oral cavity was used to estimate muscle stress, work, and power. The epaxials shortened from rest an average of 9% of their length, with the highest efforts producing greater than 20% strain. Onset of shortening was simultaneous with or shortly after (b10 ms) onset of activation. Maximal net power for individual fish ranged from 17 to 137 W kg ! 1 . Muscle power was significantly correlated with rectified EMG area (r=0.80; pb0.0001). The power required for cranial expansion was significantly correlated with epaxial power (r=0.81; pb0.0001), and the power exponent of this relationship (" 1 for 3 of the 4 fish) implies that epaxial power accounts for most of the power of cranial expansion. The limitations imposed by the kinematic requirements and loading environment of suction feeding (short delay between activation and strain, maximal stress occurring after shortening, operation at lengths shorter than resting length) may prevent maximal muscular power production.
Neurotrophic factors and clinical recovery in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis

Pathogenic autoimmune cells are demonstrated to be able to produce neurotrophic factors during acute phase of multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study, we determined the production of various neurotrophins [brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), neurotrophin 3 (NT3) and neurotrophin 4 (NT4)] and some pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)] by unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in 21 relapsing-remitting MS patients during different phases of disease (stable, relapse and post-relapse). During acute phase of disease, we detected a considerable increase of BDNF, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma production, while significantly higher levels of GDNF, NGF, NT3 and NT4 were found in post-relapse phase. When neurotrophin production was correlated with clinical outcome (complete or partial recovery from new symptoms), we found a significantly higher BDNF production in relapse phase followed by increased GDNF, NGF, NT3 and NT4 levels during post-relapse phase in subjects with complete remission only. During relapse phase, we detected a significant increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines, that was more evident in patients with partial recovery. The neuroprotective potential of immune cells seems to be inversely correlated with disease duration and with the age of patients.
Microcharacterization of semiconductor laser diodes: materials and devices

This paper illustrates the application of microscopy techniques to investigate various material processing and device-related problems that one encounters in the development of semiconductor laser diodes. General comments are made concerning local characterization of semiconductors. Various laser reliability/degradation issues are addressed. As an example of how microscopy techniques facilitate the building of modern lasers, the application of the ordering phenomenon is discussed.
Passive control of marine hydrokinetic turbine blades

Abstract Marine hydrokinetic (MHK) turbine blades are generally constructed from fiber reinforced polymer composites and are subject to large, highly dynamic fluid forces. The bend-twist deformation coupling behavior of these materials can be hydroelastically tailored to improve system performance over the expected life of the turbine by way of rapid, passive pitch control that can increase lifetime power generation, reduce hydrodynamic instabilities, and improve load shedding and structural performance. There are practical concerns, however, that make the design of these devices complex. Constraints on system components such as the rated power of the generator system, maximum rotational speed, or material degradation can affect the extent to which passive control can enhance performance. Using a previously validated boundary element method-finite element method solver, this paper examines the capabilities of passive pitch adaptation under both instantaneous and long-term variable amplitude loading to better describe potential benefits while considering practical design and operational restrictions.
Medical surveillance for carpal tunnel syndrome in workers

Carpal canal size was examined as a risk factor associated with carpal tunnel syndrome in the workplace. Seven of 14 electricians had symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome. When crosssectional areas were measured by computed tomography (CT), affected workers had a crosssectional area of 1.75 ± 0.21 cm 2 ; control values were 2.53 ± 0.15 cm 2 ( p 2 , which was similar to the group with symptoms. Wrist circumference was not a predictor of the smallest carpal canal area. Unusual bony and soft tissue structures within the carpal canal were easily identified with CT.
The Importance of the Cognitive Theory of Change in Cognitive Therapy of Depression

This commentary addresses the article by Tang and De-Rubeis (in press), in which they propose that symptom change over the early course of cognitive therapy (CT) for depression is not due to nonspecific factors, as proposed by Ilardi and Craighead (1994), because cognitive interventions are implemented during this stage. Although both articles raise important considerations regarding the necessary and sufficient treatment components of CT and the temporal course of change in CT, I argue here that neither article adequately addresses that which is specific to CT, namely, the cognitive theory of change. Empirical findings are reviewed regarding change In cognition during CT, and suggestions for future research are proposed that evaluate the specificity of CT in terms of the cognitive theory of change.
Diagnosis of Superior Vena Caval Obstruction by Transesophageal Echocardiography

Superior vena caval (SVC) syndrome may be caused by extravascular compression or intravascular obstruction. Knowing the mechanism of SVC syndrome enables the physician to choose appropriate treatment. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is a safe bedside procedure that is excellent for evaluating the SVC and its surrounding structures. We report the valuable role of TEE in demonstrating the mechanism of SVC syndrome.
Real-Time Classification of Actual vs Imagery Finger Tapping Using fNIRS

Using a real-time method and LS-SVM, fNIRS signals from actual and imagery finger tapping experiments are successfully classified. This method can achieve an average accuracy of 76% using a time window of only 0.4seconds.
Reagan's challenger tribute: Combining generic constraints and situational demands

This study of President Reagan's televised address following the space shuttle tragedy discusses the unique rhetorical demands of the accident. It examines how generic constraints that establish commonalities among all eulogies are interwoven with the responses to the specific needs of a nation in crisis.
Does Being a Parent Affect Suicide Ideology

The impact of marriage and family life on suicide has been restricted largely to marriage as opposed to parenting. The present article assesses the effect of parenting on suicide ideology. An analysis of national data on 9,778 respondents finds that the greater the parental responsibilities the lower the pro suicide ideology. A sociological model of parenting and suicide is confirmed. Further, bonds to children are found to be more important than bonds to a spouse in explaining the variation in suicide attitudes. These findings were replicated in four separate analyses of widowed, married, divorced, and separated persons. These effects were independent of variables drawn from other models of suicide ideology including ones based on gender and religion.
Synergism of lysozyme, proteases and inorganic monovalent anions in the bacteriolysis of oral Streptococcus mutans GS5

Streptococcus mutans GS5 was grown in synthetic medium containing radioactive thymidine to monitor deoxyribonucleic acid release. At neutral pH, cell lysis of hen egg-white lysozyme- or lysozyme-protease-treated cells was dependent upon the nature and concentration of the additive inorganic anions, HCO-3, SCN-, Cl- or F-. At acidic pH, NaHCO3, but not NaSCN, NaCl or NaF, was effective in promoting cell lysis which was due not only to the change in pH but also to the new HCO-3 anion concentration at the new pH. In both pH 4 and 5.2 reaction mixtures, the lysozyme and trypsin acted synergistically with NaHCO3 and the amount of lysis produced was markedly greater than in reaction mixtures containing lysozyme and bicarbonate but no protease. At apparent sub-lytic concentrations of NaHCO3, lysis was achieved by adding an appropriate concentration of one of NaSCN, NaCl or NaF to the lysozyme-protease-damaged cells. Thiocyanate proved to be most effective among the anions requiring lower concentrations to elicit lysis compared to chloride or fluoride for a fixed sub-lytic concentration of bicarbonate. As the NaHCO3 concentration increased, the lysis in the presence of these other anions increased until maximum levels of released deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) were attained. In addition, the higher the NaHCO3 concentration, the more marked was the change in the degree of cell lysis. At a selected concentration at which NaHCO3 was not effective with any one salt, lysis could be achieved by combining all four inorganic anions at this concentration. The results suggest that the various anions present in oral fluids may together be sufficient to trigger lysis of oral microorganisms.
Characterization of movie genre based on music score

While it is clear that the full emotional effect of a movie scene is carried through the successful interpretation of audio and visual information, music still carries a significant impact for interpretation of the director's intent and style. The intent of this study was to provide a preliminary understanding on a new database for the impact of timbral and select rhythm features in characterizing the differences among movie genres based on their film scores. For this study, a database of film scores from 98 movies was collected containing instrumental (non-vocal) music from 25 romance, 25 drama, 23 horror, and 25 action movies. Both pair-wise genre classification and classification with all four genres was performed using support vector machines (SVM) in a ten-fold cross-validation test. The results of the study support the notion that high intensity movies (i.e., Action and Horror) have musical cues that are measurably different from the musical scores for movies with more measured expressions of emotion (i.e., Drama and Romance).
Distributing the server function in a multiring PAC system

Retrieving medical images from a PACS database presents formidable requirements in terms of communications bandwidth and end-user response time. In the Mayo/IBM PAC System, these requirements are even more challenging due to the size and topology of the Mayo campus and the number of images being handled. Accordingly, early on in the project it was decided to distribute the server function among the local rings that make up the installation. Entities called MIDS Servers -- high-end IBM PS/2 computers with a considerable amount of fast DASD -- were designed to attach to a local ring and provide medical images to the medical review stations attached to that ring. In keeping with the cooperative processing philosophy of the overall system, MIDS Servers are semi-autonomous units that are responsible for their own integrity and communicate with the other components of the system as needed to perform their function. Through a strategy that tries to ensure that medical images reside on the MIDS Servers most likely to require them, the authors attempt to minimize the need to retrieve images from the optical archive and reduce inter-ring image traffic. Distributing the server function this way should provide a total server bandwidth greater than the 4Mb/sec capacity of the Token-Ring, as well as faster end-user response time.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
STUDIES ON LIMB REGENERATION IN THE ANOMURANS PAGURUS LONGICARPUS AND EMERITA TALPOIDA

ABSTRACT After autotomy of 1 to 4 appendages, Pagurus longicarpus regenerated and molted rapidly. There was no significant difference in regeneration rate or time to ecdysis in crabs with differing numbers of limbs removed. This is different from many brachyurans studied in which regeneration rate and ecdysis are accelerated by multiple autotomy. Emeritatalpoida exhibited a very weak autotomy reflex and very poor regenerative ability. The few crabs which developed limb buds did so after molting. These findings are discussed with reference to adaptive value of autotomy and regeneration, and likelihood of limb loss in nature.
Parasites of waterfowl, from southwest Texas: III. The green-winged teal, Anas crecca.

Seventy of 72 green-winged teal, Anas crecca, from southwest Texas were infected with parasites. Seventeen species of endoparasities were recorded: Notocotylus attenuatus, Zygocotyle lunata, Typhlocoelum sisowi, Echinostoma revolutum, Hypoderaeum conoideum, Dendritobilharzia pulverulenta, Cloacotaenia megalops, Sobolevicanthus gracilis, Sobolevicanthus krabbeella, Gastrotaenia cygni, Amidostomum acutum, Amidostomum anseris, Tetrameres crami, Echinuria uncinata, Corynosoma constrictum, Polymorphus minutus. Also recorded were five species of ectoparasities: Trinoton querquedulae, Anaticola crassicornis, Anatoecous icterodes, Holomenopon setigerum and Epidermoptes sp. and the sarcosporidian, Sarcocystis rileyi. Anatoecous icterodes is a new host record for A. crecca. Sobolevicanthus gracilis, S. krabbeella, T. sisowi, and D. pulverulenta are new records for A. crecca in North America. Sobolevicanthus krabbeella is also a new record for North America. Fall juveniles had greater mean parasite intensity (29) th...
Perceptual content and Fregean myth

When my daughter Natasha was very small, she often arrived in my bed in the night. One morning she woke there, eyes big with excitement: "Mommy, I saw your dream!". The dream was mine, it seems, because it was in my bed. A charming mingling of the intentional contents of a representation with attributes of the vehicle of representation-something that we philosophers try hard to avoid. The possible forms of this confusion are numerous, however, and some are vanishingly subtle. Some, I believe, persist in the work of contemporary philosophers, philosophers explicitly aware of the danger. I will warm up by discussing a number of instances of this confusion in contemporary work on perception. But this will lead up, in the end, to a very abstract message about thought. I will claim that something like a mingling of vehicle with content motivates Frege's conception of Sinn or mode of presentation. Putting things very crudely, Frege has done something like confusing sameness in the vehicle of representation with a representation of sameness. For a starting intuition, compare Kant's suggestion in the Parallogisms that Hume had confused a succession of representations with a representation of succession. To clarify this claim about Frege, I will also have to take on the question what the act is that constitutes taking one thing to be the same as itself or another.
Symmetry of the flow around a circular cylinder

Abstract The symmetry of the two-dimensional, viscous, and incompressible flow past a circular cylinder is studied by disturbing impulsively the steady flow at Reynolds number 10, 20, 40, and 100. The propagation of this disturmbance is studied by dividing the stream and vorticity functions into steady and perturbed stream and vorticity functions. The steady stream and vorticity functions are expanded in the finite Fourier sine series. The steady semianalytical solutions are obtained for the symmetrical flow as a limit of the time-dependent equations. The perturbed stream and vorticity functions are expanded in the finite Fourier sine and cosine series and then along with the steady stream and vorticity functions expansions substituted in the Navier-Stokes equations. This leads to a system of coupled parabolic partial differential equations in the coefficient functions of Fourier series which is solved numerically. This system is solved with the initial condition which corresponds to the applied impulsive velocity to the surface of the cylinder in the perpendicular direction of the flow. Asymmetric vortices are observed for the Reynolds number (Re) 40 and a slight oscillation of the trail of almost symmetrical wakes is seen for the Reynolds numbers 20 up to t = 100. The symmetrical standing vortices in the strictest sense are not observed for Re= 10 even up to t= 100. Vortex shedding is observed for Re = 100. For Reynolds number 10, the disturbance is applied continuously up to t = 1, and asymmetric vortices exist up to t = 100. The symmetry of the flow depends on the disturbance level in the flow even at Reynolds number 10.
Total Secondary Electron Emission from Thin Films of Sodium on Tungsten

The secondary emission yield has been determined for thin films of sodium on a polycrystalline tungsten base and compared with that obtained for a clean tungsten target over a range of primary electron energies of 100 to 1200 volts. The secondary emission yield showed a systematic increase as the work function of the surface was decreased by the addition o sodium. Measurements made as sodium was being evaporated off the tungsten showed that at no time did the secondary emission yield fall below that of clean tungsten. The work function was increased by forming an air film on a clean tungsten surface and the secondary emission was shown to decrease. This variation of secondary emission is in agreement with that found by other experimenters and predicted theoretically.
Age, strain, and semi-chronic hydergine treatment effects on motor activity and neuronal nucleic acid-protein metabolism in male mice

This study was designed to examine the effects of Hydergine (DHET), co-dergocrine mesylate, treatment on motor activity and neuronal nucleoprotein metabolism in several motor areas of the aging rodent brain, specifically the caudate-putamen (CP), the substantia nigra (SN), and the cerebral cortex layer V (CX). Three age groups of two different strains of mice were used which represented two different aging rates: DBA/2 male mice (short lived) and C57BL/6 male mice (long lived). A representative sample of each age group was injected (IP) daily with a single dose of either DHET (1 mg/kg) or vehicle (0.9% saline) solution for one month. Total spontaneous motor activity was measured using a File apparatus to assess the functional ability of the selected brain areas. Histochemical parameters measured included the relative RNA and protein contents from a homogeneous population of neurons within each nuclei. The RNA and protein contents were assessed with a scanning microdensitometer using azure B and Coomassie staining protocols, respectively. The results of this study provide evidence that DHET does have significant effects on neuronal functioning in the motor compartments studied at the behavioral as well as the histochemical level for DBA/2 male mice. The C57BL/6 strain showed parallel, but less significant, changes in the histochemical parameters and no statistical differences in motor activity. In addition, DHET treatment produced no sign of neurotoxicity within any of the brain nuclei in either strain.
Comment on ''Exact symmetry of the second-order nonlinear conductivity for a relativistic turbulent plasma''

Another known exact symmetry of the second‐order nonlinear conductivity for a relativistic turbulent plasma is presented.
Brain aerobic glycolysis functions and Alzheimer’s disease

Genetic, biochemical, pathological, and biomarker data demonstrate that Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, including the initiation and progressive buildup of insoluble forms of beta-amyloid (Aβ), appears to begin ~ 10-15 years prior to the onset of cognitive decline associated with AD. Metabolic dysfunction, a prominent feature of the evolving brain pathology, is reflected in a decline of total glucose utilization. Despite decades of interest in declining glucose use in AD no detailed consideration had been given to the possibility that this decline is not just a decline in energy consumption but rather in glycolysis alone. Glycolysis is a multi-step process that prepares the glucose molecule for oxidative phosphorylation and the generation of energy. In the normal brain, glycolysis exceeds that required for the needs of oxidative phosphorylation. Because it is occurring in a setting with adequate oxygen available for oxidative phosphorylation it is often referred to as aerobic glycolysis (AG). AG is a biomarker of a group of metabolic functions broadly supporting biosynthesis and neuroprotection. The distribution of AG in normal young adults correlates spatially with Aβ deposition in AD patients and cognitively normal individuals with elevated Aβ. In transgenic mice extracellular fluid Aβ and lactate, a marker of AG, vary in parallel regionally and with changes in activity. Reducing neuronal activity locally in transgenic mice attenuates plaque formation suggesting that plaque formation is an activity dependent process associated with aerobic glycolysis.
Wheat germ cell-free platform for eukaryotic protein production

We describe a platform that utilizes wheat germ cell-free technology to produce protein samples for NMR structure determinations. In the first stage, cloned DNA molecules coding for proteins of interest are transcribed and translated on a small scale (25 microL) to determine levels of protein expression and solubility. The amount of protein produced (typically 2-10 microg) is sufficient to be visualized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The fraction of soluble protein is estimated by comparing gel scans of total protein and soluble protein. Targets that pass this first screen by exhibiting high protein production and solubility move to the second stage. In the second stage, the DNA is transcribed on a larger scale, and labeled proteins are produced by incorporation of [(15)N]-labeled amino acids in a 4 mL translation reaction that typically produces 1-3 mg of protein. The [(15)N]-labeled proteins are screened by (1)H-(15)N correlated NMR spectroscopy to determine whether the protein is a good candidate for solution structure determination. Targets that pass this second screen are then translated in a medium containing amino acids doubly labeled with (15)N and (13)C. We describe the automation of these steps and their application to targets chosen from a variety of eukaryotic genomes: Arabidopsis thaliana, human, mouse, rat, and zebrafish. We present protein yields and costs and compare the wheat germ cell-free approach with alternative methods. Finally, we discuss remaining bottlenecks and approaches to their solution.
High temperature deformation of Ti–Al–Nb–Cr–Mo alloy with ultrafine microstructure

Abstract Ti–Al–Nb-based alloys have shown promise for high temperature applications, however limited research has been conducted in γ(TiAl) + σ(Nb 2 Al) alloys that are aimed towards increasing strength and operating temperatures through microstructural control. Alloys with less than 30% σ-phase have been investigated, exploring relationships between microstructure and deformation mechanisms. An alloy with composition Ti–45Al–14Nb–5Cr–1Mo has been produced, characterized, and tested at high temperature under compression at strain rates ranging from 10 −3 to 10 −5 s −1 . The flow behavior of this alloy shows strain rate and temperature dependence with constant strain rate sensitivity at each temperature in the testing regime. Microstructural analysis reveals the γ-phase is primarily responsible for the alloy's ability to accommodate deformation to large strains under compression.
Single-component gas phase adsorption and desorption studies using a tapered element oscillating microbalance

Adsorption equilibrium data, usually obtained using volumetric or gravimetric methods, are important for the proper design of adsorption systems. In this work, a tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM® series 1500 pulse mass analyzer) was used to characterize the hydrophobicity of some microporous materials, and to obtain adsorption isotherms of some chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs) on those materials. The sorption capacities of samples of silicalite-1, dealuminated zeolite Y (DAY), and activated carbon for trichloroethylene, chloroform, and water vapor were determined. A “hydrophobicity index” also was determined by monitoring water desorption at elevated temperatures. The adsorption of pure component CVOCs showed that a DAY sample had a higher limiting adsorption capacity than the silicalite-1 sample. The opposite behavior was observed when the CVOC adsorption was in the presence of water. These data supported the conclusion that water interferes with the adsorption of CVOCs in these materials, even though they exhibit significant hydrophobic character.
Binocular Stereo Dense Matching in the Presence of Specular Reflections

Traditional stereo correspondence algorithms rely heavily on the Lambertian model of diffuse reflectance. While this diffuse assumption is generally valid for much of an image, processing of regions that contain specular reflections can result in severe matching errors. In this paper, We address the problem of binocular stereo dense matching in the presence of specular reflections by introducing a novel correspondence measurement which is robust to the specular reflections. Combining our novel correspondence measurement with various local or global optimatization methods, accurate depth can be estimated for both diffuse and specular regions. Unlike the previous works which seek to eliminate or avoid specular reflections using image preprocessing or multibaseline stereo, our approach works in its presence. Our approach is general and fits well in various stereo frameworks. Experiments with both synthetic and real images demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of our approach.