cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane and carbon dioxide-based mobile phases for packed column supercritical fluid chromatography

Abstract Highly polar, homogeneous mobile phases have a number of advantages over carbon dioxide-based mixed mobile phases for supercritical fluid chromatography. While these fluids have been demonstrated to have very high eluotropic strengths in capillary systems, their utility for packed columns lies in their ability to overcome the deleterious effects of residual silanol groups present on the bonded-phase surface. A particularly promising fluid, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a), is characterized with respect to eluotropic strength, selectivity, efficiency and temperature effects. These results are compared to those obtained with carbon dioxide and methanol-modified carbon dioxide mobile phases on a silica column. HFC-134a displays different selectivities, efficiencies, eluotropic strength and temperature dependencies on retention than either of the two reference mobile phases.
RhoJ modulates melanoma invasion by altering actin cytoskeletal dynamics

Rho family GTPases regulate diverse processes in human melanoma ranging from tumor formation to metastasis and chemoresistance. In this study, a combination of in vitro and in vivo approaches was utilized to determine whether RHOJ, a CDC42 homologue that regulates melanoma chemoresistance, also controls melanoma migration. Depletion or overexpression of RHOJ altered cellular morphology, implicating a role for RHOJ in modulating actin cytoskeletal dynamics. RHOJ depletion inhibited melanoma cell migration and invasion in vitro and melanoma tumor growth and lymphatic spread in mice. Molecular studies revealed that RHOJ alters actin cytoskeletal dynamics by inducing the phosphorylation of LIMK, cofilin, and p41-ARC (ARP2/3 complex subunit) in a PAK1-dependent manner in vitro and in tumor xenografts. Taken together, these observations identify RHOJ as a melanoma linchpin determinant that regulates both actin cytoskeletal dynamics and chemoresistance by activating PAK1.
Calibrating a diet selection model for sheep grazing rangelands

Abstract The objectives of this study were to simulate diet selection by sheep grazing on rangelands and to explore how changes in forage harvestability of different forage pools may affect diet selection. This was done by calibrating linked forage dynamics, diet selection, and sheep production models for three sites in the Edwards Plateau region of Texas. The forage dynamics model simulated the accumulation, removal, and quality dynamics for 33 different forage pools. Harvestability, preference, avoidance, and palatability parameters were associated with each forage pool through the diet selection model. The sheep model was used to calculate intake and to set grazing pressure. Diet selection was adequately represented by the models on each of the three sites. Interaction of forage quality and availability resulted in complex diet selection responses that were strongly tied to seasonal forage dynamics. Sensitivity analyses on harvestability emphasized periods when supplementation may be necessary due to restricted forage availability. The linked models provide an aid to understanding the relationships between forage dynamics and diet selection, especially when used in conjunction with field studies.
Walking the Tightrope of Just War

A cornerstone of traditional just war theory is that combatants on both sides of any conflict are legitimate targets of attack. This is not because they are engaged in wrongdoing but because they pose a threat to others. So long as they follow the jus in bello rules of proportionality and discrimination, those who fight for an unjust cause and those who fight for a just cause are moral equals: both may permissibly kill and both may permissibly be killed. This is the doctrine of the ‘moral equality of combatants’ (MEC) and it has long been the standard view. A revisionist challenge, however, argues that one is not liable to be killed if one fights for a just cause. People have a presumptive right against being killed, after all, so why should a soldier fighting for a just cause lose that right for posing a justified threat against an unjust enemy? Jeff McMahan makes the case for this revisionist view in Killing in War. He explicitly rejects the MEC and instead endorses an asymmetric view of the morality of combatants. Critics object that this revision makes just war impossible because without the MEC it is impossible to justify our convictions about legitimate and illegitimate targets. In this article, I defend the revisionist view against this objection. My defence, in turn, leads me to propose a new and more adequate account of enemy status.
Parallel Knockouts in the Complete Graph

(1998). Parallel Knockouts in the Complete Graph. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 105, No. 6, pp. 556-558.
Acceptance-based behavioral treatment for weight control: a review and future directions

Although standard behavioral weight control programs are successful in the short-term, nearly all lost weight is regained within two to five years. Acceptance-based behavioral treatments (ABBTs) represent an alternative to standard behavioral treatments. ABBT is fundamentally a behavioral treatment, but integrates skills in several interlocking areas including experiential acceptance (of cravings, emotions, fatigue), mindful awareness of decision making processes, behavioral commitment and values clarification. Across a series of laboratory and clinical trials, evidence for the efficacy of ABBT has been accumulating, particularly for individuals with higher reactivity to internal and external cues that drive eating. However, in order to continue to advance the field, future research must investigate moderators and mediators of treatment effects (including those involved in moment-to-moment decision-making), as well as ABBT's effect on longer-term weight loss maintenance.
The social construction of needs

This article relocates the concept of needs from a psychological frame of reference to an anthropological one. Defining needs as 'the requirements of a particular social life' leads to the conclusion that needs vary both historically and geographically. This opposes the views of Abraham Maslow who conceived of needs as universal and instinctoid. This article suggests that needs are learned from the privileged discourse of a community. If marketing and advertising are the privileged discourses of 20th century Westernized cultures, we can conclude that they have a formative effect on needs. Other issues are the unsuitability of marketing researchers' principle investigative methods for needs research, marketers' ignorance of the needs of distant cultures and communities, and the potential that such ignorance has for wasteful deployment of limited marketing resources.
The possibility of extraterrestrial life: Ultra-microchemical analyses and electro-microscopic studies of microstructures in carbonaceous meteorites

Abstract There are a few stony meteorites which are composed of clay-type minerals, carbonates, oxides of iron, gypsum, magnesium sulfate, elementary sulfur and organic matter. These meteorites are observed falls. They may contain as much as 20% water, part of which has deuterium/hydrogen ratios entirely different from those of terrestrial waters. The mineral assemblage is generally regarded to indicate an aqueous, low temperature, slightly alkaline and somewhat reducing environment on the meteorite parent body. These meteorites also contain microstructures (i.e., organized elements) which morphologically resemble microfossils. Electron probe X-ray microanalysis showed that these microstructures are partially mineralized with iron and contain traces of chlorine or they contain silicates. The acid insoluble residues of the organized elements gave ultraviolet and visible ultramicrospectra characteristic of a variety of organic substances, including the possibility of nucleic acid constituents. Ultra-thin sections of a carbonaceous meteorite showed small, rounded objects occasionally with double wall-like structures. These microstructures were firmly embedded in the mineral matrix of the meteorite. The nature and origin of the organized elements is still unknown.
A critical study of the diffusion of iodine and sulfathiazole from ointments

Present in vitro methods of the study of diffusion of drugs from ointments into gels or solutions are essentially studies of diffusion rates. A physicochemical approach to the study of diffusion rates is described in this paper. Iodine and sulfathiazole were incorporated into various ointment bases. Types of bases included greases, water-in-oil emulsions, and mucilages. The diffusion into agar gels containing appropriate reagents was recorded at definite time intervals. Diffusion rates, when plotted on graph paper, were found to follow a general pattern, when oil-in-water emulsion and mucilage bases were used.
Clinical correlates of readmission in a schizophrenic cohort

A study of a cohort of 223 schizophrenic patients from a single catchment area followed up for two years after discharge from inpatient status revealed a significant association between the presence of two of 38 clinical problem categories (social withdrawal and drug abuse) and subsequent readmission. In addition, patients without social withdrawal who were readmitted showed a significantly greater use of aftercare services than those not readmitted, while, among those with social withdrawal, male patients were significantly more likely to be readmitted than female patients. Neither prior hospitalization nor the presence of affective symptoms were significantly associated with readmission. Clinical and research implications of these findings are discussed.
Update on Mechanisms of Plant Cell Wall Biosynthesis: How Plants Make Cellulose and Other (1 → 4)-β-D-Glycans

The discovery of a gene that encodes a cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum ) cellulose synthase ([Pear et al., 1996][1]) revolutionized and invigorated the plant cell wall community to find the genes that encode the machinery of cell wall polysaccharide synthesis. The landscape was framed by the completion
Rift Valley fever infection of rhesus monkeys: implications for rapid diagnosis of human disease.

Summary Rhesus monkeys inoculated with Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus provide a model in which serial observations of serum viral antigen and antibodies can be made. In 9 non-fatal and 3 fatal infections, either antigen or IgM enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antibodies were detected in every serum sample during the acute phase. Furthermore, viral nucleic acid could be detected by filter hybridization in most samples taken on days 1 to 3. Circulation of significant quantities of viral RNA provides an additional approach to the diagnosis and study of RVF.
Free vibrations of rectangular orthotropic plates with a pair of parallel edges simply supported

Abstract Natural frequency parameters for rectangular orthotropic plates with a pair of parallel edges simply supported are studied numerically for the effects of a variety of boundary conditions, material orthotropy, Winkler foundation modulus, and aspect ratio for the first several modes. The results indicate that the material orthotropy, foundation modulus and aspect ratio have more influence on the frequency parameter at the lower modes whereas the influence of the boundary condition on the frequency parameter depends on the stiffness of the boundary condition and is the same for all modes.
A model surface reaction on stepped surfaces

Abstract Lattice gas models are ideal for studying the properties of adsorbates on inhomogeneous surfaces. The primary technique for examining these models, Monte Carlo simulations, is often very computationally expensive. We introduce an approximate theory that is well suited to rapidly determining qualitative behaviours of lattice gases on inhomogeneous surfaces. This method is used to examine the effect of steps and kinks on the well-studied A + B 2 model reaction. This reaction exhibits a discontinuous and continuous kinetic phase transition on a perfect surface. We show how these transitions behave as a function of terrace width, step orientation, and surface diffusion rate.
Simple circumcision device: proof of concept for a single-visit, adjustable device to facilitate safe adult male circumcision.

Objective To conduct a proof-of-concept study to determine the potential utility of a novel, adjustable single-visit, disposable device to facilitate rapid adult circumcision. Design Prospective pilot trial of a novel surgical device. Setting Tertiary care Veterans Administration medical center. Patient(s) Five adult males. Intervention(s) Circumcisions performed by junior trainees using an adjustable, single-size surgical-assist device constructed by the University of Washington Applied Physics Laboratory. Main Outcome Measure(s) The attending surgeon and trainees completed standardized forms after each procedure to assess technical problems and ease of use. Follow-up visits were scheduled to evaluate adverse events, postoperative pain, cosmetic outcomes, and participant satisfaction at 3, 8, 30, and 90 days postoperatively. Result(s) The average operative time was 16.4 minutes. All cases were performed with local anesthesia, and no case required electrocautery or conversion to standard surgery. At the postoperative day 3 visit, all subjects were happy with their results and would recommend the procedure to another patient. One participant had a minor wound separation noted at the 30-day visit that resolved during follow-up. There were no wound infections, hematomas, or other adverse events. Conclusion(s) This proof-of-study suggests that the Simple Circumcision Device may facilitate delivery of safe adult male circumcision services.
Toward the development of DNA vaccines

Abstract DNA vaccination has proved to be a generally applicable technology in various preclinical animal models of infectious and noninfectious disease and several DNA vaccines have now entered phase I human clinical trials. It is too early to predict the effectiveness of DNA vaccines in humans and whether improved formulations of DNA vaccines will be required but several lines of investigation have suggested ways in which DNA vaccines may be improved, such as increases in expession, facilitation of DNA targeting or uptake, and enhancement of immune responses.
Olympus Mons Aureole Deposits: New Evidence for a Flank Failure Origin

The origin of the rough-textured aureoles that surround the immense Olympus Mons volcano on Mars is controversial. We present data from the Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Odyssey missions to demonstrate that at least two of the aureole lobes are derived from the volcano's flanks in large and probably catastrophic mass movement events, leaving behind headwalls that constitute the basal scarp. This evidence stems from the morphology and internal structure of aureole blocks, which exhibit remnants of volcanic flow units on their surfaces. Our claim is supported by plausible reconstructions of the prefailure flanks. Structural analogs to known flank failure events at Hawaiian volcanoes suggest that repeated cycles of flank growth and collapse at Olympus Mons allow generation of the observed aureoles from a protoedifice similar in size and shape to the present one.
Power spectrum analysis of myometrial electromyogram and intrauterine pressure changes in the pregnant rhesus monkey in late gestation

Various methods have been used to quantify myometrial activity in the pregnant rhesus monkey during the last third of gestation. A precise definition of activity must retain the characteristics of epoch duration, amplitude, and the repetitive frequencies of active epochs. We used Fast Fourier Transform and power spectrum analysis to determine whether the patterns of myometrial contractility consist predominantly of contractions or contractures. This analysis allows quantification of activity represented by each of these patterns of activity. We applied these methods to myometrial electromyogram and intrauterine pressure recordings in pregnant rhesus monkeys to characterize the changes in myometrial activity that occur after surgery, after intravenous indomethacin administration, and when food is withdrawn for 48 hours. We conclude that changes in the frequency pattern of myometrial activity provide important information in relation to labor and delivery contractions.
Methodological trends in the design of recent microenvironmental studies of personal CO exposure

Abstract This paper describes the designs of three recent microenvironmental studies of personal exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) from motor vehicle exhaust. These studies were conducted sequentially, first in four California cities (Los Angeles, Mountain View, Palo Alto, and San Francisco), then in Honolulu, and, most recently, in metropolitan Washington, D.C. Though study purposes differed, each study faced common methodological issues related to personal exposure monitors (PEMs), quality assurance and data collection procedures, and the selection of microenvironments for study. Two major objectives of the California cities study were to determine the CO concentrations typically found in commercial settings and to define and classify microenvironments applicable to such settings: The Honolulu study measured merchant exposure to CO in shopping centers attached to semienclosed parking garages during business hours and commuter exposure to CO in vehicles (passenger cars and buses) on congested roadways during peak periods. The intent of the Washington study was to develop a model of commuter exposure to motor vehicle exhaust using CO as an indicator pollutant. Certain trends are discernible from reviewing the three studies. There are clearly trends in PEM development that have expanded instrument capabilities and automated data collection and storage. There are also trends towards more rigorous quality assurance procedures and more standardized protocols for collecting exposure data. Further, one can see a trend towards more elaborate indicators for identifying microenvironments for study. Finally, there is a trend towards using personal monitors in public policy review and evaluation.
Magnesium sulfate therapy for sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia.

Abstract A variety of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias have responded favorably to therapy with intravenous magnesium sulfate (MgSO 4 ) regardless of the patient's initial serum magnesium level. 1–9 The ventricular arrhythmia most commonly reported to be responsive to MgS 4 is torsades de pointes. 3,5–7,9 We report the responses of 11 patients with sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) to a bolus injection of MgSO 4 .
SUAVE: sensor-based user-aware viewing enhancement for mobile device displays

As mobile devices are used in various environments, ambient light and wide viewing direction impair a display's perceived display quality. To combat these effects, we introduce SUAVE, our Sensor-based User-Aware Viewing Enhancement system. SUAVE senses the ambient light and viewing direction and applies corresponding image enhancements to the display content, increasing its usability. SUAVE employs a parameter calibration process to help users select suitable image enhancements for particular viewing contexts. We report implementations of SUAVE on a Motorola Xoom Tablet and an Apple iPhone 4.
Natural language insensitive short textual string compression

There are applications (such as Internet search engines) where short textual strings, for example abstracts or pieces of Web pages, need to be compressed independently of each other. The usual adaptive compression algorithms perform poorly on these short strings due to the lack of necessary data to learn. In this manuscript, we introduce a compression algorithm targeting short text strings; e.g., containing a few hundred symbols. We also target natural language insensitivity, to facilitate its robust compression and fast implementation. The algorithm is based on the following findings. Applying the move-to-front transform (MTFT) after the Burrows-Wheeler transform (BWT) brings the short textual strings to a "normalized form" where the distribution of the resulting "ranks" has a shape similar over the set of natural language strings. This facilitates the use of a static coding method with few variations, which we call shortBWT, where no on-line learning is needed, to encode the ranks. Finally, for short strings, shortBWT runs very fast because the strings fit into the cache of most current computers. The introduction for this paper will review the mathematical bases of BWT and MTF, it will also review our recently published metric for rapidly pre-characterizing the compressibility of such short textual strings when using these transforms.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Species Tree Estimation for the Late Blight Pathogen, Phytophthora infestans, and Close Relatives

To better understand the evolutionary history of a group of organisms, an accurate estimate of the species phylogeny must be known. Traditionally, gene trees have served as a proxy for the species tree, although it was acknowledged early on that these trees represented different evolutionary processes. Discordances among gene trees and between the gene trees and the species tree are also expected in closely related species that have rapidly diverged, due to processes such as the incomplete sorting of ancestral polymorphisms. Recently, methods have been developed for the explicit estimation of species trees, using information from multilocus gene trees while accommodating heterogeneity among them. Here we have used three distinct approaches to estimate the species tree for five Phytophthora pathogens, including P. infestans, the causal agent of late blight disease in potato and tomato. Our concatenation-based “supergene” approach was unable to resolve relationships even with data from both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes, and from multiple isolates per species. Our multispecies coalescent approach using both Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods was able to estimate a moderately supported species tree showing a close relationship among P. infestans, P. andina, and P. ipomoeae. The topology of the species tree was also identical to the dominant phylogenetic history estimated in our third approach, Bayesian concordance analysis. Our results support previous suggestions that P. andina is a hybrid species, with P. infestans representing one parental lineage. The other parental lineage is not known, but represents an independent evolutionary lineage more closely related to P. ipomoeae. While all five species likely originated in the New World, further study is needed to determine when and under what conditions this hybridization event may have occurred.
ADVANCED CHEMICAL FINGERPRINTING FOR OIL SPILL IDENTIFICATION AND NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENTS

ABSTRACT For petroleum fingerprinting in support of natural resource damage assessments (NRDA) and other regulatory and litigation-driven scientific studies, the state of the art now focuses on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and saturated biomarker analyses, coupled with ratio and/or principal component analysis techniques, for advanced chemical fingerprinting (ACF) and allocation of petroleum mixtures to multiple sources. This strategy is being applied to oil spills, in-ground petroleum releases, and coal tar-petroleum source differentiation scenarios. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) draft injury guidance on NRDA recommends the application of ACF to oil spill assessments under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990.
Simulation Test of Grease-Lubricated Steel-Polymer Interface of Worm Gear

Steel worm and polymer worm gear are typical parts in some grease-lubricated electric power steering systems. A grease-lubricated steel-polymer interface has some tribological characteristics which are different from a conventional metal-metal interface. In this work, a pin-on-disk tribometer was used to measure the friction and wear of the steel-polymer interface. The pin material was steel and the disk material was either Nylon 6 or Delrin 100. The experiments were performed under different temperatures using two different greases: a lithium soap synthetic (Code S) grease and a barium soap mineral oil (Code M) grease. The tests indicated that friction variation over a temperature range of – 15° to 150°C was larger in lubricated tests than in nonlubricated tests. In a comparison between the two greases, the M grease has a lower friction coefficient than the S grease, at lower temperatures (- 15° to 28°C). However, at a higher temperature range (75° to 150°C), the S grease has lower friction coefficients ...
"Impulsivity": Relations between self-report and behavior

The trait of "impulsivity" is difficult to place within a personality framework due to the many potential pathways to impulsive behavior and the lack of consensus regarding the structure of the trait(s). This lack of consensus also hinders systematic investigation into relations between "impulsivity" and its behavioral manifestations. Undergraduates (Sample 1 N = 507) completed a battery of self-report measures, all purporting to assess trait "impulsivity"; a subset (n = 408) and Sample 2 (N = 388) also completed a retrospective questionnaire about specific behaviors they may have engaged in over the past year, and another subset of Sample 1 agreed to complete (n = 208) and actually completed (n = 152) a 2-week prospective measure of impulsive behaviors. Finally, a subset of Sample 1 (n = 321) and Sample 2 completed an omnibus self-report inventory in a follow-up study. Structural equation modeling confirmed a 3-factor structure of what we call impulsigenic traits-traits that are manifested in impulsive behavior. This finding is consistent with previous research and supports the growing consensus that "impulsivity" is a colloquial label attached to a group of distinct traits that have phenotypically similar behavioral manifestations. Each of these impulsigenic traits relates differentially to impulsive behavior and to broad temperamental dimensions. The results also show clear 2-factor structures of both daily and less frequent (yearly/semiyearly) impulsive behaviors. Finally, a unique method of data collection permitted an investigation of relations between the impulsigenic and other personality traits and observed behaviors, demonstrating the predictive utility of personality traits to discrete, in situ behaviors.
Short-Term Music Instruction and Young Children's Developmental Music Aptitude:

The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of short-term music instruction on five-year-old children's developmental music aptitude as measured by Gordon's Primary Measures of Music Audiation (PMMA). Twenty-nine children were randomly assigned to one of three groups. The Music-I group received 12 weeks of instruction emphasizing instrumental improvisation. The Music-II group received 12 weeks of instruction consisting of singing, playing percussion instruments, and move ment. The control group received no instruction in music. Preliminary analysis indi cated no significant difference among the three groups. Further analysis revealed a significant difference between the groups receiving music instruction and the control group: the Music-I and Music-II combined mean scores on the PMMA were significantly higher. Results indicated that short-term music instruction influences five year-old children's developmental music aptitude.
Successful conservative management of colorenal fistula after percutaneous cryoablation of renal-cell carcinoma.

Background: Cryoablation is an increasingly utilized treatment for renal-cell carcinoma. We describe the first reported case of colorenal fistula resulting from percutaneous renal cryoablation. Case Report: A 63-year-old man with hematuria was found to have an enhancing renal mass that was treated with percutaneous CT-guided cryoablation. Two months later, he presented with lower urinary-tract symptoms, and CT imaging revealed a colorenal fistula at the ablation site. Ureteral stent placement resulted in resolution of the fistula. Conclusions: Contrary to previously reported animal and clinical studies, our case report demonstrates that it is possible to incur serious harm to the renal collecting system as a result of percutaneous renal cryoablation. In stable patients, an attempt at conservative management of a fistula should precede extensive reconstructive efforts.
Excess in vitro secretion of the free alpha-subunit of the glycoprotein hormones by pituitary cells from chronically uremic rats.

In an attempt to develop an animal model of uremic hypogonadism, various parameters of in vivo and in vitro pituitary-Leydig cell function were examined in control, chronically uremic (4 weeks after 5/6th nephrectomy), and acutely uremic (2 days after bilateral ureteral ligation) adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Levels of serum urea nitrogen (SUN) were 12.6 ± 0.4, 46.3 ± 2.9, and 233.4± 9.9 mg/dl (mean ± SEM) in control, chronically uremic, and acutely uremic rats, respectively, while the corresponding serum testosterone (T) values were 446.6± 85.2, 177.3 ± 52.0, and 45.8 ± 4.0 ng/dl. There was a significant inverse correlation between levels of SUN and those of T (r = -0.508; P < 0.05). Despite the decreased levels of serum T in uremic rats, there were significant reductions in serum levels of LH (P < 0.01) and FSH (P < 0.05) in both chronically uremic and acutely uremic rats. However, there were significant elevatios (P < 0.01) of PRL and a positive correlation between PRL and SUN values (r= 0.366; P < 0...
On the separability of multivariable polynomials

A simple test for the separability of multivariable (MV) polynomials which occur in the study of MV networks and multi-dimensional digital filters, etc., is presented. The separability condition is given in terms of the coefficients of the MV polynomials and expressing the given polynomial, if separable, as a product of single-variable polynomials is a direct consequence of the test for separability.
Extracorporeal photochemotherapy for the treatment of steroid resistant chronic GVHD

Chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major limitation of successful allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP) has been tested extensively in small cohorts of patients with chronic GVHD. In this study, we retrospectively evaluated 71 patients with severe chronic GVHD treated with ECP. Response rate was 61% (n = 43), and 14 patients had complete responses (CRs). The best responses were observed in skin, liver, oral mucosa, and eye. Factors affecting outcomes were assessed in the less heavily pretreated subgroup (n = 63). Thrombocytopenia was associated with a lower response rate (P = .04), and there was a trend toward a higher response rate in de novo chronic GVHD. At 6 months, a total of 27 (69%) of 39 patients who were alive continued to have a sustained response (CR 4 [10%] of 39, and partial response [PR] 23 [59%] of 39). The cumulative incidence of steroid discontinuation at 1 year was 22%. The overall survival since initiation of therapy was 53% at 1 year. Response to ECP and platelet count at initiation of therapy were the strongest predictors of nonrelapse mortality (NRM) on univariate analysis. Objective responses were observed in a substantial number of patients with both skin and visceral chronic GVHD failing corticosteroids and other immunosuppression.
Tracking Land Cover Change in Mixed Logit Model: Recognizing Temporal and Spatial Effects

As an essential part of integrated land use-transport models, prediction of land cover changes and illumination of the many factors behind such change are always of interest to planners, policy makers, developers, and others. A mixed logit framework is used to study land cover evolution in the Austin, Texas, region, recognizing distance-dependent correlations—both observed and unobserved—over space and time, in a sea of satellite image pixels. The computational methods used for model estimation and application are described, including generalized Cholesky decomposition and likelihood simulation. Results indicate that neighborhood characteristics have strong effects on land cover evolution: clustering is significant over time, but high residential densities can impede future development. Model application produces graphic predictions, allowing one to confirm these results visually and appreciate the variability in potential urban futures.
Schnurri-3 (KRC) interacts with c-Jun to regulate the IL-2 gene in T cells.

The activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factor is a key participant in the control of T cell proliferation, cytokine production, and effector function. In the immune system, AP-1 activity is highest in T cells, suggesting that a subset of T cell–specific coactivator proteins exist to selectively potentiate AP-1 function. Here, we describe that the expression of Schnurri-3, also known as κ recognition component (KRC), is induced upon T cell receptor signaling in T cells and functions to regulate the expression of the interleukin 2 (IL-2) gene. Overexpression of KRC in transformed and primary T cells leads to increased IL-2 production, whereas dominant-negative KRC, or loss of KRC protein in KRC-null mice, results in diminished IL-2 production. KRC physically associates with the c-Jun transcription factor and serves as a coactivator to augment AP-1–dependent IL-2 gene transcription.
The effect of disk platter resonances on track misregistration in 3.5 inch disk drives

With the increase in track density and higher rotation speeds in hard disk drives, effects contributing to track misregistration (TMR) that heretofore have been negligible in the 3.5 inch form factor are now quite significant. One effect is the vibration of the individual disk platters at their natural frequencies. These resonances are driven primarily by internal windage excitation within the head disk assembly (HDA) during operation. This behavior is a characteristic of all 3.5 inch disk drives using 95/spl times/0.8 mm aluminum disks. The behavior is dominated by the disk material properties and geometry and not by the spindle, enclosure, or structural design. This disk vibration contributes a significant amount of track misregistration (TMR). Alternate disk substrate materials should be investigated as a means for controlling these effects.
Admiralty Law: Not Just for the Specialist

Many believe that admiralty law is relevant only to those who specialize in maritime matters. On the contrary, admiralty and maritime law has far more applications than most realize. This short (10 page) article demonstrates admiralty's influence on the common law and cites several examples where admiralty law might override state statutory and common law.
A microprocessor-based PAL color pattern generator

A PAL color pattern generator in which a single-chip microprocessor is used to generate ten different patterns is described. The generator can provide a 1-V/sub p-p/ video output and a 100-mV channel three RF output. Compared with the conventional pattern generators, this microprocessor-based design method has the merits of simplicity, low cost, flexibility, and no need for calibration. >
Is routine contralateral exploration advisable for children with unilateral inguinal hernias

A lthough early surgical repair of clinically recognized unilateral indirect inguinal hernias in infants and children is almost universally recommended, controversy has persisted for 4 decades regarding the advisability of performing contralateral exploration in the absence of an identifiable hernia. Discussions on this subject have become even more active during recent years as more sophisticated technology has become available to demonstrate the presence of a clinically undetectable contralateral hernia. Since inguinal hemiorrhaphy is the most common operation performed by surgeons on patients in the pediatric age group, an estimated 6% to 8% of the male population, this decision must be made frequently. Few subjects currently arouse such intense expression of personal divergent views between pediatric surgeons. Consequent to the report by Rothenberg and Barnett’ in 1955, which proposed that contralateral exploration be performed routinely for children undergoing inguinal hemiorrhaphy, many published reports have made the same recommendation, based on the high incidence of patent hernia sacs found after a large number of bilateral operations. 2*3 The reported incidence of bilateral hernias in children has ranged from 6% to more than 80%, with the highest frequency observed in the youngest patients. Many surgeons have therefore recommended that contralateral repair be performed in patients under 2 years of age-before the hernia may close spontaneously. The controversy regarding contralateral exploration is largely centered on the definition of what constitutes a patent processus vaginalis and when does it become a hernia.4 Since it is widely recognized that the majority of patent processes close spontaneously, surgical repair of a patent processus at an early age is likely to have rninimal benefit for most patients. Furthermore, up to 20% of adult men coming to autopsy have a patent processus without any previous clinical history of hemia.5 Most surgeons recognize that hemiorrhaphy is somewhat more technically demanding and is associated with a higher risk of spermatic cord injury in infants than in older children. Exploration may even occasionally cause damage to the intact floor of the inguinal canal, placing the patient at risk for the development of a direct inguinal hernia in later years.
Open Mics and Open Minds: Spoken Word Poetry in African Diaspora Participatory Literacy Communities

In this article, Maisha T. Fisher explores the resurgence of spoken word and poetry venues in the Black community and their salience as venues for cultural identity development and literacy practice. Calling them African Diaspora Participatory Literacy Communities (ADPLCs), Fisher describes two open mic poetry settings that recall the feeling and communal centrality of jazz clubs and literary circles of the Harlem Renaissance. These ADPLCs are predominantly created and supported by people of African descent who actively participate in literacy-centered events outside of school and work settings. Through ethnographic research, Fisher explores how these venues function as literacy centers in two communities. Fisher discusses the cultural practices that underlie the organization and orchestration of these events, explores what inspires and motivates participants, and examines how these venues operate as sites for multiple literacies.
Advances in understanding and managing dry eye disease.

● PURPOSE: To present evidence from the literature and scientific meetings to support fundamental changes in concepts regarding the prevalence, pathogenesis, definition, diagnosis, management of dry eye disease (DED) and the prospects for the development of new therapies. ● DESIGN: Analysis and clinical perspective of the literature and recent presentations. ● METHODS: Review and interpretation of literature. ● RESULTS: The tear film and ocular surface form an integrated physiologic unit linking the surface epithelia and secretory glands via a neural network. This sensorydriven network regulates secretory activity in quantity and composition, supporting the homeostasis of the system. The tear film forms a metastable covering between blinks, subserving clear vision, and maintains the health and turnover of the ocular surface cells. Disturbance of intrinsic factors such as increasing age; hor
Giant magnetoresistance calculated from first principles

The Layer Korringa Kohn Rostoker-Coherent Potential Approximation technique was used to calculate the low temperature Giant Magnetoresistance from first principles for Co{vert_bar}Cu and permalloy{vert_bar}Cu superlattices. Our calculations predict large giant magnetoresistance ratios for Co{vert_bar}Cu and extremely large ratios for permalloy{vert_bar}Cu for current perpendicular to the layers. Mechanisms such as spin-orbit coupling which mix spin channels are expected to greatly reduce the GMR effect for permalloy{vert_bar}Cu.
The Glc Separation of Indole Amines and Indole Alcohols as Heptafluorobutyryl Derivatives

Abstract Indole amines and indole alcohols were converted to heptafluoro-butyryl (HFB) derivatives by an acyl transfer reaction with heptafluoro-butyrylimidazole. The indole NH group as well as all amino and hydroxyl groups were acylated. The HFB derivatives have excellent gas chroma-tographic properties and can be used with either hydrogen flame or electron capture detection systems. Mass spectra of the HFB derivatives of biologic N, N-dialkyl indole amines are very characteristic; these compounds can be identified easily by GLC-MS methods.
A Direct Analyzer for Stellar Images

Double star and polarization studies are being conducted at Lick Observatory with an image analyzer. The instrument scans the telescopic image with a slit 6 see by 0.18 see of arc at a frequency of 103 cps. Scans alternate between orientations 90° apart. Light transmitted by the slit is sensed with a refrigerated 1P21 phototube. After appropriate ac circuitry the signal is displayed on the intensity axis of an oscilloscope. The trace position is swept downwards over a period of several minutes. Photographs of the oscilloscope face consist of parallel vertical streaks whose width and brightness show the image structure.
Time–Frequency Correlation-Based Missing-Feature Reconstruction for Robust Speech Recognition in Band-Restricted Conditions

Band-limited speech represents one of the most challenging factors for robust speech recognition. This is especially true in supporting audio corpora from sources that have a range of conditions in spoken document retrieval requiring effective automatic speech recognition. The missing-feature reconstruction method has a problem when applied to band-limited speech reconstruction, since it assumes the observations in the unreliable regions are always greater than the latent original clean speech. The approach developed here depends only on reliable components to calculate the posterior probability to mitigate the problem. This study proposes an advanced method to effectively utilize the correlation information of the spectral components across time and frequency axes in an effort to increase the performance of missing-feature reconstruction in band-limited conditions. We employ an F1 area window and cutoff border window in order to include more knowledge on reliable components which are highly correlated with the cutoff frequency band. To detect the cutoff regions for missing-feature reconstruction, blind mask estimation is also presented, which employs the synthesized band-limited speech model without secondary training data. Experiments to evaluate the performance of the proposed methods are accomplished using the SPHINX3 speech recognition engine and the TIMIT corpus. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed time-frequency (TF) correlation based missing-feature reconstruction method is significantly more effective in improving band-limited speech recognition accuracy. By employing the proposed TF-missing feature reconstruction method, we obtain up to 14.61% of average relative improvement in word error rate (WER) for four available bandwidths with cutoff frequencies 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 kHz, respectively, compared to earlier formulated methods. Experimental results on the National Gallery of the Spoken Word (NGSW) corpus also show the proposed method is effective in improving band-limited speech recognition in real-life spoken document conditions.
The Making of Bamana Sculpture: Creativity and Gender

The Making of Bamana Sculpture: Creativity and Gender, SARAH C. BRETT-SMITH. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. RES Monographs on Anthropology and Aesthetics, xx. 352 pp. 60 b/w illustrations, maps, notes, bibliography, index. $95.00 (cloth).
Structural Basis on the Dityrosyl-Diiron Radical Cluster and the Functional Differences of Human Ribonucleotide Reductase Small Subunits hp53R2 and hRRM2

Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) is an enzyme for the de novo conversion of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides. The two human RNR small subunits hRRM2 and hp53R2 share 83% sequence homology but show distinct expression patterns and function. Structural analyses of the oxidized form of hRRM2 and hp53R2 indicate that both proteins contain a conserved Gln127-hp53R2/Gln165-hRRM2 close to the dinuclear iron center and the essential tyrosine residue Tyr124-hp53R2/Tyr162-hRRM2 forms hydrogen bonds with the tyrosine and iron ligands, implying a critical role for the glutamine residue in assembling the dityrosyl-diiron radical cofactor. The present work also showed that Tyr221 in hRRM2, which is replaced by Phe183 in hp53R2, forms a hydrogen bond with Tyr162 to extend the hydrogen bond network from Gln165-hRRM2. Mutagenesis and spectroscopic experiments suggested that the tyrosine-to-phenylalanine switch at Phe183-hp53R2/Tyr221-hRRM2 could lead to differences in radical generation or enzymatic activity for hp53R2 and hRRM2. This study correlates the distinct catalytic mechanisms of the small subunits hp53R2 and hRRM2 with a hydrogen-bonding network and provides novel directions for designing and developing subunit-specific therapeutic agents for human RNR enzymes.
Energy concerns in information and communication technology and the potential for photonics integration

THE energy burden of information and communication technology (ICT) has been growing rapidly as an increasing demand from the market results in newer products with high use rates. Previous studies have estimated that the rapid increase in energy demand of ICT could result in energy bottlenecks in certain areas, in particular network applications [1]–[3]. Emerging technologies such as photonics-integrated electronics could offer a breakthrough in reducing the energy consumed in ICT equipment. We present an analysis of the current energy trends in ICT as well as a discussion of the impact of photonics on energy use within this industry.
Economic Comparison of Deloaded-Wind and Wind-Battery Systems

With the increasing grid penetration levels of wind power, there is a large need for the energy reserves for grid support during under-frequency conditions. Such energy reserves are created by operating the wind farm at non-optimum/deloaded operating points, as well as through storage of excess energy in Batteries. This paper provides technical and economic analysis of the above strategies and thus provides a case comparison of deloaded wind farm to that of wind-Battery system. A simplified Excel-based Proforma financial model has been developed to perform sensitivity analysis, as well as to obtain the impact of these strategies on the cost of energy.
What Unscientific Values Should Hindus Abandon

In this article the author presents a scientific perspective on what Hindu unscientific values should be abandoned. India has a unique opportunity to take advantage of a scientific framework for world transformation to reinvent itself and help transform the 21st century. This scientific framework consists of two components: (1) External excellence; and (2) Internal Excellence. It is interesting that that the two component of excellence are intricately related. That is, in the absence of an adequate level of internal excellence, we neither possess the capacity to materialize intentions, nor can quality initiatives such as six sigma and others deliver acceptable performance. India has to embrace both components of excellence if its vision of joining the ranks of developed nations is to become reality.