cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biology of genital tract human papillomaviruses.

SUMMARY A large number of HPV types infect humans. They infect squamous epithelia of the skin and mucous membranes. Infections are widespread in sexually active populations. Some HPV types have oncogenic potential. Infections with HPV-16, HPV-18, and some additional types are risk factors for cervical cancer. The HPV-6 and HPV-11 types are responsible for most of the genital condylomas and nearly all respiratory papillomas. The immunologic responses to HPVs are not well understood.
Inside the Presidential Speechwriting Process: Using Content Analysis to Study Changes to Speech Drafts

This paper incorporates content analysis of 495 drafts of 70 presidential speeches gathered from the archives of all ten presidencies from Franklin Roosevelt to George H.W. Bush to measure the changes to drafts of presidential speeches as they move through the White House speech drafting and review process. Studying the fluctuations in rhetorical scores demonstrates the degree to which forces within the presidency present different approaches to the rhetorical strategies of the White House. While the fluctuations revealed by content analysis may not tell us precisely about the motives of those within the process, they reveal significant differences in the approach of various staff members and help scholar better understand the inner workings behind the rhetoric of the bully pulpit.
Clinical significance of preventive treatment of thrombosis for patients undergoing gynecological surgery with high risk factors

Objective To explore the clinical significance of preventive treatment of thrombosis for patients undergoing gynecological surgeries with high risk factors. Methods Prospectively, randomized and cases controlled study was performed in 143 patients underwent gynecological surgery with high risk factors to explore the prevention effectiveness and safety in morbidity of lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (LDVT) and relative effected factors, who were enrolled to three groups according to different preventive treatment: group using intermittent pneumatic calf compression (IPC) in 47 cases, group using lowmolecular-weight hepairin(LMWH) in 48 cases and control group in 48 cases with no prevention strategy. Results The morbidity of LDVT on lower extremity was 6% (6/94)in group IPC and 1% (1/96)in group LMWH, 18% (17/96)in control group, which was obviously reduced in group IPC and group LMWH than that in control group (P 0.05). After surgery in 3 or 4 days, the morbidity of LDVT in group IPC was 1/6,zero in group LMWH and 71% (12/17) in control group, there was significantly reduced in group IPC and group LMWH than that in control group (P<0.05). There was no side-effects in group IPC, only 1 case in group LMWH presented small quantity bleed in vagina remnant, while no incision bleeding and bleed tendency. Singlevariate analysis indicated that elder age, abdominal surgeries and malignant tumor were as the independent factors to effect preventive treatment of thrombosis (P<0.05). Conclusion LDVT in patients underwent gynecological surgeries with high risk factors can be obviously reduced and delayed by preventive treatment, which is no side-effects, while be effected by the factors of elder age, abdominal surgeries and malignant tumor. Key words: Venous thrombosis; Gynecologic surgical procedures; Risk factors; Accident prevention
On the rise of types of clause-final pragmatic markers in English

Much work on pragmatic markers in the history of English has been devoted to expressions used clause-initially at “left periphery”. By contrast, this study provides an account in broad outlines of the incremental development of pragmatic markers in clause-final “right periphery” position. Particular attention is paid to the rise of comment clauses, question tags, general extenders, and retrospective contrastive markers. Traditional characterizations of pragmatic markers, such as occurrence primarily at left periphery and with prosodic breaks are critiqued.
Self-reported Physician Specialties and the Primary Care Content of Medical Practice: A Study of the AMA Physician Masterfile

BACKGROUND: Many internal medicine physicians report both primary and secondary specialties in the American Medical Association (AMA) Physician Masterfile. Usually, those represent combinations of general internal medicine and medical subspecialty practice. Whether reported specialty combinations can be used to assess the contribution of specialists to primary care is unknown. OBJECTIVES: To examine whether internists' primary and secondary specialties reported in the Masterfile reflect the amount of primary care that they provide, and whether changes over time in internists' reported specialties reflect changes in primary care provision. DESIGN: The Masterfile was used to identify internists' reported specialties in 1992 and in 1996. A mail questionnaire was used to assess the primary care content of physicians' practices. The association between reported specialties and the amount of primary care provided was evaluated using analysis of variance. SUBJECTS: A stratified random sample of internists in active clinical practice. MEASURES: The percentage of visits which were for the general medical care of patients for whom the physicians maintained ongoing responsibility. In addition, how often the physicians initiated the provision of preventive care for their regular patients, provided general medical care to these patients, and organized and coordinated the care received by these patients from other providers. RESULTS: There was a strong association between the internists' primary and secondary specialties reported in the Masterfile and measures of the primary care content of physicians' practices (P < 0.0001). In contrast, changes over time in internists' reported specialties were not associated with physicians' assessments of changes in the primary care content of their practices. CONCLUSIONS: Aggregate estimates of the availability of primary care in the US could be adjusted by taking into account the primary and secondary specialties reported by internal medicine physicians in the AMA Physician Masterfile.
Full-Field Dynamic Stress/Strain from Limited Sets of Measured Data

Often times occasional events may cause significant displacement and corresponding stress strain damage to a structure. Using limited sets of measured data, expansion of real time data has been shown to provide accurate full field displacement results. This displacement data can be used in conjunction with the finite element model to identify full field dynamic stress-strain results. This approach is demonstrated for an analytical model to show the methodology proposed. Examples illustrating different configurations of measured data sets along with simulated noise are presented to illustrate the technique.
Elevated Red Cell Distribution Width is Associated with Cerebral Infarction in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Elevated red blood cell distribution width (RDW) has been associated with thrombotic disorders including myocardial infarction, venous thromboembolism, and ischemic stroke, independent of other inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers. The purpose of this study was to determine whether elevated RDW is associated with cerebral infarction and poor outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). In this retrospective single-center cohort of aSAH patients (October 2009–September 2014), elevated RDW was defined as a mean RDW >14.5 % during the first 14 days after aSAH. Outcomes included cerebral infarction (CI) by any mechanism and poor functional outcome, defined as discharge modified Rankin Scale (mRS) >4, indicating severe disability or death. Of 179 patients, 27 % had a high Hunt–Hess grade (IV–V), and 76 % were women. Twenty-four patients (13.4 %) underwent red blood cell (RBC) transfusion and compared to patients with normal RDW, patients with an elevated RDW were at greater odds of RBC transfusion (OR 2.56 [95 % CI, 1.07–6.11], p = 0.035). In univariate analysis, more patients with elevated RDW experienced CI (30.8 vs. 13.7 %, p = 0.017). In the multivariable model, elevated RDW was significantly associated with CI (OR 3.08 [95 % CI, 1.30–7.32], p = 0.011), independent of known confounders including but not limited to age, sex, race, high Hunt–Hess grade, and RBC transfusion. In multivariable analysis, RDW elevation was also associated with poor functional outcome (mRS > 4) at discharge (OR 2.59 [95 % CI, 1.04–629], p = 0.040). RDW elevation is associated with cerebral infarction and poor outcome after aSAH. Further evaluation of this association is warranted as it may shed light on mechanistic relations between anemia, inflammation, and thrombosis after aSAH.
Origin of the Rapa endemic genus Apostates: Revisiting major disjunctions and evolutionary conservatism in the Bahia alliance (Compositae: Bahieae)

© 2016, International Association for Plant Taxonomy. All rights reserved.Molecular phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences indicate that the rediscovered Apostates, known only from Rapa in the Austral Islands of southeastern Polynesia, represents an example of extreme long-distance dispersal (> 6500 km) from southwestern North America and one of at least four disjunctions of comparable magnitude in the primarily New World Bahia alliance (tribe Bahieae). Each of the disjunctions appears to have resulted from north-to-south dispersal since the mid-Miocene; three are associated with such marked morphological and ecological change that some of the southern taxa (including Apostates) have been treated in distinct genera of uncertain relationship. Phyllotaxy within the Bahia alliance, however, evidently has been even more conservative evolutionarily than reflected by previous taxonomies, with alternate-leaved and opposite-leaved clades in Bahia sensu Ellison each encompassing representatives of other genera that share the same leaf arrangements. A revised taxonomic treatment of the Bahia alliance is proposed to recognize morphologically distinctive, monophyletic genera, including the critically endangered Apostates.
What risks lead to ruin

Insurance transfers losses associated with risks to the insurer for a price, the premium. Considering a natural probabilistic framework for the insurance problem, we derive a necessary and sufficient condition on loss models such that the insurer remains solvent despite the losses taken on. In particular, there need not be any upper bound on the loss—rather it is the structure of the model space that decides insurability.
Bromide-Assisted Anisotropic Growth of Gold Nanoparticles as Substrates for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering

We report herein a one-step synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) of various shapes such as triangles, hexagons, and semispheres, using 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) as the reducing agent in the presence of potassium bromide (KBr). Anisotropic Au NPs have received ever-increasing attention in various areas of research due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Numerous synthetic methods involving either top-down or bottom-up approaches have been developed to synthesize Au NPs with deliberately varied shapes, sizes, and configurations; however, the production of templateless, seedless, and surfactant-free singular-shaped anisotropic Au NPs remains a significant challenge. The concentrations of hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (HAuCl4), 5-HIAA, and KBr, as well as the reaction temperature, were found to influence the resulting product morphology. A detailed characterization of the resulting Au NPs was performed using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Raman spectroscopy. The as-prepared Au NPs exhibited excellent surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) properties, which make them very attractive for the development of SERS-based chemical and biological sensors.
USAID: Standing By on NCD.

Highlights USG investments in NCD are virtually nonexistent, even in priority countries. Global health needs change; USAID’s global health programs must change with them. NCD myths persist, even among some global health professionals. Proven, cost-effective, and lifesaving NCD interventions exist. NCD are an urgent global health and development problem right now.
Women's Rights and the Patterns of Migration

This article investigates women’s economic, political, and social rights in both home and destination countries as potential push and pull factors of female migration. Using a bilateral framework including 104 origin countries and 28 destination countries for the years 1990 and 2000, we document that for female migrants with various levels of education, when women’s economic and social rights at home improve, they are less likely to leave, but women’s political rights are a push factor. Women’s economic rights in destination countries attract female migrants of all education levels but more so those with a tertiary education. Also, women’s political rights in destination countries are a pull factor, but women’s social rights are not.
The Fetus Can Teach Us: Oxygen and the Pulmonary Vasculature

Neonates suffering from pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) continue to represent an important proportion of patients requiring intensive neonatal care, and have an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. The human fetus has evolved to maintain a high pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) in utero to allow the majority of the fetal circulation to bypass the lungs, which do not participate in gas exchange, towards the low resistance placenta. At birth, oxygen plays a major role in decreasing PVR to enhance pulmonary blood flow and establish the lungs as the organ of gas exchange. The failure of PVR to fall following birth results in PPHN, and oxygen remains the mainstay therapeutic intervention in the management of PPHN. Knowledge gaps on what constitutes the optimal oxygenation target leads to a wide variation in practices, and often leads to excessive oxygen use. Owing to the risk of oxygen toxicity, avoiding hyperoxemia is as important as avoiding hypoxemia in the management of PPHN. Current evidence supports maintaining arterial oxygen tension in the range of 50-80 mm Hg, and oxygen saturation between 90-97% in term infants with hypoxemic respiratory failure. Clinical studies evaluating the optimal oxygenation in the treatment of PPHN will be enthusiastically awaited.
Alignment Accuracy Estimation

In this chapter, we have developed described an accuracy estimator that is a linear combination of feature functions, and provided two approaches to learning the coefficients of this estimator. Chapter 3 next describes gives details of the specific features that along with this framework make up the Facet accuracy estimator. Results on using the Facet estimator with the feature functions described in the next chapter are presented in Chap. 6.
Fat-bone interaction within the bone marrow milieu: Impact on hematopoiesis and systemic energy metabolism

The relationship between fat, bone and systemic metabolism is a growing area of scientific interest. Marrow adipose tissue is a well-recognized component of the bone marrow milieu and is metabolically distinct from current established subtypes of adipose tissue. Despite recent advances, the functional significance of marrow adipose tissue is still not clearly delineated. Bone and fat cells share a common mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) within the bone marrow, and hormones and transcription factors such as growth hormone, leptin, and peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor γ influence MSC differentiation into osteoblasts or adipocytes. MSC osteogenic potential is more vulnerable than adipogenic potential to radiation and chemotherapy, and this confers a risk for an abnormal fat-bone axis in survivors following cancer therapy and bone marrow transplantation. This review provides a summary of data from animal and human studies describing the relationship between marrow adipose tissue and hematopoiesis, bone mineral density, bone strength, and metabolic function. The significance of marrow adiposity in other metabolic disorders such as osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, and estrogen and growth hormone deficiency are also discussed. We conclude that marrow adipose tissue is an active endocrine organ with important metabolic functions contributing to bone energy maintenance, osteogenesis, bone remodeling, and hematopoiesis. Future studies on the metabolic role of marrow adipose tissue may provide the critical insight necessary for selecting targeted therapeutic interventions to improve altered hematopoiesis and augment skeletal remodeling in cancer survivors.
DAdHTM: Low overhead dynamically adaptive hardware transactional memory for large graphs a scalability study

With the availability of multicore and manycore systems with large main memories, Symmetric Multiprocessors (SMPs) can process large scale problems such as graphs spanning millions of nodes and billions of edges which used to be the domain of large clusters. Due to the shared memory architecture of SMPs, we can apply fast, novel policies such as Transactional Memory (TM) to speed up the processing of such problems. Interestingly, most applications in bioinformatics, social networks, and cybersecurity can be represented as large graphs. However, these graphs are sparse in nature. Therefore, TM as a synchronization policy for critical sections can provide better performance since it performs better in low conflict scenarios. Many TM variants exist including: Software, Hardware and combinations of both. Furthermore, a TM can adapt to applications' behavior. In this paper, we introduce DAdHTM. A Dynamically Adaptive Hardware TM (DAdHTM) designed to adapt the HTM to the application's behavior. DAdHTM outperforms not only locks but also low overhead Software TM (STM) and even Adaptive Hybrid TM (DyAdHyTM) on a 48 core 64GB memory dual socket SMP machine. Our experiments show that DAdHTM has low overhead. It is competitive at core/thread counts below 24 (close to the best) and outperforms all other techniques at core/thread counts above 24 by up to 43%.
UNDERSTANDING QUINE'S FAMOUS 'STATEMENT'

I argue that Quine's famous claim, "any statement can be held true come what may", demands an interpretation that implies that the meanings of the expressions in the held-true statement change. The intended interpretation of this claim is not clear from its context, and so it is often misunderstood by philosophers (and is misleadingly taught to their students). I explain Fodor and Lepore's (1992) view that the above interpretation would render Quine's assertion entirely trivial and reply, on both textual and philosophical grounds, that only this "trivial" reading is consistent with Quine's famous denial of analyti- city. I also explain briefly how the "trivial" reading lends support to meaning holism, which, regardless of one's views of its consequences, is an important position in the philosophy of language and mind. One of the most famous assertions in all of twentieth-century analytic philosophy is that "Any statement can be held true come what may, if we make drastic enough adjustments elsewhere in the system" (Quine 1980, 43). We are all taught, when first exposed to Quine's ground-breaking es- say, 'Two Dogmas of Empiricism', that this statement, together with the considerations Quine offers in its favor, constitutes a sea-change in the very nature of philosophy, and in its relation to science. Unfortunately, all too many philosophers, from professors to undergraduates, are prone to misinterpret Quine's assertion - his adaptation of a thesis he attributes to Duhem. In their extremely influential book, Holism: A Shopper's Guide (1992), Jerry Fodor and Ernest Lepore offer very good reasons for accepting what is in fact a misinterpretation of the Quine-Duhem ('Q-D') thesis. Their concern is to show that there are no good arguments for meaning holism, and that all the versions of meaning holism proposed so far face insuper- able difficulties. Meaning holism can be expressed, for present purposes, as the view that the meaning of an expression is determined by its entire inferential role, and that inferential roles are holistic. In this essay, I shall challenge the primary warrant for Fodor and Lepore's view that Quine's rejection of the analytic-synthetic ('a/s') distinction provides no support for meaning holism. I will do so by showing that their interpretation of the Q-D thesis - a very common and indeed well motivated reading - is mis- taken. I am not, however, concerned to defend meaning holism here. That
On Coloring of Sparse Graphs

Graph coloring has numerous applications and is a well-known NP-complete problem. The goal of this paper is to survey recent results of the authors on coloring and improper coloring of sparse graphs and to point out some polynomial-time algorithms for coloring (not necessarily optimal) of graphs with bounded maximum average degree.
The Problem and Perversity of Perchlorate

The title might just have well have contained additional words, such as “peculiarity” and “persistence,” for each in its way is further characteristic of this species. Perchlorate is indeed peculiar, in that its reactions in practice are usually not those predicted from reliable thermodynamic calculations; persistent, in that spontaneous reactions do not occur, leaving perchlorate in place, and perverse in that factors other than thermodynamics, kinetics in particular, govern its actual behavior. These issues may for some areas of chemistry create a problem, if the accumulation of perchlorate and its resistance poses a difficulty; for others, the lack of reactivity of perchlorate creates an opportunity, in that perchlorate salts can be used in many situations requiring an inert electrolyte.
Commonality Indices for Assessing Product Families

Manufacturing companies need to satisfy a wide range of customer needs while maintaining manufacturing costs as low as possible, and many are faced with the challenge of providing as much variety as possible for the marketplace with as little variety as possible between products as discussed in Chapter 1. The challenge, then, when designing a family of products is in resolving the tradeoff between product commonality and distinctiveness: if commonality is too high, products lack distinctiveness, and their individual performance is not optimized; on the other hand, if commonality is too low, manufacturing costs can increase substantially (Simpson, et al., 2001). Commonality has many advantages beyond improving economies of scale: decreased lead-time and risk during product development (Collier, 1980); decreased inventory, handling costs and processing time; reduced product line complexity, set-up and retooling time, and increased productivity (Collier, 1979; Collier, 1981). However, too much commonality within a product family can hinder innovation and creativity and even compromise product performance (Krishnan and Gupta, 2001). Commonality is best obtained by minimizing the non-value added variations across the products within a family without limiting the choices of the customers in each market segment, i.e., make each product within a family distinct in ways customers notice and identical in ways that customers cannot see.
The Critical State

The first experimental observations of the existence of what is now known as the mixed state of type-II superconductors took place almost simultaneously (1934–1935) in Oxford, Leiden, and Kharkov [Men64]. The observed magnetic irreversibility of these materials precluded at the time a thermodynamic description of their properties, and they were known as “non-ideal” superconductors. The residual magnetization represented by the magnetic irreversibility was reminiscent of magnetic coercivity and led to their being characterized as “hard” superconductors.
Using Teleneurology to Deliver Chronic Neurologic Care to Rural Veterans: Analysis of the First 1,100 Patient Visits.

Abstract Background: A challenge confronting the United States is delivery of quality specialty healthcare to citizens living in rural areas. Introduction: The Veterans Administration (VA) develope...
OUTER RETINAL INJURY SECONDARY TO MEMBRANE PEELING WITH INTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE FORCEPS.

Purpose To present a case of visually significant retinal injury due to internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling using ILM forceps alone. Methods Case report. Results A 60-year-old woman who underwent ILM peeling for an epiretinal membrane presented with linear central scotomata. Peeling had been initiated and performed with ILM forceps alone, without the use of other surgical instruments. Fundus examination and spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging confirmed the presence of several discrete areas of inner and outer retinal injury in the macula, which corresponded to her scotomata. Conclusion This is a case of visually significant retinal injury due to ILM peeling that was performed with ILM forceps alone. Improper peeling technique can transmit injurious forces to the retina. Surgeons must be mindful of the biomechanical forces involved in ILM peeling to minimize traction on the retina.
Academic library assessment: Barriers and enablers for global development and implementation

A cademic library assessment has grown as a field over the last 20 years. The pressures of increased competition over scarce resources and rapid technological changes have put pressures on academic libraries as they have on their parent institutions. In the midst of all the pressures and transformations lies a strong desire to be user-focused and responsive to the changing needs of faculty and students.
A Shocking Type of Communication.

In allergic patients, small amounts of allergen activate mast cells and trigger an immune cascade that can result in anaphylactic shock. In a recent issue of Science, Choi et al. (2018) show that dendritic cells sample the lumen of blood vessels and use microvesicles to trigger mast cell degranulation and anaphylaxis.
Assessing validity of retrospective recall of physical activity in individuals with psychosis-like experiences.

Abstract Psychosis-like experiences are present in the general population and may indicate risk for more severe forms of psychosis. They are associated with cognitive impairments, potentially impacting ability to accurately complete certain self-report measures. This study investigated whether the presence of psychosis-like experiences was associated with impairments in retrospective reports of physical activity, a measure salient to this population, by comparing post-study questionnaire data on activity level with reports of activity contemporaneously collected through ecological momentary assessment (EMA). Participants (n = 39) were 18–25 years of age and recruited via stratified sampling to maximize representation of a full psychosis-like experience spectrum. Mobile questionnaires were sent six times a day for one week, and included questions probing amount and intensity of activity. Upon completion of the EMA week, participants completed a retrospective recall of the past week's activity. High levels of psychosis-like experiences were associated with poorer recall for past sedentary behavior as evidenced by the moderating effect of psychosis-like experiences on the relation between retrospective and in vivo measured sedentary activity (interaction effect: b = −0.26, t(1) = −2.04, p = 0.05, f2 = 0.08). Findings call into question the validity of retrospective self-reporting of activity level for those experiencing psychosis-like experiences.
A technology-assisted health coaching intervention vs. enhanced usual care for Primary Care-Based Obesity Treatment: a randomized controlled trial

Goals for Eating and Moving (GEM) is a technology-assisted health coaching intervention to improve weight management in primary care at the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) that we designed through prior rigorous formative studies. GEM is integrated within the patient-centered medical home and utilizes student health coach volunteers to counsel patients and encourage participation in VHA’s intensive weight management program, MOVE!. The primary aim of this study was to determine the feasibility and acceptability of GEM when compared to Enhanced Usual Care (EUC). Our secondary aim was to test the impact of GEM on weight, diet and physical activity when compared to EUC. Veterans with a Body Mass Index ≥30 kg/m2 or 25–29.9 kg/m2 with comorbidities (n = 45) were recruited in two phases and randomized to GEM (n = 22) or EUC (n = 23). We collected process measures (e.g. number of coaching calls completed, number and types of lifestyle goals, counseling documentation) and qualitative feedback on quality of counseling and acceptability of call duration. We also measured weight and behavioral outcomes. GEM participants reported receiving high quality counseling from health coaches and that call duration and frequency were acceptable. They received 5.9 (SD = 3.7) of 12 coaching calls on average, and number of coaching calls completed was associated with greater weight loss at 6-months in GEM participants (Spearman Coefficient = 0.71, p < 0.001). Four participants from GEM and two from EUC attended the MOVE! program. PCPs completed clinical reminders in 12% of PCP visits with GEM participants. Trends show that GEM participants (n = 21) tended to lose more weight at 3-, 6-, and 12-months as compared to EUC, but this was not statistically significant. There were no significant differences in diet or physical activity. We found that a technology assisted health coaching intervention delivered within primary care using student health coaches was feasible and acceptable to Veteran patients. This pilot study helped elucidate challenges such as low provider engagement, difficulties with health coach continuity, and low patient attendance in MOVE! which we have addressed and plan to test in future studies. NCT03006328 Retrospectively registered on December 30, 2016.
FXR1 expression domain in Wilms tumor.

Abstract Background/Purpose Wilms tumor (WT) is the most common childhood kidney cancer globally. Our prior unbiased proteomic screen of WT disparities revealed increased expression of Fragile X-Related 1 (FXR1) in Kenyan specimens where survival is dismal. FXR1 is an RNA-binding protein that associates with poor outcomes in multiple adult cancers. The aim of this study therefore was to validate and characterize the FXR1 expression domain in WT. Methods Quantitative FXR1 gene expression was compared between WT, adjacent, adult, and fetal kidney specimens. The cellular and subcellular expression domain of FXR1 was characterized across these tissues using immunoperoxidase staining. RNA-sequencing of FXR1 was performed from WT and other pediatric malignancies to examine its broader target potential. Results FXR1 was detected in all clinical WT specimens evaluated (n = 82), and as a result appeared independent of demographic, histology, or adverse event. Specific cytosolic staining was strongest in blastema, intermediate and variable in epithelia, and weakest in stroma. When present, areas of skeletal muscle differentiation stained strongly for FXR1. qPCR revealed increased FXR1 expression in WT compared to adult and adjacent kidney (p Conclusions FXR1 was expressed consistently across this broad sampling of WT and most robustly in the primitive blastema. Notably, FXR1 labeled a specific self-renewing progenitor population of the fetal kidney.
Trust your instincts : Racial ethnic and class-based preferences in employed mothers' childcare choices

Increasingly, employed mothers are locating childcare arrangements with initially unfamiliar others, rather than with friends and family. In this indepth interview-based study of 32 employed mothers, the significance of shared values in childcare arrangements is examined. Employed mothers expressed the centrality of class-based and ethnic-based cultural practices and beliefs, as well as the importance of racial ethnic group membership, in their evaluation of childcare arrangements. They also discussed the difficulties of locating care when different preferences could not be located in the same childcare arrangement or their access to certain kinds of childcare was blocked. These findings suggest that race, ethnic-based, and class-based concerns will become increasingly important considerations as child care arrangements are more commonly made using commercial forms of care.
Mediators affecting the association between a lifestyle behavior intervention and stress in low-income overweight or obese mothers of young children:

Using data from a community-based lifestyle behavioral intervention study, this secondary data analysis investigated whether emotional coping, coping self-efficacy, and autonomous motivation mediat...
Trions in Three-, Two- and One-Dimensional Materials

The effect of reduction of dimensionality on the Coulomb potential and the binding energy of positively \( X^{ + } \) and negatively \( X^{ - } \) charged trion is presented. In bulk semiconductors \( X^{ + } \) is unbound, while in 2D layered and 1D semiconductors both trions are bound and binding energies of \( X^{ + } \) are bigger than \( X^{ - } \).
Risk decomposition, estimation error, and naïve diversification

Abstract How to achieve adequate diversification is important in portfolio construction. Efficient markets should not reward an investor for taking on risk that can be diversified away. Hence, when minimizing risk exposure, investors need to measure what part of total portfolio risk is systematic and what part can be diversified away. I examine several methods for decomposing total portfolio risk into systematic and diversifiable components and then carry out simulations to compare cross-sectional distributions of estimated and true risk as number of stocks increases in portfolios constructed using naive diversification. Ordinary least squares estimators of diversifiable risk are relatively robust, and their cross-sectional distributions closely track the cross-sectional distributions of the corresponding true diversifiable risk. Other proposed estimators of diversifiable risk as well as all estimators of systematic risk have cross-sectional dispersion much greater than the corresponding true risk although, with one exception, bias is small. Results are relatively robust to the choice of method for generating market returns and to the underlying asset pricing model but not to random security betas. The simulation analysis also shows that risk and magnitude of shocks due to diversifiable risk are not negligible, even for 300-stock portfolios.
Afterword: Adapting Shakespeare, Forgetting Race in King Charles III—Future History?

The book concludes with a look at the 2017 television adaptation of Mike Bartlett’s play, King Charles III, a modern Shakespearean history play that imagines the nation and the royal family thrown into crisis after the death of Queen Elizabeth II. Bartlett’s play mediates this crisis through race, as Prince Harry’s passion for a young black republican gets caught up in a building political confrontation over freedom of the press. Oddly, however, the interracial nature of the prince’s love affair goes unnoticed; Jess believes that the palace’s resistance to it is due to her working-class background. This indirection—recalling Renaissance usages where African women’s frequently offstage blackness was invoked to throw Englishwomen’s fairness into sharper relief—reduces blackness to background noise, rendering its role in a modern multiracial Britain moot.
HDAC6 Regulates Radiosensitivity of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer by Promoting Degradation of Chk1.

We have previously discovered that HDAC6 regulates the DNA damage response (DDR) via modulating the homeostasis of a DNA mismatch repair protein, MSH2, through HDAC6’s ubiquitin E3 ligase activity. Here, we have reported HDAC6’s second potential E3 ligase substrate, a critical cell cycle checkpoint protein, Chk1. We have found that HDAC6 and Chk1 directly interact, and that HDAC6 ubiquitinates Chk1 in vivo and in vitro. Specifically, HDAC6 interacts with Chk1 via the DAC1 domain, which contains its ubiquitin E3 ligase activity. During the cell cycle, Chk1 protein levels fluctuate, peaking at the G2 phase, subsequently resolving via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, and thereby allowing cells to progress to the M phase. However, in HDAC6 knockdown non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, Chk1 is constitutively active and fails to resolve post-ionizing radiation (IR), and this enhanced Chk1 activity leads to preferential G2 arrest in HDAC6 knockdown cells accompanied by a reduction in colony formation capacity and viability. Depletion or pharmacological inhibition of Chk1 in HDAC6 knockdown cells reverses this radiosensitive phenotype, suggesting that the radiosensitivity of HDAC6 knockdown cells is dependent on increased Chk1 kinase activity. Overall, our results highlight a novel mechanism of Chk1 regulation at the post-translational level, and a possible strategy for sensitizing NSCLC to radiation via inhibiting HDAC6’s E3 ligase activity.
Validity of the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale Sum of Boxes in Staging and Detection of Cognitive Impairment in Mexican Americans.

Objective:We evaluated the utility of the Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of Boxes score (CDR-SB) in staging and detecting amnestic-mild cognitive impairment (a-MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) among...
Racial Differences in Alzheimer's Disease Specialist Encounters Are Associated with Usage of Molecular Imaging and Dementia Medications: An Enterprise-Wide Analysis Using i2b2.

Background African Americans are at increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) but barriers to optimal clinical care are unclear. Objective To comprehensively evaluate potential racial differences in the diagnosis and treatment of AD in an academic medical center. Methods We used the clinical informatics tool, i2b2, to analyze all patient encounters for AD or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in the University of Alabama at Birmingham Health System over a three-year period, examining neuroimaging rates and dementia-related medication use by race and clinic site using ratio tests on contingency tables of stratified patient counts. Results Enterprise-wide, African Americans were not underrepresented among outpatients seen for AD/MCI. However, there were differences in the clinic setting where visits occurred, with African Americans overrepresented in Geriatrics and primary care clinics and underrepresented in Memory Disorders specialty clinics. There were no racial differences in the rates at which any clinic ordered PET neuroimaging tests or dementia-related medications. However, unsurprisingly, specialty clinics ordered both PET neuroimaging and dementia-related medications at a higher rate than primary care clinics, and overall across the medical enterprise, African Americans were statistically less likely to have PET neuroimaging or dementia-related medications ordered. Conclusion African Americans with AD/MCI were not underrepresented at this academic medical center but were somewhat less likely to have PET neuroimaging or to be on dementia-related medications, potentially in part from underrepresentation in the specialty clinics where these orders are more likely. The reasons for this underrepresentation in specialty clinics are likely multifactorial and important to better understand.
The Impact of Uncertainty Shocks on State-Level Total Factor Productivity

Using U.S. data over the period 1961 - 2000 we estimate a structural factor-augmented vector autoregressive model and find that a one standard deviation shock to macroeconomic uncertainty generates declines in state-level total factor productivity (TFP) growth that range from -0.15 to -0.98 percentage points at their peak negative response. Cross-sectional regressions show that industry mix is an important channel through which uncertainty shocks affect TFP growth. In particular, a state with a larger manufacturing sector experiences a larger decline in TFP growth.
Prognostic Factors and Outcomes of De Novo Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

ObjectiveTo review overall survival (OS), recurrence patterns, and prognostic factors of de novo sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (DN-SCC).Data SourcesPubMed, Scopus, OVID Medline, and Cochrane da...
Anorectal malformations

Anorectal malformations comprise a wide spectrum of diseases, which can affect boys and girls, and involve the distal anus and rectum as well as the urinary and genital tracts. They occur in approximately 1 in 5000 live births. Defects range from the very minor and easily treated with an excellent functional prognosis, to those that are complex, difficult to manage, are often associated with other anomalies, and have a poor functional prognosis. The surgical approach to repairing these defects changed dramatically in 1980 with the introduction of the posterior sagittal approach, which allowed surgeons to view the anatomy of these defects clearly, to repair them under direct vision, and to learn about the complex anatomic arrangement of the junction of rectum and genitourinary tract. Better imaging techniques, and a better knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the pelvic structures at birth have refined diagnosis and initial management, and the analysis of large series of patients allows better prediction of associated anomalies and functional prognosis. The main concerns for the surgeon in correcting these anomalies are bowel control, urinary control, and sexual function. With early diagnosis, management of associated anomalies and efficient meticulous surgical repair, patients have the best chance for a good functional outcome. Fecal and urinary incontinence can occur even with an excellent anatomic repair, due mainly to associated problems such as a poorly developed sacrum, deficient nerve supply, and spinal cord anomalies. For these patients, an effective bowel management program, including enema and dietary restrictions has been devised to improve their quality of life.
Immune checkpoint blockade therapy in high-grade glioma

Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain cancer in adults and remains universally lethal. Despite extensive medical intervention, the median survival remains a bleak 15–17 months from time of diagnosis, calling for new therapeutic strategies. In recent years, immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has garnered attention for its clinical successes in extending overall survival in many advanced-stage cancers. To date, ICB clinical trials have failed to proffer the same benefit in GBM patients, turning attention in the field toward understanding this shortcoming and employing new strategies. Genomic characteristics such as mutational burden, immunogenicity, and heterogeneity, along with immune infiltrate, CNS location, and immunosuppression (tumor-induced or iatrogenic), have been identified as critical components of ICB responsiveness. Promising results from recent clinical trials have rewarded efforts to understand the features of successful ICB and to restore enthusiasm for ICB as an encouraging therapeutic in the treatment of GBM.
Alternative Descriptive Models

This chapter will discuss several alternative descriptive models, as well as their underlying theoretical premises. The first section offers an overview of the various classes of models, while the second discusses the so-called holistic judgment models, most of which are modifications of EU theory and fall into the category of “as-if” models. Rather than claiming to offer descriptions of the decision process, these models purport to predict behavior by assuming that people act as if they followed the model. Section 3.3 outlines the tenets of the so-called information-processing view of decision making in which the aim is a better understanding of the decision process itself. In this context, we shall discuss Simon’s bounded rationality theory (1955), as well as some heuristics and biases researched by Tversky and Kahneman (1974). Section 3.4 examines several of the non-holistic judgment models, together with their relationship to the information-processing view.
Solving Groundwater Management Problems Using a New Methodology

Recently the problem of groundwater management has been approached by several optimization techniques including the classical linear/nonlinear programming methods, simulated annealing, neural networks, genetic algorithms and the outer approximation method. The ‘outer approximation’ method is a global optimization technique for the minimization of a concave function over a compact set of constraints. The concept of this method, as well as applications of the method to groundwater management, problems, was first presented by the authors for problems with a convex set of constraints (Karatzas and finder, [1993]), and in a later work for a non-convex set of constraints (baratzas and finder, [1991]).
China and the World Trading System

The World Trade Organization has been until recently an effective framework for cooperation because it has continually adapted to changing economic realities. The current Doha Agenda is an aberration because it does not reflect one of the largest shifts in the international economic and trading system: the rise of China. Although China will have a stake in maintaining trade openness, an initiative that builds on but redefines the Doha Agenda would anchor China more fully in the multilateral trading system. Such an initiative would have two pillars. The first is a new negotiating agenda that would include the major issues of interest to China and its trading partners, and thus unleash the powerful reciprocal liberalization mechanism that has driven the World Trade Organization process to previous successes. The second is new restraints on bilateralism and regionalism that would help preserve incentives for maintaining the current broadly non-discriminatory trading order.
Secure Body Attachment and the Prevention of Eating Disorders: A Case Application

AbstractDrawing on attachment theory, the author explores the particular physical presence of the body as a significant aspect of the attachment relationship between two people, most notably between two females (the mother and the daughter). Recognizing the nature of one’s body attachment as a protective and a risk factor provides a greater understanding of the potential for resilience, as well as the presence of vulnerability in relationship to one’s body. Through a case application, the author argues that without a model of secure attachment to the body, a female is more likely to develop an attachment to cultural ideals as an extension of primary relationships and at the expense of her own body, moving her from exposure to action in the form of an eating disorder.
Potential use of stem cells in neuroreplacement therapies for neurodegenerative diseases.

The use of stem cells for neuroreplacement therapy is no longer science fiction—it is science fact. We have succeeded in the development of neural and mesenchymal stem cell transplantation to produce neural cells in the brain. We have also seen improvement in cognitive function following stem cell transplantation in a memory-impaired aged animal model. These results promise a bright future for stem cell therapies in neurodegenerative diseases. Before we begin to think about clinical applications beyond the present preclinical studies, we have to consider the pathophysiological environment of individual diseases and weigh the factors that affect stem cell biology. Here, I not only review potential therapeutic applications of stem cell strategies in neurodegenerative diseases, but also discuss stem cell biology regarding factors that are altered under disease conditions.
HSV-1 Neuroinvasiveness

Neuroinvasiveness, the capacity of virus to enter and progress through the nervous system, may be accomplished by hematogenous or neural routes. We have been interested in defining HSV-1 genes specifically concerned with the neural pathway. In one system (involving HSV strain Ang), we have found that a single amino acid change in glycoprotein D, a viral membrane protein, confers invasiveness upon a noninvasive agent. Preliminary studies of another noninvasive agent, KOS, suggests that at least 2 genes are related to the phenotype. Experiments which establish specificity for the noninvasive phenotype and a discussion of the potential mechanisms involved in the glycoprotein D localization are also discussed.