cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DETERMINATION OF CAROTENE IN SWEET POTATOES

complished in the past by the addition of acetone or ethanol with a fat solvent such as Skellysolve ? (8, 5). These methods employ a Waring blendor for disintegrating the tissue in the presence of the extracting solvents. More recently, Mitchell and King (4) found that, if alfalfa and cereal grasses were first blanched or autoclaved, the water then could be removed by drying at 65? C. without causing appreciable loss of carotene. Blanching or autoclaving was necessary to prevent destruction of carotene by the enzyme lipoxidase during drying (2). After the plant tissue was dried and ground, the carotene was removed by the procedure used by Silker, Schrenk, and King (6) for dehydrated alfalfa meal, which consists of allowing the sample to stand overnight in contact with 60 ml. of 30% acetone in Skellysolve B. This method was shown to reduce greatly the sampling error that is encountered with such non-uniform plant tissues as alfalfa and cereal grasses. In view of the advantages previously reported for the method, and in anticipation of the routine determination in this laboratory of the carotene content of a large number of sweet potato samples, it was desirable to determine if the method proposed by Mitchell and King could be used with the sweet potato. This is a report of the results obtained.
Pediatric iatrogenic thoracic kyphosis and tension myelopathy treated with a thoracic pedicle subtraction osteotomy: a case report and review of the literature

Pediatric kyphotic deformity is an uncommon clinical entity that can occur following posterior spinal operations and has significant complexity in its treatment. Tension myelopathy in a pediatric patient with a thoracic kyphotic deformity has not been reported in the literature. We present a 17-year-old boy with a progressive thoracic kyphosis and tension myelopathy 4 years after he underwent a thoracic laminoplasty at an outside institution for the treatment of a dorsal spinal arachnoid cyst. At our institution, he was treated with a pedicle subtraction osteotomy as well as thoracic Ponte osteotomies for sagittal plane correction to relieve the tension myelopathy. Both clinical and radiographic improvements were observed after surgery. We review the literature on pediatric thoracic kyphosis and tension myelopathy and the treatment of these pathologies.
Effects of proportion of positive instances and degree of restriction on the induction of a principle

Ss attempted to discover a principle by which numbers and letters were paired. Seven groups of Ss varied on two dimensions, proportion of positive instances sampled and degree of restriction in selecting instances for test. Ss who sampled a higher proportion of positive instances were superior to those sampling a lower proportion. Ss who were unrestricted in their selection of instances, because they sampled a higher proportion of positive instances, performed better than Ss who were restricted and sampled a lower proportion. Finally, when both restricted and unrestricted groups were equated for proportion of positive instances sampled, performance was similar.
A synthesis of carbon sequestration, carbon emissions, and net carbon flux in agriculture: comparing tillage practices in the United States

Abstract The atmospheric CO 2 concentration is increasing, due primarily to fossil-fuel combustion and deforestation. Sequestering atmospheric C in agricultural soils is being advocated as a possibility to partially offset fossil-fuel emissions. Sequestering C in agriculture requires a change in management practices, i.e. efficient use of pesticides, irrigation, and farm machinery. The C emissions associated with a change in practices have not traditionally been incorporated comprehensively into C sequestration analyses. A full C cycle analysis has been completed for agricultural inputs, resulting in estimates of net C flux for three crop types across three tillage intensities. The full C cycle analysis includes estimates of energy use and C emissions for primary fuels, electricity, fertilizers, lime, pesticides, irrigation, seed production, and farm machinery. Total C emissions values were used in conjunction with C sequestration estimates to model net C flux to the atmosphere over time. Based on US average crop inputs, no-till emitted less CO 2 from agricultural operations than did conventional tillage, with 137 and 168 kg C ha −1 per year, respectively. Changing from conventional tillage to no-till is therefore estimated to both enhance C sequestration and decrease CO 2 emissions. While the enhanced C sequestration will continue for a finite time, the reduction in net CO 2 flux to the atmosphere, caused by the reduced fossil-fuel use, can continue indefinitely, as long as the alternative practice is continued. Estimates of net C flux, which are based on US average inputs, will vary across crop type and different climate regimes. The C coefficients calculated for agricultural inputs can be used to estimate C emissions and net C flux on a site-specific basis.
A Particle Method for the KdV Equation

We extend the dispersion-velocity particle method that we recently introduced to advection models in which the velocity does not depend linearly on the solution or its derivatives. An example is the Korteweg de Vries (KdV) equation for which we derive a particle method and demonstrate numerically how it captures soliton–soliton interactions.
On the optimal design of structures subjected to periodic base excitations

This paper considers the optimal apportionment of the stiffness of a building structure modelled as an undamped shear beam when subjected to a periodic base excitation of frequency, ?. A suitable "cost" associated with this stiffness distribution is minimized subject to constraints on the lowest natural frequency of vibration of the system, the base shear generated by the periodic excitations, and the given lower bound stiffness distribution. Closed form solutions for such constrained optimization problems are generally very difficult to obtain; numerical techniques suffer from a host of problems. The paper uses Farkas's Theorem to investigate the underlying structure of the optimization problem and obtains closed form solutions in several cases of engineering importance.
Evaluating Tradeoffs Between Economic Value and Wildlife Habitat Suitability in Buffer Zones for Protected Areas in the Northern Rocky Mountains, USA

Abstract Future economic growth and land development have the potential to produce tradeoffs in which economic values increase at the expense of environmental values. Although such tradeoffs have not been empirically verified in mountain ecosystems, they are likely to exist for an ecosystem containing abundant natural resources and environmental amenities that is undergoing rapid economic and population growth. Quantifying future tradeoffs between economic and environmental values is important because it provides information for natural resource managers and community planners that is useful in alleviating the adverse impacts of future growth and development on wildlife. Such tradeoffs are quantified for Flathead County, Montana, located in the Northern Rocky Mountains of the United States, using the Ecosystem Landscape Modeling System (ELMS). In particular, the ELMS is used for the following: (1) to simulate the extent of the tradeoffs between economic values (ie total output of goods and services) and w...
NO solution for a radical problem: a TAL story.

even before the endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) was known to be nitric oxide (NO), it was recognized that it could be inactivated by the radical superoxide (O2·−) ([16][1]). Once the EDRF was identified as NO, the chemistry underlying this phenomenon was obvious. Both NO and O2·−
Facial Fractures: Beyond Le Fort

This article presents a systematic approach for interpreting a craniofacial CT scan that is clinically useful to the reconstructive surgeon. By categorizing the fracture patterns and highlighting the variables that may affect fracture management, the radiologist can expand his interpretation of the fracture pattern into a clinically useful diagnosis that may affect fracture management.
Acyclovir Dosing in the Neonatal Period and Beyond

You have been consulted to recommend antiviral therapy for a 3-week-old infant who presented with herpetic vesicles at 7 days of age. There has been no evidence of dissemination infection or encephalitis, and the working diagnosis is the skin-eye-mucous membrane presentation of neonatal herpes simplex infection. The infant is nearing completion of a 14-day course of intravenous acyclovir. You have asked the resident on your service to look up the dosing recommendations for oral suppressive therapy for this infant. The resident has been looking at drug dosing applications (Apps) on his smart phone for several minutes in an effort to answer this question. He looks up at you with a bewildered expression and asks, “Am I looking for something in meters squared or milligrams per kilo? Are the doses the same for herpes simplex and varicella? What is the evidence for doing this, anyway?”
Relationship between maximum isometric joint moment and functional task performance in patients with brachial plexus injury: A pilot study

We evaluated whether subjects with brachial plexus injury (BPI) adapted their movements to reduce the mechanical demand on their impaired upper extremity. In 6 subjects with unilateral BPI with C5 and C6 involvement, we measured bilateral maximum isometric shoulder and elbow strength, and computed joint kinematics and net muscle-generated joint moments during 7 unimanual functional tasks. Compared to the unimpaired extremity, maximum strength in shoulder abduction, extension, and external rotation was 60% (p=0.02), 49% (p=0.02), and 75% (p=0.02) lower, respectively, on the impaired side. Significant kinematic and kinetic differences were observed only when reaching to the back of the head. However, because of substantially reduced strength in their impaired upper extremities, subjects used a significantly higher percentage of their maximum strength during several tasks and along several directions of movement. The peak percentage of maximal strength subjects used across tasks was 32% (p=0.03) and 29% (p=0.03) more on their impaired side in shoulder extension and external rotation, respectively. Subjects had less reserve strength available for performing upper extremity tasks and, therefore, may be less adaptive to strength declines due to injury progression and normal aging. Quantitatively measuring maximal strength may help clinicians ensure that patients maintain sufficient upper extremity strength to preserve long-term functional ability.
Discussion: Analyzing the Structure of Agribusiness Relations

are so basic and fundamental that they cannot forever be denied. Integration of agricultural production by food processors, distributors, or supply firms is one way to improve this coordination in some sectors. The structure of involved industries and the resulting alternatives to firms involved suggest that any benefits generated would accrue to the integrating firms rather than to the farm resources employed. In most farm industries, this form of reorganization is yet a long way off. But if the welfare implications growing therefrom are adverse to farmers-and I think they are-these matters should be considered carefully while remedies are feasible. The best possibility for farmers to share in the economic gains obtainable in a technically sophisticated and well-coordinated society is to take the leadership in the inevitable reorganization of their industry. IRVING DuBov
General Anesthesia With Dexmedetomidine and Remifentanil in a 3-Year-Old Child: An Alternative Anesthetic Regimen to Allay Parental Concerns of the Potential Neurocognitive Effects of General Anesthesia

Recent attention has been focused on the potential neurocognitive effects of general anesthesia during infancy and early life. Although the exact implications of this effect have yet to be proven, media attention has been raised and parents may be aware of such problems, thereby questioning the safety of general anesthesia. Although spinal and regional anesthetic techniques have seen an increased use in an attempt to eliminate the concerns of such problems, many surgical procedures may not be amenable to regional anesthesia. We present a 3-year-old boy who presented for excision of an enlarging cyst on his left ear. During the preoperative visit with the surgeon, the patient’s mother voiced concerns regarding the potential neurocognitive effects of general anesthesia. General anesthesia was provided using a combination of dexmedetomidine and remifentanil. Previous reports of the use of this unique combination of agents are reviewed and its role in this scenario was discussed. J Med Cases. 2016;7(3):109-113 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jmc2453w
Human Factors in Aircraft Accidents: A Holistic Approach to Intervention Strategies:

Human error has been implicated in almost 70–80% of civil and military aviation accidents. It appears that attempts to understand human factors in aircraft accidents and apply remedial strategies h...
Honor and crisis: the chivalric assumptions of Italian intervention in 1915?

AbstractThe author postulates the use of chivalric language and tropes as part of the interventionist rhetoric that helped bring Italy into the First World War. Despite obvious affinities between the culture of dueling and the ‘virile assumptions’ of the interventionists, including their own participation in many duels, a review of the three major interventionist newspapers reveals the presence of surprisingly little chivalric language (sfida, vertenza, duello) during the crisis. This absence is explained primarily as a result of the rapid and effective dehumanization of the central powers, which disqualified them as gentlemen worthy of chivalric challenge. In addition, the use of the term ‘honor’ was found to be complicated by continuing confusion over Italy’s possible ‘betrayal’ of the Triple Alliance, which only faded after the treaty was finally rescinded in May 1915.
Larvicidal Activity of Bacillus Pathogens Against Toxorhynchites Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)

Bacillus sphaericus and Bacillus thuringiensis (H-14) were tested for larvicidal activity against Toxorhynchites spp. under laboratory conditions. In the presence of Aedes aegypti larvae, 24- and 48-h-old Tx. rutilus rutilus responded with 48 to 97% and 37 to 76% mortality, respectively, when exposed to 0.1 to 1.0 mg/litre of a lyophilized spore preparation of B. sphaericus (2013-4). Toxorhynchites theobaldi, Tx. amboinensis , and Tx. brevipalpis 48-h-old larvae were not significantly affected. A positive correlation between concentration of B. thuringiensis (H-14; IPS-78) and mortality was observed in 4th instars of Tx. amboinensis and Tx. brevipalpis in the presence of prey. At 10 mg/litre of IPS-78 in the presence of Ae. aegypti larvae, Tx. amboinensis and Tx. brevipalpis responded with 77.7 and 88.9% mortality, respectively. In the absence of prey at the same concentration, no significant mortality was observed. No linear correlation between number of prey and mortality was observed when Tx. brevipalpis was exposed to 5 mg/litre of IPS-78 in the presence of variable numbers of prey larvae. A curvilinear relationship between prey density and mortality was apparent for Tx. amboinensis . Lower mortality was observed with 1, 2, 50, and 100 prey, and higher mortality was elicited in the presence of 5 to 20 prey. No significant differences in mortality response were noted when Tx amboinensis was exposed to 5 mg/litre of IPS-78 with 20 Culex quinquefasciatus , Ae. aegypti , or Anopheles quadrimaculatus larvae present. The use of Toxorhynchites spp. and Bacillus pathogens in integrated vector control is discussed.
Abstract C27: Activation of PKA induces a mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition and epigenetic reprogramming-mediated loss of tumor initiating ability

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have emerged in recent years as important targets for cancer therapy owing to their elevated resistance to conventional chemotherapy as well as to tumor-initiating ability that enables them to seed new tumors and thereby drive clinical relapse. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a cell-biological program that confers mesenchymal traits on both normal and neoplastic epithelial cells. By activating EMT programs, carcinoma cells acquire malignancy-associated traits and additionally may become converted into CSC-like cells, as has been shown in many cases. This association between the EMT program and the CSC state has presented an attractive opportunity for drug development and agents that preferentially target more mesenchymal carcinoma cells rather than their epithelial counterparts are highly sought. An alternative therapeutic approach is to convert CSCs to their non-stem cell counterparts through the induction of a mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET). Here we observe that increases in intracellular levels of the second messenger 39-59-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and the subsequent activation of protein kinase A (PKA) induces an MET in mesenchymal human mammary epithelial cells and their neoplastic derivatives. The MET-induced differentiation is accompanied by a loss of stem-like properties and tumor-initiating ability, rendering the cells more sensitive to treatment with chemotherapeutic drugs such as doxorubicin and paclitaxel. Upon activation PKA phosphorylates and activates PHF2, a histone H3K9 demethylase, which relieves H3K9me2/3-mediated repression of epithelial genes. Genome-wide occupancy studies of PHF2 reveal that it interacts with numerous genomic loci, relieving their methylation-mediated silencing, enabling the access of epithelial loci to transcription machinery and ultimately, acquisition of an epithelial state. This works presents an attractive strategy to induce an MET through the activation of a histone demethylase that induces widespread epigenomic reprogramming and acquisition of an epithelial state that is more amenable to chemotherapeutic treatment. Citation Format: Diwakar R. Pattabiraman, Robert A. Weinberg. Activation of PKA induces a mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition and epigenetic reprogramming-mediated loss of tumor initiating ability. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2015 Nov 5-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl 2):Abstract nr C27.
The Cell Surface Antigens of Bladder Washing Specimens in Patients with Bladder Tumors, A New Approach

AbstractThe blood group antigens A, B and O(H) are present on the cell surface of many tissues, including the urothelium. It has been shown that loss of these antigens from the surface of tumor cells correlated with subsequent development of invasion. Since the specific red cell adherence test demonstrates the presence or absence of these antigens the test may have an important prognostic and screening value.We have examined bladder washing specimens from patients with bladder tumors and normal controls for this phenomenon. The results in patients with bladder tumors were then compared to original biopsy specimens for the presence or absence of cell surface antigens. The study indicates that our technique presents a simple, reliable test that may be significant in screening as well as followup of patients with bladder cancer.
The pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis and progress towards gene therapy.

Advances in conventional therapy for cystic fibrosis (CF) have led to a greatly improved mean survival of 30 years The cloning of the CF gene which encodes the CF transmembrane conductance regulator protein has led to the development of novel treatment strategies including gene therapy The link between the defective gene product and the clinical pathogenesis of the disease remains unresolved.
The Poster Collections in the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace

“Nothing is easier than leading the people on a leash. I just hold up a dazzling campaign poster, and they jump through it.”—Josef GoebbelsFigure 1. Voina v vozdukhe [War in the air]. (Moskva: Tip....
Abstract P1-11-05: Influence of race and age on mastectomy rates in women with stage I, hormone-sensitive breast cancers: A SEER-based study

Background: Breast conserving therapy (lumpectomy [L] and breast radiotherapy [RT]) results in equivalent cancer control outcomes in comparison to mastectomy (M) for early stage breast cancer (BC) based on randomized controlled trials (RCT). Since 2004, RCT support that L alone without RT yields equivalent survival and acceptable local regional outcomes in women ≥70 years old with stage I (T1N0) hormone-sensitive (HS) BC on endocrine therapy. Based on this, we hypothesized that M rates should decrease substantially in this low risk elderly population and sought to examine the influence of race on M rates in this group and how these trends compare to younger aged Stage I HS patients. Methods: We used the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) registry data to conduct this study. We included women with T1N0 HS BC classified as either ER-positive or PR-positive from 2000-2012 divided into 2 age groups [elderly (≥70 years old) and non-elderly (20-69 years old)] and 3 race groups [white, black, and Asian-Pacific-Islander/American Indian/Alaskan Native (API)]. We compared M rates in women diagnosed before 2004 compared to those diagnosed from 2005-2012. Statistical analyses were performed using differences in proportions (p Results: 261,079 women met the study criteria (N=87,009 elderly; N=174,070 non-elderly). In elderly Stage I HS BC, a 5.2% reduction in the M rate is seen: 32.6% before 2004 to 27.4% after 2004 (p Conclusions: In patients with favorable stage I HS BC, M rates have decreased only modestly in elderly women since 2004 when L alone w/o RT was established as appropriate treatment. In comparison, M has increased since 2004 in non-elderly women. These trends are driven mostly by white women in both the elderly and non-elderly. Further research is needed to identify why M, which is associated with higher cost and morbidity than L alone, has not changed substantially in elderly very favorable BC, particularly for non-whites. Citation Format: Bazan JG, Bittoni MA, Fisher JL, White JR. Influence of race and age on mastectomy rates in women with stage I, hormone-sensitive breast cancers: A SEER-based study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-11-05.
Learner Satisfaction with Massive Open Online Courses

ABSTRACTThis study investigates factors that influence learners’ satisfaction with massive open online courses (MOOCs). Framed by the theory of independent learning and teaching, the three types of interaction model, and the technology acceptance model, this study analyzed data collected from 1,786 learners enrolled in four MOOCs. Results show that the learner perceived usefulness, teaching and learning aspects of the MOOC, and learner-content interaction as important satisfaction factors. Learner-learner interaction and learner-instructor interaction had no effect on the sample’s learner satisfaction with the MOOC. These findings improve our understanding of MOOC learners’ preferences and contribute to the process of designing and developing new MOOCs. Future directions in MOOCs’ development are also discussed.
Maintenance and Generalization in Functional Behavior Assessment/Behavior Intervention Plan Literature

School practitioners increasingly use functional behavior assessments to design behavior intervention plans when students engage in challenging behavior that is not improved by classroom management or standard interventions. Behavior intervention plans should aim to produce behavior change that maintains across time and generalizes to relevant contexts. In applied terms, maintenance occurs when a behavior continues to occur after the intervention is fully or partially withdrawn; generalization occurs when a learner engages in a trained behavior in an untrained context. This review examined the current status of maintenance and generalization in the school-based FBA/BIP literature and found that many school-based researchers continue to implement the intervention during the maintenance phase or in the generalization contexts. Implications for practice and directions for future research are discussed.
A two-step method for developing a control rod program for boiling water reactors

This paper reports on a two-step method that is established for the generation of a long-term control rod program for boiling water reactors (BWRs). The new method assumes a time-variant target power distribution in core depletion. In the new method, the BWR control rod programming is divided into two steps. In step 1, a sequence of optimal, exposure-dependent Haling power distribution profiles is generated, utilizing the spectral shift concept. In step 2, a set of exposure-dependent control rod patterns is developed by using the Haling profiles generated at step 1 as a target. The new method is implemented in a computer program named OCTOPUS. The optimization procedure of OCTOPUS is based on the method of approximation programming, in which the SIMULATE-E code is used to determine the nucleonics characteristics of the reactor core state. In a test in cycle length over a time-invariant, target Haling power distribution case because of a moderate application of spectral shift. No thermal limits of the core were violated. The gain in cycle length could be increased further by broadening the extent of the spetral shift.
Microbial Quality of an Alaska Native Smoked Salmon Process.

A 4-day process of smoking and drying at ambient temperature (30°C) was used to produce Alaska Native-style salmon strips. A water activity of 0.95 during the first 3 days of smoking and drying allowed initial aerobic and facultative anaerobic microbial counts of 1.4 × 104/g and 6.5 × 103/g to reach 2.1 × 106/g and 2.8 × 106/g of fish, respectively. Coliform and yeast counts, which were less than 3/g and less than 4.0 × 102/g respectively, increased to 2.4 × 105/g and 4.2 × 104/g of fish by day 4. Staphylococcus aureus counts increased from 15/g to 2.4 × 105/g of fish during processing. The high S. aureus count in this product indicates consumers may be at risk.
Metalworking IV: Forming

Beryllium may be readily formed into many useful objects by using conventional sheet-metal-forming techniques, and is therefore quite valuable as an engineering material. In the early 1960s beryllium forming was limited to stretch or creep forming, or three-point bending around very generous radii. With the advent of a reliable process for making ingot-source beryllium sheet in the mid-1960s,(1) the formability of beryllium was improved and deep drawing could be used as an efficient process for forming hemispheres and boxlike structures. Also the formability of powder-source block material has been improved to such an extent that it has been used as a production process.(2) For clarity the term ingot source refers to beryllium sheet or plate produced by directly rolling and/or forging a cast product. The term powder source refers to all beryllium consolidated from beryllium powder regardless of attritioning method and includes materials that have been subsequently rolled and/or forged.
Advanced Toroidal Facility II studies

Design studies for a low-aspect-ratio, large next-generation stellarator, Advanced Toroidal Facility II (ATF-II), with high-current-density, high-field, stable NbTi/Cu helical windings are described. The design parameters are an average plasma radius of 0.52 m, a major radius of 2 m, and a field on axis of 4 to 5 T, with 10 to 15 MW of heating power. Such a device would be comparable in cope to other next-generation stellarators but would have roughly the same aspect ratio as the tokamaks without, however, the need for current drive to sustain steady-state operation. A number of low-aspect-ratio physics issues need to be addressed in the design of ATF-II, primarily compromises between high-beta capability and good confinement properties. A six-field-period compact torsatron is chosen as a reference design for ATF-II, and its main features and performance predictions are discussed. An integrated (beta capability and confinement) optimization approach and optimization of superconducting windings are also discussed.
Effect of the Diverse Standardized Patient Simulation (DSPS) Cultural Competence Education Strategy on Nursing Students' Transcultural Self-Efficacy Perceptions.

Introduction: Standardized patient simulation can be an effective strategy to foster cultural competence education. Methodology: Guided by the Cultural Competence and Confidence Model, this grant-f...
Nutritional Epidemiology of Chronic Disease and Defining “Healthy Diet”

This investigation follows the shift in US “healthy diet” guidance from prevention of nutritional deficiencies to prevention of chronic diseases. In particular, it shows how the Dietary Goals for A...
Cell and Animal Models used for Retinal Stem Cell Research

There are at least 100 million photoreceptors in the human retina and many more cells relaying visual information and providing metabolic support. The pathophysiology of degenerative diseases of the retina such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinitis pigmentosa (RP), and glaucoma involves progressive loss of cell types necessary for vision (photoreceptors, ganglion cells) as well as inadequate trophic support from neighbor cell types (retinal pigmented epithelial cells (RPE), endothelial cells). A cell delivery approach has promise for restoring vision in patients who otherwise have a poor prognosis. Recent strides in the field allowed retinal cell differentiation from a multitude of sources, including but not limited to embryonic stem cells (ESC), adult tissue-derived stem cells (SC), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) [1], retinal progenitor cells (RPC), and Muller cells [2], with excitement for gene-edited autologous stem cell therapy in the near future [3]. Mature RPE cells, photoreceptors, and ganglion cells have also been used in both animals and humans with very promising results. This chapter will provide a brief overview on the types of cells used in retinal cell therapy research and a summary of recent accomplishments.
Jehovah's Witness Patients: Interventions for Successful Stem Cell Transplantation Without Blood Product Transfusions for Hematologic Malignancies

Background Jehovah's Witnesses are members of a religion that prohibits them from accepting blood product transfusions. This refusal makes them a particularly compelling population in the context of hematologic malignancies and stem cell transplantation, because blood product transfusions are a mainstay of supportive treatment. Objectives This article presents preventive and supportive measures allowing Jehovah's Witness patients the opportunity to receive a stem cell transplantation without blood product transfusions. Methods A literature review was done that included evidence focusing on optimizing hematopoiesis, blood loss prevention, alterations in chemotherapy regimens, and implications for nursing practice. Findings With proper preventive and supportive care measures, Jehovah's Witness patients can receive stem cell transplantations for hematologic malignancies without blood product transfusions.
Advances in two-dimensional spatial frequency modulation imaging (SPIFI) (Conference Presentation)

Recently we have demonstrated that spatial frequency modulation imaging can use extended excitation sources in linear and nonlinear image modalities, is compatible with single element detection, and results in enhanced lateral resolution across the excitation beam. In this paper, we will present new methods where the SPIFI platform goes from one-dimensional to two-dimensional imaging while still exhibiting the enhanced resolution across the added dimension. Significantly, we present the physical mechanism responsible for the resolution enhancement for all imaging modalities, we provide computational models that support the physical model for the increased resolution, and finally, present experimental verification of the resolution enhancement.
Varieties of epistemic instrumentalism

There exists a family of views concerning the foundations of epistemic normativity that all travel under the heading “epistemic instrumentalism”. These views are unified by their attempt to explain epistemic normativity in terms of instrumental normativity. Very roughly, they all say that we have reason to respond to truth-related considerations when forming and maintaining doxastic attitudes since regulating our doxastic attitudes in this way helps us satisfy our aims, interests, or goals. Thus, according to epistemic instrumentalists, truth-related considerations constitute reasons for belief, but they only do so because regulating our beliefs on their basis is an effective way to satisfy our ends. I will first try to clarify the question that epistemic instrumentalism is supposed to answer. I will then identify a plausible normative commitment and show that the main varieties of epistemic instrumentalism fail to vindicate it. I will conclude by arguing that this provides us with prima facie grounds for rejecting epistemic instrumentalism.
Excitation-Rate Determines Product Stoichiometry in Photochemical Ammonia Production by CdS Quantum Dot-Nitrogenase MoFe Protein Complexes

The reduction of dinitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) by nitrogenase MoFe protein is coupled to chemically driven electron transfer by nitrogenase Fe protein, where H2 is an obligatory side product. Di...
NGC 3576 and NGC 3603: Two Luminous Southern H II Regions Observed at High Resolution with the Australia Telescope Compact Array

NGC 3576 (G291.28-0.71) and NGC 3603 (G291.58-0.43) are optically visible, luminous H II regions located at distances of 3.0 kpc and 6.1 kpc, respectively. We present 3.4 cm Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) observations of these two sources in the continuum and the H90α, He90α, C90α, and H113β recombination lines with an angular resolution of 7'' and a velocity resolution of 2.6 km s-1. All four recombination lines are detected in the integrated profiles of the two sources. Broad radio recombination lines are detected in both NGC 3576 (ΔVFWHM ≥ 50 km s-1) and NGC 3603 (ΔVFWHM ≥ 70 km s-1). In NGC 3576 a prominent north-south velocity gradient (~30 km s-1 pc-1) is observed, and a clear temperature gradient (6000–8000 K) is found from east to west, consistent with a known infrared color gradient in the source. In NGC 3603, the H90α, He90α, and the H113β lines are detected from 13 individual sources. The Y+ (He/H) ratios in the two sources range from 0.08 ± 0.04 to 0.26 ± 0.10. The H113β/H90α ratio in NGC 3576 is close to the theoretical value, suggesting that local thermodynamic equilibrium exists. This ratio is enhanced for most regions in NGC 3603; enhanced β/α ratios in other sources have been attributed to high optical depth or stimulated emission. We compare the morphology and kinematics of the ionized gas at 3.4 cm with the distribution of stars, 10 μm emission, and H2O, OH, and CH3OH maser emission. These comparisons suggest that both NGC 3576 and NGC 3603 have undergone sequential star formation.
Current experimental therapies for atypical and malignant meningiomas

Atypical (WHO grade II) and malignant meningiomas (WHO Grade III) are a rare subset of primary intracranial tumors. Given their relatively high recurrence rate after surgical resection and radiotherapy, there has been a recent push to explore other adjuvant treatment options for these treatment-refractory tumors. Recent advances in molecular sequencing of tumors have elucidated new pathways and drug targets which are currently being studied. This article provides a thorough overview of novel investigational therapeutics including targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and new technological modalities for atypical and malignant meningiomas. We performed a comprehensive review of the available literature regarding preclinical and clinical evidence for emerging treatments for high grade meningiomas from 1980 to 2020 including contemporaneous clinical trials. There is encouraging preclinical evidence regarding the efficacy of the emerging treatments discussed in this article. Several clinical trials are currently recruiting patients to translate targeted molecular therapy for meningiomas. Several clinical studies have suggested a clinical benefit of combinatorial treatment for these treatment-refractory tumors. With numerous active clinical trials for high grade meningiomas, a meaningful improvement in the outcomes for these tumors may be on the horizon.
An open-source, low-cost NMR spectrometer operating in the mT field regime.

Abstract In recent years, low field and ultra-low field NMR spectrometers have gained interest due to their portability, lower cost, and reduced subject-induced magnetic field inhomogeneities. Here, we describe the design of a low-cost multinuclear NMR spectrometer operating in the ultra-low field regime (ULF), which possesses high spectral resolution and enables arbitrary pulse programming. An inexpensive multifunction input/output (I/O) device is used to handle waveform generation and digitization in the kHz operating range. A home-built radio frequency (RF) mixing circuit is used to down-mix the NMR signals, allowing for the slower sampling rates and lower memory requirements needed to enable minute-long acquisitions using a standard Windows PC. The LabVIEW code, along with a bill of materials for all components used in the spectrometer, is included. As proof of concept, 1H relaxation measurements and the simultaneous detection of 1H with gas phase and dissolved 129Xe frequencies using the described low field NMR spectrometer are demonstrated.
Transfer Pricing, Incentive Compensation and Tax Avoidance in a Multi-Division Firm

This article examines the relation between transfer pricing and production incentives using a model of a vertically integrated firm with divisions located in different tax jurisdictions. We show that if divisional profits are taxed at the same marginal rate, the transfer price should be set to minimize the compensation risk faced by the manager of the buying division. For the case where divisional profits are taxed at different marginal rates, we are able to characterize the trade-off between the tax savings from setting transfer prices to reduce profitability in the high tax jurisdication and the loss of effort attributable to the impact of tax avoidance on the incentive compensation system. Further, we show that if it is feasible to compensate the division managers using multiple performance measures, the transfer price should be used to minimize the firm's overall tax liability. Finally, we show that when authority to determine the transfer price must be delegated to one of the division managers, it is optimal to assign responsibility for setting the transfer price to the manager of the division with the most production uncertainty.
Passive sensing for adaptable radar bandwidth

A spectrum sharing technique is introduced that passively monitors the RF spectrum for sub-bands of high signal to interference plus noise ratios (SINR) within a constrained bandwidth of interest. The goal of the proposed technique is to allow the radar to maintain high levels of SINR within selected frequency sub-bands in a highly congested RF environment. A sub-band is selected for radar that maximizes SINR and minimizes the range resolution cell size, two conflicting objectives. In this paper, a spectrum sensing experiment is conducted to collect multiple frequency spectra that are processed by the proposed technique. It will be shown that the proposed technique identifies frequency sub-bands of high SINR while maintaining range resolution requirements.
Chronic histoplasmosis: Report of a patient successfully treated with amphotericin B

Abstract 1.1. A case is presented of chronic histoplasmosis involving parotid gland, larynx, tongue, lung and probably kidneys, spleen and abdominal lymph nodes successfully treated with a new antifungal agent, amphotericin B. 2.2. Further clinical trial of amphotericin B in the treatment of histoplasmosis is indicated.
Ontology extraction and conceptual modeling for web information

A lot of work has been done in the area of extracting data content from the Web, but less attention has been given to extracting the conceptual schemas or ontologies of underlying Web pages. The goal of the WebOntEx (Web ontology extraction) project is to make progress toward semiautomatically extracting Web ontologies by analyzing a set of Web pages that are in the same application domain. The ontology is considered a complete schema of the domain concepts. Our ontology metaconcepts are based on the extended entity-relationship (EER) model. The concepts are classified into entity types, relationships, attributes, and superclass/ subclass hierarchies. WebOntEx attempts to extract ontology concepts by analyzing the use of HTML tags and by utilizing Part-of-Speech tagging. WebOntEx applies heuristic rules and machine learning techniques, in particular, inductive logic programming (ILP).
Light and laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy (LIFS) and their biomedical applications

The signals produced by laser and light induced emission spectroscopy can be used to characterize different components of tissue. This method enables us to identify proteins and different metabolic mediators. Using extensive emission light at a certain wavelength and analyzing it with mathematical algorithms, we can characterize individual anatomical structures in the tooth, tissue alkalinity or acidity, blood perfusion or presence of neoplasm in any tissue. To enhance the sensitivity of our detection method we can use different fluorescence drugs. These drugs can be used to tag malignancy (neoplasm), making this method one of the most rapidly developing area in the diagnosis of cancers. A XeCl (308 nm, nanosecond pulsed) or He-Cd (442 nm, CW) laser output was reflected at a right angle by a dichroic mirror. It was focused at the input of a 400 /spl mu/m core diameter fiber optic probe, The output of the lasers at the distal end of the fiber was 5 mJ/pulse or 17 mW. Fluorescence was collected using the same fiber and transmitted through the dichroic beamsplitter and guided via a fiber bundle to a 0.5 spectrograph. The light was then imaged at the modified output port. A 1024 element linear diode array detector (EG&G 1422G) was attached to the exit port. Final data was displayed on the screen of the optical multichannel analyzer (OMA III, EG&G). We recorded background spectra before excitation. This was subtracted from the resulting data. Calibration was not required because intensity ratios were used instead of absolute intensities. The mean and standard deviation of the designated curve segment was then computed. >
High Energy Neutrinos from Space

This paper reviews the status of the search for high-energy neutrinos from astrophysical sources. Results from large neutrino telescopes in water (Antares, Baikal) and ice (IceCube) are discussed as well as observations from the surface with Auger and from high altitude with ANITA. Comments on IceTop, the surface component of IceCube are also included.
Principles of Electronic Media

William R. Davie and James R. Upshaw. Principles of Electronic Media (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon, 2006, 432 pp., ISBN 0205449751 (paperback).
The oculomotor nerve: anatomic relationship with the floor of the third ventricle

Purpose Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) has become first-line treatment for obstructive hydrocephalus. Many complications have been described, but the literature about oculomotor palsy after ETV is scarce. Therefore we undertook an anatomical study of the relationship of the oculomotor nerve to the floor of the third ventricle.
The US Information Infrastructure and Libraries: A Case Study in Democracy

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the US information infrastructure, including discussion of federal policy affecting the evolution of the infrastructure. Libraries are then discussed as a means to further utilize the information infrastructure to ensure democratic access to information.Design/methodology/approach – The paper begins with a brief history of the evolution of the US information infrastructure and then turns to discussion of how libraries can maximize their utility within the context of this information society.Findings – The paper identifies the richness of the information infrastructure and the potential for information poverty of Americans if libraries are not careful to focus on the information available through information technology rather than focus on the information technology itself.Research limitations/implications – This paper is based on an historical look at the democratic underpinnings of the US information infrastructure and outlines general tren...
Update on 589-nm sodium guide star pump laser requirements

We extend our prior work on continuous-wave and pulsed excitation of sodium guidestars. We discus the effects of atomic recoil, saturation of absorption, and optical pumping on guidestar brightness for the cases of continuous-wave (CW) single-mode and multimode excitation.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Bromegrass Mosaic Virus: a Virus containing an Unusually Small Ribonucleic Acid

CHEMICAL and physical properties of viruses are being investigated in several laboratories in order to obtain structural information which relates to questions of virus synthesis and genetics. Bromegrass mosaic virus, a spherical plant virus, may qualify as a useful test object for such investigations. Data reported here show that this virus is particularly small, and furthermore that the molecular weight of its ribonucleic acid is much smaller than that of any other known virus.
Callipeltoside A: Total Synthesis, Assignment of the Absolute and Relative Configuration, and Evaluation of Synthetic Analogues

The total synthesis of the novel antitumor agent callipeltoside A, as well as several analogues, is accomplished and allows assignment of the stereochemistry not previously established. A convergent strategy is employed wherein the target is dissected into three units-the core macrolactone, the sugar callipeltose, and a cyclopropyl bearing chain. The strategy for the synthesis of the macrolactone derives from employment of diastereoselective aldol reactions that emanate from an 11 carbon piece. The stereochemistry of the latter derives from the chiral pool and two asymmetric reactions-a ketone reduction using CBS-oxazaborolidine and a Pd catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation (AAA). The novelty of the latter protocol is its control of regioselectivity as well as absolute configuration. The trisubstituted olefin is generated using an alkene-alkyne coupling to create a trisubustituted olefin with complete control of geometry. The excellent chemo- and regioselectivity highlights the synthetic potential of this new ruthenium catalyzed process. The macrolactonization employs in situ formation of an acylketene generated by the thermolysis of a m-dioxolenone. Two strategies evolved for attachment of the side chain-one based upon olefination and a second upon olefin metathesis. The higher efficiency of the latter makes it the method of choice. A novel one pot olefin metathesis-Takai olefination protocol that should be broadly applicable is developed. The sugar is attached by a glycosylation by employing the O-trichloroacetimidate. This route provided both C-13 epimers of the macrolactone by using either enantiomeric ligand in the Pd AAA reaction. It also provided both trans-chlorocyclopropane diastereomers of callipeltoside A which allows the C-20 and C-21 configuration to be established as S and R, respectively. The convergent nature of the synthesis in which the largest piece, the macrolatone, require only 16 linear steps imparts utility to this strategy for the establishment of the structure-activity relationship. Initial biological testing demonstrates the irrelevance of the chloro substituent and the necessity of the sugar.