cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physical nature of the InP near-surface defect acceptor and donor states.

The initial stage [0.001\char21{}30 monolayers (ML)] of room-temperature Schottky-barrier formation of In on n- and p-type InP(110) interfaces has been studied by photoemission using a newly designed ultralow-coverage metal evaporator which can reproducibly evaporate metals with coverages as low as 0.0001 ML. It is found that the In/n-type InP(110) interface band bending does not start until the In coverage reaches about 0.3 ML, while the In/p-type InP(110) band bending is almost saturated at 0.3 ML. The heating effect on the band bending of clean cleaved n- and p-type InP(110) surfaces is also studied by using photoemission. It is found that heating has an irreversible band-bending effect on the p-type InP(110) but not on the n-type InP(110) interface. Based on these two striking differences in the band-bending behavior of n- and p-type InP, it is proposed that the physical nature of InP near-surface defect acceptor and donor levels may be different. (Our results are discussed and compared with calculated defect levels of Daw and Smith [Solid State Commun. 37, 205 (1981)] and Allen and Dow [Phys. Rev. B 25, 1423 (1982)]).
A vapor pressure deficit effect on crop canopy photosynthesis

Canopy CO2-exchange rates (CER), air temperatures, and dew points were measured throughout ten days during the 1987 growing season for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench], and five soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr.] cultivars, and throughout seven days in 1988, on maize (Zea maize L.). The objective was to determine if the decline in CER per unit light during the afternoon is associated with a vapor pressure deficit (VPD) increase. Some of the soybean and maize plots were kept as dry as possible. A VPD term significantly contributed (P≤0.05) to a canopy CER regression model in 54 of 80 data sets in 1987. Grain sorghum was less sensitive than the well-watered soybean genotypes to an increasing VPD (P≤0.05) on three of the ten measurement days and less sensitive than cotton (P≤0.05) on only one day. Cotton demonstrated less VPD sensitivity than soybean (P≤0.05) on one day. The moisture stressed soybean plots showed a greater CER sensitivity to VPD (P≤0.05) than the well-watered soybean plots. In 1988, the frequently irrigated maize plots were less sensitive to VPD (P≤0.05) than the rain-fed plots early in the season, before the rain-fed plots were excessively damaged by moisture stress. These results indicate that the afternoon declines in canopy CER found in a number of different species are associated with increases in the VPD; recent work of others suggests that this may be due to partial stomatal closure.
Determination of partial molar volumes at critical end points

Abstract There has been considerable interest in the volumetric behavior of supercritical binary (and higher) fluid mixtures near the solvent critical point. It is in the vicinity of this critical point that supercritical extraction processes are generally considered to be most effective. In the case of a solvent + solute system that exhibits liquid-liquid-vapor (llg) partial miscibility, properties of the dense gas phase near an ll = g upper critical end point are most interesting. The partial molar volumes of the solvent and solute at these conditions are difficult to measure directly. In this note, we show that the solvent and solute partial molar volumes of the critical phase of a binary critical end point are readily determined from the associated three-phase liquid-liquid-vapor (llg) volume-composition data.
What makes DA neurons tick? Role of Ca2+ sources and inward currents in setting the regular pacemaking of dopaminergic neurons

Dopamine (DA) neurons show regular, pacemaking fir-ing in the range 1-8 Hz inin vitro preparations. Thecurrents involved in this pacemaking behavior are notfully understood. The slow oscillatory potential (SOP),evident after the application of TTX, is known todepend on the mutual interaction between L-type Ca2+and small conductance (SK) K+ currents. The SOPoscillates in a frequency range similar to the pacemakingfiring rate and it is assumed to be responsible for deter-mining this pacemaking frequency [1]. However, recentresults indicate that the SOP’sfrequencyisnotcorre-lated with spontaneous pacemaking frequency [2,3].Furthermore there is experimental evidence indicatingthat pacemaking does not require the influx of Ca2+through L-type Ca2+ channels [4,5]. Figure 1A illus-trates this last point from a modeling approach. Theblack trace corresponds to the spontaneous firing of themodel DA neuron and in blue the SOP. After simulatedblock of L-type current no activity is observed (green)but this is recovered (red) by injecting a virtual L-typecurrent into the soma (cf. [5]). Figure 1B on the otherhand illustrates the possible role of the fast Na+ currentin reestablishing pacemaking. Black and blue traces aresimilar to those in panel A; however pacemaking is rees-tablished by shifting the Na+ activation curve in ahyperpolarization direction (green). We explore the role
Primary CNS Lymphoma with Bilateral Symmetric Hypothalamic Lesions Presenting with Panhypopituitarism and Diabetes Insipidus

We present an unusual case of primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma presenting with bilateral symmetric hypothalamic lesions causing diabetes insipidus and hypopituitarism. A 50-year-old male presented initially with mental status changes, polyuria and polydipsia. The patient was determined to have diabetes insipidus (DI) and significant anterior pituitary deficiencies resulting in symptomatic pleural and pericardial effusions. Brain MRI with contrast demonstrated bilateral enhancement of his hypothalamus extending to the optic tract. The extensive diagnostic workup that ensued on his initial presentation was non-diagnostic as he had no obvious site of involvement that was easily accessible to biopsy. With close follow-up, the patient had rapid radiographic progression of his disease to his cerebral hemispheres. He therefore underwent brain biopsy and was diagnosed with primary CNS large B cell lymphoma. Chemotherapy has resulted in disease remission with resolution of MRI findings, but the patient has not had resolution of the hypopituitarism or DI. This case highlights the unique diagnostic challenge of patients with isolated hypothalamic lesions.
On the morphology and life-history of Sterincotrema pagelli (Van Beneden, 1871) Odhner, 1911 and Fellodistomum fellis (Olsson, 1868) Nicoll, 1909 [Syn. S. Ovacutum (Lebour, 1908) Yamaguti, 1953] (Trematoda, Fellodistomidae)

Abstract The cercaria of Steringotrema pagelli (Van Beneden, 1871) Odhner, 1911 develops in sporocysts in the bivalve Nucula nitidosa Winckworth and N. nucleus (L.). The cercaria has two long contractile tail furcae. The cercaria is swollowed by the final host, lemon sole Microstomus kitt (Walbaum) and dab Limanda limanda (L.). The life-cycle of S. ouacutum (Lebour, 1908) Yamaguti, 1953 is identical to that of Fellodistomum (ellis (Olsson, 1868) Nicoll, 1909 worked out in the Barents Sea. The furcocercous cercaria emerges from N. tenuis (Mont.) and is eaten by the brittle stars Ophiura albida Forbes, O. sarsi Lkt. and Amphiura chiajei Forbes. Catfish Anarhichas lupus L., long rough dab Hippoglossoides platessoides (Fabr.) and plaice Pleuronectes platessa L. are infested by eating the brittle stars. S. ovacutum is thus a synonym of F. fellis. The cercariae of S. pagelli and F. fellis are redescribed. The developmental stages of both species are described, based on stereoscan electron microscope observation...
Structural and Functional Analysis of an mRNP Complex That Mediates the High Stability of Human β-Globin mRNA

Human globins are encoded by mRNAs exhibiting high stabilities in transcriptionally silenced erythrocyte progenitors. Unlike alpha-globin mRNA, whose stability is enhanced by assembly of a specific messenger RNP (mRNP) alpha complex on its 3' untranslated region (UTR), neither the structure(s) nor the mechanism(s) that effects the high-level stability of human beta-globin mRNA has been identified. The present work describes an mRNP complex assembling on the 3' UTR of the beta-globin mRNA that exhibits many of the properties of the stability-enhancing alpha complex. The beta-globin mRNP complex is shown to contain one or more factors homologous to alphaCP, a 39-kDa RNA-binding protein that is integral to alpha-complex assembly. Sequence analysis implicates a specific 14-nucleotide pyrimidine-rich track within its 3' UTR as the site of beta-globin mRNP assembly. The importance of this track to mRNA stability is subsequently verified in vivo using mice expressing human beta-globin transgenes that contain informative mutations in this region. In combination, the in vitro and in vivo analyses indicate that the high stabilities of the alpha- and beta-globin mRNAs are maintained through related mRNP complexes that may share a common regulatory pathway.
Linkages Between the Work-family Interface and Work, Family, and Individual Outcomes An Integrative Model

This article describes the work-family interface and proposes a conceptual model that links the work-family interface to work, family, and individual outcomes through several mediating mechanisms. First, the work-family interface is related to a cognitive assessment of work-family conflict, role balance, or role enhancement. This relationship may be moderated by social categories and coping resources. The assessment of conflict, balance, or enhancement can result in either work-family role strain or work-family role ease. Then, depending on the extent of strain or ease, individuals and families pursue various work-family adaptive strategies designed to improve or facilitate adjustment to various aspects of the work-family interface. The success of these strategies is indicated by the extent of perceived work-family fit. Work-family fit is related directly to work, family, and individual outcomes. Last, work-family adaptive strategies are proposed to have feedback effects on the work-family interface. The ...
Inferring strategies for sentence ordering in multidocument news summarization

The problem of organizing information for multidocument summarization so that the generated summary is coherent has received relatively little attention. While sentence ordering for single document summarization can be determined from the ordering of sentences in the input article, this is not the case for multidocument summarization where summary sentences may be drawn from different input articles. In this paper, we propose a methodology for studying the properties of ordering information in the news genre and describe experiments done on a corpus of multiple acceptable orderings we developed for the task. Based on these experiments, we implemented a strategy for ordering information that combines constraints from chronological order of events and topical relatedness. Evaluation of our augmented algorithm shows a significant improvement of the ordering over two baseline strategies.
Deformation micromechanisms of ZnO single crystals as determined from spherical nanoindentation stress–strain curves

In this work, instrumented nanoindentation experiments with two spherical tips with radii of 13.5 and 1 μm were used to explore the deformation behavior of ZnO single crystals with two orientations, C (basal) and A (prism). By converting the nanoindentation load–displacement data to stress–strain curves, we show that the main reason the hardening rates are higher for the C plane than they are for the A plane is the activation of dislocations—with widely different flow stresses—on different sets of slip planes. For the former, glide occurs on basal planes as well as pyramidal planes; for the latter, glide occurs predominantly on basal planes. The C plane is roughly twice as hard as the A plane, probably due to the orientation of basal planes with respect to the indentation axis. A Weibull statistical analysis of the pop-in stresses indicates that the inherent defect concentration at or near the surface is the main factor for the initiation of plastic deformation. The strain energy released when the pop-ins occur determines their extent. The elastic moduli values, determined by Berkovich nanoindentation, are 135 ± 3 GPa and 144 ± 4 GPa for the C and A planes, respectively. In the C orientation repeated indentations to the same stress result in fully reversible hysteretic loops that are attributed to the formation of incipient kink bands.
Characterization of a single soybean cDNA encoding cytosolic and glyoxysomal isozymes of aspartate aminotransferase

A soybean cDNA clone, pSAT1, which encodes both the cytosolic and glyoxysomal isozymes of aspartate aminotransferase (AAT; EC 2.6.1.1) was isolated. Genomic Southern blots and analysis of genomic clones indicated pSAT1 was encoded by a single copy gene. pSAT1 contained an open reading frame with ca. 90% amino acid identity to alfalfa and lupin cytosolic AAT and two in-frame start codons, designated ATG1 and ATG2. Alignment of this protein with other plant cytosolic AAT isozymes revealed a 37 amino acid N-terminal extension with characteristics of a peroxisomal targeting signal, designated PTS2, including the modified consensus sequence RL-X5-HF. The second start codon ATG2 aligned with previously reported start codons for plant cytosolic AAT cDNAs. Plasmids constructed to express the open reading frame initiated by each of the putative start codons produced proteins with AAT activity in Escherichia coli. Immune serum raised against the pSAT1-encoded protein reacted with three soybean AAT isozymes, AAT1 (glyoxysomal), AAT2 (cytosolic), and AAT3 (subcellular location unknown). We propose the glyoxysomal isozyme AAT1 is produced by translational initiation from ATG1 and the cytosolic isozyme AAT2 is produced by translational initiation from ATG2. N-terminal sequencing of purified AAT1 revealed complete identity with the pSAT1-encoded protein and was consistent with the processing of the PTS2. Analysis of cytosolic AAT genomic sequences from several other plant species revealed conservation of the two in-frame start codons and the PTS2 sequence, suggesting that these other species may utilize a single gene to generate both cytosolic and glyoxysomal or peroxisomal forms of AAT.
Honeywell gun-hard inertial measurement unit (IMU) development

Honeywell has designed and manufactured a gun-hard IMU that provides the baseline for meeting the needs of DoD guided tactical munitions, as well as being a platform for commercial usage. The gun-hard IMU is a solid-state inertial sensor package that measures and provides inertial angular rates and linear accelerations in a body-mounted strap-down mechanization. Its compensated outputs include summed and incremental angle and velocity data for inertial guidance, as well as angular rates and linear accelerations for autopilot/control functions. The data are reported in user-defined coordinates at 600 Hz and 100 Hz (typically) through a digital serial interface bus. The unit contains three Honeywell MEMS silicon gyroscopes, three Honeywell MEMS silicon accelerometers, as well as the electronics and software necessary to implement the requirements of the tactical market. The Honeywell gun-hard IMU development team includes multiple Honeywell sites and Draper Laboratories. In 2003, Honeywell demonstrated IMU survival and performance above 10,000 g's. In 2004, Honeywell will produce and deliver an IMU that will survive and perform at 20,000 g's. In addition to providing gun-hard survivability and high performance, Honeywell will capitalize on its extensive production experience to ensure a device that is cost effective for Honeywell customers.
Endoscopic treatment for pill bezoars after continent ileostomy

Difficulty intubation is the most common long-term complication after continent ileostomy, which can be associated with nipple valve slippage, parastomal hernia, stenosis. Diagnosis and management of a patient with nipple valve stricture and partial bowel obstruction associated with dietary supplement retention in the pouch reservoir is described. A 50-year-old female patient with ulcerative colitis and a 15-year history of continent ileostomy after total proctocolectomy reported 5-week symptoms of abdominal pain and difficulty in intubating the pouch. Pill bezoar composed of dietary supplement was found in diagnostic pouch endoscopy. Therapeutic pouch endoscopy was performed with balloon dilation of a nipple valve stenosis and retrieval of 224 dietary supplement tablets. Pill bezoar in the pouch is rare. However, patients with continent ileostomy should be advised to avoid taking hard-to-dissolve foods and medications.
Artificial molecular sieves and filters: a new paradigm for biomolecule separation

Patterned regular sieves and filters with comparable molecular dimensions hold great promise as an alternative to conventional polymeric gels and fibrous membranes to improve biomolecule separation. Recent developments of microfabricated nanofluidic sieves and filters have demonstrated superior performance for both analytical and preparative separation of various physiologically relevant macromolecules, including proteins. The insights gained from designing these artificial molecular sieves and filters, along with the promising results gathered from their first applications, serve to illustrate the impact that they can have on improving future separation of complex biological samples. Further development of artificial sieves and filters with more elaborate geometrical constraints and tailored surface functionality is believed to provide more promising ideals and results for biomolecule separation, which has great implications for proteomic research and biomarker discovery.
Land-Contamination Compensation for QuikSCAT Near-Coastal Wind Retrieval

The QuikSCAT scatterometer is used to accurately retrieve winds over the ocean at both high (2.5 km) and low (25 km) resolutions. In near-coastal regions, land contamination of measurements results in inaccurate wind estimates using current techniques. Here, we show that identifying land-contaminated measurements allows wind retrieval to be accurately achieved in near-coastal regions using QuikSCAT data at up to 2.5-km resolution using the AVE algorithm. To identify and remove land contamination, two metrics are compared, namely, the minimum distance to land and the land contribution ratio (LCR). The LCR is used as a metric to identify and remove land-contaminated backscatter sigmao measurements before wind retrieval by discarding measurements with LCR values above a threshold. LCR thresholds used to remove land-contaminated measurements are determined using Monte Carlo simulations and set during processing using a lookup table based on the local wind speed, land brightness, and the cross-track swath location. Wind retrieval from sigmao fields generated using the LCR is more accurate closer to the coast than previously achieved using both low- and high-resolution processing.
Reward Functions of Personnel Training

The intersection between personnel training and reward systems in work organizations has largely been ignored in research on human resource management. This paper attempts to relate the two by shedding light on reward functions that are inherent in training. An empirical classification of individually perceived benefits from participation in training is presented, and organizational implications of the findings are discussed.
Some chronic rhinosinusitis patients have elevated populations of fungi in their sinuses.

Objectives/Hypothesis: To measure the populations of 36 fungi in the homes and sinuses of chronic rhinosinusitis(CRS) and non-CRS patients.Study Design: Single-blind cross-sectional study.Methods: Populations of 36 fungi were measured in sinus samples and in the home vacuum cleaner dust of CRS (n ¼73) and non-CRS patients (n ¼ 16) using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Etest strips containing amphotericin B, ani-dulafungin, caspofungin, fluconazole, and voriconazole were used to test the susceptibility of seven potentially relevant fungi.Results: Seven fungi (Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides types 1 and 2, Cladosporium herbarum, Penicil-lium brevicompactum, Penicillium crustosum, and Penicillium chrysogenum type 2) were discovered at very high concentrationsin some CRS patients. In vitro antifungal susceptibility testing of these seven fungi demonstrated species specific sensitivities.Four CRS patients with marked elevations of fungal populations in their sinus samples underwent endoscopic sinus surgery.After surgical treatment, the fungal populations were reduced by several orders of magnitude.Conclusions: Seven fungi were found in very high concentrations in the sinuses of some CRS patients. Not one of thefive common antifungal agents could control all seven of these fungi based on in vitro tests.Key Words: Chronic rhinosinusitis, fungi, antifungal agents.Level of Evidence: 2bLaryngoscope, 000:000–000, 2012
Young Adults With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Have an Excellent Outcome With Chemotherapy Alone and Benefit From Intensive Postinduction Treatment: A Report From the Children's Oncology Group

Purpose Patients 16 to 21 years of age with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have an inferior outcome compared with younger children, leading some medical oncologists to advocate allogeneic stem-cell transplantation in first remission for these patients. We examined outcome for young adults with ALL enrolled onto the Children’s Cancer Group (CCG) 1961 study between 1996 and 2002. Patients and Methods CCG 1961 entered patients with ALL 1 to 21 years of age with initial WBC count 50,000/L and/or age 10 years. Randomly assigned therapies evaluated the impact of postinduction treatment intensification on outcome. We examined outcome and prognostic factors for 262 young adults with ALL. Results Five-year event-free and overall survival rates for young adult patients are 71.5% (SE, 3.6%) and 77.5% (SE, 3.3%), respectively. Rapid responder patients ( 25% bone marrow blasts on day 7) randomly assigned to augmented therapy had 5-year event-free survival of 81.8% (SE, 7%), as compared with 66.8% (SE, 6.7%) for patients receiving standard therapy (P .07). One versus two interim maintenance and delayed intensification courses had no significant impact on event-free survival. WBC count more than 50,000/L was an adverse prognostic factor. Conclusion Young adult patients with ALL showing a rapid response to induction chemotherapy benefit from early intensive postinduction therapy but do not benefit from a second interim maintenance and delayed intensification phase. Given the excellent outcome with this chemotherapy, there seems to be no role for the routine use of allogeneic stem-cell transplantation in first remission for young adults with ALL.
Confidence intervals for spectral mean and ratio statistics

Summary We propose a new method to construct confldence intervals for spectral mean and related ratio statistics of a stationary process, that avoids direct estimation of their asymptotic variances. By introducing a bandwidth, a self-normalization procedure is adopted and the distribution of the new statistic is asymptotically nuisance-parameter free. The bandwidth is chosen using information criteria and a moving average sieve approximation. Through a simulation study, we demonstrate good flnite sample performance of our method when the sample size is moderate, while a comparison with empirical likelihood based method for ratio statistics is made conflrming wider applicability of our method.
Meeting environmental requirements for the land application of manure

In an effort to save regulatory resources, the US Environmental Protection Agency and individual states have interpreted the Clean Water Act in a manner that authorizes discharges from concentrated animal feeding operations without the review of nutrient management plans. Environmental groups have objected to the abbreviated regulatory procedures, and courts have ruled that permitting agencies must review substantive documentation of effluent limitations contained in nutrient management plans. Proposed new federal regulations prescribing the requirement of a meaningful review of appropriate documentation by the permitting agency respond to the judicial mandates. To facilitate regulatory approval, regulators might use a state certification program to achieve the obligatory meaningful review. Independent certifiers would ensure that an operation's land application of manure meets federal water quality requirements.
COLORIMETRY OF ANTHOCYANIN PIGMENTED PRODUCTS: CHANGES IN PIGMENT COMPOSITION WITH TIME

Pigment composition and color of a dark red Burgundy-type wine, strawberry preserves and canned strawberries were followed with time at a storage temperature of 37.7° Celcius. From thin-layer transreflectance measurements at two pH values, the normal pH of the products, 3.4, and on acidification to < 1.0, the course of anthocyanin degradation and brown polymer formation was followed. Experimental results suggested that on processing and during storage, anthocyanin pigment becomes incorporated into the pH nonresponsive polymeric moiety, resulting in a retardation of pigment degradation and thus, an increase in color stability.
Administration of Sedatives and Level of Sedation: Comparative Evaluation via the Sedation-Agitation Scale and the Bispectral Index

• OBJECTIVES To compare levels of sedation in patients receiving continuous intravenous infusions of sedative/hypnotic or narcotic agents with levels in patients not receiving infusions and to compare subjective (Sedation-Agitation Scale) and objective (Bispectral Index) evaluations of sedation. • METHODS Patients receiving mechanical ventilation in a medical intensive care unit were evaluated prospectively. Level of sedation was assessed with the Sedation-Agitation Scale (range 1-7, unarousable to dangerous agitation) and the Bispectral Index (range 0-100, flat line to awake waveform) recorded before and after stimulation. Patients were classified as receiving continuous infusions if an infusion had been administered within 24 hours preceding assessment. • RESULTS Nineteen patients were evaluated on 80 occasions. Scores on the Sedation-Agitation Scale ranged from 1 to 5 (mean 2.6 and median 2) and correlated highly with values for the Bispectral Index (R 2 = 0.48 before and 0.44 after stimulation, P < .001). Patients receiving continuous infusions were more deeply sedated than were patients receiving boluses or no medication (mean [SD] scores, Sedation-Agitation Scale: 2.1 [1.2] vs 3.3 [1.0], P < .001; Bispectral Index before stimulation: 63 [24] vs 86 [13], P < .001). Patients receiving continuous infusions were more likely to have a score of 2 or less on the Sedation-Agitation Scale (32/44 vs 8/35, P < .001). • CONCLUSION Objective and subjective assessments of sedation are highly correlated. Use of continuous infusions is associated with deeper levels of sedation, and patients receiving continuous infusions are more likely to be oversedated. Sedation therapy should be guided by subjective or objective assessment. (American Journal of Critical Care. 2003;12:343-348)
Low-noise encoding of active touch by layer 4 in the somatosensory cortex

Cortical spike trains often appear noisy, with the timing and number of spikes varying across repetitions of stimuli. Spiking variability can arise from internal (behavioral state, unreliable neurons, or chaotic dynamics in neural circuits) and external (uncontrolled behavior or sensory stimuli) sources. The amount of irreducible internal noise in spike trains, an important constraint on models of cortical networks, has been difficult to estimate, since behavior and brain state must be precisely controlled or tracked. We recorded from excitatory barrel cortex neurons in layer 4 during active behavior, where mice control tactile input through learned whisker movements. Touch was the dominant sensorimotor feature, with >70% spikes occurring in millisecond timescale epochs after touch onset. The variance of touch responses was smaller than expected from Poisson processes, often reaching the theoretical minimum. Layer 4 spike trains thus reflect the millisecond-timescale structure of tactile input with little noise.
Fluorescence characteristics of organic matter released from coastal sediments during resuspension

Excitation–emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy was employed to study the chemical nature of organic matter readily released into solution from sediment particles during episodes of resuspension. Surface sediment samples collected from five locations within the Hudson River Estuary and the Inner New York Bight were resuspended in their respective bottom waters for periods ranging from 30 s to 2 h. In most cases, fluorescence characteristics of the sample after resuspension differed from those predicted by conservative mixing of bottom and pore waters. Examination of excitation–emission matrices revealed that resuspension resulted in: (1) more intense humic-like fluorescence (Ex/Em 310/420 nm), and (2) greater fluorescence in the longer wavelength region of the spectrum (Ex/Em 330–388/440–480 nm) relative to the predicted values. Trends in the positions of excitation–emission maxima reported in the literature strongly suggest that fluorophores emitting at longer wavelengths are associated with increasingly degraded and/or aged organic matter. Thus, the data imply that resuspension of estuarine and coastal marine surface sediments releases degraded and/or aged, mineral-bound organic matter from the sediment matrix to the surrounding bottom waters. D 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Leader–Follower Model for Agent Based Simulation of Social Collective Behavior during Egress

There is growing consensus that individuals egressing during emergencies engage in social collective behavior that is ordered and cooperative. Despite this fact however, a great many of the existing models either do not account for this type of behavior or model it in an inadequate manner. In this paper, a leader–follower agent-based model is proposed to interpret local social interactions and collective behavior and then use this information to mimic three particular scenarios: lining up in counter-flow, queuing, and collective mobility. To achieve this, a pedestrian agent can establish informal and transient leader–follower relationships with others while adjusting its behavioral patterns as warranted by the situation. The proposed model is calibrated to existing field data and then validated using another set of field data, where it is shown that the new model is capable of reasonably simulating social collective behavior during egress.
Dendritic cell homologous antigenic loading initiates AIMp1-mediated TH1 immunity (IRC7P.432)

Attempts to treat cancer by vaccine immunotherapy have produced unsatisfactory results in part due to an inability to generate effective T H 1 immunity. Here we demonstrate the existence of an elegant T H 1 regulatory mechanism based upon release of the AIMp1 proinflammatory cytokine and elicited by the loading of dendritic cells (DC) with MHC class I and II antigenic epitopes of overlapping (homologous) amino acid sequence. Using a variety of distinct model systems, we demonstrate that DC possess a physical mechanism by which to compare amino acid sequence homology of bound class I and II epitopes, releasing AIMp1 when significant homology among such epitopes exists. AIMp1 release was shown to be upstream of microsomal CTLA-4 secretion, events that were inversely correlated and directly dependent upon the presence of homologous class I and II antigenic epitopes. Antigenic homology could mediate DC T H 1 polarization and subsequent enhancement of CD8 + responses only when MHC molecules were present and able to be loaded, in an AIMp1-dependent manner, and when bound class I and II peptides shared uninterrupted sequence homology of at least five amino acid residues. Physiologic relevance and translational applicability to cancer were also demonstrated. The existence of this surprising and novel regulatory mechanism alters the paradigm by which regulation of cellular immunity is generally understood.
Drug Delivery to Brain and the Role of Carrier-Mediated Transport

The blood-brain barrier restricts the brain uptake of many valuable hydrophilic drugs and limits their efficacy in the treatment of brain diseases. This has been shown for numerous polar antibiotic (32, 56), anticancer (17, 19, 20) and antiviral drugs (9, 60) and is likely to gain increased importance with the development of new protein, peptide and genetic Pharmaceuticals.
Empirical likelihood inference for the bivariate survival function under univariate censoring

ABSTRACTIn this article, we apply the empirical likelihood method to make inference on the bivariate survival function of paired failure times by estimating the survival function of censored time with the Kaplan–Meier estimator. Adjusted empirical likelihood (AEL) confidence intervals for the bivariate survival function are developed. We conduct a simulation study to compare the proposed AEL method with other methods. The simulation study shows the proposed AEL method has better performance than other existing methods. We illustrate the proposed method by analyzing the skin graft data.
Depolarization sensitive optical inspection of semiconductor integrated circuits

We demonstrate dark-field, through-silicon imaging of semiconductor integrated circuits by exploiting depolarization-sensitive, high aperture angle reflectivity.
Confocal microendoscopy for GI and OB-GYN Applications

A fluorescence confocal microendoscope has been developed that couples a slit-scan confocal microscope to a flexible three mm diameter catheter. The catheter with fiber bundle, lens, and pneumatic focus mechanism can be inserted through the therapeutic instrument channel of a conventional endoscope. Applications in GI and OB-GYN imaging are presented.
EPID-02AN UNUSUAL PEDIATRIC HYPOTHALAMIC PILOCYTIC ASTROCYTOMA

BACKGROUND: Hypothalamic/chiasmatic tumors (H/C) constitute 7-10% of pediatric primary CNS tumors and are typically pilocytic astrocytomas. Local extension is seen in 75% of patients but metastatic spinal cord involvement without intracranial dissemination is rare. We describe an unusual multifocal H/C and spinal cord pilocytic astrocytoma in an 8 year old boy. CASE REPORT: The patient was found to have a pineal cyst 1 year prior to diagnosis when he had a CT scan following minor head trauma. Ten months later he presented with lower back pain. MRI (sacrum) showed distortion of L5 nerve roots. Over 3 months his sacral pain worsened and he developed headaches, emesis and gait disturbance. MRI (brain) showed an enhancing hypothalamic mass and hydrocephalus. Spinal cord MRI revealed an intramedullary T2 hyperintense C2-C5 mass, an intramedullary T2 hyperintense focus at T6 and a cystic lesion bordering S1/S2 nerve roots. Spinal cord lesions enhanced less than the hypothalamic lesion. Additional T2 hyperintense foci of uncertain origin were seen in the midbrain tectum, superior cerebellar peduncles and cerebellar hemispheres. Optic chiasm was eccentrically thickened on the right but without abnormal enhancement. CSF was negative for tumor cells and NF1 studies were negative. The hypothalamic and cervical spinal cord lesions were biopsied/debulked respectively. Microscopic examination (both specimens) revealed low-grade astrocytoma without mitotic activity, necrosis or microvascular endothelial proliferation and only occasional Rosenthal fibers (hypothalamic specimen). Immunostain for neurofilament protein (both specimens) suggested an infiltrative growth pattern but IDH-1 immunostain was negative. Both specimens were BRAF(7q34) duplication(+). Ki67 proliferative index was 2-3%. The patient is currently receiving treatment with vincristine/carboplatin with partial improvement of symptoms. CONCLUSION: Since our patient's CSF was negative for tumor cells it is unclear whether this case represents two genetically distinct (multicentric) tumors or a metastatic pilocytic astrocytoma with a hypothalamic or spinal cord primary lesion.
Design and Application Analysis of Two Indices of Energy-Saving and Emission-Reducing Based on Generation Right Trading

Based on the analysis of factors impacting energy-saving and pollutant emission reduction under trafficked electricity quantity due to generation rights transaction,the energy-saving index and pollutant emission reduction index under trafficked electricity quantity due to generation right transaction are designed,and these indices can be quantitized,executed and traced.According to the statistical data from various provinces in China,present conditions of energy-saving and pollutant emission reduction due to generation rights transaction in different provinces are analyzed.Using quantitized indices and by means of year by year comparison of these indices of a province and the comparion of same indices among provinces,the situation of energy-saving and pollutant emission reduction due to generation right transaction in provinces can be managed,supervised and guided.
Eicosapentaenoic acid metabolism in brain microvessel endothelium: effect on prostaglandin formation

Mouse brain microvessel endothelial cells convert eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) to prostaglandin (PG) E3, PGI3, and several hydroxy fatty acid derivatives. Similar types of products are formed by these microvessel endothelial cells from arachidonic acid. The formation of PGI2 and PGE2 is reduced, however, when the brain microvessel endothelial cultures are incubated initially with EPA. Exposure to linolenic or docosahexaenoic acid also decreased the capacity of these microvessel endothelial cells to form PGI2 and PGE2, but the reductions were smaller than those produced by EPA. Like the endothelial cultures, intact mouse brain microvessels convert EPA into eicosanoids, and incubation with EPA reduces the subsequent capacity of the microvessels to produce PGI2 and PGE2. Brain microvessel endothelial cells took up less EPA than arachidonic acid, primarily due to lesser incorporation into the inositol, ethanolamine, and serine glycerophospholipids. By contrast, considerably more EPA than arachidonic acid was incorporated into triglycerides. These findings suggest that the microvessel endothelium may be a site of conversion of EPA to eicosanoids in the brain and that EPA availability can influence the amount of dienoic prostaglandins released by the brain microvasculature. Furthermore, the substantial incorporation of EPA into triglyceride suggests that this neutral lipid may play an important role in the processing and metabolism of EPA in brain microvessels.
Incommensurability, Rationality and Relativism: In Science, Culture and Science Education

In this paper I revisit some of the old debates concerning incommensurability, rationality and relativism, and argue that no relativistic or irrationalistic conclusions can be legitimately drawn from the ur-arguments concerning incommensurability. I then consider incommensurability understood more broadly than it is usually understood in philosophy of science, as involving not two or more incomparable scientific theories, but rather fundamentally divergent cultures or world views. I relate this broad understanding of incommensurability to contemporary interest in multiculturalism, and consider its ramifications for a subject that philosophers of science unfortunately tend to ignore: that of science education. Attending to science education, I urge, allows us to see from a new angle what is at stake in our philosophical musings concerning incommensurability.
Catalyzing the Internet of Things and smart cities: Global City Teams Challenge

Many smart city and Internet of Things (IoT) solutions are suffering from fragmentation and lack of economies of scale. To address this issue, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) initiated the Global City Teams Challenge (GCTC) to catalyze collaboration among different stakeholders. The goal is to design and deploy IoT and smart city solutions that are replicable, scalable, and sustainable, thereby leading to the identification and adoption of a consensus framework for smart city technologies. The second round of GCTC is currently in its first phase. Future smart city projects would benefit from a widely distributed IoT communications fabric that can serve as an infrastructure for the deployment of truly sharable and replicable smart city solutions.
An Unexpected Airway Complication in a Male Patient with Goltz Syndrome

Goltz syndrome, also known as focal dermal hypoplasia, is a rare X-linked dominant multisystem syndrome presenting with cutaneous, skeletal, dental ocular, central nervous system and soft tissue abnormalities. This case report discusses an adult male patient with Goltz syndrome that was noted to have large, papillomatous, hypopharyngeal lesions upon induction of general anesthesia. We highlight challenges with airway management intraoperatively and postoperatively in patients with Goltz syndrome. Our aim is to increase awareness of the potential airway complications associated with this genetic disorder and to provide suggestions for optimal perioperative management for patients afflicted with Goltz syndrome.
Eribulin in non-small cell lung cancer: challenges and potential strategies.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Eribulin is a non-taxane, macrocyclic, synthetic, ketone analog of halichondrin B with a microtubule inhibitory action specific toward plus ends. It is approved by United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic liposarcoma who have received a prior anthracycline-containing regimen. It is also approved as a third line therapy for patients with metastatic breast cancer who have received a prior treatment with anthracycline and taxane in either adjuvant or metastatic setting. It has also undergone investigation in various cancers including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Areas covered: This review covers eribulin in detail with regards to pharmacodynamics, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, published phase I studies along with special focus on phase II and III studies of eribulin in NSCLC.Expert opinion: Eribulin is a potent chemotherapeutic agent with acceptable and easily manageable toxicity profile. It has shown...
Trans-anal Endoscopic Surgery vs. Conventional Transanal Surgery

The treatment of rectal cancer has evolved substantially over the years. Treatment options available to the patient and surgeon over the years have been determined by available instrumentation and technology as well as the ability to care for the sick patient in terms of anesthetic techniques and knowledge of critical care medicine and antisepsis. Prior to 1908, transanal and posterior approaches dominated and, by today’s standards, these choices were oncologically inadequate. In 1908, Sir Ernest Miles published his report of an operation which now bears his name and with his technique; radical removal not only of the tumor bearing segment of bowel was performed, but also the regional lymphatics of the rectum.
Devozione: A Poetic Inquiry Into Some Italian American Women’s Devotion to St. Rita:

The devotion of saints in many Italian American households is as natural as breathing. One need not be particularly “religious” in the strict sense of the word. There is a mystical quality, especially among the women that I know and have known. In the following poems, I use poetic inquiry to show a vividness of experience that has an ineffable quality that would be more difficult to render in narrative and to “. . . use poetic representation as a means to evoke emotional response in readers and listeners in an effort to produce some shared experience between researcher, audience and participant.”
Small arteries stay stiff for a longer period following vibration exercises in combination with blood flow restriction.

PURPOSE The aim of this study was to assess the effect of isometric exercises performed during whole-body vibration (WBV) with and without blood flow restriction (BFR) on arterial elasticity and hemodynamic variables. METHODS Eight male subjects performed static upper body (UB) and lower body (LB) exercises on a vibration platform with and without BFR. During BFR sessions, BFR cuffs were placed on the arms or legs and inflated to a target pressure. Exercises consisted of eight 45-s sets for UB, and ten 1-min sets for LB. Arterial elasticity and hemodynamic variables were assessed before, at 10 min and 40 min postexercise. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to test the mean differences in related variables. RESULTS A significant condition (BFR versus no-BFR) main effect was detected for small arterial elasticity (P<0·05). For heart rate (HR), there were significant time (P<0·01), condition (P = 0·02) and body (P = 0·04) main effects during exercise and condition (P<0·04) and time (P<0·01) main effects following exercise. Significantly lower values in systemic vascular resistance were detected at 10 min post compared to 40 min post (P<0·02) and UB compared to LB (P = 0·02). CONCLUSIONS Results showed that small arteries stayed stiffer for a longer period of time after vibration exercises with BFR and BFR placed a greater demand on cardiovascular system. Findings also indicated that the type of exercises performed and/or the measurement location are very important and should be taken into account when examining arterial response.
Improving prediction of eating-related behavioral outcomes with zero-sensitive regression models.

Abstract Objective Outcome variables gauging the frequency of specific disordered eating behaviors (e.g., binge eating, vomiting) are common in the study of eating and health behaviors. The nature of such data presents several analytical challenges, which may be best addressed through the application of underutilized statistical approaches. While zero-sensitive models are well-supported by methodologists, application of these models has yet to gain traction among a widespread audience of researchers who study eating-related behaviors. The current study examined several approaches to predicting count-based behaviors, including zero-sensitive (i.e., zero-inflated and hurdle) regression models. Method Exploration of alternative models to predict eating-related behaviors occurred in two parts. In Part 1, participants (N = 524; 54% female) completed the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire and Daily Stress Inventory. We considered the theoretical basis and practical utility of several alternative approaches for predicting the frequency of binge eating and compensatory behaviors, including ordinary least squares (OLS), logistic, Poisson, negative binomial, and zero-sensitive models. In Part 2, we completed Monte Carlo simulations comparing negative binomial, zero-inflated negative binomial, and negative binomial hurdle models to further explore when these models are most useful. Results Traditional OLS regression models were generally a poor fit for the data structure. Zero-sensitive models, which are not limited to traditional distribution assumptions, were preferable for predicting count-based outcomes. In the data presented, zero-sensitive models were useful in modeling behaviors that were relatively rare (laxative use and vomiting, 9.7% endorsed) along with those that were somewhat common (binge eating, 33.4% endorsed; driven exercise, 40.7% endorsed). Simulations indicated missing data, sample size, and the number of zeros may impact model fit. Discussion Zero-sensitive approaches hold promise for answering key questions about the presence and frequency of common eating-related behaviors and improving the specificity of relevant statistical models. The current manuscript provides practical guidance to aid the use of these models when studying eating-related behaviors.