cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How children name objects with shoes

Abstract Many studies report a shape bias in children's learning of object names. However, one previous study suggests that the shape bias is not the only perceptually based bias displayed by children learning count nouns. Specifically, children attended to texture as well as shape when extending a novel name to novel objects with eyes. Two experiments attempt to extend this finding, asking whether children will also attend to texture in the presence of another cue to animacy—shoes. In Experiment 1, 80 2- and 3-year-olds participated in either a Name generalization or Similarity judgment task. The novel objects were identical except that for half of the children the objects had shoes. In the Similarity condition, children made their judgments by overall similarity. In the Name condition, 2-year-olds extended the novel name by shape across objects both with and without shoes. In contrast, 3-year-olds generalized the novel name by shape when the objects had no shoes but by texture when the objects had shoes. Experiment 2 challenged this finding, using a forced choice procedure and objects that differed from the named exemplar more markedly in shape. Twenty 3-year-olds participated in a Name generalization task, half for objects with shoes, half for objects without shoes. Again, children attended reliably more to texture when the objects had shoes than when they had no shoes. The results are discussed in terms of the development of different perceptually based biases and the relation of such biases to a taxonomic bias in early word learning.
Strongly order preserving semiflows generated by functional differential equations

The aim of this paper is to apply some recently developed improvements in the theory of monotone dynamical systems, due to the authors [ 12, 13 J, to certain systems of functional differential equations (FDE’s) which do not enjoy the quasimonotone property considered by one of us in [9]. The present work extends our previous results in this direction for scalar equations in [ 111 to systems. In the fundamental paper [S], M. W. Hirsch establishes that most orbits of a strongly monotone scmiflow on a strongly ordered space X tend to the set E of equilibria. Employing ideas of Hirsch and of H. Matano [7], the authors have extended the theory to obtain some improvements in the results of Hirsch and Matano under Matano’s weaker assumption that the semiflow is strongly order preserving. Recently, in [13], we gave sufficient conditions for most orbits of a strongly order preserving semiflow to converge to an equilibrium. These conditions require additional smoothness of the semiflow and a certain strong monotonicity condition for the linearized flow determined by the variational equation about each equilibrium. P. PoliCik [S] has also given sufficient conditions for most orbits to converge for semilinear parabolic evolution equations possessing certain strong monotonicity properties. In this paper, WC apply the convergence results developed in [ 131 to nonquasimonotone FDE’s. In this Introduction, WC briefly review the application of monotone dynamical systems theory to FDE’s enjoying the quasimonotone property. This research appeared in [9, 133. Then we state one of the main results of this paper which applies when the quasimonotone property fails but when another property (M,) holds. Some simple examples are given which
Rule-based neural networks for classification and probability estimation

In this paper we propose a network architecture that combines a rule-based approach with that of the neural network paradigm. Our primary motivation for this is to ensure that the knowledge embodied in the network is explicitly encoded in the form of understandable rules. This enables the network's decision to be understood, and provides an audit trail of how that decision was arrived at. We utilize an information theoretic approach to learning a model of the domain knowledge from examples. This model takes the form of a set of probabilistic conjunctive rules between discrete input evidence variables and output class variables. These rules are then mapped onto the weights and nodes of a feedforward neural network resulting in a directly specified architecture. The network acts as parallel Bayesian classifier, but more importantly, can also output posterior probability estimates of the class variables. Empirical tests on a number of data sets show that the rule-based classifier performs comparably with standard neural network classifiers, while possessing unique advantages in terms of knowledge representation and probability estimation.
Measuring material susceptibility using NMR.

Abstract We report on a method of measuring the high-field susceptibilities of paramagnetic and diamagnetic materials using only a standard NMR system equipped with pulsed field gradients. We demonstrate the accuracy and sensitivity of the technique by measuring a series of 99.9% copper wires with diameters between 0.16 mm and 0.79 mm. We measured the volumetric susceptibility of the copper to be χ = - 9.5 ± 0.2 · 10 - 6 , which agrees with the literature value of pure copper, - 9.6 · 10 - 6 . In addition to making quantitative measurements, this technique can also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of compensation schemes used to produce “zero-susceptibility” materials needed for construction of high-resolution NMR probes.
Data-intensive science: The Terapixel and MODISAzure projects

We live in an era in which scientific discovery is increasingly driven by data exploration of massive datasets. Scientists today are envisioning diverse data analyses and computations that scale from the desktop to supercomputers, yet often have difficulty designing and constructing software architectures to accommodate the heterogeneous and often inconsistent data at scale. Moreover, scientific data and computational resource needs can vary widely over time. The needs grow as the science collaboration broadens or as additional data is accumulated; the computational demand can have large transients in response to seasonal field campaigns or new instrumentation breakthroughs. Cloud computing can offer a scalable, economic, on-demand model that is well matched to some of these evolving science needs. This paper presents two of our experiences over the last year â the Terapixel Project, using workflow, high-performance computing and non-structured query language data processing to render the largest astronomical image for the WorldWide Telescope, and MODISAzure, a science pipeline for image processing, deployed using the Azure Cloud infrastructure.
DIRECT AND DISTAL EFFECTS OF NONCONTINGENT JUICE ON RUMINATION EXHIBITED BY A CHILD WITH AUTISM

Previous research has demonstrated the efficacy of the noncontingent delivery of foods and liquids at suppressing rumination, the repeated regurgitation and rechewing of partially digested food. However, it is unclear how long this reduction is maintained after caregivers terminate this procedure. The current study examined the direct and distal effects of noncontingent juice on rumination by measuring the duration of rumination during juice delivery and immediately following the termination of juice delivery. Noncontingent juice suppressed rumination, but this suppression was not maintained after delivery termination.
Do Rainfall Deficits Predict U.S.-Bound Migration from Rural Mexico? Evidence from the Mexican Census

Environmental and climatic changes have shaped human mobility for thousands of years and research on the migration-environment connection has proliferated in the past several years. Even so, little work has focused on Latin America or on international movement. Given rural Mexico’s dependency on primary sector activities involving various natural resources, and the existence of well-established transnational migrant networks, we investigate the association between rainfall patterns and U.S.-bound migration from rural locales, a topic of increasing policy relevance. The new economics of labor migration theory provides background, positing that migration represents a household-level risk management strategy. We use data from the year 2000 Mexican census for rural localities and socioeconomic and state-level precipitation data provided by the Mexican National Institute for Statistics and Geography. Multilevel models assess the impact of rainfall change on household-level international out-migration while controlling for relevant sociodemographic and economic factors. A decrease in precipitation is significantly associated with U.S.-bound migration, but only for dry Mexican states. This finding suggests that programs and policies aimed at reducing Mexico-U.S. migration should seek to diminish the climate/weather vulnerability of rural Mexican households, for example by supporting sustainable irrigation systems and subsidizing drought-resistant crops.
Plastic flow of Fe-binary alloys—II. Application of the description to the ductile-brittle transition

Abstract This is the second of a two-part series designed to elucidate the role of dislocation dynamics and particle-nucleated cleavage in the ductile-brittle transition temperatures (DBTT) of Fe-binary alloys. Detailed measurements of slow-bend and impact transitions demonstrate that additions of Ni slightly increase the cleavage fracture stress and effective fracture surface energy of iron while Si additions provide the opposite trend. With the establishment of 19 flow and fracture parameters, a semiempirical DBTT model evolves which compares favorably to observed transition temperatures under slow notch bend and impact conditions for Fe, Fe-Ni and Fe-Si. The model clarifies how reinforcing effects of solid solution softening and an increased cleavage fracture stress leads to a monotonically decreasing transition temperature with increasing Ni additions. In addition, it demonstrates how opposing effects of softening and a lowered cleavage fracture stress leads to a minimum in the transition temperature with increasing Si additions.
Tamoxifen, hot flashes and recurrence in breast cancer

We utilized data from the comparison group of the Women's Healthy Eating and Living randomized trial to investigate an "a priori" hypothesis suggested by CYP2D6 studies that hot flashes may be an independent predictor of tamoxifen efficacy. A total of 1551 women with early stage breast cancer were enrolled and randomized to the comparison group of the WHEL multi-institutional trial between 1995 and 2000. Their primary breast cancer diagnoses were between 1991 and 2000. At study entry, 864 (56%) of these women were taking tamoxifen, and hot flashes were reported by 674 (78%). After 7.3 years of follow-up, 127 of those who took tamoxifen at baseline had a confirmed breast cancer recurrence. Women who reported hot flashes at baseline were less likely to develop recurrent breast cancer than those who did not report hot flashes (12.9% vs 21%, P = 0.01). Hot flashes were a stronger predictor of breast cancer specific outcome than age, hormone receptor status, or even the difference in the stage of the cancer at diagnosis (Stage I versus Stage II). These findings suggest an association between side effects, efficacy, and tamoxifen metabolism. The strength of this finding suggests that further study of the relationship between hot flashes and breast cancer progression is warranted. Additional work is warranted to clarify the mechanism of hot flashes in this setting.
Effect of cataract and its removal on signal strength and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer optical coherence tomography measurements.

PURPOSE: To assess the effect of cataract on optical coherence tomography (OCT), signal strength (SS), and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness measurements. METHODS: Peripapillary RNFL thickness measurements were obtained by Stratus OCT scans using the Fast RNFL thickness (3.4) acquisition protocol before and after cataract extraction in 45 patients with cataract, including 23 glaucoma patients. Cataracts were graded according to the Lens Opacities Classification System III. RESULTS: The postoperative RNFL thickness and SS were 9.3% (P=0.001) and 24.1% (P<0.001) higher than before surgery, respectively. There was greater postoperative change in RNFL thickness measurements in patients with lower preoperative RNFL measurements (r=-0.63, P<0.001) and SS (r=-0.59, P<0.001). Eyes with preoperative SS more than 6 had no significant difference between precataract and postcataract surgery RNFL thickness (P=0.14). There was no significant difference in RNFL thickness change between eyes with cataract only (10.9±20.8 μm) and those with cataract and glaucoma (7.0±14.7 μm; P=0.81). CONCLUSIONS: Cataracts may decrease peripapillary RNFL thickness measurements and the SS on OCT scans. Thinning of the peripapillary RNFL suggestive of glaucomatous progression may be the result of artifact from advancing cataract rather than actual structural changes in the peripapillary RNFL. Peripapillary RNFL thickness measurements should be interpreted with caution in glaucomatous eyes with significant cataract, particularly if the SS is attenuated.
Electromagnetic analysis of finite-thickness diffractive elements

We present an electromagnetic analysis of diffractive optical elements (DOEs) fabricated on finite-thickness substrates. To this end we use the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method to solve the electromagnetic boundary value problem in the vicinity of the DOE and a semi-infinite propagation algorithm to determine the diffracted fields on the output side of the substrate. The formulation of the method and its application to the analysis of several finite-thickness diffractive lenses is presented.
Evolution and Pathophysiology of Chronic Systolic Heart Failure

Understanding of the pathophysiology of chronic systolic heart failure evolved from a purely mechanical model to one in which a cascade of neurohormones and biologically active molecules are thought to be critical in the development, maintenance, and progression of the disease. Two important neurohormonal systems are the sympathetic nervous and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems. Initially, increases in norepinephrine concentrations from the sympathetic nervous system and in angiotensin II and aldosterone are beneficial in the short term to maintain cardiac output after an insult to the myocardium. However, long-term exposure to these neurohormones causes alterations of myocytes and interstitial make-up of the heart. These alterations in myocardium lead to progression of heart failure and, eventually, death.
C-X-C chemokine receptor 7: a functionally associated molecular marker for bladder cancer.

BACKGROUND: C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and CXCR7 are 7-transmembrane chemokine receptors of the stroma-derived factor (SDF-1). CXCR4, but not CXCR7, has been examined in bladder cancer (BCa). This study examined the functional and clinical significance of CXCR7 in BCa. METHODS: CXCR4 and CXCR7 levels were measured in BCa cell lines, tissues (normal ¼ 25; BCa ¼ 44), and urine specimens (n ¼ 186) by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and/or immunohistochemistry. CXCR7 function in BCa cells were examined by transient transfections using a CXCR7 expression vector or small interfering RNA. RESULTS: In BCa cell lines, CXCR7 messenger RNA levels were 5- to 37-fold higher than those for CXCR4. Transient overexpression of CXCR7 in BCa cell lines promoted growth and chemotactic motility. CXCR7 colocalized and formed a functional complex with epidermal growth factor receptor, phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt, Erk, and src and induced their phosphorylation. CXCR7 also induced up-regulation of cyclin-D1 and bcl-2. Suppression of CXCR7 expression reversed these effects and induced apoptosis. CXCR7 messenger RNA levels and CXCR7 staining scores were significantly (5- to 10-fold) higher in BCa tissues than in normal tissues (P < .001). CXCR7 expression independently associated with metastasis (P ¼ .019) and disease-specific mortality (P ¼ .03). CXCR7 was highly expressed in endothelial cells in high-grade BCa tissues when compared to low-grade BCa and normal bladder. CXCR7 levels were elevated in exfoliated urothelial cells from high-grade BCa patients (P ¼ .0001; 90% sensitivity; 75% specificity); CXCR4 levels were unaltered. CONCLUSIONS: CXCR7 promotes BCa cell proliferation and motility plausibly through epidermal growth factor receptor receptor and Akt signaling. CXCR7 expression is elevated in BCa tissues and exfoliated cells and is associated with high-grade and metastasis. Cancer 2012;000:000– 000. V C 2012 American Cancer Society.
Antenatal diagnosis of lethal skeletal dysplasias

Lethal skeletal dysplasias (LSD) are a heterogeneous group of rare but important genetic disorders characterized by abnormal growth and development of bone and cartilage. We describe the diagnosis and outcome of 29 cases of lethal skeletal dysplasias evaluated between January 1989 and December 1996 at the University of Maryland Medical Center and the Ultrasound Institute of Baltimore. Two cases presented at delivery with no prenatal care while the remaining 27 cases were identified by antenatal sonography. Final diagnoses included thanatophoric dysplasia (14), osteogenesis imperfecta, type II (6), achondrogenesis (2), short rib syndromes (3), campomelic syndrome (2), atelosteogenesis (1), and no evidence of a skeletal dysplasia (1). Twenty out of 27 pregnancies were terminated with an average at detection of 21.6 weeks. The other 7 pregnancies that went on to deliver had an average age at detection of 29.2 weeks. Fetal abnormalities in the terminated pregnancies were identified at a significantly earlier gestational age (P = 0.0016) than the pregnancies that continued. While the identification of LSD by sonography was excellent (26/27), only 13/27 (48%) were given an accurate specific antenatal diagnosis. In 8/14 (57%) cases with an inaccurate or nonspecific diagnosis there was a significant or crucial change in the genetic counseling. Thus, while antenatal sonography is an excellent method for discovering LSD, clinical examination, radiographs, and autopsy are mandatory for making a specific diagnosis.
A low-power receiver down-converter with high dynamic range performance

A low-power down-converter that uses a passive current-commutating mixer for frequency translation, while sharing the bias current between the RF and baseband stages is presented. An active noise shaping network is implemented to reduce low-frequency noise at the output. Linearity is enhanced through the use of non-linear feedback. The design, implemented in a 0.18 µm CMOS technology, achieves conversion gain of 35 dB, NF of 9.8 dB, in-channel OIP3 of 15.8 dBV while consuming 2.1 mA from a 1.8 V supply.
Effect of Intra-Tracheal Surfactant Administration on Reperfusion Injury of the Lung 1747

Atelectasis during ischemia is associated with reperfusion injury (see accompanying abstract # 700337h). We hypothesized that this is either due to decreased surfactant production or its inactivation. In the present study we used an isolated perfused rat lung model to study the effect of pretreatment with surfactant on the development of reperfusion injury. 20 Sprague-Dawely rats (wt 300-350g) were divided into five groups (n=4), control and four experimental groups. Lung preparations underwent 15 minutes of equilibration followed by 75 minutes of ischemia and 30 minutes of reperfsion (perfused with modified Krebs-Hanseliet solution). The change in wet weight of the lung and the pulmonary artery pressure were continuously monitored. The permeability to125 I labeled albumin was measured at the end of reperfusion. The control lung preparations were continuously ventilated with 20% O2 and perfused for 105 minutes.The experimental groups were ventilated with 20% O2 prior to ischemia and during reperfusion. During ischemia they were treated as follows: Group I, ventilated with 20%O2; Group II, remained collapsed and unventilated; Group III, same as Group II but were pretreated with 4 ml/kg of surfactant intra-tracheally; Group IV, same as Group II but were pretreated with 4 ml/kg normal saline intra-tracheally. Results: Values are expressed as mean±SE,* denotes statistical significance at p<0.01. Surfactant treated lung preparations (Group III), remained isogravimetric, the albumin PS product and the peakΔP(peak rise in pulmonary artery pressure upon reperfusion) were similar to control. While saline treated lung preparations (Group IV) showed a four fold increase in both the wet weight and peakΔP, and fourteen fold increase in vascular permeability. Conclusions: 1) Reperfusion injury causes an increase in vascular permeability, resulting in increase in wet weight of the lung. 2)Pretreatment with surfactant protects against reperfusion injury. Table
Internal friction in polymer-impregnated hardened cement paste

Hardened cement paste (HCP) specimens were prepared with hydration times of 1, 3, 7, 28, and 180 days. Specimens were oven dried and subsequently impregnated with methyl methacrylate, tert-butylstyrene, polyethylene glycol, and an epoxy resin system via a vacuum–pressure technique. Internal friction (Q−1) of in situ polymerized specimens was measured over the temperature range from 100° to 500°K. Results indicate that the internal friction spectra of polymer-impregnated specimens closely parallels the internal friction spectra of the bulk polymers used for impregnation. Magnitudes of the internal friction peaks in the impregnated specimens were found to be less than that expected on the basis of volume fraction of polymer present. These results are attributed to hindered motion at the cement/polymer interface.
Work function response of thin gold film surfaces to phosphine and arsine

Abstract The work function changes of thin gold films upon exposure to phosphine and arsine in the concentration range 20–80 parts per billion (ppb) concentrations were studied using the Kelvin probe method under ambient conditions. The work function of gold surfaces decreases significantly in the presence of these gases. This decrease is attributed to charge transfer from these hydride molecules to the gold surface through σ-bonding of their lone-pair electrons. Auger electron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry were used to characterize the surface chemical components of thin gold films. The extraordinarily high sub-ppb sensitivity of the work function response for phosphine and arsine on gold surfaces under ambient conditions can be used to detect ultra-trace concentration of these toxic gases.
Blood Transfusion and Breast Milk Transmission of Cytomegalovirus in Very Low-Birth-Weight Infants A Prospective Cohort Study

Importance Postnatal cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection can cause serious morbidity and mortality in very low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants. The primary sources of postnatal CMV infection in this population are breast milk and blood transfusion. The current risks attributable to these vectors, as well as the efficacy of approaches to prevent CMV transmission, are poorly characterized. Objective To estimate the risk of postnatal CMV transmission from 2 sources: (1) transfusion of CMV-seronegative and leukoreduced blood and (2) maternal breast milk. Design, Setting, and Participants A prospective, multicenter birth-cohort study was conducted from January 2010 to June 2013 at 3 neonatal intensive care units (2 academically affiliated and 1 private) in Atlanta, Georgia. Cytomegalovirus serologic testing of enrolled mothers was performed to determine their status. Cytomegalovirus nucleic acid testing (NAT) of transfused blood components and breast milk was performed to identify sources of CMV transmission. A total of 539 VLBW infants (birth weight, ≤1500 g) who had not received a blood transfusion were enrolled, with their mothers (n = 462), within 5 days of birth. The infants underwent serum and urine CMV NAT at birth to evaluate congenital infection and surveillance CMV NAT at 5 additional intervals between birth and 90 days, discharge, or death. Exposures Blood transfusion and breast milk feeding. Main Outcomes and Measures Cumulative incidence of postnatal CMV infection, detected by serum or urine NAT. Results The seroprevalence of CMV among the 462 enrolled mothers was 76.2% (n = 352). Among the 539 VLBW infants, the cumulative incidence of postnatal CMV infection at 12 weeks was 6.9% (95% CI, 4.2%-9.2%); 5 of 29 infants (17.2%) with postnatal CMV infection developed symptomatic disease or died. A total of 2061 transfusions were administered among 57.5% (n = 310) of the infants; none of the CMV infections was linked to transfusion, resulting in a CMV infection incidence of 0.0% (95% CI, 0.0%-0.3%) per unit of CMV-seronegative and leukoreduced blood. Twenty-seven of 28 postnatal infections occurred among infants fed CMV-positive breast milk (12-week incidence, 15.3%; 95% CI, 9.3%-20.2%). Conclusions and Relevance Transfusion of CMV-seronegative and leukoreduced blood products effectively prevents transmission of CMV to VLBW infants. Among infants whose care is managed with this transfusion approach, maternal breast milk is the primary source of postnatal CMV infection. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT00907686
Have Farmers Lost Their Uniqueness? Response

Regarding the first criticism, a basic principle of economics is that a subsidy can raise efficiency by helping the market bring forth an optimal quantity of a good characterized by a positive externality. If the marginal utility of income is equal for all, the subsidy raises well-being of the nation. If family farms exhibit positive externalities, the issue is efficiency and not equity as our critics argue. No subsidy is justified, however, if the social gain from internalizing the extemality is offset by national income lost by mismanagement and ineffectiveness of commodity programs in preserving family farms.' Because the politics of such issues blow hot and cold, we preferred to analyze the more lasting issue of economic externalities. Our critics contend that support for agriculture should be measured by political preference functions. This is a completely different issue in political science that may explain legislative behavior but does not say whether it is consistent with the economics of improving the well-being of people. We already know from surveys that the public has farm fundamentalist beliefs favoring agriculture.2 Our question was whether there is any basis in fact for these beliefs. The second criticism is that our results are not scientifically robust due to (1) lack of control for sociodemographic factors; (2) comparison of farmers with residential groups; and, (3) small sample size. First, we were constrained by time, space, and data from a detailed comparison of differences between farmers and others after controlling for age, race, education, income, net worth, self-employment status, and other attributes. Farmers are farmers partly because they display some of these characteristics such as self-employment. In some instances, where we believed such factors could influence our conclusions, we performed additional tests. For example, we controlled for gender in the case of attitudes toward government spending and for self-employment in the case of work satisfaction. This is noted and discussed in the text. We suspect that farmers share some attributes with others of particular
JOEL SHERZER , Speech play and verbal art . Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002. 198 pp. Hb $45.00, Pb $19.95.

During the past 25 years, anthropologists, linguists, and other social scientists have taken a keen interest in delineating the nature (form and function) of play, not only among humans but also among other higher primates. The establishment of the Society for the Study of Play in the1970s, the annual meetings of its members, and the resulting publications clearly manifest this interest. Sherzer's book on speech play and verbal art is a significant addition to the extant literature on the subject. His aim is to delineate “the significance of verbal play in the intersection of language, culture, and society in relation to verbal art” (p. 1). He views speech play as an “implicit and explicit meta-commentary on everyday life and artistic performance” (1).
Rapid determination of the critical temperature in simulated annealing inversion.

Knowledge of the critical temperature, T * , the temperature at which a phase change occurs, greatly improves the efficiency of simulated annealing when used for optimization or inversion. A numerical method of accurately determining T * in a relatively short computation time has been developed. This method is used to recover the seismic soundspeed profile from wavefield data, a problem in which cycle skipping causes many local minima of the energy function and the averaging of the medium by finite length waves results in many states with similar energies. Computations indicate that it is cost-effective to spend about 80 percent of the computing budget looking for T * instead of annealing, and that in the course of finding T * many states with energies near the global minimum will also be found. The a posteriori probability distribution of the solution has been constructed from trial solutions generated at T * .
Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel sulfonanilide compounds as antiproliferative agents for breast cancer.

Combinatorial chemistry approaches facilitate drug discovery processes and result in structural modifications of lead compounds that enhance pharmacological activity, improve pharmacokinetic properties, or reduce unwanted side effects. Epidemiological and animal model studies have suggested that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can act as chemopreventive agents. The cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor nimesulide shows anticancer effects in several cancer cell lines via COX-2-dependent and -independent mechanisms. The molecular structure of nimesulide was used as a starting scaffold to design novel sulfonanilide analogs and examine the structural features that contribute to this anticancer effect. A systematic combinatorial chemical approach was used to generate diversely substituted sulfonanilide derivatives that were tested for their effects on the proliferation of human breast cancer cells. Structure–function analysis indicated that the inhibition of cell growth by compounds derived from the...
Electron Spin Resonance for Monitoring Radiation-Processed Meats Containing Bone

Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy assessed the dose absorbed by radiation-processed meats (containing bone). Additive re-irradiation of the bone generated a dose response curve which could then be used to assess the initial dose from irradiation. An exponential fit to the ESR response to absorbed dose provided a good estimate of initial dose and was a reasonable physical description of the response from absorption of ionizing radiation by bone. These data have implications for regulation of the industry.
Sparse Bayesian multi-task learning for predicting cognitive outcomes from neuroimaging measures in Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia that causes progressive impairment of memory and other cognitive functions. Multivariate regression models have been studied in AD for revealing relationships between neuroimaging measures and cognitive scores to understand how structural changes in brain can influence cognitive status. Existing regression methods, however, do not explicitly model dependence relation among multiple scores derived from a single cognitive test. It has been found that such dependence can deteriorate the performance of these methods. To overcome this limitation, we propose an efficient sparse Bayesian multi-task learning algorithm, which adaptively learns and exploits the dependence to achieve improved prediction performance. The proposed algorithm is applied to a real world neuroimaging study in AD to predict cognitive performance using MRI scans. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated by its superior prediction performance over multiple state-of-the-art competing methods and accurate identification of compact sets of cognition-relevant imaging biomarkers that are consistent with prior knowledge.
Acute complicated and uncomplicated Type III Aortic Dissection: An endovascular perspective

Type III aortic dissection is associated with high morbidity and mortality. There is a shifting paradigm in the treatment of complicated and uncomplicated acute type III aortic dissection toward earlier endovascular repair. In this review, the authors present the current perspective on the endovascular management of acute complicated and uncomplicated type III aortic dissection.
Idiotrephes meszarosi sp.n., a new Helotrephid (Heteroptera: Helotrephidae) from Vietnam

A new species of aquatic bug, Idiotrephes meszarosi sp.n. (Helotrephidae, Helotrephinae, Limnotrephini) is described (male, female, nymphs) from Vietnam and compared with I. chinai Lundblad and I. maior Papacek. All species of the genus Idiotrephes are keyed and their differential characters illustrated.
High throughput screening or drug impurity profiles using gradients in normal phase chromatography

Developmental drug substances and a variety of precursors and process-related impurities were separated using mobile phase gradients under normal phase conditions. These separation conditions produced efficient separations in a fraction of the time necessary for comparable reversed-phase separations. The use of elevated temperatures, polar modifiers and moderate levels of acidic and basic additives allowed highly polar analytes to be eluted with high efficiency and selectivity using fast flow rates. Reproducibility for retention time and peak areas was demonstrated to be very good despite very short equilibration times.
Murine auto- and cross-tolerance to volatile anaesthetics

Auto-tolerance and cross-tolerance to halothane, isoflurane and enflurane were tested on 36 mice divided into three equal groups. Each group was first exposed to increasing concentrations of either of the three anaesthetics on 13 occasions. The concentration at which each mouse lost its righting reflex during successive exposures in a rotating cage was noted. Cross-tolerance was assessed by comparing the number of mice which had lost their righting reflexes during their first exposure to a given anaesthetic agent to the number which lost it after having been exposed to another anaesthetic.
Clonal propagation of kurrat (Allium ampeloprasum var. kurrat)

Two protocols for clonal propagation of kurrat (Allium ampeloprasum var.kurrat) using explants from the basal plates of mature plants are described. In direct formation, explants were cultured in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium and supplemented with either benzyladenine at 0.0 or 4.4 μM, or supplemented with 7.0 μM benzyladenine and 0.1 μM naphthaleneacetic acid. Shoots appeared after 4 wk of culture. In the two-step procedure, explants were cultured first on MS medium supplemented with 1.4 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 1.4 μM kinetin, and incubated in the dark for 4 wk. They were then transferred to MS medium supplemented with 4.4 μM benzyladenine for shoot formation. All shoots were rooted on MS medium containing 5 g·liter−1 activated charcoal. Normal viable plants were successfully established in soil.
Oxygen scattering and initial chemisorption probability on Ge(100)

Abstract We have studied the interaction of oxygen gas with both clean and oxygen-covered surfaces of Ge(100), over the temperature range from 300 to 900 K, using molecular beam scattering techniques. Results indicate that oxygen scatters primarily by direct inelastic scattering on the clean surface, but that considerable trapping occurs on the oxygen-covered surface. The variation of the initial sticking coefficient for dissociative chemisorption with surface temperature and incident oxygen molecular beam kinetic energy and incident angle can be explained in terms of a direct adsorption channel that becomes increasingly efficient at high beam normal kinetic energy and a precursor mediated channel that becomes increasingly efficient at low beam normal kinetic energy.
Increased chromosomal instability in lymphocytes from elderly humans

Abstract Lymphocytes from young and old donors were incubated with PHA for 96 h and exposed to [3H]Tdr during the last 24 h of culture. Comparable amounts of [3H]Tdr were incorporated into chromosomes of old and young lymphocytes as measured by autoradiography of metaphase chromosomes. However, chromosomal damage and cell-cycle arrest were far greater in lymphocytes from old as compared to young humans. The frequency of chromosome breaks, fragments, exchange figures and dicentric chromosomes induced by [3H]Tdr was greater in cultures from old than in cultures from young humans. Lymphocytes from old donors exposed to 20 μM BrdU during the last 24 h of culture showed significantly more sister-chromatid exchanges than did lymphocytes from young donors. These data suggest that chromosomes in lymphocytes from old donors express more damage after exposure to [3H]Tdr or BrdU than do chromosomes in lymphocytes from young donors.
Stoop or Squat: A Biomechanical and Metabolic Evaluation

Abstract For the past 40 years it has been widely advocated that all lifting be carried out with a “squat lifting posture” (bend at the knees, back erect). The presumed basis for this has been to reduce the compressive force on the low back. Detailed biomechanical evaluations show that the more common “stooped lifting posture” (bend at the waist) may in fact be superior to the recommended squat method on this basis, even when the load can be placed close to the body. The compressive force on the lumbosacral disc is estimated to be equal or slightly lower for loads greater than 5 kg when the load is lifted using the stooped lift posture. This should not be viewed as sufficient evidence to reject conven- tional wisdom. The compressive force with the stooped-lift posture may in turn lead to a non-uniform distribution of pressure over the disc, thus enabling a smaller compressive force to produce rupture. Thus, there is no clear biomechanical rationale for deciding between the two postures. Using metabolic en...
Training Mental Health Professionals on Violence Against Women

This research assesses what forms of training mental health professionals have received on four forms of violence against women (sexual assault, domestic violence, sexual harassment, and childhood sexual abuse [CSA]/incest). A systematic probability sample of N = 415 licensed illinois mental health professionals (licensed professional counselors, licensed social workers, licensed clinical social workers, and licensed clinical/counseling psychologists) indicates that 56% have received training on sexual assault, 59% on domestic violence, 36% on sexual harassment, and 78% on CSA/incest. Training on sexual assault, domestic violence, and CSA/incest usually takes place in continuing education courses and provides instruction on therapy techniques and referral sources for victims. Training on sexual harassment usually focuses on workplace policies, not on the clinical issues of treating clients who have been victims of sexual harassment. The participants' recommendations for future training are summarized, and...
The effect of pregnancy on cyclosporine levels in renal allograft patients.

Abstract Objective: To assess the effects of pregnancy on cyclosporine levels in six renal allograft patients. Methods: Maternal demographic, laboratory, clinical, and perinatal outcome data were recorded in six pregnant women with previous renal allografts receiving cyclosporine immunosuppression. The cyclosporine and serum creatinine levels were measured before pregnancy, during each trimester, and postpartum. Results: The mean (standard deviation [SD]) maternal age was 29.1 (3.8) years. Parity ranged from 0 to 3. Mean serum creatinine levels tended to be lower during pregnancy than before or after, as did the mean cyclosporine levels. After adjusting for dose, five of six patients had declines in cyclosporine level during pregnancy. The mean (SD) gestational age at delivery was 37.5 (2.8) weeks with a mean (SD) birth weight of 2837 (538) g. Conclusion: Pregnancy in patients with renal allografts can lead to a substantial decline in cyclosporine levels.
Pelvic fin locomotor function in fishes: three-dimensional kinematics in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

SUMMARY The paired pelvic fins in fishes have been the subject of few studies. Early work that amputated pelvic fins concluded that these fins had very limited, and mainly passive, stabilizing function during locomotion. This paper is the first to use three-dimensional kinematic analysis of paired pelvic fins to formulate hypotheses of pelvic fin function. Rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) were filmed swimming steadily at slow speeds (0.13–1.36 BL s –1 ) and during manoeuvres (0.21–0.84 BL s –1 ) in a variable speed flow tank. Two high-speed cameras filmed ventral and lateral views simultaneously, enabling three-dimensional analysis of fin motion. During steady swimming, pelvic fins oscillate in a regular contralateral cycle. This cyclic oscillation appears to have active and passive components, and may function to dampen body oscillation and stabilize body position. During manoeuvres, pelvic fins move variably but appear to act as trimming foils, helping to stabilize and return the body to a steady swimming posture after a manoeuvre has been initiated. Fins on the inside of the turn move differently from those on the outside of the turn, creating an asymmetric motion. This paper challenges the understanding that pelvic fins have a limited and passive function by proposing three new hypotheses. First, pelvic fins in rainbow trout have complex three-dimensional kinematics during slow-speed steady swimming and manoeuvres. Second, pelvic fins are moved actively against imposed hydrodynamic loads. Third, pelvic fins appear to produce powered correction forces during steady swimming and trim correction forces during manoeuvres.
Actin‐based phagosome motility

Despite abundant evidence of actin's involvement at the particle internalization stage of phagocytosis, little is known about whether phagosomes undergo the same type of actin-based motility as observed with endocytic vesicles or such intracellular pathogens as Listeria and Shigella. By employing video microscopy to follow the fate of latex bead-containing phagosomes within the cytoplasm of bone marrow macrophages, we have made the novel observation of actin-based phagosome motility. Immunofluorescence microscopy confirmed that phagosomes containing IgG-opsonized, bovine serum albumin (or BSA) -coated or uncoated latex beads all formed actin-rich rocket tails that persisted only during a brief, 1-2 min period of actin-based motility. Average speeds of actin-based phagosome motility were 0.13 +/- 0.06 microm/s for IgG-coated beads, 0.14 +/- 0.04 microm/s for BSA-coated beads, and 0.11+/- 0.03 microm/s for uncoated beads. Moreover, the speeds and motile-phase duration of each type of phagosome were comparable to the behavior of pinosomes [Merrifield et al., 1999: Nat. Cell Biol. 1:72-74.]. Determination of optimal conditions for observing and analyzing actin-based phagosome motility should facilitate future investigations of phagocytosis and phagosome maturation.
Spin frustration in a Cu(II)3 triangle frustrated

A spiral hexanuclear antiferromagnetic Cu(II) complex with a [Cu3(μ2-NO)3(μ3-O)] triangular core has direct metal spin coupling through diazine (μ2-NN), oxime (μ2-NO) and oxide/hydroxide (μ3-O) bridges. Spin frustration, expected in the triangular core, is suppressed (frustrated) by the bridging antiferromagnetic connections to the external metals, and so any residual spin in the triangle effectively cannot be stabilized.
New Epstein–Barr virus variants from cellular subclones of P3J-HR-1 Burkitt lymphoma

The P3J-HR-1 (HR-1) line contains unique Epstein–Barr viruses (EBVs) which fail to immortalize lymphocytes or to induce lymphomas1–4. Virus from Jijoye, the parent of the HR-1 clone, retains lymphocyte-immortalizing ability5,6. Because the HR-1 virus population is a mixture, it has not been possible to identify conclusively the genomic alterations responsible for the nontransforming phenotype7. Submolar fragments produced by restriction enzyme digestion and the variety of patterns found after partial denaturation are evidence for heterogeneity in HR-1 virion DNA8,9. To determine whether every cell carried this virus mixture, or whether the line consisted of cells carrying different variants, we separated the mixture by cell subcloning into new variants, which are found to be distinct from parental HR-1 virus both biologically and in genome structure.
Contemporary superconducting materials

Superconductors currently under active study are briefly described from a chemical perspective. The author's current views on those superconductors, the role of theory in searching for new superconductors, and possibilities for new superconducting materials that might be found in the future are presented.
Assets to the Table

As engineers have built and shaped Internet technology for the past 50 years, they can claim that they have some right to participate in the discussion over the governance of that technology. The Web extra at http://youtu.be/XtVWrLBMabU is a video in which author David Alan Grier expands on his Errant Hashtag column, discussing how cyber assets are redefining the relationship between corporations and nation-states.
Animal modeling dual diagnosis schizophrenia: Sensitization to cocaine in rats with neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions

Background Increased substance disorder comorbidity in schizophrenia may reflect greater vulnerability to addictive processes because of inherent neurocircuit dysfunction in the schizophrenic brain. Methods To further explore this hypothesis, we used neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions (NVHL) as a rat model of schizophrenia and assessed locomotor sensitization to cocaine (15 mg/kg) in adulthood. Results The NVHL animals showed greater activity in response to an initial cocaine injection compared with sham and saline-treated groups. With daily cocaine injections over 7 days, NVHL rats showed elevated locomotor sensitization curves with greater fluctuations in the intersession changes in activity between days 4 and 7. In a single session 4 weeks later, NVHL compared with SHAM rats showed maintenance of cocaine-associated hyperactivity, as if superimposed on long-term sensitization effects present in both groups. Conclusions In a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, the locomotor effects of cocaine were augmented on initial and repeated doses, with emergence of irregularity in sensitization-related changes in activity in the short term and perseverance of augmented effects in the long term. Altered patterns of behavioral sensitization, as a possible correlate of greater addiction vulnerability, can occur as a by-product of neural systems dysfunction responsible for major psychiatric syndromes.
Reliability aware dynamic voltage and frequency scaling for improved microprocessor lifetime

Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) is heavily used for power management in real-time environments. Although the schemes leveraging DVFS provide significant power reduction, adverse effects on chip reliability are possible. Alternate increase and decrease in operating voltage and frequency leads to thermal cycling. Increasing transistor packing density leads to a larger range of possible operating temperatures, exacerbating the thermal cycling problem. Also, the chip reliability quantification process does not include and represent the effects of small scale thermal cycles. A good number of in-field chip failures are attributed to the consequences of these. Thus, it is imperative to include their effects into the processor voltage and frequency selection process. Our work develops an integrated processor thermal and performance management technique centered on novel polynomial time scheduling algorithms that lead to lowering of thermal cycles in soft real time environments. Our technique leverages application awareness and runtime monitoring for improving chip lifetime, while achieving considerable energy savings. We show that a significant reduction in thermal cycles and peaks is possible, leading to longer chip life expectations.