cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transgressive aggression in Sceloporus hybrids confers fitness through advantages in male agonistic encounters

1. We investigated agonistic behaviour and associated characteristics of Sceloporus woodi (Florida scrub lizard), Sceloporus undulatus (Eastern fence lizard) and their hybrids using staged territorial encounters. 2. These Sceloporus hybrids exhibit transgressive aggression and transgressive head-girth relative to the parental species and the transgressive aggression was specifically associated with an advantage in agonistic encounters. Our results suggest a hybrid advantage in natural habitats when defending and invading territories against either parental species. 3. We further analysed general advantages in agonistic encounters across the entire three-group system to elucidate characteristics that may be advantageous under specific circumstances. Individuals with larger body size (SVL) and greater aggression had an overall advantage in agonistic encounters; however, smaller individuals could win when slightly more aggressive and fatter, and less aggressive individuals could win when slightly larger, especially with greater head-girth. 4. The extreme hybrid phenotypes likely occurred through transgressive segregation, which has been implicated as a process through which homoploid, hybrid speciation can occur. Some form of ecological divergence is necessary, however, to impede parental gene flow. Our data suggest that ecological divergence could manifest in territorial species through transgressive aggression.
Beyond Mark and Park: Classification Mapping as a Collection Development Tool for Psychiatry/Psychology

Developing specific collection development policies for psychiatry poses problems because of its interdisciplinarity with psychology and medicine. East Carolina University has separate academic and medical libraries that are responsible for supporting the curriculum and research needs of the students and faculty. In an era of dwindling budgets and growing programs, it is imperative that book selectors be aware of cross-discipline classification schemes that may lead to unnecessary duplication of materials. This article proposes an instrument that maps the National Library of Medicine classification to the Library of Congress classification for psychology/ psychiatry to be used as a guideline for supporting cooperative collection development.
Experimental study of the shape of the coexistence curve of argon near the critical state

Abstract Refractive index measurements were used to establish the shape of the coexistence curve of argon near the critical state. If ρ L − ρ G = D ( T c − T ) β , we find β = 0.364 ± 0.007 and T c = 150.704 ± 0.015° K .
Flexible linguistic pattern recognition

Abstract “Linguistic” techniques have been developed for well-formed linear strings. This paper describes several extensions of standard linguistic recognizers, to give flexibility in handling loosely connected, noisy, messy patterns.
Verification of DSMLs using graph transformation: a case study with Alloy

Domain-Specific Modeling Languages (DSMLs) enable domain experts to participate in software development tasks and to specify their own programs using domain abstractions. Many Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) platforms primarily concentrate on structural aspects of DSMLs and only provide techniques to define abstract and concrete syntax. Only a few platforms provide built-in support for specification of behavioral semantics and verification tasks. In this paper, we focus on how to specify the behavioral semantics of a DSML by a sequence of graph transformation rules. We also discuss how to transform a DSML specification into Alloy, a model checking tool. These transformations demonstrate that DSML models specified in a visual notation can be verified by means of existing model checking tools.
Effect on the expression of c-met, c-myc and PPAR-α in liver and liver tumors from rats chronically exposed to the hepatocarcinogenic peroxisome proliferator WY-14, 643

The induction of rodent hepatic tumors by peroxisome proliferators (PP) appears to depend on focal growth of hepatocytes. Expression of the oncogenes c-met and c-myc is altered following regenerative stimuli in rat liver, suggesting involvement of their protein products in hepatocyte replication. In addition, increases in c-myc and c-met mRNA expression are observed in multiple types of human and rodent tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma. A study was designed to test the hypothesis that development of PP-induced hepatic neoplasms occurs as a result of overexpression of c-met or c-myc. Male F344 rats were exposed to WY-14,643 for 22 or 78 weeks (1000 p.p.m. in the diet). Messenger RNA was extracted from liver tumors (78 weeks) and surrounding non-lesion liver of exposed rats and non-lesion liver from age-matched control rats. Levels of mRNA expression were compared using Northern analysis. Significant increases in c-met (approximately 6-fold) and c-myc (approximately 7-fold) mRNA levels were observed in liver tumors compared with liver from control rats. A slight but non-significant increase in mRNA for both of these genes was observed in tumors compared with surrounding non-lesion liver tissue (approximately 2-fold). Increases in mRNA expression of c-met (approximately 3-fold) and c-myc (approximately 5-fold) were also detected in non-lesion liver from WY-14,463-exposed animals compared with non-lesion liver from naive rats. PP exposure in rats increased c-met and c-myc expression in liver and liver tumors, but in a manner which does not correspond to the rapid proliferation of hepatocytes present in tumors. To determine the potential involvement of the PP-activated receptor in PP-induced hepatocarcinogenesis, tumors were also examined for PP-activated receptor expression relative to surrounding liver and liver from naive rats. PP-activated receptor-alpha mRNA levels were significantly increased (approximately 6-fold) in tumors compared with naive liver, but only slightly increased over surrounding non-lesion liver tissue. These results suggest that modulation of c-met, c-myc and PP-activated receptor-alpha are not major determinants of PP-induced hepatocarcinogenesis.
Basic and Clinical Pharmacology of Amiodarone: Relationship of Antiarrhythmic Effects, Dose and Drug Concentrations to Intracellular Inclusion Bodies

Amiodarone is a unique class III antiarrhythmic drug with several unusual pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and toxicological actions which are quite distinct from those of the standard antiarrhythmic drugs. Extensive animal and clinical studies have demonstrated that amiodarone and its major metabolite, desethylamiodarone, both produce a marked increase in the duration of transmembrane action potential, which may be related to their antiarrhythmic as well as clinical electrophysiological activity. Unlike most other cardiovascular drugs, it has been recognized for more than 20 years that optimal antiarrhythmic effects may take several days to weeks after onset of oral therapy. Amiodarone is highly lipid soluble and exhibits at least three separate compartments of drug distribution, with a long elimination half-life of 14-120 days after chronic therapy. The pharmacokinetic profile of desethylamiodarone is qualitatively similar to that of amiodarone, but its elimination half-life is even longer and its tissue distribution may be slightly different. Although there may not be any correlation between serum drug levels and clinical toxicity of amiodarone during long-term therapy, recent animal as well as clinical data suggest that multilamellar intracellular inclusions can be dissociated from cell death or clinical toxicity. Thus, it is possible that amiodarone toxicity can be minimized with low doses or low serum drug concentrations. The metabolite(s) of amiodarone may play a major role in its pharmacological and toxicological actions.
Online Ethos: Source Credibility in an “Authorless” Environment

As recently as 5 years ago, Web users were being advised to gauge Web site credibility by examining author credentials and expertise. Recent research shows, however, that users instead rely on a combination of factors such as design look, site structure, and usefulness of information when they judge Web sites. This article argues that this reliance on distributed credibility may be appropriate in a Web environment where authorship, credentials, and information sources are often not readily available for examination.
Chronic Alcohol Ingestion in Rats Decreases Krüppel-Like Factor 4 Expression and Intracellular Zinc in the Lung

Background Chronic alcohol ingestion alters the dynamic balance between granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFβ1) signaling within the alveolar space and, in parallel, impairs alveolar macrophage and epithelial cell function by inhibiting expression of the zinc importer ZIP4 and decreasing zinc bioavailability in the alveolar compartment. As the transcription factor Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) binds to ZIP4, we hypothesized that alcohol exposure and consequent perturbations in GM-CSF and TGFβ1 signaling could decrease cellular KLF4 expression and/or binding as a mechanism by which it inhibits ZIP4 expression and decreases cellular zinc levels. Methods and Results Alcohol exposure in vitro or chronic ingestion in vivo decreased KLF4 expression in alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells. Treatment with GM-CSF or TGFβ1 showed an enhancing or dampening effect on KLF4 expression and binding, respectively. Further, treatment of a rat alveolar macrophage cell line with alcohol in vitro for 4 weeks decreased the expression of the zinc transporters ZIP4 and ZNT1, and of the zinc storage protein metallothionein 1. In parallel, treating these macrophages with KLF4 siRNA decreased ZIP4 expression and decreased cellular zinc and phagocytic capacity to levels equivalent to those following alcohol exposure. In epithelial monolayers, transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) was significantly decreased by alcohol ingestion as compared with control diets, and it was restored by in vitro GM-CSF treatment. In contrast, in vitro TGFβ1 treatment of the epithelial monolayers from control-fed rats significantly decreased TER as compared with untreated control monolayers. Conclusions Taken together, these results suggest that within the alveolar space, chronic alcohol exposure decreases KLF4 and ZIP4 expression and consequently decreases zinc transport into cells, which, in turn, impairs their function. Furthermore, the dynamic decrease in the relative influence of GM-CSF versus TGFβ1 could mediate the zinc deficiency and consequent cellular dysfunction that characterize the “alcoholic lung” phenotype.
Veterinary hemodialysis: advances in management and technology

Hemodialysis (HD) is a renal replacement therapy that can enable recovery of patients in acute kidney failure and prolong survival for patients with end-stage kidney failure. HD is also uniquely suited for management of refractory volume overload and removal of certain toxins from the bloodstream. Over the last decade, veterinary experience with HD has deepened and refined and its geographic availability has increased. As awareness of the usefulness and availability of dialytic therapy increases among veterinarians and pet owners and the number of veterinary dialysis facilities increases, dialytic management will become the standard of advanced care for animals with severe intractable uremia.
Parthenogenesis in Culex fatigans

Parthenogenesis occurs in the mosquito Culex fatigans. Three larvae were hatched from 85,851 eggs in tests of eggs from 1001 females. There were 618 egg rafts; the three larvae were from different rafts.
Configuration mixing in the mass 14 system

Abstract It is shown that a Hamiltonian consisting of central, spin-orbit and tensor forces cannot give the properties of the low-lying positive parity states in the mass 14 system if only p-shell states are considered, and if the central and spin-orbit matrix elements are chosen in accord with the values found in fitting the properties of neighbouring nuclei. It is suggested that configuration mixing plays an important role even for the low-lying states of this system.
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors: Physiology, Pharmacology, and Disease

The metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are family C G-protein-coupled receptors that participate in the modulation of synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability throughout the central nervous system. The mGluRs bind glutamate within a large extracellular domain and transmit signals through the receptor protein to intracellular signaling partners. A great deal of progress has been made in determining the mechanisms by which mGluRs are activated, proteins with which they interact, and orthosteric and allosteric ligands that can modulate receptor activity. The widespread expression of mGluRs makes these receptors particularly attractive drug targets, and recent studies continue to validate the therapeutic utility of mGluR ligands in neurological and psychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia.
Approaching zero-temperature metallic states in mesoscopic superconductor-normal-superconductor arrays

It has long been debated whether it is possible to approach a zero-temperature metallic state in a two-dimensional system. A study of the electrical characteristics of arrays of superconducting islands of varying thickness and spacing on a normal metal film suggests it is.
Saving Them From Yourself: AnInquiry into the South Asian Gift of Fearlessness

This article considers the importance of indigenous classifications in the study of comparative ethics. Specifically, it explores medieval South Asian gift discourses from Jain, Theravada, and Hindu Dharmasastra sources, which list and discuss a variety of prescribed gifts. Such lists generally include a category of gift known as the “gift of fearlessness”(abhayadana), wherein refraining from harming others is considered a species of gift giving. This type of gift and the discussions concerning it unite generosity and nonviolence in a way that is suggestive for understanding how some medieval South Asian theorists conceived of the gift, human nature, and altruism.
Episodic coma in a new leukodystrophy

Among the leukodystrophies of a hypomyelinating nature, childhood ataxia with diffuse central nervous system hypomyelination exhibits the unique feature of rapid decrease in mental status after relatively minor head injuries or otherwise noncomplicated febrile illnesses. This article reports the case of a child with progressive spastic quadriparesis in whom unconsciousness developed repeatedly as a result of minor head trauma and required prolonged critical-care nursing. Although cognition is believed to be relatively preserved in this disorder, this child developed progressive cognitive decline. A detailed review of the literature is presented along with discussion of the potential mechanisms of neurologic deterioration.
Assessing Interprofessional Teamwork in Inpatient Medical Oncology Units

The authors conclude that in inpatient oncology units, discrepancies exist between nurses' and physicians' ratings of teamwork and collaboration. Oncologists seem to be unaware that teamwork is suboptimal in this setting.
Isolation, Culture, and Transplantation of Muscle Satellite Cells

Muscle satellite cells are a stem cell population required for postnatal skeletal muscle development and regeneration, accounting for 2-5% of sublaminal nuclei in muscle fibers. In adult muscle, satellite cells are normally mitotically quiescent. Following injury, however, satellite cells initiate cellular proliferation to produce myoblasts, their progenies, to mediate the regeneration of muscle. Transplantation of satellite cell-derived myoblasts has been widely studied as a possible therapy for several regenerative diseases including muscular dystrophy, heart failure, and urological dysfunction. Myoblast transplantation into dystrophic skeletal muscle, infarcted heart, and dysfunctioning urinary ducts has shown that engrafted myoblasts can differentiate into muscle fibers in the host tissues and display partial functional improvement in these diseases. Therefore, the development of efficient purification methods of quiescent satellite cells from skeletal muscle, as well as the establishment of satellite cell-derived myoblast cultures and transplantation methods for myoblasts, are essential for understanding the molecular mechanisms behind satellite cell self-renewal, activation, and differentiation. Additionally, the development of cell-based therapies for muscular dystrophy and other regenerative diseases are also dependent upon these factors. However, current prospective purification methods of quiescent satellite cells require the use of expensive fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) machines. Here, we present a new method for the rapid, economical, and reliable purification of quiescent satellite cells from adult mouse skeletal muscle by enzymatic dissociation followed by magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS). Following isolation of pure quiescent satellite cells, these cells can be cultured to obtain large numbers of myoblasts after several passages. These freshly isolated quiescent satellite cells or ex vivo expanded myoblasts can be transplanted into cardiotoxin (CTX)-induced regenerating mouse skeletal muscle to examine the contribution of donor-derived cells to regenerating muscle fibers, as well as to satellite cell compartments for the examination of self-renewal activities.
Yield and Nutritional Quality Traits of White Lupin Sprouts

Use of mature lupin seeds for human nutrition has been prevalent since ancient times. Lupin seed have been used as food for over 3000 years around the Mediterranean and for as much as 6000 years in the Andean highlands. However, no information is available about value-added products from lupin, especially white lupin ( Lupinus albus L.), for human consumption. We prepared sprouts from seed of eight white lupin genotypes, grown at two locations in Virginia during 2003-04 crop season. These sprouts were analyzed for various traits. Location effects were significantly for all traits except for moisture content of sprouts whereas genotypic effects were significant only for fresh sprout yield. The mean values for fresh yield (g) and contents (percent on dry weight basis) of moisture, crude fiber, oil, and protein, in white lupin sprouts were 74.8, 78.4, 16.7, 7.6, and 41.3, respectively. Oil and protein contents of white lupin sprouts were similar to alfalfa sprouts whereas white lupin sprouts had higher contents of oil and protein than mungbean sprouts. Based on crude fiber content, white lupin sprouts were superior to alfalfa and mungbean sprouts. Results indicated that white lupin sprouts have potential as human food.
The Self of the Christian Therapist Doing Sex Therapy: A Model for Training Christian Sex Therapists

Upon a thorough review of the literature, the authors failed to find sufficient information and resources for Christian therapists conducting sex therapy. Our intent is to provide a model for self-of-the-therapist work for both therapists and their supervisors. The model includes various worksheets for self-reflection and different considerations for the Christian therapist to review. The model is rooted in the theoretical tenets of Narrative and Bowen Family Systems theories. The authors use the ideas of understanding our dominant story and lenses from Narrative theory and differentiation and taking an I-position from Bowen Family Systems theory. We begin by giving a brief history of the relationship between Christianity and sexuality, highlight the importance of self-of-the-therapist work, and explain the rationale for use of Narrative and Bowen theories. Finally, we present our model, which includes several worksheets for use in supervision or independently by the therapist.
Improving context-aware query classification via adaptive self-training

Topical classification of user queries is critical for general-purpose web search systems. It is also a challenging task, due to the sparsity of query terms and the lack of labeled queries. On the other hand, search contexts embedded in query sessions and unlabeled queries free on the web have not been fully utilized in most query classification systems. In this work, we leverage these information to improve query classification accuracy.We first incorporate search contexts into our framework using a Conditional Random Field (CRF) model. Discriminative training of CRFs is favored over the traditional maximum likelihood training because of its robustness to noise. We then adapt self-training with our model to exploit the information in unlabeled queries. By investigating different confidence measurements and model selection strategies, we effectively avoid the error-reinforcing nature of self-training. In extensive experiments on real search logs, we have averaged around 20% improvement in classification accuracy over other state-of-the-art baselines.
Acute peroneal compartment syndrome in a well conditioned athlete: report of a case

A case report of acute peroneal compartment syndrome occurring in a 25-year-old male softball player is presented, in which neuropraxia of the common peroneal nerve occurred within 8 hr after onset and in which complete recovery occurred after fasciotomy was done 13 hr after onset of symptoms. A plea is made for early diagnosis and complete fasciotomy carried out as a surgical emergency. This must be accomplished if results previously reported, indicating permanent disability in 80%, are to be improved.
SNMP-an overview of its merits and demerits

The paper is a tutorial which evaluates the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), which was propounded by the IAB (Internet Activities Board) in 1988 for managing TCP/IP networks. SNMP is relatively new and research activities are ongoing in the IAB task forces for enhancing SNMP. However, the usefulness of this protocol has made it already a popular candidate in enterprise networks. The latest version-SNMPv2-was released in 1993. As SNMP is relatively new, this tutorial is intended to bring out the salient features of this useful protocol. >
DNA sequence determinants for binding of the Escherichia coli catabolite gene activator protein.

The consensus DNA site for binding of the Escherichia coli catabolite gene activator protein (CAP) is 22 base pairs in length and is 2-fold symmetric: 5’AAATGT~ATCTAGATCACATTT-3~. Positions 4 to 8 of each half of the consensus DNA half-site are the most strongly conserved. In this report, we analyze the effects of substitution of DNA base pairs at positions 4 to 8, the effects of substitution of thymine by uracil and by 6-methylcytosine at positions 4, 6, and 8, and the effect of dam methylation of the 5’-GATC-3’ sequence at positions 7 to 10. All DNA sites having substitutions of DNA base pairs at positions 4 to 8 exhibit lower affinities for CAP than does the consensus DNA site, consistent with the proposal that the consensus DNA site is the ideal DNA site for CAP. Specificity for T:A at position 4 appears to be determined solely by the thymine 5-methyl group. Specificity for T:A at position 6 and specificity for A:T at position 8 appear to be determined in part, but not solely, by the thymine &methyl group. dam methylation has little effect on CAP-DNA complex formation. The thermodynamically defined consensus DNA site spans 28 base pairs. All, or nearly all, DNA determinants required for maximal affinity for CAP and for maximal thermodynamically defined CAP. DNA ion pair formation are contained within a 28-base pair DNA fragment that has the 22-base pair consensus DNA site at its center. The quantitative data in this report provide base-line thermodynamic data required for detailed investigations of amino acid-base pair and amino acid-phosphate contacts in this protein-DNA complex.
Empirical Evaluation of User Models and User-Adapted Systems

Empirical evaluations are needed to determine which users are helped or hindered by user-adapted interaction in user modeling systems. A review of past UMUAI articles reveals insufficient empirical evaluations, but an encouraging upward trend. Rules of thumb for experimental design, useful tests for covariates, and common threats to experimental validity are presented. Reporting standards including effect size and power are proposed.
Experiencing Mistreatment at Work: the Role of Grievance Filing, Nature of Mistreatment, and Employee Withdrawal

Examining a neglected issue, we investigated the relationships between employees' feeling mistreated, grievance filing, the nature of the perceived mistreatment, and employee withdrawal. Results in...
A new technique for transmission of signals from implantable transducers

To reduce space requirements for implant electronics in in vivo telemetry applications, the purpose of this project was to develop and test a new data transmission method that utilizes the ionic properties of bodily fluids as the transmission medium. Motivated by an interest in using the new method to transmit information from a sensor which measures tension in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) grafts, a sine wave was injected into a cadaver leg using platinum electrodes implanted into the lateral femoral epicondyle. The signal was detected by electromyogram (EMG) surface electrodes. The effect of transmission frequency, the current injected, interelectrode separation, distance of the electrodes from the joint line, and the surface of electrode placement on the signal attenuation was studied. The logarithmic relation between attenuation and frequency was constant from 2 kHz until 10 kHz. For frequencies above 10 kHz, the attenuation increased linearly at the rate of 1 dB/octave. Attenuation was inversely sensitive to both current and interelectrode separation with larger separations and currents giving less attenuation. Attenuation was significantly less for the lateral thigh surface than for the anterior surface and increased with increasing distance from the joint line for both surfaces. For the application of interest here, suitable values of transmission variables to avoid the possible negative consequences of injecting current into living tissue are a current of 3 mA injected at a frequency of 37 kHz. The values of reception variables for minimum attenuation are wide interelectrode separation (5 cm) with the electrodes placed 5 cm proximal of the joint line on the lateral surface of the thigh. With the exception of the surface which is application dependent, these values of the reception variables should also be appropriate for other applications.
Prenatal Intervention for Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction

Hydronephrosis is one of the most common abnormalities detected on routine prenatal ultrasounds, being noted in up to 1% of fetuses. Rarely, severe hydronephrosis coexists with oligohydramnios, which portends a poor prognosis. We review the most recent literature on the results of prenatal intervention in this setting. Presently, the first randomized controlled trial to address whether prenatal vesicoamniotic shunting improves survival and renal function is underway, and should address the value of prenatal intervention.
Grit, Guts, and Vanilla Beans Godly Masculinity in the Ex-Gay Movement

Ex-gay ministries, like many evangelical groups, advocate traditional gender ideologies. But their discourses and practices generate masculine ideals that are quite distinct from hegemonic ones. I argue that rather than simply reproducing hegemonic masculinity, ex-gay ministries attempt to realize godly masculinity, an ideal that differs significantly from hegemonic masculinity and is explicitly critical of it. I discuss three aspects of the godly masculine ideal—de-emphasizing heterosexual conquest, inclusive masculinity, and homo-intimacy—that work to subvert hegemonic masculinity and allow ministry members to critique it while still advocating for innate gender distinction and hierarchy. I conclude by arguing that gender theorists need to be more precise in distinguishing conservative religious masculinities from hegemonic ones.
Retinal Microvascular Abnormalities and Cognitive Impairment in Middle-Aged Persons The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

Background and Purpose— Cerebral microvascular disease has been hypothesized to contribute to cognitive impairment, but few clinical data are available. Here, we examine the relation of retinal mic...
Effect of Antioxidant Application Methods on the Color, Lipid Oxidation and Volatiles of Irradiated Ground Beef

Four antioxidant treatments (none, 0.05% ascorbic acid, 0.01% α-tocopherol+0.01% sesamol, and 0.05% ascorbic acid+0.01% α-tocopherol+0.01% sesamol) were applied to ground beef using either mixing or spraying method. The meat samples were placed on Styrofoam trays, irradiated at 0 or 2.5 kGy, and then stored for 7 d at 4° C. Color, lipid oxidation, and volatiles were determined at 0, 3, and 7 d of storage. Irradiation increased lipid oxidation of ground beef with control and ascorbic acid treatments after 3 days of storage. α-Tocopherol+sesamol and ascorbic acid+α- tocopherol+sesamol treatments were effective in slowing down lipid oxidation in ground beef during storage regardless of application methods, but mixing was better than spraying method. Ascorbic acid was the most effective in maintaining redness of ground beef followed by ascorbic acid+α-tocopherol+sesamol. Beef sprayed with antioxidants produced more hydrocarbons and alcohols than mixing application, but ascorbic acid+α-tocopherol+sesamol treatment was effective in reducing the amount of volatiles produced by irradiation. Therefore, mixing was better than spraying method in preventing lipid oxidation and maintaining color of irradiated ground beef.
Warm and cold specific somatosensory systems. Psychophysical thresholds, reaction times and peripheral conduction velocities.

SUMMARY Perception thresholds for warm and cold sensation were measured by two methods, the method of levels and the method of limits, at various rates of temperature change. The following findings were obtained. (1) The threshold value is critically dependent upon the method through which it is obtained, being higher for the method that includes reaction time in the measurement. (2) When using a method that includes participation of reaction time, threshold increases with increasing rate of temperature change. (3) The artefactual threshold elevation recorded through the method of limits corresponds precisely to the reaction time. (4) Conduction velocities for the primary afferents mediating the sensations of warm and cold, calculated on the basis of reaction time and conduction distance are in keeping with the mediation of warm sensation by unmyelinated primary afferents and of cold sensation by small myelinated afferents. (5) Measurement of threshold by the method of levels and direct measurement of reaction time enables calculation of conduction velocity for the specific sensory submodality tested from a single stimulation site.
Multiple sclerosis: the lipid relationship

Between 1949 and 1984, 150 multiple sclerosis patients consumed low-fat diets. Fats, oils, and protein intakes; disability; and deaths were determined. On daily fat consumption of less than 20.1 g (average 17 g), 31% died and deterioration was slight. Daily intakes of greater than 20 g (average of either 25 or 41 g) were attended by serious disability and deaths of 79% and 81%, respectively. Oil intakes bore an indirect relationship to fat consumption. Treatment early and before severe disability developed improved prognosis, and females tended to do better than males. High sensitivity to fats suggests they are involved in the genesis of multiple sclerosis.
Is There an International Life Cycle for Foreign Bank Advertising

Advertisements by foreign banks in the U.S. were examined using standard content analysis procedures to determine services advertised, promotional themes utilized, and the degree of internationalization of the strategy depicted. Results indicate that the overwhelming majority of ads emphasize general institutional characteristics and only occasionally focus on specific services. Further, themes stress size-assets, internationality, experience, and competitiveness. Significant differences in services advertised, themes stressed, and degree of internationalization were noted between the first half and the last half of the period studied. This supports the notion of an international advertising life cycle, whereby foreign banks change their ad strategies as they gain more experience in the U.S.
Development and Evaluation of Fuel Cell Buses

Vehicles powered by hydrogen fuel cells produce zero emissions of greenhouse-gases. For this reason, hydrogen fuel cell bus technology has been regarded as a viable alternative for the future of green mass transportation. As a result, several hydrogen fuel cell buses are being commissioned for trials and evaluations on numerous routes worldwide.Despite the relevance of the technology and sincere trials efforts of several fuel cell buses, the progress in the development and utilization of hydrogen fuel cell bus technology has been sluggish at best. In addition, the road to full commercialization of fuel cell buses for public transportation is undefined, unclear, and risky for developers, planners, as well as mass transient end users.Most of the fuel cell buses being tried on the road today are built or converted with the rate of one bus at time. In most cases, a fuel cell system integrator combines a fuel cell from one of the few available suppliers with the bus body from a bus manufacturer for trial or technology demonstration. Accordingly, most of the fuel cell buses being evaluated today could be considered as prototypes or proof of concept.The key characteristics and attributes upon which these buses are being evaluated such as affordability, durability, and reliability have not been matured and validated through a rigorously structured and controlled mass production process. Consequently the results of these evaluations could be misleading.For proper and more objective evaluation of fuel cell bus technologies better understanding of controlled and validated mass production processes is necessary. Unfortunately, there are no documented efforts that address fuel cell buses production concerns. In this paper, development and evaluation issues related to hydrogen fuel cell buses and technologies will be addressed. In addition, some of the key characteristics of fuel cell buses will be studied.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Vitamin A and vitamin E statuses of preschool children of socioeconomically disadvantaged families living in the midwestern United States.

Objective: To determine the vitamin A and vitamin E statuses of socioeconomically disadvantaged preschool American children. Design: Cross-sectional study of preschool children from socioeconomically disadvantaged families. Setting: Central Iowa, USA. Subjects: A group of 77 apparently healthy children was studied with the following characteristics: 5 mo–6 y; 37 males, 40 females; 56 non-Hispanic Caucasians, 3 Hispanics, 18 Afro-Americans. Methods: Modified relative dose response (MRDR) test for vitamin A status assessment; serum retinol, α-tocopherol, cholesterol, and carotenoids; weight for age. Results: Although the mean weight for age was the 53rd percentile of the NCHS standard, a significant number of children (P=0.006, Χ2) were either markedly underweight or overweight. Ratios of 3,4-didehydroretinol to retinol (DR/R) were >0.030 in 32% of the children. Mean serum retinol, α-tocopherol and cholesterol (±s.d.) were 1.09±0.23 μM/L, 16.8±6.3 μM/L and 4.01±0.8 mM/L. Three children (3.9%) showed a serum retinol value <0.7 μM/L. One child with a serum retinol value <0.7μM/L and one additional child showed a ratio of α-tocopherol to cholesterol <1.44 μmol/mmol. The mean α-tocopherol to cholesterol ratio for the group (4.31±1.71 μmol/mmol), however, was satisfactory. The only significant (P≤0.05) age-related changes were an increase in the serum cholesterol (P=0.005) and decrease in the α-tocopherol to cholesterol ratio (P<0.005) between the 0–2 y and the 2–4 y groups. Serum cholesterol (P=0.0165, two-tailed) and lycopene (P=0.004) concentrations of Afro-Americans were significantly higher than those of Caucasians. Median serum concentrations of α-carotene and β-carotene were lower and, of lycopene, higher than those found in children studied in a national survey. Serum carotenoid concentrations generally increased with age. Conclusions: Larger percentages of underweight and overweight children and a significant degree (32%) of inadequate vitamin A status were found in this group of socioeconomically disadvantaged children. Afro-Americans showed higher serum cholesterol and lycopene concentrations than did Caucasians, but otherwise were nutritionally similar. Age-related changes were small. Of nutritional parameters considered, the vitamin A status of socioeconomically disadvantaged segments of our population clearly needs attention. Sponsorship: NIH-HD27994, ISU/CDFIN/USDA 94-34115-0269
The overall theme park experience: A visitor satisfaction tracking study:

The theme park industry has experienced steady growth for many years, and it has developed into a global phenomenon. Monitoring visitor satisfaction is critical to help ensure a satisfying overall experience, customer value, and repeat visits. Here, we examine ten years of customer satisfaction tracking data collected at a major US theme park. The study focuses on identifying significant factors influencing customer evaluation of and satisfaction with the overall theme park experience. The key findings reveal that visitors evaluate the theme park primarily on overall park experience and value, park food quality, value, and variety, and park cleanliness and atmosphere. Satisfaction with the total cost of the park visit is primarily predicted by perceptions of the admission price/value, general enjoyment, and customer expectations of the experience. Additional findings concerning the important role of expectations and prior park experiences in visitor satisfaction are detailed.
‘We Shall Crush Apartheid’: Nelson Mandela, Steve Biko and the Rhetoric of the South African Anti-Apartheid Jeremiad

This essay recognizes the social protest rhetoric of former President Nelson Mandela and Black Consciousness Movement founder Steve Biko as jeremiads that called for social change in the midst of the apartheid despotic structure. Although they employed varying methods while delivering their jeremiads, they sought to fulfill their missions as representatives of justice and social equality. The uncovering of an anti-apartheid jeremiadic discourse in South African social protest—a tradition characterized by a steadfast refusal to adapt to apartheid’s perspectives—indicates a complex failure of the established order. Anti-Apartheid jeremiadic discourse in the South African social protest tradition sought to rebuild or restructure community politics void of apartheid’s regime.
Roles of BRCA1 in centrosome duplication.

Centrosome duplication is under precise control and occurs only once in a normal mammalian cell cycle. Disruption of this process causes centrosome amplification, unequal segregation of chromosomes and, ultimately, tumorigenesis. Recent studies indicate that breast cancer suppressor gene 1 (BRCA1) plays an important role in regulating centrosome duplication. BRCA1 is located in the centrosome and binds to γ-tubulin. It interacts with a variety of proteins that regulate centrosome duplication, including BRCA2, CDK2–Cyclin A, CDK2–Cyclin E, Gadd45, p21, p53 and Rb. Furthermore, targeted disruption of murine BRCA1 results in centrosome amplification, suggesting that BRCA1 serves as a negative regulator for centrosome duplication. This review will examine these data and discuss possible relationships between BRCA1 and its interacting proteins in centrosome duplication.
Growth of Stage I King Crab Larvae of Paralithodes Camtschatica (Tilesius) (Decapoda: Lithodidae) in Natural Communities

ABSTRACT Growth assays were done with first stage zoeae of Paralithodes camtschatica (Tilesius), which are grazers, to determine what types of phytoplankton communities could support larval growth. First stage zoeae were initially reared in water collected from depths with the highest chlorophyll concentration in Auke Bay, Alaska. In those 1987 experiments the highest growth rate was 8% dry body weight per day (b.w.d-1) and occurred when Thalassiosira spp. dominated the phytoplankton community. Later in the bloom, when Skeletonema costatum was the dominant diatom, growth rates averaged 2-3% dry b.w.d '. Additional growth assays during 1988 in Auke Bay used water from depths of 5, 10, and 20 m as the growth medium. In all 1988 experiments, Thalassiosira spp. dominated the phytoplankton community. The other two common diatom genera, Chaetoceros spp. and Skeletonema, were not abundant enough during the 1988 growth assays to be primary energy sources. Average growth rates varied from 1.4―10% dry b.w.d-1. Zoeae reared in water from all 3 depths during the spring diatom bloom grew. In 1987 and 1988 the best growth rates were observed during the peak of the spring bloom of Thalassiosira spp. Zoeal growth correlated well with abundance of Thalassiosira spp. in the growth assays. When concentrations of Thalassiosira spp. were less than 1,000 cells·ml-1, the equation relating growth to abundance of this genus was: growth (% dry b.w.d-1) = 0.013 (Thalassiosira spp. cells·ml-1) ― 1.07; r2 = 0.94. When Thalassiosira spp. were between 1,000 and 4,000 cells·ml-1 mean growth rates were similar to each other at 9―10% dry b.w.d-1. We suggest that diatom species composition and relative abundance are important factors modifying feeding success and growth of stage I larval king crab.
Registration of multitemporal aerial optical images using line features

Abstract Registration of multitemporal images is generally considered difficult because scene changes can occur between the times the images are obtained. Since the changes are mostly radiometric in nature, features are needed that are insensitive to radiometric differences between the images. Lines are geometric features that represent straight edges of rigid man-made structures. Because such structures rarely change over time, lines represent stable geometric features that can be used to register multitemporal remote sensing images. An algorithm to establish correspondence between lines in two images of a planar scene is introduced and formulas to relate the parameters of a homography transformation to the parameters of corresponding lines in images are derived. Results of the proposed image registration on various multitemporal images are presented and discussed.
Human factors in the emergency department: Is physician perception of time to intubation and desaturation rate accurate?

Objective The main objective of the present study was to examine the perceived versus actual time to intubation (TTI) as an indication to help determine the situational awareness of Emergency Physicians during rapid sequence intubation and, additionally, to determine the physician's perception of desaturation events. Methods A timed, observation prospective cohort study was conducted. A post-intubation survey was administered to the intubating physician. Each step of the procedure was timed by an observer in order to determine actual TTI. The number of desaturation events was also recorded. Results One hundred individual intubations were included. The provider perceived TTI was significantly different and underestimated when compared with the actual TTI (23 s, 95% confidence interval (CI) 20.4–25.49 vs 45.5 s, 95% CI 40.2–50.7, P < 0.001, respectively). Pearson correlation coefficient of perceived TTI to actual TTI was r2 = 0.39 (95% CI 0.21–0.54, P < 0.001). The provider perceived desaturation rate was also significantly different from actual desaturation rate (13, 95% CI 3–12 vs 23, 95% CI 13–29, P = 0.05, respectively). The overall time to desaturation was 65.1 s. Conclusions Our findings have shown that provider's perception of TTI occurs sooner than actually observed. Also, the providers were less aware of desaturation during the procedure.
Interpretable Decision Sets: A Joint Framework for Description and Prediction

One of the most important obstacles to deploying predictive models is the fact that humans do not understand and trust them. Knowing which variables are important in a model's prediction and how they are combined can be very powerful in helping people understand and trust automatic decision making systems. Here we propose interpretable decision sets, a framework for building predictive models that are highly accurate, yet also highly interpretable. Decision sets are sets of independent if-then rules. Because each rule can be applied independently, decision sets are simple, concise, and easily interpretable. We formalize decision set learning through an objective function that simultaneously optimizes accuracy and interpretability of the rules. In particular, our approach learns short, accurate, and non-overlapping rules that cover the whole feature space and pay attention to small but important classes. Moreover, we prove that our objective is a non-monotone submodular function, which we efficiently optimize to find a near-optimal set of rules. Experiments show that interpretable decision sets are as accurate at classification as state-of-the-art machine learning techniques. They are also three times smaller on average than rule-based models learned by other methods. Finally, results of a user study show that people are able to answer multiple-choice questions about the decision boundaries of interpretable decision sets and write descriptions of classes based on them faster and more accurately than with other rule-based models that were designed for interpretability. Overall, our framework provides a new approach to interpretable machine learning that balances accuracy, interpretability, and computational efficiency.
Novel Cu(I)-Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition ligand for applications in radiometal based pharmaceuticals

275 Objectives Cu(I)-Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Cycloadditions (CuAAC) are regarded as an ideal synthetic tool for the time-sensitive production of radiopharmaceuticals. However, interactions between the Cu(I) catalyst and chelator along with cumbersome removal of the toxic catalyst significantly restrict applications for metal-based radiopharmaceuticals. The goal of our study was to develop a novel ligand which could revive CuAAC9s application in metal-based radiopharmaceuticals by overcoming both transchelation and catalyst removal problems. Methods A novel fluorous-tagged ligand (FBTTBE) was designed and synthesized. The reactivity of this ligand was then compared to two widely used ligands, TBTA and THPTA, via a previously reported fluorogenic assay[1] . In the presence of Cu(I) and FBTTBE, a reaction between 64Cu incorporated N3-CB-TE1K1P and acetylene functionalized AE105 peptide was completed within 15 minutes. The toxic catalyst was then removed by F-SPE (flourous-tagged solid phase extraction). Additionally, a 64Cu-labeled antibody was successfully prepared in 30 min in high specific activity (SA) using FBTTBE catalyzed CuAAC. Results Results from the fluorogenic assay indicated that FBTTBE catalyzed CuAAC was complete within 15 min, whereas no more than 40% yields were achieved even after 15 h using TBTA or THPTA. Importantly, less than 1% transchelation was observed in the FBTTBE catalyzed CuAAC between the 64Cu-chelator and acetylene functionalized biomolecules. In addition, over 99% of the catalyst could be quickly removed by F-SPE. The entire radiosynthesis took around 30 min with a SA of 1.0 mCi/nmole for the peptide labeling and 10 μCi/μg for the antibody labeling, which can be further improved by HPLC purification of N3-64Cu-CB-TE1K1P prior to CuAAC. Conclusions By using the novel ligand FBTTBE, a generic platform for the rapid preparation of radiometal-labeled biomolecules was successfully developed, which overcomes both radiometal transchelation and toxic catalyst removal problems associated with current CuAAC systems. Research Support This research was supported by NIH R21-EB017317.