cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What are the major transitions

The ‘Major Transitions in Evolution’ (MTE) framework has emerged as the dominant paradigm for understanding the origins of life's hierarchical organization, but it has been criticized on the grounds that it lacks theoretical unity, that is, that the events included in the framework do not constitute a coherent category. I agree with this criticism, and I argue that the best response is to modify the framework so that the events it includes do comprise a coherent category, one whose members share fundamental similarities. Specifically, I recommend defining major transitions as all those, and only those, events and processes that result in the emergence of a new population of evolutionary individuals. Two sorts of change will be required to achieve this. First, events and processes that do not meet this criterion, such as the origins of the genetic code and of human language, should be excluded. Second, events and processes that do meet the criterion, but which have generally been neglected, should be included. These changes would have the dual benefits of making MTEs a philosophically coherent category and of increasing the sample size on which we may infer trends and general principles that may apply to all MTEs.
Evaluation of Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing of High Purity Copper for Overhang Structures Using In-Situ Real Time Backscatter Electron Monitoring

Abstract Electron beam based additive manufacturing (AM) with copper must consider the high intrinsic thermal conductivity of copper as well as the greater difference between the thermal properties of the AM article and the surrounding or underlying powder bed. Successful processing requires multi-step control of the beam-bed interactions driven by a combination of a priori calculations and real-time monitoring and feedback to achieve melt pool size stability and appropriate bed/article temperatures as thermal boundary conditions vary based on geometry. The objective of this work is to utilize electron imaging to rapidly assess the processing space for copper with a wide shift in thermal boundary conditions using samples with overhang features. A modified commercial Arcam EBM AM system and process parameter space are described that allow successful AM of copper for complex geometries.
Foreign language proficiency in higher education

In this edited volume, Winke and Gass’s primary goal is to describe language proficiency assessment practices in institutions of higher education. This volume centers on reports from three universi...
Metalinguistic Discourse and “Grenglish” in Narratives of Return Migration

This study examines the nexus of language use, ideologies, and ethnolinguistic identities of diasporic Greek return migrants. Based on interviews with second-generation Greeks who have relocated to Athens, we analyze narratives of return to the ancestral homeland. We focus on returnees’ discovery of their native variety—“Grenglish”—as distinctive from the Greek of contemporary Athens. Some frame linguistic differences in terms of dialect or register, while others invoke standard language ideologies, evaluating varieties in terms of purity and tradition/modernization. Returnees also mobilize these varieties to explain cultural conflicts, position identities, and authenticate their knowledge of homeland and diasporic cultures. This study highlights the complex relationship between linguistic hybridity and ethnic identity by exploring the indexical meanings of a heritage language in a superdiverse society.
Mitigating amorphization in superhard boron carbide by microalloying-induced stacking fault formation

The abnormal brittle failure of superhard boron carbide $({\mathrm{B}}_{4}\mathrm{C})$ and other icosahedral solids arises from the shear-induced amorphization. Mitigating the amorphization in these materials remains challenging due to the lack of other deformation mechanisms such as mobile dislocations. This paper illustrates the shear-induced amorphization process of ${\mathrm{B}}_{4}\mathrm{C}$ from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using quantum-mechanics-derived machine-learning force field. The amorphization in ${\mathrm{B}}_{4}\mathrm{C}$ initiates from the disintegration of icosahedral clusters, and then this icosahedral deconstruction propagates and merges to form an amorphous region with 2--3 nm in width, leading to the following cavitation and brittle failure. More interesting, the deformation mechanism transforms from amorphization to stacking fault (SF) formation by microalloying aluminum (Al) into ${\mathrm{B}}_{4}\mathrm{C}$. This SF formation originates from the enhanced icosahedral slip as the Al is incorporated into the C-B-C chain to form a C-Al-C chain. This paper illustrates a deformation mechanism of superhard icosahedral solids and provides a strategy for suppressing the amorphization and brittle failure of ${\mathrm{B}}_{4}\mathrm{C}$.
Devils’ Hells and Astronomers’ Heavens: Religion, Method, and Popular Culture in Speculations About Life on Comets

According to eighteenth-century astronomical theory, comets were opaque, spherical, solid bodies shining by reflected light and revolving in elliptical orbits around the sun. The perceived similarities between them and the planets raised the question of their fitness for habitation. At the heart of this question was a tension among natural theology, scientific reasoning, and popular culture. Theology played a role in suggesting how the existence of extraterrestrial life was to God’s credit, and its natural side sought to divine the Lord’s purposes in populating the heavenly bodies. Scientific reasoning played a role in posing what that life might be like, given the material and biological conditions assumed to inhere on the heavenly bodies by analogy with the earth. And popular culture shaped the way that rules of reasoning and natural theology were applied to the case of comets. Before turning our attention to speculations about cometarians, let us examine the doctrine of the plurality of worlds with its religious and methodological underpinnings.
Shaping Women's Sexuality: The Role of Parental Attachments

A survey research design was utilized to examine the influence of mother-daughter and father-daughter attachments during adolescence on the intimate relationships, sexual activities, and sexual satisfaction of adult women who were health-care related professionals. The findings indicated that there were significant differences regarding mother figure-daughter and father figure-daughter attachment for perceived marital quality and sexual activities with the opposite and same-sex partners. Furthermore, women who were attached to both their mother and father figures were more likely to perceive psychological sexual satisfaction.
Fenton reactions in lipid phases: iron solubility, .OH production, and initiation of lipid oxidation.

There has been much discussion in this meeting regarding the involvement of hydroxyl radicals (OH), oxidizing lipids, and metal ions in oxidative damage in living tissue and in food systems. However, the causal relationships linking these three species to each other and to specific damage in cells have not yet been clarified. Indeed, the literature is replete with contradictory claims regarding their activity and effects.
Characterization of the Lipids of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens

Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens strain D-1 was grown on a lipid-free chemically defined medium. The lipids were extracted with chloroform-methanol and separated into nonpolar and polar fractions by silicic acid column chromatography. Further separations were made by preparative thin-layer chromatography. The lipid fractions were identified by specific staining reactions and RF values, by phosphorus and nitrogen determinations, by chromatography of hydrolysis products, and by the use of infrared spectroscopy. The major nonpolar lipid was free fatty acid. Four major polar lipids were identified: phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidyl glycerol, lipoaminoacid, and glycolipid. The lipoaminoacid contained alanine, leucine, and isoleucine. The glycolipid contained galactose. The major fatty acids identified were C16:0 and C18:1. The significance of the presence of lipoaminoacid is discussed.
Sleep Well: A Sound Sleep Monitoring Framework for Community Scaling

Following healthy lifestyle is a key for active living. Regular exercise, controlled diet and sound sleep play an invisible role on the well being and independent living of the people. Sleep being the most durative activities of daily living (ADL) has a major synergistic influence on people's mental, physical and cognitive health. Understanding the sleep behavior longitudinally and its underpinning clausal relationships with physiological signals and contexts (such as eye or body movement etc.) horizontally responsible for a sound or disruptive sleep pattern help provide meaningful information for promoting healthy lifestyle and designing appropriate intervention strategy. In this paper we propose to detect the microscopic states of the sleep which fundamentally constitute the components of a good or bad sleeping behavior and help shape the formative assessment of sleep quality. We initially investigate several classification techniques to identify and correlate the relationship of microscopic sleep states with the overall sleep behavior. Subsequently we propose an online algorithm based on change point detection to better process and classify the microscopic sleep states and then test a lightweight version of this algorithm for real time sleep monitoring activity recognition and assessment at scale. For a larger deployment of our proposed model across a community of individuals we propose an active learning based methodology by reducing the effort of ground truth data collection. We evaluate the performance of our proposed algorithms on real data traces, and demonstrate the efficacy of our models for detecting and assessing fine-grained sleep states beyond an individual.
The Problem of Orphan Works

The Internet provides a comparatively simple, comparatively cheap method for publishing and distributing content. With access to a server or web hosting service, some basic web creation software and a bit of time, anyone can become a publisher with a theoretical ability to access as many potential readers as the largest traditional publishing company. When you add in digital conversion technologies a new world of content distribution opens up, a world with both positive and negative aspects for owners of copyrighted material. The negative aspects include file sharing, appropriation of graphics and artwork, and pirated software and movies. More positive is the ability to preserve, archive and distribute the scattered pieces of our social, cultural, and artistic histories. Universities, libraries, non-profit organizations and even some commercial companies are scouring their vaults to allow access to what was once virtually lost to history.Much of this nearly lost material, however, is still protected by copyright. Determining if a copyright still exists and if so, who owns the copyright is often very difficult. If copyrighted works are used without permission, damages in the hundreds to thousands of dollars per infringing item may be awarded. For a library or non-profit organization, the risk is too much to take on and much of this history lost or obscure. These lost copyrights have earned the name “Orphan works”. After the Supreme Court’s 2003 decision affirming the latest copyright term extension, Congress asked the Register of Copyrights to investigate the issue of Orphan Works, evaluate the challenges and identify possible solutions. After a series of round-table meetings and a lengthy comment period, the Copyright Office released its “Report on Orphan Works” on January 31.
Common Expression of the Tumor Marker d-Galactose-β-[1→3]-N-Acetyl-d-Galactosamine by Different Adenocarcinomas: Evidence of Field Effect Phenomenon

The simple carbohydrate tumor marker D-galactose-beta-[1-->3]-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (Gal-GalNAc) can be easily identified by a sequential galactose oxidase (GO)-Schiff reaction either on tissues or on rectal mucus samples from patients with colorectal cancer. To check the usefulness of this marker and technology in identifying cancers and precancers of other organs, we have assessed the differential expression of Gal-GalNAc in various adenocarcinomas and their corresponding normal tissues. The expression of Gal-GalNAc determined by GO-Schiff sequence was examined in a total of 133 tissue samples from 81 cases of the adenocarcinomas of the breast, ovary, pancreas, stomach, and endometrium and 52 cases of respective normal controls. None of the 52 cases of normal tissues (except 15 cases of stomach) showed expression of Gal-GalNAc. In contrast, 100% of adenocarcinomas from the breast (19 of 19), ovary (15 of 15), and pancreas (6 of 6), 94.1% of stomach (16 of 17) cancers, and 91.7% (11 of 12) of uterine adenocarcinomas expressed Gal-GalNAc. The expression of Gal-GalNAc in cancerous tissues was mostly strong and widespread and was distributed in both secreted mucin and cytoplasmic mucin droplets. The normal epithelia and their secretions in the vicinity of the carcinoma (within the "field") in the breast, bronchus, endometrium, and pancreatic duct also expressed Gal-GalNAc in contrast to normal tissues obtained from noncancerous individuals, which were totally nonreactive. It is concluded that the tumor marker Gal-GalNAc recognized by GO-Schiff sequence was highly expressed not only by a variety of adenocarcinomas but also by the apparently normal-appearing epithelia and their secretions in the vicinity of carcinomas, strongly suggesting a field effect phenomenon of carcinogenic agent(s). Identification of the marker in these secretions may have great potential in our strategies for mass screening for those cancers.
A case of compulsive behaviors observed in a restless legs syndrome patient treated with a dopamine agonist.

DOPAMINE AGONISTS, ROPINIROLE AND PRAMIPEXOLE, ARE THE ONLY FDA-APPROVED RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME (RLS) THERAPIES. AS SUCH, THESE TWO dopamine agonists are considered the first line of treatment (generally at low doses) for RLS in current evidenced-based guidelines.1 Dopamine agonists have long been used at higher doses to treat Parkinson disease (PD), and compulsive behaviors are well known to be associated with dopamine agonist use at these levels.2 In a small number of case reports, however, gambling has been observed in individuals with RLS who were treated on a low dose of dopamine agonists.3–5 In addition, Ondo and Lai6 reported that of 89 RLS patients treated with dopamine agonists, 7 manifested compulsive shopping behaviors and 2 manifested gambling, though none were reported to manifest the compulsive eating reported in some PD cases. The authors noted that a failure to identify similar compulsive behavioral patterns among RLS and PD patients likely related more to the higher dopamine agonist treatment range in PD rather than to specific neurobiological etiologies underlying the two disorders. Thus, Ondo and Lai speculated that the potential for RLS patients to develop compulsive behaviors may be less noticeable given the smaller doses of dopamine agonists used to treat those patients.6
Serum pancreastatin: The next predictive neuroendocrine tumor marker

Background and Objectives Pancreastatin is a derived peptide of chromogranin A (CgA). Pancreastatin has the potential to be a diagnostic and predictive tumor marker in detecting NETs. Methods Radioimmunoassay tests of pancreastatin and CgA were performed on 103 patient specimens collected at Mount Sinai Medical Center between 1/2010 and 7/2012. Patient demographics, diagnostic tests, surgical procedures, pathologic findings, adjuvant treatments, and survival were retrospectively reviewed. Statistical analysis utilized SPSS v20 software. Results Mean pancreastatin levels were significantly higher in the 92 NETs patients than in the 11 non-NETs patients (227.261 vs. 59.727, P < 0.05). Twenty-seven of the 92 patients with elevated pancreastatin levels (mean = 240.67), had normal CgA levels (mean = 4.65). Pancreastatin had sensitivity and specificity of 64% (59/92), and 100% (11/11). CgA had lower sensitivity and specificity of 43% (40/92), and 64% (7/11). In all 27 instances the pancreastatin concentration was found to be sole indicator of NET disease. When controlling for the level of CgA for the entire sample, a statistically significant difference was not found in the mean pancreastatin levels between both patient groups (P = 0.139, R = 0.484). Conclusion Pancreastatin has greater sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing NETs than CgA. Further investigation of pancreastatin's diagnostic and predictive value is warranted J. Surg. Oncol. 2013; 108:126–128. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rethinking Housing Bubbles: The Role of Household and Bank Balance Sheets in Modeling Economic Cycles

In this highly original piece of work, Steven D. Gjerstad and Nobel Laureate Vernon L. Smith analyze the role of housing and its associated mortgage financing as a key element of economic cycles. The authors combine data from both laboratory and real markets to provide insight into the bubble propensity of real-world economic actors and use novel historical analysis on the Great Recession, the Great Depression, and all of the post-World War II recessions to establish the critical roles of housing, private-capital investment, and household and private institutional balance sheets in economic cycles. They develop a model that incorporates household balance sheets and bank balance sheets and offers insights based on this analysis concerning policy going forward, effectively changing the way economists think about economic cycles.
Family policy and the under‐3s: Money, services, and time in a policy package

The key components of social policy toward the elderly and disabled, and policies for families and their children, have featured what are by now widely employed income and service components. Now, as demographic and social change have motivated increasing numbers of countries to face the need for societal policies for children under the age of 3, exploration reveals the centrality of an additional policy dimension — time. A six-country study and earlier research targeted on this group finds that several major policy patterns are emerging, with individual country choices reflecting history, culture, religious traditions, political configurations, and resources. Referring to illustrative countries, the paper explicates these options: (a) supporting an at-home parent in “family work”; (b) backing a pattern of involvement of parents in both family and work; (c) offering parents of very young children the option of concentrating on family or work; (d) stressing programmes in support of the socialization and education of young children and their parents. It is suggested that social security institutions internationally contribute to these new developments through data collection, dissemination activities, and encouragement of discussion and research.
Effects of tensile-testing temperature on deformation and transformation behavior of retained austenite in a 0.14C-1.2Si-1.5Mn steel with ferrite-bainite-austenite structure

Abstract A 0.14% C-1.21% Si-1.57% Mn steel was processed by intercritical annealing followed by isothermal transformation to produce a structure of 75% ferrite, 13% bainite and 12% retained austenite. The role of retained austenite was studied by directly observing the deformation and transformation behavior of the retained austenite. The stability of the retained austenite was changed by varying tensile-testing temperature from − 80 °C to 120 °C. With increasing temperature, the stability of the retained austenite with deformation increased. Furthermore, the austenite stability increased with a decrease in the austenite particle size. For samples tested at both 20 °C and 120 °C, retained austenite was observed to remain in the deformed structure at high strain. The deformed retained austenite improved ductility by suppressing void formation at the interface between retained austenite and either ferrite or bainite. In contrast, for samples deformed at − 80 °C, void formation preferentially occurred by interface decohesion of martensite-ferrite or martensite-bainite. The results of this study indicate that the ductility in low-carbon steel with high contents of retained austenite can be altered by control of the austenite stability.
IcmF is a fusion between the radical B12 enzyme isobutyryl-CoA mutase and its G-protein chaperone.

Coenzyme B12 is used by two highly similar radical enzymes, which catalyze carbon skeleton rearrangements, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and isobutyryl-CoA mutase (ICM). ICM catalyzes the reversible interconversion of isobutyryl-CoA and n-butyryl-CoA and exists as a heterotetramer. In this study, we have identified >70 bacterial proteins, which represent fusions between the subunits of ICM and a P-loop GTPase and are currently misannotated as methylmalonyl-CoA mutases. We designate this fusion protein as IcmF (isobutyryl-CoA mutase fused). All IcmFs are composed of the following three domains: the N-terminal 5′-deoxyadenosylcobalamin binding region that is homologous to the small subunit of ICM (IcmB), a middle P-loop GTPase domain, and a C-terminal part that is homologous to the large subunit of ICM (IcmA). The P-loop GTPase domain has very high sequence similarity to the Methylobacterium extorquens MeaB, which is a chaperone for methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. We have demonstrated that IcmF is an active ICM by cloning, expressing, and purifying the IcmFs from Geobacillus kaustophilus, Nocardia farcinica, and Burkholderia xenovorans. This finding expands the known distribution of ICM activity well beyond the genus Streptomyces, where it is involved in polyketides biosynthesis, and suggests a role for this enzyme in novel bacterial pathways for amino acid degradation, myxalamid biosynthesis, and acetyl-CoA assimilation.
Putting a finger in the ring

Two complementary papers demonstrate that the homologous type II transmembrane proteins LAP1 and LULL1 adopt nucleotide-free AAA+ ATPase folds and donate arginine fingers to complete the active sites of Torsin AAA+ ATPases. Activated Torsin complexes appear to function in nuclear and endoplasmic reticulum membrane-remodeling processes, including a nuclear vesiculation pathway that carries large cellular and viral cargoes from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
Study of Real Options with Exogenous Competitive Entry to Analyze Dispute Resolution Ladder Investments in Architecture, Engineering, and Construction Projects

Architecture, engineering, and construction industry participants often find it pragmatic to implement a project-specific dispute resolution ladder (DRL) as a managerial tool to assist in the prompt resolution of claims and change orders (CCOs) that might arise during the project construction phase. This project-specific DRL consists of a single or multiple alternative dispute resolution (ADR) techniques that require capital expenditures to cover the expenses incurred by the owner’s/contractor’s employees and third-party neutrals. If a project-specific DRL is properly chosen, then the capital expenditures are outweighed by the expected benefits from the DRL implementation; namely, prompt resolution of the CCOs without incurring excessive cost overruns on an already financially stressed project budget, as well as avoiding the escalation of the claims to a dispute that requires long protracted litigation for final settlement. Typically, the decision as to which ADR techniques to include in the project-speci...
Elements of trust: Risk and perspective-taking

Trust is essential to personal well-being and economic success, but it cannot occur without accepting the possibility of betrayal. In the experimental trust game, game-theoretic rationality prescribes that trust decisions should depend on the potential risk (egocentric costs and benefits) and the probability of reciprocity (derived from the trustee's temptation to defect). The current work tests the relative weights of these elements. Experiment 1 shows that trust increases when costs decrease and benefits increase. The latter finding is critical because increasing the trustor's benefit also means increasing the trustee's temptation to defect. Hence, this finding suggests that egocentrism prevails over perspective-taking. Experiment 2 shows that the trustee's temptation to defect (negatively) affects trust, but only when the trustor's cost and benefit are favorable. Results are interpreted as reflecting a boundedly rational decision process.
State education policy in california

California education policy makers are among the most active in the nation. The dynamics of policy formation in this state are complex and fast-paced, with virtually every important dimension of the school system affected by recent state level decisions. Structurally, the current period began in 1968 when SB 1 passed the legislature and was signed into law. This bill, frequently called the "Magna Carta" of education, removed many state mandates for school programs and curriculum requirements, returning control of most issues to the local school districts. Reform movements of the late 60s and early 70s soon began to erode this newly established local control, of course, but for a brief moment the state succeeded in restoring power and prestige to local school boards. Before long, however, the state was thrust into the very center of policy when the California Supreme Court held inequities resulting from a school district finance system based on local property taxes to be in violation of the state constitution (Serano v. Priest, 1972). Within a decade, the passage of a major property tax reform referendum, the infamous Proposition 13, virtually cancelled the fiscal autonomy of local boards and ushered in a period of sweeping change in school finance and governance. Other changes were brought on by the efforts of two reform oriented superintendents of public instruction (Wilson Riles and Bill Honig) and a very active legislature. Riles successfully encouraged rapid expansion of categorical programs for various special populations and attempted to
Optimal design of clinical trials for drugs designed to slow the course of Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract Compounds now in clinical development are hypothesized to slow the clinical progression and pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) by their effects to diminish production, increase clearance, or decrease aggregation of amyloid β protein. Options for investigating the effects of these and other drugs on clinical progression and pathogenesis of AD were examined at a conference that included: (1) a review of experimental methods used to investigate disease-modifying drugs for multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis; (2) discussion of possible study designs and outcome measures for trials in patients with AD; and (3) discussion of biomarkers available for AD. There is no uniformly best way to investigate a drug’s impact on AD progression but characteristics of studies supportive of a disease-slowing effect can be specified. Relevant clinical outcomes in drug-treated patients versus placebo-treated patients should be compared over at least 1 and possibly as long as 2 years with biomarkers reflective of pathogenesis and of the drug’s mechanistic effects measured concurrently.
The analysis of purine and pyrimidine bases and their nucleosides by high-pressure liquid chromatography

Abstract The analysis of cytosine, uracil, thymine, adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine and xanthine simultaneously with their nucleosides was achieved by high-pressure liquid chromatography using a column packed with a porous-core, strong anion-exchange resin and gradient elution with ammonium acetate solution of pH 9.7. The complete analysis was achieved in 2 h and the reporducibility of the quantitative results was demonstrated. An example of the application of this analysis to an investigation of a genetic disease is reported.
Comparison of laparoscopic and open retropubic urethropexy for treatment of stress urinary incontinence

Objectives Laparoscopic retropubic urethropexy has recently been described as an alternative method to the surgical correction of pure stress urinary incontinence. This study compares the operative technique and results of laparoscopic colposuspension with traditional open Burch urethropexy to treat women with stress urinary incontinence.
Changes in glottal configuration in women after loud talking.

Summary The purpose of this investigation was to examine changes in glottal configuration in women under a variety of pitch and loudness conditions after an interval of loud reading. Twelve young adult women with normal laryngeal structures were photographed under stroboscopic light and sustained the vowel /i/ for a minimum of 3 s, at three pitch levels and three loudness levels, before and after a 15-min interval of loud reading. Results indicate that female speakers tend to alter glottic configurations across phonatory conditions after loud reading, particularly during high-pitch phonation. Specifically, five subjects tended to increase glottal closure, one tended to increase glottal opening, two tended to maintain the identical configuration, and four demonstrated no consistent pattern of response.
Evidence for long-lived lipid components in developing mouse tissues.

Abstract The existence of long-lived lipid components in developing mice has been demonstrated through the use of separate 14 C and 3 H acetate injections followed by the measurement of residual labels in the five months following injection. Brain and muscle, among ten tissues examined, contain relative isotope retention ratio (RIR) levels which indicate that some lipids of these tissues are long-lived. Polar as well as non-polar lipids separated by thin layer chromatography which showed such high RIR's included (in order of decreasing RIR values): sulfatides, cerebrosides, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, cardiolipin, cholesterol. Muscle cholesterol has a four-fold lower value than brain, yet was still four times higher in its ratio than those observed with homogenates of other tissues.
Peri-procedural myocardial injury during percutaneous coronary intervention: an important target for cardioprotection

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has become the predominant procedure for coronary revascularization in patients with both stable and unstable coronary artery disease (CAD). Over the past two decades, technical advances in PCI have resulted in a better and safer therapeutic procedure with minimal procedural complications. However, about 30% of patients undergoing elective PCI sustain myocardial injury arising from the procedure itself, the extent of which is significant enough to carry prognostic importance. The peri-procedural injury which accompanies PCI might therefore reduce some of the beneficial effects of coronary revascularization. The availability of more sensitive serum biomarkers of myocardial injury such as creatine phosphokinase MB isoenzyme (CK-MB), Troponin T, and Troponin I has enabled the quantification of previously undetectable myocardial injury. Peri-procedural myocardial injury (PMI) can also be visualized by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, a technique which allows the detection and quantification of myocardial necrosis following PCI. The identification of CAD patients at greatest risk of sustaining PMI during PCI would allow targeted treatment with novel therapies capable of limiting the extent of PMI or reducing the number of patients experiencing PMI.
Proof of the Presence of Lipase in Milk and a New Method for the Detection of the Enzyme

Summary 1. All those enzymes which induce hydrolysis of fats and the simpler esters are grouped as lipolytic enzymes. Lipase is a term reserved for those lipolytic enzymes which split the natural neutral fats. 2. In the usual methods of determining lipolytic activity, a convenient ester or fat is chosen as substrate, the enzyme is allowed to act for a period of time and the extent to which the hydrolysis has taken place is measured by titrating the acidity. A few investigators have used other methods than titration for estimating the extent of hydrolysis. 3. If the substrate is not soluble in the digestion medium then it must be well emulsified. 4. If the time and temperature are such that bacteria can multiply, it is necessary to have present an antiseptic. The ideal antiseptic would be one which inhibits all growth of micro-organisms but does not in the least check the action of the enzyme. The disagreement of investigators over the question of lipase in such substances as milk has been chiefly due to improper control of bacterial growth. 5. Investigators have been agreed as to the presence of an enzyme in milk which splits monobutyrin—monobutyrinase. Some believe they have established proof of the presence of true lipase, others have been certain that it is not there, while in recent years the tendency seems to be to leave it an open question. 6. A method for the detection of lipase is introduced, wherein is used cream of high fat content as substrate. The digestion medium is saturated with sucrose which serves as a preservative. Titration of the medium is taken as a measure of the hydrolysis. The advantages of the method are: a natural fat is employed which is well emulsified, the medium is preserved with a substance which prevents the growth of all bacteria that might interfere but which does not check enzyme action. 7. That milk normally contains a lipase which splits butter fat is proved. A few preliminary experiments indicate its resemblance to pancreatic lipase. 8. Where rancidity of fats and oils has resulted from hydrolytic splitting there is every indication that it has been caused by lipase. Since lipase has been proved to be normally present in milk, one of the causes of rancidity of butter and cheese is very probably the carrying over of this enzyme into the manufactured product. 9. Rancidity in sweetened condensed milk has been found to result when a small amount of raw milk is added to the product. This condition is doubtless due to the action of lipase of the raw milk splitting the fat of the condensed, milk, the butyric acid resulting giving the characteristic disagreeable odor.
Presentation modality affects false memory.

Roediger and McDermott (1995) rejuvenated interest in Deese’s (1959) paradigm for producing reliable intrusions and false alarms. Using this paradigm in three experiments, we demonstrated that visual study presentation dramatically reduces the rate of false memories. Only auditory study presentation resulted in equal production of studied and critical items. Correct recall and recognition were unaffected. The suggestion that visual presentation provides a means for discriminating between false and true memories was supported by Experiment 3: Pleasantness rating of study items significantly reduced the creation of false memories regardless of modality.
Effect of cysteamine on amino acid pools of cultured fibroblasts and the uptake of L-proline.

Abstract Cysteamine when incubated with human normal and cystinotic fibroblasts produces significant alterations in cellular amino acid pools with a decrease in proline, glycine, histidine, and methionine as well as branch chain and dibasic amino acids. Serine content was increased while aspartate, glutamate and glutamine were unchanged. The uptake of L-proline by cysteamine treated cells was impaired suggesting that altered uptake of amino acids may be a factor in the cysteamine effect.
Costs and benefits linked to developments in cognitive control

Developing cognitive control over one's thoughts, emotions, and actions is a fundamental process that predicts important life outcomes. Such control begins in infancy, and shifts during development from a predominantly reactive form (e.g. retrieving task-relevant information when needed) to an increasingly proactive form (e.g. maintaining task-relevant information in anticipation of needing it). While such developments are generally viewed as adaptive, cognitive abilities can also involve trade-offs, such that the benefits of developing increasingly proactive control may come with associated costs. In two experiments, we test for such cognitive trade-offs in children who are transitioning to proactive control. We find that proactive control predicts expected benefits in children's working memory, but is also associated with predicted costs in disproportionately slowing children under conditions of distraction. These findings highlight unique advantages and disadvantages of proactive and reactive control, and suggest caution in attempting to alter their balance during development.
Systematical Characterization of Material Response to Microscale Laser Shock Peening

The response of materials after microscale laser shock peening ( mLSP) was experimentally characterized and compared with the theoretical prediction from FEM analysis in microlength level. Since mLSP is predominantly a mechanical process instead of a thermal process, the characterization focuses on mechanical properties and associated microstructures. An X-ray microdiffraction technique was applied on the postpeened single crystal aluminum of (001) and (110) orientations, and an X-ray profile was analyzed by subprofiling and Fourier analysis method. Spatially resolved residual stress and strain deviation was quantified and explained in terms of the heterogeneous dislocation cell structure. In-plane crystal lattice rotation induced bymLSP were measured by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and compared with the FEM simulation. Average mosaic size was evaluated from X-ray profile Fourier analysis and compared with the result from EBSD. Surface strength increase and dislocation cell structure formation were studied. The systematical characterization helps develop more realistic simulation models and obtain better understanding in microlength level.@DOI: 10.1115/1.1811115#
What is an appropriate blood pressure goal for the elderly: review of recent studies and practical recommendations

Hypertension is common in the elderly, and isolated systolic hypertension is responsible for the majority of hypertension in this population. Hypertension in the elderly can be attributed to numerous structural and functional changes to the vasculature that develop with advancing age. Increased systolic blood pressure is associated with adverse outcomes, including stroke, cardiovascular disease, and death. Some studies demonstrate an inverse relationship between cardiovascular outcomes and diastolic blood pressure whereas other studies show a J-shaped or U-shaped association between blood pressure and outcomes. The complex J-shaped association coupled with the unique characteristics of elderly patients have led to much debate and confusion regarding the treatment of hypertension in this population. Clinical trials indicate a benefit to therapy in older adults, and there appears to be no age threshold above which antihypertensive therapy should be withheld. Treatment of hypertension in elderly patients is further complicated by increased susceptibility to brain hypoperfusion with orthostatic hypotension as well as the risk of drug–drug interactions. We recommend a systolic blood pressure goal of <140 mmHg in patients less than 80 years of age and a systolic blood pressure goal of 140–150 mmHg in patients 80 years of age or older. Reduction of blood pressure is probably more important than the specific agent used and initiation of drug therapy with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, angiotensin receptor blocker, calcium channel blocker, or diuretic are all reasonable options, and the decision should be individualized based on underlying comorbidities.
Evaluation of 3 Assays for Failure of Passive Transfer in Calves

This study examined the sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and classification accuracy of 3 commonly used screening tests for failure of passive transfer: the sodium sulfite turbidity test, the zinc sulfate turbidity test, and refractometry relative to serum immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) concentrations determined by radial immunodiffusion. Serum samples were obtained from 242 calves ranging from 1 to 8 days of age. Using a serum concentration of 1,000 mg/dL IgG1, to define adequate passive transfer, the zinc sulfate test had a sensitivity of 1.00 and a specificity of 0.52 in the detection of inadequate passive transfer. The endpoint of the test appeared to be higher than desired; calves testing negative had mean serum IgG1 concentration of 955 mg/dL and a large proportion of calves with adequate passive transfer were misclassified as positive for failure of passive transfer. Using the qualitative zinc sulfate test, the percentage of calves correctly classified with regard to passive transfer status was less than that observed with either the sodium sulfite test or refractometry. The sensitivity of the sodium sulfite assay was 0.85 at a 1+ endpoint and 1.00 at a 2 or 3+ endpoint. The specificity of the sodium sulfite assay varied from 0.87 at a 1+ endpoint and 0.56 at a 2+ endpoint. The sensitivity and specificity of refractometry varied from 0.01 to 1.00 depending on the choice of endpoint. Refractometry correctly classified the largest proportion of calves with regard to their passive transfer status at test endpoints of 5.0 and 5.5 g/dL, 83% and 82% respectively. The highest percentages of calves correctly classified occurred with the sodium sulfite test using a 1+ endpoint (86.30%) and refractometry using a 5.0 g/dL endpoint (83.00%). A regression equation was developed that permitted calculation of an optimal endpoint for refractometric determinations of total serum protein concentration. A serum protein concentration of 5.2 g/dL was equivalent to 1,000 mg/dL serum IgG1. Optimal selection of tests for passive transfer status in calves will be governed by the prevalence of failure of passive transfer, test performance, and the anticipated costs of classification errors.
Properties of the Aplysia visual system: in vitro entrainment of the circadian rhythm and centrifugal regulation of the eye

1. Properties of the visual system of Aplysia californica were studied by recording optic nerve impulses extracellularly from isolated eyes in constant darkness. 2. In vivo entrainment of the circadian rhythm of afferent optic nerve impulses by LD 12∶12 cycles phase advanced 13 hours was essentially complete after only one exposure of the animal to this light cycle. 3. The impulse rhythms of eyes exposed to the phase advanced light cycle in vitro entrained, but in this case 4 to 5 exposures to the advanced light cycle were required before entrainment was complete. The difference in the rates of in vivo and in vitro entrainment obtained whether eyes remained attached to the cerebral ganglion or were cultured in filtered Aplysia blood instead of a modified Eagle's minimal essential medium. 4. Eyes maintained in vitro for 9 days expressed circadian impulse rhythms. 5. The behavior of the eye is influenced by efferent activity from neuronal elements in the cerebral ganglion. The pattern of afferent optic nerve impulses and the waveform of the afferent impulse rhythm varies depending on whether or not the eye remains attached to the cerebral ganglion. 6. Electrical stimulation of either the optic, tentacle, or rhinophore nerves, which emanate from the cerebral ganglion, produces an inhibition of the efferent optic nerve activity. This result indicates that a mechanism exists in Aplysia for the activity of one eye to affect the behavior of the contralateral eye and for other sensory inputs to affect the behavior of the eye as well.
The synthesis and characterization of [TcCl3(NPh)(Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2)] and [TcCl3(NPh)(PPh3)2]. The single crystal X-ray structure of [TcCl3(NPh)(Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2)]

Abstract The reaction of (Bu4N)[TcOCl4] in methanol with 1-acetyl-2-phenylhydrazine, followed by 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (DPPE) gives the green technetium(V) phenylimido complex [TcCl3(NPh)(DPPE)]. The IR spectrum of this complex shows a characteristic peak at 1110 cm-1 which is assigned to v(TcN) from the linearly coordinated phenylimido unit. The 1H NMR spectrum shows a pair of coupled multiplets at 3.1 and 3.6 ppm from the aliphatic protons plus a series of six multiplets between 6.5 and 8.1 ppm from the aromatic protons of the bidentate phosphine ligand and imido-phenyl groups. The positive mode fast atom bombardment mass spectrum displays a peak at 695 m/z which corresponds to the protonated patent molecule. Also, a peak at 658 m/z corresponds to the fragment generated from the loss of one chloride from the neutral patent molecule. The X-ray crystal structure shows a facial arrangement of chloride ligands, with a TcN bond length of 1.687 A and a TcNC bond angle of 175.7° indicative of sp hybridization of the linearly coordinated phenylimido unit. Crystal data for TcCl3P2NC32H29: monoclinic space group Pc (No. 7), a=11.177(2), b=10.912(2), c=14.056(2) A, β=108.34(1)°, V=1627.3(5) A3, with Dcalc=1.414 g cm−3 to give Z=2. Structure solution based on 3069 reflections converged at R=0.051, Rw=0.072, GOF=2.32. The analogous reaction with triphenylphosphine gives the previously reported Tc(V) phenylimido complex [TcCl3(NPh)(PPh3)2]. This Tc(V) phenylimido complex reacts with pyridine in methanol to give the mixed ligand complex [TcCl3(NPh)(PPh3)(NC5H5)]. The positive mode FAB mass spectrum of this complex shows fragments which correspond to the sodium adducts of the neutral molecule minus one chloride ligand, (Na)[TcCl2(NPh)(PPh3)(C5H5N)]+ at 624 m/z, and the molecule minus two chloride ligands, (Na)[TcCl(NPh)(PPh3)(C5H5N)]+ at 589 m/z. Also present in the mass spectrum are peaks which correspond to the fragments [TcCl3(PPh3)(C5H5N)]+ at 545 m/z and [TcCl2(PPh3)(C5H5N)]+ at 510 m/z. The IR spectrum of this complex shows an absorption at 1090 cm−1 which is assigned to v(TcN) from the linearly coordinated phenylimido unit.
Development of a measure of sense of community for individuals with serious mental illness residing in community settings

The psychological sense of community is one of the most commonly investigated constructs in community psychology. Sense of community may be particularly important for individuals with serious mental illness (SMI) because they often face societal barriers to participation in community living, including stigma and discrimination. To date, no published studies have investigated the psychometric qualities of sense of community measures among individuals with SMI. The current study tested a series of confirmatory factor analyses using the Brief Sense of Community Index (BSCI, Long & Perkins, 2003) in a sample of 416 persons with SMI living in community settings to suggest a model of sense of community for individuals with SMI and other disabilities. The resulting scale, the Brief Sense of Community Index- Disability (BSCI-D), demonstrated good model fit and construct validity. Implications are discussed for how this scale may be used in research investigating community integration and adaptive functioning in community settings.