cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Runting Stunting Syndrome Associated with Transmissible Viral Proventriculitis in Broiler Chickens

This report describes an outbreak of transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP) associated with runting stunting syndrome (RSS) in 25- and 28-day-old broiler chickens, in which chicken proventricular necrosis virus (CNPV) was detected. Clinical signs included poor uniformity, very small birds for their age, increased mortality, and culling of smaller birds. Almost all birds necropsied exhibited moderate to severely enlarged proventriculi with diffusely pale serosa and thickened walls. Microscopically the proventriculi had lesions of degeneration and necrosis of the epithelium of the proventricular glands, accompanied by lymphocytic inflammation and glandular hyperplasia, with occasional formation of lymphoid nodules within the glandular parenchyma. Immunohistochemistry staining for CPNV was positive. Positive staining was generally found in the cytoplasm of glandular epithelial cells in the form of finely granular brown pigment. CPNV RNA was detected in the proventriculi by reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR). Other findings included mild enteritis in a few birds and small bursa of Fabricius. Direct electron microscopy performed on the intestinal samples was negative for viral particles. RT-PCR analysis of bursae was positive for infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). In conclusion, this report associates TVP with RSS by describing an outbreak in which TVP attributable to CPNV was the most commonly found lesionin chickens with a clinical history compatible with RSS. Therefore, TVP should be considered as a possible differential diagnosis in cases compatible with RSS.
Distinct populations of sensory neurons mediate the peristaltic reflex elicited by muscle stretch and mucosal stimulation

Recent studies suggest that muscle stretch and mucosal stimulation elicit intestinal peristalsis by activating distinct populations of sensory neurons that converge on the same population of enteric motor neurons. The present study sought to characterize the origin and projections of these sensory neurons. The reflex was elicited by applying muscle stretch and mucosal stroking to the central compartment of a three-compartment flat-sheet preparation of rat colon while ascending contraction and descending relaxation were measured in the orad and caudad compartments, respectively. Identical graded responses were elicited by muscle stretch and mucosal stimulation: atropine (1 microM) and the tachykinin antagonist spantide (10 microM) inhibited ascending contraction when added to the orad compartment only, while the vasoactive intestinal peptide antagonist VIP10–28 (10 microM) and the NO synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine (100 microM) inhibited descending relaxation when added to the caudad compartment only. Addition of capsaicin (1 microM) to the central compartment for 30 min abolished ascending contraction and descending relaxation elicited by muscle stretch and mucosal stimulation. Recovery of response was complete when capsaicin was applied to the mucosa of the colon in situ and measurements made 1 d after, implying that at this low concentration capsaicin depleted sensory nerve terminals of their transmitter content.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
How to Construct Good Measures

Given any continuous nondecreasing function g : \(\mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}\), with g(t) = 0, ∀t ≤ 0, we show that there always exists some positive measure μ, concentrated on a set of zero Newtonian capacity, for which the problem $$\left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}c} { - \Delta u + g\left( u \right) = \mu } & {in\;\Omega ,} \\ {\quad \quad \quad \quad u = 0} & {\quad on\;\partial \Omega ,} \\ \end{array} } \right.$$ admits a solution. This provides an affirmative answer to Open problem 2 raised by Brezis-Marcus-Ponce [3]. When N ≥ 3 and g(t) = et − 1, ∀t ≥ 0, Bartolucci-Leoni-Orsina-Ponce [1] proved that any measure \(\mu \leqslant 4\pi \mathcal{H}^{N - 2} \) is good for problem (0.1). We present examples of other good measures which are not \( \leqslant 4\pi \mathcal{H}^{N - 2} \).
The Problems with Income Based Repayment, and the Charge of Elitism: Responses to Schrag and Chambliss

Critics of Failing Law Schools have focused on two main points: 1) Income Based Repayment (IBR) solves the debt problem for law students, and 2) the differentiated legal education system I propose is elitist and will create a division within the legal profession. These two critiques are articulated by Philip Schrag and Elizabeth Chambliss, respectively, in a symposium on the book in the Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics. This essay responds to both arguments. (I do not respond to two other reviews in the symposium, which I find persuasive.)I accept Schrag’s argument that the new version of IBR/PAYE — implemented after the book was published — substantially reduces the financial burden on heavily indebted law graduates (with a major caveat about the tax bomb that awaits them when the debt is cancelled). For reasons I explain, however, IBR potentially has perverse consequences. It was intended as a debt relief program for graduates in financial distress (which I support), but as Schrag argues, it works as a subsidy for legal education. Now law schools have begun pitching IBR, telling prospective law students not to worry about taking on huge debt. This distorts the purpose of IBR and, by rendering the size of the debt irrelevant, exacerbates the warped economics of legal education.In her review, Elizabeth Chambliss declares: “Tamanaha’s own critique and prescriptions are professionally self-serving and dangerously, outrageously, elitist.” She argues that I focus too much on the financial plight of law students and recent law grads and not enough on clients. A few other critics of the book have echoed her arguments. In response, I show that Chambliss distorts my position, ignores the reality of the legal job market, and avoids the heart of the problem: a substantial number of law schools take in large numbers of students, load them down with huge debt, and send them off to horrendous job prospects.
Effects of Radiation Damage on the Behavior of GaAs p-n Junctions

This work illustrates the use of radiation damage as a "tool" enabling one to learn more about the conduction and injection mechanisms operative in GaAs p-n junctions. This is done by varying the minority carrier lifetimes by means of radiation damage and noting the resulting changes in various measured parameters. The electroluminescence (E.L.) and current in "lightly" doped diodes (~2 × 1017 donors/cm3) and their behavior after 2-MeV electron irradiation indicate that, although most of the recombination occurs within the depletion region, those few electrons that do succeed in being injected into the conduction band of the p-type side are the ones responsible for the E.L. In the case of "heavily" doped diodes (~2 × 1018 donors/cm3) at nitrogen temperature the E.L. occurs within the depletion region and is described by the "band-filling" model. The "band-filling" model also describes the behavior of the increase in current resulting from radiation damage. Short circuit current measurements during irradiation indicate that the diffusion length of electrons is much greater than the diffusion length of holes in diffused junctions, and gives additional information about the rate of defect introduction.
S and the Structure of the Upper Mantle

Summary The European as well as the north-eastern American observations of S at small epicentral distances indicate the presence of a low velocity layer. In Europe its upper boundary seems to be at a depth of about 140 km. Since late S phases are observed at epicentral distances down to about 10° there is likely to be an abrupt increase of velocity (as well as of velocity gradient) at the lower boundary of the layer at about 220km depth. Late S phases beyond 20° can be accounted for if a further strong increase of velocity gradient at a greater depth is assumed.
Imaging in the Surgical Management of Developmental Dislocation of the Hip

Although the use of ultrasound in the diagnosis and early treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) has reduced the number of patients diagnosed late and decreased the number of operative procedures, surgical treatment is still needed in some patients. Late cases continue to occur as a result of missing the screening examination, being normal at initial screening and missing followup. Dysplasia may persist despite appropriate nonoperative or operative treatment. Many of these patients subsequently undergo closed or open reduction and femoral or acetabular reconstruction. Ultrasound of the hips is generally used up to 6 or 8 months of age, during which time the hips are largely cartilaginous, and radiographs after that time when bony development is more complete. Options to supplement ultrasound and radiography include arthrography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Several advances have been made in the imaging of DDH and its complications including acetabular labral pathology and of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). We review imaging techniques other than ultrasound used in the management of DDH.
Histological assessment of thermal damage in the brain following infrared neural stimulation.

Abstract Background Infrared neural stimulation (INS) is a novel technique for modulating neural function. Its advantages over electrical stimulation include high spatial specificity, lack of electrical artifact and contact-free stimulation. INS acts via a rapid, focal increase in temperature. However, in order to become a viable experimental and therapeutic tool, the safety of INS must be demonstrated. Objective/hypothesis Our aim was to determine the upper limit for the radiant exposure of INS in the brain without causing damage, using an INS sequence previously shown to induce both behavioral and electrophysiological effects in rodents and non-human primates. Methods We stimulated the brains of anesthetized rodents and two squirrel monkeys using an infrared laser, depositing radiant energies from 0.3 to 0.9 J/cm 2 per pulse in 0.5 s-long 200 Hz trains. At the end of the experiment, the animals were euthanized, perfused and the brains processed using standard histological techniques. Results Radiant exposures greater than or equal to 0.4 J/cm 2 resulted in identifiable lesions in brain sections. The lesions had a shape of a parabola and could further be subdivided into three concentric zones based on the type of damage observed. Conclusions: The thermal damage threshold following our INS paradigm was between 0.3 and 0.4 J/cm 2 per pulse. This value is lower than the one found previously in peripheral nerve. The differences are likely due to the structure of the INS sequence itself, particularly the repetition rate. The results warrant further modeling and experimental work in order to delimit the INS parameter space that is both safe and effective.
Estimating Fish Populations by Removal Methods with Minnow Traps in Southeast Alaska Streams

Abstract Passive capture methods, such as minnow traps, are commonly used to capture fish for mark–recapture population estimates; however, they have not been used for removal methods. Minnow traps set for 90-min periods during three or four sequential capture occasions during the summer of 1996 were used to capture coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch fry and parr, Dolly Varden Salvelinus malma, cutthroat trout O. clarki, and juvenile steelhead O. mykiss to estimate population size with the Zippin or generalized removal method. More than 45% of the total catch was obtained during the first capture occasion, and in most cases, the catch during the fourth occasion was less than 15% of the total catch. In most pools, the probability of capture was greater than 0.4 but was lower for coho salmon fry than for coho salmon parr and other species. Mean population estimates for coho salmon parr made with concurrent mark–recapture and removal methods differed significantly in small streams. Estimates from mark–recaptur...
Dispersion-selection balance in localised plant populations

Two single-locus deterministic models are constructed for the maintenance of genetic variability in localised plant populations. In the first model, it is supposed that self-pollination is complete, heterozygotes are absent, and only seeds disperse. Then the ploidy is arbitrary. In the second, it is assumed that the plants are diploid, cross-pollination is total, and only pollen disperse. Explicit conditions for a protected polymorphism are derived for each model in the diallelic two-niche case. These conditions are simplified, displayed graphically, and discussed extensively for directional selection for different alleles in the two niches. If the amount of seed dispersal is divided by two, the criteria for a protected polymorphism in the self-pollinating scheme become identical to the criteria in the cross-pollinating situation with no multiplicative dominance. The restrictions that must be placed on the fitnesses for a protected polymorphism always become more stringent as the amount of dispersion increases. If the dispersion rate is not very close to zero and the selection coefficients are very small, the protection conditions reduce to overdominance for the mean fitnesses in the habitat. Unless there is complete dominance, protection always exists with fixed fitnesses for sufficiently low non-zero dispersal. For any amount of dispersion, there is always protection in the second model if, in each niche, the fitness of the deleterious homozygote is less than that of the heterozygote.
Electrophysiologic effects of tolamolol on atrioventricular conduction in man.

The electrophysiologic effects of tolamolol (UK-6558-01), a beta-adrenergic blocking agent, were studied in 13 patients by means of intracardiac electrograms and the extrastimulus method. Tolamolol (4 to 30 mg. intravenously) resulted in: (1) prolongation of sinus cycle length (SCL) in all patients (p < 0.01); (2) prolongation of sinus escape time (SET) in 11 of 13 patients (p < 0.001); (3) prolongation of A-V nodal conduction time during sinus rhythm in 12 of 13 patients (p < 0.001); (4) onset of A-V nodal Wenckebach block at longer paced cycle lengths in 10 of 11 patients (p < 0.001); (5) prolongation of the functional refractory period (FRP) of the A-V node in 11 of 11 patients (p < 0.001); and (6) prolongation of the effective refractory period (ERP) of the A-V node in 10 of 10 patients (P < 0.001). Tolamolol had no effect on His-Purkinje system (HPS) conduction time in any patient, including 3 patients with abnormal H-V intervals. Because of the marked increase in A-V nodal conduction time encountered by premature atrial depolarizations, the relative and effective refractory periods of the HPS could not be determined in any patient after tolamolol. Atropine (0.5 or 1.0 mg. intravenously) significantly reversed the effects of tolamolol on: sinus cycle length (4 of 5 patients); sinus escape time (3 of 3 patients); A-V nodal conduction time (4 of 5 patients); and A-V nodal refractoriness (5 of 5 patients).
Derivation and Characterization of a Monoclonal Antibody Against Human Glycinamide Ribonucleotide Formyltransferase

Glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT) is a trifunctional enzyme involved in purine biosynthesis. Its central role in folate metabolism has made it an obvious target for the development of GARFT inhibitors, primarily for oncology. While the crystal structure, enzyme kinetics, and mechanism of action of GARFT inhibitors are reasonably well understood, GARFT regulation at the protein level remains unclear. The present study reports the development and characterization of a monoclonal antibody (MAb) specific for human GARFT. This MAb, an IgG1κ , designated PHR1, recognizes human GARFT by both Western blot and by immunohistochemistry from non-small-cell lung carcinoma and colon adenocarcinoma tissue biopsies, has a KD of 1.14 × 10–10 M, and has been epitope mapped at residues 59–78 of the GARFT functional domain. The ability of PHR1 to recognize both sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)–denatured as well as native GARFT should make this MAb an important research tool in determining GARFT protein levels ...
ADD – Hidden Obstacles: Navigating the Detours

By Karin Windt Notable in the growing literature base on attentional difficulties, distractibility and impulsivity currently described and studied as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), is that studies focusing on the non-hyperactive subtype of the disorder or Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) are relatively lacking. While the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – Text – Revised, 4th edition includes the diagnostic category ADHD, Predominately Inattentive Type, much study is still needed of this disorder in terms of phenomenology, treatment and outcomes in individuals of all ages. In addition, nomenclature of this and other ADHD subtypes is likely to change in the next edition of this diagnostic manual, anticipated in 2012.
Cost and morbidity associated with antibiotic prophylaxis in the ICU

Abstract Background: Although the high cost and inappropriate use of antibiotics have been documented before, we are not aware of any data on nonsurgical site infectious morbidity associated with prolonged courses of prophylactic antibiotics (PA). Study Design: Data regarding antibiotic orders were collected using a custom designed microbiology database in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit of a teaching hospital from October 1, 1995 through April 30, 1997. The database was retrospectively reviewed. The cost of PA in excess of 1 day was calculated. Frequency of bacteremia and line infections were compared in patients receiving 1 day or less of PA versus more than 4 days of PA. Results: Sixty-one percent of PA orders were continued for more than 1 day. Cost of PA beyond 1 day totaled $44,893. Bacteremia and line infection were more frequent in the patients receiving more than 4 days of PA. Conclusions: There was poor compliance with the protocol of stopping PA at 24 hours. The cost of noncompliance was $44,893. There were more bacteremias and line infections in patients with duration of PA of more than 4 days.
Organic Solute Profiles and Transport in the Rat Renal Medulla

Renal inner medullary cells accumulate high concentrations of organic solutes. Sorbitol and glycerophosphorylcholine accumulation (concentration) increase progressively from the outer medulla to the papillary tip. Inositol accumulation is the reverse; its concentration decreases from the outer medulla to the papillary tip. Diabetes mellitus (1 week) increases sorbitol at all levels of the inner medulla, decreases glycerophosphorylcholine and has little effect on inositol. Thin slices of the inner medulla incubated in vitro concentrate inositol and choline from the medium. Although the inner medullary cells are permeable to sorbitol, membrane transport appears to play no role in its accumulation.
Anatomia do entusiasmo: cultura e revolução em Cuba (1959-1971)

The two decades preceding the Cuban revolution of 1959 saw the constitution of an intellectual field - one similar to the field of high European modernity described by Pierre Bourdieu - based on the autonomy of the public sphere, on academic institutions and on the market. The revolutionary triumph and the socialist radicalization of the 1960s transformed this field through a politicization of society that, while destroying the culture's hierarchies and expanding its social limits, reduced the autonomy of the field and the ideological plurality of national discourses. The objective of this article is to investigate the re-adaptation undergone by the relations between intellectuals and the ruling elite during the first decade of the Cuban revolution.
A Problem-Based Learning Curriculum for Occupational Therapy Education

To prepare practitioners and researchers who are well equipped to deal with the inevitable myriad changes in health care and in society coming in the 21st century, a new focus is needed in occupational therapy education. In addition to proficiency in clinical skills and technical knowledge, occupational therapy graduates will need outcome competencies underlying the skills of critical reflection. In this article, the author presents (a) the rationale for the need for change in occupational therapy education, (b) key concepts of clinical reasoning and critical reflection pertaining to the outcome such change in occupational therapy education should address, (c) problem-based learning as a process and educational method to prepare occupational therapists in these competencies, and (d) the experience of the Program in Occupational Therapy at Shenandoah University in Winchester, Virginia, in implementing a problem-based learning curriculum.
Specificity and distribution of antigenic determinants on the polyoma virus capsid and nature of the reaction of immunoglobulin G antibody with the capsid surface.

Abstract Antisera to the LP and SP34 strains of polyoma virus have been prepared and their reactions with purified virions studied by double diffusion in agar and direct assay of antibody binding. One or more common antigenic determinants appear on the capsids of both strains. The form of this determinant varies slightly on each of the strains tested. The SP34 strain also carries its own strain-specific antigenic determinant. Both strains of virus were able to bind 150 anti-LP IgG ‡ molecules per virion and 50 anti-SP IgG molecules per virion. The slow rate of dissociation of bound IgG antibody ( k dissociation = 2 × 10 −6 s −1 ), and the rapid rate of antibody binding ( k dissociation = 2 × 10 7 m −1 s −1 ), suggest that IgG antibody is bound to the capsid surface through two antigen-antibody bonds. 50 anti-SP IgG molecules per capsid, divalently bound, completely inhibit the binding of 150 anti-LP IgG molecules, and vice versa . Consideration of the symmetry and molecular dimensions of the IgG molecule and the polyoma virus capsid leads to a model of the divalent interaction of IgG antibody with the common antigenic determinant(s). In this model, one species of antibody binds divalently to opposed subunits of a hexamer morphological unit. The other species of antibody binds divalently to the subunits on either side of the point of tangency of any two morphological units.
The Transcriptional Coactivators SAGA, SWI/SNF, and Mediator Make Distinct Contributions to Activation of Glucose-repressed Genes

The paradigm of activation via ordered recruitment has evolved into a complicated picture as the influence of coactivators and chromatin structures on gene regulation becomes understood. We present here a comprehensive study of many elements of activation of ADH2 and FBP1, two glucose-regulated genes. We identify SWI/SNF as the major chromatin-remodeling complex at these genes, whereas SAGA (Spt-Ada-Gcn5-acetyltransferase complex) is required for stable recruitment of other coactivators. Mediator plays a crucial role in expression of both genes but does not affect chromatin remodeling. We found that Adr1 bound unaided by coactivators to ADH2, but Cat8 binding depended on coactivators at FBP1. Taken together, our results suggest that commonly regulated genes share many aspects of activation, but that gene-specific regulators or elements of promoter architecture may account for small differences in the mechanism of activation. Finally, we found that activator overexpression can compensate for the loss of SWI/SNF but not for the loss of SAGA.
A novel opto-mechanical tolerance analysis method for precision lens systems

Abstract Traditional tolerance analysis of optical systems does not consider the capabilities of a real manufacturing process and variations caused by the tolerances of optical and mechanical components that occur in the assembly process. In order to have a “Design for Manufacturing” (DFM) optical system, the mechanical engineer has to provide the system assembly variation as an input to the optical design and analysis in order to anticipate the performance of the optical system. The purpose of this study was to develop an opto-mechanical tolerance model to calculate the element tilt, decenter and despace stack-up within a cell. A surface-based opto-mechanical tolerance model of a spherical lens, an aspherical lens, and an assembly algorithm were developed in this study. The Monte Carlo method was also used to obtain the optimum settings of the dimensions. The simulation results were conducted by descriptive statistics. Two “drop-in” assembly design lens groups were studied to calculate the stack-up element tilt and decenter within a cell and the resultant deviations of the optical axes away from the mechanical datum axis. The results indicate that the opto-mechanical tolerance model can analyze the quality parameters critical for a lens system. As a result, the performance of the lens system can be predicted by the opto-mechanical tolerance model before mass production.
User interfaces for the simulation automation framework for experiments

This poster describes the development of user interfaces for the Simulation Automation Framework for Experiments (SAFE). The overarching goal of this project is to provide assistance to users of the popular ns-3 network simulator, so that they can rely on the framework for tedious and/or error-prone activities in the configuration, execution, and output data analysis of an experiment. In a certain sense, SAFE is a "computer aided-simulation" tool with differentiated user interfaces for novices and experienced users. We illustrate how these interfaces work via their application in the workflow of a typical simulation experiment defined according to the multiple replications in parallel paradigm. Most importantly, the poster focuses on recent developments in the construction of a web-based user interface and a module for the graphic visualization of simulation results.
A direct redistribution model of congestion pricing

This paper discusses a direct redistribution approach to congestion pricing in which monies collected from drivers on a more desirable route are directly transferred to users on a less desirable route. An analytical model for a two-node two-route network is developed. An example is used to demonstrate the applicability of this model. It is shown that this model of toll collection and subsidization will reduce the travel cost for all travelers and totally eliminate the waiting time in the queue. When compared against the social optimal assignment, the direct redistribution model yields almost identical results.
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension in children: the Iowa experience

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is an uncommon condition in children and is seen only about once a year in a large referral hospital. Sex incidence is equal, and obesity is a feature in about one third of patients. This article reviews the 30-year experience in an institution where idiopathic intracranial hypertension in adults has been extensively studied. Symptomatic causes of intracranial hypertension and both medical and surgical therapeutic options are reviewed.
Functional rat bladder regeneration through xenotransplantation of the bladder acellular matrix graft.

Objective To determine the decreased antigenicity of the bladder acellular matrix graft (BAMG) through xenotransplantation and to assess the in vivo and in vitro functional properties of the rat urinary bladder thus regenerated. Materials and methods After partial cystectomy (>50%), BAMGs prepared from hamster, rabbit and dog urinary bladders were grafted to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats; 10 control rats underwent partial cystectomy only. Urinary storage and voiding function were monitored in 15 animals using a specially designed ‘micturition cage’ and cystometry. After 4 months, organ-bath studies and histological techniques were used to evaluate bladder regeneration in vitro in the grafted animals. Results Clinically relevant antigenicity was not evident; no animal died from rejection and all bladder wall components regenerated in all BAMG xenografts. However, the degree and quality of regeneration varied. Muscularization, peak pressure, and bladder capacity were higher in the hamster BAMG-grafted animals, whereas in vitro contractility and compliance were best in the dog BAMG-regenerated bladders. All grafted bladders had significantly better capacity and compliance than the autoregenerated bladders after partial cystectomy alone. Conclusions The present in vivo and in vitro studies show that BAMG-augmentation cystoplasty can lead to morphological and functional regeneration of the rat bladder, preserving its low-pressure reservoir function. Because BAMG-regenerated bladders show functional innervation that is similar to normal bladders, they can work in coordination with the host bladder components, thus generating adequate intravesical pressure to produce sustained voiding. The decreased antigenicity makes heterologous BAMG transplants feasible without immunosuppression.
Observational Constraints on Late Heavy Bombardment Episodes around Young Solar Analogs

The excess thermal infrared emission from 36 G and K stars with ages corresponding to the period of Late Heavy Bombardment on the Moon (prior to 3.8 Ga) is estimated. These stars are among 38 selected by analogy to the Sun at an age less than 0.8 Gyr.
Reversible activation of non-steroid binding oestrogen receptor

Two high-affinity oestrogen receptors have been identified in the chick oviduct with equilibrium dissociation constants (Kd) of 0.1 and 1 nM, differing in their binding kinetics, role in ovalbumin synthesis and independent regulation in vivo. The higher-affinity receptor (X) increases RNA polymerase II activity directly1, whereas the low-affinity receptor (Y) seems to be necessary to confer specificity to transcription of oestrogen-dependent genes2. Acute administration of progesterone to oestrogen-stimulated chicks results in preferential destruction of the nuclear Y receptor3 accompanied by interruption of ovalbumin gene transcription4. Here we demonstrate that receptor Y exists in a non-oestradiol binding form (Ynb) which can be activated to the binding form in vitro by treatment with either ATP or ADP. Furthermore, dialysis of oviduct cytosol, which has no effect on the high-affinity receptor X, converts receptor Y to Ynb; receptor Y can then be recovered by treatment with ATP in the presence of Mg2+ and independently of Ca2+. This is the first report of the controlled interconversion between a non-steroid binding form of oestrogen receptor and active receptor in a tissue that contains two independently regulated oestrogen receptor types.
Histologic subtypes of small cell carcinoma of the lung: Response to therapy

Abstract Seventy-seven patients with extensive small cell carcinoma of the lung were initially treated with the same combination chemotherapy consisting of cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin. All cases were retrospectively subdivided according to their histological subtype as proposed by the World Health Organization Lung Cancer Classification (WHO): the classic lymphocyte-like (oat cell), type 21 , and intermediate cell, type 22 . Type 21 has an objective response rate of 43% and type 22 a response rate of 23% . Analysis of the data revealed that the median survival for WHO type 21 was 30.4 weeks; whereas median survival for type 22 was 17.2 weeks (P = 0.04 ). This difference in subtype response was also seen when response was corrected for Karnofsky initial performance status 40–70 but not for performance status 80–100 . Type 21 small cell carcinoma appears to offer a higher response rate to chemotherapy and a longer survival than type 22 .
Child psychiatrists' view of father-daughter incest

Mental health clinicians, charged with treating a growing number of incestuous daughters, have little empirical data on which to base their clinical judgments. The present study explored the hypotheses of child psychiatrists on the impact of incest. The results suggest that these clinicians view incest as almost always causing serious psychological disorder. While there appears to be little agreement on the nature of acute sequela, disturbed heterosexual functioning was frequently cited as a long-term consequence. In addition, the results suggest that psychiatrists consider factors related to the make-up of the incestuous family, and not the actual sexual behavior, as most pathogenic. The implications of the present results for future research are discussed.
A general hyperelastic model for incompressible fiber-reinforced elastomers

Abstract This work presents a new constitutive model for the effective response of fiber-reinforced elastomers at finite strains. The matrix and fiber phases are assumed to be incompressible, isotropic, hyperelastic solids. Furthermore, the fibers are taken to be perfectly aligned and distributed randomly and isotropically in the transverse plane, leading to overall transversely isotropic behavior for the composite. The model is derived by means of the “second-order” homogenization theory, which makes use of suitably designed variational principles utilizing the idea of a “linear comparison composite.” Compared to other constitutive models that have been proposed thus far for this class of materials, the present model has the distinguishing feature that it allows consideration of behaviors for the constituent phases that are more general than Neo-Hookean, while still being able to account directly for the shape, orientation, and distribution of the fibers. In addition, the proposed model has the merit that it recovers a known exact solution for the special case of incompressible Neo-Hookean phases, as well as some other known exact solutions for more general constituents under special loading conditions.
Lipid raft facilitated ligation of K-α1-tubulin by specific antibodies on epithelial cells: Role in pathogenesis of chronic rejection following human lung transplantation

Long term function of human lung allografts is hindered by development of chronic rejection manifested as Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome (BOS). We have previously identified the development of antibodies (Abs) following lung transplantation to K-alpha1-tubulin (KAT), an epithelial surface gap junction cytoskeletal protein, in patients who develop BOS. However, the biochemical and molecular basis of the interactions and signaling cascades mediated by KAT Abs are yet to be defined. In this report, we investigated the biophysical basis of the epithelial cell membrane surface interaction between KAT and its specific Abs. Towards this, we analyzed the role of the lipid raft-domains in the membrane interactions which lead to cell signaling and ultimately increased growth factor expression. Normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells, upon specific ligation with Abs to KAT obtained either from the serum of BOS(+) patients or monoclonal KAT Abs, resulted in upregulation of growth factors VEGF, PDGF, and bFGF (6.4+/-1.1-, 3.2+/-0.9-, and 3.4+/-1.1-fold increase, respectively) all of which are important in the pathogenesis of BOS. To define the role for lipid raft in augmenting surface interactions, we analyzed the changes in the growth factor expression pattern upon depletion and enrichment with lipid raft following the ligation of the epithelial cell membranes with Abs specific for KAT. NHBE cells cultured in the presence of beta-methyl cyclodextran (betaMCD) had significantly reduced growth factor expression (1.3+/-0.3, vs betaMCD untreated being 6.4+/-1.1-fold increase) upon stimulation with KAT Abs. Depletion of cholesterol on NHBE cells upon treatment with betaMCD also resulted in decreased partitioning of caveolin in the membrane fraction indicating a decrease in raft-domains. In conclusion, our results demonstrate an important role for lipid raft-mediated ligation of Abs to KAT on the epithelial cell membrane, which results in the upregulation of growth factor cascades involved in the pathogenesis of BOS following human lung transplantation.
Patients referred to extended inpatient treatment or outpatient therapy from a private short-term therapeutic community.

An exploratory, longitudinal, multimethod examination of characteristics of short-term therapeutic community patients suggests that male and female patients receiving recommendations for further extended hospitalization were the relatively younger, more docile, conforming, and good patients who appreciated their hospital experience and the unit. Diagnostic, biographical, and staff ratings were not important predictors of referral patterns.
Color-superconducting 't Hooft interaction

We consider the effect of a six-fermion interaction of the {'}t Hooft form in the quark-quark channel on the ground state of matter at finite density. The coupling constant for this new term is varied within the limits suggested by naturalness. The flavor-mixing effects of the additional term destabilize the color-flavor-locked (CFL) and, to a lesser extent, the two-color superconducting (2SC) phases of quark matter, especially for positive values of the coupling. For some values of the coupling, the critical density for the CFL phase is nearly larger than the maximum density in the neutron stars. We comment on the implications for neutron star evolution.
trans‐Diaqua­bis(N,N′‐dimethyl­ethane‐1,2‐diamine‐κ2N,N′)nickel(II) dichloride dihydrate

The title complex, [Ni(C4H12N2)2(H2O)2]Cl2·2H2O, consists of two chloride ions, two water mol­ecules and a complex dication. The nickel(II) center is pseudo-octa­hedral six-coordinate, with a trans geometry and is located on an inversion center. The coordinated water mol­ecule hydrogen bonds to two chloride ions, as does the uncoordinated water mol­ecule. The uncoordinated water mol­ecule also accepts a hydrogen bond from one of the secondary amines.
Idea garden tuning and generalization

End-user programmers encounter many barriers as they try to accomplish their tasks. To help solve this problem, Researchers have developed solutions to help end users overcome some of these barriers, such as arcane language constructs that are difficult to learn, syntax rules that are hard to memorize, and finding suitable example programs that other end-users have written. Approaches developed previously to tackle these issues include programming by demonstration, natural programming methodology, and mashup environments. In spite of such efforts, empirical experiments show that many end-user programmers still struggle. One possible explanation for this phenomenon is that most approaches try to remove these barriers rather than trying to empower users through increasing end users' problem-solving skills, creativity, and design thinking. To fill this gap, recently, Cao et al. introduced the Idea Garden approach. Idea Garden is not intended to solve problems automatically on its own or to replace online tutorials. Instead, it supplements online tutorials by suggesting problem solving strategies, programming domain concepts, and patterns based on the users' actual tasks.
Archaeology. Tree trail to Chaco Canyon.

Strontium isotopes have been used to identify the sources of timber in buildings around one thousand years old. The method can now help to solve a range of other problems.
Characterizing germania concentration and structure in fiber soot using multiphoton microscopy and spectroscopy technology

Germania doping is commonly used in the core of optical fiber due to its advantages compared to other materials such as superior transparency in near-infrared telecommunication wavelength region. During fiber preform manufacturing using the outside vapor deposition (OVD) process, Ge is doped into a silica soot preform by chemical vapor deposition. Since the Ge doping concentration profile is directly correlated with the fiber refractive index profile, its characterization is critical for the fiber industry. Electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA) is a conventional analysis method for characterizing the Ge concentration profile. However, it requires extensive sample preparation and lengthy measurement. In this paper, a multiphoton microscopy technique is utilized to measure the Ge doping profile based on the multiphoton fluorescence intensity of the soot layers. Two samples, one with ramped and another with stepped Ge doping profiles were prepared for measurements. Measured results show that the technique is capable of distinguishing ramped and stepped Ge doping profiles with good accuracy. In the ramped soot sample, a sharp increment of doping level was observed in about 2 mm range from soot edge followed by a relative slow gradient doping accretion. As for the stepped doping sample, step sizes ranging from around 1 mm (at soot edge) to 3 mm (at soot center) were observed. All the measured profiles are in close agreement with that of the EPMA measurements. In addition, both multiphoton fluorescence (around 420 nm) and sharp second harmonic generations (at 532 nm) were observed, which indicates the co-existence of crystal and amorphous GeO2.
The Actin Cytoskeleton Dynamically Associates with T-Cell Receptor Clusters

The actin cytoskeleton is a key determinant of cell surface protein organization in many eukaryotic cells. In mammalian T-cells undergoing antigen-mediated activation, the cytoskeleton drives the development of a set of macroscale protein domains, collectively termed the supramolecular activation cluster. These protein domains, composed of T-cell receptors surrounded by adhesion molecules and their ligands, are highly characteristic of T-cell activation and are thought to play an important role in modulating receptor signaling intensity.Though significant research has been undertaken to elucidate the interactions among various receptors involved in T-cell activation, the nature of the interactions between these receptors and actin remains poorly established. We have used live-cell fluorescence microscopy to image the actin cytoskeleton as it interacts with T-cell receptors in real time. Our results support recent work from our lab that had shown that T-cell receptors are likely to be friction-coupled to the cytoskeleton. Actin density tracking has also extended that work by demonstrating that cytoskeletal velocity may be affected by mobility-limited T-cell receptor clusters, and thus that T-cell receptors may have the capacity to regulate actin flow.In addition, we have evaluated the time dynamics of the T-cell receptor-actin interaction and found that actin periodically accumulates and dissipates at T-cell receptor clusters. By applying an autocorrelation function to our image stacks, we found that the half-decay time (Tau1/2) of the actin fluorescence at regions corresponding to T-cell receptor clusters was significantly increased compared to background, indicating a greater persistence of actin in those regions. Thus we have developed a novel method of analyzing actin kinetics and shown that the actin cytoskeleton dynamically associates with T-cell receptor clusters.
The predictive utility of behavior-based interviewing compared with traditional interviewing in the selection of radiology residents.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES. This study compares the predictive use of measures based on traditional faculty and resident interviews of residency applicants with measures obtained through behavior-based interviewing. A special emphasis was placed on predicting residents' noncognitive abilities. METHODS. One hundred fifty-one resident applicants, over a 3-year period, were interviewed using standard interviews by faculty and residents. These residents also were interviewed with an experimental behavior-based accomplishment interview. Four years later, during their diagnostic radiology residency, evaluations of performance were gathered on these applicants from their residency director. RESULTS. Results indicated that scores based on responses given during the accomplishment interviews added considerable predictive utility to the low prediction demonstrated by traditional interviews. CONCLUSIONS. These findings imply that improving unstructured faculty and resident interviews to obtain, in a more rigorous manner, desired information about noncognitive abilities may be a key to successful resident selection.
Image-domain material decomposition using photon-counting CT

Novel CdTe photon counting x-ray detectors (PCXDs) have been developed for very high count rates [1-4] suitable for x-ray micro computed tomography (μCT) scanners. It counts photons within each of J energy bins. In this study, we investigate use of the data in these energy bins for material decomposition using an image domain approach. In this method, one image is reconstructed from projection data of each energy bin; thus, we have J images from J energy bins that are associated with attenuation coefficients with a narrow energy width. We assume that the spread of energies in each bin is small and thus that the attenuation can be modeled using an effective energy for each bin. This approximation allows us to linearize the problem, thus simplify the inversion procedure. We then fit J attenuation coefficients at each location x by the energy-attenuation function [5] and obtain either (1) photoelectric and Compton scattering components or (2) 2 or 3 basis-material components. We used computer simulations to evaluate this approach generating projection data with three types of acquisition schemes: (A) five monochromatic energies; (B) five energy bins with PCXD and an 80 kVp polychromatic x-ray spectrum; and (C) two kVp with an intensity integrating detector. Total attenuation coefficients of reconstructed images and calculated effective atomic numbers were compared with data published by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). We developed a new materially defined "SmileyZ" phantom to evaluate the accuracy of the material decomposition methods. Preliminary results showed that material based 3-basis functions (bone, water and iodine) with PCXD with 5 energy bins was the most promising approach for material decomposition.
MicroRNA therapeutics: a new niche for antisense nucleic acids

MicroRNA molecules (miRNAs) are naturally occurring triggers of the RNA-interference pathway. The first identified miRNA, lin-4, was discovered in Caenorhabditis elegans >20 years ago. What began as a curiosity in this model organism has expanded into almost every area of biology; there are now 326 confirmed miRNA genes in humans and the total is predicted to reach 1000. Each miRNA has the potential to regulate hundreds of mRNAs; therefore, there are likely to be few biological pathways not impacted by miRNA regulation. Recent evidence has suggested that miRNAs might be viable therapeutic targets for a wide range of diseases, including cancer. A recent article by Stoffel and colleagues has demonstrated remarkably effective inhibition of miRNAs in vivo, thus providing an entry point into the promising new arena of miRNA therapeutics.
Evaluation of a suicide awareness curriculum for high school students.

Abstract Suicide awareness programs have become increasingly commonplace in high school curricula, yet controversy exists over their risks and benefits. This study was designed to assess both positive and negative outcomes of a suicide awareness program for ninth graders. Students' knowledge, attitudes, coping styles, hopelessness, and helping behaviors were assessed 10 weeks after completion of a program. A Solomon four-groups design was used to examine pretest sensitization. The experimental group displayed small, but significantly greater, increases in certain coping strategies and knowledge; pretest sensitization and sex differences were also found to have a substantial effect. Hopelessness was not found to be associated with exposure to the suicide awareness curriculum.
Endoscopic therapy for Barrett's esophagus: a review of its emerging role in optimal diagnosis and endoluminal therapy.

Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is a premalignant lesion known to sequentially progress to esophageal adenocarcinoma. Management of BE has changed significantly over the last 5 years with the development of endoscopic resection and ablation, which has replaced esophagectomy as the treatment of choice in BE with high-grade dysplasia. The aim of this review is to discuss the details of these new endotherapies in regards to response and durability and to define the role of these new therapies in the current management of BE.