cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of external brooding in the sea anemone Epictis Epiactis prolifera

The sexually produced young of the externally brooding actinian Epiactis prolifera Verrill, 1869 are attached to the parent's column just above the base. A transitory “brood groove” may be formed around the limbus when the parent contracts. In the population studied on the coast of Sonoma County, California, USA, from 27 to 49% of the adult anemones were brooding at any time, the proportion being inversely related to seawater temperature and directly related to size of the anemones. A brood usually consisted of young of various sizes. Overall, number of young being brooded was directly related to parent size and inversely related to size of the brooded juveniles. The growth rate of juvenile anemones was inferred to average about a millimeter in pedal disc diameter per month. Juveniles dislodged from the parent when smaller than 4 mm in basal diameter apparently cannot survive in the intertidal zone. Juveniles which successfully make the transition to adulthood have, therefore, been brooded for at least 3 months. Fewer than 50% of the smallest juveniles survived to a size at which they could live independently. The transition to adulthood was accompanied by a mortality of 80%. The survival rate, from egg to adult, was calculated to be about 1% per season.
Statistical approaches to the tomographic reconstruction of finitely parameterized geometric objects

Tomographic reconstruction in two dimensions is concerned with the reconstruction of a positive, bounded function f(x, y) and its compact domain of support (Omicron) from noisy and possibly sparse samples of its radon-transform projections, g(t, (Omicron) ). If the pair (f, (Omicron) ) is referred to as an object, a finitely parameterized object is one in which both f(x, y) and (Omicron) are determined uniquely by a finite number of parameters. For instance, a binary N-sided polygonal object in the plane is uniquely specified by exactly 2N parameters which may be the vertices, normals to the sides, etc. In this work we study the optimal reconstruction of finitely parameterized objects from noisy projections. In specific, we focus our study on the optimal reconstruction of binary polygonal objects from noisy projections. We show that when the projections are corrupted by Gaussian white noise, the optimal maximum likelihood (ML) solution to the reconstruction problem is the solution to a nonlinear optimization problem. This optimization problem is formulated over a parameter space which is a finite dimensional Euclidean space. We also demonstrate that in general, the moments of an object can be estimated directly from the projection data and that using these estimated moments, a good initial guess for the numerical solution to the nonlinear optimization problem may be constructed. Finally, we study the performance of the proposed algorithms from both statistical and computational viewpoints.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The N terminus of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus G protein-coupled receptor is necessary for high affinity chemokine binding but not for constitutive activity.

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) contains a gene encoding a G protein-coupled receptor (KSHV-GPCR) that is homologous to mammalian chemokine receptors. KSHV-GPCR signals constitutively (in an agonist-independent manner) via the phosphoinositide-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate pathway. Because it has been proposed that the N terminus (N-TERM) of other GPCRs may act as tethered agonists, we determined whether the N-TERM of KSHV-GPCR is necessary for constitutive signaling activity or ligand binding, or both. We show that replacement of the entire N-TERM of KSHV-GPCR with those of two other GPCRs, deletion of residues within the N-TERM, and disruption of a putative disulfide bond that may hold the N-TERM in close proximity to extracellular loop 3 do not affect constitutive signaling activity but decrease chemokine binding. There were differences in the effects of mutation of the N-TERM on binding of the chemokines growth-related oncogene α, which is an agonist, and interferon-γ-inducible protein-10, which is an inverse agonist. The effects on chemokine binding were accompanied by changes in chemokine regulation of KSHV-GPCR signaling. We conclude that the N-TERM is not necessary for constitutive KSHV-GPCR signaling, i.e. the N-TERM is not a tethered agonist, but plays a crucial role in binding of chemokine ligands and of chemokine regulation of KSHV-GPCR signaling.
Oral N-acetylcysteine rescues lethality of hepatocyte-specific Gclc-knockout mice, providing a model for hepatic cirrhosis.

Background & Aims Certain liver diseases have been associated with depletion of glutathione (GSH), the major antioxidant in the liver. A recent report about Gclc h/h mice with a hepatocyte-specific ablation of Gclc (the gene encoding the catalytic subunit of the rate-limiting enzyme in GSH synthesis) has shown an essential role of GSH in hepatic function. Gclc h/h mice develop severe steatosis and die of liver failure within one month, due to ∼95% depletion of hepatic GSH; mitochondria are the major affected organelles, displaying abnormal ultrastructure and impaired functioning. Methods Gclc h/h mice were fed with L - N -acetylcysteine (NAC; 10g/L) in drinking water, starting at postnatal day 18. Results Gclc h/h mice were rescued by use of NAC supplementation, and survived until adulthood. NAC replenished the mitochondrial GSH pool and attenuated mitochondrial damage, with accompanying diminished hepatic steatosis; however, abnormal liver biochemical tests, hepatocyte death, and hepatic oxidative stress persisted in the rescued mice. At 50days of age, the liver from rescued Gclc h/h mice started to display characteristics of fibrosis and at age 120days, macronodular cirrhosis was observed. Immunohistostaining for liver-specific markers as well as the expression profile of hepatic cytokines indicated that the repopulation of hepatocytes in the cirrhotic nodules involved the expansion of oval cells. Conclusions Replenishment of mitochondrial GSH and restoration of mitochondrial function by NAC prevents mortality caused by the loss of hepatocyte GSH de novo synthesis, allowing steatosis to progress to a chronic stage. Thus, with NAC supplementation, Gclc h/h mice provide a model for the development of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis.
Photon transport in vegetation canopies with anisotropic scattering Part I. Scattering phase functions in one angle

Abstract We show that an exact analytical solution exists for the one-angle Gutschick-Wiegel phase function. The analytical solution exhibits certain symmetries in the resulting transfer matrix, which may be exploited to reduce memory and CPU time demand. Such savings can be substantial, especially in the two-angle problems. We computed the scattering phase functions for several theoretical and agricultural crop canopies and found the re-emission character of most vegetation canopies to be rather strongly anisotropic.
Total petrosectomy approach for lesions of the skull base

Technical advances have significantly enhanced the ability of the neurosurgeon to address pathology once considered inoperative. Implementation of various skull-base approaches provides routes of access to areas previously described as inaccessible. The total petrosectomy provides wide exposure to the petrous bone, petroclival region, superior clivus and incisura, middle fossa, and cavernous sinus. A thorough understanding of temporal bone anatomy is essential in this approach. This article provides an overview of relative indications of the total petrosectomy approach, its limitations, postoperative complications, and the description of the approach.
The kinetics and product yield of the reaction of HO with HNO3

Abstract Room temperature rate constants for the reaction HO + HNO 3 were obtained by laser flash photolysis. HO was observed by resonance fluorescence [ k ± 2σ = (8.2 ± 1.8) × 10 −14 cm 3 s −1 ]; and the product NO 3 was measured by laser absorption [(10.6 ± 3.4) × 10 −14 cm 3 s −1 ]. The nitrate free radical NO 3 was a major product of the reaction.
MOCVD-grown InGaAsN quantum-well lasers

ABSTRACT High performance strained-layer InGaAs (X=1.2pm) and InGaAsN (X=l.3im) quantum-well lasers have been realized by MOCVD growth using Arsine and Dimethyihydrazine as the group V precursors. The use of GaAsP high bandgap barrier layers is shown toimprove device performance over conventional GaAs barrier lasers. By comparison to conventional InP-based techn.ology, InGaAsN lasers exhibit very low threshold currentdensity at high temperature (390A1cm2 at 80°C), using a single-quantum well design.1. IntroductionThe demand for higher bandwidth and longer transmission distance has led the pursuit of low cost single- mode 1 .3- 1 .55jim transmitter sources. 1 .3pm-emitting edge- emitters or VCSELs operating at a modulation bandwidth of 10 Gb/s, for the metro application using single mode fiber, allow data transmission up toa distance of 20-30 km[1]. In order to realize low cost (uncooled) 1 .3- 1 .55p,m-based optical communicationssystems, high-performance (i.e. temperature insensitive) diode lasers (either in-plane orVCSELs) are needed which operate up to 85°C. However, conventional InP-based longwavelength diode lasers, at X =
The Growth of American Political Development: The View from the Classroom

American Political Development (APD) is among the fastest-growing areas in political science. Barely two decades ago, the “field” consisted of a handful of works by a few scholars. Since then political scientists have been joined under the APD banner by researchers from other disciplines in issuing dozens of books and hundreds of articles, organizing a biennial APD conference, and teaching numerous graduate and undergraduate courses. The flagship APD journal, Studies in American Political Development, in print since 1986, is ranked among the top political science journals; also well regarded is the Journal of Policy History, begun three years later. The Politics and History section of the American Political Science Association, likewise founded recently, has the eighth largest membership of the discipline's 35 subgroupings. Newly minted PhDs list APD as a specific research and teaching interest, and political science departments are matching that surging interest with job postings. And overviews of recent scholarship on the American polity separately highlight APD approaches. Perhaps inevitably, however, the rapid emergence of APD as a full-fledged disciplinary concentration has been accompanied by developmental problems.Rogan Kersh is associate professor of political science and public administration at Syracuse University's Maxwell School (rtkersh@maxwell.syr.edu). He is the author of Dreams of a More Perfect Union, as well as articles on APD in numerous journals. For helpful advice and commentary, the author thanks Brian Balogh, Dan Galvin, Jennifer Hochschild, Shelley Hurt, David Mayhew, Suzanne Mettler, Sid Milkis, Jim Morone, three anonymous Perspectives reviewers, and audience members at the APD workshop at the University of Virginia's Miller Center.
Reaction of Platinum Nanocatalyst with the Ferricyanide Reactant to Produce Prussian Blue Analogue Complexes

The field of catalysis with colloidal nanoparticles is in its infancy. The question of whether the catalysis occurs on the surface of the nanoparticle (thus heterogeneous) or homogeneously in solution using a complex made by the nanoparticle is now being debated. Thus, the molecular mechanism of nanocatalysis has not yet been studied in detail. The first step in this effort is to study the molecular mechanism of the reaction of each reactant with the nanoparticle. This letter is an effort in this direction. A great deal of research has used platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) to catalyze electron-transfer reactions such as that between thiosulfate and hexacyanoferrate III. We monitored this reaction in detail using optical, Raman, and IR spectroscopies. By increasing the reaction time, two sequential dominant species are formed. The first one is found to have spectral signatures of a Prussian blue analogue with a structure of K[PtIIFeIII(CN)6]. With increasing time, the intensity of the spectrum of this comple...
Microanatomy of the ventral cord ganglia of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus (L.).

The morphology of the first abdominal ganglion of Limulus polyphemus (L.) was examined by reconstructions from stained serial sections. This ganglion, one of a chain of eight which form the ventral cord, is bilaterally symmetrical and shows the typical invertebrate division into two zones, cellular rind and fibrous core. The core of the ganglion comprises two major longitudinal tracts which are continuous with the connectives between the ganglia and four areas of regional neuropile which occur at the roots of the nerves developed from the ganglion. Minor tracts and neuropile are present. The rind is divided into several cell groups: U-shaped lobes around the nerve roots, a lateral lobe between the nerve roots and two cell layers along the ventral aspect. Six cell types are recognized: encapsulated unipolar cells, secretory unipolar cells (two types), encapsulated bipolar cells, “neuroglandular” bipolar cells and small non-encapsulated cells.
Linewidth enhancement factor effects on modulation response of isolator-free injection-locked semiconductor lasers

It was recently discovered that the relaxation oscillation frequency of a semiconductor laser may be increased with injection-locking. Here we demonstrate nontrivial effects of linewidth enhancement factor on modulation response of isolator-free injection-locked semiconductor lasers.
Interpretation of earthquake epicenter and CMT centroid locations, in terms of rupture length and direction

Abstract A comparison is made between hypocenter and centroid estimates of shallow earthquakes to investigate whether the difference between these two quantities contains useful information on fault rupture length and direction. An initial comparison of International Seismological Centre (ISC) and Harvard centroid-moment tensor (CMT) catalog locations suggests that for earthquakes below MW ∼ 6.5 the difference in location is dominated by location errors, whilst larger earthquakes appear to show the effect of increasing spatial rupture. However, for this data set combined location errors greater than 25 km are observed for a majority of earthquakes imposing a limit on interpretation. We use these constraints to investigate this approach using a consistent Earth model in the re-analysis of eight, previously well-studied, events. New hypocenter estimates based on teleseismic P-wave arrivals from the ISC Bulletin and a 3-D velocity model of the mantle (S&P12/WM13) are compared with new centroid locations obtained using the same 3-D model, and waveform data from International Deployment of Accelerometers (IDA), Global Digital Seismic Network (GDSN), and re-calibrated high-gain, long-period (HGLP) stations. The distance between our new hypocenter and centroid locations is shown to provide reliable information on both the rupture length and direction. The rupture lengths and azimuths generally agree with the most recent, previous results from other methods and provide an absolute estimate of the location of the rupture.
Hartree—Fock study of the interaction potential of He and Cl+

Abstract LCAO SCF calculations of the HeCl+ interaction potential show that this molecular ion in its ground 3II state is slightly bound at ≈ 3 A separation with a Hartree—Fock dissociation energy of D0 = 0.26kcal/mol. These ground state values remain unchanged when spin—orbit coupling is taken into account. The main contribution to the attractive part of the potential is due to an induced dipole—point charge interaction. There is no indication of a chemical bond being formed at the equilibrium distance as can be seen from charge density plots.
Quantum control of a Landau-quantized two-dimensional electron gas in a GaAs quantum well using coherent terahertz pulses

We demonstrate coherent control of cyclotron resonance in a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG). We use a sequence of terahertz (THz) pulses to control the amplitude of coherent cyclotron resonance oscillations in an arbitrary fashion via phase-dependent coherent interactions. We observe a self-interaction effect, where the 2DEG interacts with the THz field emitted by itself within the decoherence time, resulting in a revival and collapse of quantum coherence. These observations are accurately describable using single-particle optical Bloch equations, showing no signatures of electron-electron interactions, which verifies the validity of Kohn's theorem for cyclotron resonance in the coherent regime.
Craniofacial gunshot injuries: an unrecognised risk factor for blunt cervical vascular injuries?

Objectives To review our institutional experience with cervical arterial injuries remote from the penetrating tract seen in the setting of craniofacial gunshot injuries.
The TATA-binding Protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae Oligomerizes in Solution at Micromolar Concentrations to Form Tetramers and Octamers

Equilibrium analytical ultracentrifugation has been used to determine the stoichiometry and energetics of the self-assembly of the TATA-binding protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 30 degreesC, in buffers ranging in salt concentration from 60 mM KCl to 1 M KCl. The data are consistent with a sequential association model in which monomers are in equilibrium with tetramers and octamers at protein concentrations above 2.6 microM. Association is highly cooperative, with octamer formation favored by approximately 7 kcal/mol over tetramers. At high [KCl], the concentration of tetramers becomes negligible and the data are best described by a monomer-octamer reaction mechanism. The equilibrium association constants for both monomer tetramer and tetramer octamer reactions change with [KCl] in a biphasic manner, decreasing with increasing [KCl] from 60 mM to 300 mM, and increasing with increasing [KCl] from 300 mM to 1 M. At low [KCl], approximately 3 mole equivalents of ions are released at each association step, while at high [KCl], approximately 3 mole equivalents of ions are taken up at each association step. These results suggest that there is a salt concentration-dependent change in the assembly mechanism, and that the mechanistic switch takes place near 300 mM KCl. The possibility that this self-association reaction may play a role in the activity of the TATA-binding protein in vivo is discussed.
Prosecuting your patent

It's a near certainty that the first office action on your patent application will be a rejection. However, a patent application lets you deal with a single person: the patent examiner. You will not have to juggle multiple reviewers who independently insist upon mutually conflicting changes. Philip Emma offers advice for prosecuting your patent through to allowance, the granting of your patent.
Commission trade and the kolkhoz market

(1958). Commission trade and the kolkhoz market. Soviet Studies: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 136-145.
Classical-quantum correspondence in the driven surface-state-electron model

The quantum dynamics of minimum uncertainty wave packets in a system described by the surfacestate-electron Hamiltonian are studied herein. The quantum evolution is found to be strongly dependent upon the orbit structure in the classical phase space. A Gaussian wave packet, initially centered on the part of the phase space incased by Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser tori remains localized, while the packets located in the chaotic region spread rapidly, filling the available phase space. To quantify the observed spreading quantum uncertainty is introduced as a dynamical variable, and its time development is determined by the ballistic growth of the position uncertainty and the erratic oscillations of the momentum uncertainty. The quantum evolution is analyzed within the framework of the Floquet formalism. The Floquet spectrum of the stable packet is shown to be dominated by a few quasienergy states with the corresponding Husimi distribution embedded in the classical stability island. Further, the classical concept of diffusion previously used in this context is shown to be inappropriate.
Lamb wave propagation in composite laminates using a higher-order plate theory

A new consistent higher-order plate theory is developed for composites with the aim of accurately and efficiently modeling multiple higher-order Lamb waves over a higher frequency range. The dispersion relations based on this theory that can be analytically determined comprise five symmetric and six anti-symmetric wave modes. Computational procedures for phase and group velocities are discussed. Meanwhile, characteristic wave curves including velocity, slowness, and wave curves are introduced to investigate the dispersive and anisotropic behavior of Lamb wave propagation in composites. From numerical results of Lamb waves in both lamina and symmetric laminate, it shows that the higher-order plate theory not only gives good agreement with three-dimensional (3-D) elasticity theory over a wide high frequency range, but also provides a more robust method than 3-D elasticity theory. This study demonstrates a feasibility of using the proposed theory for realizing near real-time Structural Health Monitoring for composites at a higher frequency range.
Chemical heterogeneity in carbonado, an enigmatic polycrystalline diamond

Abstract Carbonado, a polycrystalline variety of diamond, is characterized by unusual carbon isotope compositions with bulk δ13C values clustered tightly between −23 and −30‰ (relative to PDB). These values are significantly lighter than harzburgitic diamond (with a range in δ13C from −1 to −10‰) and fall near the lower extreme for eclogitic diamond (ranging from +3 to −34‰). In combination with textural and inclusion data, these isotopic compositions have led scientists to question whether carbonado originated in the mantle or in the crust. Previous studies of carbonado have revealed a bimodal grain size distribution that correlates with cathodoluminescence (CL) emissions. We believe that these textures result from a two-step growth process, and we have obtained additional chemical evidence that supports the identification of two distinct crystal populations. Ion microprobe analyses of a Central African carbonado reveal a bimodal distribution of δ13C values of −24 and −26‰ (with an instrumental precision of ±0.29‰). Secondary ion mass spectrometry analyses also demonstrate that this δ13C distribution coincides with variations in nitrogen abundance, and both of these chemical zonations correlate with CL emission signatures. A one-dimensional analysis of self-diffusion of carbon in diamond suggests that isotopic homogenization occurs extremely slowly, even under upper mantle conditions. Whereas the microscale distribution of carbon isotopes in carbonado does not constrain the temperature, pressure or time of carbonado formation, it does provide a geochemical signature that recorded the dynamics of the growth process.
Multiple uses of tumor necrosis therapy (TNT) for the treatment and imaging of solid tumors: Preclinical considerations and progress

Abstract In an attempt to identify reagents that can elicit an effective anti-tumor immune response, we produced a panel of fusion proteins consisting of the tumor necrosis therapy (TNT) antibody and potent cytokines/chemokines. At the center of this approach is the TNT antibody, which has several important characteristics that make it an ideal delivery agent for immune modulators. These include its applicability to a wide range of human and animal cancers, its inability to bind normal tissues, its long retention time in tumors, and its ability to target necrotic regions in primary and metastatic lesions. Because of these attributes, TNT has been used to deliver radionuclides, immunostimulatory molecules, and vasopermeability agents to treat tumors. Moreover, TNT can be used with imaging to provide critical information concerning the effects of cytoreductive therapy early in the course of treatment and to demonstrate the ability of vasoactive antibody reagents to improve the uptake of drugs used for the treatment of cancer. To date over 250 patients have been treated with 131I-chTNT-3 demonstrating that all types of tumors can be targeted without significant uptake in normal tissues. TNT fusion proteins therefore have unique promise as second generation agents for the immunotherapy of solid tumors.
Synthesis of deoxyribonucleotidyl(3'5')arabinonucleosides

Abstract Two different synthetic routes using phosphotriester methodology have been utilized to prepare deoxyribonucleotidyl (3′–5′) arabinonucleosides containing 9-β-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A, vidarabine) and 1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C, cytarabine) at the 3′-terminus in amounts and purity (greater than 95%) suitable for NMR analysis.
Laser Induced Nano-Droplet Ejection for the Construction of Nano-Inkjets

To achieve precise nano-droplet ejection, the existing microscale inkjet module could be scaled down to nanoscale, including both the fluidic channel and the pressure driver. While 2D/3D nanoscale fluidic channels are currently available, a nanoscale pressure driver providing high enough power intensity to overcome surface tension for nano-droplet ejection is still lacking. In this study, laser induced nanoscale confined heating with nano-nozzles are constructed and demonstrated as a simple and robust approach to achieve the required pressure driver. For the heating with continuous laser, micro spray composed with nano-droplets can be induced from the nano-nozzles. For the heating with nanosecond laser of adequate pulse energy, drop-on-demand ejection of droplets with similar diameter as the apertures of the nano-nozzle can be achieved.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Skepticism and elegance: problems for the abductivist reply to Cartesian skepticism

Some philosophers argue that we are justified in rejecting skepticism because it is explanatorily inferior to more commonsense hypotheses about the world. Focusing on the work of Jonathan Vogel, I show that this “abductivist” or “inference to the best explanation” response rests on an impoverished explanatory framework which ignores the explanatory gap between an object's having certain properties and its appearing to have those properties. Once this gap is appreciated, I argue, the abductivist strategy is defeated.
Synthesis and properties of fluorine‐containing heterocyclic compounds. V. Trifluoromethyl‐1,8‐ and 1,10‐phenanthrolines

The condensation of ethyl trifluoroacetoacetate with various heterocyclic amines yielded 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenanthrolin-4-ones. The structures of these compounds were established from a study of their infrared and ultraviolet spectra. Substituted phenanthrolines were prepared by nucleophilic attack on a chlorophenanthroline. The oxidation of 5-methoxy-2-trifluoromethyl-1,10-phenanthroline yielded an o-quinone which was treated with typical quinone reagents. A molecular orbital calculation was carried out in an attempt to explain the ease of reduction of the 1,10-phenanthroline system and the colors of the reduced compounds.
A shotgun approach to discovering and reconstructing consensus retrotransposons ex novo from dense contigs of short sequences derived from Genbank Genome Survey Sequence database records

Retrotransposons constitute the majority of pseudogenic protein coding regions of most eukaryotic genomes. Most genomes carry tens to thousands of retrotransposon copies derived from dozens of distinct families, but most if not all of these copies are non-functional and contain disabling mutations, including large numbers of indels. Until recently, most regions rich in these elements were virtually ignored in all but the most complete genome sequencing projects, and the full extent of their impact on the structure and function of the genomes of higher eukaryotes was under-appreciated. Even when new retrotransposons are encountered and annotated by automated gene finding programs and similarity searches, coding regions are treated as exons and invariably and not surprisingly mistranslated because of numerous frameshift mutations and large indels. Very few functional retrotransposons contain introns, as in silico annotations imply. While many repetitive DNA consensus sequences have been assembled from collections of largely full-length copies using full-length templates, we have shown that repetitive DNA consensus sequence contigs representing long, moderately high copy-number elements can also be generated ex novo in the absence of templates from very short overlapping sequences. We have devised an in silico strategy to recover and reconstruct consensus sequences of elements up to 20,000 bp by building dense contigs of hundreds of overlapping 400 to 900-bp records found in the Genbank Genome Survey Sequence database. The results are hypothetical ancestral sequences that encode elements that appear to be fully functional with intact open reading frames and other conserved features.
Ab initio DFT and its role in electronic structure theory

Today's electronic structure theory depends equally upon density functional theory (DFT) and wavefunction theory (WFT). The interconnections between the two has long been of interest, but has not been developed explicitly enough to enable the best of both worlds to be used to obtain improved results. ab initio dft has been pursued at QTP over a few years as a partial solution. ab initio dft combines elements of correlated WFT, by taking orbital dependent functionals from coupled-cluster and many-body perturbation theory with optimised potential ideas to offer a seamless connection. The emphasis has been on the correlation potentials used in Kohn–Sham theory rather than the functionals themselves, as the potential is more sensitive to various approximations. This contribution summarises that work and suggests some future developments.
Activity of tricyclic nucleoside 5'-phosphate in model systems of human ovarian cancer.

Tricyclic nucleoside 5′-phosphate (TCN-P) was evaluated in two models of human ovarian cancer. TCN-P reduced both colony number and volume in clonogenic assays employing human ovarian cancer cell lines. TCN-P cytotoxicity depended on the concentration, exposure duration and cell line studied, but not on cell line plating efficiency or growth rate in soft agarose. Comparison of experimental IC50 concentrations for 1 hour or continuous TCN-P exposure with reported clinically relevant concentrations suggests that therapeutic TCN-P levels are more likely to be achieved by continuous infusions. Cell lines and sublines with resistance to several standard chemotherapeutic agents acquired both in vivo and in vitro were at most 2.6-fold cross-resistant to TCN-P with 1 hour drug exposure. Cross-resistance was not evident with continuous TCN-P exposure. Intermittent bolus TCN-P (100 mg/kg/d × 5) was ineffective in an in vivo xenograft model of human ovarian cancer. These data suggest that TCN-P is most likely to be clinically effective against ovarian cancer, and may be non-cross-resistant with several standard agents, if administered by continuous infusion. Preclinical evaluation of new agents, such as TCN-P, in these experimental models may provide information useful in subsequent clinical trials.
THERMAL RAYLEIGH DISK MEASUREMENTS IN LIQUID HELIUM II

The torque exerted by heat flow on a disk suspended in liquid helium II has been measured and shown to agree with theoretical values. As reported earlier by P. M. Morse and one of the authors, such a disk constitutes a direct mechanical detector of the internal fluid convection currents associated with heat current in helium II. Thus the device is capable of detecting second sound mechanically, whereas ordinary microphones (either pressure or velocity type) do not respond. Furthermore it provides a direct measure of second sound intensity in terms of fundamental quantities, such as kinetic energy density and the geometry. The agreement between observed torque on the disk and predictions based on the two-fluid theory lend further credence to the internal consistency of that hypothesis. Behavior within various temperature ranges, between 1.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and the $\ensuremath{\lambda}$-point, strongly implies that both the normal fluid and superfluid components exert their respective contributions to torque on the disk, as if each fluid individually obeyed the classical K\"onig formula. That the disk recognizes the net torque exerted by both fluids in a manner conforming to this extension of the original classical hydrodynamics indicates that Bernoulli type forces (and the resultant couples) are associated with each separate fluid component, and with the heat current as a whole. The resultant generalized Bernoulli relationship earlier reported by Morse and one of the authors to hold near the $\ensuremath{\lambda}$-point has now been verified throughout the entire liquid helium II temperature range down to 1.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. In view of the generalized form of this principle it would appear that for the majority of classical hydrodynamical devices and experiments there exists the thermal counterpart in liquid helium II. In the present investigation, calculations are based on the numerical values of heat content $\mathrm{TS}$ measured for helium II by Kapitza in total flow experiments (through semi-permeable apertures). The present correlations concern alternatively observing by mechanical means the heat current in internal counterflow (no total flow). Employed as a calorimeter the thermal Rayleigh disk yields values of specific heat ${c}_{v}$ for liquid helium II in conformity with values obtained earlier by other investigators using customary methods.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEVEL OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT AND FACTUAL LEARNING IN SITUATIONS WITH MORAL OVERTONES

This study investigated the relationship between level of moral development and factual learning in situations with potentially strong moral overtones. 193 children in Grades 5 and 6 were interviewed using Kohlberg's moral judgment scale and were tested after a film-tape presentation on the Netsilik Eskimos. Analyses of variance indicated that there was a relationship between level of moral development and factual learning in situations with moral overtones but that this relationship did not interact with intelligence, level of academic achievement, sex, or grade level. It was also concluded that the highest moral development group (the conventional level) was different from the lower moral development groups (the preconventional level) in total factual learning, IQ, and level of academic achievement.
VARIABLE SUPPRESSION OF IN VITRO GRANULOPOIESIS BY β-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS

Top of pageAbstract The effects of a number of β-lactam antibiotics (βL-A) on in vitro granulocyte/macrophage colony formation (CFUGM) in the agar culture system were studied. Normal bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNC) (2 × 105/ml) were cultured in 0.3% agar with peripheral blood leukocyte (106) underlayers. Dilutions of antibiotics were prepared in phosphate-buffered saline. The drug (0.1 ml) or buffered saline (0.1 ml) as a control was added directly to BM-MNC and plated with 0.3% agar. Drug dose survival curves were obtained. Studies were done in at least duplicate. aLD50 = mean drug dose (μgm/ml) at which ≥50% suppression of CFUGM. bPenicillin G stored at room temperature × 5 days. Further studies of Moxalactam, with overnight incubation followed by washing of BM-MNC and culture, indicate that suppression did not appear to result from direct cytotoxicity. Decreased colony formation with "aged" Penicillin G suggests that degradation by-products may be the principal cause of in vitro suppression with this and other βL-A. This may have significance for the evolution of clinical neutropenia.
Adapting physically complete models to vehicle-based EMI array sensor data: data inversion and discrimination studies

This paper reports vehicle based electromagnetic induction (EMI) array sensor data inversion and discrimination results. Recent field studies show that EMI arrays, such as the Minelab Single Transmitter Multiple Receiver (STMR), and the Geophex GEM-5 EMI array, provide a fast and safe way to detect subsurface metallic targets such as landmines, unexploded ordnance (UXO) and buried explosives. The array sensors are flexible and easily adaptable for a variety of ground vehicles and mobile platforms, which makes them very attractive for safe and cost effective detection operations in many applications, including but not limited to explosive ordnance disposal and humanitarian UXO and demining missions. Most state-of-the-art EMI arrays measure the vertical or full vector field, or gradient tensor fields and utilize them for real-time threat detection based on threshold analysis. Real field practice shows that the threshold-level detection has high false alarms. One way to reduce these false alarms is to use EMI numerical techniques that are capable of inverting EMI array data in real time. In this work a physically complete model, known as the normalized volume/surface magnetic sources (NV/SMS) model is adapted to the vehicle-based EMI array, such as STMR and GEM-5, data. The NV/SMS model can be considered as a generalized volume or surface dipole model, which in a special limited case coincides with an infinitesimal dipole model approach. According to the NV/SMS model, an object's response to a sensor's primary field is modeled mathematically by a set of equivalent magnetic dipoles, distributed inside the object (i.e. NVMS) or over a surface surrounding the object (i.e. NSMS). The scattered magnetic field of the NSMS is identical to that produced by a set of interacting magnetic dipoles. The amplitudes of the magnetic dipoles are normalized to the primary magnetic field, relating induced magnetic dipole polarizability and the primary magnetic field. The magnitudes of the NSMS are determined directly by minimizing the difference between measured and modeled data for any known object and any type of EMI sensor data. The EMI array data are inverted via the combined NV/SMS and differential evolution inversion method that uses a search scheme to estimate the location of the target. First, the applicability of the NV/SMS and DE algorithms to STMR and GEM-5 data sets is demonstrated by comparing the modeled data against the actual data, and finally the discrimination studies are conducted using as discrimination parameters the total NV/SMS and the principal axis of the induced magnetic polarizability tensor for each target.
Cloning and preliminary characterization of a calcium-binding protein closely related to nucleolin on the apical surface of inner medullary collecting duct cells.

Calcium stone crystal attachment to the urinary epithelium plays an essential role in the development of kidney stones by allowing small crystals to be retained in the kidney until they become macroscopic. We among others have described attachment of stone crystals to cultured renal epithelia (Wiessner, J. H., Kleinman, J. G., Blumenthal, S. S., Garancis, J. C., and Mandel, G. S. (1987) J. Urol. 138, 640–643). To isolate protein(s) that may participate in crystal attachment, apical membranes of cultured renal inner medullary collecting duct were biotinylated, the cells were lysed with detergent, the lysate was subjected to hydroxyapatite chromatography, and fractions were incubated with calcium oxalate monohydrate. Electrophoresis of material solubilized from the crystals showed several selectively adsorbed protein bands. A 110-kDa band stained positively for biotin and for glycosides and bound45Ca. The amino acid sequence of this band was determined to be that of a protein closely related to rat nucleolin (nucleolin-related protein; NRP). NRP was cloned and sequenced and was 83% homologous with the previously sequenced nucleolar protein nucleolin. Using temperature-induced phase partitioning with Triton X-114, NRP was associated with both the insoluble membrane skeleton pellet and the soluble aqueous phase but not the soluble detergent phase. This association with the membrane skeleton was increased in the presence of calcium. Thus, NRP is associated with the apical membranes of cultured renal tubular cells and is bound to membrane skeletal elements in a calcium-dependent fashion. The physiological role of NRP remains to be determined; however, a pathophysiological role may be that of mediating the attachment to the renal tubular epithelium of calcium stone crystals.
The Macroscopic Behavior of Cumulus Ensembles Simulated by a Cumulus Ensemble Model

A number of simulation experiments are performed with the 2D UCLA cumulus ensemble model to study the macroscopic behavior of cumulus convection under a variety of different large-scale and underlying surface conditions. Specifically, the modulation of cumulus activity by the imposed large-scale processes and the eddy kinetic energy (EKE) budget are investigated in detail. In all simulations, cumulus convection is rather strongly modulated by large-scale advective processes in spite of the existence of some nonmodulated high-frequency fluctuations. The modulation exhibits some phase delays, however, when the basic wind shear is strong. This is presumably associated with the existence of mesoscale convective organization. The EKE budget analysis shows that the net eddy buoyancy generation rate is nearly zero for a wind range of cumulus ensembles.
Ovarian Granulosa Cells Isolated with EGTA and Hypertonic Sucrose: Cellular Integrity and Function

Chemical treatments previously shown to disrupt gap junctions were applied to rat ovaries with antral follicles prior to expressing the granulosa cells with a blunt spatula. Exposure of the ovaries to 6.8 mM EGTA lethyleneglycol-bis-13-aminoethyl ether)-N,N’-tetracetic acid I and 0.5 M sucrose either by perfusion in situ or incubation in vitro generated monodisperse suspensions of granulosa cells with improved integrity as evaluated by several criteria. Similar numbers of granulosa cells (7-8 X 106 per ovary) were obtained either by direct physical expression or by pretreatment of the ovaries followed by physical expression. However, the ability of the granulosa cells to exdude trypan blue dye was consistently improved 2-3-fold by pretreatment with EGTA and hypertonic sucrose (from 25% to 40-80%). Likewise, in vitro synthetic capacities for protein, RNA and DNA were enhanced 2-6-fold, 5-10-fold and 10-20-fold, respectively. A qualitative one-to-one correspondence between protein synthesis and vital dye exdusion was demonstrable but the quantitative relationship between dye exclusion and macromolecular precursor incorporation appeared to be nonlinear. Cells obtained using the chemical pretreatments also demonstrated better survival in minimal medium for at least the first 12 h of culture The enhancements observed could not be obtained by reversing the order of the chemical treatments or by treating granulosa cells after physical removal from ovarian follicles. Pretreatment of ovaries with EGTA and hypertonic sucrose appears to be a reliable procedure for improving the yield of monodisperse, viable, biochemically intact granulosa cells for use in in vitro examinations of follicular physiology and function.
Impact of synthesis conditions on surface chemistry and structure of carbide-derived carbons

Abstract Carbide-derived carbons produced by chlorination of titanium carbide at 600, 800, or 1100 °C were subjected to a post-treatment at 600 °C in Ar, H2, or NH3 atmosphere. Experimental results suggest that the chlorination temperature influences the ordering of carbon in a manner that impacts specific surface area and porosity. Higher chlorination temperatures lead to higher total pore volume and increased ordering, but lower microporosity. The effect of post-treatments on surface chemistry is pronounced only for samples chlorinated at 600 °C; post-treatments in Ar are shown to be less effective for chlorine removal than those performed in H2 or NH3. Post-treatments in Ar result in a lower total pore volume compared to the ones in H2 or NH3 for the same chlorination temperature. Samples chlorinated at higher temperatures contained less oxygen functionalities than samples chlorinated at 600 °C, and showed correspondingly less desorption of H2O, possibly due to diminished uptake of ambient water.
New Evolutionary Perspectives on Altruism: Multilevel-Selection and Costly-Signaling Theories

Social psychological theories tend to be primarily concerned with the immediate causes of altruism, whereas evolutionary explanations focus more on the origins and ultimate functions of altruistic behavior. Recent developments in the evolutionary psychology of altruism promise an even richer understanding of this important category of social behaviors. Specifically, new perspectives offered by multilevel-selection theory and costly-signaling theory may help to shed light on some of the more problematic issues in the study of altruism.
Silver-indium joints produced at low temperature for high temperature devices

A two-step fluxless bonding process adopted to produce high temperature silver-indium joints (80 wt% silver and 20 wt% indium) at relatively low process temperature of 206/spl deg/C has been developed. After annealing the joint continuously for 26 h at 145/spl deg/C, its melting temperature increases to 765-780/spl deg/C, as confirmed by a de-bonding test. The technique thus developed provides a viable alternative to packaging many high temperature devices running at 350/spl deg/C and above. The bonding quality of the Ag-In joints produced was examined using scanning acoustic microscopy. The joint cross-section was also studied using a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscope to find the local microstructure and composition. The results have shown that the joint is nearly void-free and uniform in thickness ranging from 7.2 to 7.8 /spl mu/m. The annealed sample joint, as determined by EDX, is mainly composed of AgIn/sub 2/, Ag/sub 2/In, and AuIn/sub 2/ grains embedded in an Ag-rich Ag-In alloy matrix. During joint formation, the intermetallic compound AgIn/sub 2/, in particular, prevents the indium layer from oxidation, and therefore, no flux is needed. In addition, low process temperatures help to reduce the thermal stresses developed in the bonded structure due to thermal expansion mismatch. Finally, reliability tests were conducted on three sets of annealed joints using a high temperature oven running continuously at 500/spl deg/C for 10, 100, and 1000 h each. Scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) images on these samples confirmed that the joints have an excellent survivability in a high temperature environment.
Automatic layer detection in gastrointestinal ultrasound images

An approach to the automatic boundary detection on gastrointestinal-wall ultrasound images (GWUI) is investigated. Boundaries are found by using the following major processing steps: asymmetrical two-dimensional median filtering; asymmetrical two-dimensional neighborhood averaging; global thresholding; binary image transformation; and local edge detection. Preliminary results from outlining layers within eight different GWUIs are presented. >
Qualification of the Joints for the ITER Central Solenoid

The ITER Central Solenoid has 36 interpancake joints, 12 bus joints, and 12 feeder joints in the magnet. The joints are required to have resistance below 4 nOhm at 45 kA at 4.5 K. The US ITER Project Office developed two different types of interpancake joints with some variations in details in order to find a better design, qualify the joints, and establish a fabrication process. We built and tested four samples of the sintered joints and two samples with butt-bonded joints (a total of eight joints). Both designs met the specifications. Results of the joint development, test results, and selection of the baseline design are presented and discussed in the paper.