cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“Procedural activation energies” for the thermolysis reactions of crystalline amino acids by differential scanning calorimetry

Abstract The thermal decomposition of crystalline amino acids has been examined by a combination of Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Curve Resolution. Thermolysis pathways have been suggested for alanine, phenylalanine, serine and threonine in terms of the resolved thermograms. The resolved data has made possible the calculation of activation energies associated with each of the component reactions. The relative magnitudes of these EA values have been rationalized in terms of associated structures. The thermal stabilities of the selected crystalline amino acids, in terms of the activation energy necessary for the initial decomposition step are as follows: alanine ≅ serine > phenylalanine > threonine.
The reaction of (α-haloalkyl)silanes with Lewis acids

Abstract The kinetics for the reaction of three (α-haloalkyl0silanes with antimony pentafluoride in nitromethane have been studied using NMR to follow the reaction. For tertiary (α-haloalkyl)silanes, the reaction is stepwise with the intermediate formation of a charged species. The rearrangement–elimination reaction of this intermediate is sensitive to the Lewis acid used and to the inductive character and size of the alkyl groups attached to silicon. The kinetic and thermodynamic data are consistent with a mechanism involving nucleophilic attack at silicon before or during the rate determining alkyl migration or alkene elimination.
Defining Addiction: Contrasting Views of Clients and Experts

Clients enrolled in a drug education class and fellows of Division SO (Division on Addictions) of the American Psychological Association were asked to define the concept of addiction. Although opinions varied, clients tended to view addiction in terms of needs, urges, and diminished control whereas expert definitions focused on the compulsive aspects of the behavior, the presence of physical dependence, and like the clients frequently emphasized diminished control. Experts were significantly more likely to express dissatisfaction with the concept of addiction, which along with the fact that no single criterion was endorsed by more than half of either group, raises serious questions about the practical utility and scientific merit of this enigmatic concept.
Upper limit for the intrinsic electric dipole moment of the proton and the neutrino

The elastic scattering of electrons by a proton with an intrinsic electric dipole moment (e.d.m.) is calculated in first Born approximation. The cross section is quite sensitive to the e.d.m. interaction at high energies and large angles. It therefore seems likely that high energy electron-proton scattering may give valuable information of the value or upper limit of the proton e.d.m. coupling strength. Certain spin correlation effects between the recoil proton and the initial electron arising from the e.d.m. interaction are also discussed. In the last section the calculation of the ionization power of a neutrino due to its intrinsic e.d.m. is briefly outlined and compared with the experimental results of Cowan and Reines.
Distribution of Potebniamyces pyri in the U.S. Pacific Northwest and Its Association with a Canker and Twig Dieback Disease of Pear Trees

Winter pears (Pyrus communis) in the United States are produced primarily in the Pacific Northwest. Potebniamyces pyri (anamorph Phacidiopycnis piri) is the causal agent of Phacidiopycnis rot, a recently reported postharvest disease on pears in the United States. Infection of fruit by P. pyri occurs in the orchard, and symptoms develop during storage. P. pyri was observed to be associated with cankers, dead bark, and twig dieback of pear trees. P. pyri was isolated from 40 to 50% of the twig samples exhibiting dieback symptoms from three commercial d'Anjou pear orchards, and 35% of dying bark samples from one orchard. However, little information is available regarding pathogenicity of P. pyri on pear trees. To determine the distribution of P. pyri, dying and dead bark samples were collected from pear orchards in various pear-producing areas in Oregon and Washington, and examined for presence of fruiting bodies (pycnidia or apothecia) of P. pyri. In the orchard, 2-year-old twigs were wounded using a sterile cork borer with or without spraying with a commercial aerosol tissue-freezing product at the wound sites. Wounds were then inoculated with either mycelial plugs from an agar medium or conidial suspensions of P. pyri. In a separate experiment, freshly made pruning wounds were inoculated with conidial suspensions of P. pyri. Canker development was monitored approximately monthly for up to 6 months after inoculation, at which time reisolation of P. pyri was attempted. P. pyri was found to be widespread in the Pacific Northwest. Incidence of trees infected by P. pyri based on presence of viable pycnidia in pear orchards ranged from 0 to 100%. Monthly tree inoculations in the orchard indicated that P. pyri in general did not cause cankers on non-cold-injured, wound-inoculated twigs, but apparently became established on cold-injured, wound-inoculated twigs and caused small cankers. Minor dieback developed on twigs inoculated at pruning wounds. At 6 months after inoculation, P. pyri was recovered from the majority of inoculated twigs. Thus, P. pyri appears to be a weak canker-causing pathogen on pear trees.
Durability of combined aortic and mitral valve repair

Abstract Background . This study was undertaken to determine the durability of combined aortic and mitral valve repair. Methods . From 1979 through 1999, 158 patients underwent simultaneous aortic and mitral valve repair. Multivariable, multi-phase hazard function analysis was used to determine risk factors for the outcomes of death and reoperation. Results . Hospital mortality was 3%. Survival after operation was 97%, 93%, 82%, and 62% after 30 days and 1, 5, and 10 years, respectively. Risk factors for late death included aortic stenosis ( p = 0.0001), older age ( p = 0.002), and abnormal left ventricular function ( p = 0.007). Thirty-six patients required reoperation for valvular dysfunction, and freedom from reoperation was 94%, 82%, and 65% after 1, 5, and 10 years, respectively. Risk factors for reoperation included severe aortic regurgitation ( p = 0.004), aortic cusp shaving ( p = 0.05), mitral valve chordal transfer ( p = 0.004), and bovine pericardial annuloplasty ( p = 0.002). Five-year freedoms from endocarditis, thromboembolism, and hemorrhage were 97%, 98%, and 99%, respectively, with freedom from any of these valve-related morbidities of 99%, 95%, and 94% after 1, 5, and 10 years, respectively. Conclusions . Double valve repair is associated with acceptable late survival and excellent freedom from valve-related morbidity, but limited durability. Therefore, double valve repair should be reserved for patients who cannot be anticoagulated, and should be used with caution in patients with aortic stenosis, rheumatic valve disease, or anterior mitral leaflet pathology.
Rapid decomposition of fish bones in Lake Erie sediments

In an effort to explain the rarity of fish bones in the Great Lakes sediments, the degradation of ground fresh fish bones in microcosms containing Lake Erie sediments has been studied. The rapid build-up of phosphorus in the aqueous phase points to the great instability of the bone mineral in these sediments, while the actual analysis of the sediments shows that 10–50% of the added bone was degraded in three weeks. The decomposition rate was independent of the redox conditions of the microcosm, and was biologically mediated. Also, the incongruent dissolution of the bone apatite entailed the secondary formation of vivianite (ferrous phosphate) and other calcium and aluminocalcium phosphates. Calculations suggest that fish debris account for well over 10–20% of the P flux to the sediments in some nearshore areas. Since most of this P is quickly remineralized, the contribution of carrion to the differences in the quality of nearshore and offshore waters of the Lower Great Lakes must remain an intriguing question.
Measured quantum probability distribution functions for Brownian motion

The quantum analog of the joint probability distributions describing a classical stochastic process is introduced. A prescription is given for constructing the quantum distribution associated with a sequence of measurements. For the case of quantum Brownian motion this prescription is illustrated with a number of explicit examples. In particular, it is shown how the prescription can be extended in the form of a general formula for the Wigner function of a Brownian particle entangled with a heat bath.
Bulk growth of 6H-SiC on non-basal quasi-polar faces

Abstract Bulk growth of 6H-SiC in two non-basal directions is reported. The two explored surfaces are { 1 1 ¯ 0 3 } , named qC face, and { 1 1 ¯ 0 3 ¯ } , named qSi face. The as-grown surfaces exhibit smooth structure with a small ridging effect originating from the miscut of the seed crystals. Based on crystallographic considerations, it is proposed that a similar result would be achieved for the equivalent surfaces in 4H-SiC, { 1 1 ¯ 0 2 } and { 1 1 ¯ 0 2 ¯ } .
Basic Data Related to Clinical Decision Making in Renovascular Hypertension

Review of accumulated data in the medical literature on renovascular hypertension underscores the lack of uniformity of opinion regarding important clinical characteristics, indications for evaluation, screening and definitive diagnostic tools, and choice of therapeutic options. Much of this lack of uniformity stems from the collection Of data in preselected and screened subgroups of the hypertensive population, the lack of standardization of diagnostic methods, the continuous introduction of new diagnostic tools, and the heterogenicity of results from respective methods of management. This review summarizes available data pertaining to renovascular hypertension and serves as a reference from which areas of controversy may be identified and subsequently resolved. From the Section on General Surgery, Wake Forest University Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
High temperature rupture of an SiC particulate reinforced Al composite under multiaxial stress states

Abstract Specimens of an SiC particulate reinforced Al alloy (10 vol.% SiCp-2124 Al) were tested at 678 K to failure under three different stress states: uniaxial tension using smooth bar specimens, biaxial shear using a novel double shear specimen geometry, and triaxial tension using notched bar specimens. Rupture times are compared for the three stress states with respect to the von Mises effective stress, the maximum principal stress, and the principal facet stress. The validity of these parameters is judged according to how well the rupture time of the biaxial and triaxial stress states can be predicted using the rupture data for specimens under uniaxial tension. The results indicate that the high temperature rupture process is dominated by cavity nucleation at the particle/matrix interface and cavity growth by dislocation creep. Microstructural observations of microcracks associated with cavity coalescence are shown to be consistent with this finding.
The Platelet-derived Growth Factor Receptor-β Phosphorylates and Activates G Protein-coupled Receptor Kinase-2: A MECHANISM FOR FEEDBACK INHIBITION *

G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 (GRK2) serine-phosphorylates the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFRβ), and thereby diminishes signaling by the receptor. Because activation of GRK2 may involve phosphorylation of its N-terminal tyrosines by c-Src, we tested whether the PDGFRβ itself could tyrosine-phosphorylate and activate GRK2. To do so, we used wild type (WT) and Y857F mutant PDGFRβs in HEK cells, which lack endogenous PDGFRs. The Y857F PDGFRβ autophosphorylates normally but does not phosphorylate exogenous substrates. Although PDGF-stimulated Y857F and WT PDGFRβs activated c-Src equivalently, the WT PDGFRβ tyrosine-phosphorylated GKR2 60-fold more than the Y857F PDGFRβ in intact cells. With purified GRK2 and either WT or Y857F PDGFRβs immunoprecipitated from HEK cells, GRK2 tyrosyl phosphorylation was PDGF-dependent and required the WT PDGFRβ, even though the WT and Y857F PDGFRβs autophosphorylated equivalently. This PDGFRβ-mediated GRK2 tyrosyl phosphorylation enhanced GRK2 activity: GRK2-mediated seryl phosphorylation of the PDGFRβ was 9-fold greater for the WT than for the Y857F in response to PDGF, but equivalent when GRK2 was activated by sequential stimulation of β2-adrenergic and PDGF-β receptors. Furthermore, both PDGFRβ-mediated GRK2 tyrosyl phosphorylation and GRK2-mediated PDGFRβ seryl phosphorylation were reduced ∼50% in intact cells by mutation to phenylalanine of three tyrosines in the N-terminal domain of GRK2. We conclude that the activated PDGFRβ itself phosphorylates GRK2 tyrosyl residues and thereby activates GRK2, which then serine-phosphorylates and desensitizes the PDGFRβ.
Violence and the Body: Somatic Expressions of Trauma and Vulnerability during War

Drawing on ethnographic research conducted along the Sierra Leone-Guinea border during wartime, this article explores the contested nature of the body and bodily illness during times of spectacular political violence. For both perpetrators and survivors of conflict, the body and bodily illness became tools over which each sought to control definitions of Self and identity. Finally, the article considers emic interpretations and contested meanings of the local illness hypertension, or haypatensi, that occurred among the displaced. I document how discussions of haypatensi allowed horrific subjective experiences to become mediated, enabling conflict survivors to understand and express the pain of their trauma and vulnerability, and begin recourse toward reestablishing order and control over their lives. Even these discussions of illness, however, involved competition over control of meanings and prescriptive models with medical practitioners. Haypatensi thus reveals how lived, traumatic experiences and their cultural representations within illness are linked.
Spectral difference index: a single EEG measure of drug effect.

Abstract A single EEG measure of drug effect, the spectral difference index (SDI), was compared to other quantitative measures for its sensitivity to drugs from 7 different clinical classes. The other measures included relative power in 2 c/sec bands from 0 to 17 c/sec, and in 4 c/sec bands from 18 to 29 c/sec; relative power and average frequency in the bands 1–5, 6–13 and 14–30 c/sec; and the Hjorth time domain descriptors. The SDI was the most sensitive EEG discriminator between drug and placebo sessions. It is presently used in our pharmaco-EEG studies to test whether a drug has significantly altered the EEG. Its use has been extended to interhemispheric studies.
Design and Synthesis of Photoacid Generating Systems

The development of highly efficient onium salt-based photoacid generating systems has provided many new opportunities for the design of novel photocuring and imaging systems. This communication focuses on some of the more recent efforts in designing and synthesizing efficient photoacid generating systems with tailored wavelength response. The use of these photoacid generating systems in a number of applications is described.
Characterization of rhodopsin congenital night blindness mutant T94I.

The Thr94 → Ile mutation in the second transmembrane segment of rhodopsin has been reported to be associated with a congenital night blindness phenotype in a large Irish pedigree. Previously, two other known rhodopsin mutants that cause congenital night blindness, A292E and G90D, have been shown in vitro to constitutively activate the G protein transducin in the absence of a chromophore. The proposed mechanism of constitutive activation of these two mutants is an electrostatic disruption of the active site salt bridge between Glu113 and Lys296 that contributes to stabilization of the protein in the inactive state. Here, the T94I rhodopsin mutant is characterized and compared to the two other known rhodopsin night blindness mutants. The T94I mutant opsin is shown also to constitutively activate transducin. The T94I mutant pigment (with a bound 11-cis-retinal chromophore), like the other known rhodopsin night blindness mutants, is not active in the dark and has wild-type activity upon exposure to light. Sim...
Dependence of the Encapsidation Function of the Adenovirus L1 52/55-Kilodalton Protein on Its Ability To Bind the Packaging Sequence

The adenovirus IVa2 and L1 52/55-kDa proteins are involved in the assembly of new virus particles. Both proteins bind to the packaging sequence of the viral chromosome, and the lack of expression of either protein results in no virus progeny: the absence of the L1 52/55-kDa protein leads to formation of only empty capsids, and the absence of the IVa2 protein results in no capsid assembly. Furthermore, the IVa2 and L1 52/55-kDa proteins interact with each other during adenovirus infection. However, what is not yet clear is when and how this interaction occurs during the course of the viral infection. We defined the domains of the L1 52/55-kDa protein required for interaction with the IVa2 protein, DNA binding, and virus replication by constructing L1 52/55-kDa protein truncations. We found that the N-terminal 173 amino acids of the L1 52/55-kDa protein are essential for interaction with the IVa2 protein. However, for both DNA binding and complementation of the pm8001 mutant virus, which does not express the L1 52/55-kDa protein, the amino-terminal 331 amino acids of the L1 52/55-kDa protein are necessary. These results suggest that the production of infectious virus particles depends on the ability of the L1 52/55-kDa protein to bind to DNA.
Utility of coupling microwave-derived soil moisture and radiometric surface temperature in an energy balance modeling scheme

Over the last several years a Two-Source (soil+vegetation) Energy Balance (TSEB) modeling scheme has been developed and tested using either microwave-derived near-surface soil moisture (TSEB/sub SM/) or radiometric surface temperature (TSEB/sub TR/) as the key surface boundary condition. Output of the surface heat fluxes from both schemes are compared using microwave and radiometric surface temperature observations collected during the 1997 Southern Great Plains experiment (SGP97) conducted in Oklahoma, USA. Results from the beat flux comparisons and simulated versus observed surface temperatures suggest revisions to the TSEB/sub SM/ scheme are needed to better constrain flux predictions from the soil and vegetation in order to accommodate a wider range of environmental conditions. The revisions involve an adjustment to the soil evaporation algorithm for 'decoupling' effects and assimilation of the Priestley-Taylor coefficient estimated from the TSEB/sub TR/ model.
Environmental considerations in biologics manufacturing

This perspective originated from our initial environmental assessment of biologics manufacturing as an extension of earlier work on small-molecule pharmaceutics spearheaded by the American Chemical Society Green Chemistry Institute Pharmaceutical Roundtable (ACS GCIPR). Systematic analysis was focused on therapeutic proteins due to their current predominance in biotherapeutics. The E factor for process water was found to represent an important environmental index primarily because aqueous solutions are used in practically every processing step, and significant process improvements typically result in sizable reduction in the usage of water and associated chemicals. Compared to small-molecule drugs, manufacture of therapeutic proteins by fermentation requires approximately 10 to 100 times more water per kg of product, but very small amounts of solvent, especially hazardous ones. The amounts of solid waste generated from consumables are comparable between the two groups. A great deal of water is also consumed for non-process operations at bioprocessing plants, which necessitates an E factor for non-process water to help monitor this part of plant operation. Useful environmental indices for biologics manufacturing should also include energy consumption, reportedly dominated by facility operations, especially for cleanroom or controlled space because of the required HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) for its operation. Notable emerging developments for therapeutic protein production include biogenerics, novel bioprocessing technologies, process analytical technology (PAT), single-use (disposable) manufacturing, and alternative production platforms such as cell-free synthesis and transgenic plants or animals. The potential impact of these technologies from an environmental standpoint is discussed.
Disparities in Access to Care Among Rural Working-age Adults

Context Nationally, minority population disparities in health and in the receipt of health services are well documented but are infrequently examined within rural populations. Purpose The purpose of this study is to provide a national picture of health insurance coverage and access to care among rural minorities. Methods A cross-sectional analysis using the 1999-2000 National Health Interview Surveys examined insurance status and receipt of ambulatory care during the past year. Multiple logistic regression was used to measure factors influencing the odds of insurance coverage and a provider visit. Findings Among rural minority adults, 32% of blacks, 35% of "other" race persons, and 45% of Hispanics were uninsured compared to 18% of whites. Differences in insurance status were not significant for rural blacks and Hispanics after resources such as education, income, and employment were held constant. Examining use, 37% of rural Hispanics and 27% of blacks, versus 20% of whites and 19% of persons of other race, had not made a health care visit in the past year. When resources were held constant, blacks and persons of other race/ethnicity no longer differed from whites, but differences among Hispanics persisted. Conclusions A comprehensive approach to the health needs of rural working age adults must consider the unique characteristics of rural communities and populations, requiring cultural as well as financial creativity in the design of health delivery systems. The importance of resources such as education and employment points to the need to link health problems to area-specific rural economic development.
The dialectics of media’s role in the public sphere

There’s an implicit assumption that the mass media, by definition, have something to do with the functioni ng of public in democracy. It is especially the case with the p ublic-service media which would equate serving the public to spea king for the public. The private media are also under pressu re to incorporate citizens as actors in the production of their editorial contents. The logic here is the point that, though private in ownership, these media institutionally benefit from the maximum privilege of the speech- and press-freedoms that most societies stipulate in their constitutions. Also n oted in this logic is the view that the media are arguably a critical agent of information nurturing an informed citizenry, a prer equisite to fostering consolidation of democracy (Diamond, 1999). In the field of mass communication studies, indeed the concept of public sphere has been made a sophisticated terr itory as evidenced in the array of related concepts such as biosphere, geosphere, noosphere, civil society, global public settings, and most importantly citizens’ empowerment (McChesney, 1999). All these concepts and more have already been thoroughly articulated twice at the beginning of this new mill ennium in a grand staging of the U.N.-sponsored WSIS (World Summit on Information Society), but nothing substantive to th e conduct of the world’s news media came out of it yet (Hamelink, 2006). As the constituent concepts of public sphere are st retched thus far, as in the case of citizens’ empowerment, one h as to wonder if the articulation of public sphere would have any impact at all to the media institutions while the management of t he media is effectively ignored or downplayed, especially about its primary reason for existence, namely money-making. The proponents of public sphere of this direction may function as a watchdog of the watchdog media—an invaluable service in an era of shrinking media plurality--but watchdogging is not same as
Implementation of a multilayer perceptron network using an optically addressed photoconductive array

A two-dimensional amorphous silicon photoconductor array and a liquid crystal display form the core components of a hardware system for implementation of a multilayer perceptron neural network. All connections between layers, as well as the nonlinear transfer characteristics associated with the hidden- and output-layer neurons, are implemented in analog circuitry so that the network, once trained, behaves as a stand-alone processor. The network is shown to train very successfully, using a standard backpropagation training algorithm, on the classification of handwritten digits. A computer simulation of the hardware network is described. Excellent agreement is shown between the results of the hardware network and those of the computer simulation. >
New Developments in NMR Methodologies with Special Roles in Natural Product Discovery

Abstract: Recent advancements in NMR spectroscopy have been pivotal to the discovery of molecules that hold promise as human drugs. A sizeable portion of these newly discovered bioactive compounds are natural products, organic molecules produced by living things such as plants and microorganisms. Natural products provide an ideal vantage point for examining recent NMR advancements, because these molecules pose myriad structure elucidation challenges resulting from their diverse structures and low abundances within complex mixtures. This chapter discusses recent developments in NMR technologies and methods, as applied toward discovery of novel natural products that may hold potential as pharmaceuticals. Discussion of NMR advancements focuses on several areas that have recently emerged or matured, highlighting (1) higher magnetic fields and improved probes ( e.g ., microprobes and cryoprobes) that have dramatically enhanced the sensitivity of NMR during the past decade and opened doors for structure determination of minute quantities of highly bioactive natural products, (2) hyphenated NMR methods ( e.g ., LC-NMR, GC-NMR, CE-NMR) for structure elucidation of low abundance or unstable metabolites and de-replication of known natural products, and (3) approaches for the direct identification of molecules within mixtures, including metabolomics-based strategies for metabolite discovery. Each of these highlighted advancements in NMR-based drug discovery is presented in the context of one or more natural product exemplars.
Outside the exam room: policies for connecting clinic to community in diabetes prevention and treatment.

The public health burden and racial/ethnic, sex, and socioeconomic disparities in obesity and in diabetes require a population-level approach that goes beyond provision of high-quality clinical care. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s Commission to Build a Healthier America recommended 3 strategies for improving the nation’s health: 1) invest in the foundations of lifelong physical and mental well-being in our youngest children; 2) create communities that foster health-promoting behaviors; and 3) broaden health care to promote health outside the medical system. We present an overview of evidence supporting these approaches in the context of diabetes and suggest policies to increase investments in 1) adequate nutrition through breastfeeding and other supports in early childhood, 2) community and economic development that includes health-promoting features of the physical, food, and social environments, and 3) evidence-based interventions that reach beyond the clinical setting to enlist community members in diabetes prevention and management.
Phylogeny of the oriental Drosophila melanogaster species group: A multilocus reconstruction

The melanogaster species group of Drosophila (subgenus Sophophora) has long been a favored model for evolutionary studies because of its morphological and ecological diversity and wide geographic distribution. However, phylogenetic relationships among species and subgroups within this lineage are not well understood. We reconstructed the phylogeny of 17 species representing 7 "oriental" species subgroups, which are especially closely related to D. melanogaster. We used DNA sequences of four nuclear and two mitochondrial loci in an attempt to obtain the best possible estimate of species phylogeny and to assess the extent and sources of remaining uncertainties. Comparison of trees derived from single-gene data sets allowed us to identify several strongly supported clades, which were also consistently seen in combined analyses. The relationships among these clades are less certain. The combined data set contains data partitions that are incongruent with each other. Trees reconstructed from the combined data set and from internally homogenous data sets consisting of three or four genes each differ at several deep nodes. The total data set tree is fully resolved and strongly supported at most nodes. Statistical tests indicated that this tree is compatible with all individual and combined data sets. Therefore, we accepted this tree as the most likely model of historical relationships. We compared the new molecular phylogeny to earlier estimates based on morphology and chromosome structure and discuss its taxonomic and evolutionary implications.
Nanohole structures for efficiency enhancement in thin film photovoltaics

Nanohole structures were implemented at various layers in amorphous silicon thin film solar cells designed using 2D and 3D CAD software. Electrical and optical properties of the photovoltaic cell are obtained by modeling such structures using solar cell utility packages. Absorption improvement and thereby conversion efficiency improvement have been achieved over the 300 to 600nm solar spectrum. In this paper, nanoholes were been placed on the glass substrate/ transparent conducting oxide layer/ amorphous silicon layer of the thin film solar cell and the performances of the devices were compared. Better performance was found in the case where the nanoholes were placed in the amorphous silicon layer. We found that nanohole diameter, depth into the respective layer and the pitch between various holes play important roles in determining the final conversion efficiency. The fabrication of nanoholes on glass, TCO and silicon surfaces of these solar cell designs is also discussed.
Quantifying melanin distribution using pump-probe microscopy and a 2D morphological autocorrelation transformation for melanoma diagnosis

Pump-probe microscopy is a quantitative molecular imaging technique that yields diagnostically relevant information from endogenous pigments, like melanin, by probing their ultrafast photodynamic properties. Previously, the method was applied to image thin, pigmented, cutaneous samples at different stages of melanoma, and results have shown a correlation between melanin photodynamic behavior and malignancy. Here, we add to the diagnostic power of the method by applying principles of mathematical morphology to parameterize melanins’ image structure. Along with bulk melanin chemical information, results show that this method can differentiate invasive melanomas from non-invasive and benign lesions with high sensitivity and specificity (92.3% and 97.5%, respectively, with N = 53). The mathematical method and the statistical analysis are described in detail and results from cutaneous and ocular conjuctival melanocytic lesions are presented.
Combined Electromyography and Gas Urethral Pressure Profilometry Before and After Transurethral Resection of the Prostate

Combined electromyographic and gas urethral pressure profilometry was done on 10 consecutive patients before and 3 months after transurethral resection of the prostate. A significant reduction was found postoperatively in the functional urethral length, whereas the maximum urethral closure pressure remained unchanged. Increase in urethral resistance in prostatic obstruction of the posterior urethra was related to the increase in the functional length of the posterior urethra rather than to mechanical occlusion of the urethral lumen. Periurethral striated muscle activity was recorded from the membranous urethra to the urethrovesical junction with the maximal activity located in the membranous urethra. Marked striated muscle activity also was found consistently at the bladder neck.
Recovering Linear Controllability of an Underactuated Spacecraft by Exploiting Solar Radiation Pressure

This paper describes a method for recovering linear controllability for the attitude of an underactuated spacecraft by accounting for the effects of solar radiation pressure in the spacecraft attitude model. The developments are based on a spacecraft model that has at least two functional reaction wheels. A solar radiation pressure torque model that is a function of spacecraft attitude is incorporated and, under suitable assumptions, can be simplified for spacecraft with body symmetry. Conditions are given under which a symmetric-body spacecraft will experience zero solar radiation pressure torque. The stability of the underactuated spacecraft model is discussed, and necessary and sufficient conditions are given for linear controllability to be regained when solar radiation pressure torques are included in the spacecraft attitude model. With linear controllability restored, conventional controllers can be designed for underactuated spacecraft. Controllability of a cuboid spacecraft under the influence of ...
Agencies Utilized in Disseminating Information on Insect Control: Demonstrations for Disseminating Entomological Information

Demonstrations constitute an important means of extending entomological information. Quite fitting is the place given to a discussion of demonstrations in this symposium; namely, at the bottom of the list, for demonstrations are the educational bed rock from which information is disseminated for most effective results.
RANS Solutions Using High Order Discontinuous Galerkin Methods

We present a practical approach for the numerical solution of the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations using high-order discontinuous Galerkin methods. Turbulence is modeled by the Spalart-Allmaras (SA) one-equation model. We introduce an artificial viscosity model for SA equation which is aimed at accommodating high-order RANS approximations on grids which would otherwise be too coarse. Generally, the model term is only active at the edge of the boundary layer, where the grid resolution is insufficient to capture the abrupt change in curvature required for the eddy viscosity profile to match its free-stream value. Furthermore, the amount of viscosity required decreases with the grid resolution and vanishes when the resolution is sufficiently high. For transonic computations, an additional shock-capturing artificial viscosity model term is required. Numerical predictions for turbulent flows past a flat plate and a NACA 0012 airfoil are presented via comparison with the experimental measurements. In the flat plate case, grid refinement studies are performed in order to assess the convergence properties and demonstrate the effectiveness of high-order approximations.
GSTP1 Is a Driver of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Metabolism and Pathogenicity

Breast cancers possess fundamentally altered metabolism that fuels their pathogenicity. While many metabolic drivers of breast cancers have been identified, the metabolic pathways that mediate breast cancer malignancy and poor prognosis are less well understood. Here, we used a reactivity-based chemoproteomic platform to profile metabolic enzymes that are enriched in breast cancer cell types linked to poor prognosis, including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells and breast cancer cells that have undergone an epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like state of heightened malignancy. We identified glutathione S-transferase Pi 1 (GSTP1) as a novel TNBC target that controls cancer pathogenicity by regulating glycolytic and lipid metabolism, energetics, and oncogenic signaling pathways through a protein interaction that activates glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. We show that genetic or pharmacological inactivation of GSTP1 impairs cell survival and tumorigenesis in TNBC cells. We put forth GSTP1 inhibitors as a novel therapeutic strategy for combatting TNBCs through impairing key cancer metabolism and signaling pathways.
Psychological Contract Management of Civil Servants from the Perspective of New Public Service

Not only does the psychological contract exist in enterprise human resources management,similarly also exists in the public department manages.Under the different administrative model,the official psychology contract content also inevitably differs.The article discusses the official psychology contract based on the new public service angle of view the content transformation,and advocates the attention administration cultural reconstruction;Perfect official decision-making participation mechanism;The construction multiplication official drives the mechanism;Takes the official professional profession plan management;Establishes the official psychology file five aspects to consummate official's psychological contract management.
Translocation of the aortic valve for prosthetic valve endocarditis

Aortic prosthetic valve endocarditis is frequently associated with a perivalvular ring abscess which destroys the normal annulus, so that it is difficult to seat a new prosthesis. Between November, 1974, and January, 1980, we treated four patients with aortic prosthetic endocarditis by translocation of the aortic valve, closure of the native coronary artery ostia, and placement of saphenous vein bypass grafts to the coronary arteries. In each case operation was undertaken because of progressive congestive heart failure resulting from aortic regurgitation; two patients had systemic emboli, and two patients had uncontrolled infection. Infection was due to Enterococcus in three instances and to an unknown organism in one. Total ischemic times averaged 2 hours, 15 minutes; a 25 mm Dacron graft containing a porcine valve was used to replace the ascending aorta and aortic valve, and two or three saphenous vein grafts were placed to distal coronary arteries. One patient died 40 days postoperatively of renal failure and Pseudomonas pneumonia with an intact repair. The other three patients were hospital survivors, with one doing well until dying of chronic active hepatitis 12 months postoperatively. The other two patients are alive at 4 months and 18 months with satisfactory hemodynamic function and are free of infection. Translocation of the aortic valve for prosthetic valve endocarditis is a useful alternative when conventional replacement techniques cannot be utilized.
Ab initio heats of formation of medium-sized hydrocarbons

Abstract The structure and thermochemistry of pyracylene and biphenylene were studied by means of ab initio calculations at the 6-31G ∗ (SCF) and 6-31G ∗ (RMP2-FC)//6-31G ∗ levels. The heat of formation of pyracylene is calculated to be 103.4 and 103.0 kcal mol −1 at the SCF and RMP2 levels, respectively. For biphenylene, an isomer of acenaphthylene, the calculated Δ H 0 t is 99.2 and 99.8 kcal mol −1 at the SCF and RMP2 levels, in good agreement with an experimental value of 99.88 kcal mol −1 .
Reinventing the University to Foster and Serve Postformal Thinkers

In this chapter, we will explore the changes needed in the university as a learning institution in light of our understanding of complex postformal thinking processes. Recently, Lynn Johnson and I have written extensively about the ideas you will see outlined here (Sinnott & Johnson, 1996). If postformal thought is a valuable characteristic of mature adult cognition, the university would be the ideal place to foster it and to use its special logic. Since the university as an institution is currently under attack from many constituencies (e.g., Anderson, 1992), and since it already is undergoing considerable reform, why not consider a broadly restructured model of the university at this point in history? This chapter’s discussion includes a rationale for a new model of the university, a discussion of the several possible purposes of adult learning in a historical context (some in special advanced institutions such as the university), and a summary of a model of university structure that would serve the university and its mature adult learners in more useful and cognitively appropriate postformal ways.
Robust UAV path planning using POMDP with limited FOV sensor

Significant development in path planning algorithms for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has been performed using numerous different methods. One such method, Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDP), has been used effectively for tracking fixed and moving targets. One limitation of those efforts has been the assumption that the UAVs could always see the targets, with a few unique exceptions, e.g., building obscuration. In reality, there will be times when a vehicle will not be able to observe a target due to constraints such as turn requirements or tracking multiple targets that are not within a single field of view (FOV). The POMDP formulation proposed in this paper is robust enough to handle those missed observations. Monte Carlo runs of 1000 iterations per configuration are run to provide statistical confidence in the performance of the algorithm. UAV altitude and sensor configuration are varied to show robustness across multiple configurations. A sensor with a limited FOV is assumed and changes in fixed look angle are evaluated. Changes in altitude provide results equivalent to changes in sensor window or focal length. Results show that the POMDP algorithm is capable of tracking single and multiple moving targets successfully with limited FOV sensors across a range of conditions.
Treatment-Naïve HIV-Infected Patients Have Fewer Gut-Homing β7 Memory CD4 T Cells than Healthy Controls.

Objectives The integrin α4β7 is the gut-homing receptor for lymphocytes. It also is an important co-receptor for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) via glycoprotein (gp)120 binding. Depletion of gut cluster of differentiation (CD)4 T cells is linked to chronic inflammation in patients with HIV; however, measuring CD4 cells in the gut is invasive and not routine. As such, establishing a peripheral marker for CD4 depletion of the gut is needed. We hypothesized that α4β7 CD4 T cells are depleted in the peripheral blood of treatment-naive patients with HIV compared with healthy controls. Methods The study groups were treatment-naive patients with HIV and uninfected controls. Subjects were included if they were 18 years or older with no history of opportunistic infections, active tuberculosis, or cancer. We collected peripheral blood and examined on whole blood using flow cytometry for the following cell surface markers: CD4, CD45RO, chemokine receptor type 5, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), and the integrin β7. We collected demographic information, including age, sex, and ethnicity, as well as viral load (VL) and CD4 count. Two-sample t tests and Fisher exact tests were used to compare the differences between the two groups. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated between CD4 count and log10- VL and percentage of CD4+/CD45RO+/β7+ and log10- VL in patients. Results Twenty-two subjects were enrolled in the study (12 patients with HIV and 10 controls). There were no differences in age or sex between the two groups. There were more Hispanics and fewer Asians in the group comprising patients with HIV compared with the control group (7 vs 2 and 0 vs 4, P = 0.05, respectively). Patients infected with HIV had significantly lower frequencies of CD4+/CD45RO+/β7+ cells (median 12%, range 5-18 compared with uninfected controls: median 20%, range 11-26, P = 0.0007). There was a statistically significant difference in the percentage of CD4+/CD45RO+/C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4+ cells between patients (72%, range 60%-91%) compared with controls (79%, range 72%-94%, P = 0.04). The percentage of CD4+/CD45RO+/chemokine receptor type 5+ did not differ between the group of patients with HIV and the control groups (22%, range 11%-57% vs 27%, range 14%-31%; P = 0.8, respectively). There was no correlation between percentage of CD4+/CD45RO+/β+ cells and log10- VL as measured by the Spearman correlation coefficient (r = 0.05, P = 0.88) in patients infected with HIV. Conclusions Memory CD4 β7+ cells are reduced significantly in the peripheral blood of untreated patients infected with HIV, which could be used as a noninvasive indicator of intestinal CD4 T cell loss and recovery. Further studies are needed to examine whether depletion of these CD4+/CD45RO+/β7+ cells in the peripheral blood parallels depletion in the gut of treatment-naive patients with HIV and whether levels return to control levels after treatment.
Measuring Population Estimates of Housing Insecurity in the United States: A Comprehensive Approach

This paper develops a simple comprehensive housing security scale based on a seven dimension definition of housing security set forth by Cox et al. (2017). We compare our scale to other common measures of housing insecurity and find that failing to use a comprehensive, multidimensional measure could result in substantial bias in prevalence rates of housing insecurity. We also find that while the categories overlap, they do not do so perfectly, such that one dimension, like housing affordability, can capture, or represent, all other dimensions. Location also seems to matter in expected ways. In particular, rural, exurban, and central city locations experience the most housing concerns across domains. Moreover, we find that failure to capture housing insecurity along a multidimensional scale might undercount housing-insecure households in certain locations. Finally, using the housing insecurity scale we develop, we find that single households, poor households (i.e., income less than two times the poverty line), black households, Hispanic households, undocumented immigrants, and less educated individuals experience more severe forms of housing insecurity. In addition, we find that older adults are also more likely to experience low housing security. This provides some validation that our measure is trending with well-established poverty measures.
Mesoscale Analysis of Pressure and Precipitation Patterns during AVE-SESAME 1979, 10-11 April

A mesoscale analysis of hourly surface data of pressure and precipitation is presented for the case of 10–11 April, during AVE-SESAME 1979. Barograph traces also are used in the analysis. Three dis...
Traduttore, traditore!: 'El castigo sin venganza' de Lope de Vega en Rusia

This paper analyzes the role of the first Russian translation of El castigo sin venganza in the configuration of the Lopian canon in Russia. A reading of the Russian version, by Sergei Yuriev, suggests that both in its reformulation of the title (El castigo no es la venganza) and in its many modifications of the characters, Yuriev’s translation radically distances itself from Lope’s text, eliminating the tragic character of the Duke of Ferrara’s motivations, and presenting the relationship between Casandra and Federico as an idealized love, innocent and natural. Such changes, imposed in part by the translator’s historical circumstances, resulted in the general failure of the work on the Russian stage.
Publisher Correction: A ribonucleoprotein octamer for targeted siRNA delivery.

In the version of this Article originally published, in Fig. 3b, middle row, the units ‘nM’ were incorrect and should have been ‘min’. And, in Fig. 4f, in the bottom row, the data in the middle and right panels were mistakenly duplicated from the panels above. These errors have now been corrected.