cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
"We have a roof over our head, but we have to eat too:" Exploring shifting foodscapes from homelessness into Housing First in Kingston, Ontario.

Abstract Background People facing extended periods of homelessness exhibit a remarkable degree of agency and resilience in procuring food. The literature on foodscapes considers the sociospatial contexts of food procurement, finding that what happens within and along the way to sites of food acquisition and consumption are important considerations in fully understanding and realizing food security. Purpose This study explores the shift in foodscapes of people who are transitioning from homelessness into scattered-site independent housing via a municipal Housing First program and considers implications for health and wellbeing. Methods Our mixed-method approach included observational research at 11 local food providers and drop-in centres that provided context for semi-structured interviews with 10 Housing First clients in Kingston, Ontario between November 2016 and March 2017. Results The findings confirm that the provision of stable housing makes it possible for people to store, prepare, and consume food at home. An increased ability to have control over when, where, and what is eaten had a positive impact on people's sense of health and wellbeing. However, other effective markers of wellbeing were enacted along people's everyday routines and activities that had negative impacts. Interviewees remained heavily dependent on charitable food programs, including increased use of foodbanks. Others reported increasing detachment and social isolation from previously established food routines. Finally, the structured transition perpetuated a circuit of dependence and marginalization that fell short of contributing to improved food security as well as health and wellbeing. Implications Understanding the relational geography of foodscape transitions is critical to the design of effective Housing First programs. Addressing the root causes of homelessness and poverty requires investments in comprehensive housing strategies including adequate social assistance and community supports that take a sociospatially holistic approach to wellbeing.
Review of Vitreopapillary Traction Syndrome

Vitreopapillary traction (VPT) syndrome is a potentially visually significant disorder of the vitreopapillary interface characterised by an incomplete posterior vitreous detachment with the persistently adherent vitreous exerting tractional pull on the optic disc and resulting in morphologic alterations and a consequent decline of visual function. It is most commonly unilateral but bilateral reports have also been described. The cause of the condition may be unknown or idiopathic, although the histology of traction shows proliferation of fibrous astrocytes, myofibroblasts, fibrocytes, and retinal pigment epithelial cells. It is theorised that VPT may induce a congested optic disc with neuronal dysfunction as well as decreased prelaminar flow. The present study reviews and summarises the features, diagnosis, and management of VPT.
Fast Linear Programming Optimization Using Crossbar-Based Analog Accelerator

Linear programming optimization is critical to logistics management, engineering designs, and decision making in every area of the economy. Traditional hardware that using GPU and CPU platforms for this purpose is significantly limited by the scaling transistor size. In this paper, an analog in-memory computation circuit is proposed to accelerate linear programming optimization problems. The proposed scheme includes a memristor crossbar array and analogue peripheral circuits that do not need ADC/DAC between each iteration of the algorithm. In addition, we discuss several key parameters related to interconnect parasitics and non-ideal device characteristics to provide practical guidelines. Furthermore, we propose three design schemes to mitigate the computation error that comes from the interconnect resistance in a large-scale crossbar array implementation. Optimal design parameters are quantitatively analyzed under a given number of memristance and array size. It is demonstrated that the proposed accelerator achieves energy consumption, area and delay reductions of ~ 21×, ~151× and ~ 33×, respectively, compared to the 16nm-technology CMOS digital circuits for a 1000×1000 array with a precision of 6-bit
The N2K consortium. V. Identifying very metal-rich stars with low-resolution spectra : Finding planet-search targets

We present empirical calibrations that provide estimates of stellar metallicity, effective temperature, and surface gravity as a function of Lick IDS indices. These calibrations have been derived from a training set of 261 stars for which (1) high-precision measurements of [Fe/H], Teff, and log g have been made using spectral-synthesis analysis of HIRES spectra, and (2) Lick indices have also been measured. Estimation of atmospheric parameters with low-resolution spectroscopy rather than photometry has the advantage of producing a highly accurate metallicity calibration, and requires only one observation per star. Our calibrations have identified a number of bright (V < 9) metal-rich stars that are now being screened for hot-Jupiter-type planets. Using the Yonsei-Yale stellar models, we show that the calibrations provide distance estimates accurate to ~20% for nearby stars. We have also investigated the possibility of constructing a "planeticity" calibration to predict the presence of planets based on stellar abundance ratios but find no evidence that a convincing relation of this type can be established. High metallicity remains the best single indicator that a given star is likely to harbor extrasolar planets.
Urinary bladder carcinoma suggestive of enzootic hematuria with secondary hydronephrosis in a Holstein cow

A three-year-old Holstein cow, in the third month of her second lactation, was evaluated at the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine in February 1987 for a depressed appetite and decreased milk production of one month’s duration. The cow had calved uneventfully and milk production had peaked at nearly 100 lbs per day prior to illness. Early in the course of disease, she had received a 7-10 day regimen of systemic penicillin from the owner without any apparent beneficial response. No treatments were administered within the two weeks immediately prior to presentation at the Large Animal Clinic. At the time of admission to the Large Animal Clinic, her daily milk production was between 5 to 20 pounds
Photoredox α-Arylation of Carbonyl Compounds

The direct α-arylation of unactivated carbonyl compounds using aryl halides represents a powerful method to synthesize criti-cal building blocks for diverse useful compounds. Numerous synthetic methods exist to forge C(sp2)-C(sp3) bonds, albeit metal free direct α-arylation of unactivated cyclic ketones has long been an elusive transformation. Herein, we report a green-light-mediated α-arylation of unactivated ketones from readily available aryl halides via activation of a C(sp2)-X bond (X=I, Br, Cl) and an α-carbonyl C(sp3)-H bond in a single photocatalytic cycle. This approach is characterized by its mild reaction conditions, operational simplicity, and wide functional group tolerance. Importantly, the impressive outcome from multi-gram photocatalytic reaction underpins the strength of this method as a potentially practical and attractive approach for scale-up industrial purposes. The utility and scope of this reaction were further demonstrated by new syntheses of several feedstock chemicals that are commercially expensive but critical for synthesizing numerous pharmaceutical agents.
Gardening for change: Community giving gardens and senior food insecurity

An estimated 5.3 million seniors in the United States are currently food insecure (Ziliak & Gunderson, 2020). Over the next few decades, these senior populations are projected to increase dramatically, which will only exacerbate this issue (Mather & Kilduff, 2020). Community giving gardens are an emerging strategy to increase food access and offer a solution to fight food insecurity locally (Chicago Community Gardeners Associa­tion, 2014; Furness & Gallaher 2018; Sutphen, 2018). This research seeks to answer questions related to rural, senior food insecurity through a case study of a long-term community giving garden project in Orono, Maine. Based on survey data and personal interviews, this study analyzes senior participation in the Orono Community Garden (OCG) program, the impact on participants’ food security status, and senior participants’ perceptions of the experience. The results indicate that the OCG program functioned to increase food access by providing fresh food deliveries directly to senior households in need, alongside a constellation of local food assistance programs located in Orono. Participants also viewed the OCG program as a source of destigmatized and socially acceptable food access, in contrast to other food assistance programs. Community giving gardens, like the OCG program, can be an effective tool to combat senior food insecurity by providing nutritionally adequate, destigmatized food access while building local food economies.
Whole-genome sequence and methylome profiling of the almond (Prunus dulcis [Mill.] D.A.Webb) cultivar ‘Nonpareil’

Abstract Almond (Prunus dulcis [Mill.] D.A. Webb) is an economically important, specialty nut crop grown almost exclusively in the United States. Breeding and improvement efforts worldwide have led to the development of key, productive cultivars, including ‘Nonpareil,’ which is the most widely grown almond cultivar. Thus far, genomic resources for this species have been limited, and a whole-genome assembly for ‘Nonpareil’ is not currently available despite its economic importance and use in almond breeding worldwide. We generated a 615.89X coverage genome sequence using Illumina, PacBio, and optical mapping technologies. Gene prediction revealed 27,487 genes using MinION Oxford nanopore and Illumina RNA sequencing, and genome annotation found that 68% of predicted models are associated with at least one biological function. Further, epigenetic signatures of almond, namely DNA cytosine methylation, have been implicated in a variety of phenotypes including self-compatibility, bud dormancy, and development of non-infectious bud failure. In addition to the genome sequence and annotation, this report also provides the complete methylome of several key almond tissues, including leaf, flower, endocarp, mesocarp, fruit skin, and seed coat. Comparisons between methylation profiles in these tissues revealed differences in genome-wide weighted percent methylation and chromosome-level methylation enrichment. The raw sequencing data are available on NCBI Sequence Read Archive, and the complete genome sequence and annotation files are available on NCBI Genbank. All data can be used without restriction.
REVISIONS TO HURRICANE DESIGN WAVE PRACTICES

The 1959 paper "Hurricane Design Wave Practices" (ref. 1) has been widely used in the past for obtaining design wave criteria. Additional wave data and revisions in wave forecasting procedures, including computing techniques, ideas and experience, make it possible to bring these techniques up to date. This paper should be considered also as an extension of the paper "A Non- Dimensional Hurricane Wave Model" (ref. 2) as well as revisions to the 1959 paper (ref. 1). Graphs, formulae and procedures are presented making it possible to calculate the entire deep water wave fields from model hurricane wind fields. The revisions have been applied to the U.S. East and Gulf coasts past historical hurricanes and also to the U.S. Weather Service standard project and probable maximum hurricanes for deep water conditions. The results of these calculations are presented in figures and tables and can serve as inputs for particular locations to calculate design storm surge and design wave criteria over the continental shelf to the coast line, making use of the material in the references listed at the end of this paper.
Promoting Resilience in Children of War

Today’s wars spare no one, and vulnerable groups such as children, once protected from harm, have become easy targets. Images of soldiers rescuing “enemy” children from crossfire have been relegated to history books. Today, children are not just caught in the crossfire but intentionally targeted by militia groups. Combatant groups regularly plant colorful landmines specifically to attract “enemy” children. Rape and amputation are other tactics commonly employed in warfare, intended to divide kinship loyalties and erode the social fabrics of communities.
Substructure Measurements by Statistical Fluctuations in X-Ray Diffraction Intensity

The substructures of a beta-quenched and a recrystallized form of high-purity uranium were measured by a method based on statistical fluctuations in X-ray diffraction intensity. For these measurements, Warren’s1 statistical equation for determining grain size was modified to make the equation applicable to materials with high absorption coefficients or moderate-to-large grain size (> 20 microns) or both, since many metals fall into this category, and to allow for defocusing of the X-ray beam which occurs as a natural consequence of the experiment.
Reversible myoclonus, asterixis, and tremor associated with high dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: a case report

Case Diagnosis: Reversible myoclonus, tremor, and asterixis induced by high dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.Case Description: The patient was a 66-year-old male with T9 AIS1 C quadriplegia secondary to spinal cord compression by a tumor due to large B cell lymphoma. Subsequent to tumor resection and chemotherapy, the patient was discovered to have Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP). Once started on high dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) therapy (15.6 mg/kg/day of trimethoprim) for the treatment of PJP, he displayed bilateral upper extremity myoclonic jerks at rest, asterixis, and postural tremor. Symptoms resolved once TMP-SMX therapy was discontinued.Discussion: Myoclonus, asterixis, and tremor have been linked to high dose TMP-SMX therapy as a toxic side effect. Our patient's symptoms did improve with levetiracetam therapy, but did not fully resolve until TMP-SMX was discontinued.Conclusions: This is thought to be the first reported case of reversible myoclonus, tremor, and asterixis in...
Postfire influences of snag attrition on albedo and radiative forcing

This paper examines albedo perturbation and radiative forcing after a high-severity fire in a mature forest in the Oregon Cascade Range. Correlations between postfire albedo and seedling, sapling, and snag (standing dead tree) density were investigated across fire severity classes and seasons for years 4–15 after fire. Albedo perturbation was 14 times larger in winter compared to summer and increased with fire severity class for the first several years. Albedo perturbation increased linearly with time over the study period. Correlations between albedo perturbations and the vegetation densities were strongest with snags, and significant in all fire classes in both summer and winter (R < −0.92, p < 0.01). The resulting annual radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere became more negative linearly at a rate of −0.86 W m−2 yr−1, reaching −15 W m−2 in year 15 after fire. This suggests that snags can be the dominant controller of postfire albedo on decadal time scales.
Numerical investigation of a jet in ground effect with a crossflow

One of the flows inherent in V/STOL operations, the jet in ground effect with a crossflow, is studied using the Fortified Navier-Stokes (FNS) scheme. Through comparison of the simulation results and the experimental data, and through the variation of the flow parameters (in the simulation) a number of interesting characteristics of the flow have been observed. For example, it appears that the forward penetration of the ground vortex is a strong inverse function of the level of mixing in the ground vortex. An effort has also been made to isolate issues which require additional work in order to improve the numerical simulation of the jet in ground effect flow. The FNS approach simplifies the simulation of a single jet in ground effect, but will be even more effective in applications to more complex topologies.
Supporting the intellectual life of ademocratic society

Democracy has many meanings, but if it has a moral meaning, it is found in resolving that the supreme test of all political institutions and industrial arrangements shall be the contribution they make to the all-around growth of every member of society (Dewey 1920: 186).
Digital photogrammetry of the optic nervehead.

A digital photogrammetric method capable of providing quantitative measurements from stereophotographs of the optic nerve head has been utilized in our laboratory to study the optic cup in patients with ocular hypertension and chronic glaucoma. Studies on the reproducibility of the digital photogrammetric technique of optic nerve head photographs taken with various cameras has revealed that (1) reproducibility was significantly better when simultaneous stereo photographs were analyzed and (2) the Donaldson stereofundus camera provided the best reproducibility of the majority of geometric measurements in optic cups of various sizes. In addition, it has been determined that the shallower cups encountered larger percentage errors. Improvements in parameter reproducibility have been obtained when finer sampling intervals have been used during film digitization. An additional study comparing reproducibility of cup parameters as determined by the digital photogrammetric procedure with those values obtained from analog photogrammetry and manual analysis revealed generally superior reproducibility of the digital photogrammetric analyses in the eyes studies. Preliminary observations utilizing the digital photo grammetric procedure in a modified Zeiss model eye indicated that minor shifts in camera position did not alter the reproducibility of the technique.
STABILIZATION OF POTENTIALLY LIQUEFIABLE SAND DEPOSITS USING GRAVEL DRAINS

The installation of a drainage system offers an attractive and economical procedure for stabilizing an otherwise potentially liquefiable sand deposit. Such a procedure has already been used in one case involving the construction of stone columns in a relatively loose sand deposit, and it is being proposed for stabilization of a medium dense sand layer. The paper presents a simplified theory that provides a convenient basis for evaluating the possible effectiveness of a grain drain system in such cases. Where appropriate, additional analyses may readily be made using a computer program (LARF) based on the theory presented, but for most practical cases, it is believed that the charts presented in the paper will provide for effective stabilization of potentially liquefiable sand deposits.
Weight Loss Nutritional Supplements

Obesity has reached what may be considered epidemic proportions in the United States, not only for adults but for children. Because of the medical implications and health care costs associated with obesity, as well as the negative social and psychological impacts, many individuals turn to nonprescription nutritional weight loss supplements hoping for a quick fix, and the weight loss industry has responded by offering a variety of products that generates billions of dollars each year in sales. Most nutritional weight loss supplements are purported to work by increasing energy expenditure, modulating carbohydrate or fat metabolism, increasing satiety, inducing diuresis, or blocking fat absorption. To review the literally hundreds of nutritional weight loss supplements available on the market today is well beyond the scope of this chapter. Therefore, several of the most commonly used supplements were selected for critical review, and practical recommendations are provided based on the findings of well controlled, randomized clinical trials that examined their efficacy. In most cases, the nutritional supplements reviewed either elicited no meaningful effect or resulted in changes in body weight and composition that are similar to what occurs through a restricted diet and exercise program. Although there is some evidence to suggest that herbal forms of ephedrine, such as ma huang, combined with caffeine or caffeine and aspirin (i.e., ECA stack) is effective for inducing moderate weight loss in overweight adults, because of the recent ban on ephedra manufacturers must now use ephedra-free ingredients, such as bitter orange, which do not appear to be as effective. The dietary fiber, glucomannan, also appears to hold some promise as a possible treatment for weight loss, but other related forms of dietary fiber, including guar gum and psyllium, are ineffective.
Almost Planet X

Optical and infrared observations of a bright object in the outer Solar System reveal it to be surprisingly large — almost as big as Pluto's moon. It could be the first of many such discoveries.
Suicidal ideation in depressed postpartum women: associations with childhood trauma, sleep disturbance and anxiety

BACKGROUND: Suicide is one of the leading causes of death in postpartum women. Identifying modifiable factors related to suicide risk in mothers after delivery is a public health priority. Our study aim was to examine associations between suicidal ideation (SI) and plausible risk factors (experience of abuse in childhood or as an adult, sleep disturbance, and anxiety symptoms) in depressed postpartum women. METHODS: This secondary analysis included 628 depressed mothers at 4-6 weeks postpartum. Diagnosis was confirmed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. We examined SI from responses to the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale-EPDS item 10; depression levels on the Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Atypical Depression Symptoms (SIGH-ADS); plus sleep disturbance and anxiety levels with subscales from the EPDS and SIGH-ADS items on sleep and anxiety symptoms. RESULTS: Of the depressed mothers, 496 (79%) 'never' had thoughts of self-harm; 98 (15.6%) 'hardly ever'; and 34 (5.4%) 'sometimes' or 'quite often'. Logistic regression models indicated that having frequent thoughts of self-harm was related to childhood physical abuse (odds ratio-OR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.00, 2.81); in mothers without childhood physical abuse, having frequent self-harm thoughts was related to sleep disturbance (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.02, 1.29) and anxiety symptoms (OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.01, 1.23). DISCUSSION: Because women with postpartum depression can present with frequent thoughts of self-harm and a high level of clinical complexity, conducting a detailed safety assessment, that includes evaluation of childhood abuse history and current symptoms of sleep disturbance and anxiety, is a key component in the management of depressed mothers. Language: en
Validity and accuracy of electric response audiometry using the auditory steady-state response: Evaluation in an empirical design

The validity and accuracy of the application of the auditory steady-state response (ASSR) to electric response audiometry (ERA) was tested further in a study permitting subjects to be their own controls for hearing loss. Simulated sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL) of complex configuration and varying degrees was effected using filtered masking noise. Thresholds estimated via ASSR-ERA were compared to those measured via conventional pure-tone audiometry. Further, the slow vertex potential N1–P2 was recorded to permit a comparison with an evoked-response test of common content validity and known accuracy. Results in a homogeneous subject sample demonstrated strong intertest correlation and agreement within 10 dB at 1000 to 4000 Hz (on average), but not at 500 Hz. The configurations determined by ASSR-ERA followed behavioral audiometric patterns well, except for the mildest degree of SSHL tested. Consequently, limitations of ERA remain, although ASSR-ERA appears to be quite valid overall and promises (justif...
Applications of fuzzy logic to the control of an autonomous underwater vehicle

Describes applications of fuzzy logic to the control of an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). One application described here is a fuzzy logic six degree-of-freedom flight control system by the Ocean Voyager, an AUV currently under development. Heading, pitch, and depth are controlled simultaneously by three separate fuzzy logic controllers, each a function of setpoint error and error rate. An additional fuzzily constrained integrator compensates for frictional effects and setpoint error. The fuzzy controllers were tested and show good performance over a range of velocities. Another application described is a docking controller for the Ocean Voyager. This controller enables the AUV to dock with another underwater vehicle. Both moving and stationary targets are allowed. The fuzzy rule base recursively drives the vehicle toward intermediate fuzzy goals that become more precise as the final target is approached. The fuzzy goal approach does not rely on high accuracy maneuvers or waypoints. Docking proceeds as long as the AUV remains in a funnel of acceptable intermediate positions. Performance of the docking controller was tested by simulation. >
VALVE AND BAND MORPHOLOGY OF SOME FRESHWATER DIATOMS. II. INTEGRATION OF VALVES AND BANDS IN NAVICULA CONFERVACEA VAR. CONFERVACEA12

Chemically cleaned and critical-point dried cells of a clonal culture were examined with scanning electron microscopy. Cells form filaments by valve-to-valve connections maintained by organic material which adheres to the central area of the valve face. Bending of filaments is probably restricted to some extent by the articulation of overlapping spatulate marginal spines with an adjacent underlapping set of much shorter spines (ridges), and with the mantle edge itself. Cell division results in three possible spine patterns for each cell: a set of overlapping and a set of underlapping spines; no overlapping sets of spines (two underlapping); or two sets of overlapping spines (no underlapping). Each filament inherits cells with spine set patterns in the ratio of 2 (with 1 set overlapping): 1 (with no sets overlapping): 1 (with 2 sets overlapping). Valvocopulae are shaped similarly to pleurae except that the partes exteriores of the valvocopulae are wider. The pars interior of both is delimited by an advalvar row of pores continuous around the cell apex. The pars exterior also has a row of pores, but it is median in the valvocopula and first pleura and does not continue around the cell apex. The valvocopulae always underlap the mantle and the pleurae always underlap their preceding band. The ends of both appeared attached, but may become free in acid-cleaned preparations. Bands alternate with each other so that the ends of the valvocopula attach to the first continuous apical portion of the first pleura; the ends of the first pleura attach in that same fashion to the second pleura but at the opposite apex; and all subsequent pleurae alternate in the same fashion with up to at least 13 pleurae/epicingulum. The continuous apical portion of each band is elevated so that a functional (but not structural) ligula is formed, with the continuous apical portion of alternate bands becoming adjacent and underlapping each other only in this region. The valvocopulae in a single cell, or of adjacent cells, may have their continuous apical ends on the same or on opposite apices. It is recommended that N. confervacea var. peregrina (W. Sm.) Grun. be merged with the nominate variety.
Enhanced Energy Metabolism Contributes to the Extended Life Span of Calorie-restricted Caenorhabditis elegans

Caloric restriction (CR) markedly extends life span and improves the health of a broad number of species. Energy metabolism fundamentally contributes to the beneficial effects of CR, but the underlying mechanisms that are responsible for this effect remain enigmatic. A multidisciplinary approach that involves quantitative proteomics, immunochemistry, metabolic quantification, and life span analysis was used to determine how CR, which occurs in the Caenorhabditis elegans eat-2 mutants, modifies energy metabolism of the worm, and whether the observed modifications contribute to the CR-mediated physiological responses. A switch to fatty acid metabolism as an energy source and an enhanced rate of energy metabolism by eat-2 mutant nematodes were detected. Life span analyses validated the important role of these previously unknown alterations of energy metabolism in the CR-mediated longevity of nematodes. As observed in mice, the overexpression of the gene for the nematode analog of the cytosolic form of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase caused a marked extension of the life span in C. elegans, presumably by enhancing energy metabolism via an altered rate of cataplerosis of tricarboxylic acid cycle anions. We conclude that an increase, not a decrease in fuel consumption, via an accelerated oxidation of fuels in the TCA cycle is involved in life span regulation; this mechanism may be conserved across phylogeny.
Broken Promise: The Supreme Court's Response to Social Science Research on Capital Punishment

In this article we address the issues of when and how well the United States Supreme Court has taken cognizance of psychological data in its evolving jurisprudence of death. After a brief historical review of the use of psychological data in death penalty litigation, and a discussion of how and why it once promised to play a unique role in capital litigation, we assess the Court's record in using and evaluating this kind of data over the last two decades. Specifically, we look at the nature of the social facts that have been introduced in capital litigation during this period, discuss their potential constitutional importance, and systematically and critically evaluate the Court's treatment of them.
Estimators for heat flow and deep rock properties based on boundary layer theory

Abstract Boundary-layer theory has predicted that the topographic profile of mid-ocean ridges should become a straight line when plotted against square root of age. Many ocean ridges follow the ‘square-root law’ of topography from 0.5 to 80 m.y., and the heat-flow prediction of the theory should hold in this age range also. Heat flow ( q ) should vary inversely as root age even when the diffusivity of the rock is a strong function of temperature. Topographic decay is related to q by q = dh dt × α i k κ o , where the isostatically modified expansion coefficient α i and the diffusivity K are sampled at about 0.7 of initial temperature, but the thermal conductivity is the κ o at surface temperature. The best heat-flow data older than 2 m.y. agree with the estimator 12(t) − 1 2 HFU with t in m.y., and the numerical constant is well within the plausible range for the rock parameters of ultra-basic rocks. Measurements on young crust do not agree with the estimator even in sedimented areas and the total heat output of ridge crests must still be calculated from theory. The best models are two-dimensional and embody ‘thermal balance’ boundary conditions at the origin, but the simple one-dimensional asymptotic estimate of 24(t) − 1 2 HFU for the mean flux to age t in m.y. is accurate to better than 1% beyond 25 m.y.
Thermal neutron driven, 14.1 MeV neutron generators

Abstract A detailed theoretical and experimental study of the production of 14.1 MeV neutrons from thermal neutrons using simple convertors has been performed. These convertors rely on the absorption of a thermal neutron resulting in a triton which interacts with deuterium producing a 14.1 MeV neutron. Three different systems have been studied: 6 LiD, 6 LiOD D 2 O and 3 He D 2 . In general the agreement between theory and experiment is good demonstrated efficiencies of approximately 2×10 −4 are observed. Based upon these results, theoretical optimization studies have been performed and possible applications have been discussed.
Numerical study on using sulfur hexafluoride as a wind tunnel test gas

Numerical study is presented that investigates effects of using sulfur hexafluoride, SF 6 , as a substitute for air. Inviscid results for airfoils indicate that for transonic cases the shock location calculated for SF 6 is vastly different from that in air and moves progressively forward on the airfoil as the freestream pressure is increased and real gas effects become more pronounced.
Charge transport and trapping model for scaled nitride-oxide stacked films

Abstract Experimental measurements, including capacitance-voltage and temperature-dependent current-voltage measurements of two nitride/oxide dual-layer films, have been used to characterize the charge transport and trapping mechanisms for scaled nitride-oxide stacked films. For charge transport from the cathode electrode to the adjacent oxide or nitride, electron Fowler-Nordheim tunneling is the dominant mechanism and the tunneling barriers are 3.2 eV for oxide and 2 eV for nitride, respectively. For charge transport from the nitride to the oxide, electron tunneling with limited electron supply from the nitride/oxide injecting interfaces was observed. A new charge transport and trapping model for scaled nitride-oxide stacked films is evolved from the experimental observations. According to the model, nitride-oxide stacked films can be thought of as an oxide film with electron trapping at the nitride/oxide interface. The electron trapping reduces the leakage current and lowers the incidence of early failures for nitride-oxide stacked films.
Refining Environmental Satellite Data Using a Statistical Approach

The proposed approach in this article applies an efficient and novel statistical technique to accurately describe radiometric data measured by Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometers (AVHRR) onboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites (POES). The corrected data set will then be applied to improve the strength of NOAA Global Vegetation Index (GVI) data set for the 1982- 2003 period produced from AVHRR. The GVI is used extensively for studying and monitoring land surface, atmosphere and recently for analyzing climate and environmental changes. The POES AVHRR data, though useful, cannot be directly used in climate change studies because of the orbital drift in the NOAA satellites over the lifetime of the satellites. This orbital drift causes inaccuracies in AVHRR data sets for some satellites. The main goal is achieved by implementing a statistical technique that uses an Empirical Distribution Function (EDF) to produce error free long-term time-series for GVI data sets. This technique permits the representation of any global ecosystem from desert to tropical forest and to correct deviations in satellite data that are due to orbital drifts and AVHRR sensor degradations. The primary focus of this research is to generate error free satellite data by applying the EDF technique for climatological research.
Intramammary Lymph Node Metastases Are an Independent Predictor of Poor Outcome in Patients With Breast Carcinoma

BACKGROUND Breast carcinoma with intramammary lymph node (intraMLN) metastases is considered to be Stage II disease, even in the absence of axillary lymph node involvement. Nonetheless, little is known regarding the clinical significance of intraMLN metastases. The goals of the current retrospective analysis were to elucidate the clinical relevance of intraMLN metastases and to assess the relation between such metastases and outcome in patients with breast carcinoma. METHODS One hundred ninety-six intraMLN specimens obtained between 1983 and 2003 were identified in the pathology database at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (Houston, TX); 130 of these specimens were obtained in association with a primary breast malignancy. Data on the clinical and pathologic features of these specimens were collected and evaluated on univariate and multivariate analysis for potential correlations with 5-year rates of disease-free survival (DFS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and overall survival (OS). The median follow-up duration was 36 months (range, 12–180 months). RESULTS The median age of the 130 patients in the current study was 53 years (range, 27–84 years). Twenty-four patients (18%) had intraMLNs that were identified preoperatively by either mammographic or sonographic methods; in the remaining 106 cases, intraMLNs were detected on pathologic examination of surgical breast specimens. IntraMLN metastases were found in 28% of all cases (n = 36). Most patients who had intraMLN metastases (81%) also had axillary metastases; however, isolated intraMLN metastases were documented in 6 patients (5%). Univariate analysis revealed that patients with intraMLN metastases (compared with all other patients) had poorer 5-year rates of DFS (54% vs. 89%; P = 0.001), DSS (66% vs. 90%; P = 0.001), and OS (64% vs. 88%; P = 0.004). Furthermore, multivariate analysis indicated that intraMLN involvement was an independent predictor of reduced DFS (hazard ratio, 2.33; P = 0.03), DSS (hazard ratio, 5.32; P = 0.002), and OS (hazard ratio, 3.22; P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS The current retrospective analysis demonstrated that the presence of intraMLN metastases is an independent predictor of poor outcome in patients with breast carcinoma. Identification of an intraMLN on preoperative imaging should prompt further histopathologic assessment. Identification of malignant intraMLNs by lymphatic mapping may help to identify high-risk patients for whom further evaluation of the axillary lymph nodes is warranted despite otherwise clinically negative findings in the axilla. Cancer 2004. Published 2004 American Cancer Society.
Operating mesh-survivable WDM transport networks

All-optical networks with wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) are considered to be a promising technology for next generation transport networks, as they can satisfy the growing bandwidth demand caused primarily due to an explosive growth of web-related services over the Internet. As the traffic demand increases, survivability becomes an indispensable requirement in WDM transport networks. This motivates the need for addressing failure restoration as an integral part of optical network design and operation. To date, the design problems have considered a static traffic demand aimed at optimizing the network capacity and cost, assuming various cost and survivability models. In this paper, we formulate three operational phases viz., initial call setup, medium-term reconfiguration when connections are blocked, and long-term reconfiguration to optimize resource utilization for the existing traffic, as a single Integer Linear Programming (ILP) optimization problem. This integrated framework is an attractive formulation that captures both capacity optimization and service disruption aspect in the problem formulation.
Economic determinants of academic failure and school desertion in the Guatemala highlands

Abstract Guatemala's four major indigenous (i.e. ethnic) groups provide the setting for a model explaining elementary schooling discontinuity in terms of economic characteristics that might affect availability and quality of teaching facilities, perceptions of curriculum relevance, expectations of longterm gains and enhancement of employment alternatives through formal education, and children's opportunity cost. Least-squares coefficients and elasticities are estimated separately for academic failure and school abandonment for each indigenous group. The levels of statistical significance show that the model explains academic failure better than it explains school desertion. These levels differ among groups for the seven variables in the model, thus implying that a national indigenous policy that fails to incorporate in its structure features unique to each group may be inadequate.
Polymerization of safflower and rapeseed oils

Rates of polymerization of oils from 2 safflower and 2 rapeseed varieties were measured in the air and under vacuum. Thermal polymerization rates showed a stronger dependence on the degree of unsaturation than on oxidative polymerization. Molecular weight distributions of polymerized oils were determined by size exclusion chromatography, and the relationship between viscosity and weight-average molecular weight was determined.
Characterization of CAX-like genes in plants: implications for functional diversity.

Transporter-mediated Ca2+ efflux from the cytoplasm is an important component of plant signal transduction. To elucidate the diversity and role of Ca2+/H+ in controlling plant cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations, homologs of CAX (for calcium exchanger) genes were cloned from Zea mays and Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA libraries. The A. thaliana homolog of CAX (AtHCX1) is 77% identical to CAX1 while the Z. mays homolog of CAX (ZmHCX1) is 64% identical to CAX1 in amino acid sequence. AtHCX1 transcripts appeared to be expressed in all tissues, and levels of AtHCX1 RNA increased after Ca2+ or Na+ treatment. When expressed in yeast mutants defective in vacuolar Ca2+ uptake, ZmHCX1 and AtHCX1 failed to suppress the Ca2+ sensitivity of these strains. These results imply that CAX-like genes may have functions in plant ion homeostasis that differ from those of previously characterized CAX genes.
Present status and future challenges of modeling the Sun–Earth end-to-end system

Abstract Several research groups are presently modeling key portions of the solar–terrestrial environment. Large-scale models of the solar corona, of the interplanetary medium, and of the coupled magnetosphere–ionosphere system are providing important insights into the dynamics and temporal evolution of these regions during normal, as well as disturbed, conditions. Some collaborative groups are now working on even more grand syntheses of models and are striving for a true end-to-end modeling capability. The challenges of such integrated modeling are immense: vastly different spatial and temporal scales must be addressed and codes must be synchronized to a high degree. Because much of the underlying physics at micro- and meso-scales remains unknown (or only poorly known), many key interface regions must be treated using empirical or semi-empirical methods. Validating the results from such global-scale models is, in itself, a major undertaking. And last, but by no means least, the question of how available (sparse) data are assimilated into end-to-end models remains a major challenge to the community. This paper provides an overview of the present status and future challenges in end-to-end modeling of the Sun–Earth system.
The effect of surgical resident learning style preferences on American Board of Surgery In-training Examination scores.

Background There is a growing body of literature that suggests that learners assimilate information differently, depending on their preferred learning style. The VARK model categorizes learners as visual (V), aural (A), read/write (R), kinesthetic (K), or multimodal (MM). We hypothesized that resident VARK learning style preferences and American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination (ABSITE) performance are associated. Methods The Fleming VARK learning styles inventory was administered to all general surgery residents at a university hospital–based program each year to determine their preferred learning style. Resident scores from the 2012 and 2013 ABSITE were examined to identify any correlation with learning style preferences. Results Over a 2-year period, residents completed 53 VARK inventory assessments. Most (51%) had a multimodal preference. Dominant aural and read/write learners had the lowest and highest mean ABSITE scores, respectively (p = 0.03). Conclusion Residents with dominant read/write learning preferences perform better on the ABSITE than their peers did, whereas residents with dominant aural learning preferences underperform on the ABSITE. This may reflect an inherent and inadvertent bias of the examination against residents who prefer to learn via aural modalities.
Semi-automated Icosahedral Particle Reconstruction at Sub-nanometer Resolution

Abstract Electron cryomicroscopy of large macromolecular complexes is becoming an increasingly powerful tool for revealing three-dimensional structures without the need for crystallization. The execution of image processing, however, requires experience and is error-prone due to the need for a human operator to carry out interactive and repetitive processes. We have designed an approach which is intended to make image processing simple and rapid, both for experts and for novice users. We demonstrate this approach using the well-established reconstruction scheme for icosahedral particles. Finally, we implement semi-automated virus reconstruction (SAVR), an expert system that integrates the most CPU intensive and iterative steps using the scripting language Python. SAVR is portable across platforms and has been parallelized to run on both shared and distributed memory platforms. SAVR also allows the incorporation of new algorithms and facilitates the management of the increasingly large data sets needed to achieve higher resolution reconstructions. The package has been successfully applied to several data sets and shown capable of generating icosahedral reconstructions to sub-nanometer resolutions (7–10 A°).
Splicing of yeast tRNA precursors: structure of the reaction intermediates.

Abstract The intermediates of the yeast tRNA splicing reaction have been characterized. The intervening sequence is excised as an unique linear molecule. It has 5′-hydroxyl and 3′-phosphate termini. Correspondingly, the half-tRNA molecules are shown to have a 3′-phosphate terminus on the 5′ half and 5′-hydroxyl terminus on the 3′ half. These isolated halves have been shown to be active in the ligation step of tRNA splicing. Removal of the 3′-phosphate from the 5′ half eliminates the ability of the 5′ half to participate in ligation.
Enzymatic inactivation of streptomycin by R factor-resistant Escherichia coli.

WE have confirmed the findings of Okamoto and Suzuki1 that a cell harbouring an R factor which carries streptomycin resistance can inactivate the drug by an enzymatic process. The inactivation can be detected either by a microbiological assay (Fig. 1), or by a biochemical assay (Table 1) following incubation of the drug with a cell-free extract of the R factor strain. The responsible enzyme, streptomycin adenylate synthetase, can be partially purified from cell-free extracts by ammonium sulphate precipitation and DEAE-‘Sephadex’ chromatography, but a more convenient source is the cell-free supernatant from exponentially growing cells submitted to osmotic shock according to the procedure of Nossal and Heppel2, and a highly active enzyme preparation can be obtained in this way. The enzyme is almost completely released by a 25 min shocking of the treated cells (Table 1a). The shockate enzyme has been purified further and the properties of the purified enzyme will be published later.
Perspective—Aerodynamic Control of Combustion

To do useful work, the exothermic process of combustion should be carried out in an enclosure, as is typically the case with i.c. engines -- the subject of this paper`s particular concern. To meet the requirements of high efficiency and low pollutant production, this process should be executed at a relatively low temperature -- a condition attainable by the use of lean air-fuel mixtures. For this purpose it has to be distributed in space upon multipoint initiation and kept away from the walls to minimize their detrimental effects. In principle, all this can be accomplished by a system referred to as fireball combustion that takes advantage of entrainment and spiral mixing associated with large scale vortex structures of jet plumes. As demonstrated in this paper, the success in such an endeavor depends crucially upon the utilization of the essential elements of classical aerodynamics: the properly distributed sources, expressed in terms of velocity divergences prescribed by the thermodynamic process of combustion and of the vorticity field generated by shear between the jets and the fluid into which they are injected.