cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regional localization of the fibronectin and gamma-crystallin genes to bovine chromosome 8.

Abstract The genes for isocitrate dehydrogenase-1, fibronectin, and γ-crystallin are syntenic in man, mouse, and cow. In an effort to assign this bovine syntenic group to a specific chromosome and to allow a cytological comparison of the conserved chromosomal region containing these genes in their respective species, we have localized the fibronectin and γ-crystallin genes to bovine chromosome 8, region 1.1–1.4. This study incorporates the techniques of hybrid somatic cell analysis and in situ hybridization and the use of a Robertsonian-translocated marker chromosome from a related species for regional assignment of genes to a specific bovine chromosome. The regions on human chromosome 2q, mouse chromosome 1, and cow chromosome 8 that contain these genes are cytologically similar, perhaps representing evolutionary conservation at the cytogenetic level as well as at the gene level for this group of loci.
Measurement Requirements for Coherent Optical Waveguide Communication

Coherent optical waveguide transmission systems are expected to offer improved system performance. Spurious optical radiation outside the signal band can be eliminated homodyning or heterodyning techniques and improvements on the order of 10 - 30 dB 1,2 can be realized depending upon the detection scheme utilized. Polarization mode dispersion (PMD) and cross-coupling between modes may result in waveguide bandwidth-length products that are impractical for coherent telecommunication systems. It is important to determine the measurements and conditions of measurement required to ensure waveguide compatibility with coherent transmission systems.
Adipose tissue-specific CETP expression in mice: impact on plasma lipoprotein metabolism.

Adipose tissue appears to be a highly conserved site of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) expression across species. To investigate the impact of adipose CETP expression on lipid metabolism, we created adipose tissue-specific CETP transgenic (CETPTg) mice. CETP mRNA is predominantly expressed in adipose tissue. Plasma CETP mass and activity are readily detectable in CETPTg mice but not in controls. Plasma lipoprotein analysis shows marked reductions in HDL cholesterol and phospholipids, increases non-HDL lipids, decreases apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), and increases apoB. Unexpectedly, CETPTg adipocytes are significantly smaller than those in control mice (44%), triglyceride and cholesterol in adipose tissue were significantly decreased compared with controls (50% and 37%, respectively), and phospholipids showed no significant changes. To study the mechanism, we measured peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, sterol-regulatory element binding protein-1c, LPL, and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) in aP2-CETPTg adipose tissue and controls and found that, except for HSL, all mRNA levels are significantly decreased in the transgenic mice compared with controls (26, 33, and 22%). In conclusion, adipose tissue CETP makes a major contribution to CETP in the circulation, reduces HDL, and increases non-HDL cholesterol levels. Moreover, adipose tissue CETP expression changes triglyceride and cholesterol content and the size of adipocytes.
Individual response patterns in binary choice tasks with nondiscriminable stimuli

The present experiment sought to determine whether individual Ss tend to employ repeatedly the same response patterns in binary choice tasks containing nondiscriminable stimuli and, if so, whether the response sequences when used to constructstimulus sequences improve the performance of other choice tasks. Information and frequency analyses of the response sequences of 48 Ss showed moderate consistency of patterning within a light and within a tone task. Performance of a card task following the light and tone tasks was closely related to the task (light or tone) from which the stimulus sequence was obtained. The frequency analysis showed that repetition patterns were preferred by most Ss but at the expense of alternation responses. The presentation of reinforcement in the card task did not improve performance over that observed in the light and tone tasks.
Three-dimensional supersonic vortex breakdown

Three-dimensional supersonic vortex-breakdown problems in bound and unbound domains are solved. The solutions are obtained using the time-accurate integration of the unsteady, compressible, full Navier-Stokes (NS) equations. The computational scheme is an implicit, upwind, flux-difference splitting, finite-volume scheme. Two vortex-breakdown applications are considered in the present paper. The first is for a supersonic swirling jet which is issued from a nozzle into a supersonic uniform flow at a lower Mach number than that of the swirling jet. The second is for a supersonic swirling flow in a configured circular duct. In the first application, an extensive study of the effects of grid fineness, shape and grid-point distribution on the vortex breakdown is presented. Four grids are used in this study and they show a substantial dependence of the breakdown bubble and shock wave on the grid used. In the second application, the bubble-type and helix-type vortex breakdown have been captured.
Morphological evidence of alteration in myelin structure with maturation

Summary The periodicity of the myelin sheath in glutaraldehyde carbohydrazide (GACH) embedded tissues from three 10-day-old and two 43-day-old mice was investigated with the electron microscope. The mean repeat period and number of repeats per fiber was measured in 31–89 fibers in the trapezoid bodies, olfactory tract and sciatic nerves. The mean period of the myelin sheaths in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems of the 10-day-old mice (15.1 ± 0.07 nm (S.E.M.) and 13.4 ± 0.09 nm respectively) are smaller (P
Acting in the face of uncertainty.

In this issue, Kansagara and colleagues' review finds that evidence of a mortality benefit of screening high-risk patients for HCC remains insufficient to support a strong recommendation for or aga...
Coal tar and paving products.

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has a partnership relationship with the asphalt paving and roofing industries and their associated unions. Our partners saw in the EHP Focus article “Paving Paradise: The Peril of Impervious Surfaces” (Frazer 2005) the statement on page A459: “Asphalt is one concern, as it contains coal tar pitch, a recognized human carcinogen .... ” Our partners asked us if we could help them address this statement. By definition, asphalt is a petroleum product and contains no coal tar. However, some pavement-repair products and sealants may contain coal tar. NIOSH did not find any evidence of coal tar in U.S. asphalt in our hazard review Health Effects of Occupational Exposure to Asphalt (NIOSH 2000.
Lyapunov stability of scalar charged solitons

The direct Lyapunov method is used to investigate the stability of charged solitons of pulson type described by a relativistic complex scalar field in a model of general form. It is shown that the stability can only be conditional. Some necessary and sufficient conditions for stability of stationary solitons for a fixed charge are formulated. Examples of models with power-law and logarithmic nonlinearities are considered.
Sabulodes caberata guenée (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) : Components of its sex pheromone gland.

A 6,9-nonadecadiene, (Z)-9-nonadecene, andn-nonadecane were identified in extracts of sex pheromone glands of femaleSabulodes caberata Guenee. Potential pheromonal activity of gland components was assessed by electroantennogram measurements of gas-chromatographic fractions of abdominal tip extracts. Chemical identification was based on gas chromatography and mass spectrometry of parent compounds, hydrogenation products, ozonolysis products, dimethyl disulfide adducts, and synthesis. The monoene was synthesized via coupling of alkyl and acetylenic intermediates. (Z,Z)-6,9-Nonadecadiene (Z6,Z9-19∶H) was synthesized from methyl linoleate via chain lengthening. SyntheticZ6,Z9-19∶H had the same retention times on polar and nonpolar capillary gas-chromatographic columns as the 6,9-nonadecadiene from the sex pheromone glands. In field testsZ6,Z9-19:H alone produced trap catch of maleS. caberata and addition of (Z)-9-nonadecene orn-nonadecane had no effect on trap catch.
Experimental evaluation of the dynamic behavior of an air-breathing fuel cell stack

The performance of an air breathing proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell stack has been experimentally measured to investigate the steady-state and transient effects of temperature, humidity and air flowrate. The results show that hydrogen leaks to the cathode through the membrane causing internal heating of the fuel cell. The leakage rate is found to be linearly dependent on the pressure difference between the hydrogen side and air side which is at atmospheric pressure. Temperature was found to not have a significant effect on the PEM performance, except through its indirect effect on humidity. The humidity of the membrane is found to be the most significant variable in determining the fuel cell performance. The airflow also influences the performance of the fuel cell directly by supplying oxygen and indirectly by influencing the humidity of the membrane. Experiments show that an optimum air flowrate exists that is much larger than required for stoichiometric oxidation of the fuel.
THE EFFECT OF PROSTAGLANDIN E1 ON RESPONSES OF SMOOTH MUSCLE TO CATECHOL AMINES, ANGIOTENSIN AND VASOPRESSIN

Abstract Reduction of the pressor responses to adrenaline in the rabbit following administration of prostaglandin E1 has been confirmed. The effect is, however, nonspecific since noradrenaline, angiotensin and vasopressin are also antagonized. Analogous responses were observed in blood flow experiments on the cat hind limb but not on the rabbit isolated auricles or the rabbit isolated duodenum. Contractions of the cat nictitating membrane produced by sympathetic preganglionic stimulation or by adrenaline were not decreased following injection of prostaglandin E1 but the relaxation period was shorter. Contractions of the rabbit vas deferens induced in vivo by adrenaline were smaller after prostaglandin E1 and this effect tended to be long-lasting.
A new synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted indoles

A novel synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted indoles starting from N-alkyl-N-propvnyl anilines is described. The reactions employed are analogous to the thermal rearrangement of aryl propynyl sulfoxides.
Further acoustic diversity in Hawaiian forests: two new species of Hawaiian cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Trigonidiinae: Laupala).

Abstract The genus Laupala is endemic to the rain forested islands of the Hawaiian archipelago. In his 1994 study Otte described 35 Laupala species, each restricted to a single island, and sometimes a single volcano. All Laupala species produce male calling songs consisting of slow trills. Two new species described here, one from the Koolau Mountains of Oahu and another from Kipahulu Valley of East Maui, produce the fastest and one of the slowest pulse rates, respectively, in the genus. Both species are found with sympatric congeners. The discovery of these species increases the acoustic diversity locally (within their respective communities), within their respective islands, and across the archipelago. This enhances the opportunity for the investigation of signal interference and character displacement in a relatively youthful assemblage of closely related species of crickets.
Optical coherence tomography findings following photodynamic therapy of choroidal neovascularization.

Abstract PURPOSE: To develop an optical coherence tomography (OCT) classification system that monitors the response of eyes treated with photodynamic therapy (PDT) with verteporfin for subfoveal choroidal neovascularization (CNV) from age-related macular degeneration (AMD). DESIGN: Retrospective interventional case series. METHODS: Ninety eyes (88 patients) with AMD and predominantly classic subfoveal CNV treated with PDT using verteporfin were identified by a laser log and retrospectively reviewed. Optical coherence tomography and fluorescein angiography (FA) were performed before treatment and at subsequent follow-up examinations in all eyes. Optical coherence tomography findings were evaluated and compared with corresponding FA. RESULTS: A five-stage OCT classification of eyes treated with PDT was created from the evaluation of 79 total eyes (77 patients). Stage I (two eyes) is recognized within the first week of treatment and demonstrates an acute inflammatory response with increased subretinal fluid. Stage II (28 eyes) represents the restoration of a near-normal fovea contour with diminished subretinal fluid occurring 1 to 4 weeks after treatment. Stage III (79 eyes) occurs between 4 to 12 weeks following treatment and is subdivided into two categories based on the amount of subretinal fibrosis and fluid present. Stage IIIa (15 eyes) contains a greater subretinal fluid to fibrosis ratio indicating an active CNV process. Lesions in stage IIIb (64 eyes) less actively leak and have more prominent fibrosis with minimal intraretinal fluid. Cystoid macular edema defines a stage IV lesion (11 eyes). In stage V lesions (19 eyes) the subretinal fluid resolves with thinning of the retina as well as fibrosis merging with the retinal pigment epithelial layer (RPE). CONCLUSION: Optical coherence tomography appears to be useful in monitoring the retinal changes that occur following PDT of CNV and may assist in understanding the changes observed on angiography.
Molecular dynamics simulation of fluid containing gas in hydrophilic rough wall nanochannels

This study performed the molecular dynamic simulations to investigate the boundary behavior of liquid water with entrapped gas bubbles over various hydrophilic roughened substrates. A “liquid–gas–vapor coexistence setup” was employed to maintain a constant thermodynamic state during individual equilibrium simulations and corresponding non-equilibrium Poiseuille flow cases. The two roughened substrates (Si(100) and graphite) adopted in this study present similar contact angles and slip length with gas-free fluid. By considering the effects of argon molecules at the interface, we demonstrated that the boundary slip behavior differed dramatically between these two rough wall channels. This divergence can be attributed to differences in the morphology of argon bubble at the interface due to discrepancies in the atomic arrangement and wall–fluid interaction energy. Furthermore, the density of gas at the interface had a significant impact on the effective slip length of the roughened graphite substrate, whereas shear rate \(\dot{\gamma }\) presented no noticeable influence. On the roughened Si(100) surface, the morphology of the argon bubbles exhibited far higher meniscus curvature and unstable properties under hydrodynamic effects. Thus, this substrate exhibited no slip to slight negative slip and no remarkable influence from either the density of gas at the interface or shear rate. In the present study, we demonstrate that the morphology and behavior of interfacial gas bubbles are influenced by the parameters of wall–fluid interaction as well as the atomic arrangement of the substrate. Our results related to nanochannel flow reveal that different surfaces, such as Si(100) and graphite, may possess similar intrinsic wettability; however, properties of the interfacial gas bubbles can lead to noticeable changes in interfacial characteristics resulting in various degrees of boundary slippage.
Multi-objective optimization for hybrid fuel cells power system under uncertainty

One of the major applications of fuel cells is as onsite stationary electric power plants. Several types of configurations have been hypothesized and tested for these kinds of applications at the conceptual level but hybrid power plants are one of the most efficient. These are designs that combine a fuel cell cycle with other thermodynamic cycles to provide higher efficiency. Generally, the heat rejected by the fuel cell at a higher temperature is used in a bottoming cycle to generate steam. In this work we are considering a conceptual design of a solid oxide fuel cell-proton exchange membrane (SOFC-PEM) fuel cell hybrid power plant [R. Geisbrecht, Compact Electrochemical Reformer Based on SOFC Technology, AIChE Spring National Meeting, Atlanta, GA, 2000] in which the high temperature SOFC fuel cell acts both as electricity producer and fuel reformer for the low temperature PEM fuel cell (PEMFC). The exhaust from the PEM fuel cell goes to a waste hydrogen burner and heat recovery steam generator that produces steam for further utilizations. Optimizing this conceptual design involves consideration of a number of objectives. The process should have low pollutant emissions as well as cost competitive with the existing technology. The solution of a multi-objective optimization problem is not a single solution but a complete non-dominated or Pareto set, which includes the alternatives representing potential compromise solutions among the objectives. This makes a range of choice available to decision makers and provides them with the trade-off information among the multiple objectives effectively. This paper presents the optimal trade-off design solutions or the Pareto set for this hybrid power plant through a multi-objective optimization framework. This hybrid technology is new and the system level models used for fuel cells performance have significant uncertainties in them. In this paper, we characterize these uncertainties and study the effect of these uncertainties on the optimal trade-offs. The framework developed in this work forms the basis for optimal design and synthesis of any power plant under uncertainties in the face of multiple objectives.
High frequency paraelectric resonance in KI: OH-☆

Abstract High frequency paraelectric resonance measurements on KI: OH− enable an improved dipole moment measurement for this 〈110〉 system, 1.26 ± 0.07 eA. New zero field splittings have been measured at 97, 102, 120 and 155 GHz. The data confirm the existence of an excited multiplet within 100 GHz of the ground state multiplet.
Stress-induced activation of prefrontal cortex dopamine turnover: blockade by lesions of the amygdala

Stress consistently has been found to activate peripheral and central catecholamine systems. Dopamine (DA) turnover in the prefrontal cortex is especially sensitive to stress produced by relatively mild footshock, conditioned fear, or exposure to a novel cage. Because lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala block the effects of both stress and fear in many experimental paradigms, the present study evaluated whether such lesions would block stress-induced increases in prefrontal dopamine turnover using either mild footshock or novelty as stressors. In Experiment 1 electrolytic lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala attenuated the increase in the dopamine metabolite homovanillic acid (HVA) in the prefrontal cortex evaluated in post-mortem tissue normally produced by footshock. In Experiment 2 similar lesions attenuated the increase in dopamine turnover in the prefrontal cortex using a different stressor, novelty, and a different measure of dopamine turnover, DOPAC/DA ratios. These data provide further evidence for the critical role of the amygdala in stress.
Phosphorescence of matrix-isolated naphthalene and phenanthrene

Abstract Naphthalene and phenanthrene emission is reported in argon, krypton, xenon, methane and sulfur hexafluoride between 20°K and 0.4 of the solvent melting point. Methane solutions emit only fluorescence, argon solutions fluoresce and phosphoresce, but krypton solutions phosphoresce only. With increasing heavy atom effect, total emission increases, while the phosphorescence lifetimes decrease. After annealing, all samples show pronounced and reversible temperature dependence of phosphorescence intensity, while the T 1 → S 0 lifetimes remain essentially constant.
Managed Care Organizations’ Use of Treatment Management Strategies for Outpatient Mental Health Care

A nationally representative sample of managed care organizations was surveyed (response rate=92%) regarding use of treatment management techniques for outpatient mental health care in their commercial products in 1999. Bivariate tests and logistic regression models were used to examine the relationship between product type, behavioral health contracting arrangement and treatment management techniques (prior authorization, standards for time to initial appointment, concurrent review, standards for follow-up after discharge, case management, practice guidelines). Prevalence varied from 43% to 87% depending on the technique. HMO products and products with specialty behavioral health contracts were more likely to use the techniques. Product type and contracting arrangement had independent effects.
Distinguishing three-dimensional forms from their mirror-images: Whorfian results from users of intrinsic frames of linguistic reference

Mopan (Mayan) speakers, who rely heavily on intrinsic frames of reference in spatial language, also classify two-dimensional forms intrinsically on a non-linguistic task (Danziger, 1999). This is compatible with the predictions of the Whorf hypothesis, but could also be an artifact of using 2D materials in a population with low literacy levels. This paper reports that Mopan speakers categorize even 3D objects as predicted by intrinsic encoding, thus increasing support for the Whorfian interpretation of their performance. A group of US English speakers shows the opposite tendency, confirming that task performance is under cultural, and therefore perhaps linguistic, influence.
Tuberculosis of the greater trochanteric bursa

A patient with tuberculosis of the greater trochanteric bursa is described, and the clinical and radiographic characteristics of the infection are reviewed. Despite the infrequency of skeletal tuberculosis, this infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis of chronic hip pain.
Anticipatory contrast as a function of access time and spatial location

Intake of a 0.15% saccharin solution was suppressed when it was followed by a 32% sucrose solution in brief daily pairings. With equal access durations to the two solutions, intervals of intermediate duration (2 or 3 min) produced a larger contrast than more extreme intervals (1 or 10 min). There was no evidence of inhibition of delay with the 10-min interval (Experiments 1A and 1B). When access times were asymmetrical, longer access time to the first solution reduced contrast, whereas longer access time to the second solution enhanced contrast (Experiment 2). Contrast was greater when the two solutions were presented at consistent and separate spatial locations than when location was changed randomly or when both solutions were presented in sequence at the same location. However, a degree of contrast occurred in all conditions (Experiment 3). Experiment 4, conducted with the solutions in opposite arms of a T-maze, showed that anticipatory approach to the location correlated with the 32% sucrose solution developed prior to lick suppression on the saccharin solution. However, within daily sessions, there was a reliable increase in contrast without correlated changes in anticipatory-approach behavior. Access-time effects were attributed to altered reward values, whereas spatial-separation effects suggest that goal-directed responses contribute to, but do not cause, anticipatory contrast.
Religiosity in the non-medical use of prescription medication in college students.

AbstractBackground: The non-medical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) is a hazardous health behavior popular among young adults and college students. Past research has documented prevalence rates and risk factors associated with NMUPD, while little research has addressed protective factors. Objective: The present study examined the associations of religiosity and NMUPD in a sample of college students. Methods: Young adult (ages 18–25) college students (n = 767) completed an anonymous online survey assessing demographic variables, NMUPD, personality factors, perceptions of risk, mental health, and religiosity. Results: Results showed that greater religiosity scores were consistently associated with lower odds of engaging in NMUPD in the past 3 months. These associations were partially mediated by the personality characteristics of conscientiousness and openness to experience as well as perceived risk of NMUPD. The effect of religiosity on NMUPD was moderated by Greek (i.e. fraternity or sorority) membershi...
The Effect of Continuous Wakefulness on Complex Cognitive Task Performance A Quantitative Synthesis of Research

In support of NASA’s modeling and simulation goals to predict the effects of operator fatigue on performance, research findings from the literature on the effect of acute sleep deprivation on performance of complex cognitive tasks were quantitatively synthesized. Regression models of performance over continuous hours of wakefulness demonstrated complex cognitive task performance decrements for both speed and accuracy, with the greater performance decrement on speed over continuous hours of wakefulness. Circadian effects were also examined and reveal a greater decrement to both speed and accuracy performance over continuous hours of wakefulness during the circadian night than circadian day.
Decision making with regard to antiviral intervention during an influenza pandemic.

Background Antiviral coverage is defined by the proportion of the population that takes antiviral prophylaxis or treatment. High coverage of an antiviral drug has epidemiological and evolutionary repercussions. Antivirals select for drug resistance within the population, and individuals may experience adverse effects. To determine optimal antiviral coverage in the context of an influenza outbreak, we compared 2 perspectives: 1) the individual level (the Nash perspective), and 2) the population level (utilitarian perspective). Methods We developed an epidemiological game-theoretic model of an influenza pandemic. The data sources were published literature and a national survey. The target population was the US population. The time horizon was 6 months. The perspective was individuals and the population overall. The interventions were antiviral prophylaxis and treatment. The outcome measures were the optimal coverage of antivirals in an influenza pandemic. Results At current antiviral pricing, the optimal Nash strategy is 0% coverage for prophylaxis and 30% coverage for treatment, whereas the optimal utilitarian strategy is 19% coverage for prophylaxis and 100% coverage for treatment. Subsidizing prophylaxis by $440 and treatment by $85 would bring the Nash and utilitarian strategies into alignment. For both prophylaxis and treatment, the optimal antiviral coverage decreases as pricing of antivirals increases. Our study does not incorporate the possibility of an effective vaccine and lacks probabilistic sensitivity analysis. Our survey also does not completely represent the US population. Because our model assumes a homogeneous population and homogeneous antiviral pricing, it does not incorporate heterogeneity of preference. Conclusions The optimal antiviral coverage from the population perspective and individual perspectives differs widely for both prophylaxis and treatment strategies. Optimal population and individual strategies for prophylaxis and treatment might be aligned through subsidization.
Subendocardial S-T Segment Changes During Acute Coronary Occlusion

Subendocardial ischemia during coronary occlusion in dogs was studied using S-T segment elevations in unipolar subendocardial electrodes. Alterations in heart rate or cardiac output caused quantitatively similar changes in subendocardial and epicardial S-T elevation. Increasing blood pressure from 75 to 100 or 75 to 125 mm Hg caused a smaller reduction in subendocardial than in epicardial S-T elevation (p less than 0.01). In this situation, therefore, subendocardial ischemia tends to be maintained while epicardial ischemia is reduced by higher arterial pressures. Hemodynamic manipulations can cause quantitatively different changes in subendocardial and epicardial S-T segment elevation.
Classification and Reconstruction From Random Projections for Hyperspectral Imagery

There is increasing interest in dimensionality reduction through random projections due in part to the emerging paradigm of compressed sensing. It is anticipated that signal acquisition with random projections will decrease signal-sensing costs significantly; moreover, it has been demonstrated that both supervised and unsupervised statistical learning algorithms work reliably within randomly projected subspaces. Capitalizing on this latter development, several class-dependent strategies are proposed for the reconstruction of hyperspectral imagery from random projections. In this approach, each hyperspectral pixel is first classified into one of several pixel groups using either a conventional supervised classifier or an unsupervised clustering algorithm. After the grouping procedure, a suitable reconstruction method, such as compressive projection principal component analysis, is employed independently within each group. Experimental results confirm that such class-dependent reconstruction, which employs statistics pertinent to each class as opposed to the global statistics estimated over the entire data set, results in more accurate reconstructions of hyperspectral pixels from random projections.
MMIC-based FM-CW radar for multipolarization backscatter measurements

Presents a compact multipolarization radar that is designed around a new FM-CW microwave monolithic integrated circuit (MMIC). The FM-CW MMIC device consists of a varactor-tuned oscillator, an amplifier, an active circulator and a mixer. The radar is designed to transmit either a vertically or horizontally polarized signal and to receive both co- and cross-polarized signals simultaneously. The MMIC device is integrated with an external receiver and GaAs transfer switch to obtain all four linear polarizations. The cross-polarization receiver was assembled using a GaAs MMIC mixer and amplifier. The signal processor is a standard commercially available digital signal processing (DSP) board, which is connected to the bus of a personal computer. The radar and signal processor were developed by undergraduate students enrolled in a one-semester senior design course. The total cost of the radar, including the DSP board, was less than $10,000.
Intervehicle Transmission Rate Control for Cooperative Active Safety System

We propose an intervehicle communication framework for the cooperative active safety system (CASS) whose operation is based on the dissemination of each vehicle's state information through a wireless network. Such a CASS requires each subject vehicle to be aware of its surroundings, particularly of the motion and position of other vehicles in its proximity. In this paper, we assume that all vehicles are equipped with onboard communication devices. In such situations, the wireless channel is simultaneously shared by a large number of vehicles, and one of the most difficult challenges in designing CASS is to maintain real-time tracking accuracy of neighboring vehicles while avoiding network congestion and failure. To address this issue, we analyze the problem that multiple scalar linear time-invariant dynamical systems track each other over a multiaccess channel, and then, we propose a rate adaptation algorithm to distributively control the self-information broadcast behavior of each vehicle. The proposed algorithm uses a closed-loop control concept and accounts for the lossy channel. Simulation results show that, if the message generation rate is dynamically adjusted in an on-demand fashion, more accurate and robust tracking performance can be achieved under various traffic conditions.
Effect of various antibiotics on gastrointestinal colonization and dissemination by Candida albicans

Mice were treated orally with various antibiotics to determine which members of the indigenous intestinal microflora normally suppress Candida albicans colonization and dissemination from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The mice were given penicillin, clindamycin, vancomycin, erythromycin, or gentamicin for 3 days, and then challenged orally with C. albicans. Penicillin, clindamycin, and vancomycin, but not gentamicin or erythromycin, decreased the total anaerobic bacterial populations in the animals ceca, and increased the enteric bacilli population levels. All three of the former antibiotics allowed C. albicans to proliferate in the gut and, subsequently, disseminate from the GI tract to visceral organs. The ability of C. albicans to associate with intestinal mucosal surfaces was also tested. It was found that antibiotics which reduced anaerobic population levels, but not enteric bacilli or aerobes, also predisposed animals to mucosal association by C. albicans. It is suggested that the strictly anaerobic bacterial populations which predominate in the gut ecosystem are responsible for the inhibition of C. albicans adhesion, colonization and dissemination from the GI tract.
Patients' perceptions of health, chronic illness, and nursing diagnoses.

This descriptive, exploratory study sought to determine how persons with chronic health problems define their experiences of health and illness and to collect information from these subjects regarding their ability to identify their health problems on the list of NANDA-approved nursing diagnoses. A convenience sample of 19 subjects was interviewed using qualitative triangu-lation methods. Subjects defined experiences of health in terms of their abilities to perform functions independently. Illness was defined primarily in terms of physical symptoms. Thirteen subjects identified self-initiated activities oriented toward alleviation of physical symptoms as strategies for helping themselves get better or feel better when “sick.” Subjects were able to use nursing diagnoses to identify their health problems, selecting 61 of the 106 NANDA-approved diagnoses. Data related to subject-selected diagnoses are compared with available NANDA diagnoses by taxonomy category and nurse-interviewer diagnoses. Moving, Perceiving, and Valuing were the taxonomy categories that were most frequently identified by this sample. A new nursing diagnosis of altered nutrition: regimentation (in timing, amounts, and types of food), as well as the need for additional diagnostic development in the areas of urinary frequency, disrupted relationships, and medications were identified by the subjects. Finally, the researchers propose the development of nursing diagnoses that foster health promotion and illness prevention based on the health orientation of this sample, despite their chronic health problems.
A diffusion model for two parallel queues with processor sharing: transient behavior and asymptotics

We consider two identical, parallel M/M/1 queues. Both queues are fed by a Poisson arrival stream of rate I and have service rates equal to #. When both queues are non-empty, the two systems behave independently of each other. However, when one of the queues becomes empty, the corresponding server helps in the other queue. This is called head-@the-line processor sharing. We study this model in the heavy traffic limit, where p 1/#1. We formulate the heavy traffic diffusion approximation and explicitly compute the time-dependent probability of the diffusion approximation to the joint queue length process. We then evaluate the solution asymptotically for large values of space and/or time. This leads to simple
Weak reflection principle for spectrally negative L´ evy processes

In this paper, we develop a new mathematical technique which can be used to express the joint distribution of a Markov process and its running maximum (or minimum) through the distribution of the process itself. This technique is an extension of the classical reflection principle for Brownian motion, and it is obtained by weakening the assumptions of symmetry required for the standard reflection principle to work. We call this method a weak reflection principle and show that it provides solutions to many problems for which the classical reflection principle is typically used. In addition, unlike the standard reflection principle, the new method works for a much larger class of stochastic processes which, in particular, do not possess any strong symmetries. Here, we review the existing results which establish the weak reflection principle for a large class of time-homogeneous diffusions on a real line and, then, proceed to develop this method for all L´ evy processes with one-sided jumps (subject to some admissibility conditions). Finally, we demonstrate the applications of the weak reflection principle in Financial Mathematics, Computational Methods, and Inverse Problems.
Kallikreins and Kinins: Molecular Characteristics and Cellular and Tissue Responses

Kallikrein-kininogen-kinin systems are now topics of widespread interest. The long-standing appreciation of their diverse pharmacological properties and biochemical characteristics is being supplemented by modern definitions of their cellular receptors' signal-transduction mechanisms and physiological and pathological roles. The assignment of important homeostatic responsibilities for kinins, including those in autocrine and paracrine signaling for skeletal and cardiac muscle energy metabolism, is now subject to definitive experimental evaluation via the availability of better kallikrein inhibitors, specific kinin receptor antagonists, and techniques of genetic manipulation.
On the potential of Raman‐spectroscopy‐based carbonate mass spectrometry

stretching peaks is a direct measure of the isotopic ratio in the carbonates. The 1-sigma uncertainties of the RRaman values of the individualcrystalswere0.00079 (384% PDB)and 0.00043 (210% PDB) for the four-crystal sample means.Thislevel ofuncertainty is much too high to provide significant estimates of natural variability; however, there are multiple prospects for improving the accuracyandprecisionofthetechnique.Carbonisotoperatiosincarbonatescannot bemeasuredbyourapproach,butourresults highlight the potential of Raman-based isotope ratio measurement for C and other elements in minerals and organic compounds. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anthropological Knowledge and Scientific Fact

In 1967 Ward Goodenough described two performance-based measures that many of us use to judge the quality of anthropological knowledge. Do we understand events in another community as its members understand them? Can we act there in ways that people will accept as conforming to their expectations? Judged by these standards, the famous hoax that the physicist Alan Sokal published in 1996 in the non-refereed journal Social Text would pass as good anthropology (however shameless). I look at a different—yet similar—scientific controversy, one that began in 1998 at the editorial offices of the British science weekly Nature. This controversy, which I call “The Little Lizard Controversy,” and in which I have played a role, may show us how scientists sometimes misunderstand one another and why anthropological knowledge about the practice of science may be crucial in nurturing interdisciplinary research “collaboratories” in the twenty-first century, [science, interdisciplinary, controversies, miscommunication, symbols]
Activation of the carbon concentrating mechanism by CO2 deprivation coincides with massive transcriptional restructuring in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

AC O 2 -concentrating mechanism (CCM) is essential for the growth of most eukaryotic algae under ambient (392 ppm) and very low (<100 ppm) CO 2 concentrations. In this study, we used replicated deep mRNA sequencing and regulatory network reconstruction to capture a remarkable scope of changes in gene expression that occurs when Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells are shifted from high to very low levels of CO2 (£100 ppm). CCM induction 30 to 180 min post-CO2 deprivation coincides with statistically significant changes in the expression of an astonishing 38% (5884) of the 15,501 nonoverlapping C. reinhardtii genes. Of these genes, 1088 genes were induced and 3828 genes were downregulated by a log2 factor of 2. The latter indicate a global reduction in photosynthesis, protein synthesis, and energy-related biochemical pathways. The magnitude of transcriptional rearrangement and its major patterns are robust as analyzed by three different statistical methods. De novo DNA motif discovery revealed new putative binding sites for Myeloid oncogene family transcription factors potentially involved in activating low CO2–induced genes. The (CA)n repeat (9 £ n £ 25) is present in 29% of upregulated genes but almost absent from promoters of downregulated genes. These discoveries open many avenues for new research.
Small wideband antennas based on Photonic Crystals

In this paper we propose an approach for designing wideband metamaterial antennas. Our design is based on the wave-slow down provided by coupled-TL (Transmission Line) sections that emulate anisotropic volumetric media (Photonic Crystals). These sections are used to couple antenna elements arranged in an array, thus leading to very large bandwidths (10:1) even when the array is conformally installed on a ground plane.
Efficacy of Pyramiding Greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) Resistance Genes in Wheat

Durable resistance to greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), in wheat is a goal of wheat improvement teams, and one that has been complicated by the regular occurrence of damaging biotypes. Simulation modeling studies suggest that pyramiding resistance genes, i.e., combining more than one resistance gene in a single cultivar or hybrid, may provide more durable resistance than sequential releases of single genes. We examined this theory by pyramiding resistance genes in wheat and testing a series of greenbug biotypes. Resistance genes Gb2, Gb3, and Gb6, and pyramided genes Gb2/Gb3, Gb2/Gb6, and Gb3/Gb6 were tested for effectiveness against biotypes E, F, G, H, and I. By comparing reactions of plants with pyramided genes to those with single resistance genes, we found that pyramiding provided no additional protection over that conferred by the single resistance genes. Based on the results of this test, we concluded that the sequential release of single resistance genes, combined with careful monitoring of greenbug population biotypes, is the most effective gene deployment strategy for greenbug resistance in wheat.
Ultrasound guidance for vascular access

The evidence that supports the general application of US guidance for venous access in the ED has reached a critical mass. The increasing familiarity of emergency physicians with US and the recent focus on patient safety and clinical outcomes has intensified attention on the capacity for US to improve patient care in the ED. US guidance can increase the safety and efficiency of venous access procedures and offers improved outcomes. The potential for these improvements is compelling, especially among certain types of ED patients such as those with difficult or complicated access. Varying levels of evidence support the use of US guidance over the traditional landmark approach for venous access in adult and pediatric populations and for central and peripheral veins. Many different techniques may be applied, depending on the clinical situation and equipment available.
Existence of three solutions for a first-order problem with nonlinear nonlocal boundary conditions

Abstract Conditions for the existence of at least three positive solutions to the nonlinear first-order problem with a nonlinear nonlocal boundary condition given by y ′ ( t ) − r ( t ) y ( t ) = ∑ i = 1 m f i ( t , y ( t ) ) , t ∈ [ 0 , 1 ] , λ y ( 0 ) = y ( 1 ) + ∑ j = 1 n Λ j ( τ j , y ( τ j ) ) , τ j ∈ [ 0 , 1 ] , are discussed, for sufficiently large λ > 1 and r ≥ 0 . The Leggett–Williams fixed point theorem is utilized.
Stability radius for extended linearization with system uncertainty

The problem considered is the computation of the stability radius for a class of nonlinear systems which have been brought under extended linearization and are subject to matrix perturbations that are either structured or unstructured. A method to obtain an upper bound for the radius of stability in extended linearization based on overvaluing a comparison system (Metzlerian) is proposed. It is shown that the stability radius around a suitable domain can be obtained by computing the largest singular value of an overvalued matrix that posses special properties.
Evaluation of Myocardial Volume Heterogeneity During End‐Diastole and End‐Systole Using Cine MRI

The aim of this study was to examine the difference in the myocardial volume between end-diastole and end-systole in 24 human volunteers, using steady-state free precession gradient-echo cine imaging of both long- and short-axis views of the left ventricle and a newly developed three-dimensional (3D) analysis method. In addition, we examined retrospectively the cine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies from 20 of the subjects that included a stack of short-axis views, from base to apex, suitable for a standard two-dimensional (2D) analysis. With the 3D analysis method, no significant variance in the myocardial volume was found (mean difference = 0.1% ± 9.1%, p = 0.88) between end-diastole (ED) and end-systole (ES), while the 2D technique yielded significantly larger values for the LV myocardial volume at ES than ED (mean difference = 14.7% ± 16.8%, p < 0.0001). ED myocardial volumes correlated closely in subjects belonging to both groups (3D: 122.81 ± 27.58 mL vs. 2D: 129.0 ± 37.21 mL, p = 0.29), while the 2D myocardial volumes were significantly larger at ES (3D: 123.01 ± 28.65 mL vs. 2D: 150.47 ± 47.29 mL, p = 0.002). The findings of this study support the notion that myocardial volume does not change during the cardiac cycle and any discrepancies between muscle volume at ED and ES can be eliminated by exact tracking of the mitral valve plane over the cardiac cycle, using a generalized, 3D analysis method that includes long-axis views of the heart.
Modeling of MOS transistors and circuits at high temperature

Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) is useful for analog/digital CMOS circuits at high temperature due to reduction of leakage currents. This is mainly due to the reduction of the junction areas of the SOI CMOS transistors. Temperature dependence of SOI CMOS transistors (-55 to 275/spl deg/C) is modeled and compared to experiments. The model is used to predict the results of a high temperature 64K CMOS static RAM.
Risk of Peptic Ulcer Hospitalizations in Users of NSAIDs With Gastroprotective Cotherapy Versus Coxibs

Background & Aims: The primary strategies to reduce the risk of serious gastropathy caused by traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are use of a coxib or concurrent use of a proton pump inhibitor or double-dose histamine-2 receptor antagonist. However, the relative clinical effectiveness of these therapeutic alternatives is understudied. Methods: We studied peptic ulcer hospitalizations in a cohort of Tennessee Medicaid enrollees between 1996 and 2004. To decrease potential "channeling" bias, the study included only new episodes of prescribed NSAID or coxib use and controlled for multiple baseline risk factors for upper gastrointestinal disease. There were 234,010 and 48,710 new episodes of NSAID and coxib use, respectively, with 363,037 person-years of follow-up and 1223 peptic ulcer hospitalizations. Results Current users of NSAIDs with no gastroprotective cotherapy had an adjusted incidence of peptic ulcer hospitalizations of 5.65 per 1000 person-years, 2.76 (95% confidence interval, 2.35–3.23) times greater than that for persons not currently using either NSAIDs or coxibs. This risk was reduced by 39% (16%–56%, 95% CI) for current users of NSAIDs with gastroprotective cotherapy and 40% (23%–54%) for current users of coxibs without such cotherapy. Concurrent users of NSAIDs and proton pump inhibitors had a 54% (27%–72%) risk reduction, very similar to the 50% (27%–66%) reduction for concurrent users of proton pump inhibitors and coxibs. Conclusions: These findings suggest that coprescribing a proton pump inhibitor with an NSAID is as effective as use of a coxib for reducing the risk of NSAID-induced gastropathy.