cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bias Properties of Extragalactic Distance Indicators. VIII. H0 from Distance-limited Luminosity Class and Morphological Type-Specific Luminosity Functions for Sb, Sbc, and Sc Galaxies Calibrated Using Cepheids

Relative, reduced to absolute, magnitude distributions are obtained for Sb, Sbc, and Sc galaxies in the flux-limited Revised Shapley-Ames Catalog (RSA2) for each van den Bergh luminosity class (L), within each Hubble type (T). The method to isolate bias-free subsets of the total sample is via Spaenhauer diagrams, as in previous papers of this series. The distance-limited type and class-specific luminosity functions are normalized to numbers of galaxies per unit volume (105 Mpc3), rather than being left as relative functions, as in Paper V. The functions are calculated using kinematic absolute magnitudes, based on an arbitrary trial value of H0 = 50. Gaussian fits to the individual normalized functions are listed for each T and L subclass. As in Paper V, the data can be freed from the T and L dependencies by applying a correction of 0.23T + 0.5L to the individual absolute magnitudes. Here, T = 3 for Sb, 4 for Sbc, and 5 for Sc galaxies, and the L values range from 1 to 6 as the luminosity class changes from I to III-IV. The total luminosity function, obtained by combining the volume-normalized Sb, Sbc, and Sc individual luminosity functions, each corrected for the T and L dependencies, has an rms dispersion of 0.67 mag, similar to much of the Tully-Fisher parameter space. Absolute calibration of the trial kinematic absolute magnitudes is made using 27 galaxies with known T and L that also have Cepheid distances. This permits the systematic correction to the H0 = 50 kinematic absolute magnitudes of 0.22 ± 0.12 mag, giving The Cepheid distances are based on the Madore/Freedman Cepheid period-luminosity (PL) zero point that requires (m - M)0 = 18.50 for the LMC. Using the modern LMC modulus of (m - M)0 = 18.58 requires a 4% decrease in H0, giving a final value of H0 = 53 ± 7 (external) by this method. These values of H0, based here on the method of luminosity functions, are in good agreement with (1) H0 = 55 ± 5 by Theureau and coworkers from their bias-corrected Tully-Fisher method of "normalized distances" for field galaxies; (2) H0 = 56 ± 4 from the method through the Virgo Cluster, as corrected to the global kinematic frame (Tammann and coworkers); and (3) H0 = 58 ± 5 from Cepheid-calibrated Type Ia supernovae (Saha and coworkers). Our value here also disagrees with the final value from the NASA "Key Project" group value of H0 = 70 ± 7. Analysis of the total flux-limited sample of Sb, Sbc, and Sc galaxies in the RSA2 by the present method, but uncorrected for selection bias, would give an incorrect value of H0 = 71 using the same Cepheid calibration. The effect of the bias is pernicious at the 30% level; either it must be corrected by the methods in the papers of this series, or the data must be restricted to the distance-limited subset of any sample, as is done here.
Stability of Large-Amplitude Shock Waves of Compressible Navier–Stokes Equations

Abstract We summarize recent progress on one-dimensional and multidimensional stability of viscous shock wave solutions of compressible Navier–Stokes equations and related symmetrizable hyperbolic–parabolic systems, with an emphasis on the large-amplitude regime where transition from stability to instability may be expected to occur. The main result is the establishment of rigorous necessary and sufficient conditions for linearized and nonlinear planar viscous stability, agreeing in one dimension and separated in multidimensions by a co-dimension one set, that both extend and sharpen the formal conditions of structural and dynamical stability found in classical physical literature. The sufficient condition in multidimensions is new, and represents the main mathematical contribution of this article. The sufficient condition for stability is always satisfied for sufficiently small-amplitude shocks, while the necessary condition is known to fail under certain circumstances for sufficiently large-amplitude shocks; both are readily evaluable numerically. The precise conditions under and the nature in which transition from stability to instability occurs are outstanding open questions in the theory. 1
Potential impacts of Brayton- and Stirling-cycle engines

Two engine technologies (Brayton cycle and Stirling cycle) are examined for their potential economic impact and fuel utilization. An economic analysis of the expected response of buyers to the attributes of the alternative engines was performed. Hedonic coefficients for vehicle fuel efficiency, performance and size were estimated for domestic cars based upon historical data. The marketplace value of the fuel efficiency enhancement provided by Brayton or Stirling engines was estimated. Under the assumptions of 10 years for plant conversions and 1990 and 1995 as the introduction data for turbine and Stirling engines respectively, the comparative fuel savings and present value of the future savings in fuel costs were estimated.
Thickness and character of Quaternary Sediments in the glaciated United States east of the Rocky Mountains

Publisher Summary A l:l, 000,000-scale map of Quaternary deposits has been compiled for the glaciated area of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, which includes parts of southern Ontario, areas beneath the Great Lakes, and parts of the submerged eastern seaboard. The chapter discusses that the map has three components that, together, provide the first regional three-dimensional view of these deposits. These components are the surface distribution of Quaternary sediments, the total thickness of Quatemary sediments and the distribution of significant buffed Quaternary units. For many areas, this is the first map of Quatemary sediment thickness published at any scale. The map also shows the glacial limits for the Late Wisconsinan and for the maximum extent of ice prior to Late Wisconsinan time; this information was derived from many of the source maps cited in Soller. Those ice limits have been included in the digital map set of the current INQUA project. The map was designed to complement more traditional surficial geological maps that generally emphasise stratigraphical or geomorphological map units associated with the chronology of geological events such as ice advances and retreats. Other maps have provided a rigorous stratigraphy supported by extensive sediment texture information. In support of such maps, this map shows the thickness and character of these sediments without regard to age of the deposit. Justification for this approach is found in the emerging need for three dimensional, textural-based mapping of surficial deposits, particularly for this region where approximately 40% of the U.S. population resides.
Generic Finiteness for Dziobek Configurations

The goal of this paper is to show that for almost all choices of n masses, mi, there are only finitely many central configurations of the Newtonian n-body problem for which the bodies span a space of dimension n − 2 (such a central configuration is called a Dziobek configuration). The result applies in particular to two-dimensional configurations of four bodies and threedimensional configurations of five bodies.
Antibiotics versus cardiovascular support in a canine model of human septic shock

This study compares the efficacy of antibiotics (cefoxitin and gentamicin), cardiovascular support (fluids and dopamine titrated by intravascular monitoring to hemodynamic end points), and a combination of these two therapies in dogs with septic shock induced by an intraperitoneal clot containing Escherichia coli. Survival rates were 0, 13, 13, and 43% in groups receiving no therapy (controls), antibiotics alone, cardiovascular support alone, or combined therapy (P less than 0.01), respectively. The improved survival observed in the group receiving combined therapy considerably exceeded that in the groups receiving either therapy alone (i.e., a synergistic increase P less than 0.05). Compared with antibiotics alone, cardiovascular support alone prolonged survival time (P less than 0.006). All groups developed similar and significant (P less than 0.01) increases in endotoxin levels; however, in the combined therapy group, nonsurvivors (compared with survivors) had higher levels of endotoxemia (P less than 0.05). Although survivors and nonsurvivors in the combined therapy group required similar (P = 0.10) quantities of fluid therapy, nonsurvivors gained more weight (P less than 0.05), suggesting abnormal vascular permeability with extravascular retention of fluids in the nonsurvivors. This study demonstrates that antibiotics alone and cardiovascular support alone are relatively ineffective in the treatment of septic shock. When combined, however, these two therapies provide moderately successful treatment for this highly lethal disorder.
Posterior predictive checks to quantify lack-of-fit in admixture models of latent population structure

Admixture models are a ubiquitous approach to capture latent population structure in genetic samples. Despite the widespread application of admixture models, little thought has been devoted to the quality of the model fit or the accuracy of the estimates of parameters of interest for a particular study. Here we develop methods for validating admixture models based on posterior predictive checks (PPCs), a Bayesian method for assessing the quality of fit of a statistical model to a specific dataset. We develop PPCs for five population-level statistics of interest: within-population genetic variation, background linkage disequilibrium, number of ancestral populations, between-population genetic variation, and the downstream use of admixture parameters to correct for population structure in association studies. Using PPCs, we evaluate the quality of the admixture model fit to four qualitatively different population genetic datasets: the population reference sample (POPRES) European individuals, the HapMap phase 3 individuals, continental Indians, and African American individuals. We found that the same model fitted to different genomic studies resulted in highly study-specific results when evaluated using PPCs, illustrating the utility of PPCs for model-based analyses in large genomic studies.
A 54-Year-Old Woman With Menorrhagia

The principal differential considerations for papillary carcinomatous proliferations of the endometrium have traditionally been uterine papillary serous carcinoma and villoglandular adenocarcinoma. Recently, another variant of endometrioid carcinoma that may also show papillary structures was described and designated endometrioid carcinoma with small nonvillous papillae (SNVP). In contrast to the papillary structures of uterine papillary serous carcinoma, the SNVP have cells that lack a high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio and typically show exuberant eosinophilic cytoplasm. Additionally, the other typical morphologic patterns of uterine papillary serous carcinoma, such as slitlike spaces, highly pleomorphic nuclei, small detached cell clusters, and psammoma bodies, are absent. Overall, the clinicopathologic characteristics of this tumor are more consistent with endometrioid carcinoma and as such should be clearly distinguished from uterine papillary serous carcinoma. Herein, we report an example of a mixed mucinous and endometrioid carcinoma with prominent SNVP in both components.
Calcium Mobilization Triggered by the Chemokine CXCL12 Regulates Migration in Wounded Intestinal Epithelial Monolayers

Restitution of intestinal epithelial barrier damage involves the coordinated remodeling of focal adhesions in actively migrating enterocytes. Defining the extracellular mediators and the intracellular signaling pathways regulating those dynamic processes is a key step in developing restitution-targeted therapies. Previously we have determined that activation of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 by the cognate ligand CXCL12 enhances intestinal epithelial restitution through reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. The aim of these studies was to investigate the role of calcium effectors in CXCL12-mediated restitution. CXCL12 stimulated release of intracellular calcium in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibition of intracellular calcium flux impaired CXCL12-mediated migration of IEC-6 and CaCo2 cells. Pharmacological blockade and specific shRNA depletion of the phospholipase-C (PLCβ3) isoform attenuated CXCL12-enhanced migration, linking receptor activation with intracellular calcium flux. Immunoblot analyses demonstrated CXCL12 activated the calcium-regulated focal adhesion protein proline-rich tyrosine kinase-2 (Pyk2) and the effector proteins paxillin and p130Cas. Interruption of Pyk2 signaling potently blocked CXCL12-induced wound closure. CXCL12-stimulated epithelial cell migration was enhanced on laminin and abrogated by intracellular calcium chelation. These results suggest CXCL12 regulates restitution through calcium-activated Pyk2 localized to active focal adhesions. Calcium signaling pathways may therefore provide a novel avenue for enhancing barrier repair.
Oestrogen receptor-immunoreactive neurons in the trigeminal sensory system of male and cycling female rats

Many common craniofacial pain conditions are more prevalent in women than men and may be related to the phase of the menstrual cycle. Long-term effects of oestrogen in the nervous system are produced by receptor-mediated [oestrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and beta (ERbeta) isoforms] mechanisms; however, it is not known if the distribution of ER-positive neurons in the trigeminal system is similar in males and females. Quantitative immunocytochemistry was used to compare the distribution of ERalpha-labelled neurons in the trigeminal brainstem complex (TBC) and ganglion of male and female rats at different stages of the oestrous cycle. A high density of ERalpha-labelled neurons was seen in the superficial laminae (I-III) throughout the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) and the upper cervical dorsal horn. Counts of ERalpha-positive neurons in laminae I-III were similar for prooestrous and dioestrous females, while males had fewer cells. The deeper laminae (IV-V) of the Vc and the cervical dorsal horn had few ERalpha-positive neurons in all groups. At the region surrounding the central canal at caudal levels of the Vc, prooestrous females had more ERalpha-positive neurons than dioestrous females or males. Few labelled cells were seen rostral to the trigeminal subnucleus interpolaris/caudalis transition region (Vi/Vc) in any group. In the trigeminal ganglion, prooestrous and dioestrous females had a moderate (8-10%) number of nuclear-labelled small or medium-sized neurons, while males had fewer labelled cells (4.5%). Qualitatively, the pattern of staining for ERbeta was similar, although weaker, than for ERalpha in the trigeminal dorsal horn or ganglion. These results were consistent with the hypothesis that oestrogen acts through trigeminal ganglion cells and caudal portions of the Vc to modulate sensory and autonomic aspects of craniofacial pain in a sex-related manner.
College students' attitudes towards credit cards

Based on previous studies and using an approach of tripartite classification of attitude, an instrument measuring college students' attitudes toward credit was carefully constructed. Its reliability and validity were tested. Chi-square tests indicated that the factors associated with differences in attitude towards credit card use comprising three components - affective, cognitive and behavioural included gender, academic major, living arrangement, number of credit cards owned, number of all cards (store cards, phone cards, and petrol cards) owned, time of using credit cards, and cosignment status. Implications for consumer credit educators and practitioners were specified.
Mammalian Growth Hormone‐Releasing Hormone Indirectly Stimulates Sex Steroid Production in Tilapia

.— Fish possess a growth hormone similar to mammalian growth hormone, and the presence of a growth hormone-releasing hormone-like material in the brain has been demonstrated in several teleost species. We investigated the effect of a mammalian growth hormone-releasing hormone on serum estradiol-17β and testosterone concentrations in tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus and a hybrid O. niloticus×O aureus because growth hormone has been implicated in the regulation of gonadal functions in teleosts. Three hours after injecting the releasing hormone, male and female serum testosterone concentrations significantly increased compared to controls, while serum estradiol-17β concentrations increased significantly only in females. These increases were commensurate with respective serum steroid concentrations in fish injected with gonadotropin releasing-hormone. Studies utilizing hypophysectomized fish resulted in non-detectable levels of serum sex steroids in fish treated with the growth hormone-releasing hormone; however, significant increases occurred in fish treated with human chorionic gonadotropin. Similarly, gonadal tissue incubated with growth hormone releasing hormone had non-detectable levels of sex steroids in the media, whereas gonads incubated with human chorionic gonadotropin had significant increases in sex steroid concentrations. These studies suggest that growth hormone-releasing hormone acts at the level of the pituitary. Although mammalian growth hormones have been shown to increase serum gonadotropic hormone concentrations, this study provides evidence that a mammalian growth hormone-releasing hormone has the ability to indirectly increase sex steroid levels in fish.
Process-Driven Data Privacy

The quantity of personal data gathered by service providers via our daily activities continues to grow at a rapid pace. The sharing, and the subsequent analysis of, such data can support a wide range of activities, but concerns around privacy often prompt an organization to transform the data to meet certain protection models (e.g., k-anonymity or e-differential privacy). These models, however, are based on simplistic adversarial frameworks, which can lead to both under- and over-protection. For instance, such models often assume that an adversary attacks a protected record exactly once. We introduce a principled approach to explicitly model the attack process as a series of steps. Specifically, we engineer a factored Markov decision process (FMDP) to optimally plan an attack from the adversary's perspective and assess the privacy risk accordingly. The FMDP captures the uncertainty in the adversary's belief (e.g., the number of identified individuals that match the de-identified data) and enables the analysis of various real world deterrence mechanisms beyond a traditional protection model, such as a penalty for committing an attack. We present an algorithm to solve the FMDP and illustrate its efficiency by simulating an attack on publicly accessible U.S. census records against a real identified resource of over 500,000 individuals in a voter registry. Our results demonstrate that while traditional privacy models commonly expect an adversary to attack exactly once per record, an optimal attack in our model may involve exploiting none, one, or more individuals in the pool of candidates, depending on context.
A Swollen Heart in Pregnancy

Thymic carcinoma is a rare malignancy of the anterior mediastinum. Its aggressive course and early metastases portend a poor prognosis. Presentation during pregnancy increases the risk of recurrence, metastases, and maternal death. We describe a case of a healthy, pregnant female with a history of thymoma presenting with cardiopulmonary distress from recurrent pleural and pericardial effusions. The patient responded to serial thoracenteses and pericardiocenteses but extensive work-up remained nondiagnostic. CT thorax revealed an enlarging thymoma with bulky lymphadenopathies. Subsequent pathology re-analysis of the original thymoma biopsy showed pan-cytokeratin, P63, and EBV-positive epithelial tumor cells, similar to our axillary lymph no de hematopathology and confirmed the thymoma as the primary malignancy. Clinicopathologic diagnosis of metastatic thymic carcinoma was finalized through multidisciplinary consensus. The patient responded well to radiation therapy but the mother and fetus died abruptly two weeks later. This case illustrates the diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas of thymic carcinoma and its devastating consequences during pregnancy. The limited therapies in pregnancy and the sparse evidenced-based-medicine practices all contribute to poor outcomes. Attention to the differential diagnosis of anterior mediastinal tumors in pregnancy, evaluation of patients’ immunocompetency and EBV-status, re-analysis of prior tissue pathology, and early multidisciplinary clinicopathologic diagnosis are all encouraged to expedite therapy and reduce mortality. doi:10.4021/jmc375w
Concurrent predicates: a debugging technique for every parallel programmer

To reduce the complexity of debugging multithreaded programs, researchers have developed many techniques that automatically detect bugs that arise from shared memory errors. These techniques can identify a wide range of bugs, but it can be challenging for a programmer to reproduce a specific bug that he or she is interested in using such techniques. This is because these techniques were not intended for individual bug reproduction but rather an exploratory search for possible bugs. To address this concern we present concurrent predicates (CPs) and concurrent predicate expressions (CPEs), which allow programmers to single out a specific bug by specifying the schedule and program state that must be satisfied for the bug to be reproduced. We present the recipes, that is, the mechanical processes, we use to reproduce data races, atomicity violations, and deadlocks with CP and CPE. We then show how these recipes apply to the diagnosis and reproduction of bugs from 13 hand-crafted bugs, five real-world application bugs from RADBench, and three previously \emph{unresolved} bugs from TBoost.STM, which now includes the fixes we generated using CP and CPE.
Volume operator for spin networks with planar or cylindrical symmetry

This paper constructs a kinematic basis for spin networks with planar or cylindrical symmetry, by exploiting the fact that the basis elements are representations of an O(3) subgroup of O(4). The action of the volume operator on this basis gives a difference equation for the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the volume operator. For basis elements of low spin, the difference equation can be solved readily on a computer, yielding the eigenvalues and eigenvectors. For higher spins, I solve for the eigenvalues using a WKBJ method. This paper considers only the case where the gravitational wave can have both polarizations. The single polarization case is considered in a separate paper.
Optimal sensor activation for diagnosing discrete event systems

The problem of dynamic sensor activation for event diagnosis in partially observed discrete event systems is considered. Diagnostic agents are able to activate sensors dynamically during the evolution of the system. Sensor activation policies for diagnostic agents are functions that determine which sensors are to be activated after the occurrence of a trace of events. The sensor activation policy must satisfy the property of diagnosability of centralized systems or codiagnosability of decentralized systems. A policy is said to be minimal if there is no other policy, with strictly less sensor activation, that achieves diagnosability or codiagnosability. To compute minimal policies, we propose language partition methods that lead to efficient computational algorithms. Specifically, we define ''window-based'' language partitions for scalable algorithms to compute minimal policies. By refining partitions, one is able to refine the solution space over which minimal solutions are computed at the expense of more computation. Thus a compromise can be achieved between fineness of solution and complexity of computation.
Some general remarks on superconductivity

Abstract We make some general remarks about high-temperature superconductivity. A review of duality in (2+1) dimensional field theory is given.
Not to decide is to decide: ignoring susceptibility is not `good science'.

I am going to talk about good science and bad science today. For more than 15 years, I have been watching the EPA from afar—and the other risk-reducing agencies—being beaten up for perpetrating bad science. I guess I’m guilty of contributing to some of that criticism over time, but now that I’m part of the regulatory apparatus I have reinforced my long-held view that there is a lot of good science being practiced at the agencies, and in fact, that a lot of the progress made over the last decades is in danger of being eroded by some fairly relentless and fairly uninformed attacks on risk assessment practice. But the issue of human susceptibility to environmentally and occupationally-related disease, particularly to cancer, is different: rather than being an issue where sound science is in danger of being replaced by something less so, it is an issue the agencies have misunderstood and mismanaged. However it is also one where we may still have a chance to turn things around and turn what has been a fairly unenlightened approach to risk assessment into what really is good science. I’m concerned for a number of reasons that this opportunity is being missed and that EPA in particular may in fact be moving in the wrong direction. As I heard Dale Hattis speaking earlier, I realized it now is 13 or 14 years since I was a first year graduate student in public policy, and I was looking around for a master’s thesis topic, when the people at the Kennedy School suggested I contact Dr Hattis. He said, basically, ‘why don’t you write about the fact that the U.S. federal regulatory agencies ignore human variability with respect to risk assessment for cancer?’ It seems to me that the intervening 14 years have not seen a very good track record of responding to an identified problem. So I’m going to first try to explain the title of my talk a bit more, set up a thought experiment, discuss what I think we can say currently about the extent of human interindividual variability with respect to carcinogenesis, talk about the National Academy of Sciences Committee that I served on from 1991 to 1994 and the recommendations that we made, and then conclude by assessing where we stand currently and why we seem to be at an impasse.
An investigation of heuristic, manual and statistical pronunciation derivation for Pashto

In this paper, we study the issue of generating pronunciations for training and decoding with an ASR system for Pashto in the context of a Speech to Speech Translation system developed for TRANSTAC. As with other low resourced languages, a limited amount of acoustic training data was available with a corresponding set of manually produced vowelized pronunciations. We augment this data with other sources, but lack pronunciations for unseen words in the new audio and associated text. Four methods are investigated for generating these pronunciations, or baseforms: an heuristic grapheme to phoneme map, manual annotation, and two methods based on statistical models. The first of these uses a joint Maximum Entropy N-gram model while the other is based on a log-linear Statistical Machine Translation model. We report results on a state of the art, discriminatively trained, ASR system and show that the manual and statistical methods provide an improvement over the grapheme to phoneme map. Moreover, we demonstrate that the automatic statistical methods can perform as well or better than manual generation by native speakers, even in the case where we have a significant number of high quality, manually generated pronunciations beyond those provided by the TRANSTAC program.
Toxicologic methods: controlled human exposures.

The assessment of risk from exposure to environmental air pollutants is complex, and involves the disciplines of epidemiology, animal toxicology, and human inhalation studies. Controlled, quantitat...
Effects of excitatory neurotransmitter amino acids on swelling of rat brain cortical slices.

— With the single rat brain cortical slice serving as an in vitro bio-assay system, the effects of neurotransmitter amino acids (1 mm) on brain swelling, water, sodium and potassium content, inulin space, and lactate production were studied. The putative dicarboxylic amino acid neurotransmitters, l-glutamic acid and l-aspartic acids, greatly increased intracellular brain swelling with increased intracellular Na+, water content and lactate production, and decreased inulin space and intracellular K+. Equimolar GABA, taurine, glycine, the putative inhibitory neurotransmitter amino acids, and equimolar α-amino-isobutyric acid had no effect. Brain swelling and intracellular Na+/K+ ratios were greatly increased by l-glutamate and l-aspartate at a concentration of 10 mm. However, l-aspartate at these concentrations greatly depleted the K+ content and lactate production as compared to l-glutamate. Further studies indicated that only the structural analogs and isomers of the dicarboxylic amino acids possessing two acidic groups and an α-amino group had a similar effect on the induction of brain swelling. Among the analogs of glutamic acid, dl-homocysteic acid and kainic acid had a greater effect on brain swelling, as observed from the total adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) levels and the time-course and dose-response. A biphasic response in lactate production was induced by dl-homocysteic acid and kainic acid, suggesting that these analogs had a neurotoxic effect on cellular metabolism at higher concentrations.
Simplified model approach to same-sign dilepton resonances

We discuss same-sign dilepton resonances in the simplified model approach. The relevant $SU(3}_Q^J$ quantum numbers are $1_2^{0,1,2}$. For simplicity, we only consider a spin 0 scalar, which is typically referred to as a doubly charged Higgs in the literature. We consider the three simplest cases where the doubly charged Higgs resides in a singlet, doublet or triplet $SU(2)_L$ representation. We discuss production and decay of such a doubly charged Higgs, summarize the current direct search limits, and obtain mass limits in the cases of singlet and doublet for the first time. We also present a complete set of updated indirect search limits. We study the discovery potential at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) with center of mass energies 7 and 14 TeV for the dominant Drell-Yan pair production with $H^{\pm\pm}$ decay in the $ee$ and $\mu\mu$ channels. We find that at 7 TeV, the LHC with 10 $fb^{-1}$ luminosity can probe mass of the doubly charged Higgs up to 380 GeV assuming 100% decay to leptons. At 14 TeV, the LHC with 100 $fb^{-1}$ luminosity can reach a mass of up to 800 GeV.
Longitudinal Analysis when the Experimenter does not Determine when Treatment Ends: What is Dose-Response?

The most appropriate amount of psychotherapy to address a particular problem is of interest to clinicians, consumers and those responsible for funding of care. The dose–response relationship has been examined within the context of randomized clinical trials, meta-analysis as well as naturalistic studies; however, each of these approaches has limits. Many of these approaches have conceptually blurred two distinct concepts: do participants with different characteristics need different amounts of therapy and do otherwise equal participants show different outcomes when given different levels of (a particular type of) therapy? For any study design, if the experimenter does not determine the duration of therapy, then the length of therapy is said to be endogenous. This endogeneity can bias any attempt to untangle the answer to these two questions. An extension of the biasing effect of this endogeneity involves the choice of times to assess outcome; if outcome assessment depends on when therapy is terminated (rather than exogenously chosen) then estimates of the trajectory of outcome may be biased. Design considerations to minimize this effect are discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Communal nesting exerts epigenetic influences on affective and social behaviors in rats selectively bred for an infantile trait

Communal nesting (CN) is a mouse model of early social enrichment during pregnancy and lactation. In this study, a rat model of CN was developed to determine if CN exerts an epigenetic effect in rats selectively bred for an infantile affective trait (high and low rates of ultrasonic distress calls). High and Low offspring from CN groups were compared to standard reared (SN) offspring on five measures of social and affective behavior at three critical ages. A differential effect of the CN paradigm on High and Low lines was seen in measures of anxiety and arousal, but not in measures of depression or social behavior. Neonatal CN subjects emitted fewer distress calls than SN subjects when separated from their dams, and the High line subjects were more affected by the CN procedure. As juveniles, CN subjects showed increased social behaviors in tests of juvenile parenting and play compared to SN subjects. In adulthood, CN differentially increased the activity of Low line subjects. All CN subjects displayed less anxiety behavior in an open field compared to SN subjects; High line subjects were more anxious than Lows. CN reduced immobility and increased attempts to escape on the Porsolt forced swim task relative to SN subjects. These results extend the usefulness of this early enrichment paradigm from mice to rats, and found some rodent species differences in outcomes dependent on the behavioral test. They also emphasize the importance of social contact during pregnancy and lactation on offspring's optimal development across behaviors and ages.
Best practices for comprehensive tobacco control programs: opportunities for managed care organisations

I shall begin with an overview of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Office on Smoking and Health and the evolution of its important relationship with the managed care world over the past few years. Dr Jeffrey Koplan, previously head of the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, in which the Office on Smoking and Health is housed, became the new director of the CDC in October 1998. Two of his priorities for the agency are strengthening the science base for public health action and collaborating with health care partners for prevention. A primary reason for my presence at this meeting was to reinforce this acknowledgment that we cannot accomplish our public health objectives without working closely with our health care partners; managed care organisations (MCOs) are critical in this regard. And one of the first collaborations between the CDC and MCOs was on reducing tobacco use. During a meeting between CDC and its public health partners held in Atlanta in 1995, participants examined the issue of how MCOs and health maintenance organisations (HMOs) could become more involved with programs to reduce tobacco use.1 Rather than highlighting cessation at this meeting, we tried to take a broader public health view towards tobacco control by identifying various policy interventions in which MCOs can involve themselves, including prevention, minors' access, school programs, and treatment activities. We also discussed the role MCOs could play related to clean indoor air policies, not only within managed care health facilities (which hopefully were all smoke free in 1995 and certainly are now) but also in terms of helping communities pass laws that would protect non-smokers from the adverse effects of second hand smoke (also called environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)). Additionally, we discussed the effects of tobacco industry advertising and of …
Identification of the non-pertechnetate species in Hanford waste tanks, Tc(I) carbonyl complexes

Immobilization of the high-level nuclear waste stored at the Hanford Reservation has been complicated by the presence of soluble, lower-valent technetium species. Previous work by Schroeder and Blanchard has shown that these species cannot be removed by ion-exchange and are difficult to oxidize. The Tc-K edge XANES spectra of the species in Tanks SY-101 and SY-103 were reported by Blanchard, but they could not be assigned to any known technetium complex. We report that the XANES spectra are most likely those of Tc(I) carbonyl species, especially fac-Tc(CO){sub 3}(gluconate){sup 2-}. This is further supported by EXAFS and {sup 99}Tc-NMR studies in nonradioactive simulants of these tank wastes.
RELIGIOUS STUDIES NOW: NOT WHY NOT? BUT WHY NOT NOT?

(1975). Religious Studies Now: Not Why Not? But Why Not Not? Religious Education: Vol. 70, No. 3, pp. 264-277.
Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycling in Salamander Populations in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire

Energy flow through salamander populations in the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem is about 11,000 kcal/ha yr (=46,000 kJ/ha yr). This is approx. = 0.02% of the net primary productivity, and is approx. = 20% of the energy flow through bird and mammal populations. Salamanders are efficient (60%) at converting ingested energy into new tissue and produce more new tissue annually than do bird populations. Salamanders are insignificant agents as sinks for nutrients or as agents for nutrient cycling in the ecosystem. Sodium is the possible exception, as an amount equivalent to >8% of the Na in annual litter fall passes through salamander populations; all other nutrients (Ca, Mg, K, P, N, S, and Zn) are that of most of their invertebrate prey. There is some evidence that invertebrates rich in Ca content, such as snails and mites, are necessary components of the diet of salamanders. Salamander tissue is higher in protein content than that of birds and mammals and represents a source of high-quality energy for potential predators. Salamanders have restricted home ranges and are not significant agents in the movement of nutrients into or out of the system.
Plane strain elastic-ideally plastic crack fields for mode I quasistatic growth at large-scale yielding—I. A new family of analytical solutions

Abstract I n an effort to extend the theoretical foundations for understanding and quantitatively describing stable plane strain tensile crack growth in ductile materials to large-scale and general yielding situations, we derive a new family of solutions for the near-tip stress and deformation fields of such growing cracks, within the most analytically tractable model of isotropic, incompressible, elastic-ideally plastic PrandtlReuss-Mises material. One limiting member of this new family is the previously-derived “modified Prandtl field” solution that is believed to apply under small-scale yielding conditions. We provide evidence that the present solution family, which involves a parameter that is unspecified by the near-tip analysis, may be able to describe growing crack fields for the entire range of yielding extent from small-scale through general yielding conditions in potentially arbitrary Mode I plane strain geometries. Except for the “modified Prandtl field” limiting case, all members of the new solution family exhibit: (i) singular straining in the “constant stress” plastic sector ahead of the growing crack tip as well as in the “centered fan” plastic sectors that lie above and below the growing tip; and (ii) completely continuous near-tip stress and velocity fields. While the solution family derived is the result of a leading-order (in distance, r , from the moving crack tip) asymptotic analysis of the continuum mechanical field equations, we extend this solution explicitly to large r within the region of principal plastic deformation, thereby elucidating the radial dependence of the stress field (not specified by a leading-order analysis in nonhardening materials), and providing a framework for assessing the influence of far-field boundary conditions (specimen geometry and loading) on near-tip fields. Also, the new solution family is shown to provide a natural, fundamentalsbased generalization, possibly to arbitrary yielding extent and plastic constraint level, of an existing successful well-contained-yielding ductile crack growth criterion.
Effectiveness of school-based psychotherapy: A meta-analysis of dissertation research

A meta-analysis was conducted with 65 school-based psychotherapy and counseling dissertations over the last 10 years (1998–2008) to assess if a file-drawer problem (i.e., studies conducted but not published that, as a whole, have different results than studies in the same area published) exists in the school-based outcome literature. An overall mean effect size of 0.44 was found for 73 treatment interventions. This effect size is comparable to Prout and DeMartino's 1986 meta-analysis conducted with published school-based studies and approximately half a standard deviation smaller than Prout and Prout's 1998 meta-analysis of school-based intervention studies. A bias does appear to exist but seems to be smaller than the bias found in the general child and adolescent psychotherapy outcome literature. Most of the dissertation studies evaluated group interventions and used a cognitive–behavioral or skills training intervention. Skills training and interventions with elementary-school students yielded the largest effect sizes. Comparisons of the current study with previous school-based intervention meta-analyses are discussed as are suggestions for future research. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
It’s not just the statistical model. A comment on Seo (2013)

A recent paper in this journal argues that the choice of statistical model is responsible for the divergence in damage estimates of climate change on US agriculture. We provide five arguments why we believe this assertion is misguided.
Methylated amino acids and lysosomal function in cultured heart cells

Abstract Methylated amino acids inhibit lysosomal function in cultured rat heart myocytes more effectively than the classically employed lysosomotropic weak bases. Moreover, l -leucine methyl ester ( l -Leu-OMe) or l -methionine methyl ester ( l -Meth-OMe) do not alter lysosomal pH or inactivate lysosomal cysteine proteinases, but do inhibit protein degradation more efficiently than either chloroquine or NH 4 Cl. These observations suggest that amino acid methyl esters are more effective probes to investigate lysosomal function in cultured myocytes than chloroquine or NH 4 Cl.
Cat color vision: the effect of stimulus size

Adult cats were trained to discriminate blue from green and gray. Although the cats could discriminate the intensity of stimuli whose areas ranged from 33 to 0.36 square centimeters they could not discriminate color when the stimulus was 0.36 square centimeter (less than 20 degrees visual angle). This influence of stimulus size may account for both positive and negative results of previous studies.
A spurious pulse problem in a gas flow proportional counter

Abstract The source of spurious pulses in a 4πβ gas flow proportional counter was traced to impurities in the counting gas. The concentration of the impurities was so small that it was not obvious that this was the cause of the problem. It is suggested that the long term degradation in gas flow detectors may be due to the accumulation on the anode wires of microscopic deposits from the counting gas.
Desensitization in mice: T-cell requirement for nonspecific suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity

Abstract Nonspecific desensitization is achieved when an animal immunized with two or more antigens is injected systemically with one antigen and subsequently becomes unreactive to challenge with another of the antigens used for immunization. The present study has demonstrated nonspecific desensitization in recipient mice previously immunized with picryl (tri-nitrophenyl) guinea pig albumin (Pic GPA), after transfer of spleen cells from donors immunized with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) provided that the recipients were injected systemically with KLH. Manipulation of the donor cells in the course of the transfer demonstrated that radiosensitive T cells were necessary for desensitization. Desensitization was achieved when donor-recipient pairs differed at both the major histocompatibility complex and at the V H region of the IgG locus.
Pattern of milk intake as related to weaning traits of Angus calves grazing fescue-legume or fescue pastures

Abstract One hundred and ninety-seven lactation curves of mature Angus cows grazing fescue-legume or fescue pastures were described by a “gamma” model (average R2 of 0.903, with no lack-of-fit detected). The curves were based on milk intake of Angus calves as determined by the weigh-suckle-weigh method. Milk intake curves of calves grazing fescue-legume pastures were similar at peak, but were more persistent than those of calves grazing fescue, reflecting a difference in forage quality ingested by their dams during the summer. Calves consuming larger amounts of milk as an average of lactation were heavier, taller and fatter at weaning. The relationship of milk intake and weaning traits was more pronounced for calves grazing fescue (r = 0.46−0.76) than for those grazing fescue-legume (r = 0.39−0.69). Calves that consumed larger amounts of milk had more even distributions of milk intake than calves consuming less milk as an average of lactation that consumed milk in this distribution grew more rapidly early, and subtion, the most desirable pattern of milk intake for calf growth was one described by a high peak and low persistency. Calves consuming similar amounts of milk as an average of lactation that consumed milk in this distribution grew more rapidly early, and subsequently consumed relatively large amounts of forage (if forage quality was high), and thus were heavier at weaning. The correlation between weaning weight and average milk intake through lactation would have been higher, except for the partial counterbalancing association between high average milk intake and relatively flat curves.
Testing a simplified version of Einstein's equations for numerical relativity.

Solving dynamical problems in general relativity requires the full machinery of numerical relativity. Wilson has proposed a simpler but approximate scheme for systems near equilibrium, such as binary neutron stars. We test the scheme on isolated, rapidly rotating, relativistic stars. Since these objects are in equilibrium, it is crucial that the approximation works well if we are to believe its predictions for more complicated systems such as binaries. Our results are very encouraging.
Contextualizing professional development in the engineering classroom

A lack of professional development opportunities has been reported as a significant reason for choosing to drop out of the engineering major at the undergraduate level. To address this issue, nine professional development course modules were developed and placed into the context of a number of different engineering courses. Several aspects of professional development were addressed, including engineering education in the context of overall educational goals, professional communication, career building strategies, and learning and personality styles as they relate to engineering. The modules were first implemented in a professional development intervention course, and then exported to several gateway engineering courses at three universities. Assessment of the professional development intervention course indicated substantial, statistically significant increases in the students' meta-cognitive awareness of the professional world. In two of the four first-time offerings of the gateway courses, aggregate results showed that integrating the professional development modules into these courses provided significant improvements in student awareness (meta-cognition) of the professional world.