cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxygen Extraction in Severely Anemic Dogs after Infusion of NaHCO3 or HCl

When anesthetized dogs were made acidemic or alkalemic during very severe hypoxic hypoxia, the slight but significant differences in mixed venous PO2 were not associated with any significant differences in survival time, oxygen delivery, or oxygen uptake (Cain, 1976). Oxygen uptake was apparently dependent only on the total oxygen delivery (QxCaO2). There were at least two reasons for the seemingly independent behavior of oxygen uptake from any Bohr shifts in dissociation curve position. One was the much shorter diffusion distances for O2 as capillary beds were fully utilized. The second was the relative insensitivity of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to Bohr effects at the lower extreme. This last reason would not apply in anemic hypoxia because, at low hematocrits near 10%, mixed venous PO2 and saturation remained in the midrange even though O2 delivery had become limiting to O2 uptake in the whole animal (Cain, 1977). With normal arterial PO2, a shift of the dissociation curve to the right as hemoglobin affinity for O2 is decreased by acid infusion would not bother loading but could increase the PO2 at which O2 was unloaded at the tissues.
Statistical examination of reservoir-induced seismicity

Abstract The two purposes of this work are to better understand the correlates of reservoir-induced seismicity (RIS) and to develop a model for predicting RIS from reservoir characteristics. Data from 29 reservoirs associated with RIS and 205 reservoirs not associated are analyzed using statistical discriminant analysis. These analyses show significant correlations between RIS and reservoir depth and between RIS and reservoir volume, but lesser correlations of RIS with stress and with geology. Data on fault activity are too few to allow inferences of correlation. A prediction model based on discriminant analysis and calibrated by the data provides a rough estimate of the probability of RIS for specific sites. This model does not allow precise estimates, but it does distinguish between probabilities of RIS in the range of, say 30 per cent from those of 5 per cent. The base-rate frequency of RIS, knowing nothing more than that reservoir depth exceeds 92 m (deep and very deep reservoirs), is about 14 per cent. Given the most favorable set of reservoir attributes, the present model would reduce this probability to about 3 per cent. Given the least favorable, the model would increase this probability to almost 70 per cent. The standard deviation of the larger estimates is on the order of 12 per cent (absolute).
Survey of AIDS status and its risk factors among male miners in 2013,Panzhihua

Objective To understand AIDS status and its risk factors among male miners in Panzhihua and to provide the basis for comprehensive intervention of AIDS. Methods Questionnaire surveys, HIV and syphilis antibody tests were conducted among male miners who participate in occupation healthy test with convenient sample. Results 260 male miners were investigated, and the refusal rate was 2.3%. The awareness rate of knowledge about AIDS was 50% and the rate of non-marital sexual behavior was16.2%. The condom use rate during the last sexual behavior and the rate of constant condom use during the past six months in non-marital sexual behavior were 30.0% and 20.0%, respectively. While corresponding rates with spouse were 24.2% and 9.8%,respectively. The positive rates of HIV and syphilis antibody were 0.8% and 1.6%, respectively. Conclusion The male miners in Panzhihua were at the risk of infecting and spreading HIV. The comprehensive intervention for AIDS was urgently needed among male miners.
Model Updating of Derrick for Optimization Design Based Upon ANSYS

The first step of derrick monitoring and safety evaluating is to set up a finite element model that can reflect the real structural estate and actual working capability of derricks.In accordance with the modal data obtained from field tests of the model of derrick of the lab,the original finite element model of the derrick of the laboratory,using the optimization design principle based on the structural sensitivity analysis.The results provide a basis for monitoring and safety evaluating of derricks.
Localized emission from defects in MoSe_2 layers

Two-dimensional semiconducting analogues of graphene, like monolayer molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2), provide a rich platform for optoelectronics. We study sharp localized photoluminescence (PL) emission from exfoliated MoSe2 flakes. These emission signatures are present in single layers as well as bi- and few layer flakes at low temperatures. The PL from these defects saturate at a lower power than the neutral and charged excitons of the monolayer MoSe2 and are stable against multiple heating and cooling cycles. We study the Zeeman effect in these emitters through magneto-optical photoluminescence studies and derive a g-factor of around 4 which is similar to the delocalized excitons in MoSe2.
Right-sided Pleuritic Chest Pain in a 36-year-old Male.

A 36-year-old male was admitted with right-sided pleuritic chest pain that had lasted five days. There was no fever or chills, but he reported shortness of breath and long-standing coughing and wheezing. The cough was intermittently productive of brown sputum. The patient was diagnosed with bronchial asthma 10 years prior. He was managed by a pulmonologist until he lost his job and insurance three years before his presentation to the hospital. In those three years he continued to treat himself with 20 to 60mg prednisone daily to control his coughing and wheezing. His medical history was otherwise unremarkable. He was married with two healthy sons, and he had no history of smoking. On examination, the patient was thin and in mild respiratory distress. Vital signs were as follows: temperature 37.6oC, heart rate 104beats/min (regular), blood pressure 127/76mmHg, respiratory rate 28breaths/min, and oxygen saturation 94% while on 2L/min of oxygen via a nasal cannula. Significant physical examination findings included the following: right-sided pleural rub and shallow inspirations, regular heart sounds without murmurs or gallop, and no lymphadenopathy or rash. Pertinent laboratory findings included the following: white blood cells count 12,200/μL (79% neutrophils and 15% lymphocytes), hemoglobin level 11.8g/dL, platelet count 276,000/μL, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) test was negative. Liver enzymes, kidney function tests, and coagulation studies were within normal limits. Chest X-ray (CXR) on admission and computed tomography (CT) scan are shown in Figures 1 and 2. Figure 1 Chest X-ray on admission of a 36-year-old male with right-sided pleuritic chest pain. Figure 2 Computed tomography scan cross-section on admission. The patient underwent CT guided biopsy and histopathology [Figures 3 and 4]. Figure 3 Hematoxylin and eosin stained lung biopsy, magnification=200×. Figure 4 Gomori methenamine silver stained lung biopsy, magnification=200×.
Present and past glaciation on Pluto

Abstract Modern N2 ice glaciers flow from highlands to the east of the 750 × 1400 km2 lowland of Sputnik Planum [SP] and merge with the ices of similar composition on SP. We explore the possibility that glaciation may be fed by N2 sublimation from SP followed by redeposition on the highlands. The uplands to the northeast, north, and west of SP have been erosionally sculpted into a variety of dissected terrains that feature linear depressions (valleys), locally in dendritic networks. We interpret these dissected terrains to have been carved by N2 glaciers formerly covering the uplands. Depositional glacial landforms (moraines, eskers, outwash) have not been identified, however. N2 glaciation would have a different erosional manifestation because the substrate (porous water ice and CH4-rich mantles) probably has lower density than N2, and also because of the lack of freeze-thaw weathering. If sufficiently thick (1–4 km), N2 glaciers might have experienced basal melting. Past flow of N2 glaciers from the highlands into SP may have detached and transported the prominent mountainous water ice mountains along the western border of SP.
Effects of a brief anxiety sensitivity reduction intervention on obsessive compulsive spectrum symptoms in a young adult sample.

Abstract Objective Anxiety sensitivity (AS) has been identified as a transdiagnostic cognitive risk factor for a wide range of affective disorders, including conditions within the obsessive compulsive (OC) spectrum. A growing body of research has demonstrated that directly reducing AS leads to subsequent reductions of other psychiatric symptoms, including anxiety, worry, and mood. To date, no study has examined the efficacy of a brief AS intervention on reducing OC and hoarding symptoms. Method Non-treatment seeking young adults (N = 104; 83.7% female; 81.7% Caucasian) were selected for having elevated levels of AS, and were then randomized into a single-session, computer-assisted AS intervention or a control condition. OC and hoarding symptoms were assessed at post-treatment, as well as at one week and one month follow-ups. Results Results revealed that the intervention, but not the control condition, reduced OC symptoms across the post-intervention follow-up period. Mediation analysis demonstrated that changes in AS mediated changes in OC symptoms due to the intervention. In contrast, the intervention did not have a specific effect on reducing hoarding symptoms. Conclusions These findings have important ramifications for understanding the relationship between AS and OC spectrum symptoms, and raise interesting treatment and prevention implications.
Development of carrier testing for common inborn errors of metabolism in the Wisconsin Plain population.

This community project is an initiative through the University of Wisconsin Biochemical Genetics Clinic and the Wisconsin Newborn Screening Program to identify members of the Plain population who are at risk for having children with maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) or propionic acidemia (PA) or who have PA. Because of the high prevalence of metabolic conditions in the Plain population and the importance of early intervention, a statewide outreach project was developed to provide targeted variant analysis of the common MSUD and PA pathogenic variants in this population through health-care provider distribution of blood spot testing kits. Awareness was achieved through outreach efforts with the state midwives guild and Plain population meetings. Eighty individuals were tested; diagnosis was confirmed for three adults with PA and one couple was identified as being at risk for having a child with PA. Genetic counseling was provided to those identified. Follow-up diagnostic testing was completed for the at-risk couple’s children; none were found to be affected. This initiative successfully provided accessible clinical testing for MSUD and PA for a high-risk population. Early identification of at-risk couples sets the foundation for early care of at-risk neonates, thereby improving future clinical outcomes. Genet Med 19 3, 352–356.
Evidence for the use of pimavanserin in the treatment of Parkinson's disease psychosis.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with both motor and nonmotor symptoms (NMS), leading to significant morbidity and caregiver burden. Psychosis is common but is under recognized by physicians. When present, it increases the patient’s risk of hospitalization and nursing home placement and caregiver burden. Although the atypical antipsychotic agent, clozapine, has been considered the gold standard treatment, severe agranulocytosis in 0.38% of patients and more commonly milder leukopenia, resulting in frequent blood testing, limit its use. Pimavanserin, a 5HT2A receptor inverse agonist, has been shown to reduce psychosis in PD without worsening motor symptoms. It is therefore a welcome therapeutic option for this devastating NMS.
LSSVM based missing data imputation in nuclear power plant's environmental radiation monitor sensor network

In nuclear power plant's peripheral environmental radiation monitoring wireless sensor network, the γ dose rate data collected in sensor node may be missed due to various factors, which will influence the validity of environmental radiation monitoring. To solve the problem, a missing data imputation algorithm based on least squares support vector machine(LSSVM) is proposed and particle swarm optimization is adopted to search the optimal set of the LSSVM model parameters. This LSSVM model imputes missing data utilizing node's previous monitoring data and neighbor node's current monitoring data jointly. The experimental results using the real radiation monitoring data around a nuclear power plant demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can achieve higher imputation accuracy than neural network model as well as direct LSSVM model, which has the non-optimized parameters.
Performance of Exotic Quantum Signals in Free-Space Optical Communications

The performance of integral-quantum and two-photon-coherent-state signals in free-space optical communications is compared with that of ordinary coherent signals. The farther apart the transmitter and receiver, the smaller the advantage of the former over the latter.
Optimized energy addition for a planar slip model with redundant joints

The planar and energetically conservative Spring-Loaded Inverted Pendulum (SLIP) model with a linear spring has been modified in recent years to include an articulated knee, friction and contact losses, and energy thrusts during stance to stabilize forward velocity and hopping height. The work presented here advances the SLIP template toward a biological anchor by adding a third parallel articulating joint, which provides redundancy in the inverse kinematics solution space. Instead of one actuator into which an energy thrust can be added, the total thrust can be distributed between two actuators operating on the lower two leg joints (the hip joint remains passive during stance as in the original SLIP model). It is shown that a careless distribution of the thrust can lead to significant energy loss, so an offline search protocol is presented as a general approach for resolving the optimal thrust distribution ratio between these joints. The results of the offline search are then approximated for rapid computation of this ratio during hopping tests in a high-fidelity simulation engine.
Cancer type predicts alloimmunization following RhD-incompatible RBC transfusions.

BACKGROUND Immunosuppressed, RhD-negative oncology patients tend to have lower rates of sensitization to the D antigen when they receive transfusion with RhD-positive blood components. Clinical factors associated with alloimmunization to the D antigen in RhD-negative oncology patients when they receive transfusion with RhD-positive red blood cells (RBCs) have not been well defined. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS This was a 4-year, retrospective analysis identifying RhD-negative oncology patients who received RhD-positive RBCs and were not previously alloimmunized to the D antigen. Age, sex, race, ABO group, primary oncology diagnosis, and numbers of RhD-incompatible RBC transfusions were recorded. The association between antibody formation and clinical factors was studied. The incidence of alloanti-D was calculated from a subsequent antibody-detection test performed at least 28 days after receipt of the first transfusion of RhD-positive RBCs. RESULTS In total, 545 RhD-negative oncology patients received 4295 RhD-positive RBC transfusions. Of these, 76 (14%) became alloimmunized to the D antigen. Diagnosis type was the only factor significantly associated with responder status. The logistic regression model indicated that patients who had myelodysplastic syndrome or solid malignancies were more likely to be responders than those who had acute leukemia. CONCLUSION We measured a 14% sensitization rate to the D antigen in our RhD-negative oncology population. The rate of alloimmunization was higher in patients who had solid cancers (22.6%) or myelodysplastic syndrome (23%) compared with those who had other hematologic malignancies (7%). Knowledge of diagnoses that predispose to RhD alloimmunization enables better utilization of RhD-negative RBCs during times of shortage.
Transporters Involved in Metformin Pharmacokinetics and Treatment Response

Metformin, widely used as first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes, exists primarily as a hydrophilic cation at physiological pHs. As such, membrane transporters play a substantial role in its absorption, tissues distribution, and renal elimination. Multiple organic cation transporters are determinants of the pharmacokinetics of metformin, and many of them are important in its pharmacological action, as mediators of metformin entry into target tissues. Furthermore, a recent genome-wide association study in a large multi-ethnic population implicated polymorphisms in SLC2A2, encoding the glucose transporter, GLUT2, as important determinants of response to metformin. Here, we describe the key transporters associated with metformin pharmacokinetics and response.
Diagnosis and management of the infected total joint arthroplasty.

SUMMARY The preoperative diagnosis of the infected orthopedic implant is complicated by lack of a single precise test to forewarn patient and surgeon of the presence of microorganisms. Given the overall limitation of accuracy of preoperative diagnosis to approximately 80% when 111In scanning, preoperative aspiration, and ESR are considered, it would seem prudent to approach each revision surgery with the possibility in mind of subclinical sepsis as the cause for failure of the implant. The essentials of surgical technique including thorough debridement of the wound and removal of all existing foreign bodies, especially including PMMA bone cement, are critical to minimizing the risk for occurrence or persistence of sepsis. Although the use of antibiotic impregnated bone cement may enhance the treatment of orthopedic sepsis, the data available to date lead to the conclusion that two-stage revision surgery in the face of known sepsis remains the cornerstone of surgical therapy for the infected implant, along with aggressive and rational antibiotic treatment. The surgeon is offered the following guidelines in the management of the septic total hip arthroplasty. 1. Preoperative evaluation including ESR, H1In WBC scan, and aspiration for culture and sensitivity (fluoroscopically guided for the hip) will produce on average approximately 80% accuracy. 2. Intraoperative cultures at the time of revision surgery should be obtained prior to administration of systemic antibiotics; three tissue specimens (hip capsule, femoral membrane, acetabular membrane) should be submitted for culture and sensitivity determination. 3. Careful debridement of the surgical site of granulation tissue and all foreign bodies (e.g., PMMA) should be performed within the limits of patient safety to maximize the likelihood of success. 4. Two-stage revisions appear to be associated with more favorable outcomes and should be utilized when patient factors allow. 5. Four to 6 weeks of intravenous antibiotic therapy, selected according to sensitivity data acquired from intraoperative cultures, should be followed by reevaluation as described previously before proceeding with reimplantation. 6. Although long-term data are still emerging, the use of antibiotic impregnated PMMA when cement is used for fixation of the revision implants appears logical.
The Importance of Early Attitudes toward Mathematics and Science.

Background/ContextGiven the importance of increasing student participation in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM), there is a need to understand how factors such as student's attitude...
Functional Visual Anatomy

A basic knowledge of how the visual field is represented at different levels of the neuraxis is fundamental to the performance of perimetry. Without this knowledge, it is impossible to intelligently select a perimetric program, decide among perimetric techniques, or appropriately guide the exploration of the field during manual perimetry.
Adenosquamous-cell carcinoma in ulcerative colitis. Report of a case

Three adenosquamous carcinomas and 2813 adenocarcinomas of the colon proximal to a line 7 cm craniad to the dentate line were treated between 1946 and 1986. Of these, one adenosquamous carcinoma and 42 adenocarcinomas were associated with ulcerative colitis. Therefore it was calculated that adenosquamous carcinoma occurs 0.07 percent as frequently as adenocarcinoma of the colon in the general hospital population and 2.4 percent as frequently in patients with ulcerative colitis, a 33-fold increase. It is concluded that, although adenosquamous-cell carcinoma of the colon is a rare tumor, its frequency in relation to adenocarcinoma increases in the presence of ulcerative colitis.
Infrastructure Needs and Reality

It has long been documented that from transportation-economic as well as social perspectives, a significant number of all transportation infrastructure mega-projects have been either complete failures or unworthy of initiation. Moreover, even among more or less successful projects, a large number were not subjected to comprehensive, or even partial, benefit-cost analysis. Hence, because all projects are the result of decision-making whether by individual decision-makers or by institutions, the fundamental question invited is as follows: What kind of process led to this reality? As stated in Chap. 1, the aim of this book is to investigate the major aspects of transportation investment decision-making in an attempt to respond to this question and thereby explain these phenomena.
Novel Risk Engine for Diabetes Progression and Mortality in USA: Building, Relating, Assessing, and Validating Outcomes (BRAVO).

There is an urgent need to update diabetes prediction, which has relied on the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) that dates back to 1970 s’ European populations. The objective of this study was to develop a risk engine with multiple risk equations using a recent patient cohort with type 2 diabetes mellitus reflective of the US population. A total of 17 risk equations for predicting diabetes-related microvascular and macrovascular events, hypoglycemia, mortality, and progression of diabetes risk factors were estimated using the data from the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial (n = 10,251). Internal and external validation processes were used to assess performance of the Building, Relating, Assessing, and Validating Outcomes (BRAVO) risk engine. One-way sensitivity analysis was conducted to examine the impact of risk factors on mortality at the population level. The BRAVO risk engine added several risk factors including severe hypoglycemia and common US racial/ethnicity categories compared with the UKPDS risk engine. The BRAVO risk engine also modeled mortality escalation associated with intensive glycemic control (i.e., glycosylated hemoglobin < 6.5%). External validation showed a good prediction power on 28 endpoints observed from other clinical trials (slope = 1.071, R2 = 0.86). The BRAVO risk engine for the US diabetes cohort provides an alternative to the UKPDS risk engine. It can be applied to assist clinical and policy decision making such as cost-effective resource allocation in USA.
Morphology and cochlear implantation in enlarged vestibular aqueduct

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this work is to explore audiometry following cochlear implantation (CI) in patients with enlarged vestibular aqueduct (EVA) and to investigate the effects of inner ear morphological variation on post CI audiometry. Methods This was a retrospective review of both natural and cochlear-implant-aided audiometry results, using all available measurements in a mixed-effects model accounting for longitudinal change and the grouping structure of ears. Patients who visited our tertiary academic medical center between 2000 and 2016 were identified as having EVA according to Cincinnati criteria on radiological examination; patients eligible for CI were then selected for analysis. Results Multivariable modeling showed a statistically significant hearing improvement in ears with EVA undergoing CI with regards to pure tone average (−64.0 dB, p 0.0001). Vestibular aqueduct midpoint size and the presence of incomplete partition type II (IP II) did not have significant independent associations with audiometric findings. However, multivariable modeling revealed a statistically significant interaction between IP II and CI such that IP II ears demonstrated a decrease in WS improvement of 30.2% (p = 0.0059) compared to non-IP II ears receiving CI. Conclusion There is a statistically significant audiometric benefit to ears with EVA receiving CI. Morphology, specifically the presence of IP II, may hinder CI benefit in terms of word score however this finding needs clinical validation. This data improves personalization of surgical counseling and planning for patients with EVA considering CI.
Preventing the Parade: The Party Processions Acts in Ireland and Canada

During the first half of the nineteenth century, the British Empire was plagued by sectarian violence. Much of this disorder was related to the activities of the Orange Order. Every July 12, Orange...
The Relationship Between Prescription Copayments and Contraceptive Adherence in a New-user Cohort.

Background:Contraceptive nonadherence is an important contributor to unintended pregnancy in the United States. While the elimination of patient cost sharing has been cited as means to improve contraceptive access, little is known about the relationship between cost sharing and ongoing adherence and
Proceedings of the 11th ACM SIGPLAN-SIGSOFT Workshop on Program Analysis for Software Tools and Engineering

This volume contains the papers presented at PASTE 2013, the 11th ACM SIGPLAN-SIGSOFT Workshop on Program Analysis for Software Tools and Engineering, held on June 20, 2013 in Seattle, WA, USA. PASTE 2013 was co-located with PLDI 2013, the 34th annual ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation. PASTE is a workshop series that meets roughly every 18 months, alternating between programming language and software engineering venues and intending to serve as a bridge between the two. The meeting brings together the program analysis, software tools, and software engineering communities to focus on applications of program analysis techniques in software tools.
A Middle-School Code Camp Emphasizing Digital Humanities

Over the past decade, politicians, leaders, and pundits have called for computing and computer science education opportunities to be made available earlier and earlier. Such calls have led to the creation of a wide variety of offerings for students at middle-school and even elementary levels, including summer "code camps" targeted at middle-school students. Such camps often emphasize fun aspects of computing, such as games and robots. In contrast, research at the collegiate level suggests that meaningful applications of computing, such as computing for social good, are more successful at building and sustaining interest, particularly among students from groups traditionally underrepresented in computing. In this project, we developed and offered a summer camp that draws upon ideas and approaches from the digital humanities (DH), which explore the use of algorithms and computation in support of broader humanistic inquiry. Because DH reveals different ways to apply algorithmic and computational thinking, DH has the potential to attract students who might not otherwise consider computing. In this paper, we introduce central issues in the digital humanities, explain the rationale for the camp design, describe the camp curriculum, and reflect on successful and less successful aspects of the camp. Among other things, we consider how to introduce digital humanities topics to students who have not yet heard the term "humanities" and explore the utility of such topics for this age group. We also present preliminary data on the short-term effects of the camp on students' self-efficacy and interest in computing.
Development of a flexible piezocomposites surface acoustic wave sensor

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor has increasing demand in structural health monitoring due to its passive, reliable life-cycle, high accuracy, and small size. The ongoing demands of sensor’s adaptability with flexible substrates, which is capable of wireless monitoring, is the basis of the research. The SAW device assembly includes a piezoelectric composite substrate that aids in wave transmission and two interdigital transducers (IDTs) capable of actuating and sensing radio frequency (RF) signals. The SAW substrate is fabricated by integrating lead zirconate titanate ceramic nanoparticles into polyvinylidene fluoride polymer matrix using dimethyl sulfoxide as the solvent. Hot-pressing the mixtures produces a thin 0-3 composite substrate that exhibits flexibility and optimum dielectric properties. The substrate material properties are studied by conducting FTIR scanning. Delay-line IDTs are incorporated on the surface of the substrate by a conventional photolithographic technique. With the sensor fabricated, RF signals are passed onto the device through the input transducer generating Rayleigh waves. The transmission and reflection characteristics of the device is determined through the S-parameter reading obtained using a network analyzer. This paper discusses about the development process of a flexible piezocomposite SAW sensor.
Trends in Alcohol-Related Mortality by Educational Attainment in the U.S., 2000–2017

Alcohol-related mortality rates in the U.S. have risen since 2000, though how trends vary across socio-economic status is unclear. This analysis combines data from vital statistics and the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) to estimate alcohol-related mortality rates at four levels of educational attainment (less than high school, high school/GED, some college/associate’s degree, 4-year degree, or more) over the period 2000–2017. The analysis includes a comprehensive set of 48 alcohol-related causes of death, including causes which are indirectly influenced by alcohol use. I consider period and cohort patterns in inequality using the relative index of inequality (RII). Results indicate that alcohol-related mortality rates increased over the study period, at all levels of educational attainment. Relative increases were larger for females than males at nearly all ages and levels of educational attainment, and were largest among 45–59-year-old women. Male and female members of the 1950–1959 birth cohort exhibited elevated rates of alcohol-related mortality relative to neighboring cohorts. Despite widespread increases in alcohol-related mortality, educational inequalities present at the beginning of the analysis persisted and exceeded those in all-cause mortality. Disparities were typically greatest among younger adults aged 30–44, though inequality in this age group declined over time. Inequality increased among females aged 60–74, as well as among males aged 45–74. While interventions targeting these groups may reduce educational disparities, care should also be taken to stem the increasing prevalence of alcohol-related deaths at all levels of educational attainment.
MA3.2 - Partial Local Atomic Ordering in Ge-Sn Alloy (Invited)

An underlying assumption in understanding the properties of group IV alloys is that atoms are randomly distributed within lattice sites. Here we show, by combining density functional theory calculation and Monte Carlo sampling, that a partial local atomic ordering exists in GeSn alloy.
Clinical Guideline Highlights for the Hospitalist: Clostridium difficile Infections in Children.

Guideline title Clinical Practice Guidelines for Clostridium difficile Infection in Adults and Children: 2017 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA). Release date February 15, 2018 PRIOR VERSIONS: Cohen SH, Gerding DN, Johnson S, et al; Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America; Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010; 31:431-55.Gerding DN, Johnson S, Peterson LR, et al. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1995;16:459-477. Developer IDSA and SHEA. Funding source Support for this guideline was provided by the IDSA and SHEA. Target population Children and adults with Clostridium difficile infections.
Information Flow Theory (IFT): A General Theory of Biologic and Artificial Consciousness

Strategies exploring the top-down mechanisms of conscious thought within the human brain have been unable to produce a generalized explanatory theory that scales through evolution and can be applied to non-human systems. Information Flow Theory (IFT) provides a novel framework for understanding both the development and nature of consciousness in any system capable of processing information. In prioritizing the direction of information flow over information computation, IFT explains how basic evolutionary processes produce the perception of consciousness and offers multiple experimental avenues to confirm its validity. The neural correlates of the information circuits predicted by IFT exist in humans and are theoretically identifiable in non-human biologic nervous systems. Perhaps most importantly, IFT disentangles artificial intelligence from artificial consciousness and predicts a specific architecture which may be used to create consciousness within neural networks.
Metal–Diamidobenzoquinone Frameworks via Post-Synthetic Linker Exchange

Metal–organic frameworks with amidic linkers often exhibit exceptional physical properties, but, owing to their strong metal–nitrogen bonds, are exceedingly challenging to isolate through direct sy...
Veterans Affairs Insurance Disparities for Metastatic Lung Cancer in the Hawaiian Islands

Abstract Introduction The highest concentration of military personnel in the United States is located in Hawaii where occupational exposures, such as to asbestos in the Pacific Fleet shipyards, predispose them to thoracic malignancies. For this reason, Veterans Affairs (VA) insurance outcomes for lung cancer in Hawaii are of interest. Methods All cases of lung cancer in the Hawaii Tumor Registry from 2000 to 2015 were evaluated. The selection criterion included evidence of extensive-stage SCLC (ES-SCLC) or metastatic NSCLC. Overall survival was compared using the Kaplan-Meier log-rank method. Univariate analysis and multivariable analysis (MVA) were carried out to understand the variables associated with overall survival. Results There were 434 cases of ES-SCLC and 2139 cases of metastatic NSCLC identified. VA insurance (median survival [MS], 2 mo), Medicaid (MS, 4 mo), and Medicare (MS, 4 mo) had worse survival (log-rank p Conclusions VA insurance coverage was associated with dismal survival for metastatic lung cancer that was effectively similar to hospice or supportive care, compelling further investigation to identify reasons for this disparity.
Flumioxazin effects on soybean canopy formation and soil-borne pathogen presence

Rapid crop canopy formation is important to reduce weed emergence and selection for herbicide resistance. Field experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2018 in Fayetteville, AR, to evaluate the impacts of PRE applications of flumioxazin on soybean injury, soybean density, canopy formation, and incidence of soil-borne pathogens. Flumioxazin was applied at 0, 70, and 105 g ai ha−1 to predetermined flumioxazin-tolerant and -sensitive soybean varieties. Flumioxazin at 70 g ha−1 injured the tolerant and sensitive varieties from 0% to 4% and 14% to 15%, respectively. When averaged over flumioxazin rates, density of the sensitive variety was only reduced in 2017 when activation of flumioxazin was delayed 7 d. Compared to the tolerant soybean variety, flumioxazin at 70 g ha−1 delayed the sensitive variety from reaching 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% groundcover by 15, 16, 11, and 5 d, respectively. No delay in canopy closure (95% groundcover) was observed with either variety. Consequently, no yield loss occurred for either variety following a flumioxazin application. Flumioxazin did not impact root colonization of Didymella, Fusarium, Macrophomina, or Rhizoctonia. Pythium colonization of the soybean stem was increased by flumioxazin in 2017, but not in 2018. Increased injury, delays in percent groundcover, and an increase in Pythium colonization of soybean following a flumioxazin application may warrant the need for other soil-applied herbicides at soybean planting. Alternatively, soybean injury and delays in percent groundcover following flumioxazin applications can be mitigated through appropriate variety selection; however, comprehensive screening is needed to determine which varieties are most tolerant to flumioxazin.
The Problem We Face: The “Compartmentalized” Conventional View of Facial/Nasal Anatomy

Disciplines involving the understanding of structure, like rhinoplasty, facial surgery, and otolaryngology have achieved great strides by incorporating statistical evidence-based medicine (EBM) in the twentieth century, moving from an anecdotal art-form to a science-based series of algorithms. Despite these advances, a focus on specific therapeutic “maneuvers” and whether these tactics result in improvement has resulted in a general disregard for the probing into the structural origins of the physical causation of disorders. With an inquiry into the origins of these causative forces, disorders can be reversed or prevented much more efficiently and naturally than the statistically driven accumulated maneuvers that fuel our treatment algorithms.
Role of Dectin-1 in bacillus calmette-guerin intravesical therapy of bladder cancer

Objective To study the expression of Dectin-1 in bladder cancer and its roles in bacillus calmette-guerin (BCG) intravesical therapy.Methods Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were used to detect the expression of Dectin-1 in bladder cancer tissue as well as T24,J82 and EJ cell lines.These cells were stimulated with different concentrations (0,0.1,1.0,2.0,10.0,20.0 g/L) of BCG for 15,30 min,1,2,4 and 8 h,and the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway activation was detected before and after blocking Dectin-1 receptor.The levels of cytokines were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results Dectin-1 was expressed in the surface of bladder cancer cells.Stimulation with 1.0 g/L of BCG for 1 h could significantly activate NF-κB signaling in T24,and the high-est secretion levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were found in this concentra-tion group,which were separately up to (29.10 ± 2.89) and (21.57 ± 2.88) ng/L,respectively.The BCG stimulating effect could be weakened when Dectin-1 receptor was blocked.Conclusion BCG could activate NF-κB signaling pathway and inflammatory immune response through Dectin-1 receptor,which may play an important role in BCG intravesical therapy. Key words: Bladder cancer; Dectin-1 ; Bacillus calmette-guerin ; Nuclear factor-κB
Concentration and Position-Based Hybrid Modulation Scheme for Molecular Communications

Modulation design is a particularly interesting problem in the context of molecular communication via diffusion (MCvD), due to the heavy and signal dependent inter-symbol interference (ISI) imposed on the communication link. To tackle the modulation design issue in MCvD, a hybrid modulation family is proposed in this study. The proposed scheme operates by combining conventional concentration constellations with pulse position modulation symbols, and is able to encode more bits into a single joint symbol than traditional concentration or position-based schemes. Called molecular concentration-position modulation (MCPM), it is shown through theoretical and numerical results that the proposed scheme yields promising error performances, especially in the regime with high ISI and low transmission power. Furthermore, MCPM only utilizes a single type of molecule, which suggests an easier implementability for micro- or nano-scale machinery.
Guided-Mode-Resonant Dielectric Metasurfaces for Colorimetric Imaging of Material Anisotropy in Fibrous Biological Tissue

The structural arrangement of fibrous tissue is linked to the onset and progression of Alzheimer’s disease, heart disease, fibrosis, and cancer, yet its visualization remains challenging with conve...
Striving for the fundamental and practical signal to noise limit

We present methods to enhance the response and reduce the noise in a broad class of ultrafast laser sensors, including but not limited to gyroscopes, accelerators, field sensors, and displacements.. Sensitivity enhancement through “exceptional points” was inspired by quantum mechanics. It is shown that this enhancement comes at the cost of a faster increasing noise. However, we demonstrate enhancement without noise increase in mode-locked lasers where two uncoupled pulses circulate at the same group velocity, without any coupling. Such sensors having reached the classical noise limit, quantum mechanical squeezing methods to further increase the signal to noise will be discussed.
The effects of experimentally induced emotions on revising common vaccine misconceptions

Knowledge revision is the process of updating incorrect prior knowledge in light of new, correct information. Although theoretical and empirical knowledge has advanced regarding the cognitive proce...
Case 30: A Tip for Nasal Intubation

You are working in a small hospital in Tanzania on the east coast of Africa. You are to replace an elderly German missionary who is also an anesthesiologist. He is going to stay with you for 1 week to show you the ropes and introduce you to the surgeons, nurses, and operating room staff.
Where is home? Diaspora and hybridity in contemporary dialogue

Diaspora is the first step towards an encounter with the other, forcing a re-negotiation of one’s cultural identity. This quest for the self, known as diasporic consciousness, is thought to be disruptive, having the power to de-essentialize national narratives. While diaspora does shake the core of individuals, this paper differentiates diasporic from hybrid consciousness as two distinct discourses of self. Maintaining a diasporic consciousness means to sustain the idea of a physical ‘home’ that has been forever lost. The constant desire to ‘return’ underscores an unconditional alliance to the homeland and its diasporic footprint. Consequently, the diasporic experience does not necessarily produce transgressive forms of cultural identification. On the contrary, those who dwell on diasporic consciousness reify national discourses abroad. The language of nationalism remains intact, and ‘native’ and ‘other’ constitute themselves through a dialectic but mutually exclusive relationship with devastating consequences for those who cannot cope with the binary. The alternative to diasporic consciousness is Bakhtinian heteroglossia, for it exposes national discourses as ‘epic,’ and de-territorializes ‘home’ to find it in language. Hybrid narratives of self connect diverse memories, images, and experiences into individual stories of identity that ultimately transform official discourses of national, gender, religious, and racial identifications.
Molecules - The Elements and the Architecture of Everything

In his highly anticipated sequel to The Elements, Theodore Gray demonstrates how the elements of the periodic table combine to form the molecules that make up our world. Everything physical is made up of the elements and the infinite variety of molecules they form when they combine with each other. In Molecules, Theodore Gray takes the next step in the grand story that began with the periodic table in his best-selling book, The Elements: A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe. Here, he explores through fascinating stories and trademark stunning photography the most interesting, essential, useful, and beautiful of the millions of chemical structures that make up every material in the world. Gray begins with an explanation of how atoms bond to form molecules and compounds, as well as the difference between organic and inorganic chemistry. He then goes on to explore the vast array of materials molecules can create, including: soaps and solvents; goops and oils; rocks and ores; ropes and fibers; painkillers and dangerous drugs; sweeteners; perfumes and stink bombs; colors and pigments; and controversial compounds including asbestos, CFCs, and thimerosal. Big, gorgeous photographs, as well as diagrams of the compounds and their chemical bonds, rendered with never before seen beauty, fill the pages and capture molecules in their various states. As he did in The Elements, Gray shows us molecules as we've never seen them before. It's the perfect book for his loyal fans who've been eager for more and for anyone fascinated with the mysteries of the material world.
Oscillating Motion and Heat Transfer Mechanisms of Oscillating Heat Pipes

An oscillating heat pipe (OHP) consists of interconnected capillary channels or tubes filled with a train of liquid plugs and vapor bubbles. An OHP typically has three sections: evaporator, adiabatic section, and condenser. When heat is added onto the evaporator section, liquid becomes vapor resulting in an increase of both vapor volume and pressure. At the same time, when the heat is removed from the condenser section, vapor condenses into liquid resulting in a decrease of vapor volume and pressure. Due to vapor volume contraction/expansion, and pressure difference, oscillating motion of the working fluid inside the OHP is generated. The oscillating motion brings the heat from the evaporator through the adiabatic section into the condenser. Because the heat transfer process is mainly achieved by oscillating motion, the heat pipe is named as the OHP. To generate the oscillating motion, a train of liquid plugs and vapor bubbles must be formed, which requires that the diameter of the channels or tubes be small enough to allow separation of liquid plugs by vapor bubbles. If the interconnected capillary channels form a closed loop, as shown in Fig. 4.1a, the heat pipe is called a looped OHP (Structure of a heat pipe, US Patent No. 4,921,041, 1990). If the interconnected capillary channels or tubes do not form a closed loop, as shown in Fig. 4.1b, the OHP is called an unlooped OHP (Structure of a heat pipe, US Patent No. 4,921,041, 1990). For a looped OHP, when the system is not balanced or a Tesla valve is used, pulsating flows occur, consisting of both steady state unidirectional and transient oscillating components as indicated in Fig. 3.3. Unlooped OHPs do not contain steady state unidirectional flow; instead, their oscillating flow is a type of reciprocating flow as indicated in Sect. 4.2. For a looped OHP, in addition to reciprocating flows, pulsating flows can take place. For this reason, the OHP is sometimes called a pulsating heat pipe (PHP). Considering typical reciprocating flows in unlooped systems, it is better to name it OHP.