cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bioinformatics Analysis to Determine Prognostic Mutations of 72 de novo Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cases from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) with 23 Most Common Mutations and no Abnormal Cytogenetics.

Objectives Up to 40% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients have normal cytogenetics (CN-AML) but they may have gene mutations. An important issue in the treatment of CN-AML is how gene mutation patterns may help with patient management. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database has data from 200 cases of de novo AML including cytogenetics, gene mutations, and survival duration (prognosis). Methods Cases with the most common mutations and no cytogenetic abnormalities were selected from the TCGA. Unsupervised neural network analysis was performed to group them into clusters according to their pattern of mutations and survival. Results 72 cases of CN-AML with the 23 most common mutations were obtained from TCGA. Clustering was found to be based on 6 mutations, with the following prognostic groups: (a) good: NPM1, CEBPA, or TET2, (b) intermediate: NPM1/DNMT3A, or other mutations, (c) poor: RUNX1, FLT3-ITD, FLT3-ITD/NPM1, or FLT3-ITD/CEBPA. Some discrepancy between our results and those from previous studies is most likely due to inclusion of AML cases transformed from myeloproliferative neoplasms or myelodysplastic syndrome in previous studies. Conclusions This study provides further molecular characterization and prognostic data most specific for the de novo subgroup of CN-AML patients.
Managing What Consumers Learn from Experience

The authors argue that what consumers learn from the experience of using products is not a simple matter of discovering objective truth. They frame the problem of learning from experience as a four...
Vascular effects of nylidrine hydrochloride during exercise.

Summary and ConclusionsBlood flow response to exercise was tested plethysmographically in 3 healthy subjects and 7 patients with non-gangrenous occlusive arterial disease of lower extremities, before and after intravenous administration of nylidrine hydrochloride, an adrenaline analog. Response in blood flow was significantly augmented after administratino of drug in all but one subject, who had severe bilateral frost bite. Since blood flow response to exercise takes place mostly in working skeletal muscles, it is concluded that the primary site of nylidrine action is in the vasculature of skeletal muscle. Nylidrine apparently enhances capacity of muscle vessels to respond to exercise.
Plant Regeneration from Hypocotyls of Acacia auriculiformis Cultured in vitro

The regenerated plantlets of Acacia auriculiformis were obtained by the method of re-differentiation of the callus from the hypocotyls explants.The effects of plant regulator compositions on the induction of callus and the differentiation of adventitious buds in vitro culture were studied.The optimum medium for callus induction was MS medium containing 1.0 or 1.5 mg ·L-1 2,4-D and 0.5 mg ·L-1 KT and 100% the callus induction frequency was obtained.The optimum medium for re-differentiation of callus was MS medium containing 1.5 mg ·L-1 6-BA and 0.2 mg ·L-1 NAA and 84.7% of adventitious shoot regeneration frequency with 5.83 shoots per explants was obtained.In addition,the optimum medium for the adventitious buds induced from the hypocotyls explants without transferring the callus was MS medium containing 2.0 mg ·L-1 6-BA,0.1 mg ·L-1 NAA and 0.2 mg ·L-1 KT.Excised shoots were effectively elongated in MS medium without appending any hormones.Elongated shoots of 3.0 cm rooted when they were transferred to MS medium containing 0.1 mg ·L-1 IAA and 0.2 mg ·L-1 NAA after 30 days and developed into healthy plantlets,which resulted in a rooting rate of 85 %.The results of this study will facilitate the application of genetic transformation methods in A.auriculiformis.
Comparison of Efficacy and Safety of Oral Ibuprofen or Indomethacin for Closure of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Premature Infants

Objective To compare the efficacy and safety of oral ibuprofen or indomethacin for the closure of patent ductus arteriosus(PDA) in premature infants.Methods Thirty-six cases of premature infants with PDA during latest 3 years were assigned into the ibuprofen group and received oral ibuprofen suspension (10 mg/kg followed by 2 doses of 5 mg/kg after 24 hours,48 hours) postnatal 3 to 7 days.Thirty-three cases of premature infants with PDA from Jan.2003 to Dec.2005 were assigned into indomethacin group and received oral indomethacin (0.2 mg/kg every 12 hours for 3 doses).The effectiveness and adverse effects of both groups after treated were observed.Results The rate of ductal closure in ibuprofen group was 80.56%(29/36 cases) and that in indomethacin group was 81.82%(27/33 cases),there was no significant difference between 2 groups (χ2=0.02 P0.05).In ibuprofen group,the rate of ductal closure,when ibuprofen was used either before or after 5 days,was 91.30%(21/23 cases) or 61.54%(8/13 cases),respectively,there was significant difference between 2 groups (χ2=4.70 P0.05).In indomethacin group,the rates of ductal closure were similar to those of ibuprofen group.But there was no significant difference between 2 groups when ibuprofen or indomethacin was used either before or after 5 days.The incidence of adverse effects in ibuprofen group (6 cases,16.67%) was significantly lower than that in indomethacin group (16 cases,48.48%) (χ2=8.03 P0.01).Conclusions The efficacy of ibuprofen for the closure of PDA in premature infants is similar to indomethacin,but ibuprofen has less adverse effects and higher safety than indomethacin.
A Fuzzy Control Method of Computing Disturbance Guidance Firing Data

On the basis of analyzing the disturbance guidance principles and characteristics of computing firing data by using normal methods,the rules of hierarchical fuzzy control and the model of fuzzy control system which suit computing firing data of ballistic missile are proposed through improving the classical fuzzy control method.The improved fuzzy control method solves the difficulty in which the relationship between firing data and the bias of fall point is hard to quantificationally analyze.The simulation results show that the improved fuzzy control method has the same precision grade,less iterative times and much less computing time than Newton's iterative method in computing firing data of ballistic missile.
Teachers of ELs Negotiating Top-Down Literacy Initiatives in Two Urban Districts

In the United States, school districts have been mandating prescriptive and teacher-centered instructional programs and approaches to teaching language and literacy. This has occurred in response to the under-performance on high stakes tests of students of color, particularly African American and Latino students. One of the most striking results has been that school districts have been increasingly mandating commercial reading programs (Altwerger et al. 2004). One program that has been widely adopted across the U.S., including in states such as California, which has large numbers of English learners (ELs), is Open Court Reading (OCR) (SRA/McGraw Hill 2004). What is striking about this textbook adoption policy in California is that OCR was not developed for ELs (Rumberger and Gandara 2004), and 25% of California’s student population is EL (Achinstein et al. 2004; Gandara and Baca 2008; Moustafa and Land, 2002).
Zur hinteren Kapsulotomie und Bicepssehnenverlängerung des Kniegelenkes bei chronischer Polyarthritis

Chronische Krankheiten des Kniegelenkes, vor allem die chronische Polyarthritis, fuhren sekundar zu Flexionskontrakturen. In Anlehnung an Kuhns kann man sagen, das Flexionskontrakturen bis 10 Grad, daruberhinausgehende nicht toleriert werden. Mehrere Methoden wurden zur Behandlung der Flexionskontrakturen angegeben.
Striving Glorified: Goethe’s Faust

Goethe’s Faust is the product of the author’s lifelong reflection on the meaning of human life. Although Faust is an extraordinary person, with titanic aspirations, Goethe’s hero is, nevertheless, everyman writ large. His questions and dissatisfactions are not foreign to anyone, even if his talents and ambitions are magnified by the dramatist to gigantic proportions. The barest outline of the story, to be filled out and interpreted as we go along, is this. Having reached a certain degree of knowledge and fame, and approaching old age, Faust experiences an acute disappointment with what life has to offer. His dissatisfaction is rather profound, engulfing him in a mood of despair and cynicism, which drives him to the brink of suicide. The sound of Easter bells distracts him from this drastic resolve, and, after mingling with simple peasants celebrating the holiday in the village square, he returns to his study, and to his melancholy state. Mephistopheles appears, offering Faust the satisfactions he desires in return for Faust’s soul when he dies. Faust agrees to the proposal on one condition. The devil may have his soul only if he succeeds in providing him with an experience to which he will say, ‘Remain with me forever, you are so wonderful’*. Mephistopheles agrees to this condition, and the contest begins.
5.6 Control of Ceramic Microstructure by Templated Grain Growth

This chapter discusses the role of key factors for templated grain growth (TGG). Template particles must possess a variety of properties for successful TGG. First, the single-crystal templates should have a suitable morphology with a high aspect ratio (e.g. >5) so that they can be mechanically aligned by shear during the green forming process, such as tape casting, extrusion, or uniaxial pressing. Thus, most templates used in TGG are platelets or whiskers. A fine grain, dense matrix is required because TGG is driven by the difference in surface free energies between the advancing crystal plane and the matrix grains during thermal processing. The effect of liquid phase in TGG is described. Liquid-phase sintering provides favorable kinetics and thermodynamic conditions for template growth. Anisometric templates are typically aligned by shear force during the green forming procedure. Thus, any type of forming process, which provides shear, can be used for TGG including tape casting, extrusion, injection molding, roll pressing, and uniaxial pressing.
Effect of mooring-line stiffness on the performance of a dual coaxial-cylinder Wave-Energy Converter

Abstract A point-absorber-type Wave-Energy Converter (WEC) consisting of a floating vertical inner cylinder and an annular outer cylinder that slides along the inner one is considered. The two cylinders heave differently under wave excitation, and wave energy can be harnessed from the relative heave motion between the two cylinders using a Permanent Magnet Linear Generator (PMLG) as the Power Take-Off unit. A mooring cable is attached to the bottom of the inner cylinder. This paper aims to examine the effect of the stiffness of the mooring cable on the performance of the coaxial-cylinder WEC system. The two limiting cases of no mooring cable (freely floating inner and outer cylinders) and an infinitely stiff mooring cable (fixed inner cylinder) were also considered. To perform the analysis, hydrodynamic and interference coefficients of the two heaving cylinders were computed semi-analytically using the method of matched eigenfunction expansions. Experimentally determined viscous corrections on damping were also included in the model in order to have more realistic predictions. The performance of the system in terms of motion responses and capture width were predicted and discussed for both regular and irregular waves. The results of the analysis indicate that both the freely floating design and the design with rigidly moored inner cylinder are viable. The two limiting cases show similar optimal performances, albeit with very different optimal generator damping. However, an ill-chosen mooring-cable stiffness may cause the inner and the outer cylinders to have the same resonance frequency, eliminating the relative heave motion and leading to almost no energy extraction. This situation needs to be avoided when designing the mooring system for a coaxial-cylinder WEC.
Incidence of complications in the post-anesthesia care unit and associated healthcare utilization in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery requiring neuromuscular blockade 2005–2013: A single center study

Study objective The use of neuromuscular blockade agents (NMBA), had been associated with significant residual post-operative paralysis and morbidity. There is a lack of clinical evidence on incidence of postoperative complications within the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) in patients exposed to intraoperative NMBA's. This study aims to estimate the incidence of post-operative complications associated with use of NMBAs and assessing its association with healthcare resource utilization. Design Retrospective cohort. Setting Post-anesthesia care unit in tertiary care center. Patients Adults having non-cardiac surgery and receiving NMBAs between April-2005 and December-2013 MEASUREMENTS: We assessed: 1) incidences of major and minor PACU complications, 2) incidence of any postoperative complication in patients receiving a NMBA reversal (neostigmine) vs. without. 3) We secondarily assessed the relationship between PACU complications and use of healthcare resources. Main results The incidence of any major complications was 2.1% and that of any minor complication was 35.2%. ICU admission rate was 1.3% in patients without any complications, versus 5.2% in patients with any minor and 30.6% in patients with any major complication. ICU length of stay was prolonged in patients with any major (52.1±203h), compared to patients with any minor (6.2±64h) and with no complications (1.7±28h). Patients who received a NMBA and neostigmine, compared to without neostigmine, had a lower incidence of any major complication (1.7% vs. 6.05%), rate of re-intubation (0.8% vs. 4.6%) and unplanned ICU admission (0.8% vs. 3.2%). Conclusions This study documents that incidence of major PACU complications after non-cardiac surgery was 2.1%, with the most frequent complications being re-intubation and ICU admission. Patients receiving NMBA reversal were at a lower risk of re-intubation and unplanned ICU admission, justifying routine use of reversals. Complete NMBA reversals are crucial in reducing preventable patient harm and healthcare utilization.
A Framework for Social Network Sentiment Analysis Using Big Data Analytics

Traditionally, surveys were used as one of the major methods for finding out the opinion of a group of people about a particular topic. However, over the last two decades with the proliferation of Web to the social media sites such as Twitter, Facebook, and Tumblr, social media are increasingly becoming the platform of choice for people to express their views or opinions. With an account of over two billion users, social media provides a major source for gathering people moods and opinions. Several public and private organizations, such as Government and companies, are attempting to exploit the expressed preferences, opinions, and attitudes regarding politics, commercial products and other matters of personal importance for a competitive edge. One of the efficient ways to get this information is by performing sentiment analysis on these electronic repositories. With the data being ubiquitous, the bottlenecks here are processing speed, storage, and time, which are involved with the traditional storage system. So to deal with the data processing of these massive amounts of data, some special tools and techniques are offered by Big Data framework.
Acute Respiratory Failure Secondary to Myofibrillar Myopathy in a 6-Years-Old (P07.034)

OBJECTIVE: To present a case report of myofibrillar myopathy (MFM) in a 5 year old male child with rigid muscles/spine and respiratory failure secondary to homozygous recessive mutation in αβ Crystallin (CYRAB). BACKGROUND: Respiratory failure during the first decade of life has been reported but only in the infantile forms of MFM, which were characterized to be caused by recessive deletion mutations in CRYAB resulting in a truncated protein. All subjects died within the first year of life. DESIGN/METHODS: A retrospective case report. RESULTS: Previously healthy 6-year-old male underwent bilateral adenoidectomy and myringotomy for obstructive sleep apnea secondary to upper airway obstruction. Postoperative course was complicated by persistent respiratory failure and hypercapnia and required multiple extubations and re-intubations and eventual tracheostomy. During the preceding two months patient had also complained of exercise intolerance and fatigue, but there was no associated weakness. Initial examination during the hospital course was unremarkable for any limb weakness; creatine kinase (CK) ranged between 522-1516 iu/L. Motor and sensory nerve conductions were normal. EMG revealed diffuse spontaneous activity in nearly all muscles studied with normal motor unit potentials in right biceps and quadriceps. Testing was limited due to sedation and respiratory decompensation during the study. Muscle biopsy showed marked myofibrillar changes with electron microscopy revealing disintegration of myofibrils at the Z-disk and pleomorphic granulofilamentous material accumulating between myofibrils. Genetic testing showed a novel homozygous missense mutation in exon 2 of the CRYAB gene defined as c.299T>G (p.Val100Gly). Both parents, who are without symptoms, were heterozygous for this mutation. Subsequent examination six months later showed marked axial and spine rigidity; patient continues to be ventilated through a tracheostomy. CONCLUSIONS: MFM presenting with axial and muscle rigidity and respiratory failure can occur with non-truncating homozygous recessive mutations in the CRYAB gene and may present later in childhood. Disclosure: Dr. Kim has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mozaffar has received personal compensation for activities with California Stem Cell Inc., NuFactor, Crescent-Walgreens, CSL Behring, Crescent Healthcare, Genzyme Corporation, Baxter, and Grifols. Dr. Mozaffar has received research support from Cytokinetics, Neuraltus, Biogen Idec, Alexion, FDA, Amicus, Genzyme Corporation, and Avanir.
Vision for the New Global Teacher: Reflections from a Comparative Education Perspective

The Global Teacher/Orbital Classroom Initiative seeks to address updated teaching needs in the current era of a changed globalisation landscape, to foster the goals of democracy, global citizenship, intercultural education, and international understanding. Undergirded by philosophical and theoretical considerations and insights from decades of educational scholarship, an international group of participants set out to develop appropriate and relevant competences and pedagogical approaches to foster development of a more worldly Global Teacher, and to eventually provide practical operationalisations for use in an Orbital Classroom connecting teachers and students in many countries and settings worldwide. This chapter incorporates main features of the initiative and explicates the rationales for it in light of contemporary educational research writing calling for updated policy and practice in the new millennium and in terms of addressing current global level initiatives such as EFA, MDGs and GEFI, as well as rationales for teachers themselves. The importance of context in all of its complexity is emphasised, as are the global-local-dialectic and comparative interdisciplinary approach which are recommended as standard desirable practices. These notions are illustrated in the example of teaching about the contemporary migration crisis impacting Europe. The many challenges entailed in effective implementation and sustainability of the Global Teacher Initiative are enumerated, including the overarching need for recruitment, support and training of teachers as participants, and the means of sustainability.
Difference and Significance of Regenerative Versus Renewable Carbon Fuels and Products

This paper presents the concept of regenerative versus renewable carbon fuels and materials on which Professor George A. Olah was actively working on at the time of his unfortunate passing away in 2017. As fossil fuels become depleted or their use constrained by undesirable carbon emissions, more sustainable pathways to fulfill our needs for carbon-based fuels and products will be required. Renewable carbon materials can be produced from biomass while regenerative carbon materials will be obtained by reductive recycling of CO2, constituting an anthropogenic equivalent to nature’s photosynthesis-based carbon cycle. At the heart of this transition is chemistry and catalysis. Development of new catalysts and improvement of existing ones are essential for these transformations. Methanol, an established fuel and chemical feedstock, which can be made from biomass and recycling of CO2, and therefore be both renewable and regenerative is of particular interest for the transitioning to a sustainable future.
Glioblastoma Multiforme: Fewer Tumor Copy Number Segments of the SGK1 Gene Are Associated with Poorer Survival

BACKGROUND/AIM Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary tumor of the central nervous system. The serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase SGK1 gene is required for the growth and survival of GBM stem-like cells under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. It has been reported that oxygenation significantly affects cellular genetic expression; 30% of the genes required in hypoxia were not required under normoxic conditions. Therefore, we examined SGK1 expression to determine if it may be a novel potential drug target for GBM. MATERIALS AND METHODS We assessed the association between SGK1 and glioblastoma patient overall survival using the GBM cohort in TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) database (TCGA-GBM). To access and analyze the data we used the UCSC Xena browser (https://xenabrowser.net). Survival data of the GBM subgroup were extracted for analysis and generation of Kaplan-Meier curves for overall survival. The best cut-off was identified by methods described in the R2 web-based application (http://r2.amc.nl). RESULTS We analyzed patient survival by tumor SGK1 copy number segments after removal of common germ-line copy-number variants (CNVs). Copy number segments (log2 tumor/normal) ≤0.009700 were associated with significantly poorer survival (p=0.016). CONCLUSION Increased median overall survival associated with increased SGK1 copy number segments may be a reflection of better tumor oxygenation. Therefore, besides being a drug target, SGK1 may also be a prognostic marker. Among molecular tumor markers, only the methylation status of the O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene has shown a significant association with survival in patients with GBM.
Academia Pro Interlingua

When Peano proposed Latino sine flexione in 1903 as an international language he was most concerned with the idea of having a minimum grammar. In this, he took his cue from Leibniz. It was no accident, however, that Latin was chosen for the vocabulary, although Leibniz’ use of Latin may have suggested this, too. After that he came to feel more and more strongly that an international scientific vocabulary already existed, but was disguised by the forms peculiar to the various modern languages. That is, he believed that the vocabulary for an international language did not need to be created, but could be discovered in the current usage. He did not deny the possibility of using, say, Volapuk or Esperanto, but objected that it was not necessary to invent a new vocabulary. He seemed to feel, also, that people could be persuaded to accept the idea that an international vocabulary already existed, more easily than they could be taught an artificial vocabulary.
Neural and Random Boolean Networks

One of the fundamental features of cellular automata is the homogeneity of the underlying cellular space. It is natural to ask whether this is a fundamental restriction or just a convenient assumption. In order to gain some insight into this question, it is necessary to relax our restriction on the homogeneity of the space and allow more general interconnections between the sites of the space. This chapter discusses the nature of the resulting generalizations and compares the power of the resulting models vis-a-vis Turing machines and cellular automata.
Changing the TV Industry through User Experience Design

This paper discusses a process used to enable the TV industry toward major changes around the consumption, navigation and sharing of content. A chronographic description of key milestones – from ethnographic research to concept design and customer impact – is provided. The illustrated case study is grounded in the context of a large silicon manufacturer, where notions of change-through-design, innovation and customer impact have distinct connotations and set boundaries, especially when compared with medium sized firms, original equipment manufacturers or academic contexts.
Risky social media behaviors and the potential for victimization: a descriptive look at college students victimized by someone met online

Abstract This work uses original survey research to explore the nature of risky behaviors and exposure to potential offenders using social media as a means to initiate personal relationships. Durin...
The Deep Roots of Libya’s Security Fragmentation

Six years after the 2011 revolution that toppled the Gaddafi regime, the political transition in Libya is at a standstill. The fragmented security landscape fuels chronic local conflicts, lawlessne...
Views from the dock: Warming waters, adaptation, and the future of Maine's lobster fishery.

The ability of resource-dependent communities to adapt to climate change depends in part on their perceptions and prioritization of specific climate-related threats. In the Maine lobster fishery, which is highly vulnerable to warming water associated with climate change, we found a strong majority (84%) of fishers viewed warming water as a threat, but rank its impacts lower than other drivers of change (e.g., pollution). Two-thirds believed they will be personally affected by warming waters, but only half had plans to adapt. Those with adaptation plans demonstrated fundamentally different views of human agency in this system, observing greater anthropogenic threats, but also a greater ability to control the fishery through their own actions on the water and fisheries management processes. Lack of adaptation planning was linked to the view that warming waters result from natural cycles, and the expectation that technological advancements will help buffer the industry from warming waters.
Spatial structure develops early in forest herb populations, controlled by dispersal and life cycle

Fine-scale spatial structure is an essential feature of plant populations, controlling pollination, herbivory, pathogen spread, and resource partitioning. Origins of spatial distribution are often obscure in long-established forests, but successional stands offer insight through their physical and compositional simplicity. We tested the hypothesis that spatial structure in forest herb populations arises through a nucleation process in which colonizing species transition from random to clustered distributions through clonal expansion, seed dispersal, and conformity to environmental gradients. Spatial structure was examined in a chronosequence of 40 s growth stands in southeast Ohio, USA. Herbaceous vegetation was recorded in nested plots to describe the evolution of pattern across multiple scales. Spatial distribution was described as the variance:mean ratio of stem number plot-1, and compared between age classes and functional groups. Environmental influence was assessed as the marginal R2 value of environmental models predicting stem number. Herb species responded individualistically to stand age and environmental gradients, although all were to some degree clustered across age classes. Dispersal-limited, non-clonal, and annual species were most strongly clustered, suggesting the importance of seed dispersal range and population growth rate in determining spatial structure. Spatial distribution was weakly related to environmental variables. Clustered distributions established early in succession and remained stable for at least 80 years. Pattern formation can be interpreted in terms of nucleation, as we hypothesized, but clusters form earlier than expected. The spatial structure of herb populations in deciduous forests appears to be governed by patterns established during colonization; environmental filtering appears to play a minor role.
Diminished Fear Extinction in Adolescents Is Associated With an Altered Somatostatin Interneuron-Mediated Inhibition in the Infralimbic Cortex.

Abstract Background Rodents and humans show an attenuation of fear extinction during adolescence, which coincides with the onset of several psychiatric disorders. Although the ethological relevance and the underlying mechanism are largely unknown, the suppression of fear extinction during adolescence is associated with a diminished plasticity in the glutamatergic neurons of the infralimbic medial prefrontal cortex, a brain region critical for fear extinction. Given the putative effect of synaptic inhibition on glutamatergic neuron activity, we studied whether gamma-aminobutyric acidergic neurons in the infralimbic medial prefrontal cortex are involved in the suppression of fear extinction during adolescence. Methods We assessed membrane and synaptic properties in parvalbumin-positive interneurons (PVINs) and somatostatin-positive interneurons (SSTINs) in male preadolescent, adolescent, and adult mice. The effect of fear conditioning and extinction on PVIN-pyramidal neuron and SSTIN-pyramidal neuron synapses in male preadolescent, adolescent, and adult mice was evaluated using an optogenetic approach. Results The development of the membrane excitability of PVINs is delayed and reaches maturity only by adulthood, while the SSTIN membrane properties are developed early and remain stable during development from preadolescence to adulthood. Although the synaptic inhibition mediated by PVINs undergoes a protracted development, it does not exhibit a fear behavior–specific plasticity. However, the synaptic inhibition mediated by SSTINs undergoes an adolescence-specific enhancement, and this increased inhibition is suppressed by fear learning but is not restored by extinction training. This altered plasticity during adolescence overlapped with a reduction in calcium-permeable glutamate receptors in SSTINs. Conclusions The adolescence-specific plasticity in the SSTINs might play a role in fear extinction suppression during adolescence in mice.
Novel linear lipopeptide paenipeptin C′ binds to lipopolysaccharides and lipoteichoic acid and exerts bactericidal activity by the disruption of cytoplasmic membrane

There is an urgent need to develop potent antimicrobials for the treatment of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens. Paenipeptin C′ (C8-Pat) is a novel linear lipopeptide recently discovered by our group. The objectives of this study were to determine the time-kill kinetics of paenipeptin C′ against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 and to investigate its mechanism of action. Paenipeptin C′ was synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis and purified by HPLC to homogeneity. Paenipeptin C′ showed concentration-dependent bactericidal activity against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. Purified lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Gram-positive bacteria significantly decreased the antibacterial activity of paenipeptin C′, which indicated that LPS and LTA on cell surfaces are likely the initial binding targets of this antibiotic agent. Moreover, paenipeptin C′ damaged bacterial cytoplasmic membranes, as evidenced by the depolarization of membrane potential and leakage of intracellular potassium ions. Specifically, paenipeptin C′ at 32–64 μg/mL caused a significant membrane potential depolarization in P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. This antibiotic at 64–128 μg/mL rapidly induced the release of intracellular potassium ions from P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. Transmission electron microscopy imaging results showed that paenipeptin C′ at bactericidal concentrations perturbed the cell envelopes, leading to the loss of intracellular contents. Therefore, paenipeptin C' exerts its bactericidal effect through damaging bacterial cytoplasmic membrane.
CDKAL1 and HHEX are associated with type 2 diabetes-related traits among Yup'ik people.

Background Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D), mainly among individuals of European ancestry. In the present study, we examined the frequency of these SNPs and their association with T2D-related traits in an Alaska Native study population with a historically low prevalence of T2D. We also investigated whether dietary characteristics that may protect against T2D, such as n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake, modify these associations. Methods In 1144 Yup'ik people, we examined 17 SNPs repeatedly identified in GWAS for individual and cumulative associations with T2D-related traits. Cumulative associations were evaluated using a genetic risk score (GRS) calculated by summing risk alleles. Associations were tested for interactions with sex, body mass index (BMI), and n-3 PUFA intake. Results The rs7754840 SNP in CDKAL1 is significantly associated with HbA1c (P = 0.00091). The rs5015480 SNP near HHEX is significantly associated (in opposite direction to that in Europeans) with a combined fasting glucose (FG) and HbA1c measure (P = 0.00046) and with homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-B; P = 0.0014). The GRS is significantly associated with FG and combined FG and HbA1c only when the HHEX SNP is dropped from the GRS. Associations are not modified by BMI or n-3 PUFA intake. Conclusion Our results highlight the potential importance of CDKAL1 and HHEX in glucose homeostasis in this Alaska Native population with a low prevalence of T2D, and suggest that these loci should be examined in greater detail in this population. 摘要 背景 全基因组相关性研究已经鉴别出与2型糖尿病有关的单核苷酸多态性（single nucleotide polymorphisms，SNPs），主要是在有欧洲血统的人群中进行研究。在本研究中，我们在一个历史上2型糖尿病患病率较低的阿拉斯加原住民人群中研究了这些SNPs的出现频率以及它们与2型糖尿病相关特征的关系。我们还调查了他们的饮食习惯是否能够预防2型糖尿病，例如n-3多不饱和脂肪酸（polyunsaturated fatty acid，PUFA）的摄入，并且修正了这些相关性。 方法 在1144名尤皮克人群中，我们再次调查了17个在全基因组相关性研究人群中鉴别出的SNPs及其与2型糖尿病相关特征有关的个体和累积相关性。使用遗传风险评分（genetic risk score，GRS）通过计算危险等位基因总分来评估累积相关性。相关性要经过与性别、体重指数（BMI）以及n-3 PUFA摄入量等因素的相互作用的检验。 结果 位于CDKAL1上的rs7754840 SNP与HbA1c显著相关（P = 0.00091）。接近HHEX的rs5015480 SNP（在欧洲人群的相反方向）与联合空腹血糖以及HbA1c测量值（P = 0.00046）显著相关，并且还与β细胞功能稳态模型评估值显著相关（HOMA-B；P = 0.0014）。只有将HHEX SNP从GRS中撤除后GRS才与空腹血糖、联合空腹血糖以及HbA1c显著相关。相关性没有经过BMI或n-3 PUFA摄入量的校正。 结论 我们研究的亮点是在这个T2D患病率较低的阿拉斯加原住民人群中发现了CDKAL1与HHEX对葡萄糖内稳态平衡的潜在重要性，我们建议对这个人群应该更详细地筛查这些位点。
Generic Conditions for Stable Hybrid Stars

We study the mass-radius curve of hybrid stars, assuming a single first-order phase transition between nuclear and quark matter, with a sharp interface between the quark matter core and nuclear matter mantle. We use a generic parameterization of the quark matter equation of state, which has a constant, i.e. density-independent, speed of sound ("CSS"). We argue that this parameterization provides a framework for compar- ison and empirical testing of models of quark matter. We obtain the phase diagram of possible forms of the hybrid star mass-radius relation, where the control parameters are the transition pressure, energy density discontinuity, and the quark matter speed of sound. We find that this diagram is sensitive to the quark matter parameters but fairly insensitive to details of the nuclear matter equation of state. We calculate the maximum hybrid star mass as a function of the parameters of the quark matter EoS, and find that there are reasonable values of those parameters that give rise to hybrid stars with mass above 2 M� .
Limiting Nuclear War: Mission Impossible, Inadvisable or Unavoidable?

This chapter takes up the problem of controlling a nuclear war and, especially, ending a nuclear war on something like acceptable terms short of the threshold of unrestricted attacks and multinational mass destruction. During the Cold War, the idea of limiting or controlling nuclear war seemed absurd, given the immensity of the American and Soviet arsenals. Since the end of the Cold War, reductions in the numbers of deployed Russian and American strategic nuclear weapons (those of intercontinental range) and the growth of additional regional nuclear powers have shifted the likely axes of a nuclear war from the center of Europe to other regions, including the Middle East, North and East Asia. One obvious flashpoint is the relationship between nuclear armed India and Pakistan. Another danger is the possibility that Iran will become a nuclear weapons state in the aftermath of US repudiation of the Iranian nuclear deal, creating the possibility of nuclear conflict between Iran and Israel. An Iranian bomb might also encourage Saudi Arabia, Turkey or Egypt to follow suit, creating a multinational challenge of proliferation problems and resulting crisis management issues.
Women’s Rights and Gender Equality in Turkey| Women’s Rights and Gender Equality in Turkey: Struggles Over Media Representations and Discourses in the Past and Present – Introduction

“Women’s rights” and “gender equality” are not straightforward or neutral terms. Competing political projects define them in different ways. The articles in this Special Section show how the struggle to define gender equality and women’s rights has played out in different moments and in different types of media during the past hundred years in Turkey. The articles cover a range of historical and contemporary issues about women’s rights and gender equality. This Special Section contributes to our understanding of institutional structures, actors and relationships, and media texts that shape the landscape of women’s rights and gender equality in Turkey. In this introduction, I present the contributions and provide a summary of debates on gender and media in Turkey today.
Strain Layer Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors(invited)

We present a study of several n- and p-type strain-layer quantum well infrared photodetectors (SL-QWIPs) using InxGa1-xAs/ALGa1-yAs grown on GaAs and InxGa1-xAs/InyAl1-yAs on InP substrates. The results show a significant improvement in device performance for these devices over the unstrained QWIPs. The devices studied include a high-strain (HS-) n-type InGaAs/AlGaAs/InGaAs triple-coupled (TC-) QWIP, a HS-n-type InGaAs/AlGaAs QWIP, a compressively strained layer (CSL-) p-type InGaAs/AlGaAs QWIP, and a tensile-strained layer (TSL-) p-type InGaAs/InAlAs QWIP. In addition to the improvement in performance, a large normal incidence absorption has also been observed in both the HS- n-type QWIP and TC-QWIP. The device physics and performance parameters such as the optical absorption coefficient, dark current, spectral responsivity, and detectivity for these SL-QWIPs are depicted in this paper.
Investigating whole-brain metabolite abnormalities in the chronic stages of moderate or severe traumatic brain injury.

Introduction Evidence suggests that neurometabolic abnormalities can persist after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and drive clinical symptoms such as fatigue and cognitive disruption. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to investigate metabolite abnormalities following TBI, but few studies have obtained data beyond the subacute stage or over large brain regions. Objective The purpose of this study was to measure whole-brain metabolites in chronic stages of TBI. Design Observational study. Setting University. Participants Eleven men with a moderate or severe TBI more than 12 months prior, and 10 age-matched healthy controls completed whole-brain spectroscopic imaging. Main measures Ratios of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), Choline (CHO), and myo-inositol (MI) to creatine (CR) were measured in whole brain gray and white matter, as well as 64 brain regions of interest. Arterial spin labeling (ASL) data were also collected to investigate whether metabolite abnormalities were accompanied by differences in cerebral perfusion. Results There were no differences in metabolite ratios within whole brain gray and white matter ROIs. Linear regression showed lower NAA/CR in the white matter of the left occipital lobe but higher NAA/CR in the grey matter of the left parietal lobe. Metabolite abnormalities were observed in several brain regions in the TBI group including the corpus callosum, putamen, and posterior cingulate. However, none of findings survived correction for multiple comparison There were no differences in cerebral blood flow between patients and controls. Conclusion Higher MI/CR may indicate ongoing gliosis, and it has been suggested that low CHO/CR at chronic time points may indicate cell death or lack of healthy turnover and repair. However, with the small sample size of this study, we caution against the over-interpretation of our results. None of the findings within ROIs survived correction for multiple comparison. Thus, they may be considered possible avenues for future research in this area. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Pathogenicity and virulence of Staphylococcus aureus.

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most frequent worldwide causes of morbidity and mortality due to an infectious agent. This pathogen can cause a wide variety of diseases, ranging from moderately...
Eye color and the risk of skin cancer.

Melanoma, basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are the most common skin cancers. The incidence rates of all three types of skin cancers have increased in the past three decades. Light pigmentary traits have been recognized as one of the host risk factors for skin cancer, but findings on associations between eye colors and risk of skin cancers have been inconsistent.We performed a prospective analysis to examine the association between eye colors and risk of skin cancers using the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS). Cox proportional hazard models were applied to estimate relative risks (RRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Effect modifications due to hair color and skin reaction to sun were also examined.The HPFS included 35,662 males. During a median follow-up of 19 years (1988-2012), 445 melanoma, 1123 SCC, and 7198 BCC cases were documented. Compared to those whose eye colors were dark or brown, participants with hazel/green/medium and blue/light colors had a 24% (RR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.06-1.45) and a 19% (RR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.01-1.41) higher risk of SCC, respectively. Similarly, a higher risk of BCC was observed in participants with hazel/green/medium eye colors (RR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.09-1.23) and blue/light eye colors (RR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.10-1.25). We did not find significant associations between eye color and risk of melanoma. Lighter eye color was associated with increased risks of SCC and BCC among those with dark hair colors (p for interaction ≤ 0.02).In conclusion, in this large prospective study of men, we found that light eye colors were associated with higher risks of SCC and BCC, but not melanoma. Further studies are needed to confirm this association in other populations.
Do As I Say and As I Do: Revisiting Price and Time-on-Market for Agent-Owned Properties

Prior research documents that real estate agents sell residential properties they personally own faster and/or for a higher price than their client-owned listings. This finding is often explained i...
Mangling the Major Questions Doctrine

The Supreme Court has made clear, in the five cases in which it has dealt with this issue, that the major questions doctrine applies only in exceptional cases. In contrast, during its four years in office, the Trump Administration invoked the doctrine routinely in support of its deregulatory assault on the administrative state. In doing so, the Trump Administration construed the major questions doctrine enormously expansively and inconsistently, in ways untethered to the Court’s jurisprudence, turning it into little more than an invitation for courts to strike down regulations the Administration did not favor for policy-based reasons. This pattern is especially problematic considering that unlike individual private litigants, the Justice Department normally strives to develop a consistent approach to important legal doctrines. The Trump Administration’s most sustained weaponization of the major questions doctrine was against the Clean Power Plan, which regulated the greenhouse gas emissions of existing power plants. And, under the similarly wrongheaded and even broader arguments made by its allies, all greenhouse gas regulations could be suspect on major question grounds. The Trump Administration’s arguments with respect to the major questions doctrine are not merely of historical interest. They have already found support in lower court decisions and are still being pressed by state attorneys general and other influential litigants; bringing to light their enormously problematic application is important to foreclose their successful revival in future administrations.
Developing an Introductory Level MIS Project in Accordance with AACSB Assurance of Learning Standard 15

As part of the introductory level management information systems (MIS) course, faculty are asked to introduce the students to MIS concepts as well as to help them develop technology-related skills benefitting them in their course work and beyond. However, with a vast array of MIS topics that could be covered and class time at a premium, it is difficult to determine which MIS topics to address and which ones to forego. Ensuring that the appropriate topics are addressed and adequately covered is tremendously important to the learning process as well as abiding by the learning standards of accrediting institutions. In this study, the author describes a project and survey that was administered to undergraduate junior and graduate MBA students in the core MIS classes in the College of Business undergraduate and graduate level curriculum. The purpose of the study was threefold: to introduce the students to collaborative technologies, determine whether or not students were already familiar with the technology assigned, and evaluate the perceived value of the projects in relation to learning objectives and the projects’ use of class time.
Using Bright Light and Melatonin to Reduce Jet Lag

Publisher Summary Using bright light and melatonin to reduce jet lag is generally applicable to phase shifting the circadian clock in patients with circadian rhythm sleep disorders or winter depression. Bright light and melatonin can be used to reduce jet lag after crossing at least two time zones, east or west. Rapid jet travel across multiple time zones produces a temporary misalignment between the timing of the central circadian clock and the desired sleep times in the new time zone. This circadian misalignment often leads to nighttime insomnia (early insomnia after flying east, late insomnia after flying west), daytime sleepiness, worsened mood, and gastrointestinal disturbances. Bright light and melatonin can be used to accelerate the shifting of the circadian clock such that the circadian misalignment is minimized and the severity and duration of jet lag are reduced.