cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abnormalities of human sex chromosomes. V. A unifying concept in relation to the gonadal dysgeneses

Turner's syndrome and variations of Turner's syndrome including “mixed” gonadal dysgcnesis may be viewed as members of a single group of disorders, the gonadal dysgeneses. Seven patients are described whose various clinical and cytogenetic features make them represcntative of the many individuals with one of the gonadal dysgeneses reported from other clinics. The developmental abnormalities which occur, including dysgenetic gonadal tissue, may be traced to the presence during embryonic life of a monosomic (45, X) or a genetically deficient (e.g., 46, XXqi) cell line, whereas a degree of normal gonadal development in some individuals may he traced to the presence also of normal female or male cells. A unifying explanation for these disorders is presented in terms of a single erroneous chromosomal event occurring after fertilization. Such an event may well be an intrachromosomal rearrangement affecting either an X or a Y, from which may derive a cell line containing a structurally abnormal sex chromosome, a monosomic cell line, or both. The preponderance of affected individuals showing non-mosaic monosomy (45, X), or the mosaic combination of monosomic cells with cells having a structurally rearranged X or Y chromosome, points to the zygote as the cell in which the disruptive event occurs most often. The less frequent co-existence of normal diploid cells with abnormal (monosomic or deficient) cells indicates that the disruptive event sometimes occurs in an early postzygotic cell.
Prognosis of Patients with Primary Systemic Amyloidosis Who Present with Dominant Neuropathy

Abstract BACKGROUND: Primary systemic amyloidosis is an uncommon disorder associated with the desposition of fragments of immunoglobulin light chains in a variety of tissues. Some patients present with peripheral neuropathy. The prognosis of these patients is not clear. METHODS: We searched the medical records of all patients seen at the Mayo Clinic between January 1, 1978 and December 31, 1994 with the diagnosis of amyloidosis. Twenty-six patients with sural nerve biopsy-proven amyloid neuropathy and a documented monoclonal protein in the serum or urine were studied. RESULTS: The most common symptoms that led to the diagnosis of primary amyloid neuropathy were paresthesias (81%), muscle weakness (65%), and numbness (58%). The median duration of symptoms before diagnosis was 29 months. Symptoms of autonomic neuropathy were present at diagnosis in 17 patients (65%). Other organs were involved in most patients. The monoclonal light chain protein detected was lambda in 18 patients (69%) and kappa in 8 (31%). The neuropathy was chronic, debilitating, and showed relentless progression. Twenty-two patients (85%) died (median survival 25 months) and 4 patients were alive at a median follow-up of 4.5 years. Progressive amyloidosis was the cause of death in most patients. Survival was significantly better in the patients with a serum albumin level >3 g/dL (median survival 31 months compared with 18 months; P CONCLUSIONS: Patients with primary systemic amyloidosis in whom neuropathy is the dominant clinical manifestation often do not receive a diagnosis until years after the onset of symptoms. The prognosis is worse than previously indicated. Neuropathy does not improve with therapy.
Temporal-frequency spectrum of an optical wave propagating under saturation conditions

An expression is derived for the log-amplitude temporal-frequency spectrum of a plane wave propagating in a turbulent medium, which is valid under strong-scintillation conditions. From consideration of the Kolmogorov spectrum, for σT2 ≲ 1 ( σT2 is the log-amplitude variance obtained from perturbation theory) the results of the analysis agree with those of Tatarskii and others. For σT2 ≳ 1, the frequency spectrum shifts to higher frequencies and the peak in the spectrum occurs at νpeak ≃ ν0(σT)6/5, where ν0 is the peak frequency obtained for σT2 ≲ 1 (i.e., from perturbation theory). Additionally, the spectrum broadens and the maximum value of the spectrum decreases with increasing values of σT2. The normalized log-amplitude temporal-frequency spectrum is a universal function of ν/ν0 only for σT2 ≲ 1 whereas, for σT2 ≳ 1, the normalized spectrum is a function of both ν0 and σT2. The present results are in good qualitative agreement with recent atmospheric experiments. Finally, the need for increased electronic bandwidth for experimental measurements in the saturation regime is indicated and the implications of the analysis regarding the temporal-frequency spectrum of beam waves is discussed.
Spectra of elements in the group ring of SU(2)

We present a new method for establishing the “gap” property for finitely generated subgroups of SU(2), providing an elementary solution of Ruziewicz problem on S2 as well as giving many new examples of finitely generated subgroups of SU(2) with an explicit gap. The distribution of the eigenvalues of the elements of the group ring R[SU(2)] in the N-th irreducible representation of SU(2) is also studied. Numerical experiments indicate that for a generic (in measure) element of R[SU(2)], the “unfolded” consecutive spacings distribution approaches the GOE spacing law of random matrix theory (for N even) and the GSE spacing law (for N odd) as N→∞; we establish several results in this direction. For certain special “arithmetic” (or Ramanujan) elements of R[SU(2)] the experiments indicate that the unfolded consecutive spacing distribution follows Poisson statistics; we provide a sharp estimate in that direction.
On the Internal Stability and Robust Design of Globally Linearizing Control Systems

This work follows the global input/output linearization approach [10] for the design of control systems for nonlinear plants. Input/output linearizing state feedback is interpreted as cancelling the zero dynamics of a plant. As a result, the class of nonlinear systems that are internally stabilized via input-output linearizing feedback is completely characterized. Two alternative robust design approaches are proposed. One refers to unstructured uncertainty and extends linear results. The other considers uncertainty as a class of bounded perturbation to the state model and uses a Lyapunov-based approach to guarantee uniform ultimate boundedness.
The effects of the calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporin and ascomycin on an in-vitro assay for autoimmune urticaria

Abstract Rationale Since the calcineurin inhibitor, cyclosporin, has been used successfully in the treatment of chronic nonallergic urticaria, we examined the effect of cyclosporin (CSA) and ascomycin (ASM) on the release of histamine from basophils when stimulated with sera from patients with chronic autoimmune urticaria. Methods Healthy volunteer leukocytes were isolated and incubated in varying concentrations of CSA and ASM (0.1–10000nM) for 30 minutes prior to stimulation with serum from patients with urticaria known to have functional IgG antibodies directed against the alpha subunit of the IgE receptor. Results Pre-incubating cells with CSA and ASM produced dose-dependent inhibition of histamine release from sera of urticaria patients. Inhibition was not prevented by C5a receptor blocking antibodies. Dose-dependent inhibition was seen to purified IgG from serum but not from complement C5a. Conclusions Calcineurin inhibitors such as CSA and ASM may work by interfering with intracellular signalling in basophils and mast cells following cross-linking of the IgE receptor but not by stimulation of the C5a receptor.
Postnatal changes in the expressions of serotonin 1A, 1B, and 2A receptors in ten brain stem nuclei of the rat: implication for a sensitive period.

A critical period in respiratory network development occurs in the rat around postnatal days (P) 12-13, when abrupt neurochemical, metabolic, and physiological changes were evident. As serotonin and its receptors are involved in respiratory modulation, and serotonergic abnormality is implicated in sudden infant death syndrome, we hypothesized that 5-HT receptors are significantly downregulated during the critical period. This was documented recently for 5-HT(2A)R in several respiratory nuclei. The present study represents a comprehensive analysis of postnatal development of 5-HT(1A)R and 5-HT(1B)R in 10 brain stem nuclei and 5-HT(2A)R in six nuclei not previously examined. Optical densitometric analysis of immunohistochemically-reacted neurons from P2 to P21 indicated four developmental patterns of expression: (1) Pattern I: a high level of expression at P2-P11, an abrupt and significant reduction at P12, followed by a plateau until P21 (5-HT(1A)R and 5-HT(1B)R in raphe magnus [RM], raphe obscurus [ROb], raphe pallidus [RP], pre-Botzinger complex [PBC], nucleus ambiguus [Amb], and hypoglossal nucleus [XII; 5-HT(1A)R only]). (2) Pattern II: a high level at P2-P9, a gradual decline from P9 to P12, followed by a plateau until P21 (5-HT(1A)R and 5-HT(1B)R in the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN)/parafacial respiratory group (pFRG)). (3) Pattern III: a high level at P2-P11, followed by a gradual decline until P21 (5-HT(1A)R in the ventrolateral subnucleus of solitary tract nucleus [NTS(VL)] and the non-respiratory cuneate nucleus [CN]). (4) Pattern IV: a relatively constant level maintained from P2 to P21 (5-HT(1A)R in the commissural subnucleus of solitary tract nucleus (NTS(COM)); 5-HT(1B)R in XII, NTS(VL), NTS(COM), and CN; and 5-HT(2A)R in RM, ROb, RP, RTN/pFRG, NTS(VL), and NTS(COM)). Thus, a significant reduction in the expression of 5-HT(1A)R, 5-HT(1B)R, and 5-HT(2A)R in multiple respiratory-related nuclei at P12 is consistent with reduced serotonergic transmission during the critical period, thereby rendering the animals less able to respond adequately to ventilatory distress.
Cancer incidence in The Health Improvement Network

Background The utility of electronic medical record databases for clinical research relies on the validity and completeness of the recorded medical diagnoses. This study assessed whether the recorded incidence of cancer among patients in The Health Improvement Network (THIN) database is comparable to that expected in the UK based on national cancer registry data. Methods We examined incidence rates of any cancer other than non-melanoma skin cancer and the specific cancers colorectal, lung, pancreas, and lymphoma from 1992 to 2007. Indirect standardization was used to calculate standardized incidence ratios (SIR) using age- and sex-specific rates from the UK cancer registry for England and Wales for the corresponding years. Results Recording of the incidence of all cancers combined in THIN was very close to the expected rates from 2001 to 2007, that is, SIR within 10% of unity. Recording of the solid cancers was less than the expected based on cancer registry data, but with SIRs > 0.80 in 2007 for each cancer. Recording of lymphoma was close to the expected rate for the entire follow-up period. Time and experience with Vision software emerged as important factors in reported incidence rates for all cancers. Conclusions For all cancers combined and for lymphoma the observed rates in THIN are very close to those reported in cancer registry data for the years 2001–2007. However, for solid cancers the observed rates in THIN are below those reported in cancer registry data. This may reflect the use of non-specific codes to record solid cancers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leaky Fusion Between Intraluminal Vesicles Of Late Endosomes That Have An Unusual Lipid Composition As A Mechanism Of Endosomal Escape By Cell-penetrating Peptides

It has recently been recognized that endocytosis/pinocytosis plays a major role in the delivery of various bioactive molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids by HIV Tat-derived peptide (TAT). In this work we explored the mechanism of TAT escape from endosomes using protein-free liposomes. We found that TAT induces both membrane leakage and fusion of liposomes mimicking late endosomal lipid composition and the extent increased with an increase in the content of bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP), which is a characteristic lipid of late endosomal membrane. The TAT-induced membrane fusion of BMP-containing liposomes was promoted by acidic pH and elevated Ca2+ concentration. In contrast, liposomes in which BMP was replaced by its structural isomer phosphatidylglycerol (PG) were much less affected by TAT. While there was no significant difference between BMP and PG in the binding affinity of TAT, effects of BMP and PG on the La to inverted HII phase transition of egg PE suggested that BMP is more fusogenic than PG. In addition, modifications of liposome composition that inhibited TAT-induced lipid mixing (incorporation of either PEG-lipid or LPC) also inhibited TAT-induced leakage. Based on these results, we propose that TAT induced leaky fusion between BMP-containing bilayers of late endosomal membranes first deliver TAT into the intraluminal vesicles and then, upon vesicle fusion with the limiting membranes, release the peptide into cytosol.
The Inspection Rorschach in the Prediction of College Success

THE PREDICTION of academic success for college students has long challenged educational psychologists, but for the most part, their re sults have been mediocre (3:847). Monroe reported that grades for col lege women could be predicted through combining the Inspection Rorschach(IR) and the American Council on Education Psychological Examination (2). This report is based upon an analysis of Rorschac h responses given by women attending Sara Lawrence College and upon general clinical experience. The present study attempts to answer the question, "Does Monroe's method predict grade-point averages for stu dents attending San Francisco State College ?" The plan of the study was relatively simple, involving the folio wing steps: choice of a sample of freshmen, both men and women, attending San Francisco State College during 1948-49, administer group Rorschach tests and the Ohio State University Psychological Test (OSU) to the sample; score the Rorschach tests according to Monroe's IR method; compute grade-point-averages (GPA) for each student after each of three consecutive semesters; compute the relationships between IR, OSU, and GPA; and finally, compare the results with those found by Monroe.
Coliphage as pressure surrogates for enteric viruses in foods

Abstract In this study the potential of using selected bacteriophages as pressure surrogates for hepatitis A virus (HAV) and Aichi virus (AiV) was investigated. The coliphages included, T4, MS2, Qβ, λ imm 434, λ cI 857 and λ cI 857A. T4 displayed similar pressure responses as HAV and was chosen for further study. The most pressure-resistant phage, MS2, was selected as a possible surrogate to estimate AiV inactivation by high pressure processing (HPP). HAV, AiV and their selected bacteriophage surrogates were treated at a range of pressures and times in three different media. All four were treated in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), artificial seawater (ASW) or oyster slurry (OS) at 250, 400 or 500 MPa for 1, 5 or 10 min at 20 °C. While T4 had similar pressure resistance to HAV under conditions of high (500 MPa) and lower pressure (250 MPa), inactivation trends were very different following treatment at 400 MPa and when the viruses were suspended in OS. MS2 showed similar resistance as AiV but at ambient treatment temperatures only. The highest levels of inactivation of MS2 were achieved at 60 °C and 500 MPa. AiV was eliminated at 60 °C for 5 min at ambient pressure, but > 3 log survived exposure to 60 °C at 500 MPa. This degree of protection by pressure may be important in determining the mechanisms of pressure and heat resistances in other viruses. Industrial relevance Greater knowledge of the responses of viruses and their surrogates to high pressure will aid in the validation of new high pressure-processed food that may be at risk to contamination from HAV or other enteric viruses.
Mutagenesis of the Conserved Residue Glu259 of Gsα Demonstrates the Importance of Interactions between Switches 2 and 3 for Activation

Abstract We previously reported that substitution of Arg258 within the switch 3 region of Gsα impaired activation and increased basal GDP release due to loss of an interaction between the helical and GTPase domains (Warner, D. R., Weng, G., Yu, S., Matalon, R., and Weinstein, L. S. (1998) J Biol. Chem. 273, 23976–23983). The adjacent residue (Glu259) is strictly conserved in G protein α-subunits and is predicted to be important in activation. To determine the importance of Glu259, this residue was mutated to Ala (Gsα-E259A), Gln (Gsα-E259Q), Asp (Gsα-E259D), or Val (Gsα-E259V), and the properties of in vitrotranslation products were examined. The Gsα-E259V was studied because this mutation was identified in a patient with Albright hereditary osteodystrophy. S49 cyc reconstitution assays demonstrated that Gsα-E259D stimulated adenylyl cyclase normally in the presence of GTPγS but was less efficient with isoproterenol or AlF4 −. The other mutants had more severely impaired effector activation, particularly in response to AlF4 −. In trypsin protection assays, GTPγS was a more effective activator than AlF4 − for all mutants, with Gsα-E259D being the least severely impaired. For Gsα-E259D, the AlF4 −-induced activation defect was more pronounced at low Mg2+ concentrations. Gsα-E259D and Gsα-E259A purified fromEscherichia coli had normal rates of GDP release (as assessed by the rate GTPγS binding). However, for both mutants, the ability of AlF4 − to decrease the rate of GTPγS binding was impaired, suggesting that they bound AlF4 − more poorly. GTPγS bound to purified Gsα-E259D irreversibly in the presence of 1 mm free Mg2+, but dissociated readily at micromolar concentrations. Sucrose density gradient analysis ofin vitro translates demonstrated that all mutants except Gsα-E259V bind to βγ at 0 °C and were stable at higher temperatures. In the active conformation Glu259interacts with conserved residues in the switch 2 region that are important in maintaining both the active state and AlF4 − in the guanine nucleotide binding pocket. Although both Gsα Arg258 and Glu259 are critical for activation, the mechanisms by which these residues affect Gsα protein activation are distinct.
The Problem of Induction

The problem of induction is sometimes motivated via a comparison between rules of induction and rules of deduction. Valid deductive rules are necessarily truth preserving, while inductive rules are not. So, for example, one valid deductive rule might be this: (D) From premises of the form “All F are G” and “a is F ,” the corresponding conclusion of the form “a is G” follows. The rule (D) is illustrated in the following depressing argument: (DA) All people are mortal. I am a person. So, I am mortal. The rule here is “valid” in the sense that there is no possible way in which premises satisfying the rule can be true without the corresponding conclusion also being true. A possible inductive rule might be this: (I) From premises of the form “Many many F s are known to be G,” “There are no known cases of F s that are not G,” and “a is F ,” the corresponding conclusion can be inferred of the form “a is G.” The rule (I) might be illustrated in the following “inductive argument.” (IA) Many many people are known to have been moral. There are no known cases of people who are not mortal. I am a person. So, I am mortal.
Regionally selective alterations in enzymatic activities and metabolic fluxes during thiamin deficiency.

To further elucidate the molecular basis of the selective damage to various brain regions by thiamin deficiency, changes in enzymatic activities were compared to carbohydrate flux through various pathways from vulnerable (mammillary bodies and inferior colliculi) and nonvulnerable (cochlear nuclei) regions after 11 or 14 days of pyrithiamin-induced thiamin deficiency. After 11 days,large decreases (−43 to −59%) in transketolase (TK) occurred in all 3 regions; 2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDHC) declined (−45%), but only in mammillary bodies; pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDHC) was unaffected. By day 14, TK remained reduced by 58%–66%; KGDHC was now reduced in all regions (−48 to −55%); PDHC was also reduced (−32%), but only in the mammillary bodies. Thus, the enzyme changes did not parallel the pathological vulnerability of these regions to thiamin deficiency.14CO2 production from14C-glucose labeled in various positions was utilized to assess metabolic flux. After 14 days, CO2 production in the vulnerable regions declined severely (−46 to 70%) and approximately twice as much as those in the cochlear nucleus. Also by day 14, the ratio of enzymatic activity to metabolic flux increased as much as 56% in the vulnerable regions, but decreased 18 to 30% in the cochlear nuclei. These differences reflect a greater decrease in flux than enzyme activities in the two vulnerable regions. Thus, selective cellular responses to thiamin deficiency can be demonstrated ex vivo, and these changes can be directly related to alterations in metabolic flux. Since they cannot be related to enzymatic alterations in the three regions, factors other than decreases in the activity of these TPP-dependent enzymes must underlie selective vulnerability in this model of thiamin deficiency.
Inelastic Analysis of a Unidirectional Composite Subjected to Transverse Normal Loading

Composite material behavior is divisible into three distinct re gimes, linear elastic response up to the elastic limit, inelastic be havior beyond the elastic limit and up to that point at which first failure occurs locally, and subsequent crack propagation and total composite failure. The first regime has been thoroughly explored in previous investigations, while the second is the main topic of the present paper. The third is briefly discussed and is a subject under investigation.Utilizing a finite element analysis, numerical results are obtained for composite behavior beyond the elastic limit and up to first failure. Examples representative of several actual material systems are presented and discussed in detail.Results indicate that extensive local yielding and redistribution of stresses can occur in a composite with very little indication of such behavior being apparent by observation of the total stress- strain response of the composite alone. Thus, the establishment and interpretation of design crit...
TCR repertoire divergence reflects micro-environmental immune phenotypes in glioma

Meeting abstracts Glioblastoma (GBM) remains prognostically dismal, with only modest gains in mean survival time with chemo- and radiotherapy motivating research into reversing its characteristic local and systemic immunosuppression with precision in this high-risk tissue. While whole-repertoire
Abstract 312: Regulation of Fibrotic Signaling Pathways by Desmosomal Armadillo Proteins in Cardiac Tissue

The process of fibrosis, described as accumulation of myofibroblasts and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components, is a key development in the progression of multiple different types of cardiac disease. Nevertheless, little is known about the molecular mechanisms which cause the onset of fibrosis in cardiac disease. Fibrosis is a significant component of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC), a genetic disorder characterized by replacement of healthy cardiomyocytes (CMs) with fibrous tissue, leading to arrhythmia and in certain cases, sudden death. AC is often characterized as a “disease of the desmosome”, as mutations for all obligate desmosome proteins have been found in cases of AC, including the desmosome armadillo proteins Plakophilin-2 (PKP2) and Plakoglobin (PG). PKP2 and PG are multi-functional proteins involved in both mechanical stabilization of the cardiac area composita, as well as mediation of desmosome-related signaling pathways. We have determined that loss of PKP2 or PG in neonatal CMs causes an aberrant increase in gene expression of pro-fibrotic stimuli such as transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta1) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6). In addition, p38 MAPK, a known mediator of inflammatory fibrosis, is activated upon loss of PKP2/PG. We hypothesize that mutation or loss of PKP2 or PG cause the recruitment and activation of cardiac fibroblasts via pro-fibrotic TGF-beta and p38MAPK signaling, resulting in pathological fibrosis characteristic of AC. Indeed, conditioned media from PKP2-silenced CMs causes an increase in fibronectin gene expression by freshly isolated cardiac fibroblasts. Our future experiments will investigate whether inhibition of TGF-beta or p38MAPK signaling can alleviate fibrotic gene production. By highlighting a novel link between desmosome armadillo proteins and pro-fibrotic signaling in cardiac tissue, this study provides mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of AC, as well as advances our knowledge of potential therapeutic targets for combating fibrosis in multiple different types of heart disease or injury.
A phenomenographic study exploring nursing education and practice

The purpose of this study was to illuminate the qualitatively different ways in which three nurses with an associate degree (ADN) and three nurses with a baccalaureate degree (BSN) experience, conceptualize, perceive, and understand their own nursing practice within the context of their educational background. Using a phenomenographic methodology for qualitative inquiry and data analysis, findings of this study revealed two main differences between the nursing practice of newly graduated ADNs and BSNs: (1) ADNs focused on their (a) education as the means and their practice as the end result, over which (b) the nurse has no ultimate control (external locus of control); whereas (2) BSNs focused on their (a) education and practice as an ongoing process, and how (b) the nurse him/herself is in control of his/her own learning processes and practice (internal locus of control).
The interplay of socioeconomic status and ethnicity on Hispanic and White men's cardiovascular disease risk and health communication patterns

In this article, we seek to confirm past studies that document increased levels of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among White men with lower educational attainment Second, we include a population of Hispanic men (89% Mexican American) to examine the separate and interactive effects of ethnicity and education (our measure of socioeconomic status) on CVD risk factors. Third, we examine how education and ethnicity are related to receiving health messages from print media and interpersonal channels, with the hypothesis that less educated, higher CVD risk Hispanic and White men receive fewer messages than more educated men. Finally, we examine other psychosocial variables (eg. knowledge, self-efficacy and motivation) that may help explain observed differences in CVD risk and health communication. The study sample included 2029 men, 2564 years of age, from three population-based, cross-sectional surveys conducted from 1979 to 1990 as part of the Stanford Five-City Project Hispanic and White men with lower educational attainment had higher levels of CVD risk factors, and received less health information from print media and interpersonal channels than Hispanic and White men with higher educational attainment Furthermore, less educated men from both ethnic groups reported less
Leveraging D-Separation for Relational Data Sets

Testing for marginal and conditional independence is a common task in machine learning and knowledge discovery applications. Prior work has demonstrated that conventional independence tests suffer from dramatically increased rates of Type I errors when naively applied to relational data. We use graphical models to specify the conditions under which these errors occur, and use those models to devise novel and accurate conditional independence tests.
Four-dimensional elastic light-scattering fingerprints as preneoplastic markers in the rat model of colon carcinogenesis.

Background & Aims: Identification of preneoplastic changes in histologically normal epithelium (the “field effect”) could provide a powerful screening tool for colorectal cancer. However, to date, reliable detection has not been possible. We have recently developed a new generation of optical technology, 4-dimensional elastic light-scattering fingerprinting (4D-ELF), which enables us to probe the nanoscale/microscale architecture of living cells. We therefore investigated whether 4D-ELF would be able to identify preneoplastic changes in the colonocytes of the azoxymethane (AOM)-treated rat model of colon carcinogenesis. Methods: Forty-eight Fisher 344 rats were randomized to either 2 weekly injections of AOM or saline. Animals were killed 2–20 weeks after the second injection of AOM. Colons were removed and subjected to 4D-ELF analysis, with a subset undergoing assessment of aberrant crypt foci (ACF). All AOM-treated animals were compared with age-matched salinetreated controls. Results: AOM-induced ACF became apparent at approximately 4 – 6 weeks and continued to increase over time. ACF were predominantly located in the distal colon. At 2 weeks (before development of ACF), there were marked changes in a number of 4DELF signatures. The relevance to carcinogenesis of these 4D-ELF– detected microarchitectural abnormalities is supported by their spatial and temporal correlation with subsequent development of ACF. All changes reported were highly statistically significant. Conclusions: We show that probing the nanoscale cellular architecture with 4D-ELF provided an unprecedented tool for detecting the earliest stages of colon carcinogenesis. Future studies are necessary to explore the clinical applicability of this technology and elucidate the biological determinants of these microarchitectural changes.
Children's Birthday Celebrations From the Lived Experiences of Low-Income Rural Mothers:

This exploratory study investigates how low-income rural families celebrate children's birthdays, using interview data from 128 mothers residing in five states. Findings from a qualitative content analysis show that the mothers make special efforts to have birthday celebrations as other families do despite their financial constraints. Making the birthday child feel happy and “normal” is the central goal of the birthday celebrations. Many of the mothers desire big parties and expensive gifts, which are socially expected characteristics of birthday celebrations. These mothers adopt various strategies to acquire, create, and allocate resources they need, including reducing expenditures, planning, changing priorities, pooling resources, and receiving assistance from their social networks. However, some mothers cannot celebrate birthdays the way they want because of financial constraints and may feel unsatisfied with their celebrations.
Economic Individualism, Humanitarianism, and Welfare Reform: A Value‐Based Account of Framing Effects

Over the years, scholars have demonstrated that media framing of political issues may significantly affect the way in which individuals interpret and think about these issues. However, a growing body of recent research has indicated that the impact of framing may vary due to individual differences. This study extends framing research by examining how individuals' core values might interact with news frames in affecting their cognitions and opinions of welfare reform. We presented respondents with newspaper articles that framed the issue of welfare reform by emphasizing the need for public assistance or strict work requirements. Results indicated that both news frames and individual values (i.e., humanitarianism and individualism) had a significant impact on individuals' issue thoughts and attitudes. Further, individual values and news frames had some significant interaction effects on audience responses.
Survey of the K-Satellites

A survey of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-satellites from Ge (32) to Mg (12) reveals new lines in the $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ series, from the element Ca (20) to Va (23). The $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{3.4}$ doublet is resolved over five additional elements, from Ca (20) to Mn (25). The $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{3}$ line is shown to have two components, $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{3}$ and $K{{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{3}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, over the range of elements Al (13) to Cl (17). Microphotometer records, tracings of which are shown, reveal a significant reversal in the relative intensity of $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{3}$ and $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{4}$. This reversal is an atomic phenomenon and is not dependent upon chemical combination.
Coronary Artery Aneurysm in Kawasaki’s Disease

This figure shows transthoracic echocardiographic images in the parasternal short-axis view, just above the aortic valve leaflets. Panel A depicts images obtained from a normal 3-year-old boy. Panel B shows …
Genetic divergence and evolutionary instability in ospE-related members of the upstream homology box gene family in Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex isolates.

A series of related genes that are flanked at their 5′ ends by a conserved upstream sequence element called the upstream homology box (UHB) have been identified in Borrelia burgdorferi. These genes have been referred to as the UHB or erp gene family. We previously demonstrated that among a limited number of B. burgdorferi isolates, the UHB gene family is variable in composition and organization. Prior to this report the UHB gene family in other species of the B. burgdorferi sensu lato complex had not been studied, and if this family is important in the pathogenesis or biology of the Lyme disease spirochetes, then a wide distribution among species and isolates of the B. burgdorferi sensu lato complex would be expected. To assess this, we screened for the UHB element by Southern hybridization and determined its restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns. The UHB element was found to be carried by all B. burgdorferi sensu lato complex species tested (B. burgdorferi, B. garinii, B. afzelii, B. japonica, B. valaisiana sp. nov., and B. andersonii), but the RFLP patterns varied widely at both the inter- and intraspecies levels. Variation in both the number and size of the hybridizing restriction fragments was evident. PCR analyses also revealed the presence of polymorphic, ospE-related alleles in many isolates. Sequence analyses identified the molecular basis of the polymorphisms as being primarily insertions and deletions. Sequence variation and the insertions and deletions were found to be clustered in two distinct domains (variable domains 1 and 2). In many isolates variable domain 1 is flanked by direct repeat elements, some as long as 38 bp. Computer analyses of the deduced amino acid sequences encoded within variable domain 1 predict them to be hydrophilic, surface exposed, and antigenic. The analyses conducted here suggest that the UHB gene family, as evidenced by the variable UHB RFLP patterns, is not evolutionarily stable and that the polymorphic ospE alleles are derived from a common ancestral gene which has been modified through mutation or recombination events. The characterization of ospE-related genes of the UHB gene family among B. burgdorferi sensu lato species will prove important in attempts to construct a model for UHB gene family organization and in deciphering the role of the UHB gene family in the biology and pathogenesis of the Lyme disease spirochetes.
TRANSFER PRICING AND THE CONTROL OF INTERNAL CORPORATE TRANSACTIONS

One potential weakness of all divisional profitability schemes is their inability to capture synergies among business units. One way of managing this problem is to design a transfer pricing scheme that attempts to assign common costs and benefits to different business units. What makes transfer pricing both so interesting, and such a challenge, is that the solution involves finding a way to encourage divisional managers whose pay is likely to depend on such transfer prices to reveal their private or unbiased information about the firm's costs in a way that serves the interest of the rest of the firm. With that end in view, the authors provide a general analytical framework for setting transfer prices and go on to discuss the costs and benefits of each of the most common transfer‐pricing methods: (1) market pricing; (2) marginal cost pricing; (3) full‐cost pricing; and (4) negotiated prices. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
Ferromagnetism of Dilute Solutions of Cobalt in Palladium

Previously reported measurements of ferromagnetic transitions in solid solutions of the cobalt-palladium system cover the concentration range from 100 to 0.1 % Co.1 The most dilute sample was reported to have a Curie temperature of 7°K and the extrapolation of the T c vs. concentration curve seemed to indicate that a transition would occur for arbitrarily small concentrations of cobalt. The present work is an extension of these results in an attempt to determine whether there is a critical concentration below which ferromagnetism does not exist at T = 0.
The Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure on Defect Annealing in Semiconductors

We report the first study of the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the annealing of defects in Si and GaAs. It is shown that the application of hydrostatic pressure enhances the annealing rate in these materials. Analysis of the data yields the lattice volume relaxation accompanying annealing.
Physical Matching of Metals: Grain Orientation Association at Fracture Edge†

The objective of this study was to examine whether surface crystal orientation can be used to associate or differentiate metal fracture fragments. The orientations of individual crystals and crystals across the fracture plane were measured on polished steel and iron alloy surfaces using Electron Backscattered Diffraction/ Orientation Imaging Microscopy (EBSD/OIM). This investigation examined crystallographic characteristics within a metal. This study showed that for transgranular fracture, it is feasible that pieces of grains could be associated across the fracture surface with the difference in orientation between grains (misorientation) along a length sequence of grain orientations on one side of the fracture surface to associate the other side of a fracture surface. Regarding pair comparisons of crystals on fracture surfaces, it was estimated that the probability for an ordered sequence of six distinct oriented grains along a fracture surface to occur again is about 1 in 4.82 (10)(30) or 2.07 (10)(-31).
Ultraviolet detection of very low-surface-brightness objects

The night-sky surface brightness at excellent ground-based sites is compared to the sky background in space. In directions typical of extragalactic pointings, the background in the space ultraviolet reaches 26 mag/sq arcsec for the wavelength 2000 A, which is a factor of 40 darker than at any wavelength on the ground. This represents an important new 'window' for the study of extragalactic systems with low surface brightness. Taking into account the UV/V energy distributions of potential targets, it is found that in certain favorable circumstances UV photometry may permit the detection of regions with equivalent V band surface brightness as low as 35 mag/sq arcsec, or over 100,000 times fainter than the ground-based sky.
On the Applications of the Boundary-Element Method to Acoustical Field Studies of Vibrating Structures

This paper describes the applications of the Boundary-Element Method (BEM) for studies on acoustical field of various vibrating structures. The studies emphasize the numerical aspects of the BEM. Both acoustical near and far fields of the vibrating structures are investigated in this work. The vibrating structures considered in this application studies are a circular piston in an infinite, rigid baffle and cantilever-type beams. In the case of piston in an infinite baffle, instead of using the method of images, the free-space Green’s function is used to evaluate boundary integral equation by including both piston and baffle surfaces. The influence of the stationary baffle in the case of piston is further investigated. The beams considered are of both rectangular and circular cross sections. The results obtained by BEM have compared well with the available results from classical methods. The studies indicate that in the application of BEM in such problems both the element size and the number of elements including stationary surface have significant effect on the results obtained. The studies have yielded that very good results are obtained when the largest dimension of an element is equal to 0.2 times the acoustic wavelength (in air) of the frequency of acoustic radiation.
Phase composition of regional seismic waves from underground nuclear explosions

[1] The mechanism of regional shear wave excitation by underground nuclear explosions (UNE), a long-standing issue in nuclear seismology, is investigated by studying the phase composition of regional waves from clustered UNE. Regional seismic waves from 67 UNE at the Balapan test site of Kazakhstan, recorded at station Borovoye, are analyzed with a source array technique under the reciprocity theorem. This analysis allows one to obtain the phase velocity composition of the plane waves leaving the source region. Source locations and the original times are obtained from geodetic measurements, a scaling law between event magnitude and depth, and a calibrated Pn travel time curve. Between frequencies of 0.5 and 3.0 Hz the Pn slowness power spectra are concentrated at a phase velocity (vh) of 8.0 km/s. The expected Sn window contains two dominant phases: a scattered P wave with a vh of around 7.1 km/s and a mantle shear wave with a vh of 4.8 km/s. The Lg waves are coherent between 0.5 and 2.0 Hz, with a dominant vh of 4.2 km/s, which is typical in SmS-type waves. The Rg wave at frequencies between 0.5 and 0.8 Hz is dominantly composed of a coherent fundamental mode Rayleigh wave with a vh of 3.0 km/s. At higher frequencies (>0.8 Hz) this coherent Rayleigh wave is not observed in the Rg window because of attenuation during wave propagation. The slower vh of Rg and faster vh of Lg, at which the strong coherent peaks in slowness power spectra are observed, suggest that the dominant components of these two waves are different and they are originated differently in the source region. The proposed Rg-to-S scattering does not appear to be a dominant mechanism for Lg excitation in the Balapan test site. It is also found that the strength of shear waves contained in the expected Sn window varies with local geology much more than the strength of Lg does. Since the Sn is enriched in high-frequency (>1 Hz) content as compared to the Lg, this observation suggests that the local geology influences shear wave excitation at high frequencies more than at lower frequencies.
A Cell surface β-Hydroxylase is a biomarker and therapeutic target for hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a poor prognosis as a result of widespread intra- and extrahepatic metastases. There is an urgent need to understand signaling cascades that promote disease progression. Aspartyl-(asparaginyl)-β-hydroxylase (ASPH) is a cell-surface enzyme that generates enhanced cell motility, migration, invasion, and metastatic spread in HCC. We hypothesize that inhibition of its enzymatic activity could have antitumor effects. Small molecule inhibitors (SMIs) were developed based on the crystal structure of the ASPH catalytic site followed by computer-assisted drug design. Candidate compounds were tested for inhibition of β-hydroxylase activity and selected for their capability to modulate cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and colony formation in vitro and to inhibit HCC tumor growth in vivo using orthotopic and subcutaneous murine models. The biological effects of SMIs on the Notch signaling cascade were evaluated. The SMI inhibitor, MO-I-1100, was selected because it reduced ASPH enzymatic activity by 80% and suppressed HCC cell migration, invasion, and anchorage-independent growth. Furthermore, substantial inhibition of HCC tumor growth and progression was observed in both animal models. The mechanism(s) for this antitumor effect was associated with reduced activation of Notch signaling both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions: These studies suggest that the enzymatic activity of ASPH is important for hepatic oncogenesis. Reduced β-hydroxylase activity generated by the SMI MO-I-1100 leads to antitumor effects through inhibiting Notch signaling cascade in HCC. ASPH promotes the generation of an HCC malignant phenotype and represents an attractive molecular target for therapy of this fatal disease. (Hepatology 2014;60:1302–1313)
Nationalism and Immigration to the United States

Instead of noninterference and specialization, there must be interference, crossing of borders and obstacles, a determined attempt to generalize exactly at those points where generalizations seem impossible to make. —Said (157) American political scientists, sociologists, and immigrant rights advocates have often viewed the current anti-immigrant frenzy in the United States as a response to the country’s economic condition. Echoing the economism of the restrictionists, they have argued that the present hostility toward “aliens” is an ephemeral and cyclical reaction to the nation’s swelled unemployment rolls and economic slump. These observers cite the juxtaposition of periods of receptivity with periods of exclusion as empirical evidence—e.g., the “open door” era of 1776‐1881 before the era of regulation of 1882‐1924 or the post‐World War II admission of political refugees prior to the 1954 “Operation Wetback,” which sanctioned the mass deportation of Mexican farm workers. These and other historical cases are used to demonstrate the split pattern of welcoming immigrants when they are needed and turning against them when times are hard. The conventional liberal wisdom about the public reaction to immigration is, “When things are going well and there’s a shortage of labor, people either look the other way or are actively supportive of bringing cheaper labor into the United States. But when jobs are tight, and the cost of supporting people goes up, then we suddenly redo the calculus.” 2 While such an economic view of anti-immigration consensus loosely corresponds to popular assumptions, it fails to address the role of immigration as both a necessary mechanism of social control in the formation of the state apparatus and an essential cultural contribution to the formation of national identity. In this article, I will argue that there has emerged around immigration in America a cultural discourse through which the nation imagines itself and a field of sociopolitical practices wherein and whereby the state exercises its disciplinary power. Located at the interstices of xxxxxxxxxxxx
Towards chip-on-chip neuroscience: fast mining of neuronal spike streams using graphics hardware

Computational neuroscience is being revolutionized with the advent of multi-electrode arrays that provide real-time, dynamic perspectives into brain function. Mining neuronal spike streams from these chips is critical to understand the firing patterns of neurons and gain insight into the underlying cellular activity. To address this need, we present a solution that uses a massively parallel graphics processing unit (GPU) to mine the stream of spikes. We focus on mining frequent episodes that capture coordinated events across time even in the presence of intervening background events. Our contributions include new computation-to-core mapping schemes and novel strategies to map finite state machine-based counting algorithms onto the GPU. Together, these contributions move us towards a real-time 'chip-on-chip' solution to neuroscience data mining, where one chip (the multi-electrode array) supplies the spike train data and another chip (the GPU) mines it at a scale previously unachievable.