cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Quality-of-Life (QOL) Concept Viewed from a Marketing Lens

This chapter has two major sections. The first section starts out by helping the reader understand the concept of QOL and how it evolved in marketing thought. The section begins by providing the reader with a historical account of organized academic activity within the marketing academic community. Conferences and publications are traced all the way back to the late seventies when marketing academicians began to be influenced by the social indicators movement of the early and mid seventies. Then the reader learns about the more recent efforts of academic scientists teaming up with other social and behavioral scientists doing research on QOL. After this exposition, the reader is sensitized to two views of QOL-marketing, namely the traditional view and the contemporary view. The traditional view is essentially a focus on consumer well being. Consumer well being is defined in terms of enhancement of well being in five areas dealing with economic goods. These are (1) acquisition, (2) possession, (3) consumption, (4) maintenance, and (5) disposition. The contemporary view of QOL-marketing goes beyond consumer well being. It treats consumer well being as only one of the many other dimensions of well being, namely economic, work, family, physical (or health), leisure, social, spiritual, environmental, and political.
Molecular characterization of an aldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase gene from Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824.

A gene (aad) coding for an aldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase (AAD) was identified immediately upstream of the previously cloned ctfA (J. W. Cary, D. J. Petersen, E. T. Papoutsakis, and G. N. Bennett, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56:1576-1583, 1990) of Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 and sequenced. The 2,619-bp aad codes for a 96,517-Da protein. Primer extension analysis identified two transcriptional start sites 83 and 243 bp upstream of the aad start codon. The N-terminal section of AAD shows homology to aldehyde dehydrogenases of bacterial, fungal, mammalian, and plant origin, while the C-terminal section shows homology to alcohol dehydrogenases of bacterial (which includes three clostridial alcohol dehydrogenases) and yeast origin. AAD exhibits considerable amino acid homology (56% identity) over its entire sequence to the trifunctional protein encoded by adhE from Escherichia coli. Expression of aad from a plasmid in C. acetobutylicum showed that AAD, which appears as a approximately 96-kDa band in denaturing protein gels, provides elevated activities of NADH-dependent butanol dehydrogenase, NAD-dependent acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and butyraldehyde dehydrogenase, and a small increase in NADH-dependent ethanol dehydrogenase. A 957-bp open reading frame that could potentially encode a 36,704-Da protein was identified upstream of aad. Images
Maternal Symptomatology and Parent–Child Relationship Functioning in a Diverse Sample of Young Children Exposed to Trauma

Children under the age of 6 years are disproportionately exposed to interpersonal trauma. Research describing type and frequency of exposure to trauma among this young population is limited. Additionally, few studies have assessed the role of multiple indicators of parental functioning on children's behavior following trauma exposure. The current study was conducted with 216 ethnically and socioeconomically diverse mother–child dyads to examine the impact of maternal symptoms and parent–child functioning on child's behavior after trauma exposure. Children experienced an average of over 5 traumatic events prior to age 6 years, and mothers had experienced an average of over 13 traumatic events during their lifetime. With child's trauma history in the model, maternal depressive symptomatology (β = .30) and parent–child dysfunction (β = .32) each uniquely accounted for variance in children's behavioral and emotional functioning. The findings of this study underscore the need for clinical interventions that address the parent–child relationship and parental symptomatology following young children's exposure to trauma. Traditional and Simplified Chinese Abstracts by AsianSTSS 標題：孩童面對家長離世的HPA軸功能與心理及環境因素的關鍵：初步研究結果 撮要：本文檢視孩童喪親後HPA軸功能(包括皮質醇睡醒反應；CAR) 與心理困擾、應對、和另一尚存家長的悲傷反應之間的關係。樣本包括38名孩童(20名女童曾在過去6個月有家長離世)和28名尚存的孩童家長(23名女性)，他們會接受自我答問工具和半結構面談，而面談包括討論孩童對喪親的想法及感受，面談後連續三日，受訪者會提供3個在家唾液樣本(睡醒時，30分鐘後和黃昏時)。結果顯示孩童第1天CAR減退與更多焦慮症狀(r= -.45) 、 抑鬱症狀(r= -.40) 、 創傷後壓力症狀(r= -.45) 、不適應哀悼症狀(r= -.43) 和迴避性應對水平(r= -.53)有顯著關連。家長的更高不適應哀悼水平(r= -.47) 亦與孩童第1天CAR減退有關連。這些數據突出了減弱的CAR可能是累積穩態負荷和(又或)情緒上刺激的事件(與死者相關的討論)，及在家庭中相關的後續處理(或缺少處理)而導致的。這些可能對喪親兒童(已經歷高度心理困擾、迴避應對和家長的不適應哀悼)來說已是特別壓力。 标题：孩童面对家长离世的HPA轴功能与心理及环境因素的关键：初步研究结果 撮要：本文检视孩童丧亲后HPA轴功能(包括皮质醇睡醒反应；CAR) 与心理困扰、应对、和另一尚存家长的悲伤反应之间的关系。样本包括38名孩童(20名女童曾在过去6个月有家长离世)和28名尚存的孩童家长(23名女性)，他们会接受自我答问工具和半结构面谈，而面谈包括讨论孩童对丧亲的想法及感受，面谈后连续三日，受访者会提供3个在家唾液样本(睡醒时，30分钟后和黄昏时)。结果显示孩童第1天CAR减退与更多焦虑症状(r= -.45) 、 抑郁症状(r= -.40) 、 创伤后压力症状(r= -.45) 、不适应哀悼症状(r= -.43) 和回避性应对水平(r= -.53)有显著关连。家长的更高不适应哀悼水平(r= -.47) 亦与孩童第1天CAR减退有关连。这些数据突出了减弱的CAR可能是累积稳态负荷和(又或)情绪上刺激的事件(与死者相关的讨论)，及在家庭中相关的后续处理(或缺少处理)而导致的。这些可能对丧亲儿童(已经历高度心理困扰、回避应对和家长的不适应哀悼)来说已是特别压力。
[8] Heavy atom derivatives of RNA

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the heavy atom derivatives of RNA such as mercury and bromine or iodine. Heavy atom derivatives may be obtained by soaking the compound into preformed crystals or cocrystallized with the molecule. If there are sites within the molecule that tightly bind to the compound, a useful derivative may be obtained. This is the classical method of heavy atom derivatization, and it has been used to solve the majority of the new protein structures. Another methodology is engineering heavy atoms or heavy atom binding sites into the covalent structure of the RNA to create derivatives. The simplest way to create a heavy atom derivative of RNA is to incorporate one of the halogenated pyrimidines in place of its unmodified counterpart. Bromine or iodine substitution at the 5' position of uracil or cytosine residues is an often used modification. The halogenation of RNA for use as heavy atom derivatives is a classical method used in the investigation of transfer RNA (tRNA) structures. The most common means of incorporating bromine or iodine is to chemically synthesize the RNAs and incorporate them in the synthesis. An alternate method of derivation may be accomplished by incorporating a mercury-binding site into RNA via a phosphorothioate in the RNA backbone. This technique has been used to solve crystal structures of DNA–protein complexes.
DNA sequence and transcriptional analysis of the tblA gene required for tabtoxin biosynthesis by Pseudomonas syringae.

Abstract The tblA gene of Pseudomonas syringae is required for tabtoxin biosynthesis and is under the control of a regulatory gene, lemA. We have determined the nucleotide sequence of the tblA gene and identified the 5' end of the tblA gene transcript. The sequence of the tblA gene was identified to that of the recently reported open reading frame 1 gene of the tabA region of the BR2 chromosome. The open reading frame of the tblA gene potentially encodes a protein of 231 amino acids. mRNA from the tblA gene was detected at all phases of cells grown in minimal medium. This result is correlated with the constitutive production of tabtoxinine-beta-lactam (the biologically active part of the toxin) by P. syringae BR2R in minimal medium, as quantitated by a phenylisothiocyanate derivatization method.
Computer-assisted probability sampling and statistical inference in the field

In the past, designing probability samples for biological field studies has been limited by the difficulty of locating random points in the field. The ability to receive precise GPS signals in many field settings has largely removed this constraint. We have been investigating statistical and computer-based technologies that enable field data collectors to use more sophisticated probability sampling designs. In particular, our research has focused on a scenario in which a field data gatherer can use a mobile computer to download geospatial data for the target region from the internet, and use the geospatial data layer as a basis for selecting a probability sample real-time in the field. We will discuss this research through an example with prototype software. The software allows stratified random sampling with geographic strata defined as regular rectangles on an arbitrary geographic image covering the target area, or as classes derived from a discrete-valued image such as a land cover map. Design-based estimators are included that generate valid statistical estimates in the field. We will discuss extensions of this research that include adaptive sampling designs for detecting rare events, using covariate data layers to determine selection probabilities, and generating accuracy metadata via field data collection.
Data processing and algorithm development for the WFIRST-AFTA coronagraph: reduction of noise free simulated images, analysis and spectrum extraction with reference star differential imaging

Direct detection and characterization of mature giant or sub-Neptunes exoplanets in the visible require space-based instruments optimized for high-contrast imaging with contrasts of 10-9. In this context, the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope - Astrophysics Focused Telescope Assets (WFIRST-AFTA) will reach raw contrasts of about 8×10-9 to 10-9 using state-of-the-art starlight suppression and wavefront control techniques. A ten-fold contrast improvement is therefore expected using post-processing techniques to reduce the speckle noise level to a factor of at least 10 lower in order to distinguish 10-9 planets from speckles. Point spread function (PSF) subtractions have been successfully applied to ground-based and space-based data with contrasts up to 10-6 but performance has yet to be demonstrated at higher contrast levels. We use both a classical PSF subtraction and the Karunhen-Loeve Image Projection (KLIP) algorithm to reduce noise free WFIRST-AFTA-like simulated images in the context of reference star differential imaging (RDI). The two WFIRST-AFTA baseline coronagraphs are considered for this study: the hybrid lyot coronagraph (HLC) for the imaging channel and the shaped-pupil coronagraph (SPC) for the integral field spectrograph channel (IFS). The two reduction methods are compared with respect to the amount and stability of the aberrations for detection in the imaging channel and preliminary spectra extractions are performed for characterization in the IFS channel.
The Fragile Fabric of Union: Cotton, Federal Politics, and the Global Origins of the Civil War – By Brian Schoen

Responding to the call of historians David Brion Davis, Daniel Walker Howe, and others that scholars broaden their approach to studying the Civil War and African American slavery, Brian Schoen exam...
Electronic structure of porphyrins. All-valence-electron SCF MO CI calculations of the spectra of dianion and free base porphin

Abstract All-valence-electron SCF MO CI calculations of the spectra of dianion and free base porphin were performed. Comparisons are made with other SCF MO CI calculations and with experiment. The results obtained are seen to be in reasonable agreement with experiment. Characteristics of the calculated band between the usual L and M bands are also discussed.
Further studies on the psychophysics of irregular nerve action potential patterns

In this paper we consider two problems concerning human psychophysical diseriminability of variable interval nerve action potential patterns. The first question asks which of two possible alternatives-additional sample size or elonga­ tion of duration-is responsible for the improvement in per­ formance as the number of pulses in a stimulus train in­ creases. Our data strongly indicated that the answer to this question is increased sample size. The second question concerns what effect, if any, parallel rather than serial presentation of the two alternatives in a forced choice psy­ chophysical test will have on the function relating interpulse interval and discriminability. The answer to this question appears to be that other than a slight elevation of the ab­ solute levels no changes in the general form of the response is produced. In an earlier article (Uttal & Smith, 1967a) we have shown that Ss are able to utilize the higher order statistics of interval irregularity of a train of nerve action potentials even when the mean frequency of the train remained constant. We pointed out that the resulting psychophysical discriminability indicates that the irregularity, as SUCh, can be considered to be available for use by the nervous system, at least in peripheral nerves, as a true information carrying code. This result suggests that the many neurophysio­ logical studies of the variability of nerve action potential patterns produced by natural stimuli are directed at a meaningful information dimension and not, as some had considered possible, at an irrelevant concomitant that, while of some interest physiologically, was not particularly relevant to the real business of the nervous system. In this paper we consider two additional problems which arise from the earlier experiment. The first study is an attempt to clarify an ambiguous informa­ tion measure. The second is an examination of the parallel processing capability of the nervous system in an experiment analogous to an equivalent serial experimental paradigm described in the earlier article. Let us first consider the problem of the ambiguous information measure. We had shown (Fig. 3 in the earlier paper) that increasing the irregularity up to seven intervals increased the S's ability to utilize the irregularity up to seven intervals. In other words, the threshold for irregularity detection asymptotically reached a minimum at a count of about eight pulses and remained constant for any N greater than that number. This decrease in the threshold for irregularity, however, is a confounded measure because both the duration and the number of intervals being sampled are varying concomitantly. The question then arises: Is the decrease in the threshold a function of a larger sample size or of the extended
KDD'99 competition: knowledge discovery contest

In this paper, we expand on the 1998 KDD cup competition findings: exploratory data analysis reveals unusual data anomalies; a two-stage prediction model yields superior results those obtained in the 1998 competition; we use a decision tree better understand the model (the decision boundary); and we apply a confidence interval to establish a range upon which we can reasonably judge model performance.
Cascade® Autologous System Platelet-Rich Fibrin Matrix in the Treatment of Chronic Leg Ulcers.

Problem: Lower extremity ulcers (venous, diabetic) are often unresponsive to standard treatment. Various systemic and local cellular, vascular, and anatomical factors can result in nonhealing wounds that are refractory to normal healing processes and standard care. Solution: Several published wound care guidelines strongly suggest that if an ulcer does not respond to standard good wound care within 4 weeks, then advanced wound therapies should be considered. These advanced therapies include wound bed preparation agents (negative wound pressure therapy, hyperbaric oxygen), recombinant growth factors, or bioengineered cell therapies. New Technology: The Cascade® system produces platelet-rich fibrin matrix (PRFM), a novel autologous sterile biologic, produced at the bedside from a small volume (18 mL) of the patient's own blood by using Vacutainer® separation technology optimized for fibrin and platelet isolation. Prepared as an easy to apply, suturable membrane, without the use of exogenous thrombin, PRFM c...
The political economy of green office buildings

Purpose – This paper aims to examine whether rental premiums accrue to environmentally certified class “A” office buildings and, further, to what extent such premiums vary with the political ideology of the local market area.Design/methodology/approach – Using standard ordinary least squares (OLS) regression techniques, the paper models rental rates on environmentally certified structures as a function of the space market characteristics, economic environment, and political ideology within each local market area.Findings – The paper finds significant variation in environmentally certified rental premiums across jurisdiction‐specific political ideology metrics. Specifically, politically liberal locations exhibit green rental premiums of nearly 6 percent, while politically conservative locations exhibit premiums of less than 2 percent.Originality/value – This paper expands the existing literature by offering further evidence of positive rental premiums accruing to environmental certification, and by systema...
The Varicella-zoster virus DNA encapsidation genes : Identification and characterization of the putative terminase subunits

The putative DNA encapsidation genes encoded by open reading frames (ORFs) 25, 26, 30, 34, 43, 45/42 and 54 were cloned from Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) strain Ellen. Sequencing revealed that the Ellen ORFs were highly conserved at the amino acid level when compared to those of 19 previously published VZV isolates. Additionally, RT-PCR provided the first evidence that ORF45/42 was expressed as a spliced transcript in VZV-infected cells. All seven ORFs were expressed in vitro and full length products were identified using a C-terminal V5 epitope tag. The in vitro products of the putative VZV terminase subunits encoded by ORFs 30 and 45/42 proved useful in protein-protein interaction assays. Previous studies have reported the formation of a heterodimeric terminase complex involved in DNA encapsidation for both herpes simplex virus-type 1 (HSV-1) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Here we report that the C-terminal portion of exon II of ORF45/42 (ORF42-C269) interacted in GST-pull down experiments with in vitro synthesized ORF30 and ORF45/42. The interactions were maintained in the presence of anionic detergents and in buffers of increasing ionic strength. Cells transiently transfected with epitope tagged ORF45/42 or ORF30 showed primarily cytoplasmic staining. In contrast, an antiserum directed to the N-terminal portion of ORF45 showed nearly exclusive nuclear localization of the ORF45/42 gene product in infected cells. An ORF30 specific antiserum detected an 87 kDa protein in both the cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions of VZV infected cells. The results were consistent with the localization and function of herpesviral terminase subunits. This is the first study aimed at the identification and characterization of the VZV DNA encapsidation gene products.
LIFE HISTORIES AND ELASTICITY PATTERNS: PERTURBATION ANALYSIS FOR SPECIES WITH MINIMAL DEMOGRAPHIC DATA

Elasticity analysis is a useful tool in conservation biology. The relative impacts of proportional changes in fertility, juvenile survival, and adult survival on asymptotic population growth λ (where ln(λ) = r, the intrinsic rate of increase) are determined by vital rates (survival, growth, and fertility), which also define the life history characteristics of a species or population. Because we do not have good demographic information for most threatened populations, it is useful to categorize species according to their life history characteristics and related elasticity patterns. To do this, we compared the elasticity patterns generated by the life tables of 50 mammal populations. In age-classified models, the sum of the fertility elasticities and the survival elasticity for each juvenile age-class are equal; thus, age at maturity has a large impact on the contribution of juvenile survival to λ. Mammals that mature early and have large litters (“fast” mammals, such as rodents and smaller carnivores) also...
Effects of nonuniform reflective boundaries and line competition on radiation trapping.

We develop a radiation diffusion equation for an infinite slab geometry where the slab may have different reflectivities on either surface, and for conditions where complete frequency redistribution is valid. Additionally we consider the effect of two competing trapped transitions. Specifically we consider the emission from the thallium 7 2 S 1/2 state to either the 6 2 P 3/2 (metastable state) at 535 nm or 6 2 P 1/2 (ground state) at 378 nm. High densities of the long-lived metastable level can be produced in a number of ways. The escape factors (which are simply related to the decay rates) and excited-atom spatial profiles are calculated for a variety of conditions for the first several natural modes of the system. The spatial modes for this system are asymmetric
Antibodies specific for mitotic human chromosomes.

Abstract The induction of premature chromosome condensation in an interphase cell immediately following fusion with a mitotic cell suggests the presence of factors in the mitotic cell that are responsible for the transformation of an interphase nucleus into prematurely condensed chromosomes (PCC). Several lines of evidence suggest that these factors are proteins present in the cytoplasm of mitotic cells. The objective of this study was to raise antibodies to the factors responsible for PCC. Cytosol from synchronized mitotic HeLa cells was injected into rabbits in order to obtain antiserum. The IgG fraction from this antiserum reacted with 98% of mitotic HeLa cells when tested by indirect immunofluorescence. Most of the fluorescence was localized on the chromosomes. About 5% of the interphase nuclei also reacted with the antiserum, but 50% of these cells were in early G1. Antigenic reactivity was induced in the condensing interphase chromatin in 31% of the interphase nuclei found in mitotic-interphase fused cells. Rodent cells did not react with the antibody by indirect immunofluorescence. Mitotic HeLa cells were able to induce antigenic reactivity in 23 % of interphase Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell nuclei in fused binucleate cells, whereas the converse was not true of mitotic CHO cells. Enzyme digestion and incubation with denaturing agents suggested that antigenic reactivity depended on a DNA-non-histone protein complex.
Products of Topological Amplitudes: An Algebraic Solution

Abstract Given topological amplitudes with specific genus and boundary structure we define a product of these amplitudes, also specified by a genus and a boundary structure. We show that this product is independent of the particular graphical representation of the members of the product; we describe an explicit construction to obtain the boundary structure of this product without using graphs, and finally we derive the general formula to compute the genus of the product.
Global patterns of the quasi-biennial oscillation in total ozone

The global structure of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) in total ozone is examined using nine years of total ozone measurements from the Nimbus 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer. It is shown that the interannual variations of total ozone near the equator are dominated by the QBO and that extratropical anomalies of either sign are largest in the winter season in each hemisphere. Coherent patterns of correlation are found between the equatorial ozone and eddy variances of the ozone field at the equator and in the adjacent subtropics.
Circular dichroism and thermal denaturation studies of chromatin and DNA from BrdU-treated mouse fibroblasts

Summary DNA and chromatin were isolated from control 3T6 mouse fibroblasts and from 3T6 grown in 72 μM 5-Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). BrdU-containing DNA showed a blue shift in the 250–300 nm region of circular dichroism spectra and an increase in melting temperature over control DNA. These changes were even more accentuated in chromatin, suggesting an altered interaction between chromosomal proteins and BrdU-containing DNA.
Opportunity for Pharmacy Intervention on an Urban Teaching Hospital Rapid Response Team: A Pilot Study

Background:The role of a rapid response team (RRT) or medical emergency team is to bring the expertise of specialists trained in critical care to patients on general medicine and surgical wards who are rapidly deteriorating and to treat them accordingly. The involvement of pharmacists on cardiopulmonary resuscitation teams has been reported. However, the role of a pharmacist member of an RRT has not been extensively researched.Objective:To identify the role of a pharmacist on an RRT and categorize types of pharmacist interventions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation and initial patient assessments.Methods:This pilot study documented interventions made by the pharmacist on our RRT over a 1-month period. The pharmacist assisted the RRT with evaluations of patients during assessments and cardiopulmonary resuscitations and provided specialized medical information based on our current organizational standards of practice.Results:The pharmacist attended 34 consultations and 8 resuscitations during cardiopulmon...
Cell-cycle-specific biosynthesis of the photosynthetic membrane of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Structural implications.

Abstract Structural changes association with the intracytoplasmic membrane during the cell cycle of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides have been studied by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. The isolated intracytoplasmic membrane vesicles, chromatophores, were fused in order to obtain large fracture faces, allowing more precise measurements and statistical analysis of both intramembrane particle density and size determinations. The intramembrane particle density of the protoplasmic face (PF) of the intracytoplasmic membrane, (from 4970 to 8290/μm2), was shown to be a linear function of the protein/ phospholipid ratio (from 2.5 to 5.1, w/w) of the intracytoplasmic membrane. Under constant light intensity, both the average particle size and particle size distribution remained unchanged during the cell cycle. These results provide the structural basis for the earlier reported cell-cycle-specific variations in both protein/ phospholipid ratio and alternation in phospholipid structure of the intracytoplasmic membrane of R. sphaeroides during photosynthetic growth. The average particle diameter in the PF face of the intracytoplasmic membrane was 8.25, 9.08 and 9.75 nm at incident light intensities of 4000, 500 and 30 ft · cd, respectively. When chromatophores were fused with small, unilamellar liposomes, the intramembrane particle density decreased as input liposome phospholipid increased, whereas the particle size remained constant and particle distribution became random.
The use of electrochemical noise methods (ENM) to study thick, high impedance coatings

Thick, high impedance organic coatings are those class of coatings used to provide corrosion protection to naval vessels, pipelines, gasoline storage tanks, and other large structures such as bridges and plant structures. These coatings, especially the newest generations now being used in practice, can provide exceptional protection and lifetime of performance such that properly and accurately assessing and differentiating among competing coatings is a very difficult task. The standard protocol of salt fog testing (ASTM B117), immersion testing, and outdoor exposure in a corrosive environment with subjective evaluation of a coating's performance durings and after testing, does not adequatcly rank and predict coating lifetimes for new coating systems, especially for the environmentally compliant coating systems such as powder coatings (especially the thick, fusion bonded epoxy (FBE) coatings used for pipelines), two component epoxy and urethane coatings and waterborne coatings. New, objective test methods are desperately needed by users and manufacturers of coatings. A relatively new electrochemical test procedure, electrochemical noise methods (ENM), as developed by Skerry and Eden, has been shown in our laboratory to be very successful in the ranking and prediction of relative coating performance. We have used the method successfully on naval ship coatings, several pipeline coatings and other related systems, and Skerry has used them successfully on industrial maintenance coatings. We have used these methods in conjunction with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, d.c. resistance measurements and cyclic salt fog testing of the ProhesionTM type. In our studies of pipeline coatings, we needed to investigate thermal effects because of their extended range of use temperature. In these studies, we have discovered that electrochemical methods can be used for an in situ measurement of the Tg of coatings in electrolyte immersion. Further, the ‘plasticizing’ effect of aqueous electrolyte absorption as well as its relative irreversibility has been shown. For all coatings studied, ENM provided useful, objective, numerical data which rapidly ranks coatings and provides useful information on the relative lifetime prediction of coatings which may provide up to 30 years of service.
Histochemical Demonstration of Succinic Dehydrogenase Activity in Osteoclasts

A REVIEW of the literature has revealed but few studies on enzyme characteristics of osteoclasts. None of these, however, related to dehydrogenase activity.
Intertrial reinforcement and the partial reinforcement effect as a function of number of training trials

An experiment involving rats in a runway, inter-trial reinforcement and three successive acquisition-extinction sequences substantiated and extended earlier findings that intertriai reinforcement diminished the partial reinforcement effect following a small number of acquisition trials, but not after extensive training.
Studies in accounting history: Tradition and innovation for the twenty-first century Atsuo Tsuji and Paul Garner, editors greenwood Press, 1995, 280 pp.

A number of approaches have been used to describe the evolution of accounting. However, very little is known regarding the relationship between accounting and economic histories. This article attempts to link the history of accounting with economics and economic history by reviewing the book entitled, Studies in Accounting History: Tradition and Innovation for the Twenty-First Century, and by examining the evolution of accounting from an economic perspective. Co-editors Tsuji and Garner compiled 13 selected paper to demonstrate the range of historical accounting topics, accounting theory and practice, as well as the relevance of accounting history to key aspects of economic history. The collection presents the evolutionary environmental factors that have influenced the development of accounting theory and practice. These factors are forms of business, users of financial information and their needs, the accounting profession, and various international influences including culture, politics, and economics.
Systemic immunotoxicity in AJ mice following 6-month whole body inhalation exposure to diesel exhaust

Abstract The purpose of these studies was to determine the effects of subchronic diesel exposure on indicators of systemic immunity in mice. AJ mice were exposed daily for 6 months (6 h/day) to atmospheres containing one of four concentrations (30, 100, 300, and 1000 μg/m3) of diluted diesel exhaust (DE) in whole body exposure chambers. The effects of DE were compared to chamber exposure controls receiving fresh air. DE was assessed for effects on systemic immunity by measuring the proliferative response of spleen cells following stimulation with T cell (phytohemagglutinin, or PHA) or B cell (lipopolysaccharide, or LPS) mitogens. The results showed that DE at all exposure levels suppressed the proliferative response of T cells. B cell proliferation was increased at 30 μg/m3 and was unaffected at the 100, 300, and 1000 μg/m3 exposures. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known to suppress spleen cell mitogenic responses, and it has been hypothesized by several groups that PAHs and perhaps benzo(a)pyrene (BaP)-quinones (BPQs) may be responsible for the effects of DE or diesel exhaust particles (DEP). Therefore, a second purpose of these studies was to determine the effects of in vitro BPQs on AJ mouse spleen cell mitogenic responses and compare to DE in preliminary studies. Unlike DE, BPQs were found to increase T cell proliferation. In addition, analysis of chamber atmospheres showed that there was little if any PAH and BPQs in DE. Therefore, these results demonstrate that because of the absence of BPQs in DE, they are likely not responsible for the immunosuppressive effect of DE on murine spleen cell responses.
New Evidence Concerning the Age of the Hawaiian Ridge

Mixed terrigenous and pelagic sediment of Eocene age was recovered from the deep-sea floor 250 km east of Hawaii. These samples indicate Eocene terrigenous sedimentation from a well-developed ridge source and imply a post-Eocene development of the Hawaiian Moat as a sediment trap. Another core that also contained Eocene sediment, mixed however, with Oligocene and Miocene materials, was obtained from the flank of the Hawaiian Ridge, 100 km south of Kauai.
Single Molecule Optical Determination of Bestrophin Stoichiometry

Best macular dystrophy (BMD) is an autosomal dominant form of macular degeneration, linked to mutations in the BEST1 gene that encodes the calcium activated chloride channel, bestrophin-1. BEST1 belongs to the bestrophin family of anion channels. It is a 585 amino acid transmembrane protein localized to the basolateral membrane of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Structurally, BEST1 has been suggested to have 4 transmembrane segments, with intracellular N and C termini. The stoichiometry of BEST1 is not clear, having been suggested to be dimers in hydrodynamic studies of porcine BEST1 in TritonX-100 and tetramers or pentamers in coimmunoprecipitation studies of human BEST1 (hBEST1). In this study, we employed our single molecule method to determine subunit number by counting the number of fluorescence bleaching steps of eGFP tagged hBEST1. The advantage of this method is that the counting can be done on the cell surface of live cells (Xenopus oocytes in this study) expressing the hBEST1 using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy (TIRFM). In addition to stoichiometry, we have also tried to determine the interaction among different members of bestrophin family by checking the colocalization of eGFP tagged BEST1 and tt-tomato tagged BEST2, BEST3 or BEST4. We find that all four members of the bestrophin family are tetramers and that BEST1 does not interact with any other members in the family.
Effect of amphenone B on adrenal, thyroid and testes.

Summary(1) Enlargement of rat adrenal and thyroid glands following the administration of Amphenone “B”, observed by Hertz, Allen, and Tullner, was confirmed. (2) The adrenal enlargement was associated with an increase in adrenal cholesterol concentration. At the same time, the adrenals remained capable of secreting sufficient steroid to produce a marked fall in circulating eosinophiles. Amphenone “B” may exert its adrenomegalic effect by direct stimulation of the adenohypo-physis to produce ACTH rather than indirectly as seen, for example, in thiouracil-induced goiter. (3) In addition to thyroid enlargement, a marked decrease in I131 concentration in the gland was observed. This could be due to a thiouracil-type of action, although the effects noted within the time relationships of our experiments were similar to those produced by TSH and hence possibly the result of increased secretion of radioiodine rather than a decreased uptake. (4) Decrease in size of the testes was observed in animals given Amphenon...
Contribution of interlaminar stresses to damping in thick laminated composites under uniaxial extension

Abstract The principal objectives of this paper are to describe the development of a strain energy method in finite element form for characterizing the effects of interlaminar stresses on damping in thick laminated composites under uniaxial extension, and to give some typical results. To account for the effects of interlaminar stresses on damping, the energy dissipation of a vibrating laminate is calculated on the basis of three-dimensional states of stress. The interlaminar damping is found to the particularly important over a particular range of fiber orientations. Further investigation of the effect of interlaminar damping in thick laminated composites is also performed by increasing the number of laminae. The size of the ‘boundary layer’ region near free edges and at lamina interfaces was found to be related to the interlaminar damping. It appears that there exists an optimal value of the laminate width-to-thickness ratio for maximizing the contribution of interlaminar damping and the total laminate damping.
OCT4 is superior to CD30 in the diagnosis of metastatic embryonal carcinomas after chemotherapy

Correctly diagnosing a metastatic germ cell tumor after chemotherapy may be challenging because of the diverse morphological manifestations of postchemotherapy tumors. Both OCT4 and CD30 are sensitive markers for the identification of primary embryonal carcinomas; however, loss of expression of CD30 (65%) has been reported in metastatic embryonal carcinomas after chemotherapy. The present study was conducted to evaluate the expression patterns of OCT4 and CD30 in postchemotherapy metastatic embryonal carcinomas and to compare their utility as diagnostic tools. Twenty-five cases of metastatic embryonal carcinoma after chemotherapy were immunohistochemically analyzed for CD30, OCT4, and cytokeratin AE1/AE3 expression. The staining intensities and the percentages of positively staining tumor cells were recorded. Nineteen (76%) of 25 cases revealed diffuse, moderate to strong nuclear OCT4 staining in postchemotherapy embryonal carcinomas. Among these 19 OCT4-positive cases, 8 also revealed diffuse and moderate to strong membranous CD30 staining. Seven of these OCT4-positive cases retained focal and weak CD30 expression. The remaining 4 OCT4-positive cases demonstrated a complete loss of CD30 expression. The 19 OCT4-positive cases showed a positive but variable cytokeratin AE1/AE3 expression pattern. Six (24%) of 25 cases were negative for both CD30 and OCT4 but demonstrated diffuse and strong cytokeratin AE1/AE3 staining. OCT4 is a useful diagnostic marker to identify metastatic embryonal carcinomas after chemotherapy, with a better sensitivity than CD30.
Plasmonic thrombospondin-1, via cell surface CD47, rescues animals from hemorrhagic shock

Homogenized lung tissue Neutrophil Lymphocyte IL1 (pg/mL) IL6 (pg/mL) Injured lung 84 74 70 66 788 78 2217 969 Noninjured lung 6 2** 2 0.8** 273 78** 59 11** Injured lung MSC 18 17* 10 10* 546 125* 563 135** CONCLUSIONS: Lung contusion stimulates an inflammatory response evident by elevated lymphocyte and neutrophil counts and a significant increase in inflammatory markers including IL1beta and IL6. The addition of allogeneic MSCs abrogates this effect, suggesting that MSCs promote healing through an immunomodulatory effect.
Colloidal Crystal Microarrays and Two-Dimensional Superstructures: A Versatile Approach for Patterned Surface Assembly

A simple, fast, and robust approach to colloidal assembly on patterned surfaces was developed. The approach involves the rapid settling and dewetting of suspensions of spherical colloids on lithographically templated surfaces. Using this method, we can quickly and easily fabricate close-packed colloidal crystal microarrays of both silica and polystyrene spheres that range in size from 500 nm to 4.5 μm. The microarrays tend to induce the formation of monolayer colloidal crystals, which can be interconnected and removed from the templates as free-standing colloidal crystal slabs. The same approach can also be used to assemble two-dimensional colloidal crystal superlattices that can adopt a variety of structures. Graphite, kagome, body-centered cubic, open hexagonal, tetragonal, and linear chain structures can all be quickly accessed by adjusting the ratio of the sphere diameter to the template diameter.
Serum serotonin concentrations in dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease.

Background: Increased serotonin (5HT) signaling has been implicated in valvular disease of humans and animals, including canine degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD). High circulating 5HT concentration is a potential source of increased signaling, and serum 5HT concentrations have not been previously reported in dogs with DMVD. Hypothesis: Dogs with DMVD and small breed dogs predisposed to DMVD have higher serum 5HT concentrations than large breed controls. Animals: Fifty dogs affected with DMVD, 34 dogs predisposed to DMVD but without cardiac murmur or echocardiographic evidence of DMVD, and 36 healthy large breed control dogs. Methods: Prospective analysis. Serum 5HT concentration was measured by an ELISA test. Results: Median serum 5HT concentration was significantly higher in dogs with DMVD and in dogs predisposed to DMVD as compared with controls (DMVD, 765.5 ng/mL [interquartile range, 561.3–944.4]; predisposed, 774.9 ng/mL [528.3–1,026]; control, 509.8 ng/mL [320.8–708.8]; P= .0001). Subgroup analysis of predisposed dogs indicated significantly higher serum 5HT concentrations in Cavalier King Charles Spaniel (CKCS) dogs than in other breeds (CKCS, 855.0 ng/mL [635.8–1,088]; non-CKCS, 554.2 ng/mL [380.6–648.4]; P= .0023). Age, platelet count, and platelet morphology were not correlated with 5HT concentration in any group. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Dogs with DMVD had significantly higher serum 5HT concentrations when compared with large breed control dogs. Healthy CKCS dogs had significantly higher serum 5HT concentrations than other healthy dogs predisposed to DMVD. Additional investigation into a possible role of 5HT in the pathogenesis of DMVD is warranted.
Structure of a Supersonic Three-Dimensional Cylinder/Offset-Flare Turbulent Interaction

This work examines computationally the Mach 3 e owe eld structure of the external shock-wave/turbulentboundary-layerinteraction caused by a cylinder/offset-e arejuncture. Thetheoretical model employsthefull mean compressible Navier ‐Stokes equations. Several turbulenceclosuresare employed, with particularemphasis placed on predictions obtained with a two-equation k‐≤model. Thecalculations are validated by comparison with a range of qualitative and quantitative data. The e owe eld is characterized by several of the complex features associated with three-dimensional separation. The surface pattern exhibits an intricate sequence of critical points and is analyzed in terms of its topological portrait through comparison with experimental observations. Fluid separates around the entire periphery upstream of the juncture. Near the upper symmetry plane, this separating e uid rolls up to form a horseshoe-like vortical structure. The legs of this structure wrap around the juncture and are turned streamwise near the lower symmetry plane. In conjunction with the displaced oncoming boundary-layer e uid, a dual scroll-like structure is observed straddling the lower symmetry plane.
Hot-corrosion-resistant duplex coatings for a superalloy☆

Abstract The goal of this program was to evaluate the hot corrosion resistance of a variety of cobalt-, nickel- and iron-based coating alloys containing chromium and sometimes aluminum and/or yttrium. The coatings were deposited onto two nickel-based superalloys by physical vapor deposition from an electron-beam-heated source. As a group, the cobalt-based compositions were found to be much more hot corrosion resistant than the nickel-based alloys. The iron-based coatings had relatively poor hot corrosion resistance. The coefficients of thermal expansion for a number of Co-Cr-Al-Y alloys were measured. Compositions with low (0–6%) aluminum and high (26–35%) chromium contents were found to have a reasonably close thermal expansion match with IN-738. If a duplex overlayer of aluminum was diffused into the outer regions of these coatings, it greatly enhanced their hot corrosion resistance. Ductile-to-brittle transition temperatures in the range 760–871 °C were measured for several Co-Cr-based coatings on IN-738. Measurements made on similarly coated IN-738 test bars showed that stress-rupture properties were generally lower than the baseline data for IN-738 but were above the standard deviation (3σ) curve.
A sampling method for the characterization of carbonaceous emissions from wood-fueled residential heating appliances

Abstract The increased use of wood heating appliances has raised public concerns regarding the emissions and dispersal of hazardous pollutants. These pollutants are composed primarily of organic compounds which can exist as volatile gases, aerosols, condensed particles and gas adsorbed carbonaceous particulates. In attempts to provide a quantitative determination of the emission sources, a number of investigators have conducted sampling research programs. Unfortunately methods have not provided comparable results. In experiments conducted by Battelle Columbus Laboratories, a method for sampling and characterizing organic and carbonaceous particulates from wood heating appliances has been developed. This method utilizes an extractive sampling system designed to separately collect by filtration and adsorption the various species of compounds emitted during wood combustion. In addition, emission parameters are monitored continuously to provide an accurate characterization of the combustion process. Finally, the emissions are analyzed and the results are determined as normalized emission factors using combustion parameters. Various results of testing at Battelle Columbus Laboratories are discussed in this paper as well as the rationale for the method development.
Lek Mating Behavior in the Hammer-headed Bat

Calling assemblies of Hypsignathus monstrosus were studied for 17 months in the field to determine if they were “leks” or mating arenas. Direct observations, netting of animals at the assembly sites, and radio-tracking of both ♂♂ and ♀♀ at the assembly sites, foraging grounds, and day roosts were all utilized to make this determination. Captive animals were maintained to establish growth rates. It is concluded that Hypsignathus exhibit lek behavior even by the most conservative definition and share many features with other avian and mammalian lek species.
Effect of Blade Size for Mechanically Tenderizing Beef Rounds

Nine inside beef rounds of USDA Good grade were divided into thirds and randomly assigned to one of three treatments: control (c), mechanically tenderized with 1.9 mm blades (1.9) and mechanically tenderized with 3.2 mm blades (3.2). Raw and cooked proximate composition, thaw and cooking loss percentage, Instron Warner-Bratzler Shear (WBS) values, and sensory panel evaluations were determined. Steaks were oven-roasted to an internal temperature of 70°C. No significant differences (P<0.05) due to mechanical tenderizing or between 1.9 and 3.2 treatments for raw proximate analysis, thaw loss, cooking loss, WBS yield peak force and distance or sensory juiciness and flavor were demonstrated. A highly significant (P<0.01) improvement in tenderness was found due to mechanically tenderizing. The 3.2 mm blade treatment was found to have significantly higher initial and overall tenderness scores than the 1.9 mm blade treatment. The 3.2 mm blades are recommended as they improve tenderness and at the same time may provide additional strength to prevent occassional bent needles.
Diversity and evolution of the DRB1*03 family: description of DRB1*03022, *0307, **0308

Three previously unreported DRB1*03 alleles are described, adding to the diversity of the DRB 1 family of alleles. DRB1*03022 contains a silent substitution at codon 77. DRB1*0307 differs from DRB1*03011 by a substitution at codon 26 resulting in a predicted change from tyrosine to phenylalanine. DRB1*0308 is almost identical to DRB1*03011 differing at codon 58 which specifies the glutamic acid residue commonly found in DRB1*11 alleles. The new alleles (DRB1*03022, *0307, *0308) may have arisen by gene conversion-like events and add to the increasing complexity of the HLA system.