cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of icing on performance of a research airplane

The difference between the normal and actual rates of climb of a research airplane is used to measure the effect of icing on performance The icing conditions were encountered in the course of an extensive series of meteorological research flights in various locations and seasons Coefficients of lift and drag were determined for the airplane before and after icing encounters, and those coefficients were used to predict airplane per formance for various flight conditions The effect of icing was to increase the drag significantly, while there was little effect on the coefficient of lift In the course of these flights, characteristics of the icing clouds (such as hydrometeor size spectrum and phase, liquid water content, temperature, etc ) were also measured, and those characteristics are compared to the summaries in the Federal Aviation Regulations and to the data sources on which those summaries were based Most meaurements lie within the envelopes suggested by earlier studies For volume median diameters larger than 30/im, the liquid water contents were substantially lower than indicated by those summaries, but for other diameters measured liquid water contents extended up to and, in rare cases, exceeded the limiting envelopes of the Regulations Two exceptional cases of icing associated with droplets of 40 300 j*m diameter are also discussed The reduction in performance during these cases was anomalously large, although the liquid water content and volume median diameter did not indicate that these cases should have been potentially hazardous
Reconsidering the New Normal: Trauma, Vulnerability & Resilience in Post-Katrina New Orleans

Traumatic anthropogenic or natural disasters can redefine the ecological and social diversity of cities, with "new normal" conditions often emerging in post-trauma urban landscapes. The objective of our ULTRA project is to examine how the pace and trajectory of recovery in post-Katrina New Orleans reflect ecological and social diversity. Specifically, we are examining potential parallels and interactions between ecological and social diversity within and among neighborhoods, and across the New Orleans metropolitan area. We are doing so by (1) organizing and coordinating a network of scholars and practitioners to exchange experience and knowledge and thereby advance understanding of connections between diversity and recovery in post-trauma urban ecosystems; (2) assembling a central data archive on the structure and diversity of ecological communities of New Orleans, which involves conducting an inventory of the post-Katrina urban forest; (4) and conducting a GIS-based spatial analysis of pre- and post-trauma landscape and social metrics derived from satellite imagery and the 2000 and 2010 federal census, analyzed for diversification and compared to stabilization metrics. This citywide study is being supplemented with three fine-grained studies in the neighborhoods of the Lower Ninth Ward, Hollygrove, and Pontchartrain Park. Qualitative data collected in these neighborhoods provides insight into the relationships between trauma and ecological and social diversity, and identify variation in the timing, pace, and trajectory of neighborhood recovery. In the future, we will expand our efforts to consider how diversity reflects the availability and valuation of ecosystem services in post-trauma urban landscapes. Our intent is to develop New Orleans as a natural laboratory for the study of ecological and community resiliency.
Locally Determined Logic Programs and Recursive Stable Models

In general, the set of stable models of a recursive logic program can be quite complex. For example, it follows from results of Marek, Nerode, and Remmel [Ann. Pure and Appl. Logic (1992)] that there exists finite predicate logic programs and recursive propositional logic programs which have stable models but no hyperarithmetic stable models. In this paper, we shall define several conditions which ensure that recursive logic program P has a stable model which is of low complexity, e.g., a recursive stable model, a polynomial time stable model, or a stable model which lies in a low level of the polynomial time hierarchy.
Effect of preincubation of human spermatozoa in milk on penetration of zona-free hamster oocytes: Comparison to TEST yolk

Purpose To investigate the effect of preincubation of human sperm in milk on their ability to penetrate zona-free hamster oocytes, 27 ejaculates were studied. Each ejaculate was divided into two portions and incubated in either milk or TEST yolk (TESTY) for 22–24 hr at 5‡C prior to processing for the sperm penetration assay.
Distichiasis in van der Woude syndrome.

Dear Editor, We wish to report the occurrence of distichiasis in a patient with van der Woude syndrome (VWS). This is the most common syndromic form of cleft lip and palate (CLP); its most characte...
HOMOIOPLASTIC ADRENAL GRAFTS TO THE CEREBRAL CORTEX OF THE RAT

THE conclusion that the adrenal gland, in contrast to other tissues in the body, was exceedingly resistant to transplantation (Oldberg, 1929) has been followed by a large number of critical studies. These have shown that grafts of this organ can be made which will give protection against the insufficiency resulting from complete adrenalectomy. Among the sites chosen for implantation the following have been particularly useful: the intramuscular area (Jaffe and Plavska; 1926; Dornfeld, 1937; Wyman and turn Suden, 1937; 1941), the ovary (Pencharz and Olmsted, 1931; Martin, 1932; Ingle and Higgins, 1938; Eversole, Edelmann and Gaunt, 1940), the kidney (Eversole, et al., 1940), the eye (Turner, 1939; Turner, Haffen and St. Amant, 1939), and the pinna of the ear (Kroc, 1942). Most of this work has been done with the rat, and while it has consisted largely of autoplastic transplantations, homoioplastic grafts have also been found successful. Recently Katz and Mainzer (1941) have reported on the use of grafts in...
The Influence of Symbolic Rehearsal upon the Retention of a Maze Habit

Resume On a fait cette experience dans le but de determiner si la repetition symbolique d'une habitude motrice, interpolee dans la periode entre l'apprentissage et le reapprentissage, aide la retention apres sept jours. Trois groupes, chacun de vingt sujets, rendus egaux a l'egard de l'âge et de la capacite a apprendre, ont appris et reappris un labyrinthe dans des conditions comparables. On a dit a un groupe de dessiner la forme du labyrinthe le plus souvent possible dans l'intervalle entre l'apprentissage et le reapprentissage. Cinq des dessins ont ete faits immediatement apres l'apprentissage et cinq immediatement avant le reapprentissage. On a dit a un autre groupe de penser a la forme du labyrinthe le plus souvent possible dans l'intervalle, mais ni de dessiner ni de tracer sa forme. On a dit au troiseme groupe de ne pas penser a la forme dans l'intervalle. On a obtenu des rapports verbaux des activites pendant les periodes de l'apprentissage, du reapprentissage, et de la repetition. On a constate qu...
The Processes by Which Persons with HIV-Related Peripheral Neuropathy Manage Their Symptoms: A Qualitative Study

A variety of peripheral neuropathies occur throughout the course of HIV infection, with the most common peripheral nerve disorder of late HIV infection being distal symmetrical peripheral neuropathy (DSPN). Current management strategies often fail to achieve satisfactory pain relief. This study was designed to explore the everyday life experiences related to DSPN in persons with AIDS (PWAs) and the behaviors they initiate to alleviate the symptoms. A qualitative study using a grounded theory approach was used to better understand the impact DSPN has on PWAs. Many interventions were attempted and were ineffective; the effective ones were highly individualized. Emerging themes in the delimiting debilitation continuum included isolating the symptom cluster, inventing and testing interventions, and assimilating the annoyance. Results indicated a need for better DSPN assessment by nurses and teaching strategy development to manage the symptoms, and development of strategies to combat functional DSPN disabilities.
Collaborating to Compete—The Governance Implications of Stakeholder Agendas at Mount Pulag National Park, the Philippines

Regional planning has long sought to manage places that extend across political boundaries. The international trend to decentralize governance and promote co-management of protected areas is consistent with emerging collaborative spatial planning theory (Healey, 1997, 1999, 2006), which suggests that through dialogue, parties assert multiple cultural perspectives, share knowledge, and forge shared landscape values as the basis of decisions. As a form of collaborative spatial planning, co-management specifies shared resource management power between national government and one or more local or indigenous communities. Both approaches assume decentralized governance systems. Although critics fault collaborative planning for glossing over historical and cultural contexts, and for ignoring power in decision making, few case studies ask why partners participate or how specific decentralized governance institutions affect plan implementation. This paper draws from a study of co-management at Mount Pulag National...
Parathyroid hormone stimulates circulating osteogenic cells in hypoparathyroidism.

Context: The osteoanabolic properties of PTH may be due to increases in the number and maturity of circulating osteogenic cells. Hypoparathyroidism is a useful clinical model because this hypothesis can be tested by administering PTH. Objective: The objective of the study was to characterize circulating osteogenic cells in hypoparathyroid subjects during 12 months of PTH (1-84) administration. Design: Osteogenic cells were characterized using flow cytometry and antibodies against osteocalcin, an osteoblast-specific protein product, and stem cell markers CD34 and CD146. Changes in bone formation from biochemical markers and quadruple-labeled transiliac crest bone biopsies (0 and 3 month time points) were correlated with measurements of circulating osteogenic cells. Setting: The study was conducted at a clinical research center. Patients: Nineteen control and 19 hypoparathyroid patients were included in the study. Intervention: Intervention included the administration of PTH (1-84). Results: Osteocalcin-pos...
Adjustment of homosexual and heterosexual women: a cross-national replication.

British homosexual and heterosexual women were evaluated on the same adjustment inventories used with two similar U.S. groups. The results of both studies were quite parallel, and the findings again supported similarities rather than differences in adjustment between homosexuals and heterosexuals.
Percutaneous thoracic duct cannulation: feasibility study in swine.

Purpose To assess the feasibility of percutaneous catheterization of the thoracic duct (TD) in 15 pigs. Materials and Methods After opacification of the cisterna chyli (CC) with pedal lymphography, the CC is punctured transabdominally with a 21-gauge needle and the TD is catheterized with a 3-F catheter over a guide wire. For retrograde TD catheterization, the guide wire is advanced cephalad to a neck vein, snared, retrieved through the jugular or femoral vein, and used to insert a catheter retrogradely through the lymphovenous junction. The transabdominal wire is removed. Results Of 15 pigs studied, successful TD catheterization was performed in 13 (antegrade [ n =4], antegrade-retrograde [ n = 9]). Two failures were due to CC anomalies. No acute complications were noted. A marker was left in the CC, and TD catheterization was repeated in two pigs, 2 and 5 days later. Conclusions Percutaneous transabdominal TD catheterization in the swine is feasible, safe, and repeatable. This technique has potential clinical applications in organ transplantation and management of TD laceration.
Correlation of structure and active transport in the teleost nephron.

In the present study we have extended our investigations concerning the correlation between ultrastructure and active transport in the isolated flounder nephron. The composition of the fish nephron is defined in ultrastructural terms and its behavior when incubated in vitro under short term and long term culture conditions is described. Using the in vitro system originally described by Forster, a variety of inhibitors and conditions which modify cell structure and function were tested. Ultrastructure was correlated with chlorphenol red dye transport. In general, conditions altering active transport also markedly altered cellular ultrastructure. The principal alterations consisted of membrane changes involving various organelles — most importantly the plasma membrane and the mitochondria. Conditions associated with irreversible cell injury could be rapidly produced by interference either with mitochondrial ATP synthesis or with the integrity of the plasma membrane. Both of these rapidly lead to irreversible events which are preceded by reversible structural changes. Organelle changes progress in a rather well-defined sequence of reversible and irreversible stages which are defined. One difference between the two types of interactions is the presence of intramitochondrial calcification which does not occur with direct modification of the mitochondrial electron transport system. The concept of utilizing long term explant organ cultures of fish nephrons for environmental studies is introduced.
Whole-cell bioluminescent bioreporter sensing of foodborne toxicants

The presence of biologically derived toxins in foods is of utmost significance to food safety and human health concerns. Biologically active amines, referred to as biogenic amines, serve as a noteworthy example, having been implicated as the causative agent in numerous food poisoning episodes. Of the various biogenic amines encountered, histamine, putrescine, cadaverine, tyramine, tryptamine, beta-phenylethylamine, spermine, and spermidine are considered to be the most significant, and can be used as hygienic-quality indicators of food. Biogenic amines can be monitored using whole-cell bioluminescent bioreporters, which represent a family of genetically engineered microorganisms that generate visible light in response to specific chemical or physical agents in their environment. The light response occurs due to transcriptional activation of a genetically incorporated lux cassette, and can be measured using standard photomultiplier devices. We have successfully engineered a lux-based bioreporter capable of detecting and monitoring the biogenic amine beta-phenylethylamine. This research represents a biologically-based sensor technology that can be readily integrated into Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point programs to provide a rugged monitoring regime that can be uniformly applied for field-based and in-house laboratory quality control analyses. Since the bioreporter and biosensing elements are completely self-contained within the sensor design, this system provides ease of use, with operational capabilities realized by simply combining the food sample with the bioreporter and allowing the sensor to process the ensuing bioluminescent signal and communicate the results. The application of this technology to the critically important issue of food safety and hygienic quality represents a novel method for detecting, monitoring, and preventing biologically active toxins in food commodities.
Decentralization in Nepal

Abstract Nepal provides a striking context for examining decentralization programs because the country is highly centralized politically yet has poor communications and transportation. Its development performance has also lagged. Decentralization has been promulgated by the ruling elite in order to increase participation, defang opposition, and improve efficiency. This study shows the difficulties involved in setting priorities, planning, and implementing programs at district and subdistrict levels. It also shows that there are dangers from the capture of local progrmas by local elites. Moreover, decentralization appears to have further burdened the system of informational flows between the center and the peripheral areas without any notable improvement in efficiency.
Exposing photo manipulation with inconsistent reflections

The advent of sophisticated photo editing software has made it increasingly easier to manipulate digital images. Often visual inspection cannot definitively distinguish the resulting forgeries from authentic photographs. In response, forensic techniques have emerged to detect geometric or statistical inconsistencies that result from specific forms of photo manipulation. In this article we describe a new forensic technique that focuses on geometric inconsistencies that arise when fake reflections are inserted into a photograph or when a photograph containing reflections is manipulated. This analysis employs basic rules of reflective geometry and linear perspective projection, makes minimal assumptions about the scene geometry, and only requires the user to identify corresponding points on an object and its reflection. The analysis is also insensitive to common image editing operations such as resampling, color manipulations, and lossy compression. We demonstrate this technique with both visually plausible forgeries of our own creation and commercially produced forgeries.
Magnetic moment measurement of baryons with heavy-flavored quarks by planar channeling through a bent crystal☆

Abstract The precession angle of a polarization vector is calculated for a positively charged short-lived baryon channeling between single-crystal planes. When very energetic polarized baryons are produced such that the production plane of the baryon is almost parallel to the crystal plane, it is shown that the interaction of the polarization with inhomogeneous electric fields inside the crystal can be neglected from the equation of motion of the particle. In this case, the equation of motion of the polarization vector becomes the same as when the electric field is homogeneous. It is also shown that when the crystal is bent perpendicular to the planar direction, the precession angle of the polarization vector of short-lived baryons can be expressed ass Δθ R τ = 1 2 γ 2 [(2 − g + g/γ 2 )]ντ/R under the same condition as above, where γ is the Lorentz factor, g the g factor of the magnetic moment, R the bending radius of the crystal and τ the lifetime of the particle. It is also shown that in some cases this precession should be large enough to determine the magnetic moment of short-lived particles, such as the charmed baryon Λc+.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Microarray Analysis of Gene Expression Pattern in the Arcuate Nucleus/Ventromedial Nucleus of Hypothalamus during Lactation

Lactation is characterized by extreme hyperphagia and negative energy balance resulting from a large energy drain due to milk production and by a suppression of cyclic ovarian function. Increases in neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein and a decrease in proopiomelanocortin expression in the arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus (ARH) may contribute to the hyperphagia to maintain energy balance and to the suppression of LH secretion associated with lactation. However, little is known about the full extent of neuroendocrine changes in the ARH that may contribute to the various adaptations occurring during lactation. To address this issue, we used Affymetrix microarray to acquire a reliable profile of the lactation-induced transcriptional changes in micropunches containing the ARH and a portion of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. Using high stringency criteria, 12 genes were identified as being differentially regulated during lactation, and an additional 10 genes and three transcribed sequences were identified using moderate stringency criteria. Changes in neuropeptide Y, enkephalin, tyrosine hydroxylase, and dynorphin, genes previously shown to be differentially regulated during lactation, provide validation for the microarray analysis. New genes identified as being differentially expressed include those related to neurotransmission, growth factors, signal transduction, and structure remodeling. These data identify new genes in ARH/ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus that may play an important role in the adaptations of lactation related to hyperphagia, milk production, and the suppression of cyclic reproductive function and may contribute to elucidating a framework for integrating changes in energy intake with the regulation of reproductive function during lactation.
Delayed hypersensitivity drug reactions diagnosed by patch testing.

Drug reactions are a common problem in hospital inpatients and outpatients. Oral or parenteral drug challenges are valuable diagnostic aids, but time consuming. We review attempts to diagnose delayed hypersensitivity drug eruptions by patch testing. We review control data, and offer an operational definition that might make for greater acceptance of the role of diagnostic patch testing in this entity.
Obstacles and opportunities in Alzheimer's clinical trial recruitment.

The 2012 National Plan to Address Alzheimer’s Disease set an ambitious goal: to both prevent and effectively treat Alzheimer’s disease by 2025. To reach this goal, tens of thousands of volunteers will be needed to participate in clinical trials to test promising new interventions and therapies. To mobilize these volunteers and their health care providers to participate in future clinical trials, it will be necessary to achieve a better understanding of the barriers keeping people from participating in Alzheimer’s research; form innovative partnerships among researchers, health care and social service providers, and the public; and develop more-effective outreach strategies. In this article we explore recruitment issues, including those unique to Alzheimer’s studies, and we suggest concrete steps such as establishing a structured consortium linking all of the registries of Alzheimer’s trials and establishing new partnerships with community and local organizations that can build trust and understanding amon...
Principles for developing animal models of military PTSD

The extent to which animal studies can be relevant to military posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) continues to be a matter of discussion. Some features of the clinical syndrome are more easily modeled than others. In the animal literature, a great deal of attention is focused on modeling the characteristics of military exposures and their impact on measurable behaviors and biological parameters. There are many issues to consider regarding the ecological validity of predator, social defeat or immobilization stress to combat-related experience. In contrast, less attention has been paid to individual variation following these exposures. Such variation is critical to understand how individual differences in the response to military trauma exposure may result to PTSD or resilience. It is important to consider potential differences in biological findings when comparing extremely exposed to non-exposed animals, versus those that result from examining individual differences. Animal models of military PTSD are also critical in advancing efforts in clinical treatment. In an ideal translational approach to study deployment related outcomes, information from humans and animals, blood and brain, should be carefully considered in tandem, possibly even computed simultaneously, to identify molecules, pathways and networks that are likely to be the key drivers of military PTSD symptoms. With the use novel biological methodologies (e.g., optogenetics) in the animal models, critical genes and pathways can be tuned up or down (rather than over-expressed or ablated completely) in discrete brain regions. Such techniques together with pre-and post-deployment human imaging will accelerate the identification of novel pharmacological and non-pharmacological intervention strategies. Keywords : Animal; posttraumatic stress disorder; military; combat; biomarkers Responsible Editor: Alexander McFarlane, The University of Adelaide, Australia. For the abstract or full text in other languages, please see Supplementary files in the column to the right (under Article Tools) This paper is part of the Special Issue: PTSD in the military: prevalence, pathophysiology, treatment . More papers from this issue can be found at http://www.eurojnlofpsychotraumatol.net (Published: 14 August 2014) Citation: European Journal of Psychotraumatology 2014, 5 : 23825 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v5.23825
Quantitative variation in the chemical constituents of marihuana from stands of naturalizedCannabis sativa L. in East-Central Illinois

Data from 101 naturalized stands ofCannabis in east-central Illinois indicate that production of Δ1(6)-THC, Δ1-THC, cannabinol and cannabidiol was determined, to a large extent, by environmental conditions of the site where plants are grown. It is assumed that these stands represented a relatively homogeneous genetic population. Δ1-THC was under the strongest environmental control. In general, content of these compounds was higher in marihuana from stands where plants were stressed. Two types of stress were suggested by the data: nutrient deficiency and inadequate moisture. Competition from other plants enhanced the content of the drug compounds, and this relationship strengthens the stress hypothesis. Work is underway to confirm this relationship.
Nickel‐katalysierte reduktive Cyclisierungen und Kupplungen

Seit mehr als 50 Jahren wird Nickel als Katalysator in Cycloadditionen eingesetzt. Nickel-katalysierte reduktive Kupplungen und Cyclisierungen sind hingegen erst in letzter Zeit intensiver untersucht worden, wobei inzwischen Mehrkomponenten-Kupplungen von zwei oder mehr π-Komponenten mit einem Hauptgruppen- oder Ubergangsmetallreagens moglich sind. Mit diesen Methoden sind aus leicht verfugbaren Ausgangsmaterialien wichtige organische Strukturelemente zuganglich, unter anderem sind Verbindungen mit mehreren benachbarten Stereozentren, polycyclische Ringsysteme und Reaktionsprodukte mit komplexer Funktionalitat aus einfachen, achiralen, acyclischen Vorstufen synthetisiert worden. Angesichts der Beteiligung von drei oder mehr reaktiven funktionellen Gruppen an der Katalyse sind zum Reaktionsmechanismus noch zahlreiche Fragen offen, etwa zur zeitlichen Abfolge der Bindungsbildungen und zur Natur reaktiver Intermediate. In diesem Aufsatz geben wir einen Uberblick uber neuere Fortschritte auf diesem sich schnell entwickelnden Gebiet.
Abridgment of the conductivity of insulating oils

The paper describes experiments on the charging current and other associated phenomena in high-grade transformer oil. The charging currents remaining after the elimination of the initial transient were studied to within a few hundredths of a second of application of continuous voltage. Two samples of the same oil obtained at different times differed radically. In one case the charging current fell off from the start, while in the other, it remained constant for an appreciable time or even temporarily increased. On reversal of polarity after a long charge, the initial current with both specimens was the same as before reversal, but with one a large momentary increase occurred a few seconds later. Evidence is given on the time of recovery of the initial condition. The existence of space charges in the charged oil is shown, and the time of formation of these charges together with the resulting non-uniform distribution of voltage is measured. Since it is the initial conductivity which determines the a-c. loss, the importance of the charging current in its early stages is emphasized.
Fas and Fas ligand expression is elevated in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostatic adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND Fas is a Type I membrane receptor of the tumor necrosis factor/nerve growth factor family. On binding to Fas ligand, a Type II transmembrane protein, the Fas/Fas ligand complex, induces apoptosis in target cells. Dysregulation of Fas and Fas ligand expression has been found in some malignant neoplasms. METHODS Using immunohistochemical analysis, the authors studied the expression of Fas and Fas ligand in prostatic adenocarcinoma, high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and adjacent benign prostate tissue from 95 radical prostatectomy specimens. RESULTS The percentage of cells that stained positively with Fas in benign prostate tissue (mean, 2%) was statistically significantly lower compared with that in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (mean, 13%; P = 0.0014) and prostatic adenocarcinoma (mean, 31%; P = 0.0001). The staining intensity of Fas was significantly less in benign prostate tissue compared with the staining intensity in PIN and prostatic adenocarcinoma. The percentage of cells that stained positively with Fas ligand in benign prostate tissue (mean, 13%) was statistically significantly lower compared with that in PIN (mean, 47%; P = 0.0001) and in prostatic adenocarcinoma (mean, 53%; P = 0.0001). The staining intensity of Fas ligand was significantly less in benign prostate tissue compared with that in PIN and prostatic adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS Data from the current study indicate that Fas/Fas ligand is elevated in prostatic malignancy, suggesting that Fas-mediated apoptosis may be a potential target for therapeutic intervention. Cancer 2002;95:296–300. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10674
Possible contributions of electron pairing ( − U ) centers to the normal-state resistivity and superconductivity in nonsimple metals

We observe that, owing to the complex chemical nature of nonsimple metals, one expects in some of these systems that there will exist negative-$U$ (electron-pairing) centers. After this observation is explored for several examples, the effects of such centers on the transport properties are investigated within a model which views them as embedded randomly in a Fermi sea. In this way it is found that they contribute a ${T}^{2}$ temperature dependence to the normal-state resistivity, and the possible connection of these results to experimental data is pointed out. It is also found that such negative-$U$ centers can raise the superconducting transition temperature.
Enhanced metal ion affinities by supported ligand synergistic interaction in bifunctional polymer-supported aminomethylphosphonates

The Mannich reaction is applied to the phosphorylation of amine resins with monoamine, ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, and tetraethylenepentamine ligands to give a series of bifunctional aminomethylphosphonic acid resins. The microenvironment around each ligand was varied by preparing fully functionalized resins, a second set of resins with 82 mol% phenyl groups in the polymer, and a third set with 82 mol% carbomethoxy groups. The affinity of the resins for Cu(II), Cd(II), Pb(II), and Eu(III) was evaluated from solutions buffered at pH 5. Synergism is observed under certain conditions where both groups operating together complex more metal ions than either one alone. Ion exchange by the phosphonate portion of the ligand and coordination by the amine portion cooperate as a dual mechanism for metal ion complexation. Synergistic complexation of Cd(II) by all bifunctional aminomethylphosphonate resins (regardless of microenvironment) and of all metal ions by all bifunctional resins within the carbomethox...
Importance of anelasticity in the interpretation of seismic tomography

Temperature dependence of seismic wave velocities comes both from anharmonicity and anelasticity. The contribution from anelasticity is shown to be important in the Earth's mantle particularly for shear waves. In the low Q (Qµ∼100) regions in the upper mantle, the correction due to anelasticity will roughly double the temperature derivatives due to anharmonicity alone. The correction for anelasticity will also be important in the deep mantle where Q is larger, if temperature derivatives due to anharmonicity will decrease significantly with pressure. These results imply that the temperature anomalies associated with low velocity anomalies in the mantle will be significantly smaller than previously considered on the basis of anharmonic effect alone and that the amplitude of velocity anomalies will be significantly larger for shear waves than for compressional waves.
Adequacy of dietary intakes and poverty in India: Trends in the 1990s

Linear programming methods, indicators of nutritional adequacy from the Indian Council of Medical Research and household expenditure survey data from the National Sample Survey Organization were used to construct poverty lines for India. Poverty ratios were calculated for 1993--1994 and 1999--2000 on the basis of nutritional adequacy poverty lines and compared to official estimates of poverty based on energy requirements. Nutritional adequacy poverty lines are higher than official poverty lines, particularly in rural areas. The application of nutritional adequacy poverty lines points to greater rural-urban poverty differences than in official estimates. Declines in rural poverty during the 1990s were also slower under the nutritional adequacy definition, especially in south India. There is a greater degree of rural-urban and regional bias in nutritional adequacy poverty reduction than suggested by official data. Inter-state variations in changes in nutritional poverty and official poverty in the 1990s are largely explained by differences in assumptions on overall price movements. However, relative price movements in food items also played a role, particularly the slow increase in prices of cereals and edible oils in comparison to the prices of pulses, and in some southern states, compared to milk and vegetable prices as well.
A Population Viability Analysis for African Elephant (Loxodonta africana): How Big Should Reserves Be?

We present an age-structured, density-dependent model of elephant population dynamics in a fluctuating environment, drawing primarily upon the life history parameters obtained from studies in semi-arid land at Tsavo National Park, Kenya. Density regulation occurs by changes in the age of first reproduction and calving interval. We model environmental stochasticity with drought events affecting sex- and age-specific survivorships. Results indicate a maximum population growth rate of 3% per year and an equilibrium elephant density of 3.1/mile2. Analysis of the demographic results and their sensitivity to changes in juvenile survivorship and drought frequencies, supported by genetic considerations, suggests that in semi-arid regions a minimum reserve size of 1000 mile2 is necessary to attain a 99% probability of population persistence for 1000 years. The effect of age-independent culling on population viability is also analyzed.
Breakthroughs in Photonics 2012: Breakthroughs in Nanomembranes and Nanomembrane Lasers

Crystalline semiconductor nanomembranes (NMs) offer unprecedented opportunities for unique electronic and photonic devices for vertically stacked high-density photonic/electronic integration, high-performance flexible electronics, and adaptive flexible/conformal photonics. We present here major progresses reported over the last year, in the area of semiconductor NM photonics, with focuses on the innovative membrane laser devices and structures for silicon photonics and flexible optoelectronics.
Dietary influences on eructation and related ruminal phenomena in cattle.

Summary On a diet of alfalfa tops, eructation rate and volume, as determined by the tracheal transection technique, were so depressed in three steers and two cows that a positive intrarumen pressure was maintained for 130min. after feeding. Only a slight increase in pressure, which lasted for 70min., was measured when oat hay was fed the night preceding alfalfa tops ingestion. A subatmospheric intrarumen pressure was found during the oat hay trials. An eructation occurred on almost every secondary rumen contraction during the oat hay trials. The frequency of the secondary contractions, as well as the total number of rumen contractions, was significantly (1% level) higher during the tops trials than when oat hay was fed. There was no increase in eructation frequency coinciding with the increase in the number of secondary rumen contractions during the alfalfa tops trials. An excellent correlation (r = 0.96) was found between the ratio of secondary to primary rumen contractions and intrarumen pressure. On essentially equivalent TDN intakes, the total gas eructated was greater on the tops than on the oat hay diet. Frothy rumen ingesta were noted after the completion of the alfalfa tops trials. It is suggested that acute legume bloat results from a rapid rate of gas formation, accompanied by a frothing of the ingesta which physically prevents eructation.
Distinguished fellow--in honor of Victor Fuchs.

Victor Fuchs is a towering figure. His contributions to economics have spanned nearly 35 years. As his career has progressed, he has increasingly come to write on subjects of broad interest in a style that is accessible to noneconomists, thereby magnifying his influence. His gift is an ability to ask questions that are usually based on simple theory, but which nonetheless in his hands seem novel, and then proceed to answer those questions with simple, straightforward data analysis that is all the more powerful for its simplicity. Victor's work is usually "low tech," to use his term, but almost always persuasive in ways that high-tech methods would not necessarily be. In this essay, I focus principally on Victor's contributions to the economics of health and medical care, but I have a bit to say about his other contributions as well.
Using micellar enhanced ultrafiltration and reduction techniques for removal of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) from water

Abstract Nowadays, hexavalent and trivalent chromium are two forms of heavy metals that have raised a serious concern due to their high toxicity, low biodegradability and carcinogenesis and their ability to pollute groundwater and soil. In this research, reduction and micellar enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) methods were used for removing hexavalent and trivalent chromium from water respectively. Rhamnolipid (JBR 425) was also applied as a reducing agent in reduction and a biosurfactant in MEUF techniques because of its low toxicity and biodegradability in the environment. In this study, batch experiments were done in two parts (reduction and MEUF) to investigate the efficiency of rhamnolipid (JBR 425) for removing Cr(VI) and Cr(III). A 10,000 Da polysulfone hollow-fiber membrane, with an area of 140 cm2, was used in MEUF experiments. In the first part of the experiments, initial concentration of hexavalent chromium, pH, and rhamnolipid concentration were examined to observe the effect of these parameters on the reduction of Cr(VI). The maximum reduction of hexavalent chromium was 98.7% at Cr(VI) initial concentration of 10 mg/L, pH 6, and a rhamnolipid concentration of 2% (vol/vol.). In the second part of the trials, the operating factors such as temperature and rhamnolipid concentration in the removal of trivalent chromium and also the behavior of rhamnolipid in the presence of Cr(III) were studied. Temperature had a positive effect on the performance of MEUF system. In all experiments for both parts, it has been illustrated that rhamnolipid (JBR 425) had an extremely good efficiency for removing hexavalent and trivalent chromium from waters which was the main purpose of this research.
Treatment of burns with skin substitutes.

Abstract More than 2 million persons sustain thermal injuries in the United States annually (Monafo and Crabtree, 1985) and more than 10 000 burn victims die (Collini and Kealey, 1989). The principal factors affecting mortality are the total area burned and the area of third degree (full thickness) burns (Tompkins et al., 1985) with wound sepsis being the leading cause of mortality. Early aggressive excision and immediate covering of the wounds improve survival (Herdon and Parks, 1986). Various biological and synthetic substrates have been employed to replace the injured skin. Most of these provide a permeability barrier which substitutes for the epidermal function of the lost skin. An ideal skin replacement should also provide a substitute for dermis, which provides both support and stability for the epidermal replacement and prevents wound contraction. The dermal and epidermal replacement should be firmly integrated by a complete basement membrane zone (BMZ).
A coercivity model with competing anisotropies

Abstract In standard coercivity theory, formulae derived for homogeneous material are applied to inhomogeneous situations. The model considered here contains inherent inhomogeneity in the form of competing volume and surface anisotropies. Its coercivity never exceeds half the Stoner-Wohlfarth value, decreases with particle size, and vanishes at a finite critical size.
Mixed-mode reversed-phase and ion-exchange separations of cationic analytes on polybutadiene-coated zirconia

The retention and selectivity of the chromatographic separation of basic (cationic) analytes on a polybutadiene-coated zirconia (PBD-ZrO2) stationary phase have been studied in greater detail than in previous studies. These separations are strongly influenced by the chemistry of the accessible surface of zirconia. In the presence of buffers which contain hard Lewis bases (e.g., phosphate, fluoride, carboxylic acids) zirconia's surface becomes negatively charged due to adsorption of the buffer anion at the hard Lewis acid sites. Consequently, under most conditions (e.g., neutral pH), cationic analytes undergo both hydrophobic and cation-exchange interactions. This mixed-mode retention process generally leads to greater retention factors for cations relative to those on silica-based reversed phases despite the lower surface areas of the zirconia phase, but, more importantly, adsorption of hard Lewis bases can be used to control the chromatographic selectivity for cationic analytes on these zirconia-based stationary phases. In contrast to our prior work, here we show that when mixed-mode retention takes place, both retention and selectivity are easily adjusted by changing the type of hard Lewis base buffer anion, the type of buffer counter-ion (e.g., sodium, potassium, ammonium), the pH, and the ionic strength of the eluent as well as the type and amount of organic modifier.
Intramolecular diels-alder reactions of isoquinoline-1-carboxamides

Abstract N -methyl- N -propargyl and N -methyl- N -allylisoquinoline-1-carboxamides undergo facile intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions to give fused N -methyl-γ-lactams.
A Comparison of Designs and Estimators For the Two-Stage Nested Random Model

The problem of selecting a design and estimating procedure for estimating with minimum mean squared error (MSE) the variance components in a two-stage nested random model is considered. For balanced designs a modified maximum likelihood (ML) estimator is superior, and for this estimator the optimal design is less sensitive to the intra-class correlation τ for τ ≤ .5 than those designs based on minimizing the variance of the usual analysis of variance (AOV) estimator. For τ > .5, where an unbalanced design is preferable, asymptotic results were derived to indicate optimal designs for ML and AOV estimators; ML estimators have smaller MSE's than truncated AOV estimators or iterated least squares estimators. The optimal number of classes is somewhat less than the number needed for minimizing the variance of the usual AOV estimator. Large sample results for unbalanced designs were compared with small sample results obtained by simulation for a wide range of intra-class correlation and several selected designs.
High grade dysplasia: surveillance, mucosal ablation, or resection?

Barrett’s esophagus is a common premalignant condition that results from chronic gastroesophageal reflux. High grade dysplasia in the metaplastic esophagus is thought to be the last step in the metaplasia-to-carcinoma sequence that characterizes this disease. The management of high grade dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus is controversial. Some investigators advocate a rigorous endoscopic surveillance program with biopsies, but this approach has been questioned because of its clinical impracticality, high cost, possibility of sampling errors, and difficulty demonstrating effectiveness on a reproducible basis. Others advocate mucosal ablative therapy to eradicate the dysplastic and metaplastic epithelium. This approach, still in its infancy, cannot be accepted as standard therapy at the present time because of limited follow-up, its questionable ability to completely eradicate the abnormal mucosa, the phenomenon of pseudoregression, and the patients require continued rigorous endoscopic surveillance. Esophagectomy, on the other hand, can be accomplished with a low mortality rate in these patients. We advocate this approach because a large number of them have invasive cancer in the esophagus despite a preoperative diagnosis of only high grade dysplasia. In addition, the 5-year survival is excellent even if invasive cancer is present, and these patients are liberated from rigorous endoscopic surveillance for the rest of their lives. For patients with high grade dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus who are poor operative risks, less invasive approaches such as mucosal ablation may play a role, but longer follow-up information is needed before this technique can be accepted even in this setting.
Risk of hernia incarceration following transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt placement.

Abstract Purpose Hernia complications after creation of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) have been reported, although the incidence of this complication is unknown. This study was designed to determine the incidence, morbidity, and outcome of hernia complications in patients with preexisting abdominal or inguinal hernias after TIPS creation. Materials and Methods The medical records of 244 consecutive patients undergoing TIPS creation between 1999 and 2007 at a single institution were reviewed. The study population was 57 patients (23%) with a preprocedural abdominal or inguinal hernia. The investigated outcome was small bowel obstruction or postprocedural incarceration of a preexisting hernia. Demographic and procedural variables were evaluated for an associated increased risk of hernia complications. Results Hernia complications developed in 25% of patients (14 of 57) after TIPS creation at a mean presentation of 62 days (range, 2–588 d). Thirteen complications (93%) required emergent surgery, of which four (29%) required bowel resection for necrosis. There were no resulting deaths. Ninety-eight percent of patients with a hernia complication had the procedure to treat refractory ascites. The indication of refractory ascites was significantly associated with the risk of a hernia complication ( P = .002). Conclusions A 25% incidence of hernia complications following TIPS creation in patients being treated for refractory ascites is higher than expected; emergent surgery is required in most cases. Further investigation to formulate a plan for elective management is warranted.
Optimal signaling for meteor burst channels

We examine the design of modulation systems for meteor burst communications. In particular, we present a technique which allows the designer to determine the signal set size and the signaling rate which maximize the throughput per meteor burst. The technique, which involves the capacity and cutoff rate from information theory, is applied to a variable coding rate scheme and a variable signaling rate scheme, for both coherent MPSK (M=2, 4, 8) and noncoherent MFSK (M=2, 4, 8, 16, 32). As a fringe benefit, the method proposed also provides estimates on achievable throughputs.