cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PLASMA THERMODYNAMICS AND THE EVOLUTION OF BROWN DWARFS AND PLANETS

To what extent can the observed properties of brown dwarfs (BD's) and giant planets (GP's) be used to test the hydrogen phase diagram at high pressure? In a partial answer to this question, we summarize recent theoretical work on the evolution of BD's and GP's. The baseline models assume that (a) interior temperature-pressure trajectories do not cross any first-order phase boundaries; (b) there is no demixing of helium; (c) atmospheric opacities are determined both by gases and by cloud particles. We then investigate how these models would be affected by the existence of a plasma phase transition. Uncertainty in the atmospheric boundary condition is quite pronounced, and affects the evolution of BD's in a way similar to that of plasma phase transitions. Baseline models have reasonable agreement with recent astronomical observations of BD's, suggesting that effects of hydrogen phase transitions are not yet discernible in the data. We evaluate predictions of numbers of BD's based on standard hypotheses about atmospheric cloud formation and the hydrogen phase diagram, and find that, for a Salpeter birth function, large numbers of low-luminosity BD's (with luminosity on the order of a few millionths of a solar luminosity) should now exist in the galaxy, at a density of about one per cubic parsec. Slower cooling of such BD's, as might be produced by proposed plasma phase transitions with an entropy increase from neutral to metallic phase on the order of 0.3 k B per proton, would make them slightly more detectable. But a plausible change in the atmospheric boundary condition, e.g. from an effective low-opacity to a high-opacity atmosphere, has a similar but much larger effect, in that it can raise the object's interior temperature profile by a factor up to about 2 for a given surface gravity and effective temperature.
Roles of "Wanting" and "Liking" in Motivating Behavior: Gambling, Food, and Drug Addictions

The motivation to seek out and consume rewards has evolutionarily been driven by the urge to fulfill physiological needs. However in a modern society dominated more by plenty than scarcity, we tend to think of motivation as fueled by the search for pleasure. Here, we argue that two separate but interconnected subcortical and unconscious processes direct motivation: "wanting" and "liking." These two psychological and neuronal processes and their related brain structures typically work together, but can become dissociated, particularly in cases of addiction. In drug addiction, for example, repeated consumption of addictive drugs sensitizes the mesolimbic dopamine system, the primary component of the "wanting" system, resulting in excessive "wanting" for drugs and their cues. This sensitizing process is long-lasting and occurs independently of the "liking" system, which typically remains unchanged or may develop a blunted pleasure response to the drug. The result is excessive drug-taking despite minimal pleasure and intense cue-triggered craving that may promote relapse long after detoxification. Here, we describe the roles of "liking" and "wanting" in general motivation and review recent evidence for a dissociation of "liking" and "wanting" in drug addiction, known as the incentive sensitization theory (Robinson and Berridge 1993). We also make the case that sensitization of the "wanting" system and the resulting dissociation of "liking" and "wanting" occurs in both gambling disorder and food addiction.
And Yet it Moves: A Tax Paradigm for the 21st Century

A central premise of tax scholarship of the last thirty years has been the greater mobility of capital than labor. Recently, scholars such as Edward Kleinbard have recommended that the US adopt a variant of the 'dual income tax' model used by the Scandinavian countries, under which income from capital is subject to significantly lower rates than labor income because of its supposedly greater mobility. This article argues that the premise upon which this argument is built is mistaken, because for individual US taxpayers (as opposed to corporations), there are significant limitations on their ability to avoid tax by moving their capital overseas. Moreover, if we focus on those taxpayers that pay the bulk of the income tax (i.e., the upper middle class and the rich), the data suggest that their ability to legally avoid taxation by expatriation is not significantly lower than their ability to evade it by moving capital, and lower income taxpayers are able to avoid both the income tax and the payroll tax (as well as a VAT) by emigration. The article will then develop the policy implications, suggesting that income from labor and capital should be subject to similar rates, but that these rates should be congruent with the price the US population is willing to pay for public services.
Computational discovery of lanthanide doped and Co-doped Y3Al5O12 for optoelectronic applications

We systematically elucidate the optoelectronic properties of rare-earth doped and Ce co-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) using hybrid exchange-correlation functional based density functional theory. The predicted optical transitions agree with the experimental observations for single doped Ce:YAG, Pr:YAG, and co-doped Er,Ce:YAG. We find that co-doping of Ce-doped YAG with any lanthanide except Eu and Lu lowers the transition energies; we attribute this behavior to the lanthanide-induced change in bonding environment of the dopant atoms. Furthermore, we find infrared transitions only in case of the Er, Tb, and Tm co-doped Ce:YAG and suggest Tm,Ce:YAG and Tb,Ce:YAG as possible functional materials for efficient spectral up-conversion devices.
Defragmentization strategies for pre-engineering curricula

The "traditional" preparatory curriculum for beginning engineering students has served several generations, but its demise may be imminent. First and second year courses such as calculus, physics, chemistry, electricity mechanics, etc., which have traditionally been assumed as essential for freshman and sophomore engineering students, are under serious scrutiny for possible modification or elimination. Perhaps the most dominant reason for this change in educational philosophy stems from the realization that many of the current "MTV Internet Surfing, raised-on-TV" generation appear to be insufficiently motivated by, or prepared for what has worked in the past. These tried-and-true static presentations of mathematical and technical material may offer too little direct interaction to the student accustomed to getting their information (and stimulation) from the high-tech communication media. These traditional presentations may simply be in need of updating and reconfiguring. There also appears to be significant fragmentation, either real or perceived by students, between these required math/science/engineering fundamental courses and subsequent advanced engineering courses. Sources of this fragmentation, and means of correcting it, are addressed in this paper.
Two-proton correlation measurements in 800 and 400 MeV/nucleon heavy-ion reactions

Energy and angular correlations of two protons emitted in collisions of C + C, C + Pb, Ne + NaF, Ar + KCl, at Elabbeam = 800MeV/A, and Ne + NaF at Elabbeam = 400MeV/A have been measured. A strong correlation due to p-p quasi-elastic scattering is observed except for C + Pb where nuclear shadowing is observed. A simple model is proposed to estimate the magnitude of the knock-out process in these heavy-ion collisions.
Use-dependent AMPA receptor block in mice lacking GluR2 suggests postsynaptic site for LTP expression

The mechanisms responsible for enhanced transmission during long-term potentiation (LTP) at CA1 hippocampal synapses remain elusive. Several popular models for LTP expression propose an increase in 'use' of existing synaptic elements, such as increased probability of transmitter release or increased opening of postsynaptic receptors. To test these models directly, we studied a GluR2 knockout mouse in which AMPA receptor transmission is rendered sensitive to a use-dependent block by polyamine compounds. This method can detect increases during manipulations affecting transmitter release or AMPA receptor channel open time and probability, but shows no such changes during LTP. Our results indicate that the recruitment of new AMPA receptors and/or an increase in the conductance of these receptors is responsible for the expression of CA1 LTP.
The mitochondrial genome is large and variable in a family of plants (cucurbitaceae)

The genome sizes of mitochondrial DNA from darkgrown (etiolated) shoots of several higher plants were determined by reassociation kinetics and restriction analysis. Kinetic complexities obtained from reassociation kinetics measured spectrophotometrically indicate a mitochondrial genome size of 1600 Md for muskmelon, 1000 Md for cucumber, 560 Md for zucchini squash and 220 Md for watermelon (four species in the cucurbit family), as well as 240 Md for pea and 320 Md for corn. The kinetic curves also reveal the presence (except in corn) of sequences of a few magadaltons of complexity, reiterated about 10-50 times and representing 5%- 10% of the DNA in each mitochondrial genome. Molecular weight summation of fragments resulting from digestion with restriction endonucleases Sal I and Kpn I give genome size estimates similar to those obtained from reassociation kinetics, except for muskmelon and cucumber, for which the large number of fragments of similar size limits our estimate to at least 500 Md. The number of mitochondrial genomes per diploid cell is estimated to be about 110 to 140 for muskmelon, zucchini and watermelon. We consider the possible evolutionary mechanisms by which the mitochondrial genome has grown within the cucurbit family and the possible reasons for the existance of a seven to eight-fold range in mitochondrial genome size among such closely related species.
Increased Force Variability in Chronic Stroke: Contributions of Force Modulation below 1 Hz

Increased force variability constitutes a hallmark of arm disabilities following stroke. Force variability is related to the modulation of force below 1 Hz in healthy young and older adults. However, whether the increased force variability observed post stroke is related to the modulation of force below 1 Hz remains unknown. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare force modulation below 1 Hz in chronic stroke and age-matched healthy individuals. Both stroke and control individuals (N = 26) performed an isometric grip task to submaximal force levels. Coefficient of variation quantified force variability, and power spectrum density of force quantified force modulation below 1 Hz with a high resolution (0.07 Hz). Analyses indicated that force variability was greater for the stroke group compared with to healthy controls and for the paretic hand compared with the non-paretic hand. Force modulation below 1 Hz differentiated the stroke individuals and healthy controls, as well as the paretic and non-paretic hands. Specifically, stroke individuals (paretic hand) exhibited greater power ~0.2 Hz (0.07-0.35 Hz) and lesser power ~0.6 Hz (0.49-0.77 Hz) compared to healthy controls (non-dominant hand). Similarly, the paretic hand exhibited greater power ~0.2 Hz, and lesser power ~0.6 Hz than the non-paretic hand. Moreover, variability of force was strongly predicted from the modulation of specific frequencies below 1 Hz (R(2) = 0.80). Together, these findings indicate that the modulation of force below 1 Hz provides significant insight into changes in motor control after stroke.
Priming and the Brain

This work was supported by National Institute on Aging AG08441 and the Human Frontiers Science Foundation. We thank Alex Martin and Eric Kandel for comments and discussion and Carolyn Brenner for help with preparation of the manuscript.
CME mission statements: Their evolution and role in CME program development at tufts university school of medicine

Medical schools, hospitals, and other institutions accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) are expected to have prepared "mission statements" for their CME activities. The role of the CME mission statement, however, has not been widely discussed in the literature as a primary topic area. The Tufts experience illustrates the interrelationships of CME program development and the evolution of changing mission statements at one medical school and should be of interest to other schools and to university and community hospitals as well.
Exotic spread of Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) beyond North America

The South America fire ant Solenopsis invicta Buren arrived in Mobile, Alabama by ship sometime before 1945. Since then, S. invicta has spread in North America across the southern US and northeastern Mexico. More recently, it has invaded the West Indies and parts of the Old World. Here, I examine this more recent exotic spread of S. invicta beyond North America, reporting new West Indian records and questioning some Asian records. In 1981, S. invicta was first found in the West Indies, on Puerto Rico. With my new records from Vieques, Aruba, and Jamaica, S. invicta is now known from 28 West Indian islands. In 2001, the first Old World populations of S. invicta were discovered in New Zealand and Australia. Nascent populations of S. invicta in New Zealand have been exterminated and Australia populations have been kept in check through intensive control efforts. Populations of S. invicta in Taiwan and China first found in 2003-2004, however, have spread broadly. Published reports of S. invicta from Malaysia and Singapore were based on misidentifications, presumably of the more widespread Neotropical fire ant, Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius). Reports of S. invicta from India and the Philippines seem questionable and need confirmation. Where S. invicta has invaded, it has displaced S. geminata in open habitats, leaving remnant S. geminata populations, primarily in forested areas. In working to limit the spread and impacts of fire ants, it will be important to differentiate among the species, and recognize their similarities and their differences.
Use of 3-O-(2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosyl)-2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-α-d-galactopyranosyl bromide as a glycosyl donor: Synthesis of p-nitrophenyl 3-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosyl)-β-d-galactopyranoside

Abstract Acetolysis of methyl 3-O-(2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-β- d -glucopyranosyl)-2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-α- d -galactopyranoside afforded 3-O-(2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-β- d -glucopyranosyl)-1,2,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl- d -galactopyranose (2). Treatment of 2 in dichloromethane with hydrogen bromide in glacial acetic acid gave 3-O-(2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-β- d -glucopyranosyl)- 2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-α- d -galactopyranosyl bromide (3). The α configuration of 3 was indicated by its high, positive, specific rotation, and supported by its 1H-n.m.r. spectrum. Reaction of 3 with Amberlyst A-26-p-nitrophenoxide resin in 1:4 dichloromethane-2-propanol furnished p-nitrophenyl 3-O-(2-acetamido-3,4,6- tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-β- d -glucopyranosyl)-2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-β- d -galactopyranoside (7). Compound 7 was also obtained by the condensation (catalyzed by silver trifluoromethanesulfonate-2,4,6-trimethylpyridine) of 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-β- d -glucopyranosyl bromide with p-nitrophenyl 2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-β- d -galactopyranoside, followed by the usual deacylation-peracetylation procedure. O-Deacetylation of 7 in methanolic sodium methoxide furnished the title disaccharide (8). The structure of 8 was established by 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy.
Estrogen Replacement Therapy and Incidence of Self-Reported Physician-Diagnosed Arthritis

Abstract Background. This longitudinal study examined the association between use of estrogen replacement therapy and incidence of self-reported, physician-diagnosed arthritis. Methods. Data of 2,416 postmenopausal women who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiological Follow-Up Study were used in this study. Women, free of self-reported arthritis at entry into study and for 3 years thereafter, were questioned about use of estrogen and physician-diagnosed arthritis at each of the follow-up waves of study. Proportional hazard regression models were used for the analysis. Results. Use of ERT was found to be associated with higher risk of incident arthritis, after adjusting for potential confounders (RR = 1.61, CI 1.37–1.89). When ever use of ERT was replaced by duration of use in the regression model, ERT users for a year or less significantly increased their risk of incident arthritis (RR = 1.37, CI 1.07–1.74). The risk increased by 30 and 96% with hormone use for 1 to 4 and 4 to 10 years, respectively, and by 104% with hormone use for 10 or more years. Conclusion. Results suggest that users of ERT were at higher risk of developing arthritis and the longer the use of the hormone, the higher the risk.
Carbon corrosion characteristics of CNx nanostructures in acidic media and implications for ORR performance

Accelerated electrochemical corrosion of nitrogen-containing carbon (CN x ) oxygen reduction catalysts was performed by a chronoamperometric hold at 1.2 V versus NHE in acidic electrolyte using a rotating disk electrode system. Cyclic voltammograms were used to measure the electrochemically active quinone/hydroquinone redox reaction couple indicating the degree of carbon corrosion. Half-cell testing of CN x oxygen reduction catalyst materials showed superior carbon corrosion resistance compared to Vulcan carbon, the most ubiquitous cathode catalyst support. When oxygen reduction activity was measured before and after carbon corrosion, carbon corrosion resilience trended with the oxygen reduction activity. CN x catalysts subjected to carbon corrosion testing did not show a change in the onset of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity potentials with only a slight reduction in current density, but showed improved ORR selectivity to the complete reduction of dioxygen to water.
Rare earth element patterns in biotite muscovite and tourmaline minerals

Rare earth element concentrations in the minerals biotite and muscovite from the mica schist country rocks of the Etta pegmatite and tourmalines from the Bob Ingersoll pegmatite have been measured by INAA and CNAA. The concentrations range from 10−4 g/g to 10−10 g/g. The REE patterns of biotite, muscovite and tourmaline reported herein are highly fractionated from light to heavy REE. The REE concentrations in biotite and muscovite are high and indigenous. The pegmatite tourmalines contain low concentrations of REE. Variations in tourmaline REE patterns reflect the geochemical evolution of pegmatite melt/fluid system during crystallization.
Assembly and annotation of full mitochondrial genomes for the corn rootworm species, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera and Diabrotica barberi (Insecta: Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), using Next Generation Sequence data

Abstract Complete mitochondrial genomes for two corn rootworm species, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (16,747 bp) and Diabrotica barberi (16,632; Insecta: Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), were assembled from Illumina HiSeq2000 read data. Annotation indicated that the order and orientation of 13 protein coding genes (PCGs), and 22 tRNA and 2 rRNA sequences were in typical of insect mitochondrial genomes. Non-standard nad4 and cox3 stop codons were composed of single T nucleotides and likely completed by adenylation, and atypical TTT start codons was predicted for both D. v. virgifera and D. barberi nad1 genes. The D. v. virgifera and D. barberi haplotypes showed 819 variable nucleotide positions within PCG regions (7.36% divergence), which suggest that speciation may have occurred ~ 3.68 million years ago assuming a linear rate of short-term substitution. Phylogenetic analyses of Coleopteran MtD genome show clustering based on family level, and may have the capacity to resolve the evolutionary history within this Order of insects.
Impact of training on level of adoption of improved practices among Cassava farmers in Southwestern Nigeria

The study investigated the impact of training on adoption of improved practices among cassava farmers in Oyo and Osun States of Nigeria. Survey data from 120 farmers from both trained and untrained respondents randomly selected from 8 villages were used for the study. Findings of the study show that majority of the farmers (55%) belonged to medium adoption level category. There was significant difference in the level of adoption of trained group and untrained group. Age, socio-economic status, motivation and use of mass media were found to have significant contributions in adoption of the improved practices by the trained group. In the untrained group however, socio-economic status and use of mass media were found to have significant contribution. There is need for more training programmes with adequate extension follow-up. Setting up of information centres where farmers could obtain information would improve the level of adoption. Keywords : impact, training, improved practices, cassava, farmers International Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development Vol. 6 2005: 34-38
Binding and diffusion of Pt nanoclusters on anatase TiO2(001)-(1×4) surface

A novel heterogeneous system consisting of Pt nanoclusters on TiO(001)-(1x4) surface has been investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). It has been found that Pt forms three-dimensional clusters with a narrow size distribution and that, upon annealing in vacuum, the clusters migrate to step edges via a cluster diffusion mechanism. It has also been found that the cluster size distribution and the average surface cluster density remain constant during annealing, implying that no cluster coalescence has taken place. Inspection of STM images and autocorrelation analysis have shown that clusters diffuse on terraces primarily along the atomic rows. A one-dimensional model has been used to study cluster diffusion on terraces and recover the cluster diffusion coefficient from the experimental data. The model has been applied to two data sets and the results show that cluster diffusion on the terraces exhibits an Arrhenius temperature dependence in both cases. By considering the cluster system to be a lattice gas on a heterogeneous surface, enforcing the principles of chemical equilibrium coupled with analysis of the cluster population on both terraces and step edges yielded the difference in cluster binding energy on terraces and step edges.
A Comparison of Non-Certified and Certified Grief Counselors in Regard to Education, Experience, Credentials, and Supervision

This study utilized a causal-comparative research design to explore the similarities and differences between non-certified and certified grief counselors in the areas of education, training, experience, credentials, and supervision. Respondents included 623 non-certified and certified grief counselors, all of whom were members of the Association for Death Education and Counseling (ADEC). The response rate was 63 percent. The findings of this study provide data on certified and non-certified grief counselors who are members of ADEC. Certified grief counselors report significantly more experience as counselors at the post-master's level, significantly more grief counseling experience, significantly more credentials, significantly higher mean composite scores on the 14 knowledge areas adapted from ADEC (1995) and the National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC), and significantly higher scores on 12 of the 14 individual knowledge areas. ADEC is the oldest multi-disciplinary professional organization dedica...
Raising the Dead

The Science of Jurassic Park and The Lost World. Or How to Build a Dinosaur. ROB DeSALLE and DAVID LINDLEY. BasicBooks, New York, 1997. xxix, 194 pp., illus. $18 or C$25.50. ISBN 0-465-07379-4.
Imaging spectrometer technologies for advanced earth remote sensing

A major requirement of multispectral imaging systems for advanced Earth remote sensing is the provision for greater spectral resolution and more versatile spectral band selection. The imaging spectrometer instrument concept provides this versatility by the combination of pushbroom imaging and spectrally dispersing optics using area array detectors in the focal plane. The shuttle imaging spectrometer concept achieves 10- and 20-meter ground instantaneous fields of view with 20-nanometer spectral resolution from Earth Orbit. Onboard processing allows the selection of spectral bands during flight; this, in turn, permits the sensor parameters to be tailored to the experiment objectives. Advances in optical design, infrared detector arrays, and focal plane cooling indicate the feasibility of the instrument concept and support the practicability of a validation flight experiment for the shuttle in the late 1980s.
Brain Plasticity and Stroke Recovery

After stroke, many patients improve spontaneously, at least to some extent, and after the acute period the principal mechanism appears to be brain plasticity. The task for rehabilitation is to improve on spontaneous recovery, and this might well be accomplished by manipulating plasticity. Body parts compete for representation in brain, and use of a body part enhances its representation. Hence, physical therapy should help, as has been demonstrated by constraint-induced movement therapy. Other techniques use the same principle such as neuromuscular electrical stimulation, robot-enhanced training and virtual reality training. Bilateral, symmetical arm movement training helps, possibly by enhancement of function of the undamaged hemisphere. Sensory stimulation enhances plasticity and can be delivered in a number of ways, from passive movement to cutaneous stimulation. Reduction of inhibition enhances plasticity, and this can be used in rehabilitation using deafferentation. Pharmacological agents can enhance plasticity by several mechanisms.
Foot salvage in arteriolosclerotic and diabetic patients by free flaps after vascular bypass: Report of two cases

Vascular bypass has been a successful procedure for the salvage of ischemic limbs. Amputation after vascular bypass procedures alone is common when extensive ulceration, osteomyelitis, or bone-tendon exposure is present, especially in the diabetic patient. We report two patients in whom the foot was salvaged by microsurgical free flap after revascularization with bypass grafting. Both patients are diabetic who presented with severe arteriolosclerotic foot, associated with extensive ulceration as well as bone and tendon exposure.
FACILITATED MATURATION OF THE INTESTINAL MICROVILLUS MEMBRANE (MVM) BY THYROXINE: A CLUE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTESTINAL BARRIER

FACILITATED MATURATION OF THE INTESTINAL MICROVILLUS MEMBRANE (MVM) BY THYROXINE: A CLUE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTESTINAL BARRIER
Azathioprine-associated acute pancreatitis

Azathioprine therapy in a patient with granulomatous ileocolitis was associated with an attack of acute pancreatitis, which was confirmed by laparotomy. Recurrence of pancreatitis occurred after rechallenge with a single dose of azathioprine.
PAGOD syndrome: Eighth case and comparison to animal models of congenital vitamin A deficiency

We observed a 46, XY infant with atrophy of the optic nerve, complex congenital heart disease including a double outlet right ventricle, hypoplasia of the right pulmonary artery and lung, eventration of the diaphragm, and ambiguous genitalia. The baby died of cardiac arrhythmias at 204 days. The pattern of malformations was compatible with pulmonary tract and pulmonary artery, agonadism, omphalocele, diaphragmatic defect, and dextrocardia (PAGOD) syndrome. The condition may resemble the malformation complex associated with developmental deficiency of vitamin A or retinoic acid, as described in animal models.
On the use of marker information from granddaughter designs

Summary Selection indices were developed for combining marker information and animal model PTA for offspring, grandoffspring, and great-grandoffspring of sires. The sires had marker-QTL linkages identified in granddaughter designs (GDD). Effects of size and s. e. of marker effects and of weight given to own and progeny records in PTA on gain in accuracy of selection due to a marker were quantified. Gains were negligible for high weight or large s. e., even if the marker effect was substantial. Gains were compared among offspring (O), grandoffspring (GO), and great-grandoffspring (GGO), when the marker effect in the sire was the only marker information. Gains decreased strongly for GO and were smallest for GGO. Assuming that progeny test (PT) daughters of some sons of the sire were also marker genotyped, the selection index was mo dified to incorporate this marker information on sons in addition to that on the sire from the GDD for selection of GO. For the current size of the PT, gain from including marker data on PT daughters was negligible, requiring 200 to 1000 PT daughters. Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) was computed as the fraction of O, GO, and GGO with marker allelic inheritance traceable to the sire. PIC in GO exceeded .8 and approached PIC in O only if a marker had at least 10 alleles at equal frequencies. Zusammenfassung Verwendung von genetischen Markern bei Enkelin-Selektionsplanen Selektionsindices wurden hergeleitet, um Information von Markergenorten zu kombinieren mit Tiermodell-Zuchtwerten fur Nachkommen der ersten, zweiten und dritten Generation von Vatertieren. Die Vatertiere hatten Marker-QTL Kopplungsbeziehungen, die in “granddaughter designs (GDD)” nachgewiesen worden waren. Die Einflusse von Grose und Standardfehlern der Markereffekte und der Gewichtung von Eigen- und Nachkommenleistungen im Tiermodell-Zuchtwert auf die Verbesserung der Selektionsgenauigkeit durch die Markerinformation wurden ermittelt. Verbesserungen waren gering fur hohe Gewichtung oder grose Standardfehler. Verbesserungen wurden verglichen fur Nachkommen der ersten, zweiten und dritten Generation, wenn die Markerinformation nur aus dem GDD stammte. Verbesserungen waren stark reduziert bzw. sehr gering fur Nachkommen der zweiten bzw. dritten Generation. Der Selektionsindex wurde modifiziert, um begrenzte Markerinformation von Tochtern aus der Nachkommenprufung von Sohnen eines Vatertieres miteinzubeziehen. Diese Information war nur hilfreich, wenn mindestens 200 bis 1000 Tochter getestet waren. Der Polymorphismus-Informationsgehalt (PIC) wurde berechnet als der Anteil von Nachkommen der ersten, zweiten und dritten Generation, fur den die Vererbung eines Markeralleles zum Vatertier zuruckverfolgt werden konnte. Zumindest 10 Allele mit gleichen Frequenzen waren notwendig, um ein PIC von .8 und ein PIC in Nachkommen der zweiten Generation von ahnlich hohen Wert wie fur Nachkommen der ersten Generation zu erhalten.
Radioactive decay of Ir195

Osmium metal enriched to 98.68% in the mass number 192 was irraddated with 24 Mev alpha particles. An activity with a half life of 4.2 plus or minus 0.1 h was produced and its assignment to Ir/sup 195/ confirmed by identification of the platinum K x ray. In addition to the x rays the observed activity of Ir/ sup 195/ consists of gamma rays of 190 and 290 kev in coince-dence. Transition probabilities are shown in a proposed energy level diagram. (auth)
Low loss liquid crystals for infrared applications

Seven fluorinated and chlorinated terphenyl compounds intended for mid-wave infrared (MWIR) applications are synthesised and two eutectic mixtures formulated, and their physical properties evaluated. In addition to low absorption, some desirable properties for MWIR applications include wide nematic range, high birefringence, large dielectric anisotropy and low viscosity. The fluorinated terphenyl mixture exhibits a relatively low absorption in the vicinities of λ ~ 3 μm, but a fairly strong overtone appears in the 4–5 μm region. To suppress these overtone absorptions, short-chain chlorinated terphenyl compounds are proven to be useful.
Supercomputer performance evaluation and the Perfect Benchmarks

In the past three years, the Perfect BenchmarkTM Suite has evolved from a supercomputer performance evaluation plan, presented by Kuck and Sameh at the 1987 International Conference on Supercomputing, to a vigorous international activity. This paper surveys the current state of this supercomputer performance evaluation effort with particular focus on the adopted methodology. While there has been considerable success in achieving the goals of the plan, some issues remain unresolved, and new questions have surfaced.
Health Locus of Control, Acculturation, and Health-Related Internet Use Among Latinas

Among individuals residing in the United States, the Internet is the third most used source for obtaining health information. Little is known, however, about its use by Latinas. To understand health-related Internet use among Latinas, the authors examined it within the theoretical frameworks of health locus of control and acculturation. The authors predicted that acculturation would serve as a mediator between health locus of control and health-related Internet use, age and health-related Internet use, income and health-related Internet use, and education and health-related Internet use. Data were collected via a 25-minute self-report questionnaire. The sample consisted of 932 young (M age = 21.27 years), low-income Latinas. Using structural equation modeling, the authors observed that acculturation partially mediated the relation between health locus of control and health-related Internet use and fully mediated the relations among age, income, and Internet use. An internal health locus of control (p < .001), younger age (p < .001), and higher income (p < .001) were associated with higher levels of acculturation. Higher levels of acculturation (p < .001) and an internal health locus of control (p < .004) predicted health-related Internet use. The Internet is a powerful tool that can be used to effectively disseminate information to Latinas with limited access to health care professionals. These findings can inform the design of Internet-based health information dissemination studies targeting Latinas.
Photoreduction and oxidation of amorphous indium oxide

Abstract Exposure to hυ > 3 eV light of amorphous InO x films in vacuum or an inert gas causes outdiffusion of oxygen and an increase in conductivity to more than 5×10 2 Ω −1 cm −1 . The same films can be reoxidized, for example by ozone, to obtain conductivities less than 10 −4 Ω −1 cm −1 at 300 K. Photoreduction and oxidation can change the conduction properties of one and the same film in a reproducible manner.
Phenetics of natural populations IV. The population asymmetry parameter in the butterfly coenonympha tullia

Phenetics of natural populations IV. The population asymmetry parameter in the butterfly coenonympha tullia
Performance limitations of graphene nanoribbon tunneling FETS due to line edge roughness

The functionality of tunneling field-effect transistors (TFETs) with a subthreshold slope SS better than 60 mV/dec at room temperature has recently been experimentally demonstrated [1,2]. TFETs based on graphene nanoribbon (GNR) are expected to offer larger ON-currents, lower OFF-currents, and steeper SS than Si or III–V compound semiconductors, they are one-dimensional, fully compatible with planar processing, and they have light and identical conduction and valence effective masses as well as a width-tunable narrow band [3,4]. However, it seems rather difficult to perfectly control the width of sub-10-nm GNRs and avoid line edge roughness (LER) [5]. Through quantitative simulation of realistically extended non-ideal structures and statistical sampling of different random configurations we can address the LER issue and guide experiments. Using a 3-D, atomistic, quantum mechanical simulator [6] we investigate the performance limitations of single-gate, 5.1nm-wide, p-i-n GNR TFETs with a 30nm gate. We find that source-to-drain tunneling leakage through the gate potential barrier (i) increases with LER and (ii) strongly limits the ON/OFF ratio of the devices to <1000 and SS to 25 mV/dec, even without LER.
Determinants of Emergence of Antibiotic-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Studies were carried out to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors for antibiotic-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections. Monthly surveillance of gonococcal isolates showed the prevalence of gonococci with high-level, plasmid-mediated tetracycline resistance (TRNG) to be about 15% for three consecutive 6-mo periods. Over the same period, the prevalence of gonococci with chromosomally mediated resistance to penicillin G steadily increased, from 0% to 9% and then to 21%. From April to July 1987, while chromosomally mediated penicillin resistance was rapidly increasing, a more intensive study was conducted. Patients infected with TRNG reported significantly more lifetime sexual partners (P less than .05) but otherwise resembled patients infected with antibiotic-sensitive gonococci. Patients infected with chromosomally mediated penicillin-resistant gonococci differed from other patients. In addition to reporting more lifetime partners (P less than .05), patients with chromosomally mediated penicillin-resistant gonorrhea were more likely to be older (P less than .05) and more often reported past episodes of gonorrhea (P less than .05), greater numbers of recent sexual partners (P less than .05), new sexual partners (P less than .05), prostitute contact (P = .06), and parenteral drug use or sexual partners who were drug users (P = .07). The introduction of antibiotic-resistant N. gonorrhoeae into communities may be attributable to a subset of patients who practice "risky behaviors" and who could be targeted for disease intervention activities.
Operators for modifying polyhedra

The author presents a family of shape modifying algorithms together with data structures for representing the shapes upon which the algorithms act. The author has implemented a computer program called Alchemist which incorporates these algorithms and their associated data structures. He shows that the program can generate representations of all of the regular and semiregular polyhedra, their dual forms, and some of their stellated forms.
Deterrence and the base rate fallacy: An examination of perceived certainty

This research tests the assumption of deterrence theory that a strong positive relationship exists between the objective properties of punishment certainty and individuals' perceptions of these properties. This is accomplished through the experimental manipulation of information about objective certainty provided to a sample of university students. Results indicate that individuals use such information moderately in making their own estimates of certainty. Little evidence in support of a “base rate fallacy” is found; subjects generally did not ignore objective information in favor of subjective information when estimating personal certainty. Tests of the interactions between individual characteristics and information provided on objective certainty produced few significant results. The implications of the results, particularly that individuals adhered moderately to known objective probabilities in estimating personal certainty, are discussed.
Selective Liquid Membrane Transport of Lead(II) by an Acyclic Polyether Dicarboxylic Acid Ionophore.

The effects of the chain structure and substitutents in six acyclic polyether dicarboxylic acids and one acyclic polyether carboxylic acid upon the efficiency and selectivity of pH-driven Pb2+ transport in a bulk chloroform membrane system have been assessed. Among the carriers, 1,2-bis[2-(o-carboxyphenoxy)ethoxy]-4-tert-butylbenzene (1) is found to exhibit high selectivity for transport of Pb2+ compared with alkali metal cations and a variety of other divalent metal ion species. Ionophore 1 also extracts Pb2+ from aqueous solution into chloroform with the loss of two protons. A 1:1 complex of Pb2+ with di-ionized 1 was isolated.
Axonal outgrowth within the abnormal scaffold of brain tracts in a zebrafish mutant

The role of specific axonal tracts for the guidance of growth cones was investigated by examining axonal outgrowth within the abnormal brain tracts of zebrafish cyclops mutants. Normally, the earliest differentiating neurons in the zebrafish brain establish a simple scaffold of axonal tracts. Later-developing axons follow cell-specific pathways within this axonal scaffold. In Cyclops embryos, this scaffold is perturbed due to the deletion of some ventromedial neurons that establish parts of the axonal scaffold and the development of an abnormal crease in the brain. In these mutant embryos, the growth cones projected by the neurons of the nucleus of the posterior commissure (nur PC) are deprived of the two tracts of axons that they sequentially follow to first extend ventrally, then posteriorly. These growth cones respond to the abnormal scaffold in several interesting ways. First, nuc PC growth cones initially always extend ventrally as in wild-type embryos. This suggests that for the first portion of their pathway the axons they normally follow are not required for proper navigation. Second, approximately half of the nuc PC growth cones follow aberrant longitudinal pathways after the first portion of their pathway. This suggests that for the longitudinal portion of the pathway, specific growth cone/axon interactions are important for guiding growth cones. Third, although approximately half of the nuc PC growth cones follow aberrant longitudinal pathways, the rest follow normal pathways despite the absence of the axons that they normally follow. This suggests that cues independent of these axons may be capable of guiding nuc PC growth cones as well. These results suggest that different guidance cues or combinations of cues guide specific growth cones along different portions of their pathway. 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Self-Esteem and Violence By Guards and State Troopers At Attica

A theory is presented in which emotional violence is related to efforts to protect self-esteem and the sense of competence. In this theory, necessary conditions for violence include its legitimation; the ability to engage in violence being part of the self-concept; and threats to self-esteem. The instances of excessive violence by state troopers and guards in the retaking of Attica prison are explained by the application of the theory.
Systematics ofLavatera andMalva (Malvaceae, Malveae)—a new perspective

Lavatera andMalva are circumscribed by epicalyx characters, but the distinction is untenable on this basis. Morphological characters and phylogenetic trees from rDNA ITS sequence data indicate the presence of two well-supported species groups different from the traditional genera. One group includes a mixture of closely related species in both genera and forms a more broadly circumscribedMalva, including most disjunctLavatera species—notably four of western North American islands, one Australian and one Canarian species. The other group forms a more narrowly definedLavatera. Another CanarianLavatera species may be a common ancestor to the two groups.
Different scales of Ty1/copia -like retrotransposon proliferation in the genomes of three diploid hybrid sunflower species

Activation of transposable elements in species’ genomes represents an important mechanism of new mutation and of potential rapid change in genome size. Thus, it is increasingly recognized that transposable elements likely have played a significant role in shaping species’ evolution. In an earlier report, we showed that the genomes of three sunflower species of ancient hybrid origin have experienced large-scale proliferation events of sequences within the Ty3/gypsy-like superfamily of long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons. In this report, we investigate whether another superfamily of LTR retrotransposon (Ty1/copia-like elements) have experienced similar derepression and proliferation events in the genomes of these sunflower hybrid taxa. We show that Ty1/copia-like elements also have undergone copy number increases following or associated with the origins of these species, although the scale of proliferation is less than that for Ty3/gypsy-like elements. Surveys of sequence heterogeneity of Ty1/copia-like elements in the genomes of the three hybrid and two parental species’ genomes reveal that a single sub-lineage of these elements exhibits characteristics of recent amplification, and likely served as the proliferative source lineage. These findings indicate that the genomic and/or environmental conditions associated with the origins of these sunflower hybrid taxa were conducive to derepression of at least two major groups of transposable elements.
A Decision-Analytic Approach for Designing Aquaculture Treatment Wetlands Subject to Intermittent Loading under Uncertainty

Intermittent wastewater loading, a characteristic of aquaculture operations, undermines the usefulness of treatment wetlands designed using the steady state assumption. Being biological systems, the treatment variability of such wetlands must also be addressed during the design phase. A simulation-optimization model suitable for modeling intermittent pollutant releases and identifying optimal area and wastewater loading patterns for aquaculture operations is integrated with a decision-analytic framework to determine wetland area and release pattern under uncertainty and risk. Wetland area and release patterns corresponding to different decision making priorities were obtained by applying the minimax, maximax, Hurwicz and minimax regret criteria. The developed methodology provides a convenient framework for aquaculture operators and wetland design engineers to consider trade-off between the wetland size (an indicator of construction and opportunity costs) and wastewater loadings (an indicator of operation costs) during the design process. The results can also be used to characterize the risk-attitudes of the aquaculture operators and identify the worth of additional studies (i.e., pilot tests) given their risk-preferences.
Bargains Old and New: Multinational Corporations in Global Governance

This paper outlines an approach for understanding the role of multinational corporations (MNCs) in global governance. We develop a typology of regime types with two dimensions, the goal of the regime, which can be market enabling or regulatory, and the location of authority, which can be national, regional, or international, with public and private elements. MNCs tend to support the creation of market enabling regimes at the international level, and prefer to keep social or environmental regulation under national or private authority. However, these are only generalizations and MNCs develop preferences based on their relative influence in various arenas, the costs of political participation, and competitive considerations. We argue that institutions of global governance represent the outcome of a series of negotiations among corporations, states, and non-state actors. The preferences and power of MNCs vary across issues and sectors, and from one negotiating forum to another, accounting for the uneven and fragmented nature of the resulting system. Our approach differs from the traditional FDI bargaining framework in that it recognizes the multi-party nature of negotiations and multiple sources of power. Moreover, the complexity and dynamic nature of the process results in a somewhat indeterminate process.