cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunolocalization of basal lamina components during development of chick otic and optic primordia

Immunolocalization of laminin, fibronectin, and type IV collagen was examined during early morphogenetic shape changes of the avian inner ear and eye. The ear was studied from formation of the otic placode to invagination of the otic pit and the eye from the optic vesicle stage to formation of an optic cup. Distribution and intensity of immunoreactivity were compared in the two organ primordia and in adjacent epithelial layers. Laminin formed a continuous layer at the basal surface of the otic ectoderm and adjacent neural tube at all stages. The basal surfaces of the optic and lens epithelia also were continuously covered with laminin throughout development. The otic placode became attached to the neural ectoderm through a single layer of fibronectin and collagen IV between the layers of laminin. The ring-like attachment between the edges of the optic cup and lens primordium had the same structure. In addition, the central regions of the optic and lens primordia were attached by fibrils containing type IV collagen, whereas finer strands containing fibronectin and laminin also connected the otic epithelium and neural tube. The results are discussed in terms of models of invagination for the two primordia. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Investigation of the Effect of Gd3+ on Host-to-Europium Transfer Efficiency in (Y,Gd)BO3:Eu3+ Under VUV Excitation

Using reflectance and excitation spectroscopy, host-to-Eu3+ energy transfer efficiencies in YBO3:Gd,Eu under vacuum ultraviolet excitation have been calculated, at various concentrations of both dopants. As the Gd3+ concentration is increased, an increase in the transfer efficiency to Eu3+ is observed, consistent with prior spectroscopic studies. The role of Gd3+ in these materials is discussed quantitatively in terms of α/β ratios calculated from fits of the transfer efficiency data using accepted kinetic models. Some increase in the effective electron−hole mobility and capture by Eu3+ is observed at 5 mol % Gd3+, and extremely efficient energy migration is observed by 30 mol % Gd3+.
High-power near-diffraction-limited wavelength-beam-combined diode arrays

We have demonstrated wavelength beam combining of 100-element, 100-mum pitch slab-coupled optical waveguide laser (SCOWL) diode array with 35-W output peak power with M2<1.35 in both directions in a single cavity
p300 Functions as a Coactivator for the Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor α

The integrator protein, p300, was demonstrated to interact with mouse peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α in a ligand-enhanced manner. The PPARα-interacting domain of p300 was mapped to amino acids 39–117 which interacted strongly with PPARα but did not interact with retinoic acid receptor-γ or retinoid X receptor-α. Amino acids within the carboxyl terminus of PPARα as well as residues within the hinge region were required for ligand-dependent interaction with p300. p300 enhanced the transcriptional activation properties of PPARα and, therefore, can be considered a bona fide coactivator for this nuclear receptor. These observations extend the group of p300-interacting proteins to include mPPARα and further characterize the molecular mechanisms of PPARα-mediated transcriptional regulation.
Dynamic malware attack in energy-constrained mobile wireless networks

Large scale proliferation of wireless technologies are dependent on developing reliable security measures against outbreaks of malware. The first step toward this goal is investigating the possible attack strategies of wireless malware and the extent of damage they can incur. A malware in a mobile wireless network relies on the infrastructure of the network and the constrained resources to spread itself. In this paper, we consider a battery-constrained mobile wireless network. The worm at each infective node at any given time may choose to amplify the transmission range and elevate the media scanning rate and thus increase the chance of contacting susceptible nodes and accelerate its spread. However, a larger transmission range and an elevated media scanning rate results in (a) easier detection of the malware and thus more effective counter-measure by the network, and (b) faster depletion of the battery and thus losing the node. Even if depleting the battery is an objective of the malware, early loss of infective nodes may thwart the spread of the malware. We assume the viewpoint of the malware and cast the problem of dynamically selecting the transmission range and media accessing rate in the infective nodes as an optimal control problem. We utilize Pontryagin's Maximum Principle to find an optimum solution. Moreover, we investigate the structural properties of an optimal solution to develop intuition about the nature of optimum attacks.
Comparison of computational methods for three-dimensional turbulent turbomachinery flows

A space-marching method and a time-marching method have been used to compute the three-dimensional turbulent flow in an end wall cascade of airfoils. Using an identical grid and turbulence model, the two codes were used to predict a variety of flow quantities. Predictions by the two methods are compared to each other and to experimental data. In general both methods predict measured quantities well, with a small edge in prediction accuracy going to the space-marching method. Secondary flow comparisons show the time-marching solution more accurately predicting the underturning of the flow in the outer portion of the end wall boundary layer while the space-marching method more accurately predicted the overturning of the flow very near the end wall. The prediction comparisons are discussed along with computational details and other attributes of the two methods.
CYCLIC CREEP ACCELERATION AND RETARDATION IN Cr‐Mo‐V ROTOR STEEL AT AMBIENT AND ELEVATED TEMPERATURE RESPECTIVELY

The cyclic creep properties of Cr-Mo-V rotor steel have been explored at room temperature and elevated temperature by multiple-step tests with increasing maximum stress (R= 0), and with subsequent tests in partial unloading (0 ≤R < 1). Cyclic creep acceleration is observed at room temperature and cyclic creep retardation at elevated temperature. This behavior is explained in terms of cyclic softening at low temperature and by creep-dominated deformation at high temperature with a ferritic material considered especially prone to retardation because of the high diffusivity of b.c.c. material. Other interesting effects, such as strain burst phenomena and the observation of anomalously high values of the ratio of diametral strain to axial strain, are also reported.
High-temperature alkali corrosion of Kyocera SN282 silicon nitride

Abstract The role of Cs in corrosion of SN282 Si3N4 with 5.35 wt.% Lu2O3 was examined at 1200 °C for up to 20 h in oxygen with 220 ppm CsNO3 to determine particulars of SN282 corrosion under Cs, and high-temperature Cs+ behavior in glass silicate hosting 137Cs. Cs accelerates SN282 oxidation. The pronounced adverse effect of Cs on Si3N4 corrosion resistance is predicted thermodynamically more strongly for SiO2 dissolution in Cs silicate than in other alkali silicates. While oxidation kinetics remained parabolic, Cs oxide layers were thick, uneven, heterogeneous and cracked.
The function and structure of canine arachnoid villi.

Summary Perfusion of canine arachnoid villi reveals that these permit the open flow of fluid from the meninges to the superior sagittal sinus while they prevent flow in the opposite direction. Opening pressure below which flow does not proceed averages approximately 30 mm. of water. The structure of the villi has been studied in the dog and compared with that of the monkey. In the dog the villi are related directly to the sinus, are more meshlike or septate than tubular, and some present a unique feature which suggests a ball valve.
Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry with an Eimac Continuum Excitation Source and a Graphite Filament Atomizer

A graphite filament atomizer is used to produce atoms for a variety of elements, and the resulting atomic vapor is excited by means of an Eimac xenon arc continuum source. The resulting atomic fluorescence is measured by a conventional atomic fluorescence spectrometric instrumental system. Relative and absolute detection limits (sample size of 0.5 to 1.0 μl) are in the range of 2 × 10−1 to 0.1 μg/ml and 0.2 to 50 pg, respectively, for Ag, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, Tl, and Zn. Relative standard deviations (for four measurements) range from 0.03 to 0.07 for all of the above. The atomic fluorescence spectrometric system is simple and inexpensive to construct, simple to operate, and useful for a wide variety of elements without the need of changing any instrumental component or parameter other than the wavelength of the monochromator and possibly the conditions of atomization.
Abdominal Adhesions after Small Intestinal Surgery in the Horse

One hundred thirteen of 172 horses (66%) undergoing exploratory celiotomy for a small intestinal lesion survived 4 or more days after surgery. Intra-abdominal adhesions causing clinical problems requiring additional surgery or euthanasia were documented in 25 horses (22.1%). Problems developed in significantly more males than females. The most common initial small bowel lesion was ileal impaction (12 horses); 21 horses underwent small intestinal resection or bypass. However, there was no significant difference in the incidence of intra-abdominal adhesions between horses that underwent intestinal resection or bypass and those that did not. Only 4 of the 25 horses (16%) with problems associated with postoperative adhesions survived. The mean interval between surgical procedures or between the initial procedure and euthanasia for all horses was 84 days (range, 7-512 days; median, 25 days). However, 70% of the subsequent celiotomies were performed within 60 days of the previous surgery. The mean interval between celiotomies was 221 days (range, 9-512 days) for the survivors and 61 days (range, 7-358 days) for the nonsurvivors. These results indicated that most of the problems related to postoperative intra-abdominal adhesions occurred within 2 months of the initial small intestinal surgery. Furthermore, the earlier development of postoperative adhesions was associated with a poorer prognosis for survival.
Separation of the products of cool flame oxidation of propane

Abstract The techniques of gas chromatography and low temperature, low pressure distillation have been applied to the problem of the separation and isolation of the major products of cool flame oxidation of propane. The methods described are adequate for separating and handling the reaction products in small amounts without appreciable contamination. Data on column performance are presented.
Applying a metapopulation framework to the management and conservation of a non-timber forest species

The harvest of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) represents a significant source of income for hundreds of millions of people, and is promoted as a conservation and development strategy across the globe. Most research on NTFP management focuses on the dynamics of individuals within harvested populations, but the ways in which management may affect the dynamics of populations across a landscape and over time remain largely unexplored. Here, I use a metapopulation framework to assess the effects of management on populations of the fiber-harvested bromeliad, Aechmea magdalenae, in the Sierra Santa Marta, Mexico. Specifically, I quantify rates of colonization, extinction and growth as well as size structure of A. magdalenae populations from 1997 to 2003; and compare these variables between wild versus outplanted populations and between old-growth versus secondary forest populations. Over the 5-year study period, 42% of the 31 wild A. magdalenae populations went extinct due to anthropogenic fires and to ramet harvest for the creation of enrichment plantings. Significantly more secondary forest populations went extinct than old-growth forest populations. Sixty-two outplanted populations were created and in contrast to wild populations and despite harvest, these outplantings increased in size and none went extinct. The structure of wild populations shifted towards fewer populations with less rosettes but overall numbers and sizes of populations increased. These results illustrate the dynamic nature of A. magdalenae populations over both time and space and the ways in which the fates of populations depend on decisions made by harvesters at both the population and the landscape level. In this case, sustainable harvest of A. magdalenae does not necessarily ensure population persistence. Outplanting of A. magdelanae appears to be functioning as a very successful forest conservation strategy. Nonetheless, the conservation of at least some wild populations may be required to ensure long-term survival of this species in this region. Metapopulation approaches may provide an important compliment to demographic studies of A. magdalenae and other NTFP.
A new series of (Tl1−yBiy)(Ca1−xYx)Sr2Cu2Oz superconductors with “1122” structure

Abstract Bulk superconductivity of Tl-based 1122-type structure was enhanced maximally up to 105 K in (Tl 1−y Bi y )(Ca 1−x Y x )Sr 2 Cu 2 O z system. By introducing substitution elements of Bi and Y for Tl and Ca respectively, the stability 1122 phase was improved as well as the bulk superconductivity was dominated.
The impact of organization size on enterprise resource planning (ERP) implementations in the US manufacturing sector

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems have experienced a phenomenal growth in the last 5 years and at present they are pervasive in the US manufacturing sector. This paper describes an attempt to chronicle this phenomenon through a series of case studies and an extensive survey. Manufacturing companies ranging in size from a few million dollars in annual revenues to over a hundred billion dollars are included in this study. The key finding from this study is that companies of different sizes approach ERP implementations differently across a range of issues. Also, the benefits differ by company size. Larger companies report improvements in financial measures whereas smaller companies report better performance in manufacturing and logistics.
Fabrication of Monolayers Containing Internal Molecular Scaffolding: Effect of Substrate Preparation

The nanoscale design and fabrication of monolayer assemblies is becoming increasingly important for research areas ranging from adhesion to chemical sensors. The formation of molecular scaffolding within a single molecular layer by linking adjacent molecules provides an important means for the nano- to microscale fabrication of such interfacial assemblies. Unfortunately, key factors in the design and fabrication of these internally linked monolayers are often overlooked due to direct analogy with the often studied n-alkyl monolayer systems. In this investigation, the impact of substrate preparation on the resulting monolayer structure is compared for n-alkyl (C18) and internally linked polydiacetylene monolayer assemblies formed on evaporated, sputtered, and colloidal gold surfaces. Polydiacetylene monolayers are fabricated by the spontaneous assembly of diacetylene-containing disulfides followed by photoinduced polymerization. The resulting polydiacetylene monolayers exhibit systematic variations in the ...
Thoracic Aorta (Multidetector Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Evaluation)

Electrocardiographic gating, multidetector computed tomography (CT), dual-energy CT, parallel magnetic resonance imaging techniques, and advanced postprocessing methods are some of the many recent advancements that have revolutionized cross-sectional imaging of thoracic aorta. Imaging appearances of aortic disease can be complex and variable. Normal findings may simulate abnormalities, and many abnormalities may be asymptomatic. Knowledge and understanding of the imaging techniques, imaging findings of acute thoracic aortic syndromes, natural history of aortic diseases, and aortic surgical techniques may help to appropriately perform and interpret aorta-specific radiology studies.
Policy Simulation for New BRT and Area Pricing Alternatives Using an Opinion Survey in Jakarta

Abstract An area pricing scheme for Jakarta, Indonesia, is currently under review as a transportation control measure along with the operation of new bus rapid transit (BRT) system. While this scheme may be effective for congestion reduction in the central business district (CBD), provision of alternative means of transportation for auto users that are ‘pushed-out’ is of great importance to obtain public acceptance. Hence, it is necessary to simulate simultaneously the area pricing scheme and the BRT development which may serve as an alternative for assumed ‘pushed-out’ auto users. Utilizing data from an opinion survey, this paper studies how BRT and auto ridership are likely to vary as a function of traveler and system attributes. Additionally, the study attempts to evaluate the way this new travel mode is distinguished from other existing conventional transportation alternatives in Jakarta. The survey data contains socioeconomic information of over 1000 respondents as well as details of to-work/school t...
Multiple sclerosis: a pivotal role for the T cell in lesion development

The recognition of an increasing number of similarities between the immunologic anomalies associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) and the T cell-mediated demyelinating model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), has resulted in considerable focusing of investigative approaches. It appears that irrespective of the elucidation of the nature of the putative aetiological factor (presumed to be viral) in MS, the arrest and reversal of T cell-related events within the CNS in this devastating condition represent feasible goals and should remain a major target for some time to come. This short review summarizes the current major areas of activity as they relate to T cell involvement in the immunopathology of MS (and EAE) and presents them in the context of potential therapeutic relevance. In the light of laboratory experiments in which ablation or counteraction of the inflammatory response within the central nervous system (CNS) appears to lead to cessation of immune-mediated disease and encouragement of CNS remyelination, the prospects of similar strategies being applied to MS are becoming increasingly strong.
Mitigating the paucity-of-data problem: exploring the effect of training corpus size on classifier performance for natural language processing

In this paper, we discuss experiments applying machine learning techniques to the task of confusion set disambiguation, using three orders of magnitude more training data than has previously been used for any disambiguation-in-string-context problem. In an attempt to determine when current learning methods will cease to benefit from additional training data, we analyze residual errors made by learners when issues of sparse data have been significantly mitigated. Finally, in the context of our results, we discuss possible directions for the empirical natural language research community.
A data structure for bicategories, with application to speeding up an approximation algorithm

We introduce a data-structure problem on graphs we call the bicategory problem, and a data structure that solves it in $O(\sqrt m \log m)$ time, where m is the number of edges. We show how this data structure can be used in quickly computing approximately minimum-cost networks. The resulting time bound for the approximation algorithm is $O(n \sqrt m \log m)$ where n and m are the number of nodes and edges in the input graph, an improvement over the previously known bound of $O(n^2 \sqrt{\log \log n})$ when the input graph is sparse.
The Ossification of American Labor Law and the Decline of Self-governance in the Workplace

This article argues that the ineffectuality of American labor law and the shrinking scope of collective representation and collective bargaining are partly traceable to the law’s “ossification”—to its having been essentially sealed off for several decades from democratic revision and renewal and from local experimentation and innovation. The elements of this process of ossification, once assembled, make up an imposing set of barriers to innovation. The basic law has been cut off from legislative revision at the national level by Congress; from “market”-driven competition by employers; from the entrepreneurial and creative energies of private litigation; from variation at the state or local level by representative or judicial bodies; from changing constitutional doctrine; and from emerging transnational legal norms. Moreover, the National Labor Relations Board—the designated institutional vehicle for adjusting the labor laws to modern conditions—is increasingly hemmed in by the age of the text and the large body of judicial interpretations that has grown up over the years. The resulting statutory scheme is drastically out of date and out of sync with the needs of 21st century workers and labor markets.
Tensile and shear adhesion of amalgam to tooth structure using selective interfacial amalgamation.

Abstract Eight cavity liner systems using Selective Interfacial Amalgamation (S.I.A.) were evaluated for their ability to bond dental amalgam to tooth structure. Both punch shear and tensile adhesion along with the fracture path were evaluated. Results showed the maximum mean adhesive tensile and shear strengths to be of the order of 3.5 MPa and 15 MPa, respectively.
An overview of intentional change from a complexity perspective

Purpose – Change, and in particular intentional or desired change, has not been understood nor systematically studied. By applying concepts from complexity theory to intentional change theory, the purpose of this paper is to provide a new level of insight into why and how sustainable desired change can occur at all levels of human/social interaction, from individual to teams to organizations to communities, countries and the globe.Design/methodology/approach – Using research from over 30 years of longitudinal studies of individual and organizational change, the concepts are explored and implications proposed.Findings – Sustainable, intentional change is on the whole discontinuous. It occurs through a series of five discoveries or emergence conditions. It is driven by the interplay of the positive and negative emotional attractor. It follows the described process at all fractals of human organization.Research limitations/implications – Extensive empirical research has been done at the individual level, but...
Role of electrolyte - sodium interface behavior to the degradation of a sodium-sulfur cell

Abstract A technique has been developed for the direct observation of sodium-electrolyte interface processes of an operating sodium-sulfur cell. This technique was used to observe the sodium ejection process onto the surface of a sodium beta” alumina electrolyte. The results on the wetting behavior of liquid sodium with the electrolyte surface at various temperature, and the passivation phenomenon associated with the sodium-electrolyte interface are related to the degradation behavior in a sodium-sulfur cell.
Directional Control of a Dual-Path Hydrostatic Transmission for a Track-Type Vehicle

Dual-path hydrostatic transmissions are commonly used in the off-highway construction industry for propulsion and steering of track-type vehicles. While these transmissions provide simplicity of design, they often suffer from a lack of straight-line controllability due to the varying terrain conditions beneath each independent track. In this paper, the dynamics of the track-type vehicle are modeled using kinetic energy relationships. In this process, an equation describing the effective inertia of each track is derived, which is shown to be dependent upon vehicle mass, track geometry, and the amount of slip that occurs during track operation. The development of this equation is considered to be a significant and unique contribution to the literature. Using a directional compass as a solitary feedback signal, a PID controller is then designed to ensure straight-line tracking for the vehicle. In this research, a typical track-type vehicle is simulated, and it is shown that the PID controller provides robust straight-line controllability as the vehicle is subjected to conditions of extreme terrain-slippage.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Somatomedin and Nutrition. IV. Regulation of Somatomedin Activity and Growth Cartilage Activity by Quantity and Composition of Diet in Rats

To examine the relation of somatomedin to nutritional status, bioassayable serum somatomedin activity and growth cartilage activity (SO4 uptake in vitro) were determined in rats fasted for 3 days and then either fasted for a fourth day or refed with diets varying in quantity and nutrient composition. Animals refed for 6 or 12 h had modest increases in somatomedin activity and cartilage SO4 uptake which persisted after food was withdrawn and weight loss had begun. Refeeding for 24 h produced greater increases in somatomedin activity and cartilage SO4 uptake; this model was used to study the effects of alterations in diet. Refeeding with different quantities of a balanced diet produced dose-response increases in somatomedin activity and cartilage SO4 uptake. In animals refed isocalorically, diets of fat and carbohydrate or fat alone led to increases in somatomedin activity comparable to those with a balanced diet, yet little increase in cartilage SO4 uptake. In contrast, diets of protein and carbohydrate or...
The fairy circles of Kaokoland (Northwest Namibia) – is the harvester termite Hodotermes mossambicus the prime causal factor in circle formation?

Summary In a research article, published in “Basic and Applied Ecology” in 2000, the authors T. Becker and S. Getzin described dynamics and characteristics of the so-called fairy circles in Kaokoland (North-West Namibia). They stated that the foraging activity of the harvester termite Hodotermes mossambicus Hagen, which is widely distributed in Southern Africa, results in conspicuous, circular, vegetationless patches (fairy circles), surrounded by densely packed grass tussocks. The authors concluded that a) foraging and nesting characteristics of H. mossambicus determine the occurrence of the fairy circles b) grass species richness and assemblage influences the harvesting pattern of H. mossambicus c) differences in the intensity of foraging of H. mossambicus may cause different diameters of the circular forms d) the diameter of the circles is limited by the temperature sensitivity of H. mossambicus Becker and Getzin's statements regarding basic termite biology are based on literature data published in the late 1950's and the author's fieldwork was restricted to few weeks in March/April 2000. The objective of the present opinion paper was to write a comment upon the findings of Becker and Getzin and to encourage future research, which will result in a sound theory about the origin of the fairy circles in Namibia. In einem wissenschaftlichen Beitrag im Journal “Basic and Applied Ecology” (2000) beschrieben T. Becker und S. Getzin Dynamik und Eigenschaften der sogenannten Feenkreise in Kaokoland (Nord-West Namibia). Sie berichteten, dass die Ernteaktivitat der im sudlichen Afrika weit verbreiteten Termite Hodotermes mossambicus kreisrunde, vegetationslose, von dichten Grasbuscheln umgebene Flecken (Feenkreise) verursacht. Die Autoren kamen zu dem Schluss, dass a) Ernteaktivitat und Nesteigenschaften von H. mossambicus das Auftreten der Feenkreise bestimmen b) Artenreichtum der Graser sowie deren Ansammlung das Erntemuster von H. mossambicus beeinflussen c) Intensitatsunterschiede in der Ernteaktivitat von H. mossambicus zu unterschiedlich grosen Feenkreisen fuhren kann d) der Durchmesser der Feenkreise duch die Temperaturempfindlichkeit von H. mossambicus beeinflusst wird Becker und Getzin's Befunde zur Termitenbiologie stutzen sich auf Literaturdaten aus den 1950'er Jahren und die Feldarbeit der Autoren war auf wenige Wochen im Marz/April 2000 beschrankt. Das vorliegende “Opinion Paper” kommentiert die Befunde von Becker und Getzin und will zu weiterer Forschung ermutigen, die zu einer wohlbegrundeten Theorie zur Entstehung der Feenkreise fuhren kann.
Time reversal acoustic communication for multiband transmission.

In this letter, multiband acoustic communication is proposed to access a relatively wide frequency band. The entire frequency band is divided into multiple separated sub-bands, each of which is several kilohertz in width. Time reversal decision feedback equalizers are used to compensate for inter-symbol interference at each sub-band. The communication scheme was demonstrated in a shallow water acoustic experiment conducted in Kauai, Hawaii during the summer of 2011. Using quadrature phase-shift keying signaling at four sub-bands over the frequency band of 10–32 kHz, a data rate of 32 kbits/s was achieved over a 3 km communication range.
Married Couples’ Time Allocation Decisions and Marital Stability

The Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), 1985–1992, are the data used to simultaneously examine the role of family stability to both market and household time allocation for both spouses and the role of couples’ time allocation in their probability of divorce. The study found that increases in the probabilities of divorce were only significantly correlated with decreases in wife’s housework time. It was also found by the study that increases in the husband’s market work hours and increases in the wife’s household work hours had negative effects on the probability of divorce.
Factors Affecting Pupation Success of the Small Hive Beetle, Aethina tumida

Survivorship of larvae of the small hive beetle, Aethina tumida Murray (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), was measured after they were raised on one of six diets. The effects of container shape (wide and shallow vs. narrow and deep), soil depth (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 cm), and temperature (28°, 32°, or 35° C) on pupation success was measured. Diet influenced larval survivorship, but did not have a strong effect on larval weight. The larvae fed only bee brood survived the shortest period of time. The larvae that were denied pupation substrate, fed only honey and pollen, and no other food or water after 20 days, had a median survivorship of 47.6 days, with a maximum of 61 days, while those fed only brood had a median survivorship of 18.2 days. Pupation substrate was essential for successful pupation, and the depth of the substrate, not its top surface area, was the crucial factor. Pupation success in narrow and deep containers was 95.6% on average, but only 12.5% in wide and shallow containers, using the same soil volume. In narrow and deep containers, most or all larvae kept in 4–8 cm of soil pupated at all temperatures, few larvae kept at 2 cm soil depth pupated, one out of 240 kept at 1.0 cm pupated, and no larvae kept at soil depths of 0 or 0.5 cm pupated.
Role of the AT1A receptor in the CO2-induced stimulation of HCO3- reabsorption by renal proximal tubules.

The proximal tubule (PT) is major site for the reabsorption of filtered HCO3−. Previous work on the rabbit PT showed that 1) increases in basolateral (BL) CO2 concentration ([CO2]BL) raise the HCO3...
Preliminary description of the Equatorius africanus partial skeleton (KNM-TH 28860) from Kipsaramon, Tugen Hills, Baringo District, Kenya

A partial skeleton was recovered from middle Miocene Muruyur sediments near Kipsaramon in the Tugen Hills, Baringo District, Kenya. The specimen, representing much of the upper skeleton, comes from locality BPRP#122 dated between 15.58 Ma and 15.36 Ma. It is referable to the middle Miocene hominoid taxon Equatorius africanus. Preliminary descriptions of the partial skeleton are provided. While the anatomy of the wrist, thorax and hindlimb in Equatorius is similar to that of Afropithecus and Proconsul, the morphology of the new skeleton confirms earlier interpretations of greater terrestriality in Equatorius.
Carcinogenicity of derivatives of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene.

Summary Eleven derivatives of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene were tested for carcinogenicity in Sprague-Dawley female rats by the s.c. injection of 1.0 or 0.1 mg of compound dissolved in 0.1 ml of sesame oil on alternate days for 20 doses. Eight derivatives [7-hydroxymethyl-12-methyl-, 7-formyl-12-methyl-, 7-methoxymethyl-12-methyl-, 7-acetoxymethyl-12-methyl-, 7-benzoyloxymethyl-12-methyl-, 7-iodomethyl-12-methyl-, 7-bromomethyl-12-methyl,- and 7-chloromethyl-12-methylbenz(a)anthracene] were carcinogenic at the 1-mg dose level, and 5 [benzoyloxymethyl-12-methyl-, 7-formyl-12-methyl-, 7-bromomethyl-12-methyl-, 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methyl-, and 7-iodomethyl-12-methylbenz(a)anthracene] were carcinogenic at the 0.1-mg dose level (200 days of observation). These observations suggest that the formation of 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz(a)anthracene may be the first step in the chain of events which result in cancer caused by these polycyclic hydrocarbons.
Two-color plane-wave holography in reduced, near-stoichiometric lithium niobate

Summary form only given. Two-color, or photon-gated, holographic recording materials show promise for applications such as optical data storage where nondestructive readout is required. Undoped, reduced lithium niobate with stoichiometry higher than the congruent composition can show sensitivities approaching that of irondoped congruent lithium niobate. Two color recording involves a sensitizing step in which a metastable level is populated with blue/green light and subsequently ionized by writing light at 852 nm followed by deep trapping of the electron. We have measured the growth and decay of plane wave holograms as a function of the degree of reduction for a crystal of LiNbO/sub 3/.
Membranes in Lithium Ion Batteries

Lithium ion batteries have proven themselves the main choice of power sources for portable electronics. Besides consumer electronics, lithium ion batteries are also growing in popularity for military, electric vehicle, and aerospace applications. The present review attempts to summarize the knowledge about some selected membranes in lithium ion batteries. Based on the type of electrolyte used, literature concerning ceramic-glass and polymer solid ion conductors, microporous filter type separators and polymer gel based membranes is reviewed.
Community-based screening for obstetric fistula in Nigeria: a novel approach

Obstetric fistula continues to have devastating effects on the physical, social, and economic lives of thousands of women in many low-resource settings. Governments require credible estimates of the backlog of existing cases requiring care to effectively plan for the treatment of fistula cases. Our study aims to quantify the backlog of obstetric fistula cases within two states via community-based screenings and to assess the questions in the Demographic Health Survey (DHS) fistula module. The screening sites, all lower level health facilities, were selected based on their geographic coverage, prior relationships with the communities and availability of fistula surgery facilities in the state. This cross-sectional study included women who presented for fistula screenings at study facilities based on their perceived fistula-like symptoms. Research assistants administered the pre-screening questionnaire. Nurse-midwives then conducted a medical exam. Univariate and bivariate analyses are presented. A total of 268 women attended the screenings. Based on the pre-screening interview, the backlog of fistula cases reported was 75 (28% of women screened). The backlog identified after the medical exam was 26 fistula cases (29.5% of women screened) in Kebbi State sites and 12 cases in Cross River State sites (6.7%). Verification assessment showed that the DHS questionnaire had 92% sensitivity, 83% specificity with 47% positive predictive value and 98% negative predictive value for identifying women afflicted by fistula among women who came for the screenings. This methodology, involving effective, locally appropriate messaging and community outreach followed up with medical examination by nurse-midwives at lower level facilities, is challenging, but represents a promising approach to identify the backlog of women needing surgery and to link them with surgical facilities.
Perceived erotic value of homosexuality and sex-role attitudes as mediators of sex differences in heterosexual college students attitudes toward lesbians and gay men.

Research on attitudes toward lesbians and gay men commonly shows that heterosexual women hold similar attitudes toward members of the two groups, whereas heterosexual men hold more negative attitudes toward gay men than toward lesbians. We tested the hypothesis that one reason for this sex difference is that heterosexual men attribute a high erotic value to lesbianism and that this erotic value ameliorates their attitudes toward lesbians. Fifty‐eight male and 109 female heterosexual college students completed questionnaires that assessed their attitudes toward lesbians and gay men, the erotic value that they attributed to male and female homosexuality, and their sex‐role attitudes. The sex differences in attitudes toward lesbians and gay men found in previous research were replicated and, as hypothesized, men attributed more erotic value to lesbianism than to male homosexuality, whereas women attributed low erotic value to both forms of sexuality. However, with perceived erotic value of homosexuality cont...
mPL6: a robust multilevel mixed-size placement engine

The most recent version of the mPL multilevel placement algorithm, mPL6, is reviewed. This version is derived from the mPL5 placer (ISPD05) and the Patoma floorplanner (ASPDAC05). It is also augmented by new techniques for detailed placement. As a result, it can handle mixed-size placement very effectively. First-choice clustering is used to construct a hierarchy of problem formulations. Generalized force-directed placement guides global placement at each level of the cluster hierarchy. Prior to interpolation of each coarse-level solution to its adjacent finer level, however, recursive, top-down displacement-minimizing floorplanning optimizes block orientations and checks that overlap can be removed at the current level. Where necessary, the floor-planner perturbs coarse-level solutions enough that legalization of the given placement can be assured. The resulting flow is scalable and robust, and it produces very low-wirelength solutions for known benchmark circuits.
Workshop on phase I study design Ninth NCI/EORTC New Drug Development Symposium, Amsterdam, March 12, 1996

Many of the methods currently used in phase I trial design date back to the 1970's. Recently, some investigators have considered whether it might be possible to perform more efficient phase I trials that minimize the number of patients treated at biologically ineffective doses, maximize the precision of recommended phase II doses, and maintain patient safety. The objective of this Workshop was to examine aspects of phase I trial design, with consideration of both standard and novel approaches. Topics included choice of starting dose level, definition of dose-limiting toxicity, development and incorporation of non-toxicity endpoints, use of alternate dose escalation schemes, and definitions of tumor response and clinical benefit, including consideration of whether these determinations from phase I studies should alter the decision to proceed to phase II drug evaluation. For each topic, this summary includes a description of the standard approach, a summary of the speaker's presentation, and commentary. The Workshop initiated discussion and reassessment that are expected to lead to testing of some of the suggested alternate approaches.
Cutting Edge: A/WySnJ Transitional B Cells Overexpress the Chromosome 15 Proapoptotic Blk Gene and Succumb to Premature Apoptosis

Better knowledge of peripheral B lymphocyte homeostasis is needed to address the human hypogammaglobulinemia diseases. A defect in the Bcmd gene shortens the B cell life span and causes B cell deficiency in A/WySnJ mice. Previous genetic mapping placed Bcmd near Srebf2 on chromosome 15. Inspection of the human chromosome 22 syntenic region identified the proapoptotic Bik gene as a candidate. Two mapping methods placed the homologous mouse gene, Blk , near Srebf2 . The Blk genomic structure was highly homologous to Bik . Sequence analysis ruled out coding region mutations, but Blk transcripts were overly abundant in sorted A/WySnJ T1 B cells. Moreover, enriched transitional B cells showed a cell-autonomous defect leading to excessive apoptosis. Thus, Bcmd may be a direct mutation in Blk , or in a gene involved in Blk regulation, such that excess expression pushes the A/WySnJ transitional B cells past the apoptosis checkpoint to cell death.
Congenital defects of the pericardium: a review

Pericardial defects are a rare disorder that can be characterized as acquired or congenital. Congenital defects can be further characterized by location and size of the defect, e.g. left- or right-sided and partial or complete absence of the pericardium. While physical examination and electrocardiogram are not diagnostic, chest radiographs and echocardiography have findings that should alert the clinician to the absence of the pericardium as a possible diagnosis. Despite its limitations with visualizing the normal pericardium in areas of minimal adipose, cardiac magnetic resonance is currently the gold standard for diagnosing the congenital absence of the pericardium. Patients have a similar life expectancy to those without pericardial defects; however in certain cases, herniation and strangulation of cardiac chambers can be life threatening and lead to sudden cardiac death. Treatment is tailored to the patient's symptoms, presentation, and the size and location of the defect.
Ookinete-Interacting Proteins on the Microvillar Surface are Partitioned into Detergent Resistant Membranes of Anopheles gambiae Midguts

Lipid raft microdomains, a component of detergent resistant membranes (DRMs), are routinely exploited by pathogens during host-cell entry. Multiple membrane-surface proteins mediate Plasmodium ookinete invasion of the Anopheles midgut, a critical step in the parasite life cycle that is successfully targeted by transmission-blocking vaccines (TBV). Given that lipid rafts are a common feature of host-pathogen interactions, we hypothesized that they promote the partitioning of midgut surface proteins and thus facilitate ookinete invasion. In support of this hypothesis, we found that five of the characterized Anopheles TBV candidates, including the leading Anopheles TBV candidate, AgAPN1, are present in Anopheles gambiae DRMs. Therefore, to extend the repertoire of putative midgut ligands that can be targeted by TBVs, we analyzed midgut DRMs by tandem mass spectrometry. We identified 1452 proteins including several markers of DRMs. Since glycosylphosphotidyl inositol (GPI)-anchored proteins partition to DRMs, we characterized the GPI subproteome of An. gambiae midgut brush-border microvilli and found that 96.9% of the proteins identified in the GPI-anchored fractions were also present in DRMs. Our study vastly expands the number of candidate malarial TBV targets for subsequent analysis by the broader community and provides an inferred role for midgut plasmalemma microdomains in ookinete cell invasion.
Prenatal Programming of Human Neurological Function

The human placenta expresses the genes for proopiomelanocortin and the major stress hormone, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), profoundly altering the “fight or flight” stress system in mother and fetus. As pregnancy progresses, the levels of these stress hormones, including maternal cortisol, increase dramatically. These endocrine changes are important for fetal maturation, but if the levels are altered (e.g., in response to stress), they influence (program) the fetal nervous system with long-term consequences. The evidence indicates that fetal exposure to elevated levels of stress hormones (i) delays fetal nervous system maturation, (ii) restricts the neuromuscular development and alters the stress response of the neonate, (iii) impairs mental development and increases fearful behavior in the infant, and (iv) may result in diminished gray matter volume in children. The studies reviewed indicate that fetal exposure to stress peptides and hormones exerts profound programming influences on the nervous system and may increase the risk for emotional and cognitive impairment.
Stage-specific proteins of the avian malaria Plasmodium lophurae

The proteins in the soluble and membrane fractions of Plasmodium lophurae, separated by SDS-PAGE and stained with Coomassie blue, were distinct from one another and different from the soluble and membrane proteins of the host cell, the duckling erythrocyte. Pulse-labelling of malaria-infected red cells containing schizonts or trophozoites with [14C]isoleucine, followed by parasite isolation, SDS-PAGE and autoradiography, showed a pattern of incorporation into soluble proteins identical to the banding pattern of gels stained with Coomassie blue. On autoradiograms, the banding patterns of the membrane proteins of trophozoites and schizonts labelled with [14C]isoleucine were similar. No qualitative differences in the soluble proteins of trophozoites and schizonts were apparent when isoleucine was used as the radiotracer; however, the banding pattern of membrane and soluble proteins labelled with [14C]isoleucine were distinct from each other. The banding pattern of soluble proteins, after staining with Coomassie blue, was distinctly different from the array of bands seen after autoradiography of parasites derived from infected cells pulse-labelled with [14C]histidine. Only small amounts of contaminating haemoglobin in the soluble protein fraction of parasites were labelled with histidine; the membrane fraction, on the other hand, had high incorporation into a single 43 kDalton band, the histidine-rich protein. No band differences, either in the membrane or soluble fractions, were observed in autoradiograms after pulse-labelling trophozoites and schizonts with [14C]histidine. The most consistent and distinct differences in protein synthesis were seen in P. lophurae pulse-labelled with [14C]proline. Autoradiograms of both soluble and membrane fractions showed the presence of bands unique to the trophozoite and schizont–stage-specific proteins.
EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS OF A DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL FOR TASK‐ORIENTED SMALL GROUPS

The purpose of this study was to describe and perform an exploratory analysis of a conceptual model for task-oriented small group development. The four phases of the model were defined as: latency, adaptation, integration, and goal-attainment. To test assumptions of phasic development, data from minute-byminute observations made on 30 groups of undergraduate women were collapsed into quarters and submitted to a one-way multivariate analysis of variance for the purpose of making a priori nonorthogonal comparisons. Results from the initial a priori comparisons and subsequent data-snooping techniques did not confirm the existence of four sequential phases in group development. Results did disclose a pattern of development that began with an extended adaptation phase covering most of the first half of group interaction. Groups characteristically shifted into a partially defined integration phase where affectivity and neutrality themes appeared to follow each other. Goal-attainment themes were most prominent during the final quarter of interaction.