cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human striated muscle ultrastructural changes accompanying increased strength without hypertrophy.

Abstract Skeletal muscle was obtained from the vastus lateralis of three normal college male students. Two biopsies were obtained prior to a training period and one after the training period. Subjects participated in an intense weight training program involving isometric and isotonic exercises. The subjects participated in the exercise regimen five days in each week for a period of 10 weeks. Muscle tissue was processed immediately for electron microscope examination. The following parameters were measured from micrographs of longitudinal sections: sarcomere length, sarcomere width, intracellular fat, mitochondria number and mitochondria length. The following parameters were measured from micrographs of cross sections: myosin filament concentration, distance between myosin filaments, myosin filament diameter, the number of actin filaments in orbit around a myosin filament, and gross cell size. Major findings included significant changes in myosin filament concentration, distance between myosin filaments, a...
Chinese Indentured Labor: Migrations to the British West Indies in the Nineteenth Century

(1989). Chinese Indentured Labor: Migrations to the British West Indies in the Nineteenth Century. Amerasia Journal: Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 117-138.
Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.

Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis William G. Carlos, Mary E. Strek, Tisha S. Wang, Harin Patel, Ganesh Raghu, Kevin C. Wilson, and Carey C. Thomson Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Occupational Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; The University of Chicago, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ronald Reagan University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington; and Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
The traumatic basis for the resurgence of right-wing politics among working Americans

The embrace, by working Americans, of policies that hurt their own interests can be understood on the basis of Ferenczi’s model of identification with the aggressor. Intrafamilial child abuse is often followed by the abuser’s denial. Children typically comply with abuse, in behavior and by embracing the abuser’s false reality, under threat of emotional abandonment. Similarly in the sociopolitical sphere, increasing threats of cultural and economic dispossession have pressed working Americans to adopt an ideology that misrepresents reality and justifies their oppression. In society as in the family, there can be a compensatory narcissistic reaction to forfeiting one’s rights that, ironically, encourages feelings of power and specialness while facilitating submission.
Incentives for Political Participation

Why are people in politics? Behind this deceptively simple question lies a promising realm of research and analysis. A satisfactory understanding of political motivation can provide a powerful analytical tool for explaining why different groups of participants behave as they do; ultimately it can suggest why they adopt and sustain different political institutions. The basic axiom which, in principle, yields such explanations is simple: participants behave in a manner consistent with their incentives.
Observations on the Nesting Habits of Some Digger Wasps (Sphecidae: Hymenoptera)

I wish to express my appreciation to Dr. H. A. Scullen of Oregon State College for determining the three species of Cerceris , to Dr. Don Murray for determining the two species of Sphex , to Dr. H. J. Reinhart of the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station for his determinations of the Diptera, and to J. N. Knull and Mrs. D. J. Knull of Ohio State University for determining the beetle and homopterous hosts respectively.
Analysis of Clinical Grading Scales for the Foot and Ankle

To evaluate grading methods used to report clinical results, we reviewed 1,607 articles related to the foot and ankle published in six orthopaedic journals from 1980 through July 1993. Many clinical studies use criteria such as patient satisfaction to grade results. A numeric score or grade was used in 346 articles: 238 used a grade only, 90 used a numeric score and grade, and 18 used a numeric score only. The numeric score or grade was usually, but not always, reported with details of the individual clinical factors that composed the score or grade. Twenty-three articles used a score before and after treatment. Statistics were used in 62 articles, and in 6 of those the statistics were used to compare clinical condition before and after treatment. This study demonstrated the array of grading methods used in selected orthopaedic journals and indicated the need for standardized grading techniques to allow for more meaningful interpretation of the orthopaedic literature.
Study on dynamic responses of mega-sub controlled structure under horizontal seismic

To avoid the collision between the mega-frame and sub-frame which caused by too large acceleration and displacement of the sub-frame for the mega-sub controlled structure, some viscous dampers are set up to improve the mega-sub controlled structure. An analysis of time history dynamic responses of the mega-sub controlled structure under horizontal seismic is made. It was shown that setting viscous dampers won't affect the role of modulating frequency of the sub-frame, and it can improve the effectiveness of the mega-sub controlled structure, reduce the displacement of the mega-frame and acceleration response of the sub-frame. In addition, the installation site of the viscous dampers in the structure significantly affect the control effect.
Cloning of rat laminin gamma 1-chain gene promoter reveals motifs for recognition of multiple transcription factors

We have previously shown that laminin gamma 1 (laminin B2)-chain mRNA levels increase in response to treatment of rat glomerular epithelial cells (GEC) with the cytokine interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) [C. A. Richardson, K. L. Gordon, W. G. Couser, and K. Bomsztyk. Am. J. Physiol. 268 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 37): F273-F278, 1995]. IL-1 beta-induced increase in laminin gamma 1-chain gene expression is likely to be transcriptionally regulated. As the laminin gamma 1-chain gene promoter had not previously been cloned in the rat, we cloned the 5'-flanking region of this gene from a rat genomic library. Like the human and murine laminin gamma 1-chain gene promoters, the rat laminin gamma 1-chain gene fragment spanning from nucleotides -1104 to +109, relative to the start codon, is "GC" rich and lacks TATA or CAAT boxes. This rat laminin gamma 1-chain gene promoter region appears to contain at least two transcription initiation sites, i.e., position -169 and -234. In transient transfections in GEC, the...
Diode Applications to Microwave Frequency Conversion and Control

There are a number of different methods for detecting (“receiving”) microwaves/ millimeter waves. These differ with respect to the sensitivity — in some cases, such as a laboratory microwave measurement setup, the power levels can conveniently be kept fairly high, and a “direct” detection of the microwaves will result in an acceptable signal—to—noise ratio. In this context, “direct” detection means that the microwave signal is converted directly to a low (audio) frequency, or DC. The device which is used is a diode, usually of the Schottky barrier type. Much weaker signals can be detected, and wide bandwidths handled, if a superheterodyne receiver is employed. The active element is again typically a Schottky—barrier diode, employed as a “mixer”, i.e. a frequency down—converter. It is advantageous in some cases to pre—amplify the signal, before sending it to the mixer, with a low—noise amplifier, which makes sense since the noise of the first stage dominates the total noise figure or noise temperature (see Chapter 8). Presently, low—noise amplifiers using MESFETs or HFETs as active elements generally have lower noise temperatures than the mixers used as the first stage of a superheterodyne receiver up to about 90 GHz, and the general trend is for this “cross—over” frequency (i.e. where the respective noise temperatures are equal) to rise in frequency as better three—terminal devices are developed.* This chapter will describe detectors and frequency—converters while in subsequent chapters we will treat three—terminal devices such as MESFETs and HFETs. Diodes are also used for frequency-conversion in harmonic multipliers, which have numerous applications in very-low-noise sources, as well as sources in the millimeter wave range, where it is difficult to obtain fundamental frequency oscillation. A final application of diodes is to microwave control devices, which perform switching, phase-shifting, etc. functions in microwave systems.
Adaptive Inter-Robot Trust for Robust Multi-Robot Sensor Coverage

This paper proposes a new approach to both characterize inter-robot trust in multi-robot systems and adapt trust online in response to the relative performance of the robots. The approach is applied to a multi-robot coverage control scenario, in which a team of robots must spread out over an environment to provide sensing coverage. A decentralized algorithm is designed to control the positions of the robots, while simultaneously adapting their trust weightings. Robots with higher quality sensors take charge of a larger region in the environment, while robots with lower quality sensors have their regions reduced. Using a Lyapunov-type proof, it is proven that the robots converge to locally optimal positions for sensing that are as good as if the robots’ sensor qualities were known beforehand. The algorithm is demonstrated in Matlab simulations.
Organisational impression congruence: A conceptual model of multi-level impression management operation in sports service organisations

Abstract The management of images projected to consumer audiences is a key task for sport service organisations; however, the number of “touch points” (interactions between employees and consumers) adds complexity to the process. In this article, the authors present a conceptual model of organisational impression congruence (OrgIC), proposing that organisations will elicit positive consumer-related outcomes if there is alignment between the desired organisational image(s), those projected by the organisation at the management/strategic level, and those projected by customer-facing employees. The conceptual model is underpinned by theories associated with impression management, reputation (as an outcome of impression management action), and cognitive dissonance theory as the basis for outcomes of in/congruence. The authors discuss possible implications and outcomes in relation to previous literature emanating from various fields (e.g., sport management, management, and marketing), and suggest directions for future research. Through the model of OrgIC, the authors contribute to theoretical development and discussion, and provide a tool that could be useful for evaluating the way that sport service organisations present themselves to consumers, and other external audiences.
Design Inquiry as an Intellectual Technology for the Design of Educational Systems

This paper explores the emergence of the creative design process based on a systems perspective as the most appropriate serious intellectual technology for the creation of new complex purposive systems which serve specific client’s desires, expectations and needs. This includes serving systems like educational institutions which are not in need of just restructuring but major transformation. The utilization of this new technology requires highly skilled whole systems designers which in turn depends on the availability of educational programs in the whole systems design similar to the MA Whole Systems Design at Antioch University Seattle.
Bernstein Type Inequalities Concerning Growth of Polynomials

Let \(p(z) = a_{0} + a_{1}z + a_{2}z^{2} + a_{3}z^{3} + \cdots + a_{n}z^{n}\) be a polynomial of degree n, where the coefficients a j , for 0 ≤ j ≤ n, may be complex, and p(z) ≠ 0 for | z | < 1. Then $$\displaystyle{ M(p,R) \leq \Big (\frac{R^{n} + 1} {2} \Big)\vert \vert p\vert \vert,\ \ \mathrm{for}\ \ R \geq 1, }$$ (1) and $$\displaystyle{ M(p,r) \geq \Big (\frac{r + 1} {2} \Big)^{n}\vert \vert p\vert \vert,\ \ \mathrm{for}\ \ 0 <r \leq 1, }$$ (2) where \(M(p,R):= \max _{\vert z\vert =R\geq 1}\vert p(z)\vert\), \(M(p,r):= \max _{\vert z\vert =r\leq 1}\vert p(z)\vert\), and \(\vert \vert p\vert \vert:= \max _{\vert z\vert =1}\vert p(z)\vert\). Inequality (1) is due to Ankeny and Rivlin (Pac. J. Math. 5, 849–852, 1955), whereas Inequality (2) is due to Rivlin (Am. Math. Mon. 67, 251–253, 1960). These inequalities, which due to their applications are of great importance, have been the starting point of a considerable literature in Approximation Theory, and in this paper we study some of the developments that have taken place around these inequalities. The paper is expository in nature and would provide results dealing with extensions, generalizations and refinements of these inequalities starting from the beginning of this subject to some of the recent ones.
Large Animal Models: The Key to Translational Discovery in Digestive Disease Research

Gastrointestinal disease is a prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality and the use of animal models have been instrumental in studying mechanisms of digestive pathophysiology. As investigators attempt to translate the wealth of basic science information developed from rodent models, large animal models provide a number of translational advantages. The pig, in particular, is arguably one of the most powerful models of human organ systems, including the gastrointestinal tract. The pig has provided important tools and insight into intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury, intestinal mucosal repair, as well as new insights into esophageal injury and repair. Porcine model development has taken advantage of the size of the animal, allowing increased surgical and endoscopic access. In addition, cellular tools such as the intestinal porcine epithelial cell (IPEC-J2) line and porcine enteroids are providing the methodology to translate basic science findings using in-depth mechanistic analyses. Further opportunities in porcine digestive disease modeling include developing additional transgenic pig strains. Collectively, porcine models hold great promise for the future of clinically relevant digestive disease research.
Informed consent in research on second language acquisition

The practice of securing informed consent from research participants has a relatively low profile in second language (L2) acquisition research, despite its prominence in the biomedical and social sciences. This review article analyses the role that informed consent now typically plays in L2 research; discusses an example of an L2 study where complex issues of informed consent surfaced; and summarizes debates about informed consent that are underway in other disciplines, but which so far have been little recognized in scholarship on L2 acquisition.
Better Color Conversions for HDR and UHD TV Productions

The introduction of high-dynamic-range (HDR) color spaces and ultra-high-definition's (UHD) wide-color-gamut (WCG) color space in television creates a need to match colors on HDR and WCG displays with colors on conventional high-definition (HD) displays. Many contemporary color conversion methods that apply to conversion from HD to standard definition (SD), and color conversion methods mandated by current television standards, fail to produce a good color match when converting colors from the HDTV color space to HDR or WCG color spaces. This impairs the quality of HDTV contributions to HDR and UHD productions, as well as the quality of distribution of programs originating in HDR or UHD to HDTV viewers. This paper illustrates the color errors caused by the application of several of these conversion methods, and recommends one method, using display-referred colorimetry, for better color matching between narrow-gamut, wide-gamut and high-dynamic-range displays.
Withholding life-sustaining therapy in the emergency department: The perspective of emergency physicians in a conservative society

Patients at end of life (EOL) commonly present to the emergency department (ED) for acute unpredicted life threatening emergencies. The aim of this study is to assess the perspective of the Lebanese emergency physician (EP) in withholding life-sustaining therapy (LST). We elaborated a questionnaire to evaluate the perspective of EP in withholding LST in patients at EOL. The questionnaire was then answered by 80 EP after its validation. The decision to withhold LST was most commonly made by the physician with limited involvement of the nursing staff and the patient. Patients in university hospital (UH) were more involved in the decision-making process of withholding LST (71.0% vs 36.8%; P = 0.005), but were less alerted of the final decision (77.5% vs 95.0%; P = 0.023). The patients’ families were more involved in the decision to withhold LST than the patients themselves (P < 0.001). The most common reasons to withholding LST included advanced cancer (81.3%) followed by the patients’ wishes (80%). It is no...
The Use of Charcoal in Modified Cigarette Filters for Mainstream Smoke Carbonyl Reduction

Abstract Carbonyls are harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) in mainstream cigarette smoke (MSS). Carbonyls, including formaldehyde and acrolein, are carcinogenic or mutagenic in a dose-dependent manner. Past studies demonstrate significant reduction of HPHCs by charcoal filtration. However, limits of charcoal filtration and cigarette design have not yet been investigated in a systematic manner. Objective data is needed concerning the feasibility of HPHC reduction in combustible filtered cigarettes. This systematic study evaluates the effect of charcoal filtration on carbonyl reduction in MSS. We modified filters of ten popular cigarette products with predetermined quantities (100–400 mg) of charcoal in a plug-space-plug configuration. MSS carbonyls, as well as total particulate matter, tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide (TNCO), and draw resistance were quantified. Significant carbonyl reductions were observed across all cigarette products as charcoal loading increased. At the highest charcoal loadings, carbonyls were reduced by nearly 99%. Tar and nicotine decreased modestly (
Extra gauge invariance from an extra dimension

We describe higher-dimensional theories whose low-energy 4D descriptions contain larger gauge or global symmetry groups. As an example, we construct a Higgsless $\mathrm{SU}(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{U}(1{)}_{B\ensuremath{-}L}$ model of electroweak symmetry breaking. The 5D SU(2) gauge invariance contains both the weak SU(2) gauge group and a custodial symmetry that protects the rho parameter. Fermions obtain isospin-violating masses while maintaining universal gauge couplings among all three generations. As a further example, we construct a model of chiral color based on a single SU(3).
Single-Incision Versus Conventional Technique for Tunneled Central Line Placement in Children

A single-incision technique for tunneled central venous access has been described. This study evaluates whether single-incision technique in children is comparable to the conventional method, with regard to procedure time, fluoroscopy time, and complication rate. This is a retrospective review of 303 internal jugular vein tunneled central catheter placements whose age ranged from newborn to 17 years (median 1.7 years) by pediatric interventional radiologists from January 2014 through December 2015. 223 catheters were placed (181 patients) using the single-incision technique, and 80 catheters were placed (72 patients) using the conventional two-incision technique. Data were obtained from electronic medical records and PACS including procedure time, fluoroscopy time, and complication rates which were compared for both single-incision and conventional techniques. Technical success for the single-incision and conventional technique groups was 99.1 and 98.8%, respectively. Early complication rate was 12.1% for the single-incision technique and 17.5% for the conventional technique (p = 0.254). Overall complication rate was 26% (3.8/1000 line days) for the single-incision technique and 37.5% (4/1000 line days) for the conventional technique (p = 0.085). Median procedure time was 25 min for the single-incision technique and 26 min for the conventional technique (p = 0.427). Median fluoroscopy time was 1.7 min in the single-incision group and 1.3 min in the conventional group (p = 0.085). The single-incision technique for central venous access has comparable procedure time and fluoroscopy time with no difference in complication rates between the two techniques in a pediatric population.
Real Time Scheduling of Manufacturing Systems

Abstract Consider manufacturing systems which consist of many machines which are required to produce several part-types at specified rates. Each part-type undergoes a specific routing through the system, requiring a certain amount of processing time at each machine in the route. Parts may also undergo variable, unknown but bounded transportation delays as they move from machine to machine. Moreover, machines may incur a set-up time whenever they change their operation mode. The goal is to produce all the part-types at their specified rates, while keeping all the buffers at the machines bounded, and small. In this paper we study the dynamics and stability of such manufacturing systems and the associated problems of real-time scheduling. First, we resolve a previously open problem and show that clearing policies, i.e., those that do not cease producing a part-type until its buffer is empty, can lead to instability when the manufacturing system is non-acyclic. Then we obtain a sufficient condition under which non-acyclic systems are stable under "clear-a-fraction" policies introduced earlier. Finally, we exhibit a di stributed supervisory scheme under which all sys tems are stabilized.
A Cross Cultural Contribution to the Cannabis Experience

Between 1893 and 1931 Delabarre accumulated a mass of data, the results of 38 years of collecting information and emprically observing responses to Cannabis indica. Since indica (hashish) and Cannabis sativa (marijuana) are chemically equivalent, what emerges are reactions of a professional psychologist who defined his subject matter as the study of consciousness and who worked in an era relatively free of legal and social sanctions. Delabarre published only one short account of this work. The present paper reviews his unpublished papers in order to add a cross-cultural contribution to current considerations of the cannabis experience.
Asian Inscrewtability in Hollywood

In this chapter, “Asian Inscrewtability in Hollywood,” analyzes the widespread linguistic infelicities plaguing the casting of English-speaking, non-English-speaking, and non-speaking Asian actors in recent Hollywood films, including Gong Li and Zhang Ziyi in Memoirs of a Geisha, Min-sik Choi in Lucy, and the mute Japanese-looking fembot in Ex Machina. These Asian stars make their entry into Hollywood by taking bit parts, “screwing” themselves with their dim(witted) English or incomprehensible foreign tongues.
Current Concepts Review Update: Insertional Achilles Tendinopathy.

Approximately 6% of the general population reports Achilles tendon pain during their lifetime.63 Of these patients, roughly one-third will have insertional Achilles tendinopathy (IAT).55,58,63,83 Patients with IAT often report stiffness that is aggravated by prolonged rest as well as pain that is aggravated by physical activity. Patients often report that their symptoms limit their activity at work and participation in sports. In addition, because of sensitivity over the posterior heel, many struggle with shoewear. This Current Concepts Review provides an update to Dr Irwin’s review and highlights evidence on treatment published since the previous 2010 publication.50 In addition, this update provides Levels of Evidence and Grades of Recommendation for treatment recommendations (Table 1) that are consistent with the previous and recently published reviews.20,50 Table 1 Levels of Evidence and Grades of Recommendation.
Indirect Self-destructive Behaviour Across the Lifespan

Historically, a number of terms have been used to differentiate indirect self-destructive behaviours (ISDBs) from overt acts of suicide such as partial, focal and chronic suicide, sub-intentional death, deliberate self-harm and silent suicide. Each of these terms encompasses a wide range of behaviours such as: refusing to drink or eat, medication mismanagement, self-mutilation, self-neglect, and medical noncompliance. These behaviours all describe deleterious, life-threatening actions that ultimately undermine the health of the individual and lead to premature death. ISDBs are life threatening and commonly occurring, but poorly understood, behaviours that can mask suicidal intent. While many psychological, behavioural, and biological risk factors for completed suicide have been identified, the etiology, role, and clinical correlates of ISDBs have not been satisfactorily examined. In an attempt to reach common ground in describing subtypes of indirect self-destructive behaviour, the National Institute of Mental Health Mental (NIMH) convened 22 experts who defined an ISDB as “…an act of omission or commission that causes self-harm leading indirectly, over time, to the patient’s death”. Reports issued by the Institute of Medicine and by the NIMH of the Aging Research Branch noted that ISDBs are of major concern because they are highly prevalent and result in greater morbidity and mortality than more easily recognized overt suicidal behaviours. These reports recommended that a standardized method to ascertain the extent and nature of ISDBs be developed to examine the etiology and clinical correlates of these behaviours. This chapter reviews the existing literature on ISDBs and offers research, clinical, and policy recommendations.
The Fierce Urgency of Now: Honoring the Life of Martin Luther King, Jr. in and Out of the Classroom:

The author explores how educators can best honor Martin Luther King, Jr.'s memory by using his life and works as a catalyst for getting their students and themselves to act upon school and society ...
Advertising Expenditures, Negative Corporate Social Performance, and Firm Performance: Does Advertising Orientation Matter? An Abstract

In this study, we investigate the relationship between advertising expenditures, negative corporate social performance, and firm performance. Our empirical analysis seeks to understand the implications of negative corporate social performance for advertising response strategies—namely, annual, corporate-focused, and product-focused firm-level advertising expenditures. Furthermore, we examine the potential of these advertising response strategies for firm-level performance (i.e., profitability and firm value measures).
Bodies and Borders: Portuguese Responses to Plague and Sleeping Sickness in Mozambique at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century

At the beginning of the twentieth century, Portuguese medical administrators pressed for the recognition of their role in determining colonial policy in Mozambique, producing a medical framework for relationships between the state and the bodies of its subjects through campaigns to address the dangers of two vector-borne tropical diseases: bubonic plague and human trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness. While local sanitation ordinances were introduced to transform the racial geography of the capital, legislation to prevent Indians, British and Portuguese colonial subjects, from entering the colony, described them as uncivilized migrants culturally and racially disposed to be carriers of plague. Sleeping sickness expeditions to the central region bordering Southern Rhodesia and Nyasaland engaged similar concerns about invasion and infection from outside and attempted to contain African bodies within the colonys borders. But these fantasies of control largely failed. And, while urban, literate, Indian and African elites objected to restrictions on their mobility of colonial subjects in petitions and in the press, the most successful strategies were those of ordinary urban and rural residents of the colony, who evaded state surveillance and scientific study, leaving their mark on minutes of meetings and in field reports in frustrated statements of officials and research scientists.
Single-base mutations associated with mouse lymphomas.

A few years ago we began to study a model system for carcinogenesis for two main reasons: first, because the molecular tools to approach the system were starting to become available and, second, because we thought that oncogene studies in humans would eventually need a model system since the development of human tumors is not easy to manipulate experimentally and cannot be studied in depth. With that in mind, we began to study the induction of mouse lymphomas after treatment with a chemical carcinogen, nitrosomethyl urea (NMU), or with gamma irradiation.
Understanding the Rise of Born-Again Catholics in the United States: The Role of Educational Attainment

Having a “born-again” experience has historically been a marker of sectarian or evangelical Protestantism. Yet the percentage of American Catholics reporting a born-again experience has nearly doubled in the past few decades—from 14% in 2004 to 27% in 2016—a much faster increase than that of evangelicals or any other religious group. How do we explain the disproportionate rise of born-again Catholics? Drawing on data from the 2004–2016 waves of the General Social Survey, this research note tests four potential mechanisms: (1) evangelicals converting to Catholicism; (2) born-again Catholics immigrating to the US; (3) evangelical-to-Catholic diffusion due to growing conservative-political alliances; and (4) having a born-again experience (both an indicator of sectarian religious piety and loose affiliation with more standard Catholic self-perceptions) is becoming more common among Catholics with less formal education. After testing alternative explanations, we show that reporting a born-again experience has increased almost solely among Catholics without a college degree. This suggests that the born-again experience is increasing primarily among those Catholics who tend to be more marginalized within society at large (potentially making sectarian religious experiences like being “born-again” more attractive) and less versed in more mainstream identity-markers of their own religious tradition.
The Review of Radical Political Economics at Its Half Century: A Retrospective:

Fifty years on, the Review of Radical Political Economics (RRPE) lives on against the odds that such a quixotic 1968 adventure could survive for half a century. As the first managing editor of the ...
Cryptology, Mathematics, and Technology

Cryptology furnishes an ideal example of the synergy between mathematics and technology. This is illustrated by events before, during, and after World War II: manual methods of encryption were replaced by faster and more secure methods of machine encryption; these methods were then attacked during the war by mathematicians using a combination of mathematics and machines; and after the war machine encryption was in turn eventually supplanted by computers and computer-based encryption algorithms. Random number generation illustrates one aspect of this: physical randomization has been completely replaced by the use of pseudo-random number generators. A particularly striking example of the impact of mathematics on cryptography is the development of public key encryption.
Oncology Navigation Decreases Time to Treatment in Patients with Pancreatic Malignancy

Care of pancreatic cancer patients has become increasingly complex, which has led to delays in the initiation of therapy. Nurse navigators have been added to care teams, in part, to ameliorate this delay. This study investigated the difference in time from first oncology visit to first treatment date in patients with any pancreatic malignancy before and after the addition of an Oncology Navigator. A single-institution database of patients with any pancreatic neoplasm evaluated by a provider in radiation, medical, or surgical oncology between 1 October 2015 and 30 September 2017 was analyzed. After 1 October 2016, an Oncology Navigator met patients at their initial visit and coordinated care throughout treatment. The cohort was divided into two groups: patients evaluated prior to the implementation of an Oncology Navigator and patients evaluated after implementation. Patient demographics and time from first visit to first intervention were compared. Overall, 147 patients with a new diagnosis of pancreatic neoplasm were evaluated; 57 patients were seen prior to the start of the Oncology Navigator program and 79 were evaluated after the navigation program was implemented. On univariate analysis, time from first contact by any provider to intervention was 46 days prior to oncology navigation and 26 days after implementation of oncology navigation (p = 0.005). While controlling for other covariates, employment of the Oncology Navigator decreased the time from first contact by any provider to intervention by almost 16 days (p = 0.009). Implementing an oncology navigation program significantly decreased time to treatment in patients with pancreatic malignancy.
Spectral changes in conifers subjected to air pollution and water stress: Experimental studies

The roles of leaf anatomy, moisture and pigment content, and number of leaf layers on spectral reflectance in healthy, pollution-stressed, and water-stressed conifer needles were examined experimentally. Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi) and giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron gigantea) were exposed to ozone and acid mist treatments in fumigation chambers; red pine (Pinus resinosa) needles were artificially dried. Infrared reflectance from stacked needles rose with free water loss. In an air-drying experiment, cell volume reductions induced by loss of turgor caused near-infrared reflectance (TM band 4) to drop after most free water was lost. Under acid mist fumigation, stunting of tissue development similarly reduced band 4 reflectance. Both artificial drying and pollutant fumigation caused a blue shift of the red edge of spectral reflectance curves in conifers, attributable to chlorophyll denaturation. Thematic mapper band ratio 4/3 fell and 5/4 rose with increasing pollution stress on artificial drying. Loss of water by air-drying, freeze-drying, or oven-drying enhanced spectral features, due in part to greater scattering and reduced water absorption. Grinding of the leaf tissue further enhanced the spectral features by increasing reflecting surfaces and path length. In a leaf-stacking experiment, an asymptote in visible and infrared reflectance was reached at 7-8 needle layers of red pine.
FLATS: Filling Logic and Testing Spatially for FPGA Authentication and Tamper Detection

Security-critical field programmable gate array (FPGA) designs traditionally rely on bitstream encryption and hashing to prevent bitstream modifications and provide design authentication. Recent attacks to extract bitstream encryption keys, and research in automated bitstream manipulation tools, have created a class of vulnerabilities involving post-synthesis low-level FPGA editing. Current authentication and tamper (e.g., malicious modification) detection approaches dependent upon hash-based comparison mechanisms and register transfer level safeguards are vulnerable to these post-synthesis exploits. In this paper, we propose FLATS, which provides filling logic and testing spatially to combat such vulnerability. FLATS fills unused lookup tables (LUTs) within the FPGA design and inserts infrared-emitting spatial watermarks into the partially used LUTs at the post-synthesis stage for physical authentication and tamper detection using backside infrared imaging. FLATS takes an existing synthesized design and re-purposes a portion of its LUT initialization to function as a watermark allowing for the detection of changes to the post-synthesis placement and initialization. Experimental results validate the FLATS architecture on a 28nm Xilinx FPGA with less than 12% look-up table utilization overhead and negligible compromises in power and speed.
Butyrylcholinesterase, a stereospecific in vivo bioscavenger against nerve agent intoxication.

Abstract Human butyrylcholinesterase (E.C. 3.1.1.8) purified from blood plasma has previously been shown to provide protection against up to five and a half times the median lethal dose of an organophosphorus nerve agent in several animal models. In this study the stoichiometric nature of the protection afforded by human butyrylcholinesterase against organophosphorus nerve agents was investigated in guinea pigs. Animals were administered human butyrylcholinesterase (26.15 mg/kg ≡ 308 nmol/kg) by the intravascular or intramuscular route. Animals were subsequently dosed with either soman or VX in accordance with a stage-wise adaptive dose design to estimate the modified median lethal dose in treated animals. Human butyrylcholinesterase (308 nmol/kg) increased the median lethal dose of soman from 154 nmol/kg to 770 nmol/kg. Comparing the molar ratio of agent molecules to enzyme active sites yielded a stoichiometric protective ratio of 2:1 for soman, likely related to the similar stereoselectivity the enzyme has compared to the toxic target, acetylcholinesterase. In contrast, human butyrylcholinesterase (308 nmol/kg) increased the median lethal dose of VX from 30 nmol/kg to 312 nmol/kg, resulting in a stoichiometric protective ratio of only 1:1, suggesting a lack of stereoselectivity for this agent.
The Mitochondrion: A Link Between Hemolysis and Platelet Activation

Patients with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) demonstrate characteristics of chronic hemostatic activation including elevated baseline platelet activation. While it is well established that platelet activation is positively correlated with the magnitude of erythrocytic hemolysis in these patients, the mechanisms linking hemolysis to platelet activation remain unclear. In this study, we investigate the role of the platelet mitochondrion as the molecular link between hemolysis and downstream platelet activation. Using extracellular flux analysis, we demonstrate that platelets isolated from patients with SCD show a distinct alteration in mitochondrial function characterized by a decrease in the activity of the mitochondrial ATP Synthase (electron transport chain Complex V), which leads to enhanced mitochondrial membrane potential and elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by the electron transport chain. Notably, levels of platelet mitochondrial ROS production was significantly correlated with markers of hemolysis (lactate dehydrogenase and plasma free hemoglobin concentration) as well as platelet activation in this cohort. Moreover, the mitochondrial dysfunction observed in platelets from SCD patients was recapitulated by exposing healthy platelets to cell-free hemoglobin ex vivo. Importantly, augmented mitochondrial ROS generation appears to initiate platelet activation, as scavenging of mitochondrial ROS inhibited cell free hemoglobin-induced activation of healthy platelets. Studies in the Berkley (BERK) transgenic murine model of SCD supported ex vivo data demonstrating that hemolysis-induced mitochondrial ROS production stimulates platelet activation. Homozygous BERK mice showed significantly inhibited platelet mitochondrial complex V activity and elevated mitochondrial ROS production, concomitant with enhanced baseline platelet activation compared to hemizygote mice. When subjected to a ferric chloride-induced vascular injury model of thrombosis, BERK homozygous mice showed a significantly shorter time to vascular occlusion due to thrombosis compared to hemizygote mice. Treatment of homozygous BERK mice with the mitochondrial ROS scavenger MitoTEMPO (supplemented in drinking water) significantly increased time to vascular occlusion in the ferric chloride thrombosis model. These ex vivo human platelet data and in vivo studies in murine models demonstrate that hemolysis induces platelet mitochondrial ROS production, which stimulates downstream platelet activation. Ongoing studies are focused on determining the molecular mechanisms by which cell free hemoglobin elicits an inhibition of platelet mitochondrial Complex V and implicate a role for activation of the platelet surface toll like receptor 4 (TLR4). Collectively, these data identify the platelet mitochondrion as an important signaling hub that links hemolysis to platelet activation in SCD patients. The potential of therapeutically modulating platelet mitochondrial ROS production to attenuate hemolysis induced thrombotic activation will be discussed. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
The Interplay of Plans and Intentions: A Pledge-Based Intervention to Reduce Participation in a Single Hazardous Event:

With respect to harm reduction health promotion interventions, consideration of prior plans is critical in evaluating behavior change. This study addresses prior plans on participation in a singula...
Posterior Mediastinal Masses

This chapter will include most important anatomical landmarks and differential diagnosis of posterior mediastinum across various imaging modalities. The key questions included are common questions asked during the rotation as well as questions that will help differentiate disease processes that may look very similar at an initial glance. Many of the questions will include high-yield differential diagnosis for common findings in imaging.
Simulation of Cumulative Exposure Statistics for Blast Pressure Transmission Into the Brain.

INTRODUCTION This study develops and demonstrates an analysis approach to understand the statistics of cumulative pressure exposure of the brain to repetitive blasts events. MATERIALS AND METHODS A finite element model of blast loading on the head was used for brain model biomechanical responses. The cumulative pressure exposure fraction (CPEF), ranging from 0.0 to 1.0, was used to characterize the extent and repetition of high pressures. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to generate repetitive blast cumulative exposures. RESULTS The blast orientation effect is as influential as the blast overpressure magnitudes. A 75° (from the side) blast orientation can produce CPEF values exceeding traumatic brain injury pressure thresholds >0.95 while, for the same blast overpressure, a 0° (front) blast orientation results in a CPEF <0.25. Monte Carlo results for different sequences reflecting notional operational and training environments show that both mean values and standard deviations of CPEF reach the statistically equilibrium state at a finite value of n exposures for each sequence. CONCLUSIONS Statistical convergence of the brain pressure response metrics versus number of blasts for different exposures characterizes the transitions from "low" to "high" number of blasts and quantitatively highlights the differences between operational and training exposures.
Astro for derivative-based stochastic optimization: algorithm description & numerical experiments

Adaptive Sampling Trust-Region Optimization (ASTRO) is a class of derivative-based stochastic trust-region algorithms developed to solve stochastic unconstrained optimization problems where the objective function and its gradient are observable only through a noisy oracle or using a large dataset. ASTRO incorporates adaptively sampled function and gradient estimates within a trust-region framework to generate iterates that are guaranteed to converge almost surely to a first-order or a second-order critical point of the objective function. Efficiency in ASTRO stems from two key aspects: (i) adaptive sampling to ensure that the objective function and its gradient are sampled only to the extent needed, so that small sample sizes result when iterates are far from a critical point and large sample sizes result when iterates are near a critical point; and (ii) quasi-Newton Hessian updates using BFGS. We describe ASTRO in detail, give a sense of its theoretical guarantees, and report extensive numerical results.
Machine learning of octahedral tilting in oxide perovskites by symbolic classification with compressed sensing

Abstract The steady growth of online materials databases, coupled with efforts in materials informatics, has invited the reexamination of existing empirical models through the lens of modern machine learning techniques. Inspired by recent efforts to improve on the Goldschmidt tolerance factor for perovskite formation, we apply the symbolic regression to the problem of predicting octahedral tilting. In addition to its impact on the crystal structure, octahedral tilting is related to functional properties, including dielectric permittivity, ferroelectricity, magnetic properties, and metal–insulator transitions. By relating a selection of physical parameters (e.g., atomic radii, electronegativity) with mathematical operations (e.g., addition, exponentiation), we identify an analytical equation that correctly predicts the octahedral tilting classification for 49 perovskite oxides in a dataset of 60 materials. Using the same training dataset, we additionally fit and compare seven models generated by other common machine learning methods. Despite the increased complexity afforded by support vector machines, decision trees/random forests, and artificial neural networks, we find that our equation outperforms the other models as well as the original tolerance factor in predicting octahedral tilting.
Time-varying coefficient cumulative gap time models for intensive longitudinal ecological momentary assessment data with missingness

Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) studies investigate intensive repeated observations of the current behavior and experiences of subjects in real time. In particular, such studies aim to minimi...
Thermophysical properties and reversible phase transitions in yttrium hydride

Abstract The thermophysical properties of yttrium hydrides were investigated as a function of temperature (room temperature [RT] to 700°C) and hydrogen concentration (H/Y ratio ranges from 1.52 to 1.93). The results indicate that at the temperatures below 300°C, the hydrogen content did not have a significant influence on the thermal expansion, while the specific heat capacity, the thermal diffusivity, and the calculated thermal conductivity were slightly higher for the larger H/Y ratio. Between 300°C and 700°C, a reversible second-order endothermic transition in all measured thermal properties was observed. It was also found that the onset temperatures of the observed transition varied, with the composition having inverse dependence on the hydrogen content. The phase transition from (α-Y + δ-YHx) mixed phase to the δ-YHx single phase was excluded from the main contributors to the observed transition. An attempt was made to explain the behavior of the thermophysical properties at higher temperatures by considering the order–disorder transition as a result of hydrogen redistribution.
Exclusion of an Azygos Vein Varix With a Covered Stent.

An azygos vein varix was incidentally discovered in a 26-year-old man. Owing to the potential risk of pulmonary emboli, we implanted a covered stent in the superior vena cava, effectively excluding the varix. Eighth months later, the varix was thrombosed and involuted. (Level of Difficulty: Advanced.)