cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reduction of hyperhydricity in tissue cultures of oregano (Origanum vulgare) by extracellular polysaccharide isolated from Pseudomonas spp

Abstract Hyperhydricity or vitrification is a physiological malformation affecting tissue culture-based propagation of several plant species. A Pseudomonas spp-mediated approach was recently developed to control hyperhydricity in oregano. This bacterium-induced prevention of hyperhydricity helped the establishment of clonal plants in the greenhouse without extensive acclimatization. The prevention of hyperhydricity was specifically linked to mucoid Pseudomonas spp and was characterized by high chlorophyll and reduced water content in oregano shoots. The focus of research reported in this paper was to purify the extracellular mucoid component from Pseudomonas spp and evaluate the effect on hyperhydricity in oregano tissue culture. The extracellular mucoid component was purified by ethanol precipitation. This extracellular mucoid component was confirmed to be a polysaccharide using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The effect of purified polysaccharide to prevent or reduce hyperhydricity was tested in oregano clone 0–1. The polysaccharide prevented hyperhydricity in oregano with reduced efficiency compared to bacterial inoculation. This was characterized by higher chlorophyll and reduced water content when compared to uninoculated/untreated oregano shoots. This confirms that the Pseudomonas spp-mediated hyperhydricity reduction in oregano is partially due to its extracellular polysaccharide. This provides a novel approach to develop a media formulation to control hyperhydricity in wide number of plant species where tissue culture is used for clonal propagation.
Equatorial gyroresonance between electrons and magnetospherically reflected whistlers

Magnetospherically reflected whistlers resonantly interact with energetic (of order 100 keV) electrons in a relatively narrow energy range during multiple equatorial crossings over a wide range of L-shells (L between 1.5 and 4). Results indicate that wave energy that enters the magnetosphere at a fixed location can potentially contribute to the loss of particles over a wide range of latitudes.
Developmental changes in the representation of word meaning: Cross‐cultural findings

This study examined semantic and conceptual development among three socio-economic groups in western Nigeria: rural, urban and ilite. The sociocultural and material conditions typifying each group were hypothesized to be associated with different patterns of conceptual change. All three groups demonstrated a developmental shift in the representation of word meaning, from representations based more on characteristic features, to those based more on defining features. However, the patterns of development differed across groups. The rural group had the most marked shift and the urban group the least. The differences in developmental patterns were interpreted as reflecting specific aspects of each group's sociocultural milieu.
Isolation and characterization of highly purified streptavidin obtained in a two-step purification procedure from Streptomyces avidinii grown in a synthetic medium

A method is described for isolation of streptavidin from cultures of Streptomyces avidinii grown in a synthetic culture medium for 6-10 days. Streptavidin is precipitated directly from culture supernatant fluid using 80% ammonium sulfate, and the precipitate is dialyzed against water and centrifuged at 40,000 X g for 60 min. The absorbency coefficient at 280 nm of purified streptavidin was estimated to be 31.7142 +/- 0.1806 for a 1% solution. The protein appeared to be greater than 90% homogeneous by gel permeation chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. No biotin-binding molecules less than 70 kDa in size were detected at any step during the purification of streptavidin. Streptavidin was able to maintain a stable crosslink between two biotinylated molecules in a solid-phase assay. Streptavidin purified by this method was stable in 50% glycerol/water at -20 degrees C for more than 1 year. Lyophilization or iodination did not produce apparent damage to the protein.
Scaffolding diagnostic reasoning in case-based-learning environments

MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS is a critical skill that is usually developed with experience in interacting with, diagnosing, and managing patients. Computer-delivered, case-based-learning environments can be developed to provide students with valuable diagnostic experiences prior to dealing with real patients. Diagnostic skill requires physicians to understand and use causal reasoning in order to make predictions. That causal reasoning may be scaffolded in the design of those environments. This paper describes the scaffolding of causal reasoning in making initial diagnoses, determining etiology, and making differential diagnoses in platelet-related problems.
CHARACTERIZING THE SIZE DEPENDENCE OF RESOURCE ACQUISITION WITHIN CROWDED PLANT POPULATIONS

We present and apply a method for analyzing size-dependent patterns of resource acquisition by individuals within stands of competing plants. Our approach relies on curve-fitting to relate empirical measures of resource acquisition with various aspects of plant size and form. These relationships are referred to as size–uptake relationships (SURs). We demonstrate the use of this approach by characterizing the size dependence of light and nitrogen acquisition within developing stands of birch seedlings. Results of a number of phenomenological studies have predicted that competition for light is expected to be size asymmetric and that competition for belowground resources is expected to be size symmetric. Our study provides the first direct empirical test for these hypotheses. Application of the SUR approach largely confirms predictions regarding the size-dependent nature of light and belowground resource (nitrogen) acquisition. The uptake of nitrogen by birch seedlings was size symmetric, regardless of whic...
Compositional schedulability analysis for cyber-physical systems

Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) are becoming all-pervasive, and due to increasing complexity they are designed using component-based approaches. Temporal constraints of such complex CPSs are then modeled using hierarchical scheduling frameworks. Therefore, there is a need to develop compositional schedulability analysis techniques for such CPSs. In this essay, we describe one such CPS present in air-crafts. We also discuss the hierarchical frameworks that are found in these systems, and highlight shortcomings of existing techniques in analyzing them.
Glass and melting transitions of copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene with propylene and isobutylene

Copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and propylene were prepared that contained 30–65 mole-% of the former. Reactivity ratios of tetrafluoroethylene- and propylene-ended radicals are 0.008 and 0.06, respectively, resulting in formation of highly alternating copolymers. The glass temperatures, Tg, were determined using a differential scanning calorimeter. Values ranged from 260 to 275°K. A plot of Tg versus composition has a low maximum centered about the equimolar composition. Copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and isobutylene were prepared that contained 30–56 mole-% of the former. Reactivity ratios of tetrafluoroethylene- and isobutylene-ended radicals are 0.005 and 0.021, respectively. The glass temperatures of these copolymers range from 257 to 313°K. A higher maximum at the equimolar composition is obtained when Tg is plotted versus composition. Isobutylene-containing copolymers having 45–54 mole-% tetrafluoroethylene are crystalline. Melting temperatures range from 416 to 476°K and have their maximum value at the equimolar composition. It is thought that long sequences of alternating units behave as a third entity in these copolymers, the other two being nonalternating units of the two monomers. Unless inhibited, ionic homopolymerization of isobutylene can be appreciable, sometimes resulting in the polymer having two Tg.
Discussion of Analyzing Speech to Detect Financial Misreporting

One of the most important tasks facing investors, auditors, and regulators is to identify misreporting by managers, preferably using ex ante signals. Hobson, Mayew, and Venkatachalam [2012] (henceforth, HMV) examine the use of CEOs’ voice markers of cognitive dissonance for detecting financial misreporting. Prior research on financial misreporting detection has focused mostly on financial measures, and, more recently, nonfinancial performance measures. HMV innovate by bringing a new perspective into this field. They motivate this research question with the findings in the psychology literature that nonverbal vocal markers can help discriminate deceivers from truth tellers. They focus on a specific type of vocal marker in the paper—cognitive dissonance—based on prior evidence (e.g., Mazar, Amir, and Ariely [2008]) that misreporting leads to cognitive dissonance, which is the feeling of psychological discomfort when one’s actions and beliefs are discrepant. To measure managers’ cognitive dissonance, HMV rely on a proprietary software package, Layered Voice Analysis (LVA). The first step in the empirical tests is to validate the measure as capturing cognitive dissonance. They
A possible framework for market-based voltage/reactive power control

This paper concerns the technical and economic role of voltage and reactive power control necessary for implementing energy market requests. Two aspects of voltage support provision in the restructuring industry critically determine definition of "standards" for voltage support. (1) It is conceptually impossible to impose standards for voltage support starting from an industry with nonuniform standards itself. (2) Therefore, a system provider should only define relevant standards for system reliability; optimal voltage profile is determined on a market for reactive power and voltage control proposed in this paper.
Local and remote wind stress forcing of the seasonal variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) transport at 26.5°N

The transport of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) varies considerably on the seasonal time scale at 26.5°N, according to observations made at the RAPID-MOCHA array. Previous studies indicate that the local wind stress at 26.5°N, especially a large wind stress curl at the African coast, is the leading contributor to this seasonal variability. The purpose of the present study is to examine whether nonlocal wind stress forcing, i.e., remote forcing from latitudes away from 26.5°N, affects the seasonal AMOC variability at the RAPID-MOCHA array. Our tool is a two-layer and wind-driven model with a realistic topography and an observation-derived wind stress. The seasonal cycle of the modeled AMOC transport agrees well with RAPID-MOCHA observations while the amplitude is in the lower end of the observational range. In contrast to previous studies, the seasonal AMOC variability at 26.5°N is not primarily forced by the wind stress curl at the eastern boundary, but is a result of a basin-wide adjustment of ocean circulation to seasonal changes in wind stress. Both the amplitude and phase of the seasonal cycle at 26.5°N are strongly influenced by wind stress forcing from other latitudes, especially from the subpolar North Atlantic. The seasonal variability of the AMOC transport at 26.5°N is due to the seasonal redistribution of the water mass volume and is driven by both local and remote wind stress. Barotropic processes make significant contributions to the seasonal AMOC variability through topography-gyre interactions.
Phase transitions in contagion processes mediated by recurrent mobility patterns.

Extensive datasets such as those capturing the movement of mobile-phone users have provided us with a new basis for modelling human mobility, a process that has been shown to be highly predictable. This study now shows how recurrent patterns in how we move influence contagion processes, such as the spatial spread of infectious diseases.
N-oxide mediated oxidation of the C6 position of an angucyclinone ring system

Abstract A mild method for a selective CH oxidation of the C6 position of an angucyclinone ring system to a hydroxyl group is described.
Mad enough to see the other side: Anger and the search for disconfirming information

The current research explored the effect of anger on hypothesis confirmation—the propensity to seek information that confirms rather than disconfirms one's opinion. We argued that the moving against action tendency associated with anger leads angry individuals to seek out more disconfirming information than sad individuals, attenuating the confirmation bias. We tested this hypothesis in two studies of experimentally primed anger and sadness on the selective exposure to hypothesis confirming and disconfirming information. In Study 1, participants in the angry condition were more likely to choose disconfirming information than those in the sad or neutral condition when given the opportunity to read more about a social debate, and reading the disconfirming information affected their subsequent attitude. Study 2 measured participants' opinions and information selection about the 2008 US Presidential Election and their desire to “move against” a person or object. Participants in the angry condition reported a ...
Experimental configurations using optical phase modulation to measure chiral asymmetries in light specularly reflected from a naturally gyrotropic medium

Chirally asymmetric responses of a gyrotropic medium to left and right circularly polarized light as manifested in specular light reflection are systematically identified and interpreted. Experimental configurations using one or more photoelastic modulators and synchronous detection are described, by means of which the chiral asymmetries should be measurable with a sensitivity comparable with that of light-transmission techniques. Measurement of these chiral asymmetries would (a) provide experimental tests of recently proposed Fresnel scattering amplitudes for isotropic chiral media and (b) open up new spectroscopic possibilities for the investigation of nontransparent gyrotropic media.
Reading rate and retention as a function of the number of propositions in the base structure of sentences

Abstract English texts were constructed from propositional bases. One set of 16-word sentences was obtained from semantic bases containing from 4 to 9 propositions. For another set of sentences and paragraphs, number of words and number of propositions covaried. Subjects read the texts at their own rate and recalled them immediately. For the 16-word sentences, subjects needed 1.5 sec additional reading time to process each proposition. For longer texts, this value increased. In another experimental condition reading time was controlled by the experimenter. The analysis of both the text and the recall protocols in terms of number of propositions lent support to the notion that propositions are a basic unit of memory for text. However, evidence was also obtained that while the total number of propositions upon which a text was based proved to be an effective psychological variable, all propositions were not equally difficult to remember: superordinate propositions were recalled better than propositions which were stucturally subordinate.
Discrete Semi-Self-Decomposability Induced by Semigroups

A continuous semigroup of probability generating functions $\mathcal{F}:=(F_t, t\ge 0)$ is used to introduce a notion of discrete semi-selfdecomposability, or $\mathcal{F}$-semi-selfdecomposability, for distributions with support on $\bf Z_+$. $\mathcal{F}$-semi-selfdecomposable distributions are infinitely divisible and are characterized by the absolute monotonicity of a specific function. The class of $\mathcal{F}$-semi-selfdecomposable laws is shown to contain the $\mathcal{F}$- semistable distributions and the geometric $\mathcal{F}$-semistable distributions. A generalization of discrete random stability is also explored.
Nonclinical hair-pulling: Affective correlates and comparison with clinical samples

The purposes of the current study were to examine the affective states associated with hair-pulling in a nonclinical sample and to compare levels of general psychopathology in nonclinical hair-pullers and clinic patients with trichotillomania (TM) or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Subjects included 66 college undergraduates who engaged in hair-pulling unrelated to grooming, 18 patients with TM and 29 patients with OCD. Dimensional (but not categorical) ratings of affective experiences in the nonclinical sample indicated that hair-pulling was associated with decreases in tension, boredom, anger and sadness. Further, the relationship between emotional experiences before and after hair-pulling was more salient than the pre-during relationship conceptualized as central in current diagnostic criteria for TM. Comparisons of psychopathology in nonclinical and clinical samples failed to support a continuum notion of increasing symptomatology in nonclinical pullers, TM patients and individuals with OCD. Some evidence of increased pathology in nonclinical pullers relative to TM patients was obtained, as was further support for a distinction between TM and OCD. Implications of this investigation for conceptualization of TM are discussed.
The inhibition of bovine pancreatic carboxypeptidase A by dihydroxyacetone phosphate.

Abstract In a recent study of the effects of various ligands on the rate of proteolytic digestion of rabbit muscle aldolase, it was observed that dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) acts as a powerful inhibitor of bovine pancreatic carboxypeptidase A (CPA) ( Adelman et al. , 1968 ). The present work demonstrates that this inhibition is competitive for both peptidase and esterase activities. Because this represents the first observation of competitive inhibition of CPA by a compound lacking an aromatic group, it was of interest to characterize further the structural requirements for this interaction.
Depressive symptomatology in a child psychiatric outpatient population: correlations with diagnosis.

Abstract Assessment methodology in childhood depression is still complicated by uncertainty regarding which of a wide range of symptoms associated with the disorder are critical for diagnosis. In the research described, the Bellevue Index of Depression (BID) was used to collect data about a wide range of depression-related symptoms from 224 consecutive outpatients at a child psychiatry clinic. The BID data were subject to factor analysis and then correlated with the DSM-III diagnoses for these children. Dysphoric symptoms were prevalent in all diagnostic categories and did not discriminate among them. Self-deprecatory ideation in combination with dysphoria was highly discriminative. Antisocial behavior and self-deprecatory ideation were not found in the same factors. The data suggest that self-deprecatory ideation is a core feature of childhood depression and that antisocial behavior is not a strong indicator of depression.
High-performing feature selection for text classification

This paper reports a controlled study on a large number of filter feature selection methods for text classification. Over 100 variants of five major feature selection criteria were examined using four well-known classification algorithms: a Naive Bayesian (NB) approach, a Rocchio-style classifier, a k-nearest neighbor (kNN) method and a Support Vector Machine (SVM) system. Two benchmark collections were chosen as the testbeds: Reuters-21578 and small portion of Reuters Corpus Version 1 (RCV1), making the new results comparable to published results. We found that feature selection methods based on chi2 statistics consistently outperformed those based on other criteria (including information gain) for all four classifiers and both data collections, and that a further increase in performance was obtained by combining uncorrelated and high-performing feature selection methods.The results we obtained using only 3% of the available features are among the best reported, including results obtained with the full feature set.
Choice and Interpretation of Statistical Tests Used When Competing Risks Are Present

In clinical cancer research, competing risks are frequently encountered. For example, individuals undergoing treatment for surgically resectable disease may experience recurrence near the removed tumor, metastatic recurrence at other sites, occurrence of second primary cancer, or death resulting from noncancer causes before any of these events. Two quantities, the cause-specific hazard function and the cumulative incidence function, are commonly used to summarize outcomes by event type. Tests for event-specific differences between treatment groups may thus be based on comparison of (a) cause-specific hazards via a log-rank or related test, or (b) the cumulative incidence functions via one of several available tests. Inferential results for tests based on these different metrics can differ considerably for the same cause-specific end point. Depending on the questions of principal interest, one or both metrics may be appropriate to consider. We present simulation study results and discuss examples from cancer clinical trials to illustrate these points and provide guidance for analysis when competing risks are present.
Effects of water temperature on the toxicity of 4‐nitrophenol and 2,4‐dinitrophenol to developing rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Early-life-stage (ELS) toxicity tests were conducted to determine the effect of selected water temperature on the toxicity of 4-nitrophenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). NOECs were determined for growth and mortality at selected time intervals and water temperatures of 7, 12, and 17 C. As tests progressed, NOECs leveled to constant time-independent values that were similar for tests at each temperature. In 4-nitrophenol tests, the time-independent NOEC values at 7, 12, and 17 C, respectively, were 1.16, 1.20, and 1.16 mg/L for growth and 3.40, 3.38, and 2.20 mg/L for mortality. For 2,4-dinitrophenol, time-independent NOEC values at 7, 12, and 17 C, respectively, were 1.07, 0.50, and 0.80 mg/L for growth and 1.30, 1.89, and 1.60 mg/L for mortality. Temperature did, however, affect the rate at which time-independent NOECs were reached. More time was required to reach time-independent NOECs as temperature decreased. For example, the time-independent NOEC in 4-nitrophenol tests at 17 C was reached in 14 d, whereas it required 42 d at 7 C. The effect of temperature on toxicity must be considered in hazard assessment protocols to assess risk accurately and protect aquatic organisms adequately. Chronic toxicity tests are necessary to assess risk because acutemore » toxicity tests cannot provide the information necessary to predict the long-term effects of factors such as temperature in natural environments.« less
Density matrix calculations of the relaxation of two deuterons in an ordered medium

Abstract Density matrix calculations for a systems of two deuterons in a partially ordered environment have been performed in order to determine which kind of relaxation experiments are required to obtain information about all relevant spectral densities of motion. Relaxation parameters are obtained for the time evolution of populations and transverse magnetizations as well as multiple and zero quantum coherences. Experiments are proposed for determination of both auto- and cross-correlation terms in the spectral densities of motion.
Tuning tetranuclear manganese-oxo core electronic properties: adamantane-shaped complexes synthesized by ligand exchange.

A series of adamantane-shaped [Mn4O6]4+ aggregates has been prepared. Ligand substitution reactions of [Mn4O6(bpea)4](ClO4)4 (1) with tridentate amine and iminodicarboxylate ligands in acetonitrile affords derivative clusters [Mn4O6(tacn)4](ClO4)4 (4), [Mn4O6(bpea)2(dien)2](ClO4)4 (5), [Mn4O6(Medien)4](ClO4)4 (6), [Mn4O6(tach)4](ClO4)4 (7), [Mn4O6(bpea)2(me-ida)2] (8), [Mn4O6(bpea)2(bz-ida)2] (9), [Mn4O6(bpea)2(tbu-ida)2] (10), and [Mn4O6(bpea)2(cpent-ida)2] (11) generally on the order of 10 min with retention of core nuclearity and oxidation state. Of these complexes, only 4 had been synthesized previously. Characterization of two members of this series by X-ray crystallography reveals that compound 7 crystallizes as [Mn4O6(tach)4](ClO4)4·3CH3CN·4.5H2O in the cubic space group Fm3m and compound 11 crystallizes as [Mn4O6(bpea)2(cpent-ida)2]·7MeOH in the monoclinic space group C2/c. The unique substitution chemistry of 1 with iminodicarboxylate ligands afforded asymmetrically ligated complexes 8−11, the m...
Applications of the admissible region to space-based observations

Abstract Space-based optical sensors for space situational awareness allow for tracking of objects that are smaller than currently capable with ground-based systems with less influence of atmospheric phenomena. Multiple measurements must be combined in order to obtain a full state description, but their association is uncertain a priori. In this paper, the direct Bayesian admissible region method is applied to space-based observations. Simulation results for both a low-Earth (LEO) and geosynchronous orbit (GEO) observer are shown. For the former, the proposed method successfully associates 101 observations of 8 Earth-orbiting objects taken over the span of 48 h. For the latter, lack of relative motion is identified as a key difficulty in the association process. This problem can be remediated by improved observation strategies.
The effects of automobile inspections on accident rates

To determine whether diagnostic inspections reduce assidents, this paper compares the accident rates of vehicles which participated in the Alabama Motor Vehicle Diagnostic Inspection Demonstration Program with vehicles which did not actively participate. In Huntsville the accident rate of inspected vehicles represents an improvement of 9.1% over the rate for uninspected vehicles. Furthermore, the accident rate of inspected vehicles decreased 5.3% after inspection. Whereas the monthly accident rate of the responsive participant who returned for subsequent periodic inspections did not significantly increase in eighteen months, the monthly accident rate of unresponsive participants increased to the level of uninspected vehicles. Vehicles involved in accidents were in significantly worse mechanical condition on the average than those not involved in accidents. The data suggests that poor mechanical condition is a significant factor in motor vehicle accidents and that annual inspections are a desirable means of reducing accident rates.
Effects of Topical Epinephrine on Experimental Sickle Cell Hyphema

• Experimental sickle cell hyphemas were produced by injecting human sickle cell—β°-thalassemia blood into rabbit anterior chambers. Eyes treated with topical 2% epinephrine hydrochloride showed no significant difference in the duration of the hyphema or in the percentage of sickled cells in the anterior chamber compared with untreated eyes. Topical 2% epinephrine had no apparent sustained effect on intraocular pressure.
3D chip-stacking technology with through-silicon vias and low-volume lead-free interconnections

Three-dimensional (3D) integration using through-silicon vias (TSVs) and low-volume lead-free solder interconnects allows the formation of high signal bandwidth, fine pitch, and short-distance interconnections in stacked dies. There are several approaches for 3D chip stacking including chip to chip, chip to wafer, and wafer to wafer. Chip-to-chip integration and chip-to-wafer integration offer the ability to stack known good dies, which can lead to higher yields without integrated redundancy. In the future, with structure and process optimization, wafer-to-wafer integration may provide an ultimate solution for the highest manufacturing throughput assuming a high yield and minimal loss of good dies and wafers. In the near term, chip-to-chip and chip-to-wafer integration may offer high yield, high flexibility, and high performance with added time-to-market advantages. In this work, results are reported for 3D integration after using a chip-to-wafer assembly process using 3D chip-stacking technology and fine-pitch interconnects with lead-free solder. Stacks of up to six dies were assembled and characterized using lead-free solder interconnections that were less than 6 µm in height. The average resistance of the TSV including the lead-free solder interconnect was as low as 21 mΩ.
Electrochemical oxidation of 7,9-dimethyluric acid in acid solution

Abstract The electrochemical oxidation of 7,9-dimethyluric acid between pH 3 and pH 5 has been studied using a pyrolytic graphite electrode. Two voltammetric oxidation peaks (I a and II a ) are observed. Peak I a is a 2 e -1 H + reaction yielding a very reactive quinonoid cation that, in a reaction catalyzed by H 2 PO 4 − , is hydrated to an UV-absorbing tertiary alcohol intermediate. This intermediate can undergo ring contraction to give 1-carbohydroxy-2,4-dimethyl-2,4,6,8-tetraaza-3,7-dioxo-5-ene-bicyclo[3.3.0]octane (IV) or react with H 2 PO 4 − and 7,9-dimethyluric acid to give a relatively long-lived complex. Compound IV is hydrated and decomposes to 1,3-dimethylallantoin. The tertiary alcohol-H 2 PO 4 − -7,9-dimethyluric acid complex very slowly decomposes regenerating 7,9-dimethyluric acid and, ultimately, 1,3-dimethyl-5-hydroxyhydantoin-5-carboxamide. Peak IIa is a minor process and is due to 2 e oxidation of the anion of IV in a Kolbe-type reaction giving 1-hydroxy-2,4-dimethyl-2,4,6,8-tetraaza-3,7-dioxo-5-ene-bicyclo[3.3.0]octane.
Work in progress — Developing engineers for 2020 — An innovative curricular and co-curricular approach

The E2020 Scholars Program is a National Science Foundation Scholarships in STEM (S-STEM) Program providing scholarships for cohorts of first-year and transfer undergraduate engineering students. The conceptual framework of the E2020 Scholars Program is designed to advance the academic and professional development of the scholar using the college's learning community infrastructure and building upon the aspirations and attributes of the National Academy of Engineering's (NAE) vision for the engineer of 2020. Programming includes a set of student development and learning opportunities consistent with this vision and includes curricular and co-curricular activities on the topics of leadership development, global awareness and understanding, systems thinking, and innovation.
Development of C3 receptors on B lymphocytes derived from normal and memory marrow cells.

Abstract Differentiation of B lymphocytes was studied by adoptive transfer of bone marrow into irradiated mice which were then assayed for generation of splenic lymphocytes with complement receptors. These cells developed to normal numbers between 20 and 25 days following marrow cell transplant. Quantitative enhancement of CRL generation occurred when recipient mice were antigen stimulated prior to assay. CRL levels returned to those of normal adults sooner than those found in mice which were not antigen stimulated. A third form of CRL development occurred in mice that were reconstituted with bone marrow cells from antigen-primed donor mice. Here complement receptor-bearing cells appeared much earlier but increased in numbers at a slower, more constant rate to a maximum level on Day 25. Attempts to T-cell deplete recipient mice did not alter receptor development.
Single Dose Captopril as a Diagnostic Test for Primary Aldosteronism

Most diagnostic tests for primary aldosteronism use maneuvers to expand the extracellular fluid volume, thereby suppressing the renin-angiotensin system. This results in a decline in plasma aldosterone concentrations in normal subjects and essential hypertension (EH) patients, but not in patients with primary aldosteronism. Captopril blocks angiotensin II synthesis and might be used as a diagnostic test for primary aldosteronism. We have measured plasma aldosterone concentrations 2 h after the administration of 25 mg captopril in 9 normotensive subjects, 10 patients with EH, and 12 patients with primary aldosteronism while they were ingesting an unrestricted diet. The plasma aldosterone concentration decreased to less than 15 ng/dl in all normotensive subjects and in 9 of 10 patients with EH, but remained greater than 15 ng/dl in 4 of 5 patients with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism and in all patients with an aldosterone-producing adenoma. The aldosterone to renin ratio was greater than 50 in 4 of 5 patients with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism and in all adenoma patients, but less than 50 in all normotensive subjects and EH patients. A nomogram comparing the plasma aldosterone concentration with the aldosterone to renin ratio clearly separated primary aldosteronism patients from EH patients.
Bipolar disorder in the latter half of life: symptom presentation, global functioning and age of onset.

Background: Little is known about bipolar disorder in late life. Recent research has been in acute, in-patient, settings, and has focused on late-onset mania, or has produced samples with surprisingly late mean ages of onset. No recent study has used a larger out-patient sample to address late-life outcomes of bipolar disorder. Methods: 86 community-residing, middle-aged and older adults who met RDC for bipolar I or II were interviewed using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, three times over 8 months. Results: Participants were primarily unmarried and impoverished. Most were living alone or with immediate family members. The majority were in depressive episodes. Depressive symptoms were more common and more predictive of functioning than manic symptoms. Age of onset was related to global functioning. The effect of age of onset was mediated by number of depressive episodes. Conclusion: Most adults in this sample had supports to maintain them in the community in spite of chronic or intermittently cycling manifestations of affective disorder and limited medication. Consistent with prior research, early age of onset was related to poorer functioning, apparently by increasing the number and severity of depressive episodes. Limitations: Limitations stem from possible exclusion of those people with the worst and best outcomes. It also is a relatively young sample for a gerontological study. Clinical Relevance: The study suggests that more attention needs to be paid to diagnosing and treating depressive episodes in later life.
Characterization of the Brain Family of Aromatic Amine N-Acetyltransferases

Arylamine and arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase activities in the rat brain were isolated and partially characterized. A total of four N -acetyltransferase activities were identified using a combination of three separation procedures, ammonium sulfate fractionation, methotrexate affinity chromatography, and size-exclusion HPLC. Two of the N -acetyltransferase activities demonstrated preference for arylamines and differential sensitivity to inhibition by methotrexate. The other two activities were characterized as arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase based on their preference for arylalkylamines such as serotonin and tryptamine. Potential functions of these enzyme activities in the brain are discussed.
The effect of enslaving on perception of finger forces

The primary purpose was to examine the effect of enslaving on finger force perception during isometric finger force production using an ipsilateral force-matching paradigm. Fourteen subjects were instructed to produce varying levels of reference forces [10, 20, 30, and 40% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC)] force using one finger (index, I or little, L) and to reproduce these forces using the same finger (homo-finger tasks, I/I and L/L) or a different finger (hetero-finger tasks, I/L and L/I). Forces of all fingers were recorded. During homo-finger tasks, no differences were found in force magnitude or relative level of force (expressed as a proportion of MVC). The index finger matching force magnitudes were greater than the little finger reference force magnitudes, with significantly lower levels of relative force during L/I tasks; while the little finger matching forces underestimated the index finger reference forces with significantly higher levels of relative force during I/L tasks. The difference in the matching and reference forces by the instructed finger(s), i.e., matching error, was larger in hetero-finger tasks than in homo-finger tasks, particularly at high reference force levels (30, 40% MVC). When forces of all fingers were considered, enslaving (uninstructed finger forces) significantly minimized matching errors of the total force during both I/L and L/I hetero-finger tasks, especially at high reference force levels. Our results show that there is a tendency to match the absolute magnitude of the total force during ipsilateral finger force-matching tasks. This tendency is likely related to enslaving effects. Our results provide evidence that all (instructed and uninstructed) finger forces are sensed, thus resulting in perception of the absolute magnitude of total finger force.
Optimal flight initiation distance

Decisions regarding flight initiation distance have received scant theoretical attention. A graphical model by Ydenberg and Dill (1986. The economics of fleeing from predators. Adv. Stud. Behav. 16, 229-249) that has guided research for the past 20 years specifies when escape begins. In the model, a prey detects a predator, monitors its approach until costs of escape and of remaining are equal, and then flees. The distance between predator and prey when escape is initiated (approach distance = flight initiation distance) occurs where decreasing cost of remaining and increasing cost of fleeing intersect. We argue that prey fleeing as predicted cannot maximize fitness because the best prey can do is break even during an encounter. We develop two optimality models, one applying when all expected future contribution to fitness (residual reproductive value) is lost if the prey dies, the other when any fitness gained (increase in expected RRV) during the encounter is retained after death. Both models predict optimal flight initiation distance from initial expected fitness, benefits obtainable during encounters, costs of escaping, and probability of being killed. Predictions match extensively verified predictions of Ydenberg and Dill's (1986) model. Our main conclusion is that optimality models are preferable to break-even models because they permit fitness maximization, offer many new testable predictions, and allow assessment of prey decisions in many naturally occurring situations through modification of benefit, escape cost, and risk functions.
An Inactivating Point Mutation in the Inhibitory Wedge of CD45 Causes Lymphoproliferation and Autoimmunity

A model has been proposed for the regulation of CD45, and by homology other RPTPs, in which dimerization inhibits phosphatase activity through symmetrical interactions between an inhibitory structural wedge and the catalytic site. Here, we report the phenotype of mice with a single point mutation, glutamate 613 to arginine, that inactivates the inhibitory wedge of CD45. The CD45 E613R mutation causes polyclonal lymphocyte activation leading to lymphoproliferation and severe autoimmune nephritis with autoantibody production, resulting in death. Both homozygotes and heterozygotes develop pathology, indicating genetic dominance of CD45 E613R. The dramatic phenotype of CD45 E613R mice demonstrates the in vivo importance of negative regulation of CD45 by dimerization, supporting the model for regulation of CD45, and RPTPs in general.
Subcritical solvent effects on a parallel Diels-Alder reaction network

The effect of pressure on the measured bimolecular rate constants of a parallel Diels−Alder reaction network in subcritical propane at 80 °C is determined. The network consists of maleic anhydride reacting simultaneously with isoprene and 1,3-cyclohexadiene. A phase behavior observation is made for each reaction to ensure the homogeneity of the system. Ratios of the bimolecular rate constants measured simultaneously in the parallel reaction network are compared to the ratios obtained when the two reactions are carried out independently. Also, a comparison of the experimental pressure effect for each independent reaction and the reaction network to predictions of the thermodynamic pressure effect using transition-state theory and the Peng−Robinson equation of state is made. Furthermore, an attempt is made to correlate the normalized rate constants of the individual reactions with the density of the solution. The results of the investigations are interpreted in the context of local reactant concentrations a...
Organization of Polymers onto Carbon Nanotubes: A Route to Nanoscale Assembly

Atomic scale imaging using scanning tunneling microscopy has been used to investigate the morphology and structure of high molecular weight polymers attached to carbon nanotubes. A surprising degree of regularity is observed in the attached polymers, suggesting a “nanotube-driven” crystallization process is present. The symmetries of this crystalline state of the polymer are directly determined by the underlying nanotube's chirality. Tunneling spectroscopy further demonstrates that the crystallization of the polymer onto the nanotube results in modifications to the nanotube's electronic structure, as would be expected from a strong polymer−tube interaction. The assembly of nanoscale organics into objects with such perfect order clearly foreshadows the construction of large-scale nanoarchitectures with order over many lengths scales.
Estrogen and tamoxifen reverse manganese‐induced glutamate transporter impairment in astrocytes

Chronic exposure to manganese (Mn) can cause manganism, a neurodegenerative disorder similar to Parkinson's disease. The toxicity of Mn includes impairment of astrocytic glutamate transporters. 17beta-Estradiol (E2) has been shown to be neuroprotective in various neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, and some selective estrogen receptor modulators, including tamoxifen (TX), also possess neuroprotective properties. We have tested our hypothesis that E2 and TX reverse Mn-induced glutamate transporter impairment in astrocytes. The results established that E2 and TX increased glutamate transporter function and reversed Mn-induced glutamate uptake inhibition, primarily via the up-regulation of glutamate/aspartate transporter (GLAST). E2 and TX also increased astrocytic GLAST mRNA levels and attenuated the Mn-induced inhibition of GLAST mRNA expression. In addition, E2 and TX effectively increased the expression of transforming growth factor beta1, a potential modulator of the stimulatory effects of E2/TX on glutamate transporter function. This effect was mediated by the activation of MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathways. These novel findings suggest, for the first time, that E2 and TX enhance astrocytic glutamate transporter expression via increased transforming growth factor beta1 expression. Furthermore, the present study is the first to show that both E2 and TX effectively reverse Mn-induced glutamate transport inhibition by restoring its expression and activity, thus offering a potential therapeutic modality in neurodegenerative disorders characterized by altered glutamate homeostasis.
Drivers of leaf‐out phenology and their implications for species invasions: insights from Thoreau's Concord

Summary To elucidate climate-driven changes in leaf-out phenology and their implications for species invasions, we observed and experimentally manipulated leaf out of invasive and native woody plants in Concord, MA, USA. Using observations collected by Henry David Thoreau (1852–1860) and our own observations (2009–2013), we analyzed changes in leaf-out timing and sensitivity to temperature for 43 woody plant species. We experimentally tested winter chilling requirements of 50 species by exposing cut branches to warm indoor temperatures (22°C) during the winter and spring of 2013. Woody species are now leafing out an average of 18 d earlier than they did in the 1850s, and are advancing at a rate of 5 ± 1 d °C−1. Functional groups differ significantly in the duration of chilling they require to leaf out: invasive shrubs generally have weaker chilling requirements than native shrubs and leaf out faster in the laboratory and earlier in the field; native trees have the strongest chilling requirements. Our results suggest that invasive shrub species will continue to have a competitive advantage as the climate warms, because native plants are slower to respond to warming spring temperatures and, in the future, may not meet their chilling requirements.
Using Literature in Health Care: Reflections on “The Yellow Wallpaper”

OBJECTIVE:To discuss how literature can be used to educate healthcare practitioners and students about the patient's physical and emotional response to treatment.DATA SOURCES:A MEDLINE search (January 1975-November 1997) of English-language literature pertinent to using literature in health care was performed. Additional literature was obtained from a search of the New York University Web site on medicine and humanities, biographies of Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and a search of the MLA and INFOTRAC database.SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:All articles and literature were considered for possible inclusion in this article. Pertinent information, as judged by the author, was selected for discussion.SUMMARY:Literature can pose a wealth of information to the healthcare professional. The short story “The Yellow Wallpaper” is analyzed in this article as one example of how literature portrays the patient's emotional response to disease. This short story describes a 19th-century woman's “descent into madness” and the...
Some Observations on the State of the Art in Marketing Research

This paper provides some observations on the state of the art in marketing research. The primary and secondary thrust of the articles published in the Journal of Marketing Research during 1980–1986 is briefly reviewed to identify important areas of inquiry. In each of these areas, we summarize recent developments, highlight the state of the art, offer some critical observations, and identify directions for future research. A cross-classification of various techniques and problem areas is also presented and some observations are made on the application of these techniques to address specific substantive and methodological issues in marketing research.
Impact of foot-and-mouth disease status on deforestation in Brazilian Amazon and cerrado municipalities between 2000 and 2010

Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon released approximately 5.7 billion tons of CO2 to the atmosphere between 2000 and 2010, and 50–80% of this deforestation was for pasture. Most assume that increasing demand for cattle products produced in Brazil caused this deforestation, but the empirical work to-date on cattle documents only correlations between cattle herd size, pasture expansion, cattle prices, and deforestation. This paper uses panel data on deforestation and foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) status—an exogenous demand shifter—to estimate whether changes in FMD status caused new deforestation in municipalities in the Brazilian Amazon and cerrado biomes during the 2000–2010 period. Results suggest that, on average, becoming certified as FMD-free caused a temporary spike in deforestation in the 2 years after a municipality became FMD-free, but caused subsequent deforestation to decline relative to infected municipalities during the 2000–2010 period.