cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of ENSO on the Variability of the Asian–Australian Monsoons as Simulated in GCM Experiments

Abstract The influences of El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the summer- and wintertime precipitation and circulation over the principal monsoon regions of Asia and Australia have been studied using a suite of 46-yr experiments with a 30-wavenumber, 14-level general circulation model. Observed monthly varying sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies for the 1950–95 period have been prescribed in the tropical Pacific in these experiments. The lower boundary conditions at maritime sites outside the tropical Pacific are either set to climatological values [in the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere (TOGA) runs], predicted using a simple 50-m oceanic mixed layer (TOGA-ML runs), or prescribed using observed monthly SST variations. Four independent integrations have been conducted for each of these three forcing scenarios. The essential characteristics of the model climatology for the Asian–Australian sector compare well with the observations. Composites of the simulated precipitation data over the outstanding...
Class, Culture and Empire: E. P. Thompson and the Making of Social History

In this article, the author asks: How has the legacy of E.P. Thompson helped shape the emergence of Social History in the United States? How have ideas about race, gender and empire, largely absent from Thompson’s work, been incorporated in writing on labor, immigration, and American exceptionalism? Is it now possible to synthesize race, class, and gender? Or, have histories based on class analysis so elided race and gender that such grafting has been foreclosed? With a bit of gossip here, a gesture to historiography there, and as little charm as possible, the author wonders: Is there any justice for “the Subaltern” in this profession? Or, is it just another “Organization Man” gone West?
Adaptive optics parallel spectral domain optical coherence tomography for imaging the living retina

Although optical coherence tomography (OCT) can axially resolve and detect reflections from individual cells, there are no reports of imaging cells in the living human retina using OCT. To supplement the axial resolution and sensitivity of OCT with the necessary lateral resolution and speed, we developed a novel spectral domain OCT (SD-OCT) camera based on a free-space parallel illumination architecture and equipped with adaptive optics (AO). Conventional flood illumination, also with AO, was integrated into the camera and provided confirmation of the focus position in the retina with an accuracy of +/-10.3 mum. Short bursts of narrow B-scans (100x560 mum) of the living retina were subsequently acquired at 500 Hz during dynamic compensation (up to 14 Hz) that successfully corrected the most significant ocular aberrations across a dilated 6 mm pupil. Camera sensitivity (up to 94 dB) was sufficient for observing reflections from essentially all neural layers of the retina. Signal-to-noise of the detected reflection from the photoreceptor layer was highly sensitive to the level of cular aberrations and defocus with changes of 11.4 and 13.1 dB (single pass) observed when the ocular aberrations (astigmatism, 3rd order and higher) were corrected and when the focus was shifted by 200 mum (0.54 diopters) in the retina, respectively. The 3D resolution of the B-scans (3.0x3.0x5.7 mum) is the highest reported to date in the living human eye and was sufficient to observe the interface between the inner and outer segments of individual photoreceptor cells, resolved in both lateral and axial dimensions. However, high contrast speckle, which is intrinsic to OCT, was present throughout the AO parallel SD-OCT B-scans and obstructed correlating retinal reflections to cell-sized retinal structures.
Purification of Intact Flagella from Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis

Abstract A procedure is described for the purification of bacterial flagella in the form of a filament-hook-basal body complex (intact flagella) free from detectable cell wall, membrane, or cytoplasmic material. Spheroplasts produced with lysozyme and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid were lysed with Triton X-100, and the flagella were purified by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, differential centrifugation, and CsCl gradient centrifugation. As much as 40% of the flagella were recovered, and they contained about one basal body per 4 to 6 μm of flagella. The same procedure developed for Escherichia coli was also successful for purifying intact flagella from Bacillus subtilis.
Fiber optic acoustic sensors with composite structure: an analysis.

Fiber optic acoustic sensors with composite structures are analyzed and shown to offer greatly increased acoustic sensitivity. The composite structure consists of an optical fiber coated with or embedded in an elastic material of lower elastic modulus. Sensitivity increases of 10–100 times are indicated. Important advantages of this technique in practical acoustic sensors are also described.
A public image database to support research in computer aided diagnosis

The Public Lung Database to address drug response (PLD) has been developed to support research in computer aided diagnosis (CAD). Originally established for applications involving the characterization of pulmonary nodules, the PLD has been augmented to provide initial datasets for CAD research of other diseases. In general, the best performance for a CAD system is achieved when it is trained with a large amount of well documented data. Such training databases are very expensive to create and their lack of general availability limits the targets that can be considered for CAD applications and hampers development of the CAD field. The approach taken with the PLD has been to make available small datasets together with both manual and automated documentation. Furthermore, datasets with special properties are provided either to span the range of task complexity or to provide small change repeat images for direct calibration and evaluation of CAD systems. This resource offers a starting point for other research groups wishing to pursue CAD research in new directions. It also provides an on-line reference for better defining the issues relating to specific CAD tasks.
Enhancements for Accurate and Timely Streaming Prefetcher

In this paper, we describe several enhancement techniques to improve the state-of-the-art stream prefetcher. First, the enhanced stream prefetcher takes streams with long stride into consideration to avoid wasteful prefetches. Second, accessing a node in a tree or graph structure may have a different direction than the traversal direction through the structure. The enhanced stream prefetcher eliminates this type of noise for establishing the stream. Third, regular streams for array accesses are often repeated. Initiating penalty can be avoided by early re-establishing a repeated stream. Fourth, an established stream may be dead before being removed from the stream prefetching table. A dead stream removal scheme reduces inaccurate prefetches. Performance evaluations based on SPEC applications show that the enhanced stream prefetcher improves 38%, 42%, and 55% of CPI for the three tested cache configurations provided by the 1 st JILP Data Prefetching Championship Committee [19] with respect to the base design without prefetching. In comparison with the original stream prefetcher, the improvements are 2%, 18%, and 19% respectively.
In utero exposure to second-hand smoke activates pro-asthmatic and oncogenic miRNAs in adult asthmatic mice

Exposures to environmental pollutants contribute to dysregulated microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles, which have been implicated in various diseases. Previously, we reported aggravated asthmatic responses in ovalbumin (OVA)-challenged adult mice that had been exposed in utero to second-hand smoke (SHS). Whether in utero SHS exposure dysregulates miRNA expression patterns in the adult asthma model has not been investigated. Pregnant BALB/c mice were exposed (days 6-19 of pregnancy) to SHS (10 mg/m(3)) or HEPA-filtered air. All offspring were sensitized and challenged with OVA (19-23 weeks) before sacrifice. RNA samples extracted from lung homogenates, were subjected to RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). RNA-seq identified nine miRNAs that were most significantly up-regulated by in utero SHS exposure. Among these nine, miR-155-5p, miR-21-3p, and miR-18a-5p were also highly correlated with pro-asthmatic Th2 cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Further analysis indicated that these up-regulated miRNAs shared common chromosome locations, particularly Chr 11C, with pro-asthmatic genes. These three miRNAs have also been characterized as oncogenic miRNAs (oncomirs). We cross-referenced miRNA-mRNA expression profiles and identified 16 tumor suppressor genes that were down-regulated in the in utero-exposed offspring and that are predicted targets of the up-regulated oncomirs. In conclusion, in utero SHS exposure activates pro-asthmatic genes and miRNAs, which colocalize at specific chromosome locations, in OVA-challenged adult mice. The oncogenic characteristics of the miRNAs and putative miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks suggest that the synergistic effect of in utero SHS exposure and certain adult irritants may promote an oncogenic milieu in mouse lungs via inhibition of miRNA-regulated tumor suppressor genes.
Motive's Role in Criminal Punishment

Motive plays an important role in criminal law. It is necessary to prove liability for some offenses; it is a key component of several defenses; and it has been a traditional consideration at sentencing. Motive's role in criminal punishment has grown through the adoption of hate crime sentencing enhancements and the rise of substantive sentencing law. And motive has an important role in punishment theory, as it reinforces the centrality of shared moral judgments, which are indispensable to any system of criminal law. Yet despite motive's increasing importance in criminal law, its treatment is inconsistent and incomplete. This Article proposes an expanded role for motive in criminal punishment, in which a defendant's motive for committing any crime may result in a sentencing increase or decrease. The proposed sentencing system not only will result in a greater correlation between a defendant's punishment and her individual blameworthiness, but also will increase sentencing uniformity, because it clarifies the aggravating and mitigating nature of various motives ex ante.
Michigan Local Government Leaders Say Transit Services are Important, But Lack of Funding Discourages Their Development

This report presents the opinions of Michigan local government leaders on issues in their communities related to public transit services, including satisfaction with transit options as well as factors that encourage or discourage transit development. The findings in this report are based on a statewide survey of local government leaders in the Fall 2014 wave of the Michigan Public Policy Survey (MPPS).
Environmental genome of industrial products (EGIP): the missing link for human health

Human health impacts come from genetic factors and from the environment. Human health impacts, as nature versus nurture (genetic versus non-shared chemical environmental), have currently been represented in genomics only as the human genome (double helix). The discovery of the genomic structure for the non-shared chemical environmental (the environment) component fills a conceptual gap and thus provides a more complete understanding of total impact on human health. When mapped, the environmental genome of industrial products (EGIP) would serve as a global framework for assessing broad and clustered health effects (human and ecological) at the local and global levels. Thus products for society have coupled benefits and impacts. The environmental genome is pyramidal rather than helical. The shape of the EGIP is, x = ny, where n is a structural building unit (SBU) which is different for each of the 100 000 chemicals, x is the complexity of the industrial ecosystem to make the product (width of genome), and y is the levels or stages from natural resources to product (length of genome). The environmental genome is approximately the same informational size (0.5–8 billion pieces) as the human genome (3 billion chemical pairs). The pyramidal environmental genomic pieces span from natural resources (containing much of the Periodic Table) to the final chemical/material products in commerce of which there are about 100 000 which comprise all products. In summary, “the human genome is held in awe as it created each of us. The environmental genome of industrial products must be respected for it is what we as humans have truly created.”
An epidemiological study of ulcerative colitis and regional enteritis among adults in Baltimore—III

Abstract One hundred and fifty-eight ulcerative colitis and 69 regional enteritis patients hospitalized in Baltimore were interviewed about a variety of events which might be considered disruptive emotionally or psychologically. The events studied included social and cultural discontinuities (e.g. differences between spouse's and patient's religion or education), geographic mobility, job changes and possible stressful events occurring shortly before the patient's hospitalization. The reports of such events by the ulcerative colitis and regional enteritis patients (study groups) differed very little from the reports by a group of 105 irritable colon patients and by a sample of 735 persons in the general population (comparison groups). The study groups had a somewhat different family background (in nativity and birth order) than the comparison groups, but it is not clear what part these factors play in the development of the diseases studied. The methods used in this field study may not be entirely appropriate to determining the role of psychological factors in ulcerative colitis and regional enteritis but the findings are in agreement with those where more intensive psychiatric interviewing was used. Careful, controlled studies employing a variety of methods and comparison groups are necessary in order to assess the importance of psychological factors in these diseases.
Pulmonary hypertension complicating interstitial lung disease and COPD

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) may complicate parenchymal lung disease, specifically interstitial lung diseases and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and uniformly increases the mortality risk. The epidemiology and degree of PH is variable and unique to the underlying lung disease. The clinician should exercise a high index of suspicion for PH complicating parenchymal lung disease especially given the nonspecific symptomatology and the limitations of echocardiography in this patient population. In general, PH-specific therapies in this setting have been poorly studied, with concern for increased shunting and/or ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch and resultant hypoxemia. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying PH related to parenchymal lung disease may lead to novel pharmacological targets to prevent or treat this serious complication.
Diameter dependence of TO phonon frequencies and the Kohn anomaly in armchair single-wall carbon nanotubes

We present resonant Raman scattering experiments on nanotube samples enriched in metallic armchair single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). We establish the transverse optical $({\mathcal{A}}_{\mathrm{TO}})$ phonon frequency for the (5,5) through (10,10) armchair species, ranging in diameter from 0.68 to 1.36 nm. The frequencies show a strong diameter dependence similar to that previously observed in semiconducting nanotubes. We show that the ${\mathcal{A}}_{\mathrm{TO}}$ frequencies in armchair SWCNTs are dramatically upshifted from those of semiconducting SWCNTs. Furthermore, using electrochemical doping, we demonstrated that the ${\mathcal{A}}_{\mathrm{TO}}$ frequencies in armchair SWCNTs are independent of the position of the Fermi level. These results suggest that the upshift is a result of a Kohn anomaly involving a forward-scattering mechanism of electrons close to the Fermi level. This is in contrast to the well-known Kohn anomaly that dominates the downshift of the ${\mathcal{A}}_{\mathrm{LO}}$ and ${\mathcal{E}}_{2g}$ phonons in nonarmchair metallic SWCNTs and graphene, respectively.
Design of Precise Ramp Following Input Shapers

The focus of this paper is on the development of an input shaper/time-delay filter which permits precise tracking of a ramp input while eliminating residual vibrations. Zero phase error tracking is often required in applications where moving parts have to be mated, such as manufacturing lines with high production output. A simple technique consisting of a ramp shaped profile in conjunction with a step shaped profile is shown to achieve the desired performance. The performance of this technique is compared with other input shaper designs in current literature, and has shown to achieve smaller settling time and maintain zero steady state phase error without the use of predictive path scheduling. The technique is then physically applied to a single pendulum gantry crane system with encouraging results.© 2012 ASME
Directed Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Lung and Airway Epithelial Cells

Generation of mature cells, tissues, and organs from human pluripotent stem cells provides a unique tool for the study of human development, disease modeling, and drug discovery and holds promise for the development of novel approaches in regenerative medicine. Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells relies on insights into mouse development and on the evolutionary conservation of mechanisms underlying germ layer and subsequent organ domain specification. As reviewed here, major progress has been made in this field. Nevertheless, efficient differentiation into functional, mature cell types of the lung and airway is still a major challenge; and insights into human development obtained from studies aiming at differentiating human pluripotent stem cells will be needed to advance this field further.
Application of digital management rural E-commerce information management system

The status of the E-commerce in towns and villages was analyzed in this paper.Further using information technology to strengthen the E-commerce in towns and villages is an important way to solve the excited problems and raise the level of digital management.Based on the above,we can get the establishment foundation,designing methods,techniques of carrying out and functions of E-commerce Information Management System in rural areas,and put forward the application prospect of the system.
Extended date/time format (EDTF) in the digital public library of America's metadata: exploratory analysis

Considering the value of dates in the life cycle of the digital resource, capturing and storing dates metadata in a structured way can have a significant impact on information retrieval. There are a number of format conventions in common use for encoding the date and time values; the Extended Date/Time Format (EDTF) is one of the most expressive. This paper presents results of an exploratory analysis of representation of dates in over 8 million metadata records from one of the largest digital aggregators, Digital Public Library of America (DPLA), and compares it to EDTF specifications. This benchmark study provides empirical data -- at both the individual provider level and the group level (content hubs or service hubs) -- about the overall level and patterns of application of date metadata in DPLA metadata records in relation to EDTF.
AOFAS member experience with computerization of the office.

Background: The combination of the implementation of the Healthcare Information Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and the widespread publicity surrounding the report by the Institute of Medicine on preventable medical errors has increased interest of AOFAS members in the use of office-based electronic medical record (EMR) systems. Despite the large number of vendors for office-based EMR systems, little has been written to guide orthopaedists in the selection and installation of EMR systems. Methods: A web-based AOFAS member survey was undertaken in the Spring of 2003, for the purpose of discovering EMR-related issues that are of most concern. Several questions were open-ended, so as to obtain the broadest set of answers. All responses were manually reviewed, collated, analyzed. Results: The 130 respondents were evenly distributed in age. Sixty-six percent were in private practice. Eighty-nine percent used a computerized billing system. Thirty-two percent used an EMR system. Use of an EMR system was more likely for those in academic practices (p = .01029, chi square) but was not statistically influenced by age, size of the practice group, or the number of offices or hospitals used in the practice. The opinions expressed were exceptionally varied. The most common potential benefit of an EMR system cited was the ease of chart handling and accessibility. The most common perceived barriers to successful EMR implementation were cost (50%) and training of staff and physicians (30%). Conclusions: The survey highlighted the widely divergent opinions regarding the potential benefits (cost savings and improved quality of medical record) and barriers to implantations (e.g. issues dealing with mixed electronic and paper charts and managing the transition to an EMR system). The wide variety of opinions is partly a consequence of the lack of easily accessible information about office-based EMR systems and how to choose among the many vendors. A brief overview of the essential elements to be considered before acquiring an EMR system is included.
Treatment Strategies for Depression in Youth

Although depression in adults has been widely studied, the investigation of depression in youth has emerged more recently as a growing field. Despite relatively low rates of depression in children prior to adolescence, the literature indicates that prevalence of depression increases after puberty. This chapter covers the predominant psychosocial treatment approaches commonly used to treat depression in youth. It also covers critical issues to consider, a review of the literature on interventions and the effectiveness, and recommendations for future research. Recent developments in the treatment of depression have positive implications for the field; however, there is currently a need for more widely available effective treatments for youth with depression across settings and care models.
Kinetics of Methane-Oxidizing Biofilms for Degradation of Toxic Organics

The kinetics of methane-oxidizing bioreactors for the degradation of toxic organics are modeled. Calculations of the fluxes of methane and toxic chlorinated hydrocarbons were made using a biofilm model. The model simulated the effects of competition by toxics and mediane on their enzymatic oxidation by the methane monooxygenase. Dual-competitive-substrate/diffusion kinetics were used to model biofilm co-metabolism, integrating equations of the following form: ![Formula][1] where S1 and S2 are the local concentrations of methane and toxic compound, respectively, and r and K are the maximum uptake rates and Monod coefficients, and x is the distance into the biofilm. [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
INTER-RELATED RESPONSIBILITIES FOR MILK PRODUCTION AND QUALITY CONTROL

The capacity to work cooperatively, industry with the various agencies, concerned with milk production and quality control has been demonstrated. Cooperation among the agencies having responsibilit...
6p25 Deletion and Anesthetic Implications During Growing Rod Insertion for Early Onset Scoliosis

6p25 is a rare yet clinically identifiable disorder that results from the deletion of the short arm of chromosome 6. Due to the craniofacial, central nervous system, renal, cardiac, and skeletal abnormalities, anesthetic care may be required during various surgical interventions. The associated structural anomalies and end-organ involvement may impact the perioperative care. We present a 4-year-old girl with subtelomeric 6p25 deletion who required anesthetic care during placement of growing rods to treat progressive scoliosis. A review of literature was performed, the end-organ involvement was discussed, and options for anesthetic care were presented. J Med Cases. 2017;8(3):73-76 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc2748w
Space Station Adaptive Payload Articulation Control

Abstract A direct input gain weighting concept is developed and added to the existing adaptive control algorithm for more effective control. The effectiveness of this extended algorithm is demonstrated by payload articulation control on board a space station. The reference model is selected based on the required performance and its outputs define the slew commands. The simulation results show that the adaptive controller drives the payloads to track the slew commands nearly perfectly while suppressing the vibration of both the payloads and the station during the slew operation in spite of the model uncertainties associated with the station. Sufficient stability conditions for this extended algorithm are derived
TONIC IMMOBILITY AS A RESPONSE TO RAPE IN HUMANS: A THEORETICAL NOTE

Recently (1977) a special issue of The Psychological Record was devoted to the topic of tonic immobility (also known as “animal hypnosis”). The present paper extends that coverage by examining the applicability of the designation tonic immobility to special states of behavioral inhibition in humans, particularly the occurrence of rape-induced paralysis commonly reported by rape victims. Since fear, overtones of predation, contact, and restraint are common denominators to rape and the induction of tonic immobility, and because the reactions by rape victims are often isomorphic with behaviors shown by immobilized animals, it is concluded that tonic immobility and rape-induced paralysis represent the same phenomenon. The adaptive value of this reaction to rape is briefly discussed.
Pneumocephalus and Sixth Nerve Palsy after Epidural Steroid Injection: Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Abstract Background Pneumocephalus has been described as an unintended outcome after epidural injections. However, oculomotor palsy from pneumocephalus after epidural injection is very rare. Case Report We report a case of pneumocephalus-induced sixth nerve palsies and diplopia in an 87-year-old woman after epidural steroid injection. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Pneumocephalus-induced oculomotor palsy is a rare complication after epidural injection, a commonly performed medical procedure. Knowledge of this presentation will help emergency physicians distinguish between this entity and other causes of neurologic deficits.
A multi-level intervention in worksites to increase fruit and vegetable access and intake: Rationale, design and methods of the 'Good to Go' cluster randomized trial.

Abstract Background Fruit and vegetable (FV markets plus educational components including campaigns, cooking demonstrations, videos, newsletters, and a web site (Access Plus arm); and an attention placebo comparison intervention on physical activity and stress reduction (Comparison). Secondary aims include: 1) Process evaluation to determine costs, reach, fidelity, and dose as well as the relationship of these variables with changes in FV 2) Applying a mediating variable framework to examine relationships of psychosocial factors/determinants with changes in FV and 3) Cost effectiveness analysis of the different intervention arms. Discussion The GTG study will fill important research gaps in the field by implementing a rigorous cluster randomized trial to evaluate the efficacy of an innovative environmental intervention providing access and availability to F&V at the worksite and whether this access intervention is further enhanced by accompanying educational interventions. GTG will provide an important contribution to public health research and practice. Trial registration number NCT02729675 , ClinicalTrials.gov
Relation of Water Transport to Water Content in Swelling Biological Membranes

In biological and some Synthetic polymer materials, which swell on imbibing water (corneal stroma, costal and articular cartilage, skin, cellulose acetate, and polymethyl methacrylate), the phenomenological parameter, k/η, relating rate of water flow to pressure gradient in Darcy’s law [q = − (k/η) (dP/dx)] has been found to be a function of water content. Log k/η) appears to be linearly related to log H, where H is grams of water/grams of dry swelling material. A pore model predicts an increase in “pore” radius with increasing hydration. The “pore” radius of the corneal stroma predicted by the model is in agreement with the radius calculated from light scattering and diffusion data.
Lukács’ Theory of the Revolution and the Institution: From Human Heteronomy to Inhuman Autonomy

The present chapter deals with Lukacs’ theory of the revolution and his theory of the revolutionary organization. Here too Lukacs’ forthrightness reveals certain hitherto little noticed features of Marxian Communism. Lukacs defines the revolution, and the organization which is to realize it, in a peculiar manner. This peculiarity is not due to the unorthodoxy of his views, to their departure from what the Marxian texts demand; rather it is connected with the revealing character of Lukacs’ theories. Lukacs accentuates aspects of Marxism which his comrades preferred to leave dormant and undiscussed for good reasons.
PD-1/PD-L1 Combinations in Advanced Urothelial Cancer: Rationale and Current Clinical Trials.

Abstract Chemotherapy is no longer the only viable option for patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma. Immunotherapy, as checkpoint inhibition, has received United States Food and Drug Administration approval in the preceding several years, both in the second-line and first-line for cisplatin-ineligible patients. Those who respond often do so durably; however, response rates in the first line are 23% to 24%, and are lower in the second line. With a focus on urothelial carcinoma, this review discusses the tumor microenvironment and its negative influence on anti-tumor immunity, as well as measures to counteract immune suppression or evasion. The review then describes a range of current clinical trials implementing these measures in the form of programmed death-combination therapy, specifically in advanced bladder and urothelial cancers.
Generative Deformation: Procedural Perforation for Elastic Structures

Procedural generation of elastic structures provides the fundamental basis for controlling and designing 3D printed deformable object behaviors. The automation through generative algorithms provides flexibility in how design and functionality can be seamlessly integrated into a cohesive process that generates 3D prints with variable elasticity. Generative deformation introduces an automated method for perforating existing volumetric structures, promoting simulated deformations, and integrating stress analysis into a cohesive pipeline model that can be used with existing consumer-level 3D printers with elastic material capabilities. In this work, we present a consolidated implementation of the design, simulate, refine, and 3D print procedure based on the automated generation of heterogeneous lattice structures. We utilize Finite Element Analysis (FEA) metrics to generate perforated deformation models that adhere to deformation behaviors created within our design environment. We present the core algorithms, automated pipeline, and 3D print deformations of various objects. Quantitative results illustrate how the heterogeneous geometric structure can influence elastic material behaviors towards design objectives. Our method provides an automated open-source tool for quickly prototyping elastic 3D prints.
Distinguishing Distributions When Samples Are Strategically Transformed

Often, a principal must make a decision based on data provided by an agent. Moreover, typically, that agent has an interest in the decision that is not perfectly aligned with that of the principal. Thus, the agent may have an incentive to select from or modify the samples he obtains before sending them to the principal. In other settings, the principal may not even be able to observe samples directly; instead, she must rely on signals that the agent is able to send based on the samples that he obtains, and he will choose these signals strategically. In this paper, we give necessary and sufficient conditions for when the principal can distinguish between agents of ``good'' and ``bad'' types, when the type affects the distribution of samples that the agent has access to. We also study the computational complexity of checking these conditions. Finally, we study how many samples are needed.
Shining light on dark matter in the genome.

The complexity of multicellular organisms requires the genome to be transcribed in a cell-type–dependent manner that is responsive to signals, such as hormones, from the internal environment. This is mediated by the epigenome, which decorates and organizes the genome in a web of modified histone proteins functioning in nucleosomes and chemical modifications to genomic DNA arranged 3-dimensionally in the cell nucleus. Functional features of the epigenome such as acetylation of histone lysine residues are “read” by specialized proteins such as those containing bromodomains (1). Likewise, the genome itself is read by proteins known as sequence-specific transcription factors (TFs), which recognize and bind to specific motifs in genomic DNA. The totality of these sites for a given transcription factor in a given cell is known as its “cistrome” (2). Most of these binding sites occur in the ∼99% of the genome that does not encode for proteins. At some sites, the TFs control the expression of protein-encoding genes, in large part by further modifying the epigenome. These sites, known as enhancers, represent only a fraction of the cistrome, and the mechanisms determining which binding sites are functional are not well understood. In PNAS Fei et al. (3) outline the forward path by reporting a general method to screen for sequences that function as enhancers responsive to a given TF, with a focus on 2 specific TFs that provide great insight into the question of what determines a functional binding site. Fei et al. (3) first determined the functional binding sites of … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: lazar{at}pennmedicine.upenn.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Development and Validation of a Test for Competence in Evidence-Based Medicine

Medical educators need valid, reliable, and efficient tools to assess evidence-based medicine (EBM) knowledge and skills. Available EBM assessment tools either do not assess skills or are laborious to grade. To validate a multiple-choice–based EBM test—the Resident EBM Skills Evaluation Tool (RESET). Cross-sectional study. A total of 304 medicine residents from five training programs and 33 EBM experts comprised the validation cohort. Internal reliability, item difficulty, and item discrimination were assessed. Construct validity was assessed by comparing mean total scores of trainees to experts. Experts were also asked to rate importance of each test item to assess content validity. Experts had higher total scores than trainees (35.6 vs. 29.4, P 50% of experts. The proposed EBM assessment tool is a reliable and valid instrument to assess competence in EBM. It is easy to administer and grade and could be used to guide and assess interventions in EBM education.
Differential Contributions of DNA-Binding Proteins to Polycomb Response Element Activity at the Drosophila giant Gene

Polycomb-group (PcG) proteins are evolutionarily conserved epigenetic regulators whose primary function is to maintain the transcriptional repression of target genes. Recruitment of Drosophila melanogaster PcG proteins to target genes requires the presence of one or more Polycomb Response Elements (PREs). The functions or necessity for more than one PRE at a gene are not clear and individual PREs at some loci may have distinct regulatory roles. Various combinations of sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins are present at a given PRE, but only Pleiohomeotic (Pho) is present at all strong PREs. The giant (gt) locus has two PREs, a proximal PRE1 and a distal PRE2. During early embryonic development, Pho binds to PRE1 ∼30-min prior to stable binding to PRE2. This observation indicated a possible dependence of PRE2 on PRE1 for PcG recruitment; however, we find here that PRE2 recruits PcG proteins and maintains transcriptional repression independently of Pho binding to PRE1. Pho-like (Phol) is partially redundant with Pho during larval development and binds to the same DNA sequences in vitro Although binding of Pho to PRE1 is dependent on the presence of consensus Pho-Phol-binding sites, Phol binding is less so and appears to play a minimal role in recruiting other PcG proteins to gt Another PRE-binding protein, Sp1/Kruppel-like factor, is dependent on the presence of Pho for PRE1 binding. Further, we show that, in addition to silencing gene expression, PcG proteins dampen transcription of an active gene.
Contextual Bandit-Based Sequential Transit Route Design under Demand Uncertainty

While public transit network design has a wide literature, the study of line planning and route generation under uncertainty is not so well covered. Such uncertainty is present in planning for emer...
E-107 Predictors of decompressive hemicraniectomy in successfully recanalized patients with anterior circulation emergency large vessel occlusion

Background and Purpose Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is demonstrated to improve functional outcome of patients with anterior circulation strokes with emergency large vessel occlusion (ELVO). Despite successful recanalization (SR), a proportion of these patients require decompressive hemicraniectomy (DHC). We aimed to study the predictors of DHC in successfully recanalized anterior circulation ELVO patients. Methods Consecutive anterior circulation ELVO patients treated with MT during a 6-year period in a tertiary stroke center were evaluated. Only patients with SR (mTICI 2b, 2c or 3) after MT were included in the analysis. Baseline demographic, clinical and procedural variables were compared between the patients who required DHC after successful recanalization vs. who did not. Collaterals for anterior circulation ELVO (ie, poor (collateral score=0) vs. good (collateral score=1, 2 and 3) were reported using a methodology that has been shown to predict clinical outcome. Good functional outcome was defined as mRS score of 0–2 at 3 months. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to determine the predictors of DHC. Results Of 453 successfully recanalized anterior circulation ELVO patients, 47 underwent DHC (mean age 58±13 years, 53% male, median admission NIHSS-score: 17 points, IQR 13–21). The patients in DHC group were younger in age (mean age in years±SD; 58±13 vs. 65±15, p=0.004), had higher admission systolic blood pressure (mmHg: 167±33 vs. 155±30, p=0.010), higher admission diastolic blood pressure (mmHg: 95±28 vs. 87±19, p=0.019), higher admission blood glucose levels (mg/dl: 170±88 vs. 142±66, p=0.008), similar median admission NIHSS (17 (IQR: 13–21) vs. 15 (IQR: 11–20), p=0.087), lower median ASPECTS (9 (IQR: 8–10) vs. 10 (IQR: 9–10), p=0.002), and poor collaterals on pre-treatment CT angiogram (% with poor collaterals: 75% vs. 26%, p Conclusion Higher blood glucose levels on admission, poor collateral pattern on CT angiography and higher number of passes during MT were independently associated with DHC in anterior circulation EVLO patients achieving SR at the end of MT. Of these, admission glucose levels and number of passes during MT are potentially modifiable factors. Disclosures N. Goyal: None. G. Tsivgoulis: None. A. Pandhi: None. M. Ishfaq: None. J. Goyanes: None. A. Deep: None. D. Alsbrook: None. S. Singh: None. G. Zaid: None. D. Hoit: None. C. Nickele: None. V. Inoa: None. D. Dornbos: None. A. Alexandrov: None. A. Arthur: None. L. Elijovich: None.
Women of Color and HIV

In the early years of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, women represented a very small proportion and number of those with HIV or AIDS in the United States. The proportion of new HIV/AIDS cases in women increased from 8% of all cases in 1985 to 27% in 2005 and has been declining for several years now, and was 19% of all US cases in 2017. Women of color have borne the brunt of the epidemic among women for several decades. Black and Hispanic women now account for approximately 75% of new HIV/AIDS diagnoses in women. Numerous psychosocial, socioeconomic, and health system factors, including poverty, higher rates of other sexually transmitted diseases, societal structural issues including racism and sexism, low perception of risk, and lack of access to care and treatment, have led to the disparate rise in HIV infection in women of color. For similar reasons, increasing numbers of HIV cases have also been noted in women worldwide. Globally, women represent more than one-half of all infections among adults and are the fastest growing population living with HIV.
Objective Function of a Non-Price-Taking Firm with Heterogeneous Shareholders

I derive the objective function of a firm with heterogeneous shareholders. In contrast to Fisher separation theorem, I drop the price-taking assumption. Therefore, shareholders have no unanimous preferences for profit maximization. I allow shareholders to act strategically by omitting the conditional sincerity assumption and by accounting for possible correlation in their votes. I derive the exact form of the objective function and provide the equilibrium existence conditions. The resulting objective function can be approximated by a weighed sum of shareholders portfolios' profit. Shareholder groups with positive within group correlation carry greater weight.
Segregation and the Spatial Externalities of Inequality: A Theory of Collateral Cooperation for Public Goods in Cities

Conventional wisdom claims that racial diversity undermines public goods provision. In this paper, I show that socioeconomic diversity, instead, generates a form of collateral cooperation for public goods. I argue that socioeconomically integrated (non-segregated) cities have a higher incidence of the negative spatial externalities of inequality (e.g., crime, contamination) that spill over from impoverished localities. Such neighborhood effects, in turn, induce the middle-class' preferences for certain public goods, while decreasing the perceived relative efficacy of private solutions (e.g., private guards). Thus, socioeconomic integration -–through the spatial externalities mechanism-– enables preference convergence on the public provision of services in place of private options. To test the argument, I propose an instrument for segregation that interacts rural-to-urban predicted migration (i.e., shift-share instrument) of the poor with the destination locality's ``urban form.'' I combine this quasi-experimental strategy with neighborhood-level measures of class- and race-based segregation and an original face-to-face survey of preferences with over 4,000 households across 408 of the total 456 neighborhoods in the megacity of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The analysis introduces self-interest in reducing externalities as a new mechanism that drives cooperation for public goods. Using embedded mechanism vignettes, I distinguish this mechanism from alternatives mechanisms –e.g., racial tolerance, social affinity-– proposed in the literature.
Large Adult Spinal Diffuse Midline Histone H3 Lysine27-to-Methionine-Mutant Glioma With Intramedullary and Extramedullary Components Presenting With Progressive Hydrocephalus: A Case Report Highlighting Unique Imaging Findings and Treatment.

Diffuse midline glioma with histone H3 lysine27-to-methionine mutation (H3 K27M mutation) is a rare, aggressive tumor that is designated as World Health Organization (WHO) grade IV regardless of histologic features. Preoperative diagnosis remains challenging due to limited evidence regarding distinctive clinical and imaging characteristics. We describe the case of a young woman who presented with progressively worsening headaches due to communicating hydrocephalus. MR imaging with contrast of the cervical and thoracic spine revealed diffuse leptomeningeal enhancement with focal areas of intramedullary and subarachnoid T2 hyperintensity and enhancement, suggestive of a potential infectious process. Intraoperatively, no epidural pathology was identified, and with the differential diagnosis remaining broad, a second procedure was conducted involving intradural exploration and biopsy of a lesion. This was then identified as a diffuse midline glioma with H3 K27M mutation. The nonfocal clinical presentation in the setting of communicating hydrocephalus as well as the significant exophytic tumor growth and imaging findings made the initial diagnosis unique and challenging. This case, therefore, emphasizes the rare presentation of this tumor, and the need for further understanding of the clinical and imaging characteristics of this disease as well as the need for effective therapeutics.
2D Beam Shaping via 1D Spatial Light Modulation and Meta-optics

A metasuface system is proposed to perform a non-trivial 1D-to-2D optical transform. Gradient based methods for a metasurface doublet are used to optimized input-ouput relation yielding an effective 2D SLM from a 1D SLM.
Roles of DNA and RNA in the Antibody Response

It now is evident that DNA and RNA play major roles in the antibody response. This paper presents studies from this laboratory which aim at a better definition of these roles. Already published experiments are summarized only briefly, while current work is treated more completely. Finally, on the basis of some of the evidence available from this and other laboratories, a broad picture of the antibody response is drawn to further discussion, speculation, and experimentation.
Sensor-array for continuous monitoring of biochemicals for bioprocess control

In biopharmaceutical manufacturing, monitoring of bioprocess parameters is very crucial for maximum cell growth, viability and density, as well as biologic product concentration and yield. At the same time, disposable technologies have become popular due to their low capital costs, minimal contamination risk and lower sterilization overhead. We have developed a sensor-array that utilizes novel stimuli-responsive hydrogels intended for use as the sensing elements of disposable sensors in single use bioreactors. The response of hydrogels to changes in environmental concentration of a specific analyte is transduced using a magnetic or pressure sensor. Here we present recent results from glucose, lactate and osmolality hydrogels measured using pressure and magnetic sensors respectively. In addition to these results, we present a novel transduction method for the hydrogel response, along with a design for a sensor-transducer array for use in bioprocess control.
Multi-Criteria Optimization: An Important Foundation of Fuzzy System Design

In many real-life design situations, there are several different criteria that we want to optimize, and these criteria are often in conflict with each other. Traditionally, such multi-criteria optimization situations are handled in an ad hoc manner, when different conflicting criteria are artificially combined into a single combination objective that is then optimized. The use of unnatural ad hoc tools is clearly not the best way of describing a very natural aspect of human reasoning. Fuzzy logic describes a much more natural way of handling multi-criterion optimization problems: when we cannot maximize each of the original conflicting criteria 100%, we optimize each to a certain extent.