cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The “Angelina Effect” and Audience Response to Celebrity vs. Medical Expert Health Messages: an Examination of Source Credibility, Message Elaboration, and Behavioral Intentions

The purpose of this investigation is to examine responses to celebrity vs. medical experts’ health messages. Data were collected online from 357 participants at a large southwestern university. Results indicate that participants found the celebrity to be more credible than the medical expert in offering the health message. Women elaborated on the female celebrity’s health message to a significantly greater degree than men elaborated on the male celebrity health message. Regarding behavioral intentions (e.g., raise awareness, learn more, get screened, and encourage screening) due to the health message, men reported greater behavioral intentions due to the male celebrity message than the male medical expert message. Finally, women reported greater behavioral intentions due to the female medical expert’s message than men reported due to a male medical expert’s message. Discussion and future directions follow.
Against Knowledge Closure

Knowledge closure is the claim that, if an agent S knows P, recognizes that P implies Q, and believes Q because it is implied by P, then S knows Q. Closure is a pivotal epistemological principle that is widely endorsed by contemporary epistemologists. Against Knowledge Closure is the first book-length treatment of the issue and the most sustained argument for closure failure to date. Unlike most prior arguments for closure failure, Marc Alspector-Kelly's critique of closure does not presuppose any particular epistemological theory; his argument is, instead, intuitively compelling and applicable to a wide variety of epistemological views. His discussion ranges over much of the epistemological landscape, including skepticism, warrant, transmission and transmission failure, fallibilism, sensitivity, safety, evidentialism, reliabilism, contextualism, entitlement, circularity and bootstrapping, justification, and justification closure. As a result, the volume will be of interest to any epistemologist or student of epistemology and related subjects.
Detection of isoform 4 of the plasma membrane calcium pump in human tissues by using isoform-specific monoclonal antibodies

The epitope location and specificity of monoclonal antibodies JA9, 5F10 and JA3, raised against the human plasma membrane Ca2+ pump (hPMCA), were analysed by using synthetic peptides of the corresponding epitopes as well as the complete isoforms, hPMCA4b, hPMCA4a and hPMCA1b, expressed in COS-1 cells. The experiments with the peptides showed that JA9 reacted specifically with a region containing residues 51-75 of hPMCA4 (a or b), but not with the same region of isoforms 1, 2 or 3. JA3 reacted with residues 1156-1180, a region unique to hPMCA4b. 5F10 reacted in the region of residues 719-738, which is highly conserved in all PMCA isoforms. Indeed, 5F10 recognized all three isoforms expressed in COS-1 cells. JA9, in contrast, reacted with both variants a and b of hPMCA4 but not with hPMCA1, and JA3 recognized exclusively hPMCA4b. We used these antibodies to discern the distribution of hPMCA4a and hPMCA4b in human brain, heart, kidney and lung. In Western blots of human brain samples, we could identify both hPMCA4a and hPMCA4b. Heart tissue also showed isoform 4b, and probably 4a. In contrast, kidney and lung showed primarily hPMCA4b. In brain, overlapping bands that did not correspond to either variant of hPMCA4 were detected, and in kidney a band migrating in the same position as hPMCA1b was observed. The distribution of the a and b forms of hPMCA4 at the protein level, as analysed by these antibodies, is consistent with the available data about the abundance of mRNAs for the hPMCA isoforms. The presence of hPMCA4b in all the samples supports the proposed role of this isoenzyme as a constitutive form of the pump.
Peritoneum and Broad Ligament

The peritoneum is a site for diverse nonneoplastic and neoplastic disease processes including those encountered in many other organ systems in the body. Once proposed as part of the secondary Mullerian system, its role in the pathogenesis of primary serous carcinomas has recently been questioned. It has been postulated that primary Mullerian peritoneal/omental serous carcinoma is a metastasis from the similar tumor of the fallopian tubes. This theory, however, applies to serous carcinomas only, not tumors of any other Mullerian cell types. Far from being a mere receptacle for metastasis from other organ sites, the notion that the peritoneum and its derivatives serve as important source of primary peritoneal carcinomas remains a valid concept.
Electricity shortages and manufacturing productivity in Pakistan

Abstract Electricity shortages present a significant challenge to manufacturers who require a reliable power source as an input to production. In Pakistan, power shortages are commonplace, but empirical evidence on the impact of shortages is still lacking. Using a survey of 4500 manufacturing firms for the year 2010–2011, we exploit regional differences in outages to estimate the impact of electricity shortages on firm revenues, value-added and the labor share of output. We find that an additional average daily hour of unexpected shortages decreases annual revenues by nearly 10%. Similarly, an increase in shortages by 1 h per day decreases annual value-added at the firm level by roughly 20%, and increases the labor share of output. We find that the impact for a similar amount of load-shedding is significantly smaller, likely due to predictability and firm adaptation. Our results suggest that a more reliable electricity supply would significantly improve manufacturing productivity in the region.
Nuclear theory and event generators for charge-changing neutrino reactions

Semi-inclusive $\mathrm{CC}\ensuremath{\nu}$ cross sections based on factorized cross sections are studied for a selection of spectral function models with the objective of facilitating the choice of models for use as input into event generators. The basic formalism for such cross sections is presented along with an introduction to constructing spectral functions for simple models based on the independent-particle shell model, the relativistic Fermi gas model (RFG), and a local density approximation (LDA) based on the RFG. Spectral functions for these models are shown for $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ along with a more sophisticated model which includes nucleon-nucleon interactions [Alvarez-Ruso et al., Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 100, 1 (2018)]. Inclusive and semi-inclusive cross sections are calculated for these models. Although the inclusive cross sections are all of similar size and shape, the semi-inclusive cross sections are substantially different depending upon whether the spectral functions contain some features associated with the nuclear shell model or are based on the RFG and LDA models. Calculations of average values and standard deviations of the initial neutrino energy using the semi-inclusive cross section for the various models are presented and indicate that there may be simple kinematical descriptions of the average neutrino energy which is common to all of these models.
McCulloch, Pitts and the Evolution of Wiener’s Neurophysiological Ideas

Wiener first met Dr. Warren McCulloch at the neurophysiological meeting in New York in 1942 at which Dr. Rosenblueth presented their joint work with Bigelow on teleology [43b]. McCulloch was then Professor of Psychiatry in the Medical School of the University of Illinois. In 1917 he had entered Haverford College to honor in mathematics, but in the spring went on active duty with the Naval Reserve for a year, teaching celestial navigation to cadets and learning about submarines. He studied philosophy at Yale and psychology (experimental aesthetics) at Columbia before he entered the Columbia Medical School. He became a serious student of mathematical logic, and investigated the mathematico-logical aspects of schizophrenia and psychopathia while serving at the Rockland Hospital for the Insane. His life’s mission is disclosed by his amusing exchange with the Quaker philosopher Rufus Jones at Haverford College in 1917: “Warren”, he said, “what is thee going to be?” And I said, “I don’t know.” “And what is thee going to do?” And again I said “I have no idea; but there is one question I would like to answer: What is a number, that a man may know it, and a man, that he may know a number?” He smiled and said, “Friend, thee will be busy as long as thee lives.” I have been… {M13, p. 2}.
Opioid prescription patterns among patients who doctor shop; Implications for providers.

Introduction Patients who doctor shop for opioids are a vulnerable population that present a difficult dilemma for their health care providers regarding best methods of immediate treatment and how to manage their risk of harm from opioids. We aim to describe and compare opioid prescription patterns among high quantity prescription patients who doctor shopped, high quantity prescription patients who did not (doctor shopping eligible patients), and the remaining patients who received opioid prescriptions to guide population health policies for high risk opioid use patients. Methods We performed a cross-sectional descriptive analysis of opioid prescriptions during an 8-year period using California's de-identified Controlled Substance Utilization Review and Evaluation System (CURES) database from years 2008-2015. We identified the prevalence of patients who doctor shopped and depicted their opioid prescription patterns including prescriber characteristics, in comparison to the aforementioned groups. Doctor shopping was defined by patients who received greater than 6 or more prescriptions from at least 6 different prescribers within 6 months of time. Results Among the 3 million individuals who received an opioid prescription during the 8-year period, 1.3% met the doctor shopper definition. These patients received high levels of chronic opioids with 82% and 33% averaging greater than 20 and 100 morphine milligram equivalents (MME) daily, respectively, in comparison to 72% and 18% in the doctor shopping eligible group. Patients who doctor shopped received a significant proportion of their MME from 1 main prescriber (54%) and only received 2-5% of their total MME from episodic care providers, despite 88% receiving a prescription from these providers. Conclusions Patients who doctor shop are at high risk of opioid use disorder but represent a small fraction of those with dangerous opioid use. Furthermore, these individuals do not receive substantial opioids from episodic providers, which challenges the utility of prescription reduction programs in curbing use among this population. These results suggest we re-evaluate physician roles in the care of these patients and focus on referral to treatment and harm reduction strategies.
Improving Care Experiences for Patients and Caregivers at End of Life: A Systematic Review

Background:End-of-life care is increasing as the US population ages. Approaches to providing high-quality end-of-life care vary across setting, diseases, and populations. Several data collection to...
Acute Lower Limb Ischemia-Etiology, Pathology, and Management

Acute limb ischemia (ALI) is a vascular emergency associated with a high risk for limb loss and death. Most cases result from in situ thrombosis in patients with preexisting peripheral arterial disease or those who have undergone vascular procedures including stenting and bypass grafts. The other common source is cardioembolic. The incidence has decreased in recent times due to better anticoagulation strategies. Patients with suspected ALI should be evaluated promptly by a vascular specialist and consideration should be given for transfer to a higher level of care if such expertise is not available locally. Initial assessment should focus on staging severity of ischemic injury and potential for limb salvage. Neurological deficits can occur early and are an important poor prognostic sign. Duplex ultrasound and computed tomography angiography help plan intervention in patients with a still-viable limb and prompt catheter-based angiography is mandated in patients with an immediately threatened limb. Further investigations need to be pursued to differentiate embolic from thrombotic cause for acute occlusion as this can change management. Options include intravascular interventions, surgical bypass, or a hybrid approach. In this article, the authors discuss the common etiologies, clinical evaluation, and management of patients presenting with acute limb ischemia.
Effect of calcination on the reactivity of natural clinoptilolite zeolites used as supplementary cementitious materials

Abstract This study examined several sources of natural clinoptilolite zeolite calcined at temperatures of 300 °C-965 °C, tracking changes in phase content, particle size, surface area, and pore size distribution. Changes in pozzolanic reactivity with calcination were measured through calcium hydroxide content of hydrated zeolite-cement pastes and compressive strengths of cement mortars. Calcination increased zeolite particle size and reduced porosity and surface area, resulting in decreased zeolite pozzolanic reactivity despite increased amorphous content in the samples. Overall, in contrast to what has been shown previously in literature, calcination was ineffective in increasing the reactivity of clinoptilolite zeolites for use as SCMs.
Neurodegenerative hospital admissions and long-term exposure to ambient fine particle air pollution.

Abstract Purpose Long-term exposure to ambient fine particle (PM2.5) concentrations has been associated with an increased rate or risk of neurodegenerative conditions, but individual PM sources have not been previously examined in relation to neurodegenerative diseases. Methods Using the Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System database, we studied 63,287 hospital admissions with a primary diagnosis of either Alzheimer's disease, dementia, or Parkinson's disease for New York State residents living within 15 miles from six PM2.5 monitoring sites. In addition to PM2.5 concentrations, we studied seven specific PM2.5 sources: secondary sulfate, secondary nitrate, biomass burning, diesel, spark-ignition emissions, pyrolyzed organic rich, and road dust. We estimated the rate of neurodegenerative hospital admissions associated with increased concentration of PM2.5 and individual PM2.5 sources average concentrations in the previous 0–29, 0–179, and 0–364 days. Results Increases in ambient PM2.5 concentrations were not consistently associated with increased hospital admissions rates. Increased source-specific PM2.5 concentrations were associated with both increased (e.g., secondary sulfates and diesel emissions) and decreased rates (e.g., secondary nitrate and spark-ignition vehicular emissions) of neurodegenerative admissions. Conclusions We did not observe clear associations between overall ambient PM2.5 concentrations or source-apportioned ambient PM2.5 contributions and rates of neurologic disease hospitalizations.
Protecting Our Own: Equity for Employees as Hospitals Battle COVID-19

As medical providers garner praise during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, "nonclinical" health care workers remain largely overlooked. Although these essential workers face similar, if not greater, risks of contracting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) as others on the frontlines, many hospitals have fallen short in providing this vulnerable population with needed protections. Instead, hospitals should implement policies that guarantee all staff receive the information, equipment, and support necessary for battling the current crisis. This is critical not only for promoting the safety of these workers and their families, but also for ensuring the well-being of the community as a whole.
Platelet Proteomes, Pathways, and Phenotypes as Informants of Vascular Wellness and Disease.

Platelets rapidly undergo responsive transitions in form and function to repair vascular endothelium and mediate hemostasis. In contrast, heterogeneous platelet subpopulations with a range of prime...
The clinical impact and safety profile of high-dose intra-arterial verapamil treatment for cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Abstract Background Cerebral vasospasm (CVS) leads to delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) and cerebral infarction, a potential cause of morbidity and mortality following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety profile of high-dose IA verapamil for aSAH in a large series of patients. Methods Between 2011–2019, a retrospective cohort of 188 consecutive patients presenting with aSAH were reviewed. High-dose IA verapamil ( > 20 mg per vascular territory on each side) was intermittently used for appropriate patients to manage symptomatic CVS. Of the 188 patients reviewed, 86 were treated with high-dose IA verapamil. The clinical efficacy and safety profile of our ruptured aneurysm patient cohort were compared to historical literature controls. The primary endpoints studied included radiographic stroke corresponding to cerebral vasospasm, clinical outcome at discharge and subsequent follow-up, and overall functional status as defined by the modified Rankin scale (mRS). The safety profile of high dose IA verapamil was a secondary endpoint. Results IA verapamil was delivered between 2–16 days after ictus (median post-bleed day 6) and 74 % of patients had documented clinical improvement after therapy, with 61.5 % achieving good functional outcomes (mRS 2). 25.5 % of all patients had evidence of vasospasm-related DCI. 3 patients sustained transient hemodynamic changes after verapamil treatment and 10 patients developed post-procedural seizures successfully managed with intravenous lorazepam. Conclusion High-dose IA verapamil treatment is well-tolerated in the high-risk aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage population that experience severe, symptomatic CVS with good functional outcomes at follow-up.
Engineered Bacteriophage T4 Nanoparticle as a Potential Targeted Activator of HIV-1 Latency in CD4+ Human T-cells

The latent HIV-1 reservoir containing stably integrated and transcriptionally silent proviruses in CD4+ T cells is a major barrier for virus eradication. Targeted reactivation of the latent reservoir remains a major challenge in establishing a path for an HIV-1 cure. Here, we investigated the possibility of reactivating the HIV-1 reservoir by targeting engineered bacteriophage T4 capsid nanoparticles to reservoir cells. The surface lattice of the 120 x 86 nm phage capsid was arrayed with CD4 binding ligands such as recombinant CD4DARPin or the HIV-1 gp140 envelope protein. When exposed to either PBMCs or the resting CD4+ T cells in vitro, these nanoparticles caused T cells activation without inducing global T cell activation. Furthermore, the nanoparticles reactivated HIV-1 proviral transcription that led to virus assembly and release in the J-Lat cells, a cell line model of HIV-1 latency. Intriguingly, the observed T cell activation and HIV-1 latency reversal did not occur through the classic PKC or NFAT pathways suggesting the involvement of a yet unknown pathway. These studies demonstrate that engineered non-infectious bacteriophages could be potentially exploited for HIV-1 cure and other targeted T cell therapies.
Generating novel plant genetic variation via genome editing to escape the breeding lottery

Plant breeding relies on the presence of genetic variation, which is generated by a random process of mutagenesis that acts on existing gene pools. This variation is then recombined into new forms at frequencies impacted by the local euchromatin and heterochromatin environment. The result is a genetic lottery where plant breeders face increasingly low odds of generating a “winning” plant genotype. Genome editing tools enable targeted manipulation of the genome, providing a means to increase genetic variation and enhancing the chances for plant breeding success. Editing can be applied in a targeted way, where known genetic variation that improves performance can be directly brought into lines of interest through either deletion or insertion. This empowers approaches that are traditionally difficult such as novel domestication and introgression of wild accessions into a germplasm pool. Furthermore, broader editing-mediated approaches such as recombination enhancement and targeted random mutagenesis bring novel ways of variation creation to the plant breeding toolbox. Continued development and application of plant genome editing tools will be needed to aid in meeting critical global crop improvement needs.
Capacity Building to Address Ocean Change: Organizing Across Communities of Place, Practice and Governance to Achieve Ocean Acidification and Hypoxia Resilience in Oregon

Fossil fuel combustion and related accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and oceans have contributed significantly to climate and ocean change. While coa...
Eddy current characterization of magnetic treatment of nickel 200

Eddy current methods have been applied to characterize the effect of magnetic treatments on component service-life extension. Coil impedance measurements were acquired and analyzed on nickel 200 specimens that have been subjected to many mechanical and magnetic engineering processes: annealing, applied strain, magnetic field, shot peening, and magnetic field after peening. Experimental results have demonstrated a functional relationship between coil impedance, resistance and reactance, and specimens subjected to various engineering processes. It has shown that magnetic treatment does induce changes in electromagnetic properties of nickel 200 that then exhibit evidence of stress relief. However, further fundamental studies are necessary for a thorough understanding of the exact mechanism of the magnetic field processing effect on machine-tool service life.
Search on encrypted data in the symmetric-key setting

With cloud storage and computing on the rise, the need for searching on encrypted data is becoming more urgent. In this talk we will survey the existing solutions for the problem of searchable encryption in the symmetric-key setting. We will discuss various tradeoffs between functionality, efficiency and security. We will look at several schemes permitting searches of various types, and will discuss their efficiency and security. Finally we will identity some open problems related to the topic.
Gelenkpunktion und -injektion – Die Geschichte

Up until the middle of the 20th century joint puncture was considered a dangerous surgical intervention performed primarily to drain pus. The differential diagnostic significance of synovial analysis only became clear in the second half of the 20th century. Thus it became possible to reliably distinguish between inflammatory and non-inflammatory diseases, and establish whether arthritides are bacterial or crystal-induced. Attempts to inject disinfecting or anti-inflammatory solutions into the joint go back to the end of the 19th century. In the mid 20th century, cortisone became the panacea of intraarticular therapy. After surgeons at the end of the 19th century succeeded in surgically removing the inflamed synovium, internal medicine specialists attempted to destroy the synovial membrane by injecting it with various chemicals around the mid 20th century; however, hardly any of these substances survived. Only with "internal radiation" by injecting radionuclides was a breakthrough seen in the middle of the 20th century. Since then radiosynoviorthesis and synovialectomy have become standard methods in the treatment of chronic inflammatory joint disease.
Personalization and the Determination of News

This article addresses the relationship between the construction of news and personal experiences. Ethnography and narrative approaches are used to study a metropolitan newspaper where it is discovered that personalization contributes in large part to the decisions made by editors regarding whether or not an event is considered newsworthy. This discovery adds another dimension to the perspective that news is a social construction because it presents news as a decision-making process and highlights the human elements which contribute to the determination of news.
Dependence of Transient and Residual Calcium Dynamics on Action-Potential Patterning during Neuropeptide Secretion

Secretion of the neuropeptide arginine vasopressin (AVP) from the neurohypophysis is optimized by short phasic bursts of action potentials with a mean intraburst frequency around 10 Hz. Several hypotheses, most prominently action-potential broadening and buildup of residual calcium, have been proposed to explain this frequency dependence of AVP release. However, how either of these mechanisms would optimize release at any given frequency remains an open question. We have addressed this issue by correlating the frequency-dependence of intraterminal calcium dynamics and AVP release during action-potential stimulation. By monitoring the intraterminal calcium changes with low-affinity indicator dyes and millisecond time resolution, the signal could be dissected into three separate components: rapid Ca(2+) rises (Delta[Ca(2+)](tr)) related to action-potential depolarization, Ca(2+) extrusion and/or uptake, and a gradual increase in residual calcium (Delta[Ca(2+)](res)) throughout the stimulus train. Action-potential stimulation modulated all three components in a manner dependent on both the stimulation frequency and number of stimuli. Overall, the cumulative Delta[Ca(2+)](tr) amplitude initially increased with f(Stim) and then rapidly deteriorated, with a maximum around f(Stim) </= 5 Hz. Residual calcium levels, in contrast, increased monotonically with stimulation frequency. Simultaneously with the calcium measurements we determined the amount of AVP release evoked by each stimulus train. Hormone release increased with f(Stim) beyond the peak in Delta[Ca(2+)](tr) amplitudes, reaching its maximum between 5 and 10 Hz before returning to its 1 Hz level. Thus, AVP release responds to the temporal patterning of stimulation, is sensitive to both Delta[Ca(2+)](tr) and Delta[Ca(2+)](res), and is optimized at a frequency intermediate between the frequency-dependent maxima in Delta[Ca(2+)](tr) and Delta[Ca(2+)](res).
Chronic flavan-3-ol exposure induces changes in metabolism and transport kinetics in differentiated Caco-2 cell monolayers (270.1)

A limiting factor in the application of flavan-3-ols for chronic disease prevention is their low oral bioavailability. However, evidence suggests that chronic dosing paradigms can significantly inc...
Simulations of electronic transport in single-wall and multi-wall carbon nanotubes

We present simulations of electronic transport in single-wall and multi-wall carbon nanotubes, which are placed between two metallic contacts. The carbon atoms are represented by a local pseudopotential, and a transfer-matrix technique is used to solve the Schrodinger equation. Results show that electrons continuously propagate in the shell in which they are initially injected, with transfers to other tubes hardly exceeding one percent of the whole current even when micron-long distances are considered. The conductance and repartition of the current are traced to the band structure of the nanotube. These simulations thus show that provided one can prepare the electrons to enter a given shell of multi-wall nanotubes, it may be possible to use them as independent conduction channels.
Antimutagenicity of WR-1065 in L5178Y Cells Exposed to Accelerated 56Fe Ions

Abstract Evans, H. H., Evans, T. E. and Horng, M. F. Antimutagenicity of WR-1065 in L5178Y Cells Exposed to Accelerated 56Fe Ions. Radiat. Res. 158, 110–114 (2002). The ability of the aminothiol WR-1065 [N-(2-mercaptoethyl)-1,3-diaminopropane] to protect L5178Y (LY) cells against the cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of exposure to accelerated 56Fe ions (1.08 GeV/nucleon) was determined. It was found that while WR-1065 reduced the mutagenicity in both cell lines when it was present during the irradiation, the addition of WR-1065 after the exposure had no effect on the mutagenicity of the radiation in either cell line. No marked protection against the cytotoxic effects of exposure to 56Fe ions was provided by WR-1065 when added either during or after irradiation in either cell line. We reported previously that WR-1065 protected the LY-S1 and LY-SR1 cell lines against both the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of X radiation when present during exposure, but that its protection when administered after exposure wa...
On the Estimation of Systematic Downside Risk

This paper discusses the appropriate methodology for the estimation of systematic downside risk. I find that the Hogan & Warren (1974) approach is the only one of several specifications of downside beta, that is consistent with both the original downside risk framework, as defined by Markowitz (1959), and state-preference theory. Empirically, the HW downside beta dominates both its unconditional counterpart and the alternative specifications of downside beta, suggesting that the role of downside risk has been greatly underestimated in the past literature. Additionally, as opposed to unconditional beta, HW downside beta (i) predicts significantly larger slopes and non-significant intercepts in portfolio cross-sectional tests that are consistent with theory and (ii) is not subsumed by size and changes in market value of equity, that drive the priced component of book-to-market [Gerakos and Linnainmaa (2012)]. The results indicate that downside beta has increased ability in capturing distress risk, which can account for its superior empirical performance.
The Induced Radioactivity of Potassium

The paper reports a study of certain induced radioactivities associated with potassium. It is shown that the half-life of ${\mathrm{K}}^{42}$ is 12.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 hours. In addition to the well-established deuteron and slow neutron reactions ${\mathrm{K}}^{42}$ is also formed by the reactions ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{45}+{n}^{1}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{K}}^{42}+{\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ and ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{42}+{n}^{1}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{K}}^{42}+{\mathrm{H}}^{1}$. This last appears to have a relatively small probability. No evidence was found for the reaction ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{44}+{\mathrm{H}}^{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{K}}^{42}+{\mathrm{He}}^{4}$. Fast neutron irradiation of potassium yields active chlorine and ${\mathrm{A}}^{41}$ by the transmutations ${\mathrm{K}}^{39 or 41}+{n}^{1}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{Cl}}^{36 or 38}+{\mathrm{He}}^{4}$; ${\mathrm{K}}^{41}+{n}^{1}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{A}}^{41}+{\mathrm{H}}^{1}$. There was no indication of the presence of ${\mathrm{A}}^{39}$ in the activated samples. Alpha-particle bombardment of chlorine yields ${\mathrm{K}}^{38}$ according to the reaction ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{35}+{\mathrm{He}}^{4}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{K}}^{38}+{n}^{1}$. This isotope of potassium decays with a half-life of ${7.7}_{5}$\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}${0.1}_{5}$ minutes, emitting positrons having a maximum energy of about 2 Mev and gamma-rays which may be annihilation radiation only. ${\mathrm{K}}^{38}$ is also obtained by deuteron bombardment of calcium thus: ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{40}+{\mathrm{H}}^{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{K}}^{38}+{\mathrm{He}}^{4}$.
Enhancement of Dominant Risk Tendencies in Group Discussion

Much recent research indicates that discussion predictably affects responses to choice-dilemma items. In the present experiment, 12 choice-dilemma items were discussed to consensus by 40 female gro...
Using VHDL design models to support diagnosis

The generic model-based diagnostic system (GMODS) can use VHSIC hardware description language (VHDL) design models of structure and behavior to diagnose faults within digital sequential circuits. To produce a diagnosis, GMODS makes assumptions about the diagnostic health of each circuit component, propagates values through the design model over multiple clock intervals, and compares predicted and observed output values to identify sets of assumptions that explain the observations. In this paper, we describe the overall GMODS approach and project results, with an emphasis on the GMODS modeling techniques and VHDL interface. We also examine remaining issues to be addressed before GMODS can be applied on real applications.
Predicting the need for adjuvant systemic therapy in patients receiving postprostatectomy irradiation

Abstract Objectives This study was initiated to determine if clinical, pathologic, or biochemical variables available in patients receiving postprostatectomy irradiation could be predictive of treatment outcomes, including the need for subsequent systemic therapy. Methods Between January 1992 and January 1995, 50 patients received external beam irradiation for a nonzero or rising postprostatectomy prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level. The median PSA values preoperatively and preradiation were 24 and 2.7 ng/mL, respectively. At the time of treatment, no patient had evidence of disseminated disease. The patients received a combination of axial and noncoplanar irradiation to an average total dose of 65 Gy at 1.8 Gy fractions. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were performed to identify factors predictive of outcome. Results Treatment was well tolerated with no grade 3 or higher gastrointestinal or genitourinary complications. A decline in the serum PSA during irradiation occurred in 82% of the patients. During radiation, 13 patients (26%) had a complete response (PSA less than 0.05 ng/mL), 56% had a partial response, and 18% had a rise in their PSA level. With a median follow-up of 16 months, 50% of all patients have an undetectable level of PSA. Twenty-six percent of patients have had evidence of biochemical progression. Seventeen percent of responding patients and 67% of nonresponders have evidence of progression ( P = 0.002). On univariate analysis, other significant prognostic factors included clinical stage ( P P P Conclusions The outcome of patients with an elevated postprostatectomy PSA level who receive irradiation can be accurately predicted using a combination of clinical stage, preradiation PSA value, Gleason score, and the response to treatment. In this way, patients who do not require additional treatment (that is, hormonal) will avoid the unnecessary cost and toxicity.
Momentum-dependent scattering-amplitude model for liquid He 3

A model to calculate the quasiparticle interaction and the scattering amplitude is presented. The quasiparticle interaction can be separated into two pieces: the direct and the induced. The direct term is an effective potential which can be characterized by three parameters. The s-wave component of this potential is fixed by a general sum rule and the experimentally determined Landau parameters. The other two parameters are independent of density. The induced term includes the exchange of the virtual collective excitations of the medium. The structure of the induced interaction is a direct consequence of the antisymmetrization of the scattering amplitudes. The resulting integral equations self-consistently sum the particle-hole reducible diagrams. The agreement with experiment is very good over the entire pressure range of liquid $^{3}\mathrm{He}$.
Separation of krypton and xenon by selective permeation

The objective of this investigation was to study the separation of krypton and xenon from nuclear reactor atmospheres by selective permeation through silicone rubber capillaries. Effective permeability coefficients for pure krypton xenon, nitrogen, and oxygen were determined between 0 and 40°C and at pressure differences across the capillary walls (Δp) of up to 3.45 × 105 N/m2 (50 psi). The silicone rubber capillaries had an O.D. of 635 μm (0.025 in.) and an I.D. of 305 μm (0.012 in.), and were pressurized externally. The effective permeability coefficients decreased with increasing Δp, due to the elastic deformation of the capillaries, in general agreement with a deformation analysis of thick-walled elastic tubes. Gas separation studies were made with a Kr-Xe-N2-O2 mixture in a permeator containing a bundle of silicone rubber capillaries. The permeator had an effective permeation area of 0.480 m2 (5.165 ft2) at a packing density of 4132 m2m3 permeator volume (1260 ft2/ft3), and was operated in a countercurrent mode. The separation studies were conducted at −10 and 20°C and at three Δp values. The separation achieved in the permeator at Δp's of 1.38 × 105 N/m2 (20 Ib/in.2) and 2.07 × 105 N/m2 (30 Ib/in.2) was in good agreement with that predicted from a theoretical model of a permeation stage with countercurrent flow. At 3.45 × 105 N/m2 (50 Ib/in.2), the separation approached that predicted from a “perfect mixing” model. This behavior probably was due to local collapses of the capillaries at weak spots in their walls, as was evidenced also by a sharp increase in the axial pressure drop inside the capillaries.
Healing by Design

Medical care cannot be separated from the buildings in which it is delivered. The quality of space in such buildings affects the outcome of medical care, and architectural design is thus an importa...
Paradigm Shifts in Radiation Biology: Their Impact on Intervention for Radiation-Induced Disease

New mechanistic cell and molecular studies on the effects of very low doses of radiation have resulted in three major paradigm shifts. First, the observation of bystander effects demonstrated that non-hit cells may respond as well as cells in which energy is deposited. Second, it was thought that gene mutations and chromosome aberrations were the most important early changes that represented the initiation phase of radiation-induced cancer. Now genomic instability that leads to the loss of genetic control appears to play a major role in the development of cancer. Finally, recent studies have demonstrated that radiation-induced changes in gene expression can be demonstrated at very low radiation doses. These changes can result in alterations in response pathways, many of which appear to be involved in protective or adaptive responses. The demonstration that unique genes are up- and down-regulated depending on the radiation type, dose and dose rate suggests that different molecular mechanisms are involved in responses to high and low radiation doses. The ability to alter radiation response by physical and chemical treatments suggests that it may be possible to intervene in the progression of radiation-induced diseases. Such intervention may decrease the cancer risk from radiation exposure. This new research also demonstrates that many nonlinear biological processes have an impact on the induction of cancer and the shape of dose-response functions. Thus, for low-LET radiation delivered at low dose rates, the linear, no-threshold hypothesis is not well supported, but it is adequately conservative in protecting against low-dose radiation risks.
Cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity in patients with atopic dermatitis

Background Literature on the relationship between atopic dermatitis (AD) and cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity is inconclusive. Objective We sought to compare the rates of positive patch test reactions to allergens on the North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) standard tray among patients with and without AD, and, to assess whether atopic patients in our database were more likely to patch test positive to certain classes of allergens. Methods A total of 2305 patients underwent patch testing to the NACDG standard screening series. The incidence of positive patch test reactions among patients with AD (n = 297) and without AD (n = 2008) was assessed. Statistical analysis was done using a χ 2 test with Yates continuity correction. Results Compared with nonatopic patients, those with AD were statistically more likely to have positive patch tests. AD was associated with contact hypersensitivity to nickel, cobalt, and chromium, but was not associated with contact sensitization to fragrances. Limitations Only patients suspected of having allergic contact dermatitis were tested. Our population was geographically limited to metropolitan Kansas City (including Kansas City, MO, Kansas City, KS, and the adjoining suburbs). Conclusion Compared with nonatopics, patients with AD are significantly more likely to have at least 1 positive patch test reaction and to develop contact hypersensitivity to metal allergens.
Transmission electron microscopy of tissue prepared for scanning electron microscopy by ethanol-cryofracturing.

Tissue processed for scanning electron microscopy by ethanol-cryofracturing combined with critical point drying was embedded and sectioned for transmission electron microscopy. Study of sections cut in a plane passing through the fracture edge indicated that preservation of cellular fine structure of fractured cells was excellent. Even at the most peripheral edge of the fracture there was no evidence that movement of cytoplasmic components occurred to distort the original structural organization of fractured cells. Lack of cytoplasmic detail in ethanol-cryofractographs has been due more to the nature of the fracturing of the tissue and to the obscuring effects of the metal coating than to structural deformation at the fracture edge or to limitations in resolving power of the scanning electron microscope used.
A Structural Element within the HUWE1 HECT Domain Modulates Self-ubiquitination and Substrate Ubiquitination Activities

E3 ubiquitin ligases catalyze the final step of ubiquitin conjugation and regulate numerous cellular processes. The HECT class of E3 ubiquitin (Ub) ligases directly transfers Ub from bound E2 enzyme to a myriad of substrates. The catalytic domain of HECT Ub ligases has a bilobal architecture that separates the E2 binding region and catalytic site. An important question regarding HECT domain function is the control of ligase activity and specificity. Here we present a functional analysis of the HECT domain of the E3 ligase HUWE1 based on crystal structures and show that a single N-terminal helix significantly stabilizes the HECT domain. We observe that this element modulates HECT domain activity, as measured by self-ubiquitination induced in the absence of this helix, as distinct from its effects on Ub conjugation of substrate Mcl-1. Such subtle changes to the protein may be at the heart of the vast spectrum of substrate specificities displayed by HECT domain E3 ligases.
Cyclization kinetics of poly(acrylonitrile)

Experimental studies of poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) homopolymer and itaconic acid co-polymer stabilization examine the impact of polymer composition, temperature and reaction environment on the rate of cyclization. Stabilization of homopolymer PAN in nitrogen, 10.5 and 21% oxygen produces sigmoidally shaped curves when extent of cyclization is plotted as a function of reaction time. The length of the initial induction period in the sigmoidally shaped homopolymer curves decreases with increasing temperature and when oxygen is present in the reaction environment. Co-polymer cyclization curves also exhibit an induction period when reacted in nitrogen, but the period is less distinct than in the homopolymer case. The length of the induction period in the co-polymer data decreases with increasing temperature and increasing acid concentration. In the presence of oxygen, no induction period is present in any of the acidic co-polymer data. Reactions in 10.5 or 21% oxygen result in retardation of PAN homopolymer and co-polymer cyclization relative to reaction in a nitrogen environment. The retarding effect of oxygen is minimized as the acid concentration in the polymer is increased.
Role of Clathrin-coated Vesicles in Glycoprotein Transport from the Cell Surface to the Golgi Complex

Plasma membrane glycoproteins recycle to the Golgi complex, but the route followed by these proteins is not known. To elucidate the pathway of transport, the involvement of clathrin-coated vesicles was tested. This was accomplished by comparing the traffic of wild type low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and FH 683, a mutant receptor whose endocytosis from the cell surface in coated vesicles is reduced by 90-95%. Wild type LDLR traveled from the cell surface to the sialyltransferase compartment of the Golgi with a half-time of 2.5 h in K562 human leukemia cells expressing receptor from a transfected cDNA. In contrast, FH 683 LDLR recycled to the Golgi at 33% of the wild type rate, suggesting that wild type LDLR is largely transported to the Golgi by a pathway that involves clathrin-coated vesicles. Moreover, because clathrin-coated vesicles that bud from the plasma membrane are transported to endosomes, surface-to-Golgi transport probably involves an endosomal intermediate. Finally, because there was substantial transport of mutant LDLR to the Golgi even though its endocytosis in coated vesicles was greatly reduced, there may be a second pathway of surface-to-Golgi traffic. Our results suggest that wild type LDLR may move from plasma membrane to Golgi by two routes. Two-thirds of the traffic proceeds via a coated vesicle-mediated pathway while the remainder may follow a clathrin-independent pathway.
Fenfluramine challenge, self-injurious behavior, and aggression in rhesus monkeys

Self-injurious behavior (SIB) and aggression have been linked to reduced serotonergic (5-HT) functioning in both humans and nonhuman primates. The present study examined serum prolactin and cortisol responses to the 5-HT releasing agent D,L-fenfluramine (FEN) in 24 individually housed rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), 15 of which carried a veterinary record of self-wounding (SW). Subjects received two doses of FEN, 4 and 2 mg/kg, separated by an interval of at least 2 months. For control purposes, monkeys were given an intramuscular saline injection 1 week prior to each FEN challenge. The relationship between the hormonal responses to FEN, wounding history, the rates of self-directed biting and aggression were determined for each animal based on 100 five-minute observations conducted over a period of 12 months surrounding the challenge procedures. Prolactin and cortisol responses to FEN were unrelated either to wounding history or to rates of self-directed biting. However, there were significant inverse correlations between levels of aggression and the prolactin response to both doses of FEN. The present findings provide no evidence for reduced 5-HT system function in rhesus monkeys with SIB under the present challenge conditions. However, the results are consistent with a previously reported inverse relationship between serotonergic activity and aggression. Moreover, a dose-dependent response to FEN was observed only for prolactin, suggesting that this variable is more appropriate than cortisol as an endpoint for FEN challenge in monkeys.
Protein tyrosine sulfation: a critical posttranslation modification in plants and animals.

Protein tyrosine sulfation is a posttranslational modification restricted to proteins that transit the secretory pathway that was first described by Bettelheim in bovine fibrinopeptide B in 1954 (1). Subsequent pioneering work by Wieland Huttner's group (2, 3) and others characterized the enzyme activity responsible for the reaction, called tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST), that catalyzes the transfer of sulfate from 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate to the hydroxyl group of peptidyl tyrosine residues to form a tyrosine O4-sulfate ester. The enzymes' subcellular localization in the trans-Golgi network and its widespread tissue and cellular distribution have been well documented in animals, and several dozen tyrosine-sulfated proteins, mostly of animal origin, have been described, many of which play important roles in inflammation, hemostasis, immunity, and other processes (2–4). Finally, the general importance of protein tyrosine sulfation in protein–protein interactions has become widely accepted.