cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of Total Parenteral Nutrition in Children with Cancer: A Review and some Recommendations

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is now a standard component of supportive treatment in many pediatric oncology units for patients undergoing intensive therapy. TPN incurs many risks and significant costs, however, that may not always be balanced by major benefits. Infection rates are reported to be high in patients receiving TPN, and TPN use is associated with a range of metabolic problems. With standard TPN regimens, the catabolic state of many intensively treated patients may not be adequately reversed. Because TPN my enhance tumor cell growth, there is justifiable concern about giuing TPN when a cancer patient is not also receiving cytotoxic therapy. Recommendations for TPN use in pediatric oncology patients include using TPN formulas containing glutamine to stimulate anabolism and timing TPN cycles to be given just before cytotoxic chemotherapy, when stimulation of tumor growth might actually improve the effectiveness of antimitotic chemotherapy.
Photocatalytic Oxidation of PCE and Butyraldehyde over Titania Modified with Perovskite Optical Crystal BaTiO3

Photocatalysis utilizes near-UV or visible light to break down organic pollutants into innocuous compounds at room temperatures. This paper introduces the use of semiconducting optical crystals as an additive to a photocatalyst. The perovskite optical material BaTiO 3 (band gap of 3.7-3.8 eV) is found to increase VOC destruction when black light is used. The best composition found is 0.1 wt% BaTiO 3 with the balance being TiO 2 . This photocatalyst increases tetrachloroethylene (PCE) conversion by 12% to 32% for space times between 1.4 and 17.2 seconds and inlet concentrations of 40 to 130 ppm with a 4 W black light. The average enhancement is approximately 25 %. For butyraldehyde conversion the maximum enhancement is 20 % at 130 ppm in 3.6 seconds. The UV/VIS spectroscopy data indicate a lower absorbance with the additive. The reaction parameters studied are space velocity, inlet concentration and light source. Oxidation by-products are identified using a GCMS.
Seismicity Associated with the May 2010 Eruption of South Sarigan Seamount, Northern Mariana Islands

On 29 May 2010, at approximately 11:48 UTC, an undersea volcano south of Sarigan in the Northern Mariana Islands (Figs. 1 and 2) erupted sending a cloud of volcanic ash and water vapor to 40,000 feet (12 km; Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center). Bathymetric data (Stern and Smoot, 1998; Embley et al. , 2007) indicate an undersea vent exists at approximately 16.582° N and 145.821° E or about 12 km southwest of Sarigan and about 30 km northeast of Anatahan (Fig. 3). The vent depth is estimated to be 184 m below sea level. Based on physical observations of water discoloration (Juan Camacho, personal comm., 2010) and satellite imagery, the eruption plume is attributed to this undersea seamount. Figure 1. Map showing locations of islands and seismic stations in the Northern Mariana Island (NMI) chain. The names of active volcanoes are underlined. The location of the South Sarigan seamount is marked with an X. Inset shows the location of the NMI relative to Japan, Asia, the Philippine Islands, and New Guinea. Figure 2. Map showing the location of undersea vent that was the site of the 29 May 2010 eruption relative to the islands of Anatahan and Sarigan. Triangles, locations of seismic stations SARN, ANNE, and ANA2. Figure 3. Bathymetry of South Sarigan seamount and vicinity. Note data gap over part of summit. Individual minimum sounding are noted for some peaks. Contour interval is 200 m with 60 m grid‐cell size. Multibeam bathymetry data sets compiled in the area of Sarigan include: National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Coral Reef Ecosystem Division EM300 and Reson 8101 surveys (AHI‐07‐02, AHI‐07‐03, HI‐07‐02, HI‐07‐03); NOAA Vents Program EM300 (TN153 and TN167); SeaBeam 2100 data (MGLN02MV, Onnuri); Japan Agency for Marine‐Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) Seabat data (NT0518); National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) Seabeam data (1 line north of data gap). Figure and caption courtesy of Robert Embley, …
Butyrate Activates the cAMP-Protein Kinase A-cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein Signaling Pathway in Caco-2 Cells

Butyrate is a major SCFA produced by microbial fermentation of dietary fiber in the gastrointestinal tract. Butyrate is widely thought to mediate the benefits of fiber and resistant starch consumption to colon health in humans. Besides serving as a substrate for energy production, butyrate has many regulatory effects in animals. Little is known about the signaling mechanisms underlying the regulatory effects of butyrate and other SCFA. In this study, we determined whether butyrate can activate cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA)- cAMP response element (CRE)-binding protein (CREB) signaling in Caco-2 cells, a model of intestinal epithelial cells. Butyrate promoted luciferase expression from a CRE-reporter construct, induced phosphorylation of CREB, increased the activity of PKA, and elevated the levels of cAMP in Caco-2 cells. These data suggest that butyrate activates cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling in Caco-2 cells. Butyrate, however, had no effect on the activities of adenylyl cyclase (AC) and phosphodiesterase (PDE), two enzymes that determine the production and degradation of intracellular cAMP, respectively. Because the activities of AC and PDE are primarily regulated by G protein-coupled receptor (GPR)-mediated intracellular signaling, lack of an effect of butyrate on these two enzymes suggests that butyrate does not activate cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling through GPR. Butyrate-treated Caco-2 cells had greater concentrations of ATP than untreated cells. Because ATP is the substrate for cAMP production, this difference suggests that butyrate may activate cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling in Caco-2 cells through increased ATP production. Overall, this study raises the possibility that some of the regulatory effects of butyrate in animals, including those on the colonocytes, may be mediated by the cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling pathway at the cellular level.
Basic theory of probe-compensated near-field measurements

The general problem concerning the interaction of a probe antenna with the near field of an arbitrary antenna is considered. The application of the Lorentz reciprocity theorem to the problem of determining antenna characteristics, including the far-field pattern, is presented. The data required to correct for the directional effects of the probe, the effect of probe correction on the measured data, and the attendant mathematical computations in rectangular systems are described. Extensions to cylindrical and spherical systems are discussed.
Atypical hearing loss in acoustic neuroma patients

Audiologic data from 126 patients treated at the University of California, San Francisco for newly diagnosed acoustic neuromas (ANs) from 1986 to 1990 were reviewed. Subjectively normal hearing was present in 15% of patients and was most frequent in patients with small (< 1 cm) tumors. Only 4% had objectively normal hearing on the basis of speech reception threshold (SRT), speech discrimination score (SDS), and high-frequency pure-tone loss. This was most frequent in patients with < 1 cm tumors. Abnormal but symmetrical hearing is usually not considered to be indicative of a unilateral AN. In the present series, 7% of patients with ANs possessed symmetrical hearing. High-frequency asymmetry was a more sensitive indicator of the presence of an AN than differences in either SRT or SDS. The clinician must be aware of the relatively high incidence of atypical audiologic findings in acoustic tumor patients.
Becoming a Nurse Researcher The Importance of Mentorship

This column is concerned with the mechanics of transitioning from being a new doctoral graduate to being a researcher with a solid program of study. To clarify these mechanics, the authors discuss the roles of being a research mentor, the expectations of being a mentee, and practical tips for sustaining a successful relationship.
Continuous Measurements of Nitrogenase Activity in the Study of Environmental Responses of Frankia and Other Bacteria

The oxygen sensitivity of nitrogenase both in vivo and in vitro is well established and recent reviews (Robson and Postgate 1980, Shaw 1984, Wittenberg 1985) underline the central position of oxygen in the control of nitrogen fixation. For all aerobic nitrogen-fixing systems a physiological dilemma is created by the oxygen requirement to meet a high ATP demand and the extreme sensitivity of nitrogenase to molecular O2. A great variety of so-called strategies to cope with the oxygen problem have been described for various organisms (Robson and Postgate 1980) and, compared with the structural and biochemical uniformity of nitrogenase, the physiology of oxygen protection and oxygen avoidance is fascinatingly varied.
Single Silver Nanoparticles as Real-Time Optical Sensors with Zeptomole Sensitivity

This work utilizes dark-field optical microscopy to demonstrate the localized surface plasmon resonance λmax response of individual Ag nanoparticles to the formation of a monolayer of small-molecule adsorbates. The adsorption of fewer than 60 000 1-hexadecanethiol molecules on single Ag nanoparticles results in a localized surface plasmon resonance shift of 40.7 nm. Additionally, the kinetics of the single nanoparticle response was shown to be comparable to that of other real-time sensor technologies.
Radiotelemetry comes of age—perhaps just in time

in actuality, the discipline of functional genomics deals with the science and art of phenotyping. Identifying the genetic bases for complex integrated systems, as well as complex diseases, relies on the validity and accuracy of the “trait measurement.” Any trait, real or erroneous, may be
A multiscale mass scaling approach for explicit time integration using proper orthogonal decomposition

One of the main computational issues with explicit dynamics simulations is the significant reduction of the critical time step as the spatial resolution of the finite element mesh increases. In this work, a selective mass scaling approach is presented that can significantly reduce the computational cost in explicit dynamic simulations, while maintaining accuracy. The proposed method is based on a multiscale decomposition approach that separates the dynamics of the system into low (coarse scales) and high frequencies (fine scales). Here, the critical time step is increased by selectively applying mass scaling on the fine scale component only. In problems where the response is dominated by the coarse (low frequency) scales, significant increases in the stable time step can be realized. In this work, we use the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method to build the coarse scale space. The main idea behind POD is to obtain an optimal low-dimensional orthogonal basis for representing an ensemble of high-dimensional data. In our proposed method, the POD space is generated with snapshots of the solution obtained from early times of the full-scale simulation. The example problems addressed in this work show significant improvements in computational time, without heavily compromising the accuracy of the results.
Learning from multiple demonstrations using trajectory-aware non-rigid registration with applications to deformable object manipulation

Learning from demonstration by means of non-rigid point cloud registration is an effective tool for learning to manipulate a wide range of deformable objects. However, most methods that use non-rigid registration to transfer demonstrated trajectories assume that the test and demonstration scene are structurally very similar, with any variation explained by a non-linear transformation. In real-world tasks with clutter and distractor objects, this assumption is unrealistic. In this work, we show that a trajectory-aware non-rigid registration method that uses multiple demonstrations to focus the registration process on points that are relevant to the task can effectively handle significantly greater visual variation than prior methods that are not trajectory-aware. We demonstrate that this approach achieves superior generalization on several challenging tasks, including towel folding and grasping objects in a box containing irrelevant distractors.
Finite Element Modeling of Deformation Behavior of Steel Specimens under Various Loading Scenarios

Lightweighting materials (e.g., advanced high strength steels, aluminum alloys etc.) are increasingly being used by automotive companies as sheet metal components. However, accurate material models are needed for wider adoption. These constitutive material data are often developed by applying biaxial strain paths with cross-shaped (cruciform) specimens. Optimizing the design of specimens is a major goal in which finite element (FE) analysis can play a major role. However, verification of FE models is necessary. Calibrating models against uniaxial tensile tests is a logical first step. In the present study, reliable stress-strain data up to failure are developed by using digital image correlation (DIC) technique for strain measurement and X-ray techniques and/or force data for stress measurement. Such data are used to model the deformation behavior in uniaxial and biaxial tensile specimens. Model predictions of strains and displacements are compared with experimental data. The role of imperfections on necking behavior in FE modeling results of uniaxial tests is discussed. Computed results of deformation, strain profile, and von Mises plastic strain agree with measured values along critical paths in the cruciform specimens. Such a calibrated FE model can be used to obtain an optimum cruciform specimen design.
Direct Oral Anticoagulants

This chapter reviews the new direct oral anticoagulants—thrombin inhibitor and Xa inhibitors. The specific drugs are reviewed as well as the specific indications—prevention and treatment of deep venous thrombosis, stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation, and then acute coronary syndrome. Finally, common issues such as monitoring and choosing the appropriate patient to use the drugs are reviewed.
Effect of Prolonged Insulin Therapy on Glucose Tolerance in Schizophrenic Patients

SummaryIn 7 schizophrenic patients undergoing insulin therapy there was a significant decrease in sugar tolerance, the blood sugar levels after glucose administration attaining higher values and remaining elevated for longer periods than before treatment. In a ninth patient in whom a preliminary determination was lacking, the tolerance was notably low, also. This change may have been due to the stimulation and sensitization of the adrenal mechanism.
Lipase Activity in Blood from the Hepatic and Peripheral Vascular Beds Following Heparin.

SummaryClearing factor lipase, an enzyme with the ability to clear a lipemic substrate and to cause hydrolysis of triglyceride, is released during a single passage of heparin through the vascular beds of the dog liver, dog hindlimb and human forearm.
A Study on Factors Influencing Buying Behaviour of Passenger Car Market in Tuticorin District - Tamil Nadu

The automobile industry in India happens to be the ninth largest in the world. Following Japan, South Korea and Thailand, in 2009, India emerged as the fourth largest exporter of automobiles. The likely capacity and production of the automotive sector for the period 2007-12, with an indication of the perspective for 10 to 15 years is expected that the automotive industry will grow quite rapidly in the next 10 years and is expected to reach production volumes of almost 3 million passenger cars and more than 30 million two wheelers. The cumulative growth of the passenger vehicle segment between March and April 2007 was 20.70%. Passenger cars grew by 22.01%, utility vehicles by 13.21% and multipurpose vehicles by 25.20% in fiscal year 2006 07. The commercial vehicles segment grew by 33.28%. Growth of medium and heavy commercial vehicles was 32.84% and light commercial vehicles recorded a growth of 33.93%. The study of consumer behaviour also includes an analysis of factors that influence purchase decisions and product use in Tuticorin district. A Simple Random sampling technique was adopted in the study to select the sample respondents. As the size of the universe is restricted, the study has been conducted on the respondents who are the owners of all the segments of passenger cars. Data were collected through an Interview Schedule regarding perception of the respondents on usage of cars. The data relates to the month of June 2012. The study show that more number of respondents is gives more weight age to the price (80.0). Following 7.6% of the respondents influenced by the fuel economy and driving comfort are the other important factor while purchasing a car. The rest of 4.8 percent reveals attractive model influences the buying behavior of the customers and the difference is statistically not significant.
From resource munificence to ecosystem integration: the case of government sponsorship in St. Louis

AbstractGovernment sponsorship of entrepreneurship has become a popular policy tool in the last 15 years. Despite this popularity, past academic studies have largely focused on firm-level survival rates and treated the effects of government sponsorship in isolation, which fails to capture the full effect of the sponsorship. That is, the objectives of the public sector include enhancing the macro-level entrepreneurial environment of the region as well as the success of individual firms. We expand research in this area through a case study in St. Louis, Missouri. We focus on the Arch Grants, a public–private coalition that provides $50,000 to 20 winners through their annual competition. Based on interviews of 46 recipient firms and 15 support organizations, we first demonstrate how government sponsorship can create a cohort of entrepreneurs who are able to learn from each other about business strategy, local mentors and other resources. Second, we uncover the process through which sponsorship can facilitate...
Major Driving Forces and Growth Mechanisms for Tin Whiskers

This chapter focuses on describing the primary driving forces and mechanisms causing the growth of whiskers and hillocks. It devotes to describing how the growth of intermetallic phase (IMC) leads to stress in the Sn layer. It also discusses the impact of Sn whiskers on reliability and the importance of suppressing their formation. The chapter discusses results from simultaneously measuring the growth of the IMC between the Cu and Sn whiskers, the stress in the Sn layer, and the whisker density to understand how these different processes interact. It describes experimental studies that are designed to identify the other processes that play a role in whiskers forming, for example, plasticity, diffusion‐mediated creep, and prevention of surface diffusion by the Sn oxide. The chapter also describes results from real‐time studies of whisker growth in the scanning electron microscope/focused ion beam milling (SEM/FIB) that show how whiskers and hillocks evolve in time.
Soil lysimeter excavation for coupled hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological investigations

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled Earth-system processes. Such knowledge is imperative in improving predictions of hydro-biogeochemical cycles, especially under climate change scenarios. We present an experimental method, designed to capture sub-surface heterogeneity of an initially homogeneous soil system. This method is based on destructive sampling of a soil lysimeter designed to simulate a small-scale hillslope. A weighing lysimeter of one cubic meter capacity was divided into sections (voxels) and was excavated layer-by-layer, with sub samples being collected from each voxel. The excavation procedure was aimed at detecting the incipient heterogeneity of the system by focusing on the spatial assessment of hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological properties of the soil. Representative results of a few physicochemical variables tested show the development of heterogeneity. Additional work to test interactions between hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological signatures is planned to interpret the observed patterns. Our study also demonstrates the possibility of carrying out similar excavations in order to observe and quantify different aspects of soil-development under varying environmental conditions and scale.
Exploring Communication and Course Format: Conversation Frequency and Duration, Student Motives, and Perceived Teacher Approachability for Out-of-Class Contact

This study explored how course instructional format (i.e., online, face-to-face, or hybrid) is related to the frequency and duration of out-of-class communication (OCC) between college instructors and students, to student motives for communicating with teachers, and to perceived teacher approachability for conversation outside of class. Though differences in frequency of and student motives for engaging in OCC were not significant, students enrolled in face-to-face courses reported significantly more ongoing/durative OCC with their instructors compared to students enrolled other course types (i.e., online or hybrid). Students in fully online courses reported instructors to seem less receptive to but also less discouraging of OCC than students in face-to-face or hybrid courses. Overall, this study offers a sense of how students who seek informal interaction with instructors beyond the classroom are faring amid the increased reliance on web-based learning environments in higher education.
A call for uniformity in implementing the IPAF (interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features) criteria.

IPAF criteria need to be implemented in a standard fashion across centres for accurate validation http://ow.ly/W7Fz304BKq0
Outcomes of men who underwent treatment for prostate cancer from a prospective follow up of a racially diverse, multi-institutional active surveillance cohort.

e536Background: Active surveillance (AS) is an increasingly accepted alternative to treatment for low-grade prostate cancer (PCa). However, it remains unclear what factors may predict which patients will upgrade to a higher grade cancer. We sought to analyze the characteristics at time of diagnosis and outcomes of those men in our racially diverse AS cohort who underwent treatment for PCa. Methods: Men from our AS database were analyzed. Inclusion criteria was PSA < 20 ng/mL, Gleason Score ≤ 7, and clinical stage ≤ T2a. Men who elected active treatment for their PCa at diagnosis or refused subsequent imaging and biopsy were excluded from this cohort. Univariate analysis was done to compare the clinical variables of the treatment group with the entire cohort. Results: We identified 56 men who were treated for PCa from the 308 men currently enrolled in our AS cohort. All 56 men in the treatment group had low risk PCa at diagnosis and initiation of AS. At diagnosis, the treatment group was not significantly ...
Finite Probability Spaces

In this chapter we study certain finite probability spaces, paying particular attention to a model of Kubilius, of which we shall make much use in later chapters.
Self-esteem and envy: Is state self-esteem instability associated with the benign and malicious forms of envy?

Abstract The purpose of the present research was to investigate whether trait self-esteem level and state self-esteem instability were associated with benign envy (i.e., the desire to improve one's own position) and malicious envy (i.e., the desire to damage a superior person's position). In the current study (N = 182), we extend previous research in this area by examining the possibility that state self-esteem instability would moderate the associations that trait self-esteem level had with the benign and malicious forms of envy. The results indicate that (1) trait self-esteem level was negatively associated with both benign and malicious envy, (2) state self-esteem instability was positively associated with benign envy, and (3) state self-esteem instability moderated the association between trait self-esteem level and malicious envy such that individuals with stable high self-esteem reported lower levels of malicious envy compared to those with unstable high self-esteem or low levels of trait self-esteem (regardless of whether their low self-esteem was stable or unstable). Taken together, these findings suggest that trait self-esteem level and state self-esteem instability have important connections with the benign and malicious forms of envy.
Internet Searches for Affect-Related Terms: An Indicator of Subjective Well-Being and Predictor of Health Outcomes across US States and Metro Areas.

Background The present study explored the potential for internet search data to serve as indicators of subjective well-being (SWB) and predictors of health at the state and metro area levels. We propose that searches for positive and negative affect-related terms represent information-seeking behavior of individuals who are experiencing emotions and seeking information about them. Method Data on the frequency of Google searches for 15 affect terms were collected from Google's Trends website (trends.google.com). These were paired with data on health, self-reported emotions, psychological well-being, personality, and Twitter postings at the state and metro area levels. Results Several internet search scores correlated with indicators of cardiovascular health and depression. Some search term scores also correlated strongly with self-reported emotions, well-being metrics, neuroticism, per capita income, and Twitter postings at the state or metro area level. Multiple regression analyses suggest that affect searches predict depression rates at the metro area level beyond the effects of income and other well-being measures. Conclusion The results highlight the promise and challenges of using internet search data at the aggregate level for physical and mental health assessment and surveillance.
A high-frequency non-isolated ZVS synchronous buck-boost LED driver with fully-integrated dynamic dead-time controlled gate drive

This paper presents a high-efficiency and high-frequency non-isolated ZVS synchronous buck-boost LED driver for automotive lighting applications. The synchronous gate driver IC with embedded high-and low-side ZVS detection is developed to generate dynamic dead-time with minimized detection delay. This enables high-frequency low-loss ZVS operation in the non-isolated synchronous converter topology over wide ranges of the input voltage and the output LED number. The buck-boost LED driver with eGaN FETs and the gate driver IC designed in a 0.5μm HV CMOS process can support up to 20 series-connected LEDs and achieve a peak power efficiency of 94.2% at 2.5-MHz switching frequency.
Analysis of psychosocial distress screening and needs assessment in adult survivors of childhood cancer.

160Background: Childhood cancer survivors (CCS) face complex psychological late effects. The need for systematic screening for psychosocial distress has been clearly identified; however, less clari...
Spectators and Participants in Vibrational State Controlled Bimolecular Reactions

Vibrational excitation provides a means for identifying the degrees of freedom in a molecule that are spectators or participants in a bimolecular reaction. In our study of the reactions of vibrationally excited H2O with H and Cl atoms and vibrationally excited HCN with H, O, and Cl atoms, we find that in direct reactions the nonreacting bond of a molecule is a spectator to the reaction. When the nonreacting bond participates in the reaction, the reaction mechanism is not direct but proceeds through an intermediate complex.
The Structure and Electronic Configuration of Crystalline Surfaces

Before the discussion of surface phenomena in terms of electron and structural configurations, some of the reasons for the difficulties associated with a quantitative understanding of surface phenomena, based on theoretical and experimental facts, should be pointed out. In considering a solid surface, one must recognize it as the abrupt termination of the periodic crystalline lattice. In this fact must reside the answers to the many questions that are raised: From the statistical point of view, what happens to the electrons at the termination of the periodic potential? From the atomistic point of view, what happens to the bonding of surface atoms which now have unsaturated forces? From the structural point of view, what are the surface or structural rearrangements that must take place to accommodate the unsaturated forces on the surface?
Control of CA3 place fields by the dentate gyrus: a neural network model

A very interesting aspect of hippocampal anatomy is the presence of two pathways projecting from the entorhinal cortex (EC) to the CA3 region — one directly via the perforant path (PP), and the other through the dentate gyms (DG) using the mossy fibers of the granule cells. This implies that the place fields of the CA3 arise from the joint influence of EC and DG. We hypothesize that the DG plays a modulatory role in this scheme, serving to enhance discrimination during the learning of new place codes. Drawing in part on some receny experimental findings, we model a mechanism whereby DG neurons accomplish pattern separation by modulating the balance of dendritic and somatic inhibition in granule cells. Our results are consistent with a variety of observations in the literature, including the following: 1) DG lesions do not abolish CA3 place fields but disrupt spatial memory; 2) Even similar environments produce different place fields in CA3 but not in the EC. We show that DG modulation allows the model hippocampus to control spatial discrimination, and produces realistic place fields.
Spatiotemporal variability in the reproductive dynamics of Skipjack Tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) in the eastern Pacific Ocean

Abstract The reproductive dynamics of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) were investigated by sampling 8136 fish caught by purse-seine vessels in the eastern Pacific Ocean from January 1996 to January 1998. The overall sex ratio deviated significantly from the expected 1:1 ratio, with a greater number of males. Histological evaluations of ovaries from 3732 females provided the foundation for the estimates of length-specific reproductive characteristics. Spawning was widespread from about 19 °N to 12 °S and from 79 °W to 136 °W, and continuous throughout the year between about 15 °N and 10 °S. Spawning was observed for fish captured in unassociated sets, floating-object sets, and dolphin sets. Although spawning occurred from 24 °C to 30 °C, 76.9% took place between 26 °C and 29 °C. Results of fitting a general additive model to the maturity-at-length data indicated significant spatial variation in maturity, with estimated lengths at 50% maturity of 56 cm north of 15 °N, 53 cm between 15 °N and 5 °S, and 47 cm south of 5 °S. The significant spatial variation in estimates of relative fecundity (oocytes per gram of body weight) is attributed to the differences between relative fecundities north of 15 °N and between 15 °N and 5 °S. The estimated average batch fecundity, based on counts of late-stage migratory-nucleus or hydrated stages of oocytes from 129 fish, was 296,475 oocytes, and the estimated mean relative fecundity was 54.9 oocytes per gram of body weight. The estimated fraction of mature females in the population spawning per day was 0.21, equivalent to a spawning frequency of 4.76 d, whereas for actively spawning females, the fraction spawning per day was 0.85, equivalent to a mean spawning interval of 1.18 d.
Role of Creativity in Educational Systems and the Change Process

Creativity informs learning and instruction. In turn, creative thought positively influences systemic change in schools. Good teachers are also creative teachers. Creative teachers instill in their students both creative skills and dispositions, regardless of the educational environmental pressures. With the greater emphasis on accountability and testing in schools, creative thinking does not seem to have a role in current educational reform movements. However, there are educational initiatives that have positive effects on teaching and learning. One such example is the Partnership for 21st Century Skills that specifies skills students need to succeed. Moreover, educational systems are inherently stifling to creativity and thus the demand for creative thinkers can be expected to increase to meet the demands of innovation. Change in schools is often fueled by the need to improve student progress in specific areas, such as math and English/language arts. We contend that the ultimate goal of the change process should be to provide institutional support to develop a more creative workplace. The importance of change that encourages mutual support and a sense of community with a redistributed power structure is valued in this chapter. Implications for educational policy, practice, and research bring the discussion to an end.
Gender and racial variations in palliative care utilization among patients hospitalized with metastatic gastrointestinal malignancies.

e17565 Background: Increased healthcare resource utilization has been demonstrated among patients with advanced malignancies. We sought to explore patient and hospital level determinants of inpatie...
Expanding the Donor Pool With the Use of Extended Criteria Donation After Circulatory Death Livers.

Use of donation after circulatory death (DCD) donor livers for transplantation has remained cautious in the United States. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the expansion of a DCD liver transplantation (LT) program with the use of extended criteria donor (ECD) DCD livers. After institutional review board approval, 135 consecutive DCD LTs were retrospectively studied. ECD DCD livers were defined as those with 1 of the following factors: donor age >50 years, donor body mass index >35 kg/m2 , donor functional warm ischemia time >30 minutes, and donor liver macrosteatosis >30%. An optimization protocol was introduced in July 2011 to improve outcomes of DCD LT, which included thrombolytic donor flush and efforts to minimize ischemia times. The impact of this protocol on outcomes was evaluated in terms of graft loss, ischemic cholangiopathy (IC), and change in DCD LT volume. Of 135 consecutive DCD LTs, 62 were ECD DCDs. In total, 24 ECD DCD LTs were performed before (era 1) and 38 after the institution of optimization protocol (era 2), accounting for an increase in the use of ECD DCD livers from 39% to 52%. Overall outcomes of ECD DCD LT improved in era 2, with a significantly lower incidence of IC (5% versus 17% in era 1; P = 0.03) and better 1-year graft survival (93% versus 75% in era 1; P = 0.07). Survival outcomes for ECD DCD LT in era 2 were comparable to matched deceased donor LT. With the expansion of the DCD donor pool, the number of DCD LTs performed at our center gradually increased in era 2 to account for >20% of the center's LT volume. In conclusion, with the optimization of perioperative conditions, ECD DCD livers can be successfully transplanted to expand the donor pool for LT.
Will The Real School Psychologist Please Stand Up: Is The Past a Prologue for the Future of School Psychology?: The Identity of School Psychology Revisited

(1994). Will The Real School Psychologist Please Stand Up: Is The Past a Prologue for the Future of School Psychology? School Psychology Review: Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 584-588.
Case 2: A 4-year-old Boy with Recurrent Vomiting.

1. Seema Jain, MD*,† 2. Lefkothea P. Karaviti, MD, PhD*,† 1. *Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 2. †Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX A 4-year-old boy presents with recurrent episodes of vomiting over a 2-month period. The vomit is nonbloody, nonbilious, and not associated with diarrhea or fever. There seems to be no specific pattern to the vomiting, although the patient’s father suspects that it is the result of eating too many potato chips. Accompanying symptoms include a 2-lb (907-g) weight loss, fatigue, and darkening of eczematous lesions. His medical history includes eczema, constipation, and hospitalization at age 6 weeks for vomiting, failure to thrive, hyponatremia, and hyperkalemia, which were attributed to a urinary tract infection and improper formula mixing. The evaluation at that time showed normal renal ultrasonography and voiding cystourethrography findings. His family history reveals a 26-year-old male maternal first cousin who presented with similar symptoms as a young child and is now being treated with testosterone for delayed puberty. In addition, 4 maternal uncles passed away during infancy because of reported infections and high fever. A maternal aunt passed away at 2 years of age from an unknown cause. The patient is mildly tachycardic (heart rate, 102 beats/min) and normotensive (blood pressure, 91/57 mm Hg). His temperature is 97°F (36.1°C), and respirations are 18 breaths/min. Physical examination shows hyperpigmented macules over the right antecubital fossa, left gluteal region, perioral region, and gums; the remainder of the examination findings are normal. Laboratory studies show hyponatremia (sodium level of 124 mEq/L [124 mmol/L]), hypochloremia (chloride level of 94 mEq/L [94 mmol/L]), and metabolic acidosis …
Biomedical Acoustics: Breaking old barriers in science and medicine

The Technical Committee on Biomedical Acoustics (BATC) is one of the most diverse groups in the Acoustical Society of America. BATC is comprised of scientists and engineers who study a wide range of biomedical applications using ultrasound from imaging fetuses to ablating fibroids and treating brain disorders. Diagnostic ultrasound has expanded to include exciting new techniques such as shear wave elastography and opto-acoustic imaging. Therapeutic ultrasound applications include physiotherapy, lithotripsy, as well as the treatment of tumors via thermal ablation, i.e., HITU, or mechanical ablation, i.e., histotripsy. The most recent developments in therapeutic ultrasound involve neuromodulation and transcranial magnetic resonance guided focused ultrasound for the treatment of various brain disorders, including essential tremor, neuropathic pain, and Parkinson’s disease. The ability to temporarily open the blood-brain barrier using focused ultrasound has been demonstrated in animals and, more recently, in humans. Opening of the blood-brain barrier could allow the transmission of drugs to treat brain diseases. Diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound applications continue to advance the field of medicine and are integral to the advancement of both diagnosis and treatment of debilitating diseases.
Noninitiation of Discharge Medications After Revascularization.

BACKGROUND: Timely initiation of medication therapy after a cardiovascular event is vital to achieve optimal patient outcomes, yet there is a lack of insight on the frequency and predictors of disc...
Management of Preexisting Diabetes and Gestational Diabetes During Hospitalization

Preexisting diabetes and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) increase the risks of preeclampsia, preterm delivery, macrosomia, cesarean delivery, and neonatal hypoglycemia. In addition, women with preexisting diabetes have increased risk of diabetes-related complications, including exacerbation of diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy, hypoglycemia unawareness, diabetic ketoacidosis, and fetal demise. Therefore, accurate diagnosis and treatment of diabetes during pregnancy are essential to safe gestation and delivery. Prior to conception, those with gestational diabetes and type 2 diabetes are insulin resistant and have defects in insulin secretion, while those with type 1 diabetes are insulin deficient. During the late second and third trimesters, increases in placental growth hormone, as well as cytokines and inflammatory molecules, contribute to insulin resistance. The increase in insulin resistance over the course of gestation adds to the challenge of glycemic control. As articulated in the Pedersen hypothesis, inadequately controlled maternal glycemia results in fetal hyperinsulinemia and therefore increased growth, which is best measured by the fetal abdominal circumference. This chapter will review important considerations for patients with diabetes who are hospitalized during pregnancy.
Quantitative microstructure analysis for solid-state metal additive manufacturing via deep learning

Metal additive manufacturing (AM) provides a platform for microstructure optimization via process control, but establishing a quantitative processing-microstructure linkage necessitates an efficient scheme for microstructure representation and regeneration. Here, we present a deep learning framework to quantitatively analyze the microstructural variations of metals fabricated by AM under different processing conditions. The principal microstructural descriptors are extracted directly from the electron backscatter diffraction patterns, enabling a quantitative measure of the microstructure differences in a reduced representation domain. We also demonstrate the capability of predicting new microstructures within the representation domain using a regeneration neural network, from which we are able to explore the physical insights into the implicitly expressed microstructure descriptors by mapping the regenerated microstructures as a function of principal component values. We validate the effectiveness of the framework using samples fabricated by a solid-state AM technology, additive friction stir deposition, which typically results in equiaxed microstructures.
Moving beyond generalization to accurate interpretation of flexible models

Machine learning optimizes flexible models to predict data. In scientific applications, there is a rising interest in interpreting these flexible models to derive hypotheses from data. However, it is unknown whether good data prediction guarantees the accurate interpretation of flexible models. Here, we test this connection using a flexible, yet intrinsically interpretable framework for modelling neural dynamics. We find that many models discovered during optimization predict data equally well, yet they fail to match the correct hypothesis. We develop an alternative approach that identifies models with correct interpretation by comparing model features across data samples to separate true features from noise. We illustrate our findings using recordings of spiking activity from the visual cortex of monkeys performing a fixation task. Our results reveal that good predictions cannot substitute for accurate interpretation of flexible models and offer a principled approach to identify models with correct interpretation. Across disciplines, there is a rising interest in interpreting machine learning models to derive scientific knowledge from data. Genkin and Engel show that models optimized for predicting data can disagree with the ground truth and propose a new model selection principle to prioritize accurate interpretation.
Ethical Principles for Design

The paper explores ethical aspects of design from a normative perspective. It develops a set of ethical principles for design against the theoretical backdrop of moral philosophy and the specific characteristics of design as a creative, function-oriented field. The paper provides a systematic ethical approach and critically reflects on ethical assumptions of prominent design approaches, such as user-centred design, green or sustainability design, and design addressing societal issues. The paper develops an encompassing perspective on the complex ethical aspects of modern design and considers users, stakeholders, society, nature, people around the world, and future generations. It specifically focuses on the role of design for addressing crucial challenges of the 21st century, such as sustainability, globalization, and inclusion, and proposes a reconstruction of professional responsibilities for functionality and creativity in this context.
Comparative analysis of the long-term performance of a diesel engine on vegetable oil based alternate fuels

A 25-75 blend (v/v) of alkali-refined sunflower oil and diesel fuel, a 25-75 blend (v/v) of high oleic safflower oil and diesel fuel, a non-ionic sunflower oil-aqueous ethanol microemulsion, and a methyl ester of sunflower oil were evaluated as fuels in a direct injected, turbo-charged, intercooled, 4-cylinder Allis-Chalmers diesel engine during 200-hour EMA cycle laboratory screening endurance tests. Engine performance on Phillips 2-D reference fuel served as baseline for the experimental fuels. The experiment was conducted to develop prediction equations to determine the effects of alternate fuels on long-term engine performance. Least squares regression procedures were used to analyze long-term effects the test fuels had on engine performance and to simultaneously compare the test fuels. Several variables were used to measure engine performance. These response variables were volumetric fuel flow, energy input, power output, brake specific energy consumption, exhaust temperature and exhaust smoke. The predictor variables were time of the EMA cycle and fuel type. Two multivariate tests were performed in this analysis. The first tested the significance of time on the response variable. The second tested the fuel effect. Both tests were significant. The results of the univariate regressions indicated that time had a significant effect only on exhaustmore » temperature. In all other cases, time was not a factor. However, significant difference in the intercepts of the prediction equations were found between tested fuels.« less
Probability Revision, the Uniformity Rule, and the Chan–Darwiche Metric

The author has proposed a rule of probability revision dictating that identical learning be reflected in identical ratios of new to old odds. Following this rule ensures that the final result of a sequence of probability revisions is undisturbed by an alteration in the temporal order of the learning prompting these revisions. There is also a close connection between this rule and an intriguing metric on probability measures introduced by Chan and Darwiche.
Cation analysis by thin-layer chromatography and reflectance spectroscopy : Part I. The rapid identificaiion of cations resolved on thin-layer plates

Abstract A rapid method has been devised whereby 14 cations — Al3+, Bi3+, Cd2+, Cr3+, Co2+, Cu2+, Fe3+, Pb2+, Mn2+, Hg2+, Ni2+, Ag+, Sn2+ and Zn2+ —. can be separated on one-dimensional, cellulose thin-layer plates and then identified by means of their reflectance spectra The procedure requires micro-amounts of sample and only one spray reagent.
The structure of biodiversity – insights from molecular phylogeography

DNA techniques, analytical methods and palaeoclimatic studies are greatly advancing our knowledge of the global distribution of genetic diversity, and how it evolved. Such phylogeographic studies are reviewed from Arctic, Temperate and Tropical regions, seeking commonalities of cause in the resulting genetic patterns. The genetic diversity is differently patterned within and among regions and biomes, and is related to their histories of climatic changes. This has major implications for conservation science.