cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flexible, low-voltage, and low-hysteresis PbSe nanowire field-effect transistors.

We report low-hysteresis, ambipolar bottom gold contact, colloidal PbSe nanowire (NW) field-effect transistors (FETs) by chemically modifying the silicon dioxide (SiO2) gate dielectric surface to overcome carrier trapping at the NW-gate dielectric interface. While water bound to silanol groups at the SiO2 surface are believed to give rise to hysteresis in FETs of a wide range of nanoscale materials, we show that dehydration and silanization are insufficient in reducing PbSe NW FET hysteresis. Encapsulating PbSe NW FETs in cured poly(methyl) methacrylate (PMMA), dehydrates and uniquely passivates the SiO2 surface, to form low-hysteresis FETs. Annealing predominantly p-type ambipolar PbSe NW FETs switches the FET behavior to predominantly n-type ambipolar, both with and without PMMA passivation. Heating the PbSe NW devices desorbs surface bound oxygen, even present in the atmosphere of an inert glovebox. Upon cooling, overtime oxygen readsorption switches the FET polarity to predominantly p-type ambipolar b...
MORALITY AND THE SECOND PERSON

The guiding ambition of Stephen Darwall's The Second-Person Standpoint is to account for the normativity of moral obligations by tying them to a reciprocal 'secondperson' authority, possessed by each person, to make reasonable demands of others. Darwall maintains that this theoretical approach is uniquely suited to illuminate the basic distinguishing marks of moral obligations. A moral obligation is not merely an act that it would be a very good idea to do; it is an act which one owes it to someone or other to do, hence an act whose performance can legitimately be demanded by that person or by others who speak on behalf of that person (p. 10). For this reason, Darwall maintains, it is a category mistake to attempt to ground moral obligations in the goodness or desirability of obligatory acts or their consequences. Even if performing some act would be very good or desirable, it does not follow that one is required to do it. By Darwall's lights, to violate a moral obligation just is to violate a legitimate second-person demand. For this reason, he devotes the bulk of his book to illuminating the nature and normative dimensions of second-person relations. Darwall's foray into this relatively untrampled philosophical terrain turns out to be enormously exciting. The result is a book which takes its place among the very best contemporary works on Kantian ethics and which ought to be regarded as required reading for any contemporary ethical theorist. While I have my doubts about some of Darwall's key arguments, still I think that he has opened up a fecund area of philosophical reflection, and I hope and expect that his book will induce other ethical theorists to join him in exploring this terrain. Darwall's reflections focus on the second-person standpoint, understood as 'The perspective you and I take up when we make and acknowledge claims on one another's conduct and will' (p. 3). By Darwall's lights, we cannot grasp the nature of this standpoint without simultaneously grasping an entire cluster of interdefined concepts, including that of a second-person reason, a second-person summons and second-person authority (pp. 1115). A second-person reason is a reason to do something which one has simply because someone has demanded that one should do this (pp. 5-10). To use Darwall's example, if I am stepping on another person's foot, the pain I am causing him is a reason for anyone to bring it about that I remove my foot
Interior versus exterior configurations of passive wells with filter cartridges for cleaning contaminated groundwater

This study considered alternative configurations of passive wells equipped with filter cartridges for removing contaminated groundwater. The wells fully penetrated a simulated unconfined aquifer. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity distributions were considered. An initial configuration comprised wells along the downgradient perimeter of a contaminant plume, spaced 0.5 m in the direction transverse to regional groundwater flow. Additional wells near the downgradient tip of the plume prevented off-site contamination. Alternative configurations had the same number of wells, but some included wells along higher (interior) concentration contours to facilitate quicker removal of the contaminant plume. Results suggest that downgradient configurations generally outperform alternatives, although repositioning a few outer wells near the contaminant source may be effective in some cases. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Conversation partner mutual adaptation as demonstrated by Fourier series analysis

Persons participating in interview conversations tend to adapt their voice levels, utterance frequency, and pauses with their interaction partners. If individual A participates in dyadic interviews with individuals B, C, D, E, and F, Fourier series analysis of time variant representations of A's utterances tend to be more like those of his dyadic partner than his own utterances in the other conversations. This research points to an objective means where by conversation partners may be identified mechanically without reference to more traditional human understandings of conversation partner identifications.
Glutamate receptor dysfunction and drug targets across models of autism spectrum disorders

There is strong evidence that metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptors are affected in autism spectrum disorders (ASD), but there are few candidate genes indicating involvement of these receptors. This suggests that glutamate receptor dysregulation may primarily be involved in the expression of ASD, but is an uncommon etiology. Directly implicated in models of fragile-X with ASD phenotypes is metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR5), which appears to be an effective pharmacologic target in a number of models of ASD. The review of other ASD models demonstrates that there is also evidence of a role for kainate, NMDA, and AMPA receptors in the neuropathophysiology of ASD, though the relationship between dysfunction in those receptors and ASD-associated phenotypes is not well understood. Current models indicate a way forward to delineate the role of glutamate receptors in ASD. Further development of preclinical models focusing on glutamate receptors may provide tools to target a clinically important subset of ASD symptoms.
Buried hydrophobic side-chains essential for the folding of the parallel β-helix domains of the P22 tailspike

The processive β-strands and turns of a polypeptide parallel β-helix represent one of the topologically simplest β-sheet folds. The three subunits of the tailspike adhesin of phage P22 each contain 13 rungs of a parallel β-helix followed by an interdigitated section of triple-stranded β-helix. Long stacks of hydrophobic residues dominate the elongated buried core of these two β-helix domains and extend into the core of the contiguous triple β-prism domain. To test whether these side-chain stacks represent essential residues for driving the chain into the correct fold, each of three stacked phenylalanine residues within the buried core were substituted with less bulky amino acids. The mutant chains with alanine in place of phenylalanine were defective in intracellular folding. The chains accumulated exclusively in the aggregated inclusion body state regardless of temperature of folding. These severe folding defects indicate that the stacked phenylalanine residues are essential for correct parallel β-helix folding. Replacement of the same phenylalanine residues with valine or leucine also impaired folding in vivo, but with less severity. Mutants were also constructed in a second buried stack that extends into the intertwined triple-stranded β-helix and contiguous β-prism regions of the protein. These mutants exhibited severe defects in later stages of chain folding or assembly, accumulating as misfolded but soluble multimeric species. The results indicate that the formation of the buried hydrophobic stacks is critical for the correct folding of the parallel β-helix, triple-stranded β-helix, and β-prism domains in the tailspike protein.
Genetic and epigenetic inactivation of TNFRSF10C in human prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND TNFRSF10C, is located on 8p21.3, one of the most frequently deleted loci in the genome of prostate cancer (PCa). Hypermethylation of TNFRSF10C promoter CpG island (CGI) had been reported in many tumors including PCa. However, the interplay between somatic deletion and promoter hypermethylation of TNFRSF10C on PCa development has not been investigated. METHODS Methylation status of promoter CGI and deletion status of the TNFRSF10C locus was investigated by bisulfite sequencing and Affymetrix SNP array, respectively, in 59 pairs of PCa tumor and matched normal samples with three PCa cell lines. TNFRSF10C gene expression changes in relation to cancer-associated genetic/epigenetic changes in clinical specimens, and change of TNFRSF10C expression before and after 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine treatment in the PC3 PCa cell line was assessed by real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS We found that TNFRSF10C promoter CGI was differentially methylated in 46 of 59 primary cancers (78.0%). Hemizygous deletion at TNFRSF10C was found in 44 of the 59 prostate tumors (74.5%). Interestingly, in 94.9% of the tumors (56 out of 59), TNFRSF10C was either hemizygously deleted or its promoter CGI hypermethylated. Deletion and/or methylation of the TNFRSF10C gene were correlated with decreased mRNA expression of the gene in clinical specimens. Demethylation of the TNFRSF10C promoter CGI was accompanied by transcriptional re-activation of TNFRSF10C in the PCa cell line PC3. CONCLUSION We found a notably high frequency of promoter CGI methylation and deletion of TNFRSF10C in PCa tissues. Our results indicated that inactivation of TNFRSF10C by chromosomal deletion and promoter methylation may play an important role in PCa development. Prostate 69:327–335, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Extending a classical EOS correlation to represent solid–fluid phase equilibria

Abstract A strategy is presented for describing all the solid–fluid phase equilibria of a binary mixture, by combining a classical equation-of-state with a general mathematical artifice for the fugacity of the solid phase. As a case study, the strategy is applied to predict the solid–fluid phase equilibria of the binary mixture methane + carbon dioxide using the Soave–Redlich–Kwong equation-of-state to represent all real and hypothetical fluid phases. A system stability criterion is used to identify the slg locus, which is the intersection of the sl and sg equilibrium regions.
Attunement to the fertility status of same-sex rivals: women's testosterone responses to olfactory ovulation cues

Abstract Evolutionary theories of mating suggest that changes in fertility across the menstrual cycle play an important role in sexual selection. In line with this framework, the current research examined whether olfactory cues to the fertility of a same-sex rival would prompt hormonal signs of intrasexual competition in women. Women exposed to the scent of another woman close to ovulation subsequently displayed higher levels of testosterone than women exposed to the scent of a woman far from ovulation. Whereas women exposed to the scent of a woman in the mid-luteal phase displayed sizable decreases in testosterone over time, no such decline was observed among women exposed to the scent of a woman near ovulation. Thus, olfactory cues signaling a rival's heightened level of fertility were associated with endocrinological responses in women that could be linked to intrasexual competition.
Isoflavonoids in root and hypocotyl of soybean seedlings (Glycine max, Fabaceae)

Isoflavonoids, some of which are highly fluorescent, are produced by soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and serve as chemical signals for certain aspects of nitrogen fixation and microbial resistance. This study was conducted to determine whether soybean mutants with nonfluorescent roots contained abnormal concentrations of isoflavonoids. Isoflavonoids were extracted from the root and hypocotyl of 4-d-old wild-type soybean seedlings (cv. Hark) having fluorescent roots and from four nonallelic mutant, near isogenic lines of Hark having nonfluorescent roots. In addition, isoflavonoids were extracted from the root and hypocotyl of 4-d-old seedlings of near isogenic lines of Hark harboring two pairs of the mutant alleles for nonfluorescent roots. Malonyl daidzin, daidzin, malonyl genistin, and genistein were the most abundant isoflavonoids extracted from either the root or hypocotyl of seedlings with either fluorescent or nonfluorescent roots. Extracted malonyl daidzin, malonyl genistin, and malonyl glycitin decomposed readily, yielding daidzin, genistin, and glycitin, respectively. The concentrations of malonyl genistin and genistein, two highly fluorescent compounds, were similar in both fluorescent and nonfluorescent roots. Thus, root fluorescence was not correlated with abundance per se of fluorescent isoflavonoids in roots. In addition, the abundance of isoflavonoids extractable from the hypocotyl did not correlate with root fluorescence.
Disparities in Colon Cancer Presentation and In-Hospital Mortality in Maryland: A Ten-Year Review

Much attention has focused on in-hospital treatment disparities in colon cancer outcomes. Little is known about the effect of prehospital factors on outcomes. We hypothesized that racial and socioeconomic disparities exist in the presentation of colon cancer and that these disparities affect in-hospital outcomes. Ten-year data on colon cancer patients were obtained from the Maryland Hospital Discharge Database. Life-threatening symptoms at presentation served as a proxy for delay in diagnosis. Patients with the primary diagnosis of colon cancer treated with surgical resection were included. Outcomes of interest were obstruction, hemorrhage, perforation, and in-hospital mortality. A total of 14,291 patients had primary colon cancer, and 13,031 underwent resection. Among this group, 52% were male, 22% were African American (AA), and mean age of AA was 66.0 years versus non-AA mean age of 70.5 years (P < .001). Overall, 27.6% of patients presented with life-threatening symptoms. In-hospital mortality rate was 3.8%. Symptomatic patients had a 2-fold higher rate of in-hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR], 6.06 vs. 2.89, P < .001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that AA were more likely to have life-threatening symptoms at presentation independent of socioeconomic status (SES) (OR, 1.36). In addition, AA had a higher in-hospital mortality, both overall (OR, 1.39) and in the higher SES (OR, 1.81). Racial disparities exist in the rate of presentation with life-threatening symptoms that may be a proxy for a delay in diagnosis. These findings were independent of SES, implying that factors beyond health care access may account for poorer outcomes among AA.
Mario Pieri and his contributions to geometry and foundations of mathematics

Mario Pieri (1860–1913) was an Italian mathematician who made significant contributions to algebraic geometry and the foundations of mathematics. Nevertheless, his research is not as well known today as it might be, in part because it was overshadowed by that of more famous contemporaries, notably David Hilbert and Giuseppe Peano. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of Pieri's principal results in mathematics. After presenting a biographical sketch of his life, it surveys his research, contrasting the reception of his work in algebraic geometry with that in foundations. Possible reasons for the relative obscurity of his work in foundations are explored, and an annotated list of Pieri's publications is included at the end of the article.
An NMDA Receptor Gating Mechanism Developed from MD Simulations Reveals Molecular Details Underlying Subunit-Specific Contributions

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are obligate heterotetrameric ligand-gated ion channels that play critical roles in learning and memory. Here, using targeted molecular dynamics simulations, we developed an atomistic model for the gating of the GluN1/GluN2A NMDA receptor. Upon agonist binding, lobe closure of the ligand-binding domain produced outward pulling of the M3-D2 linkers, leading to outward movements of the C-termini of the pore-lining M3 helices and opening of the channel. The GluN2A subunits, similar to the distal (B/D) subunits in the homotetrameric GluA2 α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleproprionate receptor, had greater M3 outward movements and thus contributed more to channel gating than the GluN1 subunits. Our gating model is validated by functional studies, including cysteine modification data indicating wider accessibility to the GluN1 M3 helices than to the GluN2A M3 helices from the lumen of the open channel, and reveals why the Lurcher mutation in GluN1 has a stronger ability in maintaining channel opening than the counterpart in GluN2A. The resulting structural model for the open state provides an explanation for the Ca2+ permeability of NMDA receptors, and the structural differences between the closed and open states form the basis for drug design.
Next-generation lithography mask inspection

KLA-Tencor and industry partners are collaborating on a project for developing early capabilities of inspecting NGL masks. The project, partially funded by NIST as part of the ATP program, is focusing on building a research tool that will provide experimental data for development of a production capable tool. Some of the key technical issues include contrast in transmission and reflection, defect sources and types, and maintaining mask cleanliness in the absence of pellicles. The masks need to be inspected at multiple process stages, starting with unpatterned substrates, and ending with the pattern inspection. System issues include defect sensitivity and inspection time, which need to be balanced.
Venous thrombosis in the upper extremities as a complication of myocardial failure.

Abstract Eighty-three cases of thrombosis of the veins of the upper extremities, as a complication of heart failure, have been collected from a review of the literature. Four additional cases are reported. These have been analyzed to show the incidence of age, sex and race of the patient, the type of cardiac lesion, the degree and duration of heart failure, the location and type of onset of the thrombosis, symptomatology, complications and prognosis. A possible mechanism of etiology and pathogenesis is described.
New Species and Records of Biting Midges Ectoparasitic on Insects (Diptera, Heleidae)

Among the biting midges perhaps the most interesting are the closely related species of Heleidae (= Ceratopogonidae) which feed as ectoparasites on insects larger than themselves. Although none seem to have any striking economic importance compared with the pestiferous bloodsucking species, the various degrees of development of their parasitism on certain, but diverse, insect hosts pose a whole array of biological problems which continue to challenge careful observers of insect natural history.
Role of reflex gain and reflex delay in spinal stability--a dynamic simulation.

The goal of this study was to investigate the role of reflex and reflex time delay in muscle recruitment and spinal stability. A dynamic biomechanical model of the musculoskeletal spine with reflex response was implemented to investigate the relationship between reflex gain, co-contraction, and stability in the spine. The first aim of the study was to investigate how reflex gain affected co-contraction predicted in the model. It was found that reflexes allowed the model to stabilize with less antagonistic co-contraction and hence lower metabolic power than when limited to intrinsic stiffness alone. In fact, without reflexes there was no feasible recruitment pattern that could maintain spinal stability when the torso was loaded with 200 N external load. Reflex delay is manifest in the paraspinal muscles and represents the time from a perturbation to the onset of reflex activation. The second aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between reflex delay and the maximum tolerable reflex gain. The maximum acceptable upper bound on reflex gain decreased logarithmically with reflex delay. Thus, increased reflex delay and reduced reflex gain requires greater antagonistic co-contraction to maintain spinal stability. Results of this study may help understanding of how patients with retarded reflex delay utilize reflex for stability, and may explain why some patients preferentially recruit more intrinsic stiffness than healthy subjects.
Physical controls and interannual variability of the Labrador Sea spring phytoplankton bloom in distinct regions

We investigated the variability of the spring phytoplankton bloom in the Labrador Sea, dividing into distinct biogeographical zones, then analyzing the relationship between the bloom and physical forcings. The spring phytoplankton bloom in the north Labrador Sea varied in intensity by a factor of 4 and in timing of onset by 3 weeks over the 11-year record from SeaWiFS satellite ocean chlorophyll, 1998–2008. This north bloom (north of 60 °N and west of the Labrador shelves) is earliest and most intense, owing in part to the offshore-directed freshwater stratification from the West Greenland Current. On interannual timescales, significant correlations were found between the north bloom intensity and ocean processes, namely offshore advection, eddy activity and runoff from Greenland. In contrast, the central Labrador Sea is later and weaker, and only a correlation between the bloom timing and irradiance was found. As the subpolar gyre shifts in strength and shape, freshwater outflow from the Arctic and Greenland changes, we may expect further changes in the biological response as indicated by these relationships.
Targeted agents for sarcoma: is individualized therapy possible in such a diverse tumor type?

A wide variety of cytogenetic abnormalities and molecular pathways have been implicated in the pathogenesis of sarcoma, and significant progress has been made in the past decade toward identifying potential therapeutic targets. However, apart from gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP), little progress has been made toward translating that knowledge into effective therapeutic strategies. The identification of activating KIT mutations in the majority of GISTs was a defining moment that led to the first effective targeted therapy for sarcoma, and the subsequent use of imatinib mesylate has revolutionized the treatment of GISTs. Beyond imatinib, the most promising agents to date—and the agents most extensively studied—are the multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Several other classes of agents have also shown some activity in soft tissue sarcomas, including mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors, inhibitors of growth factor receptors, histone deacetylase inhibitors, agents that modulate the p53 pathway, inhibitors of molecular chaperone proteins (eg, heat shock protein 90 [Hsp90]), and other signal transduction inhibitors. Despite a large number of completed and ongoing phase II studies, few agents have moved to phase III testing, and much work remains to be done to fully validate the identified targets and determine the optimal treatment strategy. Ongoing studies are exploring a wide range of combination strategies. This review will highlight some of the emerging targeted therapies that appear to hold promise and may eventually contribute to improved systemic therapy for sarcoma.
Enacting Social Justice to Teach Social Justice: The Pedagogy of Bridge Builders

This article describes a particular endeavor, the Bridge Builders Academic Mentoring Program (BAMP), a partnership between a school of education in a Catholic university in the Northwest and a community-based rites of passage program for adolescent African American males. The partnership exemplifies tenets of Catholic social teaching, in that it is community-based, justice-oriented and in many ways countercultural. The pedagogy aligns with the goals of service learning; that is, the service extended by university students satisfies a genuine community need, and at the same time affords those engaged in service an opportunity to acquire crucial knowledge, skills, and dispositions to which they would not otherwise have access. Implications for translating this program to other contexts are provided.
Print Environments and Experiences Offered to First-Grade Students in Very Low- and Very High-SES School Districts

L'auteur relate les resultats d'une etude qui l'a conduit a analyser les differences et l'influence positive ou negative de l'ecole et des ressources de celle-ci sur l'apprentissage des enfants en particulier en ce qui concerne l'alphabetisation. Une analyse comparative entre deux milieux opposes est proposee, confirmant l'importance du role de l'ecole sur les progres de l'eleve.
Glycated Hemoglobin in 14,850 Adolescent Blood Donors: A Pilot Screening Program

Substantial attention has been paid to the global epidemic of diabetes among adults, but much less data are available for adolescents. Given the recent endorsement by the American Diabetes Association of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) for diabetes screening (1), a pilot HbA1c screening program was implemented in adolescent blood donors by Carter BloodCare, the largest independent blood program in Texas. HbA1c was measured in 14,850 donors 16–19 years old during school blood drives conducted between 1 September 2011 and 30 April 2012. All donors gave informed consent. The main study measures were the prevalence of HbA1c levels in the prediabetes range (5.7–6.4%; 39–46 mmol/mol) and in the diabetes range (≥6.5%; ≥48 mmol/mol), with further stratification by sex, race/ethnicity, and sociodemographic characteristics. The cohort included 48.7% girls, 54.7% whites, 3.5% blacks, 24.6% Hispanics, 2.3% Asians, and 15% participants of other/unknown race/ethnicity. Table 1 presents cohort characteristics stratified by HbA1c category. The HbA1c level was above the diabetes threshold in 94 donors (0.6%), and in the prediabetes range in 1,479 donors (10%). View this table: Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics and selected cardiovascular …
Premenstrual Distress, Anxiety, and Palpitations in a Dysphoric Woman

In the comments on this case, Drs. Gold and Mortola discuss the criteria for diagnosing and differentiating between premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), two disorders related to the menstrual cycle. It is important to point out that PMDD is the new DSM-IV term replacing DSM-III-R late luteal phase dysphoric disorder (U.PDD). PMDD will be included in the DSM-IV Appendix B: “Awaiting Further Research” and will also be classified as a type of Mood Disorder Not Otherwise Specified. Dr. Gold, Chairperson of the DSM-IV LLPDD Work Group and a member of the DSM-IV Task Force, refers to the disorder as PMDD In her discussion, while Dr. Mortola uses the term LLPDD. Reflecting the complex scientific debate that exists In this area, our two expert consultants disagree as to whether the diagnosis of a cyclical disorder related to the menstrual cycle can be made In the case under consideration.
The travel-times of the P- and S-Waves From Mexican earthquakes

A recent study of the larger world-shaking earthquakes since 1910 has led me to question the accuracy of many of the established Mexican epicenters. In particular, many of the epicenters of Mexican earthquakes given in the preliminary reports of the Jesuit Seismological Association and the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey seemed to be in error in such a way as to tend to place these quakes from one to three or four degrees too far to the south. Errors of this kind which are consistently in the same direction could easily arise through the combination of certain circumstances, two of which seem to apply heres (1) Errors in the (S-P) tables, and (2) the grouping of all stations upon which determinations are based on the same side of the disturbance.
The Relationship of the Nutritive State of the Prey Organism Paramecium aurelia to the Growth and Encystment of Didinium nasutum

SYNOPSIS. Only well fed Paramecium aurelia, grown either monoflorally or on a mixture of 2 species of bacteria, are adequate to maintain optimal fission rates and encystment rates for Didinium nasutum. Progressive starvation of paramecia prior to their being fed to didinia leads to decreased fission rates, the appearance of abnormal cells and a loss of ability to encyst by the didinia. This depression can be fully overcome by allowing the didinia to feed again upon well nourished paramecia. A minimum of 45 well-fed paramecia is required daily for each Didinium if maximal fission rates are to be maintained. Encystment and fission appear to be mutually exclusive processes, but encystment rates are related to fission rates and seem to be exclusive of the density of the didinial culture.
On Hierarchical Re-ordering and Permutation Parsing for Phrase-based Decoding

The addition of a deterministic permutation parser can provide valuable hierarchical information to a phrase-based statistical machine translation (PBSMT) system. Permutation parsers have been used to implement hierarchical re-ordering models (Galley and Manning, 2008) and to enforce inversion transduction grammar (ITG) constraints (Feng et al., 2010). We present a number of theoretical results regarding the use of permutation parsers in PBSMT. In particular, we show that an existing ITG constraint (Zens et al., 2004) does not prevent all non-ITG permutations, and we demonstrate that the hierarchical reordering model can produce analyses during decoding that are inconsistent with analyses made during training. Experimentally, we verify the utility of hierarchical re-ordering, and compare several theoretically-motivated variants in terms of both translation quality and the syntactic complexity of their output.
Perturbing and evaluating numerical programs without recompilation: the wonglediff way

Wonglediff is a program that tests the sensitivity of arbitrary program executables or processes to changes that are introduced by a process that runs in parallel. On Unix and Linux kernels, wonglediff creates a supervisor process that runs applications and on the fly, introduces desired changes to their process state. When execution terminates, it then summarizes the resulting changes in the output files. The technique employed has a variety of uses. This paper describes an implementation of wonglediff that checks the sensitivity of programs to random changes in the floating-point rounding modes. It runs a program several times, 'wongling' it each time: randomly toggling the IEEE-754 rounding mode of the program as it executes. By comparing the resulting output, one gets a poor man's numerical stability analysis for the program. Although the analysis does not give any kind of guarantee about a program's stability, it can reveal genuine instability, and it does serve as a particularly useful and revealing idiot light. In our implementation, differences among the output files from the program's multiple runs are summarized in a report. This report is in fact an HTML version of the output file, with inline mark-up summarizing individual differences among the multiple instances. When viewed with a browser, the differences can be highlighted or rendered in many different ways.
Theorizing Interactivity's Effects

Noting that interactivity is often defined but seldom theorized in the literature, this article provides some pointers for developing theories about effects of interactivity, particularly as it applies to Web-based mass communication. It first makes the case that interactivity is an attribute of the technology and not that of the user. It exposes the tautology of studying the effects of perceived interactivity and calls for the consideration of ontological aspects that constitute interactivity while specifying its social and psychological effects. Theoretical explorations may be categorized in terms of three classes of outcome measures—behavioral, attitudinal, and cognitive—as we investigate the role played by interactivity in initiating action, changing attitudes, and altering the nature of information processing. These would result in theories about technology rather than psychology in that they help us specify direct and combination effects of interactivity, modality, navigability, and other technologi...
Picosecond optical limiting in reverse saturable absorbers: a theoretical and experimental study

We theoretically and experimentally study absorption of picosecond laser pulses in materials described by a four-level system that exhibit reverse saturable absorption (RSA). Using an approximate solution to the rate equations, we derive, analyze, and verify, numerically and experimentally, a single dynamical equation for the spatial evolution of the pulse fluence that includes both the rate equations and the propagation equation. This analytical approach considerably simplifies the study of optical limiting with picosecond pulses and helps to predict the behavior of the nonlinear transmittance, the level of output signal clamping, and a possible turnover from RSA to saturable absorption that restricts the performance of optical limiters based on RSA. The results obtained can also be used to characterize RSA materials by the pump–probe technique.
The Gene for Schnyder's Crystalline Corneal Dystrophy Maps to Human Chromosome 1p34.1–p36

Schnyder's crystalline corneal dystrophy (SCCD) is an autosomal dominant eye disease characterized by a bilateral clouding of the central cornea, arcus lipoides and/or visible crystalline deposits of cholesterol in the stroma. There is accumulation of phospholipid, unesterified cholesterol and cholesterol ester in the corneal stroma; this is believed to be due to an imbalance in the local factors affecting lipid/cholesterol transport or metabolism. The cellular mechanism of abnormal lipid transport and metabolism in SCCD is of interest due to its potential involvement in atherosclerosis, and its implications for the pathogenesis of cerebrovascular, coronary and peripheral vascular disease as well as corneal opacification. To determine the chromosomal location of the SCCD locus, genome-wide linkage analysis has been performed in two large Swede-Finn kindreds recently identified in central Massachusetts. After analysing 300 microsatellite markers > 90% of the genome was excluded from linkage to the SCCD locus. We now report the chromosomal assignment of the gene for SCCD in both families to be 1p34.1-p36; the maximum multipoint lod-score was 8.48 in the interval between D1S214 and D1S503. From haplotype analysis, the SCCD locus lies in the 16 cM interval between markers D1S2663 and D1S228. Several candidate genes for SCCD have been localized to the 1p34.1-p36 interval.
Competition and Structure in Serial Supply Chains with Deterministic Demand

Supply chains often consist of several tiers, with different numbers of firms competing at each tier. A major determinant of the structure of supply chains is the cost structure associated with the underlying manufacturing process. In this paper, we examine the impact of fixed and variable costs on the structure and competitiveness of supply chains with a serial structure and price-sensitive linear deterministic demand. The entry stage is modeled as a simultaneous game, where the players take the outcomes of the subsequent post-entry Cournot competition into account in making their entry decisions. We derive expressions for prices and production quantities as functions of the number of entrants at each tier of a multitier chain. We characterize viability and stability of supply-chain structures and show, using lattice arguments, that there is always an equilibrium structure in pure strategies in the entry game. Finally, we examine the effects of vertical integration in the two-tier case. Altogether, the paper provides a framework for comparing a variety of supply-chain structures and for studying how they are affected by cost structures and by the number of entrants throughout the chain.
DIAGNOSIS OF FETAL RENAL ANOMALIES

Fetal urinary tract anomalies are common in the general obstetric population. The incidence of neonatal hydronephrosis ranges from 1 in 200 to 1 in 1000 live births. Furthermore, hydronephrosis is the most common cause of an abdominal mass in the neonate. 40 Renal anomalies include a range of anatomic abnormalities with a wide spectrum of severity. This variation creates challenge and often dilemma in the diagnosis, prognostication, and treatment of fetal renal anomalies. Advances in prenatal diagnosis in the last 2 decades have improved the ability to detect, characterize, and treat renal anomalies. Although newer diagnostic tests such as fetal urinary chemical analysis, genetic mapping, and Doppler flow studies have been added to the diagnostic armamentarium, fetal sonography remains the most important antenatal diagnostic tool. This article reviews the most common renal and urinary tract anomalies grouped anatomically, with diagnostic schemes proposed for each.
Method for determining RNA 3' ends and application to human telomerase RNA.

Note: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, 80309-0215, USA. Reference UPLIN-ARTICLE-1996-001doi:10.1093/nar/24.3.532 Record created on 2007-11-20, modified on 2017-05-12
Neighborhood Choices: Section 8 Housing Vouchers and Residential Mobility

In their new book, Neighborhood Choices: Section 8 Housing Vouchers and Residential Mobility, Varady and Walker argue that neighborhood mobility can be achieved in the regular Section 8 voucher pro...
Recent trends in child restraint practices in the United States

Objective . To assess the success of recent outreach activities to promote appropriate child restraint in motor vehicles by examining trends in restraint types used by children under age 9 in 3 large regions of the United States. Methods . Cross-sectional study was conducted of children who were under age 9 and in crashes of insured vehicles in 15 states, with data collected via insurance claims records and a telephone survey. A probability sample of 8730 crashes involving 10 195 children, representing 128 291 crashes involving 149 820 children, was collected between December 1, 1998, and November 30, 2002. Parent report was used to determine restraint type used in the crash. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the secular trend of restraint type use. Results . Overall, for children under age 9, seat belt use decreased significantly from 49% to 36% between 1998 and 2002; for 7- and 8-year-olds, from 97% to 92%; and for 3- to 6-year-olds, from 63% to 34%. Concurrently, gains were achieved in overall child restraint use from 49% to 63%, for 7- and 8-year-olds, from 2% to 5%; and for 3- to 6-year-olds, from 35% to 65%. Child restraint use remains stable for children from birth to 2 years of age (from 97% in 1998 to 98% in 2002). Both the use of child safety seat and belt positioning booster seat increased significantly, whereas shield booster seat use decreased significantly. Conclusion . Although considerable achievements have been realized over a short period of time, substantial inappropriate restraint still remains: 62% of children aged 4 to 8 remain inappropriately restrained in adult seat belts. Parents hear safety messages when they are relevant to their children. As a result, sustained efforts about appropriate restraint must continue to maintain and improve the gains achieved in appropriate child restraint use. The additional benefits realized by recent changes in child restraint laws remain to be evaluated.
Interocclusal registration at the vertical dimension of occlusion using acrylic resin copings

Abstract A technique for recording the maxillomandibular relationship at the vertical dimension of occlusion with Duralay resin copings and Duralay as a recording medium has been described.
Quadrupole distortions of the heliospheric current sheet in 1976 and 1977

Latitudinal variations in the position of the heliospheric current sheet were investigated using interplanetary measurements from Helios A, Helios B, IMP 8, and white light corona measurements in the period May 1976 to May 1977. The latitude of the heliospheric current sheet between 0.3 AU and I AU is consistent with that of the maximum brightness curve of white light polarization brightness at 1.75 solar radii within approximately + or - 7 deg. The combined data sets show that the four-sector magnetic sector pattern observed in the ecliptic plane for most of this epoch could be attributed to a warped current sheet whose shape near the sun resembles a saddle surface that is nearly symmetrical about the equatorial plane. The latitudinal extent of the current sheet is on the average 8 deg and the maximum extent is 15 deg (except on one rotation, when it is 20 deg). These results can be interpreted as a consequence of the solar magnetic field, the dominant components of the field being due to a dipole nearly aligned with the sun's spin axis and a quadrupole component whose strength is about 17 percent of the dipole.
Philosophical Reflections and Syntheses

Other volumes in this series cover the contributions of Eugene Wigner, the Scientist and the Statesman; the present volume is devoted to the contributions of the Natural Philosopher that place him in a lineage starting in the 17th century, gaining legitimacy in the Enlightenment, and leading through the general methodology of the Positivist School. The tenets of the latter could still be maintained during his early formative years: “... The first physics book I read said: ‘Atoms and molecules may exist, but this is irrelevant from the point of view of physics’; and this was entirely correct — at that time physics dealt only with macroscopic phenomena and Brownian motion was sort of a miracle” [1].
What a difference a hydroxyl makes: mutant IDH, (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate, and cancer

Mutations in metabolic enzymes, including isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and IDH2, in cancer strongly implicate altered metabolism in tumorigenesis. IDH1 and IDH2 catalyze the interconversion of isocitrate and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG). 2OG is a TCA cycle intermediate and an essential cofactor for many enzymes, including JmjC domain-containing histone demethylases, TET 5-methylcytosine hydroxylases, and EglN prolyl-4-hydroxylases. Cancer-associated IDH mutations alter the enzymes such that they reduce 2OG to the structurally similar metabolite (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate [(R)-2HG]. Here we review what is known about the molecular mechanisms of transformation by mutant IDH and discuss their implications for the development of targeted therapies to treat IDH mutant malignancies.
Luminescence dating of early mounds in Northeast Louisiana

Abstract Direct dating of the construction of ancient earthworks in eastern North America is needed to resolve the ambiguity surrounding more indirect methods such as radiocarbon. Sediment dating by luminescence can potentially fill this need. Luminescence dating of buried surface sediments from earthworks at two sites in northeastern Louisiana show that the mound and/or ridge sediments were not well exposed to light at the time of their construction or occupation. Nevertheless the structure of the luminescence data allows an evaluation of the age of construction at both sites and demonstrates that earthwork building occurred much earlier than was previously believed.
Neurotoxic effects of cadmium in young rats.

Abstract This study examined the effects of cadmium on the brain of male, Sprague-Dawley rats of different ages. Cadmium was more toxic in 4-day-old than in adult rats, thus 2 and 4 mg/kg were given sc to the younger rats and 4 and 6 mg/kg to the older rats. The lower doses resulted in no mortality and the higher dose about 10% mortality in both groups. Four days after a sc injection of cadmium chloride (4 mg Cd/kg) to 4-day-old rats, lesions were evident in the corpus callosum, caudate-putamen, and cerebellum, while 2 mg/kg of cadmium produced only slight cerebellar damage. Nineteen days after injection of 4 mg Cd/kg to 4-day-old rats, a large cystic cavity was evident where the corpus callosum is normally located. In contrast, cadmium did not produce any observable brain damage in adult rats at 4 or 6 mg/kg, either 4 or 19 days after injection. Eighteen days after treatment, hyperactivity was evident in newborn rats exposed to 4 mg/kg of cadmium, but not in newborn rats exposed to 2 mg/kg of cadmium or in adult rats treated with 4 or 6 mg/kg of cadmium. Thus, cadmium at a dose that produces only a few deaths is toxic to the brain of newborn rats, as evident by hyperactivity and lesions.
Second-Wave White Teacher Identity Studies A Review of White Teacher Identity Literatures From 2004 Through 2014

In this study of White teacher identity literatures, we historicize, define, and advance second-wave White teacher identity studies in education research and teacher education. First, we provide a discussion of methodology used to conduct this study called the synoptic text. Second, we provide an historical account of White teacher identity studies that situates our review of literatures. Third, using the methodology of the synoptic text, we provide a systematic review of White teacher identity studies between 2004 and 2014. Situated within an account of a developing field, we develop the notion of second-wave White teacher identity studies. In our discussion and conclusion, we articulate the pedagogical implications of second-wave White teacher identity studies for education research and teacher education.
Abstract B11: Socioeconomic analysis of patients referred for Phase I clinical trials at a dedicated Phase I clinic in a comprehensive cancer center

Introduction: Cancer is a leading cause of death in United States. Once standard effective therapies are exhausted, or in the absence of approved successful therapeutic options, patients with terminal cancer are offered best supportive care or enrollment on early clinical trials. The enrollment on clinical trials has been demonstrated to be affected by racial and socioeconomic variables . Little is known about how such variables affect the pattern of referral of patients to Phase I clinical trials. Methods: During the fiscal year 2005, the first year of operation of the Phase I Clinic at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), we analyzed variables of referred patient9s such as age, sex, marital status, race, religion, and health insurance status, and geographic home location. We compared these variables with those of the whole patient population at the MDACC. This study was approved by the IRB. We hypothesized that there were no significant demographic difference between the patients referred to the Phase I Clinic and the overall MDACC population. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS statistical software and Chi square statistical test was two-sided and the level of statistical significance is 0.05. Results: During the study period, 363 patients were referred to the Phase I Clinic, while about 65,000 patients were served at MDACC. We found that there was no statistically significant differences between patients referred to the clinic and the overall MDACC patient population based on sex, age, or home geography (p> 0.05) (Table). For race, African Americans represented 8.3% of the patients referred for Phase I trials vs 7.0% of the overall MDACC population (p = 0.37). For religion, the only significant difference was in the proportion of people who did not specify their religion (30.3% vs 14.3%; Phase I Clinic vs overall MDACC) (P Conclusions: The preliminary data suggest that patients who are married are more likely to be referred than those that are single. and self-pay patients are less likely to be referred to our Phase I Clinic. Sex, age, and race are well represented in our Phase I Clinic population, and these variables do not appear to be a barrier to referral for early clinical trials at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center.