cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phase relations of Fe Ni alloys at high pressure and temperature

Abstract Using a diamond anvil cell and double-sided laser-heating coupled with synchrotron X-ray diffraction, we determined phase relations for three compositions of Fe-rich FeNi alloys in situ at high pressure and high temperature. We studied Fe with 5, 15, and 20 wt.% Ni to 55, 62, and 72 GPa, respectively, at temperatures up to ∼3000 K. Ni stabilizes the face-centered cubic phase to lower temperatures and higher pressure, and this effect increases with increasing pressure. Extrapolation of our experimental results for Fe with 15 wt.% Ni suggests that the stable phase at inner core conditions is hexagonal close packed, although if the temperature at the inner core boundary is higher than ∼6400 K, a two phase outer region may also exist. Comparison to previous laser-heated diamond anvil cell studies demonstrates the importance of kinetics even at high temperatures.
Corticotropin-releasing factor is preferentially colocalized with excitatory rather than inhibitory amino acids in axon terminals in the peri-locus coeruleus region

Corticotropin-releasing factor(CRF)-immunoreactive terminals form synaptic specializations with locus coeruleus (LC) dendrites in rat brain. Within these terminals, CRF-immunoreactive dense core vesicles are colocalized with non-labeled dense core vesicles and clear vesicles, implicating other neuromodulators in the actions of CRF on LC neurons. Excitatory (glutamate) and inhibitory (GABA) amino acid afferents to the LC, have been identified which regulate noradrenergic responses to sensory stimuli. This study was designed to determine whether these amino acid neurotransmitters are colocalized with CRF in terminals within the LC/peri-LC region in the rat. Sections through the LC region that were dually labeled using immunohistochemical techniques to visualize either CRF and glutamate or CRF and GABA were examined using electron microscopy. Numerous terminals that contained immunolabeling for both CRF and glutamate (e.g. 30% of 106 CRF-immunoreactive terminals and 13% of 232 glutamate-immunolabeled terminals) were observed in the peri-LC. Additionally, single labeled CRF and glutamate terminals were often apposed to one another or found to converge on common dendritic targets. In contrast, relatively few terminals exhibited immunolabeling for both GABA and CRF (5% of 317 CRF-immunoreactive terminals). However, evidence for a postsynaptic effect of CRF on GABA-containing profiles included synapses between CRF axon terminals and GABA-labeled dendrites (10% of 317 CRF-labeled terminals), as well as appositions between CRF- and GABA-labeled terminals. These results indicate that CRF is preferentially colocalized with glutamate in the rostrolateral LC region and may impact on glutamate neurotransmission in the LC via presynaptic or postsynaptic actions. They argue against colocalization of CRF with GABA, although CRF may modulate GABA release via postsynaptic effects in the peri-LC region.
The Betti reciprocity principle and the normal boundary component control problem for linear elastic systems

The background for this article is the question of modification of the geometric configuration of an elastic structure by means of "volume" type actuation. In this actuation mode stresses are applied to the elastic body by injection/extraction of a fluid into, or from, a large number of vacuoles in the elastic "matrix" material. Previous articles by the author, and others, have examined this process and studied its effectiveness in the context of a "naive" continuous model. The present paper continues along these lines, exploring "normal boundary component controllability" criterion for determining achievable configurations for the controlled system in the two-dimensional case. Connections with conformal mapping lead to affirmative results for approximate controllability in this sense and Fourier series techniques provide exact controllability results for the case wherein the domain of the uncontrolled system is a two-dimensional disk.
Melody recognition revisited: influence of melodic Gestalt on the encoding of relational pitch information

Melody recognition entails the encoding of pitch intervals between successive notes. While it has been shown that a whole melodic sequence is better encoded than the sum of its constituent intervals, the underlying reasons have remained opaque. Here, we compared listeners' accuracy in encoding the relative pitch distance between two notes (for example, C, E) of an interval to listeners accuracy under the following three modifications: (1) doubling the duration of each note (C - E -), (2) repetition of each note (C, C, E, E), and (3) adding a preceding note (G, C, E). Repeating (2) or adding an extra note (3) improved encoding of relative pitch distance when the melodic sequences were transposed to other keys, but lengthening the duration (1) did not improve encoding relative to the standard two-note interval sequences. Crucially, encoding accuracy was higher with the four-note sequences than with long two-note sequences despite the fact that sensory (pitch) information was held constant. We interpret the results to show that re-forming the Gestalts of two-note intervals into two-note "melodies" results in more accurate encoding of relational pitch information due to a richer structural context in which to embed the interval.
USGS 1-min Dst index

Abstract We produce a 1-min time resolution storm-time disturbance index, the USGS Dst, called Dst8507-4SM. This index is based on minute resolution horizontal magnetic field intensity from low-latitude observatories in Honolulu, Kakioka, San Juan and Hermanus, for the years 1985–2007. The method used to produce the index uses a combination of time- and frequency-domain techniques, which more clearly identifies and excises solar-quiet variation from the horizontal intensity time series of an individual station than the strictly time-domain method used in the Kyoto Dst index. The USGS 1-min Dst is compared against the Kyoto Dst, Kyoto Sym-H, and the USGS 1-h Dst (Dst5807-4SH). In a time series comparison, Sym-H is found to produce more extreme values during both sudden impulses and main phase maximum deviation, possibly due to the latitude of its contributing observatories. Both Kyoto indices are shown to have a peak in their distributions below zero, while the USGS indices have a peak near zero. The USGS 1-min Dst is shown to have the higher time resolution benefits of Sym-H, while using the more typical low-latitude observatories of Kyoto Dst.
Characteristics of Graded and Ungraded Compositions.

positions? Do we want students to activate their knowledge of grammar in order to produce error-free compositions? Do we want them to concentrate on producing sentences that will most effectively convey their ideas? Do we want them to focus their attention on both grammar and meaning? Or do we have in mind more general objectives such as clarity of expression, organization, and content? Traditionally, foreign language teachers have assigned compositions at the end of grammarbased chapters as a means of testing their students' ability to utilize recently learned grammar to prepare an error-free product. They read the compositions and marked the errors. They then returned the graded papers to the students, either hoping that they would study the corrections in order to eliminate those errors
Delivery of a normal infant following cisplatin, vinblastine, and bleomycin (PVB) chemotherapy for malignant teratoma of the ovary during pregnancy

Pregnancy complicated by an immature teratoma is rare, with a reported incidence of 0.07%. A case report of a grade 3 immature teratoma measuring 18 x 20 cm, with operative intraabdominal rupture (FIGO stage IC), is reported. The poor prognosis of malignant germ cell tumors treated by surgery alone seems to indicate a need for adjunctive chemotherapy. One course of multiagent chemotherapy consisting of cisplatin, vinblastine, and bleomycin (PVB) was initiated during the midtrimester. After an uncomplicated vaginal delivery at term of a normal infant, the planned regimen of chemotherapy was resumed. Subsequent "second-look" laparotomy was negative for malignant disease. The actual risk of PVB chemotherapy in pregnancy cannot be assessed by a single case report. The delivery of a normal infant is encouraging.
Reduction of the error in eccentric beam modelling

The usual linear shape function for approximating axial displacement in beam finite elements used as eccentric stiffeners leads to an inconsistency which can result in large errors in the deflection of plates or composite beams. The introduction of an additional degree-of-freedom for these elements circumvents this problem.
THE EMERGENCE OF MIGRATION THEORY AND A SUGGESTED NEW DIRECTION

Abstract. The literature on internal labour migration is surveyed using a fourfold taxonomic scheme. The potential migrant, as presented in the existing literature, can be viewed as a supplier of labour, an investor in human capital and a consumer of regional amenities such as public goods. The paper develops a fourth approach which treats the household, rather than the individual, as the migrating unit and which views the potential migrant as a producer of home produced commodities. The continuities as well as the contrasts between the four approaches are discussed in the paper.
Cytoplasmic Molecular Delivery with Shock Waves:Importance of Impulse

Cell permeabilization using shock waves may be a way of introducing macromolecules and small polar molecules into the cytoplasm, and may have applications in gene therapy and anticancer drug delivery. The pressure profile of a shock wave indicates its energy content, and shock-wave propagation in tissue is associated with cellular displacement, leading to the development of cell deformation. In the present study, three different shock-wave sources were investigated; argon fluoride excimer laser, ruby laser, and shock tube. The duration of the pressure pulse of the shock tube was 100 times longer than the lasers. The uptake of two fluorophores, calcein (molecular weight: 622) and fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (molecular weight: 71,600), into HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells was investigated. The intracellular fluorescence was measured by a spectrofluorometer, and the cells were examined by confocal fluorescence microscopy. A single shock wave generated by the shock tube delivered both fluorophores into approximately 50% of the cells (p 0.95. Confocal microscopy showed that, in the case of calcein, there was a uniform fluorescence throughout the cell, whereas, in the case of FITC-dextran, the fluorescence was sometimes in the nucleus and at other times not. We conclude that the impulse of the shock wave (i.e., the pressure integrated over time), rather than the peak pressure, was a dominant factor for causing fluorophore uptake into living cells, and that shock waves might have changed the permeability of the nuclear membrane and transferred molecules directly into the nucleus.
Empirical evaluation of NAND flash memory performance

Reports of NAND ash device testing in the literature have for the most part been limited to examination of circuit-level parameters on raw ash chips or prototypes, and system-level parameters on entire storage subsystems. However, there has been little examination of system-level parameters of raw devices, such as mean latency and endurance values. We report the results of such tests on a variety of devices. Read, program, and erase latency were found to align closely with manufacturer's specified \typical" values in almost all cases. Program/erase endurance, however, was found to exceed specified minimum values, often by as much as a factor of 100. In addition significant performance changes were found with wear. These changes may be used to track wear, and in addition have significant implications for system performance over the lifespan of a device. Finally, random write patterns which incur performance penalties on current ash-based memory systems were found to incur no overhead on the devices themselves.
High-performance modulation-doped GaAs integrated circuits with planar structures

A planar process of using proton isolation for modulationdoped GaAs/GaAlAs integrated circuits is presented. Devices with very low contact resistance (~ 5 × 10?7 ? cm2) and very high transconductance (~ 210 ms/mm) have been achieved. DCFL ring oscillators with 10 ?m switching FETs have been operated at ? = 36.6 ps at room temperature and 27.3 ps at 77 K. The lowest speed-power product is 2.43 fJ per gate.
Satellite remote sensing methods for estimating clear Sky shortwave Top of atmosphere fluxes used for aerosol studies over the global oceans

Abstract The difference between the top of atmosphere shortwave clear sky (cloud and aerosol free, SWCLR) and aerosol sky radiative fluxes is known as direct radiative effect (DRE) for all aerosols or Direct Climate Forcing (DCF) for anthropogenic aerosols. There are several methods for calculating SWCLR including satellite-based methods and radiative transfer approaches. Since uncertainties in SWCLR can propagate into errors in DRE or DCF, we assess the SWCLR estimates over the global oceans using three approaches and quantify the differences among these methods both as a function of space and season. Our results indicate that the more commonly used intercept (73.4 ± 3.6) and radiative transfer methods (74.7 ± 4.0 Wm− 2) are in close agreement to within ± 1.3 Wm− 2. Values of SWCLR are provided as a function of space and season that can be used by other studies that require such values or as a source of validation. We further recommend that research studies report the methods and assumptions used to estimate SWCLR to facilitate easier intercomparisons among methods.
Predictors of outcome in patients undergoing postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for testicular cancer

BACKGROUND The management of metastatic nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCT) frequently consists of systemic chemotherapy followed by retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (PC-RPLND). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the authors' PC-RPLND experience and identify predictors of outcome in these patients. METHODS Between 1980 and 2003, 236 patients with clinical Stage IIA-III NSGCT underwent PC-RPLND. Their medical records were retrospectively reviewed for pertinent clinical and treatment-related outcomes. The 5-year disease-specific and recurrence-free survival was 85% and 75%, respectively, with the median length of follow-up after RPLND 45 months (6–250 months). RESULTS The median age of patients at diagnosis was 28 years, with all patients receiving systemic chemotherapy (median of 5 cycles) before RPLND. On multivariate analysis, predictors of poorer disease-specific survival (DSS) included systemic symptoms at presentation (P = .05), elevated pre-RPLND serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP, P = .006) and β-human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG, P = .004), postoperative complications (P = .03), and recurrence (P 9 ng/mL and HCG > 4.1 mIU/mL were found to predict a worse DSS (P = .03 and .03, respectively). CONCLUSIONS In patients undergoing PC-RPLND, preoperative tumor markers and the occurrence of postoperative complications or recurrence are predictive of poorer DSS. Advanced clinical stage and viable tumor in the surgical specimen predict worse RFS. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Infrared Modeling Of Battlefields And Armored Vehicles

The Air Force Armament Laboratory (AFATL) is currently involved in programs to develop increased capability against massed armor threats. The requirement for small air-to-sur-face anti-armor weapons capable of detecting targets in a high clutter background is recognized by Air Force exploratory development agencies. This paper describes the effort now under way to evaluate the performance of candidate infrared seekers against armor targets in various backgrounds. To this end, a target/background model is being built using measurements made of tactical targets and backgrounds under a variety of conditions. An in-frared scene, generated by the model, will be presented to candidate seekers which will exercise target detection and tracking algorithms as scene range and aspect angle change according to a flight dynamics model. The philosophy of generating realistic infrared scenes from measured data will be discussed as well as techniques required to represent armor targets.
Optimal packings of up to six equal circles on a triangular flat torus

For each n between 1 and 6, we prove that a certain arrangement of n equal circles is the unique optimally dense packing on a standard triangular flat torus (the quotient of the plane by the lattice generated by two unit vectors with a 60◦ angle). The packings of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 circles are based on either a toroidal triangular close packing or a toroidal triangular close packing with one circle removed. The packing of 5 circles is irregular. This proves two cases of a conjecture stronger than L. Fejes Toth’s conjecture about the strong solidity of the triangular close packing on the plane.
Sexual fantasies among married males: An analysis of sexual satisfaction, situational contexts, and functions (1)

The purposes of this empirical study were to determine the relationship, if any, between sexual fantasies and sexual satisfaction as well as the functions of sexual fantasies for married males. From a structural‐functionalism perspective, a questionnaire was developed and pretested for this exploratory study of sexual fantasies. An anonymous questionnaire was administered to 840 undergraduate and graduate student volunteers at a midwestern commuter university. These analyses are restricted to a subsample of 127 married males contained in the original sample. While many authorities have argued that engaging in sexual fantasies may be undesirable, the findings in this study do not support that conclusion.
Propagation and Breaking of Nonlinear Kelvin Waves

Abstract The evolution of nonlinear Kelvin waves is studied using analytical and numerical methods. In the absence of dispersive (nonhydrostatic) effects, such waves may evolve to braking. The authors find that one of the effects of rotation is to delay the onset of breaking in time by up to 60%, with respect to a comparable wave in de absence of rotation. This delay is consistent with qualitative conclusions based on transverse averaging of the evolution equations. Further, the onset of breaking occurs almost simultaneously over a zone of uniform phase that is normal to the boundary and extends over a distance comparable to the Rossby radius of deformation. In other words, the process of breaking embraces the most energetic area of the wave. In contrast to the linear Kelvin wave, the nonlinear wave develops a dipole structure in the cross-shelf velocity, with a zero net offshore flow. With increasing nonlinearity the flow develops a stronger offshore jet ahead of the wave crest. The Kelvin wave amplitude...
ENHANCING THE INTERPRETATION OF X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON AND AUGER ELECTRON SPECTRA USING NUMERICAL METHODS

X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) have long been used as a surface analytical methods for the determination of composition and chemistry of the elements in a material. Peak overlap or subtle changes in chemistry may make the chemical state analysis of the elements in a material difficult. By using a variety of numerical methods, including linear least squares fitting and target factor analysis, it is possible to enhance the analysis and interpretation of surface analysis data
Debating China’s Economic Reform: New Leftists vs. Liberals

There have been heated debates on outcome and orientation of China’s economic reforms which started in the late 1970s. Though most of the previous studies on Chinese politics concentrate on the role of elites in policy-making, I argue that the intellectual discourse over policy have become increasingly salient in the post-Mao period. The paper focuses on the following research questions: How and under what circumstances did the New Left and liberals emerge in China? What are the major debates between the two? To what extent have the New Leftists and liberals affected the economic reforms and what change they might bring to the political climate?
Earnings management and market liquidity

The main purpose of this paper is to argue the extent that earnings management lowers disclosure quality. It should increase information asymmetry and impair trading liquidity. Using a large sample of NYSE firms from 1996 to 2001, we find evidence to suggest that firms which exhibit greater earnings management are associated with lower market liquidity. Our results are robust to both real and accounting based measures of earnings management and two well established measures of market liquidity. However, they are not consistent with the Easley et al. probability of informed trade measure.
Alternative value estimates of owner-occupied housing: Evidence on sample selection bias and systematic errors

Abstract Numerous econometric models have used various estimates of housing value as dependent variables. The three most common measures, in order of descending popularity, have been homeowner estimates, sales price, and assessed value. Each of these measures has limitations. The use of sales price can cause sample selection bias, while owner and tax assessor estimates are subject to measurement error. This study investigates the magnitude of the selection bias associated with sales price samples, and whether the errors in owner and assessor estimates are systematically related to independent variables typically included in estimated equations. Our most important conclusion is that the use of owner estimates may cause bias in the estimated coefficients on many independent variables.
Microfluidic chip for low-flow push-pull perfusion sampling in vivo with on-line analysis of amino acids

Multilayer soft lithography was used to prepare a poly(dimethylsiloxane) microfluidic chip that allows for in vivo sampling of amino acid neurotransmitters by low-flow push−pull perfusion. The chip incorporates a pneumatically actuated peristaltic pump to deliver artificial cerebrospinal fluid to a push−pull perfusion probe, pull sample from the probe, perform on-line derivatization with o-phthaldialdehyde, and push derivatized amino acids into the flow-gated injector of a high-speed capillary electrophoresis−laser-induced fluorescence instrument. Peristalsis was achieved by sequential actuation of six, 200 μm wide by 15 μm high control valves that drove fluid through three fluidic channels of equal dimensions. Electropherograms with 100 000 theoretical plates were acquired at ∼20-s intervals. Relative standard deviations of peak heights were 4% in vitro, and detection limits for the excitatory amino acids were ∼60 nM. For in vivo measurements, push−pull probes were implanted in the striatum of anesthetiz...
Rolling without Slip on a Transversely Isotropic Thermoelastic Half-space

Rolling without slip by a rigid cylinder on a transversely isotropic, coupled thermoelastic half-space at constant subcritical speed is studied. The cylinder is of infinite length, surface heat convection is neglected, and a dynamic steady state of plane strain is treated. The unmixed problem of traction applied to a translating surface strip is addressed first. A robust asymptotic form of the exact transform solution, valid when Fourier heat conduction dominates any thermal relaxation effect, is extracted, and inverted analytically. Use of material characterization and identification of parameters that vanish in the isotropic limit or are invariant under an isothermal–thermoelastic transformation result in compact full-field solutions. These expressions are used to construct analytical solutions that satisfy the mixed boundary value problem and auxiliary conditions of rolling contact. For the hexagonal material zinc, calculations are made for contact zone width and temperature increases near onset of zone yield.
Sleep related breathing disorders in older men: A search for underlying mechanisms ☆

Abstract —The incidence of sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBDs) associated with hemoglobin desaturation was determined by nocturnal polygraphic evaluations in 26 healthy men, aged 55–70 years. Sixteen subjects (62%) had abnormal rates of at least 12 episodes per hour of sleep: 8 had occlusive, and 8 had central apnea or hypopnea. During waking ten of 16 SRBD subjects and only one subject without SRBDs exhibited either an elevated nasopharyngeal airway resistance (n=4) or a reduced ventilatory response to hypercapnia (n=4) and/or hypoxia (n=3). However, these abnormalities were not related to the type or severity of SRBDs, and 6 subjects with SRBDs demonstrated no respiratory defect. We conclude that SRBDs have a very high incidence in older males and are not usually secondary to pulmonary cardiac, neurological, or behavioral disorders. Additionally, we hypothesize that abnormalities in ventilatory control or upper airway resistance contribute to SRBDs, but depression of brain stem reticular formation activity during sleep plays a primary role in these disorders. Factors related to both aging and SRBDs are reviewed. These include reduced chemoreceptor responses, altered steroid hormone metabolism, and use and metabolism of hypnotic drugs and alcohol.
Non-Ocular Circadian Oscillators and Photoreceptors Modulate Long Term Memory Formation in Aplysia:

In Aplysia californica, memory formation for long-term sensitization (LTS) and for a more complex type of associative learning, learning that food is inedible (LFI), is modulated by a circadian clock. For both types of learning, formation of long-term memory occurs during the day and significantly less during the night. Aplysia eyes contain a well-characterized circadian oscillator that is strongly coupled to the locomotor activity rhythm. Thus, the authors hypothesized that the ocular circadian oscillator was responsible for the circadian modulation of LFI and LTS. To test this hypothesis, they investigated whether the eyes were necessary for circadian modulation of LFI and LTS. Eyeless animals trained during the subjective day and tested 24 h later demonstrated robust long-term memory for both LFI and LTS, while eyeless animals trained and tested during the subjective night showed little or no memory for LFI or LTS. The amplitude of the rhythm of modulation in eyeless animals was similar to that of intact Aplysia, suggesting that extraocular circadian oscillators were mainly responsible for the circadian rhythms in long-term memory formation. Next, the authors investigated whether the eyes played a role in photic entrainment for circadian regulation of long-term memory formation. Eyeless animals were exposed to a reversed LD cycle for 7 days and then trained and tested for long-term memory using the LFI paradigm. Eyeless Aplysia formed significant long-term memory when trained during the projected shifted day but not during the projected shifted night. Thus, the extraocular circadian oscillator responsible for the rhythmic modulation of long-term memory formation can be entrained by extraocular photoreceptors.
A Model for Predicting Gastrostomy Tube Placement in Patients Undergoing Surgery for Upper Aerodigestive Tract Lesions

Importance Identifying high-risk patients in the preoperative period can allow physicians to optimize nutritional status early for better outcomes after head and neck cancer resections. Objective To develop a model to predict preoperatively the need for gastrostomy tube (G-tube) placement in patients undergoing surgery of the upper aerodigestive tract. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective medical record review included all adult patients diagnosed with head and neck cancers who underwent tumor resection from 2007 through 2012 at Wake Forest Baptist Health, a level 1 tertiary care center. Records were screened for patient demographics, tumor characteristics, surgical treatment type, and postoperative placement of G-tube. A total of 743 patients underwent resection of head and neck tumors. Of these, 203 were excluded for prior G-tube placement, prior head and neck resection, G-tube placement for chemoradiotherapy, and resection for solely nodal disease, leaving 540 patients for analysis. Main Outcomes and Measures Placement of postoperative G-tube. Results Of the 540 included patients, 23% required G-tube placement. The following variables were significant and independent predictors of G-tube placement: preoperative irradiation (odds ratio [OR], 4.1; 95% CI, 2.4-6.9; P P P P = .01), clinical node stage N1 vs N2 (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 0.8-3.3; P = .01), preoperative weight loss (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.2-3.2; P = .004), dysphagia (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.2-3.2; P = .005), reconstruction type (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.1-2.9; P = .02), and tumor stage (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1-2.9; P = .03). A predictive model was developed based on these variables. In the validation analysis, we found that the average predicted score for patients who received G-tubes was statistically different than the score for the patients who did not receive G-tubes ( P = .01). Conclusions and Relevance We present a validated and comprehensive model for preoperatively predicting the need for G-tube placement in patients undergoing surgery of the upper aerodigestive tract. Early enteral access in high-risk patients may prevent complications in postoperative healing and improve overall outcomes, including quality of life.
Effects of acute stress on forebrain 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism and pituitary adrenal function

Abstract Male rats were subjected to either of two types of stress, one hour horizontal oscillation or passive avoidance. The former stress appeared to inhibit 5-hydroxytryptamine turnover, but the severity of this stress may have prevented a true analysis of these results. To understand better the dynamics of the relationships between 5-HT systems and stress, male rats were paired according to equivalent spontaneous activity (curiosity), and were subjected to a more subtle stress of passive avoidance (one trial learning). This procedure consisted of determining how much time a rat would spend in a cage in which it had been shocked 24 hr previously. Pituitary-adrenal function was stimulated in rats who had learned this response, while non-learners exhibited no such change. In contrast forbrain 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism was reduced in learners and stimulated in non-learners. No conclusive explanations can at present be offered, but it does appear that this latter procedure may be useful in studying behavioral and chemical correlations of fear in rats. These studies also present further evidence of the complexity of the indolamine response to acute stress.
Wittgenstein and Scepticism Wittgenstein at Work: Method in the PHILOSOPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS

Books reviewed: Wittgenstein and Scepticism, Denis McManus (ed.). London & New York: Routledge, 2004. xi, 305 pp. $50 hb. Wittgenstein at Work: Method in the PHILOSOPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS, Erich Ammereller and Eugen Fischer (eds.). London & New York: Routledge, 2004. xxix, 263 pp. $50 hb. Reviewed by William H. Brenner, Old Dominion University Philosophy Department Old Dominion University Norfolk, VA 23529-0083, USA wbrenner@odu.edu
A two-process analysis of pattern masking

By comparing the masking effects of cosine gratings and uniform fields on spatially narrow-band test patterns, we obtain evidence that pattern masking is mediated by two stages of visual processing: an early process of point-wise luminance adaptation and a late process of spatial-frequency and orientation-selective filtering. The early (presumably receptoral) component of masking is not affected by the polarity (incremental or decremental) or spatial frequency of test patterns, and may either increase or decrease pattern sensitivity based on local light level. The late masking process is orientation and spatial-frequency dependent, implying a cortical origin. For this cortical process, we find competitive interaction between parallel ON and OFF visual mechanisms: on a bright bar of a mask, threshold shift is greater for decremental than incremental tests, and the opposite is true on a dark bar of the mask. We suggest that ON-OFF interactions in pattern masking serve to normalize the gain of ON and OFF mechanisms simultaneously in order to preserve the relative contrast in the image.
Neuronal GPCR Controls Innate Immunity by Regulating Noncanonical Unfolded Protein Response Genes

The unfolded protein response (UPR), which is activated when unfolded or misfolded proteins accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum, has been implicated in the normal physiology of immune defense and in several human diseases, including diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, and inflammatory disease. In this study, we found that the nervous system controlled the activity of a noncanonical UPR pathway required for innate immunity in Caenorhabditis elegans. OCTR-1, a putative octopamine G protein-coupled catecholamine receptor (GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor), functioned in sensory neurons designated ASH and ASI to actively suppress innate immune responses by down-regulating the expression of noncanonical UPR genes pqn/abu in nonneuronal tissues. Our findings suggest a molecular mechanism by which the nervous system may sense inflammatory responses and respond by controlling stress-response pathways at the organismal level.
Groundlevel concentration fluctuations from a buoyant and a non-buoyant source within a laboratory convectively mixed layer

Abstract With the use of mixed-layer scaling, the near-surface mean concentration and the concentration fluctuations at moderate distances downwind of a stack emitting a highly buoyant effluent are obtained and compared quantitatively with those from a non-buoyant source that is otherwise identical. The environment is a laboratory mixed layer in a state of free convection with mean wind simulated by towing the stack along a horizontal line. Although the buoyant effluent has a much smaller maximum mean groundlevel concentration occurring at a greater downwind distance than the non-buoyant effluent, the decay of mean concentration from that point downwind is found to be exceedingly slow in the buoyant case. The cumulative frequency distributions of sampled concentrations greater than zero for these same two cases are found to be log-normal in only a bimodal sense, with the weaker concentrations having a greater logarithmic range in amplitude than the stronger concentrations. The ratio of the root-mean-square (r.m.s.) concentration fluctuation to the mean concentration, in the central portion of the mean plume, is found to decay with downwind distance. Homogenization associated with both downstream and vertical mixing is believed responsible for the rapid decay observed.
An Investigation of Thermal Stratification in Horizontal Storage Tanks

The thermal behavior of a horizontal storage tank has been investigated numerically and experimentally. The purpose of this paper is to compare a simple, one-dimensional model to the measured temperature stratification in this horizontal tank. For the test conditions used in these experiments, axial temperature gradients were found to be negligible compared to vertical temperature gradients. 7 refs.
Local compositions and the square-well fluid

Many applied thermodynamic models are based on the local composition concept, that is, that the composition of neighboring molecules around a central molecule is different from the bulk fluid composition. In this paper we consider the rigorous calculation of local compositions for a model mixture of squarewell molecules via statistical mechanics using Monte Carlo simulations and integral equation theory. The results show that the currently available models do not correctly describe the density and composition dependence of the local structure.
Finite element analysis of temperature rise in metal cutting processes

Abstract The heat generation during metal cutting processes affects material’s properties and strongly influences the cutting forces and tool wear. Knowledge of the ways in which the cutting conditions, tool geometry and tool material effect the temperature distribution is essential for the study of thermal effects on tool life. A finite element based computational model is developed to determine the temperature distribution in a metal cutting process. The model is based on multi-dimensional steady state heat diffusion equation along with heat losses by convection film coefficients at the surfaces. The models for heat generations within primary and secondary zones, and in the rake face due to friction at the tool–chip interface are discussed and incorporated in the FEM model. Results are presented for the machining of high-speed carbon steel and for a range of cutting conditions.
The Long-Term Effects and Cost-Effectiveness of Success for All

Several renowned early interventions have compelling evidence of enduring achievement effects for at-risk children: Perry Preschool; the Abecedarian Project; and the Tennessee Class-Size Experiment...
Nonlinear modeling and control of a mechanically coupled variable resistance and squeeze pump for pressure regulation in microfluidics

The position of the laminar flow interface between parallel streams in a microfluidic network can be controlled by regulating the inlet pressure of the microfluidic device. To supply fluid from a reservoir of an arbitrary size, we developed a novel regulating mechanism separated from the fluid reservoir which employs a coupled variable resistance and squeeze pump in the fluid network. In this paper we present a nonlinear model of the dynamics of this mechanism. Analysis of the linearized dynamics shows why this mechanism has high bandwidth. We use the linearized model to design a linear controller and demonstrate its effectiveness for the full nonlinear dynamics in simulation.
Chondroid tumors of the larynx: computed tomography findings.

Abstract Purpose: Chondromas and chondrosarcomas of the larynx are rare cartilaginous tumors making up less than 1% of all laryngeal tumors. Patients typically present with symptoms of hoarseness, dysphagia, or dyspnea. The most common location in the larynx for these tumors is the cricoid cartilage. Radiographically, these lesions are typically hypodense, well-circumscribed masses containing mottled calcifications with smooth walls centered within the cartilage. Materials and Methods: We present 6 cases of chondroid tumors of the larynx. Results: One patient had a chondroma, 4 patients had low-grade chondrosarcomas, and 1 patient had an intermediate-grade chondrosarcoma. Two partial laryngeal resections and 4 total laryngectomies were performed. Conclusions: In most cases of chondroma or chondrosarcoma of the larynx, conservative surgery should be attempted, but total laryngectomy may be required for large or recurrent lesions.
Algebraic structure of broken supersymmetry

Abstract The algebraic structure of a certain class of broken supersymmetry theories is found to be quite similar to that of Yang-Mills theories spontaneously broken by a Higgs mechanism. Certain peculiar features arising in the case of broken supersymmetry can be traced to the field dependence of the local gauge algebra.
Simple Demonstration of Vapor Pressure Lowering

A simple, qualitative demonstration of the vapor pressure lowering of aqueous solutions is presented. The demonstration consists of comparing two liquids, deionized water and a salt solution, in closed, glass containers. The difference in the degree of condensation inside of the two containers illustrates the difference in the vapor pressures of the two systems.
Los Alamos National Laboratory ion implantation program with General Motors and the University of Wisconsin

The Plasma Source Ion Implantation (PSII) collaboration is described. Its principal objective is to develop the PSII process, invented at the University of Wisconsin, on a large-scale for practical use in the automotive industry. The process achieves ion implantation for surface modification at higher implantation currents than conventional methods by biasing a target part immersed in a low temperature plasma to high negative voltage. Automotive applications being explored involve hardening of tool dies and automotive power train components.
A Drug-Delivery Probe with an In-Line Flowmeter Based on Trench Refill and Chemical Mechanical Polishing Techniques

A thermal microflowmeter has been integrated into a bulk micromachined recording probe to monitor drug delivery in the central nervous system at the cellular level Based on trench refill and chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) processes, the drug delivery probe achieves a 50 mum2 cross-sectional area and partial or all dielectric channel sidewalls. The flowmeter uses an arsenic-doped polysilicon heater/sensor supported on a dielectric membrane over the flow channel. Efficiencies of 27.2degC/mW are achieved. At input powers of 0.1 mW and 0.2 mW, the flowmeter can detect volumetric flows of 280 pL/sec and 160 pL/sec for a channel cross-section of 50 mum2, corresponding to flow velocities of 5.6 mm/sec and 3.2 mm/sec, respectively.
Comment on Optimal Treatment for Resistant Hypertension: The Missing Data on Pulse Wave Velocity

In Hypertension (October), Egan et al1 provide a new definition of treatment-resistant hypertension and compare treatment with ≤2 versus ≥3 classes of antihypertensive agents for uncontrolled and controlled hypertensive individuals. We focus on the uncontrolled group in which blood pressure (BP) was lower with fewer drugs. Diastolic BP and systolic BP were higher for the ≥3 (systolic BP=152.1; diastolic BP=83.7) than for the ≤2 drug group (systolic BP=149.0; diastolic BP=86.3; n=102 951 in 2 large samples: n=44 686; n=102 951). Egan …
Synthesizing interconnect-efficient low density parity check codes

Error correcting codes are widely used in communication and storage applications. Codec complexity has usually been measured with a software implementation in mind. A recent hardware implementation of a Low Density Parity Check code (LDPC) indicates that interconnect complexity dominates the VLSI cost. We describe a heuristic interconnect-aware synthesis algorithm which generates LDPC codes that use an order of magnitude less wiring with little or no loss of coding efficiency.
A heuristic search approach for solving multiobjective non-order-preserving path selection problems

We consider the problem of routing a vehicle making multiple intermediate stops, assuming a non-order-preserving, multiattribute reward structure. Sub-paths of optimal paths may not be optimal for such a reward structure, which may result from routing a pick-up and delivery vehicle carrying hazardous materials that is routed on the basis of minimizing cost and risk. We assume that a priori bounds exist on the rewards from the vehicle's current position to each of the intermediate destinations and to the depot through all the intermediate destinations that have yet to be visited. Precise calculations of these rewards would require additional computational effort. Two heuristic search algorithms, BU* and DU*, are developed and analyzed. Both algorithms satisfy termination, completeness, and admissibility properties. Results indicate that BU* is guaranteed to perform no worse given better heuristic information, a guarantee that cannot be made for DU*. Computational requirements are illustrated through examples based on a real network in northeast Ohio.
Doctor of nursing practice by 2015: an examination of nursing schools' decisions to offer a doctor of nursing practice degree.

Abstract Objectives The American Association of Colleges of Nursing recommends that nursing schools transition their advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) programs to doctor of nursing practice (DNP) programs by 2015. However, most schools have not yet made this full transition. The purpose of this study was to understand schools' decisions regarding the full transition to the DNP. Methods Key informant interviews and an online survey of nursing school deans and program directors were performed. Discussion The vast majority of schools value the DNP in preparing APRNs for the future of the health care system. However, other important factors influence many schools to fully transition or not to the postbaccalaureate DNP, including perceived student and employer demand, issues concerning accreditation and certification, and resource constraints. Conclusion Multiple pathways to becoming an APRN are likely to remain until various factors (e.g., student and employer demand, certification and accreditation issues, and resource constraints) yield a more favorable environment for a full transition to the DNP.
A glossary of culture in epidemiology

Culture frequently is used to explain population differences in health. This glossary defines key concepts and terms relevant to the concept of culture and describes three challenges—definitional, theoretical, and methodological—in identifying specific pathways by which culture affects health.
Evaluation as critical inquiry: School improvement as a case in point

Values, beliefs, and human interests are embedded in evaluation theory and practice. For organizations such as public schools to engage seriously in improvement and change efforts, this normative content must be explicitly addressed. Critical inquiry provides an evaluative paradigm for doing so.
An online learning approach to in-vivo tracking using synergistic features

In this paper we present an online algorithm for robustly tracking surgical tools in dynamic environments that can assist a surgeon during in-vivo robotic surgery procedures. The next generation of in-vivo robotic surgical devices includes integrated imaging and effector platforms that need to be controlled through real-time visual feedback. Our tracking algorithm learns the appearance of the tool online to account for appearance and perspective changes. In addition, the tracker uses multiple features working together to model the object and discover new areas of the tool as it moves quickly, exits and re-enters the scene, or becomes occluded and requires recovery. The algorithm can persist through changes in lighting and pose by using a memory database, which is built online, using a series of features working together to exploit different aspects of the object being tracked. We present results using real in-vivo imaging data from a human partial nephrectomy.
Text to diagram to symbol: representational transformations in problem-solving

Central to engineering problem solving is what we call representational transformation. Such transformations are built upon community-sanctioned practices often referred to as "back of the envelope" calculations. First a problem statement (text) is translated into a sketch (diagram) which visually articulates the essential problem parts. Mechanical models and free-body diagrams are instances of this first transformation. The qualitative model is then transformed into a set of mathematical formulae (symbols), which drive the problem solution. Thus, the problem is solved using three types of representational systems: textual, diagrammatic and symbolic. At each step the engineer translates information from one representational system to another, enacting an abstract cultural algorithm. The knowledge necessary to undertake these transformations is described in this paper in the context of multi-literacies. We propose that a large part of learning engineering problem solving is in fact learning the relationships between the multiple languages of problem solving.
Performance analysis of IEEE 802.11e EDCF under saturation condition

This paper investigates enhanced distributed coordination function (EDCF) differentiation functionality and effectiveness in the emerging standard IEEE 802.11e via numerical and simulation results. An analytical model is proposed to derive saturation throughputs, saturation delays, and frame dropping probabilities for EDCF differentiation services. Effects of different parameters on the EDCF differentiation mechanism are obtained to provide some insights on the protocol.