cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical modeling of an impact‐induced hydrothermal system at the Sudbury crater

[1] Large impact events, like the one that formed the Sudbury crater in Ontario, Canada, at 1.85 Ga, significantly increase the temperature of target rocks. The heat sources generated by such an impact event can drive the circulation of groundwater, establishing a hydrothermal system. We report on the results of numerical modeling of postimpact cooling with and without the presence of water at the Sudbury crater. A hydrothermal system is initiated in the annular trough between the peak ring and final crater rim, perhaps venting through faults that bound blocks of the crust in the modification zone of the crater. Although circulation through the overlying breccias may occur in the center of the crater, the central melt sheet is initially impermeable to circulating fluids. By ∼105 years the central melt sheet crystallizes and partially cools, allowing fluids to flow through it. Host rock permeability is the main factor affecting fluid circulation and lifetimes of hydrothermal systems. High permeabilities lead to a rapid system cooling, while lower permeabilities allow a steady transport of hot fluids to the surface, resulting in high surface temperatures for longer periods of time than cooling by conduction alone. The simulations presented in this paper show that a hydrothermal system at a Sudbury-sized impact crater can remain active for several hundred thousand to several million years, depending on assumed permeability. These results suggest that a hydrothermal system induced by an impact event can remain active for sufficiently long periods of time to be biologically significant, supporting the idea that impact events may have played an important biological role, especially early in Earth's history.
Structural sequences are conserved in the genes coding for the α, α′ and β-subunits of the soybean 7S seed storage protein

Abstract Cloned DNAs encoding four different proteins have been isolated from recombinant cDNA libraries constructed with Glycine max seed mRNAs. Two cloned DNAs code for the alpha and alpha'-subunits of the 7S seed storage protein (conglycinin). The other cloned cDNAs code for proteins which are synthesized in vitro as 68,000 d., 60,000 d. or 53,000 d. polypeptides. Hybrid selection experiments indicate that, under low stringency hybridization conditions, all four cDNAs hybridize with mRNAs for the alpha and alpha'-subunits and the 68,000 d., 60,000 d. and 53,000 d. in vitro translation products. Within three of the mRNA, there is a conserved sequence of 155 nucleotides which is responsible for this hybridization. The conserved nucleotides in the alpha and alpha'-subunit cDNAs and the 68,000 d. polypeptide cDNAs span both coding and noncoding sequences. The differences in the coding nucleotides outside the conserved region are extensive. This suggests that selective pressure to maintain the 155 conserved nucleotides has been influenced by the structure of the seed mRNA. RNA blot hybridizations demonstrate that mRNA encoding the other major subunit (beta) of the 7S seed storage protein also shares sequence homology with the conserved 155 nucleotide sequence of the alpha and alpha'-subunit mRNAs, but not with other coding sequences.
Evidence for exchange-coupled quadratic nets in CTS☆

Abstract Measurements of the low temperature heat capacity and powder magnetic susceptibility of CTS (Cu(NH3)4SO4·H2O) are shown to be consistent with quadratic nets of Heisenberg exchange-coupled spins ( s = 1 2 ).
On the meaning of alarm calls: functional reference in an avian vocal system

Abstract Abstract. Male chickens, Gallus gallus , produce qualitatively different alarm calls in response to terrestrial and aerial predators. Field observations suggest that ground alarm calls are evoked principally by animals moving on the substrate, while aerial alarm calls are produced in response to objects moving overhead. In the present study, both types of alarm call were elicited in the laboratory using visual stimuli presented on a video-monitor. Aerial alarm calls were reliably evoked by computer-generated animations simulating a soaring raptor; ground alarm calls were produced in response to a 60-s video recording of a raccoon. Playback experiments were then conducted with six exemplars of each call type, selected to represent the natural acoustic variation in both spectral characteristics and duration. All of the test sessions were videotaped and then analysed, frame-by-frame, by a 'blind' observer. Following playback of aerial alarm calls, hens were significantly more likely to run toward an area of cover than after ground alarm calls or a background noise control. Aerial alarm calls evoked crouching, whereas ground alarm calls caused hens to adopt an erect 'vigilant' posture. Both call types increased the rate of horizontal scanning, but hens were significantly more likely to look upward following presentations of aerial alarm calls. These data demonstrate that chicken alarm calls are functionally referential, encoding sufficient information about the circumstances of production for conspecifics to respond appropriately, even in the absence of contextual cues potentially provided by the non-vocal behaviour of the sender.
High-Power 2 $\mu {\rm m}$ Diode Lasers With Asymmetric Waveguide

Asymmetric laser heterostructure was developed to improve beam properties of GaSb-based diode lasers emitting near 2 μm. It was demonstrated that the lasers with narrow waveguide and asymmetric claddings could have fast axis beam divergence below 40°. High-power diode lasers with 100-μm-wide output aperture generate more than 1.5 W of continuous wave (CW) output power in a beam with fast axis beam divergence of 50°. Power conversion efficiency of the 2 μm emitters peaked at 28%. CW threshold current density of 85 A/cm2 was achieved at 20°C. Passively cooled 18-element linear laser arrays generated more than 10 W of CW power at 50 A. Above 3 W of CW power was obtained from 7-fiber bundle at 7 A.
Photoreduction of the active site of the metalloprotein putidaredoxin by synchrotron radiation.

X-ray damage to protein crystals is often assessed on the basis of the degradation of diffraction intensity, yet this measure is not sensitive to the rapid changes that occur at photosensitive groups such as the active sites of metalloproteins. Here, X-­ray absorption spectroscopy is used to study the X-ray dose-­dependent photoreduction of crystals of the [Fe2S2]-containing metalloprotein putidaredoxin. A dramatic decrease in the rate of photoreduction is observed in crystals cryocooled with liquid helium at 40 K compared with those cooled with liquid nitrogen at 110 K. Whereas structural changes consistent with cluster reduction occur in the active site of the crystal measured at 110 K, no such changes occur in the crystal measured at 40 K, even after an eightfold increase in dose. When the structural results from extended X-ray absorption fine-structure measurements are compared with those obtained by crystallography on this and similar proteins, it is apparent that X-ray-induced photoreduction has had an impact on the crystallographic data and subsequent structure solutions. These results strongly indicate the importance of using liquid-helium-based cooling for metalloprotein crystallography in order to avoid the subtle yet important changes that can take place at the metalloprotein active sites when liquid-nitrogen-based cooling is used. The study also illustrates the need for direct measurement of the redox states of the metals, through X-­ray absorption spectroscopy, simultaneously with the crystallographic measurements.
VBAC-Is it worth the risk?

Enthusiasm for vaginal birth after cesarean section has waned. As a result, the cesarean birth rate is again on the rise. As a medical community and society we must decide whether the most appropriate question is "What is safest for my baby?" or "Is the risk associated with vaginal birth after cesarean acceptable?" There are risks associated with vaginal birth after cesarean, but in a hospital setting with appropriate resources these risks are low and would still seem to be acceptable.
Combining airborne electromagnetic induction and hydrochemistry to quantify salinity contributions to a large basin stream, Colorado River, Texas, USA

We combined multifrequency airborne electromagnetic induction (EM) measurements of apparent ground conductivity with chemical analyses of surface water to delineate natural and oilfield salinity sources that degrade surface water quality by elevating total dissolved solids, chloride and sulphate concentrations along several hundred kilometres of the Colorado River (western Texas, USA). To reduce the cost of airborne geophysical surveying over such large areas, we used a helicopter to tow an EM instrument at low altitude along the stream-axis and measure the apparent electrical conductivity of the ground at multiple frequencies, examined results in the field to identify salinized stream segments and optimal water sampling locations and then flew more detailed surveys over these limited areas rather than over the entire basin as is typical in salinization studies. Minimally processed stream-axis EM data (including apparent conductivities measured at single frequencies and multifrequency ‘spectrograms’ along the stream-axis) helped identify salinized streambed segments, discriminate between surface and subsurface sources of salinity and determine water sampling locations upstream and downstream from each segment. We integrated EM, streamflow and hydrochemical data to calculate salinity loads, identify specific natural and oilfield salinity sources and guide and implement remediation efforts. Stream-axis flight lines offer the advantage of rapidly acquiring high-resolution subsurface conductivity data along long stream segments where traditional gridded flight-line surveys and waterborne measurements are impractical or prohibitively expensive. They also overcome difficulties associated with topographic effects when surveying deeply incised streams. Such surveys provide valuable information on location, extent and type of salinization and can guide water sampling and more intensive ground or airborne measurements.
Modeling Aggregate Use of IMF Resources—Analytical Approaches and Medium-Term Projections

This paper presents two approaches to modeling the use of IMF resources from the General Resources Account in order to gauge whether the recent decline in credit outstanding is a temporary or a permanent phenomenon. The two approaches—the time-series behavior of credit outstanding and a two-stage program selection and access model—yield the same conclusion: the use of IMF resources is likely to decline sharply. Specifically, credit outstanding is projected to decline from an average of SDR 50 billion over 2000–05 to an average of about SDR 8 billion over 2006–10. Stochastic simulations suggest that it is unlikely to be much higher. These results are based on the IMF's World Economic Outlook projections with a correction for historically observed overoptimistic biases. In addition, alternative scenarios assuming weaker economic performance or a less benign global economic environment do not materially alter these results.
Unusual peroxidase-positive granules in the developing rat submaxillary gland.

Unusual peroxidase-positive granules exist in a particular cell type in the rat submaxillary gland during the first 2 wk after birth . The granules display remarkable substructure and clearly show cytochemical evidence of endogenous peroxidase activity . The cells containing the peroxidase-positive granules comprise portions of the terminal end pieces, or so-called "terminal tubules" (4), in the developing submaxillary gland. (The terminal tubules are transient structures that eventually will give rise to mature acini [4]) . Along with the cells containing the peroxidasepositive granules, another cell type also exists in the terminal tubules at birth . It contains homogeneous granules which do not stain for peroxidase . It is not until about the fifth day after birth that a third, acinar type cell, is seen . The purpose of this preliminary report is to focus upon a description of the unusual peroxidase-positive granules as they are seen at different stages of submaxillary gland development .
Logic-based subsumption architecture

We describe a logic-based AI architecture based on Brooks' subsumption architecture. In this architecture, we axiomatize different layers of control in First-Order Logic (FOL) and use independent theorem provers to derive each layer's outputs given its inputs. We implement the subsumption of lower layers by higher layers using nonmonotonic reasoning principles. In particular, we use circumscription to make default assumptions in lower layers, and nonmonotonically retract those assumptions when higher layers draw new conclusions. We also give formal semantics to our approach. Finally, we describe layers designed for the task of robot control and a system that we have implemented that uses this architecture for the control of a Nomad 200 mobile robot.Our system combines the virtues of using the represent-and-reason paradigm and the behavioral-decomposition paradigm. It allows multiple goals to be serviced simultaneously and reactively. It also allows high-level tasks and is tolerant to different changes and elaborations of its knowledge in runtime. Finally, it allows us to give more commonsense knowledge to robots. We report on several experiments that empirically show the feasibility of using fully expressive FOL theorem provers for robot control with our architecture and the benefits claimed above.
Device for measuring real-time energy expenditure by heart rate and acceleration for diabetic patients

Continuous monitoring of physical activity for diabetic individuals provides important information regarding energy expenditure. This device makes use of both heart rate sensing and full body acceleration to measure physical activity. Energy expenditure is calculated using an algorithm which determines the amount of activity occurring. The output is displayed in carbohydrates to allow for better informed decision making regarding blood glucose level adjustment.
ThingWorld: a multibody simulation system with low computational complexity

The ability to simulate complex physical situations in near-real-time is a critical element of many engineering and robotics applications. Unfortunately the computation cost of standard physical simulation methods increases rapidly as the situation becomes more complex. The result is that even when using the fastest supercomputers we are still able to interactively simulate only small, toy worlds. To solve this problem I have proposed changing the way we represent and simulate physics in order to reduce the computational complexity of physical simulation, thus making possible interactive simulation of complex situations. A prototype system, called ThingWorld, that makes use of these new representations has been implemented for UNIX computer systems and has demonstrated O(n) computational complexity (linear scaling of computational cost with increasing model complexity) for multibody dynamic simulations.
Fall Meeting Fun Run

This letter has two purposes: (1) to thank the committee in charge of last year's Fall AGU Fun Run for a well organized and most enjoyable race, and (2) to issue a challenge that will assure that the event is run again this year, and, hopefully becomes a recurring annual AGU institution. Last year's race at Lake Merced, on the Sunday preceding the Fall Meeting, was a great and unqualified success. Race officials (must notably race-director/starter/timekeeper Bob Kovach) deserve every praise for providing the specific remedy for jet lag and the best possible preventative tonic for the darkened meeting rooms, obscure slides, and strong drink that lay ahead. Despite the newness of the event, several score of normally torpid theoretical geophysicists turned out to blink in the sun and follow a half-dozen lean and sunbronzed paleomagnetists around the sparkling waters of Lake Merced in the inaugural of a sporting event that may never drive the Boston Marathon off the pages of Runner's World but nevertheless would have provided excellent footage for several prime-time TV shows. More runners would have showed up, we understand, but for the inability of the average oceanographer, tectonophysicist, or seismologist to find the site.
Endothelial Glucocorticoid Receptor Suppresses Atherogenesis—Brief Report

Objective— The purpose of this study was to determine the role of the endothelial glucocorticoid receptor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Approach and Results— Control mice and mice lacking the endothelial glucocorticoid receptor were bred onto an Apoe knockout background and subjected to high-fat diet feeding for 12 weeks. Assessment of body weight and total cholesterol and triglycerides before and after the diet revealed no differences between the 2 groups of mice. However, mice lacking the endothelial glucocorticoid receptor developed more severe atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta, brachiocephalic artery, and aortic sinus, as well as a heightened inflammatory milieu as evidenced by increased macrophage recruitment in the lesions. Conclusions— These data suggest that the endothelial glucocorticoid receptor is important for tonic inhibition of inflammation and limitation of atherosclerosis progression in this model.
Cycling Co-Evolution Resulting from Genetic Adaptation in Two-Person Zero-Sum Games

We consider two populations co-evolving with fitness defined by the payoff in a two-person zero-sum game. We show that such situations lead to spontaneous and sustained oscillations iff the optimal strategy of the game is mixed.
Perceptions of Obvious and Disruptive Climate Change: Community-Based Risk Assessment for Two Native Villages in Alaska

This work operationalizes the determinants of climate change risk, exposure and vulnerability, through the perceptions held by Native hunters, fishers, and gatherers in Savoonga and Shaktoolik, Alaska. Informed by their skill, experience, and the traditional knowledge of their elders, hunters, fishers, and gatherers in these communities are astute observers of their environment and environmental change. A questionnaire is used to sort and rank their perceptions of the most obvious and disruptive elements of climate change as representations of exposure and vulnerability, respectively. Results represent the relative strength and significance of those perceptions of environmental change. In addition to other changes, storms are among the most obvious and disruptive impacts of climate change to respondents in both communities, while changes to sea ice tend to be more disruptive in Savoonga, a more ice-obligate culture, than Shaktoolik. Changes on the tundra are more obvious in Shaktoolik, but is the least disruptive category of change in both villages. Changes along the coast were both obvious and disruptive, albeit more so in Shaktoolik than Savoonga. The findings suggest that traditional ecological knowledge is a valuable source of information to access perceptions of risk, and develop climate risk management and adaptation plans. The questionnaire design and statistical methodology may be of interest to those working on community-based adaptation and risk assessment projects in high-risk, poor, and marginalized Native communities with small populations.
Surface properties of molecular aggregates of micellar size in relation to membrane permeability and adhesion.

The amorphous state is a borderline state of matter between micelles, which are, thermodynamic equilibrium systems in which concentrations of single molecules are in equilibrium with a molecular aggregate, and solid crystal structures. These amorphous systems have a high surface entropy owing to the disordered molecular arrays in their structure. This disorder can be produced by simple shear grinding of water-insoluble crystals, spray-drying under vacuum of solutions of the crystalline form or coprecipitation in water of associations consisting of large polar and non-polar oppositedly charged surfactants, such as alkyl sulfates and alkyl substituted amines.
Implicit kinetic schemes for the Euler equations

Recently, the kinetic schemes, namely the kinetic flux-vector split (KFVS) scheme and kinetic wave/ particle split (KWPS) scheme, for Euler flows have gained wide recognition for their efficiency and robustness. However, to date, all computations performed with these schemes have employed a time-explicit formulation. The explicit kinetic schemes severely restrict the time-step allowed for stability. In this paper, an implicit formulation is derived for both the KFVS and KWPS schemes, and is applied to compute the shock tube and shock structure problems in one-dimension, and oblique shock reflection from a flat plate and supersonic flow past a blunt-body in two dimensions. Results are compared with analytical results where available and solutions from explicit formulations
A non-parametric approach for detecting gene-gene interactions associated with age-at-onset outcomes.

Background Cox-regression-based methods have been commonly used for the analyses of survival outcomes, such as age-at-disease-onset. These methods generally assume the hazard functions are proportional among various risk groups. However, such an assumption may not be valid in genetic association studies, especially when complex interactions are involved. In addition, genetic association studies commonly adopt case-control designs. Direct use of Cox regression to case-control data may yield biased estimators and incorrect statistical inference.
Magnesium sulfate reduces bacterial LPS-induced inflammation at the maternal–fetal interface

Abstract Objectives Maternal magnesium sulfate (MgSO 4 ) administration exerts anti-inflammatory and fetal neuroprotective effects. Based on the link between placental inflammation and fetal immune responses, we examined the effect of MgSO 4 on LPS-induced inflammation at the maternal–fetal interface. Study design In vivo model: Pregnant rats (GD19) were injected intraperitoneally with saline, LPS, or MgSO 4 plus LPS ( n = 6 per group). Rats were euthanized; placentas were assayed for CCL2, IL6, and TNFα and placentas were screened for gene expression. Ex vivo model: Human placental cultures were treated with vehicle, LPS, or MgSO 4 plus LPS. Supernatants were assayed for CCL2, IL6, and TNFα. In addition, placental cultures were analyzed for inflammation-related gene expression and NFκ B activation. Results In vivo model: Maternal LPS administration resulted in pro-inflammatory mediator production within the placenta; maternal MgSO 4 treatment significantly attenuated LPS-induced inflammation. Several placental transcripts (APOE, CCL4, CXCL1, and NFκBIZ) differentially expressed following maternal LPS challenge were counter-regulated by MgSO 4 treatment. Ex vivo model: LPS promoted human placental inflammation and MgSO 4 significantly reduced inflammation induced by LPS. MgSO 4 treatment of human placental explants significantly reversed the expression of numerous genes sensitive to LPS regulation and suppressed LPS-induced NFκB activation. Conclusions MgSO 4 administration inhibited placental inflammation during LPS-mediated maternal infection. Several placental inflammatory genes whose expression was regulated by LPS were reversed by MgSO 4 treatment. Our data support the hypothesis that MgSO 4 attenuates excessive inflammation at the maternal–fetal interface, which when uncontrolled may compromise neonatal health, including neurologic outcomes.
Associations Between iCOGS Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Upgrading in Both Surgical and Active Surveillance Cohorts of Men with Prostate Cancer

Abstract Background Associations have been documented recently between some of the 23 single nucleotide polymorphisms newly discovered with the Collaborative Oncological Gene-environment Study iCOGS array that indicate prostate cancer (PCa) risk and aspects of disease aggressiveness. The utility of these iCOGS SNPs remains to be determined in active surveillance (AS). Objective To determine associations between iCOGS SNPs and upgrading among men who underwent surgical treatment and AS for low-risk PCa. Design, setting, and participants The genotypes of the 23 iCOGS SNPs were determined for all white subjects with biopsy Gleason score (GS) 6 including 950 men who underwent definitive treatment with surgery and 209 men who elected AS. The clinical and pathologic characteristics were documented for all subjects. Outcome measures and statistical analysis Men who underwent surgery were grouped according to their pathologic GS (upgraded was defined as GS ≥7; nonupgraded remained GS 6). Men who were enrolled in AS were also grouped according to their GS on subsequent surveillance biopsies. Statistical analyses were performed comparing the genotypes between the upgraded and nonupgraded groups. Results and limitations Overall, 31% and 34% of men were upgraded in the surgery and AS cohorts, respectively. Three iCOGS SNPs were significantly associated with the risk of upgrading in the surgical cohort. After correction for multiple testing, only rs11568818 on chromosome 11q22 remained significantly associated with upgrading. Assessment of this allele in the AS cohort reveals that it was present at noteworthy higher frequencies in men with high-grade disease on surveillance biopsies compared with nonupgraded men ( p =0.003). This study was primarily limited by the homogeneous patient population. Conclusions This is the first report of a SNP on chromosome 11q22 associated with higher grade disease in a surgical cohort that is also validated for eventual upgrading in a prospective AS cohort. Patient summary We examined the relationship between a group of genetic markers and prostate cancer (PCa) aggressiveness in a group of patients who underwent surgery for PCa and a group of patients who were enrolled in active surveillance. We found that these genetic markers helped predict which patients had more aggressive disease in both groups.
The equation of state of solid and molten poly (butylene terephthalate) to 300°C and 200 MPa

The volumetric behavior of poly (butylene terephthalate) (PBT) was studied from 30 to 303°C and pressures from atmospheric to 200 MPa. The pressure-volume-tempreature (PVT) data show behavior typical of other semicrystalline materials. The empirical Tait equation was used to fit the measured volumes in the solid and melt regions. The maximum deviations between the Tait fits and the measured volumes were 0.001 and 0.002 cm3/g in the semicrystalline and melt regions, respectively. The theoretical equation of Simha-Somcynsky was used to represent the PVT behavior of this material in the equilibrium melt. Fitting the theory to the data involves a determination of the reducing parameters of the theory. We find P* = 1139 MPa, V* = 0.7838 cm3/g, and T* = 11133 K. From these parameters we calculate that the chemical repeat unit of PBT has 6.37 external degrees of freedom, in comparison with 4.97 degrees of freedom to the closely related poly(ethylene terephthalate), with two less (CH2) units in the backbone. The difference of 1.4 degrees of freedom may be compared with the 0.88 degrees of freedom of the polyethylene (C2H4) repeat unit itself.
Recent Extensions to Traviando

Traviando is a trace analyzer and visualizer for simulation traces of discrete event dynamic systems. In this paper, we briefly outline recent extensions of Traviando towards an identification of model invariants and a detection of partial deadlocks and immediate events. This new functionality complements an existing model-checker and event browser. In addition to the graphical user interface, a new command-line version of the tool allows a user to obtain analysis results being documented in a set of generated web pages, which minimizes the learning curve for the use of Traviando to obtain some feedback on the details of a simulation run.
No More Kin Care? Change in Black Mothers' Reliance on Relatives for Child Care, 1977-94

This article examines changes in employed African American mothers' use of relatives for child care. Data from nationally representative pooled cross sections show that the proportion of Black mothers relying on extended kin for care of their preschool-age children declined significantly between 1977 and 1994. Multivariate analyses reveal that the decline characterized all subgroups of employed African American mothers but was less pronounced for young, single, mothers living outside the South. Thus, by 1994, employed Black mothers who most needed relatives' child care support received it, while those who could manage without such help did so. This change suggests that African Americans' use of kin-provided support responds to shifts in broader social and economic conditions that affect the balance of resources and needs within extended families.
Conceptual short term memory in perception and thought.

Conceptual short term memory (CSTM) is a theoretical construct that provides one answer to the question of how perceptual and conceptual processes are related. CSTM is a mental buffer and processor in which current perceptual stimuli and their associated concepts from long term memory (LTM) are represented briefly, allowing meaningful patterns or structures to be identified (Potter, 1993, 1999, 2009). CSTM is different from and complementary to other proposed forms of working memory: it is engaged extremely rapidly, has a large but ill-defined capacity, is largely unconscious, and is the basis for the unreflective understanding that is characteristic of everyday experience. The key idea behind CSTM is that most cognitive processing occurs without review or rehearsal of material in standard working memory and with little or no conscious reasoning. When one perceives a meaningful stimulus such as a word, picture, or object, it is rapidly identified at a conceptual level and in turn activates associated information from long term memory. New links among concurrently active concepts are formed in CSTM, shaped by parsing mechanisms of language or grouping principles in scene perception and by higher-level knowledge and current goals. The resulting structure represents the gist of a picture or the meaning of a sentence, and it is this structure that we are conscious of and that can be maintained in standard working memory and consolidated into long term memory. Momentarily activated information that is not incorporated into such structures either never becomes conscious or is rapidly forgotten. This whole cycle--identification of perceptual stimuli, memory recruitment, structuring, consolidation in long term memory, and forgetting of nonstructured material--may occur in less than 1 second when viewing a pictured scene or reading a sentence. The evidence for such a process is reviewed and its implications for the relation of perception and cognition are discussed.
Smoothness of heat kernel measures on infinite-dimensional Heisenberg-like groups

Abstract We study measures associated to Brownian motions on infinite-dimensional Heisenberg-like groups. In particular, we prove that the associated path space measure and heat kernel measure satisfy a strong definition of smoothness.
The aging of the 2000 and 2011 Hallmarks of Cancer reviews: A critique

Two review articles published in 2000 and 2011 by Hanahan and Weinberg have dominated the discourse about carcinogenesis among researchers in the recent past. The basic tenets of their arguments favour considering cancer as a cell-based, genetic disease whereby DNA mutations cause uncontrolled cell proliferation. Their explanation of cancer phenotypes is based on the premises adopted by the somatic mutation theory (SMT) and its cell-centered variants. From their perspective, eight broad features have been identified as so-called ‘Hallmarks of Cancer’. Here, we criticize the value of these features based on the numerous intrinsic inconsistencies in the data and in the rationale behind SMT. An alternative interpretation of the same data plus data mostly ignored by Hanahan and Weinberg is proposed, based instead on evolutionarily relevant premises. From such a perspective, cancer is viewed as a tissue-based disease. This alternative, called the tissue organization field theory, incorporates the premise that proliferation and motility are the default state of all cells, and that carcinogenesis is due to alterations on the reciprocal interactions among cells and between cells and their extracellular matrix. In this view, cancer is development gone awry.
Intestinal cell kinase, a MAP kinase-related kinase, regulates proliferation and G1 cell cycle progression of intestinal epithelial cells.

Intestinal cell kinase (ICK), originally cloned from the intestine and expressed in the intestinal crypt epithelium, is a highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinase that is similar to mitogen...
The resolvability ellipsoid for visual servoing

This paper introduces a sensor placement measure called resolvability. The measure provides a technique for estimating the relative ability of various visual sensors, including monocular systems, stereo pairs, multi-baseline stereo systems, and 3D rangefinders, to accurately control visually manipulated objects. The resolvability ellipsoid illustrates the directional nature of resolvability, and can be used to direct camera motion and adjust camera intrinsic parameters in real-time so that the servoing accuracy of the visual servoing system improves with camera-lens motion. The Jacobian mapping from task space to sensor space is derived for a monocular system, a stereo pair with parallel optical axes, and a stereo pair with perpendicular optical axes. Resolvability ellipsoids based on these mappings for various sensor configurations are presented. Visual servoing experiments demonstrate that resolvability can be used to direct camera-lens motion in order to increase the ability of a visually servoed manipulator to precisely servo objects. >
The semantic richness of abstract concepts

We contrasted the predictive power of three measures of semantic richness—number of features (NF), contextual dispersion (CD), and a novel measure of number of semantic neighbors (NSN)—for a large set of concrete and abstract concepts on lexical decision and naming tasks. NSN (but not NF) facilitated processing for abstract concepts, while NF (but not NSN) facilitated processing for the most concrete concepts, consistent with claims that linguistic information is more relevant for abstract concepts in early processing. Additionally, converging evidence from two datasets suggests that when NSN and CD are controlled for, the features that most facilitate processing are those associated with a concept’s physical characteristics and real-world contexts. These results suggest that rich linguistic contexts (many semantic neighbors) facilitate early activation of abstract concepts, whereas concrete concepts benefit more from rich physical contexts (many associated objects and locations).
ScreenBEAM: a novel meta-analysis algorithm for functional genomics screens via Bayesian hierarchical modeling

Motivation: Functional genomics (FG) screens, using RNAi or CRISPR technology, have become a standard tool for systematic, genome-wide loss-of-function studies for therapeutic target discovery. As in many large-scale assays, however, off-target effects, variable reagents’ potency and experimental noise must be accounted for appropriately control for false positives. Indeed, rigorous statistical analysis of high-throughput FG screening data remains challenging, particularly when integrative analyses are used to combine multiple sh/sgRNAs targeting the same gene in the library. Method: We use large RNAi and CRISPR repositories that are publicly available to evaluate a novel meta-analysis approach for FG screens via Bayesian hierarchical modeling, Screening Bayesian Evaluation and Analysis Method (ScreenBEAM). Results: Results from our analysis show that the proposed strategy, which seamlessly combines all available data, robustly outperforms classical algorithms developed for microarray data sets as well as recent approaches designed for next generation sequencing technologies. Remarkably, the ScreenBEAM algorithm works well even when the quality of FG screens is relatively low, which accounts for about 80–95% of the public datasets. Availability and implementation: R package and source code are available at: https://github.com/jyyu/ScreenBEAM. Contact: ude.aibmuloc@8422ca, ude.mssm@avlis.esoj, moc.liamg@gnayijuy Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Bounded Size Graph Clustering with Applications to Stream Processing

We introduce a graph clustering problem motivated by a stream processing application. Input to our problem is an undirected graph with vertex and edge weights. A cluster is a subset of the vertices. The {\em size} of a cluster is defined as the total vertex weight in the subset plus the total edge weight at the boundary of the cluster. The bounded size graph clustering problem ($\GC$) is to partition the vertices into clusters of size at most a given budget and minimize the total edge-weight across the clusters. In the {\em multiway cut} version of the problem, we are also given a subset of vertices called {\em terminals}. No cluster is allowed to contain more than one terminal. Our problem differs from most of the previously studied clustering problems in that the number of clusters is not specified. We first show that the feasibility version of the multiway cut $\GC$ problem, i.e., determining if there exists a clustering with bounded-size clusters satisfying the multiway cut constraint, can be solved in polynomial time. Our algorithm is based on the min-cut subroutine and an uncrossing argument. This result is in contrast with the NP-hardness of the min-max multiway cut problem, considered by Svitkina and Tardos (2004), in which the number of clusters must equal the number of terminals. Our results for the feasibility version also generalize to any symmetric submodular function. We next show that the optimization version of $\GC$ is NP-hard by showing an approximation-preserving reduction from the $\frac 13$-balanced cut problem. Our main result is an $O(\log^2 n)$-approximation to the optimization version of the multiway cut $\GC$ problem violating the budget by an $O(\log n)$ factor, where $n$ denotes the number of vertices. Our algorithm is based on a set-cover-like greedy approach which iteratively computes bounded-size clusters to maximize the number of new vertices covered.
Inhibitive and facilitative priming induced by traces in the processing of wh-dependencies in a second language

Two experiments involving picture classifications investigated priming behavior in the context of wh-movement at clause edge and in indirect object position, respectively. In Experiment 1, intermediate L1-Chinese L2-English learners produced slower classification times (inhibitions) at clause edge, apparently induced by the computation of intermediate traces, whereas faster classification times (facilitations) were detected in native speakers (NSs). In Experiment 2, advanced L1-English L2-French learners produced facilitations apparently induced by the computation of traces in indirect object position. Learners’ priming pattern differed from the priming pattern produced by NSs, however. We argue that the patterns found suggest structural computations interacting with distinct activation modes in the maintenance of discourse referents, plausibly resulting from the automaticity of lexical access, or lack thereof.
Use Of A Multi-Offset Borehole-Radar Reflection Method In Fractured Crystalline Bedrock At Mirror Lake, Grafton County, New Hampshire

Multi-offset, single-hole, borehole-radar reflection surveys were conducted at the U.S. Geological Survey Fractured Rock Research Site at Mirror Lake, in Grafton County, New Hampshire. The study was conducted to evaluate the benefits of applying multi-offset seismic processing techniques to borehole-radar reflection surveys in fractured rock. The multi-offset reflection surveys were conducted in conjunction with a saline tracerinjection experiment. During injection, a sodium chloride (NaCl) solution was continuously pumped into a hydraulically conductive zone that was isolated by specially constructed, reusable, PVC straddle packers suspended from PVC casing. Eight common-offset borehole reflection profiles were collected within the PVC-sleeved portion of the borehole before and during the tracer injection. The offset between the transmitter and receiver antennas ranged from 6.4 to 9.9 m (meters). The common offset data were filtered, sorted into common distance-point (CDP) gathers, normal move-out (NMO) corrected, and stacked to produce a zero-offset borehole CDP profile. Comparison of the common-offset and CDP profiles indicates that multi-offset data acquisition and CDP processing; (1) increases the resolution of reflectors near the borehole, (2) decreases the effects of direct wave coupling, antenna ringing, and system noise, and (3) improves the clarity of difference images used to identify the effects of saline tracer on reflections from transmissive fractures. INTRODUCTION Single-hole, borehole-radar reflection surveys typically are conducted using commonoffset methods (fixed distance between the transmitter and receiver) (fig. 1) (Olsson and others, 1992; Haeni and others, 1993; Gaylor and others, 1994; Lane and others, 1994; Hansen and Lane, 1995; Lane and others, 1996). Although single-hole borehole-radar reflection surveys can provide information about the location, extent, and orientation of fractures and fracture zones that are within the radar range, the relatively large minimum transmitter-receiver offset makes it difficult to image near-borehole structures. In addition, reflections from structures close to the borehole are frequently obscured by the direct wave that propagates between the transmitter and receiver and by antenna ringing phenomena. Use of multi-offset data acquisition and processing methods can provide a means to (1) suppress direct arrival and instrument noise in order to
Study on Bacterial Distribution in Porous Medium Based on Percolation Theory

Based on the analysis of the bacterial chemotaxis, the percolation theory was introduced and a micro emulation method was proposed for the bacterial distribution in the porous medium. Comparing with measuring results of the experiment, this method could simulate well the bacterial concentration distribution in porous medium. Finally, some potencial advices were given for the futher using of this method.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ANTIPERINUCLEAR FACTOR AND ANTIKERATIN ANTIBODY FOR RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Rheumatoid Factor (RF) is the only serologic marker used in the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Since it is present in a number of diseases other than RA and found negative in some patients with RA, diagnostic utility of RF has some limitations. Several more specific autoantibodies detected in the sera of RA patients are not routinely tested. Antiperinuclear factor (APF) and antikeratin antibodies (AKA) are two of these antibodies. In previously reported series, the APF was present in 49% and 87% of RA patients with a specificity between 73% and 99%. AKA was detected positive in 36% to 59% of the RA patients, and its specificity was 88% to 99. In this article, we have reviewed characteristics, significance in the pathogenesis and the diagnostic use of these two antibodies in RA. Key Words: Rheumatoid Arthritis, Autoantibodies, Antiperinuclear Factor, Antikeratin antibody.
On Being a Mentor

It may seem a little odd to have a chapter on being a mentor in book geared toward people just starting out on a career in research. But the truth of the matter is that we all start taking on mentoring roles earlier than we might think and by understanding what it takes to be a good mentor also means understanding how to work better with your own mentor. For example, you may find yourself working with a research assistant or medical student or perhaps a high school student during the summer. So just like the chapters on the grant review process from the inside, understanding what it takes to be a good mentor may help you make the most of working with a mentor. In this chapter, I try to provide a handful of ideas about mentoring for people just starting out. Obviously, depending on whom you are mentoring and in what capacity, your roles may be very different, so it is difficult to cover all possibilities here, but I will give it a go nevertheless. And I am going to take a fairly wide definition for the concept of mentoring in this chapter—not only helping guide someone along in their own work, but also how to best supervise the work that they are doing for you.
Microsimulation Modeling of Coronary Heart Disease: Maximizing the Impact of Nonprofit Hospital-Based Interventions.

We use microsimulation to forecast changes in coronary heart disease (CHD) among adults 45 or above over a 20-year time horizon in Los Angeles County (N = 3.4 million), a county with 12 635 CHD deaths in 2010. We simulate individuals' life course and calibrate CHD trends to observed trends in the past. Using the Health Forecasting Community Health Simulation Model, we simulate CHD prevalence and CHD mortality in 2 CHD prevention scenarios: (1) "comprehensive hypertension intervention" and (2) "gradual reduction of the average adult body mass index back to the year 2000 level." We use microsimulation methodology so that nonprofit hospitals can easily use our model to forecast intervention results in their specific hospital catchment area. Our baseline model (without intervention) forecasts an increase in CHD prevalence that will reach 13.01% among those 45+ in Los Angeles County in 2030. Under scenario 1, the increase in CHD prevalence is slower (12.47% in 2030), and the prevalence in scenario 2 reaches 12.83% in 2030. The baseline scenario projects a number of 21 300 CHD deaths in 2030, whereas there will be 20 070 CHD deaths under scenario 1 and 20 970 CHD deaths under scenario 2. At the population level, the CHD mortality outcome, as compared with the metric of CHD prevalence, might be more sensitive to preventive lifestyle interventions. Both CHD prevalence and CHD mortality might be more sensitive to the hypertension intervention than to the obesity reduction in the time horizon of 20 years.
The Use of Microaggregate Filters in Blood Transfusions

Category A-l continuing education credit is available to anyone who studies C/E Update series and completes a written exam. Exams can be ordered from the ASCP and will be sent to participants following the appearance of the final article of each series in LABORATORY MEDICINE. After receipt of a completed answer sheet at ASCP prior to the deadline stated on the exam, a certificate of credit will be awarded to each participant. An exam order form appears on page 520 in this issue.
Canned Nostalgia: The Myth of "Of Course I Can!" and the Rise of the Commercial Food Industry in the United States

On June 10, 2011, the National Archives exhibit, "What's Cooking Uncle Sam?" opened for a six-month run in Washington D.C., and subsequently, it has toured the United States. 1 The exhibit, which contains numerous artifacts, government documents, and images, explores the attempts the American government has made to impact what people eat. From the turn of the twentieth century forward, the U.S. government " ... has ... attempted, with varying success, to change the eating habits of Americans." 2 Its many efforts have included governmental calls to increase the home production of food during wartime. Images such the iconic "Of Course I Can!" poster from the World War Two era evoke a nostalgia that remains powerful in the modern United States. In fact, reproductions of these images are readily available for sale. 3