cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
John Venn’s Logic of Chance

The present paper is offered largely in the spirit of an historical conjecture. It is my view that Venn holds a place of great significance in the history of the philosophy of probability, and that the importance of his contribution is not generally appreciated. The main aim of this paper is to outline this contribution and argue for its significance. I have no serious doubts as to the importance of the ideas to be found in Venn’s work, but I cannot say with complete confidence to what degree they were unanticipated by other authors. To the extent that I am familiar with the work of his predecessors, it strikes me that Venn’s contribution was highly original, but I readily concede that my knowledge in this respect is far from exhaustive. Let me, therefore, set out what I take to be the most significant aspects of his work in the hope that others who are more knowledgeable in the historical aspect will be able to correct any historical injustices I may commit.
Dependent and Histrionic Personality Disorders

The categories of histrionic and dependent personality disorders have two major themes in common. First, both have their origins in early psychoanalytic writings on character structure. Second, both concepts have been associated with women. This chapter provides a historical review of the psychoanalytic ideas associated with these personality disorder categories, discusses the recent empirical studies relevant to the DSM-III/ DSM-III-R definitions of the categories, and concludes with comments on the possible sex bias in the diagnosis of the categories.
TRANSPORTERS | Neuronal Cl Transport: Setting the Stage for Successful Inhibition

Recent studies have provided new insights into the physiology of neuronal chloride transport, which determines the nature of the response to activation of GABAA receptors. Neurons are uniquely suited to the study of transmembrane chloride transport because GABAA receptors can be used to both measure and change the intracellular chloride concentration. These studies are complex and several potential pitfalls are discussed. Recently developed techniques utilizing genetically expressed chloride-sensitive fluorescent dyes promise to provide entirely new insights into neuronal ion transport and GABA receptors function.
Activation of Z-DNA binding protein 1 by mitochondrial DNA damage links oxidative stress to inflammation in epithelial cells

This report identifies mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) as a target and active mediator that links low-level oxidative stress to inflammatory response. In cultured lung epithelial cells, prolonged, low-level oxidative stress preferentially damages the mtDNA but not the nuclear DNA, causing cellular depletion of the mtDNA together with a transient remodeling of cellular bioenergetics and morphology without decreasing of cell viability. Concurrently, released from mitochondria oxidatively damaged mtDNA binds specifically to cytoplasmic Z-DNA binding protein 1 (ZBP1) and triggers expression of pro-inflammatory markers via the TANK-binding kinase 1 /interferon regulatory factor 3 signaling pathway. Oxidatively damaged mtDNA is also released into the extracellular space via exosomes/microvesicles that are capable of triggering a pro-inflammatory response in naive epithelial cells. Administration of isolated oxidatively damaged mtDNA to cultured cells or into the in lungs of naive mice induces the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, without histopathologic evidence of tissue injury. Together, our studies indicate unique role of the oxidatively damaged mtDNA in autocrine and paracrine signaling inflammation without decreasing cellular viability or involvement of immune cells.
Ecological Health of Grasslands and Sagebrush Steppe on the Northern Yellowstone Range

On the Ground • Native plant abundances within the grasslands and sagebrush steppe of the Northern Range decreased substantially during the 20th century and the degradation has continued during the 21st century. • Forage production has declined precipitously, and ecological processes (i.e., water cycle, energy flow, and nutrient cycle) are impaired and degrading further. • The declining health of Northern Range grasslands and sagebrush steppe is primarily caused by heavy grazing and browsing by bison and elk, not climatic changes. • Excessive grazing and browsing is caused by modern-day management decisions that allowed bison and elk populations to become much larger than primeval times. • National Park Service policy requires human intervention (i.e., active management) when human actions have impaired natural ecological processes or altered natural abundances of native plants and animals.
Mappings and Constructions of Systems

This chapter considers interactions between systems through mappings and the construction of large-scale systems. In particular, Section 3.1 looks at various mappings from one general system into another. Section 3.2 studies the construction of free sums of systems and related mapping properties. Section 3.3 shows why product and Cartesian product systems exist. And Section 3.4 considers the concept of one-level product systems.
Carbon Monoxide Exposure and Poisoning Cases in Wisconsin, 2006-2016.

Introduction Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is responsible for over 450 deaths and 21,000 Emergency Department visits annually in the United States. In Wisconsin, multiple large-scale CO poisoning events have occurred in recent years. This analysis explores trends in CO exposure events in the state from 2006 through 2016. Methods Wisconsin Poison Center (WPC) CO exposure data from January 1, 2006 through December 31, 2016 was analyzed for trends over time. CO poisoning cases were classified using the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists case definition. Results During the study period, 3,703 persons were exposed to CO and 2,148 were poisoned. On average, 337 persons were exposed annually over this period, with an annual average of 195 suspected and probable poisoning cases per year, as reported to the WPC. Large-scale events ( ≥ 5 persons) accounted for 4.8% (n = 104) of all events. Using data extracted from WPC case notes for large-scale exposures, the most common source of exposure was furnaces or water heaters (20.2%; n = 21) followed by fire (8.7%; n = 9). Conclusions Despite public health efforts to reduce CO exposures, CO poisoning continues to affect Wisconsin residents. Efforts to prevent large scale CO poisonings should focus on awareness of CO exposure within the home, as well as the risk in public or occupational settings. Moreover, these efforts should focus on improving the use of CO detectors in all settings to prevent exposure. The WPC can be used as a resource for clinicians in cases of CO exposure and poisoning.
A MÖssbauer Study of Microstructural and Chemical Changes in FE-9NI Steel During Two-Phase Tempering

Two-phase tempering of martensitic Fe-9Ni steel serves to enhance the low temperature toughness and forms austenite precipitates in this material. Hyperfine field effects in Fe-Ni alloys were systematized so that tempering induced chemical composition changes in the martensite could be quantified by Mossbauer spectrometry. The kinetics of segregation of alloy elements from the martensite into the fresh austenite can be determined simultaneously with the amount of austenite which has formed.
Origins of Mass Segregation in Stellar Clusters within the STARFORGE Simulations

Stellar clusters formed within Giant Molecular Clouds are mass segregated. This is either because massive stars are born at the center of the clusters, or because they migrate to the center due to gravitational interactions. We analyze a run from the STARFORGE simulation suite to identify what role the above processes play in determining mass segregation. We find that clusters begin as inversely- or non-mass segregated but contain separate mass-segregated star formation sites. As the cluster evolves, these substructures merge, and the overall cluster becomes more mass segregated due to gravitational interactions.
An auditory interface for realtime brainwave similarity in dyads

We present a case-study in the development of a"hyperscanning" auditory interface that transforms realtime brainwave-similarity between interacting dyads into music. Our instrument extends reality in face-to-face communication with a musical stream reflecting an invisible socio-neurophysiological signal. This instrument contributes to the historical context of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) applied to art and music, but is unique because it is contingent on the correlation between the brainwaves of the dyad, and because it conveys this information using entirely auditory feedback. We designed the instrument to be i) easy to understand, ii) relatable and iii) pleasant for members of the general public in an exhibition context. We present how this context and user group led to our choice of EEG hardware, inter-brain similarity metric, and our auditory mapping strategy. We discuss our experience following four public exhibitions, as well as future improvements to the instrument design and user experience.
A multivariate cryptosystem inspired by random linear codes

Abstract We introduce a new multivariate encryption scheme inspired by random linear codes. The construction is similar to that of UOV, one of the oldest and most trusted multivariate signature schemes, but with a parameterization nothing like that of UOV. The structure of the scheme admits many generic modifications providing an array of security and performance properties. The scheme also supports an embedding modifier which allows any efficiently invertible multivariate system to be incorporated into the scheme. The product of this methodology is the fastest secure multivariate encryption scheme targeting CCA security at the 128-bit level.
Doing Gender, Doing Heteronormativity “Gender Normals,” Transgender People, and the Social Maintenance of Heterosexuality

This article brings together two case studies that examine how nontransgender people, “gender normals,” interact with transgender people to highlight the connections between doing gender and heteronormativity. By contrasting public and private interactions that range from nonsexual to sexualized to sexual, the authors show how gender and sexuality are inextricably tied together. The authors demonstrate that the criteria for membership in a gender category are significantly different in social versus (hetero)sexual circumstances. While gender is presumed to reflect biological sex in all social interactions, the importance of doing gender in a way that represents the shape of one's genitals is heightened in sexual and sexualized situations. Responses to perceived failures to fulfill gender criteria in sexual and sexualized relationships are themselves gendered; men and women select different targets for and utilize gendered tactics to accomplish the policing of supposedly natural gender boundaries and to re...
Variation and classification of human age patterns of mortality : analysis using competing hazards models

The structure of variation in human mortality patterns is explored using a five-parameter competing hazards model and standard multivariate taxonomic procedures. The data consist of 281 national life tables representing a wide range of environmental and cultural regions of the world....A K mean cluster analysis conducted on the residuals of the regression analysis identified seven distinct models of mortality that differ in characteristic ways from the general pattern. Four of the seven clusters have age patterns of mortality similar to the north east south and west regions of the Coale and Demeny model life tables. The remaining three clusters represent regions of the world and age patterns of mortality that are not represented in the Coale and Demeny model life tables. (EXCERPT)
Pressure from top and bottom: Lower food web responses to changes in nutrient cycling and invasive species in western Lake Michigan

Abstract Over recent decades, Lake Michigan phytoplankton and zooplankton communities have experienced dramatic changes driven both from the bottom (e.g. P loading reduction) and top (e.g. predatory cladoceran invasions) of the food web. We used two data sets from nearly identical sampling at an offshore station (100 m depth) in western Lake Michigan (1988–92 and 2007–09), to test for bottom-up effects (i.e. declines in chlorophyll a (chl a ) or increases in particulate C:P, leading to declines in P-rich cladocerans versus copepods), and top-down effects of invasive predatory cladocerans (i.e. declines in native zooplankton from predation or competition). Between the two periods, total P and particulate C declined, while nitrate and silicate increased. While chl a in the largest cells (> 53 μm and 10–53 μm fractions) decreased, particulate C:P ratios were unchanged. Total zooplankton abundance and biomass declined significantly between sampling periods, notably cyclopoid copepods, but not Bosmina or Daphnia species, nor the invasive cladoceran, Bythotrephes longimanus . Bottom-up effects, usually associated with ‘benthification’ attributed to Dreissena grazing, are more consistent with the changes observed than are effects of invasive predatory cladocerans. Differences in observations from those in eastern Lake Michigan or other lake-wide surveys are difficult to reconcile but seem more likely due to temporal differences in sampling rather than spatial ones. Discerning the trajectory of Lake Michigan will require better accounting for zooplankton life histories, more sophisticated understanding of nutritional quality and diet for zooplankton, and clearer coupling of pelagic–benthic cycles of elements, including Si and N.
γδ T Cell Function Varies with the Expressed WC1 Coreceptor

WC1 molecules are transmembrane glycoproteins belonging to the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich family and uniquely expressed on γδ T cells. Although participation of WC1+ γδ T cells in immune responses is well established, very little is understood regarding the significance of expressing different forms of the WC1 molecule. Two forms previously identified by mAbs, i.e., WC1.1 and WC1.2, are expressed by largely nonoverlapping subpopulations of γδ T cells. In this study it was shown that expression of the WC1.1 coreceptor was the main indicator of proliferation and IFN-γ production in response to autologous and bacterial Ags as well as for IFN-γ production without proliferation in Th1-polarizing, IL-12-containing cultures. Nevertheless, after culture in either Th1-polarizing or neutral conditions, mRNA was present for both T-bet and GATA-3 as well as for IL-12Rβ2 in WC1.1+ and WC1.2+ subpopulations, and neither produced IL-4 under any conditions. Although the steady decrease in the proportion of WC1.1+ cells, but not WC1.2+ cells, within PBMC with animal aging suggested that the two subpopulations may have different roles in immune regulation, cells bearing either WC1.1 or WC1.2 expressed mRNA for regulatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β, with TGF-β being constitutively expressed by ex vivo cells. Overall, the results demonstrate that the form of the WC1 coreceptor expressed on γδ T cells divides them into functional subsets according to IFN-γ production and proliferative capacity to specific stimuli as well as with regard to representation within PBMC. Finally, evidence is provided for minor differences in the intracytoplasmic tail sequences of WC1.1 and WC1.2 that may affect signaling.
Satisfiability algorithms and finite quantification

Subsearch, where a satisfiability algorithm searches through the original theory for ground clauses that satisfy some numeric property, is represented in terms of S(C,P,u,s), the set of ground instances of C that have u literals unvalued by P and s literals satisfied by the assignments in P. This representation allows an intelligent search to be performed to answer subsearch problems posed in terms of S(C,P,u,s). Intelligent Subsearch uses truth value assignments to atoms to eliminate sets of bindings to universally quantified variables within a quantified clausal constraint; the bindings being eliminated because the bindings cannot satisfy a specific statement. Intelligent subsearch backtracks away from poor choices in the search for bindings to variables within the quantified clauses. In typical uses, intelligent subsearch can reduce the time of the checking problem from O(D U ) to O(D αU ) for some α<1.
The inhibitory effects of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans on oligodendrocytes.

J. Neurochem. (2011) 119, 176–188. Abstract The formation of the glial scar following a spinal cord injury presents a significant barrier to the regenerative process. It is primarily composed of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) that can inhibit axonal sprouting and regeneration. Although the inhibitory effects on neurons are well documented, little is known about their effects on oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). In this study, we examined the effects of CSPGs on OPC process outgrowth and differentiation in vitro. The results show that specific CSPGs, in particularly those highly up-regulated following spinal cord injury, inhibit OPC process outgrowth and differentiation, and that treatment with chondroitinase ABC can completely reverse this inhibition. Additionally, treatment with the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 also reverses the observed inhibition, implicating the activation of Rho kinase in the CSPG inhibition of OPC growth. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the CSPGs found within the glial scar are not only inhibitory to neurons, but also to OPCs. Moreover, this study shows that chondroitinase ABC treatment, having shown promise in promoting axonal regeneration, may also enhance remyelination.
Successful technical and clinical outcome using a second generation balloon expandable coronary stent for transplant renal artery stenosis: Our experience

Transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS) is a vascular complication frequently seen because of increase in the number of renal transplantations. Early diagnosis and management is essential to optimize a proper graft function. Currently, the endovascular treatment of TRAS using angioplasty and/or stenting is considered the treatment of choice with the advantage that it does not preclude subsequent surgical correction. Treatment of TRAS with the use of stents, particularly in tortuous transplant renal anatomy presents a unique challenge to an interventional radiologist. In this study, we present three cases from our practice highlighting the use of a balloon-expandable Multi-Link RX Ultra coronary stent system (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, USA) for treating high grade focal stenosis along very tortuous renal arterial segments. Cobalt-Chromium alloy stent scaffold provides excellent radial force, whereas the flexible stent design conforms to the vessel course allowing for optimal stent alignment.
A Review of: “A Small Dose of Toxicology: The Health Effects of Common Chemicals.”

A Small Dose of Toxicology: The Health Effects of Common Chemicals by Steven G. Gilbert, Ph.D., D.A.B.T., is a soft cover book published for the first time by CRC Press in 2004. Following two intro...
WHY SYSTEMS FAIL (VIEWED FROM HINDSIGHT)

A two year study of several hundred reports analyzing system failures across diverse disciplines has identified seven reoccurring themes. The results are summarized, discussing the common contributory factors identified, and then each principle is illustrated with several diverse system failure occurrences.
Evaluation of Live-Load Lateral Flange Bending Distribution for a Horizontally Curved I-Girder Bridge

This paper focuses on levels of live-load lateral bending moment (bimoment) distribution in a horizontally curved steel I-girder bridge. Work centered primarily on the examination of (1) data from field testing of an in-service horizontally curved steel I-girder bridge and (2) results from a three-dimensional numerical model. Experimental data sets were used for calibration of the numerical model and the calibrated model was then used to examine the accuracy of lateral bending distribution factor equations presented in the 1993 Edition of the (AASHTO) Guide Specifications for Horizontally Curved Bridges. It is of interest to examine these equations for potential use in preliminary design even though they have been eliminated during recent AASHTO specification modifications that addressed curved bridge analysis, the 2005 Interims to the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. In addition, they were developed using idealized computer models and small-scale laboratory testing with very few field tests of i...
Reversible pyroelectric effect in Pb(Sc1/2Ta1/2)03 ceramics under DC bias

Abstract It has been shown that quenched Pb(Scl/2Ta1/2)03 (PST) disordered ceramics and crystals show diffuse dispersive dielectric properties, while well annealed ordered materials exhibit normal sharp first order transition. The pyroelectric depolarization measurements taken using a Hewlett Packard Model 4140B picoammeter/DC Source under computer controlled heating cycle also have shown different behaviors between disordered and ordered materials In this work pyroelectric measurements by Chynoweth method under DC bias up to 1.8 KV/mm within a temperature range of 70°C around the temperature of maximum dielectric constant have been studied. A very significant enhancement of the pyroelectric signal under DC bias is observed in thermally quenched disordered samples. The largest enhancement of the signal appears at temperatures some degrees below the temperature of maximum dielectric constant The existence of microdomains in disordered materials is believed to be responsible for this new extrinsic component...
NMR analysis of pharmaceuticals XIV: Determination of amyl nitrite in its inhalant dosage form

An NMR procedure is described for the analysis of amyl nitrite as a drug entity and in inhalant dosage forms. The choices of solvent (carbon tetrachloride) and internal standards (biphenyl or benzyl benzoate) were made with respect to stability problems and the presence of stabilizers in the formulation. The method is precise, with a standard deviation of ±0.5. The NMR results of synthetic solutions and commercial preparations were compared with those obtained by a published relative NMR procedure and a compendial titrimetric method. The results were generally satisfactory.
Effects of tobacco smoking on the topographic EEG I

1. The EEG and cardiovascular effects of smoking tobacco cigarettes of varying nicotine content were studied in Japanese chronic tobacco smokers. 2. Thirteen female and fifteen male adult normal volunteers were recruited for this study. 3. Each subject was asked to stop smoking the evening before coming to the laboratory the next morning, so they were approximately 10-12 hr deprived of cigarettes. 4. The objectives of this study were: a) To compare the mean differences in total activity in the alpha 1, alpha 2, beta, delta, and theta frequency bands before and after smoking a cigarette with 0, 0.27, 2.0, and 2.16 mg nicotine content in these 10-12 hr deprived tobacco smokers. b) To compare the topographic EEG patterns in such volunteers before and after smoking each of the above cigarettes. c) To compare the cardiovascular effects of smoking each of the above cigarettes in the same volunteers. 5. Smoking any of the four different types of cigarettes increased the total alpha EEG activity, although there were marked individual differences. Only after smoking nicotine containing cigarettes was there a mean decrease in alpha 1 (8.0-9.8 Hz) and an increase in alpha 2 (10-11.8 Hz) activity in the EEG, not only in the occipital areas but also more diffusely throughout the cerebral cortex. There were no consistent mean changes in EEG delta, theta, or beta activity. Individual differences were marked, irrespective of the nicotine content of the cigarette smoked. Baseline state, individual subject variation, and nicotine content of the cigarette smoked determine the EEG effects observed. Zero nicotine cigarette smoking also caused EEG changes, including an increase in alpha 1 and alpha 2 activity. 6. In contrast to smoking a zero nicotine cigarette, the cardiovascular effects of tobacco smoking include a slight increase in heart rate, systolic, and diastolic blood pressure.
Major adverse effects from systemic drugs: Defining the risks

This review covers the most important adverse effects from systemic drugs prescribed by dermatologists. The emphasis is on major adverse effects from these drugs that are either life-threatening or more commonly may lead to significant, irreversible morbidity. In descending order of relative risk for a fatal outcome or persistent morbidity, the major adverse effects discussed are dapsone agranulocytosis, methotrexate pancytopenia, retinoid teratogenicity, corticosteroid osteonecrosis, immunosuppression carcinogenesis, methotrexate hepatotoxicity, cyclosporine nephrotoxicity, azathioprine agranulocytosis and pancytopenia, corticosteroid osteoporosis, retinoid bone toxicity, corticosteroid hypothalamic—pituitary—adrenal axis suppression, and corticosteroid growth suppression. The great majority of these adverse effects are preventable, are diagnosable at an early, reversible stage, or can be readily managed should the complication occur. Furthermore, after carefully reviewing reports on the occasional fatal outcomes from the adverse effects discussed in this review, I believe virtually all deaths could have been prevented with careful attention to definable risk factors and with proper monitoring measures. Overall, the goal of this review is to bring clinicians to a proper level of concern regarding the risks from these drugs, while allowing safe use of potentially risky systemic drugs to the benefit of patients with serious and important skin conditions.
Recognizing and supporting roles in CSCW

In this paper, we describe our experience with the long-term, widespread use of CoWeb, an asynchronous collaborative tool that is mostly used to complement existing face-to-face groups (such as classes). The CoWeb is an openended tool that does not enforce or explicitly support specific roles or usage, yet several well-defined uses and roles have emerged over time. In our design methodology, we recognize these roles and refine our collaboration environment to better support them.
The potential of commercial intelligence in the ocean shipping industry

Abstract This article discusses the potential for legal commercial intellegence in the ocean shipping industry through the analysis of the information in the industry; it also describes an information system for processing such industry data. The system collects and verifies data from many sources and supplies information for the decision-maker in a comprehensible format, based on facts and not on guesses. Typical applications of the system are discussed and their impact is presented for several cases.
The Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Protein p105 Is Not Encoded by the Epstein-Barr Virus Genome

Rabbit antibodies made to an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated hydrophobic protein p105 that cross-reacts antigenically with the herpes simplex virus glycoprotein gB inhibited the ability of EBV to induce immunoglobulin synthesis by normal B cells. Sequencing of p105 indicated that it was a keratin-like protein and not encoded by EBV. Analysis of EBV-producing cells with and without mycoplasma indicated that p105 is probably a mycoplasma protein that associates with the EBV virion.
The sociopolitical implications of response to second language and second dialect writing

Abstract In response to Terry Santos' (1992) “Ideology in Composition: L1 and ESL,” I argue that second language/English as a Second Language (L2/ESL) pedagogy is as politically charged as first language (L1) pedagogy, but its ideological implications need to be openly articulated and discussed—the purpose of this article. As classrooms become more multicultural and ESL students become more difficult to distinguish from non-ESL students, L1 and L2 pedagogies will begin to converge, possibly causing L2/ESL pedagogy to become more expressly political, but also causing L1 pedagogy to become more pragmatic. To demonstrate the political implications of L2/ESL pedagogy and to make connections with L1 pedagogy, I offer a continuum of responses to second language and second dialect writing, based on teachers' political stances on linguistic and cultural assimilation. The three response stances, related to those from ethnic studies, sociolinguistics, and L1 composition, are the separatist, accommodationist, and assimilationist. This response continuum is then used to analyze actual and hypothetical responses to the writing of (a) an ESL international student, (b) an ESL bicultural student, and (c) a Standard English as a Second Dialect (SESD) student.
A multi-stage multi-attribute decision model for project selection

Abstract In most multi-attribute decision models, much effort is directed at obtaining utility functions of the decision makers for the individual attributes that encode behaviour towards risk. A three-stage methodology is provided to simplify the process and to reduce cognitive stress for the decisionmaker. At the first stage, alternatives which are dominated and/or have significant technological uncertainties are screened out. At the second stage, concepts are modified from some psychological theories of decisionmaking to eliminate alternatives in which some or all attributes do not posses certain aspects. At the end of the first two stages, alternatives that remain have acceptable risk. At the final stage, value functions are used to obtain the preferred alternative under imprecise preference information. The methodology is applied to the real world problem of choosing a project for providing fresh water to the city of Newport News, Virginia, USA.
Production schedule of concretes for maximum profit

Three numerical examples illustrate both the types of profit problem related to concrete production that can be solved by linear programming, and several optimization techniques. It is shown that linear programming can provide not only the production schedule for maximum profit under a set of existing conditions but also it can point in the direction of the most efficient changes of the existing conditions for increased production and profit.
Hans Baron's Renaissance Humanism: A Comment

THESE THREE THOUGHTFUL ARTICLES revisit topics that Baron himself reviewed with varying frequency over his long career. Ronald Witt considers Leonardo Bruni's centrality to the articulation and diffusion of republican values in the light of post-Baronian and anti-Baronian chronological and analytical strategies. John M. Najemy assesses Machiavelli's late but crucial appropriation into the pantheon of-from Hans Baron's standpoint-politically correct writers on governance. Craig Kallendorf deftly examines recent efforts to advance the discussion of the transitional stature of Petrarch to the emergence of 'civic humanism." These authors all recognize that, despite the long-familiar defects in certain of Baron's methods, and growing recognition that his work suffers from questionable premises that he regarded as unassailable and dubious arguments that he regarded as incontrovertible, his overarching interpretation of the evolution and significance of Italian humanism has properly made, and rightly continues to make, a profound difference in the way Italian civilization is understood and interpreted. Baron himself would not be entirely happy with the idea that his arguments were only partially, or even largely, accepted, let alone with what may actually be the prevailing view, that his major thesis was magnificently and fruitfully overstated. He was probably one of the last great historical scholars who believed that something like absolute truth was attainable in matters of interpretation. His indefatigable labors were directed toward that end. Indeed, Baron's stance toward his work was precisely opposite to the current fashion of "moving on" to some new or unrelated topic, once a "project" is finished. Instead, he carried on a series of lifelong conversations-face-to-face, by letter, in print, and above all, I think, in the more efficient theater of his own capacious intellect-with his teachers, friends, junior colleagues, critics, and especially with the dead souls of the Italian humanists into whom it became his mission to infuse vibrant new life. Many have observed the passionate intensity underlying his work, and Riccardo Fubini has written with admirable warmth and detachment of Baron's formative engagement with his teachers and contemporaries in Wilhelmine and Weimar Germany. Fubini proposes that, unlike many other refugee historians, Baron remained firmly within the ideological paradigm of his early studies, making few if any adjustments to the different American academic and intellectual environment. This, for Fubini, helps to explain the internal cohesion of Baron's work-the fact
Defective negative regulation of antigen receptor signaling in Lyn-deficient B lymphocytes.

Abstract Background: To elucidate the role of the Src family kinase Lyn in B cell receptor (BCR) signaling, we and others previously generated lyn −/− mice and analyzed their B cell responses. Although the initiation of BCR signaling in lyn −/− B cells is delayed, BCR-induced ERK2 activation and proliferation are enhanced. As the co-receptors Fc γ RIIb1 and CD22 have been shown to be negative regulators of BCR signaling, we have now examined their functional roles in lyn −/− B cells. Results: B cells from lyn −/− mice have increased expression of the protein product of the early response gene egr-1 , enhanced activation of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and elevated calcium responses upon BCR cross-linking. Tyrosine phosphorylation of Fc γ RIIb1 in lyn −/− B cells was reduced but negative regulation of the BCR signal by Fc γ RIIb1 was only modestly impaired. In contrast, tyrosine phosphorylation of CD22 was greatly decreased in lyn −/− B cells, correlating with the inability of CD22 to downregulate the BCR-induced calcium response in these cells. Surprisingly, CD22 remains capable of regulating the ERK2 and JNK pathways in lyn −/− B cells, which may relate to the small residual increase in BCR-induced CD22 phosphorylation. Conclusions: BCR signal initiation and negative regulation by Fc γ RIIb1 is not critically dependent on Lyn. In contrast, Lyn plays a particularly important role in the tyrosine phosphorylation of CD22 and in the consequent inhibition of BCR-induced calcium influx. The net result of the Lyn deficiency in B cells is hyperresponsiveness to antigen stimulation, which may explain the autoimmunity observed in lyn −/− mice.
Actualism, ontological commitment, and possible world semantics

Actualism is the doctrine that the only things there are, that have being in any sense, are the things that actually exist. In particular, actualism eschews possibilism, the doctrine that there are merely possible objects. It is widely held that one cannot both be an actualist and at the same time take possible world semantics seriously — that is, take it as the basis for a genuine theory of truth for modal languages, or look to it for insight into the modal structure of reality. For possible world semantics, it is supposed, commits one to possibilism. In this paper I take issue with this view. To the contrary, I argue that one can take possible world semantics seriously and yet remain in full compliance with actualist scruples.
Assessment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Differences in Standards and Practice between Licensed and Board-Certified Psychologists

The purpose of this study was to examine the current diagnostic standards and assessment practices of psychologists when diagnosing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A web-based survey was employed to gather information on opinions and assessment practices of psychologists who were either licensed with no board certification, board certified in clinical psychology, or board certified in forensic psychology. Significant differences were found between the three groups of psychologists in frequency of inclusion of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual–Fourth Edition–Text Revision Criterion A, in use of recommended collateral information sources, in use of assessment methods or types of recommended instruments, and in assessing for over-reported PTSD symptoms. Results indicated that board certification status had significant impact on psychologists’ diagnostic standards and assessment practices related to PTSD.
Dumber by the dozen or by the decade

Zajonc (1976), in an application of the confluence model (3, 5) to the decline in Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) scores, uses changes in family configuration (larger family size and shorter time intervals between the birth of siblings) which resulted from the postwar baby boom as an explanation of that decline. Zajonc, however, does not feel that the drop in SAT scores can be understood solely in terms of family configuration factors and states: "In all likelihood a number of diverse conditions converged to precipitate the decline" (4, p. 227). McCutcheon (2), without denying the possible validity of the confluence model, has questioned its predictive power on the basis of new data. It is the purpose of the present argument to present an alternative/supplementary explanation of the SAT decline-genetic damage as a result of radiation. It should be made clear that the explanation offered here is purely speculative and rests entirely on rwo point- plausible biological mechanism and appropriate timing. Several reviews of the heritability of intelligence have appeared (I), and it seems clear that whatever the exact value of the coefficients of genetic determination for various academically important abilities may be, a significant and substantial portion of the variance in intellectual performance is genetically determined. It is not unreasonable to assume that children. born after nuclear testing became a reality might suffer subtle genetic damage as a result and further that some of the affected genes are involved in the determination of intelligence; rather dramatic cases of mental retardation have been the sequelae of prenatal exposure to massive radiation. The decline in SAT scores began about 1963, i.e., at the time that these tests were being taken by children born just after the advent of nuclear testing. Continued nuclear testing may be presumed to have produced a continued accumulation of genetic damage to the gametes of the parents of later born children, whose SAT scores sank to even lower levels. It should be recalled that a mutation in a parental gamete will be replicated in every somatic cell of the offspring-including the brain cells. Due to changes in family size and spacing that occurred during the early 1960's, Zajonc (4) predicts an upturn in SATs within the next few years. Even if such an upturn materializes it seems unlikely that it will be a full return to the score levels of the early 1960's. The variables of interest to Zajonc and the effects of radiation are confounded. To date they have operated in the same direction (to depress scores); within the next few years they should begin to operate at odds to each other.
Limits of human bite strength

lhe greatest human bite strength in the early literature was reported more than 300 years ago by Borelli of Rome, Italy, in 1681.’ He attached weights to a cord, which passed over the molar teeth of the open mandible, and with closing of the jaw, up to 440 lbs (200 kg) were raised.’ In recent times, the greatest reported bite strength was 348 lbs (158 kg) in the Alaskan Eskimo.2 Bite strength records have been limited by instrumentation. Black,3 for example, reported that at least one of his subjects could have exceeded the 275 lb (125 kg) limit of his gnathodynamometer. Furthermore, his subjects were biting unilaterally and, as in many other studies, did not have the advantage of bilateral support. An improved gnathodynamometer was needed if increased bite strengths were to be measured. Today’s soft diet cannot compare with the hard, frozen diet of the Eskimos for strengthening the mandibular muscles.4 However, many people today undergo jaw muscle-strengthening through clenching and bruxing habits that may be considerably more rigorous than even the chewing demands of the Eskimo. Our hypothesis was that human bite strength of the bruxer-clencher has been underestimated, and some individuals can exceed the bite strength of the Eskimo.
Bilateral amputations following hydrotherapy tank burns in a paraplegic patient

Abstract Hydrotherapy is an important part of wound care and physical therapy. The benefits of hydrotherapy are derived from water's cleunsing ability, buoyancy, drag, inertia and temperature. If the temperature of the water is not adequately controlled, an immersion scald burn can occur. A paraplegic patient who was receiving hydrotherapy for treatment of his malleolar ulcers sustained immersion scald burns that ultimately necessitated below-the-knee amputations.
Networks for image analysis: motion and texture

This study outlines certain difficult problems in image processing and perception that can be solved by simple cooperative and competitive neural interactions. A scheme for measuring local image velocity in a way that is disambiguated from the form of the moving object and from the aperture through which it is observed is discussed. A basic theorem is introduced, called the spectral coplanarity theorem, which shows how cooperation and competition in a winner-take-all network allows the outputs of neurophysiologically measured spatiotemporal filters to be combined to yield velocity information independent of the form of a moving object or its contour. The classical concept of a neural receptive field is generalized to the concept of a velocity receptive field, in which inputs are summated along an inclined plane in a 3-D space of linear filters that are tuned (as striate cortical neurons are) to orientation, spatial frequency, and temporal frequency. >
From distance to online: a consortium approach

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present an intentional model for moving into online learning; to show how the decision was part of the strategic planning process; and to explain the decision behind utilizing the consortium approach. The paper aims to discuss the pros and cons of the consortium model.Design/methodology/approach – This paper describes the process Charter Oak State College, a non‐traditional public college, undertook to move from being an aggregator of credits to being the state's leader in providing undergraduate online learning to adult students. It also discusses how the college took a leadership role in forming a state‐wide online learning consortium that then became its online learning infrastructure.Findings – The paper emphasizes the importance of the strategic planning process and the Board's buy‐in to making an online learning venture successful and candidly discusses the advantages and disadvantages of being in a consortium. The college found that the consortium approach ...
Lack of Effect of Steroids on Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) Mediated Thyrotropin (TSH) Release in Man

Plasma thyrotropin levels were measured after the acute i.v. administration of 400 µg of synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in 6 patients with Addison’s disease, 2 patients with thrombo-cyt
Use of the Surgical Council on Resident Education (SCORE) Curriculum as a Template for Evaluating and Planning a Program's Clinical Curriculum

Background The SCORE curriculum defines surgical operations/procedures that residents are expected to be competent with by the end of the residency. Objective The purpose of this study was to conduct a gap analysis to determine how well the operative experience in a general surgery residency program approximates the expectations of the SCORE curriculum, especially regarding those procedures considered essential to general surgical training. Design Setting/Participants: Final ACGME resident operative experience reports of recent Northwestern University general surgery program graduates (n = 15) were compared with the specific procedures and procedure levels (ie, Essential-Common, Essential-Uncommon, Complex) defined in the SCORE curriculum. The average numbers of individual SCORE procedures and procedures per SCORE procedure level performed per resident were summarized using descriptive statistics. Results During their 5 years of training general surgery residents logged a mean of 1025.7 (SD 152.9) primary procedures per resident. We were able to match 87.1% of these ACGME logged procedures with specific procedures identified in the SCORE curriculum. On average, of the Essential-common procedures, 23 (35%) were performed >10 times and 35 (53%) were performed >five times. Conversely, the number of Essential-uncommon and Complex procedures performed >five times were 3 (5%) and 10 (7%), respectively. Several procedures identified in the SCORE curriculum were performed at very low frequency during residency training. Conclusions This experience suggests that leadership at SCORE and the ACGME need to make the curriculum and logging system compatible and that surgical residents need to be better educated with regards to case logging. Despite these issues, important differences appeared to exist between actual resident operative experiences and expectations set by the SCORE curriculum. Based on these finding we advocate that similar gap analyses be performed at other surgical residency training programs to identify discrepancies between program experience and SCORE curriculum expectations.
Preparation of Nanocrystalline Magnesium Aluminate Spinel Powder by Thermal Explosion Mode of LCS

The nanocrystalline MgAl2O4 powder was prepared by thermal explosion mode of low-temperature combustion synthesis (LCS) using urea as fuel and nitrates as oxidizers. The molar ratio of nitrates to urea and the adiabatic flame temperature was calculated according to the propellant chemistry and combustion thermodynamics theory respectively, and the effect of thermal explosion temperature on the properties of powder was investigated. The phase and morphology of the synthesized powder were investigated by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the combustion process completed in very shortly time, and the cauliflower-like powder with porous structure was obtained. The crystalline size of MgAl2O4 increased with the increasing of thermal explosion temperature, and the powder had good crystalline shape and purity. The average crystalline size of MgAl2O4 prepared at 400 was approximately 40nm.
Modern Studies in Schools

I WAS somewhat surprised to read in NATURE of October 3 a vigorous attack upon the Government Committee on Modern Languages on the ground of its having considered nothing but the interests of trade and diplomacy. I trust this will not deter your readers from examining what is generally considered to be a most valuable report. It is certainly a document which has met with the general approval of modern language teachers and others interested in the subject with which it deals. Against the charge made I may point out that of the nine pages of the section entitled “The Value of Modern Studies,” nearly three are devoted to the higher aspects of the subject, while the section on the aims of language teaching in schools begins with the sentence, “Language teaching has, and should have, a disciplinary and educative aim,” and the treatment of the subject is based on this text.
Managing chronic illness at home: Three lines of work

Problems of managing chronic illness at home are addressed in terms of the concept of “work:” what types and subtypes of work, entailing what tasks, who does them, how, where, the consequences, the problems involved. Three types of work and consequences of their interplay are discussed: illness work, everyday life work, and biographical work. Theoretical concerns of the sociology of work are addressed as well as the substantive issues of managing chronic illness.