cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Frames on Personal Narratives of Bullying Memories.

Research demonstrates the malleability of memory; a dynamic process that occurs across development and can be influenced by internal and external frames. Narratives of past experiences represent on...
Dermographism in COVID-19.

A 24-year-old man with a history of relapsing juvenile dermatomyositis inactive for 5 years presented with 1 week of anosmia, dysgeusia and pruritic rash. He also endorsed fatigue and myalgias but no fevers, cough or dyspnoea. His examination was notable for a diffuse maculopapular rash with
Dietary Approaches to Lowering LDL-C

Multiple epidemiological, experimental, genetic, and interventional trials have unequivocally established that low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a causal risk factor for the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) is a key goal for primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) according to international guidelines. To achieve this, the 2019 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease emphasizes the importance of adopting a healthy dietary pattern. This guideline document suggests that rather than focus on specific micronutrients, it may be more important to consider dietary patterns for the prediction and mitigation of cardiovascular disease risk. Current evidence suggests that adopting a healthy dietary pattern that includes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, legumes and, optionally, low-fat dairy and fish, and reduced consumption of red and processed meats, is a useful approach to lowering LDL-C. Here, we briefly review the role of LDL in the genesis of atherosclerosis, the importance of lowering LDL-C for primary and secondary prevention of ASCVD, and approaches to LDL-C lowering with dietary interventions and medical therapy. This chapter also evaluates the current evidence of different dietary patterns such as the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, the Mediterranean diet, and plant-based vegetarian diets, with a specific focus on their impact on LDL-C.
تحليل السياسة الاقتصادية الزراعية لمحصول عباد الشمس في مصر Analysis of the Agricultural Economic Policy of Sunflower Crop in Egypt

الملخص:استهدف البحث دراسة وتحليل السياسة الاقتصادية الزراعية المتبعة في إنتاج وتسويق محصول عباد الشمس في مصر خلال الفترة 2000-2013 بإستخدام مصفوفة تحليل السياسة حيث أوضحت نتائجها حصول المزارع على دعم سواء لمستلزمات الإنتاج أو للمنتج النهائي إذ بلغ معامل الحماية الإسمي للمدخلات والناتج نحو 0,94 ، 1,03 على الترتيب. کما بلغ معامل الحماية الفعال نحو 1,04 مما يؤکد على أن هناک دعما لأسعار بذرة عباد الشمس لصالح المنتجين، وأن مصر لديها ميزة نسبية في إنتاج بذور عباد الشمس إذ بلغ معامل تکلفة الموارد المحلية (الميزة النسبية) نحو 0,66 مما يعکس الکفاءة النسبية في إستخدام الموارد المحلية لإنتاجه وتصديره ، وأخيرا بلغ معامل الربحية للفدان نحو 95,0 حيث أن الربح المتحقق لإنتاج فدان من بذور عباد الشمس في ظل السياسة المتبعة حاليا يمثل نحو 5% أقل عن الربح المتحقق من إستيراده، أي أنه يشير إلى فشل السياسة المتبعة في إنتاج بذور عباد الشمس. وأخيرا يوصي البحث: بضرورة إيجاد حافزا مجزيا لدى المزارعين لزراعة محصول عباد الشمس والاستفادة من الميزة النسبية التي تتمتع بها مصر في إنتاجه وکاحد محاصيل الزيوت النباتية التي يمکن أن تقلل من فجوة الزيوت النباتية.
Impact of COVID-19 on residency choice: A survey of New York City medical students.

Objectives The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic disrupted medical student education, particularly in New York City (NYC). We aimed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical students' residency choices. Methods The authors conducted a cross-sectional survey of medical students in all years of study at four NYC medical schools (Columbia, Cornell, NYU, and SUNY Downstate). The survey was fielded from 19 Aug 2020 to 21 Sep 2020. Survey questions included items assessing COVID-19 impact on residency choices, personal impact of COVID-19, residency/specialty choices, and factors influencing these choices. Results A total of 2310 students received the survey, with 547 (23.7%) providing partial responses and 212 (9.2%) providing valid responses for our primary analysis. 59.0% of participants thought that COVID-19 influenced their choice of residency/specialty, with 0.9% saying the influence was to a great extent, 22.2% to some extent, and 35.8% very little. On multivariable analysis, factors that were independently associated with COVID-19 impacting residency choice included low debt ($1 to $99,999: adjOR 2.23, 95%CI 1.02-5.03) compared with no debt and Other race/ethnicity (adjOR 0.26, 95%CI 0.10-0.63) compared with White race/ethnicity. On secondary analysis of all participants answering survey items for logistic regression regardless of survey completion, direct personal impact of COVID-19 was significantly associated with COVID-19 impacting specialty choice (adjOR 1.90, 95%CI 1.04-3.52). Moreover, 24 students (11.6%) reported a change in their top residency choice from before to during/after COVID-19, citing concerns about frontline work, work-life balance, and risk of harm. Conclusions Our study found that 3 in 5 (59.0%) participants felt that COVID-19 impacted their residency choice, with 11.6% of respondents explicitly changing their top specialty choice. Investigating the impact of the pandemic on medical student residency considerations is crucial to understand how medical career outlooks may change in the future.
Benevolent Sexism in the Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers (TRAP): A Case Study of Texas House Bill 2

Benevolent sexism takes a subjectively positive view of women in traditional gender roles, revering them as gentle, nurturing, and in need of protection by men. While studies show that people who express attitudes of benevolent sexism are willing to restrict women’s choices at an individual level, limited research exists on the impact of benevolent sexism in social policy. Using a single-case study method and benevolent sexism as a conceptual framework, I examined the introduction, passage, and legal defense of Texas House Bill 2 (TX HB2), a targeted regulation of abortion providers (TRAP) law. HB2 was passed by the Texas legislature in 2013 and ruled on by the U.S. Supreme Court in the 2016 case of Whole Woman’s Health et al. v. Hellerstedt. Primary source legislative and court documents were analyzed to explore whether and how benevolent sexism ideologies were reflected in the introduction, passage, and legal defense of HB2 as a TRAP law. Four themes emerged: The State has the Right to Protect Women, Women Need Protection from “Bad Players,” Women are Emotional, and Women are Mothers/Vessels. Results confirm that language consistent with benevolent sexism was used in the context of policy making to justify restricting women’s access to pre-viability abortion.
A comparison of the effects of acetophenone, 1-hexanol, and hexane on S. cerevisiae and Z. mobilis in batch and continuous immobilized-cell culture

Both S.cerevisiae and Z.mobilis were found to be capable of producing ethanol from glucose in both batch and continuous cultures in the presence of low concentrations of acid-recovery solvents in the medium. However, Z.mobilis seemed to be more sensitive to the solvents when the concentrations were high or when two or more solvents were present in the medium. Among the three solvents tested, 1-hexanol had the most inhibitory effects, followed by acetophenone and then hexane. This order agrees will with the order of solubility in aqueous medium.
Visualization of irreparable ischemic damage in brain by selective labeling of double strand blunt-ended DNA breaks.

Double-strand DNA breaks with blunt ends represent the most serious type of DNA damage, and cannot be efficiently repaired by cells. They are generated in apoptosis or necrosis and are absent in normal or transiently damaged cells. Consequently, they can be used as a molecular marker of irreparable cellular damage. We evaluated the effects of focal brain ischemia using selective labeling of blunt-ended DNA breaks as a marker of irreversible tissue damage. A new approach permitting such analysis in situ is introduced. Rat brain sections taken 6, 24, 48 and 72 hr after the onset of focal brain ischemia were used. Double-strand DNA breaks were detected directly in the tissue sections via ligation of blunt-ended hairpin-shaped oligonucleotide probes. The probes were attached to the ends of the breaks by T4 DNA ligase. Conventional cresyl violet co-staining and terminal transferase based labeling (TUNEL) were employed to analyze the distribution of labeled cells. Double-strand blunt-ended DNA breaks rapidly accumulate in brain cells after focal brain ischemia. At 24 hr, they concentrate in the peripheral areas of stroke, which are prone to ischemia-reoxygenation. By 48–72 hr, this type of DNA damage spreads inward, covering the internal areas of the ischemic zone. Selective labeling of blunt-ended DNA breaks delineates the dynamics of stroke-induced irreversible DNA damage and provides highly specific detection of brain cells with irreparable DNA injury. It can be used for comparing the efficiency of various anti-ischemic drugs, particularly those that target DNA damage, as well as for monitoring stroke-induced damage.
Financial innovation and money demand : theory and empirical implementation

Empirically, traditional money demand equations are frequently characterized by periods of "missing money" , unstable parameters, and autocorrelated errors. The common practice to solve these problems consists of changing the specification of the regressions once the shifts (which are usually associated to financial innovation) are identified. This paper provides an alternative approach to dealing with the unobservable process of financial innovation. It consists of modelling financial innovation as shocks that have permanent effects on the money demand, analogous to productivity shocks in production functions. This paper describes the theoretical model used and shows the failure of traditional money demand equations using cointegration techiques. It describes a simple GLS-iterative econometric model which allows the authors to recover the path of financial innnovation and obtain sensible estimates of the relevant elasticities. It also shows Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate the behavior of the estimation procedure for particular samples and data generating processes, and to study how robust the procedure to some deviations from the basic assumptions is.
Dynamic adaptation of the error surface for the acceleration of the training of neural networks

Presents a technique, named ARON (adaptive region of nonlinearity), that accelerates learning processes through a dynamic adaptation of the error surface. The procedure implements a generalization of the basic McCulloch-Pitts type of neuron which gives to each unit the ability to automatically adapt its operational region according to the requirements of the problem. >
The Moral Media: How Journalists Reason About Ethics

Contents: Preface. Part I: Understanding Journalists' Responses to Moral Questions. Moral Development Theory: A Historical Approach. Methods: Multiple Approaches to Asking Questions. Context and Results: The Defining Issues Test. Moral Development: In Their Own Words. Part II: The Struggle to Think Deeply--Pictures, Deception, and Persuasion. What's a Picture Worth When It Comes to Ethical Reasoning? Ethical Reasoning and the Color Bind. S.T. Lee, The Ethics of Journalistic Deception. A. Cunningham, Advertising Practitioners Respond: The News Is Not Good. Part III: Implications for Teachers, Scholars, and Professionals. Teaching Journalists About Ethics: What This Study Suggests. Theory: A Moving Target. Appendix.
Family caregivers of older persons in rehabilitation

Family caregivers of older individuals in rehabilitation have unique needs and concerns that should be addressed in rehabilitation and in community-based programs. Their concerns have a direct bearing on their health and on the health and well-being of their care-recipients. In this paper, we review the major problems facing many caregivers of older individuals who may receive rehabilitation services, and we discuss implications from relevant research. We conclude with recommendations for interventions, services and program development.
Rhetoric, Religion, and International Human Rights: 'Save the Children!'

The first information I received about the Convention on the Rights of the Child was a folded up piece of paper in my mailbox in Knoxville, Tennessee. It had not gone through the post office, but had been placed in the mailbox by one of those slow, beat-up trucks that rumbled through our subdivision, stuffing the mailboxes with ads for yard work or housework. This one was different. It told of a United Nations plot to take children away from their parents (and Jesus) and put them under the control of the State. It gave the name and number of a local Baptist Church, where loving parents like myself had begun organizing a resistance. The old truck, sent out by the local church, was faster (and more efficient, at least in Tennessee) than my internet link to the UN human rights website.Children touch a nerve everywhere. This paper explores how a surprisingly broad range of religious groups have used the rhetoric of “save the child” to link children’s human rights with the breakdown of the family, on one hand, and fundamentalist religion and the sanctity of the family, on the other. Because of the breakdown of the family (attributable, in part, to feminism and human rights) the rhetoric goes, children are worse off. Thus, strong families, grounded in strongly held religious beliefs and supported by local religious communities, are the best hope for “saving the children.”Human rights rhetoric, in contrast, zooms out to situate parents and children in a broader socio-political context. Most children are indeed worse off, by most indicators - economics, education, health, or drug use, to name the common culprits in the United States. Contrary to the religious rhetoric, however, divorce is more of a parallel result than a unitary cause. Thus, even though divorce rates have remained steady, children’s welfare has steadily declined. Zooming out exposes the macro causes - increasing economic polarization, slashed safety nets, globalization and the mobility of capital - which impose strains on families that fall particularly hard on the most vulnerable; including children.
Mitoxosome: a mitochondrial platform for cross‐talk between cellular stress and antiviral signaling

Evidence is accumulating that the mitochondria form an integral platform from which innate signaling takes place. Recent studies revealed that the mitochondria are shaping the innate response to intracellular pathogens, and mitochondrial function is modulating and being modulated by innate immune signaling. Further, cell biologic analyses have uncovered the dynamic relocalization of key components involved in cytosolic viral recognition and signaling to the mitochondria, as well as the mobilization of mitochondria to the sites of viral replication. In this review, we provide an integrated view of how cellular stress and signals following cytosolic viral recognition are intimately linked and coordinated at the mitochondria. We incorporate recent findings into our current understanding of the role of mitochondrial function in antiviral immunity and suggest the existence of a 'mitoxosome', a mitochondrial oxidative signalosome where multiple pathways of viral recognition and cellular stress converge on the surface of the mitochondria to facilitate a coordinated antiviral response.
Food type and concentration affect chlorophyll and carotenoid destruction during copepod feeding

To evaluate the use of pigments as tracers for determining copepod grazing rates and selectivity, we examined the stability of several biomarker pigments during copepod feeding incubations. During these incubations, we measured changes in phytoplankton-derived chlorophylls and carotenoids in the particulate and dissolved pools. Budgets were calculated to determine changes in pigment concentrations in the food, copepod fecal pellets, copepod guts, and dissolved/colloidal fraction. For each of six algal diets, adult female Acartia tonsa copepods were fed limiting and saturating food concentrations, approximately 100 and 500 µg C L−1 , respectively. Thalassiosira weissflogii, Rhodomonas lens, Chroomonas salina, Dunaliella tertiolecta, and two Tetraselmis strains were used in the feeding experiments to investigate the fate of fucoxanthin, alloxanthin, lutein, chlorophyll (Chl) b, and Chl a. In all experiments using saturating food concentrations, the dissolved/colloidal pool contained no more than 3% (usually less than 1%) of any pigment, whereas in experiments using limiting food conditions, pigments were undetectable in the dissolved/colloidal pool. Pheopigments were present in fecal pellets and copepod guts in most of the experiments. Chl a destruction (conversion to colorless products) was variable among the different experiments, depending on algal species and food concentration and, in most cases, Chl a was destroyed to a greater extent than the carotenoids. In all cases, pigment destruction was higher when copepods were fed limiting rather than saturating food concentrations. These data attribute the variability in pigment destruction to algal species and concentration, and suggest caution when pigments are used as tracers of herbivory. In such studies, assumptions about conservative behavior, even for the carotenoids, would need to be verified for each set of experimental conditions and grazers.
Asymptotic properties of stochastic feedback systems: A functional approach

The asymptotic properties of general stochastic feedback systems are examined in an operator theoretic framework. The intent is to extend the existing input-output stability theory in the presence of stochastic disturbances. The development accordingly avoids the use of Lyapunov arguments and the analytic theory of Markov processes as applied to systems with a state realization. The analysis uses the Prohorov topology as a measure of boundedness for the systems, and the criteria developed for the system operators assure the preservation of weak convergence by the feedback system as mapping from input to output. The criteria involve certain induced norms of the system functions as operators on function spaces and in this manner the theory is reminiscient of the deterministic stability theory. An example consisting of a nonlinear feedback system with a white noise gain element is given to illustrate this relationship explicitly.
Rabindranath Tagore and the Aesthetics of Postmodernism

Skeptical postmodern claims about the viability of authorship and meaning in literature are contrasted in historical persepective with Rabindranath Tagore's views on the power of literary art to illuminate reality and enrich feeling. Consequences of postmodern methods and theories are explored with reference to his defense of art and life as a unity that entails unique knowledge and insight. Although influenced by Western culture, he distrusted theory applied to art. For him, durable meanings are an imperative of life for which literature is a vehicle. A post-Nobel Prize attempt to promote Eastern wisdom as a corrective to Western rationalism and materialism did not succeed.
DEGRADATION OF ISOXABEN IN SOILS AND AN AQUEOUS SYSTEM

The degradation of isoxaben {N-[3-(1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl)-5-isoxazolyl]-2,6-dimethoxybenzamide} was studied in soil and in an aqueous system. Soil studies were conducted in Erlenmeyer flasks (treated with 1 μg/g isoxaben) and mineralization studies in Biometer flasks (treated with 1 μg/g unlabeled and 14C-isoxaben) incubated at 23 C. Degradation in the aqueous system was performed in Erlenmeyer flasks under aerobic and anaerobic conditions incubated at 23°C. Incubation mixtures were extracted at selected times and analyzed for isoxaben and degradation products by HPLC with product identification confirmed by GC-MS. After 8 weeks, 78% and 23% of the total isoxaben disappeared in nonsterile and sterile soils, respectively. After 12 weeks, approximately 1% of the labeled isoxaben was recovered as CO2 in the Biometer flask experiments; no volatile products were detected, and 5% and 33% of the total radioactivity was recovered from the nonsterile and sterile soils, respectively. In the aquatic system after 8 ...
Role of Sunspot and Sunspot-Group Rotation in Driving Sigmoidal Active Region Eruptions

We study active region NOAA 9684 (N06L285) which produced an X1.0/3B flare on November 4, 2001 associated with a fast CME (1810 km s−1) and the largest proton event (31 700 pfu) in cycle 23. SOHO/MDI continuum image data show that a large leading sunspot rotated counter-clockwise around its umbral center for at least 4 days prior to the flare. Moreover, it is found from SOHO/MDI 96 m line-of-sight magnetograms that the systematic tilt angle of the bipolar active region, a proxy for writhe of magnetic fluxtubes, changed from a positive value to a negative one. This signifies a counter-clockwise rotation of the spot-group as a whole. Using vector magnetograms from Huairou Solar Observing Station (HSOS), we find that the twist of the active region magnetic fields is dominantly left handed (αbest = −0.03), and that the vertical current and current helicity are predominantly negative, and mostly distributed within the positive rotating sunspot. The active region exhibits a narrow inverse S-shaped Hα filament and soft X-ray sigmoid distributed along the magnetic neutral line. The portion of the filament which is most closely associated with the rotating sunspot disappeared on November 4, and the corresponding portion of the sigmoid was observed to erupt, producing the flare and initiating the fast CME and proton event. These results imply that the sunspot rotation is a primary driver of helicity production and injection into the corona. We suggest that the observed active region dynamics and subsequent filament and sigmoid eruption are driven by a kink instability which occurred due to a large amount of the helicity injection.
A review of laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication in children weighing less than 5 kg

Abstract Purpose Minimally invasive procedures in small infants and neonates are being performed in increasing numbers. In this study, we describe our institution's experience with laparoscopic Nissen fundoplications (LNFs) in children weighing less than 5 kg. Methods All cases of LNF attempted in children weighing less than 5 kg since January 2003 at a tertiary-care pediatric hospital were reviewed after Institutional Review Board approval. Results One hundred twenty-two children weighing less than 5 kg underwent LNF during the study period. They ranged from 2 weeks to 3 years of age (mean, 94 ± 61.3 days) and weighed 1.94 to 4.99 kg (mean, 3.68 ± 0.77 kg). Twenty-nine percent (n = 35) were neurologically impaired. Eighty-eight percent (n = 107) had concurrent gastrostomy tube placement. Eight (7%) were converted to laparotomy. The average operative time was 112 ± 46 minutes. Seventy-one percent (n = 87) required intensive care unit use for an average of 14.3 ± 17.4 days. The average time to start enteral feeds was 2.6 ± 2.6 days. Thirty-one percent (n = 38) required postoperative mechanical ventilation for an average of 12.0 ± 20.6 days. The average hospital length of stay was 36.6 ± 36.0 days (range, 3-175 days). Six patients (5%) had a complication or recurrent gastroesophageal reflux. Three patients had recurrent reflux, one of which underwent another LNF. One patient had a gastric perforation. Another required a redo LNF after a disrupted wrap was noted at a recurrent hiatal hernia repair. Lastly, one patient had bleeding from an accessory hepatic artery with liver retractor placement. Conclusions Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication can safely and effectively be performed in small children (
The comparative roles of informational and material commodities in interpersonal transactions

Abstract The thesis was developed that owners of valuable information would engage in different pricing behavior than owners of valuable material commodities, since transmission of information does not diminish the knowledge of the original owner, whereas physical transfer of a material property does entail loss of ownership. Lending of material and confiding of information were seen as limiting cases because of the transactional restrictions placed on borrowers and confidants. Experimental support was found for the hypotheses that informants in a three-person game would ask less for information than seller would for material, but that lenders and confiders would set the same price. The prediction that sellers would ask more than lenders received partial support, while the hypothesis that informants would charge more than confiders was not substantiated. The afterthought that concern may have developed about the trustworthiness of borrowers and confidants led to another experiment in which the probability of untrust-worthiness was manipulated experimentally, with 3 probability levels, .10, .50, .90. As predicted, confiders charged as much as lenders under .10 probability of untrustworthiness, but significantly less under .90. The underlying rationale was that lenders would lose de facto ownership while confiders would not, should borrowers and confidants prove untrustworthy.
Infants’ Scanning of Dynamic Faces During the First Year

This research investigated infants’ scanning of a talking, socially engaging face. Three- to four-month-olds looked equally at the mouth and eyes whereas 9-month-olds attended more to the eyes than mouth. These findings shed light on information infants’ seek from dynamic face stimuli.
Impulse response of switching NbSe3

Abstract We present detailed measurements of the impulse response of the charge-density-wave (CDW) conductor NbSe3 as a function of the pulse height, temperature, and initial configuration. We find that the average conduction delay τ has an activated temperature dependence for pulse heights sufficiently far above threshold: τ α exp ( E a k B T ), where Ea=24.1±3.2 meV, comparable to the CDW gap. Numerical simulations of a model of CDWs which includes the interaction with normal carriers are in good qualitative agreement with experiments.
Intrapericardial teratoma in a newborn.

Intrapericardial teratomas are very rare and most are benign in nature. Neonates can remain asymptomatic; however, they can present with respiratory distress from compression and pericardial tamponade. In a fetus, nonimmune hydrops fetalis could be a finding. The case presented here is of a neonate with intrapericardial teratoma who underwent surgical resection with excellent result. A 2-week-old baby boy underwent median thoracotomy resection of a capsulated intrapericardial multicystic tumor. This was adherent to the pericardium superiorly and to the adventitia of the aorta and main pulmonary artery posteriorly (Figs. 1, 2). This was confirmed as a teratoma by histopathology. On the prenatal echocardiogram, an anterior mediastinal cystic mass was seen. The infant was delivered following a full-term twin pregnancy by caesarian section with a birth weight of 2.3 kg and Apgar score of 7 and 9 at 1 and 5 min, respectively. At birth, the infant remained asymptomatic with normal vital signs and normal physical examination. Prior to surgery, a two-dimensional (2D) echocardiogram (Fig. 3) showed a multicystic capsulated tumor within the pericardium superior to the ascending aorta and to the left of the superior vena cava. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the mediastinum (Fig. 4) revealed an intrapericardial capsulated cystic tumor surrounded by thymic tissue. Eight percent of all mediastenal tumors are benign teratomas [3]. Intrapericardial teratomas accounts for 0.003% [2]. The patient can be asymptomatic or can present with cardiorespiratory distress and pericardial temponade. Fetal presentation can be that of nonimmune hydrops fetalis [5]. Teratoma originates form totipotent cells from Hansen’s node or from primitive germ cells during their migration from the yolk sac [6]. It consists of complex multiple tissues. The presence of all three layers of cells (i.e., endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) is not necessary to make a diagnosis [4]. Gonzalez-Crussi [1] has graded teratomas as follows: 0 = mature (benign), 1 = immature (probably
The sweet taste in the calf. II. Glossopharyngeal nerve responses to taste stimulation of the tongue

Abstract Recordings were obtained from the glossopharyngeal nerve in 1–5-week-old calves during stimulation of the circumvallate tongue area with NaCl, quinine hydrochloride, citric acid, and the sweet compounds: acesulfam-K, aspartame, fructose, galactose, glucose, glycine, lactose, maltose, monellin, Na-saccharine, sucrose, thaumatin, and xylitol. All compounds except aspartame, monellin and thaumatin gave a nerve response. Glycine, followed by Na-saccharine, elicited the largest responses. Sucrose gave the largest response among the disaccharides, while there was no significant difference between the monosaccharides. Expressed as percent of the NaCl responses, the responses to glycine, sucrose, xylitol, fructose, galactose, glucose, lactose and maltose were considerably larger in the glossopharyngeal nerve than in the chorda tympani nerve. This can be taken as an indication that the posterior region of the tongue serves as the major receptive area for sweet in cattle.
Counting pollen grains using readily available, free image processing and analysis software

Background and Aims Although many methods exist for quantifying the number of pollen grains in a sample, there are few standard methods that are user-friendly, inexpensive and reliable. The present contribution describes a new method of counting pollen using readily available, free image processing and analysis software.
Image overlay solution based on threshold detection for a compact near infrared fluorescence goggle system

Near infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging has shown great potential for various clinical procedures, including intraoperative image guidance. However, existing NIR fluorescence imaging systems either have a large footprint or are handheld, which limits their usage in intraoperative applications. We present a compact NIR fluorescence imaging system (NFIS) with an image overlay solution based on threshold detection, which can be easily integrated with a goggle display system for intraoperative guidance. The proposed NFIS achieves compactness, light weight, hands-free operation, high-precision superimposition, and a real-time frame rate. In addition, the miniature and ultra-lightweight light-emitting diode tracking pod is easy to incorporate with NIR fluorescence imaging. Based on experimental evaluation, the proposed NFIS solution has a lower detection limit of 25 nM of indocyanine green at 27 fps and realizes a highly precise image overlay of NIR and visible images of mice in vivo. The overlay error is limited within a 2-mm scale at a 65-cm working distance, which is highly reliable for clinical study and surgical use.
Ensuring the Future of Radiology: How to Respond to the Threats

d g There are a number of threats facing the specialty of radiology. We have listed what we consider to be the most important of these in Table 1. Most have been discussed periodically in this and other publications and are well known to radiologists. In this paper, we present 10 steps radiologists should consider taking now to offset these threats and ensure a healthy future for our specialty. The steps are not necessarily arranged in order of importance because they are all important.
3,5-Dihalo-4-hydroxybenzonitriles: isostructures, polymorphs and solvates

3,5-Dichloro-4-hydroxybenzonitrile and its solvates with benzene and xylene assemble in chain-like arrangements held together by OH⋯NC interactions. Two polymorphs each of the corresponding dibromo and diiodo compounds form similar chains which are then bound together by X⋯X interactions to form approximately planar sheets. These sheets are essentially identical in all four of the bromo and iodo compounds and have approximate p2gg two-dimensional symmetry. These four compounds form an extreme example of two-dimensional isostructuality. The polymorphs differ in the stacking arrangements. One of the Br polymorphs is isostructural with one of the I polymorphs.
Shell-model calculations for the energy levels of the N=50 isotones with A=80-87

The detailed features of the calculated energy-level schemes and of the single-particle, orbit-occupancy properties of the low-lying levels of the N=50 isotones 80Zn, 81Ga, 82Ge, 83As, 84Se, 85Br, 86Kr, and 87Rb are presented and discussed. These results are obtained with a new effective Hamiltonian operator obtained empirically from an iterative fit to experimental energies taken from all experimentally studied (A=82–96) N=50 nuclei. The model space for the calculations consists of active 0f5/2, 1p3/2, 1p1/2, and 0g9/2 proton orbits relative to a nominal 78Ni core. This space is truncated internally by restricting the number of particles excited from the negative-parity orbits into the g9/2 orbit to be no greater than four. The typical structures predicted for these lighter N=50 isotones are found to be dominated by well-mixed combinations of fp-orbit configurations, with the g9/2 orbit playing a minor role in all but a few special cases. The model energy-level spectra are compared with existing experimental information, as are calculated spectroscopic factors for single-proton stripping and pickup reactions.
Meta-analysis of clinical studies of the efficacy of granulocyte transfusions in the treatment of bacterial sepsis.

BACKGROUND Meta-analysis was used to explain disagreements across controlled clinical studies of the efficacy of granulocyte transfusions (GTX) in the treatment of bacterial sepsis. METHODS Studies published in English in 1970–1994 were retrieved. Seven studies of adults and five of neonates were eligible for analysis. Summary relative odds (RR) of survival in treated patients versus controls were computed for patient subsets defined on the basis of microbiologic proof of infection, recovery of bone marrow function, method of procurement of granulocytes for transfusion, dose of granulocytes transfused, assessment of leukocyte compatibility, and survival rate of controls. The random-effects method was used for all analyses. RESULTS Differences between the reviewed studies in the dose of granulocytes transfused and the survival rate of controls were primarily responsible for the disagreements across the reports. Adults (RR = 4.2) and neonates (RR = 18.0) receiving adequate doses of granulocytes and adults transfused in centers with a low survival rate of controls (RR = 8.9) experienced a significant (P < .05) benefit from GTX. CONCLUSION GTX of adequate dose may be indicated in the 1990s for the treatment of sepsis in neonates, and perhaps also adults admitted to centers with an unusually high mortality rate of untransfused controls. More research is needed to reassess the proper role of GTX, in the light of modern transfusion medicine technology and the presently available options for the treatment of sepsis. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Atopic dermatitis revisited.

Definition de la dermatite atopique, publications recentes, role de l'infection par le staphylocoque, role des lymphocytes T, role joue par les allergenes de contact. Anomalies dans le metabolisme de l'AMP cyclique, role de l'histamine, role des leucocytes de la moelle osseuse, degranulation des eosinophiles, traitement de la dermatite atopique
The Lifson‐Allegra theories of the helix–coil transition for random copolymers: Comparison with exact results and extension

The theories of the helix–coil transition of Lifson, Lifson and Allegra, and Allegra for random copolymers are compared with the exact results of Lehman and McTague, as was done by Fink and Crothers in an earlier test of the approximate theories of Fixman and Zeroka, Reiss et al, and Montroll and Goel. The Fixman-Zeroka theory is the best approximation to the exact result (under the conditions used), and the Allegra theory is next best, the calculated slope of the transition curve in the Allegra theory being too small by a factor of two. An alternative derivation of the Allegra approximation, using the method of sequence generating functions, is given, and the resulting equations are of very simple form. A hybrid method, based on the work of Lifson and Allegra, is also developed here; it involves a technique of successive approximations, and reduces to the Allegra theory in first order. The fourth-order approximation gives a slope that is too small by 10%; however, the value of the slope, extrapolated to infinite order of approximation, converges to the exact result- of Lehman and Mc-Tague. By using illustrative calculations of helix–coil transition curves, some physical insight into the behavior of a copolymer in the transition region is provided: it is found that an important feature determining the shape of the transition curve is the variation in composition over the correlation length. The question of the application of copolymer theory to DNA is discussed.
Stimulus information as a determinant of reaction time.

In the typical reaction-time experiment, S's reaction time is greater when he has to respond differentially to one of two equally probable stimuli instead of to just one stimulus. In fact, Merkel (2), using one to ten alternatives, has demonstrated that when S has to respond to one stimulus chosen from a number of equally probable alternatives, his reaction time increases with the number of alternatives. The fact that S's response to stimulus A takes more time when A is one of several rather than one of two equally probable alternatives is of intrinsic interest. But it becomes even more significant when looked at from the standpoint of modern communication theory. In communication theory the amount of information which a message conveys is an increasing function of the number of possible messages from which that particular message could have been selected. The S's reaction time seems to behave,
Modeling and analysis of dual-layer NOx storage and reduction and selective catalytic reduction monolithic catalyst

Abstract A simulation study of dual-layer NOx storage/reduction (NSR) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) monolithic catalyst is carried out using (1+1)-D model of catalytic monolith with individually-calibrated global kinetic models. The model elucidates the complex spatiotemporal processes occurring within the washcoat and along the reactor length. Specifically, the simulations address: (i) general performance features of dual-layer NSR + SCR configuration, (ii) effects of temperature, (iii) effects of washcoat loading of individual components, and (iv) impact of catalyst architecture. In the dual-layer configuration, NH3 generated in the underlying NSR layer is stored in the outer SCR layer during the rich phase which then reacts with the NOx during the subsequent lean phase. The simulation results show that multiple combinations of catalyst (washcoat) loading can attain a given NOx conversion and N2 selectivity, and that there exists a loading of SCR washcoat for a given NSR catalyst for which the NOx conversion is maximum. For higher SCR washcoat loading, the amount of NH3 generated in the NSR catalyst is not sufficient to fully utilize the adsorption sites in the SCR. As a result, only a fraction of the SCR closer to the NSR layer is utilized while the rest acts as an inert layer, creating an undesired diffusional barrier which lowers the NOx conversion. Simulations of the dual-brick monoliths are also performed to analyze the architectural effects on performance of the combined system. Under identical conditions, the simulations show that the dual-layer configuration outperforms the dual-brick, largely because the NH3 generated in the LNT layer is better utilized in the SCR layer. At higher temperatures, the functionality of the SCR component is greatly reduced because of the higher rate of NH3 consumption in the NSR layer that lowers the NH3 yield. Under these conditions, comparable performances are obtained for both the configurations.
Clinical Outcomes of Using a Conservative Approach of Late Esophageal Stent Placement in Palliation of Malignant Dysphagia

Background Esophageal stents have been used as first-line treatment for palliation of malignant dysphagia, but this is associated with significant complications. The present study evaluated clinical outcomes and survival in patients with malignant dysphagia with esophageal stent placement who did not respond to prior chemoradiation or endoscopic modalities.
Comparative thermoregulation of suckling and weaned pups of the northern elephant seal, Mirounga angustirostris

Abstract 1. 1. Surface heat loss and metabolic rate were measured in suckling and weaned northern elephant seal pups under rookery conditions. Laboratory measurements of heat flow through pelts from both age groups were also measured and insulation values calculated. 2. 2. The combination of wind and rain or surf spray yielded the highest heat loss values while intense solar radiation and no wind produced the lowest values from either group in the field. 3. 3. The range of insulation values measured from the pelts of suckling pups (0.031–0.114°C m2/W) were well below the values measured from pelts of weaned pups (0.140–0.406 °C m2/W). 4. 4. Suckling pups have a higher metabolic rate (26.7–31.5 VO2 ml/min·kg0.75) than weaned northern elephant seal pups and adults of other seal species.
Chemoprevention of hepatocellular carcinoma: Use of tamoxifen in an animal model of hepatocarcinogenesis

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is common worldwide and growing in importance in the West. HCC often occurs against a background of liver disease, tends to present at an advanced stage, and has a poor prognosis, suggesting that it is an ideal target for chemoprevention. We sought to identify in an animal model chemopreventive agents for HCC that might be tested in human subjects. To this end, we induced liver tumors by injecting ethyl-nitrosourea in 6-week-old male B6C3F1 mice. Two chemopreventive agents were administered over a period of 60 weeks: tamoxifen (420 mg/kg feed) and a retinoid, 13- cis -retinoic acid (200 mg/kg feed). Animals were killed at 60 weeks and their livers examined for HCC and premalignant lesions. All liver lesions (altered foci, adenomata, HCC) occurred significantly less frequently in the tamoxifen-treated group than the group given only ethylnitrosourea (HCC developed in 2 of 47 [4%] vs 11 of 44 [25%]; P
P2Y1 receptor modulation of endogenous ion channel function in Xenopus oocytes: Involvement of transmembrane domains

Agonist activation of the hP2Y1 receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes stimulated an endogenous voltage-gated ion channel, previously identified as the transient inward (Tin) channel. When human P2Y1 (hP2Y1) and skate P2Y (sP2Y) receptors were expressed in Xenopus oocytes, time-to-peak values (a measure of the response to membrane hyperpolarization) of the Tin channel were significantly reduced compared to oocytes expressing the hB1-bradykinin receptor or the rat M1-muscarinic (rM1) receptor. Differences in activation were also observed in the Tin currents elicited by various P2Y receptor subtypes. The time-to-peak values of the Tin channel in oocytes expressing the hP2Y4, hP2Y11, or hB1-bradykinin receptors were similar, whereas the channel had significantly shorter time-to-peak values in oocytes expressing either the hP2Y1 or sP2Y receptor. Amino acid substitutions at His-132, located in the third transmembrane domain (TM3) of the hP2Y1 receptor, delayed the onset of channel opening, but not the kinetics of the activation process. In addition, Zn2+ sensitivity was also dependent on the subtype of P2Y receptor expressed. Replacement of His-132 in the hP2Y1 receptor with either Ala or Phe increased Zn2+ sensitivity of the Tin current. In contrast, truncation of the C-terminal region of the hP2Y1 receptor had no affect on activation or Zn2+ sensitivity of the Tin channel. These results suggested that TM3 in the hP2Y1 receptor was involved in modulating ion channel function and blocker pharmacology of the Tin channel.
Delphinidin inhibits cell proliferation and invasion via modulation of Met receptor phosphorylation

The HGF/Met signaling pathway is deregulated in majority of cancers and is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer. Delphinidin, present in pigmented fruits and vegetables possesses potent anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic properties. Here, we assessed the anti-proliferative and anti-invasive effects of delphinidin on HGF-mediated responses in the immortalized MCF-10A breast cell line. Treatment of cells with delphinidin prior to exposure to exogenous HGF resulted in the inhibition of HGF-mediated (i) tyrosyl-phosphorylation and increased expression of Met receptor, (ii) phosphorylation of downstream regulators such as FAK and Src and (iii) induction of adaptor proteins including paxillin, Gab-1 and GRB-2. In addition, delphinidin treatment resulted in significant inhibition of HGF-activated (i) Ras-ERK MAPKs and (ii) PI3K/AKT/mTOR/p70S6K pathways. Delphinidin was found to repress HGF-activated NFκB transcription with a decrease in (i) phosphorylation of IKKα/β and IκBα, and (ii) activation and nuclear translocation of NFκB/p65. Inhibition of HGF-mediated membrane translocation of PKCα as well as decreased phosphorylation of STAT3 was further observed in delphinidin treated cells. Finally, decreased cell viability of Met receptor expressing breast cancer cells treated with delphinidin argues for a potential role of the agent in the prevention of HGF-mediated activation of various signaling pathways implicated in breast cancer.
Semantic Integration in Sentence Memory

Abstract The differential predictions of an integrationist and a tally model for the linear effect first reported by Bransford and Franks ( Cognitive Psychology , 1971 , 2 , 331–350) were examined. Using both semantic and nonsemantic materials, information for a key complex idea was presented solely as ONEs during acquisition, while that for other complex ideas was presented in the regular manner (i.e., ONEs through THREEs). An integrationist model predicts a linear relationship with positive slope for both regular and key complex ideas; a tally model (e.g., Reitman & Bower, Cognitive Psychology , 1973 , 4 , 194–206) also predicts a positive slope for regular complex ideas, but predicts a negative slope for the key complex ideas. The present results support a tally model.
Sectional impression for maxillary Class I removable partial dentures and maxillary immediate dentures

R etention and stability of completed prostheses are dependent on several factors, which can be grouped as physical, physiologic, psychologic, mechanical, and surgical.’ Of these, the physical and physiologic factors are probably of the greatest importance in determining the retention of the prosthesis. These factors are maximized by a good impression technique, and as Hardy and Kapur stated: “The retention of the denture is of utmost interest to the patient and a matter of great satisfaction to the dentist.“’ The sectional impression technique as it is applied to the maxillary immediate denture is described in many forms in dental literature.2-6 These techniques can also be applied to the maxillary Kennedy Class I removable partial denture as described in the following technique.