cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity in patients with atopic dermatitis: reactivity to surfactants.

Background Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) have abnormalities in skin barrier function, and are predisposed to developing cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity. Soap and detergents are known to exacerbate the breakdown of the skin barrier. Objective We sought to assess whether atopic patients in our database were more likely than nonatopic patients to patch test positive to the surfactants cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) and cocamide diethanolamide (DEA), or to the surfactant precursor amidoamine. Methods Between January 1, 2001, and the present, a total of 1674 patients underwent patch testing to the North American Contact Dermatitis Group standard screening series. The incidence of positive patch test results to CAPB, cocamide DEA, and amidoamine among patients with AD (n = 242) and without AD (n = 1422) was assessed. Statistical analysis was done using a χ 2 test. Results AD was associated with contact hypersensitivity to CAPB, but not to cocamide DEA or amidoamine. Limitations This was a retrospective study of patients evaluated for suspected allergic contact dermatitis and, therefore, matching for gender, age, or other parameters was not possible. Our population was geographically limited to metropolitan Kansas City, MO, and metropolitan New York City, NY. Conclusions Patients with AD should avoid the use of skincare products containing the surfactant CAPB.
Trends in frequency and susceptibilities of Candida glabrata bloodstream isolates at a University Hospital

The frequency of isolation and antifungal susceptibility patterns to fluconazole and itraconazole were determined for 166 Candida glabrata isolates causing bloodstream infection at a single institution from 1995-2000. Findings demonstrated a trend of increasing resistance to itraconazole among the isolates, but no trend in resistance to fluconazole. The frequency of C. glabrata isolates among all blood culture isolates of Candida spp. causing bloodstream infection remained stable during the study period and ranged from 18-31%.
Life Before and After Quitting Smoking: An Electronic Diary Study

This article describes a multidimensional, multivariate, and multilevel approach to the assessment of nicotine withdrawal. In this prospective study, 70 adult smokers assigned to an active or placebo nicotine patch condition completed multiple daily assessments using an electronic diary. Average and individual growth curves were estimated for affective and nonaffective withdrawal symptoms. All symptoms but hunger increased significantly on the quit day and remained elevated for three weeks. Variability in symptom experiences across individuals increased from pre- to post-quit. Relations between symptom reports (e.g., negative affect or craving) and episodic events (e.g., stressful events or seeing someone smoke) changed from pre-quit to post-quit. Pre-quit increases in negative affect and quit-day increases in craving were inversely related to abstinence three months after the quit day, suggesting that anticipatory and immediate reactions to quitting influence success.
Dispersal and Survival of Field and Laboratory Strains of Culex Tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae)

Mark-release-recapture studies were made in Kern County, California, of the field dispersal and survival of Culex tarsalis of laboratory-colony and field origin. Genetically translocated males from the laboratory generally were recaptured close to the points of release and did not appear to disperse well into the native population. Overall recapture rates for colony females were very high (27.4–41.0%) compared to rates for field females (3.4–13.1 %) and dispersal, in terms of distance or recaptures from release points, was significantly less lor colony than for field females. Regression estimates of daily survival, which reflect loss from mortality and emigration, ranged from 38% to 44% for colony females and from 60% to 72% for field specimens. Colony mosquitoes had the same or similar genetic background as translocation males that were released in experimental genetic control trials. Apparent behavioral differences between colony and field mosquitoes and a relative unfitness for survival of colony specimens could present major barriers to successful genetic control of Cx. tarsalis .
Psychiatrists' opinions of psychotropic drug advertisements

Abstract Fifty psychiatrists were shown advertisements from two professional journals in which the names of products had been deleted. Subjects were queried regarding aesthetic appeal, informational content, and product identification. Generally, few ads were admired or found informative, and few drugs were identified despite wide exposure of some ads. The roles of pictorial content, text, and media exposure are discussed.
Estimating Mortality Caused by Parasites and Diseases of Insects: Comparisons of the Dissection and Rearing Methods

Because the measurement of insect mortality caused by parasites and disease is fundamental to biological control and related fields, accurate data are of great importance. Most studies rely on the rearing of hosts to determine the incidence of disease and parasitism, and the results are seldom compared with those determined by the dissection method. The examples in the current study show that parasitism measured by dissection was 12 to 44% higher than by rearing, and that dissections are much more accurate than rearing for measuring the effects of parasites and disease, because dissection data are not confounded by the disproportional mortality of parasitized hosts by disease and stress that occurs during the rearing process. Moreover, even parasitism data obtained by dissections underestimate mortality because a considerable proportion of hosts die of oviposition trauma, and in some species, after being fed upon by female parasites before they are sampled. The rearing method is useful for determining parasite species as well as other purposes, and these are listed along with the numerous advantages of dissections. Although dissections provide the most accurate mortality estimates, for the most comprehensive results, both rearing and dissection methods should be used concurrently.
On the existence of a rainbow 1‐factor in 1‐factorizations of K rn(r)

Let be a 1-factorization of the complete uniform hypergraph with and . We show that there exists a 1-factor of whose edges belong to n different 1-factors in . Such a 1-factor is called a “rainbow” 1-factor or an “orthogonal” 1-factor. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 15: 487–490, 2007
Identification and stabilization of large molecular weight PDE-IVs from U937 cells.

Abstract Cytosolic cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) from human (promonocytic) U937 cells were rapidly resolved by DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B anion exchange chromatography into two major peaks of cAMP-specific activity possessing average K m s of 1.70 μM (Peak 1) and 1.65 μM (Peak 2). Both peaks were predominantly PDE-IV, but possessed molecular weights higher than those generally reported for partially purified PDE-IVs. Storage of Peak 2 for 24 h at 4°C resulted in a doubling of its V max and an apparent decrease in its molecular weight. Activation of Peak 2 PDE-IV was prevented when the sodium acetate concentration in its buffer was reduced by dilution immediately following isolation. Although the relevance of this activation to cellular regulation of PDE-IV is undefined, the isolation and stabilization of PDE-IV in its large molecular weight form will be critical to future investigations of PDE-IV regulation.
Hierarchical factors impacting the distribution of an invasive species: landscape context and propagule pressure

Distribution of invasive species is the outcome of several processes that interact at different hierarchical levels. A hierarchical approach is taken here to analyze the landscape level distribution pattern of Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), an aggressive wetland invader. Using land use/land cover (LULC) data and loosestrife presence records we were able to identify and characterize the key processes that resulted in the observed large-scale distribution. Herbaceous wetlands, edges of open water sites, and developed open spaces were identified as loosestrife’s preferred LULC types. Analysis of spatial neighborhoods of these key land cover types revealed that disturbance modified open water edges and herbaceous wetlands were more likely to be invaded by loosestrife. Moreover, developed open spaces appear to hold loosestrife only if there is water rich conditions in the immediate neighborhood. Neighborhood analyses also showed that wetlands and open water edges embedded within a neighborhood matrix of grassland and agricultural environments is less likely to contain loosestrife. Finally, there is strong evidence of propagule pressure. Open water edges and wetlands invaded by loosestrife had on an average more loosestrife as neighbors than uninvaded lake edges and wetlands. Taken together, it is apparent that loosestrife’s landscape level distribution is the outcome of three nested hierarchical factors: habitat preference, the spatial neighborhood and propagule pressure. The patterns characterized suggests that occurrence of an invasive species is not merely contingent on availability of suitable habitat but is also influenced by human actions within its proximity, and is further constrained by dispersal limitation.
Targeting Janus tyrosine kinase 3 (JAK3) with an inhibitor induces secretion of TGF-β by CD4+ T cells.

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical for the peripheral maintenance of the autoreactive T cells in autoimmune disorders such as type 1 diabetes (T1D). Pharmacological inhibition of Janus tyrosine kinase 3 (JAK3) has been proposed as a basis for new treatment modalities against autoimmunity and allogeneic responses. Targeting JAK3 with an inhibitor has previously been shown to exhibit protective action against the development of T1D in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. As the mechanism of such preventative action has been unknown, we hypothesized that JAK3 inhibition induces generation of Tregs. Here, we show that the JAK3 inhibitor 4-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline (WHI-P131) suppresses proliferation of short-term cultured NOD CD4+ T cells through induction of apoptosis, while promoting survival of a particular population of long-term cultured cells. It was found that the surviving cells were not of the CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ phenotype. They secreted decreased amounts of IL-10, IL-4 and interferon (IFN)-γ compared to the cells not exposed to the optimal concentrations of JAK3 inhibitor. However, an elevated transforming growth factor (TGF)-β secretion was detected in their supernatants. In vivo treatment of prediabetic NOD mice with WHI-P131 did not affect the frequency and number of splenic and pancreatic lymph node CD4+FoxP3+ Tregs, while generating an elevated numbers of CD4+FoxP3− TGF-β-secreting T cells. In conclusion, our data suggest an induction of TGF-β-secreting CD4+ T cells as the underlying mechanism for antidiabetogenic effects obtained by the treatment with a JAK3 inhibitor. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the JAK3 inhibitor activity in the context of the murine Tregs.
The evolution of a localized disturbance in a laminar boundary layer. Part 2. Strong disturbances

Navier–Stokes calculations were performed to simulate the evolution of a moderate-amplitude localized disturbance in a laminar flat-plate boundary layer. It was found that, in accordance with previous results for linear and weakly nonlinear disturbances, the evolving disturbance consists of two parts: an advective, or transient portion which travels at approximately the local mean velocity, and a dispersive wave portion which grows or decays according to Tollmien–Schlichting instability theory. The advective portion grows much more rapidly than the wave portion, initially linearly in time and, in contrast to the weak-disturbance case, gives rise to two distinct nonlinear effects. The first is a streamwise growth of the disturbed region producing a low-speed streak, bounded in the vertical and spanwise directions by intense shear layers. The second nonlinear effect is the onset of a secondary instability on the vertical shear layer formed as a result of spanwise stretching of the mean vorticity and giving rise to oscillations in the v- and w-components with a substantially smaller spatial scale than that of the initial disturbance. The effect of initial spanwise scale is assessed by calculating the disturbance for three different cases in which the spanwise scale and the initial disturbance amplitude were varied. It was found that the resulting perturbation depends primarily on the initial distribution of v in each plane z = const., but is approximately independent of the spanwise scale.
Second Colloquium on New Developments in EDS Analysis on the SEM

On 3–4 June Bruker AXS Microanalysis hosted its second Colloquium on “New Developments in EDS Analysis on the SEM” in Berlin, organised by Bruker in cooperation with the Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing (BAM) and the National Metrology Institute (PTB). Similar to last year's event, there were to main thematic focuses. While the main issue on the first day was the presentation of new developments in EDS analysis and detector technologies, the second day was dedicated to the combination of different analytical methods and to practical applications of the Bruker Quantax EDS system. More than 120 EDS users participated in the event.
L-asparaginase: inhibition of endogenous RNA polymerase activity in regenerating liver.

Abstract The administration of l -asparaginase at the time of 70% hepatectomy of rats delays the onset of DNA synthesis and mitosis in the residual hepatocytes. The effect of this treatment on the increased RNA synthetic capacity of isolated regenerating hepatocyte nuclei was studied. Treatment with E. coli or agouti serum asparaginase delayed for 10–12 hr the increased incorporation of nucleotides into RNA under conditions which are reported to reflect endogenous RNA polymerase activity. No effect upon the increased capacity of nuclear template to react with exogenous RNA polymerase was demonstrated. These data demonstrate intranuclear increase of RNA polymerase activity is delayed by asparaginase treatment for a period of time similar to the delay in DNA synthesis and mitosis. The temporal relationship between these events suggests a possible functional association between them but the inhibition of polymerase activity represents only one of several effects upon the liver and may not be of unique importance.
Learning, knowledge acquisition, and strategic alliances

Abstract The creation of new knowledge is a major challenge for all organizations. Knowledge provides the capacity for organizational action and new knowledge provides the capacity for organizational renewal. This article examines organizational learning and knowledge acquisition in the strategic alliance context. Alliances provide firms with a unique opportunity to leverage their strengths with the help of partners. In bringing together firms with different skills and knowledge bases, alliances create unique learning opportunities for the partner firms. The article first examines different knowledge conditions that influence the accessibility of alliance knowledge. Knowledge connections that facilitate alliance learning are then discussed. Finally, the article considers the question of why some firms are more effective than others at leveraging and exploiting alliance knowledge.
Chester Himes: An Annotated Primary and Secondary Bibliography

Preface Introduction Acknowledgments The Career of Chester Himes Chronology: The Life and Career of Chester Himes Primary Bibliography Fiction: The Novels The Short Fiction First Periodical Appearances Collected Short Fiction Non-Fiction: Books and Book Appearances First Periodical Appearances Manuscript Materials Filmography Secondary Bibliography 1945-1949 1950-1959 1960-1969 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990 Author Index Title Index
Enzymatic polymerization. II. Branching by rearrangement and its application to the dextran system

It is shown that increases in molecular weight and branching during the formation of dextran can be qualitatively accounted for by a random rearrangement of initially linear chains. Very large increases of molecular weight can result from the formation of branches at less than 1% of the glucose units of the original chains. The expressions presented do not account rigorously for the actual behavior of the dextran system, probably chiefly because the rearrangement process is no longer random when the molecules have become very large and highly branched.
A Stroll through Domain-Driven Development with Naked Objects

With the help of domain-driven development frameworks such as naked objects for Java, changes to an application's core functionality propagate automatically to the user interface and persistence layers.
John Russell (Russ) Mather at the Laboratory of Climatology

John Russell (Russ) Mather joined the group of young aspiring graduate students that C. W. Thornthwaite attracted to his newly formed climatological research operation at Seabrook Farms, New Jersey...
The Developmental Relationships of Women Leaders in Career Transition: Implications for Leader Development

The problem and the solution. Developmental relationships are distinct in that they serve as a source of leader development that spans organizational boundaries. These relationships are potentially more critical for women leaders due to their limited access to informal networks in the organizational context.This article explores the alignment between the essential attributes that emerged from women leaders' descriptions of their developmental relationships during career transition and the functions of developmental relationships identified as important for leader development. The analysis indicated that developmental relationships provide similar functions for women leaders during career transition as they do for leader development, supporting the notion that developmental relationships during career transition serve as an ongoing vehicle for leader development. However, three predominantly intraorganizational leader development functions were not consistently evident in these women's descriptions. Additi...
Potentiometric determination of tetraphenylborate with silver nitrate

Abstract A simple potentiometric method for determining the tctraphenylborate ion (C6H5)4B- contents of organic amine tetraphcnylborate salts has been developed. The compounds arc dissolved in 1 : 1 aqueous acetone; and the solution is buffered at a pH of 5 with 3M acetic acid and 3M sodium acetate. The resulting solution is then titrated with 0.06N aqueous silver nitrate, using a silver indicating electrode, a glass reference electrode and a Beckman pH meter to indicate EMF changes. Platinum electrodes in conjunction with the Malmstadt automatic titrator can also be used. Good end-points were obtained for all structure types except the primary aromatic amine borates. Values for (C6H5)4B- found were within 2% of theory for 22 compounds so analyzed.
RESISTANCE OF MORTARS CONTAINING SILICA FUME TO ATTACK BY A SOLUTION CONTAINING CHLORIDES

Mortars prepared at water/cement + silica fume ratios, w/(c+sf), of 0.45 and 0.60 were exposed to a solution containing a mixture of magnesium, calcium and sodium chlorides to investigate their resistance to attack. Mixes contained 0, 10 and 30 per cent silica fume, and sand-binder ratio was 2.25. Stiffness, pore-size distribution, calcium hydroxide content and non-evaporable water were measured before and after exposure to salt solution. Inclusion of silica fume resulted in increased durability of mortar, especially in specimens prepared at w/(c+sf) of 0.45 and cured for 28 days. Specimens prepared at the same w/(c+sf) with 30 per cent silica fume were also durable even after seven days of curing. Calcium hydroxide in mortars was reduced to zero by exposure to the salt solution. (Author/TRRL)
A comparative study of the properties of two strains of tobacco mosaic virus prepared from the sap and from the leaf residues of diseased Turkish tobacco plants

Purified preparations of the ordinary and the rib-grass strains of tobacco mosaic virus obtained from the sap and from the leaf residues of Turkish-tobacco plants by fine milling and by incubating with trypsin have been made. Purified preparations of a given strain from the two sources were found to have similar biological, physical, chemical and serological properties.
CREATIVE BEHAVIOR AND ACHIEVEMENT IN MATHEMATICS

Kaltsounis and Stephens (1973) gave 184 Ss in Grades 4 through 6 the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking, Verbal and Nonverbal, Form A and Seeing Through Arithmetic Tests (STAT). There were significant correlations between verbal originalitg and all mathematics measures. The present study assessed the correlation between creativity and arithmetic achievement as measured by a subjective evaluation of srudent's performance in mathematics. Ss were (61 in Grade 3,61 in Grade 4, 63 in Grade 5, and 60 in Grade 6) boys and girls in a suburban Nashville school system. Ss' distribution by grade and sex was the same as Kaltsounis and Stephens' distribution. Other than these criteria, no additional selection procedures were employed. Creative ability was measured by the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking, Verbal and Nonverbal, Form A (1966), which were scored for verbal and nonverbal fluency, flexibility, originality, and elaboration. Mathematics achievement was measured through a teacher's rating of student's performance in mathematics. The participating teachers were presented with a copy of Seeing Through Arithmetic Tests (1969) and asked to note the six mathematical abilities for their respective grades. The teachers then were requested to rate their pupils on each mathematical ability by assigning values from 0 (poor) to 15 (superior). This subjective evaluation of the student's performance in mathematics was completed in June of 1973. The Pearson product-moment correlations between scores on figural creativity and scores on the subjective evaluation of student's performance in mathematics ranged from -.02 to .19. Figural composite score correlated .19 with selecting answers, .18 with information, and .18 with concepts. These were the only three statistically significant results (p = .01). The respective Ps were .0361, ,0324, and .0324. These low values have little practical value.
Modeling of concentration polarization and depolarization with high-frequency backpulsing

Abstract Rapid backpulsing to reduce membrane fouling during crossflow microfiltration and ultrafiltration is studied by solving the convection-diffusion equation for concentration polarization and depolarization during cyclic operation with transmembrane pressure reversal. For a fixed duration of reverse filtration, there is a critical duration of forward filtration which must not be exceeded if the formation of a cake or gel layer on the membrane surface is to be avoided. The theory also predicts an optimum duration of forward filtration which maximizes the net flux, since backpulsing at too high of frequency does not allow for adequate permeate collection during forward filtration relative to that lost during reverse filtration, whereas backpulsing at too low of frequency results in significant flux decline due to cake or gel buildup during each period of forward filtration. In general, short backpulse durations, low feed concentrations, high shear rates, and high forward transmembrane pressures give the highest net fluxes, whereas the magnitude of the reverse transmembrane pressure has a relatively small effect. Rapid backpulsing experiments with yeast suspended in deionized water performed with a flat-sheet crossflow microfiltration module and cellulose acetate membranes with 0.07 μm average pore diameter. The optimum forward filtration times were found to be 1.5, 3, and 5 s, respectively, for backpulse durations of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 s. Both theory and experiment gave net fluxes with backpulsing of about 85% of the clean membrane flux (0.022 cm/s = 790 l/m 2 h), whereas the long-term flux in the absence of backpulsing is an order-of-magnitude lower (0.0026 cm/s = 94 l/m 2 h).
“Buenos Noches, Mein Führer”: A Look at Nazism in Popular Culture

Les consequences de la deuxieme Guerre mondiale, le nazisme et le neo-nazisme ont souvent ete representes dans les productions de la culture populaire : livres, films (cinema ou television), bandes dessinees. L'A. donne un apercu de la question, centrant son analyse essentiellement sur la production cinematographique americaine ou anglo-saxonne.
Comparison of the Sameoto, Manta, and MARMAP neustonic ichthyoplankton samplers in the Gulf of Alaska

A comparison of three types of neuston-sampling gear, the Sameoto, the Manta, and the Marine Resources Monitoring, Assessment, and Prediction Program (MARMAP) array was conducted to examine and understand the effectiveness of each sampler in collecting larval fishes in the Gulf of Alaska. Comparison criteria included: number of individuals collected, assemblage diversity, and lengths of larvae. The MARMAP array had lower overall abundance compared to the Sameoto and Manta arrays. Species diversity was comparable among the gears, though the MARMAP array had a slightly higher and more evenly distributed range of taxa compared to the Sameoto and Manta arrays. Larval lengths were statistically comparable among gears, though the MARMAP array had relatively fewer large larvae compared to the Sameoto and Manta arrays. Based on these results, choice of gears should be considered depending on whether the primary objective is to obtain estimates of abundance or estimates of diversity.
Recursion and iteration in continuous theories: The “M-construction”

Abstract The purpose of this paper is two-fold: first to show how a natural mathematical formulation of the “solution” of a system of recursion equations is formally almost identical with well-known formulations of a solution of a system of “iteration equations.” The second aim is to present a construction which takes an algebraic theory T and yields another algebraic theory M ( T ) whose morphisms correspond to systems of recursion equations over T . This construction is highly uniform, i.e., the correspondence between T and M ( T ) is functorial.
Carbon-13 nmr chemical shift-substituent effect correlations in P-substituted 5-benzylidenebarbituric acids and 2-benzylidene-1,3-indanediones

Excellent correlations have been observed between σ+ constants and the 13C nmr chemical shifts of several of the carbon atoms of 5-arylidenebarbituric acids and of 2-arylidene-1,3-indanediones.
The Interpretation of Ancient Symbols1

Two methods of interpreting ancient pictorial symbols are in use: Kubler's “configurational” method of describing internal relationships of images within a style; and the widely used “ethnological” method seeking comparable expressions in verbal form in ethnographic and historical documents. Ethnological analogy may offer only comparisons, but ethnology can also define one end of a tradition of symbolic meaning and can be used to generate premises for deductive reasoning. Disjunction of form from meaning does not invalidate ethnographic analogy, as argued by Kubler, but is a cultural phenomenon which can be studied archaeologically. A ceramic sequence, for example, can reveal a disjunction of form from meaning. Configurational analysis of styles in sequence reveals changes of form and of some fundamental kinds of meaning. Ethnological evidence of traditions of meaning within a culture gives some basis for verbalizing the meaning of earlier symbols. The interpretation of ancient symbols requires the use of both configurational analysis of styles and ethnological analysis of traditions of meaning.
Floating breakwaters: An idea whose time has returned

A review of recent developments in the construction of floating breakwaters is presented. Construction techniques and materials are examined and their field performance to date is assessed. Some data on the effectiveness of each of the breakwaters and their cost is also included for comparison.
Small-scale lateral variations in azimuthally anisotropic D″ structure beneath the Cocos Plate

Abstract Shear waves from intermediate and deep focus South American events recorded by California broadband seismometers reveal complex anisotropy in the lowermost mantle. ScS waves densely sample the D″ region beneath the Cocos Plate, just west of Central America (1–16°N; 267–277°E). Our data show evidence for significant near-source anisotropy, which we constrain for each event by performing polarization analyses on an expanded dataset of S waveforms. ScS waveforms are corrected for upper mantle and near-source anisotropy, and estimates of D″ anisotropy are made using the covariance method. We find splits between fast and slow components of ScS ranging from 0.4 to 2.5 s, with an average of 1.6 s. Fast polarization directions in the southern portion of our study area are approximately orthogonal to the raypaths. North of 7° latitude there is a rapid change in fast polarization direction to nearly raypath parallel. Beyond 10° latitude fast directions are more highly scattered than in southern regions. Past work in the region has inferred strong lateral variations in shear wave velocity, but fairly uniform transverse isotropy. In contrast, our results indicate that the lowermost mantle beneath the Cocos plate has azimuthal anisotropy that varies laterally over scales of 100–200 km. In addition, our data suggest connections between previously imaged topography on the D″ discontinuity and the character of anisotropy.
Effectiveness factors for peripherally deposited catalysts

A flow adsorption vessel connected in series to a backmixed reactor permitted the simultaneous determination of adsorption isotherms on both catalyst and support. The multicomponent partial pressures above the support were identical to those over the catalyst in the steady state flow reactor. At high reaction rates of dichloroethylenes in H2 over 0.5% Pt peripherally deposited on η-Al2O3 catalyst, there were greater amounts of reactants and lesser amounts of products adsorbed on the support than on the catalyst, even though partial pressures over each were the same. The depletion of reactants on the catalyst at high reaction rates is believed to be a combined effect of surface and gas diffusion mechanisms. The experimental method enabled an estimate to be made of the reacting species partial pressures at the interior end of the catalyst pore, behind the peripherally deposited active metal. Effectiveness factor ηAc for the active metal and the maximum useful depth max LAc for metal impregnation into the pore were defined and calculated. Both ηAc and max LAc were found to be dependent upon dichloroethylenes concentration and reaction rates. At fixed trans-C2H2Cl2 partial pressure of 5.0 Torr, e.g., ηAc decreased from 1.0 to 0.75 as the reaction rate ranged from 1.0 to 4.0 μmoles/min cc catalyst. The actual depth of metal deposition on the 116. in. diameter extruded pellets was 34 ± 16 μm- The maximum useful pore depth to which Pt could have been impregnated was 92 μm at 5.0 Torr trans-C2H2Cl2 and a reaction rate of 4.0 μmoles/min cc catalyst.
ACQUISITION OF STIMULUS CONTROL WHILE INTRODUCING NEW STIMULI IN FADING

After establishing discrimination between a red positive stimulus and a green negative stimulus, the lowest intensity colors that restricted all responding to the positive stimulus were determined. Then, two new white lines differing in terms of line orientation were each superimposed on one of the colors and were increased in intensity. Thereafter, the intensity of the colors was decreased and eventually eliminated. Probe stimuli consisting of the lines presented against dark backgrounds were presented before each change of stimulus intensity, and probe responding was used to assess the control acquired by various dimension of the new stimuli during the course of fading. The lines acquired control of responding while they were being introduced, and control was strengthened as the colors were attenuated. Such a locus of acquisition was attributed to the starting intensity of the original controlling stimuli and was explained in terms of stimulus blocking. Finally, using probes while introducing the new stimuli enhanced the acquisition of control by the new stimuli.
Effects of selective monoaminergic reuptake blockade on activity rhythms in developing rats

Developing rats display prominent ultradian rhythms of locomotor activity when separated from the litter. A pharmacological analysis was undertaken to provide preliminary data on the role of monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems in the modulation or manifestation of this fundamental biological rhythm. Twenty-four hour activity profiles were monitored in 15-day-old rats, tested in darkness, after intraperitoneal treatment with desipramine (DMI), zimelidine (ZMI), or GBR-13069 (GBR), selective uptake inhibitors of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine, respectively. Time series data were analyzed by low-resolution variance spectral analysis. DMI significantly diminished ultradian (>1 cycle per day; cpd) rhythmicity, and enhanced the circadian rhythm. Equimolar doses of ZMI had little effect on the ultradian band (7–15 cpd), but slightly reduced the circadian peak. The effects of acute GBR administration were complex, as this agent produced prominent effects on basal activity. In a second study these agents were administered continuously over a 5-day period, using subcutaneously implanted Alzet osmotic minipumps, to avoid the confounding effects of acute administration. Continuously-infused DMI virtually eliminated characteristic ultradian rhythms in the 9–15 cpd bandwidth. ZIM diminished ultradian oscillations only in the 14–15 cpd range, and GBR-12909 had little effect on ultradian rhythms throughout the usually prominent 7–16 cpd domain. All three reuptake inhibitors increased the prominence of slow ultradian rhythms with frequencies of 3–4 cpd. Continuous reuptake blockade had no significant effects on circadian amplitude or phase, as determined by cosinor analysis. Overall, these results indicate that modulation of activity rhythms in the neonatal rat are prominently affected by drugs which enhance certain central monoaminergic systems, particularly norepinephrine.
Torpedo Formation and Purkinje Cell Loss: Modeling their Relationship in Cerebellar Disease

Torpedo formation and Purkinje cell (PC) loss represent standard and inter-related cerebellar responses to injury. Surprisingly, the nature of their relationship has not been carefully characterized across a range of normal and disease states. Are brains with more torpedoes expected to have fewer PCs? We quantified torpedoes and PCs in four groups: essential tremor (ET), spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA), multiple system atrophy-cerebellar (MSA-C), and controls. Brains from 100 individuals (58 ET, 27 controls, 7 SCA, 8 MSA-C) were available at the New York Brain Bank. After complete neuropathological assessment, a standard parasagittal neocerebellar block was harvested; a 7-μm thick section was stained with Luxol fast blue/hematoxylin and eosin; and torpedoes and PCs were quantified. For a given PC count, SCA and MSA-C cases often had higher torpedo counts than ET cases or controls. Furthermore, the relationship between torpedo and PC counts was complex. The correlation between torpedo and PC counts was negative in ET cases (i.e., individuals with more torpedoes had fewer PCs [i.e., more PC loss]) whereas the relationship was positive in MSA-C cases (i.e., individuals with fewer PCs [i.e., more PC loss] had fewer torpedoes). Patients with SCA showed both patterns. When all diagnostic groups were combined, the correlation was best fit by a quadratic (i.e., parabolic) model rather than a simple linear model; this model incorporated data on the negative correlation in ET cases, the mixed results in SCA cases, and the positive correlation in MSA-C cases (r = 0.636). The relationship between torpedo and PC counts was complex and heterogeneous across a range of cerebellar disease states, and was best characterized by a quadratic rather than a simple model. With more severe cerebellar disease, torpedoes can be quite numerous and are likely a common feature of surviving PCs, but eventually, dramatic loss of PC leads to a paradoxical reduction in observable torpedoes.
Biomedical applications of FELs

Free Electron Lasers have capabilities in several regions of the electromagnetic spectrum that are not found in conventional lasers. Among these capabilities are power and tunability in the short-wavelength region of the ultraviolet and soft x-rays and in the mid- and far-infrared region. By using the intra-cavity inverse, Compton scattering high intensity hard x-rays and gamma rays can be generated. For the first time tunable, bright sources of light at each extreme of the spectrum are available for biomedical science. Application from clinical use of gamma and hard x-rays to surgery and chemical imaging of cellular and sub cellular components are possible.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Indexes of Psychological Well-Being and Role Commitment Among Working Women

The purpose of this study was to compare level of work role commitment with indexes of psychological well-being among multiple-role working women.
Non-enzymic activation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as mutagens.

Abstract Samples of 22 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and related derivatives were subjected to 60 Co gamma radiation in air, and the irradiated samples were tested for mutagenicity with the Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 98, TA 1535, TA 1537, and TA 1538. Testing was conducted with the bacterial strains alone, thus not fortified with liver-microsomal enzymes or other metabolizing systems. Marked mutagen responses were obtained for several irradiated samples with the TA 98, TA 1537, and TA 1538 strains but not with the TA 1535 strain. Irradiated samples of benzo[ a ]anthracene, benzanthrone, benozo[ g , h , i ]perylene, benzo[ a ]pyrene, chrysene, fluorene, 9-methylanthracene, 1-methylphenanthrene, 2-methylphenanthrene, and pyrene gave positive mutagenic tests and dose-responses, whereas unirradiated control samples of these were inactive. Acenaphthene, phenanthrene, and phenanthrenequinone exhibited toxicity which interfered with interpretation of mutagenicity testing. Samples of 2-methylanthracene and tetracene were mutagenic with or without irradiation. Alizarin, anthracene, anthraquinone, anthrone, dobenzo[ a , h ]anthracene, picene, and triphenylene negative results. Samples of benzo[ a ]pyrene adsorbed on silica gel irradiated in air by 60 Co gamma radiation or by 254 nm ultraviolet light and samples adsorbed on filter paper irradiated by visible light yielded preparations mutagenic towards the TA 98, TA 1537, and TA 1538 strains. These results suggest that parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons not themselves mutagenic towards S. typhimurium may be oxidized in air by radiation-induced processes to products whose mutagenicity resembles that of liver-microsomal metabolites of the parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.
Hereditary prostate cancer as a feature of Lynch Syndrome

Lynch Syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition characterized by early onset colorectal cancer (CRC) and is associated with cancers of the gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts. Germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes have been causally associated with cancers of Lynch Syndrome. We investigated the occurrence of prostate cancer (PCa) in families with a history of colorectal cancer to assess prostate cancer as a feature of the Lynch Syndrome spectrum. Family pedigrees containing at least one CRC case as well as those meeting guidelines for Lynch Syndrome were identified and tumors were requested from participants who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP). Selected families were analyzed for association with type of PCa and clinical characteristics of aggressive disease. Microsatellite Instability (MSI) analysis was preformed on available tumors and correlated to loss of expression in MMR genes by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. 95 individuals were identified as members of potential Lynch Syndrome families who underwent RP and 35 tumors from 31 families were received for MSI analysis. Two tumors from two unrelated families with known MMR mutations were MSI-high and one additional case from a third family was MSI-low. The remainder of the prostate cancer cases demonstrated no evidence of MSI. PCa incidence in families enriched for hereditary PCa with a history of Lynch Syndrome cancers is not strongly suggestive of the presence of an MMR mutation. However prostate tumors in known MMR mutation carriers did display MSI and loss of gene expression suggesting that PCa may arise in Lynch Syndrome due to defective DNA mismatch repair.
In vitro fertilization rate of mouse oocytes with spermatozoa from the F1 offspring of males irradiated with 1.0 Gy 137Cs γ-rays

Previous studies suggest that the spermatozoa from acutely irradiated male mice exhibit a reduced fertilization rate in vitro with the maximum decrease occurring for spermatozoa produced 6 weeks after irradiation (Y. Matsuda et al., Mutation Res. 142 (1985) 59–63). We have found that spermatozoa from unirradiated F1 males conceived 6 weeks after paternal F0 irradiation also exhibit a significantly reduced fertilization rate in vitro. After acute 137Cs γ-irradiation yielding an absorbed dose of 1.0 Gy, adult CD1 F0 male mice were mated at weekly intervals with unirradiated female CD1 mice. Unirradiated adult males from F1 litters conceived 5 and 6 weeks after paternal F0 irradiation were allowed to mature. Their epididymal spermatozoa were evaluated for in vitro fertilization rates using oocytes from unirradiated 8–12-week-old CD1 females. The mean fertilization rate for spermatozoa from F1 males conceived 5 weeks after paternal F0 irradiation (80.74±15.74 SD %, n=5) did not differ significantly from the control fertilization rate (89.40±10.94 SD %, n=8). However, the fertilization rate for spermatozoa from F1 males conceived 6 weeks after paternal F0 irradiation (56.14±21.93 SD %, n=5) was significantly less than the fertilization rate for control spermatozoa (p<0.006) or for that of the F1 males conceived 5 weeks after paternal F0 irradiation (p<0.04). These data suggest that spermatozoa obtained 6 weeks after paternal F0 irradiation can transmit a decrease in fertilization rate to the F1 generation males as well as exhibit decreased fertilization rate themselves when tested directly in vitro.
Vibrational and acoustic studies of bending mode piezoelectricity in millimeter-size polyvinylidene fluoride cantilevers

The dynamic bending piezoelectric properties of polyvinylidene fluoride cantilevers in the millimeter size range is reported. These devices are being investigated with the intention of developing a piezoelectric device based inner ear cochlear implant. The size restrictions and fluid environment of the inner ear place special requirements on a piezoelectric device, and it is essential to perform basic studies on sensor materials, deformation modes and device configurations to develop a successful implant. Results from both basic vibration tests and underwater acoustic measurements are presented. Experimental modal analysis reveals that millimeter length cantilevers exhibit three bending resonances under 1 kHz. The modal frequencies are sensitive functions of the length and thickness of the film, and are also affected substantially by the width of the cantilever and the nature of the electrode material. Further, all bending piezoelectric modes display high piezoelectric coupling coefficients in the range 0.2 - 0.35, and damping of < 2%. Experimental results are compared with a theoretical model of unimorph piezoelectric cantilever beams. Underwater acoustic measurements also reveal that single-cantilever devices in the millimeter length display acoustic sensitivities in the -195 to -210 dB range, in the 2 - 10 kHz regime. These sensitivities are comparable to commercial devices of larger size and more complex design. The viability of use of the conducting polymer polypyrrole as the electrode material in polymer piezoelectric sensors is also investigated. Results show that devices with polypyrrole electrodes are at least as sensitive as devices with metal electrodes, and these type all-polymer devices thus have great promise. The results presented in this paper can be used to design an appropriate sensory implant, as well as in other audio frequency applications.
Delay of gratification, psychopathology, and personality: is low self-control specific to externalizing problems?

We assessed the delay of gratification behavior of 428 twelve and thirteen-year-old boys, half of whom were known to manifest symptoms of behavioral disturbance. Consistent with the hypothesis that low self-control is a risk factor specific to externalizing (aggressive and delinquent) disorders, boys who showed signs of externalizing disorders tended to seek immediate gratification in a laboratory task more often than both nondisordered boys and boys who showed signs of internalizing (anxious and depressed) disorders. In addition, children who were able to delay immediate gratification were described by their mothers as ego controlled, ego resilient, conscientious, open to experience, and agreeable. These results suggest that poor delay of gratification may be one of a select number of specific risk factors for externalizing
Soil Maps of the United States of America

National soil maps provide an important archive depicting soil science theory and ideas behind the application of soils information at the time the maps were created. A look at soil maps of the USA produced since the beginning of the twentieth century shows a move from a geologic-based concept of soils to a pedologic concept of soils. These maps also show changes from property-based systems to process-based, and then back to property-based, and ideas on diagnostic mapping of soil properties changed over time. The national soil mapping program in the USA was established in 1899. The earliest nation-wide soil map was published by M. Whitney in 1909 consisting of soil provinces that were largely based on geology. In 1912 G.N. Coffey published the first country-wide map based on soil properties; the map showed 22 soil units belonging to 5 divisions based on parent material, color, and drainage. The next national map was produced by C.F. Marbut, H.H. Bennett, J.E. Lapham, and M.H. Lapham in 1913 and showed 13 broad physiographic units that were further subdivided into soil series, soil classes and soil types. In 1935 Marbut drafted a series of maps based on soil properties, but these maps were replaced as official U.S. soil maps in 1938 with the work of M. Baldwin, C.E. Kellogg, and J. Thorp. Modern soil maps appeared in the 1960s with the seventh Approximation and followed with the 1975 and 1999 editions of Agriculture Handbook number 436, Soil Taxonomy.