cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Mechanism of Action of Methotrexate: I. Interaction with a Low-Affinity Intracellular Site Required for Maximum Inhibition of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis in L-Cell Mouse Fibroblasts

L-cell mouse fibroblasts were loaded with methotrexate (MTX) in vitro to a level which exceeded the capacity of high-affinity intracellular binding sites, following which MTX in excess of the tightly bound fraction was eliminated from the intracellular and extracellular compartments. Although binding of MTX was irreversible over the short interval of these experiments and the medium was free of folates and serum, cells continued to incorporate deoxyuridine into DNA at a rate which was depressed by only 27%. Upon further exposure of cells to MTX there was increased inhibition of deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA, which was a hyperbolic function of the extracellular and intracellular MTX concentrations, with 50% inhibition at 0.2µM and 0.2-0.4 µM, respectively. The net cellular uptake of radioactivity after exposure of cells to deoxyuridine was characterized by an initial rapid uptake of label, following which the net cellular uptake slowed to approximately the rate of incorporation of label into cellular constituents which do not penetrate the cell membrane. The net cellular uptake of label over 5 min was not decreased by a reduction of temperature from 37° to 23.5°. A 5-min exposure of cells to MTX at 37° markedly inhibited net cellular uptake of radioactivity, but this process was unaffected by MTX at 23.5° (when influx of MTX was markedly reduced) unless the cells had first been loaded with MTX at 37°. MTX inhibited net cellular uptake of radioactivity under conditions in which incorporation of deoxyuridine into DNA was already negligible, and inhibited incorporation of label into the trichloracetic acid supernatant fraction. MTX was not metabolized by L-cells. MTX did not accelerate the initial rate of efflux of a rapid-exit component of radioactivity from cells loaded with N 5 -methyl[ 14 C]tetrahydrofolate, but quickly displaced (in less than 17 min) a small fraction of a slow-exit component. However, even after exposure of cells to 12µM MTX (sufficient for complete suppression of deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA) for 30 min (an interval which should be sufficient to eliminate displaceable endogenous tetrahydrofolates for this MTX level), and under conditions in which the medium should have been cleared of displaced folates, exchangeable intracellular MTX in the range of 0.2-0.4 µM still produced marked inhibition of deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA in comparison to cells in which all exchangeable intracellular MTX was eliminated. These studies suggest that in addition to tight binding to dihydrofolate reductase, MTX inhibits a lower-affinity receptor site necessary for the maintenance of deoxyuridine metabolism.
Analysis of the canid Y-chromosome phylogeny using short-read sequencing data reveals the presence of distinct haplogroups among Neolithic European dogs

Most genetic analyses of ancient and modern dogs have focused on variation in the autosomes or on the mitochondria. Mitochondrial DNA is more easily obtained from ancient samples than nuclear DNA and mitochondrial analyses have revealed important insights into the evolutionary history of canids. Utilizing a recently published dog Y-chromosome reference, we analyzed Y-chromosome sequence across a diverse collection of canids and determined the Y haplogroup of three ancient European dogs. We identified 1121 biallelic Y-chromosome SNVs using whole-genome sequences from 118 canids and defined variants diagnostic to distinct dog Y haplogroups. Similar to that of the mitochondria and previous more limited studies of Y diversity, we observe several deep splits in the Y-chromosome tree which may be the result of retained Y-chromosome diversity which predates dog domestication or post-domestication admixture with wolves. We find that Y-chromosomes from three ancient European dogs (4700–7000 years old) belong to distinct clades. We estimate that the time to the most recent comment ancestor of dog Y haplogroups is 68–151 thousand years ago. Analysis of three Y-chromosomes from the Neolithic confirms long stranding population structure among European dogs.
Surgical treatment of early-onset idiopathic scoliosis in the United States: a trend analysis of 15 years (1997-2012).

Abstract Background Context Early-onset scoliosis is a challenging problem that is defined as a curvature of the spine of more than 10 degrees identified in a child less than 10 years. Early-onset idiopathic scoliosis (EOIS) can cause substantial morbidity and may require surgical intervention. Purpose The aim of the present study was to identify the trends of EOIS type of surgeries, length of hospital stay, in-hospital complications, and total inpatient admission charges over a 15-year study period in the United States from 1997 to 2012. Study Design/Setting This retrospective study used the ICD-9-CM (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification) codes from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Kids Inpatient's Database (KID) for a 15-year period (1997–2012). Patient Sample We identified a total of 897 patients with EOIS over the 15-year study period. Outcome Measures The present study determines the current trends for EOIS surgeries. Methods The present study had no funding sources or any potential conflicts of interest associated biases. Idiopathic scoliosis patients with ages between 0 and Results The study identified 897 patients, with 546 (61%) of them requiring surgery. Spine deformity surgery rates significantly decreased in patients with EOIS over time from 75% in 1997 to 47% in 2012, p=.019. In the surgery cohort, the male to female distribution was 37% and 63%, respectively. The overall mortality rate was 0.1%. The average length of hospital stay was 8 days and the average number of discharge diagnosis was 5.3. Aggregated complications were seen in 6% of the patients. The total mean hospital charge (per 2012 US dollars) was $119,613, which increased significantly for all types of surgeries. Over the 15-year study period, 62% (n=342) of the patients had posterior surgeries, 13% (n=71) of the patients had anterior surgeries, and 24% (n=133) of the patients had combined (anterior and posterior) surgeries. Posterior surgeries increased significantly from 33% in 1997 to 91% in 2012 (p Conclusions From 1997 to 2012 (15 years) study period of patients with EOIS, posterior-based surgeries significantly increased. The overall surgery rate has significantly decreased for these patients. A significant increase in hospital charges were noticed in posterior, anterior, and combined surgeries.
A new generation of U.S. Army flight helmets.

Head injuries are the most common cause of fatal injury in helicopter crashes. For over 80 years, the U.S. Army has used crash investigation studies to redesign flight helmets. This paper describes the evolution of the new fielded U.S. Army helmet, the Sound Protection Helmet No. 4B (SPH-4B), and compares its protective features to its predecessors, especially the SPH-4. A major contribution to the helmet design process was made by the Aviation Life Support Equipment Retrieval Program (ALSERP), a functional program at the U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory (USAARL). ALSERP has analyzed more than 500 helmets involved in crash events since 1972. Based on these studies of critical safety factors, the Army has developed and deployed the SPH-4B, a new helmet with improved energy absorption, retention, and stability.
Historical Overview of Transposable Element Research

Research on transposable elements began nearly 100 years ago with classical genetic experiments. Remarkably, many of the activities of transposable elements, such as the ability to transpose, to induce chromosome rearrangements, to undergo cycles of activity and inactivity, and to affect expression of neighboring genes, were described by geneticists long before transposons were molecularly isolated. This chapter traces the historical roots of transposable element research, describing the scientists, their observations, and interpretations as they sought to understand the enigma of transposable elements.
The Mechanism of Rapid Work Hardening in Hadfield Manganese Steel

ABSTRACT Hadfield manganese steel in the single-phase austenitic condition, strain-d in tension, exhibited jerky flow, a negative strain-rate dependence of flow stress and high work hardening rates in the temperature range -25°C to 250°C. The strain rate-temperature regime of jerky flow was determined. The apparent activation energy for the appearance and disappearance of serrations was found to be 104 kJ/mole and 146 kJ/mole respectively. Static strain aging indicates a Snoek-type strengthening mechanism to be operating below 250°C. An apparent activation energy of 138 kJ/mole (33 Kcal/mole) was measured for the increase in O.2% yield stress after aging between 300 and 400°C. Evidence from the present study, together with the effect of manganese on the activity of carbon in austenite and previous internal friction studies of high-manganese steels, leads us to conclude that dynamic strain aging is the principal cause of rapid work hardening in Hadfield steel.
Cancer epidemiology in Connecticut prisons.

e18055Background: In 2013, based on the Bureau of Justice’s latest statistics, 90% of deaths in state prisons were illness-related, 31% of these were due to cancer (CA) followed by heart disease (2...
Transsulcal Versus Transgyral Approaches for Subcortical Tumors

Abstract Subcortical tumors are lesions that lie below the cortical surface. In order to reach these lesions, the cortex and superficial white matter must be transgressed. This either involves a transgyral or a transsulcal approach. A transgyral approach involves traversing the pia, cortex, and white matter to reach the tumor, while a transsulcal approach involves traversing the sulcus, followed by the cortex and white matter. Each of these approaches have their advantages and disadvantages, but we typically prefer a transsulcal approach to minimize the working distance, working in parallel with white matter tracts, and to minimize potential collateral damage to the cortex and white matter tracts. We will describe our experience with transsulcal and transgyral approaches for accessing subcortical brain lesions.
What Works in Rural IPE? A Study of Student Reflections

Background: Team-based care has been proposed as a way to utilize rural healthcare resources wisely. Thus, the need to educate healthcare profession students in the fundamentals of rural team-based practice has increased in recent years. Thisstudy sought to examine student reflections of a rural interprofessional practice and education (IPE) program in an effort to learn how students described their experience and what they valued. Methods and findings: Student reflection journals from a formal rural IPE program were examined for themes related to post-experience values, attitudes, and beliefs. In general, the time spent in rural IPE led to understanding what it means to live and provide care as a team to a rural community. One important new discovery is that social interactions outside formal IPE curriculum are central to achieving programmatic goals. Conclusion: Understanding the significance of rural IPE and how to guide students both inside and outside the clinical setting will help lead the development of future IPE. The findings of this study shed light on what students valued in a rural IPE experience and, thus, have implications for where institutional resources should be concentrated.
Content Evaluation of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Residency Websites.

Background Prospective Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R) applicants commonly view residency program websites to make informed decisions about where to submit their applications. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive review of the availability and accessibility of online content for PM&R residency programs. Objective To evaluate the comprehensiveness of PM&R residency websites to inform prospective applicants about the information readily available to them and identify deficient areas for program directors to address. Design Cross-sectional analysis of residency program websites using quantitative and descriptive statistics. Setting World Wide Web (Internet). Subjects 87 PM&R civilian residency program websites listed on the Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database (FREIDA). Main outcome measurements The presence or absence of 25 predetermined criteria on residency program websites. Results The individual residency program websites had a mean ± SD of 12.3 ± 4.3 (49.1%) of the 25 criteria sought. The programs ranged from having as few as one to as many as 19 of the 25 criteria. Twenty programs had 9 or fewer criteria, 35 programs had 10 to 14 criteria, 31 programs had 15 to 18 criteria, and one program had 19 criteria available online. No PM&R residency website had all 25 criteria. There was a significant association between a program's Doximity ranking as top 20 or not and the citation of published research projects by faculty on a PM&R website (P = .026), but the other 24 criteria had no significant associations. Conclusions Most PM&R residency websites currently do not include comprehensive information about their programs for prospective applicants.
A Case of Severe Hypocalcemia Caused by Malabsorption Due to Partial Gastrectomy and Small Bowel Resection.

Abstract Objective Calcium is an essential mineral involved in the functioning of nearly every human cell. Calcium levels are regulated by dietary absorption, vitamin D status, and parathyroid hormone (PTH). This report describes a patient in whom childhood bowel resection and partial gastrectomy resulted in malabsorptive hypocalcemia in adulthood. Case Report A 21-year-old man presented with syncope and a fall resulting in a right femoral neck fracture. His medical history included small bowel obstructions at age 9 requiring bowel resection, and at age 12 with gastric perforation and partial gastrectomy. Laboratory values showed calcium level of 4.9 mg/dL (8.9-10.3 mg/dL). PTH level was 273 pg/mL (12.0-88.0 pg/mL), 25-hydroxy-vitamin D was 28 ng/dL (30-100 ng/mL), and 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D was 54 pg/dL (18-72 pg/mL). Furthermore, magnesium and phosphorus levels were 2.1 mg/dL (1.5-2.6 mg/dL) and 4.4 mg/dL (2.4-4.7 mg/dL), respectively. Calcium levels improved to 9.5 mg/dL on 10% calcium gluconate drip but could not be maintained above 7 mg/dL on oral calcium carbonate supplementation, despite doses as high as 3750 mg three times daily with calcitriol 0.75 mcg twice daily. After switching from calcium carbonate to calcium citrate 3500 mg three times daily, the calcium level improved and was maintained between 8.3 and 9.0 mg/dL. Discussion High calcium needs, other nutrient deficiencies, and response to calcium citrate versus calcium carbonate suggest malabsorption from achlorhydria and small bowel resection. Conclusion This case emphasizes the gastrointestinal physiology in calcium homeostasis and highlights the recognition of hypocalcemia as a complication of gastric and bowel resection.
Lived Experiences of Professional Counselors with Gender Diverse Clients

Gender diverse individuals experience stigma, discrimination, and transprejudice from interactions with society leading to the development of physical, mental, and emotional instability. Lack of co...
“I Have to Watch Them Closely”: Native American Parenting Practice and Philosophies

One of many ways that Native American (NA) families demonstrate resilience is by parenting children in some of the most adverse contexts in U.S. society. We use the framework of historical oppression, resilience, and transcendence (FHORT) in a critical ethnography to qualitatively explore the parenting philosophies and practices that NAs use to protect children from the risks of an oppressive context. Data were drawn from 436 members of two Southeastern NA tribes. A team-based critical ethnographic data analysis approach was used to analyze these findings, revealing the following themes: (a) “Your Kids Come First”: Prioritizing Children’s Needs; (b) “They Should Enjoy their Childhood”: Sheltering Children from Family Stressors; (c) “I Have to Watch Them Closely”: Closely Monitoring Children; and, (d) “There’s No Drinking at My House”: Preventing Children’s Exposure to Substance Abuse. Results indicate that NA parents adopt child-centric mindsets and use a number of positive practices to protect their children from the potentially harmful environments created through historical oppression.
Incorporating Experiential Learning into Big Data Analytic Classes

Many data analytics classes utilize canned data, already cleansed, and with simplified scenarios for students to perform analysis. To better train students to tackle real-world analytics problems, using big data from a real company builds on prior research on the effectiveness of experiential learning. In this study, we introduced experiential learning into a data analytics class by working on an analytics project with a large Fortune 500 company. Our live case allowed students the opportunity to see firsthand the complex nature of analytics being more than just number crunching. Based on a student reflective assignment, we found that student learning outcomes and motivation were greatly enhanced. However, there were numerous challenges presented through the course of the study, including unclear expectations, ambiguity of the research project, and data quality issues. Our suggestions are that aligning expectations, effective communications, and managing and encouraging failure can be drivers of success.
QTc‐Interval Prolongation Associated with Slow Intravenous Erythromycin Lactobionate Infusions in Critically Ill Patients: A Prospective Evaluation and Review of the Literature

Intravenous erythromycin has recently been associated with significant QTc interval prolongation, torsades de pointes, and sudden cardiac death. The prolonged the QTc interval attributed to erythromycin typically is associated with rapid infusion rates in excess of 10 mg/minute. We prospectively assessed the relationship between QTc interval prolongation and erythromycin administration by slow intravenous infusion (mean rate 8.9 +/- 3.5 mg/minute, range 3.9-16.7 mg/minute). Electrocardiographic (ECG) rhythm strips were prospectively obtained in 44 critically ill patients receiving intravenous antibiotics (22 received erythromycin and 22 ceftazidime, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, or ampicillin-sulbactam as controls). The ECG recordings were obtained immediately before and within 15 minutes after drug infusions. Only the first available set of ECG strips were evaluated. Two controls had evidence of hepatic dysfunction; no patients receiving erythromycin did. The QTc interval was calculated using Bazett's formula by two blinded investigators. For controls, mean +/- 1 SD (range) QTc intervals were 423 +/- 96 (300-550) msec at baseline and 419 +/- 96 (280-610) msec after infusion (p = 0.712). In contrast, in the erythromycin group, the interval was significantly prolonged from 524 +/- 105 (360-810) msec at baseline to 555 +/- 134 (400-980) msec after infusion (p = 0.034). No patients experienced a dysrhythmia as a consequence of erythromycin infusion. Despite slow rates of infusion, QTc interval prolongation was significant. The clinical importance of this finding remains to be determined.
Where the Confusion Began: Cloning the First Chemokine Receptors

The articles highlighted in this issue of The Journal of Immunology as Pillars of Immunology describe the independent cloning of two distinct receptors for the chemokine IL-8, now known as CXCL8 ([1][1], [2][2]). These articles established the foundation for what has become a substantial scientific
Study of scintillating digital hadron calorimeter prototypes

Hadron calorimeter will play a key role in the success of a future e+e Linear Collider Detector (LCD). The hadron calorimeter should provide excellent energy resolution (30%E) for jets, and a fine degree of segmentation. As a possible solution, we propose the use of a Scintillating Digital Hadron Calorimeter (SDHC), which consists of millions of small plastic scintillating cells. Wave Length Shifting (WLS) fibers, embedded in the cells, will be used in the readout system. The results of studies for cell shape and thickness, shape and depth of groove for the embedded fiber, and coating materials are reported. In a cosmic-ray test, 5 mm thick cells made from BC408 scintillating plastic with WLS BCF92 1 mm outer diameter fiber, provided 30 photo-electrons measured with a 80% quantum efficiency photo-cathode.
Tripping On Wires: The Wireless Body: Who is Improvising?

The author has been tripping on wires onstage and offstage for half a century of technological change in music. She has observed the trajectory of the disembodiment of music from analog instruments to tape to laptop computer performance. The process of disembodiment that began millennia ago with the use of instruments that distanced the musical use of voice, hands and feet with the body in resonance has accelerated in the 20th century to a crisis point. How do musicians, composers and audiences relate with the disconnected body and disembodied music? The call now seems to be to reintegrate the body with technology. The solution seems to indicate that the technology and body will merge in a re-embodied wireless future.
In Godlessness We Distrust: Using Social Psychology to Solve the Puzzle of Anti-atheist Prejudice

Most people believe in a god of some sort. Nonetheless, there are hundreds of millions of atheists in the world, and they face considerable discrimination and prejudice. This is a puzzling form of prejudice: Atheists do not form a coherent group, they are individually inconspicuous, and they are not, in general, oppositional or threatening. Recent research in social, evolutionary, and cultural psychology, however, offers suggestions for solving the puzzle of anti-atheist prejudice, in terms of both uncovering its psychological causes and also suggesting interventions for reducing it. Antipathy towards atheists derives specifically from moral distrust – to many people, belief in a watchful, moralizing god is seen as a uniquely powerful and perhaps necessary component of morality. Without religious belief, atheists are viewed as moral wildcards who cannot be trusted. This unique basis in turn implies specific ways in which distrust of atheists might be ameliorated.
Efficient algorithms for maintenance of large database indexes

Installing an update in an indexed database of size N takes O(log N) disk accesses, because of a root-leaf path traversal. If the installing of updates is deferred for a while, until a certain number n of them have been collected, substantial savings can be obtained. Two efficient algorithms for performing such grouped updates are presented and analyzed. The conditions on n are derived for which these algorithms perform better than straightforward update installation. A technique called model scaling, which is borrowed from the domain of fluid mechanics, is used to show how small simulations can be used for the accurate modeling of real-life environments. Some experimental results are presented to validate the analysis as well as justify the assumptions made. >
Evolving factor analysis applied to flow injection analysis data

Evolving factor analysis is used to estimate the concentration profiles and spectra of Bi3+ and the bismuth chloride complexes BiC12+ through BiCl formed by injection of bismuth perchlorate into a flowing stream of 1·0 mol 1−1 HCl. The estimated spectra compare favorably with previously published spectra of the complexes.
Testing for Effects of Cheap Talk in a Public Goods Game with Private Information

We investigate a game where player endowments are private information. If two of the three players contribute their endowments, a “public” benefit is paid to all three players. In one treatment, there is a single move with simultaneous decisions. In a second, cheap talk treatment, players may send binary messages prior to the decision move. Experimental data strongly support the equilibrium model for the first treatment. The results are mixed for the cheap talk treatment. While subjects condition heavily on the messages they receive, message behavior is less systematic.
Ontogeny of limb force distribution in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis): insights into the mechanical bases of primate hind limb dominance.

Abstract The distribution of peak vertical forces between the forelimbs and the hind limbs is one of the key traits distinguishing primate quadrupedal locomotion from that of other mammals. Whereas most mammals generate greater peak vertical forelimb forces, primates generate greater peak vertical hind limb forces. At the ultimate level, hind limb dominance in limb force distribution is typically interpreted as an adaptation to facilitate fine-branch arboreality. However, the proximate biomechanical bases for primate limb force distribution remain controversial. Three models have been previously proposed. The Center of Mass (COM) Position model attributes primates’ unique mode of limb loading to differences in the position of the whole-body COM relative to the hands and feet. The Active Weight Shift model asserts that primates actively redistribute body weight to their hind limbs by pitching the trunk up via the activation of hind limb retractor muscles. Finally, the Limb Compliance model argues that primates selectively mitigate forelimb forces by maintaining a compliant forelimb and a flat shoulder trajectory. Here, a detailed dataset of ontogenetic changes in morphology and locomotor mechanics in Bolivian squirrel monkeys ( Saimiri boliviensis ) was employed as a model system to evaluate each of these proposed models in turn. Over the first 10 months of life, squirrel monkeys transitioned from forelimb dominant infants to hind limb dominant juveniles, a change that was precipitated by decreases in peak vertical forelimb forces and increases in peak vertical hind limb forces. Results provided some support for all three of the models, although the COM Position and Active Weight Shift models were most strongly supported by the data. Overall, this study suggests that primates may use a variety of biomechanical strategies to achieve hind limb dominance in limb force distribution.
On the theory of consecutive storage of relevant records

Abstract A set of queries is said to have the consecutive retrieval property w.r.t. a set of records if all the records pertinent to any query belonging to the query set can be stored in consecutive storage locations. Some theorems have been established for query sets and record sets which have (or have not) the consecutive retrieval property. It has been shown that the set of all binary queries do not have the consecutive retrieval property w.r.t. the set of all binary records. The importance of nested queries in this context has been discussed.
Passive and active buildings in the gulf area

Abstract This report includes the history of Arab architecture and how it declined with the impact of Western architecture. A full analysis of the passive cooling concept is discussed and the effect of various devices on it. An example of air-conditioning loads for large hotels is given together with various buildings which are discussed from the energy consumption point of view.
Age-associated increases in serum follicle-stimulating hormone levels on estrus are accompanied by a reduction in the ovarian secretion of inhibin.

Abstract In light of recent data demonstrating age-related alterations in the secretion and production of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) during the secondary FSH surge on estrus, the following study was conducted to determine the effects of age on periovulatory inhibin secretion. Ovarian venous blood was collected from groups of ether-anesthetized 3- and 7-month-old rats exhibiting 4-day estrous cycles at the following times: 1200 and 2400 h on proestrus and 1600 h on estrus. Following a 10-min collection period, a terminal blood sample was obtained from the abdominal aorta. Peripheral serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH), FSH, estradiol-17β (E2), progesterone (P) and testosterone (T) were measured by RIA. Inhibin activity in ovarian venous serum (OVS) was assessed by the ability of OVS to suppress basal FSH secretion from dispersed pituitary cells during a 24-hour culture period. At 1200 h on proestrus, serum FSH (and LH) levels were higher in 7-month-old rats than in younger rats while t...
Conditioned suppression and enhancement of avoidance in rats: The duration of US

Rats were trained to leverpress under a free operant avoidance schedule, and signaled response-independent shock (CS-US) was superimposed on avoidance-maintained behavior. Over the experiment, subjects received each of five US durations in a within-subjects Latin squares design: US durations were equal to (.5 sec), shorter than (.25 or.38 sec), and greater than (.75 or 1 sec) avoidable shock. Two subjects initially receiving a short US showed enhanced avoidance during the preshock CS. Subjects initially given a US equal to or longer than avoidable shock showed suppressed avoidance in CS. The control of the CS over avoidance was acquired in the first block of CS-US sessions and was maintained over the experiment irrespective of subsequent changes in US duration.
Approach to infants born at 22 to 24 weeks' gestation: Relationship to outcomes of more-mature infants

OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine if a center’s approach to care of premature infants at the youngest gestational ages (22–24 weeks’ gestation) is associated with clinical outcomes among infants of older gestational ages (25–27 weeks’ gestation). METHODS: Inborn infants of 401 to 1000 g birth weight and 22 0/7 to 27 6/7 weeks’ gestation at birth from 2002 to 2008 were enrolled into a prospectively collected database at 20 centers participating in the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Markers of an aggressive approach to care for 22- to 24-week infants included use of antenatal corticosteroids, cesarean delivery, and resuscitation. The primary outcome was death before postnatal day 120 for infants of 25 to 27 weeks’ gestation. Secondary outcomes were the combined outcomes of death or a number of morbidities associated with prematurity. RESULTS: Our study included 3631 infants 22 to 24 weeks’ gestation and 5227 infants 25 to 27 weeks’ gestation. Among the 22- to 24-week infants, use of antenatal corticosteroids ranged from 28% to 100%, cesarean delivery from 13% to 65%, and resuscitation from 30% to 100% by center. Centers with higher rates of antenatal corticosteroid use in 22- to 24-week infants had reduced rates of death, death or retinopathy of prematurity, death or late-onset sepsis, death or necrotizing enterocolitis, and death or neurodevelopmental impairment in 25- to 27-week infants. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that physicians’ willingness to provide care to extremely low gestation infants as measured by frequency of use of antenatal corticosteroids is associated with improved outcomes for more-mature infants. * Abbreviations: BPD — : bronchopulmonary dysplasia CI — : confidence interval ELBW — : extremely low birth weight GDB — : Generic Database GMFCS — : gross motor function classification system IVH — : intraventricular hemorrhage LOS — : late-onset sepsis NDI — : neurodevelopmental impairment NEC — : necrotizing enterocolitis NICHD — : National Institute of Child Health and Human Development NRN — : Neonatal Research Network OR — : odds ratio PVL — : periventricular leukomalacia ROP — : retinopathy of prematurity
Microbial degradation of dissolved proteins in seawater1

An experimental protocol using radiolabeled proteins was developed to investigate the rates and mechanisms whereby dissolved proteins are degraded in natural marine plankton communities. The results of field observations and laboratory experiments indicate that proteins are degraded by a particle-bound, thermolabile system, presumably bacteria-associated enzymes, with an apparent half-saturation constant of ca. 25 ..mu..g bovine serum albumin (BSA) per liter. Gel permeation chromatography indicated that peptides of chain length intermediate between BSA and the final products of degradation (MW<700) do not accumulate in the medium. Competition experiments indicate that the system is relatively nonspecific. Turnover rates for the protein pool in samples collected in the Southern California Bight were of the same order of magnitude as the turnover rate of the L-leucine pool and were correlated with primary productivity, chlorophyll a concentrations, bacterial abundance and biomass, and L-leucine turnover rate. These data suggest that amino acids derived from proteins are utilized preferentially and do not completely mix with the amino acids in the bulk phase.
A MODFET process for micrometer scale strained layer islands

Previous studies have demonstrated that the density of misfit dislocations can be reduced by growth of strained layers on patterned substrates. In this paper, a new process sequence for the fabrication of pseudomorphic modulation-doped field effect transistors (MODFETs) on pattened GaAs substrates is presented. Semi-insulating GaAs substrates were patterned and dry etched using chemically assisted ion beam etching (CAIBE) to define a series of mesas prior to epitaxial layer growth. Double-doped, pseudomorphic MODFET layers were then grown on the substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. Using a planarization technique based on SiO2/photoresist, MODFETs with vacuum-passivated T-gates which bridge across up to 20 mesas were fabricated. Current-voltage measurements of these MODFETs show high output currents and good pinc-off characteristics.
Prevalence of mood disorders and relationship to asthma severity in patients at an inner-city asthma clinic

Background Depressive symptoms are associated with noncompliance and even sudden death in asthma patients. Some studies suggest that low-income, minority, inner-city asthma patients may be at high risk for asthma-related morbidity and mortality in which depression may be a risk factor. Minimal data are available on the prevalence of depression and other mood disorders in asthma patients. Objective In this pilot study, we examined the prevalence of depression and the association between depression and measures of asthma severity in patients at an inner-city asthma clinic. Methods Mood disorders were diagnosed using a diagnostic interview given to patients (N = 44) at asthma clinic visits. Inhaled steroid dose, FEV 1 percentage, and asthma severity were also obtained. Results Eighteen patients (41%) had a lifetime mood disorder but only seven of these patients received pharmacotherapy. Patients with a past mood disorder had significantly higher FEV 1 percentage predicted values ( P = 0.03) than those without a mood disorder. Trends toward less severe asthma ( P = 0.13) and lower inhaled steroid dose ( P = 0.13) in patients with a mood disorder history were also found. Conclusions The data suggest that mood disorders are common, but often unrecognized and untreated in asthma patients. The data also suggest that mood disorders are not necessarily associated with more severe asthma, at least in the population studied.
A Functional Model of the Operating Room

The hospital operating room (OR) is a complex, human-machine system whose performance is vulnerable to the errors of fallible human beings. This paper describes the initial development of a functional model of the OR designed to help identify the interaction of those vulnerabilities and fallibilities so as to improve OR performance.
Adherence to placebo and mortality in the Beta Blocker Evaluation of Survival Trial (BEST).

Background Randomized controlled trials have reported lower mortality among patients who adhere to placebo compared with those who do not. We explored this phenomenon by reanalyzing data from the placebo arm of the Beta Blocker Evaluation of Survival Trial (BEST), a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of bucindolol and mortality.
Ambivalence Amplifies College Smokers' Negative Emotional Responses to Antismoking Information

Many smoking college students hold ambivalent attitudes toward smoking. Although ambivalence is widely believed to evoke negative affect, little research attention has been paid to how ambivalence may influence emotional responses to persuasive information. Participants in this study (N = 133 college smokers) completed a survey that included a presentation of novel and credible antismoking information. Structural equation modeling analyses showed that pre-exposure ambivalence was positively associated with postexposure negative emotions. Negative emotions, in turn, were associated with greater perceived message effectiveness. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Understanding the link between early sexual initiation and later sexually transmitted infection: test and replication in two longitudinal studies.

Abstract Purpose Age at sexual initiation is strongly associated with sexually transmitted infections (STI); yet, prevention programs aiming to delay sexual initiation have shown mixed results in reducing STI. This study tested three explanatory mechanisms for the relationship between early sexual debut and STI: number of sexual partners, individual characteristics, and environmental antecedents. Methods A test-and-replicate strategy was employed using two longitudinal studies: the Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) and Raising Healthy Children (RHC). Childhood measures included pubertal age, behavioral disinhibition, and family, school, and peer influences. Alcohol use and age of sexual debut were measured during adolescence. Lifetime number of sexual partners and having sex under the influence were measured during young adulthood. Sexually transmitted infection diagnosis was self-reported at age 24. Early sex was defined as debut at Results The relationship between early sex and STI was fully mediated by lifetime sex partners in SSDP, but only partially in RHC, after accounting for co-occurring factors. Behavioral disinhibition predicted early sex, early alcohol use, number of sexual partners, and sex under the influence, but had no direct effect on STI. Family management protected against early sex and early alcohol use, whereas antisocial peers exacerbated the risk. Conclusions Early sexual initiation, a key mediator of STI, is driven by antecedents that influence multiple risk behaviors. Targeting co-occurring individual and environmental factors may be more effective than discouraging early sexual debut and may concomitantly improve other risk behaviors.
The number of solutions of some equations in Galois domains whose orders are the product of three distinct odd prime powers

satisfied. In the special cases CQ = 0~~ = *** = 0~~ = 1 and K = 1, k = 2, or K = 3, it has become customary (see [2]) to denote this number by (sl , t&,, , the cyclotomic number corresponding to m, g, , and the pair (ss , s3 ,*.a, 4, (tz , t, ,**a, t,.); it is here proposed that the same designation prevail in the general case. It is, perhaps, a curious fact that, given m and g, , it is not the problem of establishing the existence of the gi (2 < i < r) which makes the determination of the numbers (sr , t& difficult; it is, rather, that the g, are “too
Kinetics of Peptide Binding to the Class II MHC Protein I−Ek†

Class II MHC glycoproteins bind short (7-25 amino acid) peptides in an extended type II polyproline-like conformation and present them for immune recognition. Because empty MHC is unstable, measurement of the rate of the second-order reaction between peptide and MHC is challenging. In this report, we use dissociation of a pre-bound peptide to generate the active, peptide-receptive form of the empty class II MHC molecule I-Ek. This allows us to measure directly the rate of reaction between active, empty I-Ek and a set of peptides that vary in structure. We find that all peptides studied, despite having highly variable dissociation rates, bind with similar association rate constants. Thus, the rate-limiting step in peptide binding is minimally sensitive to peptide side-chain structure. An interesting complication to this simple model is that a single peptide can sometimes bind to I-Ek in two kinetically distinguishable conformations, with the stable peptide-MHC complex isomer forming much more slowly than the less-stable one. This demonstrates that an additional free-energy barrier limits the formation of certain specific MHC-peptide complex conformations.
Rapid determination of the active fraction of DNA repair glycosylases: a novel fluorescence assay for trapped intermediates

Current methods to measure the fraction of active glycosylase molecules in a given enzyme preparation are slow and cumbersome. Here we report a novel assay for rapidly determining the active fraction based on molecular accessibility of a fluorescent DNA minor groove binder, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Several 5,6-dihydrouracil-containing (DHU) DNA substrates were designed with sequence-dependent DAPI-binding sites to which base excision repair glycosylases were covalently trapped by reduction. Trapped complexes impeded the association of DAPI in a manner dependent on the enzyme used and the location of the DAPI-binding site in relation to the lesion. Of the sequences tested, one was shown to give an accurate measure of the fraction of active molecules for each enzyme tested from both the Fpg/Nei family and HhH-GPD Nth superfamily of DNA glycosylases. The validity of the approach was demonstrated by direct comparison with current gel-based methods. Additionally, the results are supported by in silico modeling based on available crystal structures.
Silent generation of memory in genetic low-responder mice after a single contact with a bacterial antigen

Abstract It is shown that immunologic memory can progressively develop following a single contact with a bacterial antigen (Escherichia coli β- d -galactosidase) in the absence of any sign of an antibody response. The relevance that this silent preparation for an anamnestic response might have in the pathogenesis of unexpected immune reactions is emphasized.
Using Evidence-Based Multimedia to Improve Vocabulary Performance of Adolescents With LD: A UDL Approach

Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is a framework that is commonly used for guiding the construction and delivery of instruction intended to support all students. In this study, we used a related model to guide creation of a multimedia-based instructional tool called content acquisition podcasts (CAPs). CAPs delivered vocabulary instruction during two concurrent social studies units to 32 SWD and 109 students without disabilities. We created CAPs using a combination of evidence-based practices for vocabulary instruction, UDL, and Mayer’s instructional design principles. High school students with and without learning disabilities completed weekly curriculum-based measurement (CBM) probes (vocabulary matching) over an 8-week period along with two corresponding posttests. Students were nested within sections of world history and randomly assigned to alternating treatments (CAPs and business as usual) that were administered sequentially to each group. Results revealed that students with and without disabilit...
The Association of Bisphenol-A Urinary Concentrations with Antral Follicle Counts and Other Measures of Ovarian Reserve in Women Undergoing Infertility Treatments.☆

In this prospective cohort of women undergoing infertility treatments, we measured specific-gravity adjusted urinary BPA (SG-BPA) concentrations and used regression models to evaluate the association of BPA with antral follicle count (AFC), day-3 serum follicle stimulating hormone levels (FSH), and ovarian volume (OV). BPA, detected in >80% of women, had a geometric mean (±GSD) of 1.6±2.0, 1.7±2.1, and 1.5±1.8μg/L for the women contributing to the AFC (n=154), day-3 FSH (n=120), and OV (n=114) analyses, respectively. There was an average decrease in AFC of 12% (95% CI: -23%, -0.6%), 22% (95% CI: -31%, -11%), and 17% (95% CI: -27%, -6%), in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th SG-BPA quartile compared to the 1st quartile, respectively (p-trend: <0.001). No association of SG-BPA with FSH or OV was observed. Among women from an infertility clinic, higher urinary BPA concentrations were associated with lower AFC, raising concern for possible accelerated follicle loss and reproductive aging.
Diagnosis and treatment planning for mandibular subapical osteotomies with new surgical modifications

Mandibular anterior subapical osteotomies have been used for many years and have usually included vertical interdental osteotomies and submandibular horizontal osteotomies stabilized with intraosseous wires, splints, and bridle wires around the teeth adjacent to the interdental osteotomies. This article presents pertinent diagnostic criteria, orthodontic and surgical treatment planning considerations, and new surgical modifications to alter the position of the mandibular anterior teeth.
Low-temperature specific heat of two platinum-based ternary alloy systems

The specific heat ${C}_{P}$ of pure platinum and of the ternary alloys ${\mathrm{Pt}}_{90}$${\mathrm{Ir}}_{5}$${\mathrm{Au}}_{5}$, ${\mathrm{Pt}}_{80}$${\mathrm{Ir}}_{10}$${\mathrm{Au}}_{10}$, ${\mathrm{Pt}}_{86}$${\mathrm{Rh}}_{9}$${\mathrm{Au}}_{5}$, and ${\mathrm{Pt}}_{74}$${\mathrm{Rh}}_{17}$${\mathrm{Au}}_{9}$ was measured between 0.5 and 30 K. ${C}_{P}$ is analyzed primarily in terms of lattice and electronic contributions, and the latter is discussed in terms of several models of metallic alloying. A constant contribution to ${C}_{P}$ was apparent in all of the alloys at the lowest temperatures.
Bactericidal efficacy of elevated pH on fish pathogenic and environmental bacteria

Ship ballast water is a recognized medium for transfer and introductions of nonindigenous species. There is a need for new ballast water treatment methods that effectively and safely eliminate or greatly minimize movements of these species. The present study employed laboratory methods to evaluate the bactericidal efficacy of increased pH (pH 10.0–12.0) for exposure durations of up to 72 h to kill a variety of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria including fish pathogens (Aeromonas spp., Yersinia ruckeri, Edwardsiella ictaluri, Serratia liquefaciens, Carnobacterium sp.), other common aquatic-inhabitant bacteria (Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Staphylococcus sp., Bacillus sp.) and indicators listed in International Maritime Organization D2 Standards; namely, Vibrio cholera (an environmental isolate from fish), Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis. Volumes of 5 N NaOH were added to tryptic soy broth to obtain desired pH adjustments. Viable cells were determined after 0, 4, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. Initial (0 h) cell numbers ranged from 3.40 × 104 cfu/mL for Bacillus sp. to 2.44 × 107 cfu/mL for E. faecalis. The effective endpoints of pH and treatment duration necessary to realize 100% bactericidal effect varied; however, all bacteria tested were killed within 72 h at pH 12.0 or lower. The lowest parameters examined, 4 h at pH 10.0, were bactericidal to V. cholera, E. ictaluri, three of four isolates of E. coli, and (three of four) Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. Bactericidal effect was attained at pH 10.0 within 12 h for the other A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, and within 24 h for P. fluorescens, and the remaining E. coli.