cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flow Structure Identification in Unsteady Flow in Porous Media

This study is an experimental investigation of the turbulent flow structure in randomly packed porous bed made with uniform sized spheres. Results are based on time resolved, two component PIV measurements in individual pore spaces of the bed. Data are presented for pore Reynolds number range of 54–3964. Three different flow regimes are identified, steady laminar, and unsteady transitional and turbulent flows. Small scale coherent vortical structures are visualized, by performing large eddy scale decomposition, for pore Reynolds number of greater than 1000. Quantative analysis of vortical coherent structures was performed using swirl strength analysis. The number density of vortical structures is found to monotonically increase gradually with pore Reynolds number. The rotation rate of these vortical structures is found to increase linearly with pore Reynolds number. The stretching rate (linear deformation) of the eddies were calculated using continuity to determine the out of plane stretching. The ratio of stretching rate to swirl strength (rotation rate) shows a normal distribution which collapsed onto a single curve. The convective velocities of the structures show a symmetric distribution with a peak value close to 0.8 times the average pore velocity.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
NASA/DARPA Advanced Communications Technology Satellite Project for Evaluation of Telemedicine Outreach Using Next-Generation Communications Satellite Technology: Mayo Foundation Participation

Objective To describe the development of telemedicine capabilities—application of remote consultation and diagnostic techniques—and to evaluate the feasibility and practicality of such clinical outreach to rural and underserved communities with limited telecommunications infrastructures. Material and Methods In 1992, Mayo Foundation (Rochester, Minn, Jacksonville, Fla, and Scottsdale, Ariz), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency collaborated to create a complex network of fiberoptic landlines, video recording systems, satellite terminals, and specially developed data translators linking Mayo sites with other locations in the continental United States on an on-demand basis. The purpose was to transmit data via the asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) digital communications protocol over the Advanced Communications Technology Satellite. The links were intended to provide a conduit for transmission of data for patient-specific consultations between physicians, evaluation of medical imagery, and medical education for clinical staffs at remote sites. Results Low-data-rate (LDR) experiments went live late in 1993. Mayo Clinic Rochester successfully provided medical consultation and services to 2 small regional medical facilities. High-data-rate (HDR) experiments included studies of remote digital echocardiography, store-and-for-ward telemedicine, cardiac catheterization, and tele-consultation for congenital heart disease. These studies combined landline data transmission with use of the satellite. The complexity of the routing paths and network components, immaturity of available software, and inexperience with existing telecommunications caused significant study delays. Conclusions: These experiments demonstrated that next-generation satellite technology can provide batch and real-time imagery for telemedicine. The first-generation of the ATM and satellite network technology used in these experiments created several technical problems and inconveniences that should be overcome as the network infrastructure matures.
The preparation of fluorochlorides with the PbBiO2Cl structure

Abstract We demonstrate that the replacement of oxygen by fluorine in Sillen's phases is not limited only to BiOCl-type materials. It is possible to prepare PbBiO 2 Cl-type compounds of general formula APbF 2 X (A = Li, Na,K, X = Cl, Br, I). Crystal chemistry relations are examined.
Optimizing a Lupus Autoantibody for Targeted Cancer Therapy

The specificity of binding by antibodies to target antigens is a compelling advantage to antibody-based cancer therapy, but most antibodies cannot penetrate cells to affect intracellular processes. Select lupus autoantibodies penetrate into cell nuclei, and the potential for application of these antibodies in cancer therapy is an emerging concept. Here, we show that a divalent lupus anti-DNA autoantibody fragment with enhancing mutations that increase its ability to penetrate cell nuclei and bind DNA causes accumulation of DNA double-strand breaks in and is highly and selectively toxic to cancer cells and tumors with defective homology-directed repair of DNA double-strand breaks. These findings provide proof of principle for the use of optimized lupus autoantibodies in targeted cancer therapy.
Anomalous Electric Dipole Conversion Coefficients in Odd-Mass Isotopes of the Heavy Elements

A detailed review is given of experimental data on the anomalous $L$- and $M$-shell conversion coefficients of low-energy electric dipole transitions observed in the decays of odd-$A$ nuclei of high atomic number.The data are consistent in every case with the interpretation that the $E1$ conversion coefficients in the ${L}_{\mathrm{III}}$ shell agree with the theoretical, model-independent coefficients calculated by Sliv and Band and by Rose. It is definitely established in several well-measured cases that the ${L}_{\mathrm{I}}$ and ${L}_{\mathrm{II}}$ coefficients are substantially larger than the theoretical values. The most striking anomaly occurs in the 84.2-kev transition in ${\mathrm{Pa}}^{231}$, where the ${L}_{\mathrm{I}}$ and ${L}_{\mathrm{II}}$ coefficients are 21 and 15 times larger than the theoretical values, respectively.The experimental ${L}_{\mathrm{I}}$ and ${L}_{\mathrm{II}}$ coefficients are correlated with the lifetimes of the transitions, and it is shown that the magnitude of the anomaly (${L}_{\mathrm{I}}$ plus ${L}_{\mathrm{II}}$) is proportional to the retardation in gamma-ray lifetime over that calculated from the single-proton formulas. No systematic trend has been observed in the deviations of the ${L}_{\mathrm{I}}$ and ${L}_{\mathrm{II}}$ coefficients individually.
New techniques in fertilization: intravaginal culture and microvolume straw.

Over the last decade, the process of in vitro fertilization (IVF) has undergone a number of modifications in ovulation induction and oocyte retrieval. However, as the name of the procedure implies, the process of fertilization in vitro per se has essentially remained unchanged. This article describes two new simplified methods of fertilization called intravaginal culture (IVC) and the microvolume straw technique
The material implications of design and system studies for inertial confinement fusion systems

Abstract The major material requirements for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) reactors and an indication of the research and development required to meet them are presented. These requirements are defined and analyzed by first describing the environment created in the process of generating energy with ICF, and then analyzing the laser ICF reactor concepts which have been designed to cope with this hostile environment. In this paper we discuss several ICF materials related problems. However, because of the large role given liquid lithium in most conceptual designs we have placed particular emphasis on describing the problems associated with flowing and containing liquid lithium In the pulsed radiation environment of ICF reactors.
Statistical emulator construction for nonlinear smart systems

Comprehensive physical models can accurately quantify the dynamics of nonlinear and hysteretic systems but often require significant computational cost. This can reduce their effectiveness when performing sensitivity analysis, uncertainty analysis, parameter calibration or system design which typically requires multiple iterations of computationally expensive routines. This can also preclude the use of these models for real-time model-based control design. Emulators provide statistical approximations to comprehensive physical models which provide two advantages: high efficiency and statistical characterization of missing model components. We discuss the construction of statistical emulators to provide efficient surrogates for nonlinear smart material models. We will primarily focus on emulators for the homogenized energy model for ferroic compounds.
Motivating the Unmotivated: A Treatment Model for Barebackers

SUMMARY Documented increases in sexual risk practices among gay and bisexual men and subsequent increases in HIV infection rates may be attributable, in part, to barebacking. Current HIV prevention efforts fail to meet the needs of diverse gay and bisexual men and do not focus on harm-reduction techniques currently used by such men. Motivational Interviewing (MI), an intervention approach with demonstrated effectiveness across a wide variety of behaviors, may be useful for working with men who bareback. The general principles and strategies of MI are presented with examples of the application of this model to barebacking.
Modeling of quantum effects in ultrasmall HEMT devices

Numerical simulation of ultra-submicrometer high electron mobility transistors based upon a set of quantum moment equations is presented. These provide a first quantum description, based upon the moments of the Wigner distribution function. In HEMTs, the conduction electrons are confined in a narrow conduction channel and the short gate lengths (and small aspect ratio) create different potential barriers across the conduction channel than in a long-channel situation. In these small structures, quantum effects are expected to be prominent. A substantial change in the electron density distribution is found to occur due to the inclusion of these quantum corrections, and the total current in the simulated devices is increased by as much as 10% for a 240-nm gate-length device. >
Home-Based Treatment of Thumbsucking Omission Training with Edible Reinforcers and a Behavioral Seal

A home-based behavioral treatment program, utilizing simple edible reinforcers, was employed in a reversal design to modify a child's thumbsucking. Observation of thumbsucking was facilitated by use of a "behavioral seal." At 15-minute intervals during the two hours immediately prior to bedtime, the child's parent recorded the occurrence or nonoccurrence of thumbsucking and, during intervention, also reinforced its absence with candy and verbal praise. Prebedtime sucking decreased markedly during both intervention phases. These effects generalized to postbedtime sucking as well. Implications for application and future research are discussed, and the advantages and possible uses of the behavioral seal are delineated.
Impact of chronic GVHD on late complications after hematopoietic cell transplantation.

aspirations, possibly associated with GVHD of the esophagus or purulent sinus drainage, contribute to airway inflammation and the development of obstructive lung disease. A recent study analyzed AFO in 1049 patients who received an allogeneic HCT at FHCRC [5].here were 257 patients (25%) with significant AFO as defined by a decline in pFEV1 by more than 5% per year. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, patients with quiescent (relative risk [RR] 1.5, 95% CI 1.2/1.7) or progressive onset (RR 2.5, 95% CI 1.4/3.1) of chronic GVHD, among other factors, were at an increased risk, and those with chronic GVHD and AFO had a higher risk of mortality (hazard ratio 1.9, P /0.002) than patients without AFO. Thus, AFO had a significant independent effect on long-term survival. Progressive bronchiolitis obliterans has been reported to occur in 10% of all patients with chronic GVHD [6] from 3 months to 2 years after HCT. Clinical and pathological findings are similar to those seen after lung or heart-lung transplants [6]. Histological changes are thought to be due to a graft-versushost reaction, possibly aggravated by infections. Pulmonary infections develop in more than 60% of allogeneic HCT recipients with GVHD compared to about 20% of patients without chronic GVHD. A recent analysis of results in 6523 patients transplanted at FHCRC revealed 51 cases of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP), all but two after allogeneic transplants. BOOP was diagnosed at 5/2,819 (median 108) days after HCT. The disease was significantly associated with acute and chronic GVHD. The disease progressed in 22% of patients and resolved or was stable in the remaining patients [7].
Characterization of tactile‐sensitive interneurons in the abdominal ganglia of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana

Tactile stimulation of an insect's abdomen evokes various behaviors including grooming and vigorous escape responses. We tested a sample of 37 tactile-sensitive abdominal interneurons for various morphological and physiological characteristics, including their ability to excite thoracic interneurons that are known to integrate wind information conducted by giant interneurons in the classical escape response. The results suggest that abdominal tactile-sensitive interneurons are heterogeneous both in anatomical and physiological properties. In general, these cells are very small interganglionic interneurons that respond to tactile stimulation at more than one abdominal segment. However, the larger population contained virtually all types of cells. Some projected anteriorly, others posteriorly, and still others projected in both directions. For most cells, the soma was on the side opposite to their axons, but in 24% of the cells it was on the same side. Patterns of dendritic arbors also varied among cells. However, tactile sensitivity was in general consistent with the morphological bias noted in dendritic branch patterns. We were able to document the existence of tactile abdominal interneurons that connect directly to thoracic interneurons involved in escape (TI[A]s). However, instances of demonstrated connectivity were rare. One cell that did show connectivity (AI652) was characterized in detail, and its properties were appropriate for conducting tactile signals in a directional escape system. The dendritic arbors were biased to the side that was ipsilateral to the cell's soma and axon. As a result, this cell's abdominal inputs and thoracic outputs are on the same side. This pattern is appropriate for generating the sensory fields recorded previously in TI(A)s. Its axon was located in the ventral median tract, which should bring it close to the integrating region of the TI(A)s.
Sleep disturbance in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract Background and purpose To determine the prevalence of sleep disturbance in a memory clinic population of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and identify its clinical correlates. Patients and methods Data from 215 attendees at a memory clinic, who were diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, were examined. This included data from cognitive, functional and neuropsychological assessments. Sleep disturbance was determined using the question about diurnal rhythm disturbance on the BEHAVE-AD questionnaire. Two groups, with and without sleep disturbance, were compared. Group differences were analysed using univariate analysis and stepwise logistic regression analysis. Results The prevalence of sleep disturbance in this sample was 24.5%. The BEHAVE-AD ‘aggressiveness’ ( P =0.009) and ‘global rating’ ( P =0.029) (a measure of global impact of behavioural disturbance) were found to be significant predictors of sleep disturbance in AD. Conclusions Sleep disturbance in AD is associated with other behavioural symptoms, notably aggressiveness. Sleep disturbance in AD has significant impact on the patient and/or caregiver. Consideration of co-morbid behavioural symptoms may aid the clinician in choosing a suitable treatment for sleep disturbance in AD.
Designer's Guide to Radiation Effects on Materials for Use on Jupiter Fly-Bys and Orbiters

This paper summarizes the state-of-the-art of the complex field of radiation effects on spacecraft materials. It is intended as a guide for designers of systems exposed to damaging electrons and protons. The emphasis is on the relative damage levels for the more common materials that may be used. Information on the preliminary flux and fluence levels of the yet to be designed Jupiter orbiter, Galileo, is also presented.
Guides, clearinghouses, and value‐added repackaging: Some thoughts on how librarians can improve the internet

At the office, during the commute, even at home, it is likely that the topic of a conversation will turn to the Internet. Librarians are finding themselves increasingly drawn into this chaotic environment—some willingly and some not. Using the Internet can be an intimidating and frustrating experience, especially for beginners. Yet librarians, many of whom are novices, are increasingly asked to take on active roles in making the Internet a more usable information resource for their communities. What can librarians do to improve the value of the Internet and its information?
Spatial variations in immediate greenhouse gases and aerosol emissions and resulting radiative forcing from wildfires in interior Alaska

Boreal fires can cool the climate; however, this conclusion came from individual fires and may not represent the whole story. We hypothesize that the climatic impact of boreal fires depends on local landscape heterogeneity such as burn severity, prefire vegetation type, and soil properties. To test this hypothesis, spatially explicit emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and aerosols and their resulting radiative forcing are required as an important and necessary component towards a full assessment. In this study, we integrated remote sensing (Landsat and MODIS) and models (carbon consumption model, emission factors model, and radiative forcing model) to calculate the carbon consumption, GHGs and aerosol emissions, and their radiative forcing of 2001–2010 fires at 30 m resolution in the Yukon River Basin of Alaska. Total carbon consumption showed significant spatial variation, with a mean of 2,615 g C m−2 and a standard deviation of 2,589 g C m−2. The carbon consumption led to different amounts of GHGs and aerosol emissions, ranging from 593.26 Tg (CO2) to 0.16 Tg (N2O). When converted to equivalent CO2 based on global warming potential metric, the maximum 20 years equivalent CO2 was black carbon (713.77 Tg), and the lowest 20 years equivalent CO2 was organic carbon (−583.13 Tg). The resulting radiative forcing also showed significant spatial variation: CO2, CH4, and N2O can cause a 20-year mean radiative forcing of 7.41 W m−2 with a standard deviation of 2.87 W m−2. This emission forcing heterogeneity indicates that different boreal fires have different climatic impacts. When considering the spatial variation of other forcings, such as surface shortwave forcing, we may conclude that some boreal fires, especially boreal deciduous fires, can warm the climate.
Increasing availability under mutual exclusion constraints with dynamic vote reassignment

Voting is used commonly to enforce mutual exclusion in distributed systems. Each node is assigned a number of votes, and only the group with a majority of votes is allowed to perform a restricted operation. This paper describes techniques for dynamically reassigning votes upon node or link failure, in an attempt to make the system more resilient to future failures. We focus on autonomous methods for achieving this, that is, methods that allow the nodes to make independent choices about changing their votes and picking new vote values, rather than group consensus techniques that require tight coordination among the remaining nodes. Protocols are given which allow nodes to install new vote values while still maintaining mutual exclusion requirements. The lemmas and theorems to validate the protocols are presented. A simple example shows how to apply the method to a database object-locking scheme; the protocols, however, are versatile and general purpose, and can be used for any application requiring mutual exclusion. In addition, policies are presented that allow nodes to autonomously select their new vote values. Simulation results are presented comparing the autonomous methods to static vote assignments and to group consensus strategies. These results demonstrate that under high failure rates, dynamic vote reassignment shows great improvement over a static assignment of votes in terms of availability. In addition, many autonomous methods for determining a new vote assignment yield almost as much availability as a group consensus method and at the same time are faster and more flexible.
Successful Medical Management of Post-hysteroscopic Metroplasty Bleeding with Intravenous Estrogen Therapy: A Report of Two Cases and Review of the Literature

Complications from hysteroscopy are rare, but some are potentially life-threatening. Hemorrhage is one of the most common complications of hysteroscopy. In this study, we report 2 cases of post-hysteroscopic bleeding successfully treated with intravenous conjugated equine estrogen (CEE). In our case report, 2 women who were evaluated for infertility were diagnosed with intrauterine septum. After surgical resection of the septum, significant late post-hysteroscopic bleeding was seen in the fourth and eighteenth day of surgery, respectively. Both patients were successfully treated with intravenous CEE 25 mg in normal saline solution 50 mL given over 20 minutes every 6 hours. These 2 cases illustrate that intravenous CEE therapy as a short-term treatment is relatively safe and can be considered as an alternative in the treatment of severe post-hysteroscopy bleeding in selected patients without risk factors. In patients with risk factors, such as previous thromboembolic disease, alternative modalities of treatment should be considered.
SU‐E‐T‐256: Radiation Dose Responses for Chemoradiation Therapy of Pancreatic Cancer: An Analysis of Compiled Clinical Data Using Biophysical Models

Purpose: We have analyzed recent clinical data obtained from chemoradiation of unresectable, locally advanced pancreatic cancer in order to examine possible benefits from radiotherapy (RT) dose escalation as well as to propose possible dose escalated fractionation schemes. Methods: A modified linear quadratic (LQ) model was used to fit clinical tumor response data from chemoradiation treatments using different fractionations. Biophysical radiosensitivy parameters, a and α/β, tumor potential doubling time, Td, and delay time for tumor doubling during treatment, Tk, were extracted from the fits and were used to calculate feasible fractionation schemes for dose escalations. Results: Examination of published data from 20 institutions showed no clear indication of improved survival with raised radiationdose. However, an enhancement in tumor response was observed for higher irradiation doses, an important and promising clinical Result with respect to palliation and quality of life. The radiobiological parameter estimates obtained from the analysis are: α/β = 10 ± 3 Gy, a = 0.010 ± 0.003 Gŷ‐1, Td = 56 ± 5 days and Tk = 7 ± 2 days. Possible dose escalation schemes are proposed based on the calculation of the biologically equivalent dose (BED) required for a 50% tumor response rate. Conclusions: From the point of view of tumor response, escalation of the administered radiationdose leads to a potential clinical benefit, which when combined with normal tissue complication analyses may Result in improved treatments for certain patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Based on this analysis, a dose escalation trial with 2.25 Gy/fraction up to 69.75 Gy is being initiated for unresectable pancreatic cancer at our institution. Partially supported by MCW Cancer Center Meinerz Foundation
Tidal resonance locks in inspiraling white dwarf binaries

We calculate the tidal response of helium and carbon/oxygen (C/O) white dwarf (WD) binaries inspiraling due to gravitational wave emission. We show that resonance locks, previously considered in binaries with an early-type star, occur universally in WD binaries. In a resonance lock, the orbital and spin frequencies evolve in lockstep, so that the tidal forcing frequency is approximately constant and a particular normal mode remains resonant, producing efficient tidal dissipation and nearly synchronous rotation. We show that analogous locks between the spin and orbital frequencies can occur not only with global standing modes, but even when damping is so efficient that the resonant tidal response becomes a traveling wave. We derive simple analytic formulas for the tidal quality factorQt and tidal heating rate during a g-mode resonance lock, and verify our results numerically. We find thatQt 10 7 for orbital periods . 1 ‐ 2 hr in C/O WDs, andQt 10 9 for Porb . 3 ‐ 10 hr in helium WDs. Typically tidal heating occurs sufficiently close to the surface that the energy should be observable as surface emission. Moreover, near an orbital period of 10 min, the tidal heating rate reaches 10 -2 L , rivaling the luminosities of our fiducial WD models. Recent observations of the 13minute double-WD binary J0651 are roughly consistent with our theoretical predictions. Tides naturally tend to generate differential rotation; however, we show that the fossil magnetic field strength of a typical WD can maintain solid-body rotation down to at least Porb 10 min even in the presence of a tidal torque concentrated near the WD surface.
Specific changes in total and mitochondrial proteomes are associated with higher levels of heterosis in maize hybrids.

Summary The phenomenon of hybrid vigor (heterosis) has long been harnessed by plant breeders to improve world food production. However, the changes that are essential for heterotic responses and the mechanisms responsible for heterosis remain undefined. Large increases in biomass and yield in high-heterosis hybrids suggest that alterations in bioenergetic processes may contribute to heterosis. Progeny from crosses between various inbred lines vary in the extent of vigor observed. Field-grown maize F1 hybrids that consistently exhibited either low or high heterosis across a variety of environments were examined for changes in proteins that may be correlated with increased plant vigor and yield. Unpollinated ears at the time of flowering (ear shoots) were selected for the studies because they are metabolically active, rich in mitochondria, and the sizes of the ears are diagnostic of yield heterosis. Total protein and mitochondrial proteomes were compared among low- and higher-heterosis hybrids. Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis was used to identify allelic and/or isoform differences linked to heterosis. Identification of differentially regulated spots by mass spectrometry revealed proteins involved in stress responses as well as primary carbon and protein metabolism. Many of these proteins were identified in multiple spots, but analysis of their abundances by label-free mass spectrometry suggested that most of the expression differences were due to isoform variation rather than overall protein amount. Thus, our proteomics studies suggest that expression of specific alleles and/or post-translational modification of specific proteins correlate with higher levels of heterosis.
Analysis and design of polygonal resistors by conformal mapping

To compute the electrical resistance (≈ conformal modulus) of a polygonally shaped resistor cut from a sheet of uniform resistivity, it suffices to find a conformal map of the polygon onto a rectangle. Constructing such a map requires the solution of a Schwarz-Christoffel parameter problem. First we show by examples that this is practical numerically. Then we consider an inverse “resistor trimming” problem in which the aim is to cut a slit in a given polygon just long enough to increase its resistance to a prescribed value. We show that here the solution can be obtained by solving a “generalized parameter problem.” The idea of a generalized parameter problem is applicable also in many other Schwarz-Christoffel computations.
Time of Quarter Effect: An Uncontrolled Variable in Electrodermal Research

Does the time of the academic quarter in which a subject participates in an electrodermal habituation study have an effect upon electrodermal response components—e.g., skin conductance level (SCL), skin conductance response (SCR), and spontaneous fluctuation (SF) activity? Four groups of 24 undergraduates (12 males and 12 females each) participated in an habituation session consisting of a 10-min adaptation period and 15, 5-sec bursts of 85 dB white noise, during the first, fourth, seventh, or tenth week of an eleven-week quarter. Predictably, all three dependent variables were affected by the time of quarter (TOQ) manipulation and/or by the interaction of this variable with the sex of the participant. Relationships between three meteorological variables—temperature, humidity, and barometric pressure—and the electrodermal variables were also quantified. Several of the correlations between these meteorological variables and the electrodermal measures were found to be significantly greater than zero; however, when employed as covariates, these meteorological variables failed to significantly modify the effects of the independent variable manipulations upon the electrodermal measures. Results are discussed in terms of the need to adequately control for this potentially confounding variable in electrodermal research.
An overview of information ethics issues in a world-wide context

This article presents an overview of significant issues facing contemporary information professionals. As the world of information continues to grow at unprecedented speed and in unprecedented volume, questions must be faced by information professionals. Will we participate in the worldwide mythology of equal access for all, or will we truly work towards this debatable goal? Will we accept the narrowing of choice for our corresponding increasing diverse clientele? Such questions must be considered in a holistic context and an understanding of the many levels of information inequities is requisite. Beginning with an historical perspective, Buchanan presents Mustapha Masmoudi‘s seminal review of forms of information inequities. She then describes qualitative forms of inequities, such as information imperialism and cultural bias embedded in such practices as cataloging and classification. Following, a review of quantitative inequities is presented. Such issues as the growing commoditization of information and information services demand attention from the ethical perspective. And, finally, the Internet and implications surrounding the world-wide dissemination of information is discussed. The article concludes with an extraction form Richard Sclove‘s Democracy and Technology, and asks that we as information professionals actively examine the information industry around us and demand a more democratic process within which to work.
Prevalence of prostate cancer among hypogonadal men with prostate-specific antigen levels of 4.0 ng/mL or less.

Objectives. To determine the prevalence of prostate cancer in hypogonadal men with a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level of 4.0 ng/mL or less. Methods. A total of 345 consecutive hypogonadal men with a PSA level of 4.0 ng/mL or less underwent evaluation with digital rectal examination and prostate biopsy before initiating a program of testosterone replacement therapy. All men had low serum levels of total or free testosterone, defined as less than 300 and 1.5 ng/dL, respectively. Results. Cancer was identified in 15.1%. The cancer detection rate was 5.6%, 17.5%, 26.4%, and 36.4% for a PSA level of 1.0 or less, 1.1 to 2.0, 2.1 to 3.0, and 3.1 to 4.0 ng/mL, respectively (P 0.05). Cancer was detected in 26 (30.2%) of 86 men with a PSA level of 2.0 to 4.0 ng/mL. Cancer was detected in 21% of men with a testosterone level of 250 ng/dL or less compared with 12% of men with a testosterone level greater than 250 ng/dL (P 0.04). Men with free testosterone levels of 1.0 ng/dL or less had a cancer rate of 20% compared with 12% for men with greater values (P 0.04). The odds ratio of cancer detection for men in the lowest tertile compared with the highest tertile was 2.15 (95% confidence interval 1.01 to 4.55) for total testosterone and 2.26 (95% confidence interval 1.07 to 4.78) for free testosterone. Conclusions. Prostate cancer was present in more than 1 of 7 hypogonadal men with PSA of 4.0 ng/mL or less. An increased risk of prostate cancer was associated with more severe reductions in testosterone. UROLOGY 68: 1263‐1267, 2006. © 2006 Elsevier Inc.
Effect of ensure on the oral bioavailability of gatifloxacin in healthy volunteers.

Study Objective. To determine the effect of Ensure on the relative oral bioavailability of gatifloxacin in healthy volunteers. Design. Single-dose, randomized, crossover study. Setting. University-affiliated research center. Subjects. Twelve healthy volunteers (six men, six women) aged 18 years or older with no clinically significant abnormal findings on physical examination or in medical history. Intervention. Subjects consumed 120 ml of study liquid-water or Ensure-every 30 minutes for five doses. With the second dose, subjects ingested a single gatifloxacin 400-mg tablet that had been uniformly crushed and mixed into the study liquid. Measurements and Main Results. Serial blood samples were collected for 48 hours, and gatifloxacin concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic data were analyzed by using noncompartmental methods. Maximum serum concentration (C m a x ) and area under the serum concentration-time curve from zero to infinity (AUC 0 - ∞ ) were tested for bioequivalence after log-transformation of the data. Comparison of parameters for gatifloxacin administered with water versus those with Ensure showed that C m a x (4.35 ′ 0.90 vs 2.41 ′ 0.58 μg/ml, p<0.0001) and AUC 0 - ∞ (42.4 ′ 10.1 vs 31.3 ′ 8.3 mghr/L, p<0.0001) were significantly decreased with Ensure, and bioequivalence was not achieved for either parameter. The geometric least squares mean ratio was 0.553 (90% confidence interval [CI] 0.501-0.611) for C m a x and 0.730 (90% CI 0.664-0.802) for AUC 0 - ∞ . The median time to reach C m a x was significantly prolonged when gatifloxacin was administered with Ensure versus that with water (2.5 hrs vs 1.0 hr, p=0.006). Conclusions. The C m a x and AUC 0 - ∞ of gatifloxacin were significantly decreased when the drug was administered with Ensure. The clinical significance of these findings will depend on the offending pathogen and its susceptibility to gatifloxacin.
Higgs-boson decay and the running mass

We calculate QED and quantum-chromodynamics (QCD) radiative corrections to the fermionic decays of the Higgs boson, $H\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{l}^{+}{l}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and $H\ensuremath{\rightarrow}q\overline{q}$. A novel feature of the calculation is that renormalization introduces logarithms of the fermion mass into the total decay rate. The order-$\ensuremath{\alpha}$ QED corrections suppress the decay rate by a few percent. The order-${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}$, QCD corrections to the hadronic decay rate for a heavy Higgs boson are large, and lowestorder perturbation theory is useful only for quantities in which the logarithms of the quark mass cancel, such as $\frac{\ensuremath{\Gamma}(H\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2 \mathrm{jets})}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}(H\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{hadrons})}$. We obtain reliable corrections to the decay rate $H\ensuremath{\rightarrow}q\overline{q}$ by summing the QCD corrections to all orders in the leading-logarithm approximation. The result has a simple interpretation in terms of the "running mass" of the renormalization group: The effective quark-Higgs-boson coupling is proportional to the running mass of the quark evaluated at the Higgs-boson mass.
Moral Mazes: The World of Corporate Managers

Moral Mazes: The World of Corporate Managers. Robert Jackall. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. ix. 249. ISBN 0–19–506080–6. (pbk) $9.95
Focus of Attention Affects Performance of Motor Skills in Music.

To test the extent to which learners performing a simple keyboard passage would be affected by directing their focus of attention to different aspects of their movements, 16 music majors performed a brief keyboard passage under each of four focus conditions arranged in a counterbalanced design ‐a total of 64 experimental sessions. As they performed the test passage, participants were directed to focus their attention on either their fingers, the piano keys, the piano hammers, or the sound produced. Complete MIDI data for all responses were digitally recorded by software written specifically for this experiment. Consistent with findings obtained in tests of other physical skills, the results show that performance was most accurate and generalizable when participants focused on the effects their movements produced rather than on the movements themselves, and that the more distal the focus of attention, the more accurate the motor control.
Removing image artifacts due to dirty camera lenses and thin occluders

Dirt on camera lenses, and occlusions from thin objects such as fences, are two important types of artifacts in digital imaging systems. These artifacts are not only an annoyance for photographers, but also a hindrance to computer vision and digital forensics. In this paper, we show that both effects can be described by a single image formation model, wherein an intermediate layer (of dust, dirt or thin occluders) both attenuates the incoming light and scatters stray light towards the camera. Because of camera defocus, these artifacts are low-frequency and either additive or multiplicative, which gives us the power to recover the original scene radiance pointwise. We develop a number of physics-based methods to remove these effects from digital photographs and videos. For dirty camera lenses, we propose two methods to estimate the attenuation and the scattering of the lens dirt and remove the artifacts -- either by taking several pictures of a structured calibration pattern beforehand, or by leveraging natural image statistics for post-processing existing images. For artifacts from thin occluders, we propose a simple yet effective iterative method that recovers the original scene from multiple apertures. The method requires two images if the depths of the scene and the occluder layer are known, or three images if the depths are unknown. The effectiveness of our proposed methods are demonstrated by both simulated and real experimental results.
Methodology for Translating Upper Extremity Motion to Haptic Interfaces

The goal of our research is to design a haptic-based system to assist people with disabilities in learning functional motor tasks. Specifically, we are studying the upper extremity while performing daily activities. We have explored fine motor activities, such as writing, and gross motor activities, such as feeding and grooming. We use electromagnetic sensors (MotionStar Wireless 2) to capture unencumbered movements performed by a 'normal' individual. The captured movement is translated to the haptic coordinate system with the use of a body centered, intermediate frame for gross motor activities and with the use of a table-top centered frame for fine motor activities. We segment the movement into simple strokes and then 'smooth' the strokes using low pass filtering, cubic spline fitting and polynomial curve fitting. Our system varies the haptic force as the function of performance of the trainee. We have used our method to program the Phantom Omni for writing tasks and the Phantom Premium 3.0/6 DoF for gross motor tasks. We demonstrate our methodology with several examples of fine and gross functional activities.
Using the Gene Ontology to Annotate Biomedical Journal Articles

We are creating a gold-standard corpus of manually annotated full-text biomedical journal articles toward natural-language-processing applications. Central to this is our use of entire ontologies of the Open Biomedical Ontologies initiative as well as other terminologies as term sources, in contrast to most other such annotation projects, which have used small, ad hoc schemas. In addition to the standard difficulties in such annotation projects, each of the terminologies we have used has idiosyncrasies and ambiguities that present further challenges to consistent, high-quality annotation of these articles. In this paper we present and discuss the most salient of these with regard to the Gene Ontology that we have encountered and addressed in our annotation guidelines and training. The utility of these guidelines can be seen in the high and still-increasing interannotator-agreement statistics that we continually monitor.
The Hybrid Kelvin–Edge Wave and Its Role in Tidal Dynamics

Abstract A full set of long waves trapped in the coastal ocean over a variable topography includes a zero (fundamental) mode propagating with the coast on its right (left) in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere. This zero mode resembles a Kelvin wave at lower frequencies and an edge wave (Stokes mode) at higher frequencies. At the intermediate frequencies this mode becomes a hybrid Kelvin–edge wave (HKEW), as both rotational effects and the variable depth become important. Furthermore, the group velocity of this hybrid mode becomes very small or even zero depending on shelf width. It is found that in midlatitudes a zero group velocity occurs at semidiurnal (tidal) frequencies over wide (∼300 km), gently sloping shelves. This notion motivated numerical experiments using the Regional Ocean Modeling System in which the incident HKEW with a semidiurnal period propagates over a wide shelf and encounters a narrowing shelf so that the group velocity becomes zero at some alongshore location. The numerical experime...
On the accuracy of RF and image processing based hybrid localization for wireless capsule endoscopy

RF based and image processing based hybrid localization for wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) has been adopted as one of the leading in-body localization approach for its overwhelming advantage on the accuracy of location estimation. In this paper, in order to investigate the fundamental limits, we derived the 3-dimensional (3D) Posterior Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (PCRLB) for hybrid WCE localization with the knowledge of RF based range estimation and image processing based step length and heading measurements. In addition to the PCRLB derivation, numerical results of this work shows that when the accuracy of image processing based measurement is high enough or the number of on-body RF receiver is large enough, the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of hybrid WCE localization can be limited within 3cm.
Trochanteric Girdle to Prevent Hip Dislocation in Standing Suggestion from the Field

This article describes the use of a trochanteric girdle on a child with acetabular dysplasia to prevent hip displacement during weight-bearing. The patient was a boy 12 years of age with hypotonic athetosis and such severe acetabular dysplasia that his hips dislocated laterally with the slightest adduction beyond neutral. The patient's hips subluxated proximally with weight-bearing or joint compression with only 20 degrees of abduction. (Fig. 1). The patient had worn for several years a long leg abduction brace when standing on a prone board (Fig. 2). The standing program was thought to be beneficial because it provided an alternative upright position to wheelchair sitting; stretched hip flexor and hamstring muscles; strengthened back and neck extensor muscles; and facilitated head control, hand function, and better digestion and elimination.…
New Legislation and the Prospects for Real Warranty Reform

F OR many years, consumer interest groups sought reforms in consumer product warranty practices through either legislation or regulation. Early efforts in these directions were largely without success, although the new consumer protection climate that evolved over the last decade saw some changes in warrantor practices on a voluntary basis. Warranties of such appliance makers as Whirlpool and General Electric were simplified, and these and other firms took steps to see that consumers seeking redress for their complaints were more fairly dealt with.' However, these efforts relied solely on the goodwill of the warrantor; they provided little in the way of practical recourse to consumers who believed that they had been treated inequitably. Furthermore, the voluntary warranty reform movement was not broad enough to offer major benefits across a wide range of products. It was largely because of these shortcomings that in 1975 Congress passed the Magnuson-Moss Warranty-Federal Trade Commission Improvement Act, a major purpose of which is the reform of consumer product warranty practices. This article examines the question of just how effective the act will be in achieving real warranty reform. Specifically, the purpose here is to (1) describe the problems that the Magnuson-Moss Act is designed to solve or ameliorate, (2) review the provisions of the act as they apply to these problems, and (3) examine the prospects for their solution given the provisions of the new law. In this regard, fundamental procedural, structural, and other difficulties involved in instituting warranty reform are also discussed.
Pituitary-containing benign cystic teratoma arising from the uterosacral ligament

We report on the incidental finding of pituitary tissue in a mature teratoma on the uterosacral ligament of a 56-year-old woman who underwent exploratory laparotomy for ovarian masses. While the occurrence of pituitary tissue has been reported rarely in benign cystic teratoma of the ovary, and while pituitary adenomas can occur in ectopic sites, we have found only one report in the literature of benign cystic teratoma of extragonadal origin composed of mature adenohypophyseal and neurohypophyseal elements.
Consumer Shell Egg Consumption and Handling Practices: Results from a National Survey

Numerous cases and outbreaks of Salmonella infection are attributable to shell eggs each year in the United States. Safe handling and consumption of shell eggs at home can help reduce foodborne illness attributable to shell eggs. A nationally representative Web survey of 1,504 U.S. adult grocery shoppers was conducted to describe consumer handling practices and consumption of shell eggs at home. Based on self-reported survey data, most respondents purchase shell eggs from a grocery store (89.5%), and these eggs were kept refrigerated (not at room temperature; 98.5%). As recommended, most consumers stored shell eggs in the refrigerator (99%) for no more than 3 to 5 weeks (97.6%). After cracking eggs, 48.1% of respondents washed their hands with soap and water. More than half of respondents who fry and/or poach eggs cooked them so that the whites and/or the yolks were still soft or runny, a potentially unsafe practice. Among respondents who owned a food thermometer (62.0%), only 5.2% used it to check the doneness of baked egg dishes when they prepared such a dish. Consumers generally followed two of the four core "Safe Food Families" food safety messages ("separate" and "chill") when handling shell eggs at home. To prevent Salmonella infection associated with shell eggs, consumers should improve their practices related to the messages "clean" (i.e., wash hands after cracking eggs) and "cook" (i.e., cook until yolks and whites are firm and use a food thermometer to check doneness of baked egg dishes) when preparing shell eggs at home. These findings will be used to inform the development of science-based consumer education materials that can help reduce foodborne illness from Salmonella infection.