cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of Water Exposure on the Tensile Strength of Composites

The objective of this study was to investigate whether water storage causes permanent damage to composites by determining how the tensile strength of nine different composite materials changes with both water storage and water storage followed by dehydration. Eighteen samples (ASTM-D Specification 1708-66) of each of the nine materials were prepared and divided into three groups of six samples each. Group I was stored dry at 60°C, while Groups II and III were stored in distilled water at 60°C. After six months, Groups I and II were subjected to tensile testing, while Group III was transferred to a desiccator and dehydrated for two weeks at 60°C before this group was tested in tension. Mean values, pooled by storage group independent of material, revealed a significant (p<0.05) reduction in strength for both Groups II and III relative to Group I. These findings prove that water has an irreversible effect on most dental composites. A comparison of Group II with Group III data revealed that the samples which...
Practical Proactive Integrity Preservation: A Basis for Malware Defense

Unlike today's reactive approaches, information flow based approaches can provide positive assurances about overall system integrity, and hence can defend against sophisticated malware. However, there hasn't been much success in applying information flow based techniques to desktop systems running modern COTS operating systems. This is, in part, due to the fact that a strict application of information flow policy can break existing applications and OS services. Another important factor is the difficulty of policy development, which requires us to specify integrity labels for hundreds of thousands of objects on the system. This paper develops a new approach for proactive integrity protection that overcomes these challenges by decoupling integrity labels from access policies. We then develop an analysis that can largely automate the generation of integrity labels and policies that preserve the usability of applications in most cases. Evaluation of our prototype implementation on a Linux desktop distribution shows that it does not break or inconvenience the use of most applications, while stopping a variety of sophisticated malware attacks.
A fine structural investigation of surface specializations and the cortical reaction in eggs of the cnidarian Bunodosoma cavernata.

Developing oocytes of the cnidarian Bunodosoma cavernata are located within the mesoglea of the mesenteries of the gastrovascular cavity. The cortex of the more mature vitellogenic oocytes contains numerous, electron-dense, membrane-bound, cortical granules. The surface of these oocytes possesses prominent radially projecting structures termed cytospines. Each cytospine has a core of microfilaments, 50–70 A in diameter, that extends basally as a rootlet through the cortical layer. During spawning, ova lacking any extraneous investments are released from the enclosing gastrodermis. As a consequence of fertilization or events associated with the earliest stages of development the ova undergo a massive cortical reaction. This reaction, which occurs during or just after release of the ova, involves extensive reorganization of the cortical layer. The cortical granule membranes and egg surface membrane fuse and vesiculate resulting in the massive discharge of granule contents. This event is accompanied by the loss of vesicular remnants of cortical ooplasm and the disruption of cytospine organization. Light and electron microscope comparisons of unreacted and reacted eggs show that the reaction results in a significant decrease in egg diameter with the oolemma of the reacted egg reorganizing in a position centripetal to its original location.
Composite hashing with multiple information sources

Similarity search applications with a large amount of text and image data demands an efficient and effective solution. One useful strategy is to represent the examples in databases as compact binary codes through semantic hashing, which has attracted much attention due to its fast query/search speed and drastically reduced storage requirement. All of the current semantic hashing methods only deal with the case when each example is represented by one type of features. However, examples are often described from several different information sources in many real world applications. For example, the characteristics of a webpage can be derived from both its content part and its associated links. To address the problem of learning good hashing codes in this scenario, we propose a novel research problem -- Composite Hashing with Multiple Information Sources (CHMIS). The focus of the new research problem is to design an algorithm for incorporating the features from different information sources into the binary hashing codes efficiently and effectively. In particular, we propose an algorithm CHMIS-AW (CHMIS with Adjusted Weights) for learning the codes. The proposed algorithm integrates information from several different sources into the binary hashing codes by adjusting the weights on each individual source for maximizing the coding performance, and enables fast conversion from query examples to their binary hashing codes. Experimental results on five different datasets demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed method against several other state-of-the-art semantic hashing techniques.
The Gamma-Ray Arc-Minute Imaging System (GRATIS): Mechanical Design And Expected Performance

We are constructing a balloon experiment, GRATIS, which will perform the first arcminute imaging of cosmic sources in the 30 - 200 keV energy band. Observations conducted with GRATIS can provide data relevant to several key problems in high energy astrophysics including the physical processes responsible for the high energy tail observed in the soft gamma-ray spectra of clusters of galaxies and the origin of both the diffuse and point source components of the gamma-ray emission from the Galactic Center. This paper discusses the scientific motivations in more detail, outlines the experiment, discusses several aspects of the design and construction of hardware components, gives an overview of the stabilized platform, and shows the expected performance and sensitivity.
Call center arrival modeling: A Bayesian state‐space approach

In this article, we introduce three discrete time Bayesian state-space models with Poisson measurements, each aiming to address different issues in call center arrival modeling. We present the properties of the models and develop their Bayesian inference. In so doing, we provide sequential updating and smoothing for call arrival rates and discuss how the models can be used for intra-day, inter-day, and inter-week forecasts. We illustrate the implementation of the models by using actual arrival data from a US commercial bank's call center and provide forecasting comparisons. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 58: 28–42, 2011
Distributed Medium Access Control with Flow-Based Priority for Cooperative Multi-hop Wireless Sensor Networks

Medium access control for a distributed cooperative wireless sensor network is examined. Using a quality-of-service approach, the sensor node traffic (control and data packets) within these cooperative networks is characterized. A novel medium access control mechanism, cooperative wireless sensor medium access control (CWS-MAC), is proposed to meet the requirements of the control and data traffic classes. CWS-MAC couples a high throughput TDMA scheme with a unique cross-layer, flow-based priority mechanism that is enforced across nodes. Design parameters for CWS-MAC are investigated and an implementation strategy is presented. Performance analysis of CWS-MAC is provided for the control packet mean delay as well as control and data packet throughput. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate that CWS-MAC outperforms both traditional TDMA and contention-based CSMA.
Multiple Mating of Male and Female Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Apple Orchards Treated with Sex Pheromone

Studies were conducted with codling moth, Cydia pomonella L., to evaluate the mating status of male and female moths in apple, Malus domestica (Borkhausen), orchards treated with and without sex pheromone dispensers. Laboratory studies first examined the effect of multiple mating of male and female moths on female fecundity and egg fertility. Females that had mated three times had a significantly higher fecundity than singly mated moths. Sequential mating by male moths had no effect on the fecundity of female moths or egg fertility. However, male moth age did impact female fecundity, with significantly fewer eggs laid after mating with virgin 1- versus 3-d-old males. The mean size of the first spermatophore transferred by males was significantly larger than all subsequent spermatophores. Classifying spermatophores based on size was used in field sampling to categorize the mating status of the female's partner. The proportion of mated females with small spermatophores (partner had previously mated) was significantly higher in treated versus untreated orchards. The proportion of female moths caught in traps baited with pear ester that were virgin was low (<or=0.26) in both treated and untreated orchards. The proportion of females with more than one spermatophore was low (<or=0.06) in treated orchards all season and during first moth flight in untreated orchards (0.11). Nearly one third of female moths, however, had more than a single spermatophore in untreated orchards during the second moth flight. The potential impacts of multiple mating and delayed mating by male and female codling moth on the effectiveness of sex pheromones are discussed.
Study of D2O Ice as a Cold-Neutron Source

The leakage flux from an 18 × 18 in. cylinder of D2O with a beam of pile neutrons incident at its center has been studied at D2O temperatures from 22° to 293°K. Intensities through beryllium and gr...
Chase's Strategy for Syndicating the Hong Kong Disneyland Loan (A&B) Harvard Business School Publishing

SUBJECT AREAS: project finance, syndicated lending, financial strategy, Asia, emerging markets, investment banking, commercial banking CASE SETTING: August/October 2000, investment banking, entertainment industry, $3.6 billion investment In December 1999, the Walt Disney Company and the Hong Kong Government agreed to develop Hong Kong Disneyland, a HK$28 (US$3.6) billion theme park and resort complex with a scheduled opening date of 2005. As part of the total financing package, the sponsors decided to raise HK$3.3 billion of non-recourse bank loans for construction and working capital, and selected Chase Manhattan Bank to underwrite these facilities. The A Case concerns the process by which Chase successfully competed to lead this transaction. The key questions facing Chase were whether to bid at all, how to bid, and how to structure the syndication to meet the borrower's needs, its own profit objectives, and the market's expectation for an attractively priced credit. The case includes a generic section about the process, participants, and economics of syndicated lending for students who are unfamiliar with the practice. The B Case presents the results of the general syndication in October 2000, and illustrates the issues for Chase in allocating final commitments. The B Case also raises the fundamental question of whether the syndication was a success. The case illustrates: 1) the process, participants, and economics of syndicated lending (a market that now exceeds $2 trillion annually); 2) the key issues in designing a syndication strategy (e.g. how many banks to invite, which banks to invite, what fees to offer, and what share of the loan to hold in the end); 3) the importance of relationships in syndicated lending. Although this case was written for a course on project finance, it can easily be modified for courses on corporate finance, capital markets, investment banking, or financial institutions.
Exploring the Information Literacy Needs and Values of High School Chemistry Teachers

To meet the information literacy (IL) needs of chemistry students, The College of New Jersey’s (TCNJ) Library and Chemistry Departments have created a three-year seminar with a strong IL component. The program focuses on IL skills necessary for success in industry and graduate or professional education, but may lack features specific to those students becoming secondary school educators. In order to determine whether there is a need for additions to the program, TCNJ librarians inquired about information literacy with current secondary education chemistry teachers in the United States. Through a survey, the researchers investigated the participants’ perceived value of IL, the skills emphasized in high school chemistry curricula, potential difficulties in embedding IL skills, and the types of resources available to high school chemistry teachers and students. Fifty-five percent of survey participants reported that there is a moderate to high priority for IL in their chemistry curriculum. Ninety-two percent...
A History of Ion Current Detectors for Mass Spectrometry

Abstract The objective of ion current detectors used with mass spectrometers is to provide a measure of the intensity of ions with different m/z values that have been separated in a mass analyzer. Reviewed are the principles and historical development of a variety of detectors including scintillations screens, Daly detector, ion-to-photon conversion detectors, photoplates, Faraday cups, secondary electron multipliers, macroion detection, cryogenic detectors, and image charge (current) detectors.
Correlations between inertial body sensor measures and clinical measures in multiple sclerosis

Gait assessment using inertial body sensors is becoming popular as an outcome measure in multiple sclerosis (MS) research, supplementing clinical observations and patient-reported outcomes with precise, objective measures. Although numerous research reports have demonstrated the performance of inertial measures in distinguishing healthy controls and MS subjects, the relationship between these measures and the impact of MS on gait impairment remains poorly understood. In contrast, although clinical evaluation has limited variability in scores, it is meaningful and interpretable for clinicians. Therefore, this paper investigates correlations between two inertial measures and three clinical measures of walking ability. The clinical measures are the MS Walking Scale (MSWS-12), the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), and the six minute walk (6MW) distance. The inertial measures are the double stance time to single stance time ratio (DST/SST) and the causality index, both of which have been proven effective in MS gait assessment in previous work. 28 MS subjects and 13 healthy controls were recruited from an MS outpatient clinic. Most correlations among measures were strong and significant. Experimental results suggested that combining all five measures may improve separability performance for tracking MS disease progression.
3 GHz Thermoacoustic Tomography System

To evaluate the performance of a 3 GHz thermoacoustic tomography(TAT) system,absorbers with different shapes and contrasts were investigated using the circular scanning method,the imaging depth was probed into by adding porcine fat to the top of an absorber.Tissue-mimicking phantom experiment results show that the absorbers with different contrasts and shapes,i.e.,10 mm by 20 mm rectangle,8 mm square and 8 mm diameter circular absorbers,can be imaged,and spatial resolution and imaging depth of the system are 2 and 5 cm,respectively.
Predicting lethal entanglements as a consequence of drag from fishing gear.

Abstract Large whales are frequently entangled in fishing gear and sometimes swim while carrying gear for days to years. Entangled whales are subject to additional drag forces requiring increased thrust power and energy expenditure over time. To classify entanglement cases and aid potential disentanglement efforts, it is useful to know how long an entangled whale might survive, given the unique configurations of the gear they are towing. This study establishes an approach to predict drag forces on fishing gear that entangles whales, and applies this method to ten North Atlantic right whale cases to estimate the resulting increase in energy expenditure and the critical entanglement duration that could lead to death. Estimated gear drag ranged 11–275 N. Most entanglements were resolved before critical entanglement durations (mean ± SD 216 ± 260 days) were reached. These estimates can assist real-time development of disentanglement action plans and U.S. Federal Serious Injury assessments required for protected species.
Relocated Hypocenters and Structural Analysis from Waveform Modeling of Aftershocks from the 2011 Prague, Oklahoma, Earthquake Sequence

Abstract We present an analysis of aftershocks with M L >3 from the 2011 Prague, Oklahoma, earthquake sequence, an intraplate sequence of moderate‐size earthquakes within the North American craton. We apply waveform analysis to seismograms from temporary local seismograph networks to relocate the aftershocks’ hypocenters. The relocations show that the hypocenters are confined to the Precambrian basement. The character of the recorded seismograms waveforms are reconstructed by finite‐difference forward modeling of seismic sources buried at different depths in 2D crustal models. The numerical modeling indicates that the observed complex waveforms, and particularly the coda, are created by waves scattering off numerous shallow crustal velocity anomalies. We infer that these anomalies correspond to paleoriver channels that are embedded in the Pennsylvanian limestone formation. The modeling indicates that the amount of energy within the coda depends on the depth of the source. Our waveform modeling of the observed seismograms is consistent with our relocations of the aftershocks to depths of 5–10 km, within the Precambrian basement. Electronic Supplement:Empirical and synthetic data, model parameters, and geological figures.
Old Tools, Old Problems, New Solution: The Use of a Modified Cecil-Culp Concept in the Trauma Setting

A 12-year-old boy sustained a close-range shotgun wound with buckshot to the penis and lower abdomen. The proximal two-thirds of the corpora cavernosa was obliterated and the distal third was thrombosed. All dorsal penile skin was lost. The urethra remained intact. The patient underwent multiple debridements, allowing the wound to declare its borders. Employing the tissue transfer concept used by Cecil and Culp in hypospadias repairs, the penis was marsupialized onto the suprapubic area where it remained for 8 months. After 8 months, the patient underwent a graft delaying procedure followed by a graft harvest 2 months later and penoplasty tubularization.
Pediatric Neuropsychology Case Study of Childhood Absence Epilepsy

This paper briefly explores childhood absence epilepsy, definition, characteristics, medical treatments, and implications for treatment. A de-identified case study is provided further exploring the condition and how a pediatric neuropsychologist would commonly assess the condition and the implications for treatment. The child, referred to as John (pseudonym), was referred by his neurologist for further evaluation of cognitive functioning secondary to his diagnosis of childhood absence epilepsy. A discussion is included which summarizes the relevant details of the evaluations and how previous research aids in the investigation of childhood absence epilepsy and the role of a pediatric neuropsychologist in providing treatment recommendations.
Advanced terahertz imaging with electromagnetic metamaterials (Conference Presentation)

The utilization of metamaterials as spatial light modulators (SLMs) offers a new route to achieve reconfigurable single pixel imaging systems. Here we demonstrate a metamaterial SLM hat permits high speed imaging at terahertz frequencies using communications engineering techniques. Specifically we implement quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) with our all-electronic metamaterial SLM, which enables a doubling of the imaging frame rate. A second independent technique of frequency diverse imaging uses a number of sub-carriers to permit parallelization of the imaging process, which results in an increase in imaging speed only limited by signal to noise. Our results are not limited to the terahertz band, but may be scaled to nearly any sub-optical range of the electromagnetic spectrum, and verify the potential of metamaterials to operate as reconfigurable multifunctional devices which will enable next generation imaging systems.
Comparison of Cytomegalovirus Terminase Gene Mutations Selected after Exposure to Three Distinct Inhibitor Compounds

Letermovir, GW275175X (a benzimidazole), and tomeglovir (Bay38-4766) are chemically unrelated human cytomegalovirus (CMV) terminase complex inhibitors that have been tested in human subjects. UL56 gene mutations are the dominant pathway of letermovir resistance, while UL89 and UL56 mutations are known to confer benzimidazole resistance. This study compares the mutations elicited by the three inhibitors during in vitro CMV propagation. GW275175X consistently selected for UL89 D344E and sometimes selected for UL89 C347S, UL89 R351H, or UL56 Q204R. Tomeglovir consistently selected for UL89 V362M and sometimes selected for UL89 N329S, T350M, H389N, or N405D or UL56 L208M, E407D, H637Q, or V639M. Adding to known and novel UL56 mutations, letermovir occasionally selected for UL89 N320H, D344E, or M359I. Recombinant phenotyping confirmed that UL89 D344E conferred 9-fold resistance (an increased 50% effective concentration [EC50]) for GW275175X and increased the letermovir and tomeglovir EC50s by 1.7- to 2.1-fold for the baseline virus and the UL56 Q204R, E237D, F261L, and M329T mutants. UL89 N320H and M359I conferred <2-fold letermovir resistance but 7-fold tomeglovir resistance; the N320H mutant was also 4-fold resistant to GW275175X. UL89 N329S conferred tomeglovir and letermovir cross-resistance. UL89 T350M conferred resistance to all three inhibitors. UL89 C347S conferred 27-fold GW275175X resistance. UL89 V362M and H389N conferred 98-fold and 29-fold tomeglovir resistance, respectively, without conferring cross-resistance. Thus, characteristic UL89 mutations confer substantial resistance to GW275175X and tomeglovir and are an uncommon accessory pathway of letermovir resistance. Instances of moderate cross-resistance and the proximity of the selected UL89 and UL56 mutations suggest targeting of a similar terminase functional locus involving UL56 and UL89 interaction.
Time: the enigma of space

In this article we have based on the laws of physics to illustrate the enigma time as creating our physical space (i.e., the universe). We have shown that without time there would be no physical substances, no space and no life. In reference to Einstein’s energy equation, we see that energy and mass can be traded, and every mass can be treated as an Energy Reservoir. We have further shown that physical space cannot be embedded in absolute empty space and cannot have any absolute empty subspace in it. Since all physical substances existed with time, our cosmos is created by time and every substance including our universe is coexisted with time. Although time initiates the creation, it is the physical substances which presented to us the existence of time. We are not alone with almost absolute certainty. Someday we may find a right planet, once upon a time, had harbored a civilization for a short period of light years.
Longitudinal pulmonary function testing outcome measures in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Long-term natural history with and without glucocorticoids.

Abstract We describe changes in pulmonary function measures across time in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients treated with glucocorticoids (GCs) > 1 year compared to GC naive patients in the Cooperative International Research Group Duchenne Natural History Study, a multicenter prospective cohort study. 397 participants underwent 2799 pulmonary function assessments over a period up to 10 years. Fifty-three GC naive participants ( 1 year cumulative GC treatment. Forced vital capacity (FVC), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFr), maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures were performed and calculated as a percent predicted (%p). GC treatment slowed the rate of pulmonary decline as measured by FVC%p, in patients aged 7–9.9 years. GC treatment slowed 12 and 24-month progression of percent predicted spirometry to a greater degree in those with baseline FVC%p from
Case 11—Who Should Make Treatment Decisions for a Battered Spouse?

The health care team struggled with how to reconcile American law, Western medical ethics, and their own cultural values when a woman who as a Chinese immigrant was brought to the hospital after being brutally beaten by her husband, and her husband is permitted, at least initially, to act as her proxy decision maker.
Ultrasound and MRI

In most children suffering from urinary incontinence, additional imaging studies are not necessary. Children with enuresis most often have no structural abnormalities of the urinary tract, and an extensive history, physical examination, as well as bladder and bowel diary will be adequate for making the diagnosis and starting subsequent treatment. In children with daytime symptoms, the same is true, but determining post-void residual urine following flowmetry using ultrasound may be helpful. When these children also have urinary tract infections, especially when accompanied with fever, additional imaging studies are required. In this chapter the different indications for ultrasound as well as MRI will be discussed. Especially when an ectopic ureter, a urethral diverticulum in women, or vesicovaginal fistula is suspected an MRI is the diagnostic modality of choice.
Peripheral monocytes and neutrophils predict response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.

We carried out a retrospective cohort study on patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC) to identify the peripheral blood count parameters associated with response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). There were 17 males and 15 females. Their median age was 64.5 years (range 20-84). History of smoking was present in 25/32 (78%) patients. Twelve patients received pembrolizumab, 19 patients nivolumab, and one patient nivolumab followed by pembrolizumab. Responses were observed in 19/32 (59%) patients, all partial responses. There was no difference in the distribution of sex, age, and smoking status between responders and non-responders. The median time to response (TTR) was 12 weeks (range 6-24) and the median duration of response (DoR) was 24 weeks (range 7-112). Higher pre-therapy absolute monocyte counts (AMCs) correlated to shorter TTR (p = 0.03), but not to response rate or DoR. Within the group of responders, those with AMCs > 700/mm3 had a significantly shorter median TTR than those with AMCs ≤ 700/mm3 (8 weeks vs 12 weeks; p = 0.048). Although baseline absolute neutrophil counts (ANCs) did not have any prognostic value, ANCs after first dose predicted response to ICI (p = 0.02). Patients with ANCs ≤ 4200/mm3 after first dose were more likely to respond than those with ANCs > 4200/mm3 (OR = 6.8; 95% CI 1.1-41.8; p = 0.05). Analysis of AMC and ANC before and during therapy may, therefore, provide an easy method to identify those mNSCLC patients most likely to benefit from ICI therapy.
What Happens in Emerging Markets If Recent Bank and Portfolio Inflows Reverse

A substantial amount of foreign portfolio and bank-related capital has been flowing into a number of emerging market economies since 2009. A reversal of these flows as a consequence of financial deleveraging or waning risk appetite could place the financial sectors of many of those economies under substantial pressure. Research indicates that if these flows were to reverse, growth prospects would deteriorate and currencies would weaken vis-a-vis the U.S. dollar. Bank lending to the private sector would contract significantly, and the asset quality of banks’ balance sheets would deteriorate.
Alpha-ketoglutaric dehydrogenase. V. Guanosine diphosphate in coupled phosphorylation.

SUMMARY The phosphorylation of ADP coupled to the breakdown of succinyl CoA in animal tissues is a two-step reaction involving two different enzymes and GDP. The product of the first reaction catalyzed by the GDP phos- phorylation enzyme is GTP. The second step, transphosphorylation from GTP to ADP, is catalyzed by NDP kinase. GTP has been isolated from the reaction and identified. For the synthesis of succinyl CoA from ATP both enzymes and GDP are necessary. However, only the phosphoryl- ation enzyme is necessary for succinyl CoA synthesis when GTP is used instead of ATP. IDP can substitute for GDP in the system but less ef- fectively. 4 The DPNH oxidizing activity (28) of such a preparation was only 10 to 20 per cent of that observed by Huennekens et al. Before this step the activity was 2- to 3-fold higher and in agreement with our earlier calculations that the “diaphorase” contamination amounted to 1 to 2 per cent of the total protein (10). It may be appropriate to emphasize that Huennekens et al. have compared the DPNH oxidiz- ing and KG dehydrogenase (DPN reduction) activities of the enzyme preparation at two different pH values, the former at pH 10 and the latter at pH 7.4. The observed activity, if assumed to be due to “diaphorase,” would amount to less than 1 per cent of the total protein in the preparation.
ORGANELLE PATHOLOGY OF ALCOHOL-INDUCED HEPATIC INJURY

Chronic ethanol ingestion has been shown to affect most cytoplasmic organelles of the hepatocyte, both morphologically and functionally. Some of these changes appear to be injurious i.e., they result in decreased function, while others are probably adaptive and lead to enhanced function.
Outcomes of Physeal-Sparing ACL Reconstruction with Iliotibial Band Autograft in Skeletally Immature Prepubescent Children.

Background Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are occurring in youth athletes with increasing frequency. Many ACL reconstruction procedures designed to allow for continued growth in patients with open physes have been described, but large series with mid- to long-term outcomes data are lacking. The purpose of the current study was to assess the clinical outcomes of a large cohort of prepubescent children who underwent a physeal-sparing, combined intra- and extra-articular ACL reconstruction with iliotibial (IT) band autograft over a 23-year period. Methods Included in our analysis were 237 patients (240 knees) who underwent ACL reconstruction using IT band autograft at Tanner stage 1 or 2 (mean age of 11.2 ± 1.7 years). Physical examination data were analyzed for 225 of the 240 knees (mean follow-up, 25.8 months), and 137 (57%) of the knees had corresponding patient-reported clinical outcomes (patient-reported graft rupture and Pediatric International Knee Documentation Committee [Pedi-IKDC], Tegner activity scale, and Lysholm scores; mean follow-up, 6.2 years). Rates of growth arrest, IT band graft-harvest morbidity, and return to sports were analyzed. Results Physical examination revealed that 96.8% of the knees were grade A on the Lachman test and 98.8% were grade A on the pivot-shift test. Graft rupture occurred in 9 (6.6%) of 137 knees, at an average of 33.5 months (range, 8.2 months to 8.0 years) postoperatively. For patients who did not sustain a graft rupture, the mean Pedi-IKDC score was 93.3 ± 11.0, the mean Lysholm score was 93.4 ± 9.9, and the mean score on the Tegner activity scale was 7.8 (mode, 7). While lateral thigh asymmetry at the IT band harvest site was noted by 48% of the subjects, only 1.6% reported associated pain. No cases of limb-length discrepancy or angular deformity were observed. Conclusions This procedure was associated with excellent functional outcomes, minimal risk of growth disturbance, and a low graft-rupture rate in skeletally immature prepubescent children. These results appear durable at mid- to long-term follow-up, at an average of >6 years postoperatively. Level of evidence Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Phylogenetic Relationships and a Classification of the Eutherian Mammalia

It is remarkable that the enormous increase in the fossil evidence, new facts from the study of living mammals, and the promising rise of molecular studies have in fact had less than the usually declared effect in modifying a number of basic ideas on methods of phylogenetic inference which have been in practice since the beginning of this century. Similarly, one finds that many of the early (late 19th and early 20th century) hypotheses of relationships are being “rediscovered” or have remained unfalsified when evidence already known to these workers is rediscovered. Growth in the data base and the increasing number of students addressing themselves to phylogenetic problems nevertheless have resulted in an enormous increase in the literature and many very sound phylogenetic and morphological studies.
Abstract IA13: Understanding cancer disparities in mortality and survivorship and social and built environments

Neighborhoods have been shown to influence health outcomes through a number of pathways--environmental exposures, material deprivation (e.g., inadequate housing), psychosocial mechanisms (e.g., stress and social support), health behaviors (e.g., physical activity, smoking, diet), and access to resources--factors that likely impact mortality and survivorship after a cancer diagnosis. Using data from the California Neighborhoods Data System to characterize the social and built environments, this presentation will include findings from two studies examining associations between neighborhood and cancer mortality as well as health-related quality of life across diverse populations. In addition, this presentation will highlight methods for characterizing the social and built environments for cancer outcomes studies, including the use of latent class analyses for developing neighborhood archetypes. Assessing the impact of the social and built environments on cancer outcomes is the first step towards accounting for and addressing neighborhood context in cancer-survivorship trajectories. Citation Format: Salma Shariff-Marco. Understanding cancer disparities in mortality and survivorship and social and built environments [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Tenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2017 Sep 25-28; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018;27(7 Suppl):Abstract nr IA13.
Antiplasmodial and Cytotoxic Cytochalasins from an Endophytic Fungus, Nemania sp. UM10M, Isolated from a Diseased Torreya taxifolia Leaf

Bioassay-guided fractionation of an EtOAc extract of the broth of the endophytic fungus Nemania sp. UM10M (Xylariaceae) isolated from a diseased Torreya taxifolia leaf afforded three known cytochalasins, 19,20-epoxycytochalasins C (1) and D (2), and 18-deoxy-19,20-epoxy-cytochalasin C (3). All three compounds showed potent in vitro antiplasmodial activity and phytotoxicity with no cytotoxicity to Vero cells. These compounds exhibited moderate to weak cytotoxicity to some of the cell lines of a panel of solid tumor (SK-MEL, KB, BT-549, and SK-OV-3) and kidney epithelial cells (LLC-PK11). Evaluation of in vivo antimalarial activity of 19,20-epoxycytochalasin C (1) in a mouse model at 100 mg/kg dose showed that this compound had weak suppressive antiplasmodial activity and was toxic to animals.
Constituent Approval and Presidential Support: The Mediating Effect of Party and Chamber:

Approval affects congressional support for the president, with a reelection motivation the main linkage mechanism. Yet, the literature has not fully explored this linkage due to theoretical barrier...
Madison's Constitution Under Stress: A Developmental Analysis of Political Polarization

We present a “developmental” approach to understanding why rising polarization in the United States has not been self-correcting but instead continues to intensify. Under specified conditions, init...
Demographic and Lifestyle Risk Factors for Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia Among US Veterans.

OBJECTIVES The risk of noncardia gastric cancer is increased in the presence of gastric intestinal metaplasia. We aimed to identify demographic and lifestyle factors independently associated with the risk of gastric intestinal metaplasia. METHODS We used data from a cross-sectional study of patients attending primary care and endoscopy clinics at the Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center in Houston, Texas, between February 2008 and August 2013. All patients completed standardized questionnaires and underwent endoscopy with gastric mapping biopsies. Gastric intestinal metaplasia cases included patients with intestinal metaplasia on any noncardia gastric biopsy; we defined extensive gastric intestinal metaplasia as antrum and corpus involvement. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS We identified 423 cases with gastric intestinal metaplasia and 1,796 controls without gastric intestinal metaplasia. Older age (vs <60 years: 60-69 years AdjOR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.17-1.93; ≥70 years AdjOR, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.48-3.04), male sex (AdjOR, 2.76; 95% CI, 1.50-5.10), nonwhite race/ethnicity (vs non-Hispanic white: Hispanic, AdjOR, 2.66; 95% CI, 1.89-3.76; black, AdjOR, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.85-3.02), and current smoking status (AdjOR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.29-2.48) were independently associated with gastric intestinal metaplasia. These risk factors remained statistically significantly associated with gastric intestinal metaplasia after adjusting for Helicobacter pylori infection, and their effect sizes were larger for associations with extensive gastric intestinal metaplasia compared with focal gastric intestinal metaplasia. DISCUSSION Older age, male sex, nonwhite race/ethnicity, and current smoking status were the nonendoscopic factors independently associated with gastric intestinal metaplasia in a predominantly nonimmigrant US population.
Butter Sculpture: The History of an Unconventional Medium:

With its roots in ancient food molds and table art for Renaissance banquets, butter sculpture in the United States debuted during the centennial and flourished in the first quarter of the twentieth...
Modeling Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells—A Review

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (also called Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell) PEMFC is an electrochemical device that converts the chemical energy in the Hydrogen–Oxygen reaction directly into electrical energy. The reaction takes place at low temperatures, with water and heat as products. The conversion efficiency could be as high as 70%. These make it very attractive as a power source for many applications in electronics, automotive and back-up generator. Much research has been performed on PEMFC over the past 30 years to improve performance and reliability. This paper reviews such works, with an emphasis on computational methods as a supplement to experimental studies. It starts with a review of the fundamentals of PEMFC, illustrates principles of operation, and finally discusses computational studies which are largely based on standard computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods. These range from one-dimensional, isothermal, single-phase to three-dimensional, non-isothermal, two-phase flow through porous media. The CFD methods are supplemented with electrical charge equations. Although the state-of-the-art is very advanced and can simulate accurately a single cell, or a small stack with a few cells, large stacks containing tens or hundreds of cells, typical of many practical applications, cannot still be resolved with existing computer resources.
The Mania Pathway Protocol: An Application of Evidence-Based Interventions for the Treatment of Acute Mania on an Inpatient Psychiatric Unit.

INTRODUCTION: Acute manic episodes are a psychiatric emergency related to violence and poor patient outcomes. Combination psychotropic therapy utilizing a mood stabilizer and an atypical antipsycho...
Blood Flow Imaging in the Neonatal Brain Using Angular Coherence Power Doppler

Using ultrasound to image small vessels in the neonatal brain can be difficult in the presence of strong clutter from the surrounding tissue and with a neonate motion during the scan. We propose a coherence-based beamforming method, namely the short-lag angular coherence (SLAC) beamforming that suppresses incoherent noise and motion artifacts in Ultrafast data, and we demonstrate its applicability to improve detection of blood flow in the neonatal brain. Instead of estimating spatial coherence across the receive elements, SLAC utilizes the principle of acoustic reciprocity to estimate angular coherence from the beamsummed signals from different plane-wave transmits, which makes it computationally efficient and amenable to advanced beamforming techniques, such as f-k migration. The SLAC images of a simulated speckle phantom show similar edge resolution and texture size as the matching B-mode images, and reduced random noise in the background. We apply SLAC power Doppler (PD) to free-hand imaging of neonatal brain vasculature with long Doppler ensembles and show that: 1) it improves visualization of small vessels in the cortex compared to conventional PD and 2) it can be used for tracking of blood flow in the brain over time, meaning it could potentially improve the quality of free-hand functional ultrasound.
Nanotechnology: Can It Be a Crusader in Diabesity?

Research in nanotechnology has been slowly expanding. It allows for expansion of work on a molecular scale. There has been success in targeting adipocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, and vascular cells, which are related to diabetes and obesity pathophysiology. Development in nanosensors for usage in diabetic monitoring could provide better real-time monitoring and early detection of progression for patients, and this technology could help in earlier, life-saving intervention. In conclusion, nanotechnology could lead to the development of new treatments or novel prevention of diabesity in the near future.
Tuning the hydraulic permeability and molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) of surface nano-structured ultrafiltration membranes

Abstract Hydraulic permeability and molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) performance tuning of polysulfone (PSf) ultrafiltration (UF) membrane was attained via surface modification with a tethered layer of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). Surface nano-structured (SNS) PAA layer was synthesized onto base PSf UF membranes by atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) surface activation followed by graft polymerization (GP) of acrylic acid (AA). Through a systematic study, it was shown that effective SNS-PAA-PSf UF membrane performance tuning was feasible by adjustments of APP and graft polymerization conditions. It was shown, for the first time, that SNS-PAA-PSf membranes can be synthesized with a range of hydraulic permeability (spanning a factor of 1.1–2.6 in magnitude) for a given MWCO, or a range of MWCO (spanning a factor of 1.5–2.3 in magnitude) for a given hydraulic permeability, thereby overcoming the hydraulic permeability-MWCO tradeoff.
Resolving the Question of a Hiatus between the Paleolithic and Neolithic: Nineteenth-Century Science and a Problem in Human Prehistory

In the 1870s a dispute arose between supporters and opponents of the idea that a hiatus existed between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic, a period when Europe was uninhabited. Researchers invoked geological, paleontological, archaeological, and anthropological evidence to support their views. This paper discusses the development of this debate and how it was resolved, in large part due to the excavations of Edouard Piette.
Program staff perspectives on implementing youth-initiated mentoring with systems-involved youth.

Youth-initiated mentoring (YIM) is an approach to mentor recruitment that represents a significant departure from how formal mentoring typically has been conceptualized and carried out, most notably by having youth identify their own mentors. Despite enthusiasm for YIM, implementation can require significant shifts in program practices. Given the limited resources with which most mentoring programs have to work, it is important to discern staff investment in YIM and what it takes for programs to implement this approach. This study explored YIM implementation at the organizational level through interviews with mentoring program staff (n = 11) and addressed motivations of mentoring program staff to implement YIM, how their programs implemented this approach, and their perceptions of the facilitators and barriers to successful YIM implementation.
Design and evaluation of a mobile serious game application to supplement instruction.

Abstract Background and purpose Pharmacy students often exhibit minimal interest in pharmacy management courses. This pilot study reports on the design and testing of a mobile game application (app) prototype to improve student engagement and learning of financial management concepts. Educational activity and setting A mobile app (Planet Finance) was designed to supplement instruction for two key financial management topics. The app was introduced to students in two schools of pharmacy after content on financial management was taught. Students were requested to use the game app for a minimum of two weeks and complete a questionnaire assessing their knowledge of management content and perceptions of the app. Findings The overall survey response rate was 41%. The majority of respondents played the game app two to four times (48.3%). Only 13.8% of respondents completed all 10 levels. Participants generally agreed that game instructions were clear, and that the game was easy to navigate, entertaining and made learning fun; allowed more engagement with content; and enhanced financial statements and ratios comfort. Those who played the game app more often had more favorable perceptions. User data from the game app showed that the majority of respondents accessed the game app on not more than two days (89.1%) and played up to four levels (69.6%). Summary Overall, students enjoyed playing Planet Finance; however, uptake of the app was low. Future revisions may involve adding additional competitive features, content, levels, incentives, and focusing on strategies to incorporate the game into traditional classroom instruction.
THE CASE ACT: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERNET STUDIES RESEARCH

Copyright policy is inextricably entangled with the work of academic researchers on Internet culture. This paper examines a new U.S. law, the CASE Act, which creates a new venue for resolving copyright disputes for up to $30,000. We discuss the implications of such a venue for U.S.-based internet studies research.
Multi-Element Thermal Modeling of Interconnects Derived from a Projection-based Leaning Algorithm

An approach combining domain decomposition and model order reduction enabled by a data-driving learning algorithm is developed for thermal simulation of interconnects. The approach accounts for variations of heat sources, boundary conditions (BCs) and material properties. This approach is applied to construct the thermal model of a generic element for a group of interconnects that are used to wire FinFET standard cells. The interconnect structure in a FinFET IC is then partitioned into several elements, each modeled by the generic element model. The developed multi-element thermal simulation of the interconnects is demonstrated and its accuracy is examined in terms of the metal/via routings and BCs.