cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization and expression of the human leukocyte-common antigen (CD45) gene contained in yeast artificial chromosomes.

Abstract The leukocyte-common antigen (CD45) is a transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase expressed uniquely by cells of hematopoietic origin. There are multiple isoforms of CD45 that are generated by the variable use of three exons (exons 4–6). The use of the variable exons results in changes near the amino-terminus of the mature glycoprotein. The gene is located on chromosome 1 for both human and mouse in a region that is homologous between these two species. This conserved linkage group contains a number of genes of immunological interest, such as the genes for complement regulatory proteins and the FCG2 receptor. Yeast artificial chromosomes provide a vector system in which large fragments of foreign DNA can be isolated and are suited to long-range physical mapping. To this end, three yeast artificial chromosomes containing the human CD45 gene have been isolated and characterized. They overlap to span 475 kb, establishing the largest physical map for DNA within the conserved linkage group. The CD45 gene is entirely encoded within one yeast artificial chromosome clone as determined by mapping with cDNA probes. A mouse B cell line transfected with this YAC clone expressed the low-molecular-weight isoform of the protein into the cell surface. The size of the human CD45 gene was determined to be approximately 120 ± 10 kb.
Qualitative Analysis for the Elementary Grades

(2000). Qualitative Analysis for the Elementary Grades. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 18-20.
Dynamical Theory and Probability Interpretation of the Vorticity Field

To establish a relationship between new results in the classical hydrodynamic theory of ideal charged or uncharged fluids and the theory of quantum fluids, we propose that the classical vorticity field $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\omega}}$ have the interpretation that the flux of $\frac{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\omega}}}{\ensuremath{\kappa}}(\ensuremath{\kappa}=\frac{h}{m})$ through a circuit $C$ is the probability that a quantized vortex threads the circuit. The new classical results, which apply to both charged and uncharged fluids, follow from an introduction of the conserved vorticity current tensor. It allows us to describe the dynamical behavior of the vorticity field and leads to an explicit hydrodynamic model for how fluctuations can create the distribution of vortex rings proposed by Iordanskii.
Calpain activation in neurodegenerative diseases: confocal immunofluorescence study with antibodies specifically recognizing the active form of calpain 2.

The calcium-activated protease calpain cleaves a variety of biologically important proteins and serves, therefore, as a key regulator of many cellular functions. Activation of both main isoforms, calpain 1 and calpain 2, was demonstrated previously in Alzheimer's disease. In this report, antibodies specifically recognizing the active form of calpain 2 were used to investigate calpain 2 activation in a broad range of neurodegenerative diseases, utilizing multiple-label confocal immunofluorescence imaging. With rare exceptions, the active form of calpain 2 was found in colocalization with hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Aggregates of mutated huntingtin, α-synuclein, or unidentified protein in motor neuron disease type of frontotemporal dementia were always negative. These findings indicate that calpain 2 activation is not a general response to protein aggregation. In tauopathies, more pathological inclusions were labeled for hyperphosphorylated tau than for activated calpain 2. The extent of colocalization varied in both a disease-specific and cell-type specific manner. The active form of calpain 2 was detected in 50–75% of tau neurofibrillary pathology in Alzheimer's disease, Alzheimer neurofibrillary changes and Down's syndrome, as well as in the accompanying Alzheimer-type tau pathology in diffuse Lewy bodies disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal degeneration. For glial cells, only 10–25% of tuft-shaped astrocytes, glial plaques, or coiled bodies contained activated calpain 2. The majority of Pick bodies were negative. The association of calpain 2 activation with hyperphosphorylated tau might be the result of an attempt by the calpain proteolytic system to degrade the tau protein aggregates. Alternatively, calpain 2 could be directly involved in tau hyperphosphorylation by modulating protein kinase activities. Overall, these results provide evidence of the important role of the calpain proteolytic system in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases with tau neurofibrillary pathology.
Metals, Motifs, and Recognition in the Crystal Structure of a 5S rRNA Domain

Abstract Two new RNA structures portray how non-Watson-Crick base pairs and metal ions can produce a unique RNA shape suitable for recognition by proteins. The crystal structures of a 62 nt domain of E. coli 5S ribosomal RNA and a duplex dodecamer encompassing an internal loop E have been determined at 3.0 and 1.5 A, respectively. This loop E region is distorted by three "cross-strand purine stacks" and three novel, water-mediated noncanonical base pairs and stabilized by a four metal ion zipper. These features give its minor groove a unique hydrogen-bonding surface and make the adjacent major groove wide enough to permit recognition by the ribosomal protein L25, which is expected to bind to this surface.
Unified three-terminal switch model for current mode controls

Current mode controls including constant frequency peak-current mode control, valley-current mode control, charge control as well as variable frequency constant on-time control and constant off-time control, have been widely used in many power converter topologies. However, no unified model is available to provide an accurate and simple equivalent circuit for these control schemes. This paper presents a unified three-terminal switch model for current mode controls. By identifying the invariant three-terminal structure in current mode control PWM converters, which consists of active switch, passive switch, inductor and closed current loop, the terminal current and voltage relationships are studied and represented by an equivalent circuit. A small signal model for a current mode control PWM converter, which is good beyond half of switching frequency for forementioned control schemes, can be obtained by a simple cyclic permutation and substitution of the PWM switch with its equivalent circuit.
The diffusion of ions in unconsolidated sediments

Abstract Diffusion in unconsolidated sediments generally proceeds at rates ranging from half to one twentieth of those applying to diffusion of ions and molecules in free solution. Diffusion rates are predictable with respect to porosity and path tortuosity in host sediments, and can be conveniently measured by determinations of electrical resistivity on bulk sediment samples. Net ion flux is further influenced by reactions of diffusing species with enclosing sediments, but such influences should not be confused with or lumped with diffusion processes.
The nutritional status of ambulatory elderly type II diabetic patients

We have previously found that malnutrition is common among elderly diabetic patients in nursing homes. To determine the prevalence and nature of nutritional problems among ambulatory elderly diabetic patients, 60 Type II insulin-treated diabetic outpatients 65 years of age or older (mean ± SD 69.1±4.13 years) were evaluated consecutively. Anthropometric parameters and serum biochemical indices of protein calorie nutrition were assessed. The results were compared with those of 63 age-matched nondiabetic patients evaluated concurrently. The two groups, apart from the diagnosis of diabetes and its treatment, were comparable insofar as the number of medical problems and number of medications used. Diabetic patients were not significantly different from the controls in mean body weight and height, but mean body mass index (BMI) was slightly higher in diabetic patients. The lean body weight was not different compared to controls, but percent body fat was higher in diabetic patients. The adipose tissue was preferentially located in the upper body segment primarily in the subscapular and abdominal regions as evidenced by skinfold thickness measurements. There were no differences between the groups in midarm and midthigh muscle circumference. The serum triglyceride levels in the diabetic patients (335.8 ± 560.6 mg/dl) were significantly higher than those of controls (150.1 ± 57.7 mg/dl). There were no significant differences in total lymphocyte count or serum levels of cholesterol, albumin, prealbumin, transferrin and retinol binding protein. It is concluded that among ambulatory, elderly, diabetic patients, being underweight is rare.
Pilot-data power allocation for OFDM systems with amplify and forward relays

A three node amplify and forward (AF) relay system over a frequency-selective channel employing OFDM modulation is considered and the pilot-data power allocation that maximizes a lower bound on system capacity is obtained. The source transmits pilot tones, which are multiplexed with data tones, so that the destination can estimate the overall equivalent channel and perform data detection. Assuming no channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter and as in a practical system, allowing for imperfect channel estimation, a closed-form solution for the pilot-data power allocation is obtained at high SNR regime. An expression for the pilot-data power allocation is obtained for low SNR regime which can be solved numerically for the general case of arbitrary power delay profiles. For the special case of uniform power delay profile of the equivalent channel, a closed form solution is provided. Simulations are used to verify the derived results and show performance comparisons of capacity bound and symbol error rate.
The economics of a cooperative EAD project

Retrospective conversion is a costly endeavor, especially when the quality of description utilized during the mark‐up process is insufficient according to data content standards. When retrospective conversion is implemented in a cooperative project, the problems are compounded. Administrators and encoders alike are forced to reckon with legacy data formats and descriptive styles that do not match those utilized in their own archival practices. Often, more time and financial expenditures must be placed on administrative duties in order to deal with the lack of standardization. Efforts to mitigate the high cost of cooperative projects are discussed.
Social effects of roosting on the metabolism of the pallid bat (Antrozous pallidus).

In summer and autumn, pallid bats in Arizona may be found roosting during the daytime in temperature-stable crevices which vary from 28° to 31° centigrade (C) over a 24-hour period. The bats are heterotherms. They are colonial and roost in clusters. We analyzed body temperature, oxygen consumption, and weight loss of bats roosting individually and bats roosting in clusters, using adult males, adult females, and immature females in our analysis. Analysis was carried out while the bats were roosting in an incubator and in Plexiglas chambers at 15°, 20°, 25°, 30°, and 35°C. We used oxygen consumption and weight loss as indicators of metabolism. At all temperatures tested, bats roosting individually had higher mean oxygen consumption and weight loss values than bats roosting in a cluster. There were no significant differences due to sex, and in a cluster there were no significant differences in body temperature between bats on the periphery and those in the center. This implies that there are no sex-related or physiological factors underlying the metabolic advantages to roosting in a cluster. At 30°C, the oxygen consumption of both individual and clustered bats was lower than at 25°C or 35°C. We conclude that the bats require the sociality of roosting in clusters to conserve metabolic energy in daytime roosts most effectively, and that the bats are metabolically best adapted for roosting at temperatures near 30°C.
Budgetary research in transition

Research in the field of budgetary decisionmaking is undergoing a difficult period of transition. After more than a decade of minor variations on themes introduced by Wildavsky, Crecine, Dye, and others, attention has begun to shift away from a small number of fundamental questions such as "Is budgeting incremental?" and "Does politics matter?" to questions more closely tied to specific policy issues and thedetailed operation of policymaking organizations. It could be argued that this shift in emphasis is nothing more than a stage in the natural process by which seminal research is refined and extended. The complexities that are brushed aside in initial research efforts eventually demand concentrated attention. Yet, there also seems to be growing evidence that continued theoretical progress is less likely to come from the direct pursuit of timeless generalizations about the nature of budgeting than from a careful analysis of how budgetary conventions evolve in specific contexts and the policy issues that these contexts present.
International Symposium on Composers of African & Afro-Caribbean Descent: Veni, Vidi, Vici

Sharing a history similar to its Caribbean neighbours, yet endowed with greater economic and logistic liquidity, Nassau, The Bahamas’ capital city (on the island of New Providence), seemed the best venue for the first International Symposium on Composers of African & Afro-Caribbean Descent, held on February 21, 2013. New York-based orchestral conductor Marlon Daniel, with his Ensemble du Monde (in tow courtesy of the Nassau Music Society), and enterprising flutist Dr. Christine Gangelhoff, Assistant Professor of Music at the College of The Bahamas (where the symposium was held), built it; and they all came from the USA, Great Britain, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and The Bahamas.
On Paley-Wiener Theorems for the Heisenberg Group

In this paper we prove two Paley-Wiener-type theorems for the Heisenberg group. One is for the group Fourier transform which is the analogue of the classical Paley-Wiener theorem. The other one is for the spectral projections associated to the sub-Laplacian
Water Planning in the Progressive Era: The Inland Waterways Commission Reconsidered

In 1909, moving freight by rail cost seven to ten times more than by water. Yet despite crowded terminals and a severe shortage of rolling stock, railroads carried eight times more freight by weight than ships and barges, and canal tonnage had fallen by two-thirds since 1880. The railroads, according to President Theodore Roosevelt, were “no longer able to move crops and manufactures rapidly enough to secure the prompt transaction of the business of the Nation.…There appears to be but one complete remedy–the development of a complementary system of transportation by water.” Perishable foods and high-value factory goods would always travel by rail, Roosevelt acknowledged, but bulky cargo such as wheat, coal, timber, and iron could and should move by water. Improving the nation's waterways would increase the profits of railroads and manufacturers, provide capital for expansion, and reduce the cost of living. It would serve as a tonic to the entire economy.
A comparative study of smooth muscle tumors utilizing light and electron microscopy, immunocytochemical staining and enzymatic assay

A comparative study of eight benign and eight malignant soft tissue spindle cells tumors was done utilizing light and electron microscopy, immunocytochemical staining, and enzymatic assay of tumor homogenates. The tumors were evaluated with two antibodies using both immunofluorescent (IF) and immunoperoxidase (IP) techniques. One antibody, purified rabbit antichicken gizzard myosin antibody (RAMA) delineated only smooth muscle tumors, both benign and malignant. IP was more sensitive than IF using this antibody. Nonmyogenic spindle cell tumors, which served as controls, gave uniformly negative results when stained with this antibody. The second antibody, human antismooth muscle antibody (HASMA), was not as sensitive or specific as RAMA by both IF and IP techniques. Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) isoenzyme assay revealed that both benign and malignant smooth muscle tumors contain a high content of brain and smooth muscle (BB) isoenzyme (skeletal muscle isoenzyme (MM)/BB ratio less than 0.05). In contrast, control nonmyogenic spindle cell tumors exhibited MM/BB ratios of 0.1 or greater. While electron microscopy remains the major diagnostic tool to determine the histogenesis of difficult spindle cell tumors, IP staining methods with RAMA and CPK isoenzyme assay are useful in delineating tumors of smooth muscle origin.
The biology of strontium: interactions with the mammalian crystalline lens.

Abstract Rabbit lenses incubated in a Ca-free medium gain Na and lose K, but this effect is reduced by the presence of strontium. Little Sr enters the lens under in vitro conditions and that which is present does not appear to significantly enter the lenticular cells. The Sr present, however, appears to be displaced by lanthanum, suggesting that Sr is interacting with the cell surface. This outer ‘bound’ Sr does not interfere with exchanges of Ca across the cell membrane but it may contribute to the control of lens permeability to Na and K. Uptake of Sr can be enhanced by exposure of the lens to a Ca-free medium or the Ca-Mg ionophore A23187.
Modeling and design of GaAs MESFET control devices for broad-band applications

Closed-form expressions are developed for the small-signal parameters of broadband GaAs control MESFETs. The theoretical conducting-state resistance and nonconducting-state capacitance are compared with experimental data and demonstrate the usefulness of the models. Additionally, the power-handling capability of these devices is considered and the various limitations in both conducting and nonconducting states are described. The models show that self-aligned-gate devices (SAGFETs) have a broadband cutoff-frequency figure of merit as much as twice that of conventional MESFETs, although the voltage-handling capability of the SAGFET is considerably inferior. >
Acrylamide in Processed Potato Products

Trace amounts of acrylamide are present in many foods cooked at high temperatures. Acrylamide in processed potato products is formed from reducing sugars and asparagine and is a product of the Maillard reaction; this reaction typically occurs during frying and baking of food products. Processed potato products, including fries and chips, are relatively high in acrylamide compared with other foods and contribute substantially to dietary acrylamide. Acrylamide content in potato products is strongly affected by processing conditions, potato variety, field management, environmental conditions during tuber growth, and tuber storage conditions. Numerous approaches have been described that could potentially reduce the acrylamide content of potato products, but many influence finished product sensory attributes and may be difficult to implement. Health concerns related to acrylamide in food center on its role as a potential carcinogen. Research using feeding studies with rodent models and epidemiological studies with humans are ongoing and are likely to provide future guidance for acceptable amounts of acrylamide in food.
Coherent pair production in axial alignment

Abstract The differential electron-positron pair-production rate in aligned crystals is predicted to show a measurable resonant structure as a function of the incident photon energy. The resonances are the results of crystal periodicity in the alignment direction. Calculations are presented for diamond and Si, and the expected modification of these results by channeling is discussed.
Computer use and wage differentials: US and foreign born male and female workers

The dual issues of nationality and on-the-job computer use are introduced into the analysis of gender wage gap in the United States, and some new results are reported. It is shown that, all other things remaining the same, (i) inter-gender wage differentials across different groups based on computer use and/or nationality vary from 23% to 35%; (ii) among computer nonusers, the inter-gender wage differentials are quite high and invariant of the country of birth; and (iii) intra-gender wage gap based on computer use at work is high for both native and foreign born workers, but the intra-gender wage gap based on nationality is low for both users and nonusers of computer at work.
Tryptase genetics and anaphylaxis.

Tryptases secreted by tissue mast cells and basophils can enter the bloodstream. In human subjects tryptases are encoded by several genes and alleles, including α, β, γ, and δ. Common variations include complete absence of α genes. Until recently, α tryptase was considered to be the major tryptase secreted at baseline and in mastocytosis. However, lack of α tryptase genes has little effect on circulating tryptase levels, which are now thought mainly to consist of inactive pro-β tryptase secreted constitutively rather than stored in granules with mature tryptases. Pro-β tryptase levels thus might reflect total body mast cell content. In contrast, mature β tryptase can increase transiently in severe systemic anaphylaxis and confirm the diagnosis. However, it might fail to increase in food anaphylaxis or might increase nonspecifically in samples acquired after death. Thus pro- and mature β tryptase measurements are useful but associated with false-negative and false-positive results, which need to be considered in drawing clinical conclusions in cases of suspected anaphylaxis.
Alkylperoxyl Radical Scavenging Activity of Red Leaf Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Phenolics

Although lettuce may provide relatively low levels of antioxidative phytochemicals which may contribute to human health, lettuce leaf extracts in fact contained compounds with high specific peroxyl radical scavenging activities. After determining the extraction conditions that minimized phenolic oxidation and produced the highest oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) values, the phenolic compounds from red leaf lettuce were separated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The primary phenolic compounds in the leaf tissue extracts were mono- and dicaffeoyltartaric acid (CTA and DCTA), mono- and dicaffeoylquinic acid (CQA and DCQA), quercetin 3-malonylglucoside (QMG), quercetin 3-glucoside (QG), cyanidin 3-malonylglucoside (CMG), and an unknown phenolic ester (UPE). Significant levels of DCQA were only found after wounding. Using the new fluorescein-based ORAC assay procedures, fractions from the HPLC analyses were assayed for peroxyl radical absorbance capacity. Using absorbanc...
Expression of Nitric Oxide Synthases and Endogenous NO Metabolism in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a multifactorial disease of preterm neonates of complex etiology, is a significant problem within very low birth weight infants. Nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in both the pathogenesis and as a potential therapeutic of this disease. At this time, there is little direct evidence of the changes in NO production and metabolism that occur within BPD in humans. Animal models have implied that reduced nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression and NO production in the early stages of the disease may be critical factors. However, inflammation and hence iNOS expression, is also thought to play a role. In the present study we have utilized pathological samples to determine changes in the expression of NOS and NO metabolites within late stage BPD. It is our contention that within these samples iNOS expression is increased and associated with increased NO metabolite production. Mild immunostaining of all three nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes (neuronal, inducible and endothelial) is observed in control lung with tight localization to the endothelium and epithelial airway. This tight localization was lost in samples from subjects with BPD. There was also a marked increase in iNOS expression throughout the lung tissue with strong coexistence with an epithelial cell marker cytokeratin. NO reaction products are altered with BPD as evidenced by increased S-nitrosothiol (SNO) and strong nitrotyrosine (NO(2)Y) imunoreactivity. This study demonstrates a strong correlation between products of NO reactivity and NOS localization in BPD.
An assessment of geo-information use during the 2005 Kashmir earthquake response and recommendations to improve future use

The destructive effects of disasters on vulnerable populations will continue to increase as global inhabitants grow in numbers and occupy marginal, often hazard-prone areas. Recent experience has shown that there is a gap between available Geographic Information System technologies and geo-information management tools and their employment during disaster response operations. The goal of this paper is to examine and critique the use of geo-information and related technologies in the Kashmir earthquake of October 2005, discuss what researchers have done to address this topic and make recommendations for improving future geo-information accessibility. This paper draws on observations from the 2005 Kashmir earthquake and available literature to examine impediments to operational geo-information management and utilisation during that relief effort. The paper concludes with recommendations on how to increase the accessibility of geo-information to a diverse group of users and better manage geo-information during future disaster response efforts.
Role of the serotonergic system in reduced pulmonary function after exposure to methamphetamine.

Although use of methamphetamine (MA) by smoking is the fastest growing method of administration, very limited data are available describing the effects of smoked MA. Using a murine inhalation exposure system, we explored the pulmonary effects of low-dose acute inhalation exposure to MA vapor (smoke). Inhalation of MA vapor resulted in transiently reduced pulmonary function, as measured by transpulmonary resistance, dynamic compliance, and whole-body plethysmography compared with unexposed control animals. These changes were associated with an approximately 34% reduction in serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) metabolism/inactivation to 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid, and a nearly 40% reduction in monoamine oxidase (MAO)-A activity in the lung. Pretreatment of mice with a selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor completely ablated the MA-induced changes in pulmonary function, confirming a key role for the 5-HT transporter (serotonin transporter [SERT]) and the serotonergic system in this effect. Immunofluorescent st...
Current concepts in the biology of orthodontic tooth movement

Adaptive biochemical response to applied orthodontic force is a highly sophisticated process. Many layers of networked reactions occur in and around periodontal ligament and alveolar bone cells that change mechanical force into molecular events (signal transduction) and orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are sensitive environment-to-genome-to-environment communicators, capable of restoring system homeostasis disturbed by orthodontic mechanics. Five micro-environments are altered by orthodontic force: extracellular matrix, cell membrane, cytoskeleton, nuclear protein matrix, and genome. Gene activation (or suppression) is the point at which input becomes output, and further changes occur in all 5 environments. Hundreds of genes and thousands of proteins participate in OTM. Gene-directed protein synthesis, modification, and integration form the essence of all life processes, including OTM. Bone adaptation to orthodontic force depends on normal osteoblast and osteoclast genes that correctly express needed proteins at the right times and places. Cell membrane receptor-ligand docking is an important initiator of signal transduction and a discovery target for new bone-enhancing drugs. Despite progress in identification of regulatory molecules, the genetic mechanism of "orchestrated synthesis" between different cells, tissues, and systems remains largely unknown. Interpatient variation in mechanobiological response is most likely due to differences in periodontal ligament and bone cell populations, genomes, and protein expression patterns. Discovery of mutations in OTM-associated genes of orthodontic patients, including those regulating osteoclast bone-matrix acidification, chloride channel function, and osteoblast-derived mineral and protein matrices, will permit gene therapy to restore normal matrix and protein synthesis and function. Achieving selectivity in targeting abnormal genes, cells, and tissues is a major obstacle to safe and effective clinical application of gene engineering and stem-cell mediated tissue growth. Orthodontic treatment is likely to evolve into a combination of mechanics and molecular-genetic-cellular interventions: a change from shotgun to tightly focused communication with OTM cells.
Long-Term Care Facilities: Important Participants of the Acute Care Facility Social Network?

BackgroundAcute care facilities are connected via patient sharing, forming a network. However, patient sharing extends beyond this immediate network to include sharing with long-term care facilities. The extent of long-term care facility patient sharing on the acute care facility network is unknown. The objective of this study was to characterize and determine the extent and pattern of patient transfers to, from, and between long-term care facilities on the network of acute care facilities in a large metropolitan county.Methods/Principal FindingsWe applied social network constructs principles, measures, and frameworks to all 2007 annual adult and pediatric patient transfers among the healthcare facilities in Orange County, California, using data from surveys and several datasets. We evaluated general network and centrality measures as well as individual ego measures and further constructed sociograms. Our results show that over the course of a year, 66 of 72 long-term care facilities directly sent and 67 directly received patients from other long-term care facilities. Long-term care facilities added 1,524 ties between the acute care facilities when ties represented at least one patient transfer. Geodesic distance did not closely correlate with the geographic distance among facilities.Conclusions/SignificanceThis study demonstrates the extent to which long-term care facilities are connected to the acute care facility patient sharing network. Many long-term care facilities were connected by patient transfers and further added many connections to the acute care facility network. This suggests that policy-makers and health officials should account for patient sharing with and among long-term care facilities as well as those among acute care facilities when evaluating policies and interventions.
The PVM 3.4 tracing facility and XPVM 1.1

One of the more bothersome aspects of developing a parallel program is that of monitoring the behavior of the program for debugging and performance tuning. This paper discusses an enhanced tracing facility and tracing tool for PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine), a message passing library for parallel processing in a heterogeneous environment. PVM supports mixed collections of workstation clusters, shared-memory multiprocessors, and MPPs. The upcoming release of PVM, Version 3.4, contains a new and improved tracing facility which provides more flexible and efficient access to run-time program information. This new tracing system supports a buffering mechanism to reduce the perturbation of user applications caused by tracing, and a more flexible trace event definition scheme which is based on a self-defining data format. The new scheme expedites the collection of program execution histories, and allows for integration of user-defined custom trace events. The tracing instrumentation is built into the PVM library, to avoid re-compilation when tracing is desired, and supports on-the-fly adjustments to each task's trace event mask, for control over the level of tracing detail.
Uses of GIS for homeland security and emergency management for higher education institutions

This chapter describes how data derived from geographic information systems (GIS) can be used to reinforce and integrate emergency operation plans at institutions of higher learning.
Co-amplification of specific sequences of HCV and HIV-1 genomes by using the polymerase chain reaction assay: a potential tool for the simultaneous detection of HCV and HIV-1.

Abstract A rapid and simple method using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was devised for the co-amplification and simultaneous detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) specific sequences in the same serum sample. Genomic RNA was extracted from 13 blood donor sera that were reactive in ELISA for both anti-HCV and anti-HIV-1. The extracted RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA and amplified using nested primer pairs (SN01 and SN04; SN02 and SN03) based on the HCV prototype sequence of clones 37b and 81, and SK 38 39 for HIV-1 simultaneously. PCR products were analyzed by liquid hybridization or Southern blot hybridization with 32P end-labeled oligonucleotide probes from the regions between the primer pairs, excluding the primer sequences. HCV-RNA was detected in all 13 (100%) samples tested; HIV-RNA was detected in 11 (85%) samples. The ability to co-amplify specific sequences from two different viral genomes in the same reaction mixture offers the possibility of simultaneous detection and diagnosis of more than one viral agent in serum samples of infected individuals.
Management of chronic shoulder infections utilizing a fixed Articulating antibiotic-loaded spacer

Background Literature on management of chronic shoulder infections is limited. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of a standardized protocol for the management of chronic shoulder infections, including periprosthetic infections, utilizing an articulating antibiotic-loaded spacer. Material and methods Thirty patients with chronic shoulder infections (4 primary and 26 postoperative) were treated with aggressive debridement, implantation of an antibiotic-loaded articulating spacer, and systemic antibiotics. Twenty-seven patients (90%) were compromised hosts. Eighteen patients (group I) elected to keep the spacer but three patients later underwent reimplantation, thus fifteen patients (group IA) were using the spacer as a prosthesis at their latest follow-up of 2.4 years. Twelve patients (group II, follow-up of 2.3 years) underwent reimplantation of a prosthesis. Results Eradication of infection was accomplished in all 30 patients. Group IA patients had a Disability of Arm Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score of 50, Simple Shoulder Test (SST) score of 5, forward flexion of 73°, abduction of 71°, and external rotation of 29°. Group II patients had a DASH score of 58, SST score of 5, forward flexion of 78°, abduction of 83°, and external rotation of 19°. The differences between these 2 groups were not significant. Discussion Chronic shoulder infections can be successfully treated with a protocol of aggressive debridement, antibiotic-loaded articulating spacer, and systemic antibiotics. Prolonged implantation of an articulating spacer may be a viable option in select low-demand patients with comorbidities.
Bilingualism, executive control and neuroplasticity

The beneficial effects of bilingualism on executive functions have been shown through studies that demonstrated the outperformance of bilingual individuals than monolingual individuals in cognitive tasks involving attention, working memory and conflict resolution. However, the neural mechanisms of how bilingualism influence these cognitive processes remains unclear. In addition, there is a considerable amount of diversities and inconsistencies in the link between bilingualism and executive control, which altogether require a thorough discussion. In this paper, we will provide a concise and informative mini-review of how one cultural experience—bilingualism influences executive control and explore the underlying brain mechanisms that reveal the relationship among bilingualism, executive control and neuroplasticity. Furthermore, how bilingualism could benefit other important aspects of regulatory processes through interacting executive control are also discussed.
Grazing-incidence efficiencies in the 28-42-A wavelength region of replicas of the Skylab 3600-line/mm concave grating with multilayer and gold coatings.

The efficiencies of replicas of the Skylab 3600-line/mm concave grating with multilayer and gold coatings were measured by using synchrotron radiation at an angle of incidence of 79° and in the 28–42-A wavelength range. The blaze angle of the grating facets that faced the incident radiation was 3.1°, and the average angle of the opposite facets was 6°. For the gold grating, the -1 outside order had the highest efficiency of any diffracted order (excluding the zero order) over the entire wavelength range. Calculations of the grating efficiency indicated that the high efficiency in the -1 order resulted from the rather small angle(6°) of the facets opposite the incident radiation. For the multilayer grating, the efficiency in the on-blaze +2 inside order was enhanced in the 30–34-A wavelength region as a result of the high reflectance of the multilayer coating. The maximum efficiency in the +2 order occurred at the wavelength (32 A) corresponding to the peak of the reflectance of the multilayer coating on the facets facing the incident radiation. These results further demonstrate that a multilayer coating can be used to enhance the efficiency, in a selected wavelength range and in the on-blaze order, of a grating operating at a small grazing angle(11°).
Academic Self-Efficacy, Dropping Out, and the Significance of Inequality

Increased academic self-efficacy can facilitate educational progress and success as well as minimize the risk of dropping out for adolescents. However, there are sex, racial, and ethnic disparities associated with the risk of dropping out of high school. What remains unknown is if increased academic self-efficacy can minimize sex, racial, and ethnic disparities linked to the risk of adolescents dropping out. This study utilizes data from the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002 and incorporates multilevel modeling techniques to examine the impact of academic self-efficacy on dropping out. The results indicate that racial and ethnic minorities have relatively lower levels of academic self-efficacy; however, increased academic self-efficacy can ameliorate sex, racial, and ethnic dropout disparities. The implications of the evident sex, racial, and ethnic disparities in the relationship between academic self-efficacy and dropping out are discussed.
Computer-Originated Hologram Lenses

The capability of analyzing hologram lenses recorded with arbitrary wavefronts has been added to a holographic raytracing design program. The recording wavefronts are defined by analytical phase functions, for example, a two-dimensional polynominal expansion. The coefficients of the functional representations of the recording wavefronts are used as parameters to optimize the performance of an optical system containing the hologram lens. The optimum recording wavefronts are then produced with the help of computer-generated holo-grams. Several useful arbitrary wavefront phase functions are discussed. Design predictions and experimental results will be shown for a holographic Fourier transform lens recorded with the aid of a computer-generated hologram.
Information needs and information-seeking behaviors of on-call radiology residents

Rationale and Objectives. The authors performed a baseline analysis of the information needs and information-seeking behaviors of on-call radiology residents to learn how to better serve their on-call information needs in the future. Materials and Methods. Print, electronic, and human information resources were made conveniently available to on-call radiology residents. A prospective, descriptive study was performed by using a modification of the critical incident technique to gather data from the residents every morning after being on call. Residents were asked to recall questions that arose, whether they sought answers to the questions, where they searched for answers, whether their search was successful, and whether they believed that patient care was affected. Results. The residents had 182 questions that encompassed all organ systems, imaging modalities, and aspects of radiologic practice. Residents sought answers to 138 of the 182 questions (76%) by using a wide variety of resources, with staff members and textbooks being the most common. They found answers to 114 of 138 questions (83%); 100 of the 114 (88%) asnwered questions affected patient care. Conclusion. The ideal way to meet the information needs of on-call radiology residents is to devise an authoritative information resource that is compatible with their information-seeking behaviors.
Morphine antagonizes pentobarbital-induced anesthesia.

Morphine was administered by the intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) route to pentobarbital-anesthetized rabbits. Small doses of morphine (less than 150 micrograms) potentiated, but larger doses (greater than 250 micrograms) shortened, the duration of anesthesia. In naltrexone-pretreated animals, all doses of morphine employed acted only as an analeptic. Atropine, but not atropine methylbromide, blocked the analeptic effect of morphine, indicating that a central cholinergic mechanism was involved in this response. Tolerance to the analeptic effect was not evident. These results suggest that morphine exerts an arousal action which is usually masked by the dominant narcotic properties, but which becomes evident when administered intracerebroventricularly or in the presence of naltrexone.
Galactic X-rays: Variable Sources in Hydromagnetic Waves.

Galactic sources of x-rays fluctuating in intensity are explained as being small regions, of enhanced gas density and temperature, emitting thermal Coulomb bremsstrahlung of kiloelectron-volt energies. Hydromagnetic wave motions, of the magnetic fields in the galactic spiral arms, produce the enhanced regions by compressing the clouds of ionized gas to which they are tied by their high electrical conductivity. From the observed periods of fluctuation of a few months, together with the hydromagnetic velocity, it is estimated that the average size of sources does not exceed 10 16 centimeters. By using the formula for Coulomb bremsstrahlung and requiring that the sources shall produce the observed x-ray fluxes, one finds a second estimate of size of sources in agreement at about 1016 centimeters. Such regions are too small to be observable radio sources with current radio telescopes.
Personality characteristics of incest history psychotherapy patients: a research note.

The MMPI records of 16 female psychotherapy patients who gave histories of incestuous experience were compared with those of 16 nonincestreporting patients who had been matched on age, education, ethnic group, and referring therapist. The mean profiles for the groups were very similar [rϱ =0.92); however, a prediction that incest history patients would report more problems in the sexual area than controls was confirmed. The overall pattern of results suggests that, while the report of incest may not be specifically linked with any diagnostic category, it is associated with the report of various kinds of sexual problems.
Primary laparoscopic pull-through for Hirschsprung's disease in infants and children

Between November 1993 and September 1994, 12 primary laparoscopic colon pull-through procedures were performed in infants and children. The patients' ages ranged from 3 days to 6 years. The primary diagnosis in all 12 patients was Hirschsprung's disease. All children had their operations without construction of preoperative or postoperative colostomy. Three 5-mm abdominal wall ports were used for access to the peritoneal cavity. The sigmoid colon and proximal rectum were mobilized laparoscopically. A submucosal sleeve was developed transanally to meet the dissection from above. The colon was then pulled down in continuity, divided above the transition zone, and secured to the anal mucosa 5 to 10 mm above the pectinate line. Mean postoperative stay was 4 days. Laparoscopic visualization provides clear delineation of pelvic structures even in small infants. Laparoscopic pull-through requires no more time than similar open procedures, averaging just over 2 hours. The morbidities associated with colostomy formation and closure and the inconvenience of colostomy care are avoided with a one-stage technique. These benefits combined with the advantages of minimally invasive surgery make primary laparoscopic pull-through a potential advance in the surgical treatment of Hirschsprung's disease.
Role perception in stuttering

Abstract The role perceptions of adult stutterers were studied by means of the Sarbin-Hardyck Stick Figure Test. Forty stutterers, enrolled in the Psychology Speech Clinic at UCLA, were compared with forty controls from introductory psychology classes at UCLA. The controls were randomly selected from a larger sample to provide a matching for the 3:1 sex ratio in the stutterer group, so that thirty were male and ten were female. Within the stutterer group, neither age nor amount of education produced significant differences, and the means were close in each case. For data analysis purposes, each S obtained a “Stick Figure Score.” reflecting the number of the cards on which he chose the modal response. Analysis of variance revealed no significant differences between the array of scores thus obtained for the clinic group and the control group. Thus the chief finding was that stutterers did not differ from nonstutterers in the accuracy of their role perception as measured by the Stick Figure Test. This finding calls into question a previous report by Buscaglia (1962), who found the responses of stutterers to be closer to those of schizophrenics than those of normals. Further findings in this study were that males did not differ in accuracy of role perception from females, despite the well-established fact that stuttering is mostly a male affliction. When the stutterer sample was divided and comparisons were made between those who were rated as improving most with those rated as improving least, no differences appeared. Similarly negative findings were obtained for judged severity and for length of time spent in the clinic. The results were in line with those of many previous studies and reviews in showing that stutterers are not demonstrably different from nonstutterers on general dimensions of personality.