cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What Accounts for Prosocial Behavior? Roles of Moral Identity, Moral Judgment, and Self-Efficacy Beliefs.

AbstractPrior research suggests that moral identity influences individuals’ willingness to engage in prosocial behavior. Little attention, however, has been given to the roles of and relations between moral identity and other factors, such as moral judgment, in accounting for types of prosocial behavior in adolescence. The current study examined the extent to which moral identity, moral judgment, and social self-efficacy contribute to prosocial behaviors in adolescence. Approximately 338 adolescents (Mage = 13.4 years) completed measures of moral identity, moral judgment, social self-efficacy, and prosocial behavior. Teachers rated adolescents’ prosocial behaviors, which largely corroborated the adolescents’ self-reports. Moral identity was found to predict most types of prosocial behavior. Moral judgment and moral identity were related and jointly predicted altruistic prosocial behaviors, but did not predict helping in front of others. Further, moral identity mediated the relationships between moral judg...
Modeling dynamic fracture in granite under in situ conditions at high temperatures and pressures

Abstract Reproducing the in situ mechanical response of granite at a depth of a few kilometer under dynamic loading presents significant challenges. We have developed and calibrated a new thermo-mechanical model for granite using extensive experimental data from both quasi-static and dynamic test data. The model includes parameters which can be calibrated for a specific geologic setting. Using the model developed we have performed a series of 2D and 3D simulations to evaluate effects of in situ stress and temperature on the extent of damage surrounding underground explosions . We compare our results with available data for cavity size, plastic zone and peak velocity attenuation with range in granite.
A latent profile analysis of repetitive negative thinking: Distinguishing ruminators from worriers:

Rumination (negative thinking about the past) and worry (anxious apprehension) are two forms of repetitive thinking associated with psychopathology. Prior research indicates that rumination and wor...
Reforming Retirement Income: Annuitization, Combination Strategies, and Required Minimum Distributions

Laddered immediate life annuity purchase and asset withdrawal combination strategies represent an excellent way for retirees to manage their retirement assets in order to get lifetime income in a flexible manner while still maintaining growth, liquidity, and bequest potentials. Simulations show that even by age 95, a retiree using this strategy will get higher income, in inflation-adjusted terms, on average and across most scenarios than by using full and complete annuitization or just using the common 4 percent withdrawal rule. Moreover, a significant fund balance remains to the retiree throughout life, on average, but with no risk of running out of assets. The minimum distribution requirements that govern tax-qualified retirement accounts for older retirees should be reformed to encourage the use of these partial annuitization combination strategies. This broad reform of the required minimum distribution rules needs to be done for the same reason the Obama administration made a narrow exception to the required minimum distribution rules for longevity insuranceto achieve the reasonable public policy goal of encouraging the use of partial annuitization by retirees.
Simulated Volume-Based Regionalization of Complex Procedures: Impact on Spatial Access to Care.

Hospital volume has been shown to be inversely correlated with surgical mortality rates in complex surgery including pancreatectomy.1, 2 Based on this, there has been a push for regionalization of complex surgical procedures to high-volume centers, with several major medical health systems pledging to adopt the policy.3, 4 However, regionalization may increase travelling times, which imposes financial burdens and time demands on patients.5 On one hand, the intended mortality benefit may be realized if patients are able and willing to travel the added distance for better outcomes. For example, many would be willing to travel for vacation and major purchases, and should therefore be even more willing to do so for their own health care. On the other hand, not all patients have the needed resources to travel, especially marginalized populations. Moreover, it is important to note that while the added travel may only equate to a single trip for the patient’s operation, it will translate to multiple trips for their family members and loved ones, including additional overnight lodging that are not covered by insurance. Additionally, the added travel time would also factor into the needed preoperative clinic, postoperative follow-up, adjuvant treatment and long-term surveillance appointments. Before this debate can be appropriately addressed, the first step is to quantitatively assess the real-world magnitude of the impact of a volume-based regionalization policy on travel times. Therefore, the aim of this study is to simulate the regionalization of pancreatectomies to quantitatively assess the impact of a proposed low-volume threshold policy on spatial access in terms of patient and family driving times. We selected pancreatectomy as the procedure of choice given that hospital volume had the most drastic impact on perioperative mortality compared to other gastrointestinal operations.2 We hypothesized that a simulated regionalization policy would significantly increase the required driving times for patients undergoing pancreatectomy and their families.
Packet-level Overload Estimation in LTE Networks using Passive Measurements

Over 87% of US mobile wireless subscriptions are currently held by LTE-capable devices [34]. However, prior work has demonstrated that connectivity may not equate to usable service. Even in well-provisioned urban networks, unusually high usage (such as during a public event or after a natural disaster) can lead to overload that makes the LTE service difficult, if not impossible to use, even if the user is solidly within the coverage area. A typical approach to detect and quantify overload on LTE networks is to secure the cooperation of the network provider for access to internal metrics. An alternative approach is to deploy multiple mobile devices with active subscriptions to each mobile network operator (MNO). Both approaches are resource and time intensive. In this work, we propose a novel method to estimate overload in LTE networks using only passive measurements, and without requiring provider cooperation. We use this method to analyze packet-level traces for three commercial LTE service providers, T-Mobile, Verizon and AT&T, from several locations during both typical levels of usage and during public events that yield large, dense crowds. This study presents the first look at overload estimation through the analysis of unencrypted broadcast messages. We show that an upsurge in broadcast reject and cell barring messages can accurately detect an increase in network overload.
RAGING REGURGITATION RAISES SPECTER OF MYSTERIOUS ENDOCARDITIS

Libman-Sacks endocarditis is a nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) associated with anti-cardiolipin positive systemic lupus erythematosus and anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome. Lesions typically affect the mitral and aortic valves leading to regurgitation. A 44-year-old woman with Crohn's
Guidelines for adequate chemotherapeutic dosage in newborns and infants with septicaemia and meningitis.

The chemotherapy of septicaemia in newborns differs fundamentally from that in older children or adults because, although newborns have a fully developed immunological system, the system has not yet “learned” to operate completely. Ultimately, optimal chemotherapy can only be found empirically. In this respect a few basic guidelines can be given however: 1. The initial therapy must bring the pathogen under control with a high degree of certainty, since a correction in therapy following pathogen indentification is usually too late. 2. Since the pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in newborns vary considerably, the minimal peak serum concentration observed should exceed the MIC of the pathogen. 3. In rapidly maturing newborns and premature babies the pharmacokinetics of each antibiotic must be known precisely. 4. Since in the individual case there can never be absolute certainty with respect to the three above-mentioned problems, combination therapy should be given at all times.
Epithelioid Osteoblastoma of the Proximal Femur in a 19-Year-Old Female: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

Author(s): Blank, Alan T; Wakefield, Connor; Khalighi, Mazdak; Jones, Kevin B; Randall, R Lor | Abstract: IntroductionEpithelioid osteoblastomas are an extremely rare entity infrequently seen in the resection of benign bone tumors. First described in the early 20thcentury, it has only been reported a handful of times throughout literature. Although these tumors can present similarly to malignant bone lesions, it is important for an experienced pathologist to differentiate epithelioid osteoblastoma from osteosarcoma. We present the case and treatment of a young female who was discovered to have an epithelioid osteoblastoma of the femur.Case reportWe describe the case of a 19-year-old healthy female who presented with 3 weeks of progressive right-sided groin pain. After biopsy demonstrated, epithelioid osteoblastoma extensive curettage of the lesion followed by insertion of a short cephalomedullary intramedullary nail was performed. At 1-year follow-up,the patient was full weight-bearing without pain or recurrence.ConclusionEpithelioidosteoblastomas are a very rare entity in the diagnosis of benign bone tumors and are characterized as having aggressive features clinically, radiographically, and histologically. It is imperative that an experienced pathologist differentiates this lesion from osteosarcoma to guide treatment and to ensure the best possible outcomes.
Periderm coverages on five species of long-lived columnar cactus species of central Mexico

Abstract Sunlight exposures have resulted in periderm coverages on more than 40 species of tall, long-lived columnar cactus species in the Americas. Periderm coverages start on equatorial surfaces and eventually cover all surfaces. Periderm coverages lead to tissue morbidity and eventual cactus death. After more than 80% of periderm coverage on saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea) cacti, the probability of cactus death was greater than 95% within eight years. Periderm coverage characteristics were not similar for five species of tall, long-lived columnar cactus species endemic to the Tehuacan-Cuicatlan Valley (18° N), Puebla, Mexico. For four species, trough coverages were higher for south-facing surfaces than north-facing surfaces. For these four species periderm ratios were near 2:1, S:N. This 2:1 ratio is coincident with the ratio of direct sunlight exposures on S: N surfaces. For one species, the amounts of periderm were low so no differences in periderm coverages occur of south to north were present. Unlike cacti at other locations, crests of species of this study did not show a directional effect. The results indicate that periderm formation occurred first on south-facing surface and eventually occurred on other surfaces. Results with Random Forest, an algorithm, reinforce results of periderm percentages. Random forest was used to determine surfaces coverages that predict periderm coverages on other surfaces. As expected, neighboring surfaces were the best predictors of periderm coverages. Other surfaces were not good predictors of periderm coverages indicating that other surfaces had periderm coverage before or after the predicted surfaces. Random Forest data were the same for all five species. Although, the patterns of the five species showed some variability, they all support that hypothesis that periderm coverages start on south-facing surfaces and eventually occur on north-facing surfaces and they are caused by sunlight.
An 11 kV AC, 16 kV DC, 200 kW Direct-to-Line Inverter Building-Block using Series-Connected 10 kV SiC MOSFETs

This paper presents the design and testing of a three-phase medium-voltage (MV) inverter building-block, using 10 kV SiC MOSFET power modules, ideally suited for high efficiency direct-to-line (transformerless) applications. The 200 kW inverter block, rated for 11 kV ac, and 16 kV dc is realized using a two-level topology for which two series-connected 10 kV SiC MOSFETs are employed, in what is the simplest possible circuit in terms of controls, parts count and ancillary systems. Further, the unit attains a power density of 2.75 kW/l and a projected efficiency of 99 %. An active gate-driver with timing-based voltage balancing and shortcircuit protection capability is used to enable the series connection of two 10 kV SiC MOSFETs to function as an equivalent ‘20 kV switch,’ whereas a novel modular 16 kV printed-circuit-board (PCB) dc bus capacitor array with integrated ac power terminals is designed to handle the inverter input. PCB-based ac capacitor arrays are used for the power quality filter as well to the inherent insulation advantages of PCB technology.
Are Self-Inflicted Stab Wounds Less Severe Than Assaults? Analysis of Injury and Severity by Intent.

Abstract Background Although there is evidence that self-inflicted abdominal stab wounds are less severe than those from assault, it is unclear if this is true in other anatomic regions. This study compares severity and injury pattern between self-inflicted stab wounds (SISWs) and wounds from assault (ASW). Materials and Methods Stab wounds from our level I trauma registry from 2013 to 2018 were reviewed. Data included age, gender, self-inflicted versus assault, psychiatric or substance use history, anatomic location, operative intervention, injury severity, length of stay, and outcomes. Results Over the study period, 1390 patients were identified. History of psychiatric diagnoses or previous suicide attempts was more frequent in SISWs (47% versus 6.5%, P Conclusions SISWs have a distinct pattern of injuries, more commonly to the neck and abdomen, when compared with injuries resulting from ASW. The patients with SISWs have a higher rate of procedures, longer length of stay, and higher hospital charges despite low injury severity overall.
PRACTICAL GUIDE TO REAL OPTIONS IN DISCRETE TIME

This paper is an extended version of the paper "Practical Guide to Real Options in Discrete Time" (http://econwpa.wustl.edu:80/eps/fin/papers/0405/0405016.pdf), where a gen- eral, computationally simple approach to real options in discrete time was sug- gested. We explicitly formulate conditions of the general theorems for basic types of real options, and explain our method in detail for the case of transi- tion density given by exponential functions on each half-axis. To demonstrate that the discrete time approach can be more analytically tractable than the con- tinuous time one, we consider timing of investment with lags, and a model of gradual capital expansion. We obtain simple formulas for the expected values of capital stock in every time period; in continuous time models, a much more sophisticated technique is needed.
Do Investors Use Prior Tax Avoidance When Pricing Tax Loss Carryforwards

The Internal Revenue Code allows firms to carry excess tax losses forward to offset future taxable income and reduce taxes. Consistent with tax loss carryforwards (TLCFs) creating a significant asset, prior research finds investors positively value TLCFs. However, investors face significant uncertainty about whether firms will have sufficient future taxable income to benefit from TLCFs. We hypothesize that investors’ valuation of new TLCFs will vary with firms’ prior tax avoidance behavior because it signals firms’ abilities to generate taxable income to offset TLCFs through tax planning. We confirm that investors assign a positive value to new TLCFs and find that investors’ valuation varies with firms’ prior tax avoidance behavior. Investors positively value TLCFs when firms exhibit high variability in prior tax avoidance and high levels of prior tax avoidance. Our results are incremental to the effect of changes in the valuation allowance on investors’ valuation of new TLCFs.
‘Quel Marcel!’ : And Other Oddities of the Narrator’s Designations in A la recherche du temps perdu

One of the troubling elements of the Marcel Proustian work resides in what Mario Lavagetto has called the almost absent name of the hero–narrator of La Recherche. The attribution of the first name Marcel to the hero does not invalidate the critical readings which consider the quasi-constant anonymity of the narrator and the first person narrative as fundamental choices in the writing of La Recherche. In a process similar to the Freudian 'return of the repressed', Marcel Proust's initials can be read in the 'Petite Madeleine'. Strangeness is indeed a trait of La Recherche's singular hero, jealous man who does not seem to perceive at all the mixture of awe and tenderness involved in Albertine's exclamation: 'Quel Marcel!' The erasure of the hero's name is indeed inscribed within an ensemble of 'oddities' that translate the liberties taken by Proust vis-a-vis the form of the novel, and the way in which he made La Recherche a text impossible to imitate.
Ecology Beginning with the Botanists

The Evolution of American Ecology, 1890-2000 . By Sharon E. Kingsland . Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, 2005. 325 pp. $50, £33.50. ISBN 0-8018-8171-4. The author explores the course of ecology in the United States from its origins in the 1890s through the changing intellectual and cultural environments of the 20th century.
DNA Packaging Mutant: Repression of the Vaccinia Virus A32 Gene Results in Noninfectious, DNA-Deficient, Spherical, Enveloped Particles

The vaccinia virus A32 open reading frame was predicted to encode a protein with a nucleoside triphosphate-binding motif and a mass of 34 kDa. To investigate the role of this protein, we constructed a mutant in which the original A32 gene was replaced by an inducible copy. The recombinant virus, vA32i, has a conditional lethal phenotype: infectious virus formation was dependent on isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). Under nonpermissive conditions, the mutant synthesized early- and late-stage viral proteins, as well as viral DNA that was processed into unit-length genomes. Electron microscopy of cells infected in the absence of IPTG revealed normal-appearing crescents and immature virus particles but very few with nucleoids. Instead of brick-shaped mature particles with defined core structures, there were numerous electron-dense, spherical particles. Some of these spherical particles were wrapped with cisternal membranes, analogous to intracellular and extracellular enveloped virions. Mutant viral particles, purified by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, had low infectivity and transcriptional activity, and the majority were spherical and lacked DNA. Nevertheless, the particle preparation contained representative membrane proteins, cleaved and uncleaved core proteins, the viral RNA polymerase, the early transcription factor and several enzymes, suggesting that incorporation of these components is not strictly coupled to DNA packaging.
DNA synthesis by mammalian cells inhibited in culture by 5-lodo-2'-deoxyuridine.

In the presence of 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (IUdR; 1-2 x l0-4 M) P815Y murine mast tumor cells in culture complete only one doubling of their cell number and one doubling of their DNA. Even though DNA does not increase beyond this one doubling, DNA synthesis continues in IUdR-inhibited cultures. 3H-Thymidine is incorporated into DNA, and the pattern of the incorporation as seen with CsCl density gradient centrifugation agrees with the pattern that would be expected from replication of hybrid DNA containing IUdR in one strand (IU-THY DNA) in medium without IUdR. A new band appears at the density of native DNA, and both the new band and the IU-THY band are radioactive. Because in all experiments the specific radioactivity of the IU-THY band was about one-half that of the native DNA band, it is suggested that only one-half of the IU-THY DNA replicates. The failure of the amount of DNA in the culture to increase despite the continued synthesis of DNA suggested that breakdown of DNA must occur in IUdR-inhibited cultures. IU-THY DNA was labeled with radioactivity in either the IUdR-containing strand or in the thymidine-containing strand. Both strands were found to break down at about the same rate, and the rate of breakdown appeared to be sufficient to account for the failure of DNA to accumulate in the inhibited culture. This experiment also indicated that the breakdown of DNA was not a consequence of DNA "repair," since the distinguishing feature of "repair" is selective removal of abnormal DNA. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to thank Dr. Pauline Chang for the 3H-IUdR. We are indebted to Mrs. Agneta Brown, Miss Katja Hahn, and Mrs. Donna Reno for their very able technical assistance. This investigation was supported by Public Health Service Research grant No. CA-02817-09 from the National Cancer Institute. N. R. Morris is an American Cancer Society Scholar in Cancer Research; supported by grant No. P333 of the American Cancer Society.
World Bank Group Entrepreneurship and Economic Development: Audio of Presentation

The 2007 World Bank Group Entrepreneurship Survey database includes cross-country, time-series data on the number of total and newly registered businesses, collected directly from Registrar of Companies around the world.
Part-load HVAC Efficiency

HVAC systems are designed to serve a wide range of loads. Full-load equipment efficiency determines energy use at maximum load, but efficiency rates change at part load. Some HVAC systems, such as those serving data centers or manufacturing plants, may see near full-load conditions much of the time, and in these systems part-load discussions have little value. However, for the bulk of HVAC applications, reduced-load operating hours are significant. This article will discuss part-load energy use and common patterns in HVAC equipment and systems, including representative graphs to illustrate the tendencies. While the examples used are for HVAC systems, many of the concepts are equally applied to electrical systems and industrial processes. Throughout this article, take-away concepts are repeated in text boxes in the margins.
VLSI implementation of single chip JPEG codec

This paper describes a single chip solution of the JPEG standard's baseline system. A VLSI architecture is proposed to get better trade-off between chip size and performance. The IC is implemented in a 1.0 mu m CMOS process with a die size of 11.2*10.8 mm/sup 2/. >
Partition Identities Involving Gaps and Weights, II

In this second paper under the same title, some more weighted representations are obtained for various classical partition functions including p(n), the number of unrestricted partitions of n, Q(n), the number of partitions of n into distinct parts and the Rogers-Ramanujan partitions of n (of both types). The weights derived here are given either in terms of congruence conditions satisfied by the parts or in terms of chains of gaps between the parts. Some new connections between partitions of the Rogers-Ramanujan, Schur and Gollnitz-Gordon type are revealed.
Dispersal and establishment filters influence the assembly of restored prairie plant communities

Community assembly filters, which in theory determine the suite of species that arrive at and establish in a community, have tremendous conceptual relevance to restoration. However, the concept has remained largely theoretical, with a paucity of empirical tests. As such, the applicability of assembly filters theory to ecological restoration remains incompletely known. We tested the relative strengths of dispersal and establishment filters by comparing the plant species composition, measured by species' presence/absence, in 29 restored prairies with the seed mixes used to restore each prairie. We found that both establishment and dispersal filters limited prairie similarity to the seed mix. Sown species responded differentially to filters, with a few species limited only by dispersal (seed density), many others limited only by establishment conditions (i.e. organic matter and sand content of soils, land use history, and fire frequency), and others limited by both dispersal and establishment filters. A few species, typically those sown most often, were not restricted by dispersal or establishment filters, likely because they were sown in high enough densities and all sites had suitable environmental conditions. Finally, one group of species established poorly, but we could not attribute this to either dispersal or establishment filters. This information can help land managers select species likely to establish in restorations when sown at sufficient densities. These results illustrate that dispersal and establishment filters limit the establishment of species in restored communities and these filters are species-dependent. Identifying the most limiting filter(s) for species will inform strategies to increase their establishment success.
Glossolalia: A Historical/Psychological Analysis of the Phenomenon, Speaking in Tongues

This study will trace the biblical and historical manifestations of glossolalia, (Speaking in Tongues), as it occurred in the context of first century Christianity and moved through the ages, culminating in the twentieth century. This report will explore the meaning and psychological consequences resulting from the glossolalia experience. Once these objectives have been met, this inquiry will briefly analyze and integrate the biblical text into a meaningful resolution drawing its conclusions from the evidence presented in this report.
Remote Characterization of Ventilation Systems using Tracer Gas and CFD in an Underground Mine

Following an unexpected event in an underground mine, it is important to know the state of the mine immediately, in order to manage the situation effectively. Especially when part or the whole mine is inaccessible, remotely and quickly ascertaining the ventilation status is essential to mine personnel and rescue teams for making effective decisions. This study developed a methodology that combines tracer gas and CFD modeling to remotely analyze underground mine ventilation systems. The study was conducted in an underground mine with four different ventilation scenarios created intentionally for this study to simulate different ventilation damage scenarios. CFD models were built to simulate these ventilation scenarios and compared with the field experimental data to identify which scenarios had actually happened. The CFD model was also used to optimize tracer test parameters, guaranteeing that the status of a ventilation system can be identified more rapidly in an emergency situation. This work demonstrated that general determination of changes to a mine ventilation system is achievable through examination of tracer gas profiles and CFD modeling. Additionally, limitations of this approach are identified and discussed.
Computation of Accurate Activation Barriers for Methyl-Transfer Reactions of Sulfonium and Ammonium Salts in Aqueous Solution

The energetics of methyl-transfer reactions from dimethylammonium, tetramethylammonium, and trimethylsulfonium to dimethylamine were computed with density functional theory, MP2, CBS-QB3, and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) Monte Carlo methods. At the CBS-QB3 level, the gas-phase activation enthalpies are computed to be 9.9, 15.3, and 7.9 kcal/mol, respectively. MP2/6-31+G(d,p) activation enthalpies are in best agreement with the CBS-QB3 results. The effects of aqueous solvation on these reactions were studied with polarizable continuum model, generalized Born/surface area (GB/SA), and QM/MM Monte Carlo simulations utilizing free-energy perturbation theory in which the PDDG/PM3 semiempirical Hamiltonian for the QM and explicit TIP4P water molecules in the MM region were used. In the aqueous phase, all of these reactions proceed more slowly when compared to the gas phase, since the charged reactants are stabilized more than the transition structure geometries with delocalized positive charges. In order to obtain the aqueous-phase activation free energies, the gas-phase activation free energies were corrected with the solvation free energies obtained from single-point conductor-like polarizable continuum model and GB/SA calculations for the stationary points along the reaction coordinate.
Intercalate structure, melting, and the commensurate-incommensurate transition in bromine-intercalated graphite

In situ high-resolution x-ray scattering experiments have been carried out to study in-plane intercalate structure and phase transitions as a function of temperature in a single crystal graphite host. For the case of bromine-intercalated graphite the intercalate plane has three sublattices and each sublattice has a centered ($\sqrt{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7$) rectangular structure with four ${\mathrm{Br}}_{2}$ molecules per two-dimensional unit cell in the commensurate phase. The coherently ordered in-plane bromine regions exceed 10 000 \AA{} in size. Above the commensurate-incommensurate transition (342.20\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 K), a stripe domain phase becomes established in a single domain of a sublattice along the sevenfold direction. The incommensurability as a function of reduced temperature exhibits a power law with an exponent of 0.50\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02, confirming the existing theories. The relative shifts observed for the various harmonics are accurately predicted by a sharp-domain-wall model with $\frac{4\ensuremath{\pi}}{7}$ phase shifts. A power-law line shape is observed for the incommensurate intercalate layer, yielding values for the exponent $\ensuremath{\eta}$ consistent with model calculations. Results on the temperature dependence of the intensities, linewidths, and line shapes of several Bragg peaks around the melting transition are presented. The intercalate layer exhibits a continuous melting transition from a two-dimensional solid phase to an anisotropic fluid phase, occurring at 373.41\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10 K for a stage-4 compound.
Manipulation of rare isotope beams – from high to low energies

Abstract Projectile fragmentation above 50 MeV/u and in-flight separation is a powerful technique for the production and delivery of rare isotopes. The production is fast and chemistry independent, providing nuclides far away from the valley of beta stability and for a very large range of elements. These benefits can be maximized if the produced rare isotopes are made available also as low-energy beams (
An adaptive high-dimensional stochastic model representation technique for the solution of stochastic partial differential equations

A computational methodology is developed to address the solution of high-dimensional stochastic problems. It utilizes high-dimensional model representation (HDMR) technique in the stochastic space to represent the model output as a finite hierarchical correlated function expansion in terms of the stochastic inputs starting from lower-order to higher-order component functions. HDMR is efficient at capturing the high-dimensional input-output relationship such that the behavior for many physical systems can be modeled to good accuracy only by the first few lower-order terms. An adaptive version of HDMR is also developed to automatically detect the important dimensions and construct higher-order terms using only the important dimensions. The newly developed adaptive sparse grid collocation (ASGC) method is incorporated into HDMR to solve the resulting sub-problems. By integrating HDMR and ASGC, it is computationally possible to construct a low-dimensional stochastic reduced-order model of the high-dimensional stochastic problem and easily perform various statistic analysis on the output. Several numerical examples involving elementary mathematical functions and fluid mechanics problems are considered to illustrate the proposed method. The cases examined show that the method provides accurate results for stochastic dimensionality as high as 500 even with large-input variability. The efficiency of the proposed method is examined by comparing with Monte Carlo (MC) simulation.
Patterns of Cystine Reduction by Fibroblasts from Normal and Cystinotic Children

Summary: The possibility that the enzymatic reduction of cystine involves a multi-enzyme system led to re-evaluation of cystine reduction by flbroblasts from normal and cystinotic patients. Lineweavcr- Burk plots of data with extracts of a normal cell line, representative of seven normal cell lines, under conditions of increasing cystine with variable levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) resulted in a two-limbed curve above 100 μM cystine. Two cell lines from children with nephropnthic cystinosis containing 1–6 μmol half-cystine/g protein gave a family of curves similar to those of the normal. With six fibroblast lines containing more than 6 μmol half-cystine/g protein, increasing cystine resulted in a family of lines without two-limbed curves. Plots of the data as activity against increasing cystine concentrations at ratios of cystine to GSH of 1:2 and 1:1 showed that two of the three lines from cystinotic subjects reduced cystine at a faster rate than the normal line. The third line from a cystinotic patient reduced cystine at a slightly slower rate when the substrate concentration in the assay was less than 80 μM cystine. When the cystine to GSH ratio was maintained at 2:1, normal cells showed a linear increase in the rate of cystine reduction up to 100 μM cystine, no increase in the rate between 100 μM and 200 μM cystine, and an increase again when the concentration of cystine was raised above 200 μM. Such a stepwise phenomenon was absent with six cell lines containing more than 6 μmol half-cystine/g cellular protein. A possible mechanism of control of cystine reduction is discussed. Speculation: A defect in the reductive mechanism of cystine metabolism has been suggested as a cause of cystinosis. Plots of the rate of cystine reduction with increasing cystine concentration at a cystine to glutathione ratio of 2:1 showed a pattern typical of a multiple enzyme system with extracts from normal cells. Since such a two-step configuration is not observed with extracts from cells containing high levels of intracellular cystine, the control of cystine reduction inherent in the complex multienzyme system in normal cells may be absent, altered, or defective in cells from cystinotic patients. This difference in the pattern of cystine reduction by cells from cystinotic patients could be due to either a primary or a secondary factor resulting in sequestration of cystine in cystinosis. However, many additional kinetic parameters, starting with delineation of the multistep enzyme system, remain to be investigated before a judgment can be made as to the role of this abnormal pattern in the storage of cystine by cells from cystinotics.
Preservation of waste water samples prior to analysis

Abstract This study was undertaken to determine the changes in the characteristics of raw sewage that may occur between the collection and analysis of sewage samples and to determine time and temperature relationships useful for sample preservations. Raw sewage samples were stored in stoppered glass containers at four temperatures, 37, 20, 10 and 1° C, and analysed at different time intervals over a period of 6–7 days. The samples were analysed for: total and soluble chemical oxygen demand, total and soluble biochemical oxygen demand, pH, dissolved oxygen and suspended solids. The results of the study indicated that: (1) a temperature of 37° C is inadequate for long-term storage of raw sewage, (2) a period of 6–12 hr at 37° C between collection and analysis will not produce major changes in the BOD, COD and suspended solids of the samples, (3) during the first 12–24 hr of storage at 10 and 20° C, no important variations in the BOD, COD and suspended solids were observed, and (4) at a temperature of 1° C, the parameters studied remained unchanged for at least 6 days.
Mercurial from synthesis to superconductivity: thermodynamic stratification of anionic charge ordering in cuprates

Abstract Relationships between synthesis conditions and structural or superconducting properties are discussed for simple cuprates (YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 , YBa 2 Cu 4 O 8 or CaBa 2 Cu 3 O 6 ) in the subperoxide model. It is shown that overoxidation (Ox) below a characteristic broad thermodynamic threshold (Δ H *∼200 kJ), induces metastable subperoxide (O q 1−2 q ) formation which can relieve structural slab mismatch. The thermodynamic parentage of subperoxides in peroxides (e.g., BaO 2 and fictitious CuO 2 ) is discussed; their similar thermodynamics can lead to ‘balanced’ subperoxides and with it superconductivity. By comparison the observation of strong c axis contraction and T c collapse (Col) is correlated with preferential occupation of O − on the apical sites (BaO 2 ). Reductive self doping (Red) of nominal semiconductors to O q 1−2 q can also occur due to the developing structural slab tension (tension doping), e.g., on cooling and superconductivity can be generally seen as the final step in a sequence of metastable escape routes. Accordingly subperoxidic electronic melting can be employed in order to adapt to spatial stress. Superconductivity is therefore primarily a crystal chemical problem with the creation and annihilation of subperoxidic O dictated by factors such as lattice pressure. The present work supplies a thermodynamic frame for these ideas.
Convexity, Classification, and Risk Bounds

Many of the classification algorithms developed in the machine learning literature, including the support vector machine and boosting, can be viewed as minimum contrast methods that minimize a convex surrogate of the 0–1 loss function. The convexity makes these algorithms computationally efficient. The use of a surrogate, however, has statistical consequences that must be balanced against the computational virtues of convexity. To study these issues, we provide a general quantitative relationship between the risk as assessed using the 0–1 loss and the risk as assessed using any nonnegative surrogate loss function. We show that this relationship gives nontrivial upper bounds on excess risk under the weakest possible condition on the loss function—that it satisfies a pointwise form of Fisher consistency for classification. The relationship is based on a simple variational transformation of the loss function that is easy to compute in many applications. We also present a refined version of this result in the...
Light-induced drift in a gas mixture with spectral structure formed by radiative transfer

Abstract It has been suggested that white light-induced drift might be a mechanism for the separation of species in chemically peculiar stars. Light-induced drift velocities are calculated as a function of optical depth for two species of two level atoms in a gas mixture. Fraunhofer spectral lines form by radiative transfer as the light escapes from the optically-thick environment. Both species are assumed to be identical except for their resonant frequencies, which are separated by a small frequency displacement on the order of the Doppler width. Complete frequency redistribution is assumed. It is found that outward and inward propagating light both contribute to the light-induced drift. The outward contribution dominates near the edge of the vapor. Calculated drift velocities are ∼ 1 m/sec at temperatures of 6000 K.
The Rel family of eukaryotic transcription factors

Members of the Rel transcription factor family mediate the response of eukaryotic cells to a broad range of environmental threats, in addition to serving an essential role in the development of certain vertebrate and insect cells. It is now apparent that there are two classes of Rel proteins, which differ in whether they bind DNA as monomers or dimers and which use markedly different mechanisms to transduce intracellular signals. Recent progress has been made towards understanding the structural basis for the fascinating biology of these proteins.
Father-Absent Women: Self-Concept and Modes of Relating to Men'

Four groups of college-age women were used to determine the relationship between absence of father in childhood and adult self-concept and interpersonal relationships with men. Groups consisted of 15 father-present subjects who came from intact homes; 15 father-absent (FA) subjects with no older brothers who experienced the death of their father early in life; 15 FA subjects with no older brothers who experienced father loss due to divorce; and 12 FA subjects with one or more older brothers whose parents were divorced. The Tennessee Self-Concept Scale and a self-report questionnaire of modes of relating to men were the dependent variable measures. Results revealed no significant differences among groups in most areas of self-concept or interpersonal relationships with both older and age-peer men. Only in social self-concept and “nurturance behavior” with age-peer men were significant differences observed. Thus, only partial support of the hypotheses of differences was obtained. Reasons for the departure between earlier and present results are proposed.
Friendship in Politics

Abstract Friendship has different aspects, enacted socially and politically in ways that differ by locale and by era. A key difference is between ancient and modern times, the one marked by low density and physical intimacy, the other by high density and sharp individuation. The challenge is to transfer what is valuable from the first and adapt it aptly to the politics of the second. This philosophical retrieval of friendship, and its express restoration to politics, encounters difficulties, not least along stipulative and analytical lines. This essay sketches a basic conceptual grid for friendship applicable to modernity. It stresses continuity between reciprocal (dyadic) friendships and friendship networks, on the one hand; and unilateral friendship (universal friendliness), on the other. The state, a system of power relations, can be helpfully checked and balanced at the level of civil society by vibrant dyads and networks and a generalized morality of friendliness.
Inductively Coupled Plasma Etching of Complementary Barrier Infrared Detector Focal Plane Arrays for Long-Wave Infrared Imaging

We report on the details of inductively coupled plasma etching for achieving low dark current long-wavelength infrared focal plane arrays (FPAs). External factors that influence the etching process are studied. A high-quality hard mask for excellent pattern transfer is discussed. Next, a suitable mounting technique for good thermal contact is described. Finally, the challenges and differences between etching large 200-μm test diodes and small 28-μm FPA pixels are discussed. The complete etching process is then demonstrated on a 320 × 256 complementary barrier infrared detector FPA. The mean dark current density of 2.2 × 10-4A/cm2 is measured at an operating bias of 128 mV with a 50% cutoff wavelength of 8.8 μm. Good imagery is achieved with an array yielding an 81% fill factor with 97% operability. Operating at T = 80 K, the measured mean noise equivalent differential temperature is 18.6 mK, and the mean detectivity is D* = 1.3 × 1011cm-Hz1/2/W.
Treatment package produces acquisition, generalization, and maintenance of PECS use in four young children with autism

This review provides a summary and appraisal commentary on the treatment review by Greenberg, A. L., Erickson Tomaino, M. A., & Charlop, M. H. (2012). Assessing generalization of the picture exchange communication system in children with autism. Journal of Developmental Physical Disabilities, 24, 539–558. Source of funding and disclosure of interest: No source of funding reported, and no conflicts of interest reported by the original authors of this research report.
Bulk nanocrystalline aluminum 5083 alloy fabricated by a novel technique: Cryomilling and spark plasma sintering

Dense, bulk nanocrystalline aluminum 5083 alloy was fabricatedvia a combined technique: cryomilling (mechanical milling at cryogenic temperature) to achieve the nanocrystalline Al 5083 powder and spark plasma sintering (SPS) to consolidate the cryomilled powder. The results of X-ray diffraction analysis indicate that the average grain size in the SPS consolidated material is 51 nm, one of the smallest grain sizes ever reported in bulk Al alloys produced by powder metallurgy derived methods. In contrast, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed a bimodal grain size distribution, with an average grain size of 47 nm in the fine-grained regions and approximately 300 nm in the coarse-grained regions. Nanoindentation was used to evaluate the mechanical properties and the uniformity of the consolidated nanocrystalline Al 5083. The hardness of the material is greatly improved over that of the conventional equivalent, due to the fine grain size. The mechanisms for spark plasma sintering and the microstructural evolution are discussed on the basis of the experimental findings.
Duodenal pseudomelanosis associated with chronic renal failure.

Duodenal pseudomelanosis is a condition associated with dark pigment in the duodenal mucosa. This condition was first described in 1976,1 and six more isolated cases have subsequently been reported.7 In this article three patients with duodenal pseudomelanosis are described. Each of these patients had chronic renal failure, raising the possibility of an association between the development of duodenal pigmentation and this disease.
Quadratic programming algorithms for large-scale model predictive control

Abstract Quadratic programming (QP) methods are an important element in the application of model predictive control (MPC). As larger and more challenging MPC applications are considered, more attention needs to be focused on the construction and tailoring of efficient QP algorithms. In this study, we tailor and apply a new QP method, called QPSchur, to large MPC applications, such as cross directional control problems in paper machines. Written in C++, QPSchur is an object oriented implementation of a novel dual space, Schur complement algorithm. We compare this approach to three widely applied QP algorithms and show that QPSchur is significantly more efficient (up to two orders of magnitude) than the other algorithms. In addition, detailed simulations are considered that demonstrate the importance of the flexible, object oriented construction of QPSchur, along with additional features for constraint handling, warm starts and partial solution.
Factors Influencing a Person to Become More Physically Active

In the first phase of the study, 170 introductory psychology students were administered six questionnaires dealing with various beliefs and attributions about general lifestyle patterns and their consequences. Physical activity was generally perceived in a positive way and there were sex differences in the way in which such activities were practiced and the extent to which they provided deflection of stress. In Phase 2, 65 inactive individuals from Phase 1 were exposed to an information-feedback manipulation which was not effective in promoting interest in obtaining reading material on exercise or in encouraging initiation of activity.
Silver Nanoparticles from Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis of Aqueous Silver Nitrate

Silver particles less than 20 nm in diameter were synthesized by pyrolysis of an ultrasonically atomized spray of highly dilute aqueous silver nitrate solution at temperatures above 650°C and below the melting point of silver. Feed solution concentration and ultrasound power applied to the atomizer were found to have a significant impact on the particle size of the silver nanoparticles. Average particle size was found to be controllable in the range of 20 nm to 300 nm by varying the solution concentration and the ultrasound power to the atomizer.