cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distributed Source Coding With Context Modeling

We introduce context modeling into the distributed source coding (DSC). By forming contexts from prior coded bitplanes of both the reference and DSC coded peer, we split the virtual channel between the two correlated bitplanes into several virtual sub-channels of different characteristics. The selection of the sub-channel becomes side information that is known to the receiver. As a result, the DSC coding bitrate is reduced. We also investigate a number of practical implementation issues in DSC; e.g., the use of turbo-based channel code vs. the LDPC-based channel code, and the use of a random flipper to handle the binary asymmetric channel. We implemented a practical DSC audio coding system. We show that DSC without context modeling shows little performance gain compared with separate source coding with context modeling. In comparison, context DSC achieves an overall rate saving of 36%, even as we only applied DSC on a selected number of bitplanes, and considering the channel code loss in practical implementation
Querying structured text in an XML database

XML databases often contain documents comprising structured text. Therefore, it is important to integrate "information retrieval style" query evaluation, which is well-suited for natural language text, with standard "database style" query evaluation, which handles structured queries efficiently. Relevance scoring is central to information retrieval. In the case of XML, this operation becomes more complex because the data required for scoring could reside not directly in an element itself but also in its descendant elements.In this paper, we propose a bulk-algebra, TIX, and describe how it can be used as a basis for integrating information retrieval techniques into a standard pipelined database query evaluation engine. We develop new evaluation strategies essential to obtaining good performance, including a stack-based TermJoin algorithm for efficiently scoring composite elements. We report results from an extensive experimental evaluation, which show, among other things, that the new TermJoin access method outperforms a direct implementation of the same functionality using standard operators by a large factor.
Civic Returns to Higher Education: A Note on Heterogeneous Effects

American educational leaders and philosophers have long valued schooling for its role in preparing the nation's youth to be civically engaged citizens. Numerous studies have found a positive relationship between education and subsequent civic participation. However, little is known about possible variation in effects by selection into higher education, a critical omission considering education's expressed role as a key mechanism for integrating disadvantaged individuals into civic life. I disaggregate effects and examine whether civic returns to higher education are largest for disadvantaged low likelihood or advantaged high likelihood college goers. I find evidence for significant effect heterogeneity: civic returns to college are greatest among individuals who have a low likelihood for college completion. Returns decrease as the propensity for college increases.
Voltage-dependent K+ channel gating and voltage sensor toxin sensitivity depend on the mechanical state of the lipid membrane

Voltage-dependent K+ (Kv) channels underlie action potentials through gating conformational changes that are driven by membrane voltage. In this study of the paddle chimera Kv channel, we demonstrate that the rate of channel opening, the voltage dependence of the open probability, and the maximum achievable open probability depend on the lipid membrane environment. The activity of the voltage sensor toxin VsTx1, which interferes with voltage-dependent gating by partitioning into the membrane and binding to the channel, also depends on the membrane. Membrane environmental factors that influence channel function are divisible into two general categories: lipid compositional and mechanical state. The mechanical state can have a surprisingly large effect on the function of a voltage-dependent K+ channel, including its pharmacological interaction with voltage sensor toxins. The dependence of VSTx1 activity on the mechanical state of the membrane leads us to hypothesize that voltage sensor toxins exert their effect by perturbing the interaction forces that exist between the channel and the membrane.
Dual Easy Axes Effect on Nanosized Near-Spherical Particles for Advanced Tape Storage

Conventional needle-shaped tape particles utilize shape anisotropy to enable magnetic storage. Developed with near-spherical shape and strong crystalline anisotropy, the nanosized composite advanced particles (NanoCAP) are one of the potential candidates for future tape data storage. However, because of the imperfect shape in fabrication, significant shape anisotropy still exists in NanoCAP, forming a second easy axis in addition to that of the crystalline anisotropy. In this paper, the effect of the dual easy axes is studied by micromagnetic modeling. The analysis shows that the parasitic shape anisotropy degrades media performance. Schemes for reducing the parasitic shape anisotropy are quantitatively evaluated.
Unny Symposium: Why are You Here?

The purposes of conference attendance are discussed and the subject matter of this symposium is examined in its broadest scientific and engineering contexts. Examples are drawn from the published work of Denys Gamblin, Harold Thomas Jr., C. V. Theis, Morris Ettinger, Sir Peter Medawar, Arthur Morgan, Chick Sale, and Myron Fiering to place into perspective work in hydrology and environmental engineering. The scientific basis of those fields is explored with the purpose of focusing attention on the need for rigorous hypothesis testing. Statistical and stochastic methods for describing variability relevant to water resource and environmental engineering decision making are considered. The need for developing the scientific basis for the entire field is emphasized and examples are drawn from the field of environmental fluid mechanics to show the importance of coupling experimental work with theoretical developments.
Pre-Main-Sequence Evolution

The time for the completion of protostellar evolution is effectively 2–3 times the free-fall time of the outer layers, which lies in the range 105–106 yr, depending on the initial density. As the accretion rate tapers off in the later phases and the infalling envelope becomes less and less opaque, the observable surface of the protostar declines in luminosity and increases in temperature. Once the infalling envelope becomes transparent, the observer can see through to the stellar core at optical and near IR wavelengths, which by now can be identified in the H–R diagram as a star with a photospheric spectrum. The locus in the diagram connecting the points where stars of various masses first make their appearance is known as the birth line; it is shown as the upper envelope of the tracks in Fig. 1.21.
Democracy, Equality and Taxes

Our national political debate, since its beginning, has raised questions about what taxation is legitimate. Recently, there has been renewed interest in the appropriate allocation of our collective tax burden because it is the most important means by which our political system implements its version of distributive justice. Despite an increasingly strident rhetoric, there has been little productive dialogue. This is unfortunate since tax issues such as these are really questions about government legitimacy and the proper relationship between individuals and government. It is not surprising, then, that one of the most frequently debated (by politicians, the public and academics) questions is whether a tax system that places a heavier tax burden on the wealthy through progressive tax rates is compatible with a government dedicated to political equality. This foundational question is frequently answered in the negative, despite the lack of any serious examination of democracy, its nature or definition. Democracy, Equality and Taxes examines this central question by asking if our current, progressive tax structure is compatible with democracy. After reviewing political and philosophical theories debated by the Founders to demonstrate that our Constitution is ultimately a democratic document, this Article examines the question of what allocation of the tax burden is consistent with democratic government. By examining this important question historically, outside of our all too familiar world, a cross-cultural comparison will show that allocating the tax burden to the wealthy is not only consistent with but necessary for a democratic government committed to political equality. A common dedication to political equality and freedom characterizes both ancient and modern democracy. By examining Athenian democracy, the most important model (both historically and for the Founders), it becomes clear that there is no necessary link between equal political rights and the obligation to fund a democratic government. On the contrary, a comparison of political systems and their allocation of tax burdens reveals exactly the opposite relationship usually assumed. Equal tax burdens characterize non-democratic political systems. Governments funded through generally applicable, flat taxes are uniformly those least devoted to political equality. Athenian democracy, with its complete commitment to political equality, allocated its tax burden to the wealthy and exempted ordinary citizens from tax, an exemption largely responsible for incorporation of ordinary (i.e., non-wealthy) citizens in democratic government. In sum, democracy by definition and normative content does not require equality of tax burdens. If the democratic ideals of political equality and freedom are identified as central to our political identity, future debates involving tax issues will benefit from recognition that the allocation of the tax burden should be consistent with these tenets.
Isolation and Properties of Human Platelet Mitochondria

A mitochondrial fraction of human platelets that exhibited respiration coupled to ADP utilization has been isolated. These activities were sensitive to classical inhibitors of mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation. Pyridine nucleotide-linked substrates were oxidized at low rates (4-7 natoms/min/ mg), but succinate and α-glycerophosphate were oxidized more rapidly (16 and 38 natoms/min/mg, respectively). Difference spectra showed the presence of the mitochondrial respiratory chain cytochromes, c1 + c, b, and a + a3. Electron micrographs revealed the presence of intact mitochondria with well-preserved outer membranes, as well as various α-granules. There appeared to be no qualitative differences between these human platelet mitochondria and pig platelet mitochondria isolated by the same procedure.
A Systematic Review of Diuretics in the Medical Management of Ménière's Disease.

Objective(1) Review evidence for the use of oral diuretic medications in the management of Meniere’s disease. (2) Analyze therapy-related hearing and vertigo outcomes.Data SourcesLiterature was obt...
A New Method of Increasing Mail Survey Responses: Contributions to Charity:

The authors investigated the effectiveness of two types of promised incentives in producing responses to a mail survey: a personal cash payment versus an identical (one dollar) contribution to a ch...
Intrinsic Paramagnetic Defects in Zirconium and Hafnium Oxide Films

Thin films of zirconium oxide (ZrO x ) and hafnium oxide (HfO x ) were rf sputtered onto fused silica substrates in an oxygen rich argon environment. Pure zirconium and hafnium targets were used, and the oxygen partial pressure was varied to control the oxygen stoichiometry. Measurement of the EPR characteristics of the ZrO x films indicated two peaks corresponding to two orientations of the magnetic field. This anisotropic response suggested the films were polycrystalline with a preferred orientation. This was confirmed by XRD pole figures. The measured g -values for the ZrO x films were less than the free-spin g -value, indicating the defects corresponded to electron traps. It was further shown that the lower the oxygen partial pressure during deposition, the larger the EPR response, strongly suggesting the traps correspond to oxygen vacancies in ZrO x . Hafnium oxide thin films were also characterized by EPR. The EPR measurements indicated the presence of a single resonance peak, suggesting these films were polycrystalline without a preferred orientation or amorphous. XRD measurements confirmed that the HfO x films were amorphous. The g -value for these films was greater than that the free-spin value, indicating the presence of possibly self-trapped oxygen hole centers. These results will be discussed in the context of prior experimental and theoretical work on these systems.
Holographic Correction of Surface Errors on Large-Scale Diffraction Gratings

Surface-deformation induced wavefront error on large-scale diffraction gratings prevents short-pulse laser systems using such gratings for compressing chirped pulses from realizing Fourier transform-limited laser pulses. A solution was developed to compensate for the surface sag errors by varying the grating line spacing locally. The one dimensional formula for the grating line density as a function of surface sag has been derived. An integrated FRED-Matlab optical model of a pulse compression system including two pair of i-dentical parallel 1. 5-m diffraction gratings and an F/2 off axis parabola was built. This model, capable of locally varying grating groove spacing and incorporating surface sag errors, was used to analyze the effectiveness of the correction on the focused pulse spatially and temporally.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy Versus 3-Dimensional Conformal Radiation Therapy for Preoperative Treatment of Extremity Soft Tissue Sarcomas.

Purpose Create a cost-effectiveness model comparing preoperative intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) versus 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT) for extremity soft tissue sarcomas. Methods and Materials Input parameters included 5-year local recurrence rates, rates of acute wound adverse events, and chronic toxicities (edema, fracture, joint stiffness, and fibrosis). Health-state utilities were used to calculate quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Overall treatment costs per QALY or incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) were calculated. Roll-back analysis was performed using average costs and utilities to determine the baseline preferred radiation technique. One-way, 2-way, and probabilistic sensitivity analyses (PSA) were performed for input parameters with the largest impact on the ICER. Results Overall treatment costs were $17,515.58 for 3DCRT compared with $22,920.51 for IMRT. The effectiveness was higher for IMRT (3.68 QALYs) than for 3DCRT (3.35 QALYs). The baseline ICER for IMRT was $16,842.75/QALY, making it the preferable treatment. The ICER was most sensitive to the probability of local recurrence, upfront radiation costs, local recurrence costs, certain utilities (no toxicity/no recurrence, grade 1 toxicity/no local recurrence, grade 4 toxicity/no local recurrence), and life expectancy. Dominance patterns emerged when the cost of 3DCRT exceeded $15,532.05 (IMRT dominates) or the life expectancy was under 1.68 years (3DCRT dominates). Furthermore, preference patterns changed based on the rate of local recurrence (threshold: 13%). The PSA results demonstrated that IMRT was the preferred cost-effective technique for 64% of trials compared with 36% for 3DCRT. Conclusions Based on our model, IMRT is the preferred technique by lowering rates of local recurrence, severe toxicities, and improving QALYs. From a third-party payer perspective, IMRT should be a supported approach for extremity soft tissue sarcomas.
Application of Deep Learning to CryoEM Heterogeneity Analysis

For specimens with a high degree of conformational homogeneity, existing single particle reconstruction algorithms can achieve very high resolutions, and generally, the various algorithms used in CryoEM agree. When specimens exhibit conformational variability or combine this with compositional variability, achieving high resolution or even self-consistent results can be much more challenging. Traditional machine learning/neural network approaches are difficult to apply to image processing due to the need for good representative training sets. However, deep learning is a recently developed method which can extract features from unlabeled data through an unsupervised approach similar to the PCA widely used in CryoEM, where the training process itself is performing the desired analysis. Whereas PCA is a linear process, deep learning normally incorporates a multi-layer structure and a nonlinear activation function which can give it fundamentally different behavior. We have applied deep learning to the analysis of heterogeneous single particle analysis problems in both 2D and 3D. The features being trained represent the differences among populations of particles similar to the Eigenimages found using PCA analysis. We have analyzed several specimens using this method, including IP3 receptor, Fatty Acid Synthase and others, and have successfully characterized local variability with more detail than we previously achieved using standard PCA based methods.
The Effect of a Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program on Physical Activity and Health-Related Fitness in Children From Low-Income Families.

Background:The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program (CSPAP) on physical activity and health-related fitness (HRF) in children from low-income families.Methods:Participants included 1390 children recruited from kindergarten through sixth grade (mean age = 8.4 ± 1.8 years). Physical activity measures were collected at baseline and at 6 weeks and 12 weeks after program implementation, and HRF measures were collected at baseline and at 12 weeks after program implementation.Results:There were significant but weak-to-moderate increases in step counts (mean difference = 603.1 steps, P < .001, d = 0.39) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (mean difference = 4.9 minutes, P < .001, d = 0.39) at 12 weeks compared with baseline. There were also significant but moderate increases in Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run laps (mean difference = 6.5 laps, P < .001, d = 0.47) at 12 weeks compared with baseline. Generalized mixed models respe...
Using Constitutional Law Classes to Address the “Civic Empowerment Gap” Among Inner-City Public High School Students:

Civic knowledge and participation are low among all students, but this pattern is even more pronounced for those who are poor, belong to a racial or ethnic minority group, or reside in a disadvanta...
β-Blocker Heart Attack Trial

The β- Blocker Heart Attack Trial (BHAT) was a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-sponsored multicentre, double- blind controlled clinical trial designed to test whether the regular administration of propranolol to men and women who had experienced at least 1 documented myocardial infarction would result in a significant reduction in all-cause mortality during the follow-up period. A total of 3837 persons aged 30 to 69 years were randomised to either propranolol or placebo, 5 to 21 days after infarction. Based on serum drug level, the prescribed maintenance dose of propranolol was either 180 or 240 mg/day. BHAT was stopped 9 months ahead of schedule due to a beneficial drug effect. Total mortality during the average 25-month follow-up period was 7.2% in the propranolol group and 9.8% in the placebo group. This difference was explained by a reduction in coronary heart disease mortality, both in sudden (defined as death within 1 hour of onset of symptoms) and non-sudden death. Serious side effects were uncommon. Based on the BHAT results, the use of propranolol is recommended for at least 3 years in patients with a recent myocardial infarction, who have no contraindications to β- blockade.
Diagnosed with Breast Cancer: Stigmatized or Member of an Empowered Sisterhood?

Breast cancer remains the most feared health condition women face - evoking anxiety and persistent stigma. However, it is no longer the shameful secret that it once was. As a result of the women’s health movement—both individual advocates and a sisterhood of breast cancer organizations—the discourse has evolved from deformity and victimization to feminine strength, economic power, and beauty. Compared to other health conditions, breast cancer has garnered a disproportionate share of media attention, research funding, and legislative action. The movement’s emphasis on staying positive, wearing pink, and joining the cause has not resonated for all. Alternate groups have chosen rather to celebrate women for their activism, encouraging expressions of sadness, and even anger, and to challenge establishment priorities.
Dynamic Duopoly Game: Differential Game Theoretic Approach

Abstract Output variation type Cournot duopoly game is studied within the framework of differential game theory. Necessary conditions for a general case are developed in their typical coupled form and the difference between an open-loop control (supply adjustment) and a closed-loop control is pointed out. Linear dynamic market demand function and quadratic cost functions case is then studied in detail and analytic expressions for the optimal Cournot controls are obtained in terms of the solution of a set of differential equations for a finite horizon case (t e [0, T)) and, a set of algebraic equations for an infinite horizon case (t e [0, ∞]).
Drainage of Intra-abdominal Abscesses

This review focuses on the current management of intra-abdominal abscesses that arise from various etiologies. Advances in imaging and percutaneous techniques now lead to image-guided percutaneous drainage as a major factor for the management of intra-abdominal abscesses. In many cases, drainage combined with systemic antibiotic therapy is often all that is necessary for abscess resolution. Emerging surgical techniques now incorporate percutaneous drainage procedures in a stepwise, methodical approach to managing pancreatic necrosis. Image-guided intra-abdominal abscess are a frequent clinical problem encountered in the trauma setting. In most cases, image-guided percutaneous drainage plays a vital role in managing.
Electrical and thermal system considerations for MVDC superconducting distribution on navy ships

The interest in using a superconducting (SC) distribution grid on a ship designed with a medium voltage dc (MVDC) system is a natural one, because superconductors (SCs) perform at their best under dc power. The potential advantages could be reduced losses, smaller cable plant size, and an electrically stiffer power bus. However, the use of SCs, does not eliminate losses completely and requires additional ancillary equipment. This paper provides an initial assessment of the potential benefits accrued from its adoption compared to any additional overhead, residual losses, and risk associated with a brand new shipboard system.
Improving Medication Safety and Cardiovascular Risk Factor Control to Mitigate Disparities in African-American Kidney Transplant Recipients: Design and Methods

There is a lack of data analyzing the influence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor control on graft survival disparities in African-American kidney transplant recipients. Studies in the general population indicate that CVD risk factor control is poor in African-Americans, leading to higher rates of renal failure and major acute cardiovascular events. However, with the exception of hypertension, there is no data demonstrating similar results within transplant recipients. Recent analyses conducted by our investigator group indicate that CVD risk factors, especially diabetes, are poorly controlled in African-American recipients, which likely impacts graft loss. This study protocol describes a prospective interventional clinical trial with the goal of demonstrating improved medication safety and CVD risk factor control in adult solitary kidney transplant recipients at least one-year post-transplant with a functioning graft. This is a prospective, interventional, 6-month, pharmacist-led and technology enabled study in adult kidney transplant recipients with the goal of improving CVD risk factor outcomes by improving medication safety and patient self-efficacy. This papers describes the issues related to racial disparities in transplant, the details of this intervention and how we expect this intervention to improve CVD risk factor control in kidney transplant recipients, particularly within African-Americans.
Some Observations On Theputative Fremont ”Presence” In Southern Idaho

Detailed attribute-oriented reanalysis of prehistoric coiled basketry from a series of rockshelters in southern Idaho affirms the probable presence of Fremont populations in that area as suggested ...
Paving the Way to Ultra-High-Resolution Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering with the SIX Beamline at NSLS-II

Many of the emergent properties in quantum materials manifest themselves as low-energy collective excitations involving entwined charge, spin, orbital, and lattice degrees of freedom. These propert...
Separation of Variables

This chapter examines the yield and application of separation of variables. It is applicable to most often, linear homogeneous partial differential equations. It yields an exact solution, generally in the form of an infinite series. A solution to a partial differential equation by separating the solution into pieces, where each piece deals with a single dependent variable is found. It is suggested for linear homogeneous partial differential equations to represent the solution as a sum of terms where each term factors into a product of expressions, each expression dealing with a single independent variable. For nonlinear equations, the solution may be represented as a sum of such expressions. In all cases, not only must the equation admit a solution of the proposed form, but the boundary conditions must also have the right form. It is found that since superposition can be used in linear equations, any number of terms will also be a solution of the original equation. It is observed that if each of these terms is multiplied by some constant, and then added together, the resulting expression will also be a solution.
Description of Molecules in Terms of Localized Orbitals

Historically the Hartree approximation originated from the wishful conjecture that it ought to be possible to reduce the many-electron problem to a pseudo-one-electron problem with a self-consistency requirement. It was a most welcome turn of events when V. Fock succeeded in deriving the Hartree-Fock equations from the many-electron Schrodinger variation principle by constraining the solution to be an antisymmetrized orbital product, characteristic of an “independent particle model.” However, Fock also pointed out that this rigorous point of view not only leads to the novel exchange terms in the energy and the self-consistent equations but, moreover, revealed a fundamental flexibility and ambiguity in the self-consistent-field orbitals: the SCF orbitals of the pseudo-one-electron equations are not the only possible solutions of the posed problem; there exist an infinite number of different equivalent orbital sets which represent equally good and valid solution possibilities. Nonetheless, the instinctive drive towards the quasi-one-e1ectron formalism continued and, for a considerable time, Fock’s observation seems to have been repressed as a disturbing complication.
Cephalosporins and Cephamycins

The clinician is faced with a veritable explosion in the investigation and introduction of cephalosporin and cephalosporinlike antibiotics. Although very little clinical and in vitro differences exist between the first generation cephalosporins (Fig. 1), there has been a steady proliferation of these agents. Although, the clinical efficacy of this versatile group of first generation cephalosporins, which are broad spectrum bactericidal beta lactam antibiotics, is well established, in fact, they are not the drug of choice for any specific infection. However, they have become the second choice drugs for many bacterial infections. This confusing situation will become even more complex, as the so-called second and third generation cephalosporins receive either widespread use or introduction into clinical medicine. This second generation and third generation of cephalosporins have enhanced broad spectrum antimicrobial activity, which may be of clinical importance. The cephamycin group of antibiotics which are related to he cephalosporins also have come into being.
Global Environmental Governance: Delicate Balances, Subtle Nuances, and Multiple Challenges

People, communities, states, and the world as a whole are today faced with the tough question of whether environmental threats can be brought under sufficient control to facilitate their management. The challenge of how to achieve and maintain sustainable development in which life on earth is improved without long-term damage to the environment is in reality a complex of multiple challenges, each of them serious, and all of them overlapping such that they are global in scope.
Dialogue and Diplomacy Through the Construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam

Ethiopia unilaterally launched the construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) on the main Blue Nile River (Abay) in April 2011. Since then, a series of negotiations have been conducted between Ethiopia, Egypt and Sudan at expert, ministerial and head of state levels, mainly to address Egypt’s concern on potential reduction of river flow as a result of the dam. The GERD is portrayed by Egypt as threat for water security while Sudan appears comfortable with immediate access to both water and power. Sudan has tacitly approved Ethiopia’s desire to build the dam anticipating benefits from a dam close to its border that could settle out sediment and control flooding. Other concerns include rate of initial dam filling, dam operations, and potential dam failure. There were four major agreements between Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt to address these concerns: formation of International Panel of Experts, signing of Declaration of Principles by heads of states, meeting of foreign and irrigation and water ministers on implementation of IPoE recommendations, approval of water resource and hydropower simulation study by international consultants. Several meetings and consultations have been conducted without tangible outcome because of the complexity of the problem. Several seesaw of agreements and disagreements, cooperation and concern, have been reported albeit any clear future path. At this time, after reviewing the preliminary report of the study plans by the French firms, Ethiopia has pulled out of the support for the study. Significant domestic political instability in Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia during the construction of GERD has been contributing to the slow and uncertain progress of dialogue and diplomacy.
The art of asking and answering Events, things, and librarianship in the disciplines:

This essay, which is primarily addressed to academic liaison/subject librarians, considers the degree to which the economically-centered rhetoric of resource production, distribution, and consumption – a language that centers librarianship on the management of things – has pervaded the institutions and practices of modern academic subject librarianship. Drawing on sources in history, literature, and philosophy, the discussion then seeks to recover and restore our sense of library resources as acts of communication between human beings, and proposes an alternate language to help structure and direct the practice of librarianship at a crucial juncture in the history of higher education. This proposed language views librarianship in particular, and intellectual life in general, as a meaningful network of events. The argument concludes by proposing a number of core functions for liaison/subject librarians to develop as they adapt the proposed new viewpoint to the intellectual life of their respective institutions.
Epidemiology of Sports Related Concussion in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu: A Cross-Sectional Study

Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) is a rapidly growing grappling sport with a wide spectrum of participants. This cross-sectional study examined the lifetime prevalence of concussion in adult BJJ practitioners in the United States using a 17-item survey. A total of 778 (11.4% female) BJJ practitioners with a median age of 31 years completed the survey. Overall, the lifetime prevalence of the self-reported BJJ-related concussion was 25.2%. However, the prevalence was higher among females than males (43.0% versus 22.9%; X2(1,740) = 15.129; p < 0.001). Factors independently associated with significantly increased odds of having sustained a BJJ-related concussion included a prior history of concussion (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.14–2.74; p = 0.011) and female gender (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.04–3.65; p = 0.037). The median return to sports time was three days, with 30.3% of participants returning on the same day as being concussed. The present study represents the first epidemiological research examining the concussions in BJJ. The results underscore the need for increased education on concussions and return to sports guidelines among BJJ coaches and practitioners.
Achieving self-management goals among low income older adults with functional limitations.

Abstract Although self-management interventions can improve symptoms and disease among older adults, there is a dearth of literature on how self-management behaviors may improve factors related to the older adults’ physical function. To fill this gap in the literature, we describe the patient-directed self-management goals in nursing visits that relate to physical function as part of a multi-component program. We analyze the self-management goals and outcomes of 367 low- income older adults with functional limitations who participated in the CAPABLE program: a program to reduce the health effects of impaired physical function in low-income older adults. We focus on the following self-management goals that participants chose with the nurses: pain management, depressive symptoms, incontinence, fall prevention, and communication with healthcare providers. The majority of participants chose pain (50%) or fall prevention (51%) as goals and partially or fully met their goals. Improvements across these areas may lead to improved physical function.
Surgical thrombectomy for pulmonary embolism: Updated performance rates and outcomes

Treatments for pulmonary embolism are numerous and often complex. Current data on surgical thrombectomy are important but are not readily available. We studied the National Inpatient Sample to eval...
P429 Does HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) initiation in sexual health clinics impact subsequent HIV risk?

Background Since late 2016, the PrEP program in New York City’s 8 sexual health clinics (SHCs) has evolved from a model of active referral to external PrEP providers to on-site PrEP initiation (providing one month of PrEP and provider referral); this was implemented, clinic by clinic, over time. We hypothesized that HIV incidence would be lower for patients who received PrEP medication in SHCs. Methods We matched the following groups of men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM) who received SHC PrEP services (12/2016-06/2017) to citywide HIV and STI registries: (1) same-day PrEP initiators, (2) referred-only for PrEP, (3) never-referred (not interested in starting PrEP). We calculated HIV incidence after SHC PrEP service date, using HIV surveillance data through 06/30/2018. We assessed factors associated with HIV diagnosis using Cox models that included initiation vs referred-only status, linkage, age, race/ethnicity, incident STI (chlamydia/gonorrhea/primary or secondary syphilis), and 3-month history of condomless receptive anal sex and number of sex partners. Results There were 267 initiators, 607 referred-only, and 96 never-referred patients; 40% of both initiated and referred-only patients linked to PrEP providers. Of all MSM (n=970; 1215 person-years [PY] of follow-up), 18 were newly diagnosed with HIV (median time to diagnosis 221 days; range 23-468). HIV incidence was 1.5/100PY (95%CI 0.9–2.3) and not significantly different by group: 1.8/100PY among initiators (linked: 1.6, non-linked: 2.0); 1.3/100PY referred-only (linked: 0.0, non-linked: 2.2); 1.8/100PY never-referred. HIV risk did not differ for initiators versus referred-only patients, but was higher among non-linked than linked (aHR 5.6; 95%CI 1.3–25.0) and those with STI versus no STI (aHR 10.1; 95%CI 2.3–44.7). Conclusion This examination of PrEP initiation in an episodic care setting did not find on-site PrEP provision to be associated with improved linkage and HIV outcomes. Understanding barriers to ongoing PrEP care is critical to improving linkage, and maximizing resources and the benefit of immediate PrEP access. Disclosure No significant relationships.
Low temperatures impact species distributions of jumping spiders across a desert elevational cline.

Temperature is known to influence many aspects of organisms and is frequently linked to geographical species distributions. Despite the importance of a broad understanding of an animal's thermal biology, few studies incorporate more than one metric of thermal biology. Here we examined an elevational assemblage of Habronattus jumping spiders to measure different aspects of their thermal biology including thermal limits (CTmin, CTmax), thermal preference, VCO2 as proxy for metabolic rate, locomotor behavior and warming tolerance. We used these data to test whether thermal biology helped explain how species were distributed across elevation. Habronattus had high CTmax values, which did not differ among species across the elevational gradient. The highest-elevation species had a lower CTmin than any other species. All species had a strong thermal preference around 37 °C. With respect to performance, one of the middle elevation species was significantly less temperature-sensitive in metabolic rate. Differences between species with respect to locomotion (jump distance) were likely driven by differences in mass, with no differences in thermal performance across elevation. We suggest that Habronattus distributions follow Brett's rule, a rule that predicts more geographical variation in cold tolerance than heat. Additionally, we suggest that physiological tolerances interact with biotic factors, particularly those related to courtship and mate choice to influence species distributions. Habronattus also had very high warming tolerance values (> 20 °C, on average). Taken together, these data suggest that Habronattus are resilient in the face of climate-change related shifts in temperature.
How Anxious are You Right Now? Using Ecological Momentary Assessment to Evaluate the Effects of Cognitive Bias Modification for Social Threat Interpretations

Reducing one’s tendency to interpret ambiguous situations negatively can improve symptoms of social anxiety. This study examines the effectiveness of a 1-week period of online Cognitive Bias Modification for Interpretations (CBM-I) for socially anxious individuals. In addition to measuring intervention effectiveness through traditional trait measures, this study investigates whether associated state measures are sensitive to intervention effects in daily life. One-hundred and six participants scoring high on a measure of trait social anxiety completed two in-lab sessions separated by 5 weeks of ecological momentary assessment, with 51 participants randomly assigned to receive the online CBM-I intervention halfway through the 5-week monitoring period. CBM-I training was more effective than monitoring alone in reducing trait negative interpretation bias, indicating target engagement. However, this change was not reliably accompanied by changes on other cognitive processing style outcomes. Further, while trait and state social anxiety symptoms and fear of negative evaluation improved, these changes were not unique to the CBM-I intervention group. This study demonstrates the challenges and opportunities associated with investigating intervention effects in daily life.
Walking and biologic ageing: Evidence based on NHANES telomere data

The length of telomeres is an objective measure of biologic ageing. This study evaluated the extent minutes of walking per week are associated with leukocyte telomere length (LTL) in a random sampl...
Association between purchasing behaviors and cigar use: A longitudinal analysis of Waves 1-3 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study.

Introduction Over 120 US jurisdictions have implemented policies mandating minimum cigar pack quantities, yet little empirical research exists on the relationship between pack quantity and use. We examined whether cigar use was associated with purchasing cigars by the box/pack or as singles, purchase quantity, and price paid per cigar. Methods Data are from Waves 1–3 (2013–2016) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, analyzed in 2019. The sample included adults who reported current use of any type of cigars (cigarillos [N = 3,051], traditional cigars [N = 2,586], and filtered cigars [N = 1,295], including with marijuana) at Wave 1. For each cigar type, a generalized estimating equation model was used to examine the population-averaged effects of purchasing behavior on cigar use. Results Cigar users of each type who purchased by the box or pack smoked more per day than users who purchased singles (cigarillos: β = 1.02, p<0.0001; traditional cigars: β = 1.40, p<0.0001; filtered cigars: β = 2.55, p<0.01). Cigar users who purchased larger quantities smoked more per day (cigarillos: β = 0.16, p<0.0001; traditional cigars: β = 0.04, p<0.0001; filtered cigars: β = 0.24, p<0.0001). Higher price per cigar was significantly associated with smoking fewer traditional cigars (β = -0.12, p<0.01) and filtered cigars (β = -0.86, p = 0.02), but not cigarillos (β = 0.08, p = 0.62). Conclusions Smaller pack quantities and higher price per cigar were associated with smoking fewer cigars per day. Given the authority of the Food and Drug Administration and local jurisdictions over cigar pack quantity, this study provides data pertinent to potential minimum and maximum package quantity regulations and policies.
Predicting an epidemic trajectory is difficult.

Predicting the trajectory of a novel emerging pathogen is like waking in the middle of the night and finding yourself in motion—but not knowing where you are headed, how fast you are traveling, how far you have come, or even what manner of vehicle conveys you into the darkness. A few scattered anomalies resolve into defined clusters. Cases accumulate. You assemble information about temporal sequences, identify a causative agent, piece together a few transmission histories, try to estimate mortality rates. A few weeks pass. Everyone wants to know how far the disease is going to spread, how fast that is going to happen, and what the final toll will be. They want predictive models. However, predictive models are difficult to develop and subject to wide uncertainties. In PNAS, Castro et al. (1) demonstrate one reason why. They show that based on early data it is nearly impossible to determine precisely whether interventions will be sufficient to quell an epidemic or whether the epidemic will continue to grow unabated. At best, we can predict the likelihoods of these opposing scenarios—scenarios that describe completely different worlds. In one a disaster has been narrowly averted, but in the other millions of people become infected and the global economy is upended. The fundamental problem in predicting epidemic trajectories is the way in which uncertainties compound. To begin with, epidemics are stochastic processes. Luck matters—–particularly when superspreading is important—and happenstance shapes patterns of geographic spread (2). Early on, little is known about the parameters describing the spread of infection. What is the generation interval, how long is the infectious window, and what is the basic reproductive number in any particular setting? How is the disease transmitted, how long does it remain in the environment, and what are the effects of seasonality? Without answers to these … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: wilke{at}austin.utexas.edu or cbergst{at}uw.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Trends in Female Authorship in Cornea From 2007 to 2019.

PURPOSE To identify female authorship trends in first author and last author positions in Cornea from 2007 to 2019. METHODS First and last authors of all Clinical Science and Basic Investigation publications in Cornea over 13 years were sorted by sex. Identification of sex was based on the author's institutional profile or a Google-based name identifier in cases of equivocal names. The proportion of female board-certified ophthalmologists between 2007 and 2019 was collected from the American Board of Ophthalmology total roster of certified diplomats. RESULTS First and last author sexes were collected from 2313 publications (1837 Clinical Science and 476 Basic Investigation). Between 2007 and 2019, the percentage of female first authors increased from 30.5% to 41.5%, although this change was not significant (P = 0.240). Female last author percentage increased significantly from 14.9% to 26.6% (P = 0.016). The percentage of female American Board of Ophthalmology-certified diplomats also increased significantly from 17.4% to 24.5% (P < 0.001). Similarly, when comparing 2007 and 2008 with 2018 and 2019, we noted a significant increase in the proportion of women in the last author (P < 0.001) but not in the first author (P = 0.208) position. We also identified a significantly higher proportion of female first authors than that of female board-certified ophthalmologists (P < 0.001). Finally, there was a strong association between first author sex and last author sex (P < 0.001) across manuscripts. CONCLUSIONS The proportion of women in last author positions increased over 13 years among manuscripts in Cornea. Despite these advances in academic female representation within the cornea subspecialty, a gender gap in authorship persists.
Ethnic Cleansing as Euphemism, Metaphor, Criminology and Law

INTRODUCTION Euphemistic uses of the concept of ethnic cleansing are often traced to “the burning tradition” in the Balkans and the “final solution” in Nazi Germany. In this chapter, we review the origins of these euphemisms and consider how they form a backdrop for understanding the further metaphorical influence of the imagery of ethnic cleansing. Cherif Bassiouni and an international commission of experts revealed the incriminating influence of ethnic cleansing as an activating metaphor, and in this way turned the understanding of the term on its head. The result was to spur an international response to the massive and ongoing atrocities in the former Yugoslavia. We examine the further evolution of a social scientific understanding of ethnic cleansing as a topic of criminological study – a topic that is now evolving alongside the law of ethnic cleansing and genocide in the current epicenter of mass atrocity: Darfur. This discussion requires that we enumerate the meaning and elements of ethnic cleansing. In doing so, we adopt a distinction between “atrocity crime” and “atrocity law” as advanced by David Scheffer. Accordingly, we distinguish the “criminology of mass atrocity” from “the law of atrocity.” The criminology of mass atrocity involves the social scientific study of the precursors of ethnic cleansing, although it may also involve studying factors influencing whether and when these crimes will be legally prosecuted.