cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On minimum energy routing in wireless multihop networks

A linear network between a source and destination pair in a wireless multihop network is considered. The performance metric is the total energy consumed in order for a bit to be successfully received by the destination. The energy includes transmitted energy and receiver processing energy. It is shown that a regular (equi-spaced) network is optimal in terms of minimizing the total energy consumption for an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. Closed form expressions for the optimal rate and number of hops to minimize the total energy consumption are provided. The result is extended to general channels which satisfy sufficient conditions to guarantee convexness of the problem. The analysis demonstrates that the optimal rate and number of hops depend on the channel capacity characteristic, the amount of circuit processing energy, the end-to-end distance, and the path-loss exponent. Specifically, expressions for the optimal energy consumption are given for binary input AWGN channels and binary input hard decision AWGN channels.
Collisions of DCl with Liquid Glycerol: Evidence for Rapid, Near-Interfacial D → H Exchange and Desorption

Molecular beam scattering experiments are used to identify a submicrosecond, near-interfacial DCl → HCl exchange pathway following collisions of DCl with pure and NaOH-doped glycerol. We find that ∼7% of the thermally equilibrated DCl molecules undergo D → H exchange at or just below the surface of glycerol and then desorb immediately as HCl before they enter the bulk liquid. The data are consistent with exchange occurring within a near-interfacial cage of glycerol molecules, either through an ionic or neutral reaction between the DCl molecule and the surrounding OH groups of glycerol. An additional ∼20% of the thermalized DCl molecules desorb immediately before proton exchange can occur, whereas the remaining ∼73% of the DCl molecules dissociate in the interfacial or deeper regions and dissolve as ions within bulk glycerol for long times. The existence of a rapid D → H exchange and desorption pathway demonstrates that reactions between a gaseous acid and a protic solvent can be confined to the near-inter...
Utilization of Some Carbon and Nitrogen Sources by Pseudomonas fluoresceda

SUMMARY All test cultures of Pseudomonas fluorescens established growth in a basal medium (0.02% Mg SO4, 0.1% KH2PO4, and 0.5% glucose) with NH4H2PO4, NaNH4HPO4, or (NH4)2HPO4 as the sole source of nitrogen. NH4Cl2 NH4NO3, and (NH4)2SO4 supported growth of the majority of the cultures. Complex organic N substrates were readily utilized by all test cultures. Glutamic acid, leucine, and proline were satisfactory sources of both nitrogen and carbon for all test cultures. With NH4H2PO4 as the sole source of nitrogen, fructose, galactose, glucose, mannose, maltose, trehalose, starch, arabitol, erythritol, glycerol, inositol, scyllo inosose, citric acid, malie, pyruvic, caprylic or capric acid supported growth of all cultures. 1-Nonanol, 1-decanol, and 1-hendecanol were satisfactory carbon sources.
Probability models on rankings.

Abstract This paper investigates many of the probability models on permutations that have been proposed in the statistical and psychological literature. The various models are categorized into the following general classes: (1) Thurstone order statistics models, (2) ranking models induced by paired comparisons, (3) ranking models based on distances between permutations, and (4) multistage ranking models. Several thematic properties of ranking models are introduced that provide the basis for a systematic study of each of the classes of models. These properties are label-invariance, reversibility, strong unimodality, complete consensus, and L-decomposability. Next, several important subclasses of the four general classes are explored, including a determination of the pairwise intersections of the different classes of models. The paper concludes with an illustration of many of the models on a set of ranked “word association” data.
Resist materials for 157-nm microlithography: an update

Fluorocarbon polymers and siloxane-based polymers have been identified as promising resist candidates for 157 nm material design because of their relatively high transparency at this wavelength. This paper reports our recent progress toward developing 157 nm resist materials based on the first of these two polymer systems. In addition to the 2-hydroxyhexafluoropropyl group, (alpha) -trifluoromethyl carboxylic acids have been identified as surprisingly transparent acidic functional groups. Polymers based on these groups have been prepared and preliminary imaging studies at 157 nm are described. 2-Trifluoromethyl-bicyclo[2,2,1] heptane-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester derived from methyl 2-(trifluoromethyl)acrylate was also prepared and gas-phase VUV measurements showed substantially improved transparency over norbornane. This appears to be a general characteristic of norbornane-bearing geminal electron-withdrawing substituents on the 2 carbon bridge. Unfortunately, neither the NiII nor PdII catalysts polymerize these transparent norbornene monomers by vinyl addition. However, several new approaches to incorporating these transparent monomers into functional polymers have been investigated. The first involved the synthesis of tricyclononene (TCN) monomers that move the bulky electron withdrawing groups further away from the site of addition. The hydrogenated geminally substituted TCN monomer still has far better transparency at 157 nm than norbornane. The second approach involved copolymerizing the norbornene monomers with carbon monoxide. The third approach involved free-radical polymerization of norbornene monomers with tetrafluoroethylene and/or other electron-deficient comonomers. All these approaches provided new materials with encouraging absorbance at 157 nm. The lithographic performance of some of these polymers is discussed.
Reactions of Silicon with the Silicon Tetrahalides

Die Hochtemperatur-Reaktionen von Silicium mit den Silicium(IV)-halogeniden (Si + SiX4 = 2 SiX2) wurden als eine Quelle besonders reinen Siliciums von gewunschtem Kristallhabitus untersucht. Reine Einkristalle wurden durch sorgfaltige Wahl der Reaktionsbedingungen dargestellt.
Up-regulation of BDNF in astrocytes by TNF-alpha: a case for the neuroprotective role of cytokine.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is widely known to be involved in physiological and pathophysiological processes of the brain where this proinflammatory cytokine is implicated with regulation of inflammatory and survival components. We report that TNF-α up-regulates exon-IV-bdnf mRNA and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein in primary astrocytes. The BDNF protein was detectable both in cellular lysate and in the extracellular medium. Activation of NF-κB by TNF-α and inhibition of TNF-α-induced BDNF expression by Δp65 (a dominant-negative mutant) and NEMO-binding domain peptide (an inhibitor of NF-κB) suggests that TNF-α induces BDNF expression through the activation of NF-κB. Similarly, TNF-α induced the activation of C/EBPβ and the expression of BDNF was sensitive to overexpression of ΔC/EBPβ (a dominant-negative mutant) and ETO (an inhibitor of C/EBPβ). Among three MAP kinases, TNF-α-induced BDNF up-regulation was sensitive only to inhibitors of ERK MAP kinase. However, the ERK MAP kinase pathway was coupled to activation of C/EBPβ but not NF-κB. Taken together, this study identifies a novel property of TNF-α in inducing the expression of BDNF via NF-κB and C/EBPβ in astrocytes that may be responsible for neurotrophic activity of the cytokine.
Intracranial EEG monitoring in Landau-Kleffner syndrome associated with left temporal lobe astrocytoma

Summary: A 3½-year-old boy developed partial complex seizures with right-sided motor activity, occasionally secondarily generalized at age 18 months. Initial EEG showed left-sided focal epileptiform discharges. Seizures became refractory to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). At age 3 years, there was severe language deterioration consistent with Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS). At that time, an EEG showed almost continual generalized spikes and poly spikes, worse during sleep. Video-EEG showed generalized tonic seizures associated with generalized EEG ictal activity. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a cystic and solid lesion of the left hippocampal and parahippocampal gyri without surrounding edema. Subdural strip electrodes under the left temporal and overlying the left frontal lobes demonstrated interictal spikes simultaneously in all recording contacts. Ictal EEG activity occurred in the temporal electrodes 0.2–1 s before appearing in the frontal electrodes. After left temporal lobectomy with subtotal resection of a low-grade astrocytoma, he had an immediate marked decrease in seizures. In 1 month he was seizure-free, and in 6 months had no further seizures and markedly improved language. These findings provide further evidence that left temporal structural epileptogenic lesions may contribute significantly to the pathophysiology of LKS.
Computer simulation of osmotic gradient without active transport in renal inner medulla

Computer simulation of osmotic gradient without active transport in renal inner medulla. It has been generally supposed that the osmotic gradient observed in the inner medulla of mammalian kidneys during antidiuresis results from countercurrent multiplication of active sodium reabsorption from thin ascending limbs of Henle. However, disagreement persists on whether the thin ascending limb can transport sodium actively. An alternative model has been proposed by Kokko and Rector. In this model water reabsorption from the descending limb of Henle creates a high tubular concentration of sodium at the bend of the loop, so that sodium can move passively out of the ascending thin limb. The present report shows that computer simulation of this model can indeed result in an osmotic gradient in the inner medulla, on condition that sodium movement out of the thin ascending limb results in the tubular fluid becoming hyposmotic to adjacent interstitium. This can be achieved if the descending limb is permeable to water but relatively impermeable to urea and electrolytes, and the ascending limb is less permeable to water and urea than to electrolytes. In this model, a key role is played by urea which provides a driving force for water reabsorption from the descending limb. The importance of urea is illustrated in the model, firstly by simulation of a low-protein diet, and secondly by simulation of water diuresis. In both situations, reduced reabsorption of urea from the late collecting ducts causes a reduced interstitial urea concentration, which in turn causes a severe reduction in interstitial electrolyte concentration.
Family-supportive organization perceptions and organizational commitment: The mediating role of work–family conflict and enrichment and partner attitudes.

The present study aims to explain the processes through which family-supportive organizational perceptions (FSOP) relate to employee affective commitment. We suggest multiple mechanisms through which this relationship transpires-(a) the focal employee's experience of work-to-family conflict and enrichment and (b) the attitudes of the employee's spouse/partner. Hypotheses are tested with data from 408 couples. Results suggest that employee FSOP is positively associated with employee commitment through both employee work-to-family experiences and partner attitudes. FSOP was positively related to employee work-to-family enrichment, which was positively associated with employee affective commitment. FSOP was negatively associated with employee work-to-family conflict, which related to a partner's more positive attitude toward the employee's work schedule and higher commitment to the employee's firm. Partner commitment was positively and reciprocally related to employee affective commitment. These relationships partially mediated the FSOP-employee affective commitment relationship and varied as a function of parental status and single- versus dual-earner couple status but not as a function of employee gender. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
CMOS digital intra-oral sensor for x-ray radiography

In this paper, we present a CMOS digital intra-oral sensor for x-ray radiography. The sensor system consists of a custom CMOS imager, custom scintillator/fiber optics plate, camera timing and digital control electronics, and direct USB communication. The CMOS imager contains 1700 x 1346 pixels. The pixel size is 19.5um x 19.5um. The imager was fabricated with a 0.18um CMOS imaging process. The sensor and CMOS imager design features chamfered corners for patient comfort. All camera functions were integrated within the sensor housing and a standard USB cable was used to directly connect the intra-oral sensor to the host computer. The sensor demonstrated wide dynamic range from 5uGy to 1300uGy and high image quality with a SNR of greater than 160 at 400uGy dose. The sensor has a spatial resolution more than 20 lp/mm.
Race, gender and first generation status in Computing Science, Engineering and Math persistence

The NSF sponsored Scientific Leadership Scholars (SLS) program at Humboldt State University (HSU) provides scholarships to a diverse cohort of students in Computing Science, Environmental Resources Engineering or Mathematics. The program targeted financially eligible Native American and first generation students. The SLS group persisting into year three remained more diverse than earlier corresponding major cohorts: 22 (59%) were either women and/or underrepresented minority (URM) students in STEM. In the 2007–08 academic year, 36 Cohort 1 students entered the program. Of the Cohort 1 freshmen, 23 (66%) persisted into their second year and 12 (33%) persisted into their third year as SLS majors. White and Asian Cohort 1 students were more likely to persist than STEM URM students (47%, n= 8 compared to 21%, n=4). In 2008–09, 15 additional SLS students were added. Of these students, 12 (80%) persisted into their third year as an SLS major. While all white students (6) in Cohort 2 persisted, 67% (6) of the underrepresented students persisted. All 4 women in Cohort 2 persisted. There was no significant difference in the persistence based on gender or first generation status. Recommendations are included.
Information Technology for Planners: The gmforum

The authors report on web-based communications between professional planners and graduate students in Washington State, focusing on growth management issues. The website gmforum included: solicitations of advice from the planners; a moderated listserv; traditional course materials; statements on growth-management topics with links to other websites; and facilities for personal e-mail communications. A survey of the planners and the students showed a high degree of satisfaction with the outcomes.
Self-Assembly, Characterization, and Chemical Stability of Isocyanide-Bound Molecular Wire Monolayers on Gold and Palladium Surfaces

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of the isocyano derivative of 4,4‘-di(phenylene-ethynylene)benzene (1), a member of the “OPE” family of “molecular wires” of current interest in molecular electronics, have been prepared on smooth, {111} textured films of Au and Pd. For assembly in oxygen-free environments with freshly deposited metal surfaces, infrared reflection spectroscopy (IRS) indicates the molecules assume a tilted structure with average tilt angles of 18−24° from the surface normal. The combination of IRS, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations all support a single σ-type bond of the −NC group to the Au surface and a σ/π-type of bond to the Pd surface. Both SAMs show significant chemical instability when exposed to typical ambient conditions. In the case of the Au SAM, even a few hours storage in air results in significant oxidation of the −NC moieties to −NCO (isocyanate) with an accompanying decrease in surface chemical bonding, as evidenced by a significant ...
The functions of ethnic identity: A New Mexico Hispanic example

Abstract This study explores the reasons for the choice of ethnic identity labels, using a New Mexico Hispanic population. The goal is to understand the specific functions of the identity labels that individuals choose. The results suggest that individuals select labels that they believe confer rewards, such as positive identity with family cultural heritage, and do not choose labels they think confer losses, such as those perceived to evoke negative ethnic stereotypes. Surprisingly, most participants used negative ethnic stereotyping to describe their own views of some members of their ethnic in-group. This negative stereotyping appears to serve the function of differentiation of the self from other in-group members who are perceived to attract negative stereotypes.
Biphasic hydroformylation catalysis in ionic liquid media

Abstract The ionic liquids 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim][BF 4 ]), 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim][PF 6 ]) and 1,2-dimethyl-3-butyl-imidazolium hexafluorophospate ([bdmim][PF 6 ]) were investigated as potential media for hydroformylation catalysis in a liquid–liquid biphase reaction environment. The study used the known rhodium/tppti* (tppti* = tri( m -sulfonyl) triphenyl phosphine 1,2-dimethyl-3-butyl-imidazolium salt) system as the catalyst and hexene-1 as the substrate, which enabled the produced heptanal to be conveniently isolated from the ionic liquid by phase separation. All catalyst evaluations were carried out in high-purity ionic liquids to avoid any decomposition of the catalyst, substrate and/or ionic liquid. The activity of the biphasic ionic liquid system containing the Rh/tppti* catalyst was approximately one order of magnitude lower than that observed for the conventional Rh/PPh 3 catalyst in toluene. The Rh/tppti* catalyst system showed a decrease of activity in the semicontinuous hydroformylation of hexene-1 due to catalyst deactivation and/or metal loss. The n / i ratio of the produced heptanal only slightly increased after changing the Rh/P ratio from 1:3 to 1:100 in [bmim][PF 6 ]. The loss of rhodium metal from the ionic liquid phases appears to be correlated to the solubility characteristics of the ionic liquid and the concentration of the aldehyde in the organic phase. In support of this theory, the ionic liquid [bmim][PF 6 ] gave the best results due to its very low miscibility with polar substances. A high-pressure NMR (HP-NMR) study revealed that the solution structure of HRh( 13 CO)(tppts) 3 (tppts = tri( m -sulfonyl)triphenyl phosphine sodium salt) in [bmim][BF 4 ] was similar to that of HRh( 13 CO)(PPh 3 ) 3 in toluene-d 8 . The HP-NMR investigation at elevated syngas pressures showed that HRh( 13 CO)(tppts) 3 lies in equilibrium with HRh( 13 CO) 2 (tppts) 2 .
The Consistent Occurrence of a Striated Organelle (Friedmann Body) in the Inner Hair Cells of the Normal Chinchilla

Striated organelles have consistently been observed in electron micrographs of serial sections from the inner hair cells of normal chinchilla cochleas. the striated organelle is located in the infracuticular plate region. It lines the cuticular plate, and the direction, pattern and periodicity of the striations vary along its length. the striated organelle is seen in close association with the cell membrane, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, microtubules and mitochondria. the striated organelle may play an active role in inner hair cell function, and its proliferation under pathological conditions, as observed by others, may be accompanied by alterations in sensitivity of the inner hair cell to stimuli.
Nitrogen Fertilization Does Significantly Increase Yields of Stands of Miscanthus × giganteus and Panicum virgatum in Multiyear Trials in Illinois

The C4 perennial grasses Miscanthus × giganteus and Panicum virgatum (switchgrass) are emerging bioenergy crops. They are attractive because they are productive and recycle nutrients to the overwintering belowground rhizomes, before the dry shoots are harvested. They are therefore expected to require minimal fertilizer inputs, a desirable trait for any crop. Until now, Europe has had the only long-term trials of M. × giganteus, and these have either shown no or a small effect of nitrogen fertilization, while trials of P. virgatum in the USA have shown a clear positive effect of N fertilization. This study exploited the first long-term trials of M. × giganteus in the USA, and first side-by-side comparison with P. virgatum, to test the hypothesis that N fertilization would only improve yields of the latter. A split-plot N fertility treatment (0, 67, 134, and 202 kg(N) ha−1) was added to >5-year-old replicated stands of the two crops at seven locations on contrasting soils in the US Midwest. Averaged across all locations, M. × giganteus yields increased significantly from 23.4 Mg ha−1 with no N fertilization to 28.9 Mg ha−1 (+25 %) at a N application rate of 202 kg ha−1. P. virgatum also showed significant yield increases from 10.33 Mg ha−1 at 0 kg(N) ha−1 to 13.6 Mg ha−1 (+32 %) at 202 kg(N) ha−1. Both species therefore responded to N fertilization and to a similar extent. The increase per unit of added N was small compared to crops such as Zea mays and unlikely to be economically worthwhile. Nitrogen fertilization arrested most of the long-term yield decline that would otherwise have occurred in P. virgatum, but eliminated only about 40 % of the decline observed in M. × giganteus, suggesting additional causal factors for long-term yield decline in this crop. While the crops responded to nitrogen addition at some locations, they did not at others. Therefore a one-case-fits-all optimum fertilization rate cannot be prescribed.
Computation of Multibody System Dynamics by a Multiprocessor Scheme

The computation of applied torques in real time in the dynamic control of a strongly coupled multibody linkage system is complicated and time consuming. The Newton-Euler state-space formulation is used for computing the dynamics. By using this formulation, the backward recursion for calculating angular velocities and angular accelerations is eliminated. The calculation of linear acceleration is simplified, and it involves only two steps. This reduction in the height of the evaluation tree in calculating the applied torques makes parallel processing more effective. A multiprocessor system composed of a central CPU and a group of satellite CPU's is suggested for implementing the computations. The task of each satellite CPU is to take care of one link of the system by calculating all its related data. The central CPU's task is to compute the applied torques. Because of this arrangement, the required software system is the same for all satellite CPU's. This modularity reduces the burden of software design greatly. The proposed multiprocessing scheme results in a flexible and modular system which is adaptive for a variety of dynamic configurations. Computer simulation results of this strategy are presented to show that the suggested multiprocessing scheme achieves a good speedup factor over the uniprocessing system.
Chaos theory in chemistry and chemometrics: a review

Since the initial development of chaos theory and corollary concepts such as the strange attractor and fractal dimensionality, there has been a nontrivial effort to apply these concepts to the quantification of material and data structures. There exists within chaos theory modeling concepts that allow for thorough complexity analyses not available through alternate paradigms. The purpose of this paper is to review the main body of work that has been pursued in both experimental chemistry research and related data analysis development with respect to chaos theory and derivative ideas. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of Appropriate Looping Structures: Expert vs. Novice

Studies are currently being initiated to examine the use of techniques based in cognitive psychology to make the knowledge employed by experts easier to obtain and quicker to put into practical application (Ledgard, 1980). Attempts have also been made to establish formal theories about the composition of an expert's knowledge network (Friedman, 1974; Dijkstra, 1976; Wirth, 1977; Soloway, Bonar, Woolf, Barth, Rubin and Ehrlich, 1981), but most of these attempts were based on conjecture with little experimental validation.The present study attempted to examine these questions with respect to appropriate looping constructs. By employing the same procedures introduced by Soloway, et al. (1981), novice and expert programmers were tested using PL/I. The results of this endeavor provide information to be used in evaluating the actual knowledge possessed by experts and the relationship of this knowledge to the net advocated by Soloway, et al. (1981).
The grassroots reconfiguration of U.S. immigration policy

Despite the increasing constriction of immigrants’ rights at the federal level, local responses have been much more varied, countering, compensating for, even transforming policies originating from...
Ferric His93Gly myoglobin cavity mutant and its complexes with thioether and selenolate as heme protein models

The composition of ferric exogenous ligand-free His93Gly sperm whale myoglobin (H93G Mb) at neutral pH has been determined by examination of the spectral properties of the protein over the pH range from 3.0 to 10.5. An apparent pKa value of ~6.6 has been observed for the conversion of a postulated six-coordinate bis-water-bound coordination structure at pH 5.0 to a five-coordinate hydroxide-bound form at pH 10.5. Starting from the exogenous ligand-free ferric H93G protein, ferric mono- and bis-thioether (tetrahydrothiophene, THT)-ligated adducts have been prepared and characterized by UV-visible (UV-vis) absorption and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy. The mon-THT ferric H93G Mb species has hydroxide as the sixth ligand. The bis-THT derivative is a model for the low-spin ferric heme binding site of native bis-Met-ligated bacterioferritin or streptococcal heme-associated protein (Shp). A novel THT-bound ferryl H93G Mb moiety has been partially formed. The high-spin five-coordinate ferric H93G(selenolate) Mb complex has been prepared using benzeneselenol and characterized by UV-vis and MCD spectroscopy as a model for Se-Cys-ligated ferric cytochrome P450. The results described herein further demonstrate the versatility of the H93G cavity mutant for modeling the coordination structures of novel heme iron protein active sites.
THE CONNOTATIVE AND SYMBOLIC MEANING OF THE BENDER GESTALT.

Summary The purpose of the present study was to test Hutt and Briskin's symbolic interpretations of the Bender-Gestalt figures. 40 males and 40 females rated the 9 Bender figures on the semantic differential; 12 verbal concepts (Personal Relations, Dependency, Man, Sexual Intercourse, Anger, Penis, My Mother, My Father, Sexuality, Me, Vagina and Woman) were also rated by these same Ss and modified D scores were computed to determine those verbal concepts which were similar in meaning to each of the Bender figures. The semantic differential ratings and the D scores between each verbal concept-Bender figure pair were used to test Hutt and Briskin's hypothsized symbolic meanings. With the exception of figures 6 and 7, no consistent empirical confirmation was obtained for their suggested meanings of the Bender figures. These findings consequently fail to justify the clinical practice of routinely interpreting the symbolic meaning of the Bender.
Asymmetric coupling in two-channel simple exclusion processes

Simple exclusion processes for particles moving along two parallel lattices and jumping between them are theoretically investigated for asymmetric rates of transition between the channels. An approximate theoretical approach, that describes the particle dynamics exactly in any vertical cluster of two parallel sites and neglects the correlations between the different vertical clusters, is applied to calculate stationary-state density profiles, currents and phase diagrams. Surprisingly, it is found that asymmetry in the coupling between the channels leads to a very complex phase behavior that is very different from two-channel simple exclusion processes with symmetric coupling. There are seven stationary-state phases in the simple exclusion processes with asymmetric transition rates between the channels, in contrast to three phases found for the systems with symmetric coupling. In addition, a new maximal-current phase with a domain wall in the middle of the lattices, that has no analogs in other exclusion processes, is observed. Although the explicit calculations are presented only for the case of full asymmetry, when the particles can only jump between the channels in one direction, the properties of two-channel simple exclusion systems with general asymmetry are also discussed. Theoretical predictions are in excellent agreement with extensive computer Monte Carlo simulations.
Growth-linked and cometabolic biodegradation: Possible reason for occurrence or absence of accelerated pesticide biodegradation

A study was conducted to relate the occurrence of accelerated pesticide biodegradation to the susceptibility of the pesticides to growth-linked degradation or cometabolism. The mineralization of 2,4-D was initially slow but then became rapid, and a second application was mineralized with no acclimation phase and more rapidly than the first. The numbers of 2,4-D-degrading micro-organisms increased markedly following its first application and then declined, but the population size increased after a second addition. Glyphosate was rapidly and extensively mineralized following the first and second applications to soil, and the abundance of organisms able to degrade it rose after the first addition and remained high before and following the second application. Propham (IPC) mineralization was detected only 15 days after its application but the degradation was rapid thereafter, and the second addition was rapidly and extensively mineralized with no acclimation phase. The population of propham-degrading micro-organisms was initially small, but increased markedy 10 days after the initial herbicide addition and was still large at the time of the second application. The rate of carbofuran biodegradation in the test soil was the same following the first and second applications, and the abundance of carbofuran-metabolizing microorganisms did not change appreciably as a result of soil treatment with the insecticide. Simazine mineralization was slow, although the rate was higher following the second addition; however, the number of simazine-degrading organisms did not increase appreciably. From 10 to 12% of the 14C from radiolabeled 2,4-D, propham, glyphosate or glucose was usually incorporated into the microbial biomass of soil but 0.82% or less of the 14C from simazine or ring- or carbonyl-labeled carbofuran was converted to biomass. It is suggested that pesticides that support microbial growth may be subject to accelerated biodegradation if the population remains large until the pesticide is applied again. Pesticides that do not support growth may not be subject to accelerated biodegradation.
Experimental model of doxorubicin extravasation in the mouse

Abstract Doxorubicin (Adriamycin®), a widely used antitumor agent, can occasionally cause severe and protracted local tissue damage if inadvertently extravasated during intravenous injection. An animal model was developed in adult BALB/c mice to experimentally duplicate such human skin toxicity. Intradermal (ID) doxorubicin injections of 0.5, 0.05 and 0.005 mg (per 0.05 ml) provided reproducible, dose-related skin lesions, quantitated with daily measurement of perpendicular diameters of induration, erythema, and ulceration. Maximal lesions developed rapidly (within 3–5 days) and slowly resolved over 30–40 days. There were doserelated increments in peak toxicity levels, total toxicity, and the duration of damage for each parameter (0.5 > 0.05 > 0.005 mg). Subcutaneous (ie, subpannicular) injections, and ID saline control injections did not cause local skin toxicity. A local intervention with ID hydrocortisone (2.5 mg) substantially reduced erythema and induration, and eliminated ulceration only in animals receiving the lower dose (0.05 mg) doxorubicin challenge (p This direct skin toxicity method is compared to reported animal skin toxicity models, and the intervention results are discussed in reference to current toxicity observations in man.
A comparison of the effects of two supervisory styles, conventional and teaching clinic, in the training of speech and language pathologists.

Abstract This study compared the teaching clinic, a group form of supervision, to the conventional one-to-one method of supervision. The purpose was to determine if the conventional or teaching clinic method was more conducive to the development of self-supervisory behaviors in student speech pathologists as measured by the talk behaviors that occured during the supervisory conference. Two matched groups of five clinicians participated in conventional supervision for 4 wk and in teaching-clinic supervision for 4 wk. Two supervisors alternately supervised both groups. The supervisory conferences were videotaped at 2-wk intervals. Segments of the conferences were coded using the Calutta/Seltzer supervisory observation system. The results indicated that the conventional and teaching clinic methods of supervision are viable supervisory methodologies which cannot be differentiated on the basis of talk behaviors occuring during the supervisory conference. Self-supervisory talk behaviors were generated with both methods.
Retinal microvessels express less gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase than brain microvessels

In this investigation we localized and compared the level of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP) activity in retinal and brain preparations using histochemical, enzymatic and in situ hybridization assays. We compared GGTP distribution to another microvessel specific enzyme, alkaline phosphatase (AP). In the rat brain, GGTP activity was observed in microvessels and choroid plexus by a histochemical method. Similar studies in the rat retina revealed activity in the pigment epithelium but only a very weak reaction in microvessels. Histochemical staining for alkaline phosphatase was observed in both retinal and brain microvessels choroid plexus and pigment epithelium. Biochemical analysis verified that GGTP activity was significantly lower in retinal than brain microvessels, while alkaline phosphatase activity was similar in both types of microvessels. GGTP specific activity of bovine brain and retinal microvessels was 185+39 mUnits and 8.5+1.5 mUnits (p<0.001), respectively. By contrast, alkaline phosphatas...
Commitment Language and Homework Completion in a Behavioral Employment Program for Gang-Affiliated Youth

Research with substance-abusing samples suggests that eliciting commitment language during treatment may improve motivation to change, increase treatment engagement, and promote positive treatment outcomes. However, the relationship between in-session client language and treatment success is not well-understood for youth offender populations. This study evaluated the relationship between commitment language, treatment engagement (i.e., homework completion), and weekly employment outcomes for six gang-affiliated juvenile offenders participating in an employment counseling intervention. Weekly counseling sessions were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded for commitment language strength. Multilevel models were fit to the data to examine the relationship between commitment language and counseling homework or employment outcomes within participants over time. Commitment language strength predicted subsequent homework completion but not weekly employment. These findings imply that gang-affiliated delinquent ...
Rapid online nonenzymatic protein digestion combining microwave heating acid hydrolysis and electrochemical oxidation.

We report an online non-enzymatic method for site-specific digestion of proteins to yield peptides that are well suited for collision induced dissociation (CID) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The method combines online microwave heating acid hydrolysis at aspartic acid and online electrochemical oxidation at tryptophan and tyrosine. The combined microwave/electrochemical (microwave/echem) digestion is reproducible and produces peptides with an average sequence length of 10 amino acids. This peptide length is similar to the average peptide length of 9 amino acids obtained by digestion of proteins with the enzyme trypsin. As a result, the peptides produced by this novel non-enzymatic digestion method, when analyzed by ESI-MS, produce protonated molecules with mostly +1 and +2 charge states. The combination of these two non-enzymatic methods overcomes shortcomings with each individual method in that: i) peptides generated by the microwave-hydrolysis method have an average amino acid length of 16 amino acids, and ii) the inability of the electrochemical-cleavage method to reproducibly digest proteins with molecular masses above 4 kDa. Preliminary results are presented on the application and utility of this rapid online digestion (total of 6 min digestion time) on a series of standard peptides and proteins as well as an E. coli protein extract.
The Growth-Hormone-Releasing Hormone Receptor: Signal Transduction, Gene Expression, and Physiological Function in Growth Regulationa

We now summarize key issues that we have investigated and highlight additional areas that need to be addressed. We are interested in two basic aspects of the GHRH pathway, those occurring in the brain, involving the synthesis of GHRH, and those occurring in the pituitary, involving signaling by GHRH. We have a long-term interest in the activity and regulation of the hypothalamic neurosecretory cells that synthesize GHRH. With respect to human disease, it is interesting that, despite the primal role played by GHRH in growth-hormone secretion, no mutations in the GHRH gene have yet been identified in association with growth disorders. Focusing on the downstream signaling components of the GHRH pathway, we now know quite a lot about the structure of the GHRH receptor and about some aspects of the signal transduction pathways that mediate the actions of GHRH. With respect to human disease, we have found that in an animal model, the little mouse, a mutation of the GHRH receptor results in growth-hormone deficiency and a dwarf phenotype, and there are ongoing attempts in several laboratories to try to identify similar inactivating mutations in the GHRH receptor in patients with isolated growth-hormone deficiency. Conversely, there is also substantial interest in whether activating mutations in this receptor might be identified in patients with growth-hormone-secreting pituitary tumors. We are also interested in whether there are additional receptors that might mediate some of the extrapituitary actions of GHRH. Finally, a major direction we are taking in the laboratory at the present time is toward understanding the developmental, hormonal, and tissue-specific regulation of the GHRH receptor gene.
Perspectives on eye development

The lens of the vertebrate eye was the classic model used to demonstrate the concepts of inductive interactions controlling development. However, it is in the Drosophila model that the greatest progress in understanding molecular mechanisms of eye development have most recently been mode. This progress can be attributed to the power of molecular genetics, an approach that was once confined to simpler systems like worms and flies, but is now becoming possible in vertebrates. Thus, the use of transgenic and knock-out gene technology, coupled with the availability of new positional cloning methods, has recently initiated a surge of progress in the mouse genetic model and has also led to the identification of genes involved in human inherited disorders. In addition, gene transfer techniques have opened up opportunities for progress using chick, Xenopus, and other classic developmental systems. Finally, a new vertebrate genetic model, zebrafish, appears very promising for molecular studies. As a result of the opportunities presented by these new approaches, eye development has come into the limelight, hence the timeliness of this focus issue of Developmental Genetics. In this introductory review, we discuss three areas of current work arising through the use of these newer genetic approaches, and pertinent to research articles presented herein. We also touch on related studies reported at the first Keystone Meeting on Ocular Cell and Molecular Biology, recently held in Tamarron Springs, Colorado, January 7-12, 1997.
RTNS-II Neutron Sources: Status Report

Experience with neutron sources consisting of air-insulated 400 kV deuteron accelerators and tritium targets which rotate at 5000 rpm is reported. These accelerators are part of the Rotating Target Neutron Source-II (RTNS-II) facility. A review of the accelerator design is given. Operation of the prototype accelerator using hydrogen beams is discussed in detail. The parameters are tabulated for the first accelerator operated as a neutron source in November, 1978. Additional terminal pumping has reduced the radiation level from bremsstrahlung by at least a factor of ten. Ion source performance with deuterium has not been as good as that obtained with hydrogen. Beam divergence at the acceleration column exit is also observed. Future efforts include the fabrication of large diameter targets and design changes to improve source operation.
Applying computer simulation to forecast homicide rates

The purpose of this article is to expose readers to a relatively new and virtually unused analytical tool—computer simulation of dynamic social trends. For purposes of illustrating this technique, several variables assumed to contribute to homicide rates were examined. Prior research has pointed to structural explanations for homicide. Specifically, “anomie” and a “subculture of violence” have repeatedly been found to be correlated with homicide rates. However, neither adequately explains the inordinately high number of homicides in the United States. Therefore, an alternative explanation, focusing on the interactive and reciprocal nature of these two constructs, is considered in this article. Through the use of simulation technology, a computer model was built that tested the ability of these constructs and the associated variables to predict homicide rates. Findings indicated that simultaneously increasing several variables (e.g., population density, availability of handguns, etc.) produced a sharp rise in the number of homicides. However, after a period of several years, societal responses (such as enhanced social programs and improved rehabilitative efforts) resulted in homicide rates stabilizing at a level only slightly greater than that recorded prior to the changes.
Diagnosis of Unilateral Mainstem Bronchial Obstruction Following Single-Lung Transplantation With Routine Spirometry

Single-lung transplantation has become a treatment option for many patients with advanced pulmonary disease. Recent advances in surgical technique and refined immunosuppressive regimens have led to improvement in long-term outcomes, but postoperative complications, including airway disorders, remain problematic. Serial spirometry with flow-volume loops is sensitive in detecting early small-airway disease associated with lung allograft rejection or bronchiolitis obliterans, but its role in the diagnosis of large-airway disease in the posttransplantation setting has not been delineated. In this report, we describe a novel alteration in the configuration of the flow-volume loop in a patient who developed unilateral mainstem bronchial obstruction following single-lung transplantation for severe emphysema. Surveillance spirometry performed 6 weeks after transplantation demonstrated a new initial plateau in the maximal expiratory flow-volume curve suggestive of a variable intrathoracic airway obstruction. This unique aberration in the flow-volume curve sheds new insight into the physiologic abnormalities of spirometry in patients receiving lung transplants.
Analysis of extracellular firing patterns of deep temporal lobe structures in man.

Abstract The spontaneous activity of "normal" neurons in four different limbic structures of man has been recorded from flexible micro-electrodes in the unaffected side of psychomotor epileptics who were bilaterally implanted for diagnostic EEG analysis. Neurons in amygdala and uncus fired slowly, usually with isolated discharges. Neurons in middle hippocampal gyrus and Ammon's horn fired faster and with burst patterns. These different neuronal output patterns indicated an anatomical arrangement of separate input systems and different synaptic organizations for anterior versus posterior limbic structures in man. These patterns were so similar to those recorded from homologous structures in lower mammals that is was suggested that the synaptic organizations of each limbic structure in man evolved with few functional changes. Using flexible micro-electrodes, extracellular action potentials from single neurons were easily maintained for several hours, despite movements, and may be maintained for over 3 weeks post-operatively. It is suggested that recording from the same neuron from day to day is possible.
THE NON‐IDENTITY PROBLEM AND GENETIC HARMS – THE CASE OF WRONGFUL HANDICAPS

The Human Genome Project will produce information permitting increasing opportunities to prevent genetically transmitted harms, most of which will be compatible with a life worth living, through avoiding conception or terminating a pregnancy. Failure to prevent these harms when it is possible for parents to do so without substantial burdens or costs to themselves or others are what I call "wrongful handicaps". Derek Parfit has developed a systematic difficulty for any such cases being wrongs -- when the harm could be prevented only by preventing the existence of the individual who would have a worthwhile life even with the handicap, then bringing him into existence with the handicap does not make him worse off and so does not wrong him. I argue that a non "person-affecting" principle requiring the avoidance of suffering and limited opportunity correctly accounts for cases of wrongful handicaps without requiring that the individuals with the handicap have been made worse off and therefore wronged. It is an advantage, not a difficulty, of this account that it does not imply that the person with the handicap has been wronged or is a victim with a special moral complaint.