cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vibroacoustic analysis and optimization of lightweight silicon carbide mirrors

Lightweight, actuated, silicon carbide mirrors are an enabling technology for large aperture, space-based optical systems. These mirrors have the potential to improve optical resolution and sensitivity beyond what is currently possible. However, launch survival is a key concern, especially for very lightweight mirrors. This work uses an integrated modeling approach to determine the vibroacoustic response of mirrors subjected to launch loads through the calculation of peak launch stresses in the silicon carbide substrate and in the actuators. The fully parameterized model used with optimization and trade space exploration allows for the identification of key design parameters for launch survival. The areal density, number or ribs, rib structure, and face sheet thickness are identified as key variables that affect the launch stress and are varied in the optimization. Optimal designs, in terms of lowest peak stress and lowest mass meeting launch stress requirements, are found, and iso-performance is used to identify multiple sets of design parameters that meet launch survival requirements. This modeling effort expands the knowledge of lightweight mirrors through the determination of technology limitations imposed by the launch environment. The modeling method also allows for the addition of uncertainty analysis and launch load alleviation techniques.
Distribution of mercury in a Gulf Coast lignite mine

Evaluation of mercury distribution throughout a coal seam allows for evaluation of alternatives to reduce mercury emissions from coal-burning electric utilities, such as selective mining. Mercury concentrations in coal samples from 31 cores of a 3−10 ft thick lignite seam in a 475 acre study area within Rusk County, TX, were measured. Detailed samples (0.1 ft sections) were collected from three of the cores, and 6−12 samples (including samples of over- and underburden) were collected from each of the other cores. ASTM method 6414-01 showed erroneously high mercury concentrations for three low-rank coal standards (NIST SRM 2682b, EPRI ES-5, and CANSPEX2003-1) using the Perkin-Elmer AAnalyst FIAS system. Accordingly, a modified assay method to measure the mercury concentration in Texas lignite was developed that recovered 97−108% of the mercury in the low-rank coal standards. Mercury results for the three detailed cores showed substantial vertical variation, with adjacent sections often differing by over 20...
Political Gangsters and Nazism: Some Comments on Richard Hamilton's Theory of Fascism. A Review Article

Recent scholarship on fascism has generated an impressive array of studies on the social basis of modem Europe's most destructive and dangerous political movement. These works have argued that older theories explaining the causes and outcomes of fascist movements and regimes were inadequate because they lacked close empirical analysis of the people who supported fascism. In historical research on Nazism this general critique articulated with a growing attack on scholarly preoccupation with state administration, national elites, major special interest groups, and foreign policy.2 Predictably, such useful and justifiable responses to the lack of social analysis in the study of European and German fascism have produced a number of problems. Whereas theorizations of the 1950s and 1960s were based on thin empirical foundations, new social scientific research, by stressing largely quantifiable issues in the history
Selective Synthesis of Methylnaphthalenes in HSAPO-34 Cages and Their Function as Reaction Centers in Methanol-to-Olefin Catalysis

Several recent papers have demonstrated that the conversion of methanol to olefins on the silico-aluminophosphate solid acid catalyst HSAPO-34 usually requires methylbenzenes that function as scaffolds (reaction centers) for carbon−carbon bond making and breaking steps. These benzene rings form in the ca. 1 nm cages through ship-in-a-bottle routes from olefins, and they cannot exit the ca. 0.38 nm windows connecting cages. Here, we report a procedure for the selective (80%) synthesis of naphthalene in the cages of HSAPO-34 based on methanol conversion at 600 °C. These naphthalene molecules are accessible to methanol and react at 400 °C to form methylnaphthalenes in the cages with up to four methyl groups. We find that HSAPO-34 catalysts with methylnaphthalenes as the primary entrained hydrocarbon species eliminate ethylene and propene, much like methylbenzenes. A careful comparison of catalysts prepared with either methylnaphthalenes or methylbenzenes showed the former to be ca. one-third as active as the...
Olefin oligomerization by boron fluoride

Polymerization of 2-butene by boron fluoride-methanol in methylene chloride gives a mixture of olefins, primarily in the C8–C14 range. The C8 fraction consists of the equilibrium mixture of 3,4-dimethylhexenes corresponding to the normal dimer; similarly, the C10 fraction is largely a mixture of 3,4,5-trimethylheptenes. The major component of the C9 group seems to be a 2,3,4-trimethylhexene, but a significant part of the nonenes remains unidentified. We now have evidence, in contradiction to our earlier report, that a C11 fraction does exist but is difficult to separate from the complex C12 mixture. With propylene under the same reaction conditions, limited fragmentation occurs and the products are primarily oligomers in the tetramer-to-decamer range; therefore, the reaction is quite well suited to the study of reaction variables. It is found that the composition of the reaction product is almost independent of the degree of conversion, but that increasing the cocatalyst concentration tends to shift the molecular weight maximum to somewhat higher values. Changing the cocatalyst from methanol to acetic acid makes little difference, and the amount of fragmentation seems to be unaffected by the amount or kind of cocatalyst.
Aggregated statistical rankings are arbitrary

In many areas of mathematics, statistics, and the social sciences, the intriguing, and somewhat unsettling, paradox occurs where the “parts” may give rise to a common decision, but the aggregate of those parts, the “whole”, gives rise to a different decision. The Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric statistical test on n samples which can be used to rank-order a list of alternatives is subject to such a Simpson-like paradox of aggregation. That is, two or more data sets each may individually support a certain ordering of the samples under Kruskal-Wallis, yet their union, or aggregate, yields a different outcome. An analysis of this phenomenon yields a computable criterion which characterizes which matrices of ranked data, when aggregated, can give rise to such a paradox.
Homer's syndrome, bilateral sensory motor trigeminal and other cranial neuropathies in a patient with sarcoidosis

Presentation of an unusual case of sarcoidosis causing Homer's syndrome with multiple cranial neuropathies including bilateral sensorimotor trigeminal and spinal accessory neuropathies. Other neurologic manifestations included bilateral hypoglossal neuropathies and a thoracic myelopathy with a normal myelogram. A CT scan showing enhancing calcifications in the basal cisterns is compared with those described in the literature.
Practising Archaeology — As if it Really Matters

AbstractPeople care about archaeology for a variety of competing reasons. Archaeologists no longer ignore this as they once did, but few have come to terms on a pragmatic level with their responsibility to the public. Here I outline my own ideas about public engagement and the place of ethnography in the archaeologist's professional practice. While long-term collaborations between archaeologists and others are almost always preferable, they are rarely feasible, and lofty ideals can have negative repercussions for daily practice and political action. I advocate Participatory Action Research (PAR) as a method that archaeologists untrained in ethnography can use to expediently develop ethnographically sensitive and respectful relationships. I also advocate that archaeologists be honest about what they are doing, why they are doing it, and how it relates to what they are actually trained to do. This is an important step since archaeologists need to be able to see themselves as one group of stakeholders with a...
Lymphocyte proliferative response and tissue distribution of methylmercury sulfide and chloride in exposed rats

The immunotoxic effects and tissue distribution of different forms of methylmercury compounds were studied in rats. Methylmercury sulfide or methylmercury chloride was fed to rats at concentrations of 5 or 500 μg/L in drinking water for 8 wk. T‐cell lymphocyte proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and determination of tissue distribution of mercury by gas chromatography using electron capture were assayed. Four different forms of mercury compounds were employed: MeHgS−, (MeHg)2S, (MeHg)3S+, and MeHgCI. Results indicated that exposure to methylmercury significantly enhanced lymphocyte responsiveness in most of the exposed groups at the low concentration of 5 μg/L, with the highest proliferative response (fourfold increase) in the MeHgCl group. At 500 μg/L, a significant decrease in the lymphocyte proliferative response was observed in the (MeHg)3S+ and MeHgCl groups; conversely, the MeHgS− and (MeHg)2 S‐exposed animals had a modest increase of the lymphocyte proliferative response. The largest...
Solar Sea Power: Over a Century of Invention

Solar Sea Power is one of the unusual technologies in history, in that it did not progress in capability much since its first invention by Jacques d’Arsonval in 1881. It has been reinvented several times since then (at least 14 instances, probably more), which is not unusual by itself, as explained in the paper, however, the lack of progress in technological sophistication is unusual, unless the design is dominated by an established, older, paradigm. Some of these repeated inventions were need-based, such as Claude’s, intended for French colonial Africa; few or none matched periods of increased interest in solar power. Even though individual inventors developed Solar Sea Power (SSP), governments were considered likely to advance the technology and apply it for the first 90 years or so of its existence. Recently, this task has been abandoned by deep-pocket governments and left to small, specialized companies such as Anderson’s. Examples of the former are the plant design intended for a lake in northern Italy and the mega-plant with identical technology designed under the Energy Research and Development Agency (ERDA) sponsorship by TRW, a government contractor since sold to an aerospace firm. SSP plants do not produce much electricity, but since a portion of the output is used for operation, it is free to operate, and constantly renewable. It is even more reliable than wind power, in that the temperature differences in suitable water are always there, but wind, a product of many factors, is not blowing at all times.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Thermally and optically induced metastabilities in doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon: ESR studies

Equilibrium and light-induced electron-spin resonance (ESR and LESR) are used to investigate the effects of rapid thermal quenching and light soaking on the electronic density of states in doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon. Thermal quenching is found to lead to a strong, metastable increase in the density of shallow states. Light soaking of phosphorus-doped a-Si:H causes a reversible increase of occupied neutral-donor levels together with a decrease of electrons in conduction-band-tail states. In contrast, n-type material doped with arsenic does not show any light-soaking effect. Possible microscopic mechanisms for the observed metastable changes are discussed, and the difference between phosphorus- and arsenic-doped a-Si:H is explained by changes in the electron trapping behavior deduced from LESR experiments.
Assessment of collagen changes in ovarian tissue by extracting optical scattering coefficient from OCT images

Optical scattering coefficient from ex-vivo unfixed normal and malignant ovarian tissue was quantitatively extracted by fitting optical coherence tomography (OCT) A-line signals to a single scattering model. 1097 average A-line measurements at a wavelength of 1310nm were performed at 108 sites obtained from 18 ovaries. The average scattering coefficient obtained from normal group consisted of 833 measurements from 88 sites was 2.41 mm-1 (±0.59), while the average coefficient obtained from malignant group consisted of 264 measurements from 20 sites was 1.55 mm-1 (±0.46). Using a threshold of 2 mm-1 for each ovary, a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 100% were achieved. The amount of collagen within OCT imaging depth was analyzed from the tissue histological section stained with Sirius Red. The average collagen area fraction (CAF) obtained from normal group was 48.4% (±12.3%), while the average CAF obtained from malignant group was 11.4% (±4.7%). Statistical significance of the collagen content was found between the two groups (p < 0.001). The preliminary data demonstrated that quantitative extraction of optical scattering coefficient from OCT images could be a potential powerful method for ovarian cancer detection and diagnosis.
Studies of Hf(Si,O) dielectrics for metal-oxide-semiconductor applications

Abstract The effect of hafnium content on material properties of ultra-thin, mist deposited Hf-based dielectrics is investigated. Deposition rate and dielectric constant of HfSiO x film were found to increase with Hf content in the precursor. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry revealed the presence of distinct Hf–O and Hf–Si–O phases in the HfSiO x film deposited with high-Hf content precursor. With an increase of Hf-content in the HfSiO x the equivalent oxide thickness value of the Pt–HfSiO x –Si gate stack was decreasing and leakage current maintained lower than that of HfO 2 at the similar physical thickness.
High‐yield method for immobilization of enzymes

Two types of polyethylenimine-coated glass microbeads (13-44 micrometer) were synthesized and used for the immobilization of glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger and catalase from A. niger and beef liver. The two types of beads were distinguishable by differences in their surface topography. Immobilizations were performed by adsorption followed by treatment with glutaraldehyde. The immobilized-enzyme activities per unit support of all of the enzymes tested were compared with and found to be superior to the immobilized activities attainable on aminopropyl-activated glass microbeads. When enzyme was present in less than saturating amounts, the coated beads were able to remove 100% of the glucose oxidase activity initially present in the immobilization solution, with 78-87% of that activity expressed on the support surface. Bound glucose oxidase was more stable to thermal inactivation than native enzyme.
Synthesis of visible-light-active TiO2-based photocatalysts by carbon and nitrogen doping

Abstract TiO2 has been considered the most promising photocatalyst for the degradation of pollutants in air or water; however, it shows poor absorption of visible light and requires ultraviolet (UV) light for activation. We have successfully synthesized a visible-light-active carbon and nitrogen co-doped TiO2 catalyst. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), photoluminescence (PL), and N2 desorption–adsorption. Our results demonstrate that the optical response of TiO2 was shifted from UV to the visible light region with the introduction of carbon and nitrogen. Nitrogen was substituted for some of the lattice oxygen atoms, and most of the carbon was in the form of elemental carbon. The surface area of the co-doped catalyst was increased, and its photocatalytic efficiency was enhanced. The photocatalytic tests indicated that the co-doped catalyst demonstrated higher activity for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) compared with pure TiO2 both under visible light and UV irradiation, attributed to the synergetic effects of carbon and nitrogen dopants.
Developing versus Nondeveloping Disturbances for Tropical Cyclone Formation. Part I: North Atlantic*

AbstractThis study investigates the characteristic differences of tropical disturbances that eventually develop into tropical cyclones (TCs) versus those that did not, using global daily analysis fields of the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) from the years 2003 to 2008. Time filtering is applied to the data to extract tropical waves with different frequencies. Waves with a 3–8-day period represent the synoptic-scale disturbances that are representatives as precursors of TCs, and waves with periods greater than 20 days represent the large-scale background environmental flow. Composites are made for the developing and nondeveloping synoptic-scale disturbances in a Lagrangian frame following the disturbances. Similarities and differences between them are analyzed to understand the dynamics and thermodynamics of TC genesis. Part I of this study focuses on events in the North Atlantic, while Part II focuses on the western North Pacific.A box difference index (BDI), accounting for...
Influence of grain structure on processing of EVA-modified PVC

Abstract Two grades of VC-graft copolymers, a nonporous grade A and a porous grade B, both modified with 6% ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), are compared with respect to their processing behavior. It is shown that the porous material B can be processed under milder conditions than grade A to molded articles of great toughness.
Semi-imaging light pipe for collecting weakly scattered light

A simple reflective light pipe, formed from a cylindrical tube with an external reflective coating and a small central aperture, can be a highly efficient optical element for collecting light from molecular scattering processes along the path of a laser beam. When the laser beam is co-linear with the axis of the light pipe, scattered light from any location along the interaction region (near the pipe axis) re-images repeatedly to another location along the axis of the pipe. This semi-imaging property of the light pipe permits a large fraction of the total scattered light to re- image along the entire length of the interaction region. If one observes through the small central aperture, scattered light from the single segment of the laser beam in view appears to come from all the locations along the interaction length, as well as from the single segment. In this manner, one can have the advantage of collecting scattered light from a small segment (and thus onto a small detector), while observing an effective interaction length that is many times longer than the segment. Measurements from practical light pipes confirm effective gains of about 10X with light pipes a few centimeters long (Effective gain is defined as the ratio of light collected with the light pipe divided by the light collected from a direct image of the beam using the collection optics).
Assessing Gaps and Poverty-Related Inequalities in the Public and Private Sector Family Planning Supply Environment of Urban Nigeria

Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa, and its population is expected to double in <25 years (Central Intelligence Agency 2012; Fotso et al. 2011). Over half of the population already lives in an urban area, and by 2050, that proportion will increase to three quarters (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division 2012; Measurement Learning & Evaluation Project, Nigerian Urban Reproductive Health Initiative, National Population Commission 2012). Reducing unwanted and unplanned pregnancies through reliable access to high-quality modern contraceptives, especially among the urban poor, could make a major contribution to moderating population growth and improving the livelihood of urban residents. This study uses facility census data to create and assign aggregate-level family planning (FP) supply index scores to 19 local government areas (LGAs) across six selected cities of Nigeria. It then explores the relationships between public and private sector FP services and determines whether contraceptive access and availability in either sector is correlated with community-level wealth. Data show pronounced variability in contraceptive access and availability across LGAs in both sectors, with a positive correlation between public sector and private sector supply environments and only localized associations between the FP supply environments and poverty. These results will be useful for program planners and policy makers to improve equal access to contraception through the expansion or redistribution of services in focused urban areas.
Planetary-Scale Circulations Forced by Intraseasonal Variations of Observed Convection

Abstract Interhemispheric differences of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) are investigated in a linearized primitive equation model. Heating is prescribed from the observed life cycle of the MJO, in which anomalous convection is concentrated in the Eastern Hemisphere. The dynamical response in the Eastern Hemisphere has the form of a forced disturbance that involves Kelvin and Rossby components. These dynamical components propagate eastward along with the prescribed heating and have zonal wavenumber-2 structure, in accord with observed behavior. The behavior in the Eastern Hemisphere also resembles that emerging from frictional wave-CISK, in which heating follows autonomously from the circulation. When the prescribed heating collapses near the date line, the Rossby component dissipates. The Kelvin component, however, continues to advance across the Western Hemisphere, where it propagates at more than twice the speed of the disturbance in the Eastern Hemisphere. The disturbance in the Western Hemisphere...
Size and reflection effects in priming: A test of transfer-appropriate processing

Prior research has suggested that priming on perceptual implicit tests is insensitive to changes in stimulus size and reflection. The present experiments were performed to investigate whether size and reflection effects can be obtained in priming under conditions that encourage the processing of this information at study and at test, as predicted by transfer-appropriate processing. The results indicate that priming was affected by a change in the physical size of an object when study and test tasks required a judgment about the real size of pictorial objects (e.g., deciding whether a zebra presented small or large on the screen was larger or smaller than a typical chair), and when the test task required the identification of fragmented pictures. However, a change in left-right orientation had no effect on priming when study and test tasks required a judgment about the left-right orientation of familiar objects, or when the test task involved the identification of fragmented pictures. This difference between size and reflection effects is discussed in terms of the differential importance of size and reflection information in shape identification.
Aprotinin is safe in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery

Objective Aprotinin, a serine protease inhibitor, decreases transfusion requirements and inflammatory response after cardiopulmonary bypass. This study was done to determine whether aprotinin is associated with adverse outcomes, particularly mortality and acute kidney failure, in pediatric patients ( Methods We compared a cohort of all pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass operations from 1994–1999, when aprotinin was not used (n = 1230), with a cohort from 2000–2006, when all patients received high-dose aprotinin (n = 1251). Primary end points were operative and late mortality, acute kidney failure, need for dialysis, and neurologic complications. Association of aprotinin with primary end points was assessed by means of univariate analysis, multivariate logistic regression, and Cox regression analysis, where appropriate. Results The aprotinin group was younger (mean age, 3.49 ± 1.84 vs 3.64 ± 4.75 years; P = .019) and had a higher Aristotle score (7.8 ± 2.3 vs 7.2 ± 2.6, P P = .508), acute kidney failure (68 [6.0%] vs 69 [5.7%], P = .77), need for temporary dialysis (6 [0.49%] vs 12 [0.96%], P = .17), or neurologic complications (14 [1.1%] vs 17 [1.4%], P = .62). By means of Cox regression analysis, aprotinin had no influence on late mortality (24 vs 10 deaths, P = .078). Conclusion In this retrospective cohort study of pediatric patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass, there was no association between the use of aprotinin and acute kidney failure, need for dialysis, neurologic complications, and operative or late mortality. We continue to use aprotinin for all pediatric patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass.
Effects of contextual composition of category triads on semantic interrelatedness among members

The influence of the composition of category members during study on the extent of semantic interrelatedness among the members during subsequent recognition was examined. Triads during study contained members at two adjacent levels of taxonomic classification. Members from the superordinate level (e.g., furniture) are considered to be less semantically related than members from the subordinate level (e.g., baby furniture). A target (e.g., crib) was a member that could be contextualized at either level of categorization. The foil during a subsequent recognition test consisted of an encoding triad with a substitute for the target. The substitute was drawn from either the superordinate level or the subordinate level or was unrelated to the target. The relative false-alarm rates for the various substitutes measured the extent of semantic relatedness between the target and other class members. The results confirmed the hypothesis that the semantic interrelatedness of members of the triads during encoding influenced the relatedness of the target to other category members during the recognition phase.
MRI anatomy of the rat kidney at 1.5 T in different states of hydration

The objective of this study was to determine correlation between structural anatomy and surface coil spin-echo MR imaging of the rat kidney and the effect of hydration state on MR signal intensities of the cortex and medulla. Twelve rats were studied in a pilot study with a 3-inch surface coil in a 1.5 T magnet under five different states of hydration. Serum and urine osmolality measurements were obtained immediately prior to each scan. Signal intensity measurements were made from both T1- and T2-weighted images of the cortex and medulla of both kidneys in each state of hydration. Gross and histological anatomy of the rat kidneys was correlated with the MR images. Four distinct layers were detected in vivo on MRI images of the rat kidney; these correlated with the histological layers. T1-weighted cortico-medullary differentiation was most pronounced at 48 h dehydration; T2 cortico-medullary differentiation was greatest at 72 h of dehydration. We concluded that different parts of the mammalian nephron can be identified by MR imaging and that cortico-medullary differentiation is affected by the hydration state of the animal.
Paced versus unpaced recall in free learning

Summary This study examined free learning with paced and unpaced recall. In paced recall, S “anticipated” items at a 2-sec. rate; in unpaced recall 60 sec. were allowed to write down the responses. High- and low-similarity lists were used with three study and three recall trials given. The results show that the high-similarity list was better recalled than the low-similarity list and higher recall occurred with unpaced than with paced recall. However, similarity did not interact with method of recall. Although unpaced recall produced better performance than paced recall statistically speaking, in an absolute sense the differences were not great. The number of correct responses given with paced recall was 89%, 90%, and 95% of the number given with unpaced recall for three different lists. An analysis of recall as a function of word frequency gave suggestive, but not definitive evidence that the influence of frequency is greater under unpaced than under paced recall.
Tyrosine phosphorylation of phosphatase inhibitor 2

Inhibitor 2 is a heat-stable protein that complexes with the catalytic subunit of type-1 protein phosphatase. The reversible phosphorylation of Thr 72 of the inhibitor in this complex has been shown to regulate phosphatase activity. Here we show that inhibitor 2 can also be phosphorylated on tyrosine residues. Inhibitor 2 was 32P-labeled by the insulin receptor kinase in vitro, in the presence of polylysine. Phosphorylation of inhibitor 2 was accompanied by decreased electrophoretic mobility. Dephosphorylation of inhibitor 2 by tyrosine phosphatase 1B, restored normal electrophoretic mobility. Phosphotyrosine in inhibitor 2 was detected by immunoblotting with antiphosphotyrosine antibodies and phosphoamino acid analysis. In addition, following tryptic digestion, one predominant phosphopeptide was recovered at the anode. The ability of inhibitor 2 to inhibit type-1 phosphatase activity was diminished with increasing phosphorylation up to a stoichiometry of 1 mole phosphate incorporated/mole of inhibitor 2, where inhibitory activity was completely lost. These data demonstrate that inhibitor 2 can be phosphorylated on tyrosine residues by the insulin receptor kinase, resulting in a molecule with decreased ability to inhibit type-1 phosphatase activity.
Results of abdominoperineal resections for failures after combination chemotherapy and radiation therapy for anal canal cancers

Thirty patients treated with combination chemotherapy (CT) and radiation therapy (RT) for anal canal carcinoma were reviewed retrospectively to analyze the results of abdominoperineal resection (APR) for treatment failures. Mean follow-up was 34.9 months. Twenty-four patients had squamous carcinomas, and six had cloacogenic carcinomas. Twenty-five had negative inguinal lymph nodes, and five had positive inguinal lymph nodes. The group received 5-fluorouracil, mitomycin C, and 30 to 50 Gy of RT. Biopsy was obtained at six weeks posttherapy. Seventeen of 22 patients (77 percent) with primary tumors of less than 5 cm and negative nodes were disease free at 37 months post-CT-RT. None of the seven patients with primary tumors of greater than 5 cm or positive nodes were free of disease. APR was done for positive biopsy in eight patients and for local recurrence (disease detected after six months of treatment) in one patient. Eight of nine patients who had APR died of disease (mean, 20 months), and one of nine died of other causes. A review of published series, including our data, reveals 24 cases of APR post-CT-RT for positive biopsy, with 17 of 24 (71 percent) dead of disease within three years. APR for CT-RT failures has a poor prognosis. Future protocols may determine whether further CT-RT will improve survival. APR for palliation should always remain an option.
Robust Selection Procedures Based on Vector Ranks

This article examines the situation wherein data arise from a 2-way analysis of variance type setting, while most of the selection literature assumes a 1-way setting. Thus, such settings, which are known to be important in practice, as those where there are block effects, are included. The problem of interest is the selection of thet best populations. A vector within blocks procedure PV is compared to the normal theory procedure MP. PV addresses an important problem, which (in the case of ordinal data) work on robust selection by a number of authors does not apply to. It is hoped that the rigorous treatment given will stimulate further work in this area.
The Reasons for Noncompliance with Adaptive Equipment in Patients Returning Home After a Total Hip Replacement

The purpose of this study is to determine the most frequent reasons for nonuse of adaptive equipment prescribed by occupational therapists in patients returning home after a total hip replacement s...
Developmental tasks of childhood and adolescence: Implications for genetic testing

Many reports have recently recommended a careful weighing of the potential benefits and harms of genetic testing (carrier or predisposition) of children and adolescents [Andrews et al., Washington DC: National Academy Press, 1994; Wertz et al., JAMA, 272:875-881, 1994; Clinical Genetics Society (UK), J Med Genet, 31:785-797, 1994; ASHJ/ACMG, Am J Hum Genet, 57:1233-1241, 1995]. Despite this, youngsters are currently being tested for late-onset disorders as well as for carrier status [Reilly and Wertz, Am J Hum Genet, 57:A57, 1995]. Many children to be tested will be those in at-risk families, who may already have experienced the chronic illness or death of a close relative. Thus, reactions to testing will be influenced by prior family experiences. Emotional reactions to testing will be determined by both the child's cognitive and psychosocial development. Testing of adolescents may alter the achievement of developmental tasks, including seeking freedom from parental figures, establishment of personal identity, handling of sexual energies, and remodeling of former idealizations of self and others. There are many potential dilemmas in deciding whether to test a child or adolescent for genetic status. If parents choose not to test, the risk is for later difficulty integrating such information into the self concept. If parents test and do not tell results, the risk is for creating a climate of family secrecy. If parents test and tell results, the risk is robbing the child of the autonomy of his or her own later decision. Perhaps the question of whether to test is not the real question. More than genetic testing, genetic counseling is of crucial importance in thoughtful decisions concerning whether to test an individual child or adolescent. A more important question may be how to provide unaffected children in at-risk families with appropriate counseling. Provision of psychosocial support to at-risk families will enable the child to encounter genetic testing, if necessary, supported with the best possible resources.
Dimensionality of the index of psychophysiological stress.

Abstract Recent studies of the 22-item Index of Psychophysiological Stress have questioned its validity. The bases of question have been that the index is multidimensional and that it is both a measure of physical and mental disorder. Sex and age differences in responses to the index are presumed to represent cultural or subcultural variations in conceptualization of symptoms or differences in prevalence of physical rather than mental disorder. The results of this research question the dimensionality of the index as reported by Crandell and Dohrenwend and also indicate that sex and age interact with symptom patterns differently than reported in other studies.
Spatial and temporal patterns of Landsat-based detection of tree mortality caused by a mountain pine beetle outbreak in Colorado, USA

Abstract Mountain pine beetles (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) have killed billions of trees in the United States and Canada in the last decades, thereby causing major alterations to forest ecosystems. Therefore, monitoring the extent and patterns of these major disturbance events are important for subsequent forest management. At 30-m spatial resolution, Landsat imagery affords the opportunity for quantifying spatial and temporal patterns of bark beetle outbreaks at plot to stand resolution. We developed a continuous measure of bark beetle-caused tree mortality using multi-temporal Landsat data (1996–2011) in the Rocky Mountains of northcentral Colorado. We report the year of detection of tree mortality, which is 1 year after attack by beetles. Two approaches were used to predict percent red stage tree mortality within a 30-m grid cell, multiple linear regression models and generalized additive models (GAM) with a nonlinear spatial term. Both models explained >75% of the variance using three Landsat spectral explanatory variables. We used the linear model to predict tree mortality across the entire study area and time series because of its simplicity, its capability for extrapolation beyond the training area, and similar performance compared with the GAM. From 1996 to 2011, cumulative tree mortality was 22% of forested areas within the Landsat scene, equivalent to 228 million mature lodgepole pine trees (range: 174–332 million trees using the 95% confidence interval of field-measured crown areas). Early in the outbreak, tree mortality was associated with expansion, whereas later in the outbreak, mortality was due to intensification (increase in mortality within areas already having beetle activity). We used three metrics (cumulative tree mortality, duration of tree mortality, and average rate of tree mortality) to investigate the temporal and spatial patterns of bark beetle-caused mortality using different grid cell resolutions within the Landsat scene. At the Landsat spatial resolution (900 m2), we estimated that grid cells within the outbreak experienced means of 60% mortality, a duration of 3–4 years, and an average rate of mortality of 20%/year. With coarser spatial resolution, cumulative tree morality and rate of tree mortality decreased whereas duration of tree mortality increased. Our results improve the understanding of spatial and temporal patterns of tree mortality caused by bark beetle outbreaks, and provide specific information for forest managers and scientists about a severe mountain pine beetle infestation in northcentral Colorado.
Measurement of the solubility of germanium in aluminum utilizing MeV He+ backscattering

The solubility of germanium in thin (1000 to 6000A) aluminum films has been measured over the temperature range 120° to 390°C using the technique of MeV He+ backscattering. The results are in general agreement with previous measurements. The technique is described and its advantages and limitations for measurements of this type are discussed.
The Silence of the Lambdas: A Test of the Almost Ideal and Rotterdam Models

During the past decade, the Linear Approximate (LA) Almost Ideal Demand System and the Rotterdam model have been adopted by agricultural economists as the demand systems of choice in most applications. The apparent explanation is that the two models are both (second-order) locally flexible and compatible with demand theory, they have identical data requirements and are equally parsimonious with respect to parameters, and both are linear in the parameters. While the two models are thus equally attractive in most respects, and indeed appear very similar in structure, they lead to different results in some applications. This article develops a test of each against the other. In an illustrative application to U.S. meat demand, the Almost Ideal model is rejected while the Rotterdam model is not.
The use of exact Lamb waves modes for modeling the power and energy transduction of structurally bonded piezoelectric wafer active sensors

This paper presents a theoretical modeling of power and energy transduction of structurally-bonded piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) for structural health monitoring (SHM). After a literature review of the state of the art, we developed a model of power and energy transduction between the PWAS and a structure containing multimodal ultrasonic guided waves. The use of exact Lamb waves modes for power modeling is an extension of our previously presented simplified model that considered axial and flexural waves with low frequency approximation. The model assumptions include: (a) straight-crested multimodal ultrasonic guided wave propagation; (b) ideal bonding (pin-force) connection between PWAS and structure; (c) ideal excitation source at the transmitter PWAS and fully-resistive external load at the receiver PWAS. Frequency response functions are developed for voltage, current, complex power, active power, etc. Multimodal ultrasonic guided wave, normal mode expansion, electromechanical energy transformation of PWAS and structure were considered. The parametric study of PWAS size and impedance match gives the PWAS design guideline for PWAS sensing and power harvesting applications
A scientist and a theologian see the world: compromise or synthesis?

Abstract. A scientist (for whom the world is the universe) and a theologian (for whom the world is planet Earth) engage in dialogue, not contrived Platonic or Galilean dialogue, but true bidisciplinary dialogue that strives for higher viewpoint. S: Is the preservation of the human species a primary human responsibility? T: It may be a responsibility we share with God. S: The human species has a limited future if confined to the planet Earth. We must diversify our habitat by colonizing space. T: We are responsible for other life on the planet as well. The discussants conclude that besides protecting Earth ecologies, we should create new ecologies in space.
Mitochondrial DNA sequences of primates: tempo and mode of evolution.

We cloned and sequenced a segment of mitochondrial DNA from human, chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, and gibbon. This segment is 896 bp in length, contains the genes for three transfer RNAs and parts of two proteins, and is homologous in all 5 primates. The 5 sequences differ from one another by base substitutions at 283 positions and by a deletion of one base pair. The sequence differences range from 9 to 19% among species, in agreement with estimates from cleavage map comparisons, thus confirming that the rate of mtDNA evolution in primates is 5 to 10 times higher than in nuclear DNA. The most striking new finding to emerge from these comparisons is that transitions greatly outnumber transversions. Ninety-two percent of the differences among the most closely related species (human, chimpanzee, and gorilla) are transitions. For pairs of species with longer divergence times, the observed percentage of transitions falls until, in the case of comparisons between primates and non-primates, it reaches a value of 45. The time dependence is probably due to obliteration of the record of transitions by multiple substitutions at the same nucleotide site. This finding illustrates the importance of choosing closely related species for analysis of the evolutionary process. The remarkable bias toward transitions in mtDNA evolution necessitates the revision of equations that correct for multiple substitutions at the same site. With revised equations, we calculated the incidence of silent and replacement substitutions in the two protein-coding genes. The silent substitution rate is 4 to 6 times higher than the replacement rate, indicating strong functional constraints at replacement sites. Moreover, the silent rate for these two genes is about 10% per million years, a value 10 times higher than the silent rate for the nuclear genes studied so far. In addition, the mean substitution rate in the three mitochondrial tRNA genes is at least 100 times higher than in nuclear tRNA genes. Finally, genealogical analysis of the sequence differences supports the view that the human lineage branched off only slightly before the gorilla and chimpanzee lineages diverged and strengthens the hypothesis that humans are more related to gorillas and chimpanzees than is the orangutan.
Polymeric Antimicrobial N-Halamine Epoxides

A new N-halamine copolymer has been prepared, characterized, and evaluated for antimicrobial efficacy, stability toward hydrolyses, and stability toward UVA degradation when covalently bound to cellulose fibers. A copolymer of 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropylmethacrylate and glycidyl methacrylate was coated onto cotton, and, after curing, was treated with an aqueous solution containing the potassium salt of 5,5-dimethylhydantoin to form a coating which became antimicrobial upon exposure to househod bleach (sodium hypochlorite). The coating inactivated S. aureus and E. coli O157:H7 within minutes of contact time and was quite stable toward washing and UVA photodegradation.
Improvement of HITS-based algorithms on web documents

In this paper, we present two ways to improve the precision of HITS-based algorithms on Web documents. First, by analyzing the limitations of current HITS-based algorithms, we propose a new weighted HITS-based method that assigns appropriate weights to in-links of root documents. Then, we combine content analysis with HITS-based algorithms and study the effects of four representative relevance scoring methods, VSM, Okapi, TLS, and CDR, using a set of broad topic queries. Our experimental results show that our weighted HITS-based method performs significantly better than Bharat's improved HITS algorithm. When we combine our weighted HITS-based method or Bharat's HITS algorithm with any of the four relevance scoring methods, the combined methods are only marginally better than our weighted HITS-based method. Between the four relevance-scoring methods, there is no significant quality difference when they are combined with a HITS-based algorithm.
Trifluoperazine‐induced meiotic maturation in Xenopus laevis

Xenopus oocytes were exposed to trifluoperazine, a drug that binds to the calcium-regulating protein, calmodulin. The drug induced meiotic maturation even in the absence of progesterone. When trifluoperazine was microinjected directly into oocytes the maturation of the cells was partially inhibited in that the white spot, indicative of germinal vesicle breakdown, did not appear even though the germinal itself was absent in dissected oocytes.
Alteration of [14C]-Testosterone Metabolism After Chronic Exposure of Daphnia magna to Tributyltin

Tributyltin (TBT) is a marine biocide that has been shown to alter the activity of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and elicit toxicity indicative of androgenization in some species. The present study was conducted to determine whether TBT altered P450-, reductase-, and transferase-mediated testosterone metabolic processes in Daphnia magna at sublethal exposure concentrations. Two generations of daphnids were continuously exposed for 21 days to nominal TBT concentrations ranging from 0.31 to 2.5 μg/L TBT. The highest TBT concentration (2.5 μg/L) was lethal to 60% of the exposed organisms. Lower TBT concentrations elicited no adverse effects on molting or reproduction of the daphnids. No differences were observed in the response of the first- and second-generation daphnids to the toxicity of TBT. The ability of daphnids to metabolize [14C]-testosterone in vivo was assessed following exposure of each generation to TBT. Production of hydroxylated, reduced/dehydrogenated, and glucose-conjugated metabolites of testosterone were all elevated following exposure of both generations to 1.25 μg/L TBT. These findings indicate that, under these conditions, TBT elicits no discernible effects on molting and reproduction of daphnids at sublethal concentrations, and testosterone metabolism is enhanced at concentrations approaching those that are lethal to organisms. Alterations of steroid metabolism by xenobiotics can be used as a more sensitive indicator of sublethal exposure in daphnids than reproductive endpoints.
Persistent vomiting of bile in a premature infant.

History A 12-hour-old premature infant was first seen with persistent bilious vomiting. He had not yet been fed and had passed meconium ten hours after birth. On physical examination, he was found to have peculiar facies and upper abdominal distention. Figures 1 and 2 were obtained as part of the diagnostic evaluation. Diagnosis Duodenal atresia. Comment Figures 1 and 2 show two air-filled upper abdominal structures representing the very dilated stomach and duodenal bulb. The remainder of the alimentary tract was gasless. This combination of findings suggested congenital duodenal obstruction. Further inspection of Fig 1 disclosed an unusual configuration of the pelvis. The superior margins of the acetabula were flat and the ilia were flared. These findings suggested Down syndrome (trisomy 21), a condition commonly associated with duodenal atresia. Duodenal obstruction accounts for about 25% of all cases of alimentary tract obstruction in newborns. It occurs in about 1 in