cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reverse engineering as a means of improving and adapting legacy finite element code

The development of code for finite elements-based field computation has been going on at a pace since the 1970s, yielding code that was not put through the software lifecycle - where code is developed through a sequential process of requirements elicitation from the user/client to design, analysis, implementation and testing (with loops going back from the second stage onwards as dissatisfactions are identified or questions arise) and release and maintenance. As a result, today we have legacy code running into millions of lines, implemented without planning and not using proper state-of-the-art software design tools. It is necessary to redo this code to exploit object oriented facilities and make corrections or run on the web with Java. Object oriented code's principal advantage is reusability. It is ideal for describing autonomous agents so that values inside a method are private unless otherwise so provided - that is encapsulation makes programming neat and less error-prone in unexpected situations. Recent advances in software make such reverse engineering/reengineering of this code into object oriented form possible. The purpose of this paper is to show how existing finite element code can be reverse/re-engineered to improve it. Taking sections of working finite element code, especially matrix computation for equation solution as examples, we put it through reverse engineering to arrive at the effective UML design by which development was done and then translate it to Java. This then is the starting point for analyzing the design and improving it without having to throw away any of the old code.
Parking at Mixed-Use Centers in Small Cities

The debate about parking has shifted in the past decade, as some places attempt to move from conventional development patterns to urban centers modeled on new urbanism and smart growth concepts. There is now less focus on providing sufficient parking to meet demand and more on ensuring that the issue of parking does not undermine the creation of vibrant places. The goal for the presented project is to understand parking and parking provision better as it relates to smaller cities and towns with mixed-use centers. Specifically addressed are how a dense, walkable, mixed-use center affects parking supply and demand and how mixed-use centers compare with centers designed along more conventional lines. These questions were addressed by conducting case study assessments of six sites in New England. In general, the three mixed-use study sites provided much less parking per square foot than the conventional control sites. The study sites thrived by making much more efficient use of land for parking. The study sit...
Racial Disparities in Healthcare: Are We Prepared for the Future? Brief Report on Emergency Medical Services in a County Health Department in California

Demographic trends indicate that ethnic minority populations constitute 25 percent of the current population and will be the majority of the United States population in 2050. Forty percent of the demographic in California are ethnic minorities making encounters between healthcare workers and patients from different cultural backgrounds commonplace. Research also indicates that ethnic minority patients are more likely to utilize emergency medical services as an entry point into the health system due to lack of medical insurance and access to primary care. Our qualitative study attempts to understand health disparities through focus groups with 76 patients and their feedback on the use of emergency medical services. Patients revealed challenges in both service provision and delivery of emergency medical services. Implications include the development of cultural competence training programs and the selection of diverse groups of county emergency medical first responders in California.
Predictive modeling on seismic performances of geosynthetic-reinforced soil walls

Abstract This paper presents the results of numerical parametric study of free-standing simple geosynthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) walls under real multidirectional ground motion shaking. The predictions were made using a validated finite element computer program. Design parameters, such as (1) wall height, (2) wall batter angle, (3) soil friction angle, (4) reinforcement spacing, and (5) reinforcement stiffness, were evaluated in the study. Prior to the parametric study, the extent of finite element model (FEM) boundary was verified in order to minimize the boundary effect. Results of parametric study were compared against the values determined using the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) allowable stress design methodology. It was found that the FHWA methodology overestimates the reinforcement tensile load as compared to the FEM results. Multivariate regression equations were developed using FEM results for the various seismic performances based on multiple design parameters that are essential in the design of GRS walls. In particular, the prediction equations for wall facing horizontal displacement, wall crest settlement, and reinforcement tensile load are presented. The prediction equations can provide first-order estimates of the seismic performances of free-standing simple GRS walls.
Ambivalence about smoking and cue-elicited neural activity in quitting-motivated smokers faced with an opportunity to smoke

Many cigarette smokers appear to experience ambivalence about smoking, defined as the simultaneous co-occurrence of a strong desire to smoke and a strong wish to quit smoking. Research suggests that this ambivalence about smoking affects how smokers respond to cigarette-related stimuli, but many important questions remain about precisely how smoking ambivalence influences cognitive and affective processing during cigarette cue exposure. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to address this knowledge gap by examining the relation between self-reported ambivalence about smoking and cue-reactivity in quitting-motivated smokers presented with an opportunity to smoke. Eighty-two quitting-motivated cigarette smokers completed a measure assessing their ambivalence about smoking. Subsequently, participants initiated an attempt to quit smoking and underwent an fMRI session, during which they were asked to hold and view a cigarette. Consistent with hypotheses, results indicated that self-reported smoking ambivalence was negatively correlated with cigarette-related activation in brain areas linked to reward-related processing, motivation, and attention (i.e., rostral anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex, caudate nucleus, visual cortex). Self-reported ambivalence was not, however, correlated with activation in brain regions related to conflict processing. This pattern of results is discussed with respect to the process of change for those attempting to quit smoking.
Differences in Fear of Isolation as an explanation of Cultural Differences: Evidence from memory and reasoning

Abstract Previous research suggests that members of East Asian cultures show a greater preference for dialectical thinking and sensitivity to context information than do Westerners. We suggest this difference is rooted in a greater chronic Fear of Isolation (FOI) in East Asians than in Westerners. To support this hypothesis, we manipulated FOI in a group of Westerners and assessed their relative preference for dialectical proverbs and sensitivity to context. For cross-cultural validation of our hypothesis, we assessed the relationship between chronic levels of FOI and dialectical reasoning in Koreans. Consistent with our proposal, both experimentally primed FOI (Experiment 1A and 2) and chronic levels of FOI (Experiment 1B) were positively related to relative preference for dialectical proverbs. This effect was independent of participants’ level of negative mood (Experiment 2). A third experiment showed that sensitivity to context was affected by FOI in a manner consistent with previous studies of cultural differences (Experiment 3).
The influence of neighborhood density and word frequency on phoneme awareness in 2nd and 4th grades

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that two lexical characteristics – neighborhood density and word frequency – interact to influence performance on phoneme awareness tasks. Methods Phoneme awareness was examined in a large, longitudinal dataset of 2nd and 4th grade children. Using linear logistic test model, the relation between words’ neighborhood density, word frequency, and phoneme awareness performance was examined across grades while co-varying type and place of deletion. Results A predicted interaction was revealed: words from dense neighborhoods or those with high frequency were more likely to yield correct phoneme awareness responses across grades. Conclusions Findings support an expansion of the lexical restructuring model to include interactions between neighborhood density and word frequency to account for phoneme awareness. Learning outcomes: The reader will be able to (1) describe the lexical restructuring model; (2) define neighborhood density; (3) define word frequency; (4) identify how these variables interact to impact phoneme awareness performance; (5) identify ways in which future clinical practice may be impacted by the study's findings.
Cryotherapy for the treatment of Monsel tattoo.

Monsel solution is a commonly used hemostatic agent comprised of ferric subsulfate. Rarely, Monsel solution causes a tattoo reaction secondary to iron particle deposition in the dermis. We present a case of Monsel solution tattoo successfully treated with 4 rounds of cryotherapy, which we hypothesize is a consequence of blister formation allowing for elution of intradermal iron particles.
Disruption of Foraging by Formica aerata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) through the Use of Semiochemicals and Related Chemicals

A variety of chemicals that are identical or similar to known ant alarm pheromone components or ant-defensive allomones produced by organisms other than ants were evaluated for effectiveness in disrupting the foraging activities of Formica aerata (Francoeur). The chemicals were applied as bands around the trunks of plum trees or around wooden stakes holding ant feeding stations at their tops. Some of the chemicals were highly effective in excluding ants from the trees or feeding stations. Long-duration (up to 53 d) disruption of foraging was obtained with farnesol when incorporated in Stickem as a slow-release substrate
CORONARY CALCIUM SCANS AND RADIATION EXPOSURE IN THE SOCIETY FOR HEART ATTACK PREVENTION AND ERADICATION COHORT

Coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring is used in asymptomatic patients to improve their clinically predicted risk for future cardiovascular events. Exposure to radiation has been a valid concern to this patient population. Current CT protocols seek to reduce radiation exposure without diminishing
Motion graphs

In this paper we present a novel method for creating realistic, controllable motion. Given a corpus of motion capture data, we automatically construct a directed graph called a motion graph that encapsulates connections among the database. The motion graph consists both of pieces of original motion and automatically generated transitions. Motion can be generated simply by building walks on the graph. We present a general framework for extracting particular graph walks that meet a user's specifications. We then show how this framework can be applied to the specific problem of generating different styles of locomotion along arbitrary paths.
Growth Patterns of Fetal Lung Volumes in Healthy Fetuses and Fetuses With Isolated Left-Sided Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate fetal lung growth using 3-dimensional sonography in healthy fetuses and those with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). METHODS Right and total lung volumes were serially evaluated by 3-dimensional sonography in 66 healthy fetuses and 52 fetuses with left-sided CDH between 20 and 37 weeks' menstrual age. Functions fitted to these parameters were compared for 2 groups: (1) healthy versus those with CDH; and (2) fetuses with CHD who survived versus those who died. RESULTS Fetal right and total lung volumes as well as fetal observed-to-expected right and total lung volume ratios were significantly lower in fetuses with CDH than healthy fetuses (P< .001) and in those fetuses with CDH who died (P< .001). The observed-to-expected right and total lung volume ratios did not vary with menstrual age in healthy fetuses or in those with CDH (independent of outcome). CONCLUSIONS Lung volume rates were lower in fetuses with left-sided CDH compared to healthy fetuses, as well as in fetuses with CDH who died compared to those who survived. The observed-to-expected right and total lung volume ratios were relatively constant throughout menstrual age in fetuses with left-sided CDH, suggesting that the origin of their lung growth abnormalities occurred before 20 weeks and did not progress. The observed-to-expected ratios may be useful in predicting the outcome in fetuses with CDH independent of menstrual age.
Epidemiological Analysis of Rabies Characteristics in Loudi City from 2001 to 2005

Objective Epidemiological characteristics of rabies in Loudi City from 2001 to 2005 were analyzed in order to get a better understand of the epidemic situation and control effectiveness in the city in the past 5 years so as to provide scientific bases!for further tactics for the control and prevention of human rabies in the city.Methods Data were collected and analyzed by China Information System for Diseases Control and Prevention,and epidemiological investigations were conducted whenever rabies cases were reported.All data were further analyzed by using MS Excel.Results A total number of 153 rabies cases with a fatality rate of 100 percent were reported,which were unevenly distributed in the city in the past 5 years.Cases mostly occurred between June and November each year with peak in August.Young and middle-aged peasants amounted to 65 percent of the total cases;children and pupils amounted to 23.5 percent.The number of male victims was significantly larger than that of female ones.And most of the 153 patients got infected through bites of "street dogs" that badly wounded the victims on multiple sites.Conclusions Significant decrease of rabies cases was seen in 2005 after a peak in 2004,indicating that certain effectiveness had been achieved by comprehensive preventive measures.However,the situation was far from optimistic and greater efforts were needed to control the disease.
Nitric oxide, an important regulator of perfusion-contraction matching in conscious pigs.

We examined whether nitric oxide (NO) inhibition during moderate reduction in coronary blood flow (CBF) would affect perfusion-contraction matching. Coronary stenosis (CS) was induced in conscious pigs, which resulted in a stable 39 ± 1% reduction in CBF for 1.5 h. Ischemic zone wall thickening (IZWT) decreased by an average of 56 ± 2% during CS from 2.7 ± 0.2 mm. After reperfusion, myocardial stunning was observed, but this recovered without evidence of necrosis. After recovery and subsequent administration of systemic NO synthase inhibition (N ω-nitro-l-arginine, 25 mg · kg−1 · day−1 × 3 days), CS for 1.5 h reduced CBF similarly but decreased IZWT significantly more, P < 0.05, by 89 ± 5%. Myocardial stunning, i.e., the decrease in IZWT at 12 h post-CS, was more severe (−65 ± 5% vs. −21 ± 3%), P < 0.05. Furthermore, CS during NO synthase inhibition resulted in multifocal subendocardial areas of necrosis in the area at risk. These data suggest that in the intact, conscious pig, NO inhibition prevents perf...
Home Dialysis 30,000 Treatments Later

In eight years, 125 patient-codialyzer teams were trained in home dialysis at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital and carried out almost 30,000 of these treatments at home. Results of this experience confirm the generally recognized usefulness of this proved method of replacing kidney function. However, not all patients with renal failure are suitable candidates for home dialysis. Selection is based on medical need and rehabilitation potential, not on social worthiness or financial status.
Validity of Percent Body Fat Predicted from Circumferences: Classification of Men for Weight Control Regulations

Each of the military services classifies individuals in their weight control programs using percent body fat predicted by circumference-based equations. Although derived independently from service-specific samples, each of the male equations relies on waist circumference adjusted by a neck circumference. In this study, the authors examined the performance of the equations in 496 young (< 40 years) male soldiers, compared to percent body fat measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The strength of the relationship to percent body fat improved from body mass index (weight/height2), to a waist circumference alone, to the difference between waist and neck circumferences. Overweight men who were misclassified by overestimation of total percent body fat using the equations (2.6% of the total sample) had normal neck circumferences and height but large waistlines, indicating that they were still classified appropriately to the goals of the weight control programs, all of which center on abdominal adiposity. The authors demonstrate that each of the service equations yield substantially similar results and discuss why a single equation could be easily agreed to and used by the Department of Defense for male body fat prediction.
Monte Carlo modeling of radiative heat transfer in particle-laden flow

Abstract Three-dimensional numerical simulations are applied to model radiative heat transfer in a dispersed particle phase exhibiting preferential concentration typical of a turbulent, particle-laden flow environment. The dispersed phase is composed of micron-sized nickel particles, and the carrier phase is non-participating. The simulations are performed for a snapshot of the particle field using the Monte Carlo Ray Tracing method, and the spectral dependence of the optical properties is considered. Interaction between the particles and radiation is modeled by projecting the particle locations onto an Eulerian mesh. Results show that the optically thin approximation results in errors in predicted particle heat transfer of up to 35% at some locations in the particle field. Oxidation is shown to change the absorption efficiency of the particles significantly, while consideration of non-spherical particle shapes results in relatively small changes in the predicted optical properties of the particles.
Detection of beef and poultry by serological field screening tests (ORBIT and PROFIT): collaborative study.

Comparaison de 2 series de tests serologiques permettant la detection et l'identification de viande de boeuf ou de volaille (poulet, dinde) lorsqu'elles sont presentes dans de la viande crue ou des produits carnes crus au taux minimum de 10 %
Abstract 1937: Dysregulation of lincRNAs is a major driver of aberrant epigenomes during tumorigenesis

It has now been unequivocally demonstrated that the process of tumorigenesis is driven by both genetic and epigenetic alterations, but the mechanisms of epigenetic dysregulations remain to be elucidated. Work in our laboratory has demonstrated that numerous long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) become dysregulated in human cancers, and a significant subset of these lincRNAs are associated with histone-modifying enzymes and DNA methyltransferases in healthy, non-tumor cells. Based on these observations, we tested an exceptionally novel hypothesis that dysregulation of chromatin-associated lincRNAs is a major mechanism driving cancer-associated aberrant epigenomes. To test this novel concept, we have performed experiments to modulate the expression of specific chromatin-associated lincRNAs in cancer cells, and assessed their impact on the epigenome. Consistent with our hypothesis, modulating the expression of lincRNAs in cancer cells resulted in massive reprogramming of their epigenomes. These epigenomic changes impacted the growth of cancer cells and global gene expression. Mapping the genomic occupancy sites of lincRNAs, and intersection of those sites with altered genomic regions in tumors, further supported direct roles of lincRNAs in modulating chromatin structure. These findings demonstrate key roles of chromatin-associated lincRNAs in suppressing tumorigenesis in normal human tissues by regulating the epigenome. Citation Format: Callie R. Merry, Megan E. Forrest, Sanford Markowitz, Ahmad M. Khalil. Dysregulation of lincRNAs is a major driver of aberrant epigenomes during tumorigenesis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1937.
Phosphorylation of Ribosomal Proteins in Higher Organisms

Highly purified ribosomes from rabbit reticulocytes and from mouse sarcoma 180 tumor cells contain at least five different phosphoproteins which become radioactive when the cells are incubated with [32P]-orthophosphate. That the phosphoproteins from these two sources may be homologous proteins is suggested by their identical molecular weights and ribosomal subunit localizations.
Ultra-compact and low-threshold thulium microcavity laser monolithically integrated on silicon.

We demonstrate an ultra-compact and low-threshold thulium microcavity laser that is monolithically integrated on a silicon chip. The integrated microlaser consists of an active thulium-doped aluminum oxide microcavity beside a passive silicon nitride bus waveguide, which enables on-chip pump-input and laser-output coupling. We observe lasing in the wavelength range of 1.8–1.9 μm under 1.6 μm resonant pumping and at varying waveguide-microcavity gap sizes. The microlaser exhibits a threshold as low as 773 μW (226 μW) and a slope efficiency as high as 24% (48%) with respect to the pump power coupled into the silicon nitride bus waveguide (microcavity). Its small footprint, minimal energy consumption, high efficiency, and silicon compatibility demonstrate that on-chip thulium lasers are promising light sources for silicon microphotonic systems.
Framing Wind Energy: Strategic Communication Influences on Journalistic Coverage

The dominance of political communication over an issue like wind energy has the power to overwhelm attempts to frame wind farming as a scientific or environmental issue in the mediated public sphere. Using regulation as the primary newsmaker, politicians instead of scientists or environmental organizations become journalists’ sources in framing the issue. Wind energy is a special issue that is framed in unique ways due to environmental, political, and industry ties. Contest framing ensues between institutional stakeholders to win favorable media coverage. Through a sociological lens, this analysis examines how contemporary political communications continue to influence the media through professional routines and relationships even in a scientifically grounded industry during a surge of public environmentalism. Comparisons of political, energy industry, and environmental advocacy communications show that political and energy industry frames dominate newspaper coverage of energy issues even when environment...
Some Riemann Sums Are Better Than Others

This note contains some results obtained while ruminating about Riemann sums. We know that nothing here is truly new, but we know of no other place in which these ideas are presented in the way that they occurred to us. In particular, some of them are so elementary that we hope they will find their way into calculus texts.
Closed-Loop Persistent Identification of Linear Time-Varying Systems

Abstract In this paper we attempt to address a number of open issues in closed-loop identification of linear time-varying, possibly unstable systems. The problem is motivated by application of identification in adaptive systems, which inherently requires that identification be conducted on line and in a closed loop configuration. A unique difficulty is found to be the requirement that the identification must be persistent with time, or in other words the identification error must be kept persistently small for all time. It has been found that periodic signals may be used as probing inputs to achieve persistency, and explicit bounds on identification errors, uniform with respect to time, have been derived to show that this is indeed possible. These results further demonstrate that when periodic signals are in use, a simple least-squares estimation scheme constitutes a good identification algorithm.
Robust Representations for Outlier Detection

Detecting outliers or anomalies is a fundamental problem in various machine learning and data mining applications. Conventional outlier detection algorithms are mainly designed for single-view data. Nowadays, data can be easily collected from multiple views, and many learning tasks such as clustering and classification have benefited from multi-view data. However, outlier detection from multi-view data is still a very challenging problem, as the data in multiple views usually have more complicated distributions and exhibit inconsistent behaviors. To address this problem, we propose a multi-view low-rank analysis (MLRA) framework for outlier detection in this chapter. MLRA pursuits outliers from a new perspective, robust data representation. It contains two major components. First, the cross-view low-rank coding is performed to reveal the intrinsic structures of data. In particular, we formulate a regularized rank-minimization problem which is solved by an efficient optimization algorithm. Second, the outliers are identified through an outlier score estimation procedure. Different from the existing multi-view outlier detection methods, MLRA is able to detect two different types of outliers from multiple views simultaneously. To this end, we design a criterion to estimate the outlier scores by analyzing the obtained representation coefficients. Moreover, we extend MLRA to tackle the multi-view group outlier detection problem. Extensive evaluations on seven UCI datasets, the MovieLens, the USPS-MNIST, and the WebKB datasets demonstrate that our approach outperforms several state-of-the-art outlier detection methods.
Trade Publisher Archives: Repositories of Monolingualism? Race, Language, and Rejected Refugee Manuscripts in the Age of Total War

In recent years, monolingualism has become an object of renewed scholarly scrutiny. Divergent as they may be, accounts of its entrenchment typically concur that trade publishers, especially their Anglophone variety, have acted as catalysts in the process. This article questions the assumption by zooming in on the case of an established Boston-based house, Houghton Mifflin, during World War II, i.e. the time when paper rationing and apprehensions about language loyalty did not bode well for the large numbers of literary submissions from American minorities and the many fresh-off-the-boat European refugees. Can Houghton Mifflin’s wartime archive—in particular, the so-called editorial blanks (papers recording the receipt of each manuscript, reader reviews, and the verdict)—count as a substantive repository of monolingualism at this critical point in history? More broadly, what can this archive’s World War II-era content tell us about the interdependencies between language, race, and trade publishing?
One-dimensional model for the ultrasonic response of resin-filled gaps in automated tape layup composites

Automated tow placement has become a widely-used fabrication technique, especially for large aerospace structures. Robotic heads lay down strips (tows) of pre-impregnated fiber along programmed paths. The intention is to lay adjacent tows abutted to one another, but sometimes a gap is left between a tow and the previously-placed tow. If a tow gap exists, it fills with resin during cure, forming a fiber-free volume. In immersion ultrasonic pulse-echo measurements of a cured laminate, the gap can be observed to produce a noticeable echo, without significantly attenuating the back-wall reflection of the laminate. To understand this behavior, we considered a one-dimensional model of the composite laminate, with a thin layer having the ultrasonic sound speed and density of neat resin, sandwiched between two layers of material having the sound speed and density of fiber-reinforced composite and surrounded on both sides by water. Neglecting attenuation, we considered the transmission and reflection coefficients of each interface, as well as that of the thin resin layer. Using the initial water/composite reflection as a reference, we computed the relative magnitude of the back surface/water reflection in the presence and in the absence of a resin-only layer, as well as the relative magnitude of the reflection arising from a thin resin layer in composite. While the one-dimensional model did not fully match the measurements, it did qualitatively explain the observed behavior.
Robust Spin Squeezing via Photon-Mediated Interactions on an Optical Clock Transition

Cavity QED is a promising avenue for the deterministic generation of entangled and spin-squeezed states for quantum metrology. One archetypal scheme generates squeezing via collective one-axis twisting interactions. However, we show that in implementations using optical transitions in long-lived atoms the achievable squeezing is fundamentally limited by collectively enhanced emission into the cavity mode which is generated in parallel with the cavity-mediated spin-spin interactions. We propose an alternative scheme which generates a squeezed state that is protected from collective emission, and investigate its sensitivity to realistic sources of experimental noise and imperfections.
Vitamin B-12 in Human Milk: A Systematic Review

Despite the critical role of vitamin B-12 in infant development, existing recommendations for infant and maternal intake during lactation are based on milk vitamin B-12 concentrations analyzed with outdated methods in a sample of 9 Brazilian women. Accurate quantification of vitamin B-12 in the milk matrix requires effective hydrolysis of the vitamin from haptocorrin, its binding protein. The objective of the present systematic review is to consider and critique evidence of associations between milk vitamin B-12 concentration and time postpartum, maternal vitamin B-12 consumption, maternal vitamin B-12 status, and sample collection methodology. A systematic search of published literature was undertaken using the US National Library of Medicine's MEDLINE/PubMed bibliographic search engine. Observational and intervention studies were included if research was original and vitamin B-12 concentration in human milk was measured using an appropriate method during the first 12 mo of lactation. Eleven studies met inclusion criteria. Vitamin B-12 concentration was highest in colostrum and decreased in a poorly delineated trajectory over the first 3-4 mo of lactation. There was some evidence of a positive association between habitual maternal vitamin B-12 intake and milk vitamin B-12 concentration in marginally nourished women. Supplementation with 50-250 µg vitamin B-12/d during pregnancy and lactation raised human milk vitamin B-12 concentrations while intervention was ongoing, whereas supplementation with 2.6-8.6 µg/d was effective in a population with poor baseline vitamin B-12 status but not in other populations. Whether milk vitamin B-12 concentration varies with maternal circulating vitamin B-12 concentrations or sampling methodology requires further research as existing data are conflicting. Additional research is needed to bridge knowledge gaps in the understanding of human milk vitamin B-12 concentrations. Reference values for vitamin B-12 in human milk and recommended intakes during infancy and lactation should be reevaluated using modern methods of analysis.
A lakewide survey of Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea) distribution at warmwater discharges in Lake Michigan

Abstract The Asian clam Corbicula fluminea is among the most prolific aquatic invaders in the world; but in colder mid-latitude areas, like the Laurentian Great Lakes, their population expansion has likely been limited by poor overwinter survival. In these areas, Asian clams are typically found in thermal refugia like warmwater discharges from industrial facilities. We sought to identify the current extent of Asian clam populations in Lake Michigan and waters immediately adjacent to it, specifically at locations most likely to harbor overwintering populations – industrial warmwater discharges. During April–May 2017, we surveyed 17 locations around Lake Michigan. Evidence of Asian clam populations was found at four sites, though live specimens (n = 3) were only found at the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal in East Chicago, IN. Shells or fragments of shells were found at Green Bay, WI, Waukegan, IL, and Port Sheldon, MI. Our findings indicate that although Asian clams are present in Lake Michigan, they are relatively rare, and remain isolated to a few small pockets of over-wintering habitat.
The Play of Girls

This paper outlines the character of girls’ play as it proceeds from infancy to adolescence. It shows that although there has been considerable historical change in girls’ play and games, there has also been considerable persistence f older stereotypical forms. The position is taken that w atever the causes of these changes and these persistences, and whatever their outcome, there is merit in attempting to understand more fully their present, if passing, nature. The whole of this chapter, therefore, is an exercise in what we have called elsewhere the typological error, which says that females must always be stereotypically feminine and males must always be stereotypically masculine (Rosenberg and Sutton-Smith, 1972). Clearly this need not be so and much of the time is not so. However, when one deals with “girls at play,” it is almost impossible to escape the cultural burden of this prepotent dichotomy.
Surgical Site Infections in Spine Surgery: Preoperative Prevention Strategies to Minimize Risk:

Study Design:Literature review.Objectives:A review of the literature identifying preoperative risk factors for developing surgical site infections after spine surgery and discussion of the preventi...
Smartphone, Social Media, and Mental Health App Use in an Acute Transdiagnostic Psychiatric Sample

Background: Despite high rates of smartphone ownership in psychiatric populations, there are very little data available characterizing smartphone use in individuals with mental illness. In particular, few studies have examined the interest and use of smartphones to support mental health. Objective: This study aimed to (1) characterize general smartphone app and social media usage in an acute transdiagnostic psychiatric sample with high smartphone ownership, (2) characterize current engagement and interest in the use of smartphone apps to support mental health, and (3) test demographic and clinical predictors of smartphone use. Methods: The survey was completed by all patients attending an adult partial hospital program, with no exclusion criteria. The primary outcomes were frequency of use of general and mental health smartphone apps (smartphone use survey) and the frequency of social media use and phone-checking behavior (mobile technology engagement scale). Results: Overall, 322 patients (aged mean 33.49, SD 13.87 years; 57% female) reported that their most frequently used app functions were texting, email, and social media. Younger individuals reported more frequent use across most types of apps. Baseline depression and anxiety symptoms were not associated with the frequency of app use. Participants reported health care, calendar, and texting apps as most supportive of their mental health and social media apps as most negatively affecting their mental health. Most patients reported an interest in (73.9% [238/322]) and willingness to use (81.3% [262/322]) a smartphone app to monitor their mental health condition. Less than half (44%) of the patients currently had a mental health app downloaded on their smartphone, with mindfulness and meditation apps being the most common type. Conclusions: The high interest in and willingness to use mental health apps, paired with the only moderate current reported usage, indicate a potential unmet treatment opportunity in psychiatric populations. There is potential to optimize non-mental health–specific apps to better support the needs of those with mental illness and to design a new wave of mental health apps that match the needs of these populations as well as the way they use smartphones in daily life.
The Deaf as a Linguistic Minority : Educational Considerations

Timothy Reagan analyzes the education of the deaf as a cultural and linguistic minority by exploring the distinctive cultural and linguistic aspects of the American deaf community and the competing approaches to the education of the deaf. He argues for the use of a bilingual/ bicultural instructional approach in the education of the deaf.
Social determinants of health and disparities in prenatal care utilization during the Great Recession period 2005-2010

Early, regular prenatal care utilization is an important strategy for improving maternal and infant health outcomes. The purpose of this study is to better understand contributing factors to disparate prenatal care utilization outcomes among women of different racial/ethnic and social status groups before, during, and after the Great Recession (December 2007–June 2009). Data from 678,235 Washington (WA) and Florida (FL) birth certificates were linked to community and state characteristic data to carry out cross-sectional pooled time series analyses with institutional review board approval for human subjects’ research. Predictors of on-time as compared to late or non-entry to prenatal care utilization (late/no prenatal care utilization) were identified and compared among pregnant women. Also explored was a simulated triadic relationship among time (within recession-related periods), social characteristics, and prenatal care utilization by clustering individual predictors into three scenarios representing low, average, and high degrees of social disadvantage. Individual and community indicators of need (e.g., maternal Medicaid enrollment, unemployment rate) increased during the Recession. Associations between late/no prenatal care utilization and individual-level characteristics (including disparate associations among race/ethnicity groups) did not shift greatly with young maternal age and having less than a high school education remaining the largest contributors to late/no prenatal care utilization. In contrast, individual maternal enrollment in a supplemental nutrition program for women, infants, and children (WIC) exhibited a protective association against late/no prenatal care utilization. The magnitude of association between community-level partisan voting patterns and expenditures on some maternal child health programs increased in non-beneficial directions. Simulated scenarios show a high combined impact on prenatal care utilization among women who have multiple disadvantages. Our findings provide a compelling picture of the important roles that individual characteristics—particularly low education and young age—play in late/no prenatal care utilization among pregnant women. Targeted outreach to individuals with high disadvantage characteristics, particularly those with multiple disadvantages, may help to increase first trimester entry to utilization of prenatal care. Finally, WIC may have played a valuable role in reducing late/no prenatal care utilization, and its effectiveness during the Great Recession as a policy-based approach to reducing late/no prenatal care utilization should be further explored.
Press Play! How Immersive Environments Support Problem-Solving Skills and Productive Failure

Well-designed video games provide exciting prospects for teaching, training, learning, and research. Moreover, immersive virtual reality (VR) environments offer flexibility to design learning and training scenarios that are authentic. Gameplay in immersive environments often requires players to test and refine new strategies when confronted with progressively more challenging scenarios where learning from failure is a function of game design. Over time, players hone their skills through internal game mechanics and interactions with the environment, such as feedback and pedagogical agents to support long-term learning. This is known as productive failure. However, there are still challenges in assessing learners’ targeted competencies, for example, problem-solving skills, during video gameplay. In this chapter, we examine how student interactions during gameplay can be assessed in immersive environments without disrupting the flow of gameplay. This type of assessment is known as stealth assessment. We also describe the challenges with assessing productive failure in game-based learning and implications for future research on assessment of learning in immersive environments.
Synthetic Diversity To Mitigate Out-of-Band Interference in Widely Tunable Wireless Receivers

Here we present a combined RF hardware/DSP technique to synthesize effective channel diversity in single-antenna wireless systems. This allows digital suppression of out-of-band interference artifacts in widely tunable wireless receivers with one or more antennas, including artifacts from LO phase noise. A passive inductor-capacitor (LC) network provides gain and phase diversity between channels and across frequency. Since amplitude and phase of in-band artifacts are set by the amplitude and phase of the out-of-band interference that generates them, they can be suppressed in DSP without knowledge about the interferer itself. The feasibility of this approach is demonstrated mathematically, with numerical system simulations, and full circuit simulation.
Pediatric Hospital Medicine in the Delivery Room: A 14-Month Retrospective Study

Background: Pediatric Hospital Medicine (PHM) providers are increasingly providing delivery room (DR) coverage for high-risk deliveries. Most have little post-residency DR training, and there is evidence that DR competencies are not being achieved through traditional residency programs. Given the wide range of DR and nursery services at different community hospitals, it is unclear what level of training is appropriate to prepare for attending deliveries in a community hospital. Objective: …
Channel-level resource allocation decision in multichannel retailing: A U.S. multichannel company application

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to explore the managerial implications of a customer-driven resource allocation methodology in multichannel retailing. A new resource allocation metric is proposed to measure the value of each channel structure in a company with multiple channels. In addition, we have validated the model by implementing it in a multichannel company. The prescriptive model proposed in this research, therefore, contributes to filling the literature gap in four main areas: (1) It incorporates market segment, customer wants, channel operating costs, and interrelationships among channels for effective resource allocation decisions. (2) The model is flexible to include omnichannel options as an alternative (e.g., buy-online-pickup-in-store). (3) It includes operating costs and customer perspectives together to evaluate the channel structures. (4) This study uses a real-world case study approach to implement the proposed model in a U.S. multichannel company producing scientific, biotechnology cameras. The feedback from the managers who participated in the budget allocation process confirmed the utility of this approach.
Isolation of Listeria monocytogenes from Vegetation

A rural area in Virginia, in which clinical listeriosis of man and animals has been rare, was selected for this study. Vegetatino, which had died and remained in the fields over the winter, was collected and examined for Listeria monocytogenes by Gray's cold-holding procedure. Twelve fields were sampled and cultured, and eight strains of L. monocytogenes were isolated. Only two of the strains were pathogenic for the mouse. Compared with strains of L. monocytogenes isolated from listeric humans and animals in Virginia and the United States as a whole, these represented serotypes of low frequency.
The Evolutionary Decoupling of Behavioral and Color Cues in a Multicomponent Signal in Two Sceloporus Lizards

The study of multicomponent signals in the context of social systems has generated interesting results demonstrating that complex signals are used in many communication systems. The multicomponent signal in the majority of Sceloporus lizards consists of a color signal (blue abdominal coloration) and the behavioral display of the color signal (fullshow behavior). In a small number of species, males have lost the color signal. We staged outdoor trials between conspecific males in two closely related Sceloporus lizards that differ in the presence of blue abdominal coloration. In the species with the evolutionary loss of blue abdominal coloration (Sceloporus virgatus), fullshow behavior is present but reduced compared with that of the species with male abdominal coloration (Sceloporus undulatus consobrinus). In comparison, the mean rates of other behaviors that do not display abdominal skin (push-up, head-bob) did not differ between these species. We also found that S. virgatus males were more likely to show a neutral response following the first fullshow during the 60-min trial. While, S. u. consobrinus males were more likely to respond to the first fullshow with an aggressive response. Thus, in this case, the color signal and the behavioral signal are evolutionarily decoupled because in S. virgatus the loss of the color signal is not coincident with the loss of the behavioral signal.