cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Defective Phagocytic Corpse Processing Results in Neurodegeneration and Can Be Rescued by TORC1 Activation.

The removal of apoptotic cell corpses is important for maintaining homeostasis. Previously, defects in apoptotic cell clearance have been linked to neurodegeneration. However, the mechanisms underlying this are still poorly understood. In this study, we report that the absence of the phagocytic receptor Draper in glia leads to a pronounced accumulation of apoptotic neurons in the brain of Drosophila melanogaster. These dead cells persist in the brain throughout the lifespan of the organism and are associated with age-dependent neurodegeneration. Our data indicate that corpses persist because of defective phagosome maturation, rather than recognition defects. TORC1 activation, or inhibition of Atg1, in glia is sufficient to rescue corpse accumulation as well as neurodegeneration. These results suggest that phagocytosis of apoptotic neurons by glia during development is essential for brain homeostasis in adult flies. Furthermore, it suggests that TORC1 regulates Draper-mediated phagosome maturation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Previously, defects in dead cell clearance were linked to neurodegeneration, but the exact mechanisms are not well understood. In this study, we report that the absence of an engulfment receptor leads to a pronounced accumulation of dead neurons in the brain of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. These dead cells persist in the brain throughout the lifespan of the organism and are associated with age-dependent neurodegeneration. Our data indicate that corpses persist because of defective degradation of cells rather than recognition of dead cells.
Epizootiology of Nosema pyrausta in Field Populations of the European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Epizootiological studies of Nosema pyrausta (Paillot) in natural populations of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) showed disease development in first-generation borer populations to be characterized by sharp but progressively slower rates of increase in infection during larval development. These increases in infection were concurrent with a steady, rapid decline in population density. Development of N. pyrausta in second-generation borer populations was cyclic and was characterized by a steady moderate increase in the prevalence of infection during the summer and fall, and gradual decline throughout the winter. Corn borer abundance was also cyclic and tended to have a slower rise and more rapid decline. Annual seasonal variation in the prevalence of infection and host abundance strongly suggests that even when enzootic, N. pyrausta has a direct detrimental effect upon the larval population and contributes significantly to the natural control of O. nubilalis.
TAXONOMIC NOTES ON LOUISIANA FUNGI. III. ADDITIONS TO THE TREMELLALES

This unusual auriculariaceous fungus was recently described as the type species of a new genus, for which no other species are known at the present time. A second and much earlier collection of the organism was recently observed by the writer. This speci? men was found in material sent on loan from Kew Herbarium, and it had been included, without a name of any kind, on the same her? barium sheet with material labeled <(Premella viscosa." It came
Failure of transfusion of autologous whole blood to reduce banked-blood requirements in open-heart surgical patients.

Although transfusion of autologous blood by the method described would seem to be a safe and practical means of reducing banked-blood requirements for open-heart operations, our experience indicates that the amount of blood needed to be added to the pump oxygenator more than negates the value in reducing intraoperative blood requirements. In fact, autologously transfused patients used more blood than did control subjects. Platelet and fresh-frozen plasma administration was not significantly different for the autologous transfusion or control group.
An Investigation into Students' Preexisting Computer Skills and Attitudes toward Internet-Delivered Instruction

In general, research in Internet-delivered instruction has reflected practice rather than driven it. Few research-based guidelines exist to help faculty identify factors that may increase student l...
Treatment Induced Neuropathy of Diabetes (S58.001)

OBJECTIVE: To define the risk factors, neurophysiology and neuropathology of treatment induced neuropathy of diabetes. BACKGROUND: Treatment induced neuropathy of diabetes (TIND), previously called insulin neuritis, was first reported in 1933. We recently described 16 patients with treatment induced neuropathy of diabetes with autonomic dysfunction, neuropathic pain, small nerve fiber degeneration, and worsening nephropathy and retinopathy. DESIGN/METHODS: We studied 96 individuals with TIND (71 with type 1 diabetes and 25 with type 2 diabetes), monitored their graded neurological examination, symptoms, retinal examination, and chemistry, hematology and glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) test results. Selected patients had autonomic function testing (heart rate variability to paced breathing, Valsalva maneuver and tilt table test) and intra-epidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) by skin biopsy. RESULTS: The mean A1C prior to glycemic control and onset of symptoms was 14.6±4.3% and decreased to 7.5±1.9% over 2.2±1.1 months. Subjects developed severe distal (77%) or diffuse (23%) neuropathic pain (pain scores 4-10/10). Skin biopsies revealed normal intra-epidermal nerve fiber densities (IENFD) with numerous morphologic changes during the initial 3 weeks of pain that followed by subsequent denervation. Autonomic dysfunction was seen in 84%, severe autonomic dysfunction in 5% and worsening of retinopathy in 92%. Risk of TIND increased with a drop in A1C of more 3.5%, with a rate of A1C drop >2% per month and a final A1C CONCLUSIONS: Treatment induced neuropathy of diabetes is an underestimated iatrogenic disorder. Rapid glycemic change in patients with uncontrolled diabetes increases the risk of this complication. Further study is required to define the underlying mechanisms, natural history and appropriate therapy of this disorder. Supported by: NIH NINDS K23NS050209 (CHG) and NIH RO1 HL059459 (RF). Disclosure: Dr. Gibbons has nothing to disclose. Dr. Freeman has received personal compensation for activities with Pfizer, Abbott, Depomed, Johnson & Johnson, Sanofi, and Chelsea Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Freeman has received personal compensation in an editorical capacity for Autonomic Neuroscience - Basic and Clinical and Clinical Journal of Pain.
When Retailers Have You by the Nose: The Influence of Environmental Fragrancing on Patron Evaluations, Perceptions, & Intentions.

Casino operators have long known that the longer players gamble, the larger the house’s take. Similarly, extending the amount of time other retail patrons shop may increase their opportunity for spending. Atmospherics research suggests that manipulating ambient scent may influence the length of time customers remain on the premises. Moreover, since scent knows no language barriers, the global implications of harnessing the power of environmental fragrancing are enormous. Consistently predicting the direction and magnitude of scent-induced effects, has however, proved quite difficult. Employing scent for strategic advantage is therefore deemed somewhat risky. This study aims to reduce the risk by increasing our understanding of how, and under what circumstances environmentally induced feeling states may lead to increased shopping time and other desired outcomes. A laboratory experiment tested affective state induction under situations of low and high involvement, and the transfer of these feeling states to the enjoyment of, and willingness to remain in, an environmental setting. Results indicate involvement and scent pleasantness matter most. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.
A General Dynamic Scaling Based Control Redesign to Handle Input Unmodeled Dynamics in Uncertain Nonlinear Systems

A general class of uncertain nonlinear systems with dynamic input uncertainties (nonlinear input unmodeled dynamics) is considered. While the proposed approach can, in general, be applied to multi-input systems, single-input systems are considered here for simplicity. It is shown that if a nominal control law is available to globally asymptotically stabilize the nominal system (without the input unmodeled dynamics), then a dynamic scaling based redesign of the control law can be performed to achieve global asymptotic stabilization of the system with the input unmodeled dynamics. The proposed control redesign approach is applicable to a wide class of nonlinear systems including triangular and non-triangular structures as long as a set of structural and inequality conditions on the system dynamics is satisfied and yields a global robust output-feedback stabilizing controller.
Inequalities related to partial trace and block Hadamard product

In this paper, we present inequalities related to partial trace and block Hadamard product for positive semidefinite matrices. Some interesting results involving block matrices will be also derived.
Piecing the puzzle together: Docetaxel cycles and current considerations in the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.

Docetaxel is the current first line therapy for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), but there is no standard number of docetaxel cycles given to patients. In their post hoc analysis of the Mainsail study, de Morree et al. show that the number of docetaxel cycles administered to a patient is a significant factor contributing to overall survival. These findings warrant further investigation into the standardization of the number of docetaxel cycles administered.
Rem Sleep Deprivation and Stress Susceptibility in Rats

Ulceration rate in rats was measured as a function of REM sleep deprivation and combinations of two stressors, i.e., fear conditioning and immobilization, as a test of the hypothesis that deprivation of REM sleep acts to produce stress-related change by increasing the salience of stressful environmental stimuli. The results supported this hypothesis.
PD-1 inhibitor-related pneumonitis in advanced cancer patients.

3053Background: PD-1 inhibitor-related pneumonitis is an uncommon but serious immune-related adverse event (irAE). Details of radiographic patterns of this entity remain to be investigated. Methods...
Care Coordinators in Integrated Care: Burnout Risk, Perceived Supports, and Job Satisfaction

Introduction This study examined burnout risk and job satisfaction reported by care coordinators in three programs integrating physical and behavioral health care; it also assessed the relationship between job support and burnout and the organizational supports helpful to care coordinators. Methods As part of an evaluation of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services’ Health Care Innovation Awards, the research team performed secondary data analysis of interviews conducted with staff (including care coordinators) in three integrated behavioral health models in 2014 and 2015 ( n =88, n =69); focus groups with care coordinators in 2015 ( n =3); and a survey of care coordinators in 2015 ( n =231) that included the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Results Analysis of survey data completed in 2017 indicated that although care coordinators felt stressed, they also experienced high levels of job satisfaction, perceived job support, and personal accomplishment, and low levels of disconnection from participants; as a result, risk of burnout was low. Analyses of interview and focus group data identified factors that may have contributed to lowered risk, including (1) appropriate training, particularly on coordinator roles and participants’ complex conditions and diverse needs; (2) supportive supervisors and managers; and (3) support from care team members and other coordinators. Conclusions Results have implications regarding how organizations can support care coordinators to prevent burnout among these vital members of the integrated care workforce. Supplement information This article is part of a supplement entitled The Behavioral Health Workforce: Planning, Practice, and Preparation, which is sponsored by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration and the Health Resources and Services Administration of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Genome-level longitudinal expression of signaling pathways and gene networks in pediatric septic shock.

We have conducted longitudinal studies focused on the expression profiles of signaling pathways and gene networks In children with septic shock. Genome-level expression profiles were generated from whole blood-derived RNA of children with septic shock (n = 30) corresponding to day one and day three of septic shock, respectively. Based on sequential statistical and expression filters, day one and day three of septic shock were characterized by differential regulation of 2,142 and 2,504 gene probes, respectively, relative to controls (n = 15). Venn analysis demonstrated 239 unique genes in the day one dataset, 598 unique genes in the day three dataset, and 1,906 genes common to both datasets. Functional analyses demonstrated time-dependent, differential regulation of genes involved in multiple signaling pathways and gene networks primarily related to immunity and inflammation. Notably, multiple and distinct gene networks involving T cell- and MHC antigen-related biology were persistently downregulated on both day one and day three. Further analyses demonstrated large scale, persistent downregulation of genes corresponding to functional annotations related to zinc homeostasis. These data represent the largest reported cohort of patients with septic shock subjected to longitudinal genome-level expression profiling. The data further advance our genome-level understanding of pediatric septic shock and support novel hypotheses.
Adoption of Cloud Computing in Organizations

Cloud Computing is gaining popularity as a new IT arrangement in organizations, offering many advantages such as cost reduction and high flexibility that help in coping with high elasticity of demand. This study investigates organization‟s propensity to adopt Cloud computing services. The decision is viewed as an IT outsourcing decision and as a technology adoption decision through three theoretical perspectives: Transaction cost theory, resource dependence theory and diffusion of innovation theory. Based on these theories, a conceptual model is proposed with research hypotheses for future empirical testing. The study makes an attempt to contribute to the emerging literature of cloud computing, in addition to offering organizations considering adoption a list of benefits and risks of adopting cloud computing.
Phrase-Based Dependency Evaluation of a Japanese Parser.

Extraction of predicate-argument structure is an important task that requires evaluation for many applications, yet annotated resources of predicate-argument structure are currently scarce, especially for languages other than English. This paper presents an evaluation of a Japanese parser based on dependency relations as proposed by Lin (1995, 1998), but using phrase dependency instead of word dependency. Phrase-based dependency analysis has been the preferred form of Japanese syntactic analysis, yet the use of annotated resources in this format has so far been limited to training and evaluation of dependency analyzers. We will show that (1) evaluation based on phrase-dependency is particularly well-suited for Japanese, even for an evaluation of phrase-structure grammar, and that (2) in spite of shortcomings, the proposed evaluation method has the advantage of utilizing currently available surface-based annotations in a way that is relevant to predicate-argument structure.
To transfuse or not transfuse: an intensive appraisal of red blood cell transfusions in the ICU.

Purpose of review This review is a critical appraisal of the current data comparing restrictive vs. liberal transfusion strategies for patients who are critically ill in ICUs. We focus on four subsets of critically ill patients: pediatric patients, patients with gastrointestinal bleeds, septic patients and patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Recent findings Almost a decade after the TRICC trial, a randomized trial showing the safety of a restrictive transfusion threshold in critically ill patients, four large randomized controlled trials have shown that a restrictive transfusion strategy is safe in pediatric critically ill patients, patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeds, patients with septic shock and patients undergoing cardiac surgery. A large multicenter randomized trial is underway to determine the safety of a restrictive strategy in myocardial infarction. Summary A restrictive transfusion threshold is recommended in nearly all critically ill patients. This is at least noninferior to more liberal transfusion practice; in addition, a restrictive threshold has shown improved outcomes in some patients and decreased chances of adverse events in patients. Judicious use of red cells improves patient outcome and protects the blood supply, a limited resource. More data are needed to determine appropriate transfusion threshold recommendations for patients with traumatic brain injury and acute coronary syndrome.
The Identity of the Kyoto School: A Critical Analysis

In the past three decades in the West, literature about the Kyoto School and translations of its writings have proliferated. Yet the very scholarship that perpetuates the name has also created confusion about its reference. Which thinkers belong to the “Kyoto School”? What do they have in common? Do they represent something we can call Eastern philosophy, which pursues a way of thinking fundamentally different from that of the West? Is the core of that alternative philosophy, or alternative rationality, a notion of absolute nothingness with roots in Buddhism?
Teachers' Perceived and Desired Roles in Nutrition Education

BACKGROUND Elementary teachers have the potential to influence children's eating habits. This study examined teacher views and practices regarding nutrition education. METHODS An online survey was administered to K-6 teachers (N = 628) in 55 public elementary schools in a large city in the western United States. Three indices were created based on responses. Indices included: (1) attitudes and beliefs about nutrition education; (2) self-efficacy regarding nutrition education; and (3) personal health behaviors. Relationships between indices, classroom practices, and teacher characteristics were tested. Teacher comments were categorized into themes. RESULTS Most teachers agreed they can make a difference in the eating behaviors of their students (68%). Correlations between hours of nutrition taught and teachers' attitudes and beliefs (r = .37, p < .01), nutrition self-efficacy (r = .38, p < .01), and personal health practices (r = .15, p < .01) were weak, yet statistically significant. Number of years teaching was inversely related to frequency of food rewards (r = -119, p < .01). Few teachers (21%) agreed they have support to teach nutrition in the classroom. CONCLUSION Teachers understand the importance of nutrition education but provision is limited by competing demands. Teachers suggest tailored nutrition materials, qualified nutrition personnel, and school stakeholder support to promote nutrition education.
13.3 Hydrodemetalation

The sections in this article are Introduction Metal Compounds in Petroleum Residue Hydrotreating Technology Reaction Kinetics and Diffusion in Catalytic Hydrodemetalation Model Compound Kinetic Studies Model Compound Diffusion Intraparticle Metal Deposition Profiles Hydrodemetalation of Petroleum Oils and Residua Catalyst Deactivation Conclusions Keywords: hydrodemetalation; metals in petroleum; oil refining; petroleum refining; residue upgrading; metalloporphyrins
Validating the Functional Pain Scale for Hospitalized Adults

Abstract Background Enhancing pain patient's ability to function and cope is important, but assessing only intensity ignores those aspects of pain. The Functional Pain Scale (FPS), addresses these dimensions but lacked validation in hospitalized adults with chronic pain. Aims This research was conducted to establish the FPS psychometric properties in hospitalized adults. Design A prospective pilot study examined the reliability and validity of the FPS in two acute care hospitals. Settings Adult inpatients from medical/surgical units at two hospitals. Participants/Subjects A convenience sample of 93 subjects from an Academic Medical Center and 51 from a tertiary care hospital who were 21-81 years old and primarily Caucasian. Methods Hospitalized adults with chronic pain at two facilities provided pain scores from the FPS, Numeric Rating Scale, Pain, Enjoyment of Life, and General Activities Scale, and Quality of Pain Care Scale. Test-retest reliability and construct validity were evaluated using standard correlation methods. Results Hospitalized adults aged 21-88 years with chronic pain (N = 144) were evaluated. Data supported test-retest reliability of the FPS (r = .84; p Conclusions Although statistically significant, the reliability and validity of FPS were not as strong in hospitalized chronic pain patients as reported for older adults in other settings.
Sequential maturation of olfactory sensory neurons in the mature olfactory epithelium.

The formation of the olfactory nerve and olfactory bulb (OB) glomeruli begins embryonically in mice. However, the development of the olfactory system continues throughout life with the addition of new olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in the olfactory epithelium (OE). Much attention has been given to the perinatal innervation of the OB by OSN axons, but in the young adult the process of OSN maturation and axon targeting to the OB remains controversial. To address this gap in understanding, we used BrdU to label late-born OSNs in young adult mice at postnatal day 25 (P25-born OSNs) and timed their molecular maturation following basal cell division. We show that OSNs in young adults undergo a sequential molecular development with the expression of GAP 43 (growth-associated protein 43) > AC3 (adenylyl cyclase 3) > OMP (olfactory marker protein), consecutively, in a time frame of ∼8 d. To assess OSN axon development, we implemented an in vivo fate-mapping strategy to label P25-born OSNs with ZsGreen. Using sampling intervals of 24 h, we demonstrate the progressive extension of OSN axons in the OE, through the foramen of the cribriform plate, and onto the surface of the OB. OSN axons reached the OB and began to target and robustly innervate specific glomeruli ∼10 d following basal cell division, a time point at which OMP expression becomes evident. Our data demonstrate a sequential process of correlated axon extension and molecular maturation that is similar to that seen in the neonate, but on a slightly longer timescale and with regional differences in the OE.
BoxCar Assisted MS Fragmentation (BAMF)

Abstract A recent study described the utilization of complex quadrupole isolation schemes to reduce high abundance ion saturation in Orbitrap systems. The BoxCar technique effectively democratizes MS1 scans by restricting high abundance ions from consuming as much space in the trap. This restriction allows lower abundance ions more acquisition time and can increase the signal to noise by a full order of magnitude. While effective at the MS1 level, BoxCar does not show an improvement in MS/MS acquisition as ions selected for fragmentation must come from an additional MS1 full scan in the method. In this study we describe BoxCar Assisted MS Fragmentation (BAMF), wherein ions for fragmentation are selected directly from the BoxCar scans. When utilizing BAMF, we observe the identification of ions by MS/MS that are not at all detectable in the MS1 scans of identical concentrations of peptides analyzed by standard data dependent acquisition experiments. Abstract Graphic
Exam Wrappers in Psychology

Improving student performance on exams is a key issue that many psychology instructors face in their classrooms. One potentially easy to deploy option for improving student performance is an exam w...
Combined Biotic-Abiotic 2,4-Dinitroanisole Degradation in the Presence of Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine.

The Department of Defense has developed new explosive formulations in which traditionally used cyclic nitramines such as hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) have been updated with the ins...
Creativity and Cognition in Extreme Environments: The Space Arts as a Case Study.

Humans, like all organisms, have evolved to survive in specific environments, while some elect or are forced to live and work in extreme environments. Understanding cognition as it relates to environmental conditions, we use 4E cognition as a framework to explore creativity in extreme environments. Our paper examines space arts as a case study through the history, present practices, and future possible arts in the context of humans beyond the Karman boundary of the Earth's atmosphere. We develop a proposed taxonomy of space arts, based on prior taxonomies, and provide specific exemplars of space art developed by artists in space or for use by astronauts in space. Using examples of space art since the birth of the space age, we discuss (1) how human survival in extreme environments requires investment in the space arts, driven by consideration of various biopsychosocial factors and (2) how new scientific and engineering discoveries; such as the detection of air current patterns with paper airplanes in zero gravity, could be consequences or examples of creative thinking driven by artists in the various types of space art. We conclude by discussing possible benefits of space art, future research applications, and advocate that all space actors, government or private, involve artists in all projects beyond the Karman Boundary of the Earth's atmosphere.
From High School to College Calculus: Beliefs about Sense-Making and Mistakes

Despite longstanding efforts in the K-12 STEM education community to create meaningful mathematical experiences across disciplines, mathematics continues to be a siloed subject which is tracked based on ability. With an increasing number of high-achieving students enrolling in Algebra I in Grade 7 or earlier, there is a need for research on the readiness of accelerated STEM-intending students to persist in mathematics at the college level. A mathematical mindset framework was employed to explore the relationships between level of Algebra I acceleration, student (n = 2111) and instructor (n = 141) beliefs about sense-making and mistake-making, and attitudes in first-semester college calculus. Findings from a series of multilevel analyses indicate that interactions between student mathematical mindset and perceived progressive teaching practices influence attitudes toward mathematics. While student-centered instruction had a slightly negative effect on attitude, there was a differential effect in relation to student beliefs about sense-making as a metric of success in mathematics. These findings contribute to empirical understandings of mathematical mindset and the complex transition from high school calculus to college calculus. Implications for interdisciplinary STEM education and persistence in STEM undergraduate study are discussed.
IceCube Neutrinos: From GeV to PeV

Abstract Detecting neutrinos associated with the still enigmatic sources of cosmic rays has reached a new watershed with the completion of IceCube, the first detector with sensitivity to the anticipated fluxes. In this review, we will revisit the rationale for constructing kilometer-scale neutrino detectors. We will subsequently discuss progress towards achieving the main scientific goals of IceCube in the context of data taken mostly during construction.
Synchronous Reinforcement Learning-Based Control for Cognitive Autonomy

This monograph describes the use of principles of reinforcement learning (RL) to design feedback policies for continuous-time dynamical systems that combine features of adaptive control and optimal control. In a control engineering context, RL bridges the gap between traditional optimal control and adaptive control algorithms. The authors give an insightful introduction to reinforcement learning techniques that can address various control problems. In this context, they give a detailed description of techniques such as Game-Theoretic Learning, Q-learning, and Intermittent RL; with each chapter providing a self-contained exposition of the topic and giving the reader suggestions for further reading. Finally, the authors demonstrate the application of the techniques in autonomous vehicles. This review of a topic that is rapidly becoming ubiquitous in many engineering systems enables to reader dip in and out of the topic to quickly understand the essentials and provides the starting point for further research.
Differential Molecular Expression Patterns Associated with Metastasis in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The majority of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas are treated by surgical removal; however, approximately 4% of tumors will metastasize. Molecular expression testing may improve accuracy in estimating the prognosis and defining the mechanisms important in the disease progression, which may impact response to therapy. Using PubMed (MEDLINE) and EMBASE, a systematic review was performed to evaluate studies published from January 2005 to August 2019 reporting tumor protein or RNA expression along with either outcomes (metastasis or death) or a comparison of primary with metastatic tumor samples. Inclusion criteria were met by 45 studies containing 81 comparisons of 44 distinct proteins and 25 microRNAs. On meta-analysis of studies analyzing primary tumor samples in terms of later outcomes, high primary tumor expression of PD-L1 (OR = 2.34, 95% confidence interval = 1.09–5.02, P = 0.030), EGFR (OR = 2.57, 95% confidence interval = 1.24–5.33, P = 0.011), and podoplanin (OR = 2.33, 95% confidence interval = 1.00–5.41, P = 0.049) conferred increased odds for metastasis. In comparison, metastatic tissue was more likely to have a high expression of PD-L1 than primary tissue (OR = 3.13, 95% confidence interval = 1.00–9.75, P = 0.049). Further studies are needed to confirm whether testing for PD-L1, EGFR, and podoplanin expression aids in cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas prognostic estimation of metastasis or death or predicts response to therapy.
Life and Death in Louisiana’s Petrochemical Industrial Complex

This photo essay traces the historical geography of Norco, Louisiana—heart of Louisiana’s petrochemical industrial complex. Norco, named for the first oil company sited there (the New Orleans Refin...
In remembrance of our colleague Evan Weissman: Scholar, community leader, mentor, and friend

First paragraphs: In the spring of 2020, we tragically lost our dear friend and colleague Evan Weissman, a food studies scholar and urban geographer, social justice advocate and activist, and renowned mentor and teacher. Evan was the first faculty member hired to start our intimate Food Studies Program, and an essential part of each of our individual careers and professional lives at Syracuse. It is difficult to impart the impact he had on our program, the discipline of food studies, and on us, as his coworkers and collaborators. Evan’s academic contributions, which focused on local food policy, community food systems, food system inequality, and urban agriculture, are beautifully reflected in this special issue. As can be seen here, the work he was engaged in has deep roots, which extend across topics and disciplines and con­tinue to grow in his absence. His impact on the fields of food justice and sustainable agricultural and regional planning will endure, due to the ways he connected radical social theory and community-based practice. . . .
A retrospective analysis of program outcomes and lessons learned on implementing first-time wastewater infrastructure in underserved communities in Texas from 1995 through 2017

Abstract In Texas, informal settlements called colonias formed from the 1950s to the 1980s without the most basic municipal infrastructure. Federal and Texas agencies authorized about $1 billion for first-time water and wastewater services for about 300,000 residents from 1995 through 2017. The research uses a mix-method approach to assesses at a high level the distribution of funds and outcomes achieved across 31 counties adjacent to the Texas-Mexico border, identifies where needs continue, examines population growth, and compiles programmatic and technical lessons learned. The results show wastewater coverage increased from less than 20% of the colonia population to over 75%. Funds were generally distributed equitably amongst the counties and expected outcomes were achieved. Grant funding was an incentive for cities with more institutional capacity and operational efficiencies to extend service to colonias and provide regional solutions outside city limits. Despite the progress, the most considerable need remains in smaller and more isolated colonias, where overcoming the barriers to service will be costly. Important lessons were learned, such as adopting laws to prevent further proliferation of colonias, the inclusion of household connections within the project ensured customers connected quickly, and regular coordination amongst funding agencies avoided duplication. Unintended consequences included oversized facilities as population growth did not occur as expected. Replacing what is now aging infrastructure requires a strategy and could include a low-cost loan program. Finally, onsite systems are a potential solution for overcoming barriers to service for those isolated colonias.
Money, Credit, Banking, and Payment System Policy

The modern payment system is a complex set of arrangements involving such diverse institutions as currency, the banking system, clearinghouses, the central bank, and government deposit insurance. While there is an enormous literature about its constituent parts, there is little unifying analysis. Monetary economists have long pursued deeper understanding of currency as the medium of exchange. But they have generally ignored the banking system and clearinghouses, even when focusing on monetary policy. Financial economists, on the other hand, have been keenly interested in banks as financial intermediaries and in government deposit insurance. But, by and large, they have ignored the payment system aspects of these institutions; and they have tended to treat medium of exchange and monetary policy issues only peripherally.
Ergogenic Aids: A Means to Citius, Altius, Fortius, and Olympic Gold?

(1996). Ergogenic Aids: A Means to Citius, Altius, Fortius, and Olympic Gold? Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 67, Selected papers from the International Pre-Olympic Scientific Congress, Dallas, Tx., July 1996, pp. S-58-S-64.
Multirate operations for exact interpolation and iterative subdivision schemes

In this paper we examine the circumstances under which a discrete-time signal can be exactly interpolated given only every M-th sample. After pointing out the connection between designing an M-fold interpolator and the construction of an M-channel perfect reconstruction filter bank, we derive necessary and sufficient conditions on the signal under which exact interpolation is possible. Bandlimited signals are one obvious example, but numerous others exist. We examine these and show how the interpolators may be constructed. A main application is to iterative interpolation schemes, used for the efficient generation of smooth curves. Conventional bandlimited interpolators are not suitable in this context. We illustrate that a better criterion is to use interpolators that are exact for polynomial functions. We show how these may be designed for any polynomial degree N and any interpolation factor M. >
An all-fiber WDM channel monitor based on acousto-optic tunable filter with built-in on-fiber detector

An all-fiber WDM channel monitor based on narrowband AOTF and on-fiber detector is demonstrated. By employing FSK modulation scheme, intrinsic wavelength accuracy of 0.02 nm is obtained for single channel detection and 0.05 nm for multiple channel detection.
Control of Gene Function in Bacteriophage T4 II. Synthesis of Messenger Ribonucleic Acid and Protein After Interrupting Deoxyribonucleic Acid Replication and Glucosylation

Replication of T4 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is known to be required for the onset of transcription of late T4 genes. Once late gene transcription has been initiated, DNA replication is no longer required for maintaining synthesis of late or early T4 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA). Late phage proteins (lysozyme and tail fibers) continue to be produced at constant rates after interrupting T4 DNA synthesis. The ability of the host cell to glucosylate the T4 progeny DNA has no demonstrable influence on the rates at which T4 mRNA and late proteins are synthesized after the interruption of DNA synthesis. To explain the requirement of T4 DNA replication for the onset of late gene transcription, we suggest that T4 DNA in a nascent state is mandatory for the initial late gene transcription, or perhaps for late gene transcription throughout the lytic cycle. T4 DNA in a nascent state could be segregated from the bulk of the replicating DNA, used only as template for RNA synthesis, and prevented from being modified by methylation, glucosylation, or maturation processes. The fact that no, or very little, nonglucosylated T4 DNA is extractable from T4LB3-infected CR63 after arresting DNA synthesis does not rule out this possibility.
Robot-assisted thoracoscopic resection of giant subcarinal bronchogenic cyst

Operative management of bronchogenic cysts is indicated for symptomatic lesions. The standard operative approach entails a thoracotomy and resection of the cyst from the surrounding structure. In recent years however, operative management has shifted to minimally invasive approaches which are associated with shorter length of stay and better postoperative pain control. Here we present four patients with symptomatic giant subcarinal bronchogenic cysts. The first is a 49-year-old man who developed atrial fibrillation secondary to compression of the atria by a giant subcarinal cyst. He underwent a posterolateral thoracotomy and removal of the cyst with complete resolution of atrial fibrillation. His postoperative course was remarkable for readmission to the hospital a week after discharge for pain control that continued to limit his everyday activity for over a month after surgery. The second patient was a 59-year-old woman with persistent cough secondary to airway compression by a growing inflamed giant subcarinal cyst. A robot-assisted approach was utilized to resect the cyst. Last two patients underwent robot-assisted resection of symptomatic giant subcarinal bronchogenic cyst. Compared to the open approach, robotic resection was associated with shorter length of stay and improved pain control.
The FLOWERING LOCUS T/TERMINAL FLOWER 1 Gene Family: Functional Evolution and Molecular Mechanisms

In plant development, the flowering transition and inflorescence architecture are modulated by two homologous proteins, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1). The florigen FT promotes the transition to reproductive development and flowering, while TFL1 represses this transition. Despite their importance to plant adaptation and crop improvement and their extensive study by the plant community, the molecular mechanisms controlling the opposing actions of FT and TFL1 have remained mysterious. Recent studies in multiple species have unveiled diverse roles of the FT/TFL1 gene family in developmental processes other than flowering regulation. In addition, the striking evolution of FT homologs into flowering repressors has occurred independently in several species during the evolution of flowering plants. These reports indicate that the FT/TFL1 gene family is a major target of evolution in nature. Here, we comprehensively survey the conserved and diverse functions of the FT/TFL1 gene family throughout the plant kingdom, summarize new findings regarding the unique evolution of FT in multiple species, and highlight recent work elucidating the molecular mechanisms of these proteins.
The Culture of Sports

In conversation with Orlando Patterson, the editors of this special issue reflected and speculated on the nature of the historical sociologist's task and challenge. We agreed that any historical sociology concentrated upon particular events or single sports, but overlooking comparative cultural and social contexts, was narrow and over-focused. Recalling early contributions, Patterson notes how in cricket in the Caribbean there could be found an “intense distillation of every kind of problem and emotional baggage” carried by a society at a particular socio-historical moment. Patterson advocates the dual focus upon time/place and socio-cultural historical influence that is at the heart of the historical sociologist's enterprise; and that shows how cricket, for instance, is both constituted by the legacies of a specific historical past, and constituting of a potentially different future.
Female Clitoral Priapism: An Over‐the‐Counter Option for Management

Abstract Introduction Female priapism is a rare condition that is not commonly described in the literature. There are many treatment strategies for the management of priapism, including conservative and safe over‐the‐counter options. Aim To describe a case of a woman who presented with clitoral priapism, who was managed conservatively with a simple over‐the‐counter treatment plan. Methods A 29‐year‐old gravida 0 para 0 presented to the emergency room with painful clitoral priapism lasting for 5 days. Despite cessation of the suspected causal agents, trazodone and wellbutrin, her symptoms persisted. Results The patient was managed conservatively with analgesics and around‐the‐clock oral pseudoephedrine and experienced complete resolution of her symptoms. Conclusions Oral pseudoephedrine may be a reasonable option for certain patients, and may be considered as a first‐line therapy and adjunct to conservative measures. Unger CA and Walters MD. Female clitorial priapism: An over‐the‐counter option for management. J Sex Med 2014;11:2354‐2356.
Contingent Credibility: The Impact of Investment Treaty Violations on Foreign Direct Investment

During the past few decades governments have signed nearly 2,700 bilateral investment treaties (BITs) with one another in an attempt to attract greater levels of foreign direct investment (FDI). By signing BITs, which contain strong enforcement provisions, investment-seeking governments are thought to more credibly commit to protecting whatever FDI they receive, which in turn should lead to increased confidence among investors and ultimately greater FDI inflows. Our unique argument is that the ability of BITs to increase FDI is contingent on the subsequent good behavior of the governments who sign them. BITs should increase FDI only if governments actually follow through on their BIT commitments; that is, if they comply with the treaties. BITs allow investors to pursue alleged treaty violations through arbitration venues like the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), a heavily utilized and widely observed arbitral institution that is part of the World Bank. Being taken before ICSID, then, conveys negative information about a host country's behavior to the broader investment community, which could result in a sizeable loss of future FDI into that country. We test these contingent effects of BITs using cross-sectional, time-series analyses on all non-OECD countries during a period spanning 1984–2007. We find that BITs do increase FDI into countries that sign them, but only if those countries are not subsequently challenged before ICSID. On the other hand, governments suffer notable losses of FDI when they are taken before ICSID and suffer even greater losses when they lose an ICSID dispute.
LiVxNb1 −xO3 (x ≤ 0.2) and Li2VNbO6 phases prepared by high pressure and high temperature synthesis

Abstract This study reports structural variations, investigated with X-ray diffraction and vibrational spectroscopy, in new LiNbO 3 -LiVO 3 compounds obtained through synthesis at high pressure (9 GPa) and high temperature (873 K). X-ray diffraction reveals the existence of the LiNbO 3 -LiV 0.2 Nb 0.8 O 3 solid solution and Li 2 VNbO 6 partially ordered phase. Optical phonons are examined in relation to changes in composition of the synthesized materials. Ordering, as evidenced by Raman spectroscopy, leads to local vibrational modes observed in the high frequency region with predominant cation-oxygen stretching modes. These local vibrational modes can be interpreted as being due to various disorder-partial order microdomains or impurities with other ordering schemes.
DOMINANCE, SURVIVAL, AND ENZYME POLYMORPHISM IN DARK-EYED JUNCOS, JUNCO HYEMALIS.

Although birds have played a major role in the construction of ecological and evolutionary theory, the genetic structure of bird populations is poorly known. Moreover, the diversity and complexity of avian social behavior, coupled with its visibility, provide an opportunity to determine how patterns of social behavior might affect genetic patterns in natural populations (Baker, 1974; 1975). Our current understanding of genetic population structure relies heavily on organisms that are relatively unknown ecologically and/ or are known behaviorally principally from studies in bottles, aquaria, and cages (fruit flies, fishes, rodents). Lack of attention to birds may partly be explained by the fact that on the whole, birds appear to be enzymatically less polymorphic than many other organisms (Powell, 1974; Manwell and Baker, 1974). Population structure and influences of selection can be examined on the basis of one or a few loci (Corbin et al., 1974; Redfield, 1973; Koehn et al., 1971), and birds may be particularly useful in studies of immigration, assortative mating, and inbreeding.
Air flow over and through a forest edge: A steady-state numerical simulation

A numerical model was developed to simulate neutrally stratified air flow over and through a forest edge. The spatially averaged equations for turbulent flow in vegetation canopies are derived as the governing equations. A first-order closure scheme with the capability of accounting for the bulk momentum transport process in vegetation canopies is employed. The averaged equations are solved numerically by a fractional time-step method and successive relaxation. The asymptotic solution in time is regarded as the steady-state solution. Comparisons of model output to the field measurements of Raynor (1971) indicate that the model provides a realistic mean flow. Momentum balance computations show that the pressure gradient induced by the wind blowing against the forest edge is significant and has the same order of magnitude as the drag force in the edge region. The edge effect involves the generation of drag forces, the appearance of a large pressure gradient, the upward deflection of mean flow and the transport of momentum into the edge of the canopy.
Emerging Economies, Enduring Partnerships

![Figure][1] Banu Onaral Our instincts as well as data ([ 1 ][2]) suggest that the conversion of scientific knowledge into social good and economic value creates well-being, prosperity, and peace, transcending cultural, disciplinary, or national boundaries. Forging innovation alliances that