cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reaction of Anterior Pituitaries of Immature and Mature Female Rats to Injection of Pregnancy Urine Extracts

It has been previously reported1 that injections of an oestrin-free placenta extract, containing the A. P. L. factor, into immature female rats induced a marked increase in the weight of the ovaries and a moderate increase in the weight of the pituitaries. Histologically, the pituitaries of the injected rats showed a slight to moderate decrease in the level of the eosinophiles; a considerable number showed evidence of granular loss. The most evident changes were found in the basophiles, which showed marked evidence of granular depletion.Injection of pregnancy urine extracts into immature female rats gives similar results. Thirty rats, 21 to 25 days old, were given daily injections of pregnancy urine extract† (25 to 75 R. U. daily for 6 to 15 days). Twenty-eight littermate sisters served as controls. The ovaries of the injected rats weighed from 50 to 80 mg., while those of the controls weighed from 15 to 25 mg. The pituitaries of the injected animals were usually, but not invariably, increased in weight. ...
Exploring the Dimensionality of “Religiosity” and “Spirituality” in the Fetzer Multidimensional Measure

Reliable and valid measures of religiosity and spiritual dimensions appropriate for ethnically diverse groups are needed. I examine the factor structure of the relatively new Fetzer multidimensional measure (Fetter Institute 1999). Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) of national data collected in the 1998 General Social Survey are conducted to (1) test the fit of the proposed dimensionality of the Fetter measure, specifically comparing the Fetzer structure with a simpler single-factor model suggested by preliminary exploratory factor analyses; and (2) evaluate ethnic differences in factor structure of the Fetzer items. Data from 1,201 adults, 1,019 whites and 182 African Americans, are examined to compare the fit of the multidimensional Fetzer model against an alternative single-factor ("unitary spirituality") model. CFA analyses indicated that only the Fetzer models had acceptable fit indices (NFI and/or NNFI approaching or reaching 0.90). Ethnic differences in loadings, while significant, were not substantively different. These findings suggest that a multidimensional measure like the Fetzer is useful for multiethnic research and that combining the daily spirituality and values/beliefs dimensions into a single factor provides a simpler model overall (compared to the Fetter model separating these dimensions out) while providing acceptable fit.
Ventriculoventricular delay optimization of a cardiac resynchronization device

Abstract Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has become a standard option for patients with severe low cardiac function and mild to severe heart failure. However, its potential has not been maximized to date, as the optimal atrioventricular delay, ventriculoventricular (VV) delay, and tachy therapy settings remain unknown. Here, data from various studies have been used to estimate several CRT settings. Three search words—interventricular interval, VV delay, and interventricular delay with cardiac resynchronization therapy—were entered into PubMed. The methods used to optimize VV delay included ultrasonography, radioisotope diagnosis, scintigraphy, electrocardiography, Swan–Ganz catheterization, and thoracic impedance. Their populations and results were analyzed to identify convincing rules. Methods for VV delay optimization in the literature can be categorized into four patterns. Time and cost were high in several categories. Most studies concluded that their method was effective but no small amount of papers denied individual detailed optimization. There were some population biases in most papers. Individual optimization had a major impact in patients with ischemic heart disease but no significant impact in patients with non-ischemic heart diseases. In summary, CRT is an established therapy, but a well-controlled study is required to find conclusive methods for VV delay optimization.
A Practical Approach for Scientific Balloon Film Strain Measurement using Photogrammetry

This paper presents a study of thin-film strain measurements using photogrammetry. The experimental work covered in this paper involves polyethylene thin-film of 0.038 mm thickness which is primarily used in NASA super pressure balloons. Accurate strain measurement of thin-films requires a non-contacting measurement source; photogrammetry offers pseudo non-contacting measurements with retroreflective targets. Recent years have seen an increase in engineering applications using the photogrammetry software PhotoModeler ® for 3-D measurements. The objective of the work discussed in this paper was to select a numerical approach to compute the biaxial strains from the PhotoModeler ® 3-D spatial coordinates and empirically validate the accuracy of the strain measurements at different temperature regimes. Surface fitting, spline fitting, and linear approximations are the numerical approaches examined to compute the curvilinear distance between points of doubly curved surfaces. The study encompasses the selection of the surface fitting method as the best approach for any arbitrary doubly curved surface. The accuracy validation of the strain measuring approach includes the measurement of the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) for the polyethylene film and comparing the values with an independent source. Strain measurements at lower temperatures require the film to be inside of a thermal chamber and pictures taken from the outside through a plexi-glass door. As a corollary to the CTE measurements, the taking of photographs through the plexi-glass door of the thermal chamber was shown to have negligible effects on strain measurements. The overall accuracy of the photogrammetric strain measuring process is demonstrated with the comparison of measured biaxial creep data and measurements from conventional Vernier scales and finite element analysis results. In conclusion, the surface fitting approach taken to extract biaxial strains from the PhotoModeler ® 3-D spatial points is capable of
Bedside Ultrasound Identification of Infectious Flexor Tenosynovitis in the Emergency Department

Infectious flexor tenosynovitis (FTS) is a serious infection of the hand and wrist that can lead to necrosis and amputation without prompt diagnosis and surgical debridement. Despite the growing use of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) by emergency physicians there is only one reported case of the use of POCUS for the diagnosis of infectious FTS in the emergency department setting. We present a case of a 58 year-old man where POCUS identified tissue necrosis and fluid along the flexor tendon sheath of the hand. Subsequent surgical pathology confirmed the diagnosis of infectious FTS.
Felis margarita (Carnivora: Felidae)

Abstract: Felis margarita Loche, 1858 is a felid commonly called the sand cat. It is 1 of 6 species in the genus Felis. One of the smallest of the wild cats, Felis margarita, is adapted behaviorally and morphologically to live in desert environments. Prey includes rodents, birds, reptiles, and arthropods. This species has a wide, but disjunct distribution through northern Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and southwest and central Asia. F. margarita occurs at low densities throughout its range and is listed as “Near Threatened” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources due to habitat degradation and its low and potentially declining population. F. margarita is bred in zoos in North America and Europe.
Value Capitalization Effect of Protected Properties: A Comparison of Conservation Easement with Mixed-Bag Open Spaces

In this paper, I examine the impact of open space restrictions on neighboring house prices using hedonic modeling framework and GIS. The comparison is between two groups of parcels in Worcester, Massachusetts: one has a mixture of open space restrictions that limit or prohibit development and the other has a conservation easement. Conservation easement (CE) involves voluntarily restricted conservation worthy private lands from future developments in perpetuity. The sample used is single-family detached houses that were sold in 2005 to 2008. Since future development restrictions lower the property values and tax base for local communities, the findings confirm that spatially targeted CE parcels with proximity of, and visibility to CE parcels drive up the surrounding property values, thereby providing additional tax base and income to the communities.
Legislation by Amateurs: The Role of Legal Details and Knowledge in Initiative Deliberation

Citizens’ deliberations about the legal nature and effects of ballot measures were examined through a qualitative content analysis of transcripts from the 2010 Oregon Citizens’ Initiative Review, the Citizens’ Review Statements produced by that review, and official state explanatory statements describing ballot measures. Deliberations and statements were coded for law-related topics, functions, uses of narrative, and motivations for narration. Citizens’ deliberations and Citizens’ Review Statements were found to emphasize the policy objectives and unintended or adverse consequences of ballot measures, as well as the application of legal rules to multiple factual scenarios. By contrast, official state explanatory statements describing ballot measures made no mention of policy objectives or unintentional or adverse consequences. Results suggest that citizens’ approach to assessing ballot measures may have both strategic/instrumental and realistic dimensions and that rule-application may play a key role in enabling citizens’ understanding of the legal aspects of ballot measures.
RES Structure and Function of the Aves

In ancient times, prior to the first sundial, the transition of night into day was marked by the crowing of the rooster (Lind, 1963). Perhaps this was only a prelude to the major role that the chicken was to play in the 20th century in awakening the scientific community to fundamental concepts that would help formulate immunobiology and the T and B cell concept (Glick et al., 1956; Warner and Burnet, 1961; Cooper et al., 1966; Weber, 1975; Glick, 1977a). While this chapter will include historical milestones in avian immunology, the major thrust will be to emphasize structural and functional characteristics of the lympho-myeloid complex and the interrelationships of these representatives of the chicken’s RES.
C-O bond Formation in a Microfluidic Reactor: High Yield S N Ar Substitution of Heteroaryl Chlorides.

This study describes our development of a novel and efficient procedure for CO bond formation under mild conditions, for coupling heteroaryl chlorides with phenols or primary aliphatic alcohols. We utilized a continuous-flow microfluidic reactor for CO bond formation in electron-deficient pyrimidines and pyridines in a much more facile manner with a cleaner reaction profile, high yield, quick scalability, and without the need for the transition metal catalyst. This approach can be of general utility to make CO bond containing intermediates of industrial importance in a continuous and safe manner.
Oesophageal narrowing on barium oesophagram is more common in adult patients with eosinophilic oesophagitis than PPI-responsive oesophageal eosinophilia.

Summary Background To date there have been no clear features that aid in differentiating patients with eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) from PPI-responsive oesophageal eosinophilia (PPI-REE). However, barium swallow roentgenography is a more sensitive and specific measure to detect subtle fibrostenotic remodeling changes present in EoE. We aim to characterise any clinical, endoscopic, histiological or barium roentgenographic differences between EoE and PPI-REE. Aim To characterise any clinical, endoscopic, histiological or barium roentgenographic differences between EoE and PPI-REE. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort analysis on data collected from a tertiary referral centre population from 2010 to 2015. Data from 66 patients with EoE and 28 patients with PPI-REE were analysed. Cases were adults who met consensus guidelines for EOE, and had a barium swallow study within 6 months of the index endoscopy. Clinical, endoscopic, histiological and barium swallow findings were collected. Results Patients with EoE reported similar characteristics as PPI-REE patients, except EoE patients were younger (35.6 vs. 46.6 years; P = 0.011), had earlier symptom onset (29.0 vs. 38.0 years; P = 0.026), and smaller oesophageal diameters on barium swallow (19.5 mm vs. 20; P = 0.042). Patients with EoE were more likely to have distal strictures (EoE 77% vs. 25%; P = 0.02) and, importantly, a greater likelihood of small calibre oesophagus (51.5% vs. 17.9%; P = 0.002). Moreover, EoE patients had a higher probability of developing small calibre oesophagus after 20 years of symptoms (72.3% vs. 30.2%; P = 0.074) compared to PPI-REE patients. Conclusions When compared with eosinophilic oesophagitis, PPI-REE patients demonstrate findings that suggest PPI-responsive oesophageal eosinophilia to be a later onset, less aggressive form of oesophageal stricturing disease than eosinophilic oesophagitis.
Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma in the Liver Explant After Liver Transplantation: Histological Differentiation and Prognosis.

Abstract BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICCA) incidentally found in the explanted liver after liver transplantation. MATERIAL AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 1188 recipients undergoing liver transplantation from August 2003 to August 2014; 13 patients were found to have ICCA (1.1%). Recurrence-free survival (RFS) rate was compared between ICCA patients and the matched cohort of 39 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We also investigate the relevance of clinical and pathological parameters in recurrence of ICCA. RESULTS ICCA patients showed significantly higher recurrence rate with lower 1-year and 3-year RFS rates than HCC patients (recurrence rate, 12.8% vs. 54.8%; 1-year and 3-year RFS rates, 94% and 84% vs. 67% and 42%). Of the 13 ICCA patients, 4 were diagnosed with a well-differentiated ICCA and 9 with a moderately-differentiated ICCA. There was no recurrence among those with a well-differentiated ICCA, whereas 78% recurred in the moderately-differentiated group. The median RFS time for the moderately-differentiated group was 13.0 months, yielding RFS rates of 56% at 1 year and 22% at 3 years. CONCLUSIONS Liver transplantation in patients with a well-differentiated ICCA yielded excellent outcomes as compared to patients with a moderately-differentiated ICCA. This may allow consideration of transplantation in the setting of a well-differentiated ICCA, and obviate the need for adjuvant systemic treatment. Conversely, a moderately-differentiated ICCA carries a poor prognosis with a prohibitively high recurrence rate and poor survival. Liver transplantation should remain a contraindication in this group.
ANALYSIS ON PRECIPITATION STRUCTURES OF TWO HEAVY RAIN CASES BY USING TRMM PR AND IMI

In order to expose precipitation structures in both horizontal and vertical, and responses of microwave brightness temperatures to precipitation distribution and intensity, in this study, we studied two meascale heavy rain systems happening near Wuhan on July 20, 1998 and the southern part of Anhui on June 9, 1999 by using standard data of 2A25 derived from TRMM PR and 1B11 from TMI. Results show that convective rains contribute much more rainfall to the total than stratiform rains although the former occupies less area than the latter inside the two heavy rain systems, respectively, due to the stronger rainfall rate of convective rains. Results also show the two heavy rain systems are consisted of several heavy convective rain blocks and rain bands in horizontal inside the two systems. Generally, the horizontal scale of rain blocks is from 10 km to 50 km, and rain bands have near a hundred kilometer in length with width from 10 km to 20 km inside the two mid - range scale heavy rain systems. Between the heavy rain blocks (bands), there exist weak rainfall regions or even no rain regions. Usually, strong convective precipitating clouds are surrounded by stratiform precipitating clouds. In vertical, the rain top of heavy convective rains can reach to 15 km from the surface. Inside these heavy convective rains, rainrate is distributed heterogeneously in vertical and horizontal. Meanwhile stratiform rains have a clear brightness band near freezing layer. Above the layer, there exist multi -layer clouds. Below the layer, the rainfall rate is almost constant, which means no collision process during rain droplets drop off from the layer. However, for convective rains, there exists a clear collision process for rain droplet below the freezing layer. But the depth of the collision process for convective rains varies possibly due to convective precipitating clouds are in their different stages. Below the layer of collision process, there may be a layer of droplet evaporation process or big droplet breaking process for convective rains. The differences between convective and stratiform rains are also indicated in their precipitation profiles and the normalized counter rain-rate altitude diagram (NCRAD). The NCRAD indicates that a wider distribution of rainfall rates for convective rains comparing with a narrow one for stratiform rains. Analysis on microwave brightness temperatures of TMI channels exposed bad responses of low frequency channels at 10. 7 GHz, 19. 4 GHz, 22 GHz and 37 GHz to rainfall over land. However, there are good responses of the polarization corrected temperature at 85.5 GHz and the vertical polarization differences between 19.4 GHz and 37 GHz, 19.7 GHz and 85.5 GHz, 37 GHz and 85. 5 GHz to surface rainfall over land. Results illustrate that rainfall region is covered by values of less than 270 K at the polarization corrected temperature at 85.5 GHz, and values of greater than zero at the vertical polarization differences between 19.4 GHz and 37 GHz, 19.7 GHz and 85.5 GHz, 37 GHz and 85.5 GHz.
The metabolism of protocatechuate by Pseudomonas testosteroni

1. Protocatechuate 4,5-oxygenase, purified 21-fold from extracts of Pseudomonas testosteroni, was examined in the ultracentrifuge and assigned a mol.wt. of about 140000. 2. When diluted, the enzyme rapidly lost activity during catalysis. Inactivation was partially prevented by l-cysteine. 3. With a saturating concentration of protocatechuate (1.36mm), K(m) for oxygen was 0.303mm. This value is greater than the concentration of oxygen in water saturated with air at 20 degrees . 4. Cell extracts converted protocatechuate into gamma-carboxy-gamma-hydroxy-alpha-oxovalerate, which was isolated as its lactone. 5. gamma-Carboxy-gamma-hydroxy-alpha-oxovalerate pyruvate-lyase activity was stimulated by Mg(2+) ions and mercaptoethanol. Cells grown with p-hydroxybenzoate as carbon source contained higher concentrations of this enzyme than those grown with succinate.
Interactive Volume Rendering Aurora on the GPU

We present a combination of techniques to render the aurora borealis in real time on a modern graphics processing unit (GPU). Unlike the general 3D volume rendering problem, an auroral display is emissive and can be factored into a height-dependent energy deposition function, and a 2D electron flux map. We also present a GPU-friendly atmosphere model, which includes an integrable analytic approximation of the atmosphere’s density along a ray. Together, these techniques enable a modern consumer graphics card to realistically render the aurora at 20‐80fps, from any point of view either inside or outside the atmosphere.
86: The Type I Interferon axis suppresses Th-17 driven autoimmune inflammation in a mouse model of Multiple Sclerosis via Interferon Regulatory Factor-7

Type I Interferons are important contributors in autoimmunity. In multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system, recombinant interferon-beta (IFN- β ) has been shown to reduce relapse rate, disability progression, and formation of new brain and spinal cord lesions in patients with relapsing-remitting (RRMS) disease. However, little is known about its mechanism of action with regard to disease outcome, and 25% of RRMS patients are IFN- β non-responders. Interferon regulatory factor-7 (IRF-7) is a major transcriptional regulator that coordinates the production of endogenous IFN- β , and is also regulated by type I interferons. In a mouse model of MS, IRF-7-deficient (IRF7KO) mice develop more severe disease than wild type controls (p α , IL-1 β , IL-6, IL-17, and GM-CSF, as well as Th17-associated chemokines including, CXCL1 and CXCL2, are higher in the spinal cords of IRF7KO compared to WT mice. Using an adoptive transfer mouse model of MS where IRF7KO or WT T cells were polarized under Th1 or Th17 conditions prior to transfer, we find that Th17-polarized IRF7KO T cells are more pathogenic than their WT counterparts (p = 0.03), whereas Th1-polarized IRF7KO T cells were less pathogenic than similarly-treated WT cells (p β , controls the generation of disease-associated Th17 T cells as one mechanism of suppressing disease. We have collected patient samples in our Holtom-Garrett Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, and will use these to determine whether IFN- β non-responsiveness correlates with a Th1, opposed to a Th17, driven disease.
Digital-to-Frequency Converter: A Component Enabling New Application Fields

The time average frequency-direct period synthesis (TAF-DPS)'s capability of arbitrary frequency generation (small frequency granularity) and instantaneous frequency switching (two cycles) makes it a new type of signal converter: digital-to-frequency converter (DFC). There are several architectures in digital-to-analog converter (DAC) design: oversampling DAC, binary-weighted DAC, R-2R ladder DAC, and thermometer-coded DAC. DAC's major applications are audio and video. In these applications, audio/video information is originally processed in the digital domain where high precision (high fidelity) can be preserved during processing and transmission. The zero-crossing represents the rate-of-switching of certain physical phenomena being monitored by the sensor. This information can be processed by an FDC (frequency-to-digital converter) and be converted into a digital value. There are four types of converter analog-to-digital converter (ADC), FDC, DAC and DFC, and two types of information formats, level and rate-of-switching.
Goblet cell response after photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis

Purpose To determine whether patients without dry eye preoperatively have an altered conjunctival goblet cell density and mucin secretion postoperatively and to explore what factors affect changes in goblet cell density and mucin secretion. Setting The former Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA. Design Prospective nonrandomized clinical study. Methods Impression cytology was used to determine conjunctival goblet cell density before and 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) or laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). The McMonnies questionnaire, Schirmer test, tear breakup time, corneal sensitivity, rose bengal staining, and computerized videokeratoscopy were also performed to assess tear-film and ocular-surface health. Results The ratio of goblet cell to total cells changed postoperatively from baseline in both groups ( P P = .772). The ratio of filled goblet cell to total goblet cell did not change significantly over the same time period ( P = .128), and there were no significant differences between the PRK group and the LASIK group over time ( P = .282). Conclusions Patients without apparent dry eye had an altered conjunctival goblet cell population after PRK or LASIK. The conjunctival goblet cell population tended to decrease in the early postoperative period after either surgery and was most affected by preoperative goblet cell density. The changes in the tear film and ocular surface did not seem to affect goblet cell mucin secretion after either procedure. Financial Disclosure None of the authors has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
CFD assessment of the effect of convective mass transport on the intracellular clearance of intracellular triglycerides in macrosteatotic hepatocytes

Donor livers available to transplant for patients with end-stage liver disease are in severe shortage. One possible avenue to expand the donor pool is to recondition livers that would be otherwise discarded due to excessive fat content. Severely steatotic livers (also known as fatty livers) are highly susceptible to ischemia-reperfusion injury and as a result, primary liver non-function post-transplantation. Prior studies in isolated perfused rat livers suggest that “defatting” may be possible in a timeframe of a few hours; thus, it is conceivable that fatty liver grafts could be recovered by machine perfusion to clear stored fat from the organ prior to transplantation. However, studies using hepatoma cells and adult hepatocytes made fatty in culture report that defatting may take several days. Because cell culture studies were done in static conditions, we hypothesized that the defatting kinetics are highly sensitive to flow-mediated transport of metabolites. To investigate this question, we experimentally evaluated the effect of increasing flow rate on the defatting kinetics of cultured HepG2 cells and developed an in silico combined reaction-transport model to identify possible rate-limiting steps in the defatting process. We found that in cultured fatty HepG2 cells, the time required to clear stored fat down to lean control cells can be reduced from 48 to 4–6 h by switching from static to flow conditions. The flow required resulted in a fluid shear of .008 Pa, which did not adversely affect hepatic function. The reaction-transport model suggests that the transport of l-carnitine, which is the carrier responsible for taking free fatty acids into the mitochondria, is the key rate-limiting process in defatting that was modulated by flow. Therefore, we can ensure higher levels of l-carnitine uptake by the cells by choosing flow rates that minimize the limiting mass transport while minimizing shear stress.
Trochlear Schwannoma Presenting with Isolated Trigeminal Neuralgia.

Background Schwannomas arising from the cranial nerves controlling extraocular eye movements are very rare and usually present with some degree of diplopia. Case Presentation We report a 50-year-old woman who presented with isolated left-sided trigeminal neuralgia of 6 months' duration. Imaging demonstrated a homogeneously enhancing mass in the left ambient cistern, and the patient was brought to the operating room for resection. A retrosigmoid approach was used, and the mass was directly visualized arising from the trochlear nerve and compressing the dorsal root entry zone of the trigeminal nerve. A gross total resection of the mass was achieved, and microvascular decompression of the trigeminal nerve was performed. The tumor was pathologically confirmed as a schwannoma. At 3-month follow-up, the patient's facial pain was resolved, and her extraocular eye movements were intact. Conclusions A total of 32 pathology-confirmed cases of trochlear schwannoma have been previously reported in the English-language literature. Most of these tumors arose from the cisternal segment of the nerve, and most patients presented with frank trochlear nerve palsy on exam. We report the first case of trochlear schwannoma presenting with isolated trigeminal neuralgia.
Visualizing Conflict: Possibilities for Urban Research

The Center for Spatial Research (CSR) is undertaking a multiyear project investigating what we have termed Conflict Urbanism. The term designates not simply the conflicts that take place in cities, but also conflict as a structuring principle of cities intrinsically, as a way of inhabiting and creating urban space. The increasing urbanization of warfare and the policing and surveillance of everyday life are examples of the term (Graham, 2010; Misselwitz & Rieniets, 2006; Weizman, 2014), but conflict is not limited to war and violence. Cities are not only destroyed but also built through conflict. They have long been arenas of friction, difference, and dissidence, and their irreducibly conflictual character manifests itself in everything from neighborhood borders, to differences of opinion and status, to ordinary encounters on the street. One major way in which CSR undertakes research is through interrogating the world of ‘big data.’ This includes analyzing newly accessible troves of ‘urban data,’ working to open up new areas of research and inquiry, as well as focusing on data literacy as an essential part of communicating with these new forms of urban information. In what follows we discuss two projects currently under way at CSR that use mapping and data visualization to explore and analyze Conflict Urbanism in two different contexts: the city of Aleppo, and the nation of Colombia.
Discrimination Learning in Young Chicks with Heat Reinforcement

Effects of age, rearing condition, and heat reinforcement on a visual discrimination problem were studied in 2 experiments with young chicks. In Experiment 1, 90 Vantress chicks of 3 ages (17-, 47-, and 67-hr.), one-half reared in isolation and the rest in groups of 15, were tested for 20 trials in a 10°C. room with 15 sec. exposure to heat as reinforcement. Ss made significantly more correct choices (red circle SD) as training progressed (p <.001), and Ss reared in isolation made more correct choices than Ss reared communally (p <.001). Age was not significant across all 20 trials, but was significant on the initial block of 5 trials with the 1-day Ss making more correct choices than the older Ss. In Experiment 2, the effects of stimulus exposure (SE) and stimulus-heat (SH) pairing on discrimination performance were compared in 60 dark reared Vantress chicks of 2 ages (14- and 34-hr.). The SH group made more correct choices than the SE group (p <.001), and 14-hr. Ss made more correct choices than 34-hr. Ss (p. <.005). The implications of heat as a reinforcer for the young chick are discussed.
Abstract 347: Zebrafish Insertional Cardiac (ZIC) Mutants: a Living Genomic Resource for Cardiac Biology

The human genome encodes about 20,000 genes and only a fraction of them are expressed in the heart. We hypothesized that annotation of this category of genes may facilitate our understanding of cardiac development and function. Recently, we reported a pilot insertional mutagenesis screening in zebrafish to annotate cardiac gene functions using a gene-break transposon (GBT). It demonstrated the feasibility of generation of a Zebrafish Insertional Cardiac (ZIC) mutant collection by screening gene expression in the embryonic heart. Here, we report an alternative strategy to identify cardiac mutants based on adult heart expression, and explore the application of expanded ZIC lines for understanding cardiac biology. From 203 GBT lines, we identified 34 lines with detectable expression in the dissected adult hearts. Various expression levels of the tagged genes were detected in embryonic hearts. Based on their tissue-specific expression, the candidate ZIC lines can be grouped into myocardium lines, endocardium lines, or both. Based on their subcellular expression, myocardium ZIC lines can be further categorized into sarcomeric lines, mitochondrial lines, and/or nucleic lines. Phenotypic analysis is being conducted to identify recessive mutants including embryonic lethal lines. We will present the current status of our ZIC collection, and discuss its application as a genomic resource platform for elucidating cardiac biology. Our data suggest that ~15% genes in the whole genome might have detectable cardiac expression. The sensitivity of screening for cardiac genes at adult stage is higher than that at embryonic stage (34/203 versus 18/322). We plan to expand the ZIC collection by screening 1,000 GBT lines that are being generated at Mayo Clinic. It is expected that this living mutant collection of cardiac genes will open doors to systematic annotation of novel cardiac genes and forward cardiac mutagenesis screening.
A treatment development study of a cognitive and mindfulness-based therapy for adolescents with co-occurring post-traumatic stress and substance use disorder.

Objective Substance use is common among adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We aimed to develop and study an integrated treatment for adolescents with co-occurring disorders. Design This is a therapy development and open pilot trial study of a manualized therapy for adolescents with post-traumatic stress, depression, and substance use that uses a combination of cognitive therapy (CT) and mindfulness. Methods Descriptive statistics and paired sample t-tests were calculated to assess for changes in PTSD symptoms, depression, and substance use frequency from baseline to end of treatment using standardized measures and validated by urine drug screens. We also examined for safety, predictors of clinical outcomes, and treatment retention. Results Thirty-seven adolescents participated in the study; 62% were study completers as defined by retention for at least 6 weeks of treatment. There were significant improvements in PTSD and depression symptoms from baseline to end of treatment, reflecting medium effect sizes, and which was associated with changes in trauma-associated cognitions. There was a reduction in cannabis use, which was the most commonly used substance. Conclusions Preliminary results suggest feasibility, safety, and potential clinical effectiveness of an integrated therapy for adolescents with PTSD, depression, and substance use. Retention was comparable to other therapy clinical trial studies of adolescents despite the high risk for poor treatment retention and poor clinical outcomes among adolescents with PTSD and co-occurring disorders. We discuss the rationale for continued research of this mindfulness-based CT for adolescents with co-occurring disorders. Practitioner points Adolescents with co-occurring PTSD and substance use achieved meaningful improvement in PTSD and depression symptom severity after receiving a CT and mindfulness dual diagnosis approach. An integrated manualized therapy for dual diagnosis shows promise for reducing cannabis use in adolescents with PTSD. Changes in trauma-related cognitions have the potential to improve PTSD and depression symptoms in adolescents with substance use problems.
Markit and Talkit: A Low-Barrier Toolkit to Augment 3D Printed Models with Audio Annotations

As three-dimensional printers become more available, 3D printed models can serve as important learning materials, especially for blind people who perceive the models tactilely. Such models can be much more powerful when augmented with audio annotations that describe the model and their elements. We present Markit and Talkit, a low-barrier toolkit for creating and interacting with 3D models with audio annotations. Makers (e.g., hobbyists, teachers, and friends of blind people) can use Markit to mark model elements and associate then with text annotations. A blind user can then print the augmented model, launch the Talkit application, and access the annotations by touching the model and following Talkit's verbal cues. Talkit uses an RGB camera and a microphone to sense users' inputs so it can run on a variety of devices. We evaluated Markit with eight sighted "makers" and Talkit with eight blind people. On average, non-experts added two annotations to a model in 275 seconds (SD=70) with Markit. Meanwhile, with Talkit, blind people found a specified annotation on a model in an average of 7 seconds (SD=8).
A 16b 12GS/S single/dual-rate DAC with successive bandpass delta-sigma modulator achieving <-67dBc IM3 within DC-to-6GHz tunable passbands

The agile allocation of signal bands over RF frequencies and high in-band spectral purity (both SFDR and NSD) can enable higher-order modulation in high-throughput flexible wireless/wireline transmitters, where signals are often channelized at certain center frequencies. Using a Nyquist DAC to cover the entire signal spectrum is thus unnecessary, as this trades the achievable dynamic range with the bandwidth. For such applications, a narrowband Nyquist DAC followed by a mixer, RF mixing DAC [1], or exploiting higher Nyquist zones [2] are typically adopted; these are either limited by deliverable output power or nearby spectral images due to lower input data rates. A dual-rate hybrid DAC [3] uses a delta-sigma modulated LSB path to compensate for the non-idealities of the Nyquist path, allowing high linearity and a low noise floor within the Nyquist band while limiting out-of-band quantization noise. Still, this only synthesizes the baseband signal and is difficult when covering wide RF spectra due to the DSM OSR requirements.
Nitric Oxide-Releasing Alginates

Low and high molecular weight alginate biopolymers were chemically modified to store and release potentially therapeutic levels of nitric oxide (NO). Carbodiimide chemistry was first used to modify carboxylic acid functional groups with a series of small molecule alkyl amines. The resulting secondary amines were subsequently converted to N-diazeniumdiolate NO donors via reaction with NO gas under basic conditions. NO donor-modified alginates stored between 0.4–0.6 μmol NO·mg–1. In aqueous solution, the NO-release kinetics were diverse (0.3–13 h half-lives), dependent on the precursor amine structure. The liberated NO showed bactericidal activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus with pathogen eradication efficiency dependent on both molecular weight and NO-release kinetics. The combination of lower molecular weight (∼5 kDa) alginates with moderate NO-release durations (half-life of ∼4 h) resulted in enhanced killing of both planktonic and biofilm-based bacteria. Toxicity against hum...
Framing social conflicts in news coverage and social media: A multicountry comparative study:

This study attempts to understand how geopolitical proximity influences framing of social conflicts in news coverage and social media discussions. Within the context of 2013 Little India riot in Singapore, a manual content and automated linguistic analyses are conducted on 227 news articles and 4,495 tweets. A multinational comparison suggests that news media follow the traditional hypothesis of geopolitical proximity and international news coverage. However, Twitter seems less constrained by geopolitical boundaries of news making allowing citizens to bypass press censorship in an alternate information system. The reasons for framing differences across mediums and between countries are explored. Implications of these findings and limitations of the study are discussed.
Values identified in different groups of Air Force nurses.

Fundamental personal values are reflected in the choices and decisions made in every aspect of our lives. This descriptive study identified values held by a convenience sample of 224 Air Force nurses stationed at four U.S. Air Force medical facilities. Study participants identified seven of eight literature-supported values in the categories "important" or "very important" across the demographic factors of age, gender, educational level, military rank, marital status, and years of Air Force or civilian nursing experience. These seven values were ability utilization, achievement, altruism, autonomy, economic reward, economic security, and personal development. Personnel using this information may ease the transition process to military nursing, facilitate job placement to positions reflecting personally held values, and provide valuable insight for Air Force nurse recruiters who have limited knowledge of the nursing profession. In all, this would promote job satisfaction and Air Force nurse retention.
Who Should Go to Prison

The question of who should go to prison is a serious one, of course, but occasionally it has its lighter side. Not long ago, Chicago heralded the opening of a new jail which is in the modern pattern: a 26-story triangular concrete structure, housing, in relative comfort, people awaiting trial and others undergoing short-term punishment. The decor is “prison stark.” The security system is controlled by computer, federal prison administrators having decided apparently that man is fallible but the computer is not. The computer system controls the elevators in such a way that two elevators cannot arrive at the same level together and that the same weight of person must get out the elevator as got into it, lest an alarm bell ring. It is supposedly foolproof and all very complicated.
On ramped vanes to control normal shock boundary layer interactions

A novel vortex generator design positioned upstream of a normal shock followed by a subsequent diffuser was investigated using large eddy simulations. In particular, “ramped-vane” flow control devices with three different heights relative to the incoming boundary layer thickness (0.34δ, 0.52δ and 0·75δ) were placed in a supersonic boundary layer with a freestream Mach number of 1.3 and a Reynolds number of 2400 based on the momentum thickness. This is the first numerical study to investigate the size effect of the ramped-vane for flow control device in terms of shape factor, flow separation and flow unsteadiness. The results showed that these devices generated strong streamwise vortices that entrained high-momentum fluid to the near-wall region and increased turbulent mixing. The devices also decreased shock-induced flow separation, which resulted in a higher downstream skin friction in the diffuser. In general, the largest ramped-vane (0.75δ) produced the largest reductions in flow separation, shape factor and overall unsteadiness. These results and a careful review of the literature study also determined the quantitative correlation of optimum VG height with Mach number, whereby h/δ~1 is often optimum for incompressible flows while higher Mach numbers lead to small optimum heights, tending towards h/δ~0.45 at M=2.5.
Photovoltaic performance of planar CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells based on CdS and high transmittance Cd(S,O) electron transport layers stacked with ZnO hole blocking layer

The chemical bath deposited n-type CdS and Cd(S,O) layer were implemented as electron transport (ET) layers integrated with ZnO hole blocking (HB) layer in the fabrication of planar CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) perovskite solar cells (PSC). The bonding environment and native defect structure of CdS and Cd(S,O) ET layers were established by Raman and photoluminescence spectral analysis. Optical studies showed that Cd(S,O) has higher UV–Vis transmittance and band edge threshold relative to CdS of similar thickness. The photovoltaic performance of the solar cells evaluated with CdS and Cd(S,O) ET layers of different 40-, 55-, and 80-nm thickness shows the effect of light intensity at the MAPbI3 photoabsorber and establishes the importance of native defects in electron extraction and transport in determining photoconversion efficiency (PCE). The effect of defect states in CdS and Cd(S,O) over corresponding J–V curves and fill factor of PSC device are described in terms of an energy band model. For 40-nm-thick Cd(S,O)/ZnO (ET/HB) layer, a PCE of 11.1% was achieved and compared with 9.18% for the CdS/ZnO (ET/HB) layer.
Disease Activity Instruments for Pouchitis and Other Inflammatory Disorders of the Pouch

Abstract The incidence and recognition of pouchitis is on the rise as ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) has become the preferred operation for patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) requiring surgery. Pouchitis is an inflammatory condition of the pouch with variable presentation, a broad differential diagnosis, and thus controversial diagnostic criteria. Several groups have attempted to quantify this entity using disease activity scores compromising three key elements: clinical symptoms, endoscopy, and histology. Among these, the Pouchitis Disease Activity Index (PDAI) is the most comprehensive index and thus highly utilized in clinical trials even today. A modified version (modified Pouchitis Disease Activity Index—mPDAI) that omits the histology component may be more suitable for clinical practice. Similar scoring systems have also been adapted to standardize the diagnosis and treatment of other entities such as Crohn disease of the pouch and cuffitis.
Flow diversion covering the M1 origin as a last resort

Introduction Internal carotid artery termination (ICAT) and proximal A1 aneurysms can be challenging for open surgical clipping or endovascular coiling. Treatment with flow diversion covering the middle cerebral artery (MCA), an end vessel supplying a terminal circulation, has not been reported. Methods A prospective, Institutional Review Board-approved database was analysed for patients with pipeline embolisation device (PED) placement from the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) to the ICA during cerebral aneurysm treatment. Results Nine cases were identified, including five proximal A1, three posterior communicating artery and one ICAT aneurysm locations. Average aneurysm size was 8.3 mm (range 3–17), with 67% saccular and 78% right-sided. Primary indication for treatment was significant dome irregularity (44%), recurrence or enlargement (33%), underlying collagen vascular disorder (11%) and traumatic pseudoaneurysm (11%). Preservation of the ipsilateral ACA (with PED placed in A1) was performed when the anterior communicating artery (67%) or contralateral A1 (33%) were absent on angiography. Adjunctive coiling was done in four cases (44%). There was one major stroke leading to mortality (11%) and one minor stroke (11%). Clinical follow-up was 27 months on average. Follow-up digital subtraction angiography (average interval 15 months) showed complete aneurysm obliteration (88%) or dome occlusion with entry remnant (12%). The jailed MCA showed minimal or mild delay (primarily anterograde flow) in 75% of cases and significant delay (reliance primarily on ACA and external carotid artery collaterals) in 25%. Conclusions Covering the MCA with a flow diverting stent should be reserved for select rare cases. Strict attention to blood pressure augmentation during the periprocedural period is necessary to minimise potential ischaemic compromise.
Atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with CLL treated with ibrutinib: Assessing prediction models and clinical outcomes.

7522Background: Ibrutinib therapy is associated with an increased risk (~15%) of AF. An accurate risk assessment model for the development of AF in pts starting ibrutinib is not established, and ou...
Improved trafficking and expression of luminopsins for more efficient optical and pharmacological control of neuronal activity

Luminopsins (LMOs) are chimeric proteins consisting of a luciferase fused to an opsin that provide control of neuronal activity, allowing for less cumbersome and less invasive optogenetic manipulation. It was previously shown that both an external light source and the luciferase substrate, coelenterazine (CTZ), could modulate activity of LMO-expressing neurons, although the magnitudes of the photoresponses remained subpar. In this study, we created an enhanced iteration of the excitatory luminopsin LMO3, termed eLMO3, that has improved membrane targeting due to the insertion of a Golgi trafficking signal sequence. In cortical neurons in culture, the expression of eLMO3 resulted in significant reductions in the formation of intracellular aggregates, as well as in a significant increase in total photocurrents. Furthermore, we corroborated the findings with injections of adeno-associated viral vectors into the deep layers of the somatosensory cortex (the barrel cortex) of male mice. We observed greatly reduced numbers of intracellular puncta in eLMO3-expressing cortical neurons compared to those expressing the original LMO3. Finally, we quantified CTZ-driven behavior, namely whisker-touching behavior, in male mice with LMO3 expression in the barrel cortex. After CTZ administration, mice with eLMO3 displayed significantly longer whisker responses than mice with LMO3. In summary, we have engineered the superior LMO by resolving membrane trafficking defects, and we demonstrated improved membrane targeting, greater photocurrents, and greater functional responses to stimulate with CTZ.