cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrophysiologic mapping and cadaveric dissection of the lateral foot: Implications for tibial motor nerve conduction studies

Abstract Objective: To clarify, through electrophysiologic mapping and cadaveric dissection of the lateral foot, the previously published "proximal" and "distal" recording sites for tibial motor nerve conduction studies. Design: Observational. Setting: Electromyography laboratory; anatomy laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Ten asymptomatic feet; eight cadaveric feet. Main Outcome Measures: (1) Amplitudes and onset latencies of compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) recorded over a grid on the lateral foot that included the "proximal" and "distal" recording sites; (2) nerve supply and anatomic boundaries of the abductor digiti minimi pedis (ADMP) and nearby muscles, particularly as they relate to the above recording sites. Results: (1) Relatively large CMAPs were recorded at and around the "proximal" and "distal" sites, with significantly shorter "proximal" latencies. (2) In all cadaveric feet, ADMP was innervated by only the inferior calcaneal nerve (ICN) and was located deep to the "proximal" site, with virtually no muscle fibers deep to the "distal" site. The flexor digiti minimi brevis (FDMB) was conspicuously located immediately deep to the "distal" site and was innervated by only the lateral plantar nerve (LPN). Conclusions: This study strongly suggests that the "proximal" site records predominantly from the ICN-innervated ADMP, whereas the "distal" site predominantly records from the LPN-innervated FDMB.
Hegelian madness? Nikolaj Fëdorov’s repudiation of history

Nikolaj Fedorov insists that the proper end of the philosophical project must be the repudiation of history in the creation of a new being not subject to death. This project appears to be an extension of the kind of philosophical madness one might associate with the Platonic striving for synoptic vision of the whole. Federov develops this notion of philosophy, not in dialogue with Plato, however, as much as with the Hegelian notion of the end of human striving in absolute knowledge, the final unity of will and reason, which Fedorov criticizes. The exceptional radicality of Fedorov’s philosophical project as a project of divinization, as well as its flaws, are most clearly manifest in the Russian context with reference to two other crucial projects of divinization deeply influenced by Hegel: that of Vladimir Solov’ev and Alexandre Kojeve.
Time dependent decision-making; dynamic priorities in the AHP/ANP: Generalizing from points to functions and from real to complex variables

Because good decisions depend on the conditions of the future, and because conditions vary over time, to make a good decision requires judgments of what is more likely or more preferred over different time periods. There are at least three ways to deal with dynamic decisions. One is to include in the structure itself different factors that indicate change in time such as scenarios and different time periods and then carry out paired comparisons with respect to the time periods using the fundamental scale of the AHP. The second is to do paired comparisons as rates of relative change with respect to time. This is done at different points of time as representatives of intervals to which they belong. These intervals can have different lengths. For each representative point one needs to provide a pairwise judgment about the relative rate of change of one alternative over another and derive mathematical functions for that matrix of comparisons for one of the time periods. The third is to do what I proposed in my first book on the AHP and that is to use functions for the paired comparisons and derive functions from them. It is usually difficult to know what functions to use and what they mean. Ideas and examples are presented towards the development of a theory for dynamic decision making.
Arrhythmias of the heart: beyond ion channels.

Research on an inherited form of cardiac arrhythmia has now homed in on the elusive trigger of electrical instability in the heart. Aberrant calcium regulation emerges as a strong candidate.
Correlation of electrophoretic mobilities of proteins and peptides with their physicochemical properties.

Electrophoretic mobilities, mu, of nine proteins (M(r) 14,200 to 70,000) in 28 mM Tris/47 mM glycine buffer at pH 8.77 and 5 mM ionic strength were measured by laser Doppler velocimetry and correlated to ratios of charge (q) to molecular weight (M(r)) and shape factor (f/f0) by the equation mu(f/f0) = (Aq/Mpr-B). This correlation was previously reported for peptides and proteins for mu measured at 100 mM ionic strength. When A = 6.048 x 10(-3), B = 1.13 x 10(-5), and p = 2/3, the correlation fitted 51 measured and literature values over the molecular weight range of 178 to 140,000 for components whose electrophoretic mobilities ranged from +13.35 x 10(-5) to -19.7 x 10(-5) cm2/(V.s). The experimental measurements confirm the general suitability of p = 2/3 and show that the familiar charge/mass relation for electrophoresis is applicable to proteins in low-ionic-strength buffers which are typical of electrochromatography systems. Extrapolation of the correlation to different ionic strengths indicates that a low-ionic-strength buffer amplifies differences of electrophoretic mobility as a function of charge/mass, while high ionic strength diminishes such differences.
Dynamics of insulin hypersecretion by obese Zucker rats

The relationship between obesity and hypersecretion of insulin by the pancreas was studied. We found that pancreata from obese Zucker rats secrete significantly more insulin than do pancreata from lean Zucker rats. At a glucose stimulation of 300 mg/dL, the overall dynamic biphasic insulin secretory profiles from obese and lean rats were similar. Further studies to investigate the glucose-insulin dose response relationship in obese and lean rat pancreata demonstrated insulin hypersecretion by pancreata from obese rats which was particularly pronounced at normoglycemic and hypoglycemic levels (by factors as much as 14-fold). This hypersecretion is so striking as to suggest that in the intact state the obese animal may lack the ability to readily "shut off" its insulin secretion under normoglycemic conditions, whereas lean animals possess such an ability. Under hypoglycemic conditions (75 mg/dL), the hypersecretion is transient and insulin secretion returns to normal basal levels after 30 minutes of perfusion. Thus the degree to which this hypersecretory phenomenon may occur in vivo remains to be established.
Documentation in Progress: Challenges With Representing Design Process Online

Web-based documentation platforms afford lightweight and visually rich mechanisms for designers to share documentation online, yet present challenges regarding representation, particularly for collaborative teams. This paper highlights some of these issues through a descriptive case study based on the use of a new web-based social media tool for documenting the development of design projects called Build in Progress. Undergraduate students worked in teams to design musical construction kits and documented their process using Build in Progress over the course of three weeks. We examined students’ project pages to determine trends with how students visually represented their design process, and we gathered students’ experiences using the platform through surveys and interviews with select project teams. We found that groups developed their own representations of their design process via tree structures afforded by Build in Progress that present the simultaneous development of distinct elements of their projects and highlight the contributions of each student on the team. The interviews revealed differences between how internal and external documentation are presented and contrasting approaches to creating narrative and instructional documentation based on the intended audience. In particular, we found that students interpreted the tool as one used to help others recreate their design, which led to the omission of several parts of their design process, including experimentation and mistakes. These results suggest the need to further develop tools to support reflection on process rather than product.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
High elevation of the ‘Nevadaplano’ during the Late Cretaceous

During the Late Cretaceous, central Nevada may have been a high elevation plateau, the Nevadaplano; some geodynamic models of the western US require thickened crust and high elevations during the Mesozoic to drive the subsequent tectonic events of the Cenozoic while other models do not. To test the hypothesis of high elevations during the late Mesozoic, we used carbonate clumped isotope thermometry to determine the temperature contrast between Late Cretaceous to Paleocene carbonates atop the putative plateau in Nevada versus carbonates from relatively low paleoelevation central Utah site. Lacustrine carbonates from the Nevada site preserve summer temperatures ∼13 °C cooler than summer temperatures from paleosol carbonates from the Utah site, after correcting for ∼1.2 °C of secular climatic cooling between the times of carbonate deposition at the two sites. This ∼13 °C temperature difference implies an elevation difference between the two sites of ∼2.2–3.1 km; including uncertainties from age estimation and climate change broadens this estimate to ⩾2 km. Our findings support crustal thickness estimates and Cenozoic tectonic models that imply thickened crust and high elevation in Nevada during the Mesozoic.
Railway Service and Regulation

War as emphasizing inadequacy of transportation facilities, 129. — Extra burdens upon transportation due to the war, 130. — History, extent and consequences of insufficient transportation facilities in the United States, 133. — Statistics of car shortage since 1907,135. — Reasons for inadequate transportation facilities, 143. — Traffic conditions compared with expansion of railway plant, 143. — Duty of railroads to furnish adequate equipment, 145. — Popular misconception of car shortage, 146. — Aggregate supply of railroad equipment sufficient in most years, 149. — Relation of railroads to each other in exchange and interchange of cars; recent disregard of car service rules; unfortunate results of the historical relations of shipper and railroad, 150. — Early facilities in excess of needs, 153. — Significance of increase in number of commission and middle men, 157. — Position of Interstate Commerce Commission on reconsignment, 159. — Responsibility of government regulation, 161. — Importance of adequate return upon investment and transportation facilities, 161. — Necessity for extension of federal authority over railway service, 166. — Esch-Pomerene law only a beginning, 167. — Comprehensive control of railway service necessary even with continuation of government operation or adoption of government ownership, 170.
Athletic Osteitis Pubis

Athletic osteitis pubis is a painful and chronic condition affecting the pubic symphysis and/or parasymphyseal bone that develops after athletic activity. Athletes with osteitis pubis commonly present with anterior and medial groin pain and, in some cases, may have pain centred directly over the pubic symphysis. Pain may also be felt in the adductor region, lower abdominal muscles, perineal region, inguinal region or scrotum. The pain is usually aggravated by running, cutting, hip adduction and flexion against resistance, and loading of the rectus abdominis. The pain can progress such that athletes are unable to sustain athletic activity at high levels. It is postulated that osteitis pubis is an overuse injury caused by biomechanical overloading of the pubic symphysis and adjacent parasymphyseal bone with subsequent bony stress reaction. The differential diagnosis for osteitis pubis is extensive and includes many other syndromes resulting in groin pain. Imaging, particularly in the form of MRI, may be helpful in making the diagnosis. Treatment is variable, but typically begins with conservative measures and may include injections and/or surgical procedures. Prolotherapy injections of dextrose, anti-inflammatory corticosteroids and a variety of surgical procedures have been reported in the literature with varying efficacies. Future studies of athletic osteitis pubis should attempt to define specific and reliable criteria to make the diagnosis of athletic osteitis pubis, empirically define standards of care and reduce the variability of proposed treatment regimens.
Measurements of Bolometer Uniformity for Feedhorn Coupled TES Polarimeters

We are developing feedhorn‐coupled TES polarimeters to measure the polarization anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. These devices will be deployed in arrays of hundreds to thousands and will be measured using multiplexed SQUID readout electronics. Since multiplexed devices share common circuitry, a high degree of uniformity is required in the electrothermal properties of the TES bolometers and readout circuits in order to operate all channels simultaneously with high sensitivity. Our cryogenic test bed can probe dozens of devices simultaneously, thus providing useful detector statistics on relatively short time scales. We describe the TES bolometer design and present dark (no optical loading) measurements of the electrical and thermal properties and uniformity of prototype bolometers across two 3‐inch diameter production wafers, including (standard deviation in parenthesis): TES transition temperature (∼1%), normal resistance (∼10%), thermal conductance (≲10%), time constant (∼20%), shunt resistance (≲5%), and noise properties.
Examining the Danish cartoon affair: mediatized cross-cultural tensions?

Examined in the context of the rise of media influence in international conflict, the Danish cartoon affair offers troubling evidence against the hope that changes in the global mediascape will provide productive space and means for reconciliation of international and intercultural tensions. This study outlines several ways in which the mainstream Western media constructed, performed, narrativized, and framed the Danish cartoon affair to specifically appeal to culturally problematic assumptions about Muslim society and culture. Drawing from concepts such as the `mediatized public crisis' and `strategic framing', this study found that Western mainstream media outlets drew heavily on Samuel Huntington's `clash of civilizations' narrative, increasing public fear of Islamic culture, obscuring public understandings of the geopolitical and cultural realities underlying the affair, and further entrenching assumptions that have become barriers to productive cross-cultural dialogue.
Structure and Dynamics of Signal Transducing Membrane Complexes

We have used electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) of single particles (individual protein complexes) and two-dimensional crystals along with fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) to determine structures and dynamics of complexes formed by the photoreceptor G protein transducin, and its effector enzyme, cGMP phosphodiesterase, PDE6. Cryo-EM studies of complexes tagged with Fab fragments of monoclonal antibodies revealed that the inhibitory gamma subunit of PDE6, PDE6γ, stretches from the catalytic domain of PDE6 where its carboxyl-terminal region binds, to the GAFa domain, where its amino terminus binds, consistent with previous photo-crosslinking studies. FRET reveals that in unbound PDE6γ the amino and carboxyl termini are fairly close to one another. Upon addition of the catalytic subunits of PDE6, there is an initial very fast (near diffusion limit) binding to the catalytic domain, followed by a very slow (minutes) stretching out and binding of the amino terminal region to the distant GAFa domain. FRAP measurement of diffusion in living rod cells of transgenic Xenopus laevis revealed free diffusion of transducin along the long axis of cell, and the presence in disk membranes of cholesterol-dependent lipid microdomains, into which transducin complexes segregate upon activation.
Pten Regulates Neuronal Arborization and Social Interaction in Mice

CNS deletion of Pten in the mouse has revealed its roles in controlling cell size and number, thus providing compelling etiology for macrocephaly and Lhermitte-Duclos disease. PTEN mutations in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have also been reported, although a causal link between PTEN and ASD remains unclear. In the present study, we deleted Pten in limited differentiated neuronal populations in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of mice. Resulting mutant mice showed abnormal social interaction and exaggerated responses to sensory stimuli. We observed macrocephaly and neuronal hypertrophy, including hypertrophic and ectopic dendrites and axonal tracts with increased synapses. This abnormal morphology was associated with activation of the Akt/mTor/S6k pathway and inactivation of Gsk3β. Thus, our data suggest that abnormal activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway in specific neuronal populations can underlie macrocephaly and behavioral abnormalities reminiscent of certain features of human ASD.
Extracellular matrix dynamics during vertebrate axis formation

The first evidence for the dynamics of in vivo extracellular matrix (ECM) pattern formation during embryogenesis is presented below. Fibrillin 2 filaments were tracked for 12 h throughout the avian intraembryonic mesoderm using automated light microscopy and algorithms of our design. The data show that these ECM filaments have a reproducible morphogenic destiny that is characterized by directed transport. Fibrillin 2 particles initially deposited in the segmental plate mesoderm are translocated along an unexpected trajectory where they eventually polymerize into an intricate scaffold of cables parallel to the anterior-posterior axis. The cables coalesce near the midline before the appearance of the next-formed somite. Moreover, the ECM filaments define global tissue movements with high precision because the filaments act as passive motion tracers. Quantification of individual and collective filament "behaviors" establish fate maps, trajectories, and velocities. These data reveal a caudally propagating traveling wave pattern in the morphogenetic movements of early axis formation. We conjecture that within vertebrate embryos, long-range mechanical tension fields are coupled to both large-scale patterning and local organization of the ECM. Thus, physical forces or stress fields are essential requirements for executing an emergent developmental pattern-in this case, paraxial fibrillin cable assembly.
Cognitive behavioral therapy with Latinos

The purpose of this article is to explicate culturally responsive applications of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to Latinos in the United States. The article defines Latinos, summarizes Latino sociodemographic and mental health profiles, reviews the literature on CBT with Latinos, and then describes culturally competent applications of CBT techniques to common problem themes. Future directions in clinical work and research are also discussed.
An examination of the radiative and dissipative properties of deep ocean internal tides

In this study, the energy flux and energy dissipation of deep ocean internal tides are examined. Properties of the internal tide from two distinct generation regions are contrasted: the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) and the Hawaiian Ridge. Considerable differences are noted for the baroclinic energy flux, hu 0 p 0 i; radiated from each site. Radiation from the MAR is relatively rich in high modes, with an energy flux spectral peak at mode 5 and modes 10 and greater accounting for 40% of the total flux. In contrast, Hawaiian Ridge radiation is dominantly composed of modes 1 and 2, with modes 10 and greater accounting for less than 5% of the total flux. Depth integrated energy flux levels are Oð1Þ kW m � 1 at the MAR site, and Oð10ÞkW m � 1 at the Hawaiian Ridge. Despite these differences, observed turbulent dissipation rates at these sites are similar in magnitude and depth dependence. Decay scales, estimated as L� ¼ð R 0 � H u 0 p 0 dzÞ=ð R 0 � H r0� dzÞ; range from Oð100Þkm to Oð1000Þ km: The mean decay scale based on the MAR data is 230 km, a factor of 3 smaller than at the Hawaiian Ridge site. We demonstrate that the dissipation level scales with the energy flux available in the high modes, which is comparable at both sites, rather than the total energy flux. r 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Emerging technologies for real-time and integrated agriculture decisions

The papers in this special issue arise from the premise that precision agriculture information increases in value when data collection, data processing, and management actions are integrated. It seems evident that precision agriculture adoption has been hindered, in part, due to the lack of products that bring together engineering and agronomics. Additionally, the idea has been forwarded in recent years suggesting that precision agricultural systems should be developed to achieve conservation and other environmental benefits. In the end, users of precision agriculture systems want to know that the best science and technology are employed, but that the information-gathering and decision-making process does not hinder their day-to-day operations of producing the crop. The papers in this special issue were presented at a symposium held at the annual meetings of the American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, and Crop Science Society of America in 2005. They highlight examples of spatial information collection and processing to accomplish real- or near real-time management operations.
Damping of stiffened plates by multiple layer treatments

Abstract It is shown in this paper that the modal damping and resonant frequencies of a stiffened plate structure, with a multiple layer constrained damping treatment attached to the surface, can be predicted from a knowledge of the equivalent complex modulus properties of the treatment. The equations used represent a simple extension of the classical equations of Oberst for a free layer treatment applied to an unstiffened beam or plate, with terms accounting for the effect of the stiffeners. The equivalent complex modulus properties of the treatment depend on a shear parameter, a geometrical parameter, the stiffness of the constraining layer and the loss factor of the adhesive. Experimental results are discussed.
Children's responses to adult–adult and mother–child arguments: The role of parental marital conflict and distress.

Children's responses to verbal and physical conflict between adult-adult, mother-girl, and mother-boy participants were examined as a function of parental marital conflict. Seven- to 9-year-olds viewed videotaped arguments and were then interviewed. In comparison with children from low-conflict homes, children from high-conflict homes perceived the actors engaged in both the interadult and mother-child disputes as more angry and reported feeling more fearful during these arguments. The results extend support for the sensitization hypothesis and indicate that parental marital conflict exacerbates children's perceptions of conflict and fear responding to not only interadult disputes but also to mother-girl and mother-boy conflict.
Investigation of image formation properties of 3-D dielectric DNG and wire mesh ENZ metamaterials at microwave frequencies

The objective of the present work is to analyze and demonstrate the image formation properties of two novel types of 3-D metamaterials created by the Nanoplasmoncis and Metamaterials Research group at RIT that can be very easily fabricated. One is a Double Negative (DNG) material created by a triangular lattice of holes drilled in a high dielectric permittivity material to obtain a refractive index of −1 at 30.7GHz. The other is an Epsilon Near Zero (ENZ) metamaterial consisting of thin wire grids on Styrofoam fabricated using electronic textile technology for which the plasma frequency is 17.287 GHZ where, e becomes zero. A comprehensive study of both structures has been done in the 3D software CST MICROWAVE STUDIO™. Measurements have been performed on the ENZ structure using an electric field probing system to validate a constant phase and field strength in the transmission plane at plasma frequency.
A recent approach to the study of algorithms

Much of the past work in the study of algorithms has been done in terms of what the algorithm is intended to do, and the properties of algorithms that are studied in this connection are often, therefore, execution-related. Even when an algorithm has been studied in terms of the way it was written, terms such as block structure and control flow were commonly used, and the most basic constituent studied was the individual statement.
Disclosing harmful mammography errors to patients.

Closing the gap between patients’ expectations that harmful errors will be disclosed to them and current practice requires understanding the unique challenges that individual specialties, such as radiology, face related to disclosure, and using this information to help physicians communicate with patients more effectively following errors.
Evaluation and comparison of the Minnesota Code and Novacode for electrocardiographic Q-ST wave abnormalities for the independent prediction of incident coronary heart disease and total mortality (from the Women's Health Initiative).

Electrocardiographic (ECG) Q- and ST-T–wave abnormalities predict coronary heart disease (CHD) and total mortality. No comparison has been made of the classification of these abnormalities by the 2 most widely used ECG coding systems for epidemiologic studies—the Minnesota Code (MC) and Novacode (NC). We evaluated 12-lead electrocardiograms from 64,597 participants (49 to 79 years old, 82% non-Hispanic white) in the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial in 1993 to 1998, with a maximum of 11 years of follow-up. We used MC and NC criteria to identify Q-wave, ST-segment, and T-wave abnormalities for comparison. In total, 3,322 participants (5.1%) died during an average 8-year follow-up, and 1,314 had incident CHD in the baseline cardiovascular disease-free group. Independently, ECG myocardial infarction criteria by the MC or NC were generally equivalent and were strong predictors for CHD death and total mortality (hazard ratio 1.62, 95% confidence interval 1.05 to 2.51 for CHD death; hazard ratio 1.36, 95% confidence interval 1.09 to 1.71 for total mortality) in a multivariable analytic model. Electrocardiograms with major ST-T abnormalities by the MC or NC coding system were stronger in predicting CHD deaths and total mortality than was the presence of Q waves alone. In conclusion, the ECG classification systems for myocardial infarction/ischemia abnormalities from the MC and NC are valuable and useful in clinical trials and epidemiologic studies. ST-T abnormalities are stronger predictors for CHD events and total mortality than isolated Q-wave abnormalities.
Some evidence against the existence of the liquid‐liquid transition. III. The evaluation of the Tll event by differential scanning calorimetry

The liquid-liquid transition Tll has been examined by using differential scanning calorimetry as the tool of measurement. The results presented show that for the case of polystyrene, the Tll event appears to be an artifact caused by the presence of volatile components. Purified samples of polystyrene, polydienes, and poly(1-butene) do not show the Tll transition.
BEYOND HEGEL'S END OF ART: SCHADOW'S MIGNON AND THE RELIGIOUS PROJECT OF LATE ROMANTICISM

This article explores the cultural controversy about the relationship between painting and poetry sparked by Wilhelm von Schadow's 1828 rendering of Mignon, a famous literary heroine in Goethe's Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship. Following closely a position introduced by Lessing and endorsed by Goethe, and using it to advance his general thesis about the end of art, Hegel argued that Schadow's image transgressed the proper borders of its medium by attempting to translate the poetic into the visual. Schadow, by contrast, insisted on the crucial regenerative role of art in society and art's religious mission, thereby giving an emphatically Christian tenor to the Romantic injunction to strive after the infinite. Animated by these convictions, Schadow turned Goethe's heroine into an allegory of Romantic art, thus “Christianizing” Goethe's neoclassical sensibility. The controversy provoked by Schadow's Mignon provides an opportunity to explore late Romantic aesthetics and the cultural and political meaning of art within the context of the Prussian Restoration, as well as to reconsider the relationship between this putatively conservative sensibility and “modernism.”
Circadian clock-protein expression in cyanobacteria: rhythms and phase setting

The cyanobacterial gene cluster kaiABC encodes three essential circadian clock proteins: KaiA, KaiB and KaiC. The KaiB and KaiC protein levels are robustly rhythmical, whereas the KaiA protein abundance undergoes little if any circadian oscillation in constant light. The level of the KaiC protein is crucial for correct functioning of the clock because induction of the protein at phases when the protein level is normally low elicits phase resetting. Titration of the effects of the inducer upon phase resetting versus KaiC level shows a direct correlation between induction of the KaiC protein within the physiological range and significant phase shifting. The protein synthesis inhibitor chloramphenicol prevents the induction of KaiC and blocks phase shifting. When the metabolism is repressed by either translational inhibition or constant darkness, the rhythm of KaiC abundance persists; therefore, clock protein expression has a preferred status under a variety of conditions. These data indicate that rhythmic expression of KaiC appears to be a crucial component of clock precession in cyanobacteria.
Energy-Price Effects on Metropolitan Spatial Structure and Form

This paper is concerned with possible changes in the metropolitan structure and form under conditions of energy-conservation efforts by households and firms. Across-the-board increases in energy prices, combined with the on-going process of employment relocation from the central city to the suburban ring of metropolitan areas, could lead to major, and potentially more energy-conserving spatial reorganizations. By use of a utility analysis of the residential location decision by households, this reorganization is shown to take the form of a multinucleated urban system with a number of strong urban nuclei playing rhe role of employment centers for the suburban residential area surrounding them.
STUDENT RIGHTS, CLARENCE THOMAS, AND THE REVOLUTIONARY VISION OF EDUCATION

In his concurring opinion to the 2007 U.S. Supreme Court decision, Morse v. Frederick, Justice Clarence Thomas argues that the Tinker decision, which granted students constitutional rights in public schools, should be overturned on originalist grounds. In this essay, Bryan Warnick, Bradley Rowe, and Sang Hyun Kim make the case that Thomas’s originalist analysis is inconclusive. Instead of looking at court decisions relating to public education starting in the middle of the nineteenth century to establish original meaning, as Thomas does, they argue that a better strategy involves an analysis of educational ideas circulating closer to the time of constitutional ratification. Using this strategy, the authors show that many prominent educational writers (a) believed that it was important for students to learn to act independently and to value their constitutional rights, and (b) believed that students learn best by imitating civic examples. These two ideas work together in early American educational thought to imply that schools should exemplify the sort of respect for self-governance and individual rights that is present in the larger constitutional order. Thus, Warnick, Rowe, and Kim argue that there are originalist reasons for supporting student rights that Thomas ignores. In the end, this analysis not only highlights the limitations of originalist interpretative strategies, it also reminds us, more broadly, of a way to reconcile liberty and order in civic education.
Direct Measurements of Complex Magnetic Permeability and Complex Dielectric Permittivity of Magnetic Materials

The dispersive Fourier transform spectroscopy was used with the specimen at the center of a high intensity "Bitter" solenoid magnet to measure the real and imaginary parts of complex magnetic permeability and real and imaginary parts of the complex dielectric permittivity of cubic and hexagonal ferrite materials at millimeter wavelength region.
Reevaluation of the Bedford‐Berea Sequence in Ohio and Adjacent States: Forced Regression in a Foreland Basin

Rarely does a single publication result in the overturn of an established model, but this monograph does precisely that. Pashin and Ettensohn's reinterpretation of the classic Bedford-Berea sequence is fashioned from a thorough understanding of an Appalachian foreland basin. However, its demonstration of sedimentologic and bathymetric complexity will be a cautionary tale for the interpretation of foreland basins elsewhere.
Mast Cells as Mediators and Modulators of Atherogenesis

The central role of inflammation in atherogenesis has gained broad acceptance and has revolutionized our understanding of this common disease. This recognition has heightened interest in identifying the specific mediators and mechanisms that contribute to the interplay between risk factors (traditional and emerging), inflammation, and the altered biology of the arterial wall that regulates plaque development and complication.1 In particular, leukocytes have come to occupy center stage as the major cellular effectors of inflammation. When these inflammatory cells join endothelial and smooth-muscle cells in the artery wall, they spur much of the biology that drives atherogenesis and plaque complication. Article p 2516 The list of leukocyte subtypes involved in arterial inflammation has entered a flourishing phase of refinement. Our understanding of leukocyte involvement in atherogenesis has gone through several strata of discovery and probing. During the initial descriptive phase, the use of rigorous molecular markers buttressed venerable morphological observations and verified the presence of various leukocyte classes within lesions.2 Later, a phase of experimental validation established the causal relationship between leukocyte accumulation in lesions and the aspects of atherogenesis.3–5 Next, continuing mechanistic exploration has probed the precise molecular pathways by which a given leukocyte population can promote or otherwise modify disease.6 Ultimately, the human relevance of in vitro and animal experiments requires observations in human tissues and in patients. The saga of the macrophage in atherosclerosis followed this pattern. Initial morphological observations supported an early role of monocyte recruitment in the formation of experimental atherosclerotic lesions in rabbits—observations that extend back to the middle of the last century.7 With the advent of rigorously characterized monoclonal antibodies, studies in the 1980s solidly documented the presence of mononuclear phagocytes in human and experimental atherosclerotic plaques.8–10 Subsequent studies in the closing decade of the last century highlighted …
Extensor Mechanism Allografting

Extensor mechanism disruption is one of the most devastating complications after total knee arthroplasty that may result in considerable functional loss, even after attempted reconstruction. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment with extensor mechanism allograft may optimize outcomes. This article reviews the etiology and diagnosis of extensor mechanism disruption, but most importantly reviews the details of surgical reconstruction using fresh frozen extensor mechanism allograft. The sobering reality is that despite meticulous techniques and adherence to established principles, functional limitations may persist in as many as one-third of cases.
Fetal Lung Maturity Testing in Diabetic Mothers Utility of TDx-FLM II Surfactant-to-Albumin Assay, Disaturated Phosphatidylcholine, and Logistic Regression Models

Background: An algorithm for fetal lung maturity testing in diabetic pregnancies has not been well-defined, and conflicting observations regarding the assessment of fetal lung maturity in diabetic pregnancies have been reported. Methods: In this analysis, the author sought to clarify which fetal lung maturity testing method (ie, TDx-FLM II surfactant-to-albumin, disaturated phosphatidylcholine [DSPC], or a regression model) is most informative in diabetic pregnancies to accurately predict the presence or absence of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Results: The author’s results suggest that a combination of the TDx-FLM II assay and a probabilistic model is sufficient to assess fetal lung maturity in diabetic pregnancies before term. Disaturated phosphatidylcholine testing is not indicated.
Using a Fault Hierarchy to Improve the Efficiency of DNF Logic Mutation Testing

Mutation testing is a technique for generating high quality test data. However, logic mutation testing is currently inefficient for three reasons. One, the same mutant is generated more than once. Two, mutants are generated that are guaranteed to be killed by a test that kills some other generated mutant. Three, mutants that when killed are guaranteed to kill many other mutants are not generated as valuable mutation operators are missing. This paper improves logic mutation testing by 1) extending a logic fault hierarchy to include existing logic mutation operators, 2) introducing new logic mutation operators based on existing faults in the hierarchy, 3) introducing new logic mutation operators having no corresponding faults in the hierarchy and extending the hierarchy to include them, and 4) addressing the precise effects of equivalent mutants on the fault hierarchy. An empirical study using minimal DNF predicates in avionics software showed that a new logic mutation testing approach generates fewer mutants, detects more faults, and outperforms an existing logic criterion.
The role of CK-MB in chest pain decision-making.

The diagnosis of myocardial infarction (Ml) in patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) represents a clinical challenge. The multitude of potential chest discomfort diagnoses and the lack of unique clinical features for Ml make treatment and disposition of chest discomfort patients without classic electrocardiographic (ECG) changes problematic.' 2 The fact that cardiac serum markers such as creatine kinase-MB-isoenzyme (CK-MB) can be used to diagnose Ml in the hospital setting has led investigators to reconsider the application of cardiac enzymes to ED decisionmaking. The present paper addresses the arguments for and against use of CK-MB in the ED in the light of new technology and recent clinical data.
Residues of the Rotavirus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Template Entry Tunnel That Mediate RNA Recognition and Genome Replication

To replicate its segmented, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genome, the rotavirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, VP1, must recognize viral plus-strand RNAs (+RNAs) and guide them into the catalytic center. VP1 binds to the conserved 3′ end of rotavirus +RNAs via both sequence-dependent and sequence-independent contacts. Sequence-dependent contacts permit recognition of viral +RNAs and specify an autoinhibited positioning of the template within the catalytic site. However, the contributions to dsRNA synthesis of sequence-dependent and sequence-independent VP1-RNA interactions remain unclear. To analyze the importance of VP1 residues that interact with +RNA on genome replication, we engineered mutant VP1 proteins and assayed their capacity to synthesize dsRNA in vitro. Our results showed that, individually, mutation of residues that interact specifically with RNA bases did not diminish replication levels. However, simultaneous mutations led to significantly lower levels of dsRNA product, presumably due to impaired recruitment of +RNA templates. In contrast, point mutations of sequence-independent RNA contact residues led to severely diminished replication, likely as a result of improper positioning of templates at the catalytic site. A noteworthy exception was a K419A mutation that enhanced the initiation capacity and product elongation rate of VP1. The specific chemistry of Lys419 and its position at a narrow region of the template entry tunnel appear to contribute to its capacity to moderate replication. Together, our findings suggest that distinct classes of VP1 residues interact with +RNA to mediate template recognition and dsRNA synthesis yet function in concert to promote viral RNA replication at appropriate times and rates.
Structure search and stability enhancement of Bayesian networks

Learning Bayesian network structure from large-scale data sets, without any expert-specified ordering of variables, remains a difficult problem. We propose systematic improvements to automatically learn Bayesian network structure from data. (1) We propose a linear parent search method to generate candidate graph. (2) We propose a comprehensive approach to eliminate cycles using minimal likelihood loss, a short cycle first heuristic, and a cut-edge repairing. (3) We propose structure perturbation to assess the stability of the network and a stability-improvement method to refine the network structure. The algorithms are easy to implement and efficient for large networks. Experimental results on two data sets show that our new approach outperforms existing methods.
Corticosteroids, Serum, and Phagocytosis: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

The phagocytic-bactericidal capacity (PBC) of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) for strains of Klebsiella (K) and of Enterococcus (E) was unaffected in vitro by the presence of 100 mug of either hydrocortisone (HC) or of methylprednisolone (MP) per ml in the medium. At higher concentrations (500 to 2,000 mug/ml) both compounds impaired PBC-K and PBC-E, but the latter was less sensitive to steroid-induced inhibition. In addition to interfering with intracellular killing of both organisms by PMNs, 2,000 mug of HC per ml also inhibited ingestion of E, although not of K. Steroid-induced inhibition of PBC-K in vitro was completely abolished by increasing the concentration of serum used as opsonin. The PBC-K of human PMNs obtained 30 min after intravenous injection of 1 g of MP was unimpaired in vitro in the presence of 10 to 90% simultaneously obtained autologous serum containing 42 mug of MP per ml. These findings suggest that short-term, high-dosage administration of MP is unlikely to produce clinically significant impairment of intraleukocytic bacterial killing.
The need for usable formal methods in verification and validation

The process of developing, verifying and validating models and simulations should be straightforward. Unfortunately, following conventional development approaches can render a model design that appeared complete and robust into an incomplete, incoherent and invalid simulation during implementation. An alternative approach is for subject matter experts (SMEs) to employ formal methods to describe their models. However, formal methods are rarely used in practice due to their intimidating syntax and semantics rooted in mathematics. In this paper we argue for a new approach to verification and validation that leverages two techniques from computer science: (1) model checking and (2) automated debugging. The proposed vision offers an initial path to replace conventional simulation verification and validation methods with new automated analyses that eventually will be able to yield feedback to SMEs in a familiar language.
Mack Fulwyler in His Own Words

PROLOGUEI met Mack Fulwyler only once, in 1999. We spent aweek together in May at Hortobagy-EPONA, Hungary, dur-ing the Hungarian Society for Cytometry meeting run byJanos Szollosi. During that time, I had a wonderful oppor-tunity to talk with Mack about the history of ﬂow cytome-try and why he had developed the things that he hadinvented. He told me many stories and I actually tooknotes! I also found out that the Smithsonian had made ahistoric video in 1991, in which Mack had been inter-viewed. I purchased copies of the eight videos made byRamunas Kondratas and started to wade through them.I never made it to the end (14 h), but for some reason, justprior to Christmas in 2004, I came across the videos in myofﬁce and started watching them again. After wadingthrough 10 h of tape, I came to the interview with MackFulwyler, which was conducted in the laboratory of Dr.Boris Rotman, at Brown University. What struck me wasthat Dr. Rotman had one of Mack’s original instruments inhis laboratory and it was right there in the video. At about4A
High Tc Copper-oxide superconductors of thallium, bismuth and lead

Abstract A brief survey of compositions and structures of high-temperature copper oxide superconductors containing thallium, bismuth and lead is presented. All these compounds possess CuO2 sheets but not Cu[sbnd]O chains. Another structural feature common to all these compounds is that the part of the structure between nonconsecutive CuO2 sheets is ill-defined. Possible correlations of Tc with the structure and bonding of these compounds are pointed out.
Enthalpy and heat flux distributions in a triple torch plasma reactor

Summary form only given. In thermal plasma deposition, the precursor materials are injected into the plasma and transported by a plasma jet to the substrate. The strong non-uniformities of the plasma jet and of the distribution of the deposition precursors can lead to nonuniformities in the coating properties. The triple torch plasma reactor has been designed to alleviate this situation and offers an increased plasma volume by arranging three plasma torches in such a way that their jets coalesce. The deposition precursors are injected through a water-cooled probe into the region where the jets combine. In order to get an understanding of the interaction between the plasma and the deposition precursors as well as between the plasma and the substrate, the enthalpy flux and heat flux distributions in the reactor have been measured. A watercooled miniature enthalpy probe has been used, in conjunction with a novel miniature heat flux probe embedded in the substrate. Data have been obtained for different torch currents (250 and 300 A per torch), for different chamber pressures (100 to 600 Torr), and for different injectant carrier gas flow rates. An analysis for the substrate heat flux based on regular stagnation flow heat transfer has yielded results which are in acceptable agreement with the experimental data for the case of 600 Torr chamber pressure, but display significant discrepancies for a pressure of 300 Torr. Non-equilibrium effects appear to reduce the substrate heat flux.