cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulse-echo sound speed estimation based on a Nakagami model of the echo amplitude

This work explores the use of the Nakagami model of the backscattered echo signal amplitude as an indirect assessment of image sharpness to estimate soft tissue sound speed c t . This method exploits the relationship between the Nakagami model shape parameter m and the number of scatterers within the resolution cell. The parameter m is used to track changes in the size of the ultrasound system's point spread function as the beamformer sound speed in a commercial ultrasound system, c bf , is varied. The estimation performance of m is compared to a direct measure of image sharpness, i.e., the size S c of the echo intensity correlation cell. The proposed method is tested on two tissue mimicking phantoms corresponding to fatty and non-fatty soft tissues. The phantoms were scanned with low- and high-frequency linear array transducers. Keeping the transducers fixed on the scanning window of each phantom, 19 radiofrequency data frames of the same phantom plane were acquired with c bf varying symmetrically about the expected c t , The amount of echo data to estimate S c was first optimized. Then both m and S c were estimated from echo data with different c bf . The c bf values at which m and S c were minimized were chosen as c t estimates. Statistics of c t estimates were obtained by scanning independent phantom planes. Results show that both m and S c are minimized when c bf is close to c t . Bias of c t estimates from the high-frequency transducer was smaller than the bias from the low frequency transducer. The Nakagami parameter m gradually increased up to a value of m=1 as S c increased. This results from reaching the Rayleigh scattering limit. The Nakagami parameter is attractive due to its estimation simplicity.
Fabric analyses of rock-flowage

By far the major portion of crustal deformation takes place by flowage. Rock-flowage is meant here as representing plastic yielding and excludes ruptures of all kinds like joints, faults, thrusts, fracture-cleavage, etc. It may include, however, fractured mineral grains or boudinage and includes rotation and bending of grains, granulation, recrystallization, elongation of particles bending of strata or foliation. In spite of its importance deformation by flowage is comparatively little known, very difficult to evaluate quantitatively, and at times very much neglected as a factor in folding. Flowage-phenomena in igneous rocks have been studied for many years but quantitative measurements are scarce. Determinations of flowage-directions in metamorphic rocks are easily possible by fabric analyses. Quantitative determinations are possible only where primary value or shapes of units may be known as for instance pebbles, amygdules, or oolites.
Therapeutic interventions to increase social competence in teens with impulse control deficits

This study was designed to determine whether cognitive-behavioral and social problem solving therapy was effective for a group of impulsive adolescents. Group therapy sessions to increase leadership, self-control and social competence were contrasted to an individual coaching/goal setting condition and a control group. Although significant group differences were not found, individual students in each group showed improvements on teacher and student rating scales, and/ or classroom and school adjustment outcome measures.
Profiling metabolites and peptides in single cells

The intracellular levels and spatial localizations of metabolites and peptides reflect the state of a cell and its relationship to its surrounding environment. Moreover, the amounts and dynamics of metabolites and peptides are indicative of normal or pathological cellular conditions. Here we highlight established and evolving strategies for characterizing the metabolome and peptidome of single cells. Focused studies of the chemical composition of individual cells and functionally defined groups of cells promise to provide a greater understanding of cell fate, function and homeostatic balance. Single-cell bioanalytical microanalysis has also become increasingly valuable for examining cellular heterogeneity, particularly in the fields of neuroscience, stem cell biology and developmental biology.
Ultrastructural characterization of preosteoclasts derived from bone marrow progenitors stimulated by osteoclast colony stimulating factor.

Background Osteoclast colony stimulating factor (O-CSF) is an osteoclast-specific growth factor that stimulates the clonal growth of primitive osteoclast progenitors from bone marrow cells in culture. To characterize the morphology of immature osteoclasts (preosteoclasts) arising from complex hematopoietic tissues, progenies of O-CSF-responsive progenitors were cocultured with devitalized calvariae, and their cytochemical and ultrastructural features were examined. Methods Murine bone marrow cells were cultured in semisolid medium for 14 days in the presence of O-CSF. Colonies derived from osteoclast progenitors were then cocultured with devitalized mouse calvariae for 5 days. Cells attached to the calvariae were stained for tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAPase), and the ultrastructure of these cells was examined by transmission electron microscopy. Bone marrow cells stimulated by macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) were similarly studied as a control. Results O-CSF-induced preosteoclasts stained strongly positive for TRAPase when cocultured with calvariae. These cells showed single nuclei, and their cytoplasm contained numerous mitochondria, vacuoles, granules, and coated vesicles. The ruffled cell border consisted of short, blunt, fingerlike projections. The adjacent clear zone contained abundant microtubules, microfilaments, and long narrow channels. M-CSF-induced macrophages were TRAPase negative, with no ruffled borders or clear zones. Conclusions All the characteristic features of active osteoclasts were observed in the cells derived from O-CSF-responsive bone marrow progenitors except that these cells were mononucleated, and their ruffled borders were not fully convoluted, indicative of their immature nature. This study documents for the first time the ultrastructural characteristics of preosteoclasts derived from cultured bone marrow progenitors in early stages of development. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Disruption of Cholesterol 7α-Hydroxylase Gene in Mice I. POSTNATAL LETHALITY REVERSED BY BILE ACID AND VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION

Mice deficient in cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme of bile acid biosynthesis, were constructed by targeted disruption of the Cyp7 gene. The introduced mutation removed exons 3-5 of the gene and gave rise to a null allele that encoded no immunoreactive or enzymatically active protein. Heterozygous carriers of the disrupted gene (Cyp7+/−) were phenotypically normal. Homozygous animals (Cyp7−/−) appeared normal at birth, but died within the first 18 days of life. Approximately 40% of the animals died between postnatal days 1 and 4 and 45% between days 11 and 18. The addition of vitamins to the water of nursing mothers prevented deaths in the early period, whereas the addition of cholic acid to chow prevented deaths in the later period. Newborn Cyp7−/− mice whose mothers were maintained on unsupplemented chow failed to gain weight at a normal rate and developed oily coats, hyperkeratosis, and apparent vision defects. These symptoms waned at 3 weeks of life, and their disappearance was accompanied by a marked increase in survival. In the accompanying study, the induction of an alternate pathway of bile acid biosynthesis is shown to underlie this unusual time course (Schwarz, M., Lund, E. G., Setchell, K. D. R., Kayden, H. J., Zerwekh, J. E., Bjorkhem, I., Herz, J., and Russell, D. W. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 18024-18031). We conclude that cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase is an essential enzyme for normal postnatal development.
Theoretical and analytical advances in mammalian isotope ecology: an introduction

In this introductory paper we describe the 10 papers that compose this Special Feature Theoretical and analytical advances in mammalian isotope ecology. This Special Feature contains 6 review-style papers, written by some of the leaders in the field. These are followed by 4 data-driven articles. The review-style papers were presented at a symposium we organized during the 90th annual meeting of the American Society of Mammalogists. The symposium was dedicated to Donald M. Schell (1940–2009), who pioneered research in isotopic ecology.
Mandarin neutral tone revisited

Abstract This paper argues that (1) not all neutral tones are derived from their full tone counterparts; (2) neutral tones should be classified into three categories: toneless,detonic, and atonic; (3) this typology governs the interaction between de-stress and tone loss; and (4) the tonal mapping of neutral tone results from tone assimilation -- the tonal features of the preceding tone is spread left-to-right to the neutral tone.
Invariant subspaces of direct sums of finite convolution operators

In general, a direct sum of finite convolution operators has a very complicated invariant subspace structure. In some cases, however, the invariant subspaces split and can be exactly described. This phenomenon is studied with the aid of a theorem that relates lattices of invariant subspaces and weakly closed algebras of operators.
Recognizing Expressions by Direct Estimation of the Parameters of a Pixel Morphable Model

This paper describes a method for estimating the parameters of a linear morphable model (LMM) that models mouth images. The method uses a supervised learning approach based on support vector machines (SVM) to estimate the LMM parameters directly from pixel-based representations of images of the object class (in this case mouths). This method can be used to bypass or speed up current computationally intensive methods that implement analysis by synthesis, for matching objects to morphable models. We show that the principal component axes of the flow space of the LMM correspond to easily discernible expressions such as openness, smile and pout. Therefore our method can be used to estimate the degrees of these expressions in a supervised learning framework without the need for manual annotation of a training set. We apply this to drive a cartoon character from the video of a persons face.
Grasping and Coordinated Manipulation by a Multifingered Robot Hand

A new avenue of progress in the area of robotics is the use of multifingered robot hands for fine motion manipulation. This paper treats two fundamental problems in the study of multi fingered robot hands: grasp planning and the determination of coordinated control laws with point contact models. First, we develop the dual notions of grasp stability and grasp manipulability and propose a procedure for task modeling. Using the task model, we define the structured grasp quality measures, and using these measures we then devise a grasp planning algorithm. Second, based on the assumption of point contact models, we develop a computed torque-like con trol algorithm for the coordinated manipulation of a multi fingered robot hand. This control algorithm, which takes into account both the dynamics of the object and the dynamics of the hand, will realize simultaneously both the position trajec tory of the object and any desired value of internal grasp force. Moreover, the formulation of the control scheme can be e...
System Designs for the Dayton Metropolitan Area

Alternative cable system designs to cover the Dayton metropolitan area are considered. This area includes the city of Dayton, 12 other incorporated cities, and unincorporated areas scattered nearby, encompassing a total population of nearly 600000. At one extreme, the paper considers the prospects of each city having its own separate system. However, in contrast to present-day 12-channel one-way cable TV systems, the more advanced two-way technology of concern here involves high fixed costs that would be out of reach of most of the cities acting alone. In other words, there are substantial economies of scale in advanced cable technology that can be satisfactorily exploited only with a large subscriber base. Only two cities in the area, Dayton and Kettering, appear large enough to exploit these economies of scale.
The effect of partial beta adrenergic blockade on the bronchial response of hay fever subjects to ragweed aerosol.

Abstract One hypothesis of the cause of asthma proposes that it is the result of impaired autonomic homeostasis manifested by a partial blockade of the adrenergic beta receptors of cells. This study was undertaken to determine whether a pharmacologically induced beta blockade would increase the bronchial obstruction produced by ragweed aerosol challenge in subjects with hay fever. Ten volunteers with ragweed hay fever were studied before the ragweed season. Each subject was his own control. On each of two separate days the subject was challenged with progressively increased doses of an aerosol of ragweed extract. Before the second challenge, 5 mg. of propranolol, a potent beta adrenergic blocking agent, was given intravenously. A year later, these 5 subjects were again studied with the order of the propranolol and control tests reversed. The response to the aerosol was determined by comparing the volumes of the first second of a forced expiration (FEV 1 ) before and 15 minutes after the aerosol. The mean change in FEV 1 was −13 per cent with the control and −22 per cent with the propranolol. When the order of challenge with propranolol and the control was reversed, these values were much the same, −6 and −19. Partial beta blockade increased the bronchial response to inhaled allergen, a result consistent with the stated hypothesis.
The role of conjunctival biopsy in the diagnosis of granulomatosis with polyangiitis

The purpose of this study is to describe a patient who was diagnosed with granulomatosis with polyangiitis based on conjunctival biopsy. This study is a case report and review of the literature. A 48-year-old Caucasian woman presented with a 2-week history of a left eye peripheral corneal ulcer with adjacent conjunctivitis and a 4-month history of a non-resolving productive cough. Given her elevated serum perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (P-ANCA) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) levels as well as a chest computed topography (CT) that showed bilateral patchy infiltrates, suspicion of limited granulomatosis with polyangiitis with lung and ocular involvement was high. Because bronchoalveolar lavage was nondiagnostic for granulomatous disease, conjunctival biopsy was initially attempted in order to avoid a more invasive lung biopsy. The conjunctival biopsy revealed mixed subacute inflammatory mediators and vasculitis consistent with granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Conjunctival biopsy may be a valuable, minimally invasive method for diagnosing systemic granulomatosis with polyangiitis.
Phase modeling of a parallel scientific code

Describes a performance model for a parallel program that solves the nonlinear shallow water equations using the spectral transform method. The model is generated via a phase analysis, and consists of a sequence of simple models whose sum describes the performance of the entire code. This use of a sequence of simple models increases the range of validity of the model as the problem and machine parameters scale. >
Closed loop recycling of magnesium PC housing

Magnesium is a well-known material for its properties of light weight, high mechanical strength and high thermal conductivity etc. Because of these properties, magnesium has been utilized in several IBM mobile personal computer (PC) housings. In this paper, experimental application of closed loop recycling in PC housing manufacture is introduced discussing comparison in basic material properties, economical aspect and life cycle inventory based on actual observed data in the manufacturing phase. This study indicates the suitability of magnesium for closed loop recycling.
Effects of the neutrino B term on slepton mixing and electric dipole moments

The supersymmetric standard model with right-handed neutrino supermultiplets generically contains a soft supersymmetry breaking mass term: {delta}L = 1/2B{sub {nu}}M{tilde {nu}}{sub R}{tilde {nu}}{sub R}. The authors call this operator the ''neutrino B-term''. We show that the neutrino B-term can give the dominant effects from the neutrino sector to lepton flavor violating processes and to lepton electric dipole moments.
Adipose tissue glycerokinase activity in genetic and acquired obesity in rats and mice.

SummaryGlycerokinase activity in isolated fat cells was elevated in both Ob/Ob and Db/Db mice in comparison to their lean controls and this elevation was associated with obesity, hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia. In the other forms of acquired and genetic obesity in the rats and mice studied (also associated with hyperinsulinemia), adipose tissue glycerokinase activity was not elevated in comparison to lean control groups when expressed on a mg protein basis. It is concluded that the elevated glycerokinase activity is not due to the specific Db or Ob mutation, but is secondary to the obesity and hyperinsulinemia interacting with the similar genetic background in the C57BL/KsJ and the C57BL/6J mouse strains.The technical collaboration of M. Shine is gratefully acknowledged.
Demo abstract: Scaling the wireless AC power meter

ABSTRACT We explore the seemingly trivial problem of scaling the AC power meter to a cubic-inch form factor. This small volume, necessary for unobtrusive inline plug-load monitoring, requires aggressive electromechanical codesign and 3-D electronics packaging. However, the key scaling challenge across both size and efficiency lies in the power supply architecture and load power. Hence, contrary to conventional wisdom, power is not free, even if a device is attached to wall power. Since many existing power supplies exhibit high baseline power draw, this leads to poor efficiency and runs counter to the green goals of many applications. We claim there are two paths to scaling the plug-load meter to a space-and power-efficient design point without sacrificing measurement fidelity: (i) by duty cycling in some cases and (ii) by using an off-line switching regulator that is not capacitor-fed. To evaluate our claims, we design a modular power meter architecture, implement several design alternatives, and evaluate their size, efficiency, and cost. We show that an energy-efficient, cubic-inch-sized wireless power meter is viable. Our design is 10× smaller, draws 3× less standby power, and still offers equivalent measurement fidelity as the best previously reported results.
Measurement of pulsatile tidal volume, pressure amplitude, and gas flow during high-frequency percussive ventilation, with and without partial cuff deflation.

OBJECTIVE: With a high-frequency percussive ventilator and a mechanical lung model, to measure tidal volume (VT), pulsatile pressure amplitude (difference between peak and nadir pulsatile pressure [P]), and mean airway pressure (Paw) at various pulsatile frequencies, pulsatile inspiratory-expiratory ratios (I:Ep), and pressures (measured at the interface between the pulse-generator and the endotracheal tube [Pvent]). METHODS: With the endotracheal tube inside an artificial trachea, we manipulated the high-frequency percussive ventilation settings and adjuncts, including pulsatile frequency, I:Ep, and Pvent by manipulating pulsatile flow. We also studied the effects of partially deflating the endotracheal tube cuff. We measured Paw, pulsatile pressure amplitude at the carina (Pc), and pulsatile VT at the carina. With the cuff partly deflated, we measured the fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2 ) in the gas efflux above and below the cuff. RESULTS: Increasing the pulsatile frequency from 300 cycles/min to 600 cycles/min and changing the I:Ep from 1:3 to 1:1 significantly reduced VT (p < 0.001). Paw and Pc were unaffected by the change in pulsatile frequency or I:Ep, except when we did not preserve the pulsatile flow. The measured VT range was from 19.1 mL (at 600 cycles/min) to 47.3 mL (at 300 cycles/min). Partial cuff deflation did not significantly reduce Paw or Pc, but it did significantly reduce VT and FIO2 . CONCLUSION: During high-frequency percussive ventilation, the pulsatile frequency is inversely related to VT. Partial cuff deflation reduces the delivered FIO2 . Key words: volumetric diffusive ventilation, volumetric diffusive respiration, high-frequency percussive ventilation, high-frequency ventilation, tracheal tube, cuff leak. [Respir Care 2007;52(1):45–49]
A framework for rule processing in reconfigurable network systems

High-performance rule processing systems are needed by network administrators in order to protect Internet systems from attack. Researchers have been working to implement components of intrusion detection systems (IDS), such as the highly popular Snort system, in reconfigurable hardware. While considerable progress has been made in the areas of string matching and header processing, complete systems have not yet been demonstrated that effectively combine all of the functionality necessary to perform rule processing for network systems. In this paper, a framework for implementing a rule processing system in reconfigurable hardware is presented. The framework integrates the functionality to scan dataflows for regular expressions, fixed strings, and header values. It also allows modules to be added to perform extended functionality to support all features found in Snort rules. Reconfigurability and flexibility are key components of the framework that enable it to adapt to protect Internet systems from threats including malicious worms, computer viruses, and network intruders. To prove the framework viable, a system has been built that scans all bytes of transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP) traffic entering and leaving a network's gateway at multi-gigabit rates. Using Xilinx FPGA hardware on the field programmable port extender (FPX) platform, the framework can process 32,768 complex rules at data rates of 2.5 Gbps. Systems to handle data at 10 Gbps rates can be built today using the same framework in the latest reconfigurable hardware devices such as the Virtex 4.
Alignment of shared forests for bilingual corpora

Research in example-based machine translation (EBMT) has been hampered by the lack of efficient tree alignment algorithms for bilingual corpora. This paper describes an alignment algorithm for EBMT whose running time is quadratic in the size of the input parse trees. The algorithm uses dynamic programming to score all possible matching nodes between structure-sharing trees or forests. We describe the algorithm, various optimizations, and our implementation.
School Desegregation and Identity Development

Does busing minority children to formerly all-white schools impede the development of their identity status?
Humans use continuous visual feedback from the hand to control both the direction and distance of pointing movements.

Vision of the hand during reaching provides dynamic feedback that can be used to control movement. We investigated the relative contributions of feedback about the direction and distance of the hand relative to a target. Subjects made pointing movements in a 3-D virtual environment, in which a small sphere provided dynamic visual feedback about the position of their unseen fingertip. On a subset of trials, the position of the virtual fingertip was smoothly shifted by 2 cm during movement, either (1) in the direction of movement, which would require adjustments to the distance moved, or (2) orthogonal to the direction of movement, which would require adjustments to the direction moved. Despite not noticing the perturbations, subjects adjusted their movements to compensate for both types of visual shifts. Corrective responses to direction perturbations were observed within 117 ms, and response latencies were invariant to movement speed and perturbation onset time. Initial corrections to distance perturbations were smaller and appeared after longer delays of 130–200 ms, and both the speed and magnitude of responses were reduced for early onset perturbations. Simulations of a feedback control model that optimally integrates visual information over time show that the results can be explained by differences in the sensory noise levels in the visual dimensions relevant for direction and distance control.
System for making quantitative, in vivo measurements of inner ear tissue impedances

An in vivo impedance measurement system capable of accurately and nondestructively measuring complex tissue impedances within a guinea pig cochlea is introduced. The measurement system is based on a four-electrode reflection coefficient technique, and the general technique can be readily applied to any tissue or aqueous system that can be theoretically modeled. Calibrations involving glass, which represents an ideal in vitro system, validate the accuracy of the proposed impedance measurement system. >
Robinson instability and beam loading

The Robinson instability problem is developed in three stages. The first step is to derive the synchrotron oscillation equations in the abscence of beam loading (unloaded case). Next, the equations are evaluated in the presence of beam loading at the fundamental rf frequency (statically loaded case). Finally, the system is redeveloped taking into account beam loading at the synchrotron sidebands (dynamically loaded case). Following the theoretical development, the results are applied to calculate the synchrotron frequency in the presence of beam-loading, automatic-gain-control, and automatic-tune-control. The results of this calculation are compared with data from the NSLS VUV-ring, a 750 MeV electron storage ring.
Mouse Models of C. pneumoniae Infection and Atherosclerosis

Mouse models were used to determine whether Chlamydia pneumoniae establishes chronic infection of the aorta and contributes to atherogenesis. Persistent infection of the aorta occurred in 11 of 31 hyperlipidemic apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE(-/-)) mice but not in C57BL/6J mice fed a normal diet after a single inoculation and in both models following repeated inoculation with C. pneumoniae. Repeated inoculation of C57BL/6J mice resulted in inflammatory changes in the heart and aorta in 8 of 40 of mice; however, no atherosclerotic lesion development was observed. Repeated inoculation of apoE(-/-) mice resulted in a statistically significant increase in lesion area (n=43; P=.05). Although Chlamydia trachomatis disseminated to the aorta, persistent infection was not established and no statistically significant increase in lesion area occurred. These studies suggest that persistent infection of the aorta can lead to inflammatory changes in the absence of hyperlipidemia and accelerate lesion progress in concert with hyperlipidemia.
Adaptive power and rate allocation for service curve assurance in DS-CDMA network

This paper describes schemes for forward and reverse links in a direct sequence code-division multiple-access-based cellular network. The primary objective is to meet the diverse quality-of-service (QoS) needs of mobile hosts (MHs), and the secondary objective is to maximize the system throughput. The QoS needs of the MHs are modeled using the notion of a service curve. Furthermore, a notion of deviation is introduced as a measure of meeting service curve. The scheme proposed in this paper jointly adapts the transmitted power and the number of spreading codes assigned to each MH for receiving/transmitting its data bits. The scheme imposes practical constraints including bounds on the transmitted power for a base station and MHs, a bound on the number of spreading codes that an MH can handle, and minimum signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio at the receiver. The proposed solutions are evaluated using discrete event simulations. The simulation results characterize the performance of the proposed solutions for several instances of the practical constraints.
Undiagnosed MODY: Time for Action

Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is a monogenic form of diabetes that accounts for at least 1 % of all cases of diabetes mellitus. MODY classically presents as non-insulin-requiring diabetes in lean individuals typically younger than 25 with evidence of autosomal dominant inheritance, but these criteria do not capture all cases and can also overlap with other diabetes types. Genetic diagnosis of MODY is important for selecting the right treatment, yet ~95 % of MODY cases in the USA are misdiagnosed. MODY prevalence and characteristics have been well-studied in some populations, such as the UK and Norway, while other ethnicities, like African and Latino, need much more study. Emerging next-generation sequencing methods are making more widespread study and clinical diagnosis increasingly feasible; at the same time, they are detecting other mutations in the same genes of unknown clinical significance. This review will cover the current epidemiological studies of MODY and barriers and opportunities for moving toward a goal of access to an appropriate diagnosis for all affected individuals.
[Status and trend of injury deaths among Chinese population, 1991-2005].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the status and trend of injury deaths in Chinese people, and provide basic evidence for injury interventions. METHODS: Data came from 2004-2005 the 3rd national retrospective sampling survey of death cause and covered 31 province-level regions and 160 surveillance spots in the interior of China, Total 142 660 482 person years were investigated. To describe the status of injury deaths, the crude death rate, years of potential life lost (YPLL), working years of potential life lost (WYPLL) and the standardized death rate were calculated. The population used for standardization was from census in 2000 and each five-year was counted as an age group; To analyze the trend of injury deaths, the constitution of the death causes were calculated based on the data of 1991-2000 national disease surveillance system which covered more than 10 000 000 population and 145 surveillance spots. RESULTS: The total number of residents in survey districts died of injury between 2004 and 2005 was 87 753 (male 59 664, female 28 089, urban 23 308, rural 64 445); the crude death rate of injury in China 2004-2005 was 61.51/100 000 and accounting for 10.10% of all deaths; the standardized death rate was 58.45/100 000, ranking the fourth among the main cause of death for Chinese people. The YPLL of injury was 1579.61 person years per 100 000 and the WYPLL was 1721.41 person years per 100 000. The crude death rate of injury was 81.76/100 000 in male and 40.31/100 000 in female; the standardized death rates were 79.96/100 000 and 36.25/100 000, respectively. Injury mortality in male was two times higher than that in female. The crude death rates of injury were 48.66/100 000 in urban area and 68.01/100 000 in rural area; the standardized death rate were 44.08/100 000 and 66.25/100 000, respectively; the mortality in rural area was 1.4 times higher than that in urban area. The mortality for the aged 15 - 44 was 48.94/100 000(35 497/72 531 671) and accounting for 40% of all deaths, injury was the first cause of death for the aged 15 - 44. During 2004-2005, the top five causes of death related to injury were traffic accidents, suicide, falls, drowning and poisoning; the cases were 29 669, 18 678, 10 901, 7752, 4857 respectively in survey districts; the crude death rate were 20.80/100 000, 13.09/100 000, 7.64/100 000, 5.43/100 000, 3.40/100 000 respectively. From 1991 to 2005, the proportion of all injury deaths due to traffic accident increased from 15.00% (1551/10 338) to 33.79% (14 792/43 774) which showed a rising trend, the proportion of all injury deaths due to suicide decreased from 26.66% (2756/10 338) to 20.46% (8599/43 774) and the proportion of all injury deaths due to fall increased from 5.15% (532/10 338) to 12.87% (5630/43 774). CONCLUSION: Injury is the primary cause of death resulting in premature death among Chinese people, traffic accident is the first cause of injury death. Since 1990s, the pattern of injury mortality of Chinese people has changed. Language: zh
High Rate of Start - Ups Reveals Weaknesses

Start-ups and early-stage firms employ many people, innovate, and often grow rapidly. In the current recession, however, the increase in entrepreneurial activity does not necessarily mean good news about the state of the economy.
Inscription of Fiber Bragg Gratings in Multicore Fiber

We present solutions to unique problems associated with simultaneously writing FBGs in 4 cores of a multicore fiber used for bend and twist sensing, including exposure conditions, photosensitivity balance, and draw-induced refractive index changes.
Classics and Colonial India: Classical Presences, Phiroze Vasunia : reviews

'Classical Presences', a radical if sometimes uneven series from Oxford University Press, has done much in recent years to open up the horizons of the discipline of Classics. The latest in the series by Phiroze Vasunia ought to be considered a valuable contribution. In a nutshell, Vasunia explores how the discipline of Classics and the British Empire in India profoundly shaped one another. This complex and shifting relationship is traced through the study of institutions and individuals. The imagination and breadth of scholarship on display here promise many further lines of enquiry. The qualms expressed in this review are therefore minor and should not detract from the overall recommendation to anyone interested in the history of the British in India or the history of Classics to consider carefully the material and arguments presented here.
Das Thema "Naturgefahren" mit einer Geoinformatik-Teachware im Schuleinsatz

Abstract. Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, das das Interesse an Naturgefahren unter Schulern sehr gros ist (Hemmer & Hemmer 2002). Dasselbe ist zum Einsatz von Computern im Geographieunterricht zu vermerken. Um so erstaunlicher ist, das bis heute relativ wenige didaktisch orientierte Publikationen speziell zur Kombination von Naturgefahren und dem Einsatz von Geographischen Informationssystemen erschienen sind. Google Earth und Geoinformatik-Teachware-Produkte wie z.B. SchulGIS bieten genugend Funktionalitaten und Daten (oder diese stehen z.T. kostenlos im Internet zum Herunterladen zur Verfugung), so das Schulerinnen und Schuler auch selbstandig eigene Simulationen mit Computern durchfuhren und ihre Ergebnisse realitatsnah in Google Earth prasentieren konnen. Des weiteren lernen die Schuler auch die Grenzen und etwaige Probleme solcher Systeme und die dahinterliegenden Ursachen kennen. Durch den «Cool-Faktor» (Soutschek 2005: 3; Soutschek 2006: 9) von Google Earth wird bei den Schulerinnen und Schulern die intrinsische Motivation (Dubs 1995) gesteigert, so das ein nachhaltiges Lernen ermoglicht werden kann.
Nephrotoxic serum nephritis with hypertension: Perfusion pressure and permselectivity

We examined the effect of acute reduction in renal perfusion pressure on proteinuria and glomerular permselectivity in a model of nephrotoxic serum nephritis which is characterized by hypertension, heavy proteinuria and severe structural injury. Sequential dextran sieving studies were performed after two weeks of nephritis in 10 uninephrectomized rats at their basal elevated blood pressure levels (154 +/- 3 mm Hg) and at lowered renal perfusion pressure of 105 to 110 mm Hg, achieved by adjusting a ligature around the aorta above the origin of the renal artery. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decreased from 1.35 +/- 0.24 to 0.95 +/- 0.19 ml/min (P less than 0.002), while urinary protein excretion (factored for filtration rate) declined from 0.69 +/- 0.2 to 0.39 +/- 0.1 mg per ml GFR (P less than 0.002) at the lower perfusion pressure. A companion protocol documented a modest reduction in renal plasma flow (RPF) from 4.96 +/- 0.48 to 4.44 +/- 0.63 ml/min (P less than 0.05) and a decline in glomerular transcapillary hydraulic pressure difference (delta P) from 43 to 33 mm Hg (P less than 0.001) during the ligature maneuver. In the hypertensive state, fractional clearances of neutral dextrans (theta ND) with molecular radii exceeding 40 A were elevated in nephritic rats as compared to uninephrectomized non-nephritic controls. With reduction in renal perfusion pressure. Theta ND uniformly declined toward control values and remained significantly elevated only for molecular radii exceeding 55 A. The calculated fraction of glomerular filtrate passing through a non-size discriminatory shunt, pathway was 0.93% during the hypertensive period and was reduced at lower perfusion pressures to 0.52% (to be compared to 0.19% in controls).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
General plate stability using high order techniques

This paper discusses plate stability, and, in particular general plate stability is investigated. Much has been documented regarding rectangular plate buckling, but plates of arbitrary shape have been somewhat neglected. The methods presented in this paper are used t o determine buckling characteristics of generally shaped plates with some curvature along the plate edges. A solution for a one-element plate is found that is highly accurate when compared to classical results for known geometries. Examples are given in the paper which substantiate the methods developed. The basis for the methods proposed here lies in the use of minimum potential energy. By minimizing the potential energy of the plate, a representation of the deformed shape is found. The plate is mapped into a square domain where displacement functions are assumed. The displacement functions used in the analysis are general polynomial series. Since the same series is used for all cases, constraints on the boundary conditions are enforced with Lagrange multipliers.
Synthesis and Electrophoretic Distribution of Antibodies in the Amphibian, Bufo Marinus.∗:

SummaryAdult specimens of B. marinus maintained at 25°C were immunized with a mixture of S. typhosa H antigen and rabbit gamma globulin (RGG). Each animal produced precipitins for the RGG and agglutinins for typhoid H after a short period of immunization. When the antiserums were separated electrophoretically, the agglutinins were found in the slowest-moving of the 4 major serum components. On the basis of electrophoretic mobility, this fraction is analogous to the gamma globulin of mammals.
107 Evaluating the inclusion level of medium chain fatty acids to reduce the risk of PEDV in feed and spray-dried animal plasma.

Citation: Cochrane, R. A., Saensukjaroenphon, M., Dritz, S. S., Woodworth, J. C., Huss, A. R., Stark, C. R., . . . Jones, C. K. (2016). Evaluating the inclusion level of medium chain fatty acids to reduce the risk of PEDV in feed and spray-dried animal plasma. Journal of Animal Science, 94, 50-50. doi:10.2527/msasas2016-107
XLSearch: a Probabilistic Database Search Algorithm for Identifying Cross-Linked Peptides.

Chemical cross-linking combined with mass spectrometric analysis has become an important technique for probing protein three-dimensional structure and protein–protein interactions. A key step in this process is the accurate identification and validation of cross-linked peptides from tandem mass spectra. The identification of cross-linked peptides, however, presents challenges related to the expanded nature of the search space (all pairs of peptides in a sequence database) and the fact that some peptide-spectrum matches (PSMs) contain one correct and one incorrect peptide but often receive scores that are comparable to those in which both peptides are correctly identified. To address these problems and improve detection of cross-linked peptides, we propose a new database search algorithm, XLSearch, for identifying cross-linked peptides. Our approach is based on a data-driven scoring scheme that independently estimates the probability of correctly identifying each individual peptide in the cross-link given ...
The effect of phenotypic variation on metapopulation persistence

Demographic stochasticity (due to the probabilistic nature of the birth–death process) and demographic heterogeneity (between-individual differences in demographic parameters) have long been seen as factors affecting extinction risk. While demographic stochasticity can be independent of underlying species traits, demographic heterogeneity may strongly depend on phenotypic variation. However, how phenotypic variation can affect extinction risk is largely unknown. Here, I develop a stochastic metapopulation model that takes into account the effects of demographic stochasticity and phenotypic variation in the traits controlling colonization rates to assess what the effect of phenotypic variation may be on the persistence of the metapopulation. Although phenotypic variation can lead to a decrease in metapopulation persistence under some conditions, it also may lead to an increase in persistence whenever phenotypic mismatch—or the distance between the optimal trait value and the population mean—is large. This mismatch can in turn arise from a variety of ecological and evolutionary reasons, including weak selection or a recent history of invasion. Last, the effect of phenotypic variation has a deterministic component on colonization rates, and a stochastic component on persistence through colonization rates, but both are important to understand the overall effect. These results have important implications for the conservation of threatened species and management practices that may historically have overlooked phenotypic variation as unimportant noise around mean values of interest.
113Cd-1H hetero TOCSY: A method for determining metal-protein connectivities

113Cd-1H NMR correlation experiments have been extremely useful for determining the amino acid ligands that form metal-binding sites in proteins. To date, the majority of these methods have used heteronuclear multiple-quantum transfer as the basis for establishing correlations. In this paper, we demonstrate the feasibility of using correlation methods that employ heteronuclear cross-polarization (hetero TOCSY) as viable alternatives. Additionally, we couple hetero TOCSY with selective excitation and transfer procedures to take advantage of the small number of heteronuclei usually present in metalloprotein systems. One- and two-dimensional experiments are presented as examples of these techniques.
Killing effect of the application of the resveratrol combined with paclitaxel on lung cancer cell PC9

Objective: To explore the apoptosis-inducing effects of the application of the resveratrol( RES) combined with paclitaxel( PTX) on lung cancer cell line PC9,and its proable mechanism. Methods: After the PC9 cells were co-cultured with the single and combination of different concentrations two drugs,the anti-proliferative effects of drugs were measured using MTT,the cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry,and the protein levels of Caspase-3,Bcl-2 and Bax were detected by western blotting. Results: The effects of RES and PTX on the inhibiting the prolification of PC9 cells were the time- and concentrate-dependent manner. The inhibition rate of RES combined with paclitaxel was higher than that of single RES or PTX use( P 0. 01). The single use of RES or PTX could induce the apoptosis and block G0/ G1 phase in PC9 cells,and the effect of which was significantly enhanced when two drugs were combined( P 0. 01). Western blot assay showed that the changes of Caspase-3,Bcl-2 and Bax after the joint use of RES and PTX were significantly more than that of the single drug use. Conclusions: Both RES and PTX can inhibit the proliferation,induce apoptosis,block G0/ G1 phase and increase the Caspase-3 activity of human lung cancer PC9 cells. The combined use of RES and PTX has synergistic effect,which can significantly promote the cell apoptosis,and the mechanism may be related to the upregulation of Bcl-2 and downregulation of Bax.
Continuities and Consistencies Across Home and School Systems

By definition, the concept of family–school partnerships requires attention to both families and schools as well as the connections between them. Yet, research and policy in this area tends to focus on one or the other. Drawing on developmental systems perspectives, this chapter advocates for a broader conceptualization and operationalization of family–school partnerships, one that pays equal attention to both sides of the partnership and also considers the diverse ways that they can supplement and complement each other. The argument is that families and schools can partner directly with each other through interactions but also more indirectly by constructing parallel learning environments that support each other even when not explicitly coordinated. The value of this approach is illustrated with examples from national studies. The chapter closes with a discussion of the challenges to building family–school partnerships in populations of children viewed as educationally vulnerable, including children from immigrant families.
The Elusive Search for Teacher Collaboration.

ABSTRACTCollaboration is a well-used term in the field of education, identified as promising practice for student learning and teaching learning alike. However, collaboration comes in different shapes and sizes, leading to radically different ends. The authors examine teachers’ own understandings and practices of collaboration with teacher colleagues within their school contexts and within a professional development model designed to allow for collaborative conversation between teachers. Implications for teacher education are then considered.
Thermodynamic and Morphological Behavior of Block Copolymer Blends with Thermal Polymer Additives

Block copolymer (BCP) blends offer a facile route toward customizable nanomaterials. To better understand these systems, the thermodynamics of polystyrene-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) and poly(vinylphenol) (PVPH) blends were examined using scattering measurements and self-consistent field theory (SCFT). PVPH hydrogen bonds to the PMMA block, resulting in the selective infusion into the PMMA layer. Measurements on initially disordered blends show that this interaction can induce an order–disorder transition (ODT). The ODT was observed to be a continuous transition, unlike the first-order thermal ODT typically observed in BCPs. Free energy curves extracted from SCFT simulations also observed a lack of a discontinuity in the first-order derivative. Lamellar systems underwent a greater increase in BCP period compared to identical athermal systems due to the extension of the PMMA chains away from the interface. Comparison with the SCFT models finds good agreement in the predicted behavior of the ble...
EGFR expression in breast cancer: Association with biologic phenotype, prognosis, and resistance to adjuvant therapy

513 Background: Expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in preclinical models of breast cancer is associated with increased proliferation and resistance to apoptosis. In clinical ...
Purpose in the Anthropocene: Dynamical role and physical basis

Abstract The dynamics of the modern Earth-system is not explicable without reference to systems that have a purpose, i.e., that exhibit goal-seeking behavior. This paper develops the physical basis of agency or purposiveness in the technosphere—the human-technological system that defines the Anthropocene—as part of an analysis of the organizational requirements of energy-dissipating systems. The regulative, or framing, approach used here avoids reliance on reductive modeling and aims instead at establishing general properties of purposive systems. Establishment of purposiveness (the condition of having a purpose) as a physical system property, rather than a metaphysical concept or a purely biological phenomenon, enables a new look at the role of humans and human purpose in the Anthropocene. This approach can help avoid the misleading anthropocentric assumption that humans are independent authors of the Anthropocene they inhabit, rather than contingent actors whose purposes are not entirely their own.