cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pickles, Pectin, and Penicillin

My professional life has been devoted to the study of microbial products and their biosynthesis, regulation, and overproduction. These have included primary metabolites (glutamic acid, tryptophan, inosinic acid, guanylic acid, vitamin B(12), riboflavin, pantothenic acid, ethanol, and lactic acid) and secondary metabolites (penicillin, cephalosporins, streptomycin, fosfomycin, gramicidin S, rapamycin, indolmycin, microcin B17, fumagillin, mycotoxins, Monascus pigments, and tetramethylpyrazine). Other areas included microbial nutrition, strain improvement, bioconversions of statins and beta-lactams, sporulation and germination, plasmid stability, gel microdroplets, and the production of double-stranded RNA, the polymer xanthan, and enzymes (polygalacturonase, protease, cellulase). Most of the studies were carried out with me by devoted and hardworking industrial scientists for 15 years at Merck & Co. and by similarly characterized students, postdoctorals, and visiting scientists during my 32 years at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. I owe much of my success to my mentors from academia and industry. My recent research activities with undergraduate students at the Charles A. Dana Research Institute for Scientists Emeriti (R.I.S.E.) at Drew University have been very rewarding and are allowing me to continue my career.
Processing and Deformation Behavior of Bulk Cu–Nb Nanolaminates

Metallic nanolaminates, composed of alternating layers of two dissimilar metals, have attracted significant attention due to both their high strengths and their potential for excellent microstructural stability. While nanolaminates have traditionally been available only in thin-film form, advances in the severe plastic deformation process of accumulative roll bonding (ARB) have enabled the production of 4-mm-thick sheets of copper-niobium nanolaminates containing over 200,000 individual layers (a nominal layer thickness of <20 nm). The ability to produce bulk nanolaminates has greatly expanded the potential applications for these materials and has motivated investigations into formability, deformation behavior, and joining techniques. This paper presents an overview of both the ARB processing technique and recent investigations into the deformation behavior of these novel materials.
Parent‐child coviewing of television

Coviewing of television series featuring families was examined using questionnaire responses from 372 second, sixth, and tenth graders and their parents. Coviewing was found to be higher among parents who believe more in television's power to influence but was mostly the result of similar parent and child viewing habits and preferences. There was only weak evidence for positive consequences from coviewing, perhaps because coviewing is an imperfect indicator of parental mediation of children's television experiences. Descriptive data on coviewing patterns are also presented.
US policy toward Nicaragua and Iran and the Iran‐contra affair: Reflections on the continuity of American foreign policy∗

(1988). US policy toward Nicaragua and Iran and the Iran‐contra affair: Reflections on the continuity of American foreign policy. Third World Quarterly: Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 1467-1504.
Therapeutic strategies for human amyloid diseases

Amyloid diseases are a large group of a much larger family of misfolding diseases. This group includes pathologies as diverse as Alzheimer's disease, immunoglobulin-light-chain disease, reactive amyloid disease and the familial amyloid polyneuropathies. These diseases are generally incurable at present, although some drugs are known to transiently slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease. As we increase our understanding of the causative mechanisms of these disorders, the likelihood of success for a given therapeutic strategy will become clearer. This review will look at small-molecule and macromolecular approaches for intervention in amyloid diseases other than Alzheimer's disease, although select examples from Alzheimer's disease will be discussed.
Review of τ lifetime and leptonic branching ratio measurements

After several years of rapid developments measurements of the τ lifetime and leptonic branching ratios have reached an unprecedented level of precision. The world average lifetime, τ τ = 290.21 ± 1.15 fs, is significantly shorter than values of a decade ago. The individual experimental results are summarized, and comparisons are made between the different techniques for measuring the lifetime. Leptonic branching ratio measurements have surpassed the forward leaps of precision achieved with the lifetime, B e = 17.786 ± 0.072% and B μ = 17.317 ± 0.078%, while the central values have remained stable over time. The updated averages lead to flawless agreement with the predictions of lepton universality, to better than 0.3% for most of the coupling constant ratios.
Dynamic cloth simulation by isogeometric analysis

Abstract A NURBS-based continuum approach of cloth simulation is presented. Cloth geometry is described by NURBS, and the dynamic response is modeled by displacement-only NURBS shell. The shell formulation, including a constitutive description for cloth-like materials and an algorithmic treatment of multi-patch models, is discussed in detail. A fully NURBS based contact/impact update algorithm is presented. Numerical examples are included to demonstrate the performance and the application of the method.
High strain-rate modeling of the interfacial effects of dispersed particles in high strength aluminum alloys

Abstract The interfacial effects of dispersed particles on the dynamic deformation of high strength aluminum alloys have been investigated using an eigenstrain-based formulation coupled with dislocation-density based crystalline plasticity and a microstructurally based finite element framework. This accounts for the unrelaxed plastic strains associated with the interfacial behavior of dispersed particles, such as Orowan looping. Particle spacing had a significant effect on the distribution of plastic shear slip, with localization occurring between the particles for smaller particle spacing. The eigenstress field associated with larger particles led to longer-range interaction of pressure fields, which can promote void coalescence for nucleated voids at the particle-matrix interface. Grain orientation also had a significant effect on the behavior associated with the particles, with plastic shear slip localizing at the particle-matrix interfaces for low angle grain-boundary (GB) misorientations, and at GBs and GB junctions for high angle GB misorientations.
The in-hospital development of cardiogenic shock after myocardial infarction: Incidence, predictors of occurrence, outcome and prognostic factors

The incidence, outcome and predictors of the in-hospital development of cardiogenic shock and its prognostic significance were analyzed in 845 patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction. Cardiogenic shock developed after hospitalization in 60 patients (7.1%). In half of these patients, cardiogenic shock developed at least 24 h after hospital admission. The in-hospital mortality rate was greater than 15 times higher for patients with cardiogenic shock than for patients without shock (65.0% versus 4.3%, respectively, p less than 0.001). Enzymatic evidence of infarct extension occurred in 23.3% of the patients with shock compared with 7.4% of those without shock (p less than 0.0001). Multivariate analysis indicated that independent predictors for the in-hospital development of cardiogenic shock were age greater than 65 years (p = 0.007), left ventricular ejection fraction on hospital admission less than 35% (p = 0.007), large infarct as estimated from serial enzyme determinations (that is, peak creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme greater than 160 IU/liter (p = 0.008), history of diabetes mellitus (p = 0.011) and previous myocardial infarction (p = 0.012). Patients with three, four or five of these risk factors had a 17.9%, 33.7% or 54.4% probability, respectively, of developing cardiogenic shock after hospital admission. Left ventricular function, as reflected by left ventricular ejection fraction (p = 0.04) and severity of left ventricular wall motion abnormality (p = 0.04), was the most important determinant of in-hospital mortality in the patients with cardiogenic shock.
Extranodal natural killer T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, with minimal osseous involvement: report of a case and literature review.

Extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTCL) is a rare form of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). 1-4 The nose and para-nasal sinuses are the most commonly reported sites of initial involvement. ENKTCL is reported most frequently in East Asian populations and is notably rare in Western populations. The purposes of this case report are to describe an atypical presentation of ENKTCL involving primarily the soft tissues of the midface and to highlight the vigilance required in diagnosing this cause of nonresolving facial swelling.
Clinical Studies on Veratrum Alkaloids

The action of two pure veratrum alkaloids, veratridine and protoveratrine, in human hypertension is described for the first time. The vasodepressor reflex pathway involved in the response to these ester alkaloids is reviewed. Protoveratrine is found to produce a striking fall in blood pressure in both essential and renal hypertension after intravenous administration.
Left Atrial Pressure Curve as an Index of Control of Fluid Volume

The concept that the left atrial pressure or pulse pressure acts as a stimulus to receptors for control of fluid volume was tested by examining the data on 67 persons who underwent right and left heart catheterization. Although there is no direct relationship between left atrial pulse pressure and congestive heart failure, no patient in failure had a pulse pressure below normal. Furthermore, those with the more severe grade of failure had the highest left atrial pulse pressure and the more rapid ascent of the left atrial pressure curve. These findings are inconsistent with the concept that a diminished left atrial pressure or pulse pressure stimulates left atrial receptors to set in motion a train of events which provoke antidiuresis in congestive heart failure. On the other hand, if increased left atrial pressure or pulse pressure promotes diuresis, the mechanism is completely overridden by more potent factors in human congestive heart failure.
Structural investigations of polymer liquid‐crystalline solutions: Aromatic polyamides, hydroxy propyl cellulose, and poly(γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamate)

Abstract : The development of high levels of chain orientation and tensile strength in fibers obtained from the wet spinning of liquid crystalline aromatic polyamide solutions has gained increased attention in recent years. Various other synthetic polymer systems have been found to exhibit liquid crystalline behavior including polypeptides, certain polyester copolymers, some vinyl polymers and p-linked aromatic polyamide-hydrazides. Various biological polymers such as RNA and DNA have been so identified as well as one modified cellulose. While various investigators have presented studies of the characteristics of individual polymer liquid crystalline systems, there have been no comparative studies of a series of polymer liquid crystalline systems nor detailed comparisons with the well known low molecular weight thermotropic liquid crystalline compounds. Furthermore, since the various systems were studied by different research groups often using different experimental methods, both the relative characteristics and peculiar features of individual systems have not been clearly identified. The purpose of the present paper is to present such a needed comparative study.
Role of aberrant stat signaling in blood malignancies

Abstract Since their discovery as key mediators of cytokine signaling, considerable progress has been made in understanding the structure and function of Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcriptions (STATs). In addition to their central roles in normal cell signaling, recent studies have demonstrated that diverse oncoproteins can activate specific STATs (particularly Stat3 and Stat5) and that constitutively-activated STAT signaling directly contributes to oncogenesis. Furthermore, extensive surveys of primary tumors and cell lines derived from tumors indicate that inappropriate activation of specific STATs occurs with surprisingly high frequency in wide variety of human cancers, including numerous blood malignancies. In particular, these findings provide compelling evidence that aberrant STAT activation contributes to the process of malignant transformation in multiple myeloma, leukemias and lymphomas. These studies are beginning to reveal the molecular mechanisms leading to STAT activation in the context of oncogenesis, and candidate genes regulated by STATs that may contribute to oncogenesis are being identified. Recent studies suggest that activated STAT signaling participates in oncogenesis by stimulating cell proliferation and preventing apoptosis. The critical roles of STATs in oncogenesis identify these proteins as novel molecular targets for development of potential new therapies against multiple myeloma, leukemias and lymphomas.
Mobile phase selection for the high-performance ion-exchange chromatography of proteins.

Abstract Proper mobile phase selection significantly improved high-performance ion-exchange fractionations of proteins. The pH and salt content of the eluant affected chromatographic behavior on both strong and weak ion-exchange columns. The retention and resolution of a number of proteins was examined on strong and weak ion-exchange supports with regard to these mobile phase variables. The strong ion-exchange columns were found to be superior for the protein separations performed in this study. The selectivity of both weak and strong ion-exchange columns was pH dependent, however, strong ion-exchange columns were operable over a broader range of pH. Examination of the effect of salts demonstrated that their “displacing activity” could be divided into three categories: weak, intermediate, and strong with regard to the protein mixture utilized. Intermediate salts provided best resolution along with good recoveries. Strong displacing salts were useful for eluting strongly retained proteins. The selection of a mobile phase with respect to protein retention is discussed
Effects of 4-Tertiary Butyl Catechol on Tissue Cultured Melanocytes

Depigmenting effects of 4-tertiary butyl catechol (TBC) were investigated using tissue cultured melanocytes of adult guinea pig. Black guinea pig ear epidermis was trypsinized, suspended in BME Eagle media (5 × 10 6 cells) supplemented with 10% calf serum, and seeded in Petri dishes (2 ml/ea). On the 5th day of culture, TBC dissolved in DMSO was added to the media, and the central area of Petri dishes with large numbers of melanocytes (but not keratinocytes) present were examined by light and electron microscopy. After 6hr of treatment with 1.5 × 10 -3 mg TBC per ml of media, about 15 to 30% of melanocytes detached and about half of the remaining cells showed reversible changes in the cell shapes. An increase of TBC concentration to more than 2 × 10 -1 mg per ml of media resulted in larger numbers of melanocyte deaths. The surviving cells contained numerous, but ultrastructurally unusual premelanosomes and melanosomes. In addition, microfilaments showed a wavy appearance.
Unsurpassed reliability of free flaps for head and neck reconstruction.

Objective To review the outcome and incidence of perioperative complications in patients undergoing microvascular free flaps for reconstruction of the head and neck region. Design A prospective case series. Setting An academic tertiary care otolaryngology–head and neck surgery program. Patients One hundred fifteen patients who underwent 119 consecutive free flaps performed by 1 surgeon during a 32-month period. Interventions Reconstruction primarily by means of radial forearm, fibula, and rectus abdominis flaps (95% of the flaps selected for reconstruction). Main Outcome Measure The incidence of perioperative reconstructive and medical complications. Results There was 1 perioperative death (0.8%). Among the surviving patients, there was 1 case of complete flap failure, resulting in an overall flap survival of 99.2%. There were 2 additional cases (1.8%) of partial flap necrosis. Perioperative reconstructive complications occurred during 10.1% of the hospitalizations, half of which required additional surgical intervention. Notable perioperative medical complications occurred in 17.1% of the patients. Conclusions Despite their reliance on small-vessel anastomoses for survival, free flaps are extremely reliable with regard to the incidence of flap necrosis, which contributes to a low incidence of perioperative complications. Selection of flaps that have proven dependability contributes to a successful outcome. While this technique frequently requires lengthy surgery in an elderly patient population, the perioperative mortality and morbidity are acceptable. Because of their unsurpassed reliability, free flaps have become the preferred method of reconstruction for most patients with major defects in the head and neck region.
When do primes go bad? A corpus of orthographically related primes that inhibit fragment completion

The memory block effect (MBE) occurs when orthographically similar words inhibit retrieval. Previous studies have published 55 different stimuli that produce the MBE in word fragment completion. This small number of stimuli constrains experimental designs, presents serious obstacles for using neuroimaging to elucidate neural substrates of blocking, and raises concern that the MBE is limited to a particular group of words. A pool of 315 stimulus words was tested in a traditional MBE paradigm, and the results demonstrated that the MBE generalizes to other stimuli. This study also expands the number of stimuli that produce the MBE because 185 new stimuli produced blocking effects. As a result, the current list of 240 MBE stimuli can be used for word fragment research including cognitive neuroscience investigations of retrieval inhibition. A table of MBE stimuli is available in an archived appendix that can be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive.
Vapor pressure response to denaturant and water in E10 blends.

Abstract On December 16, 1993, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) released the final rule on reformulated gasoline (RFG). This rule will affect the composition of as much as 45% of the gasoline used in the United States by the summer of 1995. The acceptance of any gasoline component lies in its ability to contribute to the RFG program’s environmental goals. This study was conducted to determine the effect of water and ethanol denaturant on gasoline Reid vapor pressure (RVP) for which little quantitative data are available. This paper addresses two new areas where environmental goals may be achieved while maintaining the use of ethanol-blended gasolines within ozone nonattainment areas.
Particulate concentrations in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis

Quantitative birefringent particle counts per 10 high-power fields in lung tissue were correlated with age, sex, and occupational exposure in 37 cases of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Counts were significantly higher in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis cases in both regions of alveolar proteinosis (47 ± 11) and perivascular and peribronchiolar areas (dust retention areas) (275 ± 65) than in 13 controls (5 ± 3 and 79 ± 23, respectively). Of a total of 8619 particles, 4817 were < 1 μm, and 3771 were 1 to 10 μm in diameter. Fifty-nine percent were round, 19% fibrous, and 22% irregular. When analyzed individually, 20 of 37 cases (78%) had alveolar particle counts significantly higher than controls, and 10 of 26 cases had dust-retention area counts greater than controls (P < 0.050). Known or possible occupational exposure was ascertained in 13 cases. In the remaining 24 cases insufficient occupational information was available. The mean age of the pulmonary alveolar proteinosis patients was 33 ± 4 years, and of the controls, 40 ± 7 years, and there was a male-to-female ratio of approximately 3:1. We propose that many cases of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis will ultimately be shown to be associated with environmental exposures to fine dusts or fumes.
Abstract 1070: Circadian transcriptional factor Period 2 modulates cyclin B1 expression

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC The proper timing of cell division is a major factor contributing to the regulation of normal growth and emerges as a fundamental process in the development of most cancers. The existence in most, if not all, living organisms of many behavioral and physiological events that occur at well-defined and controlled times argues for the presence of time-keeping systems that allow them to adapt to cyclic changes in environmental conditions. Disruption of circadian rhythm has recently emerged as a new potential risk factor in the development of cancer, pointing to the core gene period 2 (per2) as a tumor suppressor. However, it remains unclear how the circadian network regulates tumor suppression. In the present study, we use cDNA microarray analysis to identify Per2 target genes following siRNA knock-down expression of Per2 in mouse hepatocytes AML12 cells. We identified cyclin B1, a key G2/M regulator of the cell cycle, as a downstream target gene that is negatively regulated by Per2 under normal conditions. Quantitative real-time PCR confirmed our observations by showing cyclin B1 expression is enhanced under Per2 knock-down condition. Accordingly, Bmal1 expression, a target gene of Per2, was specifically augmented under Per2 over-expression conditions. Further experiments focused in characterizing the regulation of the human cyclin B1 promoter by Per2 using luciferase reporter assays. Results show cyclin B1 reporter activity is enhanced in siPer2 transfected cells compared to control scrambled siRNA. Promoter analysis defined the region comprising −484 to −284 of human cyclin B1 promoter containing response elements for gene trans-activation while the region between −284-1 is mainly responsible for Per2 regulation. Our results show the canonical E-box between −284-1 is not required for Per2 regulation of cyclin B1, suggesting non-canonical E-boxes might be directly responsible for Per2-mediated expression. FACS analysis revealed that siPer2 treated cells exhibit a reduced G2/M phase with correspondingly higher cyclin B1 protein levels and reduced Tyr-15-cdc2 phosphorylation compared to scrambled siRNA treated cells. Our previous results show Per2 stability is directly controlled by the endogenous levels of heme whose endogenous levels oscillate in a 24 h cycle. Here, we evaluated whether cyclin B1 expression is altered in heme-treated cells. In contrast to its up-regulation in siPer2 treated cells, luciferase reporter assay showed a decrease in cyclin B1 promoter activity in response to heme treatment. These results may reflect a complex pattern of regulation in which Per2 acts as a sensor molecule to monitor changes in both environmental and cellular conditions that will impact cell progression. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1070.
The Wavefield Radiated Into an Elastic Half-Space by a Transducer of Large Aperture

The wavefield radiated into an elastic half-space by an ultrasonic transducer, as well as the radiation admittance of the transducer coupled to the half-space, are studied. Two models for the transducer are used. In one an axisymmetric, Gaussian distribution of normal traction is imposed upon the surface, while in the other a uniform distribution of normal traction is imposed upon a circular region of the surface, leaving the remainder free of traction. To calculate the wavefield, each wave emitted by the transducer is expressed as a plane wave multiplied by an asymptotic power series in inverse powers of the aperture’s (scaled) radius. This reduces the wave equations satisfied by the compressional and shear potentials to their parabolic approximations. The approximations to the radiated waves are accurate at a depth where the wavefield remains well collimated.
A community food system analysis as formative research for a comprehensive anemia control program in Northern Afghanistan

Dietary strategies to reduce chronic iron deficiency anemia are still lacking for the rural poor in most developing countries. This study of 60 households (30 irrigated zone, 30 rainfed zone) in northern Afghanistan emphasized women’s seasonal food consumption and the relationships between household capacities and consumption. In both zones, iron-rich foods and foods affecting iron bioavailability were consumed in summer and winter diets. Households in the irrigated zone had more capacity for cultivation, food preservation and social networking in addition to owning more total livestock and food animals. Rainfed zone households scored higher on food preservation knowledge. Iron-rich food consumption was strongly associated with social networking and food preservation capacities, but weakly with socioeconomic proxies. Social networking showed no relationships to socioeconomic proxies. Agroecozone, social customs and food combinations should be considered in the design of health and food security programs to reduce anemia risk.
Alkylgold complexes by the intramolecular aminoauration of unactivated alkenes

Alkylgold(I) complexes were formed from the gold(I)-promoted intramolecular addition of various amine nucleophiles to alkenes. These experiments provide the first direct experimental evidence for the elementary step of gold-promoted nucleophilic addition to an alkene. Deuterium-labeling studies and X-ray crystal structures provide support for a mechanism involving anti-addition of the nucleophile to a gold-activated alkene, which is verified by DFT analysis of the mechanism. Ligand studies indicate that the rate of aminoauration can be drastically increased by use of electron-poor arylphosphines, which are also shown to be favored in ligand exchange experiments. Attempts at protodeauration lead only to recovery of the starting olefins, though the gold can be removed under reducing conditions to provide the purported hydroamination products.
Efficacy of an antiaggregation pheromone for reducing Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), infestation in high risk stands

The Douglas-fir beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae) antiaggregation pheromone, 3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one (MCH), was applied to stands at high risk for infestation. The MCH was applied in a bubble capsule formulation to plots ranging from 2.1 to 2.6 ha in size at rates of 45–76 g/ha. Catches of Douglas-fir beetles in attractant-baited Lindgren funnel traps located at the plot centers were significantly lower on MCH-treated plots compared with untreated plots. In contrast, catches of the most abundant predator, Thanasimus undatulus (Say), were unaffected by the MCH treatment. The percentage of Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] trees ≥20 cm dbh that were mass attacked was significantly lower on treated plots (0.2%) compared with untreated plots (8.5%). MCH alone was effective in reducing the probability of Douglas-fir beetle infestations occurring in high risk stands.
p120-catenin expressed in alveolar type II cells is essential for the regulation of lung innate immune response

The integrity of the lung alveolar epithelial barrier is required for the gas exchange and is important for immune regulation. Alveolar epithelial barrier is composed of flat type I cells, which make up approximately 95% of the gas-exchange surface, and cuboidal type II cells, which secrete surfactants and modulate lung immunity. p120-catenin (p120; gene symbol CTNND1 ) is an important component of adherens junctions of epithelial cells; however, its function in lung alveolar epithelial barrier has not been addressed in genetic models. Here, we created an inducible type II cell–specific p120-knockout mouse ( p120EKO ). The mutant lungs showed chronic inflammation, and the alveolar epithelial barrier was leaky to 125 I-albumin tracer compared to wild type. The mutant lungs also demonstrated marked infiltration of inflammatory cells and activation of NF-κB. Intracellular adhesion molecule 1, Toll-like receptor 4, and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 were all up-regulated. p120EKO lungs showed increased expression of the surfactant proteins Sp-B, Sp-C, and Sp-D, and displayed severe inflammation after pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa compared with wild type. In p120-deficient type II cell monolayers, we observed reduced transepithelial resistance compared to control, consistent with formation of defective adherens junctions. Thus, although type II cells constitute only 5% of the alveolar surface area, p120 expressed in these cells plays a critical role in regulating the innate immunity of the entire lung.
Computational topology: ambient isotopic approximation of 2-manifolds

A fundamental issue in theoretical computer science is that of establishing unambiguous formal criteria for algorithmic output. This paper does so within the domain of computer-aided geometric modeling. For practical geometric modeling algorithms, it is often desirable to create piecewise linear approximations to compact manifolds embedded in R3, and it is usually desirable for these two representations to be "topologically equivalent". Though this has traditionally been taken to mean that the two representations are homeomorphic, such a notion of equivalence suffers from a variety of technical and philosophical difficulties; we adopt the stronger notion of ambient isotopy. It is shown here, that for any C2, compact, 2-manifold without boundary, which is embedded in R3, there exists a piecewise linear ambient isotopic approximation. Furthermore, this isotopy has compact support, with specific bounds upon the size of this compact neighborhood. These bounds may be useful for practical application in computer graphics and engineering design simulations. The proof given relies upon properties of the medial axis, which is explained in this paper.
MIMO enabled multipath clutter rank estimation

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar is an emerging technology that has the capability of providing range dependent transmit-domain degrees of freedom via receiver processing. When providing these additional degrees of freedom for target tracking, MIMO radar exhibits a lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) when compared to that of traditional single-input multiple-output (SIMO) phased array radar. Previous work has indicated the efficacy of combining MIMO operation with space-time adaptive processing (STAP) techniques in the presence of multipath clutter to improve the signal-to-clutter-plus-noise ratio (SCNR). The tradeoff between target SNR and SCNR in multipath propagation environments is a crucial consideration in MIMO radar. In this paper, a transmit-receive directionality spectrum (TRDS) is used to examine the clutter characteristics at a range-Doppler bin of interest, most notably in multipath situations where MIMO operation is advantageous. In situations where ground clutter is spread in Doppler frequency and azimuth by motion in the propagation environment, the clutter rank can be significantly higher than a Brennan's rule estimate. However, the transmit observability within the MIMO data vector allows for a low rank representation of the clutter when compared to the total available degrees of freedom. A TRDS-based method based on the resolution limits of uniformly spaced linear transmit and receive arrays is presented which furnishes an estimate of the transmit-receive clutter rank in scenarios where Brennans rule provides a significantly underestimated measure. The proposed TRDS-based clutter rank estimation method is applied to both numerical simulations and experimental data.
Identifying depression in epilepsy in a busy clinical setting is enhanced with systematic screening

Abstract Purpose Depression is a highly prevalent, relatively underdiagnosed and undertreated comorbid condition in epilepsy. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of using a validated self-reporting depression scale on the ability to detect depression in people with epilepsy receiving care in a busy clinical setting. Methods The Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (NDDI-E) is a 6-item questionnaire validated to screen for depression in people with epilepsy. We performed a retrospective chart review of 192 consecutive patients who had completed the NDDI-E while receiving care at a seizure clinic in the largest public hospital in Houston, Texas. For comparison, charts of 192 consecutive patients receiving care immediately prior to the implementation of the NDDI-E in the same clinic were assessed. Results Fifty-five (28.6%) of patients screened positive for depression with the NDDI-E. They subsequently received a semi-structured psychiatric interview based on the DSM-IV model and 89% ( n =49) were confirmed to have major depression. Use of the NDDI-E thus resulted in the detection of active depression in 25.5% ( n =49) of the patients, whereas only 2.6% ( n =5) of patients in the group not systematically screened were found to have active depression ( p Discussion Use of the NDDI-E significantly improved the ability to detect depression in epilepsy patients in a busy clinical practice.
Experiences of Primiparous Breast-Feeding Mothers in the First Days Following Birth

This study describes the breast-feeding patterns of 59 neonates and the experiences of their primiparous mothers during the early postpartum period. The results showed that most mothers and babies in this group had significant difficulties during the first 2 days after birth and that 33% of the mother-baby pairs were still having problems latching or sucking on discharge from hospital (fourth to fifth postpartum days). Of the mothers who were still having problems on leaving the hospital, 84% had given up breast-feeding by 8 weeks, most of them by 2 weeks following hospital discharge.
Accelerating Self-Modeling in Cooperative Robot Teams

One of the major obstacles to achieving robots capable of operating in real-world environments is enabling them to cope with a continuous stream of unanticipated situations. In previous work, it was demonstrated that a robot can autonomously generate self-models, and use those self-models to diagnose unanticipated morphological change such as damage. In this paper, it is shown that multiple physical quadrupedal robots with similar morphologies can share self-models in order to accelerate modeling. Further, it is demonstrated that quadrupedal robots which maintain separate self-modeling algorithms but swap self-models perform better than quadrupedal robots that rely on a shared self-modeling algorithm. This finding points the way toward more robust robot teams: a robot can diagnose and recover from unanticipated situations faster by drawing on the previous experiences of the other robots.
The effect of cooking on diphacinone residues related to human consumption of feral pig tissues

We examined feral pig tissues to determine whether the potential hazard of consuming meat from pigs previously exposed to diphacinone rodenticide baits was reduced by cooking. Residue levels were measured in cooked and uncooked tissues of feral pigs exposed to sub-lethal quantities of the anticoagulant rodenticide. Pigs were provided large amounts of baits or untreated food to consume, then euthanized prior to the onset of symptoms indicative of rodenticide poisoning or sickness. For analysis, we grouped pigs into three levels of mean diphacinone consumption: 0, 3.5, and 7.4 mg/kg. None of the pigs displayed obvious signs of toxicity during the study period. The highest concentrations of diphacinone were found in liver tissue. Cooking had little effect on residual diphacinone concentrations. The hazards to humans and pets from meat from feral pigs that consumed the rodenticide diphacinone are not reduced by cooking; consumption of pig meat obtained from areas with active rodent control programs should be avoided.
A Comprehensive Reaction Mechanism For Carbon Monoxide/Hydrogen/Oxygen Kinetics

Abstract A comprehensive reaction mechanism for the oxidation of carbon monoxide in the presence of hydrogen is described. Model predictions are compared with experimental data over wide ranges of physical conditions. The data, obtained from shock tube experiments and various types of reactor experiments, encompassed a combined temperature range of 823-2870 K, fuel-oxidizer equivalence ratios between 0.0005 and 6.0, C/H ratios between 0005 and 128, and pressures between 0.3 and 2.2 atmospheres, Validation of the reaction mechanism is obtained with reproduction of the experimental results by the model predictions and from sensitivity analysis calculations Results from the latter calculations provided a quantitative measure of the sensitivity of the model predictions to the imposed input parameters over the complete range of experimental parameters noted above.
Aeroacoustic Response of a Ten-Bladed Rotor to Grid-Generated Turbulence

This paper discusses an experimental investigation of the aeroacoustic response characteristics of a ten-bladed rotor to grid-generated turbulence that was performed at Notre Dame. In order to empirically characterize the rotor response, both the ingested velocity field and resulting far-field sound were measured. The detailed velocity characterization included: a high-resolution mapping of the spatial distribution of the mean velocity and RMS turbulence fluctuations in the rotor plane; an evaluation of the streamwise development of “nearly isotropic” conditions at the rotor inlet plane; and the development of a semi-empirical, functional representation of the 3D wave number spectral density of the ingested turbulence. This turbulence model was used, in conjunction with theoretical speckal analysis techniques, to predict the sound pressure levels in the far-field. These predictions were compared to conesponding measured data to assess the fidelity of the spectral analysis methods and the semi-empirical turbulence model. The measured ten-bladed acoustic response was also compared to the corresponding response of a four-bladcd rotor ingesting the same grid-generated turbulence field, to demonstrate the effect of blade spacing on rotor turbulence ingestion noise.
Wavelets for Urban Spatial Feature Discrimination: Comparisons with Fractal, Spatial Autocorrelation, and Spatial Co-Occurrence Approaches

Traditional image processing techniques have proven inadequate for urban mapping using high spatial resolution remotesensing images. This study examined and evaluated wavelet transforms for urban texture analysis and image classification using high spatial resolution ATLAS imagery. For the purpose of comparison and to evaluate the effectiveness of the wavelet approaches, two different fractal approaches (isarithm and triangular prism), spatial autocorrelation (Moran’s I and Geary’s C), and spatial co-occurrence matrix of the selected urban classes were examined using 65 � 65, 33 � 33, and 17 � 17 samples with a pixel size of 2.5 m. Results from this study suggest that a multi-band and multi-level wavelet approach can be used to drastically increase the classification accuracy. The fractal techniques did not provide satisfactory classification accuracy. Spatial autocorrelation and spatial co-occurrence techniques were found to be relatively effective when compared to the fractal approaches. It can be concluded that the wavelet transform approach is the most accurate of all four approaches.
No Bones About It—Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Remains an Excellent Contraceptive Option for Adolescents

On November 17 2004 the Food and Drug Administration announced that a “black box” warning would be added to the labeling of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) due to concerns about long-term effects on bone density. According to this warning “a woman should only use Depo-Provera Contraceptive Injection as a long-term birth control method (for example longer than 2 years) if other birth control methods are inadequate for her.” Unfortunately some health care providers have interpreted this warning as meaning that DMPA use should be discontinued in all adolescent girls i.e. that other birth control methods or no birth control method at all is “adequate.” Nevertheless for many teens DMPA is the only adequate contraceptive option. Limiting these teens’ access to DMPA may result in adverse consequences for the adolescent patient and for the resulting unplanned offspring as well as for our society as a whole. (excerpt)
Reflectance-based calibration of SeaWiFS. II. Conversion to radiance

For instruments that carry onboard solar diffusers to orbit, such as the Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS), it is possible to convert the instrument’s reflectance measurements to radiance measurements by knowledge of the solar irradiance. This process, which generally requires the application of a solar irradiance model, is described. The application of the irradiance model is separate from the measurements by the instrument and from the instrument’s reflectance calibration. In addition, SeaWiFS was calibrated twice before launch for radiance response by use of radiance sources with calibrations traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology. With the inclusion of the at-launch diffuser-based radiance calibration, SeaWiFS has three possible radiance calibrations for the start of on-orbit operations. The combination of these three into a single calibration requires changes of 4% or less for the current at-launch radiance calibration of the instrument. Finally, this process requires changes of 4% or less for the reflectance calibration coefficients to provide consistency among the radiance calibration, the reflectance calibration, and the solar irradiance.
The Ohio Valley: Testing Ground for America's Experiment in Religious Pluralism

The most extensive early test of the American dogma of the separation of church and state seems to me to have taken place in pioneer Ohio, where a complete range of the plurality of America's religious associations first confronted public consciousness. Unlike Kentucky, whose many Protestant denominations had a largely southern cast, and unlike upstate New York, whose culture was heavily under New England influence (or, at least, appeared to literate Yankees to be so), Ohio's early citizens came from a wide mix of puritan, mid-Atlantic, and southern backgrounds. For example, every sect of Pennsylvania Germans established major outposts in Ohio's developing counties. The Buckeye State early brought together several concentrations of Roman Catholics. Early and late, diverse communities of Jews also settled there, both in smaller towns as well as in Cincinnati, Columbus, and Cleveland. Also at the end of the nineteenth century, Eastern Orthodox Christians began a migration to Cleveland that later expanded into the larger industrial towns that grew southward, in such places as Toledo, Canton, and Youngstown.
Putting the New CLSI Cephalosporin and Carbapenem Breakpoint Changes Into Practice in Clinical Microbiology Laboratories

At one hospital where you see patients, the clinical microbiology laboratory uses an automated commercial instrument for performing routine antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). At another the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method is used. The former has yet to change its AST reporting to comply with the new lower breakpoints for cephalosporins and carbapenems recently recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, while the latter has done so. What legitimate barriers to implementation of these recommended changes might be in play? How might these barriers be addressed? What supportive actions can pediatric infectious diseases specialists take?
Current practices of performance appraisal as a linking mechanism for human resource decisions in state government

This paper explores the current state of performance appraisal practices at the State government level, comparing present findings with earlier studies done in this important field. An overview of the importance of performance appraisal is provided particularly as this function “links” other human resource decisions made by management. Trends identified by previous studies are reviewed and evaluation of current practice is compared for continuation of important elements as well as new directions which seem to be emerging. Finally, conclusions and recommendations are drawn regarding this work.
The NADH Dehydrogenase of the Respiratory Chain

The long recognized importance of the NADH dehydrogenase of the respiratory chain in linking the oxidation of most of the metabolically generated NADH to the terminal electron transport system and the complex and unusual properties of this flavoprotein probably account for the wide-spread interest which has been focused on this enzyme during the past 10 years. Its complex and unusual properties, particularly the possibility of isolating it in different active forms with markedly divergent molecular and catelytic properties, for which there is little, if any, precedent in the biochemical literature, have lead to some controversies concerning this enzyme. This paper presents new and as yet unpublished information on the dehydrogenase, but in order to permit fitting these data in the framework of established facts and prevalent theories, the first part of the paper surveys prior knowledge of the enzyme. In so doing the authors hope to examine divergent interpretations concerning its chemical nature and attempt to reconcile them in the light of recent experiments, with emphasis on its possible subunit structure, the role of its nonheme iron components, and its reactions with coenzyme Q, rotenone, and piericidin A.
Effects of Filling Pressure, Outflow Resistance, Heart Rate and Coronary Perfusion on Ventricular Compliance.

SummaryThe compliance of the isolated working heart is not constant but varies when physiological parameters are changed. The obvious corollary of this observation is that end diastolic pressure values are not always reliable indices of the diastolic ventricular volume, because the amount of stretch induced by a given filling pressure may be widely different in different conditions of performance. This fact should be kept in mind whenever one is to interpret ventricular function curves.
The effect of chlorpromazine on the depression effect

The hypothesis that the depression effect is produced by increased emotionality resulting from a downward shift in reward was tested by studying the effects of a downward shift in reward in control animals and animals under the influence of chlorpromazine. Differences between control and drug groups appeared only in the preshift data, the depression effect appearing in both control and drug groups.
Ultrasonic noninvasive temperature estimation using echoshift gradient maps: simulation results.

Percutaneous ultrasound-image-guided radiofrequency (rf) ablation is an effective treatment for patients with hepatic malignancies that are excluded from surgical resection due to other complicatio...
Analysis of the test results of laboratory of measles from 2005 to 2009 in YiChun

Objective:To understand the seroepidemiological characteristics of measles in the city of Yichun and discuss the detailed causes of measles.Methods: The serological results of measles uncertain patients of 2005-2009 in the city of YiChun were analyzed.Results: A total of 671 serums of measles uncertain patients were detected.And 377 were positive,294 were negative and its positive rate was 56.2%.The age group of people down 30 year old case accounts for a total case several 92.3%,8 month ～10 year old of disease incidence rate to be highest accounts for 57.6%,The age group of people over 40 years old the disease incidence rate to be lowest,only accounts for 0.8%.Conclusion: Planned immunity and emergent vaccination shall be strengthened,specially strengthen the work of the 8 month ～10 year old children′s second needle,to increases the initiative monitor dynamics.