cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lung Transplantation in Patients With Prior Cardiothoracic Surgical Procedures

The full spectrum of prior cardiothoracic procedures in lung transplant candidates and the impact of prior procedures on outcomes after lung transplantation (LTx) remain unknown, though the impact is considered to be large. Patients transplanted at our institution from 2004 to 2009 were identified (n = 554) and divided into two groups: patients who had undergone cardiothoracic surgical (CTS) procedures prior to LTx (n = 238) and patients who had not (non-CTS: n = 316). Our primary endpoint was survival. Secondary endpoints included allograft function and the incidence of major complications including reexploration due to bleeding, prolonged ventilation, renal insufficiency and primary graft dysfunction. Long-term survival was not significantly different between the groups whereas postoperative bleeding, nerve injury, respiratory and renal complications were higher in the CTS group. Posttransplant peak FEV1 was lower in the CTS group (73.4% vs. 86.9%, p < 0.05). In multivariate analysis, performance of a chemical pleurodesis procedure and prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass were significantly associated with mortality (OR, 1.7; CI, 1.5–2.0; p < 0.005). Our results suggest that patients with LTx and prior CTS remain technically challenging and experience worse outcomes than patients without prior CTS. A surgical strategy to minimize cardiopulmonary bypass time is critical for these challenging LTx patients.
Not Enough Blame to Go Around: Reflections on Requiring Purposeful Government Misconduct

Although neither blame nor responsibility is a term capable of precise definition, blame is a concept with particular resonances - both moral and emotional. Blame evokes a highly personal expression of the wrongdoer's attitudes or emotions toward the victim, whereas responsibility connotes a professional violation of shared, externalized norms. This article identifies an increasingly pronounced tendency to premise government liability on a demand for blameworthy behavior of a type in which entities rarely engage, rather than on standards of responsibility better suited to measuring the behaviors and duties of governmental entities. It argues that the tendency has had unfortunate consequences for the scope of municipal liability jurisprudence.
Small Molecule Inhibitors of the PI3-Kinase Family

The PI3-K family is one of the most intensely pursued classes of drug targets. This chapter reviews some of the chemical and structural features that determine the selectivity of PI3-K inhibitors, by focusing on a few key compounds that have been instrumental in guiding our understanding of how to design drugs against this family.
Rare-earth Nanocrystalline and Nanostructured Magnets

The contribution presents the recent advances in permanent magnets with nanocrystalline or nanophase structures based on rare-earth compounds. The main classes of magnets discussed are the nanocrystalline single-phase and nanocomposite R2Fe14B-based magnets; nanocomposite Nd–Fe carbides; bulk-hardened R2Co17 and RCo5 nanocrystalline magnets; Sm(Fe,M)12, SmFe3, and Sm5(Fe,M)17 nanocrystalline magnets; Sm2Fe17 nitrides and carbides; and Nd(Fe,M)12 nitrides and carbides (R and M denotes rare-earth elements and transition metals, respectively). The magnetic hardening mechanism and the relation with the particular morphologies (grain size and phase constitution) of the different types of nanocrystalline and nanostructured magnets are reviewed. Keywords: nanocrystalline magnets; nanostructured magnets; magnetic hardening; exchange coupling; anisotropy; rare-earth compounds
HELIUM SOLUBILITY, MOBILITY, AND IMPLANTATION EFFECTS IN POTASSIUM BROMIDE.

The solubility and mobility of He in single-crystal KBr has been determined using three methods: (a) permeation, (b) He release after soaking, and (c) ion implantation. Permeation experiments give values for the activation energies of diffusion and permeation of 0.34-0.39 and 0.63 eV, respectively, and a heat of solution of 0.29 eV. Measurements of gas release from crystals implanted with ${10}^{16}$ ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ ions/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at 300 keV yield an activation energy for gas release of \ensuremath{\sim}0.6 eV. The diffusion in the undamaged crystal is interpreted as due to interstitial motion of the He atom. A very low solubility, on the order of ${10}^{14}$ He atoms ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ ${\mathrm{atm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, was determined in the range of 100-200 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, which is believed to be the first measured solubility of a rare gas in an alkali halide. Finally, it is shown that diffusion measurements such as those reported here for an undamaged crystal are insensitive to traps if typical concentrations and reasonable trap depths are used.
Infants and I scales: inferring change from the ordinal stimulus selections of infants for configural stimuli.

Abstract The analysis of I-scale preference orders of 71 infants 2 to 9 months old to four face-like stimuli suggested a common J-scale stimulus ordering for each of the four age groups. Changes in I-scale frequencies were used as a measure of age-related changes in preference orders. Results revealed no change in preference for the age period studied. Together with other data these results suggest an ageinvariant preference for organized face-like forms from at least as early as five weeks through 9 months. This finding is at variance with some theoretical expectations. A Thurstone analysis is provided as a contrast to the J-scale analysis. Assumptions of different data analyses are considered as the basis for varying results reported in the literature.
Real-Time Image Processing for Monitoring of Free Weld Pool Surface

The arc weld pool is always deformed by plasma jet. In a previous study, a novel sensing mechanism was proposed to sense the free weld pool surface. The specular reflection of pulsed laser stripes from the mirror-like pool surface was captured by a CCD camera. The distorted laser stripes clearly depicted the 3D shape of the free pool surface. To monitor and control the welding process, the on-line acquisition of the reflection pattern is required. In this work, the captured image is analyzed to identify the torch and electrode. The weld pool edges are then detected. Because of the interference of the torch and electrode, the acquired pool boundary may be incomplete. To acquire the complete pool boundary, models have been fitted using the edge points. Finally, the stripes reflected from the weld pool are detected. Currently, the reflection pattern and pool boundary are being related to the weld penetration and used to control the weld penetration.
THE HEMODYNAMIC RESPONSE TO HIGH FREQUENCY PARTIAL LIQUID VENTILATION IN THE PRETERM LAMB WITH RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (RDS). † 1469

THE HEMODYNAMIC RESPONSE TO HIGH FREQUENCY PARTIAL LIQUID VENTILATION IN THE PRETERM LAMB WITH RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (RDS). † 1469
Phonon modulation of Stark-cyclotron resonances

Abstract We demonstrate the possibility of oscillations of magnetic peak positions of the Stark-cyclotron resonance due to acoustic phonon scattering in confined superlattices and investigate oscillations of the hopping current in the Wannier–Stark localization regime due to phonon folding and electron Bragg reflection. Manifestation of these effects in recent experiments is discussed.
Cabeza de Vaca's land of maize: an assessment of its agriculture

Abstract The inhabitants of eastern Sonora were reported by the Spaniards to be more populous and culturally more advanced than other groups in northern Mexico and the southern portion of the American Southwest at the time of Spanish contact. They were also reported to have possessed a well developed agricultural complex. In spite of their achievements, the ancient people of this region have been the subject of few studies because of perceived data limitations. Although they are sparse, data are sufficient to reconstruct the agricultural base. Historical documentations, archaeological remains, and ethnographic analogs indicate that these people relied on a variety of cultivars and agricultural techniques. In addition to dry farming maize, beans, and squash, they also double cropped and irrigated through intricate canal systems. With such elaborate practices and techniques, enough was produced to feed a population of nearly 100,000 and to support a culture that was the only one in the region to be at its zenith when the Spaniards arrived.
Coalition Formation in Triads Effects of Liking and Resources

Triads composed of subjects who were previously unacquainted with one another played a coalition game under one of three conditions. In the Liking Only condition, liking among the triad members was manipulated so that some members liked each other more than others, but each member had the same resources in the coalition game. In the Resources Only, condition, the triad members had different resources, but liking was not manipulated. In the Liking and Resources condition, liking was manipulated so that there were differences in the triad members' liking for one another, and the members had different resources in the coalition game. Liking had a significant effect on coalition formation when there were no differences in resources (Liking Only), and resources had a significant effect when there were no differences in liking (Resources Only). But when there were differences in both liking and resources, the effect of liking was overwhelmed and only resources had a significant effect on coalition formation.
Acute Alterations of Body Composition after Open Intracardiac Operations

The body composition of patients with heart disease is acutely altered by surgical intervention. Interrelations and causes of the alterations have not been clear. Twenty patients were studied preoperatively and again 2 to 4 days after open intracardiac operations. In nine, measurements were made of the volumes of total body water, extracellular water, plasma, and red cells, and of the amounts of total exchangeable sodium and potassium. In an additional four patients total exchangeable sodium and potassium were measured, and in another seven only exchangeable sodium was measured. Calculations were made of the intracellular and extracellular distribution of water and potassium. The significant changes (P < 0.05) occurring during the interval between studies were increase in extracellular water (7%), interstitial water (12.5%), and exchangeable sodium (9.4%), decrease in total exchangeable potassium (8.5%) and amount (8.7%), and concentration (6.9%) of calculated intracellular potassium. Uptake of sodium and...
The Ascending Testis and the Testis Undescended Since Birth Share the Same Histopathology

ABSTRACTPurpose: The etiology of the ascending testis is controversial. We propose that ascending testis, defined as a testis previously thought to be descended and later noted to be out of the scrotum, is due to mild hypogonadotropic hypogonadism affecting both testes. The diagnosis of these low types of true undescended testes is difficult to make clinically in children since they are frequently confused with retractile testes. In this study we compared testicular biopsies in a group of boys with ascending testes with those in boys who had an undescended testis since birth (primary undescended testis).Materials and Methods: Between 1985 and 1995, 91 patients with ascending testes underwent orchiopexy and bilateral testis biopsy. The total germ cell count, processus vaginalis status, age at surgery and whether followup was done by a pediatrician or pediatric urologist were compared in patients with ascending and unilateral primary undescended testes.Results: The total germ cell count was similar in the u...
Phosphorylation of guinea pig cardiac natural actomyosin and its effect on ATPase activity

Abstract Guinea pig cardiac natural actomyosin incubated with commercial protein kinase, Mg 2+ -ATP, and cyclic AMP produced little or no change in actomyosin ATPase activity. However, addition of sodium fluoride, a known phosphatase inhibitor resulted in a decreased actomyosin ATPase at all measured calcium concentrations. The presence of phosphatase activity in actomyosin and protein kinase was confirmed with ϱ-nitrophenyl phosphate. These results indicate the importance of inhibiting phosphatase activity, particularly when measuring biological or enzymatic activity as a function of phosphorylation.
Depigmented skin lesions (stripedness) in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

Abstract A pigmentation anomaly appearing as white stripes or spots in one group of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus , was found to be a non-inheritable trait. We suspect, therefore, that the depigmentation was induced by environmental conditions or by a pathogen, but tests for bacterial and viral agents were negative.
Perceived leader integrity and ethical intentions of subordinates

This study examined the relationship between perceived leader integrity, belief in universal moral rules, and employees’ ethical intentions while controlling for socially desirable response tendencies. The results demonstrated that both higher perceived leader integrity and stronger beliefs in universal moral rules were associated with lower intentions to commit unethical acts. More importantly, the results revealed an interaction between perceived leader integrity and belief in universal moral rules. Individuals with a strong belief in universal moral rules exhibited low intentions of committing unethical acts, regardless of the perceived integrity of their leaders. For individuals who do not adhere to a belief in universal moral rules, intention to commit unethical acts decreased as the perceived integrity of the leaders increased.
Geometry of the dry-state oligomerization of 2′,3′-cyclic phosphates

Evaporation of a solution of thymidine plus either theexo or theendo diastereomer of uridine cyclic 2′,3′-O, O-phosphorothioate (U > p(S) in 1,2-diaminoethane hydrochloride buffer gave the 2′,5′ and 3′,5′ isomers of (P-thio) uridylylthymidine (Up(S)dT) in a ratio of 1:2 with a combined yield of about 20%. These isomers were re-converted to U > p(S) and dT by a reaction that is known to proceed by an in-line mechanism. Both the 2′,5′ and 3′,5′ isomers gave as product the same diastereomer of U > p(S) that had been used originally in their formation. These dry-state ‘prebiotic’ reactions (Verlander, Lohrmann, and Orgel 1973) are thus shown to be stereospecific, and both the 2′,5′ and 3′,5′ internucleotide bonds are formed by an in-line mechanism.
Chaos and routes to chaos in coupled Duffing oscillators with multiple degrees of freedom

Abstract New results are reported on the routes to chaos in increasingly complex Duffing oscillator systems, which are formed by coupling several oscillators, thereby increasing the number of degrees of freedom. Other forms of increasing system complexity through distributed excitation, different forcing function phasing, different excitation frequency ratios, and higher order coupling are also studied. Changes in the quantitative aspects of the chaotic regions and in the routes to chaos of complex Duffing systems are investigated by performing numerical simulations. It is shown that the number of chaotic regions in these systems is significantly reduced when compared to the original Duffing system, and that crisis replaces period doubling as the dominant route to chaos when the number of degrees of freedom is increased. A new discovered phenomenon is that chaos emerges in the symmetrically and asymmetrically coupled Duffing oscillators only after the quasi-periodic torus breaks down through a 3-periodic and 2-periodic window, respectively.
Cephalometric norms for Turkish adults with Class I occlusions.

Original Article Basciftci FA, Uysal T, Buyukerkmen A. Craniofacial structure of Anatolian Turkish adults with normal occlusions and well-balanced faces. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2004;125(3):366-72. Level of Evidence C4 Purpose The purpose of this study was to establish ethnic and racial cephalometric normative standards for a Turkish population. Source of Funding Information not available Type of Study/Design Convenience sample
Mice carrying null mutations of the genes encoding insulin-like growth factor I (Igf-1) and type 1 IGF receptor (Igf1r)

Newborn mice homozygous for a targeted disruption of insulin-like growth factor gene (Igf-1) exhibit a growth deficiency similar in severity to that previously observed in viable Igf-2 null mutants (60% of normal birthweight). Depending on genetic background, some of the Igf-1(-/-) dwarfs die shortly after birth, while others survive and reach adulthood. In contrast, null mutants for the Igf1r gene die invariably at birth of respiratory failure and exhibit a more severe growth deficiency (45% normal size). In addition to generalized organ hypoplasia in Igf1r(-/-) embryos, including the muscles, and developmental delays in ossification, deviations from normalcy were observed in the central nervous system and epidermis. Igf-1(-/-)/Igf1r(-/-) double mutants did not differ in phenotype from Igf1r(-/-) single mutants, while in Igf-2(-)/Igf1r(-/-) and Igf-1(-/-)/Igf-2(-) double mutants, which are phenotypically identical, the dwarfism was further exacerbated (30% normal size). The roles of the IGFs in mouse embryonic development, as revealed from the phenotypic differences between these mutants, are discussed.
Transporting a Model Program for Young Handicapped Children: Issues, Problems, and Efficacy

The long-term impact of the Children's Early Assistance Act (PL 90-538) was assessed with regard to the viability of transporting a model early childhood education program from a demonstration site at the University of Illinois to potential replication sites. Follow-up data on replication training efforts of the PEECH Program (Precise Early Education for Children with Handicaps), developed at the University of Illinois, were obtained from all sites (N = 43) that received technical assistance from 1976 to 1982. Data were collected to determine if replication sites could (1) achieve child progress comparable to the University of Illinois demonstration site and (2) continue to implement the PEECH model after a single year of technical assistance. The child progress data from the 1981-82 replication sites showed that similar gains in cognitive/language and social functioning were made in both the demonstration and the replication sites. Long-term follow-up data showed that the PEECH intensive training approac...
Relationship between Selected Values and Perceived Control

The present study related the terminal core values measured by the List of Values with perceived control (as measured by Schulz and Decker in 1985), using data from a stratified random sample of 329 households. All of the values were significantly and positively correlated with perceived control as is consistent with social adaptation theory. Adding perceived control to value-driven behavior models (such as Rosenberg's 1956 one) may improve their predictive ability.
The Effects of Participation in Goal Setting and Goal Rationales on Goal Commitment: An Exploration of Justice Mediators

The interactive effect of participation in goal setting and goal rationales on goal commitment was examined in the present study. Two justice mediation models that might explain these effects were also hypothesized. The results of a laboratory study demonstrated that goal rationales were especially important for increasing goal commitment when goals were assigned rather than participatively set. Support was also found for the role of interactional justice in mediating the effect of goal rationales on goal commitment; however, the hypothesis that procedural justice would mediate the effect of goal participation on goal commitment was not supported.
Vascular access creation and maintenance in the USA

Exponential growth and increasing longevity of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) has resulted in significant ongoing changes in vascular access (VA) planning and management in the United States. There is a positive trend showing an increase in arteriovenous fistula (AVF) prevalence both in incident and prevalent patients and a decrease in tunneled dialysis catheters (TDCs) in prevalent patients. Current surgical training seems to provide adequate exposure to VA and an ample opportunity to develop skills required for safe surgical placement of VA. The prevalent differences in practice patterns suggest a need for standardization of VA care. There is a need for a structured curriculum in VA, which is a critical component in making sound decisions in access planning and management.
A Golden Age for Adhesion

It is 70 years since the embryologist Warren Lewis noted the fundamental importance of adhesion to development and physiological function (Lewis, 1922). He wrote: “Were the various types of cells t...
Expression patterns of Id1, Id2, and Id3 are highly related but distinct from that of Id4 during mouse embryogenesis.

The murine dominant negative helix-loop-helix (dnHLH) proteins inhibit the activities of bHLH transcription factors in diverse cell lineages (Benezra et al. [1990] Cell 61:49–59; Christy et al [1991] Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88:1815–1819; Sun et al [1991] Mol. Cell Biol. 11: 5603–5611; Riechmann et al. [1994] Nucleic Acids Res. 22:749–755). Currently, there are four members in the dnHLH family, Id1, Id2, Id3, and Id4. In this report, we have performed a detailed comparative in situ hybridization analysis to examine their expression pattern during post-gastrulational mouse development. Id1, 2, and 3 are expressed in multiple tissues, whereas Id4 expression can only be detected in neuronal tissues and in the ventral portion of the epithelium of the developing stomach. The regions where Id1–3 genes are expressed, such as gut, lung, kidney, tooth, whisker, and several glandular structures, are undergoing active morphogenetic activities. The expression patterns of Id1, 2, and 3 overlap in many organs, except in the tissues derived from primitive gut. In the latter, Id1 and Id3 signals are detected in the mesenchyme surrounding the epithelium, whereas Id2 is expressed within the epithelium. The difference in the patterns of expressions of Id1–3 and Id4 suggest that the dominant negative transcriptional activity of these two subclasses of the Id family may have different physiological consequences. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The nature of the lowest triplet state of cinnoline

Abstract Cinnoline (1,2-diazanaphthalene) and its 4-methyl derivative are shown to be non-phosphorescent in hydrocarbon rigid glass solvents, but to undergo dramatic phosphorescence activation in hydroxylic rigid glass sovents. These yellow phosphorescences (0,0-bands at 515 nm) are assigned as being of (π, π * ) character owing to their relatively long lifetimes of 0.17 sec for cinnoline and 0.23 sec for 40-methylcinnoline. The lack of phosphorescence for the cinnolines in hydrocarbon solvents is attributed to a fast triplet radiationless decay resulting from the pseudo-Jahn-Teller effect.
The Hidden Persuaders: Then and Now

It has been 50 years since Vance Packard wrote about psychoanalytical techniques employed by the advertising industry in The Hidden Persuaders. This book, published in the post-World War II consumer boom, exposed a mass audience to motivational research at a time when advertisers used new techniques and a new medium. Yet The Hidden Persuaders was highly criticized and became a scapegoat for purportedly promoting subliminal techniques. Nonetheless, the book helped shape public opinion, advertising regulation, and advertising research and practice. This paper provides a historical approach to Packard's contribution and ideas in the context of recent theoretical insights into psychological processing and new persuasion practices.
A role for the immunological synapse in lineage commitment of CD4 lymphocytes

Activation of the naive T-helper lymphocyte (Thp) directs it down one of two major developmental pathways called Th1 and Th2. Signals transmitted by T cell, co-stimulatory and cytokine receptors control Thp lineage commitment but the mechanism by which these signals are integrated remains a mystery. The interferon-gamma (IFNGR) and interleukin 4 (IL-4R) cytokine receptors, in particular, direct the earliest stages of T-helper commitment. Here we report that on engagement of the T-cell receptor (TCR) on Thp cells, rapid co-polarization of IFNGR with the TCR occurs within the developing immunological synapse. Thp cells from the intrinsically Th1-like C57BL/6 mouse strain have significantly more receptor co-polarization than Th2-prone BALB/c Thp cells. Remarkably, in the presence of IL-4, a cytokine required for Th2 differentiation, IFNGR co-polarization with TCR is prevented. This inhibition depends on Stat6, the transcription factor downstream of IL-4R that is required for Th2 differentiation. This cytokine receptor crossregulation provides an explanation for the effect of IL-4 in inhibiting Th1 differentiation. These observations suggest a scenario in which physical co-polarization of critical receptors directs the fate of the naive Thp, and offer a novel function for the immunological synapse in directing cell differentiation. They further suggest a new mechanism of membrane-bound signalling control by the physical disruption of large receptor-rich domains on signalling through a functionally antagonistic receptor.
Exhaust Gas Oxygen Sensors Based on TiO 2 Films

This paper discusses the properties of EGO sensors based on thick Ti02 films. These devices are fabricated by depositing a Ti02 film on an insulating or conducting substrate. In addition to being inherently inexpensive, planar techniques provide flexibility in the fabrication of multicomponent structures incorporating temperature compensation and heating elements. Furthermore, Ti02 film sensors are found to possess faster transient response than available Zr02 and ceramic Ti02 sensors. Results of engine studies of the properties of these new Ti02 sensors will be presented and discussed.
Evidence for mutualism between a flower‐piercing carpenter bee and ocotillo: use of pollen and nectar by nesting bees

Abstract. 1Carpenter bees (Xylocopa californica arizonensis) in west Texas, U.S.A., gather pollen and ‘rob’ nectar from flowers of ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens). When common, carpenter bees are an effective pollen vector for ocotillo. We examined ocotillo's importance as a food source for carpenter bees. 2The visitation rate of carpenter bees to ocotillo flowers in 1988 averaged 0.51 visits/flower/h and was 4 times greater than that of queen bumble bees (Bombus pennsylvanicus sonorus), the next most common visitor. Nectar was harvested thoroughly and pollen was removed from the majority of flowers. Hummingbird visits were rare. 3Pollen grains from larval food provisions were identified from sixteen carpenter bee nests. On average, 53% of pollen grains sampled were ocotillo, 39% were mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), and 8% were Zygophyllaceae (Larrea tridentata or Guaiacum angustifolium). Carpenter bee brood size averaged 5.8 per nest. 4We measured the number of flowers, and production of pollen and nectar per flower by mature ocotillo plants, as well as the quantity of pollen and sugar in larval provisions. An average plant produced enough pollen and nectar sugar to support the growth of eight to thirteen bee larvae. Ocotillo thus has the potential to contribute significantly to population growth of one of its key pollinators. 5Although this carpenter bee species, like others, is a nectar parasite of many plant species, it appears to be engaged in a strong mutualism with a plant that serves as both a pollen and as a nectar source during carpenter bee breeding periods.
The role of analytical SEM in the determination of causation in malignant mesothelioma.

The causative relationship between asbestos exposure and mesothelioma is firmly established. Some information in this regard comes from analysis of the fiber content of lung tissue by means of analytical electron microscopy. The author has had the opportunity to study the lung asbestos content of 396 cases of mesothelioma, including 28 peritoneal cases, by means of analytical scanning electron microscopy. The highest fiber levels occurred in patients who also had asbestosis, which was found in 12% of pleural and 43% of peritoneal cases. Elevated tissue asbestos content was identified in 87% of pleural and 75% of peritoneal cases. Peritoneal cases that are asbestos related have on average a higher lung fiber burden than pleural cases. Mesotheliomas in women have elevated tissue asbestos content in about 60% of cases, and many of these had a history of exposure as a household contact of an asbestos worker. The main fiber type identified in our series was amphibole, predominantly amosite. These fibers have b...
Sex Education and the Reduction of Adolescent Pregnancies: Prospects for the 1980s:

Pregnancy risk is conceptualized as the frequency of unprotected sexual intercourse among adolescents, and therefore can be reduced only by reducing the frequency or likelihood of sexual activity or improving the effectiveness of contraceptive behavior among those who are sexually active. It is argued that formidable barriers continue to undermine the attempts of sex education programs' to reduce pregnancy risk among adolescents. Four barriers are discussed: (1) adolescents who intend to become pregnant due to untenable family situations or unful-filled affectional and attachment needs, (2) variable rates of adolescent cognitive growth and development which may be out of phase with contemporary modes of sexuality and contraceptive education, (3) sex role structures of adolescent couples which, in a traditional mode, encourage precocious sexual activity and inhibit effective contraceptive behavior, and (4) lack of parental knowledge, understanding, and support in regard to providing information on human se...
EVALUATION OF INTERCOSTAL PACING TO PROVIDE ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION IN QUADRIPLEGICS

The purpose of this study was to assess the utility of intercostal muscle pacing by spinal cord stimulation (SCS) to provide artificial ventilation in ventilator-dependent quadriplegic patients. Five ventilator-dependent quadriplegics with phrenic nerve injury (and therefore not candidates for phrenic nerve pacing) were studied. During an initial surgical procedure, a quadripolar epidural disc electrode was positioned on the ventral portion of the upper thoracic spinal cord via a hemilaminectomy and subsequently connected to a radio-frequency receiver implanted subcutaneously over the anterior rib cage. In four of the five patients, initial SCS stimulation resulted in inspired volumes between 150 and 240 ml. Stimulation resulted in no effect in one patient, due to probable cystic degeneration of the thoracic spinal cord. Reconditioning of the intercostal muscles caused substantial increases in inspired volume in three of four patients of 670 to 850 ml. In one patient, reconditioning resulted in a much sma...
Tracking a Global Academic Revolution.

A global revolution has been taking place in higher education during the past half-century that is at least as dramatic as the one that happened when the German research model fundamentally changed...
Regulation of reactive oxygen species by p53: implications for nitric oxide-mediated apoptosis.

Nitric oxide (NO) induces vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) apoptosis in part through activation of p53. Traditionally, p53 has been thought of as the gatekeeper, determining if a cell should unde...
Electrophile-mediated cyclizations of 6-O-benzyl-1,2-di- deoxy-3,4-O-isopropylidene-d-ribo-hex-1-enitol to derivatives of 2,5-anhydro-6-O-benzyl-3,4-O-isopropylidene-d-altro-hexitol

Abstract Electrophile (bromine, iodine, mercuric acetate, mercuric trifluoroacetate, phenylselenyl chloride)-mediated cyclization of 6- O -benzyl-1,2-dideoxy-3,4- O - isopropylidene- d - ribo -hex-1-enitol ( 2 ) led exclusively to 1-substituted derivatives of 2,5-anhydro-6- O -benzyl-3,4- O -isopropylidene- d - altro -hexitol ( 3 ). The synthesis of alkene 2 , together with mechanistic and stereochemical aspects of its cyclization to derivatives of hexitol 3 are discussed.
A test of the effectiveness of intermittent photic stimulation on hypnotic performance

Abstract An attempt was made to confirm the previously reported finding of Hammer and Arkins (1964) of a significantly greater improvement in hypnotic performance as a result of 11 cps intermittent photic stimulation than with frequencies outside the range of EEG alpha activity. Using the Brain Wave Synchronizer, three groups of Ss were given stimulation at 5 cps, 11 cps, and 30 cps. Tests of hypnotic performance were made during stimulation, immediately after stimulation, and a week or more later. No evidence of frequency-specific effect was obtained, and the original finding was considered not confirmed.
Factors Influencing the Growth of Glaucoma chattoni in a Chemically Defined Medium

SYNOPSIS. Glaucoma chattoni strain A has been grown in the chemically defined medium previously used for Colpidium campylum and Tetrahymena pyriformis. It was necessary to modify the amino acid, nucleotide and other components of the medium in order to obtain optimum growth. The modified medium contained 17 amino acids, nucleic acid components, fatty acids, stigmasterol, sodium acetate, a mixture of B-vitamins and several inorganic salts.
The effects of racial self-esteem on the personal self-esteem of black youth

Abstract Much debate has been generated in the literature concerning reasons for positive black self-esteem findings. Although some contradiction is found in the literature, findings on black self-esteem suggest a shift to more positive self-images among blacks during the 1970s. This study investigates the relationship between personal and racial self-esteem. These data support the theoretical linkage of racial and personal self-esteem. A positive correlation was found between personal self-esteem and racial self-esteem for black youth in this study.
X-ray-induced specific-locus mutations in the ad-3 region of two-component heterokaryons of Neurospora crassa. X. Heterozygous effects of multilocus deletion mutations of genotype ad-3A or ad-3B.

Abstract Previous studies on X-ray-induced irreparable adenine-3 mutants (designated ad-3 IR ), induced in heterokaryon 12 of Neurospora crassa , showed that they were not recessive, and that they demonstrated heterozygous effects in terms of markedly reduced linear growth rates as compared with a wild-type control (de Serres, 1965, 1988). Homology tests on X-ray-induced irreparable mutants showed that they map, in the main part, as a series of overlapping multilocus deletions that extend both proximally and distally into the immediately adjacent genetic regions, as well as into the “X” region (a region of unknown, but essential, function) between ad-3A and ad-3B (de Serres, 1969, 1989a). Studies on a larger sample of X-ray-induced multilocus deletion mutations of genotype ( ad-3A ) IR or ( ad-3R ) IR (de Serres et al., 1992) demonstrated that heterozygous effects are allele specific and that there was no correlation with genotype, radiation does or complementation map position. Furthermore, the heterozygous effects of multilocus deletions in the ad-3 region can be modified genetically and biochemically (de Serres and Miller, 1988). In the present paper, the heterozygous effects of X-ray-induced gene/point mutations of genotype ad-3A R or ad-3B R , induced in heterokaryon 12 (Webber and de Serres, 1965; de Serres, 1988, 1989a), were determined. The studies presented in this paper show that 8.1% (3/37) of X-ray-induced ad-3A R mutations exhibit heterozygous effects in terms of reduced linear growth rates in forced dikaryons with a gene/point mutant at the ad-3B locus, and 10.8% (4/37) in forced dikaryons with a multilocus deletion mutation covering the ad-3B locus. In addition, 24.3% (9/37) of ad-3A R mutations exhibit heterozygous effects in terms of enhanced linear growth rates in forced dikaryons with a gene/point mutant at the ad-3B locus. Similar studies with X-ray-induced ad-3B R mutations showed that 54.9% (28/51) exhibit heterozygous effects in terms of reduced growth rates in forced dikaryons with a gene/point mutant at the ad-3A locus and 100.0% (48/48) in forced dikaryons with a multilocus deletion covering the ad-3A locus. These studies have also shown that about a 13-fold higher percentage of X-ray-induced multiple-locus mutations of genotype ad -3 A R + RL CL have heterozygous effects resulting in reduced growth rates than X-ray-induced single-locus mutations of genotype ad-3A R . The overall data base on X-ray-induced ad-3 gene/point mutations in the present studies demonstrates that heterozygous effects are allele specific, genotype specific, and locus specific. In conclusion, there are probably a variety of mechanisms for the heterozygous effects of individual alleles at different genetic loci.
Genomic potential in mammals.

Abstract Embryos of amphibians, fish, sheep, cattle, swine and rabbits have been multiplied by nuclear transfer. Successful nuclear transfer in these species has been accomplished by transfer of a blastomere from a late stage embryo into an enucleated oocyte or egg with large scale multiplication achieved by serial repetition of the procedure using blastomeres from nuclear transfer embryos. This allows the production of colonel lines, which when appropriately selected for performance in a given trait, can be reproduced to capture in the offspring expression of both additive and nonadditive inheritance. The efficiency of producing offspring from nuclear transfer is low in mammals in both frequency of morula or blastocyst produced and maintenance of pregnancy after embryo transfer. In domestic animals the largest number of offspring from one embryo has been eight calves. Embryos as late as the 64-cell stage in cattle and 120-cell blastocyst in sheep have been used successfully as donors of blastomeres. Recloning has also been done in cattle. Potentially, nuclear transfer provides a mechanism for multiplication and production testing of clonal lines, a method for rapid genetic improvement and a means for rapid propagation of a selected genotype.
A wing-jet interaction theory for USB configurations

The aerodynamic interaction between the wing and an inviscid upper-surface blowing (USB) thick jet with Mach number nonuniformity is treated within the framework of a linear inviscid subsonic compressible flow theory. A two-vortex-sheet model for the jet surface is used to represent the induced flowfields inside and outside the jet. Comparison of the predicted results with experimental data shows good agreement in lift, induced drag, and pitching moment. It is shown that the thin jet flap theory is inadequate for USB configurations with thick jet.
Multiple stable integrals of Banach-valued functions

This paper extends results of Samorodnitsky and Szulga(15) to separable Banach spacesS of Rademacher-typep≥1. Let $$I_n (f) = \smallint _{R^n } f(x_1 ,...,x_n )M(dx_1 ) \cdots M(dx_n )$$ be an integral of ordern with respect to a symmetric α-stable random measureM, α<p, with a Radon control measurem, and letf:Rn→S be a symmetric deterministic function vanishing on the diagonals. If ‖f‖ satisfies a given integrability condition, theIn(f) is well defined and $$P(||I_n (f)|| > \lambda ) \sim C_{\alpha ,n} (f) \lambda ^{ - \alpha } (\ln \lambda )^{n - 1} $$ as λ→∞. In the casen=2 andS=R, the integrability condition reduces to the known necessary and sufficient condition of Rosinski and Woyczynski(13) and Kwapien and Woyczynski.(16) The paper concludes with some applications.
Behavior-based stigmergic navigation

We propose a new approach for navigating people in a ubiquitous computing environment by using digital pheromone trails, similar to ants being led by pheromones to a food source. Unlike ants, humans can use their intelligence in selecting routes. Our idea is to compile such intelligence by accumulating the history of people's rational behaviors and leaving this history as digital pheromones in the environment for later use. In simulations of navigation services, we found that the original ant colony optimization (ACO), which is a metaheuristic based on the foraging activity of ants, does not completely fit our purpose. Therefore, two modifications were made to the original ACO. Our simulation results show that people can be successfully navigated by simulated services implemented using these modified ACOs.
Multispectral In-situ Measurements of Organic Matter and Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Seawater: Documenting the Intrusion of the Mississippi River Plume in the West Florida Shelf

We performed multispectral in-situ fluorescence measurement of colored dissolved organic matter and chlorophyll in surface water of the West Florida Shelf using West Labs Spectral absorption and Fluorescence Instrument (SAFIre). Continuous measurements underway allowed us to simultaneously map the dispersion of riverine organic material and chlorophyll on the shelf. By using two fluorescence emission ratios we were able to differentiate between riverine and marine CDOM. Our data also showed unusually high concentrations of CDOM offshore. These were attributed to an intrusion of the Mississippi River Plume. We performed limited comparisons between in-situ chlorophyll concentrations measured with SAFIre and chlorophyll values obtained from SeaWiFS satellite data using OC4 and MODIS algorithm. Our results show that, although both algorithms overestimated chlorophyll, MODIS performed better than OC4, particularly in areas with high CDOM concentrations. Analysis of the relationship between chlorophyll and CDOM concentrations within the study area showed regional variability causes by differences in river source.
The process of evolutionary migration in species of Selaginella

The variation in three species ofSelaginella that occur in areas south and north of glaciated and periglacial regions is analysed. In each species the southern populations are more variable than the northern ones. These geographic patterns of variation are related to post-Wisconsin climatic changes and to the northward migration of each species. The geographic differentiation and migration of the species are seen as related phenomena. The concept of evolutionary migra tion-the operation of natural selection and of migration in mutually supportive roles-is discussed and applied to the examples inSelaginella. The possible broad significance of the process of evolutionary migration in floras directly under the influence of Wisconsin and post-Wisconsin environments is indicated.
Public Speaking Apprehension (PSA), Motivation, and Affect among Accounting Majors: A Proof‐of‐Concept Intervention

ABSTRACT: The importance of public speaking (PS) skills to professional accounting success motivates improving students' self‐perceptions of these skills. In addition, evidence of higher levels of public speaking apprehension (PSA) among accounting majors makes understanding and working with students' affective (emotive) reactions to PS critical to their future success. In three studies, we design and implement an intervention based on principles from self‐determination theory (SDT) and motivational interviewing (MI). Its purpose is to improve students' PSA and PS motivation; it includes substantive PS instruction, dialogues, nonjudgmental feedback, and interpersonal support. The results of the three “proof‐of‐concept” interventions (Study 1, n = 23; Study 2, n = 14; Study 3, n = 36) suggest improvements in students' perceptions of their PS cognition, motivation, and affect. Despite the limitations of self'reported measures and exclusively graduate participants, the results suggest that (1) the interventi...
Open-Label, parallel-group, multicenter, randomized study of cefprozil versus erythromycin in children with group A streptococcal pharyngitis/tonsillitis.

Abstract Background: Cefprozil and erythromycin are acceptable alternatives to penicillin in the treatment of pharyngitis/tonsillitis due to group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS). Objective: The purpose of this trial was to determine the relative efficacy and tolerability of cefprozil and erythromycin in the treatment of pediatric pharyngitis/tonsillitis due to GABHS. Methods: This trial compared the bacteriologic and clinical efficacy of erythromycin and cefprozil in children 2 to 12 years of age with culture-documented GABHS pharyngitis/tonsillitis. Children who were allergic to penicillin, cefprozil, or erythromycin were excluded. Patients were prospectively randomly assigned to receive 10 days of oral therapy with either cefprozil suspension 15 mg/kg per day in 2 divided doses or erythromycin ethylsuccinate suspension 30 mg/kg per day in 3 divided doses. Primary efficacy end points were bacteriologic and clinical response 2 to 8 days after treatment ended. The frequency and severity of adverse events and their relationship to treatment were also assessed. Results: A total of 199 patients were enrolled and treated (cefprozil, 99; erythromycin, 100); 12 patients in the cefprozil group and 15 in the erythromycin group were not evaluable. The GABHS eradication rate was significantly higher with cefprozil (95%) than with erythromycin (74%) ( P = 0.001). The posttreatment carrier rate was lower in the cefprozil group (5%) than in the erythromycin group (18%) (95% CI, −22.3 to −3.8). Clinical cure rate was 90% (78/87) with cefprozil and 91% (77/85) with erythromycin ( P = 0.95) (treatment group difference, −0.93; 95% CI, −9.9% to 8.0%). The overall incidence of drug-related adverse events was not significantly different in the 2 groups (11% with cefprozil, 18% with erythromycin). The most common adverse events were diarrhea and vomiting. Two patients in the erythromycin group discontinued therapy because of adverse events. Conclusions: The bacteriologic eradication rate was significantly greater with cefprozil compared with erythromycin in children with pharyngitis/tonsillitis. Both cefprozil and erythromycin produced a clinical cure in > 90% of patients.
Effects of terfenadine on psychomotor performance. An overview.

Sedation and impairment of psychomotor performance are well known adverse effects of the traditional antihistamines. These effects appear to be caused by different mechanisms, but both may have potentially dangerous consequences. While several of the newer antihistamines, such as terfenadine, have overcome the problem of sedation, it is also important to establish their propensity to cause psychomotor impairment.
MAO’S ROLE IN THE KOREAN CONFLICT: A REVISION

AbstractIn October 1950, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) was only one year old, and the Beijing regime faced daunting tasks of regime consolidation and economic reconstruction. Thus, the CIA consistently predicted that China would not enter the Korean War, even if the United States crossed the 38th parallel. Acting on the CIA’s prediction, US forces invaded North Korea on October 8, 1950. China proved the CIA’s analysis wrong by sending masses of troops into Korea late in October, pushing the US force back south of the 38th parallel before the end of 1950. This article uncovers historical evidence to revise the existing literature on the topic of the Chinese intervention in Korea. Why did China intervene despite all the odds against Beijing? This study demonstrates the historical role of “agents,” that is, individual with various personal attributes. By using newly available sources from China and Russia as well as a new interpretation, this article breaks new ground on a significant topic in the fie...
The uniform box product

The uniform box product problem is a weakening of the wellknown box product problem, which asks whether box products of certain compact spaces are normal or even paracompact. Using uniformities, a new topology on products is defined between the box and Tychonov topologies. This new product, called the uniform box product, is a extension of the sup metric to powers of compact spaces. We investigate a certain non-metrizable compact space whose uniform box product, in ZFC, is normal, countably paracompact and collectionwise Hausdorff.