cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple-defect diagnosis for Logic Characterization Vehicles

Previous work on the Carnegie Mellon Logic Characterization Vehicle (CM-LCV) has emphasized the diagnosability properties of a specific class of regular circuits called functional unit block arrays (FUB arrays). This paper describes a multiple-defect, two-level diagnosis procedure that leverages these unique properties of the FUB array to significantly improve diagnosis. This custom diagnosis procedure is implemented and evaluated against commercial diagnosis using a simulated fault-injection experiment involving pairs of injected faults. Custom diagnosis is accurate in 98.2% of the simulations with resolution of at most five for 94.1% of the simulations, improving upon the commercial results of 70.7% accurate and 85.0% with the same level of resolution.
Effects of Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) on exercise-induced oxidative stress, muscle damage, and pain following a half-marathon: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

Oxidative stress and muscle damage occur during exhaustive bouts of exercise, and many runners report pain and soreness as major influences on changes or breaks in training regimens, creating a barrier to training persistence. Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) is a sulfur-based nutritional supplement that is purported to have pain and inflammation-reducing effects. To investigate the effects of MSM in attenuating damage associated with physical exertion, this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated the effects of MSM supplementation on exercise-induced pain, oxidative stress and muscle damage. Twenty-two healthy females (n = 17) and males (n = 5) (age 33.7 ± 6.9 yrs.) were recruited from the 2014 Portland Half-Marathon registrant pool. Participants were randomized to take either MSM (OptiMSM®) (n = 11), or a placebo (n = 11) at 3 g/day for 21 days prior to the race and for two days after (23 total). Participants provided blood samples for measurement of markers of oxidative stress, and completed VAS surveys for pain approximately one month prior to the race (T0), and at 15 min (T1), 90 min (T2), 1 Day (T3), and 2 days (T4) after race finish. The primary outcome measure 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanine (8-OHdG) measured oxidative stress. Secondary outcomes included malondialdehyde (MDA) for oxidative stress, creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as measures of muscle damage, and muscle (MP) and joint pain (JP) recorded using a 100 mm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Data were analyzed using repeated and multivariate ANOVAs, and simple contrasts compared post-race time points to baseline, presented as mean (SD) or mean change (95% CI) where appropriate. Running a half-marathon induced significant increases in all outcome measures (p 0.05) and T4 by −0.57 ng/mL (−1.27–0.13 CI, p > 0.05). MDA increased significantly at T1 by 7.3 μM (3.9–10.7 CI, p 10 mm) reductions in both muscle and joint pain. Participation in a half-marathon was associated with increased markers of oxidative stress, muscle damage, and pain. MSM supplementation was not associated with a decrease from pre-training levels of oxidative stress or muscle damage associated with an acute bout of exercise. MSM supplementation attenuated post-exercise muscle and joint pain at clinically, but not statistically significant levels.
Linguistic Validation of Interactive Educational Interventions in Neurologic Trauma

Background Neurological surgeons oftentimes educate patients and their families on complex medical conditions and treatment options. Time constraints and varied linguistic and cultural backgrounds limit the amount of information that can be disbursed. In this study, we assessed the linguistic validity of interactive educational interventions in non-English-speaking patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and concussion and their families. Methods A total of 273 English-, Spanish-, Korean-, and Vietnamese-speaking neurotrauma patients ( n =124) and family members ( n =149) completed a presurvey to evaluate their incipient understanding, interacted with an iPad-based iBook (Apple) on concussion or TBI in their native language, completed a postsurvey to gauge changes in understanding, and then consulted with their neurosurgeon. Results All participants (124 patients and 149 family members) had significantly increased (95% confidence interval [CI], P P P P Conclusions Interactive iBook-based interventions on concussion and TBI can increase participants' comprehension, improve their comfort with their medical condition and the follow-up care, and enhance communication with their physicians. These findings are linguistically valid irrespective of the participants' native language or cultural background.
Kindergarten Teacher Buy-In for Standards-Based Reforms: A Dynamic Interplay Between Professional Identity and Perceptions of Control

Political and societal pressures are influencing kindergarten teachers and their classroom practices on a national level. Teachers’ receptivity to reforms depends to a large degree on their buy-in ...
Parallel- und Vektorrechnen

Anfang der siebziger Jahre erschienen die ersten Rechner auf dem Markt, die aus einer Anzahl getrennter Prozessoren bestanden, die parallel zueinander arbeiten konnten oder uber Hardwareinstruktionen fur Vektoroperationen verfugten. Den zuerst genannten Rechnertyp werden wir im folgenden als Parallelrechner, den zuletzt genannten als Vektorrechner bezeichnen.
How is Inorganic Arsenic Detoxified

Publisher Summary Arsenate is reduced to arsenite enzymatically by arsenate reductase and nonenzymatically by GSH. An early step in the detoxification appears to be the formation of the Gailer compound, seleno-bis(S-glutathionyl) arsinium ion, which is rapidly formed and excreted in the bile. Arsenite-binding proteins initially may prevent or enhance the accumulation of toxic levels of arsenite. As these binding sites become saturated, the arsenite may be released for methylation, a biotransformation process that results in the increase of urinary arsenic (As). Methylation of As species can occur via SAM and methyltransferases and/or nonenzymatically with methylvitamin B 12 , GSH, and selenite. Methylation by the methylvitamin B 12 system has been shown in vitro only. The substrate for DMA production appears to be MMA III . The lack of methyltransferases in many primates strongly indicates that methylation may not be the primary detoxification pathway for Asi. In fact, the environmental protection agency classifies dimethylarsinic acid, the final urinary metabolite for As in humans, as a probable human carcinogen. The determination of the amino acid sequences of the As methyltransferases needs to be accomplished so that gene probes can be constructed to better study As methyltransferase polymorphism, as it is related to the various responses of people to Asi.
Abstract 1157: Genetic Loss of N-sulfation of Heparan Sulfate Alters Post-Golgi Trafficking of MCP-1 and Remodeling of the Vessel Wall in Response to Injury

Background: Heparan sulfate proteoglycans act as co-receptors for a number of chemokines that are integral to the process of vascular remodeling in response to injury. Heparan sulfate sulfation plays a critical role in conferring specificity to chemokine binding and activity. Previous data from our laboratory demonstrated that wire injury in femoral artery of wild type mice induced a 20 fold increase at 14 days and 40 fold increase at 28 days in N-deactylase/N-sulfotransferase-1 (NDST1) transcript, an enzyme catalyzing the initial N-sulfation of HS side chains. Hypothesis: Alterations in heparan sulfate sulfation would disrupt chemokine binding and influence vascular remodeling in the setting of injury. To test our hypothesis we established a genetic mouse model in which NDST1 was deleted in smooth muscle cells using a crelox approach (smMHCcre/eGFP/NDST1flox). Results: Characterization of this model exhibited a significant decrease in NDST1 mRNA and in the ratio of mono-N-sulfated/unsulfated disaccharides (control 0.45 ± 0.02 vs smMHCcre/eGFP/NDST1flox 0.22 ± 0.02, n = 4, p Conclusion: NDST1 insufficiency in vascular smooth muscle cells leads to reduction in neointimal lesion formation and disruption in MCP-1 trafficking in response to injury. These findings provide early genetic evidence that HS sulfation is critical for chemokine distribution in the vessel wall in response to injury.
Accelerating Sustainability with Lean Leadership

The need for enterprises to fulfill the call for sustainability responsibilities is evident in all sectors, such as with green production and service processes, concurrent engineering (Felder n.d.), cradle-to-cradle design and triple bottom line strategy, design and performance (McDonough and Braungart in Cradle to cradle: Rethinking the way we make things. North Point, New York, 2002a, b). The Fourth Industrial Revolution, known as Industry 4.0, provides advanced technological assistance, ranging from the Internet of Things to the Digital Twin to Artificial Intelligence, all with hopes of eliminating waste and increasing sustainability of the organization and the planet. These technological innovations are providing a platform for enterprise transformation. However, few of the aspirations of the innovations and disruptors driven by machine and technical systems will be possible in the next decades if the needs of the human systems of organizations are not leveraged in a congruent way through a System of Systems perspective. The past failures of not comprehending the complexities of the human system interfaces with machines and technology provide a clear roadmap as to where organizations cannot afford to travel in the future (Amen et al. in Mechanical engineering 133(12), 2011).
Expression of the C-Fos Gene During Differentiation

Retroviruses cause tumors in experimental animals via a number of diverse mechanisms. One group of viruses induces transformation by introduction of a viral gene (v-onc) derived from a normal cellular gene (c-onc) (1–3). In general, acquisition of the c-onc gene is accompanied by various alterations, including single base changes and deletions, and fusions with other cellular or viral genes (4). The oncogenes which have been isolated from viruses number about twenty, of which the majority are, or are related to, genes encoding bonafide protein tyrosine kinases (2,4,5). the function of another group of genes, including fos, myb, myc and ski, is not determined, but their localization in the nucleus suggests that they may play a role in control of gene expression.
Investigating fine particulate matter sources in Salt Lake City during persistent cold air pool events

Abstract During wintertime, Salt Lake City experiences periods of high-pressure atmospheric stagnation that leads to prolonged periods with stable atmospheric boundary layers (ABL) due to the unique orography of the region. These atmospheric conditions typically lead to persistent cold air pool (PCAP) events, where the stable ABL remains over several days, degrading air quality in the Salt Lake Valley. In this work, we applied novel source apportionment methods to identify sources that were the greatest contributors to elevated secondary PM2.5 concentrations during PCAP events in winter 2007. A source-oriented modeling approach that relies on emissions inventory data (i.e., source-specific data) was utilized for source characterization. A correction was applied to chemical transport model (CTM) outputs to improve the estimates of source contributions to secondary PM2.5 components (organic carbon, nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium). As a result, gasoline vehicles (25%), natural gas combustion (21%), and other sources (29%) were identified as the largest sources of nitrate, which was the dominant aerosol component during the PCAP periods ([NO3−]max = 37.5 μg m−3). Further, receptor-oriented source apportionment modeling was conducted using the chemical mass balance method with gas constraints (CMB-GC) with location-specific, mathematically optimized PM2.5 source profiles to examine the multi-year trend in PCAP pollution. These optimized profiles were enhanced by integrating the initial guess profiles with CTM results and observations. CMB-GC was applied for the period 2007–2015 at an urban monitor, and the use of seasonally varying optimized source profiles improved results by resolving more mass than when using static source profiles, increasing the predicted-observed PM2.5 mass ratio from 0.91 to 1.03. The averaged biomass burning impacts exhibited the most significant change, increasing from an average of 0.85 to 1.87 μg m−3 when using the static profiles and the optimized profiles, respectively. The static and optimized CMB-GC results were similar for secondary components but differed slightly for mobile impacts. Stratification of PCAP vs. non-PCAP CMB-GC source impacts revealed that the dominant sources of PM2.5 varied under the two meteorological conditions.
Big Data: Destroyer of Informed Consent

The ‘Revised Common Rule’ took effect on January 21, 2019, marking the first change since 2005 to the federal regulation that governs human subjects research conducted with federal support or in federally supported institutions. The Common Rule had required informed consent before researchers could collect and use identifiable personal health information. While informed consent is far from perfect, it is and was the gold standard for data collection and use policies; the standard in the old Common Rule served an important function as the exemplar for data collection in other contexts. Unfortunately, true informed consent seems incompatible with modern analytics and ‘Big Data’. Modern analytics hold out the promise of finding unexpected correlations in data; it follows that neither the researcher nor the subject may know what the data collected will be used to discover. In such cases, traditional informed consent in which the researcher fully and carefully explains study goals to subjects is inherently impossible. In response, the Revised Common Rule introduces a new, and less onerous, form of “broad consent” in which human subjects agree to as varied forms of data use and re-use as researchers’ lawyers can squeeze into a consent form. Broad consent paves the way for using identifiable personal health information in modern analytics. But these gains for users of modern analytics come with side-effects, not least a substantial lowering of the aspirational ceiling for other types of information collection, such as in commercial genomic testing. Continuing improvements in data science also cause a related problem, in that data thought by experimenters to have been de-identified (and thus subject to more relaxed rules about use and re-use) sometimes proves to be re-identifiable after all. The Revised Common Rule fails to take due account of real re-identification risks, especially when DNA is collected. In particular, the Revised Common Rule contemplates storage and re-use of so-called de-identified biospecimens even though these contain DNA that might be re-identifiable with current or foreseeable technology. Defenders of these aspects of the Revised Common Rule argue that ‘data saves lives.’ But even if that claim is as applicable as its proponents assert, the effects of the Revised Common Rule will not be limited to publicly funded health sciences, and its effects will be harmful elsewhere.
Mobile health applications for atrial fibrillation: A readability and quality assessment

Abstract Background Mobile health applications may improve patient education and self-care for a complex condition such as atrial fibrillation (AF). Little is known about the accessibility of mobile health applications (“apps”) and their readability. We evaluated the readability and quality of available apps for AF. Methods We searched the Apple and Google Play app stores with the terms “atrial fibrillation” and “afib.” We downloaded English-language apps (up to n = 100 for each term) and categorized them by name, App store, cost, content, uploading agency (heath care associated [HCA] versus non-HCA), target audience (health care professional [HCP] versus non-HCP), scientific validity (i.e., citation of peer-reviewed or validated medical information), and user ratings. We analyzed the text of apps intended for a non-HCP target audience for readability with 10 established measures. Results Of the 206 downloaded apps, 50.5% were excluded as unrelated to AF, inaccessible, or non-English language. The majority of apps contained information about AF (63.2% Apple, 52.2% Google Play) and AF detection (52.6% Apple, 56.5% Google Play). A minority of non-HCP apps contained scientifically validated content (Apple, 15.8%; Google Play, 13.0%; P = NS). App mean readability was grade 12.1 ± 2.6. Conclusions Most AF apps lacked scientific validation and were written at excessively high reading-grade levels. Our results suggest caution with mobile health apps, particularly for users with limited health literacy. There is potential opportunity for a multi-disciplinary effort by regulatory agencies, healthcare organizations, and app stores to improve relevance, scientific validity, and readability of AF apps for patients with this complex and morbid disease.
Formation of single-walled carbon nanotube-ruthenium nanoparticles in ethanol upon microwave radiation

Abstract In this work, an environmentally friendly microwave method was employed to rapidly synthesize a single-walled carbon nanotube-Ru nanoparticle (SWCNT-Ru) catalyst utilizing ethanol as the reducing agent. In general, the SWCNT-Ru nanoparticle catalyst facilitated the degradation of Congo red dye solutions, of both low and high concentrations, within eight minutes at room temperature, and possessed great recoverability and reusability properties. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) analysis of the SWCNT-Ru nanoparticle catalyst, which was synthesized with 0.05 wt% RuCl3 in ethanol, revealed highly dispersed Ru nanoparticles of the averaged size of 2.0 nm ± 0.5 nm onto the single-walled carbon nanotube bundles. Raman spectroscopy analysis indicated that there was no alteration to the nanotube structural framework upon the formation of the Ru nanoparticles. UV–Visible spectroscopy analysis indicated that the electronic properties of both smaller and larger diameters of SWCNTs were altered upon the coordination of the Ru nanoparticles. In addition, studies showed that when using ethanol as a reducing agent, concentrations of the RuCl3 salt must remain below 0.10 wt% to facilitate the production of Ru nanoparticles with efficient catalytic properties.
Active and Student-Centered Teaching and Learning Methods in International Studies at the University of Miami

This paper explores the value of student-centered “in context” learning in IS programs. It evaluates application of and key benefits of different hands-on activities such as debates, geopolitical simulations, negotiations and role play. Building on the existing literature, it describes the active learning techniques we have adopted for introductory undergraduate IS courses at the University of Miami. The debates and simulations, which find students working collaboratively in teams, are structured to meet clear learning outcomes. These techniques concurrently provide a student-centered classroom setting that we find conducive to more effective learning of International Relations theory and to greater understanding of complex global problems. The paper further explores how to best relate these student-centered teaching strategies with “outside the classroom” capstone and internship experiences. We envision our paper promoting dialogue consistent with the conference workshop themes and objectives.
Safety and Outcomes of Permanent and Retrievable Inferior Vena Cava Filters in the Oncology Population.

Background The role for inferior vena cava (IVC) filters in the oncology population is poorly defined. Objectives Our primary endpoint was to determine the rate of filter placement in cancer patients without an absolute contraindication to anticoagulation and the rate of recurrent VTE after filter placement in both retrievable and permanent filter groups. Patients/. Methods A single-institution, retrospective study of patients with active malignancies and acute VTE who received a retrievable or permanent IVC filter between 2009-2013. Demographics and outcomes were confirmed on independent chart review. Cost data were obtained using Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes. Results 179 patients with retrievable filters and 207 patients with permanent filters were included. Contraindication to anticoagulation was the most cited reason for filter placement; however, only 76% of patients with retrievable filters and 69% of patients with permanent filters had an absolute contraindication to anticoagulation. 20% of patients with retrievable filters and 24% of patients with permanent filters had recurrent VTE. The median time from filter placement to death was 8.9 and 3.2 months in the retrievable and permanent filter groups, respectively. The total cost of retrievable filters and permanent filters was $2,883,389 and $3,722,688, respectively. Conclusions The role for IVC filters in cancer patients remains unclear as recurrent VTE is common and time from filter placement to death is short. Filter placement is costly and has a clinically significant complication rate, especially for retrievable filters. More data from prospective, randomized trials are needed to determine the utility of IVC filters in cancer patients.
A multiplex CRISPR interference tool for virulence gene interrogation in an intracellular pathogen

In the absence of target cleavage, catalytically inactive dCas9 imposes transcriptional gene repression by sterically precluding RNA polymerase activity at a given gene to which it was directed by CRISPR (cr)RNAs. This gene silencing technology, referred to as CRISPR interference (CRISPRi), has been employed in various bacterial species to interrogate genes, mostly individually or in pairs. Here, we developed a multiplex CRISPRi platform in the pathogen Legionella pneumophila capable of silencing up to ten genes simultaneously. Constraints on precursor-crRNA expression by Rho-dependent transcription termination were overcome by combining a strong processive promoter with a boxA element upstream of a repeat/spacer array. Using crRNAs directed against virulence protein-encoding genes, we demonstrated that CRISPRi is fully functional not only during growth in axenic media, but also during macrophage infection, and that gene depletion by CRISPRi fully recapitulated the growth defect of deletion strains. Importantly, by altering the position of crRNA-encoding spacers within the repeat/spacer array, our platform achieved the gradual depletion of targets that was mirrored by the severity in phenotypes. Multiplex CRISPRi thus holds great promise for probing large sets of genes in bulk in order to decipher virulence strategies of L. pneumophila and other bacterial pathogens.
Proliferation and differentiation of human myeloid leukemic cells in immunodeficient mice: electron microscopy and cytochemistry

To study the influence of a biologic environment on cultured human leukemia cells, KG-1, KG-1a, and HL-60 cells were inoculated subcutaneously into newborn nude mice. The cells developed myelosarcomas at the site of inoculation and in lungs and kidneys. KG-1 and HL-60 myelosarcomas were successfully passaged through adult nude mice, whereas KG-1a tumors proliferated only after transplantation into newborn hosts. The human nature of the cells forming myelosarcomas in mice was assessed by chromosomal analyses and detection of cross-reactivity with an antibody to the human leukemia cell line K562. We undertook electron microscopic and cytochemical examinations of the cells proliferating in vitro and in the mice. The granules of KG-1 cells in vivo did not react for acid phosphatase, as observed in vitro, and the HL-60 cells proliferating in mice lost the perinuclear myeloperoxidase (MPO) demonstrated in cultured cells. Although the influence of an in vivo selection of cell subpopulations cannot be ruled out, the enzymatic changes are compatible with induced cell differentiation. Conclusive evidence of differentiation in vivo was observed in the KG-1a cell subline. The undifferentiated KG-1a blasts developed cytoplasmic granules and synthesized MPO during proliferation in vivo. These observations indicate that human leukemia cells from established cell lines proliferate in nude mice and may acquire new differentiated properties in response to the in vivo environment.
Augustus Granville Dill: A Case Study in the Conceptualization of a Black Public Sociology:

Black sociology developed as a response to mainstream, white sociology’s failures to address the condition of Black people in the Unites States. Central to the practice of Black sociology is that i...
Public bogies and supernatural landscapes in North-Western England in the 1800s

The author maps the supernatural onto the landscape of eleven nineteenth-century, north-western communities: Bradford (WY), Burnley (La), Delph-Dobcross (WY), Droylsden (La), Gorton (La), Greenfiel...
Mean‐Variance Preferences and Investor Behaviour

We study the comparative statics implications of mean-variance preferences for optimal portfolios. Specifically, we show that all risk-averse mean-variance investors raise their investment in a risky asset in response to a change in that asset's return distribution if and only if the change lowers both the mean and standard deviation of the return by the same percentage. Besides being of interest in its own right, our results allow us to compare some comparative statics implications and the expected utility and mean-variance models systematically.
Greedy Approximation Algorithms

Greedy strategy is a simple and natural method in the design of approximation algorithms. This chapter presents greedy approximation algorithms for very broad classes of maximization problems and minimization problems and analyzes their approximation bounds. A number of applications of these greedy approximation algorithms are also described in this chapter. For many applications, the greedy approximation algorithm can achieve the best known approximation bound in a straightforward manner. For some applications, they have different formulations, and the corresponding greedy approximation algorithms have different approximation bounds. In addition, some applications can have better approximation algorithm than the greedy approximation algorithm.
Is Constitutional Doctrine the Source of Corporate Rights

We the Corporations, Adam Winkler’s terrific history of the constitutional rights of corporations in America, does not have a surprise ending, but it does have what many readers will probably experience as a surprise beginning. Corporations, the reader learns, did not co-opt the language of the Constitution and civil rights for their nefarious purposes—not recently, nor even in the Gilded Age. On the contrary, (white colonial) America literally began as a consequence of the actions of two corporations: the Virginia Company and the Massachusetts Bay Company. Moreover, many of the key rights we now take for granted as the province of natural persons were first won by corporations.
Scattered Radiation in the Ozone Absorption Bands at Selected Levels of a Terrestrial, Rayleigh Atmosphere

A molecular atmosphere in which the mass mixing ratio or the absorption coefficient of an absorbing constituent varies in the vertical is generally referred to as a nonhomogeneous, Rayleigh atmosphere. Information on the scattering and absorption of solar radiation by such an atmosphere is important and useful in many areas of study. It is especially so to astrophysicists and atmospheric physicists involved with investigations and diagnostic probes of the atmospheres of the earth and other planets from space vehicles.
Integrally normalizable matrices with respect to a given set

Abstract The n × n matrix A is integrally normalizable with respect to a prescribed subset M of { ( i , j ) : i , j = 1 , 2 , … , n and i ≠ j } provided A is diagonally similar to an integer matrix each of whose entries in positions corresponding to M is equal to 1. In the case that the elements of M form the arc set of a spanning tree, the matrices that are integrally normalizable with respect to M have been characterized. This paper gives a characterization for general subsets M. In addition, necessary and sufficient conditions for each matrix with a given zero–nonzero pattern to be integrally normalizable with respect to an arbitrary subset M are given.
News Analytics: Framework, Techniques and Metrics

News analysis is dened as \the measurement of the various qualitative and quantitative attributes of textual news stories. Some of these attributes are: sentiment, relevance, and novelty. Expressing news stories as numbers permits the manipulation of everyday information in a mathematical and statistical way." (Wikipedia). In this article, I provide a framework for news analytics techniques used in nance. I rst discuss various news analytic methods and software, and then provide a set of metrics that may be used to assess the performance of analytics. Various directions for this eld are discussed through the exposition.
The Logic of Clinical Judgment: Bayesian and Other Approaches

Not many years ago it would have seemed impractical, if not impossible, to have physicians and philosophers engaged in dialogue about the logic and nature of clinical judgment. The philosophers would have been unwilling or unprepared to think about matters that on the surface seemed far removed from classical philosophical problems. Physicians on their part would have been wary of entering into the labyrinth of methodological issues dealing with the relation between judgment and evidence. Now it seems wholly natural to have such an interaction and to have a conference that focuses on clinical judgment, with physicians and philosophers doing their best to interact and to understand each other’s problems and methods.
Ceramide: a novel lipid mediator of apoptosis.

Publisher Summary Sphingolipids are now recognized as key signal transducing lipids with a role in various antiproliferative pathways, including differentiation, cell cycle arrest, senescence, and, of primary relevance of apoptosis discussed in this chapter, apoptosis. Recent progress in defining the signal transduction mechanisms regulating apoptosis stems from the recognition of the role of the sphingolipid, ceramide, as a novel lipid second messenger mediating apoptosis. Hydrolyzation of sphingomyelin and generation of ceramide and choline phosphate occurs when the sphingomyelin cycle is activated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to its receptor activates a sphingomyelinase. The chapter focuses on the role of ceramide with an introduction to the sphingomyelin cycle is followed by a discussion of inducers, biochemical and cellular effects, and biological outcomes. The topic of signal transduction in apoptosis is addressed, with particular emphasis on the role of sphingomyelin hydrolysis and ceramide generation in apoptosis. The chapter also discusses inducers, targets, and the mechanism of action of ceramide in apoptosis. Finally, the chapter concludes with a discussion of the implications of the results, an analysis of current challenges in the field, and a discussion of the potential therapeutic possibilities arising from manipulation of the apoptotic program.
How the Brain Made Language

Lingua ex Machina Reconciling Darwin and Chomsky with the Human Brain. William H. Calvin and Derek Bickerton. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2000. 306 pp. $26.95, £17.95. ISBN 0-262-03273-2. Presenting their discussion in the form of a lively dialogue, the authors integrate the different strands of language study into a consideration of the evolutionary pathways leading from ape behaviors to syntax.
The Present Status of Proton Decay and Baryon Number Nonconservation

The present status of ordinary and supersymmetric grand unified theories is reviewed. The theoretical motivations, successes, and difficulties, and the expectations for proton decay and other baryon number nonconserving processes are described. Although the minimal SU5 model is ruled out by the nonobservation of proton decay, many plausible modifications and extensions lead to longer lifetimes and/or different decay modes, often in an experimentally accessible range.
A Case of Congenital Radioulnar Synostosis from Prehispanic Peru

A rare example of congenital radioulnar synostosis was observed in a sample of 160 male, female, and juvenile Lambayeque (Sican) skeletons excavated from Huaca Cao Viejo, a mud brick platform mound built during the Early Intermediate Period and later utilized by a Late Intermediate Period Lambayeque population (ca. AD 950–1250) for interments. The affected individual was a young female, estimated to be 16–18 years of age at the time of death. To date, this is the first case of congenital radioulnar synostosis to be described from an archaeological context in South America, and one of 13 reported archaeological cases worldwide. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Misoprostol Reduces Gastroduodenal Injury From One Week of Aspirin: An Endoscopic Study

Misoprostol is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue that inhibits gastric acid production and may augment mucosal defense. A double-blind trial examined the effect of misoprostol on the endoscopic appearance of gastroduodenum at the end of 1 wk of aspirin ingestion. One hundred thirty healthy subjects were randomized to take either 50, 100, or 200 μg of misoprostol, or placebo along with 975 mg of aspirin four times daily. Fewer subjects developed acute endoscopic gastric ulcers in the group taking any dose of misoprostol compared with the placebo group (1% vs. 43%). No subject taking the 100- or 200-μg dose of misoprostol developed an acute endoscopic duodenal ulcer compared with 13% of subjects taking placebo (p
Relationships between event-related potentials and behavioral and scholastic measures of reading ability: A large-scale, cross-sectional study

In the cognitive, computational, neuropsychological, and educational literatures, it is established that children approach text in unique ways, and that even adult readers can differ in the strategies they bring to reading. In the developmental event-related potential (ERP) literature, however, children with differing degrees of reading ability are, the majority of the time, placed in monolithic groups such as ‘normal’ and ‘dyslexic’ (e.g. Araujo et al., 2012) and analyzed only at the group level. This is likely done due to methodological concerns – such as low sample size or a lack of statistical power – that can make it difficult to perform analysis at the individual level. Here, we collected ERPs and behavior from > 100 children in grades pre-K–7, as they read unconnected text silently to themselves. This large sample, combined with the statistical power of the Linear Mixed Effects Regression (LMER) technique, enables us to address individual differences in ERP component effects due to reading ability at an unprecedented level of detail. Results indicate that it is possible to predict reading-related report card scores from ERP component amplitudes – especially that of the N250, a component pertaining to sublexical processing (including phonological decoding). Results also reveal relationships between behavioral measures of reading ability and ERP component effects that have previously been elusive, such as the relationship between vocabulary and N400 mean amplitude (cf. Henderson et al., 2011). We conclude that it is possible to meaningfully examine reading-related ERP effects at the single subject level in developing readers, and that this type of analysis can provide novel insights into both behavior and scholastic achievement.
Investigation of Rotor Blade Structural Dynamics and Modeling Based on Measured Airloads

The work presented herein treats measured airloads from the UH-60A Airloads Program as prescribed external loads to calculate the resulting structural loads and motions of a rotor blade. Without the need to perform any aerodynamic computations, the coupled aeroelastic response problem is reduced to one involving only structural dynamics. The results, computed by RCAS and CAMRAD II, are compared against measured results and against each other for three representative test points. The results from the two codes mostly validate each other. Seven more test points, with responses computed by RCAS, to form thrust and airspeed sweeps are evaluated to better understand key issues. One such issue is an inability to consistently predict pushrod loads and torsion moments well, and this is found to be amplified at the two test points with the highest thrust coefficient. For these two test points, harmonic analysis reveals that the issue is due to excessive amounts of 5/rev response that stem from high levels of 5/rev pitching moment excitation. Another issue that concerns all test points is that the phase of the 1/rev blade flapping motion is not predicted well, which reflects the high sensitivity of this quantity that is developed due to having a first flap frequency of approximately 1/rev. Results also show that current force-velocity relationships, used in describing the lead-lag damper, are not satisfactory to consistently yield accurate inboard chordwise bending moment predictions. Overall, the investigation here, conducted with numerous test points, further confirms the methodology of prescribing measured airloads for assessing the structural dynamics capability of a computational tool.
Evolution of Abnormalities in Left Ventricular Function after Acute Myocardial Infarction

Twelve patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were studied by left ventricular (LV) catheterization, echocardiography, and volume manipulation (tourniquets, phlebotomy, and dextran infusion) within 24 hours of infarction (study 1) and 3 weeks later (study 2). Three patients also were studied 6-10 months later (study 3). Cardiac index rose (from 2.50 to 3.15 liters/min/m2) and right atrial pressure fell (from 9.4 to 5.3 mm Hg) from study 1 to study 2. LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) remained elevated (21.8 mm Hg at study 1 and 20.9 mm Hg at study 2) and was actually higher at study 2 in six patients who were otherwise improved. At study 1, end-diastolic ventricular diameter was within normal limits in five patients with clinical LV failure, four of whom had grossly elevated LVEDP. At study 2, ventricular diameter remained normal in three patients with elevated LVEDP but no LV failure. At study 3, LVEDP was still elevated in two patients and chamber diameter normal in two and slightly increased i...
Viscous Dissipation in Three-Dimensional Convection with Temperature-Dependent Viscosity

Numerical simulations of three-dimensional convection with temperature-dependent viscosity and viscous heating at realistic Rayleigh numbers for Earth's mantle reveal that, in the strongly time-dependent regime, very intense localized heating takes place along the top portion of descending cold sheets and also at locations where the ascending plume heads impinge at the surface. For a viscosity contrast of 100, these localized heat sources exceed the internal heating due to the radioactive decay of chondritic materials by more than an order of magnitude. The horizontally averaged viscous dissipation is concentrated in the top of the convecting layer and has a magnitude comparable with that of radioactive heating.
The Real World: What Good Is It?

Any experimental science runs the risk of implosion. The tasks that were created as surrogates for complicated real-world situations can take on lives of their own. When that happens, scientists become fascinated with the nuances of variations within that little world. Their theoretical accounts end up with little place for phenomena that could not be observed there. Extrapolations to other settings may require large doses of conjecture (or leaps of faith). This essay examines some possibilities for understanding the world of the lab by grappling with applied problems in the world outside and perhaps doing a little good along the way.
Traction‐Abrasion Relationships of Tread Compounds Containing New Reinforcing Blacks

Abradibility and braking force coefficient (BFC) were determined on compounds of various elastomers and fillers, using a modified Lambourn abrader. Butyl rubber showed the highest BFC and butadiene rubber the lowest, with SBR intermediate. While the effect of carbon black type is not as large, certain types of carbon black imparted not only improved traction ("wet" BFC) to tread compounds but also increased wear resistance, in contrast to other methods of improving traction which invariably lead to lower abrasion resistance. The laboratory relationship was confirmed on actual tires on a special trailer and on a test fleet car. /Author/
Legitimacy and Reason in the Florida Election Controversy

The US election controversy of 2000 reaffirms a central finding of science studies: numbers vote totals, for example are complex beasts. This could not have been news to any American who has followed current events for the last few decades, given that controversies over the mechanics of voting were central to the civil rights movement. Precisely because the resistance to desegregation conceived itself as a morally legitimate guerrilla war, these controversies often turned on fine details of the voting process that were deformed, or allegedly so, under pretexts that appealed to categories of administrative and political reason. Laws to prevent voter suppression are not self-enforcing, any more than the Reconstruction amendments were self-enforcing in the wake of the contested election of 1876. Understandably, then, the legal instruments that have papered over the controversies about voting, from the 14th Amendment to the Voting Rights Act to the Supreme Court cases on electoral redistricting, also paper over the most basic fissures in the country's history. Historically, the great majority of white citizens have experienced the civil rights controversies as matters affecting someone else often nearby geographically, but effectively in a different world. But with the 2000 election controversy in Florida, the problematic details of voting attained nearly universal consciousness as something that affects basic institutional legitimacy, and thus the material interests economic stability, for example
Discrete monopoles and instantons over projective spaces

We generalize Manton's construction of discrete monopoles in Minkowski space to their analog in CP(n). Topological charge, analogous to the first Chern number in the smooth bundle, is obtained for the corresponding discrete bundle and is shown to be Q=±1. We also discuss the discretization of the smooth sphere bundles over the real projective space RP(n) and the quaternionic projective space HP(n). Finally, we make a conjecture of the discretization of the smooth sphere bundles over the discrete projective spaces R2kP(n) for all positive integers k and n.
Predictors of palliative care consultation on an inpatient gynecologic oncology service: Are we following ASCO recommendations?

Abstract Objective Determine predictors of inpatient palliative care (PC) consultation and characterize PC referral patterns with respect to recommendations from the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO). Methods Women with a gynecologic malignancy admitted to the gynecologic oncology service 3/2012–8/2012 were identified. Demographic information, disease and treatment details and date of death were abstracted from medical records. Student's t -test, Fischer's exact test or χ 2 -test was used for univariate analysis. Binomial logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis. Results Of 340 patients analyzed, 82 (24%) had PC consultation. Univariate predictors of PC consultation included race, cancer type and stage, recurrent disease, admission frequency, admission for symptom management or malignant bowel obstruction (MBO), discharge to skilled nursing facility (SNF) and number of lines of chemotherapy. On multivariate analysis, significant predictors of PC consultation were recurrent disease (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.1–5.3), number of admissions (≥3, OR 10.9, 95% CI 3.4–34.9), admission for symptom management (OR 19.4, 95% CI 7.5–50.1), discharge to SNF (OR 5, 95% CI 1.9–13.5) and death within 6months (OR 16.5, 95% CI 6.9–39.5). Of patients considered to meet ASCO guidelines, 53% (63/118) had PC referral. Of patients referred to PC, 51.2% (42/82) died within 6months of last admission. Conclusions Patients referred to inpatient PC have high disease and symptom burden and poor prognosis. High-risk patients, including those meeting ASCO recommendations, are not captured comprehensively. We continue to use PC referrals primarily for patients near the end of life, rather than utilizing early integration as recommended by ASCO.
Estimating profile soil moisture from surface-layer measurements: a review

Methods for estimating profile soil moisture using remotely sensed surface moisture data are reviewed. Primary attention is given to four basic approaches: regression, knowledge-based, inversion, and combinations of remotely sensed data and water balance models. Results of ground-based and aircraft experiments using microwave radiometers for soil moisture measurements are discussed to illustrate the methods.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Methods for liquid-solid interface shape and location discrimination during eddy current sensing of Bridgman growth

Axisymmetric finite element calculations of the multifrequency eddy current sensor response during vertical Bridgman growth have been conducted for GaAs and CdTe. These are representative of materials that are either ideally (the GaAs case) or marginally suited (CdTe) to eddy current sensing during semiconductor growth by a vertical Bridgman process. The simulations reveal two potential strategies for separately discriminating the interface shape and location. One is based upon a comparison of the sensor's high and low frequency imaginary impedance components. The former characterizes the interface location and the latter its shape. The second approach exploits the existence of an inflection point (or a peak) in the imaginary impedance response of an absolute (or a differential sensor) as an interface passes through it. This latter approach is less affected by test circuit contributions to the sensor's high frequency response. Both strategies with either sensor type lead to reasonably precise location/shape characterization for GaAs. The differential sensor coupled with the peak position method offers the best precision for less favorable material systems like CdTe. Even for this worst case material, the interface location can be determined to ±1 mm and its curvature estimated with sufficient precision to be of use for characterizing vertical Bridgman growth processes.
Discovering, Promoting and Maintaining Emerging Technologies. A Report of the LITA Emerging Technologies Interest Group Meeting, American Library Association Annual Meeting, New Orleans, June 2011

The LITA ETIG (Library & Information Technology Association Emerging Technologies Interest Group) was hosted by Patrick Griffis of the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Griffis reminded attendees th...
Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 modulation by tumor necrosis factor in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis

Anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antibodies inhibit passively transferred experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in SJL mice. The possibility that this occurs through interference in TNF's upregulation of endothelial cell adhesion molecules was investigated. Expression of both vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on spinal cord vessels increased during EAE. The upregulation of VCAM-1 was markedly reduced or prevented by anti-TNF treatment. Leukocytic infiltration was 15-fold lower in anti-TNF-treated than diseased animals. Spinal cord endothelial expression of VCAM-1, though not ICAM-1 or fibronectin, positively correlated with the extent of T cell, B cell or monocyte infiltration in each animal.