cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sudden blindness in a child with end-stage renal disease

Continuous peritoneal dialysis (CPD) is the preferred modality for renal replacement therapy in children with end-stage renal disease. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) is a rare complication in patients on CPD. AION is characterized by ischemic injury of the optic nerve caused by hypoperfusion of the posterior ciliary arteries. It presents with acute visual loss and disc swelling, without additional neurological findings. We report a 2-year-old child with end-stage renal disease on CPD who developed AION. He was dehydrated and received intravenous fluid on admission. Additional treatment included methylprednisolone and levodopa. On his 3rd admission day, his pupils became reactive to light and his vision showed improvement. The improvement in vision might be due to the early detection and aggressive treatment of hypotension. It is difficult to demonstrate whether steroids or levodopa played a role in the improvement of his vision. Prospective studies to evaluate the effectiveness of levodopa in the treatment of AION are warranted in this potentially devastating condition.
The Role of Professional Ethics in Teacher Education

(1985). The Role of Professional Ethics in Teacher Education. Action in Teacher Education: Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 21-24.
Vibrational Assignment of All 46 Fundamentals of C60 and C606-: Scaled Quantum Mechanical Results Performed in Redundant Internal Coordinates and Compared to Experiments

Traditional vibrational assignment in terms of bond stretching, angle bending, and torsion is not possible in fullerenes due to the very large number of coupled internal coordinates. Large scale de...
Stereochemistry of HOH and HOAc elimination from 1‐tetralol and 1‐acetoxytetralin radical cations

Water and acetic acid eliminations from 1-tetralin radical cations have been shown previously to be highly regiospecific 1,4 processes. Utilizing deuterium labeling, high resolution peak ratio measurements and metastable ion defocusing techniques, the stereochemistry of these processes has been investigated. cis-4-d1- and trans-4-d1-1-Tetralol both lose HOH and DOH in appreciable amounts; similarly, both acetoxy derivatives lose HOAc and DOAc. These results are interpreted in terms of an ionic epimerization which operates in competition with a stereospecific 1,4 elimination mechanism. A hydrogen exchange process which occurs between the 4-carbon and the oxygen atom situated on the 1-carbon of 1-tetralol has also been observed. This process accounts for observed H/D ratios in the ethene elimination reaction of various deuterium labeled 1-tetralols.
TREATMENT OF GRAVES' DISEASE: THE ADVANTAGES OF SURGERY

The authors and others believe that surgery (thyroidectomy) is underused in the treatment for patients with Graves' disease. It is the most rapid and consistent method of making the patient euthyroid; it avoids the possible long-term risks of radioactive iodine; and it provides tissue for histologic examination. Children, young women, pregnant women, and patients with coexistent thyroid nodules are ideal candidates for thyroidectomy. It also is the treatment of choice for patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy. Patients should be rendered euthyroid before thyroidectomy. Although the operation is technically more difficult than operating on patients with nontoxic goiter or thyroid neoplasms because of the vascularity of the thyroid gland, this difference is small, and the complication rates are low. The authors recommend the Hartley-Dunhill operation (total thyroidectomy on one side and subtotal thyroidectomy on the other side, leaving about 4 to 5 g of thyroid tissue) for most patients and total thyroidectomy for patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy. In patients with recurrent or persistent thyroid cancer who fail to respond to surgery and radioactive iodine ablation, immunosuppressive therapy should be considered.
The cholesterol dependence of activation and fast desensitization of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

When nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are reconstituted into lipid bilayers lacking cholesterol, agonists no longer stimulate cation flux. The kinetics of this process are difficult to study because variations in vesicle morphology cause errors in flux measurements. We developed a new stopped-flow fluorescence assay to study activation independently of vesicle morphology. When receptors were rapidly mixed with agonist plus ethidium, the earliest fluorescence increase reported the fraction of channels that opened and their apparent rate of fast desensitization. These processes were absent when the receptor was reconstituted into dioleoylphosphatidylcholine or into a mixture of that lipid with dioleoylphosphatidic acid (12 mol%), even though a fluorescent agonist reported that resting-state receptors were still present. The agonist-induced channel opening probability increased with bilayer cholesterol, with a midpoint value of 9 +/- 1.7 mol% and a Hill coefficient of 1.9 +/- 0.69, reaching a plateau above 20–30 mol% cholesterol that was equal to the native value. On the other hand, the observed fast desensitization rate was comparable to that for native membranes from the lowest cholesterol concentration examined (5 mol%). Thus the ability to reach the open state after activation varies with the cholesterol concentration in the bilayer, whereas the rate of the open state to fast desensitized state transition is unaffected. The structural basis for this is unknown, but an interesting corollary is that the channels of newly synthesized receptors are not fully primed by cholesterol until they are inserted into the plasma membrane--a novel form of posttranslational processing.
Synthesis and proton NMR spectroscopy of intra-vesicular gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

We report the synthesis of vesicles containing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and their proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectra. These vesicles were constructed to more closely mimic the intracellular environment wherein GABA exists. For this study, these GABA-containing vesicles were examined under 1H NMR as a potential platform for future studies on the differences between aqueous phantoms, ex vivo brain extracts, and in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy results. We found that intra-vesicular GABA faithfully yielded the chemical shifts and J-coupling constants of free aqueous GABA, alongside the chemical shift signals of the vesicle wall.
Maximum Likelihood Estimation of the Log-Binomial Model

Maximum likelihood estimation of prevalence ratios using the log-binomial model is problematic when the estimates are on the boundary of the parameter space. When the model is correct, maximum likelihood is often the method of choice. The authors provide a theorem, formulas, and methodology for obtaining maximum likelihood estimators of the log-binomial model and their estimated standard errors when the solution is on the boundary of the parameter space. Examples are given to illustrate the method.
The secular inflation term in open-economy Phillips curves

Abstract Robert Flood has compared three alternative specifications for the secular inflation term in an open-economy Phillips curve, attributed, respectively, to Buiter-Miller, and Frankel and Mussa. We point out (1) an arithmetic error, (2) the equivalence of the Frankel and Mussa versions, and (3) some arguments against the Buiter-Miller version.
Detecting application-level failures in component-based Internet services

Most Internet services (e-commerce, search engines, etc.) suffer faults. Quickly detecting these faults can be the largest bottleneck in improving availability of the system. We present Pinpoint, a methodology for automating fault detection in Internet services by: 1) observing low-level internal structural behaviors of the service; 2) modeling the majority behavior of the system as correct; and 3) detecting anomalies in these behaviors as possible symptoms of failures. Without requiring any a priori application-specific information, Pinpoint correctly detected 89%-96% of major failures in our experiments, as compared with 20%-70% detected by current application-generic techniques.
Relating white light and in situ observations of coronal mass ejections: A review

This paper provides a short review of some of the basic concepts related to the observations of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) in white light images and at large distances from the Sun. We review the various ideas which have been put forward to explain the dramatic changes in CME appearance in white light images from the Sun to 1 AU, focusing on results obtained by comparing white light observations of CMEs to the in situ measurements of Interplanetary CMEs (or ICMEs). We start with a list of definitions for the various in situ structures that form an ICME. A few representative examples of the formation of sheath regions and other interaction regions as well as the expansion of magnetic flux ropes are used to illustrate the basic phenomena which induce significant brightness variations during a CME's propagation to 1 AU and beyond. The white light signatures of a number of CMEs observed by the coronagraphs have been successfully simulated numerically by assuming that most of the coronal plasma observed in white light images is located on the surface of a croissant-shaped structure reminiscent of a magnetic flux rope. At large distances from the Sun, white light imagers show that the appearance of CMEs changes dramatically due to the changing position of the CME relative to the Thomson sphere, the expansion of the ejecta and the interaction of the ejecta with the ambient solar wind.
The Influence of Length of Marriage and Fidelity Status on Perception of Marital Rape

To what extent does the length of the marriage or the wife's faithfulness to the husband influence the perception of responsibility or trauma in marital rape? In the current study, each participant was presented with one of four marital rape vignettes. The vignettes varied only in the length of the marriage (3 years or 15 years) and the fidelity status of the wife (continuously faithful or involved in an ongoing sexual affair with another man). Results indicate that both length of marriage and fidelity status significantly influence perceptions of marital rape. Specifically, participants assigned greater responsibility for the rape to unfaithful wives than to faithful wives. This finding is particularly salient for wives in long-term marriages as compared to wives in short-term marriages. Additionally, participants perceived rapes within long-term marriages as more traumatic than rapes within short-term marriages.
A Prospective Sequential Analysis of the Relation Between Physical Aggression and Peer Rejection Acts in a High-Risk Preschool Sample

Research Findings: In early childhood education, the social ecology of the child is considered critical for healthy behavioral development. There is, however, relatively little information based on directly observing what children do that describes the moment-by-moment (i.e., sequential) relation between physical aggression and peer rejection acts in early childhood contexts. Such information could be useful for policy and practice because it may inform specific intervention targets. In this descriptive study, a real-time direct observation protocol was used to measure the frequency of physically aggressive acts and peer rejection acts. The sequential association between directly observed physical aggression and peer rejection acts was examined for 5 high-risk preschool children (Child Behavior Checklist/Teacher Report Form clinical scores) at the beginning (Time 1 [T1]) and end (Time 2 [T2]) of their preschool year. Descriptive analyses showed that both aggression and peer rejection acts increased over t...
AN ELASTOPLASTIC CONTACT FORCE-DISPLACEMENT MODEL IN THE NORMAL DIRECTION : DISPLACEMENT-DRIVEN VERSION

We present an elastoplastic normal forcedisplacement (NFD) model for spheres in collision. Among several possible applications of this model are the granularflow simulations using a discreteelement...
Assessing writing and statistical competence in probability and statistics

Students in a Probability and Statistics course were given writing assignments that required them to generate and interpret statistics under the guise of a formal professional communication. This f...
Renal Blood Flow After Subtotal Nephrectomy

ConclusionsRats which become hypertensive several months after subtotal nephrectomy do not have renal ischemia; the flow per gram of renal tissue is 19% less than in rats a few days after sub-total nephrectomy, but the same as that in rats with unilateral nephrectomy and without hypertension.
Gas-Propelled Aerosols and Micronized Dusts for Control of Insects in Aircraft. 7. Effectiveness Against Pest Insects of Agriculture

When adult boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis (Boheman) ; tobacco bud worms, Heliothis virescens (F.); brown dog ticks, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille); alfalfa weevils, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal); Japanese beetles, popillia japonica Newman; European chafers, Amphimalton majalis (Razoumowsky); house crickets, Acheta domesticus (L.); bruchids, Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman); and vinegar flies, Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, were exposed to several promising micronized insecticidal dusts and insecticidal aerosols in tractor trailers, freight cars, and aircraft, excellent initial kills were obtained with Mobam® (benzo[b]thien-4-yl methyl-carbamate), resmethrin, chlorpyrifos, and propoxur used alone and in combination. The residual effect varied somewhat depending on the species tested. The 2 most promising aerosols were concentrated preparations of resmethrin and d-trans allethrin.
Assessment of Corrosion Potential of Coarse Backfill Aggregates for Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls

The service life of mechanically stabilized earth walls depends on the rate of corrosion of the metallic reinforcements used in their construction. The assessment of corrosion potential requires an accurate evaluation of pH, resistivity, and sulfate and chloride concentrations of aqueous solutions in contact with the surrounding aggregate. Highway agencies tend to use larger aggregates that contain only a small amount of fine material (passing the Number 40 sieve) in the backfill. Evaluation of the electrochemical parameters of coarse aggregates is challenging because traditional evaluation methods call for the use of fine material. In this study, the suitability of traditional soil characterization techniques for use with coarse aggregates was assessed through leaching experiments performed on coarse limestone and dolomite aggregates from six quarries in Texas. Chemical differences were isolated from size-related kinetic leaching effects by comparing the results from same-sized material collected in the ...
Revision cochlear implantation

Removal, replacement, or adjustment of a cochlear implant device is not a desirable surgical procedure. Due to a variety of indications, it may become indicated. Good preoperative planning is essential, with collaboration between the surgeon, the cochlear implant audiologist, and the patient. We present an overview of our process for revision cochlear implant surgery.
Astronomy with new nuclei

Abstract I present scientific impressions of the workshop ‘Astronomy with Radioactivities’. After a review of the origins of this series of conferences, highlights of this workshop are selected. The theme, ‘new nuclei’, is suggested as an organizing principle for this series of workshops. Six observational domains that drive these themes are recapitulated.
Choosing optimal design depth for surface irrigation systems

Abstract The surface irrigation system design was formulated as a mathematical programming problem. The minimum cost of a furrow irrigation system for a hypothetical case was calculated for different design depths (25, 51, 76, 102 and 127 mm). The crop yields and net returns were simulated for the given design depths. A design (depletion) depth of 51 mm was found optimal under the given conditions.
Co‐existing master analogues in symbolic convergence theory: The knights of Columbus quincentennial campaign

Symbolic Convergence Theory (SCT) has undergone both revision and refutation in its two decade‐plus history. To promote theory‐building, this essay applies the most recent SCT concepts to the Knights of Columbus quincentennial campaign, as their patron was disparaged by contemporary reinterpretations of history. The Knights’ public relations response is analyzed using Bormann's fantasy theme analysis. The dramatis personae, plotlines, scenes, and sanctioning agents of the rhetoric are interpreted, and three distinct rhetorical visions—each with its own master analogue—are identified: the pragmatic Columbus vision, the socially based McGivney (the K of C founder) vision, and the righteous Evangelization vision. Contrary to SCT's assumption that master analogues must war with each other, this essay argues that they coexist, at different stages of a rhetorical vision's life‐cycle, within the same rhetorical community.
Analytic Lyman-alpha wing diagnostics and the chromospheric excitation balance in cool dwarfs

I show that the Lyman alpha wings of cool dwarfs can be understood in terms of a very simple model, based on a simplified representation of the chromospheric hydrogen excitation balance and approximate analytic wing diagnostics in partial redistribution. Much of the complexity of the radiation transfer in the partially coherent and steeply temperature-sensitive Lyman alpha line is circumvented by this technique. The result is an expedient scheme for inverting the Lyman alpha wing profile to determine the characteristic free electron density and its gradient in the middle chromosphere. This represents an important new diagnostic for constraining chromospheric models and their radiative losses. I apply this diagnostic to the Lyman alpha wing profiles of the Sun and AU Mic and show that current instrumentation, most notably the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS) on the Hubble Space Telescope, is capable of providing the necessary data.
Physostigmine pharmacotherapy for anomia

Abstract Cholinergic neurons may influence the neural networks that subserve language. To learn if chollnergic drugs enhance the ability of anomic aphasic patients to name objects, we conducted studies of physostigmine and lecithin in three patients with anomia due to focal brain lesions. The flrst patient studied was amnestic and anomic, and presumed to be cholinergic-deficient due to a basal forebrain lesion. In open and blinded trials confrontation naming improved consistently with treatment but other cognitive measures did not. We subsequently tested two additional anomic patients with lesions outside the basal forebrain. We found improvement in confrontation naming but not other measures of cognition or mood during open-label physostigmine treatment. Physostigmine appears to improve naming in patients with anomia.
The basic course in organizational communication

Introductory courses in organizational communication are becoming increasingly popular. This article reports a study of the characteristics of the basic course in organizational communication. Data on schools and departments offering a basic course, faculty who teach the course, textbooks used, and topics covered are described. 100 useable questionnaires were analyzed.
Acetylcholinesterase from Bungarus fasciatus venom—II. Effects of pH and temperature

Abstract 1. Acetylcholinesterase of B. fasciatus venom has an optimum pH of 8·0, the temperature optimum being 40°C. 2. It has a pka of 6·52 at 37°C, and a heat of ionization of 7310 cal/mole. Energy and heat of activation was observed to be 5700 and 5110 cal/mole. 3. All these support a role of histidine in the active center of the enzyme.
Mercury in livers of wading birds (ciconiiformes) in southern Florida

Mercury was measured in livers from 144 wading birds representing seven species collected from four different areas in southern Flordia, including the Everglades National Park. Significant differences in hepatic mercury concentrations were identified between birds collected from different geographic locations, birds of different ages, dietary factors, and relative amounts of body fat. Birds collected from an area encompassing the central Everglades and eastern Florida Bay had significantly greater concentrations of hepatic mercury than did birds from other collection areas. Livers from fledgling and young adult birds contained approximately three times the concentration of mercury as livers from nestling birds. Bird species whose prey base consists of larger fish were found to have approximately four times the hepatic concentration of mercury as did those species which consume smaller fish or crustaceans. Birds with minimal to moderate amounts of body fat had two to three times the concentration of hepatic mercury as birds with relatively abundant body fat reserves. Four great blue herons collected from the central Everglades contained liver mercury at concentrations typically associated with overt neurologic signs (⩾30 μg/g). Between 30% and 80% of potential breeding-age birds collected from this area contained hepatic mercury at concentrations associated with reproductive impairment in ducks and pheasants. These data suggest that declining numbers of nesting ciconiiform birds in Florida may be due, in part, to mecury contamination of their food supply.
Determination of H,C,N,O content of bulk materials from neutron-attenuation measurements

Abstract Several bulk samples ranging from chemical compounds to cereal grains have been nondestructively analyzed through neutron-attenuation measurements. A fast-neutron continuum was produced by an accelerator. Attenuations were measured by pulsed-beam, time-of-flight techniques. Average hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen contents were deduced by compairing attenuations to those measured for pure elements. Statistical precisions of 0.3–0.7 atomic percent were achieved for each element in about 10 min. Comparisons with results of other analysis techniques indicate that similar levels of accuracy are possible, even in the presence of small amounts of heavier elements.
Biased Estimators and Unstable Betas

STUDIES [1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10] ESTIMATING AND ANALYZING the stability of security betas have theoretical and practical implications. The measurement of pure, or systematic, risk of securities is important in portfolio selection and in applications of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). Ex post measurements are the usual base for estimates of systematic risk, so conditions that produce biased estimates and/or unstable betas are noteworthy. This paper shows that simultaneous violations of two ordinary-least-squares assumptions can lead to estimates that are both biased and unstable, even when the true betas are stable. Specifically, below we demonstrate that a combination of autocorrelated residuals and security returns that lead measured market returns yield biased estimates of the risk measure of the CAPM. The results of Friend and Blume [9] and Black, Jensen and Scholes [1] are consistent with this estimation problem. Several empirical studies suggest that significant autocorrelation is common for most levels of differencing [4, 6, 7, 14] and Francis [8] found that with monthly differencing intervals, for shorter periods (two to three years of data), returns for some securities lead measured market returns. The estimation problem is likely for regression estimates that are based on a few monthly observations, since the results by Francis [8] suggest the problem may not occur for estimates based on monthly data for long periods.' However, autocorrelation and security returns that lead market returns may combine to produce the unstable betas that Blume [2], Brenner and Smidt [3], Fabozzi and Francis [5], and Levy [10] have noted, because these studies used monthly data and short time periods to estimate betas. Below a model that explains the instability problem is developed and tests show that the relationships hypothesized in that model are statistically significant.
The associations between young adults' face-to-face prosocial behaviors and their online prosocial behaviors

Drawing on the co-construction theory (Subrahmanyam, Smahel, & Greenfield, 2006), this study investigated the relationship between online and face-to-face prosocial behaviors among 493 (345 women) young adults (ages 18-25years). Findings indicated that face-to-face prosocial behaviors were positively associated with the engagement in online prosocial behaviors through social networking sites (e.g., Facebook, Myspace, Twitter), chat programs (e.g., Google Talk, AOL Instant Messenger, Yahoo Messenger), email, and text messages, after controlling for gender and time spent using each type of technology. These findings extend the application of the co-construction theory to online prosocial behaviors. Furthermore, these findings suggest that the internet is also a place for positive interactions and call for more research investigating online prosocial behaviors.
ERA-stimulation with free-programable frequency and intensity sequence--a method to reduce the examination time.

A new method for ERA-stimulation with free-programable sequence of intensity and frequency will described.
Problems of the Highway User in the United States

The present-day highway problem is made up of many elements, namely, cost of construction, ability of highway users to pay for highways as they are built or during their life expectancy, the kind of taxes providing revenue to pay for highways, types of roads required, competition between transportation systems, and kindred matters. No single solution exists for all of these. The author analyses comprehensively each of the elements of this nation-wide problem and suggests practical approaches to their solution. Of all the factors making up this problem that of cost is probably dominant. How the costs are to be met is the crux of the situation as it now stands, with the ever-expanding highway needs pressing for action. It is the author's view that a recent report of the Federal Works Agency, Public Roads Administration on the general question of "Toll Roads and Free Roads" offers the soundest long-range plan for national highway development yet advanced. A comprehensive analysis of this report has been included in an Appendix to the paper. Language: en
On the Brownian-motion model for the eigenvalues of a random matrix

The fundamental solution for the Brownian motion of the eigenvalues of a random matrix in Dyson’s (1) model is represented as an integral with respect to the measure on the orthogonal group inN dimensions. The solution is discussed for some special cases only. In two dimensions the distribution of the spacing between the eigenvalues is calculated as a function of the time and is found to depend only upon the initial value of thespacing.
Clinically Relevant Differences in Prothrombin Time and INR Values Related to Blood Sample Collection in Plastic vs Glass Tubes

We compared prothrombin times (PTs) and international normalized ratios (INRs) for blood samples drawn into plastic vs glass collection tubes. We collected 60 venous blood samples into 4.5-mL glass and 2 plastic tubes (2.7 and 3.5 mL). An additional 153 samples, including 63 from warfarin-anticoagulated patients, were collected only in glass and 2.7-mL plastic tubes. The PTs and INRs were determined following routine laboratory procedures. A subset of 35 frozen aliquot samples was analyzed with a different instrument-reagent combination. The PTs and INRs for samples in plastic tubes were significantly lower than for samples in glass tubes. The mean INR differences increased with INR magnitude from approximately –0.1 (INR, 1.5) to –0.7 (INR, 4.5). Of the plastic tube INRs, 50% were more than 10% lower than INRs from samples collected in glass tubes. Therapeutic monitoring based on plastic-tube INRs could result in higher doses of warfarin. Clinical laboratories have gradually replaced glass blood collection tubes with plastic tubes in an effort to eliminate potential sharps injuries and biohazardous exposures associated with breakage of glass tubes. In recent years, the transition to plastic tubes has accelerated as regulatory agencies have enforced their use and put laboratories on notice to discontinue use of glass tubes as soon as feasible. Coagulation testing is known to be sensitive to a variety of preanalytic variables related to properties of the sample collection tube, including anticoagulant concentration, 1-4 filling level with blood sample, 5-7 and the composition of the tube itself. 8-11 Previous studies reported significant differences in thrombin time 8 and prothrombin time (PT) test results 9,11 for blood sam
The alpha chain gene of H-2O has an unexpected location in the major histocompatibility complex.

A previously unknown major histocompatibility complex class II molecule consisting of the beta chain encoded by the H-2Ob gene and an unknown alpha chain was recently described. We now report that the alpha chain occurs in two allelic forms distinguished by charge difference. Using inbred recombinant mouse strains we were able to map the H-2Oa gene to a location between the A.TL and B10.MBR recombination points. Cosmids covering this region were used to isolate the gene. Sequence analysis revealed that the H-2Oa gene is the murine equivalent of the human HLA-DNA gene. These results indicate that the human HLA-DNA gene, the existence of which has long been known, is indeed coding for DO alpha, the alpha chain pairing with DO beta.
College students' preferences for health care providers when accessing sexual health resources.

Objective Many emerging adults (18–25 year olds) report unmet health needs and disproportionately experience problems such as sexually transmitted infections. This study was conducted to examine college students' perceptions of health care providers, specifically in the context of accessing sexual health resources. Design and Sample Students (N = 52) were recruited from five diverse colleges in one state to participate in a one-to-one interview that involved walking and virtually exploring resources on and near campus. Interviews were conducted from May to November 2010. Measures Open-ended one-to-one interview questions. Results Inductive qualitative analysis yielded six themes summarizing students' perceptions of provider characteristics, health care resources, the role of their peers, and students' suggestions for strengthening health care services. Importantly, students consider a variety of staff—and their student peers—to be resources for sexual health information and services. Conclusions Findings emphasize the importance of collaboration between health service staff and broader campus staff because students often turn to campus staff initially. Postsecondary students welcome opportunities to know a provider through interactive websites that include details about providers on campus; their decisions to seek sexual health care services are influenced by their perceptions of providers' characteristics and interpersonal skills.
Stereologic analysis of cell number and size during postnatal development in the rat substantia nigra.

Abstract Parkinson's disease is characterized by age-related atrophy and loss of dopaminergic neurons within the compact portion of the substantia nigra (SNpc) projecting to neostriatum. Despite numerous studies using rodent models to examine mechanisms underlying this disorder, the fundamental question of whether development- or age-related changes occur in the rodent SNpc remains unanswered. The present study used a three-level, optical fractionator approach to estimate the number and size of SNpc neurons immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in eight young (2-month) and eight older (7-month) Sprague–Dawley rats. Following standard protocols for animal care and tissue harvesting, every eighth 60-μm section from a gapless coronal series was treated immunohistochemically for TH along with a thionin counterstain. Neither the ventral tegmental area nor the lateral part of the SN was included in the analysis. The total bilateral number of SNpc TH+ neurons (∼8000) was equivalent between groups, whereas mean TH+ neuronal volume decreased significantly in the older group (∼18%). In contrast, volume of the SNpc increased with age by 17%, as did volume of the entire brain (24%). TH+ cells in the SNpc were also significantly larger on the left versus right side of the brain. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that age-related volumetric expansion of the SNpc is accounted for by an increase in the ratio between neuropil and average neuron somal size during intermediate postnatal development.
A Process Evaluation Model for State Education Agency HIV/AIDS Prevention Program Infrastructure Development

Abstract State education agencies (SEA) and federal partners have responded to the HIV/AIDS epidemic during the past decade by creating program infrastructures. Eight infrastructure elements have been identified as core dimensions of an SEA HIV/AIDS prevention education program: (1) state laws, mandates, and SEA policies; (2) a public advisory panel; (3) core program funding; (4) a comprehensive, statewide school health education program plan; (5) a K-12 curriculum, with specification of critical HIV/AIDS topics; (6) a teacher, staff, and student needs assessment plan; (7) a teacher and staff training plan; and (8) process and impact evaluation plans. While these elements have been periodically assessed, no insight is available about how to summarize levels of progress in SEA infrastructure development in the United States. This article presents a conceptual framework and a Process Evaluation Model (PEM) to conduct SEA progress reviews of core infrastructure element development.
The effect of three-body forces on the vibrational frequencies of triatomic clusters

Vibrational frequency distribution spectra for triatomic clusters were calculated using the normal-mode approximation (T = 0 K) based on a potential-energy function comprising two- and three-body interactions. The two-body potential was represented by a Mie potential and the three-body part was approximated using the Axilrod-Teller triple-dipole equation. Calculations were performed parametrically by varying the three-body force intensity factor, Z∗, The role of the three-body interactions on the equilibrium shapes of clusters has already been well recognized. For small Z∗ an equilateral triangular shape is favored but, for larger Z∗ values a linear configuration is found to be energetically more favorable. In the present parametrical analysis, it was found that the three-body forces are important also for the vibrational frequency distribution spectra. For increasing Z∗ values, the two main vibrational peaks for the equilateral triangular configuration shift to the lower-frequency region, while the three main peaks of the linear shape shift to the higher-frequency domain. The highest shift was exhibited by the asymmetric vibrational peak for the equilateral triangular case. This work also includes a discussion for the critical case, when both the linear and the triangular shapes are equally stable energetically
Maintenance of long-term dialysis catheters

Dialysis catheters represent a special breed of externally tunneled central catheters and so deserve special attention. This type of catheter is the most frequently placed tunneled device and the area in which the greatest growth is anticipated. The hemodialysis population is steadily growing at 15% per year and patients are surviving longer. Patients generally require dialysis three times per week for the remaining days of their lives or until an alternate method is established (peritoneal dialysis or transplantation). With modern high efficiency dialysis units, catheter flow rates exceeding 450 mL/min are expected through each lumen. These high rates place tremendous stress on the catheter and any slight abnormality in catheter alignment or position may cause a poorly functioning catheter. A catheter tip intermittently abutting the venous or atrial wall or an acute angle of the catheter as it enters the vein will cause catheter failure. Dialysis catheters require constant attention and frequent manipulation and/or exchange as described in this article. Performing these manipulations while maintaining the same access site is critical for the longevity of satisfactory dialysis.
Simple and Effective Confidence Intervals for Proportions and Differences of Proportions Result from Adding Two Successes and Two Failures

Abstract The standard confidence intervals for proportions and their differences used in introductory statistics courses have poor performance, the actual coverage probability often being much lower than intended. However, simple adjustments of these intervals based on adding four pseudo observations, half of each type, perform surprisingly well even for small samples. To illustrate, for a broad variety of parameter settings with 10 observations in each sample, a nominal 95% interval for the difference of proportions has actual coverage probability below .93 in 88% of the cases with the standard interval but in only 1% with the adjusted interval; the mean distance between the nominal and actual coverage probabilities is .06 for the standard interval, but .01 for the adjusted one. In teaching with these adjusted intervals, one can bypass awkward sample size guidelines and use the same formulas with small and large samples.
Latina mothers' help seeking at a school‐based mutual support group

Low-income Latino parents constitute a vulnerable population who are underserved by traditional mental health services but difficult to recruit to more culturally sensitive community interventions. In order to identify factors that may facilitate participation, a cognitive-motivational framework was employed to study help seeking at a school-based mutual support group (MSG) for low-income Latino parents. Phone interview data from 75 Latina mothers generally supported hypothesized differences between nonattenders and at tenders. Specifically, attenders initially reported (a) greater parenting stress, (b) less confidence in parenting abilities but comparable psychological coping resources, (c) less satisfaction with and greater need for social support, (d) less negative attitudes toward help seeking, and (e) more previous school involvement. A discriminant analysis revealed that need for parenting advice and prior school involvement accounted for 34% of the variance between attenders and nonattenders. Implications for enhancing program utilization are discussed.
Transforming growth factor ß1 induces apoptosis by suppressing FLICE-like inhibitory protein in DU145 prostate epithelial cells

Transforming growth factor s (TGFs) is a paracrine mediator of prostate epithelial cell apoptosis. In rodents, castration induces production of TGFβ by stromal cells, which leads to apoptosis of epithelial cells. To identify potential mediators of this cell death pathway, we developed a model using DU145 cells, a tumorigenic human prostate epithelial cell line. We discovered that at low density, in low mitogen media, DU145 cells apoptose when treated with TGFβ1. Prior to the onset of death, TGFβ1 treatment downregulated the expression of the caspase inhibitor FLICE-like inhibitory protein (FLIP), at both the mRNA and protein level, suggesting a causal role between FLIP downregulation and cell death. To confirm the importance of FLIP in TGFβ1-induced apoptosis, we employed small interfering RNA (siRNA) to silence FLIP expression. Doing so led to apoptosis, which is consistent with the hypothesis that FLIP prevents death in these cells. Furthermore, inhibition of caspase-8 by siRNA knockdown partially rescued the apoptotic effects of TGFβ1, suggesting a role for death receptor signaling components in TGFs-mediated death of prostate epithelial cells. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Has the bug really been fixed

Software has bugs, and fixing those bugs pervades the software engineering process. It is folklore that bug fixes are often buggy themselves, resulting in bad fixes, either failing to fix a bug or creating new bugs. To confirm this folklore, we explored bug databases of the Ant, AspectJ, and Rhino projects, and found that bad fixes comprise as much as 9% of all bugs. Thus, detecting and correcting bad fixes is important for improving the quality and reliability of software. However, no prior work has systematically considered this bad fix problem, which this paper introduces and formalizes. In particular, the paper formalizes two criteria to determine whether a fix resolves a bug: coverage and disruption. The coverage of a fix measures the extent to which the fix correctly handles all inputs that may trigger a bug, while disruption measures the deviations from the program's intended behavior after the application of a fix. This paper also introduces a novel notion of distance-bounded weakest precondition as the basis for the developed practical techniques to compute the coverage and disruption of a fix. To validate our approach, we implemented Fixation, a prototype that automatically detects bad fixes for Java programs. When it detects a bad fix, Fixation returns an input that still triggers the bug or reports a newly introduced bug. Programmers can then use that bug-triggering input to refine or reformulate their fix. We manually extracted fixes drawn from real-world projects and evaluated Fixation against them: Fixation successfully detected the extracted bad fixes.
mtDNA sequence variants in subtypes of epithelial ovarian cancer stages in relation to ethnic and age difference

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer mortality among women in the United States. For this disease, differences in age-adjusted incidence and survival rates between African American and Caucasian women are substantial. The objective of this study was to examine mtDNA sequence variants in 118 frozen tissues of three subtypes of epithelial ovarian cancer (serous, n = 48 endometrioid, n = 47 and mucinous, n = 23) and matched paracancerous normal tissues (n = 18) in relation to racial/ethnic and age differences. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based sequencing were used to evaluate two regions of mtDNA spanning 5317 to 7608 and 8282 to 10110 bp and including ND subunits 2, 3, MT-COI, II, and III, ATPase 8, a part of ATPase 6, and tRNA genes in frozen ovarian tissues obtained from the southern regional Cooperative Human Tissue Network (CHTN) and University of Alabama-Birmingham (UAB) Ovarian Spore Center. Thirty-nine mtDNA variants were detected of which 28 were previously unreported. One somatic variant of C9500T was observed. A variant, C7028T in the MT-CO1 gene, had an ascending frequency from borderline (8%) to stages III/IV (75%) among the three ovarian cancer subtypes and stages. It was found in 86% (42/49) of African-American and 43% (37/87) of the Caucasian women. A variant, T8548G in the ATPase 6 gene was detected at a frequency of 72% (18/25) in ovarian serous subtype tissues in stages III/IV. Of the African American patients under age 40, 95% (20/21) harbored the T8548G variant; this was in contrast to only 22% (8/35) of Caucasian patients in same age group. Variants C7256T and G7520A had a frequency of 54% (6/11) in endometrioid stage III; no corresponding variants were observed in mucinous subtype stage III. Furthermore, variants C7256T and G7520A were absent in serous ovarian cancer subtype. Interestingly, the C7520T variant in tRNA gene was present in 74% (36/49) of African American and 26% (23/87) of Caucasian patients. Taken together, our results suggest that, with respect to ethnic and age difference, these mtDNA variants may be involved in epithelial ovarian carcinogenesis.
Three Patterns of Catamenial Epilepsy

Summary: Purpose: On the basis of the neuroactive properties of estradiol and progesterone and the menstrually related cyclic variations of their serum concentrations, we propose the existence of three hormonally based patterns of seizure exacerbation. Because previous reports both support and refute the concept of catamenial epilepsy, we test the hypothesis by charting seizures and menses and measuring midluteal serum progesterone levels to estimate the frequency of epileptic women with catamenial seizure exacerbation. Methods: One hundred eighty-four women with intractable complex partial seizures (CPS) charted their seizure occurrence and onset of menstruation on a calendar for one cycle during which they had a midluteal blood sample taken for serum progesterone determination on day 22. Levels >5 ng/ml were considered ovulatory. The cycle was divided into four phases with onset of menstruation being day 1: menstrual (M) = -3 to +3, follicular (F) = 4 to 9, ovulatory (0) = 10 to -13, and luteal (L) = -12 to -4. Average daily seizure frequency for each phase was calculated and compared among phases by repeatedmeasures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the StudentNewman-Keul’s test, separately for ovulatory and anovulatory cycles. Results: The 1,324 seizures recorded during 98 ovulatory cycles occurred with significantly greater (p < 0.001) average daily frequency during the M (0.59) and 0 (0.50) phases than during the F (0.41) and L (0.40) phases, offering support for perimenstrual (catamenial 1) and preovulatory (catamenial 2) patterns of seizure exacerbation. The 1,523 seizures recorded during 86 anovulatory cycles occurred with significantly lower (p < 0.001) average daily frequency during the F phase (0.49) than during all other phases (M = 0.78,O = 0.74, L = 0.74), offering support for seizure exacerbation throughout the second half of inadequate luteal phase cycles (catamenial pattern 3). Although 71.4% of the women with ovulatory cycles and 77.9% with inadequate luteal phase cycles had seizure exacerbation in relation to one of the three patterns of catamenial epilepsy, approximately one third of the women showed at least a twofold increase in average daily seizure frequency. We propose a twofold or greater increase as a reasonable definition of catamenial epilepsy. Conclusions: Charting of seizures and menses and determination of day 22 progesterone levels during each cycle may be sufficient to establish the existence of three distinct patterns of catamenial epilepsy. Approximately one third of women with intractable CPS may have catamenial epilepsy. Key Words: Epileps y-Catamenial-Mens trual-Hormones.
Margin Requirement and Stock Market Volatility in Thailand

The use of margin requirements as a potential policy tool for controlling sudden stock price changes and market volatility has attracted considerable attention in the developed stock markets. However, no consensus has emerged regarding the significance of the impact of changes in margin requirement of the stock market. The existing analyses are extended to test the impact of changes in margin requirements on stock prices in an emerging stock market. Using recent data from the Stock Exchange of Thailand, margin requirements are demonstrated to have an important impact on the behaviour of stock prices. Increases (decreases) in margin requirements usually lead to a downward (upward) trend in stock prices. An interesting aspect of the result is the apparently asymmetric nature of the response of stock prices to changes in margin requirements. The market appears to respond immediately and forcefully to a decrease in the margin requirements; whereas the response to an increase in margin requirements is much slo...