cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polypectomy rate as a quality measure for colonoscopy.

Background The adenoma detection rate (ADR) has been proposed as a robust quality indicator for colonoscopy, but it is cumbersome to calculate and not available at the time of colonoscopy. Objective To determine whether endoscopists' polypectomy rates (PRs) correlate with their ADRs and to calculate benchmark PRs that correlate with benchmark ADRs. Design Retrospective study. Setting University and Veterans Affairs endoscopy units in Portland, Oregon. Subjects Fifteen endoscopists and their patients. Main Outcome Measurements Proportion of patients with any adenoma and any polyp removed; correlation between ADRs and PRs. Results Fifteen endoscopists performed 2706 average-risk screening colonoscopies during the study. There was variation in the ADR for men (15.4%-44.7%) and women (6.1%-25.8%) and in the PRs for men (17.9%-66.0%) and women (11.3%-43.1%). Endoscopists' PRs correlated well with their ADRs ( r s = 0.86, P P P = .01) than those who did not. Limitations Study endoscopists' approach to polypectomy may differ from that of endoscopists in other settings. Conclusions The PR is a useful quality measure with a high degree of correlation with the ADR.
ACUTE TOXICITY OF SUBSTRATES OF THE MIXED FUNCTION OXIDASE SYSTEM IN NORMAL AND PHENOBARBITAL-PRETREATED MICE

Twenty‐four hour LD50 values and slopes were determined In control and in phenobarbital‐pretreated male mice for several drugs routinely used to assay in vitro activity of mlcrosomal drug metabolizing enzymes. Phenobarbital pretreatment produced the expected increase in microsomal enzyme activity but had no effect on the LD50 of aniline, amlnopyrine, p‐nltrophenol, or antipyrine. A 30% increase in the LD50 of ethylmorphine was produced by the phenobarbital treatment. Phenobarbital pretreatment had no effect on the slopes of the LD50 curves. The change in LD50 of ethylmorphine produced by phenobarbital pretreatment is discussed in light of ethyl‐morphine metabolic pathways and routes of excretion.
Synthetic polynucleotides as model substrates for ribosomal RNA processing.

Abstract A nuclear exoribonuclease from Novikoff ascites cells was used to study the hydrolysis of single-stranded heteropolymers containing [14C]adenylic acid and either uridylic acid or cytidylic acid and heteropolymers of [14C]adenylic acid and one of the corresponding 2′- O -methylated nucleotides. The results of these studies indicate that both the rate and extent of hydrolysis are greatly inhibited by the presence of 2′- O -methylated nucleotides. Restriction of exonuclease activity by 2′- O -methylated nucleotides provides a possible mechanism for rRNA processing.
Wavelength dependent reflectance functions

A wavelength based bidirectional reflectance function is developed for use in realistic image synthesis. A geodesic sphere is employed to represent the BRDF, and a novel data structure is used to store this description and to recall it for rendering purposes. A virtual goniospectrophotometer is implemented by using a Monte Carlo ray tracer to cast rays into a surface. An optics model that incorporates phase is used in the ray tracer to simulate interference effects. An adaptive subdivision technique is applied to elaborate the data structure from rays scattered into the hemisphere above the surface. The wavelength based BRDF and virtual goniospectrophotometer are utilized to analyze and make pictures of thin films, idealized pigmented materials, and pearlescent paints.
Abstract IA17: TSLP-driven inflammation fosters development of epithelial tumors

Solid tumors are often associated with aseptic inflammation. There are two types of inflammation that have opposing effects on tumors, chronic inflammation that promotes cancer cell survival, and metastasis, and acute inflammation which triggers cancer cell destruction. Chronic inflammation is often linked with the presence of type 2-polarized macrophages (M2), which are induced by Th2 cytokines, IL-4 and IL-13. Our recent studies have demonstrated the presence in breast cancer tumors of inflammatory Th2 cells, which produce IL-13, IL-4, and TNF. These CD4+ T cells appear to play a key role in the disease as they accelerate breast tumor development in a xenograft model through the production of IL-13. Breast tumors appear to play a critical role in conditioning the infiltrating myeloid DCs (mDCs) to induce such inflammatory Th2 cells. Our most recent results suggest that thymic stromal lymphopoetin (TSLP) secreted by cancer cells plays a role in mDCs conditioning. Breast cancer cell lines and primary tumors from patients show TSLP protein expression. TSLP-neutralizing antibodies block the upregulation of OX40L by mDCs exposed to tumor supernatant and consequently block mDCs capacity to generate inflammatory Th2 cells in vitro. The TSLP production is mediated by PAR2-signaling in cancer cells. PAR2 is expressed by all 4 breast cancer cell lines, and TSLP production can be induced upon PAR2-agonist peptide treatment. Similar observations were made by us and others in pancreatic cancer as well as lung cancer. Thus, TSLP could serve as therapeutic target in tumors of epithelial origin.
The critical velocity for aggregate blow-off from a built-up roof

Abstract A new experimental technique is presented for calculating the critical conditions under which loose gravel on a roof becomes airborne. The critical condition for gravel blow-off from the top of a roof depends on the building geometry, particle properties, and the wind conditions. A series of two-dimensional wind tunnel tests were run to measure the critical condition for particle removal. The experimental results demonstrate that the critical condition for blow-off, parameterized in terms of a particle densimetric Froude number, is a function of the dimensionless particle size (d⁎) and the building geometry. Results for buildings without a parapet show that the critical particle densimetric Froude number has a power-law relationship with the dimensionless particle size as F r d 2 = 8.1 ( d ⁎ ) − 0.44 for the range of parameters tested. For buildings with a parapet, the densimetric Froude number for the critical condition depends on both Reynolds number and parapet height to building height ratio. The experimental results indicate that buildings without a parapet are not always the most prone to blow-off, and that under certain conditions, a small parapet height can increase the risk of gravel removal. As the critical Froude number is dependent on the Reynolds number, raw data from small scale experiments cannot simply be scaled up by using a Froude number. Further, it is demonstrated that the current approach of using the Shields Diagram (or equivalent data) to scale results from small to large scale are also flawed as the motion initiation mechanism is different. Therefore, existing design guides should be re-visited and full-scale experiments should be conducted in order to fully analyze the risk of blow-off.
Mercury Lubricated Resistance Box Plugs

SynopsisElectrical Resistance Box Contacts(1)Taper plug contacts are unreliable for careful work as their resistance varies with the chance position, firmness of seating, condition of contact surfaces, and use of neighboring contacts.(2)Mercury cup contacts have the mechanical disadvantage of the spread of mercury over the surfaces and through the metal, and the electrical disadvantage of variable resistance due to the difficulty of keeping the mercury path constant.(3)Taper plug contacts when lubricated with oil have much more steady but materially higher resistance.(4)But when made of copper and lubricated with mercury, the contact resistance is greatly decreased, to 17 of that of clean metal surfaces, and also becomes much more constant. The resistance of the contact is only slightly dependent on tightness of seating and on age; the contact surfaces do not cut, or squeeze out; they cement themselves together but may be separated without damage. Resistance may be trusted to 10−6 ohms.(5)The design of sets of contacts should be such as to give great strength and independence between contacts. Several designs are illustrated.
Regional controls on the geochemical evolution of saline groundwaters in the Edwards aquifer, central Texas

Abstract Geochemical and isotopic parameters are used to evaluate models for the evolution of saline groundwaters in the Edwards aquifer, which lies on the northwestern margin of the Gulf of Mexico sedimentary basin. Saline groundwaters, termed ‘badwaters’, range in salinity from 1000 to 12 500 mg l−1 total dissolved solids. Models for badwater evolution must account for complexities owing to: (1) the range in compositions of saline basinal fluids that may migrate into the Edwards aquifer from its down-dip section and from underlying hydrostratigraphic units; (2) the range of depositional, diagenetic, and mineralogic variations in the hist aquifer rocks; (3) volcanic and intrusive igneous rocks that locally crosscut the aquifer; (4) extensive faulting, which in places juxtaposes Edwards aquifer units with adjacent hydrostratigraphic units. Calcium, Mg, Na, SO4, Cl, and HCO3 variations define six badwater hydrochemical facies. Strontium isotope values of freshwaters ( 87 Sr 86 Sr = 0.7077 – 0.7086 ), badwaters (0.7076 – 0.7094), and brines from aquifer rocks down-dip (0.7078 – 0.7097) are nearly all higher than the range of most Edwards aquifer rocks (0.7074 – 0.7077) and volcanic and intrusive igneous rocks that crosscut the aquifer (0.7032 – 0.7055). Argillaceous carbonate rocks that underlie the Edwards aquifer are likely sources of Sr with high 87 Sr 86 Sr values. Transitions between the hydrochemical facies in some locations correspond to changes in depositional environments in aquifer rocks and to changes in the intensity of faulting through the aquifer. Major element, mineral saturation state, and Sr Ca  87 Sr 86 Sr variations in badwaters of the westernmost aquifer region indicate that incongruent dissolution of gypsum and recrystallization of calcite control the geochemical evolution of these badwaters. Sr Ca NaCl 87 Sr 86 Sr variations in badwaters of extensively faulted areas to the east of the westernmost aquifer region are consistent with fluid mixing processes involving at least five endmember fluids, including (1) saline groundwaters from two underlying hydrostratigraphic units, (2) two endmember brines from down-dip Edwadrs aquifer equivalent units, and (3) freashwaters that have interacted extensively with aquifer rocks. The compositions of badwaters from the northeasternmost region reflect fluid mixing between freshwaters and saline groundwaters from underlying hydrostratigraphic units.
Incentive design for heterogeneous user-generated content networks

This paper designs rating systems aimed at incentivizing users in UGC networks to produce content, thereby significantly improving the social welfare of such networks. We explicitly consider that monitoring user's production activities is imperfect. Such imperfect monitoring will lead to undesired rating drop of users, thereby reducing the social welfare of the network. The network topology constraint and users' heterogeneity further complicates the optimal rating system design problem since users' incentives are complexly coupled. This paper determines optimal recommendation strategies under a variety of monitoring scenarios. Our results suggest that, surprisingly, allowing a certain level of freeriding behavior may lead to higher social welfare than incentivizing all users to produce.
Rapamycin inhibits human laryngotracheal stenosis-derived fibroblast proliferation, metabolism, and function in vitro.

ObjectiveTo determine if rapamycin inhibits the growth, function, and metabolism of human laryngotracheal stenosis (LTS)–derived fibroblasts.Study DesignControlled in vitro study.SettingTertiary care hospital in a research university.Subjects and MethodsFibroblasts isolated from biopsies of 5 patients with laryngotracheal stenosis were cultured. Cell proliferation, histology, gene expression, and cellular metabolism of LTS-derived fibroblasts were assessed in 4 conditions: (1) fibroblast growth medium, (2) fibroblast growth medium with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), (3) fibroblast growth medium with 10−10 M (low-dose) rapamycin dissolved in DMSO, and (4) fibroblast growth medium with 10−9 M (high-dose) rapamycin dissolved in DMSO.ResultsThe LTS fibroblast count and DNA concentration were reduced after treatment with high-dose rapamycin compared to DMSO (P = .0007) and normal (P = .0007) controls. Collagen I expression decreased after treatment with high-dose rapamycin versus control (P = .0051) and DMSO (P = ....
Numerical solution of the one-dimensional time-independent Schrödinger's equation by recursive evaluation of derivatives

We develop a simple numerical method for solving the one-dimensional time-independent Schrodinger's equation. Our method computes the desired solutions as Taylor series expansions of arbitrarily large orders. Instead of using approximations such as difference quotients for the derivatives needed in the Taylor series expansions, we use recursive formulas obtained using the governing differential equation itself to calculate exact derivatives. Since our approach does not use difference formulas or symbolic manipulation, it requires much less computational effort when compared to the techniques previously reported in the literature. We illustrate the effectiveness of our method by obtaining numerical solutions of the one-dimensional harmonic oscillator, the hydrogen atom, and the one-dimensional double-well anharmonic oscillator.
Ankyrin immunoreactivity in adult rat cerebellum.

Abstract An antibody recognizing all ankyrin isoforms was employed to localize ankyrin in the cerebellum by light and electron microscopy. White matter (myelinated fiber tracts) did not contain ankyrin. Granule cell bodies and axons contained ankyrin which extended into the parallel fibers and their synapses. Purkinje cells contained a nearly uniform plasma membrane undercoating of ankyrin in the cell body. However, in both of these cell types ankyrin was not detected in dendrites. Basket and stellate cells did not contain detectable ankyrin. Golgi neuroepithelial cell bodies and processes contained ankyrin while myelin and myelinated axons did not. These results indicate that the membrane skeletal protein ankyrin occurs in some, but not all, neuronal and glial cell types in the cerebellum. For the neurons in which it does occur its distribution is polarized, being limited to cell bodies and axons white not occurring in dendrites.
Children's Linguistic Intuitions about Factive Presuppositions.

Abstract Third and sixth graders' understanding of factive presupposition was investigated via two tasks: One required an abstract truth value judgment of the verb complement; the other called for a more informal judgment of consistency (or contradiction) between the target sentence and the negation of its complement. When compared with corresponding adult data, the present results indicate that the development of factive presupposition continues through late childhood. A further task examined a nonlogical pragmatic variable related to factive meaning. The final task investigated whether children's judgments of overall certainty are governed by factive or pragmatic aspects of meaning. Comparisons across the four tasks indicate that factive presupposition only gradually emerges as a distinct logical component of verb meaning. It is argued that young children's initial discriminations between factive and nonfactive verbs reflect the subjective confidence conveyed by the verb rather than the logical property of factivity, but that later in acquisition, factivity acquires a status superseding that of other facets of meaning.
Co-operative modes of motion in a simple model of a liquid

Abstract The position ω as a function of k of the co-operative modes in a simple model of a liquid is found.
On the use of Somigliana's formulae and series of surface spherical harmonics for elasticity problems with spherical boundaries

This paper discusses applications of Somiglina's identities to the solutions of elasticity problems with spherical boundaries. The components of the boundary displacements and tractions involved in the identities are represented as truncated series of surface spherical harmonics, and all of the integrals involved in the formulae are evaluated analytically. The classical problems of a solid sphere, a spherical cavity, and a perfectly bonded spherical inhomogeneity (an inclusion with the elastic properties different from those of the surrounding material) are solved with the use of Somiglina's identities. Extensions of the new solutions to more complicated three-dimensional problems with spherical boundaries are discussed.
Chronic disorders of consciousness following coma: Part one: medical issues

Increasing numbers of patients survive traumatic brain injury (TBI) and cardiopulmonary arrest and resuscitation and are admitted to the ICU in coma. Some of these patients become brain dead; others regain consciousness. Still others become vegetative or minimally conscious, conditions called chronic disorders of consciousness and ultimately are cared for outside the ICU. Comatose patients lack the wakefulness and awareness that distinguish consciousness from unconsciousness. Vegetative patients are awake in that they manifest sleep-wake cycles, but they are unaware of their environment and cannot respond to stimuli. Minimally conscious patients are awake, aware to a limited extent, and somewhat responsive. The diagnosis of the vegetative and minimally conscious states has been based largely on their behavioral and pathologic features, and it has been believed that vegetative patients remain in that condition permanently. Nevertheless, EEG and neuroimaging studies suggest that the traditional diagnostic approach is imprecise. Moreover, clinical investigations have revealed that some vegetative patients can become minimally conscious and that some minimally conscious patients can gain increased awareness. Few therapies for patients with chronic disorders of consciousness have been subjected to randomized trials. Furthermore, although a small number of patients have improved neurologically with or without treatment, their overall prognosis for neurologic recovery remains poor.
A New Role for Wilms Tumor Protein 1: Differential Activities of + KTS and –KTS Variants to Regulate LHβ Transcription

Luteinizing hormone (LH) is synthesized and secreted throughout the reproductive cycle from gonadotrope cells in the anterior pituitary, and is required for steroidogenesis and ovulation. LH contains an α-subunit common with FSH, and a unique LHβ subunit that defines biological activity. Basal LHβ transcription is low and stimulated by hypothalamic GnRH, which induces synthesis of early growth response protein-1 (Egr1), and stimulates binding of transcription factors Egr1 and steroidogenic factor-1 (SF1) on the promoter. WT1 (Wilms tumor protein1) is a zinc finger transcription factor with an essential role in urogenital system development, and which regulates several reproductive genes via interactions with SF1 or binding to GC-rich elements such as Egr1 binding sites. We investigated a potential role for WT1 in LHβ transcription in clonal mouse gonadotrope LβT2 cells. WT1 was present in LβT2 and mouse pituitary cells, and protein bound to the endogenous LHβ promoter. Interestingly, mRNAs for WT1(+KTS), which contains a three amino-acid insertion between the 3rd and 4th zinc fingers, and the WT1 (-KTS) variant were both expressed at significant levels. WT1 mRNAs and protein were decreased approximately 50% by GnRH treatment, under conditions where Egr1 mRNA and protein, and LHβ transcription, were stimulated. Decreasing expression of mRNA for WT1 (-KTS) decreased stimulation of LHβ and Egr1 by GnRH, whereas decreasing both WT1 (-KTS) and (+KTS) increased endogenous LHβ transcription, and prevented LHβ but not Egr1 stimulation by GnRH, suggesting differing biological activities for the WT1 isoforms. Overexpression of WT1 showed that WT1(-KTS) enhanced LHβ promoter GnRH stimulation 2-to-3-fold and required the 3'Egr1 site, but WT1(+KTS) repressed both basal and GnRH-stimulated LHβ promoter activity by approximately 70%. Our data suggest that WT1 can modulate LHβ transcription, with differential roles for the two WT1 variants; WT1 (-KTS) enhances and WT1 (+KTS) suppresses transcription.
Solar load analysis by use of orthographic projections and spherical trigonometry

Abstract A procedure is presented for determining solar loads on the roof and south-facing walls of buildings and the total effective insolation received on flat-plate horizontal, vertical, and tilted solar collectors. Spherical trigonometry and orthographic projection are employed in deriving conversion equations and equations for calculating shaded and effective areas of collector plates.
THE IDENTIFICATION OF BIASED ITEMS

A standard method for exploring item bias is the intergroup comparison of item difficulties. This paper describes a refinement and generalization of this technique. In contrast to prior approaches, the proposed method deletes outlying items from the formulation of a criterion for identifying items as deviant. It also extends the mathematical framework of item difficulty comparisons to allow the simultaneous analysis of any number of groups. As an example, the proposed method is applied to a set of quantitative items selected from a business school admission test.
Adaptation: the key to the problem in shock?

Ľetat actuel de nos connaissances incompletes sur la pathogenie du choc devient probablement la principale raison de ľ;usage clinique si limite qu’il a ete fait des donnees experimentales tres etendues et bien a point de cette entite. De toute evidence, il s’impose de faire une nouvelle mise en valeur de ľ;amoncellement de donnees de laboratoire, sous un angle nouveau et different, pour qu’elles puissent apporter des reponses, longtemps cherchees, a ľetiologie de base du syndrome choc.
Spectral modeling of supernova remnants

Abstract We report on recent efforts to generate high quality, self-consistent atomic physics models for L-shell ion stages for iron and the use of these data in collisional-radiative modeling of X-ray spectra of supernova remnants. As a specific example, we present comparisons between observed and theoretical X-ray spectra produced by Tycho's supernova remnant.
Quantum Functional Sensitivity Analysis of the D + H2 Reaction Rate Coefficient via the Separable Rotation Approximation

Sensitivities of the D + H{sub 2} cumulative reaction probability (CRP) are calculated for total angular momentum J = 0 and 6 to test the applicability of the separable rotation approximation. The CRPs and their sensitivities are then thermally averaged to obtain sensitivities of the log-normalized rate coefficient using a single J. This approach has great promise of being a simple, yet accurate, method of providing reliable feedback information to quantum chemists without resorting to full-dimensionality quantal calculations. On the basis of our sensitivity analysis, we propose three potential energy surface (PES) modifications which should remove the remaining discrepancies between the experimental and theoretical rate coefficients, especially at the high temperatures. Interestingly, none of these potential modifications lie at a particularly `high`-energy region of the PES as was previously thought. 34 refs., 15 figs., 3 tabs.
Colonoscopic perforations: a retrospective review.

Colonic perforation is no longer a rare complication of colonoscopy. Our previous report identified 45 such iatrogenic injuries from 1980 through 1994 (3082 colonoscopies per year). This follow-up of the ensuing 7 years examines changing trends of endoscopic usage in addition to management and prognosis of patients with colonoscopic perforations. Retrospective analysis of 78,702 colonoscopies (1994 through 2000, 11,243 colonoscopies per year) allowed assessment of medical records in all patients treated at our institution for colonic perforation. Sixty-six patients from our institution (perforation rate, 0.084%; 1 per 1192 procedures) and six patients from outside institutions were treated for colonic perforation following colonoscopy (41 women, 31 men; ages, 30–92 years; median, 73 years). Sixty-two patients underwent laparotomy, while 10 were managed nonoperatively. All 10 patients managed nonoperatively were void of peritoneal irritation by physical examination; eight patients did well (median hospital stay, 5.5 days; range, 0–12), but one death (family declined operative intervention) and one pelvic abscess requiring percutaneous drainage were noted. Peritoneal irritation by physical examination was evident in 57 of 62 patients undergoing laparotomy. Perforations occurred throughout the colon: right, 22 (31%); transverse, 5 (7%); left, 44 (61%); and unknown, 1 (1%). Thirty-eight patients (61%) underwent primary repair or resection with anastomosis. Fecal diversion was used in 100% of patients with extensive peritoneal contamination (n = 12) and 40% of patients with moderate contamination (12 of 30). Perioperative morbidity (39%) and mortality (8%) were significant. Factors predicting a poor outcome included delayed diagnosis, extensive peritoneal contamination, and patients using anticoagulants (P < .05). Compared with our prior study, the present review highlights a higher prevalence of injury based on more frequent use of colonoscopy. Perforation rates remain around 0.08%. While nonoperative management is viable in patients void of peritonitis, expedient surgical intervention seems to facilitate patient recovery.
Prismatically induced curvature and finger-tracking pressure changes in a visual capture phenomenon

A method was developed to help elucidate the manner in which vision exerts a dominant influence over other sources of sensory information. Subjects were required to track a horizontal straight edge with their forefingers while viewing the movements of their limbs through a curve-inducing lens. FiII'ger tracking pressure changes along the edge were transduced and monitored as a function of indtfced curvature orientation (convex-down, convex-up). Findings showed that greater pressure occurred when the finger was located at the low point(s) of the apparent curvature. A trend analysis indicated that the obtained pressure profiles (passive proprioception) contained large quadratic components and were exactly opposite in orientation to the shape of the visual image and subjects' reported felt curvature of the straight edge. Results were discussed in terms of central and peripheral interpretations of visual capture. In most real-life situations, humans process visual spatial information in larger amounts and with greater acuity than any other spatial information. A likely consequence is the experimental finding that when contlicting cues regarding spatial position are encountered by a subject, the resolution is preponderantly in the direction of the visual information in spite of the true state of affairs. Empirical contirmations of the so-called dominance of vision over the other senses have been widely
A Proposed Procedure for Predicting Performance Aspects of Roadway Lighting in Terms of Visibility

The authors describe a practical method for specifying the roadway lighting required for the performance of any driving task designers agree to use as a criterion. The method was developed from extensive studies of the visibility of objects on a 15 to 1 scale model roadway, using the quantitative metric of visibility, effective visibility level, described in a report on visual performance by the Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage (CIE). Using a particular study in which the effective visibility level of the relevant target was measured, the authors illustrate how visibility requirements can be combined with the visibility from a given lighting system to give a task performance probability index for that system.
Quantitative assessment of minimal effective concentration of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents

Minimal effective concentration (MEC) was proposed to explain why subcutaneous (SC) administration of erythropoietin (EPO) induces a higher hemoglobin (HGB) increase than intravenous (IV) administration. It has been further used to explain the paradox that erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) with lower receptor binding affinity may have higher in vivo activity. We have developed a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model with incorporation of the operational model of agonism to characterize the data from two clinical trials. By using model-based simulations, we demonstrate that SC route is more efficacious than IV route and explain the paradoxical behavior of ESAs. We determined that MEC can be quantified by C50, which represents the concentration of an ESA producing its half-maximal effect of stimulating the proliferation of erythroid precursor cells. The model used may allow joint PK/PD modeling of data from different ESAs, and provide a platform for dosing regimen optimizations and future clinical study designs.CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology (2013) 2, e62; doi:10.1038/psp.2013.39; published online 7 August 2013.
Reduced Anionic Mn12 Molecules with Half-Integer Ground States as Single-Molecule Magnets

The preparation, characterization, and X-ray structure are reported for the single-molecule magnet (PPh4)[Mn12O12(O2CPh)16(H2O)4]·8(CH2Cl2) (2). Complex 2 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1, which at 213 K has a = 17.2329(2), b = 17.8347(2), c = 26.8052(2) A, α = 90.515(2), β = 94.242(2), γ = 101.437(2)°, and Z = 2. The salt consists of PPh4+ cations and [Mn12O12(O2CPh)16(H2O)4]- anions. The (Mn12O12)15+ core of the anion is formed by an external ring of eight Mn atoms bridged by μ3−O2- ions to an internal tetrahedron of four Mn atoms. Because of disorder in both phenyl rings and solvate molecules, it was difficult to use bond valence sum values to determine definitively the oxidation state of each Mn atom. There is a Mn4O4 cubane unit in the internal part of the molecule and these Mn atoms are all MnIV ions. For the eight “external” Mn atoms the bond valence sum values did not define well their oxidation states. For these eight Mn atoms, it was not possible to determine whether a trapped-valen...
Distribution of Wave Impact Forces From Breaking and Non-Breaking Waves

Impact loads from waves on vessels and coastal structures are highly complex and may involve wave breaking, making these changes difficult to estimate numerically or empirically. Results from previous experiments have shown a wide range of forces and pressures measured from breaking and non-breaking waves, with no clear trend between wave characteristics and the localized forces and pressures that they generate. In 2008, a canonical breaking wave impact data set was obtained at the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, by measuring the distribution of impact pressures of incident non-breaking and breaking waves on one face of a cube. The effects of wave height, wavelength, face orientation, face angle, and submergence depth were investigated. A limited number of runs were made at low forward speeds, ranging from about 0.5 to 2 knots (0.26 to 1.03 m/s). The measurement cube was outfitted with a removable instrumented plate measuring 1 ft2 (0.09 m2 ), and the wave heights tested ranged from 8–14 inches (20.3 to 35.6 cm). The instrumented plate had 9 slam panels of varying sizes made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and 11 pressure gages; this data was collected at 5 kHz to capture the dynamic response of the gages and panels and fully resolve the shapes of the impacts. A Kistler gage was used to measure the total force averaged over the cube face. A bottom mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) was used to obtain measurements of velocity through the water column to provide incoming velocity boundary conditions. A Light Detecting and Ranging (LiDAR) system was also used above the basin to obtain a surface mapping of the free surface over a distance of approximately 15 feet (4.6 m). Additional point measurements of the free surface were made using acoustic distance sensors. Standard and high-speed video cameras were used to capture a qualitative assessment of the impacts. Impact loads on the plate tend to increase with wave height, as well as with plate inclination toward incoming waves. Further trends of the pressures and forces with wave characteristics, cube orientation, draft and face angle are investigated and presented in this paper, and are also compared with previous test results.
P-017 ‘Double barrel’ stent reconstruction of a symptomatic fusiform basilar artery aneurysm

Objective and importance Giant fusiform aneurysms of the basilar artery are associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. Treatment of these lesions can be difficult especially when there are poor anatomic collaterals such as posterior communicating arteries. Often times these lesions have no acceptable treatment. We present a case of a patient with a large, symptomatic, fusiform basilar artery aneurysm successfully treated with a side by side, telescoping stent construct and coiling of the giant basilar artery aneurysm. Clinical presentation A 56-year-old man presented with chief complaints of dysarthria and left-sided hemiparesis. MRI and conventional catheter based angiography revealed a dolichoectatic basilar artery with three large fusiform aneurysms throughout its length. Flow through the patient9s aneurysm was successfully reduced with a side by side stent construct and coiling of the proximal aneurysm dilation. The patient experienced stabilization of his ischemic events and neurologic recovery. Intervention and technique A total of eight Neuroform-2 4.5×30 mm stents were navigated and positioned from the proximal posterior cerebral arteries to the distal vertebral arteries in a side by side, telescoping manner. These were deployed simultaneously by two operators to oppose the stent struts as well as the arterial wall. Next, the proximal aneurysmal dilation was coiled to near occlusion. Conclusion We present a novel, endovascular stenting technique for successfully treating symptomatic, giant basilar artery aneurysms. The above patient at 4 months was living independently with no further neurologic events or decline.
Development of a simple, rapid, sensitive, high-throughput luciferase reporter based microneutralization test for measurement of virus neutralizing antibodies following Respiratory Syncytial Virus vaccination and infection.

We have established a new reporter gene-based RSV neutralization test using Renilla luciferase. The RSV-Luciferase Neutralization Test (RSV-Luc-NeuT) is a simple, rapid, high throughput, and less labor intensive functional serological assay than the traditional RSV-PRNT, capable of measuring a broad range of anti-RSV neutralizing antibodies targeting both RSV-F and RSV-G proteins. Specificity and sensitivity of the RSV-Luc-NeuT are comparable to the RSV-PRNT. Panels of pre-vaccination and post-vaccination animal sera, monoclonal antibodies and animal polyclonal anti-RSV sera confirmed assay specificity. A panel of 60 human sera demonstrated high assay sensitivity for measurement of RSV neutralizing antibodies that strongly correlated with the RSV-PRNT titers (R2 = 0.864). Neutralization in the presence of guinea pig complement (GPC) increased PRNT titers more than the RSV-Luc-NeuT neutralizing antibody titers for these human sera. This newly developed simple, high throughput, RSV-Luc-NeuT could be easily automated and applied in measurement of RSV neutralization titers in large vaccine trials.
Long distance dominance andK+ decays

In an attempt to understand exclusiveK decays within a long distance framework, a simple and operative model for theK+ effective vertex is constructed and applied in the analysis of a few decay modes.
Understanding variations in hospital costs: An economics perspective

This article provides a review of factors that cause hospital costs to vary. Examples of public policy issues and strategic management issues related to hospital cost variations are presented. Two commonly used theoretical perspectives for studying costs, microeconomic theory and industrial organization theory, are briefly reviewed. The article concludes with suggestions for future research including the application of a different theoretical perspective, X-efficiency Theory.
Resource Allocation and Risk: A Case Study of Smallholder Agriculture in Kenya: Comment

In the November 1975, issue of this Journal, Wolgin presented a model of resource allocation by a multiple product firm operating under uncertainty. He tested this model with a set of data from Kenya. This comment identifies a critical mathematical error in Wolgin's theoretical derivation and shows how this error invalidated a portion of his empirical analysis. The comment also presents the correct hypothesis from Wolgin's model and discusses its economic implications.
Dialectics as an Alcohol Treatment Intervention

It has been reported repeatedly in the literature that treatment outcome is not related to the form of treatment. These research data do not, therefore, provide the clinician with specific treatment approaches for specific forms of alcohol use problems. It would be helpful to have an effective intervention conceptual model which can be used in a variety of settings and with a variety of clients. This article presents a model developed within clinical practice which employs a dialectical intervention process. The goal of the model is a decision by the client to do something about his/her condition. The decision is seen as the sine qua non of recovery. The model is presented as a clinically useful tool which should be tested within a variety of clinical settings.
Another Kind of Rainbow Politics

Abstract Race has been a particularly troublesome concept in the United States. It is especially problematic as it is applied to Latinos. While several perspectives are presented to examine race, race relations, and racial dynamics regarding Latinos in the U.S., this essay primarily relies on Omi and Winant's racial formation theory as a means for understanding the position of Latinos in the racial hierarchy of the United States. The authors argue that the experience of Latinos in the U.S. has taken place within a “racial” context, and as a result, have been involved in a racialization process throughout their history in this country. More specifically, the authors identify several contradictory racial projects that have shaped our current views of Latinos as a “racial group”: Latinos as a panethnic group, a rainbow race and a race towards whiteness. These Latino racial projects are discussed within a racial formation framework. Furthermore, the role that the state plays in shaping the contours of race re...
Atomic nitrogen generation system for reactive deposition of thin films

Abstract The atomic form of nitrogen may be very effective in the formation of nitrides in reactive thin film deposition. One of the compounds of great interest to the optoelectronic industry is gallium nitride, a potential material for manufacturing blue light emitting diodes and color displays. A system for the generation of atomic nitrogen at low gas flow and high efficiency, needed for reactive deposition of gallium nitride by the ICB technique, has been built. Its operation is based on the dissociation of molecular nitrogen in a microwave cavity at the frequency of 2.45 GHz. To prevent the high purity gas from becoming contaminated no electrodes come into contact with the plasma discharge. A method of measuring the effective yield of atomic nitrogen is also described. A high atomic nitrogen concentration of 1.2% at low gas flow has been achieved. The relationship between gas flow rate, dissociation efficiency, and the vacuum requirements of the deposition process is discussed.
Therapy and management

Abstract In this chapter, a review of the various drugs used to treat pemphigoid is provided, and then an outline or guide to the practical managment of pemphigoid is presented. It is clear that uncomplicated cutaneous, localized, and generalized bulllous pemphigoid is frequently a self-limited disease lasting from 312–6 years in most patients. 1–4 Deaths are not uncommon and may be due to the disease, but more frequently they are due to complications of therapy. The mortality varies between 10% and 30%. 4–6 Hence, it is advisable that the clinician make an early diagnosis, institute early therapy, make a careful choice of drugs, use them judiciously, monitor side effects, and taper or discontinue therapy whenever possible. The discussion on therapy is divided into three sections: systemic, intralesional, and topical.
Bodies and Persons: Comparative Perspectives from Africa and Melanesia

Bodies and Persons: Comparative Perspectives from Africa and Melanesia. Michael Fambek and Andrew Strathern. eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. xii. 298 pp., illustrations, contributors, bibliography, index.
The study on failure mechanisms of bond pad metal peeling: Part A––Experimental investigation

Abstract For the experimental investigation on failure mechanisms of bond pad metal peeling, 31 failed SDRAM chips after the pad peeling are gathered, and SEM and FIB are utilized. From the results of this study, the vertical tension loading transferred by the capillary to the deformed ball is recognized as the direct driving force for the pad peeling and the crack on the bonding pad as well as its propagation into the oxide layers under the pad is identified as the direct cause of the pad peeling. Moreover, the propagation of the crack along the interface of the layers under the pad is explained as the initiation of ‘ductile fracture type failure’, which can be considered as a possible cause of the pad peeling. A schematic diagram for the process of the pad peeling is constructed based on the results of this research and the effect of the probe test on the pad peeling is also investigated to confirm the result of Hotchkiss et al. [Proceedings of the 51st Electronic Components and Technology Conference, 2001, p. 1175].
Restricted Feeding in Early and Late-Feathering Chickens.1. Growth and Physiological Responses

Abstract Broiler-breeder females from a parent stock segregating for early and late feathering were fed ad libitum (AL, feed was always available), ad libitum restricted (ALR, feed restricted daily to control body weight), skip-one-day and skip-two-days (SOD and STD, given two or three times ALR allowance on Day 1 and not fed on the next 1 or 2 days, respectively). At 160 days of age, pullets on SOD and STD were changed to ALR feeding, and daily feed allowances were increased to 135 g by Day 180 and 138 g by Day 250. Responses of early and late-feathering females were similar for traits measured. Generally, body weights of AL chickens increased to 4,600 g at 130 days of age and then reached a plateau. Body weights of feed-restricted groups were less than half of that of AL chickens by 160 days of age. Controlled release from feed restriction enabled chickens to reach a weight of approximately 3,200 g by Day 210. Daily feed consumption for AL chickens increased to about 220 g by 140 days of age and then decreased to approximately 150 g by Day 250; it eventually decreased to approximately 120 g by Day 350, where it reached a plateau. Mortality, plasma glucose levels, and surface and cloacal temperatures were lower for females whose feed was restricted than for those fed AL. Plasma protein levels were greater for STD than for AL, ALR, and SOD groups whereas plasma lipids were higher for AL and SOD than for ALR and STD groups. The interaction of age × time of blood collection for heterophil:lymphocyte ratios reflected physiological adaptation to these feeding regimens.
Molecular phylogeny of the Monotropoideae (Ericaceae) with a note on the placement of the Pyroloideae

Mycotrophism occurs in two ericaceous subfamilies, the Monotropoideae and the Pyroloideae. However, three aspects of the evolution of these subfamilies remain equivocal; 1) morphological, biochemical, and molecular analyses have failed to establish that the Monotropoideae is monophylectic; 2) the relationships among members of the Monotropoideae remain unresolved; 3) it is unclear whether the Pyroloideae should be included as a subfamily within the Ericaceae or treated as a separate family. To address these topics a phylogeny was constructed using a portion of the 28s ribosomal RNA gene from 22 members of the Ericaceae. Results indicate that the present Monotropoideae is polyphyletic; one species, Monotropsis ordata, is more closely related to members of the Vaccinioideae than to the rest of the Monotropoideae. This arrangement is supported by consideration of mycorrhizal type, consequently multiple origins of mycotrophic parasitism must be assumed. The relationships depicted within the Monotropoideae are nearly congruent with those depicted in Copeland’s (1941) phylogeny, and morphological or biochemical characters are identified which support the relationships depicted by the molecular tree which do not agree with the morphological tree. In addition, the data indicate, although not strongly, that the Pyroloideae should be included within the Ericaceae.
Essentialism and Universalism in Gay Rights Philosophy: Liberalism Meets Queer Theory

The grand philosophical battle between postmoderists and liberals is reflected in disputes within gay rights philosophy. On one side are postmoderist queer theorists who, in addressing the meaning and implications of sexuality in our society, reject foundational values and deny that there is a natural or essentialist component to sexual orientation. On the other side are liberals who believe that the struggle for justice for gay men and lesbians can be grounded on foundational principles such as equality, reason, and autonomy. Each of the two books that are the subject of this essay is an eloquent representative of one of these philosophical factions: McWhorter's book is an ode to the antifoundationalist and antiessentialist philosophy of Michel Foucault; Richards's book is an ode to the universalist liberal values of equality and autonomy as represented by fundamental human rights. In part I of this essay, I give a brief historical overview of the battle in gay rights philosophy over issues of essentialism and universalism. In part II, I summarize the two books under review and place them within the broader philosophical debate discussed in part I. In part III, I take sides. I argue that,
A new electric field integral equation for heterogeneous dielectric bodies of revolution embedded within a stratified medium

A new electric field integral equation (EFIE) is developed for heterogeneous dielectric bodies of revolution embedded within a layered medium. This formulation is a generalization of that found in Viola (1995) for dielectric bodies of revolution immersed in a uniform surround and shares the following distinctive qualities. First, the azimuthal field component is eliminated thus affording a description having only two scalar unknowns. Second, it is a pure-integral equation in which there are no terms involving derivatives of the field components. Finally, this description does not compromise the singularity of the resulting kernels. These attributes render this formulation advantageous for both computational and theoretical pursuits. Application of the new formulation to a benchmark problem supports its validity. >