cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A New Approach for Microfabrication of Printed Circuit Boards with Ultrafine Traces

The advances in micro/nanofabrication techniques have enabled miniaturization of printed circuit boards (PCBs) for various applications such as portable devices, smart sensors, and IoTs, to name a few. PCBs provide electrical connectivity between the components as well as mechanical support. Down-scaling of PCBs is crucial for miniaturization of large systems and devices. Currently, microtraces down to 25 μm can be microfabricated with the current microfabrication processes at an industrial scale. In the present work, we report a new approach for microfabrication of PCBs with trace widths down to 3 μm on commercially available PCB substrates. We used electroplating/electroetching, sputtering, and photolithography to achieve these fine trace sizes. The proposed fabrication technique can be used in microelectronics, system on chip, MEMS, and miniaturized circuits and systems in general.
Intensity Correlation Measurement for Detecting Magneto-Optical Resonance at High Field

We demonstrate a new correlation technique for detecting magneto-optical resonances, which are produced by exciting 87Rb atoms in a vapor medium with modulated light. The technique can be used to improve the performance of remote magnetometry.
Videofluoroscopic Evaluation of the Swallow in Infants and Children

This chapter provides a brief overview of videofluoroscopic swallow studies (VFSS) in the pediatric population. Topics include indications for VFSS, relevant anatomy and physiology, the role of the speech-language pathologist, and the role of VFSS in defining oropharyngeal dysphagia and guiding treatment.
I(CA)RAMBO: A MNEMONIC THAT IMPROVES GUIDELINE ADHERENCE IN CARDIAC RESUSCITATION

A mere one fourth of patients survive in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA). There is a need for improved healthcare provider training to achieve better IHCA outcomes. We designed a novel mnemonic I(CA)RAMBO (Identify code leader; Compressions; Airway; Roles; Access; Monitor, pads; Backboard; advanced
Chapter 11 – Introduction to Modeling

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses modeling techniques for the frequency and time domains. A model is a mathematical expression that describes the important relationships between the input and output of a system or component. The simplest models are proportional. The frequency domain allows simple models to provide comprehensive information about linear control systems. Frequency-domain models give insight into control systems not available from time-domain models. Frequency-domain models provide the simplest models for analyzing control systems. Time-domain models use time-based, or temporal, differential equations to define system operation. Simulation is the process of solving these differential equations numerically in discrete, closely spaced time steps. The fourth-order Runge–Kutta method requires four evaluations of the state variable derivatives for each time step, whereas Euler's method requires only one. For a given model, fourth-order Runge–Kutta would require about the same computational effort as Euler's if its time step were four times longer. A class of differential equation solvers called variable time step methods can dynamically select the maximum sample time to achieve a specified accuracy in the simulation.
Field-expedient thawing of fresh-frozen plasma.

INTRODUCTION Frozen plasma is superior to crystalloids for hemorrhage resuscitation but remains logistically challenging in austere environments because of specialized clinical equipment for on-demand thawing. This research examines some ad hoc thawing techniques that have been implemented by military medical personnel. METHODS Fresh-frozen plasma (FFP) units were thawed accordingly: using a slow cooker (three temperature settings) with preheated or room temperature water; affixing flameless ration heaters from meals ready-to-eat (MREs) to FFP and submerging in water; exposing FFP to electric kettle-boiled water; incubating with a sous vide immersion circulator; or using a clinical thawer (control). Hemostatic function, thrombin generation, factor activities, and essential chemistry were measured after thawing. RESULTS Even at the highest temperatures, without preheated water the slow cooker doubled thawing time (62.5 min vs. control, 32.5 min; p < 0.0001), and the final temperature was 13.5°C versus 28.8°C in control (p < 0.01). When preheated, the slow cooker thawed in 31.3 minutes (p < 0.05), with a final temperature of 22.4°C. Kettle-boiled water thawed in 23.0 minutes with a final temperature of 25.1°C. The sous vide thawed in 28.1 minutes, with a final temperature of 20.2°C. MRE heaters were insufficient. Functional measures were similar in all conditions. DISCUSSION In emergencies, protracted plasma thawing is unacceptable, and slower thawing methods also produced cryoprecipitate. Although no functional changes were observed with boiled water thawing, potential negative physiological impacts must be examined. Safe, controlled thawing can be obtained with the sous vide, although optimization requires further testing.
Reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance genes in retail raw milk.

It has been estimated that at least 3% of the USA population consumes unpasteurized (raw) milk from animal sources, and the demand to legalize raw milk sales continues to increase. However, consumption of raw milk can cause foodborne illness and be a source of bacteria containing transferrable antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). To obtain a comprehensive understanding of the microbiome and antibiotic resistome in both raw and processed milk, we systematically analyzed 2034 retail milk samples including unpasteurized milk and pasteurized milk via vat pasteurization, high-temperature-short-time pasteurization, and ultra-pasteurization from the United States using complementary culture-based, 16S rRNA gene, and metagenomic sequencing techniques. Raw milk samples had the highest prevalence of viable bacteria which were measured as all aerobic bacteria, coliform, and Escherichia coli counts, and their microbiota was distinct from other types of milk. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that Pseudomonadaceae dominated raw milk with limited levels of lactic acid bacteria. Among all milk samples, the microbiota remained stable with constant bacterial populations when stored at 4 °C. In contrast, storage at room temperature dramatically enriched the bacterial populations present in raw milk samples and, in parallel, significantly increased the richness and abundance of ARGs. Metagenomic sequencing indicated raw milk possessed dramatically more ARGs than pasteurized milk, and a conjugation assay documented the active transfer of blaCMY-2, one ceftazidime resistance gene present in raw milk-borne E. coli, across bacterial species. The room temperature-enriched resistome differed in raw milk from distinct geographic locations, a difference likely associated with regionally distinct milk microbiota. Despite advertised “probiotic” effects, our results indicate that raw milk microbiota has minimal lactic acid bacteria. In addition, retail raw milk serves as a reservoir of ARGs, populations of which are readily amplified by spontaneous fermentation. There is an increased need to understand potential food safety risks from improper transportation and storage of raw milk with regard to ARGs.
Applications of Endoscopic Endonasal Surgery in Early Childhood: A Case Series.

INTRODUCTION Endoscopic endonasal surgery (EES) has been slower to gain popularity in early childhood due to anatomical challenges. We sought to describe the safety and efficacy of EES in early childhood. METHODS All patients younger than 7 years who underwent EES at a large Cranial Base Center from 2002 to 2019 were reviewed as a retrospective cohort study. RESULTS Thirty-six patients underwent EES before the age of 7 years. Four patients had two-stage EES. Two patients required combined transcranial and endonasal approaches. The mean age at the time of initial surgery was 4 years (range: 1-6). Twenty patients were male, and 16 were female. Of 21 tumors intended for resection, 11 patients had gross total resections, and 10 had near total (>95% tumor removed) resections. Nine patients (43%) had recurrences, of which 6 were craniopharyngiomas (p = 0.01). There was no difference in recurrence rates based on the degree of resection (p = 0.67). Three cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks occurred following primary EES (8%). Following an increase in nasoseptal flap usage (31-52%) and CSF diversion (15-39%) in 2008, there was only one CSF leak out of 23 patients (4 vs. 15%; p = 0.54). Postoperatively, 1 patient developed a permanent new cranial neuropathy, and 1 patient developed a permanent visual field cut. Six patients developed permanent postoperative panhypopituitarism, of which all were craniopharyngiomas (p < 0.001). The mean follow-up was 64 months. CONCLUSIONS Early childhood EES is both safe and technically feasible for a variety of pathologies.
Law's Acceleration of Finance: Redefining the Problem of High-Frequency Trading

High-frequency traders automate stock trading, placing thousands of orders over fractions of a second. Their algorithmic strategies are all too often mere rule manipulation or methods of using brute speed to gain advantages over rivals. Normative evaluation of finance’s algorithms must take into account the sector’s social function: to spur efficient, fair, and sustainable investment practices. The complex modeling deployed in high-frequency trading does not reliably contribute to these goals. Therefore, rather than straining to accommodate high-frequency trading strategies, regulators should eliminate many of them.
Abstract B42: Metabolic changes, associated with loss of the tumor suppressor LKB1, promote tumorigenesis

The LKB1 tumor suppressor encodes a serine/threonine kinase that serves as a master regulator of energy metabolism. Germline mutations in LKB1 cause the Peutz-Jeghers polyposis and cancer syndrome and are associated with a high risk of pancreatic cancer development. Despite being the subject of extensive investigation for more than 15 years, the primary mechanisms of LKB1-mediated tumor suppression remain poorly defined. The best-characterized function of LKB1 in cell physiology is to coordinate adaptation to a drop in ATP stores, shutting down multiple biosynthetic processes and favoring catabolic pathways, thereby restoring cellular energy charge. Since LKB1 has pleiotropic effects on cell polarity, migration, and inflammation in addition to cell metabolism, it remains uncertain to what extent LKB1-mediated tumor suppression involves its roles in metabolic reprogramming. In this regard, LKB1 inactivation renders cells vulnerable to a number of metabolic stress stimuli such as glucose deprivation or reactive oxygen species (ROS), indicating that alterations in metabolic control may decrease, rather than increase, the fitness of LKB1 deficient cells. To resolve these questions, we have conducted comprehensive metabolic profiling and functional studies that revealed that LKB1 inactivation results in greatly improved efficiency of nutrient acquisition and utilization, which fuels accelerated cell growth and tumorigenesis. By using a series of primary epithelial culture systems and genetically engineered mouse models coupled with integrative metabolic profiling and flux analyses, we find that LKB1 loss potentiates glucose uptake and glycolysis, and diverts a significant amount of glycolytic intermediates toward biosynthetic processes. Most notably fatty acid and nucleotide pools are greatly expanded upon LKB1 inactivation. This extensive metabolic reprogramming results in a shift in the nutrient requirements of LKB1 mutant cells including a reduced dependence on select exogenous amino acids and greatly increased need for glutamine and glucose. Collectively, our studies uncover adaptive metabolic changes conferred by LKB1 inactivation and suggest potential targetable vulnerabilities of LKB1 mutant cancers. Citation Format: Filippos Kottakis, Brandon N. Nicolay, Nagle M. Julia, Marc Liesa, Orian S. Sirihai, Nicholas J. Dyson, Nabeel Bardeesy. Metabolic changes, associated with loss of the tumor suppressor LKB1, promote tumorigenesis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Innovations in Research and Treatment; May 18-21, 2014; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(13 Suppl):Abstract nr B42.
The TIGRE instrument for 0.3-100 MeV gamma-ray astronomy

The Tracking and Imaging Gamma-Ray Experiment (TIGRE) uses multilayers of silicon strip detectors both as a gamma-ray converter and to track Compton recoil electrons and positron-electron pairs. The direction and energy of the Compton scattered gamma ray and pair particles are measured with arrays of small CsI(Tl)-photodiode detectors. With a large /spl pi/-steradian field-of-view, TIGRE is sensitive to gamma rays from 0.3 to 100 MeV with a typical energy resolution of 4% (FWHM) and a 1/spl sigma/ angular resolution of 120 arc min. at 2 MeV. The instrument has a high absolute detection efficiency of 8% over the full energy range. The telescope is described and Monte Carlo calculations presented. >
Identification of cis-Acting Sequences That Control nanos RNA Localization

The generation of anterior-posterior polarity during development in Drosophila requires the localization of determinant molecules to the anterior and posterior poles of the embryo. Localization of the maternally synthesized nanos RNA to the posterior pole of the embryo is essential to provide a source for a gradient of Nanos protein that directs abdomen formation. nanos RNA localization occurs during oogenesis and requires the function of at least nine genes. cis-acting sequences that direct nanos RNA localization lie within the nanos 3'UTR. In this analysis, we have used nanos 3'UTR deletion mutants to define the localization signal more precisely. Our results indicate that the nanos RNA localization signal is large and complex and that targeting of nanos RNA may be achieved by the combined effects of multiple, partially independent sequences. This idea is supported by evolutionary conservation, both in sequence and in function, of the nanos 3'UTRs of Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila virilis.
Pemphigus vulgaris: A study of six cases treated with levamisole and prednisone

Six patients with pemphigus vulgaris (PV) who had been treated unsuccessfully with other modalities and who were maintained on prednisone for disease control were started on levamisole in addition to their minimum effective dose of prednisone (40 to 80 mg. daily). All patients responded within 2 to 8 weeks. The minimum effective dose range of prednisone when used with levamisole was reduced to 5 to 35 mg. daily. A temporary minor side effect occurred in only one patient. This corticosteroid-sparing, combination-drug approach for patients with PV has resulted in acceptable clinical control and diminution of the side effects that often interfere with high-dosage, long-term treatment.
Consumer product redistribution: Disposition decisions and channel options

Abstract Formats for product redistribution are emerging and evolving, creating alternative channel options for consumers' disposition of unwanted possessions. These retail formats operate in both informal (e.g., garage sales) and formal (online auctions) economies. As consumers participate in redistribution channels, some retailers are confronted with new competition and the potential for declining sales. This article expands on both recycling and disposition literature by examining consumer disposition behavior and the flow of used products through various redistribution channels. Strategies are offered to address consumer disposition behaviors as well as to assist retailers in combating traditional and non-traditional competition.
Quantum oscillations in Cu x Bi 2 Se 3 in high magnetic fields

${\mathrm{Cu}}_{x}{\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$ has drawn much attention as the leading candidate to be the first topological superconductor and the realization of coveted Majorana particles in a condensed matter system. However, there has been increasing controversy about the nature of its superconducting phase. This study sheds light on ambiguity in the normal-state electronic state by providing a complete look at the quantum oscillations in magnetization in ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{x}{\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$ at high magnetic fields up to 31 T. Our study focuses on the angular dependence of the quantum oscillation pattern in a low carrier concentration. As the magnetic field tilts from the crystalline $c$ axis to the $ab$ plane, the change of the oscillation period follows the prediction of the ellipsoidal Fermi surface. As the doping level changes, the 3D Fermi surface becomes quasicylindrical at high carrier density. Such a transition is potentially a Lifshitz transition of the electronic state in ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{x}{\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$.
Anywhere in the home

The home PC, and the home computing environment in general, has undergone a significant evolution. We trace this evolution, and argue that the time is ripe for the development of an integrated networking infrastructure within the home, with the home PC as the focal point. Consumers to whom we have talked have definite ideas on what they would like to do with this infrastructure, and we discuss both their desires and their concerns. We present a high-level architecture for home networking, and describe IBM products and prototypes that represent the early stages of implementing this architecture.
Quick finite volume solver for incompressible Navier-Stokes equation by parallel Gram-Schmidt process based GMRES and HSS

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop Triple Finite Volume Method (tFVM), the author discretizes incompressible Navier-Stokes equation by tFVM, which leads to a special linear system of saddle point problem, and most computational efforts for solving the linear system are invested on the linear solver GMRES. Design/methodology/approach – In this paper, by recently developed preconditioner Hermitian/Skew-Hermitian Separation (HSS) and the parallel implementation of GMRES, the author develops a quick solver, HSS-pGMRES-tFVM, for fast solving incompressible Navier-Stokes equation. Findings – Computational results show that, the quick solver HSS-pGMRES-tFVM significantly increases the solution speed for saddle point problem from incompressible Navier-Stokes equation than the conventional solvers. Originality/value – Altogether, the contribution of this paper is that the author developed the quick solver, HSS-pGMRES-tFVM, for fast solving incompressible Navier-Stokes equation.
Second-order cascaded nonlinearity in lithium niobate channel waveguides

Here we describe a systematic interferometric investigation of the influence of the wavevector-mismatch on cascading. Titanium indiffused LiNbO/sub 3/ waveguides are used because their superior optical quality and the detailed knowledge of their fabrication and characterization make them promising candidates for the first application of cascading in all-optical data processing. >
A Comparative Study of Symmetrical Three-Phase Circuits for Phase-Controlled AC Motor Drives

The speed of an induction motor in certain types of drives can be adjusted by phase control of the applied voltage. Three pairs of inverse-parallel thyristors are required for three-phase bipolar symmetry, but several different arrangements of the thyristors and motor windings are possible. A direct series connection of thyristors and windings in each phase can be made; the three phases can then be connected in delta, wye, or wye with neutral return. Alternatively, a delta connection of thyristor modules can be inserted in the opened neutral junction of wye-connected windings. Representation of the motor as a counter EMF in series with leakage reactance allows a simplified analysis of the current waveforms in terms of the thyristor conduction angle. With a given fundamental current, the current harmonics in the motor windings and in the supply lines for each of the circuits can then be compared. The results are equally applicable to thyristor-controlled inductive loads such as may be used for reactive power adjustment.
Abstract 2579: Capsaicin inhibits β-catenin signaling in pancreatic cancer cells by disrupting nuclear β-catenin/TCF-1 complex: critical role of STAT-3

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL β-catenin/TCF signaling plays an important role in normal development. However, its aberrant activation is associated with several cancers including pancreatic cancer. In our previous study, we have shown that capsaicin-induced apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells was associated with mitochondrial depolarization and oxidative stress. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of capsaicin on β-catenin/TCF signaling. In a concentration and time-dependent study, we observed that capsaicin treatment inhibits the activation of disheveled (Dsh) and phosphorylation of STAT-3 at Tyr705 in L3.6PL, Panc-1 and MiaPaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells. Capsaicin treatment activated GSK-3β by inhibiting its phosphorylation and further activated APC and Axin multicomplex leading to the ubiquitination and degradation of β-catenin. Pre-treatment of cells with MG-132 blocked capsaicin-mediated proteasomal degradation of β-catenin. The expression of TCF-1 and β-catenin-responsive proteins c-myc and cyclin D1, were also decreased in response to capsaicin treatment. Significant cleavage of caspase-9, caspase-3 and PARP was observed in all the cell lines. To establish the involvement of β-catenin in capsaicin-induced apoptosis, cells were treated with LiCl or SB415286, inhibitors of GSK-3β. Our results reveal that capsaicin treatment suppressed LiCl-mediated activation of β-catenin signaling. Our results further showed that capsaicin blocked the nuclear translocation of β-catenin and TCF-1. The immunoprecipitation results also indicated that capsaicin treatment reduced the interaction of β-catenin with TCF-1 in the nucleus. Interestingly, STAT-3 over expression or STAT-3 activation by IL-6, significantly increased the levels of β-catenin and attenuated the effects of capsaicin in inhibiting β-catenin signaling. These observations indicate the direct regulation of β-catenin by STAT-3 in our model. Taken together, our results suggest that capsaicin-induced apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells was associated with the inhibition of β-catenin signaling due to the dissociation of β-catenin/TCF-1 complex leading to apoptosis, and this process was orchestrated by STAT-3. [Supported in part by R01 grants CA106953 and CA129038 (to S.K.S) awarded by the National Cancer Institute]. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2579. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2579
Purpuric agave dermatitis

Agave americana is a low growing, thick, long-leaved, subtropical plant used for medicinal, commercial, and ornamental purposes. The plant's sap contains calcium oxalate crystals, acrid oils, saponins, and other compounds. Despite these known irritants, Agave-induced irritant dermatitis has rarely been reported. Previous case reports have noted a papulovesicular eruption consistent with an irritant contact dermatitis. We report a case of Agave-induced purpura in an otherwise healthy patient. Histopathology was consistent with an evolving leukocytoclastic vasculitis.
Practice Patterns versus Practice Guidelines in Pediatric Otitis Media

Abstract Objective: To study the practice patterns of physicians and their adherence to an evidence-based practice guideline (PG) on pediatric otitis media with effusion. We hypothesized that overall knowledge of the recommendations from the guidelines would be less than 75%, and that specialist physicians would have better knowledge of the recommendations than generalist physicians. Methods: We performed a survey study of 1167 otolaryngologists, pediatricians, and pediatric otolaryngologists. Each physician was sent a 6-item survey asking about their practice patterns and treatment preferences for young children with otitis media with effusion. We compared responses between different specialties. Results: The overall response rate was 48%. Only 8 (1.4%) of the 558 responding physicians answered all 6 items congruent with the PG. Overall, pediatricians, otolaryngologists, and pediatric otolaryngologists had similar total scores, but different scores on individual items. Conclusions: These results indicate that the practice patterns of pediatricians, otolaryngologists, and pediatric otolaryngologists differ from the recommendations of an evidence-based PG. In particular, 2 items covering key treatment recommendations were answered in agreement with the PG by fewer than half of the physicians. It is not clear from this study whether these discrepancies were due to poor dissemination or knowledge concerning the PG, or disagreement with its recommendations. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001;124:489-95.)
A study of the intra-red spectra of cyanine and merocyanine dye intermediates—some heterocyclic quaternary amine iodides

Abstract It has been shown that for heterocyclic quaternary amine iodides there are intense bands in the region 900-700 cm−1 which are a function of the out-of-plane bending vibrations of the number of adjacent hydrogens on the isolated carbocyclic and heterocyclic rings. For those heterocyclic quaternary salts containing four adjacent hydrogens on the carbocyclic ring, the strongest absorption occurs in the region 758–788 cm−1. When there are two adjacent hydrogens, the absorption mode shifts to a frequency near 810 cm−1, and with only one hydrogen on this ring, the band appears near 880 cm−1. For those quaternary salts containing three adjacent hydrogens on the heterocyclic ring, the band appears near 810 cm−1. With two adjacent hydrogens on the heterocyclic ring, the absorption shifts to a region 826–838 cm−1 and for only one hydrogen on this ring, the band appears in the region 868–887 cm−1. The isolated stretching mode in 2-methylthiazoline ethiodide absorbs strongly at 1621 cm−1. Conjugation with a carbon—carbon unsaturated group, as in 2,4-dimethylthiazole ethiodide, shifts this mode to a region near 1580 cm−1. When these same two double bonds (i.e. the and groups) are in resonant conjugation, as in the compound [2-bis (3-ethylthiazolinyl)] monomethine cyanine iodide, the absorption mode shifts to 1547 cm−1. When the and functional groups are present in conjugated aromatic rings, there is such a strong interaction between them that they completely lose their individual identity. As a result, a complex series of bands usually appear in the aromatic stretching region (1600-1400 cm−1). In making the assignments, the entire group of absorptions is considered as a whole in relation to the particular structural unit. Thus, for the quinolines the bands are designated as quinoline bands I, II, etc., for the benzothiazoles the bands are designated as benzothiazole bands, I, II, etc.
Biosynthesis of L-Ascorbic Acid in Liver Microsomes from Mice Bearing Transplanted Tumors∗:

SummaryDecrease of L-ascorbic acid synthesis by the liver microsomes of C57/BL mice bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinoma for 13 days could be accounted for by decreased food intake of the animals. On the other hand, the decreased ascorbic acid synthesis by liver microsomes from C3H/Crgl mice infected with Gardner lymphosarcoma was due neither to inanition nor to gross infiltration of the liver with tumor cells but to a decrease in the L-gulono dehydrogenase activity. There was no change in the synthesis of ascorbic acid by liver microsomes from C57/ BL mice made immune to Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells, although the amount of mi-crosomal protein per gram liver was significantly increased. Neither was there a significant inhibition in the synthesis by the liver microsomes of C3H/Crgl bearing T-15 hepa-toma or of A/HC mice bearing L No. 2 lymphoma.
Hypothermia and coagulation

The effects of hypothermia on coagulation may represent a two-edged sword in patients with acute brain injury who are treated with therapeutic cooling. On the one hand inhibition of coagulation can have positive effects, such as improvements in the microcirculation and inhibition of the formation of harmful microthrombi in the brain [1]. On the other hand this could lead to increased bleeding risk and thereby cause harm to patients, especially if they have suffered traumatic injuries or are actively bleeding for other reasons. This manuscript will briefly discuss what is known about the effects of hypothermia on cooling.
Episodic wood loading in a mountainous neotropical watershed.

Abstract The Upper Rio Chagres drains 414 km2 of steep, mountainous terrain in central Panama. A tropical air mass thunderstorm on 10 July 2007 produced a flood across the basin that peaked at 720 m3 s− 1 at a headwaters gage draining 17.5 km2 and 1710 m3 s− 1 at a downstream gage draining 414 km2. The storm also triggered numerous landslides in the upper basin, which facilitated the formation of large logjams along portions of the channel where transport capacity of wood was reduced by a change in channel geometry such as a bend or channel expansion. During field work in February 2008, we characterized three jams with surface areas of 400–2450 m2; two of these jams resulted in storage of substantial (1100–8200 m3) sediment wedges upstream. We returned to these sites in March 2009 to document changes in the logjams and sediment storage. Drawing on observations made in the basin since 2002, and site visits during 2008 and 2009, we suggest that jams such as these last two years or less. We propose that wood dynamics in the Upper Chagres alternate between brief periods of moderate wood load in the form of large logjams and much longer periods of essentially no wood load, a situation that contrasts with the more consistent wood loads in catchments of similar size in temperate environments and with limited studies of more consistent wood load in tropical catchments with no landslides.
Superior oblique palsy or paresis in pediatric patients

Abstract Purpose To examine sensory and motor outcomes of superior oblique paresis (SOP) presenting in patients Methods Retrospective observational case series of SOP in children Results Ninety-two patients with SOP presented at a median age of 3.9 years. The etiologies were likely congenital (n = 56), craniofacial anomalies (n = 12), head trauma (n = 5), postresection of brain tumors (n = 3), orbital inflammation (n = 1), prenatal stroke (n = 1), and unknown (n = 14). Twenty-six were followed-up for a median of 2.1 years and did not have surgery; 46 were followed-up for a median of 3 years and did undergo surgery. No cases of new intracranial pathology occurred during follow-up. In 42 patients observed for at least 6 months without surgery, motor status was stable or improved (each in approximately one third of cases) or deteriorated (in one fourth of cases). Motor outcomes were better ( P = .01) in patients undergoing surgery (87% aligned within 5 prism diopters) than in those not undergoing surgery despite worse presenting deviations. Sensory status did not show a similar improvement with surgery. Patients presenting before age 4 had worse sensory outcomes ( P = .00001) than patients presenting later. At the last examination, 4 patients had vision Conclusions SOP in children
Ruxolitinib for the treatment of primary myelofibrosis.

Purpose The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacogenomics, clinical efficacy, and safety profile of ruxolitinib for the treatment of primary myelofibrosis are reviewed. Summary Ruxolitinib, an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets the Janus-associated kinases (JAKs) 1 and 2, has been recently approved for the treatment of patients with intermediate- or high-risk myelofibrosis. Unlike previous treatment options for patients with myelofibrosis, ruxolitinib offers a targeted therapy option for these patients who often suffer with severe and debilitating symptoms associated with the disease process. After oral administration, ruxolitinib is rapidly absorbed and can be given without regard to meals. Ruxolitinib is primarily metabolized by the cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 3A4 isoenzyme system; therefore, if concomitant use with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor is unavoidable, an initial dosage reduction is warranted. Two Phase III randomized trials comparing ruxolitinib to either placebo or best available therapy found a rapid and sustained response in the reduction of spleen size and improvements in constitutional symptoms and quality of life, with one study demonstrating an improvement in overall survival. The most commonly reported serious adverse effects of ruxolitinib are anemia and thrombocytopenia. Ruxolitinib is administered as an oral tablet given twice daily, with the initial starting dosage based on the baseline platelet count. Dosage reductions are based on the development of thrombocytopenia. Conclusion By directly targeting both JAK1 and JAK2 through small-molecule inhibition, ruxolitinib elicits a reduction in splenomegaly and disease-related symptoms in patients with intermediate- or high-risk myelofibrosis while maintaining an acceptable toxicity profile and a low treatment-discontinuation rate.
Hydrogen bonding. Part 69. Inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonding effects on the structure, solubility, and reactivity of 4,5-dicarboxyimidazoles

Abstract 1-Methyl-4,5-dicarboxyimidazole (H2MDCI) and 4,5-dicarboxyimidazole (H2DCI) are both zwitterionic, with one acidic hydrogen on a ring nitrogen and one in an O–H–O hydrogen bond between carboxylate groups. H2MDCI is relatively soluble in H2O, and further diacid is taken into saturated aqueous solution in the presence of F− with removal of O–H–O hydrogen and formation of HMDCI− and HF2−. In contrast, H2DCI is almost completely insoluble in H2O and, unlike other similar dicarboxylic acids we have studied, is completely unaffected by added F−. We have used titrametric analysis, molecular modeling, infrared spectra, molecular orbital calculations and X-ray crystallography to elucidate the properties of H2DCI and H2MDCI. The crystal structure of H2MDCI was solved in the P21/c space group with Z = 4, a = 4.6402(5), b = 15.070(2), c = 9.6786(11), β = 94.928(2)° and V = 674.32(13) A3. The structure shows two hydrogen bonds, one intramolecular and one intermolecular per molecule. The reduced solubility of H2DCI arises from facile formation of four N–H⋯O intermolecular hydrogen bonds by each molecule (2 donor and 2 acceptor). The failure of H2DCI to react with F− is ascribed to lowered acidity of H2DCI, relative to that of structurally quite similar H2MDCI, which in turn results, in part, from the presence of a symmetric O–H–O hydrogen bond in the C2v H2DCI zwitterion, which is stronger than the unsymmetrical O–H–O bond in the Cs zwitterion of H2MDCI.
Does vecuronium accumulate in the renal transplant patient

Twenty ASA physical status Class HI patients undergoing cadaver renal transplantation were studied. After 90 per cent T1 recovery, as determined by train-of-four measurement, from 1.0 mg · kg-1 succinylcholine to facilitate tracheal intubation, nine patients received atracurium 0.25 mg · kg-1 (Group I) and 11 patients received vecuronium 0.05 mg · kg-1 (Group II) intravenously. The following measurements were made: time to maximum block onset (first dose Max), injection to start of recovery (start REC1), injection to 25 per cent T1 twitch recovery (REC 251), injection to 75 per cent T1 (REC 751), injection to 90 per cent T1 (REC 901) and time from 25-75 per cent recovery T1 (REC 25-751). Maximum blockade (Max block1) was also measured. At 90 per cent T1 recovery, if time permitted, an identical dose of the appropriate relaxant was administered. Time from second dose to onset of maximum block (second dose Max) and 90 per cent recovery after second dose (REC 902) were then measured. At the conclusion of surgery, neuromuscular blockade was reversed with neostigmine 2.5 mg and glycopyrrolate 0.5 mg. One way ANOVA was performed to determine significance between the groups and a p < 0.05 was considered significant. A paired t test was also performed between REC 901 and REC 902 for atracurium and vecuronium respectively. A p < 0.05 was again considered significant. Measurement of first dose Max, start REC1, REC 251, REC 751, REC 901, REC 25-751 and Max block1 revealed no difference between the patients receiving an initial dose of atracurium and those receiving vecuronium. In those patients receiving a second dose of relaxant there was no difference in onset of maximum block (second dose Max). However, time to 90 per cent recovery (Rec 902) after a second dose of vecuronium (89.23 ± 25.97 mins) was significantly longer than after a second dose of atracurium (57.99 ± 8.22 mins) in those patients who reached 90 per cent T1 recovery before the end of the surgical procedure. Also a comparison of REC 902 and REC 901 (Diff 90) for atracurium and vecuronium, respectively, showed REC 902 to be significantly longer for each group in these patients who received two doses of relaxant. However, an examination of the raw data reveals the Diff 90 of vecuronium (25.62 ± 4.34 mins) to be much longer than for atracurium (13.77 ± 3.35 mins) even though equipotent doses of the drugs were administered. Therefore, there is evidence that vecuronium may accumulate in the cadaver renal transplant patient.
Coherent gradient sensing: a Fourier optics analysis and applications to fracture

A Fourier optics analysis for a recently developed lateral shearing interferometry-coherent gradient sensing-is presented. The governing equations for the method are explicitly derived. The method of coherent gradient sensing is particularly suitable for investigating the mechanics of fracture of transparent and opaque solids. Several examples demonstrating the applicability of the method to quasistatic and dynamic crack-growth problems is presented.
Effect of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine on lymphoproliferation and interleukin 2 immunoregulatory function

The studies reported here suggest that the immunomodulatory effects of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) are associated, in part, with interference with interleukin 2 (IL-2) regulatory action. Concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated DNA synthesis in murine splenocytes was inhibited from 18.6 to 44.1% at sub-toxic concentrations of UDMH (10 to 50 μg/ml) and IL-2-dependent DNA synthesis in CTLL-20 cells was inhibited from 11.3 to 41.58% at subtoxic concentrations of UDMH (10 to 50 μg/ml). In addition, UDMH suppressed phorbol myristic acetate (PMA)-stimulated IL-2 production in EL-4 cells by up to 30% and slightly suppressed IL-2 production by Con A-stimulated murine splenocytes. In all cases, inhibition was evident at sub-toxic UDMH concentrations and was demonstrated to be independent of inactivation of IL-2 or interference with IL-2 absorption. It is suggested that UDMH has the potential to modify immune function through interference with IL-2 production and especially the lymphoproliferative response to IL-2.
Shaping juror attitudes: effects of requesting different damage amounts in personal injury trials

Abstract In almost every personal injury trial the injured person's attorney must decide how much to ask the jury to award in damages. Research regarding attitude change in other settings indicates that the more extreme the persuading message is, the more attitude change occurs. This tendency suggests that the more money requested in damages, the more a jury will award. In an analogue experiment of juror behavior, the effect of amount of damages requested on amount awarded was examined. One hundred fifty-eight American college students read two detailed case summaries of real personal injury cases, with each summary containing one of four amounts requested for damages by the injured person's attorney. The results showed a significant effect of amount requested upon the amount awarded. The effect was consistent across cases and across injured persons of different sexes and ethnic groups.
Absorption and photoluminescence studies of the temperature dependence of exciton life time in lattice-matched and strained quantum well systems

Abstract We present systematic studies of the temperature dependence of linewidths and lifetimes of excitonic transitions in quantum wells grown by molecular beam epitaxy using both photoluminescence(PL) and optical absorption. The temperature ranged from 6K to room temperature. Samples under investigation were lattice-matched GaAs/AlGaAs and InGaAs/InAlAs, and strained InGaAs/GaAs and InGaAs/AlGaAs quantum wellssystems. In addition, the effects of well-size variations in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells were measured and analyzed. In all cases we were able to observe the excitonic transitions up to room temperature. By a careful fitting of the experimental data we separated the exciton transitions from band-to-band transitions. By deconvoluting the excitonic transitions we obtained the homogeneous and inhomogeneous linewidths. The homogeneous linewidths were used to calculate the exciton lifetimes as a function of temperature using the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. We found the lifetime decreases significantly with temperature and increases with increasing well size. These results are interpreted in terms of the exciton-phonon interaction and are expected to be very useful for the design of semiconductor optical devices operating at different temperatures.
Engineering DNA-electrode connectivities: manipulation of linker length and structure

Abstract The development of electrical or electrochemical DNA-based biosensors requires the attachment of oligonucleotides to electrode surfaces through linkages with appropriate structural and electronic properties. Using a straightforward and versatile synthetic method, we prepared DNA molecules with a series of thiol-terminated linkers containing either ethane, hexane, or xylene spacers connected either to a terminal deoxyribose C5′ or thymine C5. The modified oligonucleotides self-assemble on gold electrodes and form densely-packed monolayers. The kinetics and extent of monolayer formation are sensitive to the rigidity of the tether, with the xylene-based linker slowing adsorption to the gold surface relative to the more flexible hexane-based linker. The monolayer formation is also less efficient for double-stranded versus single-stranded DNA. The redox-active intercalator methylene blue (MB) was used to study charge transport through the series of different DNA films. The heterogeneous electron-transfer kinetics are modulated by the structure of the DNA-electrode connection, with a linker attached directly to the 5-CH3 of thymine facilitating the most efficient charge transport through the film. These studies constitute the first systematic analysis of the effect of linker structure on DNA-electrode coupling, and provide important information for the development of new electrical DNA biosensors.
Review of Hydraulic Roughness Scales in the Fully Rough Regime

A review of predictive methods used to determine the frictional drag on a rough surface is presented. These methods utilize a wide range of roughness scales, including roughness height, pitch, density, and shape parameters. Most of these scales were developed for regular roughness, limiting their applicability to predict the drag for many engineering flows. A new correlation is proposed to estimate the frictional drag for a surface covered with three-dimensional, irregular roughness in the fully rough regime. The correlation relies solely on a measurement of the surface roughness profile and builds on previous work utilizing moments of the surface statistics. A relationship is given for the equivalent sandgrain roughness height as a function of the root-mean-square roughness height and the skewness of the roughness probability density function. Boundary layer similarity scaling then allows the overall frictional drag coefficient to be determined as a function of the ratio of the equivalent sandgrain roughness height to length of the surface. DOI: 10.1115/1.4001492
Hand-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy with cystoscopic en bloc excision of the distal ureter and bladder cuff.

Various hand-assisted and purely laparoscopic nephroureterectomy techniques have been described in the urologic literature. We describe a technique of hand-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy with cystoscopic en bloc excision of the distal ureter and bladder cuff that duplicates open surgical excision of these structures and obviates bladder trocar placement and midprocedural patient repositioning. The patient is placed in a modified dorsal lithotomy position with the tumor side elevated 30°. Allen stirrups are utilized to allow simultaneous access to the urethra. A transperitoneal hand-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy is performed. The technique is modified in that the ureter is clipped prior to the kidney dissection to avoid distal migration of tumor cells during kidney manipulation. After the kidney is isolated, the intact ureter is liberated distal to the intramural hiatus. The remaining dissection is completed intravesically under cystoscopic guidance. While the surgeon's intra-abdominal hand p...
Formaldehyde Levels on and in Chicken Eggs Following Preincubation Fumigation

Abstract INTRODUCTION THE preincubation fumigation of chicken and turkey hatching eggs with formaldehyde (HCHO) gas for the early destruction of salmonella shell surface contamination, following the work of Wilson (1951), Lancaster et al. (1954), and Stover (1960), has become a rather common practice in the United States. Formalin (40% HCHO) is mixed with the oxidizing agent potassium permanganate (KMnO4) to generate the gas to which eggs are exposed in a tightly closed cabinet or room. Paraformaldehyde is also available as a powder from which the gas can be released by heating. It is recommended that fumigation be carried out as soon as possible after the eggs are laid and dry cleaned. In using the gas at a high concentration, temperature is not considered to be a critical factor, but is generally kept at least 21°-24°C. (70°—75°F.). The presence of moisture is important, and the relative humidity should be maintained at…
Microscopic PIV Measurements for Electro-osmotic Flows in PDMS Microchannels

Electro-osmosis is the flow produced by the action of an electric field on a fluid with a net charge, which is created by the Zeta potential and confined in the Debye layer. This basic phenomenon in the electro-kinetic transport plays an important role in the microfluidic systems being explored today because it can be applied to a variety of MEMS devices. This paper presents global and point-wise comparisons of experimental measurements of electro-osmotically driven flows in elementary microchannel configurations, which are made by photolithography using poly-di-methyl-siloxane (PDMS). To measure full field velocity distributions in PDMS microchannels, a microscopic particle image velocimetry (μ-PIV) system has been developed to track the fluorescent images of 500 nm diameter particles. Comparisons of experimental results among various micro-configurations show feasibilities of the electro-osmotic flows to use for micro-pumping and micro-fluidic flow control.