cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The First Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) for Type 2 Diabetes in Youth from the Progress in Diabetes Genetics in Youth (ProDiGY) Collaboration

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is increasing in youth, particularly in certain ethnic groups, and studies have highlighted differences between youth- and adult-onset disease. However, its genetic determinants remain largely unexplored. To identify genetic variants predisposing to type 2 diabetes in youth, we formed ProDiGY, a multi-ethnic collaboration of the TODAY, SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth, and T2D-GENES studies, with 30young cases (mean age= 15.1 y ±2.8, 63% female, 22% white, 36% African American, 42% Hispanic) and 6061 diabetes-free adult controls (mean age = 54.2 y ±12.4; 57% female, 24% white, 18% African American, 58% Hispanic). After stratifying by self-reported and principal component-clustered ethnicity, we performed association analyses on 206,928 directly genotyped variants using a generalized linear mixed model using a genetic relationship matrix to account for population structure. We identified 5 genome-wide significant loci, including the novel locus rs13130484 in GNPDA2 ( P = 1.4 ×10 - 8 , odds ratio [OR]= 1.24), which has nominal association with type 2 diabetes in adults. Known loci identified in our analysis include rs4132670 in the well-known type 2 diabetes locus TCF7L2 ( P = 4.2×10 -13 , OR 1.35) in high linkage disequilibrium with causal SNP rs7903146 (R 2 =0.83), rs11662368 near the obesity locus MC4R ( P = 3.9×10 - 9 , OR =1.31), rs11257655 in RN7SL232P ( P = 5.7×10 -12 , OR= 1.33), and rs7075724 in CDC123 ( P = 8.3×10 -11 , OR= 1.29); effect sizes are greater for these latter three loci than those found in adults ( P diff = 8.2×10 -5 , 2.4×10 -5 , and 1.7×10 -6 , respectively). Secondary analysis with 856 diabetes-free youth controls demonstrated consistent direction of effect but no additional loci. In conclusion, we identified known and novel genetic loci predisposing to type 2 diabetes in youth. Our future analysis of ∼10 million variants holds the potential to uncover additional new type 2 diabetes susceptibility loci. Disclosure S. Srinivasan: None. J. Todd: None. L. Chen: None. J. Divers: None. S. Gidding: None. S. Chernausek: Advisory Panel; Self; Novo Nordisk Inc.. R. Gubitosi-Klug: None. M.M. Kelsey: Other Relationship; Self; Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp.. R. Shah: None. M. Black: None. L.E. Wagenknecht: None. J.M. Mercader: None. A. Manning: None. J. Flannick: None. D. Dabelea: None. J.C. Florez: Consultant; Self; Intarcia Therapeutics, Inc.. Consultant; Spouse/Partner; Santen.
Degradation of rat C-reactive protein by macrophages

Rat C-reactive protein (CRP) is a serum glycoprotein belonging to the 'pentraxin' family of proteins. In this study we have shown the specific binding of 125I-CRP to rat peritoneal macrophages at 4 degrees C. This binding was dependent upon incubation time, CRP and cell concentrations, and was not inhibited by either phosphorylcholine or human IgG. At 37 degrees C, the surface-bound 125I-CRP was internalized and degraded. The degradation of 125I-CRP was measured by the formation of 125I-labelled trichloroacetic-acid-soluble CRP peptides by either precipitation assays or by h.p.l.c. of the incubation medium using a gel-filtration column. Since chloroquine and leupeptin inhibited CRP degradation, it was concluded that degradation of CRP occurred in the lysosomal compartment of the macrophage. There was an absolute requirement for the presence of bivalent cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) in the incubation medium for the binding and degradation of CRP, which could be inhibited by EDTA but not by phosphorylcholine or human IgG. H.p.l.c. analysis of the medium obtained from incubation of macrophages with 125I-CRP revealed the presence of 125I-labelled low-M(r) peptides, the formation of which was dependent upon incubation time.
Fine-Sampled Photographic Quantitation of Dermal Wound Healing Senescence in Aged BALB/cByJ Mice and Therapeutic Intervention with Fibroblast Growth Factor-1

Objective: To determine quantitative parameters of dermal wound healing senescence in aged BALB/cByJ mice (an important animal model of aging) and to evaluate the potential for therapeutic intervention by fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1). Approach: Utilize a novel noninvasive fine-sampled photographic methodology to quantify wound healing parameters for healing phases from wounding through to wound closure. Results: Parameters associated with key healing phases were quantified and compared between nonaged and aged cohorts of both genders. The results identify a sexual dimorphism in dermal wound healing, with nonaged females exhibiting a greater overall healing efficiency than males. This enhanced healing in females, however, senesces with age such that healing parameters for aged males and females are statistically indistinguishable. Topical application of FGF-1 was identified as an effective therapeutic intervention to treat dermal healing senescence in aged females. Innovation: The FGF intervention is being analyzed using a new recently published model. This approach significantly increases the amount of preclinical animal data obtainable in wound healing studies, minimizes cohort number compared with (lethal) histological studies, and permits a direct statistical comparison between different healing studies. Conclusion: Quantitative parameters of dermal wound healing, obtained from noninvasive fine-sampled photographic data, identify topical FGF-1 as an effective therapeutic to treat the senescence of dermal healing present in aged female BALB/cByJ mice.
Neuroanesthesia and Coexisting Transplanted Organs

This chapter discusses the considerations of solid organ transplant recipients presenting for neurosurgery. As transplant survival increases, more patients are presenting for elective surgery, and the anesthesiologist should be prepared for these patients’ unique concerns. This chapter focuses on the general perioperative considerations regarding transplant patients including preoperative evaluation, monitoring considerations, and general anesthetic concerns. In addition, a comprehensive review of immunosuppression and the neurologic complications of transplantation are included. Finally, organ-specific challenges are addressed.
Approaches for improving the sustainability of conjugated polymer synthesis using direct arylation polymerization (DArP)

Direct arylation polymerization (DArP) provides a more sustainable alternative to conventional methods for conjugated polymer synthesis, such as Stille–Migita or Suzuki–Miyura polymerizations. DArP proceeds through a C–H activation pathway, allowing for a reduction in the synthetic steps needed to access the monomer, since the installation of a transmetallating reagent, such as an organostannane or organoboron, is not required. However, compared to small-molecule synthesis, the prevalent conditions employed for DArP still require hazardous or unsustainably sourced reaction components, such as the solvent and transition-metal catalyst. This mini-review highlights recent work on the implementation of sustainable solvents, transition metal catalysts, and overall polymerization methods for DArP. The extension of small-molecule direct arylation conditions towards polymer synthesis is also discussed, along with the associated challenges, mechanistic considerations, and outlook for future work.
Spontaneous Spinal Epidural Hematoma in a Patient on Apixaban for Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation.

Background With the rise in the use of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), more hemorrhagic complications are being encountered. Since the first description of a case of spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (SSEH) related to the utilization of DOACs in 2012, there have been few reports describing a similar association. However, no cases so far have reported an association between SSEHs and apixaban. Case Description: A 76-year-old lady, with a history of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, presented with a new onset of progressive left lower and upper extremity weakness. She reported back pain and numbness in the left leg up to the knee along with numbness in the left arm up to the shoulder. A CT scan of the neck was suggestive of an epidural hematoma extending from C2-C3 level to C6-C7. As the patient was on apixaban at the time, surgical treatment was delayed for two days to decrease the risk of intraoperative bleeding. Nine days later, she was discharged. Her physical exam was almost unchanged from that on presentation, except for resolution of pain and minimal improvement in motor power in her left lower extremity from 1/5 to 2/5 distally. Conclusions Spinal hematomas represent surgical emergencies with earlier intervention portending better outcome. Based on the few case reports that point to DOACs as a potential culprit, it appears that a high suspicion index resulting in earlier SSEH diagnosis and intervention is crucial for improved neurological outcome and recovery. Prompt diagnosis remains a challenge, especially that SSEH can mimic cerebrovascular accidents.
Bronchocutaneous fistula from metastatic cervical cancer with COVID-19.

A 38-year-old woman with a history of stage IVA squamous cell cancer of the cervix presented with pain and an enlarging wound in her central chest. Approximately 20 months earlier the patient developed a cavitary right lung mass that invaded the anterior chest wall. A biopsy of the mass showed
Chapter 16 – Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

From the first percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty performed by Andreas Gruntzig in 1977 to the current era of bioabsorbable stents and drug-eluting balloons, interventional cardiology has seen tremendous growth in technical as well as procedural skill. Coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are the most common invasive cardiovascular procedures performed worldwide. PCI offers survival benefit in patients with acute coronary syndromes and in cardiac arrest patients in whom ischemia-mediated arrhythmia due to significant stenosis (≥70%) of an epicardial coronary artery is likely. PCI is also recommended to improve symptoms in patients with chronic stable coronary artery disease who are symptomatic (despite maximally tolerated goal-directed medical therapy) and have significant stenosis of the epicardial vessels. This chapter discusses the indications for PCI, vascular access, intracoronary devices, recent data on antiplatelet therapy, current controversies, and future directions.
The association of salvage intravesical therapy following BCG with pathologic outcomes and survival after radical cystectomy for patients with high-grade non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: A multi-institution analysis

Abstract Introduction While numerous current clinical trials are testing novel salvage therapies (ST) for patients with recurrent nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) after bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), the natural history of this disease state has been poorly defined to date. Herein, we evaluated oncologic outcomes in patients previously treated with BCG and ST who subsequently underwent radical cystectomy (RC). Methods We identified 378 patients with high-grade NMIBC who received at least one complete induction course of BCG (n = 378) with (n = 62) or without (n = 316) additional ST and who then underwent RC between 2000 and 2018. Oncologic outcomes were compared using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards models. Sensitivity analyses were conducted stratifying by presenting tumor stage, matched 1:3 for receipt vs. no receipt of ST. Results Patients receiving ST were more likely to initially present with CIS (26% vs. 17%) and less likely with T1 disease (34% vs. 50%, P = 0.06) compared to patients not treated with ST. Receipt of ST was not associated with increased risk of adverse pathology (≥pT2 or pN+) at RC (31% vs. 41%, P = 0.14). Likewise, 5-year cancer-specific survival did not significantly differ between groups on univariable Kaplan-Meier analysis (73% for ST and 74% for no ST, P = 0.7). Moreover, on multivariable analysis, receipt of ST was not significantly associated the risk of death from bladder cancer (HR 1.12; 95% CI 0.60–2.09, P = 0.7). Results were unchanged on sensitivity analysis. Conclusions These data suggest that, in carefully selected patients, ST following BCG for high grade NMIBC does not compromise oncologic outcomes for patients who ultimately undergo RC.
Phase competition and light-induced ordering in charge density waves

Photoexcitation by an intense laser pulse can alter the free energy landscape of a solid so that it can access states of matter that do not normally exist in thermal equilibrium. Discoveries of such light-induced states are often found in materials that host phase competition, where one state of matter lies in close proximity to another and photoexcitation provides sufficient energy to overcome the barrier between the neighboring phases. Here, we study the rare-earth tritelluride family (RTe3): It possesses two nearly-equivalent and competing charge density waves (CDWs) in equilibrium, out of which one dominates over the other due to a small lattice anisotropy. When both CDWs are present, such as in ErTe3, an optical pulse transiently weakens both orders. If only the dominant CDW exists, such as in LaTe3, this order is suppressed by photoexcitation while the subdominant density wave emerges. The light-induced subdominant CDW is distinct from its equilibrium counterpart. Nonetheless, this light-induced CDW relaxes at the same time when the original CDW is re-established, indicating a strong phase competition between the two in the out-of-equilibrium regime. Our results provide a framework for understanding the interplay between competing orders and for unleashing novel states of matter that are "trapped" under equilibrium conditions.
Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States with over 50,000 deaths per year. The sporadic colorectal cancer, which occurs in ~80 % of the patients, is an age-related disease, the incidence of which rises dramatically after 50 years of age. According to stochastic model of sporadic cancer, it was thought that all cancer cells that possess driver mutation(s) will lead to the process of carcinogenesis. However, in recent years, numerous studies have appeared to challenge the stochastic model. It is becoming increasingly accepted that not all, but only a small sub-population of pluripotent self-renewing tumor cells that are termed as cancer stem cells (CSC) play a determinant role in the development and progression of many malignancies, including colorectal cancer. The focus of this book chapter is to briefly describe the role of cancer stem cells in recurrence of colorectal cancer, which leads to metastasis and remains a major clinical challenge. Although the underlying biochemical and molecular events leading to recurrence of various malignancies are not fully understood, CSCs that have been shown to be resistant to conventional chemotherapy play pivotal role in these processes. While the origin of CSCs is not fully known they are thought to be derived from mutations in normal stem, progenitor or differentiated cells. Despite recent advances in medicine, nearly 50 % of the patients develop recurrence of colon tumor that is highly enriched in CSCs. Unfortunately the conventional chemotherapy has shown limited success in treating recurrent cancer. This underscores the need for development of novel treatment strategies for recurrent colon cancer by targeting CSCs. Attempts are being made to target CSCs utilizing combination of chemotherapy and specific inhibitors of growth factor receptors or signal transduction. In addition, efforts have also been made to utilize non-toxic natural agent(s), either alone or in combination with conventional chemotherapy.
A smart agent guided contactless data collection system amid a pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted academic life in different ways. In the mobile and pervasive computing community, there was a struggle on data collection for the evaluation of human-sensing systems. An automated and contactless solution to collect data from users at home is one way that can help in the continuation of user-centric studies. In this poster, we present a portable system for remote, in-home data collection. The system is powered by a Raspberry Pi© and input peripherals (a camera, a microphone, and a wireless receiver). Our system uses a speech interface for text-to-speech and speech-to-text conversions. The system acts as a voice-based "smart agent" that guides the user during an experiment session. We aim to use our system to collect data from a set of smart pill bottles that we previously designed for medication adherence monitoring [1] and user identification [3].
Pseudoaneurysm of the Abdominal Aorta at the Celiac Trunk After Penetrating Trauma

We report the case of a 33-year-old man who had received multiple gunshot wounds to the abdomen; consequently, he was diagnosed with a traumatic dissection of the abdominal aorta at the level of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) extending to just below the renal arteries with a posterior pseudoaneurysm of the aorta. He had wounds in the right upper quadrant and in the left lower back. He demonstrated signs of peritonitis for which he was taken to the operating room for exploratory laparotomy. A right common iliac to SMA bypass with a 7-mm ringed polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft was created. The celiac trunk was then ligated, and through the right groin sheath, a thoracic endograft stent (Cook Medical, Bloomington, IN) was inserted at the level of the thoracic aorta with resolution of the blood flow to the aorta, visceral and iliac arteries, as well as retrograde flow into the bypass graft. The literature on traumatic abdominal aortic pseudoaneurysm was reviewed, and based on that, we believe this report describes a unique case of a traumatic aortic pseudoaneurysm at the level of the celiac trunk, as well as our operative approach.
Impact of bariatric surgery on breastfeeding: a systematic review

Abstract Metabolic and bariatric surgery helps women achieve a healthier weight, reduce co-morbid conditions, increase fertility rates, and improve pregnancy outcomes compared with counterparts who are obese. Breastfeeding is known to provide both infant and maternal health benefits as well. Less is known about the impact of bariatric surgery on breastfeeding. The objective of this study was to review the impact of bariatric surgery on breastfeeding following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses guidelines. PubMed and Medline databases were searched using terms such as “bariatric surgery,” “postnatal care,” “lactation,” and “breastfeeding.” Reference lists were also used to find relevant articles. A total of 49 records were identified. Abstracts were screened, and 11 observational studies were identified after meeting inclusion criteria, which included the use of original research on breastfeeding and women who have had bariatric surgery. The available research shows that breast milk after bariatric surgery is adequate in nutrients and that no long-term effects were reported in cases studies when nutrient deficiencies were corrected. Limitations include observational study design and small sample sizes. This systematic review suggests that breastfeeding after bariatric surgery should be recommended along with monitoring and micronutrient supplementation. However, additional research and increased sample sizes are needed to further examine the relationship, and such studies should be conducted to strengthen the evidence and explore ways to improve breastfeeding rates in this population.
Thermal oxidation analysis of aerosol synthesized fuel particles composed of Al versus Al-Si

Abstract We compared the reactivity of spherical particles composed of aluminum (Al) and silicon (Si) with spherical particles of Al with similar size (nominal diameter 1–2 μm). Both particles were synthesized using a liquid atomization technique such that both particles were encapsulated in a native oxide passivation shell. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in inert and oxidative environments were performed coupled with X-ray Diffraction (XRD) for species identification. The results showed that incorporation of Si in the Al particles lowered the melting temperature by 85 °C and resulted in lower apparent activation energy for the oxidation reactions and more complete combustion at lower temperatures compared with pure Al powder. Results show promise for engineering fuel particles with minor alterations in metal formulation that promote more complete combustion and energy conversion.
Hard x-rays from a tabletop all-laser-driven synchrotron light source

We report experimental results on the status and applications of a novel all-laser-driven hard x-ray source. A single high power (100 TW) laser system accelerate electrons by means of laser wake-field acceleration (0.5 GeV) and generates hard x-rays by means of inverse Compton scattering. The measured x-ray characteristics, narrow-bandwidth (50%) wide tunability range (50 keV to 9 MeV), collimation (5 mrad), compact footprint (university-scale), and femtosecond duration, make this source suitable for applications including high-resolution (< 5 micron) and low-dose x-ray radiography, x-ray diffraction, ultrafast x-ray science, selective nuclear activation analysis, and nonlinear Compton scattering.
Optimal escapement in stage-structured fisheries with environmental stochasticity

Stage-structured population models are commonly used to understand fish population dynamics and additionally for stock assessment. Unfortunately, there is little theory on the optimal harvest of stage-structured populations, especially in the presence of stochastic fluctuations. In this paper, we find closed form optimal equilibrium escapement policies for a three-dimensional, discrete-time, stage-structured population model with linear growth, post-harvest nonlinear recruitment, and stage-specific pricing and extend the analytic results to structured populations with environmental stochasticity. When only fishing reproductive adults, stochasticity does not affect optimal escapement policies. However, when harvesting immature fish, the addition of stochasticity can increase or decrease optimal escapement depending on the second and third derivative of the recruitment function. For logistic recruitment, stochasticity reduces optimal immature escapement by a multiplicative factor of one over one plus the variance of the environmental noise. Using hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, as an example and assuming Beverton-Holt recruitment, we show that optimal fishing of hard clam targets the immature stage class exclusively and that environmental stochasticity increases optimal escapement for low discount rates and decreases optimal escapement for high discount rates.
Halomethyl—metal compounds : LXXIV. Organolead compounds as precursors for halo- carbenes

Abstract The following organolead compounds were prepared and investigated as potential divalent carbon transfer agents: Ph3PbCCl3, Ph3PbCBr3, Ph3PbCCl2Ph, Ph3PbCHCl2 and Ph3PbCHClF. Of these the CCl3, CBr3 and CHCl2 compounds were found to be useful carbene sources at higher (120–150°) temperature. The reaction of triphenylleadlithium with 3,3,3-trichloropropene gave hexaphenyldilead and Ph3PbCH2CHCC2, rather than the expected Ph3PbCCl2CHCH2.
Aminohydrolases for Production of D‐Amino Acids

Introduction Screening of N-Carbamoyl-d-Amino Acid Amidohydrolase Screening of DCase-Producing Microorganisms Purification and Characterization of the Enzymes Isolation of Enzyme Genes Cloning of Enzyme Genes Analysis of the Enzyme Genes Improvement of the Enzyme in Stability Mutagenesis Nucleotide Sequence Analysis of the Mutagenized DCase Genes Amino Acid Substitution of Thermostability-Related Sites by PCR Combination of Thermostability-Related Mutations Characterization of the Thermostabilized Enzymes Effects of Temperature and pH on Enzyme Stability Substrate Specificities of the DCases Kinetic Properties of the Enzymes Production of an Improved Enzyme Construction of an Expression Vector Expression of the Thermostabilized Enzyme Preparation of an Immobilized Enzyme Immobilization of the Improved DCase Stability of the Immobilized Enzyme Utilization of the Improved DCase for Industrial Production Bibliography Keywords: d-amino acid; N-carbamoyl-d-amino acid amidohydrolase; thermotolerant enzyme
Nozzle Wall Boundary-Layer Transition and Freestream Disturbances at Mach 5

One of the principal design objectives for a "quiet" hypersonic tunnel, where low disturbance levels are required, is to maintain laminar boundary layers on the nozzle wall at sufficiently high Reynolds numbers to obtain transition on test models. Tests were conducted in a small conventional Mach 5 nozzle to investigate the effects of several factors on transition in the nozzle wall boundary layer. The profiles of mean pitot pressure were measured and compared with theoretical predictions. The freestream disturbance levels and spectra were also measured using a constant current hot-wire anemometer and a fluctuating pitot pressure probe. The results of these measurements were used to determine whether the boundary-layer on the nozzle wall was laminar, transitional, or turbulent. For the present tests, roughness in the vicinity of the nozzle throat was the dominant factor controlling transition.
Tissue CA 125 and CA 19-9 in Malignant, Mixed Mesodermal Tumors of the Uterus

Abstract Mixed mesodermal tumors of the uterus are biphasic neoplasms composed of both a malignant epithelium and a sarcomatous stromal component. Elevated levels of tumor-associated antigens, such as CA 125, have been reported in some patients with these tumors. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency and tissue distribution of CA 125 and CA 19-9 in malignant mixed mesodermal tumors of the uterus treated with primary surgery. Consecutive, paraffin-embedded sections from 35 tumors were immunohistochemically evaluated using primary antibodies directed against CA 125 and CA 19-9. CA 125 and CA 19-9 were demonstrated in the neoplastic glandular epithelium and not in the sarcomatous portion of the tumor. The localization of CA 125 and CA 19-9 suggested that both antigens were epithelial secretory products. Positive staining (⩾5% of the glandular epithelium) for CA 125 was present in 46% of the tumors; another 14% of the tumors contained focal staining (
The synthesis and characterization of the glucopyranosiduronic acids of 17α-ethynylestradiol-17β

Abstract Both mono-glucuronides and the diglucuronide (as the acetylated methyl esters) of 17α-ethynyl estradiol-17β were synthesized employing CdCO 3 as the acid acceptor. The 17β-hydrox'y group was more reactive than the 3-phenolic hydroxy group. The physico-chemical characterization of the conjugates was carried out, including I.R., 1 H-n.m.r, U.V., as well as 13 C-n.m.r. The latter showed the oside linkage to be in β-configuration. The potassium salt of the 17-glucuronide of EE 2 was also prepared and characterized.
Direct RNA sequencing

Our understanding of human biology and disease is ultimately dependent on a complete understanding of the genome and its functions. The recent application of microarray and sequencing technologies to transcriptomics has changed the simplistic view of transcriptomes to a more complicated view of genome-wide transcription where a large fraction of transcripts emanates from unannotated parts of genomes, and underlined our limited knowledge of the dynamic state of transcription. Most of this broad body of knowledge was obtained indirectly because current transcriptome analysis methods typically require RNA to be converted to complementary DNA (cDNA) before measurements, even though the cDNA synthesis step introduces multiple biases and artefacts that interfere with both the proper characterization and quantification of transcripts. Furthermore, cDNA synthesis is not particularly suitable for the analysis of short, degraded and/or small quantity RNA samples. Here we report direct single molecule RNA sequencing without prior conversion of RNA to cDNA. We applied this technology to sequence femtomole quantities of poly(A)(+) Saccharomyces cerevisiae RNA using a surface coated with poly(dT) oligonucleotides to capture the RNAs at their natural poly(A) tails and initiate sequencing by synthesis. We observed transcript 3' end heterogeneity and polyadenylated small nucleolar RNAs. This study provides a path to high-throughput and low-cost direct RNA sequencing and achieving the ultimate goal of a comprehensive and bias-free understanding of transcriptomes.
Gender, Ethnicity, and Sexual Assault: Findings from a Los Angeles Study

This paper examines the influence of gender and ethnicity (Hispanic compared to non-Hispanic White) on the probability of experiencing sexual assault, the circumstances surrounding the assault, and its sequelae. Based on a sample of over 3000 adult community residents, Hispanics and men reported significantly lower rates of assault than non-Hispanic Whites and women. Once individuals were assaulted, however, neither ethnicity nor gender were related to their probability of being victimized again. Assaulted persons were more likely than nonassaulted persons to have a mental disorder; however, this association did not differ by gender or ethnicity. Women were more likely than men to report specific emotional and behavioral reactions to an assault. Sexual assault was associated with significantly greater use of mental health and general health services, regardless of gender or ethnicity. Provision of services for sexual assault victims is discussed in light of these findings.
Correlation of preoperative deformity magnitude and pulmonary function tests in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

Study Design. Clinical study correlating preoperative pulmonary function tests (PFTs) to radiographic measures of thoracic deformity severity in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients. Objective. To determine (1) the incidence of clinically relevant ( Summary of Background Data. Patients with late-onset (adolescent) spinal deformity are generally believed to have no respiratory morbidity except in severe curves exceeding 100°. Methods. A large multicenter database of surgically treated AIS patients with Lenke 1 to Lenke 4 curves was queried to report preoperative PFTs and correlate them with radiographic measures of coronal, sagittal, and axial plane deformities. Results. Nineteen percent of 858 patients had 65%. Patients with MT curves >70°, and especially >80°; proximal thoracic (PT) curves which were >30° or structural; or T5–T12 kyphosis Conclusion. Preoperative PFTs are clinically impaired in 19% of AIS patients, and correlate significantly with the MT and sagittal plane deformity severity, and with PT curve severity to a lesser degree. PFTs do not correlate with degree of axial deformity. From a purely pulmonary standpoint, attention directed to coronal and sagittal plane deformity correction appears warranted, to address the specific deformities which are associated with PFT impairment.
Multiple noncontiguous spinal fractures and occipitocervical dislocation in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis treated with a hybrid open and percutaneous spinal fixation technique: a case report

Abstract Background context Spinal fractures occur with a greater frequency in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients. Treatment of these fractures is complicated because of a higher incidence of medical comorbidities, higher rate of neurologic deficits, and higher risk of neurologic deterioration. Purpose To report a case report of a novel, combined open and percutaneous surgical techniques used for the treatment of multiple noncontiguous spinal fractures in a patient with AS. Study design/Setting We describe the surgical treatment and the outcome of a patient with AS that sustained an occipitocervical dislocation and two noncontiguous three-column extension injuries using a hybrid technique with open occipital to T3 fusion and percutaneous T5–L1 instrumentation at a tertiary care facility. Patient sample A 77-year-old man with multiple comorbidities and newly diagnosed AS. Outcome measures Two-year clinical and radiographic outcome of a patient treated surgically for multiple spine injuries in the setting of an ankylosed spine. Methods The patient was treated with a hybrid approach using both open fusion and percutaneous instrumentation techniques. Results At 2 years postoperatively, the patient had recovered ambulatory ability and had a good clinical outcome. Conclusions We describe a unique case of noncontiguous spinal trauma in a medically complex patient with AS treated with a hybrid open and percutaneous technique to minimize surgical insult and blood loss, with a good clinical and radiographic outcome 2 years postoperatively.
Photon management modeling and beyond for photovoltaics

Improving the performance of photovoltaics is important for increased deployment in a broad range of applications. In this article, it is shown that combining detailed models for full-wave optics with one or more other physics models represents an emerging field of research. In particular, connections are made with geometric optics, electronic transport, and thermal transport. First, structures combining random texturing and periodic gratings offer the promise of higher light-trapping performance for a broad range of thin-film photovoltaic systems. Second, combining full-wave optics with electronic transport creates an opportunity to accurately model the limits of performance for devices approaching the Shockley– Queisser limit. Finally, combining optical with thermal modeling creates the potential for a physics-based understanding of intrinsic photovoltaic module failures, necessary to ensure a long life for photovoltaic cells.
Abundance patterns in multi-species communities exposed to habitat destruction

Habitat destruction resulting from human activity is a serious threat to biodiversity. The model developed by Tilman et al. [Tilman, D., May, R.M., Lehman, C.L., Nowak, M.A., 1994. Habitat destruction and the extinction debt. Nature 371, 65-66] has become an important tool for analyzing persistence of species in habitats under destruction. However, most analysis and applications of this model have been limited to the studies of species richness and the order of extinction. In this paper, we address other important issues related to succession of species abundances. We are interested in how the abundance ranking (i.e., the ranking of species according to their relative abundances), the rank-abundance curve and the community diversity alter in habitats under destruction. We treat analytically the model of Tilman et al. and investigate three different scenarios. We consider that before destruction: (i) best competitors are most abundant; (ii) all species are equally abundant; (iii) poor competitors are most abundant. In each case, we have derived explicit expressions for equilibrium species abundances depending on proportion of destroyed sites. Then we follow analytically alteration in the initial abundance ranking, show complex patterns of succession of species abundances and consider transformations in the rank-abundance curve. We demonstrate patterns of self-organization in abundance distributions emerging as a response to habitat destruction. We show non-monotonic dependence of community diversity and community evenness on proportion of destroyed sites.
Momentum analyticity and finiteness of the 1-loop superstring amplitude

The type II superstring amplitude to 1-loop order is given by an integral of [var theta] functions over the moduli space of tori, which diverges for real momenta. We construct the analytic continuation which renders this amplitude well defined and finite, and we find the expected poles and cuts in the complex momentum plane.
A simplified analytical method to evaluate the effects of roof spray evaporative cooling

Abstract A simplified mathematical technique is presented with which preliminary evaluation of the effects of roof spray evaporative cooling can be made. This method incorporates the effects of solar flux, ambient temperature and the humidity of the environment and is much simpler to implement than previously suggested models. The use of the model is illustrated via the use of TMY weather data for Washington, D.C., and the trends predicted are found to be consistent with that in the literature.
Computer mapping of seismic reflectors in the coastal region of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska

This study deals with detailed mapping of sedimentary features within Torok Formation and Nanushuk Group in the northern part of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alsaka (NPRA). These Cretaceous units correspond to a single depositional regime of a large deltaic system. Seismic reflecting surfaces within the sequence are seen as sigmoidal traces in seismic sections. These horizons can be identified over long distances (up to 160 km) within individual seismic sections and can be correlated between intersecting sections. The study is centered in four different areas in which seismic information is relatively abundant and of good quality. One of the study areas is of special interest because of a large, now-filled ancient submarine canyon, Simpson Canyon. Reflection-time measurements were obtained by digitizing various horizons that were manually traced on seismic sections. Reflection-time measurements have been converted to depth values, corrected for postdepositional tilting, and portrayed as structure contour maps, perspective “fish-net” diagrams, and isopach maps prepared by computer. Computer mapping procedures are essential to obtain three-dimensional representations of reflecting surfaces. Because the northern NPRA has undergone little tectonic deformation since Cretaceous, horizons that have been mapped provide a close representation of submarine paleotopographic surfaces. A succession of these surfaces reveals progressive changes in the form of deltaic deposits from west to east, suggesting that energy of waves and currents increased as the delta prograded eastward. The succession of surfaces also suggests that Simpson Canyon was affected by at least two events of erosion and refilling.
Characterization of an asymmetric nonlinear component of process-induced distortion in thermally stressed silicon wafers

Process Induced Distortion (PID) was characterized on a Non-thermally Ramped N channel Logic technology. Worst case registration locations were identified by mapping 120 registration sites per wafer on 8 wafers with a Quaestor measuring system. Final characterization of the effects of PD on registration was done by measuring 8 sites per wafer on more than 200 wafers. A thermally ramped process was developed that reduced PD from O. 596um to O. O8Oum for worst case location residual Y component (non-linear component of registration) and from -7 to -2 ppm for the Magnification offset in Y(YMAG a linear component of distortion). Non-Ramped lots processed together exhibited more than twice the residual PID at the Source end vs the Handle end of the Diffusion Furnace load O. 918um to O. 479um respectively. Ramped lots showed no differences in residual PID between Source and Handle ends and measured O. 123um and O. ll6um respectively. Yield and Reliability were improved on the Ramped portion of ten split lots. Die Yields improved due to a reduction in crystal slip several regions were impacted including the areas of the worst case residual PID. Contact Electromigration jeopardy was reduced by an improvement in metal-contact coverage from 60 to 100 for the median die in the worst case registration locations. 1.
Characterization of Deoxyribonucleic Acid from Anacystis nidulans

THE chemical nature of deoxyribonucleic acid in blue-green algae was not known until very recently1–3. This communication deals with a quantitative study of deoxyribonueleic acid from Anacystis nidulans and its characterization in respect to that from other sources. Anacystis nidulans and Chlorella ellipsoidea were grown in continuous culture chambers as described earlier4,5. The algal cells were treated with cold 10 per cent trichloracetic acid, 95 per cent alcohol, alcohol/ether (3 : 1) and finally with ether until all the pigments except phycobilins were fully extracted. Deoxyribonucleic acid was isolated by one of the following procedures : (a) with 10 per cent sodium chloride (2 ml./ 10 mgm.) three times by refluxing at 80° C. for 1 hr. each time6 ; (b) with 1 N potassium hydroxide at room temperature7; (c) with 0.5 M perchloric acid8. Purification of deoxyribonueleic acid from protein and polysaccharide was done according to the methods described earlier9. Chromatographic analyses were done according to Wyatt10. Purines and pyrimidines were estimated by maximum extinction technique11. With different procedures of extraction it has been observed that the yield of purified deoxyribonucleic acid varies from 3.7 to 4.7 per cent of the dried cells after ether wash. The fresh weight of the cells was found to be 5 times that of the dried ether-washed cells and hence deoxyribonueleic acid constitutes 0.73–0.94 per cent of the fresh weight of the cells. Nitrogen content varies from 13.9 to 14.3 per cent and that of phosphorus from 6.8 to 8.2 per cent with different procedures of isolation. Deoxyribonucleic acid is found to have an absorption maximum at 257 mµ and minimum at 230 mµ The infra-red spectrum of deoxyribonueleic acid from Anacystis does not show any remarkable deviations from those of other sources. The main peaks are at 3, 6.1, 8.1 and 9.3–9.8µ The percentage of molar ratios of constituent bases, guanine, adenine, cytosine and thymine, in deoxyribonueleic acid of Anacystis was found to be 29.5, 23.3, 24.8, and 22.3 respectively. The ratios of G/C, A/T and Pu/Py were 1.19, 1.04 and 1.12 respectively. The average values only have been recorded here. The deviation of unity in base ratio in this case is very difficult to explain at present, though the presence of single-stranded deoxyribonueleic acid which has recently been isolated from bacteriophage12 cannot be ruled out. The (A + T)/(G + C) ratio may be used as a species parameter. In the case of Anacystis nidulans this was found to be about 0.82.
Mitochondrial studies in senescent mice. II. Specific activity, buoyant density, and turnover of mitochondrial DNA

Abstract The specific activity of brain mitochondrial DNA, measured 2 days after injection of tritiated thymidine, is twice as high in 1- to 2-year-old mice as in young mice. There is a corresponding decrease in the amount of DNA per unit weight of mitochondrial protein. Following injection of labelled precursors, the radioactivity of mitochondrial DNA and lipids per unit of protein is found to be decreased with age. The turnover rates of mitochondrial DNA and lipids do not vary significantly with age. The buoyant density of mitochondrial DNA, and hence its base composition, does not change detectably with age.
Surface segregation of Ba in polycrystalline YBa2Cu3O7 oxides: The effect of silver

We have investigated the effect of annealing polycrystalline YBa2Cu3O7−δ samples in a He ambient and in vacuum, on the composition of their internal surfaces. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data indicate a decrease in the amount of BaCO3 but a higher proportion of Ba at the near‐surface region upon low‐temperature annealing in He or vacuum. The latter effect seems to derive from the presence of a surface barrier for oxygen outdiffusion, and can be prevented by diffusing Ag into the polycrystalline sample. Changes in the cutoff energies of the ultraviolet photoelectron spectra indicate that a submonolayer coverage of Ag is sufficient to produce a change in the work function of 0.3 eV, corresponding to the lowering of the surface barrier.
Stress generated potentials in bone: Relationship to piezoelectricity of collagen

Abstract A parametric matrix is derived to characterize stress generated electric potentials (SGP) in Haversian bone. It substantially agrees with experiment, whereas the commonly accepted C6 hexagonal piezoelectric matrix does not. We show the specific dependence of SGP on microstructure, and hence the limited usefulness of any conventional piezoelectric matrix for bone.
Bacteriophage N4-induced transcribing activities in Escherichia coli I. Detection and characterization in cell extracts

Abstract Two distinct rifampicin (rif)- and streptolydigin (sdl)-resistant RNA-synthesizing activities have been detected in extracts of bacteriophage N4-infected Escherichia coli . The activities are found in a DNA-membrane complex obtained from gently lysed cells. A low level of rif- and sdl-resistant RNA-synthesizing activity, designated activity I, is observed even if postinfection protein synthesis is blocked by the addition of chloramphenicol prior to infection. Activity I is due to a virion-encapsulated RNA polymerase. Predominantly class I N4 RNA (defined as N4 RNA synthesized in vivo in the absence of postinfection protein synthesis) is synthesized by activity I in extracts in vitro . N4-coded functions are required for the appearance of a high level of rif- and sdl-resistant RNA-synthesizing activity, designated activity II. Extracts containing activity II (which also presumably contain activity I) promote the synthesis of RNA corresponding to both in vivo classes of N4 RNA, although predominantly N4 class II RNA is made. As many as nine N4-induced proteins, including those coded by N4 cistrons 3 and 4, which are required for the appearance of class II N4 RNA synthesis in vivo , are found selectively associated with a DNA-membrane complex containing activity II. Newly synthesized virion RNA polymerase has not been detected in the complex. Furthermore, infection by an N4 mutant which is temperature sensitive for the virion RNA polymerase does not result in a temperature-sensitive transcribing activity II in vivo , suggesting that the virion polymerase is not responsible for activity II.
Anisotropic thermoelectric power of TTF-TCNQ☆

Abstract We have measured the thermoelectric power along the a-axis as well as the highly conducting b-axis in TTF-TCNQ crystals. Measurements were taken both parallel and perpendicular to the long axis on two sets of crystals. One set grew along the a-axis and the other along the b-axis. The thermopowers are of opposite sign except near 60°K where both cross zero at slightly different temperatures. The a-axis thermopower is consistent with non-metallic diffusive transport in the a direction.
It takes two to tango: mast cell and Schwann cell interactions in neurofibromas

Neurofibromas are benign tumors comprised primarily of Schwann cells and fibroblasts. Mast cell infiltration is a well-known phenomenon; however, their role in tumor pathogenesis has been enigmatic. In an elegant set of experiments using cells derived from a murine model of neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1), Yang et al. dissect the molecular pathways involved in mast cell migration to neurofibromin-deficient Schwann cells. These results set the stage for rational development of therapeutics that could influence the multicellular microenvironment of neurofibromas to inhibit the development and/or progression of these tumors in human NF1.