cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamics of binding of the core trimannoside of asparagine-linked carbohydrates and deoxy analogs to Dioclea grandiflora lectin.

Abstract The Man/Glc-specific seed lectin from Dioclea grandiflora (DGL) is a member of the Diocleinae subtribe that includes the jack bean lectin concanavalin A (ConA). Both DGL and ConA bind with high affinity to the “core” trimannoside moiety, 3,6-di-O-(α-d-mannopyranosyl)-α-d-mannopyranoside, which is present in asparagine-linked carbohydrates. Recent hemagglutination inhibition studies suggest that DGL and ConA recognize similar epitopes of the trisaccharide but possess different binding specificities for complex carbohydrates (Gupta, D., Oscarson, S., Raju, T. S., Stanley, P., Toone, E. J., and Brewer, C. F. (1996) Eur. J. Biochem. 242, 320–326). In the present study, we have used isothermal titration microcalorimetry to determine the thermodynamics of binding of DGL to a complete set of monodeoxy analogs of the core trimannoside as well as a tetradeoxy analog. The thermodynamic data indicate that DGL recognizes the 2-, 3-, 4-, and 6-hydroxyl groups of the α(1,6) Man residue, the 3- and 4-hydroxyl group of the α(1, 3) Man residue, and the 2- and 4-hydroxyl groups of the central Man residue of the trimannoside. The thermodynamic data for the tetradeoxy analog lacking the 3- and 4-hydroxyl group of the α(1, 3) Man residue, and the 2- and 4-hydroxyl groups of the central Man residue of the trimannoside are consistent with the involvement of these hydroxyl groups in binding. While the overall pattern of data for DGL binding to the deoxy analogs is similar to that for ConA (Gupta, D., Dam, T. K., Oscarson, S., and Brewer, C. F. (1997)J. Biol. Chem. 272, 6388–6392), differences exist in the data for certain monodeoxy analogs binding to the two lectins. Differences are also observed in the thermodynamics of binding of DGL and ConA to a biantennary complex carbohydrate. In the following paper (Rozwarski, D. A., Swami, B. M., Brewer, C. F., and Sacchettini, J. C. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 32818–32825), the x-ray crystal structure of DGL complexed to the core trimannoside is presented, and a comparison is made of the thermodynamic binding data for DGL and ConA as well as the structures of their respective trimannoside complexes.
Talkin' Socialism: J.A. Wayland and the Role of the Press in American Radicalism, 1890-1912

In this history of radical publishing at the turn of the century, Elliott Shore focuses on the "Appeal to Reason", the flagship newspaper of J.A. Wayland's publishing empire. As modern periodical publishing came of age with the appearance of the first mass-circulation newspapers and magazines, so too did both populism and socialism in the US. They drew strength from the same factors - the advance of technology, spreading industrialisation, the growth and concentration of urban populations and rising literacy rates. Between 1900 and 1910 the circulation of "Appeal to Reason" grew to more than half a million, placing it among the nation's leading weeklies. Its editors and writers included such prominent figures of the socialist movement as Eugene Debs and Upton Sinclair. Published for 25 years in Kansas, is was the most successful socialist institution in the US, unifying the movement from coast to coast.
Breathe easy: model and control of simulated respiration for animation

Animation of the breath has been largely ignored by the graphics community, even though it is a signature movement of the human body and an indicator for lifelike motion. In this paper, we present an anatomically inspired, physically based model of the human torso for the visual simulation of respiration using a mixed system of rigid and deformable parts. This novel composition of anatomical components is necessary to capture the key characteristics of breathing motion visible in the human trunk because the movement is generated fundamentally through the combination of both rigid bone and soft tissue. We propose a simple anatomically meaningful muscle element based on springs, which is used throughout both actively to drive the motion of the ribs and diaphragm and passively for other muscles like those of the abdomen. In addition, we introduce a straightforward method for preserving incompressible volume in deformable bodies to use in approximating the motion of the gut related to breath. Through the careful construction of this anatomically based torso, control for respiration becomes the generation of periodic contraction signals for a minimal set of two muscle groups. We show the flexibility of our approach through the animation of several breathing styles using our system and we verify our results through video and analytical comparisons.
Effecting personal effectiveness: assertiveness training for nurses

This paper describes a client-centred approach to assertiveness training with nurses. The approach recognizes and utilizes the skills and resources within a group, through a process of enabling rather than teaching. The group's own knowledge and experiences are shown to be at least as valid as other academic and research texts which are referred to. In personal development terms they are more valid. Technique-based courses are thought to have less impact than this approach, clearly rooted in self-awareness and development. After looking at the history of assertiveness training, and ways of defining it, the paper goes on to describe the process and content of a programme which is group led. Space is also given to considering why it may be particularly difficult for nurses to act assertively, due to tradition and stereotypes.
Induced attack during multiple fixed-ratio, variable-ratio schedules of reinforcement.

Abstract Two pigeons were exposed to a multiple schedule of reinforcement: in the presence of one discriminative stimulus, key pecks produced grain according to a fixed-ratio schedule; in the presence of a second discriminative stimulus, key pecks produced grain according to a variable-ratio schedule. The key-peck requirements in the two components were increased in successive stages from 50 to 125 responses. Live target pigeons were restrained at the rear of the chamber. Attacks against the targets were automatically recorded, and a variety of measures of attack behavior were taken. Attacks, when they occurred, always followed grain presentation. All measures revealed higher levels of attack during the fixed-ratio component at all parameter values. All measures generally increased with increases in fixed-ratio values with both birds, and with increases in variable-ratio values with one bird. With the other bird, only the per cent of reinforcements followed by attack increased with increases in variable-ratio value; all other measures first increased and then decreased. Both increasing and bitonic functions relating induced attack to schedule parameters have been reported in experiments usually employing a single measure of attack. The measures have varied widely among these experiments. It is suggested that further studies of induced attack examine a wider range of schedule parameters and that relationships among measures be studied.
Identifying the sources of Inka period ceramics from northern Chile: results of a neutron activation study

Abstract To examine regional patterns of ceramic production and distribution during the era of Inka domination in northern Chile, we determined the elemental compositions of 157 samples of archaeological ceramics and geological clays from the sites of Catarpe and Turi using instrumental neutron activation analysis. We identified two major and three minor composition groups in the ceramics. The major groups, High Cr and Low Cr, are linked to clays from two broad geological contexts within the region, while the minor Low Na group is made up of ceramics imported from northwestern Argentina. The distribution of the composition groups indicates that, in the Catarpe–Turi region, patterns of ceramic production differed for different vessel types: jars were made from clay and temper acquired near the sites where the jars were used, while bowls were made of material coming from more distant sources. The geographical distribution of the analyzed ceramics indicates that bowls were exchanged between Catarpe and Turi in a pattern more similar to tribute/extraction than to market exchange, with Catarpe being the dominant site. The compositional analysis also demonstrates that Inka-style ceramics were being locally produced at sites in this region during the era of Inka domination.
Homosexual Labeling and the Male Role.

This study attempted to experimentally isolate and determine the effects of the label “homosexual” upon the perceptions and behavior of the social audience toward men so labeled. Participants rated three different experimental confederates, each labeled homosexual in three groups and not labeled homosexual in three groups. Men were perceived as being significantly less masculine and less preferred as a fellow participant in any future experiment when they were labeled homosexual. The man responsible for the primary labeling of the homosexual was perceived as more masculine and more sociable when he labeled the homosexual than when he did not. Results are discussed in terms of the function of the fear of the homosexual label in maintaining the traditional male role.
Endoscopic sphincterotomy for the treatment of gallstone pancreatitis during pregnancy

Background: Gallstones are the most common cause of acute pancreatitis during pregnancy. Without intervention, gallstone pancreatitis during pregnancy is associated with an antepartum recurrence rate of 70%, which exposes the mother and fetus to an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. A safe, effective means to prevent recurrent gallstone pancreatitis during pregnancy is desirable. Methods: Since 1991, we have managed gallstone pancreatitis in three pregnant patients with endoscopic retrograde cholangiogram (ERC), followed by spincterotomy, despite the absence of common bile duct stones. Results: All patients were judged to have mild pancreatitis by modified Ranson criteria and the Multiorgan System Failure criteria. During cholangiogram, fetal shielding was employed and fluoroscopy times ranged from 36 s to 7.2 min. One patient experienced postprocedure pancreatitis of 48-h duration. None of the patients experienced further episodes of pancreatitis and none underwent predelivery cholecystectomy. Conclusions: In pregnancy-associated gallstone pancreatitis, endoscopic sphincterotomy prevents recurrence of pancreatitis and the need for cholecystectomy during gestation. We believe endoscopic sphincterotomy represents a promising management alternative for gallstone pancreatitis during pregnancy. Further investigation is warranted.
Avian growth hormone receptor assay: use of chicken and turkey liver membranes.

A sensitive avian growth hormone (GH) radioreceptor assay (RRA) was developed using recombinant chicken growth hormone (rcGH) and a membrane receptor preparation of chicken or turkey livers. The specific binding of 125I-labeled rcGH to a 47800 × g pellet was 33–36% in a 16–20 h incubation period at 4°C. Binding was time, temperature and pH dependent. Scatchard analysis indicated a single class of high affinity GH binding sites in chicken and turkey livers, with binding affinities of 1.03 × 1010 liter/M and 1.11 × 1010 liter/M, respectively, and corresponding binding capacities of 10.7 fmol and 21 fmol per mg protein. The sensitivity of the assay was 0.41 ng of rcGH. Intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 5.3% and 9.7%, respectively. Bovine GH, ovine GH, and porcine GH competed effectively for the GH binding sites in chicken and turkey livers. Turkey prolactin (PRL) and porcine PRL showed little cross-reaction (< 0.07%), while cross-reaction of ovine and bovine PRL was greater (< 10%). Standard rcGH (0.5–30 ng) was added to sera from hypophysectomized chickens and turkeys (hypox sera) and to tissue culture medium and was measured quantitatively. Untreated medium (10–100 μ1) and hypox sera (5–40 μ1) did not inhibit rcGH binding. These studies report the existence of specific binding sites for avian GH in chicken and turkey liver and validate a sensitive RRA for measurement of bioactive GH in sera and tissue culture medium.
A multitype stochastic population model: An extended version

Abstract A previous article [1] introduced and analyzed a simple multitype population model. That model was special insofar as the input process was assumed Poisson. This article analyzes a modified model that has for its input process an arbitrary renewal process. This modification allows far greater flexibility in fitting the model to some real situation than does the case of Poisson inputs.
A Generalized Transport Equation for Use with Meteorological Coordinate Systems

Abstract A generalized transport equation for a variety of meteorological coordinate systems is derived. Through its application, the commonality of modes of convective and nonconvective flux of mass, momentum and energy is identified between the specific coordinate systems. Generalized forms for pressure gradient and frictional forces (∇·Π) in the momentum equation are presented that directly integrate to boundary stresses (τ) while in the total energy equation the sum of mechanical [U·(∇·&Pi)] and thermodynamic work (Π:∇U) readily integrates to boundary work (∇·[Π·U]). Additional degrees of freedom for the nonconvective flux of properties are identified with the inclination of information surfaces. The vertical transfer of momentum and energy by this means is discussed in regard to the time rate of change of the dynamic circulation (Bjerknes, 1937). The results reveal that views of the forcing of circulation become coordinate dependent. Variant and invariant aspects of the physical and mathematical mean...
The Diesel Combustion Collaboratory: Combustion Researchers Collaborating over the Internet

The Diesel Combustion Collaboratory (DCC) is a pilot project to develop and deploy collaborative technologies to combustion researchers distributed throughout the DOE national laboratories, academia, and industry. The result is a problem-solving environment for combustion research. Researchers collaborate over the Internet using DCC tools, which include: a distributed execution management system for running combustion models on widely distributed computers, including supercomputers; web-accessible data archiving capabilities for sharing graphical experimental or modeling data; electronic notebooks and shared workspaces for facilitating collaboration; visualization of combustion data; and video-conferencing and data-conferencing among researchers at remote sites. Security is a key aspect of the collaborative tools. In many cases, we have integrated these tools to allow data, including large combustion data sets, to flow seamlessly, for example, from modeling tools to data archives. In this paper the authors describe the work of a larger collaborative effort to design, implement and deploy the DCC.
Random removal of edges from scale free graphs

Abstract It has been discovered that many naturally occurring networks (the internet, the power grid of the western US, various biological networks, etc.) satisfy a power-law degree distribution. Such scale-free networks have many interesting properties, one of which is robustness to random damage. This problem has been analyzed from the point of view of node deletion and connectedness. Recently, it has also been considered from the point of view of node deletion and scale preservation. In this paper we consider the problem from the point of view of edge deletion and scale preservation. In agreement with the work on node deletion and scale preservation, we show that a scale-free graph should not be expected to remain scale free when edges are removed at random.
Tension-Reduction Expectancies and Alcoholic Beverage Preferences Revisited: Associations to Drinking Frequency and Gender

The relationships among drinking frequency, gender, beverage preference, and tension-reduction outcome expectancies were examined. Subjects consisted of 503 social-drinking college undergraduates. Results indicated that regardless of preferred beverage type, “high” versus “low” frequency drinkers endorsed significantly greater tension-reduction expectancies. Results also indicated that males and “frequent” drinkers preferred beer as their primary alcoholic beverage. Supplemental analyses suggested that drinking frequency partially confounded the relationship between gender and beverage preference. These results extend and refine previous research and have implications for alcohol misuse prevention and early intervention.
Guideline-based management of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer

Introduction: Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) represents a broad spectrum of disease, the hallmarks of which include disease recurrence and progression. Clinicians have a number of surgical and therapeutic options at their disposal when treating this disease, and the underlying evidence continues to evolve. A number of professional organizations have invested in the development of clinical practice guidelines to guide patient management. Materials and Methods: We review and summarize four major guidelines, the American Urological Association, the European Association of Urology, the International Consultation on Urological Disease and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Results: Guideline panels differed in their composition, methodological approach and structure of recommendations. Despite this, many recommendations were similar between various panels, although differences are present in panel recommendations related to initial diagnosis and treatment, adjuvant therapy and disease surveillance. Conclusions: Guideline recommendations are similar at many decision points that clinicians face when managing NMIBC, although they are far from uniform. While future prospective, well-designed studies will hopefully clarify NMIBC management, urologists ultimately must rely on a combination of evidence-based recommendations, which they should seek to integrate with patients' values and preferences and the individual circumstances to provide the best possible patient care.
Gender and generational differences in the use of computer-mediated communications in households

Currently, over 21% of American households have access to Computer-mediated Communications (CMC), providing members of these households with additional avenues for entertainment, information and interactive communication from the private space of their homes. This paper examines the gender and generational differences in the patterns of CMC use in the shared space of households, Data was gathered from 84 families where two or more persons use online media. Results indicate significant differences in CMC use along gender and generational lines. Though no significant difference was found in proficiency levels, men were found to be heavier users of online media than women, Similarly children were found to be heavier users than adults. Further, men were found to use the technology more frequently as a communication medium compared to women who used the technology to download online resources and access information.
Nanostructured neutron detectors with on chip integrated circuits for space flight monitoring

This paper reports on a complete integrated system for radiation detection in harsh field environments, for example monitoring radiation exposure for astronauts or detecting nuclear fissionable materials. Charge conversion nanoparticles doped into a fast electron scintillating resin produce optical pulses specific to neutron radiation. These pulses exit the material since the nanoparticles are smaller than the wavelength of light. An off the shelf Photo-Multiplier (PM) tube converts the created light pulses into a usable electrical signal. The signal is amplified by a charge sensitive preamplifier which integrates the current to produce a signal that represents the total charge deposited inside the scintillator. The signal is further shaped by circuitry and converted to a digital signal and stored by a microprocessor. Constructing integrated circuits for pulse shaping and power conversion allows for a fully functioning detector able to operate as a standalone unit.
Decreased oxygen consumption as a toxic manifestation of protamine sulfate reversal of heparin anticoagulation

Protamine sulfate has been observed to interfere with the control of isolated mitochondrial respiration in vitro. This study was designed to determine if oxygen consumption changes in intact animals occur in vivo during protamine administration. Oxygen consumption was assessed in seven dogs anticoagulated with heparin (150 IU/kg) and reversed 30 minutes later with protamine sulfate (1.5 mg/kg). Oxygen saturations measured included arterial (SaO2 arterial), mixed venous (SvO2 systemic), jugular (SvO2 jugular), portal (SvO2 portal), and coronary (SvO2 coronary). Cardiac output (CO) and carotid artery flow determinations allowed calculation of systemic oxygen consumption (VO2 systemic) and cerebral oxygen consumption VO2 cerebral. Hemodynamic measurements included arterial blood pressure (BP), pulmonary artery systolic and diastolic pressures (PAS, PAD), and heart rate (HR). Protamine sulfate administration resulted in hypotension (delta BP -64 mm Hg), pulmonary hypertension (delta PAS + 13 mm Hg, delta PAD + 11 mm Hg), and bradycardia (delta HR -30). Shortly after protamine administration, CO fell 54% and carotid artery flow fell more than 50%, yet declines in SvO2 systemic and SvO2 jugular were not observed. In fact these parameters increased 3% and 2%, respectively. VO2 systemic fell 55% and VO2 cerebral fell 57%. Similarly, SvO2 portal and SvO2 coronary increased 6% and 9%, respectively. Significant correlations existed between changes in VO2 systemic and BP (r = 0.05, p less than 0.001), HR (r = 0.3, p less than 0.01, PAD (r = -0.3, p less than 0.05, and CO (r = 0.8, p less than 0.001). Impaired oxygen utilization was most evident during the first 5 minutes after protamine administration. This investigation, for the first time, establishes that protamine sulfate decreases in vivo oxygen consumption, a finding that may account for certain of the drug's adverse side effects.
Species Differences in the Excretion and Distribution of p-Chloroacetanilide-Cl36

p-Chloroacetanilide-Cl36 was synthesized and its distribution and excretion studied in rats and guinea pigs. The results obtained indicate a species difference, elimination of the compound being slower in the rat. The toxicity of the solvent used, propylene glycol, is pointed out.
Whole-Genome Sequencing in Outbreak Analysis

In addition to the ever-present concern of medical professionals about epidemics of infectious diseases, the relative ease of access and low cost of obtaining, producing, and disseminating pathogenic organisms or biological toxins mean that bioterrorism activity should also be considered when facing a disease outbreak. Utilization of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in outbreak analysis facilitates the rapid and accurate identification of virulence factors of the pathogen and can be used to identify the path of disease transmission within a population and provide information on the probable source. Molecular tools such as WGS are being refined and advanced at a rapid pace to provide robust and higher-resolution methods for identifying, comparing, and classifying pathogenic organisms. If these methods of pathogen characterization are properly applied, they will enable an improved public health response whether a disease outbreak was initiated by natural events or by accidental or deliberate human activity. The current application of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology to microbial WGS and microbial forensics is reviewed.
Photonic synthesis of broadband microwave arbitrary waveforms applicable to ultra-wideband communication

We demonstrate photonic synthesis of broadband radio-frequency (RF) waveforms suitable for ultra-wide bandwidth (UWB) systems via open-loop reflection-mode dispersive Fourier transform optical pulse shaping. Using this technique, we synthesize broadband burst, monocycle and pulsed waveforms with RF bandwidths ranging from /spl sim/1-8 GHz. Through appropriate optical waveform design, we demonstrate direct control over the shape of the RF spectrum - a capability that enables us to tailor our RF waveforms to conform to the low-power UWB spectral criteria.
Thematic review series: The Immune System and Atherogenesis. The role of natural antibodies in atherogenesis

Atherosclerosis is now widely recognized as a chronic inflammatory disease that involves innate and adaptive immune responses. Both cellular and humoral components of the immune system have been implicated in atherogenesis. Natural antibodies can be considered humoral factors of innate immunity, and their functional role in health and disease has been reexamined in recent years. Natural antibodies exhibit a remarkably conserved repertoire that includes a broad specificity for self-antigens. For this reason, they are believed to be a product of natural selection and have been suggested to play an important role in "housekeeping" functions. Recent evidence has revealed that oxidation-specific epitopes are important and maybe immunodominant targets of natural antibodies, suggesting an important function for these antibodies in the host response to consequences of oxidative stress, for example, to the oxidative events that occur when cells undergo apoptosis. This review will focus on these recent findings and discuss the emerging evidence for an important role of natural antibodies in atherogenesis.
Characterisation and distribution of epidermal growth factor receptors in equine hoof wall laminar tissue: comparison of normal horses and horses affected with chronic laminitis.

Summary Epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors were detected in plasma membrane preparations of equine hoof wall laminar tissue at concentrations comparable to that of equine liver. Scatchard analysis of the equilibrium binding data suggested the presence of two classes of EGF binding sites in most of the controls (plasma membranes from clinically normal horses); a high-affinity class and a more numerous low-affinity class. The dissociation constant of the low-affinity class of EGF-specific receptors (KD=1 × 10−9M) is in reasonable agreement with other values established for the EGF receptor. The variability between individual estimates for the KD of the high-affinity receptor class precluded an accurate estimate for those sites. A possible explanation is discussed. The high-affinity binding sites were uniformly absent in plasma membranes prepared from horses affected by chronic laminitis. Autoradiographic analysis localised the EGF receptors primarily to the secondary epidermal laminae, with an apparent greater density over the proliferative basal keratinocytes. Little label was associated with the dermal or the keratinised primary epidermal laminae. Tissue from horses with chronic laminitis had EGF receptors located uniformly over the hyperplastic epidermal keratinocytes. These data suggest that an EGF-mediated response may be involved in the hyperproliferative response that is characteristic of chronic laminitis.
Addiction: Taking the brain seriously

Heyman's target article is an analytical tour de force, but it makes too hard a distinction between voluntary and driven behavior. It is more fruitful to think about brain and behavior as shifting, interacting “agents,” represented by multiple neural circuits. This has the virtue of better connecting behavioral analysis with wet neuroscience.
Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System in Blood Pressure Maintenance in Obesity

A group of 10 borderline hypertensive obese subjects had higher (P < 0.05) supine plasma norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine, and PRA levels as well as greater (P < 0.05) NE responses to upright posture and isometric handgrip exercise than 12 nonobese controls. Plasma NE as well as mean arterial pressure (MAP) responses to posture and handgrip in the obese patients demonstrated a significant decrement at week 2 after the onset of a low calorie diet. Decrements in plasma NE and MAP responses to posture were correlated (r = 0.61; P < 0.05) throughout an 8-week period of weight loss in these borderline hypertensive obese subjects. In 15 normotensive obese subjects as well as in the 10 borderline hypertensive obese subjects, weight reduction associated with a very low calorie intake was accompanied by a reduction in supine plasma NE, epinephrine, and MAP 2 weeks after the onset of dieting. PRA decreased after 8 weeks of dieting in both obese groups, and these PRA decrements were correlated with reductions in MAP...
Kinetics of a CO 2 Nuclear Pumped Laser

D IRECT nuclear pumping was demonstrated at a number of laboratories using molecular and atomic systems with one notable exception, i.e., CO2. This work is being undertaken with the objective of explaining the mystery surrounding the direct nuclear pumping of CO2. To achieve this objective, a detailed kinetic model which incorporates all important reactions in a He-N2-CO2 mixture is formulated. The results show that for mixtures typical of those employed in electric discharge systems, the gain coefficients are such that lasing is not expected to take place. Moreover, for conditions representative of current nuclear-pumped laser experiments, concentrations of CO2 in the 1-3% range are optimum.
Backscattering by Right-Angle Dihedrals for All Possible Angles of Incidence

The study of backscattering by a right-angle dihedral has been studied intensively in the past for incident plane waves with a propagation vector in the azimuthal plane of the dihedral. This has been extended to cover incident waves with propagation vectors at any angle. The theory includes both: 1) single scattering at either of the two faces of the dihedral and 2) reflection at one face followed by scattering at the opposing face. Presently, the theory does not include other interactions, such as diffraction at the front edge of one face followed by scattering at the opposing face.
Effects of Shear Stress on Protein Kinase C Distribution in Endothelial Cells

SUMMARY We studied the effects of shear stress on protein kinase C (PKC) in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells by use of a flow channel and a monoclonal antibody (MAb 1.3) that recognizes the PKC b -isozyme. The fluorescence intensity (FI) of the secondary antibody, crystalline tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate, was determined by image analysis. The results on each of five shearing experiments were normalized by using the paired stationary control. After 30-min shearing at 2 N/m 2 , FI per cell increased to 1.6 times that of control, as did the mean FI per unit cell area. The FI per unit stained area and the stained area/cell area ratio were also increased significantly by shearing. The distribution of immunostaining in each cell was determined for its cortical, cytoplasmic, perinuclear, and nuclear regions. The normalized FI per unit area in all four regions and the stained area/cell area ratio in cortical and cytoplasmic regions were significantly higher in the sheared cells than in control; the increases were greatest in the cortical area. Double staining with rhodamine‐phalloidin and MAb 1.3 showed the association of actin with the PKC isozyme in both stationary and sheared cells. (J Histochem Cytochem 45:237‐249, 1997)
Mating System and Ploidy Influence Levels of Inbreeding Depression in Clarkia (Onagraceae)

Inbreeding depression is the reduction in offspring fitness associated with inbreeding and is thought to be one of the primary forces selecting against the evolution of self-fertilization. Studies suggest that most inbreeding depression is caused by the expression of recessive deleterious alleles in homozygotes whose frequency increases as a result of self-fertilization or mating among relatives. This process leads to the selective elimination of deleterious alleles such that highly selfing species may show remarkably little inbreeding depression. Genome duplication (polyploidy) has also been hypothesized to influence levels of inbreeding depression, with polyploids expected to exhibit less inbreeding depression than diploids. We studied levels of inbreeding depression in allotetraploid and diploid species of Clarkia (Onagraceae) that vary in mating system (each cytotype was represented by an outcrossing and a selfing species). The outcrossing species exhibited more inbreeding depression than the selfing species for most fitness components and for two different measures of cumulative fitness. In contrast, though inbreeding depression was generally lower for the polyploid species than for the diploid species, the difference was statistically significant only for flower number and one of the two measures of cumulative fitness. Further, we detected no significant interaction between mating system and ploidy in determining inbreeding depression. In sum, our results suggest that a taxon's current mating system is more important than ploidy in influencing levels of inbreeding depression in natural populations of these annual plants.
Hepatic steatosis in rats fed diets with varying concentrations of sucrose.

Abstract The role of dietary sucrose concentrations in the development of hepatic steatosis in rats was investigated. Twelve groups of weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats received semipurified diets with different sucrose concentrations ranging from 20 to 50% ( w w ); one group received a cereal-based chow diet. Rats were sacrificed after 3 weeks and body weight, liver/body weight ratio, plasma alanine aminotransferase concentration, hepatic triglyceride concentration, and liver morphology (light and electron microscopy) were determined. Body weight and liver/body weight ratio were decreased in rats receiving 40–50 or 25–35% dietary sucrose compared to rats receiving 20% sucrose or chow. Plasma alanine aminotransferase concentrations were within normal limits. Hepatic triglyceride concentration was significantly increased in rats receiving 40–50 and 25–35% dietary sucrose compared to rats receiving 20% dietary sucrose or chow. Light microscopy showed hepatic steatosis in a periportal distribution at all concentrations of dietary sucrose. Both the frequency and the severity of the steatosis were increased with increasing dietary sucrose concentrations. Electron microscopy from selected livers with increased hepatic triglyceride concentrations revealed increased lipid spheres and increased smooth endoplasmic reticulum without prominent Golgi apparatus or GERL complex. It is concluded that high dietary sucrose concentrations are responsible for the development of hepatic steatosis. Semipurified diets with high dietary sucrose concentrations such as the AIN-76A diet (50% sucrose) should not be used in animal studies in which increased triglyceride deposition could influence experimental outcome.
High Voltage and Insulation Engineering -- A Model Curriculum

High voltage and insulation engineering can be described in terms of voltage types, topics, tools, activities, and applications. These features are helpful to formulate a suitable educational program. The paper recommends a model curriculum that consists of three courses (High Voltage Engineering, Insulation Engineering, and Overvoltages and Insulation Coordination). Contents of the three courses are reviewed in detail. Possible textbooks, homework assignments and laboratory experiments are given for each course. Several special topics are suggested for a fourth course if there is interest in it. A list of suggested laboratory facilities is also presented. Benefits of the proposed curriculum to industry are identified. Features of four high voltage and insulation engineering courses taught at OSU complete the paper.
Computerized interpretation of ECGs: supplement not a substitute.

Since the introduction of the string galvanometer by Willem Einthoven more than a century ago, the ECG has become the most commonly performed cardiovascular test and an essential diagnostic tool in clinical cardiology.1–3 The transition from analogue to digital ECGs resulted in automated computer analysis of the ECG (ECG-C) assuming a larger role in the diagnostic interpretation.3 Yet, as the ECG-C has evolved into a necessary tool of modern medical practice, many physicians remain unaware of the hazards of relying on these preliminary diagnostic interpretations. The ECG-C clinical use should always be with the understanding that they are preliminary interpretations and require reading and confirmation by qualified electrocardiographer.3 With an increased reliance on these readings for point-of-care decision making, clinicians must remain mindful of many limitations of the ECG-C.2,3 Article see p 76 Multiple prior investigations on the ECG-C interpretation have demonstrated erroneous interpretation, resulting in unnecessary, potentially harmful medical treatment, and inappropriate use of medical resources.4–7 A large international study compared the performance of 9 ECG-C programs with that of cardiologists in interpreting ECGs in clinically validated cases of various cardiac disorders.4 The percentage of ECGs correctly classified by the ECG-C was lower than that for the cardiologists.4 The median sensitivity of the computer programs was also significantly lower than that of the cardiologists in diagnosing left ventricular hypertrophy, right ventricular hypertrophy, anterior myocardial infarction, and inferior myocardial infarction.4 The median total accuracy level (the percentage of correct classifications) was 6.6% lower for the computer programs (69.7%) than for the cardiologists (76.3%; P <0.001).4 More contemporary analysis of the accuracy of ECG-C similarly concluded that there are frequent errors in the interpretation of the cardiac rhythm. In evaluating the ECG-C interpretation of the cardiac …
Fathers' parenting hassles and coping: associations with emotional expressiveness and their sons' socioemotional competence

The present study examined fathers' daily parenting hassles and coping strategies to (a) determine their association with fathers' emotional expressiveness and (b) predict their sons' development of socioemotional competence. Fathers of 148 preschool-aged boys reported on their parenting hassles, coping strategies, and emotional expressiveness; mothers also reported on fathers' emotional expressiveness; and teachers reported on boys' socioemotional competence. Parenting hassles were associated with less rational, more emotional, and more avoidance coping as well as negative emotional expressiveness. More emotional and less rational coping responses were related to more negative expressiveness, whereas more rational, more emotional, and less coping were related to more positive expressiveness. Fathers' negative expressiveness was predictive of their sons being rated as more aggressive and disruptive by their teachers. In addition, fathers' parenting hassles and coping both predicted teacher ratings of their sons' aggressiveness. Implications of the findings are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using Rescue Points to Navigate Software Recovery

We present a new technique that enables software recovery in legacy applications by retrofitting exception-handling capabilities, error virtualization using rescue points. We introduce the idea of "rescue points" as program locations to which an application can recover its execution in the presence of failures. The use of rescue points reduces the chance of unanticipated execution paths thereby making recovery more robust by mimicking system behavior under controlled error conditions. These controlled error conditions can be thought of as a set erroneous inputs, like the ones used by most quality-assurance teams during software development, designed to stress-test an application. To discover rescue points applications are profiled and monitored during tests that bombard the program with bad/random inputs. The intuition is that by monitoring application behavior during these runs, we gain insight into how programmer-tested program points are used to propagate faults gracefully.
A new look at optimal foraging behaviour; rule of thumb in the rainbow trout

A realistic model of foraging behaviour in stream-living rainbow trout was developed to address some shortcomings of previous tests of optimal foraging theory. The model predicts prey selection based upon both energy-maximization and number-maximization strategies. Trout diet selection on the basis of prey size and prey calorific content was examined under laboratory conditions. Diet composition was strongly influenced by relative abundance of prey types under all feeding regimes, as predicted by the model. Additional important factors include fish stomach capacity and daily digestive capacity. Experimental results strongly suggest that prey selection in rainbow trout is not based on calorific content. Examination of energy (kJ) obtained from observed diets showed no energy penalties associated with ‘suboptimal’ food choices, since all fish (regardless of their choices) consumed far more energy than required for their basic metabolic needs.
Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in patients with Ménière's disease.

Objective To estimate the prevalence of hypothyroidism in a population of patients with Meniere's disease (MD). Design Retrospective case-control study comparing the use of thyroid hormone supplements between patients with MD and controls. Setting Outpatient neurology clinic specializing in the management of patients experiencing dizziness. Patients Fifty patients who met the 1995 American Academy of Otolaryngology criteria for MD and 50 controls matched for age and sex also experiencing dizziness. Results The 50 patients who met the criteria for MD were identified from a database of more than 2000 patients with dizziness seen over a 5-year period. Of these, 16 (32%) were taking thyroid hormone supplements in contrast to 2 (4%) of the 50 matched controls (P Conclusion Meniere's disease is associated with corrected hypothyroidism.
Resveratrol preferentially inhibits IgE-dependent PGD2 biosynthesis but enhances TNF production from human skin mast cells

Abstract Background Resveratrol, a natural polyphenol found in the skin of red grapes, is reported to have anti-inflammatory properties including protective effects against aging. Consequently, Resveratrol is a common nutritional supplement and additive in non-prescription lotions and creams marketed as anti-aging products. Studies in mice and with mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) have indicated anti-allergic effects of Resveratrol. However, the effects of Resveratrol on human primary mast cells have not been reported. Methods Human mast cells were isolated and purified from normal skin tissue of different donors. The effect of Resveratrol on IgE-dependent release of allergic inflammatory mediators was determined using various immunoassays, Western blotting, and quantitative real-time PCR. Results Resveratrol at low concentrations (≤ 10 μM) inhibited PGD2 biosynthesis but not degranulation. Accordingly, COX-2 expression was inhibited but phosphorylation of Syk, Akt, p38, and p42/44 (ERKs) remained intact. Surprisingly, TNF production was significantly enhanced with Resveratrol. At a high concentration (100 μM), Resveratrol significantly inhibited all parameters analyzed except Syk phosphorylation. Conclusions Here, we show that Resveratrol at low concentrations exerts its anti-inflammatory properties by preferentially targeting the arachidonic acid pathway. We also demonstrate a previously unrecognized pro-inflammatory effect of Resveratrol — the enhancement of TNF production from human mature mast cells following IgE-dependent activation. General significance These findings suggest that Resveratrol as a therapeutic agent could inhibit PGD2-mediated inflammation but would be ineffective against histamine-mediated allergic reactions. However, Resveratrol could potentially exacerbate or promote allergic inflammation by enhancing IgE-dependent TNF production from mast cells in human skin.
Valuation of Government Grazing Leases

This paper investigates the value and proposes a public policy regarding government grazing leases. It is found that federal grazing leases have little impact upon the value of ranches. It is speculated that state leases are valued more highly than federal grazing leases because of the higher level of certainty of future availability and reasonable leasing fees. Based on these findings, this paper recommends a change in the classification of multiple use and possible divesting of much of the BLM lands. In addition, it is recommended that the federal government should set grazing rates no higher than their fair market value and attempt to reduce the uncertainty regarding future availability.
A Curious Case of Continuous Incontinence.

Obstructed hemivagina, ipsilateral renal anomaly (OHVIRA) is a rare Mullerian duct abnormality with renal manifestations. Classical presentation is an adolescent female with abdominal pain following menarche. Because of its rarity, diagnosis is often delayed. There have been <20 reported cases of prepubertal OHVIRA. We present a case of missed OHVIRA diagnosis that presented with continuous incontinence following incision of the obstructed hemivagina and discuss the current medical literature on this subject.
Learnersourcing Personalized Hints

Personalized support for students is a gold standard in education, but it scales poorly with the number of students. Prior work on learnersourcing presented an approach for learners to engage in human computation tasks while trying to learn a new skill. Our key insight is that students, through their own experience struggling with a particular problem, can become experts on the particular optimizations they implement or bugs they resolve. These students can then generate hints for fellow students based on their new expertise. We present workflows that harvest and organize students' collective knowledge and advice for helping fellow novices through design problems in engineering. Systems embodying each workflow were evaluated in the context of a college-level computer architecture class with an enrollment of more than two hundred students each semester. We show that, given our design choices, students can create helpful hints for their peers that augment or even replace teachers' personalized assistance, when that assistance is not available.
Implementation of P2P File Sharing Using Bi-directional Chord Protocol Algorithm

One of the key components of achieving efficiency when looking up on resources is the success of peer-to-peer (P2P) applications. As the structured P2P is an efficient way to locate resources, our study performs two improvements in a structured P2P resource lookup protocol of Chord-based algorithms which is widely accepted. The proposed improvements in detail are presented using two methods. In the first method, the routing information for accurate search of resource is low. In this method, only clockwise direction of resource lookup can be implemented and a unique algorithm is designed for enhancing the finger table in a Chord. A counter-clockwise finger table is also included for generating resource queries in two direction clock wise and anticlockwise increasing the density of neighboring fingers. The proposed model also employs a new functionality of eliminating excess fingers generated by the inclusion of fingers by the suggested model. The results of simulation on effectiveness of the search in the proposed model against the average lookup hops and average lookup delay are presented. The model of algorithm context is extended as finger table resulting in forwarding-storm of routing maintenance messages.