cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning and using taxonomies for fast visual categorization

The computational complexity of current visual categorization algorithms scales linearly at best with the number of categories. The goal of classifying simultaneously Ncat = 104 - 105 visual categories requires sub-linear classification costs. We explore algorithms for automatically building classification trees which have, in principle, logNcat complexity. We find that a greedy algorithm that recursively splits the set of categories into the two minimally confused subsets achieves 5-20 fold speedups at a small cost in classification performance. Our approach is independent of the specific classification algorithm used. A welcome by-product of our algorithm is a very reasonable taxonomy of the Caltech-256 dataset.
Characterization of Borrelia burgdorferi strains isolated from Ixodes pacificus ticks in California.

In a survey of 1,714 adult Ixodes pacificus ticks collected in northern California, 24 (1.4%) were found to be infected with spirochetes that reacted with an anti-Borrelia burgdorferi polyvalent conjugate in direct immunofluorescence tests. Eleven isolates of B. burgdorferi from these ticks were characterized by monoclonal antibody, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and Western blot (immunoblot) analyses. Ten of the isolates had molecular and antigenic characteristics similar to those of other U.S. isolates. One strain, cloned by limiting-dilution techniques, was different from any previously reported U.S. strain, but similar to reported European strains. The cloned strain, DN127-Cl9-2, did not react with monoclonal antibodies to Osp A and Osp B major proteins found in most of the U.S. strains. It exhibited an abundant protein with an apparent molecular weight of 25,000.
Hamiltonian labelings of graphs

For a connected graph G of order n, the detour distance D(u,v) between two vertices u and v in G is the length of a longest u−v path in G. A Hamiltonian labeling of G is a function c:V(G)→ℕ such that |c(u)−c(v)|+D(u,v)≥n for every two distinct vertices u and v of G. The value hn(c) of a Hamiltonian labeling c of G is the maximum label (functional value) assigned to a vertex of G by c; while the Hamiltonian labeling number hn(G) of G is the minimum value of Hamiltonian labelings of G. Hamiltonian labeling numbers of some well-known classes of graphs are determined. Sharp upper and lower bounds are established for the Hamiltonian labeling number of a connected graph. The corona cor(F) of a graph F is the graph obtained from F by adding exactly one pendant edge at each vertex of F. For each integer k≥3, let ℋk be the set of connected graphs G for which there exists a Hamiltonian graph H of order k such that H⊂G⊆ cor(H). It is shown that 2k−1≤ hn(G)≤k(2k−1) for each G∈ℋk and that both bounds are sharp.
Effect of a US National Institutes of Health programme of clinical trials on public health and costs.

Summary Background Few attempts have been made to estimate the public return on investment in medical research. The total costs and benefits to society of a clinical trial, the final step in testing an intervention, can be estimated by evaluating the effect of trial results on medical care and health. Methods All phase III randomised trials funded by the US National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke before Jan 1, 2000, were included. Pertinent publications on use, cost to society, and health effects for each studied intervention were identified by systematic review, supplemented with data from other public and proprietary sources. Regardless of whether a trial was positive or negative, information on use of tested therapies was integrated with published per-use data on costs and health effect (converted to 2004 US$) to generate 10-year projections for the US population. Findings 28 trials with a total cost of $335 million were included. Six trials (21%) resulted in measurable improvements in health, and four (14%) resulted in cost savings to society. At 10 years, the programme of trials resulted in an estimated additional 470 000 quality-adjusted life years at a total cost of $3·6 billion (including costs of all trials and additional health-care and other expenditures). Valuing a quality-adjusted life year at per-head gross domestic product, the projected net benefit to society at 10-years was $15·2 billion. 95% CIs did not include a net loss at 10 years. Implications For this institute, the public return on investment in clinical trials has been substantial. Although results led to increases in health-care expenditures, health gains were large and valuable.
UV power balance on the OMEGA laser

The OMEGA laser at the University of Rochester's Laboratory for Laser Energetics is used for direct-drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments. To achieve highly symmetric implosions, it is necessary that all of the beams be power balanced. The definition of power balance must be tied to the physics of the ICF targets: in a given time interval what level of nonuniformity can be tolerated before the laser drive disrupts the implosion. We monitor the pulse shape on several of the OMEGA beamlines using multiplexed streak cameras. From a database of over 15,000 individual streaks we have determined that if all the OMEGA beams are energy balanced to the 1 percent level, the present system would have an overall power balance of better than 10-15 percent. This was determined by grouping individual traces by pulse shape and energy. A further improvement in power balance can be obtained by matching the electrical energy stored in Nd:glass amplifiers. This information is important because the first step in achieving power balance will be to energy balance the OMEGA laser. This research tells us what strategies for achieving energy balance will enhance power balance.
Adult Attachment, Social Self-Efficacy, Self-Disclosure, Loneliness, and Subsequent Depression for Freshman College Students: A Longitudinal Study

This longitudinal study examined whether social self-efficacy and self-disclosure serve as mediators between attachment and feelings of loneliness and subsequent depression. Participants were 308 freshmen at a large midwestern university. Results indicated that social self-efficacy mediated the association between attachment anxiety and feelings of loneliness and subsequent depression, whereas selfdisclosure mediated the association between attachment avoidance and feelings of loneliness and subsequent depression. These relationships were found after controlling for the initial level of depression. A total of 55% of the variance in loneliness was explained by attachment anxiety, social self-efficacy, and self-disclosure, whereas 42% of the variance in subsequent depression was explained by the initial level of loneliness and depression. Implications of the findings for enhancing freshman adjustment are discussed.
Characterization of Interfacial Structure in Large Lattice Mismatch Heteroepitaxy: Ag/Si (111)

The interfacial structure of a large lattice mismatched (:_ 25%) (111) Ag-Si system was studied by using transmission electron diffraction (SADP - Selected Area Diffraction Pattern). The epitaxial films of Ag (600-1200A) were grown by MBE on flat Si(111) and misoriented Si(1ll) surfaces. We have examined the interfacial structures of the Ag on 2° misoriented Si(111) using diffraction patterns of cross sectional view. Through a detail analysis of thelocation and shape of the diffraction spots, we can determine the epitaxial relationship between Ag and Si, the small tilt angle of Ag(111) planes withrespect to the misoriented Si(111), the period of the finite terrace size of the misoriented Si substrate, and the size of the ordered region in the Ag film. The O-lattice analysis developed by Bollmann has beenapplied to this interface andthe result is compared with the SADP observation.
The Probabilities of Unique Events

Many theorists argue that the probabilities of unique events, even real possibilities such as President Obama's re-election, are meaningless. As a consequence, psychologists have seldom investigated them. We propose a new theory (implemented in a computer program) in which such estimates depend on an intuitive non-numerical system capable only of simple procedures, and a deliberative system that maps intuitions into numbers. The theory predicts that estimates of the probabilities of conjunctions should often tend to split the difference between the probabilities of the two conjuncts. We report two experiments showing that individuals commit such violations of the probability calculus, and corroborating other predictions of the theory, e.g., individuals err in the same way even when they make non-numerical verbal estimates, such as that an event is highly improbable.
Crystal Structure of Chiral γPNA with Complementary DNA Strand: Insights into the Stability and Specificity of Recognition and Conformational Preorganization

We have determined the structure of a PNA−DNA duplex to 1.7 A resolution by multiple-wavelength anomalous diffraction phasing method on a zinc derivative. This structure represents the first high-resolution 3D view of a hybrid duplex containing a contiguous chiral PNA strand with complete γ-backbone modification (“γPNA”). Unlike the achiral counterpart, which adopts a random-fold, this particular γPNA is already preorganized into a right-handed helix as a single strand. The new structure illustrates the unique characteristics of this modified PNA, possessing conformational flexibility while maintaining sufficient structural integrity to ultimately adopt the preferred P-helical conformation upon hybridization with DNA. The unusual structural adaptability found in the γPNA strand is crucial for enabling the accommodation of backbone modifications while constraining conformational states. In conjunction with NMR analysis characterizing the structures and substructures of the individual building blocks, these...
A plantar approach for fixation of subtalar joint arthrodesis

Several authors report that isolated subtalar arthrodesis has high rates of patient satisfaction, low rates of complications, and fusion rates as high as 100% (1–6). Others argue that the complication and nonunion rates have been underreported (7). Several studies have shown nonunion rates of 14% to 17% with isolated subtalar arthrodesis (7, 8). Wulker (9) reported a union rate of 47% and believed this was caused by inadequate stabilization at the fusion site. Numerous surgical techniques have been described to achieve isolated subtalar fusion, including stabilizing the arthrodesis site with internal fixation such as Steinmann pins, staples and cancellous screws (1, 3–5, 7, 10–15). However, it is generally accepted that screw fixation is one of the most popular methods of fixation. Two orientations of cancellous screw fixation have been described for fixation. Screw fixation may be oriented obliquely from the posterior calcaneal tuberosity to the talar neck or from the talar neck to the calcaneal body (6, 7, 10, 11). There are advantages and disadvantages described for each technique. Gable et al (13) cited a preference for placement of the screw from the posterior calcaneal tuberosity because it eliminates potential problems associated with screw placement from the dorsal neck of the talus into the calcaneus. The talar neck approach may cause anterior ankle impingement or a stress riser at the neck of the talus that would necessitate hardware removal (13). This approach also can jeopardize the blood supply to the talus, causing avascular necrosis of the talar head (13, 16). In addition, Hutchinson (17) reported the advantage of in-
The water-column chemical signature after the 1998 Eruption of Axial Volcano

The eruption of Axial Volcano in January 1998 produced extensive plumes in the overlying water column with large anomalies in Fe, Mn, pH, light attenuation, and temperature. A strong correlation between total iron and light attenuation (dc) suggests a low abundance of particulate sulfur (PS) in the plumes. Because total carbon dioxide (ΣCO2) samples were not collected, high-precision pH measurements were used to estimate maximum CO2 anomalies (ΔCO2) which, when compared to the other physical and chemical data, suggest that the fluids being vented 3 weeks after eruption were formed by the interaction between an intruded dike and a mixture of interstitial seawater and mature hydrothermal fluids.
Biofeedback Application to Drug Addiction in the University of Colorado Drug Rehabilitation Program

Biofeedback was used as a means to relieve stress and anxiety for methadone patients. The hypothesis was that biofeedback could substitute for the use of drugs that were previously used to relieve stress and anxiety. Biofeedback was found to be an effective substitute for opiates and also a tool for insight into behavior. The addict learned to use his own abilities to improve his well-being and control over his life situations. The goal of maintaining a drug-free life with the help of biofeedback techniques was supported in this study.
Single-chain human chorionic gonadotropin analogs containing the determinant loop of the beta-subunit linked to the alpha-subunit.

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a member of the family of glycoprotein hormones containing a common α-subunit and distinct β-subunits that confer hormonal specificity. hCG binds to the relatively large ectodomain of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (hLHR), a member of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily, leading to increased intracellular production of cAMP. Using protein engineering, two miniaturized versions of hCGβ have been separately fused to the N-terminus of the α-subunit to give N-des[1‐91]hCGβ-α-C and N-des[1‐91,110‐114]hCGβ-α-C, i.e. fusion proteins of the hCGβ determinant loop (extended to include the complete seat belt and carboxy-terminal peptide) coupled to the α-subunit. Bioactivity of these single-chain gonadotropin analogs was assessed in two systems following transient transfections into HEK 293 cells and subsequent cAMP measurements. In one, each mini-β-α cDNA was fused to that of hLHR and transfected into cells to create yoked miniaturized hCG‐hLHR complexes; in the other, the cDNA of each single chain mini-β-α was co-transfected with that of hLHR in an effort to produce non-covalent miniaturized hCG‐hLHR complexes. Using yoked hCG-hLHR and hLHR as positive and negative controls respectively, expression of each mini-hCG‐hLHR complex was confirmed using antibody and ligand binding assays. The two mini-hCGs led to minimal activation of hLHR, suggesting weak intrinsic activity of the mini-β-α fusion proteins. These results suggest that potent agonists and antagonists will require the presence of other portions of hCGβ in addition to the determinant loop/seat belt.
National Heuristic Shift toward Saving Any Form of Tax Rebate

ABSTRACT: Using surveys for the 2008, 2009 and 2011 federal tax rebates, this study tests whether taxpayers (1) noticed the rebates, and (2) spent, rather than saved, a high percentage of each. Results add further evidence that behavioral economics and mental accounting are relevant in predicting tax rebate behavior. It also indicates that rebates distributed in small amounts in take-home pay accomplish stimulus much more effectively than a lump sum, which is critically important for effective public policy. Many taxpayers did not realize they received the 2009 tax rebate, and those who knew spent a higher average percentage than for the 2008 rebate. The results also indicate the need to control for (shifting) savings heuristics during an economic crisis, because this heuristic apparently did change on a national scale. The national economic crisis—particularly unemployment—was smaller and slower to hit the city sampled in this study than for the nation as a whole. The results with the smaller, localized ...
Carbenicillin therapy in patients with normal and impaired renal function

Optimum therapy with carbenicillin entails the use of high serum concentrations and the risk of significant dose-related toxicity. We report a study of the serum clearance method of dose adjustment of carbenicillin in patients with normal and impaired renal function. This method was found to provide serum concentrations considered to be satisfactory in every instance, by either constant-rate or intermittent infusion, and should enable greater precision in the use of the antibiotic. Implications of these findings aimed at providing dosage schedules for patients with renal failure are discussed
Scale-free network optimization: foundations and algorithms

We investigate the fundamental principles that drive the development of scalable algorithms for network optimization. Despite the significant amount of work on parallel and decentralized algorithms in the optimization community, the methods that have been proposed typically rely on strict separability assumptions for objective function and constraints. Beside sparsity, these methods typically do not exploit the strength of the interaction between variables in the system. We propose a notion of correlation in constrained optimization that is based on the sensitivity of the optimal solution upon perturbations of the constraints. We develop a general theory of sensitivity of optimizers the extends beyond the infinitesimal setting. We present instances in network optimization where the correlation decays exponentially fast with respect to the natural distance in the network, and we design algorithms that can exploit this decay to yield dimension-free optimization. Our results are the first of their kind, and open new possibilities in the theory of local algorithms.
Development of the RT-GAIT, a Real-Time feedback device to improve Gait of individuals with stroke

Regaining the ability to walk is a major rehabilitation goal after a stroke. Recent research suggests that, in people with stroke, task-oriented and intensive rehabilitation strategies can drive cortical reorganization and increase activity levels. This paper describes development and pilot testing of a novel wearable device for Real-Time Gait and Activity Improving Telerehabilitation (RT-GAIT), designed for use with such rehabilitation strategies. The RT-GAIT provides auditory or tactile feedback to the individual wearing the platform. The feedback is based on the amount of time spent in stance phase on each foot, as measured by the pressure sensors embedded into the insoles. The system was initially bench-validated using sensor signals collected in a previous study. Next, a clinical case study was conducted with one post-stroke individual. The results of the case study suggest that the RT-GAIT device can potentially improve the gait parameters. Mean difference in stance times between the healthy limb and paretic limb was improved by 48% and the standard deviation for the same was improved by 87.5%, between baseline measurements and the measurements taken after the treatment with the RT-GAIT.
Exploiting Shape Similarity in Engineering Analysis

Engineering analysis methods, such as the finite element method, are employed extensively to optimize complex engineering designs, but their success in conceptual product development is rather limited since numerous designs must be analyzed to cover the design space, and unfortunately, modern analysis methods can be tedious and time consuming in such scenarios. We propose here a novel analysis methodology for conceptual design wherein, given the simulation results and performance of one of the designs, one predicts upper and lower bounds on the performance of geometrically similar designs. The methodology rests on sound mathematical principles such as adjoint theory of boundary value problems, and is partly motivated by recent work on shape similarity exploitation in manufacturing wherein the cost of manufacturing a new part is estimated by retrieving the manufacturing costs of geometrically similar parts.© 2006 ASME
Initial experience with I-123 Ioflupane: Optimization of imaging protocol on SPECT/CT

2503 Objectives I-123 Ioflupane is a newly approved radiopharmaceutical to detect dopamine transporters in the basal ganglion to differentiate essential tremors (ET) from those of Parkinson9s disease (PD). The purpose of the study is to review initial experience and propose the optimal SPECT/CT imaging protocol using I-123 Ioflupane in neuro imaging. Methods This is a retrospective review of 38 patients who had I-123 Ioflupane imaging. The study was performed after IV injection of 5 mCi of I-123 Ioflupane. Images were acquired 4 hrs post injection on Siemens SPECT/CT system and processed with/without CT attenuation correction. Imaging parameters including CT dose, imaging field of view, target organ count activity were analyzed. Clinical data and physician impression were reviewed. Results Of 38 patients, 19 had normal dopamine terminals with maximum count activity (MCA) of 2023±579 (Mean±SD) on (L) & 2140±548 on (R). The other 19 were abnormal with decreased basal ganglion uptake of grade 1-3 dopaminergic terminal loss w/ MCA 1045±625 on (L) & 1370±585 on (R), significantly lower compared to normal patients (p Conclusions In I-123 Ioflupane imaging by SPECT/CT, lowest mAs is recommended to minimize radiation exposure. It does not affect imaging qualities. Imaging should be performed with optimized head position to include the parotid glands in the imaging field, which might provide additional information on sympatetic neuronal activity
Group Empathy Theory: The Effect of Group Empathy on US Intergroup Attitudes and Behavior in the Context of Immigration Threats

Group Empathy Theory posits empathy felt by members of one group can boost support for another even when the groups are in direct competition for rights, security, and resources. We employ our theory to explain divergent reactions of majority versus minority groups to immigration threats. We conduct a two-wave national survey experiment with 1,799 participants consisting of a randomized sample of Anglos and randomized, stratified oversamples of African Americans and Latinos. The experiment manipulates racial/ethnic cues in a vignette depicting an ambiguous yet potentially threatening incident at an immigrant detention center. African Americans and Latinos are significantly more likely to side with minority detainees and support pro–civil rights policies and actions. The theory’s presumed causal mechanism—group empathy—is substantially stronger among African Americans and Latinos and has a significant mediating effect on such distinct reactions.
Immunofluorescence localization of the Na-Ca exchanger in heart cells

We investigated the localization of the Na-Ca exchanger in fixed, isolated heart cells from rat and guinea pig using immunocytochemical methods with epifluorescence and confocal microscopy. We found that the Na-Ca exchanger is distributed throughout all membranes in contact with the extracellular space, including the sarcolemma, the transverse tubules (T-tubules), and the intercalated disks. Microscopic nonuniformities in the fluorescent labeling appear to reflect varying views of the membranes containing Na-Ca exchanger protein. Confocal thin-section imaging reveals a regular grid of discrete foci of fluorescence, which represent Na-Ca exchanger in T-tubules viewed en face. These foci are 1.80 +/- 0.01 microns apart from sarcomere to sarcomere and are aligned with the Z-line. Along each Z-line, these foci are spaced at 1.22 +/- 0.11-microns intervals. Longitudinal sections of the sarcolemma-T-tubule junction show a comblike appearance, with T-tubules extending inward from the heavily labeled sarcolemma. Our finding that the Na-Ca exchanger is widely distributed over the cell surface may provide further insight into the role of Na-Ca exchange in the heart.
A survey of the prevalence of alcoholism in Monroe county, N. Y., 1961

The records of all community agencies dealing with alcoholics in Monroe County, New York, including the City of Rochester, were surveyed in an attempt to assess the prevalence of alcoholism in that...
SU-F-J-142: Proposed Method to Broaden Inclusion Potential of Patients Able to Use the Calypso Tracking System in Prostate Radiotherapy

Purpose: To introduce a non-standard method of patient setup, using BellyBoard immobilization, to better utilize the localization and tracking potential of an RF-beacon system with EBRT for prostate cancer. Methods: An RF-beacon phantom was imaged using a wide bore CT scanner, both in a standard level position and with a known rotation (4° pitch and 7.5° yaw). A commercial treatment planning system (TPS) was used to determine positional coordinates of each beacon, and the centroid of the three beacons for both setups. For each setup at the Linac, kV AP and Rt Lateral images were obtained. A full characterization of the RF-beacon system in clinical mode was completed for various beacons’ array-to-centroid distances, which includes vertical, lateral, and longitudinal offset data, as well as pitch and yaw offset measurements for the tilted phantom. For the single patient who has been setup using the proposed BellyBoard method, a supine simulation was first obtained. When abdominal protrusion was found to be exceeding the limits of the RF-Beacon system through distance-based analysis in the TPS, the patient is re-simulated prone with the BellyBoard. Array to centroid distance is measured again in the TPS, and if found to be within the localization or tracking region it is applied. Results: Characterization of limitations for the RF-beacon system in clinical mode showed acceptable consistency of offset determination for phantom setup accuracy. The nonstandard patient setup method reduced the beacons’ centroid-to-array distance by 8.32cm, from 25.13cm to 16.81cm; completely out of tracking range (greater than 20cm) to within setup tracking range (less than 20cm). Conclusion: Using the RF-beacon system in combination with this novel patient setup can allow patients who would otherwise not be candidates for beacon enhanced EBRT to now be able to benefit from the reduced PTV margins of this treatment method.
Long-term reliability of structural systems

Publisher Summary This chapter presents several mechanics-based models for the reliability prediction of aging structures under strength deterioration, corrosion, creep, fretting wear, and fatigue. Failure modes related to strength deterioration, fatigue, corrosion, creep, and wear are considered. Time-dependent reliability analysis is implemented for both component-level and system-level assessment. Combinations of analytical and sampling-based methods are pursued. For system-level assessment, an adaptive importance sampling technique is developed and implemented in combination with commercial finite element analysis. In addition to the computational reliability predictions, the updating of reliability estimates using non-destructive inspection data and Bayesian analysis is investigated. The proposed methodology is demonstrated with numerical examples related to aging civil structures and aircraft structures.
HF Radio Automatic Link Establishment Systems

This paper describes ten logical and unique functions necessary for link establishment in automated HF radio systems, and they have been organized into a progressive sequence of increasing automation. Within the HF-ALE system, any station at any level is compatible with any other station at any level, from manpack radio to major base station, and they are independent of network configuration. In addition to direct linking, the system includes networking, relaying, and message modes in a single integrated and interoperable design.
NPM1 Haploinsufficiency Results in Increased Numbers of Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Progenitor Cells.

Abstract 738 Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are characterized by defective hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell maturation, resulting in ineffective hematopoiesis. This group of disorders is characterized by cytogenetic abnormalities and approximately 25% of cases progress to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). NPM1 is frequently mutated in AML and translocations involving NPM1 occur in a number of hematopoietic malignancies including MDS. NPM1 heterozygous mice (NPM1 +/−) have been shown to have a MDS-like phenotype. Taken together, these data suggest an important role for NPM1 in the function of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and/or committed progenitors. In order to evaluate NPM1 function in early hematopoiesis, we have evaluated NPM1 expression in both the mouse and human hematopoietic systems. Using quantitative RT-PCR, we show that NPM1 expression levels are 2-3-fold higher in normal CD34+ bone marrow progenitor cells compared to total bone marrow in humans. Furthermore, NPM1 expression levels are decreased by ∼50% in 9/37 MDS CD34+ cells when compared to normal controls. Of interest, NPM1 expression is reduced primarily in patients with poor or intermediate prognosis. Consistent with a functional role for NPM1 in HSC, NPM1 +/− mice (developed by gene trapping and obtained from the MMRRC at UC-Davis) contained significantly increased numbers of HSC (Lin-cKit+Sca+CD34-CD150+) within the Lin-cKit+Sca+ population compared to those from the littermate controls (52 ± 2.6% vs,74 ± 12%, p 2 fold increase in cKit+ progenitor cells from NPM1 +/− colonies (2.0 ± 1.0% vs. 0.2 ± 0.2%, p = 0.02), suggesting that the differentiation potential of NPM+/− HSCs is impaired. To characterize HSC function in vivo , equal numbers of double-sorted HSCs from WT and NPM1 +/− mice were transplanted in triplicate into lethally irradiated C57B6 (CD45.2) recipients. Analysis of peripheral blood donor chimerism (CD45.1+CD45.2+) 21 days post-transplantation showed that NPM1 +/− HSC-transplanted recipients exhibited markedly lower granulocyte chimerism than WT HSC recipients (5.5 fold reduction, 2 ± 2% vs. 11 ± 5%, p < 0.01). This finding suggests that although NPM1 +/− mice have increased numbers of HSC, these HSC exhibit either altered myeloid fate decisions or decreased bone marrow homing capacity. We are currently investigating long-term engraftment potential to further elucidate the function of HSC in NPM1 +/− mice in vivo . In aggregate, these data demonstrate a functional role for NPM1 in early myeloid differentiation and strongly suggest that NPM effects may be exerted as early as at the level of the HSC. Disclosures: Weissman: Amgen: Equity Ownership; Cellerant Inc.: ; Stem Cells Inc.: Equity Ownership, Founder; U.S. Patent Application 11/528,890 entitled “Methods for Diagnosing and Evaluating Treatment of Blood Disorders.”: Patents & Royalties.
How Novices Use Expert Case Libraries for Problem Solving

Proponents of problem-based learning suggest that learners should solve problems that are representative of the types of issues that practitioners face. However, this is challenging because novices lack the essential experiences that inform solutions. According to case-based reasoning, one way to overcome this gap is by providing a set of cases that depict how experts solved similar cases, also known as case libraries. While both qualitative and quantitative research has been done on case libraries, much of the available data focus on learning outcomes or post hoc reflections of cases. Therefore, it is still unclear the emergent cognitive processes that learners undergo as they interact with expert cases. To address this gap, we used think aloud and semi-structured interviews with five junior-level marketing students as a way to further understand their perceptions of the case library in supporting their problem solving. The results of the think aloud study indicate that learners engage in the following processes: index generation, index prioritization, alignment with prior knowledge, abstraction, and reuse. Results also show that learners seemed to especially struggle with the alignment to prior knowledge and reuse phases. Implications for practice are also discussed.
All-Atom Molecular Dynamics Study of Water-Dodecane Interface in the Presence of Octanol

In this work, classical atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to investigate the structural properties of octanol at water/dodecane interface. Multiple combinations of simulation conditions and force fields were employed in order to obtain high fidelity interfacial structure. The analysis of noncovalent interactions shows that the convergence of interfacial octanol distribution requires a simulation time scale larger than 100 ns. Finite size effect diminishes with increasing dimension of simulation box both laterally and vertically. In the largest simulated systems with vanishing finite size effect, the additive CHARMM force field shows similar interfacial aggregation behavior with the DRUDE polarizable model. Self-assembly of octanol molecules at water/oil interface is observed, expected to reduce the free energy barrier between water phase and oil phase. This work provides an MD simulation benchmark for structural study of complex liquid/liquid interface with cosurfactant reducing...
The Relationship of Pitch Sight-Singing Skills with Tonal Discrimination, Language Reading Skills, and Academic Ability in Children.

This study investigated correlates that might explain variance in beginning sight-singing achievement, including tonal discrimination, reading fluency, reading comprehension, and academic ability. ...
The effect of interbody fusion cage design on the stability of the instrumented spine in response to cyclic loading: an experimental study

Abstract Background Context In the lumbar spine, end plate preparation for the interbody fusion cages may critically affect the cage's long-term performance. This study investigated the effect of the interbody cage design on the compliance and cage subsidence of instrumented spines under cyclic compression. Purpose We aimed to quantify the role of cage geometry and bone density on the stability of the spinal construct in response to cyclic compressive loads. Study Design Changes in the cage-bone interface and the effect of bone density on these changes were evaluated in a human cadaveric model for three intervertebral cage designs. Methods The intervertebral space of 27 functional cadaveric spinal units was instrumented with bilateral linear cages, single anterior conformal cages, or single unilateral oblique cages. Once augmented with a pedicle screw fixation system, the instrumented spine unit was tested under cyclic compression loads (400–1,200 N) to 20,000 cycles at a rate of 2 Hz. Compliance of the cage-bone interface and cage subsidence was computed. Two-way repeated multivariate analysis of variance was used to test the effects of cage design and bone density on the compliance and subsidence of the cages. Results The anterior conformal shaped cage showed reduced interface stiffness (p Conclusions Cage design and position significantly affected the degradation of the cage-bone interface under cyclic loading. Comparisons of subsidence rate between the different cage designs suggest the peripheral location of the cages, using the stronger peripheral subchondral bone of the apophyseal ring, to be advantageous in preventing the subsidence and failure of the cage-bone interface.
The Political Functions of Anti-Americanism

Anti-Americanism, a general distrust of what the United States is and does, typically ebbs and flows in reaction to specific policy actions by the United States. However, in some countries, anti-Americanism peaks “out of sync” with the rest of the world and becomes an intense issue in the political debate even in the absence of any particularly egregious policy implemented by the US. Why? In that case, anti-Americanism is not so much organic as it is molded and manipulated by particular political groups to their advantage. This paper argues that this second kind of anti-Americanism can best be explained by the political functions that it serves and it analyzes the repertoire of functions performed by this “top-down” anti-Americanism in domestic political settings. After analyzing the conditions under which this political activation of anti-Americanism is most likely to occur, the paper explores in turn five political functions of anti-Americanism: creating and cementing an identity; rallying support around a leader by distracting from other issues; acting as a safety valve in authoritarian countries; scapegoating; and delegitimizing specific policies. The conclusion asks how the relative decline of American power and the “rise of the rest” will affect the use of anti-Americanism in domestic politics.
Early recognition of sepsis through emergency medical services pre-hospital screening.

Abstract Background The Surviving Sepsis Campaign implemented a 3-hour bundle including blood cultures, lactate, intravenous fluids, and antibiotics to improve mortality in sepsis. Though difficult to achieve, bundle compliance is associated with decreased hospital mortality. We predict that the implementation of an Emergency Medical Services (EMS) sepsis screening tool will improve 3-hour bundle compliance. Objectives To determine if pre-hospital sepsis screening improves 3-hour bundle compliance. Methods Prospective implementation of an EMS sepsis screening tool (June 2016–November 2016) was compared to a historical control (August 2015–March 2016). The protocol was facilitated via communication between nurses and EMS personnel. The primary outcome was 3-hour bundle compliance. Secondary outcomes included time to individual bundle components. Results Of 135 patients screened, 20 were positive and included in the study, and subsequently compared to 43 control patients. Baseline demographics were similar, except median Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score was higher for the pre-EMS tool group (5 [interquartile range (IQR) 2–8] vs. 2 [IQR 1–4], p Conclusion Implementation of an EMS sepsis screening tool resulted in improved 3-hour bundle compliance compared to retrospective control.
Balanced Allocation on Graphs with Random Walk Based Sampling

A well-known randomized algorithm to allocate n balls into n bins is the power-of-d choices policy: For each ball, d bins are sampled uniformly at random, and the ball is allocated to the least loaded bin. A classical result is that the maximum load under this policy is log log $n/\log d+O(1)$ with high probability. Many subsequent works have considered alternative ways to sample d bins.This paper considers two new policies to allocate n balls into n bins. Assuming that the bins are associated with vertices of a k-regular graph, the d sampled bins are given by d nonbacktracking random walk processes defined on the graph, where the positions of the random walkers can be reset to independent random positions when certain events happens. We show that, under certain assumptions of the graph, both schemes can achieve the same performance as power-of-d choices, i.e., the maximum load is bounded by log log $n/\log d+O(1)$ with high probability. Both policies can be considered as derandomized versions of power-of-d choices.
Pediatric Asthma Among Small Racial/Ethnic Minority Groups: An Analysis of the 2006-2015 National Health Interview Survey.

Few studies have examined the asthma burden among small racial/ethnic minority groups such as Asian children. We examined asthma disparities among children aged 4-17 in 6 small non-Hispanic racial/...
Performance Funding in Higher Education: The Effects of Student Motivation on the Use of Outcomes Tests to Measure Institutional Effectiveness

This study obtained data from 1,633 students who took the Collegiate Assessment of Academic Proficiency (CAAP) to evaluate whether the English, math, and critical thinking exams should be used as performance funding measures in the state. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was utilized to demonstrate that the use of the exams was problematic because students failed to give the assessments their best effort. Other variables in the analysis included level of English and math completed, grade point averages for English and math, cumulative grade point averages, and student characteristics. Policy implications for performance funding are also addressed in the study.
Predictors of water quality in rural healthcare facilities in 14 low- and middle-income countries

Abstract Many healthcare facilities (HCFs) in rural areas of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) lack safe, sufficient water supplies. We sought to understand which factors affect water quality in rural HCF in LMICs. In Ethiopia, Ghana, Honduras, India, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, doctors and nurses were interviewed at over 2000 outpatient HCFs about their water source, staff training, and management practices. Water samples were also tested for contamination with E. coli. We generated descriptive analyses and logistic regressions. Overall, 52% of surveyed HCFs used at least a basic water service, 23% used a limited water service, and 25% had no water service as defined by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme. Use of an improved water source type (OR ≈ 1.4–1.7), treatment of water (OR = 1.26), management by a person with medical training (OR ≈ 3.4–8.9), and presence of a protocol for operations and management (OR = 1.29) were associated with safer water. These results suggest that in addition to addressing water source, storage, and treatment, stakeholders should also target organizational factors in order to improve water quality in HCFs.
The regulatory protein 14-3-3β binds to the IQ motifs of myosin-IC independent of phosphorylation

Myosin-IC (Myo1c) has been proposed to function in delivery of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4)–containing vesicles to the plasma membrane in response to insulin stimulation. Current evidence suggests that, upon insulin stimulation, Myo1c is phosphorylated at Ser701, leading to binding of the signaling protein 14-3-3β. Biochemical and functional details of the Myo1c–14-3-3β interaction have yet to be described. Using recombinantly expressed proteins and mass spectrometry–based analyses to monitor Myo1c phosphorylation, along with pulldown, fluorescence binding, and additional biochemical assays, we show here that 14-3-3β is a dimer and, consistent with previous work, that it binds to Myo1c in the presence of calcium. This interaction was associated with dissociation of calmodulin (CaM) from the IQ motif in Myo1c. Surprisingly, we found that 14-3-3β binds to Myo1c independent of Ser701 phosphorylation in vitro. Additionally, in contrast to previous reports, we did not observe Myo1c Ser701 phosphorylation by Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), although CaMKII phosphorylated four other Myo1c sites. The presence of 14-3-3β had little effect on the actin-activated ATPase or motile activities of Myo1c. Given these results, it is unlikely that 14-3-3β acts as a cargo adaptor for Myo1c-powered transport; rather, we propose that 14-3-3β binds Myo1c in the presence of calcium and stabilizes the calmodulin-dissociated, nonmotile myosin.
Correlated Mixed Membership Modeling of Somatic Mutations

Recent studies of cancer somatic mutation profiles seek to identify mutations for targeted therapy in personalized medicine. Analysis of profiles, however, is not trivial, as each profile is heterogeneous and there are multiple confounding factors that influence the cause-and-effect relationships between cancer genes such as cancer (sub)type, biological processes, total number of mutations, and non-linear mutation interactions. Moreover, cancer is biologically redundant, i.e., distinct mutations can result in the alteration of similar biological processes, so it is important to identify all possible combinatorial sets of mutations for effective patient treatment. To model this phenomena, we propose the correlated zero-inflated negative binomial process to infer the inherent structure of somatic mutation profiles through latent representations. This stochastic process takes into account different, yet correlated, co-occurring mutations using profile-specific negative binomial dispersion parameters that are mixed with a correlated beta-Bernoulli process and a probability parameter to model profile heterogeneity. These model parameters are inferred by iterative optimization via amortized and stochastic variational inference using the Pan Cancer dataset from The Cancer Genomic Archive (TCGA). By examining the the latent space, we identify biologically relevant correlations between somatic mutations.
Treating Noncompliance in Persons with Dual Diagnosis

Noncompliance is a prevalent issue among individuals with intellectual disabilities, which, when not addressed, decreases the individual’s likelihood of mastering other skills (e.g., language skills, adaptive skills, academic skills) in the classroom, at home, or in a treatment setting. Additionally, noncompliance may lead to an escalation in challenging behavior (e.g., aggression, self-injury) and can have social consequences for the individual. Evidence suggests that behavioral interventions which target the function of a behavior are more effective and efficient in managing problem behaviors, such as noncompliance. This chapter provides an overview of risk factors, means of assessment, and behavioral intervention strategies to increase compliance among individuals with intellectual disabilities.
JPSS-3,-4 VIIRS solar diffuser stability monitor relative spectral response

The Visible/Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) is a key sensor on the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (NPP) and the Joint Polar Satellite System JPSS-1 as well as the upcoming JPSS-2, JPSS-3, and JPSS-4. VIIRS collects Earth radiometry and imagery in 22 spectral bands from 0.4 to 12.5 μm. Radiometric calibration of the reflective bands in the 0.4 to 2.5 μm wavelength range is performed by measuring the sunlight reflectance from the Solar Diffuser Assembly (diffuser is Spectralon®). Spectralon® is known to solarize due to sun UV exposure at the blue end of the spectrum (~0.4 – 0.6+ μm) as seen by laboratory tests as well as on orbit data from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on Terra and Aqua and VIIRS on NPP and NOAA-20. Similar to MODIS, the VIIRS uses a Solar Diffuser Stability Monitor (SDSM) to monitor the change in the Solar Diffuser reflectance in the 0.4 – 0.94 μm wavelength range to correct the calibration coefficients. The SDSM measures the ratio of sun light reflecting from the Solar Diffuser to a direct view of the sun at 8 different spectral bands close to the VIIRS bands in spectral regions where solarization effects are present and absent. The spectral response of these bands is critical to calculating the corrections to the radiometric coefficients. The Relative Spectral Response of the 8 SDSM bands for JPSS-3 and JPSS-4 is presented. The out of band response for spectral regions where most of the solarization occurs (< 600 nm) is <0.15% showing minimal mixing with somewhat larger mixing in the low solarization region.
Special issue introduction: historical and cultural perspectives of food on the fairgrounds

This special issue of Food, Culture & Society examines how fairs and expositions–at local, regional, national, and international levels–have reflected and shaped perceptions of food production, mar...
Cu/Co metaconductor based coplanar waveguide with sub 0.1 dB/mm insertion loss at 28 GHz

This paper reports a breakthrough result on a Cu/Co metaconductor based coplanar waveguide (CPW) with a substantially low insertion loss of 0.075 dB/mm at 28 GHz for the 5th generation new radio (5G NR) interconnect applications. Based on the scalability study with fabricated 7, 10, and 20 pairs of Cu/Co nanolayered metaconductors on a glass substrate, the 20 paired one shows the lowest insertion loss, whose equivalent series resistance is 54 % lower than that of a solid Cu based counterpart in the frequency band of n257 (26.5-29.5 GHz).
An Example “Retirement” Planning Calculation

Much current advertising asks “How much savings will you need for your retirement?” One personal benefit for our students from this course should be to learn how to estimate such a future need and to calculate a cash flow to reach that goal. It should be obvious that if savings grow 4 % while the CPI increases 5 %, value has been lost.