cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formation Damage Associated with Water-Based Drilling Fluids and Emulsified Acid Study

Water-based fluids are used for drilling most of vertical and horizontal wells in carbonate reservoirs in Saudi Arabia. Even in moderate and lower permeability formations, drilling solids can invade the formation and cause fines plugging. An XC-polymer based drilling fluid, containing sized calcium carbonate particles (marble), is used to limit the amount of fluids lost to the formation during the drilling operations. However, near wellbore damage was evident from field tests conducted on several vertical wells. High skin factors (+2 to +4) following drilling indicated severe well damage and decreased production potential. The only solutions are drilling additional wells to increase production capacity, or stimulation of existing damaged wells. A stimulation procedure was needed to mitigate the problem. Traditional stimulation efforts in carbonate reservoirs are conducted using regular HCl acid. Rock mechanical studies have indicated wellbore stability after drilling, and rock strength are concerns in the subject formations. It was suspected that an attempt at normal HCl acid matrix stimulation would result in surface washout and enlargement of the wellbore. This is especially true in low permeability (less than 30 mD), fine grain carbonates. This could exacerbate borehole stability problems. Emulsified acids have been shown to induce deep wormholes in carbonates. These wormholes will serve the same function as perforations to by-pass the drilling damage, yet maintain the integrity of the formation. An emulsified 15 wt. percent HCl - diesel mixture (at 70:30 volume ratio) was evaluated as a portion of an ongoing study of the effects of acid stimulation in carbonate reservoirs. Currently, there are few accurate methods of laboratory evaluation of this type of stimulation fluid, and scale up-factors are nebulous at best. Traditional tables for matrix type stimulation are inaccurate, and result in excessive acid volumes. Acidizing with large acid volumes is not recommended because of the weak nature of the rock in some fields. This paper demonstrates a new laboratory core test procedure and provides a novel interpretation of scale-up equations developed for the study. The resulting laboratory data are compared to field results, and show: 1. The test procedure accurately simulates the damaged seen in the formation. 2. The acid can effectively stimulate the formation, while preserving the formation integrity. 3. The acid penetration and worm-hole wander can be controlled by monitoring acid injection rate and volume. 4. The scale-up volume equations to be accurate for emulsified acid treatments.
GROWTH AND NITROGEN FIXATION OF THE DIAZOTROPHIC FILAMENTOUS NONHETEROCYSTOUS CYANOBACTERIUM TRICHODESMIUM SP. IMS 101 IN DEFINED MEDIA: EVIDENCE FOR A CIRCADIAN RHYTHM

Trichodesmium sp. IMS 101, originally isolated from coastal western Atlantic waters by Prufert-Bebout and colleagues and maintained in seawater-based media, was successfully cultivated in two artificial media. Its characteristics of growth, nitrogen fixation, and regulation of nitrogen fixation were compared to those of natural populations and Trichodesmium sp. NIBB 1067. Results indicate that the culture grown in artificial media had nitrogen fixation characteristics similar to those when the culture is grown in seawater-based medium and to those of Trichodesmium sp. in the natural habitat. The study provides practical artificial media to facilitate the physiological studies of these important diazotrophic cyanobacteria, as well as the cultivation of other Trichodesmium species in future studies. Manipulations of the light/dark cycle were performed to determine whether or not the daily cycle of nitrogen fixation is a circadian rhythm. Cultures grown under continuous light maintained the cycle for up to 6 days. We demonstrated that the daily cycle of nitrogen fixation in Trichodesmium sp. IMS 101 was at least partially under the control of a circardian rhythm.
Experimental cryogenic injury of the palate: observations pertinent to cryosurgical destruction of tumors.

Abstract In experiments using cryosurgical apparatus to freeze the canine palate in situ , observations were made on techniques of producing tissue destruction. Several time-temperature schedules of freezing were studied. The results showed the great tolerance of palatal tissues to extremely low temperatures for short time periods. Melanocytes were extraordinarily sensitive to cold injury. Tissue necrosis increased with duration of freezing, but repeated freezing was lethal and obviously critical for successful cryosurgical destruction. Thermocouples must be used in clinical cryosurgery to insure that lethal tissue temperatures (colder than −50 °C) are attained. The incidence of sequestration in the canine palate showed the need for use of proper technique and suitable precautions in the cryosurgical treatment of human palatal tumors.
Identification of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque by analysis of time-varying laser speckle patterns

We describe laser speckle analysis for atherosclerotic plaque characterization and fibrous cap thickness estimation. Speckle analysis had a high sensitivity and specificity for detecting vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque, even in the presence of physiological motion.
Vascular Management in Rotationplasty

The Van Nes rotationplasty is a useful limb-preserving procedure for skeletally immature patients with distal femoral or proximal tibial malignancy. The vascular supply to the lower limb either must be maintained and rotated or transected and reanastomosed. We asked whether there would be any difference in the ankle brachial index or complication rate for the two methods of vascular management. Vessels were resected with the tumor in seven patients and preserved and rotated in nine patients. One amputation occurred in the group in which the vessels were preserved. Four patients died secondary to metastatic disease diagnosed preoperatively. The most recent ankle brachial indices were 0.96 and 0.82 for the posterior tibial and dorsalis pedis arteries, respectively, in the reconstructed group. The ankle brachial indices were 0.98 and 0.96 for the posterior tibial and dorsalis pedis arteries, respectively, in the rotated group. Outcomes appear similar using both methods of vascular management and one should not hesitate to perform an en bloc resection when there is a question of vascular involvement.
Conveners as champions of collaboration in the public sector: a case from South Africa

This article analyses the role of conveners in facilitating interorganisational collaboration. Consistent with previous research, the article shows that conveners help overcome the obstacles frequent in interorganisational collaboration processes. It also illustrates further how their effectiveness depends on their credibility among the partners, their familiarity with the collaborative project and their being perceived as unbiased intermediaries. Most interestingly, the article advances our knowledge on conveners by suggesting that their behaviour is consistent with that common among ‘champions’ of innovation. They are likely to assume a leadership role and use influence politics, such as salesmanship, personal appeal and persuasion. These findings build on a case study of successful collaboration between two government agencies in South Africa. We believe, however, that the findings are likely to apply to other types of organisation, private and voluntary, and to other country contexts. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methods of Suicide by Age: Sex and Race Differences among the Young and Old.

The elderly have the highest suicide rate in the United States. In partial explanation of this finding, a common statement in the suicide literature is that older persons tend to use more drastic and effective methods of suicide. However, little, if any, data have been presented in defense of this explanation. In order to investigate the validity of this contention, annual official statistics for specific methods of suicide (firearms, hanging, poisons) by age for different sex and racial groups (whites, blacks, nonwhites excluding black) were examined from 1960 to 1978. Comparisons among the age-sex-race groups, along with trends over time and differences in the methods employed, were noted. For white males, blacks of both sexes, and nonwhites excluding black females, the findings confirmed the use of more violent methods by the elderly than by the young in terms of the proportion of suicides by firearms and/or hanging. Less support and, in fact, opposite results for method-related age differences were ob...
Monitoring lava-dome growth during the 2004–2008 Mount St. Helens, Washington, eruption using oblique terrestrial photography

Abstract We present an analysis of lava dome growth during the 2004–2008 eruption of Mount St. Helens using oblique terrestrial images from a network of remotely placed cameras. This underutilized monitoring tool augmented more traditional monitoring techniques, and was used to provide a robust assessment of the nature, pace, and state of the eruption and to quantify the kinematics of dome growth. Eruption monitoring using terrestrial photography began with a single camera deployed at the mouth of the volcano's crater during the first year of activity. Analysis of those images indicates that the average lineal extrusion rate decayed approximately logarithmically from about 8 m/d to about 2 m/d (± 2 m/d) from November 2004 through December 2005, and suggests that the extrusion rate fluctuated on time scales of days to weeks. From May 2006 through September 2007, imagery from multiple cameras deployed around the volcano allowed determination of 3-dimensional motion across the dome complex. Analysis of the multi-camera imagery shows spatially differential, but remarkably steady to gradually slowing, motion, from about 1–2 m/d from May through October 2006, to about 0.2–1.0 m/d from May through September 2007. In contrast to the fluctuations in lineal extrusion rate documented during the first year of eruption, dome motion from May 2006 through September 2007 was monotonic (± 0.10 m/d) to gradually slowing on time scales of weeks to months. The ability to measure spatial and temporal rates of motion of the effusing lava dome from oblique terrestrial photographs provided a significant, and sometimes the sole, means of identifying and quantifying dome growth during the eruption, and it demonstrates the utility of using frequent, long-term terrestrial photography to monitor and study volcanic eruptions.
Remarks on (0,2) models and intermediate scale scenarios in string theory

Abstract Problems associated with large intermediate scales in string theory are discussed. It is shown that, in σ-model perturbation theory, the superpotential of theories with (2,2) supersymmetry is purely cubic. As a result, to exhibit flat directions with (0,2) supersymmetry, one needs to study only a small number of Yukawa couplings. Usually these flat directions are lifted by nonperturbative effects in the σ model. Examples where this is not the case, due to Cvetic and to Distler and Greene, are discussed. It is shown that in the former case, there are not, generically, extra massless particles to play the role of Higgs fields. The problems of proton decay, neutrino masses, and obtaining light Higgs fields in models with large intermediate scales are considered, and various difficulties with existing proposals are pointed out.
Proinflammatory effects of iron sucrose in chronic kidney disease

Inflammation is a central component of progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD). Iron promotes oxidative stress and inflammatory response in animals and promotes progressive CKD. Parenteral iron provokes oxidative stress in patients with CKD; however, its potential to provoke an inflammatory response is unknown. In 20 veterans with CKD, 100 mg iron sucrose was administered intravenously over 5 min and urinary excretion rate and plasma concentration of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were measured at timed intervals over 24 h. Patients were then randomized to placebo or N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) 600 mg b.i.d. and the experiment was repeated at 1 week. Iron sucrose markedly increased plasma concentration and urinary excretion rate of MCP-1 at baseline and at 1 week visits (P < 0.0001 for time effect). Urinary excretion peaked at 30 min and plasma concentration at 15 min. Plasma MCP-1 concentration fell from 164 +/- 17.7 to 135 +/- 17.7 pg/ml with NAC, whereas it remained unchanged from 133 +/- 12.5 to 132 +/- 17.7 pg/ml with placebo (P=0.001 for visit x antioxidant drug interaction). There was a reduction in MCP-1 urinary excretion rate from visit 1 to 2. At the baseline visit, the urinary excretion rate averaged 305 +/- 66 pg/min and at the second visit 245 +/- 67 pg/min (mean difference 60 +/- 28 pg/min, P = 0.030). There was no improvement in urinary MCP-1 excretion with NAC. In conclusion, iron sucrose causes rapid and transient generation and/or release of MCP-1 plasma concentration and increases urinary excretion rate, and systemic MCP-1 level but the urinary excretion rate is not abrogated with the antioxidant NAC. These results may have implications for the progression of CKD with parenteral iron.
The giant magnetocaloric effect between 190 and 300 K in the Gd5SixGe4−x alloys for 1.4⩽x⩽2.2

Abstract A detailed investigation of the phase relationships and physical properties (isothermal magnetization, heat capacity and magnetocaloric effect) of heat treated Gd 5 Si x Ge 4− x alloys indicate that the monoclinic Gd 5 Si 2 Ge 2 -type phase is stable at 1570 K over the composition range of 1.5⩽ x ⩽2.1. All of the alloys exhibit a first order magnetic–crystallographic phase transformation on cooling and/or application of a magnetic field in the paramagnetic state, which is accompanied by the giant magnetocaloric effect. The maximum values of the isothermal magnetic entropy change decrease systematically but non-linearly with the increasing Si concentration ( x ), and the giant magnetocaloric effect is observed between 190 ( x =1.5) and 300 K ( x =2.1).
When children reach beyond their grasp: why some children make pronoun case errors and others don't.

This research addresses the question of why some children are disposed to making a large number of pronoun case errors and others are not. The answer proposed is that when pronoun paradigm building outstrips the development of INFL, children become especially vulnerable to erring in the choice of pronominal word form, resulting in pronoun case error. On the other hand, when pronoun paradigm building proceeds more conservatively, the risk of error is reduced. The spontaneous sentence production of children observed in naturalistic caregiver – child interaction from a cross-section of 44 children (2;0–4;0) is used to support this proposal. The data show that pronoun case error was minimal among children who had strong INFL. However, among children with weak INFL there was a wide range of variation, some children making many errors and others making none. Analysis of variance confirmed that this variation was strongly related to the dispersion of production attempts across an extended pronoun paradigm, such that, the fewer cells attempted, the lower the error rate. These findings show that pronoun case errors are not an inevitable result of grammatical development, but may conceivably be avoided altogether if paradigm building proceeds at a rate commensurate with the child's development of INFL.
The effects of systemic family violence on children's mental health

This study examines the link between different forms of family aggression and children's symptoms of psychopathology. The goal of the study was to understand what forms children's problems might take in violent homes and whether close ties within the family (to the mother or a sibling) buffered children. Interviews with 365 mothers and 1 of their children between the ages of 6 and 12 about abuse in the home, support and closeness within the nuclear family, and mother's and children's mental health formed the basis of this study. Families were recruited from battered women's shelters and the community. We found that different forms of abuse in the home were highly interrelated and that children of battered women were at risk for child abuse. Domestic violence predicted children's general psychopathology, but we uncovered little evidence for the presence of specific sorts of disorders as a result of family dysfunction. Although mothers experiencing conjugal violence were more likely to have mental health problems, their mental health did not mediate the children's response to family conflict. Finally, there was less sibling and parental warmth in families marked by aggression, although when it was present, family social support failed to buffer children. Although the general pattern of results was consistent across respondents (mother and child), there was low agreement on symptoms of child psychopathology.
Dispersion Analysis and Design of Planar Electromagnetic Bandgap Ground Plane for Broadband Common-Mode Suppression

Planar electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure designed for broadband common-mode suppression is proposed. A uniplanar compact photonic-bandgap (UC-PBG) structure with periodic center slots is etched on the ground plane to obtain broadband common mode suppression while minimally disturbing the differential signal within the designed bandwidth. Dispersion analysis has been conducted for both common (even) and differential (odd) mode signals. Good signal integrity is observed in both simulated and measured results. The fractional bandwidth of the proposed EBG ground plane is around 80 % with common-mode suppression below -15 dB. The proposed EBG ground planes may be applicable for systems requiring low- cost and simple solutions in designing high-speed differential interlinks operating above 5 Gbps.
Sulfate reduction and the rate of deposition of marine sediments

Abstract The initial gradient of dissolved sulfate in the pore waters of anoxic marine sediments, representing a wide variety of environments from the deep-sea to estuaries, has been found to be directly proportional, within a factor of two, to the rate of sedimentation. Data from all areas considered, except the Mississippi Delta, fall along the same straight line. The linear proportionality can be explained on the basis of a theoretical model which assumes that organic matter decomposition by sulfate-reducing bacteria, plus associated fermentative micro-organisms, is first order with respect to the concentration of metabolizable organic matter. The model also assumes that the reactivity of metabolizable organic matter varies considerably from sediment to sediment while its concentration remains essentially constant. It is likely that the proportionality observed here also applies to other sediments and, thus, the initial sulfate gradient may be a useful parameter for estimating the rate of deposition of anoxic sediments.
The effect of low-dose heparin therapy on serum platelet and transaminase levels

Abstract Review of recent literature permits characterization of a thrombocytopenic syndrome associated with full- or low-dose heparin therapy, the incidence, severity, and etiology of which remain controversial. This study was undertaken to determine the occurrence of thrombocytopenia accompanying subcutaneous heparin administration to healthy volunteers. Thirty-nine subjects received a regimen of 5000 USP units of heparin injected every 12 hr for 10 days. Serum liver enzymes were also monitored in a subgroup of the population. Two available heparin preparations, hog mucosa and beef lung extracts, were compared for the occurrence of these associated abnormalities. There was no thrombocytopenia observed in any person. However, as a group there was a significant (P = 0.01) downward linear trend in the mean platelet count during heparin administration, with a marked increase after cessation of the drug. Significant elevations of transaminase (SGOT and SGPT) levels occurred in 62% of the subjects, also returning to normal after heparin was discontinued. The enzyme pattern was characteristic of hepatocellular damage. The incidence of this finding was higher in subjects receiving hog mucosal heparin (93%) than in those receiving bovine heparin (37%, P
Representations of the Poincaré Semigroup and Relativistic Causality

This paper provides the mathematical tools for addressing issues of two kinds of causality in relativistic scattering theory: general causality, i.e., an effect can only be measured after its cause, and Einstein causality, i.e., no propagation of probability outside of the forward light cone. Starting from Wigner's unitary irreducible representations of the Poincare group for noninteracting, one particle states, we describe the mathematical tools necessary to describe scattering states, the Lippmann-Schwinger Dirace kets, and to describe resonances and decaying states, the relativistic Gamow ket. An important step for their derivations is the Hardy space hypothesis. Investigating the transformation properties of scattering and resonance states under the dynamical Poincare semigroup reveals that both kinds of causality result from this hypothesis about nature of the spaces of states and observables.
Influence of Wick Area on Trap Captures of Japanese Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Lures for the Japanese beetle, phenethyl propionate (PEP) + eugenol, 3:7, and PEP + eugenol + geraniol, 3:7:3, were evaporated in the field through wicks with exposed areas ranging from 3.82 to 62.06 cm2. Although shorter wicks attracted beetles more efficiently than longer wicks, captures did not differ significantly regardless of exposed wick area. Furthermore, traps containing wicks with the greatest evaporative area (over fivefold that of the standard) gave no indication of repellency to the pest. Evaporation of as little as 35 mg of lure per trap per day is sufficient to maintain high trap performance.
Optimal control of a pre-stressed, orthotropic thin cylindrical shell subjected to a constant pressure at its interior wall

Abstract The open loop optimal control of a pre-stressed, orthotropic thin cylindrical shell subjected to a constant pressure at its interior wall relative to a given index of performance is investigated. The optimal control function is obtained by using a calculus of variations approach on the basis of a thin-shell theory. The response and the hoop stress (circumferential stress) of the controlled shell are presented in graphical form and compared with those of an uncontrolled shell. Moreover, it is observed that the time required for the effectiveness of the control increases as the orthotropy coefficient increases. An interesting aspect of the investigation is the singularity of the mass matrix.
Exploding wire excitation for trace analysis of Hg, Cd, Pb and Ni using electrodeposition for preconcentration

Abstract The use of exploding silver wires for spectrochemical excitation is described. The apparatus used in these studies is discussed along with the electrical and radiative properties of exploding silver wires. The use of controlled-potential electrodeposition onto silver wires for sample introduction is considered. Experimental parameters for electrodeposition and exploding-wire excitation are presented. Cd, Ni, Hg and Pb are considered for analysis and show absolute detection limits of 10 ng, 10 ng, 30 ng and 15 ng, respectively. These amounts of material on the wire represent relative detection limits of 0.001 ppm, 0.002 ppm, 0.003 ppm and 0.001 ppm respectively in the analytical solutions. The exploding wire excitation method exhibits minimal matrix dependency and good reproducibility. Percent relative standard deviations for Cd, Ni, Hg and Pb are ±17.3%, ±16.6%, ±26.5% and ±12.4%, respectively. Sample introduction by controlled-potential electrodeposition offers not only a convenient means of preconcentrating trace metals from solution but also the possibility of selectively plating one element in the presence of a large excess of other elements in solution.
Improved WLS-TF algorithm for dynamic synchronized angle and frequency estimation

This paper proposes an improved method for estimating synchronized angle and frequency under both steady-state and dynamic conditions based on the weighted least squares Taylor expansion Fourier (WLS-TF) method. The WLS-TF method using classical windows as weighting factors assumes the input signal is a narrowband band-pass signal, and it has efficient performance under most conditions. However, error arises when the signal is not a band-pass signal, which is the case for the waveforms of power system. This paper extends the band-pass signal model to a more general signal model that considers 2nd order harmonic and proposes a new method to estimate the frequency. Examples of the proposed method are illustrated following different steady-state and dynamic conditions considered in power system.
Hypothalamic sensitivity to 2-deoxy-D-glucose and glucose: Effects on feeding behavior

Abstract The effect on food intake of intrahypothalamic deposition of glucose or the glucose metabolic inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose was studied to determine the function of the often hypothesized hypothalamic glucoreceptors in feeding behavior. Our results suggest that the lateral hypothalamic region, as well as the medial hypothalamus, contain glucoreceptive cells that form part of a feeding system.
Mycoplasma and Plant Diseases

(1972). Mycoplasma and Plant Diseases. PANS Pest Articles & News Summaries: Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 154-164.
Prevalence of the proposed DSM-IV alcohol use disorders: United States, 1988.

Data from a 1988 survey on United States drinking practices and related problems teas used to derive the proposed DSM-IV definitions of alcohol abuse and dependence. The prevalence of DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence combined, incorporating the DSM-III-R duration criterion, was 6.00% in this general population sample. The majority of respondents were classified as alcohol dependent (5.93%), dependent without abuse (5.24%), and dependent with physiological dependence (5.06%). The rate for DSM-IV alcohol abuse was negligible (0.06%) while elimination of the duration criterion had little impact on the prevalence of DSM-IV alcohol use disorders. Reasons for the extremely low prevalence of DSM-IV alcohol abuse and the slight increase in the prevalence of DSM-IV alcohol use disorders as the result of eliminating the duration criterion are discussed in terms of the content of the abuse category and its relationship to the dependence definition.
Transmissibility as a Differential Indicator of Structural Damage

This article discusses the use of frequency domain transmissibility functions for detecting, locating, and quantifying damage in linear and nonlinear structures. Structural damage affects both the system poles and zeros; however, zeros are much more sensitive than poles to localized damage. This is because zeros depend on the input and output locations whereas poles do not. It is demonstrated here that since transmissibility functions are determined solely by the system zeros, they are potentially better indicators of localized linear and nonlinear types of damage. Furthermore, excitation measurements are not required to compute transmissibility functions so damage indices can be calculated directly from response measurements. It is also demonstrated that sensor arrays can sometimes be used to yield mixed transmissibility functions that are differential in nature, that is, they are less sensitive to gross fluctuations in the dynamic loading or environmental variables.
High risk of infertility and long term gonadal damage in males treated with high dose cyclophosphamide for sarcoma during childhood

BACKGROUND Therapy with alkylating agents, such as cyclophosphamide, can be associated with irreversible gonadal toxicity in male survivors of adult cancer. To the authors's knowledge the effect of high dose therapy with cyclophosphamide during childhood on adult testicular reproductive and endocrine function has not been established. METHODS Gonadal function was studied in 17 adult male survivors of childhood sarcomas treated with high dose pulse cyclophosphamide therapy as part of a VAC (vincristine, actinomycin, and cyclophosphamide) or Adria-VAC (doxorubicin, vincristine, actinomycin, and cyclophosphamide) chemotherapy regimen. Patients answered a questionnaire concerning sexual functioning and underwent a comprehensive physical examination, semen analysis, and hormonal evaluation. RESULTS Of the 17 males who underwent semen analysis, 10 (58.8%) had azoospermia, 5 (29.4%) had oligospermia, and only 2 (11.8%) were found to have a normal sperm count. All patients treated prior to the onset of puberty had an abnormal semen analysis. The 2 patients with normal sperm counts received the lowest doses of cyclophosphamide ( 3 times that of baseline in 13 of /14 patients (92.9%), suggesting some degree of Leydig cell insufficiency. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study show a high risk of gonadal dysfunction in men exposed to cyclophosphamide during childhood as part of a VAC/Adria-VAC chemotherapy regimen. Exposure prior to puberty was not found to be protective, and the risk of infertility appeared to increase with higher doses of therapy. To the authors' knowledge the clinical significance of impaired Leydig cell function beginning at a young age is unknown and merits further study. Cancer 2001;91:613–21. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
Regulation of Cocaine Reward by CREB

Cocaine regulates the transcription factor CREB (adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate response element binding protein) in rat nucleus accumbens, a brain region that is important for addiction. Overexpression of CREB in this region decreases the rewarding effects of cocaine and makes low doses of the drug aversive. Conversely, overexpression of a dominant-negative mutant CREB increases the rewarding effects of cocaine. Altered transcription of dynorphin likely contributes to these effects: Its expression is increased by overexpression of CREB and decreased by overexpression of mutant CREB. Moreover, blockade of κ opioid receptors (on which dynorphin acts) antagonizes the negative effect of CREB on cocaine reward. These results identify an intracellular cascade—culminating in gene expression—through which exposure to cocaine modifies subsequent responsiveness to the drug.
Current Distribution in Barretters and Its Application to Microwave Power Measurements

This paper describes a mathematical analysis for determining the microwave current distribution in a barretter in a rectangular waveguide. This distribution, when used with another analysis which calculates substitution error for any given current distribution, provides a missing step necessary for the calibration of microwave and millimeter-wave barretters for absolute power measurements.
Transient analysis of polymer electrolyte fuel cells

Abstract A three-dimensional, transient model has been developed to study the transient dynamics of polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) operation. First, various time constants are estimated for important transient phenomena of electrochemical double-layer discharging, gas transport through the gas diffusion layer (GDL) and membrane hydration. It is found that membrane hydration occurs over a period of 10 s, the gas transport of 0.01–0.1 s, with the double-layer discharging being negligibly fast. Subsequently, extensive numerical simulations, with the transient processes of membrane hydration and gas transport taken into consideration, are carried out to characterize the dynamic response of a singe-channel PEFC with N112 membrane. The results show that the time for fuel cells to reach steady state is in the order of 10 s due to the effect of water accumulation in the membrane, consistent with theoretical estimation. In addition, overshoot or undershoot of the current densities is found during the step changes in some operating conditions, and detailed results are provided to reveal the dynamic physics of these phenomena.
Semantic Supplier Contract Monitoring and Execution DSS Architecture

This research is motivated by the critical problem of stark incompatibility between the contractual clauses (typically buried in legal documents) and the myriad of performance measures used to evaluate and reward (or penalize) supply participants in the extended enterprise. This difference between what is contractually expected and what is actually performed in addition to the lack of transparency of what is measured and how those measures relate to the contractual obligations make it difficult, error prone and confusing for different partner organizations. To address this critical issue, in this article, we present a supplier performance contract monitoring and execution decision support architecture and its prototype implementation using a business case study. We use the SWRL extension of OWL-DL to represent contract conditions and rules as part of the ontology and then use the Jess Rule Reasoner to execute the contract rules integrating with Service Oriented Computing to provide decision support to managers in the extended enterprise.
Purification and characterization of a TPN-specific glutamic acid dehydrogenase from Neurospora crassa

Abstract The isolation and purification of a triphosphopyridine nucleotide specific glutamic acid dehydrogenase (TPN-GAD) from Neurospora crassa is described. The molecular weight of this enzyme is 267,400 ± 3000. TPN-GAD will reductively animate a variety of different α-keto acids over a wide pH range. pH optima, Michaelis constants and theoretical maximum reaction rates for these various α-keto acids are given. The enzyme will oxidatively deaminate a number of α-amino acids. At concentrations greater than 0.3 M , ammonium chloride inhibits the reductive animation of both α-ketoglutarate and pyruvate. TPN-GAD is stable over a wide range of pH and temperature.
The joy of pain and the pain of joy: In-group identification predicts schadenfreude and gluckschmerz following rival groups’ fortunes

Four studies examined how in-group identification in the domain of sports is associated with schadenfreude in reaction to another group’s suffering or gluckschmerz in reaction to another group’s good fortune. Schadenfreude increased as a function of in-group identification when the outgroup was a rival team rather than a non-rival team in Study 1. Study 2 showed that those who experience schadenfreude at learning of an outgroup player’s injury will also tend to feel gluckschmerz when they learn of the player’s recovery. Studies 3 and 4 replicated and extended these findings for both schadenfreude and gluckschmerz, and showed that neither the degree of severity of an injury nor the level of physical pain associated with the injury moderated the link between identification and both schadenfreude and gluckschmerz. Mediation analyses indicated that perceived in-group gain or loss, deservedness, and dislike were prime mediators of links between in-group identification and both emotions.
The inflectional behavior of English-origin adjectives in French

When adjectives of English origin are pluralized in French, they follow one of three patterns: they receive inflection, reject inflection, or accept both forms. Curiously, these patterns of morphological variation have never been analyzed. This study identifies inflection-inhibiting constraints for a closed corpus of French dictionary-attested English adjectives and reveals that uninflected and variable adjectives do violate the standard native rule of adjective agreement, yet the constraints that block inflection are French-derived. A second feature of these adjectival anglicisms is that the nominal counterpart, if it exists, always receives native inflection (des jeans baggy vs. des baggys). The difference in word class, and specifically the feature of grammatical gender, may account for the contrastive behavior.
Validation of a decision model for triaging hypertensive patients to alternate health education interventions.

Abstract The ability to assign patients to the most appropriate program of intervention would improve patient outcomes and reduce health care costs. This paper evaluates specific potentials of triaging patients into various combinations of health education treatments. Blood pressure improvement among hypertensive patients was measured and the associated treatment cost and savings were compared. Triaging rules were formed empirically from the relationship between patient characteristics selected before the study was conducted and their achieved blood pressure control within each combination of interventions. Patients randomly assigned to seven combinations of three interventions were studied in contrast to patients in a randomized control group. A combination of all three interventions was the most effective program for the undifferentiated (random) patient population, achieving a 49% increase over 18 months in patients with blood pressure under control. By triaging, 51–91% increases in patients with controlled blood pressure were achieved. Educational history of the patients which is a fairly reliable measure was the most efficient triaging variable, showing a 91% increase in patients with blood pressure under control and a relative cost saving of about 400%.
Palmitoylation influences the function and pharmacology of sodium channels

Palmitoylation is a common lipid modification known to regulate the functional properties of various proteins and is a vital step in the biosynthesis of voltage-activated sodium (Nav) channels. We discovered a mutation in an intracellular loop of rNav1.2a (G1079C), which results in a higher apparent affinity for externally applied PaurTx3 and ProTx-II, two voltage sensor toxins isolated from tarantula venom. To explore whether palmitoylation of the introduced cysteine underlies this observation, we compared channel susceptibility to a range of animal toxins in the absence and presence of 2-Br-palmitate, a palmitate analog that prevents palmitate incorporation into proteins, and found that palmitoylation contributes to the increased affinity of PaurTx3 and ProTx-II for G1079C. Further investigations with 2-Br-palmitate revealed that palmitoylation can regulate the gating and pharmacology of wild-type (wt) rNav1.2a. To identify rNav1.2a palmitoylation sites contributing to these phenomena, we substituted three endogenous cysteines predicted to be palmitoylated and found that the gating behavior of this triple cysteine mutant is similar to wt rNav1.2a treated with 2-Br-palmitate. As with chemically depalmitoylated rNav1.2a channels, this mutant also exhibits an increased susceptibility for PaurTx3. Additional mutagenesis experiments showed that palmitoylation of one cysteine in particular (C1182) primarily influences PaurTx3 sensitivity and may enhance the inactivation process of wt rNav1.2a. Overall, our results demonstrate that lipid modifications are capable of altering the gating and pharmacological properties of rNav1.2a.
An ordinal coefficient of relational agreement for multiple judges

In a recent article, Fagot proposed a generalized family of coefficients of relational agreement for multiple judges, focusing on the concept of empirically meaningful relationships. In this paper an ordinal coefficient of relational agreement, based on ranking data, is presented as a special case of the generalized family. It is shown that the proposed ordinal coefficient encompasses other ordinal coefficients, such as the Kendall coefficient of concordance, the average Spearman rank-order coefficient, and intraclass correlation based on ranks. It is also shown that the Kendall coefficient of concordance, corrected for chance agreement, is equivalent to the ordinal coefficient proposed in this paper.
Problems With Using the MMPI–2–RF in Forensic Evaluations: A Clarification to Ellis

Toward the end of her article addressing the prevalence of MMPI-2 Scale 4 elevations among child custody litigants, Ellis recommended use of the MMPI-2-RF scales in child custody evaluations. Unfortunately, this recommendation was not supported by a comprehensive review of the literature similar to the one she used to address her primary questions about MMPI-2 Scale 4. This article describes many of the criticisms of the MMPI–2–RF, and its various scales, including the RC Scales and the Fake Bad Scale (recently renamed the Symptom Validity Scale). The MMPI-2-RF and its scales are novel measures whose use may be challenged in forensic settings. Psychologists considering including them as part of a test battery must evaluate their psychometric properties by carefully examining the test manuals, empirical studies, and recent textbooks. Many experts do not consider the MMPI-2-RF to be a viable replacement for the MMPI-2 in critical evaluations such as child custody.
The appropriateness of snowmobiling in national parks: an investigation of the meanings of snowmobiling experiences in Yellowstone National Park.

The debate over snowmobiling and other types of motorized recreation in US national parks signals the need for a better understanding of the meanings of these experiences. The fundamental issue facing many parks is whether snowmobiling is an appropriate activity. The matter of appropriateness is anchored in two questions: (1) Does snowmobiling in national parks cause unacceptable biophysical and social impacts? (2) Are snowmobiling experiences consistent with the fundamental purposes of national parks? This article particularly addresses the appropriateness issue and presents the findings of an interpretive study of the meanings of snowmobiling experiences in Yellowstone National Park (YNP). Sixty-five semistructured interviews were conducted with winter visitors who used snowmobiles in the park during the winter season of 1999. Overall, the study findings reveal that visitors on snowmobiles view YNP as a place to experience its wildland attributes, such as natural scenery, geothermal features, and, especially, wildlife. Snowmobiling is perceived as a mode of transportation rather than the experience in and of itself. The results challenge the popular image of snowmobiles as thrill-craft and snowmobilers as thrill-seekers. The study demonstrates that snowmobiling in YNP affords highly meaningful recreational experiences, grounded in appreciating the park’s unique natural features and attributes.
A REVIEW OF THREE RESEARCH PROGRAMS IN QUANTITATIVE MODELLING IN THE BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

Elements of three of the BAE's research programs in economic modelling of the rural sector, namely, the modelling of agricultural production systems, rural commodity markets and agriculture within a general equilibrium framework, are reviewed with emphasis on the use of such models in policy work. Suggestions are made for further modelling in these areas.
Estimation for the Box-Cox Transformation Model Without Assuming Parametric Error Distribution

Box and Cox proposed a power transformation for the response variable that yields a linear regression model with normal error and constant variance. Inference procedures for the regression coefficients and transformation parameter under this model setting have been studied extensively. In this article we propose a simple semiparametric estimation method for the Box–Cox transformation model with no specific parametric assumption on the distribution of the error term. The resulting estimators are strongly consistent and asymptotically normal. Their covariance matrix can be estimated through a novel resampling method without involving nonparametric function estimates of the underlying unknown density function for the error term. The new proposal is illustrated with a well-known dataset in the literature of transformation, and its efficiency and robustness are closely examined through numerical studies.
Activation of Lyt-2 associated with distant upstream insertion of an SL3-3 provirus.

Two Lyt-2+ mutants of the T-cell lymphoma SL12.4.10 were selected by fluorescence activated cell sorting. Both mutants expressed Lyt-2 (CD8 α-chain) but not Lyt-3 (CD8 β-chain). Derivatives of one Lyt-2+ mutant that expressed Lyt-3 could be isolated by sorting for Lyt-3+ cells. Southern blotting analysis indicated that both mutants had structural rearrangements within or immediately 3′ of the Lyt-3 gene, accompanied by demethylation of at least one Hpa II site within the Lyt-2 gene. Gene cloning analysis of one mutant demonstrated that the structural rearrangement was due to insertion of an SL3-3 provirus 35 kb 5′ to the Lyt-2 gene. It is likely that Lyt-2 gene activation is a direct or indirect consequence of proviral insertion at this site.
Does the use of space solar power for in-space activities really make sense: An updated economic assessment

Abstract Advocates of space solar power propose its use as a mechanism for solving terrestrial and orbital power problems. These craft collect solar radiation via their solar panels and transmit it in a more concentrated form to receiving spacecraft or ground stations. This more concentrated transmission (e.g., via laser or microwave radiation) alters the power generation equation for the receiving craft or station, as it allows smaller (both in terms of mass and volume) receiving hardware to be utilized. It also offers other prospective benefits, such as the possibility of receiving power in eclipse and the reduced deterioration rate of radio antennas, as compared to solar cells (removing the need to include extra generation capability to offset lifetime deterioration). This paper seeks to answer the question of whether the use of SSP to power other in-space craft is justified, from an economic perspective. It considers factors that can be assessed both quantitatively and qualitatively.
Proposed Use of Adjusted Intake Based on Forage Particle Length for Calculation of Roughage Indexes

Abstract Effects of forage intake and particle length on chewing time were investigated. Two ratios of forage to concentrate, 33:67 and 50:50, and three lengths of forage particles were compared in two 3×3 Latin squares repeated a second year. Distribution of forage particle length was determined with an oscillating screen particle separator. Weighted mean particle lengths, .31, .43, and .51cm, were measured for the three forages. Actual intakes of forage dry matter and fibrous constituents were multiplied by mean particle length of the forage to obtain intakes adjusted (kg.cm) for particle length. Although there were no differences in intake of forage dry matter, or of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber between forage particle lengths, adjustment for particle length revealed that total chewing time was associated with mean particle length of the consumed forage. Total chewing time affected concentration of rumen volatile fatty acids, pH, and milk fat percentage between ratios of forage to concentrate. Roughage indexes based on adjusted forage intake or intake of forage fibrous constituents are reported. The quadratic equation that described the roughage index (Ŷ) for the adjusted forage intake was Ŷ = 365.2−69.6X + 4.73X 2 .
Evaporative cooling in insects

Abstract Insects commonly use behavior to avoid the heat stress and consequent water loss of hot environments. It has been assumed by many to be impossible or impractical for insects to employ evaporative cooling. Despite this assumption, there have been many instances, historically and recently where insects are reported to survive otherwise lethal temperatures by evaporating water. The site of evaporation may be internal, as a consequence of increased ventilation, or on the body surface where water is exuded from several different sites in different species. Some species must rely on their body water stores while others can obtain water abundantly from plants. There is a lower limit of body size at which evaporative water loss becomes ineffective. This limit is lower than may have been previously thought.