cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective putrescine export is regulated by insulin and ornithine in Reuber H35 hepatoma cells.

Abstract Cultured Reuber H35 rat hepatoma cells under highly viable serum-free conditions were found to selectively export putrescine from inside the cell into the culture medium, but not spermidine, spermine, or their acetylated derivatives. Even untreated cells, with very low intracellular putrescine levels, constitutively exported significant amounts of only putrescine for a 12 h period. Administration of the phorbol ester TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate) which markedly elevates ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), did not potentiate putrescine export over what was measured in the unstimulated cultures. However, addition of 1 mM ornithine to the cultures resulted in increased intracellular putrescine (maximum at 4 h) with a marked concomitant increase in putrescine export between 0 and 8 h, after which putrescine export again stopped. Treatment with 10−7 M insulin yielded intracellular putrescine levels that remained elevated for 36 h along with a continuous and more rapid export of putrescine over the same 36 h time period. When insulin and ornithine were administered together, even higher levels of intracellular putrescine and putrescine export were observed, with putrescine efflux proceeding over the 36 h time-course at the highest observed rates of 1.5 (0–12 h) and 1.0 (12–36 h) nmol/mg total protein per h. Exposure to DFMO, an inhibitor of ODC, depleted intracellular putrescine stores and effectively suppressed putrescine export. There was not a positive correlation between the time-dependent decreases in the intracellular putrescine concentrations and the respective alterations in the rate of putrescine export under a variety of conditions. Furthermore, the drug verapamil was capable of completely inhibiting putrescine export (IC50 approx. 1 μM) without any change in the level of intracellular putrescine. This data was not consistent with the involvement of simple diffusion of putrescine through the membrane as the major mechanism for putrescine export. The potential mechanisms involved in putrescine export and the role of this process in regulating intracellular polyamine levels, as well as, possible functions of extracellular putrescine are discussed.
Monitoring the critically ill patient.

Monitoring is the key to a successful critical care endeavor. Monitoring techniques that are applicable to critically ill patients are discussed, and interpretations of abnormal measurements are presented. A sample critical patient care checklist is also presented.
Optimal sampling strategies for quicksort

A well-known improvement on the basic Quicksort algorithm is to sample from the subarray at each recursive stage and to use the sample median as the partition element. General sampling strategies, which allow sample size to vary as a function of subarray size, are analyzed here in terms of the total cost of comparisons required for sorting plus those required for median selection. Both this generalization and this cost measure are new to the analysis of Quicksort. A square-root strategy, which takes a sample of size Φ(√n) for a subarray of size n, is shown to be optimal over a large class of strategies. The square-root strategy has O(n1,5) worst-case cost. The exact optimal strategy for a standard implementation of Quicksort is found computationally for n below 3000. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Kawasaki’s Disease

A previously healthy 6-month-old boy suddenly collapsed at home, requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Initial ECG monitoring by paramedics showed ventricular fibrillation (Fig 1A⇓). The child was successfully resuscitated and rapidly stabilized after cardioversion, with excellent hemodynamics on arrival at the pediatric intensive care unit. Twelve-lead ECG changes were consistent with an acute inferior wall myocardial infarction (Fig 1B⇓). Two-dimensional echocardiography documented normal intracardiac anatomy with posterior left ventricular and septal wall dyskinesis associated with large (6- to 7-mm-diameter) aneurysms of the proximal left anterior descending (LAD) and left circumflex (LCx) coronary arteries (Fig 2⇓) highly suggestive of Kawasaki’s disease. On review, …
Fyn is induced by Ras/PI3K/Akt signaling and is required for enhanced invasion/migration.

Src family kinases (SFKs) are frequently over-expressed and/or activated in human cancers, and play key roles in cancer cell invasion, metastasis, proliferation, survival and angiogenesis. Allosteric activation of SFKs occurs through well-defined post-translational mechanisms, however the SFK member Fyn is over-expressed in multiple human cancers (prostate, melanoma, pancreatic, glioma, chronic myelogenous leukemia) and the mechanism of increased Fyn expression is unclear. Since activation of Ras oncogenes is a common oncogenic event leading to the activation of multiple effector pathways, we explored if Ras could induce Fyn expression. Retroviral transduction of the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT with oncogenic H-Ras dramatically up-regulated Fyn mRNA (>100-fold, p<0.001), protein, and kinase activity without affecting Src levels or activity. Activation of Akt, but not MAPK or EGFR, was necessary and sufficient for induction of Fyn by H-Ras. Expression of active Fyn was sufficient to increase HaCaT cell migration and invasion, and the enhanced migration and invasion induced by H-Ras could be significantly blocked (70% reduction, p<0.01) by knockdown of Fyn with a specific siRNA or inhibition of SFKs with PP2. In addition, expression of Fyn in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells was dependent on PI3K activity and was involved in their invasive phenotype. Thus, the Ras/PI3K/Akt pathway can account for Fyn over-expression in cancers, and Fyn is a critical mediator of the Ras-stimulated invasive cell phenotype. These results support the development of therapeutic strategies targeting Akt/Fyn pathway to block migration and invasion of tumor cells.
The interference effect of men's handling of muscular action figures on a lexical decision task.

It has been shown in previous work [Action figures and men. Sex Roles 53, 877–885] that male participants who handled extremely muscular action figures had lower body esteem than those who did not handle action figures or a Ken doll. However, the internal mechanisms that dictated this effect are unclear. Therefore, the current study extended this previous work by having male participants handle action figures of varying muscularity and completing a lexical decision task with target words that consisted of both positive and negative body words and feeling words in order to determine if males would be primed to think negatively about their bodies and self or if positive thoughts about their bodies and self would be interfered with. The results show that those participants who handled the extremely muscular action figures responded significantly more slowly to feeling positive words (e.g., content, confident) and marginally more slowly to body positive words (e.g., muscle, bicep) than those who did not handle any action figures. Overall, this suggests that the interference of positive words, not the priming of negative words, is the internal mechanism that produces the decreased body image satisfaction after exposure to muscular stimuli. Implications and future research are discussed. # 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Transcriptional regulation of RANTES expression in T lymphocytes.

We first identified the RANTES chemokine as part of a search for genes expressed by T lymphocytes "late", 3-5 days, after T-cell activation. The kinetics of expression of RANTES and a small number of other genes are unusual and the mechanism of such delayed expression is unknown. In order to uncover a mechanism for such "late" expression, we identified and characterized the RANTES promoter and a novel transcription factor regulating RANTES expression in T lymphocytes. RANTES factor of late activated T lymphocytes (RFLAT)-1 is a member of the Kruppel-like family of transcription factors. Like RANTES, RFLAT-1 expression is "late" after T-cell activation. But, unlike RANTES, regulation of RFLAT-1 expression appears to be translational rather than transcriptional.
Minimal (< or =0.1 cm) invasive carcinoma in breast core needle biopsies. Incidence, sampling, associated findings, and follow-up

c Context.—Although minimally invasive (microinvasive) carcinoma (#0.1 cm) of the breast is a well-known and well-characterized entity in excision specimens, the significance of small foci of invasion in breast core needle biopsies has not been well described. Objective.—To define the significance of minimally invasive carcinoma in breast core needle biopsies. Design.—Review of a large series of core needle biopsies for invasive carcinomas measuring 0.1 cm or less and correlation of the results with those of subsequent excision. Setting.—Large community hospital. Results.—From approximately 8500 biopsies, a total of 18 cases of minimally invasive carcinoma from 16 women aged 42 to 80 years were identified. All were present on only 1 of 8 slides made from the block. Overall, the incidence was approximately 0.1% of all biopsies and 1% of all invasive carcinomas. Six cases were invasive lobular carcinomas, 1 was tubulolobular carcinoma, 3 were tubular carcinomas, and the remaining 8 were ductal carcinomas. Eight cases were associated with high-grade comedo ductal carcinomas, 2 with low-grade ductal carcinoma in situ, 3 with atypical ductal hyperplasia, 3 with atypical ductal hyperplasia and lobular carcinoma in situ, and 2 with no other lesion. From a total of 8 sections done entirely through the block, the lesion was present on the first level in 4 cases and the fifth level in 5 cases. No cases were identified in the last 3 levels. Subsequent pathology was available for 16 of the 18 cases. Invasive carcinomas measuring more than 1 cm were present in 9 cases (64%; along with 2 positive lymph nodes), invasive carcinomas less than 1 cm in 2 cases (14%), ductal carcinoma alone in 4 cases (29%), and no carcinoma in 1 case (7%). No pathologic or radiologic features were associated with the finding of invasive carcinoma at excision. Conclusion.—Invasive carcinoma measuring 0.1 cm or less is a rare finding in breast core needle biopsies, is commonly associated with in situ carcinomas and atypical hyperplasias, and is often associated with larger invasive foci at excision. However, invasive carcinomas smaller than 0.1 cm can occur without any other significant findings and may require relatively extensive sampling to identify. (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2004;128:996‐999)
User interaction in a power-wall based virtual reality environment

The Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Department at Wichita State University is developing an integrated set of virtual reality models of a manufacturing line of Boeing Wichita. The purpose of this research is to help Boeing and other aerospace manufacturers improve their manufacturing operations. In our virtual environment, a fully immersed person is working on a specific task and several (up to 20) outsiders (participants) observe the fully, immersed person and would like to comment and affect the fully immersed person's work. The lack of interaction between the fully immersed person and the participants is the most critical issue. The current communication technique used is vocal instruction, which is distracting to everyone. This paper presents a technique in which the fully immersed person and the participants can interact using a second camera directed for a third person's view of the environment. This technique attempts to provide the best of both worlds (first and third person views) so the formerly passive participants can become more immersed in the environment.
Built environment change: a framework to support health-enhancing behaviour through environmental policy and health research

As research examining the effect of the built environment on health accelerates, it is critical for health and planning researchers to conduct studies and make recommendations in the context of a robust theoretical framework. We propose a framework for built environment change (BEC) related to improving health. BEC consists of elements of the built environment, how people are exposed to and interact with them perceptually and functionally, and how this exposure may affect health-related behaviours. Integrated into this framework are the legal and regulatory mechanisms and instruments that are commonly used to effect change in the built environment. This framework would be applicable to medical research as well as to issues of policy and community planning.
Theorizing Black Lesbians within Black Feminism: A Critique of Same-Race Street Harassment

Street harassment is a form of sexual terrorism that reminds women of their vulnerability to violent assault in public and semipublic spaces. Black women's experiences of street harassment are complicated by their race, and by the race of their harasser(s). Black feminists' political vocabulary of intersectional analysis offers a useful framework for portraying the indivisibility of race and gender in black women's lives, but the extension of intersectional criticism to capture black lesbians' political vulnerability within black politics and civic life has been neither automatic nor consistent in black feminist theory. This article invokes the 2003 street harassment and subsequent murder of a black lesbian teenager by a black male assailant in Newark, NJ, both to demonstrate black heterosexual women's interest convergence with black lesbians in black civic life, and to urge black feminists to be less equivocal in holding black men and women responsible for their participation in black patriarchy. This requires the retrieval and redefinition of the political language of culture and behavior from black conservatives who rightly flag the associational aspects of black politics, but who fail to question the gender and sexuality dynamics within these associations and fail to perceive the interplay between civic behavior and intersecting structural inequalities, such as racism, patriarchy, homophobia, and spatial poverty.I wish to thank the editors and anonymous reviewers of Politics & Gender for their helpful critical feedback. Thanks also to the participants in the Philadelphia Political Theory Workshop, held at the University of Pennsylvania (September 2005), and to Temple University's Conference on Black Civil Society in American Life (September 2005) where I presented an earlier version of this article, as well as to Reuel Rogers and my research assistant Greg Graham.
Analysis of complex waveguide structure using the finite-difference time-domain method

FDTD algorithm is applied to several complex waveguide structures. In addition, valuable physical interpretation is obtained from the observation of electromagnetic wave and the waveguide structure interaction. Excellent agreement is obtained between the FDTD results and the conventional frequency domain techniques, and the experimental measurements for a number of representative structures. >
Error mitigation of Point-to-Point communication for fault-tolerant computing

Fault tolerant systems require the ability to detect and recover from physical damage caused by the hardware's environment, faulty connectors, and system degradation over time. 12This ability applies to military, space, and industrial computing applications. The integrity of Point-to-Point (P2P) communication, between two microcontrollers for example, is an essential part of fault tolerant computing systems. In this paper, different methods of fault detection and recovery are presented and analyzed.
Temporal evolution of the transpolar potential after a sharp enhancement in solar wind dynamic pressure

[1] Recent studies of ionospheric convection have shown that sudden enhancements in solar wind dynamic pressure have significant effect on the transpolar potential and the coupling efficiency between the solar wind and the terrestrial magnetosphere. Super Dual Auroral Radar Network observations of the dayside convection have demonstrated that the strength of convection correlates well with solar wind dynamic pressure variations, implying an enhancement of dayside reconnection induced by changes in solar wind pressure. At the same time, dynamic pressure increases have been shown to lead to closing of the polar cap, particularly on the nightside, and thus directly drive enhanced tail reconnection. The enhanced dayside and nightside reconnection potentials can both lead to changes in the transpolar potential, but their individual contributions and the balance between the two is not known. We present a case study of the transpolar potential evolution after a long-lasting solar wind pressure step increase. We show that the potential first rises in response to the increase in pressure, then gradually subsides a few hours later despite the solar wind pressure remaining high. We interpret this behavior in terms of pressure-driven changes in dayside and nightside reconnection.
Effects of Pacific salmon spawning and carcass availability on the caddisfly Ecclisomyia conspersa (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae)

Summary 1. The effects of spawning coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) on the limnephilid caddisfly Ecclisomyia conspersa were evaluated by experimentally excluding salmon from the upper 14-m stretch of a spawning channel by a wire-meshed fence. Density, and development and growth rates, of larvae upstream of the fence (without salmon) were compared with those downstream (with salmon). 2. Larval density in the stretch with salmon declined during spawning, but increased again after spawning subsided and the carcasses of dead fish became available. In the stretch with salmon, larval density on salmon carcasses was seven to 37 times greater than on the adjacent channel substratum. The rate of larval development in the stretch with salmon was greater than that in the stretch without salmon. Two months after carcasses became available, 98% of larvae sampled from the stretch with salmon were in the fifth instar, compared to only 23% from the stretch without salmon. Body weight of E. conspersa in the stretches with and without salmon increased by an average of 3.04 and 2.38 mg, respectively, over a 6-month period. 3. 15N values of larvae from the stretch with salmon increased following the arrival of the fish, suggesting that the larvae were feeding on salmon-derived material, such as eggs and carcasses, which contain a high proportion of the heavier stable isotope. In contrast, 15N values of larvae from the stretch without salmon remained relatively constant throughout the experiment. The availability of salmon carcasses as a high-quality food source late in larval development may increase survival and fecundity of E. conspersa. 4. These substantial differences were consistent with the view that they were due to the experimental exclusion of salmon and salmon carcasses from the upstream stretch, though the study was un-replicated and thus precludes ascribing causation more definitely.
Early wavelets in the VECP.

Utilizing a Maxwellian view optical system to present light flashes to the right eye, electroretinograms (ERG) and visual evoked cortical potentials (VECP) were recorded from normal subjects. The first 120 mS post flash onset was examined. A series of 5 VECP wavelets were recorded with implicit times of 50, 72, 82, 90 and 101 mS, at the highest radiance used. Recordings of ERG in the same experimental session revealed a series of 3 wavelets with implicit times of 23, 30, and 38 mS. It is concluded that the VECP wavelets are not volume conducted from the retina, and probably represent initial arrival of visual information at the cortex or subcortical activity.
Structural diversity of human xenobiotic-metabolizing cytochrome P450 monooxygenases

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases provide important pathways for the metabolic clearance of drugs and toxins in humans. These enzymes are expressed from multiple genes and exhibit complex patterns of differential and overlapping substrate selectivity. Recent structures of microsomal P450s determined by X-ray crystallography have provided a structural basis for understanding differences in substrate recognition. This review will describe similarities and differences in the active site structures of four human microsomal cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, 2A6, 2C8, 2C9, and 3A4, that contribute extensively to drug and toxin metabolism.
Curating Inequality: The Link between Cultural Reproduction and Race in the Visual Arts

Although the U.S. population is becoming more racially and ethnically diverse, research indicates that minority participation in the arts continues to decline. This article addresses the racial disparity of public art museum attendance by examining the role of the art museum curator and the process by which concepts of race are reproduced within the space of the public art museum. Utilizing Bourdieu's theories of cultural reproduction, social space, and symbolic power as a preliminary framework of inquiry, we examine the concept of whiteness as privileged social construct. Through face-to-face in-depth interviews with museum curators, we investigate the means by which the dominant cultural narrative of whiteness is maintained through the preferences, decisions, and social interactions of curators. We draw upon critical white studies, a part of critical race theory, to underline the manner in which whiteness presents itself as a position of dominance. Our findings show that whiteness is maintained through the process of exclusion by presenting the white cultural narrative as both ordinary and invisible.
Fighting an Antaean Enemy: How Democratic States Unintentionally Sustain the Terrorist Movements They Oppose

Terrorist groups have yet to attract the same level of academic interest as other social movement organizations (SMOs), although they are well suited to the analytical approach pioneered by Ted Gurr, Doug McAdam, Sidney Tarrow, and Charles Tilly. Social constructivism offers a valuable frame with which to assess state responses to terrorism. Carlos Marighela argued that one of the principal goals of the urban guerrilla was to goad the state into a spasm of overreaction that would undermine its legitimacy in the eyes of the public. This article takes Marighela's concept one step further, arguing that by adopting repressive counterterrorism policies, democratic states “socially construct” more resilient, more aggressive terrorist organizations. Like Hercules' antagonist Antaeas in Greek mythology, terrorist groups draw their strength from their surrounding environment. Successful counterterrorism strategies erode popular support for terrorism and unsuccessful ones contribute to it. This paper examines the e...
Parasitism of Spruce Budworm by Glypta and Apanteles at Different Crown Heights in Montana

Glypta fumifermae (Vier.) (Ichneumonidae) and Apanteles fumiferanae Vier. (Braconidae) are two of the most common parasites of immature larvae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.). Females parasitize the minute host larvae in the fall. Their eggs or larvae lie dormant within the hibernating host larvae, and then resume development in the spring, when the spruce budworm larva breaks hibernation and commences to feed. The budworm host is killed by Apanteles usually when it is in the fifth larval instar or by the Glypta when it is in the sixth instar.
Nanomolar Propofol Stimulates Glutamate Transmission to Dopamine Neurons: A Possible Mechanism of Abuse Potential?

Anesthesiologists among physicians are on the top of the drug abuse list, and the mechanism is unclear. Recent studies suggest occupation-related second-hand exposure to i.v. drugs, including propofol, may play a role. Growing evidence indicates that propofol is one of the choices of drugs being abused. In this study, we show that propofol at minute concentrations increases glutamatergic excitatory synaptic transmission and discharges of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). We found that acute application of propofol (0.1-10 nM) to the VTA in midbrain slices of rats increased the frequency but not the amplitude of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) mediated by alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptors. We observed that propofol increased the amplitude but decreased the paired-pulse ratio of EPSCs evoked by stimulation in the absence and the presence of gabazine (SR 95531), a GABA(A) receptor antagonist. Moreover, the propofol-induced facilitation of EPSCs was mimicked by 6-phenyl-4-azabicyclo[5.4.0]undeca-7,9,11-triene-9,10-diol (SKF38393), an agonist of dopamine D(1) receptor, and by 1-[2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine dihydrochloride (GBR 12935), a dopamine reuptake inhibitor, but blocked by (+/-)-7-bromo-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4, 5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine hydrochloride (SKF83566), a D(1) antagonist, or by depleting dopamine stores with reserpine. Finally, 1 nM propofol increased the spontaneous discharge rate of dopamine neurons. These findings suggest that propofol at minute concentrations enhances presynaptic D(1) receptor-mediated facilitation of glutamatergic synaptic transmission and the excitability of VTA dopamine neurons, probably by increasing extracellular dopamine levels. These changes in synaptic plasticity in the VTA, an addiction-related brain area might contribute to the development of propofol abuse and the increased susceptibility to addiction of other drugs.
Disciplined Convex Programming

A new methodology for constructing convex optimization models called disciplined convex programming is introduced. The methodology enforces a set of conventions upon the models constructed, in turn allowing much of the work required to analyze and solve the models to be automated.
Modeling Default for Peer-to-Peer Loans

I use a discrete-time hazard model to analyze default for peer-to-peer (P2P) loans. My data set is large, publicly available, and includes both extensive credit information and soft information. This combination of features, which is unique to P2P data sets, allows for a more thorough analysis of consumer credit than is possible with data from traditional intermediaries. FICO score, borrower-initiated credit inquiries, income, and loan purpose are the most significant variables for explaining default. Two variables extracted from loan descriptions filled out by borrowers are also significant. Several variables typically thought to be significant predictors of default, including income verification and past bankruptcies, are not significant. My model substantially outperforms Lending Club subgrades for forecasting default.
Developmental deformities of the lower extremities.

1. Developmental deformities of the lower extremities in children are most frequently the result, either directly or indirectly, of sleeping, sitting, and play habits of infancy. 2. Some of these deviations persist while others may disappear with normal development under favorable conditions of symmetrical activity. 3. It is not always possible to determine which of these malalignments will disappear and which will not. Since we are not safe in assuming that a!! of them will disappear spontaneous!y, measures should be taken to correct objectionable twists and bowings already present, and to prevent the development of other deformities.
Heat flow and thermal modeling of the Appalachian Basin, West Virginia

Recent heat flow studies indicate that the Appalachian Basin in West Virginia may represent an important location for high heat flow and future geothermal energy development. Currently, however, only limited one-dimensional (1-D) heat flow studies exist in this region, making it difficult to assess the potential for geothermal development. Here, we develop the first high resolution 2-D basin model for a portion of West Virginia. The model uses 2-D finite difference heat conduction, basin cross sections, equilibrium temperature, and oil and gas bottom-hole temperature data to quantify heat flow at the surface and at the base of the sedimentary basin. The temperature data show elevated temperature gradients in the eastern portion of the basin. A 2-D advection-diffusion model, created using available lithologic and structural data, was designed to test whether variations in crustal properties, structure, erosion, or fluid advection can account for the observed temperatures in the basin. Thermal properties were populated using measured values as well as published averages. A linear heat flow vs. heat production relationship was used to determine heat flow at the base of the model. The model constrains the heat flow at the base of the sedimentary basin to 49–55 mW/m 2 . Analysis of modeling results suggests that heat flow at the base of the sedimentary basin is nearly uniform. Variations in basin temperatures are most likely due to variations in sediment thermal properties, complex structures, and/or localized fluid advection.
Facilitators and Barriers to HIV Activities in Religious Congregations: Perspectives of Clergy and Lay Leaders from a Diverse Urban Sample

This paper examines facilitators and barriers to HIV activities within religious congregations, the relative internal or external sources of these influences, and suggestive differences across congregational types. Results are based on in-depth interviews with clergy and lay leaders (n = 57) from 14 congregations in Los Angeles County, California, purposively selected to reflect diversity in racial-ethnic composition, denomination, size, and HIV activity level. Many common facilitators and barriers were related to norms and attitudes, only a few of which appeared overtly associated with theological orientations. Clergy support was a facilitator particularly prevalent among congregations having higher HIV activity levels, indicating its importance in sustaining and expanding HIV programs. Resource issues were also prominent, with material resource barriers more frequently mentioned by smaller congregations and human resource barriers more among larger congregations. Organizational structure issues were mostly centered on external linkages with various social service, public health, and faith-based entities. Analysis of internal versus external sources highlights the roles of different stakeholders within and outside congregations in promoting HIV activities. Potential differences across congregational types represent fruitful areas for future research.
Weighted Norm Inequalities of (1, q )-Type for Integral and Fractional Maximal Operators

We study weighted norm inequalities of (1, q)- type for 0 < q < 1, $$\displaystyle{\Vert \mathbf{G}\nu \Vert _{L^{q}(\Omega,d\sigma )} \leq C\,\Vert \nu \Vert,\quad \text{for all positive measures}\,\nu \text{ in }\Omega,}$$ along with their weak-type counterparts, where \(\Vert \nu \Vert =\nu (\Omega )\), and G is an integral operator with nonnegative kernel, $$\displaystyle{\mathbf{G}\nu (x) =\int _{\Omega }G(x,y)d\nu (y).}$$ These problems are motivated by sublinear elliptic equations in a domain \(\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^{n}\) with non-trivial Green’s function G(x, y) associated with the Laplacian, fractional Laplacian, or more general elliptic operator. We also treat fractional maximal operators M α (0 ≤ α < n) on \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\), and characterize strong- and weak-type (1, q)-inequalities for M α and more general maximal operators, as well as (1, q)-Carleson measure inequalities for Poisson integrals.
The probable foundations of sustainabilism: Information, energy and entropy based definition of capital, Homo Sustainabiliticus and the need for a “new gold”

Abstract This conceptual, interdisciplinary paper will start with an introduction to the new-networked knowledge-based global economy and the importance of intellectual and, specifically, human, capital. Next, an advanced definition of human and other forms of capital using information, energy and entropy will be introduced. This will be followed by a discussion of the premises framing the study of economics and will focus on the role of law in the economy. Afterwards, the paper will suggest the addition of a new model of humans that should serve as the base for the concept of law, the homo sustainabiliticus. Ensuing this discussion and consistent with the newly proposed definition of capital, a proposal for a new currency (“new gold”) will be offered. This proposal suggests viewing usable, renewable energy, knowledge and data as the most important assets for the 21st century and is seen as the building block for the new sustainabilistic economy.
Same site submucosal tunneling for a repeat per oral endoscopic myotomy: A safe and feasible option.

Same site submucosal tunneling for a repeat per oral endoscopic myotomy: A safe and feasible option
Remainders and reminders of the divine. Duns Scotus’s critique of images of God

In his Quodlibetal Questions and other texts, John Duns Scotus makes the seemingly-startling claim that angels or wayfarers achieve self-knowledge without recognizing God as their exemplar. I will show how this critique of images follows from Scotus’s deeper, more general, rejection of theories of analogy. Despite curtailing the image as a means of understanding God, angels, as well as certain wayfarers, are capable of distinct natural abstractive cognition of God according to Scotus.
On Synchronisation and Memory Reuse in OpenSHMEM

OpenSHMEM is an open standard for PGAS libraries that provides one-sided communication semantics. Since the standardisation process was completed in 2012, the OpenSHMEM API has seen a rapid succession of proposed extensions. Among these extensions is the addition of teams of processing element (PEs) for greater flexibility in defining PE subsets for problem decomposition. Adding further to this, spaces introduced the ability to manage memory exclusive to teams without the need for global synchronisation. However, one problem still remains that affects the usability of teams, and that is the need for the user to manage memory used internally by the implementation for synchronisation in collective operations. This paper explores the possibilities for moving this responsibility from the user to the implementation, as well as the consequences that may arise as a result. To this end, we describe three methods of implementation and discuss the implications of their use compared to traditional user management of synchronisation buffers.
Negative tone photolithography with photo-sensitised polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)

We describe the science and technology of negative tone photolithography using polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), photo-sensitised with the addition of the commercial photoinitiator Irgacure 651. This versatile two-active-ingredient resist system is shown to enable negative tone photolithography which can be customised to application requirements by adjusting the ratio of the two ingredients. This study describes the complete lithographic process from resist preparation to pattern transfer in considerable detail. Furthermore, we also elucidate the mechanism of resist action through exploration of the effects of such parameters as the molecular weight of PMMA, exposure wavelength, post-exposure bake conditions and resist development temperature, among others. This work also demonstrates that photo-cross-linkable resists can be made resistant to dry etching by a post-development blanket UV exposure step. Finally, we also show example structures fabricated using both additive and subtractive techniques, with the use of this resist system. Display Omitted A technique for performing optical lithography with PMMA is described.PMMA is cross-linked by using Irgacure 651.A post-exposure bake greatly improves this process.Cross-linking also improves dry-etch resistance of patterned PMMA.
The Case of the iPhone

A high school principal was found guilty of unlawful interception under the Texas Wiretap Statute after she had the girls' basketball coach's half-time and post-game speeches recorded. The crucial issue of this case was whether the coach had a reasonable expectation of privacy while addressing his players in a public high school locker room.
Transivitity Patterns Exhibited by Persons with Dementia in Conversation

We examine the syntactic structures exhibited by persons with dementia in conversation. Traditionally, research on the linguistic abilities of persons with dementia is either observational (reports kept by caregivers) or experimental (e.g. based on comprehension tasks), and the focus is not on the syntactic competence of the speaker. We combine insights from corpus-based syntactic analysis with methods from interactional approaches. Our close syntactic analysis of the talk of 20 persons diagnosed with dementia and their non-impaired co-participants document both grammatical accuracy and the range of linguistic complexity produced as compared to patterns reported in studies of non-impaired speakers. We note the selection of complex grammatical structures (i.e. verbal arguments) is largely a consequence of the interaction rather than evidence of linguistic decrement. We report on the most pertinent of these interactional influences. Our findings support strategies that promote complex linguistic and interactional talk with persons diagnosed with dementia. We believe that these strategies will help increase the interactional opportunities that are lacking as reported by and about persons residing in an assisted living facility (Brooker 2011).
Meaningless comparisons lead to false optimism in medical machine learning

A new trend in medicine is the use of algorithms to analyze big datasets, e.g. using everything your phone measures about you for diagnostics or monitoring. However, these algorithms are commonly compared against weak baselines, which may contribute to excessive optimism. To assess how well an algorithm works, scientists typically ask how well its output correlates with medically assigned scores. Here we perform a meta-analysis to quantify how the literature evaluates their algorithms for monitoring mental wellbeing. We find that the bulk of the literature (∼77%) uses meaningless comparisons that ignore patient baseline state. For example, having an algorithm that uses phone data to diagnose mood disorders would be useful. However, it is possible to explain over 80% of the variance of some mood measures in the population by simply guessing that each patient has their own average mood-the patient-specific baseline. Thus, an algorithm that just predicts that our mood is like it usually is can explain the majority of variance, but is, obviously, entirely useless. Comparing to the wrong (population) baseline has a massive effect on the perceived quality of algorithms and produces baseless optimism in the field. To solve this problem we propose "user lift" that reduces these systematic errors in the evaluation of personalized medical monitoring.
Renal Prostaglandin Synthesis and Metabolism in Normal and Hypertensive States

The impetus for studying prostaglandin synthesis and metabolism in hypertension derives largely from a consideration of their effects on the vascular system and the kidney. Through their actions on the vascular smooth muscle and water and electrolyte exchange in the kidney, prostaglandins may participate in the control of systemic blood pressure under physiological and/or pathological conditions.
Comparison of Predicted Thermoelectric Energy Conversion Efficiency by Cumulative Properties and Reduced Variables Approaches

The semi-analytical methods of thermoelectric energy conversion efficiency calculation based on the cumulative properties approach and reduced variables approach are compared for 21 high performance thermoelectric materials. Both approaches account for the temperature dependence of the material properties as well as the Thomson effect, thus the predicted conversion efficiencies are generally lower than that based on the conventional thermoelectric figure of merit ZT for nearly all of the materials evaluated. The two methods also predict material energy conversion efficiencies that are in very good agreement which each other, even for large temperature differences (average percent difference of 4% with maximum observed deviation of 11%). The tradeoff between obtaining a reliable assessment of a material’s potential for thermoelectric applications and the complexity of implementation of the three models, as well as the advantages of using more accurate modeling approaches in evaluating new thermoelectric materials, are highlighted.
Analysis and design of vibratory energy harvesters employing three-phase AC transduction

Abstract Three-phase transduction affords certain advantages for efficient electromechanical conversion of energy, especially at higher power scales. This paper considers the use of a three-phase electric machine for harvesting energy from vibrations. We consider the use of vector control techniques, which are common in the area of industrial electronics, for optimizing the feedback loops in a stochastically-excited energy harvesting system. To do this, we decompose the problem into two separate feedback loops for direct and quadrature current components, and illustrate how each might be separately optimized to maximize power output. Due to the fact that these two control loops are designed separately, the resultant composite controller for the three-phase transducer is not the “true optimal” controller over all causal feedback laws. However, the proposed design technique does ensure high performance, while also being tractable. We describe the manner in which direct field control (i.e., field weakening) can be used to maintain control of the harvested energy when the internal back-EMF of the machine is larger than the voltage of the power bus. We then develop analytical techniques that illustrate the fundamental tradeoffs in the design of the electronic hardware and the choice of bus voltage, and show that control performance depends on only five nondimensional functions of the parameters for the harvester, disturbance, and electronics. The use of these parameters in system design is illustrated through a simple example, and the efficacy of the electromechanical design is verified through simulation of the nonlinear stochastic dynamics.
Impacts of a Pervious Concrete System on Neighboring Clay Soils in Warm-Dry Months

AbstractHeat and moisture transfers can lead to considerable fluctuations in thermal and moisture related properties in a soil system caused by daily and seasonal temperature changes. Of interest i...
Synaptotagmin 7 Mediates Both Facilitation and Asynchronous Release at Granule Cell Synapses

When an action potential invades a presynaptic terminal it evokes large, brief Ca2+ signals that trigger vesicle fusion within milliseconds that is followed by a small residual Ca2+ (Cares) signal. At many synapses Cares produces synaptic facilitation that lasts up to hundreds of milliseconds and, although less common, Cares can also evoke asynchronous release (AR) that persists for tens of milliseconds. The properties of facilitation and AR are very different, which suggests that they are mediated by distinct mechanisms. However, recently it has been shown that the slow calcium sensor synaptotagmin 7 (Syt7) mediates facilitation at many synapses where AR does not occur, and conversely Syt7 can mediate AR without mediating facilitation. Here we study cerebellar granule cell synapses onto stellate cells and Purkinje cells in mice of both sexes to assess the role of Syt7 in these phenomena at the same synapse. This is of particular interest at granule cell synapses where AR is much more calcium dependent and shorter-lived than facilitation. We find that Syt7 can mediate these two processes despite their divergent properties. In Syt7 knock-out animals, facilitation and AR are smaller and shorter lived than in wild-type animals, even though the initial probability of release and Cares signals are unchanged. Although there are short-lived Syt7-independent mechanisms that mediate facilitation and AR in Syt7 KO animals, we find that at granule cell synapses AR and facilitation are both mediated primarily by Syt7.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT At synapses made by cerebellar granule cells, presynaptic activity elevates calcium for tens of milliseconds, which in turn evokes both asynchronous release (AR) and synaptic facilitation. AR is more calcium sensitive and shorter-lived than facilitation at these synapses, suggesting that they are mediated by different mechanisms. However, we find that the slow calcium sensor synaptotagmin 7 mediates both of these phenomena. Small, rapidly decaying components of AR and facilitation are present in Syt7 KO animals, indicating that additional mechanisms can contribute to both AR and facilitation at these synapses.
Development of a Valencia Orange Pectin Methylesterase for Generating Novel Pectin Products

We are interested in developing enzyme technologies for the preparation of novel specialty pectins and pectic materials from agricultural processing residues with new uses beyond current food applications. Enzymes can be used to modify efficiently and selectively pectin structure and to thereby change dependent functional properties. Recent work in our laboratories has focused on plant pectin methylesterases (PMEs), particularly those present in Valencia orange fruit. Our approach is to: 1) prepare highly pure individual isoenzymes, 2) correlate structural identity with biochemical and functional properties, 3) then apply the enzymes to well-defined pectin substrates, and 4) determine the structural and physical properties of the enzymatically modified pectins. We present here our progress to characterize the major salt-independent isoenzyme purified from Valencia orange peel and use it specifically to modify methylester patterns in citrus pectin.
Approach to Chest Pain During Dialysis

The development of chest pain during dialysis is of concern as it may be a harbinger of a potential catastrophe. The initial evaluation should begin with exclusion of immediately life-threatening causes. The dialysis vascular access can sometimes be contributory to the symptoms that the patient is experiencing. Awareness of the physiological impact of AV access creation on the cardiovascular system can help to unearth diagnoses which could otherwise be overlooked in the evaluation of chest pain during dialysis. The diagnostic approach and management of chest pain during dialysis are discussed in detail in this chapter.
Host-cell invasion by Trypanosomacruzi: Role of cell surface galactose residues

Alpha-galactosidase treatment of blood, insect and intracellular forms of T.cruzi enhanced their ability to associate with mouse peritoneal macrophages or rat heart myoblasts as evidenced by significant increases in both the percentage of infected cells and the number of parasites per cell. The magnitude of the enhancement was greater with invasive (blood and insect) than with noninvasive (intracellular) forms of the parasite. The enzyme effect was reversible, attaining total recovery in 2.5 hr. By contrast, when either host cell was pretreated with the enzyme, the extent of cell-parasite association was significantly reduced. These results indicate that galactose residues on T.cruzi and host cells modulate their association in opposite ways.