cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implicit Consumer Cognition

Implicit consumer cognition may be defined as the unacknowledged or misidentified influence of prior experience on consumer-related judgment and behavior. Perhaps the most well-known example of implicit consumer cognition is the movie theater experiment in which the messages “eat popcorn” and “drink Coca-Cola” were presented subliminally, and caused moviegoers to increase popcorn and soda consumption. The “experiment” was a complete hoax (never happened), but new evidence suggests that subliminally presented stimuli can subtly influence consumer behavior. In this article, we review research on how consumer behavior can be influenced by cognitive processes outside of conscious awareness. We begin by reviewing research on implicit measures of attitudes, in which attitudes are measured indirectly, generally without consumers' awareness that their attitudes are being measured. Implicit measures of attitudes reliably predict behavior, and seem to tap different aspects of attitudes than traditional, explicit measures. We also review research on subliminal persuasion, automatic cognitive processes that can influence consumer behavior (including implicit memory), and touch briefly on consumer behavior that may occur outside of conscious awareness. Keywords: implicit cognition; subliminal persuasion; implicit measures
Credit derivatives in emerging markets

Credit Derivatives are securities that offer protection against credit or default risk ofbonds or loans. The credit derivatives emerging market has grown rapidly and creditderivatives are widely used. This paper describes the emerging credit derivativesmarket structure. The current market activity is analyzed through elementary pricingdynamics and the study of the term structure of default risk. Focusing on theperformance of credit derivatives in stress situation, including legal and market risks,we discuss the potential consequences of a debt restructuring in a large emergingmarket borrower. The contribution of credit derivatives to the risk sharing in emergingmarkets is also examined.
Design and characterization of a marx generator for low impedance HPM and radiographic loads

The Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at the University of New Mexico is conducting basic physics research on charged particle beam driven High Power Microwave (HPM) sources, high brightness Bremsstrahlung sources and pulsed power drivers. As part of these efforts we have developed a high energy modular Marx generator designed to drive low impedance loads. The Marx generator was designed to provide a fast rise time, a long pulse width, in excess of 300 ns, efficiency greater than 60%. And deliver in excess of 40 kA at 500 kV. This presentation details the electrical and mechanical design decisions made as well as numerical SPICE and electrostatic models validating these decisions. This paper also presents initial characterization of the output at various voltages and various loads of different impedances as well as short test results verifying the inductance and capacitance of the erected Marx.
Optimizing Display Advertising in Online Social Networks

Advertising is a significant source of revenue for most online social networks. Conventional online advertising methods need to be customized for online social networks in order to address their distinct characteristics. Recent experimental studies have shown that providing social cues along with ads, e.g. information about friends liking the ad or clicking on an ad, leads to higher click rates. In other words, the probability of a user clicking an ad is a function of the set of friends that have clicked the ad. In this work, we propose formal probabilistic models to capture this phenomenon, and study the algorithmic problem that then arises. Our work is in the context of display advertising where a contract is signed to show an ad to a pre-determined number of users. The problem we study is the following: given a certain number of impressions, what is the optimal display strategy, i.e. the optimal order and the subset of users to show the ad to, so as to maximize the expected number of clicks? Unlike previous models of influence maximization, we show that this optimization problem is hard to approximate in general, and that it is related to finding dense subgraphs of a given size. In light of the hardness result, we propose several heuristic algorithms including a two-stage algorithm inspired by influence-and-exploit strategies in viral marketing. We evaluate the performance of these heuristics on real data sets, and observe that our two-stage heuristic significantly outperforms the natural baselines.
Strengthening Universities Around the World

In many countries, reform of university governance has introduced appointed leaders and external governing boards. The objective is to have more strategic and effective universities able to contribute to national development. This article offers evidence that improved governance has allowed several universities to more actively set and advance goals while overcoming constraints.
Developmental changes in regulation of embryonic chick heart gap junctions.

Embryonic chick myocyte pairs were isolated from ventricular tissue of 4-day, 14-day, and 18-day heart for the purpose of examining the relationship between macroscopic junctional conductance and transjunctional voltage during cardiac development. The double whole-cell patch-clamp technique was employed to directly measure junctional conductance over a transjunctional voltage range of ±100 mV. At all ages, the instantaneous junctional current (or conductance=current/voltage) varied linearly with respect to transjunctional voltage. This initial response was followed by a time- and voltage-dependent decline in junctional current to new steady-state values. For every experiment, the steady-state junctional conductance was normalized to the instantaneous value obtained at each potential and the data was pooled according to developmental age. The mean steadystate junctional conductance-voltage relationship for each age group was fit using a two-state Boltzmann distribution described previously for other voltage-dependent gap junctions. From this model, it was revealed that half-inactivation voltage for the transjunctional voltage-sensitive conductance shifted towards larger potentials by 10 mV, the equivalent gating charge increased by approximately 1 electron, and the minimal voltage-insensitive conductance exactly doubled (increased from 18 to 36%) between 4 and 18 days of development. Decay time constants were similar at all ages examined as rate increased with increasing transjunctional potential. This data provides the first direct experimental evidence for developmental changes in the regulation of intercellular communication within a given tissue. This information is consistent with the hypothesis that developmental expression of multiple gap junction proteins (connexins) may confer different regulatory mechanisms on intercellular communication pathways within a given cell or tissue.
Cost benefit analysis of lactation therapy with somatic cell counts as indications for treatment

Lactating dairy cows (487) from five commercial herds were in a study of benefits from lactation therapy of sub-clinical mastitis. Bacterial isolations and composite milk samples for somatic cell counts were taken from each cow each month for 15 mo. Cows (254) in the experimental group were infused with cephapirin in all quarters for two consecutive milkings if somatic cell counts rose above 400,000 cells/ml; 103 cows were so treated. Stepwise regression showed that lactation number, somatic cell counts, days in milk, and percent quarters infected explained variation in milk production, but treatment group, herd, and season did not. Also, there were no significant differences between production of infected experimental and control cows with high somatic cell counts on test dates after treatment. With the experimental program, there was a net loss of +19.65/cow. Intramammary lactation therapy based on somatic cell counts less than 400,000 cells/ml is not recommended.
Current distribution and impedance of an antenna in a parallel-plate region

Closed-form expressions for the current distribution and impedance of an antenna in a parallel-plate region have been obtained by an integral-equation technique. The current distribution reveals a logarithmic singularity in the neighbourhood of the driving point because of the current emanating from the idealised delta-function generator. The effect of the feed-point singularity on the antenna characteristics has been investigated both theoretically and experimentally. Contrary to assumptions made by previous workers, it has been shown that the logarithmic term makes a marked contribution over a significant length of the antenna; a large empirical ‘gap correction’ is also shown to be necessary to bring the admittance of the theoretical model into good agreement with the experimental results. The implications and limitations involved in assuming an idealised delta-function generator for driving the antenna are discussed. The paper also accounts satisfactorily for certain anomalies in the behaviour of the antenna at resonance, which were noticed earlier by Lewin.Extensive experimental measurements have been made on the antenna, and a description of the apparatus is included in the paper. The experimental results agree well with theory.
Diabetes, health insurance, and health-care reform.

In this issue of Diabetes Care (p. 585–591), Harris, Cowie, and Eastman analyze results from the 1989 National Health Interview Survey, and they describe health insurance coverage for U.S. adults ≥18 years of age. Of all people with diabetes, 13.5% of those 18–64 years of age and 1.2% of those ≥65 years of age report having no health insurance. The former is a national tragedy. The latter clearly reflects a success of Medicare. Before Medicare9s enactment in 1965, 44% of the elderly in the U.S. had no hospital insurance (1). Although the authors do not comment on people with diabetes who are
Pioneering Experiences in Distance Learning: Lessons Learned

This article describes the lessons learned from teaching human resource management via Web-based instruction. Three areas of recommendation are addressed: (a) communication logistics, (b) knowledge sharing, and (c) the benefits of conducting a pilot program. Although the specific content for this course was human resource management, the same principles for creating a valuable learning experience are applicable to any content taught via the Internet.
Persistence of impaired reversal learning in young monkeys exposed to low levels of dietary lead

Lead acetate in milk was fed daily to infant rhesus monkeys at doses averaging 0 (control), 0.287 (low‐Pb), or 0.880 (high‐Pb) mg/kg. for the first year of life. Pb concentrations in whole blood (PbB) averaged 4.15, 31.71, and 65.17 μg/dl for the control, low‐Pb, and high‐Pb groups, respectively, during the year of treatment and declined toward control levels when Pb dosing was stopped. Behavioral observations during the year of treatment had shown that both experimental groups were retarded in their acquisition of object‐cue discrimination reversal learning sets. At 4 yr of age, when PbB levels in all animals were normal, the ability of the same monkeys to acquire a series of 3 spatial‐cue reversal learning sets was examined; these data form the basis for this report. In the first problem, the high‐Pb group was significantly retarded in acquisition of the original discrimination and of most reversals, and the low‐Pb group was retarded on reversal 1 only. These deficits declined in severity across the thr...
Battling tops: A modality in child psychotherapy

Battling Tops, though frequently and widely used as a tool in child psychotherapy, has received little attention in the literature. In the game, tops are spun and collide in a bowl‐shaped arena. Thus, a match synthesizes the advantages of competitive board games, fine motor activities, and diverting gross motor activities. Immediate feedback on performance can be obtained by the child, score keeping responsibilities are allocated, and hostility vents and frustration‐tolerance training are provided. The following paper reviews age trends of children's responses to Battling Tops and explores therapeutic messages in work with children who have organic cerebral dysfunction or psychogenic disturbances. In regard to the former group, special attention is given to the role of success experiences and curbs on impulsive behavior. In regard to the latter group ego‐level interpretations of the child's behavioral style are examined. Comparisons of Battling Tops to other board games frequently used in child psychother...
Origin of plasma androstanediol glucuronide in men.

Abstract The role of testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) as precursors of the peripheral metabolite androstanediol glucuronide (3αdiol G) in plasma from normal men was studied. An apparent steady state of both putative precursors and the steroid glucuronides were attained by 8-h constant iv infusions of 3H-labeled steroid after a loading dose. The unconjugated steroids and the steroid glucuronides (after β-glucuronidase hydrolysis) with 14C indicator were purified by serial microcolumn and paper chromatography steps previously reported to achieve radiochemical purity. The specific activities of 3αdiol and 3αdiol G in plasma were widely different in each subject, confirming our earlier suggestion that the two peripheral metabolites are formed in different pools. The conversion ratios () varied widely. The CRT-3αdiolG was generally less than 5%, while the CRDHT-3αdiolG was 10 times higher. These results are compatible with the expected model, T →DHT → 3αdiol G. In some of the studies, T glucuroni...
Anaesthetic and surgical considerations in partial hepatectomy

A new technique for reducing bleeding during partial hepatectomy has been investigated in dogs. It consists of producing systemic hypotension using trime-thaphan alone, and in combination with Vasopressin. Hypotension of 20 minutes and resection of 35 per cent of liver substance produced minimal bleeding and insignificant effects on liver function. Further studies are in progress to determine the effects on liver function of hypotension up to 45 minutes in duration and to learn the significance of liver shunts and sphincter mechanisms. Preliminary results are briefly discussed. The hepatic artery flow is dependent on mean aortic pressure. The clinical usefulness of this technique is discussed.
On convective mass transfer in laminar flow between two parallel electrodes in a rectangular channel

Abstract The problem of convective diffusion in steady state laminar flow between two parallel plates is investigated, with different conditions, imposed, at the wall surfaces. An approach to the analytical solution of the convective diffusion is discussed under different boundary conditions imposed on the equation governing the physical process. A numerical procedure involving the implicit finite difference method to simulate the convective diffusion is indicated as an alternative way to get results for the same problem. The case of two parallel electrodes constituting the channel walls with a mass transfer limited electrochemical reaction is emphasized. A comparison is made between the case of two electrodes, and that for only one electrode at the channel wall, the discussion on the signal to noise ratio for these cases being also included.
The Maturation of Spatial Ability in Geography.

Summary The study reported here attempted to discover by employing different geographical techniques at which stages certain abilities‐‐generalization and comparability‐‐develop in children. Eighty children aged between 8 and 14 were tested in several ways using maps, pictures and photographs to see if they could (a) generalize from a distribution and (b) compare two separate distributions. In both cases tests revealed an association of performance with age: by the end of the primary school about 50 per cent of the children could perceive a relationship between two generalized distributions, and the test to compare two separate distributions, above ‘O’ level standard, was well executed by 25 per cent of the 10‐year‐olds.
A zero-degree tandem electron spectrometer and rydberg analyzer for projectile electron studies in ion-atom collisions

Abstract An electron spectrometer system consisting of a tandem 45° parallel-plate spectrometer preceded by a Rydberg analyzer has been developed to study projectile electron capture, ionization and excitation by 0° spectroscopy. This system has the ability to resolve a large number of excited and continuum atomic states of the projectile and has a low kinematic line broadening. High-n Rydberg electrons are field-ionized and decelerated in an inhomogeneous-field Rydberg analyzer. The field-ionized electrons are then energy-dispersed according to n-value. The design and performance of the system is presented with some results of continuum (cusp), Rydberg, Coster-Kronig and highly resolved (ΔE/E = 0.1–0.2%) K-Auger electrons for 0.5–1.75 MeV/amu, Fq++He, Ne, H2 collisions.
A Technique for the Isolation of Chicken Hepatocytes and Their Use in a Study of Gluconeogenesis

Abstract A new technique was developed for the isolation of chicken liver parenchymal cells. Glucose produced from 10 mM lactate was proportional to the amount of cells present. In the time-course study, gluconeogenesis from lactate and fructose was linear up to 60 min. Fructose proved to be the best substrate. Fructose was converted to glucose at the highest rate; this was followed by lactate, pyruvate, and xylitol. Alanine, glycerol, propionate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and succinate proved to be poor substrates. There was no statistical difference between the results obtained with hepatocytes obtained from fed or fasted chickens. The isolated hepatocytes responded to glucagon, dibutyryl-cAMP, and epinephrine. The dose-response for glucagon was a sigmoid-curve and the half-maximum stimulation was given by approximately 1 × 10−2 μM hormone. The same type of curve was obtained with dibutyryl-cAMP, but the half-maximum stimulation was achieved at around 1.0 μM. The response to epinephrine was marginal. In the time-course experiment, prior to glucagon stimulation, glucose accumulated at a linear rate (slope = .2484). After the addition of the hormone, the level of cAMP increased by about 30% in the first minute and reached a peak (100%) in about 2 min; thereafter, it decreased to the level prior to the stimulation by the hormone. Two minutes after the addition of glucagon there was a significant increase in the rate of gluconeogenesis; this continued for another 3 min and then at a slower pace (slope = .2566).
A Review of “The Serf, the Knight, and the Historian”

In The Serf, the Knight, and the Historian, Dominique Barthelemy, a professor of medieval history at Paris-IV (Sorbonne), has sought to update, primarily through several brief additional chapters, ...
Density-functional exchange correlation through coordinate scaling in adiabatic connection and correlation hole

The exact exchange-correlation functional ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{xc}}$[n] must be approximated in density-functional theory for the computation of electronic properties. By the coupling-constant integration (adiabatic-connection) formula we know that ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{xc}}$[n]=${\mathcal{F}}_{0}^{1}$(${\mathit{V}}_{\mathit{e}\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}$[n]-U[n])d\ensuremath{\alpha}, where ${\mathit{V}}_{\mathit{e}\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}$[n] is the electron-electron repulsion energy of ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Psi}}}_{\mathit{n}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n},\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}$, which is that wave function that yields the density n and minimizes 〈T^+\ensuremath{\alpha}V${\mathrm{^}}_{\mathit{e}\mathit{e}}$〉. Here \ensuremath{\alpha} is the coupling constant. Consequently, knowledge of the behavior of ${\mathit{V}}_{\mathit{e}\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}$[n] as a function of \ensuremath{\alpha} ensures knowledge of ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{xc}}$[n]. With this in mind and for the purpose of approximating ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{xc}}$, it was previously established that (\ensuremath{\partial}${\mathit{V}}_{\mathit{e}\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}$/\ensuremath{\partial}\ensuremath{\alpha})\ensuremath{\le}0. The present paper reveals that ${\mathit{V}}_{\mathit{e}\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}$[n]=\ensuremath{\alpha}${\mathit{V}}_{\mathit{e}\mathit{e}}^{1}$[${\mathit{n}}_{1/\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}$], where ${\mathit{n}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}$(x,y,z)=${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}^{3}$n(\ensuremath{\beta}x,\ensuremath{\beta}y,\ensuremath{\beta}z), and where \ensuremath{\beta} is a coordinate scale factor.
Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis associated with connective tissue disease: a report of 4 cases and review of the literature

Pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) can be seen in patients with connective tissue disease (CTD). The typical pathology associated with CTD is interstitial fibrosis and hypertensive pulmonary arteriopathy. We describe 4 patients with CTD and PHTN unexpectedly found to have pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis (PCH) at explant after lung transplantation or autopsy. Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis is defined as a proliferation of capillaries in alveolar walls and can clinically cause PHTN. We detail the pathologic findings of PCH, describe the differential diagnosis, and present a review of the literature on the possible association of PCH with CTD. Although PCH may present clinically as PHTN, it is critical to differentiate between the typical CTD-associated interstitial fibrosis with hypertensive pulmonary arteriopathy and PCH because the treatment is different. We provide the largest case series to date and highlight the need for pathologists to have a high level of suspicion for PCH in patients with CTD.
Simulation of a novel ultrasound generator-receiver on a single optical fiber

A novel ultrasound generator-receiver built on a single-mode optical fiber using a layer of gold nanoparticles has been designed. The generator takes advantage of the optical and photo-acoustic properties of gold nanoparticles. Thermal and pressure waves are generated in the nano-particle layer when it is exposed to high intensity, short duration laser radiation. The laser radiation is applied in an intensity range that creates an instantaneous surface heating of the layer material that, in turn, drives a pressure wave into the layer. The pressure wave interacts with the layer-substrate interface to create stress distributions of varying strengths and qualities, depending on the intensity and duration of the initial laser pulse. The radiation due to laser-induced heating on the nano-particles was investigated using FEA analyses. The maximum principal stress distribution was investigated by the FEA. Results indicate that the ultrasound generation elements have almost zero effect on the diaphragm.
Alteration of amorphous Bi4Ge3O12 by Tl2O and Na2O

Ternary thallium and sodium bismuth germanate glasses were prepared and their densities refractive indices, and infra-red spectra obtained. The effect of univalent cations on the stability of the arrangement of decoupled GeO4 tetrahedra in amorphous Bi4Ge3O12 was compared with the effect of divalent cations. The molar volumes of glasses with the nominal mol% composition 20 M2O(MO).20 Bi2O3.60 GeO2 are directly related to the size and charge type of Mz+. However, the molar volumes of such glasses are inversely related to the ionic potential (z/r) of Mz+. The infra-red spectra of these ternary glasses exhibitvGe−O shifts that reflect the presence of both isolated and small clusters of GeO4 tetrahedra compared to amorphous Bi4Ge3O12. This slight increase in the degree of polymerization appears to be directly related to the ionic potential of Mz+.
Theory of the pressure dependence of the electronic and optical properties of trigonal Te

Using a self-consistent pseudopotential formalism based on realistic pseudopotentials of the free ion and atom, the influence of hydrostatic pressure on the electronic structure and the optical spectra of trigonal Te is investigated. The pressure derivative of the fundamental gap is found to be in good agreement with experimental results. The joint density of states, ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{1}$ and ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$, energy-loss function, reflectivity, and absorption coefficient are calculated from 0 to 13 eV. Very good agreement is obtained with experimental spectra. The very strong pressure-induced enhancement of the reflectivity can be reproduced. The anisotropy anomaly in the reflectivity at high energies is explained and traced to distinct transitions in the Brillouin zone. Predictions are made about the pressure dependence of the optical spectra above 4 eV. Finally, selfconsistent charge densities and the electronic density of states are also presented.
A NOTE ON VARIANCE ESTIMATION FOR THE GENERALIZED REGRESSION PREDICTOR

Summary The generalized regression (GREG) predictor is used for estimating a finite population total when the study variable is well-related to the auxiliary variable. In 1997, Chaudhuri & Roy provided an optimal estimator for the variance of the GREG predictor within a class of non-homogeneous quadratic estimators (H) under a certain superpopulation model M. They also found an inequality concerning the expected variances of the estimators of the variance of the GREG predictor belonging to the class H under the model M. This paper shows that the derivation of the optimal estimator and relevant inequality, presented by Chaudhuri & Roy, are incorrect.
An Autogenous Kinetic Dermis-Fat Orbital Implant An Updated Technique

Abstract Autogenous grafts of dermis and fat may be used as orbital implants, and during the last four years 46 of these have been performed. The results have been impressive, the complications infrequent and minor. This technique conserves conjunctiva, preserves the fornices, and supplies additional orbital volume, with little chance of extrusion or atrophy.
Optimal design of amorphous/crystalline tandem cells

Abstract Computer analysis has been used to determine the conversion efficiency of amorphous-on-crystalline and crystalline-on-amorphous two-cell tandem structures as a function of the energy gaps of the component cells. Four-terminal (separately connected) structures have higher efficiencies than two-terminal (series-connected) structures and are less sensitive to variations in energy gap, operating temperature and air mass. The optimal amorphous/crystalline tandem structures show only a modest increase in efficiency over their component crystalline cells. Unless the production costs of the tandem structures are low, this increase may not be sufficient to justify their adoption.
Kallikreins when activating bradykinin B2 receptor induce its redistribution on plasma membrane.

Abstract The bradykinin (BK) B 2 receptor (R) is directly activated by kallikreins and other serine proteases independent of BK release. Both the G αi and G αq proteins are involved, shown by the release of arachidonic acid and [Ca 2+ ] i elevation. Site-directed mutagenesis of the receptor and the lack of heterogenous desensitization of the human B 2 R by the BK and kallikrein emphasize among others the differences between activation by the proteases and the peptide. To characterize further the mechanism thereby kallikreins activate and desensitize the B 2 R, we investigated the distribution of the human B 2 R tagged with the green fluorescent protein (B 2 -GFP Ct ) on the plasma membrane of stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. We visualized the movement of B 2 -GFP Ct R with confocal fluorescence microscopy after activation by BK or a by serine protease. Continued exposure of the cells to BK led to B 2 R internalization within 15–20 min. Porcine pancreatic and human recombinant tissue kallikreins induced a rapid definite redistribution of receptors on the plasma membrane within 5 min, prior to internalization. These effects of kallikrein were blocked by the B 2 R antagonist HOE 140 and by the kallikrein inhibitor, aprotinin. The B 2 R was also activated by endoproteinases LysC and ArgC and trypsin, but these enzymes did not induce redistribution, only internalization. In control experiments, kallikrein had no effect on cells transfected to stably express the angiotensin-converting enzyme—green fluorescent protein (GFP). Thus, kallikreins when activating the BK B 2 R also trigger its redistribution on plasma membrane.
Infrared interferometric observations of T Tauri stars

We present observations of several T Tauri stars using long baseline infrared interferometry from the Palomar Testbed Interferometer. The target sources, T Tau N, SU Aur, RY Tau and DR Tau, are all known to be surrounded by dusty circumstellar disks. The observations directly trace the inner regions (<1 AU) of the disk and can be used to constrain the physical properties of this material. For three of the sources observed, the size scale of the infrared emission is tenths of AU, which is considerably larger than predicted by flat disk models. We discuss the implications of these results for models of circumstellar material, in particular the recent theoretical work suggesting the presence of an extended vertical wall at the inner edge of the disk.
Occurrence of Epstein-Barr virus in human leukocyte cultures.

Most human long-term lymphoid cell lines contain Epstein-Barr viral (EBV) DNA and virus-specific antigens. The available evidence suggests that EBV plays a role in the establishment of continuous cell lines of leukocytes derived from normal donors. These cell lines contain several copies of the whole EBV genome in a repressed state which can in some cases be activated by treatment with halogenated pyrimidines. A few lymphoid cell lines recently established from patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia or lymphoma are free of detectable EBV DNA and antigens. These cell lines may represent the malignant tissue of origin and exhibit the growth potential of the parent cells. On the other hand, their unlimited life span in culture may be due to the presence of a fragment of EBV DNA forming less than 10% of the total DNA and therefore not detectable by current techniques. This fragment could code for proteins involved in the transformation process. The presence of endogenous EBV should be considered in handling human lymphoid cell lines, and in the interpretation of results utilizing these cells.
The internal anal sphincter: regulation of smooth muscle tone and relaxation

Basal tone in the internal anal sphincter (IAS) is primarily myogenic. Neurohumoral substances like angiotensin II may partially provide external signal for the basal tone in the IAS. The sphincteric relaxation on the contrary is neurogenic by activation of non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) nerves that release nitric oxide (NO), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and perhaps carbon monoxide. Because of the presence of spontaneous tone, the IAS offers an excellent model to investigate the nature of the inhibitory neurotransmission for NANC relaxation. Work from different laboratories in different species concludes that NO is the major contributor in the NANC relaxation. This may invoke the role of other inhibitory neurotransmitters such as VIP, working partly via NO. An understanding of the basic regulation of basal tone in the IAS and nature of inhibitory neurotransmission are critical in the pathophysiology and therapeutic potentials in the anorectal motility disorders.
Early death in acute leukemia in children.

Abstract Therapy for acute leukemia in children has improved dramatically in recent years so that early death is rare. A subset of patients with extreme elevation of the WBC at diagnosis have been noted to have a higher rate of early death. We reviewed our experience with acute leukemia in children retrospectively over a 10 year period to assess the incidence and outcome of this problem. Nine early deaths occurred in a total of 185 cases (4.9%). One hundred and sixty patients presented with WBC less than 100,000/mm3 at diagnosis and four (2.5%) early deaths occurred. Twenty-five patients presented with WBC greater than 100,000/mm3 at diagnosis and five (20%) early deaths occurred (p less than 0.001). While early death in acute leukemia in children is uncommon (4.9%), patients with extremely elevated WBC at diagnosis have a significantly higher risk of early death.
Collateral projections from the supramammillary nucleus to the medial septum and hippocampus.

Previous reports have shown that the supramammillary nucleus projects to the medial septum and to the hippocampus, and specifically to the dentate gyrus and the CA2/CA3a region of the hippocampus. The aim of the present study was to examine collateral projections from the supramammillary nucleus to the septum and hippocampus. The fluorescent retrograde tracers, Fluororuby and Fluorogold, were injected into regions of the septum and hippocampus, respectively, and the supramammillary nucleus was examined for the presence of single- and double-labeled neurons. The main findings were: 1) pronounced numbers of single-labeled cells (about 40-60/section) were present in the supramammillary nucleus following retrograde tracer injections in either the septum or hippocampus; 2) single and double retrogradely labeled neurons were intermingled within the supramammillary nucleus and mainly localized to the lateral two-thirds of the supramammillary nucleus; 3) approximately 5-10% of supramammillary cells were double-labeled, ipsilaterally, and 2-4%, contralaterally, with injections in medial or lateral parts of the medial septum and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus; and 4) approximately 3-5% of supramammillary cells were double-labeled, ipsilaterally, and 1-2%, contralaterally, with injections in the medial septum and CA2/CA3a of the dorsal hippocampus. Cells of the supramammillary nucleus have been shown to fire rhythmically in bursts synchronous with the hippocampal theta rhythm and have been implicated in the generation of the theta rhythm. The supramammillary cells that we identified with collateral projections to the septum and hippocampus may be directly involved in generation of the theta rhythm.
Concentration fluctuations of polystyrene-polybutadiene blends.

Small-angle x-ray scattering analysis of concentration fluctuations in polystyrene-polybutadiene mixtures is interpreted using a recently derived mean-field version of the gradient term of the Landau expansion for the free energy. Available information on the temperature dependence of the interaction parameter, obtained from optical determination of cloud point curves, allows direct comparison between theoretical and experimental correlation lengths at temperatures approaching the spinodal line in the homogeneous phase. Critical wave vectors after quenching below the spinodal line are analyzed in similar fashion. Polydispersity effects on the spinodal line and the structure factor are calculated for an arbitrary shape of the molecular weight distribution. The values of the temperature coefficient of \ensuremath{\chi} obtained separately from cloud point curves and scattering data near the spinodal line are consistent. Comparison after quenching to temperatures below the spinodal line shows systematic overestimation of critical wavelengths.
System identification of large space structures

The paper deals with the problem of system identifiability for a linear dynamical system. Two theorems are given relating the sufficient condition of system identifiability for certain linear structures to the total number of inputs and outputs. The principle of least squares, that seeks the minimization of a cost function is employed to carry out the system identification process. To illustrate the concept of the paper, a structural model of a beam with point masses is examined. Parameter identification methods are studied and a random search technique is introduced.
The Politics of Seasonal Labour Migration in Switzerland, France and Spain

This article analyses the effects of the politics of seasonal foreign worker admissions on migrant legality in the context of the post-1945 and the post-1990 seasonal foreign worker policy in Switzerland, France and Spain respectively. It seeks historical evidence attesting to the ability of seasonal admissions to restrict workers to their non-resident status. It presents implications for circular migration, the dernier cri in European migration policy aimed to strike a compromise between a perceived post-crisis demand for the admission of foreign workers and the reluctance to make them prospective citizens. Policy Implications Migration policy stakeholders have shaped foreign worker admissions according to their interests. Under some conditions, low-skilled seasonal foreign worker admissions have contributed to irregular migration, either through workers' overstays or through parallel irregular entries There are both differences and similarities between the seasonal admissions advocated under the post-2007 circular migration schemes, and those of the 1950s–1960s, as well as those of 1990s to early 2000s. The similarities could, under some conditions, trigger the repetition of some of the unexpected outcomes revealed by historical seasonal foreign worker admissions under the post 2007 schemes.
The relationship of problem-solving ability and course performance among novice programmers

Abstract This study attempted to identify those problem-solving skills that predict success for a college student enrolled in a computer science course. During the first week of the course, students enrolled in Introductory Programming, Cobol, or Advanced Computer Science courses completed a form that requested information on previous academic performance, computer programming experience, attitude toward computer science, and personal locus of control. Students also worked seven problems involving either logical operations, algebraic solutions, transformations, or identification of mathematical relationships. Performance on the test form was significantly related to performance in the courses. The results support the view that individual differences in semantic knowledge of novice programmers are related to performance in the Introductory Programming and Cobol courses. The findings are discussed in terms of refinement of the test form and the need for further investigation of the way problems are represented and solved by successful and unsuccessful novice programmers.
Indigenous Knowledges and native science as partners: a rejoinder

In this response to commentators on our article entitled, How might Native science inform “informal science learning”?, we offer elaboration on the role of Indigenous Knowledges (IK) in informing Native Science. In the response, we argue that IK is not only pertinent to the conversation of Native Science, but that it is a necessary piece in the conversation. Rather than addressing the commentaries directly, we attempt to point to the ways that the commentaries support and challenge our original arguments.
Two distinct Na+ currents control cytosolic Cai2+ pulsing in Xenopus laevis pituitary melanotrophs

Studies with the Na+ channel blocker tetrodotoxin (TTx) on Ca2+-dependent hormone release by mammalian and amphibian pituitary melanotrophs have suggested that the Na+ spikes these cells generate are not responsible for triggering Ca2+ influx and consequently secretion. In contrast, we found in Xenopus laevis melanotrophs that the spontaneously occurring elevations in cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration (‘Ca2+ pulses’) were dependent on the presence of extracellular Na+ and sensitive to TTx and the Na+ channel activator, veratridine. However, an inhibitory effect of TTx could only be demonstrated when the extracellular Na+ concentration was lowered to near-threshold levels. In voltage-clamp experiments, two distinct Na+ currents were recorded, one sensitive to TTx and the other insensitive to TTx but blocked by micromolar concentrations of Cd2+. Together they appeared to control action potential activity and spontaneous Ca2+ pulsing. These data strongly suggest that Na+ action potentials do regulate cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration in melanotrophs.
Climbing film, flooding and falling film behavior in upflow condensation in tubes

Abstract Upflow condensation in vertical tubes is complicated by the relative magnitude of the opposing vapor shear and gravity. This study examines the different flow regimes for condensation of FC-72 in a vertical tube using both high-speed video imaging and detailed heat transfer measurements. Four regimes are identified, falling film, where the condensing film drains downwards by gravity opposite to low velocity vapor flow, oscillating film, corresponding to film flow oscillating between upwards and downwards, flooding, where film begins to be sheared upwards by the vapor core, and climbing film, where high vapor velocity causes the film to be sheared upwards. The four flow regimes are well segregated in a flow regime map based on dimensionless superficial velocities of the vapor and liquid. The condensation heat transfer coefficient is shown to decrease axially because of gradual thickening of the film, except for high mass velocities, where turbulence and intensified interfacial waviness cause downstream heat transfer enhancement. An annular flow model is constructed, which shows fair predictions for the climbing film regime. The predictive accuracy of the model is influenced by flow oscillations occurring downstream of the climbing film region and inability of the model to account for interfacial waves.
Estimation of image quality with driving schemes/liquid crystal simulations for microdisplay device from the projection system viewpoint

There are many reasons that can degrade the image quality performance in a projection system, such as environment temperature, MTF of projection lens, structure of Lcd panel, EMI on the PCB and driver scheme... etc. Image quality is a function of all these parameters. In this article, the authors would like to estimate the image quality of a projection system under driver schemes and design parameters from the system point of view. The relationships between the voltage difference applied on liquid crystal (LC) cell and defect phenomenon are also revealed. This gives a clear-cut for different image defect (ex: flicker) and its causality. In the present time, ITRI/OES were modeling the LCOS Panel pixel with SpiceTM and ASAPTM for the estimation of image quality during the design of the optical engine.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Using normal mode analysis in teaching mathematical modeling to biology students

Linear oscillators are used for modeling a diverse array of natural systems, for instance acoustics, materials science, and chemical spectroscopy. In this paper I describe simple models of structural interactions in biological molecules, known as elastic network models, as a useful topic for undergraduate biology instruction in mathematical modeling. These models use coupled linear oscillators to model the fluctuations of molecular structures around the equilibrium state. I present many learning activities associated with building and understanding these models, ranging from analytical to computational. I provide a number of web resources where students can obtain structural data, perform calculations, and suggest research directions for independent projects.
Identification of significant genetic variants via SLOPE, and its extension to group SLOPE

The method of Sorted L-One Penalized Estimation, abbreviated as SLOPE, is a novel sparse regression method for model selection introduced in a sequence of recent papers, [4], [3] and [7] by Bogdan, van den Berg, Sabatti, Su and Candes. It estimates the coefficients of a linear model that possibly has more unknown parameters than observations. In many settings the SLOPE method is shown to successfully control the false discovery rate (the proportion of the irrelevant among all selected predictors) at a user specified level. In this paper we evaluate its performance on genetic data, and show its superiority over LASSO which is a related and popular method. Often in genetic data sets, group structures among the predictor variables are given as prior knowledge, such as SNPs in a gene or genes in a pathway. Following this motivation we extend SLOPE in the spirit of Group LASSO to Group SLOPE, a method that can handle group structures between the predictor variables, which are ubiquitous in real genetic data. Our simulation results show that the proposed Group SLOPE method is capable of controlling the false discovery rate at a specified level. Moreover, our simulations show that compared to Group LASSO, Group SLOPE in general achieves a higher power as well as a lower false discovery rate.
HEAT TRANSFER FLUIDS

The choice of heat transfer fluids has significant effects on the performance, cost and reliability of solar thermal systems. In this chapter, we evaluate existing heat transfer fluids such as oils and molten salts based on a new figure of merit capturing the combined effects of thermal storage capacity, convective heat transfer characteristics and hydraulic performance of the fluids. Thermal stability, freezing point and safety issues are also discussed. Through a comparative analysis, we examine alternative options for solar thermal heat transfer fluids including watersteam mixtures (direct steam), ionic liquids/melts and suspensions of nanoparticles (nanofluids), focusing on the benefits and technical challenges. DOI: 10.1615/AnnualRevHeatTransfer.2012004122 SOURCE: Lenert, Andrej, Youngsuk Nam, and Evelyn N. Wang. “Heat Transfer Fluids.” Annual Review of Heat Transfer 15, 2012.
Cognitive interference from food cues in weight loss maintainers, normal weight, and obese individuals.

Much attention has been paid to the behavioral characteristics of successful weight loss maintenance, but less is known about the cognitive processes that underlie this process. The purpose of this study was to investigate cognitive interference from food-related cues in long-term weight loss maintainers (WLM; N = 15) as compared with normal weight (NW; N = 19) and obese (OB; N = 14) controls. A Food Stroop paradigm was used to determine whether successful WLM differed from controls in both the speed and accuracy of color naming words for low-calorie and high-calorie foods. A significant group × condition interaction for reaction time was observed (P = 0.04). In post hoc analyses, no significant differences in reaction time across the three groups were observed for the low-calorie foods (P = 0.66). However, for the high-calorie foods, WLM showed a significantly slower reaction time than the NW (0.04) and OB (0.009) groups (885 ± 17.6, 834 ± 15.8, 816 ± 18.3 ms, respectively). No significant group differences were seen for number of correct trials in 45 s (P = 0.12). The differential interference among WLM did not appear to generalize to other types of distracters (i.e., nonfood). Overall, findings from this study suggest that WLM differ from OB and NW controls in their cognitive responses to high-calorie food cues. Future research is needed to better understand why this bias exists and whether and how interventions can change cognitive processes to better facilitate long-term weight control.