cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 2422: Epithelial interleukin-4 receptor promotes metastasis of mammary tumor cells

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Interleukin-4 (IL4) is known primarily for its immune system functions where it can stimulate lymphocytes and promote macrophage activation. Various cancer cells, including breast, are now known to express functionally active IL4 receptors, which appear to play a role in cell survival. We believe that blocking IL4 signaling specifically in epithelial cells will attenuate metastasis because of reduced cell survival in secondary sites. To test this hypothesis, we have generated multiple clones of two murine mammary tumor cell lines that show efficient knockdown of an essential component of the IL4 receptor, IL4-receptor [IL4R] alpha. Initial characterization of knockdown and control clones showed a significantly slower growth rate in vitro as assessed both by metabolic (MTT) assays and direct cell counting. Flow cytometric analysis using either annexin V staining or sub G1 measurement showed that clones lacking IL4Ralpha had 2-fold higher basal levels of apoptosis. To test effects in vivo, we have performed experimental and spontaneous metastasis assays using clones of the 4T1 cell line. Both pulmonary and hepatic metastatic lesions were significantly decreased [2.4-fold lower] in mice injected with IL4Ralpha knockdown clones compared to controls. There was however no significant effect on the primary mammary tumors. Together these results suggest that IL4 signaling in epithelial tumor cells is pro-metastatic, and blocking it may be a useful therapeutic approach for preventing metastatic spread. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2422. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2422
Comparing measures of acute bowel toxicity in patients with prostate cancer treated with external beam radiation therapy

Purpose This study strives to compare early measures of bowel toxicity in patients with prostate cancer receiving definitive or adjuvant 3D conformal external beam radiation therapy and concurrent daily endorectal application of amifostine. Methods Eighteen patients were enrolled in the clinical study with a median follow-up of 12 months. Prescription doses ranged from 66 Gy to 76 Gy with a daily fractionation of 2 Gy. Acute bowel toxicity was measured at baseline, at Weeks 5 and 7 of radiotherapy, and at 1 and 3 months after the completion of therapy. Measures of acute bowel toxicity included the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) acute radiation morbidity scoring criteria, Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) self-assessment questionnaires, and proctoscopic examinations. Results The mean EPIC bowel scores changed significantly through the course of therapy and follow-up ( p p = 0.004). Proctoscopic toxicity scores were low, did not vary over time, and did not correlate with either EPIC or RTOG scores. Conclusion The EPIC questionnaire measurements are most sensitive to changes in acute bowel toxicity through a course of radiotherapy and correlate with RTOG acute toxicity scores. Endoscopic examination of the rectal mucosa at the end and immediate follow-up of a course of therapy does not seem to be informative or reproducible between observers in the acute setting.
Mechanisms of electroless metal plating: II. decomposition of formaldehyde

A detailed investigation of the decomposition of formaldehyde was carried out to account for the fact that formaldehyde decomposition on Group VIII metals, e.g., Pd, occurs without simultaneous hydrogen generation, while on Group IB metals, e.g., Cu, formaldehyde decomposition is accompanied by hydrogen evolution. It was found that in principle metals may be divided into three main classes: (a) metals with positive free energy of hydrogen adsorption, (b) metals with free energy of hydrogen adsorption close to zero, and (c) metals with negative free energy of hydrogen adsorption. In the case of class (a) metals formaldehyde oxidation is accompanied by hydrogen evolution; for class (b) metals there is no simultaneous hydrogen evolution; and class (c) metals show low catalytic activity for formaldehyde oxidation. Hence, formaldehyde cannot be used as a reducing agent for electroless plating of class (c) metals.
The mantle transition zone as possible source of global gravity anomalies

Abstract The Earth's long wavelength global gravity anomaly field may be partly caused by quite small lateral variations in the depth to the olivine-spinel transition and other mineralogical phase transitions which occur within the mantle transition zone. These phase transitions involve a substantial increase in density and their depth is sensitive to temperature. Temperature fluctuations of less than 50°C (peak-to-peak) affecting the depth to the olivine-spinel transition could account for the observed gravity anomalies up to eighth degree and order harmonics. Such temperature fluctuations affecting the upper part of the transition zone may be caused by the process which gives rise to ocean floor spreading, and they may persist for a relatively long period of time because of higher viscosity at this depth than in the overlying asthenosphere.
Autoimmunity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is associated with the immune-mediated disorders autoimmune hemolytic anemia and immune thrombocytopenia. Initial treatment with corticosteroids is often successful in controlling these manifestations, but splenectomy should be considered if a rapid and complete response is not obtained. For those with persistent anemia or thrombocytopenia after splenectomy, treatment directed against the underlying CLL may be considered, although the use of purine analogues has also precipitated autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Pure red cell aplasia has been reported in CLL, and usually responds to immunosuppressive therapy.
The STAR integrated tracking upgrade project

Abstract The STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider RHIC has a rich physics program both for the study of relativistic heavy ion collisions and spin structure measurements with polarized protons. In order to improve the capabilities for heavy flavor measurements in heavy ion and polarized proton collisions and to allow the identification of the charge sign of W bosons produced in polarized proton collisions at 500 GeV, an upgrade of the tracking system both in the central and the forward region is pursued. The integrated system providing high-resolution tracking and secondary vertex reconstruction capabilities will use silicon pixel, strip and GEM technology.
Angular Distribution of Alpha Particles in the Spontaneous Fission of Cf-252

The long-range $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles released in the spontaneous fission of $^{252}\mathrm{Cf}$ have been studied in a four-parameter experiment. The energy and angle of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particle were measured with a position-sensitive detector, and the energy and mass of one of the coincident fission fragments were determined from time-of-flight measurements. The most probable angle of all $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles with respect to the light fission fragment was found to be 84.3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.7\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, and the width of the distribution was 18.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} full width at half maximum. Correlations of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle energy and angle with fission-fragment mass are discussed in terms of trajectory calculations and compared with previous data.
Effect of Statins on the Development of Renal Dysfunction

Hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) decrease serum cholesterol. Dyslipidemia is believed to be associated with the development of renal dysfunction. It was postulated that statins may reduce the development of renal dysfunction. The effect of statin use on the development of renal dysfunction in 197,551 patients (Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Integrated Service Network 16 [VISN16] database) was examined. Of these patients, 29.5% (58,332 patients) were statin users and 70.5% (139,219 patients) were not. Development of renal dysfunction was defined as doubling of baseline creatinine or increase in serum creatinine ≥0.5 mg/dl from the first to last measurement with a minimum of 90 days in between. During 3.1 years of follow-up, 3.4% of patients developed renal dysfunction. After adjustment for demographics, diabetes mellitus, smoking, hypertension, and other medications (mainly angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and aspirin), use of statins decreased the odds of developing renal dysfunction by 13% (odds ratio [OR] 0.87, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.82 to 0.92, p
Effects of Stocking Hybrid Striped Bass in Spring Lake, Illinois

Abstract Spring Lake, a 101-hectare impoundment that supplies potable water to Macomb, Illinois, was stocked with hybrid striped bass (striped bass Morone saxatilis ♀ x white bass M. chrysops ♂) from 1980 through 1985 at rates of 20-30 fish/hectare. Fish from the 1982 stocking reached the 432-mm minimum legal length in 28 months. Fish stocked when they were 20 mm long in June grew better and had higher survival rates than those stocked at larger sizes or later in the summer. Hybrid striped bass ate primarily gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum. Adult largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, white crappies Pomoxis annularis, and channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus also relied heavily on gizzard shad, whereas juveniles fed mainly on invertebrates. Only white crappies showed any major seasonal change in food habits. By the end of 1985, white crappies were attaining a length of 200 mm 1 year earlier than in 1980. Numbers of white crappies and average sizes increased while fishing pressure and catches of other targ...
Effective and efficient itemset pattern summarization: regression-based approaches

In this paper, we propose a set of novel regression-based approaches to effectively and efficiently summarize frequent itemset patterns. Specifically, we show that the problem of minimizing the restoration error for a set of itemsets based on a probabilistic model corresponds to a non-linear regression problem. We show that under certain conditions, we can transform the nonlinear regression problem to a linear regression problem. We propose two new methods, k-regression and tree-regression, to partition the entire collection of frequent itemsets in order to minimize the restoration error. The K-regression approach, employing a K-means type clustering method, guarantees that the total restoration error achieves a local minimum. The tree-regression approach employs a decision-tree type of top-down partition process. In addition, we discuss alternatives to estimate the frequency for the collection of itemsets being covered by the k representative itemsets. The experimental evaluation on both real and synthetic datasets demonstrates that our approaches significantly improve the summarization performance in terms of both accuracy (restoration error), and computational cost.
Cross-spectrally pure light and the spectral modulation law

Abstract Mandel's concept of cross-spectral purity is generalized to apply not only to certain kinds of beams, but also to some fields in three-dimensional regions of space. Examples of such fields are given. The results also provide justification for the use of the so-called reduction formula for cross-spectrally pure beams in previous analysis of the Hanbury-Brown-Twiss experiments, relating to the determination of the degree of coherence of light from photoelectric measurements.
Decreasing Students' Reliance on Adults: A Strategic Guide for Teachers of Students With Autism Spectrum Disorders

Students with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) often lack independent task initiation skills, have difficulty staying actively engaged in academic tasks, and may require prompting to complete and tr...
FLUORIDE ADSORPTION BY ILLINOIS SOILS

Summary Fourteen surface and 6 subsurface horizons of Illinois soils adsorbed significant amounts of F− with release of OH−. At low concentrations, adsorption was described by both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The calculated Langmuir adsorption capacities were related to pH, clay, organic carbon, and amorphous aluminum contents. Two soils with different gross chemical properties behaved in essentially the same manner, with adsorption maxima occuring between pH 5.5 and 6.5. The similarity between adsorption at different pH values for the soils and those for bauxite, allophane and synthesized ‘soil chlorite’, and the lack of adsorption maxima between pH 5.5 and 6.5 for pure kaolinite and montmorillonite, suggest that F− adsorption in the soils is due primarily to the presence of amorphous aluminum oxyhydroxides which are common weathering products in these soils.
Critical current distributions in superconducting composites

Abstract The transition from the flux pinning state to the full flux flow state occurs over a range of current in composite superconductors. The critical current, therefore, does not have a single, unique value, there being a distribution of critical currents throughout the composite. This Paper describes a technique for deriving the critical current distribution from the resistive critical current transition. The analysis has been applied to NbTi and Nb 3 Sn composites of different types. The technique has been used to analyse good quality conductors, where the l c is largely determined by the intrinsic fluxoid-microstructure interactions, At the other extreme, composites with irregular filaments in which the transport critical current is significantly less than the intrinsic critical current, have also been examined. The analysis shows that good conductors have narrow resistive transitions with average l c values within 5–10% of a high sensitivity measurement of l c . This difference broadens to ≈ 35% for a badly sausaged composite. A relationship between the n value of the resistive transition and the relative width of the l c distribution is presented. A simple but accurate method of deriving the average l c from the resistive transition is also presented.
Comparison of hospital charges between robotic, laparoscopic stapled, and laparoscopic handsewn Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

The feasibility and safety of laparoscopic and robotic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RRYGB) have been established. To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of robotic surgery we compared the hospital charges for robotic, laparoscopic stapled (SRYGB), and laparoscopic handsewn Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (HRYGB) at our institution. One hundred thirty-five consecutive patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass at Stanford University Medical Center by handsewn, stapled or robotic techniques from 1 July 2005 to 31 December 2005 were evaluated. Medical records of these patients were retrospectively reviewed and the following variables were collected and analyzed: age, gender, body mass index (BMI), number of preoperative comorbidities, length of stay (LOS), operating and anesthesia times, postoperative complications, mortality, professional fees, and hospital and total charges. Twenty-one RRYGB, 78 SRYGB, and 36 HRYGB were performed during the study period. Comparison of the above three groups demonstrated no statistically significant differences in age, gender, BMI, number of preoperative comorbidities, LOS, operating and anesthesia times, postoperative complications, mortality or professional fees. Total charges were higher for RRYGB (US $77,820) when compared with SRYGB (US $66,153) but not when compared with HRYGB (US $68,814). RRYGB higher hospital charges resulted in higher total charges when compared with SRYGB and HRYGB. These differences do not reflect actual cost to the hospital.
Marine reserves can enhance ecological resilience

The goals of ecosystem-based management (EBM) include protecting ecological resilience, the magnitude of a perturbation that a community can withstand and remain in a given state. As a tool to achieve this goal, no-take marine reserves may enhance resilience by protecting source populations or reduce it by concentrating fishing in harvested areas. Here, we test whether spatial management with marine reserves can increase ecological resilience compared to non-spatial (conventional) management using a dynamic model of a simplified fish community with structured predation and competition that causes alternative stable states. Relative to non-spatial management, reserves increase the resilience of the desired (predator-dominated) equilibrium state in both stochastic and deterministic environments, especially under intensive fishing. As a result, spatial management also increases the feasibility of restoring degraded (competitor-dominated) systems, particularly if combined with culling of competitors or stock enhancement of adult predators.
17. Nelson W. Polsby. 1968. “The Institutionalization of the U.S. House of Representatives.” American Political Science Review 62 (March): 144–68. Cited 287 times

I frequently tell my graduate students that a good indicator that a piece of work has attained the status of a classic is the extent to which it is cited irrelevantly. Although I have been vaguely conscious in the years since this article was published that it has turned up in a lot of footnotes, I have not followed its career in the literature closely enough to be able to tell whether by this austere criterion it qualifies.
Electron reflector strategy for CdTe solar cells

Incorporation of an electron reflector is a proposed strategy to improve V oc for CdTe solar cells by reducing electron contact with the back surface. An electron reflector is a conduction band barrier, which can be formed by a back layer with an expanded band gap, a reversed back barrier, or a heavily doped back surface. These approaches to electron reflectors in CdTe solar cells are investigated with numerical simulations. The expanded band gap is shown to be the more efficient and practical way to create a CdTe electron reflector. For optimal improvement with an electron reflector, reasonable lifetime (1 ns or above) and full depletion are required. Without full depletion, bulk recombination limits the improvement. Theoretically, a 200 mV increase in voltage and 3% in efficiency are achievable for a 2-micron CdTe cell with 1013-cm−3 hole density, 1-ns lifetime, and a 0.2-eV electron reflector barrier.
Microinvasive cervix cancer

Microinvasive cervix cancer (Stage Ia) is the earliest stage of squamous carcinoma, and has a 98% 5-year survival. This article reviews risk factors, etiology, and diagnosis of this disease. The important prognostic factors for treatment planning are depth of invasion, lateral extent of invasive tumor, and lymphvascular space invasion. Conservative management is appropriate in selected cases with the goal of preserving fertility.
Characterization of the intestinal transport parameters for small peptide drugs

Several laboratories have recently shown that many peptides and peptide-similar drugs are well absorbed in the mammalian intestine via the peptide transport system for nutrient smallpeptide (dipeptides and tripeptides) absorption. This facilitated non-passive transport in the intestine is saturable and concentration dependent, and further characterized by the mutual inhibition of transport among the compounds. Peptide and peptide derivative drugs are often zwitterionic compounds, generally ionized at the intestinal pH and therefore are expected to undergo only limited passive absorption. Nonpassive and passive transport are independent and may occur simultaneously. Peptide drugs that have been shown to be transported by the peptide carrier systems are various &?actams, the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors captopril, enalapril, lisinopril and SQ 29,852, TRH and its analogues, and alafosfaline and some of its analogues. The carrier characterization is based upon transport parameters, K, J,,, (or V,,.J and P, (Michaelis-Menten constant, maximal flux and the carrier permeability constant respectively) determined over the last years for several dipeptides, f3-lactam antibiotics and ACE inhibitors.
Computerized Physician Order Entry with Clinical Decision Support in Long‐Term Care Facilities: Costs and Benefits to Stakeholders

Nursing homes are the setting of care for growing numbers of our nation's older people, and adverse drug events are an increasingly recognized safety and quality concern in this population. Health information technology, including computerized physician/provider order entry (CPOE) with clinical decision support (CDS), has been proposed as an important systems-based approach for reducing medication errors and preventable drug-related injuries. This article describes the costs and benefits of CPOE with CDS for the various stakeholders involved in long-term care (LTC), including nurses, physicians, the pharmacy, the laboratory, the payer (e.g., the insurer), nursing home residents, and the LTC facility. Critical barriers to adoption of these systems are discussed, primarily from an economic perspective. The analysis suggests that multiple stakeholders will incur the costs related to implementation of CPOE with CDS in the LTC setting, but the costs incurred by each may not be aligned with the benefits, which may present a major barrier to broad adoption. Physicians and LTC facilities are likely to bear a large burden of the costs, whereas residents and payers will enjoy a large portion of the benefits. Consideration of these costs and benefits suggests that financial incentives to physicians and facilities may be necessary to encourage and accelerate widespread use of these systems in the LTC setting.
The morality of martyrdom and the stigma of suicide.

While primarily identifying similarities between suicide terrorists and other suicidal individuals, Lankford also notes differences in how their actions are morally evaluated. Specifically, "conventional" suicide is stigmatized in a way that suicide terrorism is not. We identify the root of this condemnation, showing that suicide is intuitively considered impure and disgusting, and discuss implications of this purity-based stigma. Language: en
An exceptionally stable carbocation from indene generated and trapped within Ca Y zeolite

Inclusion of indene within activated Ca Y zeolite generates a persistent dimer carbocation; the chemistry that occurs within the supercages of Ca Y is controlled by the number of Bronsted acidic sites that are generated during the activation process.
Quantitation of AMPA receptor surface expression in cultured hippocampal neurons.

Protein and messenger RNA levels of the AMPA-type glutamate receptor subunits 1–3 are high in many brain regions, but it is not known how much of the glutamate receptor protein is expressed on the surface of neurons in the form of functional receptors. To provide insight into this matter, western blot immunoreactivities for glutamate receptors 1 and 2/3, as well as binding of the specific ligand [3H]AMPA, were quantified following three independent treatments modifying surface receptors in intact primary hippocampal cultures: (i) proteolysis of surface receptors by chymotrypsin, (ii) cross-linking of surface receptors with the membrane-impermeant reagent bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate, and (iii) biotinylation of surface receptors with the membrane-impermeant reagent sulfosuccinimidyl-2(biotinamido)ethyl-1,3-dithiopropionate. All three of these methods demonstrated that 60–70% of total glutamate receptor subunit 1 protein and 40–50% of total glutamate receptor 2/3 protein are expressed on the surface of hippocampal neurons. Parallel studies revealed that 52% of total [3H]AMPA binding sites could be precipitated with avidin beads following biotinylation of intact cultures, providing an estimate of [3H]AMPA binding site surface expression in accord with the estimates of the surface expression of glutamate receptor subunits 1–3. Experiments examining the surface expression of 32P-labeled glutamate receptor subunit 1 demonstrated that approximately 65% of the phosphorylated form of the subunit is located in the plasma membrane, an estimate similar to the that derived via western blot for the entire glutamate receptor subunit 1 population in the same samples. Moreover, no significant change in the surface expression profile of the glutamate receptor subunits 1–3 was observed following stimulatory treatments known to increase glutamate receptor phosphorylation. These data indicate that slightly more than half of the AMPA receptors in cultured hippocampal neurons are located in the plasma membrane, and that AMPA receptor surface expression is not rapidly altered by glutamate receptor phosphorylation.
Gas temperature dependent output of the atomic argon and xenon lasers

Laser power and energy have been measured for the transitions at 1.73 and 2.03 /spl mu/m in atomic xenon, and 1.27 and 1.79 /spl mu/m in atomic argon, for gas temperatures between 290-585 K. Nuclear excitation using /sup 235/U fission-fragments provided pump powers between 2-10 W/cm/sup 3/. Peak laser output in xenon was independent of gas temperature below 400 K. Laser output at 1.79 /spl mu/m in argon decreased monotonically with increasing gas temperature while the 1.27 /spl mu/m laser output was independent of gas temperature below 380 K. In all cases, the laser threshold increased as the gas temperature increased. >
Soil-Nitrogen Cycling in a Pine Forest Exposed to 5 Years of Elevated Carbon Dioxide

Empirical and modeling studies have shown that the magnitude and duration of the primary production response to elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) can be constrained by limiting supplies of soil nitrogen (N). We have studied the response of a southern US pine forest to elevated CO2 for 5 years (1997–2001). Net primary production has increased significantly under elevated CO2. We hypothesized that the increase in carbon (C) fluxes to the microbial community under elevated CO2 would increase the rate of N immobilization over mineralization. We tested this hypothesis by quantifying the pool sizes and fluxes of inorganic and organic N in the forest floor and top 30 cm of mineral soil during the first 5 years of CO2 fumigation. We observed no statistically significant change in the gross or net rate of inorganic N mineralization and immobilization in any soil horizon under elevated CO2. Similarly, elevated CO2 had no statistically significant effect on the concentration or flux of organic N, including amino acids. Microbial biomass N was not significantly different between CO2 treatments. Thus, we reject our hypothesis that elevated CO2 increases the rate of N immobilization. The quantity and chemistry of the litter inputs to the forest floor and mineral soil horizons can explain the limited range of microbially mediated soil–N cycling responses observed in this ecosystem. Nevertheless a comparative analysis of ecosystem development at this site and other loblolly pine forests suggests that rapid stand development and C sequestration under elevated CO2 may be possible only in the early stages of stand development, prior to the onset of acute N limitation.
The effects of total dissolved solids on egg fertilization and water hardening in two salmonids - Arctic Grayling (Thymallus arcticus) and Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma).

Previous studies have indicated that salmonid fertilization success may be very sensitive to elevated concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS) with effects at concentrations as low as 250mgl(-1) being reported. However, interpretation of these studies is complicated by poor control performance and variable concentration response relationships. To address this, a series of experiments were performed to evaluate TDS effects on Arctic Grayling (Thymallus arcticus) and Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) fertilization success and identify possible mechanisms for previously observed test variability and any observed effects of TDS. Results indicate that some of the experiments reported here were likely confounded by extended milt holding times prior to experiment initiation. Milt holding times >6h were shown to significantly reduce control fertilization and corresponding concentration response relationships were variable. When milt holding time was minimized during fertilization experiments, consistent control performance with >90% control fertilization was achieved and consistent concentration response relationships were observed for both species examined. Experiments performed under these conditions indicate that Arctic Grayling and Dolly Varden fertilization success is not sensitive to elevated TDS with EC20s (concentration causing 20% effect) of >2782 and >1817mgl(-1) (the highest concentrations tested), respectively. However, TDS was shown to significantly affect embryo water absorption during the water hardening phase immediately following fertilization. The lowest observable effect concentrations (LOECs) for this endpoint were 1402 and 964mgl(-1) for Arctic Grayling and Dolly Varden, respectively. The effect of reduced embryo turgidity, due to impaired water absorption, on resistance to mechanical damage under real world conditions needs further investigation in order to understand the implications of this observed effect.
Effect of dried distillers grains with solubles or corn in growing cattle diets, followed by a corn-based finishing diet, on performance of feedlot cattle

The experiment was conducted to evaluate growth performance of cattle fed a dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS)-based diet during the growing phase followed by a corn-based finishing diet in comparison with cattle fed a corn-based diet throughout the entire feeding period. Seventy Angus × Simmental cattle (42 steers and 28 heifers; 351 ± 6.8 kg average initial BW) were blocked by BW and sex and allotted to 2 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were: (1) corn-based diet fed for 126 days (control), and (2) 60% DDGS diet fed for 70 days followed by the corn-based control diet fed until day 126 (DDGS/Corn treatment). Average daily gain, DMI, G:F, and dietary NEm and NEg were determined from day 0 to 70 (period 1; growing phase), day 71 to 126 (period 2; finishing phase), and day 0 to 126 (overall). Statistical analyses were conducted using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Average daily gain and G:F were greater (P ≤ 0.01) for the control than for the DDGS/Corn treatment in period 1, but greater (P < 0.01) for the DDGS/Corn treatment in period 2 when compared to the control treatment. However, there were no differences (P ≥ 0.44) in ADG and G:F between treatments over the entire feeding period. Animals from the control treatment had greater (P ≤ 0.01) DMI in period 1 and overall. Calculated dietary NEm and NEg were greater (P < 0.01) for the DDGS/Corn treatment when compared to the control treatment only in period 2. However, the observed-to-expected ratios of NEm and NEg were greater (P ≤ 0.01) for the DDGS/Corn group in all periods. Moreover, total corn intake was decreased (P < 0.01) for the DDGS/Corn group in period 1 and overall, although no differences (P = 0.50) were observed between treatments in period 2. In conclusion, feeding DDGS-based diets to growing cattle negatively affects performance during the initial feedlot period, but when cattle are switched to a corn-based diet in the finishing phase, those negative effects are overcome due to compensatory growth, and overall performance is similar to that of cattle fed corn for the entire feeding period (126 days). Thus, increasing DDGS in the diets of growing cattle and then switching to a corn-based finishing diet is a nutritional strategy that can be used to decrease feed costs and reduce beef producers’ reliance on corn grain when corn prices are elevated.
Dynamics of a nonlinear microresonator based on resonantly interacting flexural-torsional modes

A novel microresonator operating on the principle of nonlinear modal interactions due to au- toparametric 1:2 internal resonance is introduced. Specifically, an electrostatically actuated pedal-micro- resonator design, utilizing internal resonance between an out-of-plane torsional mode and a flexural in-plane vibrating mode is considered. The two modes have their natural frequencies in 1:2 ratio, and the design ensures that the higher frequency flexural mode ex- cites the lower frequency torsional mode in an au- toparametric way. A Lagrangian formulation is used to develop the dynamic model of the system. The dy- namics of the system is modeled by a two degrees of freedom reduced-order model that retains the essen- tial quadratic inertial nonlinearities coupling the two modes. Retention of higher-order model for electro- static forces allows for the study of static equilibrium positions and static pull-in phenomenon as a function of the bias voltages. Then for the case when the higher frequency flexural mode is resonantly actuated by a harmonically varying AC voltage, a comprehensive study of the response of the microresonator is pre- sented and the effects of damping, and mass and struc- tural perturbations from nominal design specifications are considered. Results show that for excitation levels above a threshold, the torsional mode is activated and it oscillates at half the frequency of excitation. This unique feature of the microresonator makes it an ex- cellent candidate for a filter as well as a mixer in RF MEMS devices.
Assessing the Impacts of Global Warming on Snowpack in the Washington Cascades

Abstract The decrease in mountain snowpack associated with global warming is difficult to estimate in the presence of the large year-to-year natural variability in observations of snow-water equivalent (SWE). A more robust approach for inferring the impacts of global warming is to estimate the temperature sensitivity (λ) of spring snowpack and multiply it by putative past and future temperature rises observed across the Northern Hemisphere. Estimates of λ can be obtained from (i) simple geometric considerations based on the notion that as the seasonal-mean temperature rises by the amount δT, the freezing level and the entire snowpack should rise by the increment δT/Γ, where Γ is the mean lapse rate; (ii) the regression of 1 April SWE measurements upon mean winter temperatures; (iii) a hydrological model forced by daily temperature and precipitation observations; and (iv) the use of inferred accumulated snowfall derived from daily temperature and precipitation data as a proxy for SWE. All four methods yiel...
Wherefore the Failure of Private Ostension

§258 of Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations is often seen as the core of his private language argument. While its role is certainly overinflated and it is a mistake to think that there is anything that could be called the private language argument, §258 is an important part of the private language sections of the Philosophical Investigations. As with so much of Wittgenstein's work, there are widely diverse interpretations of why exactly the private diarist's attempted ostensive definition fails. I argue for a version of the no-stage-setting interpretation of the failure of private ostension. On this interpretation, the reason why the diarist cannot establish a meaning for ‘S’ is that she lacks the conceptual-linguistic stage-setting needed to disambiguate the concentration of her attention (the private analogue of an ostensive definition). Thus, the problem with any subsequent use of ‘S’ is not that there is no criterion of correctness for remembering the meaning of ‘S’ correctly, or for re-identi...
Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: Race, Class, Ethnicity, and Nationalism Reconsidered

Towards. Transnational Perspective on Migration: Race, Class, Ethnicity, and Nationalism Reconsidered. Nina Glick Schiller. Linda Basch. and Cristina Blanc-szanton. eds. New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1992. xv. 259 pp., contributors, references.
Smoking, sex, risk factors and abdominal aortic aneurysm: is it all down to testosterone?

Jahangir et al 1 provided a fascinating analysis showing, among older people, a higher risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) in those with normal body mass index (BMI), those who smoke and in men. Although AAA is relatively rare, ruptured AAA has a high mortality rate, so prevention, based on reversible risk factors, is important. The observed association of normal BMI with AAA may be an artefact of weight loss due to ill-health in older people. Men often have higher rates than women of cardiovascular disease, for reasons …
The 5q- Syndrome: a Scientific and Clinical Update

The 5q- syndrome is a subset of the myelodysplastic syndromes characterized by hypolob-ulated micromegakaryocytic hyperplasia and an interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 5. In this concise review, we discuss the current understanding in regard to the genetic basis of the disorder and provide an updated clinical report on 43 patients with the disease who were seen at our institution.
Adjunctive non-pharmacological analgesia for invasive medical procedures: a randomised trial.

Summary Background Non-pharmacological behavioural adjuncts have been suggested as efficient safe means in reducing discomfort and adverse effects during medical procedures. We tested this assumption for patients undergoing percutaneous vascular and renal procedures in a prospective, randomised, singlecentre study. Methods 241 patients were randomised to receive intraoperatively standard care (n=79), structured attention (n=80), or self-hypnotic relaxation (n=82). All had access to patient-controlled intravenous analgesia with fentanyl and midazolam. Patients rated their pain and anxiety on 0–10 scales before, every 15 min during and after the procedures. Findings Pain increased linearly with procedure time in the standard group (slope 0·09 in pain score/15 min, p<0·0001), and the attention group (slope 0·04/15 min; p=0·0425), but remained flat in the hypnosis group. Anxiety decreased over time in all three groups with slopes of 0·04 (standard), 0·07 (attention), and 0·11 (hypnosis). Drug use in the standard group (1·9 units) was significantly higher than in the attention and hypnosis groups (0·8 and 0·9 units, respectively). One hypnosis patient became haemodynamically unstable compared with ten attention patients (p=0·0041), and 12 standard patients (p=0·0009). Procedure times were significantly shorter in the hypnosis group (61 min) than in the standard group (78 min, p=0·0016) with procedure duration of the attention group in between (67 min). Interpretation Structured attention and self-hypnotic relaxation proved beneficial during invasive medical procedures. Hypnosis had more pronounced effects on pain and anxiety reduction, and is superior, in that it also improves haemodynamic stability.
Polymer-Bound Phosphine Catalysts

While the theme of this volume is catalysis in a single phase, the principles and dynamics of homogeneous catalysis have impacted other areas of catalysis as well. Today, more than ever, there is an overlapping, a meshing of concepts from homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. One of the areas that interfaces both classical divisions is catalysis via polymer-bound transition metal complexes. It is an interface area because catalysts are prepared typically from an organic polymer such as polystyrene and then, after attachment of a ligand, a soluble metal complex is bound. The choice of metal complex is almost always based upon examples from homogeneous catalysis. One of the principal motivations for attaching a soluble complex to a polymer is that catalyst recovery becomes much easier. There are, however, motivations beyond simple recovery considerations for examining the reactions of polymer-bound catalysts. Though the characteristics of the polymer-bound phosphines may be described to a first approximation as being predictable on the basis of the properties, performances, and mechanistic interpretations of the homogeneous analogs, the support often has a significant influence on catalytic activity. For example, a polymerbound catalyst may give a product distribution quite different from that of the soluble catalyst. Moreover, it is often observed that polymer-supported catalysts are less oxygen sensitive than the homogeneous ones.
The terror of everyday counterterrorism

This article looks at the implications of the “domestic/everyday violence” = “war/terrorism” homology for thinking about “domestic/everyday” violence. Particularly, it contends that the normalisation of war/terror discourse in intimate/everyday violence brings with it intimate/everyday counterterror. It suggests that any benefits of naming everyday violence as terror are erased, subsumed or outweighed by the disadvantages of importing counterterrorism to the sphere of the intimate. Beyond the securitisation of the bedroom and the terror of intimate counterterror, this article contends that feminist and queer theorising provide insights about the nature of terror that show intimate terrorism in counterterrorism and make intimate/everyday counterterrorism doubly dangerous. As such, the equation of “everyday/intimate violence” = “war/terrorism” is counterproductive because of its bidirectional co-constitution. While the intimate plays a role in the constitution of war/terrorism, the re-direction of war/terro...
Discerning India’s Evolving Conception of Taxable Income - An Interdisplinary Perspective

In 2009 the Government of India released the Direct Taxes Code Bill (later substituted by Direct Taxes Code Bill, 2010). While the provisions of the new code attracted debate and scholarship from the legal community, the code’s adoption of a “comprehensive conception” of income received little attention. This is surprising, given that the conception of income is the foundation of an income tax. However, perusal of prior legal scholarship reveals scant deliberation and ambiguity surrounding the subject. Kanga, Palkhivala and Vyas’ investigation of India’s tax jurisprudence concluded that there is no logical explanation to “Income” under India’s Income tax law. In his paper “Income or Capital” (1970), Bagchi concurred with this. A shortcoming of the existing tax scholarship is that it broaches the subject from either an exclusively legal or an exclusively policy perspective.This paper adopts an interdisciplinary approach to achieve clarity about the concept of Income under Indian Income Tax law. It considers in detail how each of the two prominent economic conceptions of income, source and net accretion, articulate with India’s income tax law and jurisprudence. Consequently, it theorizes the following: India’s judicial conception of taxable income has been inspired by the source view of income. However, India’s tax policy and statute have been in transition toward the net accretion view of taxable income. The paper attributes the incoherence in India’s conception of taxable income to the growing disconnect between the fiscal policy view and the judiciary’s view of taxable income.
Why the Billy Mitchell Case Still Matters: Some Notes on the First Amendment, International Law, Civil Rights, and a Pioneer of Military

Last fall marked the eightieth anniversary of the Billy Mitchell court-martial. This article focuses on two legal issues that have received little attention in the many works dealing with the legendary pioneer of air warfare. First, it examines in detail Mitchell's half-hearted First Amendment defense at his trial, explaining that a vigorous free speech defense would have undermined his larger goal of using the proceedings as a forum to appeal for public support of his ideas and also that such a defense almost certainly would have failed on the merits not only at the time but also today. Second, it shows that some of Mitchell's central ideas rested in uneasy tension with international law because he advocated almost indiscriminate bombing of both military and civilian targets for the purpose of intimidating the general population of enemy nations. I conclude by explaining Mitchell's involvement, as prosecution witness and propagandist for white supremacy, in a racially charged murder case in which Charles Hamilton Houston, the mentor of Justice Thurgood Marshall, served as defense counsel at the request of the NAACP.
The Dante Encyclopedia

The study of Dante’s life, mind and poetry introduces us to a realm of vast extent. His ideas and art were situated in a cosmos meaningfully structured, supported by righteous powers and spiritual ...
Sporulation by Ustilago enneapogonis in axenic culture.

(1975). Sporulation by Ustilago Enneapogonis in Axenic Culture. Mycologia: Vol. 67, No. 6, pp. 1229-1233.
Evidence for two subtypes of Ebola virus based on oligonucleotide mapping of RNA

Ebola viruses isolated during outbreaks of acute hemorrhagic fever in Africa from 1976 to 1979 were examined by T1 oligonucleotide mapping of virion RNA. Two Ebola virus subtypes distinguishable by their oligonucleotide patterns were involved in the outbreaks of the disease during this three-year period. The first type was isolated in Zaire in 1976 and again in 1977; the second type caused outbreaks in Sudan in 1976 and again in 1979. Oligonucleotide patterns of the two groups of Ebola viruses (Zaire and Sudan) were remarkably similar within the group but differed between groups by approximately 60 oligonucleotides. We can conclude from this study (1) that the outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever which occurred concurrently in 1976 in Zaire and Sudan were caused by viruses that are genetically distinct; (2) that compared with other RNA viruses there was an unusually high genetic stability among viruses within Zaire and Sudan over two- and three-year periods, respectively; and (3) that the two genetic subtypes probably evolved from a common ancestor since they share common oligonucleotides.
Induction of dimethylnitrosamine-demethylase by polar solvents.

SummaryThe polar compounds acetone, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, di-methylsulfoxide, trioctanoin, and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) induce the activity of hepatic dimethylnitrosamine-demethylase I, a mixed-function oxidase repressed by typi-cal inducer agents such as 3-methylcholanthrene and phenobarbital. The highest activity was reached with dioxane, which is also a weak inducer for arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase, an inducible mixed-function oxidase. On the other hand in vitro addition of the polar compounds (with the exception of trioctanoin) to the assay system strongly inhibits dimethyl-nitrosamine-demethylase I activity; in vitro addition of trioctanoin increases this enzyme activity.This investigation was supported by Grant 922A from The Council for Tobacco Research U.S.A., Inc.
Effects of Co-firing with Ag Inner-electrode on Microstructure and Properties of ZnVSb Varistor Ceramics

Effects of co-firing on the performance of varistor ceramics and its mechanism is one of key factors for multilayer chip varistors.The effects of co-firing with pure Ag electrode on the phase constituent and microstructure of ZnVSb varistor ceramics were studied by means of X-ray diffractometry(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy(EDS).The results show that co-firing with Ag inner electrode has no observed effect on the phase constituents of ZnVSb based varistor ceramics.During the sintering process,Ag diffuses through the V rich phase,and then deteriorates the wetting of vanadium rich phase on ZnO grains.Consequently,the densification of ZnVSb ceramics is inhibited.In contrast to Sb,Zn has no diffusion within Ag inner electrode.The diffusion of Sb changes the original optimized composition of ZnVSb varistor ceramics.The results provide the foundation for the future development of ZnVSb based chip varistors.