cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crown gall disease and Agrobacterium tumefaciens: a study of the history, present knowledge, missing information, and impact on molecular genetics.

The production of crown gall tumors in plants caused byAgrobacterium tumefaciens represents a unique disease involving the transfer of DNA from the bacterium to the nucleus of the plant. Vital aspects of this transfer are still being studied.
Unusual persistent photoconductivity in the InAs/AlSb quantum well

Unusual features of persistent photoconductivity are reported for the InAs/AlSb quantum-well (QW) structure with a backgate. A negative persistent photoconductivity made it possible to decrease the electron concentration by an order of magnitude from 6 × 1011 cm−2. This is the largest variation in the electron concentration for this effect. In addition to a pronounced negative persistent photoconductivity, the relaxation of the structural resistance was bistable under exposure of the structure to visible light. These phenomena are attributed to the effect of a thin Ge film deposited on the structure surface prior to photolithography. This film forms a region in the GaSb layer in which the holes are accumulated from the sequence of the Ge/GaSb/AlSb layers located above the QW. IR radiation initiates beats of Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations in the region of weak magnetic fields. These beats are believed to be caused by spin splitting in a zero magnetic field due to the asymmetry of a potential profile of the QW. This asymmetry is induced by prolonged illumination of the structure.
Virtual Reality for Life Skills Education: Program Evaluation

AbstractA program evaluation was completed for a Virtual Reality (VR) pilot project intended to aid deaf children in learning various life skills which they may be at risk of not adequately learning. Such skills include crossing the street safely, exiting a building during a fire drill, and avoiding situations in which strangers may harm them. The VR was intended to allow the children extra exposure to these various scenarios to encourage proper decision-making while in a safe environment. Fifty deaf children ages 5 to 10 years from a local elementary school were included in this study. During a six-week session, students were periodically involved with the VR classroom. A different life skill was targeted each week. This evaluation looked at multiple aspects of the project to gain an overall impression of whether or not the program is beneficial to deaf children or other at-risk populations. Such areas included usability, likeability, and transfer of knowledge. The system overall was well liked and user-...
Effect algebras and unsharp quantum logics

The effects in a quantum-mechanical system form a partial algebra and a partially ordered set which is the prototypical example of the effect algebras discussed in this paper. The relationships among effect algebras and such structures as orthoalgebras and orthomodular posets are investigated, as are morphisms and group- valued measures (or charges) on effect algebras. It is proved that there is a universal group for every effect algebra, as well as a universal vector space over an arbitrary field.
Doripenem: position in clinical practice.

Doripenem is a novel carbapenem with a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive pathogens, anerobes and Gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Doripenem exhibits rapid bactericidal activity with two- to fourfold lower MIC values for Gram-negative bacteria, compared with other carbapenems such as imipenem. Doripenem is approved for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infection and urinary tract infections. It has been successfully used in the treatment of nosocomial and ventilator-associated pneumonia. It has a potential to be the drug of choice for these conditions. This evaluation focuses on the general review of the drug, including mechanisms of resistance, clinical efficacy and the position of doripenem in clinical practice. Stability against numerous β-lactamases, low adverse-event potential and more potent in vitro and possibly in vivo activity against P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumanni compared with existing carbapenems are attractive features.
Stellate cells of the rat parietal cortex

Stellate cells have rounded or oval cell bodies which contain nuclei bounded by a ruffled, and frequently indented, nuclear envelope. Te cytoplasm of these neurons is usually darker than that of pyramidal neurons because it contains a greater concetration of ribosomes. Where the perikaryal cytoplasm is thick, the granular endoplasmic reticulum is often arranged in parallel arrays. On the surface of the perikarya are three types of synapses: (1) ones with a wide cleft and a prominent postsynaptic density, (2) ones with a wide and straight synaptic cleft that lack a prominent postsynaptic density, and (3) ones with a narrow synaptic cleft and short synaptic complexes. The dendrites of stellate cells lack spines and frequently bear many synapses. On the thinner dendritic branches the type of synapse with a side cleft and a prominent postsynaptic density is most common. The cytoplasm of the dendrites is characterized by closely arranged microtubules.
‘One of those old-type natural fouled-up guys’: The belated Englishman in Philip Larkin's poetry

Bored, uninformed… For, though I have no idea What this accoutred frowsty barn is worth, It pleases me to stand in silence here; A serious house on serious earth it is, In whose blent air all our c...
Zero Gradient Synchrotron RF System

As accelerators are developed to extend the frontiers of high energy physics, the complexity of their nature presents technological problems that need to be solved by extensive programs of research and development. The following reports on the results of one such program, the design and construction of the radio frequency accelerating system of the Argonne Zero Gradient Synchrotron. It describes the system requirements, the equipment that has been developed to fulfill these requirements, and the present performance of the system.
The psychosocial effects of amblyopia study.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the psychosocial effects of growing up with and living with amblyopia and to determine whether patients with amblyopia but without strabismus encounter psychosocial problems similar to those encountered by individuals with strabismus. Methods: A 20-question survey focusing on medical background, education, self-image, history of amblyopia, treatment of amblyopia, and effects of amblyopia on work, school, friendships, and self-esteem was provided to patients with amblyopia but not strabismus at Saint Louis University Eye Institute and at the University of Iowa Department of Ophthalmology. In addition, patients were evaluated in terms of somatization, obsession-compulsion, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, and anxiety. Results for patients with amblyopia were compared with those of strabismic, normative, and psychopathologic groups using the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSC). Results: Twenty-five patients with amblyopia but without strabismus or previous surgery responded. A significant number of patients felt that amblyopia interfered with school (52%) and work (48%) to some degree and were generally affected in their lifestyle (50%). Fewer were affected in their play of sports (40%) or were influenced as to their job choice (36%). Patients with amblyopia as a whole had a greater degree of somatization, obsessive-compulsive behavior, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, and anxiety than patients with strabismus and HSC control subjects. Differences between patients with amblyopia and those with strabismus were not statistically significant (P > .05), but differences between patients with amblyopia and HSC control subjects were significant (P < .05) in each category. Patients with amblyopia, however, were less symptomatic in these areas than HSC Anxious and HSC Depressed groups. Conclusion: Psychosocial difficulties related to amblyopia affect individuals' self-image, work, school, and friendships. Amblyopia has a significant effect on psychosocial functioning and warrants aggressive screening, prevention and treatment during the amblyogenic years. (J AAPOS 1999;3:15-7)
Manganese enhances phosphorylation of a 47 kD protein in retinoic acid‐induced HL‐60 cells

We previously observed that HL-60 cells treated with manganese (Mn) during differentiation displayed an enhanced oxidative burst. Since a Mn-dependent kinase has been identified and phosphorylation is involved in burst activation, the objective of this research was to identify proteins in retinoic acid-induced HL-60 cells whose phosphorylation after phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) stimulation was affected by Mn treatment. Cells received Mn during differentiation and were then harvested, labeled with [32]P-orthophosphate, and stimulated with PMA. Cytosolic proteins were separated by isoelectric focusing, SDS-PAGE, and two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis. Time studies showed that Mn treatment did not alter the rate of PMA activated phosphorylation. Isoelectric focusing revealed that PMA stimulation resulted in the appearance of three phosphoproteins at pI's of 6.8, 7.3, and 7.8. Size separation gels showed a 200% increase in phosphorylation of a 47 kD protein in Mn-treated cells after stimulation. The 2-D gels showed that the pI of this protein was 6.8. Therefore, Mn treatment resulted in greater phosphorylation of a 47 kD protein, pI 6.8, in phorbol ester-stimulated cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 176:188–195, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Relative stocking index : a proposed index of site quality

Site index is difficult to implement and interpret in multispecies, multiple-aged stands, and its relationship to site factors is obscure. Using data from the USDA forest inventory and analysis (FI...
Decision rules and decision markets

We explore settings where a principal must make a decision about which action to take to achieve a desired outcome. The principal elicits the probability of achieving the outcome by following each action from a self-interested (but decision-agnostic) expert. We prove results about the relation between the principal's decision rule and the scoring rules that determine the expert's payoffs. For the most natural decision rule (where the principal takes the action with highest success probability), we prove that no symmetric scoring rule, nor any of Winkler's asymmetric scoring rules, have desirable incentive properties. We characterize the set of differentiable scoring rules with desirable incentive properties and construct one. We then consider decision markets, where the role of a single expert is replaced by multiple agents that interact by trading with an automated market maker. We prove a surprising impossibility for this setting: an agent can always benefit from exaggerating the success probability of a suboptimal action. To mitigate this, we construct automated market makers that minimize manipulability. Finally, we consider two alternative decision market designs. We prove the first, in which all outcomes live in the same probability universe, has poor incentive properties. The second, in which the experts trade in the probability of the outcome occurring unconditionally, exhibits a new kind of no-trade phenomenon.
Compact, configurable inertial gesture recognition

We describe an inertial gesture recognition framework composed of three parts. The first is a compact, six-axis inertial measurement unit to fully measure human motion. The data from this unit is then analyzed by a gesture recognition algorithm which considers data on an axis-by-axis basis and categorizes them as simple motions (line, twist, etc.) with magnitude and duration. An application designer can then combine these atoms together both concurrently and consecutively to create composite gestures which can be tied to output routines. The framework was implemented on a Palm III to demonstrate its light-weight nature and to evoke devices which possess both a sense of their own motion and the ability to respond to it
HCI for the real world

HCI as a field comfortably and unquestionably links itself with the corporate world. What does this mean in terms of an ethics of problem choice, meaning the considerations that influence what types of design projects HCI researchers consider as important? Using the work of the industrial designer Victor Papanek, I foreground the agency of the designer. By undertaking a close reading of a recent publication of a major corporate research lab, I examine what important social and political aspects are missing from their vision of the future. I end by examining the work of the design team Anthony Dunne and Fiona Raby, describing how HCI can be involved in the formation of new forms of subjectivity that are not subservient to a market-based ideology.
Defining the Metabolic Syndrome Construct Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) cross-sectional analysis

OBJECTIVE —It is controversial whether the clustering of certain metabolic abnormalities should be separately designated as the metabolic syndrome. We operationalized the “syndrome” concept and tested whether the metabolic syndrome was compatible with these operational constructs. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —The baseline cross-section of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis recruited a population-based cohort of 6,781 individuals, aged 45–84 years, from six communities in the U.S. Metabolic syndrome components (waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting serum HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and plasma glucose), homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) of insulin resistance (fasting glucose × insulin), and intimal-medial thickness (IMT) in the common and internal carotid arteries by B-mode ultrasound were measured. RESULTS —Higher syndrome component count is associated with higher HOMA levels (trend P 2 P P = 0.075, women: P = 0.949) or internal carotid artery (men: P = 0.106, women: P = 0.121). CONCLUSIONS —The metabolic syndrome did not have supra-additive association with IMT, but its components clustered greater than chance expectation and a higher component count was associated with greater insulin resistance. The metabolic syndrome was compatible with two of three “syndrome” constructs tested.
Recent trends in drug shortages: an update from the 2003 report.

In 2003, we reported our seven-years experience managing drug shortages.[1][1] This report explores the recent trends we have identified while managing drug shortages at our own health system and while providing shortage content for Novation and the ASHP Drug Shortage Resource Center, with emphasis
Factor-Graph Algorithms for Equalization

In this paper, we use the factor-graph framework to describe the statistical relationships that arise in the equalization of data transmitted over an intersymbol interference channel, and use it to develop several new algorithms for linear and decision feedback approaches. Specifically, we examine both unconstrained and constrained linear equalization and decision feedback equalization of a sequence of nonidentically distributed symbols that are transmitted over a linear, possibly time-varying, finite-length channel and then corrupted by additive white noise. Factor graphs are used to derive algorithms for each of these equalization tasks, including fast implementations. One important application of these algorithms is linear turbo equalization, which requires a linear equalizer that can process observations of nonidentically distributed transmitted symbols. We show how the output of these factor-graph-based algorithms can be used in an efficient implementation of a linear turbo equalizer
A cohort-based approach for characterizing lifetime inhalation cancer risk from time-varying exposure to air toxics from ambient sources†

In recent years, the US. EPA as well as state and local agencies have released a number of risk characterizations addressing potential inhalation cancer risks from exposure to ambient sources of air toxics (e.g., U.S. EPA's 1993 Motor Vehicle-Related Air Toxics Study, the South Coast Air Quality Management District 's MATES-II study, the U.S. EPA's National Scale Air Toxics Assessment). In these assessments, quantitative estimates of cancer risk are often presented as point estimates and/or distributions of individual upper-bound lifetime risks. The individual upper-bound lifetime cancer risk is the probability that an individual in a given population will contract cancer if exposed continuously to a given concentration of an airborne carcinogen over an assumed lifetime. Individual risk estimates in these studies are usually based on average or median exposures for a wide population distribution. These estimates generally assume continuous exposure over an entire lifetime to levels estimated for 1 or a few years and do not account for expected changes in exposure over time. For example, risk estimates in U.S. EPA's recent National Scale Air Toxics Assessment assume individuals will be exposed to 1996 levels over a 70-year lifetime. However, exposures to most air toxics are expected to change over time as a result of mobile and stationary source emission control programs. In this paper, a cohort-based approach, which estimates individual lifetime cancer risk based on time-weighted exposure over a lifetime, is presented. This approach accounts for changes in exposure level over time, including decreases anticipated as a result of regulatory programs. It also incorporates differences in exposures to children and adults that result from certain differences in time-activity patterns, integrating them into a single value for a cohort. Moreover, this paper presents a case study applying this approach to estimate average nationwide individual cancer risks from exposure to the highway mobile source contribution to ambient benzene. The case study includes estimates for the general population and a highly exposed demographic group, outdoor workers.
Closing the Loop: Fast, Interactive Semi-Supervised Annotation With Queries on Features and Instances

This paper describes DUALIST, an active learning annotation paradigm which solicits and learns from labels on both features (e.g., words) and instances (e.g., documents). We present a novel semi-supervised training algorithm developed for this setting, which is (1) fast enough to support real-time interactive speeds, and (2) at least as accurate as preexisting methods for learning with mixed feature and instance labels. Human annotators in user studies were able to produce near-state-of-the-art classifiers---on several corpora in a variety of application domains---with only a few minutes of effort.
Modeling of the Competitive Growth of Listeria monocytogenes and Lactococcus lactis in Vegetable Broth

Current mathematical models used by food microbiologists do not address the issue of competitive growth in mixed cultures of bacteria. We developed a mathematical model which consists of a system of nonlinear differential equations describing the growth of competing bacterial cell cultures. In this model, bacterial cell growth is limited by the accumulation of protonated lactic acid and decreasing pH. In our experimental system, pure and mixed cultures of Lactococcus lactis and Listeria monocytogenes were grown in a vegetable broth medium. Predictions of the model indicate that pH is the primary factor that limits the growth of L. monocytogenes in competition with a strain of L. lactis which does not produce the bacteriocin nisin. The model also predicts the values of parameters that affect the growth and death of the competing populations. Further development of this model will incorporate the effects of additional inhibitors, such as bacteriocins, and may aid in the selection of lactic acid bacterium cultures for use in competitive inhibition of pathogens in minimally processed foods.
American sociological association elections, 1975 to 1996 : Exploring explanations for feminization

Since 1972, the proportion of women in American Sociological Association governance positions has increased. Woman candidates for ASA offices and the ASA Council have been overrepresented and generally have had higher odds of winning than male candidates. The authors examine three possible factors behind these trends : the general impact of the women's movement, the influence of Sociologists for Women in Society (SWS), and elite dilution. Liberal attitudes fostered by the women's movement appear to have raised voter willingness to select woman candidates. SWS members were overrepresented among candidates, and SWS membership (for women) and support for its goals increased chances of being elected. High voting rates of SWS members could have swayed elections, as well. Contrary to elite dilution arguments, woman and man candidates differed little from each other or over time in productivity, honors, or experience, although women were elected earlier in their careers than were men and were less often employed in the most prestigious graduate departments. In analysis using measures of all three factors together, gender affected election success, with marginal effects for productivity; effects of SWS membership and professional location were not statistically significant
Phosphorylation of p27Kip1 at Thr-157 Interferes with Its Association with Importin α during G1 and Prevents Nuclear Re-entry

We have studied mechanisms of Akt-mediated phosphorylation and regulation of cellular localization of p27. Akt phosphorylates Thr-157 in p27 and retains it in the cytosol. In cells arrested in G(1) and then synchronized to enter into S phase, Akt-mediated phosphorylation of Thr-157 p27 occurred in the cytosol during G(1) phase of the cell cycle. Both T157A and S10A p27 mutants localized in the nucleus in all phases of the cell cycle regardless of the expression of active Akt. Thr-157 phosphorylation was undetectable in S10A-p27, suggesting that Ser-10 phosphorylation is required for p27 localization in the cytosol and subsequent phosphorylation at Thr-157. Phosphorylation at Thr-157 interrupted the association of p27 with importin alpha. A T157A-p27 mutant protein exhibited higher association with importin alpha than wild-type-p27. Treatment of transfected and endogenous p27 with alkaline phosphatase rescued its association with importin alpha. Leptomycin B inhibited cytosolic Thr-157 P-p27 staining, implying that CRM1-dependent nuclear export is required for Akt-mediated Thr-157 phosphorylation. Heterokaryon shuttling assays with NIH3T3 (mouse) cells transfected with FLAG-p27 and HeLa (human) cells revealed that both wild type and T157A-p27 shuttled from NIH3T3 to HeLa cell nuclei with similar frequencies. However, S10A-p27 was found only in the NIH3T3 nuclei of NIH3T3-HeLa cell fusions. These results suggest that 1) Ser-10 phosphorylation is required for nuclear export of p27, 2) subsequent Akt-mediated phosphorylation at Thr-157 during G(1) phase corrals p27 in the cytosol, and 3) Thr-157 phosphorylation inhibits the association of p27 with importin alpha thus preventing its re-entry into the nucleus.
Nurse practitioner and physician adherence to standing orders criteria for consultation or referral.

The degree to which nurse-practitioners (NPs) and physicians (MDs) follow the mutually agreed-upon rules for their practice and the effects of any deviations are unknown. This study assessed whether NPs adhered to consultation/referral (C/R) criteria in NP standing orders for hypertension, whether MDs adhered to the task-delegation intent expressed in standing orders, and the relationship between adherence and blood-pressure (BP) control. A sample of 161 patients from a practice of five MDs and four NPs in a rural primary care clinic was studied over 16 months. Patient characteristics associated with provider non-adherence were identified by discriminant analysis. NPs failed to obtain consultation or referral for 22 of 66 patients (33 per cent) with conditions requiring C/R. MDs retained 17 of the 43 patients (40 per cent) without C/R conditions. NP non-adherence was associated with care by a single NP, presence of few non-hypertension problems, and need for dietary alteration (p less than .05). MD non-ad...
An editor for pathway drawing and data visualization in the Biopathways Workbench

Pathway models serve as the basis for much of systems biology. They are often built using programs designed for the purpose. Constructing new models generally requires simultaneous access to experimental data of diverse types, to databases of well-characterized biological compounds and molecular intermediates, and to reference model pathways. However, few if any software applications provide all such capabilities within a single user interface. The Pathway Editor is a program written in the Java programming language that allows de-novo pathway creation and downloading of LIPID MAPS (Lipid Metabolites and Pathways Strategy) and KEGG lipid metabolic pathways, and of measured time-dependent changes to lipid components of metabolism. Accessed through Java Web Start, the program downloads pathways from the LIPID MAPS Pathway database (Pathway) as well as from the LIPID MAPS web server http://www.lipidmaps.org . Data arises from metabolomic (lipidomic), microarray, and protein array experiments performed by the LIPID MAPS consortium of laboratories and is arranged by experiment. Facility is provided to create, connect, and annotate nodes and processes on a drawing panel with reference to database objects and time course data. Node and interaction layout as well as data display may be configured in pathway diagrams as desired. Users may extend diagrams, and may also read and write data and non-lipidomic KEGG pathways to and from files. Pathway diagrams in XML format, containing database identifiers referencing specific compounds and experiments, can be saved to a local file for subsequent use. The program is built upon a library of classes, referred to as the Biopathways Workbench, that convert between different file formats and database objects. An example of this feature is provided in the form of read/construct/write access to models in SBML (Systems Biology Markup Language) contained in the local file system. Inclusion of access to multiple experimental data types and of pathway diagrams within a single interface, automatic updating through connectivity to an online database, and a focus on annotation, including reference to standardized lipid nomenclature as well as common lipid names, supports the view that the Pathway Editor represents a significant, practicable contribution to current pathway modeling tools.
Molecular characterization of sodium/proton exchanger 3 (NHE3) from the yellow fever vector, Aedes aegypti.

SUMMARY Transport across insect epithelia is thought to depend on the activity of a vacuolar-type proton ATPase (V-ATPase) that energizes ion transport through a secondary proton/cation exchanger. Although several of the subunits of the V-ATPase have been cloned, the molecular identity of the exchanger has not been elucidated. Here, we present the identification of sodium/proton exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3) from yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti ( Ae NHE3). Ae NHE3 localizes to the basal plasma membrane of Malpighian tubule, midgut and the ion-transporting sector of gastric caeca. Midgut expression of NHE3 shows a different pattern of enrichment between larval and adult stages, implicating it in the maintenance of regional pH in the midgut during the life cycle. In all tissues examined, NHE3 predominantly localizes to the basal membrane. In addition the limited expression in intracellular vesicles in the median Malpighian tubules may reflect a potential functional versatility of NHE3 in a tissue-specific manner. The localization of V-ATPase and NHE3, and exclusion of Na + /K + -ATPase from the distal ion-transporting sector of caeca, indicate that the role of NHE3 in ion and pH regulation is intricately associated with functions of V-ATPase. The Ae NHE3 complements yeast mutants deficient in yeast NHEs, NHA1 and NHX1. To further examine the functional property of Ae NHE3, we expressed it in NHE-deficient fibroblast cells. Ae NHE3 expressing cells were capable of recovering intracellular pH following an acid load. The recovery was independent of the large cytoplasmic region of Ae NHE3, implying this domain to be dispensable for NHE3 ion transport function. 22 Na + uptake studies indicated that Ae NHE3 is relatively insensitive to amiloride and EIPA and is capable of Na + transport in the absence of the cytoplasmic tail. Thus, the core domain containing the transmembrane regions of NHE3 is sufficient for pH recovery and ion transport. The present data facilitate refinement of the prevailing models of insect epithelial transport by incorporating basal amiloride-insensitive NHE3 as a critical mediator of transepithelial ion and fluid transport and likely in the maintenance of intracellular pH.
Shoulder Strength Ratio Is Associated With Joint Mechanics and Clinical Outcome After Rotator Cuff Repair

0.653 between tunnel position and load to failure, 0.659 between bone density and load to failure and 0.803 between tunnel position and bone density. These all showed strong correlation. Conclusions: BMD shows that optimal bone density is found in the anatomical insertion area of the CC ligaments between 20mm and 5 0mm from the lateral end of the clavicle. Low BMD correlated with decreased load to failure. Clinical Relevance: Failure at the lateral bone tunnel in CC ligament reconstructionmay be a result of poor bone quality.When drilling bone tunnels for this surgery, consideration should be given both to anatomic position as well as bone quality.
Impact of Number of Nodes Retrieved on Outcome in Patients With Rectal Cancer

PURPOSE: We postulated that the pathologic evaluation of the lymph nodes of surgical specimens from patients with rectal cancer can have a substantial impact on time to relapse and survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed data from 1,664 patients with T3, T4, or node-positive rectal cancer treated in a national intergroup trial of adjuvant therapy with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Associations between the number of lymph nodes found by the pathologist in the surgical specimen and the time to relapse and survival outcomes were investigated. RESULTS: Patients were divided into groups by nodal status and the corresponding quartiles of numbers of nodes examined. The number of nodes examined was significantly associated with time to relapse and survival among patients who were node-negative. For the first through fourth quartiles, the 5-year relapse rates were 0.37, 0.34, 0.26, and 0.19 (P = .003), and the 5-year survival rates were 0.68, 0.73, 0.72, and 0.82 (P = .02). No significant differences wer...
A presenilin‐1/γ‐secretase cleavage releases the E‐cadherin intracellular domain and regulates disassembly of adherens junctions

E‐cadherin controls a wide array of cellular behaviors including cell–cell adhesion, differentiation and tissue development. Here we show that presenilin‐1 (PS1), a protein involved in Alzheimer9s disease, controls a γ‐secretase‐like cleavage of E‐cadherin. This cleavage is stimulated by apoptosis or calcium influx and occurs between human E‐cadherin residues Leu731 and Arg732 at the membrane–cytoplasm interface. The PS1/γ‐secretase system cleaves both the full‐length E‐cadherin and a transmembrane C‐terminal fragment, derived from a metalloproteinase cleavage after the E‐cadherin ectodomain residue Pro700. The PS1/γ‐secretase cleavage dissociates E‐cadherins, β‐catenin and α‐catenin from the cytoskeleton, thus promoting disassembly of the E‐cadherin–catenin adhesion complex. Furthermore, this cleavage releases the cytoplasmic E‐cadherin to the cytosol and increases the levels of soluble β‐ and α‐catenins. Thus, the PS1/γ‐secretase system stimulates disassembly of the E‐cadherin– catenin complex and increases the cytosolic pool of β‐catenin, a key regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway.
Cellular Responses to Thermal and Photo Stress I. Euglena and Chlamydomonas

SYNOPSIS. Euglena and Chlamydomonas were cultured in an organic medium in the dark and at several light intensities (15, 60 and 150 ft-c) at temperatures from 20d to 35dC. Below 32.5d, growth of Euglena was independent of light. Chlamydomonas was light dependent at all temperatures where growth occurred; there was no growth in the dark, at 15 ft-c, or at temperatures above 32.5d. At 35d, growth of Euglena became inversely light dependent; the higher the illumination, the poorer the growth. Multinucleated, giant euglenas were found at 35d, a greater percent of abnormal cells appearing at the higher light intensities. Monsters were not observed in Chlamydomonas. To explain the growth-inhibiting, monster-inducing effect of elevated temperatures on Euglena, it is postulated that a dark-formed thermosensitive protein, essential for normal cell division, is denatured. Light may increase the effect of heat on chlorophyll and the chloroplast, possibly by being converted to intraplastidic heat through the plastid carotenoids, thus having some indirect synergistic role in the phenomenon.
TRANSPLANTATION ANTIGENS AND KERATOPLASTY

Allograft rejection is one of the leading causes of corneal graft failure in man when the cornea is heavily vascularised. This paper reports the feasibility and possible benefits of using histocompatibility (HLA) antigen crossmatch testing and HLA-D locus antigen matching for corneal donor selection. Double-masked clinical trials designed to determine the value of these procedures for keratoplasty are discussed.
Divergence in the Expression of Molecular Markers of Neuronal Activation in the Parvocellular Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus Evoked by Alcohol Administration via Different Routes

Immediate early gene (IEG) expression has been routinely used by neuroscientists as an index of neuronal activation. In the case of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, induction of c- fos and/or NGFI-B mRNAs in the parvocellular paraventricular nucleus (pPVN) has been documented after a variety of stimuli that increase adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) in the systemic circulation. However, the functional relationship between expression of IEGs and transcription of the genes for the ACTH secretagogues corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) is not clear. While investigating the neuroendocrine correlates of alcohol administration via different routes (intraperitoneal vs intragastric), we noted a difference in the time course of NGFI-B mRNA expression in the pPVN, despite comparable dynamics in ACTH secretion. By comparing the temporal cascade of transcriptional events in vivo after alcohol injection via either route, we sought to determine functional relationships between IEGs and the induction of CRF and AVP heteronuclear RNAs (hnRNAs). One advantage of our paradigm is the use of the same stimulus (systemic alcohol injection) in which access to the CNS does not differ between the groups to be compared. Intraperitoneal administration of the drug resulted in significant increases in c- fos mRNA, Fos protein, CRF hnRNA, and AVP hnRNA. In contrast, intragastric treatment evoked a brief, modest elevation in c- fos mRNA and Fos protein, increased AVP hnRNA, and caused no detectable change in CRF hnRNA. These data indicate that robust increases in CRF hnRNA are closely linked to full expression of c- fos mRNA and Fos protein. In addition, the expression of NGFI-B after both routes of administration is indicative of cellular activation within the pPVN in parallel with secretion of ACTH.
Linear Transformations in Three-Phase Circuits

A general method of finding linear transformations to eliminate the coupling between substitutive networks is developed. The method is compared with that of symmetrical components and modified symmetrical components and its practical applicability is discussed.
Sleep and Sleep Homeostasis in Mice Lacking the 5-HT2c Receptor

Studies in humans and rats indicate that serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptors are involved in mammalian sleep expression. We investigated the contribution of the 5-HT2c receptor to sleep expression by examining sleep patterns in mice bearing a targeted null mutation of this receptor. 5-HT2c receptor knock-out mice had more wakefulness, several abnormalities in rapid eye movement sleep expression and an enhanced response to sleep deprivation compared with wild-type control mice. These findings suggest that 5HT2c receptors may mediate several effects on sleep that have been ascribed to serotonin.
How Do Caregivers Select Preschools? A Study of Children With and Without Disabilities

Little is known about how parents and other caregivers conceptualize preschool quality, or what factors they prioritize when selecting a preschool. Caregivers of children with disabilities have the additional challenge of finding a preschool that can address their children’s special needs. We explored the factors caregivers valued when selecting a preschool for their children, how these factors categorized into structural, process, and familial quality, and how caregiver characteristics related to preschool selection factors. We also compared caregivers’ preschool selection factors with the observed quality of their children’s preschool classroom. In this study, 407 caregivers with children in 54 early childhood special education classrooms completed surveys regarding how they selected their children’s preschool. Classroom quality was assessed for each classroom, and compared to caregivers’ preschool selection factors. Findings showed that caregivers prioritized interpersonal teacher characteristics and safety when selecting preschools. Caregivers’ felt that process elements of quality were more important than structural or familial elements of quality. Caregivers whose child had a disability were more likely to prioritize structural elements of quality than caregivers whose child did not have a disability. No relationship was found between caregivers’ preschool selection factors and the quality of the classrooms in which their children were enrolled. These findings provide insight for those wishing to make preschool programs more amenable to the needs of caregivers, particularly those of children with disabilities. Understanding caregivers’ preschool selection factors also deepens the theoretical understanding of preschool quality.
Simulated and empiric wind pollination patterns of conifer ovulate cones

Wind tunnel analyses of conifer ovulate cones indicate that the total geometry of the cone enhances the probability of pollen entrapment. Aerodynamic characteristics of cone scale-bract complexes are such that suspended pollen is directed toward the micropyles of attached ovules. Within the taxa examined, there appears to be a preferential entrapment by ovulate cones of pollen of the same species. The data are interpreted as evidence for an aerodynamic reciprocity between wind-suspended pollen and the structure of ovulate cones which increases the frequency of pollination and the potential for fertilization.
The Inheritance of Excellence: On the Uses, Justification and Problem of Human Dignity [REVISED]

Since the end of the Second World War, human dignity has been a central concept in human rights discourse. Widespread appeals to the concept, however, have generated serious theoretical concerns. Among these is uncertainty about whether claims of universal human dignity can be successfully defended in nontheistic terms. This paper attempts to deepen this sense of uncertainty by drawing attention to the important conceptual relationship between excellence and dignity.
3,4-Diaminopyridine may improve myasthenia gravis with MuSK antibodies

Myasthenia gravis (MG) with antibodies to the muscle-specific tyrosine kinase receptor (MuSK) is characterized by prominent cranial and bulbar weakness. The disease course is often severe and some patients develop permanent, disabling symptoms despite long-term immunosuppression.1 In patients with MuSK MG, the administration of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChE-I) is poorly effective and often associated with clinical and electrophysiologic signs of cholinergic hypersensitivity.2 3,4-Diaminopyridine (3,4-DAP) improves neuromuscular transmission (NMT) by increasing quantal release. We report the case of an adult patient with MuSK MG who was responsive to and tolerant of 3,4-DAP.
Seeing like a system Luhmann for anthropologists

In this essay, I discuss how Niklas Luhmann’s systems theory might be useful for anthropologists. After providing a summary of Luhmann’s theory, I address the quandaries anthropologists might face when deploying a theory that presumes systems without selves. I also recount how other anthropologists have made use of Luhmann’s systems theory to analyze auditing, legal pluralism, and biosecurity hazards.
An Evaluation of Two Methods for the Injury Risk Assessment of Lifting Jobs

This paper compares two methods of evaluating the risk potential of manual materials handling jobs. This comparison is based upon two large field studies. A total of 101 different lifting jobs were analyzed using each of the two methods. Injury profiles, representing a total of over one million hours of worker exposure, were also compiled. The results indicate that the two methods tend to agree in their risk assessment of most jobs. The results also indicate that the assessments tend to be correct when compared to observed injury statistics. There are, however, certain differences between the two methods. These and other points are also discussed.
Application of weighted electric betweenness considering sensitivity factor in identification of vulnerable grid lines

The sensitivity factor between generator node and load node is introduced and the weighted electric betweenness considering the sensitivity factor is redefined based on the complex network theory for the identification of vulnerable lines in power grid.The weights of generator node and load node are revised during the computation of weighted electric betweenness to strengthen the directivity of power flow between generator node and load node.The weighted electric betweenness is calculated for each line of IEEE 9-bus system and IEEE 39-bus system,and the vulnerable lines are respectively sorted.The N-1 small signal stability verification and static attack stability verification are carried out for the leading vulnerable lines and results show the correctness of the proposed identification method.
File Management Work Analyse in Network Era

File management,as apart of administration work in institutions of higher education,plays a more and more important role.In internet age,we are confronted with both opportunity and challenge in file management.The author elaborated the significance of file management in internet age through a description of the significance of file management and the establishment of file management innovation system in intuitions of higher education.
Reconstructing the WTO Legitimacy Debates Towards Notions of Development

This paper explicates competing conceptions of the WTO by examining the relationship between the perceived legitimacy crisis of the WTO and the emergence of development onto the global trade agenda. The general argument is that the WTO legitimacy debate in trade law literature can be understood as a proxy for a development debate. By reconstruing the legitimacy debate as a development debate, this paper shows how implicit within legitimacy arguments are competing conceptions of the WTO’s function and purpose and that these conceptions are embedded within a broader development framework. The unfortunate effect of the contestations and justifications of the WTO’s legitimacy has been the obscuring of normative assumptions underpinning conceptions of the WTO. One suspects that the more the discourse continues in this tug-of-war of legitimacy, the more entangled our understanding of the WTO will be. Gaining a better sense of what conceptions of the WTO are dominating legal thought allows for a more substantive and detailed debate as to what the function and purpose of the WTO should be.
CHAPTER IV – BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION: TRANSFER OF OXYGEN, HYDROGEN, AND ELECTRONS

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on pyridine nucleotides that participate in the biological oxidations and reductions at the substrate level. The two naturally occurring pyridine nucleotides are DPN and TPN. The biologically significant reaction of the pyridine nucleotides is the reversible reduction of the pyridine ring. The DPN formed by enzymatic oxidation of the chemically reduced material retained half of the deuterium, whereas, the enzymatically reduced nucleotide lost its entire label. These experiments demonstrate the direct transfer of hydrogen from substrate to DPN, and also show that only a specific one of the two hydrogens on the γ-carbon of the pyridine ring is removed by alcohol dehydrogenase. In other words, the reaction that introduces or removes a hydrogen atom into or from DPN is stereospecific, and involves only one side of the pyridine ring. The stereospecificity of malic and lactic dehydrogenases have been found to be the same as alcohol dehydrogenase, as far as the type of deuterated DPN formed and the activation of only single hydrogen of the substrate. On the other hand, the flavin oxidases, cytochrome oxidase, and certain of the copper oxidases transfer electrons to oxygen, which is reduced either to H2O2 or to H2O. In each case electrons or hydrogen atoms are removed from the substrate.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Interactions with Host Cells

The opportunistic nature of many different Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections leaves patients withcompromised immune systems highlysusceptible to infection. Common forms of immunesuppression leading to P. aeruginosa infectionincludeburn and traumawounds, diseasessuch as AIDS, or chemotherapeutic treatments that affect leukocyte numbers and functions. Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients develop chronic life-threatening lung infections with P. aeruginosa and can be considered to have defective innate and acquired immunity to this organism. Althoughrare, peoplewhouse extended-wear soft contact lenses are at an increasedrisk for acute ulcerative keratitis.
Molecular Testing in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Abstract Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) diagnosis is increasingly based on the underlying genetic characteristics. While conventional cytogenetic analysis still comprises the backbone of AML classification, evaluation of several gene mutations is now becoming standard of care for diagnosis, prognostic stratification, and differentially tailored treatment strategies. Genomic technologies have rapidly increased our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of AML, and this new information is being actively evaluated in comprehensive mutation panels with promise to further improve patient outcomes.
CADIS: aspect-oriented architecture for collaborative modeling and simulation

The development of large and complex simulated models often requires teams to collaborate. One approach is to break a large model into independently developed partial models that, when combined, capture the overall behavior. However, maintaining consistent world state across independently developed simulations is a challenge. In this paper, we introduce the Collaborative Aspect-Oriented Distributed Interactive Simulation (CADIS) architecture and development platform. CADIS embodies a new paradigm for integrating independently developed time-discrete partial models and simulations, focusing on transparently maintaining synchronized shared state. Data is pulled and instantiated in the beginning of each time step, and pushed at the end of each time step. An urban simulation is used to demonstrate CADIS capabilities and performance. We show how simple optimizations can bring the performance of the framework to acceptable levels, making CADIS a viable modeling and simulation methodology supporting separation of concerns.