cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
5α-Reductase Inhibition Coupled with Short Off Cycles Increases Survival in the LNCaP Xenograft Prostate Tumor Model on Intermittent Androgen Deprivation Therapy

Purpose: Intermittent androgen deprivation therapy in patients with prostate specific antigen progression after localized prostate cancer treatment is an alternative to standard continuous androgen deprivation therapy. Intermittent androgen deprivation therapy allows for testosterone recovery during off cycles. This stimulates regrowth and differentiation of the regressed prostate tumor, lessens the side effects of continuous androgen deprivation therapy and potentially prolongs survival. Previously intermittent androgen deprivation therapy coupled with finasteride was shown to prolong survival in animals bearing androgen sensitive prostate tumors when the off cycle duration was not prolonged but rather fixed at 10 to 14 days. Regressed prostate tumor xenografts with testosterone replacement were initially responsive to 5α-reductase inhibition but growth resumed after several days. In shorter off cycles of testosterone recovery 5α-reductase inhibition might maximize tumor growth inhibition during intermit...
The role of chemoattraction in cancer metastases.

It has long been unclear as to why particular cancers preferentially metastasize to certain sites. The possibilities usually discussed involve differential survival and proliferation at these sites, or selective trapping with or without preferential homing. A recent report by Muller et al.(1) provides evidence for preferential homing of breast cancer to metastatic sites. The findings indicate that the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR7 are found on breast cancer cells and their ligands are highly expressed at sites associated with breast cancer metastases. This results in chemotaxis, or directed migration of tumor cells from their primary site via the circulation to the preferential sites of metastases. The evidence for this model and its significance are reviewed here.
On modelling steady state and transient creep of polycrystalline solids

A constitutive model is proposed to describe creep deformation of polycrystalline materials under complex stress and temperature histories. The concept of piecewise linear effective stress—creep strain rate relationship is utilized. A key assumption in this model is that the back stress under a given stress and temperature reaches a saturation point. This saturation point corresponds to the steady state condition.
Some Effects of Tensor Conductivity in Magnetohydrodynamics

A theoretical investigation concerning some Hall-current effects in inviscid, incompressible magnetohydrodynamics is made. The generalized Ohm's law and the concept of tensor conduc­ tivity are discussed. The macroscopic equations governing steady small-perturbation flow of a fully ionized gas are de­ veloped for three orientations of an applied magnetic field of in­ finite extent. These equations are then solved for flow past an insulating sinusoidal wall. The general solutions, pertaining to arbitrary values of magnetic Reynolds number and Hall param­ eter, are studied in the limits of large and small magnetic Rey­ nolds number, and characteristic Hall-current loops are detected. The pressure distribution on the wav}^ wall is investigated as a function of magnetic Reynolds number and Hall parameter. For the particular cases investigated here the influence of nonscalar conductivity is found to be much smaller than elementary considerations would indicate. For completeness, a brief study of transverse hydromagnetic waves is included. The classical plane Alfven wave is modified to have a slowly rotating plane of polarization in some analogy with the behavior of a plane-polarized light beam in an optically active medium. The modified Alfven wave is used to explain cer­ tain features of the wavy-wall solution for large magnetic Rey­ nolds number and an applied magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of the wall.
Evaluation and revision of an introduction to experiential rotations course

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the perceived student value of topics taught in Butler University's Introduction to Experiential Rotations (RX500) course, implement course revisions to address any perceived weaknesses, and to reassess the course following implementation of those course revisions. Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience (APPE) students from Butler University's 2012 doctorate of pharmacy class were initially surveyed to assess the perceived usefulness and design of RX500. Based on the findings of the initial data, course revisions were developed and implemented for the following semester's RX500 course. In order to assess for potential changes in the perceived value of the course following implementation, a follow-up survey was sent to students completing the revised course in the fall of 2012. Fifty-eight students completed the initial survey in the fall of 2011, and 34 completed the follow-up survey in the fall of 2012. The majority of students in both groups had completed at least four APPE experiences at the time of survey completion. Both of the study groups rated hands-on activities and visual presentations as their most beneficial learning styles within the classroom setting. Based on the initial survey findings, two topics were removed from the course, two topics were revised within the course, and three topics were added to the course. The follow-up survey results indicated an increased perceived usefulness of the two revised topics; however, the three new topics added to the course had mixed results. Faculty can continue to work on delivery of newer topics being added to the APPE preparation course.
Reports of Regional Body Discomfort during Carpenter Apprentice Training

Regional discomfort questionnaires were administered to apprentice carpenters at three month intervals for a duration of six months following an ergonomics awareness training as part of apprenticeship school. Reports of frequent musculoskeletal discomfort were reported by between 20 and 29 percent of carpenters for each of the nine body regions with the exception of higher levels for the lower back. Severity ratings and frequency of discomfort were highest for the lower back and hands/wrists. There was no significant difference in reports of musculoskeletal discomfort among the baseline and follow-up questionniares (p > 0.05). The lower back was the only body region showing a decrease in the ratings of discomfort severity during follow-up. Further study of training effects on work methods and discomfort are recommended.
Craniotomy improves outcome in subdural empyema

Renewed uncertainty regarding the best technique of surgical therapy (burr holes versus craniotomy) for subdural empyema prompted a review of the experience with this disease entity at UCLA. Based on data obtained from this review and from studies previously published in the literature, the keys to optimal outcome are rapid diagnosis, craniotomy with total removal of pus, and appropriate antibiotic therapy. The clinical syndrome of subdural empyema can overlap that of other intracranial infections; infants and young children present with a different syndrome than older children and adults. Computed tomography scanning is nearly always diagnostic but may be equivocal or normal; magnetic resonance imaging may become the diagnostic study of choice. Multiple organisms are often cultured, which requires multiple drug therapy.
Balanced approach to safety of high capacity silicon–germanium–carbon nanotube free-standing lithium ion battery anodes

Abstract The electrochemical performance and safety of high capacity free-standing anodes for lithium ion batteries have been enhanced by the addition of silicon to Ge-nanoparticle-single wall carbon nanotube (Ge-NP:SWCNT) hybrid electrodes. Materials characterization of electrodes indicated amorphous silicon was deposited through a low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) process resulting in a reduction in surface area from over 900 m2/g to 113 m2/g after 70% w/w addition of Si. Electrochemical performance of the electrodes showed extraction capacities over 1200 mAh/g for Si–Ge-NP:SWCNT free-standing anodes with coulombic efficiencies of >85% on the first cycle; this demonstrates a >40% improvement over previous free-standing Ge-NP:SWCNT electrode capacities. The thermal safety of the Si–Ge-NP:SWCNT electrodes, as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), was also improved over pure SWCNT and Ge-NP:SWCNT electrodes, evidenced by a reduced exothermic energy release. These high capacity free-standing anodes show for the first time the use of nanostructured-tailoring to balance improvements in electrochemical performance and safety.
Whatever Happened to the Cultural Feminists? Martha Boesing and At the Foot of the Mountain

In 1991, Martha Boesing, cofounder of At the Foot of the Mountain in Minneapolis, declared, “I'm not [just] a cultural feminist. I was a Marxist before these girls were even born!” The “girls” to whom she was referring were the critics whose negative response to the performance of the multicultural collaborative piece The Story of a Mother II at the Women and Theatre Program in Chicago in 1987 marked a decisive clash between competing notions of feminism in American theatre. Boesing later owned her own cultural feminism, as well as her Marxist evocation to action, but the conflict between cultural feminists (who sought performance as a means of building communities) and materialist feminists (who resisted being constructed as part of universalized womanhood) resulted in a divide that ultimately affected the reception and hence the historical impact of At the Foot of the Mountain. From their founding in 1974 to this performance in 1991, Boesing and At the Foot of the Mountain had been featured both in critical literature and at theatre conferences, hailed for their application of consciously articulated feminist politics in the creative process of their plays. After Chicago, they lost momentum as subjects of study in critical scholarship.
Second-Order Quadrupole Effect for the Nuclear Hexadecapole Coupling in Ions

In connection with the possible existence of a nuclear electric hexadecapole moment, and the resulting large induced hexadecapole moment for medium and heavy ions due to antishielding effects, expressions have been obtained for the additional induced hexadecapole moment, ${{H}_{\mathrm{ind}}}^{Q}$, due to the perturbation of the ion by the field of the nuclear quadrupole moment $Q$ taken in second order. ${{H}_{\mathrm{ind}}}^{Q}$ is proportional to ${Q}^{2}$. Numerical results for some of the terms of ${{H}_{\mathrm{ind}}}^{Q}$ are presented for the ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{+}$, and ${\mathrm{Hg}}^{++}$ ions.
Comment on "Self-compression of high-intensity femtosecond optical pulses and spatiotemporal soliton generation".

Self-compression of high-intensity femtosecond pulses has been observed in a number of atomic and molecular gases and solid bulk material. The evolution of the femtosecond pulse parameters during the self-compression has been studied under a variety of experimental conditions. Generation of spatiotemporal solitons has been achieved by the combined action of self-compression and self-focusing.
Synthesis of Molybdenum Nitrido Complexes for Triple-Bond Metathesis of Alkynes and Nitriles

Complexes of the type N≡Mo(OR)3 (R = tertiary alkyl, tertiary silyl, bulky aryl) have been synthesized in the search for molybdenum-based nitrile–alkyne cross-metathesis (NACM) catalysts. Protonolysis of known N≡Mo(NMe2)3 led to the formation of N≡Mo(O-2,6-iPr2C6H3)3(NHMe2) (12), N≡Mo(OSiPh3)3(NHMe2) (5-NHMe2), and N≡Mo(OCPh2Me)3(NHMe2) (17-NHMe2). The X-ray structure of 12 revealed an NHMe2 ligand bound cis to the nitrido ligand, while 5-NHMe2 possessed an NHMe2 bound trans to the nitride ligand. Consequently, 17-NHMe2 readily lost its amine ligand to form N≡Mo(OCPh2Me)3 (17), while 12 and 5-NHMe2 retained their amine ligands in solution. Starting from bulkier tris-anilide complexes, N≡Mo(N[R]Ar)3 (R = isopropyl, tert-butyl; Ar = 3,5-dimethylphenyl) allowed for the formation of base-free complexes N≡Mo(OSiPh3)3 (5) and N≡Mo(OSiPh2tBu)3 (16). Achievement of a NACM cycle requires the nitride complex to react with alkynes to form alkylidyne complexes; therefore the alkyne cross-metathesis (ACM) activity of ...
Antigenic specificity relationships of castor bean meal, pollen, and allergenic fraction, CB-1A, of Ricinus communis

Guinea pigs could not be sensitized to castor bean pollen antigens by sensitization with CB-1A. CB-1A had less than 0.025 per cent cross-reactive potency with guinea pigs sensitized to the pollen when tested by the Schultz-Dale method and by quantitative precipitin tests. The cross-reactive potency of castor bean pollen and castor bean meal antigens was less than 0.4 per cent by the Schultz-Dale test and was 1.6 per cent by a gel diffusion method of testing. The analogous relationships of CB-1A and CS-1A to sensitivity to castor beans and cottonseed, respectively, are discussed.
Student Confidence/Overconfidence in the Research Process

Abstract Librarians with instructional responsibilities will base information literacy session content upon course syllabi and teaching faculty's assessments of student readiness. Often students' self-perceived competencies do not factor into the lesson planning process. The aim of this project is to collect the levels of self-confidence for a group of students who are primarily entering health care professions. This study observes students' levels of self-confidence in performing research-related activities and their corresponding ability to correctly answer content questions for those tasks. Students' self-confidence ratings are not reliable indicators for information literacy competence. The confidence levels for information literacy tasks of students entering health care professions may have clinical implications for future practice.
Vehicle Instrumentation for Crash Testing

The instrumentation for recording critical accelerations and loads at pertinent points on a vechicle and its dummy occupants during controlled collision is described. Instrumentation requirements upon which instrumentation selection was made are discussed. The method of data reduction, including the use of computer and automatic plotting equipment, is also discussed.
The role of task difficulty in the control of dynamic balance in children and adults

Although several studies have explored the development of balance control in children, few have addressed the influence of task difficulty on balance control under dynamic and ecologically valid conditions. In this study, reaching tasks in three directions to two distances enabled the examination of balance control in the context of graded task difficulty. Balance control was measured in younger (6 years) and older (10-11 years) children and adults using center of pressure (COP) measures (initial position, excursion, and amplitude) and reach distance. Measures of the initial position of the COP and the excursion of the COP revealed no age-related differences in balance control. Furthermore, balance control, measured by the amplitude of COP movement over the course of the reaching tasks, indicated no differences between the age groups for the least difficult and most difficult tasks. For tasks of moderate difficulty, however, older children displayed levels of balance control similar to younger children for some tasks and higher levels of balance control, similar to adults, for others. This study suggests that (1) process-based measures of balance control are more sensitive in detecting age-related differences, and (2) balance control depends upon both age and the difficulty of the task being performed.
Methylome repatterning in a mouse model of Maternal PKU Syndrome

Abstract Maternal PKU Syndrome (MPKU) is an embryopathy resulting from in utero phenylalanine (PHE) toxicity secondary to maternal phenylalanine hydroxylase deficient phenylketonuria (PKU). Clinical phenotypes in MPKU include mental retardation, microcephaly, in utero growth restriction, and congenital heart defects. Numerous in utero toxic exposures alter DNA methylation in the fetus. The PAH enu2 mouse is a model of classical PKU while offspring born of hyperphenylalaninemic dams model MPKU. We investigated offspring of PAH enu2 dams to determine if altered patterns of DNA methylation occurred in response to in utero PHE exposure. As neurologic deficit is the most prominent MPKU phenotype, methylome patterns were assessed in brain tissue using methylated DNA immunoprecipitation and paired-end sequencing. Brain tissues were assessed in E18.5–19 fetuses of PHE unrestricted PAH enu2 dams, PHE restricted PAH enu2 dams, and heterozygous wt/enu2 control dams. Extensive methylome repatterning was observed in offspring of hyperphenylalaninemic dams while the offspring of PHE restricted dams displayed attenuated methylome repatterning. Methylation within coding regions was dominated by noncoding RNA genes. Differential methylation of promoters targeted protein coding genes. To assess the impact of methylome repatterning on gene expression, brain tissue in experimental and control animals were queried with microarrays assessing expression of microRNAs and protein coding genes. Altered expression of methylome-modified microRNAs and protein coding genes was extensive in offspring of hyperphenylalaninemic dams while minimal changes were observed in offspring of PHE restricted dams. Several genes displaying significantly reduced expression have roles in neurological function or genetic disease with neurological phenotypes. These data indicate in utero PHE toxicity alters DNA methylation in the brain which has downstream impact upon gene expression. Altered gene expression may contribute to pathophysiology of neurologic presentation in MPKU.
A Systems Approach to Organizational Change

Organizational change is an activity that is only partially analysable within current systems theories since they are based on static models of systems. The change process therefore is often organized on an ad hoc basis with less efficient control compared to the operation of the regular system. This paper offers some guidelines for the design of change programmes, ie the plan of action for the implementation of a change. In particular the concept of ‘Design/Contribution Graphs’ is presented as a tool for planning the implementation programme.
Design trade-offs in optoelectronic parallel processing systems using smart-SLMs

Optoelectronic devices with free-space optical interconnections offer new possibilities in massively parallel processing. The trade-offs involved in system design and device selection for optoelectronic implementations are examined. System design trade-offs are approached from algorithmic and technological standpoints. From the algorithmic standpoint, new architectures based on expander graphs, that have been shown to provide low-contention fault-tolerant communication, are discussed. Optoelectronic systems which implement such random graphs can be folded to reduce the hardware cost or unfolded to increase bandwidth. They can also be partially folded by increasing the grain size or by reducing the randomness of the graph topology to reduce the complexity of the interconnection holograms. An optoelectronic and a VLSI implementation of a multistage interconnection network are compared from a technological standpoint. Physical design parameters, such as the chip size or the number of phase levels of the interconnection holograms, are related to the system design metrics such as bandwidth, volume, area and power. It is shown that the optoelectronic implementations have higher performance and are more cost-effective than VLSI implementations. These results are also used to provide general guidelines for device selection in the design of smart pixels/smart spatial light modulators based optoelectronic systems.
Increases of CCK mRNA and peptide in different brain areas following acute and chronic administration of morphine.

The present study examined whether either acute or chronic administration of morphine resulted in changes in the content of CCK mRNA and CCK immunoactive peptide in selective areas of the rat brain and spinal cord. Two hours after a single injection of morphine (10 mg/kg, s.c.), CCK mRNA significantly increased in the hypothalamus (0.8-fold) and spinal cord (2-fold) relative to the CCK mRNA content in saline-injected controls. No significant differences in CCK mRNA were observed in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, midbrain or brainstem. There were no significant alterations in CCK immunoreactivity in any brain regions and spinal cord after the acute treatment with morphine. Upon repeated morphine administration, the content of CCK mRNA in both the hypothalamus and the spinal cord was further elevated by at least 3-fold. A significant increase of CCK mRNA content in brain stem (2.8-fold) was also observed following chronic morphine administration. In contrast to the acute exposure to morphine, chronic administration resulted in significant increases in CCK immunoactive peptide in hypothalamus (2.6-fold), spinal cord (2.1-fold) and brainstem (1.6-fold), but not in the other brain areas. These results demonstrate that morphine, especially following repeated administrations, stimulates endogenous CCK biosynthesis in selective brain regions.
The use of OPW's in the Lindgren approximation of conduction-core exchange and the lattice dynamical properties of rubidium

Abstract This paper reports a first principles nonlocal pseudopotential calculation for the lattice dynamical properties of rubidium metal. In these calculations, an orthogonalized plane wave (OPW) has been used for the first time to represent the conduction state in the Lindgren approximation of conduction-core exchange. A comparison is made of phonon spectra and elastic shear constants using both plane wave (PW) and OPW conduction states. It is found that the OPW results are in excellent agreement with experiment and consistently better than the PW results for both phonon spectra and elastic constant. Similar results are found for other simple alkali metals.
The closed graph theorem without category

We show that a diagonal theorem of P. Antosik can be used to give a proof of the Closed Graph Theorem for normed spaces which does not depend upon the Baire Category Theorem.
On the energy content of the atmosphere

Vertical profiles of the content of sensible heat, potential energy, and latent heat in the atmosphere between 1000 and 100 mb, during January and July, are derived for the latitude circles 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60°N. Contrasts between oceans and continents are found to vary significantly with latitude and season.
Conditional random fields for activity recognition in smart environments

One of the most common functions of smart environments is to monitor and assist older adults with their activities of daily living. Activity recognition is a key component in this application. It is essentially a temporal classification problem which has been modeled in the past by naive Bayes classifiers and hidden Markov models (HMMs). In this paper, we describe the use of another probabilistic model: Conditional Random Fields (CRFs), which is currently gaining popularity for its remarkable performance for activity recognition. Our focus is on using CRFs to recognize activities performed by an inhabitant in a smart home environment and our goal is to validate the claim of its higher or similar performance by comparing CRFs with HMMs using data collected in a real smart home.
Performance-Based Engineering of Wood Frame Housing: Fragility Analysis Methodology

Recent trends in building construction have highlighted the need for improved methodologies for engineering new light-frame structures for housing and techniques for condition assessment of existing structures. The aftermath of natural disasters during the past decade, the rapid evolution of design and construction methods, and heightened expectations on the part of the public and its scrutiny of perceived and actual deficiencies in codes and code enforcement have further underscored these needs. Among the high-priority areas identified at a 1997 ASCE workshop on wood engineering research needs were behavior and performance of wood structural systems; criteria for performance assessment; and methods for condition assessment of damaged systems following natural disasters. The development of appropriate and usable fragility models and system reliability analysis tools is necessary to meet these needs and to make meaningful advances in performance-based engineering of wood frame structures. This paper provid...
Photophysics of Si nanostructures: Ensembles and single particles

The optical properties of Si nanostructures of varying dimensionality, size and fabrication methods is discussed. The Auger coefficient of TiSi2-catalyzed Si nanowires is 2times10-13 cm3/s, lower than that of Si nanoparticles. To avoid ensembles artifacts, fabrication and optical analysis of single nanowires and nanoparticles is presented.
Dynamical implications of using neural networks as controllers

The authors examine the usefulness of the feedforward neural network as a controller. For illustrative purposes, the authors consider the case of controlling two-dimensional linear systems. Observations are then made which generalize to higher dimensions and nonlinear systems. Examples are provided to verify the results. In particular, a classical power system stabilizer is examined to demonstrate the feasibility of using a neural controller. >
Eimeria meleagrimitis Tyzzer in turkeys: the life cycle and effects of inoculum size and time on severity of infection and intestinal distribution.

Developmental stages of Eimeria meleagrimitis Tyzzer were found throughout the intestine and ceca of turkeys given inocula ranging from 10(4) to 7.5 x 10(5) sporulated oocysts/bird. Infection initially occurred in the duodenum and upper jejunum but later moved down the intestine and into the ceca. The speed with which the infection moved into these areas was rougly proportional to the inoculum size. Heaviest infections were in the ileum, neck of the cecum, and large intestine. The life cycle consisted of 5 asexual generations before gametogony, a 6th asexual generation developing simultaneously with gametogony. First- and 2nd-generations were located along the sides of villi in the upper intestine rather than in the crypts of Lieberkuhn, as previously described in England for this species. Transitory first-generation stages that were abnormally large and usually degenerate were found in the neck of the cecum.
Social Capital in the 50 States: Measuring State-Level Social Capital, 1986–2004

The idea of social capital has had a powerful impact on the study of politics, policy, and social science at large. Much of what we know about the causes and effects of social capital, however, is limited by the nature of data used regularly by scholars working in this area. Current data sets allow researchers to study changes in social capital over time at the national level and static differences in the distribution of social capital across the states. The inability of scholars to know how social capital varies over time and across space limits the kinds of questions that can be asked. In this article, we use sample data of more than 20,000 individuals conducted biannually in the continuous 48 states by the marketing research firm MediaMark Research, Inc. to create a unique measure of social capital that varies across time and space. These data are available at the state level from 1986 through 2004.
Teaching speech to an autistic child through operant conditioning

Follow-up studies show that prognosis is poor for autistic children who fail to develop speech by age five. An operant conditioning speech training program established a basic speaking vocabulary in a four-and-a-half-year-old nonverbal autistic boy. This conditioned speech later began to acquire the characteristics of meaningful language.
Construction of Non-Linear Local Quantum Processes.

Abstract : A species of singular perturbation theory applicable to a general class of nonlinear local quantum fields is developed. The theory is applied in detail to the arbitrary scalar relativistic field in two space time dimensions with positive-energy self-interaction. (Author)
Matrix representations of the multidimensional overlap and add technique

The authors present sparse matrix representations for multidimensional Agarwal-Burrus nesting. It is shown that the resulting sparse matrices can be expressed in terms of tensor product decompositions. The formulations derived provide a highly compact representation of this approach to nesting. The tensor product approach also provides the needed structure to easily derive several variant schemes that are well suited for use on many types of computer architectures. >
Interpersonal Theory and Music Techniques: A Case Study for a Family With a Depressed Adolescent

Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT-A) is a brief, time-limited therapy developed for use with adolescents diagnosed with major depression. IPT-A has been shown to be effective with adolescents in family counseling milieus. Music therapy techniques also have been successfully used to treat adolescent depression. This article provides mental health counselors and family counselors with information about a case study in which these two modalities were successfully integrated. In addition, this article provides explanations of IPT-A treatment protocols and music therapy techniques that might be utilized in a family therapy setting.
Challenges in the concurrent management of malaria and HIV in pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa.

Summary Approximately one million pregnancies are complicated by both malaria and HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa annually. Both infections have been associated with maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. Intermittent preventive treatment, usually with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, has been shown to prevent pregnancy-related malaria and its complications. Several different regimens of antiretroviral therapy are now available to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV and/or progression of maternal HIV infection during pregnancy. However, no published studies have yet shown whether standard intermittent preventive treatment and antiretroviral regimens are medically and operationally compatible in pregnancy. We reviewed existing policies regarding prevention and treatment of HIV and malaria in pregnancy, as well as published literature on adverse effects of antiretrovirals and antimalarials commonly used in pregnancy in developing countries, and found that concurrent prescription of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole), and antiretroviral agents including nevirapine and zidovudine per existing protocols for prevention of malaria and vertical HIV transmission may result in adverse drug interactions or overlapping, diagnostically challenging drug toxicities. Insecticide-treated bednets should be provided for HIV-infected pregnant women at risk for malaria. Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine should be prescribed cautiously in women concurrently receiving daily nevirapine and/or zidovudine, and should be avoided in women on daily co-trimoxazole. Further research is urgently needed to define safe and effective protocols for concurrent management of HIV and malaria in pregnancy, and to define appropriate interventions for different populations subject to differing levels of malaria transmission and antimalarial drug resistance.
Improved detection of posterior myocardial wall ischemia with the 15-lead electrocardiogram

Abstract Background: A routine 12-lead electrocardiogram is commonly obtained to evaluate for possible acute myocardial infarction during the initial screening of patients with chest discomfort. Posterior myocardial infarction is commonly missed because it is not usually visible in the standard leads. In this study, we compared the sensitivity and specificity of posterior chest leads (V 7 , V 8 , and V 9 ) and 12-lead electrocardiography in detecting posterior injury pattern during single-vessel percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Methods and Results: Three posterior chest leads in addition to the routine 12-lead electrocardiogram were monitored simultaneously during single-vessel percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty of the right, circumflex, and left anterior descending coronary arteries in a total of 223 patients. Posterior injury patterns (95%) were detected mostly during circumflex coronary occlusion. Posterior leads were able to detect injury pattern in 49% (36 of 74) of patients, whereas the 12-lead electrocardiogram was able to detect only 32% ( P 2 to V 3 are considered to be from posterior myocardial injury, then the overall sensitivity is increased to 69%. Conclusions: Posterior leads significantly increased the detection of posterior injury pattern compared with the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram. Using all 15 leads significantly further improved the detection of circumflex coronary–related injury pattern over the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram. (Am Heart J 1999;138:934-40.)
Comparison of Uncertainty Propagation / Response Surface Techniques for Two Aeroelastic Systems

&Uncertainty has always been an important consideration when designing, analyzing and testing engineered systems, but computational investigations of the effects of uncertainty are only now beginning to become feasible. Often the limiting factor is the computational expense required to assess the influence of uncertainty on the system. This work provides an overview of techniques that seek to reduce this expense. Sampling methods such as Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS), Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) and Low-Discrepancy Sequences will be discussed, as well as reliability methods such as MV, AVM, FORM and SORM. Response surface approximations such as Kriging and Polynomial Chaos will also be discussed, highlighting the fact that all of these uncertainty quantification techniques can be understood in the context of a response surface. The strengths and weaknesses of these uncertainty propagation techniques will be discussed and they will be compared by applying them to two loworder aerospace problems. The examples illustrate a case where most of the methods are not so satisfactory, and another where almost any would perform surprisingly well. Most of these methods are implemented in the Design Analysis Kit for Optimization and Terascale Applications or DAKOTA package, an open source design and optimization toolkit that was created by Sandia National Laboratories beginning in 2001, which was used to perform many of the analyses discussed in the paper.
mTOR Inhibition Specifically Sensitizes Colorectal Cancers with KRAS or BRAF Mutations to BCL-2/BCL-XL Inhibition by Suppressing MCL-1

Colorectal cancers (CRCs) harboring KRAS or BRAF mutations are refractory to current targeted therapies. Using data from a high-throughput drug screen, we have developed a novel therapeutic strategy that combines targeting of the apoptotic machinery using the BCL-2 family inhibitor ABT-263 (navitoclax) in combination with a TORC1/2 inhibitor, AZD8055. This combination leads to efficient apoptosis specifically in KRAS mutant (MT) and BRAF MT but not wild-type (WT) CRC cells. This specific susceptibility results from TORC1/2 inhibition leading to suppression of MCL-1 expression in mutant, but not WT CRCs, leading to abrogation of BIM/MCL-1 complexes. This combination strategy leads to tumor regressions in both KRAS MT colorectal cancer xenograft and genetically-engineered mouse models of CRC, but not in the corresponding KRAS WT CRC models. These data suggest that the combination of BCL-2/XL inhibitors with TORC1/2 inhibitors constitutes a promising targeted therapy strategy to treat these recalcitrant cancers.
The rfaS gene, which is involved in production of a rough form of lipopolysaccharide core in Escherichia coli K-12, is not present in the rfa cluster of Salmonella typhimurium LT2.

Partial sequencing of the rfa cluster of Salmonella typhimurium LT2 indicated a region of 336 bp between rfaP and rfaB in the site occupied by the rfaS gene in Escherichia coli K-12. This region does not contain a functional rfaS gene, although DNA analysis suggests that the region may have contained an ancestral gene. This conclusion that S. typhimurium LT2 lacks rfaS is supported by its lipopolysaccharide (LPS) gel phenotype, since LT2 does not make the lipooligosaccharide band characteristic of LPS from smooth strains of E. coli K-12. Images
Sjögren’s Syndrome

Primary Sjogren’s syndrome (pSS) is a systemic autoimmune disease with early and gradually progressive lacrimal and salivary dysfunction. Secondary SS occurs in association with other autoimmune disorders, the most common of which is rheumatoid arthritis. Minor salivary glands and lacrimal glands in SS exhibit a particular pattern of periductal lymphocytic infiltration known as focal lymphocytic sialadenitis. About 90% of patients with SS are women. Sjogren’s syndrome is very common, with a community prevalence of pSS ranging from 0.1% to 0.6% of all individuals. The major eye problem in SS is keratoconjunctivitis sicca, leading to xerophthalmia. The principal oral manifestation of SS is decreased salivary gland production, leading to xerostomia and a predilection for dental caries. Extraglandular manifestations of SS include arthralgias, thyroiditis, renal involvement (leading to renal tubular acidosis), peripheral neuropathy, cutaneous vasculitis, and lymphoma. The risk of lymphoma in pSS is approximately 5%. Most patients with SS develop increased circulating polyclonal immunoglobulins and autoantibodies. These autoantibodies include two fairly specific antibodies directed against the Ro (SS-A) and La (SS-B) antigens. ■ Anti-Ro and -La antibodies may be associated with fetal heart block during the pregnancies of women with SS.
Latent Variable Modeling of Differences and Changes with Longitudinal Data

This review considers a common question in data analysis: What is the most useful way to analyze longitudinal repeated measures data? We discuss some contemporary forms of structural equation models (SEMs) based on the inclusion of latent variables. The specific goals of this review are to clarify basic SEM definitions, consider relations to classical models, focus on testable features of the new models, and provide recent references to more complete presentations. A broader goal is to illustrate why so many researchers are enthusiastic about the SEM approach to data analysis. We first outline some classic problems in longitudinal data analysis, consider definitions of differences and changes, and raise issues about measurement errors. We then present several classic SEMs based on the inclusion of invariant common factors and explain why these are so important. This leads to newer SEMs based on latent change scores, and we explain why these are useful.
Origin of sex chromosome aneuploidy

Summary Probabilities applicable to RFLPs are derived for the genotypes of XXY, XXX, and XO children, conditional on their mode of origin and the parental mating type, and the theory is applied to family data on the XG locus. The proportion of XXY males arising in spermatogenesis is shown to be 0.41 ± 0.09. The large distance of XG from the centromere makes distinction between maternal meiosis I and II unreliable, but if man is like Drosophila, most of the maternal non-disjunctions arise in meiosis I, among tetrads that have undergone one or more exchanges. Data from XG show that 0.78 ± 0.05 of XO females arise from an error involving the paternal sex chromosomes. The XG locus is virtually uninformative about the origin of XXX. Application of the theory to selected RFLPs will be much more incisive because of their large number, lack of dominance, greater heterozygosity, and distribution along the chromosome. Study of RFLPs will facilitate diagnosis of the parental origin of sex chromosome abnormalities and the comparison of recombination rates in regular and trisomic progeny of maternal mei I and mei II origin. A pseudocentromeric model that estimates map distances from exceptional progeny is applied to non-disjunction of the X chromosomes in D. melanogaster, giving good recovery of the expected map and thereby validating this approach for RFLPs in man.
Settlement Analysis of Box Jacking Projects

Box jacking (BJ) is a trenchless method to install reinforced concrete boxes underground. Over excavation (overcut) is required during box installation to reduce friction force between box segments and surrounding soils. Surrounding soils may collapse during project execution or after project completion and cause surface disturbances and potentially damage road embankment. The main objective of this paper is to develop a statistical model to estimate maximum surface settlement associated with box jacking using eight factors including 1) soil modulus of elasticity (E), 2) soil friction angle (φ), 3) soil unit weight (γ), 4) soil cohesion (c), 5) box culvert height (h), 6) box culvert width (w), 7) overcut size (s), and 8) depth of box culvert from the surface (H). PLAXIS 2D, a finite element modeling software, was used to generate box jacking models under different site and project conditions. In total, 300 box jacking models were generated and corresponding maximum surface settlements were recorded. Then, multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis was conducted to investigate the relation between considered factors and maximum surface settlement. The minimum depth of box from the surface (H) was assumed to be at least 2h. Therefore, the suggested MLR model is not applicable for box culverts installed in depth less than 2h. It was concluded that the soil cohesion (c) was the most significant factor in determining maximum surface settlement. Results showed that soil friction angle (φ) did not have any correlation with maximum surface settlement.
Community health coalitions in context: associations between geographic context, member type and length of membership with coalition functions

The coalition literature recognizes context (geography, demographics and history) as a variable of interest, yet few coalition evaluation studies have focused on it. This study explores the association between geographic context and structures (e.g. member type) with functional characteristics (e.g. decision making or levels of conflict) in a statewide system of community health councils (coalitions). The study was part of a multiyear, statewide evaluation of New Mexico’s health councils’ contributions to systems-level changes. We adapted the Coalition Self-Assessment Survey (CSAS) for all county health council members and paid council coordinators. Both multilevel univariate and multivariate procedures were used to compare index scores, summaries of CSAS questions used to characterize council functions, with selected demographic variables and region. Member type was associated with decision making and policy capacity; paid staff expressed higher levels of agreement than voting members for both items. Length of membership was associated with decision making, positive leadership and shared vision. Results indicated that geographic context was significantly associated with many functional characteristics. The study highlights the idea that geographic context may influence coalition functioning. Understanding how geographic context influences coalition planning and actions may help explain differences among coalitions that on the surface share common organizational characteristics and external goals.
The Molecular Biology of Amino-Acid Transport in Bacteria

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the current information available on the molecular biology of bacterial amino-acid transport. It discusses some general aspects of biological transport as well as the physiological role of amino-acid transport in prokaryotes and provides an overview of the work done on different amino acid transport systems operating in prokaryotes. Transport systems in prokaryotes serve to move many different types of solute into or out of the cell to maintain the optimum physiological cellular concentration for each nutrient. The types of solute transported include ions, sugars, and amino acids. Some active amino-acid transport systems consist solely of one or more membrane components, whereas other transport systems have membrane components as well as at least one binding protein that resides in the periplasmic space of the bacterial cell. The chapter illustrates two examples of membrane-bound transport systems—namely, proline and tyrosine. Other systems examined in this chapter have both membrane-bound and periplasmic components.
LA PERCEPCIÓN DEL HABLA DE CÓRDOBA, ARGENTINA: UNA PRUEBA QUE COMBINA LAS ACTITUDES CON LA IDENTIFICACIÓN DE DIALECTO

La tonada cordobesa en Argentina atrae la atencion y conlleva el caracter de un pueblo. Este trabajo explora los estereotipos y actitudes hacia el dialecto cordobes y sus hablantes. Especificamente, compara las percepciones de la competencia y la solidaridad del hablante cordobes. Se cumple con este objetivo utilizando una metodologia que combina ejemplares acusticos del habla natural con evaluaciones subjetivas de hablantes provenientes de Cordoba, Buenos Aires, y Tucuman. Los oyentes argentinos evaluaron positivamente a los hablantes cordobeses con factores de solidaridad a traves de la eleccion de ciertos descriptores, como por ejemplo, gracioso . Sin embargo, factores que demuestran la competencia, como culta, fueron excluidos en la descripcion de voces cordobesas. Fue el contrario para los hablantes bonaerenses: fueron evaluados positivamente por su competencia, y negativamente por su solidaridad ( egoista, aburrida ). Esta oposicion de valores separa en grupos distintos a los cordobeses de los bonaerenses. Ademas, reproduce la distincion ideologica entre el estandar y las variedades regionales vistas como no-estandares (Labov et al. 1968; Giles 1971 1973; Preston 1999). Los resultados apoyan el estereotipo que asocia el personaje cordobes con el humor y el chiste (Hepp 1995; Cantinelli 1985) y exponen algunas de las actitudes reservadas para los hablantes de Cordoba.
The Andrew environment of development for development of educational computing

Abstract Andrew is being developed at Carnegie-Mellon University as an environment for computing by all members of the campus community. The system includes a file system, user interface software, and the CMU-Tutor facility for building instructional material. This demonstration focuses on the latter environment, showing how it provides excellent facilities for generating images and evaluating student responses to questions.
Correlations in Crystal Ball

The Crystal Ball add-in to Excel for Monte Carlo simulations has capabilities to correlate assumptions (uncertain quantities). This note describes the various ways that correlations may be used, and issues a number of caveats.
Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve Analysis: A Tutorial Using Body Mass Index (BMI) as a Measure of Obesity

The purpose of this tutorial-based lecture is to show the usefulness of performing a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The lecture will explain the background terminology associated with a ROC curve analysis, show the necessary SAS software coding to run a ROC curve analysis, and finally help interpret the analysis output in order to make informed research decisions. An example evaluating body mass index (BMI) cutoff scores indicating obesity is used in the tutorial.