cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular characterization of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene

Retinoblastoma is recognized as a hereditary cancer. Genetic and epidemiological analysis of the disease has been incorporated into a two-hit mutational inactivation hypothesis of the origin of retinoblastoma. The molecular cloning and characterization of the retinoblastoma gene and gene product has allowed a critical testing of this two-hit hypothesis. All the predications of the model have been born out by experiment so far. These include inheritance of one mutated RB allele as the origin of hereditary retinoblastoma, subsequent loss of the remaining allele upon tumorigenesis, the involvement of the same RB gene in both sporadic and hereditary retinoblastoma, the somatic mutation of both RB alleles in sporadic retinoblastoma, the lack of RB expression in any retinoblastoma yet examined, and the recessiveness of mutated RB alleles. The RB gene exhibits functional properties consistent with its role as a suppressor of tumor formation. For example, re-expression of RB in tumor cells lacking endogenous RB leads to a loss of tumorigenic properties. RB protein can also inhibit progression through the cell division cycle, and it physically and/or functionally interacts with important cell cycle regulatory molecules. Although confirmation of the two-hit hypothesis seems complete, we can not rule out the possibility that other genes are involved in the genesis of this tumor. For example, there seems to be variable resistance to tumor development even in patients inheriting retinoblastoma susceptibility. Further, heterozygous RB null mice do not develop retinoblastoma, but develop a characteristic brain tumor instead. The molecular isolation of the RB gene is an important achievement in research on cancer. For the first time, it has become possible to examine, at the molecular level, genes that inhibit the growth of tumor cells. The precise mechanism of action of RB is unknown, but a broad outline is beginning to emerge. RB seems to negatively influence tumor cell growth by participating in regulation of the cell division cycle. RB has also been implicated in differentiation; its effect on the cell division cycle and its effects on differentiation may be different manifestations of the same function. Since RB is involved in oncogenesis, gene regulation, and cellular differentiation, it is obviously an attractive gene for intense study; understanding the function and mechanism of action of RB will impact the understanding of many, important cell processes.
Practice guidelines for electron beam tomography: a report of the Society of Atherosclerosis Imaging

Practice guidelines for the use of electron beam tomography to detect and quantitate coronary atherosclerotic plaque burden have been formulated by the Society of Atherosclerosis Imaging using American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association classifications of indications.
Single or Multiple? Looking at Location in Movement Notation.

Contemporary discourse embraces notions of human movement in space as occurring in both set, singular locations and also through many locations and ever-changing fields. Mobile conceptions of location and spatiality particularly relate to patterns of everyday contemporary life and are embraced in some artistic and performance practices. Graphic notation of movement now needs to accommodate mobile as well stable expressions of location to incorporate these changing contemporary spatial conceptions. In this essay, the author discusses Labanotation and Motif Writing as notation forms that often privilege location as a stable entity, and Motation as a form that addresses mobile and ever-changing locations. These individual systems speak to different concerns in the documentation of movement through space, and contemporary notation practices in some instances may best be served through using a hybrid version of these forms. Graphic notation requires the observer to analyze and reflect on human movement within ...
Inactivation and the site of labeling of F1-ATPase from Mycobacterium phlei by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole and quinacrine mustard

Abstract The F1-ATPase from Mycobacterium phlei is inactivated by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-Cl) and quinacrine mustard. The inactivation is both time-and concentration-dependent and in the case of DCCD being more pronounced at acidic pH. The minimum inactivation half-time ( t 1 2 ) for DCCD, NBD-Cl and quinacrine mustard was observed to be 14, 6 and 7 min, respectively. Inactivation of F1-ATPase resulted in the incorporation of [14C]DCCD as well as [14C]NBD-Cl into α and γ subunits. The incorporation of label into α and γ subunits, utilizing [14C]NBD-Cl, was reversible by dithiothreitol. Complete inactivation, by linear extrapolation to zero activity, revealed that 4 mol [14C]DCCD and 4 mol [14C]NBD-Cl bind per mol F1-ATPase. Kinetic and binding studies show that these probes bind to site(s) distinct from ATP-binding site in F1-ATPase from M. phlei.
Laser Balloon Angioplasty: Theory And Techniques

Balloon angioplasty, while generally successful as a revascularization procedure, has the major drawbacks of abrupt reclosure and chronic restenosis. These problems may be related, at least in part, to a large thrombogenic surface and to abnormal blood flow patterns caused by disrupted vessel wall elements impinging on the lumen following angioplasty. Laser balloon angioplasty (LBA), a method whereby the vessel wall is heated during balloon inflation by a Nd-YAG laser coupled to an optical fiber terminating within the balloon, may help overcome these problems. The major effects of LBA appear to be a welding back of dissected flaps, reduction of the elastic recoil of the vessel wall, and destruction of smooth muscle cells within the wall, so that their exuberant cellular response to angioplasty is less likely to occur.
Experimental investigation of conjugate natural convection heat transfer from a horizontal isothermal cylinder with a nonisothermal longitudinal plate fin at various angles

Abstract Steady laminar natural convection heat transfer from a horizontal isothermal cylinder in water with a single nonisothermal longitudinal plate fin at various angles is studied experimentally. Results are obtained at a Rayleigh number of approximately 4.0 × 105 with a fin length to cylinder diameter ratio of 0.2 and a Prandtl number near 5. Local fin temperatures and heat transfer from the fin and cylinder are obtained using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Overall heat transfer measurements are made from thermocouple and multimeter data for comparison. The total heat transfer does not change significantly from the bare cylinder value. The plume separation shifts from above the heated cylinder to the fin tip when the fin is within 50° of the upward vertical position.
Collisional energy-transfer processes involving van der Waals bonds

Abstract Collisional energy transfer to van der Waals complexes is studied via trajectory calculations. Efficient build-up of energy in the van der Waals bond and its subsequent fragmentation is a result of the flow of energy from translation through the chemically bonded molecular unit. Despite such an efficient energy flow, migration of the vibrational energy initially present in the molecular unit into the van der Waals bond is not important. V-V energy transfer between the excited molecular unit and the incident molecule is very inefficient. O2 is chosen for the model calculations.
Standard multivitamin supplementation does not improve vitamin D insufficiency after burns

Children suffering severe burns develop progressive vitamin D deficiency because of inability of burned skin to produce normal quantities of vitamin D3 and lack of vitamin D supplementation on discharge. Our study was designed to determine whether a daily supplement of a standard multivitamin tablet containing vitamin D2 400 IU (10 μg) for 6 months would raise serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] to normal. We recruited eight burned children, ages 5–18, whose families were deemed reliable by the research staff. These children were given a daily multivitamin tablet in the hospital for 3 months in the presence of a member of the research staff and then given the remainder at home. At 6 months, the subjects returned for measurements of serum levels of 25(OH)D,1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D], intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), Ca, P, albumin, and total protein as well as bone mass by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Serum 25(OH)D levels were compared to a group of seven age-matched burned children studied at an earlier date without the vitamin supplement but with the same method of determination of 25(OH)D at 6 months post-burn. In addition, the chewable vitamins were analyzed for vitamin D2 content by high performance liquid chromatography. Serum concentration of 25(OH)D was 21 ± 11(SD) ng/ml (sufficient range 30–100) with only one of the eight children having a value in the sufficient range. In comparison, the unsupplemented burn patients had mean serum 25(OH)D level of 16 ± 7, P = 0.33 versus supplemented. Serum levels of 1,25(OH)2D, iPTH, Ca, P, albumin, and total protein were all normal in the supplemented group. Vitamin D2 content of the chewable tablets after being saponified and extracted was 460 ± 20 IU. Bone mineral content of the total body and lumbar spine, as well as lumbar spine bone density, failed to increase as expected in the supplemented group. No correlations were found between serum 25(OH)D levels and age, length of stay, percent body surface area burn or third-degree burn. Supplementation of burned children with a standard multivitamin tablet stated to contain 400 IU of vitamin D2 failed to correct the vitamin D insufficiency.
THREE YARDS AND A CLOUD OF DUST: INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT AT CENTURY END

After a decade of updating and modernizing U.S. manufacturing with advanced management techniques (AMTS), competitive results have been generally disappointing. Industrial managers under pressure have relied on AMTS to solve their problems, but in this era of ever more intense and fast-moving competition, this has generally proven inadequate. Competitors abroad have moved ahead just as vigorously and usually earlier in applying AMTS such as JIT, TQM, and MRP, so the result has been “competitive gridlock.” Simultaneously, industry is full of misfits between manufacturing policies and strategy, as AMT-driven managers make and change policies piecemeal. The mediocre results of this conventional, operational mindset demonstrate that sheer productivity improvement or other conventional performance objectives seldom build unique competitive advantage. Winning in competition today requires a different management approach, one which is focused on establishing competitive superiority. Basic structural redesign is the key to clear competitive advantage, but its rare practice signals the presence of problems in the skills, attitudes, and premises of many industrial managers. Rather than continuing the common practice of relying on available AMTS, a new breed of industrial managers is needed, equipped with a breadth of skills which encompass all the functional areas of production and who are business- and strategy-rather than narrowly operation- and functionally-oriented.
P53 induction accompanying G2/M arrest upon knockdown of tumor suppressor HIC1 in U87MG glioma cells

Hypermethylated in cancer 1 (HIC1) is a novel tumor suppressor gene (tsg) frequently silenced by epigenetic modification, predominantly by methylation in different tumors. HIC1 functionally co-operates with p53 in cultured cells as well as in transgenic animals to suppress tumors and has binding site on its promoter. Its over expression often leads to cell cycle arrests. Although HIC1 proven to have role as tsg, its regulation to cell cycle and dependency upon p53 is grossly unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of HIC1 in cell cycle and proliferation of glioma cell line U87MG which has wild type p53, in both serum-containing and serum-deprived medium. Microscopic analysis and MTT assay showed reduced cell number and rate of proliferation upon HIC1 knock down compared to control siRNA (p = 0.025) and untreated cells (p = 0.03) in serum-containing medium and serum-free medium (p = 0.014 vs control siRNA; p = 0.018 vs untreated cells). Cell cycle analysis revealed an arrest at G2/M phase of cell cycle with no demonstrable increase in apoptosis with both medium. An increased expression of p53 concomitant with HIC1 knockdown was observed. Furthermore P21, a p53 responsive gene, along with p27 was significantly increased in comparison with controls. Our results demonstrated an important role of HIC1 for the normal progression of cell cycle, and at molecular level, it could affect the homeostasis of p53 as well as number of cell cycle-related genes, which may or may not be directly linked to p53.
Problem solving methods and knowledge systems: A personal journey to perceptual images as knowledge

I was among those who proposed problem solving methods (PSMs) in the late 1970s and early 1980s as a knowledge-level description of strategies useful in building knowledge-based systems. This paper summarizes the evolution of my ideas in the last two decades. I start with a review of the original ideas. From an artificial intelligence (AI) point of view, it is not PSMs as such, which are essentially high-level design strategies for computation, that are interesting, but PSMs associated with tasks that have a relation to AI and cognition. They are also interesting with respect to cognitive architecture proposals such as Soar and ACT-R: PSMs are observed regularities in the use of knowledge that an exclusive focus on the architecture level might miss, the latter providing no vocabulary to talk about these regularities. PSMs in the original conception are closely connected to a specific view of knowledge: symbolic expressions represented in a repository and retrieved as needed. I join critics of this view, and maintain with them that most often knowledge is not retrieved from a base as much as constructed as needed. This criticism, however, raises the question of what is in memory that is not knowledge as traditionally conceived in AI, but can support the construction of knowledge in predicate–symbolic form. My recent proposal about cognition and multimodality offers a possible answer. In this view, much of memory consists of perceptual and kinesthetic images, which can be recalled during deliberation and from which internal perception can generate linguistic–symbolic knowledge. For example, from a mental image of a configuration of objects, numerous sentences can be constructed describing spatial relations between the objects. My work on diagrammatic reasoning is an implemented example of how this might work. These internal perceptions on imagistic representations are a new kind of PSM.
Targeted class analysis of β-lactam antibiotics by tandem mass spectrometry

Another promising application area for tandem mass spectrometry is targeted class analysis. Particularly favorable examples of this are analyses for penicillins and other β-lactams, important compound classes sought in complex mixtures. Electron ionization of these compounds produces a major fragment ion by lactam ring cleavage; collisionally activated dissociation of this ion yields spectra characteristic of the compound class. Four isomeric [C7H12NO2S]+ ions and two homologous ions illustrate these points. Their collisionally activated dissociation spectra, like the corresponding molecular electron ionization spectra, show fragmentations characteristic of the β-lactam ring size and of substituent type and position, but not of stereochemistry.
Cyclic isothermal stress-induced transformations in high temperature Cu–13.1Al–4.0Ni (wt.%) shape memory alloy single crystal wires

Abstract Isothermal stress-induced transformations in Cu–13.1Al–4.0Ni (wt.%) single crystal wires were studied up to an overall strain of 8.62% and cycled until stabilization at test temperatures in the range, 25–175 °C, after the material had been heated from room temperature. A total of 26 cycles were needed for stabilization. A partial phase diagram of the cycled material is then developed. A second set of tests on the same material was carried out by heating the material to 175 °C and then cooling it to the test temperature, prior to the mechanical tests. A total of 18 cycles were needed for stabilization. Two-way shape memory strain started to accumulate from the 39th mechanical cycle, rising to as high as 3% at the end of the 44th cycle. No plastic strain was observed during the entire sequence of 44 cycles.
Jolliet TLWP Well Systems

The paper outlines the unique features of the Jolliet Project Well System. Some of these features are as a result of experience gained on the Hutton tension leg platform, while others came as a result of special conditions relative to the Jolliet project. The paper describes the systems starting at the drilling template, moving up the production riser to the surface support facilities and finishes with the internal completion.
The Nocturnal Surface Inversion and Influence of Clear-Air Radiative Cooling

Abstract Nocturnal boundary-layer data from the Wangara and Voves experiments are analyzed. The lower part of the nocturnal inversion layer normally appears to be turbulent but strongly stratified. The upper thicker part of the inversion layer is characterized by weaker stratification which appears to be almost completely generated by clear-air radiative cooling. The radiative cooling is associated primarily with moisture, but is only modestly sensitive to the particular moisture distribution and thus varies little from night to night for the data analyzed here. The radiatively cooled layer thickens significantly as the night proceeds. On the other hand, the thickness of the turbulent layer normally varies slowly during the night, but differs significantly from night to night. For the inversion layer as a whole, turbulent heat flux divergence and clear-air radiative cooling make comparable contributions to the heat budget. The stratification normally decreases with height corresponding to negative curvatu...
Electronic Structure of Warm Dense Copper Studied by Ultrafast X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy

We use time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy to investigate the unoccupied electronic density of states of warm dense copper that is produced isochorically through the absorption of an ultrafast optical pulse. The temperature of the superheated electron-hole plasma, which ranges from 4000 to 10 000 K, was determined by comparing the measured x-ray absorption spectrum with a simulation. The electronic structure of warm dense copper is adequately described with the high temperature electronic density of state calculated by the density functional theory. The dynamics of the electron temperature is consistent with a two-temperature model, while a temperature-dependent electron-phonon coupling parameter is necessary.
Activation and metabolism of benz[j]aceanthrylene-9,10-dihydrodiol, the precursor to bay-region metabolism of the genotoxic cyclopenta-PAH benz[j]aceanthrylene.

Abstract Benz[ j ]aceanthrylene, a cyclopentafused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon produced in combustion emissions, possesses a bay region and an etheno bridge which may both contribute to the overall genotoxicity of the compound. In order to assess the role of activation at the bay region, the precursor epoxide benz[ j ]aceanthrylene 9,10-oxide, its dehydration product 10-hydroxybenz[ j ]aceanthrylene, the key dihydrodiol 9,10-dihydroxy-9,10-dihydrobenz[ j ]aceanthrylene and the bay-region diol-epoxide 7,8- epoxy-9,10-dihydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenz[ j ]aceanthrylene were evaluated in the bacterial histidine-reversion plate incorporation assay (Ames assay) with Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98. The diol-epoxide alone showed direct-acting mutagenicity (10 revertants per nmole), which was decreased by addition of exogenous metabolic activation (Aroclor 1254-treated rat-liver S9), whereas all the other compounds tested were activated by increasing concentrations of S9. The potency of the diol-epoxide was not sufficient to account for the activity of the parent compound. Identification by proton nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry of the major products of further metabolism by Aroclor 1254-treated rat-liver S9 of the bay region precursor dihydrodiol 9,10-dihydroxy-9,10- dihydrobenz[ j ]aceanthrylene indicated that oxidation occurred predominantly at the etheno bridge, to give 9,10-dihydroxy-9,10-dihydrobenz[ j ]aceanthrylene-2(1 H )-one, arising by (non-enzymic) rearrangement of the etheno bridge epoxide and the tetrol 1,2,9,10-tetrahydroxy-1,2,9,10-tetrahydrobenz[ j ]acenthrylene. The bay region tetrol 7,8,9,10-tetrahydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenz[ j ]aceanthrylene was observed, implying further bay-region metabolism; re-aromatization of the benzo ring to benz[ j ]aceanthrylene-9,10-diol also occurred. Thus oxidation at the etheno bridge accounts for the majority of the activity of benz[ j ]aceanthrylene and its derivatives when Aroclor 1254-treated rat-liver S9 is used for exogenous metabolic activation.
Hormonal effects on the estrogen receptor system in the epididymis and accessory sex organs of sexually immature rabbits

The epididymis and male accessory sex organs (vesicular gland, prostate, and bulbourethral gland) of sexually immature rabbits contain a functional estrogen receptor system which is regulated in an organ-specific manner by various hormones. In both intact and castrated animals, acute estrogen challenge causes depletion of estrogen receptor from the cytosolic fraction and its appearance in the nuclear fraction of these tissues. A considerable amount of unoccupied nuclear receptor was detected both before and after estrogen challenge. An estrogen-activated, receptor-processing mechanism is operable in these organs since chronic treatment (daily for 14 days) with estradiol benzoate modified the levels of total estrogen receptor, and altered the relative amounts of occupied to unoccupied nuclear receptor present following estrogen challenge. Chronic treatment with estradiol benzoate, Tamoxifen, and testosterone propionate (alone and in combination) had differential, organ-specific effects on the ability of subsequent estrogen challenge to cause accumulation of nuclear receptor. The vesicular gland was the most responsive to estrogen treatment and the bulbourethral gland the least responsive.
Condition indices for conservation: new uses for evolving tools

Biologists have developed a wide range of morphological, biochemical and physiological metrics to assess the health and, in particular, the energetic status of individual animals. These metrics originated to quantify aspects of human health, but have also proven useful to address questions in life history, ecology and resource management of game and commercial animals. We review the application of condition indices (CI) for conservation studies and focus on measures that quantify fat reserves, known to be critical for energetically challenging activities such as migration, reproduction and survival during periods of scarcity. Standard methods score fat content, or rely on a ratio of body mass rationalized by some measure of size, usually a linear dimension such as wing length or total body length. Higher numerical values of these indices are interpreted to mean an animal has greater energy reserves. Such CIs can provide predictive information about habitat quality and reproductive output, which in turn can help managers with conservation assessments and policies. We review the issues about the methods and metrics of measurement and describe the linkage of CIs to measures of body shape. Debates in the literature about the best statistical methods to use in computing and comparing CIs remain unresolved. Next, we comment on the diversity of methods used to measure body composition and the diversity of physiological models that compute body composition and CIs. The underlying physiological regulatory systems that govern the allocation of energy and nutrients among compartments and processes within the body are poorly understood, especially for field situations, and await basic data from additional laboratory studies and advanced measurement systems including telemetry. For now, standard physiological CIs can provide supporting evidence and mechanistic linkages for population studies that have traditionally been the focus of conservation biology. Physiologists can provide guidance for the field application of conditions indices with validation studies and development of new instruments.
Parathyroid dysfunction, parathyroid hormone assay, and the surgeon

Summary Twenty patients with hypercalcemia were investigated by parathyroid venous sampling. Fourteen patients had primary hyperparathyroidism. Only two had well accepted signs or symptoms of the disease. The rest were essentially asymptomatic biochemical discoveries. The diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism was established by elevated peripheral PTH levels in twelve of fourteen cases; the remaining two were diagnosed on the basis of thyroid venous catheterization data. Preoperative venous catheterization correctly localized the parathyroid adenoma in twelve of thirteen surgically proved adenomas. Only one adenoma was not localized preoperatively because of technical catheterization problems. Bilateral thyroid venous hormone step-ups suggested four gland hyperplasia in a patient with a family history of hyperparathyroidism. The over-all accuracy of the PTH selective catheterization technic is greater than 90 per cent. As a result, parathyroid venous sampling currently offers the best method for the diagnosis, separation, and localization of parathyroid abnormalities.
De-N-acetyllactotriaosylceramide as a novel cationic glycosphingolipid of bovine brain white matter: isolation and characterization.

A novel cationic lipid was separated from bovine brain white matter by a series of chromatographies on carboxymethyl-Sephadex and silica gel in chloroform and methanol. Its structure was identified unambiguously as de-N-acetyllactotriaosylceramide (deNAcLc3Cer) by mass spectrometry and 1H NMR. The natural occurrence of this glycolipid in white matter extract was detected by immunostaining of thin-layer chromatography with monoclonal antibody 5F5, which is directed to deNAcLc3Cer and recognizes the terminal β-glucosaminyl (GlcNH2) residue, having a free NH2 group. A de-N-acetylase capable of hydrolyzing the N-acetyl group of Lc3Cer was detected in bovine brain extract using N-[14C]acetyl-labeled Lc3Cer as a substrate. The biogenesis and possible functional significance of deNAcLc3Cer are discussed.
Association of Postdoctoral Programs in Clinical Neuropsychology: Update and new directions

This paper provides an update on the Association of Postdoctoral Programs in Clinical Neuropsychology (APPCN), which was formed in 1992. The paper summarizes the historical background of APPCN, reports on contemporary influences on APPCN and its role in postdoctoral education and training in neuropsychology, and provides an update on APPCN's most recent initiatives. The paper includes a list of current members in APPCN and explains how other postdoctoral residency programs in clinical neuropsychology may apply for membership.
An analysis of fishing vessel accidents in fishing areas off the northeastern United States

Commercial fishing is one of the least safe occupations. Fishing vessel accident probability and vessel trip probability for fishing areas off the northeastern United States were modeled using logit regression and daily data from 1981 to 2000. Fishing vessel accident probability declined over the study period. Higher wind speeds are associated with greater accident probability. Medium size vessels had the highest accident probability before 1994. Within the study region, accident probability was lower in southern New England and Mid-Atlantic waters than on Georges Bank and in the Gulf of Maine. Accidents are more likely to occur closer to shore than offshore. Accident probability is lower in spring and fall. Changes in fishery management in 1994 have not lead to a general increase in either accident or vessel trip probability. Although higher economic payoff (i.e., revenue of landings) induces more vessels to go fishing, this is not associated with an increase in accidents. The probability models are important building blocks in development and quantitative assessment of management mechanisms related to safety in the commercial fishing industry.
CLIENTS' SATISFACTION AND REHOSPITALIZATION AMONG PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS

Summary.-A clients' satisfaction questionnaire was given to 135 psychiauic patients in a state hospital. A 6-mo. follow-up of released patients indicated no significant difference in satisfaction between patients requiring rehospitalization and those not requiring rehospitalization. The results were consistent with previous research which has suggested that clients' satisfaction with treatment services may be relatively independent of ocher outcome measures. Increased interest has developed recently in the potential use of clients' satisfaction measures to assess and improve psychiatric treaunent services (3, 4). However, clients' satisfaction with services has been found to be generally unrelated to other outcome criteria. For example, no significant relationship to satisfaction has been found with staff's ratings of patients' improvement (5 ) , behavioral adjusunent ratings (2 ) , patients' working status at follow-up ( 1, 5), completion of the treatment program ( 1 ), or rehospitalization (5). The present study further assesses the satisfaction-outcome relationship by evaluating the relationship of clients' satisfaction to rehospitalization. The clients' satisfaction scale contained 45 items with a yes-no format, 31 items on treatment services and 14 on environmental factors. The number of favorable responses was used as a measure of satisfaction. The scale was given to 135 patients (55 males, 80 females) who were admitted to the program for admission and acute treatment of a 918-bed state psychiatric hospital. To be included in the study, patients had to have been in the hospital a minimum of 7 days and had to be sufficiently improved to be considered for discharge or transfer to a specialized treatment unit. The sample had been in the hospital a mean of 26.2 days and had a mean age of 32.3 yr. (SD = 11.2) and a mean education of 11.8 grades (SD = 2.5 ) . Diagnostically, the sample included 95 psychoses (72 schizophrenics), 14 neuroses, 17 personality disorders and substance abusers, and 9 with other diagnoses. The mean satisfaction for the total scale was 75% (mean number of favorable responses = 33.8, SD = 9.3), which mas generally consistent with other studies (1, 2). Clients' satisfaction was not significantly related to sex, type of admission, or diagnosis, but satisfaction tended to be higher among patients
Misconceptions on Pollution and the Causes of Cancer

The public has numerous misconceptions about the relationship between environmental pollution and human cancer. Underlying these misconceptions is an erroneous belief that nature is benign. In this article we highlight eight of these misconceptions and describe the scientific information that undermines each one.
A New Method of Motion Coordination of a Group of Mobile Agents

This paper presents a new method for coordinated motion planning of multiple mobile agents. The position in 2-D of each mobile agent is mapped to a complex number and a time varying polynomial contains information regarding the current positions of all mobile agents, the degree of the polynomial being the number of mobile agents and the roots of the polynomial representing the position in 2-D of the mobile agents at a given time. This polynomial is constructed by finding a path parameterized in time from the initial to the goal polynomial which represent the initial and goal positions of the mobile agents so that the discriminant variety or the set of polynomials with multiple roots is avoided in polynomial space. This is equivalent to saying that there is no collision between any two agents in going from initial position to goal position.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Transport Implications of Urban Containment Policies: A Study of the Largest Twenty-five US Metropolitan Areas:

Despite earlier attempts to evaluate the consequences of urban containment policy adoption, the transport implications of these policies have been overlooked. This paper examines the impact that co...
Double Auctions Across a Constrained Transmission Line

Auctions are a common price-setting mechanism in many areas of the economy. Certain auctions, for example those in deregulated electric power networks, require that there exist sufficient capacity along the power lines connecting the buyers and the sellers. We investigate how auction participants modify their bidding strategies depending on the influence and behavior of a transmission line owner. We also investigate optimal strategic behavior when multiple buyers and sellers are separated by a possibly-constrained channel, and show that both sides' strategies converge to truth-telling behavior as the number of market participants increases, and price-taking behavior also emerges as the number of participants increases. We show that limited transmission capacity increases participants' misrepresentation and increases auction inefficiency, as players modify their bidding strategies in an attempt to increase their profit.
Environmental Fluctuations and Population Size

BOROWSKY has analysed the magnitude and pattern of the temporal fluctuations of experimental populations of Drosophila1, and has shown that the fluctuations are not randomly distributed in their direction; the frequencies of the competing species change in the same direction (upwards or downwards) more frequently than would be expected by chance alone. Moreover, he has demonstrated that the fluctuations are larger in amplitude than is expected in a binomial distribution. He concludes correctly that some external factor or factors are responsible for the magnitude and non-random association of the fluctuations, on which the most important environmental influence is probably temperature. I believe, however, that other uncontrolled variations in the quality and quantity of food, humidity, and so on, may have contributed as much as, or more than, temperature to the pattern and amplitude of the fluctuations of the experimental populations.
Responses of some olfactory receptors of the eastern tent caterpillar (Malacosoma americanum) to leaves.

Volatile constituents of leaves of acceptable and unacceptable plants evoke multiunit responses from the antennal olfactory sensilla of larvae of the eastern tent caterpillar. Electrophysiological investigation of the activities of three of the sixteen antennal olfactory receptors revealed that different combinations of the three responded to the various plants. In those instances where the same combination responded to more than one species of plant, the ratios of responses measured as frequency of action potentials were often different. Thus, discrimination of different plants theoretically could be based upon the absolute number of cells responding and/or the ratios of frequencies.
Effect of Composition on the Sensitivity of Structural Steel to Irradiation Embrittlement

About 75 low alloy steels that have been irradiation tested at 450 to 550 F (232 to 288.C) have been chemically analyzed for copper, aluminum, total nitrogen, and combined nitrogen. Uncombined nitrogen content has been found to have a strong modifying action on the effectiveness of copper in controlling sensitivity to irradiation embrittlement at 450 to 550 F (232 to 288 C).
Center, Light, and Sound: The Psychological Benefits of Three Distinct Meditative Practices

Meditation has been a popular topic in counseling and psychological research in recent years. However, other meditative practices have been gaining exposure recently of which counselors may not be aware. The current article provides a brief overview of 3 meditative practices: centering prayer, jyoti meditation, and acem meditation. The purpose of this article is to provide counselors with introductions to alternative meditative practices that may be otherwise overshadowed.
Media Work, by Mark Deuze. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2007. 278 pp. $69.95 cloth/$22.95 paper. ISBN 978-07456-3924-6 (cloth), 978-07456-3925-3 (paper)

Mark Deuze's Media Work is a useful but limited attempt to situate and synthesize recent literature on what it means to be a creative professional in four cross-cutting industries: advertising, jou...
Population structure and capsular switching of invasive Neisseria meningitidis isolates in the pre-meningococcal conjugate vaccine era--United States, 2000-2005.

Background. A quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV4) was licensed in the United States in 2005; no serogroup B vaccine is available. Neisseria meningitidis changes its capsular phenotype through capsular switching, which has implications for vaccines that do not protect against all serogroups. Methods. Meningococcal isolates from 10 Active Bacterial Core surveillance sites from 2000 through 2005 were analyzed to identify changes occurring after MCV4 licensure. Isolates were characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and outer membrane protein gene sequencing. Isolates expressing capsular polysaccharide different from that associated with the MLST lineage were considered to demonstrate capsular switching. Results. Among 1160 isolates, the most common genetic lineages were the sequence type (ST)-23, ST-32, ST-11, and ST-41/44 clonal complexes. Of serogroup B and Y isolates, 8 (1.5%) and 3 (0.9%), respectively, demonstrated capsular switching, compared with 36 (12.9%) for serogroup C (P<.001); most serogroup C switches were from virulent serogroup B and/or serogroup Y lineages. Conclusions. A limited number of genetic lineages caused the majority of invasive meningococcal infections. A substantial proportion of isolates had evidence of capsular switching. The high prevalence of capsular switching requires surveillance to detect changes in the meningococcal population structure that may affect the effectiveness of meningococcal vaccines.
Frustrating the user on purpose: a step toward building an affective computer

Abstract Using a deliberately slow computer–game-interface to induce a state of hypothesised frustration in users, we collected physiological, video and behavioural data, and developed a strategy for coupling these data with real-world events. The effectiveness of our strategy was tested in a study with thirty six subjects, where the system was shown to reliably synchronise and gather data for affect analysis. A pattern-recognition strategy known as Hidden Markov Models was applied to each subject's physiological signals of skin conductivity and blood volume pressure in an effort to see if regimes of likely frustration could be automatically discriminated from regimes when frustration was much less likely. This pattern-recognition approach performed significantly better than random guessing at classifying the two regimes. Mouse-clicking behaviour was also synchronised to frustration-eliciting events and analysed, revealing four distinct patterns of clicking responses. We provide recommendations and guidelines for using physiology as a dependent measure for HCI experiments, especially when considering human emotions in the HCI equation.
Collective effects in subwavelength hybrid systems: A numerical analysis

Optical properties of ensembles of coupled three-level quantum emitters are investigated in linear and non-linear regimes. The model of the Maxwell–Liouville von Neumann equations is implemented to explore the reflection, transmission, and absorption of a thin layer of atom-like emitters at low and high densities. The stimulated Raman adiabatic passage is analysed in systems of coupled quantum emitters of various densities. It is shown that coupling via local electromagnetic fields shifts the energy levels and modifies propagating fields leading to a mixed final population distribution and appearance of new absorption resonances. Strong femtosecond pulses induce population inversion in emitters leading to optical gain.
Pre‐literacy skills of subgroups of children with speech sound disorders

Background: The existing literature has conflicting findings about the literacy outcome of children with speech sound disorders (SSD), which may be due to the heterogeneity within SSD. Previous studies have documented that two important dimensions of heterogeneity are the presence of a comorbid language impairment (LI) and the persistence of SSD, but these factors have not been examined separately. Method: The current study used a 2 · 2 MANOVA design (with follow-up MANCOVAs) to examine how a comorbid language impairment (LI) and the persistence of SSD relate to pre-literacy skills in a sample of 5- to 6-year-old children with SSD. Results: Significant main effects for persistent SSD and LI were obtained, such that each factor was associated with worse performance on pre-literacy tasks, particularly those assessing phonological awareness (even with nonverbal IQ covaried). In addition, even SSD children with normalized speech without LI were found to have deficits on phonological awareness tasks relative to control participants. Conclusions: These results suggest that a history of SSD and comorbid LI are strong correlates of pre-literacy deficits. Keywords: Child speech sound disorders, language impairment, pre-literacy skills, reading disability, dyslexia. Abbreviations: SSD ¼ child speech sound disorder; RD ¼ reading disability; LI ¼ language impairment.
Integrating information from multiple sources: A metacognitive account of self-generated and externally provided anchors

Estimates of unknown quantities are influenced by both self-generated anchors (SGAs) and externally provided anchors (EPAs; e.g., the advice of others). It was hypothesised that people use the degree of similarity between these anchors to render final responses. Thus we tested predictions drawn from metacognitive accounts of anchoring using procedures similar to the traditional anchoring paradigm. In a single experiment we manipulated SGA–EPA similarity, EPA level, and EPA source credibility. Results showed that the relationship between SGA–EPA similarity and the decision weight given to the EPA, relative to the weight given to the SGA, depended on source credibility. Bolstering the metacognitive framework, participants were most confident about their final responses when their SGA was similar to the EPA and the EPA came from a highly credible source. These results support a metacognitive account of the anchoring heuristic.
Stochastic electromagnetic beams in positive- and negative-phase materials

Theoretical analysis of interaction of stochastic electromagnetic beamlike fields with positive- and negative-phase materials suggests that suitable combinations of such materials can serve as media where spectral, coherence, and polarization properties of beams can self-reconstruct.
Publishing in the Journal of Travel Research An Assessment of Manuscript Acceptance and Rejection

This article reports on a study that examined manuscript and review data for the Journal of Travel Research (JTR). Two sets of data were examined to address the question “what are the key issues affecting acceptance and/or rejection of manuscripts submitted for publication in JTR?” Manuscripts reviewed for publication in JTR are sent to three editorial board members for review. Reviewers are asked to (a) quantitatively rate the manuscript on a review form and (b) provide qualitative comments to the authors articulating their perspectives of the manuscript along with concerns and constructive recommendations. Stratified, random samples of these quantitative ratings and qualitative comments for both manuscripts that were subsequently rejected and manuscripts that were ultimately accepted for publication provided the data for this study. The article presents these data and concludes with recommendations for authors.
The Hyperactive Child in Adolescence

Abstract The primary purpose of this research was to search for differences on a wide spectrum of cognitive, behavioral, and pyschophysiological measures between male adolescent psychiatric patients who were successfully treated for hyperactivity as younger boys, normal controls, and adolescent psychiatric patients who were not formerly hyperactive. A secondary purpose involved testing the hypothesis that time perception will significantly differentiate these three groups, which were matched for mean IQ levels. The patients who were not formerly hyperactive did more poorly on cognitive and behavioral tasks than did the controls and formerly hyperactive patients. Time perception significantly differentiated between controls and patients.
Phase-sensitive electric-field-induced second-harmonic microscopy of metal-semiconductor junctions

We demonstrate an electric-field-induced second-harmonic microscope that measures both amplitude and phase of imaged second-harmonic light with submicrometer spatial resolution, thus characterizing the electrostatic field variations near metal-semiconductor junctions.
Estimation of Epidemiologic Interaction of Etiologic Factors in Biomedical Studies

In the present paper, a multiple logistic model has been proposed to estimate the exposure-specific incidence rates of several dichotomous etiologic factors from case-control data. The relative probability of falling in a given exposure level with respect to the unexposed population for cases is expressed as a logistic function of the exposure levels (1 if exposed, 0 if not) of these factors. The odds ratio of the exposure category of cases relative to the controls comes out to be an exponential function of the exposure levels. It is shown how the maximum likelihood estimates of the logistic parameters can be obtained. The term ‘marginal effect’ of a factor is introduced. This is the effect of a factor A in the presence of one or more of other factors. The difference SA between the marginal effect and the individual effect of a factor A is the increase in the effect of A when it interacts with other factors. A simple relationship has been established between the Hogan et al. measure and the increases SA, SB, … of two or more factors. Several numerical examples illustrate the results.