cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Multithreaded Hybrid CPU/GPU Approach to Hartree−Fock

In this article, a new multithreaded Hartree-Fock CPU/GPU method is presented which utilizes automatically generated code and modern C++ techniques to achieve a significant improvement in memory usage and computer time. In particular, the newly implemented Rys Quadrature and Fock Matrix algorithms, implemented as a stand-alone C++ library, with C and Fortran bindings, provides up to 40% improvement over the traditional Fortran Rys Quadrature. The C++ GPU HF code provides approximately a factor of 17.5 improvement over the corresponding C++ CPU code.
Methylated constituents of Aedes albopictus poly (A)-containing messenger RNA

Poly (A)-containing mRNA prepared from cultured mosquito (Aedes albopictus) cells was found to contain methylated 5'-terminal "caps" as well as internal m6A residues. Both type I [m7G(5')ppp(5')Xmp] and type II [m7G(5')ppp(5')XmpYmp] caps were present, at molar ratio of ca five to one. All four common RNA bases were represented in the second position (Xm) of the caps, adenine being the most abundant and N6-methyladenine being absent. The four bases were also represented in the third position (Ym), but here uracil was the predominant base. There was approximately one internal m6A residue for every three caps. These studies demonstrate that mRNA from an invertebrate source can have a methylation pattern comparable with that of mammalian cells in it complexity.
Current issues in exercise metabolism: the crossover concept

1. Since ancient times, athletes have consumed proteins because of the belief they were the necessary substrate for optimal performance. Even though this concept was proven to be incorrect before the beginning of the 19th century, the practice continued until several decades ago. 2. By 1939, careful metabolic investigations on the changes in the respiratory exchange ratio had demonstrated that the metabolic transformations of lipids and carbohydrates were the primary sources of energy for muscular exercise. 3. Metabolic investigations on the profile of energy transformations during exercise have indicated that aspects related to exercise intensity, state of training, the availability of circulating free fatty acids, the activity of the sympathetic nervous system, resting levels of muscle and liver glycogen and muscle triglyceride concentrations have to be considered to explain a specific response. 4. In 1994, Brooks and Mercier introduced the concept of 'crossover' in their review manuscript to explain the shift in substrate utilization from lipids to carbohydrates by trained subjects when the power output was increased. In addition, the concept was advanced to reconcile divergent results by different investigators. 5. In 1995, Coggan and associates investigated the glucose kinetics of non-trained and trained subjects performing power outputs equal to 80% VO2max and concluded that the crossover concept was unable to explain their metabolic results from trained subjects. 6. Because of the importance of the topic to exercise physiologists and the uncertainties the controversy has created for teachers and researchers, the American Physiological Society Section on Environmental and Exercise Physiology scheduled a Point-Counterpoint forum at the 1997 Experimental Biology Meeting. The subsequent manuscripts of Brooks and Coggan are a result of that forum.
Assessing the Relationship between Competence and Job Role and Identity among Direct Service Counseling Psychologists

The relationship between competence and identity and job roles/activities of direct service counseling psychologists was investigated by assessing differences in job role and identity among two groups of eminent psychologists (American Board of Professional Psychology [ABPP] diplomates and a peer-nominated Exemplary group) and a group of general psychologists (Rank and File). The three groups (N = 189) were compared using the Counseling Psychology Task Inventory (CPTI)—a 73-item instrument measuring eight broad work areas (Counseling, Research, Supervision and Training, Teaching and Training, Administration, Consultation, Writing and Editing, and Professional Development) across three dependent variables: task importance, relevance to professional identity, and relative amount of time spent in each task. The Exemplary group differed significantly from the Rank and File group only in the amount of time spent in Professional Development (p < .0 1). No significant differences were found between the two emine...
TO DIE WITH YOUR BOOTS ON: RELATIVE LETHALITY OF THE STATES

Summary.-External causes of death (accidents, suicides, and homicides) account for slightly more than seven percent of d deaths in the United States. Ths percentage varies, however, from less than five percent in Rhode Island to almost fifteen percent in New Mexico and over twenty-five percent in Alaska. Relative lethality from external causes among the states is examined, and several explanatory hypotheses for observed differences are presented. Part of the American cultural myth is the heritage of the Wild West, the vision of the open plains and the independent, self-sufficient cowboy (Dary, 1981; Popplestone, 1966; Savage, 1979). "Don't fence me in" expresses the concept of rugged individualism as well as values associated with internal control. The cowboy myth has been perpetuated via popular media, especially in films and television and advertisements for certain brands of cigarettes as well as other exemplars of popular culture. That manifestations of this myth have spread throughout the world can be seen in a number of ways. Dude ranches have emerged as popular vacation spots in England and Wales. Blue jeans carrying American brand names sell for a premium in Japan. Packs of Marlboros are a unit of exchange in the streets of Moscow. Speaking with a Southernlwestern patois has been noted by author Tom Wolfe (1979) as a prerequisite for test pilots who "have the right stuff ." In his work on male inexpressiveness, Sociologist Jack Balswick has identified two particular archetypes: "I suggest two types of inexpressive males, the cowboy (feeling and nonverbal) and the playboy (nonfeeling and verbal). I would now stress that the cowboy and the playboy should not be thought of as personality types so much as inexpressive roles" (1988, p. 31). Associated with this cowboy role is a certain concept of recklessness and danger. One expression of this attitude toward recklessness or bravado is found in the phrase "die with your boots on." We usually associate those who die with their boots on wirh death from an external cause. Lester (1983, 1986) has reviewed literature on theories of the causation of such external causes of death as homicide and suicide. In particular, he points to the work of Gastil (1971), who demonstrated a relationship of a "southernness index" with states' homicide rates. Research by
Three dimensional cutting force analysis in end milling

The analysis of cutting forces plays an important part in the design of machine tool systems as well as in the planning, optimization, and control of machining processes. This paper presents a three-dimensional model of cutting forces in peripheral end milling in terms of material properties, cutting parameters, machining configuration, and tool/work geometry. Based on the relationship of the local cutting force and the chip load, the total cutting force model is established via the angle domain convolution integration of the local forces in the feed, cross feed, and axial directions. The integration is taken along the cutter axis and summarized across the cutting flutes. The convolution integral leads to a periodic function of cutting forces in the angle domain and an explicit expression of the dynamic cutting force components in the frequency domain. The closed-form nature of the expressions allows the prediction and optimization of cutting forces to be performed without the need of numerical iterations. To assess the fidelity of the analytical model, experimental data from end milling tests are presented in the context of three dimensional time waveforms, power spectra, and phase angles, in comparison to the values predicted by the model.
1019-25 A Comparison of Preoperative Risk Factors for Early and Late Hospital Death in Cardiac Surgeries

Influence of preoperative risk factors on hospital mortality in cardiac surgeries has been investigated, but no one has identified differences in risk factors on early (postop day ≤ 2) and late death (postop day ≤ 3). To explore proper preventive strategies for each death, data were reviewed in 4351 adult patients who underwent cardiac surgery between 1/1/90 and 6/30/94. There were 93 (2.14%) early deaths and 171 (4.02%) late deaths in this series. Patients who died are older (early: 67.8 vs. 64.2, p = 0.002; late: 71.1 vs. 63.9, p l 0.001) Proportion of females is higher in late deaths (41.5% vs. 29.7%. p = 0.001). but not in early deaths (32.3% vs. 30.2%, p = 0.6). The early and late mortality are 1.65% and 2.78% for isolated CABGs (n = 3037). 1.82% and 4.0% for isolated valves (n = 713), 3.79% and 9.61% for CABG + valve (n = 422), 7.82% and 12.73% for others (n = 179). To adjust influence of preoperative risk factors on each type of death. stepwise logistic regression was applied. Early Death Late Death Risk Factor Odds Ratio p Risk Factor Odds Ratio p Cardiac arrest 5.98 l0.001 Cardiogenic shock 6.93 l0.001 Refuse blood 5.84 l0.001 Renal disease 5.50 l0.001 Age≥ 85 years 5.01 0.008 CV disease 4.08 l0.001 Emergency 3.67 l0.001 MI l30 days 3.36 0.004 Re-operation 2.85 l0.001 Cardiac arrest 3.31 l0.001 Rheumatic dis. 2.79 0.001 Respiratory dis 3.19 l0.001 Preop EF l35% 2.71 l0.001 Liver disease 3.04 0.051 Hypotension 2.26 0.009 Age ≥ 75 years 2.80 l0.001 MI l 10 days 2.10 0.005 Rheumatic dis 2.19 0.002 IABP support 1.92 0.042 Emergency 1.56 0.035 Age 65–64 years 1.77 0.017 Heart Failure 1.48 0.050 Diabetes 1.47 0.055 Chronic Isch. HD 0.37 l0.001 Conclusions (1) Acute cardiac factors dominate early mortality. (2) Chronic organ system function is more important in late deaths than in early deaths. (3) Risk adjusted mortality does not differ significantly in genders.
An analysis of the effect of defect structures on catalytic surfaces by the boundary element technique

Abstract The boundary element (BE) technique is used to analyze the effect of defects on one-dimensional chemically active surfaces. The standard BE algorithm for diffusion is modified to include the effects of bulk desorption by making use of an asymptotic expansion technique to evaluate influences near boundaries and defect sites. An explicit time evolution scheme is proposed to treat the non-linear equations associated with defect sites. The proposed BE algorithm is shown to provide an efficient and convergent algorithm for modelling localized non-linear behavior. Since it exploits the actual Green's function of the linear diffusion-desorption process that takes place on the surface, the BE algorithm is extremely stable. The BE algorithm is applied to a number of interesting physical problems in which non-linear reactions occur at localized defects. The Lotka-Volterra system is considered in which the source, sink and predator-prey interaction terms are distributed at different defect sites in the domain and in which the defects are coupled by diffusion. This example provides a stringent test of the stability of the numerical algorithm. Marginal stability oscillations are analyzed for the Prigogine-Lefever reaction that occurs on a lattice of defects. Dissipative effects are observed for large perturbations to the marginal stability state, and rapid spatial reorganization of uniformly distributed initial perturbations is seen to take place. In another series of examples the effect of defect locations on the balance between desorptive processes on chemically active surfaces is considered. The effect of dynamic pulsing at various time-scales is considered for a one species reactive trapping model. Similar competitive behavior between neighboring defects previously observed for static adsorption levels is shown to persist for dynamic loading of the surface. The analysis of a more complex three species reaction process also provides evidence of competitive behavior between neighboring defect sites. The proposed BE algorithm is shown to provide a useful technique for analyzing the effect of defect sites on chemically active surfaces.
Excitation wave propagation within narrow pathways: geometric configurations facilitating unidirectional block and reentry

Abstract The propagation of excitation waves in narrow pathways of 2D excitable media through regions of impermeable media and decreased excitability media is investigated as a model of reentrant arrhythmias in the heart. Arrhythmia occurrences are common in the presence of infarct scars where regions of normal tissue are interspersed with inexcitable ones. Propagation through narrow pathways with three idealized geometric configurations are considered: propagation through narrow paths with either parallel borders, tapered borders, or a combination of these. The focus of this study is on the conditions for unidirectional block and reentry appearance. It is shown that in narrow paths with only parallel borders unidirectional block is impossible, regardless of the properties of the border media. In this case only bidirectional propagation or block is possible, depending on the pathway width. Unidirectional block can occur, however, when the narrow path has a tapered shape. Waves propagating from the wide end of the pathway die out at the narrow end, while waves propagating in the opposite direction are able to pass through. An approximate relationship between the geometry of the pathway and wave front curvature is obtained. This provides a simple approach to estimate the critical curvature value in computer simulations of various excitable media or in experiments with real media. A new computer simulation approach is proposed to closely approximate the dependence of stationary speed of propagation on wave front curvature. In computer simulations of a two dimensional grid of 128 × 128 membrane segments, using the modified FitzHugh-Nagumo equations, the arrangement of two or more pathways in parallel permits reentry if at least one pathway has a configuration causing unidirectional block, and the medium at the site of unidirectional block has sufficient time to recover from the previous excitation. The latter is facilitated by anisotropic conduction properties of the media especially in the case with impermeable borders. Thus, there exist specific geometric configurations of two dimensional narrow pathways, which allow reentry even when the media properties are uniform.
Infrared and Raman spectra of pyrazine-h4 and -d4

Abstract Infrared spectra of liquid and vapor and Raman spectra of liquid and solid have been measured for pyrazine- h 4 (1,4-diazine) and pyrazine- d 4 . Some information has been obtained from “hot” bands of the near ultraviolet spectra. Based on these spectra, improvements of existing vibrational assignments are discussed.
Alkali-metal isotope effect in Rb3C60

Abstract The rubidium isotope effect has been measured in superconducting crystals of Rb3C60. With Tc∞M−α, we find αRb=−0.028±0.036. This result puts constraints on the superconducting mechanism in Rb3C60.
Clinical applications of real-time volume rendering

Real-time volume rendering of medical image datasets on commercial hardware became possible in 1993. We have developed an application, SeeThru, that allows real-time volume visualization under the interactive control of the physician. This ability enables the physician to look inside of the patient's body to visually comprehend the information from radiological procedures, resulting in improved treatment planning. We report on preliminary results from two areas: (1) cardiothoracic surgical planning from spiral computed tomography (CT) and (2) staging of breast cancer from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We compared different rendering methods (projection, maximum intensity projection, opacity blended, and opacity combined with gradient blended) and chose opacity blending as the most effective for both applications. In cardiothoracic surgical planning experiment we found the ability to interactively control and view 3D direct volume visualizations resulted in improvements in surgical plans and in the surgeon's confidence in the plan. In the MR breast experiment we found that 3D visualization of the subtraction images improved comprehension and identification of tumor lesions difficult to appreciate on mammograms. Overall, we believe that interactive, real-time volume rendering significantly adds to clinical understanding and improves treatment planning for the patient.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
ATTEMPT TO CONFIRM THE EXISTENCE OF A FILTRABLE CYCLE OF BACTERIA BY THE USE OF "K" MEDIUM.

the existence of filter-passing bacterial variants capable of reproducing themselves in such a form as true morphologic entities. He also claims to have effected the reversion of this filter-passing form, in its well established state, to the parent form, although adequate experimental details have not been published. In brief, Kendall's procedure consists in growing the nonfiltrable form of an organism in a special medium prepared from hog intestine which (according to Kendall) is free from products of protein degeneration, particularly peptones. Inoculation of the filtrate of such a culture into the usual peptone broth and into fresh "peptone-free" medium results, he reported, in the development of turbidity only in the latter after twenty-four hours. A filtrate of this, inoculated into his "peptone-free" medium, again produces turbidity. This procedure may be repeated indefinitely. Regarding the behavior of the peptone broth inoculated with these filtrates, Kendall firstla stated that there was no evidence of bacterial growth. Later lc he observed that the first few tubes in the series showed bacterial growth, which diminished as a result of repeated passage and filtration in the "peptone-free" medium, the organism finally losing altogether its ability to grow in the peptone-containing medium. A more detailed discussion of Kendall's medium, his experimental procedure, and our attempts to repeat these observations follow:
Role of cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase in cannabinoid receptor modulation of potassium "A-current" in cultured rat hippocampal neurons.

Abstract Cannabinoid receptor agonists have been previously shown to enhance a potassium A-current (IA) in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. This effect has been further demonstrated to be dependent on G-protein linkage to adenylyl cyclase and levels of intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP). The present study extends this analysis to the involvement of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) in this cascade. Specific activators and inhibitors of PKA were shown to have differential effects on the voltage dependence of IA. Specific activators of PKA produced a negative shift in voltage dependence of IA, whereas PKA inhibitors produced a positive shift in IA voltage dependence, the latter similar to that effected by the cannabinoid agonist WIN 55,212-2. Although the negative shift in IA induced by PKA stimulation could be reversed by PKA inhibitors, the positive shift produced by the PKA inhibitors alone was only 50–60% of the cannabinoid-produced shift in IA voltage dependence. This partial effect of PKA inhibition was confirmed by biochemical assays in the same cultured neurons that showed a similar 50–60% decrement in in vitro protein phosphorylation produced by PKA inhibitors. Results are discussed in terms of a diffusible second messenger linkage of the cannabinoid receptor to the A-current channel via the role of protein phosphorylation in modulation of IA.
SYSTEMIC THIOSULFATE PROTECTION DURING FRACTIONATED REGIONAL NITROGEN MUSTARD THERAPY.

Summary A laboratory study in dogs of the effect of intravenous sodium thiosulfate during fractionated intra-arterial nitrogen mustard treatment revealed partial protection from systemic toxicity. The protective action appeared to be more effective when the thiosulfate was administered simultaneously rather than by pretreatment. The protective doses of sodium thiosulfate used did not appear to reduce significantly the local effect of the nitrogen mustard in treated limbs. However, avoidance of systemic toxicity without significant reduction in observed local effect was also achieved without thiosulfate simply by a minimal reduction of the total dose of HN2 administered fractionally. Similar studies in man with equivalent doses of sodium thiosulfate failed to reveal protection from systemic effects of intra-arterial nitrogen mustard. Since inactivation by sodium thiosulfate in vitro is accomplished by a reaction with the active intermediary metabolite of nitrogen mustard (chlorimine mustard), this agent was also employed in a clinical thiosulfate study, and good protection from systemic toxicity was achieved. Alteration of tumor response in man by the addition of sodium thiosulfate to the treatment could not be completely evaluated by these studies. It is concluded that sodium thiosulfate is of little practical value during fractionated intra-arterial nitrogen mustard therapy, but the use of this protective agent during regional therapy with the active intermediate (chlorimine mustard) is worthy of further clinical trial.
Electrical engineering in the postwar world: VI — Welding's promise of lower costs

WE have heard a great deal about postwar planning. In fact there are more postwar planners than there are government employees, which is of itself a triumph, but we of the welding industry in looking to the time after the war have an unusual opportunity. Although arc welding, technically, is older than any of us, its actual application in manufacturing is comparatively recent, and its application to its eventual position really has not yet been started.
Wrist kinematics differ in expert and novice tennis players performing the backhand stroke: Implications for tennis elbow

Investigators have suggested that the greater prevalence of lateral humeral epicondylitis (tennis elbow, TE) in novice tennis players compared to expert players may reflect the novice players' use of faulty mechanics for the backhand stroke. We investigated the wrist kinematics (flexion/extension), grip pressures, and wrist muscle electromyographic activity in novice (N = 8) and expert (N = 8) tennis players performing the backhand stroke. Experts performed the backhand stroke with the wrist extended (re: neutral alignment of the forearm and hand dorsum). Collision of the ball and racket occurred with the wrist extended on average of 0.41 rad (about 23 degrees from neutral alignment) in the expert players; moreover, their wrists were moving further into extension at impact. In contrast, novice subjects struck the ball with the wrist flexed 0.22 rad (about 13 degrees) while moving their wrists further into flexion. Wrist extensor EMGs showed similar levels of activity during the 500 ms interval before ball-racket impact, whereas expert subjects displayed greater EMG levels after contact, consistent with the accompanying wrist extension. The wrist kinematic and EMG data together show that the novice subjects eccentrically contracted their wrist extensor muscles throughout the stroke. We argue that conditions exist for novice subjects that assist stretch of wrist extensor muscles upon collision of the ball and racket. The resulting eccentric contraction of wrist extensor muscles may contribute to lateral TE in novice players, given previous research indicating that eccentric muscle contraction facilitates muscle fiber injury.
Reconnection in adjoining coronal helmet streamers

Complex magnetic and plasma structures observed in the coronal streamer belt (Crooker et al., 1993; Woo 1994) might arise from the instabilities and evolution of multiple current sheets formed by adjoining coronal helmet streamers. Previously we examined the static triple current sheet (TCS), and found that three linearly unstable modes exist, two of which are potentially observable by the LASCO instrument onboard SOHO (Dahlburg and Karpen 1995). Here we investigate the variations created in this model by the inclusion of wake flows, which have been observed in coronal streamers (see Figure 1). Our principal finding is that the structure of the modes is changed significantly by the Alfvenic and sub-Alfvenic wake flow, while their growth rates are not.
A Surveillance Report of HIV Status and High Risk Behaviors Among Rapid Testing Participants in Tallinn, Estonia

Estonia has the second highest adult HIV prevalence in Europe of 1.3%. The primary transmission is among injecting drug users (IDU), who account for 56–90% of HIV infections (Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic: UNAIDS/WHO, July 2008 and Platt et al. AIDS 20(16):2120–2123, 2006). Of those persons newly diagnosed, 50.4% reported injecting drugs in the last 12 months, 16.3% of these reported IDU as the sole risk factor and 31.2% reported IDU among other risk factors. In this sample (n = 790) 170 persons reported a high risk behavior and 51 persons received a positive result through rapid testing. The largest proportion (35.29%) was among persons reporting high risk heterosexual intercourse and second (33.33%) among persons sharing injecting equipment. Covariates in a logistic regression model indicate that male sex (OR = 2.57, 95% CI 1.00–6.59), non-Estonian ethnicity (OR = 2.68, 95% CI 1.46–4.93), higher education (OR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.40–0.80), and high risk heterosexual intercourse (OR = 2.68, 95% CI 1.19–6.02) are statistically significant in predicting a positive HIV status.
Effect of gamma irradiation at various temperatures and packaging conditions on chicken tissues. I. Fatty acid profiles of neutral and polar lipids separated from muscle irradiated at -20°C.

A lipid composition study on irradiated chicken muscle is reported. All muscle samples, packed either under air or vacuum, were gamma irradiated (-20°C) at 0, 1, 3, 6 and 10 kGy using 137Cs (dose rate = 0.1 kGy/min). Lipids were isolated from the muscle using a dry column extraction method with concominant isolation of separated neutral and polar fractions. Lipid isolates were converted to their methyl esters and analyzed by capillary column gas chromatography with computer assisted data storage, followed by data consolidation and statistical computer analysis. Separated fatty acid profiles for neutral and polar lipids were obtained as normalized reports (each fatty acid as percentage of total fatty acids) and as “gravimetric” reports (mg of each fatty acid/100 g tissue). In each set, side by side profiles allowed comparative and statistically valid (p < 0.05) conclusions to be made for the effects of different irradiation levels at -20°C on air or vacuum packed samples. Fatty acids were grouped into classes such as saturated and unsaturated, the latter subgrouped as monoenoic, dienoic and polyenoic unsaturated for ease of comparison. Separate analysis of polar fractions allowed detailed examinations of the polyunsaturated fatty acids to be made and gave profiles representative of muscle cells separate from contiguous intramascular adipose cells. Normalized reports showed only negligible occurrence of significant changes in fatty acid profiles of neutral muscle lipid fractions regardless of irradiation doses (0 to 10 kGy) in either air and vacuum packaging. These differences were not apparent when the data were compiled as gravimetric reports. The polar lipid fractions containing the nutritionally significant ω3 and ω6 fatty acids showed only slight changes in normalized and gravimetric reports and were similarly unaffected with increasing levels of irradiation. Additionally, no new fatty acids or other artifacts due to gamma-irradiation were observed in detectable amounts by gas chromatography in any lipid fractions.
Relaxation Kinetics by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy: Determination of Kinetic Parameters in the Presence of Fluorescent Impurities

The use of Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) in combination with Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) is gaining popularity as a tool to investigate kinetics in equilibrium conditions. The technique is based on the study of fluorescence fluctuations in small numbers of molecules, and is particularly well-suited to investigate conformational dynamics in biopolymers. In practice, its applicability is often hindered by the presence of certain impurities such as partially labeled biomolecules, excess of free fluorophore, or partially dissociated multi-subunit complexes. Here, we show that the simultaneous measurement of the fluctuations in the donor and acceptor intensities allows the determination of the kinetic relaxation time of the reaction in the presence of donor-only particles when cross-talk is negligible, or in cases where all species have the same diffusion coefficient. Theoretical predictions are supported with the results of Monte Carlo simulations, and demonstrate that the applicability of the technique is more general than previously thought.
Impact of dialectical behavior therapy versus community treatment by experts on emotional experience, expression, and acceptance in borderline personality disorder.

Evidence suggests that heightened negative affectivity is a prominent feature of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) that often leads to maladaptive behaviors. Nevertheless, there is little research examining treatment effects on the experience and expression of specific negative emotions. Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is an effective treatment for BPD, hypothesized to reduce negative affectivity (Linehan, 1993a). The present study analyzes secondary data from a randomized controlled trial with the aim to assess the unique effectiveness of DBT when compared to Community Treatment by Experts (CTBE) in changing the experience, expression, and acceptance of negative emotions. Suicidal and/or self-injuring women with BPD (n = 101) were randomly assigned to DBT or CTBE for one year of treatment and one year of follow-up. Several indices of emotional experience and expression were assessed. Results indicate that DBT decreased experiential avoidance and expressed anger significantly more than CTBE. No differences between DBT and CTBE were found in improving guilt, shame, anxiety, or anger suppression, trait, and control. These results suggest that DBT has unique effects on improving the expression of anger and experiential avoidance, whereas changes in the experience of specific negative emotions may be accounted for by general factors associated with expert therapy. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Scoliosis: discs and vertebrae. Cobb angle: friend or foe?

Both vertebral and disc deformity contribute to scoliosis deformity, but the Cobb angle measures both, without distinguishing their relative magnitudes, which are approximately equal. (The disc deformity is greater in the lumbar region than in the thoracic.) Most attention has been given to the vertebral deformity, which apparently develops because of growth disturbance, and some subsequent remodeling. Conversely, discs do not grow in height while adolescent deformity is progressing. It appears from a few studies that progression of scoliosis occurs initially in the discs and subsequently in the vertebrae. Nutritional compromise has been implicated premature disc degeneration on the concave side in scoliosis. Our rat-tail model in which a curvature is imposed along with compression develops a 'structural' disc deformity with tissue remodeling after 5 weeks, and we are studying the underlying mechanisms.
A re-examination of Palaeostruthus hatcheri (Shufeldt), a late Miocene sparrow from kansas

ABSTRACT Palaeostruthus hatcheri (Shufeldt), from the late Miocene (late Clarendonian-early Hemphillian) Long Island local fauna, Kansas, is the oldest recorded species of Emberizidae. The holotype and only specimen of P. hatcheri is a complete rostrum which, upon re-examination, is seen to be extremely similar to that of Ammodramus savannarum, the living grasshopper sparrow. Therefore, the genus Palaeostruthus Wetmore is synonymized with Ammodramus Swainson. Aside from A. hatcheri, the only other supposed species of Palaeostruthus is P. eurius Brodkorb, which is known only from a distal end of tarsometatarsus and should be known as “Passeriformes, family and genus indet.” until re-examined.
Radio and Advertising in Colombia

Over the last few decades radio has becomeone of the primary means of mass communication in Latin America, able to reach euen the remotest rural populations because of the transistor. Colombia, where ninety-one percent of the homes in the seven largest cities have at least one radio, has also been heavily impacted by this modern technological phenomenon, Elssy Bonilla de Ramos focuses on radio advertising as a means of characterizing the relationship between radio and the Colombian economic sector. She argues that private companies who own most of the country's stations and networks influence programming and advertising in order to widely promote products which they produce. She believes that in many cases these products are not necessary to the consumers'well-being but are advertised in a way to make them more desirable. The authorgives a brief history of commercial radio in Colombia during the last fifty years, stating that early in its development programming underwent significant changes in order to capture an expanded audience. Comedy, sports, news, soap operas, classical and popular music, and quiz shows soon dominated the airways to the exclusion of programming that could play a role in the political, social and economic development of the country. She contends that industries that owned radio were intent on training for consumption and she uses a week's sample of programming and advertising to illustrate her point.
Naturally occurring hyaline membrane disease syndromes in foals and piglets.

THE SYNDROME of hyaline membrane disease is believed to be an expression of a basic defect in elaboration and secretion of pulmonary surfactant, developing when the lung has not been exposed in utero to hormonal stimuli necessary for lung maturation, or because the surfactant-producing cells have been damaged, as may occur during episodes of hypotension or hypoxia. 1 The 30 years or so which have passed since the first clinical description of infants with respiratory distress caused by HMD have been marked by extensive research. Not only is the pathophysiology carefully documented, but major advances have occurred in therapy, and prenatal prediction and prevention of the disorder are possible in some instances. Although considerable research effort has been directed at various experimentally induced models of HMD, little attention has been paid to the potential research applications of naturally occurring HMD in domestic animals. HMD has been reported and detailed largely in two species, the foal and the piglet.
Friction and Wear Characteristics of Oil-Based ZnO Nanofluids

Nanofluids have been an active area of research for almost two decades due to their enhanced thermal conductivity compared to base fluids, but the study of nanofluids for tribological purposes has been slow, with problems encountered in dispersing and stabilizing nanoparticles in lubricants. In this research, the tribological properties of nanofluids were studied through experimental investigation by dispersing ZnO nanoparticles into paraffinic mineral oil. Nanoparticles were dispersed using an ultrasonic homogenizer. Oleic acid was used as the surfactant for the improved dispersibility and stability of nanofluids. A universal microtribometer with a ball-on-disk configuration was used to evaluate the friction properties between the moving mechanical components in the presence of nanofluids. The wear track was measured using a surface profiler, and the material deposition onto the sliding interface was analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The effects of the surfactant, ultrasonication time, par...
Effect of simulated groundwater chemistry on stress corrosion cracking of alloy 22

Abstract Slow strain rate tests were performed to evaluate the effect of simulated groundwater chemistry variations on the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of mill-annealed Alloy 22 (...
The government budget constraint with endogenous money

Abstract This paper examines the effectiveness and stability of fiscal policy in a model with a budget constraint and an endogenous money stock. This model avoids the need to treat only two polar cases, pure bond and pure money financing-neither of which is appropriate given the structure of the monetary system and the way monetary policy has been conducted historically. Furthermore, the model allows one to differentiate the effects of a money-financed deficit for the different tools of monetary control. We find that neither the long-run effectiveness nor stability of a mixed bond/money financed deficit is invariant to the monetary policy tool used.
Three-dimensional Green's functions in anisotropic piezoelectric solids

Abstract Explicit expressions for three-dimensional extended Green’s displacements in general anisotropic piezoelectric solids are derived. A very efficient procedure for the numerical evaluation of the derivatives of the extended Green’s displacements is also proposed. Numerical comparisons are carried out for a transversely isotropic piezoelectric solid for which exact closed-form solutions are available. It is found that the extended Green’s displacements and their derivatives obtained with the present explicit formulation are in perfect agreement with the exact closed-form solutions. These Green’s functions can be used in the boundary integral equations for piezoelectric solids of general anisotropy and for subsequent numerical solutions of these equations by means of the boundary element method.
Frequency shifts in parametrically enhanced low-field MR detection.

Abstract A high-amplitude, high-frequency readout field has previously been proposed for use with low-field MR. Because the resulting modulation sidebands are at higher frequencies than the low-field steady precession, improved detection sensitivity results. However, if the ac readout field is inhomogeneous, it will necessarily have transverse components resulting in frequency shifts and broadening of the MR signal. Numerical solutions of Bloch's equations are compared to the Bloch–Siegert result to assess the size of the frequency shifts. A formula is derived by the average Hamiltonian method and provides an excellent fit to the numerically obtained shifts.
Spherulitic crystal growth in P2O5-nucleated lead silicate glasses

Spherulitic crystal growth rates of 3PbO·2SiO2 were measured in three compositions of P2O5-nucleated lead silicate glasses. Spherulitic growth rates were constant with time under isothermal crystallization treatments. The experimental activation energy for spherulitic growth was approximately 84 kcal/mole. Spherulite development followed the sheaf-to-spherulite sequence that is characteristic of spherulites in other materials. The spherulite morphology, which varied with growth temperature, displayed fine textures at 400°C and coarse, open textures at 550°C.
Laboratory Procedures for Characterizing Manure Phosphorus

Phosphorus runoff from agricultural land contributes to accelerated eutrophication of surface waters. In areas with intensive animal farming, P loss from manured fields may be elevated due to high concentrations of soluble P in manure. We characterized P in dairy and poultry manure for the relative dissolution and fraction distribution using deionized water (H 2 O), 0.5 M NaHCO 3 , 0.1 M NaOH, 1.0 M HCl, and 5% trichloroacetic acid (TCA). Two extraction procedures were tested: (i) independent, with dried, ground samples being extracted repeatedly and P measured for each extractant; and (ii) sequential, with each sample being repeatedly extracted by H 2 O, NaHCO 3 , NaOH, and HCl, in that order. For the independent procedure, H 2 O extracted 53 to 64%, NaHCO, 64 to 72%, NaOH 33 to 54%, HCl 90 to 97%, and TCA 84 to 96% of the total P in manure. Sequentially, H 2 O, NaHCO 3 , NaOH, and HCl extracted 70, 14, 6, and 5% of the total P in the dairy, and 49, 19, 5, and 25% of the total P in the poultry sample, respectively. Manure P release was not greatly affected by shaking time but decreased rapidly with increasing number of repeated extractions. A large portion of P in manure being extractable by H 2 O or NaHCO 3 suggests weak binding energy of P and hence a high susceptibility for loss to waters when conditions favor runoff. A 1-h shaking of manure with H 2 O may provide a quick measure of the relative magnitude of P that is most susceptible. Further investigation relating manure P fractions with P in runoff would help identify management alternatives for reduced P losses.
Thermodynamic and Conformational Changes upon Stretching a Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Chain in the Melt

Molecular dynamics simulations using umbrella sampling methods to sample the free energy of stretching a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) oligomer (Mw = 904 g/mol) in a melt of PDMS oligomers were performed at 300 K. The free energy of stretching and restoring force were found to be mainly a result of the changes in entropy of the chain as the chain was contracted or stretched, and only at severe extensions do energetic contributions due to deformation of internal bends make a significant contribution to the free energy. The changes in entropy with chain extension were found to be due to restrictions in the polymer dihedral sequences, where the average torsional distribution did not change appreciably until severe extensions. Because the PDMS chain studied is only between 3 and 4 statistical segments in length, the force and free energy could not be fit with the exact solutions of the Gaussian or freely jointed chain models over the region of moderate to high stretching, but the wormlike chain model fit well...
Nature of the reversible paramagnetism to ferromagnetism state in cobalt-doped titanium dioxide

We report that Co0.1Ti0.9O2−δ prepared by the sol-gel technique is a paramagnet following the Curie–Weiss law: χ=χ0+C∕(T+θ) with θ≃5K. However, hydrogenation at 673 K in H2∕Ar(5%∕95%) gas converts a part of the paramagnetic (P) sample to room temperature ferromagnet (RTFM) and reheating the sample at 573 K in air converts it back to a paramagnet completely. This reversible P⇄RTFM transition has been observed for additional cycles by alternately heating in air and H2∕Ar. It is argued that this RTFM is intrinsic and it is due to Co2+–Co2+ exchange interaction mediated by oxygen holes which are produced by hydrogenation but eliminated by oxidation.
Gender and race differences in criminal justice processing

Abstract The importance of gender and race as critical variables in criminal justice system processing is highlighted in this article. These processes influence women and minority racial groups as victims and as offenders. The article addresses the situation in the United States between 1970 and 1985 primarily, but the focus on gender and race has application to many other countries. Following a brief historical assessment of the processing of black and white females, characteristics of female offenders are examined. Analysis of court processing highlights sex differences in pleas, bargaining, and sentencing. The experience of sentencing reform in one state is examined, followed by a report of the commitment and incarceration of women in one state over a ten-year interval. These findings support the conclusion that gender and race must be analysed as critical independent and intervening variables in studies of arrest, court processing, sentencing, and incarceration.
Population development and the environment: trends and key issues in the developed countries.

The quantitative relationship between environmental degradation (pollution) and the factors that influence it can be expressed by the identity: Pollution = population x (good/population) x (pollution/good), where "affluence" is expressed as good/population and the technology of production as pollution/good. Annual data for the emission of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides from mobile sources and for the use of pesticides and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer from agriculture, for the member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the United States, were analyzed to determine the relative change in the three factors over the period 1970-1987. In each case the considerable variation in pollutant emissions among the different countries is most closely related to the concomitant change in the technology factor (pollution/good). In contrast, there is much less variation among the countries in the population and "affluence" factors, which are consequently uncorrelated with the variation in pollutant emissions. The data show that the change in production technology is by far the most important of the several factors responsible for changes in pollution emission.
A note on discrete relaxation

Classical relaxation techniques have been studied for many years, but only recently have researchers realized the potential for such methods in solving machine vision problems. The earliest applications of symbolic relaxation methods involved a “discrete” relaxation which is shown to be restriction of the general relaxation process to systems of Boolean inequalities which take values over the two element set {0, 1}.
Distribution and frequencies of shark-inflicted injuries to the endangered Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi)

I analyzed the frequencies of wounds inflicted by sharks to the endangered Hawaiian monk seal Monachus schauinslandi at three colonies in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands between 1990 and 2000. I applied specific criteria typical of shark bites to all injuries to avoid bias. Pooling data from all years and the three colonies revealed several patterns. Sharks injured more pups (nursing and weaned) and juveniles (1–2 years old) than adults and subadults. More female pups and male juveniles than any other size classes were injured by sharks. Almost all (97%) of the injured pups were from French Frigate Shoals. More juveniles than expected were wounded at Laysan Island and Lisianski Island. Most shark wounds were between the diaphragm and the pelvic girdle, but pups were bitten most often just behind the pelvis compared with adults who were bitten more often near the head and neck.
Quantum mechanical investigation of the electronic structure and spectral properties of 6,8-dimethylisoxanthopterin

6-Methylisoxanthopterin (6-MI) is a fluorescent guanine analog that is suitable for studying deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) structure and dynamics. To aid in the interpretation of spectroscopic data, we have carried out an ab initio quantum mechanical investigation of the electronic structure of 6-MI. The geometries of the ground state and the nonplanar emitting state were optimized at the second-order Moller–Plesset (MP2) level. Using complete active space multiconfigurational self-consistent field (CASSCF) theory and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT), we have characterized the low-lying excitation and emission transitions. The lowest energy transition is a ππ* transition. We also observe a nearby nπ* state, which is not accessible spectroscopically. The calculated energies of the ππ* absorption and emission are in good agreement with experimental results. A large increase in the molecular dipole moment for 6-MI in the excited state compared to the ground state yields the prediction that 6-MI absorbance and emission spectra should be very sensitive to the polarity of the solvent. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 88: 28–33, 2002