cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cognitive activity and the cognitive morbidity of Alzheimer disease

Objective: To test the hypothesis that frequent cognitive activity predicts slower cognitive decline before dementia onset in Alzheimer disease (AD) and faster decline thereafter. Methods: As part of a longitudinal cohort study, older residents of a geographically defined population were assessed at 3-year intervals with brief cognitive performance tests from which a composite measure of global cognition was derived. After each wave of testing, a subset was sampled for clinical evaluation. The present analyses are based on 1,157 participants. They were free of dementia at study enrollment at which time they rated frequency of participation in common cognitively stimulating activities from which a previously validated summary measure was derived. They were sampled for clinical evaluation a mean of 5.6 years after enrollment and subsequently followed a mean of 5.7 years with brief cognitive performance testing at 3-year intervals. Results: On clinical evaluation, 614 people had no cognitive impairment, 395 had mild cognitive impairment, and 148 had AD. During follow-up, the annual rate of global cognitive decline in persons without cognitive impairment was reduced by 52% (estimate = 0.029, SE = 0.010, p = 0.003) for each additional point on the cognitive activity scale. In the mild cognitive impairment group, cognitive decline rate was unrelated to cognitive activity (estimate = −0.019, SE = 0.018, p = 0.300). In AD, the mean rate of decline per year increased by 42% (estimate = 0.075, SE = 0.021, p Conclusion: Mentally stimulating activity in old age appears to compress the cognitive morbidity associated with AD by slowing cognitive decline before dementia onset and hastening it thereafter.
Information-Seeking Behavior of Multicultural Students: A Case Study at San Jose State University

In 1995 a survey was conducted on the campus of San Jose State University where, for the first time, so-called minorities made up 50.7 percent of the total student population. Asian students compose the largest group among other ethnic groups. The study shows that students who use English as their primary language are usually more successful in using the library than those who use English as a second language. Length of stay in the United States also affects how often students use the library, as well as their behavior in asking reference questions. The survey found that Asian students are hindered by a fear of asking stupid questions, a belief that their English is not good enough, an inability to understand answers well, and a lack of familiarity with the library reference desk.
Prediction error as a quality metric for motion and stereo

This paper presents a new methodology for evaluating the quality of motion estimation and stereo correspondence algorithms. Motivated by applications such as novel view generation and motion-compensated compression, we suggest that the ability to predict new views or frames is a natural metric for evaluating such algorithms. Our new metric has several advantages over comparing algorithm outputs to true motions or depths. First of all, it does not require the knowledge of ground truth data, which may be difficult or laborious to obtain. Second, it more closely matches the ultimate requirements of the application, which are typically tolerant of errors in uniform color regions, but very sensitive to isolated pixel errors or disocclusion errors. In the paper we develop a number of error metrics based on this paradigm, including forward and inverse prediction errors, residual motion error and local motion-compensated prediction error. We show results on a number of widely used motion and stereo sequences, many of which do not have associated ground truth data.
Drosophila topoisomerase II double-strand DNA cleavage: analysis of DNA sequence homology at the cleavage site

In order to study the sequence specificity of double-strand DNA cleavage by Drosophila topoisomerase II, we have mapped and sequenced 16 strong and 47 weak cleavage sites in the recombinant plasmid p pi 25.1. Analysis of the nucleotide and dinucleotide frequencies in the region near the site of phosphodiester bond breakage revealed a nonrandom distribution. The nucleotide frequencies observed would occur by chance with a probability less than 0.05. The consensus sequence we derived is 5'GT.A/TAY decrease ATT.AT..G 3', where a dot means no preferred nucleotide, Y is for pyrimidine, and the arrow shows the point of bond cleavage. On average, strong sites match the consensus better than weak sites.
Heterogeneity of the middle crust: Implications for strength of continental lithosphere

Paleoproterozoic rocks in the southwestern United States record tectonism at depths of 10–20 km during 1.75–1.65 Ga amalgamation of arcs to North America. These exposures of middle crust are characterized by great heterogeneity of composition, structure, and metamorphic grade. The crust is dominated by subvertical fabric and is laterally segmented into 10-km-scale blocks by subvertical shear zones. Metamorphic temperature gradients of 200 °C occur within <10 km length scales at various 10–20 km depths. Hottest areas are near granitoid plutons (10 km depths) or dike swarms (20 km depths) and are dominated by subhorizontal foliations. Lowest temperature blocks (depths <10 km) show brittle-ductile thrust belt geometries, and all levels show a range of brittle, semi-brittle, and ductile deformation features. Our synthesis suggests that the synorogenic middle crust exhibits a distinctive heterogeneity of tectonism influenced strongly by advective heating and resulting strength variations. Segmentation of the crust into tectonic blocks is interpreted to be related to the 10 km/10 m.y. space and time scales of plutonism and melt transfer in the middle crust. By analogy to experimental data we hypothesize that the middle crust was a spatially and temporally complex strength beam during deformation, with vertical fabric recording strain hardening during whole lithosphere failure. Heterogeneity and a dominance of vertical fabric are consistent with a general lack of middle crustal reflectivity and may have influenced differential uplift during subsequent tectonism.
Alterations in trabecular bone microarchitecture in the ovine spine and distal femur following ovariectomy

Osteoporosis is a bone disease resulting in increased fracture risk as a result of alterations in both quantity and quality of bone. Bone quality is a combination of metabolic and microarchitectural properties of bone that can help to explain the increased susceptibility to fracture. Translational animal models are essential to understanding the pathology and for evaluating potential treatments of this disease. Large animals, such as the ovariectomized sheep, have been used as models for post-menopausal osteoporosis. However, long-term studies have not been carried out to observe the effects of ovariectomy after more than one year. This study employed micro-computed tomography to quantify changes in microarchitectural and mechanical parameters in femoral condyles and vertebral bodies of sheep that were sacrificed one or two years following ovariectomy. In the vertebral body, microarchitectural characteristics were significantly degraded following one year of ovariectomy in comparison to controls. The mechanical anisotropy, determined from micro-scale finite element models, was also greater in the ovariectomized groups, although the fabric tensor anisotropy was similar. There was no greater architectural degradation following two years of ovariectomy compared to one. Ovariectomy had minimal effects on the trabecular architecture of the distal femur even after two years. These results indicate that the vertebral body is the preferred anatomic site for studying bone from the ovariectomized sheep model, and that architectural changes stabilize after the first year.
Quality assurance and expert systems— A framework and conceptual model

Abstract As global competition increases in intensity it is becoming more crucial than ever for firms to provide high quality products and services to the marketplace. This can only be achieved by an organization-wide commitment to quality beginning with product design, contiuing through manufacture, and culminating with user support services. This paper discusses the use of expert systems to support the quality activities that are engaged in as part of this process. Specifically, a framework for the use of expert systems in quality assurance is developed which is based on concepts advocated by Deming and Taguchi. This framework details the type of expert system support that is appropriate for specific quality activities. Examples of fielded systems are discussed to validate the framework. Finally, a conceptual model for business expert systems for quality assurance is presented. This model is based on the belief that both qualitative knowledge and quantitative data are required for the support of organizational quality decisions.
Vigorous intensity exercise is essentially safe for coronary heart disease patients

Commentary on: Rognmo O, Moholdt T, Bakken H, et al. Cardiovascular risk of high- versus moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in coronary heart disease patients. Circulation 2012;126:1436–40.[OpenUrl][1][Abstract/FREE Full Text][2] Aerobic exercise is beneficial for the prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD). Prescribing such exercise involves frequency, intensity, duration and total volume.1 Regarding intensity, the question of safety is often raised. Increased sympathetic drive during exercise increases clotting and ventricular excitability, and can trigger coronary events. Acute vigorous intensity exercise significantly increases the risk of myocardial infarction2 (MI) and cardiac arrest.3 Chronic vigorous intensity exercise increases aerobic capacity4 and reduces the risk of CHD5 more than moderate intensity. … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCirculation%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1161%252FCIRCULATIONAHA.112.123117%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F22879367%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=circulationaha&resid=126/12/1436&atom=%2Febmed%2F18%2F4%2F159.atom
More (messages) is less (accuracy) in localization

Time-based localization protocols allow a trusted set of nodes called verifiers to determine the location of a node that is not trusted (and possibly malicious), called the prover. Existing literature on secure localization protocols is concerned with defending against various attack models by restructuring the message exchanges and/or cryptographic issues related to the challenge-response dialog. However, in this paper we focus on the effects of timing uncertainties - actual vs the sender's intended transmission time for a message, or actual vs the observer's measured time for a packet arrival or departure event - on the performance of such protocols. In particular, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper to study the effect of differences in the underlying message-exchange structure among various Time-of-Arrival (ToA) multilateration protocols on the expected measurement uncertainty when those protocols are implemented on real systems. First, we divide existing ToA multilateration protocols into three classes - SISO, MIMO and SIMO - based on their message exchange structure. We then compare the three classes in terms of the number of messages required and their relative measurement uncertainty. SIMO multilateration requires least number of message exchanges for localization. By analytically comparing the uncertainty and error in measurements, we show that SIMO multilateration is also inherently more accurate than MIMO.
A transcranial Doppler sonography study of shoot/don't-shoot responding.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between changes in cerebral blood-flow velocity and performance on a speeded shoot/don’t-shoot task. Brain activity as indicated by cerebral blood-flow velocity (hemovelocity) was recorded using the transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. A shoot/don’t-shoot decisionmaking task presented participants with threat/nonthreat stimuli in the form of bull’s-eye images of various colors. Participants were required to shoot threat targets using a laser-modified handgun. Results support a vigilance decrement in both the performance measures and hemovelocity. Performance, as measured by reaction time, number of hits, and marksmanship, decreased across the length of the vigil. Hemovelocity slowed across the left and right hemispheres as the task progressed, and hemovelocity was slower in the right hemisphere than in the left hemisphere.
Jasper's Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies, 4th Edition

edited by Jeffrey L. Noebels, Massimo Avoli, Michael A. Rogawski, Richard W. Olsen, and Antonio V. Delgado-Escueta, 1,264 pp., Oxford University Press, 2012, $225 Since the publication of the first edition of Jasper's Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies in 1969, this book has served as the gold standard for epilepsy researchers as well as an indispensable resource for clinicians as scientific advances find their way into clinical translation. It is unquestionably the “bible” of epilepsy research. The fourth edition, published in 2012, exceeds the previous editions in both content and heft, weighing in at just under 7 pounds. With 90 chapters and more than 1,200 pages, this volume is monumental by any definition. The list of 199 contributing authors reads like a who's who of experts in epilepsy research. It is the kind of book one would like to curl up with on a lazy winter afternoon—ah—if only there was time to absorb the book in its enormity!
An update in the ultrasonic diagnosis and evaluation of intrauterine growth restriction

A number of methods exist for identifying and monitoring suspected intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Estimation of fetal weight or abdominal circumference, combined with Doppler wave-form ana...
Symmetries and the explanation of conservation laws in the light of the inverse problem in Lagrangian mechanics

Abstract Many have thought that symmetries of a Lagrangian explain the standard laws of energy, momentum, and angular momentum conservation in a rather straightforward way. In this paper, I argue that the explanation of conservation laws via symmetries of Lagrangians involves complications that have not been adequately noted in the philosophical literature and some of the physics literature on the subject. In fact, such complications show that the principles that are commonly appealed to to drive explanations of conservation laws are not generally correct without caveats. I hope here to give a clearer picture of the relationship between symmetries and conservation laws in Lagrangian mechanics via an examination of the bearing that results in the inverse problem in the calculus of variations have on this topic.
Preferential accumulation of N-terminal mutant huntingtin in the nuclei of striatal neurons is regulated by phosphorylation

An expanded polyglutamine tract (>37 glutamines) in the N-terminal region of huntingtin (htt) causes htt to accumulate in the nucleus, leading to transcriptional dysregulation in Huntington disease (HD). In HD knock-in mice that express full-length mutant htt at the endogenous level, mutant htt preferentially accumulates in the nuclei of striatal neurons, which are affected most profoundly in HD. The mechanism underlying this preferential nuclear accumulation of mutant htt in striatal neurons remains unknown. Here, we report that serine 16 (S16) in htt is important for the generation of small N-terminal fragments that are able to accumulate in the nucleus and form aggregates. Phosphorylation of N-terminal S16 in htt promotes the nuclear accumulation of small N-terminal fragments and reduces the interaction of N-terminal htt with the nuclear pore complex protein Tpr. Mouse brain striatal tissues show increased S16 phosphorylation and a decreased association between mutant N-terminal htt and Tpr. These findings provide mechanistic insight into the nuclear accumulation of mutant htt and the selective neuropathology of HD, revealing potential therapeutic targets for treating this disease.
Dynamic Shortages and Price Rises: The Engineer-Scientist Case

Introduction, 292. — I. Shortages and price rises, 293. — II. Empirical evidence of a shortage in the engineer-scientist market, 296. — III. The process of adjustment in the market, 297. — IV. A model of dynamic shortages and price rises, 299. — V. Dynamic shortage in the engineer-scientist market, 302. — VI. Alternate definitions of a shortage, 305. — VII. Conclusion, 307.
Endothelial Progenitor Cells Are Decreased in Blood of Cardiac Allograft Patients With Vasculopathy and Endothelial Cells of Noncardiac Origin Are Enriched in Transplant Atherosclerosis

Background— Recent studies in animals suggest that circulating recipient endothelial precursors may participate in the biology of transplant vasculopathy. It is currently unknown whether a similar interaction between recipient endothelial cells and the vessel wall occurs in human subjects undergoing allogeneic cardiac transplantation. Methods and Results— Circulating endothelial cells and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) were quantified in 15 cardiac transplantation subjects with and without angiographic evidence of vasculopathy. In a separate series of experiments, the origin (donor or recipient) of transplant plaque endothelial cells was assessed in subjects who had undergone a gender-mismatched cardiac transplantation and had histological evidence of severe vasculopathy at the time of heart explantation. Circulating EPC outgrowth colonies in peripheral blood were significantly reduced in subjects with transplant vasculopathy compared with those without angiographic evidence of disease (EPC colony-fo...
Sharps exposures among otolaryngology-head and neck surgery residents.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Examine the incidence of sharps exposures among otolaryngology residents, assess characteristics of exposures, and determine rates of reporting these potentially career- and life-impacting exposures. Study Design: Cohort study of otolaryngology–head and neck surgery residents. Methods: Survey was administered online to otolaryngology residents in the spring of 2008, gathering demographic information, characteristics of sharps exposures, and residents' self-reporting of sharps exposures. Results: Among 1,407 otolaryngology residents nationwide, 231 completed the survey. Of these, 168 (72.7%) had at least one sharps exposure during residency, with most due to solid-bore needles (51.7%) and occurring in the operating room (67%). Fifty percent of residents reported exposures occurring in postgraduate year (PGY)-3 or PGY-4, whereas exposures occurred at slightly lower rates in the other PGYs. There was no difference in incidence of sharps exposures based on gender (Fisher exact test, P = .2742) or history of sharps exposure during medical school (Fisher exact test, P = .7559). Seventy-four participants had an exposure that they did not report to the hospital, with the most common reason for not reporting being the perceived burden of the hospital testing protocol. Conclusions: Otolaryngology residents report a high rate of sharps exposures during residency training, with a significant number of these exposures going unreported. Better education may be needed to help decrease these often preventable workplace exposures and to improve compliance with reporting and testing procedures.
Honey’s Ability to Counter Bacterial Infections Arises from Both Bactericidal Compounds and QS Inhibition

The ability of honey to kill bacterial pathogens in vitro and quickly clear even chronic or drug-resistant infections has been demonstrated by several studies. Most current research is focused on identifying the bactericidal compounds in honey, but the action of the compounds discovered is not sufficient to explain honey's activity. By diluting honey to sub-inhibitory levels, we were able to study its impact on bacterial coordinated behavior, and discovered that honey inhibits bacterial quorum sensing (QS). Experiments to characterize and quantify honey's effect on the QS networks of Pseudomonas aeruginosa revealed that low concentrations of honey inhibited the expression of MvfR, las, and rhl regulons, including the associated virulence factors. This research also establishes that inhibition of QS is associated with honey's sugar content. Therefore, honey combats infections by two independent mechanisms acting in tandem: bactericidal components, which actively kill cells, and disruption of QS, which weakens bacterial coordination and virulence.
SEABIRD INTERACTIONS WITH DOLPHINS AND TUNA IN THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC

Bird flocks associated with dolphins in the eastern tropical Pacific are described from observations obtained during eight cruises that took place from January to March of 1976, 1977, 1979, and 1980. In the northern tropical waters between latitudes 5"N and 30"N, 43% to 53% of bird flocks co-occurred with dolphins. In equatorial and southern subtropical waters between latitudes SON to 12"s and in the central Pacific less than 8% of the flocks were associated with dolphins. In northern tropical waters about 70% of dolphin schools associated with flocks were composed of spotted or spotted plus spinner dolphins; conversely, 59% of spotted dolphin and 96% of spotted plus spinner dolphin schools co-occurred with bird flocks. Most large schools of these dolphins were associated with birds, and thenumber and diversity of bird species increased with dolphin school size. The average species composition of birds in dolphin-associated flocks of northern tropical waters was: boobies 4 I.%, Wedge-tailed Shearwaters (Puffinus pacificus) 3 1.4%, jaegers 12.8%, Sooty Terns (Sterna firscata) 6%, frigatebirds 3.6%, and others 4.5%. Positive statistical associations were found among these bird species, which are explained by common attraction to food made available by feeding yellowfin tuna. In the southern latitudes and in the central Pacific, flocks were dominated by Sooty Terns, and few flocks were associated with dolphins. These flocks appeared to be associated with skipjack rather than yellowfin tuna.
Digital cellular modem field results

Digital modem field test results applicable to the North American digital cellular system and the Japanese digital cellular system are presented. A modem meeting all specifications of the North American digital cellular system is described. The model is designed to identify channel conditions and to choose the appropriate detector operating with or without an equalizer. Measured bit error rate performance of the modem is presented in Rayleigh-faded and delay spread channels. Statistical data show the amount of time the modem required an equalizer detector during field testing. The speech quality outputs of the equalizer and nonequalizer detectors are compared. Diversity receiver performance in Rayleigh-faded and time-dispersive channels is reported. >
Measurements of Matrix Cracking and Delamination Caused by Impact on Composite Plates

Tests were performed measuring the locations and extents of delaminations and matrix crackings in 3-in. by 3-in. Fiberite T300/934 graphite/epoxy plates impacted by 1/2-in. diameter aluminum spheres. Plates with six ply orientations were tested. The impactor speeds ranged from 700 to 1300 in/sec. The plates were inspected by C-scan both before and after impact. The plates were also dissected after impact and examined visually for damage. In addition, the longitudinal and transverse tensile, compressive, and shear properties of the material were measured.
Nocturnal Enuresis: A Guide to Evaluation and Treatment

Nocturnal enuresis has several possible causes, including genetic inheritance, reduced bladder capacity, sleep disorders, abnormal secretion of antidiuretic hormone, psychologic abnormalities, neurologic dysfunction, bacteriuria, and diet. A thorough assessment of the patient's voiding history is of major importance in the management of nocturnal enuresis. Whether the patient has monosymptomatic or polysymptomatic nocturnal enuresis must be determined. Treatment options include pharmacotherapy, behavioral modification with an alarm system, or a combination of these modalities. In order for treatment to be successful, the physician, patient, and patient's parents must be involved in the decision-making process.
Yttrium-90 Ibritumomab Tiuxetan Doses Calculated to Deliver up to 15 Gy to Critical Organs May Be Safely Combined With High-Dose BEAM and Autologous Transplantation in Relapsed or Refractory B-Cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Purpose To determine the maximum-tolerated radiation-absorbed dose (RAD) to critical organs delivered by yttrium-90 (90Y) ibritumomab tiuxetan in combination with high-dose carmustine, etoposide, cytarabine, and melphalan (BEAM) chemotherapy with autologous transplantation. Patients and Methods Eligible patients had relapsed or refractory CD20+ non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Individualized 90Y activities were based on dosimetry and were calculated to deliver cohort-defined RAD (1 to 17 Gy) to critical organs with three to six patients per cohort. The therapeutic dose of 90Y ibritumomab tiuxetan was followed by high-dose BEAM and autologous transplantation. Results Forty-four patients were treated. Thirty percent of patients had achieved less than a partial remission to their most recent therapy and would not have been eligible for autologous transplantation at most centers. The toxicity profile was similar to that associated with high-dose BEAM chemotherapy. Two dose-limiting toxicities occurred at the 17 ...
The Effect of Hamstring Muscle Stretching on Standing Posture and on Lumbar and Hip Motions During Forward Bending

Background and Purpose. The purpose of this study was to determine whether stretching the hamstring muscles affects extensibility, as indicated by straight leg raising (SLR), lumbopelvic posture, and the relative amounts of lumbar and hip motion during forward bending. Subjects. Thirty-nine subjects without known musculoskeletal impairments of their spine or lower extremities and with tight hamstring muscles (ie, SLR of ≤70°) were randomly assigned to either a stretching group or a control group. Methods. A three-dimensional digitizer was used to measure lumbar, pelvic, and hip positions while subjects were in a standing position and during partial and full forward bending. Results. Straight leg raising and hip motion during late and total forward bending were increased after stretching. No changes occurred in standing posture or lumbar motion during forward bending. Conclusion and Discussion. The results of this study suggest that there is no relationship between hamstring muscle length and lumbopelvic posture. There was some indication, however, that stretching the hamstring muscles may affect motion during forward bending.
Minimum cost aspect classification: a module of a vision algorithm compiler

The authors present the design of a vision algorithm compiler module for object localization that is used to construct efficient vision programs for a subtask of object localization called aspect classification. Intuitively, an aspect is a representative appearance, and can be associated with a range of viewing positions. In object localization, an object is first classified into an aspect in order to obtain a rough estimate of an object's configuration; this is followed by a numerical minimization procedure to locate the object precisely. The compiler module generates an optimal strategy for aspect classification, in the sense that the average cost of classification is minimal. The performance of the module is illustrated with several examples. >
HSV-1 exploits the innate immune scavenger receptor MARCO to enhance epithelial adsorption and infection

Herpes simplex virus type 1 is an important epithelial pathogen and has the potential for significant morbidity in humans. Here we demonstrate that a cell surface scavenger receptor, macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO), previously thought to enhance antiviral defense by enabling nucleic acid recognition, is usurped by herpes simplex virus type 1 and functions together with heparan sulphate proteoglycans to mediate adsorption to epithelial cells. Ligands of MARCO dramatically inhibit herpes simplex virus type 1 adsorption and infection of human keratinocytes and protect mice against infection. Herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein C closely co-localizes with MARCO at the cell surface, and glycoprotein C binds directly to purified MARCO with high affinity. Increasing MARCO expression enhances herpes simplex virus type 1 infection while MARCO(-/-) mice have reduced susceptibility to infection by herpes simplex virus type 1. These findings demonstrate that herpes simplex virus type 1 binds to MARCO to enhance its capacity for disease, and suggests a new therapeutic target to alter pathogenicity of herpes simplex virus type 1 in skin infection.
Rationale, Design, and Methods for Process Evaluation in the Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration Project

Abstract Objective The cross-site process evaluation plan for the Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration (CORD) project is described here. Design The CORD project comprises 3 unique demonstration projects designed to integrate multi-level, multi-setting health care and public health interventions over a 4-year funding period. Setting Three different communities in California, Massachusetts, and Texas. Participants All CORD demonstration projects targeted 2–12-year-old children whose families are eligible for benefits under Title XXI (CHIP) or Title XIX (Medicaid). Intervention(s) The CORD projects were developed independently and consisted of evidence-based interventions that aim to prevent childhood obesity. The interventions promote healthy behaviors in children by applying strategies in 4 key settings (primary care clinics, early care and education centers, public schools, and community institutions). Main Outcome Measure(s) The CORD process evaluation outlined 3 main outcome measures: reach, dose, and fidelity, on 2 levels (researcher to provider, and provider to participant). Analysis The plan described here provides insight into the complex nature of process evaluation for consortia of independently designed multi-level, multi-setting intervention studies. The process evaluation results will provide contextual information about intervention implementation and delivery with which to interpret other aspects of the program.
A Test for Determining a Best Flow Rate through Solar Collectors

This paper gives the testing apparatus, instrumentation, and testing procedure which can be used to determine a design flow rate through the manifold for any particular system of identical flat-plate solar collectors. The use of two identical collectors in a side-by-side arrangement is employed. A least-squares mathematical model is developed to fit the data to the commonly accepted collector performance equation, FR = [CG/Ut ] [1 —exp (-F' UL/GC}]. A variation of this model is solved by trial-and-err or on a computer. Pressure drop data are correlated by a least-squares parabola curve, and an economic model is developed to find the optimum flow rate for the particular type of collector. Nomenclature A — constant to be found by a least-squares data fit B = constant to be found by a least-squares data fit C = specific heat of circulating fluid, cal/kg-°C CL = lifetime cost, $/m2 CP = lifetime pumping cost, $/m2 CC = initial collector cost, $/m2 E = cost of electricity, $/kWh FR = actual energy collection rate for a flat-plate collector divided by the collection rate attainable if the entire plate temperature were equal to the inlet fluid temperature, dimensionless F' = actual energy collection rate divided by the rate attainable if the entire plate temperature were equal to the average of inlet fluid and exit fluid temperature, dimensionless F" = collector performance factor FK /F', dimensionless G = mass flow rate per unit area, kg/h-m2 K = dimensional conversion constant AP — pressure drop across the collector, mm Hg Qu = useful rate of energy collection, cal/h-m2 Te = fluid exit temperature, °C Tf = fluid inlet temperature, °C / = lifetime of operation, h UL = total energy loss rate for the collector, cal/m2-h-°C 77 = pump-motor overall efficiency, dimensionless p = fluid density, kg/m
Direct analysis of tubulin expression in cancer cell lines by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Differential expression of tubulin isotypes, mutations, and/or post-translational modifications in sensitive and Taxol-resistant cell lines suggests the existence of tubulin-based mechanisms of resistance. Since tubulin isotypes are defined by their C-terminal sequence, we previously described a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based analysis of tubulin diversity in human cell lines by analysis of their CNBr-released C-terminal peptides [Rao, S., Aberg, F., Nieves, E., Horwitz, S. B., and Orr, G. A. (2001) Biochemistry 40, 2096-103]. We now describe the liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis of native tubulins in Taxol-stabilized microtubules from parental and Taxol/epothilone-resistant human cancer cell lines. This method allows the direct determination of tubulin isotype composition, including post-translational modifications and mutations occurring throughout the entire protein. Four major isotypes, betaI-, betaIVb-, Kalpha1-, and alpha6-tubulin, were detected in two human carcinoma cell lines, A549 and HeLa. betaIII-Tubulin represented a minor species, as did alpha4-tubulin which was detected for the first time in both cell lines. The three alpha-tubulins were almost totally tyrosinated, and post-translational modifications were limited to low levels of monoglutamylation of Kalpha1-, betaI-, and betaIII-tubulin. betaII- and betaIVa-tubulins were not detected in either parental or drug-resistant cell lines, in contrast to previous RNA-based studies. Since mutations can occur in a single tubulin allele, the question as to whether the wild-type and mutant transcripts are both translated, and to what levels, is important. Heterozygous expression of Kalpha1- or betaI-tubulin mutants that introduced mass changes as small as 26 Da was readily detected in native tubulins isolated from Taxol- and epothilone-resistant cell lines.
Stained Glass: The Nature and Scope of Child Sexual Abuse in the Catholic Church

This article presents the results of the Nature and Scope of Child Sexual Abuse by Catholic Priests from 1950 to 2002. Ninety-seven percent of dioceses (representing 99% of diocesan priests) and 64...
The Effect of Data Inaccuracy on Tests of Space-Time Interaction

Space-time event data are often subject to deficiencies in: (1) locational accuracy; (2), temporal accuracy; and (3) completeness. This work explores how these failings in the quality of input data may affect the results of global space-time interaction tests. While previous work has partially investigated the impact of locational inaccuracy on the results of these tests, more work remains. The impacts of temporal inaccuracy and incomplete data reporting on the results of these tests remain completely unexplored. This study examines the influence of these problems individually and collectively, using a series of simulations. Findings demonstrate that even in cases of slight inaccuracy or underreporting, the consequences on results are potentially severe. Although the study is couched in terms of data inaccuracy, its relevance to situations where inaccuracy is replaced with uncertainty is self-evident.
Pseudoperonospora cubensis and P. humuli detection using species-specific probes and high definition melt curve analysis

AbstractReal-time PCR assays using locked nucleic acid (LNA) probes and high resolution melt (HRM) analysis were developed for molecular differentiation of Pseudoperonospora cubensis and P. humuli, causal agents of cucurbit and hop downy mildew, respectively. The assays were based on a previously identified single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the cytochrome oxidase subunit II (cox2) gene that differentiates the two species. Sequencing of the same region from 15 P. cubensis isolates collected in New York State for the current study confirmed that all isolates shared the conserved SNP. LNA probes were specific and sensitive, detecting as few as 10 sporangia for both species and as little as 1 fg P. cubensis total DNA and 10 fg P. humuli total DNA. The LNA assay detected both pathogens from air sampled using spore traps placed in vegetable fields and a hop yard during the summers of 2013 and 2014 and correctly diagnosed symptomatic leaf tissue. High resolution melt analysis (HRM) correctly identified all...
Utilitarianism and the Ethics of War

This book offers a detailed utilitarian analysis of the ethical issues involved in war. Utilitarianism and the Ethics of War addresses the two basic ethical questions posed by war: when, if ever, are we morally justified in waging war, and if recourse to arms is warranted, how are we permitted to fight the wars we wage? In addition, it deals with the challenge that realism and relativism raise for the ethical discussion of war, and with the duties of military personnel and the moral challenges they can face. In tackling these matters, the book covers a wide range of topics—from pacifism to armed humanitarian intervention, from the right of national defense to pre-emptive or preventive war, from civilian immunity to the tenets of just war theory and the moral underpinnings of the rules of war. But, what is distinctive about this book is that it provides a consistent and thorough-going utilitarian or consequentialist treatment of the fundamental normative issues that war occasions. Although it goes against the tide of recent work in the field, a utilitarian approach to the ethics of war illuminates old questions in new ways by showing how a concern for well-being and the consequences of our actions and policies shape the moral constraints to which states and other actors must adhere. This book will be of much interest to students of the ethics of war, just war theory, moral philosophy, war and conflict studies and IR.
The contribution of the health asset on extend of the life cycle and optimize the cost of the substation equipment

The number of the assets that Saudi Electricity Company/National Grid hold have increased tremendously and that increase came from the government spending on the infrastructure. Saudi Electricity Company Shall introduces a tool that show the health of its own assets and that tool is the asset health indices. This tool is going to be an experimental and it is going to highlight the number of the outages for each asset that occurred in 2014 based on the failure mode of each substation equipment's and compare those equipment's on the three departments in Saudi Arabia and they are: (Dammam, Hail & North East, and Qassim) and this is the aim of this paper. Assets health indices are going to introduce different types of assets that Saudi Electricity company/National Grid hold from Power Transformer, GIS, bus bar, etc. The asset health indices could be used as a strategic planning tool to help the maintenance planning during the preventative maintenance of an asset to increase it or decrease the frequency and it could be used as a strategic decision making tool it help the top management on the replacement of an asset. This paper is going under the asset management for power systems on substation life cycle cost optimization.
The Effect of Human Exposure on the Anti-predatory Response of Harbor Seals (Phoca vitulina)

Increased exposure to anthropogenic activities often results in animals developing higher tolerance to activities that would otherwise disturb them. Although this response is sometimes viewed as a beneficial survival mechanism, habituation to human activities may lead to negative consequences, such as decreased predator aversion. Due to their healthy population status, the numerous and varied locations of their haul-out sites and their anti-predatory response to bald eagles, harbor seals in the Salish Sea are an ideal study system to answer questions concerning the effects of human exposure on wildlife. To examine my hypothesis that increased human exposure reduces anti-predatory response in harbor seals, I used instantaneous scan-sampling techniques to compare the behavioral responses of seals to bald eagles and to humans at six haul-out sites with varying levels of exposure to anthropogenic activities. Sites were classified as high exposure (6.07 ± SE 0.73 boats • h-1, n=2 sites), medium exposure (1.56 ± SE 0.38 boats • h-1, n=2 sites), and low exposure (0.26 ± SE 0.12 boats • h-1, n=2 sites). Based on generalized linear mixed-effects models (GLMM), the presence of harbor seal anti-predatory response to bald eagles was significantly related to human exposure but not to eagle exposure. Seals showed an anti-predatory response to eagles more often at low-exposure sites (77.17%, n=127 events) than at medium- (60.0%, n=15 events) or high- (45.45%, n=33 events) exposure sites. Also based on GLMMs, human exposure significantly influenced harbor seal response to boat traffic. Seals reacted to passing boats more often at low-exposure sites (100%, n=10 events) than at medium- (77.8%, n=72 events) or high- (83.2%, n=208 events) exposure sites. This study provides the first empirical evidence outside of an urban setting to support the hypothesis that increased interactions with humans can lead to a reduction in overall predator aversion. This finding highlights the potential impact that increased human exposure can have on the predation risk of wildlife populations and disputes the traditionally accepted view of habituation as having little-to-no impact on the animals involved.
The histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A influences the development of Drosophila melanogaster.

We examined the consequences of the deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) on the development of Drosophila melanogaster. When fed to flies, TSA caused lethality and delayed development at concentrations as low as 5 μM, had stronger effects on males than females, and acted synergistically with mutations in the gene encoding the RPD3 deacetylase to cause notched wings, but did not appear to affect a SINA signaling pathway that is normally repressed by the SIN3 corepressor. These findings suggest that deacetylated histones play an important role in normal developmental progression and establish parameters for genetic screens to dissect the role of deacetylases in this process.
Supporting the Development of Latino Bilingual Mental Health Professionals

Latino individuals who prefer to communicate in Spanish lack linguistically and culturally proficient mental health professionals with whom they can communicate effectively. This study illustrates ...
Thermally Adaptive Cache Access Mechanisms for 3D Many-Core Architectures

A compelling confluence of technology and application trends in which the cost, execution time, and energy of applications are being dominated by the memory system is driving the industry to 3D packages for future microarchitectures. However, these packages result in high heat fluxes and increased thermal coupling challenging current thermal solutions. Conventional design approaches utilize design margins that correspond to worst case temperatures and process corners leading to a significant impact on system level performance. This paper advocates a design approach based on microarchitecture adaptation to device-level temperature-dependent delay variations to realize average case performance that is superior to which can be achieved by using worst case design margins. We demonstrate this approach with adaptation principles for the last level cache (LLC) in a 3D many-core architecture. We propose and evaluate two adaptation mechanisms. In the first case, the access time to the LLC from the L1 tracks the LLC’s temperature-delay variations. In the second case, the processor DVFS state tracks the LLC temperature as a negative feedback. Compared to a worst case design baseline, the full system simulation results show that both approaches increase the IPC by over 20 percent, and improve the energy efficiency by up to 3 percent.
Metacognitive Reflection and Insight Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder: A Case Illustration of an Individual in a Long Term Institutional Setting

Impairments in metacognitive capacity are a core barrier to recovery for many with borderline personality disorder. Metacognition refers to the processes which enable individuals to access, understand, and integrate their ideas about the mental states of themselves and others, and then use that information to recognize and respond adaptively to psychological challenges. Borderline personality disorder is believed to be amenable to psychotherapy, but few of the established treatment protocols specifically target metacognitive capacity. This case illustration provides a descriptive account of an individual with borderline personality disorder in a long term institutional setting who participated in 14 months of a novel psychotherapy that specifically targeted metacognitive processes: Metacognitive Reflection and Insight Therapy. The vital elements of the intervention are elaborated with examples from the case illustration. Case conceptualization, outcomes, and potential prognosis are also presented and discussed.
A Unique Case of an Aggressive Gangliocytic Paraganglioma of the Filum Terminale

Paragangliomas are rare neuroendocrine tumors that are mostly found in the head and neck. Even less common are gangliocytic variant paragangliomas of the spine for which there are only 7 other documented cases in the literature. We report a case of gangliocytic paraganglioma of the sacral spine in a 68-year-old man. The growth pattern is documented over three years, which to our knowledge has not previously been reported in the literature and is different from the natural history. Clinical, radiological, and pathological characteristics of the tumor are discussed in light of available reports of this rare tumor.
Sum Calculus and the Discrete Transforms Methods

In this chapter we will present some very basic elements of difference equations in Section 2.1. This is followed by a detailed discussion of the sum calculus in Section 2.2, which includes the summation by parts,and the fundamental theorem of sum calculus. These topics are essential for the sum calculus that we shall use in solving difference equations in Chapter 3, and they parallel the integration by parts and the fundamental theorem of calculus in integral calculus. Just as the integration by parts is used to derive the properties (and pairs) of the Laplace or Fourier transforms, for example, the summation by parts is essential for developing the operational properties of the discrete Fourier transforms for solving difference equations associated with boundary conditions, which is termed “the operational sum method.” This method will be introduced and illustrated in Section 2.4. Since this method parallels the Fourier integral transforms method for solving differential equations with boundary conditions, we designate Section 2.3 for a brief review of such well known integral transforms, or operational (integral) calculus method.