cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Concepts in staging and clinical studies for treatment of Langerhans' cell histiocytosis.

I N 1993, the centennial of the publication of the first case of the disorder we now call “Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis” will be celebrated. Dr Alfred Hand, Jr, then a 25year-old pediatric resident at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, thought he was describing a case of polyuria associated with tuberculosis (Fig 1) when he exhibited specimens to the Philadelphia Pathological Society.’ Twenty-eight years later, he revised his speculation when he noted the similarity of his case to patients reported by radiologist Schtiller,’ internist Christian3 and pediatrician Kay.4 Hand then wondered whether there was an infectious etiology because of the prominent gum involvement in two of the cases: “The thought occurs that the infective agent may gain entrance through these structures and may be animal (ameboid) rather than vegetable in nature.“’ With the description of these several cases evolved the notion that what came to be known as “HandSchiiller-Christian” syndrome was a distinct disease. The concept of separate diseases rather than different clinical manifestations (or “stages”) of the same disease was strengthened by the work over the next decade of pathologist Letterer6 and pediatrician Siwe.’ In his paper, Siwe referred to the emerging Hand-Schiiller-Christian syndrome only to give pathologic grounds as to why he considered them separate entities. The term “Letterer-Siwe disease” was coined by Abt in 1939 who again made a pathological distinction of this “disease” from Hand-SchtillerChristian syndrome.8 Ironically, the simplest came last. It was not until 1940 that cases of solitary bone lesions were reported.‘,” It took pediatrician and pathologist Sidney Farber to note the overlap of cases and challenge the
Yeast as a model system in the analysis of DNA topoisomerase I poisons

Eukaryotic DNA topoisomerase I (Top1) is a monomeric enzyme that catalyses the relaxation of positively and negatively supercoiled DNA (reviewed in Reid et al., 1998; Champoux, 2001; Wang, 2002). The nuclear enzyme, encoded by the TOP1 gene, is highly conserved in terms of reaction mechanism, structure and sensitivity to anticancer agents such as the camptothecins (Redinbo et al., 1999; Fiorani and Bjornsti, 2000; Li and Liu, 2001). As with other DNA topoisomerases, Top1 forms a protein clamp that completely circumscribes duplex DNA. The transient cleavage and religation of a single DNA strand is accompanied by the formation of a covalent Top1-DNA intermediate, in which the active site tyrosine of Top1 is linked to a 3’ phosphoryl DNA end. This distinguishes type IB enzymes from other DNA topoisomerases, which form a 5’ phospho-tyrosyl linkage.
Prenatal Depressive Symptoms and Toddler Behavior Problems: The Role of Maternal Sensitivity and Child Sex

Increasing evidence suggests that maternal depression during pregnancy is associated with child behavioral outcomes even after accounting for later maternal depression. The purpose of this study was to examine various mechanisms, including maternal sensitivity, neonatal problems, and concurrent maternal depression, that might explain the association between prenatal maternal depressive symptoms and toddler behavior problems. Young, low income, African American mothers (n = 196) were interviewed during pregnancy and at 24-months postpartum, medical records were collected at the birth, and mother-child interactions were video-recorded at 24 months. Path analyses revealed that the association between prenatal depression and toddler behavior problems was mediated by maternal sensitivity and maternal depressive symptoms at 24 months. No evidence was found for a mediating effect of neonatal problems. Path models examining sex differences suggested that different mediating factors may be important for boys and girls, with boys being particularly susceptible to the effects of maternal sensitivity.
LKB1 deletion causes early changes in atrial channel expression and electrophysiology prior to atrial fibrillation

Aims Liver kinase B1 (LKB1) is a protein kinase that activates the metabolic regulator AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and other related kinases. Deletion of LKB1 in mice leads to cardiomyopathy and atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the specific role of the LKB1 pathway in early atrial biology remains unknown. Thus, we investigated whether LKB1 deletion altered atrial channel expression and electrophysiological function in a cardiomyocyte-specific knockout mouse model. Methods and results We performed a systematic comparison of αMHC-Cre LKB1fl/fl and littermate LKB1fl/fl male mice. This included analysis of gene expression, histology, and echocardiography, as well as cellular and tissue-level electrophysiology using patch-clamp recordings in vitro , optical mapping ex vivo , and ECG recordings in vivo . At postnatal day 1, atrial depolarization was prolonged, and Nav1.5 and Cx40 expression were markedly down-regulated in MHC-Cre LKB1fl/fl mice. Inward sodium current density was significantly decreased in MHC-Cre LKB1fl/fl neonatal atrial myocytes. Subsequently, additional alterations in atrial channel expression, atrial fibrosis, and spontaneous onset of AF developed by 2 weeks of age. In adult mice, abnormalities of interatrial conduction and bi-atrial electrical coupling were observed, likely promoting the perpetuation of AF. Mice with AMPK-inactivated hearts demonstrated modest overlap in channel expression with MHC-Cre LKB1fl/fl hearts, but retained normal structure, electrophysiological function and contractility. Conclusions Deletion of LKB1 causes early defects in atrial channel expression, action potential generation and conduction, which precede widespread atrial remodelling, fibrosis and AF. LKB1 is critical for normal atrial growth and electrophysiological function.
In vitro Incorporation of Radiophosphorus into the Phosphatides of Normal Human Blood Cells.

SummaryThe incorporation of P32 into the phosphatides of the formed elements of normal human blood has been measured. A characteristic pattern was described for eryth-rocytes, leukocytes and platelets. Radiophos-phorus is incorporated into red cell phospha-tidic acid. The variable and high rates of incorporation of P32 into certain phosphatides of red cells, white cells and platelets would indicate the necessity of assessing this function by these cells when making such measurements in whole blood.
Development of a High Power HCN Waveguide Laser for Plasma Diagnostic

Both design and development of a high power cw HCN waveguide laser is described for multichannel FIR laser interferometer on the HL-2A divertor to- kamak.The geometry parameters of stracture of the HCN laser are calculated according to scaling laws for cw 337μm HCN waveguide laser offered by P. Belland et al.The designed value of output power of the laser that is more than 400 mW with discharge length of 5.6 m and 6.3 cm inner diameter of tube have been chosen in case of external loss of the cavity of 2%.At the same time,in order to get a laser system of stable output both of configuration and operating condition is discussed.In developed laser a hot LaB_6 cathode is employed to en- sure a stable discharge,the cavity mirrors are spaced using four invar rod ofφ25 mm in diameter and an structure of adjusting machine for axially movable flat mirror in cavity has been also designed,and that it can be taken down many times without badly destroying alignment of the cavity etc..A suit of pipes sys- tem of cw HCN laser is schemed out so that some experiments of operating pa- rameter optimization can be done.The results of primary test of operating waveguide HCN laser are briefly showed.
[Estimation on the real number of novel influenza A (H1N1) cases, Beijing, 2009].

Objective To estimate the real number of novel influenza A(H1N1 ) infection in Beijing, 2009. Methods A multiplier model (Impact 2009 v 1.0 software) based on Monte Carlo approach was used to estimate the real number of novel influenza A (H1N1 ) based on the number of influenza-like illness (ILI) cases, novel influenza A(H1N1 ) positive rate among ILI cases and rate on clinical visit of ILIs in secondary and tertiary hospitals. Results There were 1.80 million (90%CI: 1.46-2.30) estimated novel influenza A (H1N1) cases in 2009 in Beijing with the rate of infection as 11.0%. One reported case would represent 167 real infections. The highest age groups of infection were 0-4 years and 5-14 years, being 32.5% and 33.3%, respectively. Conclusion Laboratory-confirmed infections with novel influenza A (H1N1 ) only represented a fraction of the total cases in a population, suggesting that it was imperative to estimate the real number of novel influenza A (H1N1) infection. Key words: InfluenzaA (H1N1); Infection; Estimation; Monte Carlo approach
Hybrid games for stronger neighborhoods: connecting residents and urban objects to deepen the sense of place

This learning workshop will prototype and advance theory around the participatory design of hybrid games. In contrast to screen-centered games, our platform makes it easier to repurpose ordinary urban objects -- from aging payphones to experimental bus stop displays. The resulting games are hybrids, where the action is alternately woven across the digital and physical.Successful hybrid games offer choices to players that are immediate, from introducing neighbors (building the social fabric), to photographing street art (documenting local culture), buying from a local business (shifting the economy), and revealing local history.Based on three years of experience in South Los Angeles, our methods for Participatory Design (PD) combine low and high-tech to leverage local culture. The resulting games emphasize social mixing -- including with local businesses -- and are amplified online with flows of pictures, audio and text.For workshop participants, no technology skills are needed --since the platform seeks to maximize participation in the design process. Participants' own knowledge of cities and important cultural neighborhoods will be used to create 2-3 semifunctional games. Hidden in each design is a set of technologies that join communication networks, including cell phone SMS and Raspberry Pi computers hidden inside payphones.The most important result of this workshop may be in identifying PD theory that could help the field of game design, and vice-versa, as the two fields increasingly consider street-based media and how to constitute publics around city streets.
Extracurricular Activities in Multiethnic Middle Schools: Ideal Context for Positive Intergroup Attitudes?

This study examined processes by which extracurricular participation is linked with positive ethnic intergroup attitudes in multiethnic middle schools in California. Specifically, the mediating roles of activity-related cross-ethnic friendships and social identities including alliances with multiple groups were examined in a sample including African American or Black, East or South-East Asian, White, and Latino youth (N = 1,446; Mage = 11.60 in sixth grade). Results of multilevel modeling suggested that in addition to activity-related cross-ethnic friendships, complex social identities mediated the association between availability of cross-ethnic peers in activities and ethnic intergroup attitudes. Results are discussed in terms of how activities can be structured to promote cross-ethnic relationships and complex social identities, as well as positive ethnic intergroup attitudes.
Evaluation of the yellow fever virus vaccine strain 14D as a new vector for HIV-1 vaccine development

T HIV-1 p24 sequence was inserted upstream of the YF 14D polyprotein or between the envelope protein (E) and the first nonstructural protein (NS1). In vitro characterization of these two chimeric constructs included Western blots, immunofluorescence studies, and assays to measure viral growth kinetics and plaque morphology. Humoral and cellular immune responses to p24 were assessed in mice immunized with each of the recombinant 14D or the unmodified vector. Comparison of RNA specific infectivity, viral titers, plaque morphologies and viral growth kinetics of the recombinant viruses with the parental YF 14D vaccine strain indicated that the HIV-1 p24 insert was well tolerated. HIV-1 p24 was readily detected by immunofluorescence and highly expressed, as assessed by Western blotting. Preliminary mouse immunogenicity experiments indicated that the YF 14D HIV-p24 recombinants were able to induce cellular and humoral immunity against the heterologous HIV-1 p24 antigen. Franco David, J AIDS Clin Res 2013, 4:9 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-6113.S1.004
Benzodiazepine Receptor Antagonists

The receptor to which benzodiazepine hypnosedatives and anticonvulsants bind was discovered and characterized in the late 1970s. Agonists and inverse agonists that act at various sites within the receptor complex have been identified. In addition, antagonists of the benzodiazepine receptor have been synthesised. At present, flumazenil is the only agent of this class that is available clinically. Flumazenil has well documented benefits in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy and benzodiazepine overdose. The drug has also been studied as a potential treatment for neuropsychiatric illnesses in which dysfunction of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic system is implicated as a causal factor. Potential therapeutic benefits are suggested in benzodiazepine tolerance and withdrawal, benzodiazepine-related amnesia, epilepsy, sleep disorders, cognitive disorders and idiopathic recurrent stupor. In contrast, no clear benefits have been found in alcoholism, anxiety and movement disorders. Flumazenil induces few adverse effects, and so represents a promising tool for pharmacological investigations of the GABAergic system and for imaging of the benzodiazepine receptor. As an imaging agent it has been used for quantification of the receptor, and as a neuronal marker in epilepsy and cerebral ischaemia.
Computer simulation of electrical breakdown in dielectric liquids

Although much work has been performed on the study of electrical breakdown in simple hydrocarbon liquids such as n-hexane, considerable doubt exists as to the nature of the breakdown mechanism. In order to attempt to resolve some of these uncertainties, an ultra high speed laser schlieren system was constructed, which enabled photographs to be taken for the first time of events occurring before and during breakdown. A description of the apparatus and preliminary results have been reported previously so that only a brief description will be given.1
Survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus in “Sweet Acidophilus Milk” during Refrigerated Storage1

Samples of three brands of commercial "Sweet Acidophilus Milk" were obtained directly from the processors and evaluated periodically for microbial, chemical, and flavor changes during 23-24 days of storage at 4 ± 2 C. Counts of Lactobacillus acidophilus decreased from 2.6 × 106-6.4 × 106/ml initially to 5.1 × 104-3.1 × 106/ml at the end of the study. Several samples dropped below 2 × 106 viable L. acidophilus before the pull date was reached. Final contaminant counts were 106 - 106/ml in all samples, but rate of decline of L. acidophilus was not directly related to growth of contaminants. Titratable acidity and pH changed very little, and yeast and mold growth was minor. Notable off-flavors developed in 14-21 days.
Abstract 427: Transforming Growth Factor β/Smad3 Stimulates Smooth Muscle Cell Migration and Proliferation Through a Signaling Pathway that Involves C-X-C Chemokine Receptor Type 4 Expression and Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase

Introduction: Intimal hyperplasia is a complex process that requires vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration and proliferation. We have previously shown that levels of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and its signaling protein Smad3 are elevated following arterial injury and contribute to intimal hyperplasia. In this study we exam whether these effects might be mediated through a mechanism that involves the chemokine stromal cell derived factor (SDF-1α) and its receptor C-X-C receptor type 4 (CXCR4). Methods and Results: A microarray was used to better understand the signaling pathways through which TGF-β and Smad3 stimulate SMC proliferation and migration. Overexpression of Smad3 in SMCs followed by stimulation with TGF-β (5 ng/ml) for 6 hours resulted in significant alteration of ∼300 genes, the most dramatic effect being a >500 fold upregulation of CXCR4. Quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting confirmed that Smad3/TGF- β increased CXCR4 transcription and protein expression by 155±9 and 24±5 -fold, respectively. Immunocytochemistry and flowcytometry analysis revealed a 6-fold increase in CXCR4 positive cells in TGF-β stimulated Smad3 overexpressing SMCs compared to control (P Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that TGF-β through Smad3 stimulates expression of CXCR4 in medial vascular SMCs. These SMCs in response to SDF-1α then proliferate and migrate to the subintimal layer. These findings suggest a novel pathway through which TGF-β enhances intimal hyperplasia at sites of arterial injury.
Algebraic Connectivity-Based Stable Data Gathering Trees for Mobile Sensor Networks

We propose the use of a graph-theoretic metric called Algebraic Connectivity (ALGC) computed on the egocentric network of an edge to quantify the extent of shared neighborhood between the end vertices of the edge/link in mobile sensor networks (MSNs). The chances for the egocentric network of an edge to stay connected increases with increase in the number of triangles involving the end vertices of the edge and their shared neighbors. We claim that edges whose egocentric network have a larger ALGC score are more likely to be short distance links and show that such links could be considered for inclusion to be part of stable data gathering trees for MSNs.
Students find Their People

“Non-committal” is the word that comes to mind to describe Dwayne, whom I met when he was a first-semester student whose preferred seat was in the back row of one of my Developmental Writing classes. Dwayne is African-American of Ghanaian ethnic background. He was always fashionably dressed in neat collared shirts and jeans and was very social—but while he seemed to know everyone, he did not seem to be especially interested in any of the articles we were reading or work we were doing in class.
Development of RNAseq methodologies to profile the in vivo transcriptome of Bordetella pertussis during murine lung infection

Bordetella pertussis is an obligate human respiratory pathogen that causes the disease whooping cough. A whole cell vaccine (DTP) was developed in the 1940s and was subsequently replaced in the 1990s with a protein-based subunit acellular vaccine (DTaP; tdap). Today, we are observing a resurgence of whooping cough due to evolution of the pathogen and waning vaccine immunity. The use of vaccines decreased the need for basic research on this pathogen. As a result, numerous questions on the basic pathogenesis of B. pertussis remain to be answered. Microarrays and more recently, RNA sequencing (RNAseq), have allowed the field to describe the in vitro gene expression profiles of the pathogen growing in both virulent and avirulent phases; however, no published studies have described an in vivo transcriptome of the pathogen. To address this need, we have designed and evaluated workflows to characterize the in vivo transcriptome of B. pertussis during infection of the murine lung. During our initial studies, we observed that only 0.014% of the ~100 million 2x50bp illumina reads corresponded to the pathogen, which is insufficient for analysis. Therefore, we developed a simple protocol to filter the bacteria out of the tissue homogenates and separate bacterial cells from the host tissue. RNA is then prepared, quantified, and the B. pertussis to host RNA ratio is determined. Here, we present the protocol and discuss the uses and next directions for which this RNAseq workflow can be applied. With this strategy we plan to fully characterize the B. pertussis transcriptome when the pathogen is infecting the murine lung in order to identify expressed genes that encode potential new vaccine antigens that will facilitate the development of the next generation of pertussis vaccines.
Expanding Roles of PIFs in Signal Integration from Multiple Processes.

PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTORs (PIFs) are members of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors in Arabidopsis. Since their discovery in phytochrome-mediated light signaling pathways, recent studies have unraveled new functions of PIFs in integrating multiple signaling pathways not only through their role as transcription factors directly targeting gene expression but also by interacting with diverse groups of factors to optimize plant growth and development. These include endogenous (e.g., hormonal) as well as abiotic (light, circadian, and elevated temperature) and biotic (defense responses) pathways. PIFs interact with key factors in each of these pathways and tailor the outcome of the signal integration among these pathways. This review discusses the roles of PIFs as pivotal signal integrators in regulating plant growth and development.
Stability and Band-Gap Tuning of the Chalcogenide Perovskite BaZrS 3 in Raman and Optical Investigations at High Pressures

BaZrS${}_{3}$ belongs to an emerging class of ionic semiconductors that are stable and nontoxic, and offer a direct band gap, strong light absorption, and potential defect tolerance---great for photovoltaic applications. The band gap of the title compound is too high, though, for an optimized single-junction solar cell. High-pressure spectroscopy plus first-principles calculations reveal that this perovskite's structure remains stable when squeezed, while its band gap decreases. These results suggest the use of equivalent $c\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}h\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}e\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}m\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}c\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}a\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}l$ pressure, $e.g.$ by cation alloying with Ti, to tweak the band gap of BaZrS${}_{3}$ for efficient energy harvesting.
The Case for the Stateless Society: Law

What is the argument against government? There are several. For one thing, there is automatic exit for failure: businesses that do not earn a profit go bankrupt, and their resources tend to migrate to other, more effective, managers. For another, entrepreneurs operate with their own funds, or those voluntarily entrusted to them. This does not apply to bureaucrats and politicians, in sharp contrast. Perhaps most important, in the case of each and every commercial interaction in the market, buying, selling, renting, lending, borrowing, there is mutual gain at least in the ex ante sense of anticipations, and usually ex post, after the trade, as well. This rarely occurs under statism, at least not with regard to its source of funds, taxation, since it is not voluntary. An exception would be the relatively unimportant cases in which a consumer purchases something from the government, such as a ticket to cross a bridge, or a producer sells something to this organization, such as an airplane. The present paper is an attempt to elaborate upon this considerations.
Influence of Centrifugation on Cluster Formation and Nucleation

Phase separation from binary supersaturated solutions is evaluated for the effect of centrifugation. It is demonstrated that the thermodynamics of a centrifuged solution depends on spatial location and on the centrifuge angular velocity ω, when unavoidable random heterogeneities (such as the container walls, dust, impurities) are overshadowed by a heterogeneity due to the centrifugal acceleration g centr . There is a possibility of initiating a deterministic redistribution of subcritical solute clusters. This can lead to “deterministic” nucleation, with phase separation occurring exclusively in non-random locations determined by the centrifugal acceleration. When earth’s acceleration g is much less than g centr (g centr >> g), there is predicted to exist a steady regime where subcritical solute clusters are periodically redistributed in space. In particular, when the length R of the centrifuge arm is much greater than the linear dimensions L x , L y and L z of a cell containing the supersaturated solution, the subcritical solute clusters should be concentrated along a cubic lattice.
Motion capture in a CS curriculum: faculty poster

Motion capture is a field that presents many opportunities in a CS curriculum, both for coursework and for research. As motion capture has developed and also become more accessible, placing it in a CS curriculum has become more advantageous. Some of these advantages include the possibility of writing interesting algorithms for manipulation, the wide range of applications, the interdisciplinary nature of the field, the introduction of 3D techniques and the "pop" culture relevance. Applications include character animation, dance analysis and synthesis, avatar animation, movement analysis for athletes, gestural control and study, and tools for persons with disabilities. In this abstract we talk about some of the ways motion capture can be incorporated into courses and then detail some of our own faculty/student research with dance.
Childhood Hypertension: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

The introduction of blood pressure measurements as an integral part of the routine care of children and adolescents has increased awareness of a significant incidence of hypertension in the pediatric age group. The concepts and principles discussed in this article provide a basis for the diagnosis and management of childhood hypertension.
Stress, hydrogen segregation, and Fracture in α -β titanium alloys

Strain embrittlement in Ti base alloys during tensile testing was investigated. Results show that in an ..cap alpha..-..beta.. titanium alloy the local activity of H in alpha phase (..cap alpha../sub H//sup ..cap alpha..) increases and activity of H in beta phase (..cap alpha../sub H//sup ..beta..) decreases as the equiaxed ..cap alpha.. particle size decreases at constant volume fraction of phases. Thus with decreasing particle size there would be a tendency for H to move from ..cap alpha.. to ..beta.., decreasing the H content of ..cap alpha... Also whether H tended to move from ..beta.. to ..cap alpha.. or from ..cap alpha.. interiors to the ..cap alpha..-..beta.. interface this tendency would be reduced by surface tension effects, making the alloy less susceptible to embrittlement. (JRD)
The Reversible Modulation of the Synthesis of Matrix Components in Definitive Chondroblasts Transformed by a ts-Rous Sarcoma Virus Mutant

The differentiation program of several types of terminally-differentiated embryonic cells can be reversibly altered by transformation with RNA tumour vi ruses. For example, definitive chondroblasts isolated from chick embryo vertebral cartilage and infected with a temperature sensitive (ts)-mutant of Rous sarcoma virus (ts-RSV) lose their characteristic polygonal morphology and become bipolar in shape when maintained at the permissive temperature for transformation (36°C). Concurrently with their morphological alteration, the transformed chondroblasts lose the ability to synthesize two major intercellular matrix components, the Type IV sulphated proteoglycan and Type II collagen (1,2). These morphological and biosynthetic alterations induced by viral transformation are fully reversible; within 1–2 days following a shift to the non-permissive temperature for transformation (41°C), the infected chondroblast display the characteristic polygonal-epithelioid appearance and reinitiate the synthesis of Type IV proteoglycan and Type II collagen.
Evidence for Fragment Production via Two Body Breakup

The experiment was conducted in the Internal Target Area of FNAL. Targets of 100 nano-grams/cm2 were created by injecting hydrogen-noble gas mixtures through a de Laval nozzle into the circulating proton beam. The pressure pulse was maintained for 2.7 sec, coinciding with the acceleration time of the beam from 20 to 400 geV/c, during which 1018 protons/sec intersected the target. Fragments emerging from the p-nucleus collisions were detected by one of four ΔE-E-Veto telescopes, consisting of three surface barrier Si detectors. Fragments were accepted which satisfied a ΔE·E·VETO trigger within preset energy windows. Target mixtures for the data reported here were 90% H2 − 10% Xe and 82% H2 − 18% Kr by partial pressures. Identification by AZ2, where A is the nucleon number and Z the charge, was determined through an empirical function of the energies deposited in the ΔE and E detectors. A typical spectrum indicating the presence of elements B to Si is shown in Fig. 1.
Monte Carlo simulation of PKA distribution along nanowires under ion radiation

Abstract An open-source and full-3D Monte Carlo simulation code, Mat-TRIM, was developed in MATLAB to study the primary knock-on atom (PKA) statistics along nanowires under ion radiation. It is based on TRIM/SRIM’s physics; however, compared to TRIM/SRIM, it enables us to properly handle the 3D geometry of a cylindrical nanowire and a planar source of ions. In this paper, we first discuss the mechanism of Mat-TRIM, followed by some validation examples. Then the distributions of ion density, PKA density, PKA total energy, and PKA average energy in nanowires are explored. Significant differences have been found between the slab and the nanowire simulations. The relative error of a 1D slab and the assumption of a point beam source can be more than 1000% when the nanowire is around 20 nm in diameter. In addition, collisions with electrons is demonstrated to be the dominant mechanism of energy loss in narrow nanowires. Our results reveal that full-3D simulations which correctly treat ion leakage at sample boundaries are necessary to properly simulate PKA production in nano-sized targets.
Organic Molecular Beam Deposition and In-Situ Poling of Dense Supramolecular Assemblies for Second Order Nonlinear Optics

We demonstrate that in-situ poling during organic molecular beam deposition of single-component dense supramolecular assemblies can be used to obtain a preferential molecular order and a bulk linear electro-optic effect in the resulting organic films.
Phenotypic variations in the preferred host coral impact the occupancy of an obligate coral-dwelling fish

Habitat specialists form tight relationships with their host habitat and are able to make microscale decisions when selecting final habitat locations. The obligate coral-dwelling fish, Gobiodon histrio, is thought to make habitat choices based on the coloration and structural characteristics of Acropora nasuta, their preferred coral host. Yet, most studies on the habitat preference of G. histrio have been conducted on Australia’s Great Barrier Reef with no understanding if geographic differences in preferences exist. Here, we tested the habitat preference of G. histrio toward A. nasuta on the reefs of Kadavu and Tavewa Islands, Fiji. First, to assess the natural distribution, belt transect surveys of all acroporid corals were conducted. Transects indicated that, while G. histrio is most frequently found in A. nasuta over other acroporid corals, the coral’s structural characteristics rather than the coral’s color variation were the preferred characteristic. In contrast, the Australian G. histrio have been found to be more frequent in blue A. nasuta opposed to the brown color variation, suggesting a geographic difference in habitat preferences among the species. In addition, we conducted two in situ behavioral field experiments to determine whether G. histrio would (1) move from dead A. nasuta to a live brown or blue A. nasuta and (2) preferentially select between the brown- or blue-colored A. nasuta when placed on a dead A. nasuta. The results of the in situ experiments support the finding that Fijian G. histrio does not discriminate between A. nasuta using color but uses only structural morphologies to guide its habitat selection process. Habitat selection is a complex process, and microscale habitat preferences within a species can vary between geographic locations. This study sheds light on the need to expand research findings to incorporate large geographic regions when attempting to understand the preferences of coral reef symbionts.
Getting the food list 'right': an approach for the development of nutrition-relevant food lists for household consumption and expenditure surveys.

Objective The present paper aimed to demonstrate how 24 h dietary recall data can be used to generate a nutrition-relevant food list for household consumption and expenditure surveys (HCES) using contribution analysis and stepwise regression. Design The analysis used data from the 2011/12 Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey (BIHS), which is nationally representative of rural Bangladesh. A total of 325 primary sampling units (PSU=village) were surveyed through a two-stage stratified sampling approach. The household food consumption module used for the analysis consisted of a 24 h open dietary recall in which the female member in charge of preparing and serving food was asked about foods and quantities consumed by the whole household. Setting Rural Bangladesh.ParticipantsA total of 6500 households. Results The original 24 h open dietary recall data in the BIHS were comprised of 288 individual foods that were grouped into ninety-four similar food groups. Contribution analysis and stepwise regression were based on nutrients of public health interest in Bangladesh (energy, protein, fat, Fe, Zn, vitamin A). These steps revealed that a list of fifty-nine food items captures approximately 90 % of the total intake and up to 90 % of the between-person variation for the key nutrients based on the diets of the population. Conclusions The study illustrates how 24 h open dietary recall data can be used to generate a country-specific nutrition-relevant food list that could be integrated into an HCES consumption module to enable more accurate and comprehensive household-level food and nutrient analyses.
Role of HIF-1α in Alcohol-Mediated Multiple Organ Dysfunction.

Excess alcohol consumption is a global crisis contributing to over 3 million alcohol-related deaths per year worldwide and economic costs exceeding $200 billion dollars, which include productivity losses, healthcare, and other effects (e.g., property damages). Both clinical and experimental models have shown that excessive alcohol consumption results in multiple organ injury. Although alcohol metabolism occurs primarily in the liver, alcohol exposure can lead to pathophysiological conditions in multiple organs and tissues, including the brain, lungs, adipose, liver, and intestines. Understanding the mechanisms by which alcohol-mediated organ dysfunction occurs could help to identify new therapeutic approaches to mitigate the detrimental effects of alcohol misuse. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 is a transcription factor comprised of HIF-1α and HIF-1β subunits that play a critical role in alcohol-mediated organ dysfunction. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent studies examining the relationship between HIF-1α and alcohol consumption as it relates to multiple organ injury and potential therapies to mitigate alcohol’s effects.
Fifty Years of Buddhist-Catholic Relations and Inter-monastic Dialogue: A Buddhist Perspective

Nostra Aetate has played a major role in fostering positive Buddhist-Christian relations. Buddhist-Christian dialogue differs from Christianity’s other inter-religious dialogues both due to Buddhism’s non-theistic assumptions and due to the primary locus of post-conciliar dialogue: the dialogue of religious experience among contemplative monastics. The decision to concentrate on monastics as a Buddhist-Catholic bridge continues to bear fruit, not only for larger Buddhist-Catholic relations but for the academic study of mysticism. The author discusses the experiences of the Trappist monk Thomas Merton, the landmark Naropa Institute conferences, and other institutionalized Catholic outreach to Buddhist monastics. John Paul II’s remarks about Buddhism in Crossing the Threshold of Hope were a low point and setback in dialogue; the author evaluates these remarks and their consequences.
A 0.35V 12.9pW 8.3ppm°C 0.012%/V Feedbackcontrolled Voltage Reference in 65 nm CMOS

This paper presents an ultra-low-power voltage reference which works on the principle of cancellation of temperature dependency on sub-threshold current. The feedback control which is based on bulk-voltage compensation, not only suppresses the second order temperature dependency but also enables it to achieve a much higher output voltage using supply voltages as low as 0.35 volt. The closed-loop control ensures reliable performance over all process corners in sub-threshold operation. The proposed design achieves a line sensitivity of 0.004 %/V at 20 °C and power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) of -45 dB with total power consumption of 12.9 pW. The temperature coefficient is 8.3 ppm/°C over a temperature range of -10-110°C and a supply range of 0.35-2.5V. It is the first complete feedbackcontrolled pico-watt voltage reference which has such stable temperature coefficient and line sensitivity while having an output voltage (293.5 mV) comparable to the supply voltage even if it is operated with a supply voltage as low as 350 mV.
Peacekeeper Fatalities and Force Commitments to UN Operations

To what extent do peacekeeper fatalities affect states’ contributions to UN operations? While the deaths of peacekeepers are thought to be a factor in states’ decisions to reduce the magnitude of t...
Reverse Dual-Ion Battery via a ZnCl2 Water-in-Salt Electrolyte.

Dual-ion batteries are known for anion storage in the cathode coupled to cation incorporation in the anode. We flip the sequence of the anion/cation-storage chemistries of the anode and the cathode...
Patient-reported Outcomes at 6 to 12 Months Among Survivors of Firearm Injury in the United States.

Objective Assess outcomes in survivors of firearm injuries after 6 to 12 months and compared them with a similarly injured trauma population. Background For every individual in the United States who died of a firearm injury in 2017, three survived, living with the burden of their injury. Current firearm research largely focuses on mortality and short-term health outcomes, while neglecting the long-term consequences. Methods We contacted adult patients with a moderate-to-severe injury from a firearm or motor vehicle crash (MVC) treated at 3 level I trauma centers in Boston between 2015 and 2018. Patients were contacted 6 to 12 months postinjury to measure: presence of daily pain; screening for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); new functional limitations; return to work; and physical and mental health-related quality of life. We matched each firearm injury patient to MVC patients using Coarsened Exact Matching. Adjusted Generalized Linear Models were used to compare matched patients. Results Of 177 eligible firearm injury survivors, 100 were successfully contacted and 63 completed the study. Among them, 67.7% reported daily pain, 53.2% screened positive for PTSD, 38.7% reported a new functional limitation in an activity of daily living, and 59.1% have not returned to work. Compared with population norms, overall physical and mental health-related quality of life was significantly reduced among firearm injury survivors. Compared with matched MVC survivors (n = 255), firearm injury survivors were significantly more likely to have daily pain [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08-4.87], to screen positive for PTSD (adjusted OR 3.06, 95% CI 1.42-6.58), and had significantly worse physical and mental health-related quality of life. Conclusions This study highlights the need for targeted long-term follow-up care, physical rehabilitation, mental health screening, and interventions for survivors of firearm violence.
Estimating the Probability That a Vehicle Reaches a Near-Term Goal State Using Multiple Lane Changes

This article proposes a model to estimate the probability of a vehicle reaching a near-term goal state using one or multiple lane changes based on parameters corresponding to traffic conditions and driving behavior. The proposed model not only has broad application in path planning and autonomous vehicle navigation, it can also be incorporated in advance warning systems to reduce traffic delay during recurrent and non-recurrent congestion. The model is first formulated for a two-lane road segment through systemic reduction of the number of parameters and transforming the problem into an abstract statistical form, for which the probability can be calculated numerically. It is then extended to cases with a higher number of lanes using the law of total probability. VISSIM simulations are used to validate the predictions of the model and study the effect of different parameters on the probability. For most cases, simulation results are within 4% of model predictions, and the effect of different parameters such as driving behavior and traffic density on the probability match our expectation. The model can be implemented with near real-time performance, with computation time increasing linearly with the number of lanes.
Chapter 1 – Optrode-Based Fiber Optic Biosensors (Bio-Optrode)

Publisher Summary Optrode-based fiber optic biosensors are analytical devices incorporating optical fibers and biological recognition molecules. Optical fibers are small and flexible “wires” made up of glass or plastic that can transmit light signals, which are generated by a sensing layer that is usually composed of biorecognition molecules. Bio-optrodes can be used for remote analytical applications such as clinical, environmental, and industrial process monitoring. Recent advancements in bio-optrode technologies include the development of nanoscale bio-optrodes, enabling measurements inside living cells, and the development of multi-analyte and reagentless bio-optrodes. In the last decade, due to rapidly growing use of fiber optics for telecommunication applications, new fiber optic technologies have been developed resulting in high-quality and inexpensive optical fibers that can be used for bio-optrode application.
Forty-five years later: the challenge of optimizing assertive community treatment.

Purpose of review Assertive Community Treatment is an established evidenced based practice that provides intensive community treatment for individuals with severe mental illness with recurrent hospitalizations and/or homelessness. Emerging evidence indicates limitations in its implementation in terms of to the original ACT model and its current relevance. Recent findings Findings from recent studies (2018-2020) reveals challenges with implementation centered around basic implementation activities, such as changes in the psychosocial context of individuals with SMI, clinicians' abilities to demonstrate competencies with new practices, and ongoing evolution of mental health systems of care worldwide. Intermediary and purveyor organizations (IPO) can provide the infrastructure to support the spread of EBPs while addressing challenges and opportunities. Thus, implementation of ACT can be accomplished when employing a rigorous framework and infrastructure that can synthesize and translate science relevant for practice. Summary The relevance of ACT depends on its implementation that is responsive to change. An implementation science-informed approach is key to providing ACT to individuals in the critical space between the hospital and community. With this approach, we can optimize ACT as a service delivery vehicle by careful analysis of how best to furnish and evaluate the latest, most effective and efficient treatments, rehabilitation and support services.
Derivation of stable embryonic stem cell-like, but transcriptionally heterogenous, induced pluripotent stem cells from non-permissive mouse strains

Genetic background is known to play a role in the ability to derive pluripotent, embryonic stem cells (ESC), a trait referred to as permissiveness. Previously we demonstrated that induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) can be readily derived from non-permissive mouse strains by addition of serum-based media supplemented with GSK3B and MEK inhibitors, termed 2iS media, 3 days into reprogramming. Here, we describe the derivation of second type of iPSC colony from non-permissive mouse strains that can be stably maintained independently of 2iS media. The resulting cells display transcriptional heterogeneity similar to that observed in ESC from permissive genetic backgrounds derived in conventional serum containing media supplemented with leukemia inhibitor factor. However, unlike previous studies that report exclusive subpopulations, we observe both exclusive and simultaneous expression of naive and primed cell surface markers. Herein, we explore shifts in pluripotency in the presence of 2iS and characterize heterogenous subpopulations to determine their pluripotent state and role in heterogenous iPSCs derived from the non-permissive NOD/ShiLtJ strain. We conclude that heterogeneity is a naturally occurring, necessary quality of stem cells that allows for the maintenance of pluripotency. This study further demonstrates the efficacy of the 2iS reprogramming technique. It is also the first study to derive stable ESC-like stem cells from the non-permissive NOD/ShiLtJ and WSB/EiJ strains, enabling easier and broader research possibilities into pluripotency for these and similar non-permissive mouse strains and species.
Targeting Drugs Against Fibroblast Growth Factor(s)-Induced Cell Signaling.

Background The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is comprised of 23 highly regulated monomeric proteins that regulate a plethora of developmental and pathophysiological processes, including tissue repair, wound healing, angiogenesis, and embryonic development. Binding of FGF to fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), a tyrosine kinase receptor, is facilitated by a glycosaminoglycan, heparin. Activated FGFRs phosphorylate the tyrosine kinase residues that mediate induction of downstream signaling pathways, such as RAS-MAPK, PI3K-AKT, PLCγ, and STAT. Dysregulation of the FGF/FGFR signaling occurs frequently in cancer due to gene amplification, FGF activating mutations, chromosomal rearrangements, integration, and oncogenic fusions. Aberrant FGFR signaling also affects organogenesis, embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, and has been associated with cell proliferation, angiogenesis, cancer, and other pathophysiological changes. Objective This comprehensive review will discuss the biology, chemistry, and functions of FGFs, and its current applications toward wound healing, diabetes, repair and regeneration of tissues, and fatty liver diseases. In addition, specific aberrations in FGFR signaling and drugs that target FGFR and aid in mitigating various disorders, such as cancer, are also discussed in detail. Conclusion Inhibitors of FGFR signaling are promising drugs in the treatment of several types of cancers. The clinical benefits of FGF/FGFR targeting therapies are impeded due to the activation of other RTK signaling mechanisms or due to the mutations that abolish the drug inhibitory activity on FGFR. Thus, the development of drugs with a different mechanism of action for FGF/FGFR targeting therapies is the recent focus of several preclinical and clinical studies.