cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prediction of longitudinal disturbances in a multimode cylindrical waveguide

Axisymmetric waves in thick, solid, cylindrical waveguides are used in a number of engineering applications. Most important, these waves are employed to determine the modulus of materials at high temperatures. The description of the experiment typically uses plane waves to explain the results. Since a plane wave model of the experiment neglects dispersion, the accuracy of the measurement may be limited. In addition, care must be taken to use particular waveguide diameter to wavelength ratios to limit the error. An application of the Pochhammer-Chree solution to predict multimode wave propagation in a cylinder is described. This simple solution can be used to predict the time delay from experimental results while explicitly including the effects of dispersion. Application of this method to interpret experimental results may improve measurement accuracy. Use of this method with suitable signal processing will also make it possible to employ waveguides for which the diameter to wavelength ratio is constrained.
Relations between running memory and fluid intelligence

Abstract A total of 1734 adults performed two running memory tasks and a battery of cognitive tests representing four cognitive abilities. Simultaneous analyses were used to identify unique relations of each cognitive ability, including fluid intelligence, on the running memory measures. The large sample size allowed powerful analyses of the relations at the level of individual trials, separate list lengths, and different serial positions. The results indicated that the relations of running memory performance with cognitive abilities were remarkably constant from the first to the last trial, across different list lengths, and on successive input positions. It is proposed that an important aspect of fluid intelligence is the ability to cope with novelty and complexity, and that running memory tasks may merely be one of many ways in which those processes can be operationalized.
Localization of Ca++-containing antimonate precipitates during mitosis

Intracellular bound Ca++ has been localized throughout mitosis and cytokinesis in two plant species by means of in situ precipitation with potassium antimonate and electron microscope visualization. Identification of Ca++ as the major cation precipitated was made by comparing solubility properties in water, EDTA, and EGTA of the intracellular deposits with respect to those of K+-, Mg++-, and Ca++-antimonate standards. In spermatogenous cells of the water fern, Marsilea vestita, and stomatal complex cells of barley, Hordeum vulgare, antimonate deposits have been found associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), vacuoles, euchromatin/nucleoplasm, and mitochondria. The last contain a much higher density of precipitates in Marsilea than in Hordeum. Dictyosomes and the nuclear envelope of Marsilea also contain antimonate deposits, as do the plasmalemma, cell wall, and phragmoplast vesicles of Hordeum. Microtubule-organizing centers such as kinetochores and the blepharoplast of Marsilea do not stain. In spite of differences in associated antimonate between certain organelles of the two species, the presence of antimonate aong the ER throughout the cell cycle is common to both. Of particular interest are those precipitates seen along the tubules and cisternae of the extensive smooth ER that surrounds and invades the mitotic spindle in both species. The ability to bind divalent cations makes the mitotic apparatus (MA)-associated ER a likely candidate for regulation of free Ca++ levels in the immediate vicinity of structural components and processes that are Ca++-sensitive and proposed to be Ca++-regulated.
Diamine architecture effects on glass transitions, relaxation processes and other material properties in organo-soluble aromatic polyimide films

Abstract A series of twelve aromatic diamines, 4,4′-diamino-2,2′-disubstitutedbiphenyls, has been designed and synthesized. These diamines were reacted with 2,2′-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl) hexafluoropropane dianhydride (6FDA) to form polyimides via a one-step polycondensation method. All of the resulting polyimides could be dissolved in common organic solvents and exhibited excellent film forming ability. At the same time, their inherent high thermal and thermo-oxidative stability of these polyimides was retained in the films. Because of the incorporation of disubstituted groups at the 2- and 2′-positions of these biphenyl diamines, their crystallinity was suppressed to the level that they were in complete amorphous state. Further, the conjugation of the phenylene and imide groups in these polyimide films was interrupted, leading to clear blue shifts during light transmission. As this series of polyimides possessed the same backbone, the chain rigidity and linearity changed very little throughout the series. However, the molecular packing was affected by the introduction of different disubstituted pendant groups. Each polyimide film exhibited an α relaxation process related to the glass transition. This relaxation changed significantly with the size and the shape of the disubstituted pendant groups. In addition to this process, each of these polyimide films displayed a sub-glass transition, the β relaxation process, which was initiated by motion of the 4,4′-diamino-2,2′-disubstituted biphenyls. This study provided an opportunity to investigate how disubstituted pendant groups affected the α and β relaxation behaviors of these polyimides. With an increase of the sizes and the shape anisotropy of the disubstituted pendant groups at the 2- and 2′-position, the nature of the motion regarding to the β relaxation was found to evolve from a non-cooperative process to a cooperative one, while the glass transition temperature (the α relaxation temperature) correspondingly decreased.
Mechanical evaluation of the scaphoid shift test.

Abstract Manipulative examination of the carpal bones is an important facet of the examination of the wrist. Abnormal translation of portions of the carpus in response to applied force is a commonly used clinical indicator of ligament injury. Unilateral scaphoid hypermobility during the socalled scaphoid shift test is felt to represent traumatic instability, especially in the context of wrist injury. The test, however, is subjective, and requires considerable experience to correlate the degree of scaphoid mobility with pathologic significance. We used an instrument that quantifies the load-displacement behavior of the scaphoid and its supporting ligaments during application of a dorsally directed load at the scaphoid tubercle. We evaluated 18 uninjured (normal) wrists with clinical ligament examination and with mechanical testing. Subjects who exhibited a positive scaphoid shift had significantly increased displacement and significantly decreased stiffness when compared with subjects who did not have a shift.
Quality in face and iris research ensemble (Q-FIRE)

Identification of individuals using biometric information has found great success in many security and law enforcement applications. Up until the present time, most research in the field has been focused on ideal conditions and most available databases are constructed in these ideal conditions. There has been a growing interest in the perfection of these technologies at a distance and in less than ideal conditions, i.e. low lighting, out-of-focus blur, off angles, etc. This paper presents a dataset consisting of face and iris videos obtained at distances of 5 to 25 feet and in conditions of varying quality. The purpose of this database is to set a standard for quality measurement in face and iris data and to provide a means for analyzing biometrie systems in less than ideal conditions. The structure of the dataset as well as a quantified metric for quality measurement based on a 25 subject subset of the dataset is presented.
NMR study of the modified base resonances of tRNAcolityr

Abstract 220MHz NMR spectra at 28° show several resolved resonances in the high field region for D 2 O solutions of tyrosine specific tRNA from E. coli . These resonances are tentatively identified as arising from protons of the modified nucleoside, 2-methylthio-N 6 -(Δ 2 -isopentenyl)-adenosine and from the modified guanosine of unknown structure in the “wobble position” of the anti codon loop. Assignment of resonances was aided by comparison with spectra of tRNA su + III tyr , Form II, whose sequence is closely homologous to tRNA coli tyr , except for changes in some modified bases. Line widths of resolved resonances indicate that, at 28°, the methyl groups of modified nucleosides are not completely restricted in their motion relative to the overall motion of the macromolecule.
The Potency of Anestthetics in Frog Gastric Secretion in Cl- Solutions

ConclusionThe inhibition of gastric secretion in frog was related to the MAC in man for methoxyflurane, halothane, and fluroxene. Based on these data, the MAC for chloroform was predicted to be 0.535%.
SYSTEMATIC STUDIES OF DREAMS: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MANIFEST DREAM AND ASSOCIATIONS TO THE DREAM ELEMENTS.

Summary The relationship between the manifest dream and associations to the dream was investigated by the following method: one dream and its corresponding associations were selected from the data on each of 19 hospitalized psychiatric patients. The dreams and associations were rated independently and blindly on scales constructed to measure various emotional factors. It was found that the ratings of the manifest content of the dream correlated highly with the ratings of the associations with respect to: Degree of Hostility, Roots of Hostility, Dominance of Hostile Theme, Genitality, and Bodily Mutilation as defined in the scales. The scales by which the manifest dream and associations were correlated are described and some evidence for their validity is presented.
Allocation of45calcium to body components of starved and fed purple sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)

Several lines of evidence in the literature indicate that environmental stress such as starvation may initiate reallocation of sea urchin endoskeletal tissue. For example, Aristotle's lantern enlarges under conditions of starvation, and sea urchins tagged with tetracycline and then fed develop a distinct growth line, while starved individuals develop a diffuse pattern. We designed anin vivo system to examine stress-related changes in calcification in the purple sea urchinStrongylocentrotus purpuratus. SmallS. purpuratus (ca. 2 cm test diam) were collected from the Mission Bay jetty or Imperial Beach (San Diego, California, USA) in 1987.45Ca was incorporated from seawater into all body fractions including the organic tissue/coelomic fluid. In an initial experiment, sea urchins were fed or starved for 4 wk and then post-incubated in isotope. Overall, starved individuals deposited new calcite more slowly than did fed individuals; however, allocation was very different and calcification of teeth of starved sea urchins was nearly as great as in fed individuals. In a second experiment,S. purpuratus were first pre-labeled with isotope and then treated by feeding or starving. More of the labeled calcium was mobilized from the soft tissues and coelomic fluid into calcite in fed than in starved individuals. Growth of the teeth in starved sea urchins was significantly greater than in those fed. We conclude that starvation changes the metabolism of calcium in order to preferentially build teeth. However, we also found no evidence that calcium was resorbed from “old” skeletal calcite in order to build “new” skeleton.
Isolation, characterization and chromosomal localization of a human pseudogene for hexokinase II

A processed pseudogene for hexokinase II (HKII), the first such reported for a member of the hexokinase gene family, was isolated from a human genomic library by using a rat HKII cDNA as a probe. The pseudogene contains a region that is identical to the open reading frame of the human HKII cDNA at 97% of the nucleotide positions, but it contains several frameshift mutations, small deletions and insertions, and several stop codons. The human HKII pseudogene is located on the X chromosome and is integrated into a long interspersed nuclear repetitive DNA element (LINE). We estimate that this integration event occurred approximately 14-16 Myr (million years) ago.
Ultraviolet spectroscopy of venus: initial results from the pioneer venus orbiter.

Ultraviolet spectroscopy of the Venus cloud tops reveals absorption features attributed to sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere above the cloud tops. Measurements of scattered sunlight at 2663 angstroms show evidence for horizontal and vertical inhomogeneities in cloud structure. Images of the planet at SO2 absorption wavelengths show albedo features similar to those seen at 3650 angstroms from Mariner 10. Airglow emissions are consistent with an exospheric temperature of about 275 K, and a night airglow emission has been detected, indicating the precipitation of energy into the dark thermosphere.
Radiometric and spectral performance and calibration of the GHz bands of EOS MLS

This paper describes radiometric performance and prelaunch radiometric and spectral calibrations of the GHz component of the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) experiment on NASA's Aura spacecraft. Estimated systematic scaling uncertainties (3/spl sigma/) on limb port radiances are /spl sim/0.5% from radiometric calibration and /spl sim/0.5% to /spl sim/1% from spectral calibrations. Operational noise performance is consistent with prelaunch expectations, and in-orbit measurements to date indicate no changes in noise characteristics, and no observable calibration drifts. Spectral baseline has remained stable to /spl sim/20 mK since launch. Refinements to calibrations based on in-flight data are discussed, and radiometric calibration algorithms are described.
The relevance of aerosol optical depth to cumulus fraction changes: a five-year climatology at the ACRF SGP site

The objective of this study is to investigate, by observational means, the magnitude and sign of the actively discussed relationship between cloud fraction N and aerosol optical depth ?a. Collocated and coincident ground-based measurements and Terra/Aqua satellite observations at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility (ACRF) Southern Great Plains (SGP) site form the basis of this study. The N??a relationship occurred in a specific 5-year dataset of fair-weather cumulus (FWC) clouds and mostly non-absorbing aerosols. To reduce possible contamination of the aerosols on the cloud properties estimation (and vice versa), we use independent datasets of ?a and N obtained from the Multi-filter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer (MFRSR) measurements and from the ARM Active Remotely Sensed Clouds Locations (ARSCL) value-added product, respectively. Optical depth of the FWC clouds ?cld and effective radius of cloud droplets re are obtained from the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. We found that relationships between cloud properties (N,?cld, re) and aerosol optical depth are time-dependent (morning versus afternoon). Observed time-dependent changes of cloud properties, associated with aerosol loading, control the variability of surface radiative fluxes. In comparison with pristine clouds, the polluted clouds are more transparent in the afternoon due to smaller cloud fraction, smaller optical depth and larger droplets. As a result, the corresponding correlation between the surface radiative flux and ?a is positive (warming effect of aerosol). Also we found that relationship between cloud fraction and aerosol optical depth is cloud size dependent. The cloud fraction of large clouds (larger than 1 km) is relatively insensitive to the aerosol amount. In contrast, cloud fraction of small clouds (smaller than 1 km) is strongly positively correlated with ?a. This suggests that an ensemble of polluted clouds tends to be composed of smaller clouds than a similar one in a pristine environment. One should be aware of these time- and size-dependent features when qualitatively comparing N??a relationships obtained from the satellite observations, surface measurements, and model simulations.
Intermodel spread of East Asian summer monsoon simulations in CMIP5

In this paper we diagnose the intermodel spread in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) simulations in the context of the moist static energy and moisture budgets. We find that the spatial distribution of the EASM precipitation simulated by different models is highly correlated with the meridional stationary eddy velocity, defined as the deviation from the long-term zonal mean. The correlation becomes more robust when energy fluxes into the atmospheric column are considered, consistent with recent observational analyses. The spread in the area-averaged rainfall amount can be partially explained by the spread in the simulated globally averaged precipitation, with the rest primarily due to the lower level meridional wind convergence. Clear relationships between precipitation and zonal and meridional eddy velocities are observed.
A dual-polarization rain profiling algorithm

A new attenuation correction algorithm based on profiles of reflectivity, differential reflectivity, and differential propagation phase shift is presented. A solution for specific attenuation retrieval in rain medium is proposed, which solves the integral equations for reflectivity and differential reflectivity with cumulative differential propagation phase shift constraint. The conventional rain profiling algorithms that connect reflectivity and specific attenuation can retrieve specific attenuation values along the radar path assuming a constant intercept parameter of the normalized drop size distribution. However, in convective storms, the drop size distribution parameters can have significant variation along the path. This paper presents a dual-polarization rain profiling algorithm for horizontal looking radars incorporating reflectivity as well as differential reflectivity profiles. The dual-polarization rain profiling algorithm has been evaluated with X-band radar observations simulated from drop size distribution derived from high-resolution S-band measurements collected by the Colorado Statue University CHILL radar. The analysis shows that the retrieved specific attenuation, differential attenuation, reflectivity, and differential reflectivity from the dual-polarization rain profiling algorithm provide significant improvement over the current algorithms.
The Origins of Puritanism

It has been the peculiar lot of Puritanism that, while most men will agree that its influence—good or evil—upon Anglo-Saxon culture and history has been profound, yet great disagreement exists as to just what Puritanism was, how it began, and what aspects of traditional Anglo-Saxon thought and life are traceable to Puritanism. The most common view is that Puritanism was imported into England from Calvinistic Geneva by the returning Marian exiles. This view must then go on to account for the many non-Calvinistic elements in the Puritanism of the Civil War era. Another school of thought has sought to identify Puritanism with the beginnings of democratic political, social and economic ideals during the Tudor-Stuart era. Almost diametrically opposed to this is yet another school of thought which finds in Puritanism an ultra-rightist authoritarianism in theology and politics, and the seed-bed of an unbridled and Pharisaical capitalism. Still others see in Puritanism the long hard travail which gave birth to the ideal of complete freedom for the individual in all phases of life. Of necessity, each of these interpretations, and others not here mentioned, has sought to ground itself in the history of the English Reformation, and so we have many quite different accounts of the origins and history of Puritanism.
Shifting perspectives: Applying person-centered analyses to violence research.

Beyond their status as an alternative to traditional variable-centered approaches, person-centered analyses challenge violence and victimization researchers to rethink the data, constructs, and populations they study. Although broadening one’s perspective can be intimidating, person-centered approaches offer violence researchers the opportunity to answer new questions, test theories and taxonomies for the first time, and develop more nuanced understandings of populations under study. Addressing such ranging topics as peer victimization, childhood maltreatment, violence exposure, and risk and coping, the articles in this special issue all use person-centered analyses to examine interpersonal victimization. All four groups of authors use variables indicating participants’ multiple victimization or maltreatment statuses to indicate latent heterogeneity. This person-centered approach facilitates the discovery of underlying, homogeneous subgroups of victims. The authors are then able to test associations between likely subgroup membership and risk factors and outcomes. Aside from their obvious utility to more clearly understand patterns of violence and victimization, personcentered analyses offer straightforward interpretations and implications regarding risk for victimization and patterns of childhood maltreatment seemingly tailored for clinical or policy audiences. In all, the person-centered approach brings both rewards and challenges for violence researchers who choose to integrate it into their program of study; they will undoubtedly find that the former greatly outweighs the latter.
Male Gender Role Conflict and Patterns of Help Seeking in Costa Rica and the United States

This study examined the relationship between male gender role conflict (J. M. O’Neil, 1981) and willingness to seek help for depression and substance abuse from a variety of potential helpers in a sample of U.S. and Costa Rican men. Results revealed variability in men’s willingness to seek help across both culture and type of helper. Restrictive emotionality and restrictive affectionate behavior between men were related to decreased willingness to seek help from several helpers, whereas success, power, and competition were positively related to help-seeking ratings for some targets (Internet, mothers) and negatively related to ratings for male friends. These results suggest that the relationship between masculine gender socialization and help-seeking behaviors may depend on a variety of factors surrounding different problems and help-seeking opportunities.
Biliary atresia and other structural anomalies in the congenital polysplenia syndrome

The congenital polysplenia syndrome is a well-documented clinical and pathologic entity in which anomalies of the cardiovascular system usually dominate the clinical picture. A study of 10 patients with polysplenia showed a subgroup of cases with biliary atresia in addition to the other noncardiac anomalies of the syndrome. Cardiac anomalies were usually lacking. Significant and life-threatening anomalies of the respiratory and intestinal tract were found in a substantial number. These findings lead to the conclusion that biliary, respiratory, and intestinal abnormalities are also components of the polysplenia syndrome.
A new response surface methodology for reliability-based design optimization

Abstract Deterministic optimum designs that are obtained without consideration of uncertainties could lead to unreliable designs, therefore calling for reliability-based design optimization (RBDO). However, it has been reported in literatures that when RBDO involves evaluation of probabilistic constraints it is prohibitively expensive or even diverges for many large-scale applications. Therefore, the hybrid mean value (HMV) method had been proposed by authors for highly efficient and stable RBDO by evaluating the probabilistic constraint effectively. However, even with the HMV method, the RBDO process could be still expensive for large-scale applications or applications where efficient design sensitivity analysis method is unavailable. To alleviate this difficulty, a new RBDO methodology developed integrating the HMV method with a proposed response surface method, which is specifically developed for reliability analysis and optimization. A large-scale example problem is employed to demonstrate the proposed RBDO method.
Perspective: maternal kin groups and the origins of asymmetric genetic systems-genomic imprinting, haplodiploidy, and parthenogenesis.

The genetic systems of animals and plants are typically eumendelian. That is, an equal complement of autosomes is inherited from each of two parents, and at each locus, each parent's allele is equally likely to be expressed and equally likely to be transmitted. Genetic systems that violate any of these eumendelian symmetries are termed asymmetric and include parent-specific gene expression (PSGE), haplodiploidy, thelytoky, and related systems. Asymmetric genetic systems typically arise in lineages with close associations between kin (gregarious siblings, brooding, or viviparity). To date, different explanatory frameworks have been proposed to account for each of the different asymmetric genetic systems. Haig's kinship theory of genomic imprinting argues that PSGE arises when kinship asymmetries between interacting kin create conflicts between maternally and paternally derived alleles. Greater maternal than paternal relatedness within groups selects for more “abstemious” expression of maternally derived alleles and more “greedy” expression of paternally derived alleles. Here, I argue that this process may also underlie origins of haplodiploidy and many origins of thelytoky. The tendency for paternal alleles to be more “greedy” in maternal kin groups means that maternal-paternal conflict is not a zero-sum game: the maternal optimum will more closely correspond to the optimum for family groups and demes and for associated entities such as symbionts. Often in these circumstances, partial or complete suppression of paternal gene expression will evolve (haplodiploidy, thelytoky), or other features of the life cycle will evolve to minimize the conflict (monogamy, inbreeding). Maternally transmitted cytoplasmic elements and maternally imprinted nuclear alleles have a shared interest in minimizing agonistic interactions between female siblings and may cooperate to exclude the paternal genome. Eusociality is the most dramatic expression of the conflict-reducing effects of haplodiploidy, but its original and more widespread function may be suppression of intrafamilial cannibalism. In rare circumstances in which paternal gene products gain access to maternal physiology via a placenta, PSGE with greedy paternal gene expression can persist (e.g., in mammals).
Hydroclimatic response of watersheds to urban intensity: an observational and modeling-based analysis for the White River Basin, Indiana.

Impervious surface area (ISA) has different surface characteristics from the natural land cover and has great influence on watershed hydrology. To assess the urbanization effects on streamflow regimes, the authors analyzed the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) streamflow data of 16 small watersheds in the White River [Indiana (IN)] basin. Correlation between hydrologic metrics (flow distribution, daily variation in streamflow, and frequency of high-flow events) and ISA was investigated by employing the nonparametric Mann‐Kendall method. Results derived from the 16 watersheds show that urban intensity has a significant effect on all three hydrologic metrics. The Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model was modified to represent ISA in urbanized basins using a bulk parameterization approach. The model was then applied to the White River basin to investigate the potential ability to simulate the water and energy cycle response to urbanization. Correlation analysis for individual VIC grid cells indicates that the VIC urban model was able to reproduce the slope magnitude and mean value of the USGS streamflow metrics. The urban model also reproduced the urban heat island (UHI) seen in the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperature products, especially for the grids encompassing the city of Indianapolis, IN. The difference of the hydrologic metrics obtained from the VIC model with and without urban representation indicates that the streamflow regime in the White River has been modified because of urban development. The observed data, together with model analysis, suggested that 3%‐5% ISA in a watershed is the detectable threshold, beyond which urbanization effects start to have a statistically significant influence on streamflow regime.
Three-dimensional structural model of the Painter and East Painter reservoir structures, Wyoming fold and thrust belt

The Painter and East Painter reservoir structures are located in the hanging wall of the Absaroka thrust in the Wyoming fold-thrust belt. Balanced cross sections and interpreted logs and dipmeter data from more than 50 wells have been integrated to develop a three-dimensional (3-D) structural model of the Painter reservoir structures. The structures are interpreted as a pair of asymmetric faulted detachment folds formed along the hanging-wall ramp in Triassic–Jurassic units in the Absaroka thrust sheet. The Painter reservoir structure verges to the southeast and has a gentle backlimb and a steeply dipping to overturned forelimb, whereas the East Painter structure displays steep dips on both limbs. The front limbs of both structures contain forelimb thrust faults with small displacements. A tight syncline separates the structures and contains several out-of-syncline thrusts in the Jurassic Twin Creek limestones. Cross sections through the structures are restored using line-length balancing for the Nugget formation and area balancing of the Ankareh-Thaynes-Woodside formations and the Twin Creek Formation. The structures are interpreted to have initiated as a pair of detachment folds cored by moderately ductile limestones and shales of Triassic age. Increasing shortening resulted in tightening of the structures, the development of out-of-syncline thrusts, and the propagation of thrust faults on the steep forelimbs. The tight geometry of the East Painter structure resulted from frictional resistance to fault slip along the hanging-wall ramp in the Triassic–Jurassic units. The balanced 3-D structural model ensures consistency of the geometry of all interpreted horizons and faults and can be used to construct improved structural maps of reservoir units in the Painter reservoir structures.
The CREATE Strategy for Intensive Analysis of Primary Literature Can Be Used Effectively by Newly Trained Faculty to Produce Multiple Gains in Diverse Students.

CREATE uses intensive analysis of primary literature to demystify/humanize science. Previously, CREATE produced cognitive/affective gains at a minority-serving institution. These data reveal that f...
Evaluating macroinvertebrate community shifts in the confluence of freestone and limestone streams

Aquatic macroinvertebrates are critical to ecosystem functioning through their regulation of many essential top-down and bottom-up ecosystem processes such as energy translocation, nutrient flow, and detrital decomposition. However, specific preferences by macroinvertebrates for certain ranges of abiotic and biotic characteristics mean that changes in these factors often create large differences in benthic community structure. Investigations into drivers of community structure have found distinct patterns of variation between ecosystems, but drivers of macroscale variation may differ from drivers of microscale variation. Such microscale variation in macroinvertebrate community structure as a function of abiotic conditions may be found in the confluence of two geologically distinct freshwater streams. Variation in the origin, underlying bedrock, and watershed of a stream results in drastically different physical and chemical characteristics and correspondingly distinct macroinvertebrate community structures. In areas where water from geologically distinct streams flows together, a mixing zone emerges with unique chemical and physical characteristics. There is little information on how invertebrate communities are structured within this mixing zone. To investigate this, we examined how the structure of the macroinvertebrate community changed downstream of the confluence. Up to thirty metres downstream, we found distinct stream sections that mirrored physical and chemical conditions found in limestone and freestone streams, and a mixing zone with emergent properties. These physical and chemical changes between sites were accompanied by shifts in macroinvertebrate community composition. Diversity indices indicated significantly higher diversity in freestone sites than in limestone sites or the mixing zone and there was a unique composition of genera in the mixing zone that was distinct from both limestone and freestone sites. Factors driving variation in communities on a small-scale may be distinctly different from those influencing large-scale patterns and this study highlights the need for the continued exploration of the microscale variation in community structure.
Chiral twisting of a smectic-A liquid crystal

Chiral twisting of the molecular orientation within the layer of a smectic-$A$ liquid crystal has been investigated using circular dichroism spectroscopy. The results indicate that a rotation of the layers away from the alignment direction is induced by the surface electroclinic effect. This leads to an interfacial region where the molecular director twists from the alignment direction until it reaches the layer normal direction. A theory is presented to explain the observed field and temperature dependence of the circular dichroism.
Should Groceries Be Exempt From Sales Tax

In previous articles, I examined two typical features of state and local retail sales taxes that prevent them from functioning as comprehensive taxes on consumption: the taxation of business purchases and the exemption of consumer services. In this article, I examine another feature, the exemption of food sold for home consumption (groceries).
Why should young adults read Holocaust literature anyway

Young people continue to read Holocaust literature more than fifty years after the events took place. Why does this literature still hold such fascination for many adolescents? This article examines important developmental tasks of adolescents; achieving independence, coming to terms with their bodies, establishing new relationships with age mates of both genders, gaining social and economic status, and acquiring self‐confidence and a system of values. The author discusses three types of Holocaust literature, historical fiction, memoirs, and diaries, and relates the developmental tasks to themes in the literature.
Do Active Managers of Retail Mutual Funds Have an Incentive to Closet Index in Down Markets? Fund Performance and Subsequent Annual Fund Flows, 1997-2011

Closet indexing is the practice of staying close to the benchmark index while still claiming to be an active mutual fund manager and charging active-management fees. Recent work shows that active mutual fund managers are more likely to closet index during down markets. Around the time of the 2008 financial crisis, closet indexing became so popular that it accounted for about one-third of all mutual fund assets. In this paper we set out to answer the question of whether there is an incentive for mutual fund managers to closet index during down markets. We examine the relationship between annual fund performance and subsequent annual fund flows in up and down markets. We find that the relationship between fund performance and subsequent net fund flows is significantly different in up-market years compared with down-market years. Specifically, we find that fund performance does not drive subsequent flows nearly as much in down markets as it does in up markets. In up-market years, we find a strong positive relationship between fund performance and subsequent flows. In downmarket years, we find that the magnitude of outperformance or underperformance does not significantly influence the next year’s fund flows. Based on these results, which show that investors do not reward outperformance in down markets with higher subsequent flows, we conclude that active managers have an incentive to closet index in down markets.
Increasing the Distance between Lift Origin and Destination to Influence Stepping Does Not Improve Torso Kinematics

Much of the intervention research for prevention of occupational low back injuries has focused on reduction of torso flexion and the external moment. Little is known about prevention strategies for torso twisting and lateral bending. It was hypothesized that increasing the distance between the lift origin and the pallet would require subjects to take an extra step, and reduce the torso kinematics and resulting LBD Risk. Fifteen males transferred 11.3 kg boxes from a constant origin to a destination pallet at two different distances. Analysis of Variance results indicated that increasing the pallet distance from the lift origin resulted in increases in velocities and accelerations, and the LBD risk at the lower regions of the pallet. These results suggest that increasing the pallet distance from the lifting origin does not appear to be an effective intervention strategy to reduce the risk of occupational LBD associated with torso kinematics.
Singularities and Plane Maps II: Sketching Catastrophes

(1977). Singularities and Plane Maps II: Sketching Catastrophes. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 84, No. 10, pp. 765-803.
Analysis of risky sexual behavior and its influencing factors among young female migrants working in entertainment venues in Luyang District,Hefei City

Objective To study the risky sexual behavior in the past 6 months and its influencing factors among young female migrants working in entertainment venues in Luyang District,Hefei City. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 22 entertainment establishments in Luyang District. All of them were randomly selected to be survey sites and eligible participants were recruited. Surveys included demographic characteristics,HIV / STIs-related knowledge,selfefficacy of condom use,STI or genital tract infectious during the past year,abortion,sexual behavior during past 6 months, sexual partner and condom use. Data were entered by Epi Data 3. 0 software and analyses were conducted using SPSS 13. 0. Results A total of 180 participants met study inclusion criteria and completed the survey. The HIV / AIDS-related knowledge awareness rate was 70. 6%. 30. 0% participants reported that they were diagnosed STI or genital tract infection during the past year. In addition,58. 3% participants experienced abortion in the lifetime. Among these participants, 61. 7% reported risky sexual behaviors during past 6 months. The multivariate Logistic regression revealed that mariage, more than 3 years migrant working,first sexual experience before the age of 18 years,and condom use ignorance during their first sex episodes were risk factors associated with risky sexual behavior. Higher condom use knowledge and self-efficacy of condom use decreased the risk of unprotected sexual behavior. Conclusions The study reveals that young female migrants working in entertainment venues are lack of HIV / STIs-related knowledge. They are facing to high risk of reproductive health problems and unsafe sexual behaviors. More assertive strategies and interventions are crucial to improve the sexual health and the reproductive health of this population.
Associations between dopamine D2 receptor availability and BMI depend on age.

Abstract Objective The dopamine D2/3 receptor subtypes (DRD2/3) are the most widely studied neurotransmitter biomarker in research on obesity, but results to date have been inconsistent, have typically involved small samples, and have rarely accounted for subjects' ages despite the large impact of age on DRD2/3 levels. We aimed to clarify the relation between DRD2/3 availability and BMI by examining this association in a large sample of subjects with BMI spanning the continuum from underweight to extremely obese. Subjects 130 healthy subjects between 18 and 81 years old underwent PET with [18F]fallypride, a high affinity DRD2/3 ligand. Results As expected, DRD2/3 availability declined with age. Critically, age significantly interacted with DRD2/3 availability in predicting BMI in the midbrain and striatal regions (caudate, putamen, and ventral striatum). Among subjects under 30 years old, BMI was not associated with DRD2/3 availability. By contrast, among subjects over 30 years old, BMI was positively associated with DRD2/3 availability in the midbrain, putamen, and ventral striatum. Conclusion The present results are incompatible with the prominent dopaminergic hypofunction hypothesis that proposes that a reduction in DRD2/3 availability is associated with increased BMI, and highlights the importance of age in assessing correlates of DRD2/3 function.
Comparison of Marshall and Surrey ryegrass for continuous and rotational grazing.

'Surrey' ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) has produced well in clipping yield trials across Louisiana, but yield trials do not always predict how well the forage supports performance under grazing conditions. This trial compared Surrey ryegrass with 'Marshall' ryegrass grazed continuously or rotationally. Two pastures of Surrey and two pastures of Marshall that had been subdivided into six paddocks each were used in 2 yr. Yearling steers grazed the pastures. In the 1st yr, pastures within a cultivar were either continuously or rotationally grazed. Thus, animal performance on the rotationally grazed treatments was unreplicated and the data were not included in the statistical analysis. In the 2nd yr, each pasture contained both continuous and rotational groups of cattle. Cattle gains for the two cultivars were not different in either yr 1 (P > .26) or yr 2 (P > .17). In yr 2, continuous grazing allowed for greater individual animal gains (P = .03) than rotational grazing. However, the lower stocking rate of continuously grazed paddocks resulted in a decreased pasture gain (P = .001) of 301 compared with 403 kg/ha for the rotationally grazed paddocks. Forage quality was not different between Surrey and Marshall ryegrass, but there was a tendency (P = .12) for Surrey to have less forage mass during yr 1. Overall, continuously grazed paddocks had lower CP and NDF and higher in vitro true digestibility than rotationally grazed paddocks. Surrey was equivalent to Marshall ryegrass in animal performance and quality, and continuous grazing provided higher individual animal performance but lower performance on a gain per hectare basis than rotational grazing.
Missed Connections A Critical Analysis of Interconnections between Public Participation and Plan Implementation Literature

Despite the widely shared assumption that public participation impacts planning implementation, empirical research rarely tests this belief. By reviewing what is known about if and how public parti...
Anaerobic Bacteriuria in a Male Urologic Outpatient Population

AbstractWe screened 517 urine samples from male outpatients, many of whom had underlying urinary tract pathology, for anaerobic and aerobic bacteriuria. Of the 153 specimens containing greater than 105 bacteria per ml. 20 per cent yielded anaerobes only and an additional 6 per cent revealed mixed anaerobic and aerobic growth. Pyuria was found more frequently in samples containing anaerobic bacteriuria than in those containing no growth but not as frequently as when aerobic bacteria were present. The high counts of anaerobic bacteria in first-voided specimens compared to midstream and post-prostatic massage aliquots suggested a urethral source for most bacteria. However, suprapubic aspiration of bladder urine demonstrated the organism in 2 of 10 patients with high numbers of anaerobes and pyuria in voided samples.
Ventriculo-Peritoneal Shunt Pseudocyst Causing Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction in a Child with Myelomeningocele and Retrocaval Ureter

We report on a boy with myelomeningocele and a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt, who presented with progressive ureteropelvic junction obstruction and an enlarging right upper quadrant mass. Exploration revealed a large pseudocyst around the distal portion of the shunt, causing obstruction of an unsuspected retrocaval ureter. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of an upper urinary tract complication due to a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt as well as the first case of a retrocaval ureter associated with myelomeningocele.
Factors impacting teachers' argumentation instruction in their science classrooms

ABSTRACTScience education research, reform documents and standards include scientific argumentation as a key learning goal for students. The role of the teacher is essential for implementing argumentation in part because their beliefs about argumentation can impact whether and how this science practice is integrated into their classroom. In this study, we surveyed 42 middle school science teachers and conducted follow-up interviews with 25 to investigate the factors that teachers believe impact their argumentation instruction. Teachers responded that their own learning goals had the greatest impact on their argumentation instruction while influences related to context, policy and assessment had the least impact. The minor influence of policy and assessment was in part because teachers saw a lack of alignment between these areas and the goals of argumentation. In addition, although teachers indicated that argumentation was an important learning goal, regardless of students' backgrounds and abilities, the t...
TRP channels of the pancreatic beta cell.

Orchestrated ion fluctuations within pancreatic islets regulate hormone secretion and may be essential to processes such as apoptosis. A diverse set of ion channels allows for islet cells to respond to a variety of signals and dynamically regulate hormone secretion and glucose homeostasis (reviewed by Houamed et al. 2004). This chapter focuses on transient receptor potential (TRP)-related channels found within the beta cells of the islet and reviews their roles in both insulin secretion and apoptosis.
The Evolution of Primate Executive Function: From Response Control to Strategic Decision-Making

Human cognition is permeated by self-control: the ability to engage in complex, goal-oriented behaviors rather than just react to the moment at hand. This chapter examines the evolutionary roots of these abilities by comparing the psychological capacities of humans and other primates. In fact, there is marked variation in how different primate species control their motoric responses to inhibit prepotent but ineffectual actions, engage in strategic decision-making to determine the best course of action, and learn and update their responses when contingencies change. Understanding how and why this variation emerged can shed light on the origins of human cognition.