cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of training data affects success in broad-scale local climate zone mapping

Abstract Satellite imagery has been widely used to map urbanization processes. To address the urgent need for urban landscape mapping that goes beyond urban footprint analysis, the local climate zone (LCZ) scheme has been increasingly used to reveal the urban forms and functions important to urban heat islands and micro-climates across the globe. As with most supervised classification strategies, proper application of training data is critical for the success of LCZ classification models. However, the collection and application of LCZ training areas brings with it two challenges that may affect mapping success. First, because digitizing training areas is a time-consuming task, there is a broad effort in the LCZ mapping community to create a crowdsourced data collection among different experts. However, this strategy likely leads to inconsistencies in labels that could weaken models. Second, the LCZ labeling process typically involves the delineation of large zones from which multiple training samples are drawn, but those samples are likely spatially autocorrelated and lead to overly optimistic estimates of model accuracy. Although both effects -- inconsistent labeling and spatial autocorrelation -- are theoretically possible, it is unknown whether they substantially affect accuracy. We investigated both issues, specifically asking: (i) how do the discrepancies of LCZ labeling by different experts impact broad-scale LCZ mapping? (ii) to what extent does spatial correlation affect model prediction power? We used two classifiers (Random Forests and ResNets) to map eight metropolitan areas in the US into LCZs, comparing training areas drawn by different or consistent interpreters, and data splitting strategy using rules that allow or reduce spatial autocorrelation. We found large discrepancies among results built from crowdsourced training areas digitized by different experts; improving the consistency of labels can lead to substantial improvements in LCZ classification accuracy. Second, we found that spatial autocorrelation can boost the apparent accuracy of the classifier by 16% to 21%, leading to erroneous interpretation of mapping results. The two effects interplay as well: spatial autocorrelation in the raw data can lead to an underestimation of the model’s predictive error when modeling with crowdsourced training areas of high inconsistency. Due to the uncertainty in the labeling process and spatial autocorrelation in derived training data, broad-scale LCZ mapping results should be interpreted with caution.
Two-Photon Lasers

In low-pressure gas lasers the gain linewidth for a single transition is determined by the Doppler width of the transition. Such a width is typically 10−5 or 10−6 times the transition frequency. Various methods have been used to stabilize laser frequencies to tolerances far better than the Doppler width.(1) Most important among these are the Lamb dip and saturated absorption methods.
The fishery conservation and management act of 1976

Abstract The author introduces a theoretical context for discussing the organizational structure and conceptual framework of the Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976. He applies this to the Regional Fishery Management Councils established under the Act in order to assess the trends in their evolution and, in particular, to examine the balance between federal and regional authority over fisheries management. He concludes that structural and conceptual dichotomies within the Act provide a desirable flexibility, but could be counterproductive if the Regional Fishery Management Councils do not take specific action to commission the data that they require to fulfil the roles authorized by the Act. Without such action an imbalance could arise which would lead to their demise or subservience to federal authority and advice.
The Structure of Borel Equivalence Relations in Polish Spaces

An exposition of recent work on Borel equivalence relations in Polish spaces is presented. This includes a general Glimm-Effros dichotomy for Borel equivalence relations and a study of countable Borel equivalence relations and their classification into subclasses such as smooth, hyperfinite, amenable, treeable etc.
Occurrence of serotypes among Histoplasma capsulatum strains.

Abstract Kaufman, Leo (Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta, Ga.), and Sharon Blumer. Occurrence of serotypes among Histoplasma capsulatum strains. J. Bacteriol. 91:1434–1439. 1966.—Extensive studies with a fluorescent antibody specific for the yeast form of Histoplasma capsulatum indicated that, although most strains of H. capsulatum stained intensely, others stained weakly and some did not stain. These observations suggested that antigenic variants of the fungus existed. To test this hypothesis, reciprocal cross-staining and adsorption procedures were performed with fluorescein-labeled antiglobulins to four strains of H. capsulatum. Fifty-six strains of H. capsulatum and 11 strains of H. duboisii were studied. The data indicate that at least five serotypes of H. capsulatum occur. One is closely related antigenically to H. duboisii and Blastomyces dermatitidis.
Deficiency of the murine fifth complement component (C5). A 2-base pair gene deletion in a 5'-exon.

To ascertain the molecular mechanism that causes murine C5 deficiency, genomic and cDNA libraries were constructed from mouse liver DNA and mRNA employing the congenic strains B10.D2/nSnJ and B10.D2/oSnJ that are sufficient and deficient for C5, respectively. Genomic fragments were isolated which correspond to PvuII and HindIII restriction fragment length polymorphisms associated with C5 deficiency. Sequence analyses demonstrated that each of these polymorphisms resulted from single base pair substitutions and that neither substitution would probably cause or contribute to the C5 deficiency. Sequence analyses of C5 sufficient and deficient cDNAs revealed a 2 base-pair deletion in the deficient cDNAs. The "TA" deletion was located near the 5' end of the cDNA. This deletion shifts the reading frame of the C5 mRNA so that the termination codon UGA is present 4 base pairs downstream from the deletion. Genomic DNA was amplified and sequenced corresponding to the area surrounding the 2-base pair deletion. Six C5-deficient strains, A/HeJ, AKR/J, DBA/2J, NZB/B1NJ, SWR/J, and B10.D2/oSnJ, and four C5-sufficient strains, Balb/CJ, C57Bl/6J, DBA/1J, and B10.D2/nSnJ, were analyzed. The sequencing data revealed that the 2 base pairs were deleted from the C5 gene of each deficient mouse tested but not from the C5 gene of any sufficient mouse. These data demonstrate that: 1) there is an identical 2-base pair deletion in an exon of the C5 gene in several different C5-deficient mouse strains; 2) the mRNA transcribed from the C5D gene retains this deletion; and 3) this mutation should result in C5 protein deficiency.
Link between antioxidant effect and antiinflammatory response in butyrate arrested vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) proliferation (LB250)

Epigenetic mechanisms by altering the expression and in turn, functions of target genes, without changing their primary structure have potential to modify cellular processes that are characteristic...
Citizen Litigants/Citizen Regulators – The Role of Citizen Enforcement Suits in the Development of Clean Water Act Law

One of the key innovations of the 1970s regulatory environmental revolution was the provision for citizen enforcement of regulatory standards. This innovation upset the previous bipolar regulatory model, which was a two-way negotiation between the regulated industries and the (often captive) regulatory agencies. By removing agency enforcement discretion as a means of underenforcing statutory norms, the citizens suit brought a new constituency to the regulatory bargaining table. The citizen suit had the intended effect of implementing a regime of full enforcement of the new environmental norms.But the revolutionary effect of the newly minted citizen suit was not limited to full enforcement of environmental norms. By allowing environmental interests to bypass the agency regulatory process and proceed directly to court to enforce statutory standards, the citizen suit allowed citizens to play a primary role in the development of environmental jurisprudence, bypassing the administrative rulemaking process and resulting judicial deference to agency interpretations. In a radical shift from the classic administrative law model, where the responsible agency answered questions of first impression and review of its answers was highly deferential, the citizen suit provided nongovernmental organizations to opportunity to develop their own interpretations of the environmental norms and test these interpretations in enforcement actions in the courts as a matter of first impression. Citizen enforcers thus necessarily took on the role of citizen regulators as well, developing interpretations of statutory standards and enforcing these citizen-generated interpretations directly against violators before judges untainted by regulatory accommodations negotiated in a prior rulemaking process. This article examines the role of citizen enforcement litigation in the development of the Clean Water Act law and implementation of the Clean Water Act regulatory scheme. The essay will focus on four examples where citizen enforcement litigation under the Clean Water Act had the effect of initiating the regulatory process, drawing responses from both EPA and the Congress. These case studies will include enforcement litigation brought against underenforced Clean Water Act regulation of pesticide application, water transfers, land application of CAFO wastes, and sport shooting ranges.
Mock Jury Research: Where Do We Go from Here?

This paper reviews the four types of validity that make up Cook and Campbell's traditional approach for social science research in general and psychological research in particular: internal validity, statistical conclusion validity, external validity, and construct validity. The most important generalizability threat to the validity of jury research is not likely a selection main effect (i.e., the effect of relying solely on undergraduate mock jurors) but is more likely the interaction of sample with construct validity factors. Researchers who try to capture the trial process with experimental paradigms may find that undergraduate mock jurors react differently to those efforts than do more representative community samples. We illustrate these issues with the seven papers that make up this volume, and conclude by endorsing Diamond's call for a two-stage research process in which findings with samples of convenience gradually add more realistic trial processes and representative samples to confirm the initial findings and increase the research program's credibility.
Preface to Meaning, Form, and Body

A brief presentation of the current state of cognitive and functional linguistics. Both cognitive and functional (or usage-based) approaches share the assumption that language happens within a social and conceptual context, and that grammar is motivated by use. Cognitive approaches force us to confront the fact that language is part of general cognition, while usage-based approaches keep us grounded in the real phenomena of language. Bringing the two approaches together has resulted in powerful demonstrations of the value of taking real language data and building towards a theoretical framework that has explanatory power (witness the success of construction grammar).
Rayleigh-Taylor stability criteria for magnetically imploded solid liners

Summary form only given, as follows. Approximate analytic Rayleigh-Taylor stability criteria for elastic-plastic solid liners, where convergence imposes a background strain rate tensor, is reviewed and compared to other work. It is shown that in the incompressible two-dimensional planar limit, with constant yield strength and shear modulus, the dynamics of a liner driven by a massless fluid vs. a magnetic field orthogonal to the perturbation are equivalent. This holds regardless of the form or magnitude of the perturbation or degree of magnetic diffusion. The proposition that a redistribution of the magnetic pressure due to diffusion has no effect on the material dynamics has proven to be counterintuitive to many, so will be discussed in depth. Beyond the above limit, however, thermal softening and phase transitions due to Ohmic heating, compressibility, three-dimensional flow, and cylindrical geometry can be issues. The conditions where these effects can be expected to significantly effect the dynamics are discussed.
A 45-Year-Old Man With a Lung Mass and History of Charcoal Aspiration

A 45-year-old man was seen in consultation for evaluation of a spiculated right-lower-lobe mass that enlarged over 1 year. The patient had suffered accidental instillation of activated charcoal into the right lung via nasogastric tube 2 years prior to this consultation, with resultant respiratory failure, pneumonia, and pneumothorax. Biopsy of the mass showed anthracosis and granulomatous inflammation. A positron emission tomogram was strongly positive at the lesion, and right-lower-lobectomy with partial diaphragmatic resection was performed. On gross examination of the mass, a charcoal concretion was evident. Histologic examination showed intrinsic and surrounding granulomatous inflammation, but without tumor. The patient recovered uneventfully, and after 1 year had not experienced further complications.
Java assembly language programming for the JVM: tutorial presentation

This tutorial/workshop is based on the assumption that the participant is looking for an alternative or supplement to the Intel Pentium or the Power PC real architectures for a computer organization and assembly language course in a CS curriculum. It is also designed to encourage those who have abandoned the traditional computer organization and assembly language course to reconsider such decision given that there now exists a universal, freely accessible, reasonably well-documented, ubiquitous architecture known as the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
Molecular evidence supporting the neoplastic nature of some epidermoid cysts of the testis.

Abstract Context.—Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosomes 9p and 12q is common in germ cell tumors of the testis. Loss of heterozygosity of 17p13 has also been demonstrated in germ cell tumors. The incidence of LOH in epidermoid cysts, a possible special form of teratoma, has not been previously determined. Objective.—To determine the frequency of LOH in epidermoid cysts. Design.—Eight testicular epidermoid cysts and surrounding parenchyma were microdissected from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue, and the genomic DNA was extracted using proteinase K. Polymerase chain reaction analysis targeted regions on chromosome 9p21 (D9S177 and D9S161 loci), chromosome 12q22 (D12S1051 locus), and chromosome 17p13 (TP53 locus). Gel electrophoresis followed by autoradiography was used to detect LOH. Results.—All 8 of the epidermoid cysts were informative at a minimum of 1 of 4 loci. Three demonstrated LOH. In 2 tumors, LOH occurred on chromosome 9, and the third tumor demonstrated LOH on chromosome 12. Loss ...
Comparison of TOVS-derived Land Surface Variables with Ground Observations

The Tiros Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) Pathfinder Path A retrieved surface skin temperature, surface air temperatures, and surface specific humidity are compared with data obtained from three large-scale field campaigns: the First ISLSCP (International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project) Field Experiment (FIFE), the Hydrologic Atmospheric Pilot Experiment (HAPEX) in the Sahel, and the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS). The long-term estimates of surface skin temperatures, surface air temperatures, and surface vapor pressure were unbiased, and the standard deviations of the errors were about 4°C, 3.5°C, and 3.5 mbar, respectively. The monthly mean variables obtained from the TOVS data at four times of the day (corresponding to the AM and PM overpass for each of two satellites) exhibited realistic diurnal and seasonal cycles when compared with corresponding ground observations.
Induction, trance, and ritual in family mythologizing

The authors put forward a theory of family mythologizing as a process of induction, trance, and ritual. These phenomena, in the context of expressive language, comprise myths. Mythologizing is assumed to be part of normative development. All individuals and families employ myths as schemata for organizing highly complex yet cognitively inexplicable relationships. The authors propose a systemic explanation for the operations of mythologizing and present case illustrations.
Access: Net Prices, Affordability, and Equity At A Highly Selective College

Abstract With financial aid data on over 14,000 aided students at Williams College for the past 14 years, we can describe how much students actually paid to go to this highly selective and expensive school—their net prices—across income levels and over time. In 2001–02, the last year of our data, aided students across the five income quintiles of the US family income distribution paid, on average, 6–20% of their pretax family incomes—the lowest-income quintile paying the smallest share. No-need students at the 95th percentile of the income distribution who paid full price spent 22% of their family incomes for a year at Williams.
Radionuclide regurgitant index: Value and limitations

Abstract The radionuclide regurgitant index, defined as left ventricular/right ventricular stroke counts obtained from gated equilibrium studies, has been reported to predict the presence and severity of left-sided valve regurgitation. This study evaluated the radionuclide regurgitant index in 100 patients in whom left-sided valve regurgitation was angiographically graded (0 to 4+) with regard to most severe mitral or aortic regurgitation. Regurgitation was graded 0 in 44 of the 100 patients, 1+ in 22, 2+ in 8, 3+ in 6 and 4+ in 20. The radionuclide regurgitant index was 0.9 to 1.5 in 51 patients, 1.6 to 2.4 in 23 and 2.5 to 12.0 in 26. The mean radionuclide regurgitant index was 1.34 in the group with no regurgitation and 1.60 in those with 1+, 2.01 in those with 2+, 2.80 in those with 3+ and 3.85 in those with 4+ regurgitation. There was a significant difference (p Twelve patients had a discordant radionuclide regurgitant index; their index either predicted clinically significant or severe regurgitation when they had no or trivial regurgitation, or predicted no or trivial regurgitation when they had clinically significant regurgitation. Eight of 10 patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction of less than 0.30 had a discordant index (p
d-wave checkerboard order in cuprates

We show that the $d$-wave ordering in particle-hole channels, dubbed $d$-wave checkerboard order, possesses important physics that can sufficiently explain the scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) results in cuprates. A weak $d$-wave checkerboard order can effectively suppress the coherence peak in the single-particle spectrum while leaving the spectrum along the nodal direction almost unaffected. Simultaneously, it generates a Fermi arc with little dispersion around the nodal points at finite temperature that is consistent with the results of angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) experiments in the pseudogap phase. We also show that there is a general complementary connection between the $d$-wave checkerboard order and the pair-density-wave order. Suppressing superconductivity locally or globally through phase fluctuations should induce both orders in underdoped cuprates and explain the nodal-antinodal dichotomy observed in ARPES and STM experiments.
Double charge exchange and generalized seniority

Abstract The double charge exchange transition matrix elements from an even-even target to the double isobaric analog state and the ground state are derived in the generalized seniority model as a function of the number of valence nucleons. Crucial differences with the seniority model are found and their consequences are discussed.
Condition Varies with Habitat Choice in Postbreeding Forest Birds

Many birds that are experiencing population declines require extensive tracts of mature forest habitat for breeding. Recent work suggests that at least some may shift their habitat use to early-successional areas after nesting but before migration. I used constant-effort mist netting in regenerating clearcuts (4-8 years postcut) and dense mature-forest understories to assess (1) whether most bird species of mature forests show habitat shifts after breeding; and (2), on the basis of several measures of condition, whether birds using early-successional habitats garnered any benefits or penalties, compared with those that remained in forests. I captured 3,845 individual birds of 46 species at four pairs of sites in mature Allegheny hardwood forests in northwestern Pennsylvania during the postbreeding periods of 2005-2008. Most, but not all, forest birds were captured at higher rates in cuts than in forests, and that pattern persisted through the postbreeding season. Using an information-theoretic approach, I found strong support for a species-habitat interactive effect on both molt progression and body condition as measured by residuals from species- specific regression of mass on wing chord. Some, but not all, forest birds appeared to be in better condition when captured in cuts than when in forests. I found no support for a habitat effect on presence of fat or ectoparasites. My results reveal that habitat choice in the postbreeding season is correlated with physiological condition for a subset of forest birds, which suggests that the maintenance of such early-successional habitats in mature forest may benefit these species. Received 15 November 2012, accepted 2 May 2103.
Kinetics of acid-catalysed dissociation of lead(II) and copper(II) complexes of ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)tetraacetic acid (EGTA)

Abstract The acid-catalysed dissociation rate constants for PbEGTA 2− and CuEGTA 2− complexes (where EGTA is ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo) tetraacetic acid) were measured in acetic acid-acetate buffer medium (pH: 3.0–4.8) and perchloric acid solutions ([H + ] = 0.05–0.15 M), respectively, at a constant ionic strength of 0.15 (NaClO 4 ). The rate laws shown by the lead(II) and copper(II) complexes are of the form, Rate = { k d + k H [H + ]}[complex] and Rate = { k d + k H 2 [H + ] 2 }[complex], respectively. Enthalpy and entropy of activation for acid-independent and acid-catalysed pathways for both the complexes were obtained by the temperature-dependence studies of resolved rate constants in the 16–45°C range. The rate of dissociation of PbEGTA 2− is not enhanced by increasing the concentration of acetate ion in the buffer, and the amount of total electrolyte in the reaction mixture has no pronounced effect on the dissociation rates of their the lead(II) or copper(II) complex. Attempts to study the kinetics of stepwise ligand unwrapping in the binuclear Cu 2 EGTA complex were unsuccessful due to the extremely rapid dissociation of this complex to yield mononuclear CuEGTA 2− .
Conserving Carnivores: More than Numbers

In their Review “Status and ecological effects of the world's largest carnivores” (10 January, DOI: [10.1126/science.1241484][1]), W. J. Ripple et al. assess threats to carnivores and urge that minimum population densities be maintained for persistence of large carnivores, biodiversity, and
Model organo-cupric ion complexes in seawater

Copper chelation in seawater by a variety of organic ligands is shown to be dependent upon the stability of the model complex and the pH of the medium. Amino acids, citric acid and citric acid-like compounds are potentially the most important contributors to the speciation of copper in the soluble organic realm of seawater.
Evolution of optical fibre sensor technology

Several types of optical fibre sensors have been successfully developed into commercial products and a strong technology base has been realised to foster the development of new types of fibre sensors. In this talk, we will describe briefly the technical status of the field as of the first OFS which was held in 1983 and trace the evolution of the field (both components and concepts) and its commercialisation through the last decade. The component base developed for optical fibre sensors has found applications well beyond the sensor field and this will be examined. For example, single mode couplers developed for interferometric sensors are now being routinely used by the telecommunications industry. Low noise single mode laser studies conducted for high performance sensors also laid the foundation for many later noise studies of lasers for CATV, and single mode direct and coherent communication applications. The development of sources for fibre gyros led to the development of a new class of optical sources i.e. superluminescent diode and fibre lasers. The technology of interferometric sensor demodulation proceeded similar work for coherent communications and the pioneering studies in sensor multiplexing in its many forms has also been applied to CATV and FTTC applications. The successes by the fibre sensor community in the development of componentry however has not yet been matched with an equal success in commercialisation. Interferometric sensors such as the fibre gyro and intensity based sensors such as temperature, pressure, etc. have been successfblly marketed; however commercialisation in general has not met everyone's hopes or expectations. In this talk we will briefly also review the market growth projection made at the time of the first OFS and discuss what people project today.
General remarks on mathematics and applied statistics

I have read with great interest a recent discussion about an idea of recognizing applied mathematics and statistics (AMS) as disciplines separate from mathematics within the organizational structure of the Polish Academy of Sciences. This seems to me an appealing idea, since the criteria for excellence in AMS are different from those in pure or theoretical mathematics. One aspect to consider here is the level of generality of results in a given discipline. In mathematics, we expect very general theorems, but in many other disciplines, we prefer results that apply to very specific situations. For example, in biology, we might be interested in very specific biochemical processes. Many areas of physics may also have few opportunities for generalization when properties of materials are considered, such as in material physics. This is even more obvious in engineering sciences. Investigation of real physical processes requires details, which are difficult or impossible to generalize to other processes. AMS are exactly in such a situation, where those details are necessary and the results tend to be less general. Hence, AMS should be considered as a discipline between mathematics and other sciences, which are even more specific in their treatment of a given problem. One specific example is the statistical experimental design, which extracts some more general aspects of experiments and is viewed as very theoretical by practitioners performing experiments, but not so theoretical by mathematicians.
Logical data fusion for biological hypothesis evaluation

We use techniques from finite model theory to construct a framework for hypothesis creation and ranking to aid biologists with hypothesis evaluation and experimental design. Most bioinformatics research is geared toward pattern recognition and biological database management. Our work has somewhat different aims. First, we seek to determine the structure of the space of biological hypotheses that can be composed about a given system. Second, we seek to combine a wide variety of experimental data and literature sources for use in "proofreading" such hypotheses. This data fusion problem has been a major stumbling block in modeling biological pathways. Consequently, most modeling frameworks make use of only one or two types of data, typically promoter sequences and microarray data. We present a modeling framework that is contradiction based and that performs data fusion on the logical level for an arbitrary number of sources. This greatly facilitates the incorporation of new data sources as they become available. Once a new hypothesis has been constructed, data from existing experimental databases can be fused to rank the hypothesis based on corroborating and contradictory experimental evidence. We demonstrate the logical underpinnings of this process, and show how inflationary and deflationary logical extensions alter the process.
Parachute gore shape and flow visualization during transient and steady-state conditions.

Single parachute gore segments were tested in an experimental wind tunnel having a unique 'V' splitter plate test section with a glass panel on the near side and a grid of orifices for smoke injection on the back panel. The parachute gore shape and flow patterns were viewed in cross section during the inflation process and also during changing flow conditions as would occur with rapid reduction of payload weight. Observations of flow during inflation revealed a transient internal counterflow and the formation and degeneration of several trailing vortices. Gore shapes observed compared well with those of free flight.
Negative cognitive style and perceived social support mediate the relationship between aggression and NSSI in hospitalized adolescents

Despite the well-documented association between aggression and NSSI among adolescents, relatively little research has been conducted on the mechanisms underlying this relationship. The purpose of this study was to investigate potential socio-cognitive mechanisms through which aggression and NSSI are related. Participants were 186 adolescents (ages 13-18) recruited from a psychiatric inpatient facility in the northeastern United States. According to teen report, 57.5% of the sample endorsed NSSI in the previous year. Mediation was tested using the modern bootstrapping technique described by Hayes, using 5000 resamples with replacement, including sex and depression diagnosis as covariates. Results demonstrated that greater negative self-talk, a more negative cognitive style, and lower perceived family support were all significant mediators of the relationship between aggression and greater frequency of NSSI, whereas perceived social support from friends was not a significant mediator. Limitations, clinical implications, and future research directions of the current research are discussed.
Pharmacological treatment in behavioural medicine: the importance of neurochemistry, molecular biology and mechanistic hypotheses.

Psychopharmacology has become a popular, and sometimes mandatory addition to treatment regimes for canine and feline patients with behavioural problems; however, clients and practitioners should be dissuaded that behavioural drugs are 'quick fixes'. Veterinarians should only prescribe psychotropic medication when they have a specific idea of how the mechanism of action of the drug will affect the target behaviours associated with a specific diagnosis. The diagnosis must be treated rather than non-specific signs. Newer psychotropic medications demonstrate the extent to which truly abnormal behaviours are dysfunctions of neurochemistry; synaptic or cellular metabolism; or genetic encoding and 'learning', or LTP, hence there is a clear role for the interaction of neuropharmacology and behavioural and environmental modification.Future advances in treatment in behavioural medicine will be pharmacological and neurophysiological. As the field of behavioural medicine expands, its paradigm will enlarge to include combination therapy and the implementation of neuropharmacological intervention as a diagnostic tool. At present, the veterinary practitioner can effectively aid many common behavioural problems using extant drugs to treat animals with true behavioural pathology. Rational pharmacological therapy requires complete medical and behavioural histories, requisite laboratory work, complete client understanding and compliance, and an honest and ongoing dialogue between the client and veterinarian that includes frequent follow-ups and re-examinations.
Solution structure of a parallel-stranded G-quadruplex DNA.

This paper reports on the solution structure of a parallel-stranded G-quadruplex formed by the Tetrahymena telomeric sequence d(T-T-G-G-G-G-T) whose NMR parameters in potassium cation containing solution were previously published from our laboratory. The structure was determined by combining a quantitative analysis of the NMR data with molecular dynamics calculations including relaxation matrix refinement. The combined NMR-computational approach yielded a set of seven distance-refined structures with pairwise RMSDs ranging from 0.66 to 1.30 A for the central G-G-G-G tetranucleotide segment. Four of the seven structures were refined further using complete relaxation-matrix calculations to yield solution structures with pairwise RMSDs ranging from 0.64 to 1.04 A for the same tetranucleotide segment. The R-factors also decreased on proceeding from the distance-refined to relaxation matrix-refined structures. The four strands of the G-quadruplex are aligned in parallel and are related by a 4-fold symmetry axis coincident with the helix axis. Individual guanines from each strand form planar G.G.G.G tetrad arrangements with each tetrad stabilized by eight hydrogen bonds involving the Watson-Crick and Hoogsteen edges of the guanine bases. All guanines adopt anti glycosidic torsion angles and S type sugar puckers in this right-handed parallel-stranded G-quadruplex structure. The four G.G.G.G tetrad planes stack on each other with minimal overlap of adjacent guanine base planes within individual strands. The thymine residues are under-defined in the solution structure of the d(T-T-G-G-G-G-T) G-quadruplex and sample amongst multiple conformations in solution.
Pressure Immobilization Bandages Not Indicated in the Pre-hospital Management of North American Snakebites

To the Editor, We would like to express our concern regarding the “2010 American Heart Association and American Red Cross Guidelines for First Aid” [1] which was published in the October 2010 issue of the journal Circulation. While overall the guidelines are well written and evidence-based, we strongly disagree with the recommendations regarding pre-hospital management of snakebite victims. Specifically, the guidelines recommending the application of a pressure immobilization bandage for both neurotoxic and non-neurotoxic American snakes. The authors cite a study by Bush and colleagues, which demonstrated that pressure immobilization is associated with delayed mortality in a porcine model of rattlesnake envenomation [2]. However, tissue injury and necrosis, rather than mortality, is the primary toxicity associated with North American rattlesnake envenomations. The application of a pressure immobilization bandage may exacerbate local tissue injury and, as demonstrated in Dr. Bush’s study, may increase intracompartmental pressure, creating a surgical emergency when one did not otherwise exist. It should be noted that the very paper the guidelines cite in support of this intervention concludes “on the basis of our findings, we cannot recommend pressure immobilization widely for viper envenomation” [2]. Based on the absence of evidence for improved outcome following application of pressure immobilization devices in patients with pit viper bites and the potential risk of increased tissue injury, we advise against the use of such devices. We ask that all medical toxicologists and other experts in management of snake envenomation continue to educate and advise pre-hospital providers against the use of pressure immobilization devices in North American snakebite victims.
Lessons learned from the deadly sisters: drug and alcohol treatment disruption, and consequences from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita.

This paper reports on the effects of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita on drug and alcohol treatment in Texas in 2005–2006. Findings are based on a secondary analysis of administrative data on 567 hurricane-related admissions and on interview data from a sample of 20 staff in 11 treatment programs. Katrina evacuees differed from Rita clients in terms of demographics and primary problem substances and treatment needs, while the experiences of program staff and needed changes to improve disaster readiness were more similar. Additional systematic research is needed to document the intermediate and long-term impacts of the storms in these and other affected areas.
The Photo-Electric Effect of Caesium Vapor

Long wave-length limit for photo-electric emission from caesium vapor.---Using a special quartz tube and taking precautions to avoid photo-electric emission from the electrodes, a narrow beam of nearly monochromatic light of gradually decreasing wave-length, was focused on the hot caesium vapor, and it was found that above 3220 A the emission was zero, between 3220 and 3145 A the emission changed linearly because of the width of the slit used, and below 3145 A the emission was practically constant. The mean, 3180 A, is taken as the critical wave-length. This is evidently identical with the convergence wave-length 3184.28 A, which is related to the ionization potential ${V}_{i}$ according to the equation ${V}_{i}=\frac{\mathrm{hc}}{e{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{i}}$. Therefore the separation of an electron from a caesium atom requires the same amount of work whether produced by an impinging electron or by absorption of light.
Advances in alkaline earth-nitrogen chemistry

Abstract This article provides a concise summary of alkaline earth metal nitrogen chemistry. This important area of s-block metal chemistry is shedding important light on the recent development of alkaline earth metal chemistry, as the preparation of the target compounds utilizes a large variety of synthetic methodology. Further, the compounds have been utilized in a range of applications, including polymerization initiation, catalysis, as solid-state precursors, and even high energy materials.
CSN1 inhibits c-Jun phosphorylation and down-regulates ectopic expression of JNK1.

CSN1 is a component of the COP9 signalosome (CSN), a conserved protein complex with pleiotropic functions in many organs and cell types. CSN regulates ubiquitinproteasome dependent protein degradation via the deneddylation and the associated deubiquitination activities. In addition, CSN associates with protein kinases and modulates cell signaling, particularly the activator protein 1 (AP-1) pathway. We have shown previously that CSN1 suppresses AP-1 transcription activity and inhibits ultraviolet (UV) and serum activation of c-fos expression. Here we show that CSN1 can inhibit phosphorylation of proto-oncogene c-Jun product and repress c-Jun dependent transcription. Further, CSN1 dramatically downregulates ectopic expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) in cultured cells. The decline in JNK1 is not caused by excessive proteolysis or by 3′ UTR-dependent mRNA instability, but by CSN1-dependent repression of one or multiple steps in transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. Thus, in contrast to CSN5/Jab1, which promotes AP-1 activity, CSN1 displays a negative effect on the AP-1 pathway. Finally, we discuss about the dynamic equilibrium of the CSN complexes in regulation of the AP-1 pathway.
Wireless propagation measurements for astronaut body area network

Existing space suits use conventional wired sensors that collect very limited physiological data to monitor health of astronauts during missions. Adding more wired sensors would involve significant modifications and complexity to the suit. Deploying a wireless body area network (WBAN) is preferred and would provide a number of advantages such as flexibility in sensor complement and positioning. This paper investigates the performance of intra-space suit wireless propagation using a full-scale space suit model that is built with electrical properties similar to that of a real space suit. The performance is characterized by quantifying the channel path loss at three frequencies: 315 MHz, 433 MHz and 916 MHz. Using a top-hat monopole antenna that is conformal to the human body and excites dominant coaxial waveguide modes, we measure path loss associated with various transmitter-receiver locations. The results demonstrate that the intra-suit environment is quite conducive to radio propagation, although there are substantial differences in path loss for the different frequency bands.
Finite-dimensional approximation for optimal fixed-order compensation of distributed parameter systems

In controlling distributed parameter systems it is often desirable to obtain low-order, finite-dimensional controllers in order to minimize real-time computational requirements. Standard approaches to this problem employ model/controller reduction techniques in conjunction with LQG theory. In this paper we consider the finite-dimensional approximation of the infinite-dimensional Bernstein/Hyland optimal projection theory. This approach yields fixed-finite-order controllers which are optimal with respect to high-order, approximating, finite-dimensional plant models. The technique is illustrated by computing a sequence of first-order controllers for one-dimensional, single-input/single-output, parabolic (heat/diffusion) and hereditary systems using spline-based, Ritz-Galerkin, finite element approximation. Numerical studies indicate convergence of the feedback gains with less than 2 percent performance degradation over full-order LQG controllers for the parabolic system and 10 percent degradation for the hereditary system.
Blood Pressure Dipping and Urban Stressors in Young Adult African Americans

Background Blunted nocturnal blood pressure (BP) dipping is an early marker of cardiovascular risk that is prevalent among African Americans.
Temporal pattern of neurogenesis in spinal cord of rat. I. An autoradiographic study--time and sites of origin and migration and settling patterns of neuroblasts.

Abstract Neurogenesis was studied in the spinal cord of the rat with [3H]thymidine autoradiography. The neurons originated during days 11–16 of gestation with a systematic temporal lag along the ventrodorsal axes. Correlated with this was the sequential origin of the 3 major populations of neurons. The motor neurons originated between days 11–13 of gestation, the neurons of the intermediate gray region between days 12–15, and the neurons of substantia gelatinosa between days 14–16. Based upon the above ‘time table’, changes in the neural tube during the period of genesis of the various populations was observed with short-survival [3H]thymidine autoradiography. Throughout the entire period of neuronogenesis, the neuroblasts migrated from the ventricular zone (proliferating layer) in a systematic temporal and spatial pattern along these axes, which in turn imparted order to the settling of neuroblasts in the surrounding intermediate zone. Motor neuroblasts originated from the most ventral aspect of the ventricular zone and were organized in columns along the longitudinal axis. The neuroblasts of the intermediate gray region originated from the progressively more dorsal levels of the ventricular zone and settled medially and dorsally upon the columns of motor neuroblasts and subsequently upon their own predecessors. The neuroblasts of the substantia gelatinosa, the last population to form, originated from the more dorsal aspects of the ventricular zone and, in contrast to their predecessors, migrated through and settled distally upon their predecessors.
Lightning-Induced Remanent Magnetic Anomalies in Low-Altitude Aeromagnetic Data

A low altitude helicopter magnetic survey for unexploded ordnance in New Mexico revealed several magnetic anomalies that were most likely induced by lightning strikes. Lightning-strike magnetic anomalies are not necessarily rare, but may be spaced so widely as to make their detection unlikely in a ground survey. Detailed examples are not often reported because ground geophysical surveys may not cover enough area to detect one, and traditional airborne surveys, which do cover large areas, are carried out at an altitude and line spacing which does not appropriately define the unusual shape of the lightning strike anomaly. However, very low-level (1–3m altitude) airborne magnetic surveys have data densities similar to ground geophysical surveys, yet cover much larger areas. Lightning anomalies appear in magnetic data as radial arms emanating from a central strike point. Each arm has distinct positive and negative lobes. Anomaly amplitudes in the New Mexico survey area ranged from roughly −30to+30nT∕m, and th...
Regression Model with Ordinal Predictor Subject to Measurement Error

Abstract We consider estimation of and β in the model , where ξ is an ordinal predictor measured with error. Our method requires an auxiliary sample for information about the measurement error distribution. The estimates are shown to be consistent and asymptotically normal, and seem to perform well in samples of moderate size.
Business Technology Strategy for a: Specialty Chemicals Company

This paper focuses on the development of a business technology strategy for a large global specialty chemicals company. The requirement was to develop a strategy that aligned with the company's business strategy, which is not an uncommon requirement for business technology strategies in the 21st century. The expectation was that information technology IT would cross the operation-to-strategic chasm and start to generate some significant ROI. The paper explores the elements of the "strategic strategy" versus an "operational strategy" as well as ongoing challenges to make both operational and strategic technology work. The authors illustrate a number of strategy development principles that students should internalize as they assess other cases and develop their own business technology strategies.
GONADOTROPIC ACTION OF NORMAL MALE URINE EXTRACT ON THE DOG

The presence has been suggested (1, 2, 3, 4), of a gonadotropic substance in normal male urine, comparable to the anterior-pituitary-like folliclestimulating hormone found in menopause urine. Follicle stimulation in immature rats has been produced with this extract (5) as well as an increase in the weight of the mouse uterus (6). In both instances the action of the extract was comparable to menopause or castrate urine extract. However, Katzman (7), while advocating that gonadotropic substances can be obtained from the urine of normal males, was not able to produce ovarian enlargement with his extract. Furthermore, the urine of males and females with essential hypertension has been found to contain a prolan-A-like substance which causes hypertrophy of the uterus and ovary in the rat, whereas normal urine gave only moderate responses, and it was concluded that, if present at all, the quantity was very small (8). Extracts of the urine of male castrates (9) and young men with vegetative disturbances (10) also...
The influence of “time-out” on stutterers and their dysfluency

This study tested the hypothesis that stuttering could be manipulated by contingently stimulating such behavior with a period of “time-out” from speaking. Eight young adult stutterers performed five massed oral readings of matched passages in two different conditions. In one condition, 10 sec of time-out was applied contingent upon the occurrence of stutterings. No contingency was administered in the other (control) condition. Statistical analyses revealed that stuttering decreased significantly in both conditions. However, dysfluency diminished more rapidly, and to a greater degree in the time-out situation. In discussing how time-out affected them, six of the eight subjects reported that it helped them relax. One stutterer viewed the contingency as an “alerting” signal while the remaining subject felt it connoted disapproval. Apparently, time-out does not act as a punisher for all stutterers. Whatever the case, time-out would seem to be a contingency that is capable of shaping stuttering behavior.