cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Virtual mirror by fusing multiple RGB-D cameras

Mirror is possibly the most common optical device in our everyday life. Rendering a virtual mirror using a joint camera-display system has a wide range of applications from cosmetics to medicine. Existing works focus primarily on simple modification of the mirror images of body parts and provide no or limited range of viewpoint dependent rendering. In this paper, we propose a framework for rendering mirror images from a virtual mirror based on 3D point clouds and color texture captured from a network of structured-light RGB-D cameras. We validate our models by comparing the results with a real mirror. Commodity structured-light cameras often have missing and erroneous depth data which directly affect the quality of the rendering. We address this problem via a novel probabilistic model that accurately separates foreground objects from background scene before correcting the erroneous depth data. We experimentally demonstrate that our depth correction algorithm outperforms other state-of-the-art techniques.
Medical Screenings in Dental Settings

Methods: A self-administered 8-item questionnaire was given to a convenience sample of adult patients attending an inner-city dental school clinic and two private practice settings. A 5-point response scale was utilized. Wilcoxon–Mann– Whitney tests and t-tests were used to compare responses between study groups. Friedman nonparametric analysis of variance was used to compare response items within each question.
Partial Deficiency of Surfactant Protein B in an Infant With Chronic Lung Disease

Objective. To evaluate components of pulmonary surfactant and identify mutations in the surfactant protein B gene (SP-B) of a term infant with severe respiratory distress and chronic lung disease. Patient and Testing. Respiratory distress developed in an infant delivered at term, and he required extracorporeal bypass support for 2 weeks. Until his unexpected death at 9.5 months, he was ventilator and oxygen dependent and required continual dexamethasone therapy. Tracheobronchial lavage samples were analyzed for content of surfactant proteins (SPs), and DNA from blood samples were sequenced and analyzed by polymerase chain reaction restriction analysis for the presence of SP-B gene mutations. Surfactant lipid composition and function, the contents of SPs and their messenger RNAs (mRNAs), and the immunostaining pattern for SPs were determined in postmortem lung tissue. Results. The lavage sample contained SP-A but not SP-B, and DNA restriction analysis indicated that the patient and his mother were heterozygous for the previously described 121ins2 mutation of SP-B. Postmortem lung tissue contained normal levels of SP-A and its mRNA, a low but detectable level of SP-B, and near normal content of SP-B mRNA. SP-C was abundant on staining, and some 6-kd precursor was present in tissue. A surfactant fraction was deficient in phosphatidylglycerol and was not surface active. On DNA sequencing, a point mutation was found in exon 7 of the patient9s SP-B gene allele without the 121ins2 mutation, resulting in a cysteine for arginine substitution, and the father was a carrier for the same mutation. Conclusions. We describe a patient who is a compound heterozygote with a new mutation and only a partial deficiency of SP-B. Some forms of inherited SP-B deficiency may have low expression of immunoreactive and possibly functional SP-B with milder lung disease and longer survival. These infants may benefit from glucocorticoid therapy and may not develop antibodies to SP-B after either lung transplant or gene therapy.
Collegiate Attitudes toward Suicide: New Zealand and United States:

Attitudes toward suicide, as assessed by the Suicide Opinion Questionnaire (SOQ), were evaluated in samples of New Zealand (N = 236) and United States (N = 248) college students. Substantial differences were found, with New Zealand students attitudinally perceiving to a greater degree a relationship between suicide and mental illness, perceiving suicide as less serious, agreeing with the right to take one's life, and seeing suicide in a more religious context and as a less impulsive, less “normal,” and more moral action.
State trajectories in Hilbert resolution spaces

We introduce a realization of the minimal state factorization for operators in Hilbert resolution spaces. Our realization identifies the minimal state with a subspace of the Hilbert space. The state trajectories are thenH-valued functions of time. With the proposed realization we are able to prove continuity and bounded variation for the state trajectories. We also analyze factorization in the space of state trajectories and establish a three term factorization for the operator. The factorization represents all the dynamics as a map in the space of state trajectories.
Sighting accuracy using a simulated vehicle- mounted space sextant.

Navigator sighting accuracy in midcourse guidance system for manned space flight, using simulated vehicle mounted space sextant
Teachers' envisioning: A foundation for artistry

Abstract This paper presents examples of the thinking of experienced teachers, examples that illustrate some characteristics of practitioner thinking. The argument is made that teacher education pays too little attention to a coherent conception of knowledge that would elucidate the development and refinement of practitioner thinking. The work of Rubin, Schoen, and Polanyi is cited to explicate conditions that could lead to the creation of artistic and reflective practice by improving practitioner thinking.
Left Ventricular Subendocardial Necrosis

The hearts of as many as 90% of patients who die after open-heart operations have left ventricular subendocardial necrosis. This form of myocardial infarction depresses myocardial performance postoperatively and may result in late myocardial fibrosis. It occurs without anatomical obstruction of the coronary arteries and is caused by a discrepancy between subendocardial oxygen supply and demand during the perioperative period. This review of subendocardial necrosis summarizes the author's current understanding of: (1) why the subendocardium is especially vulnerable to this injury; (2) how to predict which patients are most susceptible to it; (3) how interventions before, during, and after extracorporeal circulation can either contribute to it, minimize its severity, or prevent it; and (4) where future study of this problem should be directed.
Cryopreservation of Composite Tissue Transplants

Composite tissue allotransplantation holds great promise for upper extremity reconstruction but is limited by donor part availability. Cryopreservation may increase the availability of donor parts and even reduce antigenicity. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the viability of cryopreserved composite tissues and to demonstrate the feasibility of microvascular isotransplantation of cryopreserved composite flaps. Twenty epigastric flaps were harvested from Lewis rats. Ten flaps were analyzed fresh. Ten flaps were perfused with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/trehelose cryoprotectant agent (CPA), frozen by controlled cooling to −140°C, and stored for 2 weeks. Flaps were evaluated by factor VIII endothelial staining and MTT tetrazolium salt assay. For the in vivo phase, 30 flaps were harvested. Ten were transplanted fresh to isogenetic recipient animals, ten were perfused with CPA and transplanted, and ten were cryopreserved for 2 weeks, thawed, and transplanted. All cryopreserved samples displayed intact vascular endothelia on factor VIII staining. On MTT analysis, the epithelial viability index for the cryopreserved samples was not significantly different from fresh controls (p = 0.12). All freshly transplanted flaps (10/10) were viable at 60 days. Nine of ten flaps in the perfused/transplanted group were viable at 60 days. Survival of cryopreserved/transplanted flaps ranged from 5 to 60 days. The skin and vascular endothelial components of composite tissue flaps appear to retain their viability after cryopreservation. The in vivo studies demonstrate that the long-term survival of cryopreserved composite tissue transplants is feasible and support an indirect injury, rather than direct injury from freezing or cryoprotectant agents, as the mechanism of flap loss.
Expanding the Confrontation Clause and Testimonial Hearsay Statements: Michigan v. Bryant

In its 2010 term, the U.S. Supreme Court elaborated on law enforcement procedures in their decision of Michigan v. Bryant (2011) by analyzing the Sixth Amendment’s Confrontation Clause regarding st...
Electricity sector reform and generators as a source of backup power: The case of India

Abstract In India, many firms rely on their own generators, often diesel, as a secondary source of power to guard themselves against frequent outages in the national electricity grid. In 2003, the Government of India implemented a national reform to enhance the efficiency of the electricity grid. How did firm ownership of generators respond to this? We analyze data from the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys, with more than a thousand firms surveyed first in 2002 and then again in 2005 for generator ownership and potential explanatory variables. We show that although the use of generators decreased in the years following the reform, the response was heterogeneous. Large firms and exporters continued to rely on generators upon reform, while small firms and domestic producers reduced their reliance on diesel generators. These findings suggest that large firms and exporters value the insurance against outages that generators provide more than small firms and domestic producers. If India is to reduce the reliance on generators of key firms in the national economy, further improvements in the electricity sector are needed.
Rapid photoresponses in the retina and their relevance to vision research.

— An intense short flash stimulus gives rise to transient electrical responses of about a millisecond duration from vertebrate and some invertebrate retinas. Some aspects of these rapid retinal responses are reviewed. It is concluded that they probably represent electrical expressions of photochemical events or events closely associated with photochemistry of visual pigment, that they do not represent the excitation of the photoreceptors per se, and that still unidentified, silent processes intervene between them and the excitation of the photo-receptor. The fact that photochemical events produce movements of charges, which result in these responses, is of interest in itself. Moreover, these responses present us with a relatively simple and effective technique for probing the role of visual pigment in visual excitation in the intact retina.
RNA Binding-independent Dimerization of Adenosine Deaminases Acting on RNA and Dominant Negative Effects of Nonfunctional Subunits on Dimer Functions

RNA editing that converts adenosine to inosine in double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is mediated by adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADAR). ADAR1 and ADAR2 form respective homodimers, and this association is essential for their enzymatic activities. In this investigation, we set out experiments aiming to determine whether formation of the homodimer complex is mediated by an amino acid interface made through protein-protein interactions of two monomers or via binding of the two subunits to a dsRNA substrate. Point mutations were created in the dsRNA binding domains (dsRBDs) that abolished all RNA binding, as tested for two classes of ADAR ligands, long and short dsRNA. The mutant ADAR dimer complexes were intact, as demonstrated by their ability to co-purify in a sequential affinity-tagged purification and also by their elution at the dimeric fraction position on a size fractionation column. Our results demonstrated ADAR dimerization independent of their binding to dsRNA, establishing the importance of protein-protein interactions for dimer formation. As expected, these mutant ADARs could no longer perform their catalytic function due to the loss in substrate binding. Surprisingly, a chimeric dimer consisting of one RNA binding mutant monomer and a wild type partner still abolished its ability to bind and edit its substrate, indicating that ADAR dimers require two subunits with functional dsRBDs for binding to a dsRNA substrate and then for editing activity to occur.
Colors and magnitudes of quasar host galaxies at high redshift

We discuss the results so far of a program to image in the rest-frame optical and near-UV the host galaxies of a sample of 5 high redshift (z ~ 2–3) radio-quiet quasars with nuclear luminosities lower than most samples studied at high z. We found that in the rest-frame optical the hosts have luminosities of about L*, comparable to the Lyman break galaxies at similar redshifts. From the rest-frame UV imaging, we can derive optical–UV colors, and find they show a great deal of variation, but may be somewhat redder and less starforming than the LBGs. We are supplementing this work at high z with study of the hosts of z ~ 1 radio-quiet quasars with similar low nuclear luminosities.
Benthic oxygen demand in Lake Apopka, Florida

Abstract The benthic oxygen demand of Lake Apopka, Florida was determined using laboratory core uptake and flow through system techniques. The core-uptake for 5 stations in Lake Apopka averaged 67 mg O2 m−2-h and partitioning experiments indicated that the oxygen uptake was primarily biological, with bacterial respiration dominating. No significant statistical correlations were found between core oxygen uptake rates and TKN levels (r = 0.33), percent volatile solids (r = 0.49), or macroinvertebrate densities (r = 0.59). Sediment oxygen uptake rates (DB) were logarithmically related to flow rate in the following form DB = − A + B In flow. Flow-through system sediment oxygen uptake at each station approached similar maximum uptake rates of 130 mg O2 m−2-h at high (> 200 l h−1) flow rates. Lake Apopka is an extremely shallow, wind mixed system and sediment uptake rates are expected to approximate this value during periods of intense wind mixing. The relatively low sediment uptake rates obtained for Lake Apopka, a hypereutrophic lake, supports the view that during eutrophication sediment respiration is progressively replaced by respiration in the water column.
Contribution to the temperature dependence of the exchange interaction by modulation of the exchange integral in CrBr3

Abstract The direct modulation of the overlap integral by optical phonons through two independent paths is shown to contribute to the temperature dependence of the symmetric exchange interaction in CrBr3.
Laws of the iterated logarithm for symmetric stable processes

Let X(t) be a symmetric stable process of index α> 1 with local time L(t, x) and define R(t)=¦{x:X(s)=x for some s≦t}¦ and L *(t) = sup{L(t, x): x∈ℝ1}. We prove that $$\begin{gathered} \mathop {\lim \sup }\limits_{t \to \infty } t^{ - 1/\alpha } (\log \log {\text{t}})^{ - (1 - 1/\alpha )} R(t) = c_1 {\text{ a}}{\text{.s}}{\text{.}} \hfill \\ \mathop {\lim \inf }\limits_{t \to \infty } t^{ - (1 - 1/\alpha )} (\log \log {\text{t}})^{1 - 1/\alpha } L*(t) = c_2 {\text{ a}}{\text{.s}}{\text{.}} \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ where c 1, c 2∈(0, ∞). A law of the iterated logarithm is also given for X(t) when its large jumps are excluded.
Community Metabolism in Microbial Mats: The Occurrence of Biologically-mediated Iron and Manganese Reduction

Abstract Community metabolism and nutrient, iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) cycling were examined in two intertidal, marine, microbial mat communities during short (4–5 days) incubations in closed, flow-through microcosms. Sediment microcosms were incubated under either light (light–dark cycles) or dark (continuous darkness) conditions to assess the effect(s) of photosynthetic oxygen production and microalgal activity on nutrient, Fe and Mn cycling. The effects of chemical redox reactions between reduced sulphur (S), Fe and Mn cycling were examined by blocking sulphate reduction, and reduced S production, with 25 mM molybdate while incubating under dark conditions. In light-incubated microcosms, negligible fluxes of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and trace metals were observed. A substantial sediment–water flux of reduced Fe (Fe 2+ ) and Mn (Mn 2+ ) was observed in microcosms incubated under continuous darkness; highest fluxes were observed in molybdate-amended microcosms. At both sites, biologically-mediated redox reactions accounted for a substantial (>50%) portion of the Fe 2+ and Mn 2+ flux. Both microbial mat communities exhibited similar rates of gross photosynthetic oxygen (O 2 ) production, but dramatically different rates of net benthic O 2 flux. Distinct patterns of net O 2 production and trace metal cycling arose from differences in either trace metal oxide availability or reactivity (mineralogy), organic carbon mineralization rates, or sediment characteristics (porosity). Variations in the microbial community responsible for trace metal cycling could have also contributed to the pattern. The present data illustrate that chemically-mediated redox reactions between metal oxides and reduced S complicate interpretation of Fe and Mn fluxes, underscoring the need to separate chemical and biological reactions when attempting to determine the role of biological trace metal reduction in organic carbon oxidation.
Synthesis and hydrogen-evolution activity of tungsten selenide thin films deposited on tungsten foils

Thin films of WSe_2 have been deposited onto a conductive substrate (tungsten foil) using a relatively simple chemical-vapor-transport technique. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy indicated that the films consisted of micron-sized single crystals of WSe_2 that were oriented perpendicular to the surface of the tungsten foil substrate. Linear sweep voltammetry was used to assess the ability of the WSe_2 films to catalyze the hydrogen-evolution reaction and chronopotentiometry was used to gauge the temporal stability of the catalytic performance of the films under cathodic conditions. A 350 mV overpotential (η) was required to drive the hydrogen-evolution reaction at a current density of −10 mA cm^(−2) in aqueous 0.5 M H_2SO_4, representing a significant improvement in catalytic performance relative to the behavior of macroscopic WSe_2 single crystals. The WSe_2 thin films were relatively stable under catalytic conditions, with the overpotential changing by only ∼10 mV after one hour and exhibiting an additional change of ∼5mV after another hour of operation.
Nanoparticle Removal Using Laser Induced Plasma Shockwaves

Nano-scale substrate cleanliness is an essential requirement in variety of nanotechnology applications. Currently, the detachment and removal of sub-100nm particles is of a particular interest and challenge in semiconductor manufacture, lithography, and nanotechnology. The proposed particle removal technique based on pressure shock waves generated by a laser induced plasma (LIP) core is of interest in various nano/micro fabrication applications in which the minimum feature size has been reducing rapidly. Any removal technique adopted in a fabrication process must be on the same shrinking feature reduction curve since, for device reliability, the minimum tolerable foreign particle size on a substrate depends on the minimum feature size on a nano/micro-system or device. In recent years, we have demonstrated that nanoparticles can be detached and removed from substrates using LIP shock wavefronts. While we have experimentally established the effectiveness of the LIP technique for removing nanoparticles in the sub-100nm range, the removal mechanisms were not well-understood. In the current work, we introduce a set of novel removal mechanisms based on moment resistance of the particle-substrate bond and discuss their effectiveness and applicability in laser-induced plasma shock nanoparticle removal. To gain better understanding for the detachment mechanisms, the resultant force and rolling moment induced on the nanoparticle by the LIP shockwave front need to be determined. Since, for sub-100nm nanoparticles, the Knudsen number Kn exceeds 0.1, the applicability of the Navier-Stokes equations for the gas motion becomes questionable as the continuum assumption for the medium breaks down due to the invalidity of the transport terms in these equations. Detachment and detachment mechanisms of nanoparticles from flat surfaces subjected to shockwaves are investigated by employing molecular gas dynamic simulations using the direct simulation Monte Carlo method and experimental transient pressure data. Two new mechanisms for nanoparticle detachment based on rolling moment resistance of the adhesion bond and the elastic restitution effect are introduced. As a result of present simulations, it is computationally demonstrated that the pulsed laser-induced shockwaves can generate sufficient rolling moments to detach sub-100nm particles and initiate removal. The transient moment exerted on a 60nm polystyrene latex (PSL) particle on a silicon substrate are presented and discussed.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Spontaneous multiple mutations show both proximal spacing consistent with chronocoordinate events and alterations with p53-deficiency.

Analysis of spontaneous multiple mutations in normal and tumor cells may constrain hypotheses about the mechanisms responsible for multiple mutations and provide insight into the mutator phenotype. In a previous study, spontaneous doublets in Big Blue® mice were dramatically more frequent than expected by chance and exhibited a mutation pattern similar to that observed for single mutations [Mutat. Res. 452 (2000) 219]. The spacing between mutations in doublets was generally closer than expected by chance and the distribution of mutation spacing fit an exponential, albeit with substantial scatter. We now analyze 2658 additional mutants and confirm that doublets are enhanced dramatically relative to chance expectation. The spacing, frequency and pattern of spontaneous doublets and multiplets (domuplets) are examined as a function of age, tissue type, p53-deficiency and neoplasia in the new and combined data. The new and combined data confirm that the distribution of the spacing between mutations in doublets is non-random with the mutations more closely spaced than expected by chance (P < 0.0005; combined data), consistent with temporally coordinate (chronocoordinate) events. An exponential provides an excellent fit to the distribution (R 2 = 0.98) and estimates that half of doublets have mutations separated by 120 nucleotides or less (the "half-life of mutation spacing"). We make several novel observations: (i) singlets and doublets show similar overall increases in frequency with age (ii) doublet frequency may be lower in the male germline, consistent with the generally reduced mutation frequency in the male germline (iii) doublet frequencies are elevated in somatic tissues of p53-deficient mice (Li-Fraumini cancer syndrome model; P = 0.005) and (iv) doublets and singlets in tumors from p53-deficient mice have a different mutation pattern (P = 0.007). The observations are consistent with chronocoordinate occurrence of spontaneous doublets and multiplets due to a transient error-prone condition and do not suggest a major role for the recently discovered Y family of error-prone polymerases. The enhancement of doublets in p53-deficient mice may contribute to cancer risk.
Spatially developing secondary instabilities in compressible swept airfoil boundary layers

Two-dimensional eigenvalue analysis is used on a massive scale to study the spatial instabilities of compressible shear flows with two inhomogeneous directions. The main focus of the study is crossflow dominated swept-wing boundary layers although the methodology can also be applied to study other types of flows, such as the attachment-line flow. Certain unique aspects of formulating a spatial, two-dimensional eigenvalue problem for the secondary instability of finite amplitude crossflow vortices are discussed, namely, fixing the spatial growth direction unambiguously through a non-orthogonal formulation of the linearized disturbance equations. A primary test case used for parameter study corresponds to Numerical results are presented for the low-speed, NLF-0415(b) airfoil configuration as tested in the ASU Unsteady Wind Tunnel, wherein a spanwise periodic array of roughness elements was placed near the leading edge in order to excite stationary crossflow modes with a specified fundamental wavelength. The two classes of flow conditions selected for this analysis include those for which the roughness array spacing corresponds to either the naturally dominant crossflow wavelength, or a subcritical wavelength that serves to reduce the growth of the naturally excited dominant crossflow modes. Numerical predictions are compared with the measured database, both as indirect validation for the spatial instability analysis and to provide a basis for comparison with a higher Reynolds number, supersonic swept-wing configuration. Application of the eigenvalue analysis to the supersonic configuration reveals that a broad spectrum of stationary crossflow modes can sustain sufficiently strong secondary instabilities as to potentially cause transition over this configuration. In particular, the control mode itself, if initiated with too large an amplitude, may lead to an earlier transition.
'FITNESS' AND SOME EXPLANATORY PATTERNS IN BIOLOGY

The paper has three parts or sections. The introduction will consist of a brief outline of the relevance of theories of fitness to some current problems concerning the nature of explanation in the biological or life sciences. The next section of the paper considers a collection of puzzles concerning the meanings of 'fitness' and the explanation of organic functions. Subsequently, an effort is made to detect a common problem atic theme in these puzzles and to employ it in the determination of those areas of current biological investigations which might most profitably be subjected to philosophical or methodological analysis.
Assymmetry of temperature and concentration profiles in porous catalyst particles

Abstract The character of asymmetric solutions in porous catalysts involving internal and external transport limitations is analysed. Whenever uniqueness of the solution holds, symmetry exists. When solutions have multiplicity, a sufficient condition for symmetry is that the Sherwood and Nusselt numbers must be equal. This includes the simple case of uniformly constant surface concentrations and temperature. However, in the more general and realistic case of unequal Sherwood and Nusselt numbers, it is suggested that some of the solutions may be highly asymmetrical. It is proposed that the difference between these numbers may be used as a measure of asymmetry.
Nanoparticles to tune mechanical properties of adhesive and polymeric matrix: An inspiration from nature

Adhesive property of natural system is of great interest for engineering innovation. While this has led to intense scrutiny of gecko footpad setae, other biological adhesion systems also draw big attention, such as marine mussel, barnacle, and more recently, ivy plants. With recent discovery of the role of nanoparticles in nature adhesives, it is of interest to characterize the role of nanoparticles in the adhesive or related systems. This study focused on understanding the effect of nanoparticles as fillers on the mechanical properties of adhesive or polymeric matrix. Specifically, we investigated the effect of concentration, size and distribution of nanoparticles as fillers in the silicone matrix or polysaccharide adhesive. The ultimate goal of this study is to exploit simple methods to improve the mechanical performance of adhesive or polymeric matrix in applications in complicated conditions or environments, such as in the field of medicine.
Discovery of new pyridoacridine alkaloids from Lissoclinum cf. badium that inhibit the ubiquitin ligase activity of Hdm2 and stabilize p53

Compounds that stabilize p53 could suppress tumors providing a additional tool to fight cancer. Mdm2, and the human ortholog, Hdm2 serve as ubiquitin E3 ligases and target p53 for ubiquitylation and degradation. Inhibition of Hdm2 stabilizes p53, inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis. Using HTS to discover inhibitors, we identified three new alkaloids, isolissoclinotoxin B, diplamine B, and lissoclinidine B from Lissoclinum cf. badium. Lissoclinidine B inhibited ubiquitylation and degradation of p53, and selectively killed transformed cells harboring wild-type p53, suggesting this compound could be used to develop new treatments.
Consciousness beyond Anaesthesia

SUMMARYConsciousness is an important marker in the progress of general anaesthesia, the Mind's final integrator of various awareness states subject to drug depression. Awareness contributes to, but is not the equivalent of, consciousness; in fact, by preserving certain forms of awareness as others are depressed, unconsciousness is stabilized. While the hallmark of good anaesthesia practice includes absence of physical or psychological injury with no mental recall, not all drugs that induce a loss of consciousness are able to block memory-recording. Disregard of this dichotomy may lead to tragedy. In attempting to unravel the relationship between what distinguishes awareness from consciousness and the Mind, neurobiologists have followed brain response circuits evoked by various physical and mental stimuli. These suggest that thought, personality, emotions and even the Mind must be chemically mediated processes. Nevertheless, over millennia, mankind has experienced events that question a purely electrochemi...
Secondary Electron Emission from Copper and Copper Oxide Surfaces

Secondary electron emission from copper and copper oxide.---A four-electrode tube of cylindrical symmetry was used in which electrons from a central equipotential Wehnelt cathode could be accelerated through holes in two grids, bombard the outer cylinder, the "plate," and cause the emission of secondary electrons which would either return to the plate or go to the grid according to the relative potentials. From the ratio of the plate currents when all and when none of the secondaries returned, the number of secondaries per primary electron was determined for pure copper and found to increase rapidly with the energy of impact at first but less and less rapidly as the accelerating voltage was increased, reaching the values 0.65 and 1.25 for 100 and 750 volts respectively. The surface of the copper plate directly opposite the holes in the grid gradually became blackened due to the formation of oxide, and as this layer of oxide increased in thickness the relative number of secondaries increased, whereas when the layer was reduced with hydrogen the relative number decreased toward the value for pure copper. Variation with temperature. By means of an auxiliary heating coil the plate was heated up to 450\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} C., care being taken to prevent leakage through the heated insulation, but the relative number of secondaries was found to be independent of the temperature. Some evidence was obtained of the presence of a small number of high speed secondaries, reflected or re-emitted with speeds comparable with that of the primary electrons.
Kam Tori Normal Coordinates

The solution to motion in the vicinity of a KAM torus is constructed. Applying both the KAM theorem and assuming that Hamiltonian motion holds on at least a Cantor set of adjacent tori, the local linearization of a KAM torus can be constructed. A set of eigenvalue-like quantities must be determined to produce a description of local motion that remains bounded. The local motion near a KAM torus involves linear drift, and the Jordan form needs to be generalized to a full symmetric matrix.
The molecular epidemiology of influenza viruses

Abstract Historical accounts reveal that influenza viruses, whichcause a highly contagious acute respiratory illness in humans, have likely been with us for centuries. Epidemics of varying severity occur almost annually in temperate climates and are punctuated by the much less frequent but more dramatic occurrence of pandemic influenza. Studies of the molecular epidemiology of influenza viruses have yielded insights that are critical to our current understanding of how novel human influenza viruses emerge from the gene pool present among lower animals to cause pandemics of influenza. These studies have also contributed to our understanding of how these viruses, once present in the human population, are able to escape host immune surveillance and thus cause successive infections with related influenza viruses in the same individual.
Structural studies of the detergent-solubilized and vesicle-reconstituted insulin receptor.

Abstract Insulin binding to the insulin receptor initiates a cascade of cellular events that are responsible for regulating cell metabolism, proliferation, and growth. We have investigated the structure of the purified, functionally active, human insulin receptor using negative stain and cryo-electron microscopy. Visualization of the detergent-solubilized and vesicle-reconstituted receptor shows the α2β2heterotetrameric insulin receptor to be a three-armed pinwheel-like complex that exhibits considerable variability among individual receptors. The α-subunit of the receptor was labeled with an insulin analogue·streptavidin gold conjugate, which facilitated the identification of the receptor arm responsible for insulin binding. The gold label was localized to the tip of a single receptor arm of the three-armed complex. The β-subunit of the insulin receptor was labeled with a maleimide-gold conjugate, which allowed orientation of the receptor complex in the membrane bilayer. The model derived from electron microscopic studies displays a “Y”-like morphology representing the predominant species identified in the reconstituted receptor images. The insulin receptor dimensions are approximately 12.2 nm by 20.0 nm, extending 9.7 nm above the membrane surface. The β-subunit-containing arm is approximately 13.9 nm, and each α-subunit-containing arm is 8.6 nm in length. The model presented is the first description of the insulin receptor visualized in a fully hydrated state using cryo-electron microscopy.
A comparison of current food bank users, non-users and past users in a population of low income single mothers

Abstract This exploratory study was undertaken to determine which, if any, characteristics or food management behaviors differ between low income families that do or do not use a food bank for emergency food assistance. Seventy-three low income single mothers with young children were recruited through a door-to-door census and agreed to participate in a one-hour structured interview. Thirty-seven subjects were current users, 20 were non-users, and 16 were past users of the local food bank. Average income for all families was 81% of the 1989 federal poverty threshold for a family of three. Results demonstrated that current users, compared with non-users: 1) had larger households with older children; 2) purchased food more frequently in general and at a convenience store in particular; 3) were more likely to walk or take public transportation to the grocery store; 4) were less able to buy enough food with available resources; and 5) skipped meals (mothers and children) more often as a result of no food in the home. Past users were more likely to be divorced and more likely to be in school than current users. Past users were also more stigmatized by assistance program participation than current users. All three groups would turn to family first for emergency food assistance. More research is warranted, especially in the areas of: 1) frequency of food shopping and choice of shopping location related to purchase of adequate food supplies; 2) ages and number of children in the household and their effect on food security; and 3) longitudinal studies on the potential of future food bank use by non- and past users.
Products of the Imagination: Mining, Luxury, and the Romantic Artist in Heinrich von Ofterdingen

Scholars have long been interested in the relationship between capitalism and early romantic aesthetics. The following investigation offers a fresh perspective on this topic through a reconsideration of the figure of the miner and the representation of mining in Friedrich von Hardenberg's Heinrich von Ofterdingen. Rather than elucidating this representation on the basis of general concepts like alienation and instrumental rationality, as has often been the case, the essay situates mining within the context of the wide-ranging late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century debates about luxury. When contextualised along these lines, it becomes clear that Hardenberg's representation of mining is best understood as part of an effort to defend the legitimacy of literature, especially the still fragile legitimacy of the novel. Re-framing the representation of mining in the work in this way also necessitates a re-evaluation of other key aspects of the novel, most significantly, its negotiation with processes of economic modernisation and especially its stance toward an incipient consumer culture in which reading and literature play a paradigmatic role.
Plants for water recycling, oxygen regeneration and food production

During long-duration space missions that require recycling and regeneration of life support materials the major human wastes to be converted to usable forms are CO2, hygiene water, urine and feces. A Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) relies on the air revitalization, water purification and food production capabilities of higher plants to rejuvenate human wastes and replenish the life support materials. The key processes in such a system are photosynthesis, whereby green plants utilize light energy to produce food and oxygen while removing CO2 from the atmosphere, and transpiration, the evaporation of water from the plant. CELSS research has emphasized the food production capacity and efforts to minimize the area/volume of higher plants required to satisfy all human life support needs. Plants are a dynamic system capable of being manipulated to favour the supply of individual products as desired. The size and energy required for a CELSS that provides virtually all human needs are determined by the food production capacity. Growing conditions maximizing food production do not maximize transpiration of water; conditions favoring transpiration and scaling to recycle only water significantly reduces the area, volume, and energy inputs per person. Likewise, system size can be adjusted to satisfy the air regeneration needs. Requirements of a waste management system supplying inputs to maintain maximum plant productivity are clear. The ability of plants to play an active role in waste processing and the consequence in terms of degraded plant performance are not well characterized. Plant-based life support systems represent the only potential for self sufficiency and food production in an extra-terrestrial habitat.
What is a “natural” ecosystem?

It's a few days after Christmas, but I'm enjoying a warm tropical day at the top of a pyramid in the ancient Maya city of Kohunlich (in southern Quintana Roo, Mexico; Figure 1). This city is best known for its Temple of the Masks, a massive pyramid of limestone blocks, with a central stairway flanked by large, red-painted stucco masks, that was constructed around 500 CE. This visit is more than a "bucket list" experience. For most of my career, I have been interested in how various human populations have inter acted with their environment. Kohunlich is named for the cohune palm (Attalea cohune), which is abundant in the surrounding tropical forest and pro vided the Maya with food, oil, thatch, and other products (Schlesinger 2001 ). The city was established about 2000 years ago, during the Pre-Classic period, and developed as a major regional center at the intersection of several trade routes. The ruin includes more than 200 structures, most of which were built during the Early Classic period (250-600 CE). Maya engineering skill is evident in the regularly shaped and tightly placed limestone blocks, balanced multistoried dwellings, and carved doorways, but Maya culture also represented the zenith of mathematics, astronomy, agriculture, silviculture, and writ ing in the pre-Columbian New World. When active, the city would have been surrounded by fields of corn, beans, squash, and other crops, as well as orchards. The Maya cultivated sev eral forest tree species for their food or medicinal resources and conserved resources in protected forests, at least initially (Lentz and Hockaday 2009; Ross and Rangel 2011). Touching the stone blocks that were shaped and placed by these people and feeling a connection with them over the millennia is a moving experience. 1 imagine the city's thou sands of inhabitants going about their daily activities: farm ing, trading, building, cooking, and visiting with one another. What were the Maya thinking as they worked? Did they worry about crop failures? Did they anticipate that overcutting forests could lead to the collapse of their civilization (Lentz and Hockaday 2009)? Or did the Maya (like contemporary humans) take the ecosystem services including food, water, medicine, clothing, building materials, and fuel provided by the forest for granted? Maya civilization began to decline long before the appearance of European explorers, due to a combi nation of influences, including population growth, drought, deforestation, changes in agricultural practices that led to massive erosion, and warfare (Schlesinger 2001; Lentz and Hockaday 2009). The Classic Maya period ended around 900 CE. Although a few inhabited cities survived until the Spanish conquest, many cities including Kohunlich had been abandoned by that time and "reclaimed" by forest. Unfortunately, the Spanish destroyed Mayan texts that might have explained the reasons for the decline. J
Rapid renal deterioration secondary to oxalate in a patient with diabetic gastroenteropathy

We report the case of a white woman with insulin-dependent diabetes for 12 years who had rapid deterioration in renal function over a 7-month period. A renal biopsy showed widespread deposition of a polarizing crystalline material consistent with calcium oxalate. Fat malabsorption due to diabetic diarrhea was first documented 5 years earlier when renal function was normal. Chronic malabsorption can lead to chronic interstitial nephritis secondary to oxalate deposition, but rarely leads to acute deterioration in renal function. This entity should be considered in individuals with steatorrhea and no other cause for their renal failure.
Comment on the dynamic bead size and Kuhn segment length in polymers: Example of polystyrene

Discrepancies between the length of a traditionally defined Kuhn segment length (lk) and a bead size estimated from experimental data have been reported in a number of articles. In this work we emphasize that the traditional definition of the Kuhn segment is an oversimplification and the characteristic ratio, C∞, is not the only parameter that defines a bead size. We show that the dynamic bead size in polystyrene (PS) might be as large as ∼50 monomers, whereas the traditionally defined Kuhn segment is ∼8–10 monomers. It is shown that with 50 monomers (M ∼ 5000) as a size of the dynamic bead, one can explain many inconsistencies in the interpretation of compliance and mechanical relaxation data known for low-molecular weight PS. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 3505–3511, 2004
Three-dimensional bimodal buoyant flow transitions in tilted enclosures

Abstract A numerical study has been conducted to track laminar flow transitions and heat transfer characteristics in tilted three-dimensional rectangular enclosures with square differentially heated side surfaces. The bimodal flow patterns for the heated-from-below case are found to be very stable and insensitive to changes in the aspect ratios and Rayleigh numbers. Tilt of the enclosure produces a complicated three-dimensional transition which can be viewed as the combination of transitions found in transverse and longitudinal enclosures. A local minimum heat transfer has been found at a critical angle which corresponds to the transition of three-dimensional complicated flow to a unicell.
Meeting the challenge of gender equity in community college athletics

This chapter applies the new 2005 Carnegie Basic Classifications to analyze gender equity issues at community colleges using Equity and Athletic Disclosure Act data. Gender inequities were observed, and suggestions are offered to create more gender-friendly practices and improve compliance with Title IX.
Static Aeroelastic Control Using Strain Actuated Adaptive Structures

In this study, the feasibility of using representative box wing adaptive structures for static aeroelastic control is examined. A deformable typical section is uti lized to derive the optimal and suboptimal relations for induced strain actuated adaptive wings, and the relations developed are used to design representative adaptive lifting sur faces which are assessed in trade studies. The optimal relations developed showed that op timal adaptive airfoil designs are possible for some realistic configurations, and effective sub-optimal designs can be achieved for others. In addition, the important parameters associated with inducing curvature and twist, thereby altering the lifting forces on the air foil, are determined. The most important of which were found to be the airfoil thickness ratio, the actuation strain produced by the induced strain actuators, and the relative stiff ness ratio of the actuator to the wing skin for both camber and twist control. The stiffness coupling parameter and the wing aspect ...
Composition of the continental plates

The structures of continental plates and of oceanic basins suggested by several seismologists are utilized to estimate the relative volumes of sial and sima in the earth's crust. It seems that sial of the composition of the average igneous rock constitutes fully 26% and perhaps as much as 43% of the total crust. This ratio is far higher than seems likely if the sial had been entirely derived through fractional crystallization of a basaltic magma. The relative paucity of intermediate rocks as compared with granite and gabbro in the crust points in the same direction. The tentative conclusion is reached that the sial owes a large part of its volume to some process other than fractional crystallization of basalt—possibly to the emanation of low-melting constituents such as water, silica, potassa, soda, and alumina directly from the mantle to the crust.