cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An examination of dynamic ticket pricing and secondary market price determinants in Major League Baseball

Over the past several years, professional sport organizations have started to shift from cost-based ticket pricing strategies to a demand-based focus, where price considerations are driven, in part, by market demand. Dynamic ticket pricing (DTP), where prices fluctuate daily based on market factors, evolved from this transition. The motivation for DTP stems from the significant growth of the secondary ticket market, where ticket prices are almost completely demand driven. One issue with this strategy is the limited understanding of specific factors that influence dynamically priced tickets and secondary market tickets. The current study examined price determinants in the primary market where DTP has been implemented and comparable tickets in the secondary market. Four regression models were developed for this purpose. The first two models examined factors influencing dynamic ticket price. Both DTP models were found to be significant, explaining 91.4% and 70.8% of the variance in dynamic price, respectively. The second two models examined factors influencing secondary market ticket price. Both secondary market models were found to be significant, explaining 82.7% and 79.7% of the variance in secondary market price, respectively. There were many consistencies between models, including an emphasis on team and individual performance factors, ticket-related factors, and time-related factors. However, there were a number of unique aspects to each model, which may help sport managers develop pricing strategies that better reflect market demand for sport
SIMULATION OF LASER-COMPTON COOLING OF ELECTRON BEAMS

We study a method of laser-Compton cooling of electron beams. Using a Monte Carlo code, we evaluate the effects of the laser-electron interaction for transverse cooling. The optics with and without chromatic correction for the cooling are examined. The laser-Compton cooling for JLC/NLC at E0=2 GeV is considered.
Experimental Evidence for Alkali Metal Cation−π Interactions

The interaction of alkali metal ions with arenes such as benzene or substituted benzenes has been documented in a variety of ways. This paper reviews the experimental evidence that has been accumulated to document the cation-π interaction that occurs between arenes and, particularly the ions sodium and potassium.
Computer performance analysis in mixed on-line/batch workloads

Analysts may measure and analyze a mixed-workload system for a variety of reasons. As a first example, it may be necessary to cut costs by reducing equipment. Before arbitrarily removing some piece of equipment, management should determine how the on-line and batch systems will be affected. If problem areas can be identified prior to equipment removal, action can be taken to reduce any negative impact. The next decision may then involve the selection of equipment to remove. This decision could best be made if comparative data on the performance of the various configurations were obtainable.
X-ray wavefront characterization with two-dimensional wavefront sensors: shearing interferometers and Hartmann wavefront sensors

Phase reconstructions from a two-dimensional shearing inter- ferometer, based on two orthogonal phase gratings in a single plane, and a Hartmann sensor are compared. Design alternatives for both wavefront sensors are given, and simulated performance of both the two-dimen- sional x-ray shearing interferometer and Hartmann wavefront sensor are presented for two different phase profiles. The first comparison is an evaluation of metrology on deuterium-tritium (DT) ice layers in an iner- tial confinement fusion capsule, and the second comparison is a high fre- quency "asterisk" phase profile, which tests the ability of these wavefront sensors to detect spikes of ablator material seen in DT fuel capsule implo- sions. Both of these sensors can measure the two-dimensional wavefront gradient of an x-ray beam, as well as the x-ray absorption. These instru- ments measure the two-dimensional wavefront gradient in a single mea- surement, and the wavefront sensor is located in a single plane, making them much less sensitive to vibrations than most other wavefront sensing techniques. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attri- bution of the original publication, including its DOI. (DOI: 10.1117/1.OE.52.2.026501)
Time-Dependent Supersonic Separation of Tangent Bodies

An experimental, time-dependent separation of tangent bodies was performed in a supersonic wind tunnel (Mach 1.5 and 1.9) to investigate the significance of transient effects and the suitability of using steady-state assumptions to predict a dynamic separation event. Model configurations consisted of two bodies placed in a near tangent position. A stationary body, a plate or ogive, was instrumented to obtain dynamic surface pressures, while a second body, a wedge attached to an air cylinder, was plunged in a constrained motion away from and toward the stationary model. Three-dimensional flow expansion around the edge of the wedge reduced the strength of incident shock waves and created a region of low pressure, near freestream static, on body surfaces between the incident and reflection shock waves. Dynamic motion of the wedge did not significantly affect shock-wave development between the bodies, and steady-state corrections that accounted for the motion-induced wedge angle were appropriate for predicting time-dependent surface pressures induced by the incident shock wave. However, unsteady pressures caused from the motion of the wedge were evident when separation distances were less than 20% of the wedge width.
Yb3AuGe2In3: an ordered variant of the YbAuIn structure exhibiting mixed-valent Yb behavior.

Yb3AuGe2In3 was obtained as large single crystals in high yield from reactions run in liquid indium. Single crystal X-ray diffraction data show that Yb3AuGe2In3 is an ordered variant of YbAuIn with lattice constants, a = b = 7.3153(8) A and c = 4.4210(5) A, and space group P62m. The parent compound YbAuIn was also studied for comparison. YbAuIn crystallizes in the ZrNiAl structure type, hexagonal, P62m space group with lattice parameters a = b = 7.7127(11) A and c = 4.0294(8) A. In Yb3AuGe2In3, Ge substitutes for one of the two Au positions in the ternary compound Yb3Au3In3. The structure can be described as alternating [Ge2In3] and [Yb3Au] slabs that stack along the c-axis. The magnetic susceptibility data follow a modified Curie−Weiss law. The effective magnetic moment μeff of 0.52 μB/Yb atom was deduced from the Curie constant and Curie−Weiss constant of θp = −1.5 K indicating antiferromagnetic interactions in Yb3AuGe2In3. X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) measurements indicate intermed...
Hausdorff dimension of wiggly metric spaces

For a compact connected set X⊆l∞, we define a quantity β′(x,r) that measures how close X may be approximated in a ball B(x,r) by a geodesic curve. We then show that there is c>0 so that if β′(x,r)>β>0 for all x∈X and r 1+c\beta^{2}\). This generalizes a theorem of Bishop and Jones and answers a question posed by Bishop and Tyson.
On the rate at which comets split

We use time-resolved charge-coupled device (CCD) images to assess the frequency of splitting of comets. When blinked on a computer, the CCD images provide relatively high and uniform sensitivity to comoving companions. We find that 3 comets are split in a sample of 49, and estimate that the cometary splitting rate is S approximately 0.01 per year per comet or larger. This large rate suggests that splitting may be an important destructive process for the cometary nuclei.
Extension of Solutions to Holomorphic Partial Differential Equations

We derive sufficient conditions on a strictly pseudoconvex domain Ω and a linear, holomorphic partial differential operator P for the existence of solutions to Pu = 0 which are holomorphic in Ω near a point p in the boundary of Ω, but cannot be prolonged holomorphically across p. We first show how, given the existence of a supporting everywhere characteristic analytic hypersurface, a theorem of Tsuno can be used to construct the desired solutions. We then derive necessary conditions for the existence of such a hypersurface under the assumption that Ω is strictly pseudoconvex and simply characteristic at p with respect to P.
On the Outage Capacity Distribution of Correlated Keyhole MIMO Channels

Keyhole multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) channels have recently received significant attention since they can model, to a certain extend, some practically important propagation scenarios and also relay channels in the amplify-and-forward mode. This paper investigates instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and outage capacity distributions of spatially correlated keyhole MIMO channels with perfect channel state information (CSI) at the receive end and with or without CSI at the transmit end. For a small number of antennas, the impact of correlation on the capacity distribution can be characterized by the effective average SNR. This SNR, as well as the outage capacity, decreases with correlation. For a large number of transmit (receive) antennas, the keyhole channel is asymptotically equivalent (in terms of capacity) to the Rayleigh diversity channel with a single transmit (receive) antenna and multiple receive (transmit) antennas. The outage capacity of the keyhole channel is upper-bounded by that of the equivalent Rayleigh diversity channel. When the number of both transmit and receive antennas is large, the outage capacity distribution of the keyhole channel is asymptotically Gaussian. In some cases, the asymptotic Gaussian approximation is accurate already for a reasonably small number of antennas. The perfect transmit CSI is shown to bring a fixed SNR gain. A more general channel model with multiple keyholes is proposed. For a large number of antennas, the capacity of a multikeyhole channel is a normally distributed sum of the capacities of single keyhole channels. The fact that, despite the strong degenerate nature of the keyhole channel, its outage capacity distribution is asymptotically normal indicates that Gaussian distribution has a high degree of universality for the capacity analysis of MIMO channels.
Multiple horizons and information in USDA production forecasts

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) livestock production forecasts are evaluated for their information content across multiple forecast horizons using the direct test developed by Vuchelen and Gutierrez (2005). Forecasts are explicitly tested for rationality (unbiased and efficient) as well as for incremental information out to three-quarters ahead. The results suggest that although the forecasts are often not rational, they typically do provide the forecast user with unique information at each horizon. Turkey and milk production forecasts are found to provide the most consistent performance, while beef production forecasts provide little information beyond the two-quarter horizon. [C53, Q13] © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Giant Planet Formation by Disk Instability: A Comparison Simulation with an Improved Radiative Scheme

There has been disagreement about whether cooling in protoplanetary disks can be sufficiently fast to induce the formation of gas giant protoplanets via gravitational instabilities. Simulations by our own group and others indicate that this method of planet formation does not work for disks around young, low-mass stars inside several tens of AU, while simulations by other groups show fragmentation into protoplanetary clumps in this region. To allow direct comparison in hopes of isolating the cause of the differences, we here present a high-resolution three-dimensional hydrodynamics simulation of a protoplanetary disk, where the disk model, initial perturbation, and simulation conditions are essentially identical to those used in a recent set of simulations by Boss in 2007, hereafter B07. As in earlier papers by the same author, B07 purports to show that cooling is fast enough to produce protoplanetary clumps. Here, we evolve the same B07 disk using an improved version of one of our own radiative schemes and find that the disk does not fragment in our code but instead quickly settles into a state with only low amplitude nonaxisymmetric structure, which persists for at least several outer disk rotations. We see no rapid radiative or convective cooling. We conclude that the differences in results are due to different treatments of regions at and above the disk photosphere, and we explain at least one way in which the scheme in B07 may lead to artificially fast cooling.
Rare-Earth Aluminosilicate Glasses

Rare-earth aluminosilicate glasses of the general formula 20R2O3· 20Al2O3· 60SiO2 have been formed for 10 of the 14 possible rare-earth oxides. Two series of “mixed-rare-earth” glasses were also formed (Nd/Er and Nd/Y). These glasses exhibit exceptionally high glass transformation temperatures, moderate thermal expansion coefficients, and refractive indices of approximately 1.65. The glass transformation temperature and thermal expansion coefficients vary linearly with the field strength of the rare-earth ion. No evidence of a “mixed-rare-earth effect” was observed. MAS-NMR indicates that the aluminum ions are tetrahedrally coordinated in at least some of these glasses.
Use of Phase Streamlines for Covariance Localization in Ensemble Kalman Filter for Three-Phase History Matching

The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) has gained increased popularity for history matching and continuous reservoir-model updating. It is a sequential Monte Carlo approach that works with an ensemble of reservoir models. Specifically, the method uses cross covariance between measurements and model parameters estimated from the ensemble. For practical field applications, the ensemble size needs to be kept small for computational efficiency. However, this leads to poor approximations of the cross covariance and can cause loss of geologic realism from unrealistic model updates outside the region of the data influence and/or loss of variance leading to ensemble collapse. A common approach to remedy the situation is to limit the influence of the data through covariance localization. In this paper, we show that for three-phase-flow conditions, the region of covariance localization strongly depends on the underlying flow dynamics as well as on the particular data type that is being assimilated, for example, water cut or gas/oil ratio (GOR). This makes the traditional distance-based localizations suboptimal and, often, ineffective. Instead, we propose the use of waterand gas-phase streamlines as a means for covariance localization for water-cutand GOR-data assimilation. The phase streamlines can be computed on the basis of individual-phase velocities which are readily available after flow simulation. Unlike the total velocity streamlines, phase streamlines can be discontinuous. We show that the discontinuities in water-phase and gas-phase streamlines naturally define the region of influence for water-cut and GOR data and provide a flow-relevant covariance localization during EnKF updating. We first demonstrate the validity of the proposed localization approach using a waterflood example in a quarter-five-spot pattern. Specifically, we compare the phase streamline trajectories with cross-covariance maps computed using an ensemble size of 2,000 for both water-cut and GOR data. The results show a close correspondence between the time evolution of phase streamlines and the cross-covariance maps of water-cut and GOR data. A benchmark uncertainty quantification (the PUNQ-S3) (Carter 2007) model application shows that our proposed localization outperforms the distance-based localization method. The updated models show improved forecasts while preserving geologic realism.
Solitons in Transitional Boundary Layers

Two-dimensional evolution equations are derived as applied to flows in the near-wall jet and the Blasius boundary layer on a flat plate on which a mechanism of inviscid―inviscid interaction controls the development of large-sized short-scaled disturbances. The first one is an extension of the Korteweg―de Vries equation. As distinct from the shallow-water wave motion underlying the Kadomtsev―Petviashvili equation, the fluid parameters are not assumed to depend only weakly on the direction transversal to the oncoming stream. The second dynamical system provides a two-dimensional analog of the Benjamin―Davis―Acrivos equation. Simple line-soliton solutions are presented in both cases. A generalized Hirota function allows a pair of crossed solitons to be obtained at some distance from a solid surface in the near-wall jet. An oblique periodic nonlinear wave train pointed out for the Blasius boundary layer comes in place of the Tollmien―Schlichting waves when their amplitude attains sufficiently large values.
A Toom rule that increases the thickness of sets

Toom's north-east-self voting cellular automaton ruleR is known to suppress small minorities. A variant,R +, is also known to turn an arbitrary initial configuration into a homogeneous one (without changing the ones that were homogeneous to start with). Here it is shown thatR + always increases a certain property of sets called thickness. This result is intended as a step toward a proof of the fast convergence toward consensus underR +. The latter is observable experimentally, even in the presence of some noise.
The Shape of Mars and the Topographic Signature of the Hemispheric Dichotomy

Reanalysis of occultation data from the Mariner 9 and Viking Orbiter spacecraft to determine the shape of Mars indicated that the hemispheric dichotomy is not a fundamental feature of the shape of the planet. It is a consequence of an approximately 3-kilometer offset between Mars9s center of mass and center of figure, and the boundary, along most of its length, consists of broad, gradual surface slopes over distances of thousands of kilometers. This result was supported by analysis of high spatial resolution Earth-based radar topographic profiles. Any successful model for the origin of the dichotomy must explain a planet with an ellipsoidal shape and a long wavelength gradual topographic transition between the northern and southern hemispheres.
Sequence-specific antimicrobials using efficiently delivered RNA-guided nucleases

Delivery of CRISPR-Cas nucleases using bacteriophage enables targeted killing of microbes in a population
Mechanics of Composite Materials: Past, Present, and Future

Composite mechanics disciplines are presented and described at their various levels of sophistication and attendant scales of application. Correlation with experimental data is used as the prime discriminator between alternative methods and level of sophistication. Major emphasis is placed on (1) where composite mechanics has been; (2) what it has accomplished; (3) where it is headed, based on present research activities; and (4) at the risk of being presumptuous, where it should be headed. The discussion is developed using selected, but typical, examples of each composite mechanics discipline identifying degree of success, with respect to correlation with experimental data, and problems remaining. The discussion is centered about fiber/resin composites drawn mainly from the author's research activities and experience spanning two decades at National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Lewis Research Center.
New Insights into Large Eddy Simulation

Fluid dynamic turbulence is one of the most challenging computational physics problems because of the extremely wide range of time and space scales involved, the strong nonlinearity of the governing equations, and the many practical and important applications. While most linear fluid instabilities are well understood, the nonlinear interactions among them makes even the relatively simple limit of homogeneous isotropic turbulence difficult to treat physically, mathematically, and computationally. Turbulence is modeled computationally by a two-stage bootstrap process. The first stage, direct numerical simulation, attempts to resolve the relevant physical time and space scales but its application is limited to diffusive flows with a relatively small Reynolds number (Re). Using direct numerical simulation to provide a database, in turn, allows calibration of phenomenological turbulence models for engineering applications. Large eddy simulation incorporates a form of turbulence modeling applicable when the large-scale flows of interest are intrinsically time dependent, thus throwing common statistical models into question. A promising approach to large eddy simulation involves the use of high-resolution monotone computational fluid dynamics algorithms such as flux-corrected transport or the piecewise parabolic method which have intrinsic subgrid turbulence models coupled naturally to the resolved scales in the computed flow. The physical considerations underlying and evidence supporting this monotone integrated large eddy simulation approach are discussed.
Who pays for obesity? Evidence from health insurance benefit mandates

Is there an obesity externality? In the late 1990s and early 2000s, many state governments began requiring health insurance plans to cover treatments for diabetes. Using difference-in-difference analysis of restricted geocode data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to compare wages across states with and without diabetes mandates, I find that obese people pay for all of their own increased health costs in the form of lower wages, rather than passing them on to employers, insurers, and co-workers.
A Dynamic System Model for Estimating Surface-Induced Frame Loads During Off-Road Cycling

To facilitate the design analysis of off-road bicycle frames, this paper reports a dynamic model of the bicycle/rider system which estimates frame loads for bicycles traveling over rough surfaces. To develop this model, the frame loads at rider contact points were first measured experimentally as a rider coasted over a test track with randomly spaced surface irregularities in both seated and standing positions. Fol­ lowing this measurement, a dynamic system model was developed with the aid of the commercial software package, Dynamic Analysis and Design Software (DADS). The development process consisted of two stages. The first stage involved developing component models (e.g., seat) which could reproduce the essentials of the measured data. The second stage involved identification of parameter values for those pa­ rameters shown to most profoundly affect simulated load results. Following pa­ rameter identification, simulated loads were statistically tested and were not significantly different from experimental loads. Also, maximum magnitude dynamic loads were compared to corresponding static load magnitudes and were larger for eight of the ten load components measured. With the importance of dynamic loads demonstrated and the model verified, it can now be used advantageously to generate a loading database for design analysis purposes.
Novel Active Vision-Based Visual Threat Cue for Autonomous Navigation Tasks

This paper deals with a novel vision-based motion cue called the Visual Threat Cue (VTC), suitable for autonomous navigation tasks such as collision avoidance and maintenance of clearance. The VTC is atime-basedscalar parameter that provides some measure for arelative change in rangeas well asclearancebetween a 3D surface and amovingobserver. It is independent of the 3D environment around the observer and needs almost noa prioriknowledge about it. A practical method to extract the VTC from a sequence of images of 3D textured surfaces is also presented. It is based on the extraction of a global image dissimilarity measure called the Image Quality Measure (IQM), which is extracted directly from the raw data of the gray level images. Based on the relative variations of the measured IQM, the VTC is extracted. Several experimental results are also presented.
Fragmentation in Dusty Low-metallicity Star-forming Halos

The first stars in the universe, termed Population III, are thought to have been very massive compared to the stars that form in the present epoch. As feedback from the first generation of stars altered the contents of the interstellar medium, the universe switched to a low-mass mode of star formation, which continues in the high-metallicity stars formed in the present era. Several studies have investigated the transition between metal-free and metal-enriched star formation, with tentative evidence being found for a metallicity threshold near 10?3.5 Z ? due to atomic and molecular transitions and another threshold near 10?5.5 Z ? due to dust. In this work, we simulate the fragmentation of cooling gas in idealized, low-metallicity halos using the adaptive mesh refinement code Enzo. We conduct several simulations of 106 M ? and 107 M ? halos at z = 20 in which the metal content, initial rotation, and degree of turbulence are varied in order to study the effect of these properties on gas fragmentation over a range of densities. We find tentative support for the idea of a critical metallicity, but the effect of varying metallicity on the gas we observe is not as dramatic as what has been reported in earlier studies. It is theorized that at lower redshifts with a lower cosmic microwave background temperature, variations in metallicity might have a larger effect on cooling and fragmentation. We find no clear relation between the initial spin or the initial level of turbulence in the halo and the final properties of the gas contained therein. Additionally, we find that the degree to which the Jeans length is refined, the initial density profile of the gas, and the inclusion of deuterium chemistry each have a significant effect on the evolution and fragmentation of the gas in the halo?in particular, we find that at least 64 grid cells are needed to cover the Jeans length in order to properly resolve the fragmentation.
Preparation of Manganese Zinc Ferrite Powders by Alcoholic Dehydration of Citrate/Formate Solution

Chemically homogeneous manganese zinc ferrite powders of submicrometer size and desired stoichiometry were achieved using alcoholic dehydration and subsequent calcination of citrate/formate solution. The successful powder preparation was dependent on the water content in the starting solution, the pH of the solution, the amount of alcohol used, and the washing and drying step. Calcination temperature was also critical since the evaporation of ZnO took place above 1000°C. A two-step calcination process was utilized to develop submicrometer ferrite powders without any Zn loss.
IN-VIVO TIME-DEPENDENT ARTICULAR CARTILAGE CONTACT BEHAVIOR OF THE TIBIOFEMORAL JOINT

Summary Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the in-vivo time-dependent contact behavior of tibiofemoral cartilage of human subjects during the first 300s after applying a constant full body weight loading and determine whether there are differences in cartilage contact responses between the medial and lateral compartments. Design Six healthy knees were investigated in this study. Each knee joint was subjected to full body weight loading and the in-vivo positions of the knee were captured by two orthogonal fluoroscopes during the first 300s after applying the load. Three-dimensional models of the knee were created from MR images and used to reproduce the in-vivo knee positions recorded by the fluoroscopes. The time-dependent contact behavior of the cartilage was represented using the peak cartilage contact deformation and the cartilage contact area as functions of time under the constant full body weight. Results Both medial and lateral compartments showed a rapid increase in contact deformation and contact area during the first 20s of loading. After 50s of loading, the peak contact deformation values were 10.5±0.8% (medial) and 12.6±3.4% (lateral), and the contact areas were 223.9±14.8mm 2 (medial) and 123.0±22.8mm 2 (lateral). Thereafter, the peak cartilage contact deformation and contact area remained relatively constant. The respective changing rates of cartilage contact deformation were 1.4±0.9%/s (medial) and 3.1±2.5%/s (lateral); and of contact areas were 40.6±20.8mm 2 /s (medial) and 24.0±11.4mm 2 /s (lateral), at the first second of loading. Beyond 50s, both changing rates approached zero. Conclusions The peak cartilage contact deformation increased rapidly within the first 20s of loading and remained relatively constant after ∼50s of loading. The time-dependent response of cartilage contact behavior under constant full body weight loading was significantly different in the medial and lateral tibiofemoral compartments, with greater peak cartilage contact deformation on the lateral side and greater contact area on the medial side. These data can provide insight into normal in-vivo cartilage function and provide guidelines for the improvement of ex-vivo cartilage experiments and the validation of computational models that simulate human knee joint contact.
International cooperation in competition law and policy: what can be achieved at the bilateral, regional, and multilateral levels

The global economy has led to a rapid increase in the number of transnational antitrust problems, which arise when preventing or redressing competitive injury in one country requires dealing with conduct, witnesses or evidence in other countries. That, in turn, has made it increasingly important for national antitrust authorities to cooperate with one another. Cooperation can involve the sharing of knowledge about competition matters in general, as well as collaboration on specific antitrust cases, and could over time promote a common understanding on substantive antitrust principles. The United States has for many years provided technical assistance and cooperated on specific cases both formally and informally pursuant to bilateral arrangements with its counterparts in other countries and has participated in a variety of both regional and multinational for a dealing with competition issues. Copyright 1999 by Oxford University Press.
Sectored snakes: evaluating learned-energy segmentations

We describe how to teach deformable models to maximize image segmentation correctness based on user-specified criteria, and present a method for evaluating which criteria work best. We show how to evaluate the efficacy of any resulting deformable model, given a sampling of ground truth, a model of the range of shapes tried during optimization, and a measure of shape closeness. In the domain of abdominal CT images, we demonstrate such evaluation on a simple "sectoring" of a snake in which intensity and perpendicular gradient are observed over equal-length segments. This specific set of qualities shows a measured improvement over an objective function that is uniform around the shape, and it follows naturally from examination of the latter's failures due to image variations around the organ boundary.
Learning cellular sorting pathways using protein interactions and sequence motifs

Proper subcellular localization is critical for proteins to perform their roles in cellular functions. Proteins are transported by different cellular sorting pathways, some of which take a protein through several intermediate locations until reaching its final destination. The pathway a protein is transported through is determined by carrier proteins that bind to specific sequence motifs. In this paper we present a new method that integrates sequence, motif and protein interaction data to model how proteins are sorted through these targeting pathways. We use a hidden Markov model (HMM) to represent protein targeting pathways. The model is able to determine intermediate sorting states and to assign carrier proteins and motifs to the sorting pathways. In simulation studies, we show that the method can accurately recover an underlying sorting model. Using data for yeast, we show that our model leads to accurate prediction of subcellular localization. We also show that the pathways learned by our model recover many known sorting pathways and correctly assign proteins to the path they utilize. The learned model identified new pathways and their putative carriers and motifs and these may represent novel protein sorting mechanisms. Supplementary results and software implementation are available from http://murphylab.web.cmu.edu/software/2010_RECOMB_pathways/
Poaching and the misappropriation of information: transaction risks of information exchange

We introduce the concept of poaching, the risk that in any transactional relationship information that is transferred between parties for purposes specified in the contract will deliberately be used by the receiving party, for purposes outside the contract, to its own economic benefit, and to the detriment of the party that provided the information. We argue that this form of transactional risk, a component of transactions costs, is increasingly important in our service-centered, information-driven, post-industrial economy. Using case examples and a discussion of the related literature, we show and discuss the conditions under which shared information creates the potential for poaching, examine the impact and efficacy of traditional remedies for contractual problems in managing poaching, and identify additional mechanisms for managing poaching risk. Our analysis suggests that the nature of these risks and their remedies are fundamentally different that those considered in previous theories of supplier relations and contractual governance.
Stabilized hyperbolic Householder transformations

The authors introduce a modification of the hyperbolic Householder scheme that is demonstrably stable theoretically (according to an established stability criterion) and exhibits superior numerical behavior in simulations. The modified transform scheme effects downdating of Cholesky factors by applying conventional orthonormal, rather than hyperbolic, Householder transformations to the data. The latter have preferable numerical properties. However, the construction of these orthonormal operators itself requires hyperbolic computations. Thus the method is, in some sense, half hyperbolic and half orthonormal. There is no computational penalty incurred with these stabilized hyperbolic Householder transforms; they enjoy an operation count identical to that of their conventional counterparts. This approach offers roughly a twofold saving over schemes based on the multiple application of single vector downdating schemes, and it is just as stable. >
There is No “Theory of Everything” Inside E8

We analyze certain subgroups of real and complex forms of the Lie group E8, and deduce that any “Theory of Everything” obtained by embedding the gauge groups of gravity and the Standard Model into a real or complex form of E8 lacks certain representation-theoretic properties required by physical reality. The arguments themselves amount to representation theory of Lie algebras in the spirit of Dynkin’s classic papers and are written for mathematicians.
Random Linear Network Coding for Time Division Duplexing: Energy Analysis

We study the energy performance of random linear network coding for time division duplexing channels. We assume a packet erasure channel with nodes that cannot transmit and receive information simultaneously. The sender transmits coded data packets back-to-back before stopping to wait for the receiver to acknowledge the number of degrees of freedom, if any, that are required to decode correctly the information. Our analysis shows that, in terms of mean energy consumed, there is an optimal number of coded data packets to send before stopping to listen. This number depends on the energy needed to transmit each coded packet and the acknowledgment (ACK), probabilities of packet and ACK erasure, and the number of degrees of freedom that the receiver requires to decode the data. We show that its energy performance is superior to that of a full-duplex system. We also study the performance of our scheme when the number of coded packets is chosen to minimize the mean time to complete transmission as in [1]. Energy performance under this optimization criterion is found to be close to optimal, thus providing a good trade-off between energy and time required to complete transmissions.
Rural Development and the Declining Coherence of Rural Policy: An American and Canadian Perspective

Rural development policy in North America has moved from a position of national importance to one of marginality as Canada and the United States grew. While rural policy and agricultural policy are no longer synonymous there is no firm consensus on what national governments should play. While national governments can operate effective commodity based policy they are less capable of managing people based policies and quite weak in operating place based policy. However as rural communities evolve in a variety of ways, it is the latter two types of policy that are most useful. Moreover social change has resulted in broad public policy being more concerned with the “ecological function” of rural areas and less concerned with the economic and social well-being of rural residents. All this suggests that rural communities will increasingly have to rely largely upon local resources and local initiative is they wish to develop.
COMMON TOPICS AND COHERENT SITUATIONS: INTERPRETING ELLIPSIS IN THE CONTEXT OF DISCOURSE INFERENCE

It is claimed that a variety of facts concerning ellipsis, event reference, and interclausal coherence can be explained by two features of the linguistic form in question: (1) whether the form leaves behind an empty constituent in the syntax, and (2) whether the form is anaphoric in the semantics. It is proposed that these features interact with one of two types of discourse inference, namely Common Topic inference and Coherent Situation inference. The differing ways in which these types of inference utilize syntactic and semantic representations predicts phenomena for which it is otherwise difficult to account.
Glass transition temperatures of copolymers

The Gordon-Taylor equation relating the glass transition temperature θ of a copolymer to the glass transition temperatures θ1 and θ2 of the homopolymers is equivalent to where c1 and c2 are the weight fractions of the constituents and A1 and A2 are constants. It can be recast into the following forms suitable for linear plots and where k = A2/A1. Data from the literature on 10 copolymer systems, including butaciene-styrene copolymers, give linear plots, verifying the equation within experimental error. However, the observed value of k is in most cases significantly smaller than the ratio of the differences of the volume-temperature coefficients for each homopolymer in the rubbery and glassy states, as required by the derivation of Gordon and Taylor. The glass transition temperature (in °C.) for a butadiene-styrene copolymer prepared by emulsion polymerization at 50°C. may be calculated from the weight fraction c2 of bound styrene as and for a similar 5° copolymer as
Optimal cuts to extract the third-order elastic constants of langasite single crystals

Optimal cuts to determine the third-order elastic constants of langasite single crystals by the resonator method are proposed. By designing a small number of langasite resonators with optimal cut angles and measuring their forcefrequency effects, the third-order elastic constants of langasite single crystals may be extracted separately. The numerical method to search for these optimal cut angles is presented. All 14 third-order elastic constants may be determined through a series of experimental measurements. This method will simplify traditional methods used to determine the third-order elastic constants and could potentially produce more accurate results.
Randomized vs. deterministic decision tree complexity for read-once Boolean functions

The authors consider the deterministic and the randomized decision-tree complexities for Boolean functions, denoted DC(f) and RC(f), respectively. It is well known that RC(f)>or=DC(f)/sup 0.5/ for every Boolean function f (called 0.5-exponent), but no better lower bound is known for all Boolean functions, whereas the best known upper bound is RC(f)= Theta (DC(f)/sup 0//sub .//sup 753 . ./) (or 0.753 . . .-exponent) for some Boolean function f. The present result is a 0.51 lower bound on the exponent for all read-once functions representable by formulae in which each input variable appears exactly once. To obtain it the authors generalize an existing lower bound technique and combine it with restrictions arguments. This result provides a lower bound of n/sup 0.51/ on the number of positions that have to be evaluated by any randomized alpha - beta pruning algorithm computing the value of any two-person zero-sum game tree with n final positions. >
Direct reactions in/for astrophysics

Precise nuclear reaction rates are needed for a detailed des cription of the production of elements in primordial nucleosynthesis and during the hydrostatic burning of stars to constrain the astrophysical models. The relevant reactions are extremely difficult to measure directly in the laboratory at the small astrophysical energies. In recent years direct reactions methods have been developed and applied to extract low-energy astrophysical S-factors. The application of these methods requires a combination of experimental and theoretical efforts. This contribution focuses on the underlying reaction theories that have to be well understood in order to assess the precision and limitations of the various approaches.
Particles and Geometry

A drop is hanging on the ceiling as one comes out of the shower. The size of the drop is governed by the balance between the pull of gravity -- which is proportional to the density, the acceleration of gravity, and the cube of the radius -- and the upward pull of surface tension, which is proportional to the product of the surface tension and the circumference. For the drop to be supported it must not exceed a critical size.
Inclusive Electron Neutrino Reactions in Nuclei and the Neutron Number

We compare the inclusive electron neutrino cross sections, νe+Ni→X + e-, averaged over the Michel spectrum for 12C, 13C, 56Fe and 127I. We choose these nuclei because terrestrial measurements at LSND and KARMEN have been undertaken for them and these measurements are in reasonable agreement with calculated values. We show that the cross sections increase linearly with neutron number for these nuclei and discuss what this might imply.
Density, Overcompleteness, and Localization of Frames. II. Gabor Systems

This work develops a quantitative framework for describing the overcompleteness of a large class of frames. A previous article introduced notions of localization and approximation between two frames F = {fi}i∈I and E = {ej}j∈G (G a discrete abelian group), relating the decay of the expansion of the elements of F in terms of the elements of E via a map a : I → G. This article shows that those abstract results yield an array of new implications for irregular Gabor frames. Additionally, various Nyquist density results for Gabor frames are recovered as special cases, and in the process both their meaning and implications are clarified. New results are obtained on the excess and overcompleteness of Gabor frames, on the relationship between frame bounds and density, and on the structure of the dual frame of an irregular Gabor frame. More generally, these results apply both to Gabor frames and to systems of Gabor molecules, whose elements share only a common envelope of concentration in the time-frequency plane. The notions of localization and related approximation properties are a spectrum of ideas that quantify the degree to which elements of one frame can be approximated by elements of another frame. In this article, a comprehensive examination of the interrelations among these localization and approximation concepts is made, with most implications shown to be sharp.
Synthesis of lithium chromium oxide from a hydroxide precursor

Abstract The room temperature reaction of Cr(OH) 3 ·3H 2 O with LiOH·H 2 O results in an X-ray amorphous solid that appears to form through condensation of the hydrogen-bonded Cr(OH) 3 ·3H 2 O octahedra into edge and corner sharing octahedra. The reaction is explained in terms of analogous sol-gel chemistry of chromium(III). The X-ray amorphous product can be decomposed to yield LiCrO 2 with surface area higher than conventional syntheses.
Divided Politics: Bicameralism, Parties, and Policy in Democratic Legislatures

▪ Abstract This article surveys the rationales for and effects of legislative bicameralism. At heart, second chambers facilitate representation for groups or interests that otherwise might be ignored. They do so not only by making more legislative seats available to legislators elected from different districts and possibly by different rules, but more importantly by giving more legislators a voice in the legislative process. Traditional views of bicameralism hold that second chambers can matter because their members have the authority to veto or at least delay bills, so that whether they do in fact affect legislative content depends on whether and to what extent majority preferences differ across chambers. A new current of legislative research focuses on how the existence of a second chamber provides a forum for bargaining over policy and, in the process, creates a need for policy bargains within parties as well as across chamber majorities that would be unnecessary in a unicameral legislature.
Negative Latin Square type Partial Difference Sets in Nonelementary Abelian 2‐Groups

Combining results on quadrics in projective geometries with an algebraic interplay between finite fields and Galois rings, the first known family of partial difference sets with negative Latin square type parameters is constructed in nonelementary abelian groups, the groups $\Z_4^{2k}\times \Z_2^{4 \ell-4k}$ for all $k$ when $\ell$ is odd and for all $k when $\ell$ is even. Similarly, partial difference sets with Latin square type parameters are constructed in the same groups for all $k$ when $\ell$ is even and for all $k when $\ell$ is odd. These constructions provide the first example where the non-homomorphic bijection approach outlined by Hagita and Schmidt can produce difference sets in groups that previously had no known constructions. Computer computations indicate that the strongly regular graphs associated to the partial difference sets are not isomorphic to the known graphs, and it is conjectured that the family of strongly regular graphs will be new.
High-dimensional Matched Subspace Detection when data are missing

We consider the problem of deciding whether a highly incomplete signal lies within a given subspace. This problem, Matched Subspace Detection, is a classical, well-studied problem when the signal is completely observed. High-dimensional testing problems in which it may be prohibitive or impossible to obtain a complete observation motivate this work. The signal is represented as a vector in ℝn, but we only observe m ≪ n of its elements.We show that reliable detection is possible, under mild incoherence conditions, as long as m is slightly greater than the dimension of the subspace in question.
Life Assessment Technology for Combustion Turbine Blades

Combustion turbine blades operating in the hot gas path are subject to degradation by embrittlement, creep, thermal fatigue, hot corrosion, and synergistic effects among the above. Development of techniques to assess the extent of degradation of the blades under these conditions can have a significant and favorable economic impact for the utility industry. The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) is currently engaged in a number of research activities aimed at the development of such techniques. This paper is an overview of the present and planned activities relating to life assessment technology for blades.