cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autonomous and Adaptive Underwater Plume Detection and Tracking with AUVs: Concepts, Methods, and Available Technology

Abstract An autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) equipped with environmental sensors and an on-board autonomy system can greatly increase the efficiency of environmental data collection and the synopticity of the data set collected simply by autonomously adapting its motion to changes it senses in its local environment. One application of this is tracking ocean features in an unknown ocean environment. This can be accomplished with one or multiple AUVs collaborating in near-real-time using acoustic communications. To further explore one example of this application, this paper focuses on using multiple AUVs to track underwater plumes. We evaluate various types of plumes (e.g., hydrothermal vent plumes, algal blooms, oil leaks), how each plume type may be detected and its spatial extent determined, what types of sensors can be used, and how AUVs can be employed to autonomously and adaptively track these dynamic plumes. Since AUVs vary significantly in design, mobility, deployment duration, on-board processing power, etc., it is also necessary to consider the best choice of AUV (or combination of AUVs) to track a plume. Thus, an operator/scientist's choice of AUV type(s) will likely depend the type of plume to be tracked, or vice versa. Since most underwater plumes are highly spatiotemporally dynamic, employing environmentally adaptive autonomy to track them with a fleet of AUVs is one of the most efficient ways to do so, given today's technology.
PUBLIC SERVICE USE AND PERCEIVED PERFORMANCE: AN EMPIRICAL NOTE ON THE NATURE OF THE RELATIONSHIP

Citizen surveys often measure service use as well as perceived performance, typically in the form of quality or satisfaction ratings. But little attention has been paid to the relationship between public service use and satisfaction. How do the service ratings or satisfaction judgements of frequent users differ from those of infrequent users? Is the direction of the use-satisfaction relationship positive or negative? Or perhaps non-linear? And does the direction or form of the relationship differ across services? Using data from New York, we examine the relationship between use and perceived performance for five services: buses, subways, parks, public libraries, and roads. Interestingly, this relationship often appears curvilinear, with satisfaction initially rising with use, to a point after which it begins to diminish. We offer some substantive interpretations of this pattern, as well as some practical implications for the analysis and understanding of citizen surveys for policy and management purposes.
Beam-quality factor of single-mode gain-guided fiber lasers.

The beam-quality factor M2 for the fundamental LP01 mode of a step-index fiber is calculated in the presence of gain, in a closed form, as a function of the complex generalized V number. It is shown that the M2 value of a single-mode gain-guided fiber laser can be arbitrarily large. The results are important for the interpretation of the beam-quality measurements in recent experiments on single-mode gain-guided fiber lasers.
Acylation and Aroylation of 3-Phenylsydnone

Abstract Various 4-acyl or 4-aroyl sydnones 2 can be prepared in good to excellent yield by reaction of 4-(3-phenylsydnonyl) copper with the appropriate acid chlorides, both with or without palladium(0) catalysis.
Creativity (?) in Young Children*

Measures of divergent thinking were administered to 34 7and 8-year-old boys in a permissive testing context and without time limits. Individual differences were reliable across tests and independent of IQ, in contrast to typical findings in studies employing an ability-testing atmosphere. In 87 kindergarten children, similar results were obtained for tests with semantic content but not for one whose content was figural. However, there was intertask consistency in test involvement despite this partial inconsistency in response totals, suggesting that a unitary creativity dimension is present in kindergarten children but is not measured by the figural test at this age. The response style "reflection-impulsivity" was unrelated to creativity, although hypothesized antecedents of this dimension are identical to those which have been proposed for various creativity subgroups. A measure of artistic preference also failed to relate significantly to creativity scores.
Bose-Einstein condensation in a harmonic potential

We examine several features of Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) in an external harmonic potential well. In the thermodynamic limit, there is a phase transition to a spatial Bose-Einstein condensed state for dimensionD≥2. The thermodynamic limit requires maintaining constant average density by weakening the potential while increasing the particle numberN to infinity, while of course in real experiments the potential is fixed andN stays finite. For such finite ideal harmonic systems we show that a BEC still occurs, although without a true phase transition, below a certain “pseudo-critical” temperature, even forD=1. We study the momentum-space condensate fraction and find that it vanishes as\({1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 {\sqrt N }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\sqrt N }}\) in any number of dimensions in the thermodynamic limit. InD≤2 the lack of a momentum condensation is in accord with the Hohenberg theorem, but must be reconciled with the existence of a spatial BEC inD=2. For finite systems we derive theN-dependence of the spatial and momentum condensate fractions and the transition temperatures, features that may be experimentally testable. We show that theN-dependence of the 2D ideal-gas transition temperature for a finite system cannot persist in the interacting case because it violates a theorem due to Chester, Penrose, and Onsager.
A multiplexer-based digital passive linear counter (PLINCO)

A ones adder is an important circuit block that is required in many varying applications. This work proposes a design that largely relies on passive transmission-gate multiplexers. Many variations are suggested that can inherently generate a thermometer coded output or one-hot encoded output. The proposed structure has area and power that increases with order n 2 for a n number of inputs. A folding technique is then suggested that reduces the area/power to order n log(n). The folded passive linear counter also has a cell-based structure that aids in layout and makes it possible to be added to a digital standard cell library.
Unextendible product bases and the construction of inseparable states

Abstract Let H ( N ) denote the tensor product of n finite dimensional Hilbert spaces H ( r ) . A state ϕ of H ( N ) is separable if ϕ = α 1 ⊗⋯⊗ α n where the states α r are in H r . An orthogonal unextendible product basis is a finite set B of separable orthonormal states ϕ k ,1⩽k⩽m such that the non-empty space B ⊥ , the set of vectors orthogonal to B , contains no separable state. Examples of orthogonal UPB sets were first constructed by Bennett et al. 1 and other examples and references appear, for example, in 3 . If F=F B denotes the set of convex combinations of ϕ k ϕ k ,1⩽k⩽m , then F is a face in the set S of separable densities. In this note we show how to use F to construct families of positive partial transform states ( PPT ) which are not separable. We also show how to make an analogous construction when the condition of orthogonality is dropped. The analysis is motivated by the geometry of the faces of the separable states and leads to a natural construction of entanglement witnesses separating the inseparable PPT states from S .
On the bias of traceroute sampling: Or, power-law degree distributions in regular graphs

Understanding the graph structure of the Internet is a crucial step for building accurate network models and designing efficient algorithms for Internet applications. Yet, obtaining this graph structure can be a surprisingly difficult task, as edges cannot be explicitly queried. For instance, empirical studies of the network of Internet Protocol (IP) addresses typically rely on indirect methods like traceroute to build what are approximately single-source, all-destinations, shortest-path trees. These trees only sample a fraction of the network's edges, and a paper by Lakhina et al. [2003] found empirically that the resulting sample is intrinsically biased. Further, in simulations, they observed that the degree distribution under traceroute sampling exhibits a power law even when the underlying degree distribution is Poisson.In this article, we study the bias of traceroute sampling mathematically and, for a very general class of underlying degree distributions, explicitly calculate the distribution that will be observed. As example applications of our machinery, we prove that traceroute sampling finds power-law degree distributions in both δ-regular and Poisson-distributed random graphs. Thus, our work puts the observations of Lakhina et al. on a rigorous footing, and extends them to nearly arbitrary degree distributions.
Overweight and poor? On the relationship between income and the body mass index

Contrary to conventional wisdom, NHANES data indicate that the poor have never had a statistically significant higher prevalence of overweight status at any time in the last 35 years. Despite this empirical evidence, the view that the poor are less healthy in terms of excess accumulation of fat persists. This paper provides evidence that conventional wisdom is reflecting important differences in the relationship between income and the body mass index. The first finding is based on distribution-sensitive measures of overweight which indicates that the severity of overweight has been higher for the poor than the nonpoor throughout the last 35 years. The second finding is from a newly introduced estimator, unconditional quantile regression (UQR), which provides a measure of the income-gradient in BMI at different points on the unconditional BMI distribution. The UQR estimator indicates that the strongest relationship between income and BMI is observed at the tails of the distribution. There is a statistically significant negative income gradient in BMI at the obesity threshold and some evidence of a positive gradient at the underweight threshold. Both of these UQR estimates imply that for those at the tails of the BMI distribution, increases in income are correlated with healthier BMI values.
Simulations of the Flow in Supersonic Turbines with Straight Centerline Nozzles

Introduction F LOW unsteadinessis a major factor in turbineperformanceand durability. This is especially true if the turbine is a high-work design, compact, transonic, supersonic, counter rotating, or uses a dense drive gas. The vast majority of modern rocket turbinedesigns fall into these categories. For example, the Space Transportation System main engine fuel turbine, a high-work, transonic design, was found to have an unsteady interrow shock that reduced ef ciency by 2 points and increaseddynamic loading by 24% (Ref. 1). The revolutionary reusable technology turbopump (RRTT), which uses full- ow oxygen for its drive gas, was found to shed vortices with such energy as to raise serious blade durability concerns.2 In both cases, the sources of the problemswere uncovered(before turbopump testing) with the application of validated, unsteady computational  uid dynamics (CFD) to the designs. In the case of the RRTT and the alternate turbopump development turbines, the unsteady CFD codes have been used not just to identify problems, but to guide designs that mitigate problems due to unsteadiness. As requirementsfor smaller and lighter weight components push turbines to more compact, closely coupled designs,  ow unsteadiness increases. Current designs such as the Fastrac and future designs like the reusable launchvehicle fuel turbine add the complexities of supersonic ow regimes.The ability to predictaccurately this  owunsteadinessin a timelymanner is crucialto producinga design that meets program objectives. In this study, three different methods of applying unsteady three-dimensionalNavier–Stokes analyses to the Fastrac nozzle/supersonic turbine geometry have been studied.
Development of a Transonic Free-to-Roll Test Capability

As part of the NASA/Navy Abrupt Wing Stall Program, a relatively low-cost, rapid-access, free-to-roll test rig was developed on which conventional high-strength wind-tunnel models can be used to evaluate both transonic performance and wing-drop/rock behavior in a single tunnel entry. The overall objective was to demonstrate the utility of the free-to-roll test technique as a tool for identifying areas of significant uncommanded lateral activity during ground testing and for gaining insight into the wing-drop/rock behavior of military aircraft at transonic conditions. A description of the test hardware as well as a description of the experimental procedures is given. The free-to-roll test rig has been used successfully to assess the static and dynamic characteristics of four different configurations—two configurations that exhibited uncommanded lateral motions inflight (preproduction F/A-18E and AV-8B) and two that did not (F/A-18C, F-16C). Excellent agreement between free-to-roll results and flight was obtained for those configurations where flight data were available.
Geodetic precession or dragging of inertial frames

In General Relativity, the Principle of General Covariance allows one to describe phenomena by means of any convenient choice of coordinate system. Here, it is shown that the geodetic precession of a gyroscope orbiting a spherically symmetric, nonrotating mass can be recast as a Lense-Thirring frame-dragging effect, in an appropriately chosen coordinate frame whose origin falls freely along with the gyroscope and whose spatial coordinate axes point in fixed directions.
Incidence of an interest income tax

Recent analyses of the corporation income tax have tended to concentrate either on short-run shifting through market imperfection9 or on the shifting of capital between the incorporated and unincorporated sectors.2 Little attention has been paid to the impact of this tax on saving propensities and the level of capital formation. Similarly, analyses of the personal income tax have not fully explored the long run effect of continual taxation of the return to savings on the growth of an economy. As a partial filling of this gap, using a simple competitive growth model, this paper explores the differential incidence of an interest income tax rather than lump-sum tax levied on the same taxpayers.3 Savings are assumed to satisfy maximization of individual lifetime utility functions while production conforms to an aggregate neoclassical production function. Individuals are presumed
Designing an all-purpose force transducer

Many design and analysis situations require the determination of loads being transmitted to a structure. Since it is not always possible to insert a load cell, it is proposed that the structure itself and a set of strain gages be used to determine each of the applied loads (forces and moments) responsible for the measured strains. In essence, the structure becomes the transducer.
Studies on the synthesis of Stemona alkaloids; stereoselective preparation of the hydroindole ring system by oxidative cyclization of tyrosine

Abstract The core hydroindole ring system of the Stemona alkaloids was prepared by oxidation of tyrosine with a hypervalent iodine reagent followed by a diastereotopic group-selective intramolecular conjugate addition. Further transformations illustrate the versatility of the highly functionalized hydroindolenone 3 for alkaloid synthesis.
Empirical identification of user information requirements in command and control system evaluation

The first in a series of studies was conducted at the U.S. Army Tactical Command and Control System Experimentation Site (AES) to address user information requirements for the Force Level Control System. User information requirements were determined by monitoring and classifying communications during a command and control exercise and by interviewing participants after the exercise. Separate measures of observed communication frequency, rated importance, and rated perishability were obtained for a set of information elements that comprised a comprehensive taxonomy of tactical command and control communications content. Analyses were then conducted to explore the relationships between frequency, importance, and perishability as well as develop a comprehensive index of criticality. The resulting comprehensive index of criticality is intended to be used by systems developers in selecting the information to be conveyed and processed by the Force Level Control System.
Critical exponents without the epsilon expansion

Abstract In a computation no harder than the calculation of the 1-loop effective potential, we show that the Wilson renormalization group yields the fixed point couplings and critical exponents of 3-dimensional O ( N ) scalar field theory, with results close to those obtained in high-order e-expansion and large- N calculations. We discuss the prospects for an even more precise computation.
Recurrent aphthous stomatitis in the diagnosis of Behçet's disease.

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is also known as canker sores, recurrent oral ulcers, recurrent aphthous ulcers, or simple or complex aphthosis. RAS is the most common inflammatory ulcerative condition of the oral mucosa. RAS has been the subject of active investigation along multiple lines of research including epidemiology, immunology, clinical correlations and therapy. Clinical evaluation of the patient requires correct diagnosis of RAS and classification of the disease based on morphology (MiAU, MjAU, HU) and severity (simple versus complex). In order to properly diagnose and treat a patient with lesions of RAS, the clinician must exclude other causes of acute oral ulcers. Complex aphthosis and complex aphthosis variants associated with systemic disorders should be considered. The aphthous-like oral ulcerations of patients with HIV disease represent a challenging differential diagnosis. The association of lesions of RAS with hematinic deficiencies and gastrointestinal diseases provides an opportunity to identify a “correctable cause” which, with appropriate treatment, can result in a remission or substantial lessening of disease activity. Finally, when all of these factors are considered, the evaluation of the patient for Behcet’s disease can be continued on firm grounds that one of the major criteria for the diagnosis of Behcet’s disease has been met.
A CONVENIENT RESOLUTION OF LONG-CHAIN ALKYL EPOXIDES WITH JACOBSEN'S SALEN(CO)III(OAC) CATALYSTS

Abstract Non-racemic terminal long-chain alkyl epoxides are prepared from racemic epoxides and 1 mol% (R,R)- and (S,S)-salen(Co)III catalysts following a modified procedure for kinetic resolution. The ee's for all epoxides (C-10, C-12, C-14, C-16, C-18, C-20) exceed 95% and the chemical yields range from 85% to 95%.
Dynamic RAM architectures for graphics applications

This paper explores the requirements for future graphics memories and analyzes the requirements for two of the biggest problems in graphics terminal design, raster display bandwidth and random-bit update performance. To solve these problems a new access mode for dynamic RAMs called Ripplemode™ will be proposed. This mode directly solves the raster display bandwidth problem by providing high-speed access to a serial bit stream. Under certain circumstances this mode also improves the performance of random-bit updates.
Efficient drug lead discovery and optimization

During the 1980s, advances in the abilities to perform computer simulations of chemical and biomolecular systems and to calculate free energy changes led to the expectation that such methodology would soon show great utility for guiding molecular design. Important potential applications included design of selective receptors, catalysts, and regulators of biological function including enzyme inhibitors. This time also saw the rise of high-throughput screening and combinatorial chemistry along with complementary computational methods for de novo design and virtual screening including docking. These technologies appeared poised to deliver diverse lead compounds for any biological target. As with many technological advances, realization of the expectations required significant additional effort and time. However, as summarized here, striking success has now been achieved for computer-aided drug lead generation and optimization. De novo design using both molecular growing and docking are illustrated for lead generation, and lead optimization features free energy perturbation calculations in conjunction with Monte Carlo statistical mechanics simulations for protein-inhibitor complexes in aqueous solution. The specific applications are to the discovery of non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase (HIV-RT) and inhibitors of the binding of the proinflammatory cytokine MIF to its receptor CD74. A standard protocol is presented that includes scans for possible additions of small substituents to a molecular core, interchange of heterocycles, and focused optimization of substituents at one site. Initial leads with activities at low-micromolar concentrations have been advanced rapidly to low-nanomolar inhibitors.
Money and Value: On The Ethics and Economics of Finance

I feel deeply honored and privileged to have the opportunity of giving the first Baffi Lecture at the Bank of Italy. Paolo Baffi was not only a distinguished banker and financial expert, he was also a remarkable economist and a visionary social thinker. He had outstanding technical expertise in many different fields, but combined his intellectual eminence with a profound sense of values. As Governor Ciampi put it at the general meeting of the Bank of Italy last May, Paolo Baffi represented “an extraordinary combination of penetrating logic, erudition and moral strength … [he was] not only a gifted student of economics, he had a deep-seated commitment to act for the common good.”1 In remembering Baffi today, we must keep in mind both his intellectual contributions and his general evaluative concerns.
Liberalization Policy: ‘Fits & Starts’ or Gradual Change in India

In this paper we assess the impact of external economic liberalization in India on the transmission of aggregate shocks. We examine the relative importance of domestic and external shocks and capture their feedback effects by estimating an eight variable vector autoregression (VAR) model. We also test two propositions regarding the nature of India's liberalization policy: 1) under intermittency (or ‘fits and starts’) the transmission of aggregate shocks in the post-reform period is compared with two pre-reform periods; and 2) under gradualism the transmission of aggregate shocks over three consecutive episodes of economic reform are compared. Our test first consists of a simple regression analysis using output, interest rates, and prices for India and its world counterparts. The analysis is extended to include dummy variables and distributed lags method. Finally, we apply the recursive regression method and Chow-tests to uncover breaks in the estimated parameters. The preponderance of evidence suggests that India's liberalization policy has followed a continuous and smooth path, at least since the mid 1970s.
Nonmetathetic Activity of Ruthenium Alkylidene Complexes: 1,4-Hydrovinylative Cyclization of Multiynes with Ethylene

An efficient 1,4-hydrovinylative cyclization reaction of triynes and tetraynes catalyzed by ruthenium alkylidene complexes under ethylene is described. The regioselectivity of vinyl group incorporation can be controlled by the nature of the substituent on the alkyne, and the Grubbs second-generation catalyst is the most effective among typical ruthenium alkylidene complexes.
Computer-Assisted Instruction in Latin

This article examines in detail three Latin courses which have been in operation for several years on the PLATO IV computer-assisted instruction system: “Beginning Latin,” “Latin Composition,” and “Vergil's Aeneid.” These programs are supplemental to classroom work and have proved very effective in individualizing instruction. The lessons primarily provide drill and practice along with diagnostic information on current progress. Class time thus released can be given to more complex activities. Complete records can be kept and easily accessed so that instructors can evaluate individual and group strengths and weaknesses. Use of CAT lessons does not necessitate a knowledge of computer programming; one can use materials already developed in the same manner as one uses a textbook. In all, the computer appears to be a most useful tool for the FL instructor, and mass production would appear to make it economically viable as well.
Families of Artin–Schreier curves with Cartier–Manin matrix of constant rank

Let k be an algebraically closed field of characteristic p>0. Every Artin–Schreier k-curve X has an equation of the form yp−y=f(x) for some f(x)∈k(x) such that p does not divide the least common multiple L of the orders of the poles of f(x). Under the condition that p≡1modL, Zhu proved that the Newton polygon of the L-function of X is determined by the Hodge polygon of f(x). In particular, the Newton polygon depends only on the orders of the poles of f(x) and not on the location of the poles or otherwise on the coefficients of f(x). In this paper, we prove an analogous result about the a-number of the p-torsion group scheme of the Jacobian of X, providing the first non-trivial examples of families of Jacobians with constant a-number. Equivalently, we consider the semi-linear Cartier operator on the sheaf of regular 1-forms of X and provide the first non-trivial examples of families of curves whose Cartier–Manin matrix has constant rank.
Fission transient times from fission probabilities of neighboring isotopes

Abstract We present a new and straightforward method to estimate the fission transient time by utilizing the cumulative fission probabilities of neighboring isotopes. The fission probabilities were determined as the ratio of the measured fission cross sections to the Bass Model fusion cross sections. For five neighboring 185–189 Os compound nuclei produced in 3 He/ 4 He-induced reactions on separated isotope W targets, the transient time τ D is estimated to be −21 seconds for excitation energies less than 150 MeV, and the most likely value of τ D is ≈10×10 −21 seconds.
Using destination set grouping to improve the performance of window-controlled multipoint connections

In conventional multicast communication, the source carries a single conversation with all destination nodes. If a node on the path to any destination becomes congested, the throughput to all destinations is reduced, thus treating some destination nodes unfairly. We consider a window-controlled multipoint connection and study the use of destination set grouping, where the destination set can be split into disjoint subgroups with the source carrying independent conversations with each subgroup. We present a static grouping heuristic that can obtain near optimum grouping for static network environments and a dynamic grouping protocol which can adjust the grouping and the window sizes per group in response to changing network conditions. The performance of the static grouping heuristic and the dynamic grouping protocol are studied using simulation and compared with single-group multicasting.
Robust preparation of novel imidazo[5,1-b][1,3,4]oxadiazoles

Cyclodehydration of amino acid-derived acyl hydrazide amides 2 to the corresponding oxadiazoles was followed by a second dehydration event, smoothly furnishing the novel imidazo[5,1-b][1,3,4]oxadiazole motif 1.
Imidazole-Ligated Copper Complexes: Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity

A diverse group of copper-containing proteins carries out the transport and activation of the O2 molecule in biological systems.1–5 Extensive characterization of biomimetic analogs of two of those, namely hemocyanin and tyrosinase, has afforded a better understanding of the inorganic chemistry of peroxocopper complexes at the molecular level.6–12
Diversity waveform techniques in delay-Doppler imaging

Coherent Pulse-Doppler radar systems, whether used for synthetic aperture imaging or surveillance purposes, generally transmit a coherent pulse train made up of identical pulses. While these pulses may contain complex modulation---for example, linear FM chirps or frequency and phase coding---the fact remains that these pulses are usually identical. In this paper, we consider the potential advantages of pulse-trains made up of pulses that are distinctly different from pulse-to-pulse. In particular, we investigate a signal processing algorithm that provides increased resolution and discrimination through delay-Doppler sidelobe suppression in the region surrounding the mainlobe of the delay-Doppler response.
The discovery of broad p cygni x-ray lines from circinus x-1 with the Chandra high-energy transmission grating spectrometer

We present the first grating-resolution X-ray spectra of the X-ray binary Circinus X-1, obtained with the High-Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer on Chandra. These reveal a rich set of lines from H-like and/or He-like Ne, Mg, Si, S, and Fe detected with a high signal-to-noise ratio. The lines are broad (±2000 km s-1) and show P Cygni profiles. The absorption components of the lines extend to low velocity, and they have about the same widths and strengths as the corresponding emission components. The widths of the X-ray P Cygni lines are comparable to that of the broad component of the strong, asymmetric Hα line from Cir X-1, suggesting that the two phenomena may be related. We discuss outflow models and propose that the P Cygni profiles may arise in the moderate temperature (~5 × 106 K) region of the wind from an X-ray-heated accretion disk. This basic picture strengthens the idea that the accretion disk in Cir X-1 is viewed in a relatively edge-on manner, and it suggests that Cir X-1 is the X-ray binary analog of a broad absorption line quasar.
A synthetic characterization of the hemisphere

We show that round hemispheres are the only compact two-dimensional Riemannian manifolds (with or without boundary) such that almost every pair of complete geodesics intersect once and only once. We prove this by establishing a sharp isoperimetric inequality for surfaces with boundary such that every pair of geodesics has at most one interior intersection point.
Catalytic decomposition of methanol on ZnO single-crystal surfaces at low and near-atmospheric pressures

Abstract The catalytic decomposition of methanol at 0 to 50 mPa and 1 to 13 kPa was studied on three ZnO single-crystal surfaces: a Zn-polar (0001), a stepped nonpolar ( 50 5 1 ) and an O-polar ( 000 1 ) surface. The low-pressure study was conducted in an ultrahigh vacuum chamber in which methanol was directed onto the surfaces with a doser tube. Up to 425 °C, the Zn-polar surface was at least five times more active than the other two surfaces, and the stepped nonpolar surface was marginally more active than the O-polar surface. The near-atomospheric pressure study was conducted in a microreactor at 250–300 °C. No measurable activities were found on the O-polar ( 000 1 ) surface, whereas the activities of the Zn-polar (0001) and the stepped nonpolar ( 50 5 1 ) surfaces were comparable. The reaction rate increased with increasing methanol pressure up to about 27 mPa beyond which the reaction became zeroth order in methanol. In the zeroth order region, the activation energy was 138–161 kj/mole for the Zn-polar surface. These values and the turnover frequencies were comparable to values obtained on powder ZnO samples under near-atmospheric pressures. In the first-order region, the activation energy decreased as the temperature was increased. The major carbon-containing product observed was formaldehyde at low pressures and CO at near-atmospheric pressures. Differences between the results obtained at the two different pressures and the importance of surface defects generated by reduction of the surfaces were discussed.
Branding in a global marketplace: The mediating effects of quality and self-identity brand signals

Abstract Research documents that consumers with a stronger belief in global citizenship through global brands (GCGB) view branded products as more important and prefer global to local brands. We test the mediating effects of consumer use of quality and self-identity brand signals on the relationships between GCGB and the importance attributed to branded products (Study 1: U.S. and Russia) as well as purchases of global brands (Study 2: U.S., U.K, and Russia). Our research establishes that consumer involvement with branded products and purchases of global brands revolves around consumers' use of brands as signals of quality and self-identity. In the developing country, results document mediation effects for the use of both quality and self-identity signals on the importance of branded products and global brand purchases. In developed countries, we find that the importance of branded products is explained by a greater use of brands as self-identity signals, whereas purchases of global brands are explained by a greater use of quality signals. Overall, consumers with a stronger belief in GCGB are more likely to use brands as symbolic signals and to express their identity through brands, and consumer use of global brands as quality signals provides a distinct competitive advantage to global brands in both developed and developing countries.
The cost of specialized human capital

Abstract Since Gary Becker’s classic treatise Human Capital , the cost of education has generally been viewed as the sum of direct cost plus net foregone earnings—the difference between what could have been earned without attending school and what is earned while in school. However, individuals invest in specialized and not generic human capital. For some individuals, the opportunity cost of a specialized education is what could have been earned after accumulating an alternative specialized education. As demonstrated in this paper, if some individuals belong to a non-competing group , then direct schooling cost plus net foregone earnings will tend to understate the cost of education for others. The notion of a non-competing group requires that some may not be able to enter certain occupations. The human capital approach considers supply of and demand for human capital by individuals , rather than the supply of and demand for individuals with specialized human capital.
Facilitating the Conversation: The 2012 U.S. Presidential Election and Public Diplomacy Through Social Media

The elections of president Barack Obama in 2008 and 2012 provided pivotal moments in U.S. relations with foreign publics. Examining the kind of communication cultivated between public diplomacy practitioners and publics, this article focuses on social media discourse about the 2012 U.S. election posted to U.S. diplomacy efforts on Facebook. We analyze information generated by U.S. embassy sites in Bangladesh, Egypt, and Pakistan to understand the qualities of the communication engendered by these public diplomacy overtures, the nature of public argument via the media platform, and how the election served as a process to further contemporary U.S. public diplomacy. We found that the discussion that took place in response to the announcement of Obama’s reelection did not resemble a deliberative forum for debating U.S. foreign policy or regional implications. Rather, much of the messaging on these sites constituted what we term “spreadable epideictic.” Implications are charted for research and practice.
Genericity and Markovian Behavior in Stochastic Games

This paper esamines Markov perfect equilibria of general, finite state stochastic games. Our main result is that the number of such equilibria is finite for a set of stochastic game payoffs with full Lebesgue measure. We further discuss extensions to lower dimensional stochastie games like the alternating move game.
Augmenting ADS-B with Traffic Information Service-Broadcast

The great interest in implementing Airborne Separation Assistance System (ASAS) applications is tempered by the uncertain pace of user equipage. A means to provide surveillance data to airborne users through ground-based Traffic Information Service-Broadcast (TIS-B) can speed the transition and reward early equipage. This paper describes the concepts and functionality being developed by RTCA Special Committee 186 Working Group 2, as well as foreseen improvements and current testing activities. Active coordination is continuing with international standards developments.
Behavioral and Cortical Measures of Infants' Visual Expectations

Features of the habituation paradigm were combined with the visual expectation paradigm to examine behavioral and cortical indexes of infants' visual expectations. Eight 3-month-old infants watched an alternating picture sequence while their eye movements were videotaped and their cortical electrophysiological activity (event-related potential [ERP]) was recorded. Two ERP epochs were examined: a 3,000-msec stimulus-locked epoch included 1,000 msec before stimulus onset through 1,000 msec after stimulus offset; and a 1,200-msec response-locked epoch included 700 msec before saccade onset through 500 msec after the saccade. All infants anticipated upcoming pictures, and eye movement latencies for pictures that were not anticipated were comparable to saccade latencies reported in other visual expectation studies of infants at this age. Three components were identified in the stimulus-locked ERP waveform: a slowly developing negativity prior to picture onset, a postonset negative slow wave, and a late negativ...
Synthesis and editing of personalized stylistic human motion

This paper presents a generative human motion model for synthesis, retargeting, and editing of personalized human motion styles. We first record a human motion database from multiple actors performing a wide variety of motion styles for particular actions. We then apply multilinear analysis techniques to construct a generative motion model of the form x = g(a, e) for particular human actions, where the parameters a and e control "identity" and "style" variations of the motion x respectively. The new modular representation naturally supports motion generalization to new actors and/or styles. We demonstrate the power and flexibility of the multilinear motion models by synthesizing personalized stylistic human motion and transferring the stylistic motions from one actor to another. We also show the effectiveness of our model by editing stylistic motion in style and/or identity space.
IDAS: an integrated design automation system

Computer-aided design tools are vital to the design of VLSI (very-large-scale integration). This paper presents a new integrated design automation system for describing, documenting, simulating, and synthesizing digital systems. The system consists of a new hardware description language, LALSD II; a translator; a simulator; and a logic synthesizer. The language allows the designer to describe a digital system at various levels of detail, to define modules for implementation, and to describe the system at the behavior level, the structure level, or both. The language can accurately describe the timing for various operations. It can precisely describe multilevel, parallel operations. LALSD II can describe synchronous, asynchronous, or mixed systems.The translator converts the language into a database for simulation and logic synthesis. It can translate each module of the system independently. This means that a designer can modify any module without retranslating other modules.The multilevel hierarchical simulator is a six-valued, table-driven, significant event simulator with selective trace capabilities. Synchronous, asynchronous, or mixed systems and concurrent events can also be simulated. It can simulate intricate timing relations among different components.The logic synthesizer accepts the database, the library of logic modules, the key modules, and the clock period specified by the user and produces the logic design in terms of logic modules and their interconnections.
Comment: Microarrays, Empirical Bayes and the Two-Group Model

Professor Efron is to be congratulated for his innovative and valuable contributions to large-scale multiple testing. He has given us a very interesting article with much material for thought and exploration. The twogroup mixture model (2.1) provides a convenient and effective framework for multiple testing. The empirical Bayes approach leads naturally to the local false discovery rate (Lfdr) and gives the Lfdr a useful Bayesian interpretation. This and other recent papers of Efron raised several important issues in multiple testing such as theoretical null versus empirical null and the effects of correlation. Much research is needed to better understand these issues. Virtually all FDR controlling procedures in the literature are based on thresholding the ranked p-values. The difference among these methods is in the choice of the threshold. In multiple testing, typically one first uses a p-value based method such as the Benjamini– Hochberg procedure for global FDR control and then uses the Lfdr as a measure of significance for individual nonnull cases. See, for example, Efron (2004, 2005). In what follows I will first discuss the drawbacks of using p-value in large-scale multiple testing and demonstrate the fundamental role played by the Lfdr. I then discuss estimation of the null distribution and the proportion of the nonnulls. I will end with some comments about dealing with the dependency. In the discussion I shall use the notation given in Table 1 to summarize the outcomes of a multiple testing procedure. With the notation given in the table, the false discovery rate (FDR) is then defined as FDR = E(N10/R|R > 0)Pr(R > 0).
Circuit Rectification for Four Precision Position Synthesis of Four-Bar and Watt Six-Bar Linkages

The circuit defect arises in precision position based linkage synthesis when a potential solution linkage cannot be moved between all precision positions without disassembly. Circuit rectification consists of reducing the potential solution space to include only those linkages that are free of the circuit defect. Circuit rectification for four precision position synthesis of Watt six-bar linkages is developed here. Circuit rectification of four-bar linkages is refined in the process. An example demonstrates the synthesis of a new Watt I sofa bed linkage free of the circuit defect.
An exotic class of Kaluza-Klein models

Abstract We discuss an exotic class of Kaluza-Klein models in which the internal space is neither compact nor even of finite volume. Rather than using the usual compact internal space we consider the case where particles are gravitationally trapped near a four-dimensional submanifold of the higher-dimensional spacetime. A specific model exhibiting this phenomenon is constructed in five dimensions.
Regulation of phosphatase homologue of tensin protein expression by bone morphogenetic proteins in prostate epithelial cells.

BACKGROUND Phosphatase homologue of tensin (PTEN) is the most commonly mutated gene in prostate cancer. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are known to promote differentiation and inhibit proliferation. Previously published reports from other organ systems led us to investigate a mechanistic relationship between PTEN and BMP signaling in prostate epithelial cells. METHODS We analyzed growth rate and PTEN expression in E6, BPH-1, and C4-2B prostate epithelial cells treated with BMP-4. We also treated doxacyclin-inducible PTEN-C4-2B cells with BMP-4 and doxacyclin to determine the effect of BMP on growth and PTEN expression in conditions of increasing PTEN expression. We determined the dependency of BMP-mediated growth inhibition via siRNA knockdown of PTEN expression and BMP treatment. We determined PTEN protein stability by determining the effect of BMP-4 on PTEN protein at time points after treatment with cyclohexamide, a translation inhibitor. RESULTS We found that BMP-4 induces PTEN in E6 and BPH-1 cells and reduces proliferation. Knockdown of PTEN attenuated the growth-inhibiting effects of BMP-4 in these cells. BMP-4 had no effect in PTEN-negative C4-2B cells, but doxacyclin-driven PTEN C4-2B cells responded to BMP-4 with enhanced PTEN and growth inhibition. BMP-4 also increased PTEN protein stability. CONCLUSIONS BMP signaling induces PTEN expression and sustains PTEN protein expression resulting in inhibition of prostate epithelial cell growth. These data are the first to identify a mechanistic linkage between BMP signaling and PTEN in the prostate, both of which are independently identified as tumor suppressors and suggest possible coordinate dysregulation in prostate cancer. Prostate 71:791–800, 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A data combination method for postflight trajectory analysis.

During the powered flight of a space vehicle, such as the Saturn vehicle, the onboard accelerometers provide a source of trajectory information that can be used to obtain a record of position and velocity. However, the trajectory information so obtained usually is degraded by systematic errors that tend to become large, but whose form is essentially predictable, given a reasonably valid model for the errors in the inertial measurements. This paper describes a postflight technique for employing a relatively small amount of ground-based tracking data to eliminate these systematic errors. The technique has been applied to a simulated two-stage Saturn flight. Bias errors were introduced into the accelerometer data, and noisy ground-based data were simulated. The trajectory estimates were derived from inertial data alone, and from the present method. In all cases considered, a small number of ground-based position measurements yielded position and velocity estimates that were essentially free of bias errors. Even though the analytical basis for the method rests on the assumption of linear time-invariant error model, the method vielded good results in the presence of large, nonlinear, time-varying errors.
Finite type invariants of 3-manifolds

A theory of finite type invariants for arbitrary compact oriented 3-manifolds is proposed, and illustrated through many examples arising from both classical and quantum topology. The theory is seen to be highly non-trivial even for manifolds with large first betti number, encompassing much of the complexity of Ohtsuki's theory for homology spheres. (For example, it is seen that the quantum SO(3) invariants, though not of finite type, are determined by finite type invariants.) The algebraic structure of the set of all finite type invariants is investigated, along with a combinatorial model for the theory in terms of trivalent "Feynman diagrams".