cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incorporation of CP violation with a unified renormalizable gauge theory

A unified renormalizable gauge theory with $\mathrm{CP}$ violation is presented without having to introduce heavy leptons. The theory utilizes three triples of quarks and three charmed quarks. Models in the SU(2) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} U(1) and SU(2) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} SU(2) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} U(1) gauge groups are constructed. The $\mathrm{CP}$-violating phases are in the hadronic sector which is partly composed of a mixture of two triples. The lepton-hadron anomaly cancellation mechanism is adopted, and a superweak type of $\mathrm{CP}$ violation results from the model.
Evidence for a phosphoenzyme intermediate formed during catalysis by pyridoxal phosphatase from human erythrocytes.

Abstract Pyridoxal phosphatase purified from human erythrocytes catalyzes the dephosphorylation of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) and pyridoxine phosphate. The enzyme had phosphotransferase activity and transferred 20-25% of the phosphoryl group from either substrate to ethanol. Incubation of the enzyme with [32P]PLP, followed by quenching in acid, resulted in trapping 0.14-0.24 mol of 32P per mol of subunit. The incorporation of 32P was not due to Schiff base formation. Phosphorylation of the enzyme by [32P]PLP required catalysis by the enzyme and did not occur in the presence of excess pyridoxine phosphate or with denatured enzyme. The phosphoenzyme intermediate was relatively acid stable and very labile at high pH or in the presence of hydroxylamine. Woodward′s reagent K, which specifically modifies acidic amino acid residues, inactivated the phosphatase in a concentration- and time-dependent manner which followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. Substrates or Pi protected the enzyme from inactivation. It is concluded that PLP phosphatase catalyzes the hydrolysis of PLP by forming a covalent phosphoenzyme intermediate and the intermediate may be an acylphosphate. The 32P-labeled phosphatase was digested with pepsin, and two radioactive peaks were isolated by reversed-phase chromatography. However, definitive sequences were not obtained.
Fresnel Variation Of Deterministic And Quantum Initiation In Two And Three Level Superfluorescencet

Recent work is reviewed where dynamic diffraction coupling is examined in Superfluorescence SF with use of a one-way semiclassical model in which diffraction and transverse density variations are rigorously included. The Cs data are correctly simulated for the first time in conjunction with both an average tipping angle and quantum fluctuation (either longitudinal or transverse) at the initiating stage. This comprehensive review also encompasses rigorously the effects of pump dynamics on the SF evolution. The terminology is unified. Specification of certain pump beam initial conditions at a given frequency results in specific SF characteristics at another frequency as recently observed in CH3F and Ba. Pump dynamics are studied in both the average value of the tipping angle and quantum fluctuation at the initiation stage.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Context Effects on Similarity Judgments of Multidimensional Stimuli: Inferring the Structure of the Emotion Space

Abstract Four experiments were conducted to assess the effects of stimulus context on similarity judgments of emotion words. In each experiment, the context either uniformly represented locations on Russell′s (1980) two-dimensional circumplex emotion space or emphasized emotions lying within particular quadrants of that space. The manipulation of context led to systematic changes in the similarity relations among the emotion words. Multidimensional scaling of the similarity data modeled these changes in terms of an emerging third dimension that teased apart distinctions among the emotion words added in each context. Contextual effects were strongest when similarities were assessed via a sorting task and were greatly attenuated when similarities were assessed via direct pairwise ratings of similarity. The contextual dependence of similarity measures provides one possible explanation for reported discrepancies in the dimensionality of the emotion space.
Omenn's syndrome and related combined immunodeficiency syndromes: Diagnostic considerations in infants with persistent erythroderma and failure to thrive

A 4-month-old male infant had a 2-month history of an exfoliative erythroderma and alopecia. Recurrent mucosal infections, diffuse lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphocytosis and eosinophilia, anemia, and failure to thrive later developed. Investigation revealed a combined immunodeficiency with T cells of an unusual phenotype in his peripheral blood, skin, and lymph nodes. Our patient's clinical manifestations most closely resemble Omenn's syndrome, a rare form of autosomal recessive combined immunodeficiency.
Growth of Betti numbers of modules over local rings of small embedding codimension or small linkage number

Abstract In this paper, we show that for modules over the local rings described in the title, if the radius of convergence of the Poincare series is less than one, then the Betti sequence is eventually nondecreasing and has strong exponential growth.
Global patterns of cloud optical thickness variation with temperature

Abstract The International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) dataset is used to correlate variations of cloud optical thickness and cloud temperature in today's atmosphere. The analysis focuses on low clouds in order to limit the importance of changes in cloud vertical extent, particle size, and water phase. Coherent patterns of change are observed on several time and space scales. On the planetary scale, clouds in colder, higher latitudes are found to be optically thicker than clouds in warmer, lower latitudes. On the planetary scale, winter clouds are, for the most part, optically thicker than summer clouds. The logarithmic derivative of cloud optical thickness with temperature is used to describe the sign and magnitude of the optical thickness-temperature correlation. The seasonal, latitudinal, and day-to-day variations of this relation are examined for Northern Hemisphere clouds in 1984. The analysis is done separately for clouds over land and ocean. In cold continental clouds, optical thick...
Performance and biofilm activity of nitrifying biofilters removing trihalomethanes

Nitrifying biofilters seeded with three different mixed-culture sources removed trichloromethane (TCM) and dibromochloromethane (DBCM) with removals reaching 18% for TCM and 75% for DBCM. In addition, resuspended biofilm removed TCM, bromodichloromethane (BDCM), DBCM, and tribromomethane (TBM) in backwash batch kinetic tests, demonstrating that the biofilters contained organisms capable of biotransforming the four regulated trihalomethanes (THMs) commonly found in treated drinking water. Upon the initial and subsequent increased TCM addition, total ammonia nitrogen (TOTNH(3)) removal decreased and then reestablished, indicating an adjustment by the biofilm bacteria. In addition, changes in DBCM removal indicated a change in activity related to DBCM. The backwash batch kinetic tests provided a useful tool to evaluate the biofilm's bacteria. Based on these experiments, the biofilters contained bacteria with similar THM removal kinetics to those seen in previous batch kinetic experiments. Overall, performance or selection does not seem based specifically on nutrients, source water, or source cultures and most likely results from THM product toxicity, and the use of GAC media appeared to offer benefits over anthracite for biofilter stability and long-term performance, although the reasons for this advantage are not apparent based on research to date.
Evolution of antibody class switching: Identification and transcriptional control of an Iυ exon in the Duck (Anas platyrhynchos)

Abstract Immunoglobulin class switching is characteristic to the tetrapod lineage, but the nature of this process has been elucidated only in mammals, where I-exon transcription initiates and directs the recombination in the IgH locus. Here, it is shown that an I-exon occurs 5′ of the υ (IgY constant region) gene of the duck (Anas platyrhynchos): it is longer than mammalian I-exons and comprised primarily of tandem repeats. The Iυ promoter was identified and shown to be responsive to stimulation with IL-4 but not LPS. It contains Oct, LYF-1, ATF, and C/EBP motifs. Site directed mutagenesis indicates that 2 C/EBP motifs are uniquely necessary for the response of the promoter to IL-4, as tested in the mouse pre-B cell line, 70Z/3. These results support the conclusion that the signal transduction pathways controlling I-exon promoter responses to cytokines have been highly conserved in vertebrate evolution.
Language first, then shared intentionality, then a beneficent spiral

Tomasello et al. give a good account of how shared intentionality develops in children, but a much weaker one of how it might have evolved. They are unduly hasty in dismissing the emergence of language as a triggering factor. An alternative account is suggested in which language provided the spark, but thereafter language and shared intentionality coevolved.
Vitamin B12 in developing chick embryos from vitamin B12-deficient and control eggs.

Abstract The vitamin B 12 contents of the normal and vitamin B 12 -deficient chick embryos and yolk sacs were determined at 12, 15, 18 and 21 days of age, by the use of Ochromonas malhamensis . From the 12th day of incubation on there was a decrease in the vitamin B 12 content of the yolk sac with the greatest reduction occurring between the 15th and 18th days. The greatest increase in the vitamin B 12 content of the control embryo occurred during the same period. In the deficient embryo the largest increase occurred between the 18th and 21st days. The vitamin B 12 content of the whole egg (embryo plus yolk sac) decreased between the 15th and 21st days of incubation. The fate of the vitamin B 12 not recovered is unknown, but it is possible that it was metabolized to a substance not utilized by the assay organism.
Acidic and basic fibrobroblast growth factors delay the maturation of neural crest-derived neurons

Abstract Neural crest (NC) cultures were prepared from lumbosacral segments of 12 day rat embryos and maintained in a defined medium. Post-mitotic, flat, neurofilament + neurons with broad neuritic processes (‘nascent neurons’) appeared within 24 h. Timing of the next stage in neuronal differentiation, the formation of bipolar, phase-bright cells that bound tetanus toxin with long, slender neurites (‘bipolar neurons’), was markedly influenced by acidic or basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF). The transition from nascent to bipolar neuron occurred several days prematurely in medium without added FGF, but took place with a time-course like that in vivo when 10 ng/ml of acidic or basic FGF was added.
Complexation studies of chlorophyll a with trinitro substituted fluorene derivates

Abstract Ground and excited state complexes of chlorophyll a from spinach with fluorene and trinitro substituted fluorene derivatives have been studied via absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Solvent effects on the binding of chl a to these fluorene molecules have been monitored in acetonitrile and dichloromethane at ambient temperature. The association constants (Ka) and the Stern-Volmer constants (Ksv) of the investigated complexes were larger in acetonitrile. Molecular modeling results of these systems suggest that the total binding energy of chl a/acceptor complex is dependent on the long-range (dispersion and electrostatic) interactions. Free energies of chl a/acceptor systems scale with the acceptor's dipole moment, electron affinity and dispersion interactions.
The problem of physician self-referral under the Medicare and Medicaid antikickback statute. The Hanlester Network case and the safe harbor regulation.

Dramatic changes have taken place in the legal and ethical status of physician self-referral. In July 1991, the US Department of Health and Human Services issued the "safe harbor" regulation, which permits self-referral only under very narrow constraints. In September 1991, the Department of Health and Human Services Departmental Appeals Board ruled in the landmark Hanlester Network case that joint venture profit distributions are illegal under the antikickback statute when intended to influence investors' reason or judgment in referring Medicare or Medicaid patients. Following this principle on remand in March 1992, the Administrative Law Judge precedentially held that profit distributions violated the statute. Before this remand decision, the Departmental Appeals Board ruling and the safe harbor regulation started the pendulum swinging against self-referral as seen, for example, in the December 1991 revised American Medical Association ethical guidelines. To help providers operate in this new legal and ethical climate, legislation is needed to authorize case-by-case safe harbors. ( JAMA . 1992;268:85-91)
Partial Reconstitution of Photoreceptor cGMP Phosphodiesterase Characteristics in cGMP Phosphodiesterase-5 *

Photoreceptor cGMP phosphodiesterases (PDE6) are uniquely qualified to serve as effector enzymes in the vertebrate visual transduction cascade. In the dark-adapted photoreceptors, the activity of PDE6 is blocked via tight association with the inhibitory γ-subunits (Pγ). The Pγ block is removed in the light-activated PDE6 by the visual G protein, transducin. Transducin-activated PDE6 exhibits an exceptionally high catalytic rate of cGMP hydrolysis ensuring high signal amplification. To identify the structural determinants for the inhibitory interaction with Pγ and the remarkable cGMP hydrolytic ability, we sought to reproduce the PDE6 characteristics by mutagenesis of PDE5, a related cyclic GMP-specific, cGMP-binding PDE. PDE5 is insensitive to Pγ and has a more than 100-fold lower k cat for cGMP hydrolysis. Our mutational analysis of chimeric PDE5/PDE6α′ enzymes revealed that the inhibitory interaction of cone PDE6 catalytic subunits (PDE6α′) with Pγ is mediated primarily by three hydrophobic residues at the entry to the catalytic pocket, Met758, Phe777, and Phe781. The maximal catalytic rate of PDE5 was enhanced by at least 10-fold with substitutions of PDE6α′-specific glycine residues for the corresponding PDE5 alanine residues, Ala608 and Ala612. The Gly residues are adjacent to the highly conserved metal binding motif His-Asn-X-X-His, which is essential for cGMP hydrolysis. Our results suggest that the unique Gly residues allow the PDE6 metal binding site to adopt a more favorable conformation for cGMP hydrolysis.
Information aggregation in smooth markets

Recent years have seen extensive investigation of the information aggregation properties of prediction markets. However, relatively little is known about conditions under which a market will aggregate the private information of rational risk averse traders who optimize their portfolios over time; in particular, what features of a market encourage traders to ultimately reveal their private information through trades? We consider a market model involving finitely many informed risk-averse traders interacting with a market maker. Our main result identifies a basic asymptotic smoothness condition on the price in the market that ensures information will be aggregated under a portfolio convergence assumption. Asymptotic smoothness is fairly mild: it requires that, eventually, infinitesimal purchases or sales should see the same per unit price. Notably, we demonstrate that, under some mild conditions, cost function market makers (or, equivalently, market makers based on market scoring rules) satisfy the asymptotic smoothness requirement.
Export of dissolved organic carbon from the Penobscot River basin in north-central Maine

Summary Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) flux from the Penobscot River and its major tributaries in Maine was determined using continuous discharge measurements, discrete water sampling, and the LOADEST regression software. The average daily flux during 2004–2007 was 71 kg C ha −1 yr −1 (392 Mt C d −1 ), an amount larger than measured in most northern temperate and boreal rivers. Distinct seasonal variation was observed in the relation between concentration and discharge (C–Q). During June through December (summer/fall), there was a relatively steep positive C–Q relation where concentration increased by a factor of 2–3 over the approximately 20-fold range of observed stream discharge for the Penobscot River near Eddington, Maine. In contrast, during January through May (winter/spring), DOC concentration did not increase with increasing discharge. In addition, we observed a major shift in the C–Q between 2004–2005 and 2006–2007, apparently resulting from unprecedented rainfall, runoff, and soil flushing beginning in late fall 2005. The relative contribution to the total Penobscot River basin DOC flux from each tributary varied dramatically by season, reflecting the role of large regulated reservoirs in certain basins. DOC concentration and flux per unit watershed area were highest in tributaries containing the largest areas in palustrine wetlands. Tributary DOC concentration and flux was positively correlated to percentage wetland area. Climatic or environmental changes that influence the magnitude or timing of river discharge or the abundance of wetlands will likely affect the export of DOC to the near-coastal ocean.
YOUNG STELLAR OBJECTS IN THE LARGE MAGELLANIC CLOUD : N63 AND N180 H II REGIONS

We used Spitzer infrared observations to find the young stars of two H II regions in the Large Magellanic Cloud, N63 and N180. The young stellar object (YSO) candidates were identified in each nebula by means of color-color, color-magnitude diagrams, and the shapes of their spectral energy distributions (SEDs). The most luminous YSOs are found near the ionization fronts within strong 8 μm emission clumps. Most YSOs, less luminous, are seen in projection inside the H II regions. HST images show several Class I stars that have emerged along the borders of the H II regions; other YSOs are embedded in cometary clouds. The most luminous YSO of N63 is connected to a string of pointlike sources. Its SED can be modeled by a central source of stellar mass -->M between 7 and 11 -->M☉, with a circumstellar disk of outer radius -->Rd of ~55 AU, and an envelope of moderate accretion rate, $d{M}env$ --> of ~ -->2 × 10−5 -->M☉ yr−1. N180 is experiencing a phase of star formation more intense than N63, attested by the properties of its most luminous YSO: -->M of 25 -->M☉, -->Rd of ~200 AU, and $d{M}env$ --> of ~ -->1.5 × 10−3 -->M☉ yr−1. The modes of triggered star formation in N63 and N180 appear similar to those seen in Galactic H II regions.
Derived Distributions of Storm Depth and Frequency Conditioned on Monthly Total Precipitation: Adding Value to Historical and Satellite-Derived Estimates of Monthly Precipitation

Abstract The stochastic precipitation model in which storms arrive as a Poisson process and have gamma-distributed depths previously has been shown to display useful aggregation properties. Here the disaggregation properties of this model are explored. Specifically, derived distributions and Bayes’s theorem are used to find analytical expressions for the conditional arrival rate and conditional depth distribution for a given realization of monthly total precipitation. The conditioning procedure yields answers to questions of the following nature. If the precipitation in a given month is twice the mean, what is the likelihood that it rained more frequently and/or with larger storm depths? The method is useful as a disaggregation tool in those situations for which knowledge of storm or interstorm characteristics is required (e.g., for driving hydroecological and rainfall–runoff models), but only monthly precipitation totals are available or reliable. This condition exists in many historical, satellite-deriv...
Rewiring MAP Kinase Pathways Using Alternative Scaffold Assembly Mechanisms

How scaffold proteins control information flow in signaling pathways is poorly understood: Do they simply tether components, or do they precisely orient and activate them? We found that the yeast mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase scaffold Ste5 is tolerant to major stereochemical perturbations; heterologous protein interactions could functionally replace native kinase recruitment interactions, indicating that simple tethering is largely sufficient for scaffold-mediated signaling. Moreover, by engineering a scaffold that tethers a unique kinase set, we could create a synthetic MAP kinase pathway with non-natural input-output properties. These findings demonstrate that scaffolds are highly flexible organizing factors that can facilitate pathway evolution and engineering.
Stability and Dynamics of Self-Similarity in Evolution Equations

A methodology for studying the linear stability of self-similar solutions is discussed. These fundamental ideas are illustrated on three prototype problems: a simple ODE with finite-time blow-up, a second-order semi-linear heat equation with infinite-time spreading solutions, and the fourth-order Sivashinsky equation with finite-time self-similar blow-up. These examples are used to show that self-similar dynamics can be studied using many of the ideas arising in the study of dynamical systems. In particular, the use of dimensional analysis to derive scaling invariant similarity variables is discussed, as well as the role of symmetries in the context of stability of self-similar dynamics. The spectrum of the linear stability problem determines the rate at which the solution will approach a self-similar profile. For blow-up solutions it is demonstrated that the symmetries give rise to positive eigenvalues associated with the symmetries, and it is shown how this stability analysis can identify a unique stable (and observable) attracting solution from a countable infinity of similarity solutions.
Modeling time variation and asymmetry in foreign exchange exposure

Abstract Many recent studies suggest that exchange rate exposure is unstable over time and exhibits asymmetric behavior during currency appreciations and depreciations. This paper proposes a dynamic framework for the study of such questions and our empirical findings show that exchange rate exposure of U.S. stocks is time varying. Using decile and sector portfolios, we find asymmetric exposure to be pervasive across the decile portfolios as well as the financial and industrial sectors. Moreover, the response of return variance to past innovations is asymmetric for the majority of cases. The dynamic exchange rate exposure parameters are found to be mean-reverting with low persistence, generally ranging from 1 to less than 2 days. The average time-varying exposure is statistically significant for the size-based and sector-based portfolios. Lastly, the variability in the time-varying exposure is smaller (larger) for the largest (smallest) firms and for industrial (technology) firms.
Emergency Department Profits Are Likely To Continue As The Affordable Care Act Expands Coverage

To better understand the financial viability of hospital emergency departments (EDs), we created national estimates of the cost to hospitals of providing ED care and the associated hospital revenue...
Computerized recruiting for clinical trials in real time.

Abstract Study objective: Success of prospective studies, particularly in the emergency department, often depends on immediate identification of eligible patients to ensure timely sample collection and initiation of study interventions. We report use of a real-time automated notification system to identify potential patients for a clinical trial at the time of ED registration on the basis of information routinely collected. We hypothesize that the automated notification system improves the rate of investigator notification. Methods: We performed a prospective comparison of the notification rate by the automated notification system compared with that by ED clinicians. Results: In the 11 months before use of the automated notification system, the investigator was notified by ED staff for 56% of 61 potentially eligible patients. During 10 months of using the automated notification system, the investigator was paged by the automated notification system for 84% of 49 potentially eligible patients. Conclusion: The automated notification system improves study investigator notification. Use requires online linked registration, a database, and paging systems. The automated notification system is a potentially valuable tool in the recruitment of patients for clinical trials. [ Ann Emerg Med. 2003;41:242-246.]
An investigation of the effects of chip flow on tool-wear in machining with complex grooved tools

Abstract This paper presents a systematic approach towards understanding of the tool-wear mechanisms in grooved tool inserts based on chip-flow patterns. It has been observed through high-speed filming experiments and scanning electron microscopy that improper design of chip-groove geometry and/or inappropriate application of the cutting conditions result in “undesirable” chip-flow patterns and consequent rapid tool-wear and tool failure, especially in cases, where the flank wear ( VB ) or the crater wear ( KT ) are not severe. Thus, the different forms of tool-wear in grooved tools can be seen as more due to the mechanical action of the flow of the chip than due to the adhesion or diffusion process. The present work is expected to lead to a better understanding of the influence of individual chip-groove and machining parameters on tool failure modes, and consequently, would contribute to a more effective tool-life prediction.
Effects of price, ‘openness’ of the economy and magnitude of the alternative reinforcer on responding for caffeinated coffee

Consumption of a commodity is influenced by various factors. This experiment examined three factors: unit price, ‘openness’ of the economy, and magnitude of an alternative reinforcer. Subjects earned caffeinated coffee and money by responding on concurrent random-ratio (RR) schedules. Coffee price was varied by changing the coffee schedule from RR 1·3 to RR 16, while holding the money schedule constant (RR4). Openness of the economy was varied by changing the amount of unearned coffee provided during a 2-h post-task period (0, 1·5 or 3 free cups). The magnitude of the alternative reinforcer was varied by allowing subjects to earn an average of $2·00 or $6·00 for responding on the money schedule. Number of responses for coffee and amount of coffee earned varied inversely with the openness of the economy, but were unaffected by the amount of money available. Analysing the demand for coffee as a function of coffee price revealed that coffee was a less elastic commodity when the economy was closed than when it was more open. Within the range of parameters tested here, price of caffeinated coffee and openness of the economy strongly affected responding in humans, whereas the magnitude of an alternative monetary reinforcer had only limited effects.
Spontaneous domain switching during phase separation of Pb on Ge(111).

Using low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM), we have discovered a novel phase separation mechanism for Pb on Ge(111). When the low Pb coverage ($1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1$) phase coexists with the high coverage $\ensuremath{\beta}$ phase, the surface consists of $\ensuremath{\sim}100\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{nm}$ sized domains that spontaneously switch from one phase to the other. We argue this striking mechanism occurs because nanometer-scale domains can have density fluctuations comparable to the density difference between the two phases.
Facilitation of health care delivery through enhanced communications

To realize the advantages of advanced computing technology in medicine we will have to blend computing and communications facilities into a seamless entity that can support ubiquitous computing for medical use. Work-group computing applications, high speed networks linking a multiplicity of servers, and mobile computing platforms can provide the next generation of devices and services for the physician. Ultimately, the biggest challenge for communications and computing in medicine will be found in the requirement for standards in semantics and syntax in the highest levels of the OSI model. We present here our view of the functional requirements for physician communications and computing to meet standard medical practice in Western societies.
Pinned Co moments in a polycrystalline permalloy/CoO exchange-biased bilayer

We have measured element-specific magnetization depth profiles across the interface between a polycrystalline ferromagnet and an antiferromagnet in an exchange-biased bilayer of Py/CoO. Using soft x-ray resonant reflectivity we have identified a thin (0.5 nm) layer containing uncompensated Co magnetization at the interface with the Py. The majority of this magnetization follows the external field; however, $\ensuremath{\sim}10%$ of the magnetization in this interfacial layer is pinned antiparallel to the cooling field used when biasing the sample, consistent with the negative exchange bias in this bilayer system, provided that the pinned Co spins are antiferromagnetically coupled to the ferromagnetic layer.
High current liquid metal collectors

Abstract Acyclic machines require the transfer of very high d.c. currents from stationary to rotating contacts at low (5–300 V) voltages. A development program was undertaken to study new collector concepts for high current collector applications. A new “narrow-gap” liquid metal collector was developed, analyzed and tested in the laboratory. Several test series were completed that demonstrated a collector design capable of operating at more than 30.9 MA m −2 at rotor velocities from 0 to 28 m s −1 for acyclic motor applications. A twocollector test fixture was operated for over 9000 h without any significant change in current collector characteristics. A narrow-gap collector design was also tested at speeds up to 100 m s −1 for acyclic generator applications. An analytical model of the collector concept was developed to allow predictions of collector performance for various machine designs.
Effect of acute maternal ethanol exposure upon fetal development in the rat

Two studies on the effect of acute ethanol administration during Days 9-12 of gestation showed significant fetal weight reduction (6%-8%) in rats from ethanol-treated dams compared to water controls. Maternal weight gains could not account for the differences. These effects of acute doses (3-4 g ethanol/kg body weight), given only during organogenesis, suggest that chronic ethanol exposure during gestation is not required for some developmental retardation to occur. What effect this retardation may have upon subsequent behavioral development remains to be determined.
Spinal Movement Centers of Rotation for Modeling and Development of Rehabilitation and Exoskelton Devices

Recent years have seen the rapid development of various upper limb devices, especially in prosthetic [1] and exoskeleton devices [2–5]. Although the capabilities of these devices have been greatly increased, the effect of these devices in real world applications is still being tested. In exoskeletons and prostheses, the majority of development has been focused on lower and upper extremity devices, many times excluding the effects of torso movement. The torso contributes a significant amount of movement in the performance of tasks, and the spine is prone to injury if overexerted [6]. For continued development and expansion of these devices the movements of the torso must be considered. This paper presents work done in the development of functional joint centers of the spine to be used in upper body modeling for development and testing of prostheses and exoskeletons.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Effect of aligned ferromagnetic particles on strain sensitivity of multi-walled carbon nanotube/polydimethylsiloxane sensors

A strain sensor using chain-structured ferromagnetic particles (FPs) in a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanocomposite was fabricated under a magnetic field and its strain sensitivity was evaluated at different material proportions. When the proportion of MWCNTs that are well dispersed in PDMS is higher than the percolation threshold, the strain sensitivity reduces with the increase of MWCNTs, in general; whereas a higher volume fraction of FPs produces a higher strain sensitivity when the chain-structure of FPs sustains. The mechanisms causing this interesting phenomenon have been demonstrated through the microstructural evolution and micromechanics-based modeling. These findings indicate that an optimal design of the volume fraction of FPs and MWCNTs exists to achieve the best strain sensitivity of this type of sensors. It is demonstrated that the nanocomposites containing 20 vol. % of nickel particles and 0.35 wt. % MWCNTs exhibit a high strain sensitivity of ∼80.
Broad spectrum assessment of psychopathology and adaptive functioning with the Older Adult Behavior Checklist: a validation and diagnostic discrimination study

Objective Self-administered by spouses and other collateral informants, the nationally normed Older Adult Behavior Checklist (OABCL) provides standardized data on diverse aspects of older adult psychopathology and adaptive functioning. We tested the validity of the Older Adult Behavior Checklist (OABCL) scale scores in terms of associations with diagnoses of dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT) and mood disorders (MD) and with nine measures of psychopathology, cognitive performance, and adaptive functioning. Method Informants completed OABCLs for 727 60–97-year-olds recruited from a memory disorders clinic, geriatric psychiatry clinic, and community-dwelling seniors. OABCL scale scores were tested for associations with DAT and MD diagnoses, as well as with scores on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory, Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), Clock Drawing Test, Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale, Geriatric Depression Scale, Clinical Dementia Rating, Dementia Severity Rating Scale, Trail Making Test Part A, and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living. Results OABCL scales had medium to large correlations with the nine other indices of functioning and significantly augmented MMSE discrimination between patients with DAT versus MD. OABCL scales also discriminated significantly between patients diagnosed with DAT versus MD and both these groups versus nonclinical subjects. Conclusions Multiple OABCL scales had medium to large associations with diverse indices of functioning based on other kinds of data. The nationally normed OABCL provides new ways to integrate informant and self-report data to improve assessment of older adults. Specifically, the OABCL can provide discrimination between those who qualify for diagnoses of DAT versus MD versus neither diagnosis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxidation of the /112/ face of tungsten.

Abstract Electron diffraction studies of a W (112) face have shown that the surface atoms have the normal arrangement for this crystal plane. When exposed to oxygen at room temperature a p (2 × 1) structure develops with the double spacing along the close packed rows of surface atoms. This structure covers the entire surface when the oxygen exposure reaches 10−6 Torr sec, the sticking probability decreasing from an initial value of almost unity to a final value of about 0.4. With further exposure the p(2 × 1) structure is replaced gradually by a p(1 × 2), representing a double spacing normal to the close packed rows. If the crystal is not heated, this p(1 × 2) structure persists to very high oxygen exposures. But if the crystal is heated after high oxygen exposures, complex structures of the form p(1 × n) are formed, with n = 1, 2, 3 or 4. Heavy exposure to oxygen (e.g., 10−4 Torr sec) while hot produces a structure, which is shown to be made up of (110) facets. The other p(1 × n) structures, including the p(1 × 2) formed at room temperature, may perhaps be made up of incipient (110) facets. All of these complex structures can be degraded in a good vacuum to form a p (2 × 1) structure at 2050°K and finally a clean (and unfaceted) surface at about 2100°K.
Biochemical variation of hair keratins in man and non‐human primates

Human hair from various racial groups was investigated using the following techniques: amino acid analysis, acrylamide gel electrophoresis, x-ray diffraction studies, stress-strain analysis. Each of these techniques yielded identical results for all samples, indicating that the variables producing phenotypic differences in human hair form are probably not on the level of primary or secondary biochemical structure. Hair samples of a variety of primates were examined electrophoretically, with each taxonomic family investigated exhibiting a different pattern. These biochemical results are consistent with accepted primate phylogeny.
DSOS—a skeletal, real–time, minicomputer operating system

This paper describes a skeletal operating system which provides the services and structure necessary to implement real-time applications. Features which would require a specific configuration or a non-minimal computer are either omitted or optional. In particular, although some protocol is established, no peripheral devices are required. System features include dynamic storage allocation, memory protection, multiprogramming, pseudo-clocks, and co-ordination and communication primitives. Due to its simple design, the system ‘kernel’ has proven to be remarkably error free.
Theranostics, Gallium-68, and Other Radionuclides: A Pathway to Personalized Diagnosis and Treatment

R.P. Baum and F. Rosch, Eds. New York, NY: Springer, 2013, 594 pages, $199 The general themes of this book (theranostics and peptide receptor–targeted radiotherapy) derive from evolving successes in the use of generator-produced 68Ga for molecular imaging of disease. The chapters represent an
Astrometric planet searches with SIM PlanetQuest

SIM will search for planets with masses as small as the Earth's orbiting in the habitable zones' around more than 100 of the stars and could discover many dozen if Earth-like planets are common. With a planned 'Deep Survey' of 100-450 stars (depending on desired mass sensitivity) SIM will search for terrestrial planets around all of the candidate target stars for future direct detection missions such as Terrestrial Planet Finder and Darwin, SIM's 'Broad Survey' of 2010 stars will characterize single and multiple-planet systems around a wide variety of stellar types, including many now inaccessible with the radial velocity technique. In particular, SIM will search for planets around young stars providing insights into how planetary systems are born and evolve with time.
Contamination of roadside soils by runoff pollutants: A numerical study

Roadway runoff contains multiple pollutant species that can contaminate roadside water, pose risks to aquatic organisms, and cause health problems for human beings. Roadside soils, mostly in their unsaturated states, constitute the first receiving entity for runoff water as the water flows off roadway surfaces. Considering the time-consuming and sophisticated procedures required for experimentally characterizing the soil–water characteristics of unsaturated soils, a finite element analysis (FEA) model was developed in this study and used to predict the contaminating process of variably saturated soils by the pollutants carried in runoff. The governing equation for the transport of multiple pollutant species was formulated based on the mass transport equation for porous media and the Richards’ Equation for characterizing variably saturated soils. FEA formulation of the governing equation was accomplished by implementing a linear interpretation function in three-node triangular elements. The FEA model was validated using a miniature laboratory model. The validated FEA model was then implemented to analyze the contamination of a roadside ditch by studying different configurations of soil stratum. The FEA model developed in this work allows the prediction of pollutant distributions in soils at any time of interest, which will greatly facilitate the management of contamination problems caused by roadway runoff.
Effects of Fructose‐1,6‐Bisphosphate on Glutamate Release and ATP Loss from Rat Brain Slices During Hypoxia

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP), an intermediate of glucose metabolism, is neuroprotective in brain hypoxia or ischemia. Because the mechanisms for this protection are not clear, we examined the effects of FBP on two important events in brain ischemia, i.e., loss of ATP and release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. Glutamate release from cortical brain slices was measured fluorometrically (glutamate dehydrogenase-catalyzed conversion of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate) during hypoxia (PO2 15 mm Hg) or hypoxia plus 100 microM cyanide. FBP (3.5 mM, with glucose 20 mM) reduced glutamate release during hypoxia by 55% and during hypoxia/cyanide by 46% (p < 0.005), and prevented a significant fall in [ATP]. [ATP] was maintained in oxygenated glucose-free conditions with 20 but not 3.5 mM FBP, and fell to < 20% of normal with hypoxia. Despite the drop in [ATP], 3.5 or 20 mM FBP without glucose decreased hypoxia-evoked glutamate release. We conclude (1) FBP present without glucose preserves normal [ATP] only when oxygen is available, suggesting limited uptake and metabolism; and (2) FBP decreases hypoxia-evoked glutamate release by processes independent of [ATP]. These results suggest protective actions of FBP that are separate from augmentation of anaerobic energy production, as previously proposed.
Effects of dimethyl methylphosphonate on premixed methane flames

The impact of dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) was studied in a premixed methane/oxygen/N2-Ar flame in a flat flame burner slightly under atmospheric pressure at two different equivalence ratios: rich and slightly lean. CH4, CO, CO2 ,C H 2O, CH3OH, C2H6 ,C 2H4, and C2H2 profiles were obtained with a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. Gas samples, analyzed in the FTIR, were extracted from the reaction zone using a quartz microprobe with choked flow at its orifice. Temperature profiles were obtained by measuring the probe flow rate through the choked orifice. Flame calculations were performed with two existing detailed chemical kinetic mechanisms for organophosphorus combustion. DMMP addition caused all profiles except that of CH3OH to move further away from the burner surface, which can be interpreted as a consequence of a reduction in the adiabatic flame speed. Experimentally, the magnitude of the shift was 50% greater for the near-stoichiometric flame than for the rich flame. Experimental CH3OH profiles were four to seven times higher in the doped flames than in the undoped ones. The magnitude of this effect is not predicted in the calculations, suggesting a need for further mechanism development. Otherwise, the two mechanisms are reasonably successful in predicting the effects of DMMP on the flame. © 2003 The Combustion Institute. All rights reserved.
Model-Based Multiactuator Control for Real-Time Hybrid Simulation

AbstractHybrid simulation combines numerical simulation and experimental testing in a loop of action and reaction to capture the dynamic behavior of a structure. With an extended time scale, convergence of the desired displacements or forces can be assured in each actuator connected to the experimental component before advancing to the next time step. However, when the rate-dependent behavior of an experimental component is of interest, the hybrid simulation must be conducted in real time [i.e., real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS)]. In RTHS, the dynamic behavior of the loading system (i.e., actuators, controllers, and computers) is directly introduced into the RTHS loop. These dynamics consist of both time delays and frequency dependent time lags. At the same time, the phenomenon of control-structure interaction leads to a coupling of the dynamic behavior of the actuators and the structure. Traditional actuator control approaches for RTHS compensate for an apparent time delay or time lag rather than addres...
Book Review Essays

Apes, Signs, and Syntax: Aping Language. Joel Wallman. Apes, Signs, and Syntax: The Beginning and Meaning of Culture: The Cerebral Activity Underlying It. Antonio Santangelo.
Characterization of metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in human plasma.

In this study, we have identified and characterized metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in human plasma. Treatment of plasma with trypsin or aminophenylmercuric acetate resulted in activation of latent gelatinolytic activity. Fractionation of plasma by gelatin Sepharose chromatography resulted in the isolation of 72 kDa and 92 kDa gelatinases/type IV collagenases. The 72 kDa gelatinase was purified by gel filtration chromatography. Stromelysin-1 was isolated from plasma by Matrex green A affinity chromatography. Immunoblotting of plasma fractions with antibodies to unique peptide regions of human gelatinases differentiated the 72 kDa gelatinase from the 92 kDa gelatinase. Antibodies to the amino terminal peptides of each enzyme were used to determine that plasma gelatinases circulate as latent proenzymes. Immunoblotting with antibodies directed against human stromelysin identified a 57 kDa stromelysin. T1MP-1 (28 kDa) and TIMP-2 (21 kDa) were also identified by immunoblo...
Detection of prodromal Alzheimer's disease via pattern classification of magnetic resonance imaging

We report evidence that computer-based high-dimensional pattern classification of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detects patterns of brain structure characterizing mild cognitive impairment (MCI), often a prodromal phase of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Ninety percent diagnostic accuracy was achieved, using cross-validation, for 30 participants in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Retrospective evaluation of serial scans obtained during prior years revealed gradual increases in structural abnormality for the MCI group, often before clinical symptoms, but slower increase for individuals remaining cognitively normal. Detecting complex patterns of brain abnormality in very early stages of cognitive impairment has pivotal importance for the detection and management of AD.
B cell superantigens in HIV-1 infection.

HIV-1 infection affects many of the cellular components vital for the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Similar to the T cell superantigen effect on T cell expansion and depletion in AIDS, HIV components with B cell superantigenic properties could be responsible for the observed B cell activation and skewing of VH family usage. Current data on possible B cell superantigen properties of HIV proteins (gp120) are mostly based on studies describing the clonality and VH family usage of immunoglobulins in HIV infection. Various laboratories reported independently an unusual skewing of the VH-repertoire of antibodies that appears not to be random. According to these observations, an enrichment of VH 1 and VH4 family - paralleled a depletion of VH3 family - utilizing anti-HIV-1 gp120 and p24 antibodies in HIV-1 infected individuals and a loss of total VH3+ Ig in patients with late stages of AIDS. Polyclonal and monoclonal (VH1, VH4, and VH5) anti-p24 and gp120 antibodies share a crossreactive idiotype (IF7). IF7...