cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simplified daily models for estimating energy consumption impacts of changing office building ventilation rates

Abstract This work presents simplified daily energy models to predict changes in office building electricity and natural gas energy consumption due to changes in the ventilation rate. The models provide day-resolved estimates based on 21 building and weather condition inputs. They use a “gray box” approach, with their functional form derived from physical principles of heat transfer and energy conservation, but with the values of 13 model coefficients estimated empirically. The training data was taken from 15,000 detailed office building simulations, comprising a dataset designed statistically represent the U.S. office sector in terms of location, building size, and building characteristics, and providing 3.78 million day-resolved data points. For electricity and natural gas energy consumption, the model fits resulted in R2 = 0.89 and R2 = 0.95, respectively. A case study in New York City indicated that the simplified models are useful screening tools for evaluating the energy implications of increasing ventilation rates, which can be desirable, for example, for enhancing workforce productivity in high performance buildings.
The Geopolitical Implications of a Clean Energy Future from the Perspective of the United States

A future in which clean energy substantially displaces fossil fuels could affect the economic and national security interests of the United States in at least five major ways. First, the United States may reduce its presence in the Middle East as fossil fuels wane in importance. Second, the United States is on track to cede market share in nuclear power to countries like Russia and China that are smarter and more aggressively investing in nuclear innovation, leading to economic opportunity costs and increased threats from nuclear proliferation. Third, the United States will likely invest in a smarter and more interconnected power grid to cope with intermittent renewable electricity supply; that could enhance relations with Mexico and Canada but also increase the threat of cyberattacks on the grid. Fourth, the rise of clean energy might tempt countries around the world to boost domestic manufacturing, by flouting the norms of the international trade regime that has brought prosperity to the United States. And fifth, in the face of the various negative potential implications of a clean energy future, the United States will have an opportunity to advance national and global interests by leading efforts to strengthen international institutions, confront climate change, and invest in clean energy innovation.
‘Intimacy, informalization and intersecting inequalities: tracing the linkages’

This essay traces linkages among the intimacy of familial household relations, the informalization and market dynamics of capitalist economies, and the intersection of multiple inequalities within ...
Psychotherapy with Traumatized Southeast Asian Refugees

Southeast Asian refugees have suffered severe traumas, and face the challenges of adapting to a new and unfamiliar land. The paper identifies techniques for time-limited mental health treatment with this group. These include the initial task of establishing clinician credibility (by focusing on symptom reduction), assisting resettlement, and working through the traumas they suffered. In addition, the special challenges of working with refugees are addressed.
The Extrinsic System

Factor VII appears to be the key regulatory protein in the initiation of both the intrinsic and extrinsic systems of coagulation. The single chain, or zymogen form, of factor VII possesses enzymatic activity which makes it an ideal candidate for the initiation of coagulation following vascular injury. A number of interactions between the intrinsic and extrinsic systems of coagulation have been identified. It appears that factor VII is capable of directly activating factor IX and vice versa. The study of factor VII variants with associated thromboembolic complications may provide a number of answers regarding the initiation and regulation of the blood coagulation process.
Structure and Kinematics at the North Galactic Pole

Results from a complete survey of proper motions to B = 22.5 at the North Galactic Pole are summarized. Evidence from this and other surveys indicates that (1) the thick disk may extend to as much as 5.5 kpc above the Galactic plane at the solar radius, and (2) the thick disk may contain stars with metallicities as low as [Fe/H] = −1.6 or lower. These two properties of the thick disk mean that surveys of halo stars risk serious contamination by thick disk stars unless very conservative selection criteria are used. Applying these conservative selection criteria to existing surveys of halo stars reveals a surprising result — namely, that the halo is in retrograde rotation.
A phase I clinical trial of hepatic arterial infusion of oxaliplatin and oral capecitabine, with or without systemic bevacizumab, for patients with advanced cancer and liver involvement.

2527Background: Hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) of chemotherapy is a treatment option for patients (pts) with cancer metastatic to the liver. We investigated HAI oxaliplatin combined with capecitab...
Shingling Technology For Cell Interconnection: Technological Aspects And Process Integration

Abstract Shingling technology is an extremely interesting development of cell interconnection in a photovoltaic module due to higher power densities at the same or lower cost, and increasing availability of suitable Electrically Conductive Adhesives (ECAs) and equipment. The shingling approach provides several advantages compared to standard modules, namely: lower ohmic losses, better area utilization, lower processing temperature, lower operating temperature resulting in enhanced energy yield, improved aesthetics. In this work, we demonstrate the performance gain obtained with shingling interconnection technology in terms of module output power and efficiency. Moreover, we describe the technological challenges for each step in the shingling assembly process flow.
Determinacy and monotone inductive definitions

We prove the equivalence of the determinacy of $$\Sigma^0_3$$ (effectively Gδσ) games with the existence of a β-model satisfying the axiom of $$\Pi^2_1$$ monotone induction, answering a question of Montalban [8]. The proof is tripartite, consisting of (i) a direct and natural proof of $$\Sigma^0_3$$ determinacy using monotone inductive operators, including an isolation of the minimal complexity of winning strategies; (ii) an analysis of the convergence of such operators in levels of G¨odel’s L, culminating in the result that the nonstandard models isolated by Welch [18] satisfy $$\Pi^2_1$$ monotone induction; and (iii) a recasting of Welch’s [17] Friedman-style game to show that this determinacy yields the existence of one of Welch’s nonstandard models. Our analysis in (iii) furnishes a description of the degree of $$\Pi^2_1$$ -correctness of the minimal β-model of $$\Pi^2_1$$ monotone induction.
Successful Reduced Intensity Stem Cell Transplant in a Patient with Myeloproliferative Neoplasm/Myelodysplastic (MPN/MDS) Overlap Syndrome Diagnosed with West Nile Virus Encephalitis.

West Nile Virus (WNV) infections are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates in transplant recipients. Limited information exists regarding the management of WNV in the peri-transplant period. The optimal duration of time for delaying transplantation remains unclear. We describe the first successful case of a patient diagnosed with WNV encephalitis in the pre-transplant period who subsequently underwent successful reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) HSCT. Our patient initially presented with low grade fevers, malaise, cough and fatigue a fortnight before planned HSCT for myelodysplastic syndrome (see Figure). Chest X-ray and respiratory tract PCR were negative. As Colorado is endemic for WNV, a WNV nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) was sent and returned positive. WNV IgM in blood was positive (6.22), WNV IgG was negative (0.70), WNV serum reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was negative. A week later he was admitted with high-grade fevers, rigors, retro-orbital headaches and confusion. Exam was unrevealing. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of brain did not show encephalitis. Cerebrospinal fluid IgG was negative (0.7), CSF WNV RNA PCR was negative. One week following discharge both WNV serum IgM (7.45) and WNV IgG (2.21) were positive. Given concerns for possible WNV encephalitis, decision was made to delay HSCT and monitor for neuroinvasive disease. He improved with resolution of fever and neurological symptoms and 1.5 months after initial presentation underwent RIC Matched Unrelated Donor (MUD) Allogeneic peripheral blood HSCT. Conditioning regimen involved fludarabine and melphalan. Post-transplant, he was on methotrexate and tacrolimus for graft versus host disease prophylaxis. On Transplant Day + 10, WNV serum IgM was positive at 4.31, WNV IgG positive at 4.12; however, serum WNV RNA PCR were reported negative. He engrafted on Transplant Day +18, bone marrow biopsy from day +28 revealed 100% donor cells. At day +100, there was no evidence of relapse of WNV infection.
Mechanical shock during egg de-adhesion and post-ovulatory ageing contribute to spontaneous autopolyploidy in white sturgeon culture (Acipenser transmontanus)

Abstract Spontaneous autopolyploidy, a 1.5x increase in genome size resulting from second polar body retention after fertilization, has been documented in cultured sturgeons, with the proportion of spontaneous autopolyploid progeny ranging widely among maternal families. Sturgeon farms wish to reduce the number of spontaneous autopolyploids because their progeny, when crossed with a normal ploidy parent, exhibit intermediate ploidies, resulting in reproductive abnormalities. However, there is limited knowledge of the causes of the second polar body retention in sturgeon culture. In this study, we report the results of experiments performed from 2015 to 2019 aimed at identifying the sources of spontaneous autopolyploidy in white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) culture. In collaboration with several sturgeon farms, we tested whether post-ovulatory ageing, mechanical shock during egg de-adhesion, and the combined effects of both factors increased spontaneous autopolyploidy. To test the effect of post-ovulatory ageing, eggs were collected from females and either fertilized at the industry normative time (2–5 h post-oviposition) or stored in ovarian fluid at 15 °C for 6–8 h before fertilization. To test the effect of mechanical shock, eggs were collected, fertilized 2–5 h post-oviposition and exposed to either gentle or vigorous mixing during the 60 min de-adhesion treatment. Results from this work reveal that post-ovulatory ageing does increase the incidence of spontaneous autopolyploidy in some females, but overall the proportions produced were low (range 0–15%). Proportions of spontaneous autopolyploids in eggs exposed to vigorous mixing were also variable (1–92%) but significantly higher in 75% of the females when compared to their respective controls or gentle mixing treatments, indicating that mechanical shock during egg de-adhesion is likely the primary cause of spontaneous autopolyploidy. To our knowledge this is the first study to document mechanical shock to eggs during de-adhesion as a cause of abnormal ploidy in cultured fishes. We observed high variability in egg quality among females and a significant relationship between embryo mortality and the incidence of spontaneous autopolyploidy when eggs were exposed to mechanical shock. Repeated spawning of a female that produced a high proportion of spontaneous autopolyploids provided preliminary evidence that genetic background may influence the likelihood that a female's eggs will be prone to second polar body retention when subjected to mechanical shock. Although spontaneous autopolyploidy in sturgeon culture will likely never be eliminated entirely, we provide practical recommendations to sturgeon producers to reduce its incidence in a production setting.
A model for French-press experiments of dry snow compaction

Abstract. Snow densification stores water in alpine regions and transforms snow into ice on the surface of glaciers. Despite its importance in determining snow-water equivalent and glacier-induced sea level rise, we still lack a complete understanding of the physical mechanisms underlying snow compaction. In essence, compaction is a rheological process, where the rheology evolves with depth due to variation in temperature, pressure, humidity, and meltwater. The rheology of snow compaction can be determined in a few ways, for example, through empirical investigations (e.g., Herron and Langway, 1980), by microstructural considerations (e.g., Alley, 1987), or by measuring the rheology directly, which is the approach we take here. Using a French-press or cafetiere-a-piston compression stage, Wang and Baker (2013) compressed numerous snow samples of different densities. Here we derive a mixture theory for compaction and airflow through the porous snow to compare against these experimental data. We find that a plastic compaction law explains experimental results. Taking standard forms for the permeability and effective pressure as functions of the porosity, we show that this compaction mode persists for a range of densities and overburden loads. These findings suggest that measuring compaction in the lab is a promising direction for determining the rheology of snow through its many stages of densification.
The Role of Cytoplasmic Interactions in the Collective Polarization of Tissues and its Interplay with Cellular Geometry

Planar cell polarity (PCP), the ability of a tissue to polarize coherently over multicellular length scales, provides the directional information that guides a multitude of developmental processes at cellular and tissue levels. While it is manifest that cells utilize both intracellular and intercellular mechanisms, how they couple together to produce the collective response remains an active area of investigation. Exploring a phenomenological reaction-diffusion model, we predict a crucial, and novel, role for cytoplasmic interactions in the largescale correlations of cell polarities. We demonstrate that finite-range (i.e. nonlocal) cytoplasmic interactions are necessary and sufficient for the robust and long-range polarization of tissues even in the absence of global cues, and are essential to the faithful detection of weak directional signals. Strikingly, our model recapitulates an observed influence of anisotropic tissue geometries on the orientation of polarity. In order to facilitate a conversation between theory and experiments, we compare five distinct classes of in silico mutants with experimental observations. Within this context, we propose quantitative measures that can guide the search for the participant molecular components, and the identification of their roles in the collective polarization of tissues.
Dynamic Distribution Network Reconfiguration Using Reinforcement Learning

Dynamic distribution network reconfiguration (DNR) algorithms perform hourly dynamic status changes of sectionalizing and tie switches to reduce network line losses, minimize loss of load, or increase hosting capacity for distributed energy resources. Existing algorithms in this field have demonstrated good results when network parameters are assumed to be known. However, in practice inaccurate distribution network parameter estimates are prevalent. This paper solves the minimum loss dynamic DNR problem without the network parameter information. We formulate the DNR problem as a Markov decision process problem and train an off-policy reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm based on historical operation data set. In the online execution phase, the trained RL agent determines the best network configuration at any time step to minimize the expected total operational cost over the planning horizon, which includes the switching costs. To improve the RL algorithm’s performance, we propose a novel data augmentation method to create additional synthetic training data based on the existing data set. We validate the proposed framework on a 16-bus distribution test feeder with synthetic data. The learned control policy not only reduces the network loss but also improves the voltage profile.
Containment: A Variation of Cops and Robber

We consider “Containment”: a variation of the graph pursuit game of Cops and Robber in which cops move from edge to adjacent edge, the robber moves from vertex to adjacent vertex (but cannot move along an edge occupied by a cop), and the cops win by “containing” the robber—that is, by occupying all $$\deg (v)$$ of the edges incident with a vertex v while the robber is at v. We develop bounds that relate the minimal number of cops, $$\xi (G)$$, required to contain a robber to the well-known “cop-number” c(G) in the original game: in particular, $$c(G) {\le } \xi (G) {\le } \gamma (G) \Delta (G)$$. We note that $$\xi (G) {\ge } \Delta (G)$$ for all graphs G, and analyze several families of graphs in which equality holds, as well as several in which the inequality is strict. We also give examples of graphs which require an unbounded number of cops in order to contain a robber, and show that there exist cubic graphs on n vertices with $$\xi (G) = \Omega (n^{1/6})$$.
Human thermoregulation during prolonged exposure to warm and extremely humid environments expected to occur in disabled submarine scenarios.

Military and civilian emergency situations often involve prolonged exposures to warm and very humid environments. We tested the hypothesis that increases in core temperature and body fluid losses d...
A theory of theories

Abstract : The aim of the document is to set out a bookkeeping procedure by which a scientist (using the term flexibly) may compare the conclusions of a theory with facts obtained by reduction of observational data with the aim of assessing the hypothesis on which the theory is based. It is argued that the appropriate formalism is probability theory, and that the key process is the inductive process as represented by Bayes' theorem which indicates how the degree of belief in a hypothesis should be adjusted in response to new information. The following model of the inductive process in science is adopted. Between observation and theory there is an 'interface' which comprises a set of independent items: each item comprises a complete set of mutually exclusive statements. It must be possible to assign two probabilities to each of these statements, one by 'reduction' of observational data, and the other by theoretical analysis of the considered hypothesis. Formulas are derived which show (a) how the assumed probability of the hypothesis should be adjusted in response to information concerning one item, and (b) how such estimates concerning more than one item may be combined. The method is illustrated by a 'worksheet' indicating the way in which a few observational facts about pulsars may be used to appraise both the neutron-star hypothesis and the white-dwarf hypothesis.
Expanding the Bank Liquidity Creation Concept: Bank Capital and Secondary Market Loan Liquidity

We expand the bank liquidity creation concept from its current focus on bank portfolios to include providing liquidity to secondary markets for financial assets. We test opposing theories of the effects of bank capital on secondary market liquidity of syndicated loans. We find that higher bank capital significantly increases secondary market loan liquidity, consistent with risk absorption theory. The data also support the loan riskiness and bank balance sheet quality channels behind this theory. We use the exogenous capital shock from the 2012 JPMorgan Chase ‘London Whale’ incident to help establish causality. Our findings have important research and policy implications.
C iii] Emission in Star-forming Galaxies at z ∼ 1

Author(s): Du, X; Shapley, AE; Martin, CL; Coil, AL | Abstract: The C iii]λλ1907, 1909 rest-frame UV emission doublet has recently been detected in galaxies during the epoch of reionization (z g 6), with a high equivalent width (EW; 10 A, rest frame). Currently, it is possible to obtain much more detailed information for star-forming galaxies at significantly lower redshift. Accordingly, studies of their far-UV spectra are useful for understanding the factors modulating the strength of C iii] emission. We present the first statistical sample of C iii] emission measurements in star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 1. Our sample is drawn from the DEEP2 survey and spans the redshifts 0.64 z 1.35 ((z) = 1.08). We find that the median EW of individual C iii] detections in our sample (1.30 A) is much smaller than the typical value observed thus far at z g 6. Furthermore, out of 184 galaxies with coverage of C iii], only 40 have significant detections. Galaxies with individual C iii] detections have bluer colors and lower luminosities on average than those without, implying that strong C iii] emitters are in general young and low-mass galaxies without significant dust extinction. Using stacked spectra, we further investigate how C iii] strength correlates with multiple galaxy properties (M B, U - B, M ∗, star formation rate, specific star formation rate) and rest-frame near-UV (Fe ii∗ and Mg ii) and optical ([O iii] and Hβ) emission line strengths. These results provide a detailed picture of the physical environment in star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 1, and motivate future observations of strong C iii] emitters at similar redshifts.
The Stability of the $b$-family of Peakon Equations

In the present work we revisit the $b$-family model of peakon equations, containing as special cases the $b=2$ (Camassa-Holm) and $b=3$ (Degasperis-Procesi) integrable examples. We establish information about the point spectrum of the peakon solutions and notably find that for suitably smooth perturbations there exists point spectrum in the right half plane rendering the peakons unstable for $b 1$. While many of the above dynamical features had been explored in earlier studies, in the present work, we supplement them, wherever possible, with spectral stability computations.
A Bibliography of Recent Medical Research on Qigong

Qigong has been around for more than 4,000 years. It contains aspects of martial arts, philosophy, theology, mindfulness, meditation, exercise, and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). It is a subfield of health economics. Practicing qigong exercises on a regular basis can improve health and cause the body to function more efficiently. Thus, it is also a subfield of applied microeconomics in the sense that it increases efficiency. Numerous medical studies have been done on the effect of qigong on various health conditions. This bibliography lists recent medical studies that have been published on qigong between January 1, 2019 and August 31, 2020, categorized by medical ailment, which makes it possible to find relevant articles on a number of diseases and ailments easily. The present bibliography is part of a series on the economics of qigong. Other studies in this series are listed at the end of this bibliography.
Toward Accurate and Robust Environmental Surveillance Using Metagenomics

Environmental surveillance is a critical tool for combatting public health threats represented by the global COVID-19 pandemic and the continuous increase of antibiotic resistance in pathogens. With its power to detect entire microbial communities, metagenomics-based methods stand out in addressing the need. However, several hurdles remain to be overcome in order to generate actionable interpretations from metagenomic sequencing data for infection prevention. Conceptually and technically, we focus on viability assessment, taxonomic resolution, and quantitative metagenomics, and discuss their current advancements, necessary precautions and directions to further development. We highlight the importance of building solid conceptual frameworks and identifying rational limits to facilitate the application of techniques. We also propose the usage of internal standards as a promising approach to overcome analytical bottlenecks introduced by low biomass samples and the inherent lack of quantitation in metagenomics. Taken together, we hope this perspective will contribute to bringing accurate and consistent metagenomics-based environmental surveillance to the ground.
Breaking the cycle of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs): Economic position moderates the relationship between mother and child ACE scores among Black and Hispanic families

Abstract Importance Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are prevalent, preventable, and a public health issue that cycles from one generation to the next with serious implications for health and wellbeing, particularly. Research is needed to identify factors, including those related to economic position (i.e., wage, net family wealth, home ownership), that break the cycle of ACEs and inform decisions about policies, practices, and programs. Objective To determine whether economic position moderates the association between mother’s ACE score and child’s ACE score and whether these pathways differ by race and ethnicity. Design Conducted regression and moderation analysis using mother-child dyadic data from panel surveys, stratified by race. The simple slopes for the interactions were probed to determine the magnitude and significance of the interaction. Setting Secondary data analysis utilizing data from two cohorts of the National Longitudinal Surveys: 1) National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979; and 2) National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Children and Young Adults. Participants The sample included 6,261 children and 2,967 matched mothers. Main Outcomes (s) and Measure(s) The outcome variable was the child’s ACE score. Mother’s ACE score was the independent variable. Three economic position moderators were examined: mother’s and her spouse’s average wage and salary, average net family wealth, and percent of time owning a home during her child’s first five years of life. Results Mother’s ACE score was positively associated with her child’s ACE score. Economic position was a significant moderator for Black families. Higher wages and net family wealth during children’s first five years were associated with weakened associations between mother and child ACEs for Black families. For Hispanic families, higher wages and salary were significantly associated with weakened associations. Among White families, higher net family wealth was associated with stronger ACEs transmission. Conclusions and Relevance Taken together, these findings highlight the important role that economic position may play on breaking the cycle of ACEs. This information can inform decisions about what public assistance policies, practices, and programs may be used to improve economic stability among families as an effective ACEs prevention strategy, and for whom these strategies might be most effective at reducing the cycle of ACEs.
Precision aging. Human lifespan has intrinsic limits but measurable outcomes

A recent article by Pyrkov et al suggests that progressive loss of physical resilience to aging coincides with an absolute limit of human lifespan in the range of 120 to 150 years. Furthermore, the authors conclude that end of life is an intrinsic biological property independent of internal or external stress factors. Their analysis is based on a log-linear mortality estimate of complete blood count variables, such as neutrophil lymphocyte ratio, as single quantitive measures of the aging process correlated with physical activity data from individual tracking devices.
Audit Partner Individualism and Financial Reporting Comparability: Evidence from the U.S.

In this study, we examine whether audit partner individualism affects financial reporting comparability in the U.S. Drawing upon theories in psychology and economics, we argue that individualistic audit partners are more inclined to deviate from peers in interpreting and applying their firms’ audit methodologies, thereby resulting in lower financial reporting comparability of their clients. Using uncommonness of first names to measure partner-specific individualism and a company-pair design, our empirical analyses provide supportive evidence. Specifically, total accruals, current accruals, and abnormal accruals are less comparable between a company audited by a partner with an uncommon name and a company audited by a partner with a common name, relative to a pair of companies that are both audited by partners with common names. Results are robust to the use of an alternative measure of audit partner individualism, a company-level analysis, and a battery of other sensitivity tests. Our study provides novel company-level evidence on the role of audit partner individualism in corporate financial comparability.
How death was invented and what it is for

Death is life's way of distinguishing target information from "jottings" acquired during the computation of an algorithm - and limiting the thermodynamic cost of discarding the latter. Death is a tool in constructing adaptive futures. In human cultures death is an editor of information and an incentive for post-biological forms of survival. Death emerged at a certain point, comparatively recent in the history of the cosmos; and it did so in four stages. In the first stage, death was simply the cessation of life: the negation of life's attempt to survive and be immortal. The second stage in the development of death came at the collective level of asexually reproducing clone groups and lineages. The third stage in the evolution of death coincided with the origins of sexual reproduction. In the fourth stage, death takes on a richer and different meaning again in the human context of culture and language and self-consciousness. Keywords: asexually; clone groups; death; sexual reproduction
Nitric Oxide: Immune Modulation of Tumor Growth

Nitric oxide (NO) plays a pivotal role in the physiology of diverse tissues including cells of the immune system. It is well established that the levels of nitric oxide must be regulated carefully to maintain homeostasis. Dysregulation or overproduction of nitric oxide has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many disorders including atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Tumor-associated generation of NO, predominately via inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), can be produced by the immune-system (dendritic cells, NK cells, mast cells, monocytes, macrophages, Kupffer cells) as well as by other cells involved in tumor growth. Depending upon the levels of NO generated, the potential exists for it to behave like a “double-edged” biological sword. In tumorigenesis assays, both protective and toxic effects of NO generated from immune cells frequently are seen in parallel. Thus, there is no simple, uniform picture of the function of NO in the immune modulation of tumor growth. The striking inter- and intracellular signaling between tumor cells and immune system cells makes it extremely difficult to predict the effect of NOS inhibitors and NO donors. This complexity has delayed evaluation of NO regulatory drugs as frontline therapies for cancer.
Integrative complexity, beliefs, and attitudes: Application to prescribed fire

This study examines integrative complexity as a moderator between basic beliefs about wildland fire management and attitudes toward prescribed fire. Integrative complexity measures an individual's level of complexity when thinking about an issue. This, in turn, illustrates the diversity of arguments people recognize about the subject. It is the capacity and willingness to acknowledge the legitimacy of competing perspectives on the same issue and forge conceptual links among these perspectives. This has significant implications for agencies in policy development and subsequent public acceptance. Households were surveyed in counties adjacent to three study areas in northern Colorado and southern Wyoming. Regression moderation analysis examined the interrelationships among basic beliefs, attitudes, and integrative complexity. Results suggest that integrative complexity moderated the relationship between basic beliefs and attitudes toward prescribed fire. We discuss how this methodology can contribute to a better understanding of public perceptions regarding proposed or subsequent strategies and policies.
Transfer Payments and Private Information

This chapter analyzes transfer payments under second-best assumptions with an emphasis on the ways that private information affects the optimal design of government transfer programs. The two main decision rules for first-best transfers are the interpersonal equity (IE) conditions of social welfare maximization and pareto-optimal redistributions. The IE conditions are always applicable in the mainstream public sector model because they are among the necessary conditions for a social welfare maximum. The pareto-optimal conditions are applicable if people are altruistic. The IE conditions are indifferent between cash or in-kind transfers or taxes. The only requirement is that the transfers (taxes) be lump-sum. The operative principle is that if any one good or factor is redistributed to satisfy the IE conditions and the pareto-optimal conditions for a social welfare maximum hold, then the IE conditions are necessarily satisfied for all the other goods and factors. The range of possible redistributions through lump-sum taxes and transfers is as broad as possible, limited only by the boundaries of the first-best utility possibilities frontier.
Quicksort: Combining Concurrency, Recursion, and Mutable Data Structures

Quicksort (Commun. ACM 4(7):321–322, 1961) remains one of the most studied algorithms in computer science. It is important not only as a practical sorting method, but also as a splendid teaching aid for introducing recursion and systematic algorithm development. The algorithm has been studied extensively; so, it is natural to assume that everything that needs to be said about it has already been said. Yet, in attempting to code it using a recent programming language of our design, we discovered that its structure is more clearly expressed as a concurrent program that manipulates a shared mutable store, without any locking or explicit synchronization. In this paper, we describe the essential aspects of our programming language Orc (Proceedings of FMOODS/FORTE, vol. 5522 of LNCS, pp. 1–25. Springer 2009), show a number of examples that combine its features in various forms, and then develop a concise description of Quicksort. We hope to highlight the importance of including concurrency, recursion and mutability within a single theory.
A collection of Galilean satellite eclipse observations, 1652-1983. II

The largest collection of Galilean satellite eclipse observations extent has been gathered from the published literature and from manuscript collections from 1652 to 1983. Many of the observations were thought to have been irretrievably lost for more than a century. The collection will be of great value in evaluating long-term effects on the Galilean satellites such as the possible existence of tidal dissipation on their periods.
Mapping networks for analysis of the forced expired volume signal

A mapping network approach for classifying the respiratory forced expired volume signal is presented. Using reconstructed spirograms, the development and application of a backpropagation mapping network simulator to two pulmonary function classification problems is described. In the first problem, the mapping network correctly classified 95% of previously unseen volume-time curves as being indicative of normal, restricted, or obstructed pulmonary function. In the second problem, the mapping network performed at a level equivalent to a discriminant function based on standard spirometric parameters in differentiating between spirograms indicative of normal and diseased subjects. The ability of the neural network to automatically learn patterns of abnormality in biological signals makes it a potentially powerful screening tool. >
Designing and Developing Mobile Based Instruction: A designer's perspective

Mobile devices are increasingly being used in classrooms and corporations as a means to deliver instructional content. Currently, there is limited research on how to best design and develop mobile based instruction. As a result, the purpose of this research study was to examine students’ perceptions of designing and developing mobilebased instruction by a) interviewing instructional design graduate students in a computer based instruction course who were given the opportunity to construct mobile-based instruction and b) surveying instructional design graduate students to uncover their perceptions of mobile instruction design, usability, and delivery. Results of the survey and qualitative data analysis indicated that usability was a key issue on the mobile device. Users enjoyed quick access, good organization, user control, single column layouts, and large links/buttons. These findings contribute to the literature base on the design and development of mobile based instruction.
Teacher Educators as Learners: How Supervisors Shape Their Pedagogies by Creating and Using Classroom Videos with Their Student Teachers

Although classroom video is well recognized as a valuable reflective resource for student teachers, we know very little about how university supervisors' pedagogical practices are shaped by creating and using videos with their student teachers. This study explored how 12 supervisors developed greater stances of inquiry toward their practices as they experimented with video and shared their experiences with peers. Patterns in project meeting and interview transcripts revealed how these experiences not only enhanced their existing personal approaches toward supervision and helped them “anchor messages” they wanted to communicate to their student teachers about teaching methods, but also challenged their roles as observers and prompted them to build messages about teaching dispositions directly from video. The findings show how a community of practice encourages supervisors to take considerable responsibility for their own growth as teacher educators and provides a coherent framework others can use to pursue...
Positron Emission Tomography of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Xenografts in Mice Using Copper (II)-64 Chloride as a Tracer

Rationale and Objectives The aim of this study was to assess copper metabolism of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with positron emission tomographic (PET) imaging using copper (II)-64 chloride ( 64 CuCl 2 ) as a tracer. Materials and Methods PET imaging of athymic mice ( n = 5) bearing extrahepatic HCC xenografts was performed 24 hours after the intravenous injection of 64 CuCl 2 , followed by ex vivo tissue radioactivity assay. Expression of human copper transporter 1 (hCTR1) in HCC cells and tissues was examined by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry analysis, respectively. Results The extrahepatic HCC xenografts in mice with increased uptake of 64 Cu radionuclide were visualized on the micro-PET images obtained 24 hours after the intravenous injection of 64 CuCl 2 . PET quantitative analysis revealed increased 64 Cu radioactivity in tumor tissues (2.7 ± 0.6 %ID/g) compared to that in the soft tissue of the left shoulder opposite to the tumor site (0.6 ± 0.2 %ID/g) and the brain (0.7 ± 0.1 %ID/g) but lower than that of the liver (16.6 ± 1.3 %ID/g). Expression of hCTR1 in the HCC cells and xenograft tumor tissues was demonstrated by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry analysis, respectively. The expression level of hCTR1 in the Hep3B HCC xenograft tissues was lower than that detected in the normal hepatic tissues and the tissue samples of well-differentiated primary HCC. Variable expression of hCTR1 was detected in the tissue samples of moderately differentiated primary HCC. Conclusions Extrahepatic human HCC xenografts in mice could be localized with 64 CuCl 2 PET imaging, which might be useful for the localization and quantitative assessment of copper metabolism in extrahepatic metastases of HCC in humans.
Rotational Relaxation of Molecules in Fluids for Reorientations of Arbitrary Angle

A theory of rotational motion of molecules in liquids is presented. The traditional Debye diffusion model is generalized so as to include arbitrary reorientation angles by means of a nonlocal master equation. Random walk models are a special case of this generalization. We have obtained the conditional probabilities for the orientation of a body and of a vector fixed in the body for arbitrary body geometry. These results are then specialized to specific symmetries. From these conditional probabilities we calculate correlation functions which describe a large number of spectroscopic experiments such as NMR, ESR, NQR, dielectric relaxation, and infrared and Raman spectroscopy. We find that the form of these results for the correlation functions depend only on medium isotropy and body geometry. The same number of decaying exponentials are found as in the diffusion model regardless of the details of the reorientation mechanism. Only the amplitudes and relaxation times depend on these details.
Automated solvent-free matrix deposition for tissue imaging by mass spectrometry.

The ability to analyze complex (macro) molecules is of fundamental importance for understanding chemical, physical, and biological processes. Complexity may arise from small differences in structure, large dynamic range, as well as a vast range in solubility or ionization, imposing daunting tasks in areas as different as lipidomics and proteomics. Here, we describe a rapid matrix application that permits the deposition of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) matrix solvent-free. This solvent-free one-step automatic matrix deposition is achieved through vigorous movements of beads pressing the matrix material through a metal mesh. The mesh (20 μm) produces homogeneous coverage of <12 μm crystals (DHB, CHCA matrixes) in 1 min, as determined by optical microscopy, permitting fast uniform coverage of analyte and possible high-spatial resolution surface analysis. Homogenous tissue coverage of <5 μm sized crystals is achieved using a 3 μm mesh. Solvent-free MALDI analysis on a time-of-flight (TOF...
Online data recovery in wireless sensor networks

Each node in a wireless sensor network has some data storage capability that preserves gathered data until that data is either requested by a data collector, or utilized by the network itself. Local storage, where every node stores its own data locally, is disadvantageous because a software or mechanical failure may cause permanent data loss of some or all of the data. Robust distributed networked storage, where each node stores its data amongst other nodes in a redundant manner, offers higher levels of data persistence than local storage. Using a distributed storage scheme, a data collector can reconstruct any node's data by downloading a portion of data from a previously defined threshold number of nodes. Consider a set of nodes storing some data distributively. The failure of any node in that set, reduces the data's level of redundancy. However, if a newcomer joins the network, it can be used to restore the data's level of redundancy, by downloading some data from a threshold number of live nodes. This recovery process is termed regeneration. In the case of a software failure, the node that failed may be reassigned to be the newcomer, if it is able to return to its previous working state. In this paper, we generalize the terms reconstruction and regeneration to the term recovery. We propose a framework that serves as a measure of performance for algorithms targeting data persistence. We then propose one such algorithm and show that it achieves a constant approximation ratio of the optimal, with respect to the framework. Finally, we conclude with simulations analyzing the proposed data recovery framework.
Characterization of Metal-Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Dispersion in Polymeric Coatings

Metal-oxide nanoparticles can be used to optimize UV absorption and to enhance the stiffness, toughness, and probably the service life of polymeric materials. Characterization of the nano- and microstructure dispersion of particles is necessary to optimize the structure-property relationships. Characterizations of both TiO 2 particles dispersed in an acrylic-urethane matrix and TiO 2 nanostructured films obtained through sol-gel synthesis are discussed. Experimental methods include microscopy (confocal, AFM) and small angle neutron scattering (SANS). Results from SANS experiments, which yield information about the cluster size of the nano-TiO 2 particles and the spatial dispersion in various nanoparticle/polymer samples are presented and compared to the results of microscopy studies.
Predicting outcome after arteriovenous malformation-associated intracerebral hemorrhage with the original ICH score.

Objective To evaluate the predictive ability of the original ICH Score (oICH) in a large independent cohort of patients with arteriovenous malformation–associated intracerebral hemorrhage (AVM-ICH), an important cause of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) that is associated with significantly different epidemiology, clinical course, and outcome compared with primary ICH. Methods During the period 1997–2009, 91 patients were admitted to Columbia Medical Center with acute AVM-ICH. Demographic and admission clinical and radiographic variables were obtained for 84 patients through retrospective chart review. Admission oICH and Spetzler-Martin grading scale (SMGS) were calculated. Outcome was assessed at 3 months using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Maximum Youden Indices were used to identify cutoffs for age and ICH volume that are associated with optimal predictive accuracy for an unfavorable outcome (mRS ≥ 3). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the predictive performance of oICH, and oICH with new age and ICH cutoff points (new AVM-ICH score based on original ICH Score [AVM-oICH]). Results The mean age was 35 years ± 14, and mean ICH volume was 22 mL ± 20. At 3-month follow-up, 3 (4%) patients were dead, and 15 (18%) had an unfavorable outcome. Two of the patients who died had oICH of 3, and one had oICH of 5. ICH volume of 37 mL and age of 41 years were identified as optimal cutoffs for predicting an unfavorable outcome. oICH and AVM-oICH showed good predictive accuracies with area under the curve of 0.914 and 0.891 ( P = 0.422). AVM-oICH and oICH had similarly high sensitivities (0.889 and 0.944; P = 1.00), but the former had significantly greater specificity (0.879 vs. 0.682; P Conclusions oICH is a valid clinical grading scale with high predictive accuracy for functional outcome after AVM-ICH. It is unclear whether the score is appropriate for risk stratification with regard to mortality because of the low risk of death associated with AVM-ICH. Simple adjustments of the age and ICH volume cutoff points improve performance of the score and reduce the probability of overestimating a patient's risk of an unfavorable outcome after AVM-ICH.
Issues Affecting Performance of Adaptive Traffic Control Systems in Oversaturated Conditions

This paper identifies three broad issues that may negatively affect the performance of an adaptive traffic control system operating a coordinated arterial when oversaturated conditions arise on at least one intersection approach. The first issue is underallocating green time to the critical (oversaturated) approach at the bottleneck intersection. Second, more green time than necessary may be given to the peak (critical) direction at intersections upstream of the bottleneck, and offsets that favor progression in the critical direction may be used inappropriately when the active bottleneck counters any benefits associated with green waves in the peak direction. Finally, offsets at intersections downstream of the bottleneck may be set inefficiently and result in additional delays for traffic departing the bottleneck and creating the potential for queue spillbacks to the bottleneck itself. Possible remedial actions involve reallocating green time to the critical approach until residual queues form on conflict...