cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hypertension in the Wistar-Kyoto rat as a result of post-weaning copper restriction

Abstract Wistar rats were fed either a copper adequate diet (18 μg/g, Group AC) or a copper deficient diet (0.7 μg/g, Group NC) from 5 weeks to 20 weeks of age. Group NC rats had decreased liver copper levels compared to Group AC rats, but were not as low as previously reported on rats fed copper deficient diets from weaning. Signs of copper deficiency such as change in serum cholesterol, body weight, heart weight, hematocrit or hemoglobin were not observed. However, Group NC rats exhibited increased systolic blood pressure relative to Group AC rats beginning at 11 weeks of age until 20 weeks. These data are in contrast to other studies in which hypotension was observed in rats fed copper restricted diets at or prior to weaning. Apparently institution of copper restriction at a later point in the life cycle may produce hypertension.
Transforming growth factor beta: A role in the upper airway and rhinosinusitis - Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus-induced apoptosis with pulmonary alveolar cells

Background There is a link with the upper and lower airway and disruption of alveolar epithelial cells, which is a potential trigger for the reactivation of the epithelial-mesenchymal trophic unit (EMTU) and induced characteristic airway changes associated with allergic asthma. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus is a common inhalant indoor allergen and is known for causing allergic rhinitis and airway inflammation. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta1) is a major participant in the airway remodeling of asthma, a component of cellular stress response pathways, and enhanced epithelial immunoreactivity is known to occur in allergic rhinitis. Methods In this study, we show the ability of D. pteronyssinus allergens from dialyzed standardized immunotherapy extract to induce apoptosis and increase TGF-beta1 secretion in a confluent A549 cell line model. A549 cells were treated with either 600 AU/mL dialyzed D. pteronyssinus immunotherapy extract (eDp) or Ctl media (Ctl) for 24 hours. Cells and supernatants were collected, washed, and treated with Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit II (BD Pharmingen, La Jolla, CA) and then analyzed by flow cytometry. TGF-beta1 secretion was determined by ELISA using cell culture supernatants. Results The eDp group showed a fourfold increase in early apoptotic cells with a twofold increase in late apoptotic cells versus the Ctl group, along with a 1.65-fold increase of TGF-beta1. Conclusion eDp induced viable A549 cells to undergo apoptosis determined by flow cytometry analysis with a significant increase in TGF-beta1 secretion compared with Ctl.
Methodology for optimising cost/speed tradeoffs in real-time inspection hardware

The paper examines tradeoffs in the design of real-time electronic hardware for automated inspection. Starting with data from an earlier paper, it develops a methodology for optimising hardware implementations. Cost/time ratios of proposed hardware modules and the cost * time product of the whole system are found to be important and related criterion functions. Overhead costs and times complicate the picture, but a procedure is obtained that solves this problem. The emphasis of the work is on removing randomness in the design of hardware systems.
Evaluation of University of Wisconsin cold-storage solution in warm hypoxic perfusion of rat liver: the addition of fructose reduces injury.

Abstract Background: University of Wisconsin cold-storage solution (UW solution) has markedly improved organ preservation for liver transplantation. However, the efficacy of this solution in preserving hepatocyte viability during warm ischemia is undefined; hence, the effects of UW solution on warm hypoxic injury in the isolated perfused rat liver were examined. Methods: Livers were perfused using a modified protocol that included a period of hypoxic perfusion with isosmotic Krebs' solution at the end of each experiment. Hepatic injury was evaluated by aspartate aminotransferase (AST) release into the perfusate and the trypan blue perfusion technique. Results: Although UW solution appeared to decrease hepatic injury during hypoxic perfusion, as reflected by low AST release, perfusion with UW solution led to hepatocyte shrinkage and cessation of bile flow even under oxygenated conditions. UW solution did not protect against warm hypoxic injury, as assessed by AST release into the perfusate (182 ± 15 U/mL, mean ± SD) or trypan blue staining of the dead hepatocyte nuclei (56% ± 5%). However, the addition of fructose to UW solution resulted in a significant decrease in AST release (66 ± 15 U/mL) and parenchymal cell death (39% ± 7%). Conclusions: These data suggest that the addition of fructose or other gluconeogenic substrates may complement the overall hepatoprotective effects of UW solution, particularly during periods of warm hypoxia.
A new method for mapping nucleic acid sequence homology by electron microscopy

We describe here a new method for the electron microscopic mapping of sequence homology in nucleic acids. Specific segments of the T7 chromosome have been isolated following digestion with the restriction endonuclease from Hemophilus aegyptious (Haey). Denatured segments are annealed to the l-strand of T7 DNA; treatment of the hybrid with glyoxal allows only guanosine residues in the single-chain region to the reacted, producing an adduct which will no longer hydrogen bond with its complement on the r-strand. When the segment is displaced and the glyoxalated l-strand allowed to renature with the r-strand, "H" shaped structures are produced in which the duplex region corresponds to the position of sequence homology with the segment. The conditions employed for glyoxalation do not detectably disrupt duplex regions as small as 400 base pairs. This procedure should be generally useful for observing sequence homology in more complex DNA molecules containing duplex regions which can be specifically enriched for and their arrangement determined by electron microscopy.
Wing-Tip Vortex Calculations Using a High-Accuracy Scheme

The objective of the research described in this paper is to investigate the use of computational aeroacoustics methodology and parallel computers to simulate the development of a tip vortex. A threedimensional Euler code, implemented using the message passing library and Fortran 90 on the IBM SP2, is used to perform calculations of the steady e ow. Results are presented for low-speed e ow over a e nite span NACA 0012 wing. Comparisons with experimental data show that the tip vortex is predicted to diffuse too rapidly, but the high-accuracy scheme does reduce numerical errors. It is argued that Navier ‐ Stokes calculations on a much e ner mesh would improve the solutions, but they would be prohibitively expensive for unsteady calculations.
National Interests and US Foreign Aid: The Carter and Reagan Years:

This study employs sets of measures to compare the relative impact of 'donor interests' and 'human needs' on US foreign aid allocations in the presumably different Presidencies of Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan (in his first term). The analysis proceeds in three stages. First, the complementarity of various assistance programs is assessed and the findings for the Carter and Reagan Administrations compared. Second, the donor interest and human needs variables are regressed on total foreign assistance and empirically-discerned aggregations of aid programs. Third, the first and second stages of the analysis are repeated on subsamples of nations that share either the same level of development or US alignment to determine whether the seemingly discrete variables employed in this analysis work in interaction. The results show that political-military considerations predominated in the foreign assistance policy of both Carter and Reagan. US military inducements were the primary determinant of US aid in the Carter...
Complementary Use of Laboratory and Plant Tests to Solve Complex Chemical Plant Corrosion Problems

Abstract Laboratory and in-plant corrosion testing play complementary roles in enabling the corrosion practitioner to make practical corrosion predictions. This paper explores the ways in which the...
The activity and biosynthesis of cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme in cultured immature pig testis cells

Abstract An IgG fraction from antiserum raised against cholesterol side-chain cleavage cytochronie P-450 (cytochrome P-450SCC) purified from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria cross-reacted with immature pig testis cytochrome P-450SCC in an Ouchterlony double diffusion system. This property of the IgG fraction was utilized for the immunoisolation of cytochrome P-450SCC of immature pig testis cells in culture. The molecular weight of the immunoisolate from [35S]methionine-labeled pig testis Leydig cells was similar to that of purified bovine adrenocortical cytochrome P-450SCC (49000). The testis iron-sulfur protein similarly immunoisolated using an IgG fraction from antiserum raised against adrenodoxin purified from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria was also of molecular weight similar to that of adrenodoxin (13000). The rates of synthesis of cytochrome P-450SCC and testis iron-sulfur protein in immature pig testis cells in culture, when incubated with hCG (100 mU/ml) for 48 h, were 3- and 6-fold greater, respectively, than those in cells incubated in the absence of hCG. This result is suggestive that the synthesis of cytochrome P-450SCC and testis iron-sulfur protein of immature pig testis tissue is stimulated by gonadotropin.
Phase recovery with nondecaying potentials

The one-dimensional Schrodinger equation is considered when the potential is asymptotic to a positive constant on the right-half line and may possess bound states. The recovery of such a potential supported in the right-half line is studied in terms of the scattering data consisting of the magnitude of the reflection coefficient from the left, a known potential placed to the left of the unknown potential, and the magnitude of the reflection coefficient for the combined potential. It is shown that there are at most two distinct potentials corresponding to the scattering data, that the uniqueness holds in the absence of bound states, and that in the case of nonuniqueness the reflection coefficients of the two potentials are related to each other in a specific way. A quadrature is presented to obtain the analytic continuation of the reflection coefficient. The theory is illustrated with some explicit examples.
The Future Is Now: Temporal Correction in Affective Forecasting☆

Decisions are often based on predictions of the hedonic consequences of future events. We suggest that people make such predictions by imagining the event without temporal context (atemporal representation), assuming that their reaction to the event would be similar to their reaction to the imagined event (proxy reactions), and then considering how this reaction might change were the event displaced in time (temporal correction). In a laboratory study, control participants based their predictions of future food enjoyment on the temporal location of its consumption, whereas cognitively loaded participants based their predictions on their current hunger. In a field study, shoppers based their food purchases on the temporal location of its consumption, whereas shoppers for whom this information was not salient based their purchases on their current hunger. These findings suggest that predictions of future hedonic reactions may initially be based on the hedonic reactions one experiences as one imagines the event atemporally, and that this initial prediction is then corrected with information about the time at which the event will actually occur.
Herbivore tooth oxygen isotope compositions: Effects of diet and physiology

Abstract The applicability of rapid and precise laser probe analysis of tooth enamel for δ18O has been verified, and the method has been applied to different modern herbivores in East Africa. Sampling and pretreatment procedures involve initial bleaching and grinding of enamel to 95% apatite) can be analyzed reliably. Different East African herbivores exhibit previously unsuspected compositional differences. Average enamel δ18O values (V-SMOW) are approximately: 25‰ (goat), 27‰ (oryx), 28‰ (dikdik and zebra), 29‰ (topi), 30‰ (gerenuk), and 32‰ (gazelle). These compositions differ from generalized theoretical models, but are broadly consistent with expected isotope effects associated with differences in how much each animal (a) drinks, (b) eats C3 vs. C4 plants, and (c) pants vs. sweats. Consideration of diet, water turnover, and animal physiology will allow the most accurate interpretation of ancient teeth and targeting of environmentally-sensitive animals in paleoclimate studies.
Colonialism and Postcolonial Development: Spanish America in Comparative Perspective

Colonialism and Postcolonial Development: Spanish America in Comparative Perspective James Mahoney New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010 xvii, 400 pp. (ISBN 9780521116343) In reviewing this ne...
Examining Barriers to Cervical Cancer Screening and Treatment in Florida through a Socio-Ecological Lens

Cervical cancer incidence and mortality have declined in the U.S. over the past 50 years because of broad screening efforts; however, some states continue to bear a greater burden due to under-screened and -treated populations. The purpose of this study was to utilize the socio-ecological model to examine barriers to cervical cancer screening and treatment in Florida. A qualitative semi-structured interview guide was used to conduct telephone interviews with 21 purposively sampled health care professionals from 13 high-risk counties. Interviews were transcribed and coded using themes identified a priori based on levels of the socio-ecological model. Investigators identified barriers to cervical cancer screening and treatment in Florida across four levels: (1) regulations and funding issues at the policy level are inconsistent between federal, state and local levels; (2) community level barriers range from cultural differences and fear of deportation, to transportation issues; (3) institutional level barriers complicate the administration of screening and treatment services; and (4) individual beliefs, behaviors, and stressors due to poverty hinder women’s ability to access services. Many of our findings are consistent with previous studies that identified constraints to screening and treatment of cervical cancer, such as poverty and lack of access to care. This study adds to the literature by examining barriers from the viewpoint of service providers and program coordinators, and through the utilization of the socio-ecological model to provide a comprehensive framework for identifying and understanding these challenges.
Online shopping for technology products: designing web portals to address buyer behaviours, attitudes and individual differences

Technology products are among the fastest growing leaders in online sales categories. This paper looks at three experimentally established underlying constructs related to online technology product purchasing: 'Search and Compare' behaviour, an attitude of 'Comfort and Trust in the Internet', and a 'Concern for Portal Reliability/Function'. Three clusters (stereotypes) of online technology buyers are described and design implications related to each cluster as well as other criteria are discussed.
Interactive graphics: a tool for beginning programming students in discovering solutions to novel problems

A computer-based, problem-solving exercise was developed, using dynamic graphics to assist beginning programming students in devising and testing solutions to novel problems (problems requiring solution methods with which the students were not already familiar). For evaluation, 103 beginning computer science students at Southeast Missouri State University, were each randomly assigned one of three forms of the exercise containing four array-manipulation problems. The control group worked all four problems without the aid of dynamic graphics; whereas, on Problems 3 and 4, the first experimental group was allowed to test possible solutions by observing graphical execution of attempted code, and the second experimental group was allowed to interactively manipulate the elements of the array by means of arrow keys in order to devise a solution, in addition to observing the graphical execution of their code. Six measures of improvement in performance on Problem 4 over Problem 2 were made for each subject. The one-tailed Wilcoxon two-sample test was applied, using significance level .05, to compare mean scores between groups. The second experimental group showed significantly more improvement than the control group as measured by four of the six scores, and the first experimental group showed significantly more improvement than the control group as measured by two of the six scores. Although the second experimental group scored slightly higher than the first on all but one measure, no significant difference was observable between the two experimental groups. On a follow-up quiz, each experimental group scored slightly, but not significantly, higher than the control group. Additionally, it was noted that only students who had made a score of 13 or more on the KSW Computer Science Placement Exam were able to work either of the two problems used for evaluation.
Comments: Should Principal Stratification Be Used to Study Mediational Processes?

Principal stratification provides an approach to study the effect of an exposure on an outcome within strata defined by the effect of the exposure on some third post-treatment variable (Frangakis and Rubin, 2002). It has been used to give insight into randomized trials with non-compliance (Angrist et al., 1996), to settings where an outcome may be censored by death (Rubin, 2006), and to the study of the effects of a vaccine on post-infection outcomes (Hudgens and Halloran, 2006). There has been more recent interest in using principal stratification to study the extent to which the effect of an exposure on an outcome is mediated by an intermediate variable (e.g. Gallop et al., 2009). In this issue of the Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness, Page (2012) provides evidence that the Career Academies program had substantial effect on subsequent earnings for those for whom the program would change exposure to the world-of-work, but not for those for whom it would not change exposure to the world-of-work. What I would like to discuss in this commentary is the question of what we learn about mediation from these principal stratification analyses. I believe that principal stratification analyses in the context of an intermediate can be helpful or illuminating. I also think the results of Page (2012) concerning the Career Academies are of substantive interest. However, as I will argue in this commentary, I do not think that the causal effects defined by the principal stratification framework correspond to mediation. Mediation as traditionally understood corresponds to the phenomenon in which a treatment or exposure changes a mediator and that change in the mediator goes on to change the outcome. This is not what the principal stratification framework captures.
Uniqueness implies existence and uniqueness conditions for a class of (k + j)-point boundary value problems for nth order differential equations

For the nth order nonlinear differential equation, y(n) = f(x, y, y′, …, y(n−1)), we consider uniqueness implies existence results for solutions satisfying certain (k + j)-point boundary conditions, 1 ⩽ j ⩽ n − 1, and 1 ⩽ k ⩽ n − j. We define (k; j)-point unique solvability in analogy to k-point disconjugacy and we show that (n − j0; j0)-point unique solvability implies (k; j)-point unique solvability for 1 ⩽ j ⩽ j0, and 1 ⩽ k ⩽ n − j. This result is in analogy to n-point disconjugacy implies k-point disconjugacy, 2 ⩽ k ⩽ n − 1. © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Malignancies involving the pericardium.

Malignancies rarely arise from the pericardium. Mesothelioma, the most common of these, is usually unresectable and almost always incurable. Malignancies may secondarily involve the pericardium by direct extention. Carcinoma of the lung and malignant thymoma with limited direct invasion of the pericardium both can undergo complete and potentially curative resections, but adjuvant therapy is usually indicated. More frequently, malignancies involve the pericardium by a process of retrograde Iymphangitic spread or hematogenous dissemination. These patients present with a symptomatic pericardial effusion and occasionally pericardial tamponade. Subxiphoid pericardiostomy and drainage is a safe procedure that provides effective and durable symptomatic relief in these terminally ill patients. More aggressive open procedures should be reserved for loculated or recurrent pericardial effusions.
Growth curve analysis of BMI in relation to primary care utilization in prostate cancer survivors.

Summary Cancer survivors are advised to maintain a healthy BMI to optimize quality of life. In the VA healthcare system, multidisciplinary primary care clinics are responsible for screening and management of overweight or obesity, but it is unclear if cancer survivors are accessing or benefiting from these services. This study aimed to determine if primary care utilization was associated with changes in BMI of prostate cancer survivors, a group with very high rates of long-term survival. Data on demographics, comorbidities, cancer treatment, body size, and number of primary care encounters (medical, behavioral health, nutrition, and weight management program) were collected from electronic medical records and the local tumor registry for 406 early stage prostate cancer survivors who were overweight or obese at diagnosis. Growth curve modeling assessed BMI trajectories in relation to primary care utilization. Results indicated that survivors averaged 18 primary care encounters over the observation period but rarely accessed behavioral health, nutrition, or weight management program services. The average BMI trajectory was non-linear, showing an increase in BMI until 3.2 years after diagnosis followed by deceleration. Primary care utilization was inversely associated with BMI growth, ( β =−0.05, p
Microstrip mode suppression ring resonator

A novel ring resonator topology was developed which exhibits mode suppression characteristics. The resonator achieves the mode suppression by incorporation of a stepped impedance lowpass filter directly into the ring resonator. Experimental results show that complete suppression of a ring resonator's second mode can be achieved with no increase in circuit size. The topology effectively increases the rejection bandwidth of the ring resonator.
The effect of bubble size variation on the performance of fluidized bed reactors

Abstract The effect of bubble growth by coalescence on predictions of reactant conversion in a fluidized bed catalytic reactor has been investigated for reactions that are described by either Langmuir—Hinshelwood or a simple first order kinetics. The two-phase model of Orcutt et al. with continuous change of bubble size with height has been employed in all calculations. The results of these calculations have been compared with those of models using a constant bubble diameter. These effective bubble diameters have been determined in three ways: by calculating an integral average bubble diameter, by calculating the bubble diameter which gives the same bed expansion and by calculating the bubble diameter which gives the same total number of mass transfer units. It was found that, in the absence of significant interphase mass transfer resistance, predicted values of conversion, and/or multiplicity of steady states obtained from models using the effective bubble diameter determined from the bed expansion are in very good agreement with those obtained using models which incorporate bubble size variation with height. However, an accurate description of bubble size variation with height is required when the bubble growth is fast and the local mass transfer rate decreases rapidly with distance from a distributor. Under these conditions, the values of conversion obtained using the model with perfect mixing of the dense phase gas may be higher than the ones obtained from the model which assumes plug flow of the dense phase gas. This type of behaviour has not been observed when models with constant bubble size are used.
Partial paternal inheritance of realized fecundity in a bruchid beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus.

Reciprocal hybrid femaleCallosobruchus maculatus Fabricius from two strains with distinct oviposition rates display realized fecundities skewed toward the paternal strain. This pattern must be due to a factor, influencing oviposition, inherited exclusively from their fathers. The most likely explanation is that cytoplasmic genes carried in sperm or ejaculate influence the phenotype of resulting female offspring.
Metaphors, Misunderstandings, and Mischief: A Commentary

Since metaphor plays a central role in the development of the arguments Professors Astley and Zammuto present in this article, a good place to begin an assessment of their contribution is with the implications of that metaphor. In his discussion of theories and models, Kaplan (1964, p. 265) points out that an awareness of resemblances serves "the purposes of science" and that such resemblances are often apprehended and expressed in the form of analogies or metaphors. Scientists then "systematize" the similarities they recognize through theory. This commentary will therefore first address: how well the metaphor of a language game reveals and expresses previously unrecognized similarities, and how well the authors have developed their theory to systematically address these similarities.
Smooth muscle α actin is specifically required for the maintenance of lactation

Smooth muscle α-actin (Acta2) is one of six highly conserved mammalian actin isoforms that appear to exhibit functional redundancy. Nonetheless, we have postulated a specific functional role for the smooth muscle specific isoform. Here, we show that Acta2 deficient mice have a remarkable mammary phenotype such that dams lacking Acta2 are unable to nurse their offspring effectively. The phenotype was rescued in cross fostering experiments with wild type mice, excluding a developmental defect in Acta2 null pups. The mechanism for the underlying phenotype is due to myoepithelial dysfunction postpartum resulting in precocious involution. Further, we demonstrate a specific defect in myoepithelial cell contractility in Acta2 null mammary glands, despite normal expression of cytoplasmic actins. We conclude that Acta2 specifically mediates myoepithelial cell contraction during lactation and that this actin isoform therefore exhibits functional specificity.
Clustering of design decisions in classroom visual displays

In this paper, we investigate the patterns of design choices made by classroom teachers for decorating their classroom walls, using cluster analysis to see which design decisions go together. Classroom visual design has been previously studied, but not in terms of the systematic patterns adopted by teachers in selecting what materials to place on classroom walls, or in terms of the actual semantic content of what is placed on walls. This is potentially important, as classroom walls are continuously seen by students, and form a continual off-task behavior option, available to students at all times. Using the k-means clustering algorithm, we find four types of visual classroom environments (one of them an outlier within our data set), representing teachers' strategies in classroom decoration. Our results indicate that the degree to which teachers place content-related decorations on the walls, is a feature of particular importance for distinguishing which approach teachers are using. Similarly, the type of school (e.g. whether private or charter) appeared to be another significant factor in determining teachers' design choices for classroom walls. The present findings begin the groundwork to better understand the impact of teacher decisions and choices in classroom design that lead to better outcomes in terms of engagement and learning, and finally towards developing classroom designs that are more effective and engaging for learners.
Recent development in silicon photonics: 2.5 Gb/s silicon optical modulator and silicon Raman laser

Due to the mature silicon fabrication technology and vast existing infrastructures, silicon photonics has a chance to offer low cost solutions to telecommunications and data communications. It could also enable a chip-scale platform for monolithic integration of optics and microelectronics circuits for applications of optical interconnects for which high data streams are required in a very small footprint. Two key building blocks needed for any silicon based optoelectronics are silicon based light source and high-speed optical modulator. This paper gives an overview of recent results for a fast (>1GHz) silicon modulator and a silicon Raman laser. We present optical characterization of a high speed metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitor-based silicon optical modulator. We show that a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) structure with a custom-designed driver circuit results in the realization of a silicon modulator transmitting data at 2.5 Gb/s with an extinction ratio of up to 2.8 dB. In addition we show that by reducing the waveguide dimensions one can improve the phase efficiency. In addition, as single crystal silicon possesses higher (four orders of magnitude) Raman gain coefficient as compared to silica, it is possible to achieve sizeable gain in chip-scale silicon waveguide for optical amplification and lasing. With a 4.8 cm long waveguide containing a reverse biased p-i-n diode, we demonstrate lasing operation using a pulsed pump laser. We achieve ~10% slope efficiency. We in addition model a continuous-wave silicon Raman laser and show that higher conversion efficiency and lower threshold power can be realized with optimised cavity device design.
A study of the toxicity and local anesthetic properties of some derivatives of cumic acid.

Three dialkylaminoalkanol esters of cumic acid ( p -isopropyl benzoic) have been investigated pharmacologically for acute toxicity, irritant action, and local anesthetic properties. Results obtained indicated that β -diethylaminoethyl cumate hydrochloride showed activity equal to procaine hydrochloride. It produced a slight fall in blood pressure and increase in respiration on intravenous injection. No prolonged effects were seen from doses as high as 4 cc. of 3 per cent. Duration of anesthesia was increased considerably by epinephrine. The other two compounds were effective but inferior.
CARBOHYDRATE TRANSPORT IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS I. GENETIC AND BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF A PLEIOTROPIC TRANSPORT MUTANT.

Abstract A mutant of Staphylococcus aureus , NCTC 8511, has been isolated in which the ability to utilize lactose, maltose, sucrose, galactose, fructose, mannitol, ribose and trehalose has been lost, but the ability to utilize glucose retained. The basis of the mutation (car − ) has been analyzed and shown to be a single gene change which affects the transport of these carbohydrates into the staphylococcal cell.
Band Structure and Fermi Surface of White Tin

The band structure and Fermi surface of metallic white tin are successfully calculated, using a local-pseudopotential approximation. A new, simple, and accurate model is found for including the spin-orbit coupling within the framework of a pseudopotential Hamiltonian. The results are compared with experimental data, and good agreement is found throughout.
PHYSIOLOGIC RESPONSES OF ACCLIMATIZED OR NON-ACCLIMATIZED MATURE REINING HORSES TO HEAT STRESS: I. HEART RATE, RESPIRATION RATE, LACTATE, RECTAL TEMPERATURE, CORTISOL AND PACKED CELL VOLUME

Abstract An experiment was conducted utilizing twenty mature Quarter Horses to establish physiologic responses to reining training under conditions conducive to heat stress. Ten of the horses were acclimatized to ambient conditions [30°C, 80% relative humidity (RH)] for 28 days while the other ten were acclimatized simultaneously to 20°C and 50% RH in an air-conditioned facility. On day 28 standard exercise testing (SET) 1 was conducted in ambient conditions (30°C, 80% RH) for both groups of horses and was repeated on day 30 and day 32 of the protocol. Heart rate and plasma lactate concentration revealed that galloping circles, spinning and stopping were more taxing maneuvers for the unacclimatized horses on day 28. However, these differences were less significant on day 30 and were not observed on day 32 indicating that it took the horses approximately five days to become acclimatized to ambient conditions. Respiration rate and rectal temperature were higher in the cool-treated horses during rest and the recovery period on day 28. These differences were only seen in the early stages of recovery on day 30 and totally disappeared on day 32. Packed cell volume was lowest in the cool-treated horses on day 28 during the SET and most of the recovery period, which is likely reflective of the absence of a substantial amount of sweating on the first day of acclimatization. This difference was still present, however, less apparent on day 30 and completely absent on day 32. Plasma cortisol concentrations were significantly higher during recovery in the cool-treated horses on day 28 and day 30, but they were not different on day 32.
Determinants of Estrous Behavior in Lactating Holstein Cows

The objective was to determine factors that affect the expression of estrus. Thirteen lactating Holstein cows were ovariectomized about 4 to 6 wk postpartum and then challenged repeatedly with progesterone and estradiol benzoate to induce estrus six times during the postpartum period. Each challenge included 5 d when the cow was primed with progesterone through insertion of a progesterone-impregnated, foam rubber pessary. Estradiol benzoate (1 mg) was injected intramuscularly 36 h after removal of the pessary. Groups of two to three cows each began the experiment at 3-mo intervals to avoid confounding treated simultaneously. Observations for estrous behavior were at 8-h intervals following each challenge. A minimum of three sexually active cows were always observed together to avoid differences in estrous behavior caused by having too few sexually active animals in the group. Observations for estrous behavior were at 8-h intervals following each challenge. During each observation, cows were observed for 30 min on dirt and for 30 min on concrete. Standing behavior was not influenced by postpartum interval, season of year, or milk yield. Mounting behavior increased from the first to the sixth postpartum challenge, but it was not affected by season of year or milk yield. Duration of estrus, mounting activity, and standing activity were greater on dirt than on concrete. These results indicate that the surface on which cows were observed had a profound effect on sexual behavior; however, postpartum interval, season of year, and milk yield were of minor importance.
Weight and weddings: Expectations about wedding-specific body weight and shape ideals and dieting and exercise behavior among university students

Weddings are significant life events when brides and grooms often seek a culturally-defined ideal appearance. A cross-sectional survey of 275 unmarried university students assessed current weight and shape, general ideal weight and shape, desired wedding weight and shape, and expectations to diet and/or exercise when contemplating their future wedding. Results indicated that men and women conceptualize the size and scope of their wedding similarly, but wedding appearance (including weight) was more important among women than men. Few men and women idealized a wedding-specific weight and shape that differed from their general ideal weight and shape. When contemplating their future wedding day, expectations about engaging in weight control behaviors were more common among women, and exercise was preferred over dieting among both genders. These findings suggest that although weddings focus attention on body weight and shape, young adults do not have overly unrealistic body weight and shape expectations when contemplating their future wedding and generally do not construct a specific body weight and shape for their future wedding. These relationships may change as marriage becomes more salient.
Regulation of attachment, germination, and appressorium formation by zoospores of Lagenidium giganteum and related oomycetes by chitin, chitosan, and catecholamines

Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales), a facultative parasite of mosquito larvae, infects the larval stage of most species of mosquitoes and a very limited number of alternate hosts. Host infection by this and other members of Oomycetes is initiated by motile, laterally biflagellate zoospores. Chemical bases for the various degrees of host specificity exhibited by these parasites is not known, but presumably involves receptors on the zoospore surface recognizing compounds either secreted by or on the surface of their hosts. Surface topography had no detectable effect onL. giganteum encystment or appressorium formation. Scanning electron microscopy documented the detachment of flagella during zoospore encystment. Bulbous knobs at the basal end of the detached flagellum were interpreted as encysting zoospores dropping the axoneme and/or the basal body and associated structures to which flagella are attached. Multiple signals appear to be involved in the initial steps ofL. giganteum host invasion. Zoospores of this parasite did not encyst on powdered preparations of chitin or chitosan (deacetylated chitin). Upon dissolution of chitosan in dilute acid followed by drying these solutions to form thin, transparent films, zoospores readily encysted. The degree of reacetylation of these films and the spacing of acetylated and deacetylated residues had no significant effect on zoospore encystment. Zoospores of a strain ofLagenidium myophilum isolated from marine shrimp, that also infects mosquito larvae, encysted on chitosan films. No encystment of spores of the plant parasitePhytophthora capsici was observed on chitin or chitosan films. Simulation of cuticle sclerotization by incubating chitosan films with different catecholamines and tyrosinase significantly reduced zoospore encystment. Zoospores that encysted on chitosan films did not germinate in distilled water. Germination could be induced by adding microgram quantities of bovine serum albumin or proteins secreted by motile zoospores into the water, and to a lesser degree by some amino acids, but not by various cations. Zoospores encysted and germinated on the pupal stage of some mosquito species. Appressoria were occasionally formed, but most subsequently sent out another mycelial branch, apparently without attempting to pierce the pupal cuticle. Methylation of pupal exuviae with ethereal diazomethane or methanol/HCl significantly increased zoospore encystment. Modification of chitin by catecholamines, lipids and protein on the epicuticular larval surface all affected host invasion.
The Bacteriophage T4 Transcriptional Activator MotA Accepts Various Base-pair Changes within its Binding Sequence☆☆☆

Abstract During infection, bacteriophage T4 regulates three sets of genes: early, middle, and late. The host RNA polymerase is capable of transcribing early genes, but middle transcription requires the T4-encoded transcriptional activator, MotA protein, and the T4 co-activator, AsiA protein, both of which bind to the sigma 70 (σ 70 ) subunit of RNA polymerase. MotA also binds a DNA sequence (a MotA box), centered at position −30. The identification of more than 20 middle promoters suggested that a strong match to the MotA box consensus sequence (t/a)(t/a)TGCTT(t/c)A was critical for MotA activation. We have investigated how specific base changes within the MotA box sequence affect MotA binding and activation in vitro , and we have identified seven new middle promoters in vivo . We find that an excellent match to the σ 70 −10 consensus sequence, rather than an excellent match to the MotA box consensus sequence, is an invariant feature of MotA-dependent promoters. Many single base changes in the MotA box are tolerated in binding and activation assays, indicating that there is more flexibility in the sequence requirements for MotA than was previously appreciated. We also find that using the natural T4 DNA, which contains glucosylated, 5-hydoxymethylated cytosine residues, affects the ability of particular MotA box sequences to activate transcription. We suggest that MotA and AsiA may function like certain eukaryotic TAFs (TATA binding protein (TBP) associated factors) whose binding to TBP results in transcription from new core promoter sequences.
Social contact factors in the diffusion of cervical cytology among Mexican-Americans in Los Angeles County, California

Abstract Cancer of the cervix is responsible for many thousands of deaths in the United States each year. These deaths occur in spite of the fact that if the disease is found early, treatment is almost always successful. It is important, therefore, to understand more about factors associated with acceptance and non-acceptance of cervical cytology among women, particularly those at high risk for this desease. In our study, we wished to examine the extent to which chicana patients utilize the Papanicolaou smear and the characteristics of those who did and did not. The findings suggest that if measures could increase periodic contact with physicians, whatever the service, these physicians could, in turn, influence them to obtain regular cytologic examinations. In essence, all physicians who attend females should be encouraged to emphasize and insist on periodic examinations of the cervix uteri. This approach to cancer prevention and control seems most needed in light of the data presented in this study. It therefore seems that if motivating programs were directed toward channels suggested by these findings, a significant number of currently irregular or non-acceptors of cytological screening would obtain periodic screenings for cancer.
Electrogenerative oxidation of dissolved alcohols with platinum—graphite packed bed catalysts

Abstract The electrogenerative oxidation of aqueous acid solutions of ethanol and 2-propanol was investigated using a variety of platinum-graphite packed bed anodes in a laboratory hybrid cell designed for continuous, steady-state electrogenerative operations. An eight-fold increase in efficiency of platinum utilization was achieved through the use of graphite particle catalyst supports [20–30 (US) mesh] in place of a graphite sheet. Gaseous hydrogen, methanol and ethanol reducing agents for chloroplatinic acid were compared. It was found that ethanol was particularly advantageous and convenient for producting efficient and selective graphite-supported platinum catalysts for packed bed use. Graphite-supported platinum catalysts prepared with the ethanol reducing agent had activities for ethanol oxidation comparable to those produced through hydrogen reduction but markedly different selectivities. The platinum anode prepared via ethanol reduction tended to produce acetaldehyde and acetic acid in a 9:1 ratio while a comparable electrode with platinum from hydrogen reduction produced acetaldehyde and acetic acid in equimolar quantities. The difference in selectivity can be explained on the basis of the catalytic properties of exposed platinum crystallographic planes. Advantages of using ethanol as a reducing agent for graphite supported metal electrocatalysts are demonstrated. Other selectivity factors also were investigated. The oxidation of 2-propanol was much less structure sensitive than ethanol. While the present investigation was confined to two model alcohols, it is expected that catalysts of the types described here as well as the reactor, which incorporates a gas diffusion counter electrode, will be useful with other types of liquid phase electrogenerative systems. The preparative methods used here should also be applicable to other types of precious metal catalysts.
Duel fuzzy logic controllers design for autonomous robot navigation

A robot navigation system based on two fuzzy logic controllers has been developed to overcome the challenging problem in complex terrain navigation. While one fuzzy controller perform the regular navigation including target steering, avoiding obstacles and following the edge of obstacles, a novel fuzzy controller is designed for the robot to only follow the edge of obstacles until finding the exit to the difficult scenarios, such as U-shape obstacles. Simulation results show that our approach beats the traditional fuzzy logic controller in both escaping ability from U-shaped obstacle and steering ability.
Development of an instrument to measure the self-efficacy of teaching engineering design (SETED)

This work-in-progress paper describes the initial efforts and findings from the development of an instrument to measure the self-efficacy of teaching engineering design. This study started by identifying a need for the instrument, developing the engineering design construct, creating items based on this construct, refining the items, and testing the items. The items were tested with a sample population of pre-service teachers in Technology, Engineering and Design Education. The researchers started by first defining the construct of self-efficacy and the engineering design process. Items were generated and then sent to subject matter experts (SME) from engineering education, engineering, and technology engineering and design teacher education. The SMEs participated in a multi-round item refinement process to ensure valid aspects of teaching engineering design. When the initial refinement was completed, the items were administered to a sample population for further validity and reliability testing. Rotated factor analysis showed all items loading onto at least one factor, with only a few loading onto more than one. Cronbach's a testing revealed a high internal reliability. While these tests did indicate a case for reliability and validity, they did not establish it.
Specific heat at constant flux density for a low-κ type II superconductor

The specific heat at constant flux density C/sub B/ was measured to study the thermodynamic properties of the mixed state of a type II superconductor at low reduced temperature t = T/T/sub c/. The sample was a Pb/sub 0.96/Tl/sub 0.04/ alloy having kappa = 0.97. The results are that C/sub B/ increases nearly linearly with B throughout the mixed state, with a discontinuous jump down to the normal state value at the upper critical field. At t<0.21 a small, positive curvature of C/sub B/ versus B is consistent with Eilenberger's calculations. However, this positive curvature is not consistent with fluxoid interaction models for low flux density. These measurements supplement previous measurements for t<0.5 using isothermal calorimetry on the same sample. Taken together, the two experiments indicate that, at a given T, the incremental entropy per fluxoid is nearly constant for all B. This result forces some interesting empirical relationships among the parameters that characterize the mixed state.