cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Research Project vs. Hands-on Project in a Network Management Course

A project implemented in an undergraduate network management course is presented in this paper. The goal is to help students broaden their vision beyond what they have learned in class. Students can either select a theoretical research project to investigate a specific issue or a hands-on project to conduct experiments in the field of network management. During the semester, students were required to submit a project proposal, make a project presentation, and write a project report. A survey was conducted in the end of the semester to evaluate the effectiveness of the project implementation. We expect the analysis results of the survey to help student learning in future classes.
The Northamptonshire Resource Efficiency Project: the exit strategy

The Northamptonshire Resource Efficiency Project (NREP) was a waste minimisation project club that ran in Northamptonshire, a county in the East Midlands region of the UK, between August 1997 and December 1999. Over the length of the Project, the 19 club members reported total savings of £1.9 million and reported possible additional savings of £1.24 million. NREP was a highly cost-effective way for businesses in Northamptonshire to achieve a reduction in waste at source and to introduce more sustainable methods of waste management. This paper examines the milestones set for sustainable development for UK industry; the value of waste minimisation clubs and the exit strategy employed to leave behind a network and structure to assist Northamptonshire businesses achieve more sustainable waste management practices. The exit strategy has allowed a larger number of businesses to be assisted than through the original Project.
Effectiveness and acceptance of adaptive intelligent speed adaptation systems

Intelligent speed adaptation (ISA) systems face significant consumer acceptance hurdles that limit the likelihood of widespread adoption, particularly in the United States. However, if these systems are designed as speed management systems rather than speed limiting systems, with adaptability to individual driving behavior, they may be more likely to meet with consumer acceptance. The results of a fixed-based driving simulator experiment that tested the acceptance and effectiveness of a new type of ISA, called an Advanced Vehicular Speed Adaptation System (AVSAS), are reported. The results of the experiment showed that AVSAS resulted in reductions in driver speeds across a range of roadway types. AVSAS is a speed management system that adapts to an individual driver's speed behavior and the current driving situation. AVSAS resulted in an average reduction of 5% of the maximum speeds and 3% of the average speeds of the drivers on four road segments. As expected, AVSAS did not reduce driver speeds as much a...
Calmodulin binds to chick lens gap junction protein in a calcium-independent manner

A biochemically active conjugate of calmodulin and tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (CaM-RITC) was synthesized. When incubated with sections of chick lens, this conjugate bound to the surface membranes of lens fiber cells in the presence of absence of calcium. Incubation of lens sections with antibodies to gap junction protein of lens completely blocked the binding of the conjugate to cell membranes, whereas serum from nonimmunized animals or antibodies to others lens proteins reduced the binding only slightly. By means of a gel overlay procedure, 125I-labeled calmodulin was found to bind to the gap junction protein of lens, also in a calcium-independent manner. These results support the concept that calmodulin may interact with and regulate gap junctions in living cells.
The reaction of low levels of nitrogen dioxide with methyl linoleate in the presence and absence of oxygen

The reaction of methyl linoleate with low levels of nitrogen dioxide in a carrier gas, such as helium or air, at nitrogen dioxide concentrations ranging from 2 to 228 ppm was studied and the products formed were monitored. In both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, low concentrations of nitrogen dioxide reacted with methyl linoleate predominately to form allylic products. When a 1∶1 mixture of methyl palmitate/methyl linoleate was layered over an aqueous buffer and a nitrogen dioxide stream was passed from underneath, so that the stream passed through the aqueous layer before contacting the organic layer, allylic products again predominated. In the absence of air, the allylic products consisted of allylic nitro and nitrite derivatives of linoleate, whereas in the presence of air, allylic hydroperoxides were the principal products. The findings suggest that fatty acids with doubly allylic hydrogen atoms react preferentially by a hydrogen atom abstraction reaction rather than by the addition of nitrogen dioxide to a double bond.
The b1u methylene wagging and twisting fundamentals in crystalline polyethylene

Abstract It is shown that the infrared band at 1368 cm −1 , previously assigned as the b 1 u methylene wagging mode in crystalline polyethylene, is caused by the amorphous phase and that the bands observed at 1368 and 1370 cm −1 in crystalline n -C 36 H 74 and n -C 46 H 94 , respectively, must be ascribed to symmetrical methyl deformation. The possibility that the b 1 u methylene wagging fundamental is masked by the methylene deformation bands is discussed and discarded. It is concluded that the b 1 u methylene wagging fundamental must be identified with the very weak, parallel band at 1176 cm −1 , and some support is given for this assignment. It is suggested that the parallel band at 1050 cm −1 is caused by methylene twisting rendered infrared-active by interchain coupling.
Effect of planting geometry and fertilizer dose on grain yield and disease incidence in some mid duration rice ( Oryza sativa L.) varieties

Abstract Field experiments were conducted from 2000 – 2002 at Regional Rainfed Lowland Rice Research Station, Gerua, Assam, India, to find out the effects of planting geometry and fertilizer doses on grain yield and disease incidence of some rice varieties. The results revealed that planting geometry of skipping one row after every three rows with 15 × 15 cm spacing resulted in highest grain yield. Grain yields were similar with the next best planting geometry of 20 × 15 cm. Incidence of sheath rot disease (34.4%) and also its severity in terms of chaff number per panicle (41.4) were less under the skip row arrangement. Also, the skip row planting had the advantage of easy cultural operations in field. Yield response of Tapaswini rice to fertilizer dose was less (80, 17.4, and 33.4 kg N, P, and K per ha) in the wet season while more (120, 26, and 50 kg N, P, and K per ha) in the dry season. The study shows advantages of the optimum planting geometry of skipping one row after every three rows at 15 × 15 cm...
Imaging of the thyroid gland

Abstract The thyroid gland is critical in regulating metabolic functions including cardiac rate and output, lipid catabolism, skeletal growth, and oxygen and heat production. Thus, patients with hormonally active thyroid abnormalities present with wide-ranging symptoms, requiring an understanding of the gland's hormonal functions. Radiological imaging assesses the pathophysiological affects of abnormal thyroid function as well as important morphological features. Nuclear scintigraphy provides functional information about the gland, whereas cross-sectional imaging—including ultrasound, CT, and MR—provide adjunctive anatomic information. These modalities also provide information about related structures in the neck. The embryology, anatomy, and physiology of the thyroid are discussed; congenital, autoimmune, inflammatory, metabolic, and neoplastic diseases are reviewed; and the diagnostic utility of radiological imaging is addressed.
Getting to the Core of Geology LibGuides

This paper examines geology LibGuides from forty different U.S. academic institutions. It includes schools granting master's degrees, bachelor's degrees, and associate's degrees, as well as some offering geology courses only. Data on LibGuide structure, as well as databases, books, journals, websites, cartographic resources and instructional videos recommended within these LibGuides, are presented. Subtopics of geology covered by LibGuide pages and linked resources are also presented.
SU‐FF‐T‐436: Comparison of Neutron Doses to a Water Target Exposed to a 10 MeV Neutron Beam: Foil Activation Method Vs. Monte Carlo Simulations

We developed a mouse dosimetry model for neutron beam, and compared the calculated and simulated neutron doses for a water target (mouse) exposed to a 10 MeV neutron beam. We also estimated the longitudinal neutron dose profile for the water target. A water bottle (a simulated mouse, 6 cm × 1.3 cm radius) was exposed to a flux of 10 MeV neutrons produced via the d( d, n)He reaction using the Tandem accelerator at Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory at Duke University. An estimation of the neutron flux was obtained by neutron activations of two sets of aluminum and gold activation foils. One foil of each type was placed at the front and back sides of the water target. The flux was then calculated based on gamma spectroscopy of the irradiated foils using HPGe detectors. A Monte Carlo(MC) simulation based on FLUKA2008 code , was also used to estimate the 10 MeV neutron dose for the same geometry. The highest neutron flux measured using the activation technique was (8.538×106 +/− 6.89×104) n.cm−2.s−1 at the front end of the target. Using neutron kerma factors from ICRU data tables, the calculated dose rate to a water target at the location of the foil was (1.890+/− 0.015) Gy.hr−1. Using the data from the MC simulation, the calculated neutron dose to the front end of the water target was (1.870 +/− 0.001) Gy.hr−1. The dose calculated using the foil activation technique was in good agreement with the MC results. The slight discrepancy in the measured flux was likely the result of the closer position of the activation foils to the neutron source than the water bottle target, and also absorption within the activation foils. Assuming these results are in good agreement, we estimated the dose profile for the simulated mouse.
Search for the most stable PdSiCu metallic glass using the phase diagram approach

Abstract It is shown that slow cooling from the melt accompanied by intermittent annealing of alloys in the ternary system PdSiCu produces microstructures in which the “last freezing” areas of a ternary eutectic can be identified and subjected to electron microprobe analysis. In this way the composition of the ternary eutectic point was identified as Pd 80.1 Si 14.7 Cu 5.2 . The combination of the slow cooling and microprobe techniques also permitted us to establish the most probable projection contours of the surfaces of primary crystallization in the eutectic region, as well as to identify the principal primary phases involved. The eutectic composition alloy is an easy glass former with a reduced glass temperature T rg of 0.63. This high value of T rg is the result of the lowest liquidus temperature T 1 of 698 °C attained at the eutectic point. The approach described in this paper is expected to be useful in locating regions of the probable glass-forming alloys in multicomponent systems.
A1 Adenosine Receptor Activation Increases Adipocyte Leptin Secretion

A1 adenosine receptors (A1ARs) are heavily expressed in adipocytes and influence fat cell metabolism. Because increasing evidence suggests a role for leptin in mediating appetite and fat cell metabolism, we tested whether ALARs regulate leptin production. Rats were treated with the A1AR agonist N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), and changes in circulating levels of leptin and leptin gene expression were examined. Serum leptin levels rose 2- to 10-fold, with peak increases seen 8-16 h after injection of CPA (P < 0.05). In contrast, CPA did not alter steady state levels of adipose tissue leptin mRNA. To assess the influence of endogenous adenosine on circulating leptin levels, rats were also injected with dipyridamole (DPY), an adenosine reuptake blocker. DPY induced 80% increases in serum levels at 8 h after injections (P < 0.05). Supporting the idea that stimulation of leptin production is A1AR mediated, pretreatment with the A1AR antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine completely blocked increases in leptin levels after DPY treatment. To complement in vivo studies, the effect of A1AR activation on leptin secretion was also studied in epididymal fat pad cultures. In cultures, CPA treatment increased leptin secretion by 37% (P < 0.05). Collectively, these data show that the adenosinergic system can increase leptin secretion by directly activating A1ARs in fat tissue.
The Slavist in the Digital World: Creating Scholarly Resources in Partnership with Librarians at the University of Virginia

ABSTRACT. This article offers a brief discussion of two projects—the creation of a set of digital images of Russian art and an exhibit of modern Russian children's books—developed in collaborative partnership between a Slavist and librarians at the University of Virginia. Both of these projects were designed to create shareable, flexible, and sustainable resources for research and educational use. The challenges and benefits of collaborative partnerships between scholars and librarians are discussed, and models for conceptualizing the relationships are also proposed. This article is adapted from a paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies in November 2006.
Triplet state decay and spin-lattice relaxation rate constants in tyrosinate and tryptophan

Abstract The decay rates and spin-lattice relaxation rates are presented for the lowest excited triplet state in tryptophan and in tyrosinate in zero-field at 1.34 K.
Stage IIIC ovarian leiomyosarcoma in a premenopausal woman with multiple recurrences: prolonged survival with surgical therapy.

A case of Stage IIIC primary ovarian leiomyosarcoma in a premenopausal woman with multiple recurrences alive and well 7 years after diagnosis is presented. In addition to the typical light microscopic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic features of ovarian leiomyosarcoma, the tumor was progesterone receptor positive. This is 28th report of primary ovarian leiomyosarcoma and the first report of progesterone receptor in this tumor. This is the longest reported survival in a woman with this disease.
Abstract 4561: The MMRF CoMMpassSM Study: A prospective, longitudinal, multicenter observational study in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients to assess the relationship between patient outcomes, treatment regimens and molecular profiles

The Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation (MMRF) CoMMpass®; trial opened in July 2011 and will follow 1000 patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (ND-MM) [http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01454297]. The goal of this study is to understand the molecular and genetic changes underpinning the evolution of myeloma in individuals and to facilitate future clinical trials based on those results. Comprehensive clinical annotation will accompany individual molecular profiles at baseline, treatment response and disease recurrence over the course of 5-8 years. The study will yield an extensive molecular and clinical database providing information on the longitudinal aspect of multiple myeloma disease progression in individual patients. Eligible patients include those with symptomatic ND-MM who have not received prior therapy. Initial treatments permitted in the study include those containing either a proteasome inhibitor, an IMiD or both. Centralized bone marrow aspirate and peripheral blood specimen processing building upon the experience of the Multiple Myeloma Research Consortium (MMRC) Tissue Bank is being conducted to support profiling of the patient samples. Here we describe the workflow for biospecimens and characterization including the analysis of bone marrow aspirates by multiplex flow cytometry to identify patient-specific immunophenotypic markers and sequencing of BRAF V600 mutations. CD138-enriched tumor cells derived from the aspirates will enable a breadth of sequencing analysis comprising whole genome and whole exome sequencing, as well as, transcriptome analysis via RNA Seq. Chromosomal alterations and ploidy will be assessed by cytogenetic and FISH analysis. Altogether, these efforts will provide an unprecedented myeloma dataset on copy number variation, mutation and levels of gene expression. Samples collected at suspected complete response will be evaluated by quantitative flow cytometry using multiple markers to follow immunophenotypic changes and to monitor minimal residual disease. The MMRF CoMMpass® study aims to comprehensively catalog genetic alterations in patients treated with standard-of-care 1st line agents and at milestones of relapse. The knowledge obtained in CoMMpass® will provide key insights into mechanisms of disease and drug response in myeloma, reveal targets and biomarkers for drug development, provide insights into refined classification of subtypes of myeloma and be used as a foundation to build personalized medical care initiatives for myeloma patients. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4561. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4561
ACTH and the stress-induced changes of lysine incorporation into brain and liver proteins.

Abstract When mice were subjected to footshock treatment and subsequently injected with [3H] lysine, the cerebral uptake of [3H] lysine, its incorporation into brain protein and the relative radioactivity (RR = protein radioactivity divided by amino acid radioactivity) were all increased. In the liver, footshocked mice showed decreased free lysine radioactivity, and increased protein radioactivity and relative radioactivity compared to quiet mice. The possibility that ACTH mediated these effects was investigated. The injection of saline had no effect in the brain but partially mimicked the footshock responses in the liver. Injections of ACTH 1–24 mimicked the effects of footshock in the brain, and further augmented the saline-induced effect on the RR in the liver. ACTH 4–10 increased the RR of brain protein, but produced no significant change in brain free lysine radioactivity or in any measure in the liver. Pretreatment of mice with the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, did not enhance these effects and diminished the effect of ACTH 4–10 in the brain. ACTH treatment did not alter the profiles of brain polyribosomes. Lysine vasopressin, which is also released during stress, did not alter the incorporation of [3H] lysine into brain or liver protein, except at high doses when it decreased plasma radioactivity. These results suggest that secretion of ACTH at least partially mediates the stress-induced changes of [3H] lysine incorporation into brain and liver proteins, but that it is probably not the only factor involved.
Results of valve replacement for severe mitral regurgitation due to papillary muscle rupture or fibrosis.

Late results of mitral valve replacement for papillary muscle rupture (four patients) or fibrosis without rupture (five patients) are described for the first time. Patients underwent operation 3 months to more than 13 years (median 14 months) after the onset of severe mitral regurgitation. Preoperatively all had holosystolic murmurs, atrial and ventricular gallops, cardiomegaly and cardiac failure. Three had class III and six had class IV functional capacity (New York Heart Association Classification). Atrial fibrillation developed in the three patients who had mitral regurgitation for more than 3 years. Left atrial mean pressure (average 27 mm Hg) and V waves (average 46 mm Hg) were greatly increased in all but one patient, and cardiac index (average 2.0 liters/min per m 2 ) was reduced in all but one. No finding distinguished patients with rupture from those without rupture. The left ventricular angiogram was the best preoperative guide to postoperative results. Of five patients with poor left ventricular contractions, four died (one suddenly 2 days postoperatively and three with cardiac failure, two 6 months and one 62 months postoperatively); 4 months after operation one is limited by the residua of a cerebral embolus. None of the three studied postoperatively showed hemodynamic improvement. In contrast, of four patients with fair or good left ventricular contractions preoperatively, three have class I or II functional capacity 23, 60, 64 months, respectively, after operation, and one died suddenly 41 months after operation. All three studied postoperatively showed marked hemodynamic improvement.
The Influence of Aid Changes on African Election Outcomes

Many African democracies experience highly variable aid flows. This article examines the influence of aid changes on presidential incumbent advantage in Africa. Aid changes influence the odds of incumbents winning reelection, with aid increases helping incumbents, but this effect is only present when the aid change occurs in the year before an election. Aid changes in earlier or later time periods have no influence. Case studies of elections in Ghana and Malawi reveal causal mechanisms linking aid changes to incumbent advantage and support the finding that aid changes have a limited window of influence.
Intracavernous carotid artery aneurysms: the possible importance of angiographic dural waisting. A case report.

BACKGROUND Cavernous carotid aneurysms are generally benign entities. Certain indications exist for their treatment, however, including transient ischemic events, subarachnoid hemorrhage or risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage, epistaxis or its risk, ophthalmoplegia, pain, and progressive visual loss. We feel certain angiographic features may indicate a greater likelihood that cavernous carotid aneurysms extend into the subarachnoid space, thus making their rupture a life-threatening event. METHODS A case report of an intracavernous carotid aneurysm, which at surgery extended into the subarachnoid space, is described. RESULTS In this particular case, deformation of the aneurysm (waisting) as seen at angiography was in retrospect an indication that the cavernous carotid aneurysm extended into the subarachnoid space, either through the dural ring or through the eroded dural roof of the cavernous sinus. This finding was verified at surgery when the lesion was explored and trapped. CONCLUSION Angiographic waisting of a cavernous carotid aneurysm may indicate that the aneurysm extends into the subarachnoid space. Such extension means that rupture would be a life-threatening event. While deformation of the aneurysm may be secondary to compression against the optic nerve or anterior clinoid process with an intact layer of dura overlying the aneurysm, the neurosurgeon confronted with such findings should analyze such lesions carefully and consider surgical exploration.
The ratio of fibrinogen to red cells transfused affects survival in casualties receiving massive transfusions at an army combat support hospital.

Background: To treat the coagulopathy of trauma, some have suggested early and aggressive use of cryoprecipitate as a source of fibrinogen. Our objective was to determine whether increased ratios of fibrinogen to red blood cells (RBCs) decreased mortality in combat casualties requiring massive transfusion. Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of 252 patients at a U.S. Army combat support hospital who received a massive transfusion (≥10 units of RBCs in 24 hours). The typical amount of fibrinogen within each blood product was used to calculate the fibrinogen-to-RBC (F:R) ratio transfused for each patient. Two groups of patients who received either a low (<0.2 g fibrinogen/RBC Unit) or high (≥0.2 g fibrinogen/RBC Unit) F:R ratio were identified. Mortality rates and the cause of death were compared between these groups, and logistic regression was used to determine if the F:R ratio was independently associated with survival. Results: Two-hundred and fifty-two patients who received a massive transfusion with a mean (SD) ISS of 21 (±10) and an overall mortality of 75 of 252 (30%) were included. The mean (SD) F:R ratios transfused for the low and high groups were 0.1 grams/Unit (±0.06), and 0.48 grams/Unit (±0.2), respectively (p < 0.001). Mortality was 27 of 52 (52%) and 48 of 200 (24%) in the low and high F:R ratio groups respectively (p < 0.001). Additional variables associated with survival were admission temperature, systolic blood pressure, hemoglobin, International Normalized Ratio (INR), base deficit, platelet concentration and Combined Injury Severity Score (ISS). Upon logistic regression, the F:R ratio was independently associated with mortality (odds ratio 0.37, 95% confidence interval 0.171-0.812, p = 0.013). The incidence of death from hemorrhage was higher in the low F:R group, 23/27 (85%), compared to the high F:R group, 21/48 (44%) (p < 0.001). Conclusions: In patients with combat-related trauma requiring massive transfusion, the transfusion of an increased fibrinogen: RBC ratio was independently associated with improved survival to hospital discharge, primarily by decreasing death from hemorrhage. Prospective studies are needed to evaluate the best source of fibrinogen and the optimal empiric ratio of fibrinogen to RBCs in patients requiring massive transfusion.
An investigation of the gas-phase reaction of atomic bromine with disilane: implications for the Si2H5H bond strength

Article on an investigation of the gas-phase reaction of atomic bromine with disilane and implications for the Si2H5-H bond strength.
Variation in cancer risk estimates for exposure to powerline frequency electromagnetic fields: A meta-analysis comparing EMF measurement methods

We used meta-analysis to synthesize the findings from eleven case-control studies on cancer risks in humans exposed to 50-60 Hertz powerline electromagnetic fields (EMFs). Pooled estimates of risk are derived for different EMF measurement methods and types of cancer. EMF measurement methods are classified as: wiring configuration codes, distance to power distribution equipment, spot measurements of magnetic fields, and calculated indices based on distance to power distribution equipment and historic load data. Pooled odds ratios depicting the risk of cancer by each measurement type are presented for all cancers combined, leukemia for all age groups and childhood leukemia. The wire code measurement technique was associated with a significantly increased risk for all three cancer types, while spot measures consistently showed non-significant odds ratios. Distance measures and the calculated indices produced risk estimates which were significant only for leukemia.
Fiber-Reinforced Membrane Models of McKibben Actuators

A McKibben actuator consists of an internally pressurized elastic cylindrical tube covered by a shell braided with two families of inextensible fibers woven at equal and opposite angles to the longitudinal axis. Increasing internal pressure causes the actuator to expand radially and, due to the fiber constraint, contract longitudinally. This contraction provides a large force that can be used for robotic actuation. Based on large deformation membrane theory, the actuator is modeled as a fiber-reinforced cylinder with applied inner pressure and axial load. Given the initial shape, material parameters, axial load, and pressure, the analytical model predicts the deformed actuator shape, fiber angle, and fiber and membrane stresses. The analytical results show that for a long and thin actuator the deformed fiber angle approaches 54°44' at infinite pressure. The actuator elongates and contracts for actuators with initial angles above and below 54°44' degrees, respectively. For short and thick actuators with initial angles relatively close to 0 deg or 90 deg, however, a fiber angle boundary layer extends to the middle of the actuator, limiting possible extension or contraction. The calculated longitudinal strain and radius change match experimental results to within 5%.
Growth and Optical Properties of Wurtzite and Sphalerite CdSe Epitaxial Thin Films

Growth of epitaxial thin films of sphalerite and wurtzite CdSe on cleaved BaF2 substrates is reported. Optical transmission measurements to 6.5 eV in the ultraviolet at 300 and 80 °K were made. The spin-orbit splitting of the A3-;A1 transitions in cubic CdSe is 0.26 eV, in close agreement with seemingly spin-orbit split transitions of 0.28 eV in the hexagonal phase, attributed to transitions along the Δ-axis (the c-axis of the hexagonal Brillouin zone). Our findings substantiate this identification. Other optical structure is reinterpreted based on our measurements and some recent band calculations of wurtzite compounds. A band structure for wurtzite CdSe is proposed. Es wird uber das Wachstum dunner epitaxialer CdSe-Schichten in der Sphalerit- und Wurtzitstruktur auf gespaltenen BaF2-Einkristallunterlagen berichtet. Das Absorptionsvermogen (im Ultraviolettbereich) wurde bei 80 und 300 °K bis 6,5 eV gemessen. Die Spin-Bahn-Aufspaltung der A3-A1-Ubergange wurden im kubischen CdSe zu 0,26 eV gefunden, in guter Ubereinstimmung mit einer scheinbaren Spin-Bahn-Aufspaltung von 0,28 eV in der hexagonalen Phase, entsprechend Ubergangen langs der Δ-Achse (c-Achse in der hexagonalen Brillouin-Zone). Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit bestatigen diese Identifizierung. Eine andere optische Struktur wird auf Grund eigener Messungen und einiger neuerer Bandstrukturberechnungen von Wurzitverbindungen neu interpretiert. Eine Bandstruktur fur hexagonales CdSe wird vorgeschlagen.
Episodic Late Quaternary slopewash deposition as recorded in colluvial aprons, Southeastern Wyoming

Abstract Colluvial aprons found along fluvial terraces of the Laramie River and Sybille Creek in southeastern Wyoming are interpreted as late Quaternary slopewash deposits. Each apron studied contained multiple buried soils, interpreted to indicate that slopewash activity was episodic and short-lived, and was followed by relatively long periods of landscape stability and soil development. Apron deposits were described and subsequently correlated based on their internal stratigraphy and their relative degree of soil development. Optical dating was used to chronologically constrain periods of slopewash deposition, and based on 17 optical ages taken from five aprons, aggradation occurred at ∼65–56, 16.0, 12.9, 11.8, 8.1, 7.3, 5.0, and 1.7 ka. Several of these events correspond with climatic transitions such as the termination of Heinrich Event 1, the onset and termination of the Younger Dryas, and the 8.2 ka event, suggesting that apron aggradation was driven by changes in climatic regime. Although either increased aridity or a change in precipitation regime could result in increased erosion of terrace scarps, apron aggradation events do not correlate with regional records of aridity. Instead, periods of increased precipitation intensity and/or frequency that occur during climatic transitions most likely drive apron aggradation events.
Letter to the Editor---Replenishment Times, Service Times, and the Independence Assumption

A simple model illustrates the connection between the independence assumption, replenishment time, and queuing models for the case where orders are forced to conform to the proper temporal ordering scheme i.e., orders do not cross for the case of an exponential replenishment time distribution.
Mutational and Susceptibility Genetics Are Different Clinical Paradigms

During the past 2 years there have been several consensus conferences on diagnostic testing for Alzheimer's disease (AD), specifically related to the use of new genetic tests (Farrer et al., 1995; Relkin et al., 1996). Unfortunately there is an appearance of controversy between some of the published opinions and the empirical data (Saunders et al., 1996; Slooter et al., 1996). The clinical paradigm for AD has changed from “ruling out” a small list of reversible and treatment causes of dementia to “ruling in” the diagnosis of AD using adjunctive genetic tests with a high positive predictive value for some patients (Roses & Saunders, in press).
Communication, Small Groups, and the Interview in the FL Classroom.

Individualizing instruction and developing communicative skills have been focal points foreign language teaching over the past few years. One area that needs closer attention is the relationship between communicative materials and small groups. An examination of existing communicative techniques and the size of the group in which they are employed reveals that few exercises involve the student efficiently and adequately in the questioning process itself. Thus, there has been a failure to provide what should be an important element in communicative exercises. A look at the interview technique in small groups shows how this shortcoming can be removed by emphasizing skill-getting and skill-using in a natural setting. To date, most discussions of the interview technique have concerned themselves only with affective goals, large groups, or outside-of-class activities. Active student participation in the questioning process with appropriate guidance by the teacher promotes a natural exchange of information and is easily adaptable to all levels of language classes.
Stabilized and variationally consistent nodal integration for meshfree modeling of impact problems

Galerkin meshfree methods can suffer from instability and suboptimal convergence if the issue of quadrature is not properly addressed. The instability due to quadrature is further magnified in high strain rate events when nodal integration is used. In this paper, several stable and convergent nodal integration methods are presented and applied to transient and large deformation impact problems, and an eigenvalue analysis of the methods is also provided. Optimal convergence is attained using variationally consistent integration, and stability is achieved by employing strain smoothing and strain energy stabilization. The proposed integration methods show superior performance over standard nodal integration in the wave propagation and Taylor bar impact problems tested.
The effect of dialysate sodium concentration on body fluid compartment volume, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration in chronic hemodialysis patients.

Six stable chronic hemodialysis patients received six hemodialysis treatments: two each with the dialysate sodium concentration (D Na ) 7% greater than serum sodium concentration, two with a DNa equal to serum sodium concentration and two with the D Na 7% less than the serum sodium concentration. During one treatment with each dialysate 2 kg of fluid was removed and during the other treatments the patient's weight was kept constant. Total body water (TBW), intracellular water (IM), extracellular water (ECW), plasma volume (PV), plasma renin activity (PRA), aldosterone (ALDO), Na, BUN and osmolality were determined before and after each treatment. Fluid removal during dialysis had no effect on ICW with essentially all the fluid removed during dialysis coming from ECW. ICW increased with low D Na and decreased with high D Na The effect of D Na on ECW and PV was the opposite of that on ICW. PRA increased and ALDO decreased during dialysis. Predialysis ALDO directly correlated with PRA ( r = 0.68, p Na is lower than serum Na and the reverse is true when D Na exceeds serum Na. Plasma aldosterone decreases during dialysis despite an increase in PRA, possibly related to the decrease in serum potassium concentration. The effect of fluid removal and low D Na on PRA and ALDO may be related to a reduction in ECW and/or PV.
Exact Confidence Limits for Proportions

A subroutine is presented to calculate exact confidence limits for the number of successes in a finite population, given a random sample drawn without replacement. The limits are calculated recursively from a series of hypergeometric probability distributions. The use of arbitrary starting values in each recursion eliminates the computation of initial probability values based on cumbersome factorial expressions.
The blood of the insane.

The history of serological investigations of the blood of the insane is traced from the initial such study in 1854 by a solitary Scottish asylum physician, who counted the blood cells of his lunatic patients under a weak microscope, to the January 2005 announcement by an international team of geneticists of the development of a genomic blood test that can differentially diagnose schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The story of the first claim of the development of a blood test for madness in 1912 -the Abderhalden defensive ferments reaction test -is related in detail. Studies of the blood of the insane have followed four general methodological paradigms: the corpuscular richness paradigm (1854); the metabolic paradigm (c. 1895); the immunoserodiagnostic paradigm (1906); and the medical genomics paradigm (2005).
Temporal variation of induction neurogenesis in a rat model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion

Abstract Objective: The adult brain is capable of neurogenesis after cerebral ischemia. We investigated the presence of new neural precursors after transient middle cerebral artery ischemia adult rats. Methods: Transient middle cerebral artery ischemia was induced in adult Wistar rats (n=13) using the monofilament method. In the experimental group (n=8), animals were harvested at days 3, 7, 10, 17 and 21 after ischemia. Five animals served as controls. Sagittal sections through the ischemic cortex were double-stained for neural (nestin and β-tubulin, nestin and PCNA), glial (nestin and GFAP) and oligodendroglial (nestin and O4, CNP and PCNA) precursors. Double-stained cells were also counted under high-power view and tabulated over time. Results: In the subventricular zone (SVZ), there was positive double-staining starting at day 3 showing proliferating astrocytic precursors (nestin + GFAP, 5–20% of cells), neuronal stem cells (nestin + PCNA, 95% of cells) and neuronal precursors (nestin + β-tubulin, 50% ...
Adaptive output-feedback control of a general class of uncertain feedforward systems via a dynamic scaling approach

An adaptive output-feedback control design technique is proposed for a class of feedforward systems with input-to-state stable (ISS) appended dynamics in a block triangular (feedforward) structure. The system contains uncertain functions involving all states with the assumed bounds on uncertain functions allowed to contain crossproducts of unknown parameters and unmeasured states. The control design is based on the dual dynamic high-gain scaling technique and introduces a novel adaptation dynamics and scaling dynamics to globally stabilise the system using output feedback. The ISS appended dynamics are coupled with all the system states and the input and the ISS Lyapunov inequalities also feature crossproducts of unknown parameters and unmeasured states. The proposed control design does not require any knowledge of magnitude bounds on unknown parameters.
Capacitance: A property of nanoscale materials based on spatial symmetry of discrete electrons

Capacitance is a measure of the ability to store electrons and is conventionally considered to be a constant dependent upon the shape of metal contacts and the dimensions of the system. In general, however, equipotentials of dielectric systems without metal contacts take the shape of very complex three-dimensional surfaces resulting from the spatial distribution of discrete electrons. The fundamental definition of capacitance, C=Q/V, in which V is the potential within which electrons are confined, requires that the total capacitance take into account local capacitances of every electron and all cross-capacitances. To circumvent this complexity, the average total electrostatic potential experienced by each electron is utilized to obtain a capacitance expression generally appropriate to dielectric systems consisting of few excess electrons without metallic contacts. The capacitance may then be expressed as an exact function of the total electrostatic potential energy of the system. The integrity of this expression is demonstrated using a representative system of N excess electrons confined to a dielectric sphere. The capacitance expression is shown to be consistent with the conventional capacitance for a single electron dielectric sphere and with C=4πe0e'a for metallic spheres. A relatively large sphere size is chosen such that the magnetic moment interaction energy is negligibly small. The capacitance exhibits a non-uniform relationship with respect to N coincident with shell-filling patterns of the natural atomic system. This classical electrostatic interactions approach is particularly appealing to the practical development of nanoscale materials and devices as it circumvents immediate recourse to often unintuitive and complicated quantum mechanical descriptions.
Effect of Dietary Antibiotic upon Feed Efficiency and Protein Requirement of Growing Chickens

Abstract SINCE the report of Stokstad et al. (1949) that a product resulting from the growth of Streptomyces aureofaciens contains an unidentified factor for the growth of chicks, many workers including Berg et al. (1950), Biely et al. (1951), Reed and Couch (1950), and Sherwood and Couch (1950) have reported similar findings with this or comparable products. Studies by Stokstad and Jukes (1950), Groschke and Evans (1950), and McGinnis et al. (1950) have indicated that the growth promoting constituents of these products are aureomycin and vitamin B12. Whitehill et al. (1950) have also demonstrated the stimulatory effect of aureomycin on the growth of chicks. In contrast to these results, Scott and Glista (1950) reported that aureomycin did not increase chick growth except for a slight response during the first few weeks with ad libitum feeding and that it had no effect when feed intake was equated. Reports on the effect of . . .
Automatic protection switching for multicasting in optical mesh networks

Reliability in optical networks is a growing area of concern as high-bandwidth networks are expanded and interconnected. Even if robust operating conditions are established, redundancy is necessary to preclude catastrophic loss of data in case of failure of a link or of a node in a network. We shall give a brief overview of the common approaches to failure recovery, discuss the related topological issues and present a new approach to multicasting, which reduces topological constraints to a provable minimum.
Continental diatom biodiversity in stream benthos declines as more nutrients become limiting

Biodiversity of both terrestrial ecosystems and lacustrine phytoplankton increases with niche dimensionality, which can be determined by the number of limiting resources (NLR) in the environment. In the present continental study, I tested whether niche dimensionality and, with this species, richness scale positively with NLR in running waters. Diatom richness in 2,426 benthic and 383 planktonic communities from 760 and 127 distinct localities, respectively, was examined as a function of NLR, including basic cations, silica, iron, ammonia, nitrate, and dissolved phosphorus. The patterns found in the two communities were opposite: as more resources became limiting, diatom richness declined in the benthos but increased in the phytoplankton. The divergence of benthic from both planktonic and terrestrial communities is attributed to the complex spatial organization of the benthos, generating strong internal resource gradients. Differential stress tolerance among benthic diatoms allows substantial overgrowth, which greatly reduces nutrient transport to the biofilm base and can be supported only by high ambient resource levels. Therefore, niche dimensionality in the benthos increases with the number of resources at high supply. These findings provide a mechanistic explanation of the well documented phenomenon of increased species richness after fertilization in freshwater as opposed to terrestrial ecosystems. Clearly, however, new theoretical approaches, retaining resource availability as an environmental constraint but incorporating a trade-off between tolerance and spatial positioning, are necessary to address coexistence in one of the major producer communities in streams, the algae.
Decision making and effort in the self-regulation of hypertension: Testing two competing theories

We compare the ability of two social psychological models to explain self-regulation decisions to control hypertension by 208 patients at a hospital clinic: the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and the model of goal-directed behaviour (MGB). The sample was drawn from patients at a large research hospital in North America. The findings show that the MGB not only explains significantly more variance in decision making than the TPB, but it provides an account for how reasons for acting become integrated and transformed into intentions to act, which the TPB does not address. The MGB does this in part by introducing the variable, desire, as an essential mediator between reasons for acting and intentions. The MGB also incorporates the effects of anticipated emotions on decision making, which are forms of forward-looking counterfactual thinking with respect to goals. In addition, the present study reconceptualized instrumental behaviour to encompass how hard one tries to act in the senses of (1) devoting time to planning with respect to reducing/maintaining blood pressure, (2) expending mental/physical energy to reduce/maintain blood pressure, (3) maintaining will power to reduce/maintain blood pressure, and (4) sustaining self-discipline (e.g. in overcoming obstacles) to reduce/maintain blood pressure. Key differences, as well as commonalities, in decision making are pointed-out between men and women and between people whose goal is to reduce versus maintain blood pressure.
Robustness of conditional moments: an application to premium calculation of reinsurance treaties.

In this study, the tail probability of a class of distributions commonly used in assessing the severity of insurance losses was examined. Without specifying any particular distribution, the use of an algebraic functional form Cx(-alpha) to approximate the tail behavior of the distributions in the class was demonstrated. Norwegian fire insurance data were examined, and the algebraic functional form was applied to derive the expected loss of a reinsurance treaty that covers all losses exceeding a retention limit. It was shown that (1) the expected loss is insensitive to the parameter alpha for a high retention limit (e.g., a catastrophe treaty), and (2) with a low retention limit (e.g., a largest claim treaty), a reliable estimate of the parameter alpha and a sound judgment on the maximum potential loss of the treaty could provide useful and defensible summary statistics for pricing the treaty. Thus, when dealing with the losses of certain reinsurance treaties, it was concluded that knowledge of a specific probability distribution is not critical, and the summary statistics derived from the model are robust with respect to a large class of loss distributions.
Change in the Small Group: A Dissipative Structure Perspective

In living systems that are experiencing highly turbulent conditions, dissipative self-organization sometimes takes place and results in greater viability. The potential applications of the paradigm of dissipative self-organization to the study of change dynamics in small groups are explored. A certain type of change in groups is likened to change in dissipative structures found in the physical world, and group effectiveness amid complex and turbulent environments is seen to require the key elements of dissipative self-organization: an ongoing tolerance for error and for deviation from an established order, a breaking of existing system relationships so that new ones may emerge, a reflective, self-referencing mode, and a creative process of boundary reparation and movement into new configurations. Lewin's model of change in social systems is extended here through the application of the self-organization paradigm. Instead of utilizing Lewin's formulation of a discrete movement through phases, the emphasis i...