cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immune reconstitution strategies in HIV

Although potent antiretroviral therapy can dramatically decrease HIV replication and improve some aspects of host immunity, incomplete immune reconstitution persists even after several years of fully suppressive therapy. In addition, long-term toxicities of antiretroviral medications and the probability of developing multidrug-resistant virus with long-term use indicate that alternate means of controlling viral replication are needed for more durable suppression of HIV. Immune-based therapies may help potentiate the host's own defenses against HIV and other pathogens, and may ultimately result in more durable viral suppression and lower incidence of antiretroviral therapy-related side effects and toxicities.
Drug interaction between ascorbic acid and fluphenazine.

To the Editor.— A number of animal studies have shown that ascorbic acid deficiency results in decreased metabolism of a variety of pharmacologic agents and that the resulting decreased drug enzyme activities can be restored to normal levels if the scorbutic animals are given the vitamin for a period of six to ten days.1We report a possible drug-drug interaction between ascorbic acid and fluphenazine hydrochloride in a manicdepressive patient who was found on admission to have a low ascorbic acid plasma level. During the 13 days he received replacement ascorbic acid, steady-state fluphenazine plasma levels declined 25% from baseline. This reduction was associated with escalation of manic behavior, which necessitated an increase in fluphenazine and initiation of lithium carbonate treatment. Report of a Case.— The patient was a 23-year-old man who had a past history of manic behavior that was responsive to lithium carbonate. He was admitted to
Patterns of respiratory behavior

The existence and generalizability of characteristic individual patterns of breathing were investigated. Pneumographic respiration recordings were obtained for eight male Ss while they performed a variety of experimental tasks during six different recording sessions. Categorical sorts of sets of respiration record segments were performed by three judges, and they were highly successful in detecting distinctive respiratory characteristics for sorting segments from different Ss into categories repiesenting individual Ss. Implications for further research are discussed.
Dual-Task Performance as a Function of Individual Alarm Validity and Alarm System Reliability Information

Researchers and designers have investigated ways to mitigate the consequences of alarm mistrust, including using redundant information sources to ensure response consistency. Research concerning the benefit of this practice has not considered the operator's prior alarm system knowledge, or the division of attention among multiple tasks. We investigated the influence of real-time individual alarm validity information and prior alarm system reliability information on primary and alarm task responses. One hundred undergraduate students performed a continuous compensatory tracking task while responding to microcomputer-based alarms. Dependent measures included alarm response frequency, speed, accuracy, and appropriateness, and primary task tracking error. Results indicated that participants with real-time alarm validity information responded less frequently, but more appropriately than those without such information. Participants with prior access to alarm system reliability information responded more frequen...
Progress with unrelated cord blood transplants in adults

In the 1980s, the idea that umbilical cord blood (UCB) contained sufficient hematopoietic stem cells to rescue myeloablated bone marrow was disregarded by most marrow transplanters. In 1989, when Gluckman and colleagues reported the successful transplantation into a 6-year-old boy with Fanconi
Purification and characterization of an (Na++K+)-ATPase proteolipid labeled with a photoaffinity derivative of ouabain

Abstract Highly purified lamb kidney (Na++K+)-ATPase was photoaffinity labeled with the tritiated 2-nitro-5-azidobenzoyl derivative of ouabain (NAB-ouabain). The labeled (Na++K+)-ATPase was mixed with unlabeled carrier enzyme. Two proteolipid (γ1 and γ2) fractions were then isolated by chromatography on columns of Sepharose CL-6B and Sephadex LH-60. The two fractions were interchangeable when rechromatographed on the LH-60 column, suggesting that γ1 is an aggregated form of γ2. The total yield was 0.8–1.5 mol of γ component per mol of catalytic subunit recovered. This indicates that the γ component is present in stoichiometric amounts in the (Na++K+)-ATPase. The proteolipids that were labeled with NAB-ouabain copurified with the unlabeled proteolipids.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 113*

Abstract The 1960 version of the Nuclear Data Sheets for A=113 has been revised on the basis of experimental data received before August 1970. Experimental data, adopted values, comparisons with theory, arguments for Jπ-assignments, and detailed level schemes are presented. Comments are given by the compilers on 113Pd decay, on the energy of 1.2−m 113Ag relative to that of 5.4−h 113Ag, on the negative parity states in 113Cd, on the K-capture from 99.4−m 113In, and on the disintegration energy of 113Sn, to cite a few examples. These serve to highlight interesting features, to focus attention on the existing discrepancies, and to suggest possible new experiments. Additional experiments, particularly of the reaction type, are desirable on all nuclei with A=113. This compilation is based on data received before August 1970. Data received during September 1970 have been added in proof.
Effects of gepirone on ethanol consumption, exploratory behavior, and motor performance in rats

Activation of 5-HT receptors via reuptake inhibition, precursor loading, or inhibition of catabolism have consistently resulted in decreases in ethanol preference in rats. The objective of the present studies was to determine whether activation of the 5-HT1A receptor with gepirone, a selective agonist, decreases ethanol preference. Preference was first evaluated for ethanol solutions from 3 to 11%, in a free-choice situation with ethanol solution or tapwater available in the home cage. Male Sprague-Dawley rats consumed the most ethanol solution relative to water at a concentration of 6%. When ethanol (6% solution) was available to ethanol-habituated rats in a 1-hr restricted access situation, subjects consumed 5.9 ± 0.4 ml. Pretreatment with gepirone (0.46–4.6 mg/kg IP) resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in ethanol consumption in the restricted-access paradigm. The 5-HT reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine also resulted in dose-related decreases in ethanol consumption in restricted access. A subsequent experiment using a lower dose of fluoxetine also found a suppressive effect on ethanol intake. A single daily dose of gepirone failed to decrease the consumption of 6% ethanol when it was continuously available in the home cage. The short half-life of gepirone might explain its lack of effect in continuous access with only one daily dose. Gepirone decreased open-field activity at higher (2.3 to 4.6-mg/kg) doses, but did not affect rotorod performance at any dose (4.6–9.2 mg/kg) tested, whereas haloperidol (0.025–1.0 mg/kg) significantly decreased time on the rotorod. These results suggest that 5-HT1A receptor activation decreases ethanol intake in limited access and that the motorically disrupting effects of gepirone are not manifest under these conditions. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Load-compression behavior of brittle foams

Quantitative relationships between the load-compression behavior and the physical characteristics of the foam matrix, previously reported for flexible systems, have now been extended to brittle foams. The shape of the compression curve is expressed in terms of ψ(e), a dimensionless function of the compressive strain, while the stiffness, or load-bearing capacity, is defined by Ef, the apparent Young's modulus. Because the brittle matrix breaks–rather than flexes–when compressed, a brittle foam exhibits a flatter and wider plateau in the load-compression curve than a rigid (but ductile) foam of equivalent density, cell geometry, and Ef. These differences are expressed quantitatively by ψ(e). It is important to distinguish between brittle foams and rigid, but ductile, foams. Since both types may exhibit the same stiffness, this distinction, particularly significant in energy absorbing applications, often is not considered in designing foam structures. Using the relationships established in this report, it is now possible to delineate precisely the characteristics a brittle foam must possess to meet a given load-compression specification.
Differential properties of brush-border membrane vesicles from early and late proximal tubules of rat kidney

Abstract We describe the preparation and properties of BBM vesicles (BBMV) from the superficial and juxtamedullary rat renal cortex using Ca 2+ -precipitation method and/or by density gradient centrifugation. BBMV were characterized by the presence of BBM marker enzymes as distributed along microdissected proximal convoluted tubule and proximal straight tubules from superficial and juxtamedullary cortex. In tubules from both superficial and juxtamedullary cortex, the activities of γ-glutamyltransferase and leucine aminopeptidase were 5–10 times higher in proximal straight tubules than in proximal convoluted tubule. The alkaline phosphatase was higher in proximal convoluted tubules than in straight tubules from superficial cortex, but it was lower in proximal convoluted than straight tubules from the juxtamedullary cortex. The Na + P i cotransport had higher V max and lower K m in BBMV from superficial cortex than from BBMV from juxtamedullary tissue. BBMV from superficial cortex separated on Percoll gradient showed a high activity of alkaline phosphatase and low activities of γ-glutamyltransferase and leucine aminopeptidase. Conversely, BBM from juxtamedullary cortex separated into a major peak with very high activities of γ-glutamyltransferase and leucine aminopeptidase, and lesser activity of alkaline phosphatase. These distinct BBMV fractions showed diverse Na + P i cotransport properties and BBM marker enzyme distributions. Thus, using the outlined methodology it is feasible to prepare BBMV derived predominantly from proximal convoluted tubules or from proximal straight tubules located in either superficial or deep cortical nephrons.
REDUCING CHARGE-SENSITIVE-AMPLIFIER SENSITIVITY TO DETECTOR CAPACITANCE VARIATIONS.

Abstract A method for reducing the sensitivity of charge-sensitive preamplifiers to detector capacitance variations is described. This method is directly applicable to many existing charge-sensitive preamplifiers with only minor modifications.
Bubble shapes in a liquid-filled rotating container under low gravity

The effect of surface tension on steady-state rotating fluids in a low-gravity environment is studied. AH values of the physical parameters used in the present calculations, except in the low-gravity environments, are based on the measurements carried out by Leslie in the low-gravity environment of a free-falling aircraft. The profile of the interface of two fluids is derived from Laplace's equation relating pressure drop across an interface to the radii of curvature that has been applied to a low-gravity rotating bubble that contacts the container boundary. The interface shape depends on the ratio of gravity to surface-tension forces, the ratio of centrifugal to surface tension forces, the contact radius of the interface to the boundary, and the contact angle. The shape of the bubble is symmetric about its equator in a zero-gravity environment. This symmetry disappears and gradually shifts to parabolic profiles as the gravity environment becomes nonzero. The location of the maximum radius of the bubble moves upward from the center of the depth toward the top boundary of the cylinder as gravity increases. The contact radius of interface to the boundary r0 at the top side of cylinder increases, and r0 at the bottom side of the cylinder decreases as the gravity environment increases from zero to 1 g.
Prevalence of family violence in clients entering substance abuse treatment

The present study evaluated 105 clients who were assessed for substance-related problems and a history of domestic violence. A brief survey on family violence examined whether clients were adult victims, childhood victims, and/or perpetrators of physical violence. Results indicated that 37% of the sample reported that they experienced a family history of physical violence. A total of 22% reported being an adult victim of physical violence, 14% reported being a victim of childhood abuse, and 18% reported being a perpetrator of physical violence. There was a significant positive correlation between subtypes of family violence. Substance-using clients who were older reported more incidences of family violence. Results showed that substance-using clients with a history of family violence (SAFV+) tended to have more individual therapy sessions attended than substance-using clients without a history of family violence (SAFV-). The SAFV+ group was different from the SAFV- group in that they had significantly higher scores on the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores. The SAFV+ group also had significantly more self-reported and positive urine screens for cocaine use within the 2-month monitoring period. Additionally, substance-using clients with a history of childhood trauma had significantly more individual therapy sessions attended than clients without a history of childhood trauma. The group with a history of childhood trauma had significantly higher scores on the BDI. Findings indicate the importance of assessing family history of violence in substance abusers entering treatment, as this may have significant implications for treatment outcome.
Cell-Mediated Immunity in the Chicken as Affected by Mercury

Abstract Delayed hypersensitivity to phytohemagglutinin and the splenomegaly assay, which is a graft-versus-host response, are accepted indicators of cell-mediated immunity in the chicken. These responses were assessed in chicks that had received either chronic (300 ppm Hg in the drinking water) or acute (five injections of 3 or 12 mg Hg/kg body weight) Hg treatments. Neither of the cell-mediated responses was affected significantly (≤.05) by the Hg treatments. This contrasts with previous work in our laboratory, which showed that chronic but not acute Hg treatments suppressed humoral immune responses. Cell-mediated immune responses in the chicken are apparently not as susceptible to the toxic effects of Hg as are humoral immune responses.
High-speed wavelength-multiplexed fiber-optic sensors for biomedicine

In this paper, we introduce three novel fiber-optic sensor system designs to attain real time sample data such as blood flow rates via Doppler and reflectance measurements over a spatial domain of interest. In addition, we discuss the design and functionality of novel no-moving parts sensor heads. These front-end sensors include our miniaturized head (e.g., 1.8 mm cross-sectional diameter) for intra-cavity probing and a hand-held optical scanning head for external cavity sensing via Doppler and reflectance measurements. The non-coherent miniaturized fiber-optic scanning probe can also function as real time precision optical knife to remove fat in blood vessels or to make intra-cavity incisions with pinpoint accuracy. On the other hand, our nonscanning coherent fiber-optic probe system (using a broadband source) has the unique capability of producing multiple reconfigurable simultaneous beams and operating in slow and fast acquisition mode at the same time. System issues such as front-end probe beam angular scan, scan distance, and system insertion loss are addressed.
The New Woman: Sexology, Literary Modernism, and the Trans Feminine Remainder

This article begins by tracing the figure of gender inversion from Karl Heinrich Ulrichs's mid-nineteenth-century celebration of the “woman's soul confined in a man's body” to Edward Carpenter's early twentieth-century disavowal of the effeminate “of the extreme type,” whose gender nonconformity confirms the normativity of the mass of “normal” masculine homosexuals. Carpenter's disavowal voices both an orientalist distaste for the “mincing effeminacy” of British colonial subjects and an affirmation of the “somewhat masculine” women who are pursuing their rights in “civilized nations.” This article argues that this freighted figure of inversion obscures the theories of embodiment found in sexological case studies themselves, which ground the experience of sex in sociality and sensation. The sexological invert provides the foundation for a trans feminine stock character that modernist novels install to represent the cultural redefinition of “woman” and “man” in the early twentieth century. Aldous Huxley's Farcical History of Richard Greenow is an orienting example of this tendency. Jean Genet's Notre-Dame-des-Fleurs, in contrast, reflects a modernist current grounded in queer and trans street culture. The novel's heroine, the queen Divine, recalls the theories of embodiment outlined in the case study narratives. Ultimately, the “New Woman” demonstrates that sexology provides the narrative template for the twentieth-century medical diagnostic for transsexuality. From the early twentieth century, novels disseminate this abstract and singular definition of transsexuality and also recover the various and complex narratives of sexed embodiment first found in the case studies.
A Pediatric Nurse Practitioner in the Neonatal Unit

In January 1972 a Pediatric Nurse Practitioner was hired at a metropolitan hospital to do initial physical examinations and daily followup of the staff‐care well newborn infants. She was also to provide improved communication between the Pediatric Department and the staff‐care mother whether her infant was full‐term, sick, or premature. The position was created on a one‐year trial basis. It bas now become a permanent job classification, and the PNP has been accepted by patients, physicians, and the nursing staff as a needed member of the neonatal team.
Role of trehalose in growth at high temperature of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium

Moderate osmolality can stimulate bacterial growth at temperatures near the upper limit for growth. We investigated the mechanism by which high osmolality enhances the thermotolerance of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, by isolating bacteriophage MudI1734-induced insertion mutations that blocked the growth-stimulatory effect of 0.2 M NaCl at 45 degrees C. One of these mutations proved to be in the seqA gene (a regulator of initiation of DNA synthesis). Because this gene is cotranscribed with pgm (which encodes phosphoglucomutase), it is likely to be polar on the expression of the pgm gene. Pgm catalyzes the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to glucose-1-phosphate during growth on glucose, and therefore loss of Pgm results in a deficiency in a variety of cellular constituents derived from glucose-1-phosphate, including trehalose. To test the possibility that the growth defect of the seqA::MudI1734 mutant at high temperature in medium of high osmolality is due to the block in trehalose synthesis, we determined the effect of an otsA mutation, which inactivates the first step of the trehalose biosynthetic pathway. The otsA mutation caused a growth defect at 45 degrees C in minimal medium containing 0.2 M NaCl that was similar to that caused by the pgm mutation, but otsA did not affect growth rate in this medium at 37 degrees C. These results suggest that the growth defect of the seqA-pgm mutant at high temperature could be a consequence of the block in trehalose synthesis. We found that, in addition to the well-known osmotic control, there is a temperature-dependent control of trehalose synthesis such that, in medium containing 0.2 M NaCl, cells grown at 45 degrees C had a fivefold higher trehalose pool size than cells grown at 30 degrees C. Our observations that trehalose accumulation is thermoregulated and that mutations that block trehalose synthesis cause a growth defect at high temperature in media of high osmolality suggested that this disaccharide is crucial for growth at high temperature either for turgor maintenance or for protein stabilization.
Benchmark analysis of AWGR-based optical tiled architectures for multi-socket HPC boards

We analyze the execution time and energy performance of tiled optical multi-socket HPC boards with all-to-all AWGR-based interconnection and with different optimizations techniques under PARSEC benchmarking traffic, and we compare it with a state-of-the-art electronic multi-socket architecture. Benchmark results show significant performance improvements and up to 2× energy saving when using dynamic variable bandwidth communication technique.
Combining phylogenetic data with co-regulated genes to identify regulatory motifs.

Motivation: Discovery of regulatory motifs in unaligned DNA sequences remains a fundamental problem in computational biology. Two categories of algorithms have been developed to identify common motifs from a set of DNA sequences. The first can be called a ‘multiple genes, single species’approach. It proposes that a degenerate motif is embedded in some or all of the otherwise unrelated input sequences and tries to describe a consensus motif and identify its occurrences. It is often used for co-regulated genes identified through experimental approaches. The second approach can be called ‘single gene, multiple species’. It requires orthologous input sequences and tries to identify unusually well conserved regions by phylogenetic footprinting. Both approaches perform well, but each has some limitations. It is tempting to combine the knowledge of co-regulation among different genes and conservation among orthologous genes to improve our ability to identify motifs. Results: Based on the Consensus algorithm previously established by our group, we introduce a new algorithm called PhyloCon (Phylogenetic Consensus) that takes into account both conservation among orthologous genes and co-regulation of genes within a species. This algorithm first aligns conserved regions of orthologous sequences into multiple sequence alignments, or profiles, then compares profiles representing non-orthologous sequences. Motifs emerge as common regions in these profiles. Here we present a novel statistic to compare profiles of DNA sequences and a greedy approach to search for common subprofiles. We demonstrate that PhyloCon performs well on both synthetic and biological data. Availability: Software available upon request from the authors. http://ural.wustl.edu/softwares.html
Evidence of nonlinear response of hydrocephalus shunt valves to pulsating flow

We found that shunt valves used in regulating the cerebrospinal fluid flow (CSF) of the hydrocephalus patients alter the characteristics of the input waveform under AC flow; we tested Codman Hakim and Medtronic Strata programmable valves. We found that these two valves alter the characteristics of the fluid waveform; there is a change in the amplitude, phase and form. We are still investigating how the response of the shunt valves to AC signals similar to those present in the brain could contribute or lead to some of the complications observed in patients.
LDPC-Coded OFDM Transmission Over Graded-Index Plastic Optical Fiber Links

The possibility of 10-Gb/s transmission over graded-index plastic optical fiber (GI-POF) using the orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) and iteratively decodable codes is demonstrated by simulations. Several classes of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes suitable for use in LDPC-coded OFDM transmission over GI-POF are presented as well. Several power efficient OFDM schemes are introduced
Theory of high efficiency third harmonic generation of high power Nd-glass laser radiation

Abstract Overall energy efficiencies on the order of 80% are predicted for the conversion of 1.054 μm laser radiation to the third harmonic. A new tripling configuration is used in which the fundamental beam is incident upon the first of two KDP Type II crystals linearly polarized at an angle of tan−1 1/√2 to the ordinary direction. This configuration is compared with alternative tripling schemes.
Permanent neuronal deficits in rats exposed to alcohol during the brain growth spurt.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether develop- mental alcohol exposure could induce permanent neuronal deficits, whether the peak blood alcohol concentration (BAC) influences the severity of the effects, and whether the effects are gender related. Rat pups were reared artifically over postnatal days (PD) 4 through 11 (a period of rapid brain growth, comparable to part of the human third trimester). Alcohol treatments were administered on PD 4 through 9. Patterns of alcohol exposure that produce different peak BACs have been shown to affect differentially the amount of brain weight deficits and neuron loss shortly after the exposure period, so this study investigated whether the pattern of alcohol exposure was also effective in producing permanent def- icits. Two groups received a daily alcohol dose of 4.5 g/kg, condensed into either four or two feedings. A third group received a higher daily alcohol dose of 6.6 g/kg administered in 12 uniformly spaced daily feedings. Pups were fostered back to dams on PD 11 and perfused on PD 90. Brain weights were measured, and Purkinje cells and granule cells were counted in each of the 10 lobules of the cerebellar vermis. In the hippocampal formation, cell counts were made of the pyramidal cells of fields CA1 and CA2/3, the multiple cell types of CA4 and the granule cells of the dentate gyrus. The groups receiving the lower daily dose (4.5 g/kg) condensed into either four or two feedings were exposed to higher peak BACs and suffered significant permanent brain weight deficits and neuronal losses, relative to controls. The group receiving the higher daily dose (6.6 g/kg) in continuous fractions had no significant brain weight reductions or neuronal loss. Vulnerability to alcohol-induced neuronal loss varied among regions and cell populations and as a function of peak BAC. In the hippocampus, only the CA1 pyramidal cells were significantly reduced in number and only in group receiving the most condensed alcohol treatment. In the cerebellum, the severity of Purkinje cell and granule cell losses varied among lobules, and Purkinje cell vulnerability appeared to depend on the maturational state of the neuron at the time of the alcohol exposure, with the more mature Purkinje cells being the more vulnerable.
Minority Applicants to Physical Therapist Education Programs 2010–2012

Background In 2011–2012, despite comprising 35% of the US population, minorities comprised 20% of applicants to and 15% of enrolled students in accredited physical therapist education programs. Solutions aimed at addressing current disparities in health care may include educating physical therapists in environments reflecting the increasing diversity of the US population. Objective The purposes of this study were: (1) to describe the underrepresented minority (URM) applicant pool to Physical Therapist Centralized Application Service (PTCAS) member programs and (2) to investigate differences in application patterns between white and URM applicants in 2010–2012, including total number of programs to which they applied, likelihood of applying out of state, and application to programs with minority faculties. Design This was a national, retrospective descriptive study. Methods De-identified data for 11,690 applicants in 2010–2011 and 13,462 applicants in 2011–2012 were obtained, including applicant demographics, selected metrics, and admission decisions. Descriptive statistics and analysis of variance with multiple comparison procedures (Tukey honestly significant difference test) were used to investigate differences between white and URM applicant metrics and application patterns. Results White applicants achieved significantly greater grade point average and Graduate Record Examination scores than Hispanic and African American applicants. Although there were no significant differences in the average number of programs applied to between white and URM applicants, Hispanic applicants were significantly more likely to apply to programs within their state of residence. Underrepresented minority applicants were significantly more likely to apply to programs with minority faculties. Limitations This study did not attempt to generalize the results beyond PTCAS institutions. Conclusions Hispanic applicants demonstrated a significantly increased likelihood of applying within their state of residence. Underrepresented minority applicants demonstrated a significantly greater tendency to apply to PTCAS member institutions with minority faculties.
More on squaring and multiplying large integers

Methods of squaring and multiplying large integers are discussed. The obvious O(n/sup 2/) methods turn out to be best for small numbers. Existing O(n/sup log/ /sup 3/log/ /sup 2/)/spl ap/O(n/sup 1.585/) methods become better as the numbers get bigger. New methods that are O(/sup log5/log/ /sup 3/)/spl ap/0(n/sup 1.465/), O(n/sup log/ /sup 7/log/ /sup 4/)/spl ap/O(n/sup 1.404/), and O(n/sup log/ /sup 9/log/ /sup 5/)/spl ap/O(n/sup 1.365/) presented. In actual experiments, all of these methods turn out to be faster than FFT multipliers for numbers that can be quite large (>37,000,000 bits). Squaring seems to be fundamentally faster than multiplying but it is shown that T/sub multiplyspl les/2T/sub square/+O(n). >
Carnitine and Choline Supplementation with Exercise Alter Carnitine Profiles, Biochemical Markers of Fat Metabolism and Serum Leptin Concentration in Healthy Women

We sought to determine the effects of supplementary choline, carnitine and a combination of the two with or without exercise on serum and urinary carnitine and biochemical markers of fatty acid oxidation in healthy humans. Nineteen women were placed in three groups: 1) placebo, choline or carnitine preloading period of 1 wk followed by 2) supplementation with choline plus carnitine during wk 2-wk 3 and 3) all groups exercised in wk 3. Although there were no changes in the placebo group, serum and urinary carnitine decreased in the choline-supplemented group during wk 1. Introduction of carnitine to the choline group restored serum and urinary carnitine. Serum and urinary carnitine increased during wk 1 in the carnitine-supplemented group and, although the introduction of choline to this group depressed serum and urinary carnitine, they remained significantly greater than control. Serum beta-hydroxybutyrate and serum as well as urinary acetylcarnitine were elevated by the supplements. A mild exercise regimen increased the concentration of serum beta-hydroxybutyrate, and serum and urinary acylcarnitines; it also decreased serum leptin concentrations in all groups. The effects of supplements were sustained until wk 2 after cessation of choline plus carnitine supplementation and exercise. We conclude that the choline-induced decrease in serum and urinary carnitine is buffered by carnitine preloading, and these supplements shift tissue partitioning of carnitine that favors fat mobilization, incomplete oxidation of fatty acids and disposal of their carbons in urine as acylcarnitines in humans.
Glyphosate-resistant horseweed from Delaware

Abstract No-tillage corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production has been widely accepted in the mid-Atlantic region, favoring establishment of horseweed [Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.]. Within 3 yr of using only glyphosate for weed control in continuous glyphosate-resistant soybeans, glyphosate failed to control horseweed in some fields. Seedlings originating from seed of one population collected in Delaware were grown in the greenhouse and exhibited 8- to 13-fold glyphosate resistance compared with a susceptible population. There were no differences between the isopropylamine or diammonium salts of glyphosate. Nomenclature: Corn; Zea mays L.; horseweed; Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. ERICA; soybean; Glycine max (L.) Merr.; glyphosate.
- Sev: Sevenless receptor PTK (D. melanogaster)

The sevenless receptor protein-tyrosine kinase functions during development of the Drosophila melanogaster(D. melanogaster) compound eye, where its activity is required to specify the identity of one particular class of photoreceptor, the R7 cell. Sev is first synthesized as a glycoprotein precursor that is subsequently cleaved into 220-kDa (N-terminal) and 58-kDa subunits that remain associated by noncovalent interactions. p220 is glycosylated and contains most of the extracellular portion of the protein, and p58 is composed of a small portion of the extracellular sequences, a transmembrane domain, and the intracellular kinase domain. A second putative transmembrane domain is in the 220-kDa subunit, but it is unclear if this serves as an N-terminal anchor or as a cleaved signal sequence. The size of the protein, as estimated by gel filtration, suggests that it may exist as an α2/β2 dimer. Sev is expressed on the apical surface of many cells in the developing D. melanogaster retina, in a highly dynamic pattern that is controlled at the level of transcription of the sevenless gene. No other sites of high-level expression have been identified, although the protein has been detected in protein immunoblots of adult extracts.
Improving Perceptions of the Insurance Industry: The Influence of Insurance Professionals

The “talent crisis” in the insurance industry is well documented. Solutions to this crisis, however, are not plentiful. One of the major challenges faced by the industry is its reputation. We hypothesize that opinions of the industry can be changed through brief but specific education efforts. We test our hypothesis at a major university and find very strong support for our hypothesis.
An outbreak of Norovirus gastroenteritis in a primary school

Objective To investigate an outbreak of gastroenteritis and to identify pathogen,the source and the risk factors of infection in order to provide basis of adopting control measures.Methods A case definition and an epidemiological survey were carried out.Case specimens,bottled water and environmental relevant samples were collected for PCR test on suspected pathogens.A part of confirmed cases were selected for the investigation of Norovirus type GⅡ during the communicable period.Results A total of 269 cases were found.Of which,264 were students(attack rate: 17.38%),5 cases were teachers(attack rate: 4.39%),7 cases were students' parents.An obvious difference was shown in space distribution among being attacked classes.The attack rate of classes located in west wing of first teaching building was higher than that of other classes(χ2=195.00,P0.01).The test results of 24 students,3 parents,1 life managing teacher and 1 cleaner were Norovirus type GⅡ,and that of school cafeteria staffs,the surface smear samples,bottled water were negative.The communicable period of Norovirus type GⅡ was 3-14 days after onset,and the median time was 7 days.Conclusion The pathogen of the outbreak of gastroenteritis was Norovirus type GⅡ.The vomitus of the index case contaminated environment,aerosol and direct contact could be the main transmission mode.
Assessment on Edible Safety of Soybean Isoflavone Compound Capsule

Objective To evaluate the edible safety of Soybean Isoflavone Compound Capsule.Methods The acute toxicity test,bone marrow cell micronucleus test,sperm abnormality test,Ames test and 30 days feeding test of mice were performed in accordance with the procedures and methods for toxicological assessment on food safety.Results The maximal tolerance dose of soybean isollavone taken orally by mice was more than 20.0 g/ kg,so soybean isollavone was no poison.The results from bone marrow cell micronucleus test,sperm abnormality test and Ames test were negative,and each index from 30 days feeding test was normal.Conclusion This study indicates that Soybean Isoflavone Compound Capsule is safe.
Influence of Genetic Drift of Restoring Gene on Seed Purity of Yuetai A,a Honglian-Type Cytoplasmic Male Sterile Line

Seed samples of Yuetai A,a Honglian-type cytoplasmic male sterile(CMS) line were investigated to assess the seed purity and to analyze the cause of off-types by imitating the biological contaminant to Yuetai A in Nanjing,Jiangsu Province and Lingshui,Hainan Province in 2004-2006.The results showed that male sterility of Yuetai A was stable and seed impurity of Yuetai A resulted mainly from genetic drift of restoring-gene(Rf-gene) after biological contaminant.All of maintainer lines,restorer lines and thermo-sensitive genic male sterile(TGMS) lines used in the study could pollinate Yuetai A by directly penetrating Rf-gene into Yuetai A or pollinate Yuetai B led to Rf-gene into Yuetai A indirectly,and then produce F1 plants and 'iso-cytoplasm restoring-generations'.Furthermore,Yuetai A was easily outcrossing and simultaneous heading with many materials used in hybrid rice seed production,which resulted in high biological contaminant rate.After picking out all plants with Rf-gene mixed in Yuetai A and preventing Rf-gene from drifting into Yuetai A,the seed purity of Yuetai A and Yuetai B had been raised to 100%.
Efficient hydrogen evolution in transition metal dichalcogenides via a simple one-step hydrazine reaction.

Transition metal dichalcogenides are promising hydrogen evolution catalysts however they can require expensive processing steps to enhance their activity. Here, the authors report a one-step activation step in which room temperature hydrazine treatment results in much enhanced electrocatalytic performance.
TWO METHODS OF POINT-SOURCE PROBLEMS IN DISCRETE SPACES

This chapter discusses two methods of point-source problems in discrete spaces. Some problems of the first class are the solution of problems of underwater or aerial visibility, television, and photography, given the inherent optical properties of the source of radiant flux and the properties of the optical targets. The solution of the point-source problem can be used to resolve basic research problems that require a determination of the inherent optical properties of a medium, given the radiometric response of the medium to a particular point source. These are problems of the second class. Another example of the point-source problem arises when it is required to determine the transient light field generated by powerful pulse-emitting light sources within a given medium. Point-source problems in radiative transfer theory are the most difficult of the standard problems encountered in the theory because of the relatively greater number of parameters required in their formulation and solution. In the case of a general point source within the medium, three additional parameters are needed at the very outset to locate a point in the medium relative to the source and then two more to specify the radiance distribution at that point. The chapter describes iteration method and categorical analysis method.
A Mathematical Orchard: Problems and Solutions

A collection of 208 challenging, original problems with carefully worked solutions. In addition to problems from The Wohascum County Problem Book, there are about 80 new problems, many of which involve experimentation and pattern finding. Most of the book is devoted to presenting instructive, clear, and often elegant solutions. For many problems, multiple solutions are given. Appendices list the prerequisites for individual problems and arrange them by topic.
Slow to Learn Bargaining, Uncertainty, and the Calculus of Conquest

If peace fails due to incomplete information and incentives to misrepresent power or resolve, war is supposed to serve as a learning process and allows parties to reach a mutually preferable bargain. We explore crisis bargaining under a third type of uncertainty: the extent to which one side wishes to conquer the other. With incomplete information and take-it-or-leave-it negotiations, this type of uncertainty is isomorphic to incomplete information about the probability of victory. However, with incomplete information and bargaining while fighting, standard convergence results fail: types fail to fully separate because there is no differential cost for delay. Wars correspondingly last longer while benefiting no one. These results help explain empirical differences between territorial versus nonterritorial conflicts and interstate versus intrastate wars.
Orthotopic liver transplantation in the mouse.

Heart and kidney transplantation in the mouse has been well established (1, 2), but orthotopic liver transplantation has not been reported. Although the mouse is one-tenth the size of the rat, there are many advantages to using the mouse for immunologic research. The mouse genome has been more thoroughly characterized than the rat or any other species of mammal. The mouse H-2 system also bears a striking resemblance to the human HLA system. In addition, there are numerous genetically defined inbred strains and wealth of monoclonal antibodies that are commercially available for mouse investigations. A key development in rat orthotopic liver transplantation (3) was the introduction by Zimmerman et al. (4) and Kamada and Caine (5), of the cuff technique instead of suture for some of the venous vascular anastomoses. This method shortened the clamping time of the portal vein and increased survival. We have applied this principle to mouse orthotopic liver transplantation. In our pilot studies, more than 40 syngeneic mouse liver replacements were performed before 6 long-term survivors were obtained. The experience reported here is with the next 48 attempts, in which the surgical success rate was 83%. Male inbred syngeneic mice 10–12 weeks old (25–32 g), from Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, were used as size-matched donors and recipients under methoxyflurane (2.2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl methyl ether) anesthesia. The strains used were B6AF1 (27 pairs), C57BL/6 (11 pairs), and BALB/c (10 pairs). Clean but not sterile operative technique was used, and all procedures were performed under the operating microscope with 4–6.4× magnification.
Engineering Compendium on Radiation Shielding: Vol. III, Shield Design and Engineering

(1972). Engineering Compendium on Radiation Shielding: Vol. III, Shield Design and Engineering. Nuclear Science and Engineering: Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 123-124.
Donald Trump and Authoritarian Populism

Much has been made of Donald Trump’s character and whether he is fit to be president of the United States. In the following analysis, I want to suggest that the theories of Erich Fromm and his fellow German-Jewish refugees known as the “Frankfurt School” provide an analysis of authoritarian populism that helps explicate Trump’s character, his appeal to his followers, and in general the Trump phenomenon.
Concluding Remarks: A Final Analogy

Despite the many arguments, both empirical and conceptual, in favor of an analogical approach to the description of language (as well as other forms of behavior), there is a place for structuralism too. Structuralist descriptions are properly used to describe actually occurring behavior. An optimal structuralist description serves as a kind of meta-language that efficiently describes past behavior and allows us to talk about that behavior. Whenever we attempt to summarize behavior or to discover relationships in data, our viewpoint is structuralist. But if we wish to predict behavior rather than just describe it, we must abandon structuralist approaches. This is particularly clear in the case of language; structuralist descriptions have great difficulty in explaining actual language usage (especially the ability of speakers to understand and even use deviant forms).
COMPARISON OF THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF GLAZING SYSTEMS

ABSTRACT Thermal performances of a number of new glazing systems are compared. The comparison is based on the concept of the thermal performance factor (or characteristic line) which accounts for the overall energy balance of the glazing system. This method is useful for selecting the most efficient glazing system for specific application and climatic conditions.
Monte-Carlo Simulation of the Casimir Effect in Critical Strips

If a critical system is confined to a finite geometry, critical fluctuations of the order parameter generate long-ranged forces between the system boundaries. These forces, commonly known as Casimir forces, are characterized by universal amplitudes and scaling functions. A hybrid Monte-Carlo algorithm has been devised and used to measure the Casimir amplitudes directly and accurately. We apply the algorithm to a critical q-state Potts model confined to a rectangular L x × L y geometry for various boundary conditions and aspect ratios s = L y /L x and find good agreement with rigorous results.
After the Assault: Effective Treatments for Survivors

Abstract There are different acute and long-term options for individuals who have experienced sexual assault, and it can be helpful to present these resources to individuals within risk reduction and resistance education programming. Researchers have found a variety of effective treatments for individuals with sexual assault histories, particularly for those presenting with posttraumatic stress disorder, depending on their mental health presentations. However, many individuals may not be aware of these resources. Sexual assault risk reduction and resistance education programming is an excellent setting to provide individuals with these resources for themselves or to share with friends and/or family. Sexual assault risk reduction and resistance education programming could include testimonials of individuals who have used resources and treatments available, lists of available resources, and address barriers to seeking help after an assault. There is still much research to be done to provide individuals who have experienced sexual assault with comprehensive treatment, and we urge treatment developers and treatment effectiveness research to continue to address this population in need.
A Study of Sustainability Adoption Trends in the Transportation Market

Due to an increasing concern for sustainability, automobile manufacturers have been introducing hybrid variants of popular vehicles in an attempt to reduce the environmental impact of vehicles. However, it is still unclear how this ‘hybridization’ of popular car models affects the overall success of the vehicle. This paper seeks to address these gaps in knowledge by implementing a demand modeling approach, game theory framework, and a technology forecasting model. In the demand model, it was found that the percent of hybrid cars sold, the year and the model of the car are significant predictors of the total sales. In the game theory model, all possible scenarios suggest that an increase in hybrid sales would encourage market share growth. Lastly, using the technology forecasting model, S-curves were generated to show how the energy impact score (EIS) of automobile engines decreases over time as technology improves, and provide justification for the investment in hybrid engine development.
Plastic Surgery is Real, Not Reality TV.

A plastic surgeon criticizes reality television programs that focus on plastic surgery for their less-than-realistic depictions of cosmetic procedures and the profession as a whole. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Liquid-State Theory for Some Non-Equilibrium Processes

Recent advances in liquid-state theory permit the calculation of thermodynamic quantities and correlation functions for systems in which some of the degrees of freedom are quenched, or frozen in place, while the rest are annealed. Basic examples include models for porous media, crystals containing quenched impurities, and spin glasses. We further extend these methods to treat materials constructed in layers, each layer being added to the system and allowed to equilibrated, then frozen in place before the next layer is added. We discuss sequentially adsorbed systems as an important class of examples.
Validity of an instrumented sock and on-shoe sensor to provide biometric feedback to runners

Study Design: Validity study.Background: Run form analysis and retraining are commonly utilized in orthopaedic and sports medicine environments. New tools in running technology may assist clinician...