cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design optimization of a dual mode multi-axis passive isolation configuration for MLCD

A multi-axis passive isolation system was designed for dual mode operation to minimize pointing error due to spacecraft dynamic disturbances and to minimize payload response due to launch loads for the Mars terminal as part of the Mars Laser Communications Demonstration Project. Numerical optimization techniques using MSC/Nastran finite element software were utilized to explore isolator design configurations using a lower bound frequency constraint of 20 Hz subject to performance and mounting constraints. Response functions were developed that included the frequency spread of the six isolator modes and the rigid-body line-of-sight error due to translational and angular base disturbances that served as merit functions and/or constrained quantities during optimization. The performance of the resulting isolator configurations based on single and six degree-of-freedom isolator models are discussed.
Laboratory Automation and Middleware

The practice of surgical pathology is under constant pressure to deliver the highest quality of service, reduce errors, increase throughput, and decrease turnaround time while at the same time dealing with an aging workforce, increasing financial constraints, and economic uncertainty. Although not able to implement total laboratory automation, great progress continues to be made in workstation automation in all areas of the pathology laboratory. This report highlights the benefits and challenges of pathology automation, reviews middleware and its use to facilitate automation, and reviews the progress so far in the anatomic pathology laboratory.
Defect inspection of periodic patterns with low-order distortions

A self-reliance technique is developed for detecting defects in repeated pattern wafers and masks with low-order distortions. If the patterns are located on a perfect rectangular grid, it is possible to estimate the period of repeated patterns in both directions, and then produce a defect-free reference image for making comparison with the actual image. But in some applications, the repeated patterns are somehow shifted from their desired position on a rectangular grid, and the aforementioned algorithm cannot be directly applied. In these situations, to produce a defect-free reference image and locate the defected cells, it is necessary to estimate the amount of misalignment of each cell beforehand. The proposed technique first estimates the misalignment of repeated patterns in each row and column. After estimating the location of all cells in the image, a defect-free reference image is generated by averaging over all the cells and is compared with the input image to localize the possible defects.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Classification and Nomenclature of Nonexperimental Epidemiological Design

Classification and nomenclature of nonexperimental epidemiological design have been a "confounded" issue. This paper discusses the problems in existing classifications of nonexperimental epidemiological design from a logical viewpoint including concept, definition and classification dimensions. The author selected, conceptualized and defined the dimensions for a study design classification scheme according to the purposes of the classification, logical consistency, and relative significance of each dimension. This classification includes ten types of basic design distinguished in terms of sampling scheme and order of hypothesized occurrence, which can be grouped into exposure-control, outcome-control and general population designs. More specific concepts may be generated from addition of an additional design features(s) to a basic design. By using the scheme, this classification distinguishes the various existing designs and clarifies some ambiguity. An example is provided to describe the classification scheme. J Epidemiol, 1994; 4 : 113-119.
Democracies, Territory, and Negotiated Compromises:

Multiple studies have confirmed that democracies are more likely than other regime types to resolve their militarized disputes through negotiation and compromise. We argue that these findings have not controlled for the types of disputes that are most likely to involve democracies. States have often resolved their most dangerous disputes, involving territorial issues with neighbors, prior to becoming democratic. Thus, the issues involving democracies are of less salience and are more easily negotiated with compromise. Using Militarized Interstate Dispute data from Correlates of War Project, 1816 to 2001, we confirm this explanation. The pacifying effect of regime type disappears once controls are added for proximity and issue type. We find that territorial issues among contiguous states are among the most difficult issues to resolve, and democracies are unlikely to be involved in these disputes. Our findings are an advancement of the territorial peace argument and present a first step in a re-examination ...
IRIS NELSONII (IRIDACEAE): ORIGIN AND GENETIC COMPOSITION OF A HOMOPLOID HYBRID SPECIES'

I. nelsonii was significantly different from that present in either of the two hybrid populations. L nelsonii demonstrated significantly fewer foreign markers than the two hybrid populations. This finding is in accord with the prediction that L nelsonii is a hybrid species that has undergone stabilization with regard to genetic recombination and segregation. Although the genotypic makeup of L nelsonii was significantly different from other parental and hybrid populations, individual plants from this species cannot be unequivocally differentiated from either I. fulva or certain hybrid genotypes. This reflects the paradoxical nature of genotypic variation in hybrid species. Thus, a hybrid species may include genotypes that overlap with both parental and contemporary hybrid populations. In the case of L nelsonii it is necessary to utilize additional information (morphological, chromosomal, ecological) to identify plants belonging to this taxon. One hybrid population (Young's Coulee) is suggested as a paradigm for the progenitor population that gave rise to I. nelsonii.
Synthesis and Characterization of Magnesium-Alloyed Hematite Thin Films

We have synthesized pure and Mg-alloyed hematite thin films on F-doped, SnO2-coated glass substrates by radiofrequency magnetron cosputtering of iron oxide with and without MgO sources in mixed Ar/O2 and mixed N2/O2 ambient. We found that hematite films deposited in N2/O2 ambient exhibited much poorer crystallinity than those deposited in Ar/O2 ambient. We determined that Mg alloying led to increased crystallinity and bandgap. Furthermore, we found that Mg alloying inverted the type of conductivity of the thin films: pure hematite thin films exhibited n-type conductivity, whereas Mg-alloyed hematite thin films exhibited p-type conductivity.
Amphibian responses to helicopter harvesting in forested floodplains of low order, blackwater streams

Abstract Amphibian surveys were conducted on helicopter-harvested and unharvested forested wetlands in southern Alabama during spring and autumn 1992 and 1993. Eight sites, two of which were harvested in March 1991, two in March 1993 and one unharvested control stand near to each harvested site, were surveyed using pitfall traps and hand collection searches. After harvest, numbers of individual amphibians encountered were briefly reduced but later stimulated by some harvest treatments. Numbers of species and species diversity followed the same trend. However, species composition was strongly affected by harvest. Salamander densities and diversity were reduced by harvesting while densities of select frog and toad species increased. Amphibian populations were also affected by environmental conditions during our survey times. In sum, these results show that amphibians can live in clearcut forested wetlands, although the composition of the community is likely to shift.
Field bioassay of male Douglas-fir beetle compound 3-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-one

Synthetic 3-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-one, or 3,3-MCH, decreased by 77% the flight aggregation ofDendroctonus pseudotsugae (Scolytidae) to sticky traps containing attractant (frontalin, α-pinene, and resin). However, windthrown trees were protected by 3,3-MCH much less than is known to occur with the isomer 3,2-MCH.
A medium for the maintenance of Chironomus tentans salivary glands in vitro

Abstract A synthetic medium based upon the chemical composition of fourth instar Chironomus haemolymph was formulated for the in vitro culture of Chironomus tentans salivary glands. Salivary glands maintained in the medium for up to 4 days appeared morphologically normal. Secretion-free glands, obtained from pilocarpine-treated larvae, accumulated proteinaceous material in the gland lumen and exhibited a 46% increase in total gland protein after 24 hr in the medium. Cycloheximide almost totally inhibited the accumulation of secretion material and the increase in total gland protein by cultured glands. Glands cultured for up to 4 days continued to incorporate 14 C-leucine into acid-insoluble total protein and 3 H-uridine into total RNA, but at reduced levels. The incorporation of both isotopes was almost completely inhibited by cycloheximide. Autoradiographic squash preparations of glands pulse-labelled with 3 H-thymidine after 3 days in culture revealed a normal pattern of asynchronous chromosomal DNA replication. Glands cultured for up to 4 days exhibited 3 H-uridine incorporation into nucleoli and into distinct chromosomal regions which corresponded with sites of cytochemically demonstrable acidic protein. The chromosomes of cultured glands appeared morphologically and cytochemically normal, except for some regression of the Balbiani rings. Addition of ecdysterone to media containing glands previously cultured for 3 days resulted in puff induction at the IV-2-B chromosomal locus.
Information flow and analysis: Theory, simulation, and experiments. II. Simulation, examples, and results

This series of articles describes research which has been underway at The Ohio State University in an effort to develop a fundamental and general theory of information flow and analysis. More specifically, the research attempts to (1) identify and quantify important variables and parameters in the information flow process; (2) establish relationships among these variables; (3) apply the theory to practical situations and to examine the resulting implications; and (4) develop models, both simulation and experimental, to utilize and validate the theory. The basis for our work treats information as data of value in decision-making. This, in turn, leads to a powerful model of a Generalized Information System. We have now made considerable progress and have developed the basic elements comprising a generalized theory. In particular, we have been able to establish quantitative definitions for and relationships among quantity of information, value of information, effectiveness of information, decision-maker effectiveness, decision-maker performance, and other terms. By dealing with “average” decision-makers, we establish unique relationships for specific decision situations. Typical relationships and curves are presented in the articles. We describe a flexible, sophisticated simulation model which permits the examination of the interrelationship between information and decision-making for a wide variety of different situations. We present detailed simulation results for two specific examples-a typical farmer and a mathematical example. We describe prototype experiments which place human decision-makers in an interactive decision-making situation. We are able to obtain data on their decision-making behavior in the light of our conceptual model. Preliminary analysis of the data is described.
A citation analysis of international organization: The use of government documents

Abstract This citation study analyzes the use of international, U.S., and foreign documents in the journal International Organization from 1972–1976. The study examines how the three kinds of documents are used and the relationships between the kinds of documents.
CD4+ T cells eliminate MHC class II-negative cancer cells in vivo by indirect effects of IFN-γ

CD4+ T cells can eliminate tumor cells in vivo in the absence of CD8+ T cells. We have CD4+ T cells specific for a MHC class II-restricted, tumor-specific peptide derived from a mutant ribosomal protein expressed by the UV light-induced tumor 6132A-PRO. By using neutralizing mAb specific for murine IFN-γ and adoptive transfer of CD4+ T cells into severe combined immunodeficient mice, we show that anti-IFN-γ treatment abolishes the CD4+ T cell-mediated rejection of the tumor cells in vivo. The tumor cells were MHC class II negative, and IFN-γ did not induce MHC class II expression in vitro. Therefore, the tumor-specific antigenic peptide must be presented by host cells and not the tumor cells. Tumor cells transduced to secrete IFN-γ had a markedly reduced growth rate in severe combined immunodeficient mice, but IFN-γ did not inhibit the growth of the tumor cells in vitro. Furthermore, tumor cells stably expressing a dominant-negative truncated form of the murine IFN-γ receptor α chain, and therefore insensitive to IFN-γ, nevertheless were rejected by the adoptively transferred CD4+ T cells. Thus, host cells, and not tumor cells, seem to be the target of IFN-γ. Together, these results show that CD4+ T cells can eliminate IFN-γ-insensitive, MHC class II-negative cancer cells by an indirect mechanism that depends on IFN-γ.
Localized and diffuse thermoinduced phase transformation in 1-D shape memory alloys

In this paper we further explore the thermoinduced shape memory alloy transformation using a model developed in a previous publication. The problem investigated in detail is that of a semi-infinite SMA rod under uniaxial tension, subjected to boundary cooling or heating. The boundary conditions lead to propagation of a martensite/austenite transformation along the rod starting at the cooled/heated boundary. The mathematical model for the problem is formulated via the energy equation coupled with a one-dimensional constitutive law and phase diagram based kinetics and solved numerically. In this paper, the previous solution technique for boundary cooling is extended to the case of boundary heating, nonuniform initial states are considered, and particular attention is focused on the transition two-phase zone of the transformation. It is shown that even though the problem is formulated using a phase diagram with finite width transformation regions, a localized interface type solution may be obtained. The results have important implications for applications and modeling of SMA behavior.
How social was personality? The Allports' "connection" of social and personality psychology.

This paper investigates three conflicting reconstructions of the historical relationship between personality and social psychology and addresses questions they raise regarding the subdisciplinary status of personality in the 1920s and the way in which the field gradually emerged as a separate area of psychology. Contesting claims that Floyd Allport first connected social psychology to a separate "branch" of personality psychology in the 1920s, I argue that he drew upon earlier work of psychologists and sociologists who treated personality as a central topic of social psychology. I compare Floyd Allport's views with those of Gordon Allport, who endeavored to establish personality as a separate subdiscipline.
Assessment of Social Skills in Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

Social competence deficits are characteristic of students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD), given that one criterion specified in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act include the inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships with peers and teachers. Social skills can be defined as specific behaviors that an individual performs competently on a social task, whereas social competence is an evaluative term based on judgments of significant others (e.g., teachers, parents, peers) regarding the appropriateness of behavioral performances. This article discusses the social skills assessment process within the context of a three-stage problem-solving model of problem identification, problem analysis, and treatment evaluation. Specific social skills assessment strategies are described and linked to a classification system of social skills deficits. This classification was viewed as important in matching specific social skills deficits to intervention strategies.
A study of the dynamics of volume changes during the period of active motility in carp, Cyprinus carpio L., spermatozoa

Carp, Cyprinus carpio L., spermatozoa swelling in NaCl hypotonic solutions (18.8, 37.5, 75, 100 mM) was studied by the methods of photometry and resistance impulses spectroscopy (RIS). The possibility of application of the value of relative optical density of cell suspension, as a qualitative characteristics of the extent of spermatozoa swelling in the period of their movement, was demonstrated. It has been noted, that the moment when swelling starts coincides with the moment of the start of sperm motility. Movement duration, extent and time of swelling depend on the osmotic pressure of the activation solution and moreover the maximum motile period is observed during the activation by 75 mM NaCl solution.
In situ environmental TEM studies of dynamic changes in cerium-based oxides nanoparticles during redox processes

Abstract We apply in situ environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM) to study the dynamic changes taking place during redox reactions in ceria and ceria–zirconia nanoparticles in a hydrogen atmosphere. For pure ceria, we find that a reversible phase transformation takes place at 730 °C in which oxygen vacancies introduced during reduction order to give a cubic superstructure with a periodicity of roughly twice the basic fluorite lattice. We also observe the structural transformations taking place on the surface during reduction in hydrogen. The (1 1 0) ceria surface is initially constructed with a series of low-energy (1 1 1) nanofacets. Under strong reduction, the surface slowly transforms to a smooth (1 1 0) surface which was not observed to change upon re-oxidation. The surface transformation allows the reduced surface to accommodate a high concentration of oxygen vacancies without creating a strong perpendicular dipole moment. In the ceria–zirconia system, we are able to use ETEM to follow the redox activity of individual nanoparticles and correlate this property with structure and composition. We find considerable variation in the redox activity and interpret this in terms of structural differences between the nanoparticles.
Synaptonemal complexes in premeiotic interphase of pollen mother cells of Triticum aestivum

Synaptonemal complexes are present in stage 3 (DNA synthetic period) of pollen mother cells of Triticum aestivum. The complexes indicate that not only are homologous chromosomes in close association in premeiotic cells of wheat, but that there is synapsis, at least in some regions, long before zygotene.
Cell shape and cell-wall organization in Gram-negative bacteria

In bacterial cells, the peptidoglycan cell wall is the stress-bearing structure that dictates cell shape. Although many molecular details of the composition and assembly of cell-wall components are known, how the network of peptidoglycan subunits is organized to give the cell shape during normal growth and how it is reorganized in response to damage or environmental forces have been relatively unexplored. In this work, we introduce a quantitative physical model of the bacterial cell wall that predicts the mechanical response of cell shape to peptidoglycan damage and perturbation in the rod-shaped Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli. To test these predictions, we use time-lapse imaging experiments to show that damage often manifests as a bulge on the sidewall, coupled to large-scale bending of the cylindrical cell wall around the bulge. Our physical model also suggests a surprising robustness of cell shape to peptidoglycan defects, helping explain the observed porosity of the cell wall and the ability of cells to grow and maintain their shape even under conditions that limit peptide crosslinking. Finally, we show that many common bacterial cell shapes can be realized within the same model via simple spatial patterning of peptidoglycan defects, suggesting that minor patterning changes could underlie the great diversity of shapes observed in the bacterial kingdom.
Extremity Injury and War: A Historical Reflection

Medical research and science in the 20th century have transformed the gruesome realities of war: Whereas before, a battlefield injury was associated with a high likelihood of death, most injured combatants now survive their injuries. However, even as advances in orthopaedic surgery have improved the lives of those injured in war, it is fair to say that the necessities of war have advanced the specialty. David LeVay, the prominent British orthopaedic surgeon and historian of orthopaedics, has argued that, “Orthopaedics was initially the surgery of war, fostered by war and the province of general surgeons” [13]. In fact, so many surgical advances seem to be associated with wars that some even compile a medical balance sheet of war [7], weighing its costs and benefits in a bizarre social calculus. War is a horrible failure of social and political responsibility and a social disaster of the first magnitude. As terrible as it is, however, war often serves as a sort of forcing function in medicine, accelerating changes already in queue because of the number of sick and injured as well as the number of medical personnel involved in similar war-related activities. The great 19th century Russian military surgeon, Nikolai Pirogov, is credited with calling war “an epidemic of trauma” [21]. Pirogov is correct. Historians often note that the practice of medicine and/or standard of care at the beginning of a war is different from the practice of medicine and/or standard of care at the end of the war [1, 4, 8, 10, 14, 18, 20, 22, 26]. By reflecting on the key wars from before the 20th century to the war in Vietnam, we can potentially gain a better understanding of this transformative process.
THE EFFECT OF HYDROGEN ON FATIGUE AND DISLOCATION BEHAVIOR OF AN α/β TITANIUM ALLOY

— Fatigue thresholds and crack growth rates were studied in the experimental alloy, Ti—5Al—4Mo, as a function of temperature, grain size and hydrogen concentration. Deformation is confined to planar slip bands along which fracture occurred at low hydrogen concentrations. Hydrogen accelerated crack growth rates at various combinations of temperature, grain size and hydrogen with a corresponding change in fracture from “cleavage’ to interface phase fracture. In addition, hydrogen was found to promote interface phase formation. It is proposed that stress-assisted hydrogen accumulation increases the interface phase hydrogen concentration which reduces the interface phase fracture stress. This process depends on the local stress and β-phase hydrogen concentrations, temperature and the time under load. At 340 K, hydrogen had a relatively small effect on crack growth due to a change in slip behavior with increased hydrogen concentration.
Effect of age and removable partial dentures on gingivitis and periodontal disease.

Abstract The periodontal disease variables manifested in the individuals with partial dentures were more severe, which suggests that the contribution of denture status is significant. Age, while related to increased bone loss, did not appear to be of significance. Common sense suggests that poor oral hygiene in persons wearing removable partial dentures also is a contributing factor. 30
Specific Regions of Heteromeric Subunits Involved in Enhancement of G Protein-gated K+ Channel Activity

Heterologous coexpression of recombinant, G protein-gated, inwardly rectifying K+ (GIRK) channel subunits has yielded large currents, severalfold greater than those obtained from expression of the individual subunits. Such current enhancement has been obtained from coexpression of the inactive GIRK1 subunit with the low activity GIRK2-5 subunits in Xenopus oocytes. Using deletion and chimeric constructs, we now report the identification of a C-terminal region unique to GIRK1 and a larger central region of GIRK4 highly homologous to GIRK1, both of which are critical for production of large currents. Chimeras containing these two regions produced homomeric channels, exhibiting currents severalfold greater than those from either wild-type subunit alone. G protein regulation of such chimeric channel currents resembled that of wild-type currents. Green fluorescent protein-tagged channels showed that the amount of chimeric channel expressed on the oocyte cell surface was similar to its wild-type counterpart, suggesting that the enhanced activity was not due to differences in relative levels of expression but rather to the coexistence of the chimeric regions. Single-channel recordings of the active chimeras exhibited patterns of activities with open-time kinetics and conductance characteristics representative of those of GIRK4, indicating that the presence of the GIRK1 C-terminal region caused an increase in the frequency of channel openings without affecting their duration.
Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for H-∞ Static Output-Feedback Control

Necessary and sufficient conditions are presented for static output-feedback control of linear time-invariant systems using the H ∞ approach. Simplified conditions are derived which only require the solution of two coupled matrix design equations. It is shown that the static output-feedback H ∞ solution does not generally yield a well-defined saddle point for the zero-sum differential game; conditions are given under which it does. This paper also proposes a numerically efficient solution algorithm for the coupled design equations to determine the output-feedback gain. A major contribution is that an initial stabilizing gain is not needed. An F-16 normal acceleration design example is solved to illustrate the power of the proposed approach.
High energy physics at the standard model and beyond

A short description and problems of the Standard Model are presented, and the major problems to be studied in the Standard Model and beyond this model are discussed. Among recent developments the evidence for top quark production found at Fermilab is analyzed.
Prevalence of Extracoronary Vascular Abnormalities and Fibromuscular Dysplasia in Patients With Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a cause of acute coronary syndrome, often occurring in young women. The utility of comprehensive imaging and clinical significance of detected vascular abnormalities have yet to be determined. We hypothesized that extracoronary vascular abnormalities (EVAs) are common in SCAD and aimed to study the prevalence and distribution of these findings. We enrolled 115 patients with confirmed SCAD who were evaluated at the Mayo Clinic SCAD Clinic from February 2010 to May 2014 and prospectively underwent comprehensive computed tomography angiography imaging of the neck, chest, abdomen, and pelvis (SCAD computed tomography angiography protocol, n = 95) or had retrospective review of outside studies (n = 20) including head imaging (n = 40). Follow-up was determined by last clinical visit or study correspondence and included review of recurrent SCAD or myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and death. We reported EVAs in 66% of patients with SCAD, most frequently in the abdomen (36%), pelvis (28%), and neck (27%). Only 1 patient had EVA in the chest (aortic dissection and Marfan's). Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) (exclusively multifocal) was the most common type of EVA (45%). Vascular abnormalities in those with head imaging included intracranial aneurysms (n = 9) and FMD (n = 3). There were no deaths at median follow-up of 21 months (Q1 to Q3 7.7 to 55). The presence of FMD was not associated with SCAD recurrence (relative risk [RR] 1.2; confidence interval [95% CI] 0.60, 2.5), congestive heart failure (RR 0.66; 95% CI 0.20, 2.3), or myocardial infarction (RR 1.34; 95% CI 0.69, 2.6). In conclusion, EVAs including FMD, dissections, aneurysms, and dilation are common in patients with SCAD and occur in a wide anatomic distribution. The presence of EVAs and/or FMD did not correlate with the risk of subsequent clinical events, but future studies with increased power and longer follow-up will be important to further assess the role of EVAs in patients with SCAD.
Target diagnostics for the National Ignition Facility

The proposed National Ignition Facility (NIF) is a large (1.8 MJ on target at 0.35 /spl mu/m) multi-beam laser facility that wilt be used for inertial confinement fusion (ICF). ICF implosions at this facility will produce core plasma temperatures over 10 keV and densities over 100 g/cm/sup 3/. Properties of these plasmas can be measured (diagnosed) by a variety of optical, X-ray and nuclear diagnostic techniques such as those used at existing facilities like the Nova laser. Some of these currently used techniques will be directly applicable to NIF. Others, particularly the nuclear based ones due to the expected large increase in nuclear reactions at NIF, will significantly change. An overview of the techniques used at Nova and the plans for diagnostics at NIF will be presented.
Nd isotopes link Ouachita turbidites to Appalachian sources: Comment and Reply

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Towards aggregate models of educational systems

Abstract Growing complexity of educational systems implies that the administrators of these systems can benefit from operations research. Operations research can aid business decisions in schools, but the more vital problem is to aid in the basic educational decisions: particularly the allocation of resources to educational activities. Two models are proposed as initial efforts in this direction. The aggregate effect of resource allocation on student achievement in a school is given by: D = Σ A i n i T i μ i S i ν i M i η i where D is an index of student achievement, Ti is the teacher-student ratio Si is the space per student Mi is the dollar expenditure of materials per student all for grade i. Ai, μi, νi and ηi are constants. A second model calculates ni, the number of students in grade i by means of flow equations. The consequences of these models are explored in examples.
A clinical study of neuroblastoma.

Summary A brief outline of the incidence,etiology, pathology, symptomatology, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of neuroblastoma is presented. One case observed since 1936 is reported in detail. Twenty additional cases are summarized.
Computer programs to model 40 Ar/ 39 Ar diffusion data from multidomain samples

Computer programs in FORTRAN 77 that calculate age spectra, Arrhenius plots, and log (rr0) plots to manually model 40Ar/39Ar diffusion data from multidomain samples are presented. Using these programs, one also can estimate the domain distribution parameters and cooling history (CH) by fitting the experimental data. The estimates are calculated iteratively starting from data obtained from the actual Arrhenius, log(rr0) and age spectrum plots.
Single‐molecule methods in polymer science

No one can forget the exhilaration of seeing an individual molecule or atom for the first time, or of manipulating one. Like children we use them as building blocks—think of writing with ink made of single atoms by using scanning tunneling microscopy and of constructing complex origami by using DNA. Or, like a voyeur, just watching single molecules go about their business. To those who studied quantum mechanics with a reflective turn of mind, this may seem magical and seem to risk violating the laws of quantum mechanics, but it does not. This viewpoint will focus on single-molecule fluorescence methods and leave for another day the equally interesting problem of single-molecule force measurements, for example, the tour de force of measuring the stress–strain properties of individual chains. We will focus on how the problems of polymers differ from those of biophysics, where single-molecule fluorescence methods have had so much impact. We emphasize unsolved problems and areas for useful future research.
Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 Open Reading Frame 75c Tegument Protein Induces the Degradation of PML and Is Essential for Production of Infectious Virus

Promyelocytic Leukemia nuclear body (PML NB) proteins mediate an intrinsic cellular host defense response against virus infections. Herpesviruses express proteins that modulate PML or PML-associated proteins by a variety of strategies, including degradation of PML or relocalization of PML NB proteins. The consequences of PML-herpesvirus interactions during infection in vivo have yet to be investigated in detail, largely because of the species-specific tropism of many human herpesviruses. Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (γHV68) is emerging as a suitable model to study basic biological questions of virus-host interactions because it naturally infects mice. Therefore, we sought to determine whether γHV68 targets PML NBs as part of its natural life cycle. We found that γHV68 induces PML degradation through a proteasome-dependent mechanism and that loss of PML results in more robust virus replication in mouse fibroblasts. Surprisingly, γHV68-mediated PML degradation was mediated by the virion tegument protein ORF75c, which shares homology with the cellular formylglycinamide ribotide amidotransferase enzyme. In addition, we show that ORF75c is essential for production of infectious virus. ORF75 homologs are conserved in all rhadinoviruses but so far have no assigned functions. Our studies shed light on a potential role for this unusual protein in rhadinovirus biology and suggest that γHV68 will be a useful model for investigation of PML-herpesvirus interactions in vivo.
Eicosanoids Mediate Nodulation Responses to Bacterial Infections in Larvae of the Silkmoth, Bombyx mori

Abstract 1) Nodulation is the first, and qualitatively predominant, cellular defense reaction to bacterial infections in insects and other invertebrates; 2) treating silkworms, Bombyx mori, with the eicosanoid biosynthesis inhibitor, dexamethasone, strongly reduced nodulation responses to bacterial infections; 3) the influence of dexamethasone was reversed by injecting the eicosanoid-precursor polyunsaturated fatty acid, arachidonic acid (20:4n-6), into dexamethasone-treated, infected larvae; 4) the presence of an eicosanoid biosynthesis system in silkworms was documented. Demonstrated elements include a digestive phospholipase A2, incorporation of exogenous 20:4n-6 into fat body phospholipids, the presence of 20:4n-6 in cellular phospholipids, a fat body intracellular phospholipase A2 that can hydrolyze 20:4n-6 from cellular phospolipids, and eicosanoid biosynthetic enzymes; and 5) these findings support the hypothesis that eicosanoids mediate cellular immune responses to bacterial infections in silkworms.
Accuracy and stability of integration algorithms for elastoplastic constitutive relations

An analysis of accuracy and stability of algorithms for the integration of elastoplastic constitutive relations is carried out in this paper. Reference is made to a very general internal variable formulation of plasticity and to two families of algorithms that generalize the well-known trapezoidal and midpoint rules to fit the present context. Other integration schemes such as the radial return, mean normal and closest point procedures are particular cases of this general formulation. The meaning of first and second-order accuracy in the presence of the plastic consistency condition is examined in detail, and the criteria derived are used to identify two second-order accurate members of the proposed algorithms. A general methodology is also derived whereby the numerical stability properties of integration schemes can be systematically assessed. With the aid of this methodology, the generalized midpoint rule is seen to have far better stability properties than the generalized trapezoidal rule. Finally, numerical examples are presented that illustrate the performance of the algorithms.
Proteomic profiling of the surface-exposed cell envelope proteins of Caulobacter crescentus.

Abstract Biotinylation of intact cells, avidin enrichment of derivatized peptides, and shotgun proteomics were employed to reveal the composition of the surface-exposed proteome of the aquatic bacterium, Caulobacter crescentus. Ninety-one unique proteins were identified with the majority originating from the outer membrane, periplasm, and inner membrane, subcellular regions that comprise the Gram-negative bacterium cell envelope. Many of these proteins were described as ‘conserved hypothetical protein’ or ‘hypothetical protein’; and so, the actual expression of these gene products was confirmed. Others did not have any known function or lacked annotation. However, this investigation of the Caulobacter surfaceome did reveal the unanticipated presence of a number of enzymes involved in protein degradation. Biological significance The results presented here can provide a starting point for hypothesis-driven research projects focused on this bacterium in particular and centered on understanding Gram-negative cell architecture and outer membrane biogenesis broadly. The detected protein degradation enzymes anchored on or located within the outer membrane suggest that Caulobacter has nutrient sources larger than small molecules and/or further processes surface proteins once secreted to this location. Additionally, confirmation of outer membrane residency of those proteins predicted to be periplasmic or whose location prediction was not definitive could potentially elucidate the identities of Gram-negative specific anchorless surface proteins. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Trends in Microbial Proteomics.
Validation of Electronic Medical Record-Based Phenotyping Algorithms: Results and Lessons Learned From the eMERGE Network

Background Genetic studies require precise phenotype definitions, but electronic medical record (EMR) phenotype data are recorded inconsistently and in a variety of formats. Objective To present lessons learned about validation of EMR-based phenotypes from the Electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) studies. Materials and methods The eMERGE network created and validated 13 EMR-derived phenotype algorithms. Network sites are Group Health, Marshfield Clinic, Mayo Clinic, Northwestern University, and Vanderbilt University. Results By validating EMR-derived phenotypes we learned that: (1) multisite validation improves phenotype algorithm accuracy; (2) targets for validation should be carefully considered and defined; (3) specifying time frames for review of variables eases validation time and improves accuracy; (4) using repeated measures requires defining the relevant time period and specifying the most meaningful value to be studied; (5) patient movement in and out of the health plan (transience) can result in incomplete or fragmented data; (6) the review scope should be defined carefully; (7) particular care is required in combining EMR and research data; (8) medication data can be assessed using claims, medications dispensed, or medications prescribed; (9) algorithm development and validation work best as an iterative process; and (10) validation by content experts or structured chart review can provide accurate results. Conclusions Despite the diverse structure of the five EMRs of the eMERGE sites, we developed, validated, and successfully deployed 13 electronic phenotype algorithms. Validation is a worthwhile process that not only measures phenotype performance but also strengthens phenotype algorithm definitions and enhances their inter-institutional sharing.
Optimal nonzero set point regulation via fixed-order dynamic compensation

Standard LQG (linear quadratic Gaussian) theory is generalized to a regulation problem involving specified nonzero setpoints for the state and control variables and nonzero-mean disturbances. For generality, the results are obtained for the problem of fixed-order (i.e. not necessarily full order) dynamic compensation. When the state control, and disturbance offsets are set to zero and the compensator order is set equal to the plant dimension. The standard LQG result is recovered. These results provide the dynamic counterpart for the nonzero set point regulation results obtained by D.S. Bernstein and W.M. Haddad (1987) by means of static controllers. >
Endocytosis of folate-protein conjugates: Ultrastructural localization in KB cells

It has been demonstrated that proteins covalently conjugated to folic acid may be taken up by cells via endocytosis after binding to a folate binding protein (FBP) in the cell membrane. The proteins taken up in this manner remain catalytically active and they may modify physiological processes occurring in the cytosol. Confocal fluorescence microscopy of KB cells incubated with FITC-bovine serum albumin-folic acid conjugates showed that after uptake, the conjugates resided in large vesicular structures. The purpose of the present study was to determine the subcellular localization of protein-folic acid conjugates in KB cells using folic acid-bovine serum albumin-colloidal gold (F-BSA-CG) as a tracer. F-BSA-CG conjugates were taken up via uncoated pits or caveolae, and resided primarily in multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and other tubular endosomes at early time points (15-60 min). At later time points (6 hours), conjugates were still contained in MVBs but some were also found in secondary lysosomes or free in the cytoplasm. Coincubation of KB cells with transferrin-colloidal gold (TF-CG) and F-BSA-CG resulted in colocalization of TF-CG and F-BSA-CG within endosomal elements at times later than 15 minutes, indicating that the caveolae-mediated F-BSA-CG endocytic pathway converged with a pathway utilized by clathrin-coated pits.
View independent vehicle/person classification

In this paper, we present an object classification system for digital video surveillance which can be used for an arbitrary camera viewpoint. The system was designed to distinguish humans from vehicles for an arbitrary scene. The system employs a two phase approach. In the first phase, human/vehicle recognition is performed using classical feature-based classification. This phase is used to initialize view-normalization parameters. The parameters allow the second phase, to perform improved classification based on normalized features. The normalization also enables absolute identification of size and speed which can be used in various ways including identifying vehicles of a certain size and searching for objects traveling at specific speeds across different locations in the image and across different viewpoints/cameras.
Race Relations Stories: How Southeast Asian Refugees Interpret the Ancestral Narration of Black and White Peers.

The contact hypothesis (Allport 1954) predicts that cross-racial interaction can produce social bonding under certain status, relational, and institutional conditions. We extend this classic theory on ingroups and outgroups using qualitative data on Cambodian and Hmong refugees' recollections of casual conversations about ancestry with black and white peers. To cope with affective trauma, these refugees have created personal narratives about forced emigration. They believe that white peers shared stories about immigrant ancestors from Europe to affirm or elicit their emigration narrative. The refugees rarely believe that black peers' talk about slavery and discrimination was a story-sharing gesture and felt uncomfortable discussing these issues. Yet the refugees also feel disappointed when recalling interactions with assimilated white peers who “don't have a story to tell” about ancestry. From these inductive findings, this article proposes the corollary discourse hypothesis to explain how sentiments abou...
Highly potent metallopeptide analogues of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone

Abstract Metal complexes related to the cytotoxic complexes cisplatin [cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)] and transbis(salicylaldoximato)copper(II) were incorporated into suitably modified luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) analogues containing D-lysine at position 6. Some of the metallopeptides thus obtained proved to be highly active LH-RH agonists or antagonists. For instance, SB-40, a PtCl2-containing metallopeptide in which platinum is coordinated to an N epsilon-(DL-2,3-diaminopropionyl)-D-lysine residue [D-Lys(DL-A2pr] at position 6, showed 50 times higher LH-releasing potency than the native hormone. SB-95, [Ac-D-Nal(2)1,D-Phe(pCl)2, D-Pal(3)2, Arg5,D-Lys[DL-A2pr(Sal2Cu)]6,D-Ala10]LH-RH, where Nal(2) is 3-(2-naphthyl)alanine, Pal(3) is 3-(3-pyridyl)alanine, and copper(II) is coordinated to the salicylideneimino moieties resulting from condensation of salicylaldehyde with D-Lys(DL-A2pr)6, caused 100% inhibition of ovulation at a dose of 3 micrograms in rats. Most metallopeptide analogues of LH-RH showed high affinities for the membrane receptors of rat pituitary and human breast cancer cells. Some of these metallopeptides had cytotoxic activity against human breast cancer and prostate cancer cell lines in vitro (this will be the subject of a separate paper on cytotoxicity evaluation). Such cytostatic metallopeptides could be envisioned as targeted chemotherapeutic agents in cancers that contain receptors for LH-RH-like peptides.