cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The association between different A1C-based measures of glycemia and risk of cardiovascular disease hospitalization

OBJECTIVE We tested whether average monthly glycemic burden (AMGB), a marker of hyperglycemia that is a function of the extent and duration that A1C exceeded 7%, indicated greater risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) than traditional A1C measures. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Using a case-control design, we studied 2,456 members of Kaiser Permanente Northwest with type 2 diabetes: 1,228 who experienced a CVD hospitalization, matched on age, sex, and duration of diabetes to 1,228 patients who were not hospitalized for CVD. We calculated AMGB from diabetes diagnosis until CVD hospitalization as a function of the difference between each actual or interpolated A1C measurement and 7%, resulting in an area under the curve estimate of hyperglycemic exposure, adjusted for number of months of observation. We used conditional logistic regression to compare the association between several A1C-based measures of glycemia and CVD, controlling for clinical characteristics and comorbidities. RESULTS AMGB was associated with increased CVD risk of 29% (odds ratio 1.29 [95% CI 1.16-1.44]; P < 0.001), while mean A1C was associated with a 22% risk increase (1.22 [1.09-1.37]; P < 0.001). A1C ever exceeding 7% was associated with increased CVD risk of 39% (1.39 [1.08-1.79]; P = 0.010). No model with a glycemia measure provided substantially more information than an identical model without a glycemia measure. CONCLUSIONS AMGB demonstrated somewhat greater CVD risk than mean A1C, but its clinical usefulness may be limited. A1C ever rising above 7% (53 mmol/mol) was a simple predictor of CVD risk that may have important clinical ramifications for newly diagnosed patients.
A FINITE ELEMENT METHOD to MODEL STEAM INFUSION HEAT TRANSFER to A FREE FALLING FILM

This work is a theoretical and experimental analysis of heat transfer to a free falling film of homogeneous fluid food. Fluid falls vertically in a thin film through a stagnant steam environment. the thermal energy equation governing the steady state heat transfer is solved numerically by a finite element method. the Froude number and the Peclet number characterize the fluid flow and heat transfer. Water was used as the experimental test fluid in the steam infusion unit. Average fluid temperatures measured as a function of position compare well with model predictions. the model was incorporation into a kinetic model to predict the extent of microbial destruction expected with the time/temperature treatment.
Foundations for Inquiry: Choices and Trade-Offs in the Organizational Sciences

The article reviews “Foundations for Inquiry: Choices and Trade-Offs in the Organizational Sciences,” by Craig C. Lundberg and Cheri A. Young.
Inelastic scattering of 17.5 MeV protons from 51V, 52Cr, 55Mn, and 56Fe☆

Abstract The elastic and inelastic scattering of 17.5 MeV protons from 51V, 52Cr, 55Mn, and 56Fe has been studied, and excitation energies, spins, and collective strength parameters are obtained. The present results are compared to a variety of previous measurements from inelastic scattering studies. Several simple nuclear models are used to generate predictions for the odd-A targets in terms of the data for the even-A targets. The seniority shell model describes the low-lying excited states of 51V quite well, and a strong-coupling rotational model for 55Mn was found to be inadequate.
Contact angles of aluminosilicate clays as affected by relative humidity and exchangeable cations

Abstract Contact angles of aluminosilicate clays are difficult to determine. Not only does their small particle size present measurement difficulties, but contact angles may vary with relative humidity and cation composition. In this paper, we determined the effects of relative humidity and exchangeable cations on contact angles of three aluminosilicate clays (smectite, kaolinite, illite). Contact angles were measured on clay films with the sessile drop method under different relative humidity (19, 33, 75, 100%), and with clays saturated either with Na, K, Mg, or Ca. The results showed that the water contact angles on smectite increased with relative humidity between 19 and 75%, but for kaolinite and illite, little differences in water contact angles between 19 and 75% relative humidity were observed. For all three clays, however, the water contact angles decreased at 100% relative humidity as compared to the lower relative humidities. Cations affected not only the adsorption of water but also the surface charge, and both factors influenced the contact angles of the clays. Negligible effect of the different cations Na+, K+, Mg2+, or Ca2+ on contact angles was observed.
DNA topoisomerase I domain interactions impact enzyme activity and sensitivity to camptothecin.

During processes such as DNA replication and transcription, DNA topoisomerase I (Top1) catalyzes the relaxation of DNA supercoils. The nuclear enzyme is also the cellular target of camptothecin (CPT) chemotherapeutics. Top1 contains four domains: the highly conserved core and C-terminal domains involved in catalysis, a coiled-coil linker domain of variable length, and a poorly conserved N-terminal domain. Yeast and human Top1 share a common reaction mechanism and domain structure. However, the human Top1 is ∼100-fold more sensitive to CPT. Moreover, substitutions of a conserved Gly717 residue, which alter intrinsic enzyme sensitivity to CPT, induce distinct phenotypes in yeast. To address the structural basis for these differences, reciprocal swaps of yeast and human Top1 domains were engineered in chimeric enzymes. Here we report that intrinsic Top1 sensitivity to CPT is dictated by the composition of the conserved core and C-terminal domains. However, independent of CPT, biochemically similar chimeric enzymes produced strikingly distinct phenotypes in yeast. Expression of a human Top1 chimera containing the yeast linker domain proved toxic, even in the context of a catalytically inactive Y723F enzyme. Lethality was suppressed either by splicing the yeast N-terminal domain into the chimera, deleting the human N-terminal residues, or in enzymes reconstituted by polypeptide complementation. These data demonstrate a functional interaction between the N-terminal and linker domains, which, when mispaired between yeast and human enzymes, induces cell lethality. Because toxicity was independent of enzyme catalysis, the inappropriate coordination of N-terminal and linker domains may induce aberrant Top1-protein interactions to impair cell growth. Background: Despite similarities in mechanism and architecture, human DNA topoisomerase I (Top1) is ∼100-fold more sensitive to camptothecin (CPT) than yeast Top1. Results: Reciprocal swaps of conserved and divergent protein domains alter chimeric Top1 activity. Conclusion: Conserved core and C-terminal domains dictate Top1 biochemical behavior and intrinsic CPT sensitivity. Significance: Interactions between nonconserved structural domains of Top1 impair cell viability, independent of enzyme catalysis.
The power of powerlessness

Abstract Power and the paradox of the power of powerlessness are defined in terms of the resource exchange theory of Foa and Foa (1974). Power is conceptualized as the possession of resources (e.g., love, status, money, etc.). The Karpman triangle is used to illustrate the power behind the victim's powerlessness.
CloudMan as a platform for tool, data, and analysis distribution

Background: Cloud computing provides an infrastructure that facilitates large scale computational analysis in a scalable, democratized fashion, However, in this context it is difficult to ensure sharing of an analysis environment and associated data in a scalable and precisely reproducible way. Results: CloudMan (usecloudman.org) enables individual researchers to easily deploy, customize, and share their entire cloud analysis environment, including data, tools, and configurations. Conclusions: With the enabled customization and sharing of instances, CloudMan can be used as a platform for collaboration. The presented solution improves accessibility of cloud resources, tools, and data to the level of an individual researcher and contributes toward reproducibility and transparency of research solutions.
THERMAL SAFETY SIMULATIONS OF TRANSIENT TEMPERATURE RISE DURING ACOUSTIC RADIATION FORCE-BASED ULTRASOUND ELASTOGRAPHY

Abstract Ultrasound transient elastography is a new diagnostic imaging technique that uses acoustic radiation force to produce motion in solid tissue via a high-intensity, long-duration “push” beam. In our previous work, we developed analytical models for calculating transient temperature rise, both in soft tissue and at a bone/soft tissue interface, during a single acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging frame. The present study expands on these temperature rise calculations, providing applicable range assessment and error analysis for a single ARFI frame. Furthermore, a “virtual source” approach is described for temperature and thermal dose calculation under multiple ARFI frames. By use of this method, the effect of inter-frame cooling duration on temperature prediction is analyzed, and a thermal buildup phenomenon is revealed. Thermal safety assessment indicates that the thermal dose values, especially at the absorptive bone/soft tissue interface, could approach recommended dose thresholds if the cooling interval of multiple-frame ARFI elastography is too short.
One Nation Under the Fed? The Asymmetric Effects of U.S. Monetary Policy and Its Implications for the United States as an Optimal Currency Area

Is the United States best served by a single currency? This question is explored in this paper by looking at the regional effects of U.S. monetary policy shocks through the perspective of the Optimal Currency Area framework. Using monthly state-level data for the period 1983:1 to 2008:3, this paper finds that some regions of the United States during this time may have benefited from having their own currency.
Src Kinase Is a Novel Therapeutic Target in Lymphangioleiomyomatosis

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a progressive cystic lung disease affecting some women with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Sporadic LAM can develop in women without TSC, owing to somatic mutations in the TSC2 gene. Accumulating evidence supports the view of LAM as a low-grade, destructive, metastasizing neoplasm. The mechanisms underlying the metastatic capability of LAM cells remain poorly understood. The observed behavior of LAM cells with respect to their infiltrative growth pattern, metastatic potential, and altered cell differentiation bears similarity to cells undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Here, we report increased levels of active Src kinase in LAM lungs and in TSC2(-/-) cells, caused by a reduction of autophagy. Furthermore, increased Src kinase activation promoted migration, invasion, and inhibition of E-cadherin expression in TSC2(-/-) cells by upregulating the transcription factor Snail. Notably, Src kinase inhibitors reduced migration and invasion properties of TSC2(-/-) cells and attenuated lung colonization of intravenously injected TSC2(-/-) cells in vivo to a greater extent than control TSC2(+/+) cells. Our results reveal mechanistic basis for the pathogenicity of LAM cells and they rationalize Src kinase as a novel therapeutic target for treatment of LAM and TSC.
Sequence of Cellular Events in Pancreatic Islets Leading to Impaired Insulin Secretion in Chronic Kidney Disease

Objectives In chronic renal failure (CRF), a multitude of metabolic derangements occur in the pancreatic islets, resulting in impaired glucose-induced insulin secretion. These abnormalities include a rise in the basal level of cytosolic calcium ([Ca 2+ ]i) in the islets, a decrease in their basal and stimulated adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) content, a reduction in the V max of Ca 2+ ATPase and Na + -K + ATPase, and an impaired glucose-induced calcium signal. The sequence of events that leads to these derangements and to the impairment in insulin secretion during the evolution of CRF has not been defined. This study examined this particular issue by measuring the metabolic profiles of pancreatic islets weekly during the evolution of CRF over a period of 6 weeks. Results The results showed that serum levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) begin to rise during the first week of CRF. The V max of Ca 2+ ATPase and Na + -K + ATPase increased during weeks 1 to 3 of CRF but decreased to low levels thereafter. At week 3 of CRF, the basal level of [Ca 2+ ]i began to rise, whereas basal and stimulated ATP and ADP content started to fall. Glucose-induced calcium signal, Δ[Ca 2+ ]i, and insulin secretion became abnormally low between weeks 3 and 6 of CRF. Conclusion The data obtained allow for the inference of the following formulation: as serum levels of PTH begin to rise, calcium entry into islets is augmented, which in turn will stimulate the activity of Ca 2+ ATPase and the Na + -Ca 2+ exchanger, and therefore, calcium extrusion out of the islets is increased. Thus, [Ca 2+ ]i remains normal during the first 2 weeks of CRF. Activation of the Na + -Ca 2+ exchanger may result in accumulation of sodium in the islets, an event that would activate the Na + -K + ATPase. Because calcium entry is further augmented by the progressive rise in serum PTH levels, mitochondrial oxidation and ATP production would be reduced, resulting in lower ATP content. This fall in ATP causes a reduction in the V max of Ca 2+ ATPase and Na + -K + ATPase, and therefore calcium extrusion out of the islets is reduced; consequently, [Ca 2+ ]i rises. With the decrease in ATP content and the rise in [Ca 2+ ]i, glucose-induced insulin secretion is impaired because of alterations in the closure of ATP-dependent potassium channels and reduction in the glucose-induced calcium signal (Δ[Ca 2+ ])i.
Forensic familial searching: scientific and social implications.

Familial searching in forensic genetic testing is raising concerns in the United States. Familial searching in forensic genetic testing is raising concerns in the United States.
Approximations of the dynamical theory of diffraction contrast

Abstract The approximations of diffraction contrast theory, in particular the two-beam approximation and the column approximation, are critically examined. Contrast calculations for dislocations, spherically symmetric coherency strains and magnetic domain walls are described. In most cases the effect of the column approximation is small. This is because θD, the half angle of divergence of the energy flow in the crystal is usually very much less than θB, the Bragg angle. The results are discussed in terms of a perturbation theory of scattering which may prove useful for the determination of the structure of small, unknown defects.
Human brain contains vasopressin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide neuronal subpopulations in the suprachiasmatic region.

Abstract The suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) and retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) in the anterior hypothalamus have been postulated to play an important role in the timing of daily biological rhythms in mammals. Although physiological studies have described circadian rhythms in man, the presence of an RHT or SCN has not been conclusively demonstrated in the human brain. Immunocytochemical identification of distinct ventral vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) containing and dorsal vasopressin containing neuronal subpopulations in the human suprachiasmatic region provides correlative evidence of neuronal clusters which are homologous to discrete cell groups in the SCN of other mammalian species. Manipulation of the circadian system has been used to treat some affective illnesses and othe physiological timing disorders. Characterization of the neural substrates underlying human circadian rhythms could be useful in the development of future treatment modalities and is essential for understanding normal human circadian organization.
Metabolism of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine by mitochondrion-targeted cytochrome P450 2D6: implications in Parkinson disease.

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is a neurotoxic side product formed in the chemical synthesis of desmethylprodine opioid analgesic, which induces Parkinson disease. Monoamine oxidase B, present in the mitochondrial outer membrane of glial cells, catalyzes the oxidation of MPTP to the toxic 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+), which then targets the dopaminergic neurons causing neuronal death. Here, we demonstrate that mitochondrion-targeted human cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6), supported by mitochondrial adrenodoxin and adrenodoxin reductase, can efficiently catalyze the metabolism of MPTP to MPP+, as shown with purified enzymes and also in cells expressing mitochondrial CYP2D6. Neuro-2A cells stably expressing predominantly mitochondrion-targeted CYP2D6 were more sensitive to MPTP-mediated mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction and complex I inhibition than cells expressing predominantly endoplasmic reticulum-targeted CYP2D6. Mitochondrial CYP2D6 expressing Neuro-2A cells produced higher levels of reactive oxygen species and showed abnormal mitochondrial structures. MPTP treatment also induced mitochondrial translocation of an autophagic marker, Parkin, and a mitochondrial fission marker, Drp1, in differentiated neurons expressing mitochondrial CYP2D6. MPTP-mediated toxicity in primary dopaminergic neurons was attenuated by CYP2D6 inhibitor, quinidine, and also partly by monoamine oxidase B inhibitors deprenyl and pargyline. These studies show for the first time that dopaminergic neurons expressing mitochondrial CYP2D6 are fully capable of activating the pro-neurotoxin MPTP and inducing neuronal damage, which is effectively prevented by the CYP2D6 inhibitor quinidine. Background: Metabolism of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to toxic MPP+ is critical in chemically induced Parkinson disease. Results: Mitochondrial CYP2D6 supported by adrenodoxin/adrenodoxin reductase efficiently catalyzed MPTP to MPP+. Conclusion: Mitochondria from dopaminergic neurons contain the enzymes for the metabolism of MPTP to MPP+. Significance: This is a new pathway for the metabolism of MPTP to toxic MPP+ within the dopaminergic neurons.
Light Debt Users and Heavy Debt Users in the Restaurant Industry: A Discriminant Analysis

The purpose of this study is to investigate the wide diversity in financing of publicly traded restaurant firms in the United States. Fisher discriminant functions were estimated and firm features ...
Attraction of female Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) to odors from chicken feces

Odors from fresh chicken feces in water elicited upwind flight of host-seeking female Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in a dual-choice olfactometer. Acidification of the slurry of chicken feces and water resulted in increased attraction, whereas alkaline slurries of chicken feces and water controls did not attract female mosquitoes. This is the first reported example of avian fecal odor eliciting upwind flight of female mosquitoes. Headspace odors from acidified slurries were sampled using solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) coated fibers. Eight volatile aldehydes [(E)-2-decenal, undecanal, dodecanal, tetradecanal, pentadecanal, hexadecanal, heptadecanal, and octadecanal] identified in the headspace of acidified chicken feces elicited electroantennogram responses from antennae of C. quinquefasciatus females. An improved electroantennogram technique in which four antennae were used in parallel for monitoring the GC effluent is described.
A weighted index of quality of life for Irish children; 1841, 1851, and 1861

The concept of quality of life for children is presented and then formulated from data in the Irish censuses of 1841, 1851, and 1861. Seven to eleven variables for the three years were identified in the domains demography, education, and housing. The unit of geographical analysis is each of Ireland's thirty two counties. For each county an overall index of quality of life (QUALIC) plus three sub-indexes is presented. Changes across the two decades, 1841–1861, in the regression-weighted index numbers are presented and discussed.
Topological properties of invariant sets for two-dimensional hyperbolic toral automorphisms

We study topological properties of invariant sets of Anosov diffeomorphisms with holes. Results related to cardinality, local maximality, entropy and dimension are presented. The main result states that the Hausdorff dimension of the invariant set can be computed by the entropy of the invariant set together with the hyperbolicity constants.
Negotiating Arab-Muslim Identity, Contested Citizenship, and Gender Ideologies in the Parisian Housing Projects: Faïza Guène's Kiffe kiffe demain

Faiza Guene's Kiffe kiffe demain describes the coming-of-age experiences of Doria, a second-generation Franco-Maghrebi, or beur, adolescent of Moroccan origin, who lives in an economically and socially disfavored Parisian housing project. Doria's abandonment by her father, who abruptly leaves for Morocco to marry a younger woman capable of giving him a male heir, provides the novel's focus: a simultaneous critique of Maghrebi, or North African, patriarchy and a searing indictment of the socioeconomic and political dis- enfranchisement experienced by the residents of the "other France," namely, Maghrebi Arab-Muslim working-class immigrants and their French-born beur children. This paper demonstrates how the protagonist's negotiation of biculturality exposes the hypocrisy of the French secularizing mission, in which all markers of difference are suspect until they are assimilated into a homogeneous ideal of sameness. At the same time, social oppression produces a vibrant "vernacular" culture in the projects as a contestation of second-class citizenship, racialization, and mediated representation.
Neisserial pilin genes display extensive interspecies diversity

All Neisseria live in association with host cells, however, little is known about the genetic potential of nonpathogenic Neisseria species to express attachment factors such as pili. In this study, we demonstrate that type IV pilin-encoding genes are present in a wide range of Neisseria species. N. sicca, N. subflava, and N. elongata each contain two putative pilE genes arranged in tandem, while single genes were identified in N. polysaccharea, N. mucosa, and N. denitrificans. Neisserial pilE genes are highly diverse and display features consistent with a history of horizontal gene transfer.
The Role of Sectoral Demand in Influencing Tax-Exempt Bond Yields: A Reexamination

Despite an ongoing interest and a growing number of studies, the existence of segmentation (preferred habitats) in the tax-exempt bond market remains controversial. Adding to the existing controversy are the impacts of recent tax reform legislation on the market and, consequently, on the viability of existing theories of yield determination. The present study first establishes that segmentation did exist through 1986, but that the influence of sectoral demand declined steadily throughout the 1980s. While the Tax Reform Act of 1986 resulted in a dramatic change in the pattern of sectoral demand, the results are not clear as to whether this implies an end to segmentation or simply a need to respecify the definitions of the different market segments.
Using the “Physics” of notations to analyze a visual representation of business decision modeling

Visual representations are common in communicating about artifacts such as computer programs, software architectures, and business rules. Yet, generally speaking, these representations seem much harder to learn and to use than many of the representations in other domains. Moody [1] has pointed this out and proposed a set of principles for visual representations based on a wide review of relevant literature in cognitive psychology and software engineering. The real test of this framework is to use it. In this paper, we apply the principles set forth in Moody to examine and improve a proposed representation for business rules and business decisions.
Developmental genetics of the gastrulation defective locus in Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract The fs(1)gastrulation defective (dg) locus is one of the dorsal-group genes of Drosophila . Maternal expression of this gene is required for gastrulation movements and the differentiation of structures along the embryonic dorso-ventral axis. Twelve alleles of gd displayed a complex pattern of complementation, suggesting a direct interaction between subunits of a multimeric protein. Essential expression of the gd locus was strictly maternal with no zygotic contribution by the paternally derived allele. Clonal analysis revealed that expression of the gd locus was required in the germ line and that extreme dorsalization represented the null gd phenotype. Temperature-sensitive (ts) alleles displayed a ts period that included the last 4–5 hr of oogenesis and the first 1.5–2 hr of embryogenesis. Eggs from one ts allelic combination displayed reduced hatching when retained in the ovary at permissive temperatures, suggesting the loss of a labile egg component. This lability may also be responsible for the variable phenotypes displayed by offspring from individual females.
A theoretical and experimental investigation of the compressible laminar wake behind a long slender cylinder.

A theoretical and experimental investigation of the compressible laminar wake behind a long slender cylinder has been made. The theoretical investigation has led to approximate solutions for two-dimensional and axially symmetric flows which are valid within the entire wake region downstream of the rear stagnation point; the approximation is based on a modified Oseen-type linearization. An experiment to produce a thick laminar compressible wake behind a long thin circular cylinder was devised. The freestream Mach number and Reynolds number were 4.02 and 2300/in., respectively. The electron beam-fluorescence technique was used to obtain the density and rotational temperature profiles for stations extending from -J to 42 diam downstream from the base of the cylinder. Impact pressures were also obtained at these stations. Measurements in the separated region indicated the existence of large gradients in static pressure. Comparison of theory and experiment showed very good agreement.
Image-guided interventions in neonates

Minimally invasive interventional radiological procedures can be invaluable in the care of neonates and infants. These procedures have proven to be useful in a wide variety of clinical situations, improving patient care, comfort and safety. Most techniques in adult interventional radiology have been adapted for use in pediatric patients, covering the spectrum of diagnostic and therapeutic intervention. Procedural techniques are similar, but require considerations of patient size, sedation, and support personnel in order to render optimal care. Proper physician training is imperative to provide the necessary confidence and expertise, and post-procedural follow-up is required to maximize positive outcomes. This paper discusses many of the procedures that may be performed in neonates, and offers suggestions and techniques for successful outcomes.
Mortgage fraud: A risk factor analysis of affected communities

Mortgage fraud is a fast-growing form of white-collar crime that has received much press coverage in the United States of America. Mortgage fraud has an adverse effect on individual homeowners, communities, and many indirect victims of the crime. While past research has focused on the personal motivating factors behind the commission of white-collar crime, this particular article reviews several facets of the crime itself and explores the potential neighbourhood risk factors that help attract the crime. From a national perspective, mortgage fraud seems to occur more frequently in neighbourhoods that have low socioeconomic indicators. These associations become even more pronounced when the degree of fraud occurrences within the community is factored in as a variable. Upon disaggregating the data according to region, the fraud indicator variables also display differing trend levels, perhaps indicating that as mortgage fraud practices begin to mature within an area, its community dynamics tend to change as well. The article concludes with recommendations for policymakers, community organizations, and law enforcement officials as to how to address mortgage fraud once it appears within a community, and also addresses future avenues of research for what is largely an untapped area of financial crime research.
Transient time course of cocaine-induced cardiac depression versus sustained peripheral vasoconstriction☆

Objectives. The goal of this study was to define in vivo the magnitude and temporal course of cocaine-induced cardiac depression separate from peripheral vascular loading changes. Background. Cocaine administration immediately alters arterial pressure, ventricular filling, contractility and heart rate. These combined changes have complicated previous analyses of the cardiac effects of cocaine, because routine measures of function are influenced by all these factors. Methods. Pressure-volume loops and relations were measured by conductance catheter technique in 10 intact chest anesthetized dogs before and up to 30 min after administration of cocaine (3 mg/kg intravenously). Heart rate was kept constant by atrial pacing, and data were obtained before and after ganglionic blockade. Results. Cocaine decreased ejection fraction, cardiac output and maximal rate of rise of left ventricular pressure (dP/dtmax) and increased arterial vascular resistance (all p < 0.05). The maximal change occurred by 2 min and was fully sustained for the next 30 min. In contrast, contractile indexes based on pressure-volume analysis (e.g., end-systolic pressure-volume relation) decreased only briefly at 2 min (by -19%) and returned to control value after 5 to 10 min. Reflex blockade with hexamethonium eliminated cocaine-induced vasoconstriction, but the magnitude and brevity of cardiac depression were unaltered. Ejection fraction, dP/dtmaxand cardiac output now also decreased transiently, suggesting that the sustained changes observed before blockade in these variables were load related. Analogous load effects also explained changes in peak filling rate. Conclusions. Cocaine induces brief direct cardiac depression that is temporally dissociated from more sustained peripheral vasoconstriction. This dissociation is not measured by traditional left ventricular function analysis because of simultaneous load change. The transience of cardiac depression suggests that it probably does not play a major role in late adverse sequelae of cocaine administration.
METHOD FOR ESTIMATING SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN ICE-COVERED CHANNELS

A method is proposed for estimating rates of sediment transport in ice-covered alluvial channels. The method extends existing, open-water procedures for estimating rates of sediment transport to conditions of ice-covered flow. A key aspect of the method is the assessment of flow resistance attributable to bed-surface drag. That assessment is used to estimate rates of bed load and suspended load, and thereby total bed-sediment transport rate. Estimation of ice-covered suspended load additionally entails an approximation whereby open-water suspended load is scaled in proportion to the ratio of a reference sediment concentration for ice-covered flow relative to that for open-water flow. The reference concentration is calculated in terms of bed-load rate and shear velocity attributed to bed-surface drag. Flume data are used to develop the method and tentatively verify it. Field verification of the method presently is hampered by the absence of field data on bed sediment transport in ice-covered channels.
Restoration of embryogenic competence in repeatedly subcultured carrot cell lines

The production of somatic embryos from carrot suspension cultures invariably decreases through simple, repeated subculturing. Extracellular, concentrated compounds extracted from already established embryo culture not only recovered the embryogenic capability, but also accelerated the embryo production as much as two-fold (up to 1600 embryos/ml) compared with that of a control culture. Sugars, which were only a small portion of the total concentrate, were excluded as possible causative factors. It is likely that a protein fraction that is generated directly by competent, embryogenic cultures is important for the restoration of embryogenic potential.
Interpretation of quasielastic pion scattering coincidence experiments

The energy dependence of the $\mathrm{np}$ charge exchange cross section, the angular dependence of the free ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}p$ cross section ratio, and nucleon "absorption" due to quasielastic scattering are significant in predicting (${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$,${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}N$) ratios. When these effects are taken into account, recent ($\ensuremath{\pi}$,$\ensuremath{\pi}N$) coincidence data can be understood in the impulse approximation picture, with the recoil nucleon subject to charge exchange on leaving the nucleus.NUCLEAR REACTIONS Ratios of $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\pi}, \ensuremath{\pi}N)$ when final $\ensuremath{\pi}$ and/or $N$ observed: $^{12}\mathrm{C}$, $^{27}\mathrm{Al}$, $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ at ${T}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}=180, 190, 255$ MeV. Differences from radiochemical experiments.
Mice with Targeted Genetic Reduction of GABAA Receptor α1 Subunits Display Performance Differences in Morris Water Maze Tasks

Recent research has begun to demonstrate that specific subunits of GABAA receptors may be involved in the normal expression of specific behaviors. The present research used mice with GABAA receptors whose α1 subunits contained mutations of serine 270 to histidine and leucine 277 to alanine in the TM2 region. The purpose was an attempt to examine the possible role that this particular subunit may have in learning the spatial and nonspatial version of the Morris water maze task. Mutant animals, compared to controls, displayed elevated levels of pool circling in both the spatial task and the nonspatial task. These results suggested that normal performance of the spatial and nonspatial water maze tasks may be dependent upon a natural α1 subunit array.
The changing role of supercomputing

Today's largest supercomputers are primarily doing scientific simulations at the petascale level. In the future, supercomputers are moving in a multitude of directions including dealing with the technology challenges of moving to exascale, incorporating heterogeneous architectures and accelerators such as many-core processors and GPU's as well as incorporating the challenges of Big Data. This will pose a variety of issues toward the future of our industry that range from technical, business and personnel-related challenges. This talk will attempt to discuss a few of these and present a vision for they will come together in the future.
Truncation and accretion of soil profiles on coastal plain croplands: implications for sediment redistribution

Soil stratigraphy and morphology in a small agricultural watershed on the coastal plain at Clayroot, North Carolina, indicate long-term, decadal-scale patterns of the redistribution of sediment. The most dramatic truncation of the soil profile occurs on convex upper slopes, and suggests tillage and aeolian erosion as the major processes of soil loss. Thicker soils immediately downslope from convexities are consistent with redistribution by tillage, but significant aeolian soil loss also occurs from some fields. Thinner, apparently truncated soils were also associated with relatively steeper lower slope areas where contemporary rilling was observed. The presence of thicker, cumulic soils at toeslopes where small fans are observed at rill termini and about a half meter of alluvium in drainage ditches indicates that water erosion is also quite prominent. Distinctive soil stratigraphy is found in areas of aeolian deposition, where podzolization in sandy surface deposits has created compound soil profiles. On convex slopes, tillage and wind erosion result in net soil loss, with the former dominating on wetter soils and when plowing occurs, and aeolian processes dominating on drier hilltops and when no-till or minimum tillage practices are followed. Soils are thicker immediately downslope from convexities, with thinner soils and rill erosion on lower slopes. Thickened soils and colluvial deposition in the form of thin fan deposits occur at toeslopes and in depressions. The borders of fields often have thicker soils because of aeolian deposition. Water, wind, and tillage processes are all significant in soil redistribution at the Clayroot site, with relative importance in space and time controlled by topography, soil properties, seasonal moisture and vegetative cover, and tillage practices.
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma of the stomach: long term outcome after local treatment.

BACKGROUND Although antibiotic therapy is emerging as effective initial treatment for patients with gastric lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), there is a subset of patients for whom antibiotics are ineffective or inappropriate. Surgical resection can be curative, but total gastrectomy may be required for the eradication of all disease. To identify the optimal nonantibiotic therapy for early stage gastric MALT lymphoma, the authors retrospectively evaluated the Massachusetts General Hospital experience with gastric MALT lymphoma. METHODS Disease patterns and treatment outcomes were retrospectively analyzed in data from 21 consecutive patients with gastric MALT lymphoma who were treated between 1978 and 1995 at the Massachusetts General Hospital. RESULTS Sixteen patients were Stage IE, and 5 were in higher stages. Treatment consisted of resection with or without radiation or chemotherapy (14 patients), radiation alone (4 patients), or radiation plus chemotherapy (2 patients). Thirteen Stage IE patients received local therapy only. The 10-year actuarial relapse free survival rate for Stage IE patients was 93%, with 1 relapse among 15 treated patients. Because the patient who relapsed was treated successfully with chemotherapy, the 10-year cancer free survival was 100%. Overall survival for Stage IE patients was 93% at 5 years and 58% at 10 years, with no deaths from lymphoma. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that a high probability of long term remission can be achieved with only local treatment of patients with Stage I gastric MALT lymphoma. Preliminary results suggest that radiation therapy is well tolerated and effective and may well be the optimal nonantibiotic treatment for patients with localized gastric MALT lymphoma. Cancer 1999;85:9–17. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Nanoporous scaffold with immobilized enzymes during flow-induced gelation for sensitive H2O2 biosensing

www.MaterialsViews.com C O M M U Nanoporous Scaffold with Immobilized Enzymes during Flow-Induced Gelation for Sensitive H 2 O 2 Biosensing N IC By Donglai Lu , Joshua Cardiel , Guozhong Cao , and Amy Q. Shen * A IO N Biosensors play indispensible roles in disease diagnosis, drug screening, and forensic applications, while nanoporous scaffolds hold an enormous potential in improving the performance of biosensors. [ 1 ] One important area of biosensor research is the immobilization of enzymes with retained or enhanced activities and lifetimes as it is critical to enhance biosensor performance. [ 2–10 ] In spite of signifi cant advances made recently for enzyme immobilization such as covalent binding, [ 3–5 ] direct adsorption, [ 6 , 7 ] and entrapment in different substrate materials, [ 8–10 ] the design of a simple, in-situ, and cost-effective process that can be reliably deployed in immobilization of enzymes while retaining the enzyme’s native stabilities and reactivities remains a signifi cant challenge. [ 11 , 12 ] For example, the standard fabrication process for enzyme immobilization is usually very complicated and costly; [ 3 , 4 , 7 , 10 ] the immobilized enzyme molecules tend to have non-uniform distribution in the host matrix, easily denature, leach, and lose activities over time. Further, the host matrices are often not highly biocompatible and bristle in nature. Here, we present a novel and versatile fl ow-induced gelation method to immobilize enzymes inside nanoporous scaffolds to meet these challenges. The biosensor designed by the nanoporous scaffold shows high sensitivity, stability, selectivity, and good precision. The novel enzyme immobilization method introduced here is based on our recent work of forming stable nanoporous scaffolds with proper hydrodynamic conditions for a given self-assembly precursor (see Figure 1 and the Supporting Information, SI). [ 13 ] When subject to fl ow, fl ow-induced structure formation of self-assembled surfactant micelles occurs in a narrow range of concentrations of specifi c ionic surfactant solutions with added salts. Existing work on phase transitions in macroscopic geometry, has been reported to be reversible under shear fl ow conditions. [ 14 ] However, the major challenge of utilizing shear-induced structures as nanotemplates is the structure breakdown and disintegration once the fl ow is stopped. We are able to obtain irreversible nanoporous scaffolds by using specially designed microfl uidic devices (see Figure 1 ). The irreversible gel formation results from the large shear and extension strain rates and total strain generated by the fl ow through the device, under mixed extensional and shear
Factors Associated with Physician Discussion of Health Behaviors with Adolescents

Behaviors developed in adolescence influence health later in life. The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency of health care provider's discussion of health behaviors with overweight and non-overweight adolescents and identify demographic and health behaviors related to exercise, hours of television viewing, and weight issues associated with these discussions. A Cross sectional survey of urban adolescents was conducted. Trained interviewers administered surveys over a three month period in 2001 at an urban academic pediatric and adolescent clinic. The 252 adolescents surveyed had a mean age of 15 with 49% categorized as being at risk for overweight/overweight and 51% as normal weight using the CDC percentiles for BMI. While 16% of the adolescents reported that their physician or nurse discussed the amount of television they watched, rates of discussion related to exercise (58%), and weight (54%) were much higher. In multivariate analyses, health care provider discussions with adolescents regarding exercise were more common for overweight (O.R.=2.42, 95% C.I. [1.28–4.57]) and at risk for overweight (O.R.=1.98, 95% C.I. [1.03–3.81]) adolescents, whereas physician discussion of television viewing was not associated with weight. Discussions of weight were more common for female (O.R.=2.18, 95% C.I. [1.21–3.95]), African-American (O.R.=2.53, 95% C.I. [1.40–4.57]), and overweight (O.R.=3.92, 95% C.I. [1.97–7.81]) adolescents. Even after adjusting for weight, race and gender strongly influenced the frequency of discussions about weight in physician offices. Although health care providers frequently address weight and exercise with adolescents, more discussions related to sedentary behaviors such as television viewing may be warranted to address adolescent obesity.
Development and characterization of ten microsatellite loci for the eastern spadefoot toad, Scaphiopus holbrookii

We isolated and characterized 10 microsatellite loci from the eastern spadefoot toad, Scaphiopus holbrookii. Loci were screened in 24 individuals from two schools of tadpoles in a single isolated wetland in South Carolina, USA. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 4 to 12, observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.200 to 0.875, and the probability of identity values ranged from 0.043 to 0.298. These new loci provide tools for examining the landscape genetics of a species facing continued destruction of its breeding habitat (small isolated wetlands) as well as fragmentation of upland life zones.
Theory of luminescence polarization anisotropy in quantum wires.

The polarization dependence of the optical transition is studied as a function of the aspect ratio of the rectangular cross section of a quantum wire. The effective-mass approximation is used to treat the valence- and conduction-band states. Calculated results lead to a simple physical understanding of luminescence polarization anisotropy.
Influence of inbreeding on reproductive performance, ejaculate quality and testicular volume in the dog☆

An established foxhound colony employing an outbreeding and inbreeding program was evaluated to assess the influence of increased homozygosity on overall reproductive performance and ejaculate quality. A total of 14 outbred and four inbred male dogs were naturally bred to 544 outbred and 51 inbred bitches, respectively. Mean conception rate and total number of puppies whelped and number born alive were greater (P<0.01) in outbred compared to inbred lines. Duration of gestation and number of puppies surviving from birth to weaning were not different between outbred and inbred groups. Ejaculate quality of studs also appeared affected by genotype with outbred males producing a greater (P<0.025) average sperm count/ejaculate and sperm count/ml of ejaculate. Ejaculate volume, % motility of spermatozoa and testes volume, although not significantly different, also favored the outbred compared to inbred sires. These results: 1) indicate that a breeding program utilizing dogs with inbreeding coefficients ranging from .125-.558 can experience reduced reproductive performance; 2) suggest that a portion of the infertility associated with conception may be attributed to the male, since inbred studs produced lower quality ejaculates compared to outbred counterparts.
The imaging equation for a microgrid linear Stokes polarimeter

Imaging polarimeters have currently and historically been largely used for remote sensing tasks. They have also been used to evaluate the defects and calibrate the polarization of liquid crystal displays. A particular type of polarimeter that has a great deal of unrealized potential is the microgrid array linear Stokes polarimeter. This type of polarimeter is not often used because of reconstruction errors. If these errors could be minimized, or mitigated via proper algorithmic reconstruction, then they have advantages over other types of polarimeters, mainly calibration (not much is needed) and proper operation over wide wavelength bands (due to the use of wire grid linear polarizers). In the paper I analyze the imaging equation of the microgrid Stokes polarimeter, using the full vectorial electric field.