cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Failure of the Anglican-Prussian Ecumenical Effort of 1710–1714

In 1710 Archbishop John Sharp of York of the Church of England and Daniel Ernst Jablonski of Prussia began a dialogue hoping for the possible union of their respective churches. They wanted to bring about a junction of the Reformed and Lutheran churches in Prussia through the adoption of the Anglican liturgy and episcopal polity and an organic union between this Prussian church and the Church of England, perhaps including other Protestant churches as well. The progress of this effort surprised even the men most dedicated to it, and it appeared likely that they could forge an association within a short time. Yet, in the end these churchmen were disappointed and their negotiations came to naught. The reasons, however, were not religious in nature; indeed, there seemed to be no religious impediment to the effort at all. Although the ministers of both Queen Anne and King Frederick expressed interest in the discussions, political considerations relating to the English exertions to end the war of Spanish Succession led to the failure.
Unmet needs in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung: potential role for immunotherapy.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung accounts for 20–30 % of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). Despite the differences in disease characteristics between squamous and non-squamous NSCLC, both have historically been treated similarly in the clinic. Recently approved drugs have revealed differences in activity and safety profiles across histologic subtypes and have applicability in treating non-squamous, but not typically squamous, NSCLC. Exploration of immune checkpoints—co-inhibitory molecules used to regulate immune responses—has resulted in novel immunotherapies designed to interrupt signaling through the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 or programmed cell death protein-1 pathways on lymphocytes. Modulation of these pathways can lead to restored antitumor immune responses, and preliminary evidence shows that agents targeting these pathways have activity in lung cancer, including squamous NSCLC.
Studies in Demand: Milk and Butter

I. Introduction — theoretical basis for deriving demand curves, 671. — II. Dealers' demand for butter, 675. — Final consumers' demand for butter, 681. — The part played by storage, 686. — III. Dealers' demand for milk, 690. — Elasticity, 693. — Shifting, 694. — Conclusion, a simple method for determining demand under certain conditions, 696.
Application of doubly decoupled 13C {1H, 14N}NMR spectroscopy to studies of the conformation and dynamics of the choline headgroup of phospholipids

Abstract The high symmetry about the choline nitrogen atom leads to resolvable scalar 13C–14N coupling in the 13C NMR spectrum of choline. For membranes or model membrane systems containing phosphatidyl choline molecules, this coupling can be partially or completely collapsed due to the slower motion and consequently shorter 14N spin lattice relaxation time of the choline nitrogen. In the present study, this effect has been probed by comparison of the 13C NMR spectra obtained using conventional proton decoupling with spectra obtained using simultaneous 14N and 1H decoupling,i.e., 13C {1H, 14N} nm R spectroscopy. The results indicate a partially collapsed triplet structure for the choline methyl resonances in several sonicated lipid vesicles as well as in whole Chinese Hamster Ovary cells labeled with a 3 : 3 : 1 mixture of [1-13C]-, [2-13C]-, and [13CH3] choline. Further, the sharpening of the choline C-2 resonance resulting from the 14N decoupling makes possible the observation of three bond 13C–31P scalar coupling and, consequently, a conformational analysis of the rotational isomerism about the choline OC-1 bond.
THE FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF ARCTIC MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON AND ZOOPLANKTON WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MINOR ACIDS1

Collections of phytoplankton and of one species of zooplankton, the amphipod Apherusa glacialis, were made from the same area of the Chukchi Sea off Barrow, Alaska. The collections were analyzed for fatty acids, including branched-chain acids and positional isomers. The phytoplankton contained iso and anteiso odd-numbered acids that have not previously been reported from diatoms. In other respects, the composition was similar to that of diatoms from the North Sea. The amphipods had a simpler fatty acid composition with smaller amounts of polyenoic and branched-chain acids than the phytoplankton.
Resting-State Functional Connectivity Differences in Premature Children

We examine the coherence in the spontaneous brain activity of sleeping children as measured by the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals. The results are described in terms of resting-state networks (RSN) and their properties. More specifically, in this study we examine the effect of severe prematurity on the spatial location of the visual, temporal, motor, basal ganglia, and the default mode networks, the temporal response properties of each of these networks, and the functional connectivity between them. Our results suggest that the anatomical locations of the RSNs are well developed by 18 months of age and their spatial locations are not distinguishable between premature and term born infants at 18 months or at 36 months, with the exception of small spatial differences noted in the basal ganglia area and the visual cortex. The two major differences between term and preterm children were present at 36 but not 18 months and include: 1) increased spectral energy in the low frequency range (0.01 – 0.06 Hz) for pre-term children in the basal ganglia component, and 2) stronger connectivity between RSNs in term children. We speculate that children born very prematurely are vulnerable to injury resulting in weaker connectivity between resting state networks by 36 months of age. Further work is required to determine whether this could be a clinically useful tool to identify children at risk of developmental delay related to premature birth.
Photoelectrochemical studies on colloidal copper (I) oxide/modified with some organic semiconductors: Incentive for use of nanoparticle systems

Colloidal Cu2O solutions were used to explore photonic activities at the semiconductor/electrolyte interface. Fluorescence spectroscopic studies were performed on Cu2O colloidal particles modified with some conjugated organic monomers such as 2-amino-phenyl pyrrole (2-APPy), tri-phenyl amine (TPA), or 2-thionyl pyrrole (2-Th-Py) to investigate the quantum absorbance efficiency at this inorganic/organic interface (IOI). Our study shows that colloidal p-type Cu2O possesses a bandgap with direct transition of ≈ 2·2 eV and indirect transition of 1·85 eV. The recorded rates of charge injection into colloidal Cu2O, k ct, were 2·31 × 109 s−1, 5·05 × 108 s−1, and 7·22 × 108 s−1 for 2-APPy, TPA and 2-Th-Py, respectively. The studied systems show more stability in colloidal form than in thin solid form. Results were interpreted using the optical and electrical parameters of the organic monomer such as ionization potential (IP), electron affinity (EA) and energy bandgap (Eg), and the barrier height at the IOI interface. Stability of the colloidal system is attributed to the physical dimensions of the photoactive system. The nano-colloidal particle offers a condition where its size is less than √Dt.
Time course and localization of DNA synthesis during wound healing of potato tuber tissue.

Abstract DNA synthesis is induced in potato tuber tissue by wounding and starts after a lag period of about 8 hr. As demonstrated by the incorporation of labeled precursors, it reaches its peak between 14 and 18 hr after cutting, and returns to the initial low level before 24 hr, the time of first cell divisions. DNA synthesis is confined to those 2 or 3 cell layers below the wound, where cell division and starch degradation are observed later. Protein synthesis and increase in respiration extend much deeper into the tissue. Both the time course of DNA synthesis and its spatial distribution show patterns different from those of other wound-induced metabolic activities. As wound healing in potato tuber tissue involves the establishment of specific patterns with respect to the time course of induced metabolic activities as well as their spatial distribution, it should be considered and studied as a developmental process. The practical advantages of the system are discussed.
Magnetic Droplet Manipulation Platforms for Nucleic Acid Detection at the Point of Care

This review summarizes recent developments in the use of magnetically actuated droplets in point-of-care molecular diagnostic platforms. We discuss the fundamentals of magnetic droplet manipulation and the various modes of actuation. The balance of forces acting on a droplet during transport and particle extraction, as well as the devices and instrumentation developed to perform these operations will be presented and discussed. Furthermore, we review some of the recent advances on the diagnostic applications of platforms utilizing magnetic manipulation for genetic assessment of biological samples.
Chronic escitalopram treatment induces erectile dysfunction by decreasing nitric oxide bioavailability mediated by increased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity and reactive oxygen species production.

Objective To investigate the effects of escitalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, on erectile and penile vascular function in the rat. Methods The effect of chronic treatment with escitalopram (0.286 mg/kg/day) on change in intracavernosal pressure, maximum intracavernosal pressure/mean arterial pressure, and area under the intracavernosal pressure curve in response to cavernosal nerve stimulation was measured. The effect of chronic escitalopram treatment on endothelial-dependent relaxant responses was investigated in isolated mesenteric and internal pudendal resistance arteries. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity and nitric oxide synthase levels were determined with enzymatic assay and Western blot, respectively. Results Chronic treatment with escitalopram resulted in a significant reduction in the erectile response to cavernosal nerve stimulation without an effect on the response to intracavernosal injection of the nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside. The decrease in erectile function was associated with marked increases in NADPH oxidase activity in the corpora cavernosa. Treatment with escitalopram also caused a significant reduction in the relaxant response to acetylcholine in isolated internal pudendal and mesenteric resistance arteries without altering the response to sodium nitroprusside. The decreased response to acetylcholine in the isolated vascular segments was associated with a marked increase in NADPH oxidase activity that was corrected by treatment with the NAPDH oxidase inhibitor apocynin. Conclusion The inhibitory effects of escitalopram on erectile and vascular function were not accompanied by a change in endothelial nitric oxide synthase, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, or endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity, suggesting that the inhibitory effect is caused by a decrease in nitric oxide bioavailability mediated by increased NADPH oxidase and reactive oxygen species production.
Histamine release from human leucocytes by concanavalin A and other mitogens.

SummaryThe lectins Con A and PHA and a mitogenic extract of walnuts released histamine from human leukocytes. Subjects allergic to animal dander and ragweed pollen showed histamine release with Con A and PHA to a degree similar to the control group, suggesting that histamine secretion by lectins was independent of clinical allergy. However, there was a direct correlation between the degree of histamine released from leukocytes by Con A and antiserum to IgE. Concanavalin A may react with a carbohydrate receptor distinct from the antigen binding site of IgE present on the surface of basophiles.
Using a Standardized Patient to Teach Fall Safety

Abstract Background Patient falls in acute care settings have become a major public concern. It is important that nurse educators use evidence-based teaching strategies to teach nursing students the necessary measures required to keep patients safe. Methods Using a multisite, mixed methods, experimental study, we tested the effect of using a standardized patient in simulation on cognitive gains, student attitudes toward patient safety and important simulation design features. Results Students indicated debriefing followed by fidelity were the most important features of this simulation. Although there was no significant cognitive learning in the experimental group, there was a significant improvement in attitudes toward safety. Conclusion This study adds to the science of nursing education providing evidence for best teaching practices. Using standardized patients in simulation improves student attitudes toward patient safety.
Review: Re-expansion, re-oxygenation, and rethinking

ABSTRACT In a 1902 American Journal of the Medical Sciences case report, Riesman described “albuminous expectoration” following thoracentesis, a phenomenon that is now recognized as re-expansion pulmonary edema (RPE). Both cellular and biochemical mechanisms that produce lung injury in RPE have been described recently. Pathophysiologically, this unilateral edematous lung injury resembles the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) because both are characterized by intra-alveolar-activated neutrophils and markedly increased lung capillary permeability. Biochemical mechanisms that operate in RPE are analogous to those in diverse re-oxygenation (reperfusion) injuries that have been described recently in the heart, kidney, brain, and intestine. Re-oxygenated lung tissue appears to produce excess superoxide and other cytotoxic oxygen metabolites, although lung xanthine oxidase, the commonly recognized source of these oxidants, is exceedingly low. Riesman’s critical analyses of the re-expansion edema fluid in his case provided an impetus for others to hypothesize that increased permeability pulmonary edema in RPE represented re-oxygenation injury of the lung microvasculature.
The contribution of product mix versus efficiency and technical change in US banking

Abstract Similar to a Du Pont analysis, this paper divides the changes in returns on assets of US commercial banks for the period from 2000 to 2005 into conventional measures of bank performance. The contribution of product mix is significant and offsets losses from technical change and operating efficiency. Banks respond to changes in the business environment by switching towards more lucrative traditional and nontraditional products. Large banks are found to benefit more than community banks from the switch to an optimal output portfolio mix including new products spawned by recent financial innovations and deregulation.
Effects of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus and bacterial contamination on growth and development of the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract Bacterial contaminants, singly and in combination with cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV), significantly influenced the growth and development of corn earworm, Helicoverpa (= Heliothis) zea . Among the four bacteria species studied, the most virulent was Pseudomonas maltophilia , followed by Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli , and Staphylococcus epidermidis. P. maltophilia caused severe losses in all stages of H. zea , with the larval stage being the most susceptible which led to more than a 60% loss in adult emergence. B. subtilis was the most virulent in the pupal stage and caused a 40% loss in adult emergence. E. coli did not significantly affect the survival of H. zea , but pupae and adults from contaminated larvae were smaller than those in the control. In all bacteria except S. epidermidis , the resulting H. zea adults were 25 to 114 mg smaller than the noncontaminated ones. The CPV did not affect survival of H. zea , but infected larvae and adults were smaller than those in the control. When combined with bacteria, CPV acted synergistically in some cases to further adversely affect growth and development of H. zea
Presidential Address: Our expanding sphere—grand challenges for planet Earth and for SEG

The mission of SEG is to serve the geophysics profession as the international society of applied geophysics. The vision of the outgoing Executive Committee has been to increase the Society's effectiveness in serving its internationally distributed membership. This vision is shared by the Global Affairs Committee and many others within the Society and is certainly our Zeitgeist—the prevailing spirit of our time.
Sites of Congenital and Surgical Heart Block as Defined by His Bundle Electrocardiography

Catheter recordings of His bundle electrograms were obtained in seven patients with congenital heart block (CHB) and in two with surgical heart block (SHB). In the latter two patients block occurred following total correction of tetralogy of Fallot. In six patients with CHB block occurred proximal to H. In one CHB patient block occurred in the His bundle with "split" H potentials. Intraventricular conduction was normal in five of the patients with CHB who had narrow QRS and H-V intervals ranging from 35 to 45 msec. H-V intervals were short in two CHB patients (25 and 30 msec), one of whom had QRS widening with initial slowing. In the latter patient a functioning infranodal bypass (Mahaim tract) inserting into the right ventricular septum could explain the findings. In the two patients with SHB block was distal to H with P-H intervals of 125 msec and 160 msec, respectively. The degree of bradycardia and the occurrence of symptoms partially correlated with a location of block in or distal to the His bundle. It is suggested that recording of H potentials is useful in the evaluation of children with complete atrioventricular block.
The ambulatory ophthalmic surgery unit: Concepts, regulation, and guidelines

It is now accepted that ambulatory surgery--performed in a hospital-based, free-standing, or office-based unit--can be safe, efficacious and cost-effective. Establishment of a successful ambulatory ocular surgery unit requires thorough knowledge of pertinent local, state and federal regulations, as well as understanding of both the physical and functional needs of such a facility. In this article, these aspects of establishing an ambulatory ocular surgery unit are outlined, and sources of additional specific information are provided.
A Study of Hemolytic Properties of Streptococci on Various Blood Agars

(2) Horse streptococci Eh725, Eh728, Eh729, Eh850, Eh919, Eh955, Eh959, were obtained from the National Institute of Health; and K3, K4, Ks Kn from the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station. (3) Bovine streptococci, Ec715, Ec7l7, Ec855, Ec862, Ec875, Ec889, Ecl230 were received from the National Institute of Health; H101, H102, H103, H107, H108, H362, H627, from the Geneva Experiment Station; and K10, K12, from the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station.
Fate in soil of a recombinant plasmid carrying aDrosophila gene

A recombinant plasmid (C357; 3.5 Mdal) containing heterologous DNA (pBR322 [2.6 Mdal] with cDNA for an egg yolk protein fromDrosophila grimshawi) inEscherichia coli strain HB101 survived in and was recovered on selective media from sterile and nonsterile soil during 27 days at frequencies similar to those of theE. coli(pBR322) system. In sterile saline, the numbers of all cells decreased during 34 days, but the numbers of the plasmidless host declined less. There was no selective loss of the heterologous DNA in either soil or saline, as determined by colony hybridization with a32P-labeled DNA probe for the cDNA, but the HB101(C357) appeared to be less able than HB101(pBR322) to cope with conditions of starvation. These results suggested that nonessential eucaryotic DNA inserted into plasmid DNA has little effect on the survival in soil or saline of the bacterial host and the maintenance of the vector.
Random walks for selected boolean implication and equivalence problems

This paper is concerned with the design and analysis of a random walk algorithm for the 2CNF implication problem (2CNFI). In 2CNFI, we are given two 2CNF formulas $${\phi_{1}}$$and $${\phi_{2}}$$and the goal is to determine whether every assignment that satisfies $${\phi_{1}}$$, also satisfies $${\phi_{2}}$$. The implication problem is clearly coNP-complete for instances of kCNF, k ≥ 3; however, it can be solved in polynomial time, when k ≤ 2. The goal of this paper is to provide a Monte Carlo algorithm for 2CNFI with a bounded probability of error. The technique developed for 2CNFI is then extended to derive a randomized, polynomial time algorithm for the problem of checking whether a given 2CNF formula Nae-implies another 2CNF formula.
Construction of a mass spectrometer for sampling ions from diffusion flames

Abstract This paper describes the construction and calibration of a mass spectral system for investigation of ions produced in diffusion flames. Use of Ni-63 as a source for the ionization of nitrogen gas confirmed calibration in the low end of the spectrum. Ions, collected from a normal hydrogen-oxygen diffusion flame and from one containing methane, were shown to correlate with those that have been observed previously in similar flames. The system's unique adjustable burner head permitted ion sampling of a hydrogen atmosphere flame at various positions above the flame. This is the first report of the ions produced in such a flame. Water clustered hydrogen ions as large as (H 2 O) 5 H + were observed 7 cm above the hydrogen atmosphere flame.
Absorption spectra of Δ5-3β -hydroxy steroids in several sulfuric acid reagents

Abstract Absorption spectra between 200 and 700 mμ of eleven Δ5-3β-OH steroids have been determined at room temperature in the Allen and Oertel ethanolic sulfuric acid reagents, and in concentrated sulfuric acid. All but three of these steroids gave typical high peaks near 408 mμ with either ethanolic reagent. Those three had other characteristic peaks. Δ5-Pregnere-3β,17α,20α-triol showed an unusual play of colors with the Allen reagent, turning deep violet-blue in 30–40 min. The ethanolic reagents, particularly that of Allen, provide means for the simultaneous identification and determination of these Δ5-3β-OH steroids. Distinctive curves were given by a number of other steroids as well. The reagents are useful for locating reactive compounds on paper chromatograms and in column eluates.
The effects of hypokinesia in primates on bone strength.

Abstract A 14 days ground based primate hypokinesia investigation was conducted to determine what changes, if any, in bone strength may be demonstrated following 2 weeks cast immobilization and at 14 days after removal from casts. Controlled compressive loads were applied to vertebral bodies excised from control, 2 weeks immobilization and 2 weeks post immobilization Rhesus monkeys. The material properties reported herein are ultimate load, displacement to ultimate load, stiffness, and energy to ultimate load. These results show a decrease in bone strength following immobilization and a still further decrease in bone strength after 14 days.
A Fiber-Optic FT-NIR Evanescent Field Absorbance Sensor

A polymer-clad fiber optic is used as in evanescent field absorbance sensor for solvents that penetrate into the polymer cladding. The sensor is coupled to an FT-NIR spectrometer for spectral measurements from 1.0 to 2.2 μm. A 400-μm core fiber optic, 1.5 m in length, was coiled with a 1.5-cm radius on a Teflon® support. The coiled sensor was then immersed in various nonpolar organic liquids which partitioned into the hydrophobic polysiloxane cladding. The evanescent-field near-infrared spectra of pure hexane, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride are shown along with ethanol in chloroform. Various amounts of chloroform in carbon tetrachloride and toluene in cyclohexane were used to test the quantitative response. This sensor data are compared with data from a conventional NIR spectrometer using principal component regression.
Emotion recognition ability in mothers at high and low risk for child physical abuse.

Abstract Objective: The study sought to determine if high-risk, compared to low-risk, mothers make more emotion recognition errors when they attempt to recognize emotions in children and adults. Method: Thirty-two demographically matched high-risk (n = 16) and low-risk (n = 16) mothers were asked to identify different emotions expressed by children and adults. Sets of high- and low-intensity, visual and auditory emotions were presented. Mothers also completed measures of stress, depression, and ego-strength. Results: High-risk, compared to low-risk, mothers showed a tendency to make more errors on the visual and auditory emotion recognition tasks, with a trend toward more errors on the low-intensity, visual stimuli. However, the observed trends were not significant. Only a post-hoc test of error rates across all stimuli indicated that high-risk, compared to low-risk, mothers made significantly more emotion recognition errors. Although situational stress differences were not found, high-risk mothers reported significantly higher levels of general parenting stress and depression and lower levels of ego-strength. Conclusions: Since only trends and a significant post hoc finding of more overall emotion recognition errors in high-risk mothers were observed, additional research is needed to determine if high-risk mothers have emotion recognition deficits that may impact parent-child interactions. As in prior research, the study found that high-risk mothers reported more parenting stress and depression and less ego-strength.
Emotional reactions to achievement outcomes: Is it really best to expect the worst?

Expectancies of success are widely thought to influence people's emotional reactions to performance outcomes: The lower one's expectancies, the more delighted one should be following success and the less disappointed one should be following failure. Although this proposition has been accepted almost as a truism, a review of the literature reveals that it has not been tested adequately. In this paper, we report two tests of this hypothesis, finding little evidence that low expectancies are beneficial. The discussion considers the implications of these findings for theories of emotion and the costs and benefits of positive thinking.
ATMOSPHERIC-TURBULENCE COMPENSATION BY RESONANT OPTICAL BACKSCATTERING FROM THE SODIUM LAYER IN THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE

A new concept is described for creating artificial beacons for atmospheric-turbulence compensation. A laser tuned to the sodium D2 line is used to excite resonant optical backscattering from the sodium layer in the upper atmosphere. The performance of such a system is compared with that expected from artificial beacons based on Rayleigh scattering in the lower atmosphere. It is found that sodium scattering has a more favorable scaling to large-aperture systems. Applications to the compensation of ground-based astronomical telescopes for atmospheric turbulence are described.
Noise limitations in optical linear algebra processors

A general statistical noise model is presented for optical linear algebra processors. A statistical analysis which includes device noise, the multiplication process, and the addition operation is undertaken. We focus on those processes which are architecturally independent. Finally, experimental results which verify the analytical predictions are also presented.
Vertical migration and spawning inNodilittorina exigua (Gastropoda: Littorinidae)

The relation between the vertical migration in summer and spawning of a littoral-fringe periwinkle,Nodilittorina exigua, was studied by field observations and laboratory experiments. The snails moved down soon after the first appearance of their planktonic eggs in the sea and stayed at low shore-levels until early August. It was shown that the migration increased the chance of immersion of the snails, and therefore of releasing eggs by the females. Females immersed every day in the laboratory released more eggs than those which experienced some days of exposure to air, during the same period. The results obtained suggest the reproductive advantage of immersion at low levels. Nevertheless, the snails moved upward before the end of the spawning season. Typhoon swells increasing in frequency through the summer seemed to be responsible for the upward migration.
Periodic billiard paths in right triangles are unstable

A stable periodic billiard path in a triangle is a billiard path which persists under small perturbations of the triangle. This article gives a geometric proof that no right triangles have stable periodic billiard paths.
Impact of State Medicaid Program on AFDC Participation

To help low-income households meet their medical needs and remain off welfare programs, many states provide a so-called Medically Needy program. Under this program, low-income women with dependent children who meet all criteria for categorically needy assistance, but who do not participate in AFDC, may qualify for Medicaid. In this study, I develop a model based on the economic theory of income-leisure tradeoff and use the data reported in the Survey of Income and Program Participation to analyze how an extended Medicaid program affects AFDC participation of low-income female household heads. The empirical findings indicate that the presence of the Medically Needy program is associated with a decrease in the likelihood of AFDC participation. This study also discusses the implications of extended Medicaid coverage as a policy alternative in reducing the likelihood of AFDC participation of low-income female-headed households.
Testing Gene-Gene Interactions in the Case-Parents Design

The case-parents design has been widely used to detect genetic associations as it can prevent spurious association that could occur in population-based designs. When examining the effect of an individual genetic locus on a disease, logistic regressions developed by conditioning on parental genotypes provide complete protection from spurious association caused by population stratification. However, when testing gene-gene interactions, it is unknown whether conditional logistic regressions are still robust. Here we evaluate the robustness and efficiency of several gene-gene interaction tests that are derived from conditional logistic regressions. We found that in the presence of SNP genotype correlation due to population stratification or linkage disequilibrium, tests with incorrectly specified main-genetic-effect models can lead to inflated type I error rates. We also found that a test with fully flexible main genetic effects always maintains correct test size and its robustness can be achieved with negligible sacrifice of its power. When testing gene-gene interactions is the focus, the test allowing fully flexible main effects is recommended to be used.
Brain abscess of odontogenic origin: report of case

Advanced dental infection rarely causes brain abscess resulting in death. Good dental hygiene and removing abscessed teeth are advised for prevention of any such occurrence. An intercranial infection is described in a 29-year-old male who also had a dental phobia.
Local circuit neurons of developing and mature macaque prefrontal cortex: Golgi and immunocytochemical characteristics

A study has been made of the nonpyramidal, local circuit neurons in developing and mature macaque monkey prefrontal cortex with Golgi and immunocytochemical techniques. The area chosen for study is located between the cingulate gyrus and the ventral bank of the principal sulcus, and contains areas 9 and 46 as described by Walker (J. Comp. Neurol. 73:59–86, '40). In Golgi studies, the unique axonal features of impregnated neurons made possible the identification of thirteen separate classes of local circuit neurons. Five of these cell types, in their general characteristics, resembled classes identified in human prefrontal cortex, as well as in other cortical areas of macaque monkeys and other species. Measurements of the scale of axon arbors and dendritic fields of the Golgi-stained local circuit neurons also suggested particular spatial relationships of certain classes to the scale of intrinsic lattice connections made by the axons of pyramidal neurons in the same region. Similarities in morphology between cells described in human prefrontal cortex and neuron varieties described in this study indicate that this region of monkey prefrontal cortex may serve as a useful model for neuron populations in human prefrontal cortex. Sufficient morphological detail was present in immunocytochemical studies to suggest one or more identifying biochemical characteristics for seven of the thirteen classes of local circuit neurons. The calcium binding proteins, parvalbumin, calbindin D-28K, and calretinin, were found in chandelier and wide arbor neurons, neurogliaform cells, and double bouquet neurons, respectively. In addition, cholecystokinin immunoreactivity was present in medium arbor neurons and in narrow arbor cells connecting layers 2 and 4. Somatostatin 281–12 immunoreactivity was detected in beaded axon neurons in layers 5 and 6. This biochemical characterization of local circuit neurons, although incomplete, confirms the separate identity of at least some of the varieties distinguished by Golgi morphology, and allows a start to be made on studies examining changes in their functional state. The general inhibitory nature of these interneurons suggests that they are likely to play a crucial role in determining patterns of neural activation in the prefrontal cortex. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
HYMO flood routing

Abstract The Variable Travel Time (VTT) flood routing method was developed to account for the variation in travel time with stage and water-surface slope. The VTT method is suited for HYMO, a problem-oriented computer language for building hydrologic models because it requires little computer storage, routes both channel and floodplain flows, performs reliably under widely varied conditions, and gives consistent results over a wide range of routing intervals and reach lengths. Although the solution is iterative, the VTT method requires little computer time and is free of convergence problems often encountered in more complex routing methods. By accounting for the variation in water-surface slope, the VTT method yields results that are comparable to the accurate results obtained with an implicit solution of the unsteady flow equations of continuity and motion. Yet, the VTT method has the general applicability of storage methods. The use of the VTT method makes HYMO a useful and versatile model for water resources planning, water quality modeling, and hydrologic research.
Early visual information processing deficit in depression with and without Borderline Personality Disorder

Backward masking is a measure of early visual information processing usually abnormal in psychotic disorders. Previous studies of subjects with Borderline Personality Disorder have been inconsistent regarding their impairment or lack of impairment on backward masking. We examined visual backward masking performance in samples of unmedicated depressed patients with (n=12) and without (n=16) Borderline Personality Disorder, and healthy volunteers (n=18). Accuracy was poorer in depressed BPD patients, relative to both non-BPD depressed and healthy comparison subjects. As in previous studies, no differences in accuracy were found between non-BPD depressed patients and healthy comparison subjects. Differences in BPD subjects' accuracy were most evident at the fastest ISI and were not attributable to intercurrent psychotic symptoms. Beyond these group differences, accuracy at faster ISI's correlated with self-ratings of impulsiveness in all patients, and may be a general correlate of this trait. Poor early information processing appears to be a feature of Borderline Personality Disorder, and may play a role in the impulsive behavior that is characteristic of the disorder.
N-Termini of EcoRI Restriction Endonuclease Dimer Are in Close Proximity on the Protein Surface†

The N-terminal region of EcoRI endonuclease is essential for cleavage yet is invisible in the 2.5 A crystal structure of endonuclease−DNA complex [Kim, Y., Grable, J. C., Love, R., Greene, P. J., R...
Portfolios: A tool for reflective thinking in teacher education?

Abstract Portfolios have often been promoted as a tool for reflective thinking, yet few studies have examined the use of portfolios in reflective teacher education programs. This exploratory study uses interviews, essays, and survey data to examine 212 teacher education students' efforts to think reflectively through the process of constructing portfolios based on their experiences in a community service-learning program. Findings revealed that the portfolio process prompted reflective thinking in many, but not all, students. Recommendations for using portfolios in teacher education programs include: focusing attention on students' initial understanding of the process and its purpose, encouraging student ownership and individual expression, providing some structured aspects to balance the open-ended nature of portfolios, and evaluating the portfolio process and students' responses.
The Nature and Limits of the Whistleblower's Contribution to Administrative Responsibility

Insofar as they can trigger existing accountability mechanisms that otherwise might not have uncovered or pursued administrative wrongdoing, whistleblowers can promote a more responsible public service. It would be both unwise and unfair, however, to rely on whistleblowers as a primary means by which to shore up a flawed system of bureaucratic accountability. The costs to the whistleblower and to the organization are substantial, and whistleblowing may reinforce one of the most significant shortcomings of existing mechanisms of accountability: the preoccupation with uncovering past misdeeds and the inability to promote the kind of ethical sensitivity and reflection necessary to reduce the incidence of organizational wrongdoing. When whistleblowers trigger external review, demands for accountability are as likely to promote rigidity and rationalization as they are to promote greater sensitivity to future ethical issues.These limitations on whistleblowing, and on after-the-fact review of administrative deci...
The Effect of Light Duration on Turkey Poult Performance and Adrenal Function

Abstract Day-old tom poults were exposed to one of the following light treatments: 1) continuous incandescent light (24LL), 2) 23L:1D incandescent light, 3) 12L:12D incandescent light, or 4) natural day lengths only. Mortality was recorded daily. At Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8, after poult placement, body weights and feed consumption were measured. At each of these times, 10 poults were sacrificed from each treatment group for evaluation of plasma corticosterone. Day lengths utilized in this study had no consistent effect on poult-performance parameters except from 0 to 2 weeks of age. During this time, poults in the 24LL and 23L:1D treatments consumed less feed but were similar in body weight to poults in the other treatments. Adrenal function was also not consistently affected by day length. However, in all treatment groups plasm a corticosterone was lowest during the first 2 weeks posthatching, when compared to hormone levels at 4, 6, and 8 weeks. The lower corticosterone that occurred during the first 2 weeks posthatching may be involved in early poult mortality.
Dynamical chiral symmetry breaking, Goldstone's theorem, and the consistency of the Schwinger-Dyson and Bethe-Salpeter equations.

A proof of Goldstone's theorem is given that highlights the necessary consistency between the exact Schwinger-Dyson equation for the fermion propagator and the exact Bethe-Salpeter equation for fermion-antifermion bound states. The approach is tailored to the case when a global chiral symmetry is dynamically broken. Criteria are provided for maintaining the consistency when the exact equations are modified by approximations. In particular, for gauge theories in which partial conservation of the axial vector current (PCAC) should hold, a constraint on the approximations to the fermion--gauge-boson vertex function is discussed, and a vertex model is given which satisfies both the PCAC constraint and the vector Ward-Takahashi identity.
Adhesion Between Volcanic Glass and Spacecraft Materials in an Airless Body Environment

The successful exploration of airless bodies, such as the Earth s moon, many smaller moons of the outer planets (including those of Mars) and asteroids, will depend on the development and implementation of effective dust mitigation strategies. The ultrahigh vacuum environment (UHV) on the surfaces of these bodies, coupled with constant ion and photon bombardment from the Sun and micrometeorite impacts (space weathering), makes dust adhesion to critical spacecraft systems a severe problem. As a result, the performance of thermal control surfaces, photovoltaics and mechanical systems can be seriously degraded even to the point of failure. The severe dust adhesion experienced in these environments is thought to be primarily due to two physical mechanisms, electrostatic attraction and high surface energies, but the dominant of these has yet to be determined. The experiments presented here aim to address which of these two mechanisms is dominant by quantifying the adhesion between common spacecraft materials (polycarbonate, FEP and PTFE Teflon, (DuPont) Ti-6-4) and a synthetic noritic volcanic glass, as a function of surface cleanliness and triboelectric charge transfer in a UHV environment. Adhesion force has been measured between pins of spacecraft materials and a plate of synthetic volcanic glass by determining the pull-off force with a torsion balance. Although no significant adhesion is observed directly as a result of high surface energies, the adhesion due to induced electrostatic charge is observed to increase with spacecraft material cleanliness, in some cases by over a factor of 10, although the increase is dependent on the particular material pair. The knowledge gained by these studies is envisioned to aid the development of new dust mitigation strategies and improve existing strategies by helping to identify and characterize mechanisms of glass to spacecraft adhesion for norite volcanic glass particles. Furthermore, the experience of the Apollo missions revealed that dust mitigation strategies must be subjected to high fidelity tests. To facilitate the effectiveness of ground-based testing of mitigation strategies, the issue of a pressure limit for high fidelity tests will be addressed.
On the Use of Cloud Computing for Scientific Workflows

This paper explores the use of cloud computing for scientific workflows, focusing on a widely used astronomy application-Montage. The approach is to evaluate from the point of view of a scientific workflow the tradeoffs between running in a local environment, if such is available, and running in a virtual environment via remote, wide-area network resource access. Our results show that for Montage, a workflow with short job runtimes, the virtual environment can provide good compute time performance but it can suffer from resource scheduling delays and widearea communications.
Construct validity of cognitive reserve in a multiethnic cohort: The Northern Manhattan Study

Cognitive reserve is a hypothetical construct that has been used to inform models of cognitive aging, and is presumed to be indicative of life experiences that may mitigate the effects of brain pathology. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the construct validity of cognitive reserve by examining both its convergent and discriminant validity across three different samples of participants using structural equation modeling. The cognitive reserve variables were found to correlate highly with one another (thereby providing evidence of convergent validity) but demanding tests of discriminant validity indicated that, in two of the samples, the cognitive reserve construct was highly related to an executive functioning construct.
Using latent topic features to improve binary classification of spoken documents

In many topic identification applications, supervised training labels are indirectly related to the semantic content of the documents being classified. For example, many topically distinct emails will all be assigned a single broad category label of “spam” or “not-spam”, and a two-class classifier will lack direct knowledge of the underlying topic structure. This paper examines the degradation of topic identification performance on conversational speech when multiple semantic topics are combined into a single broad category. We then develop techniques using document clustering and Latent Dirchlet Allocation (LDA) to exploit the underlying semantic topics which improve performance over classifiers trained on the single category label by up to 20%.
Prioritized service system behavior

Internet technology is becoming the infrastructure of the future for any information that can be transmitted digitally, including voice, audio, video and data services of all kinds. The trend to integrate voice and data traffic observed in the Internet is expected to continue until the full integration of all media types is achieved. At the same time it is obvious that the business model employed for current Internet usage is not sustainable for the creation of an infrastructure suitable to support a diverse and ever-increasing range of application services. Currently the Internet provides only a single class of best-effort service and prices are mainly built on flat-fee, access based schemes. We propose the use of pricing mechanisms for controlling demand for scarce resources, in order to improve the economic efficiency of the system. Standard results in economic theory suggest that increasing the value of the network services to the users is beneficial to both the users and the network operator (since he can charge them more and get back a bigger percentage of their surplus). Using pricing mechanisms helps in that respect. When demand is high, prices are being raised and hence deter the users with low valuation for the service to use it. This leaves resources to be available for the users that value them more, and hence are ready to pay more.
Texture by the kilometer

A novel x-ray diffractometer has been used to characterize the texture of 2 km of textured tape in segments up to 20 m long. Techniques have been developed for the study of the uniformity of texture and for the detection of second phases, deviations from cube texture, and the sharpness of cube texture, in metal substrates, oxide buffer layers, and YBa2Cu3O7 (YBCO) superconductors.