cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oscillations of voltage and resistance in Malpighian tubules of Aedes aegypti.

Abstract The transepithelial voltage (Vt) of isolated Malpighian tubules of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti spontaneously oscillates in more than half the tubules. Typically, Vt decreases and then rises at a frequency of 2 oscillations/min with a duration of 16 s. In 6 isolated perfused tubules studied in detail, Vt oscillates between 50.5 mV and 15.7 mV in parallel with (1) oscillations of the transepithelial resistance (Rt) between 7.61 kΩcm and 3.63 kΩcm, (2) oscillations of the basolateral membrane voltage of principal cells between −56.7 mV and −72.2 mV, and (3) oscillations of the apical membrane voltage between 107.2 mV and 87.8 mV. The oscillations are dependent on the Cl concentration in the extracellular solutions. As Rt decreases during the oscillations Vt goes to the transepithelial equilibrium potential of Cl (Ecl) indicating transient changes in transepithelial Cl conductance as the mechanism of voltage and resistance oscillations. Since the largest voltage oscillations take place across the whole epithelium and not across cell membranes, oscillating Cl conductances are localized to a single transepithelial Cl diffusion barrier such as the paracellular pathway. This conclusion is supported by the analysis of electrically equivalent circuits that identify the shunt pathway as the site of oscillating Cl conductances.
Fluorine-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose Accumulation in Blastomyces dermatitidis-Associated Inflammation in a Dog

Whole-body positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (F-18 FDG) was performed in a dog with blastomycosis. Prior to PET scanning, blastomycotic lesions had been identified in both eyes, lungs, and tracheobronchial lymph nodes. Increased F-18 FDG uptake was present in these sites in addition to multiple organs without previous clinical evidence of disease. All sites of F-18 FDG uptake were confirmed histologically to be blastomycotic granulomas. F-18 FDG-PET scanning may be useful for defining the extent of fungal disease and detecting persistent foci of infection.
Monte Carlo simulation of radio-frequency plasmas in N 2

The structure of radio-frequency (rf) discharges in N2 is examined for the electrons and positive ions, in which electron–neutral collisions and ion–neutral collisions are taken into consideration. Some detailed properties of rf plasmas sustained by an rf source voltage of 13.56 MHz and an amplitude of 200 V are presented using Monte Carlo simulation in electropositive gas (N2). It is shown that most of the rf external electric field is absorbed in the sheath regions, whereas electrons respond easily to the oscillating rf electric field, ions cannot oscillate with the rf electric field. The oscillations of the electron cloud determine the instantaneous sheath thickness near each electrode. The mean energy and the density of charged particles are also discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computationally efficient solution to the Cahn-Hilliard equation: Adaptive implicit time schemes, mesh sensitivity analysis and the 3D isoperimetric problem

We present an efficient numerical framework for analyzing spinodal decomposition described by the Cahn-Hilliard equation. We focus on the analysis of various implicit time schemes for two and three dimensional problems. We demonstrate that significant computational gains can be obtained by applying embedded, higher order Runge-Kutta methods in a time adaptive setting. This allows accessing time-scales that vary by five orders of magnitude. In addition, we also formulate a set of test problems that isolate each of the sub-processes involved in spinodal decomposition: interface creation and bulky phase coarsening. We analyze the error fluctuations using these test problems on the split form of the Cahn-Hilliard equation solved using the finite element method with basis functions of different orders. Any scheme that ensures at least four elements per interface satisfactorily captures both sub-processes. Our findings show that linear basis functions have superior error-to-cost properties. This strategy - coupled with a domain decomposition based parallel implementation - let us notably augment the efficiency of a numerical Cahn-Hillard solver, and open new venues for its practical applications, especially when three dimensional problems are considered. We use this framework to address the isoperimetric problem of identifying local solutions in the periodic cube in three dimensions. The framework is able to generate all five hypothesized candidates for the local solution of periodic isoperimetric problem in 3D - sphere, cylinder, lamella, doubly periodic surface with genus two (Lawson surface) and triply periodic minimal surface (P Schwarz surface).
All four known cyclic adducts formed in DNA by the vinyl chloride metabolite chloroacetaldehyde are released by a human DNA glycosylase.

Abstract We have previously reported that human cells and tissues contain a 1,N6-ethenoadenine (epsilon A) binding protein, which, through glycosylase activity, releases both 3-methyladenine (m3A) and epsilon A from DNA treated with methylating agents or the vinyl chloride metabolite chloroacetaldehyde, respectively. We now find that both the partially purified human epsilon A-binding protein and cell-free extracts containing the cloned human m3A-DNA glycosylase release all four cyclic etheno adducts--namely epsilon A, 3,N4-ethenocytosine (epsilon C), N2,3-ethenoguanine (N2,3-epsilon G), and 1,N2-ethenoguanine (1,N2-epsilon G). Base release was both time and protein concentration dependent. Both epsilon A and epsilon C were excised at similar rates, while 1,N2-epsilon G and N2,3-epsilon G were released much more slowly under identical conditions. The cleavage of glycosyl bonds of several heterocyclic adducts as well as those of simple methylated adducts by the same human glycosylase appears unusual in enzymology. This raises the question of how such a multiple, divergent activity evolved in humans and what may be its primary substrate.
Calibration of the Shuttle borne solar backscatter ultraviolet spectrometer

The Shuttle Solar Backscatter UV (SSBUV) spectrometer that will be furnishing regular, on-orbit calibration checks of the ozone-monitoring instruments aboard NOAA satellites. The long-term ozone-monitoring program requires a reduction of uncharacterized drifts in the satellite instrument to a value lower than the expected ozone trend at the 95 percent confidence level; this translates into a requirement for the calibration of the SSBUV to a 1-sigma precision level of 1 percent from one flight to the next. A hierarchy of calibration standards is used to furnish redundancy and minimize biases; laboratory fixtures have been designed to minimize setup-induced systematic errors.
Measures of vulnerability–the integrity family

In this paper, a schema of graphical parameters is proposed. Based on the parameter integrity introduced by Barefoot, Entringer, and Swart, members Ψ(G) of this schema have the general form Ψ(G) = min {|S| + Ψ(G - S) : S Ψ V (G)}, where Ψ(G) is another given graphical parameter. Examples include integrity, mean integrity, connectivity, and vertex cover number. General results and bounds for the schema are derived. Also, properties that characterize such parameters are considered. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Shaftesbury and the Culture of Politeness: Moral Discourse and Cultural Politics in Early Eighteenth-Century England

Introduction Part I. Polite Philosophy: 1. The amalgamation of philosophy and breeding 2. Lord Ashley's Inquiry: The philosophy of sociability and its context 3. The notebooks: the problem of the self 4. The notebooks philosophy in the inner life 5. Philosophy in society 6. Philosophical writing Part II. Polite Whiggism: 7. From politics to cultural politics 8. The critique of the Church 9. The critique of the Court 10. The culture of liberty.
Clinical Scores and Echocardiography for Right Ventricular Failure Risk Prediction after Implantation of Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Devices

Purpose Clinical scores for right ventricular failure (RVF) risk after left ventricular assist device implantation (LVAD) were developed in mostly pulsatile-flow LVAD populations, whereas most patients currently receive continuous-flow LVADs. Methods and Materials We evaluated the Michigan, Penn, and Utah scores and multiple pre-operative echocardiographic parameters for 90-day RVF prediction in 69 patients who underwent HeartMate-II (N=58) or HeartWare (N=11) implantation in 2007-2011. Results Baseline characteristics are presented in Table 1 . Overall 18 patients (26.1%) experienced RVF (defined as ≥48h NO use; multi-organ failure due to RVF; inotropes for ≥14 days post-LVAD; or re-institution of inotropes). Among clinical scores, only Michigan predicted RVF (OR per point: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.59; P=0.02) but discrimination was modest (C=0.64, P=0.093; sensitivity: 50%; specificity: 78.4%). Penn (C=0.50; P=0.99) and Utah (C=0.52; P=0.78) scores did not discriminate RVF. Among echocardiographic parameters, only a smaller left atrial diameter (OR per -10 mm: 2.36; 95% CI: 1.01, 5.45; P=0.045) was associated with RVF and, when added to, improved discrimination of Michigan score to C=0.76 (P Conclusions RVF risk prediction scores developed for pulsatile LVADs are suboptimal for patients with continuous-flow LVADs. Baseline clinical and echocardiographic characteristics (N=69) Patients with RVF (N=18) Patients without RVF (N=51) P Age, yrs 55.2±9.4 48.9±13.9 0.078 Male, % 61.1 47.1 0.56 Ischemic HF, % 27.8 29.4 1.00 Intra-aortic balloon pump pre-op, % 38.9 25.5 0.37 Inotropes pre-op, % 100 96.1 1.00 Pressors pre-op, % 11.1 5.9 0.60 Bilirubin, mg/dL 1.6±0.9 1.6±1.1 0.77 AST, U/L 58 (35, 127) 30 (23, 39) 0.002 Creatinine, mg/dL 2.0±0.7 1.6±1.0 0.014 Cardiac index, L/m 2 1.75±0.50 1.75±0.43 0.86 RV stroke work index, mmHg a l/min 0.52±0.26 0.49±0.24 0.50 LV ejection fraction, % 18.8±4.8 19.1±5.1 0.54 Left atrial diameter, mm 47±6 52±8 0.034 RV fractional area change, % 30.0±6.0 27.8±8.0 0.14
Compensating for the reflectance of the human face

A structured light imaging system is being developed which is capable of accurately recovering the three-dimensional surface of the human face. In structured light, a uniform square grid pattern is projected onto the face, and an image of this pattern is recorded using a single solid-state camera. By locating the intersections of the grid stripes and matching them correctly to the projected grid patterns, the three-dimensional positions of points on the face can be determined by triangulation. One of the major problems in locating the intersections of the grid pattern is the brightness variation due to the variations in the reflectivity of the human face. A solution to this problem is presented which is based on a simple statistical approximation of the reflectivity. A set of experiments is reported showing that the reflectance compensation improves the image processing used to detect and match the intersections. >
Price discounts or coupon promotions: does it matter?

Abstract This article shows that in a model of exogenously given sales expansion target with a dominant manufacturer, the relative profitability of coupon and price-reduction schemes depends on the values of coupon redemption rates and the equivalence ratio of price reduction to coupon face value. It is also shown that retailer's margin has an uncertain impact on the compensation constraint on the manufacturer's choice between the two schemes. However, higher retailer's margin increases the likelihood that the chosen sales expansion scheme (SES) is the one that generates higher consumer welfare. A sales response model is used to estimate the equivalence ratio and critical coupon redemption rate below which the manufacturer will prefer a coupon promotion. A sensitivity analysis of the manufacturer's decision reveals that changes in the magnitude of the retailer's margin have little impact on the manufacturer's choice between alternative SESs.
Optimal repayment policies for multiple loans

Abstract This paper extends the applications of scheduling theory to certain problems in the area of finance. Specifically, a branch and bound algorithm to identify optimal repayment policies for multiple loans (credit purchases) has been developed. Each loan qualifies for a discount if it is paid on or before a certain date and a penalty is imposed if it is paid after its due date. These two dates are different in general. It is assumed that the cash for repayment is generated at a constant rate per day and it can be invested so that it continues to earn money until used for repayment. The objective is to minimize the present value of all future cash outflows.
Inadequacies of Traditional Exploration Methods in Systems-of-Systems Simulations

The recent proliferation of system-of-systems (SoS) trade spaces has allowed the investigation of highly complex interactions that have historically not been analyzed. Because of the size and complexity of these trade spaces, traditional methods of learning, exploring, and eventually understanding the complex interactions are inadequate. The first third of this paper is used to discuss the design approach of learning SoS through simulation, while the second third exposes many of the inadequacies of the current techniques. The final third of this paper calls for the development of new methods by presenting specific areas in which new techniques must be improved. Some examples are adaptive sampling methods which adjust local repetitions depending on local variance and batch experiment sizes that allow a designer to dynamically change the number of experiments depending on the number of available computational nodes.
A RISC approach to process groups

ISIS [1], developed at Cornell University, is a system for building applications consisting of cooperating, distributed processes. Group management and group communication are two basic building blocks provided by ISIS. ISIS has been very successful, and there is currently a demand for a version that will run on many different environments and transport protocols, and will scale to many process groups. Furthermore, performance is an important issue. For this purpose, ISIS is being redesigned and rebuilt from scratch [2]. Of particular importance to us is getting the new ISIS system to run well on modern microkernel technology, notably MACH [3] and Chorus [4]. The basic reasoning behind these plans is that microkernels appear to offer satisfactory support for memory management and communication between processes on the same machine, but that support for applications that run on multiple machines is weak. The current IPC mechanisms are adequate only for the simpler distributed applications, as they do not address any of the internal management issues of distribution.The new ISIS system has several well-defined layers. The lowest layers, which implement multicast transport and failure detection, are near completion and currently run on SUN OS using SUN LWP threads, on MACH using C Threads, and on the x-kernel [5]. This system can use several different network protocols at the same time, such as IP, UDP (with or without multicast support), and raw Ethernet. This enables processes on SUN OS, MACH, and Chorus to multicast among each other, even though the environments are very dissimilar. The system makes use of available hardware multicast if possible. It also queues messages if a backlog appears, so that multiple messages may be packed together in a single packet. Using this strategy, the number of messages per second can become very large, and in the current (simple) implementation about 10,000 per second can be sent between distributed SUN OS user processes, a figure that approaches the speed of local light-weight remote procedure call mechanisms. (The current round-trip time on SUN OS over Ethernet is about 3 milliseconds.)
Assessment of transport barriers using cell and tissue culture systems

AbstractThe delivery of the next generation of drugs, particularly polar peptides and proteins, will represent a major challenge to the pharmaceutical scientists. To successfully deliver these potential drugs to specific targets, strategies will have to be developed to circumvent epithelial (e.g., intestinal, buccal, nasal, epidermal) and endothelial (e.g., vascular) cells, which represent both physical and metabolic barriers. This presentation will focus on the possible utility of cultured epithelial and endothelial cells to screen the permeability properties of potential drug candidates, to elucidate transcellular transport mechanisms, to evaluate the potential cellular site of metabolism, and to test strategies to prevent metabolism and/or to enhance the permeability properties of drug candidates. Topics to be discussed include: (a) advantages and disadvantages of cell culture systems; (b) factors important in selecting an appropriate cell culture system which will mimic the in vivo biological barrier;...
Family nurse practitioner clinical requirements: Is the best recommendation 500 hours?

Purpose: The purpose of the article was to stimulate further dialog around the recommended number of clinical hours required for students in family nurse practitioner (FNP) programs. Data sources: Nursing literature was reviewed for research supporting the current clinical hour requirement. Both authors are faculty in FNP programs that provided experiential data for the article. Conclusions and implications for practice: There are no scientific data upon which to base the number of required clinical hour. Researchers need to identify what type and how many clinical hours are needed to prepare competent new FNP graduates.
iSpy: seeing what students really do online

Numerous studies have shown that college students use computers, the internet, and social networking websites (SNS) at high rates; however, all of these studies have relied on self-report measures of technology use. Research in other areas of human behavior has shown that self-report measures are considerably inaccurate when compared to actual behaviors. This study produces more effective estimates of the time that college students spend on computer and internet activities by using logging software to collect data on actual use. A sample of 45 students installed a computer monitor for two months. The results show that social networking was the most popular computer activity, with Facebook being the most popular SNS. Furthermore, the results also suggest that students may be able to somewhat regulate their computer use in ways that could benefit them academically. For instance, students spent significantly more time using the university's learning management system when classes were in session and less tim...
Resistance to Tuberculosis in Mice immunized with BCG disrupted in Oil

RECENTLY it was shown1 that mice develop resistance to pulmonary infection with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain H37Rv) when attenuated tubercle bacilli (BCG or H37Ra) are administered either intravenously or by the aerosol method. Previously, several authors2,3 demonstrated that killed organisms suspended in mineral oil produce significant changes in experimental hosts and Choucron4 extracted a fraction (Pmko) with mineral oil to which various immunological activities were ascribed. Cell walls and cell wall extracts of a variety of micro-organisms have been found to produce resistance to infection in experimental animals although cytoplasmic particles rather than cell wall material have been implicated as the protective antigen of M. tuberculosis5,6. Since we had been unable to immunize mice either with cell walls of attenuated tubercle bacilli which had been ruptured in water or with the entire disruption product (mixture of cell wall and cytoplasm), investigations were initiated to test the potency of BCG bacilli disrupted in oil. This method was utilized by D. W. Smith and the material was reported to be highly immunogenic in guinea pigs (Conference on Immunity and Pathogenesis of Mycobacterial Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, March 1962). The experiment described here shows that such products are capable of giving rise to significant protective immunity in mice injected intravenously with as little as 0.2 mg of material.
Spatial robotic isotropy

Previous work on posture optimization for robots has examined the condition number as a measure of kinematic dexterity. When the condition number equals an optimal value of one, the robot is described as isotropic. Isotropic configurations have a number of advantages, including good servo accuracy, noise rejection, and singularity avoidance. This article introduces a definition for spatial isotropy of a robot, which is comhined isotropy for both positioning and orienting the end effector. Generally iso tropy may be used either as a robotic design criterion or as a posture optimization function for redundant manipu lators. This work demonstrates design techniques using positional, orientational, or spatial isotropy and presents some algorithms for locating isotropic designs without explicit evaluation of singular values. Several representa tive robot designs illustrate these concepts for both nonre dundant and redundant manipulators.
"The Role of Nonprofit Enterprise" in 1993: Hansmann Revisited:

Henry Hansmann's "The Role of Nonprofit Enterprise" (1980) has had a seminal influence on analyses of the law and economics of the nonprofit sector Hansmann argues that the "nondistribution constra...
High pressure CuMoO4

Abstract A new form of CuMoO4 was prepared at 58 kbars pressure. It is isostructural with known CuWO4, and its triclinic cell parameters are a = 4.6788 A , b = 5.8042 A , c = 4.9149 A , α = 91.08°, β = 91.70°, and γ = 84.90° .
Apparent non-involvement of prions in the pathogenesis of spongiform change in HIV-infected brain.

Characteristic neuropathological white matter changes in the brains of patients dying from the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) suggest pathogenetic involvement of either the PrP27–30 gene or a scrapie-related priorn; however, proteinase-K resistant scrapie-like proteins could not be detected in brain tissue from AIDS patients.
Estrogen 1,2-epoxides or estrogen quinones/semiquinones.

Abstract Metabolic activation of estradiol leading to the formation of catechol estrogens is a prerequisite for its genotoxic activity. Both estrogen- o -quinones/semiquinones and estrogen 1,2-epoxides have been proposed to be responsible for this activity. Incubations of [3H]estradiol and [ 3 H]1α,2α-epoxy-4-estrene-3one-17β-ol (ketotautomer of estradiol 1,2-epoxide) with rat liver microsomal and cytosol preparations were carried out in the presence of SKF 525A, ascorbic acid, glutathione and cysteine. Ascorbic acid decreased binding to proteins and aqueous-soluble fraction with both [3H] estradiol and [3H]epoxyestrenolone in incubations with microsomes but no effect with cytosol fraction. Incubations of microsomes with thiols gave water-soluble metabolites which were characterized as 1(4)-thioether derivatives of 2-hydroxyestradiol and incubations of [3H]epoxyestrenolone with cytosol and thiols gave estradiol-2-thioether. Incubations with ascorbic acid and thiols resulted in decreased formation of water-soluble metabolites in microsomal incubations but not in cystosol incubations. These studies indicate that the major pathway for irreversible binding of estrogens to macromolecules involves estrogen- o -quinones/semiquinones and not estrogen 1, 2-epoxide.
An Exploration of the Potential for Mathematical Experiences in Informal Learning Environments

ABSTRACT As young learners develop understanding of concepts in mathematics, formal learning environments tend to focus on providing isolated instruction, with limited opportunities for learning experiences that help them make connections. Informal learning environments might thus play a significant role in providing mathematical learning experiences that complement formal classroom experiences for young learners. This study was organized to determine the potential for mathematical experiences through an examination of existing informal learning opportunities and to ascertain a general perspective of the value of mathematical thinking in informal learning environments from current informal educators. This study served as exploratory research conducted to provide more information about the current evidence of math learning in informal settings. Data were collected and organized from observations at 3 local informal learning sites, interviews with leading museum educators in the region, and a written survey...
Measuring educational quality by appraising theses and dissertations: pitfalls and remedies

In this paper, we argue that, as indicators of the educational quality of graduate degree programs, student theses and dissertations are best used in specific contexts. High-quality theses and dissertations, that is, may be the result of factors such as verbal skills students already possessed at admission or of complex interactions between supervisors and students, not only effective class design or offerings. Consequently, this paper recommends ways for programs to avoid making post hoc errors in assessing educational quality and suggests strategies to make the critical appraisal of theses and dissertations a productive, quality-enhancing activity.
On the nature and causes of carbon dioxide emissions in the United States

This letter estimates the long-run impacts of shocks to real disposable personal income on the environment in the United States through the use of a structural vector autoregression model. Coal use in the electricity sector and vehicle use data are considered specifically as these are major contributors to carbon dioxide emissions and capture demand from both firms and households.
The exact moments of the least squares estimator for the autoregressive model

Abstract Exact mean and variance of the least squares estimate of the stationary first-order autoregressive coefficient, i.e., β in y t = α + βx t + u t are evaluated algebraically as well as numerically. It turns out that the least squares estimate is seriously biased for the sample of two-digits sizes typically dealt with in econometrics if the mean of the process is unknown, i.e., if the equation has a non-zero intercept (α≠0). Kendall's approximation to the mean and Barlett's approximation to the variance are shown to be fairly good. Also, our numerical results confirm Orcutt and Winokur's ( Econometrica , Vol. 37) based on Monte Carlo experiments.
Outsiders Inside and Insiders Outside: Linking Transnational and Domestic Public Action for Human Rights

“Is the traditional divide between domestic and international politics breaking down?” and, if so, with what effects on transnational human rights activism? This paper argues that small and focused transnational campaigns can have dramatic short-term results that its large-scale and bureaucratic cousins are too slow-moving to effect; it illustrates the importance of often-fleeting political opportunities in opening windows for non-state public action; and using four different transnational campaigns, it shows how loosely coupled mechanisms and processes link domestic and international politics.
Food security in a changing climate

Abstract Challenges to global food security are: (i) population increase from 7 billion in 2011 to 9.2 billion in 2050, (ii) climate change, (iii) soil degradation by erosion, salinization, organic matter and nutrient depletion, and elemental imbalance, (iv) decreased availability of water, (v) land competition for urbanization, brick making, biofuel, and non-agricultural uses, and (vi) preferences toward animal-based diet. Global hotspots food insecurity are South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Adopting concepts of ecohydrology, enhancing green water in the root zone, can create climate-resilient agriculture to advance food security and improve the environment. An effective governance is needed to implement policies which promote restorative land uses and recommended management practices. Furthermore, payments for ecosystem services may be a useful strategy to promote sustainable intensification of agriculture by resources-poor farmers.
Retromer terminates the generation of cAMP by internalized PTH receptors

The generation of cAMP by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and its termination are currently thought to occur exclusively at the plasma membrane of cells. Under existing models of receptor regulation, this signal is primarily restricted by desensitization of the receptors through their binding to β-arrestins. However, this paradigm is not consistent with recent observations that the parathyroid hormone receptor type 1 (PTHR) continues to stimulate cAMP production even after receptor internalization, as β-arrestins are known to rapidly bind and internalize activated PTHR. Here we show that binding to β-arrestin1 prolongs rather than terminates the generation of cAMP by PTHR, and that cAMP generation correlates with the persistence of arrestin-receptor complexes on endosomes. PTHR signaling is instead turned off by the retromer complex, which regulates the movement of internalized receptor from endosomes to the Golgi apparatus. Thus, binding by the retromer complex regulates the sustained generation of cAMP triggered by an internalized GPCR.
Liquid Metal Alloys as Self-Healing Negative Electrodes for Lithium Ion Batteries

Improving the capacity and durability of electrode materials is one of the critical challenges lithium-ion battery technology is facing presently. Several promising anode materials, such as Si, Ge, and Sn, have theoretical capacities several times larger than that of the commercially used graphite negative electrode. However, their applications are limited because of the short cycle life due to fracture caused by diffusion-induced stresses (DISs) and the large volume change during electrochemical cycling. Here we present a strategy to achieve high capacity and improved durability of electrode materials using low-melting point metallic alloys. With gallium as an example, we show that at a temperature above the melting point of Ga, a reversible solid-liquid transition occurs upon lithiation (lithium insertion) and delithiation (lithium extraction) of Ga. As a result, cracks formed in the lithiated solid state can be “healed” once the electrode returns to liquid Ga after delithiation. This work suggests that cracking as a failure mode can be remedied by using liquid metal electrodes.
Shift Work and Inter‐Individual Differences in Sleep and Sleepiness

Inter‐individual differences in tolerance for shift work have been studied primarily in terms of external factors affecting alertness on the job or the ability to rest and sleep while at home. However, there is increasing evidence that neurobiological factors play a role as well, particularly the major processes involved in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. These include a sleep homeostatic process seeking to balance wakefulness and sleep and a circadian process seeking to promote wakefulness during the day and sleep during the night. Shift work is associated with a temporal misalignment of these two endogenous processes. During nightwork, this misalignment makes it difficult to stay awake during the nightshift and sleep during the day. However, inter‐individual variability in the processes involved in sleep/wake regulation is substantial. Recent studies have demonstrated the existence of inter‐individual differences in vulnerability to cognitive deficits from sleep loss. Moreover, these inter‐indi...
Adolescent school-based sexual victimization: Exploring the role of opportunity in a gender-specific multilevel analysis ☆

Abstract Purpose Most research on school-based adolescent sexual victimization has lacked an explicit theoretical focus. This study examined whether an opportunity framework is appropriate for understanding adolescent school-based sexual harassment and sexual assault victimization using gender-specific multilevel analysis. Methods Using a sample of middle and high school adolescents, we examined the effects of individual-level indicators of opportunity on school-based sexual harassment and sexual assault victimization. In addition, we explored the relative influence of school factors on student sexual victimization, including the potential moderating influence the school environment may have on the effects of individual-level indicators of opportunity. Finally, we examined the potential differences in the correlates of sexual victimization across male and female adolescents. Results Several individual-level indicators of opportunity were associated with school-based sexual harassment and sexual assault for both males and females, though several important gender differences were observed. In addition, school factors directly and indirectly influenced sexual victimization. Conclusions Findings suggest that an opportunity framework is appropriate for understanding school-based sexual harassment and sexual assault victimization, and that important gender differences do exist. The implications of these results and directions for future research are discussed.
Extending the data base relational model to capture more meaning

During the last three or four years several investigators have been exploring 'semantic models' for formatted data bases. The intent is to capture (in a more or less formal way) more of the meaning of the data, so that data base design can become more systematic and the data base system itself can behave more intelligently. Two major thrusts are clear:1) the search for meaningful units that are as small as possible --- atomic semantics2) the search for meaningful units that are larger than the usual n-ary relation --- molecular semantics.In this paper we propose extensions to the relational model to support certain atomic and molecular semantics. These extensions represent a synthesis of many ideas from the published work in semantic modeling.
Using genetic algorithm for dynamic and multiple criteria web-site optimizations

Abstract In today’s competitive electronic marketplace, companies try to create long-lasting relations with their online customers. Log files and registration forms generate millions of online transactions. Companies use new techniques to “mine” these data and establish optimal online storefronts to maximize their web presence. Several criteria, such as minimization of download time, maximization of web-site visualization and product association level, can be used for the optimization of virtual storefronts. This paper introduces a genetic algorithm, to be used in a model-driven decision-support system for web-site optimizations. The algorithm ensures multiple criteria web-site optimizations, and the genetic search provides dynamic and timely solutions independent of the number of objects to be arranged.
Negative allosteric modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 results in broad spectrum activity relevant to treatment resistant depression.

Abstract Evidence suggests that 30–50% of patients suffering from major depressive disorder (MDD) are classified as suffering from treatment resistant depression (TRD) as they have an inadequate response to standard antidepressants. A key feature of this patient population is the increased incidence of co-morbid symptoms like anxiety and pain. Recognizing that current standards of care are largely focused on monoaminergic mechanisms of action (MOAs), innovative approaches to drug discovery for TRD are targeting glutamate hyperfunction. Here we describe the in vitro and in vivo profile of GRN-529, a novel negative allosteric modulator (NAM) of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5). In cell based pharmacology assays, GRN-529 is a high affinity (Ki 5.4 nM), potent (IC50 3.1 nM) and selective (>1000-fold selective vs mGluR1) mGluR5 NAM. Acute administration of GRN-529 (0.1–30 mg/kg p.o.) had dose-dependent efficacy across a therapeutically relevant battery of animal models, comprising depression (decreased immobility time in tail suspension and forced swim tests) and 2 of the co-morbid symptoms overrepresented in TRD, namely anxiety (attenuation of stress-induced hyperthermia, and increased punished crossings in the four plate test) and pain (reversal of hyperalgesia due to sciatic nerve ligation or inflammation). The potential side effect liability of GRN-529 was also assessed using preclinical models: GRN-529 had no effect on rat sexual behavior or motor co-ordination (rotarod), however it impaired cognition in mice (social odor recognition). Efficacy and side effects of GRN-529 were compared to standard of care agents (antidepressant, anxiolytic or analgesics) and the tool mGluR5 NAM, MTEP. To assess the relationship between target occupancy and efficacy, ex vivo receptor occupancy was measured in parallel with efficacy testing. This revealed a strong correlation between target engagement, exposure and efficacy across behavioral endpoints, which supports the potential translational value of PET imaging to dose selection in patients. Collectively this broad spectrum profile of efficacy of GRN-529 supports our hypothesis that negative allosteric modulation of mGluR5 could represent an innovative therapeutic approach to the treatment of TRD. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled ‘Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors’.
Three-dimensional modeling of high-numerical-aperture imaging in thin films

This paper describes a modelling technique used to explore three dimensional (3D) image irradiance distributions formed by high numerical aperture (NA > 0.5) lenses in homogeneous, linear films. This work uses a 3D modelling approach that is based on a plane- wave decomposition in the exit pupil. Each plane wave component is weighted by factors due to polarization, aberration, and input amplitude and phase terms. This is combined with a modified thin-film matrix technique to derive the total field amplitude at each point in a film by a coherent vector sum over all plane waves. Then the total irradiance is calculated. The model is used to show how asymmetries present in the polarized image change with the influence of a thin film through varying degrees of focus.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Composition and morphology of ferromanganese coatings on glacial erratics in Lydonia Canyon, United States east coast

Ferromanganese coatings have been found on glacial erratics in Lydonia Canyon, off the United States northeastern coast. The coatings, which are about 17 μm thick, consist of an outer manganese-rich layer which covers the top of the erratic, a middle transitional layer, and an internal iron-rich layer that encircles the entire surface of the erratic. Chemical analyses of the coatings, when compared with similar data on abyssal marine ferromanganese deposits, reveal comparable Mn/Fe ratios, higher P and Ti concentrations, and an order of magnitude less of Co, Ni, Cu, and most other metals. A comparison of the Lydonia Canyon coatings with desert varnishes reveals obvious chemical, mineralogical, and morphological differences.
Market Making by Price-Setting Firms

A model of market making by firms with heterogeneous consumers, suppliers and pricesetting intermediaries is examined. Consumers and suppliers engage in time-consuming search for the best price and discount future returns. There exists a unique symmetric equilibrium pricing strategy. In equilibrium, there are non-degenerate distributions of ask and bid prices that straddle the Walrasian price. As the discount rate goes to zero, the ranges of the bid and ask prices, and the total output approach the Walrasian equilibrium values. As the discount rate becomes large, the ask and bid prices approach the monopoly pricing policies. An increase in the discount rate leads to an increase in the equilibrium number of active firms, profit per firm, the mean spread between ask and bid prices, and the variance of ask and bid prices, while lowering the number of active consumers and suppliers. The model is extended to examine the steady-state market equilibrium with continual entry and exit of consumers and suppliers. In the Walrasian market model, consumers, suppliers and firms are price takers, and the selection of market-clearing prices is ascribed to an exogenous Walrasian auctioneer. In practice however, while some firms act as price takers, many other firms act as price makers, often setting both output prices and input prices to balance their purchases and sales. Certainly, one cannot enter a store or view an advertisement without observing that firms post prices for their products. Furthermore, both large and small companies bid for capital, labour, manufactured inputs, resources, and technology. By setting ask and bid prices, wholesale and retail firms act as intermediaries, coordinate transactions, clear markets, and establish relative prices in the economy, see Spulber (1966). Manufacturing firms often combine production with related market-making activities. These observations suggest that markets are created and operated through the price-setting activities of firms. The question is how the market equilibrium with endogenous price setting by firms differs from the frictionless Walrasian framework. The purpose of this paper is to present a search model that allows an explicit comparison between the market equilibrium with endogenous price-setting by competing intermediaries and the traditional supply and demand model. I examine market-making by pricesetting firms with consumers searching for the lowest ask price and suppliers searching for the highest bid price. Contrary to the "law of one price", and consistent with some search models, the equilibrium with price-setting by firms features non-degenerate distributions of buyer and seller prices. Moreover, trade frictions give firms market power, so that in my model the buy and sell prices offered by a firm are not equal in equilibrium. Instead, market-making firms set buy and sell prices with ranges that are respectively above and below the Walrasian market-clearing price. Furthermore, as a consequence of market frictions, total output lies below the Walrasian output. The market equilibrium is also
Hypochlorous acid. Reaction with conjugated ketones a synthesis of α-chloro-β,γ-unsaturated ketones

Abstract The two-phase reaction of HOCl with more highly substituted conjugated ketones which can exist in an s - cis conformation yield α-chloro-β,γ-unsaturated ketones in good yield.
Sensitivity of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) symbiosis to high soil temperature

Experiments were done to test whether N fixation is more sensitive to high soil temperatures in common bean than in cowpea or soybean. Greenhouse experiments compared nodulation, nitrogenase activity, growth and nitrogen accumulation of several host/strain combinations of common bean with the other grain legumes and with N-fertilization, at various root temperatures. Field experiments compared relative N-accumulation (in symbiotic relative to N-fertilized plants) of common bean with cowpea under different soil thermal regimes. N-fertilized beans were unaffected by the higher temperatures, but nitrogen accumulation by symbiotic beans was always more sensitive to high root temperatures (33°C, 33/28°C, 34/28°C compared with 28°C) than were cowpea and soybean symbiosis. Healthy bean nodules that had developed at low temperatures functioned normally in acetylene reduction tests done at 35°C. High temperatures caused little or no suppression of nodule number. However, bean nodules produced at high temperatures were small and had low specific activity. ForP. vulgaris some tolerance to high temperature was observed among rhizobium strains (e.g., CIAT 899 was tolerant) but not among host cultivars. Heat tolerance ofP. acutifolius andP. lunatus symbioses was similar to that of cowpea and soybean. In the field, high surface soil temperatures did not reduce N accumulation in symbiotic beans more than in cowpea, probably because of compensatory nodulation in the deeper and cooler parts of the soil.
The roentgen treatment of filariasis. I.—Chyluria. II.—Filarial lymphangitis

Abstract 1. 1. Seven cases of chyluria were treated by roentgen irradiation of the kidney region. One was killed in an accident two weeks after her last irradiation and six were followed for periods of from one to three years after beginning treatment. In all of the seven the chyluria stopped during the course of the radiation therapy; in two a slight recurrence disappeared after further treatment, in two the chyluria reappeared within a year without an opportunity for further treatment, and two have been without recurrences for fifteen months and three years respectively. 2. 2. We believe the roentgen treatment of filarial chyluria to be worthy of a trial in any case. 3. 3. Fifteen unselected cases of filarial lymphangitis and elephantiasis were given roentgen irradiation over the involved extremity and were followed for from eight months to three and a half years after the first treatment. 4. 4. In two cases histological changes differing from those ordinarily seen in unirradiated tissue containing adult filariae, were observed in such tissue excised after a number of treatments had been given. 5. 5. In four cases symptoms suggesting the beginning of an attack of lymphangitis (which never fully developed) appeared within a few hours after roentgen treatments. 6. 6. Of the fifteen cases, eight appeared to be improved to a greater or less degree as compared with the condition before treatment; in five the relation between the treatment and subsequent events was too uncertain to permit a judgment ; in two there was no change in the succession of attacks ; in only one was the size of the enlarged leg reduced. 7. 7. In spite of the difficulty of appraising satisfactorily the results, it seems to us advisable to continue the roentgen treatment of filarial lymphangitis because of the apparent improvement in certain cases, because of the interesting observations noted under 4 and 5, and because there is no specific treatment available for this disease.
Analyzing multithreaded preconditioned conjugate gradient (mtPCG) algorithm on multicore architecture

Modeling and simulation has been used in science and engineering with theoretical analysis and practical experiments. Generally, these models are represented as partial differential equations(PDEs) which can be solved numerically using meshes and sparse matrices. The solution cost of sparse linear systems, typically, dominates the solution cost of these PDEs. Consequently, an efficient sparse linear solver is essential in scientific and engineering simulations. Researches have been focused on solving large scale problems using clustered systems using MPI programming. With the advent of multicore architecture, exploring parallelism on a single computer is getting popular. However, we do not have proper scientific algorithms to take advantages of this new architecture paradigm. In this paper, we introduce a multithreaded Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient (PCG) algorithm, namely mtPCG, which explores parallelism on multicore architectures. We also analyzed the performance and scalability of mtPCG on multicore architecture.
TEAMWORK AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN LOW-VOLUME ROAD SAFETY

The roles of teams and technology transfer in enhancing safety on low-volume roads are addressed. Roadway safety is a multidisciplinary science involving several elements: (a) the three components of the roadway system—people, vehicle, and roadway; (b) the agencies and groups that plan, design, build, and use roads and promote roadway safety; and (c) the public health and safety communities that are concerned with injury prevention, response, treatment, and rehabilitation. Often the people working within these separate elements are characterized by interests, methods, and means limited by the boundaries, real or perceived, of their disciplines, organizations, and cultures. The application of technology transfer and teamwork enhances the efficacy of efforts to focus these elements on issues and problems related to roadway safety. Three broad topics are discussed. First, the importance of integrating the efforts of technical and nontechnical people and organizations through the development and management of...