cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching Prostitution Seriously

This article examines what students learn about prostitution in criminal law courses by reviewing the treatment of prostitution in three criminal law casebooks currently in use in law schools and the teacher’s manuals that accompany them. Criminal law casebooks have undergone change as a result of feminist efforts to reform the criminal justice system. Although feminist legal theory has influenced the treatment of rape and domestic violence in the casebooks, the stereotypical treatment of prostitution remains virtually unchanged. The purpose of this article is to build on earlier feminist efforts and encourage criminal law teachers and casebook authors to recognize the gendered implications of the treatment of prostitution, to take the law of prostitution seriously, and to consider how prostitution implicates a broad range of criminal justice issues. During the last thirty years, feminist legal scholarship and activism have succeeded in making the criminal justice system more responsive to the issue of violence against women. In the area of domestic violence, states have
Use of medical chart audits in evaluating resident clinical competence: lessons learned from the development and refinement of a study protocol (Implications for use in meeting ACGME evaluation requirements)

Medical chart auditing, one strategy that may be employed to assess resident clinical competence, represents both a tool to evaluate performance, and a vehicle for change. It has been demonstrated that an ongoing chart audit and feedback system can successfully affect resident compliance with practice guidelines and is thus associated with improvements in performance. In the study described here, however, the vehicle for change was an enhanced curriculum, the success of which was subsequently measured via chart audits. Regardless of the primary purpose of such audits, the study investigators gleaned important information about the conduct of the audits that can be applied to current efforts by medical educators to incorporate chart audits into a comprehensive plan to meet new Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) program evaluation mandates. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Content Analysis of Female Body Imagery in Video Games

The 150 top-selling video games sold in the U.S. across nine platforms were content analyzed to study representations of female bodies. All human females in the games were captured via screenshot and body parts measured. These measurements were then compared to actual anthropometric data drawn from a representative sample of 3,000 American women. The results show that female video game characters at low levels of photorealism are systematically larger than the average American woman whereas female characters at the highest level of photorealism are systematically thinner. This study also found that games rated for children featured females that are thinner than characters in games rated for adults. These findings are discussed in terms of cultivation theory.
Democracy and economic development.

This discussion explains why democracy as is generally understood may not be suitable to meet the challenges of a developing economy and how democratic institutions generally fail to respond to the immediate demands of a population impatient to raise its level of living. It defines the terms economic development and democracy reviews some theoretical models of democracy which have been proposed in economic theory proposes an approach to the process of economic development and considers problems of development. Economic development is a process which calls for huge investments in personnel and material. Such investment programs imply cuts in current consumption that would be painful at the low levels of living that exist in almost all developing societies. Governments need to resort to strong measures and they must enforce them vigorously in order to marshal the surpluses required for investment. If such measures were put to a popular vote they would certainly be defeated. Mainstream economic theory assumes the virtues of a market system and the decisions arrived at by the interaction of market forces. This is the economic equivalent of democracy. Yet mainstream economic theory devotes little attention to the conditions under which a market system generates a just solution. The democratic developing countries have all inherited a class society with a highly skewed distribution of income. The wealthy minority often seeks to preserve its privileged position and to enjoy the benefits of development. It even seeks the help of the judiciary to preserve the sanctity of private property and to assure that its patterns of conspicuous consumption can continue. This is done in the name of democratic rights. Many developing societies are burdened with outmoded traditions and value systems that are incompatible with the production relations of the new society they hope to achieve. The international exchange of resources is believed by some to be an attempt to control the pace and character of development so that the economic colonization will survive. To end such unfavorable conditions for development 3rd world governments must demand greater sacrifices from their citizens and this cannot be achieved by normal democratic means. Recent events in several developing nations illustrate this point.
Broken Symmetry and Decay of Order in Restricted Dimensionality

The ordering of one- and two-dimensional systems with a continuous symmetry is considered in the absence of a symmetry-breaking field. It is shown rigorously that no spontaneous ordering can occur; bounds on the order-order correlation function integrated over a subdomain indicate how the short-range order decays with distance.
Radiation therapy in malignant testis tumors. Part I: Seminoma; Part II: Carcinoma

Specific treatment of malignant germ cell tumors of the testis following inguinal orchiectomy is predicated on histologic type and stage of involvement. A review of 839 patients treated at Walter Reed General Hospital has shown a 60% overall 10-year survival. With seminomas, treatment by orchiectomy and irradiation to lymphatic drainage pathways can result in cure rates of 90-95%. The proper treatment of testicular carcinoma is far from settled. The mainstay of such treatment in the U.S. has been retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy followed by irradiation for positive nodes. However, it is still not clear whether irradiation might not be equal or superior to lymphadenectomy in early disease. Bilateral lymphadenectomy has shown no advantage over unilateral lymphadenectomy with positive metastases when postoperative irradiation has been administered. Preoperative irradiation and lymphadenectomy show promise for testicular carcinoma, but investigation along such lines is limited thus far to small numbers of cases and a relatively short duration of followups. Prospective national studies for testis carcinoma are clearly needed.
Up-regulation of adenosine receptors in the cochlea by cisplatin

In a previous study, we have demonstrated the presence of two adenosine receptor (AR) subtypes, namely A1 and A3AR, in the chinchilla cochlea. One or both of these receptors couple to activation of antioxidant enzymes, with resulting decreases in lipid peroxidation. The chemotherapeutic agent, cisplatin, was shown to produce ototoxicity within a few days of administration presumably by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thereby increasing lipid peroxidation. In this study, we focused on whether lipid peroxidation induces hearing loss by assessing the cochlear antioxidant defense system over a shorter time period (24 h) following cisplatin administration. Cisplatin was administered to anesthetized chinchillas by round window membrane application and hearing loss was determined by compound action potential (CAP) and endocochlear potential (EP) 24 and 72 h post-treatment. Elevations in CAP thresholds in response to click and to 2, 4, 8 and 16 kHz tones and decreases in EP were obtained within 24 h of cisplatin treatment. These changes persisted for at least up to 72 h. Measurements of antioxidant enzymes indicate no change in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase or glutathione peroxidase, either 24 or 72 h following cisplatin treatment. The levels of malondialdehyde obtained at these time points were equivalent to those obtained from the controls. Furthermore, no difference in cochlear morphology was detectable by scanning electron microscopy at the basal, middle or apical turns of the cochlea within 24 h. By 72 h, however, losses in both inner and outer hair cells were observed in the basal and middle turns of the cochlea. A major finding of this study is that exposure to cisplatin led to a 5-fold up-regulation of [125I]N6-2-[4-amino-3-phenyl]ethyladenosine binding in the cochlea within 24 h, reflecting increases in expression of AR(s) in this tissue. These data indicate a dissociation between cisplatin acute (within 24 h) ototoxicity and lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, up-regulation of AR(s) may represent a rapid compensatory mechanism by the cochlea to counter the toxic effects of increased ROS generated by cisplatin.
Lifshitz point in ferroelectric liquid crystals

Ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLCs) find many applications in display devices, waveguide switching and optical computing. These applications exploit the electrically alignable polarization of FLCs in the Smectic C* (SmC*) phase. In the absence of an electrical field, the SmC* phase exhibits helical modulation of the polarization vector resulting in no net bulk polarization. Pitch length and polarization properties of the phase are associated with the tilted structure and chirality of FLCs. Fundamentally, these physical properties constitute secondary order parameters of the SmA-SmC* (AC*) phase transitions. In this paper, we report a unique and startling ACC* multicritical point in mixtures of chiral DOBAMBC (p-(n- decyloxybenzylidene)-p-amino-(2-methyl-butyl) cinnamate and archiral 10O.8 (4- decyloxybenzylidene-4' octylaniline) where the SmA, C, and C* (ACC* point) phases meet. Studies of the phase diagram, tilt angle ((theta) ), polarization (P) and helix pitch (p) reveal an ACC* Lifshitz point that can be described in terms of the extended Landau theory. Specifically, the TAC* and maximum polarization (Pm) exhibit quadratic composition dependence while the helical pitch length (p equals 2(pi) /q) varies linearly. Both q and Pm vanish discontinuously at the C-C* phase boundary revealing its first order nature. Significantly, the composition dependence (x) of Pm and (theta) can be explained using percolation and thermodynamic scaling theories, respectively.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Detection and monitoring of asymptomatic atherosclerosis in clinical trials

Methods are currently available to noninvasively detect and evaluate asymptomatic atherosclerosis in the carotid artery, and provide a unique opportunity to monitor the effect of medical intervention during the early stages of atherosclerotic progression. When using high-resolution B-mode ultrasound to monitor lesion change over time, it is the reproducibility of measurements at the arterial wall and lumen that defines the confidence of establishing rates of disease progression. Previous studies have demonstrated that, in a research environment using standardized protocols for scanning and interpretation, the absolute difference between blinded replicate measurements of arterial wall thicknesses at sites of lesion is less than 0.2 mm. The Multicenter Isradipine Diuretic Atherosclerosis Study will use high-resolution B-mode ultrasound to determine the effect of isradipine and hydrochlorothiazide on the rate of progression of carotid artery atherosclerosis in hypertensive subjects. Methods for scanning and interpretation of arterial wall thickenings are presented.
Spontaneous carcinoma of the cervix uteri in a monkey (Macaca mulatta).

This report describes the spontaneous occurrence of a metastisizing cervical carcinoma in an old monkey. This is the 1st report of a cervical carcinoma in a lower primate. The monkeys age was unknown but she was obviously old when she was purchased from a dealer in May 1948. She died March 12 1956 of acute illness. Autopsy revealed an enormous cervix with numerous nodules. The urinary bladder adherent to the cervix also contained nodules and almost closed the entrance of the ureters into the bladder. Bilateral hydronenephrosis was noted in the kidneys and urinary tract obstruction was presumed to be the immediate cause of death. The mammary glands were normal but markedly atrophied as were the ovaries and the uterus. Invasion of all regional lymph nodes and metastases to the lungs were also observed. The entire cervix was tumorous extending for a short distance around the fornices into the vaginal walls. The rectum was not involved. Several features of the cervical carcinoma of this monkey resembled those of human cervical cancer; in fact it meets most if not all of the requirements of stage classification established by the League of Nations for carcinoma of the human uterine cervix. Further research of older primates should be done to determine the presence of cervical as well as other cancerous conditions of the reproductive tract in the older primates.
P-technique comes of age. Multivariate, replicated, single-subject designs for research on older adults.

The complexity of human behavior demands that research methods be capable of dealing with multivariate, multioccasion, multisubject data if successful explanatory accounts of behavior are to be constructed. When the research focus is on developmental phenomena such as aging, the complexity of the task is even greater because of the difficulties of modeling and accounting for systematic changes in behavior. Proper decisions about which research methods to use rest on four principal concerns: (1) general orientation of the research; (2) theoretical assumptions concerning the nature of the phenomenon being studied; (3) data collection strategy; and (4) data analysis tactics.Replicated, multivariate, single-subject research designs such as P-technique involve assessment with multiple variables at each of many times of measurement. The resulting data, which are analyzed to determine the nature of occasion-to-occasion changes in the variables, can inform about both covariation patterns and level. Such designs h...
Continuous distributions of dislocations in bonded half spaces

Abstract The problem of continuous distributions of dislocations in joined half spaces with a perfectly bonded interface is solved by two different approaches. The solution for the three-dimensional periodic distribution is obtained using a method similar to the body-force analogy in thermoelasticity. It is shown that the fields for a discrete dislocation in one of the two joined half spaces can be obtained in a simple manner from the general results. The two-dimensional periodic distribution is solved by a semi-inverse method. The application of these results is demonstrated for a screw dislocation piercing the interface.
Precipitated Bone Phosphate in Broiler Chick Diets

Abstract Day-old Cobb × Cobb broiler chicks were housed in battery brooders for 21-day feeding periods during two experiments. Dietary treatments consisted of a corn-soybean starter feed (.37% total; .14% nonphytin phosphorus) supplemented with 0, .05, .10, .15, or .28% phosphorus in the form of dicalcium phosphate, precipitated bone phosphate, or a mixture of soft and precipitated phosphates (each providing 50% of the phosphorus addition). Total dietary calcium was held constant at .90%. Comparable dietary phosphorus from precipitated bone and the soft-precipitated mixture supported body weights statistically equivalent to those of dicalcium phosphate treatments. Tibia ash results at suboptimal phosphorus levels, with one exception, indicated statistically equal utilization from the soft-precipitated combination. Slope-ratio techniques using tibia ash and total nonphytin phosphorus intake established the bioavailability of phosphorus from precipitated bone was 120% when dicalcium phosphate was the standard. The data indicate that precipitated bone phosphate for broilers was fully equivalent in performance to dicalcium phosphate. Providing one-half the supplemental phosphorus from both soft phosphate and precipitated bone seemed to be an acceptable method of meeting practical phosphorus requirements.
The show must go on

I sometimes hear about a colleague that has had to cancel a class, and there are, no doubt, many good reasons why this happens. Often, an important research conference falls in the middle of the se...
Effects of nicotinic stimulation on cognitive performance

Recent advances in studies of nicotinic agents in humans have begun to more carefully define cognitive operations that can be influenced by nicotinic stimulation and/or blockade. Careful separation of the cognitive domains affected by nicotinic stimulation has identified attentional performance as the most likely candidate to be positively influenced by nicotinic receptor activation. Studies of the effects of nicotinic systems and/or nicotinic receptor stimulation in pathological disease states such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and schizophrenia show the potential for therapeutic utility of nicotinic drugs. In contrast to studies in pathological states, studies of nicotine in normal-non-smokers tend to show deleterious effects. This contradiction can be resolved by consideration of cognitive and biological baseline dependency differences between study populations in terms of the relationship of optimal cognitive performance to nicotinic receptor activity. Although normal individuals are unlikely to show cognitive benefits after nicotinic stimulation except under extreme task conditions, individuals with a variety of disease states can benefit from nicotinic drugs. Attentional function/dysfunction may serve as an endophenotypic therapeutic target for nicotinic drug development.
On the “orthorhombic form of C60” molecular crystals containing CS2

Abstract Crystals of orthorhombic symmetry obtained on evaporation of CS 2 solutions of C 60 contain solvent molecules rather than representing a new lower density form of pure C 60 . Introduction of I 2 into the CS 2 solutions yields containing solid solutions, i.e. C 60 ·1.5 (CS 2 , I 2 ). Both types of crystals degrade rapidly in X-ray radiation.
Reactive Oxygen Species Formation by UV-A Irradiation of Urocanic Acid and the Role of Trace Metals in This Chemistry¶

Abstract We have extended our study of the decomposition of urocanic acid (UCA) with ultraviolet A radiation (UV-A) by the self-sensitized generation of singlet oxygen (see Photochem. Photobiol. 75, 565 [2002]). The chemistry has been found to be partially dependent on the presence of trace metal, most likely iron. Rigorous removal of metal impurities from the reaction mixture, using Chelex, retarded (but did not eliminate) the UV-A–initiated UCA degradation. The addition of small amounts of ferric chloride to the Chelex-treated solutions restored reactivity. Chelex treatment had a modest effect on the previously reported ability of UCA photoproducts to photonick supercoiled plasmid DNA. Also, photoinactivation of Sindbis virus on irradiation with the UCA photoproducts is now reported. Inactivation of the virus by a photoproduct mixture derived from a UCA solution that had been pretreated with Chelex was less rapid and gave better behaved time-course plots than was observed for photoproducts from non–Chel...
Sampling Conformation Space to Model Equilibrium Fluctuations in Proteins

This paper proposes the Protein Ensemble Method (PEM) to model equilibrium fluctuations in proteins where fragments of the protein polypeptide chain can move independently of one another. PEM models global equilibrium fluctuations of a polypeptide chain by combining local fluctuations of consecutive overlapping fragments of the chain. Local fluctuations are computed by a probabilistic exploration that exploits analogies between proteins and robots. All generated conformations are subjected to energy minimization and then are weighted according to a Boltzmann distribution. Using the theory of statistical mechanics the Boltzmann-weighted fluctuations corresponding to each fragment are combined to obtain fluctuations for the entire protein. The agreement obtained between PEM-modeled fluctuations, wet-lab experiment and guided simulation measurements, indicates that PEM is able to reproduce with high accuracy protein equilibrium fluctuations that occur over a broad range of timescales.
Using e‐procurement applications to achieve integration: what role does firm size play?

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to empirically investigate the role of firm size in the use of e‐procurement applications that vary in their ability to facilitate supply chain integration.Design/methodology/approach – The sample was drawn from members of the Institute for Supply Management (ISM). Purchasing professionals employed in 33 different industries completed a self‐administered questionnaire.Findings – A total of 128 useable surveys were received. The data revealed a significant relationship between firm size and e‐procurement application. Specifically, larger firms were more likely to use integrative types of e‐procurement.Research limitations/implications – The study was limited in that it excluded purchasing professionals employed in the service sector. In addition, it only focused on the relationship between a single variable and e‐procurement application.Practical implications – This research provides support for studies that suggest that firm size is related to IT use. In addition,...
FGF21 N- and C-termini play different roles in receptor interaction and activation

Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) signaling requires the presence of beta-Klotho, a co-receptor with a very short cytoplasmic domain. Here we show that FGF21 binds directly to beta-Klotho through its C-terminus. Serial C-terminal truncations of FGF21 weakened or even abrogated its interaction with beta-Klotho in a Biacore assay, and led to gradual loss of potency in a luciferase reporter assay but with little effect on maximal response. In contrast, serial N-terminal truncations of FGF21 had no impact on beta-Klotho binding. Interestingly, several of them exhibited characteristics of partial agonists with minimal effects on potency. These data demonstrate that the C-terminus of FGF21 is critical for binding to beta-Klotho and the N-terminus is critical for fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) activation.
Bathymetric refraction effects associated with marine pile driving

Measurements of underwater noise from vibratory pile driving from a marine construction site in Puget Sound, Washington, are studied using line array-based measurements made at range 16 m from the pile source and single hydrophones at range 417-m on one transect, and at ranges 207-m and 436-m on another transect running approximately parallel to a sloping shoreline. Using adiabatic modes, the field from an incoherent line source model is propagated along these two transects. This approach works well except for the 436-m measurements located on the along-shore transect, where the observed levels for frequencies <300 Hz are significantly lower than predicted. These observations are interpreted in the context of shadow zones associated with bathymetric refraction for a downward sloping beach [Deane and Buckingham, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 93, 1319 (1993)]. The modal amplitude due to horizontal refraction is evaluated with the parabolic wave equation, written in terms of the depth dependent phase velocity of each mode [Ballard, Proc. Meetings Acoust.ics 15, 070001 (2012)]. The results are significant as sloping beaches form many of the boundaries to waters where pile driving occurs, and where protective environment underwater noise monitoring is necessary, such as in Puget Sound.
Grief after second-trimester termination for fetal anomaly: a qualitative study.

Objectives We aimed to qualitatively evaluate factors that contribute to and alleviate grief associated with termination of a pregnancy for a fetal anomaly and how that grief changes over time.
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Replicon Particle Vaccine Protects Nonhuman Primates from Intramuscular and Aerosol Challenge with Ebolavirus

There are no vaccines or therapeutics currently approved for the prevention or treatment of ebolavirus infection. Previously, a replicon vaccine based on Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) demonstrated protective efficacy against Marburg virus in nonhuman primates. Here, we report the protective efficacy of Sudan virus (SUDV)- and Ebola virus (EBOV)-specific VEEV replicon particle (VRP) vaccines in nonhuman primates. VRP vaccines were developed to express the glycoprotein (GP) of either SUDV or EBOV. A single intramuscular vaccination of cynomolgus macaques with VRP expressing SUDV GP provided complete protection against intramuscular challenge with SUDV. Vaccination against SUDV and subsequent survival of SUDV challenge did not fully protect cynomolgus macaques against intramuscular EBOV back-challenge. However, a single simultaneous intramuscular vaccination with VRP expressing SUDV GP combined with VRP expressing EBOV GP did provide complete protection against intramuscular challenge with either SUDV or EBOV in cynomolgus macaques. Finally, intramuscular vaccination with VRP expressing SUDV GP completely protected cynomolgus macaques when challenged with aerosolized SUDV, although complete protection against aerosol challenge required two vaccinations with this vaccine.
Immediate postoperative care of cardiac surgical patients.

Summary Anesthetic care of the cardiac surgery patient is a continuum, beginning with the preoperative visit and ending when the patient is ambulatory and breathing well on the postoperative floor. Anesthesiologists are well-suited to provide postoperative care because the respiratory and cardiovascular management techniques are an extension of OR management. Attention to details is as important in the ICU as in the OR and offers the opportunity to forestall or reduce morbidity.
Lidocaine-induced reduction in size of experimental myocardial infarction☆

Abstract In anesthetized open chest dogs, the effects of therapeutic doses of lidocaine on myocardial cell respiration, creatine kinase depletion, left ventricular stroke work and cardiac necrosis were assessed. The dogs were subjected to 40 minutes of occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery, followed by 5 hours of reperfusion. Group I (12 dogs) had infusion of saline solution; group II (8 dogs) had Infusion of 0.2 mg/kg per min of lidocaine (serum level 16.8 ± 1.4 μg/ml); group III (5 dogs) had infusion of 0.04 mg/kg per min of lidocaine (serum level 3.6 /gmg/ml). Ischemic regional myocardial blood flow (measured by 9 μm spheres of strontium-85) was 6.34 ± 1.62 ml/100 mg per min in group I 1.48 ± 0.59 in group II (p
Book Review: Maya Tudor, The Promise of Power: The Origins of Democracy in India and Autocracy in Pakistan

Maya Tudor, The Promise of Power: The Origins of Democracy in India and Autocracy in Pakistan. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press. 2013. xvi + 239 pages. ₹ 595.
Sacrificing simplicity for convenience: Where do you draw the line?

The designers of (functional) programming languages are faced with two occasionally conflicting goals: programmer convenience and semantic simplicity. For example, it is convenient to treat I/O operations as primitive “functions” with side effects, but doing so destroys referential transparency.FL is a functional language that is designed to trade some of the semantic simplicity of a pure language for some of the convenience of a procedural language, by treating I/O operations as primitives with “side effects”, but by using a structuring technique that localizes the scope of those effects. In this way, surprisingly little of the semantic simplicity is lost, as can be seen by comparing the underlying algebraic laws of FL with those of its pure counterpart. FP.This paper describes that comparison and shows that, in fact, for programs involving I/O, the structures of the algebraic laws of the two languages are identical! It concludes by showing that this technique cannot be extended to allow assignment statements without incurring a massive loss in the expressiveness and simplicity of the underlying algebra.
Alkaline phosphatases and aminopeptidases are altered in a Cry11Aa resistant strain of Aedes aegypti

Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) is widely used for the biological control of mosquito populations. However, the mechanism of Bti toxins is still not fully understood. To further elucidate the mechanism of Bti toxins, we developed an Aedes aegypti resistant strain that shows high-level resistance to Cry11Aa toxin. After 27 selections with Cry11Aa toxin, the larvae showed a 124-fold resistance ratio for Cry11Aa (strain G30). G30 larvae showed cross-resistance to Cry4Aa (66-fold resistance), less to Cry4Ba (13-fold), but not to Cry11Ba (2-fold). Midguts from these resistant larvae did not show detectable difference in the processing of the Cry11Aa toxin compared to that in susceptible larvae (WT). Brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) from resistant larvae bound slightly less Cry11Aa compared to WT BBMV. To identify potential proteins associated with Cry11A resistance, not only transcript changes in the larval midgut were analyzed using Illumina sequencing and qPCR, but alterations of previously identified receptor proteins were investigated using immunoblots. The transcripts of 375 genes were significantly increased and those of 208 genes were down regulated in the resistant larvae midgut compared to the WT. None of the transcripts for previously identified receptors of Cry11Aa (Aedes cadherin, ALP1, APN1, and APN2) were altered in these analyses. The genes for the identified functional receptors in resistant larvae midgut did not contain any mutation in their sequences nor was there any change in their transcript expression levels compared to WT. However, ALP proteins were expressed at reduced levels (∼40%) in the resistant strain BBMV. APN proteins and their activity were also slightly reduced in resistance strain. The transcript levels of ALPs (AAEL013330 and AAEL015070) and APNs (AAEL008158, AAEL008162) were significantly reduced. These results strongly suggest that ALPs and APNs could be associated with Cry11Aa resistance in Ae. aegypti.
The Computational Materials Design Facility (CMDF): A powerful framework for multi-paradigm multi-scale simulations

Predicting the properties and behavior of materials by computer simulation from a fundamental, ab initio perspective has long been a vision of computational material scientists. The key to achieving this goal is utilizing hierarchies of paradigms and scales that connect macrosystems to first principles quantum mechanics (QM). Here we describe a new software environment, the “Computational Materials Design Facility” (CMDF), capable of simulations of complex materials studies using a variety of simulation paradigms. The CMDF utilizes a Python scripting layer to integrate different computational tools to develop multi-scale simulation applications. We have integrated DFT QM methods, the first principles ReaxFF reactive force field, empirical all atom force fields (FFs), mesoscale and continuum methods. The central data structure Extended OpenBabel (XOB) plays a critical role as glue between applications. We demonstrate the usefulness of CMDF in examples that couple complex chemistry and mechanical properties during dynamical failure processes, as for example in a study of cracking of Ni under presence of O 2 .
Anaphylaxis to Cutaneous Exposure to Milk Protein in a Diaper Rash Ointment

A 12-month-old boy, with a strong history of cow's milk allergy, developed two episodes of anaphylaxis following cutaneous application of a casein containing ointment to an inflamed diaper area. RAST testing showed a significant elevation in specific IgE antibodies to milk and milk proteins. This experience suggests that children who are highly sensitive to milk may have severe allergic reactions on cutaneous exposure to milk or milk products.
Does the central bottleneck encompass voluntary selection of hedonically based choices

A large literature on multitasking bottlenecks suggests that people cannot generally make decisions or select responses in two different tasks at the same time. However, these tasks have all involved retrieving preinstructed responses, rather than spontaneously choosing actions based on anticipated hedonic consequences. To assess whether the same bottlenecks encompasses voluntary choices, a gambling decision was utilized as the second of two tasks in a psychological refractory period (PRP) design. Three decision-related factors were identified that affected latency of responding in the gambling task. All proved to be additive with stimulus-onset asynchrony (SOA) in dual-task blocks. The results indicate that making a choice to try to optimize outcomes is subject to the same processing bottleneck as the retrieval of preinstructed responses that has been the mainstay of attention and performance research.
Method for measuring off-diagonal Kerr coefficients by using polarized light transmission.

We report a method for measuring the off-diagonal coefficients of the quadratic electro-optic (Kerr) tensor by using polarized light transmission. The method relies on designing an experimental configuration in which the linear electro-optic (Pockels) effect does not contribute to the data. Our method can be used to obtain off-diagonal Kerr coefficients for all but two of the 20 crystal point groups for which the Pockels effect and the Kerr effect coexist. Our theoretical model includes effects from transmission, multiple reflections, and electrostriction but neglects absorption in the crystal. To verify the method, we used it to measure the R12 and R13 Kerr coefficients for a (100)-type single crystal of ferroelectric barium titanate (BaTiO3) at room temperature (23.5°). To our knowledge, this is the first time this method has been used and the first time these coefficients have been measured for the unclamped crystal in the tetragonal state. The mean values obtained with this method are R12=-3.5±0.3×10-17 m2/V2 and R13=-8.0±0.7×10-17 m2/V2.
The consensus mechanics of cultured mammalian cells

Although understanding cells' responses to mechanical stimuli is seen as increasingly important for understanding cell biology, how to best measure, interpret, and model cells' mechanical properties remains unclear. We determine the frequency-dependent shear modulus of cultured mammalian cells by using four different methods, both unique and well established. This approach clarifies the effects of cytoskeletal heterogeneity, ATP-dependent processes, and cell regional variations on the interpretation of such measurements. Our results clearly indicate two qualitatively similar, but distinct, mechanical responses, corresponding to the cortical and intracellular networks, each having an unusual, weak power-law form at low frequency. The two frequency-dependent responses we observe are remarkably similar to those reported for a variety of cultured mammalian cells measured with different techniques, suggesting it is a useful consensus description. Finally, we discuss possible physical explanations for the observed mechanical response.
Epidemiologic and Molecular Analysis of Human Tularemia, United States, 1964–2004

Tularemia in the United States is caused by 2 subspecies of Francisella tularensis, subspecies tularensis (type A) and subspecies holarctica (type B). We compared clinical and demographic features of human tularemia cases from 1964 to 2004 from 39 states in which an isolate was recovered and subtyped. Our data indicate that type A and type B infections differ with respect to affected populations, anatomic site of isolation, and geographic distribution. Molecular subtyping with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis further defined 2 subpopulations of type A (type A-east and type A-west) that differ with respect to geographic distribution, disease outcome, and transmission. Our data suggest that type A-west infections are less severe than either type B or type A-east infections. Through a combined epidemiologic and molecular approach to human cases of tularemia, we provide new insights into the disease for future investigation.
Macrophages Are Essential for the Early Wound Healing Response and the Formation of a Fibrovascular Scar

After wounding, multiple cell types interact to form a fibrovascular scar; the formation and cellular origins of these scars are incompletely understood. We used a laser-injury wound model of choroidal neovascularization in the eye to determine the spatiotemporal cellular events that lead to formation of a fibrovascular scar. After laser injury, F4/80 + myeloid cells infiltrate the wound site and induce smooth muscle actin (SMA) expression in adjacent retinal pigment epithelial cells, with subsequent formation of a SMA + NG2 + myofibroblastic scaffold, into which endothelial cells then infiltrate to form a fibrovascular lesion. Cells of the fibrovascular scaffold express the proangiogenic factor IL-1β strongly, whereas retinal pigment epithelial cells are the main source of VEGF-A. Subsequent choroidal neovascularization is limited to the area demarcated by this myofibroblastic scaffold and occurs independently of epithelial- or myeloid-derived VEGF-A. The SMA + NG2 + myofibroblastic cells, F4/80 + macrophages, and adjacent epithelial cells actively proliferate in the early phase of the wound healing response. Cell-lineage tracing experiments suggest that the SMA + NG2 + myofibroblastic scaffold originates from choroidal pericyte-like cells. Targeted ablation of macrophages inhibits the formation of this fibrovascular scaffold, and expression analysis reveals that these macrophages are Arg1 + YM1 + F4/80 + alternatively activated M2-like macrophages, which do not require IL-4/STAT6 or IL-10 signaling for their activation. Thus, macrophages are essential for the early wound healing response and the formation of a fibrovascular scar.
Character, Conformity, or the Bottom Line? How and Why Downsizing Affected Corporate Reputation

The aim of this study is to illuminate reputational change processes and identify the underlying theoretical mechanisms. We draw upon extant literature to develop three distinct explanations for reputational change, respectively emphasizing criteria of organizational “character,” symbolic conformity, and technical efficacy. We evaluate these explanations by examining the reputational consequences of corporate downsizing. Our results show that downsizing exerted a strong, negative effect on reputation, consistently with the character explanation. However, significant moderation of this negative effect by other factors, including stock market reaction and downsizing’s overall prevalence, indicates the need for a multitheoretical approach to reputational change.
Pharmacologic Management of Acute Attacks of Migraine and Prevention of Migraine Headache

Migraine headache is a common disorder seen in primary care. It affects 18% of women and 6.5% of men in the United States, almost half of whom are undiagnosed or undertreated (1, 2). These guidelines, developed by the American Academy of Family Physicians and the American College of Physicians–American Society of Internal Medicine, with assistance from the American Headache Society, are based on two previously published papers (3, 4). The papers, titled “Evidence-Based Guidelines for Migraine Headache in the Primary Care Setting: Pharmacological Management of Acute Attacks,” by Matchar and colleagues (3), and “Evidence-Based Guidelines for Migraine Headache in the Primary Care Setting: Pharmacological Management for Prevention of Migraine,” by Ramadan and coworkers (4), can be found at www.aan.com/professionals/practice/guidelines.cfm. 1 The target audience for this guideline is primary care physicians. The guideline applies to patients with acute migraine attacks, with or without aura, and patients with migraine who are candidates for preventive drug therapy. Although these guidelines are all based on the articles by Matchar and Ramadan and colleagues, the recommendations may differ because different thresholds of evidence were needed for making a positive recommendation. Table 1 compares the AAFP/ACP–ASIM guideline and the U.S. Headache Consortium Guideline. Throughout the text, asterisks indicate drugs that are currently not available in the United States.
Power optimization of wireless systems utilizing space-time block coding and successively refinable source coding

In this paper, power optimization of wireless systems utilizing multiple transmit antennas and successively refinable source coding is considered. We present a solution to a formulation of an optimization problem aimed at minimizing total power consumption of such wireless systems subject to a given level of QoS and an overall available bit rate. Our formulation takes into consideration the power consumption related to source coding, channel coding, and layered transmission of multiple transmit antennas. In our study, we consider a Gauss-Markov source model, a Rayleigh fading channel along with the Gilbert-Elliott loss model, and a space-time transmission block code.
Distributed Parameter Vibration with Structural Damping and Noise Excitation

A method is described for the electronic analog computer that will permit the determination of the vibration amplitude responses of a distributed system with structural damping to a random-noise excitation such as might be experienced by a missile structure accelerated by a jet propulsion system. There is general agreement among the investigators in the literature that structural damping is both frequency independent and amplitude dependent. Simulation of the structure by a method of normal modes permits the introduction of a discrete equivalent viscous-damping coefficient for each mode frequency, thereby effecting the frequency-independent characteristic of structural damping.
A new linear systolic array for FFT computation

The authors propose a linear systolic array for fast Fourier transform (FFT) computation that is based on the Pease algorithm, which has the advantage of making the systolic array structure uniform from stage to stage. With slight modifications the algorithm can be directly implemented on a systolic array. The array needs only log/sub 2/n processors, where n is the number of input words (length of the FFT). It processes data generated at a speed twice the rate of the processor clock. >
MIDAS: integrated design and simulation of distributed systems

An approach called MIDAS is described that supports the design of distributed systems via iterative refinement of hybrid models. A hybrid model is a partially implemented design where some components exist as simulation models and others as operational subsystems. It is an executable model and may be used to determine the stochastic performance characteristics of a partially elaborated design. MIDAS enhances the applicability of hybrid models in system design with its support for interrupts and its inclusion of distributed components in the partially implemented design. The authors describe how an existing simulation language may be extended to program hybrid models, and show how simulation algorithms may be adapted to execute hybrid models. A prototype MIDAS implementation is operational and was used to develop a set of applications. The experimental results of the exercise are also described. >
Decreases in the precision of Purkinje cell pacemaking cause cerebellar dysfunction and ataxia.

Episodic ataxia type-2 (EA2) is caused by mutations in P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channels that are expressed at high densities in cerebellar Purkinje cells. Because P/Q channels support neurotransmitter release at many synapses, it is believed that ataxia is caused by impaired synaptic transmission. Here we show that in ataxic P/Q channel mutant mice, the precision of Purkinje cell pacemaking is lost such that there is a significant degradation of the synaptic information encoded in their activity. The irregular pacemaking is caused by reduced activation of calcium-activated potassium (KCa) channels and was reversed by pharmacologically increasing their activity with 1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone (EBIO). Moreover, chronic in vivo perfusion of EBIO into the cerebellum of ataxic mice significantly improved motor performance. Our data support the hypothesis that the precision of intrinsic pacemaking in Purkinje cells is essential for motor coordination and suggest that KCa channels may constitute a potential therapeutic target in EA2.
The Valuation of Intellectual Capital

This paper studies the value relevance of Intellectual Capital by comparing a set of different valuation models. The empirical analysis covers 300 large European companies from 1990 to 2001. Drawing on the Ohlson (1995) and Feltham-Ohlson (1995) model, I define and test the value relevance of an Intellectual Capital earnings measure, providing evidence for the superior explanatory power of this metric compared to other income measures. I also find evidence for the superior explanatory power of a valuation function, based on IC earnings and operating earnings.
Evaluation of susceptibility test breakpoints used to predict mecA-mediated resistance in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolated from dogs.

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute interpretive breakpoints for in vitro susceptibility tests that predict mecA-mediated oxacillin resistance in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates from animals have been changed twice in the past decade. Moreover, there are no counterpart recommendations for human isolates of S. pseudintermedius. Individual medical and veterinary laboratories variably use interpretive breakpoints identical to those recommended for use with Staphylococcus aureus or identical to those recommended for use with coagulase-negative staphylococci. The purpose of the current study was to examine correlations between oxacillin disk diffusion, oxacillin gradient diffusion, oxacillin microbroth dilution, and cefoxitin disk diffusion tests used to predict mecA-mediated resistance in S. pseudintermedius and to retrospectively estimate, from disk diffusion zone diameter measurements, the prevalence and rate of increase of oxacillin resistance among canine S. pseudintermedius isolates submitted to a veterinary teaching hospital laboratory. Oxacillin disk diffusion zone diameters of or=0.5 microg/ml were highly correlated with detection of mecA in canine S. pseudintermedius isolates by polymerase chain reaction. MecA-mediated resistance among S. pseudintermedius isolates from dogs increased from less than 5% in 2001 to near 30% in 2007. More than 90% of the methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius isolates in 2006 and 2007 were also resistant to representatives of >or=4 additional antimicrobial drug classes. Cefoxitin disk diffusion with the resistance breakpoint set at <or=24 mm significantly underestimated the presence of mecA in S. pseudintermedius.