cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autopsy-proven progressive supranuclear palsy presenting as behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia.

Background: Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a neurodegenerative disorder pathologically characterized by neuronal loss, gliosis and tau-positive neurofibrillary tangles in basal ganglia, brainstem and cerebellar nuclei. Five presenting clinical syndromes of PSP are well-described: (i) the classic Richardson's syndrome; (ii) asymmetric parkinsonism with tremor; (iii) freezing of gait; (iv) asymmetric limb apraxia, and (v) apraxia of speech. Aim: To determine whether autopsy-proven PSP cases may present with another clinical phenotype. Methods: Medical records of 66 autopsy-proven PSP cases between 1973 and 2010 were reviewed to determine whether all could be classified into one of five well-defined syndromes listed above. Three cases presented with prominent behavioral and personality changes, meeting diagnosis of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. MRI midbrain and pons volumes and pons/midbrain ratios were compared to healthy controls and typical PSP cases. Results: All three bvFTD cases ...
Intrahippocampal kainic acid, seizures and local neuronal degeneration: Relationships assessed in unanesthetized rats

Intrahippocampal infusion of nanogram amounts of the neurotoxin kainic acid were used to investigate possible relationships between the convulsive and the local neurodegenerative properties of the amino acid. Bilateral hippocampal depth electrodes and cortical leads were employed to provide simultaneous and continuous electroencephalographic records following kainate injection in unanesthetized freely-behaving rats. In every animal, morphological analysis was performed 3-5 days after administration of kainic acid and attempts were made to correlate neuronal destruction with electroencephalographic patterns. Doses as low as 500 pg kainate led to behavioral sequelae consisting of grooming, scratching and enhanced locomotor activity. In a roughly dose-dependent fashion (range 500 gp-250 ng), these behaviors increased in frequency and at the highest doses the rats also displayed wet-dog shakes, stereotype mouth movements and occasional facial myoclonus. Apart from these automatisms, generalized motor seizures were never seen. Following kainic acid, a spectrum of electroencephalographic changes could occur consisting of one or more of the following: high voltage fast activity, slow and fast high voltage spiking, paroxysmal bursts, spindle bursts or postictal depression periods. The combination of any two of these changes were defined as an ictal episode if they occurred in all four leads simultaneously. Upon morphological examination, only the highest dose used (250 ng) resulted reliably in the degeneration of CA3, CA4 and, partly, CA1 pyramidal cells on the injected side. While the duration of electroencephalographic changes at this dose was significantly higher than at any of the lower doses, the number of seizures or the total time spent in seizures was not different at 250 ng from that at 50 ng. At the latter dose, however, only marginal cell damage could be found. Our data indicate that very low doses of kainic acid directly applied to hippocampal CA3 neurons, can elicit bilateral changes in the electroencephalogram indicative of repetitive limbic seizures which are not necessarily accompanied by neuronal degeneration. At higher doses (250 ng), kainic acid treatment results in both seizure activity and nerve cell death but the two effects appear mechanistically unrelated. While there is no clear-cut dose-response relationship between neuronal damage and seizures, extended electroencephalographic changes of a 15-30 Hz fast activity or simple spiking phenomena may be instrumental for the degenerative process. This dissociation between convulsive and neurodegenerative properties of kainic acid, however, does not argue against a role of an endogenous substance related to kainic acid in the etiology of temporal lobe seizure disorders.
Phase conjugation based on backward difference-frequency generation: A novel scheme

We show that backward difference-frequency generation can be exploited to achieve phase conjugation in a second-order nonlinear medium. Our calculation shows that a reflectivity of close to 100% is achievable from a 1 mW laser.
Pregnancy outcome of in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection with profound teratospermia.

Objective To assess the pregnancy outcome of IVF with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in couples with profound teratospermia (Kruger's strict criteria of zero). Design Retrospective analysis of 545 consecutive cycles of IVF/ICSI performed between January 2000 and January 2003. Setting Tertiary care center. Patient(s) Of 545 IVF/ICSI cycles, 45 patients were identified with a semen strict morphology of 0 using Kruger's strict criteria. Intervention(s) Ovarian down-regulation (Lupron) was followed by controlled ovarian stimulation exclusively with hMG. Embryo transfer was performed 2 days after transvaginal aspiration/ICSI. Main outcomes measure(s) Pregnancy outcomes and newborn/infant status. Result(s) Of 45 patients undergoing 54 treatment cycles, 21 patients were positive for pregnancy (38.9% pregnancy/cycle). No birth defects were noted at time of delivery and all infants had obtained appropriate developmental milestones at 1 year of age. Conclusion(s) Men with profound teratospermia (Kruger's strict criteria of zero) may achieve acceptable pregnancy rates after IVF/ICSI thereby alleviating the use of donor sperm in this group. Furthermore, no increased risk of birth defects is apparent in this small series.
Functional-Integral Approach to the Anderson Model for Dilute Magnetic Alloys from the Viewpoint of Diagrammatic Perturbation Technique

The grand partition function for the Anderson model can be expressed as a Gaussian average over the partition function of a one-particle system in a fluctuating external potential. Though the zero-frequency approximation for this potential leads to the correct well-known two limits of the Anderson model, it turns out to be insufficient even for the first corrections to these limits. Combining diagrammatic techniques and the functional-integral approach, we use a new kind of perturbation theory in order to find approximations which fulfill the requirement of giving the first few corrections to both limits. They correspond to approximations in the functional integral, which take into account an infinite number of non-Gaussian fluctuations around the static frequency of the external field, and which thus are inaccessible by the usual treatment. In particular, the Kondo effect is shown to result from singularities in the particle-hole propagation. The analysis of the paper suggests that the use of one random field in the functional-integral approach leads to greater technical difficulties than encountered in other comparable many-body methods.
How large is the conjugative stabilization of diynes

The conjugation stabilization energies of dienes and diynes are considerably larger than estimates based on heat of hydrogenation differences between 1,3-butadiyne and 1-butyne as well as between 1,3-butadiene and 1-butene. Such comparisons do not take into account the counterbalancing hyperconjugative stabilization of the partially hydrogenated products by their ethyl groups. When alkyl hyperconjugation is considered, the conjugation stabilization of diynes ( approximately 9.3 kcal/mol) is found by two methods (involving isomerization of nonconjugated into conjugated isomers and heats of hydrogenation) to be larger than that of dienes ( approximately 8.2 kcal/mol).
Inclusion of deaf students in computer science classes using real-time speech transcription

Computers increasingly are prevalent in the classroom, with student laptops becoming the norm, yet some beneficial uses of this widespread technology are being overlooked. Speech recognition software is maturing, and possesses the potential to provide real-time note taking assistance in the classroom, particularly for deaf and hard of hearing students. This paper reports on a practical, portable and readily deployed application that provides a cost-effective, automatic transcription system with the goal of making computer science lectures inclusive of deaf and hard of hearing students. The design of the system is described, some specific technology choices and implementation approaches are discussed, and results of two phases of an in-class evaluation of the system are analyzed. Ideas for student research projects that could extend and enhance the system also are proposed.
Deformable mirrors for x-ray astronomy and beyond

We discuss a technique of shape modification that can be applied to thin walled (~; 100-400 micron thickness) electroformed replicated optics or slumped glass optics to improve the near net shape of the mirror as well as the mid-frequency ripple. The process involves sputter deposition of a magnetic smart material (MSM) film onto a permanently magnetic material. The MSM material exhibits strains about 400 times stronger than ordinary ferromagnetic materials. The deformation process involves a magnetic write head which traverses the surface, and under the guidance of active metrology feedback,locally magnetizes the surface to impart strain where needed. Designs and basic concepts as applied to space borne X-ray optics will be described.
delta-catenin is a nervous system-specific adherens junction protein which undergoes dynamic relocalization during development.

delta-catenin is a member of the Armadillo repeat family and component of the adherens junction discovered in a two-hybrid assay as a bona fide interactor with presenilin-1 (Zhou et al., [1997], NeuroReport 8:2085-2090), a protein which carries mutations that cause familial Alzheimer's disease. The expression pattern of delta-catenin was mapped between embryonic day 10 (E10) and adulthood by Northern blots, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry in the mouse. In development, delta-catenin is dynamically regulated with respect to its site of expression. It is first expressed within proliferating neuronal progenitor cells of the neuroepithelium, becomes down-regulated during neuronal migration, and is later reexpressed in the dendritic compartment of postmitotic neurons. In the mouse, delta-catenin mRNA is expressed by E10, increases and peaks at postnatal day (P)7, with lower levels in adulthood. In the developing neocortex, delta-catenin mRNA is strongly expressed in the proliferative ventricular zone and the developing cortical plate, yet is conspicuously less prominent in the intermediate zone, which contains migrating cortical neurons, delta-catenin protein forms a honeycomb pattern in the neuroepithelium by labeling the cell periphery in a typical adherens junction pattern. By E18, delta-catenin expression shifts primarily to nascent apical dendrites, a pattern that continues through adulthood. The dynamic relocalization of delta-catenin expression during development, taken together with previously published data which described a role for delta-catenin in cell motility (Lu et al., [1999] J. Cell. Biol. 144:519-532), suggests the hypothesis that delta-catenin regulation is closely linked to neuronal migration and may play a role in the establishment of mature dendritic relationships in the neuropil.
Marrow transplantation for malignant plasma cell disorders: Summary of the Seattle experience*

28 patients with plasma cell malignancies received marrow transplants from identical twins (N = 8), HLA-identical family members (N = 15), HLA partially-matched relatives (N = 3) or cryopreserved autologous marrow (N = 2). Treatment regimens included cyclophosphamide (CY) and total body irradiation (TBI) for 15 patients and busulphan (BU) and CY for 13 patients. 3 of 8 twins are alive, 2 without disease at 24 and 34 months, and 1 is alive and well at 116 months without evidence of disease except for at small residual monoclonal protein spike. 12 of the 18 allografted patients died of transplant-related causes and 2 died of progressive disease. 4 of 18 allograft recipients are alive; 2 are free of disease at 16 and 15 months, 1 is alive at 6 months without disease except for persistent monoclonal Kappa protein. 1 patient is alive with residual marrow involvement and a persistent IGA lambda monoclonal protein at 7 months. 1 of the 2 autograft recipients is alive 2 months after transplant and is not yet evaluable for tumor response and the other patient died early of transplant-related complications. Both CY + TBI and BU + CY resulted in remissions in patients with advanced plasma cell malignancies. However, the optimal treatment regimen and timing of transplantation remain to be determined.
Effects of ritonavir on adipocyte gene expression: evidence for a stress-related response.

To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of dyslipidemia and lipodystrophy that occurs after administration of aspartic acid protease inhibitors, we examined transcriptional profiles using cDNA microarrays in 3T3-L1 adipocytes exposed to 10 μmol/l ritonavir for 2–21 days. The expression levels of ∼12,000 transcripts were assessed using the MgU74Av2 mouse microarray chip. Ritonavir altered gene expression of inflammatory cytokines, stress response genes localized to endoplasmic reticulum, oxidative stress genes, apoptosis-related genes, and expression of genes involved in cell adhesion and extracellular matrix remodeling. Microarray analysis also identified a novel gene downregulated by ritonavir, Cidea, whose expression levels may affect free-fatty acid metabolism. These changes suggest a unique, stress-related pattern in adipocytes induced by chronic exposure to the protease inhibitor, ritonavir.
An exploratory study of the informational and psychosocial needs of patients with human papillomavirus-associated oropharyngeal cancer

summary Objectives: Although the incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) attributable to human papillomavirus (HPV) is rapidly increasing, patients’ informational and psychosocial needs related to the sexual transmission of HPV remain unexplored. The goal of this exploratory study was to assess informational and psychosocial needs of HPV+ OPSCC patients and identify psychosocial challenges associated with having an HPV+ cancer. Methods: Patients (N = 62; 87% male; mean age = 56 years) with HPV+ OPSCC and in cohabitating relationships completed paper–pencil questionnaires assessing their HPV-related knowledge (e.g., cancer etiology), information needs (e.g., communicability), psychosocial concerns (e.g., relational consequences, self-blame) and measures of distress and health behaviors. Medical information was obtained from patients’ electronic medical records. Results: Sixty-six percent of patients correctly identified their HPV status but only 35% of them recognized HPV as their putative cancer cause. The majority of patients disclosed their HPV status to their partner, 41% discussed transmission of the virus, and only 23% felt informed regarding potential transmission risks and precautions. Thirty-nine percent want their oncologist to discuss more about HPV-related issues and 58% sought this from other sources. Over one-third said they would be interested in more HPV-related information. Patients reported moderate levels of distress (mean = 3.52, SD = 2.54, possible range 0–10) and relatively low levels of self-blame (mean = 2.27, SD = 1.23, possible range 1–4) with distress and self-blame being significantly correlated (r = .38, p = .005). Conclusion: Significant knowledge gaps exist regarding patients’ understanding of the link between HPV and OPSCC and the implications of infectious etiology. Future research is encouraged to establish best practice guidelines.
Lifetime learning by foraging honey bees

Abstract Abstract. It is usually assumed that insects invest little in learning because of their short life span. However, the relative time and energy invested in learning should reflect the potential costs and benefits of learning regardless of absolute life span. As a first step in evaluating lifetime aspects of learning in insects, learning by individual honey bee, Apis mellifera , foragers was assessed based on their foraging success from inception of foraging until death. The net rate of forage uptake by new foragers was low and gradually increased to approximately twice the initial rate after a week of foraging. This period coincided with the median life span of the foragers. Hence, forager honey bees apparently spend a considerable portion of their life span learning and improving their foraging skills.
Video-based real-time surveillance of vehicles

The large volume of vehicles on the road has created new challenges for agencies responsible for law enforcement and public safety. Such agencies utilize visual surveillance technology to assist monitoring of vehicles from a remote location. These surveillance sys- tems typically require trained human operators. Consequently, they are prone to human errors due to fatigue or diverted attention caused by excess information. Thus a need exists for an automated system that can analyze the surveillance videos and extract important infor- mation. This information would be used to detect occurrence of "anomalous" events. We propose a visual surveillance system designed to function in the above-mentioned manner. The system observes vehicular traffic from a standoff range and extracts informa- tion about the vehicles. This information includes vehicle type, make, tire size, and its trajectory. Based on this information, the system checks for anomalies in the vehicles' appearance and/or motion. We describe analysis methods for obtaining the vehicle information from two cameras placed in an orthogonal configuration and for classifying the vehicles using these observations. We present the results of applying these methods on traffic videos. Our proposed system can be deployed for traffic monitoring (on highways/intersections) or infrastructure protection (at check points). © 2013 SPIE and IS&T (DOI: 10.1117/1.JEI.22.4.041103)
Cooperative 4-pyridone H-bonds with extraordinary stability. A DFT molecular orbital study.

The N−H···O H-bonding enthalpy between 4-pyridones connected in a chain of H-bonds can achieve 23 kcal/mol for the most central H-bonds, while that between two 4-pyridones is 9.90 kcal/mol based upon DFT calculations on the counterpoise-corrected potential energy surfaces. That the range of enthalpies for N−H···O H-bonds can vary from as little as 2 to as much 23 kcal/mol depends primarily upon the polarizability of whatever internally connects the N−H and CO within the H-bonding molecule, which are two parallel −CC− entities in 4-pyridone. The contribution of covalent or charge-transfer interactions between the π-systems of adjacent 4-pyridones is small.
Bioorthogonal Chemical Handle for Tracking Multifunctional Nanoparticles

Nanoparticle technologies have tremendous potential in clinical medicine. To fully realize this potential, one must further understand how nanoparticles interact with biological systems. Typically, reporters that are conjugated to nanoparticles during synthesis are used to monitor the nanoparticles in biological systems. Unfortunately, conjugating reporters to nanoparticles complicates the synthesis and the reporter itself may alter the nanoparticle properties. To address these challenges, a copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition strategy has been developed to functionalize nanoparticles with fluorescent reporters after they have been delivered to biological systems. Using polyamidoamine dendrimers as model nanoparticles, the utility of this strategy is shown in several biological systems including a cancer cell model, primary immune cells, and a murine model of inflammation. This reporter strategy simplifies the synthesis without sacrificing the ability to monitor the nanoparticle conjugates. It is expected that this bioorthogonal reporter strategy can be used to understand nanoparticle interactions in biological systems, which will facilitate the translation of these technologies to the clinics.
Applying Manifold Learning Techniques to the CAESAR Database

Understanding and organizing data is the first step toward exploiting sensor phenomenology for dismount tracking. What image features are good for distinguishing people and what measurements, or combination of measurements, can be used to classify the dataset by demographics including gender, age, and race? A particular technique, Diffusion Maps, has demonstrated the potential to extract features that intuitively make sense [1]. We want to develop an understanding of this tool by validating existing results on the Civilian American and European Surface Anthropometry Resource (CAESAR) database. This database, provided by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) Human Effectiveness Directorate and SAE International, is a rich dataset which includes 40 traditional, anthropometric measurements of 4400 human subjects. If we could specifically measure the defining features for classification, from this database, then the future question will then be to determine a subset of these features that can be measured from imagery. This paper briefly describes the Diffusion Map technique, shows potential for dimension reduction of the CAESAR database, and describes interesting problems to be further explored.
Structural energetics of peptide recognition: Angiotensin II/antibody binding

The ability to predict the strength of the association of peptide hormones or other ligands with their protein receptors is of fundamental importance in the fields of protein engineering and rational drug design. To form a tight complex between a flexible peptide hormone and its receptor, the largeloss of configurational entropy must be overcome. Recently, the crystallographic structure of the complex between angiotensin II and the Fab fragment of a high affinity monoclonal antibody has been determined (Garcia, K.C., Ronco, P.M., Verroust, P.J., Brunger, A.T., Amzel, L.M. Three-dimensional structure of an angiotensin II-Fab complex at 3 A: Hormone recognition by an anti-idiotypic antibody. Science 257:502-507, 1992). In this paper we present a study of the thermodynamics of the association by high sensitivity isothermal titration calorimetry. The results of the experiments indicate that at 30 degrees C the binding is characterized by (1) a delta H of -8.9 +/- 0.7 kcal mol-1, (2) a delta Cp of -240 +/- 20 cal K-1 mol-1, and (3) the release of 1.1 +/- 0.1 protons per binding site in the pH range 6.0-7.3. Using these values and the previously determined binding constant in phosphate buffer, delta G at 30 degrees C is estimated as -11 kcal mol-1 and delta S as 6.9 cal K-1 mol-1. The calorimetric data indicate that binding is favored both enthalpically and entropically. These results have been complemented by structural thermodynamic calculations. The calculated and experimentally determined thermodynamic quantities are in good agreement.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Testing the hypothesis of accelerated cerebral white matter aging in schizophrenia and major depression.

Background Elevated rate of aging-related biological and functional decline, termed "accelerated aging," is reported in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) and major depressive disorder (MDD). We used diffusion tensor imaging derived fractional anisotropy (FA) as a biomarker of aging-related decline in white matter (WM) integrity to test the hypotheses of accelerated aging in SCZ and MDD. Methods The SCZ cohort comprised 58 SCZ patients and 60 controls (aged 20–60 years). The MDD cohort comprised 136 MDD patients and 351 controls (aged 20–79 years). The main outcome measures were the diagnosis-by-age interaction on whole-brain-averaged WM FA values and FA values from 12 major WM tracts. Results Diagnosis-by-age interaction for the whole-brain average FA was significant for the SCZ ( p = .04) but not the MDD ( p = .80) cohort. Diagnosis-by-age interaction was nominally significant ( p r =−.61 and−.80, p Conclusions Cerebral WM showed accelerated aging in SCZ but not in MDD, suggesting some difference in the pathophysiology underlying their WM aging changes. Tract-specific heterochronicity of WM development modulated presentation of accelerated aging in SCZ: WM tracts that matured later in life appeared more sensitive to the pathophysiology of SCZ and demonstrated more susceptibility to disorder-related accelerated decline in FA values with age. This trend was not observed in MDD cohort.
Noninvasive fluorescence and Raman spectroscopic analysis of laser welded aorta and skin tissue

Laser tissue welding involves the denaturing and partial renaturing of collagen and elastin. Tissues welded with NIR lasers tuned to the 1455 nm water absorption band have demonstrated high tensile strength with minimal collateral damage. To better understand the welding process, welded tissue samples were investigated using fluorescence imaging and Raman spectroscopy. As part of this study, human aorta, and porcine aorta and skin, specimens were investigated. Emission and excitation/emission wavelengths corresponding to tryptophan and collagen emission and slightly weaker emission for wavelengths corresponding to elastin emission. The inner surface an cross-section images of the aortic specimens exhibited a very high degree of uniformity with no indication of the presence of a weld. The Raman spectra from the aortic specimens at the weld site and a few mm away form the weld were very similar. This work indicates the emission and Raman properties of the collagen helix after welding are very similar to native collagen tissue.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Stage sensitivity and dose response of meiotic chromosomes of pollen mother cells of Tradescantia to X-rays☆

Abstract The general magnitude of chromosome damage induced by physical and chemical mutagens can be revealed by the frequencies of micronuclei (MCN) produced in tetrads of the meiotic pollen mother cells of Tradescantia . This bioassay is referred to as the “MCN-in-Tetrad” test system for environmental mutagens. Further understanding of the general characteristics of the stage sensitivity and dose response of these meiocytes to common mutagens in essential for the improvement of the efficiency and reliability of this test system. Low exposures of X-rays were employed for this study. Stage sensitivity was determined by observing, at 3 hr intervals, the frequencies of X-ray (35 rads)-induced MCN in tetrads from a series of 16 fixations of tetrad-containing inflorescences. Late stages of meiosis (3–9 hr post-irradiation fixation groups) were insensitive (5–14 MCN/100 tetrads). Relatively high sensitivity was exhibited in the early stages of meiosis. The first sensitivie peak (62 MCN/100 tetrads) centered around the 21 hr post-irradiation fixation group. The second sensitive peak (61 MCN/100 tetrads) centered around the 39 hr post-irradiation fixation group. Control groups yielded around 3–4 MCN/100 tetrads. A dose-response relation for MCN was determined by treating early stages of meiotic pollen mother cells with X-ray exposures ranging from 9.5 to 57.5 rads. A linear regression line was established with about 20 MCN/100 tetrads per 10 rad increment.
A new perspective on the Plog psychographic system

This research evaluates Plog’s model of allocentricity and psychocentricity in order to test its effectiveness as a predictor of travel behavior. While some of Plog’s psychographic system’s behavio...
Counseling for dominant traits: a correction for the ascertainment bias due to referral for analysis

Genetic heterogeneity complicates genetic counseling because the correct mode of inheritance must be determined independently for each pedigree. When autosomal and X-linked dominant inheritance mechanisms are known, as for example with retinitis pigmentosa, then only families where male-to-male transmission is observed may be readily counseled. The other pedigrees may be autosomal but lack male-to-male transmission due to chance segregation. Since only the pedigrees without male-to-male transmission are analyzed for their mode of inheritance, there is an ascertainment bias which must be corrected when evaluating the likelihood of the two inheritance patterns. A methood to correct for this bias using conditional likelihoods is given, along with examples to demonstrate its use.
Allies, Airpower, and Modern Warfare: The Afghan Model in Afghanistan and Iraq

The Afghan model of warfare uses indigenous allies to replace American conventional ground troops by exploiting U.S. airpower and small numbers of American special operations forces. Some argue tha...
Simulating reactive transport of selenium coupled with nitrogen in a regional-scale irrigated groundwater system

Summary The contamination or deficiency of Selenium (Se) has become a critical issue in watershed systems worldwide during the past half-century, with either elevated or deficient Se concentrations in groundwater, surface water, soils, and associated vegetation. Regardless of the reason for concern, there is a basic need for tools for use in assessing baseline concentrations and mass loadings in large-scale environmental systems and for exploring remediation strategies. This paper presents the application of UZF-RT3D, a multi-species variably-saturated reactive transport model for groundwater systems, and its recently developed Se agricultural and chemical reaction module to a regional study site (50,600 ha) along the irrigated Arkansas River Valley in southeastern Colorado. The study region has been monitored for Se contamination during the previous decade, with all segments of the Arkansas River impaired with respect to Se. The Se reaction module accounts for near-surface Se cycling due to agricultural practices, oxidation–reduction reactions, and sorption, and includes a nitrogen cycle and reaction module due to the dependence of Se transformation and speciation on the presence of nitrate (NO 3 ). Of prime importance is the role NO 3 plays in oxidation of residual Se from marine shale, which is prevalent throughout the study region, along with its inhibition of Se chemical reduction to less toxic forms. The model is corroborated against groundwater solute concentrations, mass loadings of solutes to the Arkansas River, relationships between solutes within the groundwater system, and overall regional statistics of groundwater solute concentration. Results indicate that the model is successful in replicating the major spatial and temporal patterns in Se and NO 3 contamination and transport, hence providing a tool that can be used with confidence to explore remediation schemes.
Ultrastructural characterization of neurons recorded intracellularly in vivo and injected with lucifer yellow: Advantages of immunogold-silver vs. immunoperoxidase labeling

Immunoperoxidase labeling of lucifer yellow provides a sensitive method for morphological characterization of neurons recorded intracellularly in vitro or in vivo. However, the reaction product is often so dense that it obscures ultrastructural details necessary for the analysis of synaptic contacts onto individually filled neurons. In the present study, we describe a silver intensification procedure using 1 nm gold labeling of lucifer yellow as an optimal means for immunocytochemically identifying single physiologically characterized neurons at the ultrastructural level. Single neurons in the frontal cortex of anesthetized rats were impaled in vivo and filled with lucifer yellow. The brians were then perfused with an acrolein fixative. Single vibratome sections through the recording site were reacted with a rabbit antibody directed against lucifer yellow followed by goat anti-rabbit 1 nm gold-labeled IgG and silver intensified. For comparison, additional sections were processed for immunoperoxidase detection of lucifer yellow. Labeled sections were processed for light microscopy or embedded in plastic for electron microscopy. The immunogold-silver label as well as peroxidase reaction product of lucifer yellow was readily detected in cell bodies, proximal and distal dendrites, and spines. However, in contrast to immunoperoxidase, the immunogold-silver reaction did not obscure subcellular orgnelles. Most importantly, the synaptic junctions formed by afferents to the filled neuron were more easily identifiable following the immunogold-silver procedure. This clear visualization of postsynaptic densities is essential for examining synaptic circuitry between afferents and physiologically characterized neurons. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mobility control for achieving optimal configuration in wireless sensor networks

Recent work in wireless sensor networks, or simply called WSNs, has drawn attention to the mobility capability of each node. In Stojmenovic and Lin (IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst 12: 1023---1032, 2001), it is proved that the optimal positions of the relay nodes along a single active flow must lie entirely on the line between the source and destination with each node spaced evenly along such a line. Based on this, we propose two practical solutions to control the relay nodes in WSNs to approach their optimal positions in the local relative coordinate system. One uses one-hop neighbor information and the other one uses two-hop neighbor information. Basically, each relay node will approach the midpoint on the line composed of neighbors. For the latter control scheme, we also discuss its different implementation with outdated two-hop neighbor information (lagged by one-round neighbor information exchange and update). This is an improvement since given nodes only reuse the two-hop neighbor information previously saved at its one-hop neighbors and does not require any extra neighbor information collection. All the new methods prevent oscillations by demanding minimal moving distance per round (MDPR), otherwise the node does not move. Unlike the one presented in Goldenberg et al. (Proceedings of the 5th ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing (Mobihoc'04), pp 163---174 2004) using only one-hop neighbor information, our methods will converge more quickly. The experimental results show a substantial improvement on the speed of achieving the optimal configuration and the total moving distance of nodes.
Life stress and first onset of psychiatric disorders in daughters of depressed mothers.

This study used a comprehensive, interview-based measure of life stress to assess the role of different types of stress in predicting first onset of psychiatric disorders among daughters of depressed (n = 22) mothers and healthy (n = 22) mothers. Several types of stress were assessed: Chronic interpersonal stress, chronic non-interpersonal stress, episodic dependent (i.e., self-generated) interpersonal stress, episodic dependent non-interpersonal stress, episodic independent interpersonal stress, and episodic independent non-interpersonal stress. Daughters (ages 9–14) were recruited to have no clinically significant symptoms upon entry (T1). By a 30-month follow-up assessment (T2), 45% of the daughters of depressed mothers, but none of the daughters of healthy mothers, had developed a psychiatric disorder. Overall, daughters of depressed mothers were exposed to more severe chronic interpersonal and non-interpersonal stress than were daughters of healthy mothers. Further, daughters of depressed mothers who developed a psychiatric disorder by T2 were exposed to more severe chronic non-interpersonal stress and episodic dependent stress than were daughters of depressed mothers who remained healthy. We discuss the implications of these findings in the context of a stress-generation model for the intergenerational transmission of psychiatric risk among children of depressed mothers.
Lymphangiomyoma: clinicopathologic study and ultrastructural confirmation of its histogenesis.

Two new cases of lymphangiomyoma are added to 28 cases previously reported. One of these was studied ultrastructurally, with findings that support the designation “lymphangiomyoma,” i.e., smooth muscle and lymphatic channels. The disease seems to occur exclusively in females, is not infrequently associated with endocrine disorders, has some features analogous to tuberous sclerosis, and may represent an incomplete expression or forme fruste of Bourneville's disease. The condition consists of one or more nodules of tumor-like proliferation of smooth muscle fascicles, divided from each other by lymphatic channels, and involves major lymphatic trunks in the retroperitoneum or mediastinum, lymph nodes in these regions and, in about two thirds of cases, lymphatics of the lungs. The most common complaints are referable to chylous effusions, pulmonary insufficiency, and pneumothorax. Three patients have been followed for over 14 years after excision of the nodules and postoperative radiotherapy.
Pheromonal Discrimination of Sex by Male and Female Leopard Geckos (Eublepharis macularius)

The ability of male and female Eublepharis macularius to discriminate among pheromones of males and females and a blank control was investigated. Stimuli were presented on ceramic tiles in the animal's home cages. Males tongue-flicked at significantly lower rates in response to male stimuli than to female and control stimuli. Males also performed aggressive behaviors toward male, but not female or control, stimuli, and tail vibrations toward female, but not male or control, stimuli. Mean tongue-flick rates by females did not differ significantly among conditions. Discrimination of male pheromones by females was demonstrated by greater performance of labial-licking and chin-rubbing in response to male stimuli than to either female or control stimuli.
Potential of agricultural by-products in the bioremediation of fuel spills

Respirometer studies were used to determine the benefits of mixing soybean hulls with gravel contaminated with petroleum products. The aerobic conditions prevailing in the respirometer maintained significant microbiological activity. A reduction in petrochemical concentrations was detected, whether the contaminated gravel was treated with agricultural by-products or not, but at a slightly faster rate with the treatment.
Diffraction Assisted Image Correlation: A Novel Method for Measuring Three-Dimensional Deformation using Two-Dimensional Digital Image Correlation

Digital Image Correlation (DIC) provides a full-field non-contact optical method for accurate deformation measurement of materials, devices and structures. The measurement of three-dimensional (3D) deformation using DIC in general requires imaging with two cameras and a 3D-DIC code. In the present work, a new experimental technique, namely, Diffraction Assisted Image Correlation (DAIC) for 3D displacement measurement using a single camera and 2D-DIC algorithm is presented. A transmission diffraction grating is placed between the specimen and the camera, resulting in multiple images which are then used to obtain apparent in-plane displacements using 2D-DIC. The true in-plane and out-of-plane displacements of the specimen are obtained from the apparent in-plane displacements and the diffraction angle of the grating. The validity and accuracy of the DAIC method are demonstrated through 3D displacement measurement of a small thin membrane. This technique provides new avenues for performing 3D deformation measurements at small length scales and/or dynamic loading conditions.
Altered T‐cell immunity in patients with adverse reactions to phenobarbital

Twenty-five patients with hypersensitivity reactions to phenobarbital and/or phenytoin are described. Clinical manifestations uniformly consisted of fever and a pruritic skin rash, and were often accompanied by conjunctivitis and lymphadenopathy. Less frequent complications included exfoliative dermatitis and protein-losing enteropathy. Histologic examination of skin in 4 patients and jejunal biopsies in 2 patients demonstrated a prominent inflammatory response consisting predominantly of mononuclear cells. Immunoperoxidase studies identified these cells as mainly activated T cells in the skin and activated T-suppressor/cytotoxic cells in the gastrointestinal tract. In vitro lymphoproliferative responses by patients’ peripheral blood mononuclear cells demonstrated increased blastogenesis to phenobarbital stimulation, 1237 versus 74 cpm (p<0.01), and in some patients to phenytoin, 848 versus 87 cpm (p<0.01), suggesting some cross-reactivity with phenytoin. Five patients subsequently treated with phenytoin also developed an allergic reaction to this medication. The clinical findings and laboratory studies suggest that adverse drug reactions to phenobarbital and/or phenytoin are probably mediated by a T-cell immune hypersensitivity response.
Wave diffraction by elliptical breakwaters in shallow water

Abstract The scattering of waves by both floating and submerged stationary elliptical breakwaters is investigated by means of linearised shallow water wave theory. This formulation leads to solutions for the fluid velocity potential in terms of Mathieu functions of real argument. Expressions are derived for the wave-induced forces and moments on the structures and their total and differential scattering cross-sections. Numerical results are presented for a range of wave and structural parameters. The present analysis serves as a prelude to a more comprehensive study of the problem without the shallow water restriction.
Mpdz expression in the caudolateral substantia nigra pars reticulata is crucially involved in alcohol withdrawal

Association studies implicate the multiple PDZ domain protein (MUPP1/MPDZ) gene in risk for alcoholism in humans and alcohol withdrawal in mice. Although manipulation of the Mpdz gene by homologous recombination and bacterial artificial chromosome transgenesis has suggested that its expression affects alcohol withdrawal risk, the potential confounding effects of linked genes and developmental compensation currently limit interpretation. Here, using RNA interference (RNAi), we directly test the impact of Mpdz expression on alcohol withdrawal severity and provide brain regional mechanistic information. Lentiviral-mediated delivery of Mpdz short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to the caudolateral substantia nigra pars reticulata (clSNr) significantly reduces Mpdz expression and exacerbates alcohol withdrawal convulsions compared with control mice that delivered a scrambled shRNA. Neither baseline nor pentylenetetrazol-enhanced convulsions differed between Mpdz shRNA and control animals, indicating Mpdz expression in the clSNr does not generally affect seizure susceptibility. To our knowledge, these represent the first in vivo Mpdz RNAi analyses, and provide the first direct evidence that Mpdz expression impacts behavior. Our results confirm that Mpdz is a quantitative trait gene for alcohol withdrawal and demonstrate that its expression in the clSNr is crucially involved in risk for alcohol withdrawal.
Range relaxation 2. Determination of a reaction coordinate over an energy surface of several dimensions

This paper introduces the pass function, the second of three “relaxation” functions to be used in a general functional formulation of parameters necessary for the a priori calculation of molecular structure and dynamics. The approach is intended to simplify the calculation of a reaction coordinate in a complex many-dimensional energy surface. In principle it involves the minimisation of a path integral across a transformed energy surface; and it converges on an analytical expression for the pass of minimum energy across the surface, and the optimal wavefunction of any given form at each point along that pass. In practice numerical evaluation of the integral by Gauss-Legendre quadrature necessitates calculation of the energy at a small number of nuclear configurations. A bridge may be formed with experiment by allowing possible use of empirical expressions or limiting molecular data as a guide to make the optimisation more rapid, though the method converges on a non-empirical result. The scheme is applied here to the hydrogen exchange reaction. For such a two dimensional surface the labour involved is estimated as roughly 5%-15% of that required for a conventional calculation of comparable scope. The economy increases with the number of dimensions considered. The approach can be applied in conjunction with the use of any type of molecular wavefunction.
The Hairless Ideal: Women and Their Body Hair

A major component of “femininity” in the United States today is a hairless body, a norm that developed in the United States between 1915–1945. Little has been written regarding the development of this norm, and virtually no empirical research has been done to assess how universally ascribed to is this standard or why women actually remove their leg and underarm hair. More than 200 women from two national professional organizations responded to a mailed questionnaire (response rate 56%). The majority (around 80%) remove their leg and/or underarm hair at least occasionally. Two types of reasons for shaving emerged: feminine/attractiveness reasons and social/normative reasons. Most women start shaving for the latter reasons but continue to shave for the former reasons. Certain groups, however, were least likely to remove leg and/or underarm hair: strongly feminist women and self-identified lesbians. The results of the study are discussed in terms of the function the hairlessness norm may serve in our culture.
Acceptable protection of software intellectual property: a survey of software developers and lawyers

The article reports the results of a survey on the optimal legal way to protect developers' rights to their intellectual property in the US. Two groups were incorporated: software developers and attorneys. The majority of both groups favor copyright as the legal method, but attorneys prefer patenting with a longer protection period. There is no difference between the groups with respect to the desired length of copyright protection. Majorities in both groups prefer the current period of 75 years for corporations. By comparing information from 1992 and 1996, we find that software developers now are more in favor of protection of user interfaces. We found little differences between the groups regarding different categories of software. We also found high proportions of support for protection of source and object codes. Both groups prefer stronger protection for systems than application software. Attorneys, more than developers, favored greater protection for application software than for game software. We expected software developers to favor regulations that would force owners of systems software to offer their creation to any interested party for equal terms. To our surprise, there was significantly more support for this idea among attorneys than among the developers. Majorities in both groups support a special law for protection of software intellectual property.
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hemithorax, severe scoliosis, and postoperative changes (Figure 1). Bedside sonographic images of the left upper thorax were consistent with the presence of intrathoracic fluid, which appeared loculated. Given the severe distortion of the thoracic anatomy, a thoracentesis was postponed, and computed tomography (CT) of the chest was ordered. CT scans of the chest and thoracolumbar spine revealed a 12.58.813.3-cm fluid collection in the left upper hemithorax exerting a mass effect over surrounding structures (Figures 2, 3); the left upper and left lower lung lobes exhibited compressive atelectasis, and the mediastinal structures were displaced to the right. Significant deformity of the spine was observed in the region of fluid collection, which appeared to be contiguous with the spinal canal, although the implanted rods hindered a detailed radiographic inspection of the spinal anatomy. At this point, the working diagnosis was giant intrathoracic meningocele. The differential diagnosis for this lesion included loculated pleural effusion, seroma secondary to the extensive thoracic and spinal surgery, and a large pleuralbased neurofibroma. To confirm our working diagnosis, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spine would have been indicated; however, given this patient’s history of metal hardware implants, an MRI scan was deemed unsafe, and an alternative confirmatory strategy had to be pursued.