cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interleukin-1α released from HSV-1 infected skin keratinocytes initiates protective immunity against systemic infection (VIR1P.964)

Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) is a common human pathogen that typically causes self-limiting disease. However, neonates and patients with compromised immune systems are at risk of developing potentially fatal systemic disease. Previously we reported that IL-1α is released by keratinocytes treated with poly(I:C), a double stranded RNA analogue often utilized to simulate virus infections. The objective of this study was to examine whether IL-1 signaling plays a role in initiating protective immunity against HSV-1 infections. Extracellular release of IL-1α protein could be detected 6-24 hours after HSV-1 infection of primary human keratinocytes (4-5-fold increase, p<0.01). This release was not associated with a correlating change in mRNA levels suggesting that the cells released a pre-formed pool of protein. HSV-1 triggered activation of inflammatory caspases-1/4 as determined using fluorescence labeled peptides (6-fold, p<0.001); however, the cellular release of IL-1α was independent of caspases-1/4. IL-1R knockout (KO) mice exhibited an increased mortality following cutaneous HSV-1 infection (60 versus 25%, p<0.01). Caspase-1/4 deficiency did not affect survival rates; hence, the protective function of IL-1R must be exclusively due to IL-1α signaling. Recruitment of leukocytes to the infected epidermis was delayed in IL-1R KO mice. Hence, HSV-1 triggered IL-1α release from infected cells appears important for initiating protective immunity against systemic HSV-1 infections.
Innovative Multi-Environment, Multimode Thermal Control System

Innovative multi-environment multimode thermal management architecture has been described that is capable of meeting widely varying thermal control requirements of various exploration mission scenarios currently under consideration. The proposed system is capable of operating in a single-phase or two-phase mode rejecting heat to the colder environment, operating in a two-phase mode with heat pump for rejecting heat to a warm environment, as well as using evaporative phasechange cooling for the mission phases where the radiator is incapable of rejecting the required heat. A single fluid loop can be used internal and external to the spacecraft for the acquisition, transport and rejection of heat by the selection of a working fluid that meets NASA safety requirements. Such a system may not be optimal for each individual mode of operation but its ability to function in multiple modes may permit global optimization of the thermal control system. The architecture also allows flexibility in partitioning of components between the various Constellation modules to take advantage of operational requirements in various modes consistent with the mission needs. Preliminary design calculations using R-134 as working fluid show the concept to be feasible to meet the heat rejection requirements that are representative of the Crew Exploration Vehicle and Lunar Access Module for nominal cases. More detailed analyses to establish performance under various modes and environmental conditions are underway.
Invariantist ‘might’ and modal meaning change

Invariantism proposed by Braun (Linguistics and Philosophy 35(6):461–489, 2012) aims to maintain full identity of semantic content between all uses of ‘might’. I invoke well-known facts regarding diachronic change in meanings of modals to argue that invariantism commits us to implausible duplication of familiar processes of lexical semantic change on the level of “lexical pragmatics”, with no obvious payoff.
P Metabolism in the Bean-Rhizobium tropici Symbiosis

Nodulated legumes require more P than legumes growing on mineral nitrogen, but little is known about the basis for the higher P requirement. Experiments were conducted to determine how Rhizobium tropici responds to P limitation and to understand how P is partitioned between the symbionts under conditions of adequate or limiting P. Free-living R. tropici responds to P stress by increasing P transport capacity and inducing both an acid and an alkaline phosphatase. This P-stress response occurs when the medium P concentration decreases below 1 [mu]M. Both P-stress-inducible phosphatases are found in bacteroids taken from plants growing with adequate P, suggesting that P levels in the symbiosome space is low enough to induce the expression of these enzymes. Bacteroid alkaline phosphatase-specific activity was highest during vegetative growth of the bean plant, but decreased approximately 75% during the host reproductive stages. In hydroponic experiments 32P-tracer studies showed that in vivo rates of P accumulation were significantly higher in bacteroids from P-limited plants compared with those from plants that had been supplied with adequate P. In contrast, label accumulation in leaves was greatest in plants grown with adequate P.
Survival stamina as a function of social interaction

The present experiment was undertaken in an attempt to determine possible effects of social facilitation upon survival stamina of rats running on a motorized treadmill. Forty albino rats were used as Ss. A two-tailed t test indicated that paired rats ran significantly (p <.05) longer than did single rats. The data implied that as a result of social facilitation, animal pairs exhibited greater survival stamina than did single animals.
Bcl-xL and Akt cooperate to promote leukemogenesis in vivo

To analyse individual factors that may contribute to leukemic transformation in vivo, we have developed a murine model of leukemogenesis based on the early hematopoietic precursor cell FL5.12. FL5.12 cells are interleukin-3 (IL-3) dependent for growth, proliferation, and survival. Relative resistance to cell death following IL-3 withdrawal can be conferred by either overexpression of the Bcl-x(L) apoptotic inhibitor, or constitutive activation of the serine/threonine kinase Akt. The ability of Bcl-x(L) or a constitutively active myristylated Akt to promote leukemic transformation of FL5.12 cells was compared in athymic nu(+)/nu(+) mice. Bcl-x(L) alone could not promote leukemic transformation, but mice injected with FL5.12 cells overexpressing Bcl-x(L) and a dominant-negative p53 construct developed leukocytosis and blastic infiltration of lymph nodes, spleen, and liver with features of a high-grade lymphoid malignancy. In contrast to the cells injected into these animals, cell lines derived from the mice were able to proliferate in the absence of IL-3, and were found to have constitutively activated Akt. This constitutive activation was associated with a variety of alterations of the signaling pathway regulating Akt activity, including alterations of PTEN mRNA and protein expression. In addition, some of these leukemic clones demonstrated concurrent constitutive upregulation of ERK activity. A constitutively active Akt construct introduced into FL5.12 cells promoted similar clonal expansion in vivo, with emergence of clonal IL-3-independent proliferation. Bcl-x(L) and Akt appeared to function cooperatively in this model, enhancing rapid clonal outgrowth in vivo relative to Akt alone. These results implicate activated Akt and growth-factor independence in leukemogenic transformation, and demonstrate the potential for in vivo analysis of genetic determinants of leukemogenesis.
“Ubuntu Sports Inc.”: The Commodification of Culture in South African and American Sports

Speaking about the struggle for racial equality during a visit to Cape Town in 1966, Robert Kennedy announced that he was there because of his deep interest and affection for a land settled by the ...
Comparison of Direct Colony Method versus Extraction Method for Identification of Gram-Positive Cocci by Use of Bruker Biotyper Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry

We evaluated Bruker Biotyper (version 2.0) matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) for the identification of 305 clinical isolates of staphylococci, streptococci, and related genera by comparing direct colony testing with preparatory extraction. Isolates were previously identified by use of phenotypic testing and/or 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Manufacturer-specified score cutoffs for genus- and species-level identification were used. After excluding 7 isolates not present in the Biotyper library, the Biotyper correctly identified 284 (95%) and 207 (69%) isolates to the genus and species levels, respectively, using extraction. By using direct colony testing, the Biotyper identified 168 (56%) and 60 (20%) isolates to the genus and species levels, respectively. Overall, more isolates were identified to the genus and species levels with preparatory extraction than with direct colony testing (P < 0.0001). The analysis was repeated after dividing the isolates into two subgroups, staphylococci, streptococci, and enterococci (n = 217) and "related genera" (n = 81). For the former subgroup, the extraction method resulted in the identification of 213 (98%) and 171 (79%) isolates to the genus and species levels, respectively, whereas the direct colony method identified 136 (63%) and 56 (26%) isolates to the genus and species levels, respectively. In contrast, for the subgroup of related genera, the extraction method identified 71 (88%) and 36 (44%) isolates to the genus and species levels, respectively, while the direct colony method identified 32 (40%) and 4 (5%) isolates to the genus and species levels, respectively. For both subgroups, preparatory extraction was superior to direct colony testing for the identification of isolates to the genus and species levels (P < 0.0001). Preparatory extraction is needed for the identification of a substantial proportion of Gram-positive cocci using the Biotyper method according to manufacturer-specified score cutoffs.
Security-critical versus safety-critical software

Significant knowledge exists in the field of safety-critical software design and implementation. Formal design methods and high quality compilers allow production of software products with desired behavioral parameters. Generally, if we know what behavior parameters are needed then we can achieve them in the software code. But do we know what behavioral parameters are needed for security-critical software? Can application security be specified in a way suitable for the machine code so that we can achieve software that is as secure as it is safe?
Topological expansion of metropolitan area networks

Abstract We describe models for solving Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) traffic estimation/routing/design problems for a profit maximizing carrier. The problem studied involves deciding which customers to offer service to by choosing the MAN topology. We give two formulations, which capture queueing costs, for estimating traffic demand and deciding routing in an expanded MAN for a profit maximizing carrier. These formulations exploit the special structure of the network, resulting in a much simpler model. A heuristic solution technique is presented for the problem of MAN expansion based on these demand models. Results of computational experiments are presented.
10-nonacosanol, sitosterol and nonacosanediols in Juniperus pinchotii

Abstract GC of juniper leaf non-saponifiables gave three peaks of sterol-triterpenes which were identified as 10-nonacosanol, sitosterol and a mixture of nonacosanediols.
Liver Cell–Derived Microparticles Activate Hedgehog Signaling and Alter Gene Expression in Hepatic Endothelial Cells

Background & Aims Angiogenesis contributes to vascular remodeling during cirrhosis. In cirrhotic livers, cholangiocytes, and myofibroblastic hepatic stellate cells (MF-HSC) produce Hedgehog (Hh) ligands. During embryogenesis Hh ligands are released from ligand-producing cells in microparticles and activate Hh signaling in endothelial cells. We studied whether adult liver cell-derived microparticles contain Hh ligands that alter hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (SEC). Methods MF-HSC and cholangiocytes were exposed to platelet-derived growth factor to induce Hh ligands; microparticles were isolated from medium, analyzed by transmission electron microscopy and immunoblots, and applied to Hh-reporter-containing cells. Microparticles were obtained from serum and bile of rats after bile duct ligation (BDL) or sham surgery and applied to normal primary liver SEC with or without cyclopamine, an Hh signaling inhibitor. Effects on SEC gene expression were evaluated by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting. Hh target gene expression and SEC activation markers were compared in primary SEC and in liver sections from healthy and BDL rats. Results Platelet-derived growth factor–treated MF-HSC and cholangiocytes released exosome-enriched microparticles containing biologically-active Hh ligands. BDL increased release of Hh-containing exosome-enriched microparticles into plasma and bile. Transmission electron microscopy and immunoblots revealed similarities among microparticles from all sources; all microparticles induced similar Hh-dependent changes in SEC gene expression. SEC from healthy livers did not express Hh target genes or activation markers, but both were up-regulated in SEC after BDL. Conclusions Hh-containing exosome-enriched microparticles released from liver cells alter hepatic SEC gene expression, suggesting a novel mechanism for cirrhotic vasculopathy.
Music festivals and regional development in Australia

My career in festival and event management began in 2005 in South Korea as an event organizer with the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. My first official duty included overseeing an international c...
Acetylcholine receptor-controlled ion fluxes in membrane vesicles investigated by fast reaction techniques

The ability of a nerve cell to integrate its response to chemical signals (neurotransmitters) arriving from many other cells is central to the function of the nervous system. This integration process depends on the ability of the neurotransmitters to bind to specific receptors which modulate the flow of specific inorganic ions through the cell membrane, and on the ability of the cell to transmit a (chemical) signal to an adjacent cell1–3 only if the resulting change in transmembrane potential is of appropriate sign and magnitude. The controlling sign and magnitude of the cell transmembrane potential can be predicted from measurement of the rates of movement of specific inorganic ions across the membrane4–6 and their dependence on neurotransmitter concentration. However, there have been two main obstacles to the development of a suitable preparation for such measurements. First, Kasai and Changeux7 obtained a membrane vesicle preparation from the electric organ of Electrophorus electricus (electroplax vesicles) in which acetylcholine receptor-controlled fluxes of inorganic ions could be observed, but the flux rates seemed too slow to be of physiological significance8. We have shown that these slow flux rates were associated with a large fraction of the vesicle preparation which did not respond to acetylcholine and yet dominated the measurements9. We then accomplished the separation of the receptor-controlled fluxes from other processes9,10. Second, the receptor-controlled flux was found to be biphasic, with an initial phase too fast to be measured by available techniques11. We have now succeeded in applying a quench flow technique12 to the determination of the flux rate of specific inorganic ions across vesicle membranes in the millisecond time region, a time resolution sufficient for measuring the initial phase of receptor-controlled fluxes with these vesicles.
Soliton propagation in bulk and confined 3HeA

Abstract Solitons in superfluid 3HeA have been observed by pulsed NMR as they propagate through bulk fluid as well as through the 17 μm spaces between parallel plates. Although certain characteristics of the propagation are modified by the effect of the finite geometry, there is no substantial effect on the propagation velocity.
Growing a caring community of life‐long readers

Abstract This article highlights ways to generate the habit of life‐long reading. It describes exploration and discovery, satisfaction, and a caring community—with an emphasis on a caring community—as essential ingredients for cultivating life‐long reading in the early years. The narrative explains how selected strategies can be used in teacher education to show that the reading process is much more than phonetic decoding. At its best, reading is falling in love with print in the context of a caring, active, reflective community that uses words to make a difference in the real world.
Tongue-tied territories: Languages and publics in stateless nations

Abstract This brief essay introduces a collection of papers that examine the constitution of languages and publics within indigenous contexts. In the cases addressed in these papers, linguistic representation mediates the constitution of indigenous, colonized, stateless nations and varied forms of social authority intervening within them: state agencies, legal authority, linguistic science. These cases not only engage the relationship between linguistic representation and indigenous nationhood, but also examine the discourses of language endangerment circulating within, applied to, and generated by these publics.
A typology of child behavior profile patterns: distribution and correlates for disturbed children aged 6–16

This article reports the construction of a typology of behavior problem patterns, as scored on the Child Behavior Profile. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to identify reliable profile patterns that characterize clinically referred boys and girls aged 6–11 and 12–16. Procedures for classifying the profiles of individual children were developed and good agreement was obtained between classifications based on ratings by mothers and a clinician. The distribution of profile patterns was determined for each age and sex group. Children classified by different patterns were found to differ significantly in age, race, school performance, and amount and quality of participation in activities and social relationships. Issues in the application of cluster analysis to behavioral data were analyzed and various options for the classification of individual cases were compared.
Ongoing hepatocellular regeneration and resiliency toward galactosamine hepatotoxicity.

In previous studies, we reported that the age-dependent hepatotoxicity of galactosamine (GalN) was evident in hepatocytes maintained in primary cultures. Cellular proliferation and tissue repair are not manifested in response to injury in this in vitro system. Neonatal (5-day) rats have ongoing hepatocellular proliferation in contrast to adult (5-month) rats, and should be therefore resilient to GalN toxicity. Liver injury was assessed by serum transaminases (ALT, AST),3H-thymidine (3H-T) incorporation into nuclear DNA, and content of hepatocellular nuclear DNA. While the dose of 400 mg/kg did not cause any significant liver injury in the neonates, it did produce significant liver injury in adult rats. At a dose of 800 mg/kg, GalN produced significant injury in the neonates. Because 400 mg/kg causes clearly demonstrable liver injury in the adult and no injury in the neonates, this dose was used for further studies. In addition to the above measures of injury, uracil nucleotides (UTP, UDP, and UMP), glycogen, histopathology, and autoradiographic examination of liver sections were used to assess the liver injury in neonatal and adult rats. In a time-course study, all of the above were measured at 0, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h after GalN administration. Serum enzyme elevations as well as the appearance of necrotic and swollen hepatocytes were maximal at 24 h in the adults rats. In contrast to these observations in the adult rats, none of these measurements indicated significant liver injury in the neonates.3H-T incorporation into nuclear DNA was much higher in the neonatal liver in comparison to the adults reflecting the difference in regeneration. Hepatocellular nuclear DNA was also higher in the neonate and was significantly decreased due to GalN treatment. In the adult rats, the quiescent normal level of3H-T incorporation and nuclear DNA content were further decreased at 12 h, increased at 48 h and returned to normal low, quiescent levels at 72 h. In the neonates mitotic activity of hepatocytes was higher than in the adult rats. In the adult rats, mitotic activity was increased at 48 h after GalN administration and returned to normal at 72 h. In the neonates GalN did not alter the mitotic activity significantly. These findings demonstrate that in the presence of hepatocellular regeneration, galactosamine toxicity is minimal while in the absence of it, clear toxicity is manifested. In conclusion, while perturbation in uracil nucleotides and related biochemical events may explain the infliction of liver injury by GalN in an age-dependent fashion, the extent of tissue repair impacts decisively on the final outcome of injury.
Effects of insulin-produced hypoglycemia in combination with ethanol on spontaneous motor activity in rats

Abstract The hazardous consequences of drinking alcohol by persons receiving insulin treatment is indicated by clinical reports, but little controlled research has investigated the combination of hypoglycemia and ethanol intoxication. Ethanol's effect on spontaneous motor activity (SMA, detected by Opto-Varimax activity meters) in hypoglycemic (HG) rats was determined over a range of ethanol doses in two experiments. Combinations of insulin and ethanol were administered intraperitoneally to moderately food-deprived rats. Blood glucose was measured before and after a 30-min SMA-monitoring period. In Experiment 1, ethanol doses of 300, 600 and 1200 mg/kg were combined with insulin at doses 0.5 and 2 U/kg. A second experiment tested a narrower range of drug doses (ethanol 600 and 1200 mg/kg, insulin 1 U/kg) under slightly different procedures. After insulin treatment, blood-glucose levels dropped to approximately 40–60% of control levels and this HG was accompanied by decreased SMA. Ethanol did not influence blood-glucose levels, nor did it potentiate the HG produced by insulin. Combination of HG and the highest ethanol dose potentiated the SMA-depressant effect in both experiments, whereas lower ethanol doses partially reversed the suppression of motor activity in HG rats.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Non-cirrhotic Liver Without Evidence of Iron Overload in a Patient with Primary Hemochromatosis. Review

Background We report a case of a 70-year-old male with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with a history of hemochromatosis but with no evidence of cirrhosis or iron overload and with a history of exposure to atomic bomb radiation. It is very rare to see hepatocellular carcinoma in the absence of evidence of liver injury. Methods We did an extensive review of current English medical literature through Pubmed from 1980 to 2009 and found 14 case reports of patient with hepatocellular cancer in absence of cirrhosis. The details of these cases were reanalyzed as reported and documented for review. Results There are 14 previous case reports of HCC developing in hemochromatosis in absence of cirrhosis but ten of them had evidence of iron overload in the nontumorous livers. Our case is the fifth case of Hepatocellular cancer in hemochromatosis in absence of cirrhosis and iron overload. Conclusion Hepatocellular carcinoma is a very rare in absence of cirrhosis but patient with other risk factors like hemochromatosis, viral infections, radiation, and toxin exposure should be monitored closely for any sign and symptoms suggestive of malignancy.
Croatia and NATO: Moving Toward Alliance Membership

NATO's “Open-Door” policy continues to generate much enthusiasm from aspiring countries across eastern and southern Europe. This paper examines Croatia's efforts to meet NATO's membership standards and assesses its reforms and policy changes across three issue areas, including civil-military relations, military modernization, and recent foreign policy directions. Our research suggests that Croatia has made significant improvements in moving toward NATO's political and military standards. While it still faces reform challenges due to its historical legacy under Franjo Tudjman and low public approval ratings for NATO, recent policy developments still indicate that NATO's willingness to expand produces a powerful incentive for ongoing reform.
Postnatal evaluation of morphological and functional effects of prenatal exposure to nitrofen in the Long-Evans rat

The herbicide Nitrofen was administered to Long-Evans rats on d 11 of gestation (75 mg/kg, po) in an effort to further evaluate its reported ability to induce hydronephrosis and to affect Harderian-gland development. This regimen did not affect the litter size at birth or postnatal growth and viability. Eye opening, recorded on postnatal d 16 (PD 16), figure-eight maze activity (PD 24), and vaginal opening (PD 31) were unaffected by treatment. Lung weights were lower on PD 7 and 35 but not at PD 210. Harderian-gland weights were lower at PD 35 and 210, and 12% of the Nitrofen-treated offspring had missing glands, versus 0% of controls. Hydronephrosis was detected in 23% of the necropsied offspring and was represented in every treated litter. Only one control pup (1.5%) was hydronephrotic at necropsy. Treated pups, regardless of the presence or absence of hydronephrosis, had a diminished ability to concentrate urine in fluid deprivation tests applied on PD 3 and 6. By PD 50, however, treated offspring were not deficient in a similar test unless hydronephrosis was present. Microscopic examination on PD 7 of morphologically normal kidneys showed no treatment-related delay in nephrogenesis. Serum chemistry values evaluated at PD 210 showed no overall treatment effect, but animals with hydronephrosis had elevated phosphorus, urea nitrogen, creatinine, and potassium levels. This study has demonstrated that a single prenatal exposure to Nitrofen alters Harderian-gland development, lung growth, and renal development and function. Hydropenia tests applied to neonates detected renal dysfunction and were predictive of hydronephrosis, while a similar test in young adults did not detect dysfunction in morphologically normal animals. The neonatal hydropenia test appears to be an extremely useful tool in evaluating perinatally induced renal dysfunction.
The electronic partition functions of atoms and ions between 7000 and 12000 K

Abstract The electronic partition functions of atoms and singly-charged positive ions are presented, for 52 elements, in the form of the second-order polynomials of temperature, which are valid between 7000 and 12000 K. The errors in the partition functions calculated with these polynomials are, at most, of the order of 1% for most of the elements listed. The limitations of the results and the causes of errors are discussed.
ON THE MAXIMUM RATE OF CHANGE IN SUNSPOT NUMBER GROWTH AND THE SIZE OF THE SUNSPOT CYCLE

Statistically significant correlations exist between the size (maximum amplitude) of the sunspot cycle and, especially, the maximum value of the rate of rise during the ascending portion of the sunspot cycle, where the rate of rise is computed either as the difference in the month-to-month smoothed sunspot number values or as the ‘average rate of growth’ in smoothed sunspot number from sunspot minimum. Based on the observed values of these quantities (equal to 10.6 and 4.63, respectively) as of early 1989, one infers that cycle 22's maximum amplitude will be about 175 ± 30 or 185 ± 10, respectively, where the error bars represent approximately twice the average error found during cycles 10–21 from the two fits.
The contribution of quality to business performance

Quality is consistently listed as one of manufacturing’s top competitive priorities and has become a prerequisite for success in the global marketplace. Quality helps a firm gain a competitive advantage by delivering goods to the marketplace that meet customer needs, operate in their intended manner, and continuously improve quality dimensions in order to “surprise and delight” the customer. While quality’s significance has been emphasized for years, the contribution of quality to business performance has been largely unexplored. Results of a survey sent to the furniture industry show that quality dimensions ‐ especially design quality and product improvement ‐ are highly correlated with business performance. Quality remains the foundation of competitive advantage, even if a firm’s short‐term attention has drifted to speed‐to‐market, cost reduction and other concerns.
A multilayered cell culture model for transport study in solid tumors: Evaluation of tissue penetration of polyethyleneimine based cationic micelles

Limited drug distribution is partially responsible for the efficacy gap between preclinical and clinical studies of nano-sized drug carriers for cancer therapy. In this study, we examined the transport behavior of cationic micelles formed from a triblock copolymer of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide)-block-branched polyethyleneimine-block-poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) using a unique in vitro tumor model composed of a multilayered cell culture (MCC) and an Ussing chamber system. The Cy3-labeled cationic micelles showed remarkable Cy3 distribution in the MCC whereas charge-shielded micelles with a poly(ethylene glycol) surface accumulated on the surface of the MCC. Penetration occurred against convectional flow caused by a hydraulic pressure gradient. The study using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) showed that the cationic micelles dissociate at the interface between the culture media and the MCC or possibly inside of the first-layer cells and penetrates into the MCC as unimers. The penetration and distribution were energy-dependent and suppressed by various endocytic inhibitors. These suggest that cationic unimers mainly utilized clathrin-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis for cellular entry and a significant fraction were exocytosed by an unknown mechanism.
Simulation Model for Wideband Mobile-to-Mobile Underwater Fading Channels

This paper presents a two-dimensional (2-D) reference model for wideband mobile-to-mobile (M-to-M) underwater fading channels. From the reference model, the timefrequency correlation function for a 2-D non-isotropic scattering environment is derived. Finally, the sum-of-sinusoids simulator is presented and shown to closely match the statistical properties of the reference model.
Exclusion of musculature from the submental flap: a contingency plan for facial nerve palsy.

Summary: Submental flap surgery is a useful and versatile reconstructive procedure. Currently, disagreement exists regarding the need to include the anterior belly of the digastric muscle or mylohyoid in the submental flap. The report outlines the value of excluding normal and variant anterior digastric and mylohyoid musculature from the submental flap as a contingency plan for marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve palsy. Also, the article addresses variant anterior digastric musculature, a common anatomical finding, as it relates to the submental flap. The question of whether or not to include the anterior digastric musculature does not necessitate an all-or-none decision. In the case of multiple anterior digastric bellies, some bellies may be included in the flap, whereas others are not. The location of the submental vessels and the desired bulk or contour of the flap should guide the decision of which anterior digastric bellies, if any, are included in the flap.
Images and Open Subspaces of SV Spaces

A topological space is finitely an F-space if its Stone–Cech compactification is a union of finitely many closed F-spaces and a space is SV if C(X) has the property that C(X)/P is a valuation domain for each prime ring ideal P of C(X). This article studies the images under open continuous functions and the open subspaces of spaces that are finitely an F-space or are SV. It is shown that an open continuous image of a compact space that is finitely an F-space is finitely an F-space and an open continuous image of certain SV spaces is SV. Also, it is shown cozerosets, but not necessarily open sets, of SV spaces are SV spaces and a similar situation holds for spaces that are finitely an F-space.
MORE THAN AN OCEAN APART: THE STREET RAILWAYS OF CLEVELAND AND BIRMINGHAM, 1880-1911

U.S. cities were quick to accept and construct street railway (SR) networks in the late 19th century. In examining SR electrification, historians observed that while U.S. SRs were eager to embrace the new technology, their European counterparts were reluctant to electrify, causing a technological 'lag' in the development of the European systems during the latter half of the 19th century. This is attributed to Europe's stricter government oversight of railway leases and operations as compared with the U.S. However, despite this initial disadvantage, most European systems gradually caught up with U.S. systems by the early 20th century. By World War I, European SRs were offering service equal to or better than that of U.S. SRs. By examining the cities of Birmingham, England, and Cleveland, Ohio, from the 1880s to 1911, this paper argues that, rather than racing to catch up with U.S. developments, Birmingham's SRs actually benefited from more conservative, long-term policies emphasizing permanence, while Cleveland's SRs suffered from policies emphasizing the immediate future and ignoring considerations of the long term.
Spurious signals generated by electron tunneling on large reflector antennas

Large reflector antennas are currently fabricated by assembling a large number of small light aluminum panels onto a superstructure. A large number of aluminum-to-aluminum joints are inherently exposed to RF radiation on such an antenna. It is shown in this paper that the natural oxide layer on aluminum is of the correct thickness to permit electron tunneling through the Al-Al 2 O 3 -Al junctions. The nonlinearity due to the junctions then generates spurious signals when these antennas are used for simultaneous transmission and reception of signals at different frequencies. Moreover, the large number of junctions (rivets) on an antenna can combine to produce serious inteference in these diplexed systems.
Energy Functionals and Complex Monge–Ampère Equations

We introduce certain energy functionals to complex Monge–Ampere equations over bounded domains with inhomogeneous boundary conditions, and use these functionals to show the convergence of solutions to certain parabolic Monge–Ampere equations.
Has Discrimination Disappeared? A Response to William Julius Wilson

William Julius Wilson, in his book, When Work Disappears, notes that 80% of interviewed Black employers (and 74% of Whites) who provided comments on “job skills, basic skills, work ethic, dependability, attitudes and interpersonal skills” expressed negative views of inner-city Blacks. The author suggests that there are problems in Wilson’s research methodology that may too quickly lead to his notion that inner-city joblessness is far more apt to be the result of “unflattering behaviors” of poor Blacks rather than the persistently discriminatory assumptions and hiring practices of employers. Wilson’s findings are compared with those from the author’s own employer interview study. Only 4 of the 44 employers interviewed felt that Black workers had poorer work ethics and attitudes than Whites. Reasons are presented for the differences, and the article concludes with a brief discussion of the policy implications of these findings.
Phorbol Esters Rapidly Attenuate Glutamine Uptake and Growth in Human Colon Carcinoma Cells

Background. The amino acid glutamine, while essential for gut epithelial growth, has also been shown to stimulate colon carcinoma proliferation and diminish differentiation. Human colon carcinomas are known to extract and metabolize glutamine at rates severalfold greater than those of normal tissues, but the regulation of this response is unclear. Previously we reported that phorbol esters regulate hepatoma System ASC/B0-mediated glutamine uptake and cell growth. As human colon carcinoma cells use this same transporter for glutamine uptake, the present studies were undertaken to determine whether similar regulation functions in colon carcinoma. Materials and methods. Human colon carcinoma cell lines (WiDr and HT29) were treated with the protein kinase C (PKC) activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and initial-rate transport of glutamine and other nutrients was measured at specific times thereafter. Growth rates were monitored during culture ± PMA or an excess of System ASC/B0 substrates relative to glutamine. Results. PMA treatment induced a rapid inhibition of glutamine uptake rates in WiDr and HT29 cells by 30 and 57%, respectively, after 1 h. Cycloheximide failed to block this response, indicating that the mechanism by which PMA exerts its effects is posttranslational. The inhibition of glutamine uptake by PMA was abrogated by the PKC inhibitor staurosporine, suggesting that this rapid System ASC/B0 regulation may be mediated by a PKC-dependent pathway. PMA also significantly decreased transport via System y+ (arginine) and System A (small zwitterionic amino acids). Chronic phorbol ester treatment inhibited WiDr cell growth, as did attenuation of System B0-mediated glutamine uptake with other transporter substrates. Conclusions. System ASC/B0 uptake governs glutamine-dependent growth in colon carcinoma cell lines, and is regulated by a phorbol ester-sensitive pathway that may involve PKC. The results further establish the link between glutamine uptake and colon carcinoma cell growth, a relationship worthy of further investigation with the goal of discovering novel cancer therapeutic targets.
Thermal Pollution Mitigation in Cold Water Stream Watersheds Using Bioretention

This study examines the use of bioretention as a strategy to reduce the thermal impact associated with urban stormwater runoff in developing cold water stream watersheds. Temperature and flow data were collected during 10 controlled runs at a bioretention facility located in Blacksburg, Virginia. It was determined that bioretention has the ability to reduce the temperature of thermally charged stormwater runoff received from an asphalt surface. Significant reductions in peak and average temperatures (p < 0.001) were observed. However, this facility was unable to consistently reduce the temperature below the threshold for natural trout waters in Virginia. The ability of bioretention to reduce runoff volume and peak flow rate also serves to reduce the hydrothermal impact. An average thermal pollution reduction of nearly 37 MJ/m3 was calculated using an adopted threshold temperature of 20°C. Based on the results of this study, it was concluded that properly designed bioretention systems have the capability to reduce the thermal impact of urban stormwater runoff on cold water stream ecosystems.
The embryogenesis of congenital vertebral dislocation: Early embryonic buckling?

Congenital vertebral dislocation (CVD) is a rare congenital spinal malformation characterized by a translatory or rotatory vertebral displacement, or both, at a single level, that results in an abrupt angulation of the neural canal. The more caudal vertebra is dysplastic and appears at first glance to be posteriorly dislocated into the vertebral canal as a posterior hemivertebra, but is actually well aligned with the more caudal vertebral column. Unfortunately, the present classification of complex congenital vertebral anomalies is confusing, and CVD has been grouped together with other congenital vertebral malformations under the terms 'segmental spinal dysgenesis', 'medial spinal aplasia', and others. Moreover, a putative embryonic mechanism has never been proposed for CVD. Based upon our experience with 6 children and a critical review of the literature, we identify CVD as a distinct entity having characteristic anatomical features. We propose a novel putative embryonic mechanism - early embryonic 'buckling' - which likely occurs by the 6th embryonic week, prior to the period of axonal outgrowth and the beginning of vertebral chondrification.
The instantaneous impulse construction as a formula for central force motion on an arbitrary plane curve with respect to an arbitrary force centre in the plane of that curve

Conclusion We have shown that, via his instantaneous impulse construction applied to an arbitrary plane curve and arbitrary force centre in the plane of that curve, Newton had a prescription for the determination of a central force motion for a body moving on the arbitrary curve. In the Problems which followed Proposition VI Newton applied his centripetal force formula to a variety of curves and force centres. The conclusion of each problem was the determination of the centripetal force for the given curve and force centre, and the determination of the given orbit as one of the possible orbits for the centripetal force found. In the important Problem of the conic sections with the force centre at a focus, Newton determined the force to be inverse square, showed that a conic could be constructed for every initial condition (except of course where the initial velocity pointed to the force centre, in which case the body moves directly in a straight line to the force centre), and stated the uniqueness of the ...
Worksite stress management: A comparison of programs

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of commonly used approaches to stress management, delivered at worksites. Seventy-six volunteer employees were randomized to a relaxation training group, a multicomponent stress management group, or an education/social support group. Measures were collected at baseline, after the eight-week intervention, and at a three-month follow-up. There were significant reductions in anxiety, depression and hostility, which were maintained in all conditions. No group improved significantly on job satisfaction, work stress, resting BP, or BP reactivity to mental arithmetic or cold pressor stresson. There was no evidence that one group was more effective than the others. Psychological benefits may have been due to nonspecific intervention factors. While decreases in hostility may be a health-related benefit for all groups, it may be unrealistic to expect physiological improvements from clinical stress management programs with nonclinical employee populations.
Restructuring a traditional student teacher supervision model: Fostering enhanced professional development and mentoring within a professional development school context

Abstract The purpose of this study was to pilot an alternative student teaching supervision model at a college of education in a US context. In the study, the collaborators used multiple paired dyads to supervise student teachers with multiple supports from college faculty. This study examined how teachers and university faculty planned the use of paired dyads and how participants responded to the innovation. The findings suggest teachers and junior faculty can undertake bottom-up reform within larger systemic constraints.
Global Lightning Flash Frequency

Abstract Lightning flashes recorded in photographs by two satellites in the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) are used to calculate flash frequencies for land and ocean regions in 10° latitude belts between 60°S and 60°N for dusk and midnight local times. Data are analyzed for the first week of each month between March 1974 and February 1975. We find that the annual land-ocean ratio of global lightning at dusk ranges from 8 to approximately 20, depending on whether lightning near the coast is judged to be from thunderstorms produced predominantly by ocean effects or land effects. A similar analysis for data obtained near midnight yields ratios which range from 4 to 8. The global land-ocean lightning ratio is significantly higher during the northern summer than during the southern summer. The dusk lightning flash frequency as a function of latitude peaks at 10–20°N during the northern summer and 0–10°N during the southern summer. The midnight flash frequency peaks at 0–10°N throughout the yea...
A nitrate and silicate budget in the equatorial Pacific Ocean: a coupled physical-biological model study

Abstract A coupled physical–biological model was developed to simulate the low-silicate, high-nitrate, and low-chlorophyll (LSHNLC) conditions in the equatorial Pacific Ocean and used to compute a detailed budget in the Wyrtki box (5°N–5°S, 180–90°W) for the major sources and cycling of nitrogen and silicon in the equatorial Pacific. With the incorporation of biogenic silicon dissolution, NH 4 regeneration from organic nitrogen and nitrification of ammonia in the model, we show that silicon recycling in the upper ocean is less efficient than nitrogen. As the major source of nutrients to the equatorial Pacific, the Equatorial Undercurrent provides slightly less Si(OH) 4 than NO 3 to the upwelling zone, which is defined as 2.5°N–2.5°S. As a result, the equatorial upwelling supplies less Si(OH) 4 than NO 3 into the euphotic zone in the Wyrtki box, having a Si/N supply ratio of about 0.85 (2.5 vs. 2.96 mmol m −2 day −1 ). More Si(OH) 4 than NO 3 is taken up with a Si/N ratio of 1.17 (2.72 vs. 2.33 mmol m −2 day −1 ) within the euphotic zone. The difference between upwelling supply and biological uptake is balanced by nutrient regeneration and horizontal advection. Excluding regeneration, the net silicate and nitrate uptakes are nearly equal (1.76 vs. 1.84 mmol m −2 day −1 ). However, biogenic silica export production is slightly higher than organic nitrogen (1.74 vs. 1.59 mmol m −2 day −1 ) following a 1.1 Si/N ratio. In the central equatorial Pacific, low silicate concentrations limit diatom growth; therefore non-diatom new production accounts for most of the new production. Higher silicate supply in the east maintains elevated diatom growth rates and new production associated with diatoms dominate upwelling zone. In contrast, the new production associated with small phytoplankton is nearly constant or decreases eastward along the equator. The total new production has a higher rate in the east than in the west, following the pattern of surface silicate. This suggests that silicate regulates the diatom production, total new production, and thereby carbon cycle in this area. The modeled mean primary production is 48.4 mmol C m −2 day −1 , representing the lower end of direct field measurements, while new production is 15.0 mmol C m −2 day −1 , which compares well with previous estimates.
Wetting of solids by surface-active agents: The effects of unequal adsorption to vapor-liquid and solid-liquid interfaces

The role of surfactant adsorption in the wetting of relatively low-energy solids was evaluated from contact angle measurement using various aqueous surfactant solution-solid combinations. Analysis of the resulting data indicates that with many systems, pure liquids of low surface tension and aqueous surfactant solutions having the same surface tension do not produce the same contact angles; pure liquids often are better wetting agents. For hydrocarbon surfactants these effects are more significant for semipolar solids such as polymethyl methacrylate than for nonpolar solids. For a fluorocarbon surfactant, perfluoro-n-octanoic acid, the effects were found to be important for semipolar solids as well as nonpolar solids such as paraffin. These differences can be explained by invoking a lower adsorption of surfactants to the solid-liquid interface in comparison to the vapor liquid interface. Independent evidence from adsorption data justifies this explanation both for hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon surfactants. Using directly determined adsorption data on Graphon for both types of surfactants and surface tension values of the aqueous solutions involved, changes in the contact angle for Graphon were calculated. These simulated wetting curves reproduce many features of the observed wetting data for nonpolar solids for similar surfactants.