cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The same major histocompatibility complex polymorphism involved in control of HIV influences peptide binding in the mouse H-2Ld system.

Single-site polymorphisms in human class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) products (HLA-B) have recently been shown to correlate with HIV disease progression or control. An identical single-site polymorphism (at residue 97) in the mouse class I product H-2Ld influences stability of the complex. To gain insight into the human polymorphisms, here we examined peptide binding, stability, and structures of the corresponding Ld polymorphisms, Trp97 and Arg97. Expression of LdW97 and LdR97 genes in a cell line that is antigen-processing competent showed that LdR97 was expressed at higher levels than LdW97, consistent with enhanced stability of self-peptide·LdR97 complexes. To further examine peptide-binding capacities of these two allelic variants, we used a high affinity pep-Ld specific probe to quantitatively examine a collection of self- and foreign peptides that bind to Ld. LdR97 bound more effectively than LdW97 to most peptides, although LdW97 bound more effectively to two peptides. The results support the view that many self-peptides in the Ld system (or the HLA-B system) would exhibit enhanced binding to Arg97 alleles compared with Trp97 alleles. Accordingly, the self-peptide·MHC-Arg97 complexes would influence T-cell selection behavior, impacting the T-cell repertoire of these individuals, and could also impact peripheral T cell activity through effects of self-peptide·Ld interacting with TCR and/or CD8. The structures of several peptide·LdR97 and peptide·LdW97 complexes provided a framework of how this single polymorphism could impact peptide binding. Background: Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I polymorphisms at residue 97 have been associated with HIV control and progression. Results: Mouse MHC class I variant LdR97 bound a broader repertoire of peptides than LdW97. Conclusion: Aromatic-stacking interactions involving W97 may restrict peptide-binding plasticity. Significance: The homologous HLA-B allele (Arg97) likely binds a larger self-peptide repertoire than Trp97, resulting in reduced T cell diversity due to tolerance.
INFORMATION THEORY: A NEW WEAPON AGAINST ADVERTISING WEAROUT

The paper presents a simplified explanation of a rather complex mathematical approach to communication called information theory. This theory maintains that all information can be quantified. The implications of this theory for advertising are discussed along with strategic and tactical suggestions. The conclusion is that knowledge of the information content of an advertisement helps to determine the optimum exposure level for an audience while maximizing promotional influence and minimizing advertising wearout.
CARBON ISOTOPE EFFECT IN SINGLE-CRYSTAL RB3C60

The sharp resistive transitions in superconducting single crystals of natural abundance and 99% ${}^{13}\mathrm{C}$-enriched ${\mathrm{Rb}}_{3}{\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ reveal the carbon isotope effect with unprecedented accuracy. The measured isotope exponent ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\mathrm{C}}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0.21\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.012$ is outside the error bars of all previous reported values. Our precise value for ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\mathrm{C}}$, combined with ${T}_{c}$, ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\mathrm{Rb}}$, and an ab initio calculation of the frequency distribution of the electron-phonon coupling, allows a fully constrained determination of the coupling strength $\ensuremath{\lambda}{\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0.9}_{\ensuremath{-}0.1}^{+0.15}$ and the Coulomb repulsion ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{*}{\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0.22}_{\ensuremath{-}0.02}^{+0.03}$. These new measurements reveal a phonon-mediated superconductor with moderate coupling to a wide range of phonons centered near $\ensuremath{\sim}1400\mathrm{K}$.
Dual diffusion—reaction coupling in first order multicomponent systems

Abstract The problem of unsteady, unidirectional diffusion with complex first order reversible chemical reactions in an isothermal, isobaric multicomponent system of constant molar or mass density is investigated. In this system components are coupled by chemical reactions as well as by diffusion and in general the equations cannot be uncoupled by a transformation of concentration coordinates. Solutions are obtained by a separation of variable matrices technique from which it is found that an ideal system (e.g., a mixture of perfect gases) near equilibrium is stable. If all of the reactants are infinitely dilute, or Knudsen diffusion takes place the system is always stable. A multicomponent solution represents one of the possible matrix generalizations of the solution to the analogous binary problem with a single irreversible reaction.
Seventeen years’ experience with Autoplex®/Autoplex® T: evaluation of inpatients with severe haemophilia A and factor VIII inhibitors at a major haemophilia centre

A retrospective case analysis of the use of Autoplex T® (anti-inhibitor coagulant complex [heat treated]) at a major haemophilia treatment centre is described. Twenty-three haemophilia A patients with a history of high-titre (>10 BU), high-response inhibitors were treated for a total of 54 bleeding episodes requiring hospital admission and/or surgical intervention. Effective or partially effective haemostatic control was achieved within 72 h in 94% of reported cases (effective 85%; partially effective 9%). The incidence of adverse reactions was low and there were no thrombotic complications. In bleeding episodes for which BU titres were determined within 6 months pre- and 6 months post-treatment, there was little tendency for Autoplex T to cause an anamnestic response (1 of 19 bleeding episodes). In the three invasive surgical procedures included in the case review, coverage with Autoplex T resulted in no postoperative complications, no bleeding at the surgical site, and no postoperative haematoma. The results support the efficacy and safety of Autoplex T in the treatment of bleeding episodes and haemostatic coverage of surgical procedures in haemophilia A patients with inhibitors.
Detection thresholds and taste qualities of iron salts

In previous work, the possibilities of retronasal and tactile qualifier of ferrous sulfate were assessed. To provide a detailed description of properties of ferrous salts, more basic psychophysical tests of iron salts were carried out. The first study examined detection thresholds of three ferrous salts. Average detection thresholds for ferrous sulfate, chloride and gluconate were 99.2, 66.0 and 20.5 μM, respectively. A second study examined the taste qualities of same iron salts at different concentrations with and without nasal occlusion. The total intensity and taste qualities of iron changed as a function of concentration and anions. These results confirm that the sensations of ferrous salts are a complex of retronasal, gustatory and possibly tactile cues. Furthermore, the taste of their salts can be described by a combination of four basic tastes as well as metallic and astringent if only these terms are available to the subjects.
Cell-mediated immune response in hamsters infected with Babesia microti

Abstract A study was made of the cell-mediated immune (CMI) response in hamsters infected with Babesia microti isolated from a woman with clinical babesiosis. The leukocyte migration inhibition test (LMIT) using spleen leukocytes exposed to a soluble B. microti antigen was used for in vitro measurement of cellular immunity. The earliest detectable response was noted at the end of the second week after infection and persisted at relatively high levels throughout the 41-week observation period. Challenge infection caused a transitory but strong rise in the LMIT results. No hematologic manifestations of babesiosis were related to the challenge inoculation. The CMI responses were compared wiht humoral antibody measurements using the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test.
Oxen cultivation in semi-arid West Africa: Profitability analysis in Mali

Abstract The profitability of animal traction technologies in semi-arid West Africa continues to generate much debate. The specific objective of this paper is to determine the profitability of, and the constraints to the adoption of, oxen traction technologies on smallholder farms in South-West Mali. A farm-level programming model of a representative smallholder farm was used to determine farm level adoption patterns, the impacts and the constraints to the adoption of alternative combinations of oxen traction technologies (i.e. oxen with plough and oxen with plough and weeder). The cropping system scenarios under which oxen tillage technologies are profitable for farmers in this zone are derived. Financial analysis of the multi-year net cash flows from adopting the oxen, plough and weeder technical package was performed. Modelling results show that the complete oxen-plough-weeder technology is financially profitable for farmers in the zone, but its profitability by being conditional on the expansion of peanut (cash crop) area requires structural changes in the product markets to allow farmers the opportunity to expand and market their output.
Large Margin Dimension Reduction for Sparse Image Classification

In this paper, a new dimension reduction algorithm called Large Margin Dimension Reduction (LMDR) is proposed for dimension reduction in classification. The formulation of LMDR incorporates the advantages of the L1-norm SVM [1] and distance metric learning [2] into one framework by using the idea of distance metric learning to search for an optimal linear transform on the original features and using the idea of L1-norm SVM to determine significant feature components. Experiments show that the proposed LMDR achieves better performance than the traditional linear discriminant analysis in certain cases.
A microarchitecture-based framework for pre- and post-silicon power delivery analysis

Variations in power supply voltage, which is a function of the power delivery network and dynamic current consumption, can affect circuit reliability. Much work has been done to understand power delivery robustness during both the design phase as well as the post-silicon validation phase. Methods applicable at the design phase typically synthesize worst-case current waveforms based on simple current constraints but fail to provide corresponding instruction streams due to their ignorance of the functional aspects of the machine and hence cannot be validated. Approaches used for post-silicon validation are not useful during design, and either rely heavily on available test content which can come from power, performance, or defect testing, and hence are limited in validation potential or employ manually-crafted tests aimed at power delivery, and hence are highly labor-intensive. In this paper, we provide a novel approach to construct processor current waveforms to induce significant droops while at the same time producing instruction streams to achieve those waveforms. We solve the pre-silicon current stimulus generation problem as an optimization problem. The modular framework in this paper utilizes microarchitectural information, current consumption estimates of fine-grained microarchitectural components and a pre-characterized power delivery network to obtain significant droop-inducing current waveforms. The paper further discusses techniques to convert operations associated with these generated waveforms to functional instruction streams. Silicon measurements of such tests run on an industrial microprocessor validate the approach.
Wildlife Conservation Sunflower Plots and Croplands as Fall Habitat for Migratory Birds

Abstract Agricultural fields are often overlooked as post-breeding and migratory bird habitat, even though many species use row-crop fields in the northern Great Plains. We monitored bird use, crop and non-crop vegetation characteristics and abundance, and land use around (≤2.4 km) 35 8-ha Wildlife Conservation Sunflower Plots (WCSP) and one commercial sunflower and non-sunflower row-crop field, paired with each WCSP, in fall 2004 and 2005. We excluded four species of blackbirds from our analysis that commonly form large foraging flocks and ubiquitously use agricultural fields. A diverse community of migratory birds used WCSP and commercial sunflower compared to other non-sunflower crops in North Dakota. Both WCSP (mean = 24.4 birds/ha, se = 2.7) and commercial sunflower (mean = 12.7 birds/ha, se = 1.7) harbored greater densities of birds (P < 0.01) than did other non-sunflower row crops (mean = 7.2 birds/ha, se = 1.1). Migratory birds were more strongly associated with vegetation within field...
Homespun Hypertext: Student-Constructed Hypertext as a Tool for Teaching Critical Thinking.

Techniques for creating collaborative student-constructed hypertexts in the classroom are described. The goals of the exercise were to facilitate student-directed learning by doing, help students l...
Organizing Health Care: A Comparative Analysis of National Institutions and Inequality Over Time

Research has not satisfactorily answered the question of whether institutions are becoming more similar across countries despite the existence of nationally distinctive social, cultural, political ...
Domain Decomposition Methods for Partial Differential Equations

Domain decomposition methods are iterative methods for the solution of linear or nonlinear systems that use explicit information about the geometry, discretization, and/or partial differential equations that underlie the discrete systems. Considerable research in domain decomposition methods for partial differential equations has been carried out in the past dozen years. Recently, these techniques have begun to be applied to “real-world” engineering problems. This chapter summarizes basic ideas of domain decomposition methods. Though no particular applications are discussed, references are furnished to several recent uses of domain decomposition.
A new turbulence model for porous media flows. Part I: Constitutive equations and model closure

A new model for turbulent flows in porous media is developed. The spatial- and time fluctuations in this new model are tied together and treated as a single quantity. This novel treatment of the fluctuations leads to a natural construction of the k and e type equations for rigid and isotropic porous media in which all the kinetic energy filtered in the averaging process is modeled. The same terms as those found in the corresponding equations for clear flow, plus additional terms resulting from the interaction between solid walls in the porous media and the fluid characterize the model. These extra terms arise in a boundary integral form, facilitating their modeling. The model is closed by assuming the eddy viscosity approximation to be valid, and using simple models to represent the interaction between the walls in the porous media and the fluid.
Temporal and Spatial Diffusion in the Comparative Analysis of Social Change

The conceptual and methodological outlines of a new approach to the comparative analysis of social change are expressed in a general time-series regression model which can serve as a framework for developing specific theories of social change for particular variables. The approach seeks to explain the variation over time in a macro-level attribute or action of a social system as a function of a combination of within-system, across-system, and across-time processes: (1) incrementalism or momentum, or the within-system temporal diffusion of the dependent variable; (2) within-system causal development, or the influence of other characteristics of the system itself; (3) spatial diffusion, or the spread of the dependent variable from system to system; and (4) global contextual forces, such as war, depression and shortage of resources. In addition to reconsidering the nature of “the comparative method,” the discussion focuses on the process of diffusion and how it fits in with the other processes, especially from a time-series perspective.
THE 50% RULE—GOING AWAY A Challenge for the Field

Dan Carnevale, the outstanding reporter for the Chronicle of Higher Education, recently wrote about the 50% rule, the U.S. Department of Education’s regulation that prevents any college that enrolls more than 50% of its students at a distance or provides more than 50% of it courses via distance education from participating in federal student-aid programs (Carnevale, 2006). This rule was passed in 1992 in response to an increase in fraud by diploma mills and shady correspondence programs. Many educators considered this rule to be one very critical impediment to the growth of distance education, and a statement by the federal government about the lack of legitimacy of the field. In the early 1990s, the Internet and World Wide Web were just beginning to make an impact and few in mainstream education considered online learning to ever be the major force in education it has become. We now know that those who did not see the impact of distance education were wrong; online education has exploded in popularity and continues to grow in reach and stature. In the 15 years since the 50% rule was enacted, online education in higher education has grown so rapidly that the Sloan Consortium now feels that distance education is “entering the mainstream,” with over 2.3 million higher education students enrolled in online courses in 2004 (Allen & Seaman, 2005). The impact of changing the 50% rule may seem to some to be unimportant, just a change in an obscure law. To others, the law change represents the acceptance of distance education by the public, a move needed because of the huge numbers of students who are demanding to learn at a distance. To a few, modification of the 50% rule is seen as a challenge: a challenge to demonstrate the effectiveness of distance education; to show the positive consequences of offering teaching when and where learning is needed; an opportunity to institute the use of best practices; and as an implied demand that administrators expect rigorous, well-designed, and high-quality instructional experiences for distant students whom have sought out their institutions.
Scaling of InGaAs MOSFETs into deep-submicron regime (invited)

We have demonstrated high-performance deep-submicron inversion-mode InGaAs MOSFETs with gate lengths down to 150 nm with record G m exceeding 1.1 mS/µm. Oxide thickness scaling is performed to improve the on-state/off-state performance and G m is further improved to 1.3 mS/µm. HBr pre-cleaning, retro-grade structure and halo-implantation processes are first time introduced into III-V MOSFETs to steadily improve high-k/InGaAs interface quality and on-state/off-state performance of the devices. We have also demonstrated the first well-behaved inversion-mode InGaAs FinFET with ALD Al 2 O 3 as gate dielectric using novel damage-free etching techniques. Detailed analysis of SS, DIBL and V T roll-off are carried out on FinFETs with L ch down to 100 nm and W Fin down to 40 nm. The short-channel effect (SCE) of planar InGaAs MOSFETs is greatly improved by the 3D structure design. The result confirms that the newly developed dry/wet etching process produces damage-free InGaAs sidewalls and the high-k/3D InGaAs interface is comparable to the 2D case. Finally, ultra-shallow doping for V T adjustment in deep submicron InGaAs MOSFETs using sulfur monolayers is demonstrated. This brings new potential solution to ultra-shallow junction formation for the further scaling of III-V MOSFETs.
Online availability of hormonal contraceptives without a health care examination: effect of knowledge and health care screening.

Abstract Background The study was conducted to investigate whether the knowledge of women using an online resource to obtain hormonal contraceptives (HCs) without a health care examination is similar to women who obtain HC in the clinic. Study Design Women who accessed HC prescriptions online or through a clinic visit were offered an anonymous self-administered survey regarding the contraindications to and possible complications of HC. Tests of equivalence were used to compare the mean scores between the two populations. Results Online users ( n =243) were older, more affluent, more educated, and more likely to be insured than clinic patients ( n =161). The two populations demonstrated equivalent HC knowledge [contraindications (mean score, 95% confidence interval): clinic 81.1% (77.2���85.0%), online 85.0% (82.0���88.0%); complications: clinic 77.6% (72.7���82.6%), online 82.1% (78.8���85.5%)]. The online population remained equivalent or superior to the clinic population in an age-restricted analysis. Conclusion Women who self-select to obtain HC prescriptions online demonstrate at least equivalent knowledge of potential HC risks as women seen in a clinic encounter without a pelvic examination.
Enzyme studies in the articular cartilage of diabetic rats and of rats bearing transplanted pancreatic islets.

The articular cartilage of normal rats, of rats made diabetic with streptozotocin, and of rats made diabetic with streptozotocin and subsequently transplanted with isologous pancreatic islets was examined for the activities of enzymes engaged in the synthesis and degradation of glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides). The activities assayed were those of the degrading enzymes B-glucuronidase, B-acetyglucosaminidase, B-acetylgalactos-aminidase, B-galactosidase, and those active in synthesis: uridine-diphosphate dehydrogenase, ghicose-6-phosphate dehyrogenase, and phosphofructokinase. In the diabetic animals all enzyme activities were increased, those of the degrading enzymes more than those of the others. Implantation of pancreatic islets reversed the changes produced by diabetes, enzyme activities returning to near-normal levels.
Chronic disease and health risk behaviors associated with intimate partner violence-18 U.S. states/territories, 2005.

PURPOSE: Few studies have examined the association between intimate partner violence (IPV) and health outcomes for both women and men. The current study examined this relationship for women and men as part of a large cross-sectional public-health survey that collected information on a range of health behaviors and health risks. METHODS: In 2005, over 70,000 respondents in 16 states and 2 territories were administered the first-ever IPV module within the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). The BRFSS, sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, is an annual random-digit-dialed telephone survey. Lifetime IPV was assessed by four questions that asked about threatened, attempted, or completed physical violence, as well as unwanted sex. RESULTS: Women and men who reported IPV victimization during their lifetime were more likely to report joint disease, current asthma, activity limitations, HIV risk factors, current smoking, heavy/binge drinking, and not having had a checkup with a doctor in the past year. CONCLUSIONS: Experiencing IPV is associated with a number of adverse health outcomes and behaviors. There remains a need for the development of assessment opportunities and secondary intervention strategies to reduce the risk of negative health behaviors and long-term health problems associated with IPV victimization.
Persuading Subordinates Who Communicate in Attractive and Unattractive Styles

This investigation examines managers' choices of compliance-gaining strategies when seeking to influence attractive and unattractive subordinates. Attraction between people is more contingent on wh...
Extraction,layout analysis and classification of diagrams in PDF documents

Diagrams are a critical part of virtually all scientificand technical documents. Analyzing diagrams will beimportant for building comprehensive document retrievalsystems. This paper focuses on the extraction andclassification of diagrams from PDF documents. Westudy diagrams available in vector (not raster) format inonline research papers.PDF files are parsed and their vector graphicscomponents installed in a spatial index. Subdiagrams arefound by analyzing white space gaps. A set of statistics isgenerated for each diagram, e.g., the number ofhorizontal lines and vertical lines. The statistics form afeature vector description of the diagram. The vectorsare used in a kernel-based machine learning system(Support Vector Machine). Separating a set of bargraphs from non-bar-graphs gathered from 20,000biology research papers gave a classification accuracy of91.7%. The approach is directly applicable to diagramsvectorized from images.
An approach to abstract specification based on traces

This paper presents a formalism for specifying the funct onal properties of abstract data types. This formalism is more powerful than the algebraic formalism of Guttag and others because procedures can be specified as easily as functions. After an explanation of why algebraic specitications are not appropriate for most software development the key concepts of the formalism are explained and illustrated. A format for the specification of an abstract data type is presented. An example of such a specification follows, after which some limits of this approach are discussed.
Estimation of amino acid residue substitution rates at local spatial regions and application in protein function inference: A Bayesian Monte Carlo approach

The amino acid sequences of proteins provide rich information for inferring distant phylogenetic relationships and for predicting protein functions. Estimating the rate matrix of residue substitutions from amino acid sequences is also important because the rate matrix can be used to develop scoring matrices for sequence alignment. Here we use a continuous time Markov process to model the substitution rates of residues and develop a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo method for rate estimation. We validate our method using simulated artificial protein sequences. Because different local regions such as binding surfaces and the protein interior core experience different selection pressures due to functional or stability constraints, we use our method to estimate the substitution rates of local regions. Our results show that the substitution rates are very different for residues in the buried core and residues on the solvent-exposed surfaces. In addition, the rest of the proteins on the binding surfaces also have very different substitution rates from residues. Based on these findings, we further develop a method for protein function prediction by surface matching using scoring matrices derived from estimated substitution rates for residues located on the binding surfaces. We show with examples that our method is effective in identifying functionally related proteins that have overall low sequence identity, a task known to be very challenging.
Applying satellite remote sensing to predicting 1999–2000 La Niña

The usability of altimeter sea level data (TOPEX/POSEIDON) and scatterometer wind data (QuikSCAT) in El Nino and the Southern Oscillation (ENSO) prediction is investigated with the latest version of the Lamont forecast model. The emphasis of this study is on the effectiveness of these data sets in initializing the model to forecast the 1999-2000 La Nina conditions. Both the altimeter and scatterometer observations helped to improve the model, with the former being more effective for this period. It is possible and extremely useful to apply these data to real-time ENSO forecasting. In principle, it is advisable to assimilate multiple data sets so that they can complement one another in providing the correct initial conditions for the model. D 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Herpesvirus Entry Mediator on Radiation-Resistant Cell Lineages Promotes Ocular Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Pathogenesis in an Entry-Independent Manner

ABSTRACT Ocular herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection leads to a potentially blinding immunoinflammatory syndrome, herpes stromal keratitis (HSK). Herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM), a widely expressed tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily member with diverse roles in immune signaling, facilitates viral entry through interactions with viral glycoprotein D (gD) and is important for HSV-1 pathogenesis. We subjected mice to corneal infection with an HSV-1 mutant in which HVEM-mediated entry was specifically abolished and found that the HVEM-entry mutant produced clinical disease comparable to that produced by the control virus. HVEM-mediated induction of corneal cytokines, which correlated with an HVEM-dependent increase in levels of corneal immune cell infiltrates, was also gD independent. Given the complexity of HVEM immune signaling, we used hematopoietic chimeric mice to determine which HVEM-expressing cells mediate HSV-1 pathogenesis in the eye. Regardless of whether the donor was a wild-type (WT) or HVEM knockout (KO) strain, HVEM KO recipients were protected from ocular HSV-1, suggesting that HVEM on radiation-resistant cell types, likely resident cells of the cornea, confers wild-type-like susceptibility to disease. Together, these data indicate that HVEM contributes to ocular pathogenesis independently of entry and point to an immunomodulatory role for this protein specifically on radiation-resistant cells. IMPORTANCE Immune privilege is maintained in the eye in order to protect specialized ocular tissues, such as the translucent cornea, from vision-reducing damage. Ocular herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection can disrupt this immune privilege, provoking a host response that ultimately brings about the majority of the damage seen with the immunoinflammatory syndrome herpes stromal keratitis (HSK). Our previous work has shown that HVEM, a host TNF receptor superfamily member that also serves as a viral entry receptor, is a critical component contributing to ocular HSV-1 pathogenesis, although its precise role in this process remains unclear. We hypothesized that HVEM promotes an inflammatory microenvironment in the eye through immunomodulatory actions, enhancing disease after ocular inoculation of HSV-1. Investigating the mechanisms responsible for orchestrating this aberrant immune response shed light on the initiation and maintenance of HSK, one of the leading causes of infectious blindness in the developed world.
Complement and the host's defense against the pneumococcus

(1984). Complement and the Host's Defense Against the Pneumococcus. CRC Critical Reviews in Microbiology: Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 187-208.
Functional Fracture Bracing: A Manual

Augusto Sarmiento and Loren L. Latta. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2002. 200 pages. $79.00. The authors of this manual share the vast, forty-plus-year experience of one surgeon (Sarmiento) in the closed functional treatment of fractures, an experience that is second to none in world literature. They point out that, although the operative treatment of fractures has improved the care of many patients, it may also produce undesirable consequences. For many fractures, nonoperative procedures, as described in this manual, have proven safer and less expensive than operative management. One of the authors' main purposes in presenting this manual is to identify and illustrate cases in which nonoperative treatment would be preferable. The format …
β-NAAG Rescues LTP From Blockade by NAAG in Rat Dentate Gyrus via the Type 3 Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor

N-Acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) is an agonist at the type 3 metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR3), which is coupled to a Gi/o protein. When activated, the mGluR3 receptor inhibits adenylyl cycl...
S3 State of the O2-Evolving Complex of Photosystem II: Insights from QM/MM, EXAFS, and Femtosecond X-ray Diffraction

The oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II has been studied in the S3 state by electron paramagnetic resonance, extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), and femtosecond X-ray diffraction (XRD). However, the actual structure of the OEC in the S3 state has yet to be established. Here, we apply hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics methods and propose a structural model that is consistent with EXAFS and XRD. The model supports binding of water ligands to the cluster in the S2 → S3 transition through a carousel rearrangement around Mn4, inspired by studies of ammonia binding.
Observation of the 60Fe Nucleosynthesis-Clock Isotope in Galactic Cosmic Rays

Iron-60 (60Fe) is a radioactive isotope in cosmic rays that serves as a clock to infer an upper limit on the time between nucleosynthesis and acceleration. We have used the ACE-CRIS instrument to collect 3.55 × 105 iron nuclei, with energies ~195 to ~500 mega–electron volts per nucleon, of which we identify 15 60Fe nuclei. The 60Fe/56Fe source ratio is (7.5 ± 2.9) × 10−5. The detection of supernova-produced 60Fe in cosmic rays implies that the time required for acceleration and transport to Earth does not greatly exceed the 60Fe half-life of 2.6 million years and that the 60Fe source distance does not greatly exceed the distance cosmic rays can diffuse over this time, ⪍1 kiloparsec. A natural place for 60Fe origin is in nearby clusters of massive stars.
Infrared Limb Sounding of the Middle Atmosphere

The advantageous characteristics of infrared limb scanning for determining middle atmospheric temperature and composition are reviewed, and an instrument based on them, the Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS), is described. The inversion produces a temperature solution as a function of pressure, which is used to derive the vertical distributions of trace gases. The accuracy and precision of the LIMS results are quite good, and have allowed many detailed studies of middle atmospheric chemistry and dynamics. Some past and future applications of the technique are briefly noted.
From Sapientes antiqui at Lincoln to the New Sapientes moderni at Paris c. 1260–1280: Roger Bacon’s Two Circles of Scholars

This paper investigates ‘Roger Bacon’s two Circles of Scholars.’ First, it looks at the Sapientes Antiqui. These are the older wise scholars that Bacon claims to have seen (Nam vidimus). He associates these scholars with Oxford and Lincoln. The main texts for Bacon’s chronology are re-examined. The claim is made that Bacon’s knowledge of languages, especially Greek, owes much to Grosseteste’s inspired language project. Bacon’s knowledge of Perspectiva was achieved at Oxford. It is argued that while Bacon most likely returned from Paris to Oxford c. 1248, he remained there for a short period. He is in Paris in 1251 and again 1253–1256. Secondly this chapter examines Bacon’s texts in regard to his relationship with Cardinal Guy le Gros de Folque, Pope Clement IV, 1265–1268, and with the Sapientes moderni at Paris. Thirdly, a re-examination of the application of mathematics to nature, history, church and state is outlined. Emphasis is placed on the way in which science is morally (Moraliter) interpreted by Bacon in Opus maius, Parts IV–VII. Lastly, Bacon’s concern with mathematics is placed in the context of the world situation in the mid-thirteenth century. Influenced by concerns with the East, Bacon’s interest in the applications of mathematics is practical. His interest in translators is professionally serious. He was one of the first at Paris c. 1267 to notice the deficiencies of Moerbecke’s early attempts at translating Aristotle’s Meteorology. Bacon must be seen as one of the early Franciscan critics of the Dominican tradition and as one who had a close connection with the young John Pecham.
Autosomal Dominant Hypocalcemia (Hypoparathyroidism) Types 1 and 2

Extracellular calcium is essential for life and its concentration in the blood is maintained within a narrow range. This is achieved by a feedback loop that receives input from the calcium-sensing receptor (CASR), expressed on the surface of parathyroid cells. In response to low ionized calcium, the parathyroids increase secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) which increases serum calcium. The CASR is also highly expressed in the kidneys, where it regulates the reabsorption of calcium from the primary filtrate. Autosomal dominant hypocalcemia (ADH) type 1 is caused by heterozygous activating mutations in the CASR which increase the sensitivity of the CASR to extracellular ionized calcium. Consequently, PTH synthesis and secretion are suppressed at normal ionized calcium concentrations. Patients present with hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, low magnesium levels, and low or low-normal levels of PTH. Urinary calcium excretion is typically increased due to the decrease in circulating PTH concentrations and by the activation of the renal tubular CASR. Therapeutic attempts using CASR antagonists (calcilytics) to treat ADH are currently under investigation. Recently, heterozygous mutations in the alpha subunit of the G protein G11 (Gα11) have been identified in patients with ADH, and this has been classified as ADH type 2. ADH2 mutations lead to a gain-of-function of Gα11, a key mediator of CASR signaling. Therefore, the mechanism of hypocalcemia appears similar to that of activating mutations in the CASR, namely an increase in the sensitivity of parathyroid cells to extracellular ionized calcium. Studies of activating mutations in the CASR and gain-of-function mutations in Gα11 can help define new drug targets and improve medical management of patients with ADH types 1 and 2.
Effects of tissue digestion solutions on surface properties of nitinol stents

Analysis of explanted medical implants can provide a wealth of knowledge about device safety and performance. However, the quality of information may be compromised if the methods used to clean tissue from the device disturb the retrieved condition. Common solutions used to digest tissue may adversely affect the surface of the device and its severity can be material and processing dependent. In this study, two groups of stents made from the same material (Nitinol) were shape set in a salt pot (SP) or further processed by mechanical polishing (MP) and then immersed in one of three tissue digestion solutions (TDS): nitric acid (HNO3 ), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), or papain enzyme (papain). Nickel (Ni) ion concentrations were measured for each stent-TDS combination and post-immersion stent surface constituents, morphology and oxide depths were compared to baseline samples. Exposure to the HNO3 TDS resulted in relatively high Ni ion release and surface damage for both stent types. Papain TDS induced a greater Ni ion release than NaOH TDS, however, both were significantly lower than HNO3 . The NaOH TDS increased the oxide layer thickness on MP stents. In contrast, all other stent immersions resulted in thinner oxide layers. For the Nitinol finishes used in this study, HNO3 is not recommended while papain and NaOH solutions may be appropriate depending on the post-retrieval analysis performed. This study elucidates the importance of preliminary testing for TDS selection and how the surface finish can affect the sensitivity of a material to a TDS. 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 331-339, 2018.
Ethics and Cyber Warfare: The Quest for Responsible Security in the Age of Digital Warfare, by George Lucas

George Lucas’s book comprises an important contribution to the debate over the ethics of cyberwarfare. Specifically, it is the first single-authored monograph on this topic; it complements existing...
And [They] Even Followed Her Into the Hospital: Primary Care Providers' Attitudes Toward Referral for Traditional Healing Practices and Integrating Care for Indigenous Patients.

Introduction/Importance: Given the promise of integrating traditional healing practices into primary care, we sought to examine the influence of primary care providers’ racial concordance and Indigenous patients’ ethnic salience on traditional healing treatment decisions. Method: Using a descriptive comparative design with an online clinical case vignette, we measured provider decision making via a 5-point Provider Acceptance of Traditional Healing–Referral and Consult questionnaire. Aggregated results of the main effects and interactional effects were analyzed using a 2 × 2 analysis of variance between-subjects design. Results: The main effect for patient racial concordance on the dependent variable was significant, F(1, 89) = 5.71, p = .02. Conclusions: Provider–patient racial concordance does increase the providers’ likelihood of consulting with and referring patients to traditional healing practices, regardless of the patient’s ethnic salience. Implications for Practice: All health care providers requ...
A new look at clustering coefficients with generalization to weighted and multi-faction networks

Abstract In this paper we propose a new method for studying local and global clustering in networks employing random walk pairs. The method is intuitive and directly generalizes standard local and global clustering coefficients to weighted networks and networks containing nodes of multiple types. In the case of two-mode networks the values obtained for commonly considered social networks are in sharp contrast to those obtained, for instance, by the method of Opsahl (2013) , and provide a different viewpoint for clustering. The approach is also applicable in questions related to the general study of segregation and homophily. Applications to existent data sets are considered.
Domain-specific hierarchical subgraph extraction: A recommendation use case

Hierarchical relationships play a key role in knowledge graphs. Particularly, large and well-known knowledge graphs such as DBpedia contain significant number of facts expressed with hierarchical relationships in comparison to the other types of relationships. These hierarchical relationships are extensively harnessed by applications such as personalization, question answering, and recommendation systems. However, the presence of large number of facts with hierarchical relationships makes the applications computationally intensive. Additionally, the applications can be domain-specific and may not require all the hierarchical facts available, but only require those that are specific to the domain. In this paper, we present an approach to extract domain-specific hierarchical subgraph from large knowledge graphs by identifying the domain-specificity of the categories in the hierarchy. Given a domain, the domain-specificity of categories are determined by combining different types of evidence using a probabilistic framework. We show the effectiveness of our approach with a recommendation use case for movie and book domains. Our evaluation demonstrates that the domain-specific hierarchical subgraphs extracted by our approach can reduce the baseline subgraph by 40% to 50% without compromising the accuracy of the recommendations. Furthermore, the presented approach outperforms the recommendation results obtained with a state-of-the-art domain-specific subgraph extraction technique which uses supervised learning.
Light beam interactions and emission performance in powder phosphor materials: The role of the binder

Abstract The light emission performance of powder phosphors, employed in a variety of imaging applications, is affected by their structural (i.e., the particle size and packing) and optical properties (i.e., the wavelength of the light rays and the refractive index of the grains). In the chemical synthesis and the corresponding construction development of phosphor layers, the binder plays crucial role though its contribution to the way that the grains are glued together in a packed spatial distribution. In the present work, the influence of the binder on optical diffusion models was examined by using Mie theory and Monte Carlo simulation. To this aim, phosphor layers were investigated assuming different set-ups of refractive indexes (i.e., four cases of phosphor grains and binder combinations). Results showed that the choice of the binder affects the amount and distribution of light mainly through the: (i) domination of light absorption with respect to light scattering, and (ii) the direction of the light beam when light scattering takes place. It is important to note that by changing the refractive index of the binding material the light spread was not considerably varied through the number of light-grain interactions.
Community Diversity Measures and Calculations

In this chapter, we use a real microbiome data set to introduce community diversity measures and their calculations.
The financialization of single-family rental housing: An examination of real estate investment trusts’ ownership of single-family houses in the Atlanta metropolitan area

Single-family rental housing (SFR) is becoming increasingly prevalent in suburban neighborhoods. Historically, small-scale investors have owned SFR, but since the 2008 housing crisis, it has become...
Home away from home: immigrant narratives, domesticity, and coloniality in contemporary Spanish culture

While it touches on many broader issues, Home Away from Home: Immigrant Narratives, Domesticity, and Coloniality in Contemporary Spanish Culture focuses mainly on Spain’s transition from a nation o...
Data Compression and Re-computation Based Performance Improvement in Multi-Core Architectures

In this paper, we present an approach to improve performance of multi-core embedded architectures utilizing on-chip software-managed memory. The proposed approach targets at data-intensive applications and improves the execution time of such applications by reducing the number of off-chip accesses through data compression and data re-computation. In the proposed approach, after profiling the embedded application, the dataset is divided into blocks and the block access frequencies are calculated. Based on the access frequencies and the size of on-chip memory components, the data is mapped to on-chip SPMs, software-managed on-chip L2 memory and off-chip memory. Then, considering all on-chip data (uncompressed and compressed), the re-computation opportunities that help improving performance are implemented and program code is modified accordingly. The experimental results collected using various benchmark programs show the viability of the proposed approach.
Chapter 12 – Future Perspectives

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the various future perspectives associated with medical, dental, as well as industry, Ti biomaterials development and the related technologies. Numerous attempts have been undertaken in the last 60 years to reduce the cost of producing titanium. Primary titanium can be produced from various feed materials using different reduction reactions. Depending on the process, many physical forms of titanium can be produced. The different feed materials that can be used include slag or rutile. Depending on the process used, different forms of titanium are produced. Such forms include—titanium sponge, sintered electrode sponge, powder, molten titanium, electroplated titanium, hydride powder, and vapor-phase deposited titanium. With the advent of high-quality, lower-cost titanium powders, the emphasis in the Ti powder metallurgy technology has centered on the production of near-net shapes with acceptable levels of mechanical properties. The pre-alloyed, blended elemental, and metal injection molding (MIM) approaches are expected to provide post-significant growth in the next few years.
Arbitrating Computational Models of Observational Learning

How do we learn in the absence of direct experience? In this issue of Neuron, Charpentier et al. (2020) proposes a new computational account of observational learning, which arbitrates between choice imitation and goal emulation.