cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intracellular diffusion, binding, and compartmentalization of the fluorescent calcium indicators indo-1 and fura-2

We studied intracellular binding and possible compartmentalization of the fluorescent Ca2+ indicators, indo-1 and fura-2, in single mammalian cardiac ventricular cells that had been loaded with indo-1 and fura-2 by exposure to the acetoxymethylester form of the indicators (indo-1/AM and fura-2/AM). Techniques similar to those used in experiments on fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) were used. It was assumed that reversible binding in myoplasm would be evident as slowed recovery of fluorescence after photobleaching, and that irreversible binding of the indicators to immobile myoplasmic sites (or "compartmentalization" in organelles) would be evident as incomplete recovery. Through the use of a mask, one half of a cell was exposed to high-intensity ultraviolet (UV) light to bleach the indo-1 or fura-2 in only that part of the cell. Upon removal of the mask and termination of the high-intensity UV illumination, fluorescence recovered in the bleached half of the cell, indicating diffusion of indo-1 and fura-2. Mathematical modeling of the diffusional redistribution of the indicators indicated that in these cells the apparent diffusion coefficient for indo-1 is 1.57 x 10(-7) cm2 s-1 (SD 0.48 x 10(-7) cm2 s-1; n=5 cells, 21 degrees C), and for fura-2 is 3.19 x 10(-7) cm2 s-1 (SD 1.85 x 10(-7) cm2 s-1; n=6 cells, 21 degrees C). These values are approximately 6 and 3, respectively, times smaller than those expected for free diffusion in the myoplasm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Nutritional circulation in the heart. II. A reappraisal of the effect of nitroglycerin on myocardial hemodynamics, oxygen consumption and nutritional blood flow in the isolated supported heart preparation.

Abstract The effect of intracoronary administration of 2 to 80 μg doses of nitroglycerin (GTN) was investigated in the isovolumic supported dog heart preparation. In the beating heart preparation, GTN produced a fall in coronary artery perfusion pressure (CAPP), a decrease in left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) and an increase in the coronary sinus oxygen tension (VpO 2 ). The increase in VpO 2 was primarily due to a decreased myocardial oxygen consumption and not due to a redistribution of blood through A-V shunts. This conclusion is reached on the basis of the observations that GTN had no effect on 86 Rb clearance by the myocardium. In the myocardial homogenate preparation, GTN produced a dose-dependent decrease in the rate of myocardial oxygen utilization in the dosage range of 1 × 10 −7 to 1 × 10 −3 molar/ml. These observations suggest that GTN exerts a direct effect upon myocardial work and oxygen consumption. In the fibrillating heart preparation, GTN produced a slightly greater decrease in CAPP. There was also an increase in the VpO 2 , but GTN concurrently decreased 86 Rb clearance in these experiments.
Determination of Body Size Measures and Blood Pressure Levels among Children

Vague observed in 1956 that women with android (central) obesity had a high prevalence of diabetes and atherosclerosis, and a review by Stern and Haffner in 1986 greatly stimulated interest in the health effects of body fat distribution. Numerous studies have since documented the importance of visceral adipose tissue in the development of coronary heart disease (CHD) and type 2 diabetes. Moser et al. are to be congratulated for their efforts in obtaining and analyzing data on the relation of various measures of body size to levels of SBP and DBP among 1,441 10to 16-year-olds. Their main finding, that body mass index (BMI, kg/m) appears to be a more important predictor of high blood pressure levels among children than waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio, or triceps skinfold thickness, is in general agreement with the results of other studies. There are, however, several points that should be considered in the interpretation of these findings. It is exceedingly difficult to disentangle the effects of body size measures that are highly intercorrelated (r = 0.80 to 0.90, Table 2), and
Induction of lymphocyte responsiveness by the outer membrane-peptidoglycan complex of rough strains of Brucella abortus

Abstract The outer membrane-peptidoglycan complex (OM-PG) from rough strains of Brucella abortus was tested for its ability to induce lymphocyte responsiveness in cattle. Six groups of heifers were immunized with varying doses and administration schedules of rough OM-PG and assayed for responsiveness of their lymphocytes in proliferation assays in vitro. All OM-PG preparations were emulsified in a commercial adjuvant for administration. Two other groups of heifers were immunized with strain 19 vaccine or adjuvant alone. Three groups of heifers received two inoculations of OM-PG antigens from a naturally-occurring rough strain at a 57-day interval. The doses of OM-PG given in these three groups were 400 μg, 1200 μg, and 4000 μg at each inoculation. The frequency of cows that responded in lymphocyte proliferation assays increased with the dose of OM-PG given. Two groups received single inoculations of OM-PG, either 2400 μg or 8000 μg. Although there were responsive cows in these immunization groups, their frequency was lower than in the groups receiving the same total dose in two inoculations. A sixth group of cows was inoculated with OM-PG from a rough transposon mutant of B. abortus, and the frequency of responsive cows in this immunization group was comparable to that of responsive cows immunized with the same dose of OM-PG from the spontaneous rough mutant. In comparisons of cows inoculated with strain 19 to those inoculated with OM-PG preparations, differences were observed in the relative responsiveness of their lymphocytes to whole cells and OM-PG in the in vitro lymphocyte proliferation assays. These differences suggested that lymphocytes stimulated by strain 19 vaccination have different specificities than those stimulated by immunization with OM-PG of rough mutant strains of B. abortus.
Modern CFD applications for the design of a reacting shear layer facility

The RPLUS2D code, capable of calculating high speed reacting flows, has been adopted to design a compressible shear layer facility. In order to create reacting shear layers at high convective Mach numbers, hot air streams at supersonic speeds, render by converging-diverging nozzles, must be provided. A finite rate chemistry model is used to simulate the nozzle flows. Results are compared with one-dimensional, chemically equilibrium solutions. Additionally, a two equation turbulence model with compressibility effects has been successfully incorporated with the RPLUS code. The model has been applied to simulate a supersonic shear layer. Preliminary results show favorable comparisons with the experimental data.
Advanced angular interpolation in the vector radiative transfer for coupled atmosphere and ocean systems

Abstract We apply the iteration of source function (IOSF) philosophy to the successive order of scattering method for solving the vector radiative transfer equation in the coupled atmosphere and ocean system. A major class of radiative transfer solvers only provides the radiation field at discrete viewing zenith angles. The radiation field at other angles is found by interpolation. The iteration of source matrix method integrates the product of the radiation field and source matrix at quadrature points to obtain the radiation field at arbitrary viewing angles. The resultant solution includes the radiation contributions from all scattering orders higher than one. The analytical single scattering solution is then added to find the total radiation field. The proposed scheme includes the benefits of both the IOSF interpolation and the analytical single scattering solution. Boundary conditions for a flat air–sea interface are fully considered. A test case of a coupled atmosphere and ocean system shows that this combined method improves the polarized radiation field greatly in comparison with the regular polynomial interpolation method.
High School Instrumental Students' Perceptions of Effective Music Student Teacher Traits

This study examined high school band and orchestra students' perceptions of effective music student teacher skills and behaviors. Participants (N = 314) began by completing a 34-item survey by rating items 1 to 31 from 1 (not very important) to 5 (very important) regarding the degree of importance with which each trait should be exhibited by a student teacher in a music class. Items 32 to 34 asked the respondents to indicate (a) how often they had a music student intern during a specific time period, (b) the respondent's primary performance area, and (c) the respondent's year in school. Resulting data indicated that skills and behaviors receiving the highest mean scores were “Is able to apply knowledge; being competent” (M = 4.595) and “Has a positive behavior” (M = 4.586). Skills and behaviors receiving the lowest mean scores were “Can play the piano” (M = 2.952) and “Has knowledge of technology” (M = 3.407). ANOVA found few significant differences among the teacher traits and different groups of students.
Failure of Exposed Concrete Caused by Corrosion of Embedded Steel

Concrete in various forms has been employed as a durable and economical building material since ancient Roman times. Since concrete is relatively weak in tension, contemporary concrete construction usually requires the addition of reinforcing steel to augment its flexural and tensile strength. Fortunately, a chemical characteristic of concrete helps it to protect embedded reinforcing steel from corrosion by providing a highly alkaline environment. Certain conditions, however, can affect concrete’s protective chemistry or can attack the steel in other ways. When the reinforcing steel rusts, oxidation byproducts, or rust scale, expand and create tensile stress in the adjacent concrete. Cracking and spalling of the adjacent concrete is often the first symptom of this underlying steel corrosion ~Fig. 1!.
PLASMA MEMBRANE VESICLES FROM TYPE II PNEUMOCYTES INSERT CATION CHANNELS INTO PLANAR LIPID BILAYERS. 2319

PLASMA MEMBRANE VESICLES FROM TYPE II PNEUMOCYTES INSERT CATION CHANNELS INTO PLANAR LIPID BILAYERS. 2319
Intersubject brain image registration using both cortical and subcortical landmarks

Intersubject registration of brain images involves localizing a set of easily detectable common features, matching these features, and finding a transformation that establishes a one-to-one correspondence of two image volumes from different subjects. Several different features and different methods for finding transformations have been described in the literature. A drawback common to the existing methods is that no, or few, features in the brain cortex are used. This paper studies the importance of incorporating such landmarks in brain registration. We apply a previously reported method to localize cortical convolutions in magnetic resonance images. We then derive a set of cortical landmarks from the traces representing the localized convolutions. Adding these cortical landmarks to a set of primarily subcortical landmarks proposed in an existing method, we compute matching transformations using a three dimensional thin-plate spline. Experiments comparing our method with a linear scaling method as well as an existing method that uses the previously proposed landmarks show that our method with the addition of cortical landmarks dramatically improves the registration quality in the cortex region.
An improved exact filtered backprojection algorithm for spiral computed tomography

Proposed is a theoretically exact formula for inversion of data obtained by a spiral computed tomography scan with a two-dimensional detector array. The detector array is supposed to be of limited extent in the axial direction. The main property of the formula is that it can be implemented in a truly filtered backprojection fashion. First, one performs shift-invariant filtering of a derivative of the cone beam projections, and, second, the result is back-projected in order to form an image. Compared with an earlier reconstruction algorithm proposed by the author, the new one is two times faster, requires a smaller detector array, and does not impose restrictions on how big the patient is inside the gantry. Results of numerical experiments are presented.
Protamine Sulfate and Oxidant Stress Cause Similar Changes in Hsp27 Intracellular Distribution in Cultured Podocytes

Protamine Sulfate and Oxidant Stress Cause Similar Changes in Hsp27 Intracellular Distribution in Cultured Podocytes
Using an agency-outfitter partnership to provide information services : an evaluation on the Lower Salmon River in Idaho

This paper describes the implementation and evaluation of an agency-outfitter partnership to provide information services to commercial guests on the Lower Salmon River in Idaho. A field study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of river guide workshops, sponsored by the Bureau of Land Management, in increasing guides' knowledge of select river resource information following workshop participation, and, ultimately, their commercial guests' knowledge of select river resource information following a river trip on which at least one guide had participated in a workshop. A two-stage experimental research design revealed statistically significant increases in the knowledge of both guides and guests. Workshop evaluation forms, completed by guides, provided useful qualitative data. Implications of the study results for future management approaches are discussed.
Nonlinear optical probes of conjugated polymers

Abstract Nonlinear optical properties of conjugated polymers can be measured using various techniques, including third-harmonic generation, two-photon absorption, nonlinear grating coupling and interferometry. These methods will be compared with regard to their suitability for obtaining specific parameters. We illustrate the application of these techniques to the study of π-conjugated polymeric systems, such as poly(4-BCMU), poly(3-decylthiophene) and 4-dialkylamino-4′-nitrostilbene (DANS) side-chain polymer, all of them regarded as candidates for the realization of all-optical switching devices, and outline relevance and limits of each technique.
Diagnostic imaging of the lung

Combines coverage of conventional chest radiography with such new methods as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, gallium scanning, and positron emission tomography, and assesses comparative sensitivity and specificity. Surveys the physical principles of each imaging modality and examine
Psoriasis: current advances in etiology and treatment.

Psoriasis is a disease of major importance, the cause of which is unknown and treatment often difficult. However, research worldwide has intensified, and we now have an increased understanding of the events that lead to the production of a psoriatic lesion. Newer treatments and the revival of old diffcult disease but have also opened up new concerns regarding the safety of these modalities. This is a review of the current research on the etiology and treatment of psoriasis.
Distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactive nerve fibers in the mudpuppy cardiac septum

An immunohistochemical study was undertaken to determine the distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the cardiac septum of the mudpuppy, Necturus maculosus. Numerous long, CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers course across the septum, run in the nerve trunks connecting clusters of postganglionic parasympathetic cells, form complexes over groups of ganglion cells and make pericellular networks around individual ganglion cells. The postganglionic parasympathetic neurons and small intensely fluorescent (SIF)-like cells did not exhibit CGRP immunoreactivity. Most of the CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers also are labeled for substance P. In freshly dissected preparations, the staining pattern for CGRP was not similar to that obtained using an antiserum against synaptic vesicle membrane, which appears to preferentially label cholinergic preganglionic terminals on all postganglionic parasympathetic cells in the mudpuppy preparation. Further, in explanted ganglia (maintained 10 days in culture) almost no reactivity was obtained with the antivesicle antiserum whereas numerous nerve fibers still exhibited CGRP-immunoreactivity. These observations demonstrate that the CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers are not parasympathetic preganglionic axons. Rather we suggest that the CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers are processes of primary sensory fibers.
Quantitative analysis of factors affecting greenhouse gas emissions at institutions of higher education

Abstract Increasingly, institutions are reporting greenhouse gas emissions as a means to measure sustainability. One way higher education is taking a leadership role is through the American College and University Presidents Climate Commitment (ACUPCC), which requires signatory institutions to account for their emissions and develop a climate action plan with emissions reduction goals. Recent data for 135 colleges and universities reporting greenhouse gas emissions was characterized and analyzed. Greenhouse gas emissions from these institutions were found to be a function of the size of the institution (as measured by full-time student enrollment and building area), the amount of laboratory and residential space, whether there is a medical school, and the extent of commuting to campus by faculty, staff and students. Scope 1 and 2 emissions are primarily influenced by the physical size of the institution and secondarily by climate. When looking at gross (total scope 1, 2 and 3) emissions, laboratory space was found to have 10 times more effect on emissions per square meter than space such as classroom and office, while residential space had a two-fold effect. These results change somewhat when looking at smaller schools that have gross emissions of 50,000 metric tons of CO 2 -equivalent or less. These results have implications for institutions of higher education at the policy level in that those institutions that are more laboratory intense and face greater challenges in reducing their GHG footprint. Residential colleges and universities also experience a disproportionate impact on their emissions, probably as a result of the 24 h, 7-day a week demands of such campuses.
The role of the cell wall in the toxicity of ionic liquids to the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Room temperature ionic liquids (ILs) are non-volatile organic solvents that are considered environmentally-friendly alternatives to traditional industrial solvents. However, the evidence of IL toxicity is mounting, while the mechanisms of toxicity to freshwater organisms remain poorly understood. ILs have been shown to have a wide-ranging toxicity to different taxa of freshwater algae, and differences in algal cell wall composition have been posed as one possible explanation for this variation. The cell wall is known to play a critical role in mediating the transport of materials into and out of algal cells, including potential toxins. The objective of our study was to determine the role of the cell wall in the toxicity of ILs to the freshwater phytoplanktor Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. We exposed wild-type (having a cell wall) and mutant (lacking a cell wall) strains of C. reinhardtii to a range of concentrations of five structurally-different ILs in 96-h standard toxicity bioassays. Our results suggest that the cell wall is involved in determining the susceptibility of C. reinhardtii to some but not all ILs, indicating that other factors, such as the base cation of the IL, are also involved. The alkyl chain length of an IL, a key factor in previous IL toxicity bioassays, does not appear to influence the ability of the cell wall to mitigate IL toxicity. The results of this study have important implications for predicting the effects of ILs in aquatic ecosystems and for extrapolating the effects of ILs across organisms.
Feather protein as a support for immobilizing enzymes

Feather meal protein was prepared in granular form and used as a support for lactase using glutaraldehyde as the crosslinking agent. The support gave a high retention of activity and in column operation it yielded apparent half-lives from 50 to 100 days. Because of its gel-like consistency (water content of about 90%), there is some diffusional restricting of activity as indicated by the kinetic data of soluble and immobilized enzymes.
The thermodynamics of nickel malonate formation in water-dioxane mixtures

Abstract The thermodynamic parameters for nickel malonate complex formation have been determined in the water-rich region of water-dioxane mixtures by a spectrophotometric technique. The mole percentages of dioxane in the solvents used in this study were 0·0, 2·0, 4·2 and 6·4. The formation constants at 25°C and zero ionic strength in these solvents were 1·06 × 104, 3·21 × 104, 3·26 × 104 and 2·62 × 104 respectively. The single ion enthalpies of transfer from water to the water-dioxane mixtures were determined for nickel(II) and the malonate ion using a calorimetric technique. The thermodynamic data and single ion enthalpies of transfer data are in good agreement.
Image-detector model and parameters of the human visual system.

An image-detector model of the visual system is described. Analysis of detection-probability data combined with signal-to-noise analysis of contrast-sensitivity data yield the fundamental visual-system parameters required to predict image-detection performance. The results for background luminances ranging from 10−3 to 102 millilamberts include the values of the threshold detection criterion or signal-to-noise ratio, the response time, the effective responsive quantum efficiency, the effective angular width of the point spread function, and the effective angular width of the maximum photoreceptor field belonging to the minimum-bandwidth spatial filter. Excellent agreement between theoretical curves and experimental data is shown.
The effect of nitrogen status of ragweed plants on certain pollen characteristics.

Ragweed plants (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) were grown to maturity in sand cultures supplied with nutrient solutions containing a low, medium, or high concentration of nitrogen. Pollen was collected from each of the treatments, and its size, density, and nitrogen content were determined. Pollen grains produced by the medium and high nitrogen plants had a greater diameter and a lower density than those produced on nitrogen-deficient plants. The rate of fall, as determined by Stokes' law, was similar for all pollen regardless of treatment. The nitrogen content of the pollen from the medium nitrogen ragweed plants was greater than that of the pollen from the low and high nitrogen treatments.
Use of complementary and alternative medicine among patients with radiographic-confirmed knee osteoarthritis

Summary Objective To examine use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) among individuals with radiographic-confirmed osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. Methods We included 2679 participants of the Osteoarthritis Initiative with radiographic tibiofemoral knee OA in at least one knee at baseline. Trained interviewers asked a series of specific questions relating to current OA treatments including CAM therapies (seven categories – alternative medical systems, mind-body interventions, manipulation and body-based methods, energy therapies, and three types of biologically based therapies) and conventional medications. Participants were classified as: (1) conventional medication users only, (2) CAM users only; (3) users of both; and (4) users of neither. Polytomous logistic regression identified correlates of treatment approaches including sociodemographics and clinical/functional correlates. Results CAM use was prevalent (47%), with 24% reporting use of both CAM and conventional medication approaches. Multi-joint OA was correlated with all treatments (adjusted odds ratios (aOR) conventional medications only: 1.62; CAM only: 1.37 and both: 2.16). X-ray evidence of severe narrowing (OARSI grade 3) was associated with use of glucosamine/chondroitin (aOR: 2.20) and use of both (aOR: 1.98). The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC)-Pain Score was correlated with conventional medication use, either alone (aOR: 1.28) or in combination with CAM (aOR: 1.41 per one standard deviation change). Knee Outcomes in Osteoarthritis Survey (KOOS)-Quality of Life (QOL) and Short Form (SF)-12 Physical Scale scores were inversely related to all treatments. Conclusion CAM is commonly used to treat joint and arthritis pain among persons with knee OA. The extent to which these treatments are effective in managing symptoms and slowing disease progression remains to be proven.
Cross-reactivity virtual profiling of the human kinome by X-React KIN : A chemical systems biology approach

Many drug candidates fail in clinical development due to their insufficient selectivity that may cause undesired side effects. Therefore, modern drug discovery is routinely supported by computational techniques, which can identify alternate molecular targets with a significant potential for cross-reactivity. In particular, the development of highly selective kinase inhibitors is complicated by the strong conservation of the ATP-binding site across the kinase family. In this paper, we describe X-React(KIN), a new machine learning approach that extends the modeling and virtual screening of individual protein kinases to a system level in order to construct a cross-reactivity virtual profile for the human kinome. To maximize the coverage of the kinome, X-React(KIN) relies solely on the predicted target structures and employs state-of-the-art modeling techniques. Benchmark tests carried out against available selectivity data from high-throughput kinase profiling experiments demonstrate that, for almost 70% of the inhibitors, their alternate molecular targets can be effectively identified in the human kinome with a high (>0.5) sensitivity at the expense of a relatively low false positive rate (<0.5). Furthermore, in a case study, we demonstrate how X-React(KIN) can support the development of selective inhibitors by optimizing the selection of kinase targets for small-scale counter-screen experiments. The constructed cross-reactivity profiles for the human kinome are freely available to the academic community at http://cssb.biology.gatech.edu/kinomelhm/ .
The cross‐level effects of culture and climate in human service teams

This two-level study of child welfare and juvenile justice case management teams addresses construct, measurement, and composition issues that plague multilevel research on organizational culture and climate. Very few empirical studies have examined both culture and climate simultaneously, and none have provided evidence that culture and climate are distinct or similar constructs. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), within-group consistency analysis (rwg), between-group differences (ICC and eta-squared), and hierarchical linear models (HLM) analysis provide evidence that climate and culture are separate constructs that vary by organizational unit, and are related to work attitudes, perceptions, and behavior. Findings link team-level culture and climate to individual-level job satisfaction and commitment, perceptions of service quality, and turnover. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SOSS complexes participate in the maintenance of genomic stability

Proteins that bind to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) are essential for DNA replication, recombinational repair, and maintenance of genomic stability. Here, we describe the characterization of an ssDNA-binding heterotrimeric complex, SOSS (sensor of ssDNA) in human, which consists of human SSB homologs hSSB1/2 (SOSS-B1/2) and INTS3 (SOSS-A) and a previously uncharacterized protein C9orf80 (SOSS-C). We have shown that SOSS-A serves as a central adaptor required not only for SOSS complex assembly and stability, but also for facilitating the accumulation of SOSS complex to DNA ends. Moreover, SOSS-depleted cells display increased ionizing radiation sensitivity, defective G2/M checkpoint, and impaired homologous recombination repair. Thus, our study defines a pathway involving the sensing of ssDNA by SOSS complex and suggests that this SOSS complex is likely involved in the maintenance of genome stability.
Mechanical properties and elastic constants due to damage accumulation and amorphization in SiC

Damage accumulation due to cascade overlap, which was simulated previously, has been used to study the changes in elastic constants and the bulk and elastic moduli as a function of dose in SiC. These mechanical properties generally decrease with increasing dose, and the rapid decrease at low-dose levels indicates that point defects and small clusters play a more important role in the change in elastic constants than the topological disorder. The internal strain relaxations, which have no effect on the elastic constants, ${C}_{11}$ and ${C}_{12}$, in a perfect SiC crystal, have a significant influence on the elastic constants calculated in damaged SiC. The elastic constants, ${C}_{11}$, ${C}_{12}$, and ${C}_{44}$, in the cascade-amorphized (CA) SiC decrease about $19%$, $29%$, and $46%$, respectively. The bulk modulus decreases $23%$, and the elastic modulus decreases $29%$, which is consistent with experimental results. The stability of both the perfect SiC and CA-SiC under hydrostatic tension has been also investigated. The mechanical properties in the CA-SiC exhibit behavior similar to that in perfect SiC, but the critical stress at which the CA-SiC becomes structurally unstable is one order of magnitude smaller than that for perfect SiC.
NET GAINS IN POLITICAL PARTICIPATION: Secondary effects of Internet on community

Broad and diverse civic participation is essential to a democratic society. Studies of opinion leadership show that politically active citizens report that Internet information and communication helped increase civic involvement by enabling them to keep up more easily with news, interact with fellow citizens or engage in collective action. Yet information about less active citizens remains scant. Does the Internet influence the politically passive majority of citizens to become more involved in political talk or other forms of participation? Do they report that the Internet has been helpful in increasing their involvement in political issues, interactions with other citizens, or with local government? These kinds of impacts that follow the primary effect of gaining access to information are considered secondary effects of the Internet upon political participation (Sproull & Kiesler 1991). This article presents quantitative and qualitative findings from a case study of local political participation from th...
A kinetic clutch governs religation by type IB topoisomerases and determines camptothecin sensitivity

Type IB topoisomerases (Top1Bs) relax excessive DNA supercoiling associated with replication and transcription by catalyzing a transient nick in one strand to permit controlled rotation of the DNA about the intact strand. The natural compound camptothecin (CPT) and the cancer chemotherapeutics derived from it, irinotecan and topotecan, are highly specific inhibitors of human nuclear Top1B (nTop1). Previous work on vaccinia Top1B led to an elegant model that describes a straightforward dependence of rotation and religation on the torque caused by supercoiling. Here, we used a single-molecule DNA supercoil relaxation assay to measure the torque dependence of nTop1 and its inhibition by CPT. For comparison, we also examined mitochondrial Top1B and an N-terminal deletion mutant of nTop1. Despite substantial sequence homology in their core domains, nTop1 and mitochondrial Top1B exhibit dramatic differences in sensitivity to torque and CPT, with the N-terminal deletion mutant of nTop1 showing intermediate characteristics. In particular, nTop1 displays nearly torque-independent religation probability, distinguishing it from other Top1B enzymes studied to date. Kinetic modeling reveals a hitherto unobserved torque-independent transition linking the DNA rotation and religation phases of the enzymatic cycle. The parameters of this transition determine the torque sensitivity of religation and the efficiency of CPT binding. This “kinetic clutch” mechanism explains the molecular basis of CPT sensitivity and more generally provides a framework with which to interpret Top1B activity and inhibition.
Salience of weight-related worries in adolescent males and females

The present study of high school sophmores assessed the prominence of weight concerns relative to other worries typical of adolescents. Subjects were 453 females and 355 males from a parochial school who indicated how much they worried about each of 15 items. Girls reported worrying most about looks, figure, weight, and popularity with and relationships with the opposite sex. Boys worried most about money, looks, and popularity and relationships with the opposite sex. Girls reported significantly greater worry than boys on nine of 15 items and scored significantly higher than boys on trait anxiety. Obese boys and girls reported worrying significantly more about weight and figure (physique) than did their non-obese peers, but being overweight was otherwise unrelated to trait anxiety or worry about other issues. The findings indicate that weight and figure are of primary concern to adolescent girls relative to other issues. Boys clearly were not weight-preoccupied but did share several of the principal worries reported by girls.
Alexithymia and the reflexive self: Implications of congruence theory for treatment of the emotionally impaired.

Abstract This paper attempts to articulate a so far neglected dimension of congruence theory, the reflexive self to self transaction. My claim is that self reflexivity is a tacit but fundamental assumption behind Carl Rogers’ formulations of the relationship—what he refers to as “congruence” or “incongruence"—between experience and its symbolization in awareness. Gendlin's elaboration of the congruence theory in terms of “experiencing” and “inward sensing” has made clear and explicit the important role self reflexivity plays in the relationship between symbols and “unformed emotional experience.” A case vignette of Focusing is used to demonstrate the relevance of self reflexivity to our understanding of verbal expression of emotions, and by extension, to our understanding and treatment of alexithymia and related conditions of emotional impairments.
Quantum Calculations On Hydrogen Bonds In Certain Water Clusters Show Cooperative Effects

Water molecules in clefts and small clusters are in a significantly different environment than those in bulk water. We have carried out ab initio calculations that demonstrate this in a series of c...
Response to glucose tolerance testing and solid high carbohydrate challenge: comparison between Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, vertical sleeve gastrectomy, and duodenal switch.

Background Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia is common after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and may result in weight regain. The purpose of our investigation was to compare the effect of RYGB, vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG), and duodenal switch (DS) on insulin and glucose response to carbohydrate challenge.
Ventilation of CO2 from a reduced mantle and consequences for the early Martian greenhouse

Abstract Because much or all of the Martian mantle is apparently quite reduced, with oxygen fugacities within 1 order of magnitude of the iron–wustite (IW) buffer, the stable form of carbon in Martian basalt source regions is likely to be graphite. The presence of graphite limits the liberation of CO 2 from Martian mantle-derived magmas and thereby constrains volcanogenic fluxes of CO 2 to the Martian atmosphere. Thermodynamic calculations for graphite-saturated basalt indicate that dissolved CO 2 concentrations near the Martian mantle solidus range from 5 ppm at IW − 1 to 500 ppm at IW + 1 and vary little with pressure along the solidus, but increase with increasing temperature (and melt fraction) above the solidus. For oxygen fugacities between IW − 1 and IW + 1, formation of the ancient (4.5 Ga) 50 km-thick Martian crust could therefore have produced a CO 2 atmosphere ranging from 70 mbar to 13 bars, depending chiefly on the mean oxygen fugacity during melting and, to a lesser extent, on temperatures and pressures of partial melting. Subsequent volcanogenic outgassing of CO 2 associated with post-4.5 Ga magmatism could have contributed from 40 mbar up to 1.4 bars of CO 2 to the atmosphere, depending on oxygen fugacity and the details of melting conditions. However, for both early (~ 4.5 Ga) and subsequent volcanic activity, large CO 2 fluxes outgassed to the mantle are probable only at the more oxidized and higher temperature extrema of plausible ranges. If the oxidation state of the Martian mantle is and has been more similar to more reduced estimates, ventilation of CO 2 to the Martian atmosphere has been quite limited and may not be sufficient to account for greenhouse conditions apparently required to support liquid surface waters. Finally, low concentrations of CO 2 in graphite-saturated magmas under reducing conditions suggest that carbon in the Martian mantle may have originated by precipitation of graphite (or diamond) during solidification of a magma ocean.
Conducting oxide electrodes for ferroelectric films

Abstract Suitability of oxide electronic conductors [e.g. ruthenium oxide (RuOx) and indium-tin-oxide (ITO)] as contact metallization for ferroelectric films (e.g. PbZrxTi1−xO3) was investigated using techniques such as Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, x-ray diffraction and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis. Thin films of RuOx and ITO were deposited on Si substrates by reactive sputtering. Either PbO or PZT (x = 0.53) films were deposited onto the conducting oxides and the specimens were annealed at various temperatures between 400°C and 700°C. Less intermixing was found in Si/RuOx/ PZT films when compared to Si/ITO/PZT under similar processing conditions. The ferroelectric properties of PZT films on RuOx electrodes are compared to those on Pt electrodes. The PZT films show improved fatigue properties on RuOx electrodes.
Differential Effects of “Brainstorming” Instructions Upon High and Low Creative Subjects

Summary.-Thirty high and 29 low creative Ss, tested for the effects of "brainstorming" upon idea production, responded positively to "brainstorming" instructions. It is suggested that this finding points to true underlying differences in creative ability between the groups. Two studies (Meadow, Parnes, & Reese, 1959; Parnes & Meadow, 1959) have explored the effect of "brainstorming" instruccions on creative problernsolving ability. Findings indicate thac "brainstorming" instruccions facilitate the production of creative responses. More recent work (Gerlach, et al., 1964) has suggested that "brainstorming" instructions may be viewed simply as one form of criteria-cued directions which permit Ss to concenuate their responses upon low probabilicy associations. 'To assess the effect of "brainstorming" instructions, investigators have rended to focus upon instructions, bur another approach might be useful. Who profits from "brainstorming" instructions? Do both high and low creatives profit equally, or are high creatives already working at such a level thac "brainstorming" instructions have no effect? In the experiment which follows, evidence bearing on this question is sought by separating high and low creative~ prior to the administration of instruccions.
Relations between cusp forms on congruence and noncongruence groups

We construct a quadratic relation between cusp forms of weight two on four genus 1 subgroups of SL2 (Z). Two of the subgroups are congruence and two are noncongruence. We then generalize this to subgroups of F(N) of index 2. Let A be a finite-index subgroup of SL2(Z), and let XA be the associated Riemann surface (*/A. If K is a number field and C/K is a projective nonsingular curve, we say that C/K is a model for XA if there exists a morphism : C * JPl defined over K and a complex analytic isomorphism p: XA 0(QC) such that p(oo) is rational over K and XA P 0 (C) (1) 1 jjc * /SL2 (Z) i PI1 (C) commutes. (Here, the left hand arrow is the natural projection map.) It is known that for any A one can find a C/K as above, and, in fact, Belyi's theorem [B] tells us that the converse is true as well. In light of this, one may wish to study the usual arithmetic objects associated with congruence groups (i.e., Hecke operators, Fourier coefficients, and so forth) for arbitrary subgroups of finite index in SL2(Z). While it is true that on a general noncongruence subgroup, Hecke operators and Fourier coefficients are not related, there are nevertheless results concerning both. (See [Be] for Hecke operators on noncongruence subgroups and [S] for Fourier coefficients. From [Be], we see that Hecke operators on noncongruence subgroups give essentially no new information, but the Atkin-Swinnerton-Dyer congruences of [S] are highly nontrivial.) What has not been previously studied, however, is the relationship between cusp forms on related congruence and noncongruence groups. Since cusp forms on congruence groups are to some extent understood, any explicit information we obtain may be viewed as shedding light on the noncongruence forms. In particular, an actual polynomial relationship between forms would lead to an infinite number of relations between Fourier coefficients. One may view this as a Received by the editors November 16, 1998. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary lIF1I; Secondary 1F30.
Toxicity assessment of total dissolved solids in effluent of Alaskan mines using 22-h chronic Microtox® and Selenastrum capricornatum assays

Abstract In order to overcome limitations associated with the Daphnia assay, we have explored two alternative assays, the 22-h chronic Microtox ® test and the 3-day S. capricornutum test, as substitutes. During this study, we compared the two assays using both a simple TDS standard solution and field water samples from two Alaskan mines. Using EC 20 values, our results suggest that simple TDS standard solutions are not representative of environmental water samples of equivalent TDS concentrations. When comparing assays, our results showed that the 22-h Microtox ® assay was more reproducible and sensitive to effluent waters than the algal assay. Principle component analysis indicated that the 22-h Microtox ® test was generally more sensitive to nickel, ammonia and chloride while the S. capricornutum growth test appeared sensitive to cadmium levels.
Biogeography of recently extinct marine species: Implications for conservation

At least fifteen marine and coastal animal species have become extinct since the end of the Pleistocene. Analyses of the number of marine biogeographical provinces occupied by these species show that, contrary to the prevailing view that extinction is usually associated with a small range, at least five species (33%) had large ranges encompassing parts of two or more provinces. At least eight species occurred in areas that served as geographical refuges for taxa during the Pliocene and early Pleistocene. These refuges, in which primary planktonic productivity is generally very high, include the northwestern Atlantic and North Pacific. Extinctions in the northwestern Atlantic (four species) may be partly responsible for the subsequent success of human-introduced species in subtidal and open-coast intertidal habitats. Regions of high productivity deserve priority among marine areas to be protected from overexploitation and habitat destruction. Se sabe que desde el ano 1600 D.C. por lo menos trece especies y subespecies marinas y costeras de animales se extinguieron. Por lo menos cinco de estas especies tenian distribuciones que abarcaban porciones de dos o mas provincias biogeograficas, lo cual se opone a la concepcion prevalente de que la extincion esta asociada con una distribucion geografica reducida. Siete o mas especies habitaron en areas que sirvieron como refugios geograficos para taxones durante el Plioceno y Pleistoceno temprano. Estos refugios, en los cuales la productividad primaria del plancton es generalente muy alta, merecen tener prioridad sobre otras regiones a ser protegidas.
Graphene field effect transistor-based detectors for detection of ionizing radiation

We present the results of our recent efforts to develop novel ionizing radiation sensors based on the nanomaterial graphene. Graphene used in the field effect transistor architecture could be employed to detect the radiation-induced charge carriers produced in undoped semiconductor absorber substrates, even without the need for charge collection. The detection principle is based on the high sensitivity of graphene to ionization-induced local electric field perturbations in the electrically biased substrate. We experimentally demonstrated promising performance of graphene field effect transistors for detection of visible light, X-rays, gamma-rays, and alpha particles. We propose improved detector architectures which could result in a significant improvement of speed necessary for pulsed mode operation.
A robust, fast pulsed flip-flop design

High Speed VLSI design utilizes heavy pipelining, resulting in a large number of flip-flops in the circuit. Hence there is a strong motivation to design fast, low power and area efficient flip-flops. In this paper, we present a pulsed flip-flop design based on a novel pulse generator circuit. Our design achieves significantly improved speed when compared to recent pulsed flip-flop design, as well as a traditional master-slave D flip-flop. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that our design is significantly more robust to variations than the other flip-flops. Our design consumes low power as well. Also we have performed the layout of our design and shown that our layout area is smaller than a traditional D flip-flop.
Intracranial Balloon Angioplasty of Acute Terminal Internal Carotid Artery Occlusions

Acute embolic occlusion of the intracranial internal carotid bifurcation is associated with a poor prognosis. Recanalization rates of this lesion with intravenous or intraarterial thrombolysis are exceedingly low. We describe the use of balloon angioplasty after failed thrombolysis to achieve immediate recanalization of acute carotid T occlusions in two patients. At 1-month follow-up, both patients were alive with neurologic deficits. For acute carotid T occlusion, balloon angioplasty should be considered a first-line endovascular therapy.
Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Geomorphic History of Lake Mojave, California

An elongate basin at the termination of the Mojave River contained pluvial Lake Mojave, now represented by Silver and Soda Lake playas near Baker, California. During overflow, water level was controlled by an outlet channel at the north end of Silver Lake. Geomorphic features, including wave-cut cliffs and beaches, and stratigraphic information from lacustrine deposits around the playa margin, indicate alternating periods of high and low water. Twenty-four radiocarbon dates on shell material and calcareous tufa from six locations allow correlation with other researchers conclusions from nearby areas to provide the following chronology. A major lacustral interval ended about 14,500 yrs ago, with water overflowing the outlet at the 941- to 943-ft level. The second lacustral, from about 13,750 to 12,000 yrs ago, caused extensive development of shoreline features at the same level. During the third high water period, from 11,000 to just before 9,000 yrs ago, cutting of the outlet to the 936-ft level occurred. A final lake from 8,500 to 7,500 yrs ago did not overflow the outlet. Early man was apparently in the area 10,000 yrs ago.