cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metamorphic transistors: Building blocks for hetero-integrated circuits

Metamorphic epitaxy offers the possibility of growing devices on wafers composed of different materials that might be larger than the native bulk substrates for a potential cost-reduction of III–V components; this is especially important when native substrates with desired lattice constants are not available. This article reviews the concepts of metamorphic epitaxy of III–V compound semiconductor materials and examines how they have been applied to the development of advanced transistor devices. These metamorphic devices are expected to be a key enabler of future heterogeneous integrated circuits in which Si and III–V devices are monolithically integrated on a wafer scale using complementary metal oxide semiconductor-like process flows.
Faculty Exchange in Control Education, One Aspect of International Co-Operation

Abstract This paper is an outcome of a faculty exchange program between an American and a German university, in the summer semester of 2001. The goal is to present and promote, the faculty exchange program as one of the many components of international cooperation in engineering education. While no single recipe for a successful approach can be provided, an attempt has been made to create a list of crucial guidelines. The objective is to encourage and share author’s experience with fellow educators. It is hoped that international offices of universities will be able to use findings from this paper as a tool to help faculty members in the development of faculty exchange.
Geophysical Imaging of Landfill Interiors: Examples from Northern Illinois, USA

Geophysical methods used to image landfill interiors in Northern Illinois have evolved from the relatively simple one-dimensional (1D) resistivity soundings, used in the 1970s and 1980s, to more sophisticated two-dimensional (2D) resistivity and seismic refraction tomography profiles, augmented by ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and geophysical well logging. To illustrate this evolution of methods, geophysical imaging is described at two sites: the Mallard North landfill in Hanover Park, IL, and the Orchard Hills landfill, near Davis Junction, IL.
Interferon-γ Treatment of Human Laryngotracheal Stenosis-Derived Fibroblasts.

Importance Laryngotracheal stenosis (LTS) is a fibroproliferative disorder of the glottis, subglottis, and trachea. In models of fibrosis from other organ systems, the CD4 + T-cell response has been shown to regulate extracellular matrix deposition. Specifically, helper T cell 2 (T H 2) promotes fibrosis, whereas T H 1 and associated cytokines have been shown to be antifibrotic. However, this antifibrotic effect of the T H 1 response has not been demonstrated in LTS. Objective To determine whether the T H 1 cytokine interferon-γ inhibits the function of LTS-derived fibroblasts in vitro. Design, Setting, and Participants This in vitro controlled study included 6 patients with iatrogenic LTS undergoing routine surgical subglottic and tracheal dilation at a single institution. Fibroblasts were isolated from biopsy specimens of laryngotracheal scar and normal-appearing trachea. The presence of fibroblasts was confirmed by an immunohistochemical analysis. Laryngotracheal stenosis–derived fibroblasts were treated with interferon-γ and compared with untreated controls (2 sets of untreated, LTS-derived fibroblasts [media did not contain interferon-γ]) and normal airway fibroblasts (fibroblasts isolated from normal trachea). Data were collected from August 2015 through June 2016. Interventions Treatment with interferon-γ, 10 ng/mL. Main Outcomes and Measures Cellular proliferation, fibrosis gene expression (using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis), soluble collagen, and cellular histologic features were assessed. Results Among the 6 patients (6 women; mean [SD] age, 38.3 [17.2] years), LTS-derived fibroblast proliferation was reduced in patients who received interferon-γ treatment compared with untreated controls on days 3 (mean difference, −6515 cells; 95% CI, −10 630 to −2600 cells) to 6 (mean difference, −47 521 cells; 95% CI, −81 285 to −13 757 cells). Interferon-γ treatment reduced collagen types I and III gene expression by 86% and 68%, respectively, and resulted in lower total collagen production (10.94 vs 14.89 μg/mL). In addition, interferon-γ treatment resulted in a 32% reduction in expression of transforming growth factor β in LTS-derived fibroblasts. Conclusions and Relevance Interferon-γ reduced proliferation, soluble collagen production, and collagen expression in LTS-derived fibroblasts while also reducing the expression of the profibrotic cytokine transforming growth factor β. These findings suggest that therapeutics aimed at increasing interferon-γ and the T H 1 response could attenuate LTS.
Mechanics of an elastic membrane infused with a liquid

Abstract The mechanics of swelling and diffusion in fluid saturated elastomers has long interested workers in nonlinear elasticity theory. Here we broaden this subject by presenting a model for thin membranes, derived as the leading-order-in-thickness approximation to the three-dimensional theory.
Eleven-vertex carboranes

The preparation, structures, and chemistry of 11-vertex carboranes containing one to four skeletal carbon atoms are outlined, including nido -CB 10 H 13 − , closo -CB 10 H 11 − , closo -C 2 B 9 H 11 , nido -C 2 B 9 H 13 , nido -C 2 B 9 H 12 − , nido -C 2 B 9 H 11 2− , nido -C 3 B 8 H 12 , nido -C 3 B 8 H 11 − , hypho -C 3 B 8 H 15 − , nido -C 4 B 7 H 11 , and arachno -C 4 B 7 H 13 . The facile complexation of the open-cage species, especially nido -C 2 B 9 H 12 − and nido -C 2 B 9 H 11 2− , with metal ions to form 12-vertex metallacarboranes (detailed in Chapter 13 ) is noted, as is their boronation to regenerate the C 2 B 10 icosahedron.
Survey for Aflatoxins and Zearalenone in Canned and Frozen Sweet Corn

Aflatoxins and zearalenone were determined in 263 samples of canned or frozen sweet corn, collected from packing plants during the 1976 and 1977 packing seasons. As anticipated from geographic, agronomic, and microbiological considerations, no aflatoxin or zearalenone was found. Based on this sampling, the highest incidence of detectable aflatoxin that could be statistically anticipated in the major packing areas is 1.5%.
Comparison of Human and Non-human Migration Governance Under Climate Change

Climate change affects human and non-human migration patterns. The migration of people and other species have been studied in isolation, despite similarities and differences that can inform new policies for both. Human and non-human species have differential vulnerability to climate change, and migration is one adaptation strategy to reduce vulnerability. Current policy dialog does not fully acknowledge such shared characteristics but assumes equivalent responses across populations, focuses on traditional ‘in-situ’ biodiversity conservation and emphasizes the economic dimensions of human movement. We argue that recognition of migration as adaptation, with learning across migratory species, can inform new migration policies that recognize the multi-causal nature of human and non-human movement and include climate as a migration driver.
La lucha (de clases) de la cocina: Los alimentos y la dialéctica de la apetencia en la novela Mamita Yunai de Carlos Luis Fallas

Este trabajo sobre el clasico latinoamericano Mamita Yunai, novela del escritor costarricense Carlos Luis Fallas, analiza la dieta de miseria de los obreros de las plantaciones bananeras centroamericanas de comienzos del siglo XX. Este estudio propone leer a Mamita Yunai como un menu textual de cinco platillos discursivos donde subyace una “dialectica de la apetencia”. En esta dialectica la tesis es el gusto, la antitesis es el disgusto y la sintesis, el hambre. En esta novela, la empresa transnacional United Fruit Company, la “Mamita Yunai”, representa una “anti-madre” que explota sin escrupulos, social y economicamente, a “sus hijos”, los trabajadores de las plantaciones, quienes subsisten con un precario menu de raciones limitadas de arroz, frijoles, conservas, jaleas, “bananos sancochados” y cafe negro sin dulce. Para poder tener acceso a productos como la carne y el pescado, los obreros deben recurrir, por su cuenta, a la caza y a la pesca en condiciones generalmente clandestinas y peligrosas.
The “Fragility” of Mortality benefit of Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery in Diabetics

The relative merits of guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) for the management of stable ischemic heart disease is still hotly debated, despite more than 3 decades of clinical trials. Fundamental to this
Alliances and Firm Growth: A Capability Portfolio Perspective

When do alliances with large firms hurt small firms’ growth? We argue that partnerships with large firms have significant repercussions for small firms’ growth. By combining the capability perspect...
Thermal Uniformity Mapping of PV Modules and Plants

The conventional assumption of all the cells in a module and all the modules in a plant is operating at a single temperature. This work indicates that it is not the case. The behavior of temperature distribution of PV cells within a module and of PV modules within a plant is presented. ANOVA, a statistical tool, was used to study the influence of various ambient and design factors on temperature variation. In this study, the effect of thermal non-uniformity on I-V parameters of three different PV technologies (crystalline silicon, CdTe, CIGS) is investigated. The temperature mapping data for two power plants (fixed horizontal-tilt and one-axis) located in a desert climate of Arizona showed that the modules placed in the center of one-axis power plant had higher temperatures, whereas in the fixed-tilt power plant, the modules located in the north-west direction had higher operating temperatures. Higher average operating temperature of modules was observed for the one-axis tracker based plant as compared to the fixed-tilt based plant, thereby a higher degradation rate and a lower lifetime are expected for the 1-axis tracker based modules as compared to the fixed-tilt based modules.
Online Estimation of Motif Distribution in Dynamic Networks

Prior research in complex networks have clearly demonstrated the importance of the frequency and distribution of different motives to important network properties. In general, motif search algorithms are expensive and designed to operate over a static graph, which is often problematic for dynamic graph structures. In this work, we introduce an efficient and exact algorithm that can quickly update the count of different motifs in a complex network. Starting from an initial count of motif types, our algorithm monitor local graph changes and efficiently updates the motif distributions at runtime, without requiring the re-evaluation of the complete graph. The runtime monitoring of motif distributions is very important in numerous practical domains where very large scale graphs are subject to localized changes.
Valorisation of waste to yield recyclable composites of elemental sulfur and lignin

Lignin is the second-most abundant biopolymer in nature and remains a severely underutilized waste product of agriculture and paper production. Sulfur is the most underutilized byproduct of petroleum and natural gas processing industries. On their own, both sulfur and lignin exhibit very poor mechanical properties. In the current work, a strategy for preparing more durable composites of sulfur and lignin, LSx, is described. Composites LSx were prepared by reaction of allyl lignin with elemental sulfur, whereby some of the sulfur forms polysulfide crosslinks with lignin to yield a three-dimensional network. Even relatively small quantities (<5 wt%) of the polysulfide-crosslinked lignin network provides up to a 3.4-fold increase in mechanical reinforcement over sulfur alone, as measured by the storage moduli and flexural strength determined from dynamic mechanical analysis (temperature dependence and stress–strain analysis). Notably, LSx composites could be repeatedly remelted and recast after pulverization without loss of mechanical strength. These initial studies suggest potential practical applications of lignin and sulfur waste streams in the ongoing quest towards more sustainable, recyclable structural materials.
Outcomes of primary endocrine therapy in elderly women with stage I-III breast cancer: a SEER database analysis.

Frail elderly women with nonmetastatic hormone receptor-positive breast cancer often receive primary endocrine therapy. Limited data are available on the outcomes associated with this population and treatment approach. We selected patients with an initial primary diagnosis of stage I–III ER-positive breast cancer from 2001 to 2015 in Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare data. Patients were excluded if they received surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or other targeted drug treatment including anti-HER2 agents. Two Cox proportional-hazards models were constructed to determine the predictors of breast cancer-specific survival and overall survival after a cancer diagnosis. A total of 552 patients were identified, with 82.1% of the patients being 80 years or older and 81.7% of patients being non-Hispanic White. PR positive (OR 1.77; 95% CI 1.09–2.85; p = 0.025) and tumor size larger than 50 mm (OR 1.99; 95% CI 1.05–3.75; p = 0.035) were associated with higher adherence to endocrine therapy. In the multivariable Cox analyses, patients who were adherent of endocrine therapy had significantly worse survival (HR 1.40; 95% CI 1.17–1.69; p < 0.001). The other two factors associated with worse survival were larger tumor size and more comorbidities. The competing risk model demonstrated no statistically significant difference between patients who were adherent to endocrine therapy and those who were not in terms of risk of dying from breast cancer. In elderly women with localized ER-positive breast cancer, there were no statistically significant differences in breast cancer-specific or overall mortality between those who were adherent to endocrine therapy and those who were not.
3 – Quantitative bioenergetics: The measurement of driving forces

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an introduction to the thermodynamics of quantitative bioenergetics. Thermodynamics include three types of system—isolated, closed, and open systems. The complexity of the thermodynamic treatment of these systems increases as their isolation decreases. Open systems strictly require a non-equilibrium thermodynamic treatment; classical equilibrium thermodynamics cannot be applied precisely to open systems because the flow of matter across their boundaries precludes the establishment of a true equilibrium. The most significant contribution of equilibrium thermodynamics to bioenergetics comes from considering individual reactions or groups of reactions as closed systems. Equilibrium thermodynamics is immensely powerful in bioenergetics as it can be applied to many problems. It helps in calculating the conditions required for equilibrium in an energy transduction, such as the utilization of the protonmotive force to produce ATP, and by extension determining how far such a reaction is displaced from equilibrium under actual experimental conditions.
Steady-State Model of an Argon–Helium High-Pressure Radio Frequency Dielectric Barrier Discharge

A steady-state kinetic model of argon–helium high-pressure radio frequency dielectric barrier discharge is developed using a simplified reaction rate package appropriate for pressures ranging from 200 to 500 torr. Electron production and loss rates are analyzed as a function of pressure and Ar–He mixture, highlighting the importance of the Ar2* dimer for higher pressures and Ar rich mixtures. As pressure increases, the primary ionization mechanism shifts between ionization of ground state Ar to dimer ionization, which affects the steady-state reduced electric field due to the electron energy required for the two dominant ionization mechanisms. The resulting reduced electric field profile controls the metastable Ar(1s5) production, which, combined with the Ar(1s5) loss rates, reveals the metastable density as a function of pressure and Ar-fraction. This simplified 0-D steady-state model shows close agreement with previous time-dependent simulations using a robust reaction rate package.
Vulnerability trends in web servers and browsers

In previous work we have looked at trends in vulnerabilities due to ordinary programming errors [2, 3]. This analysis focuses on two of the most widely used types of software in today's internet, web browsers and web servers. In addition to reports of vulnerabilities, we were able to consider market share to infer some information about the impact of vulnerabilities. The key questions we sought to address are: (1) What is the trend in vulnerabilities for these components, and the magnitude of their impact on users? (2) Are web browsers and servers becoming more secure over time as vulnerabilities are discovered and programmers become more experienced? (3) How do trends vary by vulnerability type?
Small uranium and oxygen interstitial clusters in UO2: An empirical potential study

Abstract The aggregation of defect clusters in UO 2 under irradiations creates dislocation loops and cavities, which in turn contribute to swelling of the fuels, leading to detrimental pellet-clad mechanical interactions. The kinetics of the defect clusters, however, have received less attention and are not well understood. Using two interatomic potentials, the Morelon potential and a many-body model by Cooper, Rushton, and Grimes (CRG), the energetics and kinetics of small uranium interstitial clusters, with and without bound oxygen interstitials, are investigated with molecular dynamics and accelerated molecular dynamics simulations. For the single bound anti-Schottky interstitial cluster (U i 2O i ), both potentials find the interstitialcy migration mechanism to be a low barrier migration mechanism. However, for the CRG potential, an oxygen Frenkel pair assisted interstitial cluster migration mechanism with a lower migration barrier is identified during accelerated molecular dynamics simulations. For the Morelon potential, the interstitial clusters have geometrically compact structures, and small interstitial clusters (two and three anti-Schottky clusters) are more mobile than the single bound anti-Schottky interstitial cluster; for the CRG potential, the interstitial clusters have geometrically non-compact structures, yielding a more complex energy landscape. The rapid migration of interstitials and interstitial clusters are important for the irradiation response of UO 2 and correlates well with the very low barriers reported in a few historic experimental studies.
Two-dimensional Bose-Hubbard model for helium on graphene

An exciting development in the field of correlated systems is the possibility of realizing two-dimensional (2D) phases of quantum matter. For a system of bosons, an example of strong correlations manifesting themselves in a 2D environment is provided by helium adsorbed on graphene. We construct the effective Bose-Hubbard model for this system which involves hard-core bosons $(U\ensuremath{\approx}\ensuremath{\infty})$, repulsive nearest-neighbor $(Vg0)$ and small attractive $({V}^{\ensuremath{'}}l0)$ next-nearest-neighbor interactions. The mapping onto the Bose-Hubbard model is accomplished by a variety of many-body techniques which take into account the strong He-He correlations on the scale of the graphene lattice spacing. Unlike the case of dilute ultracold atoms where interactions are effectively pointlike, the detailed microscopic form of the short-range electrostatic and long-range dispersion interactions in the helium-graphene system is crucial for the emergent Bose-Hubbard description. The result places the ground state of the first layer of $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ adsorbed on graphene deep in the commensurate solid phase with $1/3$ of the sites on the dual triangular lattice occupied. Because the parameters of the effective Bose-Hubbard model are very sensitive to the exact lattice structure, this opens up an avenue to tune quantum phase transitions in this solid-state system.
Hair Loss in Women of Color

Alopecia occurs at a higher rate in women of color (WOC) and has a negative psychosocial impact on the patient; thus it is imperative that all dermatologists are up to date on how to address hair loss-related concerns effectively in this population. Basic structural features of hair differ between ethnic groups and may contribute to hair loss later in life. Unique hair care practices in this group, which can play a role in hair loss in WOC, will be discussed in detail. Alopecia has a wide range of etiologic subtypes, certain forms of which are more common in WOC. Non-scarring alopecias of special focus to the WOC population include traction alopecia, trichorrhexis nodosa, and seborrheic dermatitis, the latter of which can be associated with alopecia. It is important to be familiar with non-scarring forms of alopecia, as prompt diagnosis can have a profound impact on the clinical course and total eventual hair loss associated with these diseases. Examples of scarring or cicatricial alopecias include central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia, discoid lupus erythematosus, lichen planopilaris, and frontal fibrosing alopecia. While some alopecias are potentially reversible, management of cicatricial alopecias focuses on symptom relief and halting the progression of hair loss.
Toward automation of initial chart check for photon/electron EBRT: the clinical implementation of new AAPM task group reports and automation techniques.

Purpose The recently published AAPM TG-275 and the public review version of TG-315 list new recommendations for comprehensive and minimum physics initial chart checks, respectively. This article addresses the potential development and benefit of initial chart check automation when these recommendations are implemented for clinical photon/electron EBRT. Methods Eight board-certified physicists with 2-20 years of clinical experience performed initial chart checks using checklists from TG-275 and TG-315. Manual check times were estimated for three types of plans (IMRT/VMAT, 3D, and 2D) and for prostate, whole pelvis, lung, breast, head and neck, and brain cancers. An expert development team of three physicists re-evaluated the automation feasibility of TG-275 checklist based on their experience of developing and implementing the in-house and the commercial automation tools in our institution. Three levels of initial chart check automation were simulated: (1) Auto_UMMS_tool (which consists of in-house program and commercially available software); (2) Auto_TG275 (with full and partial automation as indicated in TG-275); and (3) Auto_UMMS_exp (with full and partial automation as determined by our experts' re-evaluation). Results With no automation of initial chart checks, the ranges of manual check times were 29-56 min (full TG-315 list) and 102-163 min (full TG-275 list), which varied significantly with physicists but varied little at different tumor sites. The 69 of 71 checks which were considered as "not fully automated" in TG-275 were re-evaluated with more automation feasibility. Compared to no automation, the higher levels of automation yielded a great reduction in both manual check times (by 44%-98%) and potentially residual detectable errors (by 15-85%). Conclusion The initial chart check automation greatly improves the practicality and efficiency of implementing the new TG recommendations. Revisiting the TG reports with new technology/practice updates may help develop and utilize more automation clinically.
The utility of intra-oral ultrasound in improving deep margin clearance of oral tongue cancer resections.

Abstract Objectives To investigate the potential utility of intra-oral ultrasound (IOUS) in guiding deep margin clearance and measuring depth of invasion (DOI) of oral tongue carcinomas (OTC). Materials and Methods Retrospective chart review of consecutive patients with T1-T3 OTC who underwent intraoperative ultrasound-guided resection and a comparator group that had undergone resection without the use of IOUS both by a single surgeon. Data was extracted from operative, pathology and radiology reports. Deep margins and DOI were reviewed by a dedicated head and neck pathologist. Correlation between histologic and ultrasound DOI was assessed using Pearson correlation. Results A total of 23 patients were included in the study cohort with a comparator group of 21 patients in the control group. None of the patients in the study cohort had a positive (cut-through) deep margin and the mean deep margin clearance was 8.5 ± 4.9 and 6.7 ± 3.8 for the IOUS and non-IOUS groups respectively (p-value 0.18) showing a non-significant improvement in the IOUS group. As a secondary outcome, there was a strong correlation between histologic and ultrasound DOI (0.9449). Conclusion Ultrasound appears to be a potentially effective tool in guiding OTC resections. In this small series, IOUS facilitated deep margin clearance and resulted in a non-statistically significant increase in deep margin clearance. Intraoral ultrasound can accurately measure lesional DOI.
The Orient and the Young Romantics

Through close readings of major poems, this book examines why the second-generation Romantic poets - Byron, Shelley, and Keats - stage so much of their poetry in Eastern or Orientalized settings. It argues that they do so not only to interrogate their own imaginations, but also as a way of criticizing Europe's growing imperialism. For them the Orient is a projection of Europe's own fears and desires. It is therefore a charged setting in which to explore and contest the limits of the age's aesthetics, politics and culture. Being nearly always self-conscious and ironic, the poets' treatment of the Orient becomes itself a twinned criticism of 'Romantic' egotism and the Orientalism practised by earlier generations. The book goes further to claim that poems like Shelley's Revolt of Islam, Byron's 'Eastern' Tales, or even Keats's Lamia anticipate key issues at stake in postcolonial studies more generally.
Should General Utilities Be Reinstated to Provide Partial Integration of Corporate and Personal Income—Is Half a Loaf Better than None?

The thesis of this article is grounded on the premise that, as a matter of good tax policy and in absence of considerations of administrative burdens and politics, corporate and personal income taxes should be integrated so that the income of a corporation would be subjected to a single tax rate structure. This article does not seek to add any new thoughts to the debate over integration, but rather, accepts the integrationist's view and focuses on whether that view leads to the conclusion that General Utilities should be reinstated.
Influence of HLA Mismatching on Survival in Lung Transplantation

Data on human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatching and survival after lung transplantation (LTx) are variable. The UNOS database was queried from 1987 to 2013 to examine survival associated with total HLA mismatch ≥3 and mismatches of 2 at A, B, and DR loci. Of 23,528 first-time, adult LTx recipients, 23,384 were included in the univariate Cox analysis, 19,944 in the Kaplan–Meier survival function evaluation, and 16,224 in the multivariate Cox models. Adjusted models found that the total HLA mismatch ≥3 increased the mortality hazard [hazard ratio (HR) 1.214; 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) 1.073, 1.374; p = 0.002]. Both HLA-A (HR 1.070; 95 % CI 1.023, 1.119; p = 0.003) and HLA-DR (HR 1.053; 95 % CI 1.007, 1.101; p = 0.024) were associated with increased mortality risk, but HLA-B (HR 1.006; 95 % CI 0.958, 1.056; p = 0.805) was not. Older age, higher creatinine, and higher body mass index were associated with increased risk for death. More recent lung transplant and longer ischemic time were associated with reduced mortality risk. Induction with basiliximab at time of transplant was beneficial by significantly decreasing the risk of death (HR 0.846; 95 % CI 0.786, 0.909; p < 0.001). HLA mismatching is associated with increased hazard risk for death after LTx, while induction with basiliximab and other factors related to LTx reduce the risk.
Low-altitude, high-resolution aerial imaging systems for row and field crop phenotyping: A review

Abstract Global plant genetics research efforts have focused on developing high yielding, stress tolerant, and disease resistant row and field crop varieties that are more efficient in their use of agronomic inputs (water, nutrients, pesticides, etc.). Until recently, a key bottleneck in such research was the lack of high-throughput sensing technologies for effective and rapid evaluation of expressed phenotypes under field conditions for holistic data-driven decision making and variety selection. This review focuses on technological aspects of integrating unmanned aerial vehicles with imaging systems to enhance field phenotyping capabilities. The state-of-the-art of unmanned aerial vehicle technology for various applications including crop emergence, vigor, and characterization of yield potential of row and field crops has been reviewed. The potential of using aerial imaging to evaluate resistance/susceptibility to biotic and abiotic stress for crop breeding and precision production management has been discussed along with future perspectives and developments.
The Foundations of the U.S. Judiciary

This is a manifesto - a Tea Party manifesto - calling for a restoration of the judiciary to its original and proper place in our constitutional system.
Chapter 8. Particle Beam Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Aqueous and Hazardous Waste Leachates

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews work on the analysis of aqueous leachate samples collected from two major industrial and hazardous waste disposal sites in California—that is, the Stringfellow and Casmalia Resources. Liquid chromatography (LC)–particle beam (PB)–mass spectrometry (MS) was chosen as the method of analyzing the aqueous leachates because LC is suitable for handling quite polar and thermally labile compounds and PBMS can generate standard 70 eV electron impact (EI) mass spectra. Because PB–MS counts on gas-phase ionization, the compounds still need to be volatile. The mass spectra generated can be searched with a computer against the huge collection of known mass spectra in the standard MS library. Thus, PB–MS is a helpful tool for compound identification. The primary intent in the LC–PBMS study was to identify the polar chemicals present in the aqueous leachates. The samples were lyophilized and processed. The sample extracts were chromatographed on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with reversed-phase, anion exchange, or multiphase columns. The detectors used with the LC included ultraviolet (UV), PB–MS, and inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-MS.
From arms‐length to collaborative relationships in the supply chain: An evolutionary process

Buyer‐supplier relationships play an important role in an organization’s ability to respond to dynamic and unpredictable change. If the relationship is too restrictive, flexibility will be difficult to achieve and, if it is too lenient the risk of opportunism will be present. This paper provides a framework for understanding how buyer‐supplier relationships have evolved over the past two decades from transaction processes based on arms‐length agreements to collaborative processes based on trust and information sharing. To achieve this objective, buyer‐supplier relationships are reviewed from the perspectives of transaction cost theory, strategy‐structure theory and resource‐based theory of the firm. Findings from early supply chain research are contrasted with the findings of more current research to provide a better understanding of how these relationships have changed. Current theory is extended by offering two proposals that test the influence of trust and information sharing and a third proposal that rejects the notion that supply chain alliances lead to monopolistic practices.
The Influence of Feedback of Diagnosis and Executive Function Skills on Rates of False Positive and False Negative Outcomes for ADHD.

This study examined executive function (EF) skills and self-reported symptoms of ADHD. EF skills were measured to determine whether skills were different between groups that reported clinical levels of ADHD symptoms (clinical group) and nonclinical levels of ADHD symptoms (nonclinical group). EF skills in the nonclinical group were also investigated to determine whether differences existed for those who received false positive and negative feedback about an ADHD diagnosis. Results indicated statistically and clinically significant differences in EF skills between the clinical and nonclinical group. Participants in the nonclinical group who reported elevated scores on the ADHD screener after receiving false positive feedback had statistically significantly different EF function scores, but not clinically significant scores, compared to the participants in nonclinical group who received negative feedback.
Biochemical basis of antigen-specific suppressor T cell factors: controversies and possible answers.

Publisher Summary The chapter reviews previous observations made on T-suppressor factor (TsF) and provides interpretations for controversial issues on this factor. Antigen-specific T cell-mediated immunosuppression could be transferred from one animal to other syngeneic animals either with intact suppressor cells or with soluble factors derived from the cells. The chapter also discusses the experiments that provide the evidence that OVA-specific glycosylation inhibiting factor (GIF), which is an effector type TsF, consists of the 55-kDa TCRa chain-GIF conjugate and the TCRP chain. After the identification of T cell receptors (TCR) on helper and cytotoxic T cells, however, fundamental questions can be raised on T cell-mediated suppression with the failure to identify TCR and TCR gene rearrangement in representative Ts hybridomas. In addition, the ability of Ts cells and antigen-specific TsF to bind specifically to nominal antigen, independently of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene products, created skepticism on the nature of Ts cells and the origin of TsF.
Grain boundary sliding behaviour of copper and alpha brass at intermediate temperatures

The role of grain boundary sliding in copper and Cu-30% Zn in the temperature range 0.50 to 0.72T m, whereT m is the absolute melting point of the material, is examined. First, sliding data obtained on these materials are presented. These results indicate that the stress exponent for sliding,n gbs, is similar to that for lattice deformation, while the activation energy for sliding,Q gbs, varies between about 0·5Q c and 1.6Q c, whereQ c is the activation energy for creep. Next, a comparison of the published values ofQ gbs for bicrystals and polycrystals suggests that grain boundary sliding in polycrystalline materials requires the accommodation of the sliding process, whereas in bicrystals, the absence of triple points and other grain boundaries results in intrinsic sliding. Finally, several models proposed for grain boundary sliding are discussed, and it is shown that they do not account for the observed results on copper and alpha brass. A phenomenological model is proposed, where it is assumed that grain boundary sliding results from the glide of dislocations on secondary slip planes.
Cleaning Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Contaminated Garden Soil by Phytoremediation

A poplar planted system resulted in the complete removal of at least 19 of the 29 potential polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners detected in trace amounts (37.9 ng g -1 in total) in a commercial garden soil, while the unplanted soil only had 2 congeners completely removed after 96 days. In addition, the most recalcitrant congener, PCB 52, only decreased by 0.1% in the unplanted reactors while declining by 22.3% in the planted system. There was also greater removal of a PCB 77 spike in the planted system when compared to the unplanted system, 17.2% in the planted system versus 2.8% in the unplanted system. The results suggest that phytoremediation may be an effective tool in cleaning commercially available garden soils that are lightly contaminated with PCBs.
A comparative study of ordered alloy and random alloy quantum wells of Zn1 - xCdxSe/ZnSe under pressure

Abstract Excitonic transitions in random alloy and ordered alloy quantum wells of Zn 1 − x Cd x Se ZnSe are studied as a function of hydrostatic pressure at 14 K using photoluminescence. A sample of bulk Zn1 − xCdxSe is also studied in the same pressure loading as the other two samples to determine the increase in the bandgap as a function of pressure. This simultaneous study has allowed us to isolate the pressure-induced changes due to quantization effects, as well as to study the differences between the random and ordered alloy quantum well systems. We find that the influence of ordering in these samples is evident at thicknesses of ~ 25 A and less. We also find that a single period of the ordered alloy behaves like a quantum well, despite a large overlap of the wavefunction with the barrier and an extremely large confinement energy.
The Global Occurrence of Natural Gas Hydrate

Natural gas hydrate occurs worldwide in oceanic sediment of continental and insular slopes and rises of active and passive margins, in deep-water sediment of inland lakes and seas, and in polar sediment on both continents and continental shelves. In aquatic sediment, where water depths exceed about 300 m and bottom water temperatures approach 0° C, gas hydrate is found at the seafloor to sediment depths of about 1,100 m. In polar continental regions, gas hydrate can be present in sediment at depths between about 150 and 2000 m. Thus, natural gas hydrate is restricted to the shallow geosphere where its presence affects the physical and chemical properties of near-surface sediment. An updated global inventory reports on natural gas hydrate recovered from 19 places worldwide and includes 77 places where the presence of gas hydrate has been inferred from geophysical, geochemical, and geological evidence. The potential amount of methane in natural gas hydrate is enormous, with current estimates converging around about 10 teratonnes (10 19 g) of methane carbon.
Relation of Interfacial Adhesion to Residual Stress in Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composites

Two types of carbon fiber, one with surface treatment and one without surface treatment, were used to fabricate carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composites. The relation between the degree of fiber-matrix adhesion and the thermal residual stress developed in the composite was examined. The adhesion for treated and untreated fiber was compared by the interlaminar shear strength of unidirectional laminates; the thermal residual stress was compared by the curvature of unsymmetric laminated beams. The higher degree of adhesion offered by the surface treated fiber resulted in the development of higher residual stress (and strain) in the composite. Transverse ply cracking was examined as a possible cause of the different curvature development in control and experimental unsymmetric beams, but it was found that cracking did not occur. An alternative explanation based on relative displacement at the fiber-matrix interface is described. 23 refs.
Vitamin E inhibition of lipid peroxidation and ethanol-mediated promotion of esophageal tumorigenesis.

Abstract Promotion of chemically induced esophageal cancer by ethanol may include the generation of highly reactive free radicals and thus may be preventable by the antioxidant vitamin E. In the present study, female C57BL/6 mice received N‐nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBzA, 0.2 mg/kg ig) three times a week for three weeks. After this esophageal carcinogenic treatment, mice were fed a nutritionally adequate liquid diet with 30% of the calories supplied by ethanol or an isocaloric carbohydrate with or without supplemental α‐tocopherol (142 mg/kg diet). As a marker of in vivo lipid peroxidation, exhaled ethane was collected and measured 24 hours “before”; the mice were killed after 20 weeks of dietary treatment. Hepatic malondial‐dehyde, lipid fluorescence, and conjugated dienes were determined as markers of products of lipid peroxidation and serum aminotransferases as indexes of liver toxicity. Hepatic liver concentrations of vitamins A and E and the size and frequency of esophageal tumors were also assessed...
Saline Mobilization of the Colon during Percutaneous Renal Cryoablation

A 62-year-old woman with a history of multiple abdominal surgeries underwent computed tomography-guided percutaneous renal cryoablation for a 1.5-cm enhancing left renal mass. We describe the technique of salinoma formation to displace the colon away from the tumor to avoid colonic injury during cryoablation.
Disease-Specific Sexual Abstinence User Rates: The Role of Science in Policy Making

This article offers an innovative and relatively easy-to-use Bernoulli relative risk formula for calculating the annual probability of pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) under conditions of maximum possible risk. Developed by Steven D. Pinkerton this calculation indicates that abstinence is probably most effective when the probability of STD transmission per contact is extremely low as is the case for heterosexual HIV transmission. Pinkerton’s calculation was explained by comparing it with the existing data on condom use failure and how this calculation is used with abstinence education programs in comparison with condom promotion programs. Its findings suggest that 100% abstinence compliance may be necessary to obtain anywhere near the comparable STD protection achieved by consistent correct condom usage. However Pinkerton cautions that this statistical calculation is new and untested. Thus more research is urgently needed using actual programs with detailed data on the number of sexual partners number of acts per partner and STD and pregnancy prevalence data where available.
The Autumn Harvest: Peasants and Markets in Post-Collective Rural China

For the peasants in rural China, the harvest season is the occasion when several different worlds – the business world of large companies, the entrepreneurial world of middlemen, local elites and peasant households – are compressed into the same social space, thereby inducing intensive economic and social interactions and crystallizing social relations among villagers, local elites and markets. Based on ethnographic research on the autumn harvest in a township in northern China, this study sheds light on distinctive modes of market transactions across produces, and diverse interactions between markets and local institutions involving different co-ordination mechanisms, rhythms and social relationships. A more nuanced image of market transactions emerges from these observations, calling for a more refined conceptualization of markets and further research on their implications for institutional changes.
VISCERAL HETEROTAXY WITH MALFORMED HEART. SIMILAR FINDINGS IN A CHILD AND A PUPPY.

A cyanotic child and a newborn puppy were found to have a complicated cardiac malformation of essentially identical design. There was situs inversus of the cardiac chambers, hypoplasia of the anatomic left heart with transposition of the great vessels, pulmonary atresia, patent ductus arteriosus and drainage of all pulmonary veins into the anatomic right atrium. There was situs inversus totalis with pivotal levocardia in the child and dextrocardia in the puppy. The patient was markedly improved by a systemic-pulmonary arterial anastomosis indicating the feasibility of palliative surgery in spite of the servere cardiac abnormality. The association of visceral heterotaxy with an identical complicated malformation of the heart in the human and canine species appears to indicate a common developmental deviation and thus is considered to be of teratologic significance.
Sinus of Valsalva aneurysm

From the Departments of *Anesthesiology and †Cardiothoracic Surery, The Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY. Address reprint requests to Ronald A. Kahn, MD, Department of Ansthesiology, Box 1010, The Mount Sinai Medical Center, One Gustave L. evy Place, New York, NY 10029. E-mail: ron.kahn@mssm.edu © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1053-0770/06/2002-0030$32.00/0 doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2005.12.006
Slow ventricular activation in acute myocardial infarction. A source of re-entrant premature ventricular contractions.

The evolution of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) in acute myocardial infarction was studied by recording bipolar potentials from the left ventricle before and after coronary artery occlusion in dogs. The potentials were recorded from 154 locations in the left ventricular wall as well as at the endocardial and epicardial surfaces. Desynchronization and marked slowing of previously uniform activation was noted and resembled abbreviated, local fibrillation. The dissociation of excitation was either simple, characterized by fragmentation into single delayed spikes, or complex, characterized by numerous spikes. Sustained, desynchronized activity, confined to local myocardial areas, was observed up to 215 msec after the onset of activation. These local areas of sustained excitation functioned as a source of re-entrant activity and were associated with PVCs. Histochemical stains of myocardium indicated a relationship between the inhomogeneous distribution of ischemia (stain) and the desynchronization o...
Infrared multiphoton dissociation of CF3Br

Abstract The CF 2 , Br, and F products of 9.2 μ multiphoton dissociation of CF 3 Br have been spectroscopically monitored. Primary dissociation leads to CF 3 + Br, while secondary dissociation of CF 3 leads to CF 2 + F. Both the Br and F atoms are found to have average recoil energies close to those of thermal (300 K) atoms. Comparison of these results to calculations based on RRKM theory indicates that CF 3 Br dissociates from levels 2–5 photons above the CF 3 + Br threshold.
Selective potentiating effects of metal ions on vasopressom

Der Effekt von Na+-, NH4 +- und Ca++-Ionen auf die Blutdruckaktivitat von Arginin-Vasopressom wurde untersucht und mit analogen Experimenten (Val5-Angiotensin II-Asp1-β-Amid) verglichen. Die Wirkungsweise der Ionen-induzierten Potenzierung von Vasopressin wird diskutiert.