cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Student Attitudes Towards and Impressions of Project Citizen

Assoc. Prof.Dr., Boise State University, sarafry@boisestate.edu GA., University of Wyoming, abentaha@uwyo.eduVatandalik Projesi, Amerika Birlesik Devletleri genelinde ve uluslararasi alanda uygulanan bir vatandas egitimi program olmakla birlikte projenin ogrenci uzerindeki etkisi hakkinda literaturde eksik kalan bir konudur. Bu makale, su sorulara yanit bulmak icin tasarlanmis bir on calismadir: Ogrencilerin Vatandas Projesine karsi tutum ve algilari nelerdir? Bu projeye katilan ogrencilerle daha onceki projelere katilan ogrencilerin tutum ve algilari karsilastirildiginda ortaya cikan sonuclar nelerdir? 10 lise ogrencisi ve 23 universite birinci sinif ogrencisine bu calisma kapsaminda bir anket uygulanmistir. Calisma sonuclari lise ogrencilerinin Vatandaslik Projesine yonelik olumlu algilari oldugunu gostermektedir. Ayrica bu ogrenciler uygulamanin sivil sorumlulukla ilgili uzerlerinde onemli bir etki ve konuyu anlama yetisi gelistirdigini ifade etmislerdir. Buna karsilik, projenin birinci sinif universite ogrencilerine yonelik sivil sorumluluk ilgili etkisinis sinirli kaldigi gorulmustur. Sonuclar, ogrencilerin yurttaslik bilgi, beceri ve egilimlerini gelistirmeye yardimci olmak icin ozel ogrenme deneyimlerinin onemli oldugunu ve bu Vatandaslik Projesi gibi sivil programlarin daha fazla arastirilmasi gerektigini gostermektedir.
A Goldilocks Account of Judicial Review

By MA.RK TusHNET* ACCORDING TO PROFESSOR Christopher Eisgruber, judicial re­view of the sort embedded in United States constitutional practice is a practical mechanism for implementing the Constitution's commit­ment to self-government.} "The justices ... make a distinctive contri­bution to representative democracy" because they are "better positioned [than elected officials] to represent the people's convic­tions about what is right."2 Judges can articulate "a conception of jus­tice with which Americans in general [can] plausibly identify themselves.
Seasonal variability of forces controlling sedimentation in the Sundarbans National Forest, Bangladesh

Southwest Bangladesh, located on the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta, is experiencing the impacts of sea level rise (SLR) due to processes at both the local and global scale. In particular, regional alterations of the hydrodynamic network due to embankment construction has drastically altered effective SLR, placing millions of inhabitants at risk of prolonged inundation, and threatening the world’s largest continuous mangrove stand, the Sundarbans National Forest (SNF). In order to effectively employ landscape recovery solutions, an understanding of local sediment transport and deposition is critical. This field-based study investigates the sediment dynamics between the mangrove platform and tidal channels of the SNF using data from a variety of instruments and sediment samples collected within a forested sub-basin (~20 km2) fed by a major tidal channel. We observe profound seasonal variability within the sub-basin, with the wet season exhibiting deeper and longer inundation of the mangrove platform and greater suspended sediment concentrations (SSC). Further, there exists a trend of decreasing SSC and median grain size from the perimeter of the SNF to the interior, and decreasing SSC from the tidal channel to the platform at both locations. We project seasonal platform sedimentation rates ranging from 0.17 ±0.16 cm in the dry season to 1.8 ± 0.35 cm in the wet season. Importantly, the annual deposition rate measured at either location is sufficiently rapid to keep pace with observed rates of effective SLR published in other studies (~1.0-1.7 cm/yr). Based on our results, it appears that many controls on sedimentation are both covariant and of similar importance to land aggradation in the SNF. While inundation depth and frequency will likely increase under future SLR scenarios, sediment supply is threatened by India’s proposed River Linking Project, which could decrease the sediment loads of the Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers by as much as 75% and 25%, respectively. These rivers provide the sediment for the entire delta, and we predict that with decreasing SSC, some regions—particularly interior sediment depleted regions—may begin to deteriorate and become submerged, including within the SNF.
Pediatric Periorificial Dermatitis

Periorificial dermatitis (POD) has been documented in the pediatric population in patients as young as 3 months, with a slight predominance in girls compared to boys. Many patients have a personal or family history of atopic disorders. Periorificial dermatitis typically presents with erythematous to flesh-colored papules and rarely pustules near the eyes, nose, and mouth. Although the etiology is unknown, many patients have had recent exposure to a topical or less commonly an inhaled or systemic corticosteroid. Although steroids may initially control the skin lesions, disease often rebounds after discontinuing therapy. Diagnosis of POD is clinical. Laboratory tests are not helpful in making the diagnosis, and the histology of POD resembles rosacea. It is important to rule out other acneform diagnoses based on the age of the patient, clinical history, and presentation of the lesions. Topical metronidazole has been successful in the pediatric population. For pediatric patients with extrafacial skin lesions or more severe disease, oral antibiotics such as tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, azithromycin, and erythromycin can be used, depending on the age of the patient.
Hydrosocial hinterlands: An urban political ecology of Southern California’s hydrosocial territory:

Urban political ecology has conceptualized the city as a process of urbanization rather than a bounded site. Yet, in practice, the majority of urban political ecology literature has focused on site...
Integrating Systemic Therapy into the Management of Brain Metastases

Physicians are often asked to integrate new oncologic agents with cranial radiation therapy in the treatment of brain metastases. These decisions are often made with incomplete information on safety. A pragmatic approach balances the needs to not delay systemic treatment with the theoretical risk of the agent based upon mechanism of action, distribution, and half-life in the context of treatment volume. This generally involves limited interruptions for radiosurgery for most classes of drugs including treatment during off weeks of cytotoxic chemotherapy and no interruption for immune checkpoint inhibitors. BRAF inhibitors and selected VEGF inhibitors may have higher rates of toxicity when combined with whole-brain radiation therapy. The potential overuse of corticosteroids during cranial radiation therapy may have detrimental impact on the efficacy of immunotherapy.
Applied Machine Learning to Vehicle Security

The innovations in the interconnectivity of vehicles enable both expediency and insecurity. Surely, the convenience of gathering real-time information on traffic and weather conditions, the vehicle maintenance status, and the prevailing condition of the transport system at a macro level for infrastructure planning purposes is a boon to society. However, this newly found conveniences present unintended consequences. Specifically, the advancements on automation and connectivity are outpacing the developments in security and safety. We simply cannot afford to make the same mistakes similar to those that are prevalent in our critical infrastructures. Starting at the lowest level, numerous vulnerabilities have been identified in the internal communication network of vehicles. This study is a contribution towards the broad effort of securing the communication network of vehicles through the use of Machine Learning.
Scoping review of the rolling resistance testing methods and factors that impact manual wheelchairs.

IntroductionRolling resistance (RR) is a drag force acting on manual wheelchairs that is associated with increased propulsion force and is linked to secondary disabling conditions of the upper limb...
Overcoming Barriers to Walk With Ease Implementation in Community Organizations.

IntroductionThe Arthritis Foundation’s Walk With Ease (WWE) program has been shown to reduce arthritis symptoms and increase physical performance for up to 1 year. However, research on community-ba...
Fast and Accurate Library Generation Leveraging Deep Learning for OCV Modelling

Statistical timing characterization for modeling On-Chip Variation (OCV) is critical in current technology nodes to avoid over-design and to improve design convergence and predictability. OCV characterization, however, is resource intensive as it involves running millions of Monte-Carlo spice simulations to cover different timing arcs for multiple cells in standard-cell library. We have developed a neural network model that fully comprehends multiple cell types to model cell propagation delays as well as OCV sigma at target process-voltage-temperature (PVT) corners with a significantly reduced number of simulations. The proposed method generates Liberty Variation Format (LVF) models which are the latest and most accurate representation of OCV margin in the industry’s standard tools and flows.On extensive testing with 7 million OCV delay values in 10nm node, we attained 60% reduction in runtime while maintaining prediction-error less than 5% for 99.98% arcs which can be used for early timing integration.
On Beyond Constructivism

Constructivism has long been touted as the end-all solution for having K-12 students learn science. At the core of this didactic method is the assumption that given the chance, children will naturally be able to act and think like scientists. In this paper, I review the recent evidence from the cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging communities that suggests that this core assumption is more than likely incorrect. I also review the recent literature on the philosophies of learning and cognition, which suggests that learning can be made more meaningful through emphasizing the human interrelationships that are central to our thinking processes. I propose an intersubjective approach to science education — an approach in which learning is underpinned with rich intersubjective interactions between the teacher and the students, and the emphasis of what is to be learned is not a factual content, but rather a human activity that undergirds the process of science. By teaching our students about the human interactions that comprise the scientific endeavor, the larger societal community may come to have a better understanding of science. Further, I argue that narratives, which can provide a context for students to understand what scientists do and why they do it, may even serve to motivate more of our students to become scientists. Perhaps by using these more intersubjective approaches to science education, we can begin to improve public understanding of science.
The COVID-19 Challenge Now Is Getting Into Heads, Arms Will Follow

With the onset and rapid spread of COVID-19 without a safe and effective vaccine, initial efforts to reduce community spread focused on basic public health measures such as mask wearing, social dis...
Disparities in healthcare access and utilization and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine initiation in the United States

Currently in the United States, Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination coverage among eligible individuals is lower compared to coverage goals of 80% set by the HealthyPeople 2030 initiative. In th...
Nomograms for Prostate Cancer Decision Making

Nomograms facilitate the conversation between the physician and the patient when discussing all the potential treatment options for localized prostate cancer. By using continuous, multivariable models—nomograms—the patient has an accurate means to determine estimation of success and make decisions on therapy that are most in line with his beliefs and fit his lifestyle. Currently, there are multiple nomograms that address all the different variables present at each of the clinical states of prostate cancer. As therapies evolve and series mature, these prediction models need to be updated and revalidated to best predict the likelihood of long-term urinary and sexual function, as well as oncological outcomes.
Race and Stress

Race is defined by physical traits associated with a given; race is based in biology. For example, African American or black is considered a racial category and is primarily identified through skin color. According to the American Sociological Association, “[r]ace shapes the way that some people relate to each other, based on their belief that race reflects physical, intellectual, moral, or spiritual superiority or inferiority.” Although race emerges from genetics and biology, it is a label. The beliefs and stereotypes associated with different races are socially constructed; therefore, they have implications for the perceptions groups have of one another and for outcomes, such as stress, which may manifest as repercussions from these perceptions. Keywords: health; race; racism; social support; stress
Optimism, deadline effect, and stochastic deadlines

Under a firm deadline, agreement in bargaining is often delayed until the deadline. I propose a rationale for this deadline effect that naturally comes from the parties' optimism about their bargaining power. I then show that the deadline effect disappears if the deadline is stochastic and the offers are made arbitrarily frequently.
Margin based sample weighting for stable feature selection

Stability of feature selection is an important issue in knowledge discovery from high-dimensional data. A key factor affecting the stability of a feature selection algorithm is the sample size of training set. To alleviate the problem of small sample size in high-dimensional data, we propose a novel framework of margin based sample weighting which extensively explores the available samples. Specifically, it exploits the discrepancy among local profiles of feature importance at various samples and weights a sample according to the outlying degree of its local profile of feature importance. We also develop an efficient algorithm under the framework. Experiments on a set of public microarray datasets demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is effective at improving the stability of state-of-the-art feature selection algorithms, while maintaining comparable classification accuracy on selected features.
User Centered Clinical Decision Support Tools: Adoption across Clinician Training Level

Background: Dissemination and adoption of clinical decision support (CDS) tools is a major initiative of the Affordable Care Act’s Meaningful Use program. Adoption of CDS tools is multipronged with personal, organizational, and clinical settings factoring into the successful utilization rates. Specifically, the diffusion of innovation theory implies that ‘early adopters’ are more inclined to use CDS tools and younger physicians tend to be ranked in this category. Objective: This study examined the differences in adoption of CDS tools across providers’ training level. Participants: From November 2010 to 2011, 168 residents and attendings from an academic medical institution were enrolled into a randomized controlled trial. Intervention: The intervention arm had access to the CDS tool through the electronic health record (EHR) system during strep and pneumonia patient visits. Main Measures: The EHR system recorded details on how intervention arm interacted with the CDS tool including acceptance of the initial CDS alert, completion of risk-score calculators and the signing of medication order sets. Using the EHR data, the study performed bivariate tests and general estimating equation (GEE) modeling to examine the differences in adoption of the CDS tool across residents and attendings. Key Results: The completion rates of the CDS calculator and medication order sets were higher amongst first year residents compared to all other training levels. Attendings were the less likely to accept the initial step of the CDS tool (29.3%) or complete the medication order sets (22.4%) that guided their prescription decisions, resulting in attendings ordering more antibiotics (37.1%) during an CDS encounter compared to residents. Conclusion: There is variation in adoption of CDS tools across training levels. Attendings tended to accept the tool less but ordered more medications. CDS tools should be tailored to clinicians’ training levels.
Constraints to Species' Elevational Range Shifts as Climate Changes

Predicting whether the ranges of tropical species will shift to higher elevations in response to climate change requires models that incorporate data on topography and land use. We incorporated temperature gradients and land-cover data from the current ranges of species in a model of range shifts in response to climate change. We tested four possible scenarios of amphibian movement on a tropical mountain: movement upslope through and to land cover suitable for the species; movement upslope to land-cover types that will not sustain survival and reproduction; movement upslope to areas that previously were outside the species' range; and movement upslope to cooler areas within the current range. Areas in the final scenario will become isolated as climate continues to change. In our scenarios more than 30% of the range of 21 of 46 amphibian species in the tropical Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta is likely to become isolated as climate changes. More than 30% of the range of 13 amphibian species would shift to areas that currently are unlikely to sustain survival and reproduction. Combined, over 70% of the current range of seven species would become thermally isolated or shift to areas that currently are unlikely to support survival and reproduction. The constraints on species' movements to higher elevations in response to climate change can increase considerably the number of species threatened by climate change in tropical mountains.
Evidence on Income Inequality in the United States, 1866–1965

It is commonly thought that income distribution among people became more concentrated after the Civil War and that this direction continued until the turn of the century. We can look methodically at the income tax distributions from the Civil War period and compare them directly with the distributions arising from the income tax after 1912. We also have some data from the abortive income tax of 1894. After examining the various blocks of evidence, the conclusion will be made that inequality among upper-income groups did not increase during this period. It is necessary to emphasize that the present investigation is one of income and not of wealth. It might have been possible for the nonhuman wealth distribution among people to remain constant or to increase in inequality while the personal income distribution was decreasing in inequality.
Systems biology by the rules: hybrid intelligent systems for pathway modeling and discovery

Expert knowledge in journal articles is an important source of data for reconstructing biological pathways and creating new hypotheses. An important need for medical research is to integrate this data with high throughput sources to build useful models that span several scales. Researchers traditionally use mental models of pathways to integrate information and development new hypotheses. Unfortunately, the amount of information is often overwhelming and these are inadequate for predicting the dynamic response of complex pathways. Hierarchical computational models that allow exploration of semi-quantitative dynamics are useful systems biology tools for theoreticians, experimentalists and clinicians and may provide a means for cross-communication. A novel approach for biological pathway modeling based on hybrid intelligent systems or soft computing technologies is presented here. Intelligent hybrid systems, which refers to several related computing methods such as fuzzy logic, neural nets, genetic algorithms, and statistical analysis, has become ubiquitous in engineering applications for complex control system modeling and design. Biological pathways may be considered to be complex control systems, which medicine tries to manipulate to achieve desired results. Thus, hybrid intelligent systems may provide a useful tool for modeling biological system dynamics and computational exploration of new drug targets. A new modeling approach based on these methods is presented in the context of hedgehog regulation of the cell cycle in granule cells. Code and input files can be found at the Bionet website: www.chip.ord/~wbosl/Software/Bionet. This paper presents the algorithmic methods needed for modeling complicated biochemical dynamics using rule-based models to represent expert knowledge in the context of cell cycle regulation and tumor growth. A notable feature of this modeling approach is that it allows biologists to build complex models from their knowledge base without the need to translate that knowledge into mathematical form. Dynamics on several levels, from molecular pathways to tissue growth, are seamlessly integrated. A number of common network motifs are examined and used to build a model of hedgehog regulation of the cell cycle in cerebellar neurons, which is believed to play a key role in the etiology of medulloblastoma, a devastating childhood brain cancer.
Idebenone, green tea, and Coffeeberry® extract: new and innovative antioxidants

The use of topical antioxidants is gaining favor among dermatologists because of their broad biologic activity. Many are not only antioxidants but also have antiinflammatory and anticarcinogenic activities. Thus for dermatologists these cosmeceuticals have many potential applications. In general, topical antioxidants exert their effects by down-regulating free radical mediated pathways that damage skin. The present study will describe the science behind some of the newest topical antioxidants and outline how they can be used as part of a comprehensive skin care regimen.
IKE and metastable ion evidence for fragmentation pathways in the mass spectra of organolead substituted nitrogen heterocycles

Abstract Spectra—structure correlations are made of methylplumbyl substituted heterocyclic compounds consisting of nitrogen containing condensed five and six membered rings. Fragmentation behavior under electron impact is elucidated by means of IKE and metastable ion spectra, and the relationships to structure are discussed. The molecular ion decomposition pathways and the formation of rearrangement ions are described. A comparison of ion abundance distributions is given for lead containing, and non-lead containing ions.
Seasonal variability in the currents on the outer Texas-Louisiana shelf

Abstract Time series measurements of current velocity obtained at mid-depth and near the bottom (100 m) on the outer continental shelf during the spring/summer of 1980 and the winter of 1980–1981 illustrate seasonal differences in the flow regime. During the spring/summer, when the winds are from the south-east, the flow was to the east at mid-depth. During the winter, the eastward flow diminished and the water began to ‘slosh’ north/south near the shelf-edge. The beginning of the sloshing corresponded to the onset of northers but the main features of the flow do not appear to be directly forced by the local wind field. Moreover, the current meter data indicate that, at mid-depth and near the bottom, the presence of northers do not cause an increase in current speed. Superimposed on the mean flow during both deployments were oscillations with periods of a few days.
Blood pressure regulation III: what happens when one system must serve two masters: temperature and pressure regulation?

When prolonged intense exercise is performed at high ambient temperatures, cardiac output must meet dual demands for increased blood flow to contracting muscle and to the skin. The literature has commonly painted this scenario as a fierce competition, wherein one circulation preserves perfusion at the expense of the other, with the regulated maintenance of blood pressure as the ultimate goal. This review redefines this scenario as commensalism, an integrated balance of regulatory control where one circulation benefits with little functional effect on the other. In young, healthy subjects, arterial pressure rarely falls to any great extent during either extreme passive heating or prolonged dynamic exercise in the heat, nor does body temperature rise disproportionately due to a compromised skin blood flow. Rather, it often takes the superimposition of additional stressors—e.g., dehydration or simulated hemorrhage—upon heat stress to substantially impact blood pressure regulation.
Numerical simulations of rubber networks at moderate to high tensile strains using a purely enthalpic force extension curve for individual chains

We report the results of numerical simulations of random, three-dimensional, periodic, tetrafunctional networks in response to a volume-preserving tensile strain. For the intranode force, we use a polynomial fit to a purely enthalpic ab initio force extension curve for extended polyisoprene. The simulation includes a relaxation procedure to minimize the node forces and enforces chain rupture when the extension of a network chain reaches the ab initio rupture strain. For the reasonable assumption that the distribution of network chain lengths is Gaussian, we find that the calculated snap-back velocity, temperature increase due to chain ruptures and predicted tensile stress versus strain curve are consistent with experimental data in the moderate to high extension regime. Our results show that a perfect tetrafunctional polyisoprene network is extremely robust, capable of supporting tensile stresses at least a factor of 10 greater than what is observed experimentally.
College Students' Attitudes Toward Divorce Based on Gender, Parental Divorce, and Parental Relationships

Abstract This study examined three predictors of attitudes toward divorce using data from 150 college students (55 males, 95 females) with a mean age of 18. Participants completed a questionnaire that measured parental conflict experienced during elementary school and secondary school, type of parental conflict resolution (positive or negative), and expected likelihood of divorce in seven hypothetical situations: affair, a lot of arguing, no love, no magic, physical abuse, spouse turned out different, and verbal abuse. MANOVAs indicated that gender differences existed for likely reasons for divorce. Parental divorce was positively associated with participant likelihood of divorce. Finally, an interaction between gender and parental conflict resolution emerged: males who had experienced negative conflict resolution in their family of origin were more likely than females who had experienced similar negative conflict resolution, as well as other males who had experienced positive conflict resolution, to anti...
Differential behavioral responses of spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive (WKY) rats to d-amphetamine

Abstract A comparison was made in the behavioral responses of spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) normotensive rats to d-amphetamine. Animals were tested at a young age (6 weeks) to minimize the effects of elevated blood pressure on drug responsiveness. SHR rats were more active than WKY rats after injections of 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg/kg d-amphetamine. A significant strain difference in stereotypy was also noted; rearing occurred in SHR rats while lateral or vertical head movements (head waving) occurred in WKY rats. The lack of significant strain differences in the behavioral responses of rats to apomorphine, a direct acting dopamine agonist, suggested that the differential behavioral responses to d-amphetamine were not a result of differences between strains in receptor sensitivity. Pretreatment of rats with reserpine eliminated the strain differences in behavioral responses to d-amphetamine. Pretreatment of rats with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine prior to administration of d-amphetamine eliminated the strain differences in stereotyped behavior; however, WKY rats remained less active than SHR rats. Pretreatment of SHR rats with parachlorophenylalanine had no effect on the behavioral responses to d-amphetamine. In contrast, pretreatment of WKY rats with parachlorophenylalanine resulted in an increase in rearing and a decrease in head waving following an injection of d-amphetamine. These findings suggest that the differences in responses to d-amphetamine of SHR and WKY rats are due in part to variations in the activities of central catecholaminergic and serotonergic neurons.
Fuzzy rule generation methods for high-level computer vision

Abstract In many decision making systems involving multiple sources, the decisions made may be considered as the result of a rule-based system in which the decision rules are usually enumerated by experts or generated by a learning process. In this paper, we discuss the various issues involved in the generation of fuzzy rules automatically from training data for high-level computer vision. Features are treated as linguistic variables that appear in the antecedent clauses of the rules. We present methods to generate the corresponding linguistic labels (values) and their membership functions. Rules are generated by constructing a minimal approximate fuzzy aggregation network and then training the network using gradient descent methods. Several examples are given.
Thermal stability and degradation kinetics of poly(methyl methacrylate)/layered copper hydroxy methacrylate composites

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/copper hydroxy methacrylate (CHM) composites were prepared via solution blending and bulk polymerization. Addition of 3% by weight of the CHM additive using solution blending resulted in a significant increment (∼45°C) in thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) T50, the temperature at which 50% of the original polymeric mass is lost. The value T50 increased by 30°C for a PMMA composite with 4% CHM, synthesized via bulk polymerization. Activation energies, Ea, were calculated as a function of conversion fractions (TGA decomposition profile) for the polymeric materials. Analysis of multiple heating rate data using the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa method resulted in Ea values that were 50 kJ mol−1 higher for conversions above 0.5 in the solution blended composite compared to a reference sample of pure PMMA recrystallized from the same solvent. Similar results were obtained for bulk polymerization process with differences in Ea values > 30 kJ mol−1 relative to pure PMMA. However, in contrast to previous studies of bulk polymerized samples, the solution-blended composite exhibited no improvement in cone calorimetry determination of total heat release as compared with the reference PMMA sample. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interspecific Differences in the Relative Importance of Pollen and Nectar to Bee Species Foraging on Sunflowers

We examined predictions of the theory of energy maximization for a field population of several species of bees foraging for nectar and pollen on a planting of six male-sterile and one male-fertile sunflower, Helianthus annus , cultivar. Honey bee and bumble bee workers gathered only nectar from sunflowers and mostly visited the two male-sterile cultivars that supplied the greatest caloric rewards; pollen was collected from other sources. Individuals of nonsocial species such as Melissodes agilis preferred the male-fertile cultivar (the only one supplying pollen), although it was lowest in caloric reward, because of their requirement for pollen for brood provisioning. Specialized workers of social species typically collect either nectar or pollen and presumably maximize caloric or nutrient acquisition. In contrast, individuals of nonsocial bee species forage for a mixed currency (energy and nutrients) and should not be expected to behave as predicted by the theory of energy maximization.
Quantitative renal scintillation camera studies in renal transplantation

Renal transplant recipients and donors were studied serially with quantitative renal scintillation camera studies utilizing 131I-Hippuran and 99mTc-Iron ascorbate. This study allows for determination of effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), filtration fraction (FF), and predicted return in ten minutes. A drop in FF occurred with, or preceded clinical rejection; whereas, an increase in FF occurred with acute tubular necorsis (ATN) caused by preservation injury, aminoglycosides, and following acute rejection. Combined with the other parameters of renal function determined by this technique, FF alterations proved useful in the differentiation of ATN from rejection and in predicting the prognosis of renal homografts.
Role of Lateral Body Bending in Crocodylian Track Making

Locomotion in the alligatorids Caiman and Alligator show ontogenetic changes in gait width, manus orientation, and the amount of lateral body movement. In addition, the trackway of an adult Caiman is narrower than predicted for a semierect position of the limbs based on stance. The narrowness of the Caiman trackway is due to lateral movement of the body during locomotion. This movement allows placement of the feet closer to the trackway midline than would occur if no lateral bending occurred. Lateral movement is widespread among limbed tetrapods, yet little consideration has been given to its effects in trackmaking. Inferring stance from fossil trackways must take into account lateral body movement, otherwise the resultant hypothesis will be flawed.
Numerical integration of non‐linear elastic multi‐body systems

This paper is concerned with the modelling of nonlinear elastic multi-body systems discretized using the finite element method. The formulation uses Cartesian co-ordinates to represent the position of each elastic body with respect to a single inertial frame. The kinematic constraints among the various bodies of the system are enforced via the Lagrange multiplier technique. The resulting equations of motion are stiff, non-linear, differential-algebraic equations. The integration of these equations presents a real challenge as most available techniques are either numerically unstable, or present undesirable high frequency oscillations of a purely numerical origin. An approach is proposed in which the equations of motion are discretized so that they imply conservation of the total energy for the elastic components of the system, whereas the forces of constraint are discretized so that the work they perform vanishes exactly. The combination of these two features of the discretization guarantees the stability of the numerical integration process for non-linear elastic multi-body systems. Examples of the procedure are presented.
Synthesis of Ultra-Short-Acting Neuromuscular Blocker GW 0430: A Remarkably Stereo- and Regioselective Synthesis of Mixed Tetrahydroisoquinolinium Chlorofumarates

The stereo- and regioselective synthesis of ultra-short-acting nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocker GW 0430 (5a) is described. Key steps involved the enantioselective transfer hydrogenation of imine 8 employing Noyori's catalyst, the stereoselective crystallization and methanolysis of trans-betaines 11 and 12, and the stereo- and regioselective trans elimination of hydrogen chloride from 14. The latter transformation allowed complete control of the position of the chloro substituent and stereochemistry at the double bond of the linker in 15.
Initialization with the data assimilation method

The initial conditions generated by a data assimilation technique with a general circulation model were evaluated. Two types of dynamic initialization, i.e., “the forward adjustment” and “the forward-backward adjustment”, were tested using the real data produced by the NMC objective analysis. The degree of balance in the initial condition was examined in terms of the smoothness in the development of the rate of precipitation, angular momentum, and kinetic energy during the starting period of the prediction. The quality of the initialization was, however, appraised by the performance of the subsequent prediction. For the forward adjustment, various types of schemes of data insertion were studied with regard to the amount of shock produced and the degree of faithfulness of the injected data. In dealing with forward-backward processes, one difficult problem is how to design a reversible algorithm. An approximate method is presented for maintaining the reversibility in a system which includes kinetic energy dissipation, radiation, and the moist heating. In addition, the question is discussed as to which physical processes of the model must be included for the forward-backward initialization. It is found that the dynamic initialization using the forward-backward data assimilation produces predictions that are, in some ways, better than those from the static or conventional initialization. However, for the forward data assimilation the predictions are consistently worse than those from the static initialization. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1978.tb00816.x
Determination of Selenium Fractionation and Speciation in Wetland Sediments by Parallel extraction

Selenium (Se) fractionation and speciation of wetland sediments is very important in understanding the bioavailability and bioaccumulation of Se in wetland systems. Sequential extraction of Se in sediments is often used in fractionation and speciation studies. Because of the difficulty to accurately determine Se fractions and species in sediment samples containing relatively low concentrations, high light materials and high clay texture by using a sequential extraction procedure, an alternative method was developed by parallel extraction of Se in sediments with deionized (DI) water, NaOH, Na 2 SO 3 and H 2 O 2 -HCl, and determination of Se species by differences. Results showed that adsorbed Se from spiked Se in sediments during DI water extraction can be quantitatively recovered with 0.1 M NaOH and 1 M Na 2 SO 3 . Mass recovery of Se from sediments between the parallel extraction and a sequential extraction was very close, indicating that sequential extraction can be replaced by parallel extraction in Se...
Morphology Development in Liquid-Crystal/Polymer Mixtures

(1997). Morphology Development in Liquid-Crystal/Polymer Mixtures. Liquid Crystals Today: Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 1-7.
Band revision versus Roux-en-Y gastric bypass conversion as salvage operation after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding.

Abstract Background With the increasing popularity of laparoscopic adjustable banding (LAGB), reoperations to treat band complications have become increasingly more common. Few studies, however, have documented the outcomes of such revisional procedures. The purpose of the present study was to compare the different reoperative approaches after LAGB placement. The present study was conducted at a tertiary referral academic medical center in the United States. Methods We reviewed our bariatric database to identify patients who had undergone LAGB from 2004 to 2007 and had undergone either revision of their original band or conversion to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Results Of the 66 patients who met our inclusion criteria, 47 (71.2%) had undergone revision and 19 (28.8%) conversion. The patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups. The interval to revision or conversion was 22 and 28 months, respectively. Band slippage was the most common surgical indication in the revision group, and inadequate weight loss was the most common in the conversion group. Although patients in the revision group had experienced good weight loss before their reoperation, the conversion group had not. However, the conversion group experienced good weight loss after their reoperation, with an average excess body weight loss of 48%. Conclusion Patients who have experienced successful weight loss with LAGB and experience band complications will have satisfactory outcomes with band revision, maintaining their excess body weight loss. These data suggest that patients with inadequate weight loss after LAGB can do well after conversion to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.
Flux-corrected transport in a moving grid

Abstract A flux-corrected transport algorithm in moving grids is developed and applied to transport problems involving solution adapted grids. The success of the algorithm is demonstrated numerically, as are certain limitations.
Atlantic Transfers: Recent Work on the German-American Exchange

Recent work on the German-American exchange has demonstrated that relationships between Germans and Americans have most often been characterized by extended interactions between groups that were themselves in flux, by the insecurity of situational identity, and by cultural interconnections that were almost always as strong, if not stronger, than the oppositions. This essay explores some of that work, paying particular attention to the exceptional transitional moments in German-American relationships and the collection of reoccurring configurations, enduring distinctions, and consistencies that defined them. It also draws out the importance of hybridity in the character of the German-speaking world that extended across the Atlantic into the United States.
The Influence of Early Menopause on Cardiovascular Risk in Women with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Objective. Early menopause is associated with an increased risk for developing rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women increases following menopause. Because RA is associated with an increased risk of CVD, this study was undertaken to determine whether early menopause affects the risk of developing CVD in women with RA. Methods. A population-based inception cohort of 600 women with RA who fulfilled 1987 American College of Rheumatology criteria for RA between 1955 and 2007 and were age ≥ 45 years at diagnosis was assembled and followed. Age at menopause and duration of hormone replacement therapy, along with occurrence of CVD, was ascertained by review of medical records. Cox proportional hazard models compared women who underwent early menopause (natural or artificial menopause at age ≤ 45 yrs) to those within the cohort who did not undergo early menopause. Results. Of 600 women, 79 experienced early menopause. Women who underwent early menopause were at significantly higher risk for developing CVD when compared to women who did not (HR 1.56; 95% CI 1.08–2.26). Conclusion. The risk of CVD in women with RA was higher in those who experienced early menopause, and like other known risk factors should increase clinician concern for development of CVD in these patients.
Tuning the Properties of Hb Intercalated in the Galleries of α-ZrP with Ionic Strength: Improved Structure Retention and Enhanced Activity

The influence of ionic strength on the behavior of met-hemoglobin (Hb) bound to layered α-zirconium phosphate (α-ZrP) was investigated. Small increases in the ionic strength (5 mM to 80 mM K2HPO4, pH 7.2) indicated large improvements in the bound protein structure, activity, and stability. The number of ZrP units occupied per bound Hb (stoichiometry) increased from 773 to 2000 units. The Soret absorption band and the corresponding circular dichroism (CD) spectra (Soret) indicated that there are considerable improvements in the protein structure around the heme pocket with increase in ionic strength. Monitoring the UV−CD in the 190−250 nm range indicated only minor changes with ionic strength, and some formation of α-helical coiled coils was indicated. The peroxidase-like activity of the bound Hb increased approximately threefold when the ionic strength was increased from 10 mM to 40 mM K2HPO4 (pH 7.2). Free Hb did not indicate similar improvements in structure or activity. Differential scanning calorimetr...
How do you straddle hogs and pigs? Ask the Greeks!

Evidence of distortions is found in commodity options premiums around informational events. Option Greeks are used to uncover the nature of these distortions in terms of underlying factors. Both changes in underlying futures prices and implied volatility are mispriced.
The bond energy of ReO+: guided ion-beam and theoretical studies of the reaction of Re+ (7S) with O2.

The kinetic-energy dependence of the Re+ + O2 reaction is examined using guided ion-beam mass spectrometry. The cross section for ReO+ formation from ground state Re+ (7S) is unusual, exhibiting two endothermic features. The kinetic energy dependence for ReO+ formation is analyzed to determine D0(Re+‑O) = 4.82 ± 0.05 eV, with the higher energy feature having a threshold 1.35 ± 0.28 eV higher in energy. This bond energy is consistent with much less precise values determined in the literature. Formation of ReO2+ is also observed with a pressure dependent cross section, establishing that it is formed in an exothermic reaction of ReO+ with O2. The nature of the bonding for ReO+ and ReO2+ is discussed and analyzed primarily using theoretical calculations at the B3LYP/def2-TZVPPD level of theory. The ground state of ReO+ is identified as either 5Π or 3Δ, with the latter favored once estimates of spin-orbit splitting are included. Bond energies for ground state ReO+ are calculated at this level as well as BP86 a...
Complications associated with single-dose, perioperative mitomycin-C for patients undergoing bladder tumor resection.

Abstract Objectives To better understand the risk of short-term complications associated with perioperative intravesical mitomycin-C (MMC) therapy for patients undergoing endoscopic management of non–muscle invasive bladder cancer. Methods and Materials Using an institutional database of patients with bladder cancer, we performed a retrospective case-control study of patients receiving perioperative MMC after tumor resection (2008–2012). MMC cases were matched by clinical stage to controls receiving endoscopic resection alone. Demographic information, clinicopathologic details, and outcomes were compared between groups. Outcomes of interest included overall, genitourinary, and major complications. Chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression were used to evaluate associations among patient characteristics, clinical factors, exposure to MMC, and outcomes of interest. Results One-hundred sixteen patients treated with MMC were matched to 116 controls. Patients receiving MMC were younger ( P = 0.04) and more likely to have invasive disease (i.e. T1 or greater) (23% vs. 15%, P = 0.02). Complications were more frequent among patients who were treated with MMC (34.5% vs. 19.8%, Odds Ratio 2.89, 95% Confidence Interval 1.43–5.81). The most common complication among MMC patients that required medical management was dysuria (17%). Major complications were more common among MMC patients (5.2% vs. 0.9%), but this difference did not reach statistical significance ( P = 0.11). Conclusions Use of MMC is associated with a greater odds of complications compared with controls. Patients should be counseled regarding both the benefits and potential risks of perioperative intravesical MMC. Continued research is required to understand the safety implications associated with the use of perioperative, intravesical MMC.