cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Happy Families are Adaptable Families

of sociology and read "it would inquire only into these interworkings [Wechselwirkun gen], these kinds and forms of social interac tion [Vergesellschaftung]" (p. 23), the gain is less convincing. Wolff's version?"it must exclusively investigate these interactions, these kinds and forms of sociation"?has the advantage of maintaining the precision of Simmel's terminology and the logical relationship between "interaction" and "association." There is, of course, no perfect solution to such terminological and concep tual problems. Though it is a minor quibble, there is nevertheless something to be said for consistently translating these foundational concepts as "interaction" and "association," while letting the interpretive emphasis emerge in the mind of the reader. Considering the strengths of the new trans lation, it is unfortunate that the publisher has chosen to divide the text into two volumes with a price tag well beyond the means of most scholars. As of this writing the best one can do on Amazon.com is a used copy for $260. It should go without saying that the labors of translation will go unnoticed and unappreciated without access to the results. Having reunified the text and mod ernized the translation, what we now need is an affordable one-volume paperback edi tion of Simmers Sociology, equivalent to that marketed by Suhrkamp for a mere 22 Euros. For the English-language audience anything less will leave Simmel's sociologi cal masterpiece where it has been for gener ations: known not as a timely treatise, a coherent whole and first-hand; but as a dat ed commentary, an assemblage of fragments and by report.
Ascorbic acid stimulates collagen production without altering intracellular degradation in cultured human skin fibroblasts

The influence of ascorbic acid on intracellular degradation of collagen synthesized by cultured human-skin fibroblasts was examined. In confluent cells maintained in 0.5% serum-supplemented medium, ascorbic acid had no significant effect on collagen degradation measured with hydroxyproline as the marker. Similar results were obtained when collagen degradation was measured with the marker hydroxylysine, the cellular synthesis of which is independent of ascorbic acid. The stimulatory effects of ascorbic acid on collagen production therefore cannot be explained by a change in the rate of degradation. Ascorbic acid acts at some as yet undetermined level to increase the rate of collagen synthesis.
General relations for resonant particle diffusion in pitch angle and energy

By applying quasi-linear diffusion theory, general expressions are obtained for particle diffusion coefficients in both pitch angle and energy. The results are valid for resonant interactions with any mode of weak plasma turbulence, with wave energy distributed over any range of frequencies and wave normal angles. Simple relations are found between the diffusion coefficients, these relations reflecting the geometry of the diffusion surfaces for resonant particles.
Keeping the Foochow Navy Yard Afloat: Government Finance and China's Early Modern Defence Industry, 1866–75

The Foochow Navy Yard was founded in 1866 by Tso Tsung-t'ang with the assistance of two French naval officers. In their opinion, they had provided ample funding for the enterprise, which was to construct a modern naval dockyard and academy, to build sixteen gunboats, and to train the Chinese in all aspects of naval construction, marine engineering, navigation and command of the small squadron, all within a five-year period. By a liberal interpretation of the contract, Tso managed to commit the government to funding the project for a total of seven years, up to early 1874. Since the objectives were by and large attained by that date, one could say that the Navy Yard was a success.
Extrahepatic tissues compensate for loss of hepatic taurine synthesis in mice with liver-specific knockout of cysteine dioxygenase

Because hepatic cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) appears to play the major role in controlling cysteine catabolism in the intact rat, we characterized the effect of a lack of hepatic CDO on the regulation of cysteine and its metabolites at the whole body level. In mice with liver-specific deletion of CDO expression, hepatic and plasma cysteine levels increased. In addition, in mice with liver-specific deletion of CDO expression, the abundance of CDO and the proportion of CDO existing as the mature, more active isoform increased in extrahepatic tissues that express CDO (kidney, brown fat, and gonadal fat). CDO abundance was also increased in the pancreas, where most of the enzyme in both control and liver CDO-knockout mice was in the more active isoform. This upregulation of CDO concentration and active-site cofactor formation were not associated with an increase in CDO mRNA and thus presumably were due to a decrease in CDO degradation and an increase in CDO cofactor formation in association with increased exposure of extrahepatic tissues to cysteine in mice lacking hepatic CDO. Extrahepatic tissues of liver CDO-knockout mice also had higher levels of hypotaurine, consistent with increased metabolism of cysteine by the CDO/cysteinesulfinate decarboxylase pathway. The hepatic CDO-knockout mice were able to maintain normal levels of glutathione, taurine, and sulfate. The maintenance of taurine concentrations in liver as well as in extrahepatic tissues is particularly notable, since mice were fed a taurine-free diet and liver is normally considered the major site of taurine biosynthesis. This redundant capacity for regulation of cysteine concentrations and production of hypotaurine/taurine is additional support for the body's robust mechanisms for control of body cysteine levels and indicates that extrahepatic tissues are able to compensate for a lack of hepatic capacity for cysteine catabolism.
Teacher Preparation Needs in TESOL: The Results of an International Survey:

To arrive at an answer to the question of which kinds of train ing to offer in its ESOL teacher preparation program, the Communi cations and Language Arts Division of Brigham Young University — Hawaii Campus conducted an international needs assessment survey of TESOL educators and employers dealing with the areas they felt prospective ESOL teachers should be prepared in. This report' discusses previous related research, explains the specific purposes and methods of the BYU-HC survey, analyzes the responses to ques tionnaire items in four general and sixty specific areas of TESOL training, and arrives at conclusions based on this analysis. In the analysis, responses of the overall group surveyed and those of a number of geographical and institutional-status subgroups are com pared and significant intergroup differences are noted. Generally, questionnaire respondents expressed a need for more extensive train ing in TESOL methods and materials and in specific techniques for teaching language skills - especia...
Sun protection and Vitamin D: Three dimensions of obfuscation

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a proven carcinogen, responsible for more than half of all human malignancies. It also compromises skin appearance and function. Since the UV action spectra for DNA damage, skin cancer and Vitamin D3 (vit D) photosynthesis are identical and vit D is readily available from oral supplements, why has sun protection become controversial, now that some data suggest conventionally “sufficient” levels of vit D may be less than optimal for at least some population groups? First, the media and apparently some researchers are hungry for a new message. Nevertheless, after 50 years, UV exposure is still a major avoidable health hazard. Second, the controversy is fueled by a powerful special interest group: the indoor tanning industry. They target not the frail elderly or inner-city ethnic minorities, groups for whom evidence of vit D insufficiency is strongest, but rather fair-skinned teenagers and young adults, those at highest risk of UV photodamage. Third, evolution does not keep pace with civilization. When nature gave man the appealing capacity for vit D photosynthesis, the expected lifespan was far less than 40 years. Long-term photodamage was not a concern, and vit D was not available at the corner store. The medical community should avoid sensationalism and instead rigorously explore possible cause-and-effect relationships between vit D status and specific diseases while advocating the safest possible means of assuring vit D sufficiency.
A perception technique for a 3-D robotic stereo eye-in-hand vision system

A 3D machine perception technique is presented using stereo intensity images and an anthropomorphic robot. Multiple stereo views allow to perceive the third dimension by the solution of a correspondence problem defined in two stereo pairs. The zero crossing technique is used to detect edges on the images and to classify them to reduce the number of possible solutions. By the eye-in-hand configuration several stereo pairs of scene can be taken in moving the robot arm. For a limited number of objects, still on the robot table, this technique allows the vision system to perceive a set of three-dimensional sample points that correspond to the physical object edges. The technique mainly consists in a geometrical match, in the 3D space, of some hypothesized solutions formulated on a couple of stereo pairs, taken from two points of view. Considering objects with straight edges and not highly textured surfaces, some geometrical properties are statistically verified for most of the solution points, so the correspondence problem can be robustly solved. >
Diastereoselective Aldol Condensation Using a Chiral Oxazolidinone Auxiliary: (2S*,3S*)‐3‐Hydroxy‐3‐phenyl‐2‐methylpropanoic Acid

Diastereoselective aldol condensation using a chiral oxazolidinone auxiliary: (2S*,3S*)-3-hydroxy-3-phenyl-2-methylpropanoic acid intermediate: (S)-3-(1-Oxopropyl)-4-(phenylmethyl)-2-oxazolidinone intermediate: aldol adduct intermediate: oxazolidinone auxiliary product: (2S*,3S*)-3-hydroxy-3-hydroxy-3-phenyl-2-methylpropanoic acid Keywords: acylation; acylation; addition, to CO; hydrolysis, amides; assay methods, for butyllithium; dibutylboron triflate; dichloromethane (methylene chloride); tetrahydrofuran
Error rate reduction in DNA self-assembly by non-constant monomer concentrations and profiling

This paper proposes a novel technique based on profiling the monomers for reducing the error rate in DNA self-assembly. This technique utilizes the average concentration of the monomers (tiles) for a specific pattern as found by profiling its growth. The validity of profiling and the large difference in the concentrations of the monomers are shown to be applicable to different tile sets. To evaluate the error rate new Markov based models are proposed to account for the different types of bonding (i.e. single, double and triple) in the monomers as modification to the commonly assumed kinetic trap model. A significant error rates reduction is accomplished compared to a scheme with constant concentration as commonly utilized under the kinetic trap model. Simulation results are provided.
Effects of Pesticide Applications on the Euonymus Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) and Its Parasitoid, Encarsia citrina (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)

Novel biorational insecticides are rapidly replacing more toxic, broad-spectrum compounds to control pests of ornamental plants. These new formulations are widely regarded as safe, effective, and environmentally sound with minimal impact on nontarget organisms. We tested several biorational and traditional insecticides for their ability to control euonymus scale, Unaspis euonymi (Comstock), and their potential impacts on the aphelinid parasitoid, Encarsia citrina (Crawford). Soil-applied acephate and foliar-applied pyriproxyfen exhibited superior control of euonymus scale, but also reduced numbers of surviving E. citrina. Imidacloprid failed to control euonymus scale and decreased parasitism by E. citrina. Thus, the potential impact of a pesticide on biological control is not necessarily predicted by its potential longevity, mode of delivery, or its toxicity to the target pest. Finding the best fit of a compound into an integrated pest management program requires a consideration of all these factors and direct study of effects on the natural enemies of pests.
A mutation in the hamster alpha1B-adrenergic receptor that differentiates two steps in the pathway of receptor internalization.

SUMMARY An NP(X)nY motif is highly conserved among G protein-coupled receptors and is similar to an NPXY motif involved in receptormediated endocytosis for several non-G protein-coupled receptors. We investigated the role of this motif in a1B-adrenergic receptor function and regulation. Y348A a1B-adrenergic receptors in which this sequence was mutated from NPIIY to NPIIA were prepared by site-directed mutagenesis and transfected into Chinese hamster ovary cells. Binding of the antagonist prazosin to Y348A receptors was similar to that of wild-type receptors, but affinity of the Y348A receptors for the agonist epinephrine was increased by ;10-fold. Despite this increase in agonist binding affinity, the Y348A mutation completely uncoupled the receptors from stimulation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis and mobilization of intracellular Ca 21 . Exposure of cells expressing Y348A receptors to the agonist epinephrine resulted in receptor “sequestration,” defined as a loss of cell surface receptors accessible to radioligand in binding assays with intact cells on ice, similar to that for the wild-type receptor. In contrast, Y348A receptors did not undergo “endocytosis” into the light vesicle fraction in sucrose density gradient centrifugation assays, as did the wild-type receptor. These results (i) indicate an important role for Tyr348 in coupling the a1Badrenergic receptor to G protein and subsequent effector activation, (ii) provide further evidence that a1B-adrenergic receptor internalization can be separated into a sequestration step and an endocytosis step, (iii) indicate that effector activation and second messenger formation are not required for the sequestration of these receptors but may be involved in endocytosis, and (iv) provide a useful new tool for further investigation of the nature of the subcellular compartments and the molecular modifications involved in the multiple steps involved in internalization of G protein-coupled receptors.
Membrane transport and provision of substrates for carbonic anhydrase: in vertebrates.

The physiological function of CA in the body can be generalized as facilitation of transport of H+, and/or HCO 3 – across lipid membranes and the aim of this chapter is to explore the need for this facilitation. This function occurs in such diverse processes as the transfer of CO2 produced in tissues, to HCO 3 – in capillary plasma and the reverse in lung capillary blood, the rapid transport of H+ across membranes through which it is relatively impermeable, such as in contracting glycolytic or fast twitch muscle, resorption of Na+ and excretion of H+ in the proximal renal tubule, and the proposed provision of HCO 3 – for synthetic reactions in mitochondria. Maren (1990) has addressed the generalized actions of carbonic anhydrase (CA), but from a slightly different point of view. Widdas et al. (1994) have proposed that the involvement of CA in transport cycles, or systems, is so ubiquitous it should be considered a basic pH dependent function of the enzyme in addition to its catalytic role. Theoretically CA is only needed if the uncatalyzed CO2/HCO 3 – hydration/dehydration reaction rates would be too low and limit transport. To prove this need it is necessary to have quantitative knowledge of the individual flux rates of the three substrates, CO2 which permeates membranes easily, HCO 3 – less easily and H+ with great difficulty, and compare with the uncatalyzed reaction rate. Because the reaction of CO2 and H+ + HCO 3 – is reversible and because there are physiological transport mechanisms which flow in either direction; all three reactants will be termed substrates.
Seasonal Flight Activity of Grape Root Borer (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) in Florida

The seasonal flight activity of grape root borer, Vitacea polistiformis (Harris), was monitored with sticky traps baited with a 99:1 blend of the sex pheromone (E, Z)-2,13-octadecadienyl acetate and (Z, Z)-3,13-octadecadienyl acetate, at nine locations in Florida. In northern Florida, at Chattahoochee, Freeport, and Alachua, flight activity began in June or early July and continued through October. In central Florida, at Leesburg, Kathleen, and Alva, activity began in late July or early August and often continued into December. On the west coast, at Odessa, emergence began earlier (late June) than at central inland sites and ended by mid- to late November. On the east coast, at Fort Pierce, the first grape root borers were trapped in early May, and flight activity continued into December. On the lower east coast, at Miami, the first grape root borers were trapped in late July with flight activity continuing through December. A few moths were captured in Miami in January in both years that traps were operated.
A COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS IN THE US OF LCZ696 (SACUBITRIL/VALSARTAN) VERSUS RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM INHIBITION FOR HEART FAILURE PATIENTS WITH REDUCED EJECTION FRACTION

The angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor LCZ696 (sacubitril/valsartan) reduced all-cause death and HF hospitalizations compared to enalapril. We assessed the cost-effectiveness of LCZ696 relative to enalapril in the US. Using PARADIGM-HF trial data, a two-state Markov model was developed for
Editorial: After Arafat: Mapping a Jewish/Palestinian Solidarity

It is a striking thought. After so many years, with so many landmarks, detours, about faces, hope, despair, violence, and hints of peace, the political landscape of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict changes. This, at least, is the perception of the media in Israel and America. For most of these commentators, the bulwark against change, the one who could not reconcile himself with an Israeli state and a normal polity for his own people, is no longer with us. Arafat the terrorist is dead. Is this perception the truth, part of the truth, or itself a deception? Was Arafat the problem in the seemingly endless search for peace and justice in the Middle East?
Muscle composition measured by CT scan is a measurable predictor of overall survival in advanced ovarian cancer

Abstract Objectives To assess the impact of muscle composition and sarcopenia on overall survival in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) after primary debulking surgery (PDS). Methods Women with stage IIIC/IV EOC who underwent PDS with curative intent between 1/1/2006 and 12/31/2012 were included. Patient variables and vital status were abstracted. Body composition was evaluated in a semi-automated process using Slice-O-Matic software v4.3 (TomoVision). Skeletal muscle area and mean skeletal muscle attenuation were recorded. Associations with overall survival were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards models and recursive partitioning. Results We identified 296 patients and 132 (44.6%) were classified as sarcopenic. The average mean skeletal muscle attenuation of the entire cohort was 33.4 Hounsfield units (HU). A multivariate model of overall risk of death included histology, residual disease, and mean skeletal attenuation. Among patients without residual disease, overall survival, but not progression free survival was significantly different between patients with low versus high mean skeletal attenuation (median survival, 2.8 vs. 3.3years). Among patients with residual disease, overall survival was significantly different between patients with low versus high mean skeletal attenuation ≥36.40 vs. Conclusions Sarcopenia and low mean skeletal muscle attenuation are common in women undergoing PDS for advanced EOC. These factors are associated with poorer outcomes, and can be used in preoperative risk stratification and patient counseling. Further research into body composition and whether this risk factor can be altered via nutrition or fitness in this population is warranted.
Charting the information technology direction for an integrated delivery system.

Automating the healthcare integrated delivery system requires a special set of skills, talent, and communication that goes beyond the capability of the i.t. manager alone. Bringing together all elements of the integrated delivery system and forming a well-integrated information environment will require a level of teamwork rarely seen in any industry. Today's IT manager is like an orchestra conductor. He or she should look ahead in the musical composition, manage the tempo, and bring all the sounds of the eclectic set of instruments together in harmony and achievement of the melody. Following the key success factor outlined here may not guarantee success in automating the integrated delivery system, but following them should keep the process harmonious.
Labeling and Single-Molecule Methods To Monitor G Protein-Coupled Receptor Dynamics

The superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediates a wide range of physiological responses and serves as an important category of drug targets. Earlier biochemical and biophysical studies have shown that GPCRs exist temporally in an ensemble of interchanging conformations. Single-molecule techniques are ideally suited to understand the dynamic signaling and conformational complexity of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Here, we review the progress in single-molecule studies on GPCRs. We introduce the fundamental technical aspects of single-molecule fluorescence. We also survey the methodologies for labeling GPCRs with biophysical probes, particularly fluorescent dyes, and highlight the relevant chemical biology innovations that can be instrumental for studying GPCRs. Finally, we illustrate how the optical techniques and the labeling schemes have been combined to investigate GPCR signaling and dynamics at the single-molecule level.
Stylized whole-core benchmark of the Integral Inherently Safe Light Water Reactor (I2S-LWR) concept

Abstract The Integral, Inherently Safe Light Water Reactor (I 2 S-LWR) is a pressurized water reactor (PWR) concept under development by a multi-institutional team led by Georgia Tech. The core is similar in size to small 2-loop PWRs while having the power level of current large reactors (∼1000 MWe) but using uranium silicide fuel and advanced stainless steel cladding. A stylized benchmark specification of the I 2 S-LWR core has been developed in order to test whole-core neutronics codes and methods. For simplification the core was split into 57 distinct material regions for cross section generation. Cross sections were generated using the lattice physics code HELIOS version 1.10 in both 8 and 47 groups. Monte Carlo solutions, including eigenvalue and pin fission densities, were generated for the 8 group library using MCNP5. Due to space limitations in this paper, the full cross section library and normalized pin fission density results are provided in the journal’s electronic repository.
Placing Collective Trauma Within Its Social Context: The Case of 9/11 Attacks

The unprecedented magnitude of the 9/11 2001 attacks in the USA set off a tide of trauma related distress and uncertainty among millions of people who were both directly and indirectly affected by the violence. As these attacks occurred in one of the largest, most diverse cities in the world, the trauma was experienced collectively by millions of people, and the devastation extended not only to individuals, but also to communities, neighborhoods, and families. Research conducted in the aftermath of 9/11 events has examined sociocultural responses in the context of this disaster. The goal of this chapter is to analyze 9/11 through a culturally sensitive lens. Specifically, and consistent with Arthur Kleinman’s formulation that “illness is shaped by cultural factors governing perception, labeling, explanation, and valuation of the discomforting experience”, we argue in this chapter that the mental health effects of 9/11 do not occur independently, but rather are influenced by sociocultural components associated with cultural identity. The chapter analyzed post-9/11 research that addressed cultural identity in the formation of mental health aftermath, conceptualizing cultural identity not only as ethnically based, but also as a function of socioeconomic status, religion, migration, and gender.
Plutonism in three dimensions: Field and geochemical relations on the southeast face of El Capitan, Yosemite National Park, California

Detailed geologic mapping on the ∼1-km-tall, vertical southeast face of El Capitan was completed to determine the chronology and geometry of emplacement. Field relations reveal a complex intrusive history at the boundary between two intrusive suites involving interaction between several granitic units. No resolvable faulting or other postemplacement deformation was observed. New U-Pb zircon geochronologic data (laser ablation and isotope dilution) demonstrate assembly of the El Capitan Granite and diorites of the Rockslides and North America between ca. 106 and 103 Ma. New ages for the Taft (106.6 ± 0.7 Ma), Leaning Tower (104.1 ± 0.10 Ma), and Bridalveil (103.4 ± 0.4 Ma) plutons reveal that they intruded over the same interval as the other plutonic rocks exposed on the face of El Capitan, although field relations and geochronology suggest a distinct order of emplacement. Two sets of aplite dikes are also exposed. Their whole-rock compositions suggest segregation at depths of 5–6 km and derivation from the intrusive suites of Yosemite Valley or Buena Vista Crest. Chemical analysis of samples collected along ∼1-km-tall vertical transects through the El Capitan and Taft Granites reveals no systematic variations in major or trace elements. Analysis of 78 photographs within the El Capitan Granite also shows no systematic variations in texture or mineralogy with elevation. Lack of resolvable vertical variations in both field and petrologic observations is consistent with incremental assembly, and is hard to reconcile with models that envision magma chambers as large fractionating bodies.
The Pompous Postmaster and Presidential Power: The Story of Myers v. United States

Myers v. United States is one of the foundational cases on the constitutional law of presidential power. The case was argued twice in the Supreme Court, and the opinion was written by Chief Justice William Howard Taft, the only person ever to serve as President and on the Court. Indeed, Taft's experience is often cited in explanation of the expansive conception of presidential power embodied in the opinion. Yet there are many unresolved questions about this great case, not the least of which is why a dispute over the relatively minor position of a local postmaster should precipitate a constitutional confrontation. This paper seeks to illuminate the case by examining the background to Myers as well as the behavior of President Taft in dealing with the controversial removal provision that lay at the heart of the case.
Leibniz on the Possibility of a Spatial Vacuum, the Connectedness Condition on Possible Worlds, and Miracles

Contrary to at least one recent interpretation, I argue that Leibniz did not hold that void space is metaphysically impossible. However, I also argue that Leibniz seems to have held that any possible world, were it instantiated, would give rise to a well-founded plenum, that is, a phenomenal world in which all spaces are filled with well-founded bodies (founded, that is, on genuine substantial unities). Finally, based upon what I take to be his argument for the claim that no possible world would give rise to a phenomenal world with empty spaces were it instantiated, I argue that Leibniz seems to have been committed to the view that any possible world, were it instantiated, would be a mechanistic world, in which all phenomenal events that can be explained mechanically in terms of the nature of bodies and motion would in fact be brought about in that way, with the possible exception of events that would be required by the laws of grace. If this is correct, and if compossibility requires not only logical consistency but also spatiotemporal and causal connectedness, then a Leibnizian possible world, were it instantiated, would also have to be such that each of the substances in that world would represent itself and all the others as mechanically connected in a material plenum. For the very perceptions that a possible substance would have of a phenomenal world, the very possibility of its representing itself as causally connected to the other substances in its world were it instantiated, would depend, absent miracles, upon its having either an actually extended body or a well-founded phenomenal body in mechanical contact with all the other bodies in its phenomenal world. So in the final section of the paper, I argue that Leibniz’s claim, in his First Paper for Clarke, that “when God works miracles, he does not do it in order to supply the wants of nature, but those of grace” (GP.VII.352/HGA.12), is something that is true in every possible world.
Translating CSR into Managerial Behavior: Determinants of Charitable Donation

Firms’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies are typically set by upper management; however, the effectiveness of these policies often depends on the efforts of managers and employees thro...
Just the Numbers: An Investigation of Contextualization of Problems for Novice Programmers

Contextualization of problems is widely studied in mathematics education. In computer science it is taken for granted that authentic, contextualized programming assignments will increase student interest and therefore enhance performance in programming assignments. This paper examines whether contextualization is, in fact, beneficial for students. We present a study that compares novice programmers' ability to code a solution given two versions of a problem. One version is contextualized, the other is non-contextualized, using "just the numbers." The results presented indicate that there is no difference in success rates for the two types of programming assignments.
Ultrafast XUV ARPES studies of electron and exciton dynamics in the transition-metal dichalcogenide MoSe 2

We exploit ultrafast extreme-UV angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (XUV ARPES) for sensitive studies of non-equilibrium carrier dynamics in MoSe 2 . The experiments reveal inter-valley scattering and provide first evidence for the observation of band-gap excitons in ARPES.
Transposable elements in cancer

Long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1) transposable elements are active in the human genome. In this Review, Burns describes how the retrotransposition activity of LINE-1 in cancer genomes can result in somatically acquired insertions that mark evolving tumour clones.
Making Human Stars: A New Method to Generate Human Astrocytes

Human astrocytes are increasingly appreciated as important contributors to brain function in health and disease, but techniques to study them are limited. In this issue of Neuron, Sloan and colleagues (2017) describe a new 3D culture model that generates mature human astrocytes, opening the door to future studies of their function.
Elucidating the role of oxygen coverage in CO2 reduction on Mo2C

Molybdenum carbide (Mo2C) is a promising and low-cost catalyst for the conversion of CO2 to CO. However, the underpinning mechanism occurring on the catalyst surface and the understanding of the catalyst structure under the reaction conditions is still elusive. In this study, we employ first principles calculations to understand the CO2 dissociation mechanism on β-Mo2C (001) under different oxygen coverage on the catalyst surface (oxycarbide). Our results demonstrate that with increasing oxygen coverage, there is an electronic modification on the catalyst surface (e.g. d-band shift on Mo atoms), that in turn, tunes the interactions of the adsorbates and the CO2 dissociation barriers. Interestingly, we reveal linear relationships between the oxygen coverage and electronic modification with the reactivity of the catalyst. We show that CO2 can adsorb and dissociate on the oxygen covered Mo2C surface, even in the presence of surface oxygen up to 0.5 monolayer (ML). Our results rationalize a series of experimental observations.
Solubilization and Upgrading of High Polyethylene Terephthalate Loadings in a Low-Costing Bifunctional Ionic Liquid

The solubilization and efficient upgrading of high loadings of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) are important challenges, and most solvents for PET are highly toxic. Herein, a low-cost (ca. $1.2 kg) and biocompatible ionic liquid (IL), cholinium phosphate ([Ch][PO]), is demonstrated for the first time to play bifunctional roles in the solubilization and glycolytic degradation of PET. A high loading of PET (10 wt %) was readily dissolved in [Ch][PO] at relatively low temperatures (120 °C, 3 h) and under water-rich conditions. In-depth analysis of the solution revealed that high PET solubilization in [Ch][PO] could be ascribed to significant PET depolymerization. Acid precipitation yielded terephthalic acid as the dominant depolymerized monomer with a theoretical yield of approximately 95 %. Further exploration showed that in the presence of ethylene glycol (EG), the [Ch][PO]-catalyzed glycolysis of PET could efficiently occur with approximately 100 % conversion of PET and approximately 60.6 % yield of bis(2-hydroxyethyl)terephthalate under metal-free conditions. The IL could be reused at least three times without an apparent decrease in activity. NMR spectroscopy analysis revealed that strong hydrogen-bonding interactions between EG and the IL played an important role in the activation of EG and promotion of the glycolysis reaction. This study opens up avenues for exploring environmentally benign and efficient IL technology for solubilizing and recycling postconsumer polyester plastics.
Disentangling the link between posttraumatic stress disorder and violent behavior: Findings from a nationally representative sample

Objective Although research using combat veteran samples has demonstrated an association between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and violence toward others, there has been relatively little research examining this relationship among individuals with no combat history. Method Data representative of the United States population collected from the two wave National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) were analyzed to determine the risk factors for violent behavior of individuals reporting no history of active military combat (N = 33,215). Results In χ2 analyses, participants meeting criteria for lifetime PTSD at Wave 1 reported higher rates of violence between Waves 1 and 2 compared with participants without a history of PTSD (7 vs. 3%). An increase in anger after trauma and use of alcohol to cope with PTSD symptoms were stronger predictors of physically aggressive or violent acts than a lifetime diagnosis of PTSD without anger. When controlling for these and other covariates, PTSD alone no longer significantly predicted any subtype of physical aggression or violence toward others. Conclusions Results suggest that although PTSD is related to violent behavior, specific sequelae of trauma (specifically, increased anger and self-medicating with alcohol) are more critical than diagnosis per se in predicting violent behavior in the general population. Clinical implications and future research directions are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record
Preventive Interventions for Conduct Disorders: A Review

Conduct disorders represent the most serious, stable, childhood psychiatric disorders. This condition has a poor long-term prognosis and entails devastating consequences for children, their families, and their communities. This article provides a review of the current status of prevention and treatment strategies for conduct disorders.
Stability of General Systems in Biological, Physical and Social Sciences

The systems of nonlinear differential equations represent the mathematical model of several general systems in biological, physical and social sciences [1]. One of the most versatile techniques in the theory of nonlinear differential systems is the second method of Lyapunov [1,2]. The notion of vector Lyapunov functions, together with the theory of systems of differential inequalities, provides a very general comparison principle by means of which a number of qualitative properties of solutions of deterministic functional differential systems are studied in a unified way [3]. It is natural to expect such an extension to stochastic functional differential systems. The obtained comparison principles to stochastic functional differential systems have been utilized to study the stability behavior of hereditary stochastic general systems.
EarlyR signature predicts response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer

Abstract Background EarlyR gene signature uses ESPL1, SPAG5, MKI67, PLK1 and PGR to classify ER+ breast cancer (ER+ BC) into EarlyR-Low, EarlyR-Int, and EarlyR-High risk strata and is prognostic in patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. The ability of EarlyR to predict pathological complete response (pCR) and long-term survival following neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is evaluated herein. Materials The ability of EarlyR gene signature to predict pCR was assessed in publicly available Affymetrix microarray datasets (Cohort A; n = 659; 74 pCR events) derived from NACT-treated ER+ BC patients. Distant relapse-free survival (DRFS) results were analyzed in patients treated with NACT and adjuvant hormone therapy (AHT) (n = 281) and compared with patients treated with AHT alone (n = 455) (Cohort B; n = 736; 142 events). Results In cohort A, EarlyR was a significant predictor of pCR (p = 5.8 × 10−11) (EarlyR-Low, n = 400, pCR = 40, 5%; EarlyR-Int, n = 69, pCR = 7, 15% and EarlyR-High, n = 190, pCR = 47, 24%). In EarlyR-Low of Cohort B, the 5-year DRFS was not significantly (p = 0.55) different between NACT + AHT [0.81 (95%CI 0.73–0.90)] and AHT-only [0.85 (95%CI 0.81–0.90)]. In contrast, in EarlyR-High, the 5-year DRFS was higher (p = 0.019) in NACT + AHT [0.81 (95%CI 0.70–0.93)] as compared to AHT-only [0.60 (95%CI 0.51–0.71)]. Conclusions High EarlyR is strongly associated with pCR in patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. EarlyR also predicts poor DRFS outcomes for patients in EarlyR-High not receiving NACT, and improved survival in NACT-treated EarlyR-High patients. EarlyR is not only a prognostic assay but also a predictive assay that identifies patients, who are also likely to respond to chemotherapy.
The physical-virtual table: exploring the effects of a virtual human's physical influence on social interaction

In this paper, we investigate the effects of the physical influence of a virtual human (VH) in the context of face-to-face interaction in augmented reality (AR). In our study, participants played a tabletop game with a VH, in which each player takes a turn and moves their own token along the designated spots on the shared table. We compared two conditions as follows: the VH in the virtual condition moves a virtual token that can only be seen through AR glasses, while the VH in the physical condition moves a physical token as the participants do; therefore the VH's token can be seen even in the periphery of the AR glasses. For the physical condition, we designed an actuator system underneath the table. The actuator moves a magnet under the table which then moves the VH's physical token over the surface of the table. Our results indicate that participants felt higher co-presence with the VH in the physical condition, and participants assessed the VH as a more physical entity compared to the VH in the virtual condition. We further observed transference effects when participants attributed the VH's ability to move physical objects to other elements in the real world. Also, the VH's physical influence improved participants' overall experience with the VH. We discuss potential explanations for the findings and implications for future shared AR tabletop setups.
The Case for All New City Buses in India to be Electric

Author(s): Khandekar, Aditya; Rajagopal, Deepak; Abhyankar, Nikit; Deorah, Shruti; Phadke, Amol | Abstract: Indian cities are struggling to keep the air breathable for inhabitants, due in part to emissions from diesel buses. While the case for electric buses, and more generally, zero emission buses, has always been clear from an urban air pollution perspective, the economic case depended strongly on their environmental benefits. However, the situation seems different today. We illustrate that when the benefits of recent dramatic declines in Lithium battery prices are fully realized, the total cost of ownership of urban (intra-city) electric buses is lower than that for diesel buses in India even without subsidies. Factoring in the air quality benefits, projected reductions in the cost of batteries and solar electricity, it becomes evident that transitioning to an all-electric bus fleet presents an enormous opportunity for India to reduce urban air pollution while improving the finances of urban bus transit agencies. The policy ecosystem that delivered substantial price reductions and large-scale rapid deployment of solar PV and LEDs is a model to achieve similar outcomes for battery electric buses. Well-designed high volume auctions and clear long term ambitious targets could achieve rapid electrification with little net public subsidy in the long-run.
Predictors of Attitudes Toward Autonomous Vehicles: The Roles of Age, Gender, Prior Knowledge, and Personality

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) hold considerable promise for maintaining aging adults' mobility as they develop impairments in driving skill. Nonetheless, attitudes can be a significant barrier to adoption as has been shown for other technologies. We investigated how different introductions to AV, video with a driver in the front seat, the rear seat, and a written description, affected attitudes, as well as how individual difference variables such as age, gender, prior knowledge, and personality traits predict attitudes within a middle-aged (Median age = 34, IQR = 20, n = 441) Amazon Mechanical Turk sample. The 16-item attitude survey uncovered three factors: Concern with AV, Eagerness to Adopt AV technology, and Willingness to Relinquish Driving Control. ANOVAs showed that only age (younger less concerned) and gender, (females more concerned) were significant factors in Concern with AV. Only gender affected Willingness to Relinquish Driving Control, with males more willing. Multiple regressions that included previous knowledge level and personality traits showed a different pattern. Female gender and greater conscientiousness were associated with greater Concern about AV. Prior knowledge of AV was associated with less concern. Emotional stability and openness to experience were positive predictors of Eagerness to Adopt AV, whereas conscientiousness was a negative predictor. Prior knowledge and openness to experience, positively, and extraversion, negatively, were associated with being willing to relinquish driving control. These results suggest that different information dissemination campaigns are needed to persuade consumers to adopt AV technology. We discuss potential approaches.
From silence to stillness: decolonial feminist ontologies and the mattering of history in educational research

AbstractThis paper explores undocumented adolescent Latina becomings that move beyond Western, white dominant cultural values and recognize egalitarian entanglements of difference. I begin by recog...
400.01 Slow Coronary Flow is Associated with Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction and Left Atrial Dilation

Slow coronary flow (SCF) phenomenon is a coronary microvascular disorder characterized by the delayed passage of angiographic contrast in the absence of obstructive epicardial coronary artery disease (CAD). Many patients with SCF suffer from angina-like chest pain and present for angiography
An atlas of transcription factors expressed in the Drosophila melanogaster pupal terminalia

Abstract During development, transcription factors and signaling molecules govern gene regulatory networks to direct the formation of unique morphologies. As changes in gene regulatory networks are often implicated in morphological evolution, mapping transcription factor landscapes is important, especially in tissues that undergo rapid evolutionary change. The terminalia (genital and anal structures) of Drosophila melanogaster and its close relatives exhibit dramatic changes in morphology between species. While previous studies have found network components important for patterning the larval genital disc, the networks governing adult structures during pupal development have remained uncharted. Here, we performed RNA-seq in whole Drosophila melanogaster terminalia followed by in situ hybridization for 100 highly expressed transcription factors during pupal development. We find that the terminalia is highly patterned during pupal stages and that specific transcription factors mark separate structures and substructures. Our results are housed online in a searchable database (flygenitalia.pitt.edu) where they can serve as a resource for the community. This work lays a foundation for future investigations into the gene regulatory networks governing the development and evolution of Drosophila terminalia.
Plasma based acceleration in crystals and nanostructures: Advantages and limitations

The paper presents a short overview of main physics phenomena which determine how the beam can be accelerated in plasma, crystal or a nanotube.
The Victimization of LGBTQ Students at School: A Meta-Analysis

Although research suggests that LGBTQ youth are at risk for victimization at school, it remains unclear just how much more likely they are to be victimized relative to heterosexual or cisgender you...
Corporate media connections and merger outcomes

Abstract We examine the relation between acquirer social ties with the media and merger outcomes. We find that, consistent with the media management hypothesis, media connectedness is associated with the higher bid announcement return, lower takeover premium, poorer post-merger operating performance, greater likelihood of deal closure, and greater acquisitiveness. The association between media connections and merger announcement returns is more pronounced for stock deals. Examining the underlying channel, we show that the media networks are positively related to acquirers' media coverage and sentiment of the news articles during the pre-bid announcement period. Our findings are robust to alternative variable measurement as well as tests for endogeneity.
Changing Trends in Management Following Artificial Urinary Sphincter Surgery for Male Stress Urinary Incontinence: An Analysis of the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Database.

OBJECTIVE To characterize the safety and practice patterns of artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) placement on a population level. Increasingly AUS implantation has shifted to be an outpatient surgery; however, there is a lack of large-scale research evaluating factors associated with early (≤ 24 hours) versus late (>24 hours) discharges and complications in men following AUS placement. We utilized the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database to identify and compare factors and outcomes associated with each approach. METHODS NSQIP database was queried for men undergoing AUS placement between 2007 and 2016. Patients were classified as either early discharge (ED ≤ 24 hours) and late discharge (LD > 24 hours). Baseline demographics, operating time, and complications were compared between the 2 groups. Multivariate logistic regression evaluated factors associated with discharge timing and 30-day complications. RESULTS A total of 1176 patients were identified and were classified as ED in 232 and LD in 944 patients. Operative time was shorter in ED (83 minutes) compared to LD (95 minutes, P CONCLUSION At the national level, there are no differences in postoperative morbidity between early and late discharges. There is a trend toward more ED, specifically after 2012. A prospective study on the feasibility and safety of outpatient AUS is needed.