cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automated Spacelab Stowage Expert System for SLS missions

Issues related to the development of the Automated Spacelab Stowage Expert System (ASSESS) are examined including the problem domain, design, and status. The ASSESS concept is designed to configure stowage items into Spacelab lockers with an expert-system approach in which knowledge is available for every item and locker and for the complete heuristics. ASSESS employs the Knowledge Engineering Environment for development, and graphic displays present data on the items, lockers, and general system status. The automatic and manual modes are presented; the former provides the capability for an automatic solution to the stowage of a set of items into Spacelab lockers based on stowage heuristics defined and/or set by the user. The approach and heuristics algorithms are shown to permit the effective practical solution of NP-hard problems.
Rare and strange invader.

![Figure][1] A 64-year-old female with neck/back pain and vaginal bleeding was found to have anemia (hemoglobin 7.4 g/dL), leukocytosis (white blood cell count 22 800/µL), thrombocytosis (platelets 549 000/µL), and elevated creatinine at 2.7 mg/dL and calcium at 17 mg/dL. Image studies
Cesarean section as a risk factor for the development of adenomyosis uteri.

Objective To estimate whether there is an association between cesarean delivery and the subsequent development ofadenomyosis uteri based on pathologic diagnosis. Study design A total of 601 patients who had had a hysterectomy at a community hospital were identified. Data were collected from their medical records, focusing on uterine pathology and prior obstetric history. These data formed the basis for a case-control study to disclose an association between cesarean delivery and the subsequent development of adenomyosis uteri. Results Among 189 women with adenomyosis, cesarean delivery had occurred in 25%. This contrasted with 14% cesarean deliveries among those 178 women without adenomyosis, for an odds ratio of 2.08. These 2 groups were comparable in make-up in regard to demographic variables and medical history. Conclusion There is strong association between adenomyosis and previous cesarean section. This association raises important questions about whether technical aspects of cesarean section may contribute to the consequence of adenomyosis.
Chapter 9 Crystallization of Photosynthetic Membrane Proteins

Publisher Summary Photosynthesis is one of the most important processes on earth as it converts light energy into chemical energy. The first and most important steps of this process are catalyzed by large membrane protein complexes that are involved in light capturing, energy transfer, and electron transfer. In the past 15 years, great progress has been made towards the crystallization and structure determination of the antenna complexes and photoreaction centers, which are the most complex membrane proteins that have been crystallized to date. This chapter summarizes the important factors that have been critical for the successful crystallization of the large protein-cofactor complexes, with a special focus on the lessons learned from the crystallization and structure determination of Photosystems I and II (PSI and PSII, respectively). Photosynthetic membrane proteins have long been an active focus of research. This was partially because of the fact that these proteins are responsible for the production of all oxygen in the atmosphere. Photosynthetic organisms are the primary producers of nearly all the biomass and bioenergy produced on the earth. From a practical point of view, they are abundant in their source organisms, and their pigment content facilitates tracking them in their native form in experiments. Because of its high importance, it comes as no surprise that the first membrane protein crystallized was a photosynthetic protein complex, the photosynthetic reaction center of Rhodopseudomonas viridis .
Kant on the Spontaneity of Mind

requirements which any specific embodiments must satisfy/36 Finally, one might think that these arguments about transcendental spontaneity ought to have a noumenal payoff in Kant's moral theory, particularly since so many of the uses of 'spontaneity' carry over from one domain to the other.37 It can seem natural that Kant would argue that, since spontaneity is a condition for the possibility of knowledge, we have thereby proved that we must be free in a practically relevant sense, the kind of being capable of acting uncaused. And again, there are scores of indications in the Politiz lectures, various and numerous Reflexionen, the 1783 review of Schulz's Sittenlehre, and in the Grundlegung, that Kant was confident that he could make such an argument.38 But, first, nothing in what has been presented so far would either legitimate such an inference, or would necessarily tie the claim for transcendental spontaneity to such a practical issue. Simply put, it is quite possible that any action relevant to ethical judgment might be, say, 'caused by sensual impulses,' and yet that the spontaneity of the epistemic subject is a necessary condition for knowing that to be so. Proving that reason in one context must be assumed spontaneous does not prove that in other contexts, say where reason is a motive for action, it must be spontaneous there too.39 Secondly, there is good evidence, cited persuasively by Ameriks and Allison, that Kant abandoned any such connecting arguments after 1785,40 although he clearly did not abandon, in the second edition, his insistence on the spontaneous nature of thinking. If anything, that emphasis is stronger. 36 Sellars, 248, my emphasis 37 Heidemann is a typical example of someone who connects, somewhat quickly and carelessly, I think, the issues of 'Spontaneitat and 'noumenale Existenz/ 212 and 214, for example. 38 The best summary discussion of these passages can be found in Ameriks, 193-203. 39 This is relevant to a point that Prauss often makes: that Kant ought to have altered his formulations about impulses, needs and desires simply determining behavior causally in heteronomous action, because his own theory commits him to the view that, for an impulse, to affect my behavior, / must freely 'allow it to/ and that what the desire is for can be understood only if the free self-determination of purposeful conduct is introduced (cf. 224-5). 40 Ameriks, 195; Allison, 310-29 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.92 on Wed, 22 Jun 2016 06:54:34 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 474 Robert B. Pippin
Transcription properties of RNA polymerase holoenzymes isolated from the purple nonsulfur bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides.

Abstract We have been characterizing RNA polymerase holoenzymes from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. RNA polymerase purified from R. sphaeroides transcribed from promoters recognized by Escherichia coli E sigma 32 or E sigma 70 holoenzyme. Antisera to E. coli sigma 32 or sigma 70 indicated that related polypeptides of approximately 37 kDa (sigma 37) and 93 kDa (sigma 93), respectively, are present in this preparation. Transcription of sigma 32-dependent promoters was observed in a further fractionated R. sphaeroides holoenzyme containing the sigma 37 polypeptide, while a preparation enriched in sigma 93 transcribed sigma 70-dependent promoters. To demonstrate further that the sigma 93 polypeptide functions like E. coli sigma 70, we obtained an R. sphaeroides E sigma 93 holoenzyme capable of transcription from sigma 70-dependent promoters by combining sigma 93 with (i) an E sigma 37 fraction with diminished sigma 93 polypeptide content or (ii) E. coli core RNA polymerase. The generation of analogous DNase I footprints on the lacUV5 promoter by R. sphaeroides E sigma 93 and by E. coli E sigma 70 suggests that the overall structures of these two holoenzymes are similar. However, some differences in promoter specificity between R. sphaeroides E sigma 93 and E. coli E sigma 70 exist because transcription of an R. sphaeroides rRNA promoter was detected only with E sigma 93.
Anal cancer in women

Abstract We studied predisposing factors in 56 women with anal cancer, comparing them with 56 matched controls drawn from the population. A detailed pretested questionnaire was administered to each study subject in a structured interview and blood was drawn for detection of herpes simplex virus antibodies by radioimmunoassay. Pathologic material from cases was obtained and evidence of human papilloma virus infection was sought. By univariate analyses we found associations between anal cancer and positive herpes simplex virus 2 titer (p = 0.0017), cigarette smoking (p = 0.0028), previous positive or questionable cervical Papanicolaou smear (p = 0.0124), and increasing number of sexual partners (p = 0.0224). By the multivariate technique of logistic regression there were independent and significant associations with cigarette smoking (p = 0.0126), previous use of hemorrhoid preparations (p = 0.0149), and history of disturbed bowel habits for >1 mo (p = 0.0273). Anal cancer in women is a rare disease associated with cigarette smoking and sexual experience. Its association with previous anorectal disease is unclear and deserving of further study.
Early caries detection with near-IR light

New caries diagnostic procedures for early caries detection are presented. Optical methods such as near-IR transillumination and optical coherence tomography (OCT) with near-IR light are introduced. These techniques enable imaging and detection of early caries lesions before they have spread extensively into the underlying dentin.
Recent Advances in the Neurobiology of Oligodendroglia

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on recent advances in the neurobiology of oligodendroglia. The principal known function of the oligodendrocyte is to form and sustain the myelin sheath on axons of the central nervous system (CNS). Oligodendrocytes and astrocytes arise from cells of the subependymal layer, which are derived from the neuroectoderm. The enzyme 2′:3′-cyclic-nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase follows a developmental curve similar to that of myelin proteins basic protein, but it starts earlier and reaches a plateau sooner. A discovery that may have very interesting implications for remyelination processes in disease is that myelinogenesis can be inhibited by anticerebroside antibody and can be suspended for weeks. Presumably, primary dissociated cultures that contain oligodendrocytes do not myelinate because few or no neurons are present.
Reversibility of denaturation of the zymogen and the proteolyzed zymogen of streptococcal proteinase.

Abstract The single, uncross-linked polypeptide chain of the zymogen of the streptococcal proteinase is unfolded to a random structure in 6 m guanidinium chloride. When the denaturing agent is removed by dialysis, the potential enzymatic activity after tryptic hydrolysis and reduction is recoverable in 90% yield. Data on the unfolding process have been obtained by enzymatic assays and by optical rotatory dispersion. The zymogen also refolds after being heated at 100° for 10 min at pH 6.7 or after treatment with 0.1 n HCl for 2 hours at 25°. The proteolyzed zymogen, in which the first 100 residues from the NH2 terminus of the parent molecule have been removed, is irreversibly denatured under the same conditions. The NH2-terminal portion of the zymogen is thus necessary for the re-formation of the catalytically active molecule from the fully unfolded chain in this zymogen-enzyme system.
Understanding Stress and Coping

I. STRESS BASICS. 1. The Study of Stress. 2. A New Look in Stress Research. 3. The Stress Arousal Response. 4. Cognitive Models of Stress: Clinical Psychology. 5. The Transactional Matrix. II. STRESS, HEALTH, AND ILLNESS. 6. Personality and Disease. 7. Stress and Illness. 8. Stress, Fitness, and Health. III. APPLICATION OF CONCEPTS. 9. Crises, Catastrophes, and Disasters. 10. Stress, Life Span, and the Family. 11. Work Stress. 12. The Environment and Society. III. INTERVENTIONS. 13. Relaxation. 14. Active Coping Techniques. 15. Active Coping: Complex and Cognitive Approaches. Glossary. Name Index. Subject Index.
Weak Petri net languages in supervisory control

We present a notion of terminal behavior for place/transition nets, called weak behavior. The classes of weak and marked languages generated by deterministic nets are incomparable. Thus, also taking into account the weak behavior of deterministic nets (in addition to the marked behavior) we extend the control problems that can be modeled by Petri nets. Deterministic weak languages are DP-closed, i.e., they represent closed-loop terminal behaviors that may be enforced by Petri net supervisors. The main properties of interest in supervisory control are decidable when this class of languages is considered. The class of deterministic weak PN languages is not closed under the supremal controllable sublanguage operator. >
We Blame the Building! The Architecture of Distributed Responsibility

This article makes use of actor-network theory to reflect on how responsibility is distributed when efforts are made to change the built environment. More specifically, it is concerned with the way in which humans delegate responsibility to non-human things and how these non-human things then function as actors within heterogeneous settings. The overall intent is to erase the divide between culture and nature, human subjectivity and vibrant matter, and thereby change our relationship to 'the city'. The argument is embedded in and illustrated by an architectural controversy that unfolded in New York City in late 2013 and early 2014 around the demolition by the Museum of Modern Art of an award-winning and relatively new building --the American Folk Art Museum.
Reasonable utility functions and playing the cooperative way

In this essay I dispute the widely held view that utility theory and decision theory are formalizations of instrumental rationality. I show that the decision theoretic framework has no deep problems accommodating the “reasonable” qua a preference to engage in fair cooperation as such. All evaluative criteria relevant to choice can be built into a von Neumann‐Morgenstern utility function. I focus on the claim that, while rational choice‐driven agents are caught in the Pareto‐inferior outcome, reasonable agents could “solve” the PD and cooperate. Not so, I argue. If reasonable people find themselves in PD situations they too would follow the dominant “defect” strategy. The difference between instrumentally rational agents and those who are also reasonable is not that they would behave differently in Prisoner’s Dilemmas, but that reasonable people are more successful at avoiding the Prisoner’s Dilemma and tend to play more cooperative games.
Closing the Marketing Capabilities Gap

Abstract Marketers are being challenged by a deluge of data that is well beyond the capacity of their organizations to comprehend and use. Their strategies are not keeping up with the disruptive effects of technology-empowered customers; the proliferation of media, channel, and customer contact points; or the possibilities for microsegmentation. Closing the widening gap between the accelerating complexity of their markets and the limited ability of their organizations to respond demands new thinking about marketing capabilities. Three adaptive capabilities are needed: (1) Vigilant market learning that enhances deep market insights with an advance warning system to anticipate market changes and unmet needs, (2) adaptive market experimentation that continuously learns from experiments, and (3) open marketing that forges relationships with those at the forefront of new media and social networking technologies and mobilizes the skills of current partners. The benefits of these adaptive capabilities will only ...
Direct calculation of Henry’s law constants from Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo simulations: nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and methane in ethanol

Configurational-bias Monte Carlo simulations in the Gibbs ensemble were used to calculate Henry’s law constants, Ostwald solubilities, and Gibbs free energies of transfer for oxygen, nitrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide in ethanol at 323 and 373 K. These three solubility descriptors can be expressed as functions of mechanical properties that are directly observable in the Gibbs ensemble approach, thereby allowing for very precise determination of the descriptors. Additionally, the Henry’s law constants of multiple solutes can be computed from a single simulation. Most of the simulations were carried out for systems containing 1,000 solvent and up to 8 solute molecules, and further simulations using either 500 or 2,000 solvent molecules point to negligible system size effects. A comparison with experimental data shows that the united-atom version of the transferable potential for phase equilibria force field yields Henry’s law constants that reproduce well the differences between the four solutes and the changes upon increase of the temperature.
Stent-assisted parent artery occlusion of giant cerebrovascular aneurysms to avoid mass effect.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND Endovascular treatment of giant cerebrovascular aneurysms (GCA) may be challenging due to risk of worsening mass effect, thromboembolism, rupture, and recurrence. The purpose of this study was to provide a preliminary evaluation of GCA therapy using stent-assisted coil parent artery occlusion (PAO) to reduce the likelihood of mass effect, aneurysm recurrence, and vessel recanalization. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five patients with GCAs were treated by PAO by deploying detachable coils within a Neuroform-3 stent across the aneurysm neck. Patients were monitored clinically to note any changes after treatment. Magnetic resonance angiography was performed 3 to 12 months after stent placement, and incomplete PAO and aneurysm recurrence were noted. RESULTS Stent-assisted PAO was technically successful in all GCAs with no residual aneurysm filling and without any coil herniation into the aneurysm sac. None of the patients had recanalization of the vessel or GCA or clinical worsening over a follow-up period of 3-17 months. Symptomatic mass effect improved in 2 and resolved in 2 patients. CONCLUSION Based on our preliminary experience, stent-assisted PAO in GCAs is technically feasible and may be a valid option in patients who tolerate balloon test occlusion to minimize the likelihood of increased mass effect from coil embolization.
Preference for Infant-directed Speech in the First Month after Birth

2 experiments examined behavioral preferences for infant-directed (ID) speech over adult-directed (AD) speech in young infants. Using a modification of the visual-fixation-based auditory-preference procedure, Experiments 1 and 2 examined whether 12 1-month-old and 16 2-day-old infants looked longer at a visual stimulus when looking produced ID as opposed to AD speech. The results showed that both 1-month-olds and newborns preferrred ID over AD speech. Although the absolute magnitude of the ID speech preference was significantly greater, with the older infants showing longer looking durations than the younger infants, subsequent analyses showed no significant difference in the relative magnitude of this effect. Differences in overall looking times between the 2 groups apparently reflect task variables rather than differences in speech processing. These results suggest that infants' preference for the exaggerated prosodic features of ID speech is present from birth and may not depend on any specific postnatal experience. However, the possible role of prenatal auditory experience with speech is considered.
Feasibility of a Self-Determination Theory-based exercise intervention promoting Healthy at Every Size with sedentary overweight women: Project CHANGE

Abstract Objectives To examine feasibility, acceptability and preliminary results of a Self-Determination Theory (SDT) -based exercise intervention with a Healthy at Every Size (HAES) orientation for sedentary overweight/obese women. Design Project CHANGE was an 8-week randomized controlled trial with follow-up at 4-week. Method Twenty-five sedentary, overweight women (BMI = 25–34.9) were randomized to either the SDT-based intervention with a HAES orientation (S/H) or exercise only (EX) intervention. The S/H group received exercise training and a weekly behavioral intervention while the EX group received only traditional supervised exercise training. Information about acceptability and feasibility was collected from process evaluation (i.e., participants' satisfaction and feedback) and objective data (e.g., retention, attendance, adherence to the PA goal). Assessments of PA participation and physical/psychological variables were obtained at baseline, post-intervention, and 4-week follow-up. Results Participants reported high levels of satisfaction. Participation in the S/H group averaged 95%. Retention was high for both groups (S/H = 83.3% vs. EX = 84.6%), while adherence to the PA goal was better for the S/H group at follow-up (S/H = 60% vs. EX = 36.4%). The S/H intervention also resulted in larger effect sizes for changes in key motivational variables, including self-determination, autonomy, as well as goal-setting, planning and scheduling self-efficacy. Conclusion The 8-week SDT-based intervention promoting Healthy at Every Size is feasible and acceptable and may result in better exercise adherence and improvements in motivational variables relative to traditional supervised exercise. These results support conducting additional research to determine the efficacy of this approach for promoting PA in sedentary, overweight women.
Motor dysfunction and risk for schizophrenia

Motor dysfunction is associated with schizophrenia, and recent longitudinal studies indicate that it precedes the onset of clinical symptoms. Of particular interest is the heightened occurrence of involuntary movements, which are apparent as early as infancy and suggest the presence of subcortical brain abnormalities. In this article, we present the results of a study of spontaneous movements in adolescents with schizotypal personality disorder (SPD). SPD is a syndrome that has been shown to be genetically linked with schizophrenia and is often observed prior to the early adult onset of schizophrenia. Systematic coding of videotapes of diagnostic interviews revealed that the SPD group showed significantly more involuntary movements of the head, trunk, and upper limbs than did normals and adolescents with other personality disorders. There were no diagnostic group differences in the rate of voluntary movements. Salivary cortisol, measured before the interview, was positively correlated with involuntary movements. Taken together, the findings provide further support for the hypothesized etiologic relation between SPD and schizophrenia. Based on a neural diathesis-stress model, potential underlying mechanisms are discussed.
An inference structure for the control and scheduling of manufacturing systems

Abstract Control and scheduling problems in manufacturing systems have long been an intriguing subject to operations researchers and industrial practitioners. In the past few years, Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods for control and scheduling of manufacturing systems have gained considerable attention. A fundamental advantage of AI methods, in contrast to algorithmic approaches, is in the ability to take a “reformulated approach” to scheduling problems. However, most of the existing paradigms of AI methods (e.g. expert system shells) restrict the user to a particular inference strategy and representation method. In many cases, these paradigms are not flexible nor powerful enough to take the full advantage of AI methods. In this paper, an inference structure is described which allows the designer of an AI-based scheduling system to take advantage of (1) a data-driven strategy to move forward from existing knowledge to new conclusions; (2) a goal-driven strategy to prove or disprove a goal for hypothesis by examining its supporting evidence; (3) a simulation interface to conduct “what-if” analysis of the future states of the modeled system, and (4) a direct LISP interface in the form of “rule-programs,” which allows various algorithmic procedure, search strategies, and problem-specific inferencing methods to be adopted easily.
The Pioneer -Venus solar flux radiometer

The goals, design and performance characteristics of the Solar Flux Radiometer flown on the Large Probe of the Pioneer-Venus Multiprobe spacecraft launched on 8 August 1978 are described. Radiance measurements of the Venusian atmosphere in several spectral channels between 400 and 1800 nm as a function of altitude were made to further understand the role of solar radiation in the thermal balance of the atmosphere. Elevation and azimuthal measurements on the radiation field were made with five optical channels. Twelve filtered Si and Ge photovoltaic detectors were maintained near 30 C with a phase-change material. The detector output currents were processed with logarithmic transimpedance converters before being multiplexed and digitized with an 11-bit A/D converter. Atmospheric sampling in both elevation and azimuth was done according to a Gaussian integration scheme. The data output was serial digital at an average rate of 20 bits/sec and included housekeeping (sync, spin period, sample timing and mode). The received data were used to determine the deposition of solar energy in the atmosphere of Venus between 67 km and the surface along with upward and downward fluxes and radiances with an altitude resolution of several hundred meters.
Support loss in the radial bulk-mode vibrations of center-supported micromechanical disk resonators

Abstract This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of support loss, the dominant loss mechanism, in center-supported micromechanical disk resonators operating in their radial bulk-modes. Through separation and coupling between the three components (disk, support beam, and support structure) of a disk resonator, support loss is evaluated quantitatively and the closed-form expression is obtained for support quality factor ( Q support ) of a center-supported disk resonator. The comparison between theoretical analysis and experimental data shows good agreement. This work provides significant insights into the geometrical design and choice of materials in high- Q center-supported disk resonant structures. To minimize support loss, a quarter wavelength rule exists for the height of the support beam in a center-supported disk resonator, similar to the length of torsion support beams of a free–free flexural beam resonator.
Congenital heart disease in old age; inter auricular septal defect with mitral and tricuspid valvulitis.

Abstract 1. 1. Clinical and pathological observations are presented in an 82-year-old woman who died in congestive heart failure. A large interauricular septal defect was present which was associated with mitral and tricuspid valvulitis. 2. 2. This appears to be the oldest patient on record with such a disorder, but longevity in the face of this type of congenital malformation is not uncommon.
Interleukin-1β and β-Glucuronidase in gingival crevicular fluid from molars during rapid palatal expansion ☆ ☆☆ ★

Abstract This study examined whether the inflammatory mediators interleukin (IL-1β) and β-glucuronidase (βG) are present in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of children undergoing rapid palatal expansion and whether their levels vary upon activation of the appliance and movement of the maxillary first molars. Nine adolescent patients who needed palatal expansion were studied. Each patient received a periodontal prophylaxis and instruction in proper home care, including rinsing with chlorhexidine. Four weeks later, a modified Hyrax appliance was inserted. The jackscrew was activated twice daily until the appropriate expansion was achieved. GCF samples were collected at 2 pretreatment observation periods and 9 observation periods after placement of the appliance. Samples were collected with filter paper strips and analyzed by means of ELISA and time-dependent fluorometry for IL-1β and βG, respectively. The values recorded at the observation period 2 weeks after the periodontal prophylaxis were used as baseline. Paired t tests were used to compare mediator levels at this baseline to the levels obtained at each of the subsequent observations. The results indicate that (1) βG and IL-1β are present in GCF of young, healthy individuals, (2) their levels decrease following a strict regimen of plaque control, (3) orthodontic/orthopedic forces evoke changes in the levels of the inflammatory mediators IL-1β and βG in the periodontal tissues that can be detected in GCF. The results of this study support the hypothesis that mechanical stimulus causes an inflammatory reaction within the periodontal tissues, which in turn may trigger the biological processes associated with bone remodeling. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1998; 114: 686-96)
The damaging role of bacteria in chronic lung infection.

Because of their embryological derivation from foregut the respiratory airways are regularly host to bacteria arriving in inspired air and aspirated from the naso-oropharynx. Should the first-line defence (mucociliary clearance) be less than perfect, such bacteria remain longer in the airway mucus and some are able to capitalize on this delay by compromising mucus transport further through the production of epithelium-damaging cilioinhibitory and ciliotoxic substances. Bacterial persistence in the airways elicits an inflammatory host response which causes further damage to the airway and results in a 'vicious circle' of progressive lung damage. Treatment hinges upon eliminating the bacteria in the mucus using antibiotics that penetrate mucus well (e.g. fluoroquinolones)--and considering adjunct therapy with anti-inflammatory and mucokinetic agents.
Empirical investigation of iterative maximum-entropy spectral estimation of one-dimensional random processes

In this paper we provide the results of an empirical investigation of iterative maximum entropy spectrum estimation. The Lim-Malik algorithm is compared to the Burg algorithm on a number of analytic as well as practical one-dimensional signals. We study the convergence of the Lim-Malik algorithm and suggest some criteria to assure convergence in the one- dimensional case.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Study of Novice Special Educators' Views of Evidence-Based Practices:

With the implementation of the No Child Left Behind Act (2001), the Council for Exceptional Children's Content Standards for Beginning Special Education Teachers (2002), and the reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (2004), the research to practice gap in special education has garnered increased attention. The author utilizes collective case studies to explore this phenomenon through the eyes of 10 novice special educators. Specifically, the author seeks to determine the teachers' perceptions of research in general as well as their use of six broad practices that are supported by research for students with high-incidence disabilities. The use of interviews, observations, and self-report measures resulted in findings that indicate low rates of implementation and a lack of alignment between the beginning teachers' words and actions. The author identifies barriers and facilitating factors, discusses implications for preservice preparation, and presents recommendations...
A Narrative Approach to Understanding Young Women's Schemas of Power in Romantic Relationships: Links to Negative Emotions and Dating Aggression

This study examined the nature of newly developed narrative measures of late adolescent women's schemas of power and explored how these schemas were related to reports of relationship functioning during conflict. Thirty-six college women currently in romantic relationships were interviewed about how well they and their partners did and did not meet each others' needs and completed ratings of relationship emotions, power, and aggression. Narratives obtained from the interview were coded for major needs met, and denigration and reflection when needs were not met. Results indicated that denigration and reflection were related to power ratings of partner compliance and decision making, flat emotions in reaction to needs not met, and the degree to which the couple engaged in relationship aggression. More positive schemas of influence (reflection and no denigration) were related to positive relationship functioning.
Extra-articular calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease presenting as neck pain and fever

Although neck pain is a c o m m o n present ing compla in t in the emergency depar tment (ED), the patient present ing with compla in ts of neck pain associated with fever poses an interest ing diagnost ic d i l emma for the emergency physician. The differential diagnosis in this case could include such serious processes as meningi t i s , deep space infect ions of the neck, and parameningea l processes. This report describes a case of extra-art icular ca lc ium pyrophosphate deposi t ion disease present ing acutely in the ED with local pa in as well as systemic signs of illness. Al though ca lc ium pyrophosphate deposi t ion disease is most c o m m o n l y encountered in the joints , deposi t ion of ca lc ium salts ma y occur in the soft tissues. This report is the first to document fever as a present ing symptom associated with soft t issue deposi t ion of ca lc ium pyrophosphate crystals.
Unprepared But Confident for Service: An Exploratory Study of Future Faculty in the Area of Service to the Department

Communication graduate students seeking their first jobs in academia were surveyed about what service preparation activities they were offered in graduate education and the service activities in which they participated. Furthermore, the participants indicated what type of additional activities they would have liked, in hindsight, and how confident they were in performing their service role as faculty members. The findings show that few of these participants were offered service preparation activities. Only a general workshop on faculty roles was offered to a majority of the participants. Furthermore, few of these students participated in the limited service preparation activities provided. In contrast to their preparation, most of the participants were confident in the ability to perform the role of service, but would have liked more service preparation, in hindsight. This study points to lack of preparation activities for service in graduate communication education.
Kinetics of hydrogen oxidation to water on the Rh( 111) surface using multiple source modulated molecular beam techniques

We have examined the kinetics of the oxidation of hydrogen to water on the Rh(111) surface using modulated molecular beam reactive scattering. For reactant pressures below 10−4 Torr and temperatures from 450–1250 K we observe serial steps, with apparent activation energies of 2.5 ± 1 and 10 ± 1 kcalmol. Pseudo-first-order preexponential factors are 105 and 107 s−1, respectively, varying slightly with oxygen coverage. Reaction is inhibited by excess oxygen. Maximum water production occurs around 650 K. At lower temperatures the reaction becomes nonlinear. We use a new three-molecular-beam arrangement. Two continuous, independently adjustable beams establish steady-state surface concentrations, while a weaker modulated third beam induces small concentration perturbations around the selected steady state. With this technique we varied surface oxygen coverages, used isotopic substitution in the three beams to produce H2O, D2O and HDO, and linearized the HDO reaction.
X-ray Crystal Structures of D100E Trichodiene Synthase and Its Pyrophosphate Complex Reveal the Basis for Terpene Product Diversity†,‡

The 2.4 A resolution X-ray crystal structure of D100E trichodiene synthase and the 2.6 A resolution structure of its complex with inorganic pyrophosphate are reported. The D100E amino acid substitution in the so-called “aspartate-rich” motif does not result in large changes to the overall structure of the enzyme. In the pyrophosphate complex, however, pyrophosphate coordinates two Mg2+ ions at the mouth of the active site without causing large changes in the structure of the enzyme. This contrasts with pyrophosphate binding in the wild-type enzyme, where pyrophosphate coordinates three Mg2+ ions and triggers a significant conformational change that closes the mouth of the active site and optimizes packing density in the enzyme−substrate complex. The attenuation of active site closure in D100E trichodiene synthase compromises enzyme−substrate packing density and confers additional spatial and conformational degrees of freedom on the substrate and carbocation intermediates, which in turn results in the form...
Adaptive quantum design of atomic clusters

Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2533(Dated: February 2, 2008)Adaptive quantum design identiﬁes the best broken-symmetry conﬁgurations of atoms andmolecules that enable a desired target function response. In this work, numerical optimizationis used to design atomic clusters with speciﬁed quasiparticle densities of states. The dominantself-assembled building blocks of these engineered quantum systems are found to depend on thesymmetry of the target function. For example, particle-hole symmetric spectra can be constructedfrom a dilute conﬁguration of atomic dimers, whereas more complex structures such as trimers andquadrumers are required for asymmetric target functions. The convergence of the optimization al-gorithms depends on the shape of the target function, the density of atoms, and constraints dueto substrates and boundary conditions. Hybrids of steepest descent methods, simulated annealing,and genetic algorithms are found to be most eﬃcient.
The utility of narrow band imaging in the treatment of laryngeal papillomatosis in awake patients.

Summary Objective To determine the value of narrow band imaging (NBI) in visualizing laryngeal papillomatosis (LP), specifically in the awake patient. Study Design Retrospective chart review followed by trial of intervention. Methods Ten patients treated for LP in the awake setting were included in the study. Still shots of the same diseased region of the larynx were taken from each procedure, one under white light and one under NBI. The 10 pairs of pictures were then sent to multiple fellowship-trained laryngologists, along with a questionnaire designed to evaluate visualization with NBI versus white light. Results Raters concluded that NBI improved visualization of diseased tissue 90.0% of the time and showed areas of diseased tissue unappreciated by halogen light in 46.7% of the procedures. They believed that NBI better defined the borders of diseased tissue in 76.7% of the photo sets, and that in 70.0% of the sets, NBI was the better visualization technique in general. However, it was found that 16.7% of the time it was more difficult to visualize areas of diseased tissue with NBI. Conclusion This study suggests that NBI may provide some benefit in the visualization and treatment of LP in the awake patient. Further work should be done to evaluate its utility in pathology of the larynx.
Molecular surgery of the basement membrane by the argon laser.

Although the argon laser is used successfully to weld a number of different tissues, the underlying chemical and cellular mechanisms for this process are not precisely defined. Consequently, a biochemical model has been developed in vitro using the welldefined extracellular matrix from the murine Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) sarcoma. Control and experimental samples of EHS basement membranes were irradiated with a Trimedyne argon laser at 500–3,000 Joules/cm2 at 0°C. The samples were diluted into cold phosphate-buffered saline and allowed to gel at 35°C. The time course of the gelation reaction was followed in a spectrophotometer at 360 nm. Irradiation reduced the absorbance 7.5–15% compared to controls and was independent of the dilution over a 10-fold range. Gelation was also measured by determining the amount of protein by the Bradford assay that could be collected by centrifugation at 10,000g for 10 minutes. Argonirradiated samples had 30–40% less protein in the precipitate than the controls. The addition of 5 mM beta-mercaptoethanol to the EHS extract blocked the effect of the laser on the gelation reaction. In addition, when gelation was carried out in the absence of calcium and magnesium, there were no differences between laser-treated samples and controls. The basement membrane proteins were separated by electrophoresis through polyacrylamide gels under denaturing plus reducing or denaturing and non-reducing conditions. No differences in the polypeptide composition were noted between irradiated and control samples using either Coomassie- or silver-staining techniques. The irradiated and control samples were also analyzed on 1.5% agarose gels in 10 mm Tris-HCl, pH 8 containing 0.1% SDS. Both samples produced a single Coomassie-positive band, but the control migrated at 0.5 and the irradiated sample at 0.6. In sum, the conformation of extracellular matrix proteins can be altered by the argon laser at welding energies at low temperatures, even though no new covalent interactions were observed.
Codifying bioinformatics processes without programming

Abstract Bioinformatics is bimodal, with results gathered either from rigid pipelines, their functions encoded in programs accessible only to specialists, or from ad hoc collections of scripts or web pages, used once, then lost track of or thrown away. We discuss the possibility of developing tools to straddle this divide, in particular, tools using graphical dataflow programming, which have the potential to make bioinformatics flexible, approachable and repeatable.
Large Scale, High Resolution Models of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling Networks

Mathematical models based upon the biochemical reactions that effectively define these networks have much promise as a tool for studying cell-signaling networks. Such models could be studied computationally to generate hypotheses that can be tested experimentally. A major obstacle for developing such models is “combinatorial complexity”, i.e. the number of potential states for the network becomes combinatorially large when post-translational modifications and protein-protein complexes are considered. Explicitly stating all potential states and their potential interactions is not feasible for very large networks. Modelers often deal with this problem by limiting the scope of the network considered, limiting the biochemical resolution considered, or imposing non-physiological reaction specifications that dramatically reduce the number of states. These simplifications are generally unsatisfactory. The cost of these common simplifications on predictive ability is not well understood. We have rather developed a rule-based approach for efficiently specifying and simulating reaction networks. This “rule-based” approach enables simulations of mechanistic models of cell signaling networks with resolution and scope far larger than traditional modeling methods. We have built a comprehensive model of IGF1R phosphorylation and SH2/PTB signaling that can account for over 1014 possible non-isomorphic complexes. We have also built a model of ErbB family signaling that spans from the four ErbB receptors through ERK and Akt activation and that can account for over 10150 possible non-isomorphic complexes. We have used these models to investigate how protein promiscuity may modulate signaling and also to investigate how feedback loops expand the range of signals a network may generate. Now that we have demonstrated the ability to develop and simulate such large models, we turn our attention to how oncogenic mutants disrupt these signaling networks.
Hypopigmentation, anomalous cerebral dominance and seasonality.

Abstract This paper proposes a prenatal seasonal hypopigmentation influence associated with anomalous cerebral dominance that occures during the winter or early spring. A possible mechanism would be seasonal changes in sex hormone levels that affect the activation and inactivation of DNA by reversible methylation. The proposed prenatal seasonal hypopigmentation effect might be relevant to dyslexia, Prader-Willi syndrome, breast cancer, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Putative chromosomal loci associated with the proposed seasonal mechanism would be 15q11-13 (dyslexia and Prader-Willi syndrome), 21q region (breast cancer and Alzheimer's disease) and 19p region (pigmentation gene).
The metallicity dependence of giant planet incidence

We describe three corrections that should be applied to the observed relative incidence of nearby stars hosting giant planets. These are diffusion in the stellar atmosphere, use of the [Ref] index in place of [Fe/H] for metallicity, and correction for local sampling with the W velocity. We have applied these corrections to a subset of the SPOCS exoplanet survey with uniform giant planet detectability. Fitting the binned data to a power law of the form, $\alpha 10^{\beta [Fe/H]}$, we derived $\alpha = 0.022 \pm 0.007$ and $\beta = 3.0 \pm 0.5$; this value of $\beta$ is 50\% larger than the value determined by \citet{fv05}. While the statistical significance of this difference is marginal, given the small number statistics, these corrections should be included in future analyses that include larger samples.
A neural net capable of competitive and cooperative computation.

We describe an artificial neural net, N, composed of three disjoint groups of cells, in which each ith cell receives an extrinsic analog input I i , and produces an analog output x i that excites cells inside its group and inhibits cells outside it. The cell responds with an activity level given by the Grossberg-like equation. $$\begin{gathered} \dot x_i {\text{ = }} - A{\text{(}}x_i {\text{ }} - {\text{ }}\beta {\text{) + }}D{\text{(}}t,I{\text{)}}G{\text{(}}x_i {\text{) }} \hfill \\ {\text{ }}{\text{ [}}\Sigma w_{ij} F{\text{(}}x_j {\text{) + }}w_{\text{0}} F{\text{(}}I_i {\text{)]}} \hfill \\ \end{gathered}$$ where D(t, I) is a global intercellular decoupling term dependent on N's input vector I=(I1, ..., I k ), G is a function that limits x i between 0 and 1, F is a continuous nonlinear intercellular influence function, and the other parameters are constants. In response to each I, N computes cooperatively within groups and competitively between groups so as to nearly always converge to an activity pattern containing one group of dominating x i 's. N's performance is comparable to the reticular formation model of Kilmer et al. (1969).
Cultural competence in the care of abused women

This article explains the concept of cultural competence, adding advocacy to models of culturally competent health care already in the literature and demonstrating how it relates to domestic violence. Abuse stages according to Landenburger's model of entrapment and recovery are presented with applicable cultural differences and specificities. Cultural issues related to specific childbearing-stage abuse interventions are also discussed. The principles of cultural competence, abuse- and childbearing-stage specificity, and empowerment are used as the basis for this model of clinical intervention with abused women.
Review of Coherent Optical Processing

The use of laser light to perform linear and nonlinear computational operations is reviewed. On linear operations, we discuss schemes involving gratings, computer holograms and optical feedback for addition, subtraction, differentiation, generalized orthogonal transformations and feedback operations. The important methods for implementing the spatial filters and for real-time processing are then briefly described. On nonlinear operations, we discuss technique involving ϕ-modulation, half-tone-screen processes, and nonlinear optical elements with and without coherent feedback for logarithm and thresholding operations. The state-of-the-art of optical processing research and its application areas are then considered at the end.