cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A zero-one goal programming approach for information system project selection

Abstract This paper presents a multi-objective model that can be used to help information systems (IS) managers decide which IS projects should be selected for development and implementation in a constrained resource environment. Developed to overcome the problems observed in currently used IS selection procedures, the model presented in this paper can be used to make decisions when IS selection goals are conflicting and measured in incommensurable units. To illustrate the use of this multi-objective approach to model IS project selection, a corporate resource allocation problem is developed and solved. Comparative results with currently used scoring and ranking methods reveals the superiority of the proposed multi-objective model.
Effect of ovarian hormones on conflict behavior

We injected ovariectomized female rats with estrogen and progesterone. Some of the injection regimens used are known to induce estrus, while other do not. The effects of these treatments on operant behavior were evaluated. Operant behavior was maintained under a reinforcement schedule, one segment of which involved experimentally induced conflict. Such behaviors previously have been shown to be modified by anti-anxiety drugs. Those hormone treatments effective in inducing estrus had behavioral effects similar to the effects observed for established anti-anxiety agents. Hormone-injection regimens not capable of inducing estrus were without effect on operant behavior. Our findings suggest that the reproductive cycles of female rats are associated with behavioral changes which may be indicative of changing anxiety levels mediated in part by changing titers of ovarian hormones. We suggest that the evaluation of hormonal influences on operant behaviors sensitive to tranquilizers should be a useful model system for studying possible mechanisms underlying emotional changes associated with reproductive cycles.
Sexuality and people with intellectual disabilities: A historical perspective

Until the 1960s, the sexuality of people with mental retardation was handled by denial and suppression. The eugenics movement of 1880–1940 led to forced mass sterilization and the segregation of these members of our society. The civil rights movement and the “sexual revolution” were among the catalysts for change as was the move toward normalization and deinstitutionalization of people with mental retardation. In the last 25 years, parents and professionals have begun to work together to find ways to help mentally handicapped individuals to understand their sexuality and to engage in appropriate self-affirming sexual behaviors. We have established goals, guidelines, and curricula for sexuality education. We have trained parents and staff and developed policies for handling sensitive issues, such as sterilization and problematic sexual expression. The AIDS epidemic has provided new impetus for improving education and training in this emerging field.
Effect of near ultraviolet irradiation on the peroxide content of solutions of oxidized or reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide.

Data are tabulated from studies on the effects of temperature and PH and of exposure to near-ultraviolet radiation on the peroxide content of solutions of oxidized or reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide. (C.H.)
Risk of cardiac ischemia and arterial thromboembolic events with the angiogenesis inhibitor bevacizumab in cancer patients: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background. The risk of cardiovascular toxicities is a serious concern with the increased application of angiogenesis inhibitors in current cancer therapy. Arterial thromboembolic events (ATE) were...
General assistance among U.S. cities: A test of alternative hypotheses

Using 1980 census data, this study seeks to explain variations in race‐specific measures of general assistance among 109 U.S. cities. Four hypotheses (derived from developmental, conflict, and human ecological theories) are developed as potential explanations of welfare recipiency rates and payment levels. Three control variables (southness, population size, and education) are included in the analysis. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis reveals that for blacks, poverty, level of manufacturing employment (1970–1980), and southness are significant predictors of recipiency rates; whereas per capita revenue, segregation, southness, and population size are significant predictors of mean payment. For whites, poverty, percent white, and southness are significant predictors of welfare rates; whereas per capita revenue, percent white, segregation, and southness are significant predictors of mean payment. The analysis provides partial support for the need hypothesis in explaining General Assistance re...
SWIFT: A SWing-reduced interconnect for a Token-based Network-on-Chip in 90nm CMOS

With the advent of chip multi-processors (CMPs), on-chip networks are critical for providing low-power communications that scale to high core counts. With this motivation, we present a 64-bit, 8×8 mesh Network-on-Chip in 90nm CMOS that: a) bypasses flit buffering in routers using Token Flow Control, thereby reducing buffer power along the control path, and b) uses low-voltage-swing crossbars and links to reduce interconnect energy in the data path. These approaches enable 38% power savings and 39% latency reduction, when compared with an equivalent baseline network. An experimental 2×2 core prototype, operating at 400 MHz, validates our design.
SLEEP STAGE AND ENERGY EXPENDITURE DIFFERENCES IN BREAST-FED AND FORMULA-FED INFANTS

To investigate physiologic processes that contribute to observed variations in sleeping metabolic rates, sleep stage and energy expenditure were monitored simultaneously in 9 breast-fed and 6 formula-fed 4-mo-old infants. Electroencephalogram, electrooculogram, arm and leg movement by triaxial accelerometry, heart rate, and O2 saturation were monitored during an overnight sleep session. Behavioral observations were recorded by video tape and technologist. Sleep stages (nonrapid eye movement [NREM] and rapid eye movement [REM]) were scored by standardized criteria. Energy expenditure during sleep was measured by indirect calorimetry. Mean (SD) energy expenditures were 0.036 (0.004) and 0.041 (0.004) kcal/kg/min during NREM and REM, respectively (p<0.001). Mean sleep time, 442 (78) min, accounted for 74 (14)% of the monitoring time. No significant differences were noted between breast-fed and formula-fed infants in the percentage of time spent in sleep during monitoring. However, the mean percentage of sleeping time spent in NREM was 65.3 (4.4) (range 59-70) for breast-fed infants compared with 54.7 (5.0) (range 48-60) for formula-fed infants (p<0.01). Significant differences in the distribution between NREM and REM partially explain differences in sleeping metabolic rates of breast-fed and formula-fed infants.
Biomechanical Effects of Failure Modes in Repeated Anterior Inferior Glenohumeral Joint Dislocations

Accurate and precise quantification of the failure modes and repair methods for anterior inferior glenohumeral joint dislocations are very important for effective surgical treatment of the shoulder. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively assess the effects of failure modes and repair strength by measuring the differences in glenohumeral translation and joint forces prior to and following repeated anterior shoulder dislocation and repair.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
NeedleHaystack: a program for the rapid recognition of local structures in large sets of atomic coordinates

A program that computes molecular superpositions is presented. A possible large molecule (target = haystack) is scanned for the occurrence of a given molecular motif (model = needle) within tolerances. The advance over other methods is that it can handle very large atom sets, e.g. targets of up to 100000 atoms, and does not necessarily require any chemical information and connectivity between atoms: chemical constraints to restrict the solution space are not used to relate non-obvious superpositions based on a geometric fit. The specialization to a needle-in-a-haystack problem allows a very fast algorithm. Trade-offs between run time and tolerance levels are possible. The program is fast enough to screen large databases in an acceptable time. An executable for Linux on Pentium-compatible machines is available free of charge at http://www.charite.de/bioinf/haystack. It is a command-line executable well suited for scripts and distributed computing. A Web interface for immediate testing is also available at this address.
Epidemiology and the causes of breast cancer

This article describes the characteristics of 3 dominant features of breast cancer epidemiology. These characteristics include the association of disease risk with childbearing, its relationship to ovarian activity and its international variation (particularly as the latter differs in the years before and after menopause). Equivocal tests of one hypothesis that reconciled some of these features through variations in levels of the fractions of estrogen are described. Other hypotheses with a similar objective are needed. The 3 known causes of human breast cancer, ionizing radiation, exogenous ovarian hormones and beverage alcohol, offer some preventive possibilities but do little to explain the epidemiologic features of the majority of cases of the disease that occur in their absence.
Purification and partial amino acid sequencing of bovine kidney alkaline phosphatase

Abstract 1. 1. Bovine kidney alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) was purified by the sequential application of monoclonal anti-bovine cartilage ALPase affinity, DEAE-cellulose, and Sepharose CL-6B chromatography. 2. 2. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polycrylamide-gel electrophoresis showed the presence of a single band corresponding to a molecular weight of 80,000. 3. 3. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of bovine kidney alkaline phosphatase was determined as follows: Leu-Val-Pro-Glu-Lys-Glu-Lys-Asp-Pro-?-Tyr-Trp-Arg-Asp-Gln-Ala-Gln.
A comparison of simultaneous versus sequential presentation of novel foods in the treatment of food selectivity

The present study extended the literature on feeding disorders by conducting a comparison of sequential and simultaneous food presentation in the treatment of food selectivity. In the simultaneous condition, a highly preferred food was presented in the same bite with a non-preferred food (NPF), and during the sequential condition, a highly preferred food was delivered as a consequence for acceptance and consumption of NPFs. Generalization and maintenance of food consumption was assessed. Although results for two participants indicated that both presentation methods produced an increase in acceptance and consumption of NPFs when combined with an escape extinction procedure, anecdotal observations suggested that participants may have had a preference for eating foods in a sequential fashion. Copyright # 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Politics and Culture in Anarchist Education: The Modern School of New York and Stelton, 1911-1915.

ABSTRACTThe Modern School of New York and Stelton was the first anarchist working- class alternative school for children in the United States. The school was influenced by Leo Tolstoy's school at Yasnaya Polyana in Russia and Francisco Ferrer's Escuela Moderna in Barcelona. The Escuela Moderna served as the model for a pedagogy committed to the direct teaching of revolutionary politics while Tolstoy's school at Yasnaya Polyana served as the model for a pedagogy committed to a rebel culture that fostered individual creativity and imagination. Historically it had been difficult to reconcile these two strands of radical education. A history of the New York years of the Modern School (1911–1915) offers an understanding of the interaction between a pedagogy concerned with rebel culture and a pedagogy committed to revolutionary politics. This interaction was positive when the libertarian classroom experiences emphasizing freedom, creativity and imagination were given political direction by the adult movement ho...
Stress induced modifications in ferroelectric films

Stresses in rf sputtered polycrystalline BaTiO3 thin films, deposited at 300 to 700°C and at pressures from 0.1 to 100 Pa, on both Si and sapphire single crystals, are investigated. From the measured total stress values at room temperature, both the intrinsic stresses in the film and biaxial modulus of the film, Ef/(1–νf), are calculated. At lower deposition temperatures and pressures compressive intrinsic stresses are obtained, whereas at high deposition temperatures and pressures intrinsic stresses are tensile in nature. The biaxial modulus value approaches the single crystal value for films deposited at low pressures and decreases significantly with increasing deposition pressure. BaTiO3 films with high compressive stresses (≧ 400 MPa) show higher refractive indices, higher extinction coefficients, and lower optical band gaps compared to those for films with low compressive stresses (≈ 40 MPa). Furthermore, Curie point and coercive fields are increased, while remanant polarization decreases with increasing compressive stress. In addition, films in a state of high compression show a broad peak in the dielectric constant versus temperature curve which indicates a diffuse transition from ferroelectric to paraelectric state. By a judicious choice of deposition conditions, BaTiO3 films having low intrinsic stresses and properties close to those of single crystals are obtained. For example, some of the properties of BaTiO3 films deposited at 650°C and at 2 Pa pressure on silicon substrate are: n = 2.37 at 700 nm, Eg = 3.13 eV, Pr = 15.9 μC/cm2, Ec = 10.2kV/cm, Cure point 129°C, and σi = −47 MPa.
Room for improvement in breast cancer clinical trial design: taking advantage of the preoperative setting.

Achieving approval of new oncologic drugs in breast cancer (BC) is lengthy and costly. After approval in a randomized Phase III trial in metastatic BC, an agent is then evaluated in stage I–III BC. It can take a decade for drug approval in early-stage BC, given the large sample size and long follow-up to detect improvements in disease-free or overall survival. One way to reduce this time period is conducting preoperative trials. In neoadjuvant BC trials, improvements in pathologic complete response in randomized trials of chemotherapy with and without a new agent can lead to accelerated approval. In exploratory investigational new drug trials, such as Phase 0 trials, new drugs can be evaluated for a limited time prior to traditional dose escalation trials. The US FDA has released guidelines for utilization of preoperative trials. The goal is to administer a new agent to the right subset of BC patients quicker and more effectively.
Adaptive and social mechanisms for automated improvement of eLearning materials

Online environments introduce unprecedented scale for formal and informal learning communities. In these environments, user-contributed content enables social constructivist approaches to education. In particular, students can help each other by providing hints and suggestions on how to approach problems, by rating each other's suggestions, and by engaging in discussions about the questions. In addition, students can also learn through composing their own questions. Furthermore, with grounding in Item Response Theory, data mining and statistical student models can assess questions and hints for their quality and effectiveness. As a result, internet-scale learning environments allow us to move from simple, canned quizzing systems to a new model where automated, data-driven analysis continuously assesses and refines the quality of teaching material. Our poster describes a framework and prototype of an online drill-and-practice system that leverages user-contributed content and large-scale data to organically improve itself.
CHEMICAL VARIATIONS AMONG L‐CHONDRITES—IV. ANALYSES, WITH PETROGRAPHIC NOTES, OF 13 L‐GROUP AND 3 LL‐GROUP CHONDRITES

We review our procedures for selecting, preparing and analyzing meteorite samples, present new analyses of 16 ordinary chondrites, and discuss variations of Fe, S and Si in the L-group. A tendency for Fe/Mg, S/Mg and Si/Mg to be low in L chondrites of fades d to f testifies that post-metamorphic shock melting played a significant role in the chemical diversification of the L-group. However, these ratios also vary widely and sympathetically in melt-free chondrites, indicating that much of the L-group's chemical variation arose prior to thermal metamorphism and is in that sense primary. If all L-chondrites come from one parent body, type-correlated chemical trends suggest: 1) that the body had a traditional “onion skin” structure, with metamorphic intensity increasing with depth; and 2) that it formed from material that became more homogeneous, slightly poorer in iron, and significantly richer in sulfur as accretion proceeded.
The Influence of Gender Labels on the Sex Typing of Imaginary Occupations.

Social scientists have been concerned not only with gender stratification within the occupational labor force but with young peoples' recognition and aspiration toward same-gender careers. In this paper we investigate how gender labels influence individuals' evaluational sex typing of occupations. Four gender-marked booklets were constructed such that six imaginary occupations within the story were performed by persons labeled as women, men, both men and women, or individuals. College, high-school, and fifth-and third-grade students were asked to evaluate whether a gender-marked occupation was a position for women, men, or both sexes and possible for girls and boys. Students were also asked to indicate which occupations they preferred. Not only were the occupations classified in relation to the gender labels, but occupational gender barriers were perceived. In essence, males were restricted from engaging in female-labeled jobs and females were restricted from engaging in male-labeled jobs. However, career aspirations
Effect of contaminant hydrophobicity on hydrogen peroxide dosage requirements in the Fenton-like treatment of soils

A homologous series of n-alcohols was used as model contaminants to investigate the effect of hydrophobicity on the hydrogen peroxide concentration necessary in Fenton-like treatment for near-complete (>99%) destruction of compounds sorbed to soil. These probe compounds were selected because they exhibit equal reactivities with hydroxyl radicals, but have varied hydrophobicities. The standard Fenton reaction was first used to confirm equal hydroxyl radical reactivity for the n-alcohols. Central composite rotatable design experiments were then used to determine the conditions in an iron(III)-hydrogen peroxide system that resulted in 99% degradation of each of the probe compounds when sorbed to soil. The hydrogen peroxide concentrations required for 99% destruction of the sorbed compounds increased with probe compound hydrophobicity. Furthermore, hydrogen peroxide concentration requirements were directly proportional to the log octanol-water partition coefficients (logK(OW)) of each probe compound. This quantitative relationship may not be directly applicable to other organic contaminants, but a strong correlation between logK(OW) and hydrogen peroxide requirements for other contaminants will likely be found. These results confirm that hydrogen peroxide requirements for soil treatment increase as a function of contaminant hydrophobicity and provide a basis for the development of an algorithm for hydrogen peroxide requirements when modified Fenton's reagent is used for in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO).
Prominent role of IFN-γ in patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease

Background Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is distinguished from aspirin-tolerant asthma/chronic sinusitis in large part by an exuberant infiltration of eosinophils that are characterized by their overexpression of metabolic pathways that drive the constitutive and aspirin-induced secretion of cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs). Objective We defined the inflammatory milieu that in part drives CysLT overproduction and, in particular, the role of IFN-γ in the differentiation of eosinophils. Methods Quantitative real-time PCR was performed for T H 1 and T H 2 signature cytokines on tissue from control subjects, patients with chronic hyperplastic eosinophilic sinusitis, and patients with AERD, and their cellular source was determined. The influence of IFN-γ on maturation, differentiation, and functionality of eosinophils derived from hematopoietic stem cells was determined. Results Gene expression analysis revealed that tissue from both aspirin-tolerant subjects and patients with AERD display a T H 2 cytokine signature; however, AERD was distinguished from chronic hyperplastic eosinophilic sinusitis by the prominent expression of IFN-γ. Intracellular and immunohistochemical cytokine staining revealed that the major sources of these cytokines were the eosinophils themselves. IFN-γ promoted the maturation of eosinophil progenitors, as measured by increased mRNA and surface expression of CCR3 and sialic acid–binding immunoglobulin-like lectin 8 (Siglec-8). Additionally, IFN-γ increased the expression of genes involved in leukotriene synthesis that led to increased secretion of CysLTs. IFN-γ–matured eosinophil progenitors were also primed, as demonstrated by their enhanced degranulation. Conclusions High IFN-γ levels distinguish AERD from aspirin-tolerant asthma and underlie the robust constitutive and aspirin-induced secretion of CysLTs that characterize this disorder.
IL-1β acutely increases pulmonary SP and permeability without associated changes in airway resistance and ventilation in anesthetized rats.

Abstract Bronchopulmonary C-fibers (PCFs), when activated, promote substance P (SP) release, increase microvascular leak, and produce bronchoconstriction and apnea. IL-1β administered systemically or locally into the pulmonary parenchyma stimulates PCFs. Thus, we tested whether right atrial bolus injection or aerosol inhalation of IL-1β, to mainly stimulate PCFs, would acutely affect pulmonary SP level and vascular permeability, airway resistance ( R L ), and ventilation in anesthetized rats. Our results showed that 30 min after IL-1β injection (2–6 μg kg −1 ), SP levels and Evans blue extravasation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were markedly increased and these responses were eliminated or largely reduced in neonatal capsaicin-treated rats. In contrast, neither injection nor inhalation of IL-1β (5–15 μg ml −1 ) significantly altered R L and ventilation. Additionally, the capsaicin-evoked (4 μg kg −1 , i.v.) apneic response was unaffected by IL-1β treatment. Our data suggest that IL-1β, as administered in this study, can acutely increase pulmonary SP and vascular permeability, likely via stimulating PCFs, with little impact on R L and ventilation.
Structural chemistry of defect cyanometalate boxes: {Cs⊂[CpCo(CN)3]4[Cp*Ru]3} and {M⊂[Cp*Rh(CN)3]4[Cp*Ru]3} (M = NH4, Cs)

A series of heptametallic cyanide cages are described; they represent soluble analogues of defect-containing cyanometalate solid-state polymers. Reaction of 0.75 equiv of [Cp*Ru(NCMe)3]PF6, Et(4)N[Cp*Rh(CN)3], and 0.25 equiv of CsOTf in MeCN solution produced (Cs subset [CpCo(CN)3]4[Cp*Ru]3)(Cs subset Rh4Ru3). 1H and 133Cs NMR measurements show that Cs subset Rh4Ru3 exists as a single Cs isomer. In contrast, (Cs subset [CpCo(CN)3]4[Cp*Ru]3) (Cs subset Co4Ru3), previously lacking crystallographic characterization, adopts both Cs isomers in solution. In situ ESI-MS studies on the synthesis of Cs subset Rh4Ru3 revealed two Cs-containing intermediates, Cs subset Rh2Ru2+ (1239 m/z) and Cs subset Rh3Ru3+ (1791 m/z), which underscore the participation of Cs+ in the mechanism of cage formation. 133Cs NMR shifts for the cages correlated with the number of CN groups bound to Cs+: Cs subset Co4Ru4+ (delta 1 vs delta 34 for CsOTf), Cs subset Rh4Ru3 where Cs+ is surrounded by ten CN ligands (delta 91), Cs subset Co4Ru3, which consists of isomers with 11 and 10 pi-bonded CNs (delta 42 and delta 89, respectively). Although (K subset [Cp*Rh(CN)3]4[Cp*Ru]3) could not be prepared, (NH4 subset [Cp*Rh(CN)3]4[Cp*Ru]3) (NH4 subset Rh4Ru3) forms readily by NH4+-template cage assembly. IR and NMR measurements indicate that NH4+ binding is weak and that the site symmetry is low. CsOTf quantitatively and rapidly converts NH4 subset Rh4Ru3 into Cs subset Rh4Ru3, demonstrating the kinetic advantages of the M7 cages as ion receptors. Crystallographic characterization of CsCo4Ru3 revealed that it crystallizes in the Cs-(exo)1(endo)2 isomer. In addition to the nine mu-CN ligands, two CN(t) ligands are pi-bonded to Cs+. M subset Rh4Ru3 (M = NH4, Cs) crystallizes as the second Cs isomer, that is, (exo)2(endo)1, wherein only one CN(t) ligand interacts with the included cation. The distorted framework of NH4 subset Rh4Ru3 reflects the smaller ionic radius of NH4+. The protons of NH4+ were located crystallographically, allowing precise determination of the novel NH4...CN interaction. A competition experiment between calix[4]arene-bis(benzocrown-6) and NH4 subset Rh4Ru3 reveals NH4 subset Rh4Ru3 has a higher affinity for cesium.
On cohomology of finitely generated function groups

Let Γ be a non-elementary finitely generated Kleinian group with region of discontinuity Ω. Letq be an integer,q ≥ 2. The group Λ acts on the right on the vector space Π2q−2 of polynomials of degree less than or equal to 2q − 2 via Eichler action. We note by Aqq(Ω, Λ) the space of cusp forms for Λ of weight (−2q) and the space of parabolic cohomology classes by PH1 (Λ, Π2q−2). Bers introduced an anti-linear map $$\beta _q^* :A^q \left( {\Omega ,\Gamma } \right) - - - \to PH^1 \left( {\Gamma ,\Omega _{2q - 2} } \right)$$ .
A Developmental Question

Genomic Potential of Differentiated Cells. MARIE A. DI BERARDINO. Columbia University Press, New York, 1997. xvi, 386 pp., illus., + plates. $65 or £52. ISBN 0-231-06986-3.
Moral Philosophy and Moral Enhancements

In “‘Virtue Engineering’ and Moral Agency,” Fabrice Jotterand (2011) argues that the views of Aladsair MacInytre show why the whole transhumanist enterprise of moral enhancements is mistaken, built...
The scattering of X-rays

Abstract Present Status of the Problem.—The scattering of X-rays is one of the outstanding problems of electromagnetic radiation which has not been solved satisfactorily. All theories (based on classical electrodynamics) presented thus far do not explain either the diminution in the scattering coefficient, or the observed asymmetry in the scattering, or both. Among such theories we may mention: J. J. Thompson's Theory.—Assuming that the scattering is done by a point electron, and making use of certain additional hypotheses, Thomson showed that the scattering coefficient of any substance is given by σ= 8πNpe 4 3m 2 c 4 and that the intensity of the scattered radiation is given by I θ =I e 4 (I+cos 2 θ) 2r 2 m 2 c 4 where N is the number of atoms per c.c., p the number of electrons per atom, e the electronic charge, m the electronic mass, c the velocity of light, Iθ the intensity of the scattered radiation at an angle θ between the incident beam and the radius vector joining the centre of the electron and the point P distant r from the electron, and I is the intensity of the incident beam. This theory explains neither the asymmetry nor the decrease in the coefficient of scattering. Schott's Theory.—Among other things, the assumption is here made that the atom consists of coaxal rings of electron. The electrons in each ring are spaced at equal intervals and revolve with a uniform angular velocity, which, however, may be different for different rings. This theory fails to explain the observed diminution in the scattering coefficient. Debye's Theory.—In its essentials, Debye's theory has the same merits and demerits as that of Schott. Debye assumes that all the electrons in an atom are arranged in a single ring, and that they are spaced at equal intervals. This theory (and also Schott's theory) explains the asymmetry and the “excess scattering,” but is altogether unable to explain the diminution in the scattering coefficient. Modification of the Classical Theory.—The present paper presents a discussion of the possibility of modifying the classical theory (that of J. J. Thomson) so as to account for the decrease in the scattering coefficient as well as the dissymmetry. By assuming that the electron is made up of a number of parts—for simplicity, of two parts—it has been found possible to account for the diminution in the scattering coefficient without, at the same time, explaining the observed asymmetry. To accomplish both objects is what was aimed at in the combination of the present work with that of Debye. In this research the goal has not been perfection between predicted and observed results, but rather to discuss some possible modifications of the classical theory and their consequences.
Effects of Perioperative Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor on Horses With Ascending Colonic Ischemia

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a glycoprotein that regulates the proliferation and maturation of hematopoietic progenitor cells and modulates the function of mature neutrophils. The responses to administration of G-CSF alone, and in combination with antimicrobials, were studied in an equine model of ascending colon ischemia. Complete segmental colonic ischemia (3.75 hours) with pelvic flexure enterotomy was created in four treatment groups. Group 1 horses received recombinant canine G-CSF (10 micrograms/kg, every 24 hours, intramuscularly), gentamicin sulfate (2.2 mg/kg, every 8 hours, intravenously), and potassium penicillin G (40,000 IU/kg, every 6 hours, intravenously). Group 2 horses were treated with the G-CSF vehicle and antimicrobials as for group 1. Group 3 horses received G-CSF and the antimicrobial drug vehicles, and group 4 horses served as the untreated control receiving G-CSF vehicle and antimicrobial vehicles. The results for 20 horses, five horses in each group, were compared. Treatment with G-CSF was associated with an increased concentration of white blood cells, band neutrophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes in the peripheral blood after surgery. Antimicrobial administration had no detectable effect on cell concentrations after surgery. Administration of G-CSF was associated with an increased concentration of nucleated cells in the peritoneal fluid including neutrophils, small mononuclear cells and large mononuclear cells. Horses that developed incisional infections had lower neutrophil concentrations in the peripheral blood on postoperative day 2 than horses without infected incisions. These results suggested that the prophylactic administration of G-CSF may be useful in the treatment of patients at risk for developing neutropenia after surgery.
Visualizing Meta Search Results: Evaluating the MetaCrystal toolset

MetaCrystal aims to help users find the documents that are most likely to be relevant. It compares the results returned by multiple search engines and displays the documents based on the number of engines that found them and their rank positions in the result lists. First, this paper examines the validity of the MetaCrystal design approach by calculating the probability that a document is relevant based on the number of engines that found it and its rank positions in the result lists. Using TREC data, it is shown that MetaCrystal’s visual design is sound because it visually emphasizes documents based on their likelihood of being relevant. Second, this paper investigates if users are able to use the MetaCrystal‘s visualizations to find the documents that are most likely to be relevant. The results of a user study are reported that show that novice users are able to accomplish this task.
c-Jun NH2-Terminal Kinase 1 Plays a Critical Role in Intestinal Homeostasis and Tumor Suppression

The c-Jun NH 2 -terminal kinase (JNK) signal transduction pathway plays important roles in cellular processes and stress. However, the role of JNK1 in intestinal homeostasis and tumorigenesis is unknown. Therefore, we used a JNK1 knockout mouse model to characterize intestinal cell maturation and tumorigenesis. In addition, colon cancer cell lines were used to validate the role of JNK1 and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms in vitro . To our surprise, we found that mice with targeted inactivation of JNK1 spontaneously developed intestinal tumors. The normal mucosa in JNK1-deficient mice showed decreased cell differentiation and increased cell proliferation. This tumorigenesis was closely linked to the down-regulation of p21 WAF1/cip1 , a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, in intestinal epithelial cells. Immunohistochemical staining showed that JNK1 was highly expressed in the differentiation compartment of the intestinal mucosa and that the expression of JNK1 was significantly decreased in both human colonic and mouse intestinal tumors. In the colon cancer cell lines, JNK1 expression was up-regulated during spontaneous differentiation, corresponding to the up-regulation of p21 WAF1/cip1 . Moreover, butyrate-induced p21 expression was linked to phosphorylation of JNK1. Reduced JNK1 expression by small interfering RNA suppressed butyrate-induced apoptosis. We concluded that JNK1 plays a critical role in the regulation of homeostasis and in the suppression of tumor formation in the intestine, which was linked to the altered expression of p21 WAF1/cip1 .
Social Skills Training for Secondary Students With Emotional and/or Behavioral Disorders: A Review and Analysis of the Meta-Analytic Literature

Secondary students with or at risk for emotional and/or behavioral disorders (EBD) can be characterized as having severe deficits in social competence. Moreover, as students transition into the sec...
Does devoutness delay death? Psychological investment in religion and its association with longevity in the Terman sample

Religious people tend to live slightly longer lives (M. E. McCullough, W. T. Hoyt, D. B. Larson, H. G. Koenig, & C. E. Thoresen, 2000). On the basis of the principle of social investment (J. Lodi-Smith & B. W. Roberts, 2007), the authors sought to clarify this phenomenon with a study of religion and longevity that (a) incorporated measures of psychological religious commitment; (b) considered religious change over the life course; and (c) examined 19 measures of personality traits, social ties, health behaviors, and mental and physical health that might help to explain the religion-longevity association. Discrete-time survival growth mixture models revealed that women (but not men) with the lowest degrees of religiousness through adulthood had shorter lives than did women who were more religious. Survival differences were largely attributable to cross-sectional and prospective between-class differences in personality traits, social ties, health behaviors, and mental and physical health.
Ordered stacking fault arrays in silicon nanowires

Correlated Raman microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to study the ordering of {111} planar defects in individual silicon nanowires. Detailed electron diffraction and polarization-dependent Raman analysis of individual nanowires enabled assessments of the stacking fault distribution, which varied from random to periodic, with the latter giving rise to local domains of 2H and 9R polytypes rather than the 3C diamond cubic structure. Some controversies and inconsistencies concerning earlier reports of polytypes in Si nanowires were resolved.
A simplified and generalized model for the rapid expansion of supercritical solutions

Abstract A set of analytical equations is derived for the estimation of the average diameter attained by particles that are generated by the rapid expansion of a supercritical solution (RESS). Applying the simplified model to one specific, but nevertheless representative set of experimental conditions for RESS processing, theoretical findings from earlier work could be generally confirmed and new insight was gained. Particles generated by RESS through an expansion device having a cylindrical section with a small aspect ratio will generally not attain average diameters of more than 20–50 nm before passing through the critical cross section since the time available for growth by condensation is limited to a few microseconds. Comparing three different driving mechanisms for growth due to coagulation, it was found that the effects of slip flow differences can be seen as most promising to significantly improve existing RESS models.
Phase separated composite films of liquid crystals

Phase separation of liquid crystals from a solution with polymers has long been studied and used to prepare polymer stabilized and polymer dispersed structures. They are formed by spatially isotropic phase separation. A new mode, in which the phase separation proceeds anisotropically, has recently been discovered. Known as phase separated composite films (PSCOF), the resultant structures are made of adjacent parallel layers of liquid crystal and solidified polymer. PSCOFs have been made with nematic, ferroelectric (FLC), and antiferroelectric (AFLC) liquid crystals. Liquid crystals in PSCOFs exhibit electro-optical properties not observed in devices prepared by conventional methods, polymer dispersion, or polymer stabilization methods. Devices incorporating FLCs possess grey scale and switch 100 times faster at low fields than conventional surface stabilized devices. This method makes it possible to prepare very flexible devices and devices with liquid crystal film thickness comparable to optical wavelengths with great ease.
The electrical resistivities of Li and Rb below 1 K

Abstract Measurements of the temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity of Li and Rb below 1 K reveal strong deviations from the simple T 2 variation expected for electron-electron scattering. The source of these deviations is not yet known, but they may be associated with low energy excitations of defects such as dislocations.
A simple backup for a radiosurgery treatment planning system.

Abstract To calculate the dose distribution and the number of monitor unit (MU) per are, all radiosurgery systems utilize some sort of computer. These computers are, of course, subject to equipment malfunction such as problems with the magnetic tape drive, keyboard, mouse, etc. Since most radiosurgery procedures are quite invasive and time consuming, it is important to have a reliable and reasonably accurate backup system for planning the treatment. This paper will show that a simple PC based system, along with a digitizer, may be used as a backup for a commercial, VAX based radiosurgery system. A complete radiosurgery planning procedure was carried out on a head phantom with a target imbedded inside. The treatment planning and verification using the PC based system is also compared with that using the VAX based system.
Hemodynamic Studies in Chronic Uremia

Hemodynamic functions and blood volume were observed in patients with chronic uremia. Thirty-one patients had clinical features of circulatory congestion and 37 did not. The degree of anemia and acidosis was comparable in both groups. However, creatinine clearance was significantly lower in patients with circulatory congestion. Both groups of patients had greater blood pressure, heart rate, plasma volume, and total peripheral resistance than normal. Resting cardiac output was abnormally decreased in 19% of the patients with circulatory congestion and in 14% of patients without features of circulatory congestion. There was no correlation between blood volume and blood pressure. Intravenous digitalization of seven of the patients with circulatory congestion produced clinical and hemodynamic improvement in only two. Hemodialysis effected an increase in cardiac output and a decrease in total peripheral resistance in six patients with congestion. In seven patients without circulatory congestion after dialysis there was a fall in plasma and blood volume, associated with a slight decrease in cardiac output. It is suggested that congestion of the circulation in chronic uremia results from a variety of hemodynamic, myocardial, and metabolic alterations, rather than from any single abnormality.
Improving mass defect filters for human proteins.

The mass defect of a substance can be used in mass spectral analysis to identify peaks as likely belonging to a compound class, such as peptides, if the mass defect is within the known range for that compound class. For peptides, a range of possible mass defects was calculated previously, using a set of theoretical peptides, where all possible amino acid combinations were considered (Mann, M. Abstract from the 43rd Annual Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics; Conference Proceedings, 1995). We compare that range of theoretical peptide mass defects to new values obtained from in silico tryptic digests of proteins that are abundant in human serum and human seminal fluid. The range of mass defect values encompassing 95% of peptides for the human protein data sets was found to be up to 50% smaller than the previously reported mass defect range for the theoretical peptides. The smaller range established for human tryptic peptides can be used to improve peptide mass defect filters by excluding more ...
Dynamic evaluation of a regional air quality model: Assessing the emissions-induced weekly ozone cycle

Abstract Air quality models are used to predict changes in pollutant concentrations resulting from envisioned emission control policies. Recognizing the need to assess the credibility of air quality models in a policy-relevant context, we perform a dynamic evaluation of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system for the “weekend ozone effect” to determine if observed changes in ozone due to weekday-to-weekend (WDWE) reductions in precursor emissions can be accurately simulated. The weekend ozone effect offers a unique opportunity for dynamic evaluation, as it is a widely documented phenomenon that has persisted since the 1970s. In many urban areas of the Unites States, higher ozone has been observed on weekends than weekdays, despite dramatically reduced emissions of ozone precursors (nitrogen oxides [NOx] and volatile organic compounds [VOCs]) on weekends. More recent measurements, however, suggest shifts in the spatial extent or reductions in WDWE ozone differences. Using 18 years (1988–2005) of observed and modeled ozone and temperature data across the northeastern United States, we re-examine the long-term trends in the weekend effect and confounding factors that may be complicating the interpretation of this trend and explore whether CMAQ can replicate the temporal features of the observed weekend effect. The amplitudes of the weekly ozone cycle have decreased during the 18-year period in our study domain, but the year-to-year variability in weekend minus weekday (WEWD) ozone amplitudes is quite large. Inter-annual variability in meteorology appears to influence WEWD differences in ozone, as well as WEWD differences in VOC and NOx emissions. Because of the large inter-annual variability, modeling strategies using a single episode lasting a few days or a few episodes in a given year may not capture the WEWD signal that exists over longer time periods. The CMAQ model showed skill in predicting the absolute values of ozone concentrations during the daytime. However, early morning NOx concentrations were underestimated and ozone levels were overestimated. Also, the modeled response of ozone to WEWD differences in emissions was somewhat less than that observed. This study reveals that model performance may be improved by (1) properly estimating mobile source NOx emissions and their temporal distributions, especially for diesel vehicles; (2) reducing the grid cell size in the lowest layer of CMAQ; and, (3) using time-dependent and more realistic boundary conditions for the CMAQ simulations.
The Almost Untreatable Narcissistic Patient

Clinical experience in the Personality Disorders Institute at Weill Cornell Medical College suggests that patients with borderline personality organization and a narcissistic personality disorder have a more serious prognosis than all other personality disorders functioning at the borderline level, and that those who in addition present significant antisocial behavior have an even worse prognosis (Clarkin, Yeomans, and Kernberg 1999; Stone 1990). This negative trend culminates in a group of practically untreatable patients with antisocial personality disorder, who represent the most severe cases of pathological narcissism. There are also patients with severe narcissistic personality disorder, functioning at an overt borderline level with significant antisocial features, but not presenting an antisocial personality disorder proper, who at times respond to treatment, while others do not. These patients are explored here, with a focus on particular psychotherapeutic techniques that have proven helpful, as well as on the limits of these technical approaches.
Semipacked separation columns with monolayer protected gold stationary phases for microgas chromatography

Semi-packed columns (SPC), as a new class of gas chromatography columns, offer several advantages like increased surface area and sample capacity compared to open columns and the elimination of the differential flows observed in multicapillary columns. We present herein for the first time SPCs with monolayer protected gold stationary phases by utilizing the ability of octadecanethiol (C 18 H 37 SH) to self-assemble on deposited gold layers. We employed two selective gold deposition approaches followed by thiol functionalization; 1) our previously reported high-yield double-doped self-patterned process and 2) e-beam evaporation of gold followed by the lift-off process. By utilizing both schemes, we produced 1m-long, 250μm-deep, 190μm-wide semipacked columns with circular micropillars of 20 μm-diameters and 20 μm-post spacing. Both approaches afford the separation of complex gas mixtures with wide range of boiling points. However, the shadowing effect inherent in e-beam evaporation specifically for high-aspect-ratio structures results in incomplete gold coverage and limits its application in separation columns with microposts.
Oxidation-reduction reactions of CeMO4+x (M = Ta or Nb) phases☆

Phase equilibrium methods, single crystal and powder x-ray diffraction analyses, thermogravimetric analysis and magnetic susceptibility measurements were utilized to define subsolidus phase relations in air for the systems cerium oxide - Ta2O5 and cerium oxide - Nb2O5. Stoichiometric CeTaO4 is stable in air (PO2 = 0.21 atm) only above 1265°C. At 1265°C, the reversible reaction, 3CeTaO4 + 12 ↔CeTa3O9 + 2CeO2 is established. If CeTaO4 is quenched to room temperature and reheated below 1000°C, or, if the material is rapidly cooled from above 1265°C to below 1000°C it absorbs oxygen according to, CeTaO4 + 12O2 → Ce13+−2xCe2x4+TaO4+x. The x parameter is variable and temperature dependent. Using a thermal microbalance, three distinct complex reaction series involving a homogeneity range in x were established, (a) 0.50 ≥ × ≥ 0.48 (<350°–600°C), (b) 0.17 ≥ × ≥ 0.06 (600°–950°C), (c) 0.40 ≥ × ≥ 0.34 (950°-room temperature). CeNbO4 (not isostructural with CeTaO4) also absorbs oxygen below ≈700°C in air to yield CeNbO4+x materials.
Light echoes - Novae

The sudden brilliance of a nova eruption will be reflected on surrounding dust grains to create a phantom nebula. Previous searches for these light echoes have used relatively short exposures with photograhic detectors. This paper reports on a search around eight recent novae with long exposures using a CCD camera. Despite an increase of sensitivity by over an order of magnitude, no light echoes were detected. It is found that the average grain density must be less than about 10 to the -9th per cu cm for distances from 0.1 pc to 1000 pc from the novae. The light echo around Nova Persei 1901 was caused by reflection off clouds with grain densities of several times 10 to the -9th per cu cm which are at distances between 0.1 pc and 10 pc. Echoes from dust in a circumstellar shell or ejected during a previous eruption will be effectively unobservable.