cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perfluorodecanoic acid and lipid metabolism in the rat

Alterations in lipid metabolism were examined in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats seven days after a single intraperitoneal injection of perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA; 20, 40 or 80 mg/kg). Because PFDA treatment caused a dose-related reduction in feed intake, the response of vehicle-treated rats pair-fed to those receiving PFDA was monitored to distinguish direct effects of the perfluorinated fatty acid from those secondary to hypophagia. Carcass content of lipid phosphorus and free cholesterol decreased in dose-dependent fashion in both PFDA-treated and pair-fed rats. Carcass triacylglycerols diminished in a similar manner, yet PFDA-treated rats at each dose had a higher concentration of neutral acylglycerols than their vehicle-treated, pair-fed counterparts. In vehicle-treated, pair-fed rats at the 80 mg/kg dose level, lipid phosphorus and free cholesterol as a proportion of carcass fat increased, whereas the share of the triacylglycerols declined. Because of the higher concentration of triacylglycerols in the carcass of rats treated with 80 mg/kg PFDA, enrichment of lipid phosphorus and free cholesterol in carcass fat was less than in their pair-fed partners. The amount of lipid phosphorus and free cholesterol per hepatocyte was similar in both PFDA-treated rats and their pair-fed partners. Liver triacylglycerols were markedly increased in PFDA-treated rats. A similar but less extensive augmentary effect of PFDA on hepatic esterified cholesterol was found. Concentration of triacylglycerols in plasma was not elevated in PFDA-treated rats, in spite of hepatic accumulation of esterified compounds. Also, the plasma level of free fatty acids and 3-hydroxybutyrate was similar in all treatment groups, including those receiving PFDA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Alterations in Auditory Processing of Speech Stimuli During Aging in Healthy Subjects

Studies of auditory processing during aging in man have not provided a consensus on whether aging affects the ability to process speech stimuli. To evaluate the relationship between speech recognition tasks and age, we examined 36 male subjects between the ages of 21 and 83 years, who were screened for the absence of disease, particularly in the cardiovascular and neurologic systems. Measures were obtained on the following tests: pure tone thresholds, speech reception threshold, speech discrimination, low-pass filtered speech, and binaural fusion. A statistically significant correlation was found between pure tone thresholds and age for all frequencies. When the effect of peripheral hearing loss was taken into account, speech measures did not correlate with age, with the exception of low-pass filtered speech in the left ear. Our findings suggest that the aging process in healthy man is not necessarily accompanied by deficits in the processing of speech stimuli beyond those which are due to peripheral hearing loss.
Rigid fixation of mandibular condyle fractures

This article reviews the anatomy and surgical approaches for treating fractures of the mandibular condyle with plate and screw fixation. Advantages and disadvantages of the preauricular, submandibular, intraoral, retromandibular, and rhytidectomy approaches are presented.
Essential Hypertension Predicted by Tracking of Elevated Blood Pressure From Childhood to Adulthood: The Bogalusa Heart Study

It is well known that blood pressure (BP) levels persist over time. The present investigation examines tracking of elevated BP from childhood to adulthood and its progression to essential hypertension. In a community study of early natural history of arteriosclerosis and essential hypertension, a longitudinal cohort was constructed from two cross-sectional surveys > 15 years apart: 1505 individuals (56% female subjects, 35% black), aged 5 to 14 years at initial study. Persistence of BP was shown by significant correlations between childhood and adulthood levels (r = 0.36 to 0.50 for systolic BP and r = 0.20 to 0.42 for diastolic BP), varying by race, sex, and age. These correlations remained the same after controlling for body mass index (BMI). Twice the expected number of subjects (40% for systolic BP and 37% for diastolic BP), whose levels were in the highest quintile at childhood, remained there 15 years later. Furthermore, of the childhood characteristics, baseline BP level was most predictive of the follow-up level, followed by change in BMI. Subsequently, even at ages 20 to 31 years, prevalence of clinically diagnosed hypertension was much higher in subjects whose childhood BP was in the top quintile: 3.6 times (18% v 5%) as high in systolic BP and 2.6 times (15% v 5.8%) as high in diastolic BP, compared to subjects in every other quintile. Of the 116 subjects who developed hypertension, 48% and 41% had elevated childhood systolic and diastolic BP, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Apparent thermal destabilization of Escherichia coli nucleoprotein due to the incomplete dialysis of EDTA.

Abstract Escherichia coli nucleoprotein has been found to undergo thermal denaturation approx. 5°C lower than purified E. coli DNA, measured in 0.25 mM sodium EDTA, pH 8.0 (Searcy, D.G. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 395, 535–547). This is now shown to be an artifact due to the impermeability of dialysis membranes to sodium EDTA, especially at low concentrations such as 1 mM or less. Thermal denaturation data can be corrected by measuring the electrical conductivity of the solutions. When this is done, the nucleoprotein and DNA both denature at the same temperature.
Domestic Terrorism in the Islamic Legal Tradition

Etude comparative des concepts de terrorisme dans le droit americain et de hirābah dans le droit musulman. Tout au long de l'histoire islamique, les juristes se sont attaches a proteger la communaute des actes de violence et de terreur perpetres par des elements internes. La loi du hirābah, extremement malleable et capable de s'adapter a des circonstances bien differentes, a ainsi ete etablie a partir du Coran (5:33-34). Son objectif fondamental demeure le meme que celui des lois anti-terroristes americaines. On peut ainsi esperer un dialogue entre ses deux traditions legales.
Categorical goal hierarchies and classification of human motives

To explore a structural approach to motivation based on hierarchies of goal inclusion, 231 subjects in two studies rated the valence of 46 or 56 general goals, and ratings were subjected to hierarchical cluster analysis and factor analysis. Factors over all subjects were labeled Interpersonal Concern, Competitive Ambition, Exploration-play, Balanced Success, Economic Status, and Intellectual Orientation. Cluster analyses produced corresponding clusters, as well as Security, Personal Growth, Transpersonal Orientation, and Tranquility Seeking, arranged in hierarchies of class inclusion, culminating in a broad goal dichotomy described as Individual Striving vs. Harmony Seeking. The paper explicates a type of hierarchical interdependency among motives which supplements interdependencies implied by motivation theories, and suggests an alternative to the assumption of some fixed number of “basic” motives. It gives descriptive data on very broad motivation categories which influence self-reports of goal importance and which relate to prior classifications of motivation, personality, and social behavior.
Virtual electrode effects in defibrillation

This modeling study demonstrates that a re-entrant activity in a sheet of myocardium can be extinguished by a defibrillation shock delivered via extracellular point-source electrodes which establish spatially non-uniform applied field. The tissue is represented as a homogeneous bidomain with unequal anisotropy ratios in the cardiac conductivities. Spiral wave re-entry is initiated in the bidomain sheet following an S1-S2 stimulation protocol. The results indicate that the point-source defibrillation shock establishes large-scale changes in transmembrane potential in the tissue (virtual electrodes) that are 'superimposed' over regions of various degrees of membrane refractoriness in the myocardium. The close proximity of large-scale shock-induced regions of alternating membrane polarity is central to the ability of the shock to terminate the spiral wave. The new wavefronts generated following anode/cathode break phenomena restrict the spiral wave and render the tissue too refractory to further maintain the re-entry. In contrast, shocks delivered via line electrodes establish, in close proximity to the electrode, changes in transmembrane potential that are of same-sign polarity. These shocks are incapable of terminating the re-entrant activation.
Group actions and the singular set

Abstract For any fibration there is a number we call the trace which measures the best natural transfer that exists. For a group G acting on a space X we get the fibration from the Borel construction and we say the trace for that fibration is the trace of the action, written tr( G , X ). The singular set of an action is the subspace of X where G is not acting freely. The main theorem states that the trace of an action is equal to the trace of the action on its singular set. We use the techniques arising in the proof of the main theorem to study the size of the smallest orbit of the action. Finally we compare the trace of an action with the closely related exponent of the action as studied by W. Browder and A. Adem.
Protein phosphatases and signaling cascades in higher plants

Abstract Protein kinases and phosphatases play a central role in cellular signaling. Protein kinases have been widely studied in higher plants, but protein phosphatases have been largely neglected. Recent studies place protein phosphatases in various signaling cascades including those for abscisic acid, pathogen and stress responses, and developmental processes. These have clearly demonstrated that protein phosphatases function not only by counterbalancing the protein kinases but also by taking a leading role in many signaling events.
The IBM 3090 system: an overview

The first part of this paper places the IBM 3090 system in historical perspective with respect to its predecessors. Treated briefly are the technology and the design process, both of which were critical to the development of the 3090. Presented in detail is the 3090 system itself, with emphasis on its features that differ from those of prior systems.
Predictors of Prolonged Length of Stay After Major Elective Head and Neck Surgery

Objective/Hypothesis: Longer length of stay (LOS) after elective surgery is associated with an increased use of health care resources and higher costs. The objectives of this study were to determine the perioperative factors that predict a prolonged LOS after elective major head and neck operations and to test the hypothesis that factors related to process of care (intra- and postoperative) independently predict prolonged LOS after adjustment for preoperative patient characteristics. Study Design: Prospective hospital-based cohort study. Methods: The National VA Surgical Quality Improvement Program data were accessed for seven head and neck operations: radical neck dissection (RND) (n = 398), modified RND (n = 891), total laryngectomy (n = 431), total laryngectomy with RND (n = 747), hemiglossectomy with unilateral RND (n = 201), composite resection (n = 105), and composite resection with RND (n = 312). Prolonged LOS was defined as exceeding the 75th percentile for the LOS distribution of each operation. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors that predicted prolonged LOS. Results: Sixty-eight variables were analyzed among 3,050 patients who qualified for inclusion. Preoperative patient characteristics that predicted prolonged LOS were older age, poorer functional status, consumption of more than two drinks of alcohol per day, history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and diabetes mellitus. Intraoperative processes that predicted prolonged LOS were a longer operative time and transfusion of erythrocytes. The postoperative variables that predicted a prolonged LOS were a return to the operating room within 30 days of the index operation and the occurrence of two or more operative complications. Conclusion: Several intraoperative processes and postoperative adverse events contributed additional predictive information for prolonged LOS, after consideration of preoperative patient characteristics.
Magnetic and electrical properties of the substitution series Ce2Ni2xPd2(1−x)In

Abstract The magnetic susceptibility and electrical resistivity of Ce 2 Ni 2 x Pd 2(1− x In were studied for x = 0.0–1.0. The magnetic properties change continuously from ferromagnetic Ce 2 Pd 2 In with T c ≈ 4 K to the temperature-independent paramagnet Ce 2 Ni 2 In. The electrical resistivity varies systematically, showing hysteresis in brittle Ce 2 Pd 2 In and simple metal-like behavior in Ce 2 Ni 2 In. The property changes are discussed in terms of lattice and concentration effects.
High pH, ammonia toxicity, and the search for life on the Jovian planets

Jovian plants have enviroments apparently suitable for the evolution of life, but nevertheless, present severe challenges to organisms. One such challenge arises from the presence of ammonia. Ammonia is an efficient biocide, its effect being dependent on pH as well as on concentration. The effects of pH and ammonia concentration were studied separately, where possible, on a variety of organisms, including some isolated from natural enviornments of high pH and/or ammonia concentration. Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis are both extremely sensitive to ammonia. An aerobic organism (growth up to pH 11.4) from an alkaline spring is more resistant, but exhibits a toxic response to ammonia at a pH much lower than its maximum for growth. The greatest ammonia resistance has been found in an unidentified organism growing at near neutral pH. Even in this case, however, survival at ammonia concentrations reasonably expected on the Jovian planets is measured in hours. This is, nevertheless, two to three orders of magnitude longer than for E. coli. Our data support the tentative conclusion that contamination of the Jovian planets with terrestrial organisms that can grow is unlikely. However, the range of toxic response noted, coupled with the observation that terrestrial life has not been exposed to high ammonia concentrations for millions of years, suggests that adaptation to greater ammonia tolerance may be possible.
Induction of measles virus-specific human cytotoxic T cells by purified measles virus nucleocapsid and hemagglutinin polypeptides.

ABSTRACT The measles virus polypeptide specificity of human measles virus-specific, HLA class II restricted cytotoxic T cells have been examined. Measles virus-specific CTL have been generated usin...
Magnetic-field requirements for an active-control flap on a rotorcraft

In this paper, we describe a nonlinear constitutive relation for magnetostrictive materials that includes coupling between temperature, applied loads, and magnetic field strengths. The model is used to predict the magnetic field requirements for actuating a control flap to reduce the vibrational loads in a rotorcraft system. This prediction is based on the force/displacement requirements presently available in the literature for a particular flap. Results indicate that reasonable changes in the ambient temperature and centrifugal forces generated by the rotating blade strongly influence magnetic field requirements.
Gene expression profiles in esophageal adenocarcinoma predict survival after resection.

Objective The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma is rapidly increasing in the western population. Despite aggressive treatment, survival after esophagectomy is suboptimal. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the gene expression profiles in esophageal adenocarcinoma and determine their association with survival after resection. Methods We conducted a prospective National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute funded study to evaluate the prognostic significance of gene expression in patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma undergoing esophagectomy. Gene expression in tumor tissue was analyzed using high-throughput oligonucleotide arrays. The association of gene expression and overall survival was analyzed using the tail-strength statistic and Cox regression analysis. Gene signatures were constructed with semisupervised methods using principal components. A cross-validated risk score was devised by conducting 10-fold cross-validation, 100 times. Results We evaluated the gene expression in 64 patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma who underwent esophagectomy. The median overall survival was 27 months (95% confidence interval 22 to not reached). After filtering, 10,214 probe sets were used for survival analysis. The tail-strength statistic for these probe sets (0.318) indicated a significant association with overall survival. Patients were classified into high- and low-risk groups, according to the gene signature. High-risk patients had a predicted median survival of 19 months, but the median was not reached for the low-risk group ( P P = .04). Conclusions Global gene expression levels were significantly associated with overall survival after esophagectomy. Furthermore, individual genes could be successfully combined into a strongly predictive, internally cross-validated gene signature. If validated further, these results could help direct additional clinical trials of neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies for esophageal adenocarcinoma.
Synthesis of a collagenase inhibitor by gingival fibroblasts in culture

Human cllagenase was inhibited by test solutions of human gingival fibroblast culture media. The fibroblast-derived collagenase inhibitor was only slightly affected by 10 μg trypsin but was inactivated with 100 μg trypsin. The chaotropic agent KSCN (3 M) completely inactivated the inhibitor, whereas the thiol-blocking reagent, p-aminophenylmercuric acetate, partially inactivated the inhibitor. Inhibitory activity was retained at 60°C but was abolished at 100°C. Following ammonium sulfate fractionation, the fibroblast inhibitor was recovered in the supernatant at concentrations of at least 70% saturation. It is suggested that collagenase latency in soft connective tissues may derive from a collagenase-inhibitor complex formed by interaction of collagenase and a fibroblast-derived inhibitor.
The ICES marine environmental quality committee (MEQC); its history and activities

This paper reviews the early histocy of pollution research and its consideration in management as accomplished within the Marine Envirormental Quality Committee (MEQC) and predecessor units, International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Recent issues and developments are discussed and used to illustrate the activities of the MEQC since 1975.
Nutrient accumulation rates for wheat in the southeastern coastal plain

Abstract Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production has increased in the southeastern Coastal Plains to provide many farmers with an increased mid‐year cash flow, and because breeding programs have improved disease resistance and increased yield potential for this crop. To determine if current fertilizer application rates were being utilized, nutrient accumulation rates for wheat grown on Norfolk loamy sand (fine‐loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleudults) were quantified using mathematical splining. Wheat was sown in mid‐November at a rate of 100 kg ha‐1 (288 seed m‐2) in 190‐mm rows and fertilized with 84–30–56 kg ha‐1 N‐P‐K for a 1986–87 crop, and with 120–16–31 kg ha‐1 N‐P‐K for a 1987–88 crop. Aerial plant samples were collected seven or eight times between mid‐February (Feekes growth stage 5) and maturity in early June. Plant growth and N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn concentrations were measured. Aerial nutrient accumulation was calculated and described by splining with compound cubic polyno...
Political Parties at War: A Study of American War Finance, 1789–2010

What determines when states adopt war taxes to finance the cost of conflict? We address this question with a study of war taxes in the United States between 1789 and 2010. Using logit estimation of the determinants of war taxes, an analysis of roll-call votes on war tax legislation, and a historical case study of the Civil War, we provide evidence that partisan fiscal differences account for whether the United States finances its conflicts through war taxes or opts for alternatives such as borrowing or expanding the money supply. Because the fiscal policies implemented to raise the revenues for war have considerable and often enduring redistributive impacts, war finance—in particular, war taxation—becomes a high-stakes political opportunity to advance the fiscal interests of core constituencies. Insofar as the alternatives to taxation shroud the actual costs of war, the findings have important implications for democratic accountability and the conduct of conflict.
A narrow-band VHF-tuned amplifier using modern current feedback amplifiers (CFAs)

The design of an inexpensive, tunable, and highly selective VHF-tuned amplifiers using the modern current feedback amplifiers (CFAs) in the well-known GIC configuration is presented in this article.
Chromatin Decondensation and Nuclear Reprogramming by Nucleoplasmin

Somatic cell nuclear cloning has repeatedly demonstrated striking reversibility of epigenetic regulation of cell differentiation. Upon injection into eggs, the donor nuclei exhibit global chromatin decondensation, which might contribute to reprogramming the nuclei by derepressing dormant genes. Decondensation of sperm chromatin in eggs is explained by the replacement of sperm-specific histone variants with egg-type histones by the egg protein nucleoplasmin (Npm). However, little is known about the mechanisms of chromatin decondensation in somatic nuclei that do not contain condensation-specific histone variants. Here we found that Npm could widely decondense chromatin in undifferentiated mouse cells without overt histone exchanges but with specific epigenetic modifications that are relevant to open chromatin structure. These modifications included nucleus-wide multiple histone H3 phosphorylation, acetylation of Lys 14 in histone H3, and release of heterochromatin proteins HP1β and TIF1β from the nuclei. The protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine inhibited chromatin decondensation and these epigenetic modifications with the exception of H3 acetylation, potentially linking these chromatin events. At the functional level, Npm pretreatment of mouse nuclei facilitated activation of four oocyte-specific genes from the nuclei injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes. Future molecular elucidation of chromatin decondensation by Npm will significantly contribute to our understanding of the plasticity of cell differentiation.
Cost-Effectiveness of Providing Full Drug Coverage to Increase Medication Adherence in Post-Myocardial Infarction Medicare Beneficiaries

Background— Effective therapies for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease–related events are significantly underused, and attempts to improve adherence have often yielded disappointing results. Elimination of patient out-of-pocket costs may be an effective strategy to enhance medication use. We sought to estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness of providing full coverage for aspirin, β-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, and statins (combination pharmacotherapy) to individuals enrolled in the Medicare drug benefit program after acute myocardial infarction. Methods and Results— We created a Markov cost-effectiveness model to estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness of providing Medicare beneficiaries with full coverage for combination pharmacotherapy compared with current coverage under the Medicare Part D program. Our analysis was conducted from the societal perspective and considered a lifetime time horizon. In a sensitivity analysis, we...
The Role of Employee Task Performance and Learning Effort in Determining Empowering Managerial Practices Evidence From a Public Agency

Touting its potential benefits, employee participation or empowerment has served as an underlying theme in many recent public sector management reforms. However, few studies have investigated the conditions under which public managers are more or less likely to use participatory practices while making decisions with their employees. This study contributes to the public management literature by investigating how public manager assessments of employee behavior can affect the degree to which the manager uses two different types of empowerment: consultation and delegation. Using survey data from both employees and their supervisors collected in a large government agency, we find that supervisor perceptions of subordinate task performance and learning efforts are important in predicting their use of the two empowerment practices. In particular, public managers are more likely to delegate work to employees they perceive as higher performers but more likely to consult with employees who they perceive as exhibiti...
GRMS: a global resource management system for distributed QoS and criticality support

GRMS is a global resource management system for providing middleware services for QoS- and criticality-based resource negotiation and adaptation across multiple computing nodes and communication networks. The paper focuses on the design aspect of GRMS. The authors introduce two key concepts-unified resource model and ripple scheduling-and describe the architectural design based on these concepts. Further, they present a decentralized end-to-end two-phase negotiation protocol with the functionality of distributed, dynamic QoS adjustment and stream preemption. They also discuss GRMS's system prototyping and report a set of preliminary experiment results obtained from it.
Knowledge sharing for planning: the Knowledge Interchange Interface

Cooperation between planners is essential when solving many complicated problems in planning. In this paper, the authors discuss their knowledge sharing methodology for planning which is manifested in a framework, called KII (the Knowledge Interchange Interface). The KII is used to realize cooperation between heterogeneous planning systems. Cooperation takes place in a peer-to-peer manner through a common ontology. The KII consists of five integrated modules which are used to provide knowledge translation into and out of the defined common ontology language from the local knowledge representations and also to provide communication between the planning systems.
Antiparasitic Agent Atovaquone

Atovaquone is a unique naphthoquinone with broad-spectrum antiprotozoal activity. It is effective for the treatment and prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), it is effective in combination with proguanil for the treatment and prevention of malaria, and it is effective in combination with azithromycin for the treatment of babesiosis. There is also limited experience with other protozoans. It has found a role in the management of diseases such as malaria and PCP because drug resistance, intolerable side effects of medications, and variable efficacies have occurred with existing treatments. Although the antimicrobial actions of the naphthoquinones were demonstrated more than 50 years ago, clinical trials leading to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of atovaquone have occurred largely over the last decade. This paper reviews the pharmacology and mechanism of action, clinical trials, and current uses of atovaquone.
The sensation of dyspnea during exercise is not determined by the work of breathing in patients with heart failure

Objectives. The present study sought to investigate whether the work of breathing was reduced after heart transplantation. Accordingly, the tension time index of the diaphragm was measured in patients with heart failure and in transplant recipients. Background. Patients with heart failure are frequently limited by exertional dyspnea that may be due to the increased work of breathing. After heart transplantation, exertional dyspnea is markedly diminished. Whether work of breathing is reduced in posttransplant recipients is unknown. Methods. Nine patients with heart failure, six normal subjects and six heart transplant recipients were studied. Transdiaphragmatic pressure was measured throughout exercise. Accessory respiratory muscle oxygenation was assessed using near-infrared spectroscopy. Peak oxygen consumption, time in inspiration, time per breath and maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures were measured in all subjects. Results. The tension time index remained markedly abnormal after heart transplantation both at rest ([mean ± SD] normal group 0.01 ± 0.006, heart failure group 0.026 ± 0.018, transplant group 0.058 ± 0.015, p Conclusions. Although heart transplantation alleviates dyspnea in patients with heart failure, the work of breathing as assessed by the tension time index of the diaphragm is not decreased. Amelioration of exertional dyspnea is achieved by other mechanisms, such as improved respiratory muscle perfusion.
Defending selective forwarding attacks in WMNs

Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) have emerged recently as a promising technology for next-generation wireless networking to provide wide variety of applications that cannot be supported directly by other wireless networks. In WMNs, security is turning out to be a major concern and little attention has been paid to this topic by the research community. In this paper, we investigate a serious security threat known as the selective forwarding attack (gray hole attack). In a selective forwarding attack, a malicious node refuses to forward all or a subset of the packets it receives. Such selective dropping is challenging to defend against. In this paper, we present an algorithm to defend against selective forwarding attacks based on AODV routing protocol. The first phase of the algorithm is Counter-Threshold Based and uses the detection threshold and packet counter to identify the attacks and the second phase is Query-Based and uses acknowledgment from the intermediate nodes to localize the attacker. We also present simulation results to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper to present an algorithm for defending selective forwarding attacks in WMN.
GPS integration improves mission capabilities of CH-47D aircraft

Rockwell International fielded an integrated avionics system (IAS) on the CH-47D Chinook helicopter aircraft in 1985. The most recent modification to the IAS is the integration of the NAVSTAR global positioning system (GPS) as the precise navigation/time reference. The author begins with an overview of the CH-47D integrated avionics system prior to the GPS integration. A detailed description is given for the integration design of the GPS, including a discussion on how the capabilities of the GPS enhance the performance of the integrated avionics system and improve the mission capabilities of the aircraft under the most demanding conditions, including mission-peculiar flight profiles and four-dimensional maneuvers using GPS as the precise navigational/time reference. >
Detection, classification and estimation of individual shapes in 2D and 3D point clouds

The problems of detecting, classifying, and estimating shapes in point cloud data are important due to their general applicability in image analysis, computer vision, and graphics. They are challenging because the data is typically noisy, cluttered, and unordered. We study these problems using a fully statistical model where the data is modeled using a Poisson process on the object's boundary (curves or surfaces), corrupted by additive noise and a clutter process. Using likelihood functions dictated by the model, we develop a generalized likelihood ratio test for detecting a shape in a point cloud. This ratio test is based on optimizing over some unknown parameters, including the pose and scale associated with hypothesized objects, and an empirical evaluation of the log-likelihood ratio distribution. Additionally, we develop a procedure for estimating most likely shapes in observed point clouds under given shape hypotheses. We demonstrate this framework using examples of 2D and 3D shape detection and estimation in both real and simulated data, and a usage of this framework in shape retrieval from a 3D shape database.
The impact of curriculum-based suicide prevention programs for teenagers: An 18-month follow-up

In a long-term follow-up of a study designed to assess the impact of school-based suicide prevention curricula on high school students, a group of 174 students from two high schools who were exposed to a prevention program were compared with a group of 207 control students from two additional high schools who were not exposed to the curriculum. A questionnaire, designed to measure the effects of the prevention program on actual help-seeking behaviors and suicide morbidity during the follow-up period, was administered 18 months after delivery of the program. The study failed to find convincing evidence of any program effect.
An Interview With a Persistent Woman

An interview with Helen Farmer reveals the highlights of her professional life and the unusual road she took to her eventual position as a professor whose theories and mentoring of students have greatly influenced the field of counseling psychology. Also revealed are some of the personal qualities that led to her success.
Cleaning Behavior in the Cyprinodontid Fishes: Fundulus majalis, Cyprinodon variegatus, and Lucania parva'

Cleaning behavior was observed in the laboratory among cyprinodontid fishes parasitized with monogenetic trematodes and leeches.Fundulas majalis elicited cleaning behavior fromCyprinodon variegatus by, assuming a head-down position with compensatory fin movements. In a high intensity display the host may be completely vertical with an S-shaped curve to the body. When picked at by the cleaner, the host may jerk and swim away but often returns to pose again in the invitation position.Cyprinodon variegatus andLucania parva were observed to clean intraspecifically. In each case the invitation to be cleaned consists of a head-up pose with compensatory fin movements. Occasionally intraspecific soliciting of cleaning occurs.Cyprinodon variegatus also cleansL. parva. These invitation poses may have evolved from intraspecific appeasement or submissive postures to serve for interspecific communication.
Appointing the Fed Chair: The Political Influence of Presidential Appointment on the Federal Reserve Board in the United States

Several scholars observe presidential appointment as a principal mechanism for the president to influence the bureaucracy in the United States. In order to study presidential influence on the Federal Reserve Board, which is widely considered to be one of the most independent governmental agencies, this article examines the influences of the Chairs and Governors of the Board appointed by Democratic and Republican presidents separately on monetary policy. The results show a significant impact of the presidential appointment of the Fed Chair, but not of the Governors. Also, when presidential popularity is declining, the serving president is likely to influence the Fed to stimulate the economy and improve his popular standing. However, this politically-motivated influence is present only under the Fed Chair appointed by the serving president, but not under the Chair appointed by the previous president.
Wounding the Body in the Hope of Healing the Spirit: Responding to Adolescents Who Self-Injure

Self-injurious behavior (e.g., cutting or burning of the skin, or otherwise inflicting harm to the body) has become a growing phenomenon in the non-clinical population of children and adolescents. School personnel encountering students who engage in such self-destructive behavior are often at a loss as to how to make sense of these usually non-lethal but seeming horrific acts of self-mutilation. This chapter outlines the sociocultural, psychological, and developmental conditions that may predispose an individual to self-injure; explores the subjective phenomenological experience of the behavior for the self-injuring individual; and offers guidelines for school counselors for engaging, assessing, and providing care to these individuals who often suffer in silence and feel voiceless, disconnected, and alone.
Definition and Epidemiology of the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous disorder of functional androgen excess, although its definition remains fluid and controversial. PCOS is characterized by clinical and/or biochemical hyperandrogenism and is frequently accompanied by ovulatory dysfunction and polycystic ovaries. PCOS is a diagnosis of exclusion, with other androgen excess and related disorders to be excluded. Two principal definitions are in use today: one arising from an expert conference sponsored by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in 1990 (NIH 1990 criteria) and the other from another expert conference sponsored by the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology and the American Society for Reproductive Medicine in 2003 in Rotterdam (Rotterdam 2003 criteria). The prevalence of PCOS among unselected reproductive-aged women is at least 6.5– 8.0% using the NIH 1990 criteria. Future studies must establish the prevalence of the disorder in different populations and using the various criteria proposed to define PCOS. Finally, studies on the long-term development of reproductive and metabolic abnormalities in women with the two new phenotypes of PCOS defined by Rotterdam 2003 are needed to determine whether these have risks similar to classic PCOS.
Leukemic Cellular Retinoic Acid Resistance and Missense Mutations in the PML-RAR Fusion Gene After Relapse of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia From Treatment With All-trans Retinoic Acid and Intensive Chemotherapy

This study evaluated whether relapse of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) patients from clinical remissions achieved and/or maintained with all-trans retinoic acid (RA) in combination with intensive chemotherapy is associated with leukemic cellular resistance to RA and with alterations in the PML-RARalpha fusion gene. We studied matched pretreatment and relapse specimens from 12 patients who received variable amounts of RA, primarily in nonconcurrent combination with daunorubicin and cytarabine (DA) on Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) protocol E2491, and from 8 patients who received DA only on protocol E2491. Of 10 RA-treated patients evaluable for a change in APL cell sensitivity to RA-induced differentiation in vitro, 8 showed diminished sensitivity at relapse, whereas, of 6 evaluable patients treated with DA alone, only 1 had marginally reduced sensitivity. From analysis of sequences encoding the principal functional domains of the PML and RARalpha portions of PML-RARalpha, we found missense mutations in relapse specimens from 3 of 12 RA-treated patients and 0 of 8 DA-treated patients. All 3 mutations were located in the ligand binding domain (LBD) of the RARalpha region of PML-RARalpha. Relative to normal RARalpha1, the mutations were Leu290Val, Arg394Trp, and Met413Thr. All pretreatment analyses were normal except for a C to T base change in the 3'-untranslated (UT) region of 1 patient that was also present after relapse from DA therapy. No mutations were detected in the corresponding sequences of the normal RARalpha or PML (partial) alleles. Minor additional PML-RARalpha isoforms encoding truncated PML proteins were detected in 2 cases. We conclude that APL cellular resistance occurs with high incidence after relapse from RA + DA therapy administered in a nonconcurrent manner and that mutations in the RARalpha region of the PML-RARalpha gene are present in and likely mechanistically involved in RA resistance in a subset of these cases.
The "Thompson" specificity and the HL-A human leukocyte system.

SummaryPopulation and family studies of the Thompson specificity and four factors of the first sublocus of the HL-A main human leukocyte system are described. The Thompson specificity is strongly allelic or pseudoallelic to the other factors of the sublocus. At the same time, evidence of crossover between Thompson and HL-A has been found in 3 of 7 families studied to date. Taken together, population and family data suggest the possibility that the Thompson factor is the expression of gene interaction or epistasis involving the HL-A and some other system.
Aerogel: Impurities in superfluid3He?

We present results of torsional oscillator experiments that are in progress or completed at Cornell. Taken together, these experiments suggest that the properties of superfluid3He in aerogel are substantially different from those exhibited by bulk superfluid3He. Featured are the differences between bulk and superfluid3He in aerogel with temperature and pressure. Comparisons to proposed models of3He in aerogel are also made.
Michigan Local Leaders Have Positive Views on Relationships with County Road Agencies, Despite Some Concerns

This report presents the opinions of Michigan local government leaders and officials from the state’s county road agencies regarding the relationships between local governments and county road agencies, as well as local officials’ ratings of road agency performance and related issues. The findings in this report are based on a statewide survey of local government leaders and county road commissions and departments in the Fall 2014 wave of the Michigan Public Policy Survey (MPPS).
Host differentially expressed genes during association with its defensive endosymbiont.

Mutualism, a beneficial relationship between two species, often requires intimate interaction between the host and symbiont to establish and maintain the partnership. The colonial marine bryozoan Bugula neritina harbors an as yet uncultured endosymbiont, “Candidatus Endobugula sertula,” throughout its life stages. The bacterial symbiont is the putative source of bioactive complex polyketide metabolites, the bryostatins, which chemically defend B. neritina larvae from predation. Despite the presence of “Ca. Endobugula sertula” in all life stages of the host, deterrent bryostatins appear to be concentrated in reproductive portions of the host colony, suggesting an interaction between the two partners to coordinate production and distribution of the metabolites within the colony. In this study, we identified host genes that were differentially expressed in control colonies and in colonies cured of the symbiont. Genes that code for products similar to glycosyl hydrolase family 9 and family 20 proteins, actin,...
Low-Degree Hypergraphs

The goal of this chapter is to prove Theorem 4.6. The theorem states that if \( Z \subset {\left\{ {0,1} \right\}^k} \) is a set of binary vectors, each containing exactly h ones, and \( \left| Z \right| \geqslant h!{k^{{4\sqrt {h} n/ \in }}} \), then there exists a matrix \( T \in {\left\{ {0,1} \right\}^{{n \times k}}} \) such that \( {\left\{ {0,1} \right\}^k} \subseteq T(Z) \), where T(Z) denotes the set \( \left\{ {Tz:z \in Z} \right\} \). In other words, for every \( x \in {\left\{ {0,1} \right\}^n} \) there exists a \( z \in Z \) satisfying \( x = Tz \). Moreover, Theorem 4.6 states that if \( T \in {\left\{ {0,1} \right\}^{{n \times k}}} \) is chosen at random setting each entry to 1 independently with probability \( p = e/\left( {4hn} \right) \), then \( {\left\{ {0,1} \right\}^k} \subseteq T(Z) \) with high probability (namely, probability at least \( 1 - 6e \)). In Chapter 4, Theorem 4.6 is used to prove the NP-hardness of approximating the shortest vector problem under RUR-reductions. However, the theorem has a purely combinatorial interpretation and it is better understood if reformulated in terms of hypergraphs, without any reference to integer lattices or matrices. A hypergraph is a pair (V, Z), where V is a finite set of vertices and Z is a collection of subsets of V, called hyperedges. If all the elements of Z have the same size, then we say that (V, Z) is regular, and the common size of all hyperedges is called the degree of the hypergraph.
An Accurate Circuit Model for Input Impedance and Radiation Pattern of Two-Port Loop Antennas as E- and H-Probe

In this paper, a simple but very accurate circuit model for two-port (split) loop antennas typically used for direction finding in the HF-band is presented. The circuit model consists of lumped elements and can be used to accurately estimate the input impedances and received voltages of two-port loop antennas in receive mode. It is shown that the same circuit model can be reduced to predict the input impedance behavior of a single-port loop antenna with much more accuracy than the existing transmission line and lumped element models over a wide frequency range. The model is shown to be valid for frequencies up to a point where the loop circumference is about a wavelength. The same circuit model in receiving mode can provide the 3-D radiation pattern of the antenna.
Choice of Study Resources in General Chemistry by Students Who Have Little Time To Study

Students with an insufficient amount of time to study are becoming more prevalent in the general college population as many who enroll in college have competing responsibilities (full-time jobs, childcare, etc.). Such students are likely to choose study resources that they consider to be both effective and efficient. Students at the U.S. Naval Academy (USNA) are constrained in their study time because of their required course load and competing institutional daily requirements. The purpose of this study was to survey which resources students at USNA choose for studying and to look at the difference in choice in relation to different types of assessments and different student achievement levels in chemistry. Students (n = 1015) were surveyed four times during the Fall 2013 semester after both instructor-written assessments and departmental multiple-choice common exams. In these surveys, students reported the main study resource they used to prepare for each assessment. A subset of students (n = 57) was int...
Nitrogen Cycle in Engineered and Natural Ecosystems—Past and Current

Due to modern urbanization and rapid population growth, the nitrogen cycle has been significantly disturbed within differing ecosystems. Focusing specifically on imbalances present in an aquatic ecosystem, it is imperative that the wastewater engineering community addresses the need to conserve energy and resources better by developing more effective tools for application in wastewater treatment plants. The Academy of Engineers recently identified nitrogen cycle management as one of the 14 predominant challenges that engineers need to be addressing in the immediate future. This validates a definite sense of urgency to find practical solutions for implementation in wastewater treatment plants. In order to determine the best means for effective nitrogen cycle management, an in-depth examination of disturbances in the cycle provide an understanding of what is needed to resolve these issues. This article provides an in-depth discussion of past research, developments found in present studies, as well as providing potential strategies for improving the future of nitrogen cycle management.
Constraint Generation for Trajectory Planning Systems

Abstract In this paper we formulate the problem of determining constraints in the parameter space used for planning reference trajectories for tracking systems. The objective is to obtain parameter constraints which allow a maximal amount of maneuverability while assuring that operatmg limits will not be violated and that the system can execute the prescribed reference trajectory within a given error tolerance. We present a numerical algorithm for generating the parameter constrants based on previously computed constraints in the space of the continuous-time trajectory and its derivatives. A simplicial approximation method is used to generate a polyhedral approximation to a maximal set of parameters corresponding to executable trajectories. Supervisory planning and control can then be carried out in the reference trajectory parameter space without detailed simulation of the underlying system dynamics. We illustrate the computational algorithm and its application to trajectory planning for a two-axis CNC cutting tool.