cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxy-9-deazaguanosine, a monophosphate prodrug and two analogues, 2',3'-dideoxy-9-deazaguanosine and 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxy-9-deazainosine.

2′,3′-Didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxy-9-deazaguanosine (1), its monophosphate prodrug (2), and two analogues, 2′,3′-dideoxy-9-deazaguanosine (3) and 2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxy-9-deazainosine (4), have been synthesized from benzoylated 9-deazaguanosine (5). Basic hydrolysis of 5, selective protection of the 2-amino and 5′-hydroxy functions with isobutyryl and silyl groups, respectively, followed by reaction with thiocarbonyldiimidazole gave the cyclic thiocarbonate, which, upon reaction with triethyl phosphite, followed by deprotection, afforded 1. Treatment of 1 with phenyl methoxyalaninyl phosphochloridate and N-methylimidazole gave 2. Catalytic hydrogenation of 1 gave 3. Hydrodediazoniation of 1 with tert-butyl nitrite and tris(trimethylsilyl)silane gave 4. Compounds 1–4 were found to be inactive against the human immunodeficiency virus and exhibited minimal to no cytotoxic activity against the L1210 leukemia, CCRF-CEM lymphoblastic leukemia, and B16F10 melanoma in vitro. This research was supported in part ...
Recurrence relations and fast algorithms

Abstract We construct fast algorithms for evaluating transforms associated with families of functions which satisfy recurrence relations. These include algorithms both for computing the coefficients in linear combinations of the functions, given the values of these linear combinations at certain points, and, vice versa, for evaluating such linear combinations at those points, given the coefficients in the linear combinations; such procedures are also known as analysis and synthesis of series of certain special functions. The algorithms of the present paper are efficient in the sense that their computational costs are proportional to n ln n at any fixed precision of computations, where n is the amount of input and output data. Stated somewhat more precisely, we find a positive real number C such that, for any positive integer n ⩾ 10 and positive real number e ⩽ 1 / 10 , the algorithms require at most C n ( ln n ) ( ln ( 1 / e ) ) 3 floating-point operations to evaluate at n appropriately chosen points any linear combination of n special functions, given the coefficients in the linear combination, where e is the precision of computations.
Inverse Scattering Results for Manifolds Hyperbolic Near Infinity

We study the inverse resonance problem for conformally compact manifolds which are hyperbolic outside a compact set. Our results include compactness of isoresonant metrics in dimension two and of isophasal negatively curved metrics in dimension three. In dimensions four or higher we prove topological finiteness theorems under the negative curvature assumption.
Limits on super-resolution and how to break them

Nearly all super-resolution algorithms are based on the fundamental constraints that the super-resolution image should generate low resolution input images when appropriately warped and down-sampled to model the image formation process. (These reconstruction constraints are normally combined with some form of smoothness prior to regularize their solution.) We derive a sequence of analytical results which show that the reconstruction constraints provide less and less useful information as the magnification factor increases. We also validate these results empirically and show that, for large enough magnification factors, any smoothness prior leads to overly smooth results with very little high-frequency content. Next, we propose a super-resolution algorithm that uses a different kind of constraint in addition to the reconstruction constraints. The algorithm attempts to recognize local features in the low-resolution images and then enhances their resolution in an appropriate manner. We call such a super-resolution algorithm a hallucination or reconstruction algorithm. We tried our hallucination algorithm on two different data sets, frontal images of faces and printed Roman text. We obtained significantly better results than existing reconstruction-based algorithms, both qualitatively and in terms of RMS pixel error.
Prediction of the Critical Diameter of Composite Propellants

A theoretical model which predicts the critical diameter of composite propellants is presented. A previously published detonation model is corrected and refined by use of a new model which considers both single grain size AP and dual grain size AP configuration s, for both porous and nonporous propellants. Both ignition due to shock heating of the AP and compression heating of gas-filled voids are considered. By comparison of results with experimental data for an AP-PBAN-A1 propellant, an "intrinsic" porosity of 0.22% was established for nominally "nonporous" propellants. Using this value, a critical diameter of 3.0 ft is predicted for a nonaluminized AP propellant.
Assertion checking over combined abstraction of linear arithmetic and uninterpreted functions

This paper presents results on the problem of checking equality assertions in programs whose expressions have been abstracted using combination of linear arithmetic and uninterpreted functions, and whose conditionals are treated as non-deterministic. We first show that the problem of assertion checking for this combined abstraction is coNP-hard, even for loop-free programs. This result is quite surprising since assertion checking for the individual abstractions of linear arithmetic and uninterpreted functions can be performed efficiently in polynomial time. Next, we give an assertion checking algorithm for this combined abstraction, thereby proving decidability of this problem despite the underlying lattice having infinite height. Our algorithm is based on an important connection between unification theory and program analysis. Specifically, we show that weakest preconditions can be strengthened by replacing equalities by their unifiers, without losing any precision, during backward analysis of programs.
Does the "New Economy" Measure up to the Great Inventions of the Past?

Abstract During the four years 1995-99 U.S. productivity growth experienced a strong revival and achieved growth rates exceeding that of the “golden age” of 1913-72. Accordingly many observers have declared the “New Economy” to be an Industrial Revolution even more important than the Second Industrial Revolution of 1860-1900, which made the golden age of productivity growth possible. This paper dissects the recent productivity revival, subtracts out a cyclical component, and concludes that there is no revival of the productivity growth trend in the 88 percent of the private economy lying outside of the durables manufacturing sector. The paper explains this surprising finding by pointing to limitations in computers and the internet in comparison with the great inventions of the past.
Self-Inflicted Male Urethral Foreign Body Insertion: Endoscopic Management and Complications

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the cause, diagnosis, management and complications of self-inserted urethral foreign bodies in men, reviewing a 17-year experience. PATIENTS AND METHODS From November 1986 to January 2004, 17 men were treated for self-inflicted urethral foreign bodies; the records were analysed retrospectively for presentation, diagnosis, management and complications. RESULTS In all 17 patients the foreign bodies were clearly palpable. Objects included speaker wire, an AAA battery, open safety pins, a plastic cup, straws, a marble, and a cotton-tipped swab. The most common symptom was frequency with dysuria, but there was sometimes gross haematuria and urinary retention. The cause for inserting the foreign body varied; psychiatric disorder was the most common, followed by intoxication, and erotic stimulation was the cause in only five patients. All patients had diagnostic imaging; plain pelvic images were sufficient in 14, ultrasonography or computed tomography was needed in three. Endoscopic retrieval was successful in all but one patient, where a perineal urethrotomy was required. The most common complications were mucosal tears and false passages. Urethral strictures were associated with multiple attempts to insert the foreign body. CONCLUSION Self-inflicted urethral foreign-body insertion in men is unusual. A radiological evaluation is necessary to determine the exact size, location and number of foreign bodies. Endoscopic retrieval is usually successful, and antibiotic coverage is necessary. A psychiatric evaluation is recommended for all patients, with appropriate medical therapy when indicated. Late manifestation has included urethral stricture disease, and a close follow-up, albeit difficult in these patients, is desirable.
Estimating Local Vp/Vs Ratios within Similar Earthquake Clusters

We develop and test a method to estimate local Vp / Vs ratios for compact similar earthquake clusters using the precise P and S differential times obtained using waveform cross-correlation. We demonstrate how our technique works using synthetic data and evaluate likely errors arising from near-source takeoff angle differences between P and S waves. We use a robust misfit function method to compute Vp / Vs ratios for both synthetic data sets and several similar event clusters in southern California, and use a bootstrap resampling approach to estimate standard errors for real data. Our technique has higher resolution for near-source Vp / Vs ratios than typical tomographic inversion methods and provides constraints on near-fault rock properties.
A short proof of Levinson's theorem

We give a short proof of Levinson’s result that over 1/3 of the zeros of the Riemann zeta function are on the critical line.
Coupling impedance of a long slot and an array of slots in a circular vacuum chamber

We find the real part of the longitudinal impedance for both a small hole and a long slot in a beam vacuum chamber with a circular cross section. The length of the slot can be arbitrarily large, the only requirement on the dimensions of the slots is that its width be much smaller than c/w. Regular array of N slots periodically distributed along the pipe is also considered.
Envy-Freeness and Implementation in Large Economies

We show that an asymptotic envy-freeness condition is necessary for a form of robust approximate implementation in large economies. In settings where allocations are excludable, asymptotic envy-freeness is also sufficient for implementation, while in non-excludable settings it is not sufficient.
The Effect of Transaction Size on Off-the-Run Treasury Prices

This paper examines intra-day trading data from the inter-dealer broker market for U.S. Treasury securities and measures the degree of price pressure in the off-the-run Treasury market. As is well known, securities that would appear to be very close substitutes, i.e., on-the-run and off-the-run Treasury bonds, behave as if there is some degree of market segmentation. This is the first systematic study of the off-the-run Treasury note and bond market focused entirely on a price pressure effect using intra-day data. The paper analyzes price pressure through matched pairs of securities that differ only in liquidity.
A new process for the enantioselective synthesis of chiral α-aryloxy- and α-hydroxy acids

Chiral trichloromethyl carbinols 3, readily available by catalytic enantioselective reduction of trichloromethyl ketones, are converted with inversion of configuration into chiral α-aryloxy and α-hydroxy carboxylic acid derivatives.
Reactions of Alkenyl Fischer Carbene Complexes with Ketene Acetals: Formation of Alkynes

Alkenyl Fischer carbene complexes with an isopropoxy group on the carbene carbon will react with ketene acetals by 1,4-addition to give a zwitterionic intermediate, which undergoes subsequent internal isopropoxide transfer to generate a vinylidene complex. Either a hydrogen or phenyl group
Social Security Pension Reform in China

Abstract China has legislated a mixed social security pension system with a defined benefit pay-as-you-go portion and an investment-based defined contribution portion. This paper analyzes the economics of these two types of systems in the Chinese context and calculates the advantage to China of using an investment-based portion. Several options for reform of the recently legislated system are considered.
The Synthesis of a New Class of Highly Fluorescent Chromones via an Inverse-Demand Hetero-Diels-Alder Reaction.

A new class of fluorophores has been developed utilizing an inverse-demand hetero-Diels–Alder reaction with silyl enol ethers and substituted 3-formylchromones. These compounds yield blue to green fluorescence with quantum yields up to 73%. They also exhibit good potential for use as fluorescent probes in biological systems, as they are cell membrane permeable with low cytotoxicity.
Earnings Non-Synchronicity and Voluntary Disclosure†

Earnings non-synchronicity reflects the extent to which firm-specific factors determine a firm's earnings. Prior research suggests that high earnings non-synchronicity impedes corporate outsiders' ability to process information. This study examines the impact of earnings non-synchronicity on managers' decisions to provide earnings forecasts. We propose that high earnings non-synchronicity motivates managers to issue earnings forecasts to reduce information asymmetry between managers and investors and to preempt costly information acquisition by outsiders. Consistently, we find a positive relation between earnings non-synchronicity and managers' propensity to issue earnings forecasts, particularly long-horizon forecasts. This positive relation is weaker when earnings are easier to predict based on the firm's earnings history and is stronger when the firm has higher institutional ownership and greater analyst following. We also find that the market's reaction to management forecasts increases with earnings non-synchronicity. Overall, the evidence suggests that managers voluntarily provide earnings forecasts to alleviate the adverse consequences of earnings non-synchronicity. These findings provide a more complete picture about the impact of earnings non-synchronicity on a firm's information environment, and highlight the effect of the nature of information asymmetry on voluntary disclosures.
Mixed strategies and iterative elimination of strongly dominated strategies: an experimental investigation of states of knowledge

Abstract The iterative elimination of strongly dominated strategies (IESDS) and mixed-equilibrium solution concepts are studied in an iterated two-person investment game with discrete strategy spaces, non-recoverable investments, and either equal or unequal investment capital. In this game, the player investing the largest amount wins the competition and receives a fixed reward; ties are counted as losses. Both cases of symmetric and asymmetric dyads are studied theoretically and experimentally. Results from two experiments provide support for the mixed-strategy equilibrium solution on the aggregate but not the individual level, and evidence for a hierarchy of bounded IESDS.
Empirical Evidence of Toll Road Traffic Diversion and Implications for Highway Infrastructure Privatization

Little scholarly empirical work measures truckers’ elasticity of demand for limited access toll roads. How do truckers respond to pricing signals? As price increases, how extensively do truckers divert from limited-access highways to secondary roads? At what price does this diversion impose costs on secondary highways? Using a unique data set, this article demonstrates empirically the extent to which pricing leads to diversion. Diversion is substantial, and elasticity becomes increasingly negative with higher tolls. This has significant policy implications. The diversion of large trucks probably creates an externality that, if it were priced, might cause the benefits of tolling to outweigh the costs. This diversion may have a safety cost because secondary roads are inherently less safe than limited-access divided highways. In addition, second-best truck routings may introduce costly deadweight losses to the economy, damaging interstate commerce. Profit-maximizing toll road operators might exacerbate this diversion to the detriment of public welfare.
Conditional Entropy and Information in Quantum Systems

Abstract The concepts of conditional entropy of a physical system given the state of another system and of information in a physical system about another one are generalized for quantum systems. The fundamental difference between the classical case and the quantum one is that the entropy and information in quantum systems depend on the choice of measurements performed over the systems. It is shown that some equalities of the classical information theory turn into inequalities for the generalized quantities. Specific quantum phenomena such as EPR pairs and superdense coding are described and explained in terms of the generalized conditional entropy and information.
The Cosmic Web of Baryons

About 20% of the matter in the universe is present as "baryons," which form the stars and galaxies in the local universe. But the visible baryonic matter only adds up to about one-tenth of the baryonic matter that existed when the world was young. In his Perspective, [Bregman][1] reviews recent studies aimed at tracking down this missing matter. The evidence now points to a cosmic "web" of baryons in intergalactic space, but quantitative data on the amount of matter in the web remain elusive. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/298/5591/72
On-chip gas detection in silicon optical microcavities.

We demonstrate a chip-scale photonic system for the room-temperature detection of gas composition and pressure using a slotted silicon microring resonator. We measure shifts in the resonance wavelength due to the presence and pressure of acetylene gas and resolve differences in the refractive index as small as 10-4 in the near-IR. The observed sensitivity of this device (enhanced due to the slot-waveguide geometry) agrees with the expected value of 490 nm/refractive index unit.
EFFICIENCY BOUNDS FOR MISSING DATA MODELS WITH SEMIPARAMETRIC RESTRICTIONS

This paper shows that the semiparametric efficiency bound for a parameter identified by an unconditional moment restriction with data missing at random (MAR) coincides with that of a particular augmented moment condition problem. The augmented system consists of the inverse probability weighted (IPW) original moment restriction and an additional conditional moment restriction which exhausts all other implications of the MAR assumption. The paper also investigates the value of additional semiparametric restrictions on the conditional expectation function (CEF) of the original moment function given always observed covariates. In the program evaluation context, for example, such restrictions are implied by semiparametric models for the potential outcome CEFs given baseline covariates. The efficiency bound associated with this model is shown to also coincide with that of a particular moment condition problem. Some implications of these results for estimation are briefly discussed.
Perspectives on thermoelectrics: from fundamentals to device applications

This review is an update of a previous review (A. J. Minnich, et al., Energy Environ. Sci., 2009, 2, 466) published two years ago by some of the co-authors, focusing on progress made in thermoelectrics over the past two years on charge and heat carrier transport, strategies to improve the thermoelectric figure of merit, with new discussions on device physics and applications, and assessing challenges on these topics. Understanding of phonon transport in bulk materials has advanced significantly as the first-principles calculations are applied to thermoelectric materials, and experimental tools are being developed. Some new strategies have been developed to improve electron transport in thermoelectric materials. Fundamental questions on phonon and electron transport across interfaces and in thermoelectric materials remain. With thermoelectric materials reaching high ZT values well above one, the field is ready to take a step forward and go beyond the materials' figure of merit. Developing device contacts and module fabrication techniques, developing a platform for efficiency measurements, and identifying applications are becoming increasingly important for the future of thermoelectrics.
North American isoprene influence on intercontinental ozone pollution

Abstract. Changing land-use and climate may alter emissions of biogenic isoprene, a key ozone (O3) precursor. Isoprene is also a precursor to peroxy acetyl nitrate (PAN) and thus affects partitioning among oxidized nitrogen (NOy) species, shifting the balance towards PAN, which more efficiently contributes to long-range transport relative to nitric acid (HNO3) which rapidly deposits. With a suite of sensitivity simulations in the MOZART-2 global tropospheric chemistry model, we gauge the relative importance of the intercontinental influence of a 20% increase in North American (NA) isoprene and a 20% decrease in NA anthropogenic emissions (nitrogen oxides (NOx), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) and NOx + NMVOC + carbon monoxide + aerosols). The surface O3 response to NA isoprene emissions (ΔO3_ISOP) in surface air over NA is about one third of the response to all NA anthropogenic emissions (ΔO3_ANTH; although with different signs). Over intercontinental distances, ΔO3_ISOP is relatively larger; in summer and fall, ΔO3_ISOP in surface air over Europe and North Africa (EU region) is more than half of ΔO3_ANTH. Future increases in NA isoprene emissions could thus offset decreases in EU surface O3 resulting from controls on NA anthropogenic emissions. Over the EU region, ΔPAN_ISOP at 700 hPa is roughly the same magnitude as ΔPAN_ANTH (oppositely signed). Outside of the continental source region, the percentage changes in PAN are at least twice as large as for surface O3, implying that long-term PAN measurements at high altitude sites may help to detect O3 precursor emission changes. We find that neither the baseline level of isoprene emissions nor the fate of isoprene nitrates contributes to the large diversity in model estimates of the anthropogenic emission influence on intercontinental surface O3 or oxidized nitrogen deposition reported in the recent TF HTAP multi-model studies (TFHTAP, 2007).
Addressing the problems of base pairing and strand cyclization in template-directed synthesis: a case for the utility and necessity of 'molecular midwives' and reversible backbone linkages for the origin of proto-RNA.

Nucleic acid synthesis is precisely controlled in living organisms by highly evolved protein enzymes. The remarkable fidelity of information transfer realized between template and product strands is the result of both the spatial selectivity of the polymerase active site for Watson–Crick base pairs at the point of nucleotide coupling and subsequent proof-reading mechanisms. In the absence of naturally derived polymerases, in vitro template-directed synthesis by means of chemically activated mononucleotides has proven remarkably inefficient and error-prone. Nevertheless, the spontaneous emergence of RNA polymers and their protein-free replication is frequently taken as a prerequisite for the hypothetical ‘RNA world’. We present two specific difficulties that face the de novo synthesis of RNA-like polymers in a prebiotic (enzyme-free) environment: nucleoside base selection and intramolecular strand cyclization. These two problems are inherent to the assumption that RNA formed de novo from pre-existing, chemically-activated mononucleotides in solution. As a possible resolution to these problems, we present arguments and experimental support for our hypothesis that small molecules (referred to as ‘molecular midwives’) and alternative backbone linkages (under equilibrium control) facilitated the emergence of the first RNA-like polymers of life.
Control Over Personal Information in the Database Era

In February 2009 the House of Lords Constitutional Committee in the United Kingdom published the report Surveillance: Citizens and the State. Some have hailed this as a landmark document. The following is one of four commentaries that the editors of Surveillance & Society solicited in response to the report.
Strong gauging or decoupling ghost matter

Gauging extra matter is a common way to couple two CFTs discontinuously. We may consider gauging matter by strongly coupled gauge theories at criticality rather than by weakly coupled (asymptotic free) gauge theories. It often triggers relevant deformations and possibly leads to a nontrivial fixed point. In many examples such as the IR limit of SQCDs (and their variants), the relevant RG flow induced by this strong gauging makes the total central charge a increase rather than decrease compared with the sum of the original decoupled CFTs. The dilaton effective field theory argument given by Komargodski and Schwimmer does not apply because strong gauging is not a simple deformation by operators in the original two decoupled CFTs and it may not be UV complete. When the added matter is vector-like, one may emulate strong gauging in a UV completed manner by decoupling of ghost matter. While the UV completed description makes the dilaton effective field theory argument possible, due to the nonunitarity, we cannot conclude the positivity of the central charge difference in accordance with the observations in various examples that show the contrary.
Model Tracking of Stress and Temperature Induced Martensitic Transformations for Assessing Superelasticity and Shape Memory Actuation

Both austenite/martensite transformations, and martensite/martensite variant reorientation are central to superelasticity and shape memory actuation. Here we discuss a simple model for tracking these transformations that is appropriate for device modeling. The approach is to augment conventional continuum mechanical descriptions with internal variables that track fractional partitioning of the material between austenite and the various martensite variants. A three-species model involving austenite and two complementary martensite variants provides sufficient generality to capture the martensite variant distributions that underlie shape memory, and the strain-accommodation associated with superelasticity. Transformations between all of these species can be tracked on the basis of triggering algorithms that reflect both tran sformation hysteresis and the variation of triggering stress with temperature. The algorithm described here is for temperature dependent response resolved in a single direction. It requires only the following experimentally determined parameters: the four transformation temperatures Mf, Ms, As, Af, the transformation strain, the Young’s modulus, and the transformation latent heat.
Blind OFDM symbol synchronization in ISI channels

We present a new algorithm for blind symbol synchronization in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The new algorithm declares symbol synchronization when a certain autocorrelation matrix, constructed from the received signal, achieves minimum rank. Unlike previously proposed blind algorithms, the new rank method guarantees correct symbol synchronization, even in the presence of intersymbol interference. Also, it does not assume that the OFDM time samples are i.i.d. In particular, the rank method works even with OFDM systems that employ pulse shaping. The increased complexity of the algorithm would be acceptable for systems, such as fixed-receiver broadcast systems, that require guaranteed synchronization under all conditions.
The DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey: the relationship between galaxy properties and environment at z∼ 1

We study the mean environment of galaxies in the DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey as a function of rest-frame color, luminosity, and [OII] 3727u equivalent width. The local galaxy overdensity for > 14,000 galaxies at 0.75 < z < 1.35 is estimated using the projected 3 rd -nearest-neighbor surface density. Of the galaxy properties studied, mean environment is found to depend most strongly on galaxy color; all major features of the correlation between mean overdensity and rest-frame color observed in the local universe were already in place at z ∼ 1. In contrast to local results, we find a substantial slope in the mean dependence of environment on luminosity for blue, star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 1, with brighter blue galaxies being found on average in regions of greater overdensity. We discuss the roles of galaxy clusters and groups in establishing the observed correlations between environment and galaxy properties at high redshift, and we also explore the evidence for a “downsizing of quenching” from z ∼ 1 to z ∼ 0. Our results add weight to existing evidence that the mechanism(s) that result in star-formation quenching are efficient in group environments as well as clusters. This work is the first of its kind at high redshift and represents the first in a series of papers addressing the role of environment in galaxy formation at 0 < z < 1. Subject headings: galaxies:high-redshift, galaxies:evolution, galaxies:statistics, galaxies:fundamental parameters, large-scale structure of universe
Counting composites with two strong liars

The strong probable primality test is an important practical tool for discovering prime numbers. Its effectiveness derives from the following fact: for any odd composite number n, if a base a is chosen at random, the algorithm is unlikely to claim that n is prime. If this does happen we call a a liar. In 1986, Erdős and Pomerance computed the normal and average number of liars, over all n ≤ x. We continue this theme and use a variety of techniques to count n ≤ x with exactly two strong liars, those being the n for which the strong test is maximally effective. We evaluate this count asymptotically and give an improved algorithm to determine it exactly. We also provide asymptotic counts for the restricted case in which n has two prime factors, and for the n with exactly two Euler liars.
Localized Magnetization Arising from Spin‐Dependent Impurity Potentials in the Wolff Model

The Wolff model for localized magnetic moments in dilute alloys is extended to include spin-dependent impurity potentials. Two virtual levels emerge, corresponding to different spin states of the conduction electrons. As a result of this removal of degeneracy, there always exists a more favorable spin polarization for the spin state with the more attractive impurity potential, even in certain circumstances where the original Wolff model yields no magnetization. The results are obtained graphically for various situations. The physical pictures entailed can also be interpreted in terms of the Anderson model. Das Modell von Wolff fur lokalisierte magnetische Momente in verdunnten Legierungen wird erweitert und schliest nun spinabhangige Storstellenpotentiale ein. Zwei virtuelle Zustande entsprechend den unterschiedlichen Spinzustanden der Leitungselektronen entstehen. Als Ergebnis dieser Entartungsaufhebung existiert immer eine bevorzugte Spinpolarisation fur den Spinzustand mit dem anziehenderen Storstellenpotential, sogar dann, wenn das originale Wolffsche Modell keine Magnetisierung ergibt. Fur eine Reihe von Fallen werden die Ergebnisse graphisch erhalten. Die Resultate lassen sich auch mit dem Anderson-Modell interpretieren.
Ethnic Complementarities after the Opening of China How Chinese Graduate Students Affected the Productivity of Their Advisors

ABSTRACT:The largest flow of scientific talent in the world is the migration of international students to universities in industrialized countries. We use the opening of China in 1978 to estimate this flow's causal effect on the productivity of their professors in the United States. Our identification relies on both the suddenness of China's opening and on a key feature of scientific production: intra-ethnic collaboration. The increased access that Chinese-American advisors had to a new talent pool led to an increase in their productivity, in both coauthorships and solo-authored papers. Comparable non-Chinese advisors mentored fewer non-Chinese students and published fewer papers.
Air Traffic Complexity: An Input-Output Approach

There has been much effort to increase airspace capacity and one of the fundamental research problems is to measure the traffic complexity inside sectors. This paper proposes a new method for describing the air traffic complexity of a given traffic situation. We view the airspace as a closed- loop input-output system and define air traffic complexity as "how difficult" a given traffic situation is, in terms of the control activity required to resolve it, in response to a change in "reference signal", that is the presence of a new aircraft entering the airspace. We present a "complexity map" that offers a graphical view of the complexity for a given traffic situation. We also discuss how to extract a scalar measure of air traffic complexity from the complexity map. We illustrate our methodology with a few examples.
Catalytic Honeycomb Combustor: Steady-State Model and Comparison with Experiment

A steady-state lean combustion model for monolithic catalytic combustors is given. The model, consisting of several semiglobal chemical reaction steps in the gas phase and on the surface, is capable of analyzing CO and THC emissions. In the model computation presented, the influence of operating and design parameters on the minimum combustor length is studied. Special attention is given to the effect of after-bed gas phase reaction space. Comparison with experimental data indicates good agreement in the range of parameters covered.
A Process Model for Route Choice in Risky Traffic Networks

Abstract The accurate modeling of travelers’ route choice decision making when faced with unreliable (risky) travel times is necessary for the assessment of policies aimed at improving travel time reliability. Compared with econometric models, process models have not been investigated in travel decision making under risk. A process model aims to describe the actual decision making procedure and could potentially provide a better explanation to route choice behavior. A process model, the priority heuristic (Brandstatter et al. , 2006), is introduced to the travel choice context and its probabilistic version, the probabilistic priority heuristic (PPH) model, is developed in this study. With data collected from a stated preference survey, a rank-dependent expected utility (RDEU) model and two other alternative models are compared with the PPH model through cross validation. Results showed that the PPH model outperforms the RDEU model in both data- fitting and predictive performances. This suggests that the process modeling paradigm could be a promising new area in travel behavior research. Major drawbacks of the PPH model include the discontinuity of the choice probability with respect to outcomes and associated probabilities, the limited applicability in situations where one alternative dominates or almost dominates the other, and the non-trivial extension to multiple-alternative situations.
Mode selection with a three-layer dielectric rib waveguide

Analysis of a riblike waveguide structure consisting of three dielectric films shows that properly chosen film thicknesses permit the lateral containment of any selected waveguide mode, with the unselected modes radiating laterally away from the rib structure. The waveguide consists of two high-index films separated by a low-index layer in which the fields are evanescent. A perturbation in the thickness of the low-index layer increases the local effective index for some planar waveguide modes while decreasing it for others. Hence a ridge or trough in the low-index layer can guide certain selected modes along its axis if the high-index-layer thicknesses are correctly chosen. Unlike mode-stripping structures based on preferential absorption of the unwanted modes, this all-dielectric structure introduces no loss to the selected mode other than the unavoidable scattering and residual absorption in the dielectric media. Also, unlike mode-selecting structures based on Bragg effects, no maintenance of phase-matched conditions over controlled propagation lengths is required.
Dermal papilla cell number specifies hair size, shape and cycling and its reduction causes follicular decline

Although the hair shaft is derived from the progeny of keratinocyte stem cells in the follicular epithelium, the growth and differentiation of follicular keratinocytes is guided by a specialized mesenchymal population, the dermal papilla (DP), that is embedded in the hair bulb. Here we show that the number of DP cells in the follicle correlates with the size and shape of the hair produced in the mouse pelage. The same stem cell pool gives rise to hairs of different sizes or types in successive hair cycles, and this shift is accompanied by a corresponding change in DP cell number. Using a mouse model that allows selective ablation of DP cells in vivo, we show that DP cell number dictates the size and shape of the hair. Furthermore, we confirm the hypothesis that the DP plays a crucial role in activating stem cells to initiate the formation of a new hair shaft. When DP cell number falls below a critical threshold, hair follicles with a normal keratinocyte compartment fail to generate new hairs. However, neighbouring follicles with a few more DP cells can re-enter the growth phase, and those that do exploit an intrinsic mechanism to restore both DP cell number and normal hair growth. These results demonstrate that the mesenchymal niche directs stem and progenitor cell behaviour to initiate regeneration and specify hair morphology. Degeneration of the DP population in mice leads to the types of hair thinning and loss observed during human aging, and the results reported here suggest novel approaches to reversing hair loss.
Hybrid smart antenna system using directional elements - performance analysis in flat Rayleigh fading

In this paper we present a new procedure for implementing smart antenna algorithms. It is a hybrid approach that integrates the features of the switched beam method and the adaptive beam forming approach. Specifically it is shown that by using high gain antenna elements and combining the switched beam process with the adaptive beam forming procedure on a limited number of elements (as low as 2 in an 8-element array), a performance close to that of a more complex 8-element adaptive array may be achieved. The proposed hybrid method, therefore, is fast, computationally efficient, and provides a cost effective approach for exploiting space diversity. Even with the inclusion of interference signals, the proposed hybrid approach out-performed the switched beam method, and provided performance similar to that of an adaptive array with less number of elements (3 in an 8-element array). Implementation of an adaptive array also includes estimations; hence, reducing the number of elements in an array may lead to improved accuracy, in addition to fast convergence and reduced complexity.
A case illustration of resistance from a cognitive perspective.

Brian, a 36-year-old, single, white male, entered cognitive therapy in response to a depressive episode precipitated by the loss of a job. In addition to his Major Depression, the client met diagnostic criteria for Dysthymia and Personality Disorder Not Otherwise Specified. The first three sessions focused on Brian's unemployment crisis and related dysphoria, as well as his passive-avoidant approach to life. Brian collaborated with the therapist in formulating a treatment plan and quickly found a new job, whereupon he abruptly withdrew from therapy. Shortly thereafter, Brian contacted the therapist in a renewed state of "crisis" and returned for a fourth session. The therapist attempted to draw a link between Brian's passive-avoidant style and his vulnerability to problems such as those he currently was experiencing. The client had difficulty understanding the therapist's thread of logic, became somewhat defensive and combative, and did not return for further sessions.
Identifying young gamma-ray burst fossils

The recent reports of temporal and spectral peculiarities in the early stages of some after-glows suggest that we may be wrong in postulating a central engine that becomes dormant after the burst itself. A continually decreasing post-burst relativistic outflow, such as put out by a decaying magnetar, may continue to be emitted for periods of days or longer, and we argue that it can be efficiently reprocessed by the ambient soft photon field radiation. Photons produced either by the post-explosion expansion of the progenitor stellar envelope or by a binary companion provide ample targets for the relativistic outflow to interact and produce high-energy γ-rays. The resultant signal may yield luminosities high enough to be detected with the recently launched INTEGRAL and the GLAST experiment now under construction. Its detection will surely offer important clues for identifying the nature of the progenitor and possibly constraining whether some route other than single-star evolution is involved in producing a rapidly rotating helium core which in turn, at collapse, triggers a burst.
Where Youth Live: Economic Effects of Urban Space on Employment Prospects:

This paper synthesises a series of empirical analyses investigating the role of urban space in affecting minority employment outcomes. It broadens the focus beyond transport and the 'friction of sp...
Inventory management with advance supply information

Abstract We consider a single stage inventory system with stochastic capacity. The manager receives forecasts from the upstream source about future capacity availability within an information horizon, referred to as “advance supply information”. We study two main questions: (i) How can advance supply information be utilized when making replenishment decisions? (ii) What is the value of such information sharing, compared to a fixed base-stock policy? We show that state-dependent base-stock policies are optimal. We develop easily computable and implementable heuristic policies. We numerically test the accuracy of the approximations and analyze the value of collaboration under various business scenarios.
Palladium-catalyzed Heck-type cross-couplings of unactivated alkyl iodides.

A palladium-catalyzed, intermolecular Heck-type coupling of alkyl iodides and alkenes is described. This process is successful with a variety of primary and secondary unactivated alkyl iodides as reaction partners, including those with hydrogen atoms in the β position. The mild catalytic conditions enable intermolecular CC bond formations with a diverse set of alkyl iodides and alkenes, including substrates containing base- or nucleophile-sensitive functionality.
PHOTOMETRIC LIGHT CURVES AND POLARIZATION OF CLOSE-IN EXTRASOLAR GIANT PLANETS

The close-in extrasolar giant planets (CEGPs), AU from their parent stars, may have a large (0.05 component of optically re—ected light. We present theoretical optical photometric light curves and polar- ization curves for the CEGP systems from re—ected planetary light. DiUerent particle sizes of three con- densates are considered. In the most re—ective case, the variability is B100 kmag, which will be easily detectable by the upcoming satellite missions Microvariability and Oscillations of Stars (MOST ), COROT , and Measuring Oscillations in Nearby Stars (MONS), and possibly from the ground in the near future. The least re—ective case is caused by small, highly absorbing grains such as solid Fe, with variation of much less than 1 kmag. Polarization for all cases is lower than current detectability limits. We also discuss the temperature-pressure pro—les and resulting emergent spectra of the CEGP atmospheres. We discuss the observational results of q Boo b by Cameron et al. and Charbonneau et al. in context of our model results. The predictionsthe shape and magnitude of the light curves and polarization curves¨ are highly dependent on the sizes and types of condensates present in the planetary atmosphere. Subject headings: planetary systemsradiative transferstars: atmospheres
Biaryl Phosphane Ligands in Palladium‐Catalyzed Amination

Palladium-catalyzed amination reactions of aryl halides have undergone rapid development in the last 12 years, largely driven by the implementation of new classes of ligands. Biaryl phosphanes have proven to provide especially active catalysts in this context. This Review discusses the application of these catalysts in C-N cross-coupling reactions in the synthesis of heterocycles and pharmaceuticals, in materials science, and in natural product synthesis.
Episodic Mass Loss and Pre-SN Circumstellar Envelopes

I discuss observational clues concerning episodic mass-loss properties of massive stars in the time before the final supernova explosion. In particular, I will focus on the mounting evidence that LBVs and related stars are candidates for supernova progenitors, even though current paradigms place them at the end of core-H burning. Namely, conditions in the immediate circumstellar environment within a few 102 AU of Type IIn supernovae require very high progenitor mass-loss rates. Those rates are so high that the only known stars that come close are LBVs during rare giant eruptions. I will highlight evidence from observations of some recent extraordinary supernovae suggesting that explosive or episodic mass loss (a.k.a. LBV eruptions like the 19th century eruption of Eta Car) occur in the 5-10 years immediately preceding the SN. Finally, I will discuss some implications for stellar evolution from these SNe, the most important of which is the observational fact that the most massive stars can indeed make it to the ends of their lives with substantial H envelopes intact, even at Solar metallicity.
An improved variable step-size zero-point attracting projection algorithm

This paper proposes an improved variable step-size (VSS) scheme for zero-point attracting projection (ZAP) algorithm. The proposed VSS is proportional to the sparseness difference between filter coefficients and the true impulse response. Meanwhile, it works for both sparse and non-sparse system identification, and simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm could provide both faster convergence rate and better tracking ability than previous ones.
Taxonomy of Spiritual Experiences

Spiritual experiences are often associated with health crises, with little information about the structure of the experience. A taxonomic analysis was conducted on data from a group of healers, unveiling a structural model of spiritual experience comprised of three domains: circumstances, manifestation and interpretation. Circumstances included the aspects of setting, situation, and timing. Manifestation incorporated the modes of awareness and the phenomena of the experience. Components of interpretation included personal meaning and congruence with social norms. The examples reflected the orientation of the study population. Further research could examine the applicability of the taxonomy to other religious or spiritual orientations and may assist in clinical assessment of spiritual experiences.
On the $L$-series of F. Pellarin

The calculation, by L. Euler, of the values at positive even integers of the Riemann zeta function, in terms of powers of π and rational numbers, was a watershed event in the history of number theory and classical analysis. Since then many important analogs involving L-values and periods have been obtained. In analysis in finite characteristic, a version of Eulerʼs result was given by L. Carlitz (1937) [Ca2], (1940) [Ca3] in the 1930s which involved the period of a rank 1 Drinfeld module (the Carlitz module) in place of π. In a very original work (Pellarin, 2011 [Pe2]), F. Pellarin has quite recently established a “deformation” of Carlitzʼs result involving certain L-series and the deformation of the Carlitz period given in Anderson and Thakur (1990) [AT1]. Pellarin works only with the values of this L-series at positive integral points. We show here how the techniques of Goss (1996) [Go1] also allow these new L-series to be analytically continued – with associated trivial zeroes – and interpolated at finite primes.