cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On reduction of risks in UXO and mine detection using remote sensing systems and related synthetic image simulation

It is important to understand remote sensing systems and associated platforms in the context of autonomous or semi-autonomous designs for (robotic & mechatronics) that may be affect the motion control or stabilization aspects of the imagery, scan lines or fixed points scanned. This need can be most easily conceived as being related to the reduction of risks associated with false detection as well as the risks associated with hardware and software failure and risks associated with the actual operation of sensor and platform in dangerous environments. Thus safety is ultimately our concern when it comes to risk assessment. This paper will describe (a) remote sensing systems, (b) platforms (fixed and mobile, as well as to demonstrate (c) the value of thinking in terms of scalability as well as modularity in the design and application of new systems and (d) creation of synthetic signatures obtained for detection of targets in the aquatic environment. New systems - sensing systems as well as autonomous or semiautonomous robotic and mechatronic systems will be essential to secure domestic preparedness for humanitarian reasons as well as for demining and UXO detection. These same systems hold tremendous value, if thoughtfully designed for other applications which include environmental monitoring and surveillance.
Learning by teaching an unsuccessful "cultural sensitivity" course.

It has been several years since Sarah Willen conducted an ethnographic study of the cultural sensitivity course that a colleague and I taught to 3rd-year psychiatric residents. Although the results and feedback were not a surprise to me, they provided plenty of material for reflection on the factors that influenced its lack of success. Time has allowed me a more calm analysis and enabled me to consider possibilities that had not crossed my range of thoughts during the course or immediately thereafter.
Flavor-Quality Control in Freshwater Aquaculture

Abstract Maintaining the flavor quality of products produced in an aquaculture system is the most important technical challenge to the industry. Routine instrumental monitoring of flavor quality is difficult because the problematic compounds (geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol) can be detected by humans at concentrations that are not easily measured by instruments. In addition, many off-flavor compounds have not been identified. Although analytical sensory methods are more reliable and timely, they have their own set of problems, such as the expense of operating sensory panels. A seafood rating method is presented that has the advantage of being reliable, timely, and less expensive to operate; however this method can also fail to detect off-flavored fish.
Convective film boiling in a rod bundle: axial variation of nonequilibrium evaporation rates

Abstract An experimental study of convective film boiling (post-CHF) is carried out for two-phase steamwater flow in a nine-rod bundle test section. Measurements of wall heat flux, wall superheat, and vapor superheat are obtained as a function of axial distance from the critical heat flux (quench front) for a range of flow rates and flow qualities. These data permit the evaluation of the effective evaporation ratio (fraction of total heat input causing net vapor generation) as a function of test conditions and axial distance from the quench front. The results indicate the existence of a ‘near region’ with significant evaporation, followed by a far region where the effective evaporation ratio decreases to less than 10% of the total heat input. While the wall and vapor superheats measured in these rod bundle experiments differ in magnitude from those obtained in earlier single tube experiments, qualitative agreement in the axial behavior of the post-CHF process is observed. These data are presented in the hope of aiding attempts to develop improved mechanistic models for convective film boiling heat transfer.
Limitations on database availability when networks partition

Abstract : In designing fault-tolerant distributed database, a frequent goal is making the system highly available despite component failure. We examine software approaches to achieving high availability in the presence of partitions. In particular, we consider various replicated-data management protocols that maintain database consistency and attempt to increase database availability when networks partition. We conclude that no protocol does better than a bound we have determined. Our conclusions hold under the assumption. There may be some particular distribution for which specialized protocols can increase availability. (KR)
Biogeography in the Annals

Abstract Biogeography has been consistently well represented in the Annals throughout the Association of American Geographers' first century. This sample of biogeographic research effectively illustrates the persistent questions explored by the subdiscipline as well as changes in the intellectual perspectives taken on them. Four fundamental issues occupied biogeographers throughout this period (spatial pattern and process, landscape change, human modification of biotic communities, and linking physical and biological systems), but shifting research emphases show clear parallels to the major paradigmatic trends of 20th-century geography, including environmental determinism, regionalism, positivism, and postmodernism. These shifts define a number of fairly distinct periods of research activity: an early (1904–1927) focus on equilibrium environmental control of biotic communities and their dynamics, regional analysis and vegetation mapping (1942–1966), an increasing emphasis on methodological sophistication ...
Methylthiazolidine-4-carboxylate for treatment of acute T-2 toxin exposure.

The effect of T-2 toxin on hepatic glutathione content and the protective effect of 2-methyl-thiazolidine-4-carboxylate (MTCA), an L-cysteine prodrug, were studied in mice. Acute exposure to T-2 toxin (4 mg kg-1, s.c.) resulted in a progressive decrease in glutathione content, reaching a minimum 6-8 h after toxin administration. Because T-2 toxin caused decreased food consumption, a condition known to deplete hepatic glutathione, glutathione was measured in both fed and fasted control and toxin-treated mice. Glutathione content (mumol g-1 tissue) was 9.01 +/- 0.66 (control) and 4.26 +/- 0.41 (toxin) for fed mice, 4.45 +/- 0.39 (control) and 2.45 +/- 0.26 (toxin) for 16-h fasted mice, and 7.18 +/- 0.26 (control) and 3.76 +/- 0.65 (toxin) for mice fed before, but fasted after exposure to toxin. In all cases, toxin treatment resulted in significant decreases in glutathione content compared to controls. Treatment of T-2-intoxicated mice with MTCA (750 mg kg-1, i.p.) not only maintained glutathione content at control levels or higher but significantly improved survival as well. Therefore, the toxicity and lethality of T-2 toxin may be associated with decreased hepatic glutathione content, since MTCA maintained glutathione content and improved survival.
Hydrogen bonds: a comparison of semiempirical and ab initio treatments

Abstract H-bonding interactions calculated using the AM1, PM3 and SAM1 semiempirical molecular orbital methods are compared with the best available ab initio calculations for several intermolecular interactions of interest: acetic acid dimers, water/ acetylene, water/HCN, formaldehyde/acetylene, formaldehyde/HCN, ozone/acetylene, ozone/HCN, acetylacetone, melamine/ cyanuric acid, and nitromethane/ammonia. Experimental values are also presented where available. The energetic comparisons are based upon enthalpies of interaction from the ab initio calculations after counterpoise and vibrational corrections have been applied. Overall, AM1 seems to do best, except for OH…O interactions, where none of the three methods excel.
Initial investigation of dietitian perception of plant‐based protein quality

Interest in plant-based diets is increasing, evidenced by scientific and regulatory recommendations, including Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Dietitians provide guidance in dietary protein selection but little is known about how familiar dietitians are with the quality of plant versus animal proteins or methods for measuring protein quality. Likewise, there is a need to explore their beliefs related to dietary recommendations. The aim of this study was to assess dietitians' perceptions of plant-based protein quality and to determine if these are affected by demographic factors such as age and dietary practice group (DPG) membership. This was a cross-sectional design using an online survey. The survey was sent to all members of the Missouri Dietetic Association. All completed surveys (136) were analyzed. The main outcome measures were responses to belief and knowledge questions about the protein quality of plant-based diets, along with demographic information including age and DPG membership. Descriptive statistics and frequencies were determined, and chi-square analysis was used to determine the associations between belief and knowledge responses and demographic characteristics. Responses to belief statements suggested a high level of support for plant-based diets. No associations were found between any of the belief questions and demographic factors. A majority of respondents were not familiar with protein quality determination methods that are currently recognized by global regulatory and advisory agencies. Potential barriers identified in shifting to a more plant-based diet were lack of interest and perceived difficulty. Knowledge among dietitians of plant-based protein quality in general, and methods of protein quality measurement more specifically, needs to be addressed to enhance their knowledge base for making dietary protein recommendations. Two potential avenues for training are university curricula and continuing education opportunities provided to practitioners who provide dietary advice.
Avian predation on the palatable butterfly, Cercyonis pegala (Satyridae)

. 1. Samples from two populations of the satyrid butterfly, Cercyonis pegala were collected and analysed for palatability and incidence of avian predation. 2. A series of feeding experiments indicated that C. pegala is indeed palatable. 3. A high proportion of individuals in both samples showed evidence of avian attack: 10.2% in Amherst and 7.1% in Easthampton; this frequency is much higher than usually described for studies of this sort. 4. The two samples showed no significant differences with respect to frequency of damaged specimens. 5. There was no consistent location of damage on individuals or significant differences between the two samples.
Effects of increased dietary sulfur on beef steer mineral status, performance, and meat fatty acid composition

Ninety-six crossbred yearling steers (321 ± 29 kg BW) were used to determine the effects of feeding cattle a high S diet on pasture before receiving a high S diet in the feedlot. Steers were blocked by BW, allocated to 2.4-ha bromegrass (Bromus inermis L.) pastures (n = 4 plots per treatment), and supplemented at 1% BW with either low S dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS; 0.34% total diet S; LS) or LS DDGS with additional S (0.47% total diet S; HS) from NaSO(4) for 36 d. On d 37, steers moved into the feedlot where one-half remained on the previous S treatment and the other half switched treatments, resulting in 4 treatments (LS-LS, LS-HS, HS-LS, HS-HS; LS: 0.2 to 0.3% total diet S, HS: 0.5 to 0.6% total diet S; n = 6 feedlot pens per treatment). During the pasture period, forage mass offered, grazing residual mass, and in vitro digestible DM of forage did not differ among treatments (P > 0.40), and ADG did not differ (LS: 1.6 kg · d(-1), HS: 1.7 kg · d(-1), P = 0.54). Plasma Mg measured on d 35 was decreased by ≈ 5% in response to increased dietary S during the pasture period (P = 0.05), though no effect on plasma Mg was observed during finishing (P > 0.15). Plasma Cu concentrations on d 155 were ≈ 15% less (P = 0.02) in HS vs. LS steers, and d 155 liver Cu concentrations were ≈ 51% less in HS vs. LS steers (P = 0.01). Increased dietary S during the feedlot period decreased ADG by ≈ 10% (P = 0.01) and tended to decrease HCW by ≈ 5% (P = 0.06) compared with LS steers. Steers receiving the HS diet had increased stearic acid (C18:0) and heptadecanoic acid (C17:0; P = 0.04 and 0.01, respectively) percentages in rib facings collected at slaughter. Exposing cattle to greater S diets (0.47% S) during a forage-based diet did not influence later performance on high S feedlot diets (0.5 to 0.6% S); however, cattle fed high dietary S on pasture had greater fat cover at slaughter (P = 0.01), suggesting S may have influenced lipid metabolism.
Optimization of circularly-polarized radiation from an elliptical wiggler, asymmetric wiggler, or bending magnet

Abstract To collect circularly-polarized radiation from a bending magnet, elliptical wiggler, or asymmetric wiggler source, one must choose operating parameters to optimize their output according to user requirements. The trade-off between flux and degree of circular polarization is a basic feature of such dipole-type sources. In this paper, we discuss how to optimize the outpuy based on two different criteria. The first is to maximize the intensity times the square of circular polarization degree ( IP 2 ), a widely used figure of merit in circular-dichroism experiments. The second is to maximize the intesity for a given degree of circular polarization, which is desirable in some cases. The results presented here provide guidelines for the design and operation of dipole-type sources to generate circularly-polarized radiation.
A multisystemic approach to adolescent pregnancy

Abstract Adolescent pregnancy has reached epidemic proportions in our society. Approximately one million pregnancies are expected among 15–19-year-olds each year. One of the most serious deficiencies in the research on adolescent pregnancy is the lack of a coherent, comprehensive theoretical base. The result has been a wide assortment of findings based on little empirical data. Most behavior change attempts have focused on developmental psychodynamics of individuals, concentrating on characteristics that place them at risk of pregnancy. The role of other systems (i.e., family, peer, community) is rarely addressed. This paper discusses the notion that behavior change in the adolescent cannot be explained by intrapersonal approaches alone, but that an examination of the interpersonal and social processes is also needed. A multisystemic theoretical approach to adolescent pregnancy, showing the role of the family therapist, is then presented. This approach incorporates school, peer, family, and community systems.
Short-latency disparity vergence in humans : Evidence for early spatial filtering

Our study was concerned with the disparity detectors underlying the initial disparity vergence responses (DVRs) that are elicited at ultrashort latencies by binocular disparities applied to large images. DVRs were elicited in humans by applying horizontal disparity to vertical square-wave gratings lacking the fundamental (termed here, the "missing fundamental"). In the frequency domain, a pure square wave is composed of odd harmonics--first, third, fifth, seventh, etc.--such that the third, fifth, seventh, etc., have amplitudes that are one-third, one-fifth, one-seventh, etc., that of the first, and the missing fundamental lacks the first harmonic. The patterns seen by the two eyes have a phase difference of one-quarter wavelength, so the disparity of the features and 4n + 1 harmonics (where n = integer) has one sign (crossed or uncrossed), whereas the 4n - 1 harmonics--including the strongest Fourier component (the third harmonic)--has the opposite sign (uncrossed or crossed): spatial aliasing. The earliest DVRs, recorded with the search-coil technique, had minimum latencies of 70 to 80 ms and were generally in the direction of the third harmonic, that is, uncrossed disparities resulted in convergent eye movements. In other experiments on the DVRs, one eye saw a missing fundamental and the other saw a pure sine wave with the contrast and wavelength of the third harmonic but differing in phase by one-quarter wavelength. This resulted in short-latency vergence in accordance with matching of the third harmonic. These data all indicate the importance of the Fourier components, consistent with early spatial filtering prior to binocular matching.
Some kinematic and dynamic properties of the atmosphere

Given only the most general conditions present in the atmosphere, it is demonstrated by theoretical means that the circulation regime must be of the eddy type rather than being axisymmetric. This is done by showing that the mean meridional circulations cannot transport angular momentum across surfaces of constant mean absolute angular momentum. In the course of the development of the argument a quantity named the rotational Rossby number is defined, this nondimensional parameter being somewhat distinct from the conventional Rossby number. The kinematic part of the discussion is applicable to a variety of other specific quantities in addition to angular momentum. Mention is made of the possible application of the results to systems other than the terrestrial atmosphere. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1974.tb01630.x
Goals-Based Wealth Management: An Integrated and Practical Approach to Changing the Structure of Wealth Advisory Practices

1. Greg N. Gregoriou 1. is professor of finance at the State University of New York in Plattsburgh, NY, and a lecturer in finance in the Department of Continuing Studies at McGill University in Montreal, QC, Canada. (greg.gregoriou{at}plattsburgh.edu) 1. To order reprints of
Numerical Simulation of Laser-Produced Plasma Devices for EUV Lithography Using the Heights Integrated Model

Laser-produced plasma (LPP) devices have been modeled as the light source for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography. A key challenge for LPP is achieving sufficient brightness to support the throughput requirements of high-volume manufacturing. An integrated model (HEIGHTS) was applied to simulate the environment of EUV sources and optimize their output. The model includes plasma evolution and magnetohydrodynamic processes in a two-temperature approximation, as well as photon radiation transport determined by the Monte Carlo method. It uses the total variation diminishing scheme for the description of magnetic compression and diffusion in a cylindrical 2-D geometry for the target. Generation of the internal magnetic field with nonparallel density and temperature gradients was also considered. Preliminary results from numerical simulation in hydrodynamics and line radiation output of xenon and tin plasmas are presented for planar and droplet targets.
Bordetella pertussis pathogenesis: current and future challenges

Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, has recently re-emerged as a major public health threat despite high levels of vaccination against the aetiological agent Bordetella pertussis. In this Review, we describe the pathogenesis of this disease, with a focus on recent mechanistic insights into B. pertussis virulence-factor function. We also discuss the changing epidemiology of pertussis and the challenges facing vaccine development. Despite decades of research, many aspects of B. pertussis physiology and pathogenesis remain poorly understood. We highlight knowledge gaps that must be addressed to develop improved vaccines and therapeutic strategies.
Importance of river migration to the development of seawater tolerance in Columbia River anadromous salmonids

Abstract Gradually increasing levels of gill Na + K + ATPase activity were observed in juvenile chinook, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha , and coho, Oncorhynchus kisutch , salmon and steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri , undergoing parr-smolt transformation in artificial rearing facilities on the Columbia River. Portions of the same populations released to migrate seaward, however, generally showed much greater increases in enzyme activity with time and distance from the release point. After migrating 714 km to the Columbia River estuary, spring chinook salmon had a mean gill Na + K + ATPase activity 2.5 times greater than fish retained at the hatchery and 1.9 times greater than fish adapted to 28 ppt seawater for 208 days. Similar observations were made on coho salmon.
Introduction to special section on Entropy Properties and Constraints Related to Space Plasma Transport

[1] Studies of entropy provide physical insight into space plasma transport, intermittency, turbulence, and information flow in the heliosphere and magnetosphere. Nonconservation of entropy in space plasmas can result from magnetic reconfiguration as well as nonadiabatic processes such as turbulent transport, thermal energy transport due to nonadiabatic particle drifts, energizations, mixing of two or more plasma populations, etc. Examination of entropy properties may provide insight into processes leading to plasma entry across the magnetopause on the dayside and nightside and processes leading to the tail “pressure balance inconsistency” and may provide constraints on which processes are most important in the dynamical transition related to substorms. Moreover, entropy-based information theory can be used to characterize the dynamics of the magnetosphere. This paper summarizes the special section that highlights state-of-the-art theoretical and observational studies of entropy, the pressure balance inconsistency, and other entropy-related issues such as those mentioned above.
Abstract SY23-01: Early endosomes: Platforms for the induction of oncogenic phenotypes

Oncogenic signaling markedly impacts the adhesive and migratory potential of tumor cells. Many of the resulting cellular changes are elicited by coordinated alterations in endosomal membrane trafficking. Although long regarded as a means for cells to internalize nutrients and cell surface molecules, emerging evidence suggests that the endosomal circuitry is also an essential platform for signal transduction and a conduit for the transport of cellular machinery, including adhesion proteins and signaling molecules, appropriate compartmentalization of which appears to be essential for eliciting changes that accompany disease progression. The disruption of epithelial glandular architecture and the acquisition of aggressive invasive phenotypes, two hallmarks of tumor progression, exemplify the above paradigm. Our efforts are directed at elucidating and defining the role of ARF6-coupled endocytic pathways in the acquisition of migratory/invasive phenotypes. Recent work using three-dimensional basement membrane cultures of renal and mammary epithelial cells reveals that the formation of signaling endosomes during glandular cyst morphogenesis, serve as platforms for hyperactive receptor signaling leading to the disruption of epithelial cysts and generation of certain tumorigenic phenotypes. We are also investigating the structural and molecular changes at the invasive front of tumor cells. Our recent studies, and others, have shown that selective sorting of specific cargo such as the membrane-type proteases along early endocytic recycling pathways, is tightly coupled to the biogenesis and function of invasive structures such as invadopodia and microvesicles. Invadopodia are actin-rich protrusions that form at the adherent cell surface and mediate pericellular proteolysis. Microvesicles, generated by the outward budding and fission of the plasma membrane, facilitate the horizontal transfer of bioactive molecules and are now thought to have vital roles in tumor invasion and metastasis, inflammation and stem-cell expansion. Since endosomes confer spatial and temporal dimensions to oncogenic signaling, understanding the interplay between endocytic trafficking and the activation of invasive cell programs could provide new and important insights into the progression toward pathophysiological states. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr SY23-01. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-SY23-01
Update on Open Abdomen Management: Achievements and Challenges

The open abdomen technique is one of the greatest advances in recent times and has enormous application in the daily management of the critically ill or injured patient. It results in tremendous benefits to the initial resuscitation of these patients but also brings on many challenges beyond those that might be expected from the primary illness or injury. Recent advances in the management of the open abdomen have provided the means to overcome the challenges and reap the benefits.
Use of a resistant peanut cultivar with copper fungicides and reduced fungicide applications for control of late leaf spot

Abstract In field tests conducted in 1988 and 1989, chlorothalonil, propiconazole, or diniconazole applied on a 21-day schedule provided control of late leaf spot ( Cercosporidium personatum ) of peanut ( Arachis hypogaea ) that was sufficient to prevent yield losses in Southern Runner, a cultivar with moderate resistance to C. personatum . Copper hydroxide in 1988 and 1989, copper oxysulphate in 1988 and copper resinate fungicides in 1989 applied in a 14-day schedule produced yields comparable to chlorothalonil applied in a 14-day schedule, although leaf spot control provided by all of these materials was inferior to that provided by chlorothalonil, propiconazole or diniconazole. In 1990, significant yield loss due to leaf spot did not occur for even the untreated plots. In 1988 and 1989, highest yields were from plots treated with diniconazole, primarily because of superior control of soil-borne diseases by this fungicide.
Soft decision direct-sequence DPSK receivers

Several soft-decision receiver structures are proposed for coded direct-sequence differential-phase-shift-keyed (DPSK) spread spectrum systems operating over pulse-jammed channels. The performance of the maximum-likelihood soft-decision receivers and a number of suboptimal soft decision receivers is considered. Soft-decision receivers require channel side information for satisfactory performance in the presence of pulse jamming. Two techniques are investigated for generating channel side information to mitigate the effects of pulse jamming. >
The Nintendo Entertainment System and the 10NES Chip: Carving the Video Game Industry in Silicon

This essay makes the argument that the numerous ‘‘networks’’ or ‘‘inter/intranetworks’’ that structure the video game industry have lived local effects for those involved in the production of video games. In particular, this is most visible in the realm of console video game development but is visible in many other contexts as well. It uses the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) as an index into this complex and highly structured world that frequently disappears from developers perception. The essay uses largely historical data drawn from patent filings, Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filings, and court cases to analyze these networks. The essay argues that these inter/intranetworks, as constructed, have been instrumental in the way that the game industry now finds itself structured and that as the industry has ‘‘matured,’’ the networks have become less accessible and less interoperable.
Water Supply as a Limiting Factor in Developing Communities: Endogenous VS. Exogenous Sources

Certain issues pertaining to water supply as a limiting factor in developing communities are discussed. Examples taken from New Jersey should have applicability elsewhere, especially in the humid eastern U.S. Developing communities in New Jersey are planning for an ultimate population to be supplied by endogenous water sources. Reliance on exogenous sources seems to be favored at the state and national level. Three planning topics concerning this controversy are discussed: deep aquifers with recharge areas in other political jurisdictions not considered endogenous sources; total development of the groundwater resources of a headwaters community resulting in base flow diminishment; and yield decrementing estimates. Reliance on endogenous supplies results in a lower estimate of ultimate population that the county can support. The selection of a water source area has profound implications in the management of community growth. (1 diagram, 15 references, 1 table)
Psychological Distress and Help Seeking in Rural America

The implications of exposure to acute and chronic stressors, and seeking mental health care, for increased psychological distress are examined. Research on economic stress, psychological distress, and rural agrarian values each point to increasing variability within rural areas. Using data from a panel study of 1,487 adults, a model predicting changes in depressive symptoms was specified and tested. Results show effects by size of place for men but not for women. Men living in rural villages of under 2,500 or in small towns of 2,500 to 9,999 people had significantly greater increases in depressive symptoms than men living in the country or in larger towns or cities. Size of place was also related to level of stigma toward mental health care. Persons living in the most rural environments were more likely to hold stigmatized attitudes toward mental health care and these views were strongly predictive of willingness to seek care. The combination of increased risk and less willingness to seek assistance places men living in small towns and villages in particular jeopardy for continuing problems involving depressed mood.
The future of human ovarian cryopreservation and transplantation: fertility and beyond.

Abstract Objective: To review the current progress in ovarian cryopreservation and transplantation and to discuss the obstacles with the clinical application of this technique. Design: The literature on ovarian cryopreservation and transplantation was reviewed to facilitate understanding and predict future directions. The studies related to this topic were identified through MEDLINE and other bibliographic databases, focusing on the most recent developments. Conclusion(s): The experimental evidence for low-temperature storage of ovarian tissue is encouraging. Although restoration of fertility with cryopreserved ovarian grafts has been successful in various animals, there are uncertainties about the optimum use of stored ovarian tissue in humans. Autotransplantation appears to be promising, but the potential risk of transmitting malignant cells in women with cancer is of great concern. The maturation of primordial follicles with xenotransplantation is encouraging, but the efficacy and the safety of this method need further investigation. Furthermore, the quality of oocytes that have been matured in a host animal is unknown. The development of in vitro culture systems for oocyte maturation is still in its infancy. There are many issues to be resolved in ovarian transplantation before the full clinical use of this emerging technique. Most of all, there is an urgent need to optimize the freeze/thaw procedure and to find the means to protect grafts from ischemia-reperfusion injury. Nevertheless, ovarian transplantation should prove to be clinically useful for women at risk for premature ovarian failure.
Interpersonal control, expressed emotion, and change in symptoms in families of persons with schizophrenia

This study examined the relationships of expressed emotion (EE), change in symptoms in schizophrenia, and interpersonal control patterns in relatives over a 2-year period. Subjects were 56 persons with schizophrenia and their relatives who participated in the NIMH Treatment Strategies in Schizophrenia (TSS) longitudinal study. The relationships among EE, interpersonal control as measured by the Relational Control Coding System (RCCS), and levels of symptoms at each assessment point were analyzed longitudinally with hierarchical linear modeling (HLM). No relationship was found between EE and symptoms, nor did control appear to contribute to symptoms. High-EE relatives reacted more strongly to symptom change than low-EE relatives and in opposite directions. EE may be an indicator of responsiveness rather than either a cause or result of symptoms. Understanding how EE attitudes impact the struggles patients and relatives have in coping with schizophrenia is crucial to knowing how clinicians can support these families most effectively.
An analysis and comparison of parameterization-based computation of differential quantities for discrete surfaces

Normals and curvatures are fundamental for geometric modeling and computer-aided design, but their accurate computations on discrete surfaces are challenging. Two types of methods, namely height-function based and parameterization based polynomial fittings, are well founded mathematically and can be proven to deliver convergent results under reasonable assumptions. However, the numerical behaviors of these methods can differ drastically in practice, and no systematic analysis and comparison have been reported previously for these methods. In this paper, we describe a unified framework for these methods based on weighted least squares approximations, and on top of this framework we compare a number of methods in terms of numerical accuracy and stability as well as runtime efficiency and robustness through both theoretical analysis and numerical experiments. Our analysis shows that the choice of parameterization and numerical solver for the least squares problem can have significant impact on the accuracy and stability of polynomial fittings. In addition, we show that the methods based on local orthogonal projection with a safeguard against folding deliver the best combination of simplicity, accuracy, efficiency, and robustness.
TRK RECEPTORS FUNCTION AS RAPID RETROGRADE SIGNAL CARRIERS IN THE ADULT NERVOUS SYSTEM

During development target-derived neurotrophins promote the survival of neurons. However, mature neurons no longer depend on the target for survival. Do target-derived neurotrophins retain retrograde signaling functions in mature neurons, and, if so, how are they executed? We addressed this question by using a phosphotyrosine-directed antibody to locate activated Trk receptors in adult rat sciatic nerve. We show that catalytically active Trk receptors are located within the axon of adult rat sciatic nerve and that they are distributed throughout the length of the axons. These catalytically active receptors are phosphorylated on tyrosine at a position that couples them to the signal-generating proteins Ras and PI3 kinase. Neurotrophin applied at sciatic nerve terminals increases both catalytic activity and phosphorylation state of Trk receptors at distant points within the axons. Trk activation initiated at the nerve terminals propagates through the axon toward the nerve cell body at an initial rate that exceeds that of conventional vesicular transport. However, our data suggest that this rapid signal is nevertheless vesicle-associated. Thus, in mature nerves, activated Trk receptors function as rapid retrograde signal carriers to execute remote responses to target-derived neurotrophins.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia in knee osteoarthritis: a randomized, double-blind, active placebo-controlled clinical trial.

Objective Insomnia is prevalent among patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Research indicates that sleep disruption may amplify clinical pain by altering central pain modulation, suggesting that treatment of insomnia may improve pain. The aims of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of cognitive–behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) in patients with knee OA, to determine whether improvements in sleep predict reduced pain, and to determine whether alterations in pain modulation mediate improvements in clinical pain. Methods We conducted a randomized, double-blind, active placebo–controlled clinical trial of CBT-I in 100 patients with knee OA and insomnia (mean ± SD age 59.4 ± 9.5 years). Patients were randomized (1:1) to receive either 8 sessions of CBT-I or behavioral desensitization (placebo). We conducted in-home polysomnography (PSG), diary assessment, and sensory tests of pain modulation at baseline, posttreatment, 3 months, and 6 months. Results Intent-to-treat analyses demonstrated substantial improvement in sleep in both groups of patients. Patients in the CBT-I group had significantly greater reductions in wake after sleep onset (WASO), as measured by patient diary and PSG. Patients in both groups reported significant and comparable reductions in pain over 6 months, with one-third reporting a 30% reduction in pain severity. Baseline-to-posttreatment reductions in WASO as measured by diary and PSG predicted subsequent decreases in clinical pain. This effect was significantly greater for CBT-I compared with behavioral desensitization. No significant changes in laboratory measures of pain modulation were observed. Conclusion Compared with active placebo, CBT-I was efficacious in reducing sleep maintenance insomnia. CBT-I decreased clinical pain, but not pain modulation, suggesting that it has the potential to augment pain management in knee OA. Future work is needed to identify the mechanisms by which improved sleep reduces clinical pain.
Biochemical Characterization of a Recombinant TRIM5α Protein That Restricts Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication

The rhesus monkey intrinsic immunity factor TRIM5alpha(rh) recognizes incoming capsids from a variety of retroviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), and inhibits the accumulation of viral reverse transcripts. However, direct interactions between restricting TRIM5alpha proteins and retroviral capsids have not previously been demonstrated using pure recombinant proteins. To facilitate structural and mechanistic studies of retroviral restriction, we have developed methods for expressing and purifying an active chimeric TRIM5alpha(rh) protein containing the RING domain from the related human TRIM21 protein. This recombinant TRIM5-21R protein was expressed in SF-21 insect cells and purified through three chromatographic steps. Two distinct TRIM5-21R species were purified and shown to correspond to monomers and dimers, as analyzed by analytical ultracentrifugation. Chemically cross-linked recombinant TRIM5-21R dimers and mammalian-expressed TRIM5-21R and TRIM5alpha proteins exhibited similar sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis mobilities, indicating that mammalian TRIM5alpha proteins are predominantly dimeric. Purified TRIM5-21R had ubiquitin ligase activity and could autoubquitylate with different E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzymes in vitro. TRIM5-21R bound directly to synthetic capsids composed of recombinant HIV-1 CA-NC proteins and to authentic EIAV core particles. HIV-1 CA-NC assemblies bound dimeric TRIM5-21R better than either monomeric TRIM5-21R or TRIM5-21R constructs that lacked the SPRY domain or its V1 loop. Thus, our studies indicate that TRIM5alpha proteins are dimeric ubiquitin E3 ligases that recognize retroviral capsids through direct interactions mediated by the SPRY domain and demonstrate that these activities can be recapitulated in vitro using pure recombinant proteins.
Structure–function analysis of the glucose-6-phosphate transporter deficient in glycogen storage disease type Ib

Glycogen storage disease type Ib (GSD-Ib) is caused by a deficiency in the glucose-6-phosphate transporter (G6PT), a 10 transmembrane domain endoplasmic reticulum protein. To date, 69 G6PT mutations, including 28 missenses and 2 codon deletions, have been identified in GSD-Ib patients. We previously characterized 15 of the missense and one codon deletion mutations using a pSVL-based expression assay. A lack of sensitivity in this assay limited the discrimination between mutations that lead to loss of function and mutations that leave a low residual activity. We now report an improved G6PT assay, based on an adenoviral vector-mediated expression system and its use in the functional characterization of all 30 codon mutations found in GSD-Ib patients. Twenty of the naturally occurring mutations completely abolish microsomal G6P uptake activity while the other 10 mutations, including 5 previously characterized ones, partially inactivate the transporter. This information should greatly facilitate genotype–phenotype correlation. We also report a structure– function analysis of G6PT. In addition to the 3 destabilizing mutations reported previously, we now show that the G50R, C176R, V235del, G339C and G339D mutations also compromise the G6PT stability. Mutation analysis of the amino-terminal domain of G6PT shows that it is required for optimal G6P uptake activity. Finally, we show that degradation of both wild-type and mutant G6PT is inhibited by a potent proteasome inhibitor, lactacystin, demonstrating that G6PT is a substrate for proteasome-mediated degradation.
The Infection of Mice with Swine Influenza Virus.

The experiments confirm the earlier observation of Andrewes, Laidlaw and Smith that the swine influenza virus is pathogenic for white mice when administered intranasally. Two field strains of the swine influenza virus were found to differ in their initial pathogenicity for mice. One strain was apparently fully pathogenic even in its 1st mouse passage while the other required 2 or 3 mouse passages to acquire full virulence for this species. Both strains, however, were initially infectious for mice, without the necessity of intervening ferret passages. There is no evidence that bacteria play any significant role in the mouse disease though essential in that of swine, and fatal pneumonias can be produced in mice by pure virus infections. Mice surviving the virus disease are immune to reinfection for at least a month. In mice the disease is not contagious though it is notably so in swine. The virus, while regularly producing fatal pneumonias when administered intranasally to mice, appears to be completely innocuous when given subcutaneously or intraperitoneally. Prolonged serial passage of the virus in mice does not influence its infectivity or virulence for swine or ferrets. It is a stable virus so far as its infectivity is concerned, and can be transferred at will from any one of its three known susceptible hosts to any other. In discussing these facts the stability of the swine influenza virus has been contrasted with the apparent instability of freshly isolated strains of the human influenza virus. Though the mouse is an un-natural host for the virus it is, nevertheless, useful for the study of those aspects of swine influenza which have to do with the virus only.
Integration of a Power/Workload Control System into IT management architecture

Virtualized environments today allow managing and migrating workloads more flexibly such that goals of minimizing power usage in data centers can be pursued. Automated closed-loop controllers are often used for exercising control over workload placement and migration in a data center. The combination with power, airflow and temperature control can even more contribute to energy efficiency in a data center crossing the traditionally separated domains of IT management and facility management.
Knowledge and Power in the Mechanical Firm: Planning for Profit in Austrian Perpsective

This essay draws on the transaction costs model of the firm and an Austrian perspective on the knowledge problem in centrally planned orders to propose an empirically useful Austrian theory of central planning. After an initial review of existing theories of the firm, part two develops insights from the calculation debate to sketch a theory of planning centered on the interrelated problems of purpose, information and control in both individual and central planning. Part three joins this theory to the basic framework of the transaction cost model to produce an Austrian theory of the private firm that addresses the relation between knowledge and power in planned orders, and illustrates its principal themes through a discussion of the historical development of American manufacturing in the fifty years prior to World War I.
Developmental presence and disappearance of postsynaptically silent synapses on dendritic spines of rat layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons

Silent synapses are synapses whose activation evokes NMDA-type glutamate receptor (NMDAR) but not AMPA-type glutamate receptor (AMPAR) mediated currents. Silent synapses are prominent early in postnatal development and are thought to play a role in the activity- and sensory-dependent refinement of neuronal circuits. The mechanisms that account for their silent nature have been controversial, and both presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms have been proposed. Here, we use two-photon laser uncaging of glutamate to directly activate glutamate receptors and measure AMPAR- and NMDAR-dependent currents on individual dendritic spines of rat somatosensory cortical layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons. We find that dendritic spines lacking functional surface AMPARs are commonly found before postnatal day 12 (P12) but are absent in older animals. Furthermore, AMPAR-lacking spines are contacted by release-competent presynaptic terminals. After P12, the AMPAR/NMDAR current ratio at individual spines continues to increase, consistent with continued addition of AMPARs to postsynaptic terminals. Our results confirm the existence of postsynaptically silent synapses and demonstrate that the morphology of the spine is not strongly predictive of its AMPAR content.
Municipal Plans, State Mandates, and Property Rights Lessons from Maine

In Maine, the state government does not require municipalities to plan, but it provides technical assistance, incentives, and state review to encourage local comprehensive planning. Most municipalities submit plans; the majority adopt plans that are consistent with state goals. Voluntary planning may therefore constitute a viable alternative to planning mandates if states offer incentives and assistance. The research finds little evidence that higher status municipalities are more likely to plan, casting doubt on the hypothesis that planning is driven by exclusionary motives in Maine. Municipalities’ planning actions correlate more consistently with indicators of their residents’ attitudes about property rights.
The use of TRISS methodology to validate prehospital intubation by urban EMS providers

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of field orotracheal intubation (OI) by urban emergency medical technician-paramedics (EMT-Ps) on outcome compared with trauma score and injury severity score (TRISS) expectations. The records of all trauma patients intubated by EMT-Ps or hospital personnel were abstracted for OI attempts/successes, use of neuromuscular blockade (NMB), scene time, discharge neurological status, and hospital survival compared with TRISS. EMT-Ps attempted 43% of all intubations; 81% were successful versus 98% by hospital staff (P < .05). NMB was used by 76% of hospital intubations versus none by EMS (P < .05). Scene time was 10.3 ± 3.2 minutes versus 11.6 ± 2.1 for patients intubated by emergency medical services (EMS) and hospital staff (P < .05). Sixty percent of patients intubated by EMS versus 68% by hospital staff had good/moderate discharge neurological status. Survival for patients intubated by EMS versus hospital staff was 11% and 40%, respectively, compared with 2% and 45% expected by TRISS. Field OI by urban EMT-Ps has a favorable impact on survival with good neurological outcome (P < .05).