cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Respiratory failure and death following acute inhalation of mercury vapor. A clinical and histologic perspective.

A family of four was exposed to toxic levels of mercury vapor while attempting to extract silver from mercury amalgam. All four suffered respiratory failure and subsequent death despite chelation therapy with dimercaprol. Histologic findings at autopsy were similar in all four cases demonstrating a progression of acute lung injury that appeared related to postexposure day survival. There were no clinical signs of extrapulmonary manifestations despite toxic serum mercury levels. Although serum mercury levels decreased in response to the mercury chelating agent dimercaprol, serum levels remained in the toxic range and no clinical response was observed. Acute inhalational exposure to high concentrations of mercury vapor causes pneumonitis that can lead to respiratory failure and death. This continues to be a health hazard in both the workplace and the home environment. (Chest 1991; 99:185–90)
Late Paleozoic collision of North and South America

The geographic distribution of the Early Permian Midcontinent-Andean fusulinacean faunal realm and the regional histories with similar depositional and tectonic patterns indicate that the Ouachita-Marathon geosyncline was adjacent to Colombia and Venezuela during the collision of North and South America. The age relationships of folding, thrust faulting, and metamorphism show that this collision was completed from east to west during latest Pennsylvanian to Early Permian time.
Magnetic clamping structures for the consolidation of composite laminates

Vacuum bags are used in conjunction with autoclaves to generate the consolidation pressures and temperatures required to manufacture aerospace composites. As the scale of continuous fiber composite structures increases, autoclave processing becomes prohibitively expensive or infeasible. The objective of this study is to develop flexible magnetic clamping structures to increase the consolidation pressure during the conventional vacuum bagging of composite laminates, thereby obviating the need for an autoclave. The ferromagnetic rubber, which consists of rubber filled with iron particles, developed in this study provides a conformable and reusable vacuum bag that provides increased consolidation through attractive forces produced by electromagnets. Experiments and finite-element modeling indicate that consolidation pressure in the range of 100 kPa can be generated by such a device with realistic power requirements. The effects of the magnetic clamping device process parameters on the consolidation pressure magnitude are modeled theoretically and are characterized experimentally. In addition, a method for the efficient design of the magnetic-clamping device is developed. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Designing Traffic Flow Management Strategies Using Multiobjective Genetic Algorithms

This paper develops an approach for automation-assisted design of traffic flow management strategies using multiobjective genetic algorithms. In situations where the imbalance of demand and capacity cannot be managed with tactical measures, traffic management initiatives are often imposed; however, the definition of these initiatives, including a number of parameters required for implementation, are determined based on experience. For automation to assist in this process, a method is needed to identify a small number of solutions that embody the best strategies across a variety of metrics. This paper proposes an approach that uses multiobjective genetic algorithms to readily identify the Pareto set of solutions and further cluster these solutions based on the structure of the strategies as well as their performance. Results verify the performance, accuracy, and scalability of the multiobjective genetic algorithm for identifying the Pareto set of solutions by evaluating only a minute fraction of the design...
Light intensity and phototaxis in the house fly: photonegativity in a yellow-eyed mutant

Y-tube tests of phototactic behavior of house flies (Musca domestica L.) involving wild-type, yellow-eyed, and hybrid individuals were conducted under low (8 ft-candles, 86.1 lux) and high (1600 ft-candles, 17,222.8 lux) light intensities. The Y-tube design utilized either a clear or a dark stem leading to the branches where the photochoice was made. No significant differences were found in the responses of the wild-type and hybrid lines to either light intensity or Y-tube design. Significant differences were recorded for the yellow-eyed individuals only under high light intensities, whereas their behavior under low light conditions was indistinguishable from that of the wild phenotypes. Yellow-eyed flies showed a 68.6% photopositive response when tested in dark-stemmed Y-tubes under 1600 ft-candles intensity as compared to the 86.0% and 83.3% photopositive responses of the wild and hybrid lines, respectively. However, the yellow-eyed flies tested in the clear-stemmed Y-tubes under 1600 ft-candles showed only a 28.7% photopositive response—a clear reversal toward photonegativity. Light-dark adaptation of the highly sensitive yellow-pigmented eye while in the stem of the Y-tube is responsible for this switch toward photonegative behavior.
Forced Convection Cooling Across Rectangular Blocks

Conjugate heat transfer for two-dimensional, developing flow over an array of rectangular blocks, representing finite heat sources on parallel plates, is considered. Incompressible flow over multiple blocks is modeled using the fully elliptic form of the Navier-Stokes equations. A control-volume-based finite difference procedure with appropriate averaging for the diffusion coefficients is used to solve the coupling between the solid and fluid regions. The heat transfer characteristics resulting from recirculating zones around the blocks are presented. The analysis is extended to study the optimum spacing between heat sources for a fixed heat input and a desired maximum temperature at the heat source.
Automated precordial mapping for S-T segment analysis: variability in serial mappings of normal subjects and patients with stable S-T elevation.

Abstract An automated method of precordial mapping using a modified Caceres U. S. Public Health Service Electrocardiogram Diagnosing Program has been developed. The S-T segment elevation was measured in three successive complexes and averaged for each of the 35 precordial leads. The onset of the S-T segment (J point) was accurately located in over 99 percent of instances. The time required to sample the 35 leads averaged 8 1 2 minutes with subsequent data analysis requiring an additional 7 minutes. The S-T segment variability between serial mappings done over a 1 to 2 hour period was determined in normal subjects and patients with stable S-T elevation. The average S-T segment elevation/35 leads in normal subjects was 1.28 mv (range 0.41 to 2.14) and the betweenmapping variability was ±0.25 mv at the 95 percent confidence level. The average S-T segment elevation/35 leads in the patients was 4.01 mv (range 1.35 to 7.28) mv. The between-mapping variability was ±0.29 mv (95 percent confidence level), and was not statistically different from the variability in normal subjects ( P
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor poisoning: An evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospital management.

A review of US poison center data for 2004 showed over 48,000 exposures to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). A guideline that determines the conditions for emergency department referral and prehospital care could potentially optimize patient outcome, avoid unnecessary emergency department visits, reduce health care costs, and reduce life disruption for patients and caregivers. An evidence-based expert consensus process was used to create the guideline. Relevant articles were abstracted by a trained physician researcher. The first draft of the guideline was created by the lead author. The entire panel discussed and refined the guideline before distribution to secondary reviewers for comment. The panel then made changes based on the secondary review comments.The objective of this guideline is to assist poison center personnel in the appropriate out-of-hospital triage and initial management of patients with a suspected ingestion of an SSRI by 1) describing the process by which an ingestion of ...
Surgery without angiography for neonates with aortic arch obstruction

Traditional diagnostic assessment of the neonate and infant with congenital abnormalities of the aorta causing left ventricular outflow tract obstruction has required catheterization and angiography. However, these patients frequently present critically ill and invasive diagnostic procedures may be associated with significant risks. Two-dimensional echocardiography has been used for aiding diagnosis of aortic arch abnormalities, but there has been little information concerning its use as the definitive imaging technique for preoperative assessment. We reviewed neonates who required urgent surgery for congenital obstruction of the aorta. The diagnosis was made using two-dimensional echocardiographic imaging and Doppler techniques for hemodynamic assessment in lieu of catheterization and angiography in all. Anatomic detail provided by the noninvasive approach was both sensitive and specific in guiding surgery in all but one case. We conclude that echocardiography eliminates the need for invasive preoperative diagnostic procedures in selected neonates with congenital aortic arch obstruction.
The Einstein/Cornell Collaborative Protocol to Assess Efficacy and Methodology in Captopril Scintirenography Early Results in Patients With Essential Hypertension

We have established an ongoing prospective investigation of hypertensive patients to examine the rates of false results in captopril scintirenography. This study is being conducted at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and the Cornell University Medical Center. Two large populations will allow an accurate assessment of both false positive and false negative results. We report here the results from the first 30 patients, results which will be useful in defining the bounds for future studies.
Stereoselective Synthesis of α-Digitoxosides and α-Boivinosides via Chelation-Controlled Anomeric O-Alkylation

A chelation-controlled anomeric O-alkylation has been developed for the stereoselective synthesis of α-digitoxosides and α-boivinosides bearing a C3-free hydroxyl group. Due to chelation via sodium ion, the anomeric alkoxides are locked in the axial configuration, which leads to the selective production of α-glycosides.
Gender-inclusive science teaching: A feminist-constructivist approach

The underrepresentation of women in science is an extensively studied yet persistent concern of our society. Researchers have identified numerous educational and social factors thought to be responsible for this underrepresentation (Kahle, 1990a; Kelly, 1987). One of the dominant explanations, used by many researchers for years to discuss gender differences in science and mathematics achievement as well as interest, has been the differences in the cognitive abilities of men and women. This explanation, however, has been discarded in recent years (Linn & Hyde, 1989; Linn 1990). On the basis of their meta-analyses of various studies. Linn and Hyde (1989) concluded that gender differences in cognitive skills have declined and those that remain are largely explained by experiential differences. Women may not have different cognitive abilities, but they may have a different way of learning rooted in their role in society. The epistemic differences between men and women stemming from their standpoint in life can help us understand their differential interaction with the nature of science, and hence their participation in the field. In the following section, we will briefly discuss the feminist critique of science and extend the implication to science education.
Recovery of glucose from glucolipids in cell wall glucans in cotton fibres

Abstract We have previously reported that [ 14 C]glucose from steryl[ 14 C]glucosides in the chloroform-methanol extract from intact in vitro -grown cotton fibres labelled with UDP[ 14 C]glucose was recovered in glucans within 4 hr. In the present experiment, we have used intact, in vitro -grown cotton fibres to determine if [ 14 C]glucolipids synthesized from UDP[ 14 C]glucose can also be substrates for glucan synthesis. [ 14 C]Glucose from steryl[ 14 C]glucose, acylsteryl[ 14 C]glucose, and an unidentified [ 14 C]glucolipid was recovered in acetic-nitric soluble (1,3-β-glucans and possibly mixed linked glucans) and acetic-nitric insoluble (cellulose) glucans. Continuous synthesis and turnover of glucosides in the cell wall is essential to maintain cell wall integrity. Cellulose synthesis in cotton fibre may, in part, be a salvage process allowing turnover of other glucosides through recovery of glucose in the 1,4-β-glucan, which does not turn over.
The prognostic significance of soft tissue extension in Ewing's sarcoma

From January 1969 through December 1977, 28 patients were treated at the University of Florida with the diagnosis of Ewing's sarcoma. All patients received radiation therapy to the primary site and adjuvant chemotherapy according to several different regimens. A retrospective analysis was carried out to determine the prognostic significance of gross extraosseous extension by the primary lesion. Gross soft tissue extension at the primary site was found to be of prognostic importance. Patients with soft tissue extension more often presented with metastatic disease (39 versus 10%). The five-year survival rate for patients presenting without distant metastasis and whose primary lesions were grossly confined to bone was 87% compared to 20% for those with extraosseous extension. The decrease in survival with soft tissue extension resulted from an increase in distant metastasis as well as local failure, and was independent of primary site location. The proportion of patients with extraosseous extension should be reported in subsequent analyses of local control and survival.
Systematically Individualizing Tobramycin Dosage Regimens

Tobramycin dosage regimens were individually calculated from serum concentration-time data in 64 patients. Tobramycin pharmacokinetic parameters and dosage requirements demonstrated wide interpatient variation. The tobramycin half-life varied from 0.5 to 8.6 hours in patients with normal serum creatinines. The mean (+/- S.D.) distribution volume was 0.22 (+/- 0.09) liter/kg for all patients. Dosage requirements were higher for the younger patients, however, considerable variability existed within age groups. In patients with normal serum creatinines, an 8-hour dosing interval was optimal in only 17 of the 46 patients. A multiple regression model using age, weight, and creatinine clearance could explain only 44.2% of the variance in tobramycin clearance. Measured steady-state peak and trough concentrations compared favorably with desired peak and trough concentrations. The mean (+/- S.D.) desired peak was 7.2 (+/- 1.8) microgram/ml, and the mean (+/- S.D.) measured peak was 7.1 (+/- 2.0) microgram/ml. The mean (+/- S.D.) desired trough was 1.1 (+/- 0.9) microgram/ml, and the mean (+/- S.D.) measured trough was 1.3 (+/- 0.8) microgram/ml. Many patients required dosage regimens exceeding those commonly recommended; however, no cases of ototoxicity or nephrotoxicity were encountered. This model proved successful in calculating dosage regimens of tobramycin to obtain optimal serum concentrations.
Measurement of the Scattering Properties of Hydrosols

The scattering properties of prepared stable hydrosols have been obtained by two independent methods, by integration of volume-scattering function data, and by direct measurement of the total scattering. The correlation coefficient between the two methods has been determined to be 0.99. Data are given for the total attenuation coefficient, the total-scattering coefficient, the forward- and backward-scattering coefficients, and the volume-scattering function for two samples of water and one prepared hydrosol consisting of 40 cc of skim milk in 600 gallons of water. For the prepared hydrosols a correlation coefficient of 0.999 was found between the total scattering coefficient and the volume-scattering function at 45°. A comparison is made between the present data for distilled water and data published by Hulbert in 1945.
Beta-lactamase production and susceptibilities to amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, ticarcillin, ticarcillin-clavulanate, cefoxitin, imipenem, and metronidazole of 320 non-Bacteroides fragilis Bacteroides isolates and 129 fusobacteria from 28 U.S. centers.

beta-Lactamase production (nitrocefin disk method) and agar dilution susceptibility of amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, ticarcillin, ticarcillin-clavulanate, cefoxitin, imipenem, and metronidazole were determined for 320 Bacteroides species (not Bacteroides fragilis group) and 129 fusobacteria from 28 U.S. centers. Overall, 64.7% of Bacteroides species and 41.1% of fusobacteria were beta-lactamase positive. Among the Bacteroides species, positivity rates were highest for B. bivius (85.0%), followed by B. splanchnicus (83.3%), B. eggerthii (77.8%), and B. oralis (77.1%); 54.5% of black-pigmented Bacteroides species were beta-lactamase positive. Among the fusobacteria, Fusobacterium mortiferum showed the highest rate of beta-lactamase positivity (76.9%). MICs of amoxicillin (128 micrograms/ml) and ticarcillin (64 micrograms/ml) for 90% of all beta-lactamase-positive strains were reduced to 4 and 2 micrograms/ml, respectively, with the addition of clavulanate. MICs of amoxicillin and ticarcillin for 90% of all beta-lactamase-negative strains were 1 and 4 micrograms/ml, respectively, and greater than or equal to 98.4% of the strains were susceptible to the beta-lactams tested. Of the beta-lactamase-producing strains, 45.9% were susceptible to amoxicillin at less than or equal to 4 micrograms/ml and 93.4% were susceptible to ticarcillin at less than or equal to 64 micrograms/ml; the addition of clavulanate raised the rates to 90.4 and 100%, respectively. All strains were susceptible to cefoxitin, imipenem, and metronidazole. The activity of amoxicillin against 29 beta-lactamase-producing strains (10 Bacteroides species and 19 fusobacteria) was not enhanced by the addition of clavulanate; however, 82.7% of these strains were susceptible to amoxicillin, and all were susceptible to ticarcillin. Although beta-lactamase positivity is on the increase in non-B. fragilis group Bacteroides species and fusobacteria, amoxicillin-clavulanate, ticarcillin, cefoxitin, imipenem, and metronidazole should be suitable for the treatment of infections with these strains. The addition of clavulanate does not appreciably improve the efficacy of ticarcillin against these organisms.
An atomic beam diffraction study of a rare gas monolayer of square symmetry : Kr on (100) NaCl

Using cold helium atomic beam diffraction and atomic beam overlayer deposition, we have measured the structure of krypton physisorbed on the (100) face of NaCl crystals at temperatures below 50 K. Our data show that this system provides the first example of a rare gas overlayer growing with fourfold nearest neighbor coordination up to a complete monolayer coverage and beyond. The lattice mismatch with the substrate is 1.65%, resulting in the formation of coherent patches of about 30 atoms in diameter as derived from the width of the diffraction peaks. By means of close coupling intensity calculations, we have also determined the average location of the atoms in the direction perpendicular to the substrate. Because of the lattice mismatch this distance results to be equal to the position of the minimum of the laterally averaged Kr-substrate potential (3.4 A) as opposed to the position of the absolute minimum of the potential which is located 2.7 A above the center of the unit cell.
Decompressive laparotomy for abdominal compartment syndrome in children on ECMO: effect on support and survival.

Abstract Purpose Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) may complicate ECMO due to significant fluid shifts resulting in tense ascites and interstitial edema. This compromises venous cannula flow leading to inadequate patient support. It is debatable whether decompressive laparotomy should be performed in these patients due to the risk of bleeding and poor prognosis. We sought to evaluate the effect of decompressive laparotomy on ECMO support and patient survival. Methods We reviewed our tertiary care children's hospital ECMO registry (2000–2011) identifying those who underwent decompressive laparotomy. All had ACS as characterized by abdominal hypertension with abdominal distention, hemodynamic instability, oliguria, rising central venous pressures, and inadequate venous return to the ECMO circuit. Physiologic parameters immediately before and 60min after laparotomy were compared using a signed rank test. Results Seven patients were identified. ACS developed within 8h of initiating ECMO in 6 patients. Decompressive laparotomy resulted in significant improvement of patient physiologic parameters and ECMO venous return. One patient had significant bleeding following laparotomy. There were no survivors but three were organ donation candidates after stabilization via decompressive laparotomy. Conclusion Decompressive laparotomy for ACS in patients on ECMO markedly improves support and tissue perfusion. While in our series ECMO complicated by ACS carries a poor prognosis, we cannot confidently define this as futile therapy due to the limited sample size.
Study of copper underpotential deposition on Au(111) surfaces

First-principles total energy calculations are carried out to study the structure of copper underpotential deposition on Au(111) surfaces in sulfuric acid solutions. The norm-conserving method is used to construct the pseudopotentials of all the elements involved. The copper adlayer structure under various copper coverage is investigated. The results show that the proposed honeycomb structure with 2/3 monolayer copper coverage is unstable without the co-adsorption of sulfate. The co-adsorbed sulfate is found to bind to copper. The calculated structural parameters are in general agreement with those obtained from a recent X-ray experiment. In addition, the sulfate adsorption on clean Au(111) surface is studied. The results show that sulfate molecule binds much more weakly with clean Au(111) surfaces. Total energy calculations for bisulfate adsorption suggest that even though it is the dominant species in acidic electrolyte, the adsorbed bisulfate may dissociate thus leave sulfate adsorbed on the surface.
IMRT optimization by constraint conjugations in boolean transition regions of overlapping structures

Purpose/Objective: In IMRT of tumors abutting critical structures, the PTV substantially overlaps with normal tissue volumes (NTV). Standard IMRT optimization techniques impose constraints only on the PTV and NTV and thus fail to modulate predictably the dose gradient in these overlapping regions. The purpose of this paper is to present the Transitional Boolean Dose Constraints Conjugation, or the TBDCC, optimization technique. This IMRT optimization technique uses constraints conjugation to achieve predictable IMRT dose gradients across overlapping tissue volumes. We report on the TBDCC technique and its effectiveness in more than 150 IMRT patients’ plans otherwise difficult to optimize by standard techniques. Patients presented include post-prostatectomy with iliac nodes, cervix with para-aortic nodes, large meningioma abutting optic nerves and chiasm, and mesothelioma invading the heart and lung pleura. Their comparative IMRT plans, with and without constraints conjugation, are presented.
A generalized IC engine propulsion method and corresponding transmission design for improving vehicle fuel efficiency

Based on the analysis of the working profiles of internal combustion (IC) engines, a case-emphasized propulsion method is generalized to improve vehicle fuel efficiency. With this method, the ratio of the most-used speed to the most-desired speed of an IC engine is employed to control the engine to always run at its optimal working state with an efficient single-stage gear transmission. Examples of the propulsion method with different brands of IC engines in the market place demonstrate the potential that this method could reduce engine fuel consumption up to 5 ~ 39 %. A conceptual design of n-ratio automatic single-stage gear transmission is then developed to implement the case-emphasized propulsion method in a general way. Not only can such a design execute the proposed propulsion method well as an almost continuous variable transmission, but it can also increase the propulsion efficiency about 8 ~ 18 % if it is applied to replace the traditional automatic transmissions or continuously variable transmissions (CVTs) in vehicle drivetrains.
Photoassisted heterogeneous catalysis: Rate equations for oxidation of 2-methyl-2-butyl-alcohol and isobutane

Abstract Rate equations are presented for the photoassisted catalytic oxidation to acetone of 2-methyl-2-butyl-alcohol and isobutane over titanium dioxide catalysts. The alcohol oxidation rate can be described by an expression reflecting a single rate-determining step: the two-site dehydration of adsorbed alcohol. The rate of isobutane oxidation is presumed to be controlled by two surface steps in series: (i) formation of and (ii) subsequent dehydration of an alcohol intermediate. The rate equation derived from these assumptions represents the data satisfactorily when all sites are taken as identical. These model results indicate that dissociated oxygen participates in the photocatalytic alkane oxidation.
Scanning tunneling microscopy and X-ray analyses on mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers

Abstract Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has been used as the primary tool to examine mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers ranging in modulus from 280–750 GPa. STM revealed a sheet-like structure for the carbon basal planes. These sheets were found to be composed of smaller elongated “pillows” that were aligned along the fiber axis. These pillows were found to become longer and more oriented as fiber modulus increased. STM images on the atomic scale revealed an increasingly graphitic structure with fiber modulus. These STM results correlate well to wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) results and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). WAXD and SAXS also indicated a development of a highly oriented, more graphitic structure with increasing fiber modulus, while SEM revealed a cross-section composed of radial sheets. From these results, a proposed structure for a theoretical ultimate fiber is extrapolated.
Epidemiology of gastric non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients: parallels with Helicobacter pylori.

Background. The incidence of gastric non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is increasing in the United States. However, little is known about the etiology of the disease. Some studies have shown an association between gastric NHL and Helicobacter pylori. No study has specifically delineated demographic features that distinguish gastric NHL patients from nongastric NHL patients. Materials and Methods.To obtain information about the differences between gastric and nongastric NHL patients, we conducted a hospital chart review study. We examined charts of all 25 cases of primary gastric NHL, as well as charts of 75 randomly selected nongastric NHL patients as controls. All patients were seen in the Division of Oncology at Stanford University Medical Center from 1972 to 1991. Demographic information was tabulated, and differences between the cases and controls were noted. The identified risk factors were determined by both univariate and logistic regression analyses. Results.There was no difference between gastric NHL cases and nongastric controls with respect to age, gender, race, and family history of any cancer. However, in logistical regression, persons with gastric NHL were more likely than those with other forms of NHL to be born outside the United States (odds ratio = 12.8; 95% confidence interval = 2.9–56.0) and also to have a family history of stomach cancer (odds ratio = 18.4; 95% confidence interval 2.1–160.1). Conclusions.Gastric NHL is more likely than NHL at other sites to occur in persons with a family history of gastric cancer or in those born in developing countries. This epidemiological pattern supports the identified role of H. pylori in the development of gastric lymphoma.
Vessel patterning in the embryo of the zebrafish: guidance by notochord.

Abstract We have cloned the zebrafish homolog of the receptor tyrosine kinaseflk-1to provide us with a tool to study normal vascular pattern formation in the developing zebrafish embryo and to compare it to mutants in which vascular pattern is perturbed. We find that during normal development the first angioblasts arise laterally in the mesoderm and then migrate medially to form the primordia of the large axial vessels, the dorsal aorta (axial artery) and the axial vein. Lumen formation occurs shortly before onset of circulation at 24 hr postfertilization. We examined the specification of vascular progenitors in the mutantcloche,which fails to form both vessels and blood.clochelacks allflk-expressing cells and therefore appears to lack angioblasts. The axial vessels of the trunk form in close proximity to notochord and endoderm, which may provide cues for their formation. The dorsal aorta is normally just ventral to the notochord; the axial vein is just below the dorsal aorta and above the endoderm.floating head (flh)andno tail (ntl)mutants both have defects in the formation of notochord. Both are cell-autonomous lesions,flhabolishing notochord andntlpreventing its differentiation. In both mutants the dorsal aorta fails to form, while formation of the axial vein is less affected. Mosaic analysis of mutant embryos shows that transplanted wild-type cells can become notochord in mutantflhembryos. In these mosaic embryosflhcells expressingflkassemble at the midline, beneath the wild-type notochord, and form an aortic primordium. This suggests that signals from the notochord may guide angioblasts in the fashioning of the dorsal aorta. The notochord seems to be less important for the formation of the vein.
Digital storage of radioisotope indicator concentration data on FM analog magnetic tape

A practical and functional design is presented for the storage of radioisotope indicator concentration data in digital form on FM analog magnetic tape. The converter is designed to utilize the 12-bit parallel binary output of a Baird Atomic Digital Ratemeter (Model 425) which is converted into a 4 line 1–2–4–8 binary-coded-decimal (BCD) pattern suitable for recording on any multichannel FM instrumentation tape recording. The output levels are set at ± 1 volt compatible with Laboratory Instrument Computer (LINC) external line logic levels. The LINC is used to process the digital ratemeter data on-line and off-line in experiments dealing with tube models and anesthetized animals in which the mean transit time (MTT), appearance time (TΛ), flow (Q) and volume (V) are computed. The stability and reproducibility of the experimental digital data stored in this form far exceeds that of equivalent analog data. This design should further extend the accuracy of blood-flow and cardiac-output determinations using radioisotope indicator-dilution techniques.
Seniority conservation and seniority violation in the g9/2 shell

The g{sub 9/2} shell of identical particles is the first one for which one can have seniority-mixing effects. We consider three interactions: A delta interaction that conserves seniority, a quadrupole-quadrupole (Q{center_dot}Q) interaction that does not, and a third one consisting of two-body matrix elements taken from experiment ({sup 98}Cd) that also leads to some seniority mixing. We deal with proton holes relative to a Z=50,N=50 core. One surprising result is that, for a four-particle system with total angular momentum I=4, there is one state with seniority v=4 that is an eigenstate of any two-body interaction--seniority conserving or not. The other two states are mixtures of v=2 and v=4 for the seniority-mixing interactions. The same thing holds true for I=6. Another point of interest is that, in the single-j-shell approximation, the splittings {delta}E=E(I{sub max})-E(I{sub min}) are the same for three and five particles with a seniority conserving interaction (a well-known result), but are equal and opposite for a Q{center_dot}Q interaction. We also fit the spectra with a combination of the delta and Q{center_dot}Q interactions. The Z=40,N=40 core plus g{sub 9/2} neutrons (Zr isotopes) is also considered, although it is recognized that the core is deformed.
Weight reduction as a function of negative covert reinforcement (sensitization) versus positive covert reinforcement.

Abstract The use of covert or imaginal procedures for weight reduction was evaluated using both positive covert reinforcement and negative (covert sensitization) in group treatment. The results indicate that both of these groups had significantly greater weight losses than a minimal treatment control group. Although the covert, positive reinforcement group did not significantly differ from the negative, its mean weight loss (in lbs) was greater at the end of the four week program. Both groups showed a further weight loss at a three month follow-up, although the changes in mean loss were not statistically significant. The control group, on the other hand, lost a significant amount of weight between the end of treatment and follow-up. However, at follow-up both positive and negative groups still had significantly greater weight losses than the control.
Hydrologic uncertainty processor for probabilistic stage transition forecasting

Abstract The hydrologic uncertainty processor (HUP) is a component of the Bayesian forecasting system which produces a short-term probabilistic stage transition forecast (PSTF) based on a probabilistic quantitative precipitation forecast (PQPF). The PSTF specifies a sequence of families of predictive one-step transition density functions whose product gives the predictive joint density function of the actual river stage process { H 1 ,…, H N }. A multivariate HUP is needed to quantify hydrologic uncertainty—the aggregate of all uncertainties arising from sources other than those quantified by the PQPF. A Bayesian formulation of the multivariate HUP for a PSTF system is presented. The multivariate HUP supplies a family of posterior joint density functions of the actual river stage process { H 1 ,…, H N }, conditional on a realization of the model river stage process { S 1 ,…, S N } output from a deterministic hydrologic model, and an observation of the initial river stage H 0 . A posterior joint density function is factorized into posterior one-step transition density functions, each of which being obtained via Bayes theorem from a likelihood function and a prior one-step transition density function. To implement the HUP, a meta-Gaussian model is employed. The model is tested on data for daily river stage processes at four forecast points closing headwater basins of sizes 484, 1430, 1859, and 2372 km 2 , and located in the Eastern United States. The working of the HUP is illustrated, and general characteristics of the hydrologic uncertainty are inferred. The hydrologic uncertainty is significant and imposes a limit on the predictability of river stage transitions, which is currently about 48 h, given a 24-h PQPF.
New surgical treatment options in patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH)

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common disease in males older than 50 years of age. 75-80% of this population is considered to have some degree of BPH causing clinical symptoms and requiring urological treatment. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TUR-P) is currently the standard surgical treatment modality for BPH. In an attempt to minimize the need for hospitalization and the associated perioperative and postoperative morbidity, alternatives have been sought. Various types of Laser techniques such as interstitial Laser cogaulation and side-firing technology have been proposed. Numerous studies have shown that Laser procedures safely and effectively reduce the volume of the prostate. Intra- and postoperative bleeding are nearly unknown complications for Laser procedures, whereas this is the most relevant complication for the TUR-P. Due to significant tissue edema after Laser treatment, patients commonly show delayed time to void adequately, and therefore, catheter drainage is often necessary for 3 to 21 days. Retrograde ejaculation is reported to occur less (0 - 10%) compared to TUR-P (> 60%). Urinary tract infections are very common after interstitial laser coagulation. Although not many long-term clinical data are available, various studies have shown that BPH patients improve in symptom score, flow rate and post-void residual up to 3 years after Laser treatment. This paper presents a concise review of efficacy, advantages and disadvantages of the most frequently used Laser techniques as well as the long-term clinical data compared to TUR-P.
Measured aerodynamic performance of a swept wing with a simulated ice accretion

The effect of a simulated glaze ice accretion on the aerodynamic performance of a three-dimensional swept wing is studied experimentally. A semispan wing of effective aspect ratio four was mounted from a splitter plate in the OSU subsonic wind tunnel. The model uses a NACA 0012 airfoil section on a rectangular planform with interchangeable tip and root pieces to allow for 0- and 30-degree sweep. Surface pressures were measured at 5 semispan locations on the swept-wing model. The section lift data for the 5 semispan locations are presented and compared with theory and zero-sweep model results. In addition, previously unpublished roughness data from the zero-sweep model is presented here. These data show a large drag and maximum lift penalty due to rough simulated glaze ice. The effect of wing-sweep is seen through a decrease in wing lift performance for both the clean and iced wing.
The simple liar without bivalence

1. Background The Simple Liar is a sentence that says of itself only that it is false. The Strengthened Liar is a sentence that says of itself only that it is not true. How does the Strengthened Liar differ from its (allegedly) weaker brother, namely, the Simple Liar? According to standard thinking the Simple Liar, unlike the Strengthened Liar, yields inconsistency only if the following principles are assumed: Bivalence: Every sentence is either true or false. Non-Contradiction (LNC): No sentence is both true and false. From the so-called truth principle, namely, Truth Principle (T): A sentence is true iff what it says is the case one confronts inconsistency if, in addition to the existence of the Simple Liar, both (LNC) and Bivalence are assumed. Let s be the Simple Liar. Given
Mass-selected “matrix isolation” infrared spectroscopy of the I−·(H2O)2 complex: making and breaking the inter-water hydrogen-bond

Abstract Infrared spectra of the cold I − ·W and I − ·W 2 clusters are reported via vibrational predissociation spectroscopy of the argon solvated species, I − ·W n ·Ar m , in the OH stretching region. Several argon atoms serve to significantly simplify the spectra by collapsing complex band contours into sharp features at the vibrational origins. This effect, in addition to the substantial cooling afforded by argon solvation, dramatically change the appearance of the bare dihydrate spectrum reported earlier [P. Ayotte, C.G. Bailey, G.H. Weddle, M.A. Johnson, J. Phys. Chem. A 102 (1998) 3067]. The cold spectrum consists of a simple four line pattern anticipated by ab initio calculations for the asymmetric structure where the two waters are bound together on one side of the ion. The dramatic changes in the spectrum of the argon complex relative to that of bare I − ·W 2 are readily interpreted to be a consequence of internal energy in the latter leading to rupture of the inter-solvent H-bond.
The effects of age on cerebral activations: internally versus externally driven processes.

Numerous studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have described increased or decreased regional brain activations in older as compared to younger adults. This seeming inconsistency may reflect differences in the psychological constructs examined across studies. We hypothesized that behavioral tasks/contrasts engaging internally and externally driven processes are each associated with age-related decreases and increases, respectively, in cerebral activations. We examined the fMRI data of 103 healthy adults, 18 to 72 years of age, performing a stop signal task (SST), in which a frequent ‘go’ signal triggered a prepotent response and a less frequent ‘stop’ signal prompted inhibition of this response. Greater internally driven processes lead to stop successes (SS) as compared to stop errors (SE), and to speeding up instead of slowing down in go trials. Conversely, externally driven processes contribute to SE trials, which resulted from habitual, unmonitored responses triggered by the go signal (as compared to SS trials), and involved perceptual and cognitive processes elicited by the stop signal (as compared to go trials). Consistent with our hypothesis, the results showed age-related decreases and increases in cerebral activations each during these respective internally and externally driven processes. These findings further elucidate the influence of age on cognitive functioning and provide an additional perspective to understand the imaging literature of aging.
pH decline in the two layers of the panniculus adiposus.

THE post-mortem pH decline in a tissue has been accepted as an indication of the underlying, concomitant physical and chemical changes1,2. The relationship of this acidity development to subsequent tissue processing and organoleptic properties has also been established3,4. Although such investigations with muscle tissue have received considerable attention5–9, similar investigations have not been undertaken with adipose tissue. Consequently, this investigation was conducted to determine the rate and extent of pH decline, if any, in adipose tissue.
Venom properties of the rattlesnakes (Crotalus) inhabiting the Baja California region of Mexico.

Abstract Seven species of rattlesnakes (genus Crotalus ) from Baja, Mexico, were investigated for venom yield, protein content, lethal toxicity, ‘Mojave toxin’ content and hemorrhagic, esterase (BAEE), phosphodiesterase and protease activities. Venom yield was lowest in C. catalinensis and C. enyo enyo and highest in C. ruber ruber . All venoms exhibited esterase and phosphodiesterase activities, except that three (of 14) specimens of C. e. enyo lacked esterase activity. Protease activity was extremely low or absent in adult C. e. enyo , adult C. mitchellii mitchellii , adult C. viridis caliginis and juvenile C. r. ruber venoms. The venom of C. m. mitchellii was the only venom lacking hemorrhagic activity. This venom also had the highest lethal toxicity (i.p. ld 50 0.13 – 0.24 mg/kg) in mice, and was the only venom that exhibited a toxin antigenically related to ‘Mojave toxin’.
Fearfulness in female and male cats

Cats were observed in four moderately frightening novel situations. One of 12 response measures indicated that females are more fearful than males, 1 indicated that males are more fearful than females, and the remaining 10 measures revealed no significant difference between males and females. The results thus yield no evidence of any large and consistent difference in fear between female and male cats. Gonadal hormones do not determine any single pattern of sex difference in fearfulness in different species of mammals. Species-specific patterns of social organization may predict sex differences in fear in studied species more accurately than endocrine factors.
Ecological trade-offs in seascape ecology: bay scallop survival and growth across a seagrass seascape

In marine systems, seagrass meadows, which serve as essential nursery and adult habitat for numerous species, experience fragmentation through both human activity and environmental processes. Results from studies involving seagrass patch size and edge effects on associated fauna have shown that patchy seagrass habitats can be either beneficial or detrimental. One reason for the variable results might be the existence of ecological trade-offs for species that associate with seagrass habitats. Bay scallops, Argopecten irradians, are useful model organisms for studying the response of a semi-mobile bivalve to changes in seagrass seascapes—they exhibit a strong habitat association and seagrass offers a predation refuge at a cost of reduced growth. This study investigated the potential ecological survival–growth trade-off for bay scallops living within a seagrass seascape. Scallop growth was consistently fastest in bare sand and slowest at patch centers, and survival showed the opposite trend. Scallops in patch edges displayed intermediate growth and survival. Using models for minimizing mortality (μ) to foraging (f) ratios, the data suggests seagrass edge habitat offered similar value to patch centers. Further, investigations of core-area index suggest that small, complex patches might offer scallops a balance between predation risk and maximized growth. Taken in sum, these results suggest that edge habitats may benefit organisms like bay scallops by maximizing risk versus reward and maximizing edge habitat.
Effects of glyburide on In Vivo insulin-mediated glucose disposal

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of glyburide on peripheral (muscle) and hepatic insulin sensitivity in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) as well as in healthy control subjects. In protocol 1, 10 patients with NIDDM and seven young healthy control subjects were studied. Changes in insulin sensitivity (40 frsol | mU / m 2 · min euglycemic insulin clamp), hepatic glucose production (3-[ 3 H]glucose turnover), and insulin secretion (+125 mg/dL) hyperglycemic clamp) were measured before and after 3 months (in patients with NIDDM) and 6 weeks (in young control subjects) of glyburide therapy. In protocol 2, five patients with IDDM and eight patients with insulin-treated NIDDM were evaluted before and after two months of glyburide therapy (20 mg per day). Changes in daily insulin requirements, 24-hour plasma glucose profiles, glycohemoglobin, glucagon-stimulated C-peptide secretion, insulin sensitivity, and hepatic glucose production were measured. In protocol 1, glyburide significantly improved insulin sensitivity (p
A computer model for Barchan-Dune movement

Abstract Barchan sand dunes are one of the most recognizable desert landforms. They have been the subject of considerable mathematical and physical research. Research for this paper set out to take these previous results, and formalize them into a computer model. The model simulates the movement of a barchan dune of any morphology under a variety of wind regimes, and produces graphic and textual output. Limited testing suggests the model produces rates of movement comparable with those observed in the field. The program is written in Turbo Pascal to run on IBM PCs and compatibles. It is believed that the program will be at its most useful as a contribution to geomorphology laboratory classes.