cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A review of proficiency exercises offered by the Veterinary Laboratory Investigation and Response Network (Vet-LIRN) and Moffett Proficiency Testing Laboratory from 2012 to 2018

The Food and Drug Administration’s Veterinary Laboratory Investigation and Response Network is comprised of more than 40 animal diagnostic laboratories within North America and offers voluntary Proficiency Exercises to these participating laboratories. The joint Proficiency Exercise Program is run in collaboration with the Center for Food safety and Nutrition and Institute for Food safety and Health, located at the Moffett Proficiency Testing Laboratory. From 2012 to 2018, the Proficiency Exercise Program offered 20 proficiency tests or interlaboratory comparison exercises focused on veterinary analytes of interest. The program evaluated performance of laboratories, individual analysts, and the methods used. Over the six-year period, the program improved exercise schemes, as well as offered network laboratories exercises with analytes not routinely seen such as animal tissue with naturally occurring residues. Animal diagnostic laboratories can use performance results to assist with accreditation, demonstrate proficiency, and improve diagnostic capabilities.
Robot face memorability is affected by uncanny appearance

Abstract Human face recognition is influenced by various social and environmental constructs. For example, both age and race can affect the likelihood that a human face will be correctly recalled. General face appearance (i.e. friendly or untrustworthy faces) can also influence memorability. As human-robot interaction (HRI) becomes more commonplace, understanding what factors influence face recognition for non-human social agents is increasingly important. In particular, while there is a growing literature comparing the recognition of real human faces to computer-generated face images, comparisons between human face processing and robot face processing are largely unexplored. Here, we examined how the uncanny/eeriness of robot-faces affects memorability by using a 2AFC old/new task with various robot faces. Participants rated robot and human faces on perceived uncanniness during a study phase and were subsequently given a surprise memory task with only a fraction of the previously-encountered robot faces. Our results demonstrate that robots who are rated as more uncanny are more memorable than those that do not elicit the eerie feelings that correspond with uncanny faces: The more uncanny the robot face, the more accurately and quickly they were recalled. We discuss these results in the context of the design of social agents for HRI and also vis-a-vis theories of human face recognition and memory.
Accounting Choice, Home Bias, and U.S. Investment in Non-U.S. Firms

This paper examines the relation between accounting choice and U.S. institutional investor ownership in non-U.S. firms. We predict that U.S. investors exhibit home bias in their preference for accounting methods conforming to U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) because such methods are more familiar, reduce information processing costs, and are perceived as higher quality. We find that firms exhibiting higher levels (changes) of U.S. GAAP conformity have greater levels (changes) of U.S. institutional ownership. Lead-lag regressions suggest that increases in U.S. GAAP conformity precede increases in U.S. investment, but changes in U.S. institutional holdings do not precede changes in accounting methods. We also find that the positive relation between U.S. GAAP conformity and U.S. investment holds regardless of a firm's visibility to U.S. investors (e.g., American Depositary Receipt listing, stock index membership, analyst following, firm size). However, we find that U.S. GAAP conformity has a significantly greater impact among firms already visible to U.S. investors.
Historically Underrepresented Graduate Students' Experiences During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Objective The purpose of this study was to understand the experiences of historically underrepresented graduate students, more than half of whom were enrolled in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines, during the COVID-19 pandemic. This focus group study represents an initial stage in developing an intervention for historically underrepresented graduate students and their families. Background Underrepresentation of graduate students of color in STEM has been attributed to a myriad of factors, including a lack of support systems. Familial support is an endorsed reason for persisting in graduate school. It is unclear what historically underrepresented graduate students' experiences are during uncertain times, such as a pandemic. Method Focus groups were conducted online using a videoconferencing platform during the COVID-19 pandemic. Five focus groups included: historically underrepresented doctoral students (n = 5), historically underrepresented master's students (n = 6), academic faculty (n = 7), administrator, administrative faculty, and academic faculty (n = 6), and families of historically underrepresented doctoral students (n = 6). Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results Historically underrepresented graduate students experienced difficulties in accessing resources, adjustments to home and family life, amplification of existing nonfinancial issues, and expressed both fears of and hopes for the future. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated existing inequalities in access to resources as well as nonfinancial family support. Implications This study may help normalize historically underrepresented graduate students' experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings include ideas for informing families about graduate school that can enlighten family support efforts for historically underrepresented graduate students and their families.
Chapter 5 Analysis of Ion Transport Using Frequency Domain Measurements

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the analysis of ion transport using frequency domain measurements. The two frequency analysis systems discussed are (1) the measurement of membrane area using impedance analysis to determine membrane capacitance and (2) the calculation of single Na + -channel density, currents, and conductances by measurement of the microscopic current fluctuations which represent the sum of either spontaneously fluctuating channels or channels induced to open and close by pharmacological agents. Frequency analysis is a powerful tool in assessing ion transport processes. By measuring membrane capacitance, the bladder accommodates stretch by the insertion of cytoplasmic vesicles into the apical membrane; the movement of these vesicles is dependent upon an intact microfilament system. Fluctuation analysis allows a measurement of single-channel properties, a comparison of apical channels to those in the vesicles, and lastly, some insight into the life of a channel.
An Evaluation of Elementary Students' Voluntary Physical Activity during Recess

Abstract A practical measurement procedure for evaluating children's levels of physical activity was developed and used to assess elementary students' recess activity. Further, the same measurement procedure was used with individuals engaged in aerobic-type recreations, which served as a standard to which ratings of the children's physical activity were compared. About 300 students, third through sixth grade, were observed for almost 5 minutes. Every 5 seconds their activity levels were rated as no activity, moderate, or vigorous. Results showed the students engaged in physical activity for only about 60% of their recess time. Further, when compared with an aerobic standard, the elementary students' performance was only slightly more than half as vigorous (p < .05). It was concluded that children do not voluntarily engage in sufficient aerobic activity during recess to be likely to increase their cardiorespiratory fitness. Special physical education may be warranted, and this measurement procedure could s...
Epstein–Barr virus LMP1 induces focal adhesions and epithelial cell migration through effects on integrin-α5 and N-cadherin

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a γ-herpesvirus associated with human epithelial and B-cell malignancies. The EBV latent membrane protein (LMP) 1 is expressed in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and promotes oncogenic intracellular signaling mechanisms. LMP1 also promotes a pro-migratory phenotype through potential effects on cell surface proteins, as expression of LMP1 induces an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in epithelial cell lines. In this study, LMP1 was examined for potential effects on cadherin and integrin surface interactions, and assessed for biological effects on adhesion and motility to fibronectin. Expression of LMP1 in the non-tumorigenic epithelial cell line MCF10a induced an EMT-associated cadherin switch. The induced N-cadherin was ligated and localized to the cell surface as determined by triton-solubility and immunofluorescence assays. In addition, LMP1 induced the assembly of focal adhesions (FAs) with increased production of fibronectin in MCF10a and NP460hTERT-immortalized nasopharyngeal cells. Biochemical enrichment of fibronectin-associated proteins indicated that LMP1 selectively promoted the recruitment of integrin-α5 and Src family kinase proteins to FA complexes. Neutralizing antibodies to N-cadherin and integrin-α5, but not integrin-αV, blocked the adhesion and transwell motility of MCF10a cells to fibronectin induced by LMP1. LMP1-induced transwell motility was also decreased by Src inhibition with the PP2 kinase inhibitor and short hairpin RNAs. These studies reveal that LMP1 has multiple mechanisms to promote the adhesive and migratory properties of epithelial cells through induction of fibronectin and modulation of cell surface interactions involving integrin-α5 and N-cadherin, which may contribute to the metastatic potential of NPC.
Researching Teachers' Knowledge for Teaching Mathematics

This report theorizes and provides empirical evidence of how researchers and educators might recognize categories of teachers’ knowledge for teaching as teachers teach and discuss with peers their student’s mathematical behavior and their practice. Its theoretical orientation engages work by Shulman on pedagogical content knowledge, Ball and Bass on mathematical knowledge for teaching, and Steinbring on teachers’ epistemological knowledge. The empirical evidence emerges from the practice of teachers working with working class African American and Latino students in a poor, urban school district in the United States of America. The results of this investigation, part of larger, broader inquiry, suggest that the categories of teachers’ knowledge implicate each other. Key words : teaching and learning, teacher training, teaching practice, teaching of mathematics
Phenolics induced in Beta vulgaris by Rhizoctonia solani infection.

Abstract Rhizoctonia solani inoculated sugarbeet roots produced the new β-xyloside and β-glucoside of 2′-hydroxy- 6,7-methylenedioxy-5-methoxyisoflavone (betavulgarin) in response to infection. Also formed were 6,7-methylenedioxy- 5-methoxyflavone, 6,7-methylenedioxy-5-methoxydihydroflavonol and 3′-methoxy-45,7-trihydroxy-dihydroflavonol, not reported previously in Beta vulgaris.
Inhibitory effects of selected dry beans (Phaseolus spp L) on azoxymethane-induced formation of aberrant crypt foci in Fisher 344 male rats ☆

Abstract Dry beans ( Phaseolus spp. L) contain several bioactive components or compounds that have been linked to the prevention of chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine the anticarcinogenic potential of dry beans: pinto beans (P), black-eyed peas (B), and soybeans (S) on Azoxymethane (AOM)–induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in Fisher 344 male rats. After a 1-week acclimatization period, 40 rats were randomly assigned to 5 groups, control (C) received AIN-93G diet; groups P, B, and S received the treatment diets consisting of C+20% levels of the above mentioned beans. Rats in the fifth group served as negative control. At 7 and 8 weeks of age, all rats except the negative controls received subcutaneous injection of AOM at 16 mg/kg body weight. Rats were euthanized at 17 weeks of age by CO 2 asphyxiation. ACF (mean ± SEM) ranged from 41 ± 4 to 183 ± 23 in rats fed C, P, B and S. ACF reductions compared with the C were 64%, 77%, and 56% in rats fed P, B, and S, respectively. Glutathione S -transferase activities were significantly higher ( P
Great Britain and the European Constitution: A Strategic analysis

Great Britain holds an ambiguous position within the European Union (EU), as it is a full member of many EU institutions, but remains outside of others. Would full participation improve its influence within key EU institutions? Usin g a strategic interaction model, I assess British influence in the critical debate over the new European Constitution, looking both at status quo circumstances and simulating the effect of British entry. The result forecasts the likely outcome of the constitutional debate: significant changes will emerge that strengthen EU powers, but the changes will fall short of the supranationalism sought by some. Although isolated for this issue, the British can promote their preferences whether in or out of the EMU, so entry provides no political advantage. British entry does have a significant impact, however, as such a move improves the political circumstances for other large powers within the EU. The results support coalition theory for explaining and managing Britain’s position withi...
Humanizing Re-Engineering for True Organizational Effectiveness: A Macroergonomic Approach

The reported widespread failure of re-engineering projects is noted. Based on assessments of over 200 organizational units, a technology centered approach to work system design and two related factors are proposed as some of the root causes of these failures. Based on these assessments, three criteria for effective re-engineering approaches to work system design are identified. Macroergonomics is proposed as a design strategy that meets all three criteria and avoids the pitfalls of traditional re-engineering efforts. Recent macroergonomic interventions which have resulted in improved employee satisfaction and dramatic reductions in lost time accidents and injuries are cited as partial support for this proposal.
Musculoskeletal disorders associated with type-IV hyperlipoproteinaemia.

Abstract A spectrum of musculoskeletal findings, not readily classifiable into a recognised rheumatic entity, is described in association with hypertriglyceridaemia with predominant increase in pre-beta-lipoprotein (type-IV hyperlipoproteinaemia). Patients were primarily of middle age with acute or insidious onset of morning stiffness, arthralgias of usually asymmetric distribution involving variable numbers of both large and small joints, limitation of joint motion, and, on occasion, severe periarticular hyperaesthesia. Symptoms were often aggravated by exertion, temperature, and humidity change. Although recurrent joint swelling was described by patients, effusions were infrequent, were of a non-inflammatory nature, and lacked significant lipid abnormality. On physical examination, evidence of overt inflammation was rare. The most prevalent finding was tenderness which was occasionally severe and incapacitating. Such musculoskeletal findings, though not specific, should suggest the possibility of an underlying type-IV hyperlipoproteinaemia which is potentially correctable by diet and/or drugs.
Possible Mechanism for Resistance to Alzheimer's Disease (AD) in Mice Suggests a New Approach to Generate a Mouse Model for Sporadic AD and May Explain Familial Resistance to AD in Man

An overproduction of beta-amyloid (A beta) is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and appears to be its primary cause. A model has been recently described which accounts for the overproduction of A beta in sporadic AD, this constituting the majority of all cases of AD. The proposed mechanism suggests the antisense RNA-Mediated generation of a 5'-truncated beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta APP) mRNA encoding a 12-kDa C-terminal fragment of beta APP, the immediate precursor of A beta. In the truncated mRNA, the first AUG codon, which contiguously precedes the A beta-coding segment, becomes the site of translation initiation of a polypeptide that can be further processed to generate A beta, this subsequently being secreted. Among the predictions of the proposed model is that mice and rats do not and indeed cannot develop sporadic AD because they lack the crucial component of the proposed mechanism, namely the ability of the beta APP antisense RNA to self-prime the synthesis of a new sense strand. According to the proposed model, however, mice could be rendered susceptible to AD by mutating the beta APP gene so as to confer self-priming ability on the antisense strand. In contrast to existing mouse models which by design are fundamentally unsuitable for study of the mechanism underlying sporadic AD, the AD pathology of the proposed model would be expected to faithfully reflect the human condition. The availability of such an acutely needed, experimental model would allow investigators to study not only the manifestation of the disease but, most significantly, also the factors triggering it. The proposed mouse model may explain familial resistance to AD in man, provide extremely valuable insights into the etiology of AD, and suggest means for its prevention.
Technical Writing and the Rhetoric of Science

The traditional view of rhetoric and science as sharply distinct has helped reduce the technical writing course to mere vocational training. Current thinking in rhetorical theory and philosophy of ...
Energetics and Kinetics of Interfacial Electron-Transfer Processes at Chemically Modified InP/Liquid Junctions

The electrochemical behavior of freshly etched (111)B-oriented InP surfaces was compared to that of (111)B-oriented InP surfaces that had been chemically modified by reaction with p-BrCH2C6H4CF3. Differential capacitance versus potential and current density versus potential techniques were used to measure the energetics and kinetics of interfacial electron-transfer reactions in contact with a 70:30 (v:v) mixture of CH3CN−tetrahydrofuran that contained either 1,1‘-dimethylferrrocene+/0 or decamethylferrocene+/0. For both the etched and modified (111)B InP contacts, plots of differential capacitance versus potential measurements indicated a linear dependence of the equilibrium voltage drop (Vbi) in the semiconductor space-charge region, as a function of the redox potential (E(A/A-)) of the solution, with the slope of Vbi vs E(A/A-) ≈ 1.0, as expected for ideal behavior of a semiconductor/liquid junction. The barrier heights calculated for the chemically modified InP/liquid junctions were 100 ± 20 mV higher ...
Visualization in the Neurosurgical OR

This tutorial focused on the application ofnew visualization techniques to the practical problems confronting the neurosurgeon. In particular, the challenging issues associated with presurgical planning and with intra-operative navigation were presented in a tutorial format. The course began with a discussion of algorithms and hardware for intra-operative registration. Traditional frame-based stereotactic techniques were introduced, then several classes of non-invasive registration techniques, including fiducial based algorithms, surface and contour matching algorithms and video mixing approaches were described and compared. The "surgeon-computer interface" was discussed, including issues associated with time constraints, sterility problems, electrical safety, and software validation. Videotaped surgical procedures demonstrating these concepts were shown. The tutorial concluded with a review of various technologies for intraoperative registration and navigation. Mechanical, visible and infra-red camera systems, and ultrasonic techniques were compared. Attendees had the opportunity to gain hands-on experience with several intra-operative wands and with a prototype heads-up-display guidance system.
White-matter tract integrity in late-life depression: associations with severity and cognition.

BACKGROUND: Although significant changes in both gray and white matter have been noted in late-life depression (LLD), the pathophysiology of implicated white-matter tracts has not been fully described. In this study we examined the integrity of specific white-matter tracts in LLD versus healthy controls (HC). METHOD: Participants aged ⩾60 years were recruited from the community. The sample included 23 clinically diagnosed individuals with LLD and 23 HC. White-matter integrity metrics [fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD) and radial diffusivity (RD)] were calculated in the bilateral cingulum and uncinate fasciculus. Depression severity was measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CESD). Composite scores for learning and memory and executive function were created using standardized neuropsychological assessments. RESULTS: White-matter integrity was lower in LLD versus HC in the bilateral cingulum and right uncinate fasciculus (p⩽0.05). In the whole sample, depression severity correlated with integrity in the bilateral cingulum and right uncinate fasciculus (p ⩽0.05). In patients, depression severity correlated with the integrity of the left uncinate fasciculus (p = 0.03); this tract also correlated with executive function (p = 0.02). Among HC, tract integrity did not correlate with depression scores; however, learning and memory correlated with integrity of the bilateral uncinate fasciculus and bilateral cingulum; executive function correlated with the right uncinate and left cingulum (p ⩽0.05). CONCLUSIONS: White-matter tract integrity was lower in LLD than in HC and was associated with depression severity across all participants. Tract integrity was associated with cognition in both groups but more robustly among HC.
Persistent pain after lithotripsy.

A 36-year old man presents to the emergency room five days after undergoing extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) for a symptomatic 11mm left renal pelvis stone. The patient has persistent symptoms of severe left flank pain at presentation. Plain abdominal radiography is obtained and shows a steinstrasse pattern of urolithiasis. In the 1980s, the German developers of ESWL observed that stone fragments could stack in a column formation in the ureter in a radiographic pattern that resembled a “stone street,” or steinstrasse in German (plural is steinstrassen) (Figure).1 This phenomenon is observed in 2–20% of ESWL patients and is a unique cause of ureteral obstruction that may present to the emergency department.2 Risk factors for the development of steinstrasse include large proximal stones, staghorn calculi, and pre-existing ureteral obstruction that may have caused permanent kinking of the ureter. Eighty-seven percent of steinstrassen occur in the distal ureter. Figure Steinstrassen seen in the left ureter. For asymptomatic cases of steinstrasse, conservative management is preferred with observation and serial imaging with plain radiography to follow progression of the stones and ultrasonography to evaluate for hydronephrosis. Sixty-five percent of steinstrassen will pass spontaneously over days to weeks.2 Tamsulosin has been more recently added as adjunctive therapy to improve outcomes in these asymptomatic cases. For symptomatic cases characterized by pain, fever, or hydronephrosis, more urgent urologic intervention is required through percutaneous nephrostomy or ureteroscopy with stent placement. This particular patient underwent urgent ureteroscopy with stent placement the following day and had an uneventful recovery thereafter.
A Conceptual Framework for Urban Planning Models

The authors present a framework for the analysis of models which have been designed for, or used in, urban physical and economic planning. The models have been distinguished by their basic characteristics, rather than on the basis of their applications. Four basic characteristics are identified: 1 the subject of the model; 2 its function; 3 its underlying theory; and 4 its method. Besides providing a conceptual framework for the analysis and development of urban planning models, this conceptual scheme serves as the basis of a classification scheme which allows the study and comparison of existing models. Such a system is presented as an illustration of the process of model analysis using this conceptual framework.
WELFARE DEPENDENCY UNDER DEPRESSED LABOR MARKET CONDITIONS: LESSONS FROM THE 1970s FOR THE 1980s

Using panel data collected in 1969 and 1973, comparable path models of welfare dependency are developed and estimated. The models represent specifications of an integrated model of welfare dependency derived from human capital, dual labor market and family coping theories of economic behavior. As compared to 1969, 1973 is a depressed labor market year in terms of unemployment and total female employment. Comparative analysis of the models reveals that the quality of past labor market experience is an important determinant of dependency even in a depressed labor market. It is also found that adult or teenage assistance in low income female-headed households is of great benefit in adapting to poor labor market conditions. Based on these and other findings, recommendations for income maintenance policy in the 1980s are discussed in the final section.
Quantifying the operational benefits of conventional and advanced pumped storage hydro on reliability and efficiency

Pumped storage hydro (PSH) plants have significant potential in providing reliability and efficiency benefits in future electric power systems. New PSH technologies, like adjustable-speed PSH, have also been introduced and can present further benefits. An understanding of these benefits on systems with high penetrations of variable generation (VG) is a primary focus. This paper will demonstrate and quantify some of the reliability and efficiency benefits afforded by pumped storage hydro plants utilizing the Flexible Energy Scheduling Tool for Integrating Variable generation (FESTIV), an integrated power system operations tool which evaluates both reliability and production costs. A description about the FESTIV tool and how it simulates PSH operations at multiple timescales will be given. Impacts of PSH on area control error, production costs, and system operation are quantified on a high VG scenario in the Balancing Area of Northern California. We also perform a study on how advanced PSH can provide a fast form of regulation to improve reliability and potentially reduce costs.
InN nanorods and nanowires grown on different substrates

Transmission Electron Microscopy was applied to study InN nanorods grown by non-catalytic, template-free hydride metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy (solid-vapor mechanism) and nanowires grown by a vapor-liquid-solid growth (VLS) mechanism in a MOVPE reactor. The nanorods and nanowires were grown on different planes of Al2O3, (0002) GaN/ Al2O3, and (001) Si. The majority of nanorods have a high structural perfection and exhibit abrupt side walls, but some of them show formation of the planar defects. Depend- ing on the substrate used, the size, shape and tips of the nanorods vary from hexagonal to pencil-like. Nanowires, however have very corrugated surfaces along their side-walls and tips, and depending on the V/III flow ratio these nanowires can have either a constant diameter or taper-off. Their length can extend up to 100 μm. Bending and branching of nanowires was observed, but this phenomenon was never observed for nanorods. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL WITH A KINK AND A HIGGS MECHANISM

Abstract In a conformally invariant scalar field theory on the three-sphere, a scalar-spinor theory with Yukawa interaction, Higgs Mechanism and fixed couplings is shown to arise from the curved geometry. This model admits a threefold description and an exact one-kink solution. Implications are discussed.
An integrated health and contingency management case study on an autonomous ground robot

Autonomous robotic vehicles are playing an increasingly important role in support of a wide variety of present and future critical missions. Due to the absence of timely operator/pilot interaction and potential catastrophic consequence of unattended faults and failures, a real-time, onboard health and contingency management system is desired. This system would be capable of detecting and isolating faults, predicting fault progression and automatically reconfiguring the system to accommodate faults. This paper presents the implementation of an integrated health and contingency management system on an autonomous ground robot. This case study is conducted to demonstrate the feasibility and benefit of using real-time prognostics and health management (PHM) information in robot control and mission reconfiguration. Several key software modules including a HyDE-based diagnosis reasoner, particle filtering-based prognosis server and a prognostics-enhanced mission planner are presented in this paper with illustrative experimental results.
Nanocomposites containing nanoclusters of Fe2P or γ-Fe2O3

Abstract Covalent incorporation of an organoiron complex into a silica xerogel matrix affords a single-source precursor for two different nanocomposite materials. Thermal treatment of this molecularly doped xerogel under hydrogen produces a nanocomposite containing nanocrystals of Fe 2 P (barringerite). Thermal treatment of this doped xerogel under oxidizing conditions gives a nanocomposite containing nanocluster of γ-Fe 2 O 3 (maghemite-Q). The latter result is unique in that thermal treatment of silica xerogels doped with ferric ions under similar thermal conditions affords an undesired iron silicate, Fe 2 SiO 4 (fayalite), as the principle product. Preliminary magnetization measurements indicate that both nanocomposites exhibit interesting magnetic properties.
Comparisons of Parent Cardiovascular Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors Based on Screening and Perceived Child Risks

Questionnaire reports and universal screening procedures from 244 children (kindergarten, 5th grade, and 9th grade) were used to explore differences in parent health knowledge and attitudes of cardiovascular risks among children and parental involvement in promoting healthy lifestyles relative to whether their children were identified as being overweight or at risk of being overweight. The knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of the parents of children who were identified as being at risk or overweight were further examined based on their perceptions of their children's level of risk. Parents' reports demonstrated significantly greater parent encouragement and knowledge of issues related to eating healthier foods and ways to cut calories among parents of children who were identified as being at risk or already overweight. A significant portion of parents underestimated their children's weight risks. Differences in parents' appraisals of their children's overweight risks were associated with differences in their knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. These findings illustrate the need to address inaccuracies in parents' assessments of their children's overweight risks to improve parent investment and involvement in children's health modification programs.
Evidence for marking with urine by rats.

Urine was collected on paper under cages housing single male rats in isolation, or adjacent to another male rat. Nonisolated rats urinated only along the periphery of their cages while isolated rats showed no such pattern of urination. When samples from the collection papers were presented to other male rats in preference tests, papers having high urine density were preferred over those of low urine density, papers with urine from isolated subjects were preferred over those with urine from nonisolated subjects, and papers with urine from either housing condition were preferred over clean papers.
A kinetic explanation for the rearrangement pathway of BPTI folding

Bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) does not fold by simple sequential formation of its native disulphide bonds. Instead, an initially formed intermediate, termed N', first rearranges to a more stable species in a slow process that requires substantial unfolding. We find that direct oxidation of N' is also inhibited by native structure which slows both the intermolecular step in oxidation—formation of a mixed disulphide bond with the oxidizing agent GSSG—as well as the subsequent intramolecular step. Folding does not occur appreciably by direct oxidation because the high GSSG concentrations required for efficient mixed disulphide formation cause N' to accumulate as a nonproductive, double-mixed disulphide species. The need to unfold previously acquired native structure, observed in the folding of BPTI, may be a common feature of disulphide-linked folding reactions.
The ideology of the Brazilian nation and the Brazilian legal theory of racial discrimination

This paper explores the role of the ideology of the nation upon the development of racial discrimination law and their joint influence upon judicial decision‐making in the case of contemporary Brazil. Brazil has historically claimed Brazilians to comprise a single race of cultures and persons ‘fused’ from Europe, Africa and the Americas, who were incapable of discriminating against each other. I show that this ‘fusionist’ ideology has insulated social practice from political and legal scrutiny and has constructed court disputes as contests over the Brazilianness of the principals rather than substantive evaluations of discriminatory allegations and responses. Brazilian law, steeped in the ideology that colour does not matter, prohibited overt practices thought to occur in the US rather than the subtler practices that occur in Brazil. Thus, the law seemingly proved the underlying claims of the ideology of the nation that Brazil did not have the North American problem. Compared with US colourblindness, Braz...
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS OF ORANGEMOUTH CORVINA SPAWN INDUCEMENT USING PHOTOPERIOD, TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY CYCLES

Subadult orangemouth corvina (Cynoscion xanthulus) collected in fall 1981 from the Salton Sea, California, were transported to Texas to determine methods to induce spawning in indoor closed culture systems. Sexual naturation was stimulated with artificially controlled annual photoperiod, water temperature and salinity cycles which mimicked conditions historically found at the Salton Sea. Corvina readily adapted to intensive culture and grew rapidly, approaching maturity by spring 1982. Sexual development was monitored by catheterization. Corvina were found to be summer spawners. Males approximately 500 mm total length became sexually mature, producing milt from at least June to October of the 1982 and 1982-83 cycles. Females approximately 590 mm total length developed eggs (0.05-0.70 mm diameter, unhydrated) from at least June to October of the 1982-83 cycle, but did not spawn. Because spawning had not occurred by late summer 1983 and egg development stopped progressing, two females with egg diameters of 0.40-0.55 mm were each administered a single injection of 550 USP units/kg body weight human chorionic gonadotropin. Egg hydration and ovulation occurred within 30 hours of hormone injection in each female. The first female had many eggs clumped in masses but was able to release eggs which appeared fully developed. The other female died because hydrated eggs were clumped together in large masses and could not be released. Males attended females during the time of egg hydration and ovulation and apparently released milt, but no eggs developed or hatched. Experiments to induce spawning are continuing.
Comparison of supercritical carbon dioxide and supercritical propane as mobile phases in supercritical fluid chromatography

Abstract Comparisons of supercritical propane and supercritical carbon dioxide eluents were made on bare silica and octadecylsilane-derivatized silica using substituted and unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbons as test solutes. The greater elution strength of carbon dioxide relative to propane for these solutes on underivatized silica is indicated to be largely the result of more effective competitive adsorption by carbon dioxide rather than enhanced mobile phase solubility. The effects of the addition of methanol modifier on solute retention were more pronounced in propane for both polar and non-polar solutes. An increase in the retention of polar aromatics on silica was observed with increasing density in methanol modified propane. This is apparently the result of a concomitant increase in the availability of stationary phase adsorption sites.
Observations on the origin of two substances produced by the vitellaria in Gorgoderina attenuata

The vitelline cells in Gorgoderina attenuata produce two qualitatively distinct substances. One substance assumes the form of individual, dense, osmiophilic globules. Many globules are contained in a single vesicle. The other substance is an amorphous mass of medium density that completely fills a vesicle. Observations indicate that the dense, osmiophilic globules develop in association with a system of small, contiguous, ribosome-free vesicles. It is suggested that this system of vesicles constitute a Golgi apparatus for these cells. The amorphous mass substance develops in vesicles which appear to be derived from endoplasmic reticulum. Close association between the amorphous mass vesicle and mitochondria are commonly observed.
Experimental studies on indoor sign recognition and classification

Previous works on outdoor traffic sign recognition and classification have been demonstrated useful to the driver assistant system and the possibility to the autonomous vehicles. This motivates our research on the assistance for visual impairment or visual disabled pedestrians in the indoor environment. In this paper, we build an indoor sign database and investigate the recognition and classification for the indoor sign problem. We adopt the classical techniques on extracting the features, including the principle component analysis (PCA), dense scale invariant feature transform (DSIFT), histogram of oriented gradients (HOG), and conduct the state-of-art classification techniques, such as the neural network (NN), support vector machine (SVM) and k-nearest neighbors (KNN). We provide the experimental results on this newly built database and also discuss the insight for the possibility of indoor navigation for the blind or visual-disabled people.
Lenalidomide and cyclophosphamide immunoregulation in patients with metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer.

Lenalidomide (LEN) and metronomic cyclophosphamide (CTX) regulate angiogenesis and immunosuppressive cells linked to the progression of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). A phase-I/II, dose-escalation trial of LEN plus oral CTX was conducted in patients with previously treated mCRPC. In the phase-I study, CTX was given at 50 mg (day 1–28) and LEN at 10–25 mg (day 1–21) on a 28-day cycle using a “3+3” study design. In phase II, patients received LEN at 25 mg (day 1–21) with CTX at 50 mg PO QD (day 1–28) on a 28-day cycle. Nineteen patients in phase I were evaluable for toxicity. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was not observed at any of the dose levels (DLs) tested. Six patients received treatment in phase II before the trial was closed. A ≥ 50 % reduction in PSA was observed in 31.7 % evaluable patients. Radiographically, one patient had a partial response. Stable disease was documented in 68 % of evaluable patients after two therapy cycles. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) decreased in 22.7 % and remained stable in 31.8 % of patients. Baseline numbers of peripheral MDSCs (MDSC; Lin-DR−CD11b+) were significantly increased in patients versus normal donors, and were decreased by chemotherapy. At baseline, MDSCs correlated directly with CTCs, and inversely with T- and B cell frequency supporting their immunosuppressive activity. The combination of LEN and metronomic CTX can be safely administered, reversing cellular immunosuppression in this group of elderly patients with mCRPC. Further research is required to identify responsive subgroup(s) and validate the biomarkers.
Attentional Load and Attentional Boost: A Review of Data and Theory

Both perceptual and cognitive processes are limited in capacity. As a result, attention is selective, prioritizing items and tasks that are important for adaptive behavior. However, a number of recent behavioral and neuroimaging studies suggest that, at least under some circumstances, increasing attention to one task can enhance performance in a second task (e.g., the attentional boost effect). Here we review these findings and suggest a new theoretical framework, the dual-task interaction model, that integrates these findings with current views of attentional selection. To reconcile the attentional boost effect with the effects of attentional load, we suggest that temporal selection results in a temporally specific enhancement across modalities, tasks, and spatial locations. Moreover, the effects of temporal selection may be best observed when the attentional system is optimally tuned to the temporal dynamics of incoming stimuli. Several avenues of research motivated by the dual-task interaction model are then discussed.
Irreversible opinion spreading on scale-free networks.

We study the dynamical and critical behavior of a model for irreversible opinion spreading on Barabasi-Albert (BA) scale-free networks by performing extensive Monte Carlo simulations. The opinion spreading within an inhomogeneous society is investigated by means of the magnetic Eden model, a nonequilibrium kinetic model for the growth of binary mixtures in contact with a thermal bath. The deposition dynamics, which is studied as a function of the degree of the occupied sites, shows evidence for the leading role played by hubs in the growth process. Systems of finite size grow either ordered or disordered, depending on the temperature. By means of standard finite-size scaling procedures, the effective order-disorder phase transitions are found to persist in the thermodynamic limit. This critical behavior, however, is absent in related equilibrium spin systems such as the Ising model on BA scale-free networks, which in the thermodynamic limit only displays a ferromagnetic phase. The dependence of these results on the degree exponent is also discussed for the case of uncorrelated scale-free networks.
Distribution of hydraulic conductivity in single scale anisotropy

The cluster statistics of percolation theory are used to find the distributions of hydraulic conductivity, K, of anisotropic (truncated) random fractal media. Rescaling of variables to transform anisotropic to isotropic media also produces deformations of, for example experimental volumes, and the resulting non-equidimensional shapes may generate interesting size effects on K. Previously, the most likely value of K was obtained by comparing the correlation length from percolation theory with system dimensions, a procedure analogous to those developed for hopping conduction in disordered systems to calculate the longitudinal conductivity of thin films. The result probably explains the frequent tendencies of measurements of K in anisotropic fracture networks and agricultural soils to increase with the scale of measurement, similarly to how the longitudinal conductivity of a thick film would be larger than the corresponding conductivity of a thin film (three- rather than two-dimensional conduction). However,...
Lidar observation of a strongly nonlinear internal wave train in the Gulf of Alaska

This paper demonstrates the observation of what appears to be a partially developed solitary internal wave group using an airborne lidar over the Gulf of Alaska. The probable generation mechanism is the interaction of the tide with the continental shelf 130 km away. Detection by lidar was possible because of a planktonic layer associated with a shallow pycnocline.
Information Disclosure on a Chinese Social Media Platform

The study examines drivers of information disclosure on a Chinese social media platform. Drawing on the privacy calculus theory, a research model is developed to simultaneously investigate the roles of perceived benefits vs. risks in users’ disclosure behavior. Analysis of survey data collected from 221 Weibo users revealed that, while the perception of benefits is strongly related to information disclosure, the perceived risks do not affect the disclosure behavior. In addition, findings also suggest that government intrusion concern is significantly related to perceived risk, while identification with Weibo community is significantly related to perceived benefits of information disclosure.
Geology of Orocopia Mountains, Southeastern California: ABSTRACT

The Orocopia Mountains border the Salton Sea northeast of the San Andreas fault in Riverside County, California. The range core, composed of Orocopia schist, is separated on the southwest from End_Page 218------------------------------ deformed late Cenozoic non-marine strata by the Hidden Spring fault zone, a branch of the nearby San Andreas. Northeast of the Orocopia schist a mile-wide wedge of gabbro, diorite, anorthosite, gneiss, and alaskite lies between a northeast-dipping fault, at places folded, and a high-angle major fault marked by great crushing. These rocks, intruded by volcanics and highly deformed, resemble rocks in the western San Gabriel Mountains, about 150 miles northwest. Northeast of the high-angle fault, augen gneiss with migmatite on the southeast and granite on the north underlies unconformably about 4,800 feet of newly discovered fossiliferous marine Eocene strata which are probably correlative with Coast Range middle Eocene. Unconformably overlying this sequence is a 5,000-foot thick variable series of undated non-marine conglomerate, sandstone, shale, and tuff, with volcanic flows and intrusions. In this series, lenses of granitic breccia characterize the northwest, and platy tuffaceous sandstone with gypsum-bearing interbeds the southeast. Major faults separate the area into tectonic blocks of different geologic history, and local correlation across the faults is not possible. Understanding of the significance of these faults and others in the vicinity, like the San Andreas, awaits regional study such as that now underway. Strike separations dominate over dip separations on minor faults associated with complex folds. End_of_Article - Last_Page 219------------
VLA observations of an unbiased sample of extragalactic X-ray sources

Results are presented of a Very Large Array survey at 6 cm of an unbiased sample of extragalactic X-ray sources serendipitously discovered with the Einstein X-ray Observatory. Fourteen of 42 X-ray sources are detected in the radio down to a limiting sensitivity of 1-2 mJy. Detections include eight of 31 examined active galactic nuclei (AGN-quasars or Seyferts), five of eight clusters of galaxies and one BL Lac object. The radio detection rate of X-ray selected AGNs is higher than that of optically selected AGNs, suggesting that a physical link between radio and X-ray emission is present. The radio properties of the X-ray selected clusters are similar to those of optically selected Abell clusters.
Competition in high technology: analysis of patents of US, Japan, UK, France, West Germany, and Canada

Using US patents as a surrogate measure of technological positions, the competitive positions of the industrial nations (the US, United Kingdom, France, West Germany, Canada, and Japan) in high-technology areas during the period from 1975 to 1988 are examined. High-technology industry is defined as one which requires a high proportion of R&D expenditure and employs a high proportion of scientists and engineers. High-tech industries are further subdivided into four categories (equipment, consumer durable, nondurable, and intermediate products) in terms of their market and/or use. How different countries have specialized in different product market areas within the high tech sector is also examined. To better understand the impact of the patients, the citations per patent for the different countries and the citation performance ratio, which is the share of country's most highly cited patents on a worldwide basis, are examined. >