cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What's in the hump of the humpback chub?

The function of the nuchal hump on adult humpback chub (Gila cypha) has been the subject of longtime conjecture. Hypotheses about the purpose of the hump range from it being a feature that confers hydrodynamic advantages in swift water to speculation about how the hump may have reduced predation vulnerability to Colorado pikeminnows (Ptychocheilus lucius). We used comparative histology of the head region of captive-reared and wild specimens of humpback chub to evaluate whether histological examination could give insight into the function of the hump. Tissues were sectioned, stained, and photographed under a microscope at 2×, 4×, and 40× magnification. The hump is composed almost entirely of skeletal muscle, with little nervous system innervation or fatty tissue. Hump muscle and dorsal muscle appear very similar in terms of muscle cell size, fat content, and connective tissue content. No apparent differences exist between the hump tissues of wild-caught and captive-reared individuals. Histological analysis and study of the anatomical structure of the head through dissection, along with evidence from other species, suggest that the hump evolved to reduce predation vulnerability. Although the reason for the evolution of the hump in humpback chub remains uncertain, additional information about the composition of the hump can help to support or refute hypotheses related to its function.
A Case Study in Constructivist Pedagogy in a Computer Organization Course

This Full Paper in the Research to Practice category presents an analysis of a constructivist pedagogical approach for the semester-long programming project in an Introduction to Computer Organization course at a liberal arts college in the Northeast United States. At this college, the Computer Science (CS) major has a relatively small number of required courses. In order to ensure that CS majors experience an appropriate breadth and depth in the field and because this course is required for all CS majors, the programming project was designed to meet and reinforce many of the learning outcomes for the major. After the end of the semester, a survey was administered to the students in order to obtain feedback about the usefulness of the programming project in the context of the course, and in the context of the CS major. The methods discussed in this paper are directly useful to other departments that have a small number of required courses. Additionally, these methods could be utilized by larger departments that wish to provide a reinforcement of concepts across multiple courses.
A contextual behavioral approach for responding to moral dilemmas in the age of COVID-19

Prior pandemics and current news stories suggest that a "second pandemic" of potentially devastating mental health consequences will follow the COVID-19 pandemic. Given the changing contextual demands associated with the pandemic for many people, the mental health consequences of COVID-19 are likely to include exposure to a range of moral dilemmas. Such dilemmas may set the stage for the development of moral distress and moral injury in a broad range of contexts from the ER to the grocery store. In the current paper we offer an approach to responding to moral dilemmas presented by COVID-19. We propose a contextual behavioral model of moral injury that is relevant to those experiencing moral pain associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on this model, we offer two different approaches to intervening on COVID-19-related moral dilemmas. First, we propose the use of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Moral Injury (ACT-MI) among individuals suffering from moral injury. Second, to intervene on moral dilemmas at the level of the group, we propose the use of the Prosocial intervention. We offer case examples describing ACT-MI and Prosocial to highlight how these interventions might be applied to moral-dilemma-related concerns during the COVID-19 pandemic and discuss implications for future research.
A Simple Prioritization Change to Lung Transplant Allocation May Result in Improved Outcomes.

Background The lung allocation score (LAS) significantly improved outcomes and wait list mortality in lung transplantation. However, mortality remains high for the sickest wait list candidates despite additional changes to allocation distance. Regulatory considerations of overhauling the current lung allocation system have met significant resistance, and changes would require years to implement. This study evaluates whether a modest change to the current system by prioritization of only high-LAS lung transplant candidates would result in lowered wait list mortality. Methods The Thoracic Simulated Allocation Model was used to evaluate all lung transplant candidates and donor lungs recovered between July 1, 2009 and June 30, 2011. Current lung allocation rules (initial offer within a 250–nautical mile radius for ABO-identical then compatible offers) were run. Allocation was then changed for only patients with an LAS of50 or higher (high-LAS) to be prioritized within a 500–nautical mile radius with no stratification between ABO-identical and compatible offers. Ten iterations of each model were run. Primary end points were wait list mortality and posttransplant 1-year survival. Results A total of 6538 wait list candidates and transplant recipients were evaluated per iteration, for a total of 130,760 simulated patients. Compared with current allocation, the adjusted model had a 23.3% decrease in wait list mortality. Posttransplant 1-year survival was minimally affected. Conclusions Without overhauling the entire system, simple prioritization changes to the allocation system for high-LAS candidates may lead to decreased wait list mortality and increased organ use. Importantly, these changes do not appear to lead to clinically significant changes in posttransplant 1-year survival.
Toward a generalized model of human emotional attachment

As artificial intelligence and robots increase in popularity, human emotional attachment to technologies has become a salient research topic. However, many studies face the challenges of lacking a ...
Pectoralis Major Onlay vs Interpositional Reconstruction Fistulation After Salvage Total Laryngectomy: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the difference in pharygocutaneous fistula (PCF) development between pectoralis major flap onlay and interpositional reconstructions after salvage total laryngectomy (STL).Data...
Test generation for comprehensive testing of linear analog circuits using transient response sampling

The problem of testing analog components continues to be the bottleneck in reducing the time-to-market of mixed-signal ICs. We present a test generation algorithm for implicit functional testing of linear analog circuits using transient response sampling. Each specification of the circuit under test (CUT) imposes bounds on individual parametric deviations under the single fault assumption. These bounds are mapped on to "acceptable" ranges of measurements of the transient response of the CUT at various sample points using time domain sensitivity calculations. Any circuit that "passes" the applied test is also guaranteed to meet its specifications. The simplicity of the test waveform, reduced test generation time and test time show that this testing method is a good alternative to existing testing schemes.
Single-Dose del Nido Cardioplegia Compared With Standard Cardioplegia During Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting at a Veterans Affairs Hospital.

Del Nido cardioplegic solution (DNC), used chiefly in pediatric patients, rapidly induces prolonged cardiac arrest during cardiac surgery. To determine whether surgical outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting in a United States military veteran population differed when DNC was used instead of our standard Plegisol cardioplegia, we retrospectively reviewed 155 consecutive operations performed from July 2016 through June 2017. Del Nido cardioplegia was used to induce cardiac arrest in 70 patients, and Plegisol in 85. Compared with the Plegisol group, the DNC group had a shorter mean cardiopulmonary bypass time (96.8 vs 117 min; P 48 hours, atrial fibrillation, tracheostomy, reintubation, and mechanical circulatory support. We conclude that single-dose DNC is safe, effective, and cost-effective for achieving cardiac arrest in U.S. veteran populations.
Tying it All Together: Defining the Core Tenets of Funds of Knowledge

Drawing on a synthesis of foundational and extant Funds of Knowledge (fk) scholarship that traces the framework’s theoretical origins and development, this manuscript proposes a unified corpus of s...
Numerical investigation of powder aerosolization in a rotating drum apparatus

Abstract Essential to estimating the potential exposure from dusts of toxic, hazardous or irritant powders is the evaluation of the dustiness of the powders being handled. Dustiness is the tendency of a powder to aerosolize with a given input of energy. Evaluating dustiness of a manufactured powder can alert to a potential exposure to workers. It can also aid in the selection of manufacturing processes/operations which generate less dust for a particular substance and can provide vital information to guide selecting/creating powders which generate less dust. A widely used (but marginally understood) instrument to evaluate powder dustiness is the Rotating Drum. Using computational fluid dynamics, we have numerically investigated the flow inside the Rotating Drum dustiness tester during its operation. A complete description of the flow aerodynamics associated with operation of this instrument will assist in the interpretation of dustiness measurements conducted with this instrument.
A new approach of PV system structure to enhance performance of PV generator under partial shading effect

Abstract The PV generator performance depends closely on the weather conditions, especially on solar irradiance. Besides, the partial shading effects still one of the most complicated problems that have a direct impact on the PV performance in terms of power output, multiple peaks exhibition on the power–voltage (P–V) characteristic curve, and hot-phenomena occurrence. In this paper, an efficient PV system structure has been proposed in order to enhance the performance of the PV generator under the partial shading effect. In such a way, the proposed PV structure will overcome mainly the following major partial shading effect problems: eliminating the local multiple peaks exhibition on the characteristic curve and increase the power output yield of the PV generator. On the other hand, the impact of hot-spot phenomena is reduced as well which leads to an increased in PV generator lifespan. On referring to the literature, many maximal power point tracking (MPPT) techniques have been developed in view to track the global maximal power point GMPP, alongside with proposing several PV configurations and arrangements to increase the power output yield and eliminate the local maximal power peaks (LMPPs). This paper intends to compare and discuss these techniques and configurations individually and by combining them in terms of effectiveness, complexity and cost ... etc. In which, this comparison ends up by selecting and proposing a suitable PV system structure that can mitigate the partial shading effect with high cost-effectiveness.
Adolescent neuroimmune function and its interaction with alcohol

Adolescence is an evolutionarily conserved developmental period associated with behavioral change, including increased risk-taking and alcohol use. Experimentation with alcohol typically begins in adolescence and transitions to binge-like patterns of consumption. Alcohol exposure during adolescence can alter normative changes in brain structure and function. Understanding mechanisms by which ethanol impacts neurodevelopmental processes is important for preventing and ameliorating the deleterious consequences of adolescent alcohol abuse. This review focuses on the neuroimmune system as a key contributor to ethanol-induced changes in adolescent brain and behavior. After brief review of neuroimmune system development, acute and chronic effects of ethanol on adolescent neuroimmune functioning are addressed. Comparisons between stress/immunological challenges and ethanol on adolescent neuroimmunity are reviewed, as cross-sensitization is relevant during adolescence. The mechanisms by which ethanol alters neuroimmune functioning are then discussed, as they may portend development of neuropathological consequences and thus increase vulnerability to subsequent challenges and potentiate addictive behaviors.
The Labor Market Effects of Venezuelan Migration to Colombia: Reconciling Conflicting Results

I study the effects of mass migration from Venezuela to Colombia on native labor market outcomes, occupational skill level and internal migration. Using an instrumental variable strategy and variation across 79 metropolitan areas, I find that the migration led to minimal changes in native employment and a 1.05% decline in hourly wages from a 1 percentage point increase in the migrant share. This magnitude is substantially larger for less educated workers in the informal sector. I also find that Venezuelan migration caused small increases in native out-migration alongside minor occupational upgrading by some demographic groups and downgrading by others. Existing papers studying the same migration wave have found different magnitudes of the wage effect, and I demonstrate the differences in specification that drive this variation. In particular, the magnitude of the wage effect is sensitive to implicit assumptions made while constructing the migration measure.
"All" Is Not Everything: The Pennsylvania Supreme Court's Restriction of Natural Gas Conveyances in Butler v. Charles Powers Estate Ex Rel. Warren

This Note examines the Pennsylvania Supreme Court's opinion in Butler and argues that the court examined the incorrect line of cases in its analysis of the definition of "minerals."
Abstract 1572: Dystrophin Is a tumor suppressor in human cancers with myogenic programs

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Many common human mesenchymal tumors, including gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), and leiomyosarcoma (LMS), feature myogenic differentiation. Although presumptive initiating mutations have been identified in these cancers, the subsequent mechanisms of malignant progression are not known. Here we report that intragenic deletion of the dystrophin-encoding and muscular dystrophy-associated DMD gene is a frequent mechanism by which myogenic tumors progress to high-grade, lethal sarcomas. Genome-wide SNP screens demonstrated DMD intragenic deletions in 23 of 38 myogenic sarcomas (61%) compared to 0 of 58 non-myogenic sarcomas (p < 0.0001). Although DMD is an X-linked gene, somatic DMD deletions affected both sexes equally and DMD deletions in female patients involved the active X chromosome, resulting in functional DMD nullisomy. Dystrophin was expressed strongly in nonneoplastic and benign counterparts for GIST, RMS and LMS, and the DMD deletions in the malignant myogenic sarcomas clustered at the 5′ end of the gene, inactivating larger dystrophin isoforms, including 427kDa dystrophin, while preserving expression of an essential 71kDa isoform (Dp71) which is encoded by the DMD 3′ end. Dystrophin restoration inhibited myogenic sarcoma cell migration, invasion, anchorage independence, and invadopodia formation, and dystrophin inactivation was found in 96%, 100%, and 62% of metastatic GIST, embryonal RMS, and LMS, respectively. The genomic, clinicopathological and functional evidence validate dystrophin as a tumor suppressor and likely anti-metastatic factor, suggesting that therapies in development for muscular dystrophies may also have relevance in treatment of cancer. Citation Format: Yuexiang Wang, Adrian Marino-Enriquez, Richard Bennett, Meijun Zhu, Grant Eilers, Cristina Antonescu, Christopher Fletche, Chandrajit Raut, Matt van de Rijn, Louis Kunkel, George Demetri, Jonathan Fletcher. Dystrophin Is a tumor suppressor in human cancers with myogenic programs. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1572. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1572
A Physically Based Model of Dissolution of Nonaqueous Phase Liquids in the Saturated Zone

The design of remediation strategies for nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) contaminants involves predicting the rate of NAPL dissolution. A physically based model of an idealized pore geometry was developed to predict nonaqueous phase liquid dissolution rate coefficients. A bundle of parallel pores in series model is used to represent NAPL dissolution as a function of three processes: pore diffusion, corner diffusion, and mixing and multiple contact. The dissolution rate coefficient is expressed in terms of the modified Sherwood number (Sh′) and is a function of Peclet (Pe) number. The model captures the complex behavior of Sh′ versus Pe data for both water-wet (Powers, 1992) and NAPL-wet (Parker et al., 1991) media. For water-wet media, the observed behavior can be broken down into four distinct regions. Each region represents a different physical process controlling NAPL dissolution: the low-Pe region is controlled by pore diffusion; the low- to moderate-Pe region is a transition zone; the moderate-Pe region is controlled by mixing and multiple contact; and the high-Pe region is controlled by corner diffusion. For the high-Pe conditions typical of most column experiments, the model involves only one fitting parameter. For NAPL-wet media, NAPL dissolution is governed exclusively by corner diffusion, and the model again involves only one fitting parameter.
Identification of SVTCG in thrombospondin as the conformation-dependent, high affinity binding site for its receptor, CD36

Thrombospondin (TSP) binds to its cellular receptor, CD36 (glycoprotein IV or IIIb), and participates in many adhesive cell interactions. We have shown that the CD36-TSP interaction occurs in a stepwise, conformation-dependent process. CD36 sequence 139-155 binds TSP and induces a second CD36-binding site, which binds CD36 sequence 93-110 with high affinity. To characterize this high affinity CD36-binding site on TSP, an anti-TSP monoclonal antibody (mAb), 7A-1e, was identified that showed augmentation of TSP binding in the presence of CD36 peptide P139-155. Purified mAb 7A-1e IgG specifically blocked both P139-155-augmented CD36 binding and P139-155-dependent CD36 peptide P93-110 binding to TSP, indicating that the binding sites on TSP for mAb 7A-1e and P93-110 are closely related. mAb 7A-1e IgG inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma. SVTCG is a cell adhesive motif in TSP. Both mAb 7A-1e and P93-110 specifically bound to a TSP peptide containing SVTCG, and the binding of mAb 7A-1e or P93-110 to TSP was inhibited by soluble SCTCG peptide. The SVTCG cell adhesive domain in TSP is the conformation-dependent, high affinity binding site for CD36 sequence 93-110.
The trypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of benzoyl-l-arginine ethyl ester: I. The kinetics in dioxane-water mixtures

Abstract The rate of hydrolysis of benzoyl- l -arginine ethyl ester catalyzed by trypsin has been measured in dioxane-water mixtures containing up to 88 volume percent dioxane. The initial rate of the reaction follows the requirements of Michaelis-Menten kinetics under all experimental conditions employed. The pH-variation of the rate at enzyme saturation in the mixed solvents is similar to that in water. At pH 8 the rate first increases as dioxane is added and then decreases at higher dioxane concentrations. The apparent Michaelis-Menten constant is a minimum at approximatel pH 8, and increases with increasing dioxane concentration. The value at pH 8.6 in 88% dioxane is 5500 times the value in water at this pH. Interpretations of various of the observed effects are suggested.
Nutrition Labeling Using a Computer Program

A large portion of food analysis is performed for nutrition labeling purposes. The use of nutrient databases and computer programs designed for preparing and analyzing nutrition labels can be valuable to help meet regulatory requirements for labeling and to assist in product development process. Such a computer program also makes it possible to use information from a nutrition label to determine the formula for a product in a process called “reverse engineering.” This chapter covers the use of a computer program to prepare a nutrition label for a yogurt formula, determine how formulation changes will affect the nutrition label, and observe an example of reverse engineering.
Skylab, classroom in space

Student-designed Skylab experiments are described and the results reported. Demonstrations performed on Skylab to show the effect of weightlessness are described.
Looking for an academic job in adolescent medicine: A personal odyssey

The saga of an Associate Clinical Professor of Adolescent Medicine and his search for a new position is told here. This man is a Board-certified pediatrician and an adolescent medicine specialist. He performed his fellowship at an Ivy League institution and spent 7 years building an adolescent medicine program at a community hospital. He enjoys seeing patients and teaching house staff; has several publications to his credit and has served on national committees. He found a bewildering array of opportunities chairmen positions and hiring practices. He is now questioning the entire academic system and the role of adolescent medicine in it. He was offered everything from Assistant Professor to Professor; from tenure track to clinical-educator track to clinical track. Some standards for judging peoples performance should exist. Chairmen told him there was no certain number of publications needed for promotion; faculty confided to him off-the-record that the number was 12 or 15. He was told tenure was meaningless. Chairmens expectations differed widely. Some wanted him to do everything but sweep the floor. Salaries and fringe benefits also ran the gamut. During the authors 4 years of medical school 3 years of residency and year of fellowship nothing was taught about any of this. For physicians who want an academic career counseling should be available. Medical schools vary in treatment of prospective employees. It is important to get expectations out in the open. Each chairman medical school and search committee was unique. Who greets you at the airport reflects your rank. Many chairmen tried to convince the author to be satisfied with a clinical appointment. He became concerned about the viability of adolescent medicine. The author suggests getting all "serious" negotiations down in writing. He finally found an institution that was willing to give him the academic appointment and tenure that he thought he deserved.
Respiratory effects of indoor air pollution

Since the early 1970s, the health effects of indoor air pollution have been investigated with increasing intensity. A large body of literature is now available on diverse aspects of indoor air pollution: sources, concentrations, health effects, engineering, and policy. This article provides a selective summary of this new information with an emphasis on health effects relevant to health care practitioners concerned primarily with immunologically mediated respiratory diseases. We address exposures associated with acute and chronic respiratory effects: tobacco smoke, nitrogen dioxide, wood smoke, and formaldehyde. The article also describes the diverse health problems experienced by workers in newer sealed office buildings. The importance of indoor concentrations in determining personal exposures to pollutants is emphasized.
Synthesis of Acylsilanes from Morpholine Amides. Synthesis of 1‐(Dimethyl(phenyl)silyl)propan‐1‐One

1-Morpholinopropan-1-one Morpholine Propanoyl chloride Chlorodimethylphenylsilane 1-(Dimethyl(phenyl)silyl)propan-1-one Keywords: morpholine amides; acylsilanes; brook rearrangement; annulation reactions; carbonyl carbon-silicon bond; waste disposal
Nonadiabatic hamiltonian for electronic–vibrational coupling

A new version of adiabatic theory enabling one to evaluate higher-order nonadiabatic terms has been developed. One introduces a nonadiabatic Hamiltonian Ĥna so that the total Hamiltonian is given by Ĥ = Ĥ0 + Ĥna, where Ĥ0 describes the noninteracting electronic and nuclear subsystems, and Ĥna describes the electronic-vibrational coupling. The correction to the total energy is calculated. The theory is applied to vibrational Raman scattering of aromatic molecules. Nonadiabaticity is found to play a key role in vibrational Raman scattering.
Value of carcinoembryonic antigen in the management of colorectal cancer

PURPOSE: The practical value of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) assay in the management of colorectal cancer after surgery is controversial. The value of CEA in the management of colorectal cancer was reviewed and discussed to justify the use of CEA assay in the management of colorectal cancer. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed on 318 patients who underwent resection by one surgeon (JYW) between 1981 and 1986 and who were followed for a minimum of 5 years or until death. RESULTS: The incidence of preoperative CEA levels >5 ng/ml in Dukes Stages A, B, C, and D were 0, 32, 48, and 79 percent, respectively. Five-year survival rates for groups with CEA levels ≤5 ng/ml and >5 ng/ml were 85 percent and 55 percent (P < 0.05), respectively, in Dukes Stage B patients and 64 percent and 37 percent (P < 0.05) in Stage C patients. The sensitivity and specificity of postoperative CEA monitoring in detecting recurrent diseases were 66 percent and 94 percent, respectively, for patients with a preoperative CEA value ≤5 ng/ml and 97 percent and 88 percent for patients with a higher preoperative CEA value. CONCLUSION: CEA is still the best tumor marker available to be used as an independent prognostic factor and as a monitor for recurrence of disease after primary tumor resection.
The ascorbic acid content of burned skin in relation to infection

Summary Ascorbic acid was estimated in burnt skin, the edge of the burn, and in intact skin from the same individual in autopsy material. The results were correlated with the histological appearances, with particular reference to the number of polymorphs present. In most cases there was no correlation between the numbers of polymorphs and the ascorbic acid content. As before, the ascorbic acid content was greater in burnt skin than in intact skin, except in burns of less than 2 days' duration. It is concluded that ascorbic acid accumulates in burnt skin after 2 days, and is usually independent of polymorph infiltration.
The Humanistic Interests of the Early Tudor Episcopate

Since H. L. Gray questioned the view that “Italian learning languished” between the death of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, in 1447 and 1488 when John Colet, William Grocyn, and Thomas Linacre visited Italy, several scholars have attempted to show the nature of the new learning fostered in England by such intermediaries as Robert Flemmyng, William Selling, and John Free, among others. Roberto Weiss has investigated more thoroughly than anyone else the interest of these Englishmen in the new learning during that interval. His book brings the narrative to 1485, a time which for him marks the beginning of genuine English humanism.While there is no doubt that Colet, Grocyn, and Linacre were leaders of the avant garde of humanism or that Selling, Flemmying, and Free helped bridge the gap between 1447 and 1488, some less well-known men played an important part in the advance of the new learning.
Thermal degradation of piperazine blends with diamines

Abstract Concentrated, aqueous piperazine (PZ) has been developed as an attractive solvent for use in CO 2 capture for coal- fired power plants because of its low degradation rate, high CO 2 capacity, and high CO 2 absorption rate, but its use may be limited by precipitation of solids at low and high CO 2 loading. In this work we examine the effects of blending diamines, such as hexamethylenediamine (HMDA), 1,4-diaminobutane (DAB), or bis(aminoethyl)ether (BAE), with PZ on thermal degradation of the amine. The presence of the diamine does not catalyze the thermal degradation of piperazine and appears to degrade independently of piperazine; in particular, HMDA and BAE appear to have thermal degradation rates that are competitive with piperazine.
The origin of descending pathways in the dorsolateral funiculus of the spinal cord of the cat and rat: further studies on the anatomy of pain modulation.

There is considerable evidence that the dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) of the spinal cord contains descending pathways critical for both opiate and brainstem stimulation-produced analgesia. To obtain a comprehensive map of brainstem neurons projecting to the spinal cord via the DLF, large injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were made into the lumbosacral spinal cord of cat and rat. These injections were made caudal to midthoracic lesions which spared only a single DLF or ventral quadrant (VQ); thus only those neurons whose axons descended in the spared funiculus would be labelled. Cells with descending axons in the VQ were concentrated in the medullary nucleus raphe pallidus and obscurus, nucleus retroambiguus and in various subregions of the reticular formation including the nucleus reticularis ventralis, gigantocellularis, magnocellularis, pontis caudalis and pontis oralis. Significant numbers of neurons were also found in medial and lateral vestibular nuclei and in several presumed catecholamine-containing neurons of the dorsolateral pons. In the rat, but not in the cat, considerable numbers of cells are present in the mesencephalic reticular formation, just lateral to the periaqueductal gray. In both species, some cells were found in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Brainstem cells projecting in the DLF were concentrated in the nucleus raphe magnus and in the adjacent nucleus reticularis magnocellularis, ipsilateral to the spared funiculus. Significant numbers of cells were found in the dorsolateral pons, differing somewhat in their distribution from those projecting in the VQ. DLF-projecting cells were also present in the ipsilateral Edinger-Westphal nucleus and periaqueductal grey contralateral red nucleus of the midbrain and in the ipsilateral hypothalamus. Smaller projections from other sites are described. These results are discussed in terms of the differential contribution of several brainstem neuronal groups, including the serotonergic nucleus, raphe magnus, the ventromedial reticular formation of the medulla, and various catecholamine-containing neurons of the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum to the analgesia produced by opiates and electrical brain stimulation.
Performance of Simplex Signaling in Circular Trellis-Coded Modulation

Abstract Alder, F. A., Dill, J. C., and Lindsey, A. R., Performance of Simplex Signaling in Circular Trellis-Coded Modulation, Digital Signal Processing11 (2001) 159–167 This paper presents measures of performance of simplex signaling in a circular trellis-coded modulation (CTCM) scheme. Background is given on both CTCM and simplex signaling. The CTCM system is shown to give substantial coding gain when compared to conventional BPSK. Performance is also shown to improve as trellis size increases.
Attachment of Moraxella bovis to calf corneal cells and inhibition by antiserum.

SUMMARY An in vitro assay was developed using calf corneal cells to assess the importance of fimbriae in the colonisation of the bovine ocular surface by Moraxella bovis, and the role of fimbrial antibodies in the bovine immune response and resistance to infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). Fimbriae promoted adherence of M. bovis to calf corneal cells in culture; 15 fimbriate isolates, representative of 6 fimbrial serogroups of M. bovis, adhered to the cells whereas 4 non-fimbriate isolates failed to do so. Fimbrial antibodies in hyperimmune rabbit serum inhibited attachment of all fimbriate strains of the homologous fimbrial serogroup but not those of 5 heterologous serogroups. The relevance of these results to the use of a polyvalent fimbrial vaccine in the control of IBK is discussed.
Finnegans Wake and the Satanic Verses: Two Modem Myths of the Fall

(1991). Finnegans Wake and the Satanic Verses: Two Modem Myths of the Fall. Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction: Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 190-207.
Mechanisms Controlling Variability of the Interhemispheric Sea Surface Temperature Gradient in the Tropical Atlantic

Abstract The seasonal evolution of sea surface temperature (SST) fields in the tropical Atlantic is explored for composites of extremely STRONG and WEAK northward SST gradients, because these are known to control the basinwide pressure gradient, latitude position of the intertopical convergence zone (ITCZ), and regional rainfall. Aimed at the origin and maintenance of anomalies in the interhemispheric SST gradient, and using surface and subsurface marine observations, differences in forcing of SST patterns from surface heat fluxes and entrainment are scaled by calendar-monthly mixed layer depth, and compared to the observed evolution of SST. For years with a STRONG as compared to WEAK gradient in boreal winter, a substantial portion of anomalous SST evolution from September to February can be attributed to departures in SST forcing by latent heat transfer: in the North Atlantic, strengthened northeast trades associated with a stronger North Atlantic high promote enhanced evaporative cooling, while weakene...
Practical Reason and Legality: Instrumental Political Authority Without Exclusion

In a morally non-ideal legal system, how can law bind its subjects? How can the fact of a norm’s legality make it the case that practical reason is (in fact) bound by that norm? Moreover, in such circumstances, what is the extent and character of law’s bindingness? I defend here an answer to these questions. I present a non-ideal theory of legality’s ability to produce binding reasons for action. It is not a descriptive account of law and its claims, it is a normative theory of legal reasoning for particular (though oftoccurring) social circumstances. The approach is, somewhat like Raz’s influential account, instrumental in character. Yet, it denies that the morally binding legal norms are, in whole or part, exclusionary reasons for the responsible subject. Law’s instrumentality must be given an alternative characterization.
Evaluation in closed form of integrals of products or spherical bessel functions related to the bipolar expansion

Abstract The bipolar expansion obtained by Ruedenberg by a Fourier transform method leads to radial functions which are integrals of a product of three spherical Bessel functions. It is shown that these integrals can be evaluated in closed form by means of the theory of generalized functions.
Limits on the interstellar cosmic ray electron spectrum below ̃1-2 GeV derived from the galactic polar radio spectrum and constrained by new Voyager 1 measurements

[1] Using a Monte Carlo Diffusion Model for electron propagation in the Galaxy we have calculated new electron spectra below 1–2 GeV that reproduce the observed polar galactic nonthermal radio synchrotron spectrum above ∼4 MHz where absorption effects in the disk of the galaxy are small. A full convolution procedure is used for the first time in these calculations. These interstellar electron intensities, which require a rapidly increasing diffusion coefficient at low rigidities, are significantly reduced from previous calculations made assuming the diffusion coefficient is a constant below 1–2 GV. This increasing diffusion coefficient is consistent with the recent suggestions that the magnetohydrodynamic waves that provide the scattering of cosmic rays may themselves be dissipated by resonant scattering from the cosmic rays (protons) but at a lower rigidity than originally suggested. The new interstellar electron spectra we calculate are more consistent with the electron spectra below ∼100 MeV being measured by the Voyager spacecraft, now at >105 AU and well beyond the heliosphere termination shock. Significant solar modulation effects of factors ∼5–10 are still required to explain the electron spectrum being measured at Voyager at 2008.0, but these are much less than the modulation factors ∼102–103 required to agree with typical earlier propagation calculations.
Creating and probing coherent atomic states

The authors present a brief review of recent experimental and theoretical time resolved studies of the evolution of atomic wavepackets. In particular, wavepackets comprising a superposition of very-high-lying Rydberg states which are created either using a short half-cycle pulse (HCP) or by rapid application of a DC field. The properties of the wavepackets are probed using a second HCP that is applied following a variable time delay and ionizes a fraction of the atoms, much like a passing-by ion in atomic collisions.
Intake of a palatable sucrose solution modifies the actions of spiradoline, a kappa opioid receptor agonist, on analgesia and feeding behavior in male and female rats

Abstract Previous research has shown that rats consuming a sucrose solution and chow are more sensitive to the analgesic actions of morphine, a selective mu opioid agonist, and the anorectic actions of opioid antagonists, than rats eating only chow. However, from these data, it cannot be determined if sucrose intake only modifies the behavioral consequences of drugs that act at the mu opioid receptor, or if the sugar also alters the actions of opioid drugs that act at other opioid receptor subtypes. Thus, the present experiments examined the effects of sucrose intake on the actions of spiradoline, a selective kappa opioid agonist, on analgesia and food intake in male and female Long–Evans rats. In Experiment 1, male and female rats consumed either chow, a 32% sucrose solution and water, or only chow and water. After 3 weeks, antinociceptive responses on the tail-flick test were determined after spiradoline injections (0.0, 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 mg/kg, SC). Rats fed sucrose were more sensitive to the analgesic actions of spiradoline than rats fed only chow. In Experiment 2, drug-naive male and female rats were maintained under the same dietary conditions as in Experiment 1. Food intake was measured 1, 2, 4, and 6 h after spiradoline injections (0.0, 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 mg/kg, SC). Spiradoline led to significant dose-related decreases in food intake for males and females in both dietary conditions. However, the anorectic effects of the drug were more pronounced in rats fed sucrose than in those eating only chow. These results support the hypothesis that intake of palatable foods and fluids alters the activity of the endogenous opioid system.
Reasons, Motivations, and Obligations

I argue against Reasons Internalism, the view that possession of a normative reason for the performance of an action entails that one can be motivated to perform that action, and Motivational Existence Internalism, the view that if one is obligated to perform an action, then one can be motivated to perform that action. My thesis is that these positions cannot accommodate the fact that reasonable moral agents are frequently motivated to act only because they believe their contemplated actions to be morally obligatory. The failure to accommodate this fact is reason to reject these two types of internalism about reasons.
Does the end-to-end venous anastomosis offer a functional advantage over the end-to-side venous anastomosis in high-output arteriovenous grafts?

Abstract This study explores the hemodynamics, mechanics, and biologic response of end-to-end versus end-to-side venous anastomoses in a canine arteriovenous graft model. Femoral polytetrafluoroethylene grafts were implanted bilaterally in a paired fashion ( n = 22). Detailed local hemodynamic measurements were made by use of color Doppler ultrasound imaging at 1, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after implant. Measurements included volumetric flow rate and Doppler-derived spectral window (percent window) as a measure of turbulence. Amplitude and velocity of vessel wall movement were also measured. Volume of perivascular tissue vibration quantitated kinetic energy transfer through the vessel wall. Volumetric flow rate (end to end, 1013 ± 70 ml/min; end to side, 1015 ± 72 ml/min), percent window (end to end, 6.6% ± 0.6%, end to side, 5.6% ± 0.4%) and volume of perivascular tissue vibration (end to end, 19.6 ± 1.2 ml, end to side, 16.3 ± 1.8 ml) were statistically equivalent in the two graft types (end to end vs end to side p > 0.05). Both graft types developed venous intimal-medial thickening of a similar magnitude: end to end, 0.35 ± 0.05 mm, end to side, 0.43 ± 0.09 mm, normal vein 0.070 ± 0.004 mm (analysis of variance [ANOVA] p p p > 0.05 by Student-Newman-Keuls test). The best correlations with venous intimal-medial thickening were obtained from inverse percent window ( r = 0.84, p r = 0.68, p
A Method for Near Field Computation of Coupled Weakly Ionized Plasma Flows in Low Earth Orbit

The problem of wake effects, particularly the near wake, from spacecraft in low Earth orbit is of increasing interest. The flow simulation reported herein combines the fully coupled effects of neutral particle flow, plasma flow, electromagnetic field effects, and spacecraft charging. The simulation necessarily allows for chemically reacting flows (associative ionization, dissociation, and chain exchange) and for thermal accommodation at a spacecraft surface. Due to the highly coupled nature of the flow physics, a full solution simultaneous approach is used. This is required due to the need for extremely high resolution results for the near wake region. In this approach, the neutral flow is modeled using a direct simulation Monte Carlo technique. The charged particles are modeled using a particle approach to solve the Poisson equation. A technique of having a separate neutral-particle grid and a charged-particle grid is used. Neutral and charged particles are allowed collisional interaction. During one time step, the neutral-particle-move process occurs separately from the charged-particle-move process which is accomplished in the presence of the electromagnetic field. A major advantage of the technique is that results may be obtained with the dominant effects of orbital flows simultaneously modeled. A major disadvantage is that the technique is computationally expensive. Flow calculations for the neutral- and charged-particle cases are compared to independent and uncoupled computational simulations to confirm their accuracy. The solution procedure and technique are presented for several types of flows at orbital altitudes of 250 and 500 km. Excellent agreement with previously verified computational algorithms has been obtained for the case of neutral particle flow and charged-particle flow. Results for the full flow simulation are presented for 250 and 500 km.
Reliability and validity of self-reported CD4 lymphocyte count and viral load test results in people living with HIV/AIDS

Self-reporting is a common, convenient, and inexpensive method for collecting health status information in HIV/AIDS research, but the reliability and validity of these data remain suspect. HIV-positive persons (n=174) completed self-report measures of demographics, health status, and health literacy, and provided permission to collect CD4 cell counts and viral load results from provider charts. Clinically meaningful categories of CD4 cell counts were reliably and validly assessed using self-report measures. Self-reported viral load, however, demonstrated only marginally acceptable reliability and validity, with the greatest validity occurring for recall of undetectable viral load. Self-reported health status was most reliable and valid for persons with higher levels of education and literacy. CD4 cell counts can therefore be reliably and validly assessed through self-reporting, particularly when collected in clinically meaningful units from persons with higher education. Self-reported viral load should be interpreted with caution and is most reliable when dichotomized into detectable/undetectable categories.
Localized Hyperthermia in the Treatment of Malignant Brain Tumors Using an Interstitial Microwave Antenna Array

An interstitial microwave antenna array hyperthermia (IMAAH) system was evaluated in a series of acute experiments for its ability to generate localized hyperthermic fields in the normal adult and developing dog brain. Using a single microwave antenna, the maximum diameter of heating greater than or equal to 42°C was 1.3 cm. Using four microwave antennas, temperatures greater than or equal to 42°C were obtained over a 2.5 cm cross-sectional diameter. Normal gray matter cannot be heated above 42.2°C for 60 min without causing acute damage to cortical neurons. Edema formation can occur at temperatures as low as 42°C in both gray and white matter. Disruption of myelin tracts in white matter is apparent at temperatures of 43.0-43.5°C. The IMAAH system generates significantly higher and more variable temperature distributions in virally induced experimental brain tumors than in the developing dog brain at the same power levels.
Genetic Background Modulates the Phenotype of a Mouse Model of DYT1 Dystonia

DYT1 dystonia is a debilitating neurological disease characterized by involuntary twisting movements. The disease is caused by an in-frame deletion (GAG, “ΔE”) mutation in the TOR1A gene that encodes the torsinA protein. Intriguingly, only 30% of mutation carriers exhibit motor symptoms despite the fact that functional brain imaging studies show abnormal brain metabolism in all carriers. Because genetic modifiers may be a determinant of this reduced penetrance, we examined the genetic contribution of three different inbred strains of mice on the DYT1 mutation in animals that are homozygous (Tor1aΔE/ΔE) or heterozygous (Tor1aΔE/+; disease state) for the disease-causing ΔE mutation. We find that the DBA/2J, C57BL/6J, and CD1-ICR contribution of genes significantly alter lifespan in Tor1aΔE/ΔE mice, which die during the first few days of life on the 129S6/SvEvTac (129) background. The C57BL/6J (B6) strain significantly decreases life expectancy of Tor1aΔE/ΔE animals but, like 129S6/SvEvTac Tor1aΔE/+ mice, congenic C57BL/6J Tor1aΔE/+ mice do not exhibit any motor abnormalities. In contrast, the DBA/2J (D2) strain significantly increases life expectancy. This effect was not present in congenic DBA/2J Tor1aΔE/ΔE mice, indicating that the extended lifespan of F2 129/D2 mice was due to a combination of homozygous and heterozygous allelic effects. Our observations suggest that genetic modifiers may alter the penetrance of the ΔE mutation, and that mapping these modifiers may provide fresh insight into the torsinA molecular pathway.
Effect of Pretreatment on Quality of Sweet Peach Pickles

Experiments were designed to increase the amount of fruit and reduce the sugar used in each container of sweet peach pickles without substantially altering the existing commercial process. Small whole (with seed in) peeled peaches were preheated in atmospheric steam, water and syrup in temperature ranges of 71–100°C for periods of time ranging from 3–6 min, then hot filled and processed as usual. Results showed that heating in atmmospheric steam-air mixture at 93°C for 4 min produced a significant increase in the number and weight of peaches per jar and a reduction of sugar without changing the quality significantly. Results of a test commercial pack revealed about 25% saving in syrup, and an average increase of four serving per jar to the consumer.
Bubbling 1/2 BPS solutions of minimal six-dimensional supergravity

Abstract We continue our previous analysis [J.T. Liu, D. Vaman, W.Y. Wen, hep-th/0412043] of 1/2 BPS solutions to minimal 6d supergravity of bubbling form. We show that, by turning on an axion field in the T 2 torus reduction, the constraint F ∧ F , present in the case of an S 1 × S 1 reduction, is relaxed. We prove that the four-dimensional reduction to a bosonic field theory, whose content is the metric, a gauge field, two scalars and a pseudo-scalar (the axion), is consistent. Moreover, these reductions when lifted to the six-dimensional minimal supergravity represent the sought-after family of 1/2 BPS bubbling solutions.