cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The in vitro effects of actinomycin D and cycloheximide on germinal vesicle breakdown and ovulation of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) oocytes

Abstract 1. 1. The in vitro effects of actinomycin D and cycloheximide were investigated on steroidinduced germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and ovulation of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) oocytes. 2. 2. The transcriptional inhibitor actinomycin D had no effect on GVBD, but completely blocked ovulation at concentrations from 0.625 to 40 μM. 3. 3. The translational inhibitor cycloheximide was effective in blocking both GVBD and ovulation at concentrations from 0.156 to 40 μM. 4. 4. Time sequence studies conducted with actinomycin D, and incubation of oocytes with actinomycin D for short pulses, suggest that there are two phases of RNA synthesis required for ovulation.
A simple divide-and-conquer algorithm for computing Delaunay triangulations in O(n log log n) expected time

We present a modification to the divide-and-conquer algorithm of Guibas & Stolfi [GS] for computing the Delaunay triangulation of n sites in the plane. The change reduces its T(n log n) expected running time to O(n log n) for a large class of distributions which includes the uniform distribution in the unit square. The modified algorithm is significantly easier to implement than the optimal linear-expected-time algorithm of Bentley, Weide & Yao [BWY]. Unlike the incremental methods of Ohya, Iri & Murota [OIM] and Maus [M] it has optimal O(n log log n) worst-case performance. The improvement extends to the composition of the Delaunay triangulation in the Lp metric for 1
A Native American community's involvement and empowerment to guide their children's development in the school setting

This study provides an empirical description of the dimensions of community values, beliefs, and opinions through a survey conducted in the Pueblo Indian community of Zuni in New Mexico. The sample was composed of 200 randomly chosen community members ranging from 21 to 103 years old. A principal component factor analysis was conducted, as well as a multivariate analysis of variance, to explore gender, age, education, language, and socioeconomic (SES) differences on values, beliefs, and opinions from survey participants. Overall, the findings suggest a strong agreement by the community on the direction to be taken by their school district in their efforts to improve classroom instruction, as well as in their efforts to guide their children's development as Native Americans. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Use of a Seldinger Wire Technique for Pericardiocentesis Following Cardiac Surgery

A safe technique of pericardial aspiration is described for patients who have undergone a cardiac operation. A 6.875 cm thin-walled 18 gauge needle, flexible guidewire, and fenestrated central venous catheter are employed.
Transient Flow of Air through Rectangular Vents in a Horizontal Partition

Transient laminar flow of air through rectangular vents in a horizontal partition between two large chambers was investigated. For vent aspect ratios of 1, 0.5, and 2, three flow regimes were identified as the Rayleigh number (Ra) was varied from 1 × 103 to 5 × 104 based on flow parameters in the vent and the corresponding modes of heat transfer through it. The critical control parameter was found to be the Rayleigh number, which determined the flow regimes of conduction, counter current, and oscillatory flow regimes. As the effective driving potential decreased with time, flow changed from one regime to the other such that higher Rayleigh number results showed all the three regimes over time. The circulation patterns within the vent for conduction regime (Ra < 1500) appeared to follow Chandrasekhar's (1961) well-known linear stability results. The flow exchange increases with partition thickness L/D = 0.5 and decreases for L/D = 2. At higher Ra, sudden bursts of upflow with a corresponding downflow were ...
Metabolism of 4,7,10,13,16-docosapentaenoic acid by human platelet cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase

Washed human platelets are shown to metabolize 4,7,10,13,16-docosapentaenoic acid into three major metabolites which were purified by reverse-phase HPLC. The mass spectra of the methyl ester-trimethylsilyl ether and ethyl ester-trimethylsilyl ether of compound A established it as Δ4-dihomo-thromboxane B2. Compound B was shown to be 14-hydroxy-4,7,10,12-nonadecatetraenoic acid, which is analogous to 12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid from arachidonic acid. Compound C was produced via an indomethacininsensitive pathway and was identified as 14-hydroxy-4,7,10,12,16-docosapentaenoic acid. Time- and substrate-dependent studies showed that compounds A, B and C were produced approximately 10, 15 and 65% of the extent to which thromboxane B2, 12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid and 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid were produced, respectively, from arachidonic acid.
Full-duplex without strings: enabling full-duplex with half-duplex clients

Enabling wireless full-duplex (from an AP) with multiple half-duplex (HD) clients is key to widespread adoption of full-duplex (FD) in commercial networks. However, enabling FD in such networks is fundamentally challenged by a new form of uplink-downlink interference (UDI), arising between HD clients operating simultaneously in the uplink and downlink directions. In this context, we first show that spatial interference alignment (IA) between clients is an effective and scalable technique to address UDI and hence enable FD in these networks, especially in the presence of MIMO. We then present our solution and system FDoS: Full-Duplex without Stringsthat incorporates this notion. We build the theory of applying spatial IA to full-duplex networks in general and present elegant, implementation-friendly constructions for generating IA solutions, by leveraging the structure of interference specific to these networks. In the process, FDoS shows that only four HD clients are sufficient to eliminate UDI through IA and enable 2N streams at an N transceiver AP. FDoS also includes an efficient MAC design at the AP to handle clients with heterogeneous antenna capabilities, maximize the throughput of the enabled streams in the FD session as well as reduce the overhead incurred in FDoS by half by facilitating a distributed implementation. A prototype of FDoS on WARP radios showcases its ability to address UDI effectively, and hence enable 2N streams (for N=2,4) in varied settings with just four HD clients, and sustain rate gains of 1.75-2x over HD MU-MIMO systems.
Large coaxial germanium detectors-correction for ballistic deficit and trapping losses

The use of a ballistic deficit corrector circuit that calculates and applies a correction on a pulse-by-pulse basis has been shown to improve the energy resolution of spectrometers using large-diameter coaxial detectors at high energies and high counting rates. The potential importance of this circuit in correcting for the loss in signal amplitude due to majority carrier trapping has also been recognized. This work has led to further approaches to improving performance. Experimental results are described and demonstrate the complex nature of the problem of simultaneously correcting for both types of loss. The proposed design of a signal processor that should achieve good simultaneous correction for both types of loss is discussed. >
Reaction Mechanisms in a Multichannel Scattering Theory for Identical Particles

Exchange effects in rearrangement reactions are studied in the framework of a general algebraic theory of identical-particle scattering. An algebraic definition of reaction mechanisms proposed previously is used to distinguish the contributions to scattering amplitudes made by different exchange processes. Previous statements concerning the number of possible exchange mechanisms and their relative weight factors are rigorously proved. The results of this paper differ from those obtained in previous studies, as here identical clusters of particles are also treated as indistinguishable.
Lived Experiences of Racially and Ethnically Underrepresented Minority BSN Students: A Case Study Specifically Exploring Issues Related to Recruitment and Retention.

Abstract The lived experiences of 12 traditionally aged underrepresented minority BSN students in a predominantly white university were explored using a qualitative, semi-structured, e-questionnaire approach. A multistep analysis procedure of the data identified barriers, including negative interactions with and lack of diversity of faculty and peers, deficiency of cultural competency training, lack of academic and financial support, and negative family behaviors. Identified facilitators include a strong desire to be a nurse, family member in the health care profession, and proximity to home. Novel findings include highly polarized responses regarding interactions with faculty and peers and the drive to be a nurse as a unique aspect of general determination.
NeuroD Homologue Expression During Cortical Development in the Human Brain

Neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation are determined by the NeuroD homologues, transcription factors belonging to a family of basic helix-loop-helix proteins. The authors used in situ hybridization with full-length riboprobes for NeuroD1, NeuroD2, and NeuroD3 to describe the expression of the NeuroD homologues in a gestational sequence of human fetal brains. Acridine orange histofluorescence was used to differentiate neuronal from non-neuronal cell precursors. At the earliest gestational age examined (gestational week 16), signals for all three homologues could be identified but that for NeuroD3 was most intense. Peak expression of NeuroD1 and NeuroD2 followed at gestational weeks 19 and 20, respectively. Although similar to the expression of these homologues in the mouse cerebrum, notable differences were observed. Specifically, signals for all three homologues were detected in the marginal zone and the ventricular zone, including the ganglionic eminence. The temporal order of expression in the human...
Expanding the Boundaries: A Reaction to the First‐Grade Studies

Two younger scholars, who had not yet entered the field when “The First-Grade Studies” were published, look at Bond and Dykstra's work from a sociocultural perspective and explore ways to expand the conceptual framework.
Immunotoxicity of 2,4-diaminotoluene in female B6C3F1 mice.

ABSTRACT2,4-Diaminotoluene (DAT) has been demonstrated to be a potent carcinogen. The present studies were carried out to determine the toxic and immunotoxic potential of DAT. Mice exposed to DAT at 25-100 mg/kg per day for 14 days by gavage showed a 42% increase in liver weight and a slight decrease in spleen weight. Histopathologic evaluation of selected organs showed the liver to be the major target with morphological changes which were dose dependent. The high dose (100 mg/kg) was associated with moderate centrilobular necrosis. No abnormal structure was noted in the spleen, lungs, thymus, kidney or mesenteric lymph nodes. The liver toxicity was associated with an elevation in alanine aminotransferase activity. The only change noted in selected hematologic parameters was a 64% increase in peripheral blood leukocytes. Mice exposed to DAT showed a decreased IgM and IgG response to sheep erythrocytes. The decrease was not a function of a decreased number of B cells because the number of B cells increased...
Choline acetyltransferase activity in guinea-pig heart in vitro.

— Choline acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.6) catalyses the following reversible reaction: acetyl coenzyme A + choline acetylcholine + coenzyme A. Enzyme activity in the atria and ventricles of guinea-pig heart varied independently of the biochemically related carnitine acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.7). Choline acelyltransferase activity was greatest in right atrium, intermediate in right ventricle and left atrium and lowest in left ventricle (405. 2-33. 177 and I 33 nmol min-1 g-1, respectively). Carnitine acetyltransferasc activity was greatest in the right and left ventricle and least in the right and left atria (8-86. 8-27, 3-18 and 2-38 mmol min-1g-1. respectively). Carnitine acelyltransferase activity was 800- to 6000-fold greater than that of the choline acetyltransferase. depending on the chamber. Bromoacctylcholine inhibited acetylcholine. but not acetylcarnitine biosynthesis in vitro. Contrariwise, acetylcarnitine inhibited carnitine, but not choline acetyltransferase. These results demonstrate the feasibility and specificity of measuring the differences in choline acetyltransferase activity in dialysed homogenates prepared from the four chambers of the heart.
The Measurement of Nursing Home Quality: Multilevel Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Panel Data

This study examined the validity of a measurement model of nursing home quality by using multilevel confirmatory factor analysis. Based on Mullan and Harrington's (2001) facility-level quality measurement model, a two-level analysis (facility and state) of the measurement model were performed. Two research questions were asked: (1) Can the measurement model developed at the facility-level be applied to state-level nursing home quality measurement? (2) Is the measurement model of nursing home quality stable over time? Panel data of 1997 and 2001, from the national OSCAR database, were used to test the assumptions. The results show that the state-level measurement model fits the data better than the facility-level model does. When the indicator "assessment" was removed from the state-level measurement model, a better-fitted measurement model was found. The two-level measurement model is relatively stable over time, demonstrating the construct validity of this measurement model.
Late exercise reduces neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction after traumatic brain injury

Delayed secondary biochemical and cellular changes after traumatic brain injury continue for months to years, and are associated with chronic neuroinflammation and progressive neurodegeneration. Physical activity can reduce inflammation and facilitate recovery after brain injury. Here, we investigated the time-dependent effects, and underlying mechanisms of post-traumatic exercise initiation on outcome after moderate traumatic brain injury using a well-characterized mouse controlled cortical impact model. Late exercise initiation beginning at 5 weeks after trauma, but not early initiation of exercise at 1 week, significantly reduced working and retention memory impairment at 3 months, and decreased lesion volume compared to non-exercise injury controls. Cognitive recovery was associated with attenuation of classical inflammatory pathways, activation of alternative inflammatory responses and enhancement of neurogenesis. In contrast, early initiation of exercise failed to alter behavioral recovery or lesion size, while increasing the neurotoxic pro-inflammatory responses. These data underscore the critical importance of timing of exercise initiation after trauma and its relation to neuroinflammation, and challenge the widely held view that effective neuroprotection requires early intervention.
Systemic alarms in fear conditioning I: A reappraisal of what is being conditioned

Many behavior therapists have questioned the adequacy of direct respondent conditioning for explaining phobic fear acquisition because fears may develop in the absence of direct experience with environmental trauma. Much of the debate has been fueled by confusion about what constitutes a traumatic event, and what is it that is being conditioned in phobic fear. The purpose of this paper is to (a) review recent arguments for and against direct traumatic conditioning based on clinical observation and laboratory conditioning studies, and (b) present an alternate view of direct conditioning that does not require a readily identifiable conditioned stimulus (CS) or unconditioned stimulus (UCS). What is required is a negatively evaluated abrupt and aversive systemic response (“alarm”) that constitutes the primary conditioning event in human fear acquisition. Using examples of specific phobias and illness fears, we illustrate how alarms can account for fear acquisition without a readily identifiable aversive environmental event.
Model diagnostics for smoothing spline ANOVA models

The author proposes some simple diagnostics for assessing the necessity of selected terms in smoothing spline ANOVA models. The elimination of practically insignificant terms generally enhances the interpretability of the estimates and sometimes may also have inferential implications. The diagnostics are derived from Kullback-Leibler geometry and are illustrated in the settings of regression, probability density estimation, and hazard rate estimation.
An efficient method for circuit sensitivity calculation using piecewise linear waveform models

An efficient method for calculating the transient sensitivities in MOS circuits with respect to a large number of parameters is discussed. The approach uses simple circuit models built by piecewise-linearization of time-domain circuit responses. Closed-form expressions are derived for the calculation of transient sensitivities of the corresponding linear circuits. The transient sensitivity of the nonlinear circuit is then approximated as a simple function of individual linear circuit sensitivities. It is shown that the efficiency of this approach increases with the circuit size as well as with the number of sensitivity parameters considered. >
Coronavirus: organization, replication and expression of genome.

OVERVIEW. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 303 STRUCTURE OF CORONA V IR US VIRION.. . . .... .... . .... . ..... . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . .... . . . .. . . . . 304 GENOME STRUCTURE AND GENE ASSIGNMENTS . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 306 GENERAL PATHWAY OF CORONA VIRUS REPLICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 307 TRANSCRIPTION OF CORONA VIRUS mRNAS... .... . . ... . . . ... . . . .. . ......... ... . ... . . . .. 309 The Structure and Gene Products of mRNAs . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . 309 Mechanism of Subgenomic mRNA Transcription . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 1 Heterogeneity of Subgenomic mRNAs and Possible RNA Proofreading . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 3 1 5 Transcriptional Regulation of Optional mRNA Species . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . 3 1 7 NE GATIVE -STRANDED RNA SyNTHESIS. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . 3 1 8 REPLICATION OF GENOMIC RNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 ENZYMOLOGY OF RNA SyNT HESIS.. . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .... . . . 322 HIGH-FREQUENCY RNA RECOMB INA nON . .... . . ... . . . . . ... . . . ... . . . . ... . . . .. . .. . . .. . . . . 324 PERSPECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 326
New Plasmid-Mediated Fluoroquinolone Efflux Pump, QepA, Found in an Escherichia coli Clinical Isolate

Plasmid-mediated Qnr and AAC(6')-Ib-cr have been recognized as new molecular mechanisms affecting fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance. C316, an Escherichia coli strain demonstrating resistance to various FQs, was isolated in Japan. Resistance to FQs was augmented in an E. coli CSH2 transconjugant, but PCR failed to detect qnr genes, suggesting the presence of novel plasmid-mediated FQ resistance mechanisms. Susceptibility tests, DNA manipulation, and analyses of the gene and its product were performed to characterize the genetic determinant. A novel FQ-resistant gene, qepA, was identified in a plasmid, pHPA, of E. coli C316, and both qepA and rmtB genes were mediated by a probable transposable element flanked by two copies of IS26. Levels of resistance to norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and enrofloxacin were significantly elevated in E. coli transformants harboring qepA under AcrB-TolC-deficient conditions. QepA showed considerable similarities to transporters belonging to the 14-transmembrane-segment family of environmental actinomycetes. The effect of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) on accumulation of norfloxacin was assayed in a qepA-harboring E. coli transformant. The intracellular accumulation of norfloxacin was decreased in a qepA-expressing E. coli transformant, but this phenomenon was canceled by CCCP. The augmented FQ resistance level acquired by the probable intergeneric transfer of a gene encoding a major facilitator superfamily-type efflux pump from some environmental microbes to E. coli was first identified. Surveillance of the qepA-harboring clinical isolates should be encouraged to minimize further dissemination of the kind of plasmid-dependent FQ resistance determinants among pathogenic microbes.
Cystic metastasis from head and neck squamous cell cancer: a distinct disease variant?

Background. Head and neck squamous cell carci- noma (HNSCC) commonly spreads to regional deep cervical nodes. In most cases, these metastases present as firm, solid masses in the designated lymph node chains. A distinct subset of metastatic nodes present as cystic masses, with most of the volume made up of a liquid center surrounded by a thin solid rim. It has been observed that certain squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) subsites are more likely to produce metastases that are cystic. These sites predominantly include primary tumors of ton- sil tissue from Waldeyer's ring. In the past, these cystic cancers often have been erroneously diagnosed as branchiogenic carci- nomas, that is, a branchial cleft cyst that has undergone malig- nant degeneration. Today, most authors have concluded that so-called branchiogenic carcinomas are actually cystic metasta- ses in the neck probably arising from an oropharyngeal primary SCC. The purpose of this work is to consider the phenomenon of cystic lymph node metastasis in head and neck cancer in depth. Methods. A review of the relevant English-language literature linking cystic metastasis and head and neck cancer was per- formed. Results. These studies indicate that lateral cystic masses in adults often represent an occult primary cancer originating in the epithelium within Waldeyer's ring. Conclusions. Adult patients who are initially seen with a lat- eral cystic neck mass must be presumed to have a cancer until proven otherwise. The mass should be biopsied by fineneedle aspiration (FNA). However, negative FNA findings may be mis- leading; therefore, an excisional biopsy and examination under anesthesia with directed biopsies of Waldeyer's ring and bilat- eral tonsillectomy should be considered a part of the diagnostic workup. V
Meanings in adult male victims' experiences of hate crime and its aftermath

The purposes of this study were to describe gay men's experiences of hate crime and understand the meanings they attribute to it. Data were analyzed from individual interviews with seven gay men who recounted nine separate hate crimes. Participants perceived their hate crimes as homophobic acts of verbal harassment and violent assault targeted at silencing their identities, which they actively resisted. They perceived the aftermath as an extended period of time in which they lived with a heightened awareness of self, others, and the environment. This heightened awareness was reported to disrupt intimacy and social connectedness while they attempted to make meaning of their experiences and heal.
Learning from multimodal observations

Human-computer interaction based on recognition of speech, gestures, and other natural modalities is on the rise. Recognition technologies are typically developed in a statistical framework and require large amounts of training data. The cost of collecting manually annotated data is usually the bottleneck in developing such systems. We explore the idea of learning from unannotated data by leveraging information across multiple modes of input. A working system inspired by infant language learning which learns from untranscribed speech and images is presented.
Scanning Photocurrent Imaging and Electronic Band Studies in Silicon Nanowire Field Effect Transistors

We report optical scanning measurements on photocurrent in individual Si nanowire field effect transistors (SiNW FETs). We observe increases in the conductance of more than 2 orders of magnitude and a large conductance polarization anisotropy of 0.8, making our SiNW FETs a polarization-sensitive, high-resolution light detector. In addition, scanning images of photocurrent at various biases reveal the local energy-band profile especially near the electrode contacts. The magnitude and polarity of the photocurrent vary depending on the gate bias, a behavior that can be explained using band flattening and a Schottky-barrier-type change. This technique is a powerful tool for studying photosensitive nanoscale devices.
Falsifications and corroborations: Karl Popper’s influence on systematics

Over the last three decades, the philosophy of Karl Raimund Popper has had a strong influence on the field of systematic biology. Unequivocally, no other philosopher's work has had such an influence during this formative period in systematics. Much, but not all, of the early discourse on Popper and systematics dealt with the philosophical basis of systematics as a science. More recently Popper's work has been discussed in the systematics literature in relation to specific methodologies such as parsimony and maximum likelihood. In this paper, we provide the reader with a concise summary of Popper's ideas relevant to systematics, review the systematic literature invoking or declining Popper's importance to the field, and make a recommendation for the future course of philosophical thinking in systematics. We try to make clear various authors' interpretations of Popper's work and how those interpretations have impacted systematic thought. Although the reader may come away from this review with a clearer idea of Popper's relevance or lack thereof, our primary hope is that the reader will be compelled to question him- or herself about the philosophical basis of the systematic work that he or she does, and to delve into the literature herein cited. We begin by presenting a synopsis of Popper's philosophical views to allow those views to be placed in the context of systematics.
Induction of innate immunity by lipid A mimetics increases survival from pneumonic plague

This study analysed the effect of priming the innate immune system using synthetic lipid A mimetics in a Yersinia pestis murine pulmonary infection model. Two aminoalkyl glucosaminide 4-phosphate (AGP) Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) ligands, delivered intranasally, extended time to death or protected against a lethal Y. pestis CO92 challenge. The level of protection was dependent upon the challenge dose of Y. pestis and the timing of AGP therapy. Protection correlated with cytokine induction and a decreased bacterial burden in lung tissue. AGP protection was TLR4-dependent and was not evidenced in transgenic TLR4-deficient mice. AGP therapy augmented with subtherapeutic doses of gentamicin produced dramatically enhanced survival. Combined, these results indicated that AGPs may be useful in protection of immunologically naive individuals against plague and potentially other infectious agents, and that AGP therapy may be used synergistically with other therapies.
The Identification of Ethical Issues in Physical Therapy Practice

Background and Purpose. The purpose of this study was to identify (1) current ethical issues facing physical therapists and (2) ethical issues that may be faced in the future by physical therapists. Subjects and Methods. The Delphi technique was used as the research design for the study. The panel of experts for the study were selected from lists submitted by past and present members of the Judicial Committee of the American Physical Therapy Association. A series of three questionnaires were sent to the members of the panel. Following the Delphi technique, the first questionnaire contained broad questions designed to elicit a wide range of responses. The second and third questionnaires were then developed from the information received in the preceding questionnaire. Results. The results of the first question of the study identified 10 current ethical issues as consensus choices by the panel and 3 issues as near-consensus. The panel responses to the second question identified 4 future ethical issues. A combined list of current and future contained 16 issues in physical therapy. Conclusion and Discussion. The 16 issues addressed ethical considerations in different areas of physical therapy practice: 6 issues involving patient rights and welfare, 5 professional issues, and 5 issues relating to business and economic factors. Thirteen of these issues have not been discussed in previous physical therapy literature and would be suggested topics for future study.
Novel mesoporous organosilicas containing size-selective micropores from covalently bound calixcrowns

Novel mesoporous organosilicas containing size-selective micropores from covalently bound calix[4]arenecrown-6s (calixcrowns) have been synthesized. Microporous calixcrowns, which are selective for caesium ions, were bonded covalently to triethoxysilyl groups via hydrosilylation. Co-polymerization of the silylated calixcrown monomer with tetraethoxysilane in the presence of a structure-directing surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), resulted in the formation of organosilicas containing calixcrown-based size-selective micropores. Removal of the surfactants produced organosilicas containing both mesoporous matrix cavities and microporous calixcrown host cavities. The solid-state 13C and 29Si spectra provided evidence for intact covalently attached calixcrown hosts. The mesoporosity of the surfactant-extracted calixcrown-containing organosilicas was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and nitrogen porosimetry. Experiments on the extraction of caesium ions from water in the presence of high concentrations of sodium ions by the insoluble calixcrown-containing mesoporous organosilicas showed good uptake and high caesium selectivity by these novel materials. Simple filtration removes the material containing the extracted caesium ions.
The outlook for blue-phase LCDs

Polymer-stabilized blue-phase liquid crystal (BPLC) has become an increasingly important technology trend for information display and photonic applications. BPLC exhibits several attractive features, such as reasonably wide temperature range, submillisecond gray-to-gray response time, no need for alignment layer, optically isotropic voltageoff state, and large cell gap tolerance when an in-plane switching (IPS) cell is employed. Fast response time not only suppresses image blurs, improves the overall transmittance but also enables color sequential display without noticeable color breakup. With time sequential RGB LED colors, the spatial color filters can be eliminated so that both optical efficiency and resolution density are tripled. High optical efficiency helps to reduce power consumption while high resolution density is particularly desirable for the future Ultra High Definition Television. However, some bottlenecks such as high operation voltage, hysteresis, low relaxation frequency, residual birefringence, image sticking, charging issue due to the large capacitance, and relatively low transmittance for the IPS mode, remain to be overcome before widespread application of BPLC can be realized. To reduce operation voltage, both new BPLC materials and new device structures have been investigated. In this paper, we highlight some recent advances in large Kerr constant, fast response time BPLC material development, and new device structures. Especially, we will focus on new BP LCDs with low operation voltage, submillisecond response time, high transmittance, and negligible hysteresis and residual birefringence. The sunrise for BP LCD is near.
Interleukin-16 and peptide derivatives as immunomodulatory therapy in allergic lung disease

The therapeutic potential of interleukin (IL)-16 and derived peptides in allergic asthma is considered, focusing on key interactions with CD4 and associated chemokine receptors. IL-16 is a pleiotropic cytokine that has multiple effector functions with putative roles in varied T cell-mediated inflammatory diseases, such as asthma, inflammatory bowel disease and atopic dermatitis. Both in vitro and in vivo, IL-16 downregulates antigen-driven T cell activation, T helper 2 cytokine production and allergic airway inflammation. Peptides derived from the C-terminal bioactive portion of IL-16 offer advantages related to their retained immunomodulatory properties and absence of signalling in and chemoattraction to T cells.
Matrix type tablet formulation for controlled release of highly water soluble drugs

Matrix type formulations with dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) using a polymeric binder (Eudragit RSPM®) to obtain controlled release of highly water soluble drugs has been investigated.The drug, DCPD and Eudragit RSPM® were granulated using isopropyl alcohol with and without a plasticizer (Diethyl phthalate, DEP). Addition of Eudragit did not appear to affect the release profile. However, addition of a plasticizer had a significant effect on the rate of release. The release appears to follow first order kinetics and the rate constant decreased linearly with increasing DEP concentration.A directly compressible mixture was also formulated by coating DCPD particles with DEP with and without Eudragit RSPM®.
Interpretation of Dual Roller-Integrated Compaction Measurements on Layered Granular Fill

This paper presents findings from a field study conducted with a smooth drum vibratory roller equipped with machine drive power (MDP) and accelerometer based compaction meter value (CMV) technologies. Two test sections with layered granular materials were mapped using the roller and tested using light weight deflectometer (LWD) and dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP). One area consisted of a thin relatively stiff recycled asphalt material underlain by poorly graded fine sand and the other test area consisted of compacted layers of poorly graded sand. Results indicated that the thin stiff layer in one of the test areas influenced the MDP and LWD measurements more than the CMV measurements. CMV showed deeper influence depths (up to 1 m) compared to MDP (< 0.5 m). MDP measurements correlated well with LWD and DCP-California bearing ratio (CBR) measurements when data from the top 300 mm was used. CMV correlated well with CBR measurements when data from the full profile (up to 800 mm) was used. (161 words)
Safety of aggressive lipid management.

Data from recent clinical trials of high- versus moderate-dose statin therapy support the recommendation to achieve a low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
Smart Grid Security Educational Training with ThunderCloud: A Virtual Security Test Bed

In this paper, we describe a cloud based virtual smart grid test bed: ThunderCloud, which can be used for domain-specific security educational training applicable to the smart grid environment. The test bed consists of virtual machines connected using a virtual internal network. ThunderCloud is remotely accessible, allowing students to undergo training exercises online. We also describe a series of practical exercises that we have developed for providing the domain-specific training using ThunderCloud. The training exercises and attacks are designed to be realistic and to reflect known vulnerabilities and attacks reported in the smart grid environment. With ThunderCloud, we were able to offer practical domain-specific security training for smart grid environment to our computer science students at little or no cost to our department and no risk to any real networks or systems.
The Effect of Friendship on Personal Business Transactions

A laboratory study examined effects of friendship on expectations of pricing in personal business transactions. Friends expect to pay more but charge less for a variety of commodities than do strangers. Remarkably, without discussion, friends agree on prices for commodities, whereas strangers do not. The result was replicated in a second study and extended to other commodities. The effect may be due to cognitive scripts for transactions with friends.
The influence of spatio-temporal variation in food availability and nest-predation risk on clutch-size decisions.

Abstract. The role of both temporal and spatial variability in nest predation and food availability in influencing birds' decisions about clutch size has not been studied. I examine patterns in nest-predation risk and food availability across a range of severity of wildfire to investigate their relationship to clutch size in the Dark-eyed Junco (Junco hyemalis), which breeds commonly in burned forests. Spatial variation in burn severity led to lower risk of nest predation in patches of intermediate severity in the first two years after the fire, while food availability was inversely related to burn severity during only the first year post-fire. Spatial variation in risk of nest predation explained variation in clutch size only during the first year post-fire when food was limited, consistent with parents investing less in risky nest locations during periods of nutritional stress. Nest-predation risk increased seasonally during both year 1 and year 2 post-fire. Clutch size rose dramatically over the first ...
Integration of Raman microscopy, differential interference contrast microscopy, and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to investigate chlorhexidine spatial and temporal distribution in Candida albicans biofilms.

Two spectroscopic techniques, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and Raman microscopy (RM), were used to characterize transport of chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG) in Candida albicans (CA) biofilms. Different (volumetric) regions of the biofilm are sampled by these two vibrational spectroscopies making them complementary techniques. Simple mathematical models were developed to analyze ATR-FTIR and RM data to obtain an effective diffusion coefficient describing transport through CA biofilms. CA biofilms were composed primarily of yeast and hyphal forms, with some pseudohyphae. Upper regions of biofilms that had become confluent, (i.e., biofilms that completely covered the germanium (Ge) substratum) were composed primarily of a tangled mass of hyphae with openings between germtubes about 10 to 50 microm across. Quantitative analysis of ATR-FTIR kinetic data curves indicated that the effective diffusion coefficient for transport of CHG through confluent biofilms about 200-microm thick was reduced 0.1 to 0.3 times compared to the diffusion coefficient for CHG in water. Effective diffusion coefficients obtained from analysis of RM data were consistently higher than those indicated by ATR-FTIR data suggesting that transport is more hindered in regions near the base of the biofilm than in the outer layers. Analysis of both ATR-FTIR and RM data obtained from thicker films indicated that adsorption of CHG to biofilm components was responsible for a substantial portion of the transport limitation imposed by the biofilm. Comparison of ATR-FTIR and RM data for both types of biofilms indicated that sites of CHG adsorption were more concentrated in the interfacial region than in the bulk biofilm. Comparison of results for ATR-FTIR and RM measurements suggests that these relatively thick CA biofilms can be modeled, for purposes of predicting transport, approximately as a homogeneous thin planar sheet. Thus, these biofilms offer a relatively tractable model system for initial investigations of the relation between antimicrobial transport and kinetics of antimicrobial action.
Inside special care.

A few hours later, the patient in room 8 lay on his side, facing the wall. His shackles and mask had been removed. Thinking he was asleep, I put my hand on his arm to wake him, to find that his sho...
Deep visual analogy-making

In addition to identifying the content within a single image, relating images and generating related images are critical tasks for image understanding. Recently, deep convolutional networks have yielded breakthroughs in predicting image labels, annotations and captions, but have only just begun to be used for generating high-quality images. In this paper we develop a novel deep network trained end-to-end to perform visual analogy making, which is the task of transforming a query image according to an example pair of related images. Solving this problem requires both accurately recognizing a visual relationship and generating a transformed query image accordingly. Inspired by recent advances in language modeling, we propose to solve visual analogies by learning to map images to a neural embedding in which analogical reasoning is simple, such as by vector subtraction and addition. In experiments, our model effectively models visual analogies on several datasets: 2D shapes, animated video game sprites, and 3D car models.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF BOD AND DO PROFILES

The variation of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) along a stretch of a polluted natural stream can be represented by two second-order partial differential equations. These equations are similar to the equation representing the conduction of heat in solids, with the exception that the stream equations contain additional lower order terms. Analytical solutions have been obtained for many cases of the heat-conduction problem. However, the presence of the lower order terms and the complexities of many of the boundary conditions make it impossible to obtain analytical solutions to the BOD and DO profile equations for most cases of practical interest. Furthermore, the numerical procedures which have been found to work for the solution of the heat conduction equation are not satisfactory for the BOD and DO equations because of the effects introduced by the lower-order terms. Procedures are presented for the numerical solution of the BOD and DO equations under temporally and spatially varying BOD and DO inputs. The procedures described are confined to the condition of steady, uniform stream flow.
Strong bones and restless legs: New data about bone remodeling in women with RLS

Disorders of bone metabolism are a common concern for older women, since there are known associations among bone loss, sex, and age.1 Women with restless legs syndrome (RLS) who have not yet been treated with medication have signs of increased sympathetic nervous system activity.2 The autonomic nervous system appears to be a major regulator of bone mineral density (BMD) through signals sent to osteoblasts, and increased sympathetic activity is associated with more osteoporosis in older women because of decreased osteoblast proliferation.3 These observations created a plausible hypothesis that there would be a higher incidence of osteopenia or osteoporosis in drug-naive women with RLS. In a new study reported in this issue of Neurology ®, Cikrikcioglu et al.4 examined this relationship and found no evidence to support this hypothesis. In fact, they discovered the opposite result in their case-control study: an increase in lumbar BMD in 78 women with RLS, compared to 78 age-matched and body mass index (BMI)–matched controls. There was a positive bivariate correlation between duration of RLS and lumbar BMD. They also studied 2 markers of bone resorption, c-telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX) and sclerosin, and found lower levels in women with RLS. There were negative bivariate correlations between the severity of RLS and bone resorption markers.
ECOLOGICAL AND GENETIC ASSOCIATIONS IN AN IRIS HYBRID ZONE.

Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) markers and 12 nuclear (random amplified polymorphic DNA, or RAPD) markers were used to examine the distribution of genetic variation among individuals and the genetic and ecological associations in a hybrid iris population. Plants in the population occurred at various distances from the edge of a bayou in a relatively undisturbed mixed hardwood forest and in an adjacent pasture dominated by herbaceous perennials with interspersed oak and cypress trees. The majority of plants sampled possessed combinations of markers from the different Iris species. Genetic markers diagnostic for Iris fulva and I. brevicaulis occurred at high frequencies, whereas markers diagnostic for I. hexagona were infrequent. For the majority of the nuclear markers, significant levels of cytonuclear disequilibria existed because of intraspecific associations among the markers in both the pasture and the forest. The distribution of nuclear markers among individuals was bimodal; intermediate genotypes were absent and the majority of RAPD markers were associated with their intraspecific cpDNA haplotypes. Strong intraspecific associations existed among RAPD markers in the forest, but associations tended to be weaker in the pasture area. Ecological correlations were detected for all but one of the I. fulva and I. brevicaulis RAPD markers. The ecological associations of hybrids similar to I. brevicaulis resembled associations of I. brevicaulis parental genotypes, suggesting that these hybrid genotypes may be relatively fit in the same habitats. The hybrids similar to I. fulva, however, were distributed in habitats that were unique relative to the parental species. The patterns of genetic and environmental associations along with other available data suggest that (1) only advanced generation hybrids were present in the population; (2) formation of F1 hybrids among Louisiana irises is rare, leading to sporadic formation of hybrid populations; and (3) selection and assortative mating have contributed to the formation of hybrid genotypes that tend to be similar to parental genotypes. The patterns of ecological and genetic associations detected in this population suggest that assortative mating and environmental and viability selection are important in the structuring and maintenance of this hybrid zone.
Theoretical research at the high energy frontier. Cosmology and beyond

The research projects described in our original proposal are continuing, with completion of several of the envisaged projects, and several new related projects underway. Research of each of the Investigators and the postdocs supported by the grant are summarized in attached report.
Highly Active Bipyridine-Based Ligands for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

A series of 2,2′-bipyridines with 4,4′-substituents (R-bpy) were investigated for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of methyl acrylate (MA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA). Ligand substituents with a large range of Hammett parameters (R = Cl, H, Me, dinonyl (dN), MeO, and (Me)2N) were studied with cyclic voltammetry (CV), revealing that increasing the strength of electron donating groups (EDGs) resulted in more stable CuII complexes and larger ATRP equilibrium constants. Normal ATRP experiments confirmed the obtained CV data by showing the fastest rates of polymerization with R-bpy ligands containing EDGs ((Me)2N and MeO) and the slowest with electron withdrawing Cl. A 400-fold increase in the polymerization rate was observed with bpy ligands containing p-(Me)2N compared to H substituents. Linear increases in molecular weight with monomer conversion, and narrow molecular weight distributions were obtained with (Me)2N-bpy and MeO-bpy ligands. Low catalyst concentrations of 50 to 100 parts-per-milli...