cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The dependence of cirrus gamma size distributions expressed as volumes in N0‐λ‐μ phase space and bulk cloud properties on environmental conditions: Results from the Small Ice Particles in Cirrus Experiment (SPARTICUS)

The variability of cirrus ice microphysical properties is investigated using observations obtained during the Small Particles in Cirrus (SPARTICUS) campaign. An existing approach that represents a size distribution (SD) as a single gamma function using an ellipsoid of equally realizable solutions in (N0, λ, μ) phase space is modified to automatically identify multiple modes in SDs and characterize each mode by such an ellipsoid. The modified approach is applied to ice crystals with maximum dimension D > 15 µm collected by the 2-D stereo and 2-D precipitation probes on the Stratton Park Engineering Company Learjet. The dependencies of N0, μ, and λ from each mode, total number concentration, bulk extinction, ice water content (IWC), and mass median maximum dimension Dmm as a function of temperature T and cirrus type are then analyzed. The changes in the observed codependencies between N0, μ, and λ, bulk extinction, IWC, and Dmm with environmental conditions indicate that particles were larger at higher T during SPARTICUS. At most two modes were observed in any SD during SPARTICUS, with the average boundary between them at 115 µm, similar to past studies not using probes with shatter mitigating tips and artifact removal algorithms. The bimodality of the SDs increased with T. This and the differences in N0, μ, and λ between the modes suggest that particles with smaller D nucleated more recently than particles with larger D, which grew via vapor deposition and aggregation. Because smaller crystals, whose concentrations are uncertain, make marginal contributions to higher order moments, the use of higher moments for evaluating model fields is suggested.
Immigration, refugees, and foreign policy

The large-scale international migrations of the past decade are of increasing relevance to the formulation of foreign policy. The nature of such migrations has undergone dramatic transformations from those of the quite recent past, and the last five years have seen a series of migration “crises” with powerful foreign-policy implications. Foreign policies have had dramatic effects upon international migration trends. Usually these effects have been unintended and unanticipated, though mass migration has sometimes been employed as a tool of foreign policy. At the same time, international migration has had significant impact upon the formulation and content of foreign policy, especially in the United States. These relationships now present complex policy choices, involving deeply entwined concerns of foreign, domestic, and humanitarian complexion. There are important lessons to be learned from recent experiences, lessons that challenge longstanding perspectives. Indeed, real peril now attends the failure to deal coherently and humanely with international migrations as they relate to foreign policy.
The Interaction of Female Condition and Mating Status on Male-Male Aggression in a Wolf Spider

Fighting behavior has been studied extensively with strong emphases on factors that independently determine winners and losers as well as how much effort an individual should invest in a given contest for a resource. Much less attention has been paid to how interacting qualities of disputed resources modulate aggression. In a laboratory study, we examined the interactive effects of female condition and mating status on dyadic male aggression in the wolf spider Pardosa milvina. We discovered that males exhibited significantly more aggressive behaviors when in the presence of virgin females in good condition and displayed lower and statistically similar levels of aggression when placed with virgin, poor condition females; mated, good condition females; mated, poor condition females; and no females. Because previous studies have suggested that virgin females alone should be highly prized because of putative first-mate sperm priority patterns, this study contributes to this body of literature by suggesting that diet history and body condition mitigate the reproductive advantages of mating with virgin females as indicated by levels of male-male aggression, but further investigation is needed.
Positive temperature coefficient of breakdown voltage in 4H-SiC pn junction rectifiers

It has been suggested that once silicon carbide (SiC) technology overcomes some crystal growth obstacles, superior SiC semiconductor devices would supplant silicon in many high-power applications. However, the property of positive temperature coefficient of breakdown voltage, a behavior crucial to realizing excellent power device reliability, has not been observed in 4H-SiC, which is presently the best-suited SiC polytype for power device implementation. This paper reports the first experimental measurements of stable positive temperature coefficient behavior observed in 4H-SiC pn junction rectifiers. This research indicates that robust 4H-SiC power devices with high breakdown reliability should be achievable after SiC foundries reduce material defects such as micropipes, dislocations, and deep level impurities.
A Family of at Least Seven β-Galactosidase Genes Is Expressed during Tomato Fruit Development

During our search for a cDNA encoding β-galactosidase II, a β-galactosidase/exogalactanase (EC 3.2.1.23) present during tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruit ripening, a family of seven tomato β-galactosidase (TBG) cDNAs was identified. The shared amino acid sequence identity among the seven TBG clones ranged from 33% to 79%. All contained the putative active site-containing consensus sequence pattern G-G-P-[LIVM]-x-Q-x-E-N-E-[FY] belonging to glycosyl hydrolase family 35. Six of the seven single-copy genes were mapped using restriction fragment length polymorphisms of recombinant inbred lines. RNA gel-blot analysis was used to evaluate TBG mRNA levels throughout fruit development, in different fruit tissues, and in various plant tissues. RNA gel-blot analysis was also used to reveal TBG mRNA levels in fruit of the rin, nor, and Nr tomato mutants. The TBG4-encoded protein, known to correspond to β-galactosidase II, was expressed in yeast and exo-galactanase activity was confirmed via a quantified release of galactosyl residues from cell wall fractions containing β(1→4)-d-galactan purified from tomato fruit.
Phylogenetics of modern birds in the era of genomics

In the 14 years since the first higher-level bird phylogenies based on DNA sequence data, avian phylogenetics has witnessed the advent and maturation of the genomics era, the completion of the chicken genome and a suite of technologies that promise to add considerably to the agenda of avian phylogenetics. In this review, we summarize current approaches and data characteristics of recent higher-level bird studies and suggest a number of as yet untested molecular and analytical approaches for the unfolding tree of life for birds. A variety of comparative genomics strategies, including adoption of objective quality scores for sequence data, analysis of contiguous DNA sequences provided by large-insert genomic libraries, and the systematic use of retroposon insertions and other rare genomic changes all promise an integrated phylogenetics that is solidly grounded in genome evolution. The avian genome is an excellent testing ground for such approaches because of the more balanced representation of single-copy and repetitive DNA regions than in mammals. Although comparative genomics has a number of obvious uses in avian phylogenetics, its application to large numbers of taxa poses a number of methodological and infrastructural challenges, and can be greatly facilitated by a 'community genomics' approach in which the modest sequencing throughputs of single PI laboratories are pooled to produce larger, complementary datasets. Although the polymerase chain reaction era of avian phylogenetics is far from complete, the comparative genomics era-with its ability to vastly increase the number and type of molecular characters and to provide a genomic context for these characters-will usher in a host of new perspectives and opportunities for integrating genome evolution and avian phylogenetics.
Effects of UAV Supervisory Control on F-18 Formation Flight Performance in a Simulator Environment

Abstract : Continual advances in technology, along with increased cockpit workload-- particularly the shift from two-seat to single-seat fighters to save money and reduce risk to life--push the limits of human mental capacity. Additionally, there is interest within the military aviation community to integrate Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) control into the cockpit in order to expand force projection capability. This study compared the effects on formation flight performance of two different secondary tasks, specifically a traditional secondary task such as target prosecution with an electro-optical Forward Looking Infra-Red (FLIR) pod, and a futuristic secondary task such as UAV supervisory control. A total of 34 military fighter aviators volunteered to fly three five-minute F-18 simulator sessions in close formation with no secondary task, and then treated with each of the two secondary tasks. Results provided clear indication that the futuristic task was significantly more challenging than the traditional task, and that both secondary tasks significantly increased the average mean following distance and variance compared to the undistracted flying baseline scenario. Additionally, we found no evidence that increased flight experience (total flight hours) significantly improved performance of the prescribed primary task when treated with the futuristic task distraction. Knowledge gained from the results could contribute to improved crew resource management (CRM) and pilot workload management as well as flight safety resulting from the modification of flight procedures based on known effects of distractions in the cockpit.
Do smaller hearts live longer? The significance of reverse ventricular remodeling for long-term outcomes with cardiac resynchronization therapy.

Systolic heart failure is an important cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world, and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has been demonstrated to both improve symptoms and reduce death from this condition in properly selected patients. Depending on the definition used, between 20% and 40% of patients with CRT implants do not respond to therapy, and a major focus of research in the CRT field has been to better identify and treat this subgroup of patients. It has long been known that progression of systolic heart failure is usually accompanied by progressive left ventricular (LV) enlargement and that medical therapies which improve survival tend to reduce LV size. Several studies have demonstrated that reduction in LV size with CRT, so-called reverse ventricular remodeling, correlates with functional improvement and shortto medium-term outcomes. In this issue of HeartRhythm, Gold et al demonstrate that indices of reverse ventricular remodeling measured by transthoracic echocardiography at 6 months after the initiation of CRT in patients with mildly symptomatic systolic heart failure predict survival at long-term follow-up of approximately 5 years. In their study, the authors identified 353 patients from the Resynchronization Reverses Remodeling in Systolic Left Ventricular Dysfunction trial who were randomized to the CRT-ON group. The cohort was subsequently followed to a mean of 4.6 years, one of the longest follow-up periods in a major randomized CRT trial. Patients in the Resynchronization Reverses Remodeling in Systolic Left Ventricular Dysfunction trial had a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of r40%, a QRS duration of Z120 ms, mildly symptomatic heart failure (New York Heart Association class I-II), and LV dilatation (left ventricular end-diastolic diameterZ5.5 cm). All patients in the cohort had a baseline echocardiogram as well as a post-CRT echocardiogram performed 6 months after device implantation, and changes in left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESVi) and left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDVi) (indexed to body surface area) as well as LVEF were measured. Patients who experienced aZ15% reduction
Characterization of strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors in acutely isolated adult rat basolateral amygdala neurons

Large concentrations of the beta-amino acid, taurine, can be found in many forebrain areas such as the basolateral amygdala, a portion of the limbic forebrain intimately associated with the regulation of fear/anxiety-like behaviors. In addition to its cytoprotective and osmoregulatory roles, taurine may also serve as an agonist at GABA(A)- and strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors. In this latter context, the present study demonstrates that application of taurine to acutely isolated neurons from the basolateral amygdala of adult rats causes significant alterations in resting membrane current, as measured by whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology. Using standard pharmacological approaches, we find that currents gated by concentrations of taurine </=3 mM are predominantly mediated by strychnine-sensitive receptors. Furthermore, these strychnine-sensitive receptors are shown to be pharmacologically and biophysically similar to 'classic' strychnine-sensitive, chloride-conducting glycine receptors expressed in brainstem and spinal cord. While amygdala glycine receptors can be distinguished from GABA(A) receptors expressed by the same neurons, these two chloride channels are functionally expressed at comparable levels. Given that a number of clinically relevant compounds are associated with the regulation of GABA(A) receptors in this brain region, the presence of both strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors and their agonist, taurine, in the basolateral amygdala may suggest an important role for these receptors in the limbic forebrain of adult rats.
Winter Avian Community and Sparrow Response to Field Border Width

Transformations of agricultural practices in the southeastern United States have drastically reduced preexisting quantities of strip-cover habitat along field margins. The National Conservation Buffer Initiative has promoted the establishment of herbaceous field borders to restore wildlife benefits once provided by such habitat. We evaluated effects of native warm-season grass field border establishment and width on winter bird response. Narrow (approx. 8-m) field borders represented a marginal improvement to non-bordered margins that were cropped ditch to ditch, whereas wide (approx. 30-m) borders significantly enhanced total avian conservation value, abundance, species richness, and sparrow abundance compared to non- or narrow borders. Furthermore, presence of wide borders altered bird use of row-crop fields. We observed increased sparrow (Emberizidae) abundances in agricultural fields adjacent to wide borders, which likely resulted from enhanced waste grain foraging opportunities. Given these benefits to wintering farmland birds, we advocate the integration of herbaceous field border habitat in agricultural landscapes, particularly borders of enhanced width.
Investigation of Driver Performance With Night-Vision and Pedestrian-Detection Systems—Part 2: Queuing Network Human Performance Modeling

This paper introduces a queueing network-based computational model to explain driver performance in a pedestrian-detection task assisted with night-vision-enhancement systems. The computational cognitive model simulated the pedestrian-detection task using images displayed by two night-vision systems as input stimuli. The system equipped with a far-infrared (FIR) sensor generated less-cluttered images than the system equipped with a near-infrared (NIR) sensor. Using a reinforcement learning process, the model developed eye-movement strategies for each night-vision system. The differences in eye-movement strategies generated different eye-movement behaviors, in accord with the empirical findings.
Measurement of total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in sediments and toxic units used for estimating risk to benthic invertebrates at manufactured gas plant sites

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (U.S. EPA) narcosis model requires the measurement of 18 parent and 16 groups of alkyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (so-called 34 PAHs) in sediments to calculate the number of PAH toxic units (TU) available to benthic organisms. If data for the 34 PAHs are not available, the U.S. EPA proposes estimating the risk by multiplying the TU for 13 parent PAHs by 11.5 (95% confidence interval) based on data from 488 sediments. This estimate is overly conservative for PAHs from pyrogenic manufactured gas plant (MGP) processes based on the analysis of 45 sediments from six sites. Parent PAHs contributed approximately 40% of the total concentrations and TU for MGP sediments. In contrast, parent PAHs from diesel fuel and petroleum crude oil contributed only 2 and 1%, respectively, of the PAH concentrations and TU, compared to approximately 98 to 99% contributed by the alkyl PAHs. Statistical comparison of the TU based on the measured 34 alkyl and parent PAHs and those based on only 13 parent PAHs demonstrated that a factor of 4.2 (rather than 11.5) is sufficient to estimate total TU within a 95% confidence level for MGP sites. Similarly, measurement of parent PAHs is sufficient to accurately estimate the total 34 alkyl and parent PAH concentrations for MGP-impacted sediments.
Sensor Forensics: Printers, Cameras and Scanners, They Never Lie

Forensic characterization of devices is important in many situations such as establishing the trust and verifying authenticity of data and the device that created it. Current forensic identification techniques for digital cameras, scanners and printers are highly reliable due to the fact that each of these devices cannot escape inherent electro-mechanical properties which add "signatures" to the data they produce. In this paper we will describe the sensor forensics work going on at Purdue University.
Public health in New York City, 2002–2007: confronting epidemics of the modern era

Long after the leading causes of death in the United States shifted from infectious diseases to chronic diseases, many public health agencies have not established effective policies and programmes to prevent current health problems. Starting in 2002, the New York City health department, an agency with a long history of innovation, undertook initiatives to address chronic disease prevention and control, as well as to modernize methods to address persistent health problems. All the initiatives relied on an expansive use of epidemiology; actions to prevent disease were based on policy change to create health-promoting environments as well as engagement with the health care system to improve its focus on prevention. Examples of policy-based initiatives are: a multi-component tobacco control programme that included a tax increase, a comprehensive smoke-free air law, hard-hitting anti-tobacco advertising and cessation services; elimination of trans fats from restaurants and a mandate that restaurants post-calorie information on menu boards. Examples of health care initiatives are public health 'detailing' to primary care providers, creation of a city-wide diabetes registry and development of a public health-oriented electronic health record. The infrastructure needed by local health departments to prevent chronic diseases and other modern health problems includes strong information technology systems, skillful epidemiology, expertise in communications using modern media, policy-making authority and, most importantly, political support.
ADAPTIVE CLUSTER SAMPLING BASED ON ORDER STATISTICS

In adaptive cluster sampling designs, neighbouring units are added to the sample whenever the value of the variable of interest satisfies a chosen criterion. Commonly, the criterion consists of a fixed, prespecified value, so that additional units are added to the sample whenever a unit is observed exceeding that prespecified value. In some surveys it may be difficult to pick an appropriate fixed value ahead of time. In such cases, the criterion for additional sampling may be made relative to the observed sample values by basing it on the sample order statistics. For example, in an environmental survey, concentrations of a pollutant are measured at each site in an initial sample of 100 sites. Additional sites are then added to the sample in the neighbourhoods of the top 10 sites, that is, those sites with the ten largest order statistics of the variable of interest. If any of the added sites also have large values, still more sites may be added to the sample. With the criterion based on sample order statistics, the situation differs mathematically from that of ordinary adaptive cluster sampling since the network associations of units vary from sample to sample. Biases thus arise in conventional estimators of the population mean or total; as well as in estimators which are unbiased under adaptive cluster sampling with fixed criteria. In this paper, unbiased estimators and estimators of variance are given for adaptive cluster sampling based on order statistics.
Lactic dehydrogenase in the rat uterus during progestation, its relation to intrauterine oxygen tension and the regulation of glycolysis.

Measurements were made of the activity of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and its subunit distribution in the endometrium and myometrium of the uterus of the rat under four progestational conditions: (a) during early pseudopregnancy; (b) in the presence or absence of decidualizing stimuli; (c) in fertile cornua of pregnant rats during early pregnancy, and (d) in the sterile cornua of pregnant rats during early pregnancy. A decline in LDH activity was measured in endometrium between Day 0 (estrus) and Day 4 under all progestational conditions. During pseudopregnancy, the decline in enzyme activity was more a reflection of a drop in M-subunits than in H-LDH. During pregnancy, both subunits decreased more or less proportionally. Following decidualization or implantation on Day 4, a significant shift in enzyme activity and subunit distribution occurred: a transient decline (24 hr) followed by a prolonged rise in enzyme activity was measured. However, the percentage of M-subunits declined, an indication that a shift in isoenzyme distribution favoring H-subunits had occurred. In contrast to changes in enzyme activity measured in the endometrium, LDH in myometrium was more stable. However the distribution of subunits in this tissue favored H-LDH to a greater extent than in endometrium. The magnitude of fluctuations in isoenzyme distribution was similar to that measured in endometrium. A comparison of LDH activity in the uterus with intrauterine oxygen tension revealed that endometrial LDH varied inversely with PO2, while myometrial LDH did not. Changes in percentage H-subunits in both tissues paralleled changes in intrauterine oxygen. The activity of LDH, measured in endometrium, paralleled to a great degree the ability of this tissue to produce lactate, only if incubation procedures were carried out under physiological (intrauterine) oxygen tension conditions. The present experiments indicate that the level of oxygen to which uterine tissue is exposed may affect the subunit distribution of lactic dehydrogenase and thus may regulate the rate of metabolism of pyruvate to lactic acid in vivo. In 1968, Yochim and Mitchell postulated that during early progestation in the rat, the levels of oxygen within the uterine lumen might affect carbohydrate metabolism by regulating the activity of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) in the endometrium. Luminal oxygen content was found to be within the range known to affect LDH isoenzyme syn1 Part of the data in this report was presented at a
Implementation in a Bureaucracy

The article reviews several books, including “Implementation in a Bureaucracy” and “Control in a Bureaucracy,” both by Andrew Dunsire.
Lactic dehydrogenase activity in human semen.

Summary1. Lactic dehydrogenase is present in high concentration in normal human semen and in seminal fluid of azoospermic individuals. 2. As compared to normal human blood plasma, LD activity of seminal fluid is high and is comparable to values obtained from tissue fluids which contain or bathe growing malignant cells. 3. There appears to be a semi-qualitative relationship between LD activity of semen and its content of spermatozoa but a considerable portion of LD activity is present in sperm-free seminal fluid. The latter activity seems to be derived principally from the prostatic secretions.
Volatile compounds and sensory attributes of wine from Cv. Merlot (Vitis vinifera L.) grown under differential levels of water deficit with or without a kaolin-based, foliar reflectant particle film.

The volatile composition and sensory attributes of Merlot wines produced from vines under differing levels of water stress, with or without a foliar, kaolin-based particle film, were analyzed by stir bar sorptive extraction−gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (SBSE−GC−MS) and sensory evaluation. Vines were irrigated over consecutive vintages with 100, 70, or 35% of their estimated water requirements (ETc), or 35% until color change then 70% until harvest (35−70% ETc). Neither of the treatments consistently influenced ester concentrations or their relative amounts, though their concentrations varied from year to year. However, deficit irrigation had an effect on the concentration of terpene alcohols and norisoprenoids. Wines produced from vines under water deficit contained higher amounts of citronellol, nerol, geraniol, and β-damascenone, but linalool and β-ionone were not affected by deficit irrigation. Particle film did not affect volatile composition in the wine. Untrained panelists in 2007 and 2008 d...
Are agrochemicals present in High Fructose Corn Syrup fed to honey bees (Apis mellifera L.)

(2012). Are agrochemicals present in High Fructose Corn Syrup fed to honey bees (Apis mellifera L.)? Journal of Apicultural Research: Vol. 51, No. 4, pp. 371-372.
Management Decisions for Rheumatoid Arthritis After Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Antagonist-Induced Lupus-Like Syndrome.

©2016 Turkish League Against Rheumatism. All rights reserved. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) antagonistinduced lupus-like syndrome (TAILs)1 is characterized by rashes, arthralgias, fever, and/or serositis along with positive lupus serologies temporally associated with initiation of TNF-a antagonist medications.2 The incidence of TAILs may be increasing as TNF-a antagonists are more widely utilized. The management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients who develop TAILs and the safety of re-challenging these patients with other biologic therapies remain largely unknown and understudied.
Differential Susceptibility of the Developing Brain to Contextual Adversity and Stress

A swiftly growing volume of literature, comprising both human and animal studies and employing both observational and experimental designs, has documented striking individual differences in neurobiological sensitivities to environmental circumstances within subgroups of study samples. This differential susceptibility to social and physical environments operates bidirectionally, in both adverse and beneficial contexts, and results in a minority subpopulation with remarkably poor or unusually positive trajectories of health and development, contingent upon the character of environmental conditions. Differences in contextual susceptibility appear to emerge in early development, as the interactive and adaptive product of genetic and environmental attributes. This paper surveys what is currently known of the mechanisms or mediators of differential susceptibility, at the levels of temperament and behavior, physiological systems, brain circuitry and neuronal function, and genetic and epigenetic variation. It concludes with the assertion that differential susceptibility is inherently grounded within processes of biological moderation, the complexities of which are at present only partially understood.
Analysis on Epidemiology of Measles in Xi'an in 2005

Objective To understand epidemic characters and tendency of measles and analyze the incidence of inhabitants in Xi'an in order to control and prevent measles.Methods Measles cases were collected in Xi'an in 2005 and the epidemic characteristics were analyzed.Results The results showed that the incidence of measles in Xi'an in 2005 is 12.56/100,000.The incidence of the floating populations is 42.21/100,000.The high incidence period was from March to April.63.8 percent of all the measles cases is from 8 months old to 14 years old.The all inoculation of measles' vaccination is low,37.7 percent hasn't inoculation of MV,24.1 percent has not and 38.2 percent is ambiguous.The ration of incidence between male and female is 1.35.Conclusion The incidence of measles in Xi'an in 2005 is in higher level in the countrywide.At present it is our most important task to improve the valid vaccination rate and carry out health education and propaganda.
Destructive Leadership: A Critique of Leader-Centric Perspectives and Toward a More Holistic Definition

Over the last 25 years, there has been an increasing fascination with the “dark” side of leadership. The term “destructive leadership” has been used as an overarching expression to describe various “bad” leader behaviors believed to be associated with harmful consequences for followers and organizations. Yet, there is a general consensus and appreciation in the broader leadership literature that leadership represents much more than the behaviors of those in positions of influence. It is a dynamic, cocreational process between leaders, followers, and environments, the product of which contributes to group and organizational outcomes. In this paper, we argue that, despite this more holistic recognition of leadership processes within the broader leadership literature, current conceptualizations and analyses of destructive leadership continue to focus too heavily on behaviors and characteristics of “bad” leaders. In our view, to achieve a more balanced understanding of destructive leadership, it is important to adopt more integrative approaches that are based in the contemporary leadership discourse and that recognize flawed or toxic leaders, susceptible followers, and conducive environments as interdependent elements of a broader destructive leadership process. To this end, we offer a critique of the destructive leadership literature, propose a broader definition of destructive leadership, and highlight gaps in our understanding of leaders, followers, and environments in contributing to destructive leadership processes. Finally, we conclude by discussing strategies for examining destructive leadership in a broader, more holistic fashion.
Ya No les Quitemos la Voz a los Niños Indígenas: La Educación Bilingüe la Solución

El presente articulo menciona algunas de las definiciones y caracteristicas de la educacion, por ejemplo, se enfatiza que la educacion en esencia es un proceso social y enriquecedor donde la interaccion entre el individuo y otras personas y con su entorno son fundamentales. Sin embargo, muchas veces se ha olvidado el verdadero significado y proposito de la educacion. Un ejemplo de ello es la educacion bilingue de tipo transicional que se ha implementado en areas habitadas por pueblos originarios en Mexico donde los ninos indigenas han sido discriminados y sus derechos linguisticos y culturales han sido violados lo cual ha danado la personalidad y el comportamiento de estos pequenos volviendolos timidos, callados y aislados en el aula a causa del tipo de educacion que reciben y por la forma en como son tratados. El proposito de asimilar a los ninos indigenas a la sociedad dominante, y con esto obligarlos a abandonar sus lenguas y tradiciones no es una problematica que haya sucedido o que suceda a traves de la educacion implementada solamente en Mexico o en otros paises latinoamericanos sino tambien en naciones como Canada y Australia donde los ninos indigenas han sido llevados a “escuelas” donde se les ha maltratado fisica, mental y psicologicamente ademas de que se les ha quitado la voz por instruirlos en una lengua desconocida en la que se les ha silenciado al violar sus derechos humanos, linguisticos y culturales. Por tal motivo, se propone que una educacion bilingue de tipo aditiva puede contribuir a solucionar dicha problematica.
Consumer Reactions to Intrusiveness of Online-Video Advertisements

ABSTRACT Online-video advertising is growing rapidly, yet advertisers and Web site owners might not be accounting for the potentially negative impact of these advertisements. The current study examined the effects of advertisement characteristics—such as length, humor, and informativeness—on perceived ad intrusiveness and, subsequently, on marketing outcomes for both online advertisers and Web site owners. Results showed that intrusive advertisements negatively affected attitudes and intentions toward both the advertised brand and the host Web site. Informative and humorous video advertisements and longer advertisements, however, were perceived as less intrusive. The results implied that advertisers need to pretest video advertisements rigorously to achieve optimal marketing outcomes.
Improving diagnostic recognition of primary hyperparathyroidism with machine learning.

Background Parathyroidectomy offers the only cure for primary hyperparathyroidism, but today only 50% of primary hyperparathyroidism patients are referred for operation, in large part, because the condition is widely under-recognized. The diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism can be especially challenging with mild biochemical indices. Machine learning is a collection of methods in which computers build predictive algorithms based on labeled examples. With the aim of facilitating diagnosis, we tested the ability of machine learning to distinguish primary hyperparathyroidism from normal physiology using clinical and laboratory data. Methods This retrospective cohort study used a labeled training set and 10-fold cross-validation to evaluate accuracy of the algorithm. Measures of accuracy included area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, precision (sensitivity), and positive and negative predictive value. Several different algorithms and ensembles of algorithms were tested using the Weka platform. Among 11,830 patients managed operatively at 3 high-volume endocrine surgery programs from March 2001 to August 2013, 6,777 underwent parathyroidectomy for confirmed primary hyperparathyroidism, and 5,053 control patients without primary hyperparathyroidism underwent thyroidectomy. Test-set accuracies for machine learning models were determined using 10-fold cross-validation. Age, sex, and serum levels of preoperative calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and creatinine were defined as potential predictors of primary hyperparathyroidism. Mild primary hyperparathyroidism was defined as primary hyperparathyroidism with normal preoperative calcium or parathyroid hormone levels. Results After testing a variety of machine learning algorithms, Bayesian network models proved most accurate, classifying correctly 95.2% of all primary hyperparathyroidism patients (area under receiver operating characteristic = 0.989). Omitting parathyroid hormone from the model did not decrease the accuracy significantly (area under receiver operating characteristic = 0.985). In mild disease cases, however, the Bayesian network model classified correctly 71.1% of patients with normal calcium and 92.1% with normal parathyroid hormone levels preoperatively. Bayesian networking and AdaBoost improved the accuracy of all parathyroid hormone patients to 97.2% cases (area under receiver operating characteristic = 0.994), and 91.9% of primary hyperparathyroidism patients with mild disease. This was significantly improved relative to Bayesian networking alone (P Conclusion Machine learning can diagnose accurately primary hyperparathyroidism without human input even in mild disease. Incorporation of this tool into electronic medical record systems may aid in recognition of this under-diagnosed disorder.
Case Study #5: Bartleby, the Scrivener, a Story of Wall Street by Herman Melville

“Bartleby” is the name of the principal character in Herman Melville’s short story about the relationship between a manager and an employee. Bartleby is the employee. His job is to be a scrivener, or a copyist. The setting is a small law firm on Wall Street a century and a half ago — long before computers and photocopy machines, or even typewriters and carbon paper. A scrivener’s job was to copy a document clearly and accurately using the information technology of the day: paper, a bottle of ink, and a sharpened quill. You’ll find that the office technology may be different now than it was in Bartleby’s time, but people are much the same as ever. As you read this story, ask yourself what kind of employee Bartleby is. What kind of boss does the attorney make? Does the story have to end the way it does?
Characterization of bacteria causing acute otitis media using Raman microspectroscopy

Otitis media (OM) is a prevalent disease that is the most frequent cause of acute physician visits and prescription of antibiotics for children. Current methods to diagnose OM and differentiate between the two main types of OM, acute otitis media (AOM) and otitis media with effusion (OME), rely on interpreting symptoms that may overlap between them. Since AOM requires antibiotic treatment and OME does not, there is a clinical need to distinguish between AOM and OME to determine whether antibiotic treatment is necessary and guide future prescriptions. We used an optical spectroscopy technique, Raman spectroscopy (RS), to identify and characterize the biochemical features of the three main pathogens that cause AOM in vitro. A Renishaw inVia confocal Raman microscope at 785 nm was used to spectrally investigate the Raman signatures of Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Biochemical features or biomarkers important for classification of each bacterial species were identified and yielded a 97% accuracy of discrimination. To test the effectiveness of Raman-based bacterial classification in a clinical sample, human middle ear effusion (MEE) from patients affected by recurrent AOM was collected, cultured, and measured using RS. The probability of bacterial involvement from each of the three main bacteria that cause AOM was determined from the clinical MEE samples. These results suggest the potential of utilizing RS to aid in accurately diagnosing AOM and providing physicians with bacterial identification to guide treatment.
Prion protein dynamics before aggregation

Prion diseases, like Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson disease, are rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorders caused by misfolding followed by aggregation and accumulation of protein deposits in neuronal cells. Here we measure intramolecular polypeptide backbone reconfiguration as a way to understand the molecular basis of prion aggregation. Our hypothesis is that when reconfiguration is either much faster or much slower than bimolecular diffusion, biomolecular association is not stable, but as the reconfiguration rate becomes similar to the rate of biomolecular diffusion, the association is more stable and subsequent aggregation is faster. Using the technique of Trp–Cys contact quenching, we investigate the effects of various conditions on reconfiguration dynamics of the Syrian hamster and rabbit prion proteins. This protein exhibits behavior in all three reconfiguration regimes. We conclude that the hamster prion is prone to aggregation at pH 4.4 because its reconfiguration rate is slow enough to expose hydrophobic residues on the same time scale that bimolecular association occurs, whereas the rabbit sequence avoids aggregation by reconfiguring 10 times faster than the hamster sequence.
The Two Sides of Modern-Day American Combat: From Camp Austerity to Camp Chocolate Cake

My military medical career has been defined by the global war on terror. Upon completion of a psychiatry internship, I became a Marine battalion surgeon and was deployed to Camp Austerity in Iraq with Marine infantry in 2004. Camp Austerity was remote with few creature comforts. On top of the separation from my wife, it was a challenge to overcome the isolation as the only Navy medical officer on the base. Camp Austerity was routinely under attack and my unit took several casualties. Although I was fortunate to have skilled and experience corpsmen, a number of our Marines died. Although Camp Austerity was full of hardship and adversity, a strong sense of comradery developed among the Marines there providing tremendous emotional resilience for all of us. After I returned from this deployment, I returned to my psychiatry training. Immediately upon completion of my training, I was sent back to Iraq as a psychiatrist. My second deployment was to a large air base with relatively extravagant amenities that I referred to as Camp Chocolate Cake. Whereas at Camp Austerity my time was spent either in boredom or complete terror, at Camp Chocolate Cake I had a regular psychiatric practice and routine including swimming and regular communication with my family. A central difference with psychiatry in Iraq and at home was the presence of a gun rack in the waiting room. Therapeutic rapport is critical when your patients are armed. My second deployment was during a period of a pause in the violence and most mental health visits revolved around unit morale and stress back at home. My two deployments are a fairly good representation of the vast range of experiences that one has when deployed to a combat zone. Each comes with unique opportunities and challenges that are worth examining.
Optical imaging: Resolutely deep and fast

Functionalized quantum dots emitting short-wavelength infrared light enable small-animal imaging with deep penetration, high spatial resolution and fast acquisition speeds.
Legal Writing Missteps: Ethics and Professionalism in the First Year Legal Research and Writing Classroom

These days, a lot of legal writing-related mistakes and errors in judgment draw a great deal of media scrutiny and attention — attention that spreads quickly in a digital environment. Legal writing professors have long recognized these as teaching moments, usually in the form of cautionary tales shared with students. More and more, as a community, the legal writing professoriate has recognized the importance of integrating ethics and professionalism into the legal writing classroom; indeed in some instances, it is impossible to separate these concepts. Although the ABA requires law students to take a professional responsibility course, and many professors incorporate a discussion of ethics and professional conduct in other courses, these concepts are rarely integrated across the curriculum as key components of a law student’s academic experience.With this in mind, I decided to try and use practical stories about “legal writing gone bad” to bring a discussion of ethics and professionalism into the first year course in a thoughtful, meaningful way. This article discusses the theoretical basis for incorporating ethics and professionalism in the first year course, and presents an exercise I developed for my first year legal research and writing students called “Legal Writing Missteps.”
Can brief behavioral health interventions reduce suicidal and self-harm ideation in primary care patients?

Objective We examined whether brief behavioral health visits reduced suicidal and self-harm ideation among primary care patients and compared the effectiveness of interventions that targeted ideation directly (i.e., safety planning) with those that targeted ideation indirectly through management of underlying mental illness (e.g., behavioral activation). Method We examined first- and last-visit data from 31 primary care patients with suicidal or self-harm ideation seen by behavioral health consultants. Results Patients reported significantly lower frequencies of suicidal and self-harm ideation at their final visit than at their initial visit. Patients whose ideation was targeted directly showed greater improvements than patients whose ideation was targeted indirectly. Discussion Although preliminary, results suggest mild to moderate suicidal ideation could be addressed in primary care through integration of behavioral health consultants into the medical team. (PsycINFO Database Record
Abstract 5610: Quantitative cell-based bioassays to advance individual or combination immune checkpoint immunotherapy

Immune checkpoint receptors play a critical role in maintaining immune homeostasis and are genetically and functionally associated with autoimmune disease, cancer and persistent viral infections. Blockade of immune checkpoints (e.g., PD-1 and CTLA-4) has emerged as a promising new approach to enhance anti-tumor immune responses. While immunotherapies directed against PD-1 and CTLA-4 are showing unprecedented efficacy in the treatment of cancer, many patients and tumor types remain refractory to these therapies. This has resulted in a broadening of immunotherapy research and development to include additional immune checkpoint receptors (e.g., LAG-3, TIGIT, CD112R) targeted individually or in combination with other immunotherapy strategies. A major challenge in the development of biologics that target immune checkpoints is access to quantitative and reproducible functional bioassays. Existing methods rely on primary cells and measurement of complex functional endpoints. These assays are cumbersome, highly variable, and fail to yield the quality of data that is required for drug development in a quality-controlled environment. To address this need, we have developed a suite of immune cell line-based bioluminescent reporter bioassays for individual and combination immune checkpoint immunotherapy targets including PD-1 (PD-L1 or PD-L2), CTLA-4, LAG-3, TIGIT, PD-1+TIGIT and more. These assays consist of stable cell lines that express luciferase reporters driven by specific response elements under the precise control of intracellular signals mediated by the T cell receptor and immune checkpoint target(s). These mechanism of action-based bioassays are available in “thaw-and-use” format and demonstrate high specificity, sensitivity and reproducibility. The bioassays are pre-qualified according to ICH guidelines and demonstrate the performance required for use in antibody screening, potency testing and stability studies. Citation Format: Jamison Grailer, Pete Stecha, Denise Garvin, Jim Hartnett, Frank Fan, Mei Cong, Zhi-jie Jey Cheng. Quantitative cell-based bioassays to advance individual or combination immune checkpoint immunotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5610. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-5610
Assessing strategies for quality improvement

Health care quality problems extend far beyond managed care. We need a broad quality-improvement strategy to realize the full benefit of our trillion-dollar annual investment in health care.