cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of single aerosol droplets on plasma impedance in the inductively coupled plasma

Abstract The impedance of an inductively coupled plasma was indirectly monitored by two different means—through a RF-probe coil placed inside the torch housing and from tapping the phase-detector signal of the impedance-matching network. During single-droplet introduction, temporal spikes in both the RF-probe coil and the phase-detector signals were readily observed, indicating a momentary change in plasma impedance. The changes in plasma impedance were found to be due solely to plasma perturbation by droplet introduction, and not to an artifact caused by imperfect automatic impedance matching. The temporal changes in plasma impedance were found to be directly proportional to the temporally integrated atomic emission of hydrogen, which is assumed in turn to be directly proportional to the volume of the introduced droplet. A small satellite droplet, with an estimated diameter of 27 μm (i.e., ~ 10 pL in volume), caused a readily measurable change in plasma impedance. By assuming that the change in RF-probe voltage is directly proportional to the variation in RF power delivered by the load coil, the instantaneous power change coupled to the plasma during single-droplet introduction was estimated. Typical increases in peak RF power and total energy coupled to the plasma, for a single 50-μm droplet introduction, were thereby estimated to be around 8 to 11 W and 0.03 to 0.04 J, respectively. This impedance change was also exploited as a trigger to signal the droplet-introduction event into the plasma. This trigger signal was obtained through a combination of the RF-probe and the phase-detector signals and offered typical jitter from 1 to 2 ms. With the proper choice of a trigger threshold, no trigger misfire resulted and the achievable efficiencies of the trigger signal were 99.95, 97.18 and 74.33% for plasma forward power levels of 900, 1200, and 1500 W, respectively. The baseline noise on the RF-probe coil and the phase-detector signals, which increase with plasma forward power, contribute to both the jitter and the reduced trigger efficiency. The noise components that increase sharply with plasma forward power are at audio-frequencies between 150 and 300 Hz, and are attributed to gas dynamics in the plasma.
Paleoflow patterns of dolomitizing fluids and paleohydrogeology of the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains: Evidence from dolomite geometry and numerical modeling

Massive dolomites, hosted in the Cambrian-Ordovician of the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains, form strata-bound sheets over broad platforms, except near the margin, where they also form dikes that crosscut sedimentary bedding planes. Field evidence indicates that the two kinds of dolomite bodies were formed by pervasive, formation-parallel flow and fracture-channeled, cross-formational flow, respectively. Fluid-inclusion data indicated that the primary dolomitizing fluids were warm to hot (100 to 200 °C) saline brines (13–25 wt%). The timing of dolomitization (Silurian to Late Devonian) coincided with the timing of the early Paleozoic contractional deformation in the west. Finite element modeling showed that the observed dolomite geometry and geochemistry are consistent with miogeocline-scale ground-water flow driven by west-to-east topographic relief.
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 7 (Hsd17b7) reverts cholesterol auxotrophy in NS0 cells

NS0 is a host cell line widely used for the production of recombinant therapeutic proteins. In this work, we investigated the cholesterol-dependent phenotype of NS0 cells. Growth response to different precursors and comparative transcript analyses pointed to deficiency of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 7 (Hsd17b7) in NS0 cells. Hsd17b7 was previously shown to encode for an enzyme involved in estrogenic steroid biosynthesis. Its recent cloning into a yeast mutant deficient in ERG27 led to its functional characterization as the 3-ketoreductase of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. To ascertain that its cholesterol biosynthesis is blocked at the reduction reaction catalyzed by Hsd17b7, we genetically engineered NS0 cells to over express Hsd17b7. The stable transfectants of Hsd17b7 were able to grow independent of cholesterol. The results affirm the role of Hsd17b7 in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway in mammals. Further, the findings allow for rational engineering of this industrially important cell line to alleviate their cholesterol dependence.
Telomeres: Cancer to Human Aging

The cell phenotypes of senescence and crisis operate to circumscribe the proliferative potential of mammalian cells, suggesting that both are capable of operating in vivo to suppress the formation of tumors. The key regulators of these phenotypes are the telomeres, which are located at the ends of chromosomes and operate to protect the chromosomes from end-to-end fusions. Telomere erosion below a certain length can trigger crisis. The relationship between senescence and telomere function is more complex, however: Cell-physiological stresses as well as dysfunction of the complex molecular structures at the ends of telomeric DNA can trigger senescence. Cells can escape senescence by inactivating the Rb and p53 tumor suppressor proteins and can surmount crisis by activating a telomere maintenance mechanism. The resulting cell immortalization is an essential component of the tumorigenic phenotype of human cancer cells. Here we discuss how telomeres are monitored and maintained and how loss of a functional telomere influences biological functions as diverse as aging and carcinogenesis.
Properties and Spectroscopic Implications of Thermal Instability in X-Ray Binary and AGN Accretion Flows

We address apparent discrepancies between the discrete soft X-ray spectra of some low-mass X-ray binaries and Seyfert galaxies and the predictions of photoionization codes, via an examination of the thermal stability properties of model accretion flows. We investigate the possibility of eliminating the thermal instability which coincides with the abundance peaks of the lowest few iron-L ions by varying conditions in the model plasmas. We probe in detail the mechanism which controls the onset of instability. We find that the existence of thermal instability at the temperatures where the line-emitting iron-L ions peak in abundance is robust to changes in the shape of the ionizing spectrum. We test the sensitivity of the thermal instability to changes in elemental abundances. Finally, we discuss the implications of thermal instability for the interpretation of spectra from dynamic accretion flows in low-mass X-ray binaries, Seyfert galaxies, and "warm absorber" systems.
Relativistic ab initio study on PtF and HePtF.

The electronic structures and spectroscopic constants of the first three low-lying electronic states (Ω = 1/2, 3/2, and 5/2) of the linear HePtF complex were investigated by highly accurate relativistic ab initio methods, in which the spin–orbit coupling was taken into account, and compared with the results of PtF. It shows that the complex is significantly different from the typical van der Waals systems because of short He–Pt bond distances (1.80∼1.87 A), large He–Pt stretching frequencies (500∼600 cm−1), considerable binding energies (1400∼2500 cm−1 with corrections), and a small electron transfer from helium (about 0.06). However, the topological analysis of the electron density distribution indicates that there is strong van der Waals interaction in the He–Pt bond instead of weak covalent one.
Plasma biomarkers for early diagnosis of acute intestinal ischemia

Determining the severity of acute mesenteric ischemia or reperfusion injury can be problematic, as early visceral hypoperfusion is difficult to detect by traditional laboratory testing. Likewise gauging the success of resuscitation and therapeutic intervention is also challenging to determine by laboratory analysis alone. Investigators continue to actively search for plasma biomarkers that will aide clinicians in identifying the early microvascular changes associated with visceral splanchnic malperfusion in an effort to allow for earlier diagnosis and expedient intervention in order to minimize overall intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury for the potential of improving clinical outcomes.
Spinning-wing decoy use and reported duck harvest in Illinois: Implications for adaptive harvest management

Use of battery-powered spinning-wing decoys (SWDs) by duck hunters has generated questions as to the effect these decoys may have on duck harvests. I used data from the annual Illinois Waterfowl Hunter Survey for duck hunting seasons 1999 through 2003 to compare mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) and total duck harvest, reported days afield, and duck crippling rates between hunters using and not using SWDs. For the each of the 5 years reported, mean mallard harvest was greater among hunters using SWDs than among hunters not using the decoys and effect size was substantial (1999: F ¼ 355.01, P < 0.001; 2000: F ¼ 567.92, P < 0.001; 2001: F ¼ 333.25, P < 0.001; 2002: F ¼ 321.58, P < 0.001; 2003: F ¼ 299.00, P < 0.001). Mean reported total ducks harvested was greater for decoy users than non- users, and I found effect sizes to be substantial for all years (1999: F ¼ 301.80, P < 0.001; 2000: F ¼ 607.76, P < 0.001; 2001: F ¼ 369.49, P < 0.001; 2002: F ¼ 321.59, P < 0.001; 2003: F ¼ 335.82, P < 0.001). Decoy users reported hunting more days than non-users (1999: F ¼ 71.00, P < 0.001; 2000: F ¼ 716.50, P < 0.001; 2001: F ¼ 486.75, P < 0.001; 2002: F ¼ 410.72, P < 0.001; 2003: F ¼ 466.09, P < 0.001). I observed substantial effect size for days hunted by decoy use for each year except for 1999-2000, for which effect size was typical. Hunters using SWDs reported greater crippled ducks than for hunters not using the decoys, with typical effect sizes observed for each year I examined (1999: F ¼ 168.42, P < 0.001; 2000: F ¼ 361.34, P < 0.001; 2001: F ¼ 163.05, P < 0.001; 2002: F ¼ 153.29, P < 0.001; 2003: F ¼ 169.18, P < 0.001). I did not observe significant relationships between years of hunting experience and decoy use (R 2 range ¼ 0.051-0.071). My findings support claims that SWDs lead to increased duck harvests. Recent actions by some state wildlife management agencies have resulted in a mixed approach toward regulating use of SWDs, ranging from prohibiting their use to removing all restrictions. This study seeks to provide managers with greater understanding of potential impacts of SWD use on waterfowl harvests. 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Intraseasonal variations of the tropical easterly jet during the 1979 northern summer

Numerous studies have investigated the intraseasonal oscillation of various elements of the Indian monsoon, but the tropical easterly jet has been neglected. The 1979 summer data generated by the FGG III-b analysis of the European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasts were used to examine the intraseasonal oscillation of this jet. It was found that the jet possesses a distinctive intraseasonal oscillation south of its core. Previous studies suggested that the temporal fluctuation of this jet may be related through cumulus convection to that of the low-level Indian monsoon circulation. It was demonstrated by a streamfunction budget analysis that the intraseasonal oscillation of the tropical easterly jet south of its core is primarily induced by the eastward-propagating intraseasonal oscillation of the planetary-scale divergent circulation. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1991.t01-2-00004.x
The reaction of triphenylcarbinol with HCo(CO)4

Abstract The reaction of Ph3COH with 2 mol of HCo(C0)4 gives Ph3CH in quantitative yield. The reaction is cleanly second order (κ2  2.50 X 10-4 1 mol-1 s-1, in CH2Cl2 at 20°C), first order with respect to each reactant. The rate increases markedly with increase in solvent polarity, suggesting Ph3C+ as an intermediate. The rate of the reaction of HCo(C0)4 with is more than 103 as fast as with Ph3COH. No evidence for the functioning of HCo(C0)4 as a hydride donor could be secured.
Modeling the long-term effects of fire suppression on central hardwood forests in Missouri Ozarks, using LANDIS

Fire suppression has been found to dramatically change fire regimes, lead to accumulation of fuels, and alter forest composition and species abundance in the Central Hardwood Forests in the Missouri Ozarks, United States. After a half century of fire suppression, fire hazards have increased to a high level and high intensity fires are more likely to occur. We used LANDIS, a spatially explicit landscape dynamics model, to simulate the long-term effects of fire suppression on forests in Missouri Ozarks. Specifically, we examined to what extent fire suppression would affect fuel loads and fire hazards, and how fire suppression would affect forest tree species abundance. Using a spatial modeling approach, we conducted 200-year simulations of two management scenarios: (1) a fire suppression scenario circa 1990s and (2) a historic fire regime scenario prior to fire suppression, with a mean fire-return interval of 14 years. Under the fire suppression scenario, the simulation showed that both fine and coarse fuels were at a medium-high level after a few more decades of fire suppression. Fire hazard also rapidly increased to a medium-high level within a few decades. After one century offire suppression, simulated fire intensity increased to a dangerous level, with more than 3/4 of the fires at a medium-high intensity level. Fire suppression also led to distinct changes in species abundance; the pine and oak‐pine forests which used to dominate the study area prior to fire suppression were replaced by mixed-oak forests. This study suggests that it may be desirable to re-introduce frequent fire. By greatly increasing the use of fire over current management levels, our simulation suggests less accumulation of dangerous fuels, reduced fire hazard, and decreased occurrence of high intensity fires. Results imply that frequent fire would greatly increase the abundance of fireresistant species (e.g., shortleaf pine) and decrease the abundance of morefire-sensitive species such as red oaks. Such a compositional shift should also decrease the recent phenomenon of widespread oak decline events. # 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Simple accurate expressions for planar spiral inductances

We present several new simple and accurate expressions for the DC inductance of square, hexagonal, octagonal, and circular spiral inductors. We evaluate the accuracy of our expressions, as well as several previously published inductance expressions, in two ways: by comparison with three-dimensional field solver predictions and by comparison with our own measurements, and also previously published measurements. Our simple expression matches the field solver inductance values typically within around 3%, about an order of magnitude better than the previously published expressions, which have typical errors ground 20% (or more). Comparison with measured values gives similar results: our expressions (and, indeed, the field solver results) match within around 5%, compared to errors of around 20% for the previously published expressions. (We believe most of the additional errors in the comparison to published measured values is due to the variety of experimental conditions under which the inductance was measured.) Our simple expressions are accurate enough for design and optimization of inductors or of circuits incorporating inductors. Indeed, since inductor tolerance is typically on the order of several percent, "more accurate" expressions are not really needed in practice.
Assessing the impacts of military vehicle traffic on natural areas. Introduction to the special issue and review of the relevant military vehicle impact literature

Abstract The American Society of Agronomy A-2 Division, Military Land Use and Management, and the International Society for Terrain-Vehicle Systems cosponsored a symposium titled “Assessing the Impacts of Military Vehicle Traffic on Natural Areas”. The symposium was held in Denver, CO on 4 November 2003. The objectives of this symposium were to characterize the types of environmental impacts associated with off-road vehicle use at varying spatial scales, to characterize common study approaches used to quantify vehicle impacts, and to identify knowledge gaps that limit the use of study results in decision-making. A series of papers originating from the symposium characterize the range of impact studies frequently conducted on military installations and the application of study results to typical land management, decision-making processes. This paper summarizes the relationships between these studies, integrates the studies into a larger impact analysis framework, and identifies knowledge gaps that limit application of study results in decision-making processes.
Predictors for Resident Success in Otolaryngology

Background This study aimed to determine predictors for otolaryngology resident success using data available at the time candidates are interviewed (eg, medical school attended, letters of recommendation, test scores) and data that emerge during residency. Study design We performed a retrospective cohort study of 36 residents who entered our program between 1983 and 1993. Results Seventy percent of Alpha Omega Alpha (AOA) members and 13% of nonmembers were in the highest tertile based on faculty ranking (p 50% of the interviewers (p Conclusions In our program designed to train academic otolaryngologists, postresident success was strongly predicted by having an exceptional trait and AOA membership. Success during residency was predicted by interviewer's impression of the candidate and a USMLE I score > 570. Knowledge of these factors at the time of the resident interview could increase the likelihood of selecting the most appropriate candidates for academic otolaryngology. Resident success is a complex outcome, and other unmeasured and unexamined characteristics can provide additional insight into choosing successful residents.
EFFECT OF SURFACTANTS ON MASS DISPERSION AND PERMEABILITY IN POROUS MEDIA

Abstract Two important parameters involved in the design of surfactant enhanced oil recovery processes are the overall dispersion of the surfactant through the porous media and the permeability of the porous media itself. This study was performed to investigate changes in mass dispersion and permeability that might be caused by the addition of surface active agents. It is shown that surfactant adsorption to the rough surfaces of geological materials such as Berea sandstone has increased interfacial momentum transfer. This is caused by an increase in viscosity near the solid-fluid surface due to an accumulation of surfactant near the interface. Larger velocity gradients in the pore flow-paths increases Taylor dispersion and therefore results in an increase in mass dispersion.
Endometriosis expresses a molecular pattern consistent with decreased retinoid uptake, metabolism and action

BACKGROUND Retinoic acid (RA) regulates key biological processes, including differentiation, apoptosis and cell survival. RA mediates induction of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 mRNA, catalyzing the conversion of estradiol to estrone, in endometrium but not endometriosis because of a defect in endometriotic stromal cells. This defect may involve both the uptake and metabolism of RA. In this study, we analyze the expression of genes involved in RA signaling in normal endometrium and endometriosis.
Transaction Costs and Nonlinear Adjustment Towards Equilibrium in the US Treasury Bill Market

This paper uses nonlinear error correction models to study yield movements in the US Treasury Bill Market. Nonlinear error correction arises because portfolio adjustment is an ‘on-off’ process, which occurs only when disequilibrium in the bill market is large enough to induce investors to incur the transaction costs associated with buying/selling bills. This, together with heterogeneity of transaction costs, implies that the strength of aggregate error correction depends on both the distribution of costs and the extent of disequilibrium in the market. Smooth transition models are used to describe an aggregate adjustment process which is strong when the market is distant from equilibrium, but becomes weaker as the market approaches equilibrium. Linearity tests indicate that the types of nonlinearities that would be induced by transactions costs are statistically significant, and estimated models which incororate these nonlinearities outperform their linear counterparts, both in sample and out of sample.
Improved Microbial Quality of Buckwheat using Antimicrobial Solutions in a Fluidized Bed

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum, Moench) is a specialty crop of interest because of its numerous nutritional, health, and agronomic benefits. A high microbial load on the seed often limits its export and use in functional foods; therefore, these generally recognized as safe antimicrobial treatments were evaluated for buckwheat disinfection: ozone gas, ozonated water, acetic acid (AA), acidic calcium sulfate (ACS), and combinations thereof. The liquid treatments were sprayed on buckwheat grain in a fluidized bed and the treated buckwheat was analyzed for aerobic plate count (APC) and yeast and mold count (YMC). Ozone gas and ozonated water treatments were not significantly (P < 0.05) effective in reducing the microbial load, and AA + ozonated water had significant but low effectiveness. Electron microscopic imaging suggested that rough surfaces and crevices in the seed hull shielded microbes from ozone treatments. Effectiveness of treatments was also limited by the industry limits on the amount of moisture that can be added to buckwheat grain. The ACS (50 mL/L) treatment was most effective with 3.9-log10 reduction in APC and complete elimination of YMC. ACS (50 mL/L) caused bleaching and increased redness. Sufficient reduction of microbes could be achieved at a lower concentration of ACS, thereby reducing the effect on color.
Comments on “Why Do I Not Accept Plate Tectonics?”

In the recent discussion and comments on this topic among colleagues from the U.S. and U.S.S.R. which were published in EOS (April 24,1979), several points centered on the purported equality of heat flow between ocean basins and continents and the heat flow variation with age in the oceans. Although the equality has been a major tenet since the first marine heat flow data were obtained and was supported with a statistical analysis of over 2,500 measurements only a decade ago [Von Herzen and Lee, 1969], recent field evidence and model development have substantially changed this conclusion. The hypothesis that a substantial fraction of heat is lost by hydrothermal circulation in oceanic crustal rocks, particularly on young sea floor, first put forward by Lister [1972], has received increased support in detailed studies of marine heat flow [Williams et al., 1974; Davis and Lister, 1977; Anderson etal, 1977]. Combined with quantitative estimates of heat loss based on plate tectonics models [McKenzie, 1967; Sclater andFrancheteau, 1970; Parsons and Sclater, 1977], it has been shown that hydrothermal effects account for a large fraction of the total sea floor heat loss up to several tens m.y. in age. Taking account of this hydrothermal loss, Williams and Von Herzen [1974] calculated that the mean heat loss per unit area of oceans is about 2.2 H FU (heat flow units; 1HFU = 10−6/μcal cm−2 sec−1), about 50% greater than that for continents. This difference has been recently corroborated using a somewhat different approach by Langseth and Anderson [1979].
Studies with mouse pituitary thyrotropic tumors, iii. Diiodotyrosine, monoiodotyrosine ratio in the hyperfunctioning thyroid of mice bearing implants of an autonomous nonresponsive strain.

Studies have been made of thyroid function in mice bearing an autonomous nonresponsive thyrotropin-producing transplantable tumor. The evidence indicates that the gland was rendered hyperfunctioning. Injected Nal131 disappeared more rapidly from the blood of tumor bearing mice than from normal controls, and was collected in larger amounts by the thyroid. Labeled iodothyronines appeared in the serum earlier in the tumor bearing mice than in the controls, whereas exogenous thyrotropin given for a brief period of time to healthy mice did not produce this effect. An unusually high DIT: MIT ratio was found in the thyroid of tumor-bearing mice fed on a diet adequate in iodine. This value was not equalled in the thyroids of healthy mice given short-term treatment with thyrotropin.
Work-function engineering in novel high Al composition Al 0.72 Ga 0.28 N/AlN/GaN HEMTs

Enormous progress has been made in low Al composition ( 0.72 Ga 0.28 N/AlN/GaN HEMTs. By combining ALD technology, threshold voltage control by work-function engineering is demonstrated for the first time.
Purification and characterization of microsomal cytochrome P-450s

1. Eight different forms of cytochrome P-450 have been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. Electrophoretic, spectral and catalytic properties of these cytochrome P-450s are presented and comparison is made with preparations presented elsewhere in the literature.2. The levels of these forms of cytochrome P-450 present in liver microsomes of rats treated with various compounds have now been quantified. Several forms of cytochrome P-450 are induced, in a more or less coordinate manner, while levels of other cytochrome P-450s are lowered, during administration of commonly used inducing agents.3. The role of cytochrome P-450 purification and characterization studies in the understanding of the total field is discussed, along with directions in which future research is needed.
Improved upper bounds on error-probability for biorthogonal trellis-coded CDMA systems

We employ the transfer function approach to obtain error-probability upper bounds for asynchronous trellis-coded CDMA systems based on biorthogonal signature sequences. The technique provides uniformly tight bounds for the biorthogonal sequence based trellis codes, both with and without parallel transitions, in contrast to previously published results.
Minimum Kullback-Leibler distance based multivariate Gaussian feature adaptation for distant-talking speech recognition

Multivariate Gaussian based speech compensation or mapping has been developed to reduce the mismatch between training and deployment conditions for robust speech recognition. The acoustic mapping procedure can be formulated as a feature space adaptation where a noisy input signal is transformed by a multivariate Gaussian network. We propose a novel algorithm to update the network parameters based on minimizing the Kullback-Leibler distance between the core recognizer's acoustic model and transformed features. It is designed to achieve optimal overall system performance rather than MMSE on a specific feature domain. An online stochastic gradient descent learning rule is derived. We evaluate the performance of the new algorithm using a JRTk broadcast news system on a distance-talking speech corpus and compare its performance with that of previous MMSE based approaches. The experiments show the KL based approach is more effective for a large vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR) system.
gSCorr: modeling geo-social correlations for new check-ins on location-based social networks

Location-based social networks (LBSNs) have attracted an increasing number of users in recent years. The availability of geographical and social information of online LBSNs provides an unprecedented opportunity to study the human movement from their socio-spatial behavior, enabling a variety of location-based services. Previous work on LBSNs reported limited improvements from using the social network information for location prediction; as users can check-in at new places, traditional work on location prediction that relies on mining a user's historical trajectories is not designed for this "cold start" problem of predicting new check-ins. In this paper, we propose to utilize the social network information for solving the "cold start" location prediction problem, with a geo-social correlation model to capture social correlations on LBSNs considering social networks and geographical distance. The experimental results on a real-world LBSN demonstrate that our approach properly models the social correlations of a user's new check-ins by considering various correlation strengths and correlation measures.
Jonathan Edwards as Great Mirror

L'A. analyse la nature de la pensee de Jonathan Edwards a travers cinq aspects: Dieu, la creation, la religion, la fin des temps, les images. Dans chacun de ces domaines, on peut observer la subtilite de la pensee d'Edwards: les positions sont variees et les angles multiples. Tout comme Edwards voyait des images du divin sur terre, les Americains passes et contemporains trouvent des images d'eux-memes chez Edwards. Pour ce dernier, chaque objet de la creation etait revelateur de la verite divine. La religion consistait pour lui en l'amour de Dieu, Etre des etres
Front-end policies for improved issue efficiency in SMT processors

The performance and power optimization of dynamic superscalar microprocessors requires striking a careful balance between exploiting parallelism and hardware simplification. Hardware structures which are needlessly complex may exacerbate critical timing paths and dissipate extra power. One such structure requiring careful design is the issue queue. In a simultaneous multi-threading (SMT) processor it is particularly challenging to achieve issue queue simplification due to the increased utilization of the queue afforded by multi-threading. In this paper we propose new front-end policies that reduce the required integer and floating point issue queue sizes in SMT processors. We explore both general policies as well as those directed towards alleviating a particular cause of issue queue inefficiency. For the same level of performance, the most effective policies reduce the issue queue occupancy by 33% for an SMT processor with appropriately sized issue queue resources.
THE CONTEXT OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE: LIFE HISTORIES OF WOMAN ABUSE

Approximately 25%-50% of women with sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including AIDS, are involved in abusive relationships. Numerous characteristics associated with a past history of abuse are also risk factors for STD infection, including multiple partner relationships, substance abuse, early age at first coitus, and partner control of the relationship. Research has identified psychological effects of previous abuse, including depression, minimal control in relationships, and decreased self-efficacy. These effects may prevent abused women with STDs from making behavioral changes to prevent recurrence and transmission of disease. Life history methodology was used to understand the context of the interrelationships between STD and woman abuse in 30 Mexican American and African American women's lives. A focus on the context of abused women's partner relationships and aspects of personal control within these relationships may facilitate effective behavioral change, risk reduction, and subsequent decreas...
Neighborhoods and child maltreatment: a multi-level study.

Abstract Objective: To better understand how neighborhood and individual factors are related to child maltreatment. Method: Using an ecological framework, a multi-level model (Hierarchical Linear Modeling) was used to analyze neighborhood structural conditions and individual risk factors for child abuse and neglect. Parents (n = 400) of children under the age of 18 were systematically selected from 20 randomly selected census-defined block groups with different risk profiles for child maltreatment report rates. Parents were administered the Neighborhood Environment for Children Rating Scales, the Child Abuse Potential Inventory, the Zimet measure of social support, and the Conflict Tactics Scales as a measure of childhood experience with violence. Results: Neighborhood factors of impoverishment and child care burden significantly affect child abuse potential after controlling for individual risk factors. However, neighborhood effects are weaker than they appear to be in aggregate studies of official child maltreatment reports. Variation in child abuse potential within neighborhoods is greater than between neighborhoods. However, adverse neighborhood conditions weakened the effects of known individual risk and protective factors, such as violence in the family of origin. Conclusions: If individual potential for child maltreatment is more evenly distributed across neighborhoods than reported maltreatment, then neighborhood and community play an important, if as yet unspecified, role in child maltreatment. Multi-level models are a promising research strategy for disentangling the complex interactions of individual and contextual factors in child maltreatment.
Many Hands Make Green Work

The Struggle for Accountability: The World Bank, NGOs, and Grassroots Movements, Jonathan A. Fox, L. David Brown, eds. (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1998). 584 pp., cloth (ISBN: 0-262-06199-6), $39.95; paper (ISBN: 0-262-56117-4), $30.00. Global Environmental Diplomacy, Mostafa K. Tolba, Iwona Rummel-Bulska (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1998). 216 pp., cloth (ISBN: 0-262-20113-5), $27.50. The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments: Theory and Practice, David G. Victor, Kal Raustiala, Eugene B. Skolnikoff, eds. (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1998). 460 pp., cloth (ISBN: 0-262-22051-1) $60.00.; paper (ISBN: 0-262-72028-0), $30.00. Earth at a Crossroads: Paths to a Sustainable Future, Hartmut Bossel (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1998). 352 pp., cloth (ISBN: 0-521-63005-3) $59.95; paper (ISBN: 0-521-63995-6), $19.95. Books reviewed in this article: The Struggle for Accountability: The World Bank, NGOs, and Grassroots Movements , Jonathan A. Fox and L. David Brown, eds. Global Environmental Diplomacy , Mostafa K. Tolba, with Iwona Rummel-Bulska The Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments: Theory and Practice , David G. Victor, Kal Raustiala, and Eugene B. Skolnikoff, eds. Earth at a Crossroads: Paths to a Sustainable Future , Hartmut Bossel
Determination of the Radiative Decay Width of the K*+ (890) Meson

A systematic study of the coherent excitation of high energy pions and kaons by nuclear targets has been completed at Fermilab (Experiment 272) with the intent of extracting the radiative decay widths of the various vector and tensor mesons. This work was initiated to furnish experimental results for comparison with theoretical predictions based on unitary symmetry schemes, quark models, and vector dominance models with the hope of shedding light on the structure of the quark-antiquark system. The work presented here deals with data collected during the second running period of E272 on the excitation of incident 200 GeV/c K+ by copper and lead targets for the purpose of precisely determining the radiative width for-the transition K*+(890) -> K+Y. The experiment was performed in the HIE secondary beam line of the Meson Lab utilizing an enhanced, Cherenkov tagged, positive kaon beam, a forward charged particle spectrometer consisting of drift and proportional wire chambers, and a liquid argon calorimeter for photon detection. A Primakoff type analysis of excitation in the nuclear Coulomb field including a strong contribution to the coherent production process from isoscalar exchange was applied to data for both the K+πo and Kosπ+ decay modes of the K*+(890). The production differential cross section can be written as dO/dt' = |Ac + eiΘAs|2, where Ac, the Coulombic amplitude, and As,the strong amplitude, are proportional to the square roots of Γ, the radiative partial width, and the elementary strength of the w exchange process on nucleons, respectively. The angle Θ measures the relative phase between the two coherent amplitudes. This three-parameter fit to the data gave very consistent resuIts over the range of targets and final states previously mentioned and yielded weighted averages of: Γ(K*+(890) -> K+Y) = 51 ± 3 ± 4 kev Cs = 3.2 ± 0.7 mb/GeV4 Θ = 84 ± 14 degrees where the errors on Γ are statistical and systematic, respectively. The result for Γ(K*+(890) -> K+Y) is in reasonable agreement with theoretical predictions, but the value for Cs does not agree with extrapolation from lower energy data.
Advances in the Classification and Treatment of Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a rare disorder of type 1 collagen with 13 currently identified types attributable to inherited abnormalities in type 1 collagen amount, structure, or processing. The disease is characterized by an increased susceptibility to bony fracture. In addition to the skeletal phenotype, common additional extraskeletal manifestations include blue sclerae, dentinogenesis imperfecta, vascular fragility, and hearing loss. Medical management is focused on minimizing the morbidity of fractures, pain, and bone deformities by maximizing bone health. Along with optimizing Vitamin D status and calcium intake and physical/occupational therapy, individualized surgical treatment may be indicated. Pharmacological therapy with bisphosphonate medications is now routinely utilized for moderate to severe forms and appears to have a good safety profile and bone health benefits. New therapies with other anti-resorptives as well as anabolic agents and transforming growth factor (TGF)β antibodies are in development. Other potential treatment modalities could include gene therapy or mesenchymal cell transplant. In the future, treatment choices will be further individualized in order to reduce disease morbidity and mortality.
Fate of Listeria monocytogenes during the manufacture of mozzarella cheese

Mozzarella cheese was made from a mixture of pasteurized whole and skim milk which was inoculated to contain 104-105 CFU Listeria monocytogenes (strain Ohio, California, or V7) per ml. Temperature of milk was maintained at 40°C (104°F) for 30 min when curd became resilient and the pH reached 5.90-5.93. Populations of L. monocytogenes changed at different rates during the various phases of making Mozzarella cheese. During the early stages of curd formation, numbers of L. monocytogenes were ca. 4-fold greater in curd than in whey. Numbers of L. monocytogenes in freshly cut curd were 25 to 38% greater than in inoculated milk. Cooking curd at 40°C for ca. 30 min caused a decrease of ca. 38% as compared to numbers of the pathogen in curd after cutting. During cheddaring of curd, numbers of L. monocytogenes increased by ca. 25%, over numbers at the end of cooking. Placing of curd in hot water [77°C (170°F)] and stretching for 3-4 min caused complete demise of the pathogen, as determined by our methods. The curd temperature during stretching was 58 to 65°C (136 to 149°F). Results of cold enrichments were all negative for stretched and brined curd. L. monocytogenes failed to survive during the making of Mozzarella cheese as done in this study.
A New Theory for the Debonding of Discontinuous Fibers in an Elastic Matrix

The mechanical properties of fiber composites are strongly influenced by the debonding of fibers. When an embedded fiber is loaded from one end, debonding can occur at both the loaded end and the embedded end. Existing theories neglect the possibility of debonding from the embedded end and are thus limited in applications to cases with low fiber volume fraction, low fiber modulus, high interfacial strength/interfacial friction ratio or short fiber length. A new twoway fiber debonding theory, which can extend the validity of one-way debonding theories to all general cases, has recently been developed. In this paper, the physical reason for the occurrence of two-way debonding is discussed. The limit of validity for one-way debonding theories is considered. One-way and two-way debonding theories are then compared with respect to the prediction of composite behaviour. The determination of interfacial parameters from the fiber pull-out test will also be described.
Effects Comparison of Probe Traps and Mobile Samplers in Monitoring Stored-grain Insects

The probe traps and mobile samplers were used to monitor the stored-grain insects in this paper. The results showed that probe traps could catch more kinds and quantities of stored-grain insects than mobile samplers. And the grade standard of stored-grain insects monitoring by probe traps was put forward in this paper.
179 WHAT IS THE VALUE OF C-REACTIVE PROTEIN FOR MANAGING “RULE OUT SEPSIS” IN HEALTHY TERM INFANTS SOON AFTER BIRTH?

Background Elevated CRP is associated with many conditions other than infection. Positive predictive value for infection of random CRP determinations soon after birth in healthy term infants (HTI) is poor. However, a decision to continue antibiotics (ATB), perform LP, and/or delay discharge is sometimes based on elevated CRP, regardless of clinical course and blood culture results. Objective To evaluate the use and duration of ATB in “HTI” when using or not using random CRP values as indicators of possible sepsis. Methods HTI born at GMH receive a “rule out sepsis” workup based on prenatal risk assessment (maternal fever, rupture of membranes, chorioamnionitis, etc). Ampicillin and gentamicin are started pending results. We collected data prospectively in two periods to evaluate duration of ATB treatment, CRP values, number of LPs and hospital days in all HTI who received gentamicin. In period 1 (1/03- 8/03), ATB were to be continued > 48 hours if a CRP value was > 1.6 mg/dL at 2-24 hours, even with normal clinical course and negative cultures. If a repeat CRP at 36-48 hours was still elevated, ATB were continued in-hospital for ≥ 7 days and some infants underwent workup for meningitis at ≥ 48 hours. After extensive discussion of the literature, CRP measurements were discontinued from routine “rule out sepsis” workup. Period 2 is two months after implementing new guidelines, when ATB were discontinued based on culture results and clinical course. We compared utilization of resources (ATB use and duration, LPs, hospital stay, IVs), positive blood cultures, readmissions and mortality between the 2 periods. Results In period 1, gentamicin was used in 192 HTI (7.3% of live births). Of these, 23 (12%) received ATB ≤ 2 days and 83 (43%) for ≤ 3 days (total ≤ 3 days: 105; 55%); 87 (45%) received ATB > 3 days based on CRP results; 3 were infected. After discontinuing CRP (period 2), 54 HTI (7.5% of all LB) received gentamicin; 50% of them received ATB ≤ 48 hours and 39% ≤ 3 days (total ≤ 3 days: 48; 89%; p 3 days (positive culture/clinical course); 1 was infected. Resource utilization was markedly less in period 2. No infant was readmitted or died of sepsis/meningitis in either group during periods 1 and 2. Conclusion Elevated CRP values taken randomly early after birth are of no value for managing HTI with “rule out sepsis” and are associated with unnecessary longer course of ATB, add confusion to clinical management, and do not correlate with early neonatal sepsis. We speculate that the decrease in unnecessary resource utilization associated with not using a randomly obtained CRP in HTI evaluated for “rule out sepsis” may be associated with less risk for morbidity and with less cost.
Integral representation of 2π–periodic and trigonometrically convex functions

The integral representation given by Levin [1, p. 60, Theorem 24] of 2π-periodic and ρ-trigonometrically convex functions which are indicators of holomorphic functions of non-zero finite order ρ is incorrect. Counterexamples are given here as weii as a corrected version of the representation.
Investigating the impacts of DNA binding mode and sequence on thermodynamic quantities and water exchange values for two small molecule drugs.

Doxorubicin and nogalamycin are antitumor antibiotics that interact with DNA via intercalation and threading mechanisms, respectively. Because the importance of water, particularly its impact on entropy changes, has been established in other biological processes, we investigated the role of water in these two drug-DNA binding events. We used the osmotic stress method to calculate the number of water molecules exchanged (Δnwater), and isothermal titration calorimetry to measure Kbinding, ΔH, and ΔS for two synthetic DNAs, poly(dA·dT) and poly(dG·dC), and calf thymus DNA (CT DNA). For nogalamycin, Δnwater 0 for CT DNA and Δnwater<0 for poly(dG·dC). For poly(dA·dT), Δnwater~0 with both drugs. Net enthalpy changes were always negative, but net entropy changes depended on the drug. The effect of water exchange on the overall sign of entropy change appears to be smaller than other contributions.
Discrimination of wheat and oat crops using field hyperspectral remote sensing

In this study we attempt to identify the most suitable spectral bands to discriminate among wheat and oat crops using field hyperspectral remote sensing. Discrimination of these crops using ordinary aerial or multispectral satellite imagery can be challenging. Even though multispectral images could have a high spatial resolution, their few wide spectral bands hinder crop discrimination. Therefore, both high spatial resolution and spectral resolution are necessary to accurately discriminate between visually similar crops. One field each of oats and spring wheat, each at least 10 acres in size, was selected in southeastern Wisconsin. Biweekly spectral readings were taken using a spectroradiometer during the growing season from May to July. In each field, seven 10 m x 10 m quadrants were randomly placed and in each quadrants five points were selected from which 20 radiometric readings were taken. Radiometric measurements taken at each sampling point were averaged to derive a single reflectance curve per sampling date, covering the spectral range of 300 nm to 2,500 nm. Each spectral curve was divided into hyperspectral bands each 3 nm wide. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to estimate how separable the two crops were. Results show that selected regions of the visible light and infrared radiation spectrum have the potential to discriminate between these crops. Crop discrimination is one of the first steps to support crop monitoring and agricultural surveys efforts.
Implementation of hypofractionated prostate radiation therapy in the United States: A National Cancer Database analysis

Abstract Purpose Preclinical and clinical research over the past several decades suggests that hypofractionated (HFxn) radiation therapy schedules produce similar treatment outcomes compared with conventionally fractionated (CFxn) radiation therapy for definitive treatment of localized prostate cancer (PCa). We sought to evaluate national trends and identify factors associated with HFxn utilization using the US National Cancer Database. Methods and materials We queried the National Cancer Database for men diagnosed with localized (N0,M0) PCa from 2004 through 2013 treated with external beam radiation therapy. Patients were grouped by dose per fraction (DpF) in Gray: CFxn was defined as DpF ≤2.0, moderate HFxn as DpF >2.0 but 15.0 were excluded, as were those receiving 90 Gy total dose. Multiple logistic regression was performed to identify demographic, clinical, and treatment factor associations. Results A total of 132,403 men were identified, with 120,055 receiving CFxn, 7264 moderate HFxn, and 5084 extreme HFxn. Although CFxn was by far the most common approach over the analysis period, HFxn use increased from 6.2% in 2004 to 14.2% in 2013 ( P Conclusions Although CFxn remains the most common radiation therapy schedule for localized PCa, use of HFxn appears to be increasing in the United States as a result of increased extreme HFxn use. Financial and logistical factors may accelerate adoption of shorter schedules. Considering the multiple demographic and prognostic differences identified between these groups, randomized outcome data comparing extreme HFxn to alternatives are desirable.