cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Nudged Solution to Securities Fraud

History has shown that crisis often serves as a condition precedent to social and regulatory reform. Since the 1990s, the public interest has also taken an advanced role in these reforms. As we have grown in scientific, technological, and economic sophistication, the public has increasingly adopted an aggressive public interest model, geared towards informational awareness and proliferating methods of national policy reform that shed the inefficiencies of federal bureaucracy and politics. After some time, scholars have studied, written on, and debated over the merits of this model to the point that we have begun to understand it and discuss the behavioral economics of its application. An often-studied model of reform and its companioning public interest movement is that of environmental law. The environmental model is particularly interesting because of its implications for private, self-sustaining incentives within contemporary lawmaking institutions. The environmental model has very few attached monetary incentives geared towards public advocacy as compared to other models where the similar private incentives often derive from monetary motivators. Currently, the academic and legal debate focuses on private incentives in reporting and enforcing instances of securities fraud — whistleblowing under Dodd-Frank.This article notes some common threads between financial reforms and environmental reforms, including the complex and sometimes inherently unexplainable concepts they regulate. From these comparisons, I take a predictive stance as to possible public-interest-model outcomes in light of nearly a decade of financial crisis that climatically lead to the 2008 banking crisis. Many legislative and administrative outcomes have been, and will continue to be, borne out of this crisis; however, a public interest model will inevitably become a force of power in this legal subject matter as evidenced by the comparisons to similar reforms in environmental law. Through analogy, I broadly examine several potential outcomes from the perspective of a vested public interest. Several judicial, administrative, and even congressional outcomes could arguably result from an aggressive implementation of a public interest model in the context of financial reforms. In recognition of the uninspiring governmental efforts thus far (possibly even making the situation worse), it is only a matter of time before the model appears with renewed vigor.
Green tea polyphenol (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate treatment to mouse skin prevents UVB-induced infiltration of leukocytes, depletion of antigen-presenting cells, and oxidative stress

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced infiltrating leukocytes, depletion of antigen-presenting cells, and oxidative stress in the skin play an important role in the induction of immune suppression and photocarcinogenesis. Earlier we have shown that topical application of polyphenols from green tea or its major chemopreventive constituent (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) prevents UV-B-induced immunosuppression in mice. To define the mechanism of prevention, we found that topical application of EGCG (3 mg/mouse/3 cm(2) of skin area) to C3H/HeN mice before a single dose of UV-B (90 mJ/cm(2)) exposure inhibited UV-B-induced infiltration of leukocytes, specifically the CD11b+ cell type, and myeloperoxidase activity, a marker of tissue infiltration of leukocytes. EGCG treatment was also found to prevent UV-B-induced depletion in the number of antigen-presenting cells when immunohistochemically detected as class II MHC+ Ia+ cells. UV-B-induced infiltrating cell production of H2O2 and nitric oxide (NO) was determined as a marker of oxidative stress. We found that pretreatment of EGCG decreased the number of UV-B-induced increases in H2O2-producing cells and inducible nitric oxide synthase-expressing cells and the production of H2O2 and NO in both epidermis and dermis at a UV-B-irradiated site. Together, these data suggest that prevention of UV-B-induced infiltrating leukocytes, antigen-presenting cells, and oxidative stress by EGCG treatment of mouse skin may be associated with the prevention of UV-B-induced immunosuppression and photocarcinogenesis.
Who Really Did It? Controlling Malicious Insiders by Merging Biometric Behavior with Detection and Automated Responses

This ongoing research and development activity addresses aspects of a potential capability to detect credential misuse and a suggested alerting approach based on known attack conditions to support automated mitigation techniques. This research is based on the assumption that the audit data and human-computer activity characteristics extracted from networked components contain the footprint(s) of those trying to breach network security. It takes advantage of the combination of near-real-time suspicious activity detection with biometric behavior profiling to reduce profiling false positives and network access controls that enable faster and more focused responses to detected suspicious activities.
Stubble Height Effect on Winter Wheat in the Northern Great Plains: I. Soil Temperature, Cold Degree‐Hours, and Plant Population

(...) Field trials were conducted during a 4-yr period on Williams loam (fine-loamy, mixed Typic Argiborolls) at Mandan, ND. Soil temperature at the 4-cm depth was measured at 2-hr intervals under three cultivars (Roughrider, Mironovskaya and Centurk) grown on four stubble heights (0, 5, 20, and 36 cm) and with two preplant water levels (0 and 50 mm supplemental water applied 1-2 wk before planting)
Test of linear trend in eigenvalues of k covariance matrices with applications in common principal components analysis

A test for linear trend among a set of eigenvalues of k covariance matrices is developed. A special case of this test is Flury's (1986) test for the equality of eigenvalues. The linear trend hypothesis appears to be more relevant to data analysis than the equality hypothesis. Examples show how the linear trend hypothesis can be acceptable while the equality hypothesis is rejected.
Electromagnetic characterization of stratified chiral structures in nanotechnology

The circularly polarized wave decomposition of Maxwell's equations for electromagnetic wave propagation in chiral materials is the starting point for this analysis. The Fourier transforms of the Green's functions for the electromagnetic waves on both sides of a flat interface between two semi-infinite chiral materials are derived. These harmonic solutions are expressed in terms of the characteristic right and left circularly polarized waves. Through a path deformation in the complex plane, the Green's functions are converted into alternate, modal, representations that are suitable for the complete expansion of the electromagnetic fields above and below a rough interface between two chiral materials with laterally varying material properties. From these representations, generalized Fourier teransform pairs are derived. The generalized Fourier transforms can be used to obtain two sets of coupled ordinary differential equations for the field transforms in terms of the forward and backward wave amplitudes of the transverse fields. Iterative solutions of these generalized telegraphists equations are found. From these solutions the fields can be found under appropriate assumptions. Since no a priori assumptions are made about the surface height, the frequency of the source, or the material parameter this work could be applied to nanotechnology involving stratified chiral structures.
Influence of corrosion in media with different pH on local electrode potentials of steels

We present results of investigations of the microelectrochemical heterogeneity of surfaces of steels 20, 30KhMA, and 12Kh21N5T after corrosion in chloride–sulfide media. The character of corrosion of steels in solutions containing chloride and sulfide ions is elucidated. It is shown that, during corrosion of steel 20 in solutions where passivation is observed, the microelectrochemical heterogeneity of the surface is higher than that after its active dissolution. Dense passivating films on the surface of the stainless steel cause its smaller microelectrochemical heterogeneity after corrosion in all investigated solutions than those for steels 20 and 30KhMA.
Differential effects of interferon-τ on the prostaglandin synthetic pathway in bovine endometrial cells treated with phorbol ester

Rationale for these experiments was to evaluate the dose effects of bovine interferon-tau (IFN-tau) on the prostaglandin secretory pathway of immortalized bovine endometrial (BEND) cells in response to phorbol 12, 13-dibutyrate (PdBu) and to characterize similar responses in primary bovine uterine epithelial cells as a biomonitor of embryo-induced antiluteolytic effects on the endometrium. The BEND cells were treated with PdBu (0 or 100 ng/mL) and IFN-tau (0 or 50 ng/mL) for 6 h. The PdBu stimulated secretions of PGF2alpha and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Co-treatment of cells with IFN-tau blocked PdBu-induced secretion of both PGF2alpha and PGE2. Treatment with PdBu for 6 h induced expression of prostaglandin H synthase-2 mRNA, prostaglandin H synthase-2 protein, and prostaglandin E synthase mRNA, which were blocked with concurrent addition of IFN-tau. Doses of IFN-tau (0.05, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, and 20 microg/mL) were used with PdBu (0 and 100 ng/mL). The IFN-tau alone failed to stimulate secretion of PGF2alpha and PGE2, whereas IFN-tau doses <5 microg/mL suppressed PdBu-stimulated secretions of PGF2alpha and PGE2. Uterine epithelial cells were isolated from cows at d 17 after estrus and were cultured to confluence in serum-free medium. Cells were treated with IFN-tau (0, 50, or 500 ng/mL) and PdBu (0 or 100 ng/mL) before media were collected after 24 h for PGF2alpha and PGE2 analyses. Treatment of primary uterine epithelial cells with PdBu induced PGF2alpha secretion, and IFN-tau (50 and 500 ng/mL) caused a reduction in PGF2alpha secretion induced by PdBu. In the absence of PdBu, IFN-tau increased basal secretion of PGF2alpha. Concentrations of PGE2 increased in response to PdBu, and the 50-ng/mL dose of IFN-tau had a stimulatory effect on PGE2 concentrations compared with the 500-ng/mL dose in the absence of PdBu. Phorbol ester-induced gene transcription as related to prostaglandin synthesis is regulated by IFN-tau in vitro.
The effect of intraventricular gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) on hypothalamic catecholamines and LHRH and on pituitary hormone release

Abstract The present experiments were designed to evaluate the role of catecholamines in mediating the actions of GABA on pituitary hormone release following its intraventricular injection. GABA was administered intraventricularly, at doses of 0.1 and 4 μMol, to chronically ovariectomized rats. Five and 15 min after intraventricular injection, the animals were sacrificed by decapitation. Blood was collected for LH and PRL determination by RIA, and brains were frozen for subsequent determination of LHRH by RIA, and dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) by radioenzymatic assay. Brain areas analyzed included the median eminence (ME), medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) and suprachiasmatic-medial preoptic area (Sch-PO). Controls received an equal volume (2 μl) of saline. As previously observed, GABA had opposite effects on prolactin (PRL) release depending on the dose employed. A decline in serum PRL was induced by a low (0.1 μMol) dose, whereas a larger (4 μMol) dose induced an increase in PRL levels. LH levels were increased only with the 4 μMol dose. The elevated LH values were paralleled by an increase in LHRH levels in the Sch-PO region 15 min after GABA. Marked changes in catecholamines, particularly in DA, were seen after GABA injection. Significant increments in DA levels in the ME were seen 5 and 15 min after the 0.1 μMol dose of GABA. Similarly, this low dose of GABA induced a marked increase in DA levels in the anterior-pituitary (AP) gland at 15 min. No changes in DA were seen in either MBH or Sch-PO areas. The 4 μMol dose of GABA induced only a small increase in AP levels of DA, without altering the amine levels in any of the brain areas examined. NE levels in the ME were elevated 5 min after the administration of either dose of GABA. No changes in NE were seen in either the MBH or Sch-PO areas. These results indicate that intraventricular GABA injection not only alters pituitary hormone release but also release of DA and NE from terminals in the ME. The released catecholamines may be important in mediating the effects of GABA on releasing factor discharge. In addition, the DA released may have acted directly on the AP to inhibit release of PRL.
The Impact of Rule of Law on Market Value Creation for Local Alliance Partners in BRIC Countries

Market value creation for the local partner in an international strategic alliance (ISA) that takes place in a developed market economy is well documented; however, value creation for the local partner of an alliance in an emerging market (EM) has received less attention. We contend that rule of law is a key driver of value creation for the local partner because weak rule of law in an EM may suppress the foreign partner's willingness to share its valuable knowledge assets, which are a critical source of value for the EM partner. While rule of law directly affects value creation from the ISA for the EM partner, we argue that alliance type (R&D vs. non-R&D) and local partner type (state owned vs. non-state owned) are important moderators of this relationship. We find support for our arguments in an analysis of 902 ISAs in the BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) countries over 1991–2005.
Cell Progression Through the Mitotic Cycle in Lateral Root Apical Meristems of Vicia Faba L. Following Colchicine Treatment

SUMMARYThe effects of a three hour colchicine treatment on the passage of cells through the mitotic cycle in apical meristems of lateral roots of Vicia faba have been investigated. Colchicine was found to lengthen the duration of the mitotic cycle with time following treatment. This increase was largely due to a gradual increase in the duration of Gl. Colchicine treatment also progressively shortened the duration of the S period after treatment. The proportions of cells with long and short cycle times and quiescent cells were determined in both control and colchicine treated roots. Colchicine treatment caused an increase in the proportion of proliferating cells which had a short cycle time though there was no change in the mean cycle time of all cells in the root apex over the period of the experiment.
Brief report: an empirically derived educational program for detecting and preventing skin cancer.

College and high-school students were administered a questionnaire to assess their knowledge about skin cancer, and afterward an educational program was designed to correct the identified deficiencies. Results showed that the students were relatively uninformed about how to recognize and prevent skin cancer — high-school students more so than college students — but that their knowledge of the disease (e.g., risk factors, preventive measures, and identification of “warning signs” for early detection) increased significantly after training. Some forgetting was noted at a 2-week follow-up but knowledge levels were still significantly higher than baseline. If these findings are representative of the general population, more preventive education will be needed in this area. This is especially true because the potentially deadly melanoma appears to be increasing at an alarming rate.
On the Performance of Closed-Loop Transmit Diversity with Noisy Channel Estimates

In this paper, closed-form expressions of the bit error probability of closed-loop transmit diversity (CLTD) schemes with two transmit antennas and noisy channel estimates in time-varying Rayleigh fading channels are derived. Two CLTD schemes considered are the phase-only CLTD (PO-CLTD), where the transmit antennas transmit with the same power, and the phase-amplitude CLTD (PA-CLTD), where the transmit antennas can transmit with different powers. The results have indicated that, with the same channel estimation accuracy, PA-CLTD generally performs slightly better than PO-CLTD. We have also compared the performance of PA-CLTD with the performance of a system without transmit diversity and the performance of a system with the Alamouti space-time code employing the linear-combining decoder. The results have illustrated that, PA-CLTD is outperformed by the other two systems when the pilot SNR is very small and the Doppler spread is large.
The impact and use of computer technology by the police

Over the past decade there has been a significant growth in the use of computer technology by U.S. police departments. This growth, however, has been at a slower rate than predicted in the early 1970's. Further, when computer applications extend beyond “routine” uses to “nonroutine” efforts, such as resource allocation or computer-aided-dispatch systems where the machine begins to become a tool for decision making, strategic planning and person/machine interaction, the results of the technology to date have been mixed. This paper reports on case studies and surveys which provide insights on the implementation and impact of police computer technology and the relationship of this technology to law enforcement and society.
Gaining Policy Credibility for a Disinflation: Ireland's Experience in the EMS

Given a need for disinflation, the adoption of a (semi-)fixed exchange rate policy vis-A -vis a low-inflation country may provide a source of discipline, enhancing the disinflation's credibility and reducing its detrimental impact on the economy. This paper presents empirical evidence that inflation expectations in Ireland were moderated by entry into the exchange rate mechanism of the EMS, indicating that Ireland's disinflation was successful in deriving credibility from the exchange rate policy. A loss of competitiveness at an early stage of the disinflation appears to have been important in establishing its credibility.
Acetaminophen analgesia in children: placebo effect and pain resolution after tonsillectomy.

Background: Pharmacodynamic models of acetaminophen analgesia in children have not explored the efficacy of single oral doses greater than 40 mg/kg. Methods: Children aged 9.0±3.0 years (±SD) and weight 37.9±16.6 kg undergoing outpatient tonsillectomy were randomised to receive acetaminophen elixir 40 mg/kg (n=12), high dose acetaminophen elixir 100 mg/kg (n=20) or placebo (n=30) 0.5–1 h preoperatively. No other analgesics were given. Individual acetaminophen serum concentrations and pain scores [visual analogue scale (VAS) 0–10] were measured over a 4–8 h postoperative period. These data were pooled with data from a previous study investigating acetaminophen pharmacodynamics (n=120) and analysed using a non-linear mixed effect model. Placebo effects and drug effects were modelled using effect-site concentration models. Results: A one-compartment model with first-order input, lag time and first-order elimination was used to describe the population pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen. Pharmacokinetic parameter estimates were similar to those previously described. Pharmacodynamic population parameter estimates [population variability coefficient of variation (CV)] for a maximum analgesic effect (Emax) model, in which the greatest possible pain relief (VAS 0–10) equates to an Emax of 10, were Emax 5.17 (64%) and 50% effective concentration 9.98 mg/l (107%). The equilibration half-life (teq) of the analgesic effect compartment was 53 min (217%). A placebo drug model for the effects of placebo response had a teq of 1.96 h (40%), an elimination half-life of 2.06 h (50%) and a potency of 1.54 pain relief units (24%). Conclusions: High dose acetaminophen (100 mg/kg) was no more effective than 40 mg/kg and was associated with increased nausea and vomiting. A target effect compartment concentration of 10 mg/l is expected to produce a pain reduction of 2.6 units. The placebo model accounted for a maximum pain reduction of 5.6 units at 3 h. The combination of placebo effect and preoperative acetaminophen 40 mg/kg results in pain scores below 4 units for 5 h postoperatively.
Medical discourse and ESP courses for international medical graduates (IMGs)

Abstract International doctors (“international medical graduates” or “IMGs”) constitute 23% of the physician workforce in the United States. Despite entry screening for educational credentials and spoken English proficiency, research shows that language and cultural issues can still persist for IMGs during and after their residency training. This paper describes the process of our university language center in developing ESP courses to meet the needs of IMGs with respect to acculturation, the language and culture of the patient community, the language of the hospital, and intelligibility in performing key medical texts. These courses are seen as useful in addressing the socialization needs of IMGs as they enter the U.S. system and attempt to acquire the secondary Discourse (Gee, 1990) of physician practicing in the U.S. health care context. The paper concludes with a discussion of the utility of ESP work in medical discourse and sets a research agenda for further work in the communicative setting and tasks of IMGs.
Interaction of sonic transverse jets with supersonic external flows

11 Griffith, B. J. and Lewis, C. H., "A Study of Laminar Heat Transfer to Spherically Blunted Cones and Hemisphere-Cylinders at Hypersonic Conditions," AEDC-TDR-63-102, June 1963, Arnold Engineering Development Center. 12 Wagner, R. D., Jr. and Watson, R., "Induced Pressures and Shock Shapes on Blunt Cones in Hypersonic Flow," TND-2182, March 1964, NASA. 13 Friberg, E. G., "Pressure Distribution on a 5.6° Blunt Cone at Mach 14," ARL 68-02,08, Nov. 1968, Aerospace Research Lab. 14 Ericsson, L. E., "Separated Flow Effects on the Static and Dynamic Stability of Blunt Nosed Cylinder Flare Bodies," LMSC-667991, Contract NAS 8-5338, Dec. 1965, Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., Sunny vale, Calif. 15 Ericsson, L. E. and Reding, J. P., "Dynamic Stability Problems Associated with Flare Stabilizers and Flap Controls," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 7, No. 2, Feb. 1970, pp. 132-137. 16 Walchner, O. and Clay, J. T., "Nose Bluntness Effects on the Stability Derivatives of Cones in Hypersonic Flow, Transactions of the Second Technical Workshop on Dynamic Stability Testing, Vol. 1, Paper 8, April 1965, Arnold Engineering Development Center, Arnold Air Force Station, Tenn. 17 Ericsson, L. E., "Effect of Boundary Layer Transition on Vehicle Dynamics," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 6, No. 12, Dec. 1969, pp. 1404-1409. 18 Rainbird, W. J., "Turbulent Boundary-Layer Growth and Separation on a Yawed Cone," AIAA Journal, Vol. 6, No. 12, Dec. 1968, pp. 2410-2416. 19 Clay, J. T., "Nose Bluntness, Cone Angle, and Mach Number Effects on the Stability Derivatives of Slender Cones," ARL 67-0185, Sept. 1967, Aerospace Research Lab. 20 Ward, L. K, Jr. and Uselton, B. L., "Dynamic Stability Results for Sharp and Blunted 10-deg Cones at Hypersonic Speeds," Transactions of the 3rd Technical Workshop on Dynamic Stability Problems, Vol. Ill, Paper 2, Nov. 1968, NASA. 21 Ericsson, L. E. and Scholnick, I. M., "Effect of Nose Bluntness on the Hypersonic Unsteady Aerodynamics of Flared and Conical Bodies of Revolution," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 6, No. 3, March 1969, pp. 321-324. 22 Friberg, E. G. and Walchner, O., "Pressure Correlation for Blunted Slender Cones," AIAA Journal, Vol. 7, No. 8, Aug. 1969, pp. 1618-1619. 23 Ericsson, L. E., "Universal Scaling Laws for Nose Bluntness Effects on Hypersonic Unsteady Aerodynamics," AIAA Journal, Vol. 7, No. 12, Dec. 1969, pp. 2222-2227.
Triangle of dualities between quantum communication protocols.

We show that three quantum communication protocols---the ``feedback father,'' ``fully quantum reverse Shannon,'' and ``fully quantum Slepian-Wolf'' protocols---are pairwise related by three different dualities---the resource-reversal, time-reversal, and source-channel dualities.
Pancreatic achylia and glycosuria due to cystic diseaseof the pancreas in a 9-year-old child

Summary The case of a 9-year-old, previously healthy boy is described; he developedintestinal obstruction and at operation presented an abdominal mass, which on two separate biopsies proved to be pancreas studded with multiple small cysts. Microscopic examination revealed a different lesion from that seen in congenital cystic fibrosis of the pancreas, but closely resembling that found in polycystic disease as described by Lindau. Extreme emaciation and evidence of vitamin A deficiency were present. These were accompanied by pancreatic achylia, failure to absorb vitamin A, flat gelatine tolerance test, and the presence of glycosuria. Clinical, chemical, and metabolic studies of the case are reported. In a follow-up after one year, the patient's general condition is good although his height and weight are retarded and he is prone to develop upper respiratory infections with rapid loss of weight. His mild glycosuria persists. Cystic disease of the pancreas and tests for pancreatic function are discussed.
Investigation of Plasma Charging damage impact on device and gate dielectric reliability in 180nm SOI CMOS RF switch technology

The impact of charging damage from plasma processes on device and gate dielectric reliability is investigated for MOSFETs fabricated in an SOI CMOS RF Switch technology. Although results from voltage breakdown measurements do not reveal any indication of plasma damage, detrimental antenna effects are observed on the negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) and hot carrier device performance. With regard to NBTI in P-channel SOI MOSFETs in particular, relaxation experiments are carried out under various bias conditions. Recovery effects which are well known for intrinsic NBTI are also observed for the antenna devices, but are found to be reduced relative to that of control devices.
Factoring compact operators

We consider the following problem: Does there exist a separable Banach spaceZ such that every compact operator can be factored as a productTS withT, S compact, rangeS=DomainT=Z? Our investigation yields a reasonable partial solution to this problem as well as the following independent result: A Banach space which has theλ-metric approximation property can be embedded as a complemented subspace of aπ λ space.
Structure of memory-switching glasses I. crystallization temperature and its control in GeTe glasses

Abstract Binary Ge-Te glasses have been prepared by splat-cooling and water quenching over the ranges of 10–25 and 15–20 at. % Ge respectively. The temperature at which crystallization occurs on heating has been shown to be a highly reproducible and sensitive structural parameter of such glasses. “Crystallization” and glass transition temperatures for 6 glasses were determined by DTA. The latter were found to decrease smoothly with the increase of Te content from 160°C at 75 at. % Te, whereas the former passed through a maximum (220°C) at about 20 at. % Ge and decreased more than 60°C with a 10 at. % increase of Te content in the splat-cooled glasses. The possibility that diphastic or microheterogeneous structures exist at both ends of the glass-forming region is indicated from the DTA and X-ray diffraction data. Some implications of the present results for memory-switching device materials are described.
Left Atrial Reverse Remodeling in Dogs With Moderate and Advanced Heart Failure Treated With a Passive Mechanical Containment Device: An Echocardiographic Study

Abstract Background Assessment of global left ventricular (LV) remodeling is important in evaluating the efficacy of pharmacologic and device therapies for the treatment of chronic heart failure (HF). The effects of pharmacologic or device therapies on global left atrial (LA) remodeling in HF, although also important, are not often examined. We showed that long-term therapy with the Acorn Cardiac Support Device (CSD), a passive mechanical ventricular containment device, prevents or reverses LV remodeling in dogs with HF. This study examined the effects of the CSD on global LA remodeling in dogs with moderate and advanced HF. Methods and Results Studies were performed in 24 dogs with coronary microembolization-induced HF. Of these, 12 had moderate HF (ejection fraction, EF 30% to 40%) and 12 advanced HF (EF ≤25%). In each group, the CSD was implanted in 6 dogs and the other 6 served as controls. Dogs were followed for 3 months in the moderate group and 6 months in the advanced HF group. LA maximal volume (LAVmax), LA volume at the onset of the p-wave (LAVp), LA minimal volume (LAVmin), LA active emptying volume (LAAEV), and LA active emptying fraction (LAAEF) were measured from 2-dimensional echocardiograms obtained before CSD implantation and at the end of the treatment period. Treatment effect (Δ) comparisons between CSD-treated dogs and controls showed that CSD therapy significantly decreased LA volumes (ΔLAVmax: 3.33 ± 0.70 vs. –2.87 ± 1.31 mL, P = .002; 7.77 ± 1.76 versus –0.37 ± 0.87 mL, P = .002) and improved LA function (ΔLAAEF: –6.00 ± 1.53 versus 1.85 ± 1.32%, P = .003; –2.39 ± 1.10 versus 3.13 ± 1.66%, P = .02) in the moderate HF and advanced HF groups, respectively. Conclusions Progressive LA enlargement and LA functional deterioration occurs in untreated dogs with HF. Monotherapy with the CSD prevents LA enlargement and improves LA mechanical function in dogs with moderate and advanced HF indicating prevention or reversal of adverse LA remodeling.
Music, language, and texts: sound and semiotic ethnography.

This review surveys recent research on language-music: the unified expressive field comprising sounded and textual signs whose segmentation into “language” and “music” is culturally constructed. I argue that approaching language-music semiotically will promote—alongside the discipline's emergent “auditory turn”—greater holism in anthropological practice if coupled to the joint effort of attending to textuality while decentering its primacy. I discuss recent scholarship that demonstrates, if often implicitly, the merit of this approach. I organize this work into three overlapping themes of active research: scholarship on chronotopes and soundscapes exploring processes that reconfigure time and place; work on subject creation focusing on voice, emotion, intersubjectivity, and listening; and scholarship on the social dimensions of object creation, including technological mediation, authentication, and circulation. I conclude by discussing future directions in research on language-music and the promise such w...
Density and Temperature Dependence of the Condensate Fraction in Liquid 4He

We present a new method for extracting the condensate fraction from deep inelastic neutron scattering studies of superfluid helium. This method employs a model for the momentum distribution that incorporates the known limiting behavior from many-body theories and takes into account final-state effects present in deep inelastic neutron scattering measurements. We apply this procedure to deep inelastic neutron scattering measurements of helium over a wide range of temperatures and densities in the superfluid, normal liquid, and solid phases.
Exchange rate sensitivity of the demand for money in developing countries

There is consensus among researches that under the present floating exchange rate system although developing countries peg their exchange rate to a major currency, they cannot avoid fluctuation in their effective exchange rates as long as major currencies fluctuate against one another. Few authors have investigated the effects of changes in effective exchange rates of developing countries on their imports, exports, trade balance, demand for international reserves, inflation etc. In this paper we try to inestigate the effects of effective exchange rates of developing countries on their demand for money. Previous authors who have estimated a money demand function, inclusive of an exchange rate variable (bilateral or effective), have restricted themselves to industrial countries only. By using quarterly data over the 1973–85 period, it is shown that in most developing countries, while the short-run effcts of depreciation could be in either direction, its long-run effects are negative indicating that deprecia...
Computational studies of electronic circular dichroism spectra predict absolute configuration assignments for the guanine oxidation product 5-carboxamido-5-formamido-2-iminohydantoin.

Oxidation of the guanine heterocycle by two electrons can yield the chiral product 5-carboxamido-5-formamido-2-iminohydantoin (2Ih). The 2Ih free base enantiomers were synthesized from 2′-deoxyguanosine oxidized with a Cu(II)/H2O2 oxidant system followed by hydrolysis of the N-glycosidic bond. These isomers were each studied by electronic circular dichroism spectroscopy for determination of their absolute configurations. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations of the expected spectra were completed in both the gas phase and with solvent modeling in order to interpret the experimental spectra and provide the absolute configuration assignments.
Hydrolysis of crystalline aluminosilicate catalysts. 27AI NMR of hydrated zeolite 13-x

Abstract NMR relaxation times, linewidths, and intensities for 27Al in NaX zeolite materials are compared for a hydrolyzed specimen and a specimen carefully protected against hydrolysis. The only parameter differing between the two materials is the relative intensity; only 75% of the aluminum nuclei in the hydrolyzed material are thus accounted for. In conjunction with older similar NMR data for protons and 23Na in these materials it is concluded that the “hydrolysis complex” is actually in the form Al(OH)a. The diffusion coefficient for this entity is estimated as D = 10 -8 exp( −3.08 RT ) cm 2 sec -1 where R is in units kcal mol−1 deg−1. After completion of the paper D. H. Olson compared the hydrolyzed and normal zeolite specimens by electron probe microanalysis (specimens identical in Si/Al ratio), lattice parameter (hydrolyzed specimen 0.04 A larger), atomic absorption spectroscopy (sodium concentrations not significantly different), and surface acidity (protons of the complex not acidic). As the amounts available for analysis were small (ca. 0.3 g), the replications necessary for good statistics in the sodium analysis could not be carried out. The result of the sodium analysis, while not confirming the model put forth in this paper (wherein sodium should be lost from the zeolite) is not taken as a completely trustworthy result because of this lack of replication. The NMR relative intensity measurements, nondestructive in character, were easily replicated in contrast.
Evaluation of nefopam as a monoamine uptake inhibitor in vivo in mice

Nefopam antagonized 6-hydroxydopamine-induced depletion of heart norepinephrine in mice with an ED50 value of 12 mg/kg. Nefopam was ineffective in antagonizing p-chloroamphetamine-induced depletion of brain serotonin in our standard assay in mice, apparently due to a short duration of action. Brain concentrations of the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were decreased after a 32 mg/kg, i.p., dose of nefopam at 1 and 2 hr but not at 4 hr. When nefopam was injected simultaneously with p-chloroamphetamine, it prevented brain serotonin depletion initially, but by 6 hr the protective effect was essentially lost, suggesting that p-chloroamphetamine persisted in mouse brain longer than did nefopam. Nefopam caused a dose-related antagonism of brain serotonin depletion at 2 hr after injection of a low dose of p-chloroamphetamine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg, i.p.), with a calculated ED50 value of 11 mg/kg. The lowering of brain 5-HIAA concentration 2 hr after nefopam injection occurred after a 32 mg/kg dose but not after a 3 or 10 mg/kg dose. These data suggest that nefopam is effective as an inhibitor of norepinephrine and serotonin uptake at doses previously shown to be analgesic in mice, consistent with uptake inhibition being a postulated mechanism important in its analgesic effect. Nonetheless, nefopam is a relatively weak inhibitor of monoamine uptake with a short duration of action in mice.
Vibrational lifetimes of hydrogen in silicon

Characterization of defect and impurity reactions, dissociation, and migration in semiconductors requires a detailed understanding of the rates and pathways of vibrational energy flow, of the energy transfer channels, and of the coupling mechanisms between local modes and the phonon bath of the host material. Significant progress in reaching this goal has been accomplished in recent landmark studies exploring the excitation and dynamics of vibrational states associated with hydrogen in silicon. The lifetime of the Si–H stretch mode is found to be extremely dependent on the local solid-state structure, ranging from picoseconds for interstitial-like hydrogen, hundreds of picoseconds for hydrogen–vacancy complexes, to several nanoseconds for hydrogen bonded to Si surfaces—over three orders of magnitude variation. Such large variations in lifetime (transition probability) are extraordinarily rare in solid-state science. The level of theoretical investigation into the vibrational lifetime of the Si–H oscillato...
Receptor-binding, biodistribution, and metabolism studies of 64Cu-DOTA-cetuximab, a PET-imaging agent for epidermal growth-factor receptor-positive tumors.

The epidermal growth-factor receptor (EGFR) and its ligands have been recognized as critical factors in the pathophysiology of tumorigenesis. Overexpression of the EGFR plays a significant role in the tumor progression of a wide variety of solid human cancers. Therefore, the EGFR represents an attractive target for the design of novel diagnostic and therapeutic agents for cancer. Cetuximab (C225, Erbitux ®) was the first monoclonal antibody targeted against the ligand-binding site of EGFR approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of patients with EGFR-expressing, metastatic colorectal carcinoma, although clinical trials showed variability in the response to this treatment. The aim of this study involved using cetuximab to design a positron emission tomography (PET) agent to image the overexpression of EGFR in tumors. Cetuximab was conjugated with the chelator, DOTA, for radiolabeling with the positron-emitter, 64Cu (T1/2 = 12.7 hours). 64Cu-DOTA-cetuximab showed high binding affinity ...
Assembly and Disassembly of the Capsid-Like External Scaffold of Immature Virions during Vaccinia Virus Morphogenesis

Infectious poxvirus particles are unusual in that they are brick shaped and lack symmetry. Nevertheless, an external honeycomb lattice comprised of a capsid-like protein dictates the spherical shape and size of immature poxvirus particles. In the case of vaccinia virus, trimers of 63-kDa D13 polypeptides form the building blocks of the lattice. In the present study, we addressed two questions: how D13, which has no transmembrane domain, associates with the immature virion (IV) membrane to form the lattice structure and how this scaffold is removed during the subsequent stage of morphogenesis. Interaction of D13 with the A17 membrane protein was demonstrated by immunoaffinity purification and Western blot analysis. In addition, the results of immunogold electron microscopy indicated a close association of A17 and D13 in crescents, as well as in vesicular structures when crescent formation was prevented. Further studies indicated that binding of A17 to D13 was abrogated by truncation of the N-terminal segment of A17. The N-terminal region of A17 was also required for the formation of crescent and IV structures. Disassembly of the D13 scaffold correlated with the processing of A17 by the I7 protease. When I7 expression was repressed, D13 was retained on aberrant virus particles. Furthermore, the morphogenesis of IVs to mature virions was blocked by mutation of the N-terminal but not the C-terminal cleavage site on A17. Taken together, these data indicate that A17 and D13 interactions regulate the assembly and disassembly of the IV scaffold.
Shared genetic contributions to early-onset drinking and drinking to cope motives.

Introduction Recent evidence from empirical studies indicates that individuals who begin drinking at an early age may be more likely to use alcohol to cope with negative mood states and stress; however, the mechanisms underlying this association are unclear. One possibility is that early drinking directly increases risk for drinking to cope (DTC). Alternatively, the association between early drinking and DTC may be indirect, attributable to overlapping genetic or environmental factors. No prior genetically informative study has investigated the sources of covariation underlying the early-onset drinking-DTC association.
Monte Carlo simulation of electrical corona discharge in air

Abstract Electrical discharges play a key role in technologies; there are many industrial applications where the corona discharge is used. Air as insulator is probably the best compromise solution for many applications. All of this reflects on the great importance of the evaluation of the corona performance characteristics. Numerical simulation of the corona discharge helps to better understand the involved phenomena and optimize the corona devices. This paper is aimed at calculating the corona discharge in negative point–plane air gaps. To describe the non-equilibrium behavior of the electronic avalanches and to simulate the development of corona discharge the method of Monte Carlo has been used. This model provides the spatial-temporal local field and particles charged densities variations as well as the ionization front velocity.
C57BL/6J mice exhibit reduced dopamine D3 receptor-mediated locomotor-inhibitory function relative to DBA/2J mice.

Previous reports have identified greater sensitivity to the locomotor-stimulating, sensitizing, and reinforcing effects of amphetamine in inbred C57BL/6J mice relative to inbred DBA/2J mice. The dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) plays an inhibitory role in the regulation of rodent locomotor activity, and exerts inhibitory opposition to D1 receptor (D1R)-mediated signaling. Based on these observations, we investigated D3R expression and D3R-mediated locomotor-inhibitory function, as well as D1R binding and D1R-mediated locomotor-stimulating function, in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. C57BL/6J mice exhibited lower D3R binding density (−32%) in the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens/islands of Calleja), lower D3R mRNA expression (−26%) in the substantia nigra/ventral tegmentum, and greater D3R mRNA expression (+40%) in the hippocampus, relative to DBA/2J mice. There were no strain differences in DR3 mRNA expression in the ventral striatum or prefrontal cortex, nor were there differences in D1R binding in the ventral striatum. Behaviorally, C57BL/6J mice were less sensitive to the locomotor-inhibitory effect of the D3R agonist PD128907 (10 μg/kg), and more sensitive to the locomotor-stimulating effects of novelty, amphetamine (1 mg/kg), and the D1R-like agonist ±-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-(1H)-3-benzazepine-7,8,-diol hydrochloride (SKF38393) (5–20 mg/kg) than DBA/2J mice. While the selective D3R antagonist N-(4-[4-{2,3-dichlorphenyl}-1 piperazinyl]butyl)-2-fluorenylcarboxamide (NGB 2904) (0.01–1.0 mg/kg) augmented novelty-, amphetamine-, and SKF38393-induced locomotor activity in DBA/2J mice, it reduced novelty-induced locomotor activity in C57BL/6J mice. Collectively, these results demonstrate that C57BL/6J mice exhibit less D3R-mediated inhibitory function relative to DBA/2J mice, and suggest that reduced D3R-mediated inhibitory function may contribute to heightened sensitivity to the locomotor-stimulating effects of amphetamine in the C57BL/6J mouse strain. Furthermore, these data demonstrate that comparisons between C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mouse strains provide a model for elucidating the molecular determinants of genetic influence on D3R function.
Conversation at Home: A Case Study of a Young Deaf Child's Communication Experiences in a Family in Which All Others Can Hear

In the past, much research on deaf children's language development has been conducted in schools and clinical settings to examine children's achievement of standard English or to study the effectiveness of mode of communication. The purpose of this study was to examine a deaf child's pragmatic development, her abilities as a language user in the naturally occurring situations of her everyday life at home. Observations, videotaping, and interviews were used to collect descriptive data of the child's conversation experiences with hearing family members. Findings reveal that deafness has had an impact on the family's beliefs and communication practices. Data show the child to be a competent communicator as she uses language appropriately for a variety of purposes, demonstrates her knowledge of the structural features of conversation, and employs an array of communication strategies to achieve mutual understanding with family members.
EVALUATION OF SUPPLEMENTAL DIETS FOR POND CULTURE OF GULF KILLIFISH (Fundulus grandis) FOR THE LIVE BAIT INDUSTRY

Juvenile Fundulus grandis averaging 0.5 g/fish were stocked into 8 0.1 ha brackish water earthen ponds at 200,000/ha. Growth was monitored over a 70-day period (from June 9 to August 18, 1980) and fish were offered at 5% body weight per day either commercial trout feed (40% protein), commercial minnow meal (33% protein) or a 1:1 mixture of cottonseed meal and wheat shorts (32% protein). There was no significant difference in growth rates between fish fed the low cost 1:1 mix and the more expensive trout feed, but growth of fish fed minnow feed was significantly lower. Production averaged 565, 554, and 497 kg/ha for the 1:1 mix, trout feed and minnow feed, respectively, with corresponding food conversion ratios of 1.8, 1.86 and 2.07. Survival ranged from 80 to 92% and 88% of all the fish reached ideal marketable size (62.5 ± 7.5 mm TL) while 99% were distributed within a range of 50–75 mm. This species is sold by the dozen and high survival plus relatively low food cost for those offered minnow meal resulted in the highest return above feed costs.
Using principles from architecture to inform HCI design

The field of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) Design has traditionally been very inclusive, as it emerged from the confluence of seemingly disparate disciplines, such as Computer Science, Information Design and even Rhetoric. However, this interdisciplinary orientation has not translated into direct conversations with other disciplines in order to explore a variety of actionable design strategies, which can inform future systems and interactions. This position paper explores one such possible relationship, arguing that HCI can benefit by drawing from other design fields, specifically Architecture. In order to understand how architectural design can inform better information design, we compare and contrast architectural design elements and principles to information architecture design elements within websites. We then use examples of both typical and award-winning architecture to compare to common and award-winning information architecture and website design, in order to draw parallels between the principles at work. The comparison specifically explores how architects of physical spaces create a sense of place through context and transition spaces, and provide users with a thorough understanding of they space they are navigating, concluding with implications for transfer into information design.