cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Back-arc basin basalt systematics

The Mariana, east Scotia, Lau, and Manus back-arc basins (BABs) have spreading rates that vary from slow ( 100 mm/yr) and extension axes located from 10 to 400 km behind their island arcs. Axial lava compositions from these BABs indicate melting of mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB)-like sources in proportion to the amount added of previously depleted, water-rich, arc-like components. The arc-like end-members are characterized by low Na, Ti and Fe, and by high H2O and Ba/La; the MORB-like end-members have the opposite traits. Comparisons between basins show that the least hydrous compositions follow global MORB systematics and an inverse correlation between Na8 and Fe8. This is interpreted as a positive correlation between the average degree and pressure of mantle melting that reflects regional variations in mantle potential temperatures (Lau/Manus hotter than Mariana/Scotia). This interpretation accords with numerical model predictions that faster subduction-induced advection will maintain a hotter mantle wedge. The primary compositional trends within each BAB (a positive correlation between Fe8, Na8 and Ti8, and their inverse correlation with H2O(8) and Ba/La) are controlled by variations in water content, melt extraction, and enrichments imposed by slab and mantle wedge processes. Systematic axial depth (as a proxy for crustal production) variations with distance from the island arc indicate that compositional controls on melting dominate over spreading rate. Hydrous fluxing enhances decompression melting, allowing depleted mantle sources just behind the island arc to melt extensively, producing shallow spreading axes. Flow of enriched mantle components around the ends of slabs may augment this process in transform-bounded back-arcs such as the east Scotia Basin. The re-circulation (by mantle wedge corner flow) to the spreading axes of mantle previously depleted by both arc and spreading melt extraction can explain the greater depths and thinner crust of the East Lau Spreading Center, Manus Southern Rifts, and Mariana Trough and the very depleted lavas of east Scotia segments E8/E9. The crust becomes mid-ocean ridge (MOR)-like where the spreading axes, further away from the island arc and subducted slab, entrain dominantly fertile mantle.
ATP analogs substituted on the 2-position as substrates for dynein ATPase activity

In contrast to previously studied ATP analogs, the two-substituted ATP analogs, 2-N3 ATP and 2-Cl ATP were good substrates for dynein ATPase. The Vmax for hydrolysis of both analogs was significantly higher than for ATP and the Km for both analogs was comparable to ATP. The higher hydrolytic rate for the analogs might be explained by a faster dissociation rate of the diphosphate product. This interpretation is supported by measurements of the dissociation rate of the inhibitor, vanadate. The estimate dissociation rate of vanadate with the analogs as substrate is approx. 2-fold higher than with ATP as substrate. These data together with previous studies on a variety of ATP analogs suggest that the 6-amino group on adenine is important for recognition by dynein and that the anti-conformation of the adenine, favored by 2-substituents, is the favored conformation of the nucleotide.
Corrosion-resistant tantalum coatings for PEM fuel cell bipolar plates

Tantalum is a tough, corrosion resistant metal, which would be suitable for use as bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells, if it was not for its high weight and price. Relatively thin tantalum coatings, however, can be deposited on other inexpensive and lighter weight metals, such as aluminum and steel, providing a passive protection layer on these easily formed substrates. We have successfully deposited, high quality α (body-centered-cubic, bcc) and β (tetragonal) phase tantalum coatings that were a few micrometers thick by dc magnetron sputtering on steel and aluminum. The growth of the thermodynamically preferred body-centered-cubic (bcc) tantalum phase was induced by a choice of deposition conditions and substrate surface treatment. The microstructure and corrosion resistance of the α-phase in an environment approximately simulating the electrochemical conditions used in a PEM fuel cell were investigated under potentiodynamic conditions. Preliminary potentiostatic measurements of a β-phase sample are also presented.
A Static Anti-Windup Compensator Design Technique for Robust Regional Pole Placement

This paper develops a new method of designing anti-windup compensators using the concept of robust pole placement using linear matrix inequality (LMI) regions. The anti-windup problem seeks to minimize the closed loop performance deterioration due to input nonlinearities such as saturation for a given linear time-invariant plant and controller. Existing LMI-based anti-windup synthesis techniques do not explicitly provide a method to account for robust pole placement. This paper suggests a LMI-based method that not only attempts to minimize performance deterioration, but also explicitly restricts the anti-windup closed loop dynamics to an admissible set. Finally, the techniques discussed in this paper are demonstrated on a hydraulic test bed.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
The ε Subunit of the F1F0 Complex ofEscherichia coli CROSS-LINKING STUDIES SHOW THE SAME STRUCTURE IN SITUAS WHEN ISOLATED

Four double mutants in the e subunit were generated, each containing two cysteines, which, based on the NMR structure of this subunit, should form internal disulfide bonds. Two of these were designed to generate interdomain cross-links that lock the C-terminal α-helical domain against the β-sandwich (eM49C/A126C and eF61C/V130C). The second set should give cross-linking between the two C-terminal α-helices (eA94C/L128C and eA101C/L121C). All four mutants cross-linked with 90–100% efficiency upon CuCl2 treatment in isolated Escherichia coli ATP synthase. This shows that the structure obtained for isolated e is essentially the same as in the assembled complex. Functional studies revealed increased ATP hydrolysis after cross-linking between the two domains of the subunit but not after cross-linking between the C-terminal α-helices. None of the cross-links had any effect on proton pumping-coupled ATP hydrolysis, on DCCD sensitivity of this activity, or on ATP synthesis rates. Therefore, big conformational changes within e can be ruled out as a part of the enzyme function. Protease digestion studies, however, showed that subtle changes do occur, since the e subunit could be locked in an ADP or 5′-adenylyl-β,γ-imidodiphosphate conformation by the cross-linking with resulting differences in cleavage rates.
Intrahippocampal infusion of a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor attenuates memory acquisition in rats

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors have been shown to block memory retention in rodents following Morris water maze training and in chicks following a passive avoidance task. However, the role of COX-2 in acquisition has not been analyzed. We show that pre-training intrahippocampal infusion of a COX-2 specific inhibitor (celecoxib) attenuated water maze acquisition. These findings, along with previously published reports, implicate COX-2 activity in both memory acquisition and retention.
Novel response surface methodologies with design of experiment for source localization in unknown spatial-temporal fields

The spread of contaminant into the environment due to a high volume of leakage from point sources is a very real threat in the modern world. Since the contaminant can often be dangerous to human operators, multiple robotic agents equipped with suitable sensors are playing an increasingly important role in the so-called contaminant detection problem than before. This paper proposes a contaminant detection methodology which can not only locate the (possibly multiple) source of the contaminant, but also estimate the intensity in an environment evolving over both space and time. The method can deal with measurement noise and does not need any gradient information.
The size bias of White's information matrix test

Abstract A recently proposed diagnostic test for maximum-likelihood estimators is examined. It is found that the size bias is very substantial and this makes the test impractical to use in its current form.
Structural relaxation following crystallization in high purity GeO2 glass

Abstract Crystallization of high purity GeO 2 glass heat treated for various lengths of time at temperatures between 373 and 1273 K was monitored by X-ray diffraction. Structural relaxation at and slightly above room temperature in these partially crystalline samples was studied by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy as a function of time. Broken bonds are created during the structural relaxation of the glassy phase as evidenced by the increase in the concentration of Ge E ′ centers.
A relationship between synaptosomal gaba uptake and blood pressure in five inbred strains of mice.

Abstract Synaptosomal GABA uptake, sodium-dependent GABA binding to synaptic membranes and GABA receptor binding were measured in the cerebral cortex of five inbred strains of mice. These were the SWR/J, BALB/cJ, DBA/1J, C57BL/10J and C3HeB/FeJ strains. A highly significant negative correlation was found to exist between GABA uptake and blood pressure (r = −0.92). A similarly good negative correlation occurred between sodium-dependent GABA binding and blood pressure. A poor correlation was observed between blood pressure and GABA receptor binding (r = −0.46). Taken together with other evidence that exists in the literature, these results suggest that in mice blood pressure could be under the influence of the GABA system.
Photothermal Determination Of The Optical Absorption Coefficient Of Pure Water

The optical absorption coefficient for pure water has been measured as a function of wavelength using photothermal (PT) spectroscopy with the probe beam refraction (PBR) technique; data has been obtained in the 580-590nm region for deionized, filtered water samples which were additionally filtered with a 0.21μm filter.
Ion Implantation in Semiconductors: Lattice Disorder and Electrical Effects

Ion implantation techniques have been used to form p-n junctions and device structures. The anneal characteristics are influenced by reordering of the lattice, radiation damage effects, and the lattice location of the implanted species. Hall effect and channeling techniques have been used to evaluate the nature of the implanted layer. Anneal data suggests that there is similarity in the disorder produced in ion implanted and fast neutron irradiated silicon. In both cases, localized regions of disorder are produced around the track of the incident ion or recoil lattice atom. The nature of the disordered region has not yet been defined. In ion implanted samples at doses ? 1014/cm2 at room temperature an amorphous layer is formed which anneals at significantly higher temperatures than the isolated regions of disorder produced at lower doses. In annealed samples, Group V dopant atoms occupy substitutional sites while Group III elements have a significant fraction on regular interstitial sites. Hall measurements on implanted samples also reveal differences between Group III and V dopant elements. One of the difficulties experienced in evaluating the electrical characteristics of implanted layers is that the anneal temperatures lie above the range of studies on fast neutron irradiated silicon.
Metacognition without introspection

While Carruthers denies that humans have introspective access to cognitive attitudes such as belief, he allows introspective access to perceptual and quasi-perceptual mental states. Yet, despite his own reservations, the basic architecture he describes for third-person mindreading can accommodate first-person mindreading without need to posit a distinct "introspective" mode of access to any of one's own mental states.
beta-Oxidation of the coenzyme A esters of elaidic, oleic, and stearic acids and their full-cycle intermediates by rat heart mitochondria.

beta-Oxidation rates for the CoA esters of elaidic, oleic and stearic acids and their full-cycle beta-oxidation intermediates and for the carnitine esters of oleic and elaidic acids were compared over a wide range of substrate and albumin concentrations in rat heart mitochondria. The esters of elaidic acid were oxidized at about half the rate of the oleic acid esters, while stearoyl-CoA was oxidized equally as rapid as oleoyl-CoA. The full-cycle beta-oxidation intermediates of elaidoyl-CoA (trans-16 : 1 delta 7, -14 : 1 delta 5, and -12 : 1 delta 3) were found to be oxidized at rates nearly equal to those for the corresponding intermediates of oleoyl-CoA. Therefore, after the first cycle of beta-oxidation, oleoyl-CoA and elaidoyl-CoA are oxidized at nearly equal rates. The activity of fatty acyl-CoA dehydrogenase was higher with elaidoyl-CoA and its full-cycle intermediates as substrates than with the corresponding cisisomers. It was concluded that the slower oxidation rate of elaidic acid is not due to slower oxidation of any of its full-cycle beta-oxidation intermediates, nor to slower activity of fatty acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, nor to outer mitochondrial carnitine acyltransferase. Possible explanations to account for the slower oxidation rate of elaidic acid are discussed.
Displaced discretion under Ohio sentencing guidelines

Abstract The argument that curbing judicial sentencing discretion generates more prosecutorial discretion at earlier decision points in case processing received little empirical attention beyond Miethe's (1987) before/after study of the Minnesota guidelines. This article presents an examination of whether Ohio's sentencing reform resulted in significant changes in prosecutorial decisions related to indictment severity, dropped charges, charge reductions, and overall plea bargains. The implementation of determinate sentencing guidelines corresponded with a significant yet modest increase in the likelihood of charge reductions only. Some changes also occurred in the specific effects of various defendant characteristics on some of the outcomes examined, but these changes did not uniformly result in harsher dispositions for defendants facing greater social and economic disadvantage. Similar to Miethe's observation regarding Minnesota's sentencing scheme, any increase in levels of prosecutorial discretion that might have occurred under Ohio's latest scheme had not resulted in substantive extra-legal disparities in case dispositions.
Load-Deflection Behavior of Conical Spiral Compression Springs

The geometry of both the Archimedean and the logarithmic spiral, when formed into the third dimension, is considered. Changes in profile resulting from the choice of constant helix angle and from constant spacing between adjacent coils along the axis of the conic are presented. The axial and lateral load-deflection behavior of conical spiral springs is considered in terms of the above variables. Strain-energy methods are used to obtain the load-deflection relationships. Nonlinear effects due to compression of the large diameter coils are discussed.
Mackay-Marg Tonometry Over Therapeutic Soft contact Lenses

We evaluated the accuracy of Mackay-Marg electronic applanation tonometry over Bausch and Lomb Plano-T therapeutic soft contact lenses on eye bank, postoperative keratoplasty, and normal eyes. Intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements were compared in the same eye without and with the lens in place. The mean difference of IOP readings through the lens was not statistically different from that without the lens over an IOP range of 10 through 50 mm Hg. We constructed confidence intervals to predict the accuracy of future observations. Results revealed that with 95% confidence, the range of difference between IOP readings without and with the lens in place was from -4.7 to +3.6 mm Hg in eye bank eyes, from -4.3 to +7.4 mm Hg in postoperative penetrating keratoplasty patients, and from -3.5 to +7.4 mm Hg in postoperative lamellar keratoplasty patients, from -3.3 to +2.7 mm Hg in normal eyes. We concluded that IOP can be measured with the Mackay-Marg tonometer through a therapeutic soft contact lens over a corneal graft. Although the readings are not as accurate as without the lens, they are probably adequate as a guide to the necessity of treating increased IOP in postoperative keratoplasty patients.
Prolonged depression of force developed by single motor units after their intermittent activation in adult cats

The fatigue of fast-twitch, glycolytic mammalian motor units [i.e., type FF; nomenclature of (3)] is dependent, in part, on the stimulation regimen (total number of stimuli, frequency, duty cycle, temporal patterning of stimuli, etc.) used to induce fatigue. To study the effect of the temporal pattern of the stimulus train on the rate and extend of fatigue in single FF units, one theoretically acceptable approach would be to use each motor unit as its own control: i.e., a sequential testing with two fatigue tests that differ only in the temporal organization of their stimuli. The purpose of this communication is to provide evidence that such an approach is not feasible when studying FF units, due to the delayed recovery of force following their repetitive activation. It was shown that 1/s activation of single FF units for only 15 or 45 s with intermittent 40-Hz, 300-ms duration trains significantly reduced their force response to a double-pulse shock for several hours. This finding suggests that in studies designed to test for the effects of different stimulation patterns on the fatigue of single motor units, deeply anaesthetized, reduced animal preparations are not appropriate models for the sequential application of different stimulation regimens to fast-twitch, glycolytic, mammalian motor units.
Crystallization of pyroxenes and the pigeonite problem

An abstract containing only conclusions from a study of pyroxenes will be presented at this time. A complete treatment of the subject will be prepared for publication in the near future. Under natural conditions, limited rather than complete solid solution is found in the clinopyroxene field between diopside-hedenbergite pyroxenes and clinoenstatite-clinoferrosilite pyroxenes.
Risks and challenges of component-based software development

Component developers, application assemblers, and customers must all know CBSD advantages and disadvantages before developing components and component-based applications.
Use of Containment in Supervising Couples Therapy

An important source of dissonance in couples' conflicts isthe projection of uncomfortablefeelings, resulting from earlydevelopmental deficits, into the partner WMen the partner isunable to contain the projected feelings (i.e. to tolerate, tounderstand, and to transmute them), greater conflictensues, often leading the couple to psychotherapy. In couplestherapy, the therapist is often called to contain the couple'sfeelings. When the therapist is unable to do so because ofcountertransference feelings, the projected feelings are oftenunconsciously introduced through a parallel process intosupervision. When supervisors are able to contain the projections they (a) model containment ofprojectedfeelings and(b) help supervisees understand the meaning of the couple'sprojected feelings.
A comparison of three self-report questionnaires for the diagnosis of DSM-III personality disorders

The diagnostic efficiency of three self-report questionnaires for personality disorder diagnosis (MMPI Personality Disorder scales, Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory, and Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire) was evaluated against a structured interview–based personality disorder diagnosis (Structured Interview for the DSM–III Personality Disorders). In general, all three tests were adequately sensitive and specific, with a positive predictive power of .60 and a negative predictive power of .89 for diagnosing any personality disorder. Complete results are reported for diagnosis of personality disorder clusters and individual personality disorders. The implications of using a self–report test for personality disorder diagnosis in lieu of a clinical interview are discussed.
Uranium−Nitrogen Multiple Bonding: The Case of a Four-Coordinate Uranium(VI) Nitridoborate Complex

Reaction of the azidoborate salt [N(n-Bu)4][(C6F5)3B(N3)] ([N(n-Bu)4][1]) with the uranium(III) tris(anilide) complex (THF)U(N[t-Bu]Ar)3 (2; THF = tetrahydrofuran; Ar = 3,5-Me2C6H3) results in formation of the paramagnetic uranium(V) nitridoborate complex [N(n-Bu)4][(C6F5)3B—N≡U(N[t-Bu]Ar)3] ([N(n-Bu)4][3]). Chemical oxidation of [N(n-Bu)4][3] is facile and provides the diamagnetic uranium(VI) nitridoborate complex (C6F5)3B—N≡U(N[t-Bu]Ar)3 (3). [N(n-Bu)4][3] and 3 are the first nitridoborate complexes of uranium and were characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, single crystal X-ray diffraction methods, and elemental analysis. The X-ray crystal structures of [N(n-Bu)4][3] and 3 reveal extremely short U—Nnitrido distances (1.916(4) A and 1.880(4) A, respectively). Density functional theory was used to calculate the optimized structure of the truncated model (C6F5)3B—N≡U(N[Me]Ph)3; the procedure was carried out similarly for several other relevant complexes featuring U—N multiple bonds. Bond multiplic...
High Resolution Live-Cell Imaging Reveals Novel Pathways for Lysosomal Delivery

Lysosomes play a central role in the degradation of proteins and other macromolecules. The mechanisms by which receptors are transferred to lysosomes for constitutive degradation are poorly understood. We have analyzed the processes that lead to the lysosomal delivery of the neonatal Fc receptor, FcRn. FcRn is a specific receptor for IgG and is ubiquitously expressed in many cell types. Structurally and functionally, FcRn is distinct from the other classical Fc receptors and is responsible for regulating and transporting IgG in the body. Our studies provide support for a novel pathway for receptor delivery. Specifically, unlike other receptors that enter intralumenal vesicles in late endosomes, FcRn is transferred from the limiting membrane of such endosomes to lysosomes, and is rapidly internalized into the lysosomal lumen. By contrast, LAMP-1 persists on the limiting membrane. Receptor transfer is mediated by tubular extensions from late endosomes to lysosomes or by interactions of the two participating organelles in kiss-and-linger like processes, whereas full fusion is rarely observed. The persistence of FcRn on the late endosomal limiting membrane, together with selective transfer to lysosomes, allows this receptor to undergo recycling or degradation. Consequently, late endosomes have functional plasticity, consistent with the presence of the Rab5 GTPase in discrete domains on these compartments.
The effect of pre-exposure and recovery type on activity-based anorexia in rats

Activity-based anorexia (ABA) occurs when there is limited access to food and an opportunity to engage in high levels of physical activity. While the ABA effect is well established, the distinct functions of exercise and food restriction in maintaining ABA have not been determined. The current study examined the effect of pre-exposure to a restricted feeding schedule and pre-exposure to a running wheel on the incidence of ABA in 36 rats. Access to food and the running wheel was also varied in the recovery phase of the study in order to establish the effect of these variables on recovery from ABA. Three adaptation conditions (pre-exposed to food restriction, pre-exposed to wheel access and non-exposed) and two recovery conditions (wheel access and food restriction recovery) defined the six groups in the current study. Pre-exposure to food restriction was found to ameliorate the ABA effect during the anorexia phase while pre-exposure to wheel access exacerbated ABA. It was also found that subjects in the wheel access recovery condition gained more weight than the subjects in the food restriction recovery. In food restriction recovery, there was an interaction between the adaptation and recovery condition, with subjects that were pre-exposed to food restriction gaining the most weight. The results of the current study aid in understanding the distinct functions of food restriction and exercise in maintaining and recovering from ABA and have possible implications for the treatment of people diagnosed with some types of anorexia nervosa.
Material Property Evaluation of Thick Thermal Barrier Coating Systems

Coating system optimization is a critical step in the design and development of plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings (TBC's) for diesel engines. The author reports on physical and mechanical property measurements and bench screening tests performed to evaluate the candidate TBC systems. Additional understanding of the material behavior and failure mechanisms of thick TBC's gained from the property measurements and bench testing was identified. A specific graded zironia (ZrO{sub 2})/bond (NiCrAlY) coating material system with good stain tolerance and fatigue resistance was selected for follow-on diesel engine durability testing.
THE CONCEPTUAL ADEQUACY OF THE DRUG ATTITUDE INVENTORY FOR MEASURING YOUTH ATTITUDES TOWARD PSYCHOTROPIC MEDICATIONS: A MIXED METHODS EVALUATION

Adolescents are routinely treated with psychiatric medications; however, little is known about their attitudes toward pharmacological intervention. The authors used a concurrent triangulation, mixed methods design to assess whether the Drug Attitude Inventory (DAI), developed for adults, is suitable for measuring adolescent attitudes toward psychiatric medications. Factor analytic techniques and qualitative data were used to investigate whether the instrument provides comprehensive measurement of medication-related constructs in adolescents. Findings suggest that the DAI contributes to knowledge of youth attitudes toward psychotropic treatment; however, limitations were uncovered by the mixed methods approach. This study enhances the measurement and mixed methods literature by showing how qualitative and quantitative techniques served as parallel data reduction strategies for examining an instrument’s utility with a new population.
Effects of Varying Ball Diameters on Catching Ability of Young Children

10 boys and 10 girls (60 subjects) were randomly selected from kindergarten, first, and second grades. Each subject attempted to catch balls of 6-, 8.5-, 10-, and 13-in. diameters through 28 trials...
Selective Rapid Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition of Titanium Disilicide on Silicon and Polysilicon

Selective rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition (RTCVD) of TiSi 2 is a promising alternative to the conventional self-aligned suicide (SALICIDE) process to form low-resistivity contacts to ultra-shallow source/drain junctions of deep submicron MOS transistors. The process makes use of TiCl 4 and SiH 4 as the Ti and Si source gases in a temperature range of 750 – 825 °C. The primary advantage of the process over the conventional SALICIDE process is that by providing sufficient levels of Si from the gas phase, junction consumption can be eliminated. Furthermore, the process eliminates wet etch and reduces the number of process steps from four to one. For the process to be compatible with CMOS manufacturing, low-resistivity TiSi 2 deposition must be achieved on both source/drain junctions as well as the poly cry stalline silicon gate electrode. It is the objective of this paper to compare basic characteristics of the process on these two surfaces. The results indicate that the crystallinity of the surface on which TiSi 2 is deposited can impact the nature of the deposited film. Our experimental results indicate enhanced Si consumption on polysilicon, smaller TiSi 2 grains and consequently higher sheet resistance. However, the process conditions and TiSi 2 thickness can be optimized to achieve consumption free TiSi 2 deposition on the junctions with acceptable performance on polysilicon.
Mutation of the gastric hydrogen-potassium ATPase alpha subunit causes iron-deficiency anemia in mice

Iron is an essential component of heme and hemoglobin, and therefore restriction of iron availability directly limits erythropoiesis. In the present study, we report a defect in iron absorption that results in iron-deficiency anemia, as revealed by an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea–induced mouse phenotype called sublytic. Homozygous sublytic mice develop hypochromic microcytic anemia with reduced osmotic fragility of RBCs. The sublytic phenotype stems from impaired gastrointestinal iron absorption caused by a point mutation of the gastric hydrogen-potassium ATPase α subunit encoded by Atp4a, which results in achlorhydria. The anemia of sublytic homozygotes can be corrected by feeding with a high-iron diet or by parenteral injection of iron dextran; rescue can also be achieved by providing acidified drinking water to sublytic homozygotes. These findings establish the necessity of the gastric proton pump for iron absorption and effective erythropoiesis.
W. H. R. Rivers Prize Essay (1986): Western Minds, Foreign Bodies

In this essay I discuss the limited gain and potential harm of health development programs that are directed by the assumptions of Western ideologies surrounding the sickness domain. By contrast with the realities of medical practice in the West and the Third World, three aspects of the cultural model of biomedicine are examined: (1) the implicit assumption that biomedicine is a body of widely shared knowledge that directs sickness behavior, and that this knowledge and the institutions in which it is applied are objectively and intrinsically related to each other; (2) the belief in the effectiveness of biomedical techniques; and (3) the implicit model of the ideal rational patient. I argue that the effectiveness of health development projects is lessened if they are planned on the basis of this orthodox biomedical orientation. Furthermore, I suggest that the practice of viewing Third World health development in terms of biomedical ideology inhibits consideration of the influences of both the political and physical environments on the distribution of sickness. Health planners are advised not only to implement culturally appropriate projects but also to promote awareness of important influences on health that biomedical discourse helps obscure from consideration. ike all systems of healing, biomedicine is a cultural product: it is formed in, reflects, and helps to create and recreate a social and cultural world. Biomedicine is socially constructed principally in terms of its subject matter, its epistemological basis, and its accepted mode of practice. Integral to the conception of biomedicine, however, is the belief that it objectively describes reality and is not influenced by social processes. There is, then, a discrepancy between the commonly accepted biomedical model and the reality of socially embedded theory and practice (Comaroff 1983). Yet the discrepancy between model and reality often remains unrecognized, and health planners act as though biomedicine is a socially neutral package that can be made to enter a medical "vacuum." This failure to recognize the social accoutrements of technical practices frequently renders those practices incongruous with the beliefs, needs, and expectations of the people they were intended to serve. The result is often minimal benefit from expensive, well-intentioned plans. Acknowledgment of and accommodation to the socially embedded nature of biomedicine are necessary if appropriate aspects of it are to be used to improve the health of people in the Third World.
Ferrite core loss for power magnetic components design

A practical method is presented for computing high-frequency ferrite core losses in the magnetic component for arbitrary voltage waveforms. The model presented requires only a few material parameters as input. To calculate ferrite hysteresis losses, a model based on empirical rules is employed. For high-frequency eddy current losses, a built phenomenon is assumed. It is demonstrated that the hysteresis model reproduces all of the important known features of the soft ferrites. These features include hysteresis loop shapes for low- and high-field excitations, the nonlinear permeability behavior, and hysteresis loss dependence on the amplitude of the exciting field. It is found that the total calculated core loss as a function of frequency and flux density correctly describes the observed soft ferrite behavior. The theoretical results are compared with available data for two commercial ferrites, and good agreement is found up to fairly high frequencies ( approximately 500 kHz). >
The origami of thioredoxin-like folds.

Origami is the Japanese art of folding a piece of paper into complex shapes and forms. Much like origami of paper, Nature has used conserved protein folds to engineer proteins for a particular task. An example of a protein family, which has been used by Nature numerous times, is the thioredoxin superfamily. Proteins in the thioredoxin superfamily are all structured with a β-sheet core surrounded with α-helices, and most contain a canonical CXXC motif. The remarkable feature of these proteins is that the link between them is the fold; however, their reactivity is different for each member due to small variations in this general fold as well as their active site. This review attempts to unravel the minute differences within this protein family, and it also demonstrates the ingenuity of Nature to use a conserved fold to generate a diverse collection of proteins to perform a number of different biochemical tasks.
Accurate L-band dielectric constant measurements of seawater

A temperature controlled resonant cavity is used to measure the complex dielectric constant of seawater at 30 psu over the temperature range from 10degC to 35degC at 1.413 GHz. The measurements are conducted multiple times to obtain the mean and the standard deviation at each point. This paper describes the experimental procedure and presents recent dielectric constant results. These results are compared with the values obtained using the Klein-Swift model function.
Noncausal 2-D spectrum estimation for direction finding

A two-dimensional noncausal autoregressive (NCAR) plus additive noise model-based spectrum estimation method is presented for planar array data typical of signals encountered in array processing applications. Since the likelihood function for NCAR plus noise data is nonlinear in the model parameters and is further complicated by the unknown variance of the additive noise, computationally intensive gradient search algorithms are required for computing the estimates. If a doubly periodic lattice is assumed, the complexity of the approximate maximum likelihood (ML) equation is significantly reduced without destroying the theoretical asymptotic properties of the estimates and degrading the observed accuracy of the estimated spectra. Initial conditions for starting the approximate ML computation are suggested. Experimental results that can be used to evaluate the signal-plus-noise approach and compare its performance to those of signal-only methods are presented for Gaussian and simulated planar array data. Statistics of estimated spectrum parameters are given, and estimated spectra for signals with close spatial frequencies are shown. The approximate ML parameter estimate's asymptotic properties, such as consistency and normality, are established, and lower bounds for the estimate's errors are derived, assuming that the data are Gaussian. >
Practical industrial control techniques

This paper describes several practical control techniques which are most suitable for industrial control. The discussion is limited to the control of time-invariant linear deterministic systems. Both frequency-domain techniques and time-domain techniques are considered. Among them are PID control, lag/dead control, linear-quadratic control, dynamic matrix control, internal model control, disturbance observation control, variable structure control, fuzzy logic and/or neural network aided control. The basic concept of each technique is reviewed and its merits and drawbacks discussed. >
Bringing Parliaments Back in The Sources of Power in the European Treaty Negotiations

Most literature on European constitution-building models member-states as unitary actors which monopolize bargaining power. However, recent advances in the literature on intergovernmental conferences (IGCs) demonstrate that both supranational actors and parliamentary domestic actors may influence treaty outcomes (Hix, 2002; Hug and Konig, 2002). We examine different potential sources of power available to parliamentary actors at IGCs through the use of spatial bargaining models. Using both open rule and closed rule models, we explore the power of the European Parliament (EP) and member-state parliaments at the Amsterdam IGC leading to the Treaty of Amsterdam. We empirically determine which actors have agenda-setting rights and if and when domestic constraints matter. Furthermore, we examine whether this influence differs across the different types of issues discussed at the IGC. Our findings demonstrate that supranational actors such as the EP may have some agenda-setting power over some types of issues. Because the EP often has very similar preferences to the European Council President, however, it is difficult to determine which actor actually has first-over advantage. In gen- eral, the EP is weak: hawkish domestic parliaments, on the other hand, can be a source of power for member-state negotiating teams. We find evidence that domestic constraints may even be a more important source of power than first- mover rights. Member-states that have both a hawkish parliament and are moderately divided tend to perform the best. Highly divided governments, however, perform poorly.
Pathophysiology of Venous Thrombosis and the Diagnosis of Deep Vein Thrombosis–Pulmonary Embolism in the Elderly

Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism are common medical problems in a variety of patient populations. It is essential that practitioners involved in the management of these patients understand not only the pathophysiology but also the diagnosis of venous thromboembolism. This foundation will provide the basis for the best care of this disease entity.
Toxicity of the ecdysone agonist tebufenozide to codling moth (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae)

The ecdysone agonist tebufenozide (RH-5992) has ovicidal, larvicidal but no adulticidal activity against codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.). The toxicity to eggs varied with the application and with the substrate on which eggs were laid. On apple leaves treated in a spray tower, the ovicidal activity of tebufenozide was 30 times greater when eggs where laid on top of the residue than with topical application of eggs after they were laid (LC 50 s of 4.35 and 123.8 ppm, respectively). Eggs laid on apples treated in a spray tower were not affected by tebufenozide residue. However, tebufenozide had low residual toxicity to eggs (LC 50 = 117.47 ppm, flat dose-response line) when fruit was dipped instead of sprayed, suggesting some residual control on the fruit surface with airblast applications in the field. The LC 50 s for neonate larvae feeding on treated apples and on treated artificial diet were 16.08 and 0.22 ppm, respectively. In tests with artificial diet, susceptibility to tebufenozide decreased with larval age. Bioassays with artificial diet established reference lines for tebufenozide susceptibility in different instars. Contact exposure of neonates to tebufenozide residue on treated leaves or on a plastic surface caused mortality in larvae. Larval mortality increased with the duration of contact exposure. The effect of contact exposure on larval mortality was greater on treated apple leaves than on a treated plastic surface. Tebufenozide had no direct toxicity to adults (both sexes) and their longevity was not affected. Because of its ovicidal and larvicidal activity there is more flexibility in terms of spray timing with tebufenozide than with other insect growth regulators (e.g., diflubenzuron, fenoxycarb) which are primarily effective against the egg stage.
Immulite vs Scantibodies IRMA Plasma ACTH Assay

The 2-site IRMA assay for adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH),1 as produced by Nichols Institute Diagnostics, was considered the gold standard in the US (1). This assay is no longer available. It was recently demonstrated that a manual IRMA ACTH assay produced by Scantibodies yielded results equivalent to those obtained with the Nichols Institute Diagnostics assay (2). We have observed that the results from the College of American Pathologists (CAP) Proficiency Survey samples for ACTH using the Scantibodies IRMA yielded higher results than those from the Immulite platform (Siemens), which …
Curbing resistance development: maximizing the utility of available agents.

BACKGROUND: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in hospital intensive care units (ICUs) is associated with high morbidity and mortality.Effective treatment of VAP can be challenging due to a high prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens as causative organisms. OBJECTIVE: To present the etiology of VAP in the United States (including national resistance trends of common nosocomial pathogens) and review dosing strategies aimed to optimize pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic parameters of antimicrobial agents. SUMMARY: The majority of nosocomial pneumonia cases are caused bygram-negative pathogens, most commonly P. aeruginosa, Enterobacterspp., A. baumannii, and K. pneumoniae. S. aureus is the most commongram-positive pathogen, with 55% of VAP isolates exhibiting methicillin resistance. Combination therapy is recommended when MDR pathogens and P. aeruginosa are suspected, although short-course therapy and deescalationshould be considered when appropriate to reduce the risk o...
Clicking Our Way To Class Discussion

The goal of this research project is to investigate whether the use of a personal response system (“clickers”) in the classroom increases student participation and discussion and its impact on the quality of the discussion in undergraduate accounting courses. While many studies conducted regarding the use of clickers rely on student surveys to determine the effectiveness of using clickers, this study will add to the literature by providing evidence of actual student behavior as it relates to participation when clicker technology is used in the classroom. Our study includes collecting data on student classroom behavior by observing and measuring the level of participation in both clicker and non-clicker classes. We discuss the observed impact of clickers on class participation and contrast it with prior work on the perceived impact, the use of clicker technology versus a clicker question, and the impact of the clickers on the faculty participating in this project.
Cost and Effectiveness of Combination Nicotine Replacement Therapy Among Heavy Smokers Contacting a Quitline–CORRIGENDUM

An error has been noted in the above mentioned article by Krupski et al. In the discussion section in the fourth paragraph, ‘greater than 15 cigarettes per day’ should read ‘greater than or equal to 10 cigarettes per day’.
Prevalence of electrocardiographic abnormalities in a middle-aged, biracial population: Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study

Abstract Background Few studies to date have described the prevalence of electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities in a biracial middle-aged cohort. Methods and Results Participants underwent measurement of traditional risk factors and 12-lead ECGs coded using both Minnesota Code and Novacode criteria. Among 2585 participants, of whom 57% were women and 44% were black (mean age 45 years), the prevalence of major and minor abnormalities was significantly higher (all P Conclusions Black men and women have a significantly higher prevalence of ECG abnormalities, independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors, than whites in a contemporary cohort of middle-aged participants.
Parallelizing nested loops on multicomputers-the grouping approach

The design of a tool for partitioning and parallelizing nested loops for execution on distributed-memory multicomputers is presented. The core of the tool is a technique called grouping, which identifies appropriate loop partition patterns based on data dependencies across the iterations. The grouping technique combined with analytic results from performance modeling tools will allow certain nested loops to be partitioned systematically and automatically, without users specifying the data partitions. Grouping is based on the concept of pipelined data parallel computation , which promises to achieve a balanced computation and communication on multicomputers. The basic structure of the parallelizing tool is presented. The grouping and performance analysis techniques for pipelined data parallel computations are described. A prototype of the tool is introduced to illustrate the feasibility of the approach. >
To Be or Not to Be (Public)

Why do firms go public? Despite the existence of many theories addressing this question, lack of data on private firms before they are public hampers our ability to test these theories. We circumvent this challenge by testing reverse predictions of going public theories using firms' decisions to go private. We employ a comprehensive sample of going private transactions from 1980-2004 in the U.S. and examine how these firms differ at the initial public offering and over their public life relative to a sample of firms that went and remained public. We find that many of the factors that drive the firms to go private are evident at the initial public offering. Our results provide strong support for the importance of information and liquidity considerations in being a public firm.
Mass transfer in a horizontal liquid‐liquid extraction tube

A study was made of the effect of physical properties and of geometrical and dynamical characteristics of several liquid-liquid extraction systems on the mass transfer coefficients. The two-component systems studied consisted of the following solvents with water: cyclohexanol, methyl ethyl ketone, furfural, normal butanol, and nitromethane. The transfer studies were made in a horizontal glass pipe with the phases flowing counter-currently at velocities from 1,000 to 15,000 lb./(hr.)(sq. ft.). The transfer of solvents into the water phase and of the water into the solvent phase was measured. The film coefficients of mass transfer for a solvent through the water film and for water through the solvent film were correlated by new dimensionless equations which include interfacial tension and diffusivity.
Code-Switching and Competition: An Examination of a Situational Response

Code switching is primarily a linguistic term that refers to the use of two or more languages within the same conversation, or same sentence, to convey a single message. One field of linguistics, sociocultural linguistics, is broad and interdisciplinary, a mixture of language, culture, and society. In sociocultural linguistics, the code, or language that is selected, can be triggered by a social situation or setting in which the speaker is placed. Code-switching can also apply to behavior. In physical education, teachers may communicate in the language of sport. When teaching a competitive activity in physical education class, the environment changes, becomes competitive, and the teachers often code switch and switch instructional choices unconsciously. This article examines the occurrence of code-switching during competitive activities.
ZnO Photonic Crystal Lasers

We fabricated two dimensional photonic crystal structures in zinc oxide films with focused ion beam etching. Lasing is realized in the near ultraviolet frequency at room temperature under optical pumping. From the measurement of lasing frequency and spatial profile of the lasing modes, as well as the photonic band structure calculation, we conclude that lasing occurs in either localized or extended defect modes near the dielectric edge of photonic band gap. These defect modes originate from the structure disorder unintentionally introduced during the fabrication process. Fine tuning of lasing wavelength across 20nm range has been realized by varying the lattice constant of PhCS structure. A qualitative explanation for these PhCS lasers with self optimization of laser cavity quality factor has been proposed.