cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
English Language Education in Korea Under Japanese Colonial Rule

The Korean government introduced English language education to the country when it opened an English school for interpreters in1883; it supported the growth of English language education for the next twenty-two years. In 1905, when Korea became a Japanese protectorate, this development was interrupted. This paper examines the colonial government's language policies, its efforts to replace Korean by Japanese as a national language, and the effect of various policies on the decline of English language education and its virtual ending between 1938 and 1945. As Japan became engaged in war, the government declared English an enemy language and suppressed its use and teaching. Japan's mobilization of the entire colony for the war effort, which by 1945 stopped all education in Korea, also ended opportunities for English language education.
Dynamic Path Reduction for Software Model Checking

We present the technique of dynamic path reduction (DPR), which allows one to prune redundant paths from the state space of a program under verification. DPR is based on the symbolic analysis of concrete executions. For each explored execution path π that does not reach an abort statement, we repeatedly apply a weakest-precondition computation to accumulate the constraints associated with an infeasible sub-path derived from π by taking the alternative branch to an if-then-else statement. We then use an SMT solver to learn the minimally unsatisfiable core of these constraints. By further learning the statements in π that are critical to the sub-path’s infeasibility as well as the control-flow decisions that must be taken to execute these statements, unexplored paths containing the same unsatisfiable core can be efficiently and dynamically pruned. DPR is a very general technique which we consider here in the context of the bounded model checking of sequential programs with nondeterministic conditionals. Our preliminary experimental results show that DPR can prune a significant percentage of execution paths, a percentage that grows with the size of the instance of the problem being considered.
The Making of National Money: Territorial Currencies in Historical Perspective

The Making of National Money: Territorial Currencies in Historical Perspective Eric Helleiner (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2003) The Internationalization of Palace Wars: Lawyers, Economists, and the Contest to Transform Latin American States Yves Dezalay and Bryant G. Garth (The Chicago Series in Law and Society) (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002)
HYPOPLASTIC ENAMEL ASSOCIATED WITH THE NEPHROTIC SYNDROME.

A high incidence of enamel hypoplasia in permanent teeth was found in children with the nephrotic syndrome. There was a correlation between the time of severe renal disease and the estimated time at which faulty enamel was formed. The absence of fluorescence of the defective teeth upon exposure to ultraviolet light suggests that tetracycline therapy was not a causative factor. Other possible causes of the defect include corticosteroid therapy and metabolic disturbances associated with the nephrotic syndrome. Final identification of the etiological factor remains uncertain.
Entrance channel stereospecificity of photoinitiated H-atom reactions in weakly bonded complexes

Hot H-atom reactions photoinitiated in T-shaped C02_HBr and nearly-linear C02-HC1 complexes show remarkably different reaction probabilities. Broadside H-atom approaches in C02~HBr complexes are greatly favoured over the relatively endon approaches of C02~HC1 complexes, a striking steric effect. Photoinitiated hot H-atom reactions with N20 result in a much lower [NH]/[OH] ratio with N20 _HI complexes than under single-collision conditions at the same photolysis wavelength. In addition, OH rotational distributions differ markedly between bulk and complexed conditions, while NH rotational distributions are similar. These results can be interpreted in terms of entrance channel stereospecificity influencing chemically distinct product channels.
Constant-Brightness Surfaces Generated by Several Color-Difference Formulas*

Surfaces of constant brightness in x, y, Y space have been determined for several competing color-difference formulas. The computation of these surfaces has been based on (1) a theory of color vision due to Schrodinger and (2) the recently developed capability to compute geodesics between arbitrary points in color 3 space. Comparison with experimentally determined surfaces of constant brightness provides information on the validity of color-difference formulas. Of six formulas considered, only the FMC 1 formula and a modification of the FMC 2 formula were found to generate constant-brightness surfaces that are in agreement with experimental results.
Metabolism of [14C]Propionic Acid In Broiler Chicks

Abstract Broiler chicks were given 4 or 120 μmol propionic[1-14 C] acid by gavage to determine its chemical fate and distribution of radiolabel among organs and tissues [foregut (crop, gizzard, and proventriculus), intestine (small and large), ceca, liver, and serum]. At 15 and 60 min postgavage, most of the extractable radiolabel remaining in the chicks was found in the foregut. Significantly higher percentages of the administered radiolabel were detected at 15 min in the serum and liver extracts of chicks given 120 μmol of propionic acid than in chicks given only 4 μmol. After 15 min, 41 and 30%, respectively, of the total radiolabel administered was accounted for in extracts of the digestive tract and tissues of chicks given 4 or 120 μmol of [14 C] propionic acid. Only about 12% of the administered radiolabel was extracted from body compartments at 60 min postgavage from chicks given 4 μmol of propionic acid. Collection of respired [14 C]CO2 during a 3-h postgavage period indicated that orally administered propionic acid is largely (about 75%) used as an energy source or is metabolized and assimilated into body components. The present studies indicate that little if any dietary propionic acid reaches the lower digestive tract and the ceca.
Optimal design of sensor networks for enhanced ocean wave energy conversion

Advanced control systems for Wave Energy Converter (WEC) devices require the prediction of the exact time waveforms of ocean waves. In this paper, ocean waves are described as a sum of several plane waves of different frequencies and directions of travel while sensor measurements are assumed to be observed under Gaussian noise. A general expression for the Cramer Rao Bound (CRB) of the estimates is derived pertaining to the group of sensors analyzed in the paper. The CRB is used as the criterion for determining the recommended type of sensors to be used for ocean environments described by a single frequency and a single direction.
Postal workers' occupational and leisure-time sun safety behaviors (United States).

Objectives United States Postal Service letter carriers are exposed to long bouts of UVR and thus are vulnerable to skin cancer. While previous studies have shown that occupational sun protection is often deficient, few studies have examined outdoor workers’ behavior during leisure time. Methods Subjects (n = 2,660) self-reported widebrim hat and sunscreen use over the past five workdays and past two non-working days using Likert-type scales. Generalized linear mixed models and generalized estimating equations were used to compare hat and sunscreen rates and predictors during occupational and leisure time. Results On average, carriers spent 3.9 h outside during workdays and 3.3 h during non-working days. Sunscreen and widebrim hat use during the workday is low and rates of use are significantly lower during non-working days. Conclusions Sun safety interventions for carriers should encourage sun protection at all times when outdoors.
Knowledge and Consumption of Folate Among College Students

Abstract In 1992 the U.S. Public Health Service made the recommendation that all women of childbearing age consume 400μg of folate daily based on the existing evidence of folate's role in preventing neural tube defects. The purpose of this study was to determine folate consumption and knowledge among college students. A semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire and knowledge questionnaire were administered and analyzed for 321 students between the ages of 18 and 24 at a midwestern university. Mean folate intake for the total sample was 447±270μg and 396±227μg for females (n=203). The majority of females (61.2%) consumed less than the recommended 400μg daily intake, and about one third (27.6%) of females took supplements containing folate. When asked what nutrient was associated with preventing birth defects, 43% of the total sample and almost half of females (48.8%) answered folic acid. Over half of the total sample (53.4%) and of females (59.1%) reported knowing there was a recommendation concerning folate, but did not know the amount recommended. When given five foods, few of the total sample (4.4%) and of females (3.0%) were able to identify the two most concentrated folate sources. For the total sample and females, there were no significant differences in estimated folate intake among students' with different responses to any of the knowledge questions. These findings suggest the need to educate college students on folate's relation to neural tube defects and how to obtain adequate folate in the diet.
Effect of Contextual Priming in Visual vs Auditory Presentation

Summary.45 subjects participated in an experiment using a betweensubjects design to study the effect of contextual priming upon word-association responses and to compare visual and auditory priming. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups (visual stimulus, auditory stimulus, control). The hypothesis that the priming affects word-association responses was accepted. Results also indicated that auditory priming was superior to visual priming. A stimulus item can provoke any number of word-association responses. The present study was conducted to determine whether a prose passage read or heard immediately before a word-association test affects responses and to assess modality effects of the passage. Segal and Cofer (1960) replicated an early study on the principle of recency. They determined that low-frequency responses to a word-association test would be significantly increased by activation in a pretest task. The term "priming" was adopted to label this effect. In a follow-up study, Grand and Segal (1966) tested priming effects using two different "cue" stimuli. One group of subjects were to read aloud the color of the ink of 45 associative words; another group were to cross out all vowels in a list of 45 words printed in black. Both groups then took a word-association test containing the cue stimuli known to elicit the associates. Priming occurred under both conditions, although subjects who used the colored word list produced more associations. Segal (1967) continued to measure priming effects in a study that assessed the associative frequency of words by varying the context of the pretask. An analogy test using homographs with varying contextual meaning was presented as the pretest. An activated word was associatively available only in identical and congruent contexts. Saltz (1961), in a related experiment designed to measure the effects of pretraining of responses on subsequent association learning, also found that it is not sufficient for words merely to occur in a pretask; they are associatively available only in a related context. In terms of modality effects, however, there exists a contradiction in the literature. The results of a study conducted by Murdock (1966) showed that
Hydrogels for in vivo-like three-dimensional cellular studies

Extensive efforts have been made to understand the effects of extracellular microenvironments on phenotypic activities for a wide array of stem, progenitor, and precursor cells. Hydrogels have emerged as invaluable platforms for examining the effects of extracellular matrix (ECM) properties on cell activities because of their several advantageous features. Specifically, hydrogels are unique materials that enable cell studies in three-dimensional (3D) environments, similar to in vivo environments. Recently, there have been increasing efforts to assemble cell-encapsulating hydrogels; however, hydrogel design strategies for 3D cell cultures have not been systematically discussed to date. Therefore, this review article summarizes current hydrogel designs for 3D cell culture studies and further discusses current challenges and potential resolutions for enhancing the controllability of hydrogel properties and microstructures. The hydrogels discussed herein include those of natural polymers (e.g., collagen, fibrinogen, alginate, and hyaluronic acids), synthetic polymers [e.g., poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and its derivatives], and mixtures of natural and synthetic polymers. We envision that hydrogels that enable 3D studies will greatly assist in the understanding of emergent cell behaviors, and ultimately become important biomedical tools for enhancing the quality of in vitro drug screening and clinical treatments.
Relation entre n-3 et n-6 avec la dépression clinique : résultats de la Nurses’ Health Study

A relative decrease intake of n-3 to n-6 fatty acids has been implicated in the pathogenesis of depression. However, the associations between different sources of dietary n-3, n-6, and their ratio, and the risk of depression have not been prospectively studied. We prospectively studied 54,632 women who were 50 to 77 years of age and free from depressive symptoms at baseline. Information on diet was obtained from validated food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) completed four times before baseline (1984, 1986, 1990, 1994). Clinical depression was defined as reporting both physiciandiagnosed depression and regular antidepressant medication use. Relative risks (RR) of clinical depression, adjusted for age and other possible risk factors, were estimate using Cox-proportional hazard models. During 10 years of follow-up (1996-2006), 2,823 incident cases of clinical depression were documented. Long-chain n-3 intake from fish was not associated with depression risk (multivariate RR for 0.3 g/day increment=0.99 [95% CI: 0.88, 1.10]). Intake of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) was not associated with depression risk, except in multivariate model adjusted for n-6 linoleic acid (LA). For each 0.5 g/day increment of ALA, multivariate RR was 0.82 (95% CI, 0.71 to 0.94). Interaction between ALA and LA was found to be significant for depression risk (P=0.02). Within quintiles of LA, a 0.5 g/day increment in ALA was inversely associated with depression in the first, second and third LA quintiles (RR=0.57 (95% CI, 0.37 to 0.87); 0.62 (95% CI, 0.41 to 0.93); 0.68 (95% CI, 0.47 to 0.96) respectively) but not in the fourth and fifth quintiles. The results of this large longitudinal study do not support a protective effect of long-chain n-3 from fish or fish intake on depression risk. However, this study provides support for the hypothesis that higher ALA and lower LA intakes might reduce depression risk, but this relation warrants further investigation.
Status and Conforming Judgment

Thirty-four employees of the Florida Forest Service served as subjects in this study that was designed to determine if conform ing judgment tendencies of an employee were related to the em ployment status of the Ss. The design provided Ss who were tested with people who were of higher status as well as Ss who were tested for conformity with Ss who were of lower employee status than the S. Asch's vertical line test was utilized to measure conformity. An analysis of variance technique was utilized to determine the significance of the difference between the con forming behavior of the Ss. The results of the study suggested that conformity may be related to status. Ss tested with confed erates who were of lower employee rank conformed at a sig nificantly lower rate than did the Ss who were tested with con federates who were of higher rank (thus higher status). Corol lary findings revealed no significant relationships between con formity and age and between conformity and years of service in the FFS.
Modulation of CEST Images in Vivo by T1 Relaxation: A New Approach in the Design of Responsive PARACEST Agents

A novel approach for the design of responsive paramagnetic chemical exchange saturation transfer (PARACEST) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agents has been developed where the signal is “turned on” by altering the longitudinal relaxation time (T1) of bulk water protons. To demonstrate this approach, a model Eu(DOTA-tetraamide) complex (DOTA = 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid) containing two nitroxide free radical units was synthesized. The nitroxide groups substantially shortened the T1 of the bulk water protons which, in turn, resulted in quenching of the CEST signal. Reduction of paramagnetic nitroxide moieties to a diamagnetic species resulted in the appearance of CEST. The modulation of CEST by T1 relaxation provides a new platform for designing biologically responsive MRI agents.
Bragg grating Fabry-Perot interferometer with variable finesse

We demonstrate the performance of a fiber Fabry-Perot ~FFP! interferometer and show how the finesse of the interferometer can be adjusted by changing the operating wavelength. These sensors are extraordinarily sensitive and might have uses for high-density wavelength division multiplexing and high-resolution fiber sensor applications. We cannot resolve the transmission peaks using an optical spectrum analyzer and consequently use a tunable laser diode to study them. Fiber Bragg gratings act as the mirrors for the FFP interferometer and consist of an optical fiber with a periodic change in the index of refraction. The reflectivity spectrum depends on the grating profile. The period of the refractive index profile and therefore the reflectivity spectrum can be changed with stress and temperature. Consequently Bragg gratings are used as sensors for biosensing, civil engineering, and industrial monitoring. All-fiber lasers can be constructed by combining two Bragg gratings as mirrors at the ends of a gain medium. Tunable fiber lasers have been reported where the output wavelength is adjusted by varying the period of the Bragg gratings. In these reports, care was taken to insure that the lasers operate in a single mode. In addition, the mirrors were fabricated onto a single fiber to create a more stable cavity. There have also been reports of a passive FFP interferometer—the fiber laser without the gain medium. Early experiments utilized Bragg gratings with relatively narrow spectral widths and finesse values ranging from 67 to 1278 to 5000. Later studies examined chirped Bragg gratings with much wider spectral widths. Experimental results showed relatively low values of finesse while computational results showed that extremely high finesse values and wide spectral widths could be achieved with chirped Bragg gratings. Again, the Bragg gratings were written onto the same fiber in order to eliminate connectors and to achieve more stable operation.
Management of Xiphinema americanum and soybean severe stunt in soybean using crop rotation

Soybean severe stunt (SSS), caused by the Soybean severe stunt virus (SSSV), is a soilborne virus disease affecting soybean (Glycine max) first described in Delaware in 1988. Lack of breeding programs directed at incorporating resistance to SSSV in new cultivar releases necessitated alternative methods of SSS control. The effect of crops in 2-year rotations on the dagger nematode (Xiphinema americanum), the putative nematode vector of SSSV, and SSS severity were examined. Two years of continuous corn or grain sorghum, wheat followed by 'HT-5203' soybean, or 2-year fallow, reduced both dagger nematode density in the soil and SSS severity. Crop rotation to the SSSV-tolerant HT-5203 soybean as a single crop for 2 years increased dagger nematode populations and SSS severity. Greenhouse studies indicated that corn, wheat, marigold, castor, and fallow treatments reduced dagger nematodes the most after 14 weeks compared with 'Essex' and HT 5203 soybean.
Compound conditioning of separately pretrained conditioned stimuli evoking dissimilar conditioned responses

The present experiment examined the effects of stimulus compounding of two appetitively and eparately pretrained conditioned stimuli (CSs) in which each CS (light and tone) evoked a dissimilar conditioned response (CR). In Phase 1, all rats received classical conditioning to the light and tone as separate stimulus elements. In Phase 2, one group received these two stimuli as a single reinforced compound stimulus and a control group continued to receive the stimuli rein forced separately. All subjects were then tested for responding to the single stimulus elements. In contrast to the predictions of current models of classical conditioning, it was found that compound conditioning of separately pretrained stimuli resulted in an increase in responding to the light, although there was a tendency toward a decrease in responding to the tone. Therefore, the rules governing the stimulus compounding of CSs with dissimilar CRs may be different from those governing CSs that evoke CRs with a similar response topography.
Placement of multiple apertures for imaging telescopes

Two techniques we have used for determining mirror positions in multiple-aperture telescope arrays are described. Our design criteria is the maximization of the contiguous central core diameter of the optical transfer function for the telescope system. The first technique is applicable to arrays with a relatively small, O(10), number of apertures and is essentially an exhaustive search with a simple in-line test which allows the search space to be 'pruned' by an order of magnitude. In the second technique, arrays of a large number of apertures are designed using a fractal approach by recursively combining the results from several array patterns with fewer apertures. Both techniques are demonstrated for one and two dimensional designs and can be extended for higher dimensions if needed.
Spoiled for choice: variety and efficiency in markets with incomplete information

Abstract When the qualities of securities are uncertain, investors have an incentive to acquire information before they trade. Too much choice may lead to inefficiency, because it forces investors to engage in excessive search for the information they need. Similarly, if they rely on the information revealed by other investors, the existence of too much choice may again lead to inefficiency, because investors ignore the external effects of their search behaviour. In both cases, restricting the set of securities available may be Pareto- or welfare-improving. These ideas are applied to the regulation of financial markets.
The synthesis of 5,6-dimethoxycyclopentano[h]-isoquinoline and derivatives

The synthesis of the previously unreported 5,6-dimethoxycyclopentano[h]isoquinoline (1) by way of a Pomeranz Fritsch ring closure of the diethyl acetal of 4,5-dimethoxy-7-indanylidene aminoacetaldehyde (3) is reported. Acetylation of the N-oxide of 1 yielded the corresponding N-acetyl-1-isoquinolone, which readily converted to the 1-isoquinolone on exposure to atmospheric moisture. Several diesters of the dihydroxy analog of 1 are reported.
All-optical hydrogen-sensing materials based on tailored palladium alloy thin films.

Optical reflectance measurements were performed to determine the hydrogen response characteristics of 20-nm-thick Pd−Au (Ag) films. The response characteristics displayed a strong dependence on α, mixed α/β, and β Pd−hydride phases formed in the films. The response time peaks in the α → β phase transition region (1625 s at 0.4% H2 for Pd0.94Ag0.06 and 405 s at 1% H2 for Pd0.94Au0.06), consistent with critical slowing down phenomena. The α → β phase transition region was shifted and inhibited by changing the alloy element to Au and increasing its corresponding content to 40 atom %, respectively. Initial hydrogen uptake rate measurements determined that, due to the adsorption of ambient background gases, the rate-limiting step for α or β phase PdH formation is dissociative chemisorption of hydrogen for each palladium alloy film. By tuning the alloy content and composition of the palladium films, the surface properties of the film become more receptive toward the rapid detection of hydrogen and a novel hydro...
Quantification of Beach Changes Caused by Hurricane Floyd Along Florida's Atlantic Coast Using Airborne Laser Surveys

Abstract Quantitative data on beach changes caused by coastal storms is critical to the understanding of coastal morphodynamics and mitigation of coastal erosion hazards. Recent advances in airborne LIDAR technology allow large-scale mapping of beach erosion, dune scarping, and overwash deposition with incredible detail. By comparing 40 km of beaches along the central Florida Atlantic coast surveyed before and after Hurricane Floyd in 1999, we found that most beaches experienced erosion; about −18 to +1 m3/m of sediment per unit shoreline length were removed or deposited. Beach erosion is not spatially uniform, and variations in magnitude occur three dimensionally. The high-density LIDAR data provided accurate information about shore changes both at small and large scales.
Ventricular tachycardia, with particular consideration of digitalis therapy.

Abstract Nineteen cases of ventricular tachycardia have been reviewed. The catastrophic character of the arrhythmia was impressive in eight cases (42 per cent). The question of therapy has been discussed with particular reference to the place of digitalis in the treatment of this arrhythmia. In cases of ventricular tachycardia not due to digitalis toxicity, digitalis merits a trial especially if procaine amide and quinidine have failed.
Scheduling unit-time tasks with integer release times and deadlines

Abstract The problem of scheduling n unit-time tasks with integer release times and deadlines is shown to be solvable in o(n log n) time if a sufficient amount of uninitialized space is available. Specifically, the tasks may be scheduled in O(f(n)) time, using O(M + n) space, where f(n) is the time to solve an off-line minimum problem, and M is the size of the largest deadline. By a recent result of Gabow and Tarjan (1983), f(n) is O(n).
Si1−xGex/Si multi-quantum well phototransistor for near-infrared operation

For the first time in the literature, we report the monolithic integration of SiGe near-infrared phototransistor and planar hetero-junction bipolar transistor (HBT). The phototransistor is made with SiGe/Si multi-quantum well structure (MQW_PHT). At room temperature, the MQW_PHT reveals an optical responsivity of 1904mW/A at 0.85μm and 1.25mW/A at 1.3μm under the reversed bias of VCE=1.5V. For electrical DC and microwave performance, the SiGe HBT has a current gain of 160 and a cut-off frequency (fT) of 25GHz, respectively.
Admissible solutions of k-extended finite state set and sequence compound decision problems

Abstract We treat situations in which independent structurally identical decision problems are to be faced either simultaneously or serially. Recent work on such compound decision problems has centered on finding procedures that satisfy the strengthened asymptotic optimality property of Gilliland and Hannan (Ann. Math. Statist.40 (1969), 1536–1541) and on providing decision rules that at once satisfy an admissibility property and the classical asymptotic optimality property. We suggest a simplified method of accomplishing the first of these goals in general situations and then provide decision rules for finite state components simultaneously admissible and satisfying the strengthened optimality property.
Structure of the O-deacetylated glucuronoxylomannan from Cryptococcus neoformans Cap70 as determined by 2D NMR spectroscopy

Abstract Cryptococcus neoformans , an opportunistic pathogen, is the fourth leading cause of death among AIDS patients. The yeast's capsule is a major virulence factor, and serotype is related to the chemical structure of glucuronoxylomannan (GXM), its capsular polysaccharide. The GXM from Cap70, a hypocapsular mutant of serotype D isolate B-3501, was investigated by chemical analysis and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The assignment of 1 H and 13 C chemical shifts for the O -deacetylated polysaccharide was accomplished from the analysis of DQF-COSY, TOCSY, and gradient-enhanced HSQC spectra. The sequence and linkage positions of glycosyl residues were determined by NOESY and ROESY spectra. Two repeating polysaccharide components were identified as having the following structures in approximately equal proportions: It is not known if these repeating units comprise a single or two separate polymer chains. Pentasaccharide 2 has been known to be the major GXM polymer of B-3501 and other serotype D isolates. Hexasaccharide 1 is identified for the first time although it has subsequently been identified in other C. neoformans isolates. The presence of 1 in the GXM of Cap70 is consistent with the extra xylose found relative to that in isolate B-3501. The mannose:xylose:glucuronic acid: O -acetyl molar ratio of Cap70 GXM is 3.00:1.73:0.78:1.75, while the same ratio for B-3501 and other serotype D isolates is approximately 3.00:1.00:0.80:1.75. Methylation analysis confirmed that the GXM of Cap70 contains unsubstituted, monosubstituted (2-linked), and disubstituted (2- and 4-linked) mannose in a ratio of 0.87:1.75:0.38. Dot blot immunoassay indicates that Cap70 is a serotype D isolate like its parent strain.
Parametric study of multiple-layer damping treatments on beams

A simple approximate approach, depending on empirical data, is described for reducing the problem of predicting the dynamic response behavior of simple beams with multiple layer constrained damping treatments to that of predicting the effect of an equivalent free layer treatment. The dependence of the equivalent complex Young's modulus of this treatment on the various parameters involved is elucdated experimentally. The significance of this approach is the great simplification achieved in analysis of modal damping and stiffness in beams and plates, as a function of the various treatment parameters.
Men and the Family

Based on interviews with a sample of occupationally successful men, a description is offered of the competing engagements of work and the family and of the contributions these men see their families making to their functioning. Attention is given to reasons for limited discussion of work events with wives and for the control of emotion and its expression.
Use of Media Technologies by Native American Teens and Young Adults in the Pacific Northwest: Exploring Their Utility for Designing Culturally Appropriate Technology-Based Health Interventions

American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) youth are disproportionally burdened by many common adolescent health issues, including drug and alcohol use, injury and violence, sexually transmitted infections, and teen pregnancy. Media technologies, including the Internet, cell phones, and video games, offer new avenues for reaching adolescents on a wide range of sensitive health topics. While several studies have informed the development of technology-based interventions targeting mainstream youth, no such data have been reported for AI/AN youth. To fill this gap, this study quantified media technology use among 405 AI/AN youth (13–21 years old) living in tribes and urban communities in the Pacific Northwest, and identified patterns in their health information-seeking practices and preferences. Overall, technology use was exceptionally common among survey respondents, mirroring or exceeding national rates. High rates of online health information seeking were also reported: Over 75% of AI/AN youth reported searching online for health information. These data are now being used by the Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board and NW tribes to design culturally-appropriate, technology-based health interventions targeting AI/AN youth.
Blood Freezing to Nearly Absolute Zero Temperature: −272.29°C

Human erythrocytes were collected in ACD anticoagulant, glycerolized with an equal volume of 8.6 M glycerol, 8 percent glucose, 1 percent fructose, and 0.3 percent Na2 EDTA solution, sealed in glass ampules, and frozen to -272.29 degrees C (0.86 degrees K) in liquid helium under high vacuum. Biological assays performed after thawing and three-stage dialysis to remove the glycerol showed less than 1 percent hemolysis. Intracellular potassium, 2,3 DPG, and ATP were within the normal range.
Navigating the Fog of Reservoir Uncertainties to Decision Makings with Advanced Mathematical Models in New Field Development

Reservoir development, most of the time coming at the heel of an exploration effort, faces enormous challenges in terms of uncertainties in all aspects of the event, especially with respect to the reservoir parameters. A survey by Bickel and Bratvold(1), highlighted the difficulty in the industry of making the connection from the uncertainty quantifications and analyses that are probabilistic to decisions that are deterministic. The survey also highlighted the observation that the decision making process has not improved in proportion with the industry’s capability pertaining to probability analyses.
Growth of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria innocua on fresh baby spinach leaves: Effect of storage temperature and natural microflora

Abstract Leafy greens such as spinach may be contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes during pre-harvest and postharvest handling. Recent recalls issued for Listeria-contaminated leafy greens are driving the need for technologies to minimize safety issues in fresh and fresh-cut produce. This study assessed the effectiveness of washing treatments as a postharvest practice to minimize the growth of the pathogen and L. innocua on fresh baby spinach leaves under different storage temperatures and to evaluate the feasibility of using L. innocua as a surrogate when access to BL2 facilities is difficult. Each microorganism had a different (P
Perspectives on healthcare leader and leadership development

correspondence: elaine S Scott 7704 8th Avenue, Sneads Ferry, Nc 28470 USA Tel +1 910 328 2851 (home); +1 252 744 6383 (office) email scottel@ecu.edu Abstract: Healthcare delivery systems are complex entities that must merge the best of administrative and clinical practices into a new model of leadership. But, despite growing recognition that healthcare organizational leaders must partner with clinical leaders to address patient safety, evidence based practice, financial sustainability, and capacity, tensions between the groups remain. Healthcare is based in large, bureaucratic entities organized in administrative hierarchies with clinical or product line silos that thwart collaboration, limit inter-disciplinary engagement, and foster mistrust. Around the world healthcare accessibility, fragmentation and affordability issues challenge healthcare systems whether they are centralized, socialized systems or free market private and public enterprises. In response to these concerns, healthcare organizations are struggling to address the ‘how’ of integrating clinician competence in patient management with the financial imperatives of modern day delivery systems. To redesign healthcare services for effectiveness and efficiency and to improve patient safety and outcomes, organizations must redefine leadership using new paradigms that promote the development and diffusion of improvements and innovations. Current research evidence shows that there is a need for not just formal administrative leadership, but also a need to develop integrated leadership processes throughout healthcare delivery systems. Shared leadership concepts framed in the context of complexity leadership theory (CLT) provides a vehicle for rethinking old definitions of leadership and for mobilizing the collective energy of healthcare organizations.
Antimony pentahalides—The mixed chlorofluorides

Abstract F 19 nuclear magnetic resonance, electrical conductivity, and viscosity data were employed to demonstrate the complexity of homogeneous liquid-phase mixtures of antimony pentafluoride with antimony pentachloride. The experimental findings indicate that the system is not simply composed of mixed species of the form SbF i Cl 5− i but that these species polymerize and form ions.
Leukocyte-endothelium interaction in arterioles after ischemia and reperfusion.

Leukocyte–endothelium interaction in postcapillary venules plays an important role in reperfusion injury, inflammation, shock, and sepsis. This phenomenon is poorly described in precapillary arterioles. In fact, many researchers have reported no evidence of leukocyte adherence in arterioles whatsoever. Most research has focused on venules of larger rodents, in which observation of the microcirculation, especially arterioles, is limited. We have developed a model which provides a clearer view of these microvessels using the mouse cremaster muscle. This muscle has an approximate thickness of 100 μm allowing images produced by transillumination to be very clear. After vascular isolation, the right cremaster muscle was subjected to 4 h of ischemia, followed by 2 h of reperfusion. The left muscle was not rendered ischemic, thereby allowing it to serve as the animal's own internal control. We observed leukocyte rolling in arterioles in both the ischemic and the nonischemic muscles. Leukocyte sticking was seen in arterioles and venules on both sides, except in control arterioles. The number of rolling and sticking leukocytes on the ischemic side was significantly higher than in controls (P < 0.05) for both arterioles and venules. During the reperfusion period, this number did not change significantly. Transmigration of leukocytes was observed only in venules, but not in arterioles. The number of perfused capillaries was reduced on the ischemic side compared to controls and did not change significantly during the 2 h of reperfusion. Our results demonstrate that leukocyte–endothelium interaction occurs in muscle arterioles of mice. This phenomenon is more pronounced after ischemia and reperfusion, i.e., depends on the extent of tissue insult.
Multigrid Techniques in Economics

I present a self-contained introduction to multigrid methods with an emphasis on techniques relevant to dynamic programming and related problems. A probabilistic interpretation of the numerical principles is highlighted. Multigrid solvers are shown to be naturally matched to the challenges posed by intractable structural dynamic models routinely encountered in applied economics. I argue that multigrid techniques have potential to substantially extend the scale and complexity of models under consideration. Multigrid also provides a unified computational framework to extend model solvers to perform sensitivity analysis, calibration, estimation, and counterfactual policy experiments.
SAS® partial least squares regression for analysis of spectroscopic data

The objective was to investigate the potential of SAS® partial least squares (PLS) to perform chemometric analysis of spectroscopic data. As implemented, SAS® (Version 8) can perform PLS regression (PLSR, Type II only), principal components and reduced rank regression. While possessing several algorithms for PLSR, various cross-validation options, the ability to mean centre and variance scale data prior to PLSR analysis or for each cross-validation and various options for determining the number of factors to use, SAS® does not possess any other spectral pre-treatments routinely used in spectroscopy. A program was written using SAS® macro language to implement 1st and 2nd gap derivatives, Savitzky–Golay derivatives and smoothing, the ability to skip or average spectral data points, to correct spectra for scatter correction by either multiplicative scatter correction or standard normal variate correction with or without detrend and, finally, to mean centre all data prior to regression analysis. In addition, an F-test method for factor selection was added. These macros can be implemented alone or in differing combinations or order, and result in a summary report containing results for hundreds or thousands of different data pre-treatments. A second program implements the macros in a fixed order. Results using a set of 67 forage samples, scanned in the near infrared, demonstrated that the same results can be achieved as with commercial chemometrics packages. In conclusion, SAS® PLS, while not possessing all the data pre-treatments of standard chemometric programs, can quickly and conveniently test many different data pre-treatments resulting in a single summary results file.
GaAs power FET's having the gate recess narrower than the gate

GaAs power FET's have been fabricated with the gate recess narrower than the gate. The fabrication process for this new channel structure is described and microwave performance is presented. The best device had greater than 1 W output power per millimeter gate width at 10 GHz.
Psychiatric diagnoses and perceived health problems in a sample of working Swedes treated with psychoactive medications.

Abstract Findings of formal and subjective mental health problems among Swedish employees are presented as well as reviews of current Swedish policies on substance abuse and drug screening in the workplace. The focus is on the potential violation of medical confidentiality for employees with legitimate psychoactive drug medications and the lack of evidence linking the detection of various substances with impaired work performance. Data are drawn from a study of a sample of working Swedes, which revealed that approximately 3% reported taking psychoactive medications regularly. This was correlated with increases in long-term sick leave, periods of unemployment, and frequent job changes by both sexes. These workers also scored high for neuroticism, and had high rates of inpatient psychiatric treatment and suicide. With these high rates of formal mental health problems among employees who self-medicate with psychoactive drugs, discriminatory personnel management, including drug screening, jeopardizes confiden...
Effects of Forest Fragmentation on Breeding Tanagers: A Continental Perspective

We studied the effects of habitat fragmentation on four species of North American tanagers ( Piranga spp.) at 1107 study sites in 1995. Volunteer researchers used the standardized protocol of Project Tanager to select sites, census for breeding tanagers, and measure habitat and landscape features on a conti- nental scale. In a principal components analysis, we used measures of forest patch size, distance to nearest other forest patches (isolation), percent forest cover and length of linear edge in a 1000-ha landscape, and el- evation. Our results showed that three independent habitat gradients affected tanager occurence: (1) overall amount of fragmentation; (2) forest configuration (the amount of edge in a landscape); and (3) elevation. Multiple logistic regression indicated significant variation among the tanager species in how habitat gradi- ents affected tanager occurrence, presence of parasitic Brown-headed Cowbirds ( Molothrus ater ), and various nest predators. Scarlet, Western, and Summer Tanagers ( P. olivacea , P. ludoviciana , and P. rubra , respectively) responded similarly to the fragmentation gradient, with the probability of finding breeding tanagers drop- ping below 0.50 in highly fragmented sites. Response to the other habitat gradients was more variable, and effects on cowbirds and predators were usually opposite those of breeding tanagers (i.e., they were more com- mon at highly fragmented sites). Response to habitat gradients also varied significantly among four regions within the range of Scarlet Tanagers. The strongest response to fragmentation, by breeding tanagers as well as by cowbirds and nest predators, was in the largely deforested Midwest and Atlantic Coast regions. In the heavily forested Northeast region, fragmentation had a significant but less severe effect on breeding tanagers. Effects were not significant in the Northern Forest region, where tanager abundance was low. Results of our continent-wide study suggest that (1) forest fragmentation can be described similarly across most regions of North America; (2) three widespread tanager species exhibit clear and similar negative responses to habitat fragmentation; (3) local sensitivity to fragmentation varies geographically and may be lower in regions with greater overall forest cover; and (4) results from single-species or local studies cannot be extrapolated to other species or regions. Conservation strategies to reverse the declines of forest bird populations will require knowledge of habitat requirements across the entire ranges of widespread species, as well as how demo- graphic and landscape factors interact to create population sources and sinks.
Dilatancy, brittle strength, and anisotropy of foliated rocks: Experimental deformation and micromechanical modeling

[1] Triaxial compression experiments were performed on the Four-mile gneiss. The biotite foliation in the Four-mile gneiss results in dilatancy and strength anisotropies, which become more pronounced with increasing confining pressure. Microstructural observations indicate that when there is high resolved shear stress on the macroscopic foliation, dilatancy arises from extensile microcracks nucleated by frictional slip on biotite grains. Evolution of crack geometry and coalescence are also influenced by the biotite foliation. Motivated by these observations, a damage mechanics model based on sliding wing cracks was adopted to analyze the anisotropic development of dilatancy and brittle fracture. Frictional coefficients for the sliding cracks are inferred to be comparable to those of cleavage surfaces of biotite. The strength anisotropy data of the Four-mile gneiss can be explained by the variation of the initial damage with the foliation angle. The damage derives from a set of preexisting microcracks with random orientation, and a set of cleavage cracks in mica grains preferentially oriented along the foliation angle. Hence, the initial damage is higher for the intermediate angles, and, consequently, the strength is somewhat lower. The observation that the mechanical strengths of a variety of foliated rocks decrease with increasing mica content can be explained by the same model, with the implication that the initial damage and mica content are linearly related. The mechanical and microstructural data show that dilatancy anisotropy may significantly influence the progressive development of borehole breakout and strain localization.
How the Robinsons Nearly Invented Partition Chromatography in 1934

There is a substantial gap in Trevor I. Williams’s fascinating book Robert Robinson: chemist extraordinary .1 This is not mentioned by S.F. Mason in his recent review2, nor is the topic satisfactorily handled in the earlier Robinsonian sources that Mason cites. It is the long-continued collaborative research of Robert and Gertrude Maud Robinson with members of the staff of the John Innes Horticultural Institution on the chemical genetics of plant-petal pigments. Fortunately, this work has already been beautifully recalled in Notes and Records in a paper by the late Rose Scott-Moncrieff entitled ‘The classical period in chemical genetics’3. J.B.S. Haldane (at the time of the work part-time Consultant to the Institution) wrote in 1937: ‘As I regard her [Miss Scott-Moncrieff’s] work as a model for future researches, and suspect that my initiation of it may have been my most important contribution to biochemistry, I will deal with it in some detail.’4 Many of us still support this self-appraisal by Haldane. Later, and also characteristically, he wrote: ‘At an early stage in her work Scott-Moncrieff5 needed great tact to collaborate simultaneously with Sir Robert Robinson and myself.’6
Quantitative, Noninvasive Optical Sensing in Tissue Engineered Oral Mucosal Constructs

Noninvasive characterization of ex-vivo produced oral-mucosal equivalent (EVPOME) tissues was simulated using a Monte Carlo code to predict spatially-resolved fluorescence in a multi-layered tissue model. Relative contributions to surface fluorescence from endogenous fluorophores were quantified.