cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Negative affect is associated with increased stress-eating for women with high perceived life stress

Abstract Perceived life stress (PLS) and cognitive restraint are associated with increased comfort food intake under stress and lead to weight gain and obesity, but the mechanisms by which they do so remain unclear. Stress and negative affect (NA) are associated with increased reward-driven comfort food intake as a means to ‘feel better’, particularly for individuals with higher PLS and cognitive restraint. Thus, we propose that PLS and cognitive restraint increase stress-eating by strengthening the relationship between stress-induced NA and comfort food intake. Upon comfort eating, individuals with higher PLS show greater reductions in the negative consequences of stress (e.g. NA). The rewarding effects of this ‘emotional relief’ may promote future stress-induced comfort eating, but this has yet to be examined. Thus, we investigate the pathways by which PLS or cognitive restraint increase snack intake under stress by proposing that 1) stress-induced NA is a stronger predictor of increased snack intake for women with greater PLS and cognitive restraint, and 2) greater PLS will be associated with greater reductions in NA upon snacking under stress (i.e. emotional relief). Forty-three healthy women were given snacks (chips, golden oreos, and M&Ms) to eat after a Trier Social Stress Test or rest period on separate days in counterbalanced order. Following linear regression analyses, we determined that stress-induced NA predicted more snack intake for women with higher PLS, and that higher PLS was associated with heightened emotional relief upon snacking under stress. Future studies are needed to directly assess whether greater emotional relief following stress-eating reinforces the learned association between stress-induced NA and intake, and ultimately explains greater stress-eating and obesity in women with higher PLS. This work may lead clinicians to focus on NA in the treatment of obesity-and stress-related illnesses for women with higher PLS.
Measuring Abuse in Web Push Advertising.

The rapid growth of online advertising has fueled the growth of ad-blocking software, such as new ad-blocking and privacy-oriented browsers or browser extensions. In response, both ad publishers and ad networks are constantly trying to pursue new strategies to keep up their revenues. To this end, ad networks have started to leverage the Web Push technology enabled by modern web browsers. As web push notifications (WPNs) are relatively new, their role in ad delivery has not been yet studied in depth. Furthermore, it is unclear to what extent WPN ads are being abused for malvertising (i.e., to deliver malicious ads). In this paper, we aim to fill this gap. Specifically, we propose a system called PushAdMiner that is dedicated to (1) automatically registering for and collecting a large number of web-based push notifications from publisher websites, (2) finding WPN-based ads among these notifications, and (3) discovering malicious WPN-based ad campaigns. Using PushAdMiner, we collected and analyzed 21,541 WPN messages by visiting thousands of different websites. Among these, our system identified 572 WPN ad campaigns, for a total of 5,143 WPN-based ads that were pushed by a variety of ad networks. Furthermore, we found that 51% of all WPN ads we collected are malicious, and that traditional ad-blockers and malicious URL filters are remarkably ineffective against WPN-based malicious ads, leaving a significant abuse vector unchecked.
The Effect of Chest Compression Location and Occlusion of the Aorta in a Traumatic Arrest Model

Abstract Background Recent evidence demonstrates that closed chest compressions directly over the left ventricle (LV) in a traumatic cardiac arrest (TCA) model improve hemodynamics and return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) when compared with traditional compressions. Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) also improves hemodynamics and controls hemorrhage in TCA. We hypothesized that chest compressions located over the LV would result in improved hemodynamics and ROSC in a swine model of TCA using REBOA. Materials and methods Transthoracic echo was used to mark the location of the aortic root (traditional location) and the center of the LV on animals (n = 26), which were randomized to receive chest compressions in one of the two locations. After hemorrhage, ventricular fibrillation was induced to simulate TCA. After a period of 10 min of ventricular fibrillation, basic life support (BLS) with mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation was initiated and performed for 10 min followed by advanced life support for an additional 10 min. REBOA balloons were inflated at 6 min into BLS. Hemodynamic variables were averaged during the final 2 min of the BLS and advanced life support periods. Survival was compared between this REBOA cohort and a control group without REBOA (no-REBOA cohort) (n = 26). Results There was no significant difference in ROSC between the two REBOA groups (P = 0.24). Survival was higher with REBOA group versus no-REBOA group (P = 0.02). Conclusions There was no difference in ROSC between LV and traditional compressions when REBOA was used in this swine model of TCA. REBOA conferred a survival benefit regardless of compression location.
Genomic profiles and clinical outcomes to distinguish primary from secondary metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC).

e17558Background: Clinical outcomes may differ among pts with primary (de novo) mHSPC vs. secondary (relapsed) mHSPC occurring after previous local therapy. However, it is unknown what molecular fe...
Characteristics of anti-CD19 CAR T cell infusion products associated with efficacy and toxicity in patients with large B cell lymphomas.

Autologous chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies targeting CD19 have high efficacy in large B cell lymphomas (LBCLs), but long-term remissions are observed in less than half of patients, and treatment-associated adverse events, such as immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), are a clinical challenge. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing with capture-based cell identification on autologous axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel) anti-CD19 CAR T cell infusion products to identify transcriptomic features associated with efficacy and toxicity in 24 patients with LBCL. Patients who achieved a complete response by positron emission tomography/computed tomography at their 3-month follow-up had three-fold higher frequencies of CD8 T cells expressing memory signatures than patients with partial response or progressive disease. Molecular response measured by cell-free DNA sequencing at day 7 after infusion was significantly associated with clinical response (P = 0.008), and a signature of CD8 T cell exhaustion was associated (q = 2.8 × 10−149) with a poor molecular response. Furthermore, a rare cell population with monocyte-like transcriptional features was associated (P = 0.0002) with high-grade ICANS. Our results suggest that heterogeneity in the cellular and molecular features of CAR T cell infusion products contributes to variation in efficacy and toxicity after axi-cel therapy in LBCL, and that day 7 molecular response might serve as an early predictor of CAR T cell efficacy. Single-cell transcriptomics reveals that the heterogeneity of anti-CD19 CAR T cell infusion products contributes to variability in clinical response, early molecular response and development of immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome in patients with large B cell lymphomas.
Do air gaps with image-guided vaginal cuff brachytherapy impact failure rates in patients with high-intermediate risk FIGO Stage I endometrial cancer?

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to assess the impact of air gaps at the cylinder surface on the rate of vaginal cuff failure (VCF) after image-guided adjuvant vaginal cuff brachytherapy (VCBT) in the treatment of high-intermediate risk (HIR) FIGO (Federation Internationale de Gynecologie et d'Obstetrique (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics)) Stage I endometrial cancer. Methods and Materials A retrospective review of patients treated with image-guided VCBT from 2009 to 2016 for HIR FIGO Stage I endometrial cancer was performed. Air gaps present at the applicator surface on the first postinsertion CT were contoured. Vaginal cuff failure–free survival (VCFFS) was measured from the first fraction of VCBT to VCF. Results A total of 234 patients were identified. Air gaps were present on the first postinsertion CT scan in 82% of patients. The median number of air gaps was 2 (interquartile range [IQR] 1–3), median depth of the largest air gap was 2.7 mm (IQR 2.1–3.4 mm), and the median cumulative volume of air gaps was less than 0.1 cm3 (range Conclusions In this population, VCFFS remained high despite most patients having air gaps present on postinsertion CT scan.
Posner on Antitrust Remedies: The Good, the Bad, and the Very Ugly

The articles in the Judge Posner Retrospective Symposium in this issue of The Antitrust Source are revised and expanded versions of papers prepared for the ABA Antitrust Law Section April 2018 Spring Meeting Chair’s Showcase. This issue of The Source also features a freestanding article by Farrell Malone and Ian Thresher, Leaving Time to Litigate: Lessons from Recent Merger Challenges.
Fulminant granulomatosis with polyangiitis presenting with diffuse alveolar haemorrhage following COVID-19.

A 40-year-old man developed granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) following a mild case of COVID-19. Initially, he experienced mild migrating joint pain for 2 months prior to testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 but dramatically worsened following resolution of his infection. The pain continued to progress until he suddenly develope haemoptysis, prompting him to present to a local hospital. The diagnosis of diffuse alveolar haemorrhage secondary to GPA was confirmed with labs, imaging and histopathology. Precipitous deterioration of GPA with concurrent COVID-19 infection indicates a possible temporal relationship. Since the onset of the pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 has been anecdotally associated with the development of various connective tissue disorders. The overlapping clinical presentations and similar appearance on lung imaging present clinicians with a diagnostic challenge. This underscores the importance of having a high index of suspicion of autoimmune diagnoses in patients who present with new or worsening findings following a COVID-19 infection.
Calcium oxalate urolithiasis in juvenile dogs.

BACKGROUND The features of juvenile-onset calcium oxalate urolithiasis in dogs have not been previously reported. METHODS Calcium oxalate urolith submissions to the Minnesota Urolith Center between 2012 and 2016 were analyzed to identify those originating from juvenile (≤2 years, n = 510) or mature (7-9 years, n = 39,093) dogs. Breed, sex, urolith salt type and urolith location were compared between groups. Breeds represented in both groups were also compared with respect to sex, urolith salt type and urolith location. RESULTS French (odds ratios [OR] = 14.7, p < 0.001) and English (OR = 14.3, p < 0.001) Bulldogs were overrepresented in juvenile submissions. All juvenile French and English Bulldogs were male. Across all breeds, juvenile dogs were more likely to be male (89%, p < 0.001) than mature dogs (79%). Juvenile dogs were also more likely to form dihydrate stones compared to mature dogs (33% versus 14%, respectively; p < 0.001). Breed differences were discovered in sex, urolith salt type and stone location. CONCLUSIONS French and English Bulldogs comprise a greater proportion of juvenile calcium oxalate urolith submissions than expected based on their rarity in mature submissions. Inherited risk factors, particularly X chromosome variants, should be investigated due to the strong breed and sex predispositions identified.
“We take responsibility!”: Governing the neighborhood—governing the self:

This ethnographic study of a neighborhood association focuses on the process of organizing residents to collective action. Situated in the post-industrial city of Buffalo, New York, the Urban Commu...
Healthcare distrust among hospitalised black patients during the COVID-19 pandemic.

STUDY PURPOSE: Distrust of the healthcare system is longstanding in the black community. This may especially threaten the health of the population when a highly contagious infection strikes. This study aims to compare COVID-19-related perspectives and behaviours between hospitalised black patients who trust versus distrust doctors and healthcare systems. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study at a tertiary care academic hospital in Baltimore, Maryland. Hospitalised adult black patients without a history of COVID-19 infection were surveyed between November 2020 and March 2021 using an instrument that assessed COVID-19-related matters. Analyses compared those who trusted versus mistrusted doctors and healthcare systems. RESULTS: 37 distrusting hospitalised black patients were compared with 103 black patients who trusted doctors and healthcare systems. Groups had similar sociodemographics (all p>0.05). Distrustful patients were less likely to think that they were at high risk of contracting COVID-19 (54.0% vs 75.7%; p=0.05), less likely to believe that people with underlying medical conditions were at higher risk of dying from the virus (86.4% vs 98.0%; p=0.01) and less likely to be willing to accept COVID-19 vaccination (when available) (51.3% vs 77.6%; p<0.01) compared with those who were trusting. CONCLUSION: Healthcare distrustful hospitalised black patients were doubtful of COVID-19 risk and hesitant about vaccination. Hospitalisations are concentrated exposures to the people and processes within healthcare systems; at these times, seizing the opportunity to establish meaningful relationships with patients may serve to gain their trust.
A fluorescence assay for measuring acetylcholinesterase activity in rat blood and a human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y)

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an enzyme responsible for metabolism of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and inhibition of AChE can have therapeutic applications (e.g., drugs for Alzheimer's disease) or neurotoxic consequences (e.g., pesticides). A common absorbance-based AChE activity assay that uses 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) can have limited sensitivity and be prone to interference. Therefore, an alternative assay was developed, in which AChE activity was determined by measuring fluorescence of resorufin produced from coupled enzyme reactions involving acetylcholine and Amplex Red (10-acetyl-3,7-dihydroxyphenoxazine). The Amplex Red assay was used for two separate applications. First, AChE activity was measured in rat whole blood, which is a biomarker for exposure to AChE inhibitor pesticides. Activity was quantified from a 10(5)-fold dilution of whole blood, and there was a linear correlation between Amplex Red and DTNB assays. For the second application, Amplex Red assay was used to measure AChE inhibition potency in a human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y), which is important for assessing pharmacological and toxicological potential of AChE inhibitors including drugs, phytochemicals, and pesticides. Five known reversible inhibitors were evaluated (IC50, 7-225 nM), along with irreversible inhibitors chlorpyrifos-oxon (ki=1.01 nM(-1)h(-1)) and paraoxon (ki=0.16 nM(-1)h(-1)). Lastly, in addition to inhibition, AChE reactivation was measured in SH-SY5Y cells incubated with pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM). The Amplex Red assay is a sensitive, specific, and reliable fluorescence method for measuring AChE activity in both rat whole blood and cultured SH-SY5Y cells.
An extracellular matrix protein in plants: characterization of a genomic clone for carrot extensin.

Abstract Extensins are hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins found in many plant cell walls as a major protein component. The peptide Ser-Hyp-Hyp-Hyp-Hyp is abundant in the extensins. Using extensin cDNA clones as probes, we isolated six different clones from carrot genomic libraries. One of the genomic clones, pDC5A1, was characterized and found to contain an open reading frame encoding extensin and a single intron in the 3'-non-coding region. The derived amino acid sequence contains a signal peptide sequence and 25 Ser-Pro-Pro-Pro-Pro repetitive sequences. Two extensin transcripts were found corresponding to pDC5A1 with different 5' start sites. These transcripts increase in abundance after wounding. This is consistent with the reported extensin accumulation in the cell wall upon wounding.
Preparation of brain tyrosinotubulin carboxypeptidase.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the preparation of detyrosinolated tubulin and radiolabeled tyrosinolated tubulin. Brain tubulin can be interconverted between tyrosinolated and detyrosinolated species by the action of tyrosine tubulin ligase and tyrosinotubulin carboxypeptidase, respectively. The activity of the carboxypeptidase is measured by the release of radioactive tyrosine from 14 C- or 3 H-tyrosinolated tubulin. The procedure requires the preparation of radiolabeled tyrosinotubulin with the ligase. It is desirable to remove preexisting tyrosinotubulin species by carboxypeptidase A digestion prior to preparation of the radiolabeled substrate to achieve a substrate of defined specific radioactivity. Activity in fresh brain extract is not proportional to protein concentration above 2 mg/ml, which is in part due to the presence of endogenous tyrosinotubulin in the extract. Digestion of tubulin by carboxypeptidase A under the conditions specified in the chapter appears to remove only tyrosine from α subunit. Removal of glutamate, which is pentultimate to tyrosine as measured by the loss of acceptor capacity of digested tubulin, only occurs when the carboxypeptidase A level is >10 μ g/ml.
One size doesn't fit all. Why HIPAA should not be extended to cover PHRS.

Mr. Johnson, a 15-year Navy veteran, recently retired from the armed forces. Because of the nature of his employment, Mr. Johnson has lived in seven different states during the past 15 years. While...
Selective Chemical Modification of Malate Dehydrogenase N-ETHYLMALEIMIDE MODIFICATION OF ACTIVE CENTER SULFHYDRYL RESIDUES

Abstract Mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (l-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.37) from porcine heart is irreversibly inactivated by N-ethylmaleimide. At pH 5.0, only a limited number of residues of the enzyme (2) are chemically modified by interaction with this reagent. The residues modified have been identified as cysteine. Chemical modification of these essential residues is prevented by the presence of the coenzyme, NADH, suggesting that the site of interaction is located at or near the coenzyme binding site and hence at or near the enzymatic center of this enzyme.
Unemployment in Latin America and the Caribbean in the Mid-90's

The paper presents a comparative analysis of unemployment incidence and duration in a cross section of countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. The analysis of time-series averages of unemployment rates shows that unemployment is heterogeneous across countries, and comparable to the level of developed countries with relatively flexible labor markets. Unemployment has moderately increased, and this is likely to be associated with changes in the relative prices of capital and labor that has resulted in slower employment growth. This has been partly compensated by slower labor supply growth. Labor markets in the region are quite fluid in terms of employment creation and destruction, as the high inflow and low long term unemployment rates show. Inflow rates are very similar across deciles (except for the lowest), but short-term unemployment is more prevalent in the lower ones. This suggests that the fundamental problem that high unemployment groups face do not result from more frequent job destruction (high inflow), but rather from experiencing difficulties finding a new job (low outflow).
Fashion design: the dynamics of textiles in advancing cultural memes

The chapter describes the role of fashion design in the dynamics between the global textile industry and the growing power of retail. The effect and importance of textiles, expressively promoted by designers as carriers of cultural memes, is explored. How and why choices for fabrics are made, how this scenario was established and has changed over the last century through technological progress, education and further challenged by the progress of communications and CAD/CAM is discussed. Opportunities for closer co-design ventures between suppliers and consumers are predicted. At the same time movements towards sustainability and consumer and corporate conscience provokes implications and repercussions for future perspectives and changes in longstanding cultural habits. Publisher's text about this book: - a broad overview of textile design covering fundamental topics such as principles of fibres and fabrics, knitted fabric design, through to the dyeing, finishing and printing aspects of textile design - explores the design aspects of technical textiles and future textiles - an invaluable source of information on textile design and suitable for design professionals in the textile and fashion industries, as well as those in academia Textile design is a complex field of practice which operates in a competitive, global industry. Designers need to take into account not only the design but also the manufacture, technological development and application of the final product. Textile design provides a broad overview of the fundamentals of and advances in textile design, as well as practical case studies of relevant industries. Part one covers the principles of fabric construction as applied to textile design, with chapters on fundamental principles, woven and knitted textile design. Part two discusses surface approaches to textile design, with chapters on such topics as surface design of textiles, printed and embroidered textile design, dyeing and finishing and the use of colour in textile design. Finally, part three focuses on the applications and advances in textile design, including chapters covering colour trend forecasting, sustainable textile design, fashion, interior and 2D to 3D design considerations and new developments in technical and future textiles. With its distinguished editors and international team of contributors, Textile design is an essential reference for design professionals in the textile and fashion industries, as well as those who specialise in interior textiles and academics with a research interest in the area. Published in association with The Textile Institute
Polarized Lepton-Nucleon Elastic Scattering and a Search for a Light Scalar Boson

Lepton-nucleon elastic scattering, using the one-photon and onescalar-boson exchange mechanisms considering all possible polarizations, is used to study searches for a new scalar boson and suggest new measurements of the nucleon form factors. A new light scalar boson, which feebly couples to leptons and nucleons, may account for the proton radius and muon g−2 puzzles. We show that the scalar boson produces relatively large effects in certain kinematic region when using sufficient control of lepton and nucleon spin polarization. We generalize current techniques to measure the ratio GE/GM and present a new method to separately measure G 2 and G 2 using polarized incoming and outgoing muons.
Growth Factors and Taurine Protect against Excitotoxicity by Stabilizing Calcium Homeostasis and Energy Metabolism

Taurine, brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) are known to control the development of early postnatal cerebellar granule cells. This study attempted to investigate possible mechanisms of this control by determining neuronal survival, calcium homeostasis, and related calcium-mediated functions, as well as the site of action during glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in cultures of cerebellar granule cells. We report that stimulation of glutamate receptors induced a rapid increase in intracellular calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i) and a decrease in mitochondrial energy metabolism. These effects of glutamate were time- and concentration-dependent and could be specifically blocked by glutamate receptor antagonists. Taurine and bFGF but not BDNF differently regulated [Ca2+]i, and preserved the mitochondrial energy metabolism in the presence of glutamate. The regulation of [Ca2+]i by bFGF and taurine required pretreatment of cells with these factors. Confocal microscope analysis of [Ca2+]i and45Ca2+ uptake studies showed that bFGF reduced the magnitude of glutamate-induced calcium uptake with no apparent regulation thereafter. Taurine, on the other hand, did not affect the level of calcium uptake induced by glutamate but rather the duration of the maximal response; this maximal response was transient and returned to basal levels ∼10 min after glutamate receptor stimulation. We conclude from these data that bFGF and taurine prevent glutamate excitotoxicity through regulation of [Ca2+]i and mitochondrial energy metabolism. Furthermore, the neuroprotective role of taurine and bFGF was enhanced by their collaboration.
DSM-III and the transformation of American psychiatry: a history

The author traces the history of the development of DSM-III within the larger context--intellectual, economic, scientific, and ideological--of the development of American psychiatry since World War II. Data were obtained through a literature review, investigation of archival material from the DSM-III task force and APA, and interviews with key participants. This research indicates that from the end of World War II until the mid-1970s, a broadly conceived biopsychosocial model, informed by psychoanalysis, sociological thinking, and biological knowledge, was the organizing model for American psychiatry. However, the biopsychosocial model did not clearly demarcate the mentally well from the mentally ill, and this failure led to a crisis in the legitimacy of psychiatry by the 1970s. The publication of DSM-III in 1980 represented an answer to this crisis, as the essential focus of psychiatric knowledge shifted from the clinically-based biopsychosocial model to a research-based medical model. The author concludes that while DSM-III, and the return to descriptive psychiatry which it inaugurated, has had positive consequences for the profession, at the same time it represents a significant narrowing of psychiatry's clinical gaze.
Development of a combined low-methoxyl-pectin and rice-bran-extract delivery system to improve the viability of Lactobacillus plantarum under acid and bile conditions ☆

Abstract A combined pectin-rice bran delivery system for Lactobacillus plantarum NRRL-B4496 (LP) was developed. Four pectin (PE)-rice bran extract (RB) gel solutions were prepared: (1) 2.0 g/100 mL PE with 0.5 g/100 mL RB, (2) 2.0 g/100 mL PE with 1.0 g/100 mL RB, (3) 2.0 g/100 mL PE with 2.0 g/100 mL RB, and (4) 2.0 g/100 mL PE (control). L. plantarum was grown in MRS broth, centrifuged, and mixed with the gel solutions. The capsules loaded with L. plantarum (LP/PE-RB capsules) were then prepared by ionotropic gelation. PE-RB gel solutions exhibited pseudoplastic behavior. The gel solution containing 2.0 g/100 mL RB had the highest consistency and viscosity. All LP/PE-RB capsules had similar diameter size. Both the sphericity and the encapsulation efficiency of the capsules were increased with higher RB content, while the hardness and springiness were decreased. When exposed to acidic and bile salt conditions, the viability of encapsulated cells was higher than free cells. The study demonstrated that pectin-rice bran capsules could have potential as a delivery system for L. plantarum.
A phase I trial of continuous infusion interleukin-4 (IL-4) alone and following interleukin-2 (IL-2) in cancer patients

Background Interleukin-4 (IL-4) can enhance immune function within various leukocyte populations and mediate antitumor effects in mice. In vitro, IL-4 activation of human lymphocytes is enhanced by prior exposure to interleukin-2 (IL-2). This phase I trial of continuous intravenous infusion (CI i.v.) IL-4 was performed to determine its toxicity and biologic activity. IL-2 was administered prior to a second course of IL-4 in the same patients to determine whether IL-2 exposure can enhance IL-4 effects in vivo. Patients and methods Seventeen patients with non-hematologic malignancies were entered on this trial. Treatment consisted of 7 days of CI i.v. IL-4 followed by a 2 week period off therapy, then a 4 day course of CI i.v. IL-2 at 11.2 MIU/m2/day followed by 3 days rest, and then a second 7 day course of CI i.v. IL-4. IL-4 dose escalation included 40 micrograms/m2/day (6 pts.), 120 micrograms/m2/day (3 pts.), 360 micrograms/m2/day (5 pts.), and 600 micrograms/m2/day (3 pts.). Results Dose limiting toxicity occurred at 600 micrograms/m2/day of IL-4; a dose at which 2 of 3 patients exhibited a vascular leak syndrome characterized by weight gain, peripheral edema, effusions, oliguria, and diffuse rash. Pretreatment with IL-2 did not significantly enhance IL-4 toxicity in the 40-360 micrograms dose range. IL-4 treatment was associated with a modest, but significant increase in peripheral eosinophil counts (p = 0.004), but no consistent change in lymphocyte phenotype or function. Patients treated at the higher dose of IL-4 (360 micrograms) administered following IL-2, exhibited a marked increase in peripheral eosinophils after IL-4 therapy (p = 0.007). Following the second course of IL-4, we observed increases in the percent CD56+ (NK/LAK marker) lymphocytes (mean increase = 6.8%), above levels induced by the preceding IL-2 treatment (p = 0.055). A single minor durable tumor response was seen in a patient with metastatic renal cancer. Conclusions IL-4 administered at 360 micrograms/m2/day CI i.v. over seven days is the maximum tolerated dose and is tolerable following a 4 day course of IL-2. IL-4 therapy alone is associated with a modest eosinophilia. In patients receiving IL-2 prior to IL-4, both circulating eosinophils and CD56+ cells increased above levels observed early after IL-2 treatment. Based upon these results, phase II trials of IL-4 in combination with IL-2 could be planned in 'IL-2 sensitive' malignancies.
Between facts and values: print media coverage of the greenhouse effect, 1987-1990

Using as a baseline Herbert Gans' work on values in the news, this qualitative study of US print media coverage of the greenhouse effect between 1987 and 1990 asserts there are at least three additional values that help frame news of the greenhouse effect: progress, the institutionalization of knowledge, and innocence. These values replicate in some crucial ways the values of the scientific community doing research on the greenhouse effect. However, the impact of these values tends to de-emphasize a view of the future and the role of ethical value choices in covering this story, both of which are essential to public understanding of the issue.
Immigration Research for a New Century: Multidisciplinary Perspectives

Nancy Foner, Ruben G. Rumbaut, and Steven J. Gold, eds. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2003. xiv and 491 pp., tables, graphs, diagrams, notes, appendices, and index. $49.95 hardcover (ISBN 0-87154-260-9), $24.95 paperback (ISBN 0-87154-261-7)
Possibilities of biochemical taxonomy of bats using hemoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase, esterases and other proteins

Abstract 1. 1. Bat hemoglobin resembles other mammalian Hb's in its physiological properties, and Hb differences among bat species are minor. 2. 2. One polymorphism of the H chain of lactate dehydrogenase occurs in Myotis lucifugus and M. keenii , and another occurs in Eptesicus fuscus . Bat heart and muscle have identical LDH isozyme profiles. 3. 3. Esterases and major low ionic strength extractabe proteins show a number of differences at the generic level, as well as some polymorphisms which cross species lines. 4. 4. The protein studies indicate that bats have great individual variation, often of a type comparable to known genetically based protein polymorphisms in other species, but apparently have not had time to accumulate extensive divergent species specificity.
Orientation of gull chicks exposed to project Sanguine's electromagnetic field

Birds tested on clear days in the normal geomagnetic field showed a significant clustering of headings about a predicted bearing corresponding with the direction of migration. Individuals tested when a large antenna was energized dispersed randomly. Magnetic fields associated with such conductors may be sufficient to confuse orienting birds.
Thermal neutron induced soft error rate measurement in semiconductor memories and circuits

Soft error rate (SER) testing and measurements of semiconductor circuits with different operating voltages and operating conditions have been performed using the thermal neutron beam at the Radiation Science and Engineering Center (RSEC) at Penn State University. The high neutron flux allows for accelerated testing for SER by increasing reaction rate densities inside the tested device that gives more precision in the experimental data with lower experimental run time. The effect of different operating voltages and operating conditions on INTEL PXA270 processor has been experimentally determined. Experimental results showed that the main failure mechanism was the segmentation faults in the system. Failure response of the system to the operating conditions was in agreement with the general behavior of SERs.
Case 5--2013: Pregnant patient with uncorrected, undiagnosed total anomalous pulmonary venous return and severe pulmonary hypertension.

ADVANCES IN SURGICAL TECHNIQUES have made survival to pregnancy possible in many patients with various types of congenitally abnormal hearts. Outcomes in these patients with adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) usually are favorable. However, when palliated or unrepaired, pregnancy represents a danger to the well-being of the expectant mother and her unborn child. This unusual case illustrates such an interaction. Additionally, the importance of making a correct diagnosis, the importance of early interdisciplinary team intervention, and maternal and fetal outcomes are highlighted.
Espiguetas de dois grãos no milho

1 - The morphology, occurrence use and genetics of functional lower flowers in spikelets of maize are discussed briefly. Normally only the upper flower in each spikelet of a maize ear develops and bears a grain but in the examples discussed the lower flower develops as well as the upper. 2 - The embryo in maize is usually turned toward the tip of the ear while that of the grain produced from the lower flower is turned toward the base. 3 - In North and Central America and most of South America ears in which grains are borne in the lower flower of the spikelets are rare. One exception is the sweet corn, "Country Gentleman", which bears grains in both flowers of most spikelets. In Brasil and Bolivia, however, ears with two grained spikelets are more common. If maize originated in South America, one would expect to find more varieties, and more primitive types near the center of origin. 4 - In Pointed Sao Paulo (Brazil) Pop Corn, Dr. BRIEGER found ears in which both flowers developed in some spikelets. In some spikelets both grains were of normal size, but more often either the lower or the upper grain was much smaller. 5 - In ears found by Dr. MARTIN CARDENAS some spikelets bear only grains from the lower flowers., a condition characteristic of the "Poaceae" and not the "Panicaceae", to which maize belogns. 6 - Many genes which influence tassel characters also influence the ears. Some of these control the formation of grains in the lower flower of the female spikelet. Most of the known genes affecting the lower spikelets are recessive, as are those in the Bolivian and Brazilian ears studied, and in "Country Gentleman". 7 - An example of paired spikelets was found in Dr. Brieger's tunicate material. In this case two complete spikelets appear where normally there would be only one. They are symetrical, and one of them thus is in a position opposite to the normal. The grains in both are borne in the upper flower. 8 - Studies on the maize spikelet are being continued. Dr. Goncalves Drumond of the Escola Superior de Vicosa, Minas Gerais, recently found some ears of "Cateto", the common Brazilian orange flint, in which the lower flower was functional and he is studying this line. The most interesting material for further study appears to be that found by Dr. Brieger in his Pipoca Pontudo Paulista, for here there are varying degrees of development of both the upper and lower grains.
Effect of controlled ventilation on the tolerable limit of hypercapnia

Abstract The effect of consciously controlled ventilation on the tolerable limits of the CO2 stimulus was systematically investigated in normal human subjects. Subjects maintained a fixed breathing regime while faco2 was slowly increased to the highest values that could be tolerated. By comparing the results of various breathing patterns, the independent effects of the components of the respiratory cycle could be deduced. Increases in mean lung volume ( L.V. ) and vt separately augmented tolerance of the chemical stimulus. Over a range, CO2 tolerance was directly proportional to f for a constant L.V. and vt, and different proportionalities obtained for different values of L.V. and vt. For wide variations in f and vt, CO2 tolerance was a single, linear function of ve. It is concluded that mechanoreflexes generated by the act of breathing inhibit the conscious perception of a chemical stimulus and, presumably, inhibit respiratory drive. Also, this negative feedback involves both adaptive and nonadaptive mechanisms. Results of experiments with resistive loading and with partial muscular paralysis by gallamine suggest that activation afferent discharge from spindles of respiratory muscles increases central inhibition.
Multiple scattering of scalar waves by point scatterers in one dimension. II

We discuss the problem of scalar wave multiple scattering in one dimension on a target of n identical fixed scatterers with delta-function potentials. We consider in detail a statistical ensemble of configurations of scatterers whose positions are uniformly distributed throughout the scattering region. We succeed in analytically performing a configurational average (over all scatterer positions) for the wave function for the problem of a transmitted wave with constant amplitude. We discuss the relationship between this problem and the standard problem of an incident wave with constant amplitude. From the simple closed form for the average of the wave function, the optical potential for the system is obtained. We then present the large and small incident particle wavelength limits (with respect to the length (L) of the scattering region) for both the average of the wave function and the optical potential. We also examine the question as to where the optical potential can be approximated by the form it takes in the limit of infinite n. (The question of where in parameter space this occurs and how well the transmitted and reflected waves can be predicted with this form is discussed in the following paper.) Furthermore, we consider the large incidentmore » particle wave number limit for the average wave function and the optical potential for a general distribution of the scatterer positions in the limit of both n and L approaching infinity but with n/L remaining fixed. Lastly, knowing the simple closed form for the average of the wave function, we prove that the effective field approximation becomes exact in the limit of infinite n with all other parameters held fixed.« less
Cognitive and Social Determinants of Discovery in SLA

This paper addresses an important part of theory construction, the production of new ideas, that is, the process of discovery, in order to determine what value insights from the philosophy, history and sociology of science might have for the emerging discipline of SLA.
Reliability improvement of logic and clock paths in power-efficient designs

Performance degradation due to transistor aging is a significant impediment to high-performance IC design due to increasing concerns of reliability mechanisms such as negative-bias-temperature-instability (NBTI). The concern only grows with technology scaling as the effects of positive bias temperature instability (PBTI) is becoming prominent in future technologies and compounding with the effects of NBTI. Although aging of transistor is inevitable and the magnitude of degradation due to aging varies depending upon the context. Specifically, in power-efficient systems designs, the logic and clock paths are susceptible to static stress resulting in peak degradation due to BTI occurrence when clock is gated. In this article, we present the reliability impact of making systems power efficient and propose a design-for-reliability methodology that can be used in conjunction with low-power design techniques to alleviate the stress conditions caused by rendering circuits in idle state. The technique—BTI-Refresh, is shown to be applicable to both logic and clock paths alike and focuses on preventing prolonged static stress using periodic refreshes to achieve alternating stress. The mechanism is shown to integrate seamlessly into the design at gate-level without requiring any architectural or RT-level changes. Using ISCAS benchmarks and Kogge-Stone-Adder circuits, it is shown to reduce the aging effect in logic path delay due to static stress by up to 50p with negligible area and power overhead. BTI-Refresh is extended to clock-paths to prevent pulse-width degradation due to static aging and with minimal clock-skew.
Diels-Alder reactions of 2,3-bis-(phenylthio)-1,3-butadiene: X-ray and NMR structural investigations ofcis andtrans-1,2-bis-(phenylthio)-4,5-dimethoxycarbonyl-1-cyclohexene

The Diels-Alder reaction of 2,3-bis-(phenylthio)-1,3-butadiene (4), derivedin situ by thermal extrusion of sulfur dioxide from 3,4-bis-(phenylthio)-2,5-dihydrothiophene-1,1-dioxide (3), with dimethyl fumarate gavetrans-1,2-bis-(phenylthio)-4,5-dimethoxycarbonyl-1-cyclohexene (1). Similarly, the reaction of4 with maleic anhydride gavecis-4,5-bis-(phenylthio)-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride(5), which was converted intocis-1,2-bis-(phenylthio)-4,5-dimethoxycarbonyl-1-cyclohexene (2). The characterization of1 and2 included a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study of 1, simulations of portions of their1H NMR spectra, and homonuclear decoupling experiments. The cyclohexene rings of1 and2 are in half-chair conformations with diequatorial and axial-equatorial diester groups, respectively.
Pericardial effusion of obscure origin.

Pericardial effusion causing cardiac tamponade occurred in a previously asymptomatic patient with a history of alcoholic liver disease and upper abdominal trauma, raising the possibility of existence of a peritoneo–pericardial communication. Had the history been given sufficient attention, a plethora of laboratory and imaging studies aimed at excluding multiple etiologies may have been avoided. The definitive test was a radionuclide scan that revealed the communication between the peritoneal and pericardial spaces. It is likely that a fistulous tract between peritoneum and pericardium, from a stab wound in the early 1990s, became manifest only after he developed significant ascites due to decompensated cirrhosis and portal hypertension. The key to relieving the cardiac tamponade, caused by the ascites passing through the fistula, was using TIPS to control the portal hypertension, ascites, and the resulting cardiac tamponade, which proved lifesaving.
Significance tests and decision rules in communication research: A new method for reducing type II error

Previously three methods have been suggested for increasing power: increasing sample size, increasing effect size, or increasing alpha. Sometimes the first two alternatives are not practical and the third is not desirable. This paper proposes a fourth alternative, the partitioning of the decision region into three parts. This procedure is consistent with the Neyman and Pearson (1933) decision theory approach to significance testing. A sample power table is provided. Utilization of this procedure results in an unambiguous interpretation of nonsignificant results and leads to increased power.
Inertial lift enhanced phase partitioning for continuous microfluidic surface energy based sorting of particles

A new microfluidics technique that exploits the selectivity of phase partitioning and high-speed focusing capabilities of the inertial effects in flow was developed for continuous label-free sorting of particles and cells. Separations were accomplished by introducing particles at the interface of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and dextran (DEX) phases in rectangular high aspect-ratio microfluidic channels and allowing them to partition to energetically favorable locations within the PEG phase, DEX phase or interface at the center of the microchannel. Separation of partitioned particles was further enhanced via inertial lift forces that develop in high aspect-ratio microchannels that move particles to equilibrium positions close to the outer wall. Combining phase partitioning with inertial focusing ensures selectivity is possible using phase partitioning with sufficient throughput (at least an order of magnitude greater than phase partitioning alone) for application in the clinical and research setting. Using this system we accomplished separation of 15 μm polystyrene (PS) particles from 1-20 μm polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) particles. Results confirm the feasibility of separation based on phase partitioning and enhancement of separation via inertial focusing. Approximately 86% of PS particles were isolated within the PEG phase whereas 78% of PMMA particles were isolated within the DEX phase. When a binary mixture of PS and PMMA was introduced within the device, ~83% of PS particles were isolated in the PEG phase and ~74% of PMMA particles were isolated in the DEX phase. These results confirm the feasibility of this technique for rapid and reliable separation of particles and potentially cells.
Sufficient conditions for periodic solutions to a class of second-order differential equations

where 0 # b E R and g(0, 0,O) = 0, possess nonzero, generalized, even, T-periodic solutions x(t); i.e. x E W2V2( T, T) (defined below) such that x(t + T) = x(t), x( t) = x(t), x(t) is not identically zero and satisfies equation (1) for a.a. t E F?. Equation (1) cannot be “solved” in a useful manner for the highest order derivative. We emphasize that T is not given, but is an unknown quantity to be determined. Our method of solution is to convert the problem to an operator equation in Hilbert space and obtain results using global bifurcation theory. This bifurcation approach produces more that just existence of solutions: we obtain global information on the continuum of T-periodic solutions to equation (1). The idea of solving existence problems of periodic solutions of an autonomous ordinary differential equation around an equilibrium by transformation to a bifurcation problem is due to Krasnosel’skii [2] who worked with compact mappings. Recently, similar problems to equation (1) have been studied by Hetzer [ 11, Mawhin [5], Petryshyn and Yu [7], Webb and Welsh [9] and others. Hetzer’s results we shall discuss in our concluding remarks below; Mawhin invoked his coincidence degree theory and was, therefore, unable to consider the nonlinear term g as a function of the highest order derivative; Petryshyn and Yu studied problems analogous to equation (l), but restricted their results to existence of solutions without considering global properties; Webb and Welsh were more concerned with proving existence and uniqueness of not necessarily periodic solutions of equation (1). Equation (1) was alluded to in [lo] as an application of bifurcation theory, but the details were not given, nor were the hypotheses stated precisely. The main result in this paper (corollary 5) follows as a consequence of a bifurcation theorem for so called A-proper mappings (defined below) proved by the author in [lo]. The usefulness of this A-proper framework is that the resulting theorems apply in a more general setting than earlier bifurcation results which generally demanded that the nonlinear term g generate a