cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thyroid hormone-induced changes in the hepatic monooxygenase system, heme oxygenase activity and epoxide hydrolase activity in adult male, female and immature rats

In 8-day-old rat pups, pretreatment with a single injection of L-triiodothyronine or L-thyroxine decreased hepatic cytochrome P-450 content, aminopyrine N-demethylase activity and epoxide hydrolase activity but increased hepatic microsomal cytochrome c reductase, 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase and heme oxygenase activities without significantly altering UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity (towards o-aminophenol) or the microsomal yield. In adult rats of either sex such single injections of L-triiodothyronine failed to significantly alter these enzyme activities. However, multiple injections evoked changes similar to those observed in the pups, in all these enzyme activities, except that 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity was slightly decreased rather than increased. These findings demonstrate that: (1) The hepatic monooxygenase system in the rat pup is more responsive to thyroid hormones than that in adult. (2) Thyroid hormones can decrease rat liver cytochrome P-450 content and its dependent monooxygenase activity independently of sexual maturity. (3) Thyroid hormones also decrease hepatic epoxide hydrolase activity in both pups and adults. Thus, hyperthyroidism could render the rat pup more susceptible to hepatotoxicity from electrophilic epoxides which utilize microsomal epoxide hydrolase as the major detoxication pathway.
Forging a field: the golden age of iron biology

Oh what a difference a decade makes! In a landmark paper published in 1996, Feder and colleagues identified the long-sought gene mutated in patients with classical hereditary hemochromatosis. In many ways, this seemed to ignite an explosion in iron biology which, over the next 10 years, led to a
The occipitofrontal fascicle in humans: A quantitative, in vivo, DT-MRI study

Since the existence of the occipitofrontal fascicle (OFF) in humans has remained controversial, we utilized diffusion tensor imaging (DT-MRI)-based segmentation and tractography to investigate its trajectory in vivo in the human. We found that the OFF is distinct from the subcallosal fasciculus or Muratoff's bundle (MB) and extends from the dorsal and medial parts of the occipital lobe as well as the dorsal, medial and inferior parietal lobules to the dorsal and medial part of the prefrontal and premotor regions. In most of its course, it remains parallel to the corpus callosum, the caudate nucleus and the lateral ventricle. In the coronal plane, the OFF is discerned in the core of the white matter medial to the corona radiata and the superior longitudinal fascicle II (SLF II) and lateral to MB and the corpus callosum. The volumetric measurements of the stem portion of the OFF indicate that the OFF is smaller than the SLF II and the cingulum bundle. Since DT-MRI allows the visualization of OFF fibers leading to the projection areas but not to the origin or termination of these fibers, this has been extrapolated from the experimental data in non-human primates. The OFF may have a role in visual spatial processing along with SLF II.
Crane-Heise syndrome: a second familial case report with elaboration of phenotype.

The constellation of features in Crane-Heise syndrome (CHS) includes 1) poorly mineralized calvarium, 2) characteristic facial anomalies, and 3) extracranial skeletal anomalies that involve both vertebral anomalies and absent clavicles. Since the original report of Crane and Heise [1981: Pediatrics 68:235-237] describing three affected siblings, there have been few isolated cases published. We present two siblings from a second pedigree with features strikingly similar to those presented in the original publication, and distinct clinical differences, including distal phalangeal hypoplasia and mild cardiac and GI abnormalities that may represent familial variation. Despite extensive cytogenetic, molecular, and biochemical analyses, we could not elucidate a molecular mechanism for this rare phenotype.
Identification of an Estrogen Response Element Activated by Metabolites of 17β-Estradiol and Raloxifene

17β-Estradiol modulates gene transcription through the estrogen receptor and the estrogen response element in DNA. The human transforming growth factor-β3 gene was shown to be activated by the estrogen receptor in the presence of estrogen metabolites or estrogen antagonists. Activation was mediated by a polypurine sequence, termed the raloxifene response element, and did not require the DNA binding domain of the estrogen receptor. Interaction of the estrogen receptor with the raloxifene response element appears to require a cellular adapter protein. The observation that individual estrogens modulate multiple DNA response elements may explain the tissue-selective estrogen agonist or antagonist activity of compounds such as raloxifene.
Electron acceleration in the ionospheric Alfven resonator

[1] FAST wave and particle observations on the nightside polar cap boundary indicate the operation of the ionospheric Alfven resonator (IAR). Large impulsive electric and magnetic field deviations on the boundary between the auroral oval and the polar cap close to magnetic midnight are correlated with accelerated electrons and excite semi periodic oscillations with a frequency of ∼0.5 Hz. Linear one-dimensional simulations of the Alfven resonator including parallel electric fields due to electron inertial effects, the ionospheric feedback instability and statistically determined altitude dependent density and composition profiles in a dipole geomagnetic field yield waveforms and electron energy spectra qualitatively similar to observations. However, from comparison with a case study example observed above a sunlit ionosphere, the observed electron energies (which exceed 10 keV) suggest that the observed wave carries a parallel electric field larger than possible from electron inertial effects in the linear approximation particularly if this acceleration occurs at altitudes within the ionospheric Alfven resonator.
Experience and empathy: affective reactions to witnessing childbirth.

Summary In an incomplete factorial design (N = 50 male and female graduate students), sex of respondent was varied with having witnessed vs. not having witnessed childbirth; a fifth condition involved female respondents who had given birth. Affective reactions to a medical film showing childbirth were obtained in physiological measures and in ratings. Females who had given birth were found to display more intense physiological reactions than the other respondents. They also perceived themselves as more aroused by the film. Aside from the film's effect on females who had given birth, sex of respondent and having witnessed childbirth proved to be negligible factors.
Synthesis of Poly(silylenemethylenes) through Reactions Carried Out on Preformed Polymers. 1. Replacement of the Chloro Group in Poly[(chloromethylsilylene)methylene]

A new series of poly(silylenemethylenes) of the type [Si(Me)(X)CH2]n, where X = OR (R = Et, CH2CF3, Ph, Ac), F, and R‘ (R‘ = n-butyl, allyl), were obtained starting from the preformed [Si(Me)(Cl)CH2]n polymer. The OR derivatives were obtained quantitatively from the [Si(Me)(Cl)CH2]n polymer by treatment with ROH/Et3N or NaOR. Reaction of the [Si(Me)(Cl)CH2]n polymer with the allyl Grignard reagent also gave 100% substitution, but the reaction with the n-butyl Grignard reagent was found to proceed only to the extent of ∼70%. The novel [Si(Me)(F)CH2]n polymer was obtained by the action of BF3·Et2O on the [Si(Me)(OEt)CH2]n polymer. The atactic structures of these polymers were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, and their molecular weights and thermal properties were examined by GPC, DSC, and TGA. The [Si(Me)(OR)CH2]n polymers were found to vary widely in terms of their hydrolytic sensitivity and glass transition temperatures.
MULTIRESOLUTIONAL TEXTURE ANALYSIS FOR ULTRASOUND TISSUE CHARACTERIZATION

Multiresolutional texture analysis techniques using wavelet transforms have been used for predicting percentage intramuscular fat (IMFAT) of beef ribeye muscle. Ultrasound B-mode images have been collected from 207 live beef animals and digitized through frame grabber connected to a personal computer. Since fat has acoustic properties that are appreciably different from that of muscle, transmitted ultrasound is reflected from the interface between fat and muscle. As fat deposits increase, the speckle content of ultrasound B-mode images also increases. Since the speckle alters the texture of the image, IMFAT can be estimated using texture analysis methods. The Haar wavelet was used as a basis function for generating the fast wavelet transform and several features were calculated from the 2-D wavelet decomposed ultrasound images. Significant features included energy ratios, second and fourth order central moments. Correlation coefficients of the features with the actual IMFAT were calculated to select featu...
Cosmic-ray-produced neon and helium in the summit lavas of Maui

The identification of cosmic-ray-produced Ne-21c in addition to He-3c, components attributed to cosmic ray-induced spallation reactions, are reported in gases extracted by fusion of olivines and clinopyroxenes after vacuum-crushing. The observed (He-3/Ne-21)c ratios and the ratio of Ne-21c in olivine to that in clinopyroxene are consistent with an in situ origin of He-3c and Ne-21c by cosmic-ray spallation reactions. These components could be important for interpreting helium isotopic data in terrestrial reservoirs. Geophysical applications could include determinations of erosion rates and exposure histories of terrestrial rocks.
Designing Class Activities to Meet Specific Core Training Competencies: A Developmental Approach

This article presents a developmental model for designing and utilizing class activities to meet specific Association for Specialists in Group Work (ASGW) core training competencies for group workers. A review of the relevant literature about teaching group work and meeting core training standards is provided. The authors suggest a process by which educators may review and assess the degree to which their programs and individual courses are meeting the core training competencies. This framework also serves to guide instructors in selecting a repertoire of class activities and assignments that maximize learning and address multiple knowledge and skill objectives. Carefully selected didactic, observation, and experiential components work together across the beginning, middle, and ending stages of class (group) development to address and reinforce the competencies. Additional recommendations and suggestions are provided for instructors seeking to evaluate and enhance their group courses.
MobiFish: A lightweight anti-phishing scheme for mobile phones

Recent years have witnessed the increasing threat of phishing attacks on mobile platforms. In fact, mobile phishing is more dangerous due to the limitations of mobile phones and mobile user habits. Existing schemes designed for phishing attacks on computers/laptops cannot effectively address phishing attacks on mobile devices. This paper presents MobiFish, a novel automated lightweight anti-phishing scheme for mobile platforms. MobiFish verifies the validity of web pages and applications (Apps) by comparing the actual identity to the identity claimed by the web pages and Apps. MobiFish has been implemented on the Nexus 4 smartphone running the Android 4.2 operating system. We experimentally evaluate the performance of MobiFish with 100 phishing URLs and corresponding legitimate URLs, as well as fake Facebook Apps. The result shows that MobiFish is very effective in detecting phishing attacks on mobile phones. Keywords—Mobile phones; phishing attack; security; Android
Coronary CT angiography (CCTA) and advances in CT plaque imaging

The goal of this review is to highlight current advances in the non-invasive detection of clinically significant atherosclerotic disease including the so-called vulnerable plaque with computed tomography. Atherosclerotic disease encompasses stages of plaque progression, stabilization, and even regression. Traditionally, the focus of diagnostic imaging has been the detection of lumen-occluding atheroma. However, advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of atherosclerotic plaque have shown that, in certain stages of plaque progression, plaque is “vulnerable” and able to cause acute coronary syndromes despite “non-significant” vascular occlusion at baseline. This provides a rationale to improve our non-invasive imaging technology. Presented here are improvements in soft-tissue resolution with technical advancements as well as contrast-enhancement and lately even nanotechnology-based technology which are geared to detect the clinically elusive vulnerable plaque and provide an opportunity for preventative therapy.
High-reliability architectures for networks under stress

In this paper, we consider the design of a physical network topology that meets a high level of reliability using unreliable network elements. We are motivated by the use of networks, and in particular, all-optical networks, for high-reliability applications which involve unusual and catastrophic stresses. Our network model is one in which nodes are invulnerable and links are subject to failure, and we consider both statistically independent and dependent link failures. Our reliability metrics are the all-terminal connectedness measure and the less commonly considered two-terminal connectedness measure. We compare in the low and high stress regimes, via analytical approximations and simulations, common commercial architectures designed for all-terminal reliability when links are very reliable with alternative architectures which are mindful of both of our reliability metrics and regimes of stress. Furthermore, we show that for independent link failures network design should be optimized with respect to reliability under high stress, as reliability under low stress is less sensitive to graph structure; and that under high stress, very high node degrees are required to achieve moderate reliability performance. Finally, in our discussion of correlated failure models we show the danger in relying on an independent failure model and the need for the network architect to minimize component failure dependencies.
A Survey of Coding Schemes for Transmission or Recording of Digital Data

In this survey we shall review coding techniques and results which pertain to such problems as reduction of dc wandering, suppression of intersymbol interference, and inclusion of selfclocking capability. These problems are of engineering interest in the transmission or recording of digital data. The topics to be discussed include: 1) dc free codes such as bipolar signals and feedback balanced codes, 2) correlative level codes and optimal decoding methods, 3) Fibonacci codes and run-length constraint codes, and 4) state-oriented codes.
Risk factors and underlying mechanisms for venous stasis syndrome: a population-based case–control study

Venous stasis syndrome may complicate deep vein thrombosis (DVT; i.e. post- phlebitic syndrome), but, in most cases, venous stasis syndrome is not post-phlebitic. The objective of this study was to determine the risk factors (including prior DVT) for venous stasis syndrome, and to assess venous outflow obstruction and venous valvular incompetence as possible mechanisms for venous stasis syndrome. This was a case- control study nested within a population-based inception cohort. The study population consisted of 232 Olmsted County, MN residents with a first lifetime venous thromboem- bolism (VTE) and 133 residents without VTE. Measurements included a questionnaire and physical examination for venous stasis syndrome; strain gauge outflow plethysmog- raphy, venous continuous wave Doppler ultrasonography and passive venous drainage and refill testing for venous outflow obstruction and venous valvular incompetence. Altogether, 161 (44%), 43 (12%), and 136 (38%) subjects respectively, had venous stasis syndrome, venous outflow obstruction and venous valvular incompetence. Independent risk factors for venous stasis syndrome included increasing patient age and body mass index (BMI), prior DVT, longer time interval since DVT, and varicose veins. Both venous outflow obstruction (p = 0.003) and venous valvular incompetence (p < 0.0001) were strongly associated with venous stasis syndrome. Increasing age and prior DVT were significantly associated with venous outflow obstruction, while prior DVT, varicose veins and venous stasis syndrome diagnosed prior to the incident DVT were significantly asso- ciated with venous valvular incompetence. The risks of venous outflow obstruction, venous valvular incompetence and venous stasis syndrome were higher with left leg DVT. In conclusion, increasing patient age and BMI, prior DVT (particularly left leg DVT), longer time interval since DVT and varicose veins are independent risk factors for venous stasis syndrome. Venous stasis syndrome related to DVT is due to venous out- flow obstruction and venous valvular incompetence, while venous stasis syndrome related to older age and to varicose veins is due to venous outflow obstruction and to venous valvular incompetence, respectively.
Nicotine: the link between cigarette smoking and the progression of renal injury?

Cigarette smoke (CS) is the most important source of preventable morbidity and mortality in the United States. Recent clinical studies have suggested that, in addition to being a major cardiovascul...
Photodetachment of electrons from ethyl nitrene anion. An upper limit to the electron affinity of C2H5N

Abstract N-nitrosodiethylamine has been found to be a good source of nitrogen containing anions, including C 2 H 5 N − . Photodetachment of electrons from C 2 H 5 N − has been studied with ion cyclotron resonance techniques. A threshold at 1.87 ± 0.16 eV can be taken as an upper limit to the electron affinity of ethyl nitrene.
Leaf element concentrations of jojoba cuttings during vegetative propagation as related to nutrition and growth

Abstract Response of jojoba [simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider] cuttings to fertilization during mist propagation was studied during two spring seasons and a summer season, using a soluble fertilizer (Peter's 20–8.6–16.5) and 3 controllled release fertilizers: Osmocote 19–2.6–10, Isobutylidene dlurea 20–2.1–4 and sulfur coated urea, 36–0–0. Initial leaf concentrations of N, P and K were lower in spring than in summer and greater at lining‐out for fertilized cuttings. Leaf N and K content were positively correlated to root and shoot growth in spring and to shoot growth in summer. Leaf Zn and Mn were positively related to shoot and root growth in spring.
Exhuming and slaying Adorno

Autoethnography allows the sociologist the ultimate hermeneutic method: the ability to tease out the nuanced structure of unconscious desire. The author theorizes desire here as a driving force that informs the symbolic work of everyday life. To explore subjectivity, desire, and the patriarchal family, the author juxtaposes memory and social theory, extending and embodying a theoretical conflict that informed the work of Theodor Adorno and Walter Benjamin. With this device, the author makes connections between childhood representations of masculinity and psychoanalytic notions of freedom and (non)identity.
Ethanol affects the development of sensory hair cells in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Children born to mothers with substantial alcohol consumption during pregnancy can present a number of morphological, cognitive, and sensory abnormalities, including hearing deficits, collectively known as fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). The goal of this study was to determine if the zebrafish lateral line could be used to study sensory hair cell abnormalities caused by exposure to ethanol during embryogenesis. Some lateral line sensory hair cells are present at 2 days post-fertilization (dpf) and are functional by 5 dpf. Zebrafish embryos were raised in fish water supplemented with varying concentrations of ethanol (0.75%–1.75% by volume) from 2 dpf through 5 dpf. Ethanol treatment during development resulted in many physical abnormalities characteristic of FAS in humans. Also, the number of sensory hair cells decreased as the concentration of ethanol increased in a dose-dependent manner. The dye FM 1-43FX was used to detect the presence of functional mechanotransduction channels. The percentage of FM 1-43-labeled hair cells decreased as the concentration of ethanol increased. Methanol treatment did not affect the development of hair cells. The cell cycle markers proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) demonstrated that ethanol reduced the number of sensory hair cells, as a consequence of decreased cellular proliferation. There was also a significant increase in the rate of apoptosis, as determined by TUNEL-labeling, in neuromasts following ethanol treatment during larval development. Therefore, zebrafish are a useful animal model to study the effects of hair cell developmental disorders associated with FAS.
Prenegotiation public commitment in domestic and international bargaining

We use a formal bargaining model to examine why, in many domestic and international bargaining situations, one or both negotiators make public statements in front of their constituents committing themselves to obtaining certain benefits in the negotiations. We find that making public commitments provides bargaining leverage, when backing down from such commitments carries domestic political costs. However, when the two negotiators face fairly similar costs for violating a public commitment, a prisoner's dilemma is created in which both sides make high public demands which cannot be satisfied, and both negotiators would be better off if they could commit to not making public demands. However, making a public demand is a dominant strategy for each negotiator, and this leads to a suboptimal outcome. Escaping this prisoner's dilemma provides a rationale for secret negotiations. Testable hypotheses are derived from the nature of the commitments and agreements made in equilibrium.
ARC-H: uniform CPU scheduling for heterogeneous services

Extending our work on adaptive rate-controlled scheduling, we present a novel CPU scheduler for heterogeneous applications running on general purpose computers. Our scheduler can effectively support diverse application requirements without resorting to scheduling algorithms of diverse types. Rather it employs uniform rate-based sharing, and application heterogeneity is satisfied by partitioning CPU capacity into service classes, each with a different criterion for admission control. As a result, we are able to provide at once guaranteed performance, flexible allocation of rates with excellent scalability, as well as intermediate service classes offering tradeoffs between reserved rate utilization and the strength of guarantees. Our scheduler has been implemented in Solaris 2.5.1. It runs existing applications without modifications. We present extensive experimental results showing the scalability, efficiency guaranteed performance, and overload performance aspects of our scheduler. We also demonstrate the importance of priority inheritance implemented in our scheduler for stable system performance.
Monitoring High Volume On‐line Transaction Processing Systems Using a Continuous Sampling Approach

The purpose of this article is to describe how continuous sampling plans can be used in conjunction with embedded audit modules (EAMs) to monitor transaction processing in on-line database-driven environments. The objectives of this article are (1) to describe the elements and methodology of continuous sampling plans and discuss their applicability for monitoring on-line transaction processing systems, (2) to discuss how continuous sampling plans could be employed in conjunction with EAMs in on-line transaction processing environments, and (3) to illustrate how a continuous sampling plan would work with EAMs in a relational database environment. The contribution of this research lies in the exposition of an appropriate methodology (i.e., continuous sampling) to be used in conjunction with a concurrent monitoring technique for effective monitoring of on-line transaction processing systems. Additionally, the article shows how continuous sampling overcomes some of the drawbacks associated with continuous monitoring techniques that are computationally intensive in on-line transaction processing environments.
Visual fields in neuro-ophthalmology

Visual field assessment is important in the evaluation of lesions involving the visual pathways and should be performed at baseline and periodically in the follow-up. Standard automated perimetry has been shown to be adequate in neuro-ophthalmic practise and is now the technique of choice for a majority of practitioners. Goldman kinetic visual fields are useful for patients with severe visual and neurologic deficits and patients with peripheral visual field defects. Visual fields are useful in monitoring progression or recurrence of disease and guide treatment for conditions such as idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), optic neuropathy from multiple sclerosis, pituitary adenomas, and other sellar lesions. They are used as screening tools for toxic optic neuropathy from medications such as ethambutol and vigabatrin. Visual field defects can adversely affect activities of daily living such as personal hygiene, reading, and driving and should be taken into consideration when planning rehabilitation strategies. Visual field testing must be performed in all patients with lesions of the visual pathway.
Sympathy and Interaction Frequency in the Prisoner's Dilemma

People deal with relationships at home, workplace, and local community. There are various levels of friendships. According to the level of social interaction, different degrees of sympathy and interaction frequency exist. This paper purports to examine how interaction frequency influences the development of sympathy factor, and thereby the emergence of social action patterns in an agent-based simulation model when learning takes place locally. In our artificial society, an agent frequently interacts with other agents who are closely located, and infrequently with those who are remotely located. By endogenizing the sympathy factor based on behavioral patterns of the agents, we examine how the interaction frequency affects patterns of emerging social actions. The results obtained are as follows: (1) the closer the distance and the relationship between agents, the more cooperative the behavior of agents are; (2) since cooperative behaviors promote the emotion of sympathy, frequent interactions induce more cooperative behaviors through strengthening sympathy than they do without this effect of sympathy. (1) and (2) together give rise to three patterns of social behaviors: cooperation with tolerance among players who are in a close relationship, reciprocal cooperation among players in a moderately close relationship, and no coorperation among strangers.
Health information seeking using smartphones among low SES hispanic adults in the U.S.A.

The Internet-enabled smartphones are readily enabling ubiquitous and continuous access to information. Recent reports showed that Hispanics are more likely to own smartphones and use the mobile Internet than other racial groups in the U.S.A. However, little is known about the mobile access and use of smartphones in seeking health information for this group. This study conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 low SES (socioeconomic status) Hispanics in the U.S.A. Mobile context and situations prompting the adoption of smartphones for health information seeking were explored. The results shed light on how smartphones could help the underserved Hispanics search for health information, narrowing a gap in health disparity. Furthermore, this exploratory study contributes to a more in-depth understanding of mobile context and situations in mobile health information seeking behavior.
Gamma-Ray Bursts

The origin of gamma-ray bursts is unknown. Unless their distribution is unlike that of any other known class of objects, the characteristic distance to the sources is on the order of a gigaparsec.
Processing of Drosophila endo-siRNAs depends on a specific Loquacious isoform.

Drosophila melanogaster expresses three classes of small RNAs, which are classified according to their mechanisms of biogenesis. MicroRNAs are ;22-23 nucleotides (nt), ubiquitously expressed small RNAs that are sequentially processed from hairpin-like precursors by Drosha/Pasha and Dcr-1/Loquacious complexes. MicroRNAs usually associate with AGO1 and regulate the expression of protein-coding genes. Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) of ;24-28 nt associate with Piwi-family proteins and can arise from single-stranded precursors. piRNAs function in transposon silencing and are mainly restricted to gonadal tissues. Endo-siRNAs are found in both germline and somatic tissues. These ;21-nt RNAs are produced by a distinct Dicer, Dcr-2, and do not depend on Drosha/Pasha complexes. They predominantly bind to AGO2 and target both mobile elements and protein-coding genes. Surprisingly, a subset of endo-siRNAs strongly depend for their production on the dsRNA- binding protein Loquacious (Loqs), thought generally to be a partner for Dcr-1 and a cofactor for miRNA biogenesis. Endo- siRNA production depends on a specific Loqs isoform, Loqs-PD, which is distinct from the one, Loqs-PB, required for the production of microRNAs. Paralleling their roles in the biogenesis of distinct small RNA classes, Loqs-PD and Loqs-PB bind to different Dicer proteins, with Dcr-1/Loqs-PB complexes and Dcr-2/Loqs-PD complexes driving microRNA and endo-siRNA biogenesis, respectively.
Assessing User Satisfaction of E-Government Services: Development and Testing of Quality-in-Use Satisfaction with Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS)

The public sector provides a variety of services to citizens. The delivery of information for these services over electronic means such as the Internet forms an important component of e-government strategy. However, providing information is not enough; it is imperative that this delivery satisfies customers of government services. This study focuses on evaluating a citizen-centric approach in the Advanced Travel Information Systems (ATIS) domain, a form of government-citizen information service. This paper summarizes two phases of research, including findings from the first phase. It details the structure and results of the preliminary study (n=71) of usability that was conducted in two major metropolitan areas — Los Angeles and Minneapolis. Based on findings from phase I; a more comprehensive concept of overall satisfaction with these services has been developed. The paper details this satisfaction measure and future directions for the study.
Optically transparent ground planes with high order response using miniaturized element frequency selective surfaces

In this paper design of a multi-pole wide band optically transparent ground plane is considered. Challenges of the design by stacking multiple layers of single pole miniaturized element frequency selective surfaces are explained. An alternate arrangement of the layers and spacing between the layers is proposed. A three-pole transparent ground plane is designed band fabricated based on the proposed technique. The performance of the designed ground plane using analytical and computational methods is evaluated experimentally and excellent agreement is demonstrated.
Distributed interplanetary Delay/Disruption Tolerant Network (DTN) Monitor and Control system

The main purpose of Distributed interplanetary Delay Tolerant Network Monitor and Control System as a DTN system network management implementation in JPL is defined to provide methods and tools that can monitor the DTN operation status, detect and resolve DTN operation failures in some automated style while either space network or some heterogeneous network is infused with DTN capability. In this paper, “DTN Monitor and Control system in Deep Space Network (DSN)” exemplifies a case how DTN Monitor and Control system can be adapted into a space network as it is DTN enabled. Also a “DTN Status Diagnose and Treatment Creator” tool is devised to provide a platform for network operator to compose failure treatment methods according to the received DTN BSR (bundle status report), DTN implementation specific log message and the network specifically produced monitor and control data. This innovative interplanetary DTN Monitor and Control system was created and installed in the mission administrative node as a multi-tiered internet-based web application to support DTN system by monitoring the data delivery and analyzing the delivery statistics from ION (Interplanetary Overlay Network), JPL originally implemented DTN or other DTN implementation. This monitor and control system includes modules related to the DTN bundles status report receiving, health monitoring, DTN operation failure diagnosing, failure treatment composing and failure treatment to GUI conversion. Moreover, a GUI system is designed to provide visual interfaces to display the operation status and DTN topology lively, query the DTN status stored in the database, and guide the designated user to fix the DTN failure.
Who are the surgery clerkship directors and what are their educational needs

Abstract Background The surgery clerkship director is a key individual in the surgery department’s educational mission and yet there has been no prior effort to describe this group or identify their learning needs. The purpose of this study was to develop a demographic profile and an educational needs assessment for surgery clerkship directors. Methods A survey instrument was designed based on existing literature and distributed to surgery clerkship directors in the United States and Canada. Results Surveys were returned from 108 subjects (77%). The majority of clerkship directors strongly agree that directing is a positive experience but express concern that the job demands may impede their professional careers. The perceived educational needs identified related primarily to the development and management of the student education curriculum. Conclusions Surgery clerkship directors are experienced academic surgeons who report high levels of satisfaction. They identify a number of important educational needs of the position and express concern about the requirements of the position on their academic careers.
Injury profile in elite female basketball athletes at the Women's National Basketball Association combine.

Background:Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and meniscus injuries are common in female athletes participating in cutting and pivoting sports such as basketball. The epidemiological characteristics of injury in athletes seen at the Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA) combine and the effect of ACL reconstruction and meniscus surgery on longevity in the WNBA are unknown.Purpose:To evaluate the details and spectrum of injuries in athletes entering the WNBA combine and to assess the potential effect of specific injuries on the round drafted into the WNBA and career length.Study Design:Descriptive epidemiology study.Methods:Demographic data and the documented collegiate injury profile were reviewed from the WNBA database for all players entering the WNBA combine in 2000-2008. The study included injury data on 506 athletes. Complete demographic data were available for 496 players.Results:Of the athletes taking part in the combine, 45.2% were guards, 33.7% were forwards, and 21.1% were centers. Ankle s...
The Javanese Dukun: Healing and Moral Ambiguity

Healing is an integral component of Local Islams the world over.1 While some healing techniques, including reciting passages from the Qur’an and belief in the healing power of the barakah (blessing) of saints and descendants of the Prophet Muhammad are universal or at least nearly so, others are unique to particular cultures. This chapter concerns the religious and cultural foundations of Javanese traditional medicine. Geertz has described curing as being among the central features of what he considers to be the animistic substratum of Javanese religion.
Spring Soil Temperatures Related to Drainage Problems

Drainage problems persist in many irrigation districts where alfalfa, irrigated by the border method, is grown extensively. Early spring growth of alfalfa results from root activity (water removal) in only the upper inches of soil where a wide range of daily soil temperature fluctuation occurs. Attempting to replenish depleted soil moisture in this shallow root zone by irrigating with the border system results in applying excess water. In areas susceptible to high water table fluctuations, excess irrigation water causes alfalfa to become shallow-rooted. Shallow-rooted alfalfa requires frequent irrigation, but each irrigation further contributes to the water-table problem. An alternative corrective measure is presented. The principal feature involves delaying the first irrigation in the spring until the soil temperature at 18 in. reaches 12.8○ C (55○ F).
Relative Property: Close-Kin Ownership in American Slave Societies

Most historians of slavery in the Americas treat masters of color who owned their own kin as an oddity, a scribal error, or as a topic to evade. Most others conclude that ruthlessly capitalistic owners reserved such behavior for slaves unrelated to them, and owned their own kin as slaves in name only, with the intention of providing protection and eventual manumission. This article considers several cases of close-kin ownership, particularly in Suriname, and explores the role of coercive economy in families emerging from enslavement, arguing that the capitalistic values of slaveholding pervaded families approaching freedom, often informing both their economic behavior and their interpersonal relations.
Value-based objective functions applied to circuit analysis

Linear circuit analysis (LCA) is a fundamental tool that may be used to evaluate, design and improve the performance of mineral separation. The traditional LCA methodology provides a comparative evaluation of circuit designs purely from the unit interconnections. The quantitative approach uses the analytical circuit solution to evaluate the slope of the circuit’s partition curve at the midpoint. Since the partition slope is often associated with a separation’s general selectivity, this numeric value is used to compare and rank alternative configurations. Unfortunately, the partition curve slope only reflects the separation potential of middling material. By itself, this value does not account for the relatively high unit dollar value of pure material or the gains and losses in mass yield associated with alternative circuit configurations. Realizing the value in the LCA methodology, but respecting the limitations of the partition slope valuation, the authors have derived two new performance indicators that quantitatively address pure particle misplacement (the Partition Moment of Inertia) and circuit mass yield (the Yield Score). Together, these parameters provide a better indication of separation economics in typical mineral and coal separation systems. Since the two parameters provide independent information on circuit selectivity and circuit yield, a Pareto efficiency, multi-objective function selection approach is proposed for preliminary circuit selection.
Convergent systems

An equivalent relationship has been established between the problems of convergence or zero-input convergence of nonlinear systems and the problem of zero-input convergence of linear systems. A special feature is that the formulation of the problem and the analysis are done directly on a component-connection model instead of the usual input-output state model. As a consequence, the results obtained can be easily interpreted in terms of given practical systems.
Ultrastructural localization of carbohydrate in the hymenium and subhymenium of Coprinus. Evidence for the function of the Golgi apparatus.

The role and distribution of the Golgi apparatus has been compared in hymenial and subhymenial cells ofCoprinus cinereus using conventional electron microscopic and carbohydrate localization techniques. Basidia at early interphase II of meiosis possessed numerous single Golgi cisternae. Golgi vesicles may contain fibrous granular material similar to basidial and basidiospore walls. Vesicles similar in size and apparently in content to those on cisternae accumulated at the growing apex of the young basidiospore. Golgi vesicles were also found in cystidia but appeared to be absent in other cells studied. Pseudoparaphyses, cystidia and subhymenial cells contained large deposits of glycogen which were removed enzymatically in light microscope preparations, but carbohydrate staining persisted in the cytoplasm of basidia, cystidia and basidiospores at the probably sites of Golgi vesicles and cisternae after enzymatic digestion. Septal pore caps of subhymenial cells were surrounded by a fibrillar cytoplasmic zone devoid of cell organelles except ribosomes. The periodic acid-silver hexamine and silver protein techniques for ultrastructural localization of carbohydrates were compared; the latter gave specific results with the controls used. Carbohydrates were localized in certain wall layers of the immature basidiospore and in the contents of Golgi vesicles. Staining also occurred in glycogen, plasma membrane and lomasomes. In the septal pore apparatus staining occurred only in the septal wall and a region in the septal pore swelling probably containing fibrils. The wall of the pseudoparaphyses stained more than the basidial wall. The results suggest that carbohydrates accumulate in Golgi vesicles attached to cisternae, that changes in vesicle contents occur during migration to the basidiospore, and that these vesicles may transport polysaccharides and mucopolysaccharides to the developing basidiospore wall.
Influence of iron sulfides on abiotic oxidation of UO2 by nitrite and dissolved oxygen in natural sediments.

Iron sulfide precipitates formed under sulfate reducing conditions may buffer U(IV) insoluble solid phases from reoxidation after oxidants re-enter the reducing zone. In this study, sediment column experiments were performed to quantify the effect of biogenic mackinawite on U(IV) stability in the presence of nitrite or dissolved oxygen (DO). Two columns, packed with sediment from an abandoned U contaminated mill tailings site near Rifle, CO, were biostimulated for 62 days with an electron donor (3 mM acetate) in the presence (BRS+) and absence (BRS−) of 7 mM sulfate. The bioreduced sediment was supplemented with synthetic uraninite (UO2(s)), sterilized by gamma-irradiation, and then subjected to a sequential oxidation by nitrite and DO. Biogenic iron sulfides produced in the BRS+ column, mostly as mackinawite, inhibited U(IV) reoxidation and mobilization by both nitrite and oxygen. Most of the influent nitrite (0.53 mM) exited the columns without oxidizing UO2, while a small amount of nitrite was consumed...
Assessment of effective face mask ventilation is compromised during synchronised chest compressions

Background Delivery room cardiopulmonary resuscitation is rare. Recent evidence suggests that effective ventilation may be compromised during chest compressions (CC). Objectives To determine whether trained neonatal personnel can assess effective ventilation during CC in the setting of changing lung compliance. Methods Neonatal providers (n=30) provided CC using a 3:1 CC to ventilation ratio performed for 2 min, with lung compliance adjusted every 30 s from 0.5 (low) to 1.0 mL/cmH 2 O (normal), followed by face mask ventilation (FMV) alone for 1 min. A neonatal lung simulator connected to a neonatal manikin was used to simulate the volume/pressure relation at low and normal compliance. Results Group analysis showed no difference in peak inflating pressure (PIP) at low versus normal compliance, but a threefold increase in tidal volume (TV) (p=0.00005) during synchronised CC. Paired analysis demonstrated minimal change in PIP, but a significant decrease in TV at low versus normal compliance. During FMV only, a significant decrease in PIP and increase in TV was noted with improved compliance. The face mask was incorrectly applied in 12 (40%) cases and in 20/30 (67%) providers did not perceive a change in compliance. During FMV only, 7/30 (23%) took corrective steps to achieve chest rise. Discussion Most providers cannot assess the effectiveness of delivered TV in the face of changing compliance during synchronised CC, limiting the ability to make appropriate and necessary adjustments. This may prolong cardiopulmonary resuscitation and result in escalating therapies unrelated to the delivery of effective ventilation.
Why δ-Valerolactone Polymerizes and γ-Butyrolactone Does Not

γ-Butyrolactone, unlike δ-valerolactone, does not polymerize despite a strain energy of ∼8 kcal mol-1 which could be relieved by opening the s-cis lactone ester bond to an s-trans ester bond in the polymer. To explain this anomaly, we have applied quantum mechanical methods to study the thermochemistry involved in the ring-opening reactions of γ-butyrolactone and δ-valerolactone, the conformational preferences of model molecules that mimic their corresponding homopolyesters, and the variation of enthalpy associated to the polymerizability of such two cyclic lactones. The overall results indicate that the lack of polymerizability of γ-butyrolactone should be attributed to the low strain of the ring, which shows much less geometric distortion in the ester group than δ-valerolactone, and the notable stability of the coiled conformations found in model compounds of poly-4-hydroxybutyrate.
Rural dentists of the future: dental school enrollment strategies.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship, if any, of a dental student’s 1) state of residency and 2) gender to his or her practice location in a rural Nebraska community after graduation. Previous research has demonstrated that dental students generally locate their practices near their place of rearing and that male graduates are more likely than female graduates to locate in rural areas. Dental student data for all University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Dentistry graduates from 1989 to 2008 (n=879) were analyzed. Descriptive and quantitative analyses were performed utilizing SPSS software (version 17.0). Chi-square and odds ratio analyses were also conducted. In contrast to previous research, women dentists who remained in the state after graduation were more likely to locate their practice in a rural community than were male dentists: 59 percent and 48.5 percent, respectively. Nonresidents who remained in the state after graduation were also more likely to locate in a rural community than were residents: 69 percent and 51 percent, respectively. Dental schools may find this information useful as state officials and policymakers look to dental schools for leadership in addressing dental workforce needs, especially in rural/underserved areas.
Research on Mixed Phase State of Balanced-oil and Balanced-gas

During the depletion production of condensate gas reservoirs, when pressure is lower than the dew point pressure, condensate phenomenon occurs, the condensate gas is accumulated rapidly in near-wellbore area and is the production capacity of gas wells severely damaged. By mixing the balanced oil-gas fluids of different ratios, the volumetric changes of the mixed oil and gas are detected to study the changes of retrograde condensate saturation when the balanced oil and gas percolation occur in the near-well-bore area in production. The result shows that the volume of balance oil decrea- ses with the proportional increase of added balanced gas volume, the volume is reduced after 2 phases are mixed together. It also shows that after the condensate gas occurs near the bottomhole, with the increase of the volume of balanced condensate gas flowing through the near-wellbore area, it has a stronger oil evaporation effect on the condensate oil.