cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aggregate Poverty Measures

The way poverty is measured is important for an understanding of what has happened to poverty as well as for anti-poverty policy evaluation. Sen's (1976) pathfinding work has motivated many researchers to focus on the way poverty should be measured. A poverty measure, argued by Sen, should satisfy certain properties or axioms and the desirability of a poverty measure should be evaluated by these axioms. During the last two decades, many researchers have adopted the axiomatic approach pioneered by Sen to propose additional axioms and develop alternative poverty measures. The objective of this survey is to provide a clarification on the extensive literature of aggregate poverty measures. In this survey, we first examine the desirability of each axiom, the properties of each poverty measure, and the interrelationships among axioms. The desirability of an axiom cannot be evaluated in isolation, and some combination of axioms may make it impossible to devise a satisfactory poverty measure; some axioms can be implied by other axioms combined and so are not independent; some others are ad hoc and are disqualified as axioms for poverty measurement. Based on the interactions among axioms, we identify the ‘core’ axioms which together have a strong implication on the functional form of a poverty measure. We then review poverty measures that have appeared in the literature, evaluating the interrelationships among different measures, and examining the properties of each measure. The axioms each measure satisfies/violates are also summarized in a tabular form. Several ‘good’ poverty measures, which have not been documented by previous surveys, are also included.
Effect of Paramagnetic Atoms on the Energy Gap of Superconductors

The effects of paramagnetic impurities in superconductin films, and of paramagnetic films superimposed on superconducting films, on the transition properties and superconducting energy gaps of these superconducting films are examined. The effects are studied by measuring the d-c resistivity (to determine the transition temperature) and the tunneling supercurrent (to determine the energy gap or density of states). (T.F.H.)
INHIBITION AND ENHANCEMENT OF SINGLET OXYGEN (‘Ag) DIMOL CHEMILUMINESCENCE

Abstract— Various nitrogen containing compounds have previously been shown to quench singlet oxygen (10z). When measuring the dimol 1O2 light emission arising from the H2O2/OCI- reaction, we found that certain cyclic diamines increase the emission of light, while other amines were inhibitory. This increase of light emission was seen with both 1, 4diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane and N, N'-dimethylpi-perazine but not with acyclic analogues. Sodium azide inhibited both the normal and enhanced light emission. The enhanced light emission shows spectral properties characteristic of lO2 dimol emission.
Recognition in a Social Symbiosis: Chemical Phenotypes and Nestmate Recognition Behaviors of Neotropical Parabiotic Ants

Social organisms rank among the most abundant and ecologically dominant species on Earth, in part due to exclusive recognition systems that allow cooperators to be distinguished from exploiters. Exploiters, such as social parasites, manipulate their hosts’ recognition systems, whereas cooperators are expected to minimize interference with their partner’s recognition abilities. Despite our wealth of knowledge about recognition in single-species social nests, less is known of the recognition systems in multi-species nests, particularly involving cooperators. One uncommon type of nesting symbiosis, called parabiosis, involves two species of ants sharing a nest and foraging trails in ostensible cooperation. Here, we investigated recognition cues (cuticular hydrocarbons) and recognition behaviors in the parabiotic mixed-species ant nests of Camponotus femoratus and Crematogaster levior in North-Eastern Amazonia. We found two sympatric, cryptic Cr. levior chemotypes in the population, with one type in each parabiotic colony. Although they share a nest, very few hydrocarbons were shared between Ca. femoratus and either Cr. levior chemotype. The Ca. femoratus hydrocarbons were also unusually long–chained branched alkenes and dienes, compounds not commonly found amongst ants. Despite minimal overlap in hydrocarbon profile, there was evidence of potential interspecific nestmate recognition –Cr. levior ants were more aggressive toward Ca. femoratus non-nestmates than Ca. femoratus nestmates. In contrast to the prediction that sharing a nest could weaken conspecific recognition, each parabiotic species also maintains its own aggressive recognition behaviors to exclude conspecific non-nestmates. This suggests that, despite cohabitation, parabiotic ants maintain their own species-specific colony odors and recognition mechanisms. It is possible that such social symbioses are enabled by the two species each using their own separate recognition cues, and that interspecific nestmate recognition may enable this multi-species cooperative nesting.
Bayesian estimation of the mean of an autoregressive process

The marginal posterior probability density function (pdf) for the mean of a stationary pth order Gaussian autoregressive process is derived using the conditional likelihood function. While the posterior pdf provides a small sample analysis, the pdf is not well known and must be analyzed numerically. This is relatively easy since it is a function of only one variable. Two sets of examples are presented. The first set involves synthetic data generated by computer, and the second set deals with energy expenditure data on a bum patient.
APL descriptions of functional building blocks for connectionist computer models

APL functions provide concise, array-oriented expressions for describing connection-based computing. These give insights into a variety of neural network-like computer models. Functional decomposition into inherently parallel operation of collective or memory-based computing is effected with the identification of several command-like APL simulation functions.These functions serve to: (a) generate and configure initial values and structures for network layers, connection weights and thresholds, (b) strategically sample training sets to provide acyclic sequences of patterns, (c) update weights for memorizing or learning from the training set, (d) locate units effective for storing and retrieving memories, and (e) use a cue or noise-corrupted pattern for recalling or reconstructing memory associations established during training. Also, APL functions are used to accomodate for data values missing from the training patterns. Other simply described functions generate random fixed reference addresses and initialize modifiable weight values. Test patterns with specified levels of noise contamination are generated by simple APL expressions.
Considering Context: A Study of First‐Year Engineering Students

High-quality engineering design requires an understanding of how the resulting engineered artifact interacts with society, the natural environment, and other aspects of context. This study examines how first-year engineering undergraduates approached two engineering design tasks. We focused on how much students considered contextual factors during problem-scoping, a critical part of the design process. As part of a larger, longitudinal study, we collected data from 160 students at four U.S. institutions. Students varied in their consideration of each design task's context, and women's responses were more likely to be context-oriented than men's. Overall, context-orientation was positively correlated between the two design tasks, despite differences in data collection and analysis. Having found that beginning engineering students, particularly women, are sensitive to important contextual factors, we suggest that efforts to broaden participation in engineering should consider legitimizing and fostering context-oriented approaches to engineering earlier in the curriculum.
Improved survival in non-Ashkenazi Jewish ovarian cancer patients with BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations

Objectives Previous studies report a survival advantage in ovarian cancer patients with Ashkenazi Jewish (AJ) breast cancer gene (BRCA) founder mutations. The purpose of this study was to determine if this association exists in patients with non-Ashkenazi Jewish (non-AJ) BRCA mutations. We also sought to account for “survival bias” by minimizing lead time that may exist between diagnosis and genetic testing.
Images of denigration: structuring inequality between foragers and farmers in the Ituri forest, Zaire

Research on forager/farmer interactions has focused largely on relations of material exchange, thereby excluding symbolic and social structural aspects of those interactions. Lese representations of Lese (farmer)/Efe (hunter-gatherer) cultural differences shape the symbolic incorporation of Efe trading partners into Lese village life. Since the Lese frequently characterize the Efe as female, gender appears to be a principal idiom through which the Lese represent those differences. Gender is a metaphor for relationships of inequality between village insiders and outsiders. The metaphor creates an analogic equivalence between Lese men's wives and the Efe, as village outsiders, and refers to their structural similarities in relation to the Lese villages. [forager/farmer interactions, Africa, Efe Pygmies, Lese, inequality, gender]
RIGHT VENTRICULAR MYOCARDIAL BIOPSIES IN TETRALOGY OF FALLOT

Full thickness RV myocardial biopsies were taken during surgery in 21 patients with Tetralogy. Specimens stained with Trichrome and Verhoff VonGieson were analyzed. Grade I: Endocardial fibroelastosis with perivascular fibrous and collagen invasion. Grade II: Subendocardial collagen and fibroblast invasion with myocardial hypertrophy. Grade III: Myocardial cell disruption plus intimal thickening of intramural coronary arteries. Quantitative anglographic RV function was correlated with RV myocardial histology.
Hepatitis C Virus Screening in Patients With Cancer Receiving Chemotherapy

Misconceptions may exist about which patients should be screened for hepatitis C virus infection.
Central and peripheral mechanisms underlying gastric distention inhibitory reflex responses in hypercapnic-acidotic rats

We have observed that in chloralose-anesthetized animals, gastric distension (GD) typically increases blood pressure (BP) under normoxic normocapnic conditions. However, we recently noted repeatable decreases in BP and heart rate (HR) in hypercapnic-acidotic rats in response to GD. The neural pathways, central processing, and autonomic effector mechanisms involved in this cardiovascular reflex response are unknown. We hypothesized that GD-induced decrease in BP and HR reflex responses are mediated during both withdrawal of sympathetic tone and increased parasympathetic activity, involving the rostral (rVLM) and caudal ventrolateral medulla (cVLM) and the nucleus ambiguus (NA). Rats anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine or α-chloralose were ventilated and monitored for HR and BP changes. The extent of cardiovascular inhibition was related to the extent of hypercapnia and acidosis. Repeated GD with both anesthetics induced consistent falls in BP and HR. The hemodynamic inhibitory response was reduced after blockade of the celiac ganglia or the intraabdominal vagal nerves with lidocaine, suggesting that the decreased BP and HR responses were mediated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic afferents. Blockade of the NA decreased the bradycardia response. Microinjection of kainic acid into the cVLM reduced the inhibitory BP response, whereas depolarization blockade of the rVLM decreased both BP and HR inhibitory responses. Blockade of GABA(A) receptors in the rVLM also reduced the BP and HR reflex responses. Atropine methyl bromide completely blocked the reflex bradycardia, and atenolol blocked the negative chronotropic response. Finally, α(1)-adrenergic blockade with prazosin reversed the depressor. Thus, in the setting of hypercapnic-acidosis, a sympathoinhibitory cardiovascular response is mediated, in part, by splanchnic nerves and is processed through the rVLM and cVLM. Additionally, a vagal excitatory reflex, which involves the NA, facilitates the GD-induced decreases in BP and HR responses. Efferent chronotropic responses involve both increased parasympathetic and reduced sympathetic activity, whereas the decrease in BP is mediated by reduced α-adrenergic tone.
Vacuum Concepts, Potentia, and the Quantum Field Theoretic Vacuum Explained for All

L'A. vise a montrer que l'on peut affirmer sans contradiction l'existence de proprietes observables dans le champ theorique du vide quantique. Suit un historique de la notion philosophique et physique de vide
Male Client—Female Therapist

An understanding of the destructive effects of the traditional sex role stereotype on men is important to the female therapist who works with male clients. Males receive strong cultural training that inspires resistance to the vulnerable, emotional, feminine side of their natures and an unwillingness to seek assistance. This article examines difficulties presented by male clients who do seek therapy together with approaches to assisting in the development of a more balanced life that permits both masculinity and femininity in each person.
Fos Family Members Induce Cell Cycle Entry by Activating Cyclin D1

Expression of the fos family of transcription factors is stimulated by growth factors that induce quiescent cells to reenter the cell cycle, but the cellular targets of the Fos family that regulate cell cycle reentry have not been identified. To address this issue, mice that lack two members of the fos family, c-fos and fosB, were derived. The fosB 2/2 c-fos 2/2 mice are similar in phenotype to c-fos 2/2 mice but are 30% smaller. This decrease in size is consistent with an abnormality in cell proliferation. Fibroblasts derived from fosB 2/2 c-fos 2/2 mice were found to have a defect in proliferation that results at least in part from a failure to induce cyclin D1 following serum-stimulated cell cycle reentry. Although definitive evidence that c-Fos and FosB directly induce cyclin D1 transcription will require further analysis, these findings raise the possibility that c-Fos and FosB are either direct or indirect transcriptional regulators of the cyclin D1 gene and may function as a critical link between serum stimulation and cell cycle progression.
Biology is more theoretical than physics

The word "theory" is used in at least two senses—to denote a body of widely accepted laws or principles, as in "Darwinian theory" or "quantum theory," and to suggest a speculative hypothesis, often relying on mathematical analysis, that has not been experimen- tally confirmed. It is often said that there is no place for the second kind of theory in biology and that biology is not theoretical but based on interpretation of data. Here, ideas from a previous essay are expanded upon to suggest, to the contrary, that the second kind of theo- ry has always played a critical role and that biology, therefore, is a good deal more theoretical than physics.
Chronic Inflammation and Impaired Coronary Vasoreactivity in Patients With Coronary Risk Factors

Background— The goal of this study was to examine a possible association between systemic microinflammation, as reflected by C-reactive protein (CRP) serum levels, and coronary vasomotion in patients with coronary risk factors but with angiographically normal coronary arteries. Methods and Results— Coronary vasomotor function was studied in response to cold pressor testing (CPT) in 71 patients with normal angiograms. In all patients, CPT-induced changes in epicardial luminal area (LA; mm2) were assessed with quantitative angiography. Within 20 days, myocardial blood flow (MBF) responses to CPT were measured (mL · g−1 · min−1) noninvasively with 13N-ammonia and PET imaging. The CPT-induced mean changes in LA and in MBF in patients with elevated CRP (≥0.5 mg/dL) were significantly impaired compared with patients presenting with CRP levels within normal range (<0.5 mg/dL) (ΔLA, −1.09±0.86 versus 0.45±0.63 mm2; ΔMBF, 0.06±0.18 versus 0.44±0.31 mL · g−1 · min−1; P<0.0001, respectively). Coronary LA changes and...
Highly reflective uranium mirrors for astrophysics applications

The reported optical constants of uranium differ from that of vacuum significantly more than other elements do over the range of about 150 to 350 eV. This suggests that uranium could be used to produce high reflectance imaging mirrors for many soft x-ray applications. Elemental uranium is too chemically active to be used as a front surface mirror without protection. We computed the expected reflectance of carbon-coated uranium films and of uranium-nickel alloys for low-angle reflectors. Carbon is mostly transparent below its K absorption edge at about 283 eV. The reflectance at 10 degrees from grazing is computed to be greater than 50% at 277 eV (C Kα). For comparison, about 5 degrees is the maximum grazing incidence angle for which conventional materials are computed to have comparable reflectance. We sputter deposited and measured the reflectance of carbon-coated uranium layers at 44.7 a (C Kα). Sample reflectance was a factor of two greater than that of nickel, the material used for low-angle mirrors. The initial oxidation behavior of sputtered uranium-nickel alloys is similar to pure U so their reflectance was not determined. Coatings based on uranium should be considered for all applications where high-reflectance, broadband, low-angle soft x-ray mirrors are required
Inferring Unknown Privacy Control Policies in a Social Networking System

Social networking systems (SNSs) such as Facebook allow users to control accesses to certain information belonging to them via a set of privacy settings. However, due to various potential system design considerations and usability restrictions such settings are never complete, i.e., not all the applicable policies to information related to a user are configurable. In fact, access to user information is governed by the collection of the privacy settings and a set of fixed policies specified by the SNS. We observe that an SNS such as Facebook is less than transparent about such fixed policies; although some might be communicated to users via help pages and nudges (e.g., profile picture is public on Facebook), they tend to be incomplete and inaccurate. In this paper, we propose an approach to infer the enforced privacy control policy by an SNS and consequently the unknown policies to the user given the explicit privacy settings and other policies communicated to the users by the SNS. Such an approach helps end users understand better the implicit policies imposed by the system and can be leveraged by an SNS operator to improve the transparency of their system.
SAMUEL J. ELDERSVELD

Samuel J. Eldersveld, Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the University of Michigan and former mayor of Ann Arbor, Michigan, passed away in Ann Arbor on March 5, 2010, at age 92. This closed a chapter on an extraordinary association with the University of Michigan, the discipline of political science, and the city of Ann Arbor, associations that brought remarkable change to each.
Early acquisition of verbs in Korean: a cross-linguistic study

This cross-linguistic study investigates children's early lexical development in English and Korean, and compares caregivers' linguistic input in the two languages. In Study 1, the lexical development of nine Korean children was followed from 1;2 to 1;10 by monthly visits and maternal reports. These Korean data were compared to previously collected English longitudinal data. We find that: (1) Korean children as young as 1;3 use verbs productively with appropriate inflections. (2) Seven of the nine children show a verb spurt at around 1;7; for six of these children the verb spurt occurs before the noun spurt. No such early verb spurt is found in the English data. Unlike in English, both verbs and nouns in Korean are dominant categories from the single-word stage. (3) Korean children express language-specific distinctions of locative actions with verbs. Study 2, a crosslinguistic study of caregivers' input in English and Korean, shows that Korean mothers provide more action verbs but fewer object nouns than American mothers. Also, Korean mothers engage in activity-oriented discourse significantly more than American mothers. Our study suggests that verbs are accessible to children from the beginning, and that they may be acquired early in children who are encouraged to do so by their language-specific grammar and input.
Considerations for Exercise and Sport Participation in Children with Disabilities

The importance of exercise and physical activity has been well documented. Despite a relatively large number of children and adolescents living with disability, physical activity and sports activity participation is lower in children with disabilities. Risk for obesity is higher in children with disability. There are a variety of factors that affect participation in physical activity and/or sports. Some of these factors include physical, social, and environmental barriers; lack of access to resources; and parental views and support. Participation levels also vary depending on the type of disease process. In order to get children with disabilities more involved in physical activity, there are a few studies demonstrating the benefits of exercise or community exercise and strengthening programs. Similarly, there are a variety of sports and physical activity programs that children can get involved with. As a healthcare practitioner, it is essential to be aware of medical factors, injury risk, and available resources to assist with an individualized program for the child with a disability so the child can improve his/her overall physical and social wellbeing. This review manuscript aims to provide an overview of some of the issues affecting physical activity participation in children with disability and some of the special considerations in getting children involved.
Self-encoded spread spectrum for GNSS applications

Self-encoded spread spectrum systems derive spreading codes from the data stream and have been shown to achieve a 3dB power gain while providing time diversity for robust performance in wireless fading channels. Since the receiver does not knowledge of the initial spreading code, these systems present a unique challenge to code synchronization. In this paper, we present a method to achieve code acquisition. The receiver employs chip-offset correlation to provide a reliable estimate of the initial code from the spread spectrum signal. A method for tracking signal timing is also explored. This method is also extended to take advantage of the unique features of SESS. Simulations show that accurate timing information can be obtained both from correlation and iterative detection, with the combined detection providing a 3dB improvement in timing tracking for GNSS applications.
The Psychology of Rivalry: A Relationally Dependent Analysis of Competition

We investigate the psychological phenomenon of rivalry and propose that competition is inherently relational, thus extending the literatures on competition between individuals, groups, and firms. Specifically, we argue that competitors’ relationships, determined by their proximity, attributes, and prior competitive interactions, influence the subjective intensity of rivalry between them, which in turn affects their competitive behavior. Initial tests in NCAA basketball support these ideas, indicating that teams’ similarity and interaction histories systematically predict rivalry, and that rivalry may affect team members’ motivation and performance. Implications for the management of employees, as well as for organizations’ competitive strategies, are significant.
Deficiency of Retinoblastoma Gene in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Leads to Genetic Instability

Genetic instability has been recognized as a hallmark of human cancers. Retinoblastoma (Rb) tumor suppressor protein has an essential role in modulating cell cycle progression. However, there is no direct evidence supporting its role in maintaining genetic stability. Here, we developed a sensitive method to examine the level of chromosome instability by using retrovirus carrying both positive and negative selectable markers that integrated randomly into individual chromosomes, and the frequency of loss of this selectable chromosomal marker (LOM) in normal mammalian cells was measured. Our results showed that normal mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells had a very low frequency of LOMs, which was less than 10−8/cell/generation. In Rb−/− mouse ES cells, the frequency was increased to approximately 10−5/cell/generation, whereas in Rb+/− ES cells, the frequency was approximately 10−7/cell/generation. LOMs was mediated mainly through chromosomal mechanisms and not through point mutations. These results, therefore, revealed that Rb, with a haploinsufficiency, plays a critical role in the maintenance of chromosome stability. The mystery of why Rb heterozygous carriers have early-onset tumor formation with high penetrance can be, at least, partially explained by this novel activity.
Nanoparticle and Ultrafine Particle Events at the Fresno Supersite

Continuous measurements of particle size distributions of 3– 407 nm were collected from August 2002 to July 2004 at the Fresno Supersite to understand their number concentrations, size distributions, and formation processes. Measurements for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) mass, sulfate (SO4 2 ), nitrate (NO3 ), black carbon (BC), particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), and meteorological data (wind speed, wind direction, temperature [T], relative humidity [RH], and solar radiation) were used to determine the causes of nanoparticle (3–10 nm) and ultrafine (10 –100 nm) particle events. These events were found to be divided into four types: (1) 3- to 10-nm morning nucleation; (2) 10- to 30-nm morning traffic; (3) 10- to 30-nm afternoon photochemical; and (4) 50- to 84-nm evening home heating, including residential wood combustion. Intense examples of the first type (10 4 number [#]/cm 3 ) were observed on 29 days, nearly always during the summer. The second type of event was observed on more than 73 days and occurred throughout the year. The third type was observed on 36 days, from spring through summer. The fourth type was found on 109 days, all of them during the winter. Although sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions in Central California are low, the small residual amounts in gasoline and diesel fuel are apparently sufficient to initiate nucleation events. These were measured in the morning, soon after the shallow surface inversion coupled with layers aloft where nucleation probably was initiated. PM2.5 concentrations were poorly correlated with nanoparticle number.
Deterministic, analytically complete measurement of polarization-dependent transmission through optical devices

Polarization dependence of the loss or gain of an optical device has been difficult to measure in a consistent and reproducible manner because it has been necessary to search for the extrema of transmission over a two-dimensional polarization space. It is shown that the global variation of the transmission through any linear, time-invariant optical device, over all states of polarization, can be found in a strictly deterministic, analytically complete manner by measuring the polarization responses to only three input polarizations. A series of fast, automated measurements of two test devices yielded standard deviations of 0.017 and 0.033 dB and agreement with manual measurements. >
Fluorescently labeled adenovirus with pIX-EGFP for vector detection.

Adenoviruses are extensively studied in terms of their use as gene therapy vectors and pathogenesis. These vectors have been targeted on both transcriptional and transductional levels to achieve cell-specific gene delivery. Current detection strategies, including reporter gene expression, viral component detection, and vector labeling with fluorophores, have been applied to analyze adenoviral vectors; however, these methods are inadequate for assessing transductional targeting. As an alternative to conventional vector detection techniques, we developed a specific genetic labeling system whereby an adenoviral vector incorporates a fusion between capsid protein IX and EGFP. DNA packaging and thermostability were marginally hampered by the modification while DNA replication, cytopathic effect, and CAR-dependent binding were not affected. The fluorescent label was associated with the virus capsid and conferred a fluorescent property useful in detecting adenoviral particles in flow cytometry, tracking, and tissue sections. We believe our genetic adenovirus labeling system has important implications for vector development, detecting adenovirus vectors in targeting schemes, and studying adenovirus biology. In addition, this technique has potential utility for dynamic monitoring of adenovirus replication and spread. Mol Imaging (2004) 3, 105–116.
Technical Appendix A: Alabama Survey Methods

The Alabama ALL Kids Evaluation Study is an ongoing multiyear study of new enrollees and continuous enrollees in Alabama’s State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP). The findings reported in these analyses resulted from a statewide study of children who were enrolled in ALL Kids, the separate, free-standing portion of Alabama’s SCHIP (ie, the non-Medicaid expansion portion) for the first time in each of its first 3 years (1998–2001). Alabama implemented ALL Kids, the separate, free-standing portion of its SCHIP, in October 1998. ALL Kids covered otherwise-uninsured children <19 years old living in families with incomes <200% of the federal poverty level (FPL) and above the age-related Medicaid income thresholds: 133% of the FPL for children <6 years old and 100% of the FPL for children 6 to 18 years old. In an effort to curb substitution of ALL Kids for private coverage, children were not eligible to enroll in ALL Kids for …
Tritrophic Interactions and Reproductive Fitness of the Prairie Perennial Silphium laciniatum Gillette (Asteraceae)

Recent studies have revealed that natural enemies can insuence reproductive success of plants by eliminating their herbivores, thereby reducing damage to photosynthetic or reproductive tissues. Some plant species apparently have evolved "indirect defenses" in response to such top-down selective pressures, producing volatile compounds that are used as cues by natural enemies searching for their herbivorous hosts. The research summarized in this article evaluates the potential for such top-down insuences on plant Þtness in an endemic prairie system and the role of plant volatiles in location of hosts by parasitoids. The study system was comprised of the prairie perennial Silphium laciniatum L. (Asteraceae), the gall wasp Antistrophus rufus Gillette (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), and its parasitoid Eurytoma lutea Bugbee (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae). In common garden experiments, we assessed the impact of gall wasp herbivory on growth and reproduction of S. laciniatum and the mediating insuence of the parasitoid using three treatments: plants caged with gall wasps, plants caged with gall wasps and parasitoids, and control plants caged without gall wasps. Despite technical difÞculties in excluding wild gall wasps and parasitoids, plants caged with gall wasps sowered later than control plants and had reduced reproductive output, producing shorter sowering stems and fewer and smaller seeds of lower viability. The parasitoid apparently "rescued" plant reproduction by killing gall wasp larvae, resulting in larger seeds that were more likely to germinate. Parasitoid females responded more strongly to volatiles produced by galled plants compared with ungalled plants in Þeld olfac- tometry bioassays. This seems to be the Þrst evidence in an endemic community of a plant species gaining a Þtness advantage by producing volatile compounds that attract natural enemies of herbiv- orous insects.
Addressing barriers to physical activity among women: A feasibility study using social networking-enabled technology:

ObjectiveAutomated physical activity (PA) monitoring technology and associated social networks have potential to address barriers to PA, but have rarely been tested for PA promotion. This technolog...
ROLE OF HISTAMINE IN PRODUCING THE EOSINOPHILIA OF MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY.

Results and conclusionsThe acute phase of the magnesium deficient syndrome is characterized by a dermal hyperemia(6) in rats and dermal mast cells degranulate in this phase(3). The blood eosinophilia which occurs in the acute phase of magnesium deficiency (Table I, Group 8) is highly significant (P = < .01) and may be caused by the endogenous release of mast cell secretory products. However, administration of commercial histamine, (Table I, Groups 1, 2, 3) in a variety of doses, routes and time intervals (some not reported here) failed to duplicate the eosinophilia produced by magnesium deficiency. Administration of 48/80 in gradually increasing doses for 3 days produced a significant (P = < .01) eosinophilia (Table I, Group 11) of comparable magnitude to that produced by dietary magnesium deficiency. One large dose of 48/80 (Table I, Group 10) proved fatal to 50% of the animals. Since 48/80 is supposed to be a fairly specific mast cell degranulating agent (7), one would assume that a mast cell product or...
Algorithms in the diagnosis and management of exotic diseases. III. Strongyloidiasis.

Strongyloidiasis is a potentially lethal helminth infection for which effective treatment has only recently become available. Although most helminth parasites do not multiply within man, Strongyloides stercoralis has the capacity to cause an overwhelming infection, which develops via a process called autoinfection. The incidence of this complication appears to be markedly enhanced in immunodepressed individuals. S. stercoralis, although uncommon in comparison with the other major intestinal nematodes, is widely distributed through the tropics and has a patchy distribution in temperate regions. In the United States, surveys from the southern and border states indicate a prevalence of 0.4%-4%. Occasional autochthonous cases have been found in northern cities. Preva-
Three Dimensional Indium–Tin-Oxide Nanorod Array for Charge Collection in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

In this article, we report the design, fabrication, characterization, and simulation of three-dimensional (3D) dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), using ordered indium–tin-oxide (ITO) nanorod (NR) arrays as the photoanode, and compare them with conventional planar (2D) DSSCs. The ITO NR array used in the 3D cell greatly improves its performance by providing shorter electron pathways and reducing the recombination rate of the photogenerated electrons. We observed a 10–20% enhancement of the energy conversion efficiency, primarily due to an increased short circuit current. This finding supports the concept of using 3D photoanodes with optically transparent and conducting nanorods for the enhancement of the energy-harvesting devices that require short charge collection distance without sacrificing the optical thickness. Thus, unlike the conventional solar cell structure, the functions for photon collection and charge transport are decoupled to allow for improved cell designs.
Record-low 10mΩ SiC MOSFETs in TO-247, rated at 900V

We demonstrate a 900V SiC MOSFET with a record-low ON resistance of 10 mΩ in a TO-247 package. Due to their record low specific ON resistance, and a low Rds,On temperature coefficient, 900V SiC MOSFETs can far exceed the current densities of IGBTs in discrete packages. SiC MOSFETs also have a robust, low reverse recovery body diode which makes them suited to hard-switched and soft-switched topologies with bi-directional conduction. They can also achieve superior light load efficiencies due to knee-less conduction in both 1st and 3rd quadrant, low switching losses and low body diode reverse recovery losses.
The rote administrative approach to death in senior housing: Using the other door

Understanding death in long-term care (LTC) facilities and the preexisting standards and policies pertaining to the death experience in LTC is essential. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 10 administrators of CCRCs and data analyzed through content analysis. Results of the current study reveal that administrators spoke of approaching death in their facility similar to any other procedural task, removal of the residents' bodies varied by community, and coordination responsibilities ranged from maintenance crews to management. Notification practices for residents and staff were also inconsistent. Differences existed in internal cultures on providing forms of respect. These practices were standard for some facilities while others were flexible to accommodate family requests. The majority of the sites did not offer additional training on death and dying for staff members. Findings suggest the need for consistency regarding how senior housing administrators approach the death of a resident and provide support for staff members.
Effects of an aldose reductase inhibitor on organic osmotic effectors in rat renal medulla.

Renal medullary cells use sorbitol, betaine, and other organic compounds as osmotic effectors (osmolytes) to balance high extracellular NaCl. Excess sorbitol is also implicated in diabetes complications in several organs including kidneys. To study regulation of renal sorbitol, male Wistar rats were given an aldose reductase inhibitor, sorbinil, at 40 mg.kg-1.day-1 in food to block sorbitol formation from glucose. Inner medullas of kidneys were analyzed for osmolytes by high-performance liquid chromatography and atomic absorption. Animals on sorbinil had significantly reduced medullary sorbitol contents in a group on ad libitum water for 10 days (2.7 mmol/kg wet wt compared with 4.8 in controls) and in an antidiuretic group kept 7 days and an additional 3 days without water (3.8 mmol/kg wet wt compared with 7.2 in antidiuretic controls). In both groups, betaine contents were significantly elevated (9.2 mmol/kg wet wt compared with 5.5 in ad libitum water controls: 6.4 mmol/kg wet wt compared with 4.2 in antidiuretic controls). No other osmolytes differed. Total contents of nonurea organic osmolytes maintained a constant ratio to sodium contents; thus increased betaine concomitant with decreased sorbitol may have maintained constant cell volume. In contrast, in animals kept 21 days on sorbinil, there were significant decreases in urea and inositol contents. However, there were no significant differences in sorbitol or betaine compared with controls, suggesting a compensating increase in sorbitol production or in sorbinil removal.
Effects of dietary methylmercury on the dopaminergic system of adult fathead minnows and their offspring.

Mercury is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant, and potent neurotoxin, which may be transformed by bacteria in aquatic ecosystems to methylmercury, an organic form which bioaccumulates and biomagnifies. Consequently, long-lived organisms at the top of the food web are at risk of dietary methylmercury exposure, which can be actively transferred from mother to offspring. Exposure during neurodevelopment can lead to serious, irreversible neurological dysfunction, associated with a variety of cognitive and motor abnormalities. At low dietary concentrations, MeHg exposure has been associated with deficits in attention, and hyperactivity in multiple species. Pathways associated with cognitive function and motor activity are primarily associated with the dopaminergic system. The present study uses a model fish species, Pimephales promelas, to examine the effects of methylmercury exposure on dopamine concentrations and monoamine oxidase activity in embryos, and adult brains. Adult fatheads were exposed for 30 days to either a control, or treated diet (0.72 ppm Hg). Embryonic and larval exposures were a result of maternal transfer of dietary methylmercury. We confirmed hyperactive behaviors in embryos, and detected significant changes in embryonic dopamine concentrations. Similar effects on dopamine concentrations were seen in the telencephalon of adult brains. Exposure to methylmercury also corresponded with a significant decrease in monoamine oxidase activity in both embryos and brain tissue. Collectively, these results suggest current exposure scenarios in North America are sufficient to induce alterations to this highly conserved neurochemical pathway in offspring, which may have adverse effects on fish behavior and cognition. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Differential Effect of An Autoantibody to Thrombin on Fibrinogen Cleavage and Protein C Activation.

Abstract 3652 A 76 year old male experienced an unexpected blood loss of 1300 ml during an elective left shoulder replacement for degenerative joint disease. His post-operative course was uncomplicated. Further laboratory testing revealed a prolonged thrombin time of 33 seconds (control of 17.7–20.3 seconds). The reptilase time was within normal limits. He also had a normal factor V, × and fibrinogen level. The prolonged thrombin time failed to correct upon addition of normal plasma. The patient9s IgG fraction was isolated by protein G-Sepharose chromatography and tested for its effect in coagulation assays. The patient9s purified IgG (2.1 mg/ml) prolonged the thrombin time in normal plasma when tested with a commercial bovine thrombin time reagent. Under similar conditions, normal IgG had no effect. These laboratory tests suggest an acquired antibody to thrombin. The antibody was further characterized by testing its effect on purified human thrombin. The antibody prolonged the clotting time of human thrombin in normal plasma in a concentration dependent manner. However, the antibody had no effect on the esterolytic activity of human or bovine thrombin as measured by the proteolysis of the chromogenic thrombin substrate, S-2238. These results suggest that the epitope for the antibody overlaps the fibrinogen binding site on thrombin but does not include thrombin9s active enzymatic site. We also tested the effect of the purified antibody on thrombomodulin-dependent thrombin activation of protein C. The patient9s antibody was incubated with protein C, rabbit thrombomodulin and calcium containing buffer. The activation of protein C was measured using the chromogenic protein C substrate S2366. The antibody had no effect on protein C activation by thrombin. Acquired antibodies to thrombin develop after exposure to bovine thrombin, commonly used for surgical hemostasis. These antibodies are also associated with antibodies to factor V and a low factor V level. This patient9s clinical and laboratory profile is intriguing, given the lack of previous exposure to bovine or human thrombin and the presence of normal Factor V levels. This novel antibody may represent formation of a spontaneous autoantibody to thrombin due to failure of immunological surveillance mechanisms. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Canard–wing interference effects on the flight characteristics of a transonic passenger aircraft

Abstract Effects of canard–wing interference on the flight characteristics of a civilian transonic cruiser aircraft are examined using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, a vortex lattice solver, and wind tunnel measurements. These data sources are used to generate reduced-order aerodynamic models in the form of look-up tables that give longitudinal and lateral force and moment coefficients for different combinations of angle of attack, Mach number, side-slip angle, and canard deflection angle. Flight characteristics from CFD simulations and the vortex lattice solver are compared with wind tunnel measurements in order to determine model accuracy for both static and dynamic flight conditions. Static cases are examined at a Mach number of 0.1 for two different canard positions using an overset grid approach. Cases considered include canard deflections of − 30 ∘ , − 10 ∘ , 0 ∘ , and 10 ∘ at angles of attack ranging from − 4 ∘ to 30 ∘ and for sideslip angles of − 6 ∘ and 6 ∘ . Dynamic cases are examined for aircraft oscillations about mean angles of attack of 0 ∘ to 10 ∘ , with a motion frequency of 1 Hz and an amplitude of 0.5 ∘ . The results indicate that both static and dynamic aerodynamic predictions from CFD simulations are in good agreement with experiments over the range of conditions considered. The vortex lattice solver, by contrast, cannot predict vortical flows formed over the wing and canard surfaces, resulting in poorer agreement with experimental data. The CFD-based reduced order aerodynamic model is then used to investigate trim settings and handling qualities of two different canard designs. Results show that positioning the canard surface of the transonic cruiser closer to the wing requires less canard deflection and thrust force to trim the aircraft.
Shoulder activity level and progression of degenerative cuff disease

Background This study prospectively examined the relationship of direct and indirect measures of shoulder activity with the risks of tear progression and pain development in subjects with an asymptomatic degenerative rotator cuff tear. Methods A cohort of asymptomatic degenerative rotator cuff tears was prospectively monitored annually, documenting tear size progression with ultrasound imaging and potential shoulder pain development. Shoulder activity level, self-reported occupational and physical demand level, and hand dominance were compared with risks of tear enlargement and future pain development. Results The study monitored 346 individuals with a mean age of 62.1 years for a median duration of 4.1 years (interquartile range [IQR], 2.4-7.9 years). Tear enlargement was seen in 177 shoulders (51.2%), and pain developed in 161 shoulders (46.5%) over time. Tear presence in the dominant shoulder was associated with a greater risk of tear enlargement (hazard ratio, 1.40; P = .03) and pain development (hazard ratio, 1.63; P = .002). Shoulder activity level (P = .37) and occupational demand level (P = .62) were not predictive of tear enlargement. Occupational demand categories of manual labor (P = .047) and “in between” (P = .045) had greater risks of pain development than sedentary demands. The median shoulder activity score for shoulders that became painful was lower than for shoulders that remained asymptomatic (10.0 [IQR, 7.0-13.0] vs. 11.0 [IQR, 8.0-14.0], P = .02). Conclusions Tear enlargement and pain development in asymptomatic tears are more common with involvement of the dominant shoulder. Shoulder activity level is not related to tear progression risks. Pain development is associated with a lower shoulder activity level even though patients with higher occupational demands are more likely to develop pain.
Applying the environmental flow components approach to the River Murray in South Australia

River regulation has degraded the River Murray’s riverine ecosystems. Environmental flows are now being delivered to restore these ecosystems to a more natural, pre-regulation state. To guide the d...
Poly Chronic Disease Epidemiology: A Global View

The delivery and quality of health care for patients with poly chronic conditions can be improved through a comprehensive understanding of the patterns and trends of disease occurrence. Epidemiological studies examine the trilogy of agent, host, and environmental relationships to health or illness. Applying fundamental epidemiologic principles to the study of poly chronic diseases provides the opportunity to identify the influential individual and contextual factors that need to be addressed in order to improve the health care and outcomes for patients with multiple chronic conditions. One promising analytical strategy is to leverage the available massive data from varying sources, develop predictive analytical models, and formulate clinical and administrative decision support systems to improve patient-centered care and self-care management of chronic disease. Prevention of poly chronic conditions is a highly feasible option to realize optimal health of the population.