cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hardware that produces bounded rather than exact results

Technological achievements have made it possible to: fabricate CMOS circuits with over a billion transistors; implement Boolean operations using quantum devices and/or the spin of an electron; implement transformations using bio and molecular based cells. Problems with many of these technologies are due to such factors as process variations, defects and impurities in materials and solutions, and noise. Consequently, many systems built from these technologies operate imperfectly. Luckily there are many complex and large-market systems (applications) that tolerate acceptable though not always correct results. In addition, there is emerging a body of mathematical analysis related to imperfect computation. In this paper we first introduce the concepts of acceptable error-tolerance and acceptable performance degradation, and demonstrate how important attributes of these concepts can be quantified. We interlace this discussion with several examples of systems that can effectively employ these two concepts. Next we mention several immerging technologies that motivate the need to study these concepts as well as related mathematical paradigms. Finally we will list a few CAD issues that are needed to support this new form of technological revolution.
Hydrogen storage with hetero porphyrin aggregates

Abstract Hydrogen interaction of porphyrin hetero-pairs has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Aggregates were prepared by spontaneous aggregation of water soluble anionic porphyrins meso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphine (TCPP) and meso-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphine (TPPS) with cationic meso-tetra-p-trimethylaminophenyl porphine tetrachloride (TAP). Aggregate formation in solution was investigated via UV–visible spectroscopy at different pH ranges. At neutral to basic conditions, porphyrin pairs formed partially soluble hetero H-aggregates and at low pH, soluble homo J-aggregates was formed. H-aggregates were isolated by centrifuging and freeze-drying. The obtained solids were studied by X-ray powder diffraction. Thermal stability of dry aggregates was determined by thermogravimetric analysis. The TCPP-TAP hetero aggregates exhibited hydrogen uptake between 80 °C and 250 °C. The amount of hydrogen absorbed by the sample corresponds to 0.29% by weight, indicating a potential use of such materials as a solid state hydrogen storage medium.
Characterization of gold in the cytosol of rat-kidney cortex cells

Abstract Evidence is presented for a chemical equilibrium of gold(I) among sulfhydryl binding sites in the cytoplasm of renal cortical cells of the rat. The gold distribution among protein and nonprotein species, examined by gel-permeation chromatography following in vivo administration of gold sodium thiomalate, gold sodium thioglucose, NaAuCl 4 , and (C 2 H 5 ) 3 PAuCl, was similar in each case, although the cytoplasmic gold concentrations varied. The pattern of gold elution closely parallels that of the thiol groups in the supernatant. In vitro addition of gold sodium thiomalate to the supernatant fraction produced an identical distribution. Addition of cysteine to cytoplasm following in vivo administration of gold drastically decreased the protein-bound gold and increased the non-protein-bound gold. These data rule out the induced synthesis of a metallothionein-like gold-binding protein. Ultracentrifugation revealed gold to be present in the microsomal fraction as well as the supernatant.
Nonclassical relations between elements of Gramian matrices of vector systems of a unitary Hilbert space

For a certain class of infinite-dimensional vectors of a Hilbert space, we have found a second-degree relation between the elements of a Gramian matrix in the form of equalities and inequalities. For an ordered system of nonorthogonal periodic vector functions, we have determined the Gramian matrices whose nondiagonal elements are connected with the elements of the first column by equalities of degree not higher than 2.
Comparison of Factor VIII-Related Antigen and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate in Outpatient Management of Vasculitis:

Electroimmunodiffusion (Laurell rocket) determinations of factor VIII-related antigen in plasma were ordered to determine the cost/benefit ratio for factor VIII-related antigen as a putative test for endothelial damage in suspected vasculitis. Twenty-seven consecutive patients referred for vasculitis or suspected vasculitis were identified and followed up for an average of 9.1 +/- months (range: one to thirty-three months) in a prospective, unblinded study performed in a clinic, associated with a 1054-bed inner-city university hospital. There was no difference in Westergren erythrocyte sedimentation rate (WESR) in patients with final diagnosis of systemic vasculitis (SV) (38 +/- 12 mm/hour) compared to those without vasculitis (NV) (27 +/- 7) as the final diagnosis. The mean plasma concentration of factor VIII-related antigen was significantly elevated in SV (344 +/- 100%) when compared with NV (147 +/- 39%) (P < 0.016). The factor VIII-related antigen test in this study was 2.56 times more likely (crude odds ratio) than the WESR to contribute to a change in diagnosis or therapy (P = 0.016). Positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) for factor VIII-related antigen (abnormal at greater than 220% of the normal value) were both 70%. PPV and NPV for WESR were 56% and 86%, respectively. The factor VIII-related test was less cost-effective than the WESR in the follow-up period unless it was important to define complete remission or differentiate vasculitis flare from infection. The authors conclude that factor VIII-related antigen is a useful test in the initial diagnosis of vasculitis.
Sequential bayesian bit error rate measurement

As bit error rates decrease, the time required to measure a bit error rate (BER) or perform a BER test (i.e., to determine that a particular communications device's BER is less than some acceptable limit) increases dramatically. One cause of long measurement times is the difficulty of deciding a priori how many bits to measure to establish the BER to within a predetermined confidence interval width. This paper explores a new approach to deciding how many bits to measure, namely a sequential Bayesian approach. As measurement proceeds, the posterior distribution of BER is checked to see if the conclusion can be made that the BER rate is known to be within the desired range with high enough probability. Desired properties of the posterior distribution such as the maximum a postiori estimate and confidence limits can be computed quickly using off-the-shelf numerical software. Examples are given of using this method on bit error data measured with an Agilent 81250 parallel BER tester.
Inactivation of YAP oncoprotein by the Hippo pathway is involved in cell contact inhibition and tissue growth control

The Hippo pathway plays a key role in organ size control by regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis in Drosophila. Although recent genetic studies have shown that the Hippo pathway is regulated by the NF2 and Fat tumor suppressors, the physiological regulations of this pathway are unknown. Here we show that in mammalian cells, the transcription coactivator YAP (Yes-associated protein), is inhibited by cell density via the Hippo pathway. Phosphorylation by the Lats tumor suppressor kinase leads to cytoplasmic translocation and inactivation of the YAP oncoprotein. Furthermore, attenuation of this phosphorylation of YAP or Yorkie (Yki), the Drosophila homolog of YAP, potentiates their growth-promoting function in vivo. Moreover, YAP overexpression regulates gene expression in a manner opposite to cell density, and is able to overcome cell contact inhibition. Inhibition of YAP function restores contact inhibition in a human cancer cell line bearing deletion of Salvador (Sav), a Hippo pathway component. Interestingly, we observed that YAP protein is elevated and nuclear localized in some human liver and prostate cancers. Our observations demonstrate that YAP plays a key role in the Hippo pathway to control cell proliferation in response to cell contact.
Performance evaluation of relational databases in a corporate environment

This paper presents a method of testing relational product performance that is specifically oriented to a corporate environment with very large volume data handling needs. The methodology is detailed and the configuration of the assessment environment is presented. The actual implementation of the assessment, in both VM and MVS, is discussed. Preliminary results are given. Finally, the benefits of conducting such a product assessment for this specific corporate environment are presented.
X-MAC: a short preamble MAC protocol for duty-cycled wireless sensor networks

In this paper we present X-MAC, a low power MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Standard MAC protocols developed for duty-cycled WSNs such as BMAC, which is the default MAC protocol for TinyOS, employ an extended preamble and preamble sampling. While this "low power listening" approach is simple, asynchronous, and energy-efficient, the long preamble introduces excess latency at each hop, is suboptimal in terms of energy consumption, and suffers from excess energy consumption at nontarget receivers. X-MAC proposes solutions to each of these problems by employing a shortened preamble approach that retains the advantages of low power listening, namely low power communication, simplicity and a decoupling of transmitter and receiver sleep schedules. We demonstrate through implementation and evaluation in a wireless sensor testbed that X-MAC's shortened preamble approach significantly reduces energy usage at both the transmitter and receiver, reduces per-hop latency, and offers additional advantages such as flexible adaptation to both bursty and periodic sensor data sources.
Multi-frame Approaches To Improve Face Recognition

Face recognition from video sequences is becoming an important area of biometrics research. In this work, we explore different strategies to improve face recognition performance from video. We develop a good strategy to select the smallest number of frames to achieve a high level of performance. We apply Principal Component Analysis to identify suitable frames to represent the subjects. We demonstrate our approaches on our dataset, which uses three different cameras and is larger than any known research database of video face sequences. Finally, we compare our approach to an existing approach from UCSD [8, 9] and show that it performs slightly better than that approach (99% rank one recognition rate).
Secondary flows and vortex formation around a circular cylinder in constant-shear flow

A pair of curved gauzes with non-uniform porosity was used to generate a strong constant-shear flow with low turbulence intensity. The complex features of this flow around a circular cylinder with its axis normal to the vorticity and mean velocity vectors were studied. Methods such as the use of end plates, inclusion of gaps at the junctions of the cylinder with the end plates and fluid withdrawal were applied to minimise end effects. Exploratory studies were made to investigate shear effects on the vortex wake formation region. Effects of the steepness factor on vortex formation were explained.
Analysis of an adaptive fuzzy system for disassembly process planning

As product lifecycles are getting shorter and shorter, manufacturers are facing a great deal of economic and political pressure to reclaim and recycle their obsolete products. Disassembly, as one of the natural solutions, is of increasing importance in material and product recovery. However, most of the existing works on disassembly process planning use a deterministic model to characterize the high levels of uncertainty (e.g., uncertainty in product structure and condition and human factors) inherent in the process. This paper builds upon our previous work (Tang, et al., 2004, Tang, et al. 2005) to explicitly address the dynamics in disassembly using fuzzy Petri nets. An adaptive fuzzy system with an enhanced learning method is proposed to predict the impact of human factors and product uncertainty on disassembly. Simulation software is also developed to validate the proposed method and the robustness of the adaptive fuzzy system.
Introduction: Anxious borders between work and life in a time of bureaucratic ethics regulation

INTRODUCTION AE FORUM ver the past few decades, anthropologists have reassessed the value of fieldwork "at home," in particular, and reviewed the disciplinary status of field practice, in general-in both cases from various angles-in light of the shifting contemporary circumstances and opportunities for ethnographic work. The articles in this AE Forum extend that scrutiny by focusing attention on informality in ethnographic fieldwork both at home and away. Informality here refers to the undemarcated moments of ethnographic practice when "research" and "daily life" are inextricable. Informality is a prominent feature of partly or wholly unfunded (self-funded) research pursued part-time at home; it is also evident, if less notable, perhaps, in funded research anywhere, insofar as "doing fieldwork" is all about embedding oneself in ongoing social situations not designed by the investigator. Although informality is a long-standing, acknowledged fact in ethnographic sociology-in which unfunded research at home is the norm-it is as yet largely unremarked in anthropology despite being a common corollary of the trend to home-based fieldwork. In both disciplines, informality demands explicit attention because it has recently become problematized in new ways in the United States. For over three decades, institutional review boards (IRBs) have overseen researchers' compliance with U.S. federal regulations concerning ethical "human subjects" research. During the past five or six years, however, federal regulators have been on high alert, a stance passed along to local IRBs as an increasing fear of legal and financial consequences to their home institutions should they slacken efforts to fulfill their internal monitoring responsibilities. Federal regulations presuppose a research process whose locations, time frames, personnel, and protocols are all clearly demarcated (in funding proposals, typically) such that research may be clearly distinguished from a scholar's "ordinary life," in which other ethical guarantees and constraints (like the First Amendment and libel laws) apply. Against this presumption of clearly bracketed research, informal fieldwork blurs the work-life distinction.
A cost-effective amplifier for electromagnetic field strength measurement

Problems associated with high sensitivity electromagnetic radiation measurements arise when low levels of broadband radiated emissions are to be detected. Such measurements require expensive and sensitive equipment operating in a broad range of frequencies. This paper presents an inexpensive broadband amplifier designed to increase the overall gain of a measurement system consisting of a 50 ohm broadband antenna coupled to a 50 ohm input spectrum analyzer. Addition of the amplifier increases system gain by nearly 30 dB with insignificant degradation in the signal-to-noise ratio. The bandwidth of the system exceeds 1000 MHz, with the frequency ranging between 30MHz and 2.2GHz.
Olopatadine 0.2% ophthalmic solution: the first ophthalmic antiallergy agent with once-daily dosing

Background: Olopatadine 0.2% is the first topical ophthalmic antihistamine/mast cell stabilizer indicated for once-daily dosing. Objective: This review provides a comprehensive description of the pharmacology of the olopatadine molecule, as well as of the clinical efficacy, tolerability, and safety of olopatadine 0.2% ophthalmic solution. Methods: References cited in this review were obtained from the PubMed biomedical literature database. Also included were several posters presented at nationally renowned ophthalmology-related conferences. Results/conclusion: Olopatadine 0.2% was found to be a safe and effective medication for the reduction of itching with a duration of action of up to 24 h. The added convenience of a once-a-day dosing regimen is a major advancement in this drug class.
Space-time duality in digital filter structures

An FIR filter with fixed-point coefficients is viewed as a two-dimensional binary pattern of ones and zeros, as seen by the digital machine. The operator z-1represents shift in one dimension, time, and the operator 2-1represents shift in the other dimension, space. This two-dimensional binary approach results in two digital filter structures, the split in space and merge in time structure and its dual the split in time and merge in space structure. The two structures are optimized to minimize a particular computational complexity measure. Extensions and potential applications of this work are discussed.
Unitary space-time modulation via the Cayley transform

A method of generating good performing USTM constellations using the Cayley transform is proposed. The codes, which can be used for any number of transmit and receive antennas without channel knowledge, are designed based on an information-theoretic criterion, and lend themselves to polynomial-time near-maximum-likelihood decoding using the sphere decoding algorithm.
Multi-Level Logic Synthesis Using Communication Complexity

We present a new multi-level logic synthesis technique based on minimizing communication complexity. Intuitively, we believe this approach is viable because for many types of circuits lower bounds on the area needed to implement those circuits have been obtained considering only communication complexity. It performs especially well for functions which are hierarchically decomposable (e.g., adders, parity generators, comparators, etc.). Unlike many other multi-level logic synthesis techniques, a lower bound can be computed to determine how well the synthesis was performed. We also present a new multi-level logic synthesis program based on the techniques described for reducing communication complexity.
Nephropathic cystinosis: late complications of a multisystemic disease

Cystinosis is a rare autosomal recessive disorder due to impaired transport of cystine out of cellular lysosomes. Its estimated incidence is 1 in 100,000 live births. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the most prominent feature of cystinosis and, along with dehydration and electrolyte imbalance due to renal tubular Fanconi syndrome, has accounted for the bulk of deaths from this disorder. Prior to renal transplantation and cystine-depleting therapy with cysteamine for children with nephropathic cystinosis, their lifespan was approximately 10 years. Now, cystinotic patients have survived through their fifth decade, but the unremitting accumulation of cystine has created significant non-renal morbidity and mortality. In this article we review the classic presentation of nephropathic cystinosis and the natural history, diagnosis, and treatment of the disorder's systemic involvement. We also emphasize the role of oral cysteamine therapy in preventing the late complications of cystinosis.
Supplementation of Diets with α-Tocopherol Reduces Serum Concentrations of γ- and δ-Tocopherol in Humans

Despite promising evidence from in vitro experiments and observational studies, supplementation of diets with alpha-tocopherol has not reduced the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer in most large-scale clinical trials. One plausible explanation is that the potential health benefits of alpha-tocopherol supplements are offset by deleterious changes in the bioavailability and/or bioactivity of other nutrients. We studied the effects of supplementing diets with RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (400 IU/d) on serum concentrations of gamma- and delta-tocopherol in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 184 adult nonsmokers. Outcomes were changes in serum concentrations of gamma- and delta-tocopherol from baseline to the end of the 2-mo experimental period. Compared with placebo, supplementation with alpha-tocopherol reduced serum gamma-tocopherol concentrations by a median change of 58% [95% CI = (51%, 66%), P < 0.0001], and reduced the number of individuals with detectable delta-tocopherol concentrations (P < 0.0001). Consistent with trial results were the results from baseline cross-sectional analyses, in which prior vitamin E supplement users had significantly lower serum gamma-tocopherol than nonusers. In view of the potential benefits of gamma- and delta-tocopherol, the efficacy of alpha-tocopherol supplementation may be reduced due to decreases in serum gamma- and delta-tocopherol levels. Additional research is clearly warranted.
Feel the burn: exploring design parameters for effortful interaction for educational games

This paper describes an empirical study conducted to explore the expressive design space for what we dub "effortful interaction." Effortful interaction is a form of human-computer interaction where different degrees of physical effort are intentionally incorporated into the interaction design in order to communicate information. In this sense effortful interaction is similar to haptics, where devices provide physical force feedback to users, except the perceived feedback occurs entirely within users' proprioception: i.e., users' perception of their own bodies. Our larger design goal is to use effortful interaction to communicate quantitative information to children who aren't yet proficient with graphs. First, though, we had to establish if we could reliably induce sensations of effort. This study examined the sensitivity of children to three different design parameters (the duration of interaction, the intensity required by the interaction, and the physical modality of the interaction), and compares their responses to those of adults.
Ulcerative Esophagitis A Rare Source of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in a Neonate Use of Fiberoptic Endoscopy for Diagnosis

A case of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in a newborn infant due to ulcerative esophagitis is described. This is a previously undescribed cause of upper gastrointestinal neonatal bleeding. This case further illustrates the safety and efficacy of fiberoptic endoscopy in elucidating the source of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the immediate newborn period.
Terruco de m... Insulto y estigma en la guerra sucia peruana

Este articulo explora la breve pero intensa historia de la palabra terruco, un termino coloquial que se usa como sustituto de terrorista. En particular, se intenta demostrar que el uso de terruco como un insulto, aunque en principio dirigido a los miembros de los grupos alzados en armas, contribuyo decisivamente, durante los anos de la guerra sucia e incluso en tiempos mas recientes, a estigmatizar a distintos sectores de la poblacion peruana, incluyendo a defensores de derechos humanos, familiares de detenidos y otras victimas de la violencia politica, y personas de origen indigena en general. Su uso recurrente en sesiones de tortura y en episodios de violacion sexual anade una dimension adicional a la conexion entre el termino terruco y la practica generalizada de formas de abuso y violencia que fueron consideradas, por muchos peruanos, necesarias y hasta legitimas durante los anos del conflicto armado interno
DUNGENESS CRAB, CANCER MAGISTER, DO NOT EXTRUDE EGGS ANNUALLY IN SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA: AN IN SITU STUDY

The reproductive biology of female Dungeness crabs was studied with crab-pot and dive-transect sampling in five bays within or near Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, southeastern Alaska, in April and September yearly from 1992 to 1998. A large percentage of nonovigerous, mature females was found in April, a time when females were expected to be brooding eggs that hatch in May and June. Our study examined differences between ovigerous and nonovigerous females collected in April and September samples to corroborate our previous laboratory study in which we found nonannual egg extrusion among Dungeness crabs. Seasonal differences in the catches of ovigerous and nonovigerous females, crab sizes, shell condition, and appendage injury were examined. Additionally, all crabs collected from two bays were tagged beginning in the fall of 1995; tagging was conducted twice annually. Our pot and dive data indicate that females, particularly larger ones, do not extrude eggs annually. Larger females have lower molting probabilities, which limits mating potential and increases reliance on stored sperm. The tagging study confirmed that at least some females do not extrude eggs in one year and then extrude eggs at a later time without molting, thus skipping at least one reproductive season. A reproductive cycle of Dungeness crabs in Alaska is introduced which includes earlier egg extrusion by larger females and nonannual egg extrusion.
Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) from a Coastal Region of California

A study was conducted in Santa Cruz County to estimate the prevalence and distribution of the agents of Lyme disease, human granulocytic (HGE), and human monocytic (HME) ehrlichiosis in 1,187 adult ixodid ticks collected from eight public-use recreation areas over a 2-yr period. Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, was detected by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 44 of 776 (5.67%) Ixodes pacificus ticks and in 3 of 58 (5.17%) Dermacentor variabilis ticks. Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of HGE, was detected by PCR in 48 (6.19%) I. pacificus ticks and 5 (8.62%) D. variabilis ticks. Ehrlichia chaffeensis, the causative agent of HME, was detected by nested PCR in just five (0.64%) I. pacificus ticks and four (6.9%) D. variabilis ticks. Interestingly, eight (1.03%) I. pacificus ticks were co-infected with B. burgdorferi and A. phagocytophilum, and just one (0.12%) tick was co-infected with B. burgdorferi and E. chaffeensis. Less than 1% of 353 Dermacentor occidentalis ticks showed evidence of infection with any of the agents tested. To our knowledge, this is the first reported identification of A. phagocytophilum and E. chaffeensis in D. occidentalis ticks from California. This study represents the first extensive survey of Lyme and the ehrlichial diseases across multiple areas of Santa Cruz County, and suggests that prevalence of B. burgdorferi in Santa Cruz County may be higher than other areas of the state.
Ampliative Transmission and Deontological Internalism

Deontological internalism is the family of views where justification is a positive deontological appraisal of someone's epistemic agency: S is justified, that is, when S is blameless, praiseworthy, or responsible in believing that p. Brian Weatherson discusses very briefly how a plausible principle of ampliative transmission reveals a worry for versions of deontological internalism formulated in terms of epistemic blame. Weatherson denies, however, that similar principles reveal similar worries for other versions. I disagree. In this article, I argue that plausible principles of ampliative transmission reveal a worry for deontological internalism in general.
Actions Speak Louder than Words: Evaluating Parsers in the Context of Natural Language Understanding Systems for Human-Robot Interaction

The standard ParsEval metrics alone are often not sufficient for evaluating parsers integrated in natural language understanding systems. We propose to augment intrinsic parser evaluations by extrinsic measures in the context of human-robot interaction using a corpus from a human cooperative search task. We compare a constituent with a dependency parser on both intrinsic and extrinsic measures and show that the conversion to semantics is feasible for different syntactic paradigms.
Rictor is required for optimal bone accrual in response to anti-sclerostin therapy in the mouse

Wnt signaling has emerged as a major target pathway for the development of novel bone anabolic therapies. Neutralizing antibodies against the secreted Wnt antagonist sclerostin (Scl-Ab) increase bone mass in both animal models and humans. Because we have previously shown that Rictor-dependent mTORC2 activity contributes to Wnt signaling, we test here whether Rictor is required for Scl-Ab to promote bone anabolism. Mice with Rictor deleted in the early embryonic limb mesenchyme (Prx1-Cre;Rictor(f/f), hereafter RiCKO) were subjected to Scl-Ab treatment for 5weeks starting at 4months of age. In vivo micro-computed tomography (μCT) analyses before the treatment showed that the RiCKO mice displayed normal trabecular, but less cortical bone mass than the littermate controls. After 5weeks of treatment, Scl-Ab dose-dependently increased trabecular and cortical bone mass in both control and RiCKO mice, but the increase was significantly blunted in the latter. Dynamic histomorphometry revealed that the RiCKO mice formed less bone than the control in response to Scl-Ab. In addition, the RiCKO mice possessed fewer osteoclasts than normal under the basal condition and exhibited lesser suppression in osteoclast number by Scl-Ab. Consistent with the fewer osteoclasts in vivo, bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) from the RiCKO mice expressed less Rankl but normal levels of Opg or M-CSF, and were less effective than the control cells in supporting osteoclastogenesis in vitro. The reliance of Rankl on Rictor appeared to be independent of Wnt-β-catenin or Wnt-mTORC2 signaling as Wnt3a had no effect on Rankl expression by BMSC from either control or RICKO mice. Overall, Rictor in the limb mesenchymal lineage is required for the normal response to the anti-sclerostin therapy in both bone formation and resorption.
Revision hip arthroplasty with the use of cement and impaction grafting. Histological analysis of four cases.

ABSTRACTThe findings of radiographic studies have suggested that the cementing of an implant with a polished tapered stem into a bed of impacted bone allograft may provide adequate function of the joint and may restore bone in the proximal part of the femur. However, radiographs of hips with cancell
Trimethylamine N‐Oxide Promotes Vascular Inflammation Through Signaling of Mitogen‐Activated Protein Kinase and Nuclear Factor‐κB

Background The choline‐derived metabolite trimethylamine N‐oxide (TMAO) has been demonstrated to contribute to atherosclerosis and is associated with coronary artery disease risk. Methods and Results We explored the impact of TMAO on endothelial and smooth muscle cell function in vivo, focusing on disease‐relevant outcomes for atherogenesis. Initially, we observed that aortas of LDLR−/− mice fed a choline diet showed elevated inflammatory gene expression compared with controls. Acute TMAO injection at physiological levels was sufficient to induce the same inflammatory markers and activate the well‐known mitogen‐activated protein kinase, extracellular signal–related kinase, and nuclear factor‐κB signaling cascade. These observations were recapitulated in primary human aortic endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. We also found that TMAO promotes recruitment of activated leukocytes to endothelial cells. Through pharmacological inhibition, we further showed that activation of nuclear factor‐κB signaling was necessary for TMAO to induce inflammatory gene expression in both of these relevant cell types as well as endothelial cell adhesion of leukocytes. Conclusions Our results suggest a likely contributory mechanism for TMAO‐dependent enhancement in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risks.
Finite Volume Diffusion Operators for Compressible CFD on Unstructured Grids

A survey of diffusion operators for compressible CFD solvers on unstructured grids is conducted to understand different formulation procedures for viscous fluxes. A patch-wise version of the method of manufactured solutions is used to test the robustness and accuracy of the diffusion operators. These diffusion operators are tested and compared on different mesh topologies in 1D and 2D to study the effect of mesh quality, mesh resolution, and the solution behavior. In 1D the mesh quality is determined by stretching the mesh by a constant factor, whereas in 2D the mesh quality includes stretching, aspect ratio, skewness, and curvature. Insight into the role of mesh quality on the diffusion terms is gained by examining the truncation error for diffusion terms evaluated with central differences in transformed coordinates. Quantities examined include the numerical approximation errors and order of accuracy associated with face gradient reconstruction and diffusion term integration. In addition, the positivity of the diffusion term is examined which provides a measure of the numerical stability of the gradient operators. In the present work, the testing of diffusion operators is limited to cell-centered finite volume methods that are formally second order accurate.
Electoral Choice and Popular Control of Public Policy: The Case of the 1966 House Elections *

Recent democratic theorists define democracy procedurally, providing lists of necessary and sufficient conditions for a democratic system. They require a free press, free and open elections, universal suffrage, one-person onevote; they require that candidates or parties with the most votes must win, that minorities must be allowed equal opportunity to become majorities, and so on. Certainly this description fits such theorists as Dahl,1 Downs,2 and Mayo,3 all of whom feel that the basic meaning of democracy is deciding who shall govern. Typical is the following definition of democracy: "One test of an electoral system is the extent to which it is democratic, that is, the extent to which everyone is permitted to participate in the choice (of rulers) ."4 It is argued that since the size and complexity of modern nations have made direct popular control of policies impossible, the best test of democracy is popular selection of decision makers. According to this criterion, we have in the
Selective regulation of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity by the spermine analogue 6-spermyne

Polyamine-biosynthesis activity is known to be negatively regulated by intracellular polyamine pools. Accordingly, treatment of cultured L1210 cells with 10 microM-spermine rapidly and significantly lowered ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC) activities in a sequential manner. By contrast, treatment for 48 h with 10 microM of the unsaturated spermine analogue 6-spermyne lowered AdoMetDC activity, but not ODC activity. An initial decrease in ODC activity at 2 h was attributed to a transient increase in free intracellular spermidine and spermine brought about through their displacement by the analogue. Thereafter, ODC activity recovered steadily to control values as 6-spermyne pools increased and spermidine and spermine pools decreased owing to analogue suppression of AdoMetDC activity. The apparent ability of 6-spermyne to regulate AdoMetDC, but not ODC, activity suggests an interesting structure-function correlation and demonstrates that the typical co-regulation of these enzyme activities can be dissociated. This, in turn, may reflect the existence of independent regulatory binding sites for the two enzymes.
Timing Path-Driven Cycle Cutting for Sequential Controllers

Power and performance optimization of integrated circuits is performed by timing-driven algorithms that operate on directed acyclic graphs. Sequential circuits and circuits with topological feedback contain cycles. Cyclic circuits must be represented as directed acyclic graphs to be optimized and evaluated using static timing analysis. Algorithms in commercial electronic design automation tools generate the required acyclic graphs by cutting cycles without considering timing paths. This work reports on a method for generating directed acyclic circuit graphs that do not cut the specified timing paths. The algorithm is applied to over 125 benchmark designs and asynchronous handshake controllers. The runtime is less than 1 second, even for even the largest published controllers. Circuit timing graphs generated using this method retain the necessary timing paths, which enables circuit validation and optimization employing the commercial tools. Additional benefits show these designs are on an average a third in size, operate 33.3p faster, and consume one-fourth the energy.
Accelerated partial breast irradiation dosimetric criteria for the strut-adjusted volume implant.

Abstract Purpose Current guidelines for high-dose-rate accelerated partial breast irradiation using single-entry implants are based on the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-39/Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 0413 protocol, which assumed a balloon implant geometry. We have developed robust plan evaluation criteria specifically for the strut-adjusted volume implant (SAVI). Methods and Materials Plan evaluation criteria were established using a “training data set” of 62 SAVI treatment plans and included the percentage volume of target receiving 90%, 95%, and 100% of the prescription dose (V90, V95, and V100), the absolute volume of target receiving 150% and 200% of prescription (V150 and V200), and the maximum doses to skin (Dskin max) and ribs (Drib max). “Ideal” and “expected” (routinely achievable) thresholds were determined for each criterion and compared to B-39 guidelines. A “test data set” collected from the next 25 patients was analyzed using the developed plan evaluation criteria. Results Ideal (expected) dosimetric thresholds established from the training data set were V90 ≥ 98% (95%), V95 ≥ 95% (92%), V100 ≥ 91% (88%), Dskin max Conclusions The plan evaluation criteria developed specifically for the SAVI device are robust, providing increased target coverage and increased skin sparing compared to B-39 guidelines.
Work and Mental Health in Social Context

In this chapter, we summarize our sociological model for understanding the work–job stress relationship. Moreover, we want to show how this model makes contributions to the way we can understand the sociology of labor markets and economic attainment, the social determinants of health (health disparities), and the sociological stress process. We are interested in creating opportunities for sociologists and organizational psychologists who often study topics within narrow bounds to recognize the broader application of the knowledge they generate and the possibilities for informing the work of one another (Fenwick and Tausig 2007). We think we have shown that the sociological study of economic attainment is the study of health attainment and that the sociological study of health is the study of economic attainment.
Teacher Stress Predicts Child Executive Function: Moderation by School Poverty

ABSTRACTResearch Findings: Recent research has explored relations between classroom quality and child executive function (EF), but little is known about how teachers’ well-being, including stress, ...
Balancing and control of dual wheel swarm robots by using sensors and port forwarding router

The balance of Double wheel self supporting robot is maintained by following the inverted pendulum concept. The PWM technique is adapted for controlling the DC motors which are connected to the robot wheels. In the existing robot models tilt sensor is used which makes them to move in a straight line only. Even with the connecting encoder tilt sensor does not reduced the error. The proposed method uses both Gyroscope and Accelerometer which are used to detect tilt angle & acceleration. As a result of this our robot will be able to move in curvilinear path. Any error from this sensor is overcome by coupling a kalman filter. By Using IOT and adopting port forwarding method multiple robots can be controlled. The application areas of this kind of robots are moving wheel chair, explosive detection and disposing and short range vehicles.
Sweetness and Other Taste Attributes of the Sugars

Sweetness is a pleasant sensation, but the rates with which sweetness and pleasantness increase with increasing sugar concentration are not the same. Working with pure solutions, Moskowitz (1971a) found a linear log-log relation to suggest that pleasantness increases at only about one-quarter to one-third the rate of perceived sweetness. There is also a limit to just how much sweetness intensity is perceived as pleasant. When considering the sweetness attributes of substances alone, distinction needs to be made between perceived (absolute, intrinsic) sweetness, and relative sweetness. These two are not the same, either. The former applies to the intrinsic taste of a substance, as opposed to tastelessness and the salt, sour, and bitter attributes. The latter is a comparison that is made on a concentration basis.
The effects of boost pressure on stratification and burn duration of gasoline homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion

This article investigates the effects of intake pressure (boost) on the pre-ignition stratification and burn duration of homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion. Full cycle computational...
Juvenile Transfer in the United States

From its inception in 1899 and throughout most of its 100-year history, the American juvenile court was firmly rooted in the doctrine of parens patriae. Nascent ideas about differences between young people and adults were especially influential in the creation of a separate juvenile court, whose establishment coincided with the emergence of the fledgling discipline of developmental psychology and with what has come to be known as the child study movement. Two ideas that were advanced in the child-study literature were especially influential (Ryerson 1978: 28–29). The first focused on “childhood innocence”. Greatly influenced by Darwin’s theory of evolution, some argued that children were amoral from birth but were destined to evolve naturally into moral and law-abiding adults. From this perspective, children and adolescents lacked sufficient maturity to be held criminally responsible for their bad acts. Their misdeeds were normal and temporary and would be naturally outgrown in due course, so long as corrupt or misguided adults did not bungle natural processes of development. Thus, Richard Tuthill, the first juvenile court judge in Chicago, warned of “brand[ing] [a child] in the opening years of its life with an indelible stain of criminality” and of placing a child “even temporarily, into the companionship of men and women whose lives are low, vicious, and criminal” (Tuthill 1904: 1–2). Those who shared Tuthill’s view supported a diversionary rationale for the juvenile court: the court would shield youth from criminal convictions and from adult correctional institutions, where exposure to depraved adults might derail their natural development (see also Zimring 2000).
Compelling evidence that exposure therapy for PTSD normalizes brain function

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is helping us better understand the neurologic pathways involved in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We previously reported that military service members with PTSD after deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan demonstrated significant improvement, or normalization, in the fMRI-measured activation of the amygdala, prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus following exposure therapy for PTSD. However, our original study design did not include repeat scans of control participants, rendering it difficult to discern how much of the observed normalization in brain activity is attributable to treatment, rather than merely a practice effect. Using the same Affective Stroop task paradigm, we now report on a larger sample of PTSD-positive combat veterans that we treated with exposure therapy, as well as a combat-exposed control group of service members who completed repeat scans at 3-4 month intervals. Findings from the treatment group are similar to our prior report. Combat controls showed no significant change on repeat scanning, indicating that the observed differences in the intervention group were in fact due to treatment. We continue to scan additional study participants, in order to determine whether virtual reality exposure therapy has a different impact on regional brain activation than other therapies for PTSD.
Vitamin B₆ and Its Role in Cell Metabolism and Physiology.

Vitamin B6 is one of the most central molecules in cells of living organisms. It is a critical co-factor for a diverse range of biochemical reactions that regulate basic cellular metabolism, which impact overall physiology. In the last several years, major progress has been accomplished on various aspects of vitamin B6 biology. Consequently, this review goes beyond the classical role of vitamin B6 as a cofactor to highlight new structural and regulatory information that further defines how the vitamin is synthesized and controlled in the cell. We also discuss broader applications of the vitamin related to human health, pathogen resistance, and abiotic stress tolerance. Overall, the information assembled shall provide helpful insight on top of what is currently known about the vitamin, along with addressing currently open questions in the field to highlight possible approaches vitamin B6 research may take in the future.
Commentary on Fit-For-Purpose Models for Regulatory Applications

Model-based analyses have been applied to influence various drug development and regulatory decisions in the last 2 decades. Applied models range from empirical models to highly complex mechanistic models. "Fit-for-purpose" has been the principle to determine the level of model complexity. While numerous case studies have been published to highlight the impact and value of model-based analyses, more experience and lessons are being accumulated to address new challenges and create more opportunities. The inclusion of Model-Informed Drug Development in the Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) VI represents a new landmark for the field of quantitative clinical pharmacology.
CHAPTER 318 – CPEB-Mediated Translation in Early Vertebrate Development

This chapter focuses on CPEB-induced polyadenylation as one mechanism of translational control in early development, it is by no means the only mechanism. For example, in Xenopus oocytes, histone mRNAs, unlike their somatic counterparts, are polyadenylated and mostly dormant. Following the oocytes' reentry into the meiotic divisions, the core histone mRNAs are activated in a poly(A)-independent manner. A stem-loop in the 3'UTRs of histone mRNAs is bound by the stem-loop binding protein (SLBP), which, in a manner yet to be deciphered, facilitates translational repression and activation. In addition, during spermatogenesis in the mouse, the protamine mRNAs are also translationally regulated in a poly(A)-independent manner by other 3'UTR binding proteins. Finally, it is worth noting that the mechanisms of translational control in early development could have a number of other important consequences. Consider that CPEB-mediated polyadenylation also appears to control translation in the mammalian brain, where it could influence synaptic plasticity and long-term memory storage. Thus, nature reuses translational control mechanisms in multiple tissues, although this should come as no surprise to the 21st century investigator.
Identification of technical analysis patterns with smoothing splines for bitcoin prices

This research studies automatic price pattern search procedure for bitcoin cryptocurrency based on 1-min price data. To achieve this, search algorithm is proposed based on nonparametric regression ...