cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of overpressure on formation velocity evaluation of Neogene strata from the eastern Bengal Basin, Bangladesh

Abstract Interpretation of sonic log data of anticlinal structures from eastern Bangladesh reveals significant variations of acoustic velocity of subsurface strata. The amount of variation in velocity is 32% from Miocene to Pliocene stratigraphic units in Titas and Bakhrabad structure, whereas 21% in Rashidpur structure. Velocity fluctuations are influenced by the presence of gas-bearing horizons, with velocities of gas-producing strata 3–7% lower than laterally equivalent strata at similar depth. Average velocities of Miocene Boka Bil and Bhuban formations are, respectively, 2630 and 3480 m/s at Titas structure; 2820 and 3750 m/s at Bakhrabad; and 3430 and 3843 m/s at the Rashidpur structure. From the overall velocity–depth distribution for a common depth range of 915–3000 m, the Titas, Bakhrabad and Rashidpur structures show a gradual increase in velocity with depth. In contrast, the Sitakund anticline in SE Bangladesh reveals a decrease in velocity with depth from 3000 to 4000 m, probably due to the presence of overpressured mudrocks of the Bhuban Formation. Tectonic compression, associated with the Indo-Burmese plate convergence likely contributed the most toward formation of subsurface overpressure in the Sitakund structure situated in the Chittagong–Tripura Fold Belt of the eastern Bengal basin, Bangladesh.
The kinetics of dissolution of calcium oxalate hydrates

Abstract The kinetics of dissolution of the monohydrate and trihydrate of calcium oxalate have been studied at temperatures from 15–50°C using a highly reproducible technique. The dissolution of both salts appears to be diffusion controlled, proceeding with rates which were proportional to the undersaturations. The activation energies were 13.0 and 16.6kJ mol -1 for the monohydrate and trihydrate, respectively. The solubilities of the hydrates in sodium and potassium chloride media were significantly different and the data in potassium chloride solutions have been used to determine a thermodynamic ion-association equilibrium constant for the KC 2 O 4¯ ion-pair of 10 ∓ 1 M -1 at 37°C. Different preparations of calcium oxalate monohydrate were used to investigate the importance of specific surface area in controlling the rate of dissolution. It is interesting to note that seed prepared from human monohydrate kidney stone material dissolved with a markedly lower diffusional rate constant than that calculated from synthetic calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals on the basis of available specific surface area.
Identification of a Protein-Tyrosine Phosphatase from Human Platelet Membranes by an Immobilon-Based Solid Phase Assay

Abstract The present investigations show that a 53-kDa platelet-membrane protein is a protein tyrosine phosphatase. Identification involved a novel methodology in which membrane proteins are resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and then transblotted to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane surface-labeled with [ 32 P-Tyr](Glu 4 · Tyr 1 ) n . Phosphatase activity appears as clear areas in the autoradiograph of the renatured 32 P Western blot. Studies using this new solid-phase system indicate that a 53-kDa platelet-membrane protein dephosphorylates [ 32 P-Tyr](Glu 4 · Tyr 1 ) n . Dephosphorylation is both time- and dose-dependent. The protein-tyrosine phosphatase antagonists orthovanadate and molybdate block dephosphorylation in a concentration-dependent manner. Inhibitors of protein serine/threonine phosphatases and of acid and alkaline phosphatases do not significantly affect enzymatic activity. The enzyme is active toward phosphotyrosyl proteins but not phosphoseryl proteins. Results from the solid-phase phosphatase assays correlate with data from standard liquid-phase studies. A Lineweaver-Burk plot gives an apparent K m of 4.3 μM and an apparent V max = 168 nmol P i transferred/min/mg for the membrane enzyme towards the 32 P-labeled polymer in a liquid system. Platelet lysate was shown by the solid-phase assay to possess a protein-tyrosine phosphatase of ≅50 kDa. The tyrosine phosphatase activities associated with a placental preparation, pure recombinantprotein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B. and YOP R , the product of the YOP51 gene of Yersinia enterocolitica , which contains the C235R mutation, were also visualized by this technique. However, the catalytic activity of domain 1 of the transmembrane leukocyte antigen-related protein-tyrosine phosphatase was not detected using the solid-phase assay.
Characterization of vagal pathways mediating gastric accommodation reflex in rats

1. We investigated the vagal pathways mediating the gastric accommodation reflex in the rat stomach. 2. Gastric distension (6 ml) evoked an increase of 9.0 +/- 1.0 cmH2O of intragastric pressure in vivo. Pretreatment with tetrodotoxin (TTX) caused a significant pressure increase by gastric distension, reaching 17.0 +/- 1.7 cmH2O, suggesting mediation by neural pathways. 3. The pressure increase evoked by gastric distension was significantly enhanced in vivo by acute truncal vagotomy (TV), hexamethonium (C6), and NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), but not by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) antiserum, guanethidine, or splanchnicotomy. 4. Gastric distension (6 ml) evoked a much larger intragastric pressure in the denervated, vascularly isolated, perfused rat stomach in vitro. Intra-arterial application of TTX and L-NAME did not cause further pressure increases evoked by gastric distension. 5. The pressure increase evoked by gastric distension remained high 2 weeks after TV in vivo. However, the accommodation reflex was fully restored 4 weeks after TV in vivo. This reflex was antagonized by TTX, C6 and L-NAME, but not by VIP antiserum, guanethidine and splanchnicotomy. 6. Similar to in vivo studies, gastric distension caused a smaller increase in intragastric pressure in response to gastric distension in the denervated, vascularly isolated, perfused stomach obtained from rats 4 weeks after vagotomies in vitro. The pressure increase evoked by gastric distension was significantly enhanced by L-NAME, hexamethonium and TTX. 7. It is suggested that the vago-vagal reflex plays an important role in mediating the accommodation reflex. This involves a vagal efferent pathway that uses nitric oxide as a final neurotransmitter mediating gastric relaxation in intact rats. It is also suggested that the adaptive mechanism mediating the accommodation reflex following vagotomy occurs in the gastric myenteric plexus.
An examination of emergency room physicians' practice of positive and negative defeivsive medicine

Substantial diversity exists in the estimates associated with the practice of defensive medicine. Physicians' efforts to limit legal liability have generally been grouped into risk reduction strategies (positive defensive medicine) and risk avoidance strategies (negative defensive medicine). This article examines the practice of these forms of defensive medicine in a ‘high-risk’ specialty -emergency medicine. A sample of North American emergency medicine. physicians provided data for the study at hand. The results, which failed to substantiate some popularly-held and previously untested suppositions associated with the practice of defensive medicine, point to the danger of making broad generalizations across physician specialities.
Control of excitation transfer in photosynthesis. V. Correlation of membrane structure to regulation of excitation transfer between two pigment systems in isolated spinach chloroplasts.

1. Changes in fluorescence yield of chlorophyll a in isolated chloroplasts have been interpreted by means of regulation of excitation transfer between two pigment systems of photosynthesis5–7. In order to investigate the relationship between the membrane structure of chloroplasts and the regulation of excitation transfer, changes of light scattering and chlorophyll a fluorescence of isolated spinach chloroplasts were measured upon addition of cations, Mg2+ and Na+. The cations increased the intensities of both light scattering and fluorescence yield. The changes showed similar time courses and concentration dependences. These facts suggest that modification of membrane structure produced by the cations suppresses the excitation transfer between the two pigment systems. 2. In another case of structural change which is induced by light in the presence of N-methylphenazonium methosulfate, there was little correlation between light-scattering and fluorescence changes. 3. Changes in fluorescence yield induced by the addition of Mg2+ were measured in disintegrated chloroplasts and fractionated particles. The effects of Mg2+ on fluorescence were observed only in preparations of grana stacks, but not in preparations of stroma lamellae. These findings suggest that the excitation transfer is regulated between the two pigment systems located in the grana thylacoid membranes.
Early detection of hemorrhage via central pulse pressure derived from a non-invasive peripheral arterial blood pressure waveform

There is a profound need for early and convenient detection of hemorrhage in both civilian and military medicine. Due to wave reflection timing, central pulse pressure (PP), but not peripheral PP, is a surrogate of stroke volume (SV) and therefore an early marker of blood loss. However, only peripheral PP is convenient to measure. We tested an adaptive transfer function technique for deriving the central arterial blood pressure (ABP) waveform from a non-invasive peripheral ABP waveform in healthy humans subjected to lower body negative pressure (LBNP), a safe model of early hemorrhage. Our results showed that the derived central PP provided an earlier and more sensitive marker of progressive LBNP and a far more accurate measure of SV than measured peripheral PP.
Enzyme-linked lectinsorbent assay measures N-acetyl-D-glucosamine in matrix of biofilm produced by Staphylococcus epidermidis.

An enzyme-linked lectinsorbent assay (ELLA) was developed for quantification of in situ biofilm produced by Staphylococcus epidermidis in polystyrene 96-well tissue culture plates with phosphatase-labeled wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) as a specific probe for the GlcNAcβ-1,4n component of exocellular matrix material (EMM) that is responsible for intercellular adhesion and accumulation. The ELLA and the modified Christensen dye assay were used to test 13 laboratory strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci and 10 clinical isolates of S. epidermidis. Four biofilm-positive laboratory strains of S. epidermidis were positive by both tests, and six biofilm-negative strains were negative by both. One strain of S. hemolyticus was positive by the ELLA only. Two of the 10 clinical isolates of S. epidermidis were positive by both assays, two were negative by both, and the remaining were positive by the ELLA only. The ELLA was objective, reproducible, specific, sensitive, and useful for screening strains for their capacity to adhere to plastic, produce EMM, and form biofilm.
Acceptors for the poly ADP-ribosylation modification of chromatin structure are altered by carcinogen-induced DNA damage

Poly(ADP-Rib) polymerase is activated by strand breaks in DNA and appears to play an important role in DNA repair. The enzyme catalyses the poly ADP-ribosylation of histones and non-histone proteins, yet the contribution of these major alterations in chromatin composition have, as yet, not been critically evaluated with regard to DNA strand breaks. In the present study, the effects of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) upon the poly ADP-ribosylation of nuclear protein acceptors have been identified and quantified at the oligonucleosomal level of chromatin. Treatment of HeLa cells with MNU (4.5 mM) for 1 h resulted in a reduction in the cellular NAD pool (30%), a 2-3 fold stimulation of poly ADP-ribosylation in isolated nuclei and in isolated oligonucleosomes. Of acceptors modified, the automodification of the polymerase was stimulated at least 3-fold. Analysis of the acid-soluble acceptors showed a stimulation in the modification of the core histones and a 2-fold increase in histone H1 poly ADP-ribosylation. This modification causes a novel crosslinking of the latter histone, and this has been studied as it relates to DNA strand breaks in the present work. In vivo treatment with MNU resulted in the synthesis of longer chain or more complex polymer species at the expense of the shorter chained ADP-ribose moieties.
Assessment and Management of Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Advanced Illness

Primary care clinicians increasingly encounter patients with advanced illness, many suffering from symptoms other than pain. Key principles that guide palliative care must be incorporated into a plan of care for each patient and family. Although medical management continues to be the mainstay of treatment, the generalist in palliative care needs to be familiar with the patient's preferences and goals of care. This article provides an overview of gastrointestinal symptoms including anorexia, cachexia, nausea, vomiting, and constipation. Advanced progressive illnesses are defined here as incurable conditions that have significant morbidity in the later stages of illness.
Accountability by Design in Literacy Professional Development

High-quality professional development is essential in supporting accomplished teaching. But how is the efficacy of professional development evaluated? The authors present several methods for conducting a critical analysis of professional development. Using a large-scale professional development initiative as the focal point, they first explain six widely cited principles of high-quality professional development and show evidence of them in the initiative#146s design and structure. Second, they report findings from pre- and postsurveys of participants over three years, which showed statistically significant positive differences in teacher understanding of literacy concepts. Third, the authors present a vignette to illustrate how one coaching tool used in the project supports teachers in making instructional shifts based on student learning. The authors suggest that those who offer professional development for teachers should evaluate their programs through accepted principles of design. They conclude with additional questions related to meaningful, robust accountability systems for professional development.
DIRECTION AND COLLINEARITY FACTORS OF WILK'S A ASSOCIATED WITH THE GROWTH CURVE MODEL

Summary Khatri (1966) has derived a Wilks' s A test of a general linear hypothesis in the growth curve model. In this paper we give the direction and collinearity factors and their null distributions when the hypothesis is not true but the noncentrality matrix is of rank one. Interpretation of these tests and their usefulness in discrimination in growth curve models are discussed.
Photogeneration of Superoxide Anion upon Illumination of Bovine Milk Serum Proteins with Fluorescent Light in the Presence of Riboflavin

Abstract When dissolved in simulated milk ultrafiltrate and illuminated with fluorescent light at pH 6.7 in the presence of 3.2 μ M riboflavin, three proteins of bovine milk serum served as oxidizable substrates for photogeneration of superoxide anion. At their concentrations in milk, β -lactoglobulin, α -lactalbumin, and albumin yielded averages of 6.3, 1.6, and 1.6 μ M superoxide anion in 1h. No detectable superoxide anion was produced in the presence of immunoglobulins. When all four proteins were combined at normal concentrations in milk, the amount of superoxide anion photogenerated in simulated milk ultrafiltrate accounted for nearly all of the superoxide anion photogenerated by high molecular weight compounds in bovine milk serum. In .9% sodium chloride solution β -lactoglobulin photogenerated about half of the amount of superoxide anion formed by the same protein in simulated milk ultrafiltrate while α -lactalbumin was four times more effective. Neither immunoglobulins nor albumin yielded measurable amounts of superoxide anion when illuminated in the sodium chloride solution. Heating the four proteins at 63C for 30min in simulated milk ultrafiltrate increased the amount of superoxide anion generated upon illumination. However, heating the proteins in .9% sodium chloride solution did not increase superoxide anion. Thus, the major milk serum proteins can be substrates for photogeneration of oxidative superoxide anion; their capacity for this can be modified by changes in their ionic environment or by heat treatments, suggesting that protein conformation may play a role in exposing amino acids subject to photooxidation.
Some recent results on magnetism in alloys

The effect of local atomic environment on the atomic moment of Fe in Fe−Al alloys and of V in Au−V alloys is reevaluated, using improved methods of analysis and new magnetic data. Magnetic clusters with giant moments occur in many alloys in which one of the components has no magnetic moment. This is true for FeAl in spite of the presence of well-developed atomic long range order, although the concentration of magnetic clusters does decrease with increasing long range order. The phenomena of mictomagnetism are reviewed. Mictomagnetism occurs in many alloys having no long range atomic order, and it is characterized by the freezing of the spin orientations at low temperatures but, in contrast to ferromagnetism and to antiferromagnetism, without long range magnetic order.
Whole Body Measurements of 131I-Tetracycline as an Index of Skeletal Growth

A derivative of tetracycline was tagged with 131I and administered to rats. Whole body retention of the tetracycline was determined by sequential measurements of whole body radioactivity. Statistically significant differences of whole body burdens were found for two age groups of rats (100 g. versus 200 g.); the younger animals retaining a greater portion of the administered tetracycline. Subsequent distribution analysis indicated that whole body radioactivity measurements did not precisely assess skeletal burdens of 131I-labeled tetracycline because variable amounts of tetracycline persisted in soft tissue for prolonged intervals after injection, but did provide estimates of skeletal burdens which could be used to recognize differences in skeletal growth rate between groups of young and mature rats. The whole body counting technique may be applicable for the study of metabolic skeletal disorders.
Amyloid load and neural elements in Alzheimer's disease and nondemented individuals with high amyloid plaque density

The amyloid burden and relationship between amyloid deposits and neural elements were investigated in sections of prefrontal neocortex from eight Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and four age-matched nondemented controls with high amyloid plaque density (HPND). Computer-based image analysis revealed that the total area occupied by βA4 immunoreactivity was significantly greater (P < 0.031) in AD (27.1%) than in HPND (14.5%) sections. The total βA4-positive area occupied by nondiffuse plaques was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in AD (13.6%) than in HPND (5.2%) sections. The percentage of diffuse (DPs) and nondiffuse plaques (NDPs) which contained neurons, astrocytes, microglia, dystrophic neurites, and amyloid precursor protein (APP) was also determined. The frequency of association between βA4 and these neural elements was similar between AD and HPND cases in both diffuse and nondiffuse plaques. Forty percent of DPs in AD and HPND sections contained neuronal perikarya. Microglia, dystrophic neurites, and APP were detected in most nondiffuse plaques in both AD and HPND sections. While astrocyte cell bodies were not present in either diffuse or nondiffuse plaques, their processes were detected in most. These findings indicate that amyloid deposition and nondiffuse plaques are greater in AD than in HPND sections. The association between microglia and nondiffuse plaques supports the hypothesis that these resident immune cells participate in aggregation and redistribution of amyloid deposits and possibly formation of dystrophic neurites.
Access to the second stability region in a high shear, low aspect ratio tokamak

It is known that tokamaks display a second region of stability to ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) internal modes. An important determining factor for MHD properties is the radial profile of toroidal current. Here it is shown that in a low‐aspect‐ratio tokamak with high on‐axis safety factor (q0≂2) and high shear, a path to high beta can be obtained that remains completely stable against ideal MHD modes. By maintaining high shear this scenario avoids fixed boundary instabilities for both high and low toroidal mode numbers for beta values well above the Troyon limit (stability was tested up to eβp=1.4, β=10.8%). For a close fitting wall (awall/aplasma≂1.2) this configuration is also stable to low toroidal mode number balloon‐kink modes.
Distribution of particulate organic carbon and radiocarbon in the water column from the upper slope to the abyssal NE Pacific Ocean

We report profiles of concentrations and radiocarbon contents of suspended particulate organic carbon (POCsusp) and sedimentary organic carbon from an abyssal site (Stn M) in the northeast (NE) Pacific collected in September 1994 (a period of very high flux of particulate carbon in the deep sea) and June 1995, as well as from stations on the continental rise and slope off the coast of California in June 1995. We show that during a period of anomalously high sinking POC flux to the deep sea (September 1994), Δ14C of suspended POC did not decrease detectably between 85 and 1600 m depth. This is in contrast to depth profiles during low and moderate fluxes of sinking POC at this station where Δ14C-POCsusp decreased 50–60‰ in this depth range. One explanation for the constant Δ14C values of POCsusp between 85 and 1600 m is that large quantities of sinking POC could continuously release labile, 14C-enriched POCsusp during biological and chemical alteration of the sinking POC. The radiocarbon evidence further suggests that resuspension of organic carbon from the sediment surface, either locally or laterally transported from the slope to the deep sea, is likely, but is probably limited to depths within a few hundred meters of the bottom. Sorption of ‘old’ DOC by suspended particulate matter in the water column is also possible, especially at shallower depths (<3500 m), though proof of this mechanism cannot be demonstrated at this time.
Hispanics and Higher Education: Multicultural Myopia.

Abstract This article addresses the problem of underrepresentation of Hispanics in the U.S. business professoriate. The career development of Hispanics is examined. Corrective measures are offered to reverse the underrepresentation of Hispanics in the business professoriate.
Sowing date and nitrogen rate effects on growth, yield and yield components of two summer rapeseed cultivars

Abstract Rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.) has potential to become an alternate oilseed crop in eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Information on sowing date and nitrogen rate for rapeseed is not available in this region. Therefore, a study was initiated to investigate the effects of sowing date and nitrogen rate on the yield and agronomic characteristics of two genotypes of spring rapeseed (Tower and Lirawell) in Erzurum, eastern Anatolia, during 1994 and 1995. Four sowing dates were established at about 10-day intervals from mid April to lately May (19 April, 29 April, 9 May, and 18 May 1994; and 29 April, 9 May, 18 May, and 27 May 1995). Four N fertilizer rates established; 0, 80, 160, and 240 kg N ha −1 . In both years, there were effects on plant growth, yield, and yield components due to sowing dates, nitrogen rates, and cultivars. Cultivars tended to respond similarly to sowing date and nitrogen rate for seed yield in both years of the study. In general, early sowings gave higher yields than late sowings in both years, except the first sowing (9 April) in 1994 growing season. From this study, it appears that seeding rapeseed from 29 April to 9 May gives a greater assurance for higher yields. The present results highlight the practical importance of adequate N fertilization in yield formation in summer oilseed rape and suggest that the rate of 160 kg N ha −1 will be about adequate for the crop to meet its N requirements. The yield differences measured for both sowing dates and nitrogen rates were primarily due to the changes in branch numbers, pod numbers per plant, and 1000 seed weights.
A CMOS compatible non-lithographic nanomanufacturing system

Nanoparticles of metals and semiconductors are promising for the implementation of a variety of photonic and electronic devices with superior performances and new functionalities. However, their successful commercialisation has been limited due to the lack of appropriate implementation processes that are suitable for commercial manufacturing. The current techniques for the fabrication of nanoparticles are either solution-based thus requiring complex surface passivation, or have severe constraints. We have developed an ultra high vacuum system for the implementation of complex nanosystems that is flexible and compatible with the silicon integrated circuit process, thus making it suitable for volume manufacturing. The system also allows the fabrication of ohmic contacts and isolation dielectrics in an integrated manner, which is a requirement for most electronic and photonic devices. We have demonstrated the power and flexibility of this new system for the manufacturing of nanoscale devices by implementing a variety of structures incorporating nanoparticles.
The covering law perspective as a theoretical basis for the study of human communication

This paper considers various approaches to explanation by subsumption of particular cases under general laws, the alleged shortcomings of such covering law explanations, possible relationships between laws and rules, and several impediments to the development of covering law theories.
Corrigendum to “Preparation of biologically active subcellular fractions using the Balch homogenizer” [Anal. Biochem. 394 (2009) 117–124]

a Program in Molecular Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First ST SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First ST SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First ST SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First ST SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA e Program in Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First ST SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
Design, development and deployment of a hybrid renewable energy powered mobile medical clinic with automated modular control system

Abstract A renewable energy powered mobile medical clinic has been designed, developed and deployed in the Dominican Republic. The portable renewable energy system consists of a 46.5 m 2 (500 ft 2 ) tent powered by a suite of renewable energy technologies including a hybrid wind and photovoltaic system with a lithium-iron-phosphate (LiFePO 4 ) battery bank for energy storage. Thin-film photovoltaic panels integrated into the thermal fly of the tent are designed to generate 4.8 kW of power. In addition, the system consists of two wind turbines each capable of generating 1 kW, and are supported on portable towers which do not require guy wires or mountings into the ground. The system provides 3 kW of power continuously with a maximum renewable energy power generation of 6.8 kW. The Mobile Medical Clinic (MMC) was deployed in Mao, Dominican Republic. Due to the environmental conditions at this particular location a majority of the power generated by the renewable energy system came from the photovoltaic panels. The renewable energy system and energy storage system are backed up by a gasoline generator, which serves solely as a source of power in the absence of wind or solar energy and when the battery bank is discharged. The control system of the MMC automatically turns on and shuts off the generator as needed in order to minimize fuel consumption. The entire MMC including the renewable energy system was designed to be portable, scalable and all components man-liftable. The system is controlled by state-of-the-art off the shelf components and does not require a complex computer control system. The control system consists solely of the inverters and the charge controllers. The system has remained extremely effective and yet simple to operate which is beneficial since the purpose of the MMC is to operate in austere conditions with minimal training for the operators. The system has been donated to the Dominican Republic to be used for deployment during emergency response situations.
Marine Oil Spill Simulation: A Scenario-Based Classroom Application of Meteorology and Oceanography to Environmental Protection

Predicting oil spill impacts and designing an effective response requires knowledge from several disciplines, including environmental chemistry, meteorology, oceanography, and marine ecology. In this poster, we describe an interactive computer modeling exercise that expands student understanding of principles in the natural sciences by applying them to an oil spill response scenario. The exercise is based on the software package, GNOME v.1.3.7, available from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Students begin by selecting one of numerous coastal locations in the United States and an oil product to be spilled (e.g., medium crude, diesel fuel, No. 6 fuel oil). They predict oil drift trajectories by accessing surface weather analysis charts, upper air charts, and marine forecasts produced by the National Weather Service as well as real-time oceanographic data available from NOAA's Data Buoy Center and the Tides and Currents database. Students consult the Atlas of Pilot Charts from the...
Yeast Ribosomes: Variety Is the Spice of Life

In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 59 of the 79 cytoplasmic ribosomal proteins are encoded by two genes, stemming from an ancient genome duplication event. Komili et al. (2007) now report that these paralogous genes are not functionally equivalent, suggesting the possible existence of a "ribosome code."
DNMT3a mutations in high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome parallel those found in acute myeloid leukemia.

DNMT3a mutations in high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome parallel those found in acute myeloid leukemia
The value of health insurance: the access motive

Why do people purchase health insurance? Many economists would answer that it permits purchasers to avoid risk of financial loss. This note suggests that health insurance is also demanded because it represents a mechanism for gaining access to health care that would otherwise be unaffordable. For example, although a US$300,000 procedure is unaffordable to a person with US$50,000 in net worth, access is possible through insurance because the annual premium is only a fraction of the procedure's cost. The value of insurance for coverage of unaffordable care is derived from the value of the medical care that insurance makes accessible.
Using the 'sense of self-in-place' construct in the context of environmental policy-making and landscape planning

Abstract Although it is common practice for resource managers to focus on processes by which human activity in the environment may be adapted to ensure the sustainability of natural ecosystems, we often forget that our perceptions of who we are given where we live greatly influence the political context for regional ecosystem management. These shared ‘senses of selves-in-place’ serve as potent mediators in the process of attending to or embracing conservation-oriented practices. The authors argue that citizens’ senses of selves-in-place form the major link between how people appraise communication appeals and how they behave in the environment. Discussion focuses on the significance of the association between a sense of place, how the self gets related to the environment, and sense making related to conservation-oriented advocacy. Past and contemporary empirical studies reveal various elements of the sense of self-in-place construct. In turn, the analysis focuses on the tension that often develops given the desires of local stakeholders in competition with land-use advocates from afar (e.g. industrialists, nongovernmental organizations) by exploring three case studies of regional natural resource conflicts. Conclusions address how a sense of self-in-place analysis could be incorporated into and add value to ongoing natural resource management efforts.
The Pediatric Epilepsy Side Effects Questionnaire: Establishing clinically meaningful change.

The present study extends the utility of the Pediatric Epilepsy Side Effects Questionnaire (PESQ) by determining distribution-based minimally clinically important difference (MCID) scores. Participants (N=682) were youth (ages 2-25) with newly diagnosed and chronic epilepsy pooled from research and clinical data in the Comprehensive Epilepsy Center. Caregivers completed the PESQ. Demographic and medical data were extracted from medical chart reviews or via a questionnaire. The MCIDs, which are the standard errors of measurement for each scale, for the entire sample were as follows: Cognitive=4.66, Motor=4.67, Behavior=8.05, General Neurological=7.41, Weight=9.58, and Total Side Effects=3.25. Additionally, MCIDs for patients with new-onset ( 12months), and chronic epilepsy on polytherapy were calculated. Results from the present study extend the utility of the PESQ by providing clinicians and researchers an enhanced understanding about clinically meaningful changes in side effect profiles across the pediatric epilepsy spectrum. These data can inform clinical decision-making for clinicians and researchers.
Effects of Interrole Congruence on Pharmacist-Patient Communication

Data from 231 pharmacist-patient encounters in 12 community pharmacies were analyzed to test if there were differences in components of communication under conditions of role congruence and role incongruence. Relations among patient age, new or refill prescription status, and role congruence/incongruence were explored to help understand why role incongruence might occur between pharmacists and patients. Average length and content of communication for encounters with interrole congruence were 74 sec and 4.1 types of information, respectively, compared with only 36 sec and 3.0 types of information for those with interrole incongruence, t(229) = 3.5, p < .05 and t(229) = 3.7, p < .05, for each respective comparison. Interrole incongruence was more common between pharmacists and older patients. When patient age was controlled, there was no relation between prescription status and role congruence/incongruence. Older patients may prefer to talk about medications only with their physician and not their pharmacis...
The Malliavin calculus and its application to second order parabolic differential equations: Part II

The first part of this paper contains a rigorous and detailed development of the Malliavin calculus and its relation to stochastic integral equations. The second part is devoted to examples of applications of this machinery to the study of solutions to the Fokker-Planck equation, associated with diffusions. The applications given are by no means exhaustive, but instead they have been chosen to demonstrate the scope of Malliavin's ideas in the hope of stimulating further investigations into this subject.
Responses of Calves to Open-Pail and Nipple-Pail Systems of Milk Feeding

Abstract The open-pail and the nipple-feeder systems of feeding milk to calves were compared in two studies. In Trial I, 27 pairs of female calves representing the Holstein, Guernsey, and Jersey breeds were used in comparisons starting at four days of age and extending through 175 days. Except for system of milk feeding, all calves were subjected to the same treatments followed in calf husbandry. The amounts of milk fed daily were approximately 7% of body weight initially, increasing to 10% by the age of 14 days and remaining at this rate until 56 days. Thereafter, the level of intake remained constant. The system of milk feeding effected no difference in observed health, physical appearance, and weight gains. In a preliminary study, Trial II, of 28 days, the two systems of consuming milk were compared at increased levels of intake. Seven calves were fed whole milk at restricted rates ranging from 13.7 to 18.5% of body weight and seven received unrestricted amounts in each of two daily feedings. The incidence and the persistence of diarrhea were somewhat greater in calves fed from open pails than in those fed from nipple feeders, but weight gains were similar. These preliminary observations indicate that further study of calves under various conditions of stress is needed to evaluate the two systems of liquid feeding.
Monte Carlo simulation of brownian coagulation over the entire range of particle sizes from near molecular to colloidal: Connection between collision efficiency and interparticle forces

Abstract The effect of interparticle forces on Brownian coagulation of aerosols is usually accounted for through a phenomenological sticking probability, i.e., the probability of coagulation upon collision. This probability is customarily assumed to be equal to unity even though it is recognized that it is smaller than unity for very small particles. A Monte Carlo method for the simulation of Brownian coagulation of equal-sized electrically neutral spherical aerosol particles is presented, which takes into account the interparticle forces due to van der Waals attraction and Born repulsion instead of the phenomenological sticking probability. The particle motion is described by the generalized Brownian dynamics. The Brownian coagulation coefficient for particles of unit density, for a Hamaker constant of 10−12 erg, is calculated over the entire range of Knudsen numbers. For large particles, the results of the simulation agree very well with those provided by the model proposed previously by the authors (1) and also with the Fuchs interpolation formula. In this case the results indicate that the sticking probability is close to unity. For sufficiently small particles, the coagulation coefficient agrees with the lower bound provided by the model proposed by the authors (1). The extrapolation to sufficiently small particles of the model (1) proposed for large particles provides an upper bound with much larger values. For particles of intermediate sizes, the coagulation coefficient is found to be even higher than the values predicted by the model valid for large particles (1). The coagulation coefficients of the particles of intermediary size are greater than those corresponding to a sticking probability of unity whereas those of the sufficiently small particles are much smaller because of the following two opposite effects: (i) As the particle size decreases, the ratio of the decay length of the interaction potential (based on the shortest distance between the particles) and the particle size increases; this relative increase in the range of the van der Waals attraction increases the rate of collisions between particles. (ii) As the particle size decreases, the interaction potential becomes less deep and, as a result, the probability of escape of the particles from the potential well increases. In the intermediary size range, the former effect, which was not accounted for in the model for large particles (being negligible in that case), is more important, whereas for very small particle sizes, the latter effect predominates. The calculated values of the collision efficiency are small for sufficiently small particles, increase with particle size and eventually reach the value of unity for large particles. Extrapolating to particles of molecular dimensions, one can understand why in the cases in which only physical interactions are involved the collision efficiency is negligibly small.
The Career Decision Scale and Neuroticism

Chronically career-indecisive undergraduates have been described in the literature in terms that characterize high scorers on the Neuroticism scale of the Eysenck Personality Inventory. Three measu...
Analysis of nonlinear chemically reactive flow characteristic of high energy laser systems

This paper is concerned with the mechanics and computation of the performance of a high energy chemical laser of the HF type. The analysis requires solving the-viscous, compressible supersonic flow equations which are coupled to the chemical and optical characteristics of the flowing gas media. A finite element method is chosen for performing the computation. The physical system simulated in the work consists of the supersonic mixing of the two flows; one flow consists of hydrogen gas where as the second flow is rich in fluorine gas. Perpendicular to the flow, an optical cavity provides for reflection and amplification of radiation characteristic of the output of the HF laser system. The HF system achieves a population inversion of the HF molecule as a result of the chemical reaction between H2 and F. This reaction also provides heat which couples with the fluid mechanics as an influence on the flow field. This paper will discuss the nonlinear nature of the problem, will present the finite element method used to solve the problem, and will compare results with others who have used finite difference methods for solution.
AEROBIC FERMENTATIONS OF PICKLE PROCESS BRINE BY CANDIDA UTILIS

The objective of this paper was to investigate the aerobic fermentation of pickle process brine by Candida utilis NRRL Y-900. After a lag period, the organisms grew well in the brine. The lag period was reduced substantially by the addition of 0.05% Na2 HPO4. Under optimum conditions the culture reduced the BOD by 91% within 20 hr with a concomitant production of 1–2g yeast (dry basis) per liter of process brine. In experiments using nonpasteurized brine, C. utilis was unable to grow as rapidly as some of the naturally occurring yeasts. Two yeasts from process brine, identified as Pichia spp. utilized the brine with a shorter lag period and faster growth rate than C. utilis.
Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, an interferon inducer, ameliorates bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mice.

The inhibitory effect of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly IC), an inducer of interferons, on bleomycin-induced lung collagen accumulation was investigated in mice. Poly IC (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) or saline was given for 2 days and immediately prior to intratracheal instillation of bleomycin (0.125 units/mouse) or an equivalent volume of saline and thereafter daily for 13 days. Lung hydroxyproline levels in saline-saline (control), Poly IC-saline (Poly IC), bleomycin-saline and bleomycin-Poly IC groups averaged 279, 287, 459, and 358 μg/lung, respectively. The bleomycin + Poly IC mice had significantly less lung hydroxyproline than bleomycin mice, but significantly more hydroxyproline than control or Poly IC mice. Similarly, bleomycin + Poly IC mice had significantly less protein in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) supernatant than bleomycin mice, but significantly more protein than control or Poly IC mice. Total cell counts for cells recovered from BALF showed significant increases of 174 an...
Effect of high fat vs. High carbohydrate feeding on the development of obesity in weanling ob/ob mice.

Mice with hereditary obesity (ob/ob) were fed isocaloric, isoprotein diets with varying proportions of carbohydrate-to-fat from the time of weaning to 18 weeks of age. Body weight, plasma glucose, and plasma insulin were determined at frequent intervals; body lipid and pancreatic insulin were determined at termination. Obesity developed when only carbohydrate was provided as caloric source (and in the presence of essential fatty acid deficiency), but obesity was greatly enhanced when 5% fat was added. Obesity also developed in the absence of dietary carbohydrate, even though hyperinsulinism was significantly reduced by this regimen. It is concluded that 1) both enhanced storage of dietary fat and lipogenesis contribute to obesity, the former more so than the latter; 2) the degree of hyperinsulinism does not determine the degree of obesity; 3) the development of hyperinsulinism does not require stimulation by exogenous oral carbohydrate.
Calculations of the barrier height and charge distribution of a metal-dielectric interface

We present calculations of the barrier height (work function) and charge distribution of a metal–dielectric interface using a self‐consistent density functional method. The metal was modeled by a semiinfinite jellium and the dielectric was characterized by a single dielectric constant. Results show a monotonic decrease of over 2 eV in the work function of high density simple metals such as aluminum with increasing dielectric constant. As the dielectric constant becomes large, the work function approaches a constant value. This change is much larger than the roughly 0.5 eV change found by others using a variational density functional method, which also showed the work function increasing as the dielectric constant becomes large (e≳10). Low electron density metals display a smaller decrease in work function as the dielectric constant increases, due to the smaller electrostatic dipole layer at the interface. As a consequence, the work function difference between high and low electron density simple metals narrows from 1.1 to 0.15 eV in the limit of infinite screening. Similar work function screening effects are expected for noble metals, although the difference in work functions between noble metals may not be reduced as much as simple metals. These results are discussed in relation to current Schottky barrier theories and are compared to other models of metal–semiconductor interfaces.
Plasma oscillations in a 6-kW magnetically shielded Hall thruster

Plasma oscillations from 0–100 kHz in a 6-kW magnetically shielded Hall thruster are experimentally characterized with a high-speed, optical camera. Two modes are identified at 7–12 kHz and 70–90 kHz. The low frequency mode is found to be azimuthally uniform across the thruster face, while the high frequency oscillation is peaked close to the centerline-mounted cathode with an m = 1 azimuthal dependence. An analysis of these results in the context of wave-based theory suggests that the low frequency wave is the breathing mode oscillation, while the higher frequency mode is gradient-driven. The effect of these oscillations on thruster operation is examined through an analysis of thruster discharge current and a comparison with published observations from an unshielded variant of the thruster. Most notably, it is found that although the oscillation spectra of the two thrusters are different, they exhibit nearly identical steady-state behavior.
Affirming the Self to Promote Agreement With Another: Lowering a Psychological Barrier to Conflict Resolution

Two studies investigated the capacity of a self-affirmation intervention to lower a psychological barrier to conflict resolution. Study 1 used a role-play scenario in which a student negotiated with a professor for greater rewards for work on a collaborative project. A self-affirmation manipulation, in which participants focused on an important personal value, significantly reduced their tendency to derogate a concession offered by the professor relative to one that had not been offered. Study 2 replicated this effect and showed that the phenomenon did not depend on the self-affirmed participant’s experience of a heightened sense of deservingness or a tendency to make positive attributions about the professor. Distraction and explicit mood enhancement were also ruled out as mediators of the self-affirmation effect, which appears to stem from motivational rather than explicit cognitive processes.