cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Projected climate change impacts on Indiana’s Energy demand and supply

This paper estimates changes in future energy demand and supply for Indiana due to projected climate change impacts. We first estimate demand changes under both the business-as-usual emissions scenario (RCP 8.5) and a scenario based on reduced emissions consistent with a 2-degree increase in global mean temperature (RCP 4.5), on both a statewide basis and for major urban areas. We then use our adjusted statewide energy demand projections as an input to a comprehensive model of Indiana’s energy system, to project expected changes in the state’s energy supply under both scenarios. Finally, we consider the potential impacts of two policy scenarios—a carbon pricing scheme and a renewable energy investment tax credit—on emissions and future energy supply choices. Our results suggest that climate change will have a relatively modest effect on energy demand and supply in Indiana, slightly increasing commercial demand and decreasing residential demand but having little effect on energy supply choices. In addition, our results suggest the potential for policy proposals currently being adopted in other states, such as a relatively small carbon price or investment credits for renewable energy sources, to have a larger impact on the state’s future energy mix, increasing production from low or zero carbon energy sources and reducing emissions.
Teaching about Human Rights: Female Genital Mutilation in America

Teaching about Human Rights: Female Genital Mutilation in America Increasing immigration from Asia, Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East has enhanced cultural diversity in the United States. The wide array of foods, languages, customs, and unique historical experiences associated with immigration have contributed to the political, social, and economic fabric of a multicultural democracy. However, immigrants may also bring certain cultural practices which violate American constitutional law and various state laws. Moreover, these practices, such as female genital mutilation (FGM), are incompatible with American ideals of equality, social justice, and human rights. Recent research indicates that an increasing number of girls and women in the United States have undergone or are at risk for various forms of FGM. This practice is also a violation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, signed by the United States in 1948. This article will describe the nature, causes, and consequences of FGM on girls and women and articulate social studies activities and methods that teachers can use to inform secondary students about this human rights issue. This may stimulate student activism, a major goal in social studies. Furthermore, the article will describe the legal and professional responsibilities teachers must take if they have students at risk of FGM in their classes.
Reviews of: “Zimmerer, Karl S., ed. Globalization and New Geographies of Conservation,” and “Rhoades, Robert E., ed. Development With Identity: Community, Culture, and Sustainability in the Andes.”

Many works of recent scholarship in international conservation have tended to either stake out a position on one side of the protectionist versus parks-and-people debate or advocate (or critique) i...
The Role of Megalin in the Transport of Gentamicin Across BeWo Cells, an In Vitro Model of the Human Placenta

Aminoglycosides (AG) are known to readily cross the placenta, although the mechanisms responsible for placental transport have not been characterized. Megalin is expressed in human placenta, and it is reasonable to speculate, given its role in renal AG uptake, that it is similarly involved in placental transport. However, the role of megalin in placental AG uptake has not been established. An in vitro model to study megalin-mediated placental transport has also not been previously described. The objectives of this study, therefore, were to evaluate the human choriocarcinoma (BeWo) cell line as a model to study megalin-mediated placental transport and to assess the uptake kinetics of gentamicin, an AG antibiotic, using this in vitro model. BeWo cells were grown on Transwell® plates, and megalin expression and functional activity were assessed. Uptake of 3H-gentamicin was also evaluated in the presence and absence of megalin inhibitors. Expression of megalin protein and mRNA in BeWo cells were confirmed via immunoblot and qPCR analysis. Uptake of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled bovine serum albumin (BSA) (a megalin substrate) was time-, concentration-, and temperature-dependent consistent with a transporter-mediated process. FITC-BSA uptake was also significantly reduced in the presence of unlabeled gentamicin (a megalin substrate) and sodium maleate (to induce megalin shedding) suggesting that megalin is functionally active in BeWo cells. Gentamicin uptake exhibited time and temperature dependence, saturability and Michaelis-Menten kinetics, all of which suggest a transporter-mediated process. Gentamicin uptake was also significantly reduced in the presence of the megalin inhibitors RAP and EDTA suggesting that megalin is likely involved in gentamicin uptake.
A Paravirtualized Android for Next Generation Interactive Automotive Systems

Android's APIs, bluetooth support and smartphone integration provide capabilities for user interaction with In-Vehicle Infotainment (IVI) and vehicle control services. However, Android is not developed to interface with automotive subsystems accessed via CAN bus networks. This work proposes a new automotive system based on our Quest-V partitioning hypervisor, which allows Android to communicate and interact with timing and safety-critical services managed by the Quest real-time OS (RTOS). Quest is used to filter and receive messages from Android applications and to interface with a car's internal CAN bus in a timing predictable manner. Android is then used to host IVI applications and provide a user interface to real-time vehicle services. This system design allows Android to leverage the timing guarantees of Quest, while securely isolating critical hardware components and memory regions. Quest-V hosts a paravirtualized Android 8.1 (Oreo) guest, which required modification of 126 lines of kernel code. Secure shared memory communication mechanisms between Android and a separate Quest guest provide real-time I/O to CAN bus networks.
Prevalence and Predictors of Driving after Prescription Opioid Use in an Adult ED Sample.

Introduction: Prescription opioid use and driving is a public health concern given the risks associated with drugged driving, but the issue remains under-studied. We examined the prevalence and correlates of driving after taking prescription opioids (DAPO) among adults seeking emergency department (ED) treatment.Methods: Participants (aged 25-60) seeking ED care at a Level I trauma center completed a computerized survey. Validated instruments measured prescription opioid use, driving behaviors, and risky driving. Patients who reported past three-month prescription opioid use and drove at least twice weekly were administered an extended study survey measuring DAPO, depression, pain, and substance use.Results: Among participants completing the screening survey (n = 756; mean age = 42.8 [standard deviation {SD} =10.4]), 37.8% reported past three-month prescription opioid use (30.8% of whom used daily), and 14.7% reported past three-month DAPO. Of screened participants, 22.5% (n = 170) were eligible for the extended study survey. Unadjusted analyses demonstrated that participants reporting DAPO were more likely to use opioids daily (51.1% vs 15.9%) and had higher rates of opioid misuse (mean Current Opioid Misuse Measure score 3.4 [SD = 3.8] vs 1.1 [SD = 2.1]) chronic pain (80.7% vs 42.7%), and driving after marijuana or alcohol use (mean intoxicated driving score 2.1 [SD = 1.3] vs 0.3 [SD = 0.8]) compared to patients not reporting DAPO (all p<0.001). Adjusting for age, gender, employment, and insurance in a logistic regression model, participants reporting DAPO were more likely to report a chronic pain diagnosis (odds ratio [OR] = 3.77, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.55-9.17), daily opioid use (OR = 3.81, 95% CI, 1.64-8.85), and higher levels of intoxicated driving (OR = 1.62, 95% CI, 1.07-2.45). Alcohol and marijuana use, depression, and opioid misuse were not associated with DAPO in adjusted analyses.Conclusion: Nearly one in six adult patients seeking ED care reported DAPO. The ED may be an important site for interventions addressing opioid-related drugged driving.
Synthesis of Mg(B1−xCx)2 powders

Abstract We have synthesized bulk Mg(B 1− x C x ) 2 from a mixture of elemental Mg, B, and the binary compound B 4 C. Carbon incorporation was dramatically improved by a two step reaction process at an elevated temperature of 1200 °C. This reaction process results in a solubility limit near x ∼ 0.07. We found that impurities in the starting B cause an additive suppression of T c . We combine these data with T c and H c2 ( T = 0) data from CVD wires as well as plasma spray synthesized powders and present a unifying H c2 and T c versus x plot.
Transfer learning of memory kernels for transferable coarse-graining of polymer dynamics

The present work concerns the transferability of coarse-grained (CG) modeling in reproducing the dynamic properties of the reference atomistic systems across a range of parameters. In particular, we focus on implicit-solvent CG modeling of polymer solutions. The CG model is based on the generalized Langevin equation, where the memory kernel plays the critical role in determining the dynamics in all time scales. Thus, we propose methods for transfer learning of memory kernels. The key ingredient of our methods is Gaussian process regression. By integration with the model order reduction via proper orthogonal decomposition and the active learning technique, the transfer learning can be practically efficient and requires minimum training data. Through two example polymer solution systems, we demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed transfer learning methods in the construction of transferable memory kernels. The transferability allows for out-of-sample predictions, even in the extrapolated domain of parameters. Built on the transferable memory kernels, the CG models can reproduce the dynamic properties of polymers in all time scales at different thermodynamic conditions (such as temperature and solvent viscosity) and for different systems with varying concentrations and lengths of polymers.
A Brief Screen to Detect Cannabis Use Disorder Among Incarcerated Youth

Chronic cannabis use among adolescents is associated with many adverse health effects. One group of adolescents at the highest risk for chronic use are those involved in the juvenile justice system...
Free vascularized fascia lata flap for total columella reconstruction

Abstract Introduction Despite their relatively small size, columellar defects, including both external and internal elements, are exceedingly difficult to reconstruct. Local, regional, and distant flaps have been described for reconstruction. Herein, we present a novel technique for reconstruction of the columella using vascularized free fascia lata from the anterolateral thigh with structural replacement and skin grafting. Methods This novel technique utilizes a small anterolateral thigh flap, formed into vascularized fascia lata without the overlying subcutaneous fat or skin. The fascia lata is inset into the columellar and caudal septal defect after a cartilage framework is constructed and is microsurgically anastomosed to either distal facial or angular vessels. A skin graft from the ALT donor site is then secured over the fascia. Results This technique has been applied successfully in patients with either isolated columella or in multi-subunit reconstruction following total rhinectomy with no flap or reconstructive failures. Given the low morbidity of flap harvest and minimal access incisions, this has been reliably accomplished with short (1 – 2 day) hospital stays. Conclusion Rapid and aesthetically acceptable reconstruction of total nasal columella defects in isolation or with additional nasal subunit reconstruction, is possible utilizing this novel technique. Here we discuss pearls and pitfalls of its use following surgical resection of malignancy.
Regulation of nitric oxide synthase: role of oxygen radicals and cations in nitric oxide formation.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents experimental data on the involvement of oxygen radicals and hydrogen peroxide H2O2 in the catalytic conversion of L-arginine to nitric oxide (NO) and the modification of this process by various transition and heavy metals. In addition to the role of the NO pathway in the pathophysiology of various disorders such as cancer, hypertension, and inflammation, the chapter envisions the involvement of the NOS system in the mechanism of toxicity of some of heavy metal toxicant via redox potential alterations. It is apparent that the NO–NOS system represents a complex bioregulatory entity involved in many organ systems. It triggers constitutive as well as adaptive physiological responses. While the ultimate effect of NO may be determined by its interaction with different target systems, the synthesis of NO itself appears to be a crucial step in this pathway. NO radical is probably one of the normal by-products of the oxygen metabolism. This is based on the facts that the synthesis of NO is oxidative in nature, it requires oxygen radicals, and there is a strong temporal relationship between oxygen radicals and NO formation in various systems. With the inherent high oxidizing potential of NO, it is logical to speculate that its generation in a physiological system must be tightly regulated. Inhibition and activation of the NOS system by higher and lower concentrations, respectively, of calcium ions can provide such physiological mechanism. Wide fluctuations in NO formation, thus, could lead to a pathological state.
Mitogenic signaling by epidermal growth factor (EGF), but not platelet-derived growth factor, requires arachidonic acid metabolism in BALB/c 3T3 cells : modulation of EGF-dependent c-myc expression by prostaglandins

Previously, we have shown that prostaglandins are necessary, but not sufficient, for the stimulation of mitogenesis in BALB/c 3T3 fibroblasts by epidermal growth factor (EGF) (Nolan, R. D., Danilowicz, R. M., and Eling, T. E. (1988) Mol. Pharmacol. 33, 650-656). The purpose of this work was to extend these findings to another potent mitogen, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and to determine if metabolism of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins is necessary for stimulation of expression of the protooncogene c-myc by EGF, which is an early event in the mitogenic cascade. In BALB/c 3T3 cells grown to about 70% confluence and deprived of serum for 16-24 h, PDGF stimulated [3H]thymidine uptake into DNA significantly in a concentration-dependent manner, but did not increase production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The addition of indomethacin, a prostaglandin H synthase inhibitor, or nordihydroguaiaretic acid, a lipoxygenase inhibitor, did not affect PDGF-stimulated thymidine uptake into DNA. In addition, PGE2 enhanced EGF-dependent, but not PDGF-dependent, mitogenesis. Taken together, the data support the hypothesis that prostaglandins are not involved in PDGF-dependent mitogenesis. In contrast, indomethacin (10(-6) M) and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (10(-6) M) inhibited EGF-stimulated thymidine uptake and c-myc expression by approximately 50%. Addition of PGG2 (10(-7) to 10(-5) M) in the presence of indomethacin and EGF restored the ability of EGF to elevate c-myc RNA levels and DNA synthesis. When PGF2 alpha (10(-8) to 10(-5) M) was added in the presence of EGF, c-myc RNA levels and thymidine incorporation were elevated up to 5-6-fold above levels observed with EGF alone. These data support the hypothesis that metabolism of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins is necessary for stimulation of c-myc expression by EGF in BALB/c 3T3 cells.
General Nature of "Wurster's Blue Shunts" in the Respiratory Chain

Abstract Wurster's blue, a semiquindiimine radical of N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine, acts as an artificial electron carrier in the oxidation of substrates by the respiratory chain. The effect of this compound on the oxidation of various substrates has been studied at three levels of organization: submitochondrial particles, mitochondria, and intact tissue culture cells. In cardiac submitochondrial particles (the Keilin-Hartree preparation), as judged by the rate of oxygen consumption, the inhibition of NADH and succinate oxidation by various respiratory inhibitors was bypassed through Wurster's blue. The typical inhibitors were antimycin A, hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide, triflurothenoylacetone, rotenone, Amytal, and Seconal. In liver mitochondria, studied at States 3 and 4, the observation was the same whether β-hydroxybutyrate or succinate was used as a substrate. The phosphorylation was partially restored by Wurster's blue in the inhibited systems of mitochondria. The P:O ratios of about 1 and 2 resulted for oxidation of succinate-Wurster's blue and β-hydroxybutyrate-Wurster's blue, respectively, when antimycin A was present. However, the P:O ratio was 1 in the presence of rotenone, Amytal, Seconal, or antimycin A plus Seconal for the β-hydroxybutyrate-Wurster's blue system. In systems of tissue culture cells, the inhibition of endogenous respiration was reversed by Wurster's blue. Cellular ATP content decreased considerably in the presence of Wurster's blue, but never reached zero. The viability of cells was practically not affected by Wurster's blue during a 4-hour incubation. The oxidation-reduction states of cytochromes were followed with respect to the interaction of substrates plus Wurster's blue with the respiratory chain in the presence and absence of various inhibitors. An energy-dependent reduction of cytochrome b via the reversed electron transport utilizing the reducing equivalents from Wurster's blue-substrate systems was shown. The results of the experiments on respiration and phosphorylation together with spectrophotometric evidence indicate the general nature of Wurster's blue shunts in the respiratory chain. The results are also interpreted with respect to the egresses and entries of electrons of the shunts.
gamma-Tubulin complexes and their role in microtubule nucleation.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the purification and characterization of γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC) and γ-tubulin small complex (γTuSC) and the function of γTuRC at the centrosome. The proposed mechanism of γTuRC-mediated microtubule nucleation is also reviewed. The identification of γ-tubulin and its essential role in microtubule nucleation is a major breakthrough in the study of microtubules and centrosomes. The subsequent purification of γTuRC provides the much-needed tool to investigate the role of γ-tubulin in microtubule nucleation and centrosome assembly. γTuRC is essential for both microtubule nucleation and formation of a functional centrosome. Further characterization of the γTuRC components helps to study the assembly of γTuRC and its recruitment to the centrosome. It provides an understanding of centrosome assembly, which is an essential process for proper cell division. The mechanism of microtubule nucleation by γ-tubulin comes from both biochemical and structural studies. γ-Tubulin exists as a complex with other proteins inside the cell; in certain cell types, multiple γ-tubulin complexes of different sizes co-exist. Antibody affinity production of γ-tubulin complexes from Drosophila embryos and Xenopus egg extracts is diagrammatically represented in the chapter.
Identity and Communities of Practice in Foreign Language Learning Contexts

Throughout the 1990s and the first decade of the new millennium, some second language acquisition (SLA) researchers have begun to conduct research from a perspective on learner development that foregrounds the effects of situational or environmental variables on the learning process. These researchers, according to Swain and Deters (2007), privilege a “participation” metaphor over the more traditional focus on “acquisition.” Important researchers in this tradition (e.g., Lantolf, 1994; Pierce, 1995; Duff & Uchida, 1997; Norton & Toohey, 2001) have drawn upon poststructuralist social theory, as well as Vygotsky's (1978) earlier notions of learning situated in a zone of proximal development, to emphasize the influence of the learner's environment in shaping learning behaviors, and consequently language learning outcomes.
RIGHT‐SIZING CITIES IN THE UNITED STATES: DEFINING ITS STRATEGIES

This article explores the right-sizing paradigm. Currently, in the growing literature on the right-sizing conception of planning there are not any clearly delineated strategies on what it means to ...
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Patient Care: Medical Students' Preparedness and Comfort

Phenomenon: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals face significant barriers in accessing appropriate and comprehensive medical care. Medical students' level of preparedness and comfort caring for LGBT patients is unknown. Approach: An online questionnaire (2009–2010) was distributed to students (n = 9,522) at 176 allopathic and osteopathic medical schools in Canada and the United States, followed by focus groups (2010) with students (n = 35) at five medical schools. The objective of this study was to characterize LGBT-related medical curricula, to determine medical students' assessments of their institutions' LGBT-related curricular content, and to evaluate their comfort and preparedness in caring for LGBT patients. Findings: Of 9,522 survey respondents, 4,262 from 170 schools were included in the final analysis. Most medical students (2,866/4,262; 67.3%) evaluated their LGBT-related curriculum as “fair” or worse. Students most often felt prepared addressing human immunodeficiency vir...
Chinese Teachers' Beliefs About Inclusive Physical Education

Often within school districts, the implementation of inclusive classes for students with disabilities is a topic of discussion. The main question surrounding inclusion is whether it provides an env...
Genetic expression of aflatoxin B1 metabolism: effects of 3-methylcholanthrene and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on the metabolism of aflatoxins B1 and B2 by various inbred strains of mice.

Hepatic microsomal metabolism of aflatoxin B1 to aflatoxins M1 (aflatoxin B1-4-hydroxylase), Q1 (aflatoxin B1-9-hydroxylase) and to B1-2,3-oxide (aflatoxin B1-2,3-oxygenase) and of aflatoxin B2 to aflatoxin M2 (aflatoxin B2-4-hydroxylase) was studied in inbred strains of mice pretreated with phenobarbital (PB), 3-methylcholanthrene (MC), or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). In all strains tested (C57BL/6 Jacobs, BALB/cCr, CBA/J, C57L/J, DBA/2HaD, AKR/Sn, RF/J, and 129/J), PB induced aflatoxin B1-2,3-oxygenase (2.4- to 6.4-fold) and, with the exception of C57L/J, aflatoxin B1-9-hydroxylase (1.8- to 4.6-fold), whereas PB either had no effect or slightly induced aflatoxin in B1-4-hydroxylase. In comparison to this, MC either had no effect or caused depression of aflatoxin B1-2,3-oxygenase and of aflatoxin B1-9-hydroxylase activities. On the other hand, MC induced aflatoxin B1-4-hydroxylase (2.5- to 3.6-fold) and also aflatoxin B2-4-hydroxylase (3.1- to 4.8-fold) only in Ah responsive strains and not in Ah nonresponsive strains. Dose-response studies with TCDD indicated that both aflatoxin B1-4-hydroxylase and aflatoxin B2-4-hydroxylase are induced by TCDD in the Ah nonresponsive strain (DBA/2) provided a dose 9-fold higher than that used for the Ah responsive strain (C57BL/6) is administered. The ED50 value for aflatoxin B1-4-hydroxylase and aflatoxin B2-4-hydroxylase induction in DBA/2 strain (1.3 µg/kg) was accordingly 9-fold higher than that in C57BL/6 (0.14 µg/kg). In contrast, TCDD dose-response curves for aflatoxin B1-2,3-oxygenase and aflatoxin-9-hydroxylase were essentially similar in both strains, i.e., DBA/2 and C57BL/6. At the lowest dose, both activities increased slightly but as the dose increased, the activities either were inhibited or remained unaffected. The data indicate that (a) several cytochrome P-450s of the mixed function oxygenase participate in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1 via various pathways, (b) these pathways of aflatoxin B1 metabolism are under different regulatory controls, (c) the regulation of aflatoxin B1-4-/B2-4-hydroxylase and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction is controlled by the same or closely linked genetic factors at the regulatory gene level and not at the structural gene level, and (d) the regulation in (c) is most likely mediated by an induction-specific receptor which apparently has lower affinity for the inducer in the nonresponsive strain DBA/2.
Dyskeratosis congenita: Hematologic evaluation of a sibship and review of the literature

Dyskeratosis conagenita is a rare genodermatosis whose hematologic complications include pancytopenia of variable time of onset, a propensity for opportunistic infections, and neoplasia. A family in which the disorder segregated in 3 generations and involved 9 members is reported, and the hematologic data of the 46 previously reported cases are reviewed.
Wormlike Micelles Formed by Synergistic Self-Assembly in Mixtures of Anionic and Cationic Surfactants

Self-assembly in mixtures of cationic and anionic surfactants occurs synergistically because of attractive interactions between the oppositely charged headgroups. Here, such effects are exploited to obtain highly viscoelastic fluids at low total surfactant concentration. The systems considered are mixtures of the C18-tailed anionic surfactant, sodium oleate (NaOA), and cationic surfactants from the trimethylammonium bromide family (CnTAB). In particular, mixtures of NaOA and C8TAB show remarkably high viscosities: for 3% surfactant, the zero-shear viscosity η0 peaks at ca. 1800 Pa·s for a weight ratio of 70/30 NaOA/C8TAB. The high viscosities reflect the growth of giant, entangled wormlike micelles in the solutions. Mixtures of NaOA with a shorter-chain analogue (C6TAB) have much lower viscosities, indicating a weak micellar growth and hence a weak attraction between the surfactants. On the other hand, increasing the CnTAB tail length to n = 10 or 12 leads to much stronger interactions between these surf...
Satellite DNA from sea urchin sperm.

Abstract A satellite is present in DNA of sperm from the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus, at a density of 1.722 g/ml in CsCl. It represents less than 0.5% of the total DNA, is of high molecular weight, and has 63% guanine plus cytosine content, estimated from its buoyant density. In addition, a fraction of sea urchin DNA enriched to about 30% in satellite content shows markedly increased capacity for hybridizing to ribosomal RNA.
Influence of Plasma Spray Parameters on the Cracking Behavior of Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Coatings

Thermal spray coatings enhance the material properties of substrates but this attribute may be negated if the coatings themselves fail. This paper investigates the performance of an important family of coatings as one step in improving the resistance of the coating/substrate system to mechanical failure. Thermal barrier coatings of yttria partially stabilized zirconia (YSZ) with a NiCrAlY bond coat were air plasma sprayed onto mild-steel substrates. The spray process parameters were varied according to top and bond coat thickness, stand off distance, and substrate temperature. These 17 groups of coating types, with six identical samples in each group, were four point bend tested while coupled with an in-situ acoustic emission transducer. Optical microscopy was then used to examine and map the resulting crack patterns. Measurements of the number of cracks, crack separation, delaminating length, and micro-crack density were also made. The combination of this information, along with properties obtained from the four point bend tests and acoustic emission signals, provided insight into the cracking and delaminating processes.
Rock Music and Religious Education: A Proposed Synthesis

(1975). Rock Music and Religious Education: A Proposed Synthesis. Religious Education: Vol. 70, No. 3, pp. 289-299.
The algebraic decay of equatorial Rossby waves in a shear flow

Abstract Through numerical integration, we show that equatorial Rossby waves, like their midlatitude counterparts, decay algebraically in the limit t → ∞ in a linear shear flow. For small times, the growth expected for some components does not translate into any growth of the wave disturbance as a whole when the initial conditions has a broad Fourier spectrum. The conclusion is that Rossby waves will amplify with time only when the mean flow has an inflection point or when the initial eddy field is strongly concentrated in long waves tilted against the shear.
Selectins mediate macrophage infiltration in obstructive nephropathy in newborn mice1

Selectins mediate macrophage infiltration in obstructive nephropathy in newborn mice. Background Urinary tract obstruction during development leads to tubular atrophy and causes interstitial fibrosis. Macrophage infiltration into the interstitium plays a central role in this process. Selectins, a family of three adhesion molecules, are involved in leukocyte recruitment to sites of inflammation and immune activity. We investigated the role of selectins in obstructive nephropathy in newborn mice. Methods Triple selectin-deficient mice (EPL -/- ), L-selectin deficient mice (L -/- ) and wild type mice (WT) were subjected to complete unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) or sham operation within the first 48 hours of life, and were sacrificed 5 and 12 days later. Kidneys were removed, and sections were stained for macrophage infiltration (mAb F4/80), apoptosis (TUNEL), tubular atrophy (periodic acid-Schiff) and interstitial fibrosis (Masson trichrome). Results Selectin deficient mice showed a marked reduction in macrophage infiltration into the obstructed kidney compared to WT at day 5 and day 12 after UUO. Tubular apoptosis was strongly reduced in EPL -/- at day 5 after UUO, and in EPL -/- and L -/- at day 12 after UUO when compared to WT. The number of apoptotic tubular cells was correlated with macrophage infiltration, suggesting that macrophages stimulate tubular apoptosis in obstructive nephropathy. In addition, tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis were significantly diminished in EPL -/- and L -/- compared to WT at day 12 after UUO. Conclusion Following UUO, selectins mediate macrophage infiltration into the obstructed kidney, which in turn may induce tubular apoptosis, tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis.
High sensitivity surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy of R6G on in situ fabricated Au nanoparticle/graphene plasmonic substrates

Abstract Plasmonic gold nanoparticles (AuNP) with controllable dimensions have been fabricated in situ on graphene at moderately elevated temperature for high sensitivity surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) of Rhodamine 6G (R6G) dye molecules. Significantly enhanced Raman signature of R6G dyes were observed on AuNP/graphene substrates as compared to the case without graphene with an improvement factor of 400%, which is remarkably greater than previous results obtained in ex situ fabricated SERS substrate. Simulation of localized electromagnetic field around AuNPs with and without the underneath graphene layer reveals an enhanced local electromagnetic field due to the plasmonic effect of AuNPs, while additional Ohmic loss occurs when graphene is present. The enhanced local electromagnetic field by plasmonic AuNPs is unlikely the dominant factor contributing to the observed high SERS sensitivity on R6G/AuNP/graphene substrate. Instead, the p-doped graphene, which is supported by the large positive Dirac point shift away from “zero” observed in AuNP/graphene field effect transistors, promotes SERS signals through enhanced molecule adsorption and non-resonance molecular–substrate chemical interaction.
Immune-cell treatment of Epstein--Barr-virus-associated lymphoproliferative disorders.

Lymphoproliferative disorders associated with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) after bone-marrow or organ transplantation express all the immunogenic EBV antigens, and reduction in immunosuppressive treatment can result in permanent resolution. As such, the disease lends itself to EBV-directed immune-cell therapy. Successes have been achieved with both manipulated and unmanipulated T-cell infusions for lymphoproliferations occurring after bone-marrow transplantation. Several practical challenges have been overcome in applying EBV-specific T-cell therapy to the setting of organ-transplant-related lymphoproliferations. These include the generation of autologous cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), the creation of a partially HLA-matched cryopreserved allogeneic CTL bank, and the generation of autologous EBV-specific CTLs from EBV-naive pediatric patients. The efficacy of immune-cell therapy in the setting of solid-organ transplantation is less well established than it is after T-cell-depleted allogeneic bone-marrow transplantation, and it is as yet not clear how to best to integrate CTL therapy with the anti-B-cell antibody rituximab, which has significant activity against these lymphoproliferations.
On the Equivalence of the Johnson‐Neyman Technique and Fieller's Theorem

It is shown that for the one-way analysis of covariance model with one covariate, when the hypothesis of a common slope parameter has been rejected, the Johnson-Neyman procedure results in a confidence interval equivalent to that obtained using Fieller's theorem. It is noted in Fieller's paper that the theory behind this technique was first introduced by Bliss, but not specifically applied to the analysis of covariance problem. Credit for this procedure should be shared by Bliss, Fieller, and Johnson and Neyman.
Maximal hypersurfaces and foliations of constant mean curvature in general relativity

We prove theorems on existence, uniqueness and smoothness of maximal and constant mean curvature compact spacelike hypersurfaces in globally hyperbolic spacetimes. The uniqueness theorem for maximal hypersurfaces of Brill and Flaherty, which assumed matter everywhere, is extended to space times that are vacuum and non-flat or that satisfy a generic-type condition. In this connection we show that under general hypotheses, a spatially closed universe with a maximal hypersurface must be Wheeler universe: i.e. be closed in time as well. The existence of Lipschitz achronal maximal volume hypersurfaces under the hypothesis that candidate hypersurfaces are bounded away from the singularity is proved. This hypothesis is shown to be valid in two cases of interest: when the singularities are of strong curvature type, and when the singularity is a single ideal point. Some properties of these maximal volume hypersurfaces and difficulties with Avez' original arguments are discussed. The difficulties involve the possibility that the maximal volume hypersurface can be null on certain portions: we present an incomplete argument which suggests that these hypersurfaces are always smooth, but prove that an a priori bound on the second fundamental form does imply smoothness. An extension of the perturbation theorem of Choquet-Bruhat. Fischer and Marsden is given and conditions under which local foliations by constant mean curvature hypersurfaces can be extended to global ones is obtained.
Diversity of response in vascular smooth muscle cells to changes in oxygen tension

Diversity of response in vascular smooth muscle cells to changes in oxygen tension. Hypoxia causes pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV), but also dilation of systemic vessels and the ductus arteriosus. In the adult animal, HPV is initiated by inhibition of potassium current (1 K ) in the smooth muscle cells of small resistance arteries, which results in membrane depolarization and calcium entry through voltage-gated calcium channels. The oxygen-sensitive channels that initiate HPV are 4-amino-pyridine (4-AP)-sensitive delayed rectifier channels (K DR ), the most prominent of which has a conductance of 37pS. In the fetus, hypoxia causes pulmonary vasoconstriction through inhibition of a calcium-sensitive potassium channel (K Ca ). In smooth muscle cells from the rabbit ductus arteriosus, which dilates in response to hypoxia, whole-cell potassium current is reversibly enhanced, rather than inhibited, by hypoxia. The principal oxygen-sensitive channel is inhibited by 4-AP and has a conductance of about 58pS. There are morphological and electrophysiological differences between individual pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells, for example, in some cells 1 K is predominantly carried by K DR channels and in others by K Ca channels. K DR cells are more common in the resistance pulmonary arteries and K Ca in the conduit arteries. Responses of specific vessels (conduit, resistance; pulmonary, systemic, ductus) at different stages of development (fetal, neonatal and adult) to changes in oxygen tension may be determined by the distribution of a variety of ion channels in the smooth muscle cells.
Learning 3D shape from a single facial image via non-linear manifold embedding and alignment

The 3D reconstruction of a face from a single frontal image is an ill-posed problem. This is further accentuated when the face image is captured under different poses and/or complex illumination conditions. In this paper, we aim to solve the shape recovery problem from a single facial image under these challenging conditions. The local image models for each patch of facial images and the local surface models for each patch of 3D shape are learned using a non-linear dimensionality reduction technique, and the correspondences between these local models are then learned by a manifold alignment method. By combining the local shapes, the global shape of a face can be reconstructed directly using a single least-square system of equations. We perform experiments on synthetic and real data, and validate the algorithm against the ground truth. Experimental results show that our method can yield accurate shape recovery from out-of-training samples with a variety of pose and illumination variations.
A Model for an Interdisciplinary Undergraduate Research Program

In the May 2009 issue of The American Statistician, Brown and Kass (BK) offered thought-provoking answers to the question “What is Statistics?” which have direct implications for statistics education. For five years, St. Olaf College’s Center for Interdisciplinary Research’s (CIR) activities have aligned with BK in both philosophy and practice. We describe the program’s motivation and design, how we recruit students and find faculty collaborators with suitable projects, and how the teams of faculty and students work together. A research skills seminar series parallels the research process and prepares students for working on teams. Inevitably, administrative issues arose which we identify and address. Landes (2009) identified significant issues related to recruiting. Our model of undergraduate education has proved to be fruitful on this front. Sending nearly 50 students to graduate school in five years from a college of fewer than 3000 speaks to the program’s efficacy. Here we present a program based on a...
The Syndrome of Inherited Partial SBP2 Deficiency in Humans

Abstract Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element required for the biosynthesis of selenoproteins. Selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) binding protein 2 (SBP2) represents a key trans-acting factor for the co-translational insertion of selenocysteine into selenoproteins. In 2005, we reported the first mutations in the SBP2 gene in two families in which the probands presented with transient growth retardation associated with abnormal thyroid function tests. Intracellular metabolism of thyroid hormone (TH) and availability of the active hormone, triiodothyronine, is regulated by three selenoprotein iodothyronine deiodinases (Ds). While acquired changes in D activities are common, inherited defects in humans were not known. Affected children were either homozygous or compound heterozygous for SBP2 mutations. Other selenoproteins, glutathione peroxidase, and selenoprotein P were also reduced in affected subjects. Since our initial report, another family manifesting a similar phenotype was found to har...
Kinetics of bacterial manganese binding and oxidation in the chemostat

Abstract The kinetics of manganese binding and oxidation by a marine Pseudomonas sp. have been determined under nutrient‐limited, steady‐state conditions. The first‐order rate constants for manganese binding by steady‐state cultures increased logarithmically with growth rate and were well within the range of values published for a variety of sedimentary and aquatic environments. In addition, the rate of manganese binding per cell appeared to be far faster than the growth kinetics.
LIPID COMPOSITION OF THE BROWN ALGA FUCUS VESICULOSUS1,2

SUMMARY The lipids of the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus consist of approximately 3.6% hydrocarbons (including carotenes) and sterol esters, 11.8% triglycerides, 4.2% free fatty acids, 10.6% sterols, 15.1% chlorophylls and xanthophylls, 29.9% glycolipids, and 6.5% phospholipids. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylinositol appear to be present and phosphatidylcholine is absent.
Computer-Based and Paper-and-Pencil Administration Mode Effects on a Statewide End-of-Course English Test:

The current study compared student performance between paper-and-pencil testing (PPT) and computer-based testing (CBT) on a large-scale statewide end-of-course English examination. Analyses were conducted at both the item and test levels. The overall results suggest that scores obtained from PPT and CBT were comparable. However, at the content domain level, a rather large difference in the reading comprehension section suggests that reading comprehension test may be more affected by the test administration mode. Results from the confirmatory factor analysis suggest that the administration mode did not alter the construct of the test.
Insight into the physics of foam densification via numerical simulation

Foamed materials are increasingly finding application in engineering systems on account of their unique properties. The basic mechanics which gives rise to these properties is well established, they are the result of collapsing the foam microstructure. Despite a basic understanding, the relationship between the details of foam microstructure and foam bulk response is generally unknown. With continued advances in computational power, many researchers have turned to numerical simulation to gain insight into the relationship between foam microstructure and bulk properties. However, numerical simulation of foam microscale deformation is a very challenging computational task and, to date, simulations over the full range of bulk deformations in which these materials operate have not been reported. Here a particle technique is demonstrated to be well-suited for this computational challenge, permitting simulation of the compression of foam microstructures to full densification. Computations on idealized foam microstructures are in agreement with engineering guidelines and various experimental results. Dependencies on degree of microstructure regularity and material properties are demonstrated. A surprising amount of porosity is found in fully-densified foams. The presence of residual porosity can strongly influence dynamic material response and hence needs to be accounted for in bulk (average) constitutive models of these materials.
Sample size determinations for group-based randomized clinical trials with different levels of data hierarchy between experimental and control arms.

We derived sample size formulae for detecting main effects in group-based randomized clinical trials with different levels of data hierarchy between experimental and control arms. Such designs are ...
Custom impression trays. Part II: Removal forces

When choosing a material for making custom impression trays, it is important to understand the forces to which the tray will be subjected during removal of the completed impression from the oral cavity. Such forces have not been recorded in the dental literature. The purpose of Part II of this three-part series was to record these forces in vitro, using two different tray-removal methods. A polymethyl methacrylate custom tray was used during this study. Results from this investigation indicated that it is easier to remove a completed impression, made with a custom tray, by a single point of anterior force application (224 N) than by force application evenly around the tray (514 N). The recorded force values from this investigation will be used in Part III of this series.
A sharp condition for existence of an inertial manifold

It is shown that a perturbation argument that guarantees persistence of inertial (invariant and exponentially attracting) manifolds for linear perturbations of linear evolution equations applies also when the perturbation is nonlinear. This gives a simple but sharp condition for existence of inertial manifolds for semi-linear parabolic as well as for some nonlinear hyperbolic equations. Fourier transform of the explicitly given equation for the tracking solution together with the Plancherel's theorem for Banach valued functions are used.
DIFFERENT SITES OF RECOMBINATION BETWEEN THE GLUCOCEREBROSIDASE GENE AND PSEUDOGENE IN PATIENTS WITH GAUCHER DISEASE. † 875

DIFFERENT SITES OF RECOMBINATION BETWEEN THE GLUCOCEREBROSIDASE GENE AND PSEUDOGENE IN PATIENTS WITH GAUCHER DISEASE. † 875
The instructive role of the vasculature in stem cell niches

An important hallmark of many adult stem cell niches is their proximity to the vasculature in vivo, a feature common to neural stem cells (NSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from bone marrow, adipose, and other tissues, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and many tumor stem cells. This review summarizes key studies supporting the vasculature's instructive role in adult stem cell niches, and the putative underlying molecular mechanisms by which blood vessels in these niches exert control over progenitor cell fates. The importance of the perivascular niche for pathology, notably tumor metastasis and dormancy, is also highlighted. Finally, the implications of the perivascular regulation of stem and progenitor cells on biomaterial design and the impact on future research directions are discussed.
Immigrant Communities and Civil War

This paper explains why international migrants, who face numerous security and cultural threats in their host societies, are almost never implicated in civil war violence. This is quite different from situations of internal migration, which often set off violence that escalates to civil war proportions. The paper first lays out the stark contrast between the political implications of external and internal migration based on data adapted from the Minorities at Risk (MAR) dataset. It then explores the reasons for the low incidence of civil war violence for international migrants through an examination of three cases: Bahrain, which has a large expatriate community without political rights that has been politically quiescent; Estonia, where some 30 percent of the population are disaffected Russian-speakers linked to post-World War II migrations from other republics of the Soviet Union; and Pakistan, where the immigrant Muhajirs are a partial exception to the general pattern outlined in this paper. It concludes with a general statement of the relationship between immigration and rebellion, where the level of grievances is less consequential than the conditions that make insurgency pay off.
Orbit determination of the Comet Rendezvous/Asteroid Flyby mission - Post-rendezvous phases

Orbit determination during the post-rendezvous phases of the Comet Rendezvous/Asteroid Flyby mission is described. The orbit determination process is discussed, with emphasis placed on optical imaging of landmarks and Doppler tracking. Rotational dynamics are introduced for the cometary nucleus. State estimation errors are given for spacecraft trajectory prediction and cometary nucleus attitude prediction. Estimation errors are also given for parameters that describe the cometary nucleus such as moments of inertia and gravity harmonics. The orbit determination performance in support of science observations while in orbit about the nucleus is described.