cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding Factors Associated with Children's Motivation to Engage in Recess-Time Physical Activity.

Physical activity is linked with health and academic benefits. While recess provides the greatest opportunity for children to accumulate physical activity, most children are not motivated to engage in sufficient amounts of physical activity during recess. Research demonstrates a strong relationship between self-efficacy and children’s motivation to engage in physical activity. The purpose of this study was to explore whether in the context of recess there is a relationship between physical activity self-efficacy and children’s motivation to engage in physical activity. One hundred and sixty-one students were recruited from three elementary schools. Physical activity self-efficacy (barrier and task) and physical activity data were collected utilizing a self-efficacy instrument and accelerometers. This study found evidence of two types of barrier self-efficacy, adult encouragement barrier self-efficacy and other barrier self-efficacy, neither of these types of barrier self-efficacy, nor task self-efficacy were found to be significantly related to motivation to engage in physical activity during recess. Given research suggesting that other types of physical activity self-efficacy may be useful in understanding children motivation to engage in physical activity, more research in this area is needed. Future research may consider exploring the relationship between asking efficacy, environmental change efficacy and motivation to engage in recess-time physical activity. This research can assist practitioners and researchers identify modifiable correlates associated with children’s recess time physical activity. Such evidence could be utilized to develop interventions that are effective at increasing the amount of physical activity children accumulate during recess time.
Hygienical Evaluation of Air Quality of Different Kinds of Train in Summer Transportation

[Objective]To hygienically evaluate the air quality of different kinds of train,and provide scientific evidence for technical reform and management of train. [Methods]According to the national standards and norms,detection,analysis and evaluation were performed on air quality of different kinds of train. [Results]The average temperature inside 25 G,25 B,25 K carriage exceeded the national standards,while the mean values of wind speed and humidity were within the limits.The mean level of noise in 25G was over national standard.The average artificial illumination of 25 K was lower than that of other trains,the difference was significant(P0.01).The noise level of 25 G was higher than that of 25 K with significant difference(P0.01).The mean value of PM 10 of 25 K was lower than that of 25G with significant difference(P0.05).The CO2 levels were different in different kinds of trains,25 G25 B25 K,the differences were all significant(all P0.01).The total air bacterial count of 25K was higher than that of 25 B and 25 G with significant differences(P0.05). [Conclusion]The major pollutants in train 25 K and 25 B are PM 10,noise and bacterial,while CO2,noise,bacteria,are major pollutants in 25 G.Noise,The main hygienical indicators,including noise and total air bacterial count,are the key control points in these trains.
Toward tolerance: lessons learned from liver transplantation.

*Define the various concepts of transplantation tolerance: Immunologically: unresponsiveness to donor antigens Clinically: ability to discontinue nonspecific immunosuppression Outcome-based: ability to prevent long-term immunologically mediated graft loss (i.e., chronic rejection). *Understand the various possible mechanism(s) involved in developing transplantation tolerance: Central tolerance: clonal deletion Peripheral tolerance: Blocking antibodies Cytokine imbalance Clonal T-cell anergy Active regulation of T- and B-cell proliferation. *Methods to achieve transplantation tolerance: Macrochimerism: recipient cytoablation and donor reconstitution Microchimerism: bone marrow augmentation, growth factors Intrathymic inoculation: central tolerance? T-cell costimulatory blockade: induction of T-cell anergy. *Limitations of achieving transplantation tolerance: No markers to define tolerance Poor understanding of acute and chronic rejection mechanisms (e.g., direct v indirect antigen presentation, high- v low-affinity T cells for alloantigen) What cells are involved in the development of tolerance? How stable is clinical tolerance: are the dynamics influenced by nontransplant factors (e.g., antigenic stimulation by viral factors)? Need for a two-pronged approach: nonspecific phase followed by specific phase?
Generational Change and Social Values

This chapter explores defining beliefs, attitudes, and behavior of the current generational cohorts of the “Silent Generation,” “Baby Boomers,” “Generation X,” and “Millennials.” The Millennial generation is now the largest generational cohort in America. This generation is having major influence on the social, cultural, and political life of the nation. There is some alarming evidence that the current generation of American youth for the first time in our history may well do worse psychologically, socially, and economically than their parents. It is a generation marked by increasing rates of educational failure, delinquency, suicide, homicide, and psychological unease. They do not hold the same political or national values of previous generations. The postmodern culture is contributing to the erosion of personal values and individual freedom.
45. Adenovirus Variant With a Defined Set of Genetic Mutations in the Penton and Hexon Escapes Liver Sequestration After Intravascular Administration

Adenoviruses (Ad) are promising vectors for therapeutic interventions in humans. Despite significant knowledge regarding the biology of Ad interactions with cells in vitro, the molecular mechanisms governing in vivo Ad infectivity and bio-distribution remain poorly understood. Pharmacokinetic studies of Ad vectors after intravascular delivery demonstrate that the majority of an administered virus dose is rapidly sequestered from the circulation by the liver. Earlier we showed that Ad particles are distributed in liver tissue amongst three distinct cellular compartments, namely i) parenchymal liver cells – hepatocytes, ii) hepatic residential macrophages, Kupffer cells, and iii) hepatic sinusoid endothelial cells. Importantly, we found that the ablation of Ad interaction with only one of these cellular compartments cannot prevent virus trapping the liver shortly after intravascular virus injection and, likely, results in compensatory re-distribution of the virus among two remaining cellular compartments, thus functionally ensuring the quantitative removal of the virus from the blood. We speculated that to prevent Ad sequestration by the liver after intravascular administration, simultaneous ablation of virus interaction with all three cellular compartments of the liver is ultimately required. To evaluate this assumption experimentally, we introduced in a single human Ad5-based vector specific mutations that abrogate virus interactions with one, two, or all three hepatocellular compartments. To ablate Ad interaction with hepatocytes in vivo, we introduced T425A mutation in hexon hyper-variable loop HVR7 that completely abrogates virus interaction with blood coagulation FX. To prevent Ad interaction with liver sinusoid endothelial cells, we introduced a substitution of the RGD-motif-containing penton loop for an iso-functional integrin-interacting non-RGD-containing peptide. We also serendipitously found that the deletion of hexon HVR1 region, in addition to penton RGD-loop substitution and T425A HVR7 mutation, results in the reduction of virus interaction with Kupffer cells. Intravenous injection into mice of Ad variants containing individual mutations either in the penton or hexon or a vector with only two mutations in a single vector does not prevent sequestration of resultant Ad in the liver. However, Ad variant, containing all three mutations simultaneously, completely escaped being sequestered in the liver after intravascular injection and, instead, 20-fold higher amounts of the virus were recovered from the spleen, indicating the major change in virus bio-distribution, compared to unmodified vectors with a wild-type capsid, or vectors with individual mutations in either penton or hexon. To our knowledge this is the first demonstration of a feasibility of constructing Ad variants that would escape liver sequestration after intravascular administration. These variants may prove to be a useful platform for gene delivery to extra-hepatic cells and/or targeting disseminated metastatic cancers.
Chapter 14 – Aphorism and Truism in Knowledge Domain

Chapter Summary When knowledge processing becomes abundant as data processing, the truisms of knowledge will become as frequent as the philosophic wisdom of Plato or Aristotle. We begin this chapter by examining the scientific basis for social machines since order; logic and rationality constitute the basis of science. We extend the knowledge domain of sciences into the wisdom domain of philosophers and derive machines that can process knowledge into axioms based on truisms of the social scientists and philosophers. The Internet society is now bonded by wireless and fiber optic media and moves through the air-waves and fiber. The earlier observations and the deductions were based in a slower society bonded in human minds. The current society lives in an age where computer scans are automated at microsecond speeds and transmitted at gigabits per second to vast intellectual space of refined scientific communities. The impact on human lives is significant. It almost seems as if the human mind is losing its grip on the flow of information and knowledge but not on wisdom and hopefully not on ethics. Truisms and long-term observations affirm the foundations of axioms of wisdom and some of the truisms last long. In this chapter, we propose five such truisms derived from observations but tailored to the peta-flop speeds of modern machines and are generic enough to programmable in personal space of the users of PCs and Androids in the Information age.
Evaluation of a web based informatics system with data mining tools for predicting outcomes with quantitative imaging features in stroke rehabilitation clinical trials

Quantitative imaging biomarkers are used widely in clinical trials for tracking and evaluation of medical interventions. Previously, we have presented a web based informatics system utilizing quantitative imaging features for predicting outcomes in stroke rehabilitation clinical trials. The system integrates imaging features extraction tools and a web-based statistical analysis tool. The tools include a generalized linear mixed model(GLMM) that can investigate potential significance and correlation based on features extracted from clinical data and quantitative biomarkers. The imaging features extraction tools allow the user to collect imaging features and the GLMM module allows the user to select clinical data and imaging features such as stroke lesion characteristics from the database as regressors and regressands. This paper discusses the application scenario and evaluation results of the system in a stroke rehabilitation clinical trial. The system was utilized to manage clinical data and extract imaging biomarkers including stroke lesion volume, location and ventricle/brain ratio. The GLMM module was validated and the efficiency of data analysis was also evaluated.
A REVIEW OF THE APPLICATION OF MULTIPLE S ISOTOPES TO MAGMATIC Ni-Cu-PGE DEPOSITS AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SPATIALLY VARIABLE Δ33S VALUES

The determination of Δ 33 S values in conjunction with δ 34 S values provides an effective means of evaluating the importance of S derivation from Archean country rocks in magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE ore genesis, particularly where δ 34 S values of potential S source rocks are near 0‰ and similar to most S of mantle derivation. However, Δ 33 S values of sulfides in some Archean rocks may also be near 0‰; care should be taken in the evaluation of S derivation from Archean rocks based solely on this parameter. Although anomalous Δ 33 S values are found primarily in Archean rocks, rare occurrences of nonzero Δ 33 S values have been identified in sulfides from younger rocks, and hence knowledge of the multiple S isotope composition of potential contaminants is essential for an accurate assessment of S contamination of mantle-derived magmas. Restricted ranges in Δ 33 S values may be characteristic of particular Archean formations, and when used in conjunction with mixing calculations may fingerprint a distinct S source rock. Spatial variability in Δ 33 S values within different types of mineralized systems may be caused by the emplacement of isotopically distinct magma pulses, by locally variable mixing proportions, and the addition of secondary sulfide to the primary assemblage. In the case of conduit-type deposits in the Midcontinent rift system, three-component mixing calculations show that both high and low Δ 33 S values in some units that are similar to end-member values in the Archean country rocks must be a function of assimilation of primarily Archean S even though Proterozoic carbonaceous sedimentary country rocks contain in excess of 1 wt % S and are particularly viable S source rocks.
A new concept using LSTM Neural Networks for dynamic system identification

Recently, Recurrent Neural Network becomes a very popular research topic in machine learning field. Many new ideas and RNN structures have been generated by different authors, including long short term memory (LSTM) RNN and Gated Recurrent United (GRU) RNN ([1],[2]), a number of applications have also been developed among various research labs or industrial companies ([3]-[5]). Most of these schemes, however, are only applicable to machine learning problems, or static systems in control field. In this paper, a new concept of applying one of the most popular RNN approach - LSTM to identify and control dynamic system is to be investigated. Both identification (or learning) dynamic system and design of controller based on identification are going to be discussed. Also, a new concept of using a convex-based LSTM networks for fast learning purpose will be explained in detail. Simulation studies will be presented to demonstrated the new LSTM structure performs much better than conventional RNN and even single LSTM network.
Enhancing NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity to cisplatin-resistant lung cancer cells via MEK/Erk signaling inhibition.

Major progress has been made clinically in inhibiting the programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 interaction to enhance T cell-mediated immune function, yet the effectiveness of anti-PD-L1/PD-1 agents in enhancing natural killer (NK) cell’s function remains largely unknown. Susceptibilities of cisplatin-resistant A549CisR and H157CisR cells vs. parental cells to the cytotoxic action of NK cells were examined. We found cisplatin-resistant cells more resistant to NK cell cytotoxicity than parental cells. There were constitutively higher expressions of PD-L1 in A549CisR and H157CisR cells than in parental cells in vitro, as well as in H157CisR cell-derived tumors than H157P cell-derived tumors. In contrast, we observed that the expression of PD-1 in NK cells was induced after co-culture with cisplatin-resistant cells. We also observed increased susceptibility of cisplatin-resistant cells to NK cell cytotoxicity when neutralizing antibody of PD-1 or PD-L1 was added. Further, we found that the NK group 2, member D (NKG2D) ligand levels were lower in A549CisR and H157CisR cells than in parental cells. Meanwhile, we discovered that the MEK/Erk signaling pathway played a significant role in this regulation, and the addition of a MEK/Erk pathway inhibitor significantly enhanced the PD-L1 Ab effect in enhancing NK cell cytotoxicity to cisplatin-resistant cells.
Monogenic Defects of Toll-Like Receptor Signaling and Primary Immunodeficiency

Abstract This chapter provides an overview of the monogenic defects of toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway genes, an important cause of primary immunodeficiency in childhood. Genetic defects in this pathway present as life-threatening infectious diseases during infancy and childhood, with improvement of the phenotype into adulthood. Early recognition and appropriate preventive treatment can avert mortality and morbidity. The text includes an overview of pattern recognition receptors, specifically the TLRs, and their role in pathogen recognition. Explanatory notes on the innate versus adaptive immune system are included. This chapter details these defects with information on specific testing of the TLR signaling pathway in conjunction with genetic tests required to diagnose these conditions. Insights into treatment and management are considered, and resources for further investigation of immunodeficiencies are included.
Zika Virus Replicates in Proliferating Cells in Explants From First-Trimester Human Placentas, Potential Sites for Dissemination of Infection.

Background Maternal Zika virus (ZIKV) infection with prolonged viremia leads to fetal infection and congenital Zika syndrome. Previously, we reported that ZIKV infects primary cells from human placentas and fetal membranes. Here, we studied viral replication in numerous explants of anchoring villi and basal decidua from first-trimester human placentas and midgestation amniotic epithelial cells (AmEpCs). Methods Explants and AmEpCs were infected with American and African ZIKV strains at low multiplicities, and ZIKV proteins were visualized by immunofluorescence. Titers of infectious progeny, cell proliferation, and invasiveness were quantified. Results In anchoring villus, ZIKV replicated reproducibly in proliferating cytotrophoblasts in proximal cell columns, dividing Hofbauer cells in villus cores, and invasive cytotrophoblasts, but frequencies differed. Cytotrophoblasts in explants infected by Nicaraguan strains were invasive, whereas those infected by prototype MR766 largely remained in cell columns, and titers varied by donor and strain. In basal decidua, ZIKV replicated in glandular epithelium, decidual cells, and immune cells. ZIKV-infected AmEpCs frequently occurred in pairs and expressed Ki67 and phosphohistone H3, indicating replication in dividing cells. Conclusions ZIKV infection in early pregnancy could target proliferating cell column cytotrophoblasts and Hofbauer cells, amplifying infection in basal decidua and chorionic villi and enabling transplacental transmission.
High Harmonic Generation Via an Electro-Optomechanical Oscillator

An Electro-Opto-Mechanical Oscillator (EOMO) has achieved up to 270th order harmonic generation from a 37-MHz fundamental mechanical oscillation, which is more than 2× larger in harmonic number and 1000x higher in harmonic frequency compared to the previous mark [1], The key to achieving such high-order harmonic generation is the EOMO's ability to produce large motional oscillation amplitude via an electromechanical feedback loop, while its optomechanical coupling converts the large oscillation amplitude into highly nonlinear modulation of the transmitted optical field.
Living donor liver transplantation

As the liver transplant community grapples with a large and persistent shortage of donor organs, living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is a proven, yet underutilized, source of transplantable grafts. Given the nature of the procedure, donor safety has always been paramount. Over the course of two decades, improved techniques and a more holistic approach to LDLT have yielded excellent donor and recipient outcomes. Increasing sophistication of the preoperative donor workup, more liberal use of adult-to-adult left lobe liver transplantation, introduction of inflow modification, improved recipient selection, and a better understanding of small-for-size graft syndrome are among the most noteworthy improvements. Important technological applications such as the more standard use of 3D printing and computer-assisted surgical navigation have given transplant professionals invaluable tools to aid in good outcomes. Critical to any center’s success, however, is preparing for an adverse donor outcome. The very process of preparing for such an event helps a center make sure they are performing LDLT in accordance with proven best practices, for both donor and recipient.
Nickel Bioinorganic Systems

Through modulation of its coordination environment, Nature has found ways to utilize nickel in biology. In this chapter, the relevant coordination chemistry, toxicology, and essential uses of nickel in biology are discussed, including in plants, animals, and particularly in microbes. Nickel plays important roles as a catalytic center in both redox and nonredox enzymes, where it has important ramifications in human health (e.g., urease), energy science (e.g., hydrogenase), and the environment (e.g., carbon monoxide dehydrogenases). To supply nickel for these functions, while avoiding toxicity, bacteria have developed complex pathways to maintain nickel homeostasis. The structure/function relationships in the proteins involved in maintaining nickel homeostasis are also discussed.
Transvaginal Mesh Complications

The lifetime risk of requiring pelvic surgery for vaginal prolapse or incontinence for a woman in the United States is 11%, with a risk for reoperation of 29% [1]. Traditional vaginal repairs for prolapse using only the patient’s native tissues have had reported rates of recurrence ranging from 10 to 50% depending on the compartment repaired [2]. In the last 10 years, there have been advancements in pelvic floor reconstructive surgery to create repairs that are reproducible with improved subjective and objective outcomes.
Short-Range Order and Unusual Modes of Nickel Redox in a Fluorine-Substituted Disordered Rocksalt Oxide Lithium-Ion Cathode

Fluorine substitution for oxygen in cation-disordered lithium-excess transition metal oxides (Li1+xTM1–xO2) used as lithium-ion cathodes was recently demonstrated to improve the reversibility of the processes taking place on charge and discharge by reducing the amount of oxygen loss on charge and preventing major structural rearrangements at high voltage. Yet, little is understood about how fluorine incorporates the oxide structure and impacts its electrochemical properties. Here, we use a combination of experimental (solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy) and theoretical techniques (density functional theory (DFT) calculations and Monte Carlo simulations) to investigate the evolution of the local structure around fluorine and lithium and the oxidation state of redox-active nickel during charge and discharge of the Li1.15Ni0.45Ti0.3Mo0.1O1.85F0.15 (LNF15) cathode. We show that fluorine doping introduces short-range order in as-synthesized LNF15 by incorporating in lithium-rich sites wi...
Is Visual Perceptual Narrowing an Obligatory Developmental Process

Perceptual narrowing, or a diminished perceptual sensitivity to infrequently encountered stimuli, sometimes accompanied by an increased sensitivity to frequently encountered stimuli, has been observed in unimodal speech and visual perception, as well as in multimodal perception, leading to the suggestion that it is a fundamental feature of perceptual development. However, recent findings in unimodal face perception suggest that perceptual abilities are flexible in development. Similarly, in multimodal perception, new paradigms examining temporal dynamics, rather than standard overall looking time, also suggest that perceptual narrowing might not be obligatory. Across two experiments, we assess perceptual narrowing in unimodal visual perception using remote eye-tracking. We compare adults' looking at human faces and monkey faces of different species, and present analyses of standard overall looking time and temporal dynamics. As expected, adults discriminated between different human faces, but, unlike previous studies, they also discriminated between different monkey faces. Temporal dynamics revealed that adults more readily discriminated human compared to monkey faces, suggesting a processing advantage for conspecifics compared to other animals. Adults' success in discriminating between faces of two unfamiliar monkey species calls into question whether perceptual narrowing is an obligatory developmental process. Humans undoubtedly diminish in their ability to perceive distinctions between infrequently encountered stimuli as compared to frequently encountered stimuli, however, consistent with recent findings, this narrowing should be conceptualized as a refinement and not as a loss of abilities. Perceptual abilities for infrequently encountered stimuli may be detectable, though weaker compared to adults' perception of frequently encountered stimuli. Consistent with several other accounts we suggest that perceptual development must be more flexible than a perceptual narrowing account posits.
Erythropoietic Protoporphyria and X-Linked Protoporphyria: pathophysiology, genetics, clinical manifestations, and management

Erythropoietic Protoporphyria (EPP) and X-linked Protoporphyria (XLP) are rare, genetic photodermatoses resulting from defects in enzymes of the heme-biosynthetic pathway. EPP results from the partial deficiency of ferrochelatase, and XLP results from gain-of-function mutations in erythroid specific ALAS2. Both disorders result in the accumulation of erythrocyte protoporphyrin, which is released in the plasma and taken up by the liver and vascular endothelium. The accumulated protoporphyrin is activated by sunlight exposure, generating singlet oxygen radical reactions leading to tissue damage and excruciating pain. About 2-5% of patients develop clinically significant liver dysfunction due to protoporphyrin deposition in bile and/or hepatocytes which can advance to cholestatic liver failure requiring transplantation. Clinically these patients present with acute, severe, non-blistering phototoxicity within minutes of sun-exposure. Anemia is seen in about 47% of patients and about 27% of patients will develop abnormal serum aminotransferases. The diagnosis of EPP and XLP is made by detection of markedly increased erythrocyte protoporphyrin levels with a predominance of metal-free protoporphyrin. Genetic testing by sequencing the FECH or ALAS2 gene confirms the diagnosis. Treatment is limited to sun-protection and there are no currently available FDA-approved therapies for these disorders. Afamelanotide, a synthetic analogue of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone was found to increase pain-free sun exposure and improve quality of life in adults with EPP. It has been approved for use in the European Union since 2014 and is not available in the U.S. In addition to the development of effective therapeutics, future studies are needed to establish the role of iron and the risks related to the development of hepatopathy in these patients.
General Synthetic Approach for the Laurencia Family of Natural Products Empowered by a Potentially Biomimetic Ring Expansion.

The Laurencia family of C15-acetogenins is Nature’s largest collection of halogenated natural products, with many of its members possessing a brominated 8-membered cyclic ether among other distinct structural elements. Herein, we demonstrate that a bromonium-induced ring expansion, starting from a common tetrahydrofuran-containing bicyclic intermediate and using the highly reactive bromenium source BDSB (Et2SBr·SbCl5Br), can lead to concise asymmetric total syntheses of microcladallenes A and B, desepilaurallene, laurallene, and prelaureatin. Key advances in this work include (1) the first demonstration that the core bromonium-induced cyclization/ring-expansion can be initiated using an enyne with an internal ether oxygen nucleophile, (2) that reasonable levels of stereocontrol in such processes can be achieved both with and without appended ring systems and stereogenic centers, (3) that several other unique chemoselective transformations essential to building their polyfunctional cores can be achieved, a...
High-pressure methane storage and selective gas adsorption in a cyclohexane-functionalised porous organic cage

ABSTRACTPorous organic cages are a class of adsorbents that have shown promise for a variety of applications. The octahedral cyclohexane-functionalised imine-based cage, commonly referred to as CC3...
Graphical interpretation of water quality data

Management of our nation's water resources through planning and control of water pollution hinges on the availability and interpretation of water quality data on which to base management decisions. This paper is aimed at exploring graphical methods which allow rapid and informative analysis of water quality data. The graphical methods presented in this paper fall into two main categories. The first category relates to graphical procedures which are developed as part of a statistical test, such as discriminant analysis. The second category involves approximation of multivariate water quality data into two dimensions. The methods for accomplishing the latter are canonical decomposition and high-dimensional plotting. Each of these methods is developed and used on an example set of data to demonstrate their utility. These methods seek to not only present a graphical representation of the data, but also to explain variations and interrelationships within the data itself.
Improving Social Needs Intervention Research: Key Questions for Advancing the Field.

Spurred by accumulated evidence documenting how social determinants of health shape health outcomes as well as the push for better value, the healthcare sector is embracing interventions that address patients’ health-related social needs. An increasing number of healthcare organizations and payers are experimenting with strategies to identify needs and connect patients to resources that address identified needs with the goal of improving health outcomes, reducing avoidable utilization of costly health services, and improving health equity. Although many studies link social factors to health, relatively little published research exists about how the healthcare sector can effectively intervene to help identify and address social needs. This paper summarizes emerging evidence and identifies key areas where more research is needed to advance implementation and policy development. Although some healthcare-based social needs interventions have been shown to improve health and reduce avoidable utilization, important gaps remain in terms of comparative effectiveness and cost effectiveness of social needs intervention approaches. Additionally, the field would benefit from an increased understanding of mechanisms of action to maximize practitioners’ ability to tailor interventions. More research is also needed to guard against unintended consequences and ensure these interventions reduce health inequities. Finally, implementation science research should identify supports and incentives for adoption of effective interventions. Focusing both public and private research efforts on these evidence gaps can help advance identification of interventions that maximize both health equity and healthcare value. Supplement information This article is part of a supplement entitled Identifying and Intervening on Social Needs in Clinical Settings: Evidence and Evidence Gaps, which is sponsored by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Kaiser Permanente, and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
Empire’s Mobius Strip: Historical Echoes in Italy’s Crisis of Migration and Detention: by Stephanie Malia Hom, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 2019, 270 pp., $24.95 (paperback), ISBN: 9781501739903

Italy’s position as a key port of arrival for today’s Europe-bound migrants is often framed through the popular story of the country’s transformation from emigration nation to immigrant destination...
Development of Testing Methods to Predict Cracking in Photovoltaic Backsheets

In recent years there have been some significant failures of photovoltaic backsheets resulting from inadequacies of design that are not detected in current versions of the qualification standards. In some cases, this has resulted in catastrophic failure in less than 5 y of deployment. In this work, we develop a test sample construction and evaluate accelerated exposure conditions necessary to duplicate the cracking field failure of backsheets using a small and manageable coupon. This sample uses a piece of solder wire to put some controlled topology and stress into the backsheet. Through exposure to different environmental stressors it was found that the application of thermal cycling stresses, after ultraviolet radiation exposure, is of primary importance to duplicate field failures.
Study structure may compromise understanding of longitudinal decision regret stability: A systematic review

Abstract Objectives To perform a systematic review of decision regret studies in cancer patients to determine if regret is longitudinally stable, and whether these study structures account for late-emerging treatment effects. Methods Online databases including the George Mason Libraries, Global Health, Nursing and Allied Health, and PubMed were searched to identify decision regret studies with longitudinal components in patients with cancer. Results A total of 845 unique citations were identified; 20 studies met inclusion criteria. Data was also collected on the time horizon for 90 studies; 47 % of studies evaluated regret at time points of one year or less, although this has increased significantly in prostate cancer citations since 2010. Regret was infrequent, affecting less than 20 % of patients, and often stable. Effect sizes in studies where decision regret changed over time were small to negligible. Conclusion Longitudinal effects can influence the expression of decision regret, yet many studies are not designed to collect long-term data; prostate cancer studies may be particularly disadvantaged. The degree of this influence in current studies is small, though this outcome must be interpreted with caution. Practice Implications Providers should be aware of the risk of late-emerging regret and counsel patients appropriately.
Charge Management for an Inductively Charged On-Demand Battery-Electric Shuttle Service with High Penetration of Renewable Energy

This paper presents a charge management control strategy for an on-demand battery-electric shuttle van operating at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) campus and supported by day-time inductive charging at the vehicle’s waiting spot. A new control algorithm has been proposed for reducing the demand charge costs incurred from wireless charging of the on-demand shuttle. A custom controller has been developed to monitor the shuttle, wireless charger, renewable energy generation, and various loads at NREL’s campus, and regulate charging behavior for demand response. The intermittent renewable generation and sporadic operation of the on-demand shuttle service contribute to a high level of uncertainty in expected campus load profile, which must be carefully managed. The control algorithm predicts energy profile to estimate the mobility needs of the vehicle and maintain uninterrupted service during operation while still minimizing peak demand. The proposed controller has been designed and optimized using a Simulink model for the entire system. Next, it has been implemented and tested in real-time on the NREL campus. Two primary vehicle-use cases, charge sustaining and charge depletion operation, are tested under different load profiles and drive cycles to assess the controller’s effectiveness at reducing peak demand and therefore demand charges. The proposed controller showed robust performance under different driving scenarios with high correlation between simulated and experimental data. The results showed that proper demand response can be achieved with an average of 94% reduction of charging loads during peak demand events.
A Simpler Method To Build Nonintersecting Cluster Sets to Compute Lower Bounds for the Probability of Detection of Sensor Detection Systems using the Scan Statistic

When designing a sensor system to detect emitters using the scan statistic, it is difficult to compute the probability of detection. Previously, we proposed a procedure to obtain a lower bound for the probability of detection; however, the procedure can be considered computationally intensive. In this paper, we propose a simpler method to obtain the lower bound. Examples suggest that, although our method reaches a looser bound in some cases, it significantly reduces the computation effort to obtain the bound.
The Outbreak of the South African War (1899)

Chapter 8, “The Outbreak of the South African War (1899),” focuses on White’s arrival in South Africa, the outbreak of war, and the period leading up to the siege of Ladysmith. It looks at his selection, his decision to allow British troops to remain in Northern Natal, and his initial attempts to keep the Boer forces divided which led to Mournful Monday. It also examines White’s brief stint as Quartermaster-General to the Forces.
Competing Visions of the Corporation in Catholic Social Thought

Catholic Social Thought (CST) is coherent body of principles concerning the organization of social and economic life drawing on the inspiration of natural law, Thomism, the Gospel and the tradition of Christian personalism. While valuing the creative energy of capitalism and its contributions to the production of wealth, it is often highly critical of the inequalities generated by capitalism, its tendency to promote materialistic consumerism and capital's devaluation of the dignity of work. While not easily characterizable as right or left, CST thinking about corporate social responsibility and corporate governance has become split between interpretations emphasizing the importance of economic liberty to human dignity (a central CST value) and those deriving from a much more communitarian conception of that dignity. This paper contests the neoconsevative positions articulated principally by Michael Novak, and identifies the core CST premises that lead to a much more communitarian vision of the corporation. In so doing, it emphasizes affinities between that vision and secular views of the corporation derived from the critical and legal progressive traditions.
Perspectives on C-MEMS and C-NEMS biotech applications

Carbon microelectromechanical system (C-MEMS) and carbon nanoelectromechanical system (C-NEMS) have been identified as promising technologies for a range of biotech applications, including electrochemical biosensors, biofuel cells, neural probes, and dielectrophoretic cell trapping. Research teams around the world have devoted more and more time to this field. After almost two decades of efforts on developing C-MEMS and C-NEMS, a review of the relevant progress and addressing future research opportunities and critical issues is in order. This review first introduces C-MEMS and C-NEMS fabrication processes that fall into two categories: photolithography- and non-photolithography- based techniques. Next, a detailed discussion of the state of the art, and technical challenges and opportunities associated with C-MEMS and C-NEMS devices used in biotech applications are presented. These devices are discussed in the relevant sub-sections of biosensors, biofuel cells, intracorporeal neural probe, dielectrophoresis cell trapping, and cell culture. The review concludes with an exposition of future perspectives in C-MEMS and C-NEMS.
Large-eddy simulation of bubble plume in stratified crossflow

Bubble-driven plume in stratified crossflow is modeled using Eulerian-Eulerian large-eddy simulation. Various bubble sizes and crossflow velocities are considered, and noticeable differences in the plume characteristics and material transport are observed. Statistical analysis of the simulation results provides insights on how the crossflow affects the exchanges of momentum and mass between the bubble-driven plume and the surrounding water.
Advance Practice Provider Transformational Leadership Structure: A Model for Change

Background The role of the advanced practice provider (APP) is rapidly expanding in healthcare, whereas infrastructure to support it is not keeping pace. A large academic healthcare organization implemented the role of a director of APPs; supported by the C-suite, one who understands scope of practice, revenue models, and compliance and addresses engagement and retention to meet this challenge. This article chronicles the implementation of innovative success strategies, supporting APPs across a large academic health system, employing more than 1000 APPs, which has led to improvements in APP-generated revenue, patient access, engagement, and alignment. Methods Emory Healthcare rapidly expanded the number of APPs (nurse practitioners and physician assistants) over the past 10 years. APPs reported to administration or nursing leadership leading to APP dissatisfaction, questions on return on investment (ROI) and productivity, and poor utilization due to lack of role clarity. An APP leadership structure was created so that every APP reported to an APP leader. In alignment with the goals and plan for Emory Healthcare, standardized service line productivity and accountability expectations were developed and implemented, as well as a vision and strategic plan to support APPs. Results Improvement in productivity was seen across service lines, supported by the increase in full-time equivalent numbers, while improving the ROI for the organization. A roadmap to aligning an APP and organizational strategic plan has been created and implemented. Improvement in APP engagement was realized. Conclusions An APP director and leadership structure are vital to the creation of infrastructure to support APPs in this healthcare. Optimization and standardization of APP practice resulted in role clarity and allowed for support of practice development.
Artifact for "GenTree: using decision trees to learn interactions for configurable software"

This document describes the artifact package accompanying the ICSE'21 paper "GenTree: Using Decision Trees to Learn Interactions for Configurable Software" [1]. The artifact includes GenTree source code, pre-built binaries, benchmark program specifications, and scripts to replicate the data presented in the paper. Furthermore, GenTree is applicable to new programs written in supported languages (C, C++, Python, Perl, Ocaml), or can be extended to support new languages easily. GenTree implementation is highly modular and optimized, hence, it can also be used as a framework for developing and testing new interaction inference algorithms. We hope the artifact will be useful for researchers who are interested in interaction learning, especially iterative and data-driven approaches.
Association of Broiler Litter Microbiome Composition and Campylobacter Isolation

Infection with Campylobacter species is one of the leading causes of bacterial diarrhea in humans in the US. Chickens, which become colonized on the farm, are important reservoirs of this bacterium. Campylobacter can establish itself in the broiler house via a variety of sources, can survive in the litter of the house, and possibly persist over successive flock cycles. However, the role of the broiler litter microbiome on Campylobacter persistence is not clear. A matched case-control study was conducted to determine whether the broiler litter microbiome composition was associated with Campylobacter isolation within the broiler house. Flocks were classified as cases when either Campylobacter jejuni or Campylobacter coli was isolated in boot sock samples, or as controls otherwise. Case and control flocks were matched at the broiler house level. Composite broiler litter samples were collected and used for DNA extraction and 16S rRNA gene V4 region sequencing. Reads were processed using the DADA2 pipeline to obtain a table of amplicon sequence variants. Alpha diversity and differential bacterial relative abundance were used as predictors of Campylobacter isolation status in conditional logistic regression models adjusting for flock age and sampling season. Beta diversity distances were used as regressors in stratified PERMANOVA with Campylobacter isolation status as predictor, and broiler house as stratum. When Campylobacter was isolated in boot socks, broiler litter microbiome richness and evenness were lower and higher, respectively, without reaching statistical significance. Campylobacter isolation status significantly explained a small proportion of the beta diversity (genus-level Aitchison dissimilarity distance). Clostridium and Anaerostipes were positively associated with Campylobacter isolation status, whereas Bifidobacterium, Anaerosporobacter, and Stenotrophomonas were negatively associated. Our results suggest the presence of bacterial interactions between Campylobacter and the broiler litter microbiome. The negative association of Campylobacter with Bifidobacterium, Anaerosporobacter, and Stenotrophomonas in litter could be potentially exploited as a pre-harvest control strategy.
The Victory Banner over the Reichstag: Film, Document, and Ritual in Russia’s Contested Memory of World War II

One of the most iconic images of World War II – and one of the greatest wartime photographs ever taken – is Evgenii Khaldei’s shot of a silhouetted Red Army soldier standing on the roof of the Reic...
Deep Image Reconstruction for Reducing Limited-Angle Artifacts in a Dual-Panel TOF PET

Dual-panel PET scanners have many advantages in dedicated breast imaging and on-board imaging applications since the compact scanners can be combined with other imaging and treatment modalities. The major challenges of dual-panel PET imaging are the incomplete sampling and data truncation, which can cause severe limited-angle artifacts. In this incomplete sampling case, time-of-flight (TOF) provides new information and thus reduces the artifacts, however, the problem is still quite challenging even with 200 to 300 ps timing resolution. In this work, we explore deep learning based image reconstruction for limited-angle artifacts reduction for dual-panel TOF PET imaging. The deep image reconstruction consists of two components, namely, TOF ordered subsets expectation maximization (OSEM) reconstruction, and a deep neural network for limited-angle artifacts reduction. We adopt and optimize a U-net based architecture for limited-angle artifacts reduction (LaU-net) to predict expected images from limited-angle TOF reconstructions. We perform numerical simulations with a generic 2D dual-panel TOF PET system with timing resolution of 300 ps and angular coverage of 90°. We generate 640 2D training datasets by performing TOF ordered subsets expectation maximization (OSEM) reconstructions from randomly generated phantom images. Then 3 additional folds of datasets were obtained using data augmentation by flipping horizontal and vertical dimensions for each dataset. We used Kullback-Leibler divergence as loss function for nonnegative images, and the Adam optimizer for training. We show from both random phantoms and a high resolution hot-rod phantom that the deep reconstruction can substantially reduce limited-angle artifacts and improve quantitative accuracy of reconstructed images.
Countertransference considerations for the gay male when leading psychotherapy groups for gay men.

During the last decade we have seen. the development of gay-affirmative psydiotherapy and an increase in the use of homogeneous psychotherapy groups for gay men. Today there is greater acceptance that homosexuality is a normal variant within human sexuality and that being gay both describes the focus of one's sexual and emotional expression and constitutes a central aspect of one 's core identity. In their pursuit of full acceptance of their lesbian or gay identity, lesbians and gay men continue to experience pressures that are unique, however. Within a psychotherapy group, when the group leader is gay, the process by which the group members work on their transference reactions, as well as their internalized homophobia and shame, can evoke strong countertransference in the gay male group leader and his supervisor; this countertransference is at times distinctly different than that with a nongay group therapist. This article highlights many countertransference themes in such groups and proposes ways to identify and manage these themes.