cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transcriptional Regulation of Cathepsin B Expression in B16 Melanomas of Varying Metastatic Potential

Abstract The highly metastatic B16a melanoma has been shown to express higher levels of cathepsin B (CB) mRNA when compared to the less metastatic variants, B16-F1 and B16-F10, and with normal mouse tissues. This increased expression is now shown to be due to increased gene transcription by nuclear run-off assays and measurements of mRNA stability. Transient expression assays, using promoter fragments from the mouse and human CB genes, demonstrated that both promoters were more active in B16a than in the less metastatic melanomas, B16-F1 and B16-F10. The differential gene expression did not depend on the presence of multiple Spl sites in both promoters. A Gel shift assay revealed a specific CB promoter binding protein whose levels are correlated with CB expression and the metastatic potential of the three B16 melanoma variants. These results indicate that the increased expression of CB in the B16a melanoma is due to a specific increase in the amount or activity of a transcriptional activator of the CB gene. The ability of the human CB promoter to activate gene expression in B16a melanoma cells suggests similarities in the regulation of CB expression in tumors from humans and mice.
Highly localized pressure perturbations induced by laser absorptive heating in the shear layer of a gas jet.

A technique to create a localized pressure perturbation by laser heating the absorbing gas inside the flow field is described. The effect of the laser-induced pressure pulse is to trigger the development of turbulent structures, which then evolve in time. With such external perturbation, the nozzle gas concentration is measured simultaneously at 104 points within a plane intersecting the flow by using two-dimensional imaging of the Lorenz–Mie-scattered light from aerosols seeded in the flow. The instantaneous and time-averaged spatial distributions of the perturbed flow field are presented as is the rms fluctuation of the concentration.
Present Status and Future Perspectives of Heart Transplantation

Heart transplantation has evolved as the "gold standard" therapy, with median survival exceeding 10 years, for patients with endstage heart failure (HF). Advancements in the fields of immunosuppression, infection prophylaxis, and surgical techniques have transformed heart transplantation from what was once considered an experimental intervention into a routine treatment. The number of heart transplants reported to the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation registry worldwide has been 3,500-4,000 annually, but has not been increased over the past 2 decades because of donor shortage despite the growing number of patients with HF. This imbalance between the supply of donor hearts and the demand of patients with endstage HF has led to increased use of mechanical circulatory support as destination therapy, because the supply of mechanical devices is virtually unlimited. Although mechanical circulatory support technology is improving, heart transplantation remains the preferred treatment for many patients because of major complications, such as stroke, bleeding and infection, and because of limited quality of life related to the driveline and the need for battery change. Therefore, significant efforts have been made to maximize the number of heart transplants and to ensure good outcomes.
FRACTIONATION OF THE NUCLEUS BY DIVALENT CATIONS: Isolation of Nuclear Membranes

0.3–0.5 M MgCl2 was used to disassemble nuclei and to isolate by a single centrifugation in less than 3 hr a nuclear envelope fraction in 55–60% yield as assessed by phospholipid recovery. Its gross chemical composition was determined and its morphology was studied electron microscopically by sectioning, freeze etching, and negative staining procedures.
Neuroscience: Dragonflies predict and plan their hunts

An analysis reveals that the dragonfly's impressive ability to catch its prey arises from internal calculations about its own movements and those of its target — the first example of such predictions in invertebrates. See Article p.333 Primates and other vertebrates use internal models to control and predict the consequences of their movements, but invertebrates were thought to rely mostly on reflexes. In a study using motion capture to track the head and body movements of dragonflies catching flying prey, Anthony Leonardo and colleagues demonstrate a complexity of behaviour not previously seen in an insect. Approaching from below, the dragonfly's head locks onto its target while its body manoeuvres to align to the prey's flight path and reduce the distance to the prey. Rather than generating these steering movements reactively, by responding only to changes in prey motion, dragonflies using both reactive and predictive control. These predictions account for the motion of the prey and the dragonfly's own body, and are consistent with generation by internal models. The experimental accessibility of the insect nervous system, combined with the load-carrying capacity of the dragonfly, opens these general principles of motor control to detailed mechanistic dissection.
The Asymptotic Distribution of Commonality Components.

Commonality components have been defined as a method of partitioning squared multiple correlations. In this paper, the asymptotic joint distribution of all 2 k − 1 squared multiple correlations is derived. The asymptotic joint distribution of linear combinations of squared multiple correlations is obtained as a corollary. In particular, the asymptotic joint distribution of commonality components are derived as a special case. Simultaneous and nonsimultaneous asymptotic confidence intervals for commonality components can be obtained from this distribution.
The convergence of matrix transforms for certain Markov chains

Abstract In this paper it is shown that, for certain classes of matrices, the matrix transform of a periodic strongly ergodic stochastic matrix P converges.
Presentation of a self-peptide in two distinct conformations by a disease-associated HLA-B27 subtype.

The MHC locus on human chromosome 6 harbors the most polymorphic genes in the human genome, and the large number of alleles in human populations has permitted key structural features of MHC class I and class II genes that influence susceptibility to several human autoimmune diseases to be delineated
p53/HMGB1 complexes regulate autophagy and apoptosis.

The balance between apoptosis (“programmed cell death”) and autophagy (“programmed cell survival”) is important in tumor development and response to therapy. Here we show that HMGB1 and p53 form a complex which regulates the balance between tumor cell death and survival. We demonstrate that knockout of p53 inHCT116 cells increases expression of cytosolic HMGB1 and induces autophagy. Conversely, knockout of HMGB1 in mouse embryonic fibroblasts increases p53 cytosolic localization and decreases autophagy. p53 is thus a negative regulator of the HMGB1/Beclin 1 complex, and HMGB1 promotes autophagy in the setting of diminished p53. HMGB1-mediated autophagy promotes tumor cell survival in the setting of p53-dependent processes. The HMGB1/p53 complex affects the cytoplasmic localization of the reciprocal binding partner thereby regulating subsequent levels of autophagy and apoptosis. These insights provide a novel link between HMGB1 and p53 in the crossregulation of apoptosis and autophagy in the setting of cell stress, providing insights into their reciprocal roles in carcinogenesis.
Comparing multicast protocols in mobile ad hoc networks

This paper presents a novel method for comparing the performance of multicast protocols in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) with respect to delay, efficiency, and robustness. For each metric, we develop the notion of optimality that allows us to compare performance against a common set of reference points. Knowing where a protocol's performance diverges from optimal also indicates where efforts at improvement will provide the most benefit. Next we present a cross-platform physical layer model that allows researchers working with different simulation packages use a common physical model of the network. We then use simulations to illustrate the performance of a candidate protocol relative to optimal. An interesting result of the simulations is that MANET nodes with very high degrees of connectivity do not necessarily improve the performance of multicast routing protocols.
Review of forest landscape models: Types, methods, development and applications

Abstract Forest landscape models simulate forest change through time using spatially referenced data across a broad spatial scale (i.e. landscape scale) generally larger than a single forest stand. Spatial interactions between forest stands are a key component of such models. These models can incorporate other spatio-temporal processes such as natural disturbances (e.g. wildfires, hurricanes, outbreaks of native and exotic invasive pests and diseases) and human influences (e.g. harvesting and commercial thinning, planting, fire suppression). The models are increasingly used as tools for studying forest management, ecological assessment, restoration planning, and climate change. In this paper, we define forest landscape models and discuss development, components, and types of the models. We also review commonly used methods and approaches of modeling forest landscapes, their application, and their strengths and weaknesses. New developments in computer sciences, geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing technologies, decision-support systems, and geo-spatial statistics have provided opportunities for developing a new generation of forest landscape models that are increasingly valuable for ecological research, restoration planning and resource management.
A new adaptive LQG control algorithm

A new control algorithm is developed for the discrete time, finite horizon adaptive LQG problem. In the new algorithm, randomization over linear control functions is performed at future stages to find a deterministic desired control U(k) at the current stage. This randomized linear control policy, which is U(k)-dependent and non-linear in measurements, incorporates explicitly the knowledge available about the unknown parameter at future stages in terms of the posterior distribution. At the same time it enables us to obtain a closed form expression of an approximation of the optimal control-cost function. Numerical examples comparing the new solution with the optimal are also provided.
Hard X-ray Sputtered-Sliced Phase Zone Plates

Al/Cu sputtered-sliced phase zone plates, designed to operate with a focal length of 0.18 m and 1.12 m at 8.05 keV, were tested at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory. The results of lens characterization and the implementation of a microscope are reported.
Vehicle motion planning using stream functions

Borrowing a concept from hydrodynamic analysis, this paper presents stream functions which satisfy Laplace's equation as a local-minima free method for producing potential-field based navigation functions in two dimensions. These functions generate smoother paths (i.e. more suited to aircraft-like vehicles) than previous methods. A method is developed for constructing analytic stream functions to produce arbitrary vehicle behaviors while avoiding obstacles, and an exact solution for the case of a single uniformly moving obstacle is presented. The effects of introducing multiple obstacles are discussed and current work in this direction is detailed. Experimental results generated on the Cornell RoboFlag testbed are presented and discussed.
An Auction Approach to Resource Allocation in Uplink OFDMA Systems

We propose resource allocation algorithms based on the auction method for uplink OFDMA cellular networks. We consider cellular systems that employ the traditional static frequency reuse as well as the next-generation systems that aim to achieve a universal frequency reuse via base-station coordination. Our algorithms are designed for finite input alphabets and also account for nonideal practical outer codes, and they can be implemented in a distributed manner, when applied for multicell resource allocations. We also address power and bandwidth constraints that are motivated by practical concerns. The proposed algorithms exhibit very low complexity and are well suited for parallel implementations. Simulation results demonstrate that they offer near-optimal performance.
Incubation of Environmental Samples in a Diffusion Chamber Increases the Diversity of Recovered Isolates

The majority of microorganisms from natural environments cannot be grown in the laboratory. The diffusion-chamber-based approach is an alternative method that allows microorganisms to grow in their natural environment. An inoculum is sandwiched between semipermeable (0.03-μm-pore-size) membranes of the chamber, which is then returned to the source environment. The chamber allows for a free exchange of chemicals with the external milieu by diffusion while restricting the movement of cells. We used freshwater pond sediment to inoculate diffusion chambers and petri dishes. The diffusion chambers were incubated on top of the sediment for 4 weeks. Both chamber and petri dish cultivation resulted in the isolation of numerous representatives of Alpha-, Beta-, and Gammaproteobacteria; Actinobacteria; Firmicutes; and Bacteroidetes. However, the diffusion-chamber-based approach also led to the isolation of species from rarely cultivated groups, such as Deltaproteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Spirochaetes, and Acidobacteria. Material from the chambers was also transferred to new chambers in order to learn whether this will increase the recovery of isolates. Several isolates could be obtained only from material transferred through multiple diffusion chambers. This suggests that continuous cultivation in diffusion chambers adapts some microorganisms for growth under otherwise prohibitive in vitro conditions.
Fluid–structure interaction methods in biological flows with special emphasis on heart valve dynamics

There are numerous examples of fluid–structure interactions (FSIs) within the human body. In all cases, a computer model capable of simulating the phenomenon can aid in the understanding of organ function, failure, and implant design or improvement. In the current paper, two approaches are examined for use in simulating the FSI problem of the dynamics of tissue heart valves. Valve leaflets have nonlinear anisotropic material properties, and undergo complex deformation. Their motion affects—and is affected by—the surrounding blood. This two-way coupling necessitates a robust algorithm in order to overcome numerical stiffness, convergence challenges, and stability issues. A locally refined Cartesian mesh, sharp interface method has been developed for the fluid flow solution. In the structural domain, the valve leaflet is represented in a Lagrangian fashion and moves based on its experimentally determined material properties. In computing leaflet motion, the anisotropic, nonlinear material properties of the valve leaflet are incorporated using a finite element solver, which calculates the leaflet deformation and stresses based on the stress imparted by the surrounding fluid. Two FSI algorithms have been studied in the context of a sharp-interface Cartesian grid setting, and each has been validated with benchmark results. The two approaches are compared, and ultimately one is selected as most appropriate for simulating tissue heart valves. In the selected approach, a strongly coupled, partitioned method is used in which subiterations of the fluid and structure solutions are performed at each time step. During the subiterations, the leaflet motion is used as a boundary condition on the fluid, and the fluid stresses act as a boundary condition on the leaflet. In this way, continuity is ensured and two-way coupling is achieved. The selected approach has overcome the challenges faced by previous simulations reported in the literature, and a robust FSI solution is achieved using physiologic Reynolds numbers, realistic material properties, highly resolved grids, and a dynamic simulation. This approach has the advantage of handling both thin and volumetric embedded objects in a unified fashion, and of treating rigid and deformable structures in the same way, thus allowing a spectrum of potential applications. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using multilevel models to quantify heterogeneity in resource selection

ABSTRACT Models of resource selection are being used increasingly to predict or model the effects of management actions rather than simply quantifying habitat selection. Multilevel, or hierarchical, models are an increasingly popular method to analyze animal resource selection because they impose a relatively weak stochastic constraint to model heterogeneity in habitat use and also account for unequal sample sizes among individuals. However, few studies have used multilevel models to model coefficients as a function of predictors that may influence habitat use at different scales or quantify differences in resource selection among groups. We used an example with white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to illustrate how to model resource use as a function of distance to road that varies among deer by road density at the home range scale. We found that deer avoidance of roads decreased as road density increased. Also, we used multilevel models with sika deer (Cervus nippon) and white-tailed deer to exami...
A study of the CW 28-&#181;m water-vapor laser

The low signal gain of a CW water-vapor laser at 28 μm was measured as a function of the discharge current and pressure. Together with the measurement of other quantities such as the axial electric field and the concentration of OH, a partial interpretation of the mechanisms involved in pumping the 28-μm transition was possible. Thermal equilibrium between the ν 0 , 2\nu_{2} , and ν 3 vibrational levels will result in a large absorption at the elevated gas temperatures observed (800-1000 K). The strong dependence of gain on the electron temperature strongly suggests that the vibrational excitation proceeds through electron-impact excitation. Only the electron-impact excitation of H 2 O is quantitatively capable of overcoming the large thermally induced absorption. Although vibrational-excitation transfer from H 2 to H 2 O seems insufficient, by itself, to overcome this absorption, it may provide appreciable additional gain. Pumping of the 28-μm line through electron-ion recombination and by reactions involving OH can be ruled out.
Beyond first‐order upwinding: The ultra‐sharp alternative for non‐oscillatory steady‐state simulation of convection

Although it is now well known that first-order convection schemes suffer from serious inaccuracies attributable to artificial viscosity or numerical diffusion under high-convection conditions, these methods continue to enjoy widespread popularity for numerical heat-transfer calculations, apparently owing to a perceived lack of viable high-accuracy alternatives. But alternatives are available. For example, non-oscillatory methods used in gasdynamics, including currently popular ‘TVD’ schemes, can be easily adapted to multidimensional incompressible flow and convective transport. This, in itself, would be a major advance for numerical convective heat transfer, for example. But, as this paper shows, second-order TVD schemes form only a small, overly restrictive, subclass of a much more universal, and extremely simple, non-oscillatory flux-limiting strategy which can be applied to convection schemes of arbitrarily high-order accuracy, while requiring only a simple tridiagonal ADI line-solver, as used in the majority of general-purpose iterative codes for incompressible flow and numerical heat transfer. The new universal limiter and associated solution procedures form the so-called ULTRA-SHARP alternative for high-resolution non-oscillatory multidimensional steady-state high-speed convective modelling.
Asymmetric New Product Development Alliances: Win-Win or Win-Lose Partnerships?

Interorganizational alliances are widely recognized as critical to product innovation, particularly in high-technology markets. Many new product development (NPD) alliances tend to be asymmetric, that is, they are formed between a larger firm and a smaller firm. As is the case with alliances in general, asymmetric alliances also typically result in changes in the shareholder values of the partner firms. Are the changes in shareholder values of the partner firms significant? Are asymmetric NPD alliances win-win or win-lose partnerships? Are the gains or losses symmetric for the larger and smaller partner firms? What factors drive the changes in shareholder values of the partner firms? These important questions remain largely unexplored as evidenced by the dearth of empirical research on the effect of asymmetric NPD alliances on shareholder value and on the apportionment of this value between the partner firms. We develop and empirically test a model of short-term changes in shareholder values of larger and smaller firms involved in NPD alliances, using the event study methodology on data covering 167 asymmetric alliances in the information technology and communication industries. In this model, we examine alliance, firm, and partner characteristics as potential determinants of the changes in shareholder values of the partner firms due to an NPD alliance announcement. Our model accounts for selection correction, potential cross-correlation across the residuals from the models of firm value changes for the larger and smaller firms, and unobserved heterogeneity. The results suggest that both the partners experience significant short-term financial gains, but there are considerable asymmetries between the larger and smaller firms with regard to the effects of alliance, partner, and firm characteristics on the gains of the partner firms. The results relating to alliance characteristics suggest that while a broad scope alliance enhances the financial gains for the larger firm, a scale R&D alliance (relative to a link alliance) contributes positively to the financial gains for the smaller firm. With regard to partner characteristics, while partner alliance experience positively influences the financial gains for the larger firm, it has no significant effect on the financial returns for the smaller firm. Further, partner innovativeness is positively associated with the financial gains for the larger firm, but partner reputation is unrelated to the financial gains of the smaller firm. Regarding firm characteristics, the magnitude of the financial gains accruing from a firm's own alliance experience is considerably higher for the smaller firm than it is for the larger firm. We outline the implications of the research findings for future research and management practice.
Recruitable ACE and tissue repair in the infarcted heart.

Keywords: angiotensinconverting enzyme, angiotensin II, aldosterone, fibrosis, transforming growth factorbeta
Screen for Genetic Modifiers of stbm Reveals that Photoreceptor Fate and Rotation Can Be Genetically Uncoupled in the Drosophila Eye

Background. Polarity of the Drosophila compound eye arises primarily as a consequence of two events that are tightly linked in time and space: fate specification of two photoreceptor cells, R3 and R4, and the subsequent directional movement of the unit eyes of the compound eye, or ommatidia. While it is thought that these fates dictate the direction of ommatidial rotation, the phenotype of mutants in the genes that set up this polarity led to the hypothesis that these two events could be uncoupled. Methodology/Principal Findings. To definitively demonstrate these events are genetically separable, we conducted a dominant modifier screen to determine if genes, when misexpressed, could selectively enhance subclasses of mutant ommatidia in which the direction of rotation does not follow the R3/R4 cell fates, yet not affect the number of ommatidia in which rotation follows the R3/R4 cell fates. We identified a subset of P element lines that exhibit this selective enhancement. We also identified lines that behave in the opposite manner: They enhance the number of ommatidia that rotate in the right direction, but do not alter the number of ommatidia that rotate incorrectly with respect to the R3/R4 fates. Conclusions/Significance. These results indicate that fate and direction of rotation can be genetically separated, and that there are genes that act between R3/R4 fate specification and direction of ommatidial rotation. These data affirm what has been a long-standing assumption about the genetic control of ommatidial polarity.
Creatine Phosphate Consumption and the Actomyosin Crossbridge Cycle in Cardiac Muscles

To investigate the regulation of the actomyosin crossbridge cycle in cardiac muscles, the effects of ATP, ADP, Pi, and creatine phosphate (CP) on the rate of force redevelopment (ktr) were measured. We report that CP is a primary determinant in controlling the actomyosin crossbridge cycling kinetics of cardiac muscles, because a reduction of CP from 25 to 2.5 mmol/L decreased ktr by 51% despite the presence of 5 mmol/L MgATP. The effects of CP on ktr were not a reflection of reduced ATP or accumulated ADP, because lowering ATP to 1 mmol/L or increasing ADP to 1 mmol/L did not significantly decrease ktr. Therefore, the effect of CP on the actomyosin crossbridge cycle is proposed to occur through a functional link between ADP release from myosin and its rephosphorylation by CP- creatine kinase to regenerate ATP. In activated fibers, the functional link influenced the kinetics of activated crossbridges without affecting the aggregate number of force-generating crossbridges. This was demonstrated by the ability of CP to affect ktr in maximally and submaximally activated fibers without altering the force per cross-sectional area. The data also confirm the important contribution of strong binding crossbridges to cardiac muscle activation, likely mediated by cooperative recruitment of adjacent crossbridges to maximize force redevelopment against external load. These data provide additional insight into the role of CP during pathophysiological conditions such as ischemia, suggesting that decreased CP may serve as a primary determinant in the observed decline of dP/dt. (Circ Res. 2003;93:54-60.)
EXPLORING ROUGHNESS EFFECT ON LAMINAR INTERNAL FLOW-ARE WE READY FOR CHANGE?

Laminar flow is often encountered in the channels of microdevices as a result of the small hydraulic diameters. The roughness introduced on the walls of these channels through various fabrication techniques, such as etching, micromachining, laser drilling, etc., results in a high value of relative roughness (defined as the wall surface roughness to channel hydraulic diameter ratio). Laminar flow in rough tubes, therefore, is an important topic in the study of transport processes in microdevices. This article begins with a review of the applications where roughness or wall surface features are present, such as mixing, enhanced mass transfer, and heat transfer. Next, the effect of roughness on fluid flow is reviewed in terms of eddy generation and transition to turbulence. The competing effects of destabilization of flow and relaminarization processes are considered. Drawing from the available literature, the criteria for transition to turbulence based on roughness Reynolds number are evaluated and some of the recent experimental data on repeated 2-D roughness structures are compared. The present article addresses these issues and provides a framework for quantifying the roughness effect at microscale.
The Poverty of Deductivism: A Constructive Realist Model of Sociological Explanation

Despite the lip service which many sociologists pay to Popper's hypothetico-deductive model (HDM) of theory testing, few if any major social theories have been definitively falsified. The reason is...
An Analysis of the Effect of Topography on the Martian Hadley Cells

Previous work with Mars general circulation models (MGCMs) has shown that the north‐south slope in Martian topography causes asymmetries in the Hadley cells at equinox and in the annual average. To quantitatively solve for the latitude of the dividing streamline and poleward boundaries of the cells, the Hadley cell model of Lindzen and Hou was modified to include topography. The model was thermally forced by Newtonian relaxation to an equilibrium temperature profile calculated with daily averaged solar forcing at constant season. Two sets of equilibrium temperatures were considered that either contained the effects of convection or did not. When convective effects were allowed, the presence of the slope component shifted the dividing streamline upslope, qualitatively similar to a change in season in Lindzen and Hou’s original (flat) model. The modified model also confirmed that the geometrical effects of the slope are much smaller than the thermal effects of the slope on the radiative‐convective equilibrium temperature aloft. The results are compared to a simple MGCM forced by Newtonian relaxation to the same equilibrium temperature profiles, and the two models agree except at the winter pole near solstice. The simple MGCM results for radiative‐ convective forcing also show an asymmetry between the strengths of the Hadley cells at the northern summer and northern winter solstices. The Hadley cell weakens with increasing slope steepness at northern summer solstice but has little effect on the strength at northern winter solstice.
Host Blood Meal Identification by Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction for Dispersal Evidence of Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) between Livestock Facilities

A species-specific multiplex polymerase chain reaction targeting the cytochrome b gene of cattle, horses, humans, and dogs was developed to determine the blood meal sources of stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), collected from Florida equine facilities. Of 595 presumptive blood-fed stable flies analyzed, successful host amplification was obtained in 350, for a field host-detection efficiency of 58.8%. The majority of analyzed stable flies had fed on cattle (64.6%), followed by horses (24.3%), humans (9.5%), and dogs (1.6%). A survey of animal-enclosed pastures occurring within 3 km of stable fly collection sites revealed that the nearest cattle were between 0.8 and 1.5 km from the four horse farm sampling sites. Cattle-feeding frequencies were greater on farms where cattle were located at distances of 0.8 km, suggesting that between farm differences in host-feeding frequency is related to the number of and distance from a particular host type. Time course evaluations of previously laboratory-fed stable flies demonstrated that host-detection efficiency with this system was 100, 50, and 0% when flies were evaluated at 16, 24, and 48 h postblood feeding, respectively. The results of this study suggest short-term stable fly dispersal of up to 1.5 km in a 48-h time period. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Location of the femoral sulcus in the osteoarthritic knee

Abstract Morphology of the distal femur is characterized in patients with osteoarthritis to identify an etiology for the high incidence of patellar tilt, subluxation, and failure noted in total knee arthroplasty. This study demonstrates that the sulcus of the trochlear groove is not located in the midline as traditionally represented, but is lateral to the midline in both osteoarthritic and normal knees. The significance of this is that the patella will presumably track lateral to the midline unless surgically realigned, contributing to the prevalence of patellar tracking problems associated with symmetric femoral components with centralized sulci used in contemporary total knee arthroplasty.
Reactivity of ˙NO with an osmium polyhydride: Reductive elimination and reductive nitrosylation on the path from odd- to even-electron molecules

The reaction of ˙NO with (PNP)Os(H)3, where PNP is N(SiMe2CH2PtBu2)2, involves H2 loss from a 1 : 1 adduct to form the intermediate (PNP)OsH(NO)2, which then forms coordinated HNO; loss of this triatomic molecule forms the final metal complex product in high yield: (PNP)Os(NO). Under a different concentration of gaseous reagents, a second path leads to the same products. These results are supported by spectroscopic observations at various temperatures, as well as by DFT calculations of the energies of alternative transition states and intermediates.
Automated Region Definition for Cardiac Nitrogen- 13-Ammonia PET Imaging

with the region of interest guidelines has been developed and tested in control subjects. In order to facilitate the implementation of this automated ROI method, it was also necessary to develop a simple motion correction al gorithm to account for interstudy motion of the subject which was observed in several studies. The specific aims of this study were to implement an automated ROI definition procedure incorporating the requirements of the tracerkineticmodel;to employa method for correction of motion artifacts in dynamic cardiac PET data; and to demonstrate the agreement be tween flow estimates using a traditional ROl approach with flow values derived from the automated procedure. METHODS In combination with PET, the tracer 13N-ammonia can be employed for the noninvasivequantificationof myocardial perfusionat rest and after pharmacologicalstress. The pur poseof this study was to developan analysismethodfor the quantificationof regionalmyocardialblood flow in the clinical setting. The algorithmincludescorrection for patient motion, anautomated definition of multiple regions anddisplay of absolute flows in polar map format. The effects of partial volume and blood to tissue cross-contaminationwere ac counted for by optimizing the radialposition of regions to meetfundamentalassumptionsof the kinetic model.In order to correct for motion artifacts, the myocardialdisplacement wasmanually determined basedonedge-enhanced images. The obtained results exhibit the capability of the presented algorithmto noninvasivelyassess regionalmyocardialperfu sion in the clinical environment. J NucIMed1993;34:336-344 he ability to noninvasively measureregional myocar dial blood flow may significantly improve the evaluation of coronary artery disease (CAD) and its response to therapeutic interventions. The coronary reserve has been shown to provide a sensitive marker for the functional severity of coronary artery stenoses (1). These measure ments represent functional correlates to the anatomic def inition of vascular abnormalities occurring in CAD. Fur thermore, accurate quantitative flow measurements in patients may enhance our understanding ofvarious disease processes and improve subsequent treatment strategies. Previous studies have demonstrated the capability of dynamic PET imaging methods to noninvasively measure regional myocardial perfusion (2â€"5).Recent optimization studies by Hutchins et al. (6) have provided a set of guidelines for definition of regions of interest (ROIs) in these methods which maximize the accuracy of the blood flow estimates. In the present study, an automated proce dure for positioning ROIs on the myocardium consistent
Utilizing many-core accelerators for halo and center finding within a cosmology simulation

Efficiently finding and computing statistics about “halos” (regions of high density) are essential analysis steps for N-body cosmology simulations. However, in state-of-the-art simulation codes, these analysis operators do not currently take advantage of the shared-memory data-parallelism available on multi-core and many-core architectures. The Hybrid / Hardware Accelerated Cosmology Code (HACC) is designed as an MPI+X code, but the analysis operators are parallelized only among MPI ranks, because of the difficulty in porting different X implementations (e.g., OpenMP, CUDA) across all architectures on which it is run. In this paper, we present portable data-parallel algorithms for several variations of halo finding and halo center finding algorithms. These are implemented with the PISTON component of the VTK-m framework, which uses Nvidia's Thrust library to construct data-parallel algorithms that allow a single implementation to be compiled to multiple backends to target a variety of multi-core and many-core architectures. Finally, we compare the performance of our halo and center finding algorithms against the original HACC implementations on the Moonlight, Stampede, and Titan supercomputers. The portability of Thrust allowed the same code to run efficiently on each of these architectures. On Titan, the performance improvements using our code have enabled halo analysis to be performed on a very large data set (81923 particles across 16,384 nodes of Titan) for which analysis using only the existing CPU algorithms was not feasible.
Applying Trauma-Focused Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy in Group Format

Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (TF-CBT), a well-established, evidence-based treatment for children who have experienced trauma, has been increasingly utilized in a group format. Group therapy formats are appealing because they can be highly effective and have the potential to reach larger numbers of clients. Moreover, TF-CBT group delivery may be particularly valuable in reducing the feelings of shame, isolation, and stigma experienced by youth and their caregivers in the aftermath of traumatic experiences. This article reviews the group TF-CBT research, discusses the therapeutic benefits of TF-CBT therapy groups, and provides clinical and logistical guidance for implementing TF-CBT in group format, including a session-by-session protocol. Future directions for research and clinical work in this area are also discussed.
Looking Back and Moving Ahead: A Content Analysis of Two Teacher Education Journals.

We conducted a content analysis to examine trends in articles published between 1996 and 2014 in two journals—Teacher Education and Special Education (TESE) and the Journal of Teacher Education (JTE). Across both journals, we coded 1,062 articles categorically based on multiple attributes (e.g., type, topics, methodology, funding, geographic location, and student outcomes). We then analyzed these data using visual inspection, magnitude of trend, and percent of change. Most notably, we confirmed reductions in nonempirical articles, survey research, qualitative inquiries, and program descriptions. By contrast, we observed increases in articles that included P-12 student outcomes and in quantitative research, as well as in topics of in-service, global, and clinical experiences. Taken together, these findings allow us to chart a path forward for teacher development research, policy, and practice.
On the virtues and pitfalls of the molecular evolutionary clock

"Informational" macromolecules--i.e., proteins and nucleic acids--have in their sequences a register of evolutionary history. Zuckerkandl and Pauling suggested in 1965 that these molecules might provide a "molecular clock" of evolution. The molecular clock would time evolutionary events and make it possible to reconstruct phylogenetic history--the branching relationships among lineages leading to modern species. Kimura's neutrality theory postulates that rates of molecular evolution are stochastically constant and, hence, that there is a molecular clock. A variety of tests have shown that molecular evolution does not behave like a stochastic clock. The variance in evolutionary rates is much too large and thus inconsistent with the neutrality theory. This, however, does not invalidate the clock, but rather leaves it without a theoretical foundation to anticipate its properties. Sequence comparisons show that molecular evolution is sufficiently regular to serve in many situations as a clock, but uncertainty concerning the properties of the clock (for example, about the circumstances that may yield large oscillations in substitution rates from time to time or from lineage to lineage) demands that it be used with caution. Few DNA or protein sequences are known from organisms that range from closely related, e.g., different mammals, to very remote, e.g., mammals and fungi. One example is cytochrome c, which has an acceptable clockwise behavior over the whole span, in spite of some irregularities. Another example is the copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD), which behaves like a very erratic clock. The SOD average rate of amino acid substitution per 100 residues per 100 million years (MY) is 5.5 when fungi and animals are compared, 9.1 when comparisons are made between insects and mammals, and 27.8 when mammals are compared with each other. The question is which mode is more common over broad evolutionary spans: the regularity of cytochrome c or the capriciousness of SOD? Additional data sets will be required in order to obtain the answer and to develop expectations about the accuracy of the clock in particular instances. Until such data exist, conclusions solely based on the molecular clock are potentially fraught with error.
Russian Orthodox Christians and Their Orientation toward Church and State

As the Soviet Union began to experiment with policies of liberal ization under the leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev, the church was one of the first social institutions to benefit from the Kremlin's new policies. By 1988, Gorbachev had agreed to grant the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) the status of a legitimate public institution, thus ending the policy of militant atheism that had stood for almost seventy years. From that point on, official persecution came to an end and religion in Russia underwent a renaissance.1 The new religious environment was soon codified with the 1990 "Law on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Belief," a very liberal document that introduced legal religious equality and the separation of church and state for the first time in Russian history. As Derek H. Davis points out, however, the 1990 law "was perhaps an idealized vision of wnat Russia might be in theory, but nevertheless an overestimate of what Russia was prepared to be in practice."2 As Western religious organizations
Effect of Weather on Individual Growth Rates in Cotton Rats, Sigmodon hispidus

Weather can influence many aspects of mammalian life histories through its impact on growth rates. We examined the seasonal effect of rain, mean temperature, snowfall, and snow cover on changes in body mass among individual young (≤60 g) and adult (>60 g) cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) in northeastern Kansas from March 1978 to December 1993. Weather significantly affected growth rates among all sex-season-size groupings except for young cotton rats in summer. In seasons other than summer, weather accounted for 53-68% of the variation in growth rates of young rats. Weather generally accounted for less of the variation in growth rates of adult cotton rats. When significant, snow cover was associated negatively and rainfall was associated positively with growth rates of all cotton rats. High temperatures in summer adversely affected growth rates of adult cotton rats but were associated with higher growth rates among all size-sex combinations in autumn. Growth rates of adult females in spring and adult males in autumn were highest at intermediate temperatures and lower at extremes. In autumn, response of growth rates of adult males to mean temperature varied with body mass. Intrapopulational variation in responses to weather may reflect different environmental and reproductive constraints at various points in the life cycle.
Justices and Legal Clarity: Analyzing the Complexity of U.S. Supreme Court Opinions

Legal clarity is important to understand and measure because of its connection to the rule of law. We provide the first systematic examination of the clarity of Supreme Court opinions and discover five important results. First, certain justices systematically craft clearer opinions than others. Justices Scalia and Breyer write the clearest opinions, while Justice Ginsburg consistently writes the most complex opinions. Second, ideology does not predict clarity in majority or concurring opinions. Third, all justices write clearer dissents than majority opinions, while minimum winning coalitions produce the clearest majority opinions. Fourth, justices across the board write clearer opinions in criminal procedure cases than in any other issue area. Finally, opinions that formally alter Court precedent render less clear law, potentially leading to a cycle of legal ambiguity.
Management: Laboratory Personnel Changes in the Pacific Northwest, 1995 and 1997

To identify changes in the number and background of laboratory personnel and their impact on the practices of diagnostic testing laboratories (particularly their attention to laboratory-testing quality), we surveyed a network of clinical laboratories in the Pacific Northwest during April 1997. We sent questionnaires to 436 Laboratory Medicine Sentinel Monitoring Network participants, of which 323 responded. No significant changes in the number of laboratory full-time equivalents occurred between 1995 and 1997. More laboratories experienced an increase in the number of testing and support personnel vs a decrease. No significant changes in the mix of professional background of testing personnel were apparent. We found no evidence that medical technologists and medical laboratory technicians had been replaced by individuals from different backgrounds.
Perceived Quality of Work Life and Risk for Compassion Fatigue Among Oncology Nurses: A Mixed-Methods Study.

Purpose/objectives To examine factors that influenced the nurse's perceived quality of work life and risk for compassion fatigue (CF). The specific aims of the study were to describe the (a) relationship among nurse characteristics and perceived quality of work life, (b) relationship between personal life stress and perceived quality of work life, and (c) the nurse's beliefs about his or her risk for CF. . Research approach A descriptive, mixed-methods study. . Setting A hematology-oncology unit in a large urban teaching hospital in Pennsylvania. . Participants 20 oncology nurses. . Methodologic approach Descriptive study using questionnaires and in-depth interviews. The variables were nurse characteristics, personal life stress, and quality of work life. Data were analyzed descriptively and thematically. Scores on the self-report questionnaires were compared to themes. . Findings Personal life stressors, measured by combining the Impact of Events Scale and Life Events Scale, identified powerful or severe impacts on well-being for 30% of nurse respondents in this study, theoretically placing them at risk for CF. However, qualitative data did not complement the results of the Life Events Scale, and 55% of the nurses described their overall work experiences as "life-affirming and rewarding." The participants provided multiple sources of their work-related stress, including subcategories of communication breakdown, work environment/institution, and care-driven factors. . Conclusions Overall, oncology nurses experienced positive reinforcement at work and they had little concern about individual or organizational effectiveness. Positive experiences offset the negative and balanced out the risk for CF. . Interpretation The identification of personal and social contributors, as well as solutions to work-related stress, supports the philosophical premises (i.e., conceptual model) that the circumstances that place a nurse at risk for CF are socially constructed. Nurses can achieve greater empathy through self-understanding and translate this learning to patient care.