cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How do sediment yields from post‐wildfire debris‐laden flows depend on terrain slope, soil burn severity class, and drainage basin area? Insights from airborne‐LiDAR change detection

We derived a high-resolution, spatially continuous map of erosion and deposition associated with the debris-laden flows triggered by the 2011 Las Conchas wildfire and subsequent rainstorms over a 197 km2 area in New Mexico, USA. This map was produced using airborne-LiDAR-derived bare-earth digital elevation models (DEMs) acquired approximately one year before and one year after the wildfire. Differencing of the pre-wildfire and post-wildfire-and-rainstorm bare-earth DEMs yielded a DEM-of-difference (DoD) map that quantifies the magnitude of ground-surface elevation changes due to erosion/deposition within each 1 m2 pixel. We applied a 0.3 m threshold filter to our DoD to remove changes that could have been due to artifacts and/or imperfect georeferencing. The 0.3 m value for the threshold filter was chosen based on the stated accuracy of the LiDAR as well as a comparison of areas of significant topographic change mapped in aerial photographs with those predicted using a range of candidate threshold values for the DoD filter. We developed an automated procedure that accepts the DoD map as input and computes, for every pixel in the DEM, the net sediment volume exported through each pixel by colluvial and/or fluvial processes using a digital routing algorithm. An analysis of the resulting sediment volume map for the Las Conchas fire demonstrates that sediment volume is proportional to upstream contributing area. After normalized by contributing area, the average sediment yield (defined as the sediment volume divided by the contributing area) increases as a power-law functions of the average terrain slope and soil burn severity class (SBSC) with exponents equal to approximately 1.5. Our analysis quantifies the relationships among sediment yield, average terrain slope, and average soil burn severity class at the watershed scale and should prove useful for predicting the geomorphic response of wildfire-affected drainage basins. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acute phase response in exercise. III. Neutrophil and IL-1 beta accumulation in skeletal muscle

Nine untrained men (22-29 yr) performed 45 min of downhill running (16% incline, 70% of maximum heart rate). Needle biopsies of the vastus lateralis were performed before, 45 min after, and 5 days after exercise. Immunohistochemical staining of muscle cross sections revealed a 135% increase in muscle interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) immediately after and a 250% increase (P < 0.03) 5 days after exercise. Using a rating scale (0-3) for the presence of neutrophils, light microscopic examination showed a significant accumulation of neutrophils in muscle biopsies taken 45 min after and 5 days after exercise [before: 0.5 +/- 0.2, 45 min after: 1.5 +/- 0.3 (P < 0.01), and 5 days after: 1.2 +/- 0.2 (P < 0.04)]. In addition, electron microscopic analysis showed an increase in the percentage of damaged Z-bands relative to total Z-bands [before: 4.8 +/- 3.5%, 45 min after: 32.5 +/- 8.6% (P < 0.05), and 5 days after: 14.1 +/- 3.2%]. Neutrophil accumulation was positively correlated to intracellular Z-band damage (rho = 0.66, P < 0.001). Immunohistochemical staining for IL-1 beta was related to neutrophil accumulation in muscle (rho = 0.38, P < 0.06) and to plasma creatine kinase levels (rho = 0.416, P < 0.04). These data indicate that after eccentric exercise ultrastructural damage to skeletal muscle is associated with neutrophil infiltration and muscle IL-1 beta accumulation.
A 500MHz Random-Access Embedded 1Mb DRAM Macro in Bulk CMOS

From 90 nm and below, SoC integration is reaching the point where it makes technical and economic sense to integrate embedded DRAM (eDRAM) onto a die. While eDRAMs have 2.5x to 4x density compared to SRAMs and have lower soft-error rate they are slower in operation. In a conventional DRAM with a single column access device for read and write, a write operation is started only after the bitline sense amplifiers are turned on and the bitlines are well on their way to full restoration. This is to avoid destroying data due to premature access to global bitlines in the non-writing columns. This delay in the write operation increases row cycle time to allow the storage node to be fully written. Accelerating write cycle with early access only in the required columns requires a large area penalty because local sense amplifiers in one bank are usually grouped into a large block where all control signals are shared. Also an embedded DRAM in a standard 65 nm twin-tub SOI CMOS process that uses a local sense amplifier with VDD sensing and separate ports for read and write, with these operations synchronized with sensing is described. This eDRAM speeds up the row cycle with low area overhead by reducing the number of signals to control the ports and making write and read operations indistinguishable at the bank level.
Single-frequency operation of diode-laser-array transverse-pumped Q-switched Nd:YAG laser

Single-longitudinal-mode and single-transverse-mode operation of a miniature Nd:YAG laser transversely pumped by a quasi-CW diode-laser array is described. By injectionseeding this oscillator with a diode-laser end-pumped Nd:YAG microlaser, single-frequency Q-switched pulses of 0·25 mJ energy and 35 ns duration were generated.
Submicron Structure of ``Amorphous'' Opal

THE precious variety of opal, a hydrous colloidal form of silica, is iridescent. Explanations have been offered of the origin of the observed play of colours1,2, some including the most recent optical diffraction evidence3. Electron microscope studies were thought to indicate that the colours may originate from spherical silica particles arranged hexagonally in layers of predominantly random stacking. The studies also contributed measurements of particle diameter and approximate shape4–6. Replication difficulties of sample preparation, however, inhibited these investigations, particularly affecting the search for three-dimensional information.
Water policy and environmental sustainability: the case of post-colonial Namibia

In semi-arid countries particularly in Africa governments have evolved water policies oriented toward techno-giantist grand-scale schemes that have generally accelerated the depletion of national water tables. In Namibia such a techno-giantist water management strategy was utilized to reinforce the privileges of white minority farmers prior to independence and was subsequently expanded to provide modern water facilities to the black African majority in the post-independence period. The government has pursued not only the construction of a massive new system of pipelines and boreholes but also the development of giant dam-building and river canal schemes that are likely to result in watershed depletion over the long term. This reflects state leaders belief in the imagery of political potency projected by the governments ability to build macro-scale water systems. However a water supply approach focused on more micro-level extraction techniques through which aquifer recharge is prioritized is more likely to assure both local-level water access and water table sustainability. (authors)
Stopping the Revolving Door: Increasing Teacher Retention

Schools around the nation are facing an alarming phenomenon: beginning teachers are leaving schools at a startling rate. Thirty-three percent of teachers leave their schools in the first three years, 46 percent after five years. These high attrition rates result in inexperienced teachers, high economic costs as teachers must be continually hired and trained, and a lack of continuity that makes institutional development and planning difficult. There is a plethora of causes for teacher attrition, although most involve nonsalary-related dissatisfaction, such as excessive workloads and high-stakes testing, disruptive student behavior, poor leadership and administration within schools, and views of teaching as a temporary profession. Likewise, the most successful remedies to increase teacher retention are not salary-based. Several studies have found that moderate salary increases are only marginally effective; raises of 20 percent would be needed to make a significant impact. Rather, improving teachers' work environment and professional development are more cost effective and influential in convincing teachers to remain. An induction and mentoring program in California, for example, reduced teacher attrition by 26 percent in just two years. We conclude, therefore, that well-operated induction and mentoring programs are the best method for increasing teacher retention.
Reduction in drinking days and binge drinking days among patients receiving screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment services during an emergency department visit: six-month results

Alcohol screening and brief intervention (SBI) is effective in many health-care settings. Previous research has shown significant decreases in harmful drinking due to SBI, but many studies, particularly in emergency/trauma settings, did not use a control group. Thus, it is unclear if observed decreases in harmful drinking are due to the intervention or other factors such as the hospital visit, the substance use assessment, or simply regression to the mean. This project assessed the effectiveness of an SBI program implemented at an urban hospital in the US state of Georgia. Participants were enrolled between January 2009 and April 2010 during an emergency department visit. Intervention patients (n = 120) and control patients (n = 400) were assessed using the Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) and completed a survey that measured harmful drinking, among other items. Intervention patients received a 10-15 minute motivational-interviewing–based brief intervention aimed at reducing harmful drinking. All patients were contacted six months later for follow-up assessment. Analyses investigated between-group differences in alcohol consumption over time. Among intervention group patients, results show that past 30-day mean drinking days were reduced from 11.7 days at baseline to 5.8 days at six months and mean binge drinking days were reduced from 7.6 days at baseline to 3.0 days at six months. Although the control group also showed significant reductions in mean drinking days and heavy episodic drinking days over time, regression analysis indicated a significantly greater reduction in heavy episodic drinking days for the intervention group. Further analyses examined the impact of the intervention across different risk levels, based on ASSIST score. Preliminary results suggest those with moderate-risk drinking received the most benefit from the brief intervention. These results provide further evidence of SBI’s effectiveness in reducing harmful drinking.
LATENT VIRAL INFECTION OF CELLS IN TISSUE CULTURE II. RELATIONSHIP OF CELL NUTRITION TO INITIATION OF GROWTH OF PSITTACOSIS VIRUS

When chick embryo tissues cultivated for 13 days in Hanks's balanced salt solution (BSS) were infected with psittacosis virus (6BC), they did not support active viral multiplication until synthetic medium 199 of Parker (3) was added. By testing various combinations of the substances in this and other synthetic media, it was found that the minimum number of compounds required to effectively stimulate virus growth in the presence of BSS comprised the amino acids and water-soluble vitamins found in medium 199. Addition of either amino acids or water-soluble vitamins alone to BSS resulted in only slight stimulation of viral proliferation. Many constituents of the synthetic media were found not to be essential to the stimulation of viral multiplication. The following substances added to a medium containing amino acids and water-soluble vitamins in BSS failed to increase the quantity of virus produced: diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPN), triphosphopyridine nucleotide (TPN), coenzyme A, the fat-soluble vitamins, ribose sugars, and three biological reducing agents: cysteine, glutathione, and ascorbic acid. Among other substances that proved to be not essential a group of purines and pyrimidines present in medium 199 were found to be probably toxic to cells in the concentrations used, since virus titers were lower in media containing these compounds than in those from which they were absent. A change in the nutritional status of these cells involving amino acids and water-soluble vitamins has thus permitted to transform a latent, undetectable viral infection to an inactive infection in vitro.
Solution of the asymmetric mixing problem

In this paper, we develop the framework for the use of the asymmetric mixing function that allows for a two-sex pair-formation model with self-selection, usedin sexually transmitted diseases. We prove existence and uniqueness of a solution assuming the population distributions are known.
Characteristic lengthscales of step bunching in KDP crystal growth: in situ differential phase-shifting interferometry study

Abstract We have developed a real-time phase-shifting interferometer capable of imaging of interfacial morphology with a depth resolution of ∼25 A and lateral resolution of ∼0.5 μm across a field of view of 2×2 mm 2 . The method employs a phase-shifting algorithm employing five interferograms and image processing that yield a three dimensional digital representation of the surface relief. The time resolution of imaging is 0.1 s. This method is applied in situ to the (1 0 1) face of potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystals growing from an aqueous solution. We image the formation and evolution of solution-flow induced step bunches and determine their characteristic wavelength to be λ c =45 μm. This wavelength is within the range predicted by a stability theory based on balance between the diffusion interaction between steps and capillarity. The found value suggests that step–step interactions are the likely major factor for instability.
The crystal structure of magnesium germanate: A reformulation of Mg4GeO6 as Mg28Ge10O48

Abstract Single crystals of magnesium germanate were obtained from a lead oxide flux crystallization of a ceramic preparation from an initial charge of 4MgO·GeO 2 . The crystals are orthorhombic with a = 14.512(2), b = 10.219(2), and c = 5.944(1) and the unit cell contents, Mg 28 Ge 10 O 48 , conform to the symmetry requirements of the space group Pbam . The crystal structure was accurately determined by X-ray diffraction analysis with a final residual R = 0.044. The structure, which is based upon a closest packed oxygen anion array, ( ABACBC ) n , involves a unique stacking of an olivine-type layer with a substituted MgO-type layer.
REPRESENTING CLIENTS IN NONPROFIT DECISIONS: INFORMATION SOURCES AND A REPRESENTATIVE BUREAUCRACY

Representing the views of clients in nonprofit agencies has emerged as an important policy question. One frequent policy response has been to increase the number of client or nontraditional board members. However, if these new board members are to change decisions, they will have to bring new information inputs to decision processes. This study explores the information environments of nonprofit decision makers and the potential implications of the inclusion of nontraditional board members in the decision making process. Some variations were found in the information environments of traditional and nontraditional board members. However, the similar values placed on various sources of information by both groups raises questions concerning the ability of nontraditional board members to improve the representation of clients. While recognizing the importance of nontraditional participation for symbolic and socialization Junctions, this study suggests that other sources of information from clients and consumers may be required to produce an information environment with more representative outputs.
Consistent Differences in Climate Feedbacks between Atmosphere–Ocean GCMs and Atmospheric GCMs with Slab-Ocean Models*

AbstractClimate sensitivity is generally studied using two types of models. Atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) include interactive ocean dynamics and detailed heat uptake. Atmospheric GCMs (AGCMs) with slab ocean models (SOMs) cannot fully simulate the ocean’s response to and influence on climate. However, AGCMs are computationally cheaper and thus are often used to quantify and understand climate feedbacks and sensitivity. Here, physical climate feedbacks are compared between AOGCMs and SOM-AGCMs from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3) using the radiative kernel technique. Both the global-average (positive) water vapor and (negative) lapse-rate feedbacks are consistently stronger in AOGCMs. Water vapor feedback differences result from an essentially constant relative humidity and peak in the tropics, where temperature changes are larger for AOGCMs. Differences in lapse-rate feedbacks extend to midlatitudes and correspond to a larger ratio of tropical- to global-av...
Formalizing Subjective Notions about the Effect of Nonrespondents in Sample Surveys

Abstract A method is given for estimating, in a subjective sense, the effect of nonresponse in sample surveys. Based on Bayesian techniques, this method produces a subjective probability interval for the statistic that would have been calculated if all nonrespondents had responded. Background information which is recorded for both respondents and nonrespondents plays an important role in sharpening the subjective interval. Real survey data of 660 schools with 188 nonrespondents indicates that the method can be useful in practical problems. The general idea can be applied to any problem with nonrespondents or missing data.
An optimized method for the estimation of the respiratory rate from electrocardiographic signals: implications for estimating minute ventilation.

It is well-known that respiratory activity influences electrocardiographic (ECG) morphology. In this article we present a new algorithm for the extraction of respiratory rate from either intracardi...
Geotropism and the lateral transport of auxin in the corn mutant amylomaize.

In coleoptiles of the amylomaize corn mutant (AM), the amyloplasts are much reduced in size in comparison with the wild type corn (WT), permitting a comparison of geotropic responsiveness as related to lateral displacement of amyloplasts and lateral transport of auxin. The amyloplasts of AM showed 30–40% lesser lateral redistribution in response to horizontal exposure in comparison with WT. With geotropic stimulation, the lateral transport of auxin in the direction of growth was 40–80% less, and the geotropic curvature by the coleoptiles was also significantly less in the mutant as compared with WT. These correlations support the hypothesis that the starch plastids serve as gravity sensors in the geotropic responses of coleoptiles.
The synthesis and 1H NMR study of vinyl organometallic monomers: (η5-C5H4CHCH2)M(CO)2(NO) (M = Cr, Mo, W) and (η5-C5H4CHCH2)M(CO)2 (M = Co, Rh, Ir)

Abstract A reaction between 6-methylfulvene and lithium diisopropylamide in THF solution produces vinylcyclopentadienyllithium in yields of 85–95%. The 1H NMR spectrum of this air-sensitive organlithium reagent has been recorded in THF-d8. Reactions of vinylcyclopentadienyllithium with Group VIB metal hexacarbonyls followed by treatment with N-methyl-N-nitroso-p-toluenesulfonamide afford the new vinyl organometallic monomers (η5-C5H4CHCH2)M(CO)2(NO) (M = Mo, W). Vinylcyclopentadienyllithium also serves as a convenient precursor to a series of (η5-vinylcyclopentadienyl)dicarbonylmetal monomers of cobalt, rhodium, and iridium. The 1H NMR spectra of these vinylcyclopentadienylmetal derivatives have been compared as a function of the metal.
Flowing-afterglow measurements of collisional radiative recombination of argon ions

Abstract Collisional-radiative recombination (CRR) of argon ions has been studied in the upstream region of a flowing-afterglow plasma. It is found that the recombination rate is accurately described by the CRR theory. In addition, the yield of metastable Ar( 3 P 2 ) and Ar( 3 P 0 ) atoms was determined by spectroscopic methods to be ∼35%, Ar( 3 P 2 ) being approximately six times more abundant than Ar( 3 P 0 ). The argon line spectrum produced by CRR consists largely of the near-infrared lines, belonging to 4p–4s and 4p ′ –4s ′ transitions.
Matching of multiple-wafer steppers for 0.35-μm lithography using advanced optimization schemes

Lithographic equipment for processes with 0.35 micrometers design rules is becoming available. One of the critical questions is which imaging technology will be used to define the required small feature size. Another question, frequently underestimated, is how to achieve the required overlay requirement of 120 nm between randomly chosen machines. A general methodology to maintain the matched machine overlay has been reported earlier. However, since it is believed that a mix of lithographic tools will be used at 0.35 micrometers , namely DUV and i-line, the task of multiple machine matching is even more challenging: the overlay has to be maintained between two different types of steppers. The lens matching required--also between DUV and i- line lenses--is found to be 70 nm. In this paper we will report on the matched overlay performance of 14 machines, resulting in data from 52 matched random pairs of both DUV and i-line ASML steppers. The matching methodology is optimized to maintain optimum performance between random pairs of machines. This includes the use of reference wafers, matching simulation and stepper selection. Furthermore, we investigated different matching mathematics and their influence on matching performance. We show that the 120 nm overlay requirement can be achieved using multiple machines in a production environment. The paper concludes with a device overlay budget analysis.
Dynamics of charged particles in a Paul radio-frequency quadrupole trap

A molecular-dynamics simulation of hundreds of ions confined in a Paul trap has been performed. The simulation includes the trapped particles' micromotion and interparticle Coulomb interactions. A random walk in velocity was implemented to bring the secular motion to a given temperature which was numerically measured. When the coupling Gamma is large the ions from concentric shells which undergo a quadrupole oscillation at the RF frequency, while the ions within a shell form a 2D hexagonal lattice. Ion clouds at 5 mK show no RF heating for q(z) less than about 0.6, whereas rapid heating is seen for qz = 0.8.
Stability of risk-adjusted primary cesarean delivery rates over time.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to compare how hospital rankings, based on risk-adjusted primary cesarean rates, change over time Study design Washington State Birth Events records data from 1995 through 1998 were used. Risk-adjustment models were built for each year. Risk-adjusted hospital rankings and outlier status (either “above” or “below” expected cesarean delivery rates) were calculated for each year. Hospitals that were identified as outliers for each year were compared with the use of κ statistics. The top and bottom 25% of the hospital rank list from each year were also compared. Results The overall κ statistic that compared outlier status over the 4 years was 0.44. The κ statistic for the upper 25% of rankings over the 4 years was 0.42. The κ statistic for the lowest 25% of rankings over the 4 years was 0.57. Conclusion Although exact ranking may not be meaningful, outlier status, especially if repeated in multiple years may be a good marker for the identification of hospitals for further scrutiny of their quality of care.
Structure and properties of polyaniline as modeled by single‐crystal oligomers

A single‐crystal charge–transfer complex of a phenyl‐end‐capped tetramer of polyaniline has been synthesized and studied along with a similar dimer of polyaniline. Structural, optical, and electrochemical studies of these oligomers in various oxidation states provide detailed information which has been used to model the structure of polyaniline and its evolution during electronic doping. These studies of the polymer and its oligomers suggest that the emeraldine salt form of the polymer (50% doping per nitrogen) is a preferred low‐energy structure. The preference for this structure leads to phase segregation in doped compositions having average doping levels less than 50%.
Amoxapine elevates serum prolactin in depressed men

It has been suggested that the antidepressant amoxapine might have neuroleptic properties. Clinically, an increase in serum prolactin occurs during neuroleptic treatment secondary to post-synaptic dopamine blockade. Ten men who met DSM-III criteria for major depression exhibited a significant increase in their serum prolactin over drug-free baseline values during treatment with amoxapine. A comparison group of 12 depressed men treated with desipramine showed no such increase. Combined with that of others, our study suggests that amoxapine might have antipsychotic properties and, therefore, be useful in treating conditions where a combined antidepressant and neuroleptic effect is required.
The reflectivity of EuS

Abstract The reflectivity spectrum of polished, pressed powder samples of EuS was determined for the spectral region from 2.0 to 14.0 eV. Significant structure was observed above the fundamental band gap.
Generation, Identification, and Recovery of Mouse Mutations☆

Mouse mutations can be generated by a variety of techniques including those that rely on inducing agents such as X rays or chemicals and those that involve genetic manipulations such as in transgene insertions and gene knockouts. Each technique has its advantages and disadvantages. Inducing agents are often more efficient when random mutations in as yet unknown genes are desired. In contrast, genetic manipulations are advantageous when the mutagenesis needs to be targeted to certain genes or regions. Once these mutations are produced, they must be systematically identified and characterized to confirm their distinction from other known mutations and environmental influences. Allelism and linkage tests should be performed. Finally, methods for maintaining these mutations should be applied so that studies of them can be pursued in the most efficient manner.
The analysis of cancer chemoprevention experiments In which there is heterogeneous poisson sampling

Abstract In certain cancer chemoprevention experiments both the number of observed tumors per animal and their times to detection are used in subsequent statistical analyses. The mathematical models used to represent these experiments usually include the Poisson distribution to characterize the tumor multiplicity data. Very often however, there is excess variance due to interanimal heterogeneity of tumor response. Thus, the number of induced tumors is better characterized by the negative binomial distribution. In this paper we modify an existing statistical technique, which explicitly acknowledges the confounding inherent in these systems, in order to provide a more efficient procedure for utilizing the information in a sample and to more accurately assess treatment effects.
Language Ideologies of Arizona Voters, Language Managers, and Teachers

Arizona is the site of many explicit language policies as well as ongoing scholarly discussions of related language ideologies—beliefs about the role of language in society. This study adds a critical piece to the investigation of the role of ideologies in language policy processes by thoroughly documenting language ideologies expressed by a large sample of influential policy stakeholders (politically active voters, language managers, and teachers [N = 1,294]) while such policy processes were ongoing. The study uses survey methodology and statistical analysis, and for each language ideology identified, comparisons among levels of 10 demographic variables (e.g., party membership, age group, and years teaching) are reported. The findings include five language ideologies accounting for 53% of the total variance as well as significant differences related to several demographic variables. In particular, a dominant pro-monolingualism ideology and a complementary pro-multilingualism language ideology are confirmed.
Assessment of brain activity during memory encoding in a narcolepsy patient on and off modafinil using normative fMRI data

We present behavioral and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) findings of a 20-year-old female with narcolepsy who completed a standardized fMRI-adapted face memory task both ‘off’ and ‘on’ modafinil compared to a normative sample (N = 38). The patient showed poor recognition performance off modafinil (z = −2.03) but intact performance on modafinil (z = 0.78). fMRI results showed atypical activation during memory encoding off modafinil, with frontal lobe hypoactivity, but hippocampal hyperactivity, whereas all brain regions showed more normalized activation on modafinil. Results from this limited study suggest hippocampal and frontal alterations in individuals with narcolepsy. Further, the results suggest the hypothesis that modafinil may affect brain activation in some people with narcolepsy.
Periodic Mesoporous Benzene- and Thiophene-Silicas Prepared Using Aluminum Chloride as an Acid Catalyst: Effect of Aluminum Salt/Organosilane Ratio and Stirring Time

Periodic mesoporous benzene-silica and thiophene-silica with two dimensional (2D) p6mm symmetry were synthesized in the presence of a nonionic poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(dl-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid)-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PLGA-PEO) block copolymer template using aluminum chloride hexahydrate (AlCl3·6H2O) as an acid catalyst instead of the proton-containing hydrochloric acid (HCl). 1,4-Bis(triethoxysilyl)benzene (BTEB) and 2,5-bis(triethoxysilyl)thiophene (BTET) were used as organosilica precursors. The effect of the AlCl3·6H2O/organosilane ratio and the stirring time was investigated to find the optimum experimental conditions. It was shown that the highly ordered 2D hexagonal mesostructures of aromatic-silicas were formed using relatively small amounts of AlCl3 ([AlCl3·6H2O]/[BTEB] and [AlCl3·6H2O]/[BTET] ≥ 1) and a stirring time of about 20 h. The BET surface areas, pore volumes, and pore diameters of the benzene- and thiophene-silicas studied varied from 505 to 1215 m2 g−1, from 0.55 to 1.62 cm3 ...
Beagle puppy model of intraventricular hemorrhage: ethamsylate studies.

Abstract Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) remains a major problem of preterm neonates, and ethamsylate, an inhibitor of specific prostaglandin-synthetic enzymes has been demonstrated to prevent IVH in these patients. We have examined the effects of ethamsylate on newborn beagle pups who were, by randomized computerized design, assigned to four cells consisting of (a) either ethamsylate or saline pretreatment and (b) either insulted or not insulted with hemorrhagic hypovolemia/volume re-expansion. Prostaglandin levels were obtained prior to and thirty minutes following administration of the solutions and 14 C iodoantipyrine autoradiography was performed for cerebral blood flow (CBF) determinations. Ethymsylate produced a significant decrease in the incidence of IVH in this model (p 2 and 6-keto PGF 1 α levels, the major breakdown products of thromboxane A 2 and prostacyclin. Although ethamsylate significantly lowered baseline CBF in all brain regions examined in insulted and non-insulted pups (p
The Discipline of Rankings: Tight Coupling and Organizational Change.

This article demonstrates the value of Foucault's conception of discipline for understanding organizational responses to rankings. Using a case study of law schools, we explain why rankings have pe...
Teaching, Research, Service, and External Compensation Activities: Expected versus Actual Workstyles among Marketing Professors:

A comprehensive national survey of college and university marketing professors revealed considerable disparity between the workstyle they believe is expected for promotion, tenure, and salary adjustment decisions and their actual workstyle. A majority of professors believe that their institutions expect them to allocate a much larger proportion of their professional effort to research activities than they actually allocate (45% expected versus 31% actual). Differences between perceived expected and actual workstyles occur more frequently in institutions with balanced teaching and research missions than in those which are either primarily teaching or primarily research oriented. A workstyle classification procedure is offered that seems superior to approaches used by previous researchers.
Hospice and palliative medicine: curriculum evaluation and learner assessment in medical education.

Abstract Major efforts have been pursued to improve palliative care education for physicians at all levels of their training. Such changes include the incorporation of palliative care curriculum and guidelines, an established process for competency-based evaluation and certification, faculty development, innovative educational experiences, the improvement of textbooks, and the establishment of accredited palliative medicine fellowships. Hospice and palliative medicine (HPM) has been clearly defined as a subspecialty and a crucial area of medical education. As innovative curricular approaches have become available to educate medical and other interprofessional trainees, this article aims to describe different models and methods applied in curriculum evaluation, tailoring such approaches to the field of palliative medicine. A stepwise process of curriculum development and evaluation is described, focusing on available curriculum evaluation competency-based tools for each level of learners. As HPM evolves an...
Theoretical calculations of product percentage yields for the thermal decomposition of 2-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane

Abstract Theoretical calculations of the product percentage yields for the thermal decomposition of CHF 2 CH 2 Cl are consistent with the experimental percentage product yields supporting the proposal that the unexpected formation of 1,2-difluoroethene can be explained by a 1,2-FCl interchange converting CHF 2 CH 2 Cl into CHFClCH 2 F, which then undergoes a 2,1-HCl elimination. Thermal activation rate constants and threshold energy barriers for dominant reactions in this system were calculated. Theoretical product percentage yields varied greatly because different basis sets produced a wide range of threshold energy barriers, but the computational results were generally consistent with a recent experimental report.
Unions, Wages, and the Common Interest

Three models have dominated recent research on the relationship between labor unions, wage behavior, and national economic performance: a simple linear model, a parabolic model, and a political model. This article argues that an unemployment-mediated linear model is theoretically preferable. In a context of low unemployment, encompassing labor movements can be expected to restrain wage demands, whereas localized unions have much less incentive to do so. In a context of high unemployment, localized unions should exhibit wage moderation, and the pressure on encompassing unions to restrain wage demands is further accentuated. These four models are assessed as predictors of wage changes, inflation, and misery index levels for 15 industrialized nations over the periods 1960-1973, 1974-1979, and 1980-1990. The linear models outperform the parabolic and political models in each of the latter two time periods. For the mid-to late 1970s the simple linear model performs best, but for the 1980s the unemployment-medi...
Thermal buckling of curved railroad tracks

Abstract Previous buckling analyses of curved railroad tracks did not take into account the prebuckling lateral expansion of the rails and/or have made the simplifying assumption that the lateral resistance which the ballast exerts on the rail-tie structure is either constant or linear. In this paper, a more refined analysis is presented, which accounts for the prebuckling lateral expansions, and which uses a bilinear response for the lateral resistance, and a non-linear response for the axial resistance. The governing equations are derived from a variational formulation. The obtained solution is exact. It was found that for curves with decreasing radius the safe temperature change, TL, decreases. The results are compared with full scale field test results. The comparison indicates that the analytically obtained safe temperature increases, TL, are on the safe side and thus can be used for design and maintenance purposes. To simplify the use of the obtained solution, it was evaluated numerically for a range of track parameters and the results are presented as graphs.
Dgital HF Communication System for Long-Distance Air-to-Ground Communication

Design characteristics and test results of an HF digital communication system for long-distance (several thousand miles) air-to-ground communication are described. The system was designed to operate reliably under adverse (multiple) propagation conditions by applying frequency and time diversity in form of quantized frequency modulation (QFM). Comparative tests with an audio-frequency-shift keying (AFSK) system under equal conditions show significantly better performance for the QFM system.
Postoperative Hypoxemia in Orthopedic Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Criteria to determine which patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) require intensive postoperative monitoring are lacking. Our postoperative OSA patients are all intensively monitored in the PACU and can provide such data. Thus, we reviewed patient records to determine incidence and risk factors for postoperative hypoxemia in OSA patients and subsequent association with postoperative complications. Five hundred twenty-seven charts of patients with OSA based on preoperative ICD-9 codes were reviewed for outcomes including episodes of hypoxemia and hypercarbia. Univariate analysis, logistic regression, and propensity analysis were performed to determine independent risk factors for hypoxemia and association with adverse outcomes. Thirty-three and 11 percent of these patients developed hypoxemia or hypercarbia. Risk factors for hypoxemia were hypercarbia, home bronchodilator use, BMI ≥35, and estimated blood loss ≥250 ml. Patients with hypoxemia had significantly more respiratory interventions and increased intensity of care. Patients with hypoxemia had significantly increased length of stay and risk of wound infections. Severe hypoxemia was associated with significantly more interventions than mild hypoxemia. Propensity analysis confirmed significant association of hypoxemia with adverse outcomes after adjustment for pre-existing risk factors. We conclude that postoperative hypoxemia in OSA patients is associated with adverse outcomes. Risk factors for hypoxemia were identified to guide allocation of monitoring resources to high-risk patients.
What's a trainer to do?

The advent of web-based training has brought new challenges to the world of the trainer; indeed, in some places the acquisition of web-based courseware has meant the elimination of training departments. However, many organizations are now looking toward a "blended solution" where e-learning is integrated into training programs to create more numerous and more diverse options. This paper looks at web-based training from the trainer's perspective and focuses on three considerations. First, taking a close-up look at the product itself, I will consider not only the question How does the product compare with what we feel learning is? but also, How is the product evolving in the short period of time it has been in existence? In short, what is our selected vendor delivering? Second, answering the question "Now that we've bought it, what do we do with it?" I will consider the trainer's role in bringing about a blended solution. How do we market it to our learners and how do we use it with our courses? Finally, what is the impact of web-based training on our learning community and their perception of us as training providers? Who is using it? What is the dropout rate? What is it that promotes learner retention? What new expectations for training and training organizations are surfacing as a result of web-based training.
Coupled spatial variations in precipitation and long-term erosion rates across the Washington Cascades

Past studies of tectonically active mountain ranges have suggested strong coupling and feedbacks between climate, tectonics and topography. For example, rock uplift generates topographic relief, thereby enhancing precipitation, which focuses erosion and in turn influences rates and spatial patterns of further rock uplift. Although theoretical links between climate, erosion and uplift have received much attention, few studies have shown convincing correlations between observable indices of these processes on mountain-range scales. Here we show that strongly varying long-term (>10(6)-10(7) yr) erosion rates inferred from apatite (U-Th)/He cooling ages across the Cascades mountains of Washington state closely track modern mean annual precipitation rates. Erosion and precipitation rates vary over an order of magnitude across the range with maxima of 0.33 mm yr(-1) and 3.5 m yr(-1), respectively, with both maxima located 50 km west (windward) of the topographic crest of the range. These data demonstrate a strong coupling between precipitation and long-term erosion rates on the mountain-range scale. If the range is currently in topographic steady state, rock uplift on the west flank is three to ten times faster than elsewhere in the range, possibly in response to climatically focused erosion.
An Assessment of Tray Waste Measurement Techniques

Objective: To determine which of two tray waste methods provides the most accurate approximations of actual waste, when compared to weighing tray waste. Design, Setting, and Participants: Researchers set up a measurement station in an elementary school cafeteria in Western New York where they carried out three waste measurement methods: photographing trays; reporting whether none, a quarter, half, three-quarters, or all of each selected item was wasted (quarter); weighing the amount of each wasted item. At a later date, researchers examined the photographs and reported whether 0% to 100% of each item was wasted. Outcome Measures and Analysis: Researchers weighed a serving of each item offered in the cafeteria so that the visual estimates for food waste could be converted to grams and compared to the weighing method. T-statistics of the difference between the weighing method and the other two methods provide evidence for each method’s accuracy. Results: Except for green beans (p < 0.01), there were no statistical differences between the weighing method and the quarter method. Statistical differences between the weighing method and the photograph method were significant for chicken nuggets and chicken strips (p < 0.01 in each case), applesauce (p < 0.05), 1% milk (p < 0.01), and flavored milk (p < 0.01). Conclusions and Implications: Visual methods-photograph and on-site methods-for measuring tray waste are less costly than weighing waste of each individual item, but vary in accuracy. Photograph methods are useful but limit food visibility, where as on-site visual estimates are much more accurate. Andrew S. Hanks, 17 Warren Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-7801. Tel: 607-339-6942. E-mail: ah748@cornell.edu. David R. Just, 16 Warren Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-7801. Tel: 607-255-5024. E-mail: drj3@cornell.edu. Brian Wansink, 15 Warren Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-7801. Tel: 607-254-6302. E-mail: wansink@cornell.edu. The authors recognize the U.S. Department of Agriculture ERS/FNS for their support. Accepted for presentation at the annual meeting for the Society for Nutrition Education and Behavior
Hybridization and the effective mass of quantum-well states in magnetic multilayers

Angle-resolved-photoemission studies of the dispersion of the quantum-well states in copper thin films deposited on a Co(001) substrate reveal that hybridization in the interface leads to a large increase in the effective mass of the electrons. These observations have implications for theories of the oscillatory exchange coupling in the related magnetic multilayers, particularly where Fermi-surface spanning vectors away from the center of the zone are invoked as in the case of the short-period oscillation in the Co/Cu(001) multilayers.
On the minimization of residual thermal stresses in viscoplastic materials

Abstract This article demonstrates the feasibility of the existence of optimal cooling of materials which exhibit viscoplastic response. Accordingly, cooling those materials along specific temperature-time paths would yield minimal residual thermal stresses upon termination of cool-down.
Nature of “Tau” immunoreactivity in normal myonuclei and inclusion body myositis

Sarcoplasmic accumulation of phosphorylated-tau has been widely stated to occur in and contribute to the pathogenesis of muscle disease in inclusion body myositis. Twenty inflammatory myopathy and 10 normal muscle samples along with a range of other tissues were stained with anti-"tau" antibodies (tau-5, pS422, and SMI-31). Myonuclear and sarcoplasmic fractions were prepared using differential solubilization and laser-capture microdissection, and immunoblots were performed using pS422 and SMI-31 antibodies. All three antibodies demonstrated anti-tau immunoreactivity in myonuclei from normal and diseased muscle, but not in nuclei from other tissues. Western blots showed pS422 and SMI-31 immunoreactivity against nuclear proteins outside the region expected for phosphorylated-tau. Antibodies previously reported to indicate abnormal accumulation of phosphorylated-tau in IBM myofibers react to normal myonuclei and recognize proteins other than tau. Normal myonuclei contain neurofilament H or other unidentified 200 kDa proteins with similar phosphorylated motifs accounting for SMI-31 immunoreactivity.
Velocity-dependent isotope fractionation in secondary-ion emission.

The formation of secondary ions is subject to isotopic fractionation (differing ionization probabilities for two isotopes) that depends linearly on the inverse velocity of the ejected ions. Theoretically, such a correlation follows directly from an exponential dependence of the ionization probability P on v/sup -1/, Pproportionalexp(-v/sub 0//v). The parameter v/sub 0/, derived from the experiment, amounts to --2 x 10/sup 6/ cm/sec for B, Si, and Ca ions.
A double commutant theorem for Murray–von Neumann algebras

Abstract Murray–von Neumann algebras are algebras of operators affiliated with finite von Neumann algebras. In this article, we study commutativity and affiliation of self-adjoint operators (possibly unbounded). We show that a maximal abelian self-adjoint subalgebra of the Murray–von Neumann algebra associated with a finite von Neumann algebra is the Murray–von Neumann algebra , where is a maximal abelian self-adjoint subalgebra of and, in addition, is . We also prove that the Murray–von Neumann algebra with the center of is the center of the Murray–von Neumann algebra . Von Neumann’s celebrated double commutant theorem characterizes von Neumann algebras as those for which , where , the commutant of , is the set of bounded operators on the Hilbert space that commute with all operators in . At the end of this article, we present a double commutant theorem for Murray–von Neumann algebras.