cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Defining “Innovativeness” in Drug Development: A Systematic Review

Some observers of drug development argue that the pace of pharmaceutical innovation is declining, but others deny that contention. This controversy may be due to different methods of defining and assessing innovation. We conducted a systematic review of the literature to develop a taxonomy of methods for measuring innovation in drug development. The 42 studies fell into four main categories: counts of new drugs approved, assessments of therapeutic value, economic outcomes, and patents issued. The definition determined whether a study found a positive or negative trend in innovative drug development. Of 21 studies that relied on counts, 9 (43%) concluded that the trend for drug discovery was favorable, 11 (52%) concluded that the trend was not favorable, and 1 reached no conclusion. By contrast, of 21 studies that used other measures of innovation, 0 concluded that the trend was favorable, 8 (47%) concluded that the trend was not favorable, and 13 reached no conclusion (P = 0.03).
Stability analysis of delay-differential equations by the method of steps and inverse Laplace transform

It is demonstrated that the method of steps for linear delay-differential equation together with the inverse Laplace transform can be used to find a converging sequence of polynomial approximants to the transcendental function determining stability of the delay equation. Numerical stability charts are shown to illustrate convergence. This approach can serve as a basis for an efficient numerical method to determine stability regions for higher-order delay-differential equations
Interacting dipoles from matrix formulation of noncommutative gauge theories

We study the IR behavior of noncommutative gauge theory in the matrix formulation. We find that in this approach, the nature of the UV/IR mixing is easily understood, which allows us to perform a reliable calculation of the quantum effective action for the long wavelength modes of the noncommutative gauge field. At one loop, we find that our description is weakly coupled only in the supersymmetric theory. At two loops, we find non-trivial interaction terms suggestive of dipole degrees of freedom. These dipoles exhibit a channel duality reminiscent of string theory.
The rate of sulfide oxidation by δMnO2 in seawater

Abstract The rate of oxidation of hydrogen sulfide by manganese dioxide in seawater was determined as a function of pH (2.0–9.0), temperature (5–45°C), and ionic strength (0–4 M). The overall rate constant, k, in seawater at pH = 8.17 was found to be first order with respect to both sulfide and manganese dioxide: − d[H 2 S] T dt = k[H 2 S] τ [MnO 2 ] . The rate constant, k, for seawater (S = 35.8, pH = 8.17) at 25°C was found to be 436 M−1 min−1, or 0.0244 m−2 1 min−1 when [MnO2] is expressed in surface area (m2/L). The energies of activation were found to be 14 ± 1 KJ mol−1 and 10 ± 1 KJ mol−1, respectively, for pH = 8.2 and pH = 5.0 in seawater (S = 35). The rate increased from pH 2.0 to a maximum at a pH of about 5.0 and decreased at higher pH. This pH dependence was attributed to formation of a surface complex between >MnO− and H2S. As the concentration of HS− increases above pH = 5 the rate of the reaction decreases. The rate of sulfide oxidation by MnO2 is not strongly dependent on ionic strength. The rates in 0.57 M NaCl were found to be slightly higher than the rates in seawater. Measurements made in solutions of the major sea salts indicated that Ca2+ and Mg2+ caused the rates to decrease, apparently by absorbing on the surface of manganese dioxide. Measurements made in artificial seawater (Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl−, and SO2−4) were found to be in good agreement with the measurements in actual seawater. Phosphate was found to inhibit the reaction significantly.
Imaging Colloidal Dynamics with Digital Holographic Microscopy

By fitting electromagnetic scattering models to measured holograms, we image the dynamics of self-assembling nanoparticles with millisecond temporal resolution and nanometer-scale spatial precision. This method also avoids artifacts associated with reconstruction. Article not available.
Gaze stabilization and gait performance in vestibular dysfunction.

Background The gaze stability test (GST) quantifies the ability of a person to recognize a target projected on a personal computer monitor during active head movement.
Phase behavior study of chitosan/polyamide blends

Blends of chitosan with strongly crystalline polyamides (nylon-4 and nylon-6) and weakly crystalline polyamides (caprolactam/laurolactam and Zytel®) were investigated. Phase behavior, morphology, interactions with water, mechanical properties, and catalytic reactivity were studied. Films were made from formic acid solutions with the chitosan concentrations ranging from 5% to 95% (w/w). The 80% deacetylated chitosan is in the salt, neutral, or copper chelate form. All the blends have higher relative water contents than does the pure chitosan. Dry neutral chitosan shows a relaxation centered at approximately 90°C which is attributed to local motion. The phase behavior of the blends is influenced by preparation conditions such as the drying temperature. Characterization of blends by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) suggests partial miscibility of chitosan with nylon-4 and lack of miscibility in the remaining cases. Blending with nylon-4 enhances mechanical properties with marked antiplasticization in blends containing 90% chitosan. Catalytic activity of the chitosan is enhanced by blending with nylon-4. Salt and neutral forms of chitosan appear to be equally effective. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An Analysis of Comment Integration Involving SAS 54

The process by which auditing standards are established in the United States was criticized by the late Senator Metcalf (1977) and more recently by the Treadway Commission (1987). Their allegations involving the Auditing Standards Board (ASB) encompass many perceived deficiencies, ranging from the charge that the large accounting firms dominate the standard-setting process, to the notion that the auditing standards currently promulgated do not address emerging policy issues on a timely basis. However, despite these criticisms, there is a paucity of empirical research involving the actual formulation of auditing standards in the United States. Accordingly, this research investigates certain behavioural facets involving the evolution of Statement on Auditing Standards No. 54, Illegal Acts by Clients, along certain dimensions, including audit-firm size. Specifically, the paper examines reactions to the exposure draft of SAS 54 and the extent to which written suggestions were incorporated into the final standard. The results do not support the proposition that either audit firm size or an employee's membership on the ASB has a significant impact on achieving the integration of a respondent's comments into the final audit statement.
Delayed Onset of Subendocardial Diastolic Thinning at Rest Identifies Hypoperfused Myocardium

Background— Onset of myocardial relaxation is highly energy dependent. Perfusion and therefore energy substrate delivery are predominantly reduced in the subendocardial myocardium in the early stages of progressive ischemia. We hypothesized that delayed onset of subendocardial diastolic thinning will functionally identify regionally hypoperfused resting myocardium. Methods and Results— Progressive left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis was induced by an ameroid occluder and maintained for 1 or 2 weeks (end point) in 12 dogs. M-mode tissue Doppler images of the anterior apical and middle segments (testing region) and middle inferior segment (control region) were acquired selectively in the subendocardium and subepicardium. The time to the onset of thinning was measured with the use of tissue Doppler velocity (TOTv) and a thickness function (TOTt). At the end point in the testing region, myocardial flow was significantly lower in the subendocardial layer (P<0.05) in all animals, whereas viability...
Effect of methylxanthines on alloxan inhibition of insulin release

Isolated rat islets were maintainedin vitro in a perifusion system, exposed to alloxan (20 mg/100 ml) for 5 minutes in the presence of agents which affect cAMP metabolism and subsequently stimulated with glucose. The rate of insulin secretion was monitored throughout the period of perifusion. Exposure to alloxan alone produces complete inhibition of glucose-induced insulin release [18] whereas concomitant exposure to caffeine and theophylline for this brief interval provided almost complete protection of the islets from the inhibitory action of alloxan. Glucagon, cAMP and DBcAMP did not protect the islets from alloxan. Pre-treatment of the islets with either theophylline or glucagon and DBcAMP did not provide protection. These findings indicate that the protective action of theophylline and caffeine against alloxan is unrelated to the effect of these agents on cAMP metabolism in the beta cell.
Novice mistakes: are the folk wisdoms correct?

An evaluation of two folk wisdoms serves to elucidate the underlying or "deep-structure" reasons for novice errors.
Covalent Modification Regulates Ligand Binding to Receptor Complexes in the Chemosensory System of Escherichia coli

In the Escherichia coli chemosensory pathway, receptor modification mediates adaptation to ligand. Evidence is presented that covalent modification influences ligand binding to receptors in complexes with CheW and the kinase CheA. Kinase inhibition was measured with serine receptor complexes in different modification levels; Ki for serine-mediated inhibition increased 10,000-fold from the lowest to the highest level. Without CheA and CheW, ligand binding is unaffected by covalent modification; thus, the influence of covalent modification is mediated only in the receptor complex, a conclusion supported by an analogy to allosteric enzymes and the observation of cooperative kinase inhibition. Also, the finding that a subsaturating serine concentration accelerates active receptor-kinase complex assembly implies that the assembly/disassembly process may also contribute to kinase regulation.
Molecular Breeding Using a Major QTL for Fusarium Head Blight Resistance in Wheat

The difficulties of breeding for Fusarium head blight (caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe [teleomorph: Gibberella zeae]) resistance, a quantitatively inherited fungal disease, caused us to initiate a marker-assisted selection (MAS) approach to accelerate our gains from selection. Although MAS for simply inherited traits has become commonplate in many plant breeding programs, there are few examples of its application with quantitatively inherited traits. Several barriers to MAS for a quantitative trait locus (QTL) must be addressed before it can be integrated into a breeding program, including (i) its efficiency or gain compared to phenotypic selection; (ii) the usefulness of markers in breeding-relevant populations; and (iii) the cost, throughput, and expertise required. We identified a major QTL, Fhb1, for Fusarium head blight resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and validated its effect in an additional mapping population and near-isogenic lines developed from segregating lines in our breeding program. The effect of this QTL was large and consistent enough to justify complementing our extensive phenotypic screening efforts for this disease with MAS for this major QTL. Fhb1 is located in a highly polymorphic region, and we developed highly diagnostic markers while fine mapping this QTL. The establishment of the USDA-ARS Regional Small Grains Genotyping Centers has dramatically increased our capabilities to apply MAS by providing access to high-throughput DNA extraction and genotyping equipment. Because a limited number of induvidual can be can be subjected to MAS, we use a process of retrospective breeding to identify those populations that are most likely to produce cultivar candidates. More efficient DNA extraction technologies and marker platforms will allow us to fully implement MAS in breeding programs.
No apparent mineralocorticoid receptor defect in a series of sporadic cases of pseudohypoaldosteronism

Pseudohypoaldosteronism (PHA) is characterized by congenital resistance of the kidney and/or other mineralocorticoid target tissues to aldosterone, resulting in excessive salt wasting. Although the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) was suggested as a potential locus of the defect in this disease, no such abnormality was found in 3 recently reported cases, one of whom belongs to this series of 5 patients. Molecular studies of the MR complementary DNA and gene in this series of sporadic cases of pseudohypoaldosteronism are reported. Four of these patients had multiple mineralocorticoid target tissue resistance, whereas 1 had transient isolated resistance in the kidney. A nonconservative homozygous mutation (C944-->T944, Ala241-->Val241) was identified in the complementary DNA of 4 of the patients but was also found in 62 of 100 normal alleles. One of these 4 patients had an additional conservative heterozygous mutation (A760-->G760, Ileu180-->Val180), which was also present in 11 of 100 normal alleles. None o...
High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of ibuprofen and its major metabolites in biological fluids

A sensitive and selective high-performance liquid-chromatographic assay for ibuprofen and its major metabolites in biological fluids is described. To ensure good chromatographic separation the drug and metabolites were run on a gradient elution system and detected with a variable wavelength detector set at 220 nm. A second, more rapid, isocratic system is also described for the detection of only ibuprofen.
Contested Island: Ireland, 1460–1630 – By S. J. Connolly

Perhaps the most revealing sentence in this 403‐page book comes on page 123. Discussing the endemic conflict of early modern Ireland the author observes, “What was happening was event rather than p...
Iron binding by vertebrate blood sea

Abstract 1. (1) Specific iron-binding components were demonstrated in rat, chicken, turtle, frog and fish sera by using starch gel electrophoresis and radioactive iron 59 2. (2) One iron-binding component was identified in each serum except turtle, which had two. 3. (3) The serum iron values and unsaturated iron-binding capacities were determined for rat, chicken, turtle and frog sera. 4. (4) The serum irob-binding components were similar to the serum components previously identified as inhibitors of lipid peroxide formation. 5. (5) Although the mechanism of inhibition of lipid peroxide formation in all sera appears to be iron-binding, there exist specific chemical differences in the chelates formed.
SNARK09 - A software package for reconstruction of 2D images from 1D projections

The problem of reconstruction of slices and volumes from 1D and 2D projections has arisen in a large number of scientific fields (including computerized tomography, electron microscopy, X-ray microscopy, radiology, radio astronomy and holography). Many different methods (algorithms) have been suggested for its solution.In this paper we present a software package, SNARK09, for reconstruction of 2D images from their 1D projections. In the area of image reconstruction, researchers often desire to compare two or more reconstruction techniques and assess their relative merits. SNARK09 provides a uniform framework to implement algorithms and evaluate their performance. It has been designed to treat both parallel and divergent projection geometries and can either create test data (with or without noise) for use by reconstruction algorithms or use data collected by another software or a physical device. A number of frequently-used classical reconstruction algorithms are incorporated. The package provides a means for easy incorporation of new algorithms for their testing, comparison and evaluation. It comes with tools for statistical analysis of the results and ten worked examples.
EMA: A developmentally regulated cell-surface glycoprotein of CNS neurons that is concentrated at the leading edge of growth cones

To identify cell-surface molecules that mediate interactions between neurons and their environment during neural development, we used monoclonal antibody techniques to define a developmentally regulated antigen in the central nervous system of the mouse. The antibody we produced (2A1) immunolabels cells throughout the central nervous system; we analyzed its distribution in the developing cerebral cortex, where it is expressed on cells very soon after they complete mitosis and leave the periventricular proliferative zone. Expression continues into adult life. The antibody also labels the epithelium of the choroid plexus and the renal proximal tubules, but does not label neurons of the peripheral nervous system in the dorsal root ganglia. In dissociated cell culture of embryonic cerebral cortex, 2A1 labels the surface of neurons but not glia. Immunolabeling of neurons in tissue culture is particularly prominent on the edge of growth cones, including filopodia and the leading edge of lamellipodia, when observed with either immunofluorescence or freeze-etch immunoelectron microscopy. Immunopurification with 2A1 of a CHAPS-extracted membrane preparation from brains of neonatal mice produces a broad (32-36 kD) electrophoretic band and a less prominent 70 kD band that are sensitive to N-glycosidase but not endoglycosidase H. Thus the 2A1 antibody recognizes a developmentally regulated, neuronal cell surface glycoprotein (or glycoproteins) with complex N-linked oligosaccharide side chains. We have termed the glycoprotein antigen EMA because of its prominence on the edge membrane of growth cones. EMA is similar to the M6 antigen (Lagenaur et al: J. Neurobiol. 23:71-88, 1992) in apparent molecular weight, distribution in tissue sections, and immunoreactivity on Western blots, suggesting that the two antigens are similar or identical. Expression of EMA is a very early manifestation of neuronal differentiation; its distribution on growth cones suggests a role in mediating the interactions between growth cones and the external cues that guide them.
Psychotherapeutic interventions for depressed, low-income women: A review of the literature

Low-income women have very high rates of depression and also face a number of unique barriers that can prevent them from seeking, accepting, engaging in, or benefiting from psychotherapy treatment. Untreated depression often leads to deleterious psychological consequences for these women and their children, and may also diminish a woman's ability to improve her economic circumstances. We reviewed the literature on psychotherapeutic interventions for depressed, low-income women, identifying a number of practical, psychological, and cultural barriers that often prevent them from engaging in psychotherapy. Next, we assessed the degree to which established intervention programs help women overcome these barriers. The data suggest that it is quite difficult to engage depressed, low-income women in psychotherapy, but that a number of standard psychotherapy approaches do show promise. However, we found that many of the currently available interventions fail to fully address the barriers that prevent this population from engaging in treatment. Moreover, the impact these interventions have on engagement and attrition rates or clinical improvements is often inadequately reported. We provide preliminary recommendations for clinicians who work with low-income women as well as suggestions for bolstering the literature base.
The dynamics of spicule calcification in whole colonies of the gorgonian Leptogorgia virgulata (Lamarck) (Coelenterata: Gorgonacea)

The dynamics of calcification was examined in fractionated segments throughout entire colonies of the gorgonian Leptogorgia virgulata (Lamarck). The uptake of 45Ca, 3H-aspartic acid and 3H-thymidine was evaluated in isolated fractions including tissues, spicules and axes. Polyp number and distribution, axis weight and spicule type and size were also examined. The highest rates of uptake for all labeled materials were in the branch tips, indicating that the greatest degree of organic matrix formation, subsequent spicule formation and cell division occur in this apical region of the colony. Ca uptake decreased from the branch tips to the mid-portions of colonies, followed by an increase toward the bases. This latter rise in uptake is due to the increase in size and density of spicules which causes an increase in isotopic exchange. At branch junctions, the predominant cellular activity appears to be spicule formation vs. cell division. Axes of apical regions of branches displayed high rates of Ca uptake supporting its active role in the calcification process. The number and distribution of polyps, as well as spicule types, was variable among colonies indicating individual variability and/or the impact of varying environmental conditions. Data indicate that, although spicule formation occurs at its highest rate at branch tips, it occurs throughout the remainder of the colony as well.
A Linear Analysis of Equatorial Atlantic Ocean Thermocline Variability

Abstract Observed variations in the Atlantic Ocean's equatorial thermocline are compared at four locations with simulations using an analytical reduced-gravity model. The comparison shows the essential features of the seasonal wind-forced thermocline response to be accounted for by a linear superposition of equatorial long waves, evolving basinwide, tending to bring the zonal pressure gradient into balance with the wind stress. A frequency response function is derived whose properties provide a basis for discussing the large scale features of the equatorial Atlantic Ocean's seasonal cycle—for example, its evolution along the equator, the maximum upwelling region observed in the Gulf of Guinea and the secondary upwelling season also observed there. Clarification is also given to the issue of remote versus local forcing for these features.
Environmental Effects on Cumulative Damage in Rocket Motors

Cumulative damage in solid propellant rocket motors is induced by transient thermal stresses which, in turn, depend on ambient temperature, wind, and solar radiation, all functions of geographical location. It is shown that, contrary to the assumption that greatest damage occurs when stresses are large, the viscoelastic nature of the propellant can produce significant damage at lower stresses. As a consequence, protected storage is shown not alway to be beneficial to the service life of motors.
Biosynthesis of the type I and type II TGF-beta receptors. Implications for complex formation

The TGF-beta type I and type II receptors (TbetaRI and TbetaRII) are signaling receptors that form heteromeric cell surface complexes with the TGF-betas as one of the earliest events in the cellular response to these multifunctional growth factors. Using TGF-beta-responsive mink lung epithelial cells (Mv1Lu), we have determined the half-lives of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mature forms of these receptors. In metabolically labeled cells, approximately 90% of newly synthesized type II receptor undergoes modification of N-linked sugars in the Golgi, with a half-life of 30-35 min; the Golgi-processed form of the receptor has a relatively short metabolic half-life of 2.5 h. In contrast, only 50% of pulse-labeled type I receptor is converted to the Golgi-processed and therefore endoglycosidase H-resistant form, and the endoglycosidase H-sensitive ER form has a half-life of 2.8-3 h. Addition of 100 pM TGF-beta1 causes the Golgi-processed type II receptor to become less stable, with a half-life of 1.7 h, and also destabilizes the Golgi-processed type I receptor. TGF-beta1 binding and cross-linking experiments on cells treated with tunicamycin for various times confirm different ER to cell surface processing times for TbetaRI and TbetaRII. Our results, which suggest that stable complexes between type I and II TGF-beta receptors do not form until the proteins reach a post-ER compartment (presumably the cell surface), have important implications for our understanding of complex formation and receptor regulation.
Semantic defectiveness and the liar

In this paper, we do two things. First, we provide some support for adopting a version of the meaningless strategy with respect to the liar paradox, and, second, we extend that strategy, by providing, albeit tentatively, a solution to that paradox—one that is semantic, rather than logical.
Improving Portfolio Efficiency

A demanding market environment has left many investors seeking new solutions to address today9s investment challenges. Questions concerning issues such as portfolio efficiency and active risk are at the forefront of investors9 minds as they work through investment policy decisions. The framework here enables investors to analyze their investment policy in light of these questions, including risk budgeting and implied relative confidence levels. A typical defined-benefit portfolio illustrates the link between the active risk budget and the confidence investors place in one active strategy over another. Some important policy recommendations include introducing portable alpha and active overlay strategies, increasing allocations to hedge funds, and effectively diversifying investors9 private equity portfolio.
Swimming against the tide: resilience of a riverine turtle to recurrent extreme environmental events

Extreme environmental events (EEEs) are likely to exert deleterious effects on populations. From 1996 to 2012 we studied the nesting dynamics of a riverine population of painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) that experienced seven years with significantly definable spring floods. We used capture–mark–recapture methods to estimate the relationships between more than 5 m and more than 6 m flood events and population parameters. Contrary to expectations, flooding was not associated with annual differences in survival, recruitment or annual population growth rates of the adult female segment of the population. These findings suggest that female C. picta exhibit resiliency to key EEE, which are expected to increase in frequency under climate change.
Pediatric radiology fellows’ experience with intussusception reduction

Intussusception reduction allows young children to avoid surgery. However, graduating residents have had relatively little training in intussusception reduction and, for the most part, consider themselves ill-prepared to perform this procedure. The goal of this study was to assess the extent of training in intussusception reduction during one year of a pediatric radiology fellowship and to determine whether graduating fellows consider themselves adequately trained in this technique. Pediatric radiology fellows were surveyed during June 2010 and asked to characterize their fellowship, to indicate the number of intussusception reductions performed (both the total number and those performed with faculty oversight but without active faculty involvement), and to assess the adequacy of their training. There were 31 responses, representing almost 1/3 of current fellows. Pediatric radiology fellows perform on average 6.9 reductions, 3.8 of which are with faculty oversight but without active faculty involvement. Ninety percent consider themselves well-trained in the technique, whereas 10% are uncertain (none consider their training inadequate). Almost all pediatric radiology fellows consider their training in intussusception reduction to be adequate.
Monte carlo simulation of the 1 n 2 plane rotator chain

We report Monte Carlo simulation results for the susceptibility and specific heat of the one-dimensional plane rotator system with $\frac{1}{{n}^{2}}$ interaction. The data confirm the previously conjectured transition to a phase with infinite susceptibility. For the equivalent model of a tunnel junction, the Monte Carlo transition temperature implies that a transition from activated to metallic behavior takes place when the normal conductance of the junction exceeds $\frac{\ensuremath{\hbar}}{2\ensuremath{\pi}{e}^{2}}=0.65$ k\ensuremath{\Omega}.
A novel steganographic algorithm using animations as cover

Information security is gaining widespread importance in distributed decision support systems [T.S. Raghu, and H. Chen, Cyberinfrastructure for homeland security: Advances in information sharing, data mining, and collaboration systems. Decision Support Systems 43 (2007) 1321-1323]. Conventional steganographic models available in the literature on information hiding use the knowledge of cover-object and stego-object to extract embedded data. Embedding algorithms have been predominantly used in steganography for hiding data whereas encoding algorithms have been used for data compression. This research study proposes a modified model for steganographic system that incorporates encoding algorithms based upon the information theoretic model documented in Cachin [C. Cachin, An Information-Theoretic Model for Steganography, Information and Computation 192 (1) (2004) 41-56.]. The differences between the conventional model and the proposed model are analyzed in this study. We further implement the proposed model by designing a novel steganographic algorithm that utilizes animations as cover-objects. The proposed approach is then compared with an encoding algorithm for gif animations and a modified embedding algorithm with animations as the cover. Gifshuffle is a steganographic software that hides data in gif animations. Digital Invisible Ink Toolkit (DIIT) is a software that uses embedding algorithm to conceal data into images. DIIT is remodeled to hide data within animated images in this study. Experiments reveal that the encoding algorithms are suitable for information hiding using animations. The study finds that the proposed encoding framework with animations provides a practical framework for analysis and has a better security performance than Gifshuffle and DIIT. Although the proposed model achieves more hiding rate, Gifshuffle is computationally faster than other techniques.
1,2:4,5‐Di‐O‐isopropylidene‐β‐d‐erythro‐hexo‐2,3‐diluo‐2,6‐pyranose

[18422–53–2] C12H18O6 (MW 258.27) InChI = 1S/C12H18O6/c1-10(2)15-6-12(18-10)9(13)8-7(5-14-12)16-11(3,4)17-8/h7-8H,5-6H2,1-4H3/t7-,8-,12+/m1/s1 InChIKey = IVWWFWFVSWOTLP-RWYTXXIDSA-N (used for asymmetric epoxidation of olefins, oxidation of CH bonds and oxidation of sulfur) Physical Data: mp 101–103 °C. Form Supplied in: white solid. Purification: recrystallize from hexanes. Preparative Methods: it can be readily synthesized from d-fructose via ketalization and oxidation (an example is shown in eq 1).2, 3 The enantiomer of 1(ent-1) is available by the same method from L-fructose, which can be synthesized from L-sorbose.4 (1) Handling, Storage, and Precautions: avoid inhalation, contact with eyes, skin, and clothing. Avoid prolonged or repeated exposure. Keep tightly closed. Avoid contact with strong oxidizing agents. For additional handling instructions and precautions, see the Sigma–Aldrich MSDS.
Racial differences in diabetes self-management and quality of care in Texas.

Abstract Aim To assess racial/ethnic differences in diabetes self-management behaviors and quality of care in Texas. Methods This cross-sectional study assessed self-management behaviors and quality of care in 1720 adults with diabetes in the 2002–2004 Texas Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey. Multiple logistic regression models were used for assessing the independent association between race/ethnicity, self-management behaviors, and quality of care variables controlling for covariates. SAS (SAS Institute Inc, 2002-2003) was used for statistical analysis. Results Eighteen percent of Hispanics, 14% of Blacks, and 10% of Whites reported never performing home glucose testing. Seventeen percent of Hispanics, 11% of Blacks, and 10% of Whites reported never doing home foot exam. Thirty-two percent of Hispanics, 21% of Blacks, and 16% of Whites did not have an A1C test in the prior 12 months. Twelve percent of Hispanics, 10% of Blacks, and 6% of Whites did not have a dilated eye exam in the prior 12 months. Fifty-four percent of Whites, 42% of Blacks, and 40% of Hispanics received a flu shot. Forty-nine percent of Whites, 30% of Blacks, and 26% of Hispanics received a pneumonia shot. In adjusted models, Hispanics were more likely to be sedentary (OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.08–2.49) compared to Whites. Blacks did not differ significantly from Whites (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 0.92–2.34). Hispanics (OR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.01–2.57) and Blacks (OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.10–3.03) were more likely to get an annual foot exam by a provider compared to Whites. Hispanics (OR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.34–0.85) and Blacks (OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.35–0.98) were less likely to get a pneumonia shot compared to Whites. Conclusions Hispanics have poorer access to care and poorer health status compared to Whites or Blacks. Controlling for socioeconomic and access to care variables eliminated disparities in self-management but did not eliminate disparities in quality of diabetes care.
Regeneration of aluminium hydride using dimethylethylamine

Aluminium hydride is a compound that is well known for its high gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen densities and favorable hydrogen storage properties. Tertiary amine–aluminium hydride complexes have gained interest due to their application as chemical reducing agents and in aluminium thin-film deposition. Various complexes of these amine alane compounds have been created and studied previously, but these compounds were not formed directly using pressurized hydrogen. Here, we demonstrate the direct reaction of catalyzed aluminium, a tertiary amine, and hydrogen in a common solvent proceeds to form an amine alane adduct at moderate pressures and temperatures. A complex of aluminium hydride has been formed with dimethylethylamine by this technique. A vibrational analysis of the product of these reactions by Raman and infrared spectroscopy is presented, including experimental and theoretical data. The results clarify the molecular and vibrational structure of amine alane complexes formed by direct hydrogenation and are compared with previously determined experimental information. In addition, we demonstrate a new method for the formation of triethylamine alane using the direct hydrogenation of dimethylethylamine and catalyzed aluminium followed by transamination with triethylamine. Finally, we propose a new low energy method to regenerate AlH3 from catalyzed aluminium and hydrogen gas.
Brief communication: Reaction to fire by savanna chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Fongoli, Senegal: Conceptualization of “fire behavior” and the case for a chimpanzee model

The use and control of fire are uniquely human traits thought to have come about fairly late in the evolution of our lineage, and they are hypothesized to correlate with an increase in intellectual complexity. Given the relatively sophisticated cognitive abilities yet small brain size of living apes compared to humans and even early hominins, observations of wild chimpanzees' reactions to naturally occurring fire can help inform hypotheses about the likely responses of early hominins to fire. We use data on the behavior of savanna chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Fongoli, Senegal during two encounters with wildfires to illuminate the similarities between great apes and humans regarding their reaction to fire. Chimpanzees' close relatedness to our lineage makes them phylogenetically relevant to the study of hominid evolution, and the open, hot and dry environment at Fongoli, similar to the savanna mosaic thought to characterize much of hominid evolution, makes these apes ecologically important as a living primate model as well. Chimpanzees at Fongoli calmly monitor wildfires and change their behavior in anticipation of the fire's movement. The ability to conceptualize the "behavior" of fire may be a synapomorphic trait characterizing the human-chimpanzee clade. If the cognitive underpinnings of fire conceptualization are a primitive hominid trait, hypotheses concerning the origins of the control and use of fire may need revision. We argue that our findings exemplify the importance of using living chimpanzees as models for better understanding human evolution despite recently published suggestions to the contrary.
Non-equilibrium molecular-dynamics for impurities in semiconductors: Vibrational lifetimes and thermal conductivities

Abstract Calculating from first principles the vibrational properties of impurities in semiconductors such as Si has kept theorists busy for more than a decade. The early focus has been on predicting IR- or Raman-active local vibrational modes, thus contributing to the identification of defects containing light impurities. However, the knowledge of the entire dynamical matrix of a supercell is precious. It allows the identification of all the localized modes in the system and the quantitative analysis of their degree of localization. It also allows the ‘preparation’ of a supercell in thermal equilibrium at non-zero temperatures without thermalization or thermostat. This allows non-equilibrium molecular-dynamics simulations to be performed with minimal temperature fluctuations. One application of this approach involves predicting the temperature dependence of vibrational lifetimes. Another application is the calculation of the impact of impurities on the thermal conductivity of semiconductor nanostructures. The approach involves preparing the supercell slightly off thermal equilibrium and then monitoring how its returns to equilibrium.
Estradiol-stimulated proteolytic cleavage of the estrogen receptor in mouse uterus.

Increased proteolytic degradation of the estrogen receptor (ER) was detected in uterine cytosol of estradioltreated ovariectomized mice compared to saline controls. Estradiol had no direct effect on the proteinase activity or susceptibility of the ER to the enzyme. The proteolytic activity gradually increased after a single injection of estradiol with early increases at 2 and 8 h followed by a progressive increase which reached a maximum at 36 h. The proteinase(s) activity resulted in cleavage of the native ER form of 65,000 (65 K ER) to a product of limited proteolysis having an apparent molecular weight of 54,000 (54 K ER). The pH optimum for this proteinase activity was 6.0. The proteinase was inhibited by 2.5 mM p-chloromercuribenzoic acid and 2.5 mM p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonate and partially inhibited by 2.5 mM iodoacetamide but not by 1 mg/ml leupeptin, 0.1 mg/ml antipain, 0.1 mg/ml chymostatin, 0.1 mg/ml pepstatin, 0.1 mg/ml E-64, 2.5 mg/ml soybean trypsin inhibitor, 2.5 mM phenylmethylsulfonylfl...
Re-configurable Antennas

Reconfigurability in an antenna system is a desired characteristic that has been the focus of much research in recent years. Reconfigurable antennas, with the ability to radiate more than one pattern, at different frequencies, and with various polarizations offer several degrees of freedom to antenna designers. In this paper, several reconfigurable antenna architectures with and without MEMS switches are presented and discussed. The different issues encountered during the design of the overall antenna design are described herein.
Cloud manufacturing: Strategic vision and state-of-the-art☆

Cloud manufacturing, a service oriented, customer centric, demand driven manufacturing model is explored in both its possible future and current states. A unique strategic vision for the field is documented, and the current state of technology is presented from both industry and academic viewpoints. Key commercial implementations are presented, along with the state of research in fields critical to enablement of cloud manufacturing, including but not limited to automation, industrial control systems, service composition, flexibility, business models, and proposed implementation models and architectures. Comparison of the strategic vision and current state leads to suggestions for future work, including research in the areas of high speed, long distance industrial control systems, flexibility enablement, business models, cloud computing applications in manufacturing, and prominent implementation architectures.
Report of the National Panel for Evidence-Based School Counseling: Outcome Research Coding Protocol and Evaluation of Student Success Skills and Second Step.

The National Panel for School Counseling Evidence-Based Practice was established by the Center for School Counseling Outcome Research to improve the practice of school counseling by helping to develop the research base that is necessary for responsible and effective practice. This article presents the panel's Outcome Research Coding Protocol and its evaluation of the scientific research evidence supporting the effectiveness of the Student Success Skills and Second Step interventions.
The Holonomic Ansatz II. Automatic Discovery(!) And Proof(!!) of Holonomic Determinant Evaluations

Many explicit determinant evaluations can be automatically conjectured, and then rigorously automatically proved, once we suspect that they belong to the Holonomic Ansatz.
Challenges in developing the microwave instrument for the Rosetta Orbiter

The microwave instrument for the Rosetta Orbiter (MIRO) built by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, will be launched on the European Space Agency's (ESA) Rosetta Spacecraft in 2004. MIRO will measure the near surface temperatures of the asteroids Otawara and Siwa, and the comet Wirtanen, thereby allowing scientists to estimate the thermal and electrical properties of these surfaces. The MIRO instrument consists of two heterodyne radiometers, one operating at millimeter wavelengths (190 GHz, /spl sim/1.6 mm) and one operating at submillimeter wavelengths (562 GHz, /spl sim/0.5 mm). The spectrometer portion of MIRO will allow measurements of water, carbon monoxide, ammonia, and methanol in the gaseous coma of comet Wirtanen. These measurements will allow scientists to study how the comet material sublimates (changes from its frozen state, ice, to a gas) in time and distance from the sun. As an international team, significant challenges to development and integration coordination were :required to ensure instrument delivery to the European Space Agency (ESA). Additionally, the instrument, developed under NASA's Faster, Better, Cheaper paradigm challenged the team to find new and inventive ways to achieve the scientific requirements. This paper explores the various trades, challenges, processes and programmatic issues encountered.
Tuberculosis stigma and perceptions in the US-Mexico border

Objective. To examine the experiences and perspectives on the disease and stigma from the vantage point of the persons affected by TB in El Paso, Texas, and Juarez, Mexico to inform research on health-related stigma and interventions. Materials and methods. Semi-structured interviews to study TB-related stigma and the impact on access and healthseeking behaviors with 30 Mexican-origin adults (18 years and older) undergoing TB treatment. Results. Barriers to accessing health services for TB; emotional distress due to their deteriorated physical and emotional condition; reactions ranging from depression, sadness; doubt, anger, and fear of rejection; distancing, fear of contagion, stigma, and feeling of discriminated against, and isolation from loved ones were reported. Conclusion. Stigma associated with TB is a barrier to health care access and to quality of life in tuberculosis management. Stigma adversely shapes the experience of treatment and recovery. Stigma is not a naturally occurring phenomenon, but something created by people and as such it can be “un-done” by those people as part of a collective which comprises society.
Radial basis function neural network for regulation of nonlinear systems

A large class of nonlinear discrete systems with accessible states can be controlled through feedback linearization. This paper develops a practical algorithm for state feedback control design using radial basis function neural networks (RBFNN). Linear least-squares is coupled with a Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization procedure to perform size reduction of the neural networks. An example of regulating a nonlinear plant is included to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Longitudinal Study of the Effects of LOGO Programming on Cognitive Abilities and Achievement

The Logo computer language was developed to serve as a conceptual framework for teaching problem-solving skills and subject-matter content. As such, its effects may not be immediate and direct, but...
Electronic Characteristics of Bacteriorhodopsin

To effectively integrate bacteriorhodopsin (bR) with micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) and nano electromechanical systems (NEMS) devices, it is critical to know the electrical properties of the material and to understand how it will affect the functionality of the device. Inductance, capacitance and resistance (LCR) measurements can be used to determine material characteristics, such as permittivity, film thickness, and capacitance. In this paper, LCR measurements of dried films of oriented and unoriented bR with both light-on and light-off conditions are presented. Tests were performed on dried films of bR to determine if there is a relationship between LCR measurements and orientation, light-on/off, frequency, and time. The results indicated that the LCR measurements depended on the thickness and area of the film, but not on the orientation, as with other biological materials such as muscle. However, there was a transient LCR response for both oriented and unoriented bR which depends on light intensity. The possible effect of integrating this material with a single electron transistor (SET) is also briefly discussed.
Epidermal Growth Factor Regulation of Equine Glycoprotein Hormone α Subunit Expression in Trophoblast Cells

Abstract Primates and equids are the only species known to express the placental glycoprotein hormone, chorionic gonadotropin (CG), a heterodimeric glycoprotein composed of an α subunit linked to a hormone-specific β subunit. The regulatory mechanisms involved in the induction of equine glycoprotein α subunit gene expression have not been identified. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor is known to transduce signals that alter a number of different cellular functions (cell proliferation, differentiation, hormone secretion, and gene regulation). In the present study, we investigated the regulation of the equine α subunit gene by EGF in trophoblasts. We found that 2800 base pairs of 5′ flanking sequence from the equine α subunit promoter is sufficient for basal expression in human choriocarcinoma cells. Epidermal growth factor and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), an activator of protein kinase C (PKC), increased transcriptional activity of the equine α subunit promoter (−2800/+21). These responses w...
Luminous dark matter

We propose a dark matter model in which the signal in direct detection experiments arises from electromagnetic, not nuclear, energy deposition. This can provide a novel explanation for the DAMA result while avoiding many direct detection constraints. The dark matter state is taken nearly degenerate with another state. These states are naturally connected by a dipole moment operator, which can give both the dominant scattering and decay modes between the two states. The signal at DAMA then arises from dark matter scattering in the Earth into the excited state and decaying back to the ground state through emission of a single photon in the detector. This model has unique signatures in direct detection experiments. The density and chemical composition of the detector is irrelevant - only the total volume affects the event rate. In addition, the spectrum is a monoenergetic line, which can fit the DAMA signal well. This model is readily testable at experiments such as CDMS and XENON100 if they analyze their low-energy, electronic recoil events.