cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of virtual objects in performing engineering related task

Many engineering disciplines are concerned with the creation of tangible objects, however using physical objects to facilitate learning in the engineering classroom is not broadly applied. Tangible objects are primarily used in design projects, with less attention to objects in other engineering activities. Nowadays a lot of attention is given on the Making and Maker movement. Questions remain whatever these activities help people learn engineering. We have completed two studies investigating the efficacy on concrete objects in the same engineering task with different experiential conditions. This work-in-progress is the third study from a line of research, where now virtual objects are included as a new study condition.
Pupillary response to complex interdependent tasks: A cognitive-load theory perspective

Pupil dilation is known to indicate cognitive load. In this study, we looked at the average pupillary responses of a cohort of 29 undergraduate students during graphical problem solving. Three questions were asked, based on the same graphical input. The questions were interdependent and comprised multiple steps. We propose a novel way of analyzing pupillometry data for such tasks on the basis of eye fixations, a commonly used eyetracking parameter. We found that pupil diameter increased during the solution process. However, pupil diameter did not always reflect the expected cognitive load. This result was studied within a cognitive-load theory model. Higher-performing students showed evidence of germane load and schema creation, indicating use of the interdependent nature of the tasks to inform their problem-solving process. However, lower-performing students did not recognize the interdependent nature of the tasks and solved each problem independently, which was expressed in a markedly different pupillary response pattern. We discuss the import of our findings for instructional design.
Quantifying Site-Specific Physical Heterogeneity Within an Estuarine Seascape

Quantifying physical heterogeneity is essential for meaningful ecological research and effective resource management. Spatial patterns of multiple, co-occurring physical features are rarely quantified across a seascape because of methodological challenges. Here, we identified approaches that measured total site-specific heterogeneity, an often overlooked aspect of estuarine ecosystems. Specifically, we examined 23 metrics that quantified four types of common physical features: (1) river and creek confluences, (2) bathymetric variation including underwater drop-offs, (3) land features such as islands/sandbars, and (4) major underwater channel networks. Our research at 40 sites throughout Plum Island Estuary (PIE) provided solutions to two problems. The first problem was that individual metrics that measured heterogeneity of a single physical feature showed different regional patterns. We solved this first problem by combining multiple metrics for a single feature using a within-physical feature cluster analysis. With this approach, we identified sites with four different types of confluences and three different types of underwater drop-offs. The second problem was that when multiple physical features co-occurred, new patterns of total site-specific heterogeneity were created across the seascape. This pattern of total heterogeneity has potential ecological relevance to structure-oriented predators. To address this second problem, we identified sites with similar types of total physical heterogeneity using an across-physical feature cluster analysis. Then, we calculated an additive heterogeneity index, which integrated all physical features at a site. Finally, we tested if site-specific additive heterogeneity index values differed for across-physical feature clusters. In PIE, the sites with the highest additive heterogeneity index values were clustered together and corresponded to sites where a fish predator, adult striped bass (Morone saxatilis), aggregated in a related acoustic tracking study. In summary, we have shown general approaches to quantifying site-specific heterogeneity.
Employing Autoethnography to Examine Our Diverse Identities: Striving towards Equitable and Socially Just Stances in Literacy Teaching and Research.

This paper brings together the storied experiences of a group of diverse scholars from Ghana, Uzbekistan, and the United States who use a collaborative autoethnographic lens to engage in the process of self-reflection/self-critique with respect to salient aspects of their identities (e.g., race, language, gender, socioeconomic status, and so forth). Each scholar also explores how her identity informs and influences her attitudes, behaviors, beliefs and actions with respect to the equitable enactment of her pedagogy and research.
Child hunger from a family resilience perspective.

Eliminating food insecurity among children is a priority in the US, and research that focuses on the resilience and agency of families can help refocus our programs and policies. The Midlands Famil...
On the almost sure central limit theorem

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the central limit theorem. The central limit theorem is derived from ergodic theory by following a particular string of numbers or by studying the empirical distribution of the partial sums. The central limit theorem has a number of variants. In its common form, the random variables should be identically distributed. The central limit theorem is any of a set of weak-convergence theorems. They all express the fact that a sum of many independent and identically distributed random variables, or alternatively, random variables with specific types of dependence, would be distributed according to one of a small set of attractor distributions.
Sustainable : a dynamic, robotic, sound installation

This paper details the motivations, design, and realization of Sustainable, a dynamic, robotic sound installation that employs a generative algorithm for music and sound creation. The piece is comprised of seven autonomous water gong nodes that are networked together by water tubes to distribute water throughout the system. A water resource allocation algorithm guides this distribution process and produces an ever-evolving sonic and visual texture. A simple set of behaviors govern the individual gongs, and the system as a whole exhibits emergent properties that yield local and large scale forms in sound and light.
Probalistic Algorithms for Efficient Grasping and Fixturing

Given an object with n points on its boundary where fingers can be placed, we give algorithms to select a ``strong'' grasp with the least number c of fingers (up to a logarithmic factor) using several measures of goodness. Along similar lines, given an integer c , we find the ``best'' κ c log c finger grasp for a small constant κ . In addition, we generalize existing measures for the case of frictionless assemblies of many objects in contact. We also give an approximation scheme which guarantees a grasp quality close to the overall optimal value where fingers are not restricted to preselected points. These problems translate into a collection of convex set covering problems where we either minimize the cover size or maximize the scaling factor of an inscribed geometric object L . We present an algorithmic framework which handles these problems in a uniform way and give approximation algorithms for specific instances of L including convex polytopes and balls. The framework generalizes an algorithm for polytope covering and approximation by Clarkson [Cla] in two different ways. Let $\gamma = 1/{\lfloor d/2 \rfloor}$ , where d is the dimension of the Euclidean space containing L . For both types of problems, when L is a polytope, we get the same expected time bounds (with a minor improvement), and for a ball, the expected running time is $O(n^{1+\delta} + (nc)^{1/(1+\gamma/(1+\delta))} + c \log(n/c) (c \log c)^{\lfloor d/2 \rfloor} )$ for fixed d , and arbitrary positive δ . We improve this bound if we allow in addition a different kind of approximation for the optimal radius. We also give bounds when d is not a constant.
Five Classic Articles in Public Health

Dr. Jonathan Borak is a Clinical Professor of Epidemiology and Public Health at the Yale School of Public Health, Clinical Professor of Internal Medicine at the Yale School of Medicine, and Director of the Yale Interdisciplinary Risk Assessment Forum. In this article, Dr. Borak provides his perspective on five publications that significantly influenced the study and practice of epidemiology and public health. This article is the first in a series that will identify and provide commentary on the top five seminal papers published in a field related to biology and medicine.
Abstract B59: Multiparametric imaging to evaluate human and mouse breast carcinoma in situ

Our overall goal is to distinguish aggressive from indolent breast cancers by characterizing determinants of breast cancer progression. The detection of early-stage (in situ) neoplastic lesions in the breast has risen dramatically due to widespread mammography. Early detection represents a significant opportunity to intervene and halt the progression of these early lesions to invasive breast cancer. However, our understanding of the natural history of in situ lesions remains limited. Here, we describe our efforts to characterize the microenvironment of DCIS in patient samples and mouse models using a combination of traditional and novel multiplexed immunostaining methods. In particular, we present our early work on applying multispectral fluorescence imaging as well as highly parametric imaging mass cytometry to describe the immune cells surrounding and infiltrating DCIS, with focus on the interaction of these immune cells with each other and the incipient invasive tumor cells. Future studies will be directed at determining if the immune microenvironment of DCIS can identify patients at risk for progression or recurrence so that these patients can be appropriately managed upfront. Citation Format: Vidya C. Sinha, Fei Yang, Amanda L. Rinkenbaugh, Xinhui Zhou, Xiaomei Zhang, Ignacio I. Wistuba, Helen Piwnica-Worms. Multiparametric imaging to evaluate human and mouse breast carcinoma in situ [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Advances in Breast Cancer Research; 2017 Oct 7-10; Hollywood, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2018;16(8_Suppl):Abstract nr B59.
Boron Can Be Used to Predict Trace Organic Rejection through Reverse Osmosis Membranes for Potable Reuse.

Potable water reuse is a viable option for communities with extreme water scarcity. Improvements in measurement capabilities and greater occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) have m...
Running ground reaction forces across footwear conditions are predicted from the motion of two body mass components.

Here, we validate a two-mass, two-impulse model of running vertical ground reaction forces across four footwear thickness conditions (barefoot, minimal, thin, thick). Our model allows the impact po...
“I SEE YOU, I BELIEVE YOU, I STAND WITH YOU”: #MeToo and the performance of networked feminist visibility

Hashtag feminism, a form of activism that appropriates Twitter’s metadata tags for organizing posts to draw visibility to a cause, has become a central component of the feminist media repertoire. M...
The DREAM Initiative: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial testing an integrated electronic health record and community health worker intervention to promote weight loss among South Asian patients at risk for diabetes

Electronic health record (EHR)-based interventions that use registries and alerts can improve chronic disease care in primary care settings. Community health worker (CHW) interventions also have been shown to improve chronic disease outcomes, especially in minority communities. Despite their potential, these two approaches have not been tested together, including in small primary care practice (PCP) settings. This paper presents the protocol of Diabetes Research, Education, and Action for Minorities (DREAM) Initiative, a 5-year randomized controlled trial integrating both EHR and CHW approaches into a network of PCPs in New York City (NYC) in order to support weight loss efforts among South Asian patients at risk for diabetes. The DREAM Initiative was funded by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (National Institutes of Health). A total of 480 individuals at risk for type 2 diabetes will be enrolled into the intervention group, and an equal number will be included in a matched control group. The EHR intervention components include the provision of technical assistance to participating PCPs regarding prediabetes-related registry reports, alerts, and order sets. The CHW intervention components entail group education sessions on diabetes prevention, including weight loss and nutrition. A mixed-methods approach will be used to evaluate the feasibility, adoption, and impact (≥ 5% weight loss) of the integrated study components. Additionally, a cost effectiveness analysis will be conducted using outcomes, implementation costs, and healthcare claims data to determine the incremental cost per person achieving 5% weight loss. This study will be the first to test the efficacy of an integrated EHR–CHW intervention within an underserved, minority population and in a practical setting via a network of small PCPs in NYC. The study’s implementation is enhanced through cross-sector partnerships, including the local health department, a healthcare payer, and EHR vendors. Through use of a software platform, the study will also systematically track and monitor CHW referrals to social service organizations. Study findings, including those resulting from cost-effectiveness analyses, will have important implications for translating similar strategies to other minority communities in sustainable ways. This study protocol has been approved and is made available on ClinicalTrials.gov by NCT 03188094 as of 15 June 2017.
Novel electrocardiographic criteria for diagnosis of premature ventricular complexes arising from the base of left ventricle

Abstract Purpose We report new electrocardiographic criteria (ECG) for localizing premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) originating from the base of the left ventricle (LV). Methods QRS deflection (positive negative or negative positive) in lead aVR and aVL respectively, were evaluated in 41 PVC/VT cases. Results There were a total of 41 patients, age 64 ± 11 years. Twelve patients had QRS deflection in aVR which were completely opposite to the deflection in aVL. If the PVC originated from basal septum, aVR was negative while aVL positive and vice versa when it was from the baso-lateral LV. PVCs from other LV sites had aVR and aVL deflection in the same direction. The ECG criteria had a sensitivity and specificity of 91% and 84%, respectively. Conclusion We propose a new ECG criterion to localize PVCs originating from the base of the LV.
A 3-Dimensional-Printed Hand Model for Home-Based Acquisition of Fracture Fixation Skills Without Fluoroscopy.

Objective To design a low cost ($40), realistic and fluoroscopy-free percutaneous Kirschner wire hand fracture fixation training instrument kit for home-based skill acquisition during the COVID-19 pandemic. Design A 3D-printed hand was designed from a computed tomography scan of a healthy hand. These data were used to create replaceable hand and wrist bones and reusable silicone molds for a replica of the soft tissue envelope. The model is currently being integrated into the simulation curriculum at 2 integrated plastic surgery residency programs for training in percutaneous wire fixation of hand fractures. Setting Brown University, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University. Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Large academic quaternary referral institution. Yale University, Yale School of Medicine. Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Large academic quaternary referral institution. Participants PGY 1-4 plastic surgery residents preparing to meet ACGME Accreditation for Graduate Medical Education hand surgery specific milestones. Results A realistic and durable 3D model with interchangeable bones allows trainees to practice the key motor skills necessary for successful fixation of hand and wrist fractures with K-wires in a home-based setting. Conclusions A low cost, realistic and durable 3D hand model with interchangeable bones allows easy integration into any home-based hand surgery curriculum. With 3D printers and programming becoming more prevalent and affordable, such models offer a means of low-cost and safe instruction of residents in fracture fixation with no harm to patients.
Making settler colonialism concrete: agentive materialism and habitational violence in Palestine

Through home sealing in Palestine, the Israeli state utilizes the agentive materialism and political valence of concrete as settler colonial state building tools. By rendering the home uninhabitabl...
The instrumentalised user: human, computer, system

Humans who encounter social media platforms have a role to play. They are expected to generate content, a demand starkly illustrated by a mid-2010s Facebook prompt: “Write something.” This essay re...
Packing Narrow-Width Operands to Improve Energy Efficiency of General-Purpose GPU Computing

In this paper, we study the use of OWAR, an _Qperand-Width-A_ware Register packing mechanism for GPU energy saving. In order to efficiently use the GPU register file (RF), OWAR employs a power gating method to shut down unused register sub-arrays for reducing dynamic and leakage energy consumption of RF. As the number of register accesses is reduced due to the packing of the narrow width operands, the dynamic energy dissipation is further decreased. Finally, with the help of RF usage optimized by register packing, OWAR allows GPUs to support more TLP (Thread Level Parallelism) through assigning additional thread blocks on SMs (Streaming Multiprocessors) for GPGPU (General-Purpose GPU) applications that suffer from the deficiency of register resources. The extra TLP opens opportunities for hiding more memory latencies and thus reduce the overall execution time, which can lower the overall energy consumption. We evaluate OWAR using a set of representative GPU benchmarks. The experimental results show that compared to the baseline without optimization, OWAR can reduce the GPGPU's total energy up to 29.6% and 9.5% on average. In addition, OWAR achieves performance improvement upto 1.97X and 1.18X on average.
Term limits and women’s representation: a Democratic opportunity and a Republican dead-end

When legislative term limits were proposed, one expected impact was an increase in women’s legislative representation. However, researchers have found that this logical solution is not as effective...
Review and Challenges of Technologies for Real-Time Human Behavior Monitoring

A person's behavior significantly influences their health and well-being. It also contributes to the social environment in which humans interact, with cascading impacts to the health and behaviors of others. During social interactions, our understanding and awareness of vital nonverbal messages expressing beliefs, emotions, and intentions can be obstructed by a variety of factors including greatly flawed self-awareness. For these reasons, human behavior is a very important topic to study using the most advanced technology. Moreover, technology offers a breakthrough opportunity to improve people's social awareness and self-awareness through machine-enhanced recognition and interpretation of human behaviors. This paper reviews (1) the social psychology theories that have established the framework to study human behaviors and their manifestations during social interactions and (2) the technologies that have contributed to the monitoring of human behaviors. State-of-the-art in sensors, signal features, and computational models are categorized, summarized, and evaluated from a comprehensive transdisciplinary perspective. This review focuses on assessing technologies most suitable for real-time monitoring while highlighting their challenges and opportunities in near-future applications. Although social behavior monitoring has been highly reported in psychology and engineering literature, this paper uniquely aims to serve as a disciplinary convergence bridge and a guide for engineers capable of bringing new technologies to bear against the current challenges in real-time human behavior monitoring.
Instability of U3Si2 in pressurized water media at elevated temperatures

Following the Fukushima Daiichi accident, significant efforts from industry and the scientific community have been directed towards the development of alternative nuclear reactor fuels with enhanced accident tolerance. Among the proposed materials for such fuels is a uranium silicide compound (U3Si2), which has been selected for its enhanced thermal conductivity and high density of uranium compared to the reference commercial light water reactor (LWR) nuclear fuel, uranium oxide (UO2). To be a viable candidate LWR fuel, however, U3Si2 must also demonstrate that, in the event of this fuel coming in contact with aqueous media, it will not degrade rapidly. In this contribution, we report the results of experiments investigating the stability of U3Si2 in pressurized water at elevated temperatures and identify the mechanisms that control the interaction of U3Si2 under these conditions. Our data indicate that the stability of this material is primarily controlled by the formation of a layer of USiO4 (the mineral, coffinite) at the surface of U3Si2. The results also show that these layers are destabilized at T > 300 °C, leading to the complete decomposition of U3Si2 and its pulverization due to its full oxidation to UO2. Uranium silicide is proposed as a highly accident tolerant light water reactor nuclear fuel, but its behavior under high-temperature, aqueous conditions is poorly studied. Here, uranium silicide is shown to decompose and fully oxidize when the passive uranium silicate layer is destabilized under hydrothermal conditions over 300 °C.
The Concentration and Persistence of Health Care Spending

It’s commonly argued that the individual mandate and other provisions of the Affordable Care Act are necessary to induce people to purchase health insurance and thereby share in the cost burden of a permanent, small, but very unhealthy and costly segment of the population. Without such a requirement, this argument claims, not enough people would join insurance pools to make them generally affordable. However, the notion that there is a small, permanent, high-risk population has mixed empirical support; though there are always some people with very high medical costs each year, there is a lot of turnover in that group. As a result, healthy people have more incentive to purchase insurance than ACA proponents claim.
On the Distinction Between "Conditional Average Treatment Effects" (CATE) and "Individual Treatment Effects" (ITE) Under Ignorability Assumptions.

Recent years have seen a swell in methods that focus on estimating "individual treatment effects". These methods are often focused on the estimation of heterogeneous treatment effects under ignorability assumptions. This paper hopes to draw attention to the fact that there is nothing necessarily "individual" about such effects under ignorability assumptions and isolating individual effects may require additional assumptions. Such individual effects, more often than not, are more precisely described as "conditional average treatment effects" and confusion between the two has the potential to hinder advances in personalized and individualized effect estimation.
University bicycle programming capacity for underrepresented student populations: Pedaling toward equitable opportunities.

Purpose: Universities and colleges play a major role in facilitating the behaviors of students into adulthood. Active travel (AT; walking or bicycling for transportation) can provide substantial health benefits, though inequities among bicycling are shown in many underserved populations (racial/ethnic minorities, women, LGBTQ+, disabled, low-income). This study aimed to understand universities' capacity for underserved populations programming on campuses. Methods: Representatives from U.S. universities/colleges participated in an online survey which addressed basic information about university demographics/culture, common barriers and desired tools to reaching underserved students, priorities, and important outcomes. Results: University respondents (n = 51) indicated a lack of programming and implementation of strategies to reach underserved campus populations. Typically, universities ranked equity as a low priority and limited strategies for promoting bicycling reached/targeted underserved populations. Conclusion: There is a notable lack of programs and strategies to engage underserved populations on campus that should be addressed to better serve student health outcomes.
Adverse effects of milk formula ingestion on the gastrointestinal tract: An update

Abstract The large-scale use of cow's milk in infant feeding is less than one hundred years old. Much progress has been made by the manufacturers of proprietary formulas during this period to make their products safer. Although the current formulas provide an excellent "substitute" for the majority of infants, problems still remain, and it is necessary for every pediatrician and gastroenterologist to be aware of these. The purposes of this article are to review the adverse effects of nonhuman milk on the gastrointestinal tract, to examine the underlying mechanisms, and hopefully to stimulate further thought and research. Particular emphasis will be placed on hypersensitivity reactions, because there now appears to be a swing back to this diagnosis as a result of more sophisticated immunologic investigations. The arguments in favor of breast-feeding, the systemic biochemical differences resulting from different formulas, and the indications for specialized formula feeding are all beyond the scope of this review.
Software tools for separating distribution concerns

With the advent of the Internet, distributed programming has become a necessity for the majority of application domains. Nevertheless, programming distributed systems remains a delicate and complex task. This dissertation explores separating distribution concerns, the process of transforming a centralized monolithic program into a distributed one. This research develops algorithms, techniques, and tools for separating distribution concerns and evaluates the applicability of the developed artifacts by identifying the distribution concerns that they separate and the common architectural characteristics of the centralized programs that they transform successfully. The thesis of this research is that software tools working with standard mainstream languages, systems software, and virtual machines can effectively and efficiently separate distribution concerns from application logic for object-oriented programs that use multiple distinct sets of resources. Among the specific technical contributions of this dissertation are (1) a general algorithm for call-by-copy-restore semantics in remote procedure calls for linked data structures, (2) an analysis heuristic that determines which application objects get passed to which parts of native (i.e., platform-specific) code in the language runtime system for platform-independent binary code applications, (3) a technique for injecting code in such applications that will convert objects to the right representation so that they can be accessed correctly inside both application and native code, (4) an approach to maintaining the Java centralized concurrency and synchronization semantics over remote procedure calls efficiently, and (5) an approach to enabling the execution of legacy Java code remotely from a web browser. The technical contributions of this dissertation have been realized in three software tools for separating distribution concerns: NRMI, middleware with copy-restore semantics; GOTECH, a program generator for distribution; and J-Orchestra, an automatic partitioning system. This dissertation presents several case studies of successfully applying the developed tools to third-party programs.
Exploiting Processor Heterogeneity in Interactive Services

To add processing power under power constraints, emerging heterogeneous processors include fast and slow cores on the same chip. This paper demonstrates that this heterogeneity is well suited to interactive data center workloads (e.g., web search, online gaming, and financial trading) by observing and exploiting two workload properties. (1) These workloads may trade response quality for responsiveness. (2) The request service demand is unknown and varies widely with both short and long requests. Subject to per-server power constraints, traditional homogeneous processors either include a few high-power fast cores that deliver high quality responses or many low-power slow cores that deliver high throughput, but not both. This paper shows heterogeneous processors deliver both high quality and throughput by executing short requests on slow cores and long requests on fast cores with Fast Old and First (FOF), a new scheduling algorithm. FOF schedules new requests with unknown service demands on the fastest idle core and migrates requests from slower to faster cores. We simulate and implement FOF. In simulations modeling Microsoft’s Bing index search, FOF on heterogeneous processors improves response quality and increases throughput by up to 50% compared to homogeneous processors. We confirm simulation improvements with an implementation of an interactive finance server using Simultaneous Multithreading (SMT), configured as a dynamic heterogeneous processor. Both simulation and experimental results indicate processor heterogeneity offers a lot of potential for interactive workloads.
Cohen, Jacob (1923–98)

Jacob Cohen (1923–98) was a clinical psychologist and a statistician who made contributions to methodology relevant to clinical psychology. This entry describes his contributions to the study of rater reliability, the scientific planning of study design through power analysis, and the practice of reporting statistical results using facts about effect size and confidence intervals around parameter estimates. Keywords: Cohen, Jacob; statistical methods in psychology; teaching and research in psychology; United States
The Effect of Polymer Compatibility on the Binder Migration during Spray Drying

Granular feedstock for dry pressing is made by spray drying an aqueous suspension of ceramic powders and polymeric additives. The interactions between polymeric additives in suspensions or during drying are usually considered negligible. However, recent studies demonstrate that interactions between polymers usually do occur and can adversely affect product performance. In this study a binder in spray-dried granules, PVA, can be stained and its location within the spray-dried granule can be observed, verifying the effect of other polymers (dispersants and plasticizers) on binder migration and case hardening of spray-dried granules. The results also indicate certain additives that curtail binder migration, potentially eliminating case hardening in spray-dried granules and the subsequent problems observed during compaction.
Control of transcription at the murine A alpha locus.

Our studies to date have implicated several separate DNA elements in Aα gene transcription in B cells: the conserved X-Y region and two related elements further upstream than the X-Y region. Important transcription elements for monocyte/macrophage lineage cells have tended to map much closer to the conserved region than those of B cells [45, 46]; however, we have not yet rigorously tested the control of Aα sequences in macrophages. We conclude from our data on the X box that each murine X box is bound by a different set of proteins, though the major complex generated with an Eα probe may have reflected binding by the same protein as the main Eβ complex [47]. Cloned cDNAs encoding Aα X box-X-Y interspace binding proteins [48] will further the analysis of transcription biochemistry for Aα. We also conclude that DNA sequences upstream from Aα are important in B-cell-specific cis-activation of transcription, that this function will at least in part be mediated by a DNA-binding protein that binds to two sites upstream from X and Y in Aα and that these sites will be essential for IL-4-induced increases in transcription. Tests of these observations will hopefully lead to a greater degree of understanding of the control of class II transcription, as well as of its failure in class II-deficient bare lymphocyte syndrome SCID patients.
Integration on locally compact spaces

Harmonic analysis on a locally compact group is the study of certain spaces and algebras of functions and measures defined on the group. The function spaces in question are defined by measurability and integrability conditions; manipulation of the relevant measures requires delicate techniques from measure and integration theory. Also, the fundamental theorems of the theory of representations of locally compact groups [see §22] depend wholly upon the study of a certain space of square integrable functions. Thus the theories of measure and integration play a vital role in the present book.
GeoCollaborative Crisis Management (GCCM): building better systems through advanced technology and deep understanding of technology-enabled group work

The need to develop information science and technology to support crisis management has never been more apparent. Federal, state, and local government agencies must develop coordinated strategies and adopt advanced and usable technologies to prepare for and cope with crises in contexts ranging from natural disasters to homeland security.
Vitamin D in chronic kidney disease

Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The low vitamin D status is, to a large extent, caused by dysregulation of vitamin D metabolism as a result of renal insufficiency. Recent studies indicate that vitamin D-deficiency may promote or accelerate the progression of CKD, whereas treatment with low calcemic vitamin D analogs can reduce proteinuria and ameliorate renal damage in animal models of kidney disease and in patients with CKD. The renoprotective activity of vitamin D regulates multiple signaling pathways known to play important roles in renal injury. These findings underscore the importance of correcting vitamin D deficiency with vitamin D supplementation or with activated vitamin D analogs in the management of CKD.
Effectively dense Boolean algebras and their applications

A computably enumerable Boolean algebra B is effectively dense if for each x C B we can effectively determine an F(x) < x such that x 4: 0 implies 0 < F(x) < x. We give an interpretation of true arithmetic in the theory of the lattice of computably enumerable ideals of such a Boolean algebra. As an application, we also obtain an interpretation of true arithmetic in all theories of intervals of ? (the lattice of computably enumerable sets under inclusion) which are not Boolean algebras. We derive a similar result for theories of certain initial intervals [o, a] of subrecursive degree structures, where a is the degree of a set of relatively small complexity, for instance a set in exponential time.
Efficacy of cyclo-oxygenase inhibition by two commercially available firocoxib products in horses.

Summary Reasons for performing study Two firocoxib preparations for oral use are approved for use in animals in many countries: a chewable canine tablet and an equine paste. In order to reduce costs, many veterinarians use the canine product in horses even though this is an off-label use of the preparation. Objective To determine the relative efficacy of 2 commercially available firocoxib products to inhibit prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis after oral dosing in horses. Study design A crossover design using 8 adult horses (n = 4 for each preparation during each treatment period). Body weight range 532–614 kg. Methods Horses received 57 mg of the assigned firocoxib preparation orally once daily for 7 days, with a 14 day washout period between drug crossover. Ten healthy adult light breed horses were used as no-treatment controls. During each treatment period, blood was taken before dosing on Days 0 and 7 and on Day 7 1 h after dosing for ex vivo lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation to induce (PGE2) synthesis. Heparinised plasma was also collected on Day 7 immediately prior to and 1 h after dosing to determine plasma firocoxib concentrations. Results In the control group, there was no significant change in LPS-induced PGE2 over time. In contrast, immediately prior to and 1 h after treatment on Day 7, the mean LPS-induced PGE2 concentration decreased significantly compared to Day 0 values in all treated horses. There was no difference in PGE2 or plasma firocoxib concentrations between firocoxib treatment groups. Conclusion In this model, the canine chewable preparation of firocoxib was as effective as the equine paste formulation at reducing LPS-induced PGE2 synthesis. Potential relevance The canine chewable preparation of firocoxib may be a suitable alternative to the paste formulation in horses for situations where extra-label drug use can be legally justified. The Summary is available in Chinese - see Supporting information.
Brugia malayi and Brugia pahangi: synthetic biotin labeling of oligonucleotide probes for use in species-specific detection assays.

Abstract We have developed a novel, high-yield synthetic approach for the incorporation of multiple biotin residues into a series of species-specific oligonucleotide probes for the detection of filarial parasites. The probes are designed to detect species-specific regions of a highly repeated DNA sequence (HhaI repeat) found in all species of Brugia. The synthetic method described in this paper was used to construct oligomer probes tailed on the 5′ end with 1 to 46 biotinylated uridine residues. Probes with 46 biotins were found to be more sensitive than probes with 30 or fewer biotins. We also found that alternating the biotinylated uridine residues with nonbiotinylated thymidine residues improved the sensitivity of the probes. Melting temperature studies indicated that the long tails (up to 91 nucleotides) had only a minimal effect on the Tm of the probes. Conditions were found that optimized the sensitivity of the probes while maintaining their species specificity. Using these conditions, the probes were shown to be sensitive enough to detect single parasites in blood using a chemiluminescent detection system. This method of nonradioactively labeling oligonucleotides for the detection of infectious agents will enable the use of such probes in endemic regions in developing countries.
Self-bleaching mechanism of electrochromic WO3 films

We report the first investigation of the self-bleaching behavior of electrochemically colored WO3 films. These films exhibit accelerated self-bleaching behavior over an 8-hour period when exposed to ambient air and show negligible or limited transmittance changes in other environments. The rate of self-bleaching in these films also depends on their preparation conditions, the electrolytes used in the coloring process, and film thickness and roughness. Self-bleaching in a WO3 film colored by lithium ions can be attributed mainly to the reaction between Li+ ions and water vapor, but self-bleaching in WO3 films colored by protons may be mainly due to the reaction between H+ and oxygen. The fast self-bleaching of the films in their early stages is dominated by the reaction of surface Li+ or H+ ions which are in direct contact with the reactive gases. The rate of self-bleaching increases with increasing film surface roughness but decreases with film thickness. The latter stages of self-bleaching exhibit a slower transmittance increase and are limited by diffusion of the reaction species.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
From the discourse of “the other” to the other discourse: stakeholder‐based models of evaluation and the human side of social welfare

Stakeholder-based evaluation models, like predecessor models, respond to issues and concerns identified as evaluation practice has matured. The characteristics of such models are outlined, and the relationships between stakeholder models, social work values, liberal political goals, and feminist theorizing are explored.
Cloning, expression and crystallization of VMA13p, an essential subunit of the vacuolar H+-ATPase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The expression and crystallization of the VMA13p subunit of the vacuolar proton-translocating ATPase (V-ATPase) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is described. This 478 amino-acid subunit is essential for activity but not for the assembly of this multisubunit complex. The protein has been recombinantly overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified. Diffraction-quality crystals have been obtained using the hanging-drop vapor-diffusion method with ammonium sulfate as precipitant. Several different crystal forms were obtained. The most suitable crystal form for crystallographic characterization belongs to space group P3121 or its enantiomorph, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 118.8, c = 119.3 A. Using an in-house X-ray source, the crystals diffract to about 3.5 A resolution under rapidly frozen conditions.
Cubane Clusters Containing Lanthanide Ions: (py)8Yb4Se4(SePh)4 and (py)10Yb6S6(SPh)6

Chalcogenolates of the smaller lanthanides (Ln) react with elemental chalcogen to give the first examples of cubane clusters containing Ln ions. Both (py)8Yb4Se4(SePh)4 and (py)10Yb6S6(SPh)6 were isolated; the Se compound exhibits the familiar M4E4 structural motif, while the S compound is best described as a double cube. Both structures reveal unusual trends in Yb−chalcogenido bond lengths.
Bernoulli shifts and induced automorphisms

We show that Bernoulli shifts induce, on a dense class of sets, weakly mixing automorphisms which are not mixing. We also show that the non-Bernoulli K -automorphisms described by Ornstein and Shields induce Bernoulli shifts on a dense class of sets. We are therefore able to see that Bernoulli flows may be written as flows under functions over a wide class of automorphisms.
The paradox of de-coupling: A study of flexible work program and workers’ productivity

Abstract Organizational de-coupling occurs when organizational adoption of programs is separated from ongoing activities. Neo-institutional theory asserts it is an effective coping strategy for modern organizations to deal with increasingly elaborated environments. In this paper, we investigate the consequences of organizational de-coupling from an inward-looking within organizational perspective. Specifically, we study how the de-coupling of flexible work program affects workers’ actualization of productivity. Our data analysis suggests that the organizational de-coupling, in which organizations only ceremonially adopt flexible work program without making it available to all workers, is detrimental to the actualization of productivity for workers who were bereft of the opportunity. In contrast, we find that the highest level of productivity actualization is associated with workers who enjoy a factual flexible work schedule which is nevertheless not formally adopted by the employer. The implications of the findings are discussed.
High strain rate mechanical behavior of polyurea

Abstract Stress–strain measurements are reported for an elastomeric polyurea in uniaxial tension over a range of strain rates from 0.06 to 573 s−1. The experiments were carried out on a new drop weight test instrument, which provides mechanical data at strain rates up to 1000 s−1, filling the gap between conventional low speed instruments and split Hopkinson bar tests. The tensile data obtained herein are compared with recent high strain rate compression data on the same material [Yi et al. Polymer 2006;47:319–29]. Advantages of the present measurements include a more uniform strain rate and the ability to ensure homogeneous strain.
Computer Generated Imagery For Model Testing

The U.S. Army CECOM Center for Night Vision and Electro-Optics (C2NVEO) has originated a facility for Computer-generation of Realistic Environments with Atmospheres for Thermal Imagery with Optics and Noise (CREATION). Its application to produce imagery for two visual test series is discussed. Panoramic views of synthetic generic landscapes, with different degrees of clutter and inserted tanks, were produced for a search experiment. Close-up thermograms of vehicles were processed to simulate the impact of different thermal detector organizations, then used to analyze sampling effects. The methods of generating synthetic imagery chosen for these two tasks are compared to software that is readily available and reasons for the particular choices are given.
Umoja: A Culturally Specific Approach to Mentoring Young African American Males

This article reports that urban inner-city African American male youth residing in communities of color are at-risk and warrant interventions custom tailored to meet their unique cultural needs. This article describes a promising community and school-based intervention and prevention program utilizing Washington’s (J Soc Work Gr 2006:14, 2007) pyramid mentoring model designed to foster the positive development of this group, prevent violence, and to reduce contacts with the juvenile and criminal justice system. It discusses and presents African drumming, Spir-rhythms as a Afrocentric cultural arts tool to engage, establish rapport, and provide pyramid group mentoring experiences for African American male youth.
Real-time deformation monitoring with GPS: capabilities and limitations

ABSTRACTGlobal Positioning System (GPS) technology is an emerging tool for structural deformation monitoringapplications. One key technique for achieving millimeter level accuracy with GPS is averaging data overtime to reduce effects of the dominant error sources. Smart structure technology incorporating activecontrol mechanisms, requires information about structural deformations in real-time, with minimal latency.This paper discusses the capabilities and limitations of GPS-based monitoring systems to deliver real-timestructural deformation data with accuracies at the sub-centimeter to millimeter level. Two types of issuesare addressed: system operational performance, and measurement accuracy.Keywords: GPS, Deformation, Monitoring, Systems, Real-time1. INTRODUCTIONIn the last couple of years there has been a growing interest in the potential uses of GPS technology forstructural monitoring applications. Researchers and surveyors have known since the early 1990's that GPScan provide positioning and displacement measurement accuracy in the sub-centimeter to millimeter range.However, until recently, equipment costs and system operational issues have kept it from becoming a costeffective monitoring tool for manmade structures. Today, survey quality GPS receiver boards can be
Direct implementation of an N-qubit controlled-unitary gate in a single step

We present a new scheme to implement an N-qubit controlled-unitary operation directly in a single step. The main advantage of our scheme is that we do not use conventional gate decomposition protocols to break an N-qubit controlled-unitary gate into one- and two-qubit gates. This greatly reduces the number of computational steps in implementing quantum algorithms and error-correcting codes, which use multi-control unitary operations. We show how to find analytic solutions to the time evolution of the system, so that system parameters can be found to realize the desired N-qubit controlled-unitary operations.
Anomalous Energy Transport to Rear Surface of Microdisks at High Laser Irradiances

In CO/sub 2/-laser irradiation of thick microdisk foils, a significant fraction of the absorbed laser energy is found to be coupled to the rear surface. Moreover, K..cap alpha.. and fast-ion emission has given, for the first time, direct evidence that the rear surface is subjected to considerable bombardment, by the transport of hot electrons around the target.