cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolation and properties of watermelon isocitrate lyase

Abstract The glyoxylate cycle enzyme, isocitrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.1) was purified from cotyledons of Citrullus vulgaris (watermelon). The final preparation, which had been 97-fold purified with a specific activity of 16.1 units/mg protein in a yield of 36%, was homogeneous by gel- and immunoelectrophoretic criteria. The tetrameric enzyme had: a molecular weight of 277 000, a sedimentation coefficient of 12.4 s, and a Km for Ds-isocitrate equal to 0.25 mM. Isocitrate lyase from this source is not a glycoprotein as shown by total carbohydrate content after precipitation by trichloroacetic acid of the purified enzyme. Reduction of the enzyme with thiols increased activity and maximal activity was obtained with at least 5 mM dithiothreitol. EDTA partially substituted for thiol in freshly isolated enzyme. Watermelon isocitrate lyase was also protected against thermal denaturation at 60° for at least 1 hr by 5 mM Mg2+ plus 5 mM oxalate. Oxalate was a competitive inhibitor with respect to isocitrate (Ki: 1.5 μM, pH 7.5, 30°).
Incorporation of Pr in YBa2Cu3O7−δ: electronic effects on superconductivity

Considerable excitement has been generated by the report of superconductivity above 90 K in a multi-phase Y–Ba–Cu oxide1. The superconducting phase was subsequently identified as YBa2Cu3O7−δ2,3. The complete replacement of Y by the trivalent rare-earths La–Lu, with the exception of Ce, Pr and Tb, yields a superconducting phase with a critical temperature (Tc) almost identical to that reported for the yttrium compound4–7. This is somewhat surprising as most of these ions carry significant magnetic moments, the presence of which rapidly decreases Tc in ordinary superconductors. The three exceptions noted, Ce, Pr and Tb, are the rare-earth ions which have a stable tetravalent state. Here we present the results of a study of the structure and transport properties of the series of compounds Y1−xPrxBa2Cu3O7−δ (x = 0−1.0), in which we observe a monotonic decrease in Tc and eventually a metal–nsulator transition with increasing Pr concentration. To date, this is the only rare-earth ion which has been found substantially to alter Tc upon partial substitution for Y.
Question-order effects in social network name generators

Abstract Social network surveys are an important tool for empirical research in a variety of fields, including the study of social capital and the evaluation of educational and social policy. A growing body of methodological research sheds light on the validity and reliability of social network survey data regarding a single relation, but much less attention has been paid to the measurement of multiplex networks and the validity of comparisons among criterion relations. In this paper, we identify ways that surveys designed to collect multiplex social network data might be vulnerable to question-order effects. We then test several hypotheses using a split-ballot experiment embedded in an online multiple name generator survey of teachers’ advice networks, collected for a study of complete networks. We conclude by discussing implications for the design of multiple name generator social network surveys.
Yale contributions to meteoric astronomy

Abstract Until 1910 Yale University was more active in research on meteors than any other institution in America. A brief introduction describes the work carried out at other observatories in the United States. Then follow accounts of the Yale activities, starting with speculations on a spectacular fireball of 1742, the Weston fall of meteorites in 1802, and numerous investigations on “shooting stars,” especially by D. Olmsted, E. C. Herrick, H. A. Newton, and W. L. Elkin. These astronomers contributed significantly to the evolution of understanding of meteoric phenomena, from early beliefs that meteors originated in the earth's atmosphere, to theories that fireballs were earth circling satellites, to our current conceptions of the relation between comets, asteroids, and meteors. Incidentally it may be noted that four of the investigators also became presidents of Yale College: Clap (1739–1766), Stiles (1778–1795), Day (1817–1847), and Hadley (1899–1921).
Multidimensional life satisfaction reports of adolescents: a multitrait-multimethod study

Abstract The convergent and discriminant validity of adolescents’ domain-specific life satisfaction reports (family, opposite-sex friends, same-sex friends, self, school, living environment) were investigated using the Students’ Multidimensional Life Satisfaction Scale-Adolescent version [Gilligan, T. D., Huebner, E. S., & Laughlin, J. E. (submitted)]. Analyses of the multitrait, multimethod matrix based on parent and adolescent ratings indicated support for convergent validity, but cautions with respect to discriminant validity. Implications for further research were discussed.
Ag shell morphology on Au nanorod core: role of Ag precursor complex

Multicomponent nanostructures have substantial potential in a wide range of applications due to their unique chemical, optical, and magnetic properties, which arise from their architecture, composition, and associated heterojunctions. Colloidal approaches provide synthetic routes to fabricate these multicomponent metal nanostructures; however the complexity of processing parameters many times limits reproducibility and minimization of undesired secondary structures. By comparing the architecture across a diverse set of processing parameters for Ag shell growth on Au nanorods (NRs), we demonstrate that the composition and size of the in situ formed Ag precursor complex are the most critical contribution to the growth mechanism. Systematic control of these characteristics by varying hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) concentration and aging time of the precursor-template solution, as well as pH and temperature of the final reaction solution, enables reproducible and continuous variation of the Ag shell architecture from conformal to rectilinear, and provides a unifying view of prior literature reports.
Rapidity of the Change of the Kohlrausch Exponent of the α-Relaxation of Glass-Forming Liquids at TB or Tβ and Consequences

Stickel, Fischer, and Richert [J. Chem. Phys. 1996, 104, 2043] found the temperature dependence of the α-relaxation time, τα(T), of many small-molecule glass-forming liquids undergoes a change at a characteristic temperature, TB. On the lowering of temperature, τα(T) changes from one Vogel−Fulcher−Tammann (VFT) dependence, VFTh, that holds for T > TB to another VFT dependence, VFTl, or a non-VFT dependence, nVFTl, for T < TB. In glass-formers, which exhibit a β-relaxation of the Johari−Goldstein type, extrapolation of the Arrhenius temperature dependence of its relaxation time, τβ(T), indicates that it tends to merge into the α-relaxation at a temperature, Tβ. Stickel et al. found also that TB coincides with Tβ. This work augments these important findings by showing that, for fragile glass-formers, on decreasing temperature there is at TB ≈ Tβ a rapid steplike change of the Kohlrausch−Williams−Watts exponent, (1 − n), of the primary α-relaxation correlation function, exp[−(t/τα)1-n]. The size of the stepl...
Recent changes in phosphorus and potassium fertilizer recommendations for Tomato, Pepper, Muskmelon, Watermelon, and Snapbean in Florida

Abstract Mehlich‐I soil‐test calibrations and fertilizer recommendations were reviewed in light of the current literature. This review lead to 22 research/demonstration experiments conducted dominantly on cooperators’ fields. Crops included tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb., Matsum. and Nakai), muskmelons (Cucumis melo L. Reticulatus group), and snapbean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Soils selected for these trials included Ultisols, Spodosols, and Entisols. Minimum data collection at all sites included preplant soil tests (0‐ to 15‐cm depth) using the Mehlich‐I extractant, leaf tissue sampling (usually most recently‐matured leaf), and harvest data using USDA grading standards. Typically, four or five rates of P and/or K were used with four or five replications. The growers’ fertilization practices were also included in the trial. Additional yield samples were collected from outside the experimental area to verify yields obtained by the ...
Molecular changes during prothrombin activation.

Abstract 1. 1. The cleavage of certain arginyl or lysyl bonds in Factor II (prothrobin) yields thrombin. A study was made of the molecular changes occuring during Factor II activation via three pathways: (a) the biological (thromboplastic); (b) tryptic; and(c) “citrate”. 2. 2. The results show that: (a) in the biological system distinct and characteristic physical changes occur, different from those observed in tryptic activation, the most notable being total Factor II disappearance in the latter and more thrombin yield; (b) the intermediates evolving with concentrated citrate differ from those appearing in the biological or tryptic system; (c) concentrated NaCl, a control for the citrate, while not yielding thrombin, alters Factor II physically, whereas citrate not only alters Factor II physically, but at the same time also renders it more susceptible to activation by Factors VII (proconvertin) and X (Stuart); (d) trichloroacetic acid-soluble ninhydrin-reactive fragments released during Factor II conversion in the individual activating systems, differ in number and electrophoretic distribution, characteristic of the particular system; (e) the need for Factors VII and X for Factor II activation by the biological or citrate pathways is reconfirmed, the citrate acting preponderantly by enhancing Factors VII and X activity. 3. 3. The evidence suggests that Factor II may exist in more than one form, each perhaps yielding a different species of thrombin; or a single species of Factor II may be altered differently, depending upon the nature of the particular activating system used.
Updating the Role of Rural Supervision: Perspectives from Alaska

Despite the documented importance of professional experiences in teacher preparation, numerous questions persist as to how university supervisors can effectively contribute to rural preservice teachers’ development and to establish lasting collaborations between involved stakeholders (e.g., collaborating teacher, principal, community). This paper provides insight into the challenges and potential for a comprehensive and updated approach to in-person supervision in a rural sociocultural context. Transcriptions of field notes, observation protocols, and conversations from forty supervision travels to remote Alaska villages are examined and interpreted. Results support a fresh, rural-contextual approach to in-person supervision that has the potential to help preservice teachers not only master effective teaching strategies but also support teacher recruitment, retention, and collaboration.
Disjoint long cycles in a graph

We prove that if G is a graph of order at least 2k with k ⩾ 9 and the minimum degree of G is at least k + 1, then G contains two vertex-disjoint cycles of order at least k. Moreover, the condition on the minimum degree is sharp.
The expanded Laboratory of Collaborative and Field Research

Along with David Asher and Richard Benfante, who also attended the End of Kuru conference, I spoke there as a member of the wandering and far-flung community of Carleton Gajdusek's Bethesda Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). I worked there, originally talking my way into a clerical job, despite having no particular qualifications, as a ‘social science analyst’ from 1967 to the mid-1970s; I tend to think of my job description throughout, however, as ‘handmaiden’. For years I worked on whatever came to hand, or whatever was thrust into my hands by Carleton. After I left the laboratory to go to graduate school in anthropology, I edited with Carleton the volume called Kuru: Correspondence and Field Notes from the Collection of D. Carleton Gajdusek. Since then I have been working on health and medicine in China as a social anthropologist, teaching and doing research in Chicago, North Carolina and Beijing. Like many nostalgic historians and travellers who can claim many homes, like Carleton, even, I have a very partial, very personally motivated version of that place and time. Still, because Carleton, kuru, its scientists and the laboratory had such an important role in my own formation as a person, it interests me to ask: ‘What was kuru from the point of view of the laboratory? What kind of a place was the laboratory?’ My answers to these questions have become broader and vaguer over the years but my interest in understanding this past is no less intense than it ever was.
Prospective analysis of coronary calcium in patients on dialysis undergoing a near-total parathyroidectomy

Background Patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism and on dialysis are more likely to die of cardiovascular disease than the general population; and we have reported that near-total parathyroidectomy (NTPTX) reduces that mortality rate. Patients on dialysis experience an average of a 15% increase in coronary calcification yearly, contributing to cardiovascular death. Cardiac computed tomography (CT) enables objective measuring of coronary calcium. The purpose of our study was to determine the impact of NTPTX on coronary artery calcium score (CACS). Methods CACS measurement was performed in patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease before and after NTPTX from 2001 to 2008. Demographics, morbidities, CACS, outcomes, intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) measurements in follow-up (mean, 5.1 years) were maintained in an institutional review board–approved prospective database. Of 31 patients, 19 (61%) returned for a follow-up coronary CT. Results Preoperative mean PTH level and CACS were 1,794 ± 943 pg/mL and 979 ± 079, respectively; postoperatively, PTH and CACS were 321 ± 244 pg/mL (P 400) compared with patients with stable postoperative PTH, CACS increased by 804 ± 1082 versus 16 ± 84 (P = .02). Conclusion Successful NTPTX with stable postoperative PTH levels is associated with stabilization of CACS in patients with severe secondary hyperparathyroidism undergoing hemodialysis, which could contribute to the improved survival seen after NTPTX.
Isolation and excision of murine aorta; a versatile technique in the study of cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular disease is a broad term describing disease of the heart and/or blood vessels. The main blood vessel supplying the body with oxygenated blood is the aorta. The aorta may become affected in diseases such as atherosclerosis and aneurysm. Researchers investigating these diseases would benefit from direct observation of the aorta to characterize disease progression as well as to evaluate efficacy of potential therapeutics. The goal of this protocol is to describe proper isolation and excision of the aorta to aid investigators researching cardiovascular disease. Isolation and excision of the aorta allows investigators to look at gross morphometric changes as wells as allowing them to preserve and stain the tissue to look at histologic changes if desired. The aorta may be used for molecular studies to evaluate protein and gene expression to discover targets of interest and mechanisms of action. This technique is superior to imaging modalities as they have inherent limitations in technology and cost. Additionally, primary isolated cells from a freshly isolated and excised aorta can allowing researchers to perform further in situ and in vitro assays. The isolation and excision of the aorta has the limitation of having to sacrifice the animal however, in this case the benefits outweigh the harm as it is the most versatile technique in the study of aortic disease.
Safely reducing the cost of unit level symbolic execution through read/write analysis

Symbolic execution is a powerful tool to systematically explore programs, but it must be applied judiciously to be cost-effective, particularly with large program units. This work focuses on symbolically executing classes. While this technique can lead to a complete exploration, it can also be very expensive, combining the costs of symbolic execution with those of exploring the resulting method tree. Existing approaches addressing this problem either incur considerable overhead or can skip valuable sequences. We propose reducing this cost by leveraging a read/write analysis to track possible changes between methods. By identifying calls to a class's fields, sequences involving methods that cannot interact with accesses by previous methods may be pruned. This drastically reduces the cost to determine whether a method call could lead to unique states while considerably reducing the method tree. Preliminary evaluations show our technique can be more efficient than alternative approaches that guarantee complete path coverage.
Seasonal relationships of relative weight to body composition in white crappie, Pomoxis annularis Rafinesque

. White crappies, Pomoxis annularis Rafinesque, were collected from two Texas reservoirs during pre-spawn, post-spawn, and autumn periods to evaluate seasonal relationships of relative weight (Wr) to body composition. Seasonal variations in Wr corresponded to cycles of lipid as a percentage of body weight. Lipid content and liver weight as percentages of total body weight of crappies from a population where individuals had high Wr values were consistently higher than corresponding values for crappies from a population where individuals had low Wr values. During autumn, lipid content, and liver and gonad tissue as percentages of body weight were positively correlated with Wr, and moisture and protein were inversely related to Wr. Percentage of mature eggs was positively correlated to Wr in pre-spawn crappies.
Proteomic analyses of the acute tissue response for explant rabbit corneas and engineered corneal tissue models following in vitro exposure to 1540-nm laser light

Two-dimensional electrophoresis and histomorphometry were used to determine if equivalent protein changes occurred within native rabbit corneas and engineered corneal tissue models following in vitro exposure to single pulse, 1540 nm laser light operating at a pulse width of 0.8 milliseconds. Frozen sections of exposed tissues were processed to detect laser-induced protein changes. Isoelectric points, molecular weights and relative densities were used to characterize corneal proteins of interest that were then identified using MALDI-MS peptide fragment analysis. Increasing radiant exposures of corneal tissues were associated with progressively more severe necrosis of the epithelium and stroma in both the native and engineered tissues.
Conifer growth on residual organic soils: A greenhouse study

Legislation is being considered in Minnesota to broaden existing strip-mine reclamation laws to include the expanding peat harvesting industry, but the lack of information on plant-residual organic soil relationships will make compliance with such guidelines difficult. A greenhouse study was established to provide basic information on three representative residual organic soils and their capacity to support Scotch pine, black spruce, Norway spruce, and white spruce seedlings under different fertilizer regimes. The nature of the residual soil, the species grown upon it, the amount and type of fertilizer added, and the interactions between these factors significantly affected seedling growth, emphasizing the importance of treating each mined site as an individual case. Poor growth on a Fibrist was attributed to soil acidity, with added fertilizer further reducing growth. Seedling performance was excellent on a Hemist, particularly when fertilized with micronutrients and a high rate of NPK. A strong relationship was identified between spruce growth and foliar Cu levels, and a critical value of 3.7 μg g−1 was estimated for spruce on this Cu-deficient soil. Seedling performance was satisfactory on a Saprist, with all species responding to low rates of NPK and some to high rates of NPK plus micronutrients. The non-factorial arrangement of the fertilizer treatments made it difficult to determine which element or elements were limiting on this soil. The results of soil chemical analyses could be used to make general statements on the relative fertility of the residual soils. However, they could not be used to make statements on the availability of specific nutrients.
Design implications for enterprise storage systems via multi-dimensional trace analysis

Enterprise storage systems are facing enormous challenges due to increasing growth and heterogeneity of the data stored. Designing future storage systems requires comprehensive insights that existing trace analysis methods are ill-equipped to supply. In this paper, we seek to provide such insights by using a new methodology that leverages an objective, multi-dimensional statistical technique to extract data access patterns from network storage system traces. We apply our method on two large-scale real-world production network storage system traces to obtain comprehensive access patterns and design insights at user, application, file, and directory levels. We derive simple, easily implementable, threshold-based design optimizations that enable efficient data placement and capacity optimization strategies for servers, consolidation policies for clients, and improved caching performance for both.
Comparison of reduction methods for gas chromatographic—mass spectrometric identification and quantitation of uronic acids in acidic polysaccharides

Abstract Four different reduction procedures were evaluated for their efficiency in dideuterating uronic acids in acidic polysaccharides. A method using 8 M urea to dissolve the polymers and 1-chyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinoethyl)-carbodiimide metho- p -toluene sulfonate (CMC) to form uronide esters provided the best uronide dideuteration and uronic acid and neutral hexose sugar recoveries. Of the total uronic acid detected by a colorimetric assay, 20–30% was recovered as specific uronic acids from low-viscosity biopolymers by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry when this reduction procedure was employed. Lower and more variable recoveries of uronic acids were obtained from high-viscosity polysaccharides. The technique provided positive identification of the uronic acids in all five acidic polymers tested, even when the polymer also contained the corresponding neutral sugar analogue. Although quantitative recovery of uronic acids was not obtained, the technique nevertheless provides useful information on the relative contribution of uronic acids and neutral sugars in unpurified low-viscosity polymer preparations.
Systems analysis and emergency command and control systems for municipalities and law enforcement

This article is designed to provide insight into methodologies that can be used to assess alternative emergency command and control systems for municipalities and law enforcement. Some potential pitfalls and errors are highlighted.
A STUDY OF THE HARD MAGNETIC PROPERTIES IN DIFFERENT HARD MAGNETIC MATERIALS

Etude de Nd 15 Fe 77 B 8 , SmCo 5 , Sm 2 (Co, Fe, Cu, Zr) 17 , des aimants a ferrite de strontium et de particules monodomaines de ferrite de Ba et de Cu-Mn-Al. Mesure des courbes d'aimantation initiale, de la variation avec le champ de la coercivite et des courbes de remanences
Anterior segment tumor biopsy using an aspiration cutter technique: clinical experience.

Purpose To report the results and complications of an aspiration cutter-assisted anterior segment tumor biopsy performed under viscoelastic. Design Retrospective, consecutive, interventional case series. Methods Fifty-five patients with anterior segment tumors underwent aspiration cutter-assisted biopsy at a single center. Fifty-six biopsies were performed, because 1 eye underwent biopsy twice. Indications for biopsy included: suspected anterior segment malignancy, patient's desire for pathologic confirmation before treatment, atypical tumor, and genetic tumor analysis. The main evaluated outcomes were the perioperative visual acuity, the biopsy technique, and related complications. Results The initial sample comprised 55 consecutively biopsied patients, from which a minimum 1-month follow-up existed for 52 biopsy samples. The median total follow-up was 30.4 months (range, 1 to 190 months). The mean initial visual acuity was 20/50 before and 20/50 1 month after biopsy. No patient lost vision. Most cases were suspected iris melanoma (n = 39/56; 69.6%), followed by suspicious iris nevi (n = 4/56; 7.1%) and melanocytoma (n = 4/56; 7.1%). Seven (n = 7/52; 13.4%) wounds required a single 10-0 nylon suture to achieve negative Seidel test results at the corneal entry site. Postoperative surgical findings included transiently increased intraocular pressure (n = 6/52; 11.5%), 1 hyphema, 1 flare, and 1 persistent pupillary defect. All but the pupillary defect resolved within 4 weeks of the biopsy procedure. There were no secondary infections or cataracts. Conclusions This study suggests that small-incision, aspiration cutter-assisted anterior segment biopsy seems to be a safe and effective procedure. No short- or long-term complications that would prevent its use were noted.
Bidirectional incompatibility between conspecific populations of Drosophila simulans

Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) describes the phenomenon whereby eggs fertilized by sperm from insects infected with a rickettsial endosymbiont fail to hatch. Unidirectional CI between conspecific populations of insects is a well documented phenomenon. Bidirectional CI has, however, only been described in mosquito populations, and recently between closely related species of parasitic wasps, where it is of interest as both an unusual form of reproductive isolation and as a potential means of insect population suppression. Here we report on the first known example of bidirectional CI between conspecific populations of Drosophila simulans. Further, we show that defects as early as the first cleavage division are associated with CI. This observation suggests that the cellular basis of CI involves disruption of processes before or during zygote formation and that CI arises from defects in the structure and/or function of the sperm during fertilization.
Weight-Length Relationships in Fisheries Studies: The Standard Allometric Model Should Be Applied with Caution

Abstract The standard allometric weight-length relationship W = aLb is widely used in fisheries science to estimate the weight of fish of known length and to compute body condition indices. This relationship is used in abundance surveys such as acoustic surveys to convert abundance at length into estimates of population biomass. Although fitting this relationship to weight-length data over a broad range of body sizes is common practice, the fit of this relationship often does not receive careful scrutiny. We explored the fit of the allometric model as well as alternative weight-length relationships to data from acoustic surveys of walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma from the North Pacific and found a subtle but persistent lack of fit for the allometric relationship, particularly for the largest and smallest fish in the population. This lack of fit results in biased estimates of population biomass. Analysis of weight-length measurements of 10 additional species indicates that these biases are not restric...
Assessment of the mechanism by which prolactin stimulates progesterone production by early corpora lutea of pigs.

Previously, we reported that administration of prolactin (PRL) during the early luteal phase in sows increases plasma progesterone concentrations. In the current study, we searched for the mechanisms by which PRL exerts this luteotrophic effect. The objectives of the study were (1) to examine the effect of PRL and/or low-density lipoproteins (LDL) on progesterone production by porcine luteal cells derived from early corpora lutea, and (2) to assess the ability of PRL to activate phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) and protein kinase C (PKC) in these luteal cells. Ovaries with early corpora lutea (day 1-2 of the oestrous cycle) were obtained from the slaughterhouse. Progesterone production by dispersed luteal cells was measured after treatment with PRL, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate or inhibitors of PKC in the presence or absence of LDL. LDL increased progesterone concentration in the incubation medium (304.5 vs 178.6 ng/ml in control, P 0.05). Staurosporine, a PKC inhibitor, inhibited progesterone secretion stimulated by the combined action of LDL and PRL; however, such inhibition was not demonstrated when cells were treated with the PKC inhibitor, H-7. PKC activation was assessed by measuring the specific association of [ 3 H]phorbol dibutyrate ( 3 H-PDBu) with luteal cells after treatment with PRL or ionomycin (a positive control). PRL and ionomycin increased 3 H-PDBu-specific binding in early luteal cells by 28 ± 5.5% (within 5 min) and 70.2 ± 19.3% (within 2 min) over control binding respectively (P<0.05). In addition, PRL did not augment the LDL-stimulated progesterone production in PKC-deficient cells. In contrast with PKC, total inositol phosphate accumulation, as well as intracellular free calcium concentrations, were not affected by PRL in the current study. We conclude that PRL, in the presence of LDL, stimulates progesterone production by early corpora lutea in vitro. Moreover, PRL appears to activate PKC, but not PI-PLC, in these cells. Thus intracellular transduction of the PRL signal may involve activation of PKC that is not dependent on PI-PLC.
Influences of Surface Preparation on Nanoindentation Pop-in in Single Crystal Mo

Influences of surface preparation on the pop-in behavior of single-crystal Mo were examined in nanoindentation experiments. The Mo surface was prepared by electropolishing and then damaged in a controlled way by polishing with 0.05 μm alumina. The damaged layer was systematically removed in steps by chemo-mechanical polishing with the pop-in behavior statistically characterized at each step. The observations show how the statistics of pop-in can be used as a sensitive indicator of the state of mechanical damage in very thin surface layers.
Interpretation of the light scattering from long rods.

Oosawa, F., Asakura, S.. Hotta. K., Imai, N. & Ooi, J. (1959). J. Polymer Sci. 37, 323336. Remenchik, A. P. & Bernsobn, J. (1967). Anal. Biochem. 18, l-9. Shelanski, RI. L., Gaskin, F. & Cantor, C, R. (1973). Proc. Nut. Acad. Sci., U.S.A. 70, 765-768. Tilney, L. G. & Porter, K. R. (1967). J. Cell BioZ. 34, 327-341. Tilney, L. G., Hiramoto, Y. & Marsland, D. (1966). J. Cell BioZ. 29, 77-95. Ventilla, M., Cantor, C. R. & Shelanski, M. L. (1972). Biochemistry, 11, 15541561. Weisenberg, R. C. (1972). Science, 177, 1104-1105.
SERUM SICKNESS IN RABBITS : I. MANIFESTATIONS OF SERUM SICKNESS.

1. The injection of a single large dose of normal horse serum into rabbits results in the appearance 3 to 8 days later of erythematous and edematous reactions on the ears in 68.9 per cent of the animals. 2. The injections may be given by any of several routes and reactions appear when the site of injection is definitely distant from the ears. 3. Injections of various antisera into rabbits cause the appearance of similar reactions. 4. These reactions can be considered as manifestations of serum sickness in rabbits.
Communication requirements and network evaluation within electronic meeting system environments

Abstract One of the key issues in the design and implementation of Electronic Meeting Systems (EMS) is the identification of appropriate support for computer communications. Lack of adequate communication support can create a bottleneck in the use of EMS. Our objective is to identify the communication needs of several different EMS environments and to discuss an approach that can be used to evaluate the required communication support. We then use this approach to benchmark the performance of two Local Area Network (LAN) operating systems (IBM LAN program and Novell Netware) and three network servers(IBM PS/2 models 50, 60 and 80) in one EMS environment. While network operating systems have received comparatively less attention in LAN evaluation and design, fully 75% of the response time in some configurations was due solely to the network operating system. The Novell Netware software running on the IBM PS/2 model 50 server provided at least as great speed at lower cost than any other configuration tested. For the small files common to one style of EMS environment (i.e. under 2.5K), response time was not affected by the size of the file but rather was determined by the fixed overhead imposed by the network operating system.
Reagan names new science advisor

On May 19th the White House announced that Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) physicist George Keyworth had been chosen for the position of science advisor to President Reagan. Evidently, Keyworth was selected after several other candidates, mostly from industry, had been eliminated from the running. The position of science advisor to President Reagan has been controversial. White House staff memoranda released over the past few months gave hints of the Administration's not wanting to fill the post vacated by geophysicist Frank Press. The ‘corporate board structure’ planned for the new administration simply did not have a logical place for a scientist with access to the President. After widespread outcries from the scientific community, the decision to eliminate the post of science advisor was reversed, followed by a quick search for a suitable candidate.
Nuclear segmentation in microscope cell images: A hand-segmented dataset and comparison of algorithms

Image segmentation is an essential step in many image analysis pipelines and many algorithms have been proposed to solve this problem. However, they are often evaluated subjectively or based on a small number of examples. To fill this gap, we hand-segmented a set of 97 fluorescence microscopy images (a total of 4009 cells) and objectively evaluated some previously proposed segmentation algorithms.
Safety, Energy Efficiency, and Cost Efficacy of the C-Leg for Transfemoral Amputees: A Review of the Literature

The purpose of this paper was to review the literature through a structured literature review and provide a grade of recommendation for patient safety, gait energy efficiency, and cost effectiveness of the C-Leg microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knee for transfemoral amputees. Medline (Ovid) and CINAHL (EBSCO) data bases were searched to identify potentially pertinent studies within the 1995– 2009 time range. Studies were screened and sorted. Pertinent studies were rated for methodologic quality and for risk of bias. Following assessment of methodologic quality and bias risk, the level of evidence and a grade of recommendation was determined for each of three categories: Safety, energy efficiency, and cost effectiveness. A total of 18 articles were determined to be pertinent: seven for safety, eight for energy efficiency, and three for cost effectiveness. Methodologic quality was low with a moderate risk of bias in the safety and energy effectiveness categories. Studies in cost effectiveness received high scores for methodologic quality. Though methodologic quality varied across the selected topics, there was sufficient evidence to suggest increased efficacy of the C-Leg in the areas of safety, energy efficiency and cost when compared with other prosthetic knees for transfemoral amputees.
GMx33 Associates with the Trans-Golgi Matrix in a Dynamic Manner and Sorts within Tubules Exiting the Golgi

The trans-Golgi matrix consists of a group of proteins dynamically associated with the trans-Golgi and thought to be involved in anterograde and retrograde Golgi traffic, as well as interactions with the cytoskeleton and maintenance of the Golgi structure. GMx33 is localized to the cytoplasmic face of the trans-Golgi and is also present in a large cytoplasmic pool. Here we demonstrate that GMx33 is dynamically associated with the trans-Golgi matrix, associating and dissociating with the Golgi in seconds. GMx33 can be locked onto the trans-Golgi matrix by GTPS, indicating that its association is regulated in a GTP-dependent manner like several other Golgi matrix proteins. Using live-cell imaging we show that GMx33 exits the Golgi associated with tubules and within these tubules GMx33 segregates from transmembrane proteins followed by fragmentation of the tubules into smaller tubules and vesicles. Within vesicles produced by an in vitro budding reaction, GMx33 remains segregated in a matrixlike tail region that sometimes contains Golgin-245. This trans-matrix often links a few vesicles together. Together these data suggest that GMx33 is a member of the trans-Golgi matrix and offer clues regarding the role of the trans-Golgi matrix in sorting and exit from the Golgi.
Pediatric integrative medicine and the balance of power

Abstract The relationship between practitioner and patient in pediatric integrative medicine is complex. The balance of power, contributing factors, and suggestions for strategies are discussed.
Edelstein - Invited Speaker

Summary form only given: This talk will present a broad and detailed discussion of technical issues facing advanced Cu/low-k and /ULK BEOL technologies, and potential solutions being worked on to address them. Of particular focus will be the relationship between integration and reliability for the issues. Some key metallization, dielectric, and packaging elements will be addressed. Today, work has begun on the 22 nm CMOS node (35 nm half-pitch wiring), which represents our 8th full-node Cu BEOL generation, and a 1/10x scaling from our original introduction. For fine Cu wires on high-performance logic chips, scaling phenomena have led to a crossover at 32 nm node of process/reliability margins below technology needs. This raises the need for changes to the wiring structure and materials. Whereas some of these changes have been exploratory in the past, they may now be essential. For example, selective metal caps, Cu-alloy dopants, and/or noble metal liner components may be required to maintain an open process/reliability window. These changes may also bring new detriments relative to the near-ideal PVD TaN/Ta/Cu liner/seed and dielectric barrier cap solution of previous nodes. The BEOL insulator has evolved during this time-span, from SiO 2 with k = 4.1 through various increments down to porous SiCOH with k = 2.2, and to airgaps with k=1.0. (The corresponding effective dielectric constants have migrated from 4.3 to 2.5, and to 2.0, respectively). Significant learning in interfaces, mechanics, and material + interface optimizations have helped solve BEOL mechanical and chip-packaging problems for successively weaker and more brittle insulators, to survive large packaging-induced tensile stresses on the chip terminals and periphery. This area of engineering has been an essential enabler to the successful manufacturing of large packaged chips containing ultralow-k BEOL insulators.
A dynamic system simulation of leader and group effects on context for learning

Abstract The dynamic interactions of leaders and followers often result in important strategic resources and competencies that are critical to an organization's success. Yet there is little research that explicitly addresses how the skill levels of leaders and followers are linked as a socially constructed strategic resource is created. This article describes an agent-based dynamic model simulation of the creation of Group Context-for-Learning, which is an intangible strategic resource that supports organizational learning. The simulation describes developmental paths showing the growth in Group Context-for-Learning for various leader–group combinations. While both leader and workgroup skill levels affected the developmental paths shown by different groups, a highly skilled group invariably produced a better developmental path than a low skilled group, regardless of the leader's skill level.
Discriminative Stimulus Properties of Δ9‐Tetrahydrocannabinol: Mechanistic Studies

Abstract: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) produces a multiplicity of pharmacologic effects including analgesic, antiinflammatory, anticonvulsant, antidiarrheal, antiglaucoma, antihypertensive, and sedative effects. Efforts to elucidate the neurochemical systems mediating the THC effects have used these and related endpoints. However, animal models useful for evaluating the mechanisms by which THC produces its unique subjective effects have only recently been established. The use of drugs as discriminative stimuli provides a means for studying such mechanisms, since generalization data from this test closely correlate with subjective properties observed in clinical studies. The present study examined the ability of various drugs to mimic or block the cue produced by THC In rats. In animals trained to discriminate 3.2 mg/kg THC from vehicle, generalization occurred consistently with cannabinoids such as 11-OH-THC, HHC, and nabilone. Stereoselective generalization was also obtained with isomers of a potent analgesic, nantradol; potencies were consistent with results from other endpoints. In contrast, THC cueing was not produced by agents acting on adrenergic, cholinergic, serotonergic, GABAergic, or opiate systems. Similarly, a number of drugs previously reported to antagonize various nonunique effects of THC uniformly failed to block its subjective properties. These results indicate that the subjective properties of THC are mediated through as yet unidentified neurochemical systems.
New binary morphological operations for effective low-cost boundary detection

In this paper, new operational definitions of binary morphological, both conditional and nonconditional, operations are proposed. The new operations are applied to detect boundary points from binary images. Comparisons of boundary detection algorithms using proposed, standard morphological, and gradient-based operations, showing the effectiveness of the proposed operations, are given. Comparative hardware implementations of standard and proposed morphological operations are also given. Main distinguishing aspects of the new operations are: speed and low hardware implementation (i.e., e.g., low number of buffers and D-Flip–Flops).
Operating system resource management

Resource management is the dynamic allocation and de-allocation by an operating system of processor cores, memory pages, and various types of bandwidth to computations that compete for those resources. The objective is to allocate resources so as to optimize responsiveness subject to the finite resources available. Historically, resource management solutions have been relatively unsystematic, and now the very assumptions underlying the traditional strategies fail to hold. First, applications increasingly differ in their ability to exploit resources, especially processor cores. Second, application responsiveness is approximately two-valued for "Quality-Of-Service" (QOS) applications, depending on whether deadlines are met. Third, power and battery energy have become constrained. This talk will propose a scheme for addressing the operating system resource management problem.
DYNAMICS OF HIERARCHY FORMATION: THE SEQUENTIAL DEVELOPMENT OF DOMINANCE RELATIONSHIPS

A method for investigating the behavioral sequences used in forming dominance hierarchies is presented. There are four possible sequences for the formation of the first two dominance relationships in groups of three individuals (triads). Designating the winner in the first relationship formed as the initial dominant, the loser as the initial subordinate, and the animal not involved as the bystander, the four possible sequences are: (1) the initial dominants goes on to dominate the bystander (Double Dominance), (2) the bystander later dominates the initial subordinate (Double Subordinance), (3) the bystander later dominates the initial dominant (Bystander Dominates Initial Dominant), and (4) the initial subordinate later dominates the bystander (Initial Subordinate Dominates Bystander). Although each sequence has an equal probability of occurrence if dominance relationships are formed randomly, two of the sequences have different implications for the formation of the empirically common linear and near linear hierarchies than the other two. Linear and near linear hierarchies are, by definition, composed of all or nearly all triads with transitive dominance relationships (A dominates B, B dominates C, and A dominates C), while hierarchies far from linearity have many triads with intransitive relationships (A dominates B, B dominates C, and C dominates A). Double Dominance and Double Subordinance sequences guarantee the formation of triads with transitive dominance relationships, but the other two sequences can give triads with either transitive or intransitive relationships. Linear and near lincar hierarchies are ensured, therefore, by a preponderance of Double Dominance and Double Subordinance sequences in the component triads of larger groups. In an application of the method developed, sequences of dominance relationships formed in groups of three and four chickens were analyzed. In both experiments Double Dominance and Double Subordinance composed the overwhelming majority of all sequences - 91 % in triads and 87 % in tetrads. A further set of results indicated that intransitive relationships were common in "constructed" triads where chickens met only as component pairs and not in "real" triads where all three met together at the same time. These results suggest that hierarchy formation can be best viewed as a developmental process where preceding dominance interactions influence succeeding ones. This view was characterized as the "jigsaw puzzle" model of hierarchy formation, and it was contrasted with the more classical approach of explaining hierarchy structures by differences in the individual characteristics of group members. Many species beside chickens form linear and near linear hierarchies, and it was hypothesized that Double Dominance and Double Subordinance sequences also compose the majority of sequence occurrences in many of these species. The data available for other species were reviewed and offered tentative support for the hypothesis.
Design Methodology Management Using Graph Grammars

In this paper, we present a design methodology management system, which assists designers in selecting a suitable design process and invoking the selected sequence of tools on the correct versions of design data. We introduce a formal graph representation of design methodologies in which nodes represent either tasks or design data. Using a graph grammar, nodes representing abstract tasks are replaced by graphs of less abstract tasks and intermediate specifications. Graph grammars enable us to concisely and flexibly describe a large class of methodologies. Often there are several alternative methodologies or tools available for some subtasks, leading to different results. Our system utilizes automated control agents, in combination with user interaction, to select among methodologies and invoke tools. Multiple alternatives can easily be explored simultaneously.
Scattering analysis of FSS reflectors using Huygen's principle

The scattered fields from an illuminated FSS (frequency selective surface) reflector are formalized using Huygen's principle in such a way that the reflection and transmission cases are treated identically. A physical optics approach is used to obtain the scattered fields from equivalent electric and magnetic surface currents on the surface of the FSS reflector. The equivalent surface currents on the curved FSS geometry are approximately obtained using local reflection/transmission matrices of the FSS. It is demonstrated that the approach described here reduces to the approach of D. Bresciani and S.Contu (1985) in the case of an electrically thin FSS. In the transmission case the advantages of the approach described here are that only integration over the FSS reflector surface is required and that the scattered field represents a modification to the illuminating field. An example using a planar FSS reflector is presented. >