cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of ems for seriously ill children in the office: A survey of primary care physicians

Objectives. To describe how primary care physicians (PCPs) transport seriously ill children from their offices to emergency departments (EDs). Methods. The authors conducted a mail survey of PCPs in upstate New York. Results. The response rate was 60% (119/199). Sixty-six percent (79/119) of the physicians had transferred at least one child from their office to an ED via EMS. Forty-five percent (53/119) had encountered a case of suspected epiglottitis in the office. EMS was used to send 45% (24/53) of suspected epiglottitis cases to the ED, while 40% (21/53) transferred children with possible epiglottitis via family auto. Similarly, the family's auto was used to transport 26% (6/23) of the patients with suspected foreign body aspiration, 46% (32/70) with severe asthma, 59% (30/51) with severe dehydration, and 37% (14/38) with suspected meningococcemia. In contrast, the family's auto was never used for patients with active seizures. The physicians denied that they would call EMS more often if transport tim...
Linear systems formulation of image analysis in the presence of both aberrations and surface scatter

Image analysis in the presence of surface scatter due to residual optical fabrication errors is often perceived to be complicated, non-intuitive and computationally intensive. The linear systems formulation of surface scatter phenomena has resulted in the development of an angle spread function that is completely analogous to the point spread function in modern image formation theory; i.e., surface scatter can be treated very similar to conventional wavefront aberrations. For multi-element imaging systems degraded by both surface scatter and aberrations, the composite point spread function is obtained in explicit form in terms of convolutions of the geometrical point spread function and the angle spread functions of the individual surfaces of the imaging system. The approximations and assumptions in this formulation are discussed in detail, and the result is compared to the irradiance distribution obtained using commercial software for the case of a two-mirror EUV telescope. The two results are virtually identical.
Regiospecific Michael reactions to an enedione

Abstract The directionality of Michael additions to unsymmetrical enedione 1 is governed by product development control in the emerging enolate intermediate.
Emergency ambulance location using the contiguous zone search routine

Abstract This paper reports on a study to select permanent emergency ambulance sites for the city of Austin, Texas. A facility location algorithm referred to as the contiguous zone search routine (CZSR) was developed to capitalize on the availability of a large data base of interzone travel times. This algorithm was coupled to an existing emergency medical system simulation model (CALL) to permit systematic evaluations of system performance directed at improving average response time. This combination of a simulation model and heuristicsearch routine permitted a degree of model realism not available with deterministic location algorithms currently in use. The output from the system simulation provided the city with a rich description of system performance to evaluate the desirability of locations selected by the heuristic search routine and a set of joint use sites selected by the city. A final analysis confined to the set of joint use sites identified, in priority order, twelve locations for EMS vehicles to be phased in over a five year period. The paper concludes with some observations on the process of public sector planning.
The South in Black and White: Race, Sex, and Literature in the 1940s

If the nation as a whole during the 1940s was halfway between the Great Depression of the 1930s and the postwar prosperity of the 1950s, the South found itself struggling through an additional transition, one bound up in an often violent reworking of its own sense of history and regional identity. Examining the changing nature of racial politics in the 1940s, McKay Jenkins measures its impact on white Southern literature, history, and culture. Jenkins focuses on four white Southern writers--W. J. Cash, William Alexander Percy, Lillian Smith, and Carson McCullers--to show how they constructed images of race and race relations within works that professed to have little, if anything, to do with race. Sexual isolation further complicated these authors' struggles with issues of identity and repression, he argues, allowing them to occupy a space between the privilege of whiteness and the alienation of blackness. Although their views on race varied tremendously, these Southern writers' uneasy relationship with their own dominant racial group belies the idea that ""whiteness"" was an unchallenged, monolithic racial identity in the region.
Reference-based DNA shotgun sequencing: Information theoretic limits

The reference-based DNA shotgun assembly problem is studied from an information-theoretic point of view. The entire sequence has to be assembled based on a reference sequence which is a noisy version of the desired one, and a set of short reads sampled from the desired sequence. Two necessary conditions on the underlying parameters for reconstruction are obtained. A reference-based assembly algorithm is proposed, and it is shown that under these conditions the algorithm can reconstruct the sequence with high probability.
Effects of prenatal exposure to ethanol on systems matching: the number of neurons in the ventrobasal thalamic nucleus of the mature rat.

Abstract Following prenatal exposure to ethanol, rats have a 1/3 fewer neurons in the second order (principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve) and fourth order neurons (somatosensory cortex) of the trigeminal–somatosensory pathway than do controls. Based on the numerical matching hypothesis, we predict that the number of third-order neurons (in the ventrobasal nucleus of the thalamus; VB) also will show a similar effect of prenatal ethanol exposure. Stereological methods were used to determine the total number of neurons in the VB on postnatal day 30. Surprisingly, prenatal exposure to ethanol had no effect on the VB volume or on the number of VB neurons. Thus, prenatal exposure to ethanol induces numerical imbalances within the trigeminal–somatosensory system.
Microbial flora of the subglottis in intubated pediatric patients

Abstract Infection of the intubated subglottis is felt to be one of the many factors involved in the pathogenesis of acquired cicatricial subglottic stenosis. The precise role of infection is unclear and the microbial flora has not been established. An analysis of subglottic culture material, from 22 intubated pediatric patients undergoing tracheotomy, has been performed to establish the nature of the subglottic microbial flora. Fifty-nine isolates were found, including 19 types of organisms. The number of isolates per patient ranged from one to eight, with an average of 2.7 isolates per patient. The most common isolates in the 22 patients were α-hemolytic Streptococcus viridans (17 isolates-77%), Neisseria sp. (6 isolates-27%), Pseudomonas sp. (5 isolates-22%), and coagulase negative Staphylococcus sp. (5 isolates-22%). This data indicates that colonization of the subglottis in intubated pediatric patients is polymicrobial in nature. α-Hemolytic Streptococcus viridans and Neisseria sp. were most common, with a shift in cultured flora towards Pseudomonas sp. in patients intubated for more than 10 days. In view of this, antimicrobial therapy may be of benefit in preventing acquired cicatricial subglottic stenosis.
Academic Identity Status and the Relationship to Achievement Goal Orientation

Resumen en: Introduction. Two constructs that have received a great deal of attention in Educational Psychology research are Achievement Orientation and Identity Sta...
Challenges in Automating Maze Detection

SALT is a widely used annotation approach for analyzing natural language transcripts of children. Nine annotated corpora are distributed along with scoring software to provide norming data. We explore automatic identification of mazes ‐ SALT’s version of disfluency annotations ‐ and find that cross-corpus generalization is very poor. This surprising lack of crosscorpus generalization suggests substantial differences between the corpora. This is the first paper to investigate the SALT corpora from the lens of natural language processing, and to compare the utility of different corpora collected in a clinical setting to train an automatic annotation system.
Nature of ‘Pollinator’ Effect in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Haploid Production

Abstract Haploids (2n=24) of the common tetraploid (2n=48) potato (Solanum tuberosumL.) provide promising material for attacking many problems concerned with the genetics, cytogenetics and breeding of this species. Interspecific 4x×2xcrosses betweenSolanum tuberosumgp.Andigenaor gp.Tuberosumcultivars as pistillate parents andSolanum tuberosumgp.Phurejaas source of pollen (hereafter ‘pollinator’) have been used to produce maternally derived haploids through parthenogenesis. This paper discusses the nature of the ‘pollinator’ effect in haploid extraction. The ‘pollinator’ had a significant effect on haploid frequencies following 4x×2xcrosses. The ‘pollinator’ effect seems to operate via the endosperm, in which haploid (n=2x) embryos are associated with hexaploid endosperm. A superior ‘pollinator’ appears to have its effect by contributing two haploid (n) gametes to the central cell.
flowPeaks: a fast unsupervised clustering for flow cytometry data via K-means and density peak finding

Motivation: For flow cytometry data, there are two common approaches to the unsupervised clustering problem: one is based on the finite mixture model and the other on spatial exploration of the histograms. The former is computationally slow and has difficulty to identify clusters of irregular shapes. The latter approach cannot be applied directly to high-dimensional data as the computational time and memory become unmanageable and the estimated histogram is unreliable. An algorithm without these two problems would be very useful. Results: In this article, we combine ideas from the finite mixture model and histogram spatial exploration. This new algorithm, which we call flowPeaks, can be applied directly to high-dimensional data and identify irregular shape clusters. The algorithm first uses K-means algorithm with a large K to partition the cell population into many small clusters. These partitioned data allow the generation of a smoothed density function using the finite mixture model. All local peaks are exhaustively searched by exploring the density function and the cells are clustered by the associated local peak. The algorithm flowPeaks is automatic, fast and reliable and robust to cluster shape and outliers. This algorithm has been applied to flow cytometry data and it has been compared with state of the art algorithms, including Misty Mountain, FLOCK, flowMeans, flowMerge and FLAME. Availability: The R package flowPeaks is available at https://github.com/yongchao/flowPeaks. Contact: ude.mssm@eg.oahcgnoy Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online
Admission Policies of Labor Unions

Introduction, 66. — Constitutional provisions and union practices: exclusion because of race, 67; exclusion because of citizenship, 72; because of political affiliations or beliefs, 75; because of creed, 76; because of sex, 77; closed unions, 78. — Exclusionary devices: initiation fees, 80; apprenticeship requirements, 82; competency tests, 83; license laws, 83; permit cards, 84. — Why do unions deny the right to join? 84. — Economic limitations on exclusionary policies, 89. — Conclusions, 91.
Rigorous uncertainty quantification without integral testing

We describe a rigorous approach for certifying the safe operation of complex systems that bypasses the need for integral testing. We specifically consider systems that have a modular structure. These systems are composed of subsystems, or components, that interact through unidirectional interfaces. We show that, for systems that have the structure of an acyclic graph, it is possible to obtain rigorous upper bounds on the probability of failure of the entire system from an uncertainty analysis of the individual components and their interfaces and without the need for integral testing. Certification is then achieved if the probability of failure upper bound is below an acceptable failure tolerance. We demonstrate the approach by means of an example concerned with the performance of a fractal electric circuit.
Hydration‐dependent enthalpy changes in the helix–coil transition in tendon

The shrinkage phenomenon in bovine achilles heel tendon was studied calorimetrically as a function of water content of the tendon. The transition temperature was found to increase from 67°C to 98°C as the water content decreased from 53% by weight to 26% by weight. The enthalpy change was found to increase with increasing percentages of water. The data is interpreted by considering the possibility of water binding to the polar sites on the solute molecule which become free after the transition. A calculation is carried out in which the melting shifts are taken to be related to the free energy of binding. The increase in enthalpy with an increase in water content is shown to have a semiquantitative interpretation in terms of the structural aspects of water.
Glutathione S-transferases: role in alkylating agent resistance and possible target for modulation chemotherapy--a review.

The effectiveness of many clinically useful anticancer drugs can be severely limited by drug resistance, which appears to be intrinsic to some tumors but can also arise during multiple courses of chemotherapy in the case of many others. Studies carried out using cultured tumor cell models and other systems have established that a variety of mechanisms can contribute to drug resistance (1-3). These include alterations in drug uptake or drug efflux from the cell [transporter defects, P-glycoprotein (Mdr) overexpression], changes in drug-metabolizing enzymes [e.g., aldehyde dehydrogenase (cyclophosphamide), folylpolyglutamate synthetase (methotrexate), metallothionein (cisplatin)], and changes in target enzymes [dihydrofolate reducA­ase (methotrexate), topoisomerase II (etoposide, teniposide), and enzymes of DNA repair [O6-methylguanine alkyltransferase]. Acquired resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs typically in volves several independent mechanisms (multifactorial resist ance) and can lead to cross-resistance to structurally unrelated drugs that exhibit distinct mechanisms of action. Recent studies have indicated that GSTs3 may play an important role in the resistance of cells and organisms not only to electrophilic herbicides, insecticides, and carcinogens (4, 5) but also to anticancer drugs as well. General aspects of the biochemistry and regulation of mammalian GST enzymes have been summarized in a number of excellent reviews and monographs (6-11). This article focuses on the interaction of GSTs with cancer chemo therapeutic drugs and evaluates our current understanding of the importance of GST-dependent drug conjugation reactions for alkylating agent resistance in tumor cells that overexpress one or more GSTs. Important gaps in our current knowledge about the interactions between GSTs and anticancer alkylating agents are identified, as are several possible ways in which GSTs might be targeted for modulation chemotherapy.
Chronic application of NMDA decreases the NMDA sensitivity of the evoked tectal potential in the frog.

The activity-dependent mechanism that refines the topography of the retinotectal projection in frogs is mediated by the NMDA receptor. Earlier studies found that chronic treatment of the optic tectum with the NMDA receptor antagonist DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (DL- AP5) desegregated eye-specific stripes in three-eyed frogs, while chronic treatment with NMDA sharpened stripe borders (Cline et al., 1987; Cline and Constantine-Paton, 1990). We now report that this same chronic treatment with NMDA decreases the electro-physiologically measured sensitivity of the optic tectum to applied NMDA: acute application of a given concentration of NMDA decreased the evoked tectal potential to a lesser extent in animals chronically treated with NMDA than it did in normal and sham-treated animals. This is observed as a shift to the right in the NMDA dose-response curves for both the positive and negative postsynaptic components of the evoked tectal response. We believe that this decreased NMDA receptor effectiveness further restricts the intermingling of axon branches from the two eyes by limiting synapse stabilization to areas where afferent activity is most correlated. This would account for the anatomical sharpening of stripe borders (i.e., increased afferent segregation). Quantitative autoradiographic analysis of 3H-glutamate binding to NMDA receptors indicated that binding densities within the tectum did not differ between control groups and NMDA chronically treated groups. We suggest that in the experimental animals the response to NMDA may be decreased by a change in the effectiveness of individual NMDA receptors rather than by decreases in receptor number. This experimentally induced change may be analogous to naturally occurring decreases in receptor function that correlate with the end of some periods of visual plasticity in mammals.
Restricting query relaxation through user constraints

Describes techniques to restrict and to heuristically control relaxation of deductive database queries. The process of query relaxation provides a user with a means to automatically identify new queries that are related to the user's original query. However, for large databases, many relaxations may be possible. The methods to control and restrict the relaxation process introduced in this paper focus the relaxation process and make it more efficient. User restrictions over the database domain may be expressed as user constraints. This paper describes how user constraints can restrict relaxed queries. Also, a set of heuristics based on cooperative answering techniques are presented for controlling the relaxation process. Finally, the interaction of the methods for relaxing queries, processing user constraints, and applying the heuristic rules is described. >
Youth Alcohol Use and Dating Abuse Victimization and Perpetration: A Test of the Relationships at the Daily Level in a Sample of Pediatric Emergency Department Patients Who Use Alcohol

Objective: This study retrospectively examined the daily-level associations between youth alcohol use and dating abuse (DA) victimization and perpetration for a 6-month period. Method: Timeline Followback (TLFB) interview data were collected from 397 urban emergency department patients, ages 17 to 21 years. Patients were eligible if they reported past month alcohol use and past year dating. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) analyses estimated the likelihood of DA on a given day as a function of alcohol use or heavy use (≥4 drinks per day for women, ≥5 drinks per day for men), as compared with nonuse. Results: Approximately 52% of men and 61% of women participants reported experiencing DA victimization ≥1 times during the past 6 months, and 45% of men and 55% of women reported perpetrating DA ≥1 times. For both men and women, DA perpetration was more likely on a drinking day as opposed to a nondrinking day (ORs = 1.70 and ORs = 1.69, respectively). DA victimization was also more likely on a drinking da...
Probabilistic Analysis of Pavement Distress Ratings with the Clusterwise Regression Method

A mixture clusterwise regression method is proposed to analyze pavement distress ratings and predict the future performance of pavements. Rather than using a single equation as the ordinary least-squares regression method, a clusterwise regression uses several regression equations (clusters) to fit a data set with a large variation. Each cluster indicates a portion or a percentage of a data set that follows a uniform tendency. A weighted regression function consisting of all clusters is introduced to take into account current and historical observations of pavement distresses and to predict future pavement conditions. An example using the existing database is provided to compare the proposed model with the conventional Markov probabilistic model. The results show that at the network level the proposed model provides much more accurate predictions than the conventional Markov model does; at the project level, the proposed model correctly predicted five of seven ratings for an example pavement, but the conv...
Massively Parallel Anomaly Detection in Online Network Measurement

Detecting anomalies during the operation of a network is an important aspect of network management and security. Recent development of high-performance embedded processing systems allow traffic monitoring and anomaly detection in real-time. In this paper, we show how such processing capabilities can be used to run several different anomaly detection algorithms in parallel on thousands of different traffic subclasses. The main challenge in this context is to manage and aggregate the vast amount of data generated by these processes. We propose (1) a novel aggregation process that uses continuous anomaly information (rather than binary outputs) from existing algorithms and (2) an anomaly tree representation to illustrate the state of all traffic subclasses. Aggregated anomaly detection results show a lower false positive and false negative rate than any single anomaly detection algorithm.
A Brief Critique of “Transaction Data and Analysis: in Search of Concepts,“ By Barry B. Hughes

In the last decade or so, various types of transaction data on international relations have been collected and used as indices of cooperation and integration among nation-states (e.g., trade, tourism, mail, students, alliances, and diplomatic and military interactions). There is an indexing problem-that is, the problem of selecting data and measurement models by which the data are mapped into theoretical variableswhich is central to both theoretical and applied uses of these data, and it has not been solved adequately. Hughes's concern with the indexing difficulty is well placed; he examines three measurement models which have been applied chiefly to trade flows data: (1) the Savage-Deutsch RA (relative acceptance) index (RAij (aii/Ai) -1, where aij is actual trade from nation i to nation j, per year, in millions of United States dollars, and Aij is the expected dollar value of trade, under their assumption; (2) the export-percentage index (%Exportsij 100(aij/Xi), where aij is trade again, and Xi is i's total exports; and (3) the GNP percentage (%GNPij =100(aij/GNPi), where aij is trade again, GNPi is the gross national product of i for the same year as the trade, and also measured in millions of United States dollars. The present critique is limited to an examination of Hughes's appraisal of the relative merits of these three measurement models as tools by which trade data may be mapped into the theoretical variable of integration, which we shall take to mean the intensity of organized, cooperative activities of two or more nation-state systems. Hughes's discussion is broader in scope, and while he refers to the three measurement models as indices of cooperation and integration, he does not explicitly define a theoretical concept to which the measurement models could apply, though he does distinguish between governmental and social or mass community integration. It will be noted that the above definition of in-
Toward a Theory of Generative Change in Culturally and Linguistically Complex Classrooms

This article situates the preparation of teachers to teach in culturally and linguistically complex classrooms in international contexts. It investigates long-term social and institutional effects of professional development and documents processes that facilitate teachers’ continued learning. Data from a decade-long study of U.S. and South African teachers supported a model of generative change that explained how professional development could be internalized by teachers, subsequently serving as a heuristic to help them organize their individual programs of instruction. Drawing primarily on two case studies, this article documents teachers’ development of generative knowledge and illustrates how they drew on that knowledge in thinking about students and teaching. The results were to facilitate generative thinking on the part of their students as well.
High open circuit voltages on ≪ 50 micron silicon substrates by amorphous-silicon (a-Si) and quinhydrone-methanol (QHY-ME) passivation

Thin silicon solar cells offer the well-known advantages of cost reduction and higher efficiencies. A thinner solar cell may have a higher open circuit voltage than a thicker one assuming the surfaces are well passivated and the light trapping is included thus resulting in improved efficiencies. High open circuit voltage, Voc, of 720 mV [1] or above has been achieved from several technologies on conventional thickness wafers and has approached 740 mV on thinner wafers [2]. However, the theoretical limit from detailed balance calculations is between 830 mV and 850 mV (depending on spectrum) [3]. In order to achieve silicon solar cells which approach the detailed balance voltage limits, controlling the broad mechanisms that limit the open circuit voltage becomes very important and these are: (1) Auger recombination (e.g., by controlling dopant concentration); (2) the thickness of the material; and (3) the surface passivation.
The Magnetotelluric Field for a Two-Dimensional Earth Modeled by a Nonuniform Buried Thin Sheet

Magnetotellurics (MT) is an electromagnetic sounding technique used in electrical geophysics to obtain information about the subsurface resistivity structure of the Earth. This information is then used to infer the presence of various natural resources such as oil accumulations and sources of geothermal energy. Extensive research has been done in the area of modeling and interpretation of the Earth in terms of one-dimensional Earth models. Difficulties in both modeling and interpretation occur when the conductivity structure of the Earth is allowed to vary laterally as well as vertically. This paper extends the analysis of a particular class of two-dimensional Earth models characterized by the "thin sheet" approximation. Integral equations are developed for the forward going problem of a plane wave normally incident on the surface of an Earth represented by a uniform half-space containing a thin sheet buried at an arbitrary depth and having an integrated conductivity that varies in one lateral direction. Both E perpendicular and E parallel polarization of the incident electric field are analyzed. The integral equations are evaluated numerically, and several example calculations are presented.
Relationship between socioeconomic status, health status, and lifestyle practices of American Indians: evidence from a Plains reservation population.

Abstract This paper presents information on the prevalence of a variety of health behaviors and health conditions on an American Indian reservation in the Plains region of the western United States. In addition, data from two non-Indian comparison groups were used to examine the extent to which differences in health status and health behaviors between Indians and non-Indians could be explained by differences in socioeconomic status. The American Indian data were from a survey conducted in 1988 during an evaluation of a local community-based health promotion program, part of the Kaiser Family Foundation's Community Health Promotion Grants Program. The comparison groups were 12 communities in California surveyed in evaluating the Community Health Promotion Grants Program and three Plains States participating in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey. The results show that the higher prevalences of risk-taking behavior among Indians and their poorer self-reported health status remained after adjustment for socioeconomic status. Also, among Indians, higher levels of income and education were not associated with improved self-reported health status and lower prevalence of tobacco use, as was the case with the comparison groups. The higher prevalences of risk-taking behaviors and ill health among American Indians residing on one reservation, even among those with higher socioeconomic status, suggests a need for the investigation of other social and environmental influences.
Isolation of circulating tumor cells by a magnesium-embedded filter

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are rare cancer cells that are shed by tumors into the bloodstream and that can be valuable biomarkers for various types of cancers. However, CTCs captured on the filter could not be released easily using the existing CTC analysis platforms based on size. To address this limitation, we have developed a novel magnesium (Mg)-embedded cell filter for capture, release and isolation of CTCs. The CTC-filter consists of a thin Ebeam-deposited Mg layer embedded between two parylene-C (PA-C) layers with designed slots for filtration and CTC capture. Thin Mg film has proved highly biocompatible and can be etched in saline, PBS and Dulbecco's modified eagle medium (DMEM) etc, properties that are of great benefit to help dissociate the filter and thus release the cells. The finite element method (FEM) analysis was performed on the Mg etching process in DMEM for the structure design. After the filtration process, the filter was submerged in DMEM to facilitate Mg etching. The top PA-C filter pieces break apart from the bottom after Mg completely dissolves, enabling captured CTCs to detach. The released CTC can be easily aspirated into a micropipette for further analysis. Thus, the Mg-embedded cell filter provides a new and effective approach for CTCs isolation from the filter, making this a promising new strategy for cancer detection.
Desedimentation and the link between intentional history and the constitution of a historical tradition

Maintaining the phenomenological integrity of knowledge requires enquiry into its original historical discovery Husserl's phenomenological enquiry into the transcendental constitution of the origins of the ideal formations proper to mathematical and scientific objects reveals that the evidence of all the meaning formations belonging to a science such as geometry presupposes the link between intentional history and actual history. This link is established by Husserl on the basis of the following considerations. (i) The ideal intentional units at issue in these significant formations are the product ( das Erwirkte ) of an “accomplishment” that arises in their “anticipation” ( Vorhabe ) (OG, 367/356), not in their “retention”. (ii) The accomplishment of what is anticipated means evidence to the transcendental subject: herein the product shows itself originally as itself. (iii) Since the product, in the case of geometry, is an ideal product, “anticipation” and the corresponding “accomplishment”, as acts of the transcendental subject, are founded on the accomplishments of transcendental subjectivity. The ideal formations of geometry are products of the intentionality that is inseparable from this subjectivity. “Anticipation” and “accomplishment” translate into terms of actuality what properly takes place within the realm of transcendental subjectivity. (iv) The constitution of these ideal intentional units presupposes, of necessity, the whole complex of experiences leading to the situation in which geometry as a science is capable of being anticipated and intended. In other words, “Science, and in particular geometry, with this sense of being, must have had a historical beginning” (OG, 367), that is, a beginning within the course of actual history.
Population-Based Epidemiology and Mortality of Small Malignant Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors in the USA.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) have significant variability in size and malignant behavior. Our current understanding is limited to pathological analyses, autopsy studies, and small case series. The aim of the current study is to define the risk factors, incidence, and mortality rates of GIST <2 cm in the National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Patients with histologically confirmed malignant GIST <2 cm were studied from 2001 to 2011. GIST was defined by GI tumor site codes and GIST-specific histology codes. We identified 378 patients with GIST <2 cm. The average age at diagnosis was 64.0 years with equal sex distribution. The most common tumor location was the stomach (62.2 %), followed by the small intestine (23.3 %), colon (5.6 %), and rectum (3.4 %). Most patients had localized disease (79.4 %), but 11.4 % had regional/distant metastatic disease. The annual incidence rate was 4.2 per 10,000,000 (10M). This was the highest among Blacks (7.6 per 10M). Among patients with GIST and no additional cancers, the 5-year GIST-specific mortality was 12.9 %. Moreover, there was a significantly increased 5-year GIST-specific mortality in those patients who had regionally advanced (34.0 %) or metastatic GIST (34.3 %), as compared to those patients with localized GIST (5.6 %). This study represents the first population-based analysis of malignant GIST <2 cm. While quite rare, these tumors have an underappreciated disease-specific mortality. Further studies are needed to define the underlying reasons for the identified racial differences, to develop novel risk assessment schema for patients with these small tumors, and to determine appropriate indications for resection and/or medical therapy.
Open Sourcing the Classroom (Abstract Only)

This project describes an experimental course on open source software construction. The course has two twists on the standard project-based software construction course. The first twist is simple: all projects are developed and released on GitHub. The second twist is more radical: the course uses an "open source textbook." The textbook is hosted in a git repository that students are required to contribute to throughout the term. Contributions range from minor typo fixes to adding entire chapters. Currently, 88% of the textbook is written by students, including many of the assignments. We use student surveys, participation in social networking sites like GitHub, and web traffic logs to determine that these assignments had a positive effect on students' future contributions to the open source community.
The ventrolateral prefrontal cortex facilitates processing of sentential context to locate referents.

Abstract Left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) has been implicated in both integration and conflict resolution in sentence comprehension. Most evidence in favor of the integration account comes from processing ambiguous or anomalous sentences, which also poses a demand for conflict resolution. In two eye-tracking experiments we studied the role of VLPFC in integration when demands for conflict resolution were minimal. Two closely-matched groups of individuals with chronic post-stroke aphasia were tested: the Anterior group had damage to left VLPFC, whereas the Posterior group had left temporo-parietal damage. In Experiment 1 a semantic cue (e.g., “She will eat the apple”) uniquely marked the target (apple) among three distractors that were incompatible with the verb. In Experiment 2 phonological cues (e.g., “She will see an eagle.”/“She will see a bear.”) uniquely marked the target among three distractors whose onsets were incompatible with the cue (e.g., all consonants when the target started with a vowel). In both experiments, control conditions had a similar format, but contained no semantic or phonological contextual information useful for target integration (e.g., the verb “see”, and the determiner “the”). All individuals in the Anterior group were slower in using both types of contextual information to locate the target than were individuals in the Posterior group. These results suggest a role for VLPFC in integration beyond conflict resolution. We discuss a framework that accommodates both integration and conflict resolution.
Thinking on Education Pattern of Postgraduate

This paper analyzes the development of postgraduate education pattern international and characteristics of education pattern in china.Make suggestion on Generalizing the cooperative model to serve the economic construction and social development.
Induced non-enzymatic browning of soybean meal. II. Ruminal escape and net portal absorption of soybean protein treated with xylose.

Non-enzymatic browning was tested as a means of increasing ruminal escape of soybean meal N. Soybean meal was treated with xylose (3 mol/mol SBM-lysine), sodium hydroxide (pH 8.5) and enough water to achieve an 83% dry matter mixture and then heated at 150 C for 30 min (XTS-30). Trial 1 evaluated ruminal escape of N from XTS-30 compared with commercial soybean meal (CS) or urea (U) in a replicated 3 X 3 Latin square design using six duodenally cannulated Angus X Hereford steers (24.7 kg). Duodenal flow of dietary N was higher (P less than for steers fed XTS-30 (47.9 g/d) than for steers fed CS (39.5 g/d). The ruminal escape estimate for XTS-30 (33.7%) was higher (P less than .10) than CS (13.1%), whereas total tract apparent N digestibility was not different among treatments. In trial 2, net portal absorption of alpha-amino N was measured in Finnsheep X Suffolk ram lambs (24.7 kg) fed U, CS or XTS-30 in a 3 X 3 Latin square design. Portal blood flow was measured by primed, continuous infusion of para-aminohippuric acid. Portal blood flow was lower (P less than .05) for U.fed lambs than for lambs fed CS or XTS-30, and tended to be lower for lambs fed CS than those fed XTS-30. Net portal absorption of alpha-amino N tended to be lowest for lambs fed U (281 mmol/d) and highest for lambs fed XTS-30 (578 mmol/d). The results are interpreted to show that non-enzymatic browning increased flow of soybean meal N to the intestine.
Production of biofuels via bio-oil upgrading and refining

This chapter provides cursory reviews of biomass liquefaction, relevant petroleum processing technology, and relevant model compound studies. More detail is provided for upgrading of biomass liquefaction products, including an overview of potential fractionation and catalytic processing methods, hydroprocessing as the primary means of interest, scale of operation, operating conditions and catalysts, and product properties. Batch results are included where needed to provide a more complete narrative, but continuous-flow operations are emphasized as being more informative. Liquid fuel products from biomass through direct liquefaction and hydroprocessing are discussed, such as fuel properties based on chemical analysis and comparison of petroleum fuels and biofuels.
Instruction and Assessment of Competencies: Two Sides of the Same Coin

Six core competencies, as defined by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), offer a conceptual framework to address the knowledge and skills needed by students in training and doctors to perform competently. The question of interest for educators is “how” residents perceive they acquire proficiency in the core competencies. An annual survey was sent to all residents at UCLA from 2007 to 2010. Survey questions asked trainees across various programs about the helpfulness of specific predefined learning activities in acquiring the competencies. Responses from 1378 PGY1-3 residents in 12 ACGME-accredited residency programs were analyzed. Patient care activities and observation of attendants and peers were listed as the two most helpful learning activities for acquiring all six core competencies. The findings reinforce the importance of learning from role models during patient care activities and the heterogeneity of learning activities needed for acquiring all the competencies. The fact that competencies are multidimensional and interconnected makes it highly unlikely that a single approach to teaching or assessment will be sufficient for their acquisition. Hence, multiple methods for teaching and learning are necessary for the acquisition of the competencies.
Feminist Theorizing of Patriarchal Colonialism, Power Dynamics, and Social Agency Materialized in Colonial Institutions

In the twenty-first century historical archaeologists have increasingly drawn on post-colonial theory to analyze the European conquest and colonization of the Americas, Australasia, and Africa. However, few have employed feminist theories to gain insights into the patriarchal power dynamics that were fundamental to institutionalized colonial ideologies and practices. This paper provides feminist theorizing of new concepts and a heterarchical model of multiple interacting powers that increase understanding of complex gender and sexual power dynamics between colonizers and colonized.
The Structure of Adsorbed Species on Immobilized Amines in CO2 Capture: An in Situ IR Study

The nature and structure of adsorbed CO2 on immobilized amine sorbent in the presence and absence of H2O vapor have been studied by in situ infrared spectroscopy. CO2 adsorbed on the primary amine as ammonium carbamate and on the secondary amine as carbamic acid. Adsorbed H2O mainly on secondary amine enhanced CO2 capture capacity by increasing accessibility of amine sites and promoting the formation of carbamic acid. The binding strength of the adsorbed species increased in the order: carbamic acid < adsorbed H2O < paired carbamic acid; ammonium carbamate < ammonium chloride. Flowing argon over the amine sorbent at 50 °C removed weakly adsorbed H2O and carbamic acid from the secondary amine sites. Raising temperature is required to completely regenerate sorbent by removing strongly adsorbed ammonium carbamate from the primary amine sites and paired carbamic acid. The results of this study clarify the role of H2O vapor in amine-sorbents for CO2 capture and provide a molecular basis for the design of the s...
Fermentation of wet-exploded corn stover for the production of volatile fatty acids.

Abstract Volatile fatty acids (VFA) have been used as platform molecules for production of biofuels and bioproducts. In the current study, we examine the VFA production from wet-exploded corn stover through anaerobic fermentation using rumen bacteria. The total VFA yield (acetic acid equivalents) was found to increase from 22.8 g/L at 2.5% total solids (TS) to 40.8 g/L at 5% TS. It was found that the acetic acid concentration increased from 10 g/L to 22 g/L at 2.5% and 5% TS, respectively. An increased propionic acid production was seen between day 10 and 20 at 5% TS. Valeric acid (4 g/L) was produced at 5% TS and not at 2.5% TS. Composition analysis showed that 50% of the carbohydrates were converted to VFA at 5% TS and 33% at 2.5% TS. Our results show that rumen fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass after wet explosion can produce high concentrations of VFA without addition of external enzymes of importance for the process economics of lignocellulosic biorefineries.
The role of psychology and social influences in energy efficiency adoption

Current energy efficiency policy and incentive programs tend to target economic motivations, which may misalign with other potentially important motivations arising from situational factors, individual differences, and social context. Thus, in this research, we review areas of work that have focused on psychological and social influences to energy efficiency adoption in commercial buildings. We then conduct an empirical scoping study interviewing 10 commercial building owners/managers (decision makers) and 10 experts/consultants (decision influencers) regarding perceived motives and barriers to energy efficient investments, decision-maker attributes, and the social context of the decision. Potential factors that emerge from the interviews, which are not yet extensively discussed in the energy efficiency literature, include owners/managers’ resistance to change and the influence of investment funding origins on the decision. Our results also suggest potential heterogeneity in energy efficiency decision-making philosophies between the two groups. Interviewed owners/managers prioritize corporate social responsibility (CSR) and prefer internal consulting (e.g., building engineers). Conversely, experts/consultants do not emphasize CSR and are more concerned with external policies. These findings suggest that accounting for the decision maker and the social context in which decisions are made could enhance the design of commercial sector energy efficiency programs.
“Do You Want Me to Become a Social Piranha?”: Smarts and Sexism in College Women’s Representation in the US TV Show, Greek

This qualitative study utilizes feminist media analysis to examine the depiction of college women in the U.S. TV show Greek. Overall women engage in and graduate from higher education at rates greater than men, but representations of higher education in popular culture tend to minimize women’s intellectual engagement within the academy. Our findings focus on two themes emerging from our analysis: that of the show’s depiction of college women as “intellectual-lite” through portrayals of their limited and stereotypical interests, and their depictions as “knowers,” portrayed through the ways they make sense of college and how they engage in it. As artifacts of popular culture, such as TV shows, provide templates of college student identity and behaviors for viewers, we close with recommendations to challenge continuing misrepresentations within personal and institutional practice in higher education by suggesting ways to recognize and counter these messages.
Castle, Coast, and Cathedral

Landscape and memory—Barcelona’s “medieval splendor.” Girona and the Jews. The walls of Besalu. The Church in space and time—Vic and Oliba, Montserrat’s monks, and other stories of the historic activism of Catalan priests. Land and lordship. The Catalan agricultural estate, the mas. Medieval realities, pre-modern hardships, and modern make-believe. Quermanco. Castells, Fuet, and waving flags. Tourists and the medieval imaginary.
The a posteriori foundations of natural science

Among late thirteenth and fourteenth century philosophers, the Averroists have been particularly noticed by historians as advocates of the autonomy of the sciences) In arguing, for example, that physics might give an answer to the question of the eternity of the world different from the answer given in accordance with Christian belief, Boethius of Dacia based himself largely on a conception of physics as an independent discipline with its own principles, rational methods, and conclusions) This approach to the autonomy of the sciences was not, however, the only influential one in this period. Another basis for the autonomy of physics is found in the work of certain Oxford commentators on Aristotle's Physics, most prominently in William of Ockham's Expositio super octo libros Physicorum. ~ This second approach makes physics autonomous by placing greatest confidence not in deductively and causally prior principles of physics, which some thought could be proved or made known by metaphysics, but rather ,in propositions accepted on the basis of experience, if not known in themselves. The primary evidence cited in the following paper is drawn from commentaries on Aristotle's Physics, Book I, Chapter 1 and part of Chapter 2 (184625--185 a 17). Commentaries on this section of the Physics were brought to my attention by Albert Zimmermann's Verzeichnis Ungedruckter Kornmentare zur Metaphysik und Physik des Aristoteles. 4 In Chapter2, 184625--185a17, Aristotle argues that just as a geometer does not have to debate with those who deny his principles so too a physicist does not have to refute the opinioas of Parmenides and Melissus, since these opinions contradict the principles of physics. Concerning this passage Boethius of Dacia asks "Whether any artifex can prove his principles if they are denied to him," "Whether the dialectician can prove principles or not, that is natural [principles], if they are denied to him," "Whether a metaphysician can prove the principles of a special science if they are denied," and "Whether a physicist and a metaphysician can consider the same thing. ''s Among Oxford commentators, Geoffrey of Haspyl asks "Whether a geometer ought to dispute