cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Romanticism and Taste

At the intersection of the Enlightenment concept of taste and the nineteenth-century genre of gastronomy is the Romantic concept of gusto, in which the eye acquires a taste, or appetite, for what it sees. Romanticism may be associated with gusto, but it has hardly been recognized – at least within literary circles – as the period that saw the invention of the restaurant and a unique, comic-philosophical genre of writing about food. Yet it was coterminous with, and in many ways emblematic of, the culture of sophistication and social positioning we associate with modern gastronomy. Just as earlier taste theorists had sought to reconcile subjective taste experience with objective forms of judgment, cultural philosophers of the post-revolutionary era (self-styled gastronomers) sought to base gustatory taste sensation on universal principles, and the restaurant gave physical form to the tension between private choice and shared standards that marked aesthetic taste discourse. Far from the disinterested attitude of the neoclassical art critic, the Romantic ‘Man of Taste’ called the full range of his faculties and senses into play: poets as diverse as Lord Byron and John Keats shared with essayists from Wiliam Hazlitt to Charles Lamb a predilection for this gustatory aspect of taste.
Intense light exposure changes the crystallin content in retina

Abstract Toward a better understanding of light-induced photoreceptor damage, the crystallin content of rat retina was examined following intense light exposure. Nine crystallin species were identified by mass spectrometric analysis of rat retina fractionated by 2D gel electrophoresis. The Coomassie blue staining intensity of all crystallin 2D gel components was 2- to 3-fold greater in light exposed than in control retinas. Following light exposure, anti-αB-crystallin immunoreactivity was increased in rod outer segments and retinal pigment epithelium. These findings support a possible role for crystallins in protecting photoreceptors from light damage.
Organization and development of direction-selective circuits in the retina

The direction-selective circuit in the retina extracts the directional information of image motion in the visual scene. It is a classic model for neural circuit analysis because its input and output are well-defined and accessible to physiological measurements. However, the neural basis of direction selectivity is still not fully understood. Indeed, this ostensibly simple computation arises from a collection of complex neural mechanisms at all levels of circuit organization. In this review, we describe recent advances in genetic, imaging and optogenetic techniques that have improved our understanding of the synaptic organization and development underlying retinal direction selectivity.
Gender disparities among the association between cumulative family-level stress & adolescent weight status.

Abstract Objective To investigate precursors to gender-related obesity disparities by examining multiple family-level stress indices. Methods Analyses was based on adolescents born between 1975 and 1991 to women from the 1979 National Longitudinal Study of Youth data set (N = 4762). Three types of family-level stressors were captured from birth to age 15: family disruption and conflict, financial strain, and maternal risky health behaviors, along with a total cumulative risk index. Body mass index was constructed on reference criteria for children outlined by the Centers for Disease Control. Multivariate logistic regressions were conducted for the three types of family stressors and for the total cumulative index. Results The accumulation of family disruption and conflict and financial stress was positively related to female adolescents being overweight/obese. Childhood exposure to maternal risky health behaviors was positively associated with higher weight status for male adolescents. Total cumulative stress was related to overweight/obesity for females, but not males. Conclusion Different family-level stress indices are associated with the weight status of female and male adolescents. Combining types of family-level stress into one cumulative index appears to mask these differences.
Zinc Insufficiency During Pregnancy

Zinc deficiency has been found to cause problems in parturition and in the growth and development of the offspring. There are several groups of pregnant women at known risk of developing a zinc insufficiency; these include vegetarians, alcoholics, teenagers, women with multiple pregnancies, and women with impaired intestinal absorption of zinc. Nurses need to be able to identify the population at risk and to offer dietary counseling.
Descriptions of postembryonic developmental stages prior to adult of Hatschekia multibarbatae Izawa, 2015 (Copepoda, Siphonostomatoida, Hatschekiidae)

A series of descriptions of postembryonic developmental stages prior to the adult of Hatschekia multibarbatae Izawa, 2015 is presented based on free-living larvae reared from eggs detached from ovigerous females, as well as on copepodids I-V recovered together with adults from Brotula multibarbata Temminck & Schlegel, 1846 (Pisces, Ophidiiformes, Ophidiidae). The number of naupliar stages preceding the infective copepodid I is three in this species. The postnaupliar development proceeds linearly, up to the adult.
Asymptotic Analysis for Dispersion-managed Solitons in Multiple Channels

The higher order multiple-scale asymptotic analysis is carried out for the nonlinear Schrodinger’s equation that governs the propagation of solitons through multiple channels. The higher order Gabitov–Turitsyn equation is obtained and this significantly improves the description of the soliton chracterestics in multiple channels.
Housing Satisfaction Among Chronically Homeless Adults: Identification of its Major Domains, Changes Over Time, and Relation to Subjective Well-being and Functional Outcomes

There is limited consensus on the critical domains of housing satisfaction among chronically homeless adults and little information on changes in housing satisfaction over time or whether housing satisfaction at initial entry into housing is correlated with subsequent subjective well-being or other outcomes. The current study tracked housing satisfaction over a 2-year period in a multi-site supported housing initiative and examined the predictive value of clients’ housing satisfaction when they were first housed on various subjective and functional outcomes. A total of 756 participants from 11 sites were enrolled in the study. Six domains of housing satisfaction were identified: good environment, control and consumer choice, physical quality, geographic proximity to desirable resources, positive case manager contact, and frequency of landlord interaction. Over 2 years, there were slight declines in housing satisfaction on physical quality of housing and satisfaction with case manager contact, and an increase in satisfaction with landlord interaction. Consistent with some previous research, housing satisfaction was not predictive of housing tenure, clinical outcomes, or duration of program participation. While becoming housed is a significant gain for chronically homeless people, their satisfaction with housing did not predict functional outcomes.
Applications of Modified Milk Fat in Food Products

Abstract Expanded use of milk fat in foods, where it can contribute substantially to flavor and quality, is frequently inhibited because of functional incompatibilities with other ingredients. Although various processes can modify milk fat to create specialty milk fat ingredients, milk fat functionally cannot always be predicted in complex food systems. Factors affecting milk fat functionality and behavior in foods include 1) the inherent properties of milk fat (flavor and chemical composition), 2) processing-controlled properties (physical properties and crystallization effects), and 3) interactions between milk fat and other constituents (other fats, air, water, and solids). Studies on applications of modified milk fats in foods can be used to illustrate these factors and to show how they can be used to predict the behavior of modified milk fats in new applications. This review suggests areas of critical research needed to overcome the problems limiting the utilization of milk fat in food products.
Gadolinium enhancement of spinal subdural collection on magnetic resonance imaging after lumbar puncture

We report a 35-year-old male with an unusual contrast-enhancing sterile spinal subdural collection on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), apparently occurring as a complication of lumbar puncture. Follow-up MRI after 4 weeks demonstrated spontaneous resolution of the collection without intervening treatment.
Split depression tibial plateau fractures: a biomechanical study.

Objective To determine the biomechanical characteristics of four different fixation constructs for split depression fractures of the lateral tibial plateau (OTA classification 41B3.1). Design Laboratory investigation using a cadaveric simulated split depression tibial plateau fracture model. Setting Split depression tibial plateau fractures were created, reduced, and instrumented in a matched pair design. Specimens were tested for stiffness using a materials testing machine. Intervention Tibias were instrumented with an L-buttress plate, four 3.5-millimeter subchondral raft screws with an antiglide plate, an L-buttress plate with cancellous allograft, or four 3.5-millimeter subchondral raft screws placed through a periarticular plate. Main outcome measurements Vertical subsidence of the lateral tibial plateau was measured for the entire construct and for the local depression. The relative medial and lateral condylar tilt with central loading was also measured. Results There was no significant difference between the four fixation methods for overall longitudinal stiffness of the proximal tibial fracture fixation construct (range, 2,026 to 2,666 newtons per millimeter). The local depression stiffness for the raft-periarticular plate and raft-antiglide plate were 425 newtons per millimeter and 342 newtons per millimeter, respectively, versus 243 newtons per millimeter and 210 newtons per millimeter for the two large fragment buttress constructs. There was no significant difference between the local depression stiffness for the two raft constructs. There was no significant difference between the local depression stiffness for the two buttress plate constructs. Local depression stiffness was found to be significantly greater for the raft-periarticular plate construct when compared with the large fragment buttress plate construct without bone graft (p = 0.0314). Condylar tilt data showed a significant difference between the medial tilt observed in the prefracture specimen and the lateral tilt observed after fixation (p less-than-or-equal 0.017) for all constructs. Conclusions There was no significant difference in the overall construct stiffness between the four fixation constructs. Fixation constructs with a raft of subchondral screws were more resistant to local depression loads. This supports the use of a raft construct when a central depression is a significant component of the overall fracture pattern. Condylar tilt data showed a persistent weakness in the postfixation lateral plateau regardless of fixation construct when compared with the intact specimen. This supports the current clinical practice of delayed weight-bearing for ten to twelve weeks.
Changes in Nucleic Acid Fractions of Seed Components of Red Pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) during Germination

Changes in nucleic acid fractions of Pinus resinosa during seed germination were studied. At various stages of seed germination, embryos and megagametophytes were surgically separated and nucleic acids were extracted separately by a phenol-method. Total nucleic acids were fractionated on single-layer methylated albumin kieselguhr (MAK) columns. Total nucleic acids in embryos increased significantly 2 days after seeds were moistened, whereas, in megagametophytes, total nucleic acids stayed almost at a constant level until they degenerated at the time of shedding. In embryos, ribosomal RNAs (rRNA) increased 2 days after seeds were sown, whereas soluble RNA (sRNA) increased at 3 days. By comparison, nucleic acid fractions of megagametophytes did not show any quantitative changes during germination, except that rRNA fractions decreased shortly before shedding of seed coats. In dormant embryos the proportion of DNA was high and the proportions of sRNA and rRNA were low, whereas in megagametophytes at dormancy the proportions were completely reversed. As seed germination progressed, proportions of nucleic acid fractions in embryos changed significantly. In megagametophytes, although proportions of individual fractions remained almost constant throughout the experimental period, incorporation of (32)P into sRNA and rRNA of megagametophytes indicated turnover of these fractions.
Siblings of disabled children: Birth order and age-spacing effects

Whereas older siblings of children with congenital disability have lived their earliest years in a “normal” family environment, younger siblings, especially those in a close age-spacing relationship, were born into families marked by the presence of a disabled child. In this paper, 237 siblings of disabled children are compared to 248 siblings from a random sample of families to examine whether the early family environment of siblings of disabled children, as indexed by relative birth order and age-spacing, has a unique influence on psychological functioning. The findings partially confirmed the expected relationships: Younger male siblings, specifically those in close age-spacing relationship to the disabled child, scored higher on psychological impairment than older male siblings. Among female siblings, a similar influence was not in evidence: Younger female siblings were psychologically better off than older female siblings and their age-spacing was not significantly related to psychological functioning. However, the results suggest that siblings' later response to early life experience may be sex-contingent, with males demonstrating interpersonal aggression and females experiencing depressive-anxious feelings.
Correlation of development stage and gap junction formation between chick embryo neurons and cloned skeletal muscle myoblasts.

The frequency of gap junction formation between neurons and myoblasts of chick embryo leg skeletal muscle changes as a function of the developmental stage of the muscle. Cells from leg muscle of various ages and states of innervation were first cloned in vitro and then co-cultured with ciliary ganglion, spinal cord, or dorsal root ganglion neurons. The presence of gap junctions between cells was identified by the passage of fluorescent dyes or electric currents from one cell to another. The clones examined were fusing muscle clones (myoblasts) as well as nonfusing clones. Mononuclear cells of either kind of clone derived from legs younger than stage 24 (E4) dye-couple with other clone cells but do not dye-couple with neurons. Myoblasts of fusing muscle clones derived from stage 24 through stage 29 (E5) legs dye-couple with neurons at high frequency; nonfusing clones from these same embryos do not contain cells that dye-couple with neurons. Mononuclear cells of both fusing and nonfusing clones from normally innervated stage 30 (E6) through 38 (E12) legs do not dye-couple with neurons at significant frequencies. Additionally, aneural legs of denervated E10–E12 embryos yield muscle clones in which the myoblasts again dye-couple with neurons at high frequency. The ability to form communicating junctions between musle cells and neurons in culture is restricted to myoblasts cloned from legs of those stages of development and conditions of innervation that define and limit neuron-dependent alteration of myoblast populations in vivo.
The adsorption of acetone on thin films of amorphous and crystalline ice

The adsorption of acetone on ice under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) was investigated with temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (FTIRAS). Two types of film, amorphous and crystalline, were investigated. On the amorphous films, two acetone desorption states were observed; one derived from a hydrogen-bonded state and a second that was attributed to the desorption of physisorbed acetone. Only the physisorbed state was observed during desorption from crystalline ice films. Infrared spectroscopy confirmed these assignments. This work provides additional evidence that the surface properties of amorphous ice are different from those of crystalline ice.
Use of low-salinity water and gel-coating to minimize handling mortality of spot, Leiostomus xanthurus (Perciformes: Sciaenidae)

Abstract Capture, handling and transport of fish often result in mortality either from external injury or stress-induced disruption of normal physiology. Two methods were tested for reducing such mortality in juvenile spot, Leiostomus xanthurus . Salinity was reduced from ambient to 10 ppt by adding aged tapwater to reduce metabolic costs directly associated with salinity and resulted in improved survivorship of spot in all experiments. To reduce damage to fish epithelia from handling, the handler's hands were coated with a water-soluble gel. Results of the gel application were inconclusive, perhaps because no difference occurred in external damage to fish handled with water- or gel-covered hands, or chemical differences exist between the gel and fish mucus. Refinements in the salinity reduction method appear likely to increase survival, whereas future research with gel-coatings needs to employ compounds with properties similar to fish mucus.
Ethanol production by nitrogen-deficient yeast cells immobilized in a hollow-fiber membrane bioreactor

Cells ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 4126, immobilized within the macroporous walls of asymmetric hollow-fiber membranes, were alternately perfused with 10% glucose complex medium and with 10% glucose defined medium which was deficient in nitrogen. Using complex growth medium, ethanol productivities during the initial 10 h of culture attained a maximum level of 133 g/l-h based on the total fiber volume (3% ethanol). Productivities during nitrogen deficiency stabilized at 10 g/l-h (0.5 ethanol). In subsequent growth phases, ethanol production rates increased to levels 40–70% of initial growth-phase values, but the ability to regenerate the fermentation activity decreased with culture age. During nitrogen deficiency, the fermentation efficiency declined with a concomitant reduction in the total protein concentration of immobilized cells within the hollow-fiber membranes. The molar ratio of acetaldehyde to ethanol increased seven-fold during nitrogen deficiency, indicating that the overall decline in glycolytic activity was accompanied by preferential reduction in alcohol dehydrogenase activity. The molar ratio of glycerol to ethanol increased two-fold during nitrogen deficiency, and large lipid-like droplets accumulated within the nitrogen-deficient cells. In addition to these findings, we conclude that current hollow-fiber membrane reactors should be limited to cell cultures having low growth rates, low O2 requirements, and low CO2 production rates.
Do Social and Economic Policies Influence Health? A Review

Although social and economic policies are not considered part of health services infrastructure, such policies may influence health and disease by altering social determinants of health (SDH). We review social and economic policies in the US that have measured health outcomes among adults in four domains of SDH including housing and neighborhood, employment, family strengthening/marriage, and income supplementation. The majority of these policies target low-income populations. These social policies rarely consider health as their initial mission or outcomes. When measuring health, the programs document mental health and physical health benefits more than half the time, although some effects fade with time. We also find considerable segregation of program eligibility by gender and family composition. Policy makers should design future social policies to evaluate health outcomes using validated health measures; to target women more broadly across the socioeconomic spectrum; and to consider family caregiving responsibilities as ignoring them can have unintended health effects.
Investigating the Bacterial Glutamate Transporter Homolog GltPh with Unnatural Amino Acids

Proper function of glutamatergic synapses requires the rapid clearance of glutamate from the synapse by Na+-dependent transporters known as excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs). Major advances in understanding of the molecular architecture of glutamate transporters have been provided via high-resolution crystal structures of GltPh, an archaeal homolog of EAATs, in a number of conformations. Information gleaned from these structures raises a number of questions concerning the mechanism of substrate recognition, ion selectivity, and the coupling of ionic gradients to substrate uptake. Addressing these questions requires the ability to precisely modify the proteins. Chemical synthesis is an attractive tool for examining structure-function relationships, as chemical synthesis enables the incorporation of a wide variety of unnatural amino acids in addition to facilitating facile modification of the protein backbone. Here, we report the semisynthesis of GltPh in which a segment of the protein is obtained by peptide synthesis while the rest of the protein is obtained by recombinant means. We demonstrate the utility of this methodology by unnatural mutagenesis of R397 (R447 in EAAT3), a residue previously proposed to be important for substrate-binding and transport.
A microstructure for the detection of vapor-phase analytes based on orientational transitions of liquid crystals

We report on the implementation of a microstructure comprising an array of micropillars to create a thin and stable film of nematic liquid crystal (LC), 5CB: 4'-pentyl-4-cyanobiphenyl, and the use of the microsystem for the colorimetric detection of vapor analytes. The microstructure uses capillary force generated by an array of cylindrical micropillars to steadily support a 22 µm thin film of LC, and overcomes susceptibility to gravity and shock. The feasibility of using the microsystem for gas phase detection is demonstrated by using dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) gas to change the orientation of the LC and hence modulate the intensity of light transmitted through a crossed pair of polarizing films. The microstructure potentially offers a simple and portable solution to toxic gas detection.
Microengineered Actuators: A Review

In the past decade, numerous microengineered mechanical devices have been fabricated successfully by exploiting and adapting the well-established integrated-circuit technology. Advancements in this field are motivated by potential applications in batch-fabricated integrated sensors and silicon-based microactuators. These devices promise new capabilities, as well as improved performance-to-cost ratio over conventional hybrid-manufactured devices. Micromachined transducers that can be fabricated compatibly with an integrated circuit process are the building blocks for integrated microsystems with added functionality, such as closed-loop control and signal conditioning. Furthermore, miniaturized transducers are powerful tools for research in the micron-sized domain in the physical, chemical and biomedical fields. This paper reviews the development of microengineered actuators (microactuators) based on crystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon) as the structural materials. Several microactuator examples are first described. Various actuation methods adapted for micro-sized mechanical devices and fabrication techniques are evaluated. Finally, the direction for future research in light of the present challenges and potential applications of microactuators are considered.
ABDUCTION-ADDUCTION MOMENTS AT THE KNEE DURING STAIR ASCENT AND DESCENT

To examine the relative magnitude of the knee abduction-adduction moments during stair climbing, ten normal subjects (average weight 660 N, leg length 0.962 m, height 1.74 m) were studied during repeated trials of stair ascent and descent. Data were collected using a four-camera video system and two forces plates incorporated within a flight of three stairs. The inverse dynamics approach was used to calculate internal moments at the knee, and these moments were normalized in magnitude (to percent body weight and leg length) and time (percent stance). The primary findings were: (1) knee joint moments were similar in shape and magnitude for the first and second steps during both stair ascent and descent; (2) the abduction knee moments, although comparable in magnitude (25-45 Nm), were statistically smaller than the extension moments (60-85 Nm) for stair ascent and descent; and (3) the moment patterns were exclusively abductor throughout stance, indicating that the ground reaction vector always passed medial to the knee joint center. Although the knee abduction-adduction moment is not in the primary plane of motion, its magnitude should not be ignored when trying to understand the stability and function of the knee during stair climbing.
Genetics and alcoholism: Implications for advanced practice psychiatric/mental health nursing

This article uses the research findings on genetics and alcoholism as a basis for nursing practice. Alcoholism is a complex genetic disorder in which multiple genes and the environment interact and contribute to the disease process. Family, twin, and adoption studies have consistently shown the genetic influence on alcoholism. Animal and human studies are identifying biological and genetic markers for alcoholism. The results of these studies should direct nurses in assessing patients at risk, educating patients about the disease and the rationale for selected treatments, referring at-risk individuals to support groups, and using supportive therapy.
Numerical models of stiffness and yield stress growth in crystal-melt suspensions

Abstract Magmas and other suspensions that develop sample-spanning crystal networks undergo a change in rheology from Newtonian to Bingham flow due to the onset of a finite yield stress in the crystal network. Although percolation theory provides a prediction of the crystal volume fraction at which this transition occurs, the manner in which yield stress grows with increasing crystal number densities is less-well understood. This paper discusses a simple numerical approach that models yield stress in magmatic crystalline assemblies. In this approach, the crystal network is represented by an assembly of soft-core interpenetrating cuboid (rectangular prism) particles, whose mechanical properties are simulated in a network model. The model is used to investigate the influence of particle shape and alignment anisotropy on the yield stress of crystal networks with particle volume fractions above the percolation threshold. In keeping with previous studies, the simulation predicts a local minimum in the onset of yield stress for assemblies of cubic particles, compared to those with more anisotropic shapes. The new model also predicts the growth of yield stress above (and close to) the percolation threshold. The predictions of the model are compared with results obtained from a critical path analysis. Good agreement is found between a characteristic stiffness obtained from critical path analysis, the growth in assembly stiffness predicted by the model (both of which have approximately cubic power-law exponents) and, to a lesser extent, the growth in yield stress (with a power-law exponent of 3.5). The effect of preferred particle alignment on yield stress is also investigated and found to obey similar power-law behavior.
Thanatophoric dysplasia type I with syndactyly

We report on a case of thanatophoric dysplasia type 1 (TD1) due to a Tyr373Cys mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene with soft tissue syndactyly of the fingers and toes. Syndactyly has not been previously described in TD or other conditions with FGFR3 mutations, but occurs in several craniosynostosis syndromes due to mutations in FGFR2. We conclude that mutations in FGFR3 may also be associated with developmental abnormalities due to interference with programmed cell death.
Surface color naming in dichromats

Abstract In previous experiments, Montag and Boynton [(1987) Vision Research, 27, 2153–2162] found that many dichromats can categorize colors using color naming in fair agreement with color-normal subjects. The contribution of rods to color vision was suspected as underlying this ability. Here we follow up on these experiments by having dichromats name colors under various conditions. When the stimuli are limited to a brief presentation time (60 msec) the dichromats' categorization in the three dimensions of the OSA color space is impaired. Using high light levels so that the rods are saturated does not impair performance. The dichromats named colors during the period of the cone plateau following a rod bleach. Contrary to Montag and Boynton (1987) there was no deficit. These results suggest that an anomalous third cone pigment is responsible for the categorization in three dimensions. It is concluded that the receptors containing the anomalous pigment require greater temporal and spatial summation in order to contribute to the dichromats' color categorization.
Studies on the active transport of calcium in human red cells.

The Ca++ transport mechanism in the red cell membrane was studied in resealed ghost cells. It was found that the red cell membrane can transport Ca++ from inside the cell into the medium against great concentration gradient ratios. Tracing the movement of 45Ca infused inside red cells indicated that over 95% of all Ca++ in the cells was transported into media in 20 min incubation under the optimum experimental conditions. The influence of temperature on the rate constant of transport indicated an activation energy of 13,500 cal per mole. The optimum pH range of media for the transport was between 7.5 and 8.5. As energy sources, ATP1, CTP, and UTP were about equally effective, GTP somewhat less effective, and ITP least effective among the nucleotides tested. The Ca++ transport does not appear to involve exchange of Ca++ with any monovalent or divalent cations. Also, it is not influenced by oligomycin, sodium azide, or ouabain in high concentrations, which inhibit the Ca++ transport in mitochondria or in sarcoplasmic reticulum. In these respects, the Ca++ transport mechanism in the red cell membrane is different from those of mitochondria and the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Broken Dreams: Impact of Partner Violence on the Career Development Process for Professional Women

During the past few decades, scholars have focused their attention on investigating the impact of partner violence on women’s work activities, financial well-being, and employment stability. Significantly less is known about the impact of partner violence on women’s career development over time. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of partner violence on multiple facets of women’s career development at different stages of violence survival. Case study methods were used to examine career trajectories during and after long term abusive relationships for four professional women ages 45 to 55. Findings revealed that during abusive relationships, components of career development and career planning, daily work activities, career advancement, career identity, professional reputation, and opportunities for career advancement were disrupted and affected by partner’s abuse. In addition, abuse continued to affect women’s physical and mental health, financial stability, and support network, affecting their career trajectory over time.
Physician Wages in States with Expanded APRN Scope of Practice

In recent years, states have looked to reforms in advanced practice nursing scope of practice (SOP) barriers as a potential means to increase access to primary care while reducing costs. Currently, 16 states and the District of Columbia permit advanced practice registered nurses to practice independently of physicians, allowing them to perform functions such as diagnosing and prescribing under their own authority within the primary care setting. Given the resistance of many physician associations to these reforms, we asked whether the economic interests of primary care physicians might be affected by reforms. Using the Bureau of Labor Statistics data on earnings, we compared primary care physicians' earnings in states that have instituted SOP reforms to those that maintain these practice barriers. We also compared surgeons' earnings as a control group. Lastly, we compared the rate of growth in the earnings of primary care physicians and surgeons over the last ten years. This preliminary analysis revealed no evidence of differences in earnings across the two groups of states.
Chaoborus predation and the function of phenotypic variation in Daphnia

To investigate the role of helmet formation in defense against predation, laboratory experiments were used to analyze the effects of morphological changes in Daphnia on susceptibility to Chaoborus predation. Behavioral observations of Chaoborus preying on helmeted and non-helmeted Daphnia suggest pre-contact advantages for helmeted prey but post-contact advantages for non-helmeted prey. Helmeted Daphnia are better at evading capture by Chaoborus but may also be more easily handled by the predator. Swimming behavior of the prey, which is influenced by the presence of a tailspine, may affect Chaoborus strike distance. These results re-emphasize the potential hydromechanical importance of body shape changes in defense against predation.
Finite temperature corrections to weak rates prior to nucleosynthesis

We have reexamined the electromagnetic corrections to the weak interaction rates for the transformation of neutrons to protons, and protons to neutrons, in the early universe, before freeze-out. We derive compact expressions for these rates in terms of thermal expectation values of products of fields, and we give explicit constructions of the terms to order e{sup 2}. We disagree in several respects with results in the literature.
Prevalence, treatment, and control of depressive symptoms in the United States: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2005-2008.

Background:Depression remains a major public health problem that is most often evaluated and treated in primary care settings. The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence, treatment, and control of depressive symptoms in a national data sample using a common primary care screening tool for depression. Methods:We analyzed a sample of adults (n = 4836) from 2005 to 2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) to determine the overall prevalence, rates of treatment, and antidepressant control of mild, moderate, moderately severe, and severe depressive symptoms. Results:Of the sample, 20.1% reported significant depressive symptoms (PHQ-9) score, ≥5), the majority of whom had mild depressive symptoms (PHQ-9) score, 5–9). Even among individuals with severe depressive symptoms, a large percentage (36.9%) received no treatment from a mental health professional or with antidepressant medication. Of those taking antidepressants, 26.4% reported mild depressive symptoms and 18.8% had moderate, moderately severe, or severe depressive symptoms. Conclusions:Despite greater awareness and treatment of depression in primary care settings, the prevalence of depressive symptoms remains high, treatment levels remain low, and control of depressive symptoms are suboptimal. Primary care providers need to continue to focus their efforts on diagnosing and effectively treating this important disease.
Effectiveness of Bretylium Tosylate against Refractory Ventricular Arrhythmias

Thirty patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias, which had not responded to intensive therapy with up to five antiarrhythmic drugs, were treated with bretylium tosylate. All patients had recurrent ventricular tachycardia, and 12 had repeated episodes of ventricular fibrillation. In 17 patients the arrhythmias followed acute myocardial infarction. Bretylium was administered intramuscularly or intravenously, and most patients received 4-5 mg/kg every 6 hours. Eighteen patients responded satisfactorily to bretylium and suffered no further ventricular tachyarrhythmias while receiving the drug. Bretylium partially suppressed ventricular arrhythmic activity in five patients and had no beneficial effects in seven patients. Administration of bretylium soon after the development of arrhythmias and withholding of other antiarrhythmic drugs during bretylium therapy favored a good antiarrhythmic response. Hypotension followed bretylium administration in 19 patients but exceeded 20 mm Hg in only one patient. Transient initial increases in blood pressure and ventricular arrhythmic activity occurred in five and four patients, respectively. Six patients were discharged from the hospital on oral bretylium 600 mg every 6 hours, and all have remained free from major ventricular arrhythmias for up to 15 months. In these patients postural hypotension was a transient and parotid pain a persistent side effect.
SAVINGS BONDS IN PERSONAL INVESTMENT PROGRAMS (Discussion)

WE ARE INDEBTED to Professor Burrell for this comprehensive study of savings bonds. His discussion of the legal aspects of ownership, probate, and inheritance tax status is particularly valuable. The present (but possibly temporary) superiority of savings bonds over other high-grade fixed income media with respect to yield leads one to agree with the conclusion that, except for investors in the upper tax brackets in a position to take advantage of the tax-free status of municipals, and those investors wishing higher short-term yields from institutional deposits, in most cases individuals would do well to confine their purchases of debt instruments to savings bonds, whichever one or combination of the four types seems most appropriate. However, with any substantial stiffening of interest rates such as might drive the yield on highgrade corporates to say 3.5 per cent and the rates paid on deposittype investments above 3 per cent, the relative position of the Savings Bond will be impaired. They had their greatest appeal when they yielded Y2 to 34 per cent above long-term Treasurys, '4 to Y2 per cent above long-term high-grade corporates, and 1 to 1X2 per cent above deposit yields. If the Treasury is again to rely heavily on this type of demonitized borrowing the spread between savings bond yields and alternative yields must be sufficient to give them a continuing bargain appeal. In the meantime the fact that the old E's can be held beyond the original 10-year maturity at a relatively high yield (3 per cent) gives them a special appealbut their advantage in this respect is diminishing. More emphasis might be given to the tax-free nature of the reserve accumulation in life insurance contracts, which goes far toward compensating for their low "guarantied" rate of compounding. This advantage of insurance accumulation has not been given the attention it deserves and it is heartening to find it singled out for special notice. A possibly minor point, in so far as comparative tax status is concerned, is the exemption of the interest on Treasury bonds
Analysis of the effects of process parameters on exit burrs in drilling using a combined simulation and experimental approach

Experimental modeling of burr formation processes has received limited industrial application. This limited use is due to the large number of parameters in the experimental design resulting in a large number of experiments and high costs. This paper presents a methodology to combine experimental, simulation, and statistical tools to reduce the time and cost of parameter studies. The statistical analysis is based on an experimentally verified simulation that predicts burr height, force, heat flux, and temperature at breakthrough. The analysis is based on parameters typical of 2024-T351 aluminum and 7075-T6 aluminum. Parameter interactions are also considered. The results of this study compare well to experimental studies presented in the literature.
Backbone and sterospecific methyl side chain resonance assignments of the homodimeric zinc sensor AdcR (32 kDa) in the apo- and Zn(II)-bound states

Streptococcus pneumoniae adhesin competence repressor (AdcR) is a Zn(II)-dependent 32 kDa homodimer that controls the transcription of a zinc-specific ABC uptake system (AdcABC), three pneumococcal histidine triad proteins (PhtA, PhtD and PhtE), and an AdcA homolog AdcAII. AdcR is the first metal-dependent member of the MarR family of prokaryotic transcriptional repressors. Two-dimensional NMR studies reveal large changes in the spectrum upon Zn(II) binding. Near complete backbone and stereospecific methyl group resonance assignments for apo- and Zn(II)-AdcR are presented here.
A Statistical Model to Analyze Time to Graduate

An increasingly important performance measure for university administrators is mean time to graduation at the department level. In this study, the authors examined whether a student's major is a significant variable in predicting time to graduate. If students in one major take much longer to graduate than do those in another major, administrators could make resource allocation decisions to address this issue. The authors propose a control chart as an appropriate statistical tool for identifying a major whose mean time to graduate is significantly different from the university average.
Measurements Of Infrared And Visible Extinction In Adverse Weather

As part of a program to develop improved models for infrared and visible extinction in adverse weather, a one-kilometer transmission range has been established near Houghton, Michigan, where annual rainfall is about twenty inches, fog is common, and annual snowfall often exceeds 200 inches. A Barnes Engineering Transmissometer is used to record transmission in the 3-5 and 8-14 micrometer bands, and a Helium-Neon laser transmissometer is used to record transmission at 0.63 micrometers. During transmission measurements, an automated weather station periodically records standard weather parameters. Results are presented as plots of the logarithm of the infrared extinction coefficient versus the logarithm of the visible extinction coefficient (the GAP model format). Extinction coefficients for rain tend to be along straight lines, in fairly good agreement with the GAP model, when the atmosphere contains rain drops but not suspended droplets. Measured extinction coefficients in snow tend to lie along straight lines on the log-log plots, with slight differences from one snow storm to another, which are attributed to differences in the types of snowflakes. Measurements in fog, recorded at one minute intervals, trace the evolution of fogs as they form, mature, and dissipate. These processes tend to follow straight lines on the log-log plots, in contrast to the widely scattered data recorded at larger time intervals in other measurement programs, and this suggests that a better model for fog extinction can be developed by considering the evolution of the fog drop size distribution.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The effect of insulin on collagen production in isolated chondrosarcoma chondrocytes

Abstract Insulin stimulated the incorporation of [3H]-proline into collagen of freshly isolated chondrosarcoma chondrocytes. In addition, insulin enhanced incorporation of radiolabeled precursors into general protein, RNA, and proteoglycans. The stimulatory effects on collagen and non-collagen protein occurred with 2 h while the effects on RNA and proteoglycan were observed at 5 h and 8 h, respectively. All responses were obtained with physiological concentrations (1–2 nM) and were proportional to concentrations to 2 uM. These results demonstrate that insulin, in addition to exerting a general anabolic action on chondrocytes, also stimulates the incorporation of [3H]-proline into a specific protein, i.e., collagen. The latter effect should provide a useful means to probe insulin's mechanism of action.
Stimulant dosage and age, race, and insurance type in a sample of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the association of age, race, insurance, and other factors with the prescription of stimulant medications. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted on 242 subjects, 4.8–19.8 years of age, treated in an urban referral center with a stable dose of stimulant medication for at least 6 months. Subjects were predominantly male (74.8%), African-American (52.9%), and insured by Medicaid (71.0%). The effects of age, race, insurance, gender, cognitive level, additional psychopharmacologic medications, and other factors on prescribed total daily dose (mg/day) and dose by weight (mg/kg/dose) were examined. Results: Race and insurance type together were associated with specific patterns of stimulant dosage, with higher dosing seen in Medicaid-insured non–African-American children and in privately insured African-American children. Total daily dose increased with age; however, there was an inverse relationship between age and dose by weight. There were no signi...
Redesigned β–γ radioxenon detector

Abstract The Automated Radio-xenon Sampler/Analyzer (ARSA), designed by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) collects and detects several radioxenon isotopes, and is used to monitor underground nuclear explosions. The ARSA is very sensitive to 133Xe, 131mXe, 133mXe, and 135Xe (
The effects of sport fishing growth on behavior of commercial fishermen in Balbina reservoir, Amazon, Brazil

An important alternative for sustainable use of tucunare stocks and improvement in fishermen welfare in Balbina reservoir, Central Amazon, would be to train commercial fisherman to also become tourist guides for sport fishing. In this study, we modeled fishermen response to this question, in order to evaluate the acceptance of such an idea. Thus, we surveyed 47 fishermen, who currently comprise approximately 75% of the total fishermen population. This survey was implemented during December of 2001 and January of 2002. We used a probity analysis to run two models. The first model includes the variables: family size, school level, fishing time, residence time and boat ownership. On the other hand, the second model includes the number of children under and above eight years old but not the family size. Both models are significant and the most relevant variables are: fishing time (years of participation of fisherman is in the activity) and residence time (length of residency of particular fishermen live at the village nearby the reservoir).