cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neural Dynamics of Rejection Sensitivity

Rejection sensitivity (RS) is the tendency to anxiously expect, readily perceive, and intensely react to rejection. This study used functional magnetic resonance imaging to explore whether individual differences in RS are mediated by differential recruitment of brain regions involved in emotional appraisal and/or cognitive control. High and low RS participants were scanned while viewing either representational paintings depicting themes of rejection and acceptance or nonrepresentational control paintings matched for positive or negative valence, arousal and interest level. Across all participants, rejection versus acceptance images activated regions of the brain involved in processing affective stimuli (posterior cingulate, insula), and cognitive control (dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; medial frontal cortex). Low and high RS individuals' responses to rejection versus acceptance images were not, however, identical. Low RS individuals displayed significantly more activity in left inferior and right dorsal frontal regions, and activity in these areas correlated negatively with participants' self-report distress ratings. In addition, control analyses revealed no effect of viewing negative versus positive images in any of the areas described above, suggesting that the aforementioned activations were involved in rejection-relevant processing rather than processing negatively valenced stimuli per se. Taken together, these findings suggest that responses in regions traditionally implicated in emotional processing and cognitive control are sensitive to rejection stimuli irrespective of RS, but that low RS individuals may activate prefrontal structures to regulate distress associated with viewing such images.
Arsenate remediation using nanosized modified zerovalent iron particles

Arsenate [As (V)] removal kinetics in aqueous solutions using modified nanosized zerovalent iron (Fe°) particles such as NiFe and PdFe was studied. NiFe and PdFe particles were synthesized by the borohydride reduction of nickel and palladium salts on Fe° particles. Pseudo-first-order rate equations were found to satisfactorily describe arsenate removal kinetics using Fe°, NiFe, and PdFe particles (solids concentration of 2 g L -1 ) at low arsenate concentrations (1.35 mM). As compared to zerovalent iron (k obs of 0.037 min -1 ), the arsenate removal rate was up to 2.5 times faster (k obs of 0.091 min -1 ) using NiFe particles, whereas it was threefold lower in the case of PdFe particles (k obs of 0.011 min -1 ). With increasing contact times, deviation from first-order kinetics was observed, presumably arising from the loss of available sites on the solid surface. The surface area normalized pseudo-first-order rate constant k sa was 0.0089 L m -2 min -1 for NiFe. Additional experiments were performed to study the influence of initial arsenate concentration (0.67 and 3.38 mM), temperature (25, 45, and 65° C) and competing inorganic anions (sulfate, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, and chromate) on arsenate removal using NiFe particles. Increasing temperatures (25-65° C) increased arsenate removal rates, whereas competing sorption of phosphate and sulfate inhibited arsenate removal.
Site preference of transition metal elements in Ni3Al

Using the Wagner–Schottky model in combination with first-principles supercell calculations, we performed a detailed study of the site occupancy behavior of 3d (Ti–Cu), 4d (Zr–Ag) and 5d (Hf–Au) transition metal elements in L12 Ni3Al as a function of both alloy composition and temperature.
True color scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and optical coherence tomography handheld probe

Scanning laser ophthalmoscopes (SLOs) are able to achieve superior contrast and axial sectioning capability compared to fundus photography. However, SLOs typically use monochromatic illumination and are thus unable to extract color information of the retina. Previous color SLO imaging techniques utilized multiple lasers or narrow band sources for illumination, which allowed for multiple color but not “true color” imaging as done in fundus photography. We describe the first “true color” SLO, handheld color SLO, and combined color SLO integrated with a spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) system. To achieve accurate color imaging, the SLO was calibrated with a color test target and utilized an achromatizing lens when imaging the retina to correct for the eye’s longitudinal chromatic aberration. Color SLO and OCT images from volunteers were then acquired simultaneously with a combined power under the ANSI limit. Images from this system were then compared with those from commercially available SLOs featuring multiple narrow-band color imaging.
Array heterogeneity prevents catastrophic forgetting in infants

Abstract Working memory is limited in adults and infants. But unlike adults, infants whose working memory capacity is exceeded often fail in a particularly striking way: they do not represent any of the presented objects, rather than simply remembering as many objects as they can and ignoring anything further (Feigenson & Carey, 2003, 2005). Here we explored the nature of this “catastrophic forgetting,” asking whether stimuli themselves modulate the way in which infants’ memory fails. We showed 13-month old infants object arrays that either were within or that exceeded working memory capacity—but, unlike previous experiments, presented objects with contrasting features. Although previous studies have repeatedly documented infants’ failure to represent four identical hidden objects, in Experiments 1 and 2 we found that infants who saw four contrasting objects hidden, and then retrieved just two of the four, successfully continued searching for the missing objects. Perceptual contrast between objects sufficed to drive this success; infants succeeded regardless of whether the different objects were contrastively labeled, and regardless of whether the objects were semantically familiar or completely novel. In Experiment 3 we explored the nature of this surprising success, asking whether array heterogeneity actually expanded infants’ working memory capacity or rather prevented catastrophic forgetting. We found that infants successfully continued searching after seeing four contrasting objects hidden and retrieving two of them, but not after retrieving three of them. This suggests that, like adults, infants were able to remember up to, but not beyond, the limits of their working memory capacity when representing heterogeneous arrays.
Strategies for finite element modelling of three dimensional hydrodynamic systems

Abstract The simulation of a system composed entirely of three dimensional elements is computationally very expensive and little practical analysis has been undertaken. In an effort to reduce cost the author in a previous paper presented a simplified three dimensional model that used the hydrostatic pressure approximation to eliminate the vertical momentum equation and a transformation of the basic equations to directly solve for the free surface profile. This paper will examine approaches to the reduction of simulation costs within the framework of the original approach and modifications to the basic formulation to improve the performance of the model when the flow bath is over system with variable bed elevations. Examples will be presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of these modifications.
Beta-delayed proton decay of the Tz = −2 isotope 26P

Abstract The 28Si(3He, p4n)26P reaction at 110–130 MeV has been used to discover the odd-odd Tz = −2 nuclide 26 P ( 1 2 ≈ 20 ms ) , which was predicted to lie on or beyond the proton drip line. Beta-delayed protons from its decay establish the mass excess of the lowest T = 2 state in 26Si as 5.936 ± 0.015 MeV. Possible beta-delayed two-proton emission from this isotope is discussed.
Biometric watermarking based on face recognition

We describe biometric watermarking procedure based on object recognition for accurate facial signature authentication. An adaptive metric learning algorithm incorporating watermark and facial signatures is introduced to separate an arbitrary pattern of unknown intruder classes from that of known true-user ones. The verification rule of multiple signatures is formulated to map a facial signature pattern in the overlapping classes to a separable disjoint one. The watermark signature, which is uniquely assigned to each face image, reduces the uncertainty of modeling missing facial signature patterns of the unknown intruder classes. The adaptive metric learning algorithm proposed improves a recognition error rate from 2.4% to 0.07% using the ORL database, which is better than previously reported numbers using the Karhunen-Loeve transform, convolution network and the hidden Marcov model. The face recognition facilitates generation and distribution of the watermark key. The watermarking approach focuses on using salient facial features to make watermark signatures robust to various attacks and transformation. The coarse-to-fine approach is presented to integrate pyramidal face detection, geometry analysis and face segmentation for watermarking. We conclude with an assessment of the strength and weakness of the chosen approach as well as possible improvements of the biometric watermarking system.
Are scintigraphy, ultrasonography, and the parathyroid hormone assay necessary to identify solitary parathyroid adenomas?

Are scintigraphy, ultrasonography, and the parathyroid hormone assay necessary to identify solitary parathyroid adenomas?
Genetics and molecular advances in Alzheimer's disease

Abstract The abnormal deposition of amyloid β protein (Aβ) in the brain is the major neuropathological characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The disease in some early-onset familial cases develops as a result of mutations in the gene coding for the β-amyloid precursor protein (βAPP) and in the majority of the rest appears to be caused by an unidentified gene on chromosome 14. Only one of the βAPP gene mutations has been associated with aberrant βAPP processing, resulting in an excess production of Aβ in vitro, a result suggesting that there might be excessive Aβ cleavage from βAPP in AD in vivo. By contrast with the βAPP mutants, no particular allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene predicts the disease completely but one allele is associated with the disease suggesting APOE is a risk locus for AD. This discovery has been linked to increased deposition of Aβ in those cases carrying the risk allele. However, the genetic evidence is currently not sufficient to indicate whether βAPP mismetabolism, direct or indirect Aβ neurotoxicity or dysfunction of βAPP (or its derivatives) are central to the AD process.
Evaporation in space manufacturing

'Normal evaporation' equations for predicting the compositional changes with time and temperature have been developed and correlated with actual experimental data. An evaporative congruent temperature is defined and used to explain, predict, or plan space experiments on anomalous constitutional melting (on cooling) or solidification (on heating). Uneven evaporation causes reactive jetting forces capable of initiating new convection currents, nongravitational accelerations, surface vibrations, or other disturbances. Applications of evaporation to space manufacturing are described concerning evaporative purification, surface cooling, specimen selection, particles splitting, freezing data interpretation, material loss and dimensional control, and surface contamination or compositional changes.
The Effect of Race and Need on Helping Behavior

Summary One hundred white females were approached in supermarkets by either a black or white E and asked for 10 cents to help purchase a food item. The food had been previously judged to be either a high need (milk) or a low need (frozen cookie dough) item. Significant effects were associated with need but not with race. The implications of the results for attitude-behavior discrepancy and contexts under which discrimination will take place are discussed.
Modeling liquid-phase chemical reaction and interphase mass transfer in churn-turbulent bubble columns

Abstract The slug and cell model of liquid-phase mixing has been extended to consider the effects of interphase mass transfer and liquid-phase chemical reaction in isothermal churn-turbulent bubble columns. Inclusion of the effects of the gas phase is straightforward since the gas phase has previously been considered as it strongly affects the mixing of the liquid phase. The computational simplicity of the slug and cell model has been retained with the species conservation equations being reduced to a system of algebraic equations. The behavior of the model has been examined for two cases: (1) liquid-phase chemical reaction in the absence of interphase mass transfer and (2) in the presence of interphase mass transfer without liquid-phase chemical reaction. In the second case the model behavior has been compared to available literature data for the absorption of oxygen into water.
Ethics of clinical trials in dermatology

The ethics of clinical trials have been the subject of numerous previous publications and mandates that are used by institutional review boards on an everyday basis. The protection of human rights and the sanctity of informed consent are critical components of clinical research monitored by human subjects investigation committees throughout our profession. In this contribution, the everyday conflicts of interest that can compromise clinical research in dermatology are presented in a case format. Of utmost importance, the primary interest of the investigating dermatologist should always be the patient at hand and those who could benefit from the research. Navigating the turbulence created by finances, academia, and corporate America is critical. By presenting several case scenarios within the relatively rare disease arena of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, these conflicts can be appreciated. Consequently, understanding these influences in one disease setting permits generalizations to be applied to any dermatologic clinical research.
Equality of renormalizations

The factor renormalizing the electric charge of a particle is not only equal to that of any other particle, but also to the factors renormalizing allgravitational coupling constants. This implies a relation among the propagators of all « independent » fields.
Ultraprecise Measurement of Thermal Coefficients of Expansion

A novel method for determining thermal expansion coefficients has been devised. It is based on the dependence of Fabry-Perot resonances on the mirror separation. The expansion sample is formed into an etalon spacer, with highly reflecting endplates optically contacted to each end. The Fabry-Perot resonances are probed by variable radiofrequency sidebands derived from a frequency stabilized 633-nm He-Ne laser. A change in sample temperature DeltaT causes a change in interferometer length DeltaL, which shifts the resonance frequencies by Deltanu. Then alpha = (1/DeltaT)(DeltaL/L) = (1/DeltaT)(Deltanu/nu). alpha can be measured with precision limited ultimately by the stability of the stabilized laser (1:10(9) with presently available commercial lasers). alpha vs temperature has been measured for samples of Owens-Illinois Cer-Vit, Corning ULE silica, and Schott low expansion glass-ceramic.
A Pennsylvanian aeduelliform (Osteichthyes, Actinopterygii) from North America with comments on aeduelliform interrelationships

A specimen assignable to the lower actinopterygian order Aeduelliformes (Family Aeduellidae) is reported from the Upper Pennsylvanian (Virgilian) Wild Cow Formation of central New Mexico, USA. This is the first record outside of Europe. Based on the reduction of the branchiostegal series, lateral position of the supraorbital sensory canal, and distinctive pattern of dermal ornamentation, the Aeduelliformes is monophyletic. The group is indeterminate in position between palaeonisciform actinopterygians and ginglymodians.
Design of a multiple-lamp large-scale solar simulator

A simple solution to the conflicting constraints of providing uniformity and collimation of irradiance in multiple-lamp solar simulators is proposed. As proof of concept, irradiance measurements obtained in a simulator comprised of 28 1-kW mercury-iodide gas discharge lamps and capable of irradiating a 1.22 m-by-2.44 m collector plane are given. The design is based on preventing a portion of the light from each bulb from reaching the collector plane. Light blockage is achieved by placing a ''shadow board'' 1.02 m from and parallel to the plane of the lamps. Lamps are arranged in a hexagonal pattern with 4 columns of 7 lamps at a lamp-to-lamp spacing and column-to-column spacing of 0.45 m. Lamp-to-collector plane distance is 3.05 m. The design is determined from measurements of the spatial distribution of radiant energy from a single lamp. Irradiance from an array of lamps is then simulated. Measurements of irradiance in the full-scale simulator confirm that uniformity and collimation conform to the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers' standard. Average irradiance is 1,080 W/m[sup 2]. Maximum irradiance is 1,190 W/m[sup 2] and minimum irradiance is 980 W/m[sup 2]. Every point on the plane of the collector receives 100 percent ofmore » radiant energy from an area on the lamp array contained within a subtended angle of 20 deg.« less
Approaches to Weight-Related Problems: A Narrative Intervention for Overweight Youth

Currently in the United States, 31.8% and 16.9% of all youth ages 2–19 are diagnosed as overweight or obese, respectively (Odgen, Carroll, Kit, & Flegal, 2012). Researchers have documented that thi...
High-pressure phase transformation studies in gadolinium to 106 GPa

Abstract We investigated the high-pressure structural transformations in gadolinium at room temperature. Up to a pressure of 106 GPa, gadolinium metal undergoes four structural transformations: h.c.p.→ Sm-type → d.h.c.p. → f.c.c. → t.h.c.p. The corresponding transformation pressures are: 1.5 ± 0.2 GPa, 6.5 ± 0.5 GPa; onset at 24.0 GPa and completion at 29.0 GPa; and between 44.0 and 55.0 GPa, respectively. We found a much larger stability range for f.c.c.-gadolinium phase than that reported by others.
Fault structures in rare earth-cobalt intermetallics

Abstract In dealing with materials which may undergo a shear (simple martensitic) transformation or which may contain planar compositional faulting, it is valuable to employ a stacking sequence notation, a structural symbolism which may be developed for any layer-like structure. The purpose of this paper is to present such a conventional notation, as far as possible consistent for all possible phases in rare earth-transition element systems ranging from RCo 2 to R 2 Co 17 and then to illustrate briefly application of this notation to shear transformations, shear structure development and the nature of homologous series of phases within such systems.
Local and generalized Shwartzman reaction induced in rats with 6-sulfanilamidoindazole arthritis.

Rats fed 6-SAI show a marked increase of plasma fibrinogen. After IV endotoxin, there was a precipitous fall in the circulating leukocyte count, followed by a marked decrease in the plasma fibrinogen level and death. The time of death of the rats corresponded to the rapid fall of plasma fibrinogen. Histologically these animals demonstrate: 1) fibrin deposits in the glomerular capillaries, Bowman's space, and small veins of the kidneys; 2) fibrin deposition in the septal capillaries and veins of the lungs; 3) fibrin deposition in the portal veins, sinusoids, and central veins of the liver with marked hepatic congestion; 4) splenic congestion with hemorrhagic disruption of the follicles and fibrin deposition in a circumferential fashion about the follicles; and 5) marked edema, dilation, and engorgement of the subcutaneous and periarticular veins of the hindpaws with prominent hemorrhage into these areas. Fibrin deposits in veins and tissues of the paws was also observed. Thus, it appears that 6-SAI arthritis simultaneously prepares the rat for both the generalized and localized Shwartzman reaction.
Compact list representation: definition, garbage collection, and system implementation

Compact lists are stored sequentially in memory, rather than chained with pointers. Since this is not always convenient, the Swym system permits a list to be chained, compact, or any combination of the two. A description is given of that list representation and the operators implemented (most are similar to those of LISP 1.5). The system garbage collector attempts to make all lists compact; it relocates and rearranges all of list storage using temporary storage. This unique list-compacting garbage collection algorithm is presented in detail. Several classes of the macros used to implement the system are described. Finally, consideration is given to those design factors essential to the success of a plex processing system implementation.
Telomeres and Longevity: Testing an Evolutionary Hypothesis

Identifying mechanisms that underlie variation in adult survivorship provide insight into the evolution of life history strategies and phenotypic variation in longevity. There is accumulating evidence that shortening telomeres, the protective caps at the ends of chromosomes, play an important role in individual variation in longevity. Given that telomeres generally shorten with age, it was surprising to find that in a population of a long-lived seabird, Leach's storm petrel, telomeres appear to lengthen with age. This unique finding suggested that the longest lived individuals are able to elongate telomeres, an interpretation we call the "elongation hypothesis." Alternatively, the "selection hypothesis" states that the longest lived individuals start with the longest telomeres and variation in telomere length decreases with age due to the selective disappearance of individuals with short telomeres. In the same population in which evidence supporting both hypotheses was uncovered, we tested mutually exclusive predictions from the elongation and selection hypotheses by measuring telomere length with the telomere restriction fragment assay in hatchling and old, adult storm petrels. As previously found, adult birds had longer telomeres on average compared with hatchlings. We also found that 3 hatchlings had mean telomere lengths exceeding that of the most extreme old bird, old birds on average had longer initial telomere lengths than hatchlings, and the variance in mean telomere length was significantly greater for hatchlings than for old birds, all predicted by the selection hypothesis. Perhaps more surprisingly, the oldest adults also show little or no accumulation of short telomeres over time, a pattern unknown in other species. Long telomeres are thought to provide a buffer against cellular senescence and be generally indicative of genome stability and overall cell health. In storm petrels, because the progressive accumulation of short telomeres appears negligible, variation in telomere length at birth may be linked to individual variation in longevity.
Beyond Gender Profiling in Lifestyle Medicine

This review discusses evidence-based perspectives on lifestyle risk reduction for men. Implications for clinical best practices and social policy are considered. Directions for future research also are highlighted.
WTO Blue-Green Blues: The Impact of U.S. Domestic Politics on Trade-Labor, Trade-Environment Linkages for the WTO's Future

While scores of commentators have criticized the non-transparency of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in their examination of blue (trade-labor) and green (trade-environment) issues, they have often ignored the linkage between domestic politics in powerful states and international trade measures. They blur this crucial linkage that exacerbates conflicts and scuttles them to the WTO. Yet it is this underlying domestic-international, two-level game that also needs to be made more transparent, since its examination demonstrates that it is this nexus that gives rise to many trade-environment and trade-labor conflicts between countries.
Aqueous Pb sorption by hydroxylapatite; applications of atomic force microscopy to dissolution, nucleation, and growth studies

A combination of atomic force microscopy, scanning election microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, electron diffraction, and X-ray diffraction were used to study reactions of 0.5‐500 mg/L aqueous Pb with Ca5(PO4)3OH, hydroxylapatite (HAP), at pH 6 and 22 8C. Following 2 h reaction time, concentrations of Pbaq ([Pbaq]) decreased from 500 mg/L to ,100 mg/L, and from 0.5‐100 mg/L to ,15 mg/L. This loss of Pbaq from solution (i.e., sorption) resulted partially from simultaneous dissolution of HAP and precipitation of Pb5(PO4)3OH, hydroxypyromorphite (HPY), or another solid Pb phase. The initial saturation state with respect to HPY (defined as the ratio of the ion activity product to equilibrium solubility product) influenced strongly precipitation processes. At a high degree of saturation (initial [Pb aq] . 100 mg/L), small nuclei or aggregates of poorly crystalline HPY precipitated homogeneously in solution. At intermediate saturation (initial [Pbaq] ;10‐100 mg/L), large, euhedral needles of HPY precipitated homogeneously in solution. At a low degree of saturation (initial [Pb aq] , 10 mg/L), a needle-like Pb-containing phase grew heterogeneously on HAP. These results agree well with concepts derived from nucleation and growth theories and demonstrate that initial saturation state influences strongly the sorption process.
Mechanical Interactions Among Cytoskeletal Filaments

Abstract —Mechanical properties of the cells are important in controlling cell shape, cell migration, and other functions. To understand how cytoskeletal (CSK) filaments interact with one another mechanically, mechanical properties of adherent endothelial cells were analyzed after treatment with CSK-disrupting drugs. CSK stiffness (the ratio of applied stress to strain, a measure of cell resistance to shape deformation), viscosity (an index of intracellular structural damping), and permanent deformation (a measure of “plasticity”) were measured with magnetic twisting cytometry, by which rotational stress was applied directly to integrin receptors with ferromagnetic beads coated with RGD-containing peptide. Treatment with cytochalasin D, which disrupts actin microfilaments inhibited stiffness by 50% and decreased permanent deformation from 70% to 50% but had almost no effect on viscosity. In contrast, nocodazole, a microtubule disrupter, had very little effect on inhibition of CSK stiffness, decreased viscosity by 25%, and had no effects on permanent deformation. Acrylamide, an intermediate filament disrupter, had little effect on inhibition of CSK stiffness, little effect on viscosity, and no effect on permanent deformation. Taxol, a drug that facilitates microtubule polymerization, increased stiffness by 10%, increased viscosity by 10%, and decreased permanent deformation from 70% to 50%. Combinations of cytochalasin D and nocodazole, cytochalasin D and acrylamide, or all three drugs resulted in a synergistic effect on inhibition of CSK stiffness and viscosity but not in permanent deformation. Inhibition of oxidative metabolism with potassium cyanide had no effects on stress-induced stiffening response. Inhibition of tyrosine phosphatase with phenylarsine oxide had no effect on stress-induced stiffening response. We conclude that higher order mechanical interactions of CSK filaments are important in determining the mechanical properties of the cell.
A Review of research on Groupthink

Despite an extensive use of the groupthink model in various areas of social science, there are few empirical studies testing groupthink and many criticisms of it. In order to better understand the concept of groupthink, and to set a foundation for future research, this paper summarizes previous empirical studies on group-think and indicates problems (e.g., limited inclusion of variables and an inappropriate usage of measurement modes) that exist throughout those studies. Recommendations for future research are then provided.
Occupational Safety and Paternalism: Machan Revisited

In 1987, Machan provided a libertarian case against the right to occupational safety. Since before Machan’s essay appeared, many business ethicists and legal scholars have given considerable attention to the overall position Machan endorses: the acceptance of employment at will and the rejection of employee rights. No one yet has given adequate attention, however, to the fact that Machan’s argument against the right to occupational safety actually stands or falls independently of his overall position on employee rights. His argument ultimately rests on two values: the promotion of employee interests and anti-paternalism. Insofar as those who support the right to occupational safety share those values, they must find a strategy for opposing Machan’s argument that preserves those values. In this paper, I demonstrate why Machan’s argument ultimately rests on the promotion of employee interests and anti-paternalism. Then, I develop an objection to Machan’s argument that preserves those values.
Effect of Priming with H1N1 Influenza Viruses of Variable Antigenic Distances on Challenge with 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Virus

Compared to seasonal influenza viruses, the 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) virus caused greater morbidity and mortality in children and young adults. People over 60 years of age showed a higher prevalence of cross-reactive pH1N1 antibodies, suggesting that they were previously exposed to an influenza virus or vaccine that was antigenically related to the pH1N1 virus. To define the basis for this cross-reactivity, ferrets were infected with H1N1 viruses of variable antigenic distance that circulated during different decades from the 1930s (Alaska/35), 1940s (Fort Monmouth/47), 1950s (Fort Warren/50), and 1990s (New Caledonia/99) and challenged with 2009 pH1N1 virus 6 weeks later. Ferrets primed with the homologous CA/09 or New Jersey/76 (NJ/76) virus served as a positive control, while the negative control was an influenza B virus that should not cross-protect against influenza A virus infection. Significant protection against challenge virus replication in the respiratory tract was observed in ferrets primed with AK/35, FM/47, and NJ/76; FW/50-primed ferrets showed reduced protection, and NC/99-primed ferrets were not protected. The hemagglutinins (HAs) of AK/35, FM/47, and FW/50 differ in the presence of glycosylation sites. We found that the loss of protective efficacy observed with FW/50 was associated with the presence of a specific glycosylation site. Our results suggest that changes in the HA occurred between 1947 and 1950, such that prior infection could no longer protect against 2009 pH1N1 infection. This provides a mechanistic understanding of the nature of serological cross-protection observed in people over 60 years of age during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic.
Modelling joint friction in structural dynamics

The presence of mechanical joints—typified by the lap joint—in otherwise linear structures has been accommodated in structural dynamics via ad hoc methods for a century. The methods range from tuning linear models to approximate non-linear behaviour in restricted load ranges to various methods which introduce joint dissipation in a post-processing stage. Other methods, employing constitutive models for the joints are being developed and their routine use is on the horizon. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are dendritic cells the key to liver transplant tolerance

Abstract The inherent tolerogenicity of liver allografts could be due to the organ's combination of hematopoietic activity, production of growth-promoting and immunoregulatory cytokines, and comparatively large numbers of potentially tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells, in particular dendritic cells (DCs). Here, Angus Thomson and Lina Lu consider the evidence that DCs can subvert allogeneic T-cell responses and might be exploited therapeutically to prolong graft survival.
Structures and electron affinities of the di‐arsenic fluorides As2Fn/As2F n− (n = 1–8)

Developments in the preparation of new materials for microelectronics are focusing new attention on molecular systems incorporating several arsenic atoms. A systematic investigation of the As 2 F n /As 2 F - n systems was carried out using Density Functional Theory methods and a DZP++ quality basis set. Global and low-lying local geometric minima and relative energies are discussed and compared. The three types of neutral-anion separations reported in this work are: the adiabatic electron affinity (EA a d ), the vertical electron affinity (EA v e r t ), and the vertical detachment energy (VDE). Harmonic vibrational frequencies pertaining to the global minimum for each compound are reported. From the first four studied species (As 2 F n , n = 1-4), all neutral molecules and their anions are shown to be stable with respect to As-As bond breaking. The neutral As 2 F molecule and its anion are predicted to have C s symmetry. We find the trans F-As-As-F isomer of C 2 h symmetry and a pyramidalized vinylidene-like As-As-F - 2 isomer of C s symmetry to be the global minima for the As 2 F 2 and As 2 F - 2 species, respectively. The lowest lying minima of As 2 F 3 and As 2 F - 3 are vinyl radical-like structures F-As-As-F 2 of C s symmetry. The neutral As 2 F 4 global minimum is a trans-bent (like Si 2 H 4 ) F 2 -As-As-F 2 isomer of C 2 symmetry, while its anion is predicted to have an unusual fluorine-bridged (C 1 ) structure. The global minima of the neutral As 2 F n species, n = 5-8, are weakly bound complexes, held together by dipole-dipole interactions. All such structures have the AsF m -AsF n form, where (m,n) is (2,3) for As 2 F 5 , (3,3) for As 2 F 6 , (4,3) for As 2 F 7 , and (5,3) for As 2 F 8 . For As 2 F 8 the beautiful pentavalent F4As-AsF4 structure (analogous to the stable AsF 5 molecule) lies about 30 kcal/mol above the A s F 3 ...AsF 5 complex. The stability of AsF 5 depends crucially on the strong As-F bonds, and replacing one of these with an As-As bond (in F 4 As-AsF 4 ) has a very negative impact on the molecule's stability. The anions As 2 F - n , n = 5-8, are shown to be stable with respect to the As-As bond breaking, and we predict that all of them have fluorine-bridged or fluorine-linked structures. The zero-point vibrational energy corrected adiabatic electron affinities are predicted to be 2.28 eV (As 2 F), 1.95 eV (As 2 F 2 ), 2.39 eV (As 2 F 3 ), 1.71 eV (As 2 F 4 ), 2.72 eV (As 2 F 5 ), 1.79 eV (As 2 F 6 ), 5.26 eV (As 2 F 7 ), and 3.40 eV (As 2 F 8 ) from the BHLYP method. Vertical detachment energies are rather large, especially for species with fluorine-bridged global minima, having values up to 6.45 eV (As 2 F 7 , BHLYP).
Instrumentation for neutron scattering at the National Institute of Standards and Technology

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) offers a wide range of neutron beam instruments to the U.S. community. Many of these are of recent construction, and are located in the Cold Neutron Research Facility, a large guide hall with fifteen experimental stations on seven neutron guides. A new liquid hydrogen cold source is being installed. Thermal neutron instruments in the reactor confinement are to be upgraded over the next few years.
Classifying Temporal Relations Between Events

This paper describes a fully automatic two-stage machine learning architecture that learns temporal relations between pairs of events. The first stage learns the temporal attributes of single event descriptions, such as tense, grammatical aspect, and aspectual class. These imperfect guesses, combined with other linguistic features, are then used in a second stage to classify the temporal relationship between two events. We present both an analysis of our new features and results on the TimeBank Corpus that is 3% higher than previous work that used perfect human tagged features.
Intra-allantoic implantation: an alternative to the classical chorioallantoic membrane grafting technique.

A grafting method is described wherein donor tissue is partially inserted into a small slit cut into the proximal portion of the allantoic membrance of chick embryos aged 3.5–5.5 days. Cartilaginous bone rudiments handled in this manner readily vascularize, grow significantly, and begin osteogenesis within a 3-day incubation period. Compared to traditional chorioallantoic membrane grafting, usually done with hosts aged 9–12 days, the proposed intra-allantoic technique (1) greatly increases the period in which grafted materials are in residence (potentially up to 15 days) and (2) permits assessment of the host response of relatively young embryos.
BADR, A NEW MARR FAMILY MEMBER, REGULATES ANAEROBIC BENZOATE DEGRADATION BY RHODOPSEUDOMONAS PALUSTRIS IN CONCERT WITH AADR, AN FNR FAMILY MEMBER

A cluster of genes for the anaerobic degradation of benzoate has been described for the phototrophic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris. Here we provide an initial analysis of the regulation of anaerobic benzoate degradation by examining the contributions of two regulators: a new regulator, BadR, encoded by the benzoate degradation gene cluster, and a previously described regulator, AadR, whose gene lies outside the cluster. Strains with single mutations in either badR or aadR grew slowly on benzoate but were relatively unimpaired in growth on succinate and several intermediates of benzoate degradation. A badR aadR double mutant was completely defective in anaerobic growth on benzoate. Effects of the regulators on transcriptional activation were monitored with an R. palustris strain carrying a chromosomal fusion of ′lacZ to the badE gene of the badDEFG operon. This operon encodes benzoyl-coenzyme A (benzoyl-CoA) reductase, an unusual oxygen-sensitive enzyme that catalyzes the benzene ring reduction reaction that is the rate-limiting step in anaerobic benzoate degradation. Expression of badE::′lacZ was induced 100-fold when cells grown aerobically on succinate were shifted to anaerobic growth on succinate plus benzoate. The aadR gene was required for a 20-fold increase in expression that occurred in response to anaerobiosis, and badR was responsible for a further 5-fold increase in expression that occurred in response to benzoate. Further studies with the badE::′lacZ fusion strain grown with various kinds of aromatic acids indicated that BadR probably responds to benzoyl-CoA acting as an effector molecule. Sequence information indicates that BadR is a member of the MarR family of transcriptional regulators. These studies expand the range of functions regulated by MarR family members to include anaerobic aromatic acid degradation and provide an example of a MarR-type protein that acts as a positive regulator rather than as a negative regulator, as do most MarR family members. AadR resembles the Escherichia coli Fnr regulator in sequence and contains cysteine residues that are spaced appropriately to serve in the capacity of a redox-sensing protein.
Low energy hadron phenomenology

This talk discusses some of latest theoretical, phenomenological and experimental results is hadron spectroscopy.
Dendritic cells transmit HIV-1 through human small intestinal mucosa

To dissect the early events in the transmission of HIV-1 from mother to child, we investigated whether DCs participate in HIV-1 entry into human small intestinal mucosa. We isolated human MNLs from jejunal lamina propria and identified a subpopulation of CD11cHLA-DR MNLs that expressed DC-SIGN, CD83, CD86, CD206, and CCR7, indicating a DC phenotype. Jejunal DCs also expressed the HIV-1 receptor CD4 and coreceptors CCR5 and CXCR4 and in suspension rapidly took up cell-free HIV-1. HIV-1 inoculated onto the apical surface of explanted jejunum was transported by lamina propria DCs through the mucosa and transmitted in trans to blood and intestinal lymphocytes. These findings indicate that in addition to intestinal epithelial cells, which we showed previously transcytose infectious HIV-1 to indicator cells, intestinal DCs play an important role in transporting HIV-1 through the intestinal mucosa and the subsequent transmission to T cells. J. Leukoc. Biol. 87: 000–000; 2010.
The Will to Touch: David Copperfield’s Hand

In the nineteenth century, touch was considered to be a more privileged sense than has been generally noted, and the hand was pre-eminently the site of active touching. The hand comes newly to rival the face in descriptive significance in mid-nineteenth-century fiction, and reflects contemporary notions of the role of touch in the exercise of the will and the development of the sensorium. This article explores medical and philosophical understandings of embodied touch within the period, and examines why the hand emerged as a focal point for scientific, poetic, and popular discussion. Such scientists as Charles Bell, Herbert Spencer, and Alexander Bain tend to work within two paradigms: the hand as a site of sensory input that forms a conduit between inner and outer worlds, and the hand as an instrument of the will. The article explores Dickens's use of these ideas about touch and development in his 1850 Bildungsroman , David Copperfield . David struggles to establish his proper status as a middle-class male, in part by learning to use his hands to impose his own will and to resist the dominance of inappropriate others through touch.
"The noise monitor": a developmental perspective on verbal and nonverbal meaning-making in psychoanalysis

This paper discusses a contribution of developmental theory to the psychoanalytic concept of "the talking cure." The developmental theory presented is the dyadic expansion of consciousness model (Tronick 2007), a model consistent with the principles of nonlinear systems theory. The concept of "polysemic bundles" as a way of understanding the multiple simultaneous meaning-making processes occurring in dyadic communication is introduced. The theoretical discussion--focused primarily on the analysis of children--is illustrated with descriptions of videotaped sequences from the first session in the analysis of a five-year-old boy. The relevance of these insights to the analytic treatment of adults is then considered.
A mobile group I intron in the nuclear rDNA of physarum polycephalum

We have shown that a strain-specific group I intron (intron 3) in the nuclear extrachromosomal rDNA or Physarum polycephalum is a mobile element. Shortly after mating of amoebae from intron-lacking and intron-containing strains, intron 3 transposes in a site-specific manner into all available recipient molecules. The transposition appears to occur by gene conversion, as evidence by the co-conversion of adjacent sequences and by double strand breakage observed in some of the recipient rDNA molecules. We infer that the double strand break is induced by an endonuclease encoded by intron 3, since in vitro transcription and translation of the cloned intron leads to the synthesis of an enzymatically active, site-specific nuclease. This is the first demonstration of the transposition of a nuclear intron in an experimental setting, and provides a rare example of a protein encoded by an RNA polymerase I transcript.
A priori error bounds for procurement commodity aggregation in logistics planning models

Abstract : A complete logistical planning model of a firm or public system should include activities having to do with the procurement of supplies. Not infrequently, however, procurement aspects are difficult to model because of their relatively complex and evanescent nature. This raises the issue of how to build an overall logistics model in spite of such difficulties. This paper offers some suggestions toward this end which enable the procurement side of a model to be simplified via commodity aggregation in a 'controlled' way, that is, in such a manner that the modeler can know and control in advance of solving his model how much loss of accuracy will be incurred for the solutions to the (aggregated) overall model.
Projected growth of the adult congenital heart disease population in the United States to 2050: an integrative systems modeling approach.

Mortality for children with congenital heart disease (CHD) has declined with improved surgical techniques and neonatal screening; however, as these patients live longer, accurate estimates of the prevalence of adults with CHD are lacking. To determine the prevalence and mortality trends of adults with CHD, we combined National Vital Statistics System data and National Health Interview Survey data using an integrative systems model to determine the prevalence of recalled CHD as a function of age, sex, and year (by recalled CHD, we mean positive response to the question “has a doctor told you that (name) has congenital heart disease?”, which is a conservative lower-bound estimate of CHD prevalence). We used Human Mortality Database estimates and US Census Department projections of the US population to calculate the CHD-prevalent population by age, sex, and year. The primary outcome was prevalence of recalled CHD in adults from 1970 to 2050; the secondary outcomes were birth prevalence and mortality rates by sex and women of childbearing age (15–49 years). The birth prevalence of recalled CHD in 2010 for males was 3.29 per 1,000 (95 % uncertainty interval (UI) 2.8–3.6), and for females was 3.23 per 1,000 (95 % UI 2.3–3.6). From 1968 to 2010, mortality among zero to 51-week-olds declined from 170 to 53 per 100,000 person years. The estimated number of adults (age 20–64 years) with recalled CHD in 1968 was 118,000 (95 % UI 72,000–150,000). By 2010, there was an increase by a factor of 2.3 (95 % UI 2.2–2.6), to 273,000 (95 % UI 190,000–330,000). There will be an estimated 510,000 (95 % UI: 400,000–580,000) in 2050. The prevalence of adults with recalled CHD will begin to plateau around the year 2050. In 2010, there were 134,000 (95 % UI 69,000–160,000) reproductive-age females (age 15–49 years) with recalled CHD in the United States. Mortality rates have decreased in infants and the prevalence of adults with CHD has increased but will slow down around 2050. This population requires adult medical systems with providers experienced in the care of adult CHD patients, including those familiar with reproduction in women with CHD.
Performance of Composite Structural Insulated Panels after Exposure to Floodwater

AbstractDegradation of structural material because of floodwater is one of the major damaging effects during flooding events. As a result, thousands of homes in coastal states, especially those that are constructed from wood-based materials, have been destroyed after each severe hurricane. This paper evaluates the performance a new type of composite structural insulated panel (CSIP) after exposure to floodwater. The proposed composite panel is made of low-cost orthotropic thermoplastic glass/polypropylene laminate as the facesheet and expanded polystyrene foam as the core. The proposed CSIP panel is intended to overcome problems of traditional structural insulated panels, especially those resulting from strength degradation. An extensive experimental program was conducted to investigate the flexural strength degradation of CSIPs after exposure to floodwater for various periods of time. The residual flexural strength following full submergence of CSIPs in simulated floodwater was evaluated using a four-poi...
Intramolecular catalysis. Facilitation of alkaline hydrolysis of alicyclic 1,2-diol monoesters☆

Abstract Evidence is presented for the view that alkaline hydrolysis of the ester grouping in cis alicyclic 1,2-diol monoacetates is facilitated by the adjacent hydroxyl group. Replacement of the hydroxyl group by methoxyl results in a substantial retardation in the hydrolysis rate. The mechanism of hydroxyl participation in the solvolysis of hydroxyacetates is discussed.