cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Poly-Degree Hierarchy

In the previous chapter we dealt with the LOOP hierarchy. The other subrecursive hierarchy of concern in Chapters 12 and 13 is the Poly-Degree (polynomial degree) hierarchy (Definition 3.3(c)). Recall from Definition 3.3(c) that this hierarchy is made up of the classes Ptime1, Ptime2, ..., where Ptimek k = CF({ λx.(a\x\) k : a ∈ N },φ™ , Φ™) = the functions computable in O(|x| k ) time. Clearly, Ptime = U k=1 ∞ Ptime k . Recall from Definition 3.3(b) that Ltime = Ptime1.
Acute and chronic interactive treatments of serotonin 5HT2C and dopamine D1 receptor systems for decreasing nicotine self-administration in female rats

Abstract A variety of neural systems are involved in the brain bases of tobacco addiction. Animal models of nicotine addiction have helped identify a variety of interacting neural systems involved in the pathophysiology of tobacco addiction. We and others have found that drug treatments affecting many of those neurotransmitter systems significantly decrease nicotine self-administration. These treatments include dopamine D1 receptor antagonist, histamine H1 antagonist, serotonin 5HT2C agonist, glutamate NMDA antagonist, nicotinic cholinergic α4β2 partial agonist and nicotinic cholinergic α3β4 antagonist acting drugs. It may be the case that combining treatments that affect different neural systems underlying addiction may be more efficacious than single drug treatment. In the current study, we tested the interactions of the D1 antagonist SCH-23390 and the serotonin 5HT2c agonist lorcaserin, both of which we have previously shown to significantly reduce nicotine self-administration. In the acute interactions study, both SCH-23390 and lorcaserin significantly reduced nicotine self-administration when given alone and had additive effects when given in combination. In the chronic study, each drug alone caused a significant decrease in nicotine self-administration. No additive effect was seen in combination because SCH-23390 given alone chronically was already highly effective. Chronic administration of the combination was not seen to significantly prolong reduced nicotine self-administration into the post-treatment period. This research shows that unlike lorcaserin and SCH-23390 interactions when given acutely, when given chronically in combination they do not potentiate or prolong each other's effects in reducing nicotine self-administration.
Convergent Evolution of the Barnase/EndoU/Colicin/RelE (BECR) Fold in Antibacterial tRNase Toxins.

Summary Contact-dependent growth inhibition (CDI) is a form of interbacterial competition mediated by CdiB-CdiA two-partner secretion systems. CdiA effector proteins carry polymorphic C-terminal toxin domains (CdiA-CT), which are neutralized by specific CdiI immunity proteins to prevent self-inhibition. Here, we present the crystal structures of CdiA-CT⋅CdiI complexes from Klebsiella pneumoniae 342 and Escherichia coli 3006. The toxins adopt related folds that resemble the ribonuclease domain of colicin D, and both are isoacceptor-specific tRNases that cleave the acceptor stem of deacylated tRNAGAUIle. Although the toxins are similar in structure and substrate specificity, CdiA-CTKp342 activity requires translation factors EF-Tu and EF-Ts, whereas CdiA-CTEC3006 is intrinsically active. Furthermore, the corresponding immunity proteins are unrelated in sequence and structure. CdiIKp342 forms a dimeric β sandwich, whereas CdiIEC3006 is an α-solenoid monomer. Given that toxin-immunity genes co-evolve as linked pairs, these observations suggest that the similarities in toxin structure and activity reflect functional convergence.
Microtubule transport and assembly cooperate to generate the microtubule array of growing axons

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on one of the essential events in axon growth, namely the elaboration of the microtubule (MT) array of these neurites. In neurons, as in many other cell types, MTs provide an architectural framework for establishing and maintaining cellular asymmetries. They also organize cytoplasm to carry out the variety of motile and metabolic processes that are essential to life. Mechanisms involved in the elaboration of the MT array in growing axons are also presented, and the chapter emphasized the distinct but complementary roles of polymer transport mechanisms and local assembly dynamics. MTs for the axon originate in the cell body, and they are delivered to the axon by the polymer transport mechanisms. These mechanisms thus contribute directly to the shape of the axon by supplying it with essential architectural elements. The shape of the axon is further modulated by dynamic processes that alter cytoskeletal structure locally along its length. These dynamic processes include the assembly/disassembly mechanisms which influence polymer length and possibly number locally along the axon by subunit exchange between the monomer and polymer pools. In addition, the polymer transport mechanisms themselves are subject to modulation along the axon, as demonstrated by the observation that transport rate of MTs varies along the length of individual axons.
Modelling multiple health behavior change with network analyses: results from a one-year study conducted among overweight and obese adults

This study examined the between-person associations of seven health behaviors in adults with obesity participating in a weight loss intervention, as well as the covariations between these behaviors within-individuals across the intervention. The present study included data from a 12-month weight loss trial (N = 278). Seven health behaviors (physical activity, sedentary behavior, sleep duration, and consumption of fruits, vegetables, total fat and added sugar) were measured at baseline, 6- and 12-months. Between- and within-participants network analyses were conducted to examine how these behaviors were associated through the 12-month intervention and covaried across months. At the between-participants level, associations were found within the different diet behaviors and between total fat and sedentary behaviors. At the within-participants level, covariations were found between sedentary and diet behaviors, and within diet behaviors. Findings suggest that successful multiple health behaviors change interventions among adults with obesity will need to (1) simultaneously target sedentary and diet behaviors; and (2) prevent potential compensatory behaviors in the diet domain.
High power continuous wave operation of single mode quantum cascade lasers up to 5 W spanning λ∼3.8-8.3 µm

In this work, we report high power continuous wave room-temperature operation single mode quantum cascade lasers in the mid-infrared spectral range from 3.8 to 8.3 µm. Single mode robustness and dynamic range are enhanced by optimizing the distributed feedback grating coupling design and the facet coatings. High power single mode operation is secured by circumventing the over-coupling issue and spatial hole burning effect. Maximum single-facet continuous-wave output power of 5.1 W and wall plug efficiency of 16.6% is achieved at room temperature. Single mode operation with a side mode suppression ratio of 30 dB and single-lobed far field with negligible beam steering is observed. The significantly increased power for single mode emission will boost the QCL applications in long-range free-space communication and remote sensing of hazardous chemicals.
Does Collaboration Between Local Health Departments and Nonprofit Hospitals Foster Community Health

We investigated whether stronger collaboration between local public health departments (LHDs) and nonprofit hospitals within a community is associated with individual-level healthier behavior. In a...
A Paramedic’s Christmas Story:

I identify my experience as a professional paramedic as one of chaos and personal rupture. My story is one of survival. My quest is to have the experience count for something more than just having ...
Sociodemographic Predictors of Treatment Success and Difficulty in Nasoalveolar Molding.

Objective:To assess social and demographic influences on caregiver success and difficulty with nasoalveolar molding (NAM).Design:Retrospective review identified patients who began NAM between April...
The prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted radiotracer 18F-DCFPyL detects tumor neovasculature in metastatic, advanced, radioiodine-refractory, differentiated thyroid cancer

Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA; also termed glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCP II)) is abundantly expressed in prostate cancer. It has been shown recently that PSMA is expressed in neovasculature of differentiated thyroid cancer. In this study, we show that 18F-DCFPyl might detect neovasculature in advanced, metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). We first stained the preserved lymph node samples of three patients with DTC who had undergone total thyroidectomy and neck dissection for cervical lymph node metastatic disease to identify PSMA expression, with the PSMA antibody (DAKO Monoclonal). Then, we performed 18F-DCFPyl imaging in two other advanced DTC patients with elevated serum thyroglobulin (Tg), indicative of residual disease. We compared the findings with contemporaneous FDG PET/CT scan, conventional Imaging (CT,MRI) and whole-body scan performed with I123/I131. All the three lymph node samples stained positive for PSMA expression in the neovasculature. In the first imaged patient, 18F-DCFPyl detected activity within the retropharyngeal CT contrast-enhancing lymph node. Compared to FDG PET/CT, the 18F-DCFPyl scan showed a greater SUV (3.1 vs 1.8). In the second imaged patient, 18F-DCFPyl showed intense uptake in the L3 vertebra (not seen on the post treatment 131I scan or the 18F-FDG PET/CT). MRI of the lumbar spine confirmed the presence of sclerotic-lytic lesion at the location, consistent with metastatic disease. Our exploratory study is proof of principle, that the prostate cancer imaging agent 18F-DCFPyl may prove useful for the localization of metastases, in patients with metastatic RAI-refractory DTC by detecting neoangiogenesis within the tumor.
Hypercapnia and hyperlactatemia were positively associated with higher-grade arrhythmias during peak exercise in horses during poor performance evaluation on a high-speed treadmill.

Abstract Cardiac arrhythmias are common in horses during exercise, especially immediately post-exercise. The objectives of this study were to: (1) describe the frequency and type of cardiac arrhythmias detected in horses during incremental high-speed treadmill exercise testing (ITET); (2) determine if arterial blood gas (ABG) changes at peak and immediately post-exercise were associated with arrhythmias; and (3) determine whether upper or lower airway disease was associated with exercising cardiac arrhythmias. Horses (n = 368) presenting for an ITET underwent resting and exercising upper airway endoscopy, resting, exercising and post-exercise electrocardiography, resting and post-exercise echocardiography and exercising ABG. Arrhythmias were graded by the most severe arrhythmia present. Grade 1 arrhythmias were defined as one or two atrial (APCs) or ventricular premature complexes (VPCs), or one APC and one VPC, detected in 6.9% at peak and 16% at 0-2 min post exercise.. Grade 2 arrhythmias were >2 APCs or VPCs, or both, detected in 5.8% at peak and 16.6% at 0-2 min post exercise. Grade 3 included complex arrhythmias (couplets, triplets, R on T, multiform complexes or paroxysmal atrial or ventricular tachycardia), detected in 4.4% at peak and 7.3% at 0-2 min post exercise. Both partial pressure of arterial CO2 (PaCO2; P = 0.008) and lactate (P = 0.031) were significantly associated with arrhythmias occurring at peak exercise, but not immediately post-exercise. As PaCO2 and lactate increased, arrhythmia severity increased. Blood pH was significantly associated with grades 2 and 3 arrhythmias at 0–2 min post ITET (OR = 0.0002; P
CDKN2A alterations as markers of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) resistance in urothelial carcinoma (UC).

475Background: ICB has shown clinical benefit across several metastatic carcinomas; however, predictive biomarkers are still lacking. CDKN2A is one of the most commonly altered genes across human c...
0108 Limitations of opioid use disorder (OUD) ICD codes: development and validation of a new OUD identification algorithm in electronic medical records

Statement of purpose In the US, over 130 lives are lost from opioid-related drug overdoses each day. Accurate and prompt diagnosis of opioid use disorders (OUD) may contribute substantially to prevention of overdose deaths. However, OUD research is limited because ICD codes used to identify OUD are specific but not sensitive, resulting in underestimation OUD prevalence. Further, the specificity and sensitivity of the OUD ICD codes is unknown due to the lack of a gold standard. Methods/Approach In this study, eight pain and addiction medicine clinical experts across four large healthcare systems in two southern United States (two experts per healthcare system) reviewed 166 electronic medical records (EMR) from 2014–2017 which may or may not have been assigned OUD ICD codes. The experts relied on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 criteria for making OUD diagnoses. These ‘gold standard’ charts were used to 1) develop and validate a highly sensitive OUD identification algorithm over four iterations and 2) examine the sensitivity and specificity of OUD ICD codes. Results Of the 166 EMR charts, 100 (60%) were reviewed by two experts and exhibited 83% agreement. After four iterations, the algorithm identified OUD with >90% sensitivity and 67% specificity. The OUD ICD codes had 59% sensitivity and 93% specificity, underscoring the extent underestimation. Conclusions This is the first study to measure the sensitivity and specificity of OUD ICD codes and develop an algorithm to address OUD underestimation. This work can be used in future research on OUD prevention and management. Significance Strategies to address the opioid epidemic have primarily focused on prevention of overdose deaths. Underdiagnoses of OUD may contribute to frequent failure in connecting patients to treatment. From an injury pyramid perspective, preventing OUD development or escalation would reduce overdoses and improve quality of life for patients with OUD.
β-adrenergic stimulation synchronizes a broad spectrum of action potential firing rates of cardiac pacemaker cells towards a higher population average

The heartbeat is initiated by pacemaker cells residing in the sinoatrial node (SAN). SAN cells generate spontaneous action potentials (APs), i.e. normal automaticity. The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate commensurate with cardiac output demand via stimulation of SAN β-adrenergic receptors (βAR). While SAN cells reportedly represent a highly heterogeneous cell population, the current dogma is that in response to βAR stimulation all cells increase their spontaneous AP firing rate in a similar fashion. The aim of the present study was to investigate cell-to-cell variability in the responses of a large population of SAN cells. We measured βAR responses among 166 single SAN cells isolated from 33 guinea pig hearts. In contrast to the current dogma, the SAN cell responses to βAR stimulation substantially varied. In each cell, changes in AP cycle length highly correlated (R2=0.97) with the AP cycle length before βAR stimulation. While, as expected, on average the cells increased their pacemaker rate, greater responses were observed in cells with slower basal rates, and vice versa, cells with higher basal rates showed smaller responses, no responses, or even decreased their rate. Thus, βAR stimulation synchronizes the operation of the SAN cell population towards a higher average rate, rather than uniformly shifting the rate in each cell, creating a new paradigm of βAR-driven fight-or-flight response among individual pacemaker cells.
Lithographically patterned stretchable metallic microwiring on electrospun nanofiber mats

Stretchable and flexible electronic applications require mechanically suitable electrical wiring. This article presents, for the first time, the microfabrication of photolithographically patterned microwiring on an electrospun nanofiber mat. The use of a photoresist-based technology allows for better than 10 μm pattern resolution on a good quality nanofiber mat, providing an order of magnitude smaller feature sizes than what has been published before. We demonstrate metallic wiring patterned from a 75 nm thick coating on top of the nanofiber mat. A silicone elastomer was incorporated to serve as a matrix material and form a composite substrate and an encapsulation layer on top of the microwiring. We demonstrate clean and anisotropic dry etching of the elastomer to open electrode sites that can be smaller than 10 μm in size. We speculate that these structures will be mechanically robust while being soft at the same time and provide the properties necessary for potential use in stretchable and flexible electronics.
The Finite Element Method

In the numerical solution of engineering problems, it is often convenient to assume the physical domain to consist of an assemblage of a finite number of subdomains, called finite elements, which are connected with one another along their interfaces. The distribution of a governing physical parameter within each element is approximated by a suitable continuous function, which is uniquely defined in terms of its values at a specified number of nodal points that are usually located along the boundary of the element. The solution to the original boundary value problem is often reduced to that of a variational problem involving the nodal point values of the unknown parameter. In this chapter, we shall be concerned with a rigid/plastic formulation of the finite element method, a complete elastic/plastic formulation of the problem being available elsewhere (Chakrabarty, 2006).
An ellipsoidal harmonic representation of Earth's lithospheric magnetic field to degree and order 720

[1] While high-degree models of the Earth's gravity potential have been inferred from measurements for more than a decade, corresponding geomagnetic models are difficult to produce. The primary challenge lies in the estimation of the magnetic potential, which is not completely determined by available field intensity measurements and cannot be computed by direct integration. Described here is the methodology behind the third generation of the National Geophysical Data Center's degree 720 magnetic model. Key issues are (1) the ellipsoidal harmonic representation of the magnetic potential, (2) the reduction of ambiguities by a suitable penalty function, and (3) the use of an iterative method to estimate the model coefficients. The NGDC-720 model provides the lithospheric magnetic field vector at any desired location and altitude close to and above the Earth's surface. Anticipated uses are in geological and tectonic studies of the lithosphere, as a local correction for magnetic navigation and heading systems, and the calibration of ground, marine, airborne, and spaceborne magnetometers. The NGDC-720 model is available at http://geomag.org/models/ngdc720.html and for long-term archive at http://earthref.org/cgi-bin/er.cgi?s=erda.cgi?n=989.
Finding all undercut-free parting directions for extrusions

For molding and casting processes, geometries that have undercut-free parting directions (UFPDs) are preferred for manufacturing. Identifying all UFPDs for arbitrary geometries at interactive speeds remains an open problem, however; for polyhedral parts with n vertices, existing algorithms take at least O(n4) time. In this paper, we introduce a new algorithm to calculate all the UFPDs for extrusions, an important class of geometry for manufacturing in its own right and a basic geometric building block in solid modeling systems. The algorithm is based on analyzing the 2D generator profile for the extrusion, building on our previous results for 2D undercut analysis of polygons. The running time is O(n2logn) to find the exact set of UFPDs or O(n) to find a slightly conservative superset of the UFPDs, where n is the geometric complexity of the 2D generator profile. Using this approach, the set of possible UFPDs for a part containing multiple extruded features can be reduced based upon an analysis of each such feature, efficiently identifying many parts that have no UFPDs and reducing the search time for complete algorithms that find all UFPDs.
Universal(ly Bad) Service : Providing Infrastructure Services to Rural and Poor Urban Consumers

Until recently, utility services (telecommunications, power, water, and gas) throughout the world were provided by large, usually state-owned, monopolies. However, encouraged by technological change, regulatory innovation, and pressure from international organizations, many developing countries are privatizing state-owned companies and introducing competition. Some observers worry that even if reforms improve efficiency, they might compromise an important public policy goal - ensuring "universal access" for low-income and rural households. Clarke and Wallsten review the motivation for universal service, methods used to try to achieve it under monopoly service provision, how reforms might affect these approaches, and the theoretical and empirical evidence of the impact of reform on these consumers. Next, using household data from around the world, they investigate empirically the historical performance of public monopolies in meeting universal service obligations and the impact of reform. The results show the massive failure of state monopolies to provide service to poor and rural households everywhere except Eastern Europe. Moreover, while the data are limited, the evidence suggests that reforms have not harmed poor and rural consumers, and in many cases have improved their access to utility services. Nevertheless, because competition undermines traditional methods of funding universal service objectives (cross-subsidies), the authors also review mechanisms that could finance these objectives without compromising the benefits of reforms. This paper - a product of Regulation and Competition Policy, Development Research Group - is a background paper for the Policy Research Report on The Regulation of Infrastructure. The authors may be contacted at gclarke@worldbank.org or swallsten@worldbank.org.
On the swirling flow between rotating coaxial disks: a survey

Abstract : Consider solutions (H(x, epsilon), G(x, epsilon)) of the von Karman equations for the swirling flow between two rotating coaxial disks (1.1) epsilon H'''' + HH''' + GG' equal 0, (1.2) epsilon G'' + HG' - H'G equal 0. In this survey we describe much of the activity of the past 30 years - involving physical conjecture, numerical computation, asymptotic expansions and rigorous mathematical results. In particular we focus on the questions of existence and nonuniqueness, monotonicity, and scaling. (Author)
Superoxide radical as an intermediate in the oxidation of hydroxylamines by mixed function amine oxidase.

Previous observations have shown that mixed function amine oxidase (MFAO), a flavo-protein, is responsible for the oxidation of hydroxylamines to nitroxides. We had assumed that the hydroperoxyflavin directly attacked the hydroxylamine giving the hydroxylamine oxide as an intermediate which rapidly decomposed to yield a nitroxide and a hydroxyl radical. A kinetic investigation showed that MFAO does not directly attack the hydroxylamine but suggested that MFAO releases an oxidizing agent that is responsible for hydroxylamine oxidation. The Haber-Weiss reaction, known to produce hydroxyl radicals, was shown not to be involved in the formation of nitroxide free radicals. It was found that superoxide is solely responsible for MFAO mediated nitroxide formation. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Dr. Dan. Ziegler, University of Texas, for his most generous gift of purified mixed function amine oxidase. We are grateful to Dr. Henry Fisher of the Environmental Protection Agency for the use of his Varian Associates E-9 spectrometer.
A Virtual Mixture Approach to the Study of Multistate Equilibrium: Application to Constant pH Simulation in Explicit Water.

Chemical and thermodynamic equilibrium of multiple states is a fundamental phenomenon in biology systems and has been the focus of many experimental and computational studies. This work presents a simulation method to directly study the equilibrium of multiple states. This method constructs a virtual mixture of multiple states (VMMS) to sample the conformational space of all chemical states simultaneously. The VMMS system consists of multiple subsystems, one for each state. The subsystem contains a solute and a solvent environment. The solute molecules in all subsystems share the same conformation but have their own solvent environments. Transition between states is implicated by the change of their molar fractions. Simulation of a VMMS system allows efficient calculation of relative free energies of all states, which in turn determine their equilibrium molar fractions. For systems with a large number of state transition sites, an implicit site approximation is introduced to minimize the cost of simulation. A direct application of the VMMS method is for constant pH simulation to study protonation equilibrium. Applying the VMMS method to a heptapeptide of 3 ionizable residues, we calculated the pKas of those residues both with all explicit states and with implicit sites and obtained consistent results. For mouse epidermal growth factor of 9 ionizable groups, our VMMS simulations with implicit sites produced pKas of all 9 ionizable groups and the results agree qualitatively with NMR measurement. This example demonstrates the VMMS method can be applied to systems of a large number of ionizable groups and the computational cost scales linearly with the number of ionizable groups. For one of the most challenging systems in constant pH calculation, SNase Δ+PHS/V66K, our VMMS simulation shows that it is the state-dependent water penetration that causes the large deviation in lysine66’s pKa.
Climate change, genetic markers and species distribution modelling

Ecologists and biogeographers are currently expending great effort forecasting shifts in species geographical ranges that may result from climate change. However, these efforts are problematic because they have mostly relied on presence‐only data that ignore within‐species genetic diversity. Technological advances in high‐throughput sequencing have now made it cost‐effective to survey the genetic structure of populations sampled throughout the range of a species. These data can be used to delineate two or more genetic clusters within the species range, and to identify admixtures of individuals within genetic clusters that reflect different patterns of ancestry. Species distribution models (SDMs) applied to the presence and absence of genetic clusters should provide more realistic forecasts of geographical range shifts that take account of genetic variability. High‐throughput sequencing and spatially explicit models may be used to further refine these projections.
Switching Mechanism in Ferromagnetic Nanorings

Ferromagnetic rings exhibit many novel physical phenomena with promise for potential applications. Here, we focus on switching processes which are fundamental properties of magnetic systems and are especially crucial for data storage applications. A brief introduction on the advantages of ring geometries is presented, followed by a background survey of the model and methods to study nanomagnetic elements. The relevant magnetic states identified until now are discussed, with special emphasis given to vortex, onion, and twisted states. Such states are potential candidates for data storage applications. Switching processes under uniform fields are categorized into three types, and their mechanisms are explained in detail. In particular, explanations from a topological point of view are shown to be enlightening. We conclude with a brief discursion of circular field switching and data storage applications of magnetic nanorings.
Steady water waves

We present a survey of certain aspects of the theory of steady water waves with emphasis on the role played by vorticity. Historical background, numerical illustrations, and brief discussions of the time-dependent problem and of approximate models are included as well.
Neglect the Structure of Multitrait-Multimethod Data at Your Peril: Implications for Associations with External Variables.

In 1959, Campbell and Fiske introduced the use of multitrait–multimethod (MTMM) matrices in psychology, and for the past 4 decades confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) has commonly been used to analyze MTMM data. However, researchers do not always fit CFA models when MTMM data are available; when CFA modeling is used, multiple models are available that have attendant strengths and weaknesses. In this article, we used a Monte Carlo simulation to investigate the drawbacks of either using CFA models that fail to match the data-generating model or completely ignore the MTMM structure of data when the research goal is to uncover associations between trait constructs and external variables. We then used data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development to illustrate the substantive implications of fitting models that partially or completely ignore MTMM data structures. Results from analyses of both simulated and empirical data show noticeable bi...
Therapeutic deep brain stimulation reduces cortical phase-amplitude coupling in Parkinson's disease

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is increasingly applied for the treatment of brain disorders, but its mechanism of action remains unknown. Here we evaluate the effect of basal ganglia DBS on cortical function using invasive cortical recordings in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients undergoing DBS implantation surgery. In the primary motor cortex of PD patients, neuronal population spiking is excessively synchronized to the phase of network oscillations. This manifests in brain surface recordings as exaggerated coupling between the phase of the beta rhythm and the amplitude of broadband activity. We show that acute therapeutic DBS reversibly reduces phase-amplitude interactions over a similar time course as that of the reduction in parkinsonian motor signs. We propose that DBS of the basal ganglia improves cortical function by alleviating excessive beta phase locking of motor cortex neurons.
Gamma-Ray Spectra of Co 60 and Mn 56 Following Resonance-Neutron Capture in Co 59 and Mn 55

The gamma-ray spectra resulting from neutron capture in the 132-eV resonance of ${\mathrm{Co}}^{59}$ and the 336-, 1098-, and 2355-eV resonances of ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{55}$ have been observed with a Ge(Li) spectrometer at the Argonne fast-chopper time-of-flight system. The spectra are compared with the thermal-capture spectra and with the proton spectra observed in deuteron stripping. The reduced gamma-ray width for transitions in ${\mathrm{Co}}^{60}$ exhibit a dependence on the ${l}_{n}$ value of the corresponding ($d,p$) transitions. The thermal and two higher-energy resonance spectra in ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{56}$ display significant correlation with the corresponding stripping strengths. No such correlation was observed for the 132-eV resonance in ${\mathrm{Co}}^{59}$ or the 336-eV resonance in ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{55}$.
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Arising in Bone in Children and Adolescents Is Associated With an Excellent Outcome: A Children’s Cancer Group Report

PURPOSE: Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) arising in bone is a heterogeneous histologic type of NHL that includes large-cell lymphoma, lymphoblastic lymphoma, and small noncleaved-cell lymphoma. NHL arising in bone is well recognized in adults but is less well characterized and infrequent in children and adolescents. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of Children’s Cancer Group (CCG) studies treating children and adolescents with NHL over a 20-year period (CCG-551, CCG-501, CCG-502, CCG-503, CCG-552, CCG-5911, and CCG-5941) and determined the response and event-free survival (EFS) rates in 31 patients with NHL arising in bone. RESULTS: The patients ranged in age from 3 to 17 years (median, 11 years; mean, 11 years), and 64.5% were male. All 31 (100%) patients achieved complete response. For 31 patients with NHL arising in bone, the product-limit estimated 5-year EFS was 83.8% ± 6.7%. EFS in 17 patients with localized disease (Murphy stages I and II) was 94.1% ± 5.7%, and EFS in 14 patie...
Theory of program testing — An overview

In this paper, we provide a detailed survey of the various approaches to program testing that have been proposed in recent years. Particular attention is given to a discussion of the developing theory of program testing and to the decomposition of the testing problem into the program graph construction, test path selection, and test case generation phases. Examples are included to illustrate the different testing strategies. Comparisons are made from one method to another, all in a uniform terminology and notation, to facilitate an understanding of various combinations of strategies that might lead to a more workable testing methodology.
Identification of the eukaryotic initiation factor 5A as a retinoic acid-stimulated cellular binding partner for tissue transglutaminase II

Abstract GTP-binding protein/transglutaminases (tissue transglutaminases or TGases) have been implicated in a variety of cellular processes including retinoic acid (RA)-induced apoptosis. Recently, we have shown that RA activates TGases as reflected by stimulated GTP binding, increased membrane association, and stimulated phosphoinositide lipid turnover. This prompted us to search for cellular proteins that bind TGases in a RA-stimulated manner. In this report, we show that the eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF-5A), a protein that is essential for cell viability, perhaps through effects on protein synthesis and/or RNA export, associates with the TGasein vivo. The interaction between eIF-5A and TGase is specific for the GDP-bound form of the TGase and is not detected when the TGase is pre-loaded with GTPγS. The TGase-eIF-5A interaction also is promoted by Ca2+, Mg2+, and RA treatment of HeLa cells. In the presence of retinoic acid, millimolar levels of Ca2+ are no longer required for the TGase-eIF-5A interaction. Nocodazole treatment, which blocks the cell cycle at mitosis (M phase), strongly inhibits the interaction between eIF-5A and cytosolic TGase. The interaction between TGase and eIF-5A and its sensitivity to the nucleotide-occupied state of the TGase provides a potentially interesting connection between RA signaling and protein synthesis and/or RNA trafficking activities.
Review Lecture: The Chemosynthetic Support of Life and the Microbial Diversity at Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents

Circulation of seawater through the upper few kilometres of oceanic crust at tectonic spreading zones results in a transformation of geothermal into chemical energy. Reduced inorganic species are emitted from warm (under 25 degrees C) and hot (under 400 degrees C) vents on the sea floor at depths of 1600 and 3000 m and are used by chemolithotrophic bacteria as terrestrial sources of energy for the primary production of organic carbon from carbon dioxide. Thus, the rich and unique animal populations found in the immediate vicinity of the vents represent ecosystems that are largely or totally independent of solar energy. They subsist by means of a food chain that is based on various microbial processes. In addition to aerobic and anaerobic bacterial chemosynthesis, a new type of symbiosis between yet undescribed chemolithotrophic prokaryotes and certain invertebrates appears to account for the major part of the total primary production at the deep-sea vent sites.
Compressible magnetohydrodynamic turbulence: mode coupling, scaling relations, anisotropy, viscosity-damped regime and astrophysical implications

We present numerical simulations and explore scalings and anisotropy of compressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence. Our study covers both gas-pressure-dominated (high β) and magnetic-pressure-dominated (low β) plasmas at different Mach numbers. In addition, we present results for super-Alfvenic turbulence and discuss in what way it is similar to sub-Alfvenic turbulence. We describe a technique of separating different magnetohydrodynamic modes (slow, fast and Alfven) and apply it to our simulations. We show that, for both high- and low-β cases, Alfven and slow modes reveal a Kolmogorov k - 5 / 3 spectrum and scale-dependent Goldreich-Sridhar anisotropy, while fast modes exhibit a k - 3 / 2 spectrum and isotropy. We discuss the statistics of density fluctuations arising from MHD turbulence in different regimes. Our findings entail numerous astrophysical implications ranging from cosmic ray propagation to gamma ray bursts and star formation. In particular, we show that the rapid decay of turbulence reported by earlier researchers is not related to compressibility and mode coupling in MHD turbulence. In addition, we show that magnetic field enhancements and density enhancements are marginally correlated. Addressing the density structure of partially ionized interstellar gas on astronomical-unit scales, we show that the viscosity-damped regime of MHD turbulence that we reported earlier for incompressible flows persists for compressible turbulence and therefore may provide an explanation for these mysterious structures.
On the translocation of proteins across membranes

Many proteins of intracellular organelles are first synthesized in the cytoplasm and are then specifically transferred across the membranes of the organelles. On the assumption that these transfers all occur by the same basic mechanism, we enumerate the rather stringent requirements that the mechanism must satisfy. A unitary molecular mechanism is then proposed that meets these requirements.
Decarbonylative Approach to the Synthesis of Enamides from Amino Acids: Stereoselective Synthesis of the (Z)-Aminovinyl-D-Cysteine Unit of Mersacidin

The Pd- and Ni-promoted decarbonylation of amino acid thioesters proceeds smoothly to yield enamides. The synthesis of the (S)-(Z)-AviMeCys subunit of mersacidin, an MRSA-active lantibiotic, via this approach, is described.
Ion irradiation effects for MgF2 films on LiF substrates

Abstract MgF2 films deposited on LiF substrates have been irradiated with 210 keV Xe ion at doses of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 × 1016 ions/cm2. Rutherford backscattering (RBS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations are indicative of beam-induced Li diffusion into the MgF2 film and of a lower degree of mixing of Mg into the LiF substrate.
Cathodoluminescence in CaSO4:Dy

Luminescence in CaSO4:Dy as produced by an electron beam in the scanning electron microscope is examined. The resultant Cathodoluminescence (CL) spectrum consists solely of Dy3+ ion transitions, indicating that impact ionization of Dy3+ to Dy2+ ions occurs infrequently and that deexcitation of the Dy2+ ion proceeds via non-radiative phonon processes. The morphology of the emission centers as determined by micrographs is typical of uniformly distributed Dy3+ ions. Die durch einen Elektronenstrahl im Rasterelektronenmikroskop hervorgerufene Lumineszenz in CaSO4:Dy wird untersucht. Das resultierende Kathodolumineszenz(CL)-Spektrum besteht allein aus Dy3+−Ionen-Ubergangen, was darauf hinweist, das Stosionisation von Dy3+− zu Dy2+Ionen nicht staudig stattfindet und das die Energieabgabe von Dy2+−Ionen uber nichtstrahlende Phononenprozesse erfolgt. Die Morphologie der Emissionszentren, wie eie dureh die Mikrographien bestimmt wird, ist typisch fur gleichformig verteilte Dy3+−Ionen.
Locomotor impairment and defense in gravid lizards (Eumeces laticeps): behavioral shift in activity may offset costs of reproduction in an active forager

Female Eumeces laticeps experience a substantial decrease in running speed (ca. 25%) and an even greater loss of endurance (slightly over 50%) while gravid. Because some widely foraging lizards, including E. laticeps, rely primarily on running to escape predators, the decreases in speed and stamina may contribute to an increased risk of predation. However, observations suggest that gravid females become less active or conspicuous on the surface. Ambush foraging lizards rely relatively more on crypsis associated with immobility to avoid predation and thus can have greater average relative clutch mass (RCM) than active foragers. Behavioral compensation for locomotor impairment by becoming less active or conspicuous may allow some species the advantages inherent in both high relative clutch mass when gravid and the increased energetic profitability of active foraging when not gravid. As females gain weight during the breeding season, they may forage actively until the risk due to increasing locomotor impairment becomes too great and then change defensive strategy to greater reliance on crypsis. Without such a shift, widely foraging squamate reptiles may be less able than ambush foragers to exploit life-historical strategies demanding high current investment in reproduction.
Genetics and Gene Expression in Pulmonary Hypertension: Parker B. Francis Lecture

Summary The identification of BMPR2 as a gene responsible for PPH, in both familial and sporadic disease, provides the first opportunity to understand its central pathogenesis, as well as many other opportunities, such as genetic testing and counseling, and directing the development of novel therapies. In aggregate, the studies described in the discussion above provide convincing evidence that proliferative processes are the central pathogenetic event of PPH. Future research efforts will be directed by many investigators to understand by what mechanisms BMPR2 mutations cause occlusive disease in such a limited segment of the circulation. Other goals for the immediate future should include the identification of genes or conditions that modify the clinical expression of BMPR2 mutations, and possibly other primary genes, which are of enormous interest and importance and surely are realistic at this time.
From universal properties to cascading: using sum rules for developing broad principles and understanding phenomena

Sum rules are used to develop a broad understanding of light-matter interactions through investigations of universal properties and are applied to specific phenomena to gain insights into the underlying fundamental processes. We discuss universal properties associated with the third-order nonlinear-optical response and show how microscopic cascading – where two molecules interact through their hyperpolarizabilities to yield a second hyperpolarizability – must obey these same universal properties. In addition, we discuss how the sum rules imply more exotic classes of Hamiltonians and their consistency with physical laws, which may partially explain the difference between the sum-rule-derived fundamental limits and observations.
Exposure chamber measurements of mass transfer and partitioning at the plant/air interface.

Dynamic measures of air and vegetation concentrations in an exposure chamber and a two-box mass balance model are used to quantify factors that control the rate and extent of chemical partitioning ...
The effect of the correctness of the behavior observed on the accuracy of ratings.

Abstract The present investigation was designed to determine the effects of two variables on the accuracy of ratings: (a) the correctness of the behavior rated; and (b) the amount of the rater's experience with the particular rating device. 118 managers rated nine specific dimensions of the performance of an “insurance agent's” prospecting technique. The results indicated that the ratings were 88.0% accurate on behavior which was actually performed correctly, but only 73.8% accurate on behavior which was actually performed incorrectly ( p ≤ 0.1). This finding was called the Differential Accuracy Phenomenon (DAP). Although experience with the ratings improved the overall accuracy, it had no effect on the DAP. The implications of the DAP for criterion development were discussed.
Efficient summarization-aware search for online news articles

News portals gather and organize news articles published daily on the Internet. Typically, news articles are clustered into 'events' and each cluster is displayed with a short description of its contents. A particularly interesting choice for describing the contents of a cluster is a machine-generated multi-document summary of the articles in the cluster. Such summaries are informative and help news readers to identify and explore only clusters of interest. Naturally, multi-document clusters and summaries are also valuable to help users navigate the results of keyword-search queries. Unfortunately, current document summarizers are still slow; as a result, search strategies that define document clusters and their multi-document summaries online, in a query-specific manner, are prohibitively expensive. In contrast, search strategies that only return offline, query-independent document clusters are efficient, but might return clusters whose (query-independent) summaries are of little relevance to the queries. In this paper, we present an efficient Hybrid search strategy to address the limitations of fully online and fully offline summarization-aware search approaches. Extensive experiments involving user relevance judgments and real news articles show that the quality of our Hybrid results is high, and that these results are computed in substantially less time than with the fully online strategy. We have implemented our strategy and made it available on the Newsblaster news summarization system, which crawls and summarizes news articles from a variety of web sources on a daily basis.
Differential expression and tumor necrosis factor-mediated regulation of TNFRSF11b/osteoprotegerin production by human melanomas

Tumors escape host immune responses, in part, through the release of immunomodulatory factors and decoy receptors into their microenvironment. Several cancers express surface-bound and soluble members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, including TNFRSF11b/osteoprotegerin (OPG). In its physiologic role, OPG regulates bone remodeling through competition for osteoclast-activating cytokines and protects newly forming bone from T cell-mediated apoptosis. In multiple tumor types, OPG production is associated with an aggressive phenotype and increased metastasis to bone, but no study has examined OPG production in human metastatic melanoma. We demonstrate that a significant proportion of human metastatic melanomas constitutively produces OPG through a mechanism governed by membrane-bound TNF-α signaling through TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1). These observations both define a specific mechanism that regulates melanoma production of OPG and establish a new molecular target for the therapeutic regulation of OPG.
Pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone in premature neonates.

Objective: Dexamethasone is frequently used in premature neonates with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, however little is known about its disposition in this population.