cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimates of Freshwater Discharge from Continents: Latitudinal and Seasonal Variations

Annual and monthly mean values of continental freshwater discharge into the oceans are estimated at 18 resolution using several methods. The most accurate estimate is based on streamflow data from the world’s largest 921 rivers, supplemented with estimates of discharge from unmonitored areas based on the ratios of runoff and drainage area between the unmonitored and monitored regions. Simulations using a river transport model (RTM) forced by a runoff field were used to derive the river mouth outflow from the farthest downstream gauge records. Separate estimates are also made using RTM simulations forced by three different runoff fields: 1) based on observed streamflow and a water balance model, and from estimates of precipitation P minus evaporation E computed as residuals from the atmospheric moisture budget using atmospheric reanalyses from 2) the National Centers for Environmental Prediction‐National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP‐NCAR) and 3) the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Compared with previous estimates, improvements are made in extending observed discharge downstream to the river mouth, in accounting for the unmonitored streamflow, in discharging runoff at correct locations, and in providing an annual cycle of continental discharge. The use of river mouth outflow increases the global continental discharge by ;19% compared with unadjusted streamflow from the farthest downstream stations. The river-based estimate of global continental discharge presented here is 37 288 6 662 km3 yr21, which is ;7.6% of global P or 35% of terrestrial P. While this number is comparable to earlier estimates, its partitioning into individual oceans and its latitudinal distribution differ from earlier studies. The peak discharges into the Arctic, the Pacific, and global oceans occur in June, versus May for the Atlantic and August for the Indian Oceans. Snow accumulation and melt are shown to have large effects on the annual cycle of discharge into all ocean basins except for the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean and Black Seas. The discharge and its latitudinal distribution implied by the observation-based runoff and the ECMWF reanalysis-based P‐E agree well with the river-based estimates, whereas the discharge implied by the NCEP‐NCAR reanalysis-based P‐E has a negative bias.
Chinch Bug (Hemiptera: Blissidae) Mouthpart Morphology, Probing Frequencies, and Locations on Resistant and Susceptible Germplasm

Chinch bugs are common pests of many agronomic and horticulturally important crops and turfgrasses. Previous research has indicated that some grasses exhibit resistance to multiple chinch bug species, whereas others are resistant to only one species. The objectives of this research were to document differences in the probing frequencies and locations among Blissus species as well as differences in mouthpart morphology as a first step in understanding the differential responses of grasses to chinch bug feeding. Scanning electron microscopy detected differences in the total lengths of proboscises as well as individual mouthpart segments among the four species studied. Blissus occiduus Barber probed significantly more often on buffalograss, Buchloe dactyloides (Nuttall) Engelmann, than any other plant material. Probing locations of B. occiduus and Blissus leucopterus leucopterus (Say) were similar on both B. occiduus-resistant and susceptible buffalograsses and KS94 sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (B. occiduus-resistant, B. l. leucopterus-resistant). However, on 'Wheatland' sorghum (B. occiduus-resistant, B. l. leucopterus-susceptible), stylet tracts of B. l. leucopterus most often terminated in the bundle sheath cells, whereas those of B. occiduus generally terminated in the vascular tissues.
Measuring temperature dependent viscosity of liquids using an atomic force microscope cantilever with a solid state heating element

This paper presents a study on the dynamic response of an atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilever with a solid state heating element in liquid and its application for measuring the temperature-dependent viscosity of liquids. A finite difference model (FDM) predicts the frequency response of a heated cantilever immersed in liquid and calibrates the liquid viscosity from the measured cantilever resonant frequency (f0) at different cantilever heater temperatures. The technique measures a wide range of liquid viscosities (0.0005–0.005 kgm−1s−1) at temperatures ranging from 20 to 55 °C with high sensitivity (7.1 × 10−7 kgm-1s-1/Hz for 50 wt% ethylene glycol/water). The measurement requires heating a liquid volume of about 10 nl, which is more than 1000X smaller than other microcantilever-based viscosity measurements.
Carboxylic Acid Catalyzed Hydration of Acetaldehyde

Electronic structure calculations of the pertinent stationary points on the potential energy surface show that carboxylic acids can act effectively as catalysts in the hydration of acetaldehyde. Barriers to this catalyzed process correlate strongly with the pKa of the acid, providing the potential to provide the predictive capacity of the effectiveness of carboxylic acid catalysts. Transition states for the acid-catalyzed systems take the form of pseudo-six-membered rings through the linear nature of their hydrogen bonds, which accounts for their relative stability compared to the more strained direct and water-catalyzed systems. When considered as a stepwise reaction of a dimerization followed by reaction/complexation, it is likely that collisional stabilization of the prereactive complex is more likely than reaction in the free gas phase, although the catalyzed hydration does retain the potential to proceed on water surfaces or in droplets. Lastly, it is observed that postreactive diol-acid complexes are significantly stable (∼12-17 kcal/mol) relative to isolated products, suggesting the possibility of long-lived hygroscopic species that could act as a seed molecule for condensation of secondary organic aerosols.
Effect evaluation of health education and health promotion in rural schools of Jinyun county,Zhejiang province

Objective To explore the effect of health education and health promotion in rural schools to provide scientific basis for better implementation.Methods By cluster random sampling method,we extracted 256 middle school students from 6classes of Dayuan Middle School and 482pupils from 12classes of Dayuan Primary School for survey and self-designed questionnaire was adopted before and after intervention.Results The awareness rate of middle school students before intervention(45.8%)was significantly different from that after intervention(71.4%).The awareness rate of primary school students before intervention(41.8%)was significantly different from that after intervention(65.7%).The awarness rates of students in different grades were statistically different between before and after intervention.Conclusions Health education and health promotion have achieved great effect in schools,especially among students at higher grades,yet the health knowledge rate is low in general,therefore,we must strengthen health education in remote mountain schools.
Monitoring and analysis of disinfection quality in medical institutions in Taishan District of Taian City in 2011

[Objective]To monitor and evaluate the disinfection quality in medical institutions in Taishan District of Taian City,provide the basis for the further improvement of disinfection in medical institutions.[Methods]According to the method and standard prescribed by the Disinfection Technology Standard(2002 edition) of Ministry of Health,the preventive monitoring of disinfection quality was conducted in 308 medical institutions in Taishan District of Taian City in 2011,and the monitoring contents included indoor air,object surface,hands of medical personnel,disposable medical products,disinfectant in use,ultraviolet lamp and pressure steam sterilizer.[Results]A total of 4 082 samples were tested,3599 were qualified with the qualified rate of 88.17%.There was significant difference in the qualified rate between different types of samples(P0.01),and the difference in qualified rate between medical institutions at different levels was significant(P0.05).[Conclusion]There are some problems in disinfection quality of medical institutions of Taishan District of Taian City,which needs to be further improved.The inspection of disinfection quality in basic medical institutions should be strengthened.
Hemodynamic and adrenergic responses to anesthesia and operation for myocardial revascularization.

Plasma catecholamine concentrations were analyzed in conjunction with hemodynamic measurements in 15 patients undergoing operations for myocardial revascularization. Plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine in the awake, premedicated patients were slightly elevated even though the hemodynamic profile was normal. Induction of anesthesia with 1% halothane and adjuvant agents produced significant reductions in stroke volume, systemic vascular resistance, and arterial pressure and was associated with a significant decrease in epinephrine but no change in norepinephrine. The stimulus of a surgical incision doubled norepinephrine and elevated epinephrine to control levels. Arterial pressure returned to control values but with marked sacrifice in myocardial performance. Systemic vascular resistance became abnormally high (2,890 dynes · sec · cm-5 · m2), cardiac and stroke volume indices decreased to low levels (2.23 L/min/m2 and 30 ml/beat/m2), and filling pressures rose significantly. Cardiopulmonary bypass resulted in further sympathetic activation. The highest measured plasma catecholamine concentrations and greatest degree of peripheral vasoconstriction were found during this period despite the uninterrupted administration of 1% halothane through the pump oxygenator. These data demonstrate that the circulatory effects produced by potent anesthetic agents in patients with coronary artery disease are not associated with increased catecholamine levels and may well, in fact, cause partial sympathoadrenal inhibition. Conversely, superimposition of the stimuli of operation and particularly cardiopulmonary bypass upon these effectively anesthetized patients elicits a marked sympathoadrenal response which is associated with increases in peripheral resistance and deterioration of myocardial performance, suggesting a relationship between sympathetic activation and circulatory dysfunction under these circumstances.
The Glue That Binds Creative Virtual Teams

Copyright © 2000, Idea Group Publishing. This chapter describes an exploratory, qualitative research project that investigated the work environment necessary for virtual teams to be creative. Nine different virtual teams, with a total of 36 virtual team members (33 of which completed the full study), participated in this study. Three teams were organizational consulting firms, two teams were educational consortiums, three teams were on-line service provider teams, and one team was a product design engineering team. One semi-structured, telephone interview was conducted with each participant. Team members also completed a background survey. Grounded theorizing was used to generate an in-depth understanding of the phenomena under investigation. Connection, defined as the elements that need to be in place for a team to develop and maintain identity and a sense of community, emerged as a key category important to the realization of creativity in virtual teams. Connection was further subdivided into task connection (made up of dedication/commitment, and goal clarity); and interpersonal connection (made up of information sharing, trust, and personal bond). Suggestions for how team designers, team leaders, or managers can establish and develop connection in their own virtual teams are offered.
Rafael Sabatini and The Sea-Hawk (1915)

Rafael Sabatini (1875–1950) read and wrote five languages before he mastered English; his command of these, and of many additional languages as he grew older, enabled him to go to a rich variety of primary sources; of all the authors under consideration here, he may well have been the most linguistically sophisticated. Because he was born in Jesi, a small town in the marches of central Italy, he was familiar from the beginning with the odour of mouldering medieval walls and the sight of crumbling palaces. His father, Vincenzo Sabatini, was a tenor who spoke no English; his mother, Anna Trafford Sabatini, an English-born soprano, taught her son relatively little about her own language before he went off to schools in Switzerland and Portugal. Only after he sailed to England as a teenager, in the early 1890s, did he become proficient in the language that he would use as an author from the turn of the century on. He struggled (unsuccessfully) to like the disciplines necessary for success in business. Not until 1904, when he published The Tavern Knight, did he convince himself that his destiny lay in competition with such professional craftsmen as Stanley J. Weyman; and not until Bardelys the Magnificent, published in 1906, did he emerge as a popular, reliable supplier of entertainments.
A Quantum Monte Carlo Study of the Exchange-Correlation Hole in Silicon Atom and System-Averaged Correlation Holes of Second Row Atoms

The variational Monte Carlo method using the correlated estimates technique and the correlated (Slater-Jastrow) wave function to study the exchange-correlation hole, nxcin open shell atoms are discussed in detail. The spin decomposed nxc for the silicon atom and the system-averaged correlation holes for the second row atoms are presented. We find important nonlocal contributions to the opposite spin nxc. The system-averaged correlation holes show approximate scaling behavior with respect to the number of electron pairs and a correlation radius.
Identifying families with complex needs after an initial child abuse investigation: A comparison of demographics and needs related to domestic violence, mental health, and substance use

Families with complex needs related to domestic violence, mental health, and substance use have some of the worst child protective services (CPS) outcomes. Although many of these families are identified during a CPS investigation and subsequently referred to home-based postinvestigation services (HBPS), many are re-reported to CPS, so it is important to understand the postinvestigation experiences of this vulnerable group. Therefore, this study compared families with and without complex needs to understand their uniquedemographics, needs, and postinvestigation outcomes. The sample consisted of 2008 caregivers who received HBPS following an initial CPS investigation. The Family Assessment Form (FAF) was used to measure family functioning in eight domains using a 1-5 scale with higher ratings representing worse functioning. Complex needs were indicated by a mean FAF score of 3 or higher for either domestic violence, mental health, or substance use. Using Pearson chi-square analyses and two-sample t-tests, comparisons were made between families with (n=836) and without (n=1172) complex needs. Half of caregivers with complex needs had a history of abuse, 25% had three to five needs, and nearly half had six to eight needs; 90% of caregivers without complex needs had zero to two needs. Furthermore, caregivers with complex needs had higher mean scores for concrete, educational, and clinical needs. These findings highlight the importance of recognizing variation among families referred to HBPS and accurate screening to ensure that families with complex needs are offered and receive services matched to their unique characteristics and needs.
A Research Agenda for Distributed Hashtag Spoiling: Tails of a Survived Trending Hashtag

During some rounds of nuclear negotiations between the world powers and Iran, we noticed a situation in which some Twitter users were seemingly trying to disengage people from the flow of latest news about the most trending negotiation's hashtag, "#IranTalks". We recorded and sampled the tweets containing this hashtag on a random basis. We then marked the disengaging tweets based on some criteria and recorded the accounts responsible for these tweets in a list. Then, we applied social and organizational network analysis techniques and found strong evidence for the existence of a networked organization through which the accounts responsible for such tweeting behavior are connected. We believe the results of this study can stimulate more research about this social and organizational phenomenon and its possible impacts.
Review of Nacim Pak-Shiraz, Shi’i Islam in Iranian Cinema: Religion and Spirituality in Film

Nacim Pak-Shiraz’s monograph on the relation between Iranian Shi’ism and the cinema under the rule of the Islamic Republic aims to unpack religion as a category of analysis in the study of film. Her study raises a number of interesting questions. What constitutes religion in the scholarship about film both inside and outside Iran? How is Shi’ism understood by various factions of Iranian society? How does Shi’ism find expression in Iranian film? One could say that the book is premised on an event: the addition to the annual Fajr International Film Festival of a new category in 2005 of ‘spiritual cinema’ or ‘sinama-ye ma’nagara.’ Fajr, itself, is a much anticipated event celebrating the anniversary of the Iranian Revolution, and a festival in which Iranian and international entries compete for prizes, for best ‘Asian Cinema’ and best ‘International Cinema,’ among other awards. As Pak-Shiraz notes, the addition of the category ‘spiritual cinema’ generated a heated debate amongst journalists, film critics and film fans around the meanings and parameters of the sinama-ye ma’nagara. Intriguing in Pak-Shiraz’s text are the detailed descriptions scattered in every chapter, of interviews she conducted with these constituents, as well as filmmakers and clerics, to determine the spiritual or religious markers of Iranian film. Here she provides records of her own ethnography of several film-related events including the Fajr festival itself and sheds light on the interpretive chasm within Iran of what does and what does not belong under a rubric that is so personal and yet so deeply associated with the theocratic regime itself. A caricature from the first issue of the official newsletter of the festival and translated on page 39 of Pak-Shiraz’s text humorously reveals the difficulties in defining these parameters in film: ‘rain’ as a symbol of the rain of love in film; the ‘wind’ as a symbol of giving oneself over to the wind; the ‘child’ as a symbol of wisdom; the ‘Afghan’ as a symbol of misery; the ‘apple’ as a symbol of love; the ‘camcorder’ as a symbol of innovation in seeing. These presences in film Cont Islam (2014) 8:79–80 DOI 10.1007/s11562-012-0204-0
Reducible Supports for Ni-based Oxygen Carriers in Chemical Looping Combustion

Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC) is an emerging clean combustion technology for combustion of fossil fuels with inherent CO2 capture. In the present work, we investigate the use of reducible oxides (CeO2, La2O3) as oxygen carriers and as supports for nickel as active metal using TGA and fixed-bed reactor studies. Although CeO2 demonstrates reducibility (δ ≈ 8% at 800 °C with H2) compared to minimal reducibility for La2O3, the oxygen carrying capacity is negligible compared to typical metals. However, ceria has a pronounced effect if used as support for Ni as oxygen carrier: In a comparison of reducible vs conventional, nonreducible oxide supports (Al2O3, SiO2), all carriers show thermal stability in TGA with H2 as fuel but only reducible supports allow for complete carrier conversion (vs ∼83% for Ni–Al2O3 with H2 and ∼75% with CH4 as fuel at 800 °C). Furthermore, the oxidation and reduction kinetics are accelerated, and the window for efficient total oxidation is strongly enlarged when using ceria suppor...
Perioperative Pulmonary Medication Management.

Background Pulmonary conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are common conditions that warrant special consideration in the perioperative period. When these patients undergo surgical interventions, they have risk of complications such as bronchospasm, hypoxia, and even postoperative respiratory failure that warrant unplanned intensive care unit admission. Thus, clinicians must be familiar with pulmonary medication regimens that are critical for maintaining stable homeostasis of these chronic conditions. Objective To discuss the medications most commonly used to treat pulmonary conditions and to describe strategies for handling these treatment regimens in the perioperative period. Method We conducted an online search of studies and review articles through PubMed and Medline that addressed pharmacology and perioperative management of pulmonary medications, with an emphasis on those treating patients with asthma or COPD. Results Long-term medications for pulmonary disease are used to slow the progression of these conditions and reduce the occurrence of acute exacerbations. As such, these medications should be continued in the perioperative period. If the medications include oral corticosteroids or high-dose inhaled corticosteroids, stress-dose corticosteroid supplementation may be warranted to avoid adrenal insufficiency. Inhaled medications can be delivered through the anesthetic circuit, and some agents may be used to treat exacerbations during surgery. Conclusion Patients with chronic pulmonary conditions have risk of perioperative complications. Their pulmonary treatment regimens should be maintained in the perioperative period to reduce the risk of such complications.
Amitai Etzioni: Communitarian Centrist and Principled Pluralist

During his 60 year career at Columbia and George Washington Universities, Amitai Etzioni has made many contributions to interdisciplinary understandings of social movements, become a respected publ...
A Meta-Ethnographic Review of the Experiences of African American Girls and Young Women in K–12 Education:

There has been a paucity of research on the educational experiences of young Black women in U.S. K–12 education. Although both Black male and female students experience constrained opportunities to learn, the popular and academic conversation has almost unilaterally focused on the plight of Black boys and men. Drawing on critical race theory, this meta-ethnographic literature review synthesizes what is currently known about the advantages and obstacles young Black women encounter within public schooling contexts given their marginalized racial and gender identities. The data were drawn from a careful systematic search of electronic databases, key journals, books, and the reference lists of key articles, which yielded 37 sources for review. The analysis revealed that school officials positioned young Black women to be undisciplined in their academic habits and unequivocally misaligned with school norms. As such, they were viewed as unapproachable, unteachable, and ultimately fully responsible for the limit...
Numerical assessment of the global performance of spar and FPSO connected by horizontal pipeline bundle

Abstract The global performance of a Spar and FPSO (floating production storage and offloading) connected by horizontal fluid transfer lines (FTLs) bundled with a large carrier pipe, called GAP (gravity actuated pipeline), is evaluated by using a fully coupled multi-body-mooring-riser time-domain analysis program. The horizontal pipeline bundle is attached to a carrier pipe to give sufficient bending stiffness and make the system neutrally buoyant. The pipeline bundle is supported by chains attached to Spar at one end and to FPSO at the other end allowing the movement mainly in the axial direction. The FPSO is to weathervane with respect to a bow external turret. The hydrodynamic coefficients are obtained from multi-body diffraction/radiation 3D panel program in the frequency domain and they are subsequently used in the time-domain simulation program to carry out the fully coupled time-domain global motion analysis. The moorings and risers attached to the FPSO and Spar are modeled with high-order finite elements (FEs). The pipeline bundle is also modeled with finite elements as one line member with the equivalent diameter and structural properties. The axial friction forces as well as the transverse drags on the pipeline bundle are considered because their accumulated effects along the very long FTL can be significant. The coupled relative motions of the Spar and FPSO can significantly affect the dynamics and tensions of the FTL. The dynamics of the FTL can also affect the relative motions of the two platforms too. The complex coupled system is also significantly affected by the headings of environmental loadings.
Oral rehabilitation of a child with amniotic band syndrome

Amniotic band syndrome (ABS) encompasses a constellation of birth defects, which occurs secondary to disruption of normal intrauterine development. Deformities of the craniofacial complex and extremities are commonly noted findings. In this case, extensive dental caries and supernumerary teeth were identified in a 3 year-old Asian boy with amniotic band syndrome who presented with bilateral cleft lip and palate and distal extremity constrictions, amputations and syndactyly. Oral rehabilitation for this child including preventive and restorative procedures was performed under general anesthesia in a hospital operating room. This report highlights amniotic band syndrome as an etiologic factor for atypical facial clefting and bilateral cleft lip and palate.
Nonlymphoid Tumors Mimicking Lymphoma

Non-hematolymphoid tumors may, frequently or occasionally, mimic many of the cutaneous lymphoid infiltrates discussed in previous chapters. This chapter seeks to broadly describe such imitators with attention to specific rare entities and to variants or patterns of more common tumors that mimic hematolymphoid neoplasms, as well as ancillary techniques by which to distinguish them. Entities that will be discussed include melanoma, carcinomas (including Merkel cell carcinoma, metastatic tumors, and lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma), and some types of sarcomas (including cutaneous Ewing sarcoma, osteosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, angiosarcoma, and neuroblastoma).
27 Early Prevention of Criminal and Antisocial Behavior: A Review of Interventions in Infancy and Childhood

In recent years, there has been a growing public and political interest in the early prevention of criminal and antisocial behavior, and a number of programs have been developed to intervene early in the life course. This chapter reviews the evidence base on preventive interventions aimed at children from birth to age 5. We organize our review into three categories of intervention: (1) those that target key child risk and protective factors; (2) those that target key parent risk and protective factors; and (3) those that target key child and parent risk and protective factors (i.e., “two-generation” approaches). We find that programs intensively targeting children’s social and self-regulation skills and adult caregivers’ behavior management skills are particularly promising. Additionally, a number of two-generation programs offering high-quality early childhood care and education alongside comprehensive family services have successfully reduced rates of behavior problems and later crime.
Knowledge oriented learning

Two alternative learning strategies are defined and discussed: Task-oriented learning in which a system tries to improve its performance at a specified task and knowledge-oriented learning in which a system builds an organised representation of experience. It is argued that the relationship between these two strategies is analagous to the relationship between technology and science. Hence it is concluded that the development of knowledge-oriented learning systems, which has been largely overlooked by the AI community, is a worth while research goal. We then proceed to describe how such a system may be constructed by building a machine which continually tries to reduce its own uncertainty regarding the outcome of its actions. An implementation which learns to perform a multiple concept learning task in the presence of noisy data is briefly described.
From Origin to Modernity: A Brief History of American School Design

To make legible the norms of nineteenth century American schooling, this chapter outlines the history of the school design nexus, carefully locating its nineteenth century politics and considering the kind of student its different configurations anticipate. It unpacks this history across four sections in nineteenth century school design. It explores the first known structure used for knowledge transfer in America; the theological school design of early Puritan settlers; America’s first public schools; the traditionalist (Enlightenment-inspired) school design; and the school designs inspired by advances in science, mathematics, and technology and increasingly predicated upon efficiency and vocational training, and tracing its legacies up to the early twentieth century.
Reducing delinquency among African American youth in foster care: Does gender make a difference in crossover prevention?

Abstract It is well established that crossover youth (those involved in the child welfare system who go on to be involved in the juvenile justice system) are disproportionately African American youth. However, little is known about the factors which reduce the risk of delinquency among this population. Participants were 534 adolescents who completed the Illinois Department of Children and Family Services Child and Adolescent Needs and Strengths assessment between 2007 and 2012. This study sought to identify the multilevel promotive factors among this population and assess whether these factors later reduced the likelihood of delinquency. It was hypothesized that youth have promotive factors at the individual, contextual, and system level and that each factor differed in importance by gender. Findings indicate that African American youth do have promotive factors across a range of domains. For all youth, age and time in care were important for reducing the risk of delinquency. Counterintuitively, social relationships were associated with an increased risk of delinquency. School achievement, caregiver resources, and time in care were more influential for African American males. Age was more influential for African American females. Implications for practice and policy are discussed.
Techniques for Remotely Programming Children With Cochlear Implants Using Pediatric Audiological Methods via Telepractice

Purpose The purpose of this report is to describe the equipment setup and techniques for successfully testing behavioral thresholds in young children with cochlear implants (CIs) using telepractice...
What Predicts Mortality in Essential Tremor? A Prospective, Longitudinal Study of Elders

Objective: Essential tremor (ET) is among the most common neurologic diseases. Although in the past it was considered a benign condition, recent research has demonstrated increased risk of mortality. To date, however, no studies have examined predictors of mortality in ET. Methods: In a longitudinal, prospective study of 141 elders with ET, we used Cox proportional-hazards models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for death. Results: The mean baseline age was 81.1 ± 8.8 years. During the follow-up interval, 27 (19.1%) died. Average time from baseline to death was 12.3 ± 8.7 months (range = 0.3-31.2). In univariate Cox regression models, older age (HR = 1.16, p < 0.001), lower Montreal Cognitive Assessment score (HR = 0.88, p = 0.004), higher Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) score (HR = 4.53, p < 0.001), higher score on the Geriatric Depression scale (GDS) (HR = 1.07, p = 0.048), less balance confidence (HR = 0.98, p = 0.006), more falls (HR = 1.11, p = 0.003), and more tandem mis-steps (HR = 1.53, p = 0.004) were associated with increased risk of mortality. In the final multivariate Cox model, older age (HR = 1.14, p = 0.005), higher CDR score (HR = 3.80, p = 0.002) and higher GDS (HR = 1.11, p = 0.01) were independently associated with increased risk of mortality. Conclusions: This study highlights several independent predictors of mortality in elderly ET; clinicians should consider screening for depressive symptoms, assessing cognition and tracking CDR scores, and assessing balance while evaluating patients with ET.
Production and well-being resulting from delayed movement of pullets to the hen facility.

SUMMARY Disease outbreaks can dramatically impact a producer's production schedule by disrupting the pullet movement into the hen house. One alternative is to early molt laying hens as they are coming into production. Early molted birds had lower production compared to controls with no differences in egg weight or egg components percentages. Bird welfare impacts were minimal as a result of the early molt. This management practice could be employed to allow pullets to be held minimizing production schedule disruptions as a result of a disease outbreak.
Less Common Gynecologic Malignancies: An Integrative Review.

Abstract Objective To review current data on vaginal, vulvar, and fallopian tube cancers, including incidence, diagnosis, staging, risk reduction measures, and management. Data Sources A review of retrieved articles dated 2006–2018 from PubMed. Conclusion Early diagnosis and treatment of rare gynecologic cancers is dependent on a thorough history and examination. Of particular interest is the role of fallopian tube as the location of primary origin of ovarian and peritoneal cancers as well as the potential for vaccination prevention of vaginal and vulvar cancers. Implications for Nursing Practice Nurses in diverse roles should have an understanding of these rare tumor types to support assessment and early identification with their patients.
Effect of Heat Treatment on the Al-Cu Feedstock Powders for Cold Spray Deposition

This paper examines the effects of heat treatment on the Al-Cu feedstock powders used for cold spray deposition. In particular, we relate improvement of the powder to changes in the spray characteristics and microstructure of cold-sprayed coatings. The inert-gas-atomized Al-Cu powders were solutionized at 535 °C for 2 hours using a rotary furnace, followed by a water quench. Heat treatment of the powders not only eliminated most of the cellular solidification structure generated by the gas atomization process but also resulted in significant grain growth in the powder particles. After solution treatment, the copper content in the α-aluminum matrix increased as expected. After heat treatment, the powders were immediately cold sprayed onto AA2024 substrates. Heat treatment of Al-Cu feedstock powders significantly increased the deposition efficiency for all compositions tested. For heat-treated powders, the deposition efficiency systematically decreased with the increasing copper content, while the coating hardness increased. The formation of GP zones or θ″/θ′ strengthening precipitates through natural aging was not generally observed in the powder particles, but θ″/θ′ precipitates were observed in some cases for the cold-sprayed material with higher copper content.
Comparison of pneumococcal vaccination response in children with sickle cell disease: HbSS and HbSC.

Abstract Introduction Sickle cell disease (SCD) children are at increased risk of invasive pneumococcal disease and rely on penicillin prophylaxis and vaccination for infection prevention. Post-vaccination antibody levels in SCD may wane overtime. HbSC are believed to have better immunological response than HbSS. Objective To compare antibody response to 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV-23) between HbSS and HbSC. Methods Patients with HbSS (n = 33) and HbSC (n = 11), aged 7–18 years, were prospectively recruited. Luminex pneumococcal antibody levels were measured for 23-serotypes, after two PPSV-23 doses. Results Absolute median titer for 20 of the 23 serotypes was higher in HbSC than HbSS and significantly higher for serotypes 22 (3.9 vs. 1.6 mcg/ml; p = 0.039) and 43 (2.9 vs. 0.8 mcg/ml; p = 0.007). HbSC mounted a better immune anti-pneumococcal response compared to HbSS (≥1.3 mcg/ml) for 18 of 23 serotypes, albeit not significant for any of the serotypes. More HbSC (64%) than HbSS (42%) were good vaccine responders (p = 0.303). Two of 21 (10%) good vaccine responders and nine of 23 (39%) poor vaccine responders SCD participants subsequently developed acute chest syndrome or pneumonia (p = 0.036). None of the HbSC patients developed ACS after receiving PPSV-23. HbSS poor vaccine responders were at increased future recurrence risk for ACS (p = 0.003), pneumonia (p = 0.036) or both (p = 0.011), compared to good vaccine responders. Conclusion HbSC possess better pneumococcal vaccine response than HbSS. Poor vaccine response is concerning for future acute pulmonary events. Current vaccination strategy for SCD sub-types are lacking, therefore further study to evaluate utility of vaccine boosters is necessary.
Circulating plasma exosomes in obstructive sleep apnoea and reverse dipping blood pressure.

Background Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) increases the risk of an abnormal nondipping 24 h blood pressure profile, an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). We examined differential exosomal microRNA (miRNA) expression in untreated OSA patients with normal dipping blood pressure (NDBP) and reverse dipping blood pressure (RDBP), an extreme form of nondipping, to understand the mechanisms underlying nondipping blood pressure in OSA. Methods 46 patients (15 RDBP versus 31 NDBP) matched for OSA severity (respiratory event index 32.6±22.5 versus 32.2±18.1 events·h−1; p=0.9), age (54.8±12.9 versus 49±9.9 years; p=0.09) and body mass index (36.2±6.6 versus 34.4±6.8 kg·m−2; p=0.4) were included. Plasma exosomes were characterised by flow cytometry and functional in vitro reporter assays were conducted on cultured endothelial cells. Exosome miRNA cargo was profiled with microarrays followed by bioinformatics analyses. Results Exosomes from RDBP patients increased the permeability of endothelial cell tight junctions and adhesion molecule expression. Principal component analyses of miRNA array data showed strict separation and identification of the two groups. A restricted and validated signature of exosomal miRNAs was identified in the RDBP versus NDBP group. Their predicted target genes involved phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt (p=0.004), Ras (p=3.42E-05), Wnt (p=0.003) and hypoxia inducible factor-1 signalling (p=0.04), inflammatory mediator regulation of transient receptor potential channels (p=0.01), and several cancer-related pathways. Conclusions Patients with RDBP have altered miRNA cargoes in circulating exosomes that invoke in vitro endothelial dysfunction. A selected number of circulating exosomal miRNAs play an important role in abnormal circadian regulation of blood pressure and may provide prognostic biomarkers of CVD risk in OSA.
Wearable Sensor-Based Digital Biomarker to Estimate Chest Expansion During Sit-to-Stand Transitions–A Practical Tool to Improve Sternal Precautions in Patients Undergoing Median Sternotomy

Sternal precautions are a universal part of the discharge education for post-sternotomy patients to reduce the risk of sternal complications. However, they are always designed based on physical therapists’ or surgeons’ subjective judgment without any objective evidence. Thus, they could be overly restrictive to hinder the patients’ recovery, physically and psychologically. To fill this gap, this paper proposes a digital biomarker to estimate chest expansion during sit-to-stand transitions based on wearable inertial sensing and data fusion technologies. First, we carried out bench tests to evaluate the reliability of the digital biomarker to represent relative sensor rotation. We also verified effectiveness of this digital biomarker to detect subtle skin extension in proactive chest expansion trials by 11 healthy volunteers. Then, we measured the digital biomarker during sit-to-stand transitions with different strategies and some daily routine activities (walking, sitting, and standing) performed by the healthy volunteers and 22 post-sternotomy patients. The comparison between these measurements evaluated the effectiveness of several known guidelines of sternal precautions for sit-to-stand transitions. The results showed that first, pushing up from a chair by taking support from armrests induced larger chest expansion ( ${p} = {0.009}$ ) compared with sit-to-stand transition while keeping the arms relaxed; second, crossing the arms or hugging a pillow can help reduce chest expansion ( ${p} ) compared with keeping the arms relaxed during sit-to-stand transitions; third, pushing up while taking support from a frontal support (e.g., table or walker) induced the same level of chest expansion ( ${p} > {0.05}$ ) as that during sit-to-stand transition while keeping the arms relaxed.
T Cell Fibronectin, Delayed Hypersensitivity and Human Disease

Extracellular matrix molecules such as fibronectin (FN) are commonly thought of as structural elements of tissue, and as such, to have limited involvement in the pathogenesis of infectious disease. In point of fact, FN is involved in multiple aspects of the host-parasite relationship. On the host side, a special FN, T cell FN, is produced as a lymphokine by antigen-activated B lymphocytes. T cell FN is associated with initiation of the tissue-damaging delayed hypersensitivity reactions seen in typhoid fever and tuberculosis (Godfrey, 1990). On the parasite side, FN-binding proteins are found in the outer membranes of many bacteria, including Salmonella typhi and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and may be involved in bacterial adhesion to and/or infection of host cells (Van de Water et al., 1983; Froman et al., 1984; Baloda et al., 1988, 1991; Barnes et al., 1989; George and Falkingham, 1989; Ljungh et al., 1990; Wiker et al, 1990; Visai et al., 1991). Bacterial FN-binding proteins are sometimes major secretory products (Wiker et al., 1986; De Bruyn et al., 1987; Abou-Zeid et al., 1988). For example, FN-binding proteins of the antigen 85 (Ag85) complex are both major mycobacterial secretory proteins and strong immunogens in human beings infected with M. tuberculosis (Kaplan and Chase, 1980; Wiker et al., 1986; De Bruyn et al., 1987; Abou-Zeid et al., 1988; Turneer et al., 1988; Sada et al., 1990). Interactions between FN and bacterial FN-binding proteins can also modulate expression of delayed hypersensitivity in sensitized hosts (Godfrey et al., 1992).
Advances in research on internal and external factors that guide adolescents’ reading and learning on the Internet (Avances en la investigación de los factores internos y externos que condicionan la lectura y el aprendizaje de los adolescentes a través Internet)

ABSTRACTArticles in this special issue — How adolescents read and learn on the Web: internal and external factors — provide compelling new empirical evidence on a suite of internal and external fac...
How I treat pain in hematologic malignancies safely with opioid therapy.

Abstract The field of malignant hematology has experienced extraordinary advancements with survival rates doubling for many disorders. As a result, many life-threatening conditions have since evolved into chronic medical ailments. Paralleling these advancements have been increasing rates of complex hematologic pain syndromes, present in up to 60% of patients with malignancy who are receiving active treatment and up to 33% of patients during survivorship. Opioids remain the practice cornerstone to managing malignancy-associated pain. Prevention and management of opioid-related complications have received significant national attention over the past decade, and emerging data suggest that patients with cancer are at equal if not higher risk of opioid-related complications when compared with patients without malignancy. Numerous tools and procedural practice guides are available to help facilitate safe prescribing. The recent development of cancer-specific resources directing algorithmic use of validated pain screening tools, prescription drug monitoring programs, urine drug screens, opioid use disorder risk screening instruments, and controlled substance agreements have further strengthened the framework for safe prescribing. This article, which integrates federal and organizational guidelines with known risk factors for cancer patients, offers a case-based discussion for reviewing safe opioid prescribing practices in the hematology setting.
Abstract A78: IFNg-activated lymphatic vessels express PD-L1 and suppress effector T-cell function in melanoma

Peripheral tissues adopt mechanisms of immune suppression that counteract protective immunity to prevent immunopathology and are co-opted by tumors for immune escape. In tumors, cytotoxic, antigen-specific T cells produce IFNg and activate multiple mechanisms of adaptive immune resistance, including upregulation of the T-cell inhibitory molecule programed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). Tumor cell PD-L1 expression does not predict response to anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy, indicating, however, that other sources of PD-L1 in tumor microenvironments may contribute to PD-L1-dependent immune suppression. Lymphatic vessels facilitate antigen and dendritic cell transport to draining lymph nodes and are required for antitumor immunity. Interestingly, lymphatic endothelial cells in lymph nodes are tolerogenic at steady-state and constitutively express PD-L1 to delete self-reactive CD8+ T cells. However, whether lymphatic endothelial cells in tumor microenvironments are also directly immunosuppressive remains unclear. Here we test the hypothesis that peripheral, tumor-associated lymphatic vessels acquire immunosuppressive mechanisms, e.g., PD-L1 expression, that limit effector CD8+ T-cell accumulation and function in melanoma. We demonstrate that host nonhematopoietic, nontumor, PD-L1 limits CD8+ T-cell accumulation in murine melanoma. Further, we show that tumor-associated lymphatic endothelial cells upregulate PD-L1 in response to IFNg produced by tumor-infiltrating, antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. As such, loss of IFNgR by lymphatic endothelial cells improves CD8+ T-cell accumulation in murine melanomas, thereby enhancing tumor control and improved overall survival. Importantly, this robust lymphatic vessel-dependent tumor control was revealed in the context of murine melanomas with significant UVB-induced somatic mutation burden, consistent with a cytotoxic T cell-mediated negative feedback mechanism. Consequently, we present IFNg-mediated activation of tumor-associated lymphatic vessels as a new component of adaptive immune resistance, suggesting that context-dependent lymphatic vessel function may provide novel, targetable mechanisms of immune control in melanoma. Citation Format: Ryan S. Lane, Alec P. Breazeale, Amanda W. Lund. IFNg-activated lymphatic vessels express PD-L1 and suppress effector T-cell function in melanoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2018 Nov 27-30; Miami Beach, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2020;8(4 Suppl):Abstract nr A78.