cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Attribute Transformation for Attribute-Based Access Control

In this paper, we introduce the concept of transforming attribute-value assignments from one set to another set. We specify two types of transformations---attribute reduction and attribute expansion. We distinguish policy attributes from non-policy attributes in that policy attributes are used in authorization policies whereas the latter are not. Attribute reduction is a process of contracting a large set of assignments of non-policy attributes into a possibly smaller set of policy attribute-value assignments. This process is useful for abstracting attributes that are too specific for particular types of objects or users, designing modular authorization policies, and modeling hierarchical policies. On the other hand, attribute expansion is a process of performing a large set of attribute-value assignments to users or objects from a possibly smaller set of assignments. We define a language for specifying mapping for the transformation process. We also identify and discuss various issues that stem from the transformation process.
Managing Barrett's oesophagus.

In Barrett's oesophagus the stratified squamous epithelium that normally lines the distal oesophagus is replaced by an abnormal columnar epithelium that has intestinal features.1 The abnormal epithelium (called specialised intestinal metaplasia) usually shows evidence of DNA damage that predisposes to malignancy,2 and most oesophageal adenocarcinomas seem to arise from this metaplastic tissue.3 Barrett's oesophagus affects mainly white men, among whom the incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma has more than quadrupled over the past few decades.4 The quandary is to know what to do to prevent Barrett's oesophagus from turning into oesophageal cancer. Barrett's oesophagus develops as a consequence of chronic gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD), and is usually discovered during endoscopy performed to evaluate the symptoms of reflux disease. Endoscopists recognise Barrett's oesophagus because the dull red of the metaplastic columnar epithelium contrasts sharply with the pale glossy normal squamous lining (figure). Long segment Barrett's oesophagus. The dull red of the metaplastic columnar epithelium contrasts with the pale, glossy appearance of the normal squamous lining Barrett's oesophagus is classified as long segment or short segment, depending on whether or not the specialised intestinal metaplasia extends 3 cm or more above the gastro-oesophageal junction.5 Among patients who have endoscopy for symptoms of reflux, long segment Barrett's oesophagus is found in 3-5% and short segment disease in 10-15%.1 Although it is not clear whether long and short …
Economic Entomology in the 21st Century, as Seen from a Bibliometric Analysis of Its Leading Journal, 2000–2015. Part I: Topics and Commodities

In their world leading publication, the Journal of Economic Entomology, economic entomologists typically found papers published between 2000-2015 roughly subdivided by type of crop attacked...
Carcinoid Tumor with Gallium DOTATATE

Gallium-68 DOTATATE has been shown to be useful for a wide range of tumors of neuroendocrine origin including carcinoid, pheochromocytomas, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Combining PET and MR imaging with DOTATE is an excellent modality to evaluate these somatostatin tumors.
Employment Policy and Real Wages

Unemployment seems to be a fact of life in many countries, perhaps especially characteristic of the European experience in the present decade. Blame is sometimes cast on a rigidity in wage structures promoted by strong trade union or special interest group pressures. This paper is concerned not with the broad questions of policy which such a situation raises, but rather with the possible relationship between changes in the level of employment and the change in nominal and real wage rates which public policy might dictate. The distinction between those commodities which are traded on world markets and those which have purely national scope is important, since I shall consider the case of a country too small to affect the prices of traded goods (and with a commitment not to change the exchange rate). Prices for nontradeables may be sticky or controlled. Alternatively, the non-traded goods market may be cleared via price adjustments, and this price change may affect the unemployment problem. The major question to be analyzed concerns the spillover effects of market-induced price changes for non-tradeables on the relationship between employment levels and wage rates, either nominal or real. Suppose employment levels are discouraged by a deliberate rise in nominal wages. Will the consequent alteration in the price of non-tradeables ease or exacerbate the problem of lowered employment? Is the answer to this question dependent upon the direction in which the price of non-tradeables moves?
On the accuracy of reduced-order integrated circuit simulators for computing the heat production on electronic components

A modern circuit board consists of several thousand interacting electronic components. Reduced-order models are often used to rapidly simulate such systems for design purposes, which require the testing of large numbers of design configurations. Reduced-order simulators, such as SPICE, are often used, which are based on a lumped mass nodal analysis. While the intended use of such models is for rigid and isothermal systems, they are also used in order to acquire the temperature evolution in integrated circuits (IC) by computing the dissipation produced in components such as transistors. Generally, reduced-order circuit simulators are not as accurate as a detailed, computationally expensive, direct finite element method (FEM) simulation of an electromagnetic system. In this paper, we determine the inaccuracies introduced in a reduced-order model by simulating the same system by means of a detailed three-dimensional, coupled, and nonlinear FEM analysis for electromagneto-thermomechanical fields. Specifically, we compare results from a one-dimensional SPICE simulation to the three-dimensional transient FEM computation. Using SPICE, we calculate the electric potential with the known resistance providing Joule heating of a resistor on an IC. In an FEM computation, we solve coupled governing equations for electromagnetic potentials, determine electric current distribution, and integrate over the continuum body in order to calculate the dissipated power. We find out that there is an up to 30% of discrepancy between computations from SPICE and FEM in terms of the dissipation. After an intensive study explained in this manuscript, we obtain the root cause of the aforementioned significant difference between SPICE and FEM. The geometrical simplification from three-dimensional continuum to a one-dimensional model brings in an inadequate assumption on the boundary conditions. This assumption generates a significant error in the determined power from SPICE in the case of a resistor, concretely a standard micro-metal electrode leadless face (MELF) studied herein.
An optimized radiosynthesis of [18F]FNDP, a positron emission tomography radiotracer for imaging soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH)

In this concise practitioner protocol, the radiochemical synthesis of [18 F]FNDP suitable for human positron emission tomography studies is described and the results from validation productions are presented. The high specific activity radiotracer product is prepared as a sterile, apyrogenic solution that conforms to current Good Manufacturing Practice requirements.
Gradient Analysis, Ecotones, and Forest Communities

The analysis of changes in distributions and relative dominances of individual tree taxa emphasizes their autecological responses to environmental changes. Analyses of pollen accumulation rates (PAR) indicate that in addition to inherent life-history strategies of individual taxa, changes in dominance may be related in part to competition during times of invasion and population expansion. When the late-Quaternary vegetational record is examined in this light, the impression gained is one of ecological interactions predominantly on the population level. However, the paleovcgetation data (the array of dominance of taxa by site and by time) are also pertinent to quantitative plant community analysis. In this chapter we ask questions relevant to determining whether temperate forest communities have been stable through time, in the sense of long-term persistence as intact assemblages. We also examine changes in the position and steepness of ecotones between major forest types through the past 20,000 years.
Functional Complexity in Organisms: Parts as Proxies

The functional complexity, or the number of functions, of organisms hasfigured prominently in certain theoretical and empirical work inevolutionary biology. Large-scale trends in functional complexity andcorrelations between functional complexity and other variables, such assize, have been proposed. However, the notion of number of functions hasalso been operationally intractable, in that no method has been developedfor counting functions in an organism in a systematic and reliable way.Thus, studies have had to rely on the largely unsupported assumption thatnumber of functions can be measured indirectly, by using number ofmorphological, physiological, and behavioral “parts” as a proxy. Here, amodel is developed that supports this assumption. Specifically, the modelpredicts that few parts will have many functions overlapping in them, andtherefore the variance in number of functions per part will be low. If so,then number of parts is expected to be well correlated with number offunctions, and we can use part counts as proxies for function counts incomparative studies of organisms, even when part counts are low. Alsodiscussed briefly is a strategy for identifying certain kinds of parts inorganisms in a systematic way.
Racial and ethnic differences in post-stroke subjective cognitive decline exist.

Abstract Background Racial and ethnic minorities consistently demonstrate disparate post-stroke outcomes. However, there is a paucity of literature related to whether this disparity exists specifically in post-stroke cognitive decline. Objective To determine if racial and ethnic disparities exist in post-stroke subjective cognitive decline (SCD) among non-Hispanic Blacks (Blacks), American Indians or Alaska Natives (AI/ANs), Hispanics, and non-Hispanic Whites (Whites) in the United States using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Methods A retrospective analysis was completed using the 2016 BRFSS data in adults who self-reported stroke and SCD. Descriptive statistics were completed for baseline comparisons using chi squared tests for categorical variables. A binary logistic regression controlling for baseline differences was completed to examine racial and ethnic differences in SCD. Results Significant differences in SCD were identified across all racial and ethnic groups. When compared to Whites, Blacks, AI/ANs, and Hispanics more frequently reported worsening confusion or memory loss that interfered with day-to-day activities and the ability to work, volunteer, and engage in social activities outside of the home. AI/ANs who reported SCD were more likely than Whites to have help available. Hispanic persons with SCD or their family members were most likely to discuss SCD with a healthcare provider. Conclusion Although persons from all racial and ethnic groups in this study experienced some degree of SCD, Blacks, AI/ANs, and Hispanics most frequently reported worsening confusion or memory loss impacting engagement in day-to-day activities and the ability to work, volunteer, and engage in social activities outside of the home.
What Kind of Monist is Anne Finch Conway

One of the most basic questions an ontology can address is: How many things, or substances, are there? A monist will say, ‘just one’. But there are different stripes of monism, and where the borders between these different views lie rests on the question, ‘To what does this “oneness” apply?’ Some monists apply ‘oneness’ to existence. Others apply ‘oneness’ to types. Determining whether a philosopher is a monist and deciphering what this is supposed to mean is no easy task, especially when it comes to those writing in the early modern period because many philosophers of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries include God in their ontologies. In The Principles, Anne Finch Conway offers an ontology that is often described as being both ‘vitalist’ and ‘monist’. I take this to mean that, for Conway, all that exists is in some way alive and that if asked ‘How many things, or substances, are there?’ Conway would say, ‘Just one’. But to what does this ‘oneness’ apply? And where does the point of disagreement between Conway and her interlocutors, Hobbes, Spinoza, More, and Descartes lie? In this paper, I argue that determining the answer to this first question turns out to be quite difficult. Nevertheless, we can still make sense of the second.
Corruption in Oceania

Oceania consists of an enormous region containing Australia, New Zealand, and hundreds of thousands of islands scattered across the Pacific Ocean. It contains some of the world’s most developed and democratic countries as well as some of its most impoverished (Papua New Guinea). Although it comprises a very small share of the world’s population, it exhibits a great diversity of cultures, economies, and political systems.
Authorship and date of publication of the name Tetrapoda

Although now widely used in the paleontological literature, the name Tetrapoda has a surprisingly complex history and its first use as a formal taxonomic name has apparently never been clarified.Re...
Blood on the table: essays on food in international crime fiction

Blood on the Table: Essays on Food in International Crime Fiction is a gripping collection of articles of interest to food and literary scholars alike. This book, edited by Jean Anderson, Carolina ...
Otopetrin-2 Immunolocalization in the Human Macula Utricle.

Background:In the present study, we investigated the localization of otopetrin-2—a member of the otopetrin family that encodes proton-selective ion channels—in the human macula utricle using immuno...
The role of inflammation and oxidative stress in depression and cardiovascular disease

Abstract Stress initiates a cascade of complex neural and peripheral changes that promote healthy adaption to stress, but when unabated, leads to pathology. For example, inflammation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles in neural and cardiovascular function, however their accumulation in either brain or cardiac tissue results in disease. Moreover, both inflammatory dysfunction and ROS accumulation is evident in major depression and cardiovascular disease (CVD). This chapter will focus on discussing mechanisms by which stress acts as a catalyst for accumulation of inflammatory factors or adaptive immunity dysfunction and/or ROS in brain and cardiovascular tissues, thereby promoting the comorbidity between psychiatric disorders and CVD.
A multi-view optical technique to extract the operating deflection shapes of a full vehicle using digital image correlation

Abstract The automotive and aerospace industries are increasingly using light-weight material to improve vehicle performance while reducing fuel consumption. However, using light-weight material can increase the air-borne and structure-borne noise. Thus, special attention needs to be paid in designing the vehicle body structure and evaluating its dynamics. In order to accomplish this, modal analysis is conventionally used. In this technique, the structure is excited using an impulse hammer or a mechanical shaker, and the response is measured using accelerometers. However, using contact-based transducers can mass-load the structure and can only provide data at a few discrete points. In the last decade, stereo-photogrammetry and three-dimensional digital-image correlation have received special attention in collecting operating data for structural analysis. These non-contact optical techniques provide a wealth of distributed data over the entire structure. However, the stereo-camera system is limited by the field of views of the cameras and can only measure the response on the parts of a structure for which cameras have lines of sight. Therefore, a single pair of DIC cameras may not be able to provide deformation data for an entire structure. A multi-view 3D DIC approach, however, can be used to predict the vibrational characteristics of a full vehicle. A pair of DIC cameras is passed over the entire vehicle to capture the deformation data of each field of view. The measured data includes the geometry and displacement data, which is mapped into a global coordinate system using 3D transformation matrices. The obtained data in the time domain for each field of view is transformed to the frequency domain using a Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) to extract the operational deflection shapes and resonant frequencies for each field of view. The obtained deflection shapes are scaled and stitched in the frequency domain to extract the operating deflection shapes of the entire vehicle.
CFD Based Design of an Impeller for a Novel Integrated Motor-Compressor System

This paper presents the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based impeller design of a residential HVAC centrifugal compressor system driven by an axial-flux switched reluctance motor (AF-SRM). The impeller, being the critical component of the compressor system, plays a vital role in the design of the compressor for optimal performance. The AF-SRM is encapsulated inside the compressor housing. The main idea is to exploit the simple and complementing structure of the AF-SRM to integrate it into the compressor itself, allowing for an innovative, compact and unique motor-compressor design. That is, the impeller blades of the compressor act as the motor rotor. The design and structure of the impeller, with the impeller being the AF-SRM rotor, and a uniquely designed stator, axially positioned on top of the impeller, are proposed for specifications imposed by the compressor in realistic HVAC applications.
Characterization of Recovered Polyvinylchloride by Size Exclusion Chromatography and Triple Detectors Technique

AbstractPolyvinyl chloride (PVC) is an indispensable compound that accounts for 66% of the water distribution infrastructure and 75% of sanitary sewer pipe applications in the U.S.A. In this study ...
Revisiting inclination of large-scale motions in unstably stratified channel flow

Observational and computational studies of inertia-dominated wall turbulence with unstable thermal stratification have demonstrated that the inclination angle of large-scale motions (LSMs) increases with increasing buoyancy (as characterized by the Monin–Obukhov stability variable .
Evaluation of the residual stresses in metallic materials produced by additive manufacturing technology: effect of microstructure

Additive manufacturing (AM) of metals and alloys opens tremendous opportunities in production of parts with complex shapes and geometries. One of the main challenges is formation of residual stress during fabrication processes which substantially affects service life of engineering components. This paper provides a brief introduction to different types, formation mechanisms, and measurement techniques of the residual stress in metals produced by AM technology. The highlight of this study is to propose a novel quantitative model to estimate residual stress in 3D printed metallic components using micromechanical analysis. Finally, the validity of the proposed model is examined by comparison with the experimental data available in literature.
Molecular markers of neuroendocrine function and mitochondrial biogenesis associated with early life stress.

Abstract Objective Glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) promoter methylation influences cellular expression of the glucocorticoid receptor and is a proposed mechanism by which early life stress impacts neuroendocrine function. Mitochondria are sensitive and responsive to neuroendocrine stress signaling through the glucocorticoid receptor, and recent evidence with this sample and others shows that mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) is increased in adults with a history of early stress. No prior work has examined the role of NR3C1 methylation in the association between early life stress and mtDNAcn alterations. Methods Adult participants (n = 290) completed diagnostic interviews and questionnaires characterizing early stress and lifetime psychiatric symptoms. Medical conditions, active substance abuse, and prescription medications other than oral contraceptives were exclusionary. Subjects with a history of lifetime bipolar, obsessive-compulsive, or psychotic disorders were excluded; individuals with other forms of major psychopathology were included. Whole blood mtDNAcn was measured using qPCR; NR3C1 methylation was measured via pyrosequencing. Multiple regression and bootstrapping procedures tested NR3C1 methylation as a mediator of effects of early stress on mtDNAcn. Results The positive association between early adversity and mtDNAcn (p = .02) was mediated by negative associations of early adversity with NR3C1 methylation (p = .02) and NR3C1 methylation with mtDNAcn (p Conclusions NR3C1 methylation significantly mediates the association between early stress and mtDNAcn, suggesting that glucocorticoid receptor signaling may be a mechanistic pathway underlying mtDNAcn alterations of interest for future longitudinal work.
Simulation of multiple-component charged aerosol evolution

The study of the nuclear source term requires the computation of aerosol dynamics. Solutions to the aerosol general dynamic equation (GDE) are difficult to obtain by analytical or numerical methods...
Which Judicial Selection Systems Generate the Most Women Judges? Lessons from the United States

Do certain judicial selection systems produce a more diverse and representative judiciary than others? Studies of electoral systems show that when voters elect more than one person at a time or rank their preferences rather than vote only for one person voters are more likely to elect women and minority men to office. Some claim so-called merit judicial selection systems are superior because they bypass voters who discriminate and constrain appointers, thereby eliminating politics and bias from the selection process. Social science research, however, shows that merit systems are not better than elective systems in producing a diverse and representative bench. The evidence shows no systemic effect. The systems with the highest numbers of women judges are civil law systems that recruit judges to the career civil service by examination. The common law jurisdictions that enjoy the greatest increases in the numbers of women judges serving have made the gender diversity of the bench a clear priority and set goals, rid the system of indirectly discriminatory standards, trained selectors about the dangers of implicit bias, and actively recruited women. Alternatively, a particular governor, president, or prime minister with the power to appoint judges has made a diverse and representative judiciary a priority and chosen women and minority men accordingly. Even the best systems have substantial room to improve. After examining the many explanations for women’s under representation, I review the evidence on systemic effects in the American states. I then look at three jurisdictions that have made impressive progress in increasing the number of women judges serving — Ontario, Scotland, and South Africa — to discover the ingredients of their successes.
Professorial Advancement Initiative: A Cross-Institutional Collaboration to Increase Faculty Diversity in STEM.

In this paper, we describe the model for faculty diversity developed as part of the Professorial Advancement Initiative (PAI) funded under the NSF AGEP program. The PAI, consisting of 12 of the 14 the Big Ten Academic Alliance universities , had the goal of doubling the rate at which the universities hired tenure-track minoritized faculty, defined by National Science Foundation as African Americans, Hispanic/Latinx, Native Americans, and Pacific Islanders. This paper reviews the key programmatic elements of the PAI and discusses lessons learned and the practices developed that helped the Alliance achieve its faculty diversity goal.
A Case Analysis on Enron; Ethics, Social Responsibility, and Ethical Accounting

In 2001, just after the Asian crises of 1997-1998, the DotcomBubble, and 9/11, the Enron scandal sparked a Wall Street fraud crisis that shook the market to its core. Since then, scandals like Lehman Brothers and WorldCom in 2007-2008, as well as the Great Recession, have eclipsed it, although Enron remains one of the most significant incidents of accounting fraud. Despite the fact that the financial industry had become highly regulated by the early 2000s, deregulation of the energy industry permitted companies to speculate on future prices. Enron was hailed as a star inventor at the peak of dotcom bubble, but as the bubble burst, Enron's plan to construct high-speed internet failed, and investors began to lose money. Furthermore, the operations' financial losses were hidden by employing market to market accounting instead of book value, as well as special purpose organisations to hide debt. The main cause was determined to be a company with a toxic corporate culture that prioritised officer compensation rather than social responsibility, resulting in poor leadership. Is it possible then that; ethical accounting practices, social responsibility and ethics all become inferior goods as income rises in an ‘irrationally exuberant’era? This paper also further hypothesizes about the possibility of ethics, social responsibility and ethical accounting being inferior goods and points towards peaks in business cycles and financial crises as evidence.
Current Barriers in Robotic Surgery Training for General Surgery Residents.

OBJECTIVE To assess the current barriers in robotic surgery training for general surgery residents. DESIGN Multi-institutional web-based survey. SETTING 9 academic medical centers with a general surgery residency. PARTICIPANTS General surgery residents of at least PGY-3 training level. RESULTS 163 general surgery residents were contacted with 80 responses (49.1%). The most common responders were PGY-3s (38.8%) followed by PGY-5s (27.5%). The Northeast represented 42.5% of responses. Colorectal cases were the most common robotic case residents were involved in (51.3%). Residents’ typical roles were assisting at the bedside (31.3%) and splitting time between assisting at the bedside and operating at the surgeon console (31.3%). 43% report to be either extremely or somewhat dissatisfied with their robotic surgery experience. 62.5% report they do not intend to integrate robotic surgery into their future practice. 93.8% of residents have a standardized robotic curriculum. 47.5% report using the simulator only during required didactic time with 52.5% having the robotic simulator conveniently located. The majority of residents report that the presence of dual consoles and first-assists in robotic cases enhance their robotic training (93% - 62%, respectively). 72.5% felt like they had more autonomy during laparoscopic cases and 96.8% of residents felt that an attendings’ lack of experience impacted their time operating at the surgeon console. CONCLUSIONS General surgery residents report lack of effective OR teaching, real clinical experience, and simulated experience as main barriers in their robotic surgery training. Dual consoles and first-assistants are favorably looked upon. Lack of attending experience and comfort were universally negatively associated with resident participation. For residents interested in robotic surgery, advocating for more robust investment in dual consoles, first-assistants, and faculty development would likely improve their robotic surgery training experience. However, residency programs should consider whether robotic surgery should be a core competency of an already time restricted training paradigm.
Effect of Alloying on Magnetic Breakdown in Zinc

In the course of torsion measurements1 of the de Haas-van Alphen periods in zinc-copper alloys, it became apparent that the high-field amplitude of the “needle” period showed a nearly normal field dependence, in contrast to the anomalously low amplitude in pure zinc.2 Computations have been made to interpret the changing field dependence in terms of magnetic breakdown3 effects. Our results in pure zinc are in qualitative agreement with those of Lawson and Gordon,2 with certain quantitative differences which are presumably due to differences in approach. Since breakdown effects become apparent at about 3 kG, our magnetic field range of 1 to 30 kG results in a wide range of breakdown probability, in an attempt to provide a stringent test of any theoretical interpretation. In the high-field region the hyperbolic sine term in the Lifshitz formula4 may not be replaced by the exponential approximation. The computations are therefore unwieldy, and were carried out on the IBM 709 computer. The amplitude of the DHVA oscillations was measured at three temperatures and at about ten angles in the (1120) and (1010) planes in pure zinc and in the (1010) plane in Zn-0.14 at. % Cu, and Zn-0.21 at. %Cu alloys. The computer first uses the temperature dependence of the amplitudes to calculate the effective mass, varying the mass iteratively5 until equation (1) is satisfied.
The U.S. Budget Deficit, Inflation and Exchange Rate

This study further contributes to the literature by applying ARDL and error correction models to the U.S. data between 1973 and 2010 to find the relationship and the effect of the U.S. budget deficit and inflation on the exchange rate. The conclusions reveal that there is a significant relationship between inflation and exchange rate. Inflation causes the dollar to depreciate in both short and long run. However, that there is no significant and direct relationship between budget deficit and exchange rate. Furthermore, increases in interest rate and income lead to appreciation of the currency while a decrease in them produces depreciation in the currency in nominal and real exchange rates. Finally, the effect of inflation on the exchange rate is similar regardless of producer price index or consumer price index is used.
Progress in Si-based AlGaN HEMTs for RF power amplifiers

The AlGaN high electron mobility transistor is currently the most suitable for high power amplification at microwave frequencies, due to its high breakdown field (3 MV/cm, which is 7.5 times that of GaAs) and its enormous polarization induced 2DEG at the AlGaN-GaN heterojunction. Its thermal conductivity of 1.3 W/cmK is good, but bulk GaN substrates are not available. The substrate of choice for nitride epitaxy is currently SiC, which has excellent thermal conductivity (3.3 W/cm K), but semi-insulating substrates are generally poor quality and limited to 2" diameters. Using a heteroepitaxial deposition process, it is possible to grow high quality AlGaN transistor structures directly on Si. The performance of these devices and the effects of substrate loading during RF operation are the subjects of this paper.
Recession and the social economy

Recessions often see an increase in unmet needs for food, shelter, and health care. For many households, a spell of unemployment entails economic hardship, but they can cover basic spending on groceries, utilities, the rent or mortgage, medications, and so forth, using the income of a second earner, accumulated savings, and/or unemployment insurance. But other households, especially those who are economically vulnerable to begin with, tip more easily into difficulties paying for basics of everyday life. In principle, various government programs can help cover basic consumption needs, including food stamps, Medicaid health insurance, unemployment insurance, housing vouchers, and welfare payments. Yet especially in recessions, when people who lose their jobs do not know how long they will be unemployed, it may be awhile before they apply for benefits and begin to receive support, if they are eligible. Moreover, government benefits usually only partially cover spending on basics; thus, for example, many recipients report that their food stamps run out before the end of the month. Additionally, some people with unmet basic needs may not be eligible for government programs (e.g., immigrants with problematic status), while others prefer not to rely on public support.
Arthropod prey of imported fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Mississippi sweetpotato fields

The red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta (Buren), are generally considered pests. They have also been viewed as beneficial predators feeding on other insect pests of various agroecosystems. This study documents the foraging habits of fire ants in a sweetpotato field in Mississippi. Fire ant foraging trails connecting outside colonies to a sweetpotato field were exposed and foraging ants moving out of the field toward the direction of the colony were collected along with the solid food particles they were carrying. The food material was classified as arthropod or plant in origin. The arthropod particles were identified to orders. Fire ant foragers carried more arthropods than plant material. Coleoptera and Homoptera were the most abundant groups preyed upon. These insect orders contain various economically important pests of sweetpotato. Other major hexapod groups included the orders Hemiptera, Diptera and Collembola. The quantity of foraged material varied over the season. No damage to sweetpotato roots could be attributed to fire ant feeding. Imported fire ant foraging may reduce the number of insect pests in sweetpotato fields.
Impact of differential power processing on inter-row shading in solar arrays

The integration of power electronics in series-connected photovoltaics (PV) has provided a new approach to handling the well-known current mismatch problem. One such technique, known as differential power processing (DPP), has demonstrated high efficiency mismatch handling, as well as scalability, in PV applications. The purpose of this work is to quantify the potential benefits of DPP in mitigating inter-row shading in large-scale arrays. To do so, a simulation is constructed to model annual solar array operation. Shading models are used to simulate predictable sources of mismatch. With the simulation, the production of arrays with DPP can be compared with that of conventional arrays.
A highly-efficient, broadband, class-J handset power amplifier using small-size matching network

This paper reports design techniques for a broadband handset PA with high efficiency using a small-size matching network, serving as a solution to the converged PA module by combining the operation of at least two PAs from the hybrid module into a broader bandwidth. The solution employs class-J to achieve higher efficiency and broader bandwidth, combined with a new design technique for lumped matching networks, providing higher attenuation of the harmonics and smaller network size. The demonstrated design is the first realization of class-J using GaAs HBT in a handset PA.
Arrested Pneumatization of the Sphenoid Sinus on Large Field-of-View Cone Beam Computed Tomography Studies

Arrested pneumatization of the sphenoid sinus is a normal anatomical variant. The aim of this report is to define cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) characteristics of arrested pneumatization of sphenoid sinus in an effort to help differentiate it from invasive or lytic skull base lesions. Two cases are presented with incidental findings. Both studies, acquired for other diagnostic purposes, demonstrated unique osseous patterns that were eventually deemed to be anatomic variations in the absence of clinical signs and symptoms although the pattern of bone loss and remodeling was diagnosed as pneumatization of the sphenoid sinus by a panel of medical and maxillofacial radiologists following contrasted advanced imaging. It is important to differentiate arrested pneumatization of the sphenoid sinus from lesions, such as arachnoid granulations, acoustic neuroma, glioma, metastatic lesions, meningioma, or chordoma, to prevent unnecessary biopsies or exploratory surgeries that would consequently reduce treatment costs and alleviate anxiety in patients.
Polarization-dependent terahertz spectroscopy of macroscopically aligned carbon nanotubes

We have examined the anisotropic terahertz response of highly aligned single-wall, double-wall, and multiwall carbon nanotubes and quantitatively characterized their performance as low-cost terahertz polarizers.
New Directions in the Study of Nation-Building: Views through the Lens of Path Dependence

The topic of nation-building is of enormous significance to both scholars and policymakers. Path dependence, a key theory of historical institutionalism, yields a great deal of insights into the extent to which conditions are favorable for outside actors to impose an institutional framework on a given society. Path dependence reveals several important variables that should be considered carefully in nation-building research. These variables include the effects of conflict on an occupied society, surviving institutions drawn upon by an occupier undertaking a policy of imposed nation-building, and the presence of a clear, salient national identity among the occupied society. This essay explores these variables with respect to four cases of outside-imposed nation-building to show the clearly divergent outcomes and their relationship to the variables of concern to a path dependence approach to the concept. Conclusions here are firmly in line with critiques of liberal peacebuilding as a universal template for imposed development.
The Curious Status of the History of Education: A Parallel Perspective

Many educational historians no doubt have experienced the inevitable cocktail party question: “so what is your area of specialization?” Whether uttered over the clink of ice or in some other social setting, the answer is rarely simple. Real historians, after all, are supposed to work in history departments, and to focus on periods and places rather than a specific type of institution. For many people, it seems hard to comprehend the idea of history taught in schools of education, or just how such a field might be considered interesting or important.
A radar-radiometer soil moisture estimation framework with adaptive regularization and join physics

A unified framework for surface soil moisture estimation is presented in this work wherein both radar backscatter and radiometer brightness temperature measurements are effectively and simultaneously utilized. Within this combined estimation approach a regularization parameter is also introduced enabling the algorithm to perform radar-only, radiometer-only or joint radar-radiometer soil moisture retrieval when necessary. Through the use of numerical simulations, as well as field campaign data, the practicality and applicability of this new technique will be highlighted and two key features will be presented and discussed: (1) improved soil moisture estimation in a joint radarradiometer framework (2) further reduction of estimation errors by utilizing the underlying physical relationships between emission and scattering. The latter exploits the joint physics of two measurement modalities within the retrial process.
Isotonic biaxial loading of fibroblast-populated collagen gels: a versatile, low-cost system for the study of mechanobiology.

We developed a simple, versatile system for applying a range of biaxial loads to cell–matrix constructs for the study of mechanobiology. The system consists of porous polyethylene bars that are polymerized into a square fibroblast-populated gel and loaded by freely hanging weights attached to sutures routed through a custom loading rig. The cost to manufacture each mold/loading rig pair was less than US $250 and the expected life of the components is up to 10 years. Neonatal and adult cardiac fibroblasts contracted gels to a decreasing extent as external load was increased (P=0.003) and achieved contraction forces of up to 1.4 mN per million cells. Strain distributions were reasonably homogeneous in the central region of the gel (25% of gel area), but clearly nonhomogeneous outside that central region. The primary advantages of this system are simplicity, low cost, biaxial loading, and the ability to test for a dose–response effect of mechanical load. The current disadvantages are the inability to apply cycling loading and the inhomogeneities introduced by the use of rigid loading bars.
National Money as a Barrier to International Trade: The Real Case for Currency Union

Europeans are proceeding with Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); a number of countries in the Americas are pursuing dollarization. Why? Conventional wisdom is that the costs are high, since members of currency unions cannot employ domestic monetary policy to smooth business cycles. More intriguingly, most economists think that the economic benefits from currency union are low. We argue below that conventional wisdom may be wrong, since national money seems to be a significant barrier to international trade in the data. Currency unions lower these monetary barriers to trade and are thus associated with higher trade and welfare; we estimate that EMU will cause European trade to rise by over 50 percent. The benefits of trade created by currency union may swamp any costs of forgoing independent monetary policy.
Love, and death: Kierkegaard and Heidegger on authentic and inauthentic human existence

Several commentators on Kierkegaard and Heidegger have noted the similarity between Heidegger's account of authentic temporality in Being and Time and Kierkegaard's discussion of time in The Concept of Dread. By drawing attention to a not very well known essay of Kierkegaard's, ‘The Decisiveness of Death’, I attempt to show that there is a very close connection between Heidegger's and Kierkegaard's entire views on authentic human existence. In the second part I try to locate in The Present Age, not just the equivalent of das Man in Heidegger as numerous commentators have done, but the presence of the entire temporal structure of inauthenticity with equivalents for each of the ‘fallen’ modes of inauthentic being described by Heidegger in Being and Time. The result is that the previous attempts by commentators to restrict early Heidegger's originality vis‐a‐vis Kierkegaard begin to look like masterpieces of understatement. In the process of reaching this conclusion I try to shed light on several often misun...
Peer Nominations for Leadership and Likability in Problem-Solving Groups as a Function of Gender and Task

Abstract The relation of situational variables and gender to leadership selection and likability ratings was examined. Six mixed-gender groups of American students were given either an impersonal or personal task. There were measurements of frequency of speaking, leadership nominations, and likability ratings by group members. No significant differences in task performance associated with gender were found, but, consistent with traditional sex roles, in impersonal groups male students spoke more and were selected as leaders and most important contributors more frequently than were female students. The reverse was found for personal groups, in which women spoke more, were chosen as leaders more often, and received higher contribution rankings. Likability ratings were not as strongly determined by context: Female students were selected more frequently as most likable in both groups.
Imaging P and S attenuation in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta region, northern California

We obtain 3D Q P and Q S models for the Delta region of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, a large fluvial–agricultural portion of the Great Valley located between the Sierra Nevada batholith and the San Francisco Bay–Coast Ranges region of active faulting. Path attenuation t * values have been obtained for P and S data from 124 distributed earthquakes, with a longer variable window for S based on the energy integral. We use frequency dependence with an exponent of 0.5, consistent with other studies and weakly favored by the t * S data. A regional initial model was obtained by solving for Q as a function of seismic velocity. In the final model, the Great Valley basin has low Q , with very low Q (<50) for the shallowest portion of the Delta. There is an underlying strong Q contrast to the ophiolite basement, which is thickest with highest Q under the Sacramento basin, and a change in structure is apparent across the Suisun Bay as a transition to thinner ophiolite. Moderately low Q is found in the upper crust west of the Delta region along the faults in the eastern North Bay area, whereas moderately high Q is found south of the Delta, implying potentially stronger ground motion for earthquake sources to the south. Very low Q values in the shallow crust along parts of the major fault zones may relate to sediment and abundant microfractures. In the lower crust below the San Andreas and Calaveras–Hayward–Rodgers Creek fault zones, the observed low Q is consistent with grain‐size reduction in ductile shear zones and is lowest under the San Andreas, which has large cumulative strain. Similarly, moderately low Q in the ductile lower crust of the Bay area block between the major fault zones implies a broad distributed shear zone. Online Material: Distribution of earthquake magnitude, figures of t * values, 3D initial regional velocity and Q models, station terms, and Q P inversion with 1D initial Q P model.
Experimental energy-band dispersions and exchange splitting for Ni

Angle-resolved polarization-dependent photoelectron spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation has been used to determine the energy-versus-momentum band dispersions and magnetic exchange splitting of Ni. Using Ni(111) and Ni(100) crystals, the band dispersions along the $\ensuremath{\Gamma}\ensuremath{-}L$ and $\ensuremath{\Gamma}\ensuremath{-}X$ lines have been determined for the $s$ and $d$ bands. The temperature-dependent magnetic exchange splitting $\ensuremath{\Delta}{E}_{\mathrm{ex}}$ of the upper ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{3}$ band has been directly observed and found to be independent of momentum $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}$ for a large region of the Brillouin zone. The experimental value of $\ensuremath{\Delta}{E}_{\mathrm{ex}}=0.31\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03$ eV is smaller than recent calculated values ($0.6\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\Delta}{E}_{\mathrm{ex}}\ensuremath{\le}0.9$ eV) obtained with spin-polarized self-consistent band calculations. Also, calculated $d$-band widths are larger (typically 40%) than measured (3.4 eV at $L$). Our results are consistent with Fermi-surface data and the polarization reversal observed in spin-polarized photoemission. A number of previous contradictory photoemission studies of Ni are discussed in view of our results. The observed bands show that ferromagnetic nickel can be described by a Stoner-Wohlfarth-Slater spin-split band model.
Odynophagia Secondary to Variant Thyroid Cartilage Anatomy

We present a case of a displaced superior cornu of the thyroid cartilage causing odynophagia and a foreign body sensation of the pharynx. Diagnosis was made by computed tomography (CT) scan and confirmed by direct endoscopic examination. We review the literature that addresses possible etiologies of this variant anatomy and review treatment options.