cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of annealing on mechanical quality factor of fused quartz hemispherical resonator

This paper reports the experimental demonstration of Quality factor (Q-factor) improvement of fused quartz hemispherical resonators after post-fabrication annealing. Several identical fused quartz 3D hemispherical resonators, thickness 1 mm and diameter 10 mm were fabricated using micro-glassblowing process and tested before and after annealing. Results showed that annealing at 800 °C for 6 hours followed by slow overnight cooling significantly improved Q-factor, from 666×103 to 932×103 in our experiments. The annealing dependence was investigated by varying temperature from 500 °C to 800 °C. Change in Q-factor was observed to be minimal (<;10%), when annealed at 500 °C, for both n=2 and n=3 wineglass modes. Q-factor changes were ~40% when annealed at 800 °C. The experimental result on Q-factor enhancement is valuable for the development of very high Q fused quartz vibratory MEMS resonators for use in precision inertial sensing.
Design of Mechatronic systems: An integrated inter-departmental curriculum

Abstract Some early steps in the development of an inter-disciplinary Mechatronics curriculum at the Ohio State University are described. More specifically, this paper reports on the mid-course results of an undergraduate curriculum development grant funded by the National Science Foundation ‡ Division of Undergraduate Education, and managed by the authors of this paper. The aim of the grant is to foster the development of an inter-departmental, inter-disciplinary curriculum in Mechatronics. The specific effort described in this paper represents only a part of the educational and research activities in the field of electro-mechanical systems at the Ohio State University.
Some effects of digoxin upon the heart and circulation in man; digoxin in chronic cor pulmonale.

The effects of acute digitalization upon the dynamics of the circulation were observed in patients with chronic cor pulmonale, using the technic of cardiac catheterization. The state of the circulation was further investigated in the same patients following recovery from failure. The mode of action of intravenous digoxin is discussed, and a tentative concept of the pathogenesis of chronic cor pulmonale is presented.
Seeded cesium plasma diodes and the Penning effect

Hg and Cd seeded Ce plasma wide-spaced diode without external light source investigated for Penning effect on diode performance
Effects of carbohydrate feedings on plasma free tryptophan and branched-chain amino acids during prolonged cycling

Brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) has been suggested to be involved in central fatigue during prolonged exercise. Changes in the ratio of plasma free tryptophan (free Trp) to branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) are associated with altered brain 5-HT synthesis. The purposes of this study were to describe systematically the effects of prolonged exercise on changes in plasma free Trp and BCAA and to examine the effects of carbohydrate (CHO) feedings on these same variables. Eight well-trained men [\(\dot V{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} \)max = 57.8 (SE 4.1) ml kg−1 min−1] cycled for up to 255 min at a power output corresponding toVO2 at lactate threshold (approximately 68%VO2max) on three occasions separated by at least 1 week. Subjects drank 5 ml kg−1 body wt−1 of either a water placebo, or a liquid beverage containing a moderate (6% CHO) or high (12% CHO) concentration of carbohydrate beginning at min 14 of exercise and every 30 min thereafter. Exercise time to fatigue was shorter in subjects receiving placebo [190 (SE 4) min] as compared to 6% CHO [235 (SE 10) min] and 12% CHO [234 (SE 9) min] (P<0.05). Glucose and insulin decreased in the placebo group, and free Trp, free-Trp/BCAA, and free fatty acids increased approximately five- to sevenfold (P < 0.05). These changes were attenuated in a dose-related manner by the carbohydrate drinks. Plasma free Trp and plasma free fatty acids were highly correlated (r=0.86,P<0.001). Plasma BCAA did not change in the placebo group, but decreased slightly in those receiving 6% CHO and 12% CHO (P<0.05). No differences in heart rate,\(\dot V{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} \), plasma volume and respiratory exchange ratio were found. The results indicate that free Trp and free Trp/BCAA increase progressively during prolonged cycling to fatigue. This response was attenuated by CHO feedings. Changes in plasma free fatty acids probably play a prominent role in these responses.
Absence of a simple code: how transcription factors read the genome

Transcription factors (TFs) influence cell fate by interpreting the regulatory DNA within a genome. TFs recognize DNA in a specific manner; the mechanisms underlying this specificity have been identified for many TFs based on 3D structures of protein–DNA complexes. More recently, structural views have been complemented with data from high-throughput in vitro and in vivo explorations of the DNA-binding preferences of many TFs. Together, these approaches have greatly expanded our understanding of TF–DNA interactions. However, the mechanisms by which TFs select in vivo binding sites and alter gene expression remain unclear. Recent work has highlighted the many variables that influence TF–DNA binding, while demonstrating that a biophysical understanding of these many factors will be central to understanding TF function.
Selecting the better binomial population with unequal sample sizes

Ihe problem of selecting the better binomial population is considered in the case of unequal sample sizes. A class of decision rules, which depend on only two parameters regardless of sample sizes, is formulated. Extensive numerical studies indicate that the minimax decision rule within the proposed class possesses many properties consistent with those of a globally minimax decision rule. In particular, the restricted minimax decision rule is demonstrated to be globally minimax in the limit as one sample size tends to infinity as well as in certain small sample configurations.
Persistent facial myokymia associated with K+ channel antibodies

A 58-year-old woman developed bilateral facial myokymia in 1978, persisting for the next 23 years and associated with high titers of voltage-gated K(+) channel (VGKC) antibodies. Brain imaging failed to show a pontine lesion. The clinical facial myokymia and electromyographic doublets and multiplets (43 to 250 Hz) were milder and more restricted than those seen in generalized neuromyotonic disorders with VGKC antibodies. This case and another reported recently represent a focal VGKC antibody syndrome.
The Paradoxical Feminist Quest for Remedy: A Case Study of Jane Doe v. Islamic Salvation Front and Anouar Haddam

This article analyses Jane Doe v. Islamic Salvation Front et al., an Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA) case brought in the United States by the late Rhonda Copelon, a leading feminist international lawyer. Bennoune explores the experiences of the Jane Doe plaintiffs, exposing the limited legal avenues that were available to them at the time. She finds that Copelon's creative ATCA litigation strategy embodied a symbolic, feminist act in the paradoxical quest for justice, armed with the knowledge that it would likely become a losing battle. The article ultimately shows that the ACTA litigation, even if unsuccessful in the end, recognised that non-state actors can harm human rights, and provided a powerful avenue for expressing plaintiffs' grievances when no other court would hear them.
Binding of O2 and NO to heme in heme-nitric oxide/oxygen-binding (H-NOX) proteins. A theoretical study.

The binding of O2 and NO to heme in heme-nitric oxide/oxygen-binding (H-NOX) proteins has been investigated with DFT as well as dispersion-corrected DFT methods. The local protein environment was accounted for by including the six nearest surrounding residues in the studied systems. Attention was also paid to the effects of the protein environment, particularly the distal Tyr140, on the proximal iron–histidine (Fe–His) binding. The Heme–AB (AB = O2, NO) and Fe–His binding energies in iron porphyrin FeP(His)(AB), myoglobin Mb(AB), H-NOX(AB), and Tyr140 → Phe mutated H-NOX[Y140F(AB)] were determined for comparison. The calculated stabilization of bound O2 is even higher in H-NOX than that in a myoglobin (Mb), consistent with the observation that the H-NOX domain of T. tengcongensis has a very high affinity for its oxygen molecule. Among the two different X-ray crystal structures for the Tt H-NOX protein, the calculated results for both AB = O2 and NO appear to support the crystal structure with the PDB code...
Design and Testing of a Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cell

A unitized regenerative fuel cell (URFC) is designed and tested for energy conversion and storage under the support of a NASA funded student design project. The URFC is of the proton exchange membrane type with an active cell area of 25 cm 2 . In the URFC design, liquid water is stored internally to the fuel cell within graphite bipolar plates while hydrogen and oxygen gases, electrolyzed from water, are stored in containers external to the fuel cell. A spraying technique is used to produce a functional membrane electrode assembly. Catalyst ink is prepared using E-TEK Inc. platinum and iridium catalysts loaded on Vulcan XC-72. Platinum catalyst is used for the hydrogen electrode. 50 wt % platinum/50 wt % iridium catalyst is used for the oxygen electrode. The metal weight on carbon is 30% for both the platinum and iridium catalysts. Water management within the fuel cell is handled by treatment of the gas diffusion layer with a Teflon emulsion to create the proper balance of hydrophobic and hydrophilic pores. The single cell unit is tested in either fuel cell mode or electrolysis mode for different catalyst loadings. Polarization curves for the URFC are generated to evaluate system performance.
A logical architecture for cognitive maps

Using a compound-valued logic, a logical architecture is introduced for representing fuzzy cognitive maps and for modeling knowledge acquisition in adaptive bidirectional associative memories. The excitatory, neutral, and inhibitory values of causal relations provide an effective paradigm for knowledge acquisition and processing. The main contribution is a NPN (negative-positive-neutral) calculus that is used as a logical inference engine. >
Reduced gray matter volume in ventral prefrontal cortex but not amygdala in bipolar disorder:significant effects of gender and trait anxiety

Neuroimaging studies in bipolar disorder report gray matter volume (GMV) abnormalities in neural regions implicated in emotion regulation. This includes a reduction in ventral/orbital medial prefrontal cortex (OMPFC) GMV and, inconsistently, increases in amygdala GMV. We aimed to examine OMPFC and amygdala GMV in bipolar disorder type 1 patients (BPI) versus healthy control participants (HC), and the potential confounding effects of gender, clinical and illness history variables and psychotropic medication upon any group differences that were demonstrated in OMPFC and amygdala GMV. Images were acquired from 27 BPI (17 euthymic, 10 depressed) and 28 age- and gender-matched HC in a 3T Siemens scanner. Data were analyzed with SPM5 using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to assess main effects of diagnostic group and gender upon whole brain (WB) GMV. Post-hoc analyses were subsequently performed using SPSS to examine the extent to which clinical and illness history variables and psychotropic medication contributed to GMV abnormalities in BPI in a priori and non-a priori regions has demonstrated by the above VBM analyses. BPI showed reduced GMV in bilateral posteromedial rectal gyrus (PMRG), but no abnormalities in amygdala GMV. BPI also showed reduced GMV in two non-a priori regions: left parahippocampal gyrus and left putamen. For left PMRG GMV, there was a significant group by gender by trait anxiety interaction. GMV was significantly reduced in male low-trait anxiety BPI versus male low-trait anxiety HC, and in high- versus low-trait anxiety male BPI. Our results show that in BPI there were significant effects of gender and trait-anxiety, with male BPI and those high in trait-anxiety showing reduced left PMRG GMV. PMRG is part of medial prefrontal network implicated in visceromotor and emotion regulation.
General Theory of Carrier-Envelope Phase Effects

We present a general framework for understanding carrier-envelope phase (CEP) effects in a quantum system interacting with an intense, short laser pulse. We establish a simple connection between the CEP and the wave function that can be exploited to obtain the full CEP dependence of an observable given the wave function at a single CEP. Within this framework, all CEP effects are interpreted as interference between different photon amplitudes which, in turn, can be used to put limits on the pulse lengths and intensities required to see significant CEP effects.
Chemical composition, in vitro fermentation characteristics, and in vivo digestibility responses by dogs to select corn fibers

The objective was to examine the chemical composition, in vitro fermentation characteristics, and in vivo digestibility responses of fiber-rich corn coproducts resulting from corn wet milling. Native corn fibers, native corn fibers with fines, hydrolyzed corn fibers, and hydrolyzed extracted corn fibers were analyzed chemically and their capacity to produce short-chain fatty acids determined. Ash content was low (<1.2%), crude protein content varied little, but fat and fiber concentrations varied widely. Most fiber was in the insoluble form, with glucose being predominant followed by xylose. Total short-chain fatty acid production ranged from 211.6 to 699.52 micromol/g of dry matter, whereas branched-chain fatty acid production was low. Four corn fibers (native and processed) were included in a canine diet matrix at the 7% inclusion level. Nutrient digestibility, food intake, and fecal characteristics were not affected by corn fiber inclusion in canine diets, suggesting that they should be considered as potential dietary fiber sources in dog foods.
Quantitative Characterization of Dyes Embedded in Nanoparticles by Single-Molecule Fluorescence

Many multi-component nanoparticles are being designed for multi-modality imaging or theragnostics (diagnostics plus therapy). Dyes are often embedded into multi-modal nanoparticles for fluorescence imaging. Quantitative characterization of dyes in the nanoparticles is difficult because dye properties are often changed compared to free dyes. Accurate determination of the number of dyes in each nanoparticle, the brightness and the photostability of dyes, and the number of nanoparticles without any dye is challenging with ensemble methods. Exploiting the photobleaching property of dyes, we present a Single Particle Observation Technique (SPOT) based on total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) to characterize dyes embedded in silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles. Using this high throughput method, we can accurately determine the aforementioned parameters using very little sample. We have developed a robust statistical analysis of the number distribution of the dyes to determine the percentage of nanoparticles without any dye (labeling efficiency) and independently verified the statistical estimate of the labeling efficiency using a combination of phase contrast and fluorescence imaging. Our approach is readily applicable to systems such as dye-labeled proteins and DNA even when the labeling efficiency is not 100%.
Diffraction properties of volume holographic diffusers

We present a theoretical model based on the coupled-mode theory and use this model to analyze the diffraction properties of volume holographic diffusers, such as diffraction efficiency and wavelength sensitivity. For small diffraction angles our results predict that the diffraction efficiency exhibits a blue shift for its maximum value and a dip at the recording wavelength. For color displays we propose and analyze the wavelength-multiplexed volume holograms recorded with three primary colors, red, green, and blue. Furthermore, our results demonstrate the enhancement of wavelength tolerance for a thin holographic medium, which can serve as a wideband diffuser over the entire visible range.
Scaling Microbial Biomass, Metabolism, and Resource Supply

The microbiome concept has drawn attention to the complex signal and syntrophic networks that underlie microbial community organization. This self-organization may lead to patterns in the allometric scaling of microbial community metabolism that differ from those of macrobial communities. Using meta-analyses, we analyzed the power scaling relationships between community production, respiration, extracellular enzyme activity and biomass for bacteria and fungi across aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The scaling exponents for community production versus biomass for fungi and bacteria were 0.85 ± 0.06 (95 % CI) and 0.72 ± 0.07, respectively. The scaling exponent for fungal respiration versus production was 0.61 ± 0.06. Previous studies reported exponents of 0.41, 0.44 and 0.58 for bacterial respiration versus production. Carbon use efficiency increased with biomass for both fungi and bacteria with an exponent of 0.27 ± 0.06. The potential activities of four widely measured extracellular enzymes were directly related to community production with power scaling exponents of 1.0–1.2. The frequency distribution of biomass turnover times (median 112 h for bacteria and 1,128 h for fungi) overlapped substantially with those for environmental substrate turnover, presented in a prior analysis of extracellular enzyme kinetics. These metabolic relationships, which have scaling exponents of 0.5, are linked by the ratio of assimilation to carbon use efficiency. This connection ties ecological stoichiometry and metabolic theory to microbial community homeostasis. At the ecosystem scale, allometry of microbial communities has similarities to that of eusocial insects but differs from that of plant communities, perhaps as a result of proto-cooperative processes that contribute to microbial community organization.
A vision feedback robotic docking crane system with application to vanilla pollination

A novel hierarchical system of robotic cranes is presented. In this system, a gantry crane is used to hoist and dock a slewing unit structure that supports a balanced pair of vision feedback cranes. Each vision feedback crane is supported by six winches to provide six degrees of freedom in a manner patterned after NIST RoboCrane®. This hierarchical system of cranes can be used for applications where subjects to be inspected and manipulated are located along the posts, and where posts are arranged in a grid array. Agricultural applications might include inspecting and manipulating various types of climbing vines. The application of recognising and pollinating vanilla flowers with vision feedback is simulated and results are provided.
The New Era of Anticoagulation

Warfarin has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for medical use as an anticoagulant for more than 60 years. Although it has been an effective anticoagulant, its use is accompanied by several pitfalls, which has led to research and the discovery of new additional groups of anticoagulants: direct thrombin inhibitors, such as dabigatran, and direct factor Xa inhibitors, such as rivaroxaban and apixaban. These new anticoagulants are fast-acting, noninferior to warfarin in preventing stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, and do not require monitoring. More data are accumulating to support their use in the prevention and management of venous thromboembolism. This article reviews the literature on these novel anticoagulants, including their pharmacokinetics and treatment indications.
Some integral identities and inequalities for entire functions and their application to the coherent state transform

Let Φ be an entire function on Cn, and for any h > 0 and r > 0 define Fr = ¦Φ(z)¦r e−2π¦z¦2h. Let dμh denote h−n times Lebesgue measure on Cn. ∝ ¦▽Frs2¦2 dμh = nπsh ∝ Frsdμh. From this and a logarithmic Sobolev inequality we easily deduce qnq∥Fr∥q ⩽ pnp∥Fr∥p for all 0 < p ⩽ q < t8 where the Lp norms are taken with respect to the measure dμh above. We apply these results to the study of the spaces Ap consisting of all entire functions Φ satisfying ∝ ¦Φ(z)¦pe−2π¦z¦2h dμh < ∞ obtaining sharp bounds for some associated operators and proving denseness of analytic polynomials in Ap for 1 ⩽ p < ∞. We then apply our results to the coherent state transform, extending and simplifying some previously known results.
Thioltransferase in human red blood cells: kinetics and equilibrium.

Thioltransferase from human red blood cells (HRBC TTase), coupled to GSSG reductase, catalyzed glutathione (GSH)-dependent reduction of prototype substrates hydroxyethyl disulfide (HEDS) and sodium S-sulfocysteine as well as of other homo- and heterodisulfides, including the protein mixed disulfide albumin-S-S-cysteine. Whereas apparent KM values for the substrates varied over more than a 20-fold range, the Vmax values agreed quite closely, usually within less than a factor of 2, suggesting that initial interaction of oxidized substrate with enzyme is not rate determining. HRBC TTase was inactivated by iodoacetamide (IAA), and this was prevented by pretreatment with disulfides. The pH dependence of IAA inactivation gave a remarkably low apparent pKa of 3.5, which was independent of ionic strength (0.05-2 M). At pH 6, one radiolabeled carboxyamidomethyl moiety was bound to the enzyme after treatment with [14C]IAA. This unusual thiol reactivity suggests that the active-site cysteine moiety of the TTase may be involved in a hydrogen bond with a carboxylate moiety. In contrast, the pH dependence for GSH-dependent TTase catalysis of disulfide reduction displayed an inflection point near pH 8.0, also suggesting that the initial reaction of oxidized substrate with the active-site thiol is not involved in rate determination. Two substrate kinetic studies of HRBC TTase and rat liver TTase (e.g., [GSH] and [HEDS] varied independently) gave patterns of intersecting lines on double-reciprocal plots (1/v vs 1/S), indicating a sequential mechanism for the TTase reactions, rather than a ping-pong mechanism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Silicosis Mortality Surveillance in the United States, 1968–1990

Abstract The temporal, demographic, geographic, and occupational patterns of silicosis mortality in the United States were examined based on the national multiple-cause-of-death data available since 1968 from the National Center for Health Statistics. Since silicosis is an occupational lung disease, decedents less than 15 years old were excluded. The total number of deaths with silicosis was 13,744 for the period 1968 to 1990, and silicosis was the underlying cause of death in approximately 46 percent of these deaths. Approximately 98 percent of deaths with silicosis occurred in males. The racial distribution of decedents with silicosis was 88.4 percent white, 11.3 percent black, and 0.3 percent other races. An annual maximum of 1157 silicosis deaths occurred in 1968 and a minimum of 301 occurred in 1988. The annual age-adjusted mortality rate per million population declined from a maximum of 5.64 in 1968 to a minimum of 0.96 in 1988 and 1989. In recent years the annual silicosis death counts and rates ha...
Thermal tapering of ion-exchanged channel guides in glass

We demonstrate a simple technique for thermal tapering of ion-exchanged guides in glass. The mode width changed from 2 to 4.7 μm over a 4-mm taper. The fiber-coupled insertion loss was 2.2 dB, compared with 6 dB for untapered guides. Excess loss from propagation in a taper appears to be less than 0.4 dB.
Duality invariance of the Hawking temperature and entropy.

We consider solutions to low energy string theory which have a horizon and a spacelike symmetry. Each of these solutions has a geometrically different dual description. We show that the dual solution has a horizon with exactly the same Hawking temperature (surface gravity) and entropy (area) as the original solution.
Nanosecond-to-femtosecond laser-induced breakdown in dielectrics

We report extensive laser-induced damage threshold measurements on dielectric materials at wavelengths of 1053 and 526 nm for pulse durations $\ensuremath{\tau}$ ranging from 140 fs to 1 ns. Qualitative differences in the morphology of damage and a departure from the diffusion-dominated ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ scaling of the damage fluence indicate that damage occurs from ablation for $\ensuremath{\tau}l~10$ ps and from conventional melting, boiling, and fracture for $\ensuremath{\tau}g50$ ps. We find a decreasing threshold fluence associated with a gradual transition from the long-pulse, thermally dominated regime to an ablative regime dominated by collisional and multiphoton ionization, and plasma formation. A theoretical model based on electron production via multiphoton ionization, Joule heating, and collisional (avalanche) ionization is in quantitative agreement with the experimental results.
Decolorization of Cheddar cheese whey by activated carbon

Colored Cheddar whey is a source for whey protein recovery and is decolorized conventionally by bleaching, which affects whey protein quality. Two activated carbons were studied in the present work as physical means of removing annatto (norbixin) in Cheddar cheese whey. The color and residual norbixin content of Cheddar whey were reduced by a higher level of activated carbon at a higher temperature between 25 and 55°C and a longer time. Activated carbon applied at 40g/L for 2h at 30°C was more effective than bleaching by 500mg/L of hydrogen peroxide at 68°C. The lowered temperature in activated-carbon treatments had less effect on protein structure as investigated for fluorescence spectroscopy and volatile compounds, particularly oxidation products, based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Activated carbon was also reusable, removing more than 50% norbixin even after 10 times of regeneration, which showed great potential for decolorizing cheese whey.
Differential acceleration in the final beam lines of a Heavy Ion Fusion driver

Abstract A long-standing challenge in the design of a Heavy Ion Fusion power plant is that the ion beams entering the target chamber, which number of order a hundred, all need to be routed from one or two multi-beam accelerators through a set of transport lines. The beams are divided into groups, each of which has a unique arrival time and may have a unique kinetic energy. It is also necessary to arrange for each beam to enter the target chamber from a prescribed location on the periphery of that chamber. Furthermore, it has generally been assumed that additional constraints must be obeyed: that the path lengths of the beams in a group must be equal, and that any delay of “main-pulse” beams relative to “foot-pulse” beams must be provided by the insertion of large delay-arcs in the main beam transport lines. Here we introduce the notion of applying “differential acceleration” to individual beams or sets of beams at strategic stages of the transport lines. That is, by accelerating some beams “sooner” and others “later,” it is possible to simplify the beam line configuration in a number of cases. For example, the time delay between the foot and main pulses can be generated without resorting to large arcs in the main-pulse beam lines. It is also possible to use differential acceleration to effect the simultaneous arrival on target of a set of beams (e.g., for the foot-pulse) without requiring that their path lengths be precisely equal. We illustrate the technique for two model configurations, one corresponding to a typical indirect-drive scenario requiring distinct foot and main energies, and the other to an ion-driven fast-ignition scenario wherein the foot and main beams share a common energy.
Subsets without q -separation and binomial products of Fibonacci numbers

The total number of subsets of{1, 2, 3, …, n} without q -separation is expressed in terms of binomial products of Fibonacci numbers. Several new combinatorial identities are derived.
Clinical and experimental approaches to varieties of memory

Memory is described as a complex aspect of cognitive functioning. Memory is dependent upon input from the sensory modalities; it relies upon the passage of time; and it requires intervening processes for initial acquisition and subsequent access. Based upon questions posed concerning the relationship between clinical and experimental advances in memory and memory disorders, an example is given to illustrate the influence of research upon techniques for diagnosis and rehabilitation. Suggestions are provided about how to approach answering other related questions in neuropsychology. An integrated program is suggested with the aim of bringing together findings from neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, and neurobehavior. Emphasis is placed upon integrating results of research based upon human and nonhuman models of disordered memory and other cognitive functions. Neuroanatomical systems important for performing delayed-reaction tasks are reviewed, as are results of delayed response and delayed alternation testing in several human populations with neurological dysfunction suggestive of frontal lobe damage.
“That Historical Family”: The Bakunin Archive and the Intimate Theater of History in Imperial Russia, 1780–1925

While writing Vissarion Belinsky's biography in the early 1870s, the esteemed literary historian Aleksandr Pypin came to a rather melancholy conclusion: the collected works of Imperial Russia's most famous critic made no sense. Belinsky, of course, was one of intellectual Russia's most visible celebrities, an icon of progressive thought and a lightningrod for innumerable polemics. Belinsky was also one of modem Russia's greatest historians, having struggled mightily throughout two decades of constant journalistic activity to place the development of Russian literature into a historical frame. None of this changed the sad fact, however, that Belinsky's own legacy was full of holes. No matter how carefully they were read, Belinsky's works jumped, skipped, and reversed at will, tracking mental revolutions that themselves went unrecorded. If Belinsky's development possessed a logic, Pypin observed to his colleague Pavel Annenkov in 1874, it was one that lay somewhere "behind his articles and expressions."' As a result, Pypin turned to personal papers and the archives of Belinsky's friends and relatives, in his efforts to document this hidden history. More than a century later, it is easy to take this method and its results for granted. The nineteenth century saw the institutionalization of biography throughout Europe; in Russia as elsewhere, there blossomed a distinctly modem passion for "detailed biography, digging down to the most intimate thoughts, feelings, and actions of its protagonist."2 Most memorably, the liberal pioneers of Russian intellectual history-among them scholars like Pypin, Annenkov, Pavel Miliukov, and Aleksandr Komilov-all based their efforts to imagine the history of nineteenth-century social thought on personal documents. The
FGFR3 expression in Xenopus laevis.

Abstract We studied the expression of FGF receptor 3 (FGFR3) mRNA throughout early development of Xenopus laevis by RT-PCR and in situ hybridization. RT-PCR shows that FGFR3 mRNA is localized within the gastrula; regionalized staining is detected by the neural plate stage and continues throughout embryonic development. Strong expression is seen in developing neural structures, especially in the forebrain and hindbrain, including the developing eyes, and in lateral mesoderm. Comparison of these data with previous reports of FGF expression in this species suggests possible FGF–FGFR3 interactions. The pattern of FGFR3 expression appears to be strongly conserved among vertebrate embryos.
Three Dimensional Modeling Of Free-Electron Lasers Using Rigorous Wave Propagation

The essential features of generalized numerical models developed at Rocketdyne to compute rigorously the 3 D transverse mode structure of free-electron laser oscillators are presented. The oscillator may consist of a conventional standing or a traveling wave cavity, or may be more complex, and contain intracavity grazing optical elements. Numerical resolution needed to (1) compute the gain due to a spatially distributed electron beam and (2) propagate the electromagnetic field when coupled to this gain are discussed with illustrative examples.
Toward a Unified Theory of Depression among Urban African American Youth: Integrating Socioecologic, Cognitive, Family Stress, and Biopsychosocial Perspectives

With the recent increase in empirical studies investigating depression among urban African American youth comes the need to refine and integrate theoretical perspectives that address culture-specific etiologic mechanisms and developmental trajectories. The purpose of this article is to review four theories of depression relevant to the study of African American adolescents and to offer suggestions for the integration of theories to enhance the culturally relevant design of empirical investigations. It is argued that all four theories—socioecologic, cognitive, family stress, and biopsychosocial—center on the role of oppression in the development of urban Black youth and that an integrated theory would assume this underlying construct as its core focus. A macrotheoretical model synthesizing the four theories is presented, with oppression identified as the key catalyst in the chain of factors that might ultimately lead to adolescent depression. Implications for further theory development and empirical resear...
Cerebral Structural Changes in Diabetic Kidney Disease: African American–Diabetes Heart Study MIND

OBJECTIVE Albuminuria and reduced kidney function are associated with cognitive impairment. Relationships between nephropathy and cerebral structural changes remain poorly defined, particularly in African Americans (AAs), a population at higher risk for both cognitive impairment and diabetes than European Americans. We examined the relationship between urine albumin:creatinine ratio (UACR), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and cerebral MRI volumes in 263 AAs with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Cross-sectional associations between renal parameters and white matter (WM), gray matter (GM), hippocampal, and WM lesion (WML) volumes were assessed using generalized linear models adjusted for age, education, sex, BMI, hemoglobin A 1c (HbA 1c ) level, and hypertension. RESULTS Participants had a mean (SD) age of 60.2 years (9.7 years), and 62.7% were female. Mean diabetes duration was 14.3 years (8.9 years), HbA 1c level was 8.2% (2.2%; 66 mmol/mol), eGFR was 86.0 mL/min/1.73 m 2 (23.2 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ), and UACR was 155.8 mg/g (542.1 mg/g; median 8.1 mg/g). Those with chronic kidney disease (CKD) (eGFR 2 or UACR >30 mg/g) had smaller GM and higher WML volumes. Higher UACR was significantly associated with higher WML volume and greater atrophy (larger cerebrospinal fluid volumes), and smaller GM and hippocampal WM volumes. A higher eGFR was associated with larger hippocampal WM volumes. Consistent with higher WML volumes, participants with CKD had significantly poorer processing speed and working memory. These findings were independent of glycemic control. CONCLUSIONS We found albuminuria to be a better marker of cerebral structural changes than eGFR in AAs with type 2 diabetes. Relationships between albuminuria and brain pathology may contribute to poorer cognitive performance in patients with mild CKD.
The role of relational uncertainty in depressive symptoms and relationship quality An actor—partner interdependence model

Individuals suffering from depressive symptoms tend to be dissatisfied with their romantic relationships, but information is lacking about the mechanisms that link depressive symptoms to relationship quality. This paper evaluates the role of relational uncertainty via an actor—partner interdependence model. Self-report data from 170 romantic partners (N = 85 dyads) revealed that depressive symptoms exerted actor effects, but not partner effects, on relationship quality and relational uncertainty. Moreover, relational uncertainty exerted actor and partner effects on relationship quality. The association between depressive symptoms and relationship quality was mediated by actor effects of self, partner, and relationship uncertainty for women and self uncertainty for men. The paper concludes by discussing how these findings advance scholarship on both relational uncertainty and depression.
Vanadium-Induced Chemokine mRNA Expression and Pulmonary Inflammation

Abstract Occupational exposure to vanadium is common in petrochemical, mining, steel, and utilities industries and results in toxic effects largely confined to the respiratory system. Vanadium exposure has been associated with inflammatory changes in the upper and lower respiratory tracts in addition to changes in pulmonary function. We investigated the abilities of several vanadium compounds to increase mRNA levels for selected cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells and also to induce pulmonary inflammation. Rats (200–250 g) were intratracheally instilled with either sodium metavanadate (NaVO 3 ), vanadyl sulfate (VOSO 4 ), vanadium pentoxide (V 2 O 5 ) at several concentrations, or vehicle alone. Pulmonary inflammation was assessed by cytologic analysis of cells recovered from the respiratory tract (1 hr to 10 days postexposure). All three vanadium compounds were capable of inducing pulmonary inflammation in a dose-dependent manner. Neutrophil influx was greatest following exposure to VOSO 4 (peaked at approximately 40% of cell population) and lowest following exposure to V 2 O 5 (peaked at approximately 20%). Significant neutrophil influx was detected as early as 4 hr following the instillation of NaVO 3 and VOSO 4 but not until 24 hr upon exposure to V 2 O 5 . The VOSO 4 -induced inflammatory response persisted longer (5 days) than that induced by NaVO 3 and V 2 O 5 . Analysis of inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression closely followed these cytologic observations. Levels of mRNA for macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) and KC, considered the principal neutrophil chemotactic factors expressed in the rat, were rapidly induced as early as 1 hr following exposure, continued to be expressed throughout 48 hr, and were low but detectable at 5 and 10 days. NaVO 3 and VOSO 4 , both very soluble forms of vanadium, tended to induce pulmonary inflammation and inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression more rapidly and more intensely than the less soluble form, V 2 O 5 . Analysis of KC mRNA expression in BAL cells 24 hr after instillation of NaVO 3 by PCR in situ hybridization confirmed the increase in KC mRNA levels and indicated that alveolar macrophages have the highest expression level observed. Vanadium content of lavage fluid, BAL cells, and lung indicated rapid clearance of the metal from the lung surface and substantial accumulation by BAL cells and lung tissue. The rapid expression of MIP-2 and KC mRNA in BAL cells prior to the observed neutrophilia implicate them as important in the initiation of inflammation.
Incidence of herpes zoster in patients with giant cell arteritis: a population-based cohort study

Objectives. To determine the incidence of herpes zoster (HZ) in GCA. Methods. Utilizing the resources of the Rochester Epidemiology Project, all incident cases of GCA diagnosed between 1 January 1950 and 31 December 2004 were identified. For each GCA patient, two subjects without GCA of the same gender and similar age and length of medical history were randomly selected from the population. Patients were followed until death, last contact or 31 December 2006. Results. The study population included 204 GCA patients and 407 non-GCA subjects. The GCA cohort had 163 (79%) women and 41 (21%) men, with a mean age of 76.0 (8.2) years. The non-GCA cohort had 325 (80%) women and 82 (20%) men, with a mean age of 75.6 (8.4) years. During follow-up, 21 GCA patients and 38 non-GCA subjects developed HZ. There was no difference in the development of HZ in GCA patients compared with non-GCA patients [hazard ratio (HR): 1.22; 95% CI 0.71, 2.08; adjusted for age, sex and calendar year]. No GCA patient and one non-GCA subject developed HZ within 6 months of index date. The frequency of post-herpetic neuralgia was similar between both groups (P = 0.64). Conclusions. Patients with GCA do not appear to be at increased risk of HZ compared with the general population, even during the first 6 months of therapy when glucocorticoid doses are usually highest.
Potential role of cervicovaginal extracellular particles in diagnosis of endometriosis.

Macaques are an excellent model for many human diseases, including reproductive diseases such as endometriosis. A long-recognized need for early biomarkers of endometriosis has not yet resulted in consensus. While biomarker studies have examined many bodily fluids and targets, cervicovaginal secretions have been relatively under-investigated. Extracellular vesicles (EVs, including exosomes and microvesicles) are found in every biofluid examined, carry cargo including proteins and RNA, and may participate in intercellular signaling. Little is known about EVs in the cervicovaginal compartment, including the effects of reproductive tract disease on quantity and quality of EVs. In September 2014, a 9-year-old rhesus macaque was diagnosed with endometriosis at The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration of a cyst and subsequent laparotomy confirmed diagnosis. The animal was sent to necropsy following euthanasia for humane reasons. Perimortem vaginal swabs and cervicovaginal lavages were obtained. Using a combination of methods, including ultracentrifugation and NanoSight visualization technology, approximate numbers of EVs from each sample were calculated and compared to populations of EVs from other, reproductively normal macaques. Fewer EVs were recovered from the endometriosis samples as compared with those from reproductively healthy individuals. To our knowledge, this is the first examination of EVs in primate cervicovaginal secretions, including those of a macaque with endometriosis. This case study suggests that additional research is justified to determine whether quantification of EVs—or their molecular cargo—in cervicovaginal lavage and vaginal swabs may provide a novel, relatively non-invasive diagnostic for primate endometrial disease or other reproductive tract diseases.
A method to predict cracking in IC plastic packages

We present a method to predict cracking in a model geometry, representing an IC plastic package, under monotonic thermal loading, when no delaminations are present. The results of the analysis are expressed in a dimensionless form so they are generally applicable. A critical relation between the residual stress in the polymer and its tensile strength predicts fracture. Experimental results with a commercial encapsulant show good agreement with the analysis. >
Expression of CXCL15 (Lungkine) in murine gastrointestinal, urogenital, and endocrine organs.

The ELR+ chemokine CXCL15, which recruits neutrophils during pulmonary inflammation, is also known as lungkine due to its reported exclusive expression in the lung. We now report that CXCL15 mRNA and protein are also expressed in other mucosal and endocrine organs including the gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts and the adrenal gland. Our results indicate that CXCL15 is expressed throughout the gastrointestinal tract, with the exception of the cecum. Gastric CXCL15 protein expression is approximately 10-fold lower than pulmonary expression and primarily occurs in a specific lineage of gastric epithelial cells, the prezymogenic and zymogenic cell. Similar to the increased expression of CXCL15 during pulmonary inflammation, gastric inflammation induced by infection with Helicobacter felis caused an increase in gastric CXCL15 expression. However, colonic CXCL15 expression was not altered in two different models of colonic inflammation, the Helicobacter hepaticus T-cell transfer model and the mdr1a−/− mod...
Future clinical applications of genomics for acute respiratory distress syndrome

Summary Acute respiratory distress syndrome remains a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality in intensive care units, yet no specific pharmacotherapy has proven useful in reducing the duration of mechanical ventilation or improving survival. One factor that might hamper the development of treatment for acute respiratory distress syndrome is the heterogeneous nature of the population who present with the syndrome. In this Review, the potential of genomic approaches—genetic association, gene expression, metabolomic, proteomic, and systems biology applications—for the identification of molecular endotypes within acute respiratory distress syndrome and potentially for the prediction, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of this difficult disorder are discussed.
Stapled Sequences and Stapling Coverings of Natural Numbers

A stapled sequence is a set of consecutive positive integers such that no one of them is relatively prime with all of the others. The problem of existence and construction of stapled sequences of length N was extensively studied for over 60 years by Pillai, Evans, Brauer, Harborth, Erdos and others. Sivasankaranarayana, Szekeres and Pillai proved that no stapled sequences exist for any N< 17. We give a new simple proof of this fact. There exist several proofs that stapled sequences exist for any N‚ 17. We show that existence of stapled sequences is equivalent to existence of stapling coverings of a sequence of N consecutive natural numbers by prime arithmetic progressions such that each progression has at least two common elements with the sequence and discuss prop- erties of stapling coverings. We introduce the concept of e-ciency of stapling coverings and develop algorithms that produce e-cient sta- pling coverings. Using the result by Erdos, we show that the greatest prime number used in stapling coverings of length N can be made
Associations between Vaccination and Childhood Cancers in Texas Regions

Objectives To determine whether children born in Texas regions with higher vaccination coverage had reduced risk of childhood cancer. Study design The Texas Cancer Registry identified 2800 cases diagnosed from 1995 to 2006 who were (1) born in Texas and (2) diagnosed at ages 2 to 17 years. The state birth certificate data were used to identify 11 200 age- and sex-matched control subjects. A multilevel mixed-effects regression model compared vaccination rates among cases and control subjects at the public health region and county level. Results Children born in counties with higher hepatitis B vaccine coverage had lower odds of all cancers combined (OR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.67 to 0.98) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) specifically (OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.46 to 0.88). A decreased odds for ALL also was associated at the county level with higher rates of the inactivated poliovirus vaccine (OR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.49 to 0.92) and 4-3-1-3-3 vaccination series (OR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.44 to 0.87). Children born in public health regions with higher coverage levels of the Haemophilus influenzae type b-conjugate vaccine had lower odds of ALL (OR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.42 to 0.82). Conclusions Some common childhood vaccines appear to be protective against ALL at the population level.