cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Cost-Effectiveness of Employment Transportation Services

The author examined cost-effectiveness of employment transportation (ET) services funded by the Job Access and Reverse Commute program of FTA in 2002. These services transport low-wage workers to jobs. The author presented multiple sources of primary and administrative data on users and programs in 23 ET sites. ET cost per ride measures were compared with cost per ride measures of transit services that were operating in the same area (called peer transit services). A cost per user per year was estimated to determine the level of transportation investments on the mobility of low-wage workers. On a per ride basis, ET services cost more to deliver than did peer transit services, but a wide variation existed in the level of investments and subsidies among different types of users, areas, and types of service. The median estimated cost per ET service user per year was similar to the annual investment per recipient by several social and human services and workforce development programs that supported low-income...
Mercury concentrations in the Patagonian toothfish, Dissostichus eleginoides Smitt 1898, among three distinct stocks

Patagonian toothfish, Dissostichus eleginoides, collections (n = 186) from three distinct stocks (two subantarctic stocks and the stock within the Chilean ZEE) were analyzed for Hg concentration by DMA and comparisons were made by gender, total length (TL), wet weight (WW), and population. There was no difference between TL–WW relationships or Hg concentration by gender within any population across the range examined. The Chilean and Prince Edward Island fish had higher TL-adjusted total Hg concentration than those from the South Georgia and may suggest a possible human health risk. Explanation of these population differences in total Hg may be the actual sample areas and associated hydrogeographic and oceanographic conditions. For example, sampling sites for the Chilean fish lie well outside the Antarctic Convergence whereas the Prince Edward sites straddle the Convergence. The samples obtained from South Georgia lie well within the Antarctic convergence, suggesting that the Polar Front may provide some type of hydrographic barrier as has been shown for this species in terms of larval dispersal and feeding.
General and multicultural counseling competency: Apples and oranges?

This investigation tests the hypothesis that perceptions of general and multicultural counseling competence are distinct constructs. The findings question the validity of the assumption that general and multicultural counseling competence are separate constructs—particularly for certain clients. The implications of these findings for future research and counselor training are discussed.
Administration and scoring errors on the WISC-IV among graduate student examiners.

A total of 51 Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) protocols, administered by graduate students in training, were examined to obtain data describing the frequency of examiner errors and the impact of errors on resultant test scores. Present results were generally consistent with previous research examining graduate students' errors on the previous two editions of the WISC. Students committed errors on 98% of the protocols examined and averaged 25.8 errors per protocol. The most common errors were failure to query verbal responses, assigning too many points to an answer, and failure to record an examinee's response on the test protocol. Errors resulted in inaccurate test composite scores, with the Full Scale IQ and Verbal Comprehension Index most frequently affected. Error rates did not improve significantly over the course of three practice administrations.
The Politics of Impoundments

Impoundments are actions that eliminate or delay the use of previously appropriated funds. Traditionally, since they were presidential decisions, they have represented the means by which presidents...
Causes of death in systemic lupus erythematosus, long‐term followup of an inception cohort

Objective. To describe the causes of death in a cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and to determine if the major causes of death differ according to patient age, sex, race, socioeconomic status, and the duration of SLE. Methods. We examined survival in a cohort of 408 patients with SLE. During a median of 11 years of followup, 144 patients died. The cause of death was determined for 134 patients (93%). Results. SLE was the most common cause of death, occurring in 49 patients (34%), followed by in- fection (n = 32; 22%), cardiovascular disease (n = 23; 16%), cerebrovascular disease (n = 8; 6%), and cancer (n = 8; 6%). Deaths due to SLE and due to infections were more common among younger patients, and deaths due to cancer were more common among older patients. Although the risk of death due to SLE was greatest during the first 3 years after diagnosis, deaths due to SLE occurred throughout the course of disease. Conclusion. In this study of patients with SLE who were followed up for an extended period of time beginning soon after diagnosis, SLE was the most common cause of death, and deaths due to SLE occurred throughout the course of illness.
The Progressive Increase in the Geotropic Response of the Ant Aphaenogaster

Resume Les ouvreuses parmi les fourmis Aphaenogaster fulva montrent une croissance progressive dans l'itendue de leur reponse geotropique sur une surface plane. Cela et plusieurs autres modifications de θ, I'angle de l'orientation geotropique, se montrent produites par des causes physiologiques qu'on peut controler experimentalement.
The case for evidence in wound care: investigating advanced treatment modalities in healing chronic diabetic lower extremity wounds.

BACKGROUND Major complications of diabetes mellitus include lower leg and foot ulcers, which can result in amputation. Further study is needed to determine optimal treatments for these challenging wounds. Growth factor therapy and hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatments are 2 advanced therapeutic modalities that hold promise. PURPOSE This descriptive, retrospective review investigated healing rates of patients with diabetes mellitus and lower- extremity ulcers managed by growth factor therapy and HBO as compared to standard wound care. DESIGN Retrospective review of medical records. SUBJECTS AND SETTING We reviewed medical records of 89 patients with diabetes and lower-extremity wounds treated at a major outpatient wound care program in the southwestern United States. METHODS Patients were categorized according to 4 treatment modalities: (1) standard wound care, (2) growth factor therapy, (3) standard wound care plus HBO, and (4) growth factor therapy plus HBO. Wounds were measured at the start of the analysis and then weekly for a total of 8 weeks. The change in wound volume from the first to the eighth week was recorded. RESULTS All patient groups demonstrated healing with the patients who received growth factor therapy alone and those who received growth factor therapy and the HBO treatments demonstrating the greatest decrease in wound volume over the 8 weeks. A 2-by-2 factorial analysis of covariance demonstrated that patients who received HBO as part of their wound care regimen demonstrated significantly greater healing than patients who received only standard wound care or growth factor therapy (P < .0001). Although the combination of hyperbaric and growth factor therapy did not show significant synergistic effects for wound healing in this study, it should be noted that the mean size of the wounds in this group was 2.8 times larger than the mean size of the wounds in the other groups. CONCLUSION Patients managed in a state-of-the-art wound care center experienced progress toward wound healing, regardless of the treatment modality selected. Those who received HBO as part of their wound care regimen healed faster than those who received standard treatment or growth factor therapy.
Use of Alkane Monolayer Templates To Modify the Structure of Alkyl Ether Monolayers on Highly Ordered Pyrolytic Graphite

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has been used to investigate the structure of pure and mixed monolayers formed by adsorption of long-chain alkanes and/or ethers on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite. Application of a pure phenyloctane solution of simple alkanes, such as tritriacontane, CH3(CH2)31CH3, produced a monolayer within which the individual molecular axes were oriented perpendicular to the lamellar axes. In contrast, a pure solution of symmetrical long-chain ethers, such as di-n-hexadecyl ether, CH3(CH2)15O(CH2)15CH3, produced a monolayer within which the molecular axes were oriented at an angle of ≈65° relative to the lamellar axes. The compositions of the overlying solutions were then gradually changed either from pure alkanes to nearly pure ethers or from pure ethers to nearly pure alkanes. When ethers replaced alkanes in the monolayer, the ethers conformed to the orientation within the existing alkane layer, rather than adopting the characteristic orientation of pure ether monolayers. Howev...
Pulmonary Function Testing: A Practical Guide to Its Use in Pediatric Practice

Pulmonary function testing is a useful and important method by which to evaluate patients with or suspected of having lung disease. Pediatricians in the past have taken too little advantage of these techniques in their offices or through referral to pediatric pulmonary function laboratories and, when they have used them, have all too often relied on laboratories designed for adult patients. As with such tests as tympanometry and audiometry, pulmonary function testing should be incorporated into the daily practice of the modern pediatrician. The outlay for equipment is within the means of all pediatricians, and the charges to the patient for testing are quite reasonable, especially because they may be offset by savings from fewer emergency room visits and from a reduction in hospitalizations. One person in the office must function as "technician" and is referred to as such in this article. In most offices, this person will have other responsibilities as well, but having one person fill the role of pulmonary function technician will improve the reliability of the results of the pulmonary function tests performed. Although new techniques are being developed for testing young children and infants, these are beyond the scope of office practice because of the time and equipment they require.
Age-related decline in nicotinic receptor availability with [123I]5-IA-85380 SPECT

Abstract Human postmortem studies have reported decreases with age in high affinity nicotine binding in brain. We investigated the effect of age on β 2 -containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (β 2 -nAChR) availability in eight brain regions of living human subjects using the ligand [ 123 I]5-IA-85380 ([ 123 I]5-IA) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Healthy, nonsmokers ( N = 47) ranging in age from 18 to 85 were administered [ 123 I]5-IA using a bolus plus constant infusion paradigm and imaged 6–8 h later under equilibrium conditions. The effect of age on regional β 2 -nAChR availability ( V T , regional brain activity/free plasma parent, a measure proportional to the binding potential) was analyzed using linear regression and Pearson's correlation ( r ). Age and regional β 2 -nAChR availability were inversely correlated in seven of the eight brain regions analyzed, with decline ranging from 32% (thalamus) to 18% (occipital cortex) over the adult lifespan, or up to 5% per decade. These results in living human subjects corroborate postmortem reports of decline in high affinity nicotine binding with age and may aid in elucidating the role of β 2 -nAChRs in cognitive aging.
Variant serum β‐hexosaminidase as a biochemical marker of malignancy

Previous studies have demonstrated a variant form of beta-hexosaminidase in metastatic tumor tissue of human liver and in sera from cancer patients with liver metastases. The current investigation examined sera for the presence of the variant form of beta-hexosaminidase from a large and heterogeneous group of cancer patients (with different primary sites and differing degrees of metastatic involvement), from normal controls and pathological controls with nonmalignant diseases. Comparison of the total serum beta-hexosaminidase activity levels and the percentage of the total activity comprised of beta-hexosaminidase B (Hex B) revealed no significant differences (P greater than 0.01) between the three groups. Analytical isoelectric focusing indicated that the variant beta-hexosaminidase was present in 80% of 108 cancer patients, 37% of 27 pathological controls and 11% of 18 normal controls. Examination of subgroups of the cancer patients based on the extent of metastasis revealed that there was a significant increase in total serum beta-hexosaminidase activity and the presence of variant beta-hexosaminidase in the sera as the disease progressed. These results suggest that serum beta-hexosaminidase may be a useful marker for monitoring the progression of malignant disease.
Vitamin D receptor Fok1 polymorphisms affect calcium absorption, kinetics, and bone mineralization rates during puberty

Few studies of the VDR polymorphisms have looked at calcium metabolism or long-term effects. We measured bone mineralization and calcium metabolic parameters longitudinally in a group of 99 adoles- cents. We found a significant relationship between calcium absorption and skeletal calcium accretion and the Fok1, but not other VDR or related, genetic polymorphisms. It seems that the Fok1 polymorphism directly affects bone mineralization during pubertal growth through an effect on calcium absorption. Introduction: There are few data regarding the relationship between genetic markers for low bone mass and changes in calcium metabolism in childhood or adolescence. We sought to identify the effects of polymor- phisms of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) on calcium and bone mineral metabolism in a longitudinal study of pubertal adolescents. Materials and Methods: Adolescents (n 99) received comprehensive stable isotope studies of calcium absorption, bone calcium kinetics, and bone mineralization. Studies were repeated 12 months later. Polymor- phisms of putative genetic markers were determined and related to bone mineralization and calcium metabolic finding. Results were analyzed by ANOVA in which changes over time were determined using the initial value as a covariate. Results: Polymorphisms of the Fok1 gene of the VDR were significantly related to calcium absorption (p 0.008) and whole body BMC (p 0.03) and BMD (p 0.006). The Fok1 effect on whole body BMD was significant for those with Ca intake >800 mg/day (p < 0.001), whereas for those with Ca intake 800 mg/day, the Fok1 genotype did not have a significant effect on whole body BMD (p 0.40). The Fok1 genotype was significantly related to the changes during the year in whole body calcium accretion, with the ff genotype having a 63 ± 20 mg/day deficit compared with the FF genotype (p 0.008). Conclusions: The Fok1 polymorphism of the VDR receptor seems to directly affect bone mineral accretion during pubertal growth through an effect on calcium absorption. The relationship between different genetic polymorphisms and bone mineral metabolism may vary by life stage as well as diet. J Bone Miner Res 2005;20:945-953. Published online on January 31, 2005; doi: 10.1359/JBMR.050114
Automated wide-band surface resistivity measurements of resistive sheets

A simple and fully automated computer controlled wideband measurement system for characterizing the surface resistivity of electrically thin materials is described. The surface resistivities of various commercially available samples of resistive sheets were measured. The acquired data are compared with the measured dc values and the manufacturer's nominal values as well. Important properties such as sheet uniformity and anisotropy are also discussed.
Regulation of NaK-ATPase by Platelet-Derived Growth Factors in Cultured Rat Thoracic Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells.

Induction of Fibronectin (FN) gene expression by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) isoforms in rat thoracic aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC) was examined. PDGF-BB enhances FN levels in SMC cultures in a time- and concentration-response fashion. PDGF-AA and PDGF-AB show no effect on FN levels. The effects of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on PDGF-BB-induced FN levels were examined. No additivity of FN levels is observed between PDGF-BB and insulin and/or IGF-I. Experiments also show that PDGF-BB enhances FN mRNA levels, implying that acquisition of additional FN mRNA units accounts for the increase in FN levels. Induction of FN and FN mRNA levels by PDGF-BB could be one of the initial events in vascular SMC proliferation and extracellular matrix expansion, leading to atherosclerosis and hypertension.
Effect of temperature and food availability on reproductive responses of Streblospio benedicti (Polychaeta : Spionidae) with planktotrophic or lecithotrophic development

Streblospio benedicti (Webster) from Tar Landing North Carolina (NC), USA with either planktotrophic or lecithotrophic development were reared under two food levels and three temperature regimes (two mimicking seasonal cycles in NC and one at constant 20°C). During the eight-month experiment no females switched reproductive mode and no significant differences in survivorship or reproductive activity were observed between reproductive types. However, reproductive activity and fecundity-related parameters were subject to influence by food and temperature. Survivorship, body size, and larval production was greater in winter-spring than summer-fall regimes. Higher food levels produced increased survivorship, reproductive activity and egg production in adults with lecithotrophic development but no change in those with planktotrophic development. Body size, egg size, egg number, numbers of larvae per brood pouch, and brood size were strongly correlated in female S. benedicti and most correlation coefficients were similar (or identical) in individuals having planktotrophic and lecithotrophic development. A comparison of egg size and brood size in females from Tar Landing suggests that individuals with the two forms of development package offspring differently but expend approximately equivalent reproductive effort. Larval trophic mode is best viewed as a genetic polymorphism in S. benedicti. Individuals with planktotrophic and lecithotrophic development exhibit similar reproductive responses to environmental variation and there is no evidence for speciation.
Systematic errors in measuring parameters of non-spinning compact binary coalescences with post-Newtonian templates

We study the astrophysical impact of inaccurate and incomplete modeling of the gravitational waveforms from compact binary coalescences (CBCs). We do so by the matched filtering of phenomenological inspiral-merger-ringdown (IMR) signals with a bank of inspiral-phase templates modeled on the 3.5 post-Newtonian TaylorT1 approximant. The rationale for the choice of the templates is threefold. (1) The inspiral phase of the phenomenological IMR signals, which are an example of complete IMR signals, is modeled on the same TaylorT1 approximant. (2) In the low-mass limit, where the merger and ringdown phases are much shorter than the inspiral phase, the errors should tend to vanishingly small values and, thus, provide an important check on the numerical aspects of our simulations. (3) Since the binary black hole signals are not yet known for mass ratios above ten and since signals from CBCs involving neutron stars are affected by uncertainties in the knowledge of their equation of state, inspiral templates are still in use in searches for those signals. The results from our numerical simulations are compared with analytical calculations of the systematic errors using the Fisher matrix on the template parameter space. We find that the loss in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) can be as large as 45% even for binary black holes with component masses m_1 = 10 M_☉ and m_2 = 40 M_☉. Also the estimated total mass for the same pair can be off by as much as 20%. Both of these are worse for some higher mass combinations. Even the estimation of the symmetric mass ratio η suffers a nearly 20% error for this example and can be worse than 50% for the mass ranges studied here. These errors significantly dominate their statistical counterparts (at a nominal SNR of 10). It may, however, be possible to mitigate the loss in SNR by allowing for templates with unphysical values of η.
HTLV-1 Tax protein sensitizes cells to apoptotic cell death induced by DNA damaging agents

Transient HTLV-1 Tax expression suppresses cellular nucleotide excision repair, and this effect correlates with Tax transactivation of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen promoter. The inability to repair DNA damage typically induces apoptotic cell death. Therefore, we investigated the effect of Tax-mediated suppression of DNA repair on apoptosis in stable Tax-expressing cells. Constitutive Tax expression reduced cellular nucleotide excision repair activity compared with parental and control cells. Tax-expressing cells were also more sensitive to apoptosis induced by DNA damaging agents than control cells. Even though Tax-expressing cells displayed reduced DNA repair, they showed increased DNA replication following UV damage. These results suggest that Tax suppresses the cell's ability to repair DNA damage and stimulates DNA replication even in the presence of damage. The inability to repair DNA damage is likely to stimulate apoptotic cell death in the majority of Tax-expressing cells while the ability to promote DNA replication may also allow the survival of a small population of cells. We propose that together these effects contribute to the monoclonal nature and low efficiency of HTLV-1 transformation.
Evidence that fathers, but not mothers, respond to mate and offspring coloration by favouring high-quality offspring

Parents have limited resources and, when simultaneously rearing multiple offspring, are expected to favour particularly valuable offspring. Because offspring characteristics like sex and ornamentation influence future reproductive value, these traits may influence parental favouritism. Parents in high-quality nest environments should prefer sons because sons show greater variability in reproductive potential than daughters. Moreover, when ornamental plumage coloration is condition dependent, parents should favour brighter over duller sons. We tested parental favouritism for fledgling-aged eastern bluebirds, Sialia sialis, a species in which fledglings display condition-dependent UV-blue coloration on their wings and tails. We simultaneously threatened two offspring with mock predators and recorded which offspring the parents defended. In accordance with the predicted value of offspring, fathers protected brighter over duller sons and protected sons over daughters when mated to high-quality mates. Mothers did not discriminate between sons and daughters or between brighter and duller sons. These results suggest that ornamental plumage coloration in juvenile bluebirds functions as a signal in father–offspring interactions. Paternal and maternal responses of eastern bluebirds to offspring characteristics may differ because of differences in parental allocation strategies or because males assess offspring quality based on variation in plumage coloration, a trait that also functions in competitive interactions among adult males.
Quantitative chemobehavior of fish: an improved methodology

A new behavioral monitoring system, an ‘octagonal fluviarium’, and associated time-series analytical techniques were developed to quantitatively examine and assess the chemobehavior of fish to waterborne chemicals. Together they aid in the solution of many of the quantitative behavioral and physical problems inherent in earlier experimental approaches. The fluviarium utilizes a quasi-circular channel in which fish are able to move freely through any of eight areas, any of which can receive a predetermined concentration of a chemical stimulus. Movements and preferential stays of animals monitored with a video system are analyzed to determine spatial and temporal preference in their distributions within the system in response to introduced chemicals. The advantages of these designs include precise control of the water flow dynamics affecting the odor plume, virtual elimination of the ‘wall-hugging’ tendency of animals due to the quasicircular construction of the octagonal trough, and the assessment of temporal changes in the behavioral responses of the animals which can be correlated with the presence of odoriferous cues. The efficacy of the fluviarium and statistical analysis is illustrated with data on the chemoresponse of zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio, to 1 × 10−3 M L-alanine. Our system should have extensive application in investigating the chemoresponses of aquatic organisms to waterborne chemicals (presented singularly and in combinations) such as food substances, pheromones or pollutants.
Species Differences in the Gross Behaviour of Nonhuman Primates

1. Lemurs (Lemur catta) and six groups of monkeys - three groups of Old World and three of New World monkeys were compared by means of gross observations in laboratory cages. 2. The profile of scores for any one animal was unambiguously diagnostic of its species. 3. Rhesus and apella monkeys specialized in manipulating objects, stumptail monkeys in social grooming, squirrel monkeys in self manipulation and woolly monkeys in vocalizing. 4. Lemurs were not as socially oriented as monkeys and spent most of their time in visual survey or looking at social objects. 5. Results were discussed in terms of implications for laboratory studies that are based largely on one nonhuman primate (Macaca mulata).
Magnetic moments and interactions near the metal-insulator transition in amorphous magnetic semiconductors

We report magnetization, magnetic susceptibility, and specific-heat measurements of amorphous ${\mathrm{Gd}}_{x}{\mathrm{Y}}_{y}{\mathrm{Si}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x\ensuremath{-}y}$ ternary alloy thin films near the metal-insulator (MI) transition as a function of temperature and applied magnetic field. Samples of the same magnetic moment concentration x but varying conduction-electron concentration $x+y$ were measured to test the effect of the MI transition on the magnetic properties. The effective moment in the paramagnetic state (per Gd atom) shows a strong dependence on composition, with a peak at the MI transition, independent of the Gd/Y ratio. Addition of Y weakens the Gd-Gd magnetic interactions, consistent with an indirect RKKY-like exchange interaction, despite the localized or nearly localized nature of the conduction electrons. Specific-heat measurements show further evidence of weakened RKKY-like interactions in the $y\ensuremath{\ne}0$ sample via a spin-glass peak that is shifted to lower temperature, narrowed, and more field dependent.
Understanding factors associated with early therapeutic alliance in PTSD treatment: adherence, childhood sexual abuse history, and social support.

Objective: Therapeutic alliance has been associated with better treatment engagement, better adherence, and less dropout across various treatments and disorders. In treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), it may be particularly important to establish a strong early alliance to facilitate treatment adherence. However, factors such as childhood sexual abuse (CSA) history and poor social support may impede the development of early alliance in those receiving PTSD treatment. We sought to examine treatment adherence, CSA history, and social support as factors associated with early alliance in individuals with chronic PTSD who were receiving either prolonged exposure therapy (PE) or sertraline. Method: At pretreatment, participants (76.6% female; 64.9% Caucasian; mean age 37.1 years, SD 11.3) completed measures of trauma history, general support (Inventory of Socially Supportive Behaviors), and trauma-related social support (Social Reactions Questionnaire). Over the course of 10 weeks of PE or sertraline, they completed early therapeutic alliance (Working Alliance Inventory) and treatment adherence measures. Results: Early alliance was associated with PE adherence (r .32, p .05) and overall treatment completion (r .19, p .05). Only trauma-related social support predicted the strength of early alliance beyond the effects of treatment condition ( .23, p .05); CSA history was not predictive of a lower early alliance. Conclusions: Given the associations with adherence, clinicians may find it useful to routinely assess alliance early in treatment. Positive trauma support, not CSA history, may be particularly important in the development of a strong early therapeutic alliance.
Sand76-5286 Gold Alumium Interconnect Stability on Thin Film Hybrid Microcircuit Substrates

The effects of gold aluminum intermetallic growth on the stability of interconnects to thin film hybrid microcircuits were studied. Three different metallization systems were evaluated using three types of bonding wire. Tantalum-nitride-chromium-gold was bonded using 0.031 mm alurminum 1% Si wire and 0.031 mm aluminum 1% Mg wire. These two wire types were also bonded to substrates metallized with tantalum-nitride titanium-palladium-gold. Also, gold wire (0.025 mm) was bonded to aluminum metallization. These metallization-bond systems were evaluated by subjecting the tests specimens to various known temperatures and time environments followed by loop pull tests to destruction, bond shear tests to destruction, and four-point probe electrical resistance measurements. The environments included: 1. 1000 hrs. of storage at 100°C, 200°C, and 300°C. 2. Temperature cycling from ?40°C to 200°C for 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000 cycles. The data shows that the electrical resistance shows drastic increases long before mechanical integrity is degraded. It was not uncommon to see kilohms. The results of aging of gold wire bonding to aluminum metallized substrates is described. Stabilized and unstabilized wire were used, and the effects of time and temperature on bond integrity are reported. Both were types degraded mechanically and electrically with little differences between the two.
Beyond dialogue: Levinas and otherwise than the I–Thou

This essay examines the interplay between dialogue and alterity, outlining Emmanuel Levinas’s unique contribution to the study and practice of human dialogue, whose differences with Martin Buber texture an enlarged sense of identity associated with the notion of dialogue. To flesh out this contribution, this essay follows a threefold sequence of exploration: (1) a review of select essays that explore differences between Buber and Levinas; (2) a review of scholarly exchanges between Buber and Levinas on issues related to dialogue; and (3) an examination of the specific writings of Levinas on dialogue. Finally, this essay situates Levinas’s perspective within the schools of dialogue, outlining his unique position of “beyond dialogue” and further texturing our understanding of diverse schools within communication.
Therapeutic Enterprise: A Psychological Exploration of Healing Elements in a Local African-American Spiritualist Church

African-American Spiritualist churches are dynamic and diverse ecclesiastical bodies in their exhibition of rich doctrinal material, elaborate public and private altars, and their multifarious ritualistic activities. This article employs analytical psychology to argue that these Spiritualist groups, as seen in the Redeeming Spiritualist Christian Church of Nashville, represent a viable therapeutic enterprise addressing certain psychological disruptions.
The hippocampus is preferentially associated with memory for spatial context

The existence of a functional-anatomic dissociation for retrieving item versus contextual information within subregions of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) is currently under debate. We used a spatial source memory paradigm during event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate this issue. At study, abstract shapes were presented to the left or right of fixation. During test, old and new shapes were presented at fixation. Participants responded whether each shape had been previously presented on the left, the right, or was new. Activity associated with contextual memory (i.e., source memory) was isolated by contrasting accurate versus inaccurate memory for spatial location. Item-memory-related activity was isolated by contrasting accurate item recognition without contextual memory with forgotten items. Source memory was associated with activity in the hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex. Although item memory was not associated with unique MTL activity at our original threshold, a region-of-interest (ROI) analysis revealed item-memory-related activity in the perirhinal cortex. Furthermore, a functional-anatomic dissociation within the parietal cortex for retrieving item and contextual information was not found in any of three ROIs. These results support the hypothesis that specific subregions in the MTL are associated with item memory and memory for context.
Correlates of persistent sleep complaints after traumatic brain injury.

The objective of the study was to examine factors associated with persistent sleep complaint (SC) after traumatic brain injury. The study design consisted of a retrospective chart review case series, with longitudinal follow-up data. Subjects were identified from Georgia Model Brain Injury System with sleep data post-injury. Twenty three (47.9%) had no sleep complaint at either 6 or 12 months post-injury or resolved sleep complaint at 12 months (Without Persistent SC group); 25 (52.1%) maintained a sleep complaint from 6 to 12 months or reported a sleep complaint at 12 months post-injury (With Persistent SC group). Demographic, premorbid and peri-injury characteristics and The Neurobehavioral Functioning Inventory (NFI) scores did not differentiate the two groups. The Without Persistent SC group had a slight improvement from 6 to 12 months post-injury in post-traumatic stress (PTS) symptoms and depression. Significant psychological patterns were identified in those with persistent SC at both 6 and 12 mont...
Photonic crystals: Achieving robust Weyl points

The isolated symmetry points of photonic graphene are unstable in three dimensions. Researchers have now proposed topologically robust points by using minimal surfaces and employing symmetry-breaking ideas from quantum field theory.
A critical evaluation of the therapeutic benefits and side-effects of aminosalicylate analogues in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease

Peppercorn MA. A critical evaluation of the therapeutic benefits and side-effects of aminosalicyiate analogues in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammopharmacology. 1993;2:263-276. Sulphasalazine, which consists of sulphapyridine linked to 5-amimosalicylic acid (5-ASA) via an azo bond, is efficacious in the therapy of active and remitted ulcerative colitis and active Crohn’s disease when the colon is involved. Its use is limited by a high incidence of adverse effects. Studies of sulphasalazine’s pharmacology suggested that it may be serving as a vehicle for delivery of its 5-ASA metabolite to distal disease sites. Toxicity studies revealed that most of the side-effects of sulphasalazine could be attributed to its sulpha moiety. These observations led to the development of a new group of agents, the aminosalicylates, based on sulphasalazine’s structure. Topical forms of 5-ASA have proved to be effective in active and remitted distal ulcerative colitis and proctitis. Oral forms of 5-ASA are as effective as sulphasalazine in active ulcerative colitis and in maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis and appear to be useful in active and remitted Crohn’s disease regardless of distribution. Eighty to ninety percent of patients intolerant of or allergic to sulphasalazine will tolerate an aminosalicyiate.
Mechanisms of Exocrine Pancreatic Toxicity Induced by Oral Treatment with 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in Female Harlan Sprague-Dawley Rats

In previous 2-year studies of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) conducted by the National Toxicology Program on female Harlan Sprague-Dawley rats, acinar-cell vacuolation, atrophy, inflammation, and arteritis developed at high incidence, and a rare occurrence of pancreatic acinar-cell adenomas and carcinomas was noted. In this investigation, we sought to identify the mechanism involved in the early formative stages of acinar-cell lesions. Pancreas from animals treated for 14 and 31 weeks with 100 ng TCDD/kg body weight or corn oil vehicle was examined immunohistochemically and/or morphometrically. Acinar-cell kinetics were analyzed using staining with hematoxylin and eosin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Expressions of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) were evaluated to assess direct effects of TCDD exposure. The cholecystokinin-A receptor (CCK-A receptor; CCKAR) and duodenal cholecystokinin 8 (CCK) revealed the associations of dioxin treatment with hormonal changes. Amylase localization showed acinar structural changes that could affect enzymatic production. Increased apoptotic activity in acinar cells occurred in 14- and 31-week-treated animals, with an increase in proliferative activity in the latter. Also in the latter, in the vacuolated acinar cells, CYP1A1 was overexpressed, and statistically significant decreases in expressions of AhR, CCKAR, and amylase occurred. The intensity of CCKAR expression increased in nonvacuolated acinar cells; a decrease in the size of CCK-positive epithelial cells occurred in duodenum. Our findings indicate that dioxin-induced acinar-cell lesions might be related to a direct effect of TCDD on the pancreas. Increase in CYP1A1 and decrease in CCKAR expressions in vacuolated acinar cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of pancreatic lesions. Changes in the expression of CYP or CCKAR may have induced the acinar-cell tumors by initiating proliferation.
Maintenance of tropical intraseasonal variability : Impact of evaporation-wind feedback and midlatitude storms

An intraseasonal tropical oscillation with a period of 20‐80 days is simulated in the Neelin‐Zeng QuasiEquilibrium Tropical Circulation Model. This model is an intermediate-level atmospheric model that includes primitive equation nonlinearity, radiative‐convective feedbacks, a simple land model with soil moisture, and a Betts‐Miller-type moist convective adjustment parameterization. Vertical temperature and moisture structures in the model are based on quasi-equilibrium profiles taken from deep convective regions. The tropical intraseasonal variability is reasonably broadband. The eastward propagating 20‐80-day variability is dominated by zonal wavenumber 1, shows features similar to an irregular Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO), and exhibits amplitude and phase speeds that vary both seasonally and between events. At higher wavenumbers, the model has a distinction between the low-frequency MJO-like band and the moist Kelvin wave band, similar to that found in observations. In the model, it is conjectured that this arises by interaction of the wavenumber-1 moist Kelvin wave with the zonally asymmetric basic state. Experiments using climatological sea surface temperature forcing are conducted using this model to examine the effects of evaporation‐wind feedback and extratropical excitation on the maintenance of intraseasonal variability, with particular attention paid to the low wavenumber mode in the 20‐80-day band. These experiments indicate that evaporation‐wind feedback partially organizes this intraseasonal variability by reducing damping, but it is not by itself sufficient to sustain this oscillation for the most realistic parameters. Excitation by extratropical variability is a major source of energy for the intraseasonal variability in this model. When midlatitude storms are suppressed, tropical intraseasonal variability is nearly eliminated. However, the eastward propagating intraseasonal signal appears most clearly when midlatitude excitation is aided by the evaporation‐wind feedback.
In Vitro Kinetic Analysis of Substrate Specificity in Enterobactin Biosynthetic Lower Pathway Enzymes Provides Insight into the Biochemical Function of the Hot Dog-Fold Thioesterase EntH

The Escherichia coli siderophore enterobactin is assembled from 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate (2,3-DHB) and l-serine by the nonribosomal peptide synthetases EntB and EntF. The processive thiol-template strategy used can be sabotaged by EntB misacylation. Through in vitro kinetic analysis, we demonstrate two potential routes to EntB misacylation and provide evidence for two mechanisms by which the hot dog-fold thioesterase EntH can potentially prevent or reverse EntB misacylation.
Pancreatic Polypeptide and Intestinal Migrating Motor Complex in Humans Effect of Pancreaticobiliary Secretion

There is a good correlation between pancreatic polypeptide release and pancreatic exocrine secretion in response to hormone and nutrient stimulation. During interdigestive periods, cyclic fluctuations of pancreatic and biliary secretions are associated with maximal activity (phase 3) of the intestinal migrating motor complex. In this study we determined whether the changes in fasting plasma pancreatic polypeptide levels are associated with secretory and motor events in the duodenum and the role of pancreatico-biliary secretion in pancreatic polypeptide release. Gastroduodenal motor activity, pancreatic enzyme and bile acid output, and plasma pancreatic polypeptide were studied in 10 fasting healthy subjects using the gastroduodenal intubation and perfusion method with strain-gauge pressure transducers positioned in the antrum, midduodenum, and jejunum. Four phases of duodenal interdigestive motor activity were identified. 'During phase 1 outputs of trypsin (5 ± 1 kU/h) and bile acid (72 ± 14 μ,mol/h) were minimal. During late phase 2, maximal output of trypsin (36 ± 4 kU/h) and bile acid (948 ± 268 μ,mol/h) occurred and continued into phase 3, followed by a rapid decline of trypsin (8 ± 2 kU/h) and bile acid (50 ± 12 μmol/h) secretion during phase 4. There were wide intra- and interindividual variations in fasting plasma pancreatic polypeptide concentrations. However these fluctuations appeared to be associated with cyclic changes of pancreatic and biliary secretions. Low plasma pancreatic polypeptide levels (26 ± 4 pg/ml) were present during phase 1, and levels started to increase during phase 2 (108 ± 10 pg/ml), reaching a peak in early phase 3 (143 ± 16 pg/ml). A rapid decline to low values (38 ± 6 pg/ml) occurred during phase 4. In a separate set of experiments in six healthy subjects, intraduodenal perfusion of pancreatico-biliary juice at 10 ml/min for 5 min, 30 min after a previous period of phase 3 motor activity, stimulated the release of pancreatic polypeptide (mean peak increase=166 ± 22 pg/ml) into the circulation. This was accompanied by an increased pancreatic trypsin and bile acid output similar to that observed during phase 3 activity. Neither the pH, osmolarity, nor protein content of the juice accounted for the response. We conclude that there are cyclic fluctuations of fasting plasma pancreatic polypeptide levels in humans that are associated with bursts of pancreatic and biliary secretion into the duodenum and maximal activity of the migrating motor complex in the proximal gut. There is an undefined factor(s) in the pancreatico-biliary juice that stimulates plasma pancreatic polypeptide release. These observations support the possibility that pancreatico-biliary secretion, pancreatic polypeptide release, and motor activity during the interdigestive period are causally related.
Super size me: an experimental test of the factors affecting lipid content and the ability of residual body mass to predict lipid stores in nestling European Starlings

Summary 1 Lipids are a major source of energy storage in vertebrates. A cross-fostering brood manipulation was conducted to assess the role of rearing environment vs common origin on lipid stores. 2 Rearing conditions, especially nest temperatures, explained more variation in lipid levels than did nest of origin. As nest temperatures increased, lipid levels in nestlings also increased. Larger individuals, reflected in both wet and lean dry mass, tended to store more lipids. 3 There was no trade-off between structural growth and lipid stores. However, body mass growth was linked with lipids. In addition, nestlings raised early in the season tended to maintain greater lipid levels, suggesting a role of individual quality. 4 Because the assessment of lipid stores is difficult, it is common to use residual body mass (RBM) as a surrogate. Multiple methods of calculating RBM were compared with actual lipid mass in nestling European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). RBM was correlated with lipid levels (R2 up to 0·66); models calculated using ordinary least squares regression predicted lipid stores better than reduced major axis regression. 5 These results indicate that RBM can be a non-invasive predictor of lipid levels in nestling birds and that studies examining variation in physiological stores should consider development conditions and individual quality.
The influence of R&D investment on the use of corporate venture capital: An industry-level analysis

Abstract We consider how internal research and development (R&D) influences the use of corporate venture capital (CVC) and how this relationship varies across industries. We find that, in general, R&D investments increase the number of CVC deals in an industry. We also find that R&D investment has a particularly strong influence on the use of CVC in industries that are growing rapidly and changing technologically. Our analysis provides greater clarity on the relationships involving R&D and CVC in the presence of contingencies by integrating insights of absorptive capacity and real options reasoning.
Bottom line: What do we mean when we talk about “leadership?”

David Rosch and Michelle Kusel argue that we need more consensus about the concept of “leadership” to guide student leadership development.
Documentation and Accountability: The Shift From Numbers to Indexed Narratives

As currently written, early childhood learning standards have little discriminative power and create a mindset that children have skills, rather than minds. In order for behaviors to be compared across different programs, the behavioral indicators necessarily are written as often-cited skills rather than unique appropriations of intelligent strategies. This article proposes that program evaluators could embrace unique demonstrations of intelligent behavior if all interested parties could see that behavior on demand. Video can record those specific behaviors but cannot be reviewed efficiently. However, indexed digital video clips present a convergence of summary and context. Each video clip of children at play or work can be tagged with an index, be it unique or common. Programs become accountable based on the quality of the indexes. Interested parties can check the validity of unique tags by viewing the video data on demand. Additionally, such a system would create a national video database useful for pro...