cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Binding of Monovalent Ions to PEO in Solution: Relevant Parameters and Structural Transitions

We present a comparative small-angle neutron scattering and theoretical study of the charging effects of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) in the presence of monovalent ions as a function of the solvent characteristics and cation strength, and we demonstrate that the classical “salting-in” condition is constituted by distinct subregimes depending on salt and solvent characteristics. In solvents with moderate dielectric constant and moderate hydrogen- bonding capacity, two distinct regimes can be distinguished: (1) at low ionic strengths, the addition of salts primarily results in the formation of polymer−cation association complexes and thus in charging of the polymer chain (binding regime); (2) at higher salt concentrations, the binding of ions becomes increasingly unfavorable, resulting in the screening of electrostatic interactions and neutral polymer-like characteristics of PEO are observed (screening regime). The extent of ion-binding is compared to predictions based on mean-field theory in the thermodynam...
HYPERACTIVE AND NORMAL GIRLS AND BOYS: MOTHER-CHILD INTERACTION, PARENT PSYCHIATRIC STATUS AND CHILD PSYCHOPATHOLOGY*

This study compared hyperactive and normal girls and boys on their mother-child interactions, family psychiatric status and ratings on the Personality Inventory for Children (PIC). Hyperactive children were less compliant and more negative, and their mothers responded more negatively to their compliance than mothers of normal children. Mothers of hyperactive children reported more depression, marital discord and psychiatric problems in their relatives, and rated their children more deviant on 15 of 16 PIC scales than normal children. Hyperactive boys received more direction and praise, and had greater maternal concern about their adjustment than hyperactive girls or normal children.
Encephalic Cycles during Sleep and Wakefulness in Humans: A 24-Hour Pattern

Twenty-four-hour polygraphic tracings from normal humans indicate that a pattern of alternating periods of the presence and absence of rapid eye movement, shown to exist for normal sleep, exist over all 24 hours of the daily period. This finding suggests that the so-called sleep-dream cycle of human sleep is not specific to sleep, but is a general activity pattern of the brain.
Nitric oxide delta band absorption measurements in the lower thermosphere

The first successful measurements of nitric oxide band absorption in the earth's atmosphere have been made by using the high-resolution ultraviolet spectrometers on OSO 8. These measurements were conducted between January and August 1977 and between 30 deg north and south latitudes. The nitric oxide absorption data, at the (1,0) delta band wavelength of 1829.41 A, are numerically inverted to produce nitric oxide density profiles between 85 and 145 km. The major finding of the observations is that for altitudes below 95 km there is more nitric oxide at sunrise than at sunset. A numerical model, incorporating time-dependent ionospheric chemistry and vertical diffusive transport (both eddy and molecular), is used to simulate the OSO 8 nitric oxide profiles. The peak of the model sunset profile lies at 95-km altitude, in agreement with observation, if the vertical component of the eddy diffusion coefficient is 10 million sq cm/s near 100 km.
3,5-Dichloro-4-cyanobenzoic Acid Co-crystals with Carbon Tetrachloride, Naphthalene, and Anthracene

The title compound, C8H3Cl2NO2 (M), forms co-crystals with carbon tetrachloride, M/CCl4; naphthalene, M/1/2C10H8; and anthracene, M/1/2C14H10. Cell parameters for M/CCl4: a = 8.8657(10) A, b = 8.9393(10) A, c = 10.2658(12) A, α = 66.622(2)°, β = 69.510(2)°, γ = 71.968(2)°, space group P-1. Cell parameters for M/1/2C10H8: a = 8.0304(13) A, b = 9.0112(14) A, c = 9.4742(15) A, α = 112.282(3)°, β = 100.378(3)°, γ = 91.968(3)°, space group P-1. Cell parameters for M/1/2C14H10 a = 5.8893(7) A, b = 7.3885(9) A, c = 15.4098(18) A, α = 87.972(2)°, β = 82.242(2)°, γ = 78.085(2)°, space group P-1. In each case the benzoic acid groups interact to form dimers of M with an R 2 2 (8) motif. The dimers are linked together through CN···Cl intermolecular interactions with an R 2 2 (10) motif to form chains or sheets. With the exception of one CN···CCl4 interaction, the other molecule in each co-crystal is packed between chains (carbon tetrachloride) or in holes in the sheets (naphthalene and anthracene). 3,5-Dichloro-4-cyanobenzoic, which has interwoven sheets in the pure state, can be directed into planar layers, with a co-crystalline partner.
Cellular metabolic stress: considering how cells respond to nutrient excess

Nutrient stress is generally considered from the standpoint of how cells detect and respond to an insufficient supply of nutrients to meet their bioenergetic needs. However, cells also experience stress as a result of nutrient excess, during which reactive oxygen species (ROS) production exceeds that required for normal physiological responses. This may occur as a result of oncogene activation or chronic exposure to growth factors combined with high levels of nutrients. As a result, multiple mechanisms have evolved to allow cells to detect and adapt to elevated levels of intracellular metabolites, including promotion of signaling and proliferation by ROS, amino acid-dependent mTOR activation, and regulation of signaling and transcription through metabolite-sensitive protein modifications. We discuss how each of these responses can contribute to the development and/or progression of cancer under conditions of cellular nutrient excess and their potential roles in linking chronic organismal over-nutrition (obesity) with cancer.
Coexisting hyperparathyroidism with thyrotoxicosis.

The coexistence of hyperparathyroidism complicating thyrotoxicosis is quite rare. We report the case of one patient who presented with thyrotoxicosis, (total thyroxine of 15.1 µg/dl (5–13), free thyroxine index of 18 (4–15) and triiodothyronine by RIA of 305 ng/dl (70–230) and asymptomatic hypercalcemia of 15 mg/dl (8.5–10.6), who was also initially noted to have an elevated (C-terminal) serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) level of 8,800 pg/ml (50–340). With propylthiouracil and propranolol, however, this patient became normocalcemic with a decrease in iPTH values to 714 pg/ml. As the patient was tapered from medication, after being rendered euthyroid, a recurrence of hypercalcemia with rising iPTH levels occurred. PTH levels should be helpful in defining coexisting hyperparathyroidism in patients with thyrotoxicosis since in the latter iPTH is usually suppressed. Our findings support the recommendation that in patients suspected of having both hyperparathyroidism and hyperthyroidism, a diagnosis of the former can only be made with certainty after the patient has been rendered euthyroid with persistently elevated serum calcium and iPTH levels. While there are no clinical features which permit the easy identification of patients who present with dual lesions, the determination of iPTH values may be the most consistently helpful test initially, whereas other parameters such as vitamin D, serum phosphate are less reliable.
Air classification of shredder refuse

Abstract Municipal refuse is a highly heterogeneous mixture of combustible and non-combustible materials. Removing some of the inert materials by air classification improves the fuel value of the refuse-derived-fuel. In this paper, nomenclature describing air classifier operation is suggested and means for testing air classifier efficiency reviewed. The effect of moisture and other variables is covered, and a revolutionary technique for air classifying only on the basis of density instead of aerodynamic properties is presented.
Largescale ripples of the lower Wabash River

Largescale ripples in the meandering lower Wabash River of Illinois and Indiana, U.S.A., include scroll bars and three dunelike bed forms (dunes, sand waves, and transverse bars). Scroll bars are lobate crested, asymmetrical in stream-wise vertical profile, usually solitary, and oriented approximately normal to local channel strike. They form by passive flow expansion downchannel from locally emergent topographic highs, face and lie near inner banks of meander bends, enjoy a high preservation potential as leveelike ridges of ridge-and-swale topography, and migrate only during relatively low stream discharges, when water depth over bar crests is less than 0·5 m. Dunes correspond to dunes of the flow-regime classification and rarely are solitary or superimposed. Sand waves may be symmetrical or asymmetrical, are always superimposed by dunes, occur in depths greater than 4 m and in bed material coarser than 1 mm mean size, and develop at bankfull and flood flows. Transverse bars migrate in depths less than 5 m in straight reaches and near inner banks of bends, display crestal dunes, and correspond to the bars of Costello (1974) and to the sand waves of Boothroyd (1969). Hydrodynamic regimes of scroll bars and transverse bars differ from that of dunes. The omnipresence of dunes upon stoss-sides of sand waves confirms the existence of an equilibrium superimposition of dunelike largescale ripples. Depth-velocity-size diagrams appear to be a valid representation of empirical stability fields of dunelike largescale ripples in deep unsteady nonuniform aqueous flows. Stability fields of dunes and sand waves overlap greatly. Velocity profiles demonstrate an absence of leeside flow separation over dunes and an appearance (rare) over transverse bars only when the ratio of trough depth to crest depth exceeds two. Dune stratification displays (1) largescale trough cross-strata, (2) thinning of sets as bed-material size increases, and (3) an orientation within 20° of local channel strike. Transverse bars show avalanche sets up to 2 m thick, with reactivation surfaces. Scroll bars display thick avalanche sets separated by reactivation structures consisting of erratically oriented smallscale trough cross-strata. Avalanche sets of scroll bars and of transverse bars are oriented 50–150° from and within 50° of, respectively, local channel strike.
Deep sea vibracoring system improves ROV sampling capability

A vibracoring system developed at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) for use off remotely-operated vehicles (ROVs) is capable of obtaining 7.7-cm-diameter sediment cores that are up to 2.5 m in length. The ability to collect long core samples, even in coarse-grained materials, from precisely-located sites vastly expands the geologic sampling capabilities of ROVs. Obtaining sea floor samples from topographically complicated deep-sea environments where sediment is coarse-grained has been challenging. Sub-sea floor sediment sampling traditionally depends on wire-line gravity or piston coring systems. However, wire-line samplers are ineffective at penetrating into sand or gravel, do not provide visualization of the sea floor sample site, and are difficult to precisely locate.
The correlation length divergence of Tolman’s length

The curvature dependence of the surface tension of liquid drops is studied. A closed expression is derived for the first curvature correction, δ (Tolman’s length) to the surface tension. From this expression, we show that when phase interchange symmetry is absent, δ(1) vanishes identically if the density profile is sharp (a step function), (2) is nonzero otherwise, and (3) diverges as the correlation length. It is also shown that the curvature dependence of the surface tension for a finite‐sized drop in an Ising model cannot be extracted from the flat interface.
Reinforcement of leadership behavior in group discussion

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the use of a sociometric questionnaire about leadership in a group discussion situation influenced the effectiveness of reinforcement of leadership behavior in that situation. A procedure similar to that used by Hastorf 1965 was used, in which a target person (TP) was reinforced for leadership behavior, but with only half the groups having an early sociometric questionnaire. The results indicated that (1) The reinforcement lights exerted a significant effect on TP's proportion of talking time and his leadership status as perceived by other group members, whether or not an initial questionnaire was used. (2) The reinforcement effect on TP's talking time and leadership status was greater during the reinforcement session than during the extinction session, but a significant effect remained in the extinction session. (3) Presence or absence of the initial questionnaire exerted no significant main or interactive effect on TP's leadership status. (4) The only significant effect of presence or absence of the initial questionnaire on TP's proportion of talking time was the survey by session interaction, with TP talking proportionately less in the extinction than in the reinforcement session for both reinforced and nonreinforced groups. (5) A suggested interpretation of this effect of the survey was made, involving heightened motivation for participation by ascendant subjects in the no-survey groups in the extinction session, resulting from their just having had the questionnaire for the first time, which would at that time emphasize for them that the experimenter was interested in leadership.
Response of Climate Simulation to a New Convective Parameterization in the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model (CCM3)

Abstract This study examines the response of the climate simulation by the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model (CCM3) to the introduction of the Zhang and McFarlane convective parameterization in the model. It is shown that in the CCM3 the simulated surface climate in the tropical convective regimes, especially in the western Pacific warm pool, is markedly improved, yielding a much better agreement with the recent observations. The systematic bias in the surface evaporation, surface wind stress over the tropical Pacific Ocean in previous model simulations is significantly reduced, owing to the better simulation of the surface flow. Experiments using identical initial and boundary conditions, but different convection schemes, are performed to isolate the role of the convection schemes and to understand the interaction between convection and the large-scale circulation in a convecting atmosphere. The comparison of the results from these experiments in the western Pacific warm po...
Phylogenetic Relationships of the Enigmatic Harpy Fruit Bat, Harpyionycteris (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Abstract Harpy fruit bats, two closely related species in the genus Harpyionycteris (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae), exhibit a suite of unique craniodental traits. For this reason, the affinities of these bats have remained unclear, and most systematists have placed them in a group of their own (Harpyionycterinae Miller, 1907). The multicuspidate pattern of the cheek teeth in Harpyionycteris has generated speculation that it may represent an ancestral tribosphenic pattern lost in other pteropodids. In this contribution we propose a phylogenetic placement of Harpyionycteris based on parsimony analysis of complete sequences from two coding genes, the nuclear vWF (exon 28) and the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt-b). Both datasets, independently and in combination, strongly support a close relationship between Harpyionycteris and Dobsonia, as originally proposed by Andersen (1912, Catalogue of Chiroptera, British Museum Trustees). In turn, this group nests deeply inside Pteropodidae but it is not closely related t...
Looking down the tree in Spanish

Abstract Three syntactic processes in Spanish: Complementizers, the Subjunctive vs. the Indicative, and the Impersonal se construction are tested against a Chomskian hypothesis which maintains the existence of a certain condition on transformations. This presentation explores the permissibility of transformations to ‘reach down’ into lower sentences. Any resulting non-synonymity proves to be predicted by yet another hypothesis of transformational grammar, that transformations be meaning-preserving. Each of the three syntactic processes explored support both the ban against movement of morphological materials into lower sentences, as well as the meaning-preserving hypothesis. The conclusions drawn demonstrate morphological insertion and meaning preservation to be complementary to the extent that their observation leads to the more general and descriptively adequate solution in each instance.
OIL PRICE SHOCKS, SYSTEMATIC MONETARY POLICY, AND THE “GREAT MODERATION”

The U.S. economy has experienced a reduction in volatility since the mid 1980’s. In this paper we investigate the changes in the response of the economy to an oil price shock and the role of the systematic monetary policy response in accounting for changes in the response of output, prices, inventories, sales and the overall decline in volatility. Our results suggest a smaller and more short-lived response of most macro variables during the Volcker-Greenspan period. It also appears that while the systematic monetary policy response has dampened fluctuations in economic activity during the 1970s, it has had virtually no effect after the ‘Great Moderation’.
High range resolution (HRR) improvement using synthetic HRR processing and stepped-frequency polyphase coding

The authors exploit radar waveform coding techniques to improve high range resolution (HRR) performance. Phase-coded, stepped-frequency (PCSF) waveforms are presented and performance characterised relative to a common 13-element biphase-coded PCSF waveform. Analysis includes PCSF waveforms using biphase coding derived from Gold and minimum peak sidelobe level codes. Synthetic HRR results for PCSF waveforms using Frank and P4 polyphase codes are also presented and achieve HRR performance rivalling their biphase counterparts. Individual code performance is analysed and characterised using a single-point target and realistic target scene comprised of 320 closely spaced complex scattering centres, representing a fighter-sized aircraft. The P4 polyphase coded waveforms achieved best overall HRR performance and were least sensitive to Doppler variation for relative velocities up to 250 m/s. The P4 polyphase coded synthetic HRR profiles exhibit /spl sim/ 7.0dB and 10.0 dB improvement (peak sidelobe level reduction) relative to Frank and biphase coding, respectively.
Enterprising Education: Doing Away with the Public School System

We critically examine the accepted notion that primary education is a legitimate and necessary function of the state. The notion is based upon three tenets: 1) public education is a necessary condition for democracy, 2) the market will not provide equal access and quality of education to all, and 3) education represents an external economy. Each tenet is addressed and evaluated according to its merits. In doing so, we also contrast the fulfillment of the ends implicit in the tenets under state and market provisions. We conclude that the state provision of primary education cannot be justified by these goals, and that market provision is a preferable alternative.
Performance Comparison of SPIN based Push-Pull Protocols

Multiple data-centric protocols - which can broadly be classified as push-pull, push-only, or pull-only - have been proposed in the literature. In this paper we present a framework to develop an insight into the characteristics of push-pull protocols. The performance of push-pull protocols is critically dependent on the timeout settings used to trigger failure recovery mechanisms. We perform a study of how to choose optimal timeouts to achieve best performance and use these timeouts to simulate and compare various push-pull protocols. Our starting point is a recently proposed SPIN-based protocol, called shortest-path minded SPIN (SPMS), in which meta-data negotiations take place prior to data exchange in order to minimize the number of data transmissions, thereby improving in both energy and delay compared to SPIN. We propose a redesign of SPMS, called SPMS-Rec, which reduces the energy expended in the event of failures by requiring intermediate relay nodes to try alternate routes. Our simulation results show that SPMS-Rec outperforms SPMS, and thus SPIN, yielding energy savings while reducing the delay when multiple nodes fail along a route. We further propose a modification to SPMS-Rec through request suppression which helps in reducing redundant data transmissions.
Aristotle, Kant and Rawls on Moral Motivation in a Just Society

John Rawls considers his Theory of Justice to be in the Kantian tradition. Generally there seems to be agreement among Rawls' critics that at least with respect to the procedural formulation of the principles of justice, it is difficult to call Rawls' position Kantian. In this article I will argue that Rawls' Kantianism is best understood as providing a motive source for acting upon known just standards of conduct. In this regard Rawls can be read as synthesizing aspects of Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics and Kant's moral reasoning to provide the rationale to explain why an individual who knows what is morally correct conduct in a given situation, makes such knowledge the source of his action. Demonstrating the Aristotelean roots of Rawls' Kantianism with respect to the problem of motivation for just conduct helps one understand how Kant's moral theory can be viewed in Rawls' words not as a “morality of austere command but … [as] … an ethic of mutual respect and self esteem” (1971, p. 251). Secondly, this view of Kant provides the basis for understanding the anti-corporatist aspect of Rawls' political theory that my reading of Rawls makes necessary.
Social relationships and dental care service utilization among older adults.

Objectives: This study described the association between dental care service utilization and two domains of social relationships (social integration and social support) among older adults. Methods:...
The Human Cytomegalovirus US10 Gene Product Delays Trafficking of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Molecules

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) US10 encodes a glycoprotein that binds to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I heavy chains. While expression of US10 delays the normal trafficking of MHC class I molecules out of the endoplasmic reticulum, US10 does not obviously facilitate or inhibit the action of two other HCMV-encoded MHC class I binding proteins, US2 and US11.
The conceptual grouping effect: Categories matter (and named categories matter more)

Do conceptual categories affect basic visual processing? A conceptual grouping effect for familiar stimuli is reported using a visual search paradigm. Search through conceptually-homogeneous non-targets was faster and more efficient than search through conceptually-heterogeneous non-targets. This effect cannot be attributed to perceptual factors and is not explained by a long-term representational reorganization due to perceptual-learning. Rather, conceptual categories seem to modulate visual representations dynamically, and are sensitive to task-demands. Verbally labeling a visual target further exaggerates the degree to which conceptual categories penetrate visual processing.
Coping with constitutional indeterminacy: John Rawls and Jürgen Habermas

In this article, I argue that political philosophers like Rawls and Habermas that characterize their methods as non-metaphysical or postmetaphysical depend on constitutions in order to provide a po...
Wavelength conversion through higher-order soliton splitting initiated by localized channel perturbations

The decay of higher-order solitons in optical fiber, initiated by a step change in dispersion or by a localized loss element or filter, is explored theoretically as a means of generating pairs of pulses with wavelengths that are upshifted and downshifted from the input wavelength. One can tune the wavelengths by varying the magnitude of the perturbation. Pulse parameter requirements for achieving useful wavelength shifts while avoiding unwanted nonlinear effects are presented. Additionally, conditions are described under which the separated pulses can be recombined at a distant location to restore the higher-order soliton at the original wavelength.
Introduction to the Special Issue on The Use of Advanced Structural Neuroimaging Techniques in Understanding Brain–Behavior Relationships

Neuroimaging has dramatically increased our understanding of changes in the brain that are a part of both normal development as well as pathological conditions or disease states. However, despite t...
Hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesemia result in cardiovascular dysfunction: theoretical basis for alcohol-induced cellular injury.

Although it has been known for many years that prolonged ingestion of ethanol may be associated with numerous side effects, among them cardiovasculr alterations, e.g., hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, strokes, and cardiomyopathy, a direct cause and effect between alcohol and injury to the cardiovascular system has only been accepted recently. However, what mechanism is responsible for these cardiovascular alterations remains to be determined. Since it is well known that chronic alcohol consumption leads to hypophos-phatemia and hypomagnesemia, we designed experiments to determine if controlled depletion of either phosphorous or magnesium (Mg2+) lead, in themselves, to cardiovascular disturbances and what effects these mineral depletions exert on myocardial cellular bioen-ergetics. Biochemical studies were carried out on left ventricular muscle, including mitochondrial and myofibrillar preparations. With respect to phosphate depletion, myocardial creatine phosphate, ATP, and ADP levels were reduced. Phosphate depletion also reduced mitochondrial and myofibrillar creatine phosphokinase activities; significant alterations in mitochondrial oxygen consumption, acid-extractable phospholipid precursors, and mitochondrial oxidation of long chain fatty acids were noted. With respect to magnesium depletion, significant reductions in inorganic oxygen consumption was also reduced. Utilizing these data, we have proposed several schemes for possible alcoholic-induced myocardial and vascular injury.
Theorizing the Role of Culture in Social Movements: Illustrated by Protests and Contentions in Modern China

This article provides an initial step toward an explanatory analysis of the role of culture in social movements. It argues that culture shapes collective actions through three ideal-typical mechani...
Effects of Lifestyle Modification Programs on Cardiac Risk Factors

Medicare conducted a payment demonstration to evaluate the effectiveness of two intensive lifestyle modification programs in patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease: the Dr. Dean Ornish Program for Reversing Heart Disease (Ornish) and Cardiac Wellness Program of the Benson-Henry Mind Body Institute. This report describes the changes in cardiac risk factors achieved by each program during the active intervention year and subsequent year of follow-up. The demonstration enrolled 580 participants who had had an acute myocardial infarction, had undergone coronary artery bypass graft surgery or percutaneous coronary intervention within 12 months, or had documented stable angina pectoris. Of these, 98% completed the intense 3-month intervention, 71% the 12-month intervention, and 56% an additional follow-up year. Most cardiac risk factors improved significantly during the intense intervention period in both programs. Favorable changes in cardiac risk factors and functional cardiac capacity were maintained or improved further at 12 and 24 months in participants with active follow-up. Multivariable regressions found that risk-factor improvements were positively associated with abnormal baseline values, Ornish program participation for body mass index and systolic blood pressure, and with coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Expressed levels of motivation to lose weight and maintain weight loss were significant independent predictors of sustained weight loss (p50.006). Both lifestyle modification programs achieved well-sustained reductions in cardiac risk factors.
Effect of dietary alpha tocopherol on liver microsomes and mitochondria of aging rats.

Rats of three age groups were fed tocopherol deficient or supplemented diets for 16 weeks or until signs of tocopherol deficiency were apparent. Erythrocyte hemolysis and liver tocopherol content were used as measurements of the tocopherol status of the rats. The following mea surements were made on liver microsomal and mitochondrial fractions of all three groups; phospholipid content, lipid peroxidation, fatty acid patterns, pigment fluorescence, ANS fluorescence and the activities of several mem brane bound enzymes. Eleven week-old rats displayed signs of vitamin E deficiency after consuming the diet for 7 weeks. Forty-two-week-old rats displayed borderline deficiency signs after 16 weeks of consuming the diet whereas 67-week-old rats displayed no deficiency signs. The need for dietary tocopherol, therefore, appeared to decrease with increasing animal age. Age related alterations in membrane compositional and functional parameters were not modified by either tocopherol deficient or supple mented diets. Tocopherol does not appear to stabilize microsomal mem brane composition or function although mitochondrial membranes appear to be labilized by the dietary manipulation of the vitamin. J. Nutr. 106: 918-929,1976.
Transition Metals in the Synthesis and Functionalization of Indoles [New Synthesis Methods (72)]

The use of transition-metal complexes as reagents for the synthesis of complex organic compounds has been under development for at least several decades, and many extraordinary organic transformations of profound potential have been realized. However, adoption of this chemistry by the practicing synthetic organic chemist has been inordinately slow, and only now are transition-metal reagents beginning to achieve their rightful place in the arsenal of organic synthesis. Several factors contributed to the initial reluctance of synthetic organic chemists to use organometallic reagents. Lacking education and experience in the ways of elements having d electrons, synthetic chemists viewed organometallic processes as something mysterious and unpredictable, and not to be discussed in polite society. Organometallic chemists did not help matters by advertising their latest advances as useful synthetic methodology, but restricting their studies to very simple organic systems lacking any serious functionality (e.g., the “methyl, ethyl, butyl, futile” syndrome). Happily, things have changed. Organometallic chemists have turned their attention to more complex systems, and more recently trained organic chemists have benefited from exposure to the application of transition metals. This combination has set the stage for major advances in the use of transition metals in the synthesis of complex organic compounds. This review deals with one aspect of this area, the use of transition metals in the synthesis of indoles.
Temporal Factors in Aviation Decision Making

Time pressure has been found to reduce the quality of decision making by restricting consideration of information and options and by inducing strategy shifts. Time pressure is usually considered an external variable manipulated by the experimenter. In this paper we distinguish between externally-induced time pressures and crew-generated time pressures, and examine how crews can mitigate or exacerbate external pressures. The roles of both types of time pressures in crew decision making are examined in three air transport accidents and in crew performance in full-mission simulated flight. Implications for crew training are discussed.
Mimetic finite difference methods for diffusion equations on non-orthogonal non-conformal meshes

Mimetic discretizations based on the support-operators methodology are derived for non-orthogonal locally refined quadrilateral meshes. The second-order convergence rate on non-smooth meshes is verified with numerical examples.
Interfacial Wave Breaking in Stratified Liquids

Experimental results are presented which support the hypothesis that interfacial instability is controlled largely by the difference in density, Δ P , and the thickness of the transition region, δ, between the two layers. The horizontal velocities of the upper and lower layers associated with an internal seiche episode in a stratified lake are examined analytically in relation to critical shear gradients necessary for the growth of unstable short period interfacial waves with frequency close to the Brunt-Vaisala frequency. Experimental results obtained from steady nonuniform surface flows over a stagnant denser fluid are presented which help to clarify the conditions for the occurrence of the short period waves.
Bimanual Coordination Dynamics in Adults with Down Syndrome

Previous experiments involving discrete unimanual tasks have shown that individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have auditory/verbal-motor deficits. The present study investigated unimanual and bimanual continuous perceptual-motor actions in adults with DS. Ten adults with DS, 10 typical adults, and 10 children drew continuous circles at increasing periods bimanually and unimanually with each hand. Movement was paced by either a visual or an auditory metronome. The results revealed that for circle shape and coordination measures, children and adults were more accurate with the visual metronome, whereas adults with DS were more accurate with the auditory metronome. In the unimanual tasks, adults with DS displayed hand asymmetries on spatial measures. In the bimanual task, however, adults with DS adopted an in-phase coordination pattern and stability more similar to adults than children. These results suggest that bimanual coordination in adults with DS is functioning effectively despite hand asymmetries evident in unimanual performance.
Medical Rationing, Death Panels and the Rising Cost of Health Care: Whittier Law School Health Law Symposium Paper

This paper, prepared for the 2011 Whittier Law School Health Law Symposium, explores issues raised the partisan debate over charges that the national health-care reform legislation contained "death panels." Due to these charges, provisions were dropped from the legislation that would have expanded funding under Medicare for end of life consultation. The article argues that these these concerns were made against a backdrop of unsustainable increases in the cost of health care, particularly in the last year of life. The experience of other countries, particularly Britain, with limitations of health care spending and the impact of switching Medicare to a voucher program are also discussed. As a paper intended to introduce this topic for symposium discussion, the article concludes with a call for consideration of the medical, ethical, social, and economic issues raised by end-of-life heath care decisions.
Reduction of systemic drug exposure after hepatic arterial infusion of doxorubicin with complete hepatic venous isolation and extracorporeal chemofiltration.

BACKGROUND Hepatic arterial infusion of doxorubicin has produced tumor response in hepatic malignancies; however, the limited success of these treatments is related in part to dose-limiting systemic toxicities. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a novel venous isolation-chemofiltration system could limit systemic exposure to doxorubicin after hepatic arterial infusion. METHODS Doxorubicin (1 or 3 mg/kg) was infused in the hepatic arteries of domestic pigs after complete hepatic venous isolation was achieved with a dual-balloon vena cava catheter. The hepatic vein effluent was pumped through an extracorporeal carbon chemofiltration circuit. Doxorubicin levels were measured in prefilter (hepatic vein), postfilter, and systemic serum at intervals up to 1 hour after drug infusion. RESULTS Complete hepatic venous isolation with extracorporeal chemofiltration significantly reduced (> 90%) the postfilter and systemic levels of doxorubicin compared with prefilter levels (p < 0.01). At the time animals were killed 7 days after infusion of doxorubicin (3 mg/kg), tissue levels of doxorubicin in the liver showed a 16-fold increase compared with levels in the heart (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS For chemotherapeutic drugs like doxorubicin with a low first-pass extraction by the liver, the novel system described herein achieved significant reduction in systemic drug exposure. This system will allow dose intensification of doxorubicin administered by hepatic arterial infusion to treat hepatic malignancies.
The Congregationalist Origins of American Pluralism

The style and content of political life in contemporary Amer ica is conditioned by a fund of background habits essentially pre-secular in orgins. To make explicit and render more exact the analytical import of such antecedents, this essay focuses upon the Congregationalist origins of American pluralism. Before proceeding to the main issue of the nexus between Congrega tionalism and individualist pluralism, it will be necessary to com ment in a brief and prefatory manner first upon the structure of American pluralism (particularly as it contrasts with the image of pluralism suggested by European experience) and sec ondly upon some of the pre-individualist characteristics of New England's early Congregationalist life.
Ohio University's New Series of Edited Transcriptions of Oral Materials

Africanists doing field research that includes the recording of interviews and oral traditions have increasingly noted the importance of bringing such materials into print at reasonable prices. Though Indiana University has maintained an archive for such recorded oral materials for several years, access to and the use of these recordings have been difficult at best for most students of Africa.In an effort to meet the perceived need for the publication of edited transcriptions of recorded interviews from African field research, the Ohio University Center for International Studies is launching this year a new sub-series within its established Africa Series of Papers in International Studies. The published oral materials from the African field will be advertised as a distinct sub-series, but they will appear in the same format as the existing monograph series and will be numbered sequentially among the monographs.Scholars and students of Africa who have recorded oral materials which they would like published are invited to submit edited transcriptions for consideration and possible publication in the new sub-series. Typescripts should range in length between 125 and 250 pages, double-spaced, and should be as carefully edited and made ready for publication as possible before submission.Each manuscript of edited transcriptions should be a self-contained and independent contribution, fully able to be understood by readers without the need for consulting other references. To this end, it is requested that each potential contributor organize, edit, and supplement the data gathered in the field in ways that will optimize their usefulness.Each contribution should contain an introduction explaining the circumstances in which the research was conducted, unusual problems encountered together with the methods by which these were overcome, and special research techniques that would assist future scholars.
Observations on the Mona Lisa Landscape

This article reviews the interpretation of the Mona Lisa landscape as a representation of the body of the earth, or macrocosm, corresponding to the portrait figure as microcosm. The main questions taken up are whether Leonardo himself meant that the picture should be given such a reading, and, if so, why. Well-known statements from Leonardo's notebooks concerning the “similitude” of the terrestrial body to the human body are reconsidered, and the suggestion is offered that Leonardo reiterated this comparison here in pictorial form much as a writer might use a rhetorical device, a simile or metaphor, for decoration.
EPR Spectroscopic Ruler: the Method and its Applications

The distance measurement method based on Fourier deconvolution of dipolar coupling in spin-labeled EPR spectra provides a new way of examining the structure and function of biological macromolecules. In this chapter, we describe a new approach that has been developed for effective and reasonably accurate data analysis, followed by discussions of several successful applications to interesting biological problems on membrane-associated proteins. This method of EPR spectroscopic ruler has emerged as a powerful tool to investigate the functions of membrane-associated proteins.
Eight year old male with autism spectrum disorder and associated hematuria and nephrolithiasis

This is the case of an 8-year-old male of Egyptian descent, with Autism Spectrum Disorder and associated hematuria and nephrolithiasis. A few relevant case reports of children with autism and comorbid nephrolithiasis have been reported. His case is being reported to draw attention to this particular comorbidity, which may cause other clinicians to report similar cases, and generate an interest in further exploring the renal comorbidities/metabolic correlates of autism.
Energy efficiency to reduce residential electricity and natural gas use under climate change

Climate change could significantly affect consumer demand for energy in buildings, as changing temperatures may alter heating and cooling loads. Warming climates could also lead to the increased adoption and use of cooling technologies in buildings. We assess residential electricity and natural gas demand in Los Angeles, California under multiple climate change projections and investigate the potential for energy efficiency to offset increased demand. We calibrate residential energy use against metered data, accounting for differences in building materials and appliances. Under temperature increases, we find that without policy intervention, residential electricity demand could increase by as much as 41-87% between 2020 and 2060. However, aggressive policies aimed at upgrading heating/cooling systems and appliances could result in electricity use increases as low as 28%, potentially avoiding the installation of new generation capacity. We therefore recommend aggressive energy efficiency, in combination with low-carbon generation sources, to offset projected increases in residential energy demand.
I Stand Here Limpiando1: Maternal Knowledge, Chicana Subjectivity, and Mother-Daughter Bonding in Bárbara Renaud González’s Golondrina, Why Did You Leave Me?

But most of all, this story comes from what she didn’t say, it’s the way she looked out the window washing dishes on Saturday night when she burned inside to go dancing. How she touched her face in...
Towards bedside washing of stored red blood cells: a prototype of a simple apparatus based on microscale sedimentation in normal gravity

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Infusion of by-products of red blood cell (RBC) storage-induced degradation as well as of the residual plasma proteins and the anticoagulant-preservative solution contained in units of stored blood serve no therapeutic purpose and may be harmful to some patients. Here, we describe a prototype of a gravity-driven system for bedside washing of stored RBCs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Stored RBCs were diluted to 10% haematocrit (Hct) with normal saline, matching the conventional washing procedure. The dilute RBC suspensions were passed through a column of coiled tubing to allow RBC sedimentation in normal gravity, thus separating them from the washing solution. Washed RBCs were collected using bifurcations located along the tubing. Washing efficiency was quantified by measuring Hct, morphology, deformability, free haemoglobin and total-free protein. RESULTS The gravity-driven washing system operating at 0·5 ml/min produced washed RBCs with final Hct of 36·7 ± 3·4% (32·3-41·2%, n = 10) and waste Hct of 3·4 ± 0·7% (2·4-4·3%, n = 10), while removing 80% of free haemoglobin and 90% of total-free protein. Washing improved the ability of stored RBCs to perfuse an artificial microvascular network by 20%. The efficiency of washing performed using the gravity-driven system was not significantly different than that of conventional centrifugation. CONCLUSIONS This proof-of-concept study demonstrates the feasibility of washing stored RBCs using a simple, disposable system with efficiency comparable to that of conventional centrifugation, and thus represents a significant first step towards enabling low-cost washing of stored blood at bedside.
Abstract #926: Pharmacokinetics and safety evaluation of chamomile

Chamomile is the oldest, best known and practiced plant in traditional medicine for its diversified healing and curative properties. In recent times it became more popular as tea and approximately million cups of chamomile tea is consumed everyday throughout the world. Earlier, we demonstrated the anticancer properties of chamomile extracts against various human cancer cell lines (J Agri Food Chem 55:9470-78, 2007). Chamomile extract contains 50-60% apigenin-7-O-glucoside (A7G) along with 1-1.2% free apigenin. Further development of chamomile as anticancer agent requires in vivo pharmacokinetic and toxicity evaluation. We preceded studying safety, stability, bio-distribution and systemic clearance of dried methanolic extract of chamomile in male albino mice. 22-25 g male albino mice received per oral supplementation of chamomile at single doses of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25g/kg body weight suspended in 0.2ml of a vehicle consisting of 0.5% methyl cellulose and 0.025% Tween 20. Animals were kept under close observation for 24h for any adverse reaction and/or mortality. The maximum tolerable dose was recorded to be >25g/kg body weight, and the LD50 determined to be15g/kg body weight. During observation no apparent adverse symptoms like diarrhea, vomiting, lachrymal secretion, irritability, apathy to food and water were observed. Safety evaluations during long term chamomile supplementation with a dose of 10mg/mouse/day for 75 days exhibited no significant changes in the body weight of these mice, compared to control group. Histopathological enumeration of liver, kidney, spleen of chamomile supplemented animals did not exhibit any lesions or cellular infiltrations. In another pharmacokinetic study, per oral administration of 50mg/mouse chamomile extract exhibited the presence of A7G as early as 3 h in the plasma which peaked at 24h post-administration. A7G was detected in the liver, spleen and kidneys as early as 24h post administration and was traced up to 48h in the liver and intestine. Surprisingly, prostate showed a substantial peak of apigenin at 48h along with A7G peak at 72h post chamomile supplementation. Biological and physiochemical stability of chamomile extract evaluated at -20 degree centigrade, 4 degree centigrade and room temperature for 120 days demonstrated it to be highly stable in aqueous medium. Furthermore, ex-vivo experiments conducted on mouse intestine and liver demonstrated the conversion of A7G to apigenin. Taken together, the abundance of plant availability, with promising anticancer efficacy, accompanied by minimal toxicity will prompt us to move forward with the developmental work to establish chamomile as an anticancer agent. Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr 926.
Professional Development on Sexual Health Education Is Associated With Coverage of Sexual Health Topics

Background. Sexual health education plays a vital role in preventing adverse consequences of sexual behavior. Data are limited on how professional development (PD) for teachers is associated with t...