cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organization of amygdaloid projections to the mediodorsal thalamus and prefrontal cortex: A fluorescence retrograde transport study in the rat

Previous studies have shown that the amygdala projects to both the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD) and its cortical projection area, the prefrontal cortex (PFC). In this investigation rats received injections of different fluorescent retrograde tracers (true blue and diamidino yellow) into MD and either the lateral, polar, or medial PFC in order to examine the relationship of amygdaloid neurons with cortical and/or thalamic projections. PFC injections labeled neurons in the basolateral (BL), basomedial (BM), ventral endopiriform (Env), and rostral lateral nuclei as well as the periamygdaloid cortex (PAC) and the medial part of the amygdalohippocampal area (AHA). In BL, which contained the great majority of neurons projecting to PFC, most labeled cells were concentrated in particular parts of the nucleus and were topographically organized. The overwhelming majority of labeled neurons in BL were large pyramidal or piriform cells that correspond to class I neurons described in Golgi studies. Occasional small neurons with thin dendrites were also observed; these cells may be class II neurons. MD injections labeled numerous cells in the anterior division of the cortical nucleus, medial nucleus, and caudomedial part of the central nucleus. Moderate numbers of labeled cells were found in caudal portions of BM and PAC, whereas scattered cells were observed throughout the rest of the amygdala with the exception of the lateral nucleus. In BL and AHA many MD-projecting neurons were observed along nuclear boundaries and in the adjacent white matter. Neurons in BL, BM, and AHA usually had large elongated or irregular somata and two to four primary dendrites that branched sparingly. Other cells had smaller ovoid somata. The morphology and distribution of MD-projection cells in the basolateral amygdala indicate that they are primarily large class II neurons. Double-labeled amygdaloid neurons, labeled by both cortical and thalamic injections, were observed only in a small number of animals. Control experiments suggest that most of the double-labeled cells in these cases were artifacts caused by spread of the thalamic injectate into the third ventricle with subsequent uptake by fibers in the anterior commissure. Thus the findings of this study suggest that different neuronal populations in the amygdala project to the two poles of the MD-PFC system. In the basolateral amygdala class I neurons are the predominant cell type involved in PFC projections, whereas a subpopulation of class II neurons, hitherto thought to be primarily local-circuit neurons, project to MD.
A Spit Tobacco Cessation Intervention for College Athletes: Three-Month Results

Sixteen colleges were matched on the baseline prevalence of spit tobacco (ST) use, and college pairs were randomized, one to the intervention and the other to the control group. Baseball and football athletes at each intervention college received: an oral examination by a dental professional who pointed out ST-related problems in the athlete's mouth and advised him to quit ST use; counseling by a dental hygienist on strategies to cope with cravings and triggers for use; and two follow-up telephone calls. At the three-month follow-up, quit rates were 24% and 16% for the intervention (n = 171) and control (n = 189) groups, respectively (p < 0.05). As the reported amount of ST used weekly increased, the percent of individuals who quit at 3 mos decreased (p < 0.05). Dental professionals appear to be effective in promoting spit tobacco cessation at 3 mos post-intervention in male college athletes, especially among those using lesser amounts of ST.
An EBSD based comparison of the fatigue crack initiation mechanisms of nickel and nitrogen-stabilized cold-worked austenitic stainless steels

Abstract Nitrogen additions are known to improve both the pitting potentials and fatigue response of high-nitrogen austenitic stainless steels (HNASS). HNASS alloys are of particular interest to the biomedical industry due to patient allergy concerns. Available HNASS fatigue studies in the literature were all performed on materials in the solution annealed condition, and not the 20–30% cold-worked condition often ordered for implant manufacturing. Previous studies in our laboratories evaluated the corrosion fatigue response of commercially available cold-worked 316L and HNASS implant grade steels, and found evidence of unusual cleavage-like facets in the crack initiation and early propagation regions of the fracture surfaces in the HNASS. The 316L steel showed a typical ductile fatigue striated fracture surface with no evidence of cleavage-like facets. These findings suggested the fatigue crack initiation mechanisms may be different between the two austenitic steels. The purpose of the present study was to compare and contrast fatigue crack initiation mechanisms in the cold-worked 316L and HNASS steels, using an SEM and EBSD based examination technique, under both low-cycle and high-cycle conditions. Under both fatigue conditions, cracks were shown to preferentially initiate along former annealing twin boundaries in the HNASS steel. In contrast, fatigue crack initiation was shown to occur primarily along extrusions or intrusions associated with trans-granular slip markings in the 316L steel.
Three-dimensionally woven and braided composites. I: A model for anisotropic stiffness prediction

A model for the prediction of anisotropic elastic stiffness of 3-D textile structural composites based on the preform architecture and the preforming process parameters is presented. The methodology presented in this paper uses a preform model to represent the fiber microstructure and employs a micro-mechanical analysis to determine the macroscopic anisotropic stiffness. Representative volume elements (macro-cells) are identified for three-dimensionally woven and braided preforms and geometric descriptions of the path and interactions between the tows within the cells are generated. This geometric modeling enables the estimation of the fiber volume fraction and the directional distribution of the fiber in the composite. The macro-cell is further decomposed into simpler elements whose stiffness is determined from tow geometry and the stiffness of the fiber/matrix constituents. The macroscopic stiffness of the textile composite is obtained from the macro-cell definition using an Effective Response Comparison (ERC) technique. Numerical examples are presented illustrating the developed methodology. Experimental characterization of several textile composites and the correlation of the experimental data with model predictions are considered in a companion paper.
Assessing Biological Response to Bevacizumab Using 18F-Fluoromisonidazole PET/MR Imaging in a Patient with Recurrent Anaplastic Astrocytoma

We present our initial experience in using single modality fluoromisonidazole (FMISO) PET/MR imaging to noninvasively evaluate the biological effects induced by bevacizumab therapy in a patient treated for recurrent high grade glioma. In this index patient, bevacizumab therapy resulted in the development of nonenhancing tumor characterized by reduced diffusion and markedly decreased FMISO uptake in the setting of maintained CBF and CBV. These observations suggest that the dynamic biological interplay between tissue hypoxia and vascular normalization occurring within treated recurrent high grade glioma can be captured utilizing FMISO PET/MR imaging.
Antibody Protection to Diphtheria in Geriatric Patients: Need for ED Compliance With Immunization Guidelines

Abstract Study objective: Because 50% to 70% of geriatric patients have been shown to have nonprotective levels of tetanus antibodies, we postulated that this population might also have inadequate levels of diphtheria antibodies. Emergency physicians have the opportunity to immunize patients against tetanus and diphtheria. We sought to determine the seroprevalence of diphtheria antibodies in patients older than 65 years and to assess compliance with immunization guidelines in EDs. Methods: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diphtheria antibodies was conducted in 58 outpatients of a geriatric medical facility aged 65 years or older. We considered titers greater than .1 IU/mL protective. Eighteen ED personnel, ages 25 to 40 years, served as comparison subjects. The preparation used for immunization of injured patients—tetanus toxoid or tetanus and diphtheria toxoids adsorbed for adult use—was determined by means of a telephone survey of 64 New York City EDs. Results: The mean age of our patients was 80 years (range, 65 to 95 years). Their mean diphtheria antibody titer was .17 IU/mL (range, .04 to .54 IU/mL). Thirty-three percent (19 of 58; 95% confidence interval [CI], 21% to 45%) of patients had inadequate levels of diphtheria antibodies. We found no significant differences between protected and nonprotected patients with respect to age, sex, medical history, or military service. Patients with nonprotective levels of diphtheria antibodies were more likely to have inadequate tetanus antibody titers. Sixty-eight percent of patients without protection from diphtheria (13 of 19; 95% CI, 48% to 88%) were also unprotected from tetanus, and 33% (13 of 39; 95% CI, 19% to 47%) of those with adequate diphtheria antibodies had nonprotective levels of tetanus antibodies ( P =.012). All 18 ED personnel had adequate diphtheria and tetanus antibodies. The telephone survey revealed that 30% (19 of 64) of EDs use only tetanus toxoid for immunization of injured patients. Conclusion: A significant percentage of geriatric patients have inadequate diphtheria antibodies. Emergency physicians must comply with immunization guidelines for injured patients to assure adequate protection from both tetanus and diphtheria. [Alagappan K, Rennie W, Kwiatkowski T, Narang V: Antibody protection to diphtheria in geriatric patients: Need for ED compliance with immunization guidelines. Ann Emerg Med October 1997;30:455-458.]
Host genetic background and the innate inflammatory response of lung to influenza virus

Many studies of influenza severity have focused on viral properties that confer virulence, whereas the contributory role of the host genetic background on infection severity remains largely unexplored. In this study, we measure the impact of inoculation with influenza virus in four strains of inbred mice - BALB/cByJ, C57BL/6J, A/J, and DBA/2J. To evaluate the extent to which responses are inherent to lung per se, as opposed to effects of the systemic response to lung infection, we also measured cytokines and chemokines in lung slices exposed to the virus in vitro. Finally, we evaluate the in vivo responses of recombinant inbred (RI) and select consomic strains of mice to search for genomic loci that contribute to phenotypic variance in response to influenza infection. We found marked variation among mouse strains after challenge with virus strain A/HKX31(H3N2), consistent with previous reports using more virulent strains. Furthermore, response patterns differ after in vivo versus in vitro exposure of lung to virus, supporting a predominant role of the systemic host inflammatory response in generating the strain differences. These results add to the body of information pointing to host genotype as a crucial factor in mediating the severity of influenza infections.
Effect of formula water content on the spread of sugar-snap cookies

ABSTRACT Sugar-snap cookie doughs prepared with a commercial soft wheat flour and standard formula water (25%, fwb) produced baked cookies with a mean diameter of 186 mm. Increasing the formula water to 30% resulted in cookies with a mean diameter of 187 mm and decreasing the formula water to 20% resulted in cookies with a mean diameter of 185 mm. A similar effect was seen when the formula water in cookie doughs prepared with the pure hard red spring cultivar Butte 86 or the pure soft white winter club cultivar Paha was varied. Thus, varying the formula water in cookie dough appeared to have little or no effect on final cookie diameter. Formula water content, however, did affect cookie dough spread rate and set time during baking. Increasing the formula water caused the spread rate to increase but shortened the set time. As a result, final cookie diameter was essentially unchanged.
Locally finite theories

We say that a first order theory T is locally finite if every finite part of T has a finite model. It is the purpose of this paper to construct in a uniform way for any consistent theory T a locally finite theory FIN( T ) which is syntactically (in a sense) isomorphic to T . Our construction draws upon the main idea of Paris and Harrington [6] (I have been influenced by some unpublished notes of Silver [7] on this subject) and generalizes the syntactic aspect of their result from arithmetic to arbitrary theories. (Our proof is syntactic, and it is simpler than the proofs of [5], [6] and [7]. This reminds me of the simple syntactic proofs of several variants of the Craig-Lyndon interpolation theorem, which seem more natural than the semantic proofs.) The first mathematically strong locally finite theory, called FIN, was defined in [1] (see also [2]). Now we get much stronger ones, e.g. FIN(ZF). From a physicalistic point of view the theorems of ZF and their FIN(ZF)-counterparts may have the same meaning. Therefore FIN(ZF) is a solution of Hilbert's second problem. It eliminates ideal (infinite) objects from the proofs of properties of concrete (finite) objects. In [4] we will demonstrate that one can develop a direct finitistic intuition that FIN(ZF) is locally finite. We will also prove a variant of Godel's second incompleteness theorem for the theory FIN and for all its primitively recursively axiomatizable consistent extensions. The results of this paper were announced in [3].
Moral distress caused by an uncertain prognosis: when the surrogate and the physician bring different priorities to the discussion.

Contemporary medicine has eliminated prognosis as an inherent characteristic disease; survival depends primarily on what we do. Our case describes a patient with acute disseminated encephalomyeliti...
Material Factor for GFRP RC Structures in Canada

Degradation mechanisms of GFRP bar in real concrete are still not clear to civil engineers due to limited field applications. To avoid unsafe design, in current design codes a material factor is used to assure long-term safety of GFRP RC structures. This paper presents an assessment of material factors for GFRP bar as specified in Canadian Design Codes by predicting GFRP long-term performance with monthly average temperatures from 14 weather reporting stations in Canada. Results showed that the material factor varies from 0.57 to 0.61 for an application with 100% RH exposure, while a factor of 0.75 could be adequate for cases with exposure RH ≤90%. Considering the annual relative humidity across Canada, conclusion could be made that current factors in Canadian codes could provide sufficient safety margin.
The potential energy surface of methyl 3‐O‐(α‐D‐mannopyranosyl)‐α‐D‐mannopyranoside in aqueous solution: Conclusions derived from optical rotation

The optical rotation of methyl 2-O -(α-D-mannopyranosyl)-α-D-mannopyranoside is calculated semiempirically as a function of the linkage dihedral angles ϕ (H1-C1-O1-C2′) and ψ (C1-O1-C2′-H2′). Although the rotation calculated for the global energy minimum conformation found in several rigid-residue modeling calculations (ϕ,ψ = −40°,−20°) is in good agreement with the observed solution rotation, the observed rotation is also compatible with the limited flexibility inferred from more recent relaxed residue modeling calculations on a structurally related rhamnose disaccharide © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Experiment for studying spatial and temporal behavior of the ionosphere

We present the concept for an instrument designed to map and monitor the ionosphere from geostationary orbit. This instrument will be used to study the spatial and temporal behavior of mesoscale (> 10 km) ionospheric structures. The instrument is designed to primarily operate at night as irregularities are generally more prevalent during the evening. The instrument will be sensitive enough to gather a high signal-to-noise image viewing the nadir in approximately 100 seconds. The instrument can also be operated as a limb imager. The instrument will image a 1.6 degree(s) field-of-view with 10 km spatial resolution. The experiment will use a two-axis gimbal to point to various points on the limb and disk of the Earth. The instrument consists of an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) imager and a far-ultraviolet (FUV) imager. The EUV imager will operate at 83.4 nm using a low resolution imaging spectrograph to set the passband. The O II 83.4 nm emission is produced by photoionization of O during the daytime. Above the limb, this emission can be used to determine altitude distribution of the O+ density. The FUV imager will operate at 130.4 , 135.6, and 143.0 nm. At night, The O I 130.4 and O I 135.6 nm emissions are produced by primarily by radiative recombination, and therefore these emissions provide useful ionospheric diagnostics at night. During the daytime, the 130.4 and 135.6 nm lines are primarily produced by photoelectron impact excitation of O; however the 130.4 nm line is also excited by resonant scattering of sunlight. The O I 130.4 and 135.6 nm lines provide information on the O density during the daytime. The instrument will map the daytime N2 column density using the Lyman-Birge-Hopfield bands near 143.0 nm.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Implementation Science of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis: Preparing for Public Use

As efficacy trials of antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) continue, a growing literature has begun anticipating the potential challenges of implementing PrEP for HIV prevention. These efforts coincide with a shift toward combination interventions for preventing HIV, which integrate biomedical, behavioral, and structural components. The optimal implementation of PrEP would exemplify this combination model, incorporating not only PrEP drugs, but also HIV testing, safety screening, behavioral interventions addressing adherence and risk behavior, and long-term monitoring. Efforts to plan for PrEP implementation therefore present an opportunity to advance the science of implementation and delivery in HIV prevention, in order to better address the challenges of scaling up combination approaches. We review the published and unpublished literature on PrEP implementation, organizing themes into five categories: scientific groundwork, regulatory and policy groundwork, stakeholder and infrastructure groundwork, delivery, and long-term monitoring. The lessons from PrEP planning can benefit the scale-up of future combination interventions.
Temperature dependence of multiphonon absorption in zinc selenide.

Bulk and surface absorption coefficients of zinc selenide have been measured by 10.6-μm laser calorimetry at temperatures between 20 °C and 300 °C. The surface absorption characteristic shows evidence of the disappearance of an absorbing species at temperatures above 120 °C and the thermal activation of a second species above 200 °C with an activation energy near 0.13 eV. The bulk characteristic shows a monotonic increase with temperature that is consistent in its general form with the predictions of multiphonon theory, but with systematic deviations. These deviations are explained by the combination of a temperature independent extrinsic absorption and a well defined peak near 960 cm−1 in the room temperature absorption spectrum.
The Utility of Hospital Antibiograms as Tools for Guiding Empiric Therapy and Tracking Resistance: Insights from the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists

Hospital antibiograms are commonly used to help guide empiric antimicrobial treatment and are an important component of detecting and monitoring trends in antimicrobial resistance. To serve these purposes, antibiograms must be constructed using standardized methods that allow inter- and intrahospital comparisons. Antibiograms that include surveillance cultures and duplicate bacterial isolates can overestimate rates of resistance. In 2002, the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (now known as the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [CLSI]) published standards for constructing antibiograms. According to national surveys, many of the recommended elements of the CLSI document have not been fully adopted. In lieu of full compliance with CLSI standards, it is necessary that the methods used to construct antibiograms are clearly delineated. Antibiograms have several limitations, such as their inability to track emergence of resistance during therapy. The antibiogram can serve as a valuable tool in guiding antimicrobial therapy, but other patient factors, such as previous infection history and antibiotic use, also need to be considered. Additional data are needed for specialized applications of resistance analyses.
System identification of the JPL micro-precision interferometer truss - Test-analysis reconciliation

The JPL Micro-Precision Interferometer (MPI) is a testbed for studying the use of control-structure interaction technology in the design of space-based interferometers. A layered control architecture will be employed to regulate the interferometer optical system to tolerances in the nanometer range. An important aspect of designing and implementing the control schemes for such a system is the need for high fidelity, test-verified analytical structural models. This paper focuses on one aspect of the effort to produce such a model for the MPI structure, test-analysis model reconciliation. Pretest analysis, modal testing, and model refinement results are summarized for a series of tests at both the component and full system levels.
Electronic Packaging Education in U.S.

The loss of U.S. electronics market share during the last three decades is attributed to both the engineering education and the research emphasis away from manufacturing and systems. The engineering education in U.S., in spite of great progress during the last decade, is incomplete and fragmented and requires a comprehensive and system-level strategy.
Headgroup percolation and collapse of condensed langmuir monolayers.

We present a study of Langmuir isotherms and 2D bulk moduli of binary lipid mixtures, where changes in monolayer collapse pressure (Πc) are followed while varying the relative amounts of the two components. For monolayers containing dipalmitoylphosphocholine (DPPC) with either hexadecanol (HD) or palmitic acid (PA), a distinctly non-monotonic change in Πc is observed with varying composition. At low mole fractions, there is a slight decrease in Πc as films get richer in DPPC, while a sharp increase to pure DPPC-like values is observed when the mole fraction exceeds ∼0.7. The sudden transition in collapse pressure is explained using the principles of rigidity percolation, and important ramifications of this phenomenon for biological surfactant are discussed.
Language Modeling with the Maximum Likelihood Set: Complexity Issues and the Back-off Formula

The maximum likelihood set (MLS) was recently introduced in B. Jedynak and S. Khudanpur (2005) as an effective, parameter-free technique for estimating a probability mass function (pmf) from sparse data. The MLS contains all pmfs that assign merely a higher likelihood to the observed counts than to any other set of counts, for the same sample size. In this paper, the MLS is extended to the case of conditional pmf estimation. First, it is shown that, when the criterion for selecting a pmf from the MLS is the KL-divergence, the selected conditional pmf naturally has a back-off form, except for a ceiling on the probability of high frequency symbols that are not seen in particular contexts. Second, the pmf has a sparse parameterization, leading to efficient algorithms for KL-divergence minimization. Experimental results from bigram and trigram language modeling indicate that pmfs selected from the MLS are competitive with state-of-the-art estimates
Short communication: Determination of Salmonella clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) diversity on dairy farms in Wisconsin and Minnesota

Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica is a foodborne pathogen able to cause disease in both humans and animals. Diverse serovars of this pathogen exist, some of which are host specific, causing a range of clinical symptoms from asymptomatic infection through morbidity and mortality. According to a 2007 survey by the USDA National Animal Health Monitoring System, fecal shedding of Salmonella from healthy cows occurs on 39.7% of dairy farms in the United States. Certain serovars are frequently isolated from dairy farms and the majority of isolates from the National Animal Health Monitoring System study were represented by 5 serovars; however, genotypic diversity was not examined. The objective of this study was to determine the diversity of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) loci in Salmonella collected from 8 dairy farms with a previous history of salmonellosis. None of the cows or calves sampled on 2 of the 8 dairy farms were shedding Salmonella, although Salmonella was detected in a cow bedding sample on 1 of these farms. Salmonella populations were discrete on each farm, according to CRISPR typing, with the exception of an Anatum var. 15+ type on farms 5 and 6 and the Montevideo type on farms 1 and 2. One to 4 distinct CRISPR genotypes were identified per farm. The CRISPR typing differed within serovars, as Montevideo, Anatum var. 15+, and Muenster serovars had no overlap of spacer content, even on the same farm, reflecting between- and within-serovar genetic diversity. The dynamic nature of Salmonella populations was shown in a farm that was sampled longitudinally over 13.5 mo. Changes in serovar from 3,19:-:z27 to Montevideo was observed between the first sampling time and 8 mo later, with concomitant change in CRISPR alleles. The results indicate that Salmonella strains present in smaller dairy herds (<500 head) are specific to that farm and new Salmonella strains may emerge over time.
Adapting Web pages for small-screen devices

We propose a page-adaptation technique that splits existing Web pages into smaller, logically related units. To do this, we must first solve two technical problems: how to detect an existing Web page's semantic structure, and how to split a Web page into smaller blocks based on that structure. To date, we've implemented our technique in Web browsers for mobile devices, in a proxy server for adapting Web pages on the fly, and as an authoring tool plug-in for converting existing Web pages. The Web page can then be adapted to form a two-level hierarchy with a thumbnail representation at the top level for providing a global view and an index to a set of subpages at the bottom level for detailed information.
Diagnostic Reasoning across the Medical Education Continuum

We aimed to study linguistic and non-linguistic elements of diagnostic reasoning across the continuum of medical education. We performed semi-structured interviews of premedical students, first year medical students, third year medical students, second year internal medicine residents, and experienced faculty (ten each) as they diagnosed three common causes of dyspnea. A second observer recorded emotional tone. All interviews were digitally recorded and blinded transcripts were created. Propositional analysis and concept mapping were performed. Grounded theory was used to identify salient categories and transcripts were scored with these categories. Transcripts were then unblinded. Systematic differences in propositional structure, number of concept connections, distribution of grounded theory categories, episodic and semantic memories, and emotional tone were identified. Summary concept maps were created and grounded theory concepts were explored for each learning level. We identified three major findings: (1) The "apprentice effect" in novices (high stress and low narrative competence); (2) logistic concept growth in intermediates; and (3) a cognitive state transition (between analytical and intuitive approaches) in experts. These findings warrant further study and comparison.
Continuous retiming: algorithms and applications

This paper introduces a continuous version of retiming (called c-retiming). As retiming, a c-retiming of a circuit is also an assignment of values to the nodes in the circuit. However, values in c-retiming can be real numbers as opposed to integers in retiming. Retiming and c-retiming are strongly related. In fact, a c-retiming can be converted to a retiming by a simple rounding, and the potential degradation in clock period is less than the largest gate delay in a circuit. C-retiming has two very attractive properties. It can be computed much more efficiently than retiming. Consequently, one can compute a retiming by computing a proper c-retiming. Our experimental results indicate this approach can drastically speed up the solution of retiming problems. More importantly, c-retiming can be combined with circuit modifications. Because of this property, c-retiming can be used as a tool to study synthesis and optimization problems in conjunction with retiming. We demonstrate this using the classical tree mapping problem, for which we derive an algorithm that produces a solution with a clock period provably close to optimal while considering retiming.
Gadamer and Theology

: This article examines the role of theology in Gadamer and what theology can learn from it. Gadamer owes a great deal to theology for his account of understanding, but the few times he reveals his own theology he does not apply to it the insights he gleaned from theology. This article proposes to open more fully the door back to theology Gadamer left ajar. Following a middle-voiced reading of understanding as standing under, it articulates theology in terms of a middle-voiced process in and of which we partake when we get involved in it.
How Children Start Arguments.

Previous research on children's arguments has neglected their initial phases, particularly how they arise out of children's ongoing practical activities. This paper examines how any utterance or activity can be opposed, the concept of opposition being at the center of any definition of argument. However, once opposition has occurred, it can be treated in a variety of ways, and a full-blown argument or dispute is only one possible and contingent outcome. Children analyze others' moves not only verbally, but nonverbally as well. Thus, bodily actions and presupposition are necessary components in the analysis of how arguments are started. Nonverbal oppositional moves may be at the base of semantically constructed disputes. When opposition occurs, it is to be taken to imply the violation of some rule or value. The meaning of that rule or value relative to children's culture is taken to have to do not with its content, but its usage in promoting a local social organization. (Conversational analysis, child language, social organization, presupposition, dispute genres, American English [middle class, Caucasian])
On the Asymptotic Optimality of the Gradient Scheduling Algorithm for Multiuser Throughput Allocation

We consider the model whereN queues (users) are served in discrete time by a generalized switch. The switch state is random, and it determines the set of possible service rate choices (scheduling decisions) in each time slot. This model is primarily motivated by the problem of scheduling transmissions ofN data users in a shared time-varying wireless environment, but also includes other applications such as input-queued cross-bar switches and parallel flexible server systems.The objective is to find a scheduling strategy maximizing a concave utility functionH( u1,..., uN ), whereu n s are long-term average service rates (data throughputs) of the users, assuming users always have data to be served.We prove asymptotic optimality of the gradient scheduling algorithm (which generalizes the well-known proportional fair algorithm) for our model, which, in particular, allows for simultaneous service of multiple users and for discrete sets of scheduling decisions. Analysis of the transient dynamics of user throughputs is the key part of this work.
Quantum Hall measurements from 4 K to 20 mK

We report on precision measurements of the quantum Hall resistance (QHR) in the temperature range of 20 mK to 4 K. These include intercomparisons of the ohm maintained at the National Research Council (OHM NRC) and the International System ohm (OHM SI) and the QHR. The effects of nonzero Rxx minima, sample inhomogeneity, nonohmic contacts, and dissipation are summarized.
Airborne passive FT-IR spectrometry

Abstract Rapid airborne identification and quantification of vapor hazards is anenvironmentally important capability for a variety of open-air scenarios. This studydemonstrates the use of a commercially available passive Fourier transform infrared (FT-lR) spectrometer to detect, identify, and quantify ammonia and ethanol vapor signaturesdepending on the appropriate signal processing strategy. The signal-processing strategyremoves the need for a representative background spectrum and it consists of three stepsto extract the spectral information associated with the target vapor. The first step isoptimal interferogram segment selection which depends on the bandwidth of the targetspectral feature. The second step applies the statistically significant finite impulseresponse matrix (FIRM) filter to the optimal interferogram segment to attenuate spectralinterferences. The third step quantifies the FIRM filter results with a discriminant analysis.The signal processing results prove that low-altitude airborne passive FT-lR spectrometryallows rapid quantitative detection of ammonia and ethanol vapor generated plumes. Thiseffort also documents the direct interferogram analysis of data from the fast scanningairborne passive FT-IR spectrometer.Keywords: Airborne Remote Sensing, Passive FT-lR Spectrometry, Discriminant Analysis,Ammonia Detection , Ethanol Vapor
Fibromyalgia: Disease Synopsis, Medication Cost Effectiveness and Economic Burden

Fibromyalgia (FM) primarily affects women, and it is increasingly recognized by health care providers as more patients seek assistance for their chronic pain conditions. FM patients suffer from reduced quality of life, daily functioning and productivity. A single FM patient can cost society tens of thousands of dollars each year, with the overall expense increasing alongside disease severity. Indirect costs account for the majority of total expenditures and involve losses in productivity, reduced work hours, absenteeism, disability, unemployment, early retirement, informal care and other out-of-pocket costs. Health care utilization increases in concert with the severity of illness. Moreover, FM patients often have several comorbid illnesses (e.g. depression, anxiety and sleep disturbances), resulting in extreme escalation of overall health care expenditures. Medications with the best efficacy in the treatment of FM include the tricyclic antidepressants amitriptyline and nortriptyline, cyclobenzaprine (a skeletal muscle relaxant), tramadol, duloxetine, milnacipran, pregabalin and gabapentin. Corticosteroids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, benzodiazepines and opioid analgesics, with the exception of tramadol, are not considered efficacious. Medication selection should be individualized and influenced by the severity of illness and the presence of comorbidities and functional disabilities.
Globalization and the Gains from Trade

Among the major developments in the world economy in the last two decades has been the globalization of production. Products which once had clear national identities tend increasingly to be composed of parts and components from all over the world. On occasion, the “producer” of the final product appears to perform little more than an assembly operation (abstracting from design, management, and other critical functions).
Reconstructing permutations from cycle minors

The ith cycle minor of a permutation p of the set f1; 2; : : : ; ng is the permutation formed by deleting an entry i from the decomposition of p into disjoint cycles and reducing each remaining entry larger than i by 1. In this paper, we show that any permutation of f1; 2; : : : ; ng can be reconstructed from its set of cycle minors if and only if n 6. We then use this to provide an alternate proof of a known result on a related reconstruction problem.
Capturing episodes: may the frame be with you

We are interested in detecting episodes in a data stream that are characterized by a period of time over which a condition holds, usually with a minimum duration. For example, we might want to know whenever any router has a packet-drop rate above 0.3% continuously for more than two minutes. Such episodes can be interesting in their own right for monitoring purposes, but they can also specify target regions for examination over the original or other stream. For instance, for each router-drop episode we detect, we might want to count the number of control messages the router received. We assert the key requirements are to detect the episodes, detect them accurately, and detect them promptly.Current capabilities for data-stream management systems (DSMSs) include functionality, such as pattern-matching and windowed aggregates, that can help with detecting some kinds of episodes. We offer a third alternative, frames, which generalizes the other two. Frames are intervals that segment a data stream into regions of interest. In contrast to windows, frame boundaries can be data dependent, such as when a predicate holds for a given duration, or the maximum and minimum values of an attribute diverge more than a certain amount. We introduce frames and their theory, plus their implementation in the NiagaraST DSMS. We then demonstrate some advantages of frames versus windows, such as better characterization of episodes, on real data sets and explore an extension, fragments, to deal with long episodes.
Towards an active schema integration architecture for heterogeneous database systems

A four-layered architecture is proposed for supporting the propagation of local database semantics (e.g., integrity constraints) to the global level. This propagation enables the derivation of new constraints that could not have been recognized by any one of the local components, and offers the potential for significantly reducing query processing costs in heterogeneous database systems. >
Toward a cure for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: an attack on multiple fronts

Recent developments in molecular therapeutics have armed us with powerful tools to mount a multifaceted offensive against CLL, of which BCL2-targeting agents are a critical element. A strategy consisting of initial debulking of leukemia cells in the periphery (chemoimmunotherapy), fostering exit of neoplastic B cells from the protective environment (B-cell receptor-targeting agents) and killing cells in the protective niche (drug combinations) is poised to dramatically reduce residual disease, prolong progression-free survival, increase overall survival and ultimately improve the lives of millions of CLL patients. We believe it is time to start using all these drugs in rationally designed combination trials.
Static and dynamic correlates of the knee adduction moment in healthy knees ranging from normal to varus-aligned.

Background Individuals with medial knee osteoarthritis often present with varus knee alignment and ambulate with increased knee adduction moments. Understanding the factors that relate to the knee adduction moment in healthy individuals may provide insight into the development of this disease. Thus, this study aimed to examine the relationships of both static and dynamic lower extremity measures with the knee adduction moment. We hypothesized that the dynamic measures would be more closely related to this moment.
Dosimetry for quantitative analysis of the effects of low-dose ionizing radiation in radiation therapy patients

We have developed and validated a practical approach to identifying the location on the skin surface that will receive a prespecified biopsy dose (ranging down to 1 cGy) in support of in vivo biological dosimetry in humans. This represents a significant technical challenge since the sites lie on the patient's surface outside the radiation fields. The PEREGRINE Monte Carlo simulation system was used to model radiation dose delivery, and TLDs were used for validation on phantoms and for confirmation during patient treatment. In the developmental studies, the Monte Carlo simulations consistently underestimated the dose at the biopsy site by approximately 15% (of the local dose) for a realistic treatment configuration, most likely due to lack of detail in the simulation of the linear accelerator outside the main beam line. Using a single, thickness-independent correction factor for the clinical calculations, the average of 36 measurements for the predicted 1-cGy point was 0.985 cGy (standard deviation: 0.110 cGy) despite patient breathing motion and other real-world challenges. Since the 10-cGy point is situated in the region of high-dose gradient at the edge of the field, patient motion had a greater effect, and the six measured points averaged 5.90 cGy (standard deviation: 1.01 cGy), a difference that is equivalent to approximately a 6-mm shift on the patient's surface.
Growth hormone status predicts left ventricular mass in patients after cure of acromegaly

Context Growth hormone excess and growth hormone deficiency (GHD) are both associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity. A specific acromegaly-related cardiomyopathy has been described, characterized in part by increased left ventricular mass (LVM). Growth hormone deficiency is associated with reduced LVM. Following cure of acromegaly with surgery or radiation therapy, GHD may develop; however, its effects on cardiac morphology and function in this population are not established.
Occupational health risks in interventional cardiology: expected inherent risk or preventable personal liability?

Although advances have been made in the diagnosis of and therapy for cardiovascular disease, this has not come without risks. This risk includes a 3-fold increase in patient medical radiation exposure over the past 25 years [(1)][1], with all imaging areas challenged to reduce patient dose [(2)][2
Developing a New Theory of Frontline Manufacturer-Retailer Relationships for Consumer Packaged Goods

ABSTRACTPurpose: Frontline employees from consumer packaged goods (CPG) manufacturers, and the retailers’ employees who they interact with, play a crucial role in the in-store execution of product promotions and in ensuring that products are available for shoppers. This article investigates the development of interpersonal relationships between these frontline actors at the store-level of analysis and how these relationships influence in-store processes. We consider the theoretical and practical implications of our findings for sales force recruiting and sales management in the CPG retail channel.Methodology/approach: Frontline relationships and in-store execution remain relatively under researched fields in the sales management and retail literatures. Given the lack of a well-established theoretical framework, we conducted a qualitative study in the grounded theory research tradition. We interviewed frontline personnel from manufacturers and retailers, their immediate managers and headquarters personnel ...
Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms as a Risk Factor for Suicidality in U.S. College Students

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the association of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) with suicide risk among college students. Methods Subjects were 474 college students who attended mental health screenings at two private universities and completed multiple self-report questionnaires. Results Presence of one or more OCS was associated with an increased odds ratio of suicide risk of approximately 2.4, although this was no longer a significant risk factor when controlling for depressive symptoms. Of the OCS assessed, only obsessions about speaking or acting violently remained an independent risk factor for suicidality over and above depression. Conclusions Although our study was cross-sectional in nature and thus cannot determine causality, increased burden of particular OCS symptom clusters, such as violent or aggressive obsessions, may increase risk among college students, for suicidal ideation.
Computerized dairy reproductive herd health records

Computerization allows veterinarians providing dairy reproductive herd health services to become a vital part in the record keeping and evaluation systems of the farms in their practices.
Clostridial Diseases of Animals

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on clostridial diseases of animals. Clostridium perfringens is the most widely-occurring bacterial pathogen, and is the most important cause of clostridial enteric disease in domestic animals. Necrotic enteritis is an internationally important disease of domestic chickens usually caused by C. perfringens type A or type C. Mild forms of disease mainly result in decreased rates of gain, depression, inappetence, and anorexia, and diarrhea are observed in some affected birds. Both α- and β-toxins have been detected in feces and intestinal contents of chickens and other birds with necrotic enteritis, and more α-toxin is produced by isolates from birds with necrotic enteritis than by isolates from normal birds. Clostridium botulinum types A and B are found in soils, while types C, D, E, and F are more common in wet environments. Germination of C. botulinum spores resident in the carcasses of dead animals or in rotting vegetation yield sufficient toxin to cause outbreaks. Botulism in cattle can arise from many sources, including animal carcasses and feedstuffs.
P195 Syrian labour in lebanon: review of current trends in the literature

Background Since the 1960s, millions of Syrian migrants have worked in Lebanon’s construction, agriculture, and service sectors. The advent of the Syrian Civil War that displaced about 1.5 million Syrians to Lebanon dramatically shifted the Lebanese labour market. Syrian migrant workers have always received low wages and experienced job insecurity, but the mass influx of refugees has exacerbated labour conditions, depressing wages and increasing exploitation. Healthcare access has also become increasingly problematic for Syrians, who before the war had access to universal healthcare in Syria, but now must pay out of pocket in Lebanon. Syrians must navigate these challenges while experiencing bigotry from an antagonistic Lebanese state and population. Methods This research explores the work and health of Lebanon’s Syrian migrant workers. The author will conduct a systematic review of scholarly and grey literature and news reports on the topic in English and Arabic. The search will be conducted using Academic Search Premier, Google Scholar, and Google News. The terms utilised in the search include ‘Syrian refugee’ ‘Syrian worker’ ‘refugees in Lebanon’ ‘labour rights’ and ‘discrimination’. Identified texts will be read by the author and thematically coded (i.e., ‘refugee,’ ‘worker,’ ‘exploitation,’ ‘legal rights,’ ‘discrimination,’ and ‘occupational health’). The researcher will conduct a thematic analysis to synthesise cogent concepts relating to the work experiences of Syrians in Lebanon. Results This report will identify the spectrum of Syrian work experiences in Lebanon, including workplace discrimination and exploitation and occupational health. Moreover, the paper will synthesise data on the life conditions of Syrian workers in the country. Discussion The paper’s analysis will argue for expanded programs protecting the health and wellbeing of Syrian workers and their families. Furthermore, the author will propose a research agenda that supports civil society organisations working to protect the livelihoods of Syrians in the country.