cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Art, Creativity, and Culture: How Art Intersects with Science in the Expression of Artistic Creativity

Almost a half century ago, Snow (The two cultures and the scientific revolution. Cambridge University Press, New York, 1959) identified a problem that still needs discussion. Snow felt that he was living in two distinct separate cultures that ceased to communicate among each other. The two cultures would use distinct terminology and have a lack of understanding of each other. Snow felt that although these cultures were discrete, yet he felt commonalities between the two. One commonality was that he was a part of both cultures. Previous studies (Charyton in Creativity (Scientific, artistic, general) and risk tolerance among engineering and music students, Temple University, 2005, Charyton in Creativity (scientific, artistic, and general) and risk tolerance among engineering and music students. VDM Verlag Publishing, Germany, 2008; Charyton and Snelbecker in Creativity Res 19:213–225, 2007a, Charyton and Snelbecker in Psychol Aesthetics Creativity Arts 1:91–99, 2007b) addressed specific domains of creativity in both science and art as well as the intersection of both science and art. Discussion about personality characteristics of scientists and artists are discussed along with case studies. Case studies are discussed for the cultural intersections of the East (Asia) and West (Europe) with science and art. The Ukrainian culture is also discussed as a culture unifying the East and the West as a bridge where eminent Ukrainian persons may more often excel in more than one discipline as polymaths. Recent political concerns in Ukraine are described in relation to creativity, innovation, and culture as well as exceptionality in both the sciences and the arts as polymaths as an occurring aspect of the Ukrainian culture.
Training the Mind and Transforming Your World: Moral Phenomenology in the Tibetan Buddhist Lojong Tradition

This article analyzes the moral-psychological stakes of Jay Garfield's reading of Buddhist ethics as moral phenomenology and applies that thesis to the pedagogical mechanisms of the Tibetan Buddhis...
Arthropod Locomotion as Seen Through a “Vertebrate” Eye

There are three obvious approaches to an overview of this diverse array of topics. The first is to emphasize aspects of arthropod locomotor apparatus and pattern that differ from those of vertebrates. The second is to stress the fundamental similarities between arthropod and vertebrate systems. The third and a completely different approach is to look at the whole issue of locomotion from an ecological and evolutionary viewpoint. I will here discuss all three approaches in series, as I proceed, commenting on some of the papers presented. In doing so, I begin by paraphrasing a caution of the late Professor Weis-Fogh that superficial comparisons will lead to error.
Quantitative identification of and exposure to synthetic phenolic antioxidants, including butylated hydroxytoluene, in urine.

Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene (butylated hydroxytoluene, BHT), are used in a wide variety of consumer products, including certain foodstuffs (e.g. fats and oils) and cosmetics. Although BHT is considered generally safe as a food preservative when used at approved concentrations, there is debate whether BHT exposure is linked to cancer, asthma, and behavioral issues in children. Little is known with regard to human exposure to SPAs and the methods to measure these chemicals in urine. In this study, six SPAs and the metabolites were analyzed in 145 urine samples collected from four Asian countries (China, India, Japan, and Saudi Arabia) and the United States. BHT was found in 88% of the urine samples at median and maximum concentrations of 1.26 and 15 ng/mL, respectively. BHT metabolites and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) were found in 39% to 89% of the urine samples at a concentration range of <LOQ-46 ng/mL. 3,5-Di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (BHT-COOH), the major metabolite of BHT, is suggested as a potential urinary biomarker of exposure to BHT. The estimated median daily intakes (EDIs) of BHT, calculated from urinary concentrations, in children and adults were 0.38-56.6 and 0.21-31.3 μg/kg bw/day, respectively. BHT levels were high in urine samples from Japan, India, and the United States.
Imidazolium-Catalyzed Synthesis of an Imidazolium Catalyst

The chemistry of imidazolium-catalyzed imidazolium synthesis was studied as part of an effort to develop a plausible prebiotic synthesis of a small catalytic molecule capable of catalyzing its own synthesis. Specifically, we investigated the one-pot 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EMIM-Ac) catalyzed synthesis of 1,3-dibutyl-4,5-difuryl-imidazolium acetate (DBDFIM-Ac) from furfural, n-butylamine, formaldehyde, and acetic acid at 80 °C. Liu et al. (2012) had previously demonstrated the first reaction of the synthetic process, the EMIM-Ac catalyzed benzoin condensation of furfural that yields furoin. Our early studies established the second reaction of the synthetic process, the multicomponent reaction of furoin, n-butylamine, formaldehyde, and acetic acid that yields the imidazolium salt, DBDFIM-Ac. Studies of the complete two-reaction process that uses furfural for the synthesis of DBDFIM-Ac showed that the highest yield of DBDFIM-Ac was obtained when the mole ratio of n-butylamine, formaldehyde, and acetic acid relative to furfural was respectively (0.5:0.25:0.25:1.0-furfural), or one-half of the stoichiometric ratio (1.0:0.5:0.5:1.0-furfural). A time course study of the process showed transient formation of furoin, the obligatory reaction intermediate. DBDFIM-Ac and the imidazolium side product, 1,3-dibutyl-4,5-trifuryl-imidazolium acetate (DBTFIM-Ac), were stable under the reaction conditions. Imidazolium products (DBDFIM and DBTFIM) and the furoin intermediate were not formed in control reactions (80 °C, 24 h) in which EMIM catalyst was either absent or replaced with an equal volume of acetonitrile or DMF. The imidazolium product, DBDFIM-Ac, was shown to catalyze the synthesis of structurally similar 1,3-dipentyl-4,5-difuryl-imidazolium acetate (DPDFIM-Ac) from furfural, n-pentylamine, formaldehyde, and acetic acid at 80 °C.
Modeling errors-preserving constrained sensitivity analysis

Abstract This manuscript addresses a key technical gap in cross-section adjustment and uncertainty analysis research employed in support of neutronic model validation and data assimilation. The key assumption in this body of research is that cross-sections, in condensed group format, are responsible for the key sources of uncertainties in responses of interest, e.g., multiplication factor, flux and power distribution, etc. In reality, the condensed group cross-sections are contaminated not only by epistemic uncertainties, propagated from ENDF, but also by the various modeling assumptions and approximations, typically customizing the condensed cross-sections to the reactor type and flux spectra. Thus, any reliable procedure employed to identify or adjust for key sources of uncertainties must be able to distinguish between epistemic uncertainties and modeling errors. This manuscript proposes a new algorithm that adds new types of constraints to conventional sensitivity analysis procedure to ensure that uncertainty analysis and cross-section adjustment studies are not contaminated by the modeling errors. The proposed approach will directly benefit research and development efforts in many areas of analysis relying on uncertainty and sensitivity methods, such as criticality safety, core monitoring, and analysis of first-of-a-kind reactor and fuel concept technologies. Demonstrative examples using a CANDU-6 core model during steady state and transient conditions are employed to exemplify application of the proposed methodology.
Strengthening Disaster Resilience: A Microdata Perspective

Each year, 206 million people on average are affected by disasters. Between 2000 and 2018, 84% of those 206 million people lived in Asia, home to 55% of 60,000 disaster fatalities worldwide. Unfortunately, most of the studies on disaster resilience available today are small-scale and ad-hoc, preventing generalization to the national level or broader contexts. Furthermore, the value of these types of analyses is often constrained by various data limitations. Within this paper, we briefly explore four areas of survey methods that offer the potential to improve the utility of microdata on disaster resilience: survey content, level of data collection, longitudinal data, and geospatial data integration. While not an exhaustive list of current data gaps, improving data availability and quality in these respects could have far-reaching impacts on the knowledge base to increase global disaster resilience for the world’s most marginalized and vulnerable populations.
COVID-19, Cities and Health: A View from New York

Population density is one of the defining characteristics of cities and is also one of the dominant challenges in addressing COVID-19 and likely future pandemics. In normal times, urban density allows for cost-effective service delivery, acts as a magnet for jobs and the generation of wealth, and nurtures innovation. Coupled with diversity—another core characteristic of cities—urban density also yields the cultural variety in urban neighbourhoods, fosters global connections and makes cities like New York attractive and exciting.
Implantable integrated photonic probe for light sheet brain imaging in vivo

We present implantable silicon photonic probes for selective plane illumination imaging in vivo. The small form factor of the probes minimizes tissue displacement and heat dissipation while providing planar illumination from within the tissue.
WHERE HAVE WE BEEN -- WHERE ARE WE GOING?

This paper reviews some of the progress that has been made in recent years in the transportation field by behavioral scientists and human factors engineers. The major areas covered are public transportation systems, railroad systems, highway systems, and personal transportation systems. The report suggests what future problems may be encountered in these areas that will need the attention of human factors specialists.
Effects of shelter tubes on hardwood tree establishment in western Oregon silvopastures

Honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), and honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) are warm season forage trees with potential to efficiently share site resources with cool season pasture plants in Pacific Northwest silvopastures. Establishment of hardwood trees can be difficult, however, because of feeding damage from wildlife and livestock. This study compared establishment and growth of trees planted in 88 cm tall solid plastic shelter tubes to 88 cm tall plastic mesh tubes, used to protect trees from animal damage. Three replications were established in May 1995 for each of the three tree species on a hill pasture near Corvallis, Oregon. Initial tree survival during the first summer and winter following planting was higher in shelter tubes than in mesh tubes. At the end of the third growing season, 58% of black locust and 94% of honey locust trees in shelter tubes were still alive compared to only 14% of black locust and 47% of honey locust in mesh tubes. Few honey mesquite trees survived regardless of tube type used. Average three-year total height growth for black locust was increased by 650% and basal diameter growth by 380% within shelter tubes, while honey locust height growth was increased by 300% and diameter growth was increased by 150% compared to trees in mesh tubes. However, shelter tube trees tended to be taller relative to their diameter and had difficulty standing upright if tubes were removed.
Psychotherapy of Depression and Dysthymia

Depression in the elderly is a treatable disorder. Although antidepressant medication traditionally has been considered a first-line intervention, psychotherapy has been shown to be at least equally effective. Additional research on the combination of medication and psychotherapy for elderly depression has shown promising results for both acute treatment and relapse prevention. This chapter reviews the theoretical elements and empirical evidence supporting the use of psychotherapy to treat elderly depression
Revisiting Asbestos-Contaminant Exposure, Regulation, and Reckoning: When Death is in the Air

Amphibole and tremolite are related forms of contaminant asbestos that are extremely toxic in nature. However, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has not specifically listed these asbestiforms in the Clean Air Act (CAA) or its implementing regulations because they are not commercially produced. This exclusion is difficult to justify in light of the well-established link between exposure to these contaminants and asbestos-related disease. This Note discusses the regulatory loophole created by the current CAA regulatory scheme and uses the pending criminal action against W.R. Grace & Company to expose the need for regulations in this area. This Note calls for EPA to promulgate explicit regulations on contaminant-asbestos. Absent regulatory action, this Note urges courts to interpret the CAA in accordance with congressional intent to ensure that the knowing emission of hazardous pollutants does not go unpunished.
Improving digital MOS macromodel accuracy

This paper presents accurate series-transistor reduction techniques which extend the applicability of linear and nonlinear macromodels to more complex structures through accurately modeling the channel length modulation effect, effective transconductance, input terminal position dependence, parasitic capacitances, such as gate coupling capacitances, and the body effect. Adequate solutions to address these sources of delay errors have not been previously provided. Errors, if secondary effects are not addressed, may total 100% or more. The significant improvement in simulation accuracy using these proposed techniques is shown.
Time-varying feedback for the global stabilization of nonlinear systems with measurement disturbances

We consider the problem of globally asymptotically stabilizing a nonlinear system and furthermore rendering it input-to-state stable (ISS) with respect to additive measurement disturbances. As time-invariant feedback cannot achieve such stability in general (even when such feedback suffices in the absence of measurement disturbances), we explore the possibility of using time-varying feedback to solve the problem. Rather than attack the problem directly, we will examine simpler stabilization problems which have been shown to be closely related to the problem of interest. First, we construct a a periodic time-varying feedback law for a general class of scalar nonlinear systems which provides the desired ISS property and depends only on the magnitude of the measurement. We then present some related results for a class of higher-dimensional nonlinear systems.
WE-EF-204-03: Strategies for Synergizing Pre-Clinical and Clinical Acquisition for Future Co-Clinical Trials

As molecular biology breakthroughs in understanding cancers and other diseases, hundreds of new drugs wait testing. In the last decade, mouse models have been evolved to better mimic human diseases genetically and biologically. These reliable mouse models allow us to determine which genetic elements, pathways and mutations impact on therapy. The co-clinical trial strategy is to conduct a human clinical trial for a therapeutic drug and test it in mouse models at the same time. This strategy has the potential to accelerate the drug testing process and identify the patient population that will respond to the drug. Imaging plays an important role in co-clinical trials. In this symposium, four speakers will discuss advancements and issues in pre-clinical imaging, murine models, imaging hardware and software, and funding opportunities in co-clinical trials. Learning Objectives: 1. Multi-modality pre-clinical imaging hardware and software, and new technologies (e.g., hyperpolarized MRI) 2. Selection of animal models from physiological and genetic perspectives with examples in colon, pancreatic and lung cancers 3. NCI funding opportunities
Alkaligenes fecalis bacteremia and meningitis: Report of two cases in newborn infants*

Summary Two additional cases of bacteremia and meningitis due to A. fecalis areadded to the literature. This brings the total to eight. The two cases reported are the first of bacteremia and meningitis caused byA. fecalis in the newborn infant.
Observing the galaxy evolution at high redshifts

Magnitudes and colors for a sample of distant 3CR radio-galaxies, with redshifts up to z=1.82, show very dramatic evidence for luminosity and color evolution of these objects. Cosmological differences are small compared to the detected evolutionary effects. Elongated shapes and very extended (both in space and velocity) [0 II] emission lines suggest violent merging activity at the early epochs, and possibly mark the beginnings of activity of powerful radio-galaxies.
Discovery of a New Blue Quasar: SDSS J022218.03-062511.1

We report the discovery of a bright blue quasar: SDSS J022218.03-062511.1. This object was discovered spectroscopically while searching for hot white dwarfs that may be used as calibration sources for large sky surveys such as the Dark Energy Survey or the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope project. We present the calibrated spectrum, spectral line shifts and report a redshift of z = 0.521 +/- 0.0015 and a rest-frame g-band luminosity of 8.71 X 10^11 L(Sun).
Abundances of Interstellar Molecules and Their Formation on Grain Surfaces

Surface phenomena on interstellar dust grains, which are relevant for molecule formation, are summarized. For various molecular species in the interstellar gas, the dependence of abundance on gas density and the degree of shielding of starlight is predicted. These predictions seem to fit with recent observations on carbon-monoxide, but there seems to be a discrepancy for formaldehyde.
A low-cost injection-molded polymeric channel waveguide

Low-cost polymeric channel waveguides and Y-junction geometries without residual layer have been fabricated. They have good profiles and propagation performances. The waveguide's propagation loss is 0.97 dB/cm including the material loss. The y-junction's insertion loss is 1.38 dB.
Optimal Design Theory in Relation to Combinatorial Design

Publisher Summary This chapter devotes to indicating how, in recent years, the relationship between combinatorial and optimal design developments has begun to exhibit a motivational reversal. Instead of constructing exotic designs on intuitive grounds and then proving that they are indeed optimum, one encounters settings in which optimality considerations motivate the construction of new combinatorial structures, or the selection of a particular subset of the known ones for special emphasis and study. An interesting example is the setting of “one-way heterogeneity,”—that is, of block designs. If the parameter values are such that a BIBD did not exist, the early design developments sought designs that were still quite symmetric, as in the construction of PBIBD's by Bose and Nair.
Two Birds, One Stone: Unintended Consequences and a Potential Solution for Problems With Recovery in Mental Health.

Recovery began as a social justice movement. In more recent years, professionals have joined the movement, unintentionally co-opting and mainstreaming the more radical goals of these earlier activist consumer movements. The goals of the patient-centered care movement in general medical care are similar to those of “professional recovery.” If mental health professionals instead adopted the language and goals of patient-centered care as a first step toward joining the two movements, the recovery movement could reclaim its social justice roots, and progress would be made toward reducing the duality between physical and mental health care systems. Professionals should return the recovery movement to those with lived experience, adopt the unified language of patient-centered care, and align professional transformation efforts under one holistic movement.
Symmetries in constrained Hamiltonian systems

We derive an algorithm for the construction of all the gauge generators of a constrained hamiltonian theory. Dirac's conjecture that all secondary first-class constraints generate symmetries is revisited and replaced by a theorem. The algorithm is applied to Yang-Mills theories and metric gravity, and we find generators which operate on the complete set of canonical variables, thus producing the correct transformation laws also for the unphysical coordinates. Finally we discuss the general structure of the Hamiltonian for constrained theories. We show how in most cases one can read off the first-class constraints directly from the Hamiltonian.
A Two-handed Jaw-thrust Technique Is Superior to the One-handed EC-clamp Technique for Mask Ventilation in the Apneic Unconscious Person

Background Mask ventilation is considered a "basic" skill for airway management. A one-handed "EC-clamp" technique is most often used after induction of anesthesia with a two-handed jaw-thrust technique reserved for difficult cases. Our aim was to directly compare both techniques with the primary outcome of air exchange in the lungs. Methods Forty-two elective surgical patients were mask-ventilated after induction of anesthesia by using a one-handed "EC-clamp" technique and a two-handed jaw-thrust technique during pressure-control ventilation in randomized, crossover fashion. When unresponsive to a jaw thrust, expired tidal volumes were recorded from the expiratory limb of the anesthesia machine each for five consecutive breaths. Inadequate mask ventilation and dead-space ventilation were defined as an average tidal volume less than 4 ml/kg predicted body weight or less than 150 ml/breath, respectively. Differences in minute ventilation and tidal volume between techniques were assessed with the use of a mixed-effects model. Results Patients were (mean ± SD) 56 ± 18 yr old with a body mass index of 30 ± 7.1 kg/m. Minute ventilation was 6.32 ± 3.24 l/min with one hand and 7.95 ± 2.70 l/min with two hands. The tidal volume was 6.80 ± 3.10 ml/kg predicted body weight with one hand and 8.60 ± 2.31 ml/kg predicted body weight with two hands. Improvement with two hands was independent of the order used. Inadequate or dead-space ventilation occurred more frequently during use of the one-handed compared with the two-handed technique (14 vs. 5%; P = 0.013). Conclusion A two-handed jaw-thrust mask technique improves upper airway patency as measured by greater tidal volumes during pressure-controlled ventilation than a one-handed "EC-clamp" technique in the unconscious apneic person.
Progress and Focus of the National Childhood Immunization Campaign

In response to the alarming incidence of vaccine preventable childhood diseases in the late 1960s and early 1970s a nationwide campaign to improve and maintain immunization levels for selected diseases was instituted in 1977 by the Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Another program with the goal of eliminating indigenous measles by 1982 was announced the following year. As a result of efforts in federal, state and local quarters, an overall immunization level of 90% has been reached among the school-age population for diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, measles, mumps and rubella. Although more newborns and preschool children have been vaccinated, there is a need to better protect these youngsters. With the measles case rate at an all-time low and transmission within the country drastically limited, the goal to eliminate native measles in the near future may be achievable. After nearly six years of concerted activity, immunization levels have improved so that attention has shifted to the development and implementation of a system to permanently maintain these high levels. Continuing support from the public and private sectors is vital if the campaign is to succeed.
The Centrality of Gender and Ethnic Identities across Individuals and Contexts

This study examined (1) whether 5- to 12-year-old children consider gender and ethnicity to be central and important components of their identity, (2) whether the relative centrality of these identity components differs across children, and (3) how the centrality of children's gender and ethnic identities is affected by a dynamic situational context of inclusion and exclusion. Results indicate that although gender and ethnicity are not the most important aspects of elementary schoolchildren's self-concepts, both gender and ethnic identities differ among European-American and ethnic minority group children, and those differences are greater in older children. In addition, children's gender identity is context-dependent, but the exact nature of this flexibility is contingent on the existing centrality of their identity.
HISTOLOGICAL, CYTOCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE REGENERATION OF THE RAT’S ADRENAL GLAND FOLLOWING ENUCLEATION1

With the accumulation of evidence for a functional zonation of the adrenal cortex, as postulated by Swann (1940) and supported by Sarason (1943) and by Deane and Greep (1946), the origin and functional capacity of new cortical tissue arising after enucleation of the gland acquire new significance. Adrenal enucleation involves slicing open the capsule and extruding the medulla and most of the cortex (Ingle and Higgins, 1938). If both glands are so enucleated, or if one gland is enucleated and the other totally removed, regeneration of cortical tissue takes place rapidly so that the original volume is restored in about a month. (Because of the regeneration of the cortex, the operation is generally termed demedullation.) The regeneration is dependent upon the presence of the pituitary. The origin of the new parenchymal tissue is still a matter of controversy. Originally Ingle and Higgins described regeneration as taking place from the capsule,
Diagnosis and Evaluation of Hallucinations and Other Psychotic Symptoms in Children and Adolescents

Recognizing positive psychotic symptoms and their diagnostic context in youth is challenging. A large minority say they "hear things others do not hear," though they seldom present with complaints of hallucinations or delusions. Few have schizophrenia spectrum disorder, but many have other psychiatric disorders. Frequently, they have psychotic symptoms for an extended period before diagnosis. Clinicians should understand psychotic symptoms and their differential diagnoses. This article reviews the epidemiology, associated diagnoses, and prognosis of hallucinations and delusions in youth. Strategies for optimizing the clinical diagnostic interview, appropriate laboratory tests, indications for psychological testing, and rating scales are reviewed.
"The Most Segregated City in America": City Planning and Civil Rights in Birmingham, 1920-1980. Charles E. Connerly

(2008). 'The Most Segregated City in America': City Planning and Civil Rights in Birmingham, 1920-1980. Charles E. Connerly. Urban Geography: Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 402-403.
Systematics of the isotopic composition of sulfur in the oceans during the Phanerozoic and its implications for atmospheric oxygen

Abstract Past treatments of the variation of δS 34 in marine evaporites have either assumed a steady-state ocean or have invoked rather simplified ocean input-output models. This paper derives more completely the relationships between the parameters that influence the time variation of δS 34 in ocean water and the relationship between δS 34 in ocean water and net gains and losses of atmospheric oxygen due to the operation of the sulfur cycle. The lower and mid-Paleozoic are shown to have been periods of net gain of atmospheric oxygen by the operation of the sulfur cycle; the upper Paleozoic, particularly the Permian, a period of oxygen loss. It is difficult to relate these oxygen gains and losses to variations in the oxygen content of the atmosphere, because the oxygen flux due to the operation of the carbon cycle is approximately twice as large as the flux due to the operation of the sulfur cycle. Data for the organic carbon and sulfide content of sedimentary rocks of the Russian Platform suggest that a decrease in sulfide from the Paleozoic to the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Era was roughly balanced by an increase in the proportion of organic carbon; however, such data are insufficient to define the abundance of atmospheric oxygen during the Phanerozoic. Biologic data and a better understanding of controls on atmospheric P o 2 are more likely to produce convincing evidence regarding variations of atmospheric oxygen in the past.
Dental management of leukemic patients.

Abstract Three cases involving the oral management of patients with acute leukemia are described. Of particular interest is that the patients had abnormal responses to oral disease. probably related to their compromised host defenses. Because of the difficulty in treating oral disease in leukemic persons while they are undergoing chemotherapy, it is extremely important that such patients have dental evaluations and, if possible, treatment prior to initiation of medical management for their neoplasia.
SPORE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE MYXOMYCETE PHYSARUM POLYCEPHALUM

Spores of the true slime mold Physarum polycephalum were examined at several stages of their development by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The spores were globose, spine-covered structures produced within a sporangium enclosed in a tough, noncellular peridium. Cytologically, the spore represented a typical eukaryotic cell, having discrete organelles similar to spores of other myxomycetes. The presence of dictyosomes, helical filaments, and microbodies in these cells, as well as the further elucidation of the cell wall and the "polysaccharide-containing" areas, represent new contributions to the ultrastructure of the myxomycete spore. Of special interest were observations of metaphase nuclei just prior to spore cleavage, interphase nuclei in young spores, and nuclei in mature spores containing synaptonemal complexes. These observations indicate that in Physarum polycephalum mitosis occurs just prior to spore cleavage, and meiosis takes place after spore cleavage.
Red–green color discrimination as a function of stimulus field size in peripheral vision

Red-green color-discrimination thresholds were measured at eccentricities of 10 and 25 deg in the nasal retina. Thresholds were measured as a function of stimulus field size both during the cone plateau and after dark adaptation. During the cone plateau, threshold decreased with increasing field size, but the effect of field size was dependent on the color of the test stimulus. The decrease in threshold was greater for yellow and orange test stimuli than for red and green tests. Two factors, summation and opponent-mechanism adaptation, appear to affect the relation between threshold and field size. An equation suggested by Boynton and Kambe in 1980 [Color Res. Appl. 5, 13 (1980)] provides a good description of the variation in thresholds with field size and eccentricity. After dark adaptation, thresholds increased for all test colors, suggesting that rod signals reduce discrimination. The dark-adapted thresholds could be described well by the addition of a rod term to the Boynton-Kambe equation.
System Design of a FORTRAN Machine

A system design is given for a computer capable of direct execution of FORTRAN language source statements. The allowed types of statements are the FORTRAN DO, GO TO, computed GO TO, Arithmetic, READ, PRINT, arithmetic IF, CONTINUE, PAUSE, DIMENSION and END statements. Up to two subscripts are allowed for variables and no FORMAT statement is needed. The programmer's source program is converted to a slightly modified form while being loaded and placed in a Program Area in lower memory. His original variable names and statement numbers are retained in a Symbol Table in upper memory, which also serves as the data storage area. During execution of the program each FORTRAN statement is read and interpreted at basic circuit speeds since the machine is a hardware interpreter for these statements. The machine corresponds therefore to a ``one-pass, load-and-go'' compiler except, of course, that there is no translation to a different machine language. It is estimated that the control circuitry for this machine will require on the order of 10,000 diodes and 100 flip-flops. This does not include arithmetic circuitry.
Interstitial lung disease in a child with antisynthetase syndrome.

Introduction Antisynthetase Syndrome is associated with interstitial lung disease in adult patients, but this has not been described in children.
Analysis and modeling in mechanics: An informal view

Abstract In the context of the maturation of finite element methodology this paper reviews solution approaches that combine classical analytical techniques with computer-based numerical methods. Developments in boundary integral equations, asymptotic postbuckling analysis, and limit point analysis are touched upon, as are some aspects of structural modeling. Emphasis is also placed on the importance of understanding both the scope and limitations of a particular structural model. This understanding has implications for the educator as well as for the researcher and the practicing engineer.
Sintering of bismuth powder

Abstract Bismuth powder, of 99.1% purity and of average particle size 6 μm, is shown to sinter readily over a wide range of temperatures in air, glycerol or vacuum if certain precautions are taken. In air, the sintering temperature should be low ( T M ); in glycerol, both low sintering temperature ( T M ) and time ( 4000 lb in −2 ) or sintering temperature (>0.8 T M ) result in non-uniform shrinkage of the compact.
Heat-induced coarsening of layer-by-layer assembled mixed Au and Pd nanoparticles

This article shows the coarsening behavior of nanoparticle multilayers during heat treatments which produce larger metallic nanostructures with varying shapes and sizes on glass slides. Nanoparticle multilayer films are initially constructed via the layer-by-layer self-assembly of small and monodispersed gold and/or palladium nanoparticles with different compositions (gold only, palladium only, or both gold and palladium) and assembly orders (compounding layers of gold layers over palladium layers or vice versa). Upon heating the slides at 600°C, the surface nanoparticles undergo coalescence becoming larger nanostructured metallic films. UV-Vis results show a clear reliance of the layering sequence on the optical properties of these metal films, which demonstrates an importance of the outmost (top) layers in each nanoparticle multilayer films. Topographic surface features show that the heat treatments of nanoparticle multilayer films result in the nucleation of nanoparticles and the formation of metallic cluster structures. The results confirm that different composition and layering sequence of nanoparticle multilayer films clearly affect the coalescence behavior of nanoparticles during heat treatments.
Trichinella spiralis: selective intestinal immune deviation in the rat.

Abstract In rats, infections with 100–2000 Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae lead to a prompt immunity that is expressed in parasite expulsion within 14 days. Rats infected with more than 2000 larvae display impaired immunity with rejection delayed by 50% (7 days) or more. Suppression is selective for expulsive immunity as the antifecundity response of rats is directly proportional to dose and is expressed sooner in heavily infected subjects. Suppression of intestinal expulsive immunity was suggested by the fact that, with low doses (2000 larvae or less), worm rejection was inhibited by cortisone, whereas cortisone inhibited antifecundity but had no discernable effect on worm rejection in high-dose infections. Evidence for local immune deviation as opposed to systemic immunosuppression was obtained in experiments using parabiotic rats. When one partner was infected with 6000 worms and the other with 200, the rat infected with 200 parasites showed earlier rejection than was seen in single controls infected with 200 worms. The prolonged survival of high-dose adults was not accompanied by a change in the site of worm residence in the gut. Immunological parameters such as serum antibody levels, the number of activated cells or specific anti- T. spiralis lymphocytes in thoracic duct lymph were all increased in a dose-dependent manner. These experiments therefore demonstrate a novel autoprotective mechanism by which adult T. spiralis selectively reduce the expression of expulsive immunity in the gut.
Common variants in genes that mediate immunity and risk of multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B-cell malignancy characterized by aberrant immune function. Using genomic DNA extracted from 127 MM cases aged 21–84 years and 545 population-based controls, we examined the risk of MM associated with 82 common variants in 45 genes that mediate immunity among women of European American descent. Genotyping was determined using validated and optimized TaqMan assays. We estimated haplotype frequencies from unphased genotype data for 20 of these genes using the expectation-maximization progressive insertion algorithm. Compared with controls, MM risk was positively associated with homozygotes of single loci, IL4R (−28120T, rs2107356) and FCGR2A (−120G, rs1801274) (OR = 1.91, 95% CI 1.08–3.38 and 1.95, 95% CI 1.06–3.60, respectively). For genes in which linkage disequilibrium was observed between multiple loci, MM risk was positively associated with the haplotype block covering part of the LTA*TNF complex (LTA −82C/−90G *TNF −1036C/−487G/−417G, OR = 1.63, 95% CI 1.02–2.16) compared with the most frequently occurring haplotype observed among controls (LTA −82A/−90A *TNF −1036C/−487G/−417G). Our findings provide preliminary evidence that common genetic variants in specific immune-mediated pathways could influence the risk of MM. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The challenge of assessing children's residential exposure to pesticides.

In implementing the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has adopted a policy that the exposure factors and models used to assess and predict exposure to pesticides should generally be conservative. Some elements of exposure assessments for FQPA are screening level — they are both uncertain and conservative. If more realistic assessments are to be conducted, then research is required to reduce uncertainty associated with the factors and models used in the exposure assessments. To develop the strategy for conducting this research, critical exposure pathways and factors were identified, and the quality and quantity of data associated with default assumptions for exposure factors were evaluated. Then, based on our current understanding of the pathways that are potentially most important and most uncertain, significant research requirements were identified and prioritized to improve the data available and assumptions used to assess children's aggregate exposure to pesticides. Based on the results of these efforts, four priority research areas were identified: (1) pesticide use patterns in microenvironments where children spend time, (2) temporal and spatial distribution of pesticides following application in a residential setting, (3) dermal and nondietary ingestion exposure assessment methods and exposure factors, (4) dietary exposure assessment methods and exposure factors for infants and young children. The National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL) research strategy in support of FQPA is designed to address these priority research needs.
Elbow stress indices using finite element analysis

Abstract Existing ASME Code provisions allow for an experimentally determined collapse load. This collapse (limit) load can then be used in the Code equation defining stress indices to obtain a stress index experimentally. This paper describes a research project to investigate the use of inelastic finite element analysis, rather than experiments, to obtain the collapse load. An example is given for a 2-in., schedule 40, long radius, 90°, stainless steel elbow with 10-in.-long straight pipes on each end. A B 2 index is found using this approach which is nearly 50% lower than the one obtained using the Code equation for B 2 .
FPGA-Based Detailed Real-Time Simulation of Power Converters and Electric Machines for EV HIL Applications

Real-time (RT) simulation plays a fundamental role in the design and validation of hardware and software for power electronic converters and electric drives. In this paper, a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based RT platform for simulation of power converters and electric machines is presented. Strategies for modeling power electronic devices are explained and compared. In addition, a Thevenin-based equivalent model of a switch is enhanced to model the on characteristics of these devices. This motivates the design of an electrothermal algorithm for FPGA implementation. With respect to electric machines, different methods for modeling of the saturation characteristics are evaluated for their use in RT simulation. A procedure to efficiently compute the saturation characteristics is proposed. Finally, a hardware-in-the-loop model of an electric vehicle drive is used to illustrate the machine saturation.
A closer look at the active site of gamma-class carbonic anhydrases: high-resolution crystallographic studies of the carbonic anhydrase from Methanosarcina thermophila.

The prototype of the γ-class of carbonic anhydrase has been characterized from the methanogenic archaeon Methanosarcina thermophila. Previously reported kinetic studies of the γ-class carbonic anhydrase are consistent with this enzyme having a reaction mechanism similar to that of the mammalian α-class carbonic anhydrase. However, the overall folds of these two enzymes are dissimilar, and apart from the zinc-coordinating histidines, the active site residues bear little resemblance to one another. The crystal structures of zinc-containing and cobalt-substituted γ-class carbonic anhydrases from M. thermophila are reported here between 1.46 and 1.95 A resolution in the unbound form and cocrystallized with either SO_4^2- or HCO_3^-. Relative to the tetrahedral coordination geometry seen at the active site in the α-class of carbonic anhydrases, the active site of the γ-class enzyme contains additional metal-bound water ligands, so the overall coordination geometry is trigonal bipyramidal for the zinc-containing enzyme and octahedral for the cobalt-substituted enzyme. Ligands bound to the active site all make contacts with the side chain of Glu 62 in manners that suggest the side chain is likely protonated. In the uncomplexed zinc-containing enzyme, the side chains of Glu 62 and Glu 84 appear to share a proton; additionally, Glu 84 exhibits multiple conformations. This suggests that Glu 84 may act as a proton shuttle, which is an important aspect of the reaction mechanism of α-class carbonic anhydrases. A hydrophobic pocket on the surface of the enzyme may participate in the trapping of CO2 at the active site. On the basis of the coordination geometry at the active site, ligand binding modes, the behavior of the side chains of Glu 62 and Glu 84, and analogies to the well-characterized α-class of carbonic anhydrases, a more-defined reaction mechanism is proposed for the γ-class of carbonic anhydrases.
Scattering of light from small nematic spheres with radial dielectric anisotropy

We have calculated the scattering cross sections of small anisotropic nematic droplets embedded in a polymer matrix as a function of the dielectric constants of the nematic and the polymer. We have derived the general form for the Helmholtz wave equation for a droplet which has spatially varying radial anisotropy, and have explicitly solved this equation for three distinct models of the dielectric anisotropy, including one model where the anisotropy increases linearly with droplet radius. Numerical calculations of the scattering amplitudes for droplets much smaller than the wavelength of the incident radiation show that droplets with continual variation in the dielectric anisotropy have much larger scattering amplitude than droplets with fixed anisotropy. The scattering from droplets with linearly varying anisotropy exhibits a scattering minimum for much smaller polymer dielectric constants than the other models. These results show that the scattering from small anisotropic droplets is sensitive to details of the internal structure and anisotropy of the droplet. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Treatment of psoriasis with alefacept: correlation of clinical improvement with reductions of memory T-cell counts.

Objective To examine the relationship between the pharmacodynamic and antipsoriatic effects of alefacept, a biologic agent that targets CD4 + and CD8 + memory T cells. Design Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 3 parallel groups. Setting Fifty-one study centers. Patients Five hundred fifty-three patients with chronic plaque psoriasis. Interventions Patients were randomized (1:1:1) to 1 of the following 3 cohorts: alefacept, 7.5 mg, in both courses (cohort 1); alefacept, 7.5 mg, in the first course and placebo in the second course (cohort 2); or placebo in the first course and alefacept, 7.5 mg, in the second course (cohort 3). In each course, alefacept or placebo was administered by intravenous bolus once weekly for 12 weeks, followed by 12 weeks of observation. Main Outcome Measures Circulating lymphocyte levels and the Psoriasis Area Severity Index. Results One or 2 courses of alefacept reduced CD4 + and CD8 + memory T-cell counts, while sparing the naive population. At 12 weeks after the last dose of alefacept in courses 1 and 2, 88% and 83% of patients, respectively, had CD4 + cell counts greater than the lower limit of normal. In course 1, alefacept-treated patients with the largest decreases in memory T-cell counts experienced the greatest reductions in disease activity ( P + and CD8 + memory T-cell counts. Conclusions One or 2 courses of intravenous alefacept reduced circulating memory T-cell counts while sparing the naive T-cell population. The reductions in memory T-cell counts were related to all measures of disease activity evaluated and the duration of response to therapy, suggesting that prolonged remissions of psoriasis can be attained with reduction of the pathogenic T-cell count.
A Historical Overview of Family Firms in the United States

How do dynastic families adopt to social and economic forces restricting attempts to transmit family wealth from one generation to the next?
Will the Academy survive 9/11? Scholarship, security, and United States Government policy

Abstract This paper examines the direct and indirect impacts of 9/11 on the academy. The USA Patriot Act and other legislative and administrative responses are discussed in relation to previous actions in times of crisis. Cases involving free speech and academic freedom are examined. It is concluded that requirements and procedures for tracking overseas students, along with long delays in processing visas, have had the most direct impact on the academy in terms of on-going administrative requirements and reduced applications and enrollments by international students. Self-censorship appears to have chilled free speech from within the academy. Outside, critics increasingly question the concepts of academic freedom, tenure, and the underlying values and autonomy of the academy. The passing of time without additional terrorist attacks in the United States may result in reduced levels of fear and some relaxation of restrictions; however, this could be offset by continued high level security alerts. The acceptance of increased surveillance in all aspects of society and terrorist attacks throughout the world make it too early to predict the long-term outcome of 9/11 on the academy in terms of enrollment, speech, and academic freedom.