cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ponce de Leon: Confidential Instructions for Elaine Bennett

Ponce de Leon (POL) is a four-party negotiation exercise in which a film studio is trying to sign a major actress to star in an upcoming movie. The negotiation centers around the different extrinsic and intrinsic motivations underlying each of these party's approach to the movie, and therefore to the negotiation. The exercise allows exploration of the risks of "monetizing" different types of extrinsic (e.g. pay, awards, status) and intrinsic (e.g. love of the work, values) motivation. Learning Objective: The exercise allows for a rich discussion of different types of motivation, the role of money and motivation, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, and the use of reference points to judge value, particularly in regard to compensation issues. It can be used in courses on managing human resources, negotiation, behavioral economics and organizational behavior.
Reachability Analysis Using Extremal Rates

General hybrid systems can be difficult to verify due to their generality. To reduce the complexity, one often specializes to hybrid systems where the complexity is more manageable. If one reduces the modeling formalism to ones where the continuous variables have a single rate, then it may be possible to use the methods of zones to find the reachable state space. Zones are a restricted class of polyhedra formed by considering the intersections of half-planes defined by two variable constraints. Due to their simplicity, zones have simpler, more efficient methods of manipulation than more general polyhedral classes, though they are less accurate. This paper extends the method of zones to labeled Petri net (LPN) models with continuous variables that evolve over a range of rates.
Diesel or compressed natural gas? A real options evaluation of the U.S. natural gas boom on fuel choice for trucking fleets

Abstract Prior to the current U.S. shale gas boom, compressed natural gas played only a minor role as a vehicle fleet fuel despite government policies supporting adoption. With new hydraulic-fracturing methods resulting in a natural gas supply surge, a structural shift has occurred in compressed natural gas price dynamics and its relation with diesel prices. This study analyzes the impact of this shift on the optimal fuel choice by return-to-base trucking fleets considering pre- and post-boom compressed natural gas and diesel price dynamics in a real options analysis framework. Optimal decision thresholds for differing size and vehicle miles traveled indicate that even in the absence of supportive government policies, compressed natural gas is a viable and profitable alternative to diesel under the new market conditions.
Disorders of Sweating

Publisher Summary Sweating, an important thermoregulatory activity under autonomic control, can be disturbed by disorders resulting in excessive (hyperhidrosis) or deficient (hypohidrosis and anhidrosis) sweating. Hyperhidrosis can be generalized or localized.. Generalized hyperhidrosis can be primary (as in episodic hypothermia with hyperhidrosis or Shapiro syndrome) or secondary and caused by general medical disorders. The hyperhidrosis is usually episodic rather than continuous with most disorders. Localized hyperhidrosis of the hands, soles, and axillae with normal sweating elsewhere is a common disorder known as “essential hyperhidrosis” and is most commonly encountered. Pathologic hypohidrosis and anhidrosis may produce symptoms of heat intolerance and dry skin; for example, a patient may recognize that exercise in hot weather causes exhaustion but not sweating or that their feet are dry and stockings are no longer wet at day's end. More often, patients are unaware of specific symptoms; therefore, trophic skin changes or other signs and symptoms of autonomic neuropathy (AN) should be sought.
Treaties, Sovereign Immunity, and the Plan of the Convention

This paper, part of a symposium on Federal Courts and Foreign Affairs, considers a question posed by Carlos Vaszquez: should treaties be treated differently from federal statutes when determining whether they abrogate sovereign immunity? The paper first considers the question in light of current sovereign immunity doctrine, and argues that the question of treaties ought to be considered separately from that of federal statutes, and that this can be done without resort to foreign affairs exceptionalism. The paper then turns to the underlying problems with abrogation doctrine itself, arguing that these problems, while they remain largely hypothetical as to treaties, pose a major threat to the supremacy of federal law as applied to statutes.
Product splittings for p-compact groups

The purpose of this paper is to prove a theorem similar to 1.1 for p-compact groups, which are homotopy theoretic analogues of compact Lie groups. Suppose that X is a p-compact group (see §2) with maximal torus TX and Weyl group WX (2.4). The finitely generated free Zp-module LX = π1TX has a natural action of WX and is called the dual weight lattice of X . 1.2 Definition. A p-compact group X is said to be simple if the center of X is trivial (2.3) and the action of WX on Q ⊗ LX gives an irreducible representation of WX over Qp.
Differential expression of fork head genes during early Xenopus and zebrafish development.

Intense efforts have been devoted to the identification of genes that are causatively involved in pattern-forming events of invertebrates and vertebrates. Several gene families involved in this process have been identified. Here we focus on the Xenopus fork head domain gene family. One of its members, XFKHl/Pintallavis/XFD1, has been shown previously to be involved in axial formation, and the expression patterns of the other family members discussed below suggest that they too play a major role in the initial steps of patterning and axial organization. In this report, we describe four Xenopus fork head genes XFKH3, 4, 5, and 6) and analyze the distribution of their transcripts during early development. XFKH3 is expressed in developing somites but not notochord, XFKH4 in forebrain, anterior retina, and neural crest cells, and XFKH5 in a subset of epidermal cells and the neural floor plate. Finally, transcripts of XFKH6 are seen in neural crest-derived cranial ganglia. In addition, we show that at least some of the zebrafish fork head genes might serve a comparable function. Zebrafish zf-FKHl has a similar expression pattern as Xenopus XFKHl/Pintallavis/XFDl. It is transcribed in the notochord and neural floor plate. The polster or “pillow” also shows very high levels of zf-FKHl mRNA. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Denaturation and renaturation of xanthosine 5'-phosphate aminase.

Abstract Urea and guanidine hydrochloride have characteristic effects on the denaturation and renaturation of xanthosine 5'-phosphate aminase (xanthosine 5'-phosphate:ammonia ligase (AMP), EC 6.3.4.1). At low concentrations of the denaturants (up to 4.0 m urea and 1.2 m guanidine hydrochloride), the inactivation is reversible. Under these conditions the inactivation is caused by conformational changes and dissociation of the enzyme into subunits. In 4.0 to 8.0 m urea and 1.2 to 3.0 m guanidine hydrochloride, the inactivation is irreversible due to the aggregation of the partially unfolded polypeptide chains. In 3.0 to 6.0 m guanidine hydrochloride, the enzyme is extensively unfolded and partially (15%) reassociable to the active form by removal of the denaturant. The substrates, xanthosine 5'-phosphate and ATP, have no effect on the reactivation under the conditions required for optimal enzymatic activity.
Information Asymmetry and Entrepreneurship

The implications of information asymmetries for entrepreneurial action and decision-making by resource providers are explored. It is argued that firms unable to manage the negative repercussions associated with information asymmetry will find it hard to survive or prosper. These obstacles can, however, be overcome, and three vehicles for doing so are introduced: development of specific institutions that cope with adverse selection, management of moral hazard through controls built into financial contracts, and information transfer through social networks. Research priorities tied to the paradoxes created by information asymmetries are identified. Keywords: adverse selection; asymmetry; bounded rationality; information advantage; moral hazard; transaction imbalance
Overcoming the diversity-consistency dilemmas in EU Rule of Law external action

The development of a coherent EU Rule of Law external action strategy requires that the Union overcome two “diversity dilemmas” and one “consistency dilemma.” The three dilemmas are interrelated and ought to be approached holistically. The first diversity dilemma pertains to the great divergence in the current uses and understandings of the concept of the Rule of Law. The second emanates from empirical reality, rather than conceptual challenge. In the contemporary global system, the EU faces a broad, possibly widening, set of political regimes which pose distinctly different Rule of Law challenges. A meaningful Rule of Law external action strategy therefore cannot be based on uniformity of conceptualization or policy prescriptions but must contend squarely with a reality of great, and arguably growing, variance. Grappling with diversity while maintaining conceptual and policy coherence represents the third key challenge to the development of a coherent EU Rule of Law external action strategy. Resolving the consistency dilemma necessitates accommodating diversity within a coherent conceptual and policy framework. This, in turn, requires that, in its external action, the EU approach the Rule of Law as a central pillar of a broader, liberal political-development agenda and that it adopts a vertical (rather than the traditional horizontal) understanding of the concept, involving broadly progressive, cumulative, and hierarchical spheres of Rule of Law conditions.
Modulation of alcohol dehydrogenase isoenzyme levels in Zymomonas mobilis by iron and zinc.

Zymomonas mobilis is an unusual microorganism which utilizes both iron-containing alcohol dehydrogenase (ADHII) and zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase (ADHI) isoenzymes during fermentative growth. This organism is obligately ethanologenic, and alcohol dehydrogenase activity is essential. The activities of ADHI and ADHII were altered by supplementing growth medium with iron or zinc salts and by iron starvation. Growth under iron-limiting conditions (chelators, minimal medium) reduced ADHII activity but did not prevent the synthesis of the ADHII protein. The inactive form of this enzyme appeared quite stable, was not renatured by iron addition, and persisted in the cell. The iron-induced increase in ADHII activity required de novo synthesis which was blocked by antibiotic additions. The ability of Z. mobilis to synthesize ADHII and ADHI may be advantageous in nature. Images
A comparison of traditional and integrated research and development methodologies

Summary form only given as follows. This paper presents the results of studies on a fundamentally new way to address research and development. The integrated approach to research and development is contrasted against the traditional approach to R&D. Reasons why an organization should consider revolutionizing its R&D program are given with the main goals being the reduction of development costs and time as well as increased market endurance for the developed products. The description of a company-wide framework for modern research and development is divided into five categories: complete R&D, process development strategies, a process management approach to product R&D, information management, and target costing.
Tactics of Influence in Everyday Life

We know how to make automobiles go, but not people. By this I mean that technology allows control of many different aspects of our physical world, but as yet, little of our social world. As Perry London has noted, the technology of behavior control is still being developed.’ Thus today, as throughout recorded history, a surprisingly large amount of our time is spent in activities that involve persuading people to do things. We try to convince people to accept our ideas, to do what we want, to leave us alone, and to provide us with material goods and services or with love and companionship, to name but a few of the many reasons for persuading others. Sometimes people do what we want, and other times they do not.
Studies Toward an Ideal Fluorescence Method to Measure Palladium in Functionalized Organic Molecules: Effects of Sodium Borohydride, Temperature, Phosphine Ligand, and Phosphate Ions on Kinetics

Residual metals in fine chemicals are currently detected by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, which requires expensive instrumentation and does not have high-throughput capabilities. Although fluorescent probes can be amenable to high-throughput analyses of metals, the utility of such analyses is limited due to the lack of generality. Herein, we report a significant improvement (≈19-fold) to our previously reported catalysis-based fluorescent probe for palladium. Specifically, we found that slightly elevated temperature dramatically improved the generality of the method and that the deallylation reaction of the nonfluorescent compound 1 was accelerated by phosphate ions in aqueous media. This method was capable of detecting 0.2 ppb palladium. We demonstrated reasonably accurate palladium detection in various active pharmaceutical ingredients and highly functionalized organic compounds.
Familial presacral masses: Screening pitfalls

Abstract Background/Purpose: Anterior sacral meningocele (ASM) and presacral teratoma (PT) are related malformations. Both can have familial occurrence. Surgical treatment of occult cases is essential. Hence, it is important to screen the asymptomatic relatives. Plain radiograph of the sacrum to look for any bony abnormalities is the usual accepted screening modality. The authors report ASM and PT in siblings (with positive family history) with no sacrococcygeal bony abnormality on imaging. Both the siblings had presacral mass on imaging. Methods: The medical records of 2 siblings with ASM and PT were reviewed for the clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, and family history. Results: One sibling was symptomatic, whereas the other was completely asymptomatic. A family history of sacral bony abnormalities and anterior meningoceles was present in father, 2 paternal cousins, paternal uncle, paternal aunt, paternal grandmother, and paternal grand uncle. Conclusions: These case reports suggest that imaging for screening for ASM and PT should be directed at identifying the presacral mass rather than sacral bony defect. Hence, computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging looking for presacral mass rather than plain radiograph should be the screening modality. J Pediatr Surg 36:1841-1844. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Diurnal intraocular Pressure: Correlation to Automated Perimetry

Abstract Patients referred to a centralized glaucoma laboratory obtained intraocular pressure measurements every two hours from 5:00 am to 3:00 pm. Analysis revealed 400 eyes with visual field defects and 400 eyes without visual field defects as determined by Octopus perimetry of the central 20°. The diurnal variation in intraocular pressure was 6.2 mmHg ±3.6 for those with visual field defects and 5.5 mmHg ±2.7 for those without visual field defects. There was no statistical significance in the mean diurnal variation between the two groups ( P = 0.91). The highest intraocular pressure tended to occur at either 5:00 am to 7:00 am or 11:00 am to 1:00 pm in both groups. The lowest intraocular pressure tended to occur between 7:00 am to 9:00 am or 1:00 pm to 3:00 pm in both groups. No significant differences were noted in the distribution between the two groups with regard to the time of the highest or lowest intraocular pressure. In the group with visual field defects, 30% had an intraocular pressure of
Nasopharyngeal Pneumococcal Serotypes Before and After Mass Azithromycin Distributions for Trachoma

Twenty-four Ethiopian communities were randomized to receive either (1) quarterly mass azithromycin distributions for trachoma for 1 year or (2) delayed treatment. Nasopharyngeal swabs collected from separate cross-sectional population-based samples of children were processed for Streptococcus pneumoniae Mass azithromycin did not significantly alter the pneumococcal serotype distribution, and hence it would not be expected to alter vaccine coverage.
Microscopic Theory of the Liquid-Wall Boundary Conditions; Thermophoresis

A microscopic theory of the boundary conditions (BC) obeyed by the hydrodynamic equations at a smooth wall is presented. The BC thus obtained contain several new features. Special attention is given to the role of surface tension. A purely hydrodynamic theory of thermophoresis is worked out based upon the new BC.
pH-Dependent Spectroscopy and Electronic Structure of the Guanine Analogue 6,8-Dimethylisoxanthopterin †

Fluorescent nucleic acid analogues are valuable tools for studying DNA dynamics, protein−DNA interactions and nucleotide-dependent enzyme activities. The recent development of guanine analogues based on the isoxanthopterin structure offers new opportunities to investigate these dynamics, interactions, and activities. Our combined experimental/theoretical investigation of one such analogue, 6,8-dimethylisoxanthopterin (6,8DMI), has shown that absorbance and fluorescence emission spectra of 6,8DMI shift to lower energies as the pH is increased, yielding pKa values of 8.3 and 8.5, respectively. We show that these pH-dependent spectral changes result from protonation/deprotonation of the nitrogen at position 3 of 6,8DMI on the basis of pH-dependent iodide ion quenching of 6,8DMI fluorescence and pH-independent absorption and fluorescence properties of 3,6,8-trimethylisoxanthopterin. Quantum mechanical calculations on the neutral and deprotonated forms of 6,8DMI confirm the observed spectral changes.
Biochemical and Molecular-Genetic Characterization of SFD1's Involvement in Lipid Metabolism and Defense Signaling.

The Arabidopsis thaliana SFD1 (SUPPRESSOR OF FATTY ACID DESATURASE DEFICIENCY1) gene (also known as GLY1) is required for accumulation of 34:6 (i.e., 18:3-16:3) monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and for the activation of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), an inducible defense mechanism that confers resistance against a broad spectrum of pathogens. SFD1, which has been suggested to be involved in lipid-based signaling in SAR, contains a putative chloroplast transit peptide and has glycerol-3-phosphate synthesizing dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) reductase (also referred as glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) activity. The goals of this study were to determine if the DHAP reductase activity and chloroplast localization are required for SFD1’s involvement in galactolipid metabolism and SAR signaling. The crystal structure of a Leishmania mexicana glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was used to model SFD1 structure and identify Lys194, Lys279 and Asp332 as potential catalytic site residues in SFD1. Mutational analysis of SFD1 confirmed that Lys194, Lys279 and Asp332 are critical for SFD1’s DHAP reductase activity, and its involvement in SAR. SFD1 proteins with these residues individually substituted by Ala lacked DHAP reductase activity and were unable to complement the SAR defect of the sfd1 mutant. SFD1-Ala279 was unable to restore 34:6-MGDG content when expressed in the sfd1 mutant. In vivo imaging of a GFP-tagged SFD1 protein demonstrated that SFD1 is targeted to the chloroplast. The N-terminal 43 amino acids, which are required for proper targeting of SFD1 to the chloroplast, are also required for SFD1’s function in lipid metabolism and SAR. Taken together, these results demonstrate that SFD1s DHAP reductase activity is required in the chloroplast for lipid metabolism and defense signaling.
Pyogenic otorhinologic infections in acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

• A 25-year-old homosexual man with acquired immune deficiency syndrome had CNS toxoplasmosis, mucosal candidiasis, acute otitis media, and sinusitis. These problems persisted despite multiple courses of antibiotic therapy. Surgical drainage proved to be the only effective means of controlling his otorhinologic infections. We recommend early surgical intervention for this type of patient when standard antibiotic therapy for sinusitis and otitis media proves ineffective. (Arch Otolaryngol1984;110:130-131)
Integrated flexible optitrode for neural stimulation and recording

We present an integrated flexible probe for deep brain optical stimulation and electrical recording, termed as "Optitrode". This device features an annular light guide consisting of layered transparent polymer and silica, and is fabricated by a unique process we developed: V-groove guided capillary assembly (VGCA), by which a single or multiple microwires can be integrated inside the light guide with high precision. The Optitrode design promises an ultrahigh length-to-diameter ratio > 500 (5 cm long, < 100 μm diameter), enabling minimally-invasive deep brain applications. Furthermore, the highly flexible nature of Optitrode could address a current barrier in rigid brain implants with limited life-time by conforming to the brain micromotion during long-term operation.
Mechanism of unassisted ion transport across membrane bilayers

To establish how charged species move from water to the nonpolar membrane interior and to determine the energetic and structural effects accompanying this process, we performed molecular dynamics simulations of the transport of Na+ and Cl- across a lipid bilayer located between two water lamellae. The total length of molecular dynamics trajectories generated for each ion was 10 ns. Our simulations demonstrate that permeation of ions into the membrane is accompanied by the formation of deep, asymmetric thinning defects in the bilayer, whereby polar lipid head groups and water penetrate the nonpolar membrane interior. Once the ion crosses the midplane of the bilayer the deformation "switches sides"; the initial defect slowly relaxes, and a defect forms in the outgoing side of the bilayer. As a result, the ion remains well solvated during the process; the total number of oxygen atoms from water and lipid head groups in the first solvation shell remains constant. A similar membrane deformation is formed when the ion is instantaneously inserted into the interior of the bilayer. The formation of defects considerably lowers the free energy barrier to transfer of the ion across the bilayer and, consequently, increases the permeabilities of the membrane to ions, compared to the rigid, planar structure, by approximately 14 orders of magnitude. Our results have implications for drug delivery using liposomes and peptide insertion into membranes.
Errors in the measurements of T2 using multiple‐echo MRI techniques. II. Effects of static field inhomogeneity

The accurate estimation of the spin-spin relaxation time T2 is an important goal in magnetic resonance imaging particularly because it can be used for quantitative tissue characterization. The spin-spin relaxation time T2 may be estimated using multiecho pulse sequences, but the accuracy of the estimate is dependent on the fidelity of the spin-echo amplitudes, which may be severely compromised by rf pulse and static field imperfections. In this paper, the effects of static field inhomogeneities are investigated. The propagation of the errors introduced by off-resonance effects are analyzed through computer simulations and analytical solutions of the Bloch equations. A series of experiments performed on a simple tissue phantom using a whole-body imaging system operating at 6.35 MHz corroborates the simulation and analytical results. For accurate measurements of T2 using a whole-body imaging system it is necessary to correct for these inhomogeneities. A correction scheme which would enable a more accurate estimate of T2 is currently under investigation.
A room temperature ferrimagnet, vanadium [pentafluorophenyltricyanoethylene ]2

Abstract The emergence of the soft ferrimagnet V[TCNE] 2 has sparked interest in the development of new radical anionic bridged magnets that are ordered above room temperature. Reversible one-electron acceptors 2-(phenyl)-1,1,2-tricyanoethylene, H 5 PTCE, and 2-(pentafluorophenyl)-1,1,2-tricyanoethylene, F 5 PTCE, are replacements for TCNE, giving magnets in reactions with V(CO) 6 that order at 215 K and 307 K, respectively. Both compounds exhibit hysteresis with small coercivities at 5 K which is typical of this class of compounds.
USING SPREADSHEET SOFTWARE FOR PREDICTIVE MICROBIOLOGY APPLICATIONS

Recently, multivariant models based on the use of the Gompertz function in combination with response surface analysis have been developed to predict the behavior of foodborne pathogens in response to food formulation and storage parameters, including temperature, pH, sodium chloride content, sodium nitrite concentration, and atmosphere. These models were adapted for easy use by developing a “user-friendly'’application program, the Pathogen Modeling Program. This program is based on a commercially available spreadsheet program, Lotus 1-2-3TM, and incorporates features such as calculation of predicted growth kinetics and time to achieve specified population densities. The current version of the software includes models for Salmonella, Shigella flexneri, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Aeromonas hydrophila. Microbiological modeling application software of this type appears to have great potential in relation to both developing food products with enhanced microbiological safety and teaching the multivariant nature of microbial growth in foods. The Pathogen Modeling Program is available on request.
Low-resistance nonalloyed ohmic contacts on p-type GaAs using GaSb/GaAs strained-layer superlattices

Employing a GaSb/GaAs strained‐layer superlattice and a GaSb cap, specific contact resistivities as low as 3.2×10−7 Ω cm2 have been realized for nonalloyed ohmic contact to p‐type GaAs. This contact structure is shown to give low contact resistances irrespective of the contact metals, including AuBe, AuGe/Ni/Au, and Au. Excellent thermal stability for AuBe contacts was obtained when sintered.
Effects of disorder on the electronic density of states of III-V compounds

We investigate the effects of two types of disorder on the electronic density of states of III-V semiconductors using simple tight-binding models and the empirical pseudopotential method. For the first type of disorder we consider a stoichiometric system with fourfold coordination, all bonds satisfied, variations in the bond lengths and angles, and only unlike-atom bonds. The second type of disorder includes the properties of the first with the addition of like-atom bonds. These two types of disorder are studied explicitly by taking GaAs as a prototype and making various GaAs structures using the atomic positions of certain crystal structures with short-range disorder. These structures are crystals; however, they have atoms in the primitive cells arranged in varying fashions. A comparison of the trends observed in the densities of states with the inclusion of different types of disorder reveals valuable information concerning the relationship of the structural nature of an amorphous system to its density of states. We present a model of the density of states of our amorphous prototype GaAs, for each type of disorder, which we believe would be consistent with some of the present experimental radial-distribution-function data. The effects of these types of disorder are discussed in general, and hopefully they will be useful in identifying specific types of disorder in amorphous samples.
Prediction of Food Emulsion Color Using Light Scattering Theory

ABSTRACT A theoretical model was developed to predict spectral re-flectance and color of emulsions from droplet (radius andconcentration) and dye (absorption spectra and concentra-tion) characteristics. The Rayleigh-Gans-Debye theory of lightscattering was used to calculate the scattering cross-sec-tion, absorption cross-section and asymmetry factor of drop-lets. These values were used to calculate spectral reflec-tance of an emulsion based on Kubelka-Munk theory. Thetristimulus coordinates (L,a,b) of an emulsion were calcu-lated from its spectral reflectance using color matching func-tions. Predictions were in good agreement with experimentalmeasurements on oil-in-water emulsions containing a redfood dye. The theory may be useful for optimization of emul-sion appearance.Key Words: emulsions, color prediction, droplet charac-teristics, light scattering INTRODUCTION M ANY FOOD PRODUCTS EXIST AS OIL - IN - WATER EMULSIONS ,e.g. , milk, fruit beverages, salad dressings, sauces, and many others(Dickinson and Stainsby, 1982; Dickinson, 1992; Friberg and Larr-son, 1997; McClements, 1998). The overall appearance of these prod-ucts is determined by the manner in which they interact with lightwaves, by reflection, transmission, absorption and scattering (Cly-desdale, 1978; Hutchings, 1994). These interactions are largely gov-erned by the characteristics of the droplets (radius, concentration andrefractive index) and of any colorants (type and concentration) present(Farinato and Rowell, 1983; Hernandez and Baker, 1991; Hernadez etal., 1991; Dickinson, 1994; Tainse et al., 1996; Chantrapornchai et al.,1998). We have reported on the influence of droplet size and concen-tration on color and turbidity of oil-in-water emulsions containing ablue food dye (Chantrapornchai et al., 1998). Results clearly showedthat the appearance of an emulsion was strongly influenced by dropletsize and concentration. The “lightness” increased with droplet con-centration and with decreasing droplet size, and “blueness” decreasedwith droplet concentration and with decreasing droplet size.The objective of our current study was to develop a mathematicalmodel, based on light scattering theory, to predict the color of concen-trated food emulsions. Similar models have been used to assist in for-mulation of paints with specified opacities and colors (Wendlandt, 1968;Kortum, 1969; McDonald, 1987). The development of a mathematicalmodel for predicting the color of food emulsions could greatly facilitatethe systematic development of foods of desirable appearance.
Probabilistic Simulation of Combined Thermo-Mechanical Cyclic Fatigue in Composites

A methodology to compute probabilistically-combined thermo-mechanical fatigue life of polymer matrix laminated composites has been developed and is demonstrated. Matrix degradation effects caused by long-term environmental exposure and mechanical/thermal cyclic loads are accounted for in the simulation process. A unified time-temperature-stress-dependent multifactor-interaction relationship developed at NASA Glenn Research Center has been used to model the degradation/aging of material properties due to cyclic loads. The fast probability-integration method is used to compute probabilistic distribution of response. Sensitivities of fatigue life reliability to uncertainties in the primitive random variables (e.g., constituent properties, fiber volume ratio, void volume ratio, ply thickness, etc.) computed and their significance in the reliability-based design for maximum life is discussed. The effect of variation in the thermal cyclic loads on the fatigue reliability for a (0/+/-45/90)s graphite/epoxy laminate with a ply thickness of 0.127 mm, with respect to impending failure modes has been studied. The results show that, at low mechanical-cyclic loads and low thermal-cyclic amplitudes, fatigue life for 0.999 reliability is most sensitive to matrix compressive strength, matrix modulus, thermal expansion coefficient, and ply thickness. Whereas at high mechanical-cyclic loads and high thermal-cyclic amplitudes, fatigue life at 0.999 reliability is more sensitive to the shear strength of matrix, longitudinal fiber modulus, matrix modulus, and ply thickness.
Reply to the Comment on the homogeneous nucleation of CH3CN and the scaling law for onset supersaturation ratios

Abstract We report the results from the scaling law for onset vapor nucleation of nitromethane. The use of the excess surface entropy per molecule, Ω = − (∂σ/∂T)/kρ 2 3 , in the scaling law does not reproduce the experimental results. This is contrary to the trend found by Hale and Kelly for acetonitrile.
SU-E-T-471: Beam Properties of an In-Room Proton Therapy Accelerator.

Purpose: To quantify basic beam properties of the first gantry‐mounted proton therapy accelerator, situated in the treatment room and delivering beam to the patient without any intermediate bending magnets.Methods:Monte Carlo simulations for prototype beamlines of the Mevion S250TM proton therapy system were performed using MCNPX. For each configuration, open profiles in air were determined at 3 different positions for 3 range settings (216 profiles). Similarly, half‐beam‐blocked profiles were determined for the same settings (216 profiles). Additionally, beam axis fluence profiles in air were determined for 3 range settings (72 profiles). Finally, Bragg peak depth‐dose curves in water were determined for 3 range settings (72 profiles). Using these 576 profiles, several beamline parameters were determined for each proton range and configuration, including virtual SAD, effective source size, and effective SAD. Additionally, Bortfeld's analytic approximation of the Bragg curve was fit to each depth‐dose curve to determine R0, σ and e. The 72 values determined for each parameter were compared within each configuration and across all configurations. Results: Within any configuration, the change in range was too small (=2.5 cm) to have a large effect on any of the extracted parameters. Comparing parameters among configurations revealed smooth trends. These parameters were then fit as a function of range. Conclusions: The simplicity of this system results in beams with greater similarity among configurations as compared to other proton therapy systems. Because a beam with fixed initial energy is degraded only by tissue‐equivalent materials, range straggling and beam divergence are nearly constant across all beamline configurations. Beam parameters change smoothly as functions of proton range, with no major discontinuities between configurations. This suggests that the entire machine may be fully and accurately characterized in a treatment planning system by fewer measurements than would normally be required.
Evidence of Relaxation and Spontaneous Transition to a High-Confinement State in High-β Steady-State Plasmas Sustained by Rotating Magnetic Fields

Evidence of relaxation has appeared, for the first time, in the extremely high-$\ensuremath{\beta}$, steady-state field-reversed configuration plasma states driven by rotating magnetic fields (RMF) in the translation, confinement, and sustainment experiment. The plasma self-organizes into a near-force-free state in the vicinity of the magnetic axis, with significant improvement in confinement. Associated with this change in magnetic topology is the appearance of an axial RMF component; this would, in turn, generate a current drive in the poloidal direction, thus sustaining the magnetic helicity. A newly developed two-dimensional ``equilibrium-lite'' model is employed to analyze the magnetic properties of the final high-confinement state, and shows a large $q$ and a significant magnetic shear in the core.
Investigation of suspected deficient Fas-mediated apoptosis in a father and son.

Background A 2-year-old boy presented with symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS). His father had been splenectomized at age 12 with similar symptoms. ALPS is a rare hereditary syndrome that may result from a functional defect in Fas-mediated apoptosis. Methods Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and splenic lymphocytes from the patient and PBL from his father and a normal control were analyzed for surface Fas expression. They were then stimulated with an anti-Fas monoclonal antibody (DX2). Apoptosis was assayed by flow cytometry at 0, 20, 28, and 34 h. Results There was no significant difference in expression of Fas (CD95) in the PBL of the patient, his father, or the normal control, or the splenic lymphocytes. Compared with the normal control, the PBL of the patient and his father failed to progress to apoptosis. They also contained a markedly elevated proportion of CD3+CD4−CD8− “double-negative” cells. Conclusions PBL from both the patient and his father expressed CD95, but failed to proceed to apoptosis after stimulation, suggesting a functional defect. These results and the clinical presentation are consistent with published descriptions of ALPS. Cytometry 43:195–198, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An initially unnoticed piece of nasal jewelry in a parturient: Implications for intraoperative airway management

The literature documenting the anesthetic implications of body piercing consists only of a few case reports that focus exclusively on interference with airway management by oral jewelry. To date, no case reports documenting anesthetic problems resulting from the presence of nasal jewelry have been reported. We present a case of a parturient who presented for an emergency cesarean section with nasal jewelry in situ, which was unnoticed preoperatively and then became externally loosened intraoperatively. This situation necessitated fiberoptic examination of the nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal cavities and radiologic imaging studies to rule out aerodigestive tract aspiration of retained and missing piece(s) of the jewelry. Based on this experience, we now advise all laboring parturients with nasal or oral jewelry in situ to remove the hardware on admission to Labor and Delivery for safety precautions.
Examining the Eyeblink Startle Reflex as a Measure of Emotion and Motivation to Television Programming

This study examines the reliability and validity of the eyeblink startle reflex as a measure of emotional and motivational responding to television content. A pretest uses continuous response measurement to identify pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant scenes from a television drama. Acoustic startle probe methodology and facial electromyography are used to measure responding to these scenes during an experiment. Although past research has suggested that the startle reflex is a reliable measure of emotional responding to television and film content, there is reason to expect that this effect may be obfuscated if the probe falls close to a camera change or scene change. The startle reflex data offer convergent validity with the continuous response data and concurrent validity with the facial electromyographic data. However, the presence of a camera change or scene change within 500 ms of the startle probe did disrupt the emotional modulation of the reflex. These data show that the startle reflex can be a vali...
Size-structured spatial patterns as a measure of larval dispersal and emigration

Size-structured spatial patterns in larvae of 2 sucker and 3 minnow species are described from fixed-site sampling in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, and are used to demonstrate patterns of size-based losses downstream and retention in the lake. The smallest larvae of shortnose suckers (Chasmistes brevirostris), Lost River suckers (Deltistes luxatus), and tui chubs (Siphateles bicolor) were least likely to be found in Lake Ewauna, a downstream catchment; yet the proportion of larger larvae downstream was often substantial, 20%-40% of a size class. In contrast, the smallest larvae of blue chubs (Klamathella coerulea) and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were least likely to be found in restora- tion marshes. For these 2 species, interannual differences in spatial size-structuring was variable, with larger size classes being found in high proportions in restoration marshes in some years but not in others. These patterns may be indica- tive of substantial emigration from Upper Klamath Lake, in the case of suckers and tui chubs, and of variable use of restoration marshes by larger blue chubs and fathead minnows. Although this and other approaches can provide insight into larval emigration and movement, spatially intensive sampling and knowledge of circulation patterns may allow for more rigorous estimates of larval movements.
SASE X-RAY RADIATION VIA LIENARD-WIECHERT FIELDS

Abstract We present three-dimensional numerical results of self-amplified X-ray wiggler radiation from a relativistic electron beam using Lienard-Wiechert forces to drive self-consistently the motion of electrons. The exact three-dimensional self-consistent motion of a beam of electrons gives rise to exact three-dimensional radiation fields which can be calculated with very few approximations. As an example of this approach, we report here results of three-dimensional X-ray coherent wiggler radiation calculations for a short relativistic electron pulse.
Discovery of Tetrahydroisoquinoline-Based CXCR4 Antagonists

A de novo hit-to-lead effort involving the redesign of benzimidazole-containing antagonists of the CXCR4 receptor resulted in the discovery of a novel series of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ) analogues. In general, this series of compounds show good potencies (3–650 nM) in assays involving CXCR4 function, including both inhibition of attachment of X4 HIV-1IIIB virus in MAGI-CCR5/CXCR4 cells and inhibition of calcium release in Chem-1 cells. Series profiling permitted the identification of TIQ-(R)-stereoisomer 15 as a potent and selective CXCR4 antagonist lead candidate with a promising in vitro profile. The drug-like properties of 15 were determined in ADME in vitro studies, revealing low metabolic liability potential. Further in vivo evaluations included pharmacokinetic experiments in rats and mice, where 15 was shown to have oral bioavailability (F = 63%) and resulted in the mobilization of white blood cells (WBCs) in a dose-dependent manner.
A multi-center trial of LGE-MRI of the left atrium

Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common rhythm disturbance. Radio-frequency ablation (RFA) of the left atrium (LA) is effective for drug refractory AF patients. Outcome of RFA procedure depends on the degree of pre-ablation LA fibrosis and amount of post-ablation scar. Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging can detect fibrosis and visualize scar. However, only few centers with advanced expertise in cardiac MR (CMR) have demonstrated successful LGE of LA. Multi-center study was initiated to study reproducibility of LGE of LA.
Finite volume computation of unsteady inviscid rotational transonic flows past airfoils in rigid body motion

Unsteady inviscid transonic flow over airfoils in arbitrary rigid body motion is analyzed numerically by solving the two-dimensional unsteady Euler equations in integral form using a finite volume scheme. The solution procedure is based on an explicit Runge-Kutta time-stepping scheme wherein the spatial terms are central-differenced and a combination of second- and fourth-differences in the flow variables are used to form the numerical dissipation terms to stabilize the scheme. Unsteady calculations are started from converged steady-state solutions as initial conditions. Nonreflective boundary conditions are imposed on the far-field boundaries. Results are presented and, where possible, validated against available numerical and experimental data for airfoils subjected to a step change in angle of attack, airfoils oscillating and plunging in transonic flow, and airfoils immersed in a time-varying free stream.
Development and analytical validation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the measurement of feline tumor necrosis factor α in serum.

Background The role of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), a cytokine shown to play a crucial role in human Crohn's disease patients, has not been documented in cats with chronic enteropathies. Also, currently, no validated assay for measurement of TNF-α in cats is available. Objectives The objective of this study was to develop and analytically validate an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the quantification of TNF-α in serum from cats. Methods A sandwich ELISA was developed and analytically validated by assessment of detection limit, linearity, accuracy, precision, and reproducibility. A control range for serum fTNF-α concentration in healthy cats was established. In addition, serum concentrations of fTNF-α in 39 cats with chronic enteropathies were compared with those in 20 healthy cats. Results The detection limit of the assay was 38.4 ng/L. Observed-to-expected ratios for serial dilutions of 4 serum samples ranged from 75.1% to 111.9%. Observed-to-expected ratios for spiking recovery for 4 serum samples ranged from 91.3% to 129.7%. Coefficients of variation for intra- and inter-assay variability ranged from 3.9% to 7.6% and from 7.8% to 12.5%, respectively. The control range of the assay was < 38.4–223.5 ng/L. Serum concentrations of feline TNF-α were significantly higher in cats with chronic enteropathies and diarrhea than in cats with chronic enteropathies without diarrhea, or in healthy control cats. Conclusions The ELISA described here was suitable for the quantification of fTNF-α in feline serum and should facilitate research into the importance of TNF-α in cats with chronic enteropathies.
The Consequences of Earlier Reproduction in Declining Populations

Conflicting claims have been published concerning the consequences of earlier reproduction. In particular, it has been claimed that earlier reproduction will increase the rate of decline in a declining population, have no effect in a stable population, and enhance the rate of growth in an increasing population. However, if fecundity and mortality are conceptually separated so that earlier reproduction is defined as moving the fecundity column of the life table forward in time but not changing the mortality column, then earlier reproduction will nearly always cause the rate of change of a population to become more positive. This definition is believed to be more consistent with what biologists think of as earlier reproduction. Also, this concept requires that the cost of reproducing earlier be explicitly addressed rather than hiding it in assumptions implicit in a definition of earlier reproduction. This paper reconciles published mathematical demography models with published biological claims concerning earlier reproduction.
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopic study of passive zirconium

Abstract Spent, unreproccessed nuclear fuel is generally contained within the operational fuel sheathing fabricated from a zirconium alloy (Zircaloy 2, Zircaloy 4, or Zirlo) and is then stored in a swimming pool and/or dry storage facilities until permanent disposal in a licensed repository. During this period, which begins with irradiation of the fuel in the reactor during operation, the fuel sheathing is exposed to various, aggressive environments. The objective of the present study was to characterize the nature of the passive film that forms on pure zirconium in contact with an aqueous phase [0.1 M B(OH)3 + 0.001 M LiOH, pH 6.94] at elevated temperatures (in this case, 250 °C), prior to storage, using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) with the data being interpreted in terms of the point defect model (PDM). The results show that the corrosion resistance of zirconium in high temperature, de-aerated aqueous solutions is dominated by the outer layer. The extracted model parameter values can be used in deterministic models for predicting the accumulation of general corrosion damage to zirconium under a wide range of conditions that might exist in some repositories.