cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applications of modern optimal control theory to environmental control of confined spaces and life support systems: Part 1—Modeling and Simulation

Abstract This paper is the first of a series of five containing the results of an original investigation of the temperature control of confined spaces such as those in any building and life support systems by means of the modern control theory. While much of the material presented in this work is original, the series has been prepared in sufficiently tutorial style that it can be used as a text self-study by practicing air-conditioning engineers. It is hoped that this work will stimulate the applications of and research on the modern optimal control theory to the environmental control of life support systems in general, including controls of humidity, purity and noise. Parts 2–5 will be published in the next three issues of Building Science. Several mathematical models of an environmental control system which consists of a confined space or cabin, a heat exchanger, and a feedback element such as a thermostat are presented. The performance equations of the system, which represent the dynamic characteristics of the system proper and of the heat exchanger (the control element of the system) are derived. In the basic model the flow of air in the confined space is considered to be in the state of complete mixing and the disturbance is caused by an impulse heat imput. The performance equations in which the heat disturbances are of the form such as the step function and cyclic function which are different from the impulse function are also derived. Also presented are the performance equations which represent the dynamic characteristics of flow of air in a confined space or cabin characterized by the two completely stirred tanks-in-series (2 CST's-in-series) model. To determine the goodness of the system model a computer simulation is carried out and the results are compared with the known characteristics of the system.
/spl plusmn/0.75 V BiCMOS four quadrant analog multiplier with rail-rail input signal-swing

A simple four-quadrant analog BiCMOS multiplier that operates with /spl plusmn/0.75 V supplies is presented. The circuit uses multiple-input floating-gate transistors and is based on a folded Gilbert multiplier structure. It has 1 V/sub pp/ input-output signal swing and less than 1% THD over the specified range. SPICE simulations verify the operation of the circuit.
Problems and solutions for a hybrid approach to grounding practical normativity

Source Hybridism about practical reasons is the position that facts that constitute reasons sometimes derive their normative force from external metaphysical grounds, and sometimes from internal. Although historically less popular than either Source Internalism or Source Externalism, hybridism has lately begun to garner more attention. Here, I further the hybridist's cause by defending Source Hybridism from three objections. I argue that we are not warranted in rejecting hybridism for any of the following reasons: that hybridists cannot provide an account of normative weight, that hybridists are committed to implausible results concerning practical deliberation, or that Source Hybridism is objectionably unparsimonious.
Improving Spatial Reference in American Sign Language Animation through Data Collection from Native ASL Signers

Many deaf adults in the U.S. have difficulty reading written English text; computer animations of American Sign Language (ASL) can improve these individuals' access to information, communication, and services. Current ASL animation technology cannot automatically generate expressions in which the signer associates locations in space with entities under discussion, nor can it generate many ASL signs whose movements are modified based on these locations. To determine how important such phenomena are to user-satisfaction and the comprehension of animations by deaf individuals, we conducted a study in which native ASL signers evaluated ASL animations with and without entity-representing spatial phenomena. We found that the inclusion of these expressions in the repertoire of ASL animation systems led to a significant improvement in user comprehension of the animations, thereby motivating future research on automatically generating such ASL spatial expressions.
The environment: Philosophy, science, and ethics

Philosophical reflections on the environment began with early philosophers' invocation of a cosmology that mixed natural and supernatural phenomena. Today, the central philosophical problem posed by the environment involves not what it can teach us about ourselves and our place in the cosmic order but rather how we can understand its workings in order to make better decisions about our own conduct regarding it. The resulting inquiry spans different areas of contemporary philosophy, many of which are represented by the fifteen original essays in this volume. The contributors first consider conceptual problems generated by rapid advances in biology and ecology, examining such topics as ecological communities, adaptation, and scientific consensus. The contributors then turn to epistemic and axiological issues, first considering philosophical aspects of environmental decision making and then assessing particular environmental policies (largely relating to climate change), including reparations, remediation, and nuclear power, from a normative perspective.
Malignant hyperthermia in the early days of pediatric anesthesia: an interview with anesthesiology pioneer, Dr. John F. Ryan

Summary Dr. John F. Ryan (1935 - ), Associate Professor of Anaesthesia at the Harvard Medical School, influenced the careers of hundreds of residents and fellows-in-training while instilling in them his core values of resilience, hard work, and integrity. His authoritative textbook, A Practice of Anesthesia for Infants and Children, remains as influential today as it did when first published decades ago. Although he had had many accomplishments, he identified his experiences caring for patients with malignant hyperthermia and characterizing the early discovery of this condition as his defining contribution to medicine. Based on a series of interviews with Dr. Ryan, this article reviews a remarkable career that coincides with the dawn of modern pediatric anesthetic practice.
Volunteer and Paid Staff Relationships

Summary In this article, we examine theoretical perspectives and studies on volunteer and paid staff relationships to determine what administrators in social work can glean from theory and research. We also draw from the conceptual literature in the area of volunteerism, as well as our experience with one nationally mandated program that utilizes 90% volunteers and 10% paid employees. Implications for social work administration include recognizing the culture of one's program or organization and the norms associated with volunteerism, as well as understanding the nature of psychological contracting for both paid employees and volunteers. Guidelines for assessing volunteer/paid staff culture are provided.
Anti-Government Rebellion: Non-International Armed Conflict or Internal Disturbance?

Following the Arab Spring of 2011 and the continuation of the war on terror, questions have re-emerged regarding the adequacy of the current legal framework governing armed conflict. Are the rules created in the post-World War II environment relevant in a world in which inter-state conflict is no longer the norm, and those involved in situations of violence are increasingly non-state actors? Will the Additional Protocols be useful in plugging gaps left by 1949 Geneva Conventions? Rather than focus on these broader issues, this paper seeks to address the specific issue of the legal framework governing those conflicts which straddle the indistinct line between non-international armed conflict and sporadic acts of violence or internal disturbances.
Older Lesbian and Gay People

Using a theoretical model of lesbian and gay identity formation, this paper examines the complex relationships between families and older gay and lesbian adults as a way to better understand the extensive variations individuals have in their relationships with themselves, presentation of self, relationships with others and their behaviors. Three potential styles of lesbian and gay identity formation are described in order to highlight the structures and dynamics involved in issues for gay and lesbian elders and their families. It is argued that by challenging heterosexism and by minimizing homophobia, older lesbian and gay people experience a successful aging process. While individuals w R o are lesbian and gay have great potential to age with a sense of power, ride and fulfillment, so do the families from which they came an those they have created.
Comparative studies on turbulent fluxes measured over burned and unburned sites of a sagebrush-dominated mountain

Fire is a major disturbance that causes rangeland change. In this study, we compared the turbulent fluxes of carbon dioxide and sensible and latent heat, measured over burned and unburned sites of a sagebrush-dominated mountain in southern Idaho during the late summer of 2006. The outcome of the investigation shows that fire altered the horizontal components of turbulence intensity (iu and iv) as well as the partitioning of radiant energy between latent and sensible heat fluxes. Average daytime Bowen ratios (β) at the burned and unburned sites were 2.03 and 1.87. On the basis of Bowen ratios determined from eddy covariance measurements of sensible and latent heat fluxes, the sensible heat fluxes were relatively more significant at the burned site than at the unburned site most of the time, and the converse was true of the latent heat fluxes. The exception to this was for the few days following heavy rainfall, when near-surface soil moisture increased the evapotranspiration at the burned site more than at the unburned site until the shallow moisture supply was depleted. By means of ratios of CO2/(H + LE), fluxes, carbon sequestration was found to be more significant at the unburned site, declining at both sites as summer progressed but declining more rapidly at the burned site than at the unburned site. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial release from masking in a free-field source identification task by gray treefrogs

Humans and other animals often communicate acoustically in noisy social groups, in which the background noise generated by other individuals can mask signals of interest. When listening to speech in the presence of speech-like noise, humans experience a release from auditory masking when target and masker are spatially separated. We investigated spatial release from masking (SRM) in a free-field call recognition task in Cope’s gray treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis). In this species, reproduction requires that females successfully detect, recognize, and localize a conspecific male in the noisy social environment of a breeding chorus. Using no-choice phonotaxis assays, we measured females’ signal recognition thresholds in response to a target signal (an advertisement call) in the presence and absence of chorus-shaped noise. Females experienced about 3 dB of masking release, compared with a co-localized condition, when the masker was displaced 90° in azimuth from the target. The magnitude of masking release was independent of the spectral composition of the target (carriers of 1.3 kHz, 2.6 kHz, or both). Our results indicate that frogs experience a modest degree of spatial unmasking when performing a call recognition task in the free-field, and suggest that variation in signal spectral content has small effects on both source identification and spatial unmasking. We discuss these results in the context of spatial unmasking in vertebrates and call recognition in frogs.
Influenza—an emerging and re-emerging disease

Abstract Influenza A viruses continue to emerge from the aquatic avian reservoir and cause pandemics. There are periodic exchanges of influenza virus genes or whole viruses between avians and other species giving rise to pandemics of diseases in humans, lower animals and birds. It is hypothesized that pigs are an intermediate host and that China is an epicenter for the evolution of human pandemic strains. However, the transmission of avian influenza viruses to pigs in Europe in 1979 and detection of reassortants with human influenza genes in pigs raises the question of whether the next pandemic of influenza will emerge in Europe!
Anti-inflammatory drugs in experimental atherosclerosis. Part 3. Evaluation of the atherogenicity of homocystine in rabbits.

Abstract This report concerns development of simple animal models which reproduce the association between homocystinemia and atherosclerotis observed in humans. Attempts were made to confirm reports that dietary homocystine administration induces atherosclerotic plaque formation in rabbits. Forty New Zealand white male rabbits were fed a diet supplemented with 200 mg daily of dl -homocysteine thiolactone hydrochloride for 12 weeks. Twenty of the rabbits received in addition 200 mg of cholesterol daily in order to investigate possible synergism between cholesterol and homocystine. Plasma levels of homocystine were measured at intervals by ion-exchange chromatography using an amino acid analyzer. Only marginal elevations of 1–2 mg/100 ml were observed. At 12 weeks, the animals were sacrificed and the thoracic aortas examined. No atherosclerotic lesions were observed in the animals of either group. Additional studies in which dl -homocystine, dl -homocysteine thiolactone, or dl -homocysteic acid were administered in doses of 600 mg orally, 500 mg subcutaneously or 100 mg intravenously, produced only transient elevations of plasma homocystine. Intravenous administration gave the highest plasma level (20 mg/100 ml), which was approximately 85% cleared in 15 min. Platelet aggregation studies were carried out at various intervals after homocystine administration. Aggregation was not affected during induced periods of transient homocystinemia, nor was it significantly altered during subsequent periods of homocystine clearance. These experiments show that the rabbit has very efficient plasma clearance mechanisms for homocystine and its derivatives. Consequently, no significant changes either in platelet aggregation or atherosclerotic plaque formation can be induced by any practicable regimen of homocystine administration in this species.
Boundary Value Problems for Nonconvex Differential Inclusions

Abstract In this paper we consider multivalued boundary value problems of the Sturm-Liouville type. First we prove the existence of extremal trajectories and then we show that they are dense in the solution set of the original convex problem. We also prove an existence theorem when the orientor field is l.s.c. and nonconvex valued. Some feedback control systems are also considered.
Absence of a pharmacokinetic interaction between chloramphenicol and acetaminophen in children.

The pharmacokinetics of chloramphenicol (CAP; administered intravenously as chloramphenicol succinate, CAPS) was studied in 26 acutely ill febrile children 3 to 58 months of age who either did (n=18) or did not (n=8) receive acetaminophen (APAP) for antipyresis. CAP pharmacokinetics were evaluated after the first dose and at steady state. CAP serum levels were quantitated by high-performance liquid chromatography. There were no significant differences between groups (APAP vs non-APAP) or between first dose and steady-state evaluations for the elimination rate constant, serum half-life, apparent volume of distribution, and serum clearance of CAP. Likewise, there were no statistically significant differences when the APAP group was evaluated according to the presence or absence of APAP in serum before the first dose of CAP. Elimination of CAP in subjects with serum CAPS level
Immunoassay using 125I- or enzyme-labeled protein A and antigen-coated tubes

Abstract Antigen-coated plastic tubes were used with 125 I- or enzyme-labeled staphylococcal protein A in a general immunoassay method for antigens and haptens. Protein A reacts with immunoglobulin G (IgG) regardless of antibody specificity at sites distal to the antigen combining site and does not inhibit the immune reaction. It therefore serves as a general tracer and its use eliminates the need to purify and to label individual components for each assay. Macromolecular antigens were bound to polystyrene or polypropylene tubes by direct passive adsorption. Haptens with free carboxyl groups were bound covalently to poly- l -lysine and these conjugates passively adsorbed to the tube surface. Optimal assay conditions were established for the quantitative determination of immunoglobulins and the folate derivatives, methotrexate and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, using 125 I-labeled protein A or protein A labeled with alkaline phosphatase. The method has been used to estimate levels of IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgE in serum in volumes up to 1 ml.
An occlusal study with clinical applications.

Abstract The study situation method described will allow any interested dentist to become familiar with the method and to construct multiple posterior restorations without expensive equipment or time-consuming methods.
The pressure field and the internal constitution of the earth

Abstract The relation existing between the average electron density and electronegativity of the elements allows one to examine the influence of pressure on the ionic-covalent bond of a compound. The increase with pressure of the effective electronegativity of an atom in a compound corresponds to a decrease in the ionic character of the ionic-covalent bond, in agreement with what has been deduced from the study of the electronic transitions of solids under pressure. Therefore, the increase in covalent bond character is correlated to the increase in pressure in the earth field. With increasing pressure, solid phases with low compressibility and high packing index are stable. A change from coordination 4–6 for silicon is associated to the change silicates-oxides. In the upper mantle geochemical differentiation of K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe can be explained in terms of diffusivity of such elements under pressure.
The era of "e": The use of new technologies in advance care planning

In this article, the authors review developments in technology that can help patients, their loved ones, and healthcare providers engage in more effective advance care planning (ACP). The article begins with a brief description of ACP and its purpose and then discusses various electronically available resources for ACP in the U.S. Finally the authors provide a critical assessment of the achievements, challenges, and future prospects for electronic advance care planning, or "e-planning."
Cytochrome P-450 alterations in the BB/Wor spontaneously diabetic rat

The hepatic content of two individual cytochrome P-450 enzymes was analyzed in spontaneously diabetic (BB/Wor) male rats. The major male-specific form, RLM5, was found to be slightly decreased in livers of male rats shortly after the onset of diabetes. In contrast, the level of RLM6 was elevated in livers of diabetic rats that had not received insulin and had become ketotic. These results confirm that the changes in some individual forms of cytochrome P-450 after chemical (streptozotocin) induction of diabetes are also seen in the spontaneously diabetic animal. The earlier observed alterations in cytochrome P-450 are therefore due to the state of diabetes and not to inductive or depressive effects of streptozotocin.
Photoperiodic regulation of gametogenesis and growth in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Our experiments demonstrate that both gametogenesis and growth in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus are under photoperiodic control. Juvenile sea urchins (4–8 mm diameter) were collected in September 1979 and reared for 18 months under two photoperiodic regimes with changing daylengths as in the natural annual cycle. One regime followed inphase (ambient) photoperiods; the other was kept 6 months out of phase with ambient photoperiods. In March of both 1980 and 1981 most of the in-phase animals (like field animals) contained numerous gametes while the out-of-phase animals contained very few gametes. DNA synthesis (estimated by autoradiography with tritiated thymidine) was high in the in-phase males and low in the out-of-phase males. In September of 1980, the situation was reversed. In animals exposed to two successive “winter” photoperiod regimes, gamete production continued for 6 months; in those exposed to two successive “summers,” there was little gamete production. These experiments suggest that either long days inhibit gametogenesis or short days enhance it. The normal peak of body growth in the summer and fall was also shifted 6 months out of phase in animals kept on the out-of-phase photoperiod regime; this shift was reflected in size, in weight, and in the growth zones of the skeletal plates. Feeding rates did not differ between animals on the two photoperiod regimes, suggesting that photoperiod does not influence energy intake but rather determines whether energy is allocated to body and gonad growth or to gametogenesis and gamete maintenance.
Feature-Based Attention Elicits Surround Suppression in Feature Space

Summary It is known that focusing attention on a particular feature (e.g., the color red) facilitates the processing of all objects in the visual field containing that feature [1–7]. Here, we show that such feature-based attention not only facilitates processing but also actively inhibits processing of similar, but not identical, features globally across the visual field. We combined behavior and electrophysiological recordings of frequency-tagged potentials in human observers to measure this inhibitory surround in feature space. We found that sensory signals of an attended color (e.g., red) were enhanced, whereas sensory signals of colors similar to the target color (e.g., orange) were suppressed relative to colors more distinct from the target color (e.g., yellow). Importantly, this inhibitory effect spreads globally across the visual field, thus operating independently of location. These findings suggest that feature-based attention comprises an excitatory peak surrounded by a narrow inhibitory zone in color space to attenuate the most distracting and potentially confusable stimuli during visual perception. This selection profile is akin to what has been reported for location-based attention [8–10] and thus suggests that such center-surround mechanisms are an overarching principle of attention across different domains in the human brain.
Design and Evaluation of a Multi-Surface Control System for the CCV B-52

This paper summarizes an analytical study conducted by the Control Configured Vehicles (CCV) technical staff to synthesize a CCV Multi-Surface System (MSS) for the CCV B-52 airplane. Quaratic optimal control theory was used to design a multiple-input, multiple-outpu t controller for the lateral-directional axis. The controller used five sensors and four aerodynamic control surfaces to reduce accelerations and stresses on the B-52. This paper covers the design requirements, and constraints, design procedure, and the study results. The results show that the MSS performs better than the individually designed concepts of Ride Control and Lateral Augmented Stability (RCS/LAS).
Brief visual memory for English and Arabic letters

American and Arabic Ss were asked to make whole and partial reports on briefly presented letter arrays in English and Arabic script. None of the ratios between whole and partial report suggests the availability of excess sensory storage. For the Arab Ss, who were bilingual to varying degrees, comparison of the scripts was ambiguous. The American Ss had access to over three familiar letters in whole report, as expected, but were able to report less than one of the Arabic symbols. These results appear counter to the visual storage hypothesis.
Evidence for diglycerides as attractants in an ant-seed interaction

The chemical basis of an ant-seed interaction was investigated for the antAphaenogaster rudis and the ant-dispersed violetViola odorata. A laboratory behavioral bioassay was developed to chemically identify the attractant responsible for the interaction. The ant attractant, localized in the elaiosome, was classified as a lipid by both field and laboratory bioassays. Assays of partially purified lipid extracts revealed that the principal attractant may be a diglyceride. Gas-liquid chromatography analysis of the hydrolyzed diglyceride fraction revealed oleic acid as the major fatty acid present, suggesting that either 1,2- or 1,3-diolein may be the attractant. Structure-activity correlations for lipid standards demonstrated a clear preference for the diglyceride 1,2-diolein. The data also suggest that ricinoleic acid is not the lipid eliciting the ant response toViola odorata, as had been previously suggested.
Vibrational frequencies and structural determination of 1,3-difluoro-1,2-propadiene

Abstract The normal mode frequencies and corresponding vibrational assignments of 1,3-difluoro-1,2-propadiene in are examined theoretically using the gaussian 98 set of quantum chemistry codes. All normal modes were successfully assigned to one of eight types of motion (C C stretch, C–H stretch, C–F stretch, H–C–F scissors, H–C–F wag, H–C–F rock, H–C–F twist, and C C C bend) predicted by a group theoretical analysis. Comparing the vibrational frequencies with IR and Raman spectra available in the literature, a set of scaling factors are derived. Predicted infrared and Raman intensities are reported.
Hepatotoxic bile acids increase cytosolic Ca++ activity of isolated rat hepatocytes

Effects of bile acids on cystolic Ca++ activity and cell viability of isolated rat hepatocytes were studied to test the hypothesis that bile acids may produce hepatotoxicity by increasing cystolic Ca++ activity. Changes in cystolic Ca++ activity were calculated from time-dependent changes in fluorescence of quin-2 loaded hepatocytes. Release of lactate dehydrogenase and changes in propodium iodide fluorescence were used to assess cell viability. Bile acids studied were unconjugated and taurine-conjugated cholate, chenodeoxycholate (and taurochenodeoxycholate), deoxycholate (and taurodeoxycholate) and lithocholate (and taurolithocholate). With the exception of cholate and taurocholate, bile acids increased cystolic Ca++ activity within 10 to 30 sec in a concentration-dependent fashion (0.05 to 1.0 mM) and in the order lithocholate = taurolithocholate greater than chenodeoxycholate = taurochenodeoxycholate = deoxycholate = taurodeoxycholate. The initial increase in cystolic Ca++ activity by bile acids was not due to cell damage, since bile acid-induced decreases in cell viability were not significant until 2 to 3 min. At higher concentrations of unconjugated bile acid, there was a secondary increase in quin-2 fluorescence corresponding temporally to the increase in propodium iodide fluorescence, indicating cell damage after the initial increase in cystolic Ca++ activity. The ability of conjugated and unconjugated bile acids to increase cystolic Ca++ activity was abolished and decreased (60 to 90%), respectively, in the absence of extracellular Ca++, indicating that extracellular Ca++ is the major source of the bile acid-induced increase in cystolic Ca++ activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Characteristics of high-Tc oxide wire

Abstract We have prepared an Y-Ba-Cu-O superconducting wire with silver sheath by a powder metallurgy technique. The crystal structure of the oxide core was orthorhombic and no structural change was found after cold-drawing. The wire showed superconductivity after heat-treatment at 890°C. Diffusion behavior of oxygen atoms through the sheath material is discussed. The highest critical current density of 640 A/cm2 was obtained for the sample heat-treated in oxygen flow.
Periodic formation of nascent lamellae is driven by changes in the stable F-actin pool of polymorphonuclear neutrophils after stimulation with chemotactic peptide and cross-linking of CD18 or CD61.

Cell motility and changes in cell shape are largely powered by actin polymerization and depolymerization. Eight to ten second periodic changes in human polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) shape were detected by video-image analysis of PMN crawling on a surface and by right angle light scattering (RALS) in suspended PMN. However, sustained RALS oscillations in suspended PMN requires pre-treatment with an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase or an activator of protein kinase C. Here, we show that cross-linking of the beta(2) (CD18) or beta(3) (CD61), but not beta(1) (CD 29) integrins in the presence of a low dose of formyl-Methionyl-Leucyl-Phenylalanine (fMLP) enables similar 8-s periodic RALS oscillations in suspended PMN in response to stimulation with two consecutive doses of chemoattractants. This effect did not appear to be due to increased surface expression of CD18 or CD61. RALS oscillations occurred in phase with 8-s oscillations in the stable F-actin pool and peaks in F-actin correlated with predominance of cells exhibiting a nascent lamella. Thus, simulation of surface attachment by CD18 and CD61 cross-linking after exposure to fMLP in suspended cells supports shape oscillations that are the result of actin-driven cyclic extension/retraction of nascent lamellae at the same frequency as the shape changes previously observed in crawling PMN.
An alternative analgesic agent for intra-articular corticosteroid injections (IAI) in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) – a fentanyl lollipop

Background Intra articular injections are an effective and widely used technique that involes the direct application of a corticosteroid compound such as triamcinalone hexacetonide into a joint with active synovitis. Local IAIs can avoid many of the unwanted adverse effects of sytemic steroids but in children younger than 11 years or those with a polyarticular presentation a general anaesthetic is typically required. Traditional local anaesthetic agents include topical agents such as lignocaine or gaseous agents such as entonox (nitrous oxide). We have introduced an unique form of analgesia for this procedure since the establishment of our national unit in 2006 in form of fentanyl lollipops (Actiq). Aim To evaluate the efficacy & safety of fentanyl lollipops for children with JIA undergoing IAIs. Methods A total of 19 patients were studied . Pain scores an hour after the procedure were recorded using a 0–10 cm visual analogue scale (VAS). Parents and patients were reinterviewed at a later date regarding the effectiveness of the lollipops as a form of pain relief and whether they would consider this form of analgesia for their child again.
Reaction Time Impairment in Schizophrenia and Affective Illness: The Role of Attention

A young but chronic group of schizophrenic and affective disorders patients was tested for simple reaction time (RT) and RT while engaged in a concurrent task. The affective disorders patients were subdivided by the presence of psychotic features. The results show that extreme slowing of RT is due to psychoticism and is not characteristic of nonpsychotic affective illness. Extreme intrasubject variability, however, was specific to schizophrenia, and may be a trait marker of the disorder.
Carbohydrate Partitioning in 185 Accessions of Gramineae Grown Under Warm and Cool Temperatures

Summary Partitioning of carbohydrate reserves into fructan and starch should not be considered as alternativeforms of carbohydrate storage in grasses. Both polymeric carbohydrate forms occurred concurrently in leaves of cool-season grasses. Temperature had a profound effect upon the accumulation of TNC, sucrose, and starch in 178 out of 185 grass accessions included in this study. Six of the seven exceptions were warm-season plants that probably photosynthesize slowly at 10 °C/5 °C. The only cool-season accession to accumulate as much TNC at 25 °C/15 °C as at 10 °C/5 °C was Elymus tsukushiensis . Enhanced fructan accumulation during cool temperatures supports the hypothesis that fructans may accumulate in plants when carbon fixation exceeds plant translocation and utilization. The fact that Elymus tsukushiensis accumulated 123 mg gSDW 1 fructan during warm temperatures, indicates that cool temperatures are not always a prerequisite for fructan accumulation in intact leaves of all grass species. However, cool-season species of Gondwanic origin, those belonging to the genera Danthonia, Stipa, Oryzopsis , and Phragmities , apparently do not produce fructan even when plants are subjected to cool temperatures. Warm-season plants probably do not accumulate fructan under either warm or cold conditions. Fructan accumulation in grass leaves of many cool-season species may not always be associated with high sucrose concentrations as previously reported. The correlations between concentrations of leaf fructan and sucrose or fructan and starch, taken over a large number of cool-season species, are rather low. We conclude that fructan is not an alternative to any other form of carbohydrate for storage because,on the average, each nonstructural carbohydrate component was as high or higher, in leaves of cool-season plants growing in conditions conducive to fructan accumulation, than when fructan content was low. Fructan accumulation was not at the expense of any other form of nonstructural carbohydrate. Because the mean content of each nonstructural carbohydrate component was similar in the two grass types within a temperature, except for fructan in 10°C/5 °C grown plants, we conclude that fructan is an ancillary form of carbohydrate storage. Such a role is compatible with the hypothesis that fructan accumulation in the vacuole allows photosynthesis to continue at cool temperatures when other storage pools are saturated. Interestingly, the cool-season grasses included in this experiment, which did not synthesize fructan, begin growth later in the spring than those that metabolize fructan.
Testosterone Concentrating Mechanism in the Reproductive Organs of the Male Rat

VASOACTIVE compounds injected into the spermatic vein of the rat, at levels which are inactive peripherally, have been observed to affect lateral pressure in the spermatic artery1–3. Tritiated water infused into the spermatic vein was found in the spermatic artery in concentrations ten times higher than those in the femoral artery2. If a product of an organ were transferred, in this fashion, from the effluent to the affluent circulation, that product would concentrate in the local circulation at higher levels than in the general circulation. This type of physiological concentrator could be of great importance in maintaining the concentration of a hormone in the local circulation when the target for the hormone was part of the same organ that produced it, as with the gonads. Testosterone is secreted and utilized by the testis. In fact high levels of testosterone can maintain spermatogenesis in the absence of gonadotrophins4. To determine if a testosterone concentrating mechanism existed in the reproductive organs of the male rat we conducted a series of experiments to measure concentrating effects on labelled and endogenous testosterone and to determine the site and extent of testosterone transfer in the local vasculature supplying the gonads. Techniques used for cannulation of the testis blood vessels, measurement of blood flow and collection of blood samples have been described elsewhere1–3,5.
Sensitivity of indices of biotic integrity to simulated fish assemblage changes.

Multimetric indices of biotic integrity (IBIs) are commonly used to assess condition of stream fish assemblages, but their ability to monitor trends within streams over time is largely unknown. We assessed the trend detection ability of two IBI formulations (one with traditional scoring and metrics, and one with nontraditional scoring and region-specific metrics) and of similarity and diversity indices using simulations that progressively altered the fish assemblages of 39 streams in the United States mid-Atlantic Highlands region. We also assessed responses to simulated 50% variability in fish abundances, as a measure of background “noise.” Fish assemblage indices responded little to changes that affected all species proportionally despite substantial changes in total fish number. Assemblage indices responded better to scenarios that differentially affected fish species, either according to life history traits or by increasing dominance of already common species, but even these changes took some time to detect relative to background variability levels. Ordinations of stream fish assemblage data suggested that differences among sites were maintained even after substantial alterations of fish composition within sites. IBIs are designed to detect broad assemblage differences among sites while downplaying abundance changes and variability increases that were the first indications of within-site changes, and they appear more suited to detecting large departures from natural fish assemblages than for monitoring gradual changes such as those our simulations produced. Inferences about causes of assemblage changes should be made with caution because of correlations among species traits and interdependence among IBI component metrics. Site trend assessments should be made based on all available data rather than just by summary indices.
A new cohomological formula for helicity in R2k+1 reveals the effect of a diffeomorphism on helicity

Abstract The helicity of a vector field is a measure of the average linking of pairs of integral curves of the field. Computed by a six-dimensional integral, it is widely useful in the physics of fluids. For a divergence-free field tangent to the boundary of a domain in 3-space, helicity is known to be invariant under volume-preserving diffeomorphisms of the domain that are homotopic to the identity. We give a new construction of helicity for closed ( k + 1 ) -forms on a domain in ( 2 k + 1 ) -space that vanish when pulled back to the boundary of the domain. Our construction expresses helicity in terms of a cohomology class represented by the form when pulled back to the compactified configuration space of pairs of points in the domain. We show that our definition is equivalent to the standard one. We use our construction to give a new formula for computing helicity by a four-dimensional integral. We provide a Biot–Savart operator that computes a primitive for such forms; utilizing it, we obtain another formula for helicity. As a main result, we find a general formula for how much the value of helicity changes when the form is pushed forward by a diffeomorphism of the domain; it relies upon understanding the effect of the diffeomorphism on the homology of the domain and the de Rham cohomology class represented by the form. Our formula allows us to classify the helicity-preserving diffeomorphisms on a given domain, finding new helicity-preserving diffeomorphisms on the two-holed solid torus and proving that there are no new helicity-preserving diffeomorphisms on the standard solid torus. We conclude by defining helicities for forms on submanifolds of Euclidean space. In addition, we provide a detailed exposition of some standard ‘folk’ theorems about the cohomology of the boundary of domains in R 2 k + 1 .
Soft parametric curve matching in scale-space

We develop a softassign method for application to curve matching. Softassign uses deterministic annealing to iteratively optimize the parameters of an energy function. It also incorporates outlier rejection by converting the energy into a stochastic matrix with entries for rejection probability. Previous applications of the method focused on finding transformations between unordered point sets. Thus, no topological constraints were required. In our application, we must consider the topology of the matching between the reference and the target curve. Our energy function also depends upon the rotation and scaling between the curves. Thus, we develop a topologically correct algorithm to update the arc length correspondence, which is then used to update the similarity transformation. We further enhance robustness by using a scale-space description of the curves. This results in a curve-matching tool that, given an approximate initialization, is invariant to similarity transformations. We demonstrate the reliability of the technique by applying it to open and closed curves extracted from real patient images (cortical sulci in three dimensions and corpora callosa in two dimensions). The set of transformations is then used to compute anatomical atlases.
Using performance measurement to improve programs

An unprecedented challenge to the evaluation profession has arisen from the increasing demand for documentation of results of public and nonprofit programs. The current status of performance measurement efforts is described in this chapter, and many challenges facing program managers and other users of performance data are identified.
Dispersion of Rock Bass along the South Shore of Lake Ontario

Abstract From 1972 through 1981, 7,008 rock bass Ambloplites rupestris were tagged at sites along the southern shore of Lake Ontario; 854 tags (12.2%) were returned by anglers or recovered in the tagging program. Mean time and distance between tagging and recapture were 238 days and 15.5 km. Mean distance between release and recapture sites increased with time. One fish was taken 241 km from the release point. Rock bass tagged and recaptured in the prespawning period dispersed further than those tagged and recaptured after spawning. The predominantly eastward current along the southern shore of Lake Ontario had little overall effect on rock bass movements, but localized current patterns were reflected in dispersal. When dispersal from sites influenced by a thermal power-plant discharge was compared to that from control sites, slightly more rock bass stayed in warmer plume areas than in nonplume areas, although few remained long in any one location. As has been found with other animal species, dispersal of...
THE RELATIONSHIP OF CONDUCTION VELOCITY TO STRETCH DUE TO GROWTH FOR A PERIPHERAL NERVE IN THE CAT.

Abstract An analog cross-correlator was used to sort peripheral nerve electrical activity as to conduction velocity with a high degree of accuracy. Activity was recorded from a cutaneous branch of the tibial nerve which innervates a portion of the skin of the plantar region of the hind leg of the cat. The conduction velocities of the myelinated and unmyelinated fiber groups in response to natural stimuli were compared for activity originating in the caudal end of the area of innervation to that originating in the rostral end. For the unmyelinated fiber group there were no significant differences in conduction velocities between the rostral and caudal ends. For the myelinated fiber group, the caudal A, alpha-beta conducted 11% faster and the caudal A, delta-gamma conducted 6% faster than the rostral groups, respectively. In terms of saltatory conduction, these results confirm the hypothesis that the number of nodes (Ranvier) remains constant and, due to stretching, the internodal distance increases. Fibers of a given size, which are further from the cord, stretch more than fibers closer to the cord and consequently have greater conduction velocity.
Electron Probe Microanalysis of Human Enamel Microstructure

An electron probe microanalyzer was used to determine compositional variations of the Ca/P ratio in the core and sheath areas of individual rods in human enamel. The Ca/P ratio in the core is that of a calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite, whereas the ratio in the sheath is that of almost stoichiometric apatite. Treatment with HCl or EDTA alters the Ca/P ratio in the core and the sheath.
COULOMB SELF-ENERGY OF AXIAL FIGURES

A new method of computing the Coulomb self-energy of uniform axial figures is developed. The energy is expressed as a sum of slice-slice interactions plus the self-energy of each slice. Analytical formulas are derived for these energies and are presented in numerical tables. The method is tested numerically by comparing its results with the exact self-energies of certain simple figures.
Thrombospondin 2 Modulates Collagen Fibrillogenesis and Angiogenesis

Thrombospondin 2 (TSP2)-null mice, generated by targeted disruption of the Thbs2 gene, display a complex phenotype that is characterized, in part, by a variety of connective tissue abnormalities and increased vascular density in skin and subcutaneous tissues. In this paper we summarize the evidence that TSP2 functions as a matricellular protein to influence cell function by modulating cell–matrix interactions, rather than acting as an integral component of the matrix. Thus, the structurally abnormal collagen fibrils detected in skin appear to be the consequence of the defective adhesion demonstrated by dermal fibroblasts in culture that, in turn, result from increased matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2, gelatinase A) production by these cells. Corroborating evidence for such a mode of action comes from transmission electron microscopic images of developing flexor muscle tendons that show distinct abnormalities in fibroblast–collagen fibril interactions in TSP2-null tissue. The increased vascular density seen in skin of TSP2-null mice can be reproduced in a number of models of injury, including subcutaneous implantation of polyvinyl alcohol sponges and silicone rubber discs, and excisional skin wounds. Experiments are proposed to distinguish between a primarily endothelial cell versus an extracellular matrix origin for the increased angiogenesis in TSP2-null mice.
Online optimal power flow with renewables

Optimal power flow (OPF) is a critical control task for reliable and efficient operation of power grids. Significant challenges are anticipated in the development of future power systems, as a substantial amount of inherently uncertain renewable resources are incorporated, imposing volatile dynamics to the grid. In this work, an online learning approach, which does not require elaborate models for uncertainty, yet is capable of providing a provable performance guarantee, is adopted to tackle the OPF with renewables in an online fashion. A two-stage procedure is considered, where the conventional generation level is committed before the renewable output is revealed, followed by spot market transactions to account for imbalance. Simulated tests with a 30-bus case show that, under high variability of renewables, the proposed hedging scheme beats a static alternative, which solves two OPF problems per time slot.
Survey of soil testing programs for turfgrasses

Abstract A study was conducted to determine differences among soil testing laboratories in soil sampling and testing procedures and in fertilizer recommendations for turfgrass maintenance and establishment. Seven soil samples and a questionnaire concerning procedures and recommendations were sent to seven laboratories. Laboratories differed in recommended sampling depths; extracting solutions; ranges for nutrient levels in high, medium, and low categories; and in recommendations for various species and varieties. For laboratories using the same extractants, pH and nutrient levels were similar; however, considerable differences occurred in limestone and fertilizer recommendations based on the laboratory results.
Multicriteria reliability-based structural optimization☆

Abstract The paper addresses the problem of efficiently designing structural systems subject to reliability constraints imposed at both serviceability and ultimate limit states. The serviceability performance constraint ensures acceptable safety level against first plastic hinge occurrence, while the ultimate performance constraint ensures adequate safety against plastic collapse. The multicriteria reliability-based optimization problem with unserviceability and collapse as the failure criteria is presented for different optimum design formulations. The optimization is performed by using the feasible directions method. It is concluded that multicriteria reliability-based optimization has substantial potential for application in optimal design of structural systems.