cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychosocial Predictors of BRCA Counseling and Testing Decisions among Urban African-American Women

Genetic counseling and testing for mutations in XXX (BRCA)1/2 genes that increase breast cancer susceptibility potentially offer a number of benefits (e.g., more informed decision making regarding breast cancer prevention options) but also raise potential problems (e.g., issues of discrimination). However, the literature suggests that African-American women underuse genetics-related services. Therefore, the primary aim of the current study was to investigate predictors of the use of genetic counseling and testing for breast cancer susceptibility in this population. Participants were 76 African-Americans at increased risk for breast cancer attributable to their family history of the disease. Participants were recruited from an urban cancer screening clinic and completed measures assessing sociodemographic information, breast cancer knowledge, breast cancer-specific emotional distress, and perceived benefits of and barriers to BRCA testing. Free BRCA counseling and testing were offered to all interested participants, and measures were completed before counseling sessions. On the basis of their subsequent acceptance or refusal of these services, participants were described as having either: (a) declined BRCA-related genetic counseling (GC-); (b) participated in genetic counseling but refused genetic testing (GC+GT-); or (c) participated in both genetic counseling and testing (GC+GT+). Results revealed that participants who declined counseling had significantly less knowledge of breast cancer genetics than those who accepted both counseling and testing. No differences emerged among the three groups in terms of perceived benefits of testing. However, participants declining counseling demonstrated significantly higher perceived barrier scores compared with those accepting counseling and testing. Specifically, those who did not participate in counseling reported greater anticipation of negative emotional responses to testing and more concern about stigmatization, whereas those who underwent both counseling and testing had significantly lower family-related guilt. Finally, cancer-specific distress was positively associated with participation in counseling, regardless of participation in testing. The current findings underscore the need for refinement of outreach and intervention efforts that both increase awareness of BRCA counseling and testing among African-American women and provide information to those considering these options.
Predicting disease progression in childhood cerebellar astrocytoma

Pediatric cerebellar astrocytomas are frequently curable by complete surgical resection. However, even incompletely resected tumors may lie dormant indefinitely or spontaneously involute, and tumors thought to be completely excised have reappeared in the same location several years later. Because of the unpredictable nature of some cerebellar astrocytomas, this study was designed to analyze several variables for their potential value in predicting disease progression. The charts of 78 children treated at a children's hospital between 1966 and 1993 were reviewed; 62 tumors were pilocytic, 13 were fibrillary, and 3 were mixed oligoastrocytomas. Four children had the additional diagnosis of neurofibromatosis type 1, and those children were considered separately. Of the remaining 74 children, 48 underwent postoperative contrast-enhanced computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Of those 48 children, 17 had residual disease, and in 15 cases the tumor volume could be measured. Frequently the surgeon's report conflicted with the postoperative scan regarding the presence of residual disease. However, the surgeon's report of brainstem infiltration correlated highly with residual disease on postoperative imaging. On univariate Cox analysis, sex, age, tumor location, and tumor morphology did not show prognostic significance. In spite of their differences, the surgeon's report of residual tumor and the presence of residual disease on postoperative imaging were similar in their correlation with disease progression. However, on multivariate analysis, the volume of residual tumor was most closely linked with disease progression. Only the presence of fibrillary histology significantly complemented the volume of residual tumor as a negative prognostic indicator.
Finding sequence motifs in groups of functionally related proteins

We have developed a method for rapidly finding patterns of conserved amino acid residues (motifs) in groups of functionally related proteins. All 3-amino acid patterns in a group of proteins of the type aa1 d1 aa2 d2 aa3, where d1 and d2 are distances that can be varied in a range up to 24 residues, are accumulated into an array. Segments of the proteins containing those patterns that occur most frequently are aligned on each other by a scoring method that obtains an average relatedness value for all the amino acids in each column of the aligned sequence block based on the Dayhoff relatedness odds matrix. The automated method successfully finds and displays nearly all of the sequence motifs that have been previously reported to occur in 33 reverse transcriptases, 18 DNA integrases, and 30 DNA methyltransferases.
PEG–lipid micelles as drug carriers: physiochemical attributes, formulation principles and biological implication

PEG-lipid micelles, primarily conjugates of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and distearyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE) or PEG-DSPE, have emerged as promising drug-delivery carriers to address the shortcomings associated with new molecular entities with suboptimal biopharmaceutical attributes. The flexibility in PEG-DSPE design coupled with the simplicity of physical drug entrapment have distinguished PEG-lipid micelles as versatile and effective drug carriers for cancer therapy. They were shown to overcome several limitations of poorly soluble drugs such as non-specific biodistribution and targeting, lack of water solubility and poor oral bioavailability. Therefore, considerable efforts have been made to exploit the full potential of these delivery systems; to entrap poorly soluble drugs and target pathological sites both passively through the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and actively by linking the terminal PEG groups with targeting ligands, which were shown to increase delivery efficiency and tissue specificity. This article reviews the current state of PEG-lipid micelles as delivery carriers for poorly soluble drugs, their biological implications and recent developments in exploring their active targeting potential. In addition, this review sheds light on the physical properties of PEG-lipid micelles and their relevance to the inherent advantages and applications of PEG-lipid micelles for drug delivery.
Product availabilty as a strategic variable: The implications of regulating retailer stockouts

We study product availability as a strategic variable in a sequential game between consumers and a monopolist. We use a perfect Bayesian equilibrium concept to solve the game under different regulatory regimes. We show that under certain assumptions about the regulatory environment, a two-price equilibrium in which the quantity of the lower-priced good is limited may exist even when a single retailer sells two brands that are perfect substitutes. The FTC Guides Against Bait Advertising are shown to be potentially welfare enhancing as they facilitate commitment on the part of a monopolist credibly to plan for stockouts. Paradoxically, our analysis suggests that the more stringent FTC regulation prohibiting stockouts by retail food stores from 1971 to 1988 was Pareto worsening, as it removed the monopolist's commitment mechanism.
The Leadership Teachings of Geronimo: How 19 defeated 5000

This article presents a review of the book “The Leadership Teachings of Geronimo: How 19 Defeated 5000,” by Donald J. Fielder.
Molar absorptivity and A1cm1% values for proteins at selected wavelengths of the ultraviolet and visible regions—XXI

Abstract A table of molar absorptivity and A 1cm 1% values for more than 125 proteins is given. The conditions used to obtain these values and references to the original literature are also given.
Simultaneous downconversion and reconfigurable filtering of microwave signals by programmable comb shaping

We perform photonic downconversion of microwave signals using an optical frequency comb in a dispersive-delay-line geometry. Programmable analog filtering in the 0–5GHz IF band is achieved through optical arbitrary waveform generation.
Pediatric ulcerative colitis: current treatment approaches including role of infliximab

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that can lead to derangements in the growth, nutritional status, and psychosocial development of affected children. There are several medical options for the induction and maintenance of disease remission, but the benefits of these medications need to be carefully weighed against the risks, especially in the pediatric population. As the etiology of the disease has become increasingly understood, newer therapeutic alternatives have arisen in the form of biologic therapies, which are monoclonal antibodies targeted to a specific protein or receptor. This review will discuss the classical treatments for children with ulcerative colitis, including 5-aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, thiopurine immunomodulators, and calcineurin inhibitors, with a particular focus on the newer class of anti-tumor necrosis factor-α agents.
Feasibility of Modern Airships: Preliminary Assessment

Attention is given to the NASA program, Feasibility Study of Modern Airships, initiated to investigate potential research and technology programs associated with airship development. A historical survey of the program is presented, including the development of past airship concepts, aerodynamical and design improvements, structure and material concepts, and research in controls, avionics, instrumentation, flight operations, and ground handling. A mission analysis was carried out which considered passenger and cargo transportation, heavy-lift, short-haul applications, surveillance missions, and the transportation of natural gas. A vehicle parametric analysis examined the entire range of airship concepts, discussing both conventional airships and hybrids. Various design options were evaluated, such as choice of structural materials, use of boundary-layer control, and choice of lifting gas.
Effects of muscarinic receptor agonists and antagonists on α2-adrenoceptors in rat brain

Abstract The specific binding of [ 3 H]clonidine to α 2 -adrenoceptors on neural membranes isolated from six brain areas was determined with rats treated for various periods of time with the muscarinic agonists, oxotremorine or pilocarpine, or with the muscarinic antagonists atropine, atropine methyl nitrate, scopolamine and scopolamine methyl bromide. Administration of pilocarpine, 10 mg/kg, twice daily i.p. for 1 and 14 days increased markedly the number of α 2 -adrenoceptors on neural membranes from all six brain areas. In contrast, oxotremorine, 0.3 mg/kg, twice daily i.p., for 7 days decreased the number of α 2 -adrenoceptors on membranes from all brain areas except the brainstem and caudate nucleus. Both atropine and scopolamine increased the density of α 2 -adrenoceptors in specific brain areas. Neither atropine methyl nitrate nor scopolamine methyl bromide had an appreciable effect upon the specific binding of [ 3 H]clonidine to neural membranes from most brain areas.
The Logic of Uncertainty with Irrational Agents

Modern axiomatic uncertainty theories (fuzzy logic, probability theory and others) provide a calculus for manipulating with probabilities, membership functions, and degrees of belief when the initial values such as probabilities of elementary events are already given. These theories do not include a mechanism for getting initial uncertainty values. The value of these theories is in computing uncertainties of complex events that follow a structure imposed by axioms of a specific uncertainty theory. The lack of internal mechanism for getting initial values often means in the end that the same mechanism is applied for getting initial probability values, fuzzy logic membership functions, and belief functions. This is a source of much confusion -what is the real difference between all of these theories. A resolution of this confusion is critical from both theoretical and practical viewpoints. We argue that adding an internal mechanism of getting uncertainty values means adding irrational, conflicting and interacting agents along with their contexts.
A Review of the Health Beliefs and Lifestyle Behaviors of Women with Previous Gestational Diabetes

ABSTRACT Objective To critically review and synthesize original research designed to examine the health beliefs, including risk perceptions and health behaviors related to diet and physical activity of women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus. Data Sources PubMed and CINAHL databases were searched for studies published in the last decade (1998-2008) that examined variables related to the health beliefs and behaviors of women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus. Keyword searches included health beliefs, health behaviors, perceived risk, gestational diabetes, type 2 diabetes, diet, physical activity, and postpartum. Study Selection Eight articles, representing 6 studies, were selected that met the inclusion criteria of original research, dependent variable of health beliefs and behaviors of women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus, and measurement after pregnancy. Data Extraction Articles were reviewed and discussed according to the concepts of risk perception and health beliefs, health behaviors related to diet and physical activity, and psychosocial factors related to women's health beliefs and behaviors. Data Synthesis Data revealed common health beliefs and behaviors of women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus, including low risk perceptions for future type 2 diabetes mellitus and suboptimal levels of physical activity and fruit and vegetable intake. The majority of studies revealed a distinct knowledge-behavior gap among women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus, whereas others revealed a lack of knowledge regarding necessary lifestyle modifications. Conclusions Findings from this review may assist women's health researchers and clinicians in developing appropriate interventions for increasing risk awareness, promoting self-efficacy for weight loss and physical activity behaviors, and decreasing rates of diabetes and cardiovascular disease among women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus. Further research is necessary to identify factors that influence the health beliefs and behaviors of women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus. Future research should focus on populations of greater racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic diversity, as the majority of studies have been conducted with non-Hispanic White, socioeconomically advantaged women.
Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in rural and urban Costa Rica.

BACKGROUNDCoronary artery disease (CAD) is becoming more prevalent in developing countries, particularly in the urban areas, in contrast to the CAD mortality trends observed in some industrialized nations.METHODS AND RESULTSWe determined the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, smoking, obesity, total cholesterol greater than or equal to 240 mg/dl and greater than or equal to 200 less than or equal to 239 mg/dl, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol greater than or equal to 160 mg/dl and greater than 130 less than or equal to 159 mg/dl, and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol less than 35 mg/dl) in 222 men and 243 women from rural and urban areas of Puriscal, Costa Rica, using the American Cholesterol Education Program guidelines. Urban Puriscal men had a significantly (p less than 0.05) higher prevalence of borderline high-risk total cholesterol (26% versus 14%), borderline high-risk LDL cholesterol (21% versus 11%), smoking (32% versus 13%), and higher prevalence...
Polar Aprotic Modifiers for Chromatographic Separation and Back-Exchange Reduction for Protein Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Monitored by Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry

Hydrogen/deuterium exchange monitored by mass spectrometry is an important non-perturbing tool to study protein structure and protein–protein interactions. However, water in the reversed-phase liquid chromatography mobile phase leads to back-exchange of D for H during chromatographic separation of proteolytic peptides following H/D exchange, resulting in incorrect identification of fast-exchanging hydrogens as unexchanged hydrogens. Previously, fast high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and supercritical fluid chromatography have been shown to decrease back-exchange. Here, we show that replacement of up to 40% of the water in the LC mobile phase by the modifiers, dimethylformamide (DMF) and N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) (i.e., polar organic modifiers that lack rapid exchanging hydrogens), significantly reduces back-exchange. On-line LC micro-ESI FT-ICR MS resolves overlapped proteolytic peptide isotopic distributions, allowing for quantitative determination of the extent of back-exchange. The DMF modified solvent composition also improves chromatographic separation while reducing back-exchange relative to conventional solvent.
A medical compound derived from herbs.

The “minimal track record” of medicinal compounds derived from Chinese herbal remedies reported in D. Normile's News Focus article “The new face of traditional Chinese medicine” (10 Jan., p. 188) can be augmented by one used in veterinary medicine, namely, halofuginone. A halogenated derivative of febrifugine, an alkaloid isolated from the ancient Chinese antimalarial herb Chang Shan, halofuginone was synthesized by American Cyanamid chemists ([1][1]). It has been sold for many years by Roussel-Uclaf and successor companies for use in poultry against coccidiosis, a parasitic disease closely related to malaria. A search of the Internet reveals that it is currently being investigated for use in humans, including use as a possible anticancer drug ([2][2]). 1. [↵][3]1. E. Waletzky, 2. G. Berkelhammer, 3. S. Kantor , U.S. Patent 3,320,124 (1967). 2. [↵][4]See [www.uicc.org/publ/pr/home/01112801.shtml][5] and [www.menshealthforum.org.uk/newsandevents/halo.htm][6]. [1]: #ref-1 [2]: #ref-2 [3]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [4]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2 in text" [5]: http://www.uicc.org/publ/pr/home/01112801.shtml [6]: http://www.menshealthforum.org.uk/newsandevents/halo.htm
A Single-Radar Technique for Estimating the Winds in Tropical Cyclones

A method for determining horizontal wind speeds in hurricanes using ground-based radars is presented and evaluated. The method makes use of the tracking reflectivity echos by correlation (TREC) method where individual features in radar reflectivity are tracked, from radar sweeps several minutes apart, by finding the maxima in the cross-correlation function between the two times. This method has been applied successfully in determining motions within the clear boundary layer where reflectors are insects and refractive index variations, but it generally has failed when applied to determining air motions by tracking precipitation elements in strong environmental shear. It appears to work in the lower few kilometers of the hurricane where the vertical wind shear is relatively weak. Examples are presented where the TREC algorithm is applied to three landfalling hurricanes: Hurricanes Hugo and Erin in the United States and Typhoon Herb in Taiwan. The results from Hugo, where the radar data were provided by a WS...
Effects of zinc on human skeletal alkaline phosphatase activity in vitro.

Inorganic phosphate (Pi) can regulate the level of skeletal alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in human osteoblast-like cells by stabilizing the enzyme (without affecting transcription, ALP release from the cell surface, or the amount of ALP protein). These observations suggest that Pi determines the level of ALP activity by modulating a process of irreversible inactivation. The current studies were intended to examine the hypothesis that this inactivation of ALP activity is caused by the dissociation of an active center Zn and that Pi inhibits that dissociation. Initial studies showed that Zn, like Pi, could increase ALP specific activity in human osteosarcoma SaOS-2 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner (e.g., a 50% increase at 0.2 micromol/liter Zn, P < 0.005). This effect was specific for Zn (i.e., no similar effect was seen with Ca, Fe, Co, Mg, Mn, or Cu), but not for SaOS-2 cells. Zn also increased ALP specific activity in (human osteosarcoma) MG-63 cells and in cells derived from normal human vertebrae (P < 0.001 for each). The effect of Zn to increase ALP activity was not associated with parallel increases in total protein synthesis, collagen production, or tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity (no change in any of these indices), net IGF-2 synthesis (a Zn-dependent decrease, P < 0.005), or PTH-dependent synthesis of cAMP (a biphasic increase, P < 0.02). Kinetic studies of Pi and Zn as co-effectors of ALP activity showed that Zn was a mixed-type effector with respect to Pi, whereas Pi was competitive with respect to Zn. Mechanistic studies showed that (1) Zn reversed the effect of Pi withdrawal to decrease ALP activity, but not by reactivating inactive ALP protein (the process required protein synthesis, without increases in ALP mRNA or the level of ALP immunoreactive protein); (2) Zn increased the half-life of ALP activity in intact cells and after a partial purification; and (3) Pi inhibited the process of ALP inactivation by EDTA (which chelates active center Zn). All these findings are consistent with the general hypothesis that Pi increases the half-life of skeletal ALP by preventing the dissociation of active center Zn and with a mechanistic model of skeletal ALP activity in which active center Zn participates in Pi-ester binding and/or hydrolysis.
Detection ofγ-crystallins in the developing amphibian lens by peroxidase-labelled antibodies

Antikorper, die entweder mit Fluoresceinisothiocyanat oder mit Peroxidase markiert waren, wurden auf ihre Spezifitat im Erkennen von Linsen-Antigenen untersucht. Beide Markierer ergeben gleiche Resultate: dieγ-Kristalline konnen in den Linsenfaserzellen lokalisiert werden, nicht aber in den Linsenepithelzellen.
Gray or For Colored Girls Who Are Tired of Chasing Rainbows: Race and Reflexivity

Reflexivity interrogates the cause and effect of self-awareness and self-reference in qualitative work. This article uses reflexivity to resolve the meaning and implications that race has on ethnog...
Finding a Hamiltonian Path in a Cube with Specified Turns is Hard

We prove the NP-completeness of finding a Hamiltonian path in an N ×N ×N cube graph with turns exactly at specified lengths along the path. This result establishes NP-completeness of Snake Cube puzzles: folding a chain of N 3 unit cubes, joined at face centers (usually by a cord passing through all the cubes), into an N × N × N cube. Along the way, we prove a universality result that zig-zag chains (which must turn every unit) can fold into any polycube after 4×4×4 refinement, or into any Hamiltonian polycube after 2 × 2 × 2 refinement.
Acute demyelination disrupts the molecular organization of peripheral nervous system nodes

Intraneurally injected lysolecithin causes both segmental and paranodal demyelination. In demyelinated internodes, axonal components of nodes fragment and disappear, glial and axonal paranodal and juxtaparanodal proteins no longer cluster, and axonal Kv1.1/Kv1.2 K+ channels move from the juxtaparanodal region to appose the remaining heminodes. In paranodal demyelination, a gap separates two distinct heminodes, each of which contains the molecular components of normal nodes; paranodal and juxtaparanodal proteins are properly localized. As in normal nodes, widened nodal regions contain little or no band 4.1B. Lysolecithin also causes "unwinding" of paranodes: The spiral of Schwann cell membrane moves away from the paranodes, but the glial and axonal components of septate-like junctions remain colocalized. Thus, acute demyelination has distinct effects on the molecular organization of the nodal, paranodal, and juxtaparanodal region, reflecting altered axon-Schwann cell interactions.
A new proof for monotone likelihood ratio for the sum of independent bernoulli random variables

By use of an inequality of Marcus and Lopes for elementary symmetric functions, a new proof is presented for the following result by Ghurye and Wallace: Given that the independent random variablesX j are Bernoulli with success probabilityp j (θ) strictly between 0 and 1 and nondecreasing inθ, the sum ΣX j has monotone likelihood ratio.
On the 1-factors of n-connected graphs

Abstract L. W. Beineke and M. D. Plummer have recently proved [1] that every n -connected graph with a 1-factor has at least n different 1-factors. The main purpose of this paper is to prove that every n -connected graph with a 1-factor has at least as many as n ( n − 2)( n − 4) … 4 · 2, (or: n ( n − 2)( n − 4) … 5 · 3) 1-factors. The main lemma used is: if a 2-connected graph G has a 1-factor, then G contains a vertex V (and even two such vertices), such that each edge of G , incident to V , belongs to some 1-factor of G .
Comparison of SCC-DFTB and NDDO-based semiempirical molecular orbital methods for organic molecules.

Extensive testing of the SCC−DFTB method has been performed, permitting direct comparison to data available for NDDO-based semiempirical methods. For 34 diverse isomerizations of neutral molecules containing the elements C, H, N, and O, the mean absolute errors (MAE) for the enthalpy changes are 2.7, 3.2, 5.0, 5.1, and 7.2 kcal/mol from PDDG/PM3, B3LYP/6-31G(d), PM3, SCC−DFTB, and AM1, respectively. A more comprehensive test was then performed by computing heats of formation for 622 neutral, closed-shell H, C, N, and O-containing molecules; the MAE of 5.8 kcal/mol for SCC−DFTB is intermediate between AM1 (6.8 kcal/mol) and PM3 (4.4 kcal/mol) and significantly higher than for PDDG/PM3 (3.2 kcal/mol). Similarly, SCC−DFTB is found to be less accurate for heats of formation of ions and radicals; however, it is more accurate for conformational energetics and intermolecular interaction energies, though none of the methods perform well for hydrogen bonds with strengths under ca. 7 kcal/mol. SCC−DFTB and the NDDO...
Anomalies in the lattice parameters and residual stress of coatings made by physical vapor deposition methods

Abstract Coatings of TiN, ZrN and HfN were deposited onto stainless steel by reactive sputtering at a basis of —100 V. The lattice parameters and residual stress are very different on the different crystal planes in each of the films. They show anomalously low lattice parameters on the {200} family of planes coupled with ψ splitting from the (400) planes. This condition is not changed by an equilibrium annealing treatment of 1 h at 900 °C. The results are discussed in terms of lattice defects such as ultramicrocracking and distortion occuring during the deposition process, and plastic flow due to differential thermal contraction. The effects cannot be separated and further studies are indicated.
Altered stearoyl-CoA desaturase activities in Morris hepatomas 5123C and 7800.

The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced form, dependent microsomal stearoyl-CoA desaturase activities were determined in Morris hepatomas 5123C and 7800 and compared with those of the host livers. In hepatoma 5123C, the desaturase activity was ca. one-third that of the host liver. One week on a fat-free high-carbohydrate diet did not alter the desaturase activities of the hepatomas, whereas the host liver desaturase activities increased ca. three times. Fatty acid synthetase activity of the hepatoma 5123C was ca. one-fourth and that of hepatoma 7800 was ca. the same as that of the host liver, suggesting that the decreased desaturase activity of the hepatoma 5123C is mainly due to the decreased overall lipogenesis.
Modal-space control for articulated characters

We present a novel control algorithm for simulating an articulated character performing a given reference motion and its variations. The unique feature of our controller is its ability to make a long-horizon plan at every time step. Our algorithm overcomes the computational hurdle by applying modal analysis on a time-varying linear dynamic system. We exploit the properties of modal coordinates in two ways. First, we design separate control strategies for dynamically decoupled modes. Second, our controller only applies long-horizon planning on a subset of modes, largely reducing the size of the control problem. With this decoupled and reduced control system, the character is able to execute the reference motion while reacting to unexpected perturbations and anticipating changes in the environment. We demonstrate our results by simulating a variety of reference motions, such as walking, squatting, jumping, and swinging.
Limiting false data attacks on power system state estimation

Malicious attacks against power system state estimation are considered. It has been recently observed that if an adversary is able to manipulate the measurements taken at several meters in a power system, it can sometimes change the state estimate at the control center in a way that will never be detected by classical bad data detectors. However, in cases when the adversary is not able to perform this attack, it was not clear what attacks might look like. An easily computable heuristic is developed to find bad adversarial attacks in all cases. This heuristic recovers the undetectable attacks, but it will also find the most damaging attack in all cases. In addition, a Bayesian formulation of the bad data problem is introduced, which captures the prior information that a control center has about the likely state of the power system. This formulation softens the impact of undetectable attacks. Finally, a new L ∞ norm detector is introduced, and it is demonstrated that it outperforms more standard L 2 norm based detectors by taking advantage of the inherent sparsity of the false data injection.
E‐books: the future for publishers and libraries

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a conference report on the issues surrounding the emergence of e‐books discussed during panels and presentations at the 2011 Frankfurt Book Fair (October 12‐16).Design/methodology/approach – This report was generated based on the author's personal observations at the Book Fair, combined with research into the topic of e‐book pricing and purchasing models.Findings – The paper finds that publishers have not yet developed an appropriate business model for pricing and distributing e‐books, which will affect libraries. While this business model is still “up in the air,” libraries should communicate their needs to publishers. Ideally, this can help in creating a model that benefits both publishers and libraries, and therefore the public.Originality/value – This paper provides a look at the issues publishers are facing from the perspective of one of their major markets – libraries. The unique perspective of a librarian at a publisher's trade fair is given through...
Response-contingent CS termination in the extinction of avoidance learning.

Abstract Five groups of rats were employed in a 2×2 plus control group design with flooding (100 sec exposure to the CS alone vs. twenty 5-sec. exposures) and confinement as the independent variables. After learning a two-way avoidance response, experimental groups received one of the four treatments while the controls rested. During nine days of regular extinction which followed, the avoidance responses of all experimental groups were equally (and virtually) extinguished from the first day; controls showed little extinction. The four treatment procedures had in common that CS termination was not response-contingent; this was hypothesized to be responsible for the elimination of the response. To test this hypothesis all S s were retaught the response following which the controls received extinction with non-response-contingent CS termination while the experimental animals received response-contingent CS termination. The results of the first extinction were reversed. It was concluded that avoidance responding is “inextinguishable” only so long as the response results in CS termination. Generalizing to humans, the study supports the conclusion that total duration of exposure to the CS and inability on the part of the patient to terminate the CS may be the two essential factors in successful behavioral treatment of phobias.
The Value of Theory for Enhancing and Understanding e-Health Interventions

,5,6 But a key question remains:What are the causal psychological and social processes and intermediate outcomes that leadto their demonstrated successes? That is a call for theory to help researchers develop, implementand evaluate those interventions.7 Theory provides a framework guiding the selection ofintervention components from a huge array of what might work, it guides the choice of studydesign and samples, and it helps select appropriate outcomes for measuring the effects of theintervention. In fact, as Kurt Lewin famously noted a half-century ago, “nothing is quite sopractical as a good theory.
Cone-Beam Micro-CT System Based on LabVIEW Software

Construction of a cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) system for laboratory research usually requires integration of different software and hardware components. As a result, building and operating such a complex system require the expertise of researchers with significantly different backgrounds. Additionally, writing flexible code to control the hardware components of a CBCT system combined with designing a friendly graphical user interface (GUI) can be cumbersome and time consuming. An intuitive and flexible program structure, as well as the program GUI for CBCT acquisition, is presented in this note. The program was developed in National Instrument’s Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench (LabVIEW) graphical language and is designed to control a custom-built CBCT system but has been also used in a standard angiographic suite. The hardware components are commercially available to researchers and are in general provided with software drivers which are LabVIEW compatible. The program structure was designed as a sequential chain. Each step in the chain takes care of one or two hardware commands at a time; the execution of the sequence can be modified according to the CBCT system design. We have scanned and reconstructed over 200 specimens using this interface and present three examples which cover different areas of interest encountered in laboratory research. The resulting 3D data are rendered using a commercial workstation. The program described in this paper is available for use or improvement by other researchers.
Photoaffinity labeling of chick intestinal 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor

Abstract The photoaffinity labeling of chick intestinal 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 receptor with 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 -3β-{N-(-4-azido-2-nitro[3,5- 3 H]phenyl)}glycinate has been determined under a variety of conditions .
The induction of accelerated murine amyloid with human splenic extract. Probable role of amyloid enhancing factor.

Amyloid enhancing factor (AEF) is derived from the tissues of pre-amyloidotic and amyloidotic animals and, when transfered, greatly accelerates amyloid induction in the recipient murine models. It has also been reported that similarly accelerated amyloid induction can be achieved in mice by injection of human splenic homogenates from patients with amyloidosis. The present study has attempted to characterize further the mechanism of this “heterologous transfer of amyloid”. Treatment of mice with the “tissue homogenate” or the “AEF extract” of AA-, AL-and Aprealbumin-laden human spleens followed by daily subcutaneous casein injections induced amyloidosis in an accelerated fashion. The resultant amyloid deposits in mice had strongly positive immunohistochemical reactions with anti-mouse AA, and negative reaction with anti-human AA or anti-human prealbumin. The results lend support to the idea that accelerated amyloid induction in the recipient mice is unlikely to be due to transfer of human amyloid substance, but rather to formation of “native” murine amyloid under the influence of a human AEF factor similar to or identical with AEF described in mouse-to mouse transfer models.
Gadolinium Borosilicate Glass-Bonded Gd-Silicate Apatite: A Glass-Ceramic Nuclear Waste Form for Actinides

A Gd-rich crystalline phase precipitated in a sodium gadolinium alumino-borosilicate glass during synthesis. The glass has a chemical composition of 45.39-31.13 wt% Gd2O3, 28.80-34.04 wt% SiO2, 10.75-14.02 wt% Na2O, 4.30-5.89 wt% Al2O3, and 10.75-14.91 wt% B2O3. Backscattered electron images revealed that the crystals are hexagonal, elongated, acicular, prismatic, skeletal or dendritic, tens of mm in size, some reaching 200 mm in length. Electron microprobe analysis confirmed that the crystals are chemically homogeneous and have a formula of NaGd9(SiO4)6O2 with minor B substitution for Si. The X-ray diffraction pattern of this phase is similar to that of lithium gadolinium silicate apatite. Thus, this hexagonal phase is a rare earth silicate with the apatite structure. We suggest that this Gd-silicate apatite in a Gd-borosilicate glass is a potential glass-ceramic nuclear waste form for actinide disposition. Am, Cm and other actinides can easily occupy the Gd-sites. The potential advantages of this glass-ceramic waste form include: (1) both the glass and apatite can be used to immobilize actinides, (2) silicate apatite is thermodynamically more stable than the glass, (3) borosilicate glass-bonded Gd-silicate apatite is easily fabricated, and (4) the Gd is an effective neutron absorber.
Models for the assessment of the value of forecast information

This paper reviews, extends and applies alternative normative decision models for the assessment of the value of forecast information, concentrating primarily on the factors influencing the tractability of assessment and interpretation in specific decision problems. As an empirical illustration of t lhe models, the paper presents a valuation analysis of the published judgmental price forecasts of a veteran analyst of the hog market to a perfectly competitive farm enterprise.
Bone particles from osteopetrotic mice not cured by bone marrow transplants are resorbed in normal littermates.

Abstract Osteosclerotic (oc/oc) and osteopetrotic (op/op) mice are not cured by bone marrow transplantation from normal littermates. The possibility that this is due to production of poorly resorbable bone was examined by comparing the fate of mutant and normal bone particles implanted subcutaneously in normal hosts. Bone, removed aseptically from calvarial and tibial sites of normal littermates and mutants, was cleaned of adherent soft tissue, ground and sieved to a particle size of 70–300 μm. Aliquots (17–20 mg) of bone from each phenotype of each stock were pelleted and implanted beneath the anterior thoracic skin of normal littermates for two weeks. Particle density in tissue sections was determined as percent of field by a point-counting method. Giant cell response was recorded as number per high-power field. Percent bone present initially was determined in pellets implanted for less than 24 hr. Bone particles were reduced in each pellet with time, about 25% of the original volume being removed in two weeks. No statistically significant differences were noted in the rates of disappearance of mutant and normal bone or in the percentage or number of giant cells in implants of mutant and normal bone in either stock. Furthermore, these values were not different from identical studies in microphthalmic mice, an osteopetrotic stock cured by bone marrow transplantation. These data suggest that the failure of osteopetrotic and osteosclerotic mice to be cured by bone marrow transplants from normal littermates is not due to the presence of unresorbable bone.
Influence of cell dissociation and culture of chick embryo ventricle on inotropic responses to calcium and lanthanum.

The inotropic effects of calcium ion [Ca2+] and lanthanum ion [La3+] were studied in cultures of chick embryo ventricular cells, and strips of chick embryo ventricular myocardium in a muscle bath. Compared to intact strips, cultured cells required a lower external [Ca2+] to achieve maximal inotropic stimulation. Single cultured cells required an external [Ca2+] of 1.8 mm, monolayers of cultured cells a [Ca2+] of 3.6 mm, and intact strips a [Ca2+] of 9.2 mm for maximum inotropic stimulation. There were also marked differences in sensitivity to depressant effects of [La3+] in these preparations. A 50% decrease in amplitude of contraction of monolayers occurred 3 min following exposure to [La3+] of 10−3 mm, whereas a [La3+] of 5 mm was required to achieve a similar effect in intact myocardial strips. These alterations of inotropic responses to [Ca2+] and [La3+] following dissociation and culture of chick embryo ventricle may be due in part to alterations of the cell membrane surface components which bind these ions.
Fifth International Conference on Ovarian Cancer: Challenges and opportunities

Abstract Objective This paper provides a summary of the presentations given at the Fifth International Conference on Ovarian Cancer in Houston, Texas on December 1–4, 2004. Methods and Results The focus of this meeting was to discuss the most current information regarding development, progression, diagnosis, and therapy of ovarian cancer. The presentations at this conference were grouped into 7 sessions, and are summarized in this paper as follows: ovarian cancer biology, novel therapeutic approaches, surgical and pathological controversies, quality of life/biobehavioral aspects of ovarian cancer, screening/prevention approaches, management of uncommon ovarian cancers, and treatment controversies. Conclusion While many challenges remain in the overall management of ovarian carcinoma, the speakers at this conference reviewed the opportunities available to scientists and clinicians to work collaboratively to make advances.
A provincial hospital C.C.U. after ISIS 2.

A prospective study of admissions to an Irish provincial coronary care unit in the light of reported benefits of streptokinase and oral aspirin as reported in the Isis study was carried out. of 115 patients admitted with suspected myocardial infarction (M.I.), the diagnosis was confirmed in 41. The average delay from onset of chest pain to admission to C.C.U. was 6.65 hours (0.3 – 18 hours, median 6 hours). Twenty-six of the 41 patients were given streptokinase after a median time lapse of six hours from the onset of pain. 88% of the M.I. patients were on oral aspirin at discharge but only 12% were on oral beta blockers. These findings are compared with the findings of the Isis 2 study worldwide and in Ireland. The presence of risk factors in the patients with M.I. is analysed, 16 of the 41 had serum cholesterol levels greater than 6 mmols/1. As an index of community risk factor screening, an enquiry was made of the patients and of their family doctor as to whether serum cholesterol had previously been checked, this had been done in only 12 of 41 and in only 2 had it been carried out by the family doctor. Pre-hospital analgesic use was also examined and 36 of the 41 patients had chest pain and were seen by their G.P.s but only 18 were given analgesics of whom 13 received morphine. We conclude that greater public education is necessary to reduce the delay in summoning help after an M.I., greater efforts are needed by hospitals to streamline admissions to the C.C.U. and to provide mobile C.C.U. in rural areas and greater efforts are required by family doctors to provide risk factor screening and to provide adequate analgesia in patients with M.I. prior to hospital admission.
Identities for negative moments of quadratic forms in normal variables

Two formulas for the central inverse moments of a quadratic form in normal variables and of the ratio of such forms are established. They relate the quadratic form determined by a positive definite matrix to that defined by the inverse matrix.
Differential Mortaiity Response of Lepidopteran Defoliators to Insecticides Deposited within Three Strata of Wide- and Narrow-Row Soybeans

Field studies were conducted at two locations within Mississippi to determine the efficacy of aerially applied insecticides within the canopies of wide- and narrow-row soybeans. Water-sensitive cards were placed at three locations within the two canopy types to monitor physical penetration of insecticides in terms of droplets per square centimeter and mean percentage of coverage of the foliage. Estimates of mortality for the soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), in central Mississippi, and for the soybean looper, velvet bean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner, and green cloverworm, Plathypena scabra (F.), in south Mississippi were also obtained at three vertical strata. Permethrin (central Mississippi) or methyl parathion (south Mississippi) was applied to both canopies via fixed-wing aircraft and plots were sampled on four postapplication dates. Data suggest that the degree of larva mortality from insecticides differs between row-spacing systems at each vertical stratum. In general, narrow row widths reduced the overall efficacy of an insecticide, but the magnitude of the difference was dependent on the target species. These data are significantly correlated with data on physical penetration of the insecticide, but a great deal of variation is left unexplained. Results of these experiments may assist growers and applicators who have experienced poor control from materials known to be efficacious.
Creep Behavior of SMA Type 316 Weld Metal With Controlled Residual Elements

Type 316 stainless steel filler metal is a candidate material for welds in piping and other components of Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactors. There are few elevated-temperature tensile and creep data for type 316 weld metal in the literature, and reported properties vary widely with material batches or welding process variables. A nuclear components fabricator has developed a type 316 SMA weld that contains controlled amounts of the residual elements (CRE) boron, phosphorus, and titanium, analogous to the chemical element content of an improved type 308 CRE weld that was reported recently. The type 316 CRE weld has good strength and ductility at 649°C in both short-term tensile tests and creep tests lasting up to about 6000 hr. No tendency for cracking along interphase boundaries or substructural boundaries was found in these limited tests.
Artistic robot please smile

This paper explains how people interpret artistic robots as more than mere machines in the theory of intentionality and introduces the implementation of the artistic robot, Please Smile, which consists of five robotic skeleton arms that gesture in response to a viewer's facial expressions.