cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cross-species incompatibility between a DNA satellite and a chromatin protein poisons germline genome integrity

Satellite DNA spans megabases of eukaryotic genome sequence [1]. These vast stretches of tandem DNA repeats undergo high rates of sequence turnover, resulting in radically different satellite DNA landscapes between closely related species [2-4]. Such extreme evolutionary plasticity suggests that satellite DNA accumulates mutations with no functional consequence. Paradoxically, satellite-rich genomic regions support essential, conserved nuclear processes, including chromosome segregation, dosage compensation, and nuclear structure [5-10]. A leading resolution to this paradox is that deleterious alterations to satellite DNA trigger adaptive evolution of chromatin proteins to preserve these essential functions [11]. Here we experimentally test this model of coevolution between chromatin proteins and DNA satellites by conducting an evolution-guided manipulation of both protein and satellite. We focused on an adaptively evolving, ovary-enriched chromatin protein, called Maternal Haploid (MH) from Drosophila. MH co-localizes with an 11 Mb 359-bp satellite array present in Drosophila melanogaster but absent in its sister species, D. simulans [12]. Using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated transgenesis, we swapped the D. simulans version of MH into D. melanogaster. We discovered that D. melanogaster females encoding only the D. simulans mh ("mh[sim]") do not phenocopy the mh null mutation. Instead, MH[sim] is toxic to D. melanogaster ovaries--we observed elevated ovarian cell death, reduced ovary size, and subfertility in mh[sim] females. Using both cell biological and genetic approaches, we demonstrate that MH[sim] poisons oogenesis through a DNA damage pathway. Remarkably, deleting the D. melanogaster-specific 359 satellite array from mh[sim] females completely restores female germline genome integrity and fertility. This genetic rescue offers experimental evidence that rapid evolution resulted in a cross-species incompatibility between the 359 satellite and MH. These data suggest that coevolution between ostensibly inert repetitive DNA and essential chromatin proteins preserves germline genome integrity.
Moral Injury and Biblical Studies: An Early Sampling of Research and Emerging Trends:

Moral injury emerged within clinical psychology and related fields to refer to a non-physical wound (psychological and emotional pain and its effects) that results from the violation (by oneself or...
Brazil’s Cattle Sector Played Large Role in Fires During 2020 Moratorium

In response to global concern about recent fires, Brazil placed a 120-day moratorium on burning in the Amazon in 2020. We assessed how the cattle sector was linked to these fires by estimating the number of cattle properties involved with fires despite the moratorium, and their roles in cattle supply chains. We examined the land cover prior to the fire to identify instances of fires associated with recent deforestation. Our results show that the cattle sector contributed disproportionately to the fires in 2020, in terms of both the number of properties involved and the area burned. Improvements in both supply chain policies and overall environmental governance in the Amazon are likely needed to avoid recurrences of the catastrophic scale of fires during the 2020 season.
Stochastic Model of Dynamic Eutrophic Estuary

A stochastic model for a one-dimensional estuary has been formulated. It was found that with the addition of a single new parameter, a stochastic model can be built from its deterministic counterpart. The derivation was sufficiently general to permit any number of components and any reasonable system configuration to be handled. All system parameters, conditions, and forcing functions could be continuous functions of time (not just tidal phase), position, and if necessary, other factors. Due to space limitations, the deterministic model used could not be analyzed but will be presented later in a second article. The Potomac estuary was modeled for the period January to October 1969. Measured and predicted concentrations were compared in their means and in the distributions with good agreement. The use of this model for modeling other estuaries is recommended.
Developing Client/Server Systems Using Sybase SQL Server System 11

This book covers the new Sybase SQL Server 11, which has improved administration performance and enhanced networking capabilities. This is a developmental guide that covers stored procedures and triggers, query optimization, the APT workbench and other features that help developers build fast and efficient client/server applications.
Numerical simulations of relativistic double layers

Summary form only. Particle-in-cell numerical simulations of one-dimensional, time-dependent, fully relativistic double layers have been carried out. The scaling law for the layer width has been extended to relativistic potential drops and plasma temperatures. The layer creation and disruption cycles, as well as the beam-plasma instabilities driven by the layer, have been studied. Relativistic double layers may be a mechanism for producing intense radiation as observed in active galactic nuclei and pulsars, primarily by collective bremsstralung involving the charge-bunched electron beam and background plasma electrons. >
4 Farnesyltransferase inhibitors

Publisher Summary The farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs) have been developed to the point that the fundamental hypotheses generated in preclinical studies can be directly tested in people. Since the time when efforts to develop inhibitors of farnesyltransferase (FTase) for cancer began, two fundamental pieces of information have been learned. First, the number of proteins known to be farnesylated is much larger than originally recognized, with at least 20 proteins identified so far. Some of these proteins may contribute to the biology of FTIs. Second, the cross-prenylation of N-Ras and Ki-Ras proteins by geranylgeranyltransferase type I (GGTase-I) in cells treated with FTIs showed that inhibiting the function of these forms of Ras that are most closely associated with the clinical disease in humans, is more complicated than originally envisioned. Nevertheless, the efficacy of FTIs in the preclinical models warranted evaluation in the clinic. Given that FTIs can no longer be viewed as the laser beam therapy for Ras-mediated malignancy, it is not surprising that the dose-limiting toxicities noted in the phase I clinical trials are similar to those found with currently used antiproliferative drugs.
The Streptococcus pyogenes NAD+ glycohydrolase modulates epithelial cell PARylation and HMGB1 release

Summary Streptococcus pyogenes uses the cytolysin streptolysin O (SLO) to translocate an enzyme, the S. pyogenes NAD+ glycohydrolase (SPN), into the host cell cytosol. However, the function of SPN in this compartment is not known. As a complication, many S. pyogenes strains express a SPN variant lacking NAD+ glycohydrolase (NADase) activity. Here, we show that SPN modifies several SLO- and NAD+-dependent host cell responses in patterns that correlate with NADase activity. SLO pore formation results in hyperactivation of the cellular enzyme poly-ADP-ribose polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and production of polymers of poly-ADP-ribose (PAR). However, while SPN NADase activity moderates PARP-1 activation and blocks accumulation of PAR, these processes continued unabated in the presence of NADase-inactive SPN. Temporal analyses revealed that while PAR production is initially independent of NADase activity, PAR rapidly disappears in the presence of NADase-active SPN, host cell ATP is depleted and the pro-inflammatory mediator high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) protein is released from the nucleus by a PARP-1-dependent mechanism. In contrast, HMGB1 is not released in response to NADase-inactive SPN and instead the cells release elevated levels of interleukin-8 and tumour necrosis factor-α. Thus, SPN and SLO combine to induce cellular responses subsequently influenced by the presence or absence of NADase activity.
Coulomb’s Law and the Electric Field

In the previous two chapters, we discussed in some detail the mathematics of electromagnetics: vector algebra and vector calculus. We are now ready to start looking into the physical phenomena of electromagnetics. It will be useful to keep this in mind: The study of electromagnetics is the study of natural phenomena. There are two reasons why it is important to emphasize electromagnetics as an applied science. First, it shows that it is a useful science, and its study leads to understanding of nature and, perhaps most importantly from the engineering point of view, to understanding of the application of electromagnetics to practical and useful designs. Second, all aspects of electromagnetics are based on experimental observations. All laws of electromagnetics were obtained by careful measurements which were then cast in the forms of simple laws. These laws are assumed to be correct simply because there is no evidence to the contrary. This aspect of the laws of electromagnetics should not bother us too much. Although we cannot claim absolute proof to correctness of the laws, experimentation has shown that they are correct and we will view them as such. In the learning process, we will make considerable use of the mathematical tools outlined in Chaps. 1 and 2. It is easy to forget that the end purpose is physical design; however, every relation and every equation implies some physical quantity or property of the fields involved.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and other malignancies in patients with hemophilia

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is the most common human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated malignancy in hemophiliacs. We studied the incidence and clinicopathologic features of NHL in 3,041 hemophiliacs followed at 18 US Hemophilia Centers between 1978 and 1989. Of the 1,295 (56.6%) who were HIV(+), 253 (19.5%) developed acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), of whom 14 (5.5%) developed NHL. Three NHL occurred in HIV(-) hemophiliacs, for a 36.5-fold greater risk in HIV(+) than HIV(-) hemophiliacs (P < .001). The NHL incidence rate was 29-fold greater than in the US population by Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) estimates (P < .001). Between 0 and 4 lymphomas have been observed per year between 1978 and 1989. At presentation 13 (92.9%) of the HIV(+) NHL were extranodal. Ten were stage IV, 1 stage II, and 3 stage IE. Ten (71.4%) were high-grade, 3 (21.4%) intermediate-grade, and 1 (7.1%) was a low-grade B-cell lymphoma. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA was detected in 36% by in situ hybridization, including one central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma. The mean CD4 cell count at NHL diagnosis was 64/mm3, the mean latency from initial HIV infection was estimated to be 59 months, and the median survival was 7 months. The incidence of basal cell carcinoma in HIV(+) hemophiliacs was 18.3-fold greater than in HIV(-) hemophiliacs (P < .001) and 11.4-fold greater than in the US population (P < .001). In conclusion, incidence rates of NHL and basal cell carcinoma in HIV(+) hemophiliacs are significantly increased over rates in HIV(-) hemophiliacs and over rates in the US population. Clinicopathologic presentation of NHL in HIV(+) hemophiliacs is similar to that in HIV(+) homosexual men.
Forecasting Equity Returns by Predicting Value and Growth Separately

In this paper, we explore how to build and test models for forecasting 1-year and 10-year returns for U.S. stocks as inputs to a strategic asset allocation process. We find that a model that forecasts value and growth indices separately best serves as a predictor for returns in the U.S. equity market.
On-load tap-changers current experience and future development: Users experience and perspective

On-load tap-changers may represent only 5-100 % of the capital cost of a supergrid power transformer yet their operational performance and reliability is critical to realising the full asset life of the transformer. In addition, tap-changer inspections largely govern the frequency and duration of transformer circuit outages and represent a high proportion of transformer maintenance costs. This paper presents a summary of the National Grid Company's (UK) experience in such tap-changers in recent years. This experience, the changes in specification and the user-supplier relationships described are believed to be representative of a major electric utility. (7 pages)
Jupiter’s role in sculpting the early Solar System

Recent observations made by the Kepler space mission, combined with statistical analysis of existing ground and space-based data, have shown that planets somewhat bigger than the Earth—but substantially smaller than Jupiter—are extremely common in our Galaxy (1⇓⇓–4). These systems are typically found to be tightly packed, nearly coplanar, and have nearly circular orbits. Furthermore, these planets tend to have very short-period orbits, ranging from days to months. In contrast, our innermost planet, Mercury, orbits the Sun once every 88 d. Thus, taken at face value, these observations imply that the architecture of our Solar System is unique compared with the galactic population. In other words, why are there no short-period planets in our Solar System? In PNAS, Batygin and Laughlin (5) demonstrate that Jupiter is to blame. In particular, Jupiter’s inward-followed-by-outward migration during the Solar System’s early evolution could have driven a collisional cascade that would grind planetesimals to smaller size. Gas drag, which dominates these small planetesimals, may then have driven preexisting short-period planets into the Sun. Thus, Batygin and Laughlin (5) suggest that the terrestrial planets in our Solar System are in fact “second-generation planets,” which formed after the first short-period planets were destroyed, in mass-dispersed, gas-depleted conditions (see Fig. 1 for the description of the scenario). The developed model suggests that systems with short-period Earth and super-Earth planets are anticorrelated with the existence of giant planets within the same system.
Mutagenesis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Reverse Transcriptase p51 Subunit Defines Residues Contributing to Vinylogous Urea Inhibition of Ribonuclease H Activity

The vinylogous urea, NSC727447, was proposed to allosterically inhibit ribonuclease H (RNase H) activity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase (HIV-1 RT) by interacting with the thumb subdomain of its non-catalytic p51 subunit. Proximity of the p51 thumb to the p66 RNase H domain implied that inhibitor binding altered active site geometry, whereas protein footprinting suggested a contribution from α-helix I residues Cys-280 and Lys-281. To more thoroughly characterize the vinylogous urea binding site, horizontal alanine scanning mutagenesis between p51 residues Lys-275 and Thr-286 (comprising α-helix I and portions of the neighboring αH/αI and αI/αJ connecting loops) was combined with a limited vertical scan of Cys-280. A contribution from Cys-280 was strengthened by our observation that all substitutions at this position rendered selectively mutated, reconstituted p66/p51 heterodimers ∼45-fold less sensitive to inhibition. An ∼19-fold reduced IC50 for p51 mutant T286A coupled with a 2–8-fold increased IC50 when intervening residues were substituted supports our original proposal of p51 α-helix I as the vinylogous urea binding site. In contrast to these allosteric inhibitors, mutant enzymes retained equivalent sensitivity to the natural product α-hydroxytropolone inhibitor manicol, which x-ray crystallography has demonstrated functions by chelating divalent metal at the p66 RNase H active site. Finally, reduced DNA strand-transfer activity together with increased vinylogous urea sensitivity of p66/p51 heterodimers containing short p51 C-terminal deletions suggests an additional role for the p51 C terminus in nucleic acid binding that is compromised by inhibitor binding.
Tracking the fate of seed particles in dispersion polymerization: Preparation and application of fluorescent polymer particles

The mechanism of seeded dispersion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was investigated by employing submicron fluorescent polymer particles as seed. These poly(methyl methacrylate) latex particles, containing fluorescent material, were synthesized by a two-step miniemulsion polymerization process and then applied in the seeded dispersion polymerization of MMA. The seed particles were located by tracking the fluorescent signal in the micron-size final particles. The analysis of the final particles showed that most of them contained more than two seed particles. On average, there were 3.7 seed particles in each final particle as obtained under the given conditions of the seeded dispersion polymerization. The location of the seed within the particles being well-separated from each other was considered to indicate that the aggregation of the particles did not occur immediately, but took place after some particle growth had first taken place. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Novanin: A germacranolide from Artemisia nova

Abstract A new germacranolide, novanin (I), has been isolated from Artemisia nova and its structure determined. The compound is also present in small amount in A. tripartite Rydb. ssp. rupicola Beetle.
The Influence of Habitat Complexity on Reef Fish Communities in the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico

Several previous studies have attempted to correlate habitat complexity and reef fish species diversity. These studies have mostly examined natural reef systems, but results differed. To examine this relation, we built 1 m2 habitats with 20 replicates of five complexity levels from July to August 2001 in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico (n=100). In June and July 2002, we built new habitats using the 2001 design, but also added a sixth complexity level (n=120). In order of increasing complexity these included: cage, shell, cage-shell, block-shell, cage-block-shell, and shell-block-pyramid habitats. Most fish in both years were juveniles and included species common to reef structures in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. In 2001, we identified 26 fish species, and the dominant species was red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus (41%), followed by rock sea bass, Centropristis philadelphica (23%), and sand perch, Diplectrum spp. (14%). In 2002 we identified 36 species, and the dominant species was tomtate, Haemulon aurolineatum (36%), followed by Diplectrum spp. (19%), and L. campechanus (13%). In 2001, species diversity and richness were significantly (P<0.05) higher on more complex habitats (H′=1.7, S=11–12) compared to less complex habitats (H′=0.8–1.0, S=4–9). In 2002, patterns among diversity, richness and reef complexity were less apparent with only the least complex habitats shell and cage showing significantly lower values. In both years, multidimensional scaling grouped by complexity levels with cage and shell habitats showing the clearest separation from other habitat types. Also, with few exceptions (only 8%) analysis of similarities showed significant (P<0.05) differences in fish communities across complexity levels. Although community composition varied between years, this study provided evidence to support the hypothesis that habitat complexity increased reef fish species diversity.
STUDIES ON THE FORMATION OF OCTOPAMINE IN MICE AND RATS.

Abstract The biosynthesis of octopamine, p-hydrophenylethanolamine, has been studied in mice and rats. The animals were given of either p-[ 14 C ] hydroxyphenylserine or [14C]tyramine and were sacrified at various times after the injection. The octopamine was extracted separately from the urine and tissues. Authentic carrier octopamine was added before extraction. The whole carcass of each mouse was used, and the adrenals, spleen, heart, brain, and kidneys of each rat were pooled. The extracts were passed through Dowex-50 resin columns before paper chromatography. The chromatograms were exposed to X-ray film for two to three weeks before spraying and also were counted in a liquid scintillation counter. The injected p-[ 14 C ] hydroxyphenyl-serine appeared not to be decarxylated to octopamine to any appreciable extent. After the injection of [14C]tyramine, however, labeled octopamine was positively identified in both tissues and urine.
Surgical correction of pectus carinatum: lessons learned from 260 patients

Abstract Background Patients with pectus carinatum (PC) frequently experience physiologic symptoms, which are often overlooked by physicians. Sparse data have been published regarding the indications for correction of PC and the newer techniques of surgical repair. Methods Since 1970, 260 (89% males) symptomatic patients with PC with a mean severity index of 1.81 underwent open surgical correction at the University of California, Los Angeles, Medical Center by 1 surgeon. All patients had experienced dyspnea, reduced endurance, and tachypnea with exertion. Asthmatic symptoms were noted by 22%. The mean age at operation was 18.2 years. Asymmetric protrusion was present in 126 (48%) patients. Combined protrusion of the upper chest and depression of the lower chest was present in 17 patients. Varying degrees of depression on one or both sides of the lower chest was present in 36%. Repair of recurrent PC deformities was performed on 16 patients. Progressively, less costal cartilage was resected over the 37-year period, with the last 181 patients having only short segments excised from both ends of deformed cartilages with suture reattachment. Transverse sternal osteotomy was used on all, and 242 (93%) had a support strut anterior to the sternum for 6 months. Results Exercise induced dyspnea, and reduced endurance was improved in all patients within 3 to 6 months after repair. Need for repair of recurrent deformities and resection of mild residual cartilage protrusion was reduced more than 3-fold when less extensive cartilage resection with wire reattachment was used. Postoperative complications in the last 181 patients were minor and less frequent, pain was less severe, hospitalization was shorter (mean, 2.6 days), and postoperative results were better than when more extensive repairs were used in previous years. With a mean overall follow-up of 6.2 years, 97.4% of all patients reported a very good or excellent result. Conclusions In this largest reported series of PC repair, progressively less extensive open techniques have resulted in low morbidity, mild pain, short hospital stay, and very good physiologic and cosmetic results.
Development of Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Aldo–Keto Reductase 1C3 (Type 5 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase) Based on N-Phenyl-Aminobenzoates and Their Structure–Activity Relationships

Aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3; type 5 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) is overexpressed in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and is implicated in the intratumoral biosynthesis of testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone. Selective AKR1C3 inhibitors are required because compounds should not inhibit the highly related AKR1C1 and AKR1C2 isoforms which are involved in the inactivation of 5α-dihydrotestosterone. NSAIDs, N-phenylanthranilates in particular, are potent but nonselective AKR1C3 inhibitors. Using flufenamic acid, 2-{[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]amino}benzoic acid, as lead compound, five classes of structural analogues were synthesized and evaluated for AKR1C3 inhibitory potency and selectivity. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies revealed that a meta-carboxylic acid group relative to the amine conferred pronounced AKR1C3 selectivity without loss of potency, while electron withdrawing groups on the phenylamino B-ring were optimal for AKR1C3 inhibition. Lead compounds did not inhibit COX-1 or COX-2 but blocked the AKR1C3 mediated production of testosterone in LNCaP-AKR1C3 cells. These compounds offer promising leads toward new therapeutics for CRPC.
Determination of PCDDs and PCDFs in PCB oil from a hazardous waste site

Abstract This paper describes the analysis of hazardous waste oil samples with procedures that were developed primarily to clean up and analyze biological samples. Details of the cleanup procedure and the results from the analysis of several waste PCB oil samples are presented.
Cure Characterization of Unsaturated Polyester Resin by Near-IR and Mid-IR Spectroscopy

A near-IR spectroscopic technique for cure characterization of unsaturated polyester resin has been developed, first by using model compound mixtures to identify and quantify various reactions and then by applying these quantification techniques to the resin, with IR spectroscopy as a complementary technique. Analysis of NIR spectra of model compound mixtures (styrene/ethylbenzene, diethyl fumarate/diethyl succinate) showed that the integrated peak areas at 1629 and 2087 nm could be used to quantify the changes in the concentration of styrene and vinylene CC bonds in the unsaturated polyester resin, respectively. NIR-based conversions were compared with those values using mid-IR spectroscopy. Differences in NIR and mid-IR conversion values have been explained by the sample volume and heat buildup differences in the samples used to obtain the NIR and mid-IR measurements. NIR results also confirmed an optimum temperature for the highest overall conversion and vinylene conversion, probably due to the reduced...
Toward Efficient Unstructured Multigrid Preprocessing

The multigrid method is a general and powerful means of accelerating the convergence of discrete iterative methods for solving partial differential equations PDEs and similar problems. The adaptation of the multigrid method to un structured meshes is important in solving problems with complex geometries. Such problems lie on the forefront of many scientific and engineering fields. Unfortunately, multi grid schemes on unstructured meshes require signifi cantly more preprocessing than on structured meshes. In fact, preprocessing can be a major part of the solution task and, for many applications, must be executed repeatedly. In addition, the large computational requirements of real istic PDEs, accurately discretized on unstructured meshes, make such computations candidates for parallel or distributed processing. This adds problem partitioning as a preprocessing task. We propose and examine experi mentally an automatic and unified strategy to perform several unstructured multigrid preprocessing tasks. Our strategy is based on dominating sets in the unstructured meshes. We also suggest several alternative related strategies. Our experiments evaluate the performance of two preprocessing tasks: coarse-mesh generation and domain partitioning. The experiments suggest that our preprocessing strategy produces high-quality meshes that give good multigrid performance. Our strategy also pro duces domain partitions that are reasonably load bal anced with relatively small edge cuts. Overall, we conclude that simple, integrated algorithmic strategies and data structures can make tedious preprocessing tasks more efficient and more automated-a necessary step toward the practical application of unstructured multigrid methods.
Hand-assisted right laparoscopic nephrectomy in living donor

OBJECTIVE: To assess results obtained with the authors' technique of right hand-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy in living kidney donors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 16 kidney donors who underwent hand-assisted right laparoscopic nephrectomy from February 2001 to July 2004. Among these patients, 7 were male and 9 were female, with mean age ranging between 22 and 58 years (mean 35.75). RESULTS: Surgical time ranged from 55 to 210 minutes (mean 127.81 min) and warm ischemia time from 2 to 6 minutes (mean 3.78 min) with mean intra-operative blood loss estimated at 90.62 mL. There was no need for conversion in any case. Discharge from hospital occurred between the 3rd and 6th days (mean 3.81). On the graft assessment, immediate diuresis was seen in 15 cases (93.75%) and serum creatinine on the 7th post-operative day was 1.60 mg/dL on average. Renal vein thrombosis occurred in 1 patient (6.25%) who required graft removal, and lymphocele was seen in 1 recipient (6.25%). CONCLUSION: Hand-assisted right laparoscopic nephrectomy in living donors is a safe and effective alternative to open nephrectomy. Despite a greater technical difficulty, the procedure presented low postoperative morbidity providing good morphological and functional quality of the graft on the recipient.
Differential Diagnosis of Feline Pruritus

A problem-oriented approach to the presentations of pruritic skin diseases of the cat is developed. A differential diagnosis for each presentation of pruritus is given. A diagnostic plan for each category of pruritic diseases is proposed.
Recognition of intoxication by alcohol counselors

Abstract Recent studies have found that police officers, bartenders, social drinkers, and trained interviewers are often unable to recognize when others are intoxicated. The present two studies were conducted to evaluate: (a) the recognition ability of alcohol counselors compared to mental health counselors, and (b) the recognition ability of less-experienced versus more-experienced alcohol counselors. Subjects viewed four videotapes of a 21-year-old male engaged in simulated counseling interviews after he was given drinks containing alcohol to achive one of four target Blood Alcohol Level (BAL) goals: .00%, .05%, .10%, .15%. Results indicated that alcohol counselors were not uniformly more accurate than mental health therapists, nor were more-experienced alcohol counselors uniformly more accurate than less-experienced alcohol councelors at recognizing intoxication or estimating BAL. In addition, subjects generally understimated the target's sober-intoxicated status and BAL when he was given alcohol, but almost every subject recognized that the target was at least moderately intoxicated when his BAL was .15%.
Spatial and temporal expression of 4f-rnp gene in Drosophila melanogaster

We have recently discovered that a pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) encoded by the 4f-rnp gene in Drosophila melanogaster undergoes RNA editing by site-specific A-to-G conversions. In this report, we describe the spatial and temporal expression patterns of 4f-rnp mRNA transcripts during fly development. The 4f-rnp locus was mapped by polytene in situ hybridization experiments to the 4F1,2 bands at the distal tip of the X-chromosome, demonstrating that this gene is nuclear. We show that 4f-rnp is a single-copy gene by a combination of genomic Southern blot hybridization and restriction map analysis of clones isolated through chromosome walking techniques. Northern blot analysis indicates that two alternatively spliced messenger RNA transcripts, differing in length by 200-300 nucleotides, are synthesized in adult male and female flies, during embryogenesis and throughout the larval period. Using tissue in situ hybridization techniques that do not distinguish between the transcripts, we find that the distribution of 4f-rnp mRNAs is specific to germline tissue in the ovary, demonstrating that these transcripts are maternally produced. During embryogenesis, 4f-rnp transcripts are localized within cells of most tissues, but they have a very distinct localization pattern within the segmental ganglia of the central nervous system. We discuss the significance that RNA editing is expected to have for the predicted 4F-RNP protein products that may be expressed throughout fly development and in high abundance within the fly's central nervous system.
Differential role of Stat5 isoforms in effecting hematopoietic recovery induced by Mpl-ligand in lethally myelosuppressed mice

Abstract Objective To determine the role of the c-terminal half of c-Mpl in Mpl-L-induced myeloprotection and the importance of Stat5 isoforms in the survival signaling pathways induced by Mpl ligand. Materials and methods Δ60-Mpl knockin mice, Stat5a −/− /b −/− , Stat5a −/− , and Stat5b −/− mice and wild-type (WT) controls were given a lethal myelosuppressive regimen: 80 mg/kg carboplatin intravenously followed by 7.5 or 6.5 Gy 137 Cs total-body irradiation. A single dose of PEG-rmMGDF (65 μg/kg) was intravenously injected immediately after myelosuppression. Mice survival and blood counts were monitored for 22 days posttreatment. Results Knockin Δ60-Mpl mice lacking the c-terminal half of the intracellular domain of c-Mpl show reduced ability of Mpl-L to prevent lethal myelosuppression and an impaired thrombopoietic response to exogenous c-Mpl ligand. The survival of Mpl-L-treated Stat5a −/− /b −/− mice exposed to the lethal myelosuppressive regimen was substantially compromised compared to that of WT mice. Reduced survival of Stat5a −/− /b −/− mice was due to more severe hematopoietic suppression. Deletion of Stat5a did not result in a defect in hematopoietic recovery. In contrast, Mpl-L-treated Stat5b-deficient mice demonstrated significantly delayed hematopoietic recovery compared to WT controls. Conclusions Myeloprotective signaling transduced by the terminal 60 amino acids of the intracellular domain of c-Mpl is essential for complete protection from lethal myelosuppression provided by Mpl-L. Our studies differentiate the functions of Stat5 isoforms in hematopoietic stress and reveal a pivotal role of Stat5b in Mpl-L-induced hematopoietic recovery in this lethal myelosuppression model.
Academic Environments in Detail: Holland’s Theory at the Subdiscipline Level

Studies of change in colleges and universities often consider faculty support a key influence on the success of academic reform efforts. Scholars, however, have given relatively little attention to the role of disciplinary environments (e.g., culture, values, and habits of mind) on educational innovation and change. Using data from 1,272 faculty members in 203 engineering programs on 39 campuses, this study examined whether engineering faculty from different academic environments (defined by Holland’s typology) vary in their responses to changing curricular and pedagogical requirements. Findings suggest that the broad disciplinary groupings often used in higher education research fail to capture the subtleties of within-field variations in faculty values, customs, and dispositions relating to curricular and pedagogical change and provide moderate support for using Holland’s theory for studying organizational change.
Impaired and enhanced shuttle box avoidance behavior following ventromedial hypothalamic lesions in rats.

Abstract VMH-lesioned female Long-Evans hooded rats held to preoperative body weight acquired a shuttle box avoidance response only as rapidly as control animals at both a moderate and high shock level when intertrial interval crossings were not punished, and at a moderate shock intensity with punished ITI crossings. Both groups displayed 90–95% asymptotic avoidance behavior under all three conditions. Obese rats with VMH lesions displayed impaired avoidance behavior under these conditions, displaying only 55–60% asymptotic avoidance behavior after 110 trials. The impaired avoidance behavior by obese rats was not due to immobility, for they emitted as many unpunished ITI crossings as control animals. Both lean and obese rats with VMH lesions avoided a significantly greater number of shocks than control animals at a high shock intensity when ITI crossings were punished, with control animals averaging only 20% avoidance responding after 110 trials. Lean VMH rats again performed better than obese rats, displaying 85% and 60% asymptotic avoidance behavior, respectively. Lean VMH rats made more punished ITI crossings than control animals at the high shock intensity, but there was no difference between the unoperated and obese VMH-lesioned animals. Previous discrepant results with shuttle box avoidance experiments are attributed to different testing conditions, although strain differences are also possible.
Electrically-Assisted Forming of Magnesium AZ31: Effect of Current Magnitude and Deformation Rate on Forgeability

Currently, the automotive and aircraft industries are considering increasing the use of magnesium within their products due to its favorable strength-to-weight characteristics. However, the implementation of this material is limited as a result of its formability. Partially addressing this issue, previous research has shown that electrically-assisted forming (EAF) improves the tensile formability of magnesium sheet metal. While these results are highly beneficial toward fabricating the skin of the vehicle, a technique for allowing the use of magnesium alloys in the production of the structural/mechanical components is also desirable. Given the influence that EAF has already exhibited on tensile deformation, the research herein focuses on incorporating this technique within compressive operations. The potential benefit of using EAF on compressive processes has been demonstrated in related research where other materials, such as titanium and aluminum, have shown improved compressive behavior. Therefore, this research endeavors to amalgamate these findings to Mg AZ31B-O, which is traditionally hard to forge. As such, to demonstrate the effects of EAF on this alloy, two series of tests were performed. First, the sensitivity of the alloy to the EAF process was determined by varying the current density and platen speed during an upsetting process (flat dies). Then, the ability to utilize impression (shaped) dies was examined. Through this study, it was shown for the first time that the EAF process increases the forgeability of this magnesium alloy through improvements such as decreased machine force requirements and increased achievable deformation. Additionally, the ability to form the desired final specimen geometry was achieved. Furthermore, this work also showed that this alloy is sensitive to any deformation rate changes when utilizing the EAF process. Last, a threshold current density was noted for this material where significant forgeability improvements could be realized once exceeded.
Is the Broad Range Amino Acid Transporter Which Is Induced by a Renal Microvillar cDNA Clone the Cystinuria Gene

On expression cloning in Xenopus oocytes, the renal cDNA expressed functionally in both the rat and human proximal tubule yields an amino acid transporter with properties generally consistent with representation of the cystinuria gene.
CHEMISTRY OF N-METHOXY-N-METHYLAMIDES. APPLICATIONS IN SYNTHESIS. A REVIEW

(1993). CHEMISTRY OF N-METHOXY-N-METHYLAMIDES. APPLICATIONS IN SYNTHESIS. A REVIEW. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 15-40.
Determination of solute site occupancies within γ′ precipitates in nickel-base superalloys via orientation-specific atom probe tomography

Abstract The analytical limitations in atom probe tomography such as resolving a desired set of atomic planes, for solving complex materials science problems, have been overcome by employing a well-developed unique and reproducible crystallographic technique, involving synergetic coupling of orientation microscopy with atom probe tomography. The crystallographic information in atom probe reconstructions has been utilized to determine the solute site occupancies in Ni–Al–Cr based superalloys accurately. The structural information in atom probe reveals that both Al and Cr occupy the same sub-lattice within the L1 2 -ordered γ′ precipitates to form Ni 3 (Al,Cr) precipitates in a Ni–14Al–7Cr (at%) alloy. Interestingly, the addition of Co, which is a solid solution strengthener, to a Ni–14Al–7Cr alloy results in the partial reversal of Al site occupancy within γ′ precipitates to form (Ni,Al) 3 (Al,Cr,Co) precipitates. This unique evidence of reversal of Al site occupancy, resulting from the introduction of other solutes within the ordered structures, gives insights into the relative energetics of different sub-lattice sites when occupied by different solutes.
Racial pride and religiosity among African American boys: implications for academic motivation and achievement.

The persistent underachievement among African American boys has led to increased empirical inquiry, yet little research considers within-group variation in achievement nor positive youth characteristics that help explain positive achievement outcomes. This study conceptualized culturally-based factors (racial pride and religiosity) as adolescent assets that would promote African American boys’ achievement and also enhance positive effects of other youth assets (positive educational utility beliefs) on achievement. Our sample included 158 adolescent boys (M = 17.08) from a large, socioeconomically diverse suburban community context. Accounting for demographic background variables, educational utility beliefs were positively associated with academic grade performance. A significant educational utility beliefs and racial pride interaction indicated a stronger, positive association of educational utility beliefs with grade performance among boys with higher racial pride relative to those with lower racial pride. Also, there was a stronger positive association between educational utility beliefs and grades for boys reporting lower religious importance, but boys endorsing both lower educational utility beliefs and religious importance were at highest risk for low grade performance. Overall results suggest the importance of considering culturally-based factors in studying achievement motivation processes among ethnic minority adolescents.
Why Finance Matters

Roughly one-half of the world's adults, about 2.5 billion people, have neither a bank account nor access to semiformal financial services such as “microcredit,” the growing practice in developing nations of providing small loans, typically less than US$500, to self-employed people ( 1 ). But what if they did? Muhammad Yunus, the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize winner and founder of Bangladesh's Grameen Bank, a pioneering microcredit institution, argues that this lack of financial access means that the poor, especially poor women, can't obtain the loans they need to build their businesses and get on a path out of poverty ( 2 ). The idea has taken hold: In 2009, for instance, Grameen Bank served 8 million customers; its average loan balance was just $127 ( 3 ). Worldwide, microcredit advocates now claim more than 190 million customers ( 4 ). Proof of concept, however, is not proof of impact. Recent studies have found that some efforts to provide small loans have produced surprisingly weak results, and on page 1278 of this issue, Karlan and Zinman ( 5 ) provide more evidence that we need to rethink microcredit. Their findings, from a randomized evaluation of microcredit lending in the Philippines, add to a handful of recent results ( 6 – 8 ) that suggest that microcredit's effectiveness has been overstated by studies that selectively focus on success stories.
Intuition as an Influence on Creative Problem-Solving: The Effects of Intuition, Positive Affect, and Training

Intuition may be a critical component of creative thought. To test this hypothesis, a measure of individual differences in intuition was developed. After completing this measure, 320 undergraduates were asked to work on a domain-relevant creative problem-solving task under conditions where positive and neutral affect were induced and they were exposed to 1 of 3 different types of training. It was found that intuitive people produced more creative problem solutions, but that positive affect and training offset the advantage intuitive people showed in creative problem-solving. The implications of these findings for understanding the nature of intuition, and its role in creative problem-solving, are discussed.
17 years of integrated research, monitoring, and management of HWA and hemlock ecosystems at Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area

Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area (“the park”) covers 28,000 ha along the Delaware River in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Eastern hemlock forests cover 2,200 ha (8%) of the park, and are often associated with trout streams and scenic waterfalls. Activities like trout fishing, bird watching, and hiking are concentrated in hemlock forests, and many of these areas are officially designated as “Outstanding Natural Features” having “high intrinsic or unique values.” In 1989 hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) was detected in the park, and since 1993 the park has conducted a program to address the threats that hemlock woolly adelgid and hemlock decline poses to park resources. This program includes annual monitoring of HWA populations and hemlock tree health in permanent plots, studies of hemlock ecosystems and associated biodiversity, and efforts to suppress HWA infestations and maintain hemlock ecosystems in the park. Questions addressed include: What are the distinctive characteristics of hemlock ecosystems in the park? What effects do HWA infestations have on hemlock health? What is the rate and extent of hemlock decline and mortality? How effective are insecticides and biological controls at suppressing HWA infestations and sustaining hemlock health? What are the ecological effects of hemlock decline?Sustained monitoring and research in the park during the past 17 years have provided answers to these questions and informed management. Streams draining hemlock forests are 1oC–2oC cooler in summer, hydrologically more stable, three times more likely to support trout, and typically support 30% more species of aquatic insects than streams draining hardwood forests. Birds such as blackburnian warblers, black-throated green warblers, and blue-headed vireos are very strongly associated with hemlock forests in the park. Permanent plot trees first became infested with HWA in 1998, and by 2008 no healthy hemlocks remained, and 30% had died. A dendrochronology study in the park concluded that every 1% increase in average plot HWA infestation level resulted in an 8% increase in the likelihood of a tree being in decline. Mathematical models indicate that hemlock mortality in the park will reach 50% by 2015, and 80% between 2020 and 2030. Although we have released over 90,000 biocontrol beetles in the past ten years, they have not controlled HWA populations. Insecticides effectively suppress HWA populations and sustain tree health, and we have treated about 10,000 individual trees to date. Continued hemlock decline will have major effects on park ecosystems and biodiversity.
State socioeconomic indicators and self-reported hypertension among US adults, 2011 behavioral risk factor surveillance system.

Introduction Hypertension is the leading cause of chronic disease and premature death in the United States. To date, most risk factors for hypertension have been identified at the individual (micro) level. The association of macro-level (area) socioeconomic factors and hypertension prevalence rates in the population has not been studied extensively.
Optical and electronic properties of Ge-Sb-Te films

Abstract Amorphous films of Ge2Sb2Te5 and Ge2Sb2Te7 were grown to a thickness between 0.5 and 4 μm using RF Sputtering. We examined the effects of growth rate, oxygen impurities and substrate temperature on the optical and electronic properties.
Renal function in idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome.

. Renal function was studied in 11 pre-term infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) grade 1 according to Prod'hom's criteria. As a reference 16 healthy pre-term infants were studied. The groups did not differ with regard to mean gestational age (GA) and mean postnatal age (PNA). The studies were preformed twice, first at a PNA of 33–37 hours and then at 132–148 hours. GFR and CPAH were determined with the single injection technique and the ability to excrete Na was determined following an oral Na+ load. GFR was higher in IRDS infants at the first investigation and slightly lower in IRDS infants at the second investigation. The GFR correlated to the lowest recorded Pao2 r=0.45) in IRDS infants. CPAH was similar in IRDS and controls at the first, and lower in IRDS infants at the second investigation. The urinary Na+ excretion was significantly higher in IRDS infants. Treatment with digitalis was in part responsible for the high urinary Na+ excretion. The IRDS infants had a higher Na+ and glucose intake than the control infants. It is suggested that this higher intake is in part responsible for the relatively high GFR and urinary Na+ excretion in the IRDS infants.