cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stabilization of quantum energy flows within the approximate quantum trajectory approach.

The hydrodynamic, or the de Broglie-Bohm, formulation provides an alternative to the conventional time-dependent Schrodinger equation based on quantum trajectories. The trajectory dynamics scales favorably with the system size, but it is, generally, unstable due to singularities in the exact quantum potential. The approximate quantum potential based on the fitting of the nonclassical component of the momentum operator in terms of a small basis is numerically stable but can lead to inaccurate large net forces in bound systems. We propose to compensate errors in the approximate quantum potential by applying a semiempirical friction-like force. This significantly improves the description of zero-point energy in bound systems. Examples are given for one-dimensional models relevant to nuclear dynamics.
Temporal shifts in the apparent in vivo translational efficiencies of tomato leaf proteinase inhibitors I and II mRNAs following wounding

Summary The apparent in vivo translational efficiencies of tomato leaf proteinase Inhibitors I and II mRNAs in wounded tomato leaves increased 6- to 9-fold between the 9th and 14th hour following wounding. During this period the in vitro translation of mRNA for Inhibitor I and II decreased over 2-fold while the rates of Inhibitors I and II accumulation (synthesis) increased 3- to 5-fold. Some type of cellular reorganization is occurring after 9 hours that appears to be involved in regulating the in vivo translation efficiencies of Inhibitor I and Inhibitor II mRNA.
Senegalese digital repertoires in superdiversity: A case study from Seneweb

Abstract This paper considers the digital repertoires of Senegalese and members of the Senegalese diaspora who participate on Seneweb, a New York-based web portal, by contributing comments to news stories that appear on the site. This paper joins the conversation on digital language and superdiversity by examining this interactive web forum that caters largely to the Senegalese diaspora. While there are intimations of superdiversity that break through in a number of ways within the forum, participants by and large limit themselves to the use of two predictable languages, French, Senegal׳s official language, and Wolof, its dominant language. In attempting to reconstruct home virtually through their participation in this community of practice, Seneweb writers circumscribe their more diverse repertoires to mirror the shared aspects of their individual repertoires and the linguistic environment that they have left behind. The data are taken from readers’ reactions to a story concerning internationally famous singer Youssou N’Dour׳s announcement of his candidacy for the presidency of Senegal in the highly contested 2012 elections. The comments, which are written primarily in French and urban Wolof, reveal opposing language ideologies that reflect deep-seated beliefs about the nature of the francophone state. These are played out through critiques and praise of N’Dour, and specifically what is perceived as his inadequate knowledge of French, the official language.
The need for head computed tomography in patients sustaining loss of consciousness after mild head injury.

Background:Many management schemes have incorporated mandatory head computed tomography (HCT) to evaluate a patient sustaining blunt head trauma with a history of loss of consciousness (LOC). Commonly, this is despite physical examination findings warranting such a workup. This study is intended to
Ethical Issues in Information Technology: Does Education Make a Difference?

This research examines the impact of education on the ethical decision-making outcomes of adult learners in the area of information technology (IT). This study sheds light on the research question â€œDoes IT ethics education make a difference?â€ , and more specifically, â€œDo ethics courses influence decisions regarding IT ethical issues in adult learners?â€ In a field study of 78 pre- and post-test surveys, we found that graduate students who took a course in IT ethics made different decisions than those made at the start of the term, for 2 of 6 ethical issues. The ethical issues described in this article are particularly relevant in todayâ€™s knowledge economy. Implications for IT ethics education and future research in the area are discussed.
The preparation and structure of μ-iodobis(h5-cyclopentadienyldicarbonyliron) fluoroborate ☆

Abstract The identity and structure of a compound which arises frequently in the generation of (h5-C5H5)Fe(CO)2+ ion from (h5-C5H5)Fe(CO)2I and AgBF4 have been determined. The substance was shown to be {[h5-C5H5)Fe(CO)2]2I}BF4s a compound already known from the work of Fischer and Moser. It consists of a BF4− anion and a cation formed by two (h5-C5H5)Fe(CO)2, groups having the expected shape and dimensions, united by a bridging iodine atom. The FeI bonds have an average lenght of 2.588 » and the FeIFe angle is 110.8(1)°. The FeFe distance of 4.26 » is consistent with the expectation that there should be no metalmetal bond. Presumably the large FeIFe angle results from a compromise between the tendency of I to maximize p character in its bonding orbitals and the necessity of niminizing non-bonded contact between the (h5-C5H5)Fe(CO)2 groups. Crystallographic data are: space group, P2/a; unit cell dimensions, a=15.605(2)», b=9.607(2)», c=12.373(2)», β=104.86(1)°, V=1792.9(6)»3; dealc=2.10 g/cm3 for Z=4; dobs=2.08±0.02 g/cm3. Refinement using 1595 independent reflections with Fo2>3σ(Fo2 was terminated at residuals of R1=0.076 and R2=0.114.
Diffusion of Au, Pd, Re, and P in FeNi alloys at High Pressure

Abstract Multi-anvil and piston cylinder experiments were performed to determine the effect of both pressure and temperature on the diffusivities of several siderophile elements in a Fe90Ni10 core-analog alloy. Activation energies were calculated to be between 244 and 257 kJ/mol for Re, Pd, and Au at 10 GPa, and 264 kJ/mol for P at 1 GPa. It was found that pressure has a marked negative effect on the diffusivities of Au, Re, and Pd, and activation volumes for these elements were calculated to be between 3 and 6 cm3/mol at 10 GPa. The effect of both temperature and pressure on P diffusion is noticeably less, and the absolute diffusivity of phosphorus is consistently higher than that of the other elements. It is inferred that the reason for this difference is because P is diffusing via an interstitial mechanism as opposed to Re, Pd, and Au which occupy regular lattice sites in the crystal. The effect of pressure and temperature together with depth in the Earth suggests that these elements may continue to exhibit different behavior at more extreme conditions. The significance of these new results lies in the ability to place constraints on many time-dependent processes that pertain to the formation and evolution of planetary cores, as well as the formation and cooling histories of other metal-rich bodies in the solar system, such as meteorites.
Virtual Delivery of Electronic Resources and Services to Off-Campus Users: A Multifaceted Approach

ABSTRACT As technologies have evolved and the concept of a true virtual library becomes a reality, the line between campus and distance learners continues to blur. Past and current technological change has driven Rochester Institute of Technology Libraries to continually explore new methods of accessibility and delivery to all users. With the use of software applications such as Drupal, Desire2Learn, the MetaLib X-Server, EZProxy, and ILLiad, the ability to virtually deploy resources in a multitude of ways has enabled library collections to be more accessible to everyone, particularly those learning from a distance, and have allowed user interfaces to function seamlessly and robustly to the user. The development of customized “Meet Your Librarian” Web pages for each reference librarian provides built in contact information via instant messaging widgets and has brought human expertise as well as collections to the users’ desktops. These pages also include subject specific content, such as custom tutorials,...
A comparison of the risk of hospitalizations due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in medicaid patients with various medication regimens, including ipratropium, inhaled corticosteroids, salmeterol, or their combination

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to compare therisk of hospitalizations related to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among Medicaid patients prescribed various medication regimens. Methods: This was an observational, retrospective study set in the Texas Medicaid program. Eligible patients were aged 40 to 65 years, had a primary or secondary diagnosis of COPD, and had ≥1 prescription for ipratropium (IPR), inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), or salmeterol (SAL) between January 1, 1998, and August 31, 2000. Five index therapy groups were included in the risk analysis: IPR alone, ICS alone, SAL alone, ICS + IPR, and ICS + SAL. Results: A total of 4447 patients were included in the study (IPR alone, n=2435; ICS alone, n=1088; SAL alone, n=299; ICS + IPR, n=410; and ICS + SAL, n=215). After adjusting for baseline characteristics, ICS + SAL was associated with a 35% lower risk of COPD-related hospitalization (hazard ratio [HR], 0.653 [95% CI, 0.428–0.997]) versus IPR alone. ICS alone was associated with a 16% lower risk (HR, 0.844 [95% CI, 0.693–1.028]) and SAL alone was associated with a 24% lower risk (HR, 0.756 [95% CI, 0.539–1.060]) versus IPR alone, but neither of these was statistically significant. There was no decrease in risk with ICS + IPR versus IPR alone (HR, 1.111 [95% CI, 0.870–1.420]). Variables that indicated increased risk were as follows: increasing age (HR, 1.015 [95% CI, 1.003–1.027]); number of preindex emergency department visits (HR, 1.189 [95% CI, 1.080–1.309]); number of preindex hospitalization visits (HR, 1.342 [95% CI, 1.220–1.477] ); number of nonrespiratory comorbid diagnoses (HR, 1.046 [95% CI, 1.012–1.081]); and having a diagnosis of influenza/pneumonia (HR, 1.276 [95% CI, 1.062–1.533]) or other respiratory diseases (HR, 1.356 [95% CI, 1.134-1.622]). Comorbid asthma was not associated with increased risk. Conclusions: ICS + SAL was associated with a significantly lower risk of COPD-related hospitalization compared with IPR alone during the initial 12 months of therapy in a Medicaid population. Additional studies are needed to confirm these findings across different populations.
Reproductive status and flight activity of the overwintered Colorado potato beetle.

Mating behavior of post-diapause Colorado potato beetles, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), was observed within an overwintering site, a rotated potato field, newly colonized potato plants, and under laboratory conditions. The influence of spring mating on beetle flight in the presence and in the absence of host plants was investigated using a computer-linked flight mill system. Diapause was terminated simultaneously in male and female beetles, and the first matings were observed as early as within the first 24 h after the beetles emerged from the soil (60–90 DD accumulated). The beetles mated within the overwintering site, the potato field, and the fields rotated out of potatoes. Mating status did not affect flight behavior of overwintered beetles; however, unfed beetles displayed higher flight activity than fed beetles. Most flight activity took place soon after flight muscle regeneration, and then declined sharply by the 5th day after flight initiation. Mating in or near overwintering sites soon after diapause termination might be an important factor in providing gene flow between insecticide-resistant and insecticide-susceptible Colorado potato beetle populations, and should be considered in designing resistance management plans.
Are Business Services Immune to the Business Cycle

Should an economic development strategy target the business services industry to insulate the local economy from the business cycle? The relationship between business services employment (SIC 73) and measures of the business cycle is analyzed at national and metropolitan-area levels. At the national level, certain components of business services are not immune to the business cycle while others are. At the metropolitan level, certain characteristics of the metropolitan area and its industrial structure are identified which would result in business services employment being procyclical or not immune to the business cycle.
Central auditory aging: GABA changes in the inferior colliculus

Age-related hearing loss (presbycusis) is a complex state that reflects pathologic changes along the entire auditory neuraxis. Loss of speech understanding, decreased ability to localize sounds, and a decreased ability to detect and extract signals in noise are characteristic problems encountered by the elderly. Central (neural) presbycusis frequently results in a dramatic loss in speech understanding without a parallel change in pure-tone thresholds. In spite of evidence that suggests these deficits cannot be fully explained by peripheral changes alone, few studies have examined the neurochemical basis of central auditory dysfunction in aging. Age-related alterations in neural circuits involved in the processing of acoustic information could reflect changes in the synthesis, degradation, uptake, release, and receptor sensitivity of neurotransmitters, perhaps secondary to cell loss and/or progressive deafferentation. A series of studies designed to test this hypothesis has examined aging in the central auditory system of the F344 rate. Age-related changes associated with GABA neurotransmitter function in an important auditory midbrain structure, the inferior colliculus, have been investigated. These studies found: (1) decreased numbers of GABA immunoreactive neurons; (2) decreased basal levels (concentrations) of GABA; (3) decreased GABA release; (4) decreased glutamic acid decarboxylase activity; (5) decreased GABAB receptor binding; (6) decreased numbers of presynaptic terminals; and (7) subtle GABAA receptor binding changes. Collectively, these age-related changes suggest altered GABA neurotransmitter function in the IC. Identification of specific neurotransmitter changes in structures important in speech processing could eventually lead to the development of pharmacotherapy for selective types of age-related hearing loss.
Purification of membrane protein complexes isolated from a cyanobacterial thylakoid membrane by high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract Reaction centers of photosystem I, photosytem II and a genetically altered photosystem II and the cytochrome b6f complex have been isolated from the thylakoid membrane of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803 and purified by two high-performance liquid chromatography steps. For comparison, both steps (i.e. an anion-exchange and a hydroxyapatite column chromatography) have been performed on different columns, including 5-μm-particle-size material. Protein complexes purified according to the optimized high-performance liquid chomatography procedure retained their biological activity and were characterized for homogeneity and apparent molecular mass by gel high-performance chromatography.
A prototype for a real-time weather responsive system

This paper presents a prototype of a secure, dependable, real-time weather-responsive system. The prototype performs two operations: 1) it accesses weather information that provides near-real-time atmospheric and pavement observations and 2) it adapts signal timing in response to inclement weather. Since this real-time control system operates in a critical infrastructure, it must be designed with built-in security and survivability mechanisms. For this purpose a software architecture is presented that uses real-time monitoring to detect precedence violations and off-nominal system execution in order to provide effective contingency management. The focus of these systems is the autonomous recognition and reaction to execution patterns that have not been previously observed and thus fall outside of the known behavior. Because the described system has very similar requirements to other traffic control applications, it serves as a milestone in the development of secure and dependable real-time traffic control systems.
NF1 tumor suppressor gene function: narrowing the GAP.

We thank Luis Parada for sharing unpublished results and members of the Jacks laboratory for helpful discussions. We also thank Herbert Haack, Meg McLaughlin, Julien Sage, and David McPherson for suggestions on the manuscript. We apologize to colleagues whose work could not be directly cited due to length constraints.
Love between Women: A Context for Theology

Recognizing the contributions of four leading exponents of love between women, this article sets up a context for viewing lesbian relationships in an affirming social and religious environment. The historical perspectives of Bernadette Brooten, the theological and ethical reflections of Mary Hunt, Carter Heyward, and Virginia Mollenkott are all studied for their respective contributions to present-day understandings of human sexual identity within church and society.
Seasonal affective disorders.

Seasonal affective disorders is a form of recurrent depression that appears to be precipitated by a specific stressor (i.e., winter) and resolves spontaneously in spring or summer. The elements of winter that must contribute to SAD are unknown at this time although light deficiency most likely plays a role. It is similar to late luteal dysphoric disorder because of the circumscribed time course, range of severity and female predominance. Atypical anergic symptoms usually dominate the clinical picture but more typical anxious and agitated symptoms can be present. Onset and offset of symptoms and severity varies greatly. Fall onset is usually gradual while spring remission can be more startling and abrupt producing hypomania in some patients. Full summer remission occurs in most patients when followed prospectively and is associated with improvement in personality and biological measures. Most patients improve with light therapy but it is not known how sustained this effect is or whether it is comparable to treatment with antidepressants in similarly affected patients. BL treatment also implies a single etiological mechanism of SAD, but this is still unproven. Lights, while effective do not appear to be as effective as summer. This could be because most BL clinical trials have been too brief to actually simulate summer or because of the significant heterogeneity in population. It is important to remember that lights alone cannot replicate summer conditions. Summer light is up to ten times stronger than currently available light boxes and the season produces many other environmental and social changes. Most likely SAD will prove similar to other forms of depression in that it is a multidimensional problem which requires a variety of treatments to alleviate various aspects of the syndrome.
A Reconceptualization of How We Study Issues of Racial Prejudice

This article shows that when confronted with a problem as complex as racial prejudice, researchers cannot afford to limit themselves to studying prejudice from the perspective of Whites. Many argue that in the research that does focus on Blacks and prejudice, Blacks are studied primarily in terms of their reactions to prejudice. This article challenges researchers to examine how Blacks' racial attitudes and behaviors influence intergroup dynamics between Whites and Blacks. Four areas of research in the prejudice and stereotyping literature that could be used to study Blacks' role in understanding racial prejudice are discussed. Moreover, the implications of studying Blacks in these 4 areas are explored.
Partial reversal of anticholinergic amnesia by choline chloride.

Abstract Twenty young adult males were given tests of memory and mood after receiving choline chloride plus scopolamine, placebo plus scopolamine, and two placebos on separate days in randomized order. Scopolamine caused a marked impairment in performance on a verbal learning task. Pretreatment with choline caused a small but significant decrease in this impairment and partially reversed the mood changes produced by scopolamine. Although several previous studies have failed to demonstrate that choline has a significant effect on cognition when given alone, the present results indicate that choline can enhance cognition under conditions of cholinergic blockade. This is consistent with preclinical data indicating that cholinergic neurons are most sensitive to precursor availability when they are firing rapidly.
Precocious Reading Ability: What Does It Mean?1

The results of studies of precocious reading ability are reviewed, and the implications of these results for parents, teachers, and educational policy makers are discussed. Precocious reading ability is a complex skill, and levels of specific subskills vary widely among individuals. Although precocious reading ability is moderately associated with general intelligence, some highly .intelligent children do not read early and some precocious readers are of average or subnormal intelligence. Although parents should not expect to be able to teach their infants to read, they may encourage the early development of reading through natural and mutually enjoyable activities.
Stem Cell Dynamics in Response to Nutrient Availability

When nutrient availability becomes limited, animals must actively adjust their metabolism to allocate limited resources and maintain tissue homeostasis. However, it is poorly understood how tissues maintained by adult stem cells respond to chronic changes in metabolism. To begin to address this question, we fed flies a diet lacking protein (protein starvation) and assayed both germline and intestinal stem cells. Our results revealed a decrease in stem cell proliferation and a reduction in stem cell number; however, a small pool of active stem cells remained. Upon refeeding, stem cell number increased dramatically, indicating that the remaining stem cells are competent to respond quickly to changes in nutritional status. Stem cell maintenance is critically dependent upon intrinsic and extrinsic factors that act to regulate stem cell behavior. Activation of the insulin/IGF signaling pathway in stem cells and adjacent support cells in the germline was sufficient to suppress stem cell loss during starvation. Therefore, our data indicate that stem cells can directly sense changes in the systemic environment to coordinate their behavior with the nutritional status of the animal, providing a paradigm for maintaining tissue homeostasis under metabolic stress.
Spatial discrimination learning by young rats

Twenty hooded rat pups were tested at 17 days of age on a left-right spatial discrimination task. One experiment used homing as the incentive (n=10), and the other experiment used suckling as the incentive (n= 10). Each rat was given a maximum of 50 trials to reach the learning criterion. This was followed immediately by a reversal of the original spatial problem. The results showed that a large proportion of pups reached learning criterion with homing as an incentive. However, few pups reached criterion on the spatial reversal task using this incentive. When suckling was used as an incentive, half of the number of pups reached criterion on both the acquisition and reversal spatial tests.
The impact of mergers on credit union service provision

Abstract In this paper we conduct an empirical exercise in which we attempt to provide answers to three questions concerning credit union mergers: (i) do members of acquiring credit unions benefit from mergers?; (ii) do members of acquired credit unions benefit from mergers?; and (iii) what are the characteristics of relatively successful, and relatively unsuccessful, mergers? Our empirical exercise is based on annual samples of nearly 6000 credit unions, including nearly 300 merger participants, during the 1988–1995 period. We find member service provision to have improved in acquired credit unions, and to have been unchanged in acquiring credit unions. We also provide three separate analyses, from three different perspectives, of the role of various characteristics of merging credit unions in determining the success of mergers.
American Oyster, Crassostrea virginica , Expresses a Potent Antibacterial Histone H2B Protein

An antibacterial protein was purified from acidified gill extract of a bivalve mollusk, the American oyster (Crassostrea virginica). Protein isolation was best accomplished by briefly boiling the tissues in a weak acetic acid solution. Adding protease inhibitors while boiling did not have a major effect on activity recovery. In contrast, use of only protease inhibitors (without boiling) resulted in virtually no recovery of this activity. The amino acid sequence of this antibacterial protein was identified as a histone H2B and was designated cvH2B. cvH2B had potent activity against gram-negative bacteria, including the human pathogens Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus, which commonly reside in oyster tissues. We estimated that the concentration of this protein was well within the concentration that was inhibitory to these bacterial pathogens in vitro. This is the first report of the antimicrobial function of histone H2B from any mollusk.
Fibronectin in Parasitic Diseases

Fibronectin, a major interstitial matrix protein with binding sites for a variety of molecules and with multiple biologic activities, may play an important role in certain parasitic diseases. Leishmania and Trypanosoma cruzi bind host fibronectin, which, in turn, facilitates their association with the cells they parasitize. Invasive Entamoeba histolytica and Schistosoma produce proteases that degrade fibronectin and other matrix proteins, presumably facilitating the breaching of intestinal mucosa and dermal barriers to infection. The granulomatous inflammation that accompanies tissue deposition of schistosomal eggs promotes excess matrix production and scar formation. Granuloma macrophages and fibroblasts secrete fibronectin, which may serve to recruit additional fibroblasts and also may aid in maintaining the structural integrity of the granulomas. These early findings suggest that parasite-fibronectin interactions may be a fertile area for further research.
Spectral density of random UWB signals

We derive the power spectral density of time-hopping (TH) spread-spectrum signals in the presence of random timing jitter. Detailed descriptions of different TH schemes, employing a random TH sequence, are given and spectral analysis of such TH signals in the presence of uniform timing jitter is carried out using a systematic and tractable technique.
Distributed quantum computing: a new frontier in distributed systems or science fiction?

Quantum computing and distributed systems may enter a mutually beneficial partnership in the future. On the one hand, it is much easier to build a number of small quantum computers rather than a single large one. On the other hand, the best results concerning some of the fundamental problems in distributed computing can potentially be dramatically improved upon by taking advantage of the superior resources and processing power that quantum mechanics offers. This survey has the purpose to highlight both of these benefits. We first review the current results regarding the implementation of arbitrary quantum algorithms on distributed hardware. We then discuss existing proposals for quantum solutions of leader election - a fundamental problem from distributed computing. Quantum mechanics allows leader election to be solved with no communication, provided that certain pre-shared entanglement is already in place. Further, an impossibility result from classical distributed computing is circumvented by the quantum solution of anonymous leader election - a unique leader is elected in finite time with certainty. Finally, we discuss the viability of these proposals from a practical perspective. Although, theoretically, distributed quantum computing looks promising, it is still unclear how to build quantum hardware and how to create and maintain robust large-scale entangled states. Moreover, it is not clear whether the costs of creating entangled states and working with them are smaller than the costs of existing classical solutions.
Pluripotent Stem Cells and Repair of Myocardial Infarction

Pluripotent stem cells mainly refer to Embryonic Stem (ES) cells and induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) cells. These two pluripotent stem cell types show significant similarities in their global histone modifications, gene expression patterns, and differentiation potentials. ES and iPS cells hold great promise in the field of regenerative medicine because they can give rise to all three germ layers, including cardiac lineages. Transplantation of ES cells and iPS cell-derived cardiomyocytes (ES- or iPS-CMs) has emerged as a promising treatment for ischemic heart disease. Stem cell grafts may be implanted in areas of myocardial infarction to restore cardiac function by regenerating cardiomyocytes and inducing neovascularization. The objective of this review is to briefly present the current research in the field of repairing infarcted myocardium using ES cells and iPS cells.
Polymers with improved flammability characteristics. I. Phenolphthalein‐related homopolymers

Improved fire resistance occurs for phenolphthalein-related polycarbonates and polyesters compared to bisphenol-A polymers and emphasizes the importance of polymer composition and polymer structure in affecting the flammability of a polymer. Phenolphthalein-related polymers are able to produce a higher degree of crosslinking during pyrolysis which subsequently leads to higher char yields. The correlations between oxygen index and char yield for various polymers are obtained and discussed. Polycarbonates and polyamides usually show higher oxygen indices than the corresponding polyesters of related structures. This indicates that the nature of the pyrolysis products has a measurable effect on the flammability of a specific polymer. Among many factors, polycarbonates should release more CO2 from the breakdown of the carbonate group, and polyamides should produce relatively nonflammable nitrogen-containing products during pyrolysis, thus accounting in part for these results.
Trophic Interactions of Neurons

The sections in this article are: 1 Development 1.1 Limb Regeneration 1.2 Muscle Development 1.3 Sensory Receptor Development 1.4 Effects of Peripheral Tissue on Developing Nerve Tissue 2 Denervation 2.1 Sensory Receptors 2.2 Muscle and Other Structures 3 Role of Nerve Activity 3.1 Inactivation Procedures 3.2 Direct Stimulation 4 Role of the Nerve Independent of Impulse Activity 4.1 Length of Nerve Stump 4.2 Partial Denervation and Reinnervation 4.3 Axonal Transport 5 Experimental Innervation 6 Cross-Innervation and Related Procedures 7 Search for Trophic Substances 8 Some Comments
The Intergovernmental Network of World Trade: IGO Connectedness, Governance and Embeddedness

Membership in certain intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), such as the World Trade Organization, has long been argued to stimulate trade. Yet, evidence linking IGOs to trade is mixed. The authors argue that identifying the influence of IGOs requires attention not only to the institutions IGOs enact, but also to the network through which they enact them. This approach allows them to demonstrate that trade between two countries increases by an average of 58% with every doubling of the strength of IGO connection between the countries. They also contribute to debates regarding the mechanisms through which structural relationships influence economic behavior by showing that substantial trade benefits occur not only through economic IGOs, but also through IGOs that were formed for social and cultural purposes, and that connections through IGOs that are organizationally strong have more impact than those through minimalist IGOs.
Modulated waves in Taylor-Couette flow Part 1. Analysis

We present a mathematical analysis of the transition from temporally periodic rotating waves to quasi-periodic modulated waves in rotating flows with circularly symmetric boundary conditions, applied to the flow between concentric, rotating cylinders (Taylor-Couette flow). Quasi-periodic flow (modulated wavy vortex flow) is described by two incommensurate, fundamental, temporal frequencies in an arbitrary frame, but the flow is periodic in the appropriate rotating frame. The azimuthal wavelength of the modulation may be different to that of the underlying rotating wave ; hence the flow state is described by two azimuthal wavenumbers as well. One frequency and one wavenumber are determined by the wave state, but no simple physical properties have yet been associated with the parameters of the modulation. The current literature on modulated waves displays both conflicting mathematical representations and qualitatively different kinds of modulation. In this paper we use Floquet theory to derive the unique functional form for all modulated waves and show that the space-time symmetry properties follow directly. The flow can be written as a non-separable function of the two phases (8-clt, 8-c, t). We show that different branches of modulated wave solutions in Taylor-Couette flow are distinguished not by symmetry but by the ranges of the numerical values of cl, c2, and the spectral amplitudes of the solution. The azimuthal wavenumber associated with the modulation has a unique physical definition but is not directly expressed in the spatial symmetry of the modulated flow. Because modulated waves should occur generically in systems with rotational symmetry, this analysis has application beyond Taylor-Couette flow.
Soybean Response to Inoculation and Nitrogen Application Following Long-Term Grass Pasture

Current demand for soybean grain [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] may lead to a conversion of pasture and Conservation Reserve Program fi elds into soybean or corn (Zea mays L.) production. Our objective was to determine the effect of soybean seed inoculation with Bradyrhizobium spp. and fertilizer N application rate on soybean productivity planted 1 and 2 yr after conversion to row crop production. Soybean followed the pasture the fi rst year and followed an intervening corn crop the second year. Treatments consisted of a factorial arrangement of seed inoculation and fertilizer N rate. Application of rhizobia inoculum signifi cantly increased soybean grain yield by an average of 130 kg ha –1 . Plant dry matter (DM), N concentration, N accumulation, and grain N were also increased with soybean seed inoculation; however, seed quality was not affected. Fertilizer N application increased plant DM but did not increase grain yield, with or without inoculation. Furthermore, N fertilizer did not increase plant N or improve seed quality. Results from this study indicate that growers should inoculate soybean seed when planted after long-term grass pasture. Application of N fertilizer is not suggested even if no rhizobia seed inoculation is used because fertilizer N did not improve grain yield.
Prince Henry “The Navigator”: A Life . By Peter Russell. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000. Pp. xiv, 448. $35.00.

Historians of the Discoveries and of medieval Iberia have long anticipated this study of Henry the Navigator. The result has been well worth the wait. Peter Russell is universally acknowledged as one of the foremost scholars on late medieval Portugal. This gracefully written work is a major achievement reflecting a lifetime of historical inquiry; that he is now eighty-two makes this exceptional work even more remarkable. In the English-speaking world, Henry of Avis (1394–1460) is easily the most recognizable figure in Portuguese history. High-school and college texts laud Henry and his “school of Sagres” as the indispensable force behind Western exploration of the South Atlantic prior to the rounding of the Cape of Good Hope and Columbus's landfall. Perhaps Russell's most useful contribution for general readers is that, by demolishing the various myths surrounding Henry, he may finally hasten their exit from future textbooks.
Computer-aided design of two dimensional electric-type hyperthermia applicators using the finite-difference time-domain method

The fundamental limitations of 2-D electric-field-type applicators with heterogeneous tissue distributions are studied using the finite-different time-domain (FDTD) techinque configured as a hyperthermia applicator design tool. This design tool allows the designer to investigate ideas much more rapidly than could be done experimentally. The technique is described and the fundamental limitations of E-field applicators, including an unsuspected capacitive-coupling mode found in some electric dipole configurations is explained. The results of a numerical study of E applicators are summarized, and the utility of the FDTD technique as an applicator design tool is demonstrated. >
Segmented descriptions of 3-D surfaces

A method to segment and describe visible surfaces of three-dimensional (3-D) objects is presented by first segmenting the surfaces into simple surface patches and then using these patches and their boundaries to describe the 3-D surfaces. First, distinguished points are extracted which will comprise the edges of segmented surface patches, using the zero-crossings and extrema of curvature along a given direction. Two different methods are used: if the sensor provides relatively noise-free range images, the principal curvatures are computed at only one resolution, otherwise, a multiple scale approach is used and curvature is computed in four directions 45° apart to facilitate interscale tracking. These points are then grouped into curves and these curves are classified into different classes which correspond to significant physical properties such as jump boundaries, folds, and ridge lines (or smooth extrema). Then jump boundaries and folds are used to segment the surfaces into surface patches, and a simple surface is fitted to each patch to reconstruct the original objects. These descriptions not only make explicit most of the salient properties present in the original input, but are more suited to further processing, such as matching with a given model. The generality and robustness of this approach is illustrated on scene images with different available range sensors.
Perceived Partner Responsiveness Minimizes Defensive Reactions to Failure

Can thinking about responsive relationships increase openness to failure? Study 1 tested whether subliminally priming responsiveness would increase accessibility of words associated with a failed intelligence test. Compared to participants primed with acquaintances or nonsense letters, participants primed with responsive partners were quicker to recognize words associated with failure and did so more accurately, suggesting lesser defensiveness. Study 2 tested whether supraliminally priming responsiveness would decrease self-handicapping on a difficult and potentially embarrassing task. Com- pared to participants who thought about friends or acquaintances, participants who thought about responsive relationships claimed less external interference with their abilities. These findings indicate that relationships characterized by understanding and validation may promote nondefensive reactions to real or potential failure.
Is the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample Biased? A Simulation Study:

The Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (SCCS) is one of Murdock's most important contributions to anthropology. Otterbein has ar gued that groups studied by ethnographers with personal ties to Murdock ...
Software framework for an ocular biometric system

This document describes the software framework of an ocular biometric system. The framework encompasses several interconnected components that allow an end-user to perform biometric enrollment, verification, and identification with most common eye tracking devices. The framework, written in C#, includes multiple state-of-the-art biometric algorithms and information fusion techniques, and can be easily extended to utilize new biometric techniques and eye tracking devices.
Use of board certification and recertification in hospital privileging: policies for general surgeons, surgical specialists, and nonsurgical subspecialists.

Objectives To better understand the relationship between board certification and credentialing policies for surgeons and nonsurgical subspecialists and to examine possible variation in use of board certification among different types of hospitals. Design, Setting, and Participants Telephone survey conducted from November 14, 2006, through March 16, 2007, of the privileging personnel among a random sample of 235 nonchildren's hospitals stratified by teaching status, bed size, metropolitan statistical area, system affiliation, and tax status. Main Outcome Measures Proportion of hospitals that require specialty board certification to gain privileges and hospital requirements for recertification. Results Of 235 hospitals, 11 were ineligible and 183 completed the telephone interview, resulting in an overall response rate of 82%. Approximately one-third of hospitals did not require surgeons and nonsurgical subspecialists ever to be board certified to receive hospital privileges. Among the 109 hospitals that required certification at some point, only 5 (5%) required surgeons and 3 (3%) required nonsurgical subspecialists to be board certified at the point of initial privileging. More than three-fourths of hospitals had exceptions to their certification policies for surgeons and 84 (77%) had them for nonsurgical subspecialists. Eighty-two percent of all hospitals and two-thirds of hospitals whose policies required recertification allowed surgeons and nonsurgical subspecialists to retain privileges when their board certification expired. Conclusion Most hospitals do not consistently use board certification to ensure physician competence at their institutions.
BAG-1: a novel biomarker predicting long-term survival in early-stage breast cancer.

PURPOSE: Among women with early-stage breast cancer treated with lumpectomy and radiation therapy, 30% to 40% will develop metastatic disease, which is often fatal. A need exists therefore for biomarkers that distinguish patients at high risk of relapse. We performed a retrospective correlative analysis of BAG-1 protein expression in breast tumors derived from a cohort of early-stage breast cancer patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Archival paraffin blocks from 122 women with stages I to II breast cancer treated with lumpectomy and radiation therapy (median follow-up, 12.1 years) were analyzed by immunohistochemical methods using monoclonal antibodies recognizing BAG-1 and other biomarkers, including Bcl-2, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, p53, and HER2/Neu. Immunostaining data were correlated with distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Cytosolic immunostaining for BAG-1 was upregulated in 79 (65%) of 122 invasive breast cancers (P < .001) compared with normal br...
A further examination of collateral behavior in humans

Rates and patterns of human collateral responding were examined during acquisition and extinction. Response rates typical of behavior generated by ratio contingencies were obtained. Pattern analysis of responding during extinction showed some similarity between these data and data obtained in concept formation tasks.
Task Equivalence for Model and Human-Observer Comparisons in SPECT Localization Studies

While mathematical model observers are intended for efficient assessment of medical imaging systems, their findings should be relevant for human observers as the primary clinical end users. We have investigated whether pursuing equivalence between the model and human-observer tasks can help ensure this goal. A localization receiver operating characteristic (LROC) study tested prostate lesion detection in simulated In-111 SPECT imaging with anthropomorphic phantoms. The test images were 2D slices extracted from reconstructed volumes. The iterative ordered sets expectation-maximization (OSEM) reconstruction algorithm was used with Gaussian postsmoothing. Variations in the number of iterations and the level of postfiltering defined the test strategies in the study. Human-observer performance was compared with that of a visual-search (VS) observer, a scanning channelized Hotelling observer, and a scanning channelized nonprewhitening (CNPW) observer. These model observers were applied with precise information about the target regions of interest (ROIs). ROI knowledge was a study variable for the human observers. In one study format, the humans read the SPECT image alone. With a dual-modality format, the SPECT image was presented alongside an anatomical image slice extracted from the density map of the phantom. Performance was scored by area under the LROC curve. The human observers performed significantly better with the dual-modality format, and correlation with the model observers was also improved. Given the human-observer data from the SPECT study format, the Pearson correlation coefficients for the model observers were 0.58 (VS), $-0.12$ (CH), and $-0.23$ (CNPW). The respective coefficients based on the human-observer data from the dual-modality study were 0.72, 0.27, and $-0.11$ . These results point towards the continued development of the VS observer for enhancing task equivalence in model-observer studies.
Proposed nomenclature for microhaplotypes.

Microhaplotypes are a new type of genetic marker in forensics and population genetics. A standardized nomenclature is desirable. A simple approach that does not require a central authority for approval is proposed. The nomenclature proposed follows the recommendation of the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee ( http://www.genenames.org ): “We strongly encourage naming families and groups of genes related by sequence and/or function using a “root” symbol. This is an efficient and informative way to name related genes, and already works well for a number of established gene families…” The proposal involves a simple root consisting of “mh” followed by the two-digit chromosome number and unique characters established by the authors in the initial publication. We suggest the unique symbol be an indication of the laboratory followed by characters unique to the chromosome and laboratory. For instance, the microhaplotype symbol mh01KK-001 refers to a locus on chromosome 1 published by the Kidd Lab (KK-) as their #001. Publication defines mh01KK-001 as comprised of four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs4648344, rs6663840, rs58111155, and rs6688969.
Autoregulation of cortical blood flow and oxygen tension in the rabbit.

AbstractThe relationship between cerebral blood flow autoregulation and oxygen tension of cerebral tissue is not fully known. We have examined the autoregulation of local cortical blood flow (CoBF) and cortical oxygen tension (bPO2) in the rabbit.CoBF was measured continuously by using the heated thermocouple technique and bPO2 was monitored by the polarographic method. Intravenous injection of phenylephrine hydrochloride or trimethaphan camsylate was used to test for autoregulation by increasing or decreasing perfusion pressure. The mean values of CoBF and bPO2 were 36±5 ml/100g/min and 32±12 mmHg respectively at 90 mmHg mean arterial blood pressure (MABP). The changes in both CoBF and bPO2 with changing perfusion pressure were often relatively small at near baseline blood pressure and became more pronounced with large increases or decreases in MAPB. On returning from high MABP to baseline blood pressure, a hysteresis effect on CoBF was observed in 20 out of 22 cases.The autoregulation of CoBF was mainta...