cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis C transmission and infection by orthotopic heart transplantation.

Abstract Background: The transmission and clinical consequences of hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection acquired by orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) from an HCV-infected donor to an HCV-naive recipient have not been well described. We report our experience in 5 HCV-naive patients who were transplanted with hearts from HCV-positive donors. All transplants occurred within a 1-year period. Method After cardiac transplantation we retrospectively examined the recipients' clinical course, liver-associated enzymes, HCV-antibody serology, quantitative HCV RNA level, and HCV genotype. Results Five subjects with rapidly deteriorating heart failure and negative serum antibodies to HCV received an emergent OHT from a donor known to be infected with HCV. Liver-associated enzymes peaked at 2 to 6 weeks post-transplant: mean peak alanine aminotransferase was 180 U/L (normal, 9 to 52) and aspartate aminotransferase was 111 U/L (normal, 14 to 36). Liver enzymes had returned to normal limits by 6 and 12 months post-OHT. At a mean 15 months after transplantation, only 1 of 5 patients has developed antibodies to HCV, but 4 of 5 have evidence of infection, as shown by serum HCV RNA. No patient has developed evidence of liver failure. Conclusions (1) Transmission of HCV from an HCV-positive donor to an HCV-naive recipient at the time of OHT is likely. (2) Antibodies to HCV post-OHT may remain negative for more than 1 year in these patients. (3) Hepatitis C viral RNA using polymerase chain reaction should be the test of choice for diagnosis of HCV infection post-OHT. (4) Hepatitis C viral donor hearts should be limited to critically ill patients in extremis until the long-term consequences of acquisition of HCV by an OHT recipient are known.
Studies in astronomical time series analysis. IV - Modeling chaotic and random processes with linear filters

While chaos arises only in nonlinear systems, standard linear time series models are nevertheless useful for analyzing data from chaotic processes. This paper introduces such a model, the chaotic moving average. This time-domain model is based on the theorem that any chaotic process can be represented as the convolution of a linear filter with an uncorrelated process called the chaotic innovation. A technique, minimum phase-volume deconvolution, is introduced to estimate the filter and innovation. The algorithm measures the quality of a model using the volume covered by the phase-portrait of the innovation process. Experiments on synthetic data demonstrate that the algorithm accurately recovers the parameters of simple chaotic processes. Though tailored for chaos, the algorithm can detect both chaos and randomness, distinguish them from each other, and separate them if both are present. It can also recover nonminimum-delay pulse shapes in non-Gaussian processes, both random and chaotic.
Teaching breaking bad news using mixed reality simulation.

Background Our novel teaching approach involved having students actively participate in an unsuccessful resuscitation of a high fidelity human patient simulator with a gun shot wound to the chest, followed immediately by breaking bad news (BBN) to a standardized patient wife (SPW) portrayed by an actress. Methods Brief education interventions to include viewing a brief video on the SPIKES protocol on how to break bad news, a didactic lecture plus a demonstration, or both, was compared to no pretraining by dividing 553 students into four groups prior to their BBN to the SPW. The students then self-assessed their abilities, and were also evaluated by the SPW on 21 items related to appearance, communication skills, and emotional affect. All received cross-over training. Results Groups were equal in prior training (2 h)and belief that this was an important skill to be learned. Students rated the experience highly, and demonstrated marked improvement of self-assessed skills over baseline, which was maintained for the duration of the 12-wk clerkship. Additionally, students who received any of the above training prior to BBN were rated superior to those who had no training on several communication skills, and the observation of the video seemed to offer the most efficient way of teaching this skill in a time delimited curriculum. Conclusion This novel approach was well received and resulted in improvement over baseline. Lessons learned from this study have enhanced our curricular approach to this vital component of medical education.
Microphysical characteristics of monsoon clouds and cloud sublayers as revealed by the MONEX aircraft observations

Abstract The summer monsoon atmosphere was subjected to aerial cloud microphysical measurements by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)'s Electra as part of the Arabian Sea component of the Summer Monsoon Experiment (SMONEX). The Particle Measuring System (PMS )'s probes were mounted on these flights. This study documents vertical profiles and concentration counts of aerosols and precipitation size particles for the flights on 20 and 24 June 1979. These flights were selected because the meteorology associated with them was analyzed in detail by several investigators who were interested in the turbulence flux measurements which were unique to these flights. The samples on 20 June were collected mostly underneath clouds except once within a cloud. In contrast, they were gathered exclusively within clouds on 24 June. The observations on these two days were collected in four different locations over the Arabian Sea when organized convection was presented. Results show that the aerosol concentration counts as measured by the ASAS-probe were higher than those expected from measurements in suppressed convective conditions. The ASAS and FSSP readings were nearly constant in the boundary layer. The FSSP readings increased more than ASAS readings with height passing them at elevations greater than 1500 m. Some young clouds with a depth of 1600 m showed maximum updraft values occurring at a certain level (e.g., 1000 m). At this level, a maximum concentration of droplets belonging to a particular size group ( ≈ 15 μm) was found. Thus a positive association was seen between these droplets and the vertical velocity distribution.
Origins of agriculture in eastern north america.

As a result of research carried out over the past decade, eastern North America now provides one of the most detailed records of the origins of agriculture available. Spanning a filll three millennia, the transition from forager to farmer in eastern North America involved the domestication of four North American seed plants during the second millennium B.C., the initial emergence of food production economies based on local crop plants between 250 B.C. and A.D. 200, and the rapid and broad-scale shift to maize-centered agriculture during the three centuries from A.D. 800 to 1100.
Speed up collections with the latest technology

The latest technology can dramatically shrink the time it takes to collect receivables. Called EIPP (Electronic Invoice Presentment and Payment), this evolving breed of software is finally ready for widespread use. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Boundary layers with prescribed heat flux—application to simultaneous convection and radiation

Abstract An analysis is carried out to determine the distribution of surface temperature along a flat plate experiencing simultaneous convective heat transfer, radiative exchange with the environment, aerodynamic heating, and internal heat sources or sinks. Both laminar and turbulent boundary layer flows are considered. Numerical results are presented for a wide range of the governing parameters; these are compared with simplified solutions based on local application of heat-transfer coefficients for uniform wall temperature and for uniform heat flux. The problem is treated within the framework of the thermal boundary layer with prescribed heat flux. The initial part of the paper is devoted to establishing certain general results for such boundary layers. Exact solutions are obtained for power-law and series heat flux distributions. An approximate solution for arbitrarily varying surface heat flux is derived by superposing step-function solutions furnished by the integral energy equation.
An Iraq Veteran's Story

The author, who actively served in Iraq in the Army Reserves, discusses his experience and discharge from the Army under Don't Ask Don't Tell. Issues around trust, privacy, and betrayal are discussed.
Performance Standards for Waveform Recorders

Waveform measurements have matured to the point where a proliferation of digital waveform recording equipment has led to the organization of a Waveform Measurement and Analysis Committee. The first task is the development of a standard for waveform recorder evaluation and measurement. The Committee has representatives from industry, user laboratories, and NBS. To support this effort, waveform standards are being developed to meet the requirements of waveform recorder evaluation. These include sinewave testing and standard step waveform testing which show promise of providing compact, economical, and rugged standards which should further accelerate the development and use of the time domain in system evaluation.
On optimal control of a brownian motion

This paper is concerned with the optimal control of a Brownian motion on R+. The process is controlled by switching control action to affect the variance and the drift. There is a cost which depends on the state of the process and the action used to operate the system. There is another cost incurred instantaneously to switch the control action. A quasi-variational inequality is solved as the dynamic programming equation for a long run average cost criterion.
The Effect of Forced Compliance on Attitude Change and Behavior Change

Subjects wrote either a discrepant, a consonant, or no essay and later volunteered to answer written questions des cribed as an opportunity to explore the target issue. Greater attitude change and greater volunteering were obtained in the discrepant essay condition.
Efficient Positronium Formation by Slow Positrons Incident on Solid Targets

A beam of slow positrons in the few-eV region is directed at bakable solid targets in a vacuum of (2-4) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ Torr. Measurements of the $\frac{2\ensuremath{\gamma}}{3\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ annihilation-yield ratio indicate the conversion of the incident positrons into positronium. The conversion efficiency depends on the target material and incident positron energy, varying from less than 25% at 300 K to 40-85% at 900 K.
Cholesteatoma of the Renal Pelvis Diagnosed by Computerized Tomography

A56-year-old white male had been seen by general practitioners and urologists for complaints of intermittent macroscopic and microscopic hematuria during the last year. Bacteriuria and desquamated epithelial cells were identified on 3 prior occasions and treated with antibiotics. Cystoscopy twice and ultrasonograms of the kidney and bladder were negative. The patient was hospitalized, and voided urine specimen revealed 5 to 10 red blood cells per high power field, as well as desquamated epithelial cells and a specific gravity of 1,020. Hemoglobin was 13.4 gm, hematocrit was 38%, and differential count and blood chemistry studies were negative. Purified protein derivative tuberculin test was positive with a2c minduration, and history revealed active pulmonary tuberculosis treated approximately 15 years ago. Preenhancement computerized tomography demonstrated a laminated onion skin-like, heterogeneously dense mass in the right renal pelvis (part A of figure, arrow). An early parenchymal phase helical computerized tomogram showed minimal enhancement of the pelvic lining consistent with the inflammatory process of pyelitis (part B of figure, arrow). The mass did not enhance. An irregular, contoured, nonenhancing cystic lesion was shown at the corticomedullary junction, most likely representing a caliceal diverticulum. The onion skin-like mass in the pelvis could have been caused by a collection of debris, a precursor to a matrix stone, myceliatoma or cholesteatoma. However, there was no extension of mycelia into the ureter and collecting system, and no confirmed mycelia in the urine. Enhancement of areas of thickened epithelium in the pelvis with a characteristic tree bark appearance favors a chronic inflammatory process but this is also seen in cases of squamous metaplasia and malacoplakia. Desquamated keratin produced by squamous metaplasia may form keratin balls in the pelvis, ie
The U.S. Phillips curve: The case for asymmetry

Abstract Recent statistical rejections of convexity in the Phillips curve have been uninformative because researchers have employed measures of business cycle gaps that are inconsistent with the implications of convexity. The paper shows that identifying convexity in the Phillips curve will become even more difficult if policymakers are successful in avoiding large boom and bust cycles. To the extent that convexity in the Phillips curve is used as a rationale for stabilization policy, our findings present an interesting conundrum because successful policymakers will further weaken the empirical evidence on which such policies are based.
Recognising angiosperm clades in the Early Cretaceous fossil record

Studies of the earliest Cretaceous angiosperms in the 1970s made only broad comparisons with living taxa, but discoveries of fossil flowers and increasingly robust molecular phylogenies of living a...
Sequential organ first-pass effects: simple methods for constructing compartmental pharmacokinetic models from physiological models of drug disposition by several organs.

The relationships between organ clearances derived from physiological pharmacokinetic models and the first-order rate constants in compartmental pharmacokinetic models are frequently difficult to visualize when drugs are eliminated simultaneously by several organs. Two simple methods for showing these relationships are illustrated in this paper.
The Cost of Inappropriate Care at the End of life: Implications for an Aging Population

Elderly patients patients (older than 65 years) account for only 11% of the US population yet they account for 34% of health care expenditure. The disproportionate usage of health care costs by elderly patients is in striking contrast with that of other Western Nations. It is likely that these differences are largely due to variances in hospitalization and the use of high technology health care resources at the end of life. The United States has 8 times as many intensive care unit (ICU) beds per capita when compared to other Western Nations. In the United States, elderly patients currently account for 42% to 52% of ICU admissions and for almost 60% of all ICU days. A disproportionate number of these ICU days are spent by elderly patients before their death. In many instances, aggressive life supportive measures serve only to prolong the patient's death. Such treatment inflicts pain and suffering on the patient (with little prospects of gain) and incurs enormous financial costs to the health care system. We present the case of an 86-year-old female who spent almost 3 months in our ICU prior to her death. The fully allocated hospital costs for this patient were estimated to be US$254 945 (US$5100/d). With the increasing age of the population and the projected increased demand for ICU beds, we review the benefits and burdens of admitting elderly patients to the ICU.
Aqueous-Chemical Control of the Tetrahedral-Aluminum Content Of Quartz, Halloysite, and other Low-Temperature Silicates

Aqueous Al passes from octahedral to tetrahedral coordination over a narrow pH interval, or threshold. This interval is 5.5–6.5 at 25°C and shifts to lower pH as temperature increases. The concentration of aqueous tetrahedrally coordinated Al is a quasi-step function of the solution pH, and, by the mass-action law, so should be the amount of tetrahedral Al incorporated by a silicate that crystallizes from the aqueous solution. Qualitative support for this prediction (which applies to quartz, opal-CT, kaolin-group minerals, pyrophyllite, micas, chlorites, and other low-temperature silicates) comes from the very topology of equilibrium activity diagrams and from several pairs of associated waters and authigenic silicates from weathering, hydrothermal, and diagenetic environments. The uptake of tetrahedral Al also depends on the aqueous concentrations of monovalent cations and silica, and on the mineral’s structural constraints. Solid solution of tetrahedral Al in halloysite in turn produces the characteristic bent or tubular crystals of this mineral. This genetic link between aqueous chemistry (mainly pH), tetrahedral-Al uptake by a low-temperature silicate, and the mineral’s crystal morphology may operate also in other silicates.
Semilinear hypoelliptic differential operators with multiple characteristics

In this paper we consider the regularity of solutions of semilinear differential equations principal parts of which consist of linear polynomial operators constructed from real vector fields. Based on the study of fine properties of the principal linear parts we then obtain the regularity of solutions of the nonlinear equations. Some results obtained in this article are also new in the frame of linear theory.
Precursor Structural Influences on the Final ZnO Nanoparticle Morphology from a Novel Family of Structurally Characterized Zinc Alkoxy Alkyl Precursors

We have synthesized a variety of structurally diverse “Zn(OR)(Et)(solv)” and “Zn(OR)2(solv)2” where Et = CH2CH3 and solv = no bound solvent, pyridine (py), tetrahydrofuran (THF), or 1-methyl imidazole (MeIm). The ligand OR represents the following: neo-pentoxide (ONep = OCH2CMe3), tert-butoxide (OBut = OCMe3), cycloalkane-substituted methoxide n = 2, OCH2Prc; n = 3, OCH2Buc], cyclopentoxide = OPec], tetrahydrofurfurylalkoxide = OTHF], and several aryloxides [OAr = 2,6-dimethyl phenoxide (DMP), 2,6-di-isopropyl phenoxide (DIP), and 2,6-di-tert-butyl phenoxide (DBP)]. These compounds were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction as [Zn(OR)(Et)(py)]2 [OR = ONep (1), OBut (2)], [Zn(μ3-ONep)(Et)]4 (3), Zn[Zn3(μ3-OCH2Prc)4(Et)3]2 (4), [Zn(μ3-OCH2Buc)(Et)]4 (5), [Zn(μ3-OPec)(Et)]4 (6), Zn(OAr)(Et)(solv)2 where OAr = DMP: solv = py (7), DIP: solv = py (8), MeIm (8a); DBP: solv = py (9) and [Zn(DBP)(μ-Et)]2 (9a), Zn(OAr)2(solv)2 where OAr = DMP: solv = py (10), MeIm (10a), py/MeIm (10b), DIP: solv =...
Solvent-dependent stabilization of the E configuration of propargylic secondary amides.

Secondary amides typically exist 98−99% in the Z rotamer to avoid steric repulsion between the substituent on the carbonyl carbon and the nitrogen. In contrast, secondary amide 3a displays 24% E rotamer at room temperature in aqueous solution. The analogous ester displays 6% E rotamer in chloroform, which suggests that the relatively high E conformer population observed for 3a in water results in part from the low steric bulk of the sp-hybridized carbons and in part from the hydrophobic effect.
The Georgia State Program in Translation and Interpretation

Georgia State University is ideally located for a program in Translation and Interpretation. Government buildings, international finance and business offices, the Georgia World Congress Center, and the Merchandise Mart are all within short walking distance of its Atlanta campus. Academically Georgia State is best known for its business school. The Institute of International Business and the World Congress Institute are also part of the institution. When the chairman of the Department of Foreign Languages first conceived the idea of the program in Translation and Interpretation, her department had recently implemented a new commercial track for the study of French, German, and Spanish at the undergraduate level. Location and the academic orientation of the institution were the two most important factors which influenced our choice of this type of program. Location prompted the decision to offer two complete certificate programs, one in Translation, the other in Conference Interpretation.
Electrochemistry of room-temperature chloroaluminate molten salts at graphitic and nongraphitic electrodes

The electrochemistry of unbuffered and buffered neutral AlCl3-EMIC-MC1 (EMIC =1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and MC1= LiCl, NaCl or KCl) room-temperature molten salts was studied at graphitic and nongraphitic electrodes. In the case of the unbuffered 1 : 1 AlCl3 : EMIC molten salt, the organic cation reductive intercalation at about −1.6 V and the AlCl4 − anion oxidative intercalation at about +1.8 V were evaluated at porous graphite electrodes. It was determined that the instability of the organic cation in the graphite lattice limits the performance of a dual intercalating molten electrolyte (DIME) cell based on this electrolyte. In buffered neutral 1.1 :1.0:0.1 AIC13: EMIC : MCl (MC1= LiCl, NaCl and KCl) molten salts, the organic cation was intercalated into porous and nonporous graphite electrodes with similar cycling efficiencies as the unbuffered 1 : 1 melt; however, additional nonintercalating processes were also found to occur between 1 and −1.6 V in the LiCl and NaCl systems. A black electrodeposit, formed at −1.4 V in the LiCl buffered neutral melt, was analysed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction and was found to be composed of LiCl, metallic phases containing lithium and aluminium, and an alumina phase formed from reaction with the atmosphere. A similar film appears to form in the NaCl buffered neutral melt, but at a much slower rate. These films are believed to form by reduction of the AlCl4 − anion, a process promoted by decreasing the ionic radius of the alkali metal cation in the molten salt. The partially insulating films may limit the usefulness of the LiCl and NaCl buffered neutral melts as electrolytes for rechargeable graphite intercalation anodes and may interfere with other electrochemical processes occurring negative of −1 V.
Mechanistic insights into the partial oxidation of acetic acid by O2 at the dual perimeter sites of a Au/TiO2 catalyst

The unique interfacial sites of Au nanoparticles supported on TiO2 are known to catalyze the activation of oxygen and it's addition to small molecules including H2, CO, NO and propylene. Herein we extend these ideas and show that the unique Au-Ti dual perimeter sites that form at the Au/TiO2 interface can also catalyze more demanding C-H and C-O bond activation reactions involved in the deoxygenation organic acids such as acetic acid. We have shown previously that acetic acid can be partially oxidized on a Au/TiO2 catalyst to form a novel gold ketenylidene (Au2==C==C==O) intermediate. In the present work we use in situ infrared spectroscopy and first-principle density functional theory (DFT) to examine the mechanism and the kinetics by which this reaction proceeds. The reaction was found to be localized at the dual perimeter sites of the Au/TiO2 catalyst, where 02 was activated. In contrast to Au/TiO2, no ketenylidene formation was observed on a similar Au/SiO2 catalyst or a TiO2 blank sample. The reaction involves the activation of multiple C-H bonds as well as the C-O bond in the adsorbed CH3COO species. C-O bond scission is postulated to occur at the TiO2 sites, while C-H bond scission occurs on Au sites, both near the active Au-Ti4+ dual perimeter sites. 18O2 isotopic labeling indicated that the O moiety of the ketenylidene species originates from the acetic acid during the oxidation process involving molecular O2. The rate-limiting step was found to be the C--O bond scission resulting in an apparent overall activation energy of 1.72 eV as determined from DFT calculations. This is in very good agreement with the experimentally measured apparent activation energy of 1.7 +/- 0.2 eV. A deuterium kinetic isotope effect of approximately 4 indicates that C-H bond activation is kinetically involved in the overall acetate oxidation reaction.
The Genesis Space Probe as a Platform for Materials Education

NASA’s Genesis mission provides an interesting opportunity for educational outreach in a wide variety of materials related disciplines. This mission is one the Discovery planetary exploration series, and its purpose is to return to earth quantitative data regarding the composition of the Sun’s solar wind. In doing so, the mission requires a number of materials technology platforms that provide examples of how fundamental questions in science might be answered. Specifically, the Genesis mission provides an educational pathway showing how experiment design and the process of materials selection are combined to realize evidence that will increase our understanding of the cosmological transition from solar nebula to planetary bodies.
Twisted ovarian cyst in a three year old child

Abstract A brief review of the literature of twisted ovarian cysts in children is presented. The condition is most frequently confused with acute appendicitis because of the greater incidence of right-sided twisted ovarian cysts. A case of twisted ovarian cyst in a 3 year old child with operation and recovery is presented. A symptom complex is suggested to aid in the preoperative diagnosis. A plea is made for more frequent rectal examinations in young children with abdominal pain.
The development of high-speed 100 fps CCD camera

Abstract This paper describes the development of a high-speed CCD digital camera system. The system has been designed to use CCDs from various manufacturers with minimal modifications. The first camera built on this design utilizes a Thomson 512 × 512 pixel CCD as its sensor, which is read out from two parallel outputs at a speed of 15 MHz/pixel/output. The data undergo correlated double sampling after which it is digitized into 12 bits. The throughput of the system translates into 60 MB/second, which is either stored directly in a PC or transferred to a custom-designed VXI module. The PC data acquisition version of the camera can collect sustained data in real time that is limited to the memory installed in the PC. The VXI version of the camera, also controlled by a PC, stores 512 MB of real-time data before it must be read out to the PC disk storage. The uncooled CCD can be used either with lenses for visible light imaging or with a phosphor screen for X-ray imaging. This camera has been tested with a phosphor screen coupled to a fiber-optic face plate for high-resolution, high-speed X-ray imaging. The camera is controlled through a custom event-driven user-friendly Windows package. The pixel clock speed can be changed from 1 to 15 MHz. The noise was measured to be 1.05 bits at a 13.3 MHz pixel clock. This paper will describe the electronics, software, and characterizations that have been performed using both visible and X-ray photons.
WShare: an instant secure collaboration workspace over ad hoc wireless LAN

Purpose – This paper aims to describe the design, implementation, and evaluation of a novel file and application sharing system that enables a group of mobile stations that do not have any prior security association and infrastructure support, to form a secure collaboration workspace, and share files and application content instantly with minimal human intervention.Design/methodology/approach – The paper looks at the system implementation and experimentation.Findings – WShare can automatically establish a peer‐to‐peer network among the participating mobile stations, and provides a transparent shared file repository through which the mobile stations can securely exchange files with simple drag‐and‐drop operations. This file sharing application can also be specialized to support the same file beaming service over wireless LAN as that provided by Palm PDAs over infrared links. On the application sharing front, WShare supports a general remote execution mechanism that can synchronize the state of multiple ins...
Perception of bureaucracy and changing job satisfaction: a longitudinal analysis

Abstract This study examines the relationship between perceived degree of bureaucracy and level of job satisfaction utilizing longitudinal data. These data were obtained over a 5-year period from 92 government employees. The results indicate a significant decline in job satisfaction over the 5-year period. Of the components of perceived bureaucracy examined, changes in division of labor, hierarchy of authority, and standardized work procedures were shown to be significantly related to changes in job satisfaction. These data indicate that individuals who perceive an increase in division of labor and hierarchy of authority in their organizations undergo diminished job satisfaction; while those that perceive an increase in standardized work procedures experience enhanced job satisfaction.
Student ratings of teaching: validity of several rating factors.

Students9 ratings of their instructors in undergraduate classes in calculus were correlated with class performance on a common final examination. Ratings on several instructional factors were highly related to class performance even though they appeared to be independent of the students9 own grades.
Strange hard probes to characterize the partonic medium at RHIC

I will show examples of high momentum identified particle measurements in heavy ion collisions at RHIC energies. Identified particles enable us to probe the existence and the hadronization mechanisms of the produced partonic medium in the case of the formation of a Quark-Gluon-Plasma (QGP). Besides probing the features of the plasma we also learn about the in-medium parton fragmentation process. I propose future measurements at RHIC-II and LHC in order to determine the dynamic evolution of the system from partonic to hadronic degrees of freedom.
On determining the zeros of state-space systems

The zeros of a linear, time-invariant, state-space system are defined, and a matrix rank test for determining their locus is formally established and illustrated by example.
Two-loop modular invariance and proper spin-statistics projection for general boundary conditions.

In the fermionic approach of closed-string theories, we study the relationship between the spin-statistics condition imposed at the one-loop level and two-loop modular invariance.
Hydrolysis of Dihydrouridine and Related Compounds

Dihydrouridine is absent from the tRNA of almost all hyperthermophiles and most Archaea but is ubiquitous in the tRNA of Eubacteria and Eukaryotes. In order to investigate whether this could be due to instability, the rate of ring opening of dihydrouridine was measured between 25 and 120 C. The dihydrouridine ring is stable at 25 C, but the half-life at 100 C and pH 7 is 9.1 h, which is comparable to the doubling time of hyperthermophiles. This suggests an explanation for the absence of dihydrouridine from the tRNA of hyperthermophiles. The rates of ring opening of dihydrouracil, dihydrothymine, and 1-N-methyldihydrouracil were measured at 100 C and pH 6-9, as were the equilibrium constants for ring closure of the ureido acids to the dihydrouracils. The pH rate profiles for ring opening and ring closing were calculated from the data. Possible roles for dihydrouracils in the pre-RNA world are discussed.
The generation of elements with singularities

A procedure is given for generating two-dimensional conforming singularity elements from standard conforming elements. Three new elements with 0(r-p) derivative singularities are introduced. The technique is based on the use of elements defined by numerically integrated shape functions. Special quadrature rules are suggested for triangular elements. The degeneration of these elements to crack tip elements and the direct evaluation near the singularity of element quantities, such as the stress intensity factors, is discussed.
Exploration of dye chemistry in Taenzer Unna orcein type elastin staining.

Musso's demonstration of the amino- and hydroxyphenoxazone structure of synthetic orcein suggested trial of simpler mixtures and isolated pure dyes of the phenoxazine phenoxazone series. It was further thought that explorations of this sort might reveal which of the hitherto demonstrated 14 chromatographic components of orcein might take part in or even be chiefly responsible for the elective staining of elastin.
Open Problems for Sequential Effect Algebras

A sequential effect algebra (SEA) is an effect algebra on which a sequential product with certain natural properties is defined. In such structures, we can study combinations of simple measurements that are series as well as parallel. This article presents some open problems for SEAs together with background material, comments and partial results. Two examples of open problems are the following: is A∘ B = A 1/2 BA 1/2 the only sequential product on a Hilbert space SEA? It is known that the sharp elements of a SEA form an orthomodular poset. Is every orthomodular poset isomorphic to the set of sharp elements for some SEA?
Expression of IFN-gamma induced CXCR3 agonist chemokines and compartmentalization of CXCR3+ cells in the periphery and lymph nodes of rhesus macaques during simian immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Dysregulation of cytokines and chemokines during human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection is thought to be critical in the progression of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). To evaluate the potential role of Th1-agonist chemokines in disease progression during AIDS, we assessed CXCL9/MIG and CXCL10/IP-10 expression simultaneously in the periphery and lymphoid tissues of SIV-infected animals at a single-cell level by flow cytometry. We optimized intracellular staining and analysis of CXCL9/MIG and CXCL10/IP-10 production in human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR + macaque cells by flow cytometry using cross-reactive antibodies against human chemokines. We observed an upregulation of CXCL9/MIG and CXCL10/IP-10 production in both the periphery and lymph nodes of infected animals compared with naive controls. Animals with higher viral loads had higher levels of CXCL9/MIG and CXCL10/ IP-10 producing cells compared with animals with low viral loads. Analysis of cells bearing the receptor (CXCR3) for CXCL9/MIG and CXCL10/IP-10 revealed increased number of CXCR3 + cells in the lymph nodes of infected animals. Importantly, an inverse correlation (P < 0.05) between CXCL9/MIG and CXCL10/IP-10 production, both in the periphery and lymph nodes, and peripheral CD4 + T-cell numbers was observed. These findings provide further evidence that dysregulation of Th1 agonist chemokines might contribute to the ultimate immunopathology during AIDS.
TIME VARYING DEMAND FOR ORANGES IN THE EEC

Orange consumption is of special interest to the EEC since three new citrus-producing countries are scheduled to enter into the community. Demand for sweet oranges has changed over time as EEC trade policies change. Time varying parameters procedures are used to evaluate the dynamics of orange demand in the community of nine. The demand estimates are then used to make consumption projections through 1990. The merits of TVP models are contrasted to those of OLS.
Hydrogen and oxygen isotope exchange reactions between clay minerals and water

Abstract The extent of hydrogen and oxygen isotope exchange between clay minerals and water has been measured in the temperature range 100–350° for bomb runs of up to almost 2 years. Hydrogen isotope exchange between water and the clays was demonstrable at 100°. Exchange rates were 3–5 times greater for montmorillonite than for kaolinite or illite and this is attributed to the presence of interlayer water in the montmorillonite structure. Negligible oxygen isotope exchange occurred at these low temperatures. The great disparity in D and O 18 exchange rates observed in every experiment demonstrates that hydrogen isotope exchange occurred by a mechanism of proton exchange independent of the slower process of O 18 exchange. At 350° kaolinite reacted to form pyrophyllite and diaspore. This was accompanied by essentially complete D exchange but minor O 18 exchange and implies that intact structural units in the pyrophyllite were inherited from the kaolinite precursor.
Regulatable fatty acid transport mechanisms are central to the pathophysiology of obesity, fatty liver, and metabolic syndrome

In the fall of 2007, my new laboratory at Columbia was producing a wealth of interesting data. I resolved to cut down on travel, accept no invitations to write reviews, and to focus on getting these new data published. I briefly stuck to my guns, and was feeling quite noble about it, when Keith Lindor struck. In a letter informing me that I was a highly respected and internationally recognized authority in a field of liver disease, with a unique perspective, multiple contributions, and broad recognition, he invited me to submit an article to a series in Hepatology to be entitled “The Master’s Perspective”, providing my personal take “on an aspect of the field of liver disease and pathobiology that is near and dear to [my] heart, and which would help others understand how a true leader in the field approaches a problem” Well, flattery – especially of that magnitude - will get you almost anywhere, my resolve rapidly melted, and I began to work on the solicited article. Query: Of what field was I such a master? While my work for 25 yrs had been on fatty acids, I felt I was still mainly regarded as a bilirubin maven. But the fatty acid work was more current and, in my view, more important, so fatty acids it will be. Lest readers wonder where the yellow went, I will briefly review the logical processes involved in transferring affection from one organic anion to another.
Quantifying Effect of a Hospital’s Caseload for a Surgical Specialty on That of Another Hospital Using Multi-Attribute Market Segments

Inpatient and outpatient data were used to create market segments consisting of hierarchical combinations of surgical procedure, then type of payer, and then location of patients' residences. The competitive effect of one hospital's caseload for a given surgical specialty on the caseload of another hospital was determined from the numbers of patients in each segment. Earlier methods for estimating surgical competition that ignored market segments over-estimated the competitive effects of one hospital on another. Thus, results differed from those obtained previously for all types of hospital admissions. When actual market segments with homogeneous groups of patients are used, competitive effects of hospitals in the same market area are far less than expected.
Measurement issues in designing and implementing longitudinal evaluation studies

Evaluation is required for almost all educational activities or programs, particularly for federal- and state-funded programs. Such a requirement is quite understandable given that we need to know what has been done actually produces its intended purposes. However, it is almost impossible that bad data can provide justified conclusions, and there are many evaluation studies that are circumvented by the fact that evaluation is a post-hoc test of educational activities. Thus, it is hard to produce the rigor and relevance of an evaluation study that may need good design and analysis to even provide partial answers to the original questions. The goal of this paper is to provide researchers and practitioners with some of the insights that may serve as a useful guide for designing and implementing longitudinal evaluation in a way that can improve the likelihood of high quality data for future evaluation studies.
Evaluation of a chloramine decomposition model incorporating general acid catalysis

Abstract An existing model describing the slow decomposition of chloramines in the presence of excess ammonia was modified to incorporate general acid catalysis of monochloramine disproportionation, a key reaction in determining the rate of chloramine loss. Experiments were conducted at various reaction conditions in the presence of varying concentrations of phosphate which was used as an analog for other naturally occurring proton donors. Results were used to obtain an estimate of the specific rate constant characterizing the effect of H2PO4− and to demonstrate the validity of the overall model formulation. Measured chloramine concentrations compared favorably with predicted values indicating that inclusion of the catalytic effect on monochloramine disproportionation alone appears justified in assessing the effect of phosphate. By analogy, it is expected that similar inorganic proton donors such as those of carbonate and silicate would also potentially affect only monochloramine disproportionation and that the modified model should be better capable of assessing chloramine decay in natural waters.
Ca2+cyt negatively regulates the initiation of oocyte maturation

Ca2+ is a ubiquitous intracellular messenger that is important for cell cycle progression. Genetic and biochemical evidence support a role for Ca2+ in mitosis. In contrast, there has been a long-standing debate as to whether Ca2+ signals are required for oocyte meiosis. Here, we show that cytoplasmic Ca2+ (Ca2+cyt) plays a dual role during Xenopus oocyte maturation. Ca2+ signals are dispensable for meiosis entry (germinal vesicle breakdown and chromosome condensation), but are required for the completion of meiosis I. Interestingly, in the absence of Ca2+cyt signals oocytes enter meiosis more rapidly due to faster activation of the MAPK-maturation promoting factor (MPF) kinase cascade. This Ca2+-dependent negative regulation of the cell cycle machinery (MAPK-MPF cascade) is due to Ca2+cyt acting downstream of protein kinase A but upstream of Mos (a MAPK kinase kinase). Therefore, high Ca2+cyt delays meiosis entry by negatively regulating the initiation of the MAPK-MPF cascade. These results show that Ca2+ modulates both the cell cycle machinery and nuclear maturation during meiosis.
When is female leadership an advantage? Coordination requirements, team cohesion, and team interaction norms

Summary This study seeks to understand to what extent and in what contexts women leaders may be advantageous for teams. More specifically, this study examines how team leader gender relates to team cohesion, cooperative learning, and participative communication. Furthermore, the study argues that advantages derived from female leadership may be contingent on teams' coordination requirements. I propose that as teams' coordination requirements increase (i.e., with functional diversity, size, and geographic dispersion), teams with women leaders report more cohesion and more cooperative and participative interaction norms than those with men leaders. I aggregated survey responses from the members of 82 teams in 29 organizations at the team level. Findings from hierarchical linear modeling analyses suggest that female leadership is more positively associated with cohesion on larger and more functionally diverse teams and more positively associated with cooperative learning and participative communication on larger and geographically dispersed teams. These results call for more research on boundary conditions on the relationship between leader gender and team outcomes, on the role of relational leadership on complex and diverse teams and, ultimately, on the potential mediating role of cohesion and team interaction norms on the relationship between leader gender and team performance. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
M. Powell Lawton's Three Dilemmas in the Field of Environment and Aging

Abstract Three scholarly dilemmas have characterized Powell Lawton's career: basic versus applied research; theory-driven versus empirically-dominated research; and the intrinsic psychological dilemma of person-environment transactions. These themes serve as an organizing framework for the analysis of the discipline of environment and aging studies. Researchers in this field share a social mission as well as the responsibility to gain theoretical and applied knowledge for intervention that can improve the quality of older people's lives. At the same time, research in this field hinges on the willingness of those who are supposed to benefit from the research, to try it out, and use the results. The chapter is an attempt to use Lawton's seminal contribution to this field in order to look to the future of theory, practice and policy in environment-aging studies.
ECONOMIC AND OCCUPATIONAL CAUSES OF TRANSIT OPERATOR ABSENTEEISM : A REVIEW OF RESEARCH

Abstract Transit operator absence from work is a costly and pervasive problem within public transport organizations. This paper reviews over forty international studies in order to document significant factors related to this phenomenon. We begin with a brief assessment of the magnitude and costs of operator absence and isolate two major theories which have been proposed to explain operator absence behaviour: the income‐leisure trade‐off and occupational stress. Case study reports from three U.S. public transport organizations are used to illustrate the range of factors which influence employee absence behaviour. We conclude with suggestions for organizational changes which may serve to reduce operator absence and suggestions for further research.
Hypertrophic osteopathy associated with mycotic pneumonia in two juvenile elk (Cervus elaphus).

Two yearling bull elk (Cervus elaphus) from the same farm developed anorexia, weight loss, and lameness. On physical examination, both elk were thin and showed diffuse swelling of all lower limbs. ...
The demise of dialogue: A critique of medical encounter ideology

The traditional ideology of medical care places constraints upon communication in the medical encounter. A dialogic critique of understanding and social context in the provider‐patient relationship embraces both the given and created meanings communicated. Drawing from dialogical theory and a critical theory of medical discourse this research analyzes providers' and patients' interpretations of communication in their relationship with one another to identify their critical attention or inattention to understanding and social context.
Performance and image analysis of the aberration-corrected Hitachi HD-2700C STEM

We report the performance of the first aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) manufactured by Hitachi. We describe its unique features and versatile capabilities in atomic-scale characterization and its applications in materials research. We also discuss contrast variation of the STEM images obtained from different annular dark-field (ADF) detectors of the instrument, and the increased complexity in contrast interpretation and quantification due to the increased convergent angles of the electron probe associated with the aberration corrector. We demonstrate that the intensity of atomic columns in an ADF image depends strongly on a variety of imaging parameters, sample thickness, as well as the nuclear charge and the deviation from their periodic position of the atoms we are probing. Image simulations are often required to correctly interpret the atomic structure of an ADF-STEM image.
Engine mount optimisation for vibration isolation in motorcycles

This paper presents a comprehensive model to capture the in-plane dynamics of a motorcycle system to evaluate the quality of its vibration isolation, and the design of an engine mount system. The model consists of two main structural components, the frame and the swing-arm, as well as the power-train assembly, engine mounts connecting the power-train to the frame, and the front-end assembly. The model accounts for frame and swing-arm flexibility using reduced order finite-element models. The power-train assembly is modelled as a rigid body connected to the frame through the engine mounts and to the swing-arm through a shaft assembly. The engine mounts are modelled as tri-axial spring-damper systems, and the front-end assembly is modelled as a lumped mass. The complete vehicle model is used to solve the engine mount optimisation problem, so as to minimise the total force transmitted to the frame while meeting packaging and other constraints. The mount system parameters – stiffness, position and orientation...