cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A randomized, controlled trial comparing two different continuous positive airway pressure systems for the successful extubation of extremely low birth weight infants.

Objective. To determine whether the use of the Infant Flow continuous positive airway pressure (IF CPAP) system reduces the rate of extubation failure among extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants (infants with birth weight <1000 g) when compared with conventional CPAP delivered with a conventional ventilator and nasal prongs. Methods. A prospective, unmasked, randomized, controlled clinical trial was conducted in 162 eligible intubated ELBW infants who were hospitalized in 2 intensive care nurseries in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, between July 1997 and November 2000. Successful extubation was defined as no need for reintubation for any reason for at least 7 days after the first extubation attempt. Results. The individual extubation success rates were 61.9% (52 of 84) in the conventional CPAP group and 61.5% (48 of 78) in the IF CPAP group. There were no significant differences in the extubation success rate in any birth weight subset between the 2 cohorts. The most common cause of extubation failure was apnea/bradycardia. Infants who were randomized to IF CPAP had fewer days on supplemental O 2 and shorter hospital stays. Conclusions. Extubation failure is a common problem, occurring in nearly 40% of ELBW infants who require mechanical ventilation. IF CPAP was as effective but no more effective than conventional CPAP in preventing extubation failure among ELBW infants. New strategies are needed to identify predictors of extubation success and to treat apnea/bradycardia, the most common cause of extubation failure, thereby reducing the likelihood of prolonged intubation in this high-risk cohort of premature infants.
Nudging and Choice Architecture: Ethical Considerations

Is nudging unethical? Is choice architecture a problem for a free society? This essay defends seven propositions: (1) It is pointless to object to choice architecture or nudging as such. Choice architecture cannot be avoided. Nature itself nudges; so does the weather; so do customs and traditions; so do spontaneous orders and invisible hands. The private sector inevitably nudges, as does the government. It is reasonable to worry about nudges by government and to object to particular nudges, but not to nudging in general. (2) In this context, ethical abstractions (for example, about autonomy, dignity, manipulation, and democratic self-government) can create serious confusion. To make progress, those abstractions must be brought into contact with concrete practices. Nudging and choice architecture take highly diverse forms, and the force of an ethical objection depends on the specific form. (3) If welfare is our guide, much nudging is actually required on ethical grounds, even if it comes from government. (4) If autonomy is our guide, much nudging is also required on ethical grounds, in part because some nudges actually promote autonomy, in part because some nudges enable people to devote their limited time and attention to their most important concerns. (5) Choice architecture should not, and need not, compromise either dignity or self-government, but it is important to see that imaginable forms could do both. It follows that when they come from government, choice architecture and nudges should not be immune from a burden of justification, which they might not be able to overcome. (6) Some nudges are objectionable because the choice architect has illicit ends. When the ends are legitimate, and when nudges are fully transparent and subject to public scrutiny, a convincing ethical objection is less likely to be available. (7) There is ample room for ethical objections in the case of well-motivated but manipulative interventions, certainly if people have not consented to them; such nudges can undermine autonomy and dignity. It follows that both the concept and the practice of manipulation deserve careful attention. The concept of manipulation has a core and a periphery; some interventions fit within the core, others within the periphery, and others outside of both.
Determination of Income Mobility Using Tax Return Data

This research addresses the question of whether taxpayers were income mobile during 1979-1990. Following prior research, the authors compare ranks of individuals in the sample distribution of income across years. Extending prior research, the question is asked: Does an individual draw his income from some fixed subset of the distribution of possible incomes, implying a limited income opportunity set, or from the total distribution of incomes, implying an unlimited income opportunity set? Group income distributions within each year are analyzed using stochastic dominance. The authors find limited income mobility over 1979-1990 and that individuals face a limited income opportunity set based on their group membership.
Communal Identities in Rohinton Mistry's Bombay Novel

The article examines Rohinton Mistry's Such a Long Journey as a defining example of the Bombay novel. This genre of literature, I argue, depicts Bombay as a powerful force that defines individual residents just as much as it is defined by them. The genre demands a reading strategy that highlights the artifice and agency necessary to create the composites of personal and public (i.e., historical and political) narratives that comprise the city's postcolonial identities. Mistry, like many Bombay novelists, presents the city as a nuanced site produced through the interactions between memory, personal and public histories, and power relationships. His use of literary realism emphasizes the limitations of individual agency and presents Bombay as a decaying, unwelcoming place defined by pessimistic nostalgia. Thus, Mistry's depiction of Bombay exemplifies the tenuous nature of individual narrative agency over personal and urban identity as well as both the alienating and the restorative consequences of communal...
Provision of nutrients after acute spinal cord injury: the implications of feast and famine

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) often leaves patients with devastating neurological deficits. The traumatic event – or primary injury – can be due to mechanisms such as compression, distraction, shear, laceration or (rarely) even transection. Thereafter SCI patients are vulnerable to progressive, delayed damage as a result of secondary insults and secondary injury. Secondary insults such as hypoxia and hypotension occur at the level of the organism from a myriad of causes. Secondary injury occurs at the molecular level and includes processes such as ischemia, excitotoxicity, ionic dysregulation, free radical formation, inflammation, oxidative damage, and activation of necrotic and apoptotic cell death signaling events. Despite the great progress we have made in understanding delayed insults that follow SCI, physicians have little to offer save for supportive care, especially now that methylprednisolone administration has become controversial. This supportive care is largely focused upon optimizing nutrient delivery to the injured spinal cord.
Computer simulation of the steady-state input-output function of the cat medial gastrocnemius motoneuron pool

1. A pool of 100 simulated motor units was constructed in which the steady-state neural and mechanical properties of the units were very closely matched to the available experimental data for the cat medial gastrocnemius motoneuron pool and muscle. The resulting neural network generated quantitative predictions of whole system input-output functions based on the single unit data. The results of the simulations were compared with experimental data on normal motor system behavior in humans and animals. 2. We considered only steady-state, isometric conditions. All motoneurons received equal proportions of the synaptic input, and no feedback loops were operative. Thus the intrinsic properties of the motor unit population alone determined the form of the system input-output function. Expressing the synaptic input in terms of effective synaptic current allowed the simulated motoneuron input-output functions to be specified by well-known firing rate-injected current relations. The motor unit forces were determined from standard motor unit force-frequency relations, and the system output at any input level was assumed to be the linear sum of the forces of the active motor units. 3. The steady-state input-output function of the simulated motoneuron pool had a roughly sigmoidal shape that was quite different from those derived from previous recruitment models, which did not incorporate frequency modulation. Frequency modulation in combination with the skewed distribution of thresholds (low values much more frequent than high) restricted upward curvature to low input levels, whereas frequency modulation alone was responsible for the final gradual approach to the maximum force output. 4. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the importance of several assumptions that were required to deal with gaps and uncertainties in the available experimental data. The shape of the input-output function was not critically dependent on any of these assumptions, including those specifying linear summation of inputs and outputs. 5. A key assumption of the model was that systematic variance in motor unit properties was much more important than random variance for determining the input-output function. Addition of random variance via Monte Carlo techniques showed that this assumption was correct. These results suggest that the output of a motoneuron pool should be quite tolerant of random variance in the distribution of synaptic inputs and yet substantially altered by any systematic differences, such as unequal distribution of inputs among different motor unit types.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Dynamic Behavior of Intrinsic Point Defects in Fz and Cz Silicon Crystals

Detaching the crystals from the melt revealed the real state and dynamic change of intrinsic point defects. From this observation it is confirmed that the predominant point defects near the melting point are vacancies. Clusters of interstitial-type dislocation loops (CDL) are eliminated by taking an extremely low growth rate under 0.2 mm/min and nitrogen doping. The anomalous oxygen precipitate (AOP) of the crystals grown in a nitrogen ambient is enhanced. AOP and ring-oxidation induced stacking fault (R-OSF) coexist at the periphery in nitrogen doped crystals. Almost all crystals have defect boundaries between periphery and center region which may be attributed to a stress field in the crystals during growth.
Trace Analysis of Diethylstilbestrol [DES] in Animal Chow by Parallel High-Speed Liquid Chromatography, Electron-Capture Gas Chromatography, and Radioassays

An analytical method is described for determining residues of the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) in animal chow at levels as low as 1 ppb. A methanol extract of the chow is subjected to a 3-step cleanup procedure including a Sephadex LH-20 column, liquid-liquid partitioning at pH 14 and 10.2, and a silica gel column. Residues of DES in the cleaned-up extract are analyzed directly by high-speed liquid chromatography or derivatized to pentafluoropropionyl-DES and assayed by electron-capture gas chromatography. Tests with 14C-DES were used to develop and validate the procedure. Ancillary data concerning extraction efficiencies of various solvents, comparisons of various derivatizing reagents, rates of trans-cis isomerization in two solvents, P-values of DES in various solvent-systems and thin-layer chromatographic behavior i
Civilization Integration of the Resources of Traditional Culture and Localizing the Value of Social Work

Values of social work are the soul of social work profession,which definites not only the goal and signification of social work,but also the skill and measure of social work.In China,Values of social work deriving from the West are based on Christianism,Humanitarianism,positivism,welfare and so on.Even though the outset of Chinese social work is relatively late,the pace of it is extremely quick.Social work theory from western social culture can not adapt Chinese social circumstances completely.Thus,it is crucially important for the development of localizing the social work values to make full use of the resources of traditional culture,and which is the fundamental way to Chinese social work developing.Philosophy of Confucianism,Buddhism and Taoism has a profound effect on Chinese traditional culture,such as home and country,harmonious politics and existence being equal ideals have an affinity with social work value,and there is important practical significance of Chinese social work value construction.
A High-Throughput MicroRNA Expression Profiling System

As small noncoding RNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate diverse biological functions, including physiological and pathological processes. The expression and deregulation of miRNA levels contain rich information with diagnostic and prognostic relevance and can reflect pharmacological responses. The increasing interest in miRNA-related research demands global miRNA expression profiling on large numbers of samples. We describe here a robust protocol that supports high-throughput sample labeling and detection on hundreds of samples simultaneously. This method employs 96-well-based miRNA capturing from total RNA samples and on-site biochemical reactions, coupled with bead-based detection in 96-well format for hundreds of miRNAs per sample. With low-cost, high-throughput, high detection specificity, and flexibility to profile both small and large numbers of samples, this protocol can be adapted in a wide range of laboratory settings.
Predicting plant attractiveness to pollinators with passive crowdsourcing.

Global concern regarding pollinator decline has intensified interest in enhancing pollinator resources in managed landscapes. These efforts frequently emphasize restoration or planting of flowering plants to provide pollen and nectar resources that are highly attractive to the desired pollinators. However, determining exactly which plant species should be used to enhance a landscape is difficult. Empirical screening of plants for such purposes is logistically daunting, but could be streamlined by crowdsourcing data to create lists of plants most probable to attract the desired pollinator taxa. People frequently photograph plants in bloom and the Internet has become a vast repository of such images. A proportion of these images also capture floral visitation by arthropods. Here, we test the hypothesis that the abundance of floral images containing identifiable pollinator and other beneficial insects is positively associated with the observed attractiveness of the same species in controlled field trials from previously published studies. We used Google Image searches to determine the correlation of pollinator visitation captured by photographs on the Internet relative to the attractiveness of the same species in common-garden field trials for 43 plant species. From the first 30 photographs, which successfully identified the plant, we recorded the number of Apis (managed honeybees), non- Apis (exclusively wild bees) and the number of bee-mimicking syrphid flies. We used these observations from search hits as well as bloom period (BP) as predictor variables in Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) for field-observed abundances of each of these groups. We found that non- Apis bees observed in controlled field trials were positively associated with observations of these taxa in Google Image searches (pseudo- R 2 of 0.668). Syrphid fly observations in the field were also associated with the frequency they were observed in images, but this relationship was weak. Apis bee observations were not associated with Internet images, but were slightly associated with BP. Our results suggest that passively crowdsourced image data can potentially be a useful screening tool to identify candidate plants for pollinator habitat restoration efforts directed at wild bee conservation. Increasing our understanding of the attractiveness of a greater diversity of plants increases the potential for more rapid and efficient research in creating pollinator-supportive landscapes.
Delayed recognition of fatal invasive meningococcal disease in adults.

Introduction: Invasive meningococcal disease can be difficult to detect early in its course when patients may appear well and the severity of their illness is obscured by non-specific complaints. Case presentation: We report five cases of meningococcal sepsis in adult patients who presented to an emergency department early in the course of their disease, but whose severity of illness was not recognized. Conclusion: Suspicion of meningococcal sepsis should be heightened in the setting of hypotension, tachycardia, elevated shock index, leukopaenia with left shift, thrombocytopaenia and hypokalaemia, prompting early sepsis care.
John of Salisbury as classical scholar

John of Salisbury long has drawn the attention of scholars as a representative of medieval humanism. Many studies have been devoted to his allusions to the literature of pagan and Christian antiquity. But these studies necessarily have remained somewhat inconclusive because of our ignorance about the nature of John’s exemplars of his authors. Assessment of such matters as his interests and tastes, his working methods, his dependence on his authorities, and his originality and independence requires precise knowlege of the nature of his exemplars.
Physiology in Perspective: The Body's Tubes Sustain Life but Underlie Disease

Almost 2,500 years ago, Hippocrates stated that “All disease begin in the gut.” Ivan Pavlov, the Russian physiologist and father of modern gastroenterology (GI) research, recognized that “The digestive canal represents a tube passing through the entire organism and communicating with the
Mining the Unknown: Assigning Function to Noncoding Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms

One of the formative goals of genetics research is to understand how genetic variation leads to phenotypic differences and human disease. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) bring us closer to this goal by linking variation with disease faster than ever before. Despite this, GWASs alone are unable to pinpoint disease-causing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Noncoding SNPs, which represent the majority of GWAS SNPs, present a particular challenge. To address this challenge, an array of computational tools designed to prioritize and predict the function of noncoding GWAS SNPs have been developed. However, fewer than 40% of GWAS publications from 2015 utilized these tools. We discuss several leading methods for annotating noncoding variants and how they can be integrated into research pipelines in hopes that they will be broadly applied in future GWAS analyses.
Monte Carlo Basics for Radiation Dose Assessment in Diagnostic Radiology

Monte Carlo simulations are the basis of all modern x-ray dosimetry methods in diagnostic radiology. Monte Carlo (MC) methods are different from the larger class of computer simulation techniques in that they explicitly compute stochastic events and track the outcome. For x-ray dosimetry, MC methods track the trajectory of individual x-ray photons, one by one, as they exit an x-ray source, enter the simulated patient anatomy, and undergo scattering and absorption events. The amount of energy deposited in the “patient” is tallied at each location where a dose-deposition interaction takes place. Typically, millions to billions of photon histories are computed and the energy deposited in each volume element (voxel) in the mathematical phantom is then divided by the tissue mass of that voxel, resulting in the absorbed dose for the voxel – defined as imparted energy per unit mass. Modern computers are very fast and billions of photon histories can be realistically simulated to estimate the radiation dose deposited to anatomy from a given radiological imaging application. Despite this large number of simulated photons (e.g. 109), actual x-ray imaging involves 1014 to 1016 photons for each mammographic or CT acquisition, respectively – a factor of 10,000 or more greater than what is possible in most MC experiments. Thus, it is common to also record the air kerma at the entrance of the phantom for radiographic or mammographic applications, or the air kerma at the center of the field for computed tomography applications. In this way, a coefficient representing the absorbed dose per unit air kerma – in the interesting units of mGy/mGy, is computed. In the old days of radiology, these coefficients used different units and were sometimes called the “roentgen to rad conversion factors”. These coefficients allow dose levels in actual imaging procedures to be estimated using physically-measured air kerma levels in the radiography room or CT suite.
Salivary Gland Tumors

Salivary gland neoplasms account for ∼3–5% of H&N cancers. Major salivary glands consist of the paired parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. Minor salivary glands located throughout oral cavity, pharynx, and paranasal sinuses. Parotid glands located lateral to the mandibular ramus and masseter muscle. Facial nerve divides parotid gland into superficial and deep lobes. Parotid gland drains into oral cavity through Stensen’s duct adjacent to upper second molar. Lymphatic drainage from parotid gland is to intraparotid and periparotid nodes, followed by ipsilateral level I, II, and III nodes.
Fuel consumption assessment of a multi-mode low temperature combustion engine as range extender for an electric vehicle

Abstract Low temperature combustion (LTC) engines, including homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) and reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI), are promising to improve powertrain fuel consumption and reduce NO x and soot emissions by improving the in-cylinder combustion process. However, the narrow operating range of LTC engines limits the use of these engines in conventional powertrains. In range extenders, the engine is decoupled from the drivetrain, which allows the engine to operate in a limited operating range; thus, range extenders offer an ideal application for realizing the advantages of LTC engines. In this study, the optimum fuel consumption improvement of an experimentally developed 2-l multi-mode LTC-SI range extender is investigated in a light-duty battery electric vehicle (BEV) platform. In the optimization framework, the mode-switching fuel penalty, exhaust aftertreatment catalyst light-off temperature, and engine noise, vibration, harshness (NVH) are considered. The engine operation modes include HCCI, RCCI, and conventional spark ignition (SI). The simulation results show in the city driving cycle, the single-mode HCCI and RCCI range extenders offer 11.0% and 5.4% fuel consumption improvement, respectively over a single-mode SI range extender. These improvements increase to 12.1% and 9.1% in the highway driving cycles. In the multi-mode operation, up to 1.4% higher fuel economy is achieved over different driving cycles, compared to single-mode HCCI/RCCI operation. As the driving cycle average demanded power increases, the contribution of the RCCI mode predominates the HCCI mode.
Synthesis of the Cancer-Associated KH-1 Antigen by Block Assembly of Its Backbone Structure Followed by One-Step Grafting of Three Fucose Residues

A robust, convergent, and efficient strategy was developed for the synthesis of the nonasaccharide cancer antigen KH-1. This strategy featured a one-pot block assembly of the linear hexasaccharide backbone using three disaccharides followed by grafting of three fucose residues onto the backbone in one step.
Sexual dimorphism and reproduction of the pitviper Porthidium ophryomegas (Serpentes: Viperidae) in Guatemala

Porthidium ophryomegas is a slender, relatively small (to 770 mm) terrestrial pilviper inhabiting seasonally dry forests of lhe Pacific versant from south-central Guatemala to northwest Costa Rica with questionable records from eastern Panama (Campbell & Lamar 1989). This species also occurs in several rainshadow valleys of Ihe Atlantic drainage in Guatemala and Honduras.
Attributive Comparative Deletion

Comparatives are among the most extensively investigatedconstructions in generative grammar, yet comparativesinvolving attributive adjectives have received a relativelysmall amount of attention. This paper investigates a complexarray of facts in this domain that shows that attributivecomparatives, unlike other comparatives, are well-formed onlyif some type of ellipsis operation applies within thecomparative clause. Incorporating data from English, Polish,Czech, Greek, and Bulgarian, we argue that these facts supporttwo important conclusions. First, violations of Ross's LeftBranch Condition that involve attributive modifiers should notbe accounted for in terms of constraints on LF representations(such as the Empty Category Principle), but rather in terms ofthe principle of Full Interpretation at the PF interface. Second,ellipsis must be analyzed as deletion of syntactic material fromthe phonological representation. In addition, we present newevidence from pseudogapping constructions that favors anarticulated syntax of attributive modification in which certaintypes of attributive modifiers may occur outside DP.
Nuclear physics: Sometimes γ-rays come in twos.

Breakthrough measurements of a rare decay process in an excited barium nucleus pave the way for the development of techniques that probe the structure and decay modes of atomic nuclei. See Letter p.406 Most decays of quantum states involve the emission of one photon, but in processes first predicted by Nobel laureate Maria Goeppert-Mayer more than 75 years ago, exotic decays emitting two photons can occur. An analogous exotic decay process in atomic nuclei is the double-gamma decay, which has been observed in cases where the usual single-gamma decay is forbidden. In an experimental tour de force, Heiko Scheit and colleagues observe a double-gamma decay which is in competition with a single-gamma decay. Through decay of caesium-137, the first excited state of barium-137 is populated. Monitoring the emissions for more than 50 days and carefully excluding alternative explanations for their data, the authors are able to unambiguously measure the competitive double-gamma decay. Precise measurements of the double-gamma decay rate promise to give access to nuclear structure information that is elusive by other methods.
Os desencontros da tradição em Cidade das Mulheres: raça e gênero na etnografia de Ruth Landes*

ResumoVitima de exclusao academica nos anos 40, principalmente pelo seu enfoque na analise de genero, Ruth Landes tem sido reivindicada hoje como pioneira feminista da etnografia de raca e genero. No ano passado, depois de 50 anos, o seu livro A Cidade das Mulheres foi reeditado em ingles. Lido hoje, o argumento do livro parece ser quase uma profecia de certas tendencias da Antropologia contemporânea. Mas e interessante ver como esse argumento surgiu nao da rejeicao dos paradigmas entao dominantes, mas sim da tentativa de estende-los. Neste trabalho, eu avanco uma leitura da formacao e producao intelectual de Ruth Landes, comparando seus escritos com os outros trabalhos etnograficos produzidos no boom dos estudos afro-baianos. Essa comparacao mostra tanto a novidade da tentativa de Landes de analisar raca e genero ao mesmo tempo, quanto as origens dessa tentativa nos trabalhos de suas professoras Benedict e Mead. Como foi o caso delas, ate os mais interessantes argumentos de Landes estavam baseados no conceito colonialista do “primitivo”, conceito que fez possivel tanto a clareza quanto a cegueira de Landes, quando ela olhou para as mulheres afro-baianas. AbstractThis article discusses Ruth Landes’s intellectual itinerary and production. Comparing her work with other ethnographies produced during the boom of afro-Bahian studies shows how innovative Landes’s efforts to analize race and gender simultaneously were. It also shows these efforts might be traced in Benedict’s and Mead’s works. Like these authors even Landes most interesting statements were based on the colonialist concept of the “primitive”. This concept collaborated both in Landes insights and blindness towards afro-Bahian women.
Correlating the depth of compensation to the 3-D shape of the breast to achieve homogeneous dose distribution using the electronic tissue compensation treatment technique

Our study aimed to correlate the overall 3-dimensional (3-D) shape of the breast to the compensation depth to produce a homogeneous dose distribution using the electronic tissue compensation (ECOMP) treatment technique. The study involved creating a number of semioval water phantoms with the diameter of the larger axis representing the breast separation and the shorter axis representing the distance from the chest wall to the apex of the breast. Multiple plans with 2 tangential fields were created for each phantom using different transmission penetration depths (TPDs) to determine the optimum TPD value based on the evaluation of dose uniformity and maximum hot spot. Optimum TPD values from the semioval water phantom plans were plotted on a graph as a function of separation and radius and were used as guidelines to choose the optimum TPD for the breast patient's cases. A total of 10 patients who had been treated with radiation therapy using ECOMP tangential fields were randomly selected. The separation and the radius of the breast were measured for 3 regions (superior, middle, and inferior) to retrospectively determine the optimum TPD from the graph for each region. These TPD values were then used to plan the breast cases. For all the patients studied, the optimized TPD technique produced a lower average homogeneity index (HI) value of 0.658 than the standard ECOMP technique of 0.856. These results showed that optimized TPD technique produced a more homogeneous dose distribution than the standard ECOMP technique. By measuring the breast size based on breast separation and the chest wall-to-apex distance at different locations along the superior-inferior axis of the breast, the optimum TPD can be determined at each location to provide a homogeneous dose distribution. A module can be created within the planning system to automatically assign the optimum TPD for both tangential fields so uniform fluence maps can be achieved throughout the whole breast volume. This method can serve as a guideline in ECOMP during the treatment planning to obtain a homogeneous dose distribution.
State of the Science: Apathy As a Model for Investigating Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms in Dementia

Apathy is one of the most common and pervasive of the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSDs). Apathy has profound consequences for morbidity, mortality, and caregiver burden. Treatment of apathy has been hindered because of poor understanding of the mechanisms underlying this heterogeneous syndrome. Research has demonstrated that apathy is associated with disruption of the frontal-striatal system in individuals with neurodegenerative disease. As with other BPSDs, these neural mechanisms alone do not completely account for the syndrome; individual, caregiver, and environmental factors also contribute to apathy. In this article, we modify a current conceptual model of the factors contributing to BPSDs to examine determinants of apathy. This integrative model provides a more complete and theoretically informed understanding of apathy, allowing for greater insight into potential targets for research, intervention, and care. We end by proposing an agenda for moving the science of BPSDs in general, and apathy in particular, forward.
Eine Einführung in die molekulare Ultraviolett/sichtbare (UV/VIS) und Nahinfrarot(NIR)-Absorptionsspektroskopie

In diesem Kapitel wird Einfuhrungsstoff angeboten, der primar fur die Absorptionsspektroskopie im ultravioletten, sichtbaren und nahen Infrarot-Bereich (∼185 nm bis 3000 nm) gedacht ist1. Ein Teil dieses Stoffs betrifft jedoch auch die Infrarot- und Atomaspektroskopie. Eine ausfuhrliche Behandlung dieser beiden Methoden finden Sie in spateren Kapiteln.
Results: Paleontological Analysis

Epibionts seem to be more common in siliciclastic units than in carbonate units. To evaluate this difference, the paleontology of the Middle Devonian Dundee Formation has been explored. A total of 245 brachiopod specimens were collected from a fossiliferous horizon of the Dundee Formation exposed at Whitehouse Quarry and identified to the generic level. Brachiopod genera identified were Strophodonta, Rhipidomella, Rhynchotrema, Atrypa, and Mucrospirifer. All the brachiopod shells were examined under a stereomicroscope for evidence of epibionts, and preferred host taxa were determined. Epibionts are absent on all the brachiopod shells except some Rhipidomella shells. Further examination of these Rhipidomella shells under 100× magnification showed evidence of biotic interactions in 21 out of 48 specimens. Large boreholes were produced by worm borers, scars were left on a few specimens by worms, branching grooves were the traces of soft-bodied ctenostome bryozoans, and sheet-like encrustation was produced by an indeterminate group of bryozoans. Ctenostome bryozoans had a commensal relationship with their host while a few worms had a parasitic relation with the host. While one might expect encrustation on hardgrounds within this carbonate unit, field work has determined that much of the Dundee Formation was extensively bioturbated, implying a soft substrate. It may be that bioturbation mixed shells down into the substrate before epibionts could attach.
Surface engineering of IN-718 by low-temperature carburisation: properties and thermal stability

ABSTRACTIN-718 was surface-engineered by low-temperature gas-phase carburisation, generating a highly concentrated solid solution of interstitial carbon with an average depth of 10 μm and a carbon...
Researching Elite Identity (re)production in contemporary Nigeria: Lessons Learned and New Directions

Distinction, Exclusivity and Whiteness reveals how elite class reproduction and identity formation in postcolonial Nigeria is a complex and multifaceted process involving the intersection between race and class. The book explained how the consumption of international schooling is more than where and how the elite Nigerian parents are choosing to educate their children. Rather, the book argues that these parents’ school choices are symbolic of intra-class struggle for distinction and exclusivity as well as dominance. More significantly, Distinction, Exclusivity and Whiteness is also symbolic of the asymmetrical power relationship between Africa and the West as well as the enduring legacy of colonialism as the British remain the main consecrators of elite identity in contemporary Nigeria. Drawing together the key themes and findings in the book, the chapter concludes by highlighting areas for future research.
Posterior cord syndrome: Demographics and rehabilitation outcomes.

Context/Objectives: To describe demographics, clinical characteristics, and functional outcomes of patients with incomplete spinal cord injuries and posterior cord syndrome (PCS).Design: Five-year retrospective case series.Setting: Spinal cord injury (SCI) rehabilitation unit at a Level 1 tertiary university medical center.Participants: 9 patients with incomplete cord injuries diagnosed with PCS admitted to rehabilitation within the past 5 years.Outcome measures: Functional Independence Measure (FIM) motor scores, length of stay (LOS), discharge disposition.Results: Incidence of PCS was 2% with an average age of 62.0 years. The most common etiology for PCS was spinal cord compression from localized tumors (78%). Seven (78%) patients had paraparesis. All patients had an American Spinal Injury Association impairment scale (AIS) classification of AIS D. SCI-related complications most commonly included: neuropathic pain (78%), spasticity (44%), and neurogenic bladder (78%). Average LOS on the rehabilitation unit was 28 days. Average admission and discharge FIM motor scores were significantly improved (P = 0.001) from 41 to 65, respectively. Two-thirds (67%) of patients were able to walk at least 150 feet with a rolling walker prior to discharge. Most (78%) patients were discharged to home. Continence improved from admission to discharge from 22% vs 56% (bladder) and 67% vs 78% (bowel).Conclusions: We can conclude that PCS most often results in paraparesis due to tumor compression. Typical SCI-related medical complications are encountered. These patients often experience significant functional improvements during SCI rehabilitation with the majority also having bladder and bowel continence allowing them to return home at discharge.
Detection: Randomizing Checkpoints on Cyberphysical Digital Microfluidic Biochips

Security mechanisms designed to prevent attacks in a cyberphysical microfluidic system are unlikely to be completely foolproof. A detection system can inform an end user that an attack has occurred so that corrective actions can be taken, preventing downstream errors and unnecessary waste. In this chapter, we propose leveraging error recovery hardware for security purposes through the randomization of checkpoints in both space and time, and provide design guidelines for designers of such systems.
An unusual presentation of acute cholecystitis: gallbladder volvulus.

Gallbladder volvulus is a rare condition with similar presentation to acute cholecystitis. It is caused by the gallbladder twisting upon its mesentery leading to potential ischemia and biliary obstruction. A 77-year-old female presented with symptoms of right upper quadrant pain and nausea. She was found to have an elevated leukocytosis and a palpable right upper quadrant abdominal mass on exam. Imaging revealed a severely distended gallbladder with pericholecystic fluid and wall thickening without gallstones. Intraoperatively, an extremely distended, ischemic gallbladder was noted to have twisted upon its mesentery. The structures were able to be identified and the gallbladder was able to be safely removed with a laparoscopic approach despite its large size. Gallbladder volvulus is important to consider in the differential of acute cholecystitis because delay in intervention could lead to gallbladder necrosis and possible perforation, increasing the patient’s morbidity and mortality.
Indirect electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for corrosion detection in external post-tensioned tendons: 1. Proof of concept

Abstract An indirect electrochemical impedance spectroscopy method, previously applied to corrosion detection in reinforced concrete structures, was explored as a potential nondestructive method for detecting corrosion of steel in post-tensioned tendons used as reinforcing structural elements in segmental bridge construction. A proof of concept is demonstrated by experiments performed on tendons with passive and corroded strands and through finite-element simulations of the indirect impedance response. The numerical simulations, used to explore the influence of non-uniform current distributions on the indirect impedance response, demonstrate how frequency dispersion influences the impedance measurement. Validation of the model is shown through comparison to experimental measurements.
Consequences of mutations in the genes of the ER export machinery COPII in vertebrates

Coat protein complex II (COPII) plays an essential role in the export of cargo molecules such as secretory proteins, membrane proteins, and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In yeast, the COPII machinery is critical for cell viability as most COPII knockout mutants fail to survive. In mice and fish, homozygous knockout mutants of most COPII genes are embryonic lethal, reflecting the essentiality of the COPII machinery in the early stages of vertebrate development. In humans, COPII mutations, which are often hypomorphic, cause diseases having distinct clinical features. This is interesting as the fundamental cellular defect of these diseases, that is, failure of ER export, is similar. Analyses of humans and animals carrying COPII mutations have revealed clues to why a similar ER export defect can cause such different diseases. Previous reviews have focused mainly on the deficit of secretory or membrane proteins in the final destinations because of an ER export block. In this review, we also underscore the other consequence of the ER export block, namely ER stress triggered by the accumulation of cargo proteins in the ER.
Solubility of hydrogen in liquid aluminium: reanalysis of available data

Data for solubility of hydrogen in liquid aluminium from 17 studies have been reanalysed, based on the concept that solubility refers to maximum concentration that can be held in solution. Analysis...
The Selector in Behavior Selection

Decades of research show how what we know about learned reinforcers, as the selectors of behavior, constitutes a significant advancement in behavior analysis. I describe how the learning of new reinforcers results in new operants including verbal operants and verbal developmental cusps, as well as the potential to build still other reinforcers. The lack of particular types of reinforcers, or a limited community of reinforcers, is the root source of many problems in applied work and sources of complex relations in the basic science. In cases where the relevant reinforcers are present, building behavior is the solution; however, when the relevant reinforcers are not present, the use of prosthetic reinforcers does not solve the real problem. In the latter case, the solution is to build new reinforcers, behaviors will follow. I cite decades of work in food preferences, musical taste, social reinforcers, and the identification and establishment of verbal developmental cusps that shows how identifying and building new reinforcers expands what our science can do. The establishment of a rich community of socially significant positive reinforcers is life-altering.
Chapter 9 – Uropathogenic Escherichia coli

Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) are a genotypically diverse subset of extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli that cause urinary tract infections. UPEC have evolved from commensal E. coli by acquisition of virulence factors through horizontal gene transfer. Through reductive evolution, asymptomatic bacteriuria strains have evolved from UPEC to live a commensal-like lifestyle in the urinary tract. UPEC, unlike diarrheagenic E. coli, have no core set of virulence factors; instead, this pathotype uses flagella to ascend the urinary tract, and a variety of adhesins, iron acquisition systems, and toxins to colonize the bladder and kidneys. While distinct virulence factors have been associated with uropathogenicity, there is also functional redundancy. Some virulence factor genes such as those encoding type 1 and P fimbriae undergo phase variation, leading to a bacterial population with mixed expression. Strain variation resulting from both a heterogeneous set of virulence factors and phase variation leads to a phenotypic diversity that complicates vaccine development against UPEC and likely allows for recurrent infections.
Chapter 27 – Methodological Standards and Strategies for Establishing the Evidence Base of Animal-Assisted Therapies

The chapter focuses on methodological practices for developing and establishing the evidence base of animal-assisted therapies (AATs). The context for delineating these practices is the psychotherapy literature with children, adolescents, and adults in which hundreds of evidence-based psychosocial interventions have been identified and where randomized controlled trials are the rule. To further advance AAT outcome research, the chapter discusses conceptualization of treatment and how that influences key decisions in designing research, the range of questions that guide intervention research, and common methodological challenges in the design and evaluation of AAT studies. Recommendations are provided to enhance the developing empirical base of AATs and elaborating the scope of their impact.
PHLD Class Proteins: A Family of New Players in the p53 Network

The Pleckstrin Homology-like Domain (PHLD) class of proteins are multifunctional proteins. The class is comprised of two families of proteins, PHLDA and PHLDB, each with 3 members. All members of the families possess a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. Though identified nearly 30 years ago, this class of proteins remains understudied with PHLDA family members receiving most of the research attention. Recent studies have also begun to reveal the functions of the PHLDB family proteins in regulation of p53 and AKT signaling pathways important for cancer and metabolism. This review will discuss current research and offer some prospects on the possible roles of both families in cancer and metabolism.
Understanding the impact of building thermal environments on occupants' comfort and mental workload demand through human physiological sensing

Abstract The heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems account for nearly 50% of energy use within buildings. However, despite the significant impacts of such energy consumption on the environment, the lack of thermal comfort among occupants is a common problem that can lead to health complications and reduced productivity. This chapter introduces new research in human–building interactions to address these issues. Specifically, several key limitations in existing approaches of thermal comfort sensing are discussed, such as lacking actionable human data in comfort prediction, intrusiveness, and privacy concerns resulted from conventional data collection methods. To address these gaps, this chapter summarizes recent research whereby human physiological data are collected from wearable devices (e.g., smart watches and electroencephalogram headset) and infrared thermal cameras. These data are then fused with environmental data to establish a robust interpretation of occupants' thermal comfort state and mental workload while performing cognitive tasks. The proposed methods are expected to achieve automated control of built environments to improve human satisfaction, health, and well-being.
Multi-MHz Multi-kV Power Amplifier for Compact Particle Accelerators

This paper presents the design and implementation of multi-MHz multi-kV switch-mode power amplifiers suitable for accelerating ion beams in compact particle accelerators. Ion beams are sped up to mega-electron-volt levels by sending them through a series of acceleration cells driven by large high-frequency ac voltages. High frequency operation of these cells allows the length of the accelerator to be reduced. The presented power amplifiers utilize full-bridge inverters and matching networks to achieve high voltages. A comprehensive design methodology that enables high voltage gain while achieving soft switching of the inverter transistors is presented. The inductors of the matching networks are designed to achieve high quality factors, enabling large voltage gain without excessive losses. Furthermore, the matching network capacitor is realized using the parasitics of the accelerator structure, reducing the size and enhancing the reliability of the system. Two prototype power amplifiers are designed using the proposed approach, and are built and tested. The first prototype operates at 13.56 MHz and generates up to 10 kV output voltage, while the second prototype operates at 27.12 MHz and generates up to 8.3 kV output voltage. The output voltage achieved by the 27.12-MHz prototype exceeds the state-of-the-art by a factor of four.
Rosalie Kane: A Lifelong Mentor

I will be forever grateful, both personally and professionally, for Dr. Kane’s enthusiastic and relentless support and I miss her every day. Our mentor–mentee relationship began in 1988 when she ag...
Mary Strong Clemens, A Botanical Pilgrimage:

Nelda B. Ikenberry. 2021. Mary Strong Clemens, A Botanical Pilgrimage: Her glorious mission from here to the Outback via Southeast Asia. Sida, Botanical Miscellany 56. (ISSN: 0883-1475; ISBN-13: 978-1-889878-63-8, flex-binding). Botanical Research Institute of Texas Press, 1700 University Dr., Fort Worth, Texas 76107, U.S.A. (Orders: shop.brit.org, orders@brit.org, 1-817-332-4441). $45.00 US, 500 pp., numerous photos, appendix of botanical eponyms, 7" × 10".