cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Origin of the Pseudogap in High-Temperature Cuprate Superconductors

Cuprate high-temperature superconductors exhibit a pseudogap in the normal state that decreases monotonically with increasing hole doping and closes at x ≈ 0.19 holes per planar CuO_2 while the superconducting doping range is 0.05 < x < 0.27 with optimal T_c at x ≈ 0.16. Using ab initio quantum calculations at the level that leads to accurate band gaps, we found that four-Cu-site plaquettes are created in the vicinity of dopants. At x ≈ 0.05, the plaquettes percolate, so that the Cu d_(x^2y^2)/O pσ orbitals inside the plaquettes now form a band of states along the percolating swath. This leads to metallic conductivity and, below T_c, to superconductivity. Plaquettes disconnected from the percolating swath are found to have degenerate states at the Fermi level that split and lead to the pseudogap. The pseudogap can be calculated by simply counting the spatial distribution of isolated plaquettes, leading to an excellent fit to experiment. This provides strong evidence in favor of inhomogeneous plaquettes in cuprates.
Quasiisometries between negatively curved Hadamard manifolds

Let H1, H2 be the universal covers of two compact Riemannian manifolds (of dimension not equal to 4) with negative sectional curvature. Then every quasiisometry between them lies at a finite distance from a bilipschitz homeomorphism. As a consequence, every self-quasiconformal map of a Heisenberg group (equipped with the Carnot metric and viewed as the ideal boundary of complex hyperbolic space) of dimension at least 5 extends to a self-quasiconformal map of the complex hyperbolic space.
On classification of extremal non-holomorphic conformal field theories

Rational chiral conformal field theories are organized according to their genus, which consists of a modular tensor category and a central charge c. A long-term goal is to classify unitary rational conformal field theories based on a classification of unitary modular tensor categories. We conjecture that for any unitary modular tensor category , there exists a unitary chiral conformal field theory so that its modular tensor category is . In this paper, we initiate a mathematical program in and around this conjecture. We define a class of extremal vertex operator algebras with minimal conformal dimensions as large as possible for their central charge, and non-trivial representation theory. We show that there are finitely many different characters of extremal vertex operator algebras possessing at most three different irreducible modules. Moreover, we list all of the possible characters for such vertex operator algebras with .
A lattice calculation of the heavy quark universal form factor

Abstract A computation of the Isgur-Wise Universal Function using a lattice implementation of the heavy quark effective theory is described.
A coupled-channel formalism for three-body final state interaction

From dispersion relation approach, a formalism that describes final state interaction among three particles in a coupled-channel system is presented. Different representations of coupled-channel three-body formalism for spinless particles in both initial and final states are derived.
Semistable reduction for overconvergent F-isocrystals, II: A valuation-theoretic approach

We introduce a valuation-theoretic approach to the problem of semistable reduction (i.e., existence of logarithmic extensions on suitable covers) of overconvergent isocrystals with Frobenius structure. The key tool is the quasicompactness of the Riemann-Zariski space associated to the function field of a variety.
Bound on the Slope of Steady Water Waves with Favorable Vorticity

We consider the angle \({\theta}\) of inclination (with respect to the horizontal) of the profile of a steady two dimensional inviscid symmetric periodic or solitary water wave subject to gravity. Although \({\theta}\) may surpass 30° for some irrotational waves close to the extreme wave, Amick (Arch Ration Mech Anal 99(2):91–114, 1987) proved that for any irrotational wave the angle must be less than 31.15°. Is the situation similar for periodic or solitary waves that are not irrotational? The extreme Gerstner wave has infinite depth, adverse vorticity and vertical cusps (θ = 90°). Moreover, numerical calculations show that even waves of finite depth can overturn if the vorticity is adverse. In this paper, on the other hand, we prove an upper bound of 45° on \({\theta}\) for a large class of waves with favorable vorticity and finite depth. In particular, the vorticity can be any constant with the favorable sign. We also prove a series of general inequalities on the pressure within the fluid, including the fact that any overturning wave must have a pressure sink.
Low-mass White Dwarfs with Hydrogen Envelopes as a Missing Link in the Tidal Disruption Menu

We construct a menu of objects that can give rise to bright flares when disrupted by massive black holes (BHs), ranging from planets to evolved stars. Through their tidal disruption, main sequence and evolved stars can effectively probe the existence of otherwise quiescent supermassive BHs and white dwarfs can probe intermediate mass BHs. Many low-mass white dwarfs possess extended hydrogen envelopes, which allow for the production of prompt flares in disruptive encounters with moderately massive BHs of $10^5$ to $10^7~M_\odot$, masses which may constitute the majority of massive BHs by number. These objects are a missing link in two ways: (1) for probing moderately massive BHs and (2) for understanding the hydrodynamics of the disruption of objects with tenuous envelopes. A flare arising from the tidal disruption of a $0.17~M_\odot$ white dwarf by a $10^5~M_\odot$ BH reaches a maximum between 0.6 to 11 days, with a peak fallback rate that is usually super-Eddington and results in a flare that is likely brighter than a typical tidal disruption event. Encounters stripping only the envelope can provide hydrogen-only fallback, while encounters disrupting the core evolve from H to He rich fallback. While most tidal disruption candidates observed thus far are consistent with disruptions of main sequence stars, the rapid timescales of nuclear transients such as Dougie and PTF10iya are naturally explained by the disruption of low-mass white dwarfs. As the number of observed flares continues to increase, the menu presented here will be essential in characterizing galactic center BHs and their environments through tidal disruptions.
Galactic Searches for Dark Matter

Abstract For nearly a century, more mass has been measured in galaxies than is contained in the luminous stars and gas. Through continual advances in observations and theory, it has become clear that the dark matter in galaxies is not comprised of known astronomical objects or baryonic matter, and that identification of it is certain to reveal a profound connection between astrophysics, cosmology, and fundamental physics. The best explanation for dark matter is that it is in the form of a yet undiscovered particle of nature, with experiments now gaining sensitivity to the most well-motivated particle dark matter candidates. In this article, I review measurements of dark matter in the Milky Way and its satellite galaxies and the status of Galactic searches for particle dark matter using a combination of terrestrial and space-based astroparticle detectors, and large scale astronomical surveys. I review the limits on the dark matter annihilation and scattering cross sections that can be extracted from both astroparticle experiments and astronomical observations, and explore the theoretical implications of these limits. I discuss methods to measure the properties of particle dark matter using future experiments, and conclude by highlighting the exciting potential for dark matter searches during the next decade, and beyond.
Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of Old Novae I. V603 Aquila.

We present the results of a synthetic spectral analysis of the far-ultraviolet archival International Ultraviolet Explorer, Hubble Space Telescope (HST), and FUSE observations of the fast old nova V603 Aql, obtained some 90 years after its 1918 nova outburst. Our analysis utilizes the new Hubble fine guidance sensor parallax distance for this nearly face-on old nova, a high white dwarf (WD) mass, and a low reddening. Our analysis includes non-truncated optically thick accretion disks since V603 Aql is neither a polar nor an intermediate polar. Our synthetic spectral modeling of the FUSE and HST spectra analyzed separately indicate a mass transfer rate of yr−1 for the FUSE and HST spectra, respectively, assuming a WD mass of . The mass accretion rate also depends on the assumed WD mass and increases by a factor of two for a WD mass of . Combining the FUSE and HST spectra lead to the same results. Potential implications are discussed.
Tilting instability of magnetically confined spheromaks

We consider the tilting instability of a magnetically confined spheromak using three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic and relativistic particle-in-cell calculations with an application to astrophysical plasmas, specifically those occurring in magnetar magnetospheres. The instability is driven by the counter-alignment of the spheromak's intrinsic magnetic dipole with the external magnetic field. Initially, the spheromak rotates – tilts – trying to lower its magnetic potential energy. As a result, a current sheet forms between the internal magnetic field of a spheromak and the confining field. Magnetic reconnection sets in; this leads to the annihilation of the newly counter-aligned magnetic flux of the spheromak. This occurs on a few Alfven time scales. In the case of a higher-order (second-order) spheromak, the internal core is first pushed out of the envelope, resulting in formation of two nearly independent tilting spheromaks. Thus, the magnetically twisted outer shell cannot stabilize the inner core. During dissipation, helicity of the initial spheromak is carried away by torsional Alfven waves, violating the assumptions of the Taylor relaxation theorem. In applications to magnetar giant flares, fast development of tilting instabilities and no stabilization of the higher-order spheromaks make it unlikely that trapped spheromaks are responsible for the tail emission lasting hundreds of seconds.
On competitive analysis for polling systems

Polling systems have been widely studied, however most of these studies focus on polling systems with renewal processes for arrivals and random variables for service times. There is a need driven by practical applications to study polling systems with arbitrary arrivals (not restricted to time‐varying or in batches) and revealed service time upon a job's arrival. To address that need, our work considers a polling system with generic setting and for the first time provides the worst‐case analysis for online scheduling policies in this system. We provide conditions for the existence of constant competitive ratios, and competitive lower bounds for general scheduling policies in polling systems. Our work also bridges the queueing and scheduling communities by proving the competitive ratios for several well‐studied policies in the queueing literature, such as cyclic policies with exhaustive, gated or l‐limited service disciplines for polling systems.
Towards Accurate and Reliable Energy Measurement of NLP Models

Accurate and reliable measurement of energy consumption is critical for making well-informed design choices when choosing and training large scale NLP models. In this work, we show that existing software-based energy estimations are not accurate because they do not take into account hardware differences and how resource utilization affects energy consumption. We conduct energy measurement experiments with four different models for a question answering task. We quantify the error of existing software-based energy estimations by using a hardware power meter that provides highly accurate energy measurements. Our key takeaway is the need for a more accurate energy estimation model that takes into account hardware variabilities and the non-linear relationship between resource utilization and energy consumption. We release the code and data at https://github.com/csarron/sustainlp2020-energy.
The Continuity Method to Deform Cone Angle

The continuity method is used to deform the cone angle of a weak conical Kahler–Einstein metric with cone singularities along a smooth anti-canonical divisor on a smooth Fano manifold. This leads to an alternative proof of Donaldson’s Openness Theorem on deforming cone angle Donaldson (Essays in Mathematics and Its Applications, 2012) by combining it with the regularity result of Guenancia–Paun (arXiv:1307.63752013) and Chen–Wang (arXiv:1405.12012014). This continuity method uses relatively less regularity of the metric (only weak conical Kahler–Einstein) and bypasses the difficult Banach space set up; it is also generalized to deform the cone angles of a weak conical Kahler–Einstein metric along a simple normal crossing divisor (pluri-anticanonical) on a smooth Fano manifold (assuming no tangential holomorphic vector fields).
Evidence that 1I/2017 U1 ('Oumuamua) was Composed of Molecular Hydrogen Ice

`Oumuamua (I1 2017) was the first macroscopic ($l\sim100\,{\rm m}$) body observed to traverse the inner solar system on an unbound hyperbolic orbit. Its light curve displayed strong periodic variation, and it showed no hint of a coma or emission from molecular outgassing. Astrometric measurements indicate that 'Oumuamua experienced non-gravitational acceleration on its outbound trajectory, but energy balance arguments indicate this acceleration is inconsistent with a water ice sublimation-driven jet of the type exhibited by solar system comets. We show that all of `Oumaumua's observed properties can be explained if it contained a significant fraction of molecular hydrogen (H$_{2}$) ice. H$_{2}$ sublimation at a rate proportional to the incident solar flux generates a surface-covering jet that reproduces the observed acceleration. Mass wasting from sublimation leads to monotonic increase in the body axis ratio, explaining `Oumuamua's shape. Back-tracing `Oumuamua's trajectory through the Solar System permits calculation of its mass and aspect ratio prior to encountering the Sun. We show that H$_{2}$-rich bodies plausibly form in the coldest dense cores of Giant Molecular Clouds, where number densities are of order $n\sim10^5$, and temperatures approach the $T=3\,{\rm K}$ background. Post-formation exposure to galactic cosmic rays implies a $\tau \sim 100$ Myr age, explaining the kinematics of `Oumuamua's inbound trajectory.
Bar–cobar duality for operads in stable homotopy theory

We extend bar–cobar duality, defined for operads of chain complexes by Getzler and Jones, to operads of spectra in the sense of stable homotopy theory. Our main result is the existence of a Quillen equivalence between the category of reduced operads of spectra (with the projective model structure) and a new model for the homotopy theory of cooperads of spectra. The crucial construction is of a weak equivalence of operads between the Boardman–Vogt W-construction for an operad P, and the cobar–bar construction on P. This weak equivalence generalizes a theorem of Berger and Moerdijk that says the W- and cobar–bar constructions are isomorphic for operads of chain complexes.Our model for the homotopy theory of cooperads is based on ‘pre-cooperads’. These can be viewed as cooperads in which the structure maps are zigzags of maps of spectra that satisfy coherence conditions. Our model structure on pre-cooperads is such that every object is weakly equivalent to an actual cooperad, and weak equivalences between cooperads are detected in the underlying symmetric sequences.We also interpret our results in terms of a ‘derived Koszul dual’ for operads of spectra, which is analogous to the Ginzburg–Kapranov dg-dual. We show that the double derived Koszul dual of an operad P is equivalent to P (under some finiteness hypotheses) and that the derived Koszul construction preserves homotopy colimits, finite homotopy limits and derived mapping spaces for operads.
CliqueStream: An Efficient and Fault-Resilient Live Streaming Network on a Clustered Peer-to-Peer Overlay

Several overlay-based live multimedia streaming platforms have been proposed in the recent peer-to-peer streaming literature. In most of the cases, the overlay neighbors are chosen randomly for robustness of the overlay. However, this causes nodes that are distant in terms of proximity in the underlying physical network to become neighbors, and thus data travels unnecessary distances before reaching the destination. For efficiency of bulk data transmission like multimedia streaming, the overlay neighborhood should resemble the proximity in the underlying network. In this paper, we exploit the proximity and redundancy properties of a recently proposed clique-based clustered overlay network, named eQuus, to build efficient as well as robust overlays for multimedia stream dissemination. To combine the efficiency of content pushing over tree structured overlays and the robustness of data-driven mesh overlays, higher capacity stable nodes are organized in tree structure to carry the long haul traffic and less stable nodes with intermittent presence are organized in localized meshes. The overlay construction and fault-recovery procedures are explained in details. Simulation study demonstrates the good locality properties of the platform. The outage time and control overhead induced by the failure recovery mechanism are minimal as demonstrated by the analysis.
The problem of the ‘prebiotic and never born proteins’

It has been argued that the limited set of proteins used by life as we know could not have arisen by the process of Darwinian selection from all possible proteins. This probabilistic argument has a number of implicit assumptions that may not be warranted. A variety of considerations are presented to show that the number of amino acid sequences that need to have been sampled during the evolution of proteins is far smaller than assumed by the argument. Received 3 August 2012, accepted 24 September 2012, first published online 30 October 2012
Model-based Utility Functions

Orseau and Ring, as well as Dewey, have recently described problems, including self-delusion, with the behavior of agents using various definitions of utility functions. An agent's utility function is defined in terms of the agent's history of interactions with its environment. This paper argues, via two examples, that the behavior problems can be avoided by formulating the utility function in two steps: 1) inferring a model of the environment from interactions, and 2) computing utility as a function of the environment model. Basing a utility function on a model that the agent must learn implies that the utility function must initially be expressed in terms of specifications to be matched to structures in the learned model. These specifications constitute prior assumptions about the environment so this approach will not work with arbitrary environments. But the approach should work for agents designed by humans to act in the physical world. The paper also addresses the issue of self-modifying agents and shows that if provided with the possibility to modify their utility functions agents will not choose to do so, under some usual assumptions.
Bulk locality and cooperative flows

We use the ‘bit thread’ formulation of holographic entanglement entropy to highlight the distinction between the universally-valid strong subadditivity and the more restrictive relation called monogamy of mutual information (MMI), known to hold for geometrical states (i.e. states of holographic theories with gravitational duals describing a classical bulk geometry). In particular, we provide a novel proof of MMI, using bit threads directly. To this end, we present an explicit geometrical construction of cooperative flows which we build out of disjoint thread bundles. We conjecture that our method applies in a wide class of configurations, including ones with non-trivial topology, causal structure, and time dependence. The explicit nature of the construction reveals that MMI is more deeply rooted in bulk locality than is the case for strong subadditivity.
Complexity and Newton's Laws

In a recent note [1] I argued that the holographic origin of ordinary gravitational attraction is the quantum mechanical tendency for operators to grow under time evolution. In a follow-up [2] the claim was tested in the context of the SYK theory and its bulk dual—the theory of near-extremal black holes. In this paper I give an improved version of the size-momentum correspondence of [2], and show that Newton’s laws of motion are a consequence. Operator size is closely related to complexity. Therefore one may say that gravitational attraction is a manifestation of the tendency for complexity to increase. The improved version of the size-momentum correspondence can be justiﬁed by the arguments of Lin, Maldacena, and Zhao [3] constructing symmetry generators for the approximate symmetries of the SYK model.
Analytic expressions for the steady-state current with finite extended reservoirs.

Open-system simulations of quantum transport provide a platform for the study of true steady states, Floquet states, and the role of temperature, time dynamics, and fluctuations, among other physical processes. They are rapidly gaining traction, especially techniques that revolve around “extended reservoirs,” a collection of a finite number of degrees of freedom with relaxation that maintains a bias or temperature gradient, and have appeared under various guises (e.g., the extended or mesoscopic reservoir, auxiliary master equation, and driven Liouville–von Neumann approaches). Yet, there are still a number of open questions regarding the behavior and convergence of these techniques. Here, we derive general analytical solutions, and associated asymptotic analyses, for the steady-state current driven by finite reservoirs with proportional coupling to the system/junction. In doing so, we present a simplified and unified derivation of the non-interacting and many-body steady-state currents through arbitrary junctions, including outside of proportional coupling. We conjecture that the analytic solution for proportional coupling is the most general of its form for isomodal relaxation (i.e., relaxing proportional coupling will remove the ability to find compact, general analytical expressions for finite reservoirs). These results should be of broad utility in diagnosing the behavior and implementation of extended reservoir and related approaches, including the convergence to the Landauer limit (for non-interacting systems) and the Meir–Wingreen formula (for many-body systems).
Ash1 and Tup1 dependent repression of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae HO promoter requires activator-dependent nucleosome eviction

Transcriptional regulation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae HO gene is highly complex, requiring a balance of multiple activating and repressing factors to ensure that only a few transcripts are produced in mother cells within a narrow window of the cell cycle. Here, we show that the Ash1 repressor associates with two DNA sequences that are usually concealed within nucleosomes in the HO promoter and recruits the Tup1 corepressor and the Rpd3 histone deacetylase, both of which are required for full repression in daughters. Genome-wide ChIP identified greater than 200 additional sites of co-localization of these factors, primarily within large, intergenic regions from which they could regulate adjacent genes. Most Ash1 binding sites are in nucleosome depleted regions (NDRs), while a small number overlap nucleosomes, similar to HO. We demonstrate that Ash1 binding to the HO promoter does not occur in the absence of the Swi5 transcription factor, which recruits coactivators that evict nucleosomes, including the nucleosomes obscuring the Ash1 binding sites. In the absence of Swi5, artificial nucleosome depletion allowed Ash1 to bind, demonstrating that nucleosomes are inhibitory to Ash1 binding. The location of binding sites within nucleosomes may therefore be a mechanism for limiting repressive activity to periods of nucleosome eviction that are otherwise associated with activation of the promoter. Our results illustrate that activation and repression can be intricately connected, and events set in motion by an activator may also ensure the appropriate level of repression and reset the promoter for the next activation cycle.
A framework for making predictive models useful in practice.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the impact of factors in healthcare delivery on the net benefit of triggering an Advanced Care Planning (ACP) workflow based on predictions of 12-month mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS We built a predictive model of 12-month mortality using electronic health record data and evaluated the impact of healthcare delivery factors on the net benefit of triggering an ACP workflow based on the models' predictions. Factors included nonclinical reasons that make ACP inappropriate: limited capacity for ACP, inability to follow up due to patient discharge, and availability of an outpatient workflow to follow up on missed cases. We also quantified the relative benefits of increasing capacity for inpatient ACP versus outpatient ACP. RESULTS Work capacity constraints and discharge timing can significantly reduce the net benefit of triggering the ACP workflow based on a model's predictions. However, the reduction can be mitigated by creating an outpatient ACP workflow. Given limited resources to either add capacity for inpatient ACP versus developing outpatient ACP capability, the latter is likely to provide more benefit to patient care. DISCUSSION The benefit of using a predictive model for identifying patients for interventions is highly dependent on the capacity to execute the workflow triggered by the model. We provide a framework for quantifying the impact of healthcare delivery factors and work capacity constraints on achieved benefit. CONCLUSION An analysis of the sensitivity of the net benefit realized by a predictive model triggered clinical workflow to various healthcare delivery factors is necessary for making predictive models useful in practice.
Bright IDEAS problem-solving skills training for caregivers of children with sickle cell disease: A two-site pilot feasibility trial.

Background Bright IDEAS problem-solving skills training (BI) is an evidence-based behavioral intervention that has been utilized extensively with caregivers of children recently diagnosed with cancer. Considerable evidence has shown that BI is acceptable to caregivers of children recently diagnosed with cancer, and improvements in problem-solving skills mediate reduced symptoms of distress. Procedures A slightly modified version of BI was offered to caregivers of children with sickle cell disease (SCD) in a two-site pilot feasibility trial. BI was modified to reduce barriers to care, logistical challenges, and stigma associated with receiving behavioral health services. Our goal was to establish high rates of recruitment and retention among caregivers of children with SCD. Recruitment was acceptable (94%; N = 72) and retention reasonable (49%) across both sites with 35 caregivers successfully completing the BI program. Results Results showed that caregivers of children with SCD, who successfully completed the BI program reported, significant improvements in problem-solving skills immediately and three months after intervention completion. Interestingly, initial levels of distress were low with few caregivers reporting clinically significant levels of distress; distress remained low over time. Conclusions Findings are discussed in the context of psychosocial screening and resilience of caregivers of children with SCD.
Echoes of a squeezed oscillator

The authors show that pulses applied to drive parametrically an inhomogeneously broadened set of squeezed harmonic oscillators result in a spontaneous recovery of coherence that manifests as echoes.
Liquidity Trap and Excessive Leverage

We investigate the role of macroprudential policies in mitigating liquidity traps. When constrained households engage in deleveraging, the interest rate needs to fall to induce unconstrained households to pick up the decline in aggregate demand. If the fall in the interest rate is limited by the zero lower bound, aggregate demand is insufficient and the economy enters a liquidity trap. In this environment, households’ ex ante leverage and insurance decisions are associated with aggregate demand externalities. Welfare can be improved with macroprudential policies targeted toward reducing leverage. Interest rate policy is inferior to macroprudential policies in dealing with excessive leverage. (JEL D14, E23, E32, E43, E52, E61, E62)
Carbon Markets: Past, Present, and Future

Carbon markets are substantial and expanding. There are many lessons from experience over the past 9 years: fewer free allowances, careful moderation of low and high prices, and a recognition that trading systems require adjustments that have consequences for market participants and market confidence. Moreover, the emerging international architecture features separate emissions trading systems serving distinct jurisdictions. These programs are complemented by a variety of other types of policies alongside the carbon markets. This architecture sits in sharp contrast to the integrated global trading architecture envisioned 15 years ago by the designers of the Kyoto Protocol and raises a suite of new questions. In this new architecture, jurisdictions with emissions trading have to decide how, whether, and when to link with one another, and policy makers must confront how to measure both the comparability of efforts among markets and the comparability between markets and a variety of other policy approaches.
The Value of Active Investing: Can Active Institutional Investors Remove Excess Comovement of Stock Returns?

This study uses Cremers and Petajisto’s ( 2009 ) method to separate active institutional investors from passive ones and shows that active investors can alleviate the anomalous comovement of stock returns. Focusing on 2 events linked to the excess comovement anomaly, Standard & Poor’s 500 Index additions and stock splits, I find that if an event stock has more active institutional investors trading in the post-event period, the anomalous comovement effect disappears. In contrast, if an event stock experiences a massive exit of active investors, this anomaly persists. The exit of active institutional investors also results in a strong price synchronicity effect.
Why do firms hide? Bribes and unofficial activity after communism

Abstract Our survey of private manufacturing firms finds the size of hidden ‘unofficial’ activity to be much larger in Russia and Ukraine than in Poland, Slovakia and Romania. A comparison of cross-country averages shows that managers in Russia and Ukraine face higher effective tax rates, worse bureaucratic corruption, greater incidence of mafia protection, and have less faith in the court system. Our firm-level regressions for the three Eastern European countries find that bureaucratic corruption is significantly associated with hiding output.
Deciphering Rosetta Stone: Why the Least Cost Avoider Principle Unlocks the Code to Contributory Trademark Infringement in Keyword Advertising

This note examines Rosetta Stone v. Google, 676 F.3d 144 (4th Cir. 2012) as an example of the problems inherent in applying existing trademark law — including precedent, statutes, and real-world analogies — to rapidly evolving technology such as keyword advertising. This note argues that courts considering claims of contributory trademark infringement for keyword advertising should draw on tort law, trademark infringement’s predecessor, and impose responsibility on the the least cost avoider.
A Tale of Two Imperiled Rivers: Reflections from a Post-Katrina World

Hurricanes are a natural, predictable phenomenon, yet the Gulf Coast communities were devastated by the hurricanes of 2005. One year after Hurricane Katrina struck, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers responded to a congressional request for an accounting by admitting culpability for the destruction of New Orleans. Its structural defenses failed not because Congress had authorized only moderate Category 3 protection, which in turn let floodwaters overtop the city's levees, but because levees and floodwalls simply collapsed. The so-called network of federal and local structures was a haphazard system in name only, where floodwalls and levees of varying heights utilized mismatched materials that did not properly interface. The levees failed at the weakest points, which were maintained by local levee districts with little oversight or support from the Corps. Katrina provides a vivid example that inter-jurisdictional rivers threatened with transboundary threats demand strong, coordinated federal leadership. The century-old management mission of the Corps does not reflect a cohesive national water policy; rather, it arises from a piecemeal conglomeration of multiple-use statutes. The vacuum created by the lack of a coherent federal management vision allows and even encourages federal, state, and local actors to scramble for money and power while avoiding responsibility and shifting blame. In the past, federalism has proven to be an obstacle to coordinated river management, but a more dynamic view of federalism - a pragmatic, interactive strategy of governance with clear lines of authority and incentives for cooperation and innovation among and between federal, state, local, and tribal entities - should encourage, rather than obstruct, sustainable conservation policies. This essay proposes a federal Interior Rivers Ecosystem Organic Act that governs the management of the entire Mississippi River Basin. The Corps is the nation's oldest water resources agency and one of the largest federal land management agencies, yet unlike the National Forest Service, the Park Service, the Fish and Wildlife Service, the Bureau of Reclamation, and the Bureau of Land Management, it lacks an Organic Act to cabin its discretion. The Organic Act proposed here would reflect the close linkage between ecosystem integrity and human well-being, and it would establish an adaptive, holistic federal management strategy with clear parameters for the management activities of the Corps.
Welfare-optimal patent royalties when imitation is costly

We identify welfare-optimal patent royalties in a model of costly imitation, entry and imperfect competition. When the social planner may impose a compulsory license, optimal royalties either blockade imitation, facilitating unregulated monopoly, or yield an aggregate-zero-profit efficient duopoly. When duopoly is optimal, the optimal per-unit royalty pins the equilibrium price at the aggregate average cost and the optimal fixed royalty shifts surplus so the patentee and imitator break even. Efficient duopoly yields higher welfare than monopoly for sufficiently low invention cost, and may also yield higher welfare than a prize system. Interestingly, royalty payments may be negative. Because of this, efficient duopoly may not be feasible if the planner must instead direct the courts to use such royalties.
Small levels of predictability and large economic gains

Abstract Small-return predictability in the stock market has been widely documented in empirical studies, yet little has been written on its economic importance. This paper examines the issue through profitability on a trading strategy that utilizes small levels of predictability and analyzes the statistical distribution for returns achieved under such a strategy. Our results suggest that small-return predictability is economically significant in the sense that such trading strategies not only yield high returns but also are less risky under a fat tail distribution assumption. Quantitatively, we demonstrate that such a strategy could have doubled the market return for the period 1952–1998. We investigate reliability of our results through simulation and bootstrapping.
Embedded metal nanopatterns for near-field scattering-enhanced optical absorption

Simulations of metal nanopatterns embedded in a thin photovoltaic (PV) absorber show significantly enhanced absorbance within the semiconductor, with a more than 300% increase for λ = 800 nm. Integrating with AM1.5 solar irradiation, this yields a 70% increase in simulated short circuit current density in a 60 nm amorphous silicon film. Embedding such metal patterns inside an absorber maximally utilizes enhanced electric fields that result from intense, spatially organized, near-field scattering in the vicinity of the pattern. Appropriately configured (i.e., with a thin insulating coating), this optical metamedium architecture may be useful for increasing PV efficiency in thin film solar cells, including offering prospects for realistic ultrathin hot electron cells. Simulated time averaged power loss density within a-Si in the vicinity of a silver cross EMN, for unpolarized 700 nm light.
Can the Endangered Species Act Save the Apalachicola

The conflict over water use in the ApalachicolaChattahoochee-Flint Rivers system (ACF) has coalesced into a single, complex federal case, the Tri-State Water Rights Litigation. The 11th Circuit settled only one fundamental issue, ruling that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has authority to allocate water for consumptive use from Lake Lanier. The Corps is now developing a new Master Water Control Manual to govern the operation of federal dams in the basin. The operation of these structures and water withdrawals throughout the basin can adversely affect three aquatic species listed under the ESA whose critical habitat includes the Apalachicola River and whose survival depends on flows of the river. The effect of flow reductions on these species and resulting violations of ESA has the potential to become the focus of a new generation of litigation intended to secure water for downstream states. The issues that might be raised in this aspect of the conflict and how they might be resolved may be illuminated by reviewing the effect of the Endangered Species Act on other recent conflicts over water.
Toward an efficiency rationale for the public provision of private goods

Public provision of a private goods is justified on efficiency grounds in a model with no redistributive preferences. A government’s involvement in the provision of a private good generates information about preferences that facilitates more efficient revenue extraction for the provision of public goods. Public provision of the private good improves economic efficiency under a condition that is always fulfilled under independence and satisfied for an open set of joint distributions. The efficiency gains require that consumers cannot arbitrage the publicly provided private good, so our analysis applies to private goods where it is easy to keep track of the ultimate user, such as schooling and health care, but not to easily tradable consumer goods.
The Charitable Deduction Games: Are the Laws in Your Favor?

The article considers why the United States only grants a deduction for charitable contributions made to US charities from a historic standpoint and why doing so is problematic in the fight against global ills. The Charitable Deduction Games examines an alternative approach to cross-border giving that is currently spreading throughout the European Union (“EU”) as a result of the 2009 landmark case Hein Persche v. Finanzamt Ludenscheid. After an examination of Persche, the article explores the UK model that has resulted in response to the decision and considers why the US should adopt a similar model. Next, the article considers why the Netherlands has been reluctant to adopt a similar model in light of its historic stance. Finally, The Charitable Deduction Games examines the responses of various EU Member States to Persche and concludes with a proposal of how Persche should affect US laws governing cross-border giving.  Associate Professor of Law, Pepperdine University School of Law, J.D. cum laude, Harvard Law School, 2003; A.B. Harvard College, magna cum laude. 70 COLUMBIA JOURNAL OF TAX LAW [Vol.5:69 INTRODUCTION 71 I. THE NOTION OF TERRITORIALITY: DEFINED, HISTORICALLY EXAMINED, AND FOUND WANTING 72 US – Current Notion of Territoriality 72 US – History of the Notion of Territoriality 73 1. Implementation as Justification 76 2. Inconsistency with Other Charitable Giving Provisions 77 a. Estate Tax and Gift Tax Deduction 77 b. Donations by Non-Charitable Domestic Trusts 77 c. Treaties in Force 78 d. Treaties Not in Force 79 II. WHY THE NOTION OF TERRITORIALITY IS PROBLEMATIC 80 Practical Standpoint 80 Ideological Standpoint 82 Implementation Issues 83 1. Looking to Prior Solutions 84 2. IRS Approved Lists 85 III. EUROPEAN MODEL 86 Persche – The Impetus for Change in the UK & other EU Member States .........86 Drawbacks of Persche 89 I.V. UK MODEL NEW NOTIONS IN LIGHT OF PERSCHE 90 UK History of Territoriality 90 Current UK Law 91 If the UK Did it, the US Should 93 V. THE NETHERLANDS – STARTING EARLY BUT FINISHING LATE IN THE CROSS-BORDER GAME 94 Current Law in the Netherlands 94 Request for Change 95 Historical Reasons for the Notion in the Netherlands 96 Falling Behind the Giving Times 97 VI. WAKE AFTER PERSCHE WITHIN THE EU 97 CONCLUSION 98 2013] THE CHARITABLE DEDUCTION GAMES: 71 ARE THE LAWS IN YOUR FAVOR?
A behavioral approach to the political and economic inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations

Deirdre McCloskey’s Bourgeois Dignity (2010) represents another breakthrough work in her career, and the second volume in a multi-volume work on the economic and intellectual history of western civilization. In a sense, the subtitle of the book explains well what this volume is all about--why economics can’t explain the modern world. An important modifier would be – modern economics can’t explain the modern world – because much of what McCloskey argues is the resurrection of an older argument that was associated with classical liberal political economists from Smith, Bastiat, Mises, Hayek and Friedman. Fundamentally, she reasserts the power of ideas to shape the world. McCloskey’s narrative is simple and compelling -- materialist stories (whether technological, genetic, or institutional) do not work; incentive based stories do not provide a complete picture of why some countries grew rich while others remained poor, let alone for the exact timing for the divergence in the wealth and poverty of nations with the Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th century. McCloskey proposes that incentive based explanations must reside within a broader narrative that addresses values and beliefs, as well as institutions, technologies, and material conditions. In doing so, McCloskey paves the way for a true behavioral approach to a political and economic inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations.
Why U.S. Wage and Employment Behavior Differs from That in Britain and Japan

If a poll were to be conducted among American academic economists to select 'The Most Mystifying Economic Phenomenon of Our Time,' surely the sticky nominal wage rate would emerge at or near the top of the list. The slow and partial response of the nominal wage rate to changes in aggregate nominal spending has been a central postulate of macroeconomic theory for the past 45 years, from Keynes' General Theory, down to the standard postwar textbook Keynesian paradigm, to the more modern fixed-wage-price models of Robert Barro and Herschel Grossman (I976), and Edmond Malinvaud (I977). Unwilling passively to accept nominal wage rigidity as an unexplained assumption, many labour-market theorists have followed the lead of Costas Azariadis (I975) and Martin Baily (I974) in building models to explain rigid wages and layoff unemployment as the rational outcome of a profit-maximising calculus. As I pointed out in an early critique of the Azariadis-Baily model (I976a) their assumptions cannot explain cycles in employment, but rather why workers would want fixed incomes, i.e., a fixed wage rate and fixed employment. Soon thereafter, Barro (I977) went one step further and argued that contract theory is a 'facade' which cannot explain why workers would choose a rigid wage and variable employment in preference to the classical equilibrium quantity of employment that equates the marginal product of labour with the marginal value of time. Now an examination of the evidence has led me to the realisation that rigid wages cannot provide the underpinnings for a universally valid theory of the business cycle, simply because wages are not universally rigid. I document below with postwar quarterly data that the share of fluctuations in the manufacturing wage bill taking the form of nominal wage changes, as compared to changes in hours worked, is five to ten times greater in Britain and Japan than in
Overcoming Algorithm Aversion: People Will Use Imperfect Algorithms If They Can Even Slightly Modify Them

Although evidence-based algorithms consistently outperform human forecasters, people often fail to use them after learning that they are imperfect, a phenomenon known as algorithm aversion. In this paper, we present three studies investigating how to reduce algorithm aversion. In incentivized forecasting tasks, participants chose between using their own forecasts or those of an algorithm that was built by experts. Participants were considerably more likely to choose to use an imperfect algorithm when they could modify its forecasts, and they performed better as a result. Notably, the preference for modifiable algorithms held even when participants were severely restricted in the modifications they could make Studies 1-3. In fact, our results suggest that participants' preference for modifiable algorithms was indicative of a desire for some control over the forecasting outcome, and not for a desire for greater control over the forecasting outcome, as participants' preference for modifiable algorithms was relatively insensitive to the magnitude of the modifications they were able to make Study 2. Additionally, we found that giving participants the freedom to modify an imperfect algorithm made them feel more satisfied with the forecasting process, more likely to believe that the algorithm was superior, and more likely to choose to use an algorithm to make subsequent forecasts Study 3. This research suggests that one can reduce algorithm aversion by giving people some control-even a slight amount-over an imperfect algorithm's forecast. Data, as supplemental material, are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2643 . This paper was accepted by Yuval Rottenstreich, judgment and decision making.
Terrestrial effects of possible astrophysical sources of an AD 774‐775 increase in 14C production

[1] We examine possible sources of a substantial increase in tree ring 14C measurements for the years AD 774-775. Contrary to claims regarding a coronal mass ejection (CME), the required CME energy is not several orders of magnitude greater than known solar events. We consider solar proton events (SPEs) with three different fluences and two different spectra. The data may be explained by an event with fluence about one order of magnitude beyond the October 1989 SPE. Two hard spectrum cases considered here result in moderate ozone depletion, so no mass extinction is implied, though we do predict increases in erythema and damage to plants from enhanced solar UV. We are able to rule out an event with a very soft spectrum that causes severe ozone depletion and subsequent biological impacts. Nitrate enhancements are consistent with their apparent absence in ice core data. The modern technological implications of such an event may be extreme, and considering recent confirmation of superflares on solar-type stars, this issue merits attention.