cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A semi-analytical model of electron source potential barriers

A simple method of evaluating the potential barrier profiles (and therefore work function) of materials under applied field is developed. The methodology is designed to computationally expedient, flexible and therefore amenable to complications that occur such as surface structure (existence of nanoprotrusions), tunneling between layers ("internal field emission"), and the presence of adsorbates which will modify the dipole potential at the surface of an emitter. An iterative approach to finding that barrier height is developed, and the resulting density profiles used to evaluate the Exchange and Correlation potentials which give rise to the image charge lowering of the barrier under applied field.
Gender, technology and work: understanding patterns in women's employment in science and technology occupations

From 1970-1990 there was growth in women's participation in science and engineering fields. However, women's participation is still substantially less than participation in other professional occupations. Penetration of women in science and technology professions means that, as we enter the next century, women will have minimal access to lucrative and in-demand occupations. Rectifying this requires that we understand the forces producing gender stratification in the workforce. The paper develops a culturally based explanation. The mutually defining discourses about gender, the public/private split, and science/technology function as interlocking filters that channel the vast majority of women away from professional careers in science and technology.
Analysis of optical stochastic cooling including transverse effects

The phase space area plays an important role in determining the performance of optical stochastic cooling. Specifically, the number of samples in the beam consists of three factors corresponding to three dimensions, the factor in each dimension being given by the ratio of the total phase space area in that dimension to the radiation wavelength.
Contrasting relationships between clade age and temperature along latitudinal versus elevational gradients for woody angiosperms in forests of South America

Question Is clade age positively correlated with minimum temperature in angiosperm woody assemblages along elevational thermal gradients, as predicted by the phylogenetic niche conservatism hypothesis and observed along latitudinal gradients? Location South America. Methods I assembled one latitudinal gradient and one elevational gradient of angiosperm woody plant assemblages in forest plots, both of which started at equatorial humid forests at low elevations. The latitudinal gradient comprised 37 plots and the elevational gradient included 34 forest plots. Each plot is 0.1 ha. Correlation analysis was used to determine relationships among taxonomic richness, mean clade age (measured as mean family age of each forest plot), latitude, elevation and minimum temperature (measured as mean temperature of the coldest month). Results Woody plant species richness strongly decreases with increasing latitude and elevation on the two gradients. Mean clade age is positively correlated with minimum temperature for the latitudinal gradient but is negatively correlated with minimum temperature for the elevational gradient. Conclusion The result of this study based on the latitudinal gradient supports the prediction of the phylogenetic niche conservatism hypothesis for the relationship between clade age and temperature, whereas the result based on the elevational gradient is contrary to the prediction of this hypothesis. The contrasting patterns found in the present study for the clade age-minimum temperature relationship along the latitudinal vs elevational gradients suggest that more studies are needed in order to determine how general is the positive relationship between clade age and temperature predicted by the PNC along both latitudinal and elevational gradients across the globe.
Sleep deprivation attenuates endotoxin-induced cytokine gene expression independent of day length and circulating cortisol in male Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus)

Sleep is restorative, whereas reduced sleep leads to negative health outcomes, such as increased susceptibility to disease. Sleep deprivation tends to attenuate inflammatory responses triggered by infection or exposure to endotoxin, such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Previous studies have demonstrated that Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus), photoperiodic rodents, attenuate LPS-induced fever, sickness behavior and upstream pro-inflammatory gene expression when adapted to short day lengths. Here, we tested whether manipulation of photoperiod alters the suppressive effects of sleep deprivation upon cytokine gene expression after LPS challenge. Male Siberian hamsters were adapted to long (16 h:8 h light:dark) or short (8 h:16 h light:dark) photoperiods for >10 weeks, and were deprived of sleep for 24 h using the multiple platform method or remained in their home cage. Hamsters received an intraperitoneal injection of LPS or saline (control) 18 h after starting the protocol, and were killed 6 h later. LPS increased liver and hypothalamic interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) gene expression compared with vehicle. Among LPS-challenged hamsters, sleep deprivation reduced IL-1 mRNA levels in liver and hypothalamus, but not TNF. IL-1 attenuation was independent of circulating baseline cortisol, which did not increase after sleep deprivation. Conversely, photoperiod altered baseline cortisol, but not pro-inflammatory gene expression in sleep-deprived hamsters. These results suggest that neither photoperiod nor glucocorticoids influence the suppressive effect of sleep deprivation upon LPS-induced inflammation.
Possibilities and Pitfalls: A Comparative Analysis of Student Empowerment

Although U.S. schools typically express commitment to preparing students for the responsibilities of democratic citizenship, most American youth are socialized for adult civic life by an institution that defines them as passive and subordinate and treats them in ways that are anything but democratic. In contrast to such counterproductive practices, the author offers a comparative analysis of two schools’ efforts at student empowerment. He first outlines why schools should help empower students and then proposes a conception of student empowerment founded on three dimensions: the academic, political, and social. To explore the “possibilities and pitfalls” of empowerment in practice, the author presents case studies of two schools’ student empowerment efforts. Each examines how the schools sought to help empower students, what power students gained, and how students and faculty responded to these efforts. Drawing on insights derived from these studies, he discusses some practical implications for schools ho...
Assembly of the Cysteine Synthase Complex and the Regulatory Role of Protein-Protein Interactions

Macromolecular assemblies play critical roles in regulating cellular functions. The cysteine synthase complex (CSC), which is formed by association of serine O-acetyltransferase (SAT) and O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase (OASS), acts as a sensor and modulator of thiol metabolism by responding to changes in nutrient conditions. Here we examine the oligomerization and energetics of formation of the soybean CSC. Biophysical examination of the CSC by size exclusion chromatography and sedimentation ultracentrifugation indicates that this assembly (complex M(r) approximately 330,000) consists of a single SAT trimer (trimer M(r) approximately 110,000) and three OASS dimers (dimer M(r) approximately 70,000). Analysis of the SAT-OASS interaction by isothermal titration calorimetry reveals negative cooperativity with three distinct binding events during CSC formation with K(d) values of 0.3, 7.5, and 78 nm. The three binding events are also observed using surface plasmon resonance with comparable affinities. The stability of the CSC derives from rapid association and extremely slow dissociation of OASS with SAT and requires the C terminus of SAT for the interaction. Steady-state kinetic analysis shows that CSC formation enhances SAT activity and releases SAT from substrate inhibition and feedback inhibition by cysteine, the final product of the biosynthesis pathway. Cysteine inhibits SAT and the CSC with K(i) values of 2 and 70 microm, respectively. These results suggest a new model for the architecture of this regulatory complex and additional control mechanisms for biochemically controlling plant cysteine biosynthesis. Based on previous work and our results, we suggest that OASS acts as an enzyme chaperone of SAT in the CSC.
Single-shot self-interference incoherent digital holography using off-axis configuration

We propose a single-shot incoherent holographic imaging technique that adopts self-interference incoherent digital holography (SIDH) with slight tilt of the plane mirror in the optical configuration. The limited temporal coherence length of the illumination leads the guide-star hologram of the proposed system to have a Gaussian envelope of elliptical ring shape. The observation shows that the reconstruction by cross correlation with the guide-star hologram achieves better quality than the usual propagation methods. Experimentally, we verify that the hologram and 3D reconstruction can be implemented incoherently with the proposed single-shot off-axis SIDH.
A standardized cage measurement system: A versatile tool for calculating usable cage space1

SUMMARY The United Egg Producers husbandry guidelines for cages recommend a minimum of 432 to 555 cm 2 (67 to 86 in. 2 ) of usable space/hen, defined as floor space that is of sufficient height for hens to stand upright. Because there is neither a quantitative value given for cage height nor an established method for calculating usable space, meeting this guideline poses challenges for producers. The objectives of this study were to design a tool that could be used to calculate usable space and evaluate the effect of cage height on that space. Based on some reported hen behavior, it has been suggested that cage height should be at least 35.6 to 40.6 cm (14 to 16 in.), the effect of these height specifications on usable space was assessed. Using cage measurements taken from 180 commercial houses, we found that usable space declined as the specification for cage height increased from 30.5 to 47.0 cm (12 to 18.5 in.), with this decline occurring more rapidly for A-frame than vertical cages. When cage height was set at 35.6 cm (14 in.), almost all houses had cages with usable space. When it was set at 40.6 cm (16 in.), 97.5% of houses with vertical cages and only 30% of houses with A-frame cages had cages with any usable space. Although additional investigation into the effects of cage height on hen productivity and welfare is required to establish a scientifically justified cage height recommendation, this tool will be useful for producers and engineers in determining usable space across a range of hen strain sizes and cage designs.
Telemedicine in Pediatric Transport: A Feasibility Study

Objective. Investigate the hypothesis that telemedicine, in the form of real-time audiovisual transmission, would permit accurate assessment of illness severity and allow improved triage for transport. Methods. A prospective study comparing assessments of patients examined conventionally (in person) and remotely by a telemedicine link. Fifteen patients (3 months to 14 years of age) admitted to our emergency department were evaluated as if for transport. Patients were evaluated simultaneously by a physically present pediatric emergency room physician and by a pediatric critical care physician linked to the examining room by a broadband audiovisual link. Each physician completed a patient assessment questionnaire independently. The sensitivity and specificity of the patient assessment by the audiovisually linked physician were calculated. Results. Sensitivity, ie, the ability of the remote, audiovisually connected telemedicine physician to detect abnormal findings, is 87.5%. Specificity, the ability of the remote physician to detect normal findings, is 93%. It is likely that sensitivity would be markedly improved with addition of an electronic stethoscope. Conclusion. This study demonstrates that pediatric patients may be assessed accurately with a broadcast-quality real-time audiovisual system. Such a system may have dramatic implications for providing pediatric specialty and subspecialty care in underserved areas.
A two-stage representation of DFT and its applications

A two-stage representation in terms of preprocessing and postprocessing of DFT is developed by vector transformation of sines and cosines into new basis functions using Mobius inversion of number theory. The preprocessing matrix, with elements 1, -1, and 0, is obtained by replacing \cos 2\pin / N and \sin 2\pin / N by \mu(n / N + 1 / 4) and \mu(n/N) , respectively, where \mu(\cdot) is the bipolar rectangular wave function. The postprocessing matrix is block diagonal where each block is a circular correlation and consists of the new basis functions. The two-stage representation has been found very useful in applications such as parallel implementation of DFT and signal/image recognition.
Activator-dependent p300 Acetylation of Chromatin in Vitro: ENHANCEMENT OF TRANSCRIPTION BY DISRUPTION OF REPRESSIVE NUCLEOSOME-NUCLEOSOME INTERACTIONS

Condensation of chromatin into higher order structures is mediated by intra- and interfiber nucleosome-nucleosome interactions. Our goals in this study were to determine the impact specific activator-dependent histone acetylation had on chromatin condensation and to ascertain whether acetylation-induced changes in chromatin condensation were related to changes in RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) activity. To accomplish this, an in vitro model system was constructed in which the purified transcriptional activators, Tax and phosphorylated CREB (cAMP-response element-binding protein), recruited the p300 histone acetyltransferase to nucleosomal templates containing the human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 promoter sequences. We find that activator-dependent p300 histone acetylation disrupted both inter- and intrafiber nucleosome-nucleosome interactions and simultaneously led to enhanced RNAPII transcription from the decondensed model chromatin. p300 histone acetyltransferase activity had two distinct components: non-targeted, ubiquitous activity in the absence of activators and activator-dependent activity targeted primarily to promoter-proximal nucleosomes. Mass spectrometry identified several unique p300 acetylation sites on nucleosomal histone H3 (H3K9, H3K27, H3K36, and H3K37). Collectively, our data have important implications for understanding both the mechanism of RNAPII transcriptional regulation by chromatin and the molecular determinants of higher order chromatin structure.
Japan's labor unions

The various labor laws enacted in Japan in the Occupation era, and still in effect today without substantial amendment, legitimized unions, both as bargaining units on behalf of the employees of large companies and as political organizations, but prohibited strikes by public employees, and did not lead to the establishment of valuable labor monopolies. The effective bargaining units in wage negotiations in Japan are mostly enterprise unions, whose respective members are employees of a given company. This does not preclude their having succeeded in raising members' wages. Japan’s infrequency and short duration of strikes is a poor indication of the effectiveness of its labor unions at obtaining higher wages for their members. The smallness of losses due to strikes in Japan means only that there is little discrepancy between the unions’ and employers’ information regarding the employers’ maximum willingness to pay a premium for union members’ services. It does not necessarily mean that the premium itself is small. Enterprise union members in Japan mostly include the regular employees of large firms, trained in company-specific skills and expectant of long ultimate tenures of service. Compared to members of a typical industry-wide union in the U.S. or elsewhere, the members of a Japanese enterprise union are relatively homogeneous and have had a longer time in which to observe the behavior of their employer. For both these reasons, it is quite natural to suppose that union members in Japan should be relatively well-informed regarding their employers’ willingness to pay a premium for their services.
Width-tunable optical RZ pulse train generation based on four-wave mixing in highly nonlinear fiber

We demonstrate a simple technique for width-tunable optical return-to-zero pulse train generation based on four-wave mixing in highly nonlinear fiber. By electrically tuning the delay between two pump pulse trains, the pulsewidth of a generated pulse train is continuously tuned. In our experiment, the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of a 5G pulse train is tuned from 85 to 25 ps, and the FWHM of a 10G pulse train is tuned from 33 to 18 ps. And the simulation results show that the FWHM of a 40G pulse train can be tuned continuously from 10.6 to 2.9 ps. Negligible power penalty is observed after 59-km single-mode fiber and 11.4-km dispersion-compensation-fiber transmission for different pulsewidths at 10 Gb/s.
The Cost of Legal Aid

I first became aware of the British’s struggle with their Legal Aid system while interning with a nonprofit organization in London that conducted research on Legal Aid with the goal of improving individuals’ access to justice. The British have supported Legal Aid for over sixty years; however, during this time it has reached an unsustainable level its current budget being two billion pounds. Since the government simply cannot afford a program this large, it has fallen prey to periodic budget cuts within the past few decades. Many British individuals are concerned that the quality of the services will diminish as a result of decreased funding. A large number of Europeans consider it essential that the state provide quality legal aid services to insure that all individuals have equal access to justice. Since legal aid is viewed as a necessary governmental service, it is very important to Europeans to determine the way in which the system best operates. In my paper, I will attempt to determine why the British system in particular is so expensive, compared to other European nations that provide a similar service for a fraction of the cost.
Radical Prostatectomy Versus Radiation and Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer: How Good Is the Evidence?

Purpose The optimal treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer is controversial. Most studies focus on biochemical (PSA) failure when comparing radical prostatectomy (RP) with radiation therapy (RT), but this endpoint has not been validated as predictive of overall survival (OS) or cause-specific survival (CSS). We analyzed the available literature to determine whether reliable conclusions could be made concerning the effectiveness of RP compared with RT with or without androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), assuming current treatment standards. Methods Articles published between February 29, 2004, and March 1, 2015, that compared OS and CSS after RP or RT with or without ADT were included. Because the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) system emphasis is on randomized controlled clinical trials, a reliability score (RS) was explored to further understand the issues associated with the study quality of observational studies, including appropriateness of treatment, source of data, clinical characteristics, and comorbidity. Lower RS values indicated lower reliability. Results Fourteen studies were identified, and 13 were completely evaluable. Thirteen of the 14 studies (93%) were observational studies with low-quality evidence. The median RS was 12 (range, 5-18); the median difference in 10-year OS and CSS favored RP over RT: 10% and 4%, respectively. In studies with a RS ≤12 (average RS 9) the 10-year OS and CSS median differences were 17% and 6%, respectively. For studies with a RS >12 (average RS 15.5), the 10-year OS and CSS median differences were 5.5% and 1%, respectively. Thus, we observed an association between low RS and a higher percentage difference in OS and CSS. Conclusions Reliable evidence that RP provides a superior CSS to RT with ADT is lacking. The most reliable studies suggest that the differences in 10-year CSS between RP and RT are small, possibly
Close Coupling in Work-Family Relationships: Making and Implementing Decisions in a New Family Business and at Home

This research examined the relative influence of husbands and wives in decisions concerning several activities that occur in both the home and the business. Ratings by 24 women who with their husbands had recently opened a retail or service establishment indicated that influence was significantly related to (1) setting (wives had more influence at home), (2) activity (wives had most influence in decisions about division of labor), and (3) particular setting-activity combinations. Such a differential pattern of influence may reflect a way of resolving conflicting norms of equality and husband dominance. Additional findings suggest the operation of an equity norm: Wives' influence at home and in the business varied according to the number of hours they worked, and according to whether the business was "gender typed." Qualitative data indicated that couples rarely discussed division of labor in either setting, although this issue was a frequent source of family tension. Two years later, most of the responden...
Side effects of the leukotriene receptor antagonists in asthmatic children

Background: Leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs) are drugs which have been widely used more than ten years. As the use of LTRAs increases, our knowledge with respect to their side effects increases as well. Objective: Our study was aimed to evaluate the observed side effects of LTRAs used in patients with astma. Methods: 1024 patients who were only treated with LTRAs owing to astma or early wheezing were included in the study for a five-year period. The observed side effects of LTRAs in these patients were retrospectively investigated. The side effects were divided into two parts as psychiatric and non- psychiatric. Results: It was found out that 67.5% of 41 (4%) patients in whom side effects were observed was male and their average age was 6.5. The rate of patients with asthma was 63.41% and it was 36.58% for patients with early wheezing. It was determined that sex, age and diagnosis (early wheezing or asthma) of the patients were ineffective in the emergence of side effects. The average period for the emergence of side effects was the fisrt month. It was observed that hyperactivity was the most frequently seen psychiatric side effect and abdominal pain was the non-psychiatric side effect. Conclusion: The side effects of LTRAs were common in children. Therefore, patients must be informed at the beginning of the treatment and they must be evaluated at certain intervals.
Does a booster intervention augment the preventive effects of an abbreviated version of the coping power program for aggressive children

Booster interventions have been presumed to be important methods for maintaining the effects of evidence-based programs for children with behavioral problems, but there has been remarkably little empirical attention to this assumption. The present study examines the effect of a child-oriented booster preventive intervention with children who had previously received an abbreviated version (24 child sessions, 10 parent sessions) of the Coping Power targeted prevention program. Two hundred and forty-one children (152 boys, 89 girls) were screened as having moderate to high levels of aggressive behavior in 4th grade, then half were randomly assigned to receive the abbreviated Coping Power program in 5th grade, and half of the preventive intervention children were then randomly assigned to a Booster condition in 6th grade. The Booster sessions consisted of brief monthly individual contacts, and were primarily with the children. Five assessments across 4 years were collected from teachers, providing a three-year follow-up for all children who participated in the project. Results indicated that the abbreviated Coping Power program (one-third shorter than the full intervention) had long-term effects in reducing children’s externalizing problem behaviors, proactive and reactive aggression, impulsivity traits and callous-unemotional traits. The Booster intervention did not augment these prevention effects. These findings indicate that a briefer and more readily disseminated form of an evidence-based targeted preventive intervention was effective. The findings have potential implications for policy and guidelines about possible intervention length and booster interventions.
Treatment of borderline personality disorder

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is considered by mental health professionals to be one of the most difficult psychiatric disorders to treat. The particular constellation of symptoms and associated behaviors that are known as BPD include affective dysfunction, poor impulse control, and frequent suicidal and aggressive behavior. Persons with this disorder typically have impaired interpersonal relationships; these dynamics extend into the therapeutic relationship as well. As a result, these clients frequently become angry, leave treatment settings and decompensate before re-entering treatment in either in-patient or outpatient settings. A group-based treatment program implemented by a team of mental health professionals interrupts this dynamic; when clients are angry with one provider, there is another provider with whom they are still connected to process their feelings. Working with peers in groups also provides role models of other ways to manage emotions and behaviors. Both treatment methods significantly reduce self-harm in clients with BPD.
Validation of Daily Increment Formation in Otoliths from Spring Chinook Salmon

Abstract Increments of a fish otolith are commonly used to estimate age and somatic growth; yet the accuracy of such estimates first requires an understanding of the periodicity with which increments are formed. We conducted a rearing experiment to evaluate daily formation of increments in otoliths from spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), an anadromous fish from the Yakima River, Washington. Specifically, we compared the known number of post-emergence days that fish were alive to the number of otolith increments formed after an emergence check. Our results indicated daily formation of otolith increments, thus corroborating previous studies and supporting the use of otolith increments to estimate age and somatic growth of individual Chinook salmon. Given the positive relationship between body size and survival to adulthood, continued use of otolith microstructure to quantify age and growth will help identify factors critical for the recovery of listed Chinook salmon populations.
National Utilization Patterns of Steroid Injection and Operative Intervention for Treatment of Common Hand Conditions

Purpose To conduct a population-level analysis of practice trends and probability of surgery based on the number of steroid injections for common hand conditions. Methods Patients aged at least 18 years receiving injection or surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), trigger finger (TF), or de Quervain tenovaginitis (DQ) were identified for inclusion using the 2009 to 2013 Truven MarketScan databases. The researchers counted the number of injections performed and calculated the time between injection and operation for patients receiving both treatments. A multivariable logistic regression model was created to evaluate the odds of undergoing surgery based on the number of injections performed, controlling for patient age, sex, comorbidities, and insurance type. Results The study sample included 251,030 patients who underwent steroid injection or operative release for CTS (n = 129,917), TF (n = 102,778), and DQ (n = 18,335). Most patients with CTS were managed with immediate surgery (71%), whereas most patients with TF and DQ were managed initially with injection (74% and 84%, respectively). Among patients receiving both an injection and an operation, a single injection was the most common practice before surgery (69%, 58%, and 67% of patients with CTS, TF, and DQ, respectively). Multiple injections for DQ and TF were associated with relatively low predicted probability of surgery (17% and 26%, respectively, after 2 injections). However, the predicted probability of surgery after 2 injections was higher in patients with CTS (44%). Conclusions Given the associated probability of surgery after multiple injections for the 3 hand conditions examined, the practice of repeat injections should be critically examined to determine whether underuse or overuse is present and whether efficiency and use of resources can be improved upon. Type of study/level of evidence Prognostic II.
Delivering Personally on Responsibility, Module Note-Instructors

How can individuals equip themselves to exercise leadership in the face of moral adversity? This six-session module aims to prepare students to meet moral responsibility when it is simultaneously most essential and most difficult. Moral adversity refers to situations in which a person confronts a pressing moral responsibility-to oppose wrong-doing, aid others in desperate need, or stand up for inviolable principles, for example-yet meeting that responsibility is very difficult. The difficulty may arise because the situation entails personal or organizational sacrifice, for example, or colliding duties, or unfavorable conditions-such as time pressure, uncertainty, and uncooperative third parties. The module explores two forms that leadership can take in the face of moral adversity: taking direct action oneself to meet one's responsibilities and guiding others to meet collective responsibility. By examining protagonists who encounter moral adversity and must respond to urgent and complex calls to leadership, the module aims to provide students with: (1) An understanding of characteristic challenges and complications that make it so hard to exercise leadership in the face of moral adversity; (2) A map of the process for delivering on responsibility in the face of moral adversity; (3) A developmental perspective for approaching moral adversity, which casts ethically challenging situations not solely as tests of character but as opportunities to build one's personal capacity to shoulder responsibility and exercise leadership; (4) A moral compass that outlines the personal capacity students need to build, specifying capabilities and commitments students need to develop in order to navigate through moral adversity.
Ethics in Criminal Advocacy in the State of Criminal Justice 2015

Several ethics issues in criminal advocacy came to the forefront again in 2014. Although the U.S. Supreme Court did not decide important cases that cut across criminal law and the ethical obligations of defense counsel or prosecutors in 2014, there were still several other important developments and stories in the news. For example, decisions of prosecutors in Missouri and New York that they did not have a conflict of interest in considering charges against police officers in the deaths of Michael Brown and Eric Garner, both unarmed African America men, led to outcries of injustice and double-standards favoring police. In a surprise turn of events, Attorney General Eric Holder issued an order ending the practice of federal prosecutors requiring waivers of ineffective assistance of counsel claims as plea bargain requirement, after the Kentucky Supreme Court rejected attempts by U.S. Attorneys in Kentucky to have the court approve the waivers. During the course of 2014, three of the four Formal Ethics Opinions issued by the ABA Standing Committee on Ethics and Professional Responsibility directly addressed issues affecting prosecutors and criminal defense lawyers. Several other criminal ethics issues surfaced in 2014, and we address many of them in this chapter.
Nonlinear Normal-Mode Balancing and the Ellipticity Condition

Abstract Using a low-order, spectral, shallow-water model on an f-plane, the conditions under which height-constrained nonlinear normal mode initialization fails and the existence of realizable balancing wind fields are examined. The relationship of this nonrealizability condition and the ellipticity condition for the standard nonlinear balance equation is also examined. A conclusion from this analysis is that non-elliptic geopotential regions must be accompanied by transient gravity wave motion if there is no forcing mechanism. The low-order results are extended through the use of a global shallow-water model. The relationship between the local f-plane results and the global results is analyzed and a strong correlation between the appearance of non-elliptic geopotential regions and the breakdown of the iteration scheme used in non-linear normal mode balancing is noted. It is concluded that moderately weak anticyclonic disturbances in equatorial areas may act as regions of energy exchange between rotation...
Understanding Culture and Its Influence on HIV/AIDS-Related Communication Among Minority Men Who Have Sex With Men.

ABSTRACTScholarly research and government surveillance reports demonstrate that African American and Latino men who have sex with men (MSM) bear an inequitable burden of new HIV infections. Among the estimated 31,896 HIV infections attributed to male-to-male sexual contact in 2011, approximately 62% occurred in African American (38.2%) and Latino (23.5) MSM. Simultaneously, recent scholarship on minority MSM and HIV/AIDS reports a dearth of qualitative communication research that address this health issue. This manuscript reports a research study that seeks to fill this gap in health communication theory and praxis. Through in-depth interviews with 17 MSM of color, this article draws upon the culture-centered approach to demonstrate how cultural and contextual nuances, (in)access to structural resources, and participants’ agentive capacity to act upon available knowledge/resources influences the ways they manage (the threat of) HIV/AIDS.
Has Virginity Lost Its Virtue? Relationship Stigma Associated With Being a Sexually Inexperienced Adult

While virginity prior to marriage has been historically valued, changing sociosexual scripts in the United States have made premarital sexual activity the norm for young adults, with sexual debut generally occurring in late adolescence. In the current research, we examined the impact of being developmentally off-time with first coitus (i.e., not yet engaging in coitus when most same-aged peers have done so). Specifically, we investigated stigma toward sexually inexperienced adults and discrimination regarding romantic relationship formation. Across three methodologically diverse studies we observed that sexually inexperienced adults perceived themselves to be stigmatized due to their inexperience and that sexually inexperienced adults were not highly desired as relationship partners. Even sexually inexperienced adults themselves did not find other inexperienced adults to be attractive relationship partners. Although abstaining from sexual activity may bestow some health advantages, our studies show that being a sexual "late bloomer" may result in negative interpersonal consequences such as limited opportunities for romantic relationships.
Collection and display of infrared image data based on FPGA+DSP

In terms of LinkPort bus communication protocol,a system consisting of FPGA and DSP is designed to collect and display infrared images.Many functions are described,which are to import image data into DSA via LinkPort after they are collected,to compress image,to export data from DSP via LinkPort,and to buffer and display the image data.Finally,the method of program debugging is introduced.The experimental results show that the designed system has good performance.
Regulation of Food Intake: Role of the Ventromedial Hypothalamus

Considerable experimental evidence strongly implicates the ventromedial region (“satiety center”) of the hypothalamus in adjusting food intake to caloric expenditure so that body weight is maintained within narrow limits. Pertinent studies spanning more than three decades are described. Recent work indicates that the satiety center uses glucose in a manner paralleling its use by the other insulin-sensitive tissues of the organism. This new knowledge of the metabolic signals that affect the functioning of the satiety center gives promise of being important in the clinical management of human obesity.
Rapid diagnosis of amniotic fluid embolism

Acute respiratory failure developed in a 19-year-old primigravida 7 hours after undergoing cesarean section. The diagnosis of amniotic fluid embolism was established by viewing fragments of vernix caseosa in a pulmonary artery blood sample. Forty-eight hours after the cytologic diagnosis had been made, amniotic fluid material was no longer present in pulmonary arterial blood. The patient underwent supportive care in an intensive care setting and recovered completely.
Studies in Intercultural Testing

Comparative intellectual and social adjustment data for males and females of various primitive groups are described.
Knowledge transfer in organizations: The roles of members, tasks, tools, and networks

Abstract This article describes advances in the study of knowledge transfer in organizations over the fifteen years since Argote and Ingram (2000) appeared in Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes . Argote and Ingram developed mechanisms of knowledge transfer and discussed factors that facilitate or impede transfer. Conditions under which knowledge transfer improves organizational performance were identified and conditions under which knowledge transfer is a source of competitive advantage for organizations were theorized. The current article concludes that research subsequent to the publication of Argote and Ingram has both increased the depth of our understanding of knowledge transfer and broadened the factors considered as predictors and consequences of transfer. Challenges to studying knowledge transfer, primarily in the area of measurement, are described, and new measurement approaches are discussed. We conclude with a discussion of future research directions that are likely to be productive and suggest that expanding the study of knowledge transfer to new problem domains, such as entrepreneurship, would advance knowledge of those domains as well as increase understanding of knowledge transfer.
Recent advances in means safety as a suicide prevention strategy

Despite advances in theory and the development and implementation of evidence-based treatments, the United States suicide rate has been rising continuously for over a decade. Although this does not indicate that traditional treatment approaches should be abandoned, it does highlight the need to supplement such approaches with alternatives. One seemingly highly valuable option is means safety, defined as the reduced access to and/or increased safe storage of potentially lethal methods for suicide. This paper provides a review of the current literature on the prevalence of six methods for suicide and preventative efforts aimed to reduce suicide rates. The majority of means safety interventions seem promising given that these methods are common and highly lethal. However, cultural and practical barriers will need to be taken into consideration when implementing these plans. Overall, means safety efforts and preventative measures seem to be promising ways to reduce the national suicide rate if implemented.
Targeted multimodal nano-reporters for pre-procedural MRI and intra-operative image-guidance

Multimodal-imaging probes offer a novel approach, which can provide detail diagnostic information for the planning of image-guided therapies in clinical practice. Here we report targeted multimodal Nd3+-doped upconversion nanoparticle (UCNP) imaging reporters, integrating both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and real-time upconversion luminescence imaging (UCL) capabilities within a single platform. Nd3+-doped UCNPs were synthesized as a core-shell structure showing a bright visible emission upon excitation at the near infrared (minimizing biological overheating and increasing tissue penetration depth) as well as providing strong MRI T2 contrast (high r2/r1 ratio). Transcatheter intra-arterial infusion of Nd3+-doped UCNPs conjugated with anti-CD44-monoclonal antibody allowed for high performance in vivo multimodal UCL and MR imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in an orthotopic rat model. The resulted in vivo multimodal imaging of Nd3+ doped core-shell UCNPs combined with transcatheter intra-arterial targeting approaches successfully discriminated liver tumors from normal hepatic tissues in rats for surgical resection applications. The demonstrated multimodal UCL and MRI imaging capabilities of our multimodal UCNPs reporters suggest strong potential for in vivo visualization of tumors and precise surgical guidance to fill the gap between pre-procedural imaging and intraoperative reality.
Use of Three-Dimensional Pavement Surface Data to Analyze Crack Deterioration: Pilot Study on Georgia State Route 26:

Cracking is one of the predominant types of pavement surface distresses. The study of crack deterioration is important for establishing accurate pavement deterioration models and determining the timing of an adequate treatment method. It is also crucial to support the validation of the Mechanistic–Empirical Pavement Design Guide. Although many efforts have been made in the laboratory or controlled environments to simulate the crack deterioration behavior, it is still difficult to fully model actual pavement crack deterioration behavior because of the complicated roadway conditions in the real-world environment. With the advance of sensing technology, it has become possible to collect detailed crack data in the field. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of monitoring detailed crack deterioration behaviors in the field with the use of three-dimensional sensing technology, crack detection, and multiscale crack property extraction. This effort directly supports the study of multiscale ...
Managing the High Incidence of Testicular Pain and Pathology in Prisoners with Telemedicine

Abstract Introduction Medical transportation of prisoners involves inherent risks. Telemedicine may allow prisoners to receive appropriate evaluation, testing and treatment with minimal need for transportation. Our medical center manages the urological complaints of all prisoners in our state and uses telemedicine to evaluate patients before transportation. In this study we determined the clinical course of prisoners with testicular pain and pathology, and assessed the safety and potential effectiveness of telemedicine for the evaluation and treatment of these patients. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all prisoners evaluated by telemedicine from January 2007 to July 2014. Records were examined for urological complaints, diagnoses, initial tests and treatments, outcomes and eventual surgery. The effectiveness of telemedicine was determined by comparing the telemedicine and in-person visit diagnosis. Results There were 376 prisoners with urological complaints, of which 29% were for testicular pain and pathology. Tests were ordered in 78% at the telemedicine encounter (73% ultrasound). Clinic visit followed telemedicine in 49% of cases, of which the telemedicine diagnosis was confirmed in 98%. Elective surgery was performed in 8% and no patients had malignancy. Conclusions Testicular pain and pathology represented nearly a third of the urological complaints in this population, all of which were benign with few requiring surgery. It appears that testicular pain and pathology could be mostly managed with telemedicine and testing at local facilities without compromising quality of care, potentially reducing health care expenditure by the prison and health care systems.
Educating the Anesthesia Provider for Urologic Procedures

Current educational modalities allow for the teaching of both basic and advanced skills related to providing anesthesia for urologic procedures while minimizing the potential for patient harm. Partial task training devices allow students to practice and become facile with procedures without putting patients at risk. Simulation is rapidly gaining acceptance as the gold standard for procedural education as full-scale mannequin simulators can be utilized to directly demonstrate the physiologic response to anesthetic interventions associated with these procedures. Simulations can also be used to evaluate clinical performance in multiple areas of patient care. In this chapter, some of the techniques currently being used to teach these skills are outlined and the advantages and limitations of the currently available technology discussed.
Local Institutional Responses to Global Market Pressures: The Sea Cucumber Trade in Yucatán, Mexico

Summary The expansion of global seafood trade creates opportunities as well as risks for small-scale fisheries (SSFs) livelihoods. Markets provide economic opportunity, but without effective governance, high demand can drive resource degradation. In the context of small-scale sea cucumber fisheries in Yucatan, Mexico, this study documents local governance responses to new markets and identifies factors driving those responses. We conducted a comparative case study of two SSF communities, collecting participant observation and interview data during 16 months of fieldwork. Our study found that local rules-in-use did not match government regulations and that the emergence of local rules was shaped by relations of production in each study site. Specifically, patron–client relationships promoted an open access regime that expanded local fishing fleets while fishing cooperatives attempted to restrict access to local fishing grounds through collective action and multi-level linkages with government. We propose that the different material incentives arising from the way that patron–client relationships and cooperatives organize labor, capital, and profits help explain these divergent governance responses. We hypothesize that this finding is generalizable beyond the study context, especially given that patron–client relationships and cooperatives are common throughout the world’s SSFs. This finding builds on previous research that indicates local institutions can mediate the effects of market pressures, showing that the emergence of local rules depends on how resource users are organized not just in relation to resource governance but vis-a-vis the markets themselves. Therefore, effective policies for SSFs facing market pressures require a greater emphasis on regulating local-level trade and governing the commercial aspects of fishing livelihoods. These lessons are relevant to the estimated 540 million individuals whose livelihoods SSFs support who may increasingly engage in the global seafood trade.
Integral Representations of Special Functions

It is often convenient to identify the various special functions with contour integrals along certain paths in the complex plane. These integrals provide recursion formulas, asymptotic forms, and analytic continuations of the special functions. Also, they are sometimes used as definitions of special functions.1