cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetotransport potentials for anisotropic thin films with stripline and ground plane contacts

Superlattice layers in infrared emitters and detectors can be highly anisotropic in their electrical properties, and proper characterization of their in-plane and cross-plane transport can reveal information about the band structure, doping density, impurities, and carrier lifetimes. This work introduces numerical simulation methods for the potential distribution in an anisotropic resistive layer representing a suplerlattice, using both and non-conformal and conformal mapping to simplify the calculation of the potential int he presence of a magnetic field. A shingle strip-line contact is modeled atop the resistive superlattrive layer of interest, which, in turn, contact with a highly conducting back-plane and magnetic field-dependent Neumann boundary conditions at the floating front-plane. To increase cpomputational efficiency, non-conformal an conformal mapping are combined to transform the problem of an intractable infinitely wide anisotropic thin-film smaple to calculable, finite isotropic rectangular shape. The potential calculations introduced here should prove useful for deducing the full conductivity tensor of the superlattice region, including in-plane, cross-plane, and transverse conductivity tensor components.
Differential Rotation and Turbulence in Extended HI Disks

When present, extended disks of neutral hydrogen around spiral galaxies show a remarkably uniform velocity dispersion of approx 6 km/s. Since stellar winds and supernovae are largely absent in such regions, neither the magnitude nor the constancy of this number can be accounted for in the classical picture in which interstellar turbulence is driven by stellar energy sources. Here we suggest that magnetic fields with strengths of a few microgauss in these extended disks allow energy to be extracted from galactic differential rotation through MHD driven turbulence. The magnitude and constancy of the observed velocity dispersion may be understood if its value is Alfvenic. Moreover, by providing a simple explanation for a lower bound to the gaseous velocity fluctuations, MHD processes may account for the sharp outer edge to star formation in galaxy disks.
Culturally responsive, biopsychosocial intervention for ADHD and related problems

Aleisha H. presents with difficulty sustaining attention, excessive motor activity, and poor impulse control as well as comorbid peer problems, underachievement, oppositional behavior, and an anxiety disorder. Specific family and school characteristics complicate this case and compromise treatment goals. Aleisha's symptom profile can be conceptualized from neuropsychological, behavioral, sociocognitive, and ecological perspectives. The pervasive nature of her difficulties related to ADHD and comorbid problems requires a multimodal treatment approach. A comprehensive treatment plan that includes interventions that affect the child in the settings where problems are most likely to occur is presented. A treatment approach that includes culturally sensitive school and family interventions, an evaluation of family factors that are related to attitudes toward pharmacological treatment, and a multimethod strategy for assessing outcomes is discussed. Common strategies and tools used in multimodal treatments of ADHD are outlined.
Expanding horizons for nuclear receptors

The nuclear receptor joint Keystone meetings, formerly organized as ‘Steroid Sisters’ and ‘Orphan Brothers’, met this year under the banners, ‘Signalling, Gene Regulation and Cancer’ and ‘Development, Physiology and Disease’. The change reflected both the excellent progress that has been made, as well as new directions that are now central to the field. The meeting covered all aspects of regulation by nuclear receptors and provided a good orientation for investigators new to the area, as well as a timely update for those with long tenure in the field.
Late Proterozoic granitic magmatism on Seward Peninsula and a Barentian origin for Arctic Alaska Chukotka

New U-Pb zircon age determinations of 676 ± 15 Ma and 681 ± 3 Ma (upper intercept ages) for two granitic orthogneiss bodies on Seward Peninsula confirm a minimum age of Late Proterozoic for the lower Nome Group, a continental margin sequence in northwestern Alaska. Discordance of U-Pb data is attributed to Pb loss (lower intercepts of 117 ± 17 Ma and 124 ± 6 Ma) induced by high-pressure, low-temperature metamorphism during the Jurassic-Cretaceous Brookian orogeny. Age correlation of the Seward Peninsula bodies with Late Proterozoic orthogneiss bodies in the Brooks Range and eastern Siberia (Chukotka) provides an early paleogeographic link between these regions and indicates the existence of a Late Proterozoic magmatic belt in Arctic Alaska–Chukotka. This magmatic belt is temporally distinct from known Late Proterozoic magmatism in the North American Cordillera and Canadian Arctic Islands, but it is strikingly similar in age to pre-Caledonian magmatism in eastern North America and in Svalbard. We suggest that the pre-Cretaceous Arctic Alaska–Chukotka crustal fragment restores to the Barentian continental margin and is thus exotic to western North America. Our reconstruction supports models calling for a Canadian Arctic Islands transform margin (rather than rotational models) during Cretaceous opening of the Canada Basin.
Wireless system for monitoring and real-time classification of functional activity

The ubiquity of smartphones and their capability to support complex data collection, processing and communications applications is leading to a revolution in personal healthcare. Always ‘on’ and carried, and seamlessly connected to multiple network technologies such as WiFi, Bluetooth, and cellular carrier, these devices can be adopted as hub for aggregating data sourced from custom body-worn sensors. To be effective, however, these devices must balance the diverse design specifications for intermittent smart phone use with the real-time characteristic of health monitoring telemetry. In this paper we focus on the development of sensing devices supporting in-home and community-based health monitoring. We describe the design of a low powered, compact, wireless, and customizable platform for wearable activity monitoring. Of particular importance in this design is the ability to achieve sufficient spatial and temporal sampling resolution for the activity detection mission while meeting battery size and longevity constraints. The sensor design is paired with data aggregation using a WPAN and smartphone to support a body worn network capable of interaction with local telemetry to provide continuous functional activity monitoring, real time activity classification, and notification. Predicted and measured performance data indicate satisfaction of the mission with huge potential gains after optimization of sampling strategies.
The distribution of iron in ferritin

Abstract Ferritin was fractionated on the basis of its iron content, and the iron to protein ratios of the fractions were determined. The predominant molecular species for both horse spleen and rat liver ferritins contained 2000 iron atoms per mole of protein. Electron micrographs of molecules with higher contents of iron showed that the protein component in these fractions did not assume the characteristic spherical shape of apoferritin. It was suggested, therefore, that component with an average of 2000 iron atoms per mole, represents the form of the protein with its full complement of iron. In addition, there appears to be a strong tendency for the formation of this iron-saturated species, since only a relatively small proportion of the protein contained incomplete iron cores. It was also established that overall iron content in ferritin oligomers was appreciably greater than that of the corresponding monomeric form of the protein.
Autoradiographic studies of yolk nucleus in fish oocytes.

L'expulsion de la matiere nucleolaire dans les œufs du poisson est etudiee ici par autoradiographie. Employant la cytidine-H3, nous avons vu que le RNA nucleolaire passe dans le cytoplasme sous forme diffuse, et non comme un nucleole complet appele « noyau-jaune ».
The Evaluation of a Consultation Service for Delivery of Substance Abuse Services in a Hospital Setting

Abstract Objective. This study evaluated the institutional impact of a substance abuse consultation service in a hospital setting. Method. Treatment and matched comparison groups were compared on five outcome variables: length of stay, total cost, reimbursement, readmission, and appropriateness of care. The treatment group consisted of patients with discharge diagnoses falling into targeted Diagnostic Resource Groups (DRGs) and who received a substance abuse consultation. The comparison group consisted of patients with the same targeted DRGs, a coexisting substance abuse diagnosis, and who did not receive a substance abuse consultation. Results. No statistically significant differences were found for the five outcome variables. Findings closely approached statistical significance for rate of readmission with treatment patients being less likely to be readmitted during the 12 months following the consultation. Conclusions. Although cost savings were not found during the hospitalization when the substance a...
60 Hz magnetic fields and central cholinergic activity: effects of exposure intensity and duration.

In previous research, we have found that acute exposure to a 60 Hz magnetic field caused a decrease in cholinergic activity in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of the rat. In the present study, the effects of exposure to different intensities of the magnetic field and durations of exposure were investigated. Rats were exposed to a 60 Hz magnetic field for 60 min at a flux density of either 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 mT. A significant decrease in cholinergic activity was observed in the frontal cortex and hippocampus immediately after exposure to the 2.0 mT field. No significant effect was observed at lower intensities. In another experiment, effect of exposure to a 1.0 mT magnetic field for 30, 45, 60, and 90 min was investigated. A decrease in cholinergic activity was found in both brain areas after 90 min of exposure. No significant effect was observed after shorter durations of exposure. In a further experiment, the exposure duration was extended to 3 h at flux densities of 0.5, 0.1, and 0.05 mT. A significant decrease in cholinergic activity was observed in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of the rat immediately after exposure to all the intensities. It is concluded that the intensity and duration of exposure interact. By increasing the duration of exposure, effects can be observed at lower intensities. Bioelectromagnetics 20:284–289, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The connections between childhood sexual abuse and human immunodeficiency virus infection: Implications for interventions

A qualitative study was conducted with 28 women who are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–positive and have experienced childhood sexual abuse (CSA) in order to examine (1) the challenges generated by the experience of sexual abuse and related coping strategies, (2) the impact of the HIV diagnosis on their coping strategies, and (3) the links perceived by the women between their CSA and HIV infection. The interviews revealed that CSA raised challenges in four areas: disclosure of the abuse, sexual problems, relationship difficulties, and psychological distress. The women used two strategies to cope with their CSA: illicit substances to numb their emotional distress and sexual activity, and alienation to gain control in relationships. When diagnosed with HIV, the women initially coped with their illness by using these two strategies. The women reported that, over time, they were able to accept their HIV illness, seek social support, find alternative sources of significance, and use spirituality to sustain their growth. However, they continued to suffer psychological distress related to their sexual trauma. Further, most of the women did not perceive any connection between the two traumas. Implications of these findings for secondary prevention interventions with women who have HIV and experience of CSA are discussed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 33: 655–672, 2005.
A new decoding and transcription device (DTD) for SSR keyboard data

This report describes a device for decoding and transcribing behavioral observations encoded on magnetic tape with the SSR (Stephenson & Roberts, 1977) keyboard. The decoding and transcription device (DTD) uses two microprocessors to reduce the data and transcribe them into a computer-compatible medium, or directly into a computing system. The SSR system and its uses are briefly described, as is a particular implementation of the system incorporating the DTD for transcription over a phone line into a timesharing computer.
Effect of Pseudomonas on lactate production by mouse monocytes.

SummaryMouse monocytes, induced by intraperitoneal injection of mineral oil, produced lactate from only glucose and fructose. No net lactate production was noted from 29 other sugars. In vivo infection of monocytes resulted in at least a 2-fold increase in lactate production. However, no effect was noted when either heat-killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa or sonic fractions thereof were added to monocytes in vitro. No significant differences in lactate production were noted between cells obtained from immunized and non-immunized animals.
Adrenal medullary storage vesicles of the spontaneously hypertensive rat

Abstract The adrenal medullary vesicles of normotensive Wistar rats (NWR) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were examined in order to determine whether increased sympatho-adrenal activity plays a role in the elevation of blood pressure in the SHR. The uptake of 14 C-epinephrine/100 μg of endogenous catecholamines in isolated SHR vesicles was higher than in NWR, while the uptake of 3 H-metaraminol was the same as in NWR; thus, SHR vesicles exhibited a higher preference for epinephrine vs metaraminol compared to NWR. The difference in uptake was due to a lower K m for epinephrine in SHR. The storage of amines was the same in SHR and NWR, as demonstrated by measurements of catecholamine to ATP ratios in purified vesicles, and effluxes from the vesicles of endogenous and newly incorporated amines. The ratio of catecholamines to dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH, a marker for storage vesicles) was higher in SHR for three reasons: (1) there were fewer vesicles per gland; (2) there was less DBH per vesicle, indicated by an increased precursor/product ratio; and (3) there was a higher catecholamine content per vesicle, as shown by an increase in the ratio of heavy to light vesicles on discontinuous sucrose density gradients. SHR adrenals were depleted of catecholamines after insulin administration to a greater extent than were NWR adrenals, and both SHR and NWR exhibited induction of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine β-hydroxylase after insulin. None of these findings is consistent with the view that sympathoadrenal hyperactivity occurs in the SHR; the data suggest that hypoactivity occurs, perhaps secondarily to the hypertension.
Effects of trifluoperazine, chlorpromazine, and haloperidol upon temporal information processing by schizophrenic patients.

Healthy controls, unmedicated, actively symptomatic schizophrenics, and similar patients undergoing treatment with either trifluoperazine, chlorpromazine, or haloperidol were studied with tests of temporal discrimination and measures of transmitted information shown previously to be sensitive to various kinds of brain dysfunction, including haloperidol effects in a nonpsychotic population. Variations in psychophysical method, cognitive load, discrimination complexity, and sense-mode conditions permitted representative sampling of the temporai processing. Untreated, actively psychotic patients showed no impairment of temporal processing while all three antipsychotic medications were associated with significant deficit; trifluoperazine and haloperidol produced the most deficit, with chlorpromazine in the middle between the higher potency drugs on the one hand and unmedicated patients and healthy controls on the other.
A simple electron beam gun for platinum evaporation

SUMMARY A simple electron beam gun for platinum shadowing of freeze-fractured or freeze-etched surfaces is described. In the Steere-Denton freeze-etch instrument, this inexpensive device consistently yielded high quality replicas. The compact design possibly renders this gun operable in most freeze-etch instruments.
Robust increases in midlatitude static stability in simulations of global warming

[1] We examine changes in the static stability of the midlatitude troposphere in simulations of global warming using 21 coupled climate models in the AR4 archive. The dry static stability within the midlatitudes exhibits a robust increase in the simulations, with upper tropospheric warming outpacing the lower troposphere by approximately 2 K. The increase in stability is especially evident in the summer season, and is more prominent in the Southern Hemisphere than in the Northern. The moist static stability is largely unchanged, on the other hand, showing that moist convection plays a dominant role in determining the temperature structure of the midlatitudes. We compare bulk measures of the stability with changes in meridional gradients for each individual model simulation, and find that moist theories work well in predicting the stability with the primary exception of the Northern Hemisphere summer, where enhanced surface warming over land reduces the increase in stability.
Adrenalectomy for palliation of metastatic breast cancer.

Theoretical considerations Endocrine intervention by excision of endocrine glands for the treatment of metastatic cancers is based on the concept of “hormone dependence”, a concept derived from the classic experiments of Huggins and Clark in their study of the effects of hormones on prostate secretionP This concept evolved from the recognition of the relationship between hormonal target tissues and their neoplastic counterparts and suggests that neoplasms of target tissues retain sufficient characteristics of the normal cells from which they arose that the tumor cells function very much like their tissues of origin. Thus, when the original cells are dependent on hormonal support for metabolic activity, the cells of a neoplasm derived from the original cells can be similarly dependent, and they involute or atrophy when endocrine support is withdrawn. The rationale that led to the consideration of adrenalectomy for human cancer follows: (a) the adrenal cortex is known to be involved as an etiologic factor in the genesis of mammary tumors in certain strains of mice;*,*’ (b) there is pathologic and laboratory evidence for the elaboration of hormones from the adrenal cortex in human subjects having either adrenal hyperfunction or adrenal tumors; (c) orchiectomy in human males is followed by an increase in urinary 17-ketosteroid” and,. (d) oophorectomy in human females induces an abrupt drop in urinary estrogen excretion, but this often is followed by a gradual increase, frequently to amounts above the precastration levels.3 These observations suggest that another locus besides the ovaries, most probably the adrenal cortex is the source of both Cl8 (estrogen) and Cl9 (androgen) steroids. Although there has been no evidence that human adrenal cortex secretes estrogens, it is now well established that androstenedione secreted by the adrenal cortex is converted to estrogens peripherally.” It was shown later by Dao* that women with breast cancer after menopause or oophorectomy still excreted significant and even large amounts of estrogenic substance in the urine; these estrogenic substances were further reduced or became unmeasurable after adrenalectomy. Bilateral total adrenalectomy was performed as long ago as 1945,” but hormonal maintenance was not satisfactory at that time because 1 l-oxygenated adrenal steroids were not available. With cortisone available in abundance by 1951, an effective substitution regimen for adrenalectomy patients was developed and these patients could be maintained without adrenal insufficiency.
Faster genome annotation of non-coding RNA families without loss of accuracy

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are functional RNA molecules that do not code for proteins. Covariance Models (CMs) are a useful statistical tool to find new members of an ncRNA gene family in a large genome database, using both sequence and, importantly, RNA secondary structure information. Unfortunately, CM searches are slow. This paper shows how to make CMs faster while provably sacrificing none of their accuracy. Specifically, based on the CM, our software builds a profile hidden Markov model (HMM), which filters the genome database. This HMM is a gorous filter i.e., its filtering eliminates only sequences that provably could not be annotated as homologs. The CM is run only on what remains. Optimizing the HMM for filtering involves minimizing an exponential objective function with linear inequality constraints. For most known ncRNA families, this allows an 8-gigabase database to be scanned in 2-20 days instead of years, and yields new family members missed by other techniques to improve CM speed.
Forces and Transport Velocities for a Particle in a Slot Waveguide

Optofluidic transport seeks to exploit the high-intensity electromagnetic energy in waveguiding structures to manipulate nanoscopic matter using radiation pressure and optical trapping forces. In this paper, we present an analysis of optical trapping and transport of sub-100 nm polystyrene and gold nanoparticles in silicon slot waveguides. This study focuses on the effect of particle size, particle refractive index, and slot waveguide geometry on trapping stability and the resulting transport speed. Our results indicate that stable trapping and transport can be achieved for objects as small as 10 or 20 nm in diameter with as much as a 100 fold enhancement in trapping stiffness over the state of the art.
Architecture for trellis-coded modulation in page memories

Distortion and noise promote detection errors in digital holographic storage systems. Trellis-coded modulation (TCM) combines modulation and error-correction coding to reduce the bit error rate. The author describes a novel implementation of TCM for these systems that exploits two-dimensional pixel dependence. Relative computational efficiency is provided, facilitating high data throughput.
Adaptive Control of Extreme-scale Stream Processing Systems

Distributed stream processing systems offer a highly scalable and dynamically configurable platform for time-critical applications ranging from real-time, exploratory data mining to high performance transaction processing. Resource management for distributed stream processing systems is complicated by a number of factors processing elements are constrained by their producer-consumer relationships, data and processing rates can be highly bursty, and traditional measures of effectiveness, such as utilization, can be misleading. In this paper, we propose a novel distributed, adaptive control algorithm that maximizes weighted throughput while ensuring stable operation in the face of highly bursty workloads. Our algorithm is designed to meet the challenges of extreme-scale stream processing systems, where overprovisioning is not an option, by making the best use of resources even when the proffered load is greater than available resources. We have implemented our algorithm in a real-world distributed stream processing system and a simulation environment. Our results show that our algorithm is not only self-stabilizing and robust to errors, but also outperforms traditional approaches over a broad range of buffer sizes, processing graphs, and burstiness types and levels.
Joint shaping of quantization and hardware-mismatch errors in a multibit delta-sigma DAC

A recent sigma-delta modulator architecture incorporates spectral shaping of hardware-mismatch errors through redundancy introduced by embedding the input/output subspace in a higher-dimensional space for loop operation. Here basic design issues for the key vector quantizer and matrix-impulse-response loop filter are explored. A simple design example and simulation illustrate.
Scaling Laws and Regime Transitions of Macroturbulence in Dry Atmospheres

In simulations of a wide range of circulations with an idealized general circulation model, clear scaling laws of dry atmospheric macroturbulence emerge that are consistent with nonlinear eddy–eddy interactions being weak. The simulations span several decades of eddy energies and include Earth-like circulations and circulations with multiple jets and belts of surface westerlies in each hemisphere. In the simulations, the eddy available potential energy and the barotropic and baroclinic eddy kinetic energy scale linearly with each other, with the ratio of the baroclinic eddy kinetic energy to the barotropic eddy kinetic energy and eddy available potential energy decreasing with increasing planetary radius and rotation rate. Mean values of the meridional eddy flux of surface potential temperature and of the vertically integrated convergence of the meridional eddy flux of zonal momentum generally scale with functions of the eddy energies and the energy-containing eddy length scale, with a few exceptions in simulations with statically near-neutral or neutral extratropical thermal stratifications. Eddy energies scale with the mean available potential energy and with a function of the supercriticality, a measure of the near-surface slope of isentropes. Strongly baroclinic circulations form an extended regime in which eddy energies scale linearly with the mean available potential energy. Mean values of the eddy flux of surface potential temperature and of the vertically integrated eddy momentum flux convergence scale similarly with the mean available potential energy and other mean fields. The scaling laws for the dependence of eddy fields on mean fields exhibit a regime transition between a regime in which the extratropical thermal stratification and tropopause height are controlled by radiation and convection and a regime in which baroclinic entropy fluxes modify the extratropical thermal stratification and tropopause height. At the regime transition, for example, the dependence of the eddy flux of surface potential temperature and the dependence of the vertically integrated eddy momentum flux convergence on mean fields changes -— a result with implications for climate stability and for the general circulation of an atmosphere, including its tropical Hadley circulation.
Complete response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation for rectal cancer does not influence survival.

Background: Up to 30% of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer have a complete clinical or pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation. This study analyzes complete clinical and pathologic responders among a large group of rectal cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation. Methods: From 1987 to 2000, 141 consecutive patients with biopsy-proven, locally advanced rectal cancer were treated with preoperative 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy and radiation. Clinical restaging after treatment consisted of proctoscopic examination and often computed tomography scan. One hundred forty patients then underwent operative resection, with results tracked in a database. Standard statistical methods were used to examine the outcomes of those patients with complete clinical or pathologic responses. Results: No demographic differences were detected between either clinical complete and clinical partial responders or pathologic complete and pathologic partial responders. The positive predictive value of clinical restaging was 60%, and accuracy was 82%. By use of the Kaplan-Meier life table analysis, clinical complete responders had no advantage in local recurrence, disease-free survival, or overall survival rates when compared with clinical partial responders. Pathologic complete responders also had no recurrence or survival advantage when compared with pathologic partial responders. Of the 34 pathologic T0 tumors, 4 (13%) had lymph node metastases. Conclusions: Clinical assessment of complete response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation is unreliable. Micrometastatic disease persists in a proportion of patients despite pathologic complete response. Observation or local excision for patients thought to be complete responders should be undertaken with caution.
A Directional Algorithm for an Electronically-collimated Gamma-ray Detector

We are developing an electronically-collimated gamma-ray detector for safety and security applications; localization is achieved using Compton-scatter coincidence detection. Electronic collimation allows the device to operate without physical collimation, providing high sensitivity while also allowing directional information to be determined. We report on the directional algorithm implemented for this system. Two approaches to direction reconstruction were evaluated; the first is filtered backprojection on a sphere using stereographic projection to implement filtering (Gunter, NSS-MIC2005). The second technique also backprojects events onto the sphere, then determines source location by the intersection of circumscribed rectangles for the backprojected cones. Algorithm performance was evaluated using randomly generated ideal Compton-scatter events from point sources for our detector geometry, as well as data from concurrent Monte Carlo simulations of a prototype system. Direction angles are calculated within 5% accuracy for source positions up to 45deg off-axis for the filtering approach and ~30deg for the circumscription approach. Error in calculated direction angles depends on the arbitrary diameter of the sphere; optimally, the sphere should intersect the source. The circumscription technique converges to an estimate of direction angles in ~50 events; the filtering approach requires ~1000 events. The two methods complement each other in speed and field-of-view.
Invasibility and effects of Amur honeysuckle in Southwestern Ohio forests.

The Asian exotic Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii [Rupr.] Herder) has become the dominant shrub in many forests in southwestern Ohio and in some other locations in the eastern United States. Our research focused on the invasibility of forest communities and relationships of L. maackii to the abundance of tree seedlings and herbs. We surveyed 93 forest stands near Oxford, Ohio (USA) to determine L. maackii cover, time since invasion, tree canopy cover, tree basal area, and a shade tolerance index. Stepwise multiple regression indicated that greater than one-half of the variation (r2 = 0.550) in Lonicera cover was correlated to five variables (in descending order of importance): tree canopy cover, distance from Oxford, shade tolerance index, tree basal area, and time since invasion. The results suggest that high light levels and proximity to an abundant seed source increase forest invasibility. Tree seedling density, species richness of seedlings, and herb cover were all inversely related to L. maackii cover. When Lonicera becomes abundant, future structure and composition of forests could be affected and local populations of herbs threatened.
A layout-based approach for ordering scan chain flip-flops

A new practical layout-based approach for ordering flip-flop scan chains is presented. This approach can reduce the stitching wire length by an order of magnitude, and dramatically improve circuit routability.
Moderators of Cognitive Coping Derived from Attentional and Parallel Processing Models of Pain

After establishing baseline pain tolerance and intensity, ninety undergraduates, either low or high in private body consciousness, were distributed equally to cognitive distraction, sensation monitoring, or no treatment and then exposed to pressure stimulation. A 2 × 3 (private body consciousness × condition) MANOVA of residual tolerance and intensity data did not yield hypothesized interactions, but demonstrated that both coping strategies modified tolerance and intensity more than no treatment. Results are discussed in terms of adherence to and involvement in treatment, perceived effectiveness of coping strategies, and number of strategies used. The findings are integrated within attentional and parallel processing models of pain.
Target identification of coated objects

We consider the three-dimensional electromagnetic inverse scattering problem of determining information about a coated object from a knowledge of the electric far-field patterns corresponding to time harmonic incident plane waves at fixed frequency. We assume that the obstacle is either a perfect conductor coated by a thin dielectric layer or a dielectric coated by a thin layer of a highly conducting material, i.e., the coated portion of the boundary is modeled by either an impedance boundary condition or a conductive boundary condition. No a priori assumption is made on the connectivity of the scattering obstacle nor on the extent of the coating, i.e., the object can be fully coated, partially coated, or not coated at all. We present an algorithm based on the linear sampling method for reconstructing the shape of the scattering obstacle together with an estimate of either the surface impedance or surface conductivity. Numerous numerical examples are given showing the efficaciousness of our method.
Effectiveness of Botulinum Toxin Therapy for Essential Blepharospasm

The effectiveness of Botulinum toxin (Oculinum) therapy in 76 patients with the diagnosis of essential blepharospasm was analyzed. Botulinum offers relief to almost all patients suffering from essential blepharospasm, however, this relief is usually temporary. The response time for repeated treatments tended to be longer than the first treatment. Patients with mild blepharospasm responded significantly longer to Botulinum injection, than those with severe spasms. The response to Botulinum was not significantly different in patients with Meige syndrome than in patients with only essential blepharospasm. Patients previously treated surgically for essential blepharospasm did not respond differently than those patients with no previous surgical therapy. The authors believe that Botulinum toxin injection is an effective, although temporary, mode of therapy for the signs and symptoms of this focal dystonia. The authors recognize that there may be psychologic factors affecting the response.
Effectiveness of Fluid Milk Advertising Since the Dairy and Tobacco Adjustment Act of 1983

An econometric model pooling monthly cross-sectional and time-series data is estimated to measure the impact of national and regional generic fluid milk advertising. The estimated model shows that the effectiveness of advertising has increased since the implementation of the Dairy Adjustment Act. Gains in fluid milk sales attributed to milk advertising are estimated. Sales gains for both the pre- and post-act periods are shown along with the gains associated with parameter changes in the post-act periods. Marginal advertising responses are derived.
Relation of folic acid reductase to amethopterin resistance in cultured mammalian cells.

SUMMARY Two lines of cultured Sarcoma 180 cells resistant to amethop- terin have been studied. Resistance developed gradually in a medium containing hypoxanthine (AH cells; 67-fold resistant), and in a medium containing thymidine (AT cells; 174-fold resistant). The rate of decrease of resistance in the absence of the drug was independent of the type of medium used; after one month of cultivation, the cells were about half as resistant. The requirement for folic or folinic acids for growth was not altered during the development of resistance. Folinic acid prevented competitively the inhibition of growth caused by amethopterin; 9 times more amethopterin than folinic acid was necessary for inhibition of the growth of sensitive Sarcoma 180 cells, whereas 600 times more was necessary for inhibition of AH cells and 1500 times more for inhibition of AT cells. The relationship between folinic acid and amethopterin is discussed and a suggestion is made concerning the possible site of action involved. The sensitivity to the growth-inhibitory effects of 6-mercaptopurine, 6-diazo-5-oxo-n-norleucine, and 5-fluoro- deoxyuridine remained unchanged despite the development of amethopterin resistance. The resistant AH cells were found to contain 65 times more folic acid reductase than the sensitive Sarcoma 180 cells, and the AT cells contained 155 times more. Only the quantity of this enzyme had increased (or the number of active sites per enzyme molecule) whereas the kinetic characteristics, Michaelis constant, K,, value for folic acid (1.1 to 1.25 X 1O-5
Chapter 5 – Total Synthesis of Jatrophatrione, an Unprecedented [5.9.5] Tricyclic Antileukemic Diterpene

The discovery that the architecturally unusual tricyclic diterpene jatrophatrione is produced by the roots of Jatropha macrorhiza Benth was announced by Torrance et al. in 1976. In conjunction with the unveiling of tricyclic diterpene jatrophatrione came recognition of its very respectable inhibitory activity against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia. When subjected to the action of propanethiol under basic conditions (pH 9.2), jatrophone undergoes a Michael reaction across its C8–C9 double bond, followed by facile transannular cyclization to give the tetracyclic diketone. The successful de novo generation of jatrophatrione and citlalitrione constitutes the first successful syntheses of any tricyclic diterpenoid. The length of the linear sequence from the point of convergency is 20 steps. The highlights of this venture include an anionic oxy-Cope rearrangement that conveniently sets in place a tetracyclic structural framework amenable to further chemical modification. Following arrival at dienone seven steps later, intramolecular hydrosilylation is used to guarantee the cis relationship of the two hydroxy groups and to protect this functionality as a cyclic carbonate.
Errors in Estimating Accruals: Implications for Empirical Research

This paper examines the impact of measuring accruals as the change in successive balance sheet accounts, as opposed to measuring accruals directly from the statement of cash flows. We demonstrate that the balance sheet approach to measuring accruals, which is the dominant method used in the literature to date, introduces significant measurement error into accruals estimates. Results show that the direction and magnitude of the bias in accruals estimates is related to the presence of mergers and acquisitions, discontinued operations, and to a lesser extent, foreign currency translations. Our primary finding is that studies using a balance sheet approach to test for earnings management are potentially contaminated. In particular, if the partitioning variable used to indicate the presence of earnings management is correlated with the occurrence of mergers and acquisitions or discontinued operations, researchers are likely to erroneously conclude that earnings management exists when there is none. Additional results show that the bias in balance sheet accruals estimation can confound regressions where discretionary and non-discretionary accruals are used as explanatory variables. Moreover, we demonstrate that tests of market mispricing of accruals will be understated due to erroneous classification of "extreme" accruals firms.
Reproductive decision-making among individuals at risk for familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

AbstractThis qualitative study explored the reproductive decision-making process in individuals at 50% risk for familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS) from families with a known genetic mutation. We spoke with 10 individuals utilizing a semi-structured interview. Participants had a first-degree relative with FALS, made reproductive decisions in the past 30 years and did not know their genetic status during decision-making. We delineated themes emerging in individuals who chose to have children, those who chose not to have children, and themes describing the process in general. Results showed that those who chose to have children believed that regardless of disease, life is productive. They compared ALS relatively favorably to other diseases, always planned on having children, and hoped for a cure. Individuals who chose not to have children had extensive experience with ALS and caretaking, saw ALS as an inevitable tragedy, and avoided serious relationships. In consultation with partners, individuals...
Single tether formation from unstimulated microvascular endothelial cells

Endothelial cells are actively involved in recruitment of leukocytes through receptor mediated cell adhesion. Previous studies indicate that tether formation is vital to a sustained receptor-ligand interaction subject to shear stresses encountered under physiological conditions. However, limited information exists on the contribution of membrane properties of these cells towards a stable rolling interaction with leukocytes. We therefore propose to estimate the intrinsic tether force (F/sub 0/) and membrane viscosity (/spl eta//sub eff/) for single tether formation from attached and suspended unstimulated microvascular endothelial cells (MECs) using anti-CD29 and anti-CD31 antibody-coated beads. The analysis predicts a linear relationship between the tether force and velocity as has been shown previously. Further, comparable estimates of the intrinsic parameters (F/sub 0/ and /spl eta//sub eff/) using anti-CD31 and anti-CD29 coated beads also support the hypothesis that tether formation from MECs is independent of the surface receptor type.
Exploring the Effects of Redundancy within a Tutorial Dialogue System: Restating Students' Responses

Although restating part of a student’s correct response correlates with learning and various types of restatements have been incorporated into tutorial dialogue systems, this tactic has not been tested in isolation to determine if it causally contributes to learning. When we explored the effect of tutor restatements that support inference on student learning, it did not benefit all students equally. We found that students with lower incoming knowledge tend to benefit more from an increased level of these types of restatement while students with higher incoming knowledge tend to benefit more from a decreased level of such restatements. This finding has implications for tutorial dialogue system design since an inappropriate use of restatements could dampen learning.
Measurements of Time-Dependent Energy Spectra of Beta Rays from Uranium-235 Fission Fragments

Previously, absolute measurements were reported for the time-dependent beta energy spectra from fission fragments for electron energies >0.75 MeV. The fragments were produced in the thermal-neutron...
United Telecommunications, Inc

In late 1990, this company faced a large external financing requirement and needed to reassess its traditional approaches to financing. The tasks for the student are to recommend financing tactics to be employed for the next two years and to make a general assessment of the firm's historical financing policy. Student and instructor Lotus worksheet files are available on computer diskettes for use with this case and teaching note.
The Dynamics of Rolling Aircraft

Some modern aircraft have mass distribution characteristics which lead to peculiar behavior under certain extreme maneuver conditions. In particular, the so-called "roll inertia coupling effect" has been observed. This report presents an elementary analysis of the dynamic couplings between rigidand flexiblebody aircraft motions introduced by a rapid steady roll. I t is shown that rotating elastic systems exhibit several types of instability and "subharmonic response," and these motions are explained. Some new stability criteria for high-speed aircraft are introduced.
Nuclear Power as an Alternative Green Fuel: Why Uprates to Commercial Nuclear Reactors Deserve to Be Eligible for Federal Loan Guarantees, and Why the DOE’s Decision to Make Them So Warrants Chevron Deference

Title XVII of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (the “Act”) authorizes the Department of Energy (“DOE”) to provide loan guarantees to nuclear energy projects that avoid, reduce, or sequester greenhouse gas emissions while employing new or significantly improved technology. The agency’s decision to include uprates—projects that increase the amount of power an existing reactor produces—among those nuclear projects that may apply for a loan guarantee should survive a legal challenge under the deferential standard laid out in Chevron. A court should defer to the DOE’s interpretation of the Act because Congress failed to express its unambiguous intent regarding which types of projects qualify for the program, and the agency’s interpretation reflects a permissible construction of the statute. Consistent with Congress’s goal of combating global warming and climate change, the DOE’s interpretation of Title XVII encourages the growth of America’s commercial nuclear capacity in an effort to reduce reliance on fossil fuels to generate electricity.
The role of Body Mass Index in child pedestrian injury risk.

The goal of the current investigation was to examine obesity as a potential risk factor for childhood pedestrian injury. A racially diverse sample of 7- and 8-year-old children completed a road-crossing task in a semi-immersive virtual environment and two pedestrian route selection tasks. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that children with a higher Body Mass Index (BMI) waited less before crossing, had a smaller temporal buffer between themselves and oncoming traffic while crossing, and had more collisions with traffic. Girls were more cautious than boys when crossing the virtual roadway. Unlike the results from the virtual road-crossing task, BMI was not associated with risky route selection. Instead, race emerged as the strongest predictor, with African–American children selecting riskier routes for crossing. Together, these findings suggest overweight and obese children may be at increased risk for pedestrian injury. The discussion considers explanations for why obese children may exhibit riskier road-crossing behavior.
Crosstalk between leptin and interleukin-1β abrogates negative inotropic effects in a model of chronic hyperleptinemia.

Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) is a proinflammatory cytokine with potent cardiosuppressive effects. Previous studies have shown that leptin blunts the negative inotropic effects of IL-1β in isolated adult rat cardiac myocytes. However, the interactions between leptin and IL-1β in the heart have not been examined on a background of chronic hyperleptinemia. To study this interaction, we have chosen the SHHF rat, a model of spontaneous hypertension that ultimately develops congestive heart failure. SHHF that are heterozygous for a null mutation of the leptin receptor (+/facp, HET) are phenotypically lean but chronically hyperleptinemic and develop heart failure earlier than their normoleptinemic true lean (+/+, LN) littermates. Simultaneous cell shortening and calcium transients were measured in isolated ventricular cardiac myocytes from LN and HET SHHF in response to leptin, IL-1β or IL-1β following one hour pretreatment with leptin. Despite evidence of metabolic leptin resistance, HET myocytes were sensitive t...
Immunologic Tolerance in Rats to Type Specific Antigens of Human Erythrocytes.

Summary and ConclusionsIntraperitoneal injection of human erythrocytes in pre-natal or neo-natal rats reduces antibody response to subsequent immunizations. No ill-effects were observed in any of the experimental animals surviving the initial injection and there was no difference in growth rate from the uninjected controls. These studies suggest that it is possible to confer type specific tolerance to subsequent immunization of A and D (Rho) antigens of human erythrocytes.