cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hawaiites and related lavas in the Atenguillo graben, western Mexican Volcanic Belt

Hawaiite and mugearite, alkali-olivine basalt, and basaltic andesite have erupted from three shield volcanoes in the Atenguillo graben, Jalisco, Mexico. The youngest shield volcano, La Laja (0.66 Ma), is the focus of this study. Basal pyroclastic surge deposits of basaltic ash, lapilli, and blocks are overlain by seven to eight, 5- to 10-m-thick hawaiite flows. Pillow lavas along a 4-km stretch on the southeast flank of the volcano and lake-bed sediments define a shoreline and lake bottom southward to the town of Atenguillo. Eruption of La Laja apparently dammed the northward-flowing Atenguillo River and formed a lake of as much as 100-m depth. Subsequent fluvial erosion has destroyed the lava dam, exposing the shield succession. Discharge rates for the Atenguillo River and rainfall estimates for the Atenguillo basin both suggest that this lake formed within 20 to 40 yr. Eruption of nearly 10 km 3 of material within 10 to 100 yr indicates an output rate of 0.1 to 1 km 3 /yr, which is larger than any rate calculated for volcanoes in the Mexican Volcanic Belt (MVB), but similar in magnitude to that of Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes (Hawaii). The older volcanoes, El Vigia (2.7 Ma) and Tin Cleto (3.6 Ma), are composed of basaltic-andesite and alkali-olivine basalt, respectively. The composition of these lavas is unusual for a continental-arc setting. Total FeO, TiO 2 , and alkali concentrations are higher than those of basic calc-alkaline lavas from the western MVB. Alkaline earth/light-rare-earth and light-rare-earth/high-field-strength element ratios in these lavas are low relative to those of calc-alkaline lavas but similar to those of oceanic-island basalt values. Such compositional traits coupled with a high magma-output rate are characteristic of oceanic-island volcanoes. Both hydrous, fluid-enriched, sub-arc mantle, and oceanic-island-type mantle components are present beneath western Mexico; contemporaneous subduction and extension of this region of the western MVB allow tapping of both sources and thus the eruption of compositionally diverse lavas.
Quantum Operation Time Reversal

The dynamics of an open quantum system can be described by a quantum operation: A linear, complete positive map of operators. Here, I exhibit a compact expression for the time reversal of a quantum operation, which is closely analogous to the time reversal of a classical Markov transition matrix. Since open quantum dynamics are stochastic, and not, in general, deterministic, the time reversal is not, in general, an inversion of the dynamics. Rather, the system relaxes toward equilibrium in both the forward and reverse time directions. The probability of a quantum trajectory and the conjugate, time reversed trajectory are related by the heat exchanged with the environment.
Phase transition from C60 molecules to strongly interacting C60 agglomerates at hydrostatic high pressures

Abstract C 60 molecules were studied at static pressures up to 30 GPa (300 kbar) at ambient temperature, using Raman and absorption spectroscopies. C 60 molecules transform reversibly to a semi-transparent phase in the pressure range of 15–25 GPa with a large pressure hysteresis. The high-pressure phase consists of interconnected strongly interacting C 60 agglomerates, or networks of fullerenes, whose stability continuously increases with increase of pressure. Above 27 GPa the transition becomes irreversible, and the material recovered from high pressure is metastable and diamond-like at ambient conditions. The Raman spectrum of the high-pressure phase indicates that it contains sp 3 -hybridized carbon atoms. These transitions are explained in terms of π-electron rehybridization between C 60 molecules, which occurs at substantially decreased intermolecular distances.
Mechanics of cardiac looping

During the early stages of embryonic development, the heart is a smooth-walled, muscle-wrapped tube that bends and rotates in a vital, but poorly understood, morphogenetic process called looping. Since looping involves biomechanical forces, this paper examines two mechanically based hypotheses for the bending component of cardiac looping. The first hypothesis is that an initial tension in or near the dorsal mesocardium (DM), a longitudinal structure along the outside of the ventricle, drives the deformation. To relieve the bending stresses in the tube, the myocytes change shape passively, and then they deform actively to continue the process to completion of a full loop. In the second hypothesis, contraction of circumferentially arranged actin macrofilaments produces circumferential compression and longitudinal expansion (due to incompressibility) of the myocytes. The DM locally constrains the longitudinal deformation, forcing the tube to bend. The feasibility of these hypotheses was evaluated using theoretical models and published experimental results. The models, which consist of beams composed of two layers representing the DM and the ventricular myocardium, show that the hypotheses are consistent with most of the known data, but further studies are necessary. In this regard, the models provide a conceptual framework for designing experiments to investigate the mechanics of looping.
Visual hallucinations in a blind epileptic

A 17-year-old boy, blind since the age of 14 weeks, describes visual hallucinations in association with complex partial seizures. He reports unformed images which have various colors, although blindness precluded his acquisition of color-naming ability. These images may result from acquired or innate neural color representations. In either case, neural coding for color is present from an early age.
Absence of dermal ridge patterns: Genetic heterogeneity

An apparently new form of complete absence of dermal ridge patterns was transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait through five generations in an Irish-American family. Affected individuals lacked dermatoglyphic patterns, sweat pores, and ability to sweat in the volar areas of the fingertips, palms, and soles. They also had congenital milia and blisters on the fingertips and soles at birth, abnormal nails, single transverse palmar creases, increased heat tolerance, and painful fissures in adult life around the fingernails in cold weather.
Experimental pulmonary venous occlusion.

Abstract Complete interruption of pulmonary venous return from the left lung in rabbits is compatible in some instances with prolonged survival with little systemic effect. The main cause of death less than 48 hours after interruption of pulmonary venous return is pulmonary-pulmonary aspiration and respiratory insufficiency due to spillover of frothy, bloody fluid, after which infection may play a part. Marked anemia after unilateral pulmonary venous ligation attests to the loss of blood into the lung. Death from unilateral pulmonary venous ligation did not occur if the corresponding main bronchus was ligated to prevent pulmonary-pulmonary aspiration. Despite ligation of the pulmonary veins the corresponding pulmonary artery remained patent.
Pasture and hayland: Measures of reclamation success

Several characteristics of a reclaimed and two unmined grasslands used for tame pastureland in North Dakota were measured over the past eight years. Characteristics included productivity (vegetation and animal), ground cover and soil loss, species composition and numbers, and seasonality. Each characteristic is discussed as it relates to its value as a measure of reclamation success. In our view, vegetative productivity and ground cover provide an appropriate and adequate measure to document reclamation success for the postmine use of pasture and occasional hay production.
Clinical Role of Radionuclide Based Technology for Thrombus Imaging in 1992

Radionuclide imaging of thrombosis became a reality when Thakur and McAfee in the mid 1970’s, were successful in labelling platelets with 111indium. Since that time, competing technologies with the potential application of directly imaging thrombosis have evolved in parallel with radionuclide imaging. These technologies include; magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound in its various forms. These noninvasive techniques have all competed with invasive contrast fluoroscopic techniques and in the case of venous thrombosis with another non-invasive technique impedance plethysmography. Since the symposium has dealt exclusively with radionuclide based techniques, I felt it important to take a step backwards and to describe the advantages and disadvantages of radionuclide imaging as compared to available technology in 1992.
Phylogeographic structure and cryptic speciation in the trans-Antarctic moss Pyrrhobryum mnioides.

Abstract Many bryophyte species have distributions that span multiple continents. The hypotheses historically advanced to explain such distributions rely on either long-distance spore dispersal or slow rates of morphological evolution following ancient continental vicariance events. We use phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequence variation at three chloroplast loci (atpB-rbcL spacer, rps4 gene, and trnL intron and 3′ spacer) to examine these two hypotheses in the trans-Antarctic moss Pyrrhobryum mnioides. We find: (1) reciprocal monophyly of Australasian and South American populations, indicating a lack of intercontinental dispersal; (2) shared haplotypes between Australia and New Zealand, suggesting recent or ongoing migration across the Tasman Sea; and (3) reciprocal monophyly among Patagonian and neotropical populations, suggesting no recent migration along the Andes. These results corroborate experimental work suggesting that spore features may be critical determinants of species range. We use the mid-Mi...
A dynamical study of the evolution of pressure waves propagating through a semi-infinite region of homogeneous gas combustion subject to a time-harmonic signal at the boundary

Abstract In this paper, we study the evolution of pressure waves propagating in a region of gas combustion subject to a time-harmonic signal at the boundary. The problem is modeled by a non-linear, hyperbolic partial differential equation. Steady-state behavior is investigated using the perturbation method to ensure that enough time has passed for transient effects to have dissipated. The zeroth-order and first two approximations are obtained. Furthermore, the behavior of the following quantities is investigated, with particular attention paid to the low and high-frequency limits: the location of the peak of the first-order approximation, dispersion relations and phase speeds. Additionally, a maximum value of the perturbation parameter is determined ensuring boundedness of the solution. Next, approximate solutions are obtained in the low and high frequency limits and a comparison is made with the corresponding perturbation solution. Finally, the solution obtained from the perturbation method is compared with the long-time solution obtained by a non-standard finite-difference scheme.
Effects of temperature and light on calling in the tiger moth Holomelina lamae (Freeman) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)

In Holomelinu lumae Freeman daily eclosion of adults is gated, with males emerging before females. By advancing the onset of photophase and by delaying the onset of scotophase, it was demonstrated that lights-on acts as the main phase-setting cue for calling. Few females call on the day they eclose. Calling is initiated c. 9 h after the onset of photophase in 2-day-old females, and shifts to earlier times in older females. The duration of calling also increases with age. That calling is controlled by an endogenous circadian clock is indicated by its persistence in continuous light (LL) and dark (DD). In LL calling is dampened rapidly, but a single scotophase re-entrains the rhythm. Decreases in temperature advance the onset of calling and the mean hour of calling, while increases in temperature delay both. However, the magnitudes of such phase-shifts depended upon hour of the photoperiod. Moreover, cooling and heating appears to exert both transient and long-term effects on the calling rhythm. An 8 h period at a reduced temperature in LL induces calling in females whose calling is dampened, and entrains the calling rhythm. Females maintained in DD from second instar larvae to the adult stage exhibit a circadian calling rhythm set by eclosion.
Improving student understanding of lipids concepts in a biochemistry course using test-enhanced learning

Test-enhanced learning has successfully been used as a means to enhance learning and promote knowledge retention in students. We have examined whether this approach could be used in a biochemistry course to enhance student learning about lipids-related concepts. Students were provided access to two optional learning modules with questions related to the lipids block of the course. The vast majority of students (98.7–100%) used the optional modules. Student performance increased significantly with increased practice attempts (mean: first attempt – 58.3%; high attempt – 89.6%; p < 0.0001). This improvement was observed across all topics for both conceptual and structure recognition questions, and question types. A subset of questions were modified and included on formal assessments, and the results were compared to students that did not have access to modules (previous year). Incorporation of the modules resulted in a significant improvement in performance on the examination (year 1: 63.4%; year 2: 78.6%, p < 0.0001), including an increase in performance on questions requiring students to discriminate between highly similar topics. Importantly, comparison of student performance on quizzes and exams suggests that module use is associated with an increase in knowledge retention compared to restudy alone within the timeframe of the course. These results suggest that test-enhanced learning can be a valuable educational tool for development of metacognitive and test-taking skills that enhance student learning and understanding of course material.
The role of hydrodynamic instability in flame-vortex interaction

The interaction between a flame and a vortex pair is investigated by a front-tracking numerical method,developed for multifluid flows, in which a sharp interface separates incompressible fluids of different densities and viscosities. It is shown that, in a weak vortical flow field, the initial vortex simply serves as an initiation agent for the onset of flame front hydrodynamic instability, which in turn dominates the evolution of flame wrinkling and postflame vorticity generation. The flame-generated vorticity (FGV) is of opposite sign of the incoming vortices and is due to the baroclinic torque formed by the density gradient across the flame and the pressure gradient along the wrinkled flame surface. The relevance of the hydrodynamic instability is further demonstrated by analyzing the flame dynamics with the instability mechanism suppressed by imposing a perturbation length scale with minute growth rate. For sufficiently strong vortices, however, results show that while flame wrinkling is dominated by the incoming vortices, the FGV is affected by the combined pressure gradients of the vortices as well as that of the hydrodynamic instability. In fact, the only situation in which the course of the incoming vortices is preserved is for flames with small thermal expansion and thereby weak hydrodynamic instability influences.
Rapid protein characterization using bioreactive mass spectrometer probe tips

Methods have been developed for the rapid and sensitive mass spectrometric characterization of peptides. The approach uses bioreactive mass spectrometer probe tips which are capable of modifying proteins for analytical purpose. In the demonstrated case, enzymatic proteolysis is initiated upon application of analyte to the probe tips, time allowed for digestion, and the results analyzed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The probe tips have been used for proteolytic mapping and partial sequence determination of picomol quantities of peptide while maintaining analysis times of approximately 5 minutes.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Antibody-Mediated Control of Persistent γ-Herpesvirus Infection

The human γ-herpesviruses, EBV and Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, establish life-long latency and can reactivate in immunocompromised individuals. T cells play an important role in controlling persistent EBV infection, whereas a role for humoral immunity is less clear. The murine γ-herpesvirus-68 has biological and structural similarities to the human γ-herpesviruses, and provides an important in vivo experimental model for dissecting mechanisms of immune control. In the current studies, CD28−/− mice were used to address the role of Abs in control of persistent murine γ-herpesvirus-68 infection. Lytic infection was controlled in the lungs of CD28−/− mice, and latency was maintained in B cells at normal frequencies. Although class-switched virus-specific Abs were initially generated in the absence of germinal centers, titers and viral neutralizing activity rapidly waned. T cell depletion in CD28−/− mice with compromised Ab responses, but not in control mice with intact Ab responses, resulted in significant recrudescence from latency, both in the spleen and the lung. Recrudescence could be prevented by passive transfer of immune serum. These data directly demonstrate an important contribution of humoral immunity to control of γ-herpesvirus latency, and have significant implications for clinical intervention.
Optimizing the accuracy and precision of the single-pulse Laue technique for synchrotron photo-crystallography.

The accuracy that can be achieved in single-pulse pump-probe Laue experiments is discussed. It is shown that with careful tuning of the experimental conditions a reproducibility of the intensity ratios of equivalent intensities obtained in different measurements of 3–4% can be achieved. The single-pulse experiments maximize the time resolution that can be achieved and, unlike stroboscopic techniques in which the pump-probe cycle is rapidly repeated, minimize the temperature increase due to the laser exposure of the sample.
Homogeneity of Bronchopulmonary Distribution of 99mTc Aerosol in Normal Subjects and in Cystic Fibrosis Patients

We characterized the bronchopulmonary distribution of a 0.9 percent saline aerosol (1.12 µM) labelled with 99m Tc sulfur colloid in nine normal subjects and five patients with CF. Homogeneity of distribution was quantified using indices derived from computerized analysis of Anger camera pulmonary images including skew (a measure of distribution asymmetry) and kurtosis (a measure of distribution range). Aerosol clearance in 97 minutes (a measure of large, central airway deposition) was also assessed. Values of skew and kurtosis were reproducible for the patients with CF and were significantly elevated compared to the normal subjects. Reproducibility of skew and kurtosis were not studied in the normal subjects. Clearance was not significantly different in the two groups. We conclude that the bronchopulmonary distribution of this radioaerosol is nonuniform in patients with CF, compared to normal subjects, and clearance may be impaired in patients with CF who are severely ill.
Evaluation of GPU Architectures Using Spiking Neural Networks

During recent years General-Purpose Graphical Processing Units (GP-GPUs) have entered the field of High-Performance Computing (HPC) as one of the primary architectural focuses for many research groups working with complex scientific applications. Nvidia's Tesla C2050, codenamed Fermi, and AMD's Radeon 5870 are two devices positioned to meet the computationally demanding needs of supercomputing research groups across the globe. Though Nvidia GPUs powered by CUDA have been the frequent choices of the performance centric research groups, the introduction and growth of OpenCL has promoted AMD GP-GPUs as potential accelerator candidates that can challenge Nvidia's stronghold. These architectures not only offer a plethora of features for application developers to explore, but their radically different architectures calls for a detailed study that weighs their merits and evaluates their potential to accelerate complex scientific applications. In this paper, we present our performance analysis research comparing Nvidia's Fermi and AMD's Radeon 5870 using OpenCL as the common programming model. We have chosen four different neuron models for Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), each with different communication and computation requirements, namely the Izhikevich, Wilson, Morris Lecar (ML), and the Hodgkin Huxley (HH) models. We compare the runtime performance of the Fermi and Radeon GPUs with an implementation that exhausts all optimization techniques available with OpenCL. Several equivalent architectural parameters of the two GPUs are studied and correlated with the application performance. In addition to the comparative study effort, our implementations were able to achieve a speed-up of 857.3x and 658.51x on the Fermi and Radeon architectures respectively for the most compute intensive HH model with a dense network containing 9.72 million neurons. The final outcome of this research is a detailed architectural comparison of the two GPU architectures with a common programming platform.
Cross-species conservation of a polymorphic dinucleotide repeat in the dystrophin gene.

The presence of a polymorphic [CA], dinucleotide microsatellite repeat (Weber and May 1989) in the 3' untranslated region of the human dystrophin gene (Duchenne muscular dystrophy locus, DMD) has been reported (Oudet et al. 1990; Beggs and Kunkel 1990). Sequence analysis of the murine dystrophin cDNA reveals that this dinucleotide repeat is conserved between species and is present at the same location in the mouse and human genes. We have found that the murine dinucleotide repeat, designated UM11, is variable in length among separate mouse species and therefore represents a valuable marker for mapping the X Chromosome (Chr) in interspecific crosses (for example, Chamberlain et al. 1987). The published repeat in the 3' untranslated region of the human dystrophin cDNA has the sequence [CA]7TA[CA] 8 (Koenig et al. 1988). The corresponding dinucleotide repeat in DNA from C57BL/10 mice is [CA]I 7 followed closely by a second [CA]13. Recently Moore et al. (1991) searched Genbank 66.0 and found 32 dinucleotide repeats conserved among different species of mammals. Only one of these sequences occurred in a coding region; the others were in introns or intergenic regions. It is unusual to have [CA]n repeats in mRNAs, and the conservation of the dystrophin 3' [CA]n repeat through evolutionary time is striking. It has previously been noted that the highest degree of sequence identity between the human and the chicken dystrophin cDNA sequences occurs not in the coding sequences but in the 5' end of the 3' untranslated region (LeMaire et al. 1988). This is also true when the murine sequence (Chamberlain et al.: GenBank accession #M68859) is included in the comparison. We
Analog VLSI circuits for manufacturing inspection

We present three types of analog VLSI circuits that can be used in manufacturing inspection systems. The first set of circuits performs an adaptive threshold of an input image. The second circuit uses morphological operations with programmable structuring elements to detect oriented edges. Both of these circuits can be used as high speed preprocessors for visual inspection of manufacturing processes. The third circuit performs a computation necessary for selective attention in visual processing. This circuit is a component of a larger system that will facilitate a serial/parallel processing scheme in order to increase the speed of processing in machine vision tasks. Ail circuits presented use focal-plane processing to achieve their massively parallel architectures. For each design, the processing pixels contain vertical bipolar phototransistors to accommodate parallel optical inputs. All circuits have been fabricated using a standard 2.0 /spl mu/m digital CMOS process. Data for each of these circuits is presented.
Kinetic analysis of PI3K reactions with fluorescent PIP2 derivatives.

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling plays important roles in cell differentiation, proliferation, and migration. Increased mutations and expression levels of PI3K are hallmarks for the development of certain cancers. Pharmacological targeting of PI3K activity has also been actively pursued as a novel cancer therapeutic. Consequently, measurement of PI3K activity in different cell types or patient samples holds the promise as being a novel diagnostic tool. However, the direct measurement of cellular PI3K activity has been a challenging task. We report here the characterization of two fluorescent PIP2 derivatives as reporters for PI3K enzymatic activity. The reporters are efficiently separated from their corresponding PI3K enzymatic products through either thin layer chromatography (TLC) or capillary electrophoresis (CE), and can be detected with high sensitivity by fluorescence. The biophysical and kinetic properties of the two probes are measured, and their suitability to characterize PI3K inhibitors is explored. Both probes show similar capacity as PI3K substrates for inhibitor characterization, yet also possess distinct properties that may suggest their different applications. These characterizations have laid the groundwork to systematically measure cellular PI3K activity, and have the potential to generate molecular fingerprints for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
Incidence and time course of bleeding after long-term amenorrhea after breast cancer treatment: a prospective study

BACKGROUND: The incidence of chemotherapy-induced amenorrhea (CIA) and the time to subsequent menstrual bleeding in premenopausal breast cancer patients treated with current standard chemotherapy regimens was examined. METHODS: Four hundred sixty-six women ages 20 to 45 years at the time of diagnosis of a stage I to III breast cancer were recruited between January 1998 and July 2002. Patients completed monthly bleeding calendars from the time of study recruitment. Updated medical history data were obtained at 6-month intervals. RESULTS: Most women received doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide (AC); doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and paclitaxel (ACT); or cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil (CMF). Approximately 41% of women experienced an initial 6 months of CIA, and an additional 29% had at least 1 year of CIA. Approximately half of the women with 6 months of CIA and 29% of those with 1 year of CIA resumed bleeding within the subsequent 3 years, usually in the year after their amenorrheic episode. Resumption of bleeding differed significantly by treatment regimen after 6 months of CIA (P ¼ .002; 68% with AC, 57% with ACT, and 23% with CMF), but not after 1 year of CIA (P ¼ .5). Of the 23% of women who experienced an initial 2-year period of CIA, 10% resumed bleeding within the ensuing 3 years after their amenorrheic episode, but none had regular menses. CONCLUSIONS: A considerable proportion of women treated with chemotherapy will experience periods of CIA, but many will resume bleeding. Newer treatment regimens such as ACT appear to have a higher resumption of bleeding compared with CMF. This finding may have implications for choice of anti-estrogen treatment and for future potential pregnancies/fertility. Cancer 2010;000:000–000. V C 2010
Differential Gene Expression Profiles and Real-Time Measurements of Growth Parameters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Grown in Microliter-Scale Bioreactors Equipped with Internal Stirring

Combining real-time growth kinetics measurements with global gene expression analysis of microbial cultures is of significant value for high-throughput biological research. We have performed differential gene expression analysis in the eukaryotic model Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown in galactose and glucose media in 150 muL bioreactors equipped with sensors for in situ and real-time measurements of optical density (OD), pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO). The microbioreactors were fabricated from poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and equipped with internal magnetic ministirrers and evaporation compensation by water replacement. In galactose-grown cells, the core genes of the GAL operon GAL2, GAL1, GAL7, and GAL10 were upregulated at least 100-fold relative to glucose-grown cells. These differential gene expression levels were similar to those observed in large-scale culture vessels. The increasing rate at which complete genomic sequences of microorganisms are becoming available offers an unprecedented opportunity for comparative investigations of these organisms. Our results from S. cerevisiae cultures grown in instrumented microbioreactors show that it is possible to integrate high-throughput studies of growth physiology with global gene expression analysis of microorganisms.
Transition Curvature and Transition Broadening Analysis Using the Spin-Stand Imaging Technique

This paper presents an improved methodology of estimating transition curvature and transition broadening in perpendicular magnetic recording, using a spin-stand imaging technique. Due to the finite read resolution widths in the cross-track direction, the curvature and broadening of the measured transition will deviate from that in the magnetization. It is demonstrated that the reader width effects can be substantially eliminated by performing a specially designed trimming process which allows the reader to only see the written transitions from a small fraction of the track. Simulations illustrate that the trimming process effectively produces a narrow boxcar reader. This paper compares the results of this method for two heads with similar reader width but different writer width. It is shown that the trimming process has a stronger impact on the head with a larger ratio of reader width to writer width.
Transcranial Electromagnetic Treatment Against Alzheimer's Disease: Why it has the Potential to Trump Alzheimer's Disease Drug Development

The universal failure of pharmacologic interventions against Alzheimer's disease (AD) appears largely due to their inability to get into neurons and the fact that most have a single mechanism-of-action. A non-invasive, neuromodulatory approach against AD has consequently emerged: transcranial electromagnetic treatment (TEMT). In AD transgenic mice, long-term TEMT prevents and reverses both cognitive impairment and brain amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition, while TEMT even improves cognitive performance in normal mice. Three disease-modifying and inter-related mechanisms of TEMT action have been identified in the brain: 1) anti-Aβ aggregation, both intraneuronally and extracellularly; 2) mitochondrial enhancement; and 3) increased neuronal activity. Long-term TEMT appears safe in that it does not impact brain temperature or oxidative stress levels, nor does it induce any abnormal histologic/anatomic changes in the brain or peripheral tissues. Future TEMT development in both AD mice and normal mice should involve head-only treatment to discover the most efficacious set of parameters for achieving faster and even greater cognitive benefit. Given the already extensive animal work completed, translational development of TEMT could occur relatively quickly to "proof of concept" AD clinical trials. TEMT's mechanisms of action provide extraordinary therapeutic potential against other neurologic disorders/injuries, such as Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injury, and stroke.
Suppression of sensitivity to surround motion during vergence eye movements

Suppression was investigated psychophysically in three human observers by measuring their loss of sensitivity to brief (20 ms) displacement of horizontal lines during 4 degrees convergence movements. A two-alternative forced-choice procedure was used in which the stimulus was presented either in the first or second amplitude of the displacement pulse, the time of the pulse relative to convergence onset, and the half of the trial in which the stimulus was presented were randomized. The results showed that suppression began about 200 ms before and continued until 350 ms after convergence onset, with maximum loss occurring at 25-125 ms after convergence onset. The maximum sensitivity loss was about 0.25 to 0.30 log units. >
Differential changes in brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase in rat primary afferent pathways with colitis

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been postulated to participate in inflammation-induced visceral hypersensitivity by modulating the sensitivity of visceral afferents through the activation of intracellular signalling pathways such as the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. In the current study, we assessed the expression levels of BDNF and phospho-ERK in lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cord before and during tri-nitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in rats with real-time PCR, ELISA, western blot and immunohistochemical techniques. BDNF mRNA and protein levels were increased in L1 and S1 but not L6 DRG when compared with control (L1: two- to five-fold increases, P < 0.05; S1: two- to three-fold increases, P < 0.05); however, BDNF protein but not mRNA level was increased in L1 and S1 spinal cord when compared with control. In parallel, TNBS colitis significantly induced phospho-ERK1/2 expression in L1 (four- to five-fold, P < 0.05) and S1 (two- to three-fold, P < 0.05) but not in L6 spinal cord levels. Immunohistochemistry results showed that the increase in phospho-ERK1/2 expression occurred at the region of the superficial dorsal horn and grey commisure of the spinal cord. In contrast, there was no change in phospho-ERK5 in any level of the spinal cord examined during colitis. The regional and time-specific changes in the levels of BDNF mRNA, protein and phospho-ERK with colitis may be a result of increased transcription of BDNF in DRG and anterograde transport of BDNF from DRG to spinal cord where it activates intracellular signalling molecules such as ERK1/2.
Cascaded Forward-Backward Least Mean Square Adaptive Predictors

Following on the effectiveness of linear adaptive predictors with independently low-order cascaded structures, we investigate a recursively updated lattice implementation of the cascaded forward-backward least mean square (CFBLMS) algorithm. This lattice CFBLMS structure has proven effective in combating the misadjustment and eigenvalue spread effects of the linear prediction process as presented in this paper. Furthermore, experimental results demonstrate that the lattice CFBLMS structure is less affected by quantization distortion. These characteristics translate into better performance in the speed of convergence and the lessening of the misadjustment at bit quantization levels.
The outcome of open pelvic fractures in the modern era.

Abstract Background Recent series have reported that the mortality rate of open pelvic fractures has decreased to Methods A retrospective review in an urban level I trauma center of all patients who sustained open pelvic fracture between 1995 and 2004. Results Forty-four patients were identified as having sustained open pelvic fracture. Average Injury Severity Score was 30, with 77% of patients having a score ≥16. Overall mortality was 45% (n = 20): 11 early deaths and 9 late deaths at an average of 17 days. Vertical shear injuries, although rare, were universally fatal. Other risk factors for overall mortality included revised trauma score, Injury Severity Score, transfusion requirement, Faringer zones I or II injury, Gustilo grade III soft tissue injury, need for therapeutic angiography, and presence of intra-abdominal injury, the latter of which conferred 89% mortality. Risk factors for late deaths also included pelvic sepsis, which occurred in 5 patients and was fatal in 3 (60%). Conclusions The morbidity of open pelvic fractures remains high. Associated intra-abdominal injury or active arterial bleeding requiring therapeutic angiography is associated with a grim prognosis. There is a continuing need for new therapeutic approaches to this injury complex.
A revision of Orthostichella (Neckeraceae)

Abstract Orthostichella Mull. Hal. is a genus of nine species (O. capillicaulis, O. hexasticha, O. longinervis, O. muelleri, O. pachygastrella, O. pandurifolia, O. rigida, O. versicolor and O. welwitschii) found only in tropical and subtropical regions of the New World and Africa. One species (O. hexasticha) is restricted to the Caribbean, one (O. pachygastrella) is found only in the continental regions of the New World, two (O. capillicaulis and O. pandurifolia) are restricted to continental Africa, and one (O. longinervis) is found only in Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands. The other species occur in both Africa and the New World. Orthostichella is predominantly epiphytic and often grows in dense, pendent masses. It has a complex morphology with creeping primary stems or stolons, and erect or pendent, stipitate or evenly foliose secondary stems that are irregularly branched. It lacks a stem central strand and its axillary hairs are usually reddish throughout. Its branches often end in filiform attenu...
Varieties of ℓ-groups

A variety for any type of abstract algebras is an equationally defined class. Such classes were first studied by Birkhoff [35], who proved in 1935 that a class of algebras is a variety exactly if it is closed under homomorphic images, subalgebras and direct products. B. H. Neumann [37] initiated their study for groups. This beginning led to considerable activity in the field of varieties of groups, with many results collected in H. Neumann’s survey [N]. In the early 70’s Jorge Martinez [72b],[74a] began the study of varieties of l-groups, which has since become a very active area in the field. A particularly influential paper in the area is by Glass, Holland and McCleary [80].
THE POLYPLACOPHORAN "CHITON" CARBONARIUS STEVENS, 1858, IN NORTH AMERICA AND NEW RELATED SPECIES

Chiton" carbonarius Stevens, 1858, is reassigned as the type species to Glaphurochiton Raymond, 1910. This species evolved from an unknown Mississippian ancestor, and spread rapidly into the Midcontinent region, Eastern Interior, and Appalachian basins during the Morrowan. Glaphurochiton carbonarius served as the root stock for development of several species: G. con- cinnus (Richardson) during the Desmoinesian and G. subcircularis n. sp. during the Virgilian in the Eastern Interior basin and G. elimatus n. sp. in the Appalachian basin and possibly G.? riddlei (Frederickson) in the Midcontinent region during the Missourian. Glaphurochiton is believed to have been essentially restricted to a mud bottom based upon its occurrence and relative abundance. Commonly the only taxon present, often abundantly, in black and gray shales, Glaphurochiton is rare to absent in limestones, algal limestones, reefs, and shales with an abundance of crustose calcareous algae. The latter lithologies commonly support a diverse polyplacophoran fauna essentially lacking Glaphurochiton.
Separating the direct and cascaded contributions to two-dimensional Raman signals using phase-sensitive detection

We demonstrate a method of phase-sensitive detection for separating the direct and the cascaded contributions to fifth-order 2-D Raman spectroscopy. The phase of an intrinsic local oscillator is cycled to distinguish the two components that are radiated in quadrature to each other.
Performance Characteristics of FilmArray Respiratory Panel v1.7 for Detection of Adenovirus in a Large Cohort of Pediatric Nasopharyngeal Samples: One Test May Not Fit All

The FilmArray Respiratory Panel (RP) v1.7 assay has improved sensitivity for detection of human adenovirus (HAdV), compared to an earlier version (RP v1.6). RP v1.7 was designed for detection of species B, C, and E but may show variable detection of species A, D, and F. We sought to evaluate the clinical and analytical performance of RP v1.7 for detection of HAdV in a large pediatric cohort. Respiratory specimens obtained from a tertiary care children's hospital between February 2014 and February 2015 were tested for HAdV by RP v1.7. If the RP v1.7 results were negative for HAdV, then the specimens were reflexed to a HAdV-specific laboratory-developed PCR (LD-PCR) assay for confirmation. A subset of specimens underwent secondary confirmatory testing using another commercially available HAdV PCR assay and a molecular typing assay for species identification. Among 4,750 specimens, a total of 146 specimens (3.1%) were HAdV positive by RP v1.7. HAdV was detected by LD-PCR in an additional 220 specimens that were negative by RP v1.7. Overall, a nearly 5% increase in HAdV detection was observed when RP v1.7-negative specimens were reflexed to LD-PCR testing. RP v1.7 did not detect HAdV with either low viral burden (threshold cycle values of >30) or nonrespiratory species (species A, D, and F), as shown in both clinical and analytic data. While the level of sensitivity of RP v1.7 may be adequate for testing among otherwise healthy children, the decreased sensitivity may be problematic for immunocompromised patients, in whom low levels of HAdV in the respiratory tract may precede systemic infection and require early intervention.
The biopsychosocial model in cancer pain

Purpose of reviewThe purpose of this review is to provide the reader with an up-to-date overview on the biopsychosocial model in cancer pain.Recent findingsThis review contains articles published from 2012 to 2014, which advance our understanding of biopsychosocial factors related to the cancer pain
Solution Synthesis of Large-Scale, High-Sensitivity ZnO/Si Hierarchical Nanoheterostructure Photodetectors

This Communication reports a low-cost solution fabrication of wafer-scale ZnO/Si branched nanowire heterostructures and their high photodetection sensitivity, with an ON/OFF ratio larger than 250 and a peak photoresponsivity of 12.8 mA/W at 900 nm. This reported unique 3D branched nanowire structure offers a generic approach for the integration of new functional materials for photodetection and photovoltaic applications.
Partitioning Methods for Interface Circuit of Heterogeneous 3-D-ICs Under Process Variation

This paper presents the design of tier-to-tier interface circuits for 3-D-ICs, where different tiers may operate at different voltages and/or frequencies. The design and partitioning methodologies for the tier-to-tier interface circuit are discussed. The footprint, power, and performance of the interface are analyzed considering the effects of tier-to-tier process variations in 3-D-ICs and technology scaling. The simulation results show that dividing the interface circuit evenly between two tiers reduces footprint but increases power dissipation. For heterogeneous systems with different voltages for reading and writing tiers, dividing the interface between tiers provides better performance than the worst case scenario. On the other hand, placing the interface circuit in the reading tier maximizes throughput for a homogeneous system where both tiers operate at the same voltage. In advanced CMOS nodes, placing interface circuit in the reading tier is a better option due to high delay of the level shifters.
Analysis on Pathogeny Molecular Subtyping of Campylobacter jejuni from Foods in Guangzhou

Objective To investigate the extent of food contamination by Campylobacter jejuni and the molecular characteristics of C.jejuni isolated from foods collected in the city of Guangzhou. Method Traditional biochemical identification methods, fluorescence immuno-staining method and PCR were used in the identification of the bacterial isolates. PFGE was used in the subtyping of the C.jejuni isolates. Result Ten C.jejuni isolates were obtained and confirmed from 100 food samples. PFGE analysis indicated that the 10 isolated species could be grouped into 3 categories. Conclusion Combination of traditional biochemical identification and PCR method may be used in the identification of C.jejuni in food products.Polymorphism of pulsotype existed among C.jejuni isolated from food product.
Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation to Isolated Patella Cartilage Defects: Two- to 15-Year Follow-up

Background Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) is a durable treatment for patients with chondral defects. This study presents the comprehensive evaluation of patients with patella defects treated with ACI at medium- to long-term follow-up. Methods Thirty consecutive patients with isolated chondral lesions of the patella were enrolled prospectively. Primary outcome measures were validated patient reported outcome measures and objective magnetic resonance imaging. Results Nineteen of 30 patients underwent tibial tubercle osteotomy (TTO) to correct lateral maltracking in combination with soft tissue balancing. The defect sizes were large, averaging 4.7 ± 2.1 cm2 (range 2.2-30.0 cm2). Pidoriano/Fulkerson classification revealed that 3 defects were type II (lateral), 9 were type III (medial), and 18 were type IV (central/panpatella). Age at the time of surgery was 32 ± 10 years. At follow-up of 2 to 14 years, knee function was rated good to excellent in 25 (83%) patients, fair in 4 (13%) patients, and poor in 1 (3%) patient. Three patients failed treatment after a mean of 75 months (6.25 years). All 3 failures were Workers Compensation (WC) cases. They were older than the non-WC patients, 42 ± 6 years compared with the non-WC 28 ± 9 years ( P = 0.0019). Significant increases in all clinical and health utility outcome scores were seen. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated that the fill grade, surface and integrity of the repair tissue correlated with clinical scores. Conclusion ACI to isolated patella defects results in significant functional improvement at a minimum of 24 months, with the results remaining durable at latest follow-up of 15 years. Level of evidence Level 4.
Abstract IA14: Targeting focal adhesion kinase to awaken responses to immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer

Immunotherapeutics represent highly promising agents with the potential to improve patient outcomes in a variety of cancer types. Unfortunately, single-agent immunotherapy has achieved limited clinical benefit to date in patients suffering from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). This may be due to the presence of a uniquely immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) present in PDACs, which creates a barrier to effective immune surveillance. Critical obstacles to immunotherapy in PDAC tumors include the dense desmoplastic stroma that acts as a barrier to T-cell infiltration and the high numbers of tumor-associated immunosuppressive cells. We have identified hyperactivated focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activity in neoplastic PDAC cells as a significant regulator of the fibrotic and immunosuppressive TME. We found that FAK activity was elevated in human PDAC tissues and correlates with high levels of fibrosis and poor CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell infiltration. Single-agent FAK inhibition (VS-4718) significantly limited tumor progression, resulting in a doubling of survival in the p48-Cre/LSL-KrasG12D/p53Flox/+ (KPC) mouse model of human PDAC. This alteration in tumor progression was associated with dramatically reduced tumor fibrosis, decreased numbers of tumor-infiltrating immature myeloid cells and immunosuppressive macrophages. We postulated that these desirable effects of FAK inhibition on the TME might render PDAC tumors more sensitive to immunotherapy. Accordingly, we found that FAK inhibition rendered the previously unresponsive KPC mouse model responsive to anti-PD1 and anti-CTLA4 antagonists leading to a nearly tripling of survival times. These data suggest that FAK inhibition increases immune surveillance by overcoming the fibrotic and immunosuppressive PDAC TME and thus renders tumors responsive to immunotherapy. Citation Format: David G. Denardo. Targeting focal adhesion kinase to awaken responses to immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; 2016 Sept 25-28; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2016;4(11 Suppl):Abstract nr IA14.