cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring driver error at intersections: key contributors and solutions

A large portion of crashes occur at intersections, and most such crashes are associated with driver mistakes. Severe mistakes may lead to serious injuries; therefore, it is necessary to investigate the factors that contribute to driver error and how those factors influence driver behavior. More information on these contributing factors can help researchers develop cost-effective countermeasures that might help mitigate driver error. The primary objective of this study was to examine key contributors to driver error that took place at uncontrolled, sign-controlled, and signalized intersections. An ordered-probit statistical model and a data-mining technique called "association rules" were implemented to explore these relationships. The results of both approaches were consistent. Association rules were found to be capable of discovering patterns in the data that could not be found in the ordered-probit statistical model. The secondary objective of this study was to provide new insights on how to improve intersection safety by adding to the knowledge regarding the contributing factors of those driver errors. Most, if not all, errors are related to human factors; thus, they can effectively be corrected through a holistic approach that involves engineering, enforcement, and education.
Stereo Topography of the South Polar of Mar: Volatile Inventory and Mars Polar Landing Landing Site

Viking stereo images and topographic maps reveal that the south polar layered deposits of Mars are topographically complex and morphologically distinct from the north polar layered deposits. The dominant feature is a 500-km-wide topographic dome that rises 3 km above the surrounding plains. This dome underlies the residual ice cap but is at least 50% larger in area. Erosional scarps and terraces indicate that this dome was once more extensive and has undergone erosional retreat. Adjacent to the dome, layered deposits form a vast plateau 1-1.5 km high extending approximately 1000 km beyond and to one side of the residual south polar cap. This plateau is relatively flat at kilometer scales, although it is cut in places by troughs and depressions, which have locally steep scarps up to 2 km high and sloping up to roughly 10 deg. Contiguously flat kilometer-scale regions the size of the Mars Polar Lander (MPL) landing ellipse are present. These are in the form of plateaus 100-300 km wide and 1-2 km high. One of the largest of these plateaus has been proposed as a landing site for the Mars Polar Lander (MPL). The volume associated with the south polar layered deposits may be comparable to those of the layered deposits at the north pole. Although this doubles the current probable inventory of surface ice on Mars, it still falls far short of accounting for the inferred volume of water on Mars in the past.
Clinical risk factors for central line-associated venous thrombosis in children.

ABSTRACT Background: Identifying risk factors related to Central Venous Line (CVL) placement could potentially minimize Central Line-Associated Venous Thrombosis (CLAVT). We sought to identify the clinical factors associated with CLAVT in children. Methods: Over a 3-year period, 3,733 CVLs were placed at a tertiary-care children’s hospital. Data were extracted from the electronic medical records of patients with clinical signs and symptoms of venous thromboembolism (VTE), diagnosed using Doppler ultrasonography and/or echocardiography. Statistical analyses examined differences in CLAVT occurrence between groups based on patient and CVL characteristics (type, brand, placement site, and hospital unit). Results: Femoral CVL placement was associated with greater risk for developing CLAVT (OR 11.1, 95% CI 3.9-31.6, p<0.0001). CVLs placed in the NICU were also associated with increased CLAVT occurrence (OR 5.3, 95% CI 2.1-13.2, p=0.0003). CVL brand was also significantly associated with risk of CLAVT events. Conclusion: Retrospective analyses identified femoral CVL placement and catheter type as independent risk factors for CLAVT, suggesting increased risks due to mechanical reasons. Placement of CVLs in the NICU also led to an increased risk of CLAVT, suggesting that small infants are at increased risk of thrombotic events. Alternative strategies for CVL placement, thromboprophylaxis, and earlier diagnosis may be important for reducing CLAVT events.
Trusted Computing, Trusted Third Parties, and Verified Communications

Trusted Computing gives rise to a new supply of trusted third parties on which distributed systems can potentially rely. They are the secure system components (hardware and software) built into nodes with Trusted Computing capabilities. These trusted third parties may be used for supporting communications in distributed systems. In particular, a trusted third party can check and certify the data sent from a node A to a node B, so that B can have some confidence in the properties of the data despite A ’s possible incompetence or malice. We present and explore this application of Trusted Computing, both in general and in specific instantiations.
Externe Supportiva zur Förderung der Frakturheilung

Von den externen Hilfen zur Forderung der Frakturheilung scheint sich niedrigintensiver gepulster Ultraschall als sicheres, kosteneffektives und verlassliches Verfahren zu erweisen. Verschiedene experimentelle Studien haben sowohl mit In-vivo- als auch mit In-vitro-Arbeiten zur Aufklarung moglicher Wirkungsmechanismen des Ultraschalls beigetragen. Daruber hinaus existiert eine Reihe prospektiver, randomisierter, doppelblinder, placebokontrollierter Studien, die die klinische Wirksamkeit niedrigintensiven, gepulsten Ultraschalls belegen. In diesem Artikel werden diese Studien zusammengefasst.
Optimizing Antenna Arrays

This chapter contains sections titled: Optimizing Array Amplitude Tapers Optimizing Array Phase Tapers Optimizing Arrays with Complex Weighting Optimizing Array Element Spacing Optimizing Conformal Arrays Optimizing Reconfigurable Apertures
Attitudes of first-year medical students toward the confidentiality of computerized patient records.

Objectives: To investigate the attitudes of students entering medical school toward the confidentiality of computerized medical records. Design: First-year medical students at the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine responded to a series of questions about a hypothetic breach of patient's privacy through a computerized patient record system. Measurements: The individual authors independently grouped the blinded responses according to whether they were consistent with then-current institutional policy. These preliminary groupings were discussed, and final categorizations were made by consensus. Results: while most students had a sense of what was right and wrong in absolute terms, half the class suggested at least one course of action that was deemed to be inconsistent with institutional policies. Conclusions: The authors believe that medical schools should directly address ethical and legal issues related to the use of computers in clinical practice as an integral part of medical school curricula. Several teaching approaches can facilitate a greater awareness of the issues surrounding technology and medicine.
Spontaneous bladder perforations : A report of 500 augmentations in children and analysis of risk

Purpose: The spontaneous perforation of an augmented bladder is an uncommon but serious complication. To our knowledge our institution has the largest reported series of bladder augmentations. We examined our data to determine the incidence of spontaneous bladder perforation and to delineate associated risk factors.Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of 500 bladder augmentation procedures performed during the preceding 25 years with a minimum followup of 2 years.Results: Spontaneous perforations occurred in 43 patients (8.6%), for a total of 54 events. The calculated risk was 0.0066 perforations per augmentation-year at risk. Approximately a third of the cases had perforated within 2 years of surgery, a third between 2 and 6 years postoperatively, and a third at more than 6 years after augmentation. Patients who underwent augmentation between 1997 and 2003 had a higher rate of perforation within 2 years of surgery than those operated on between 1978 and 1987. Increased risk of...
Point Defect Modeling of La2CuO4-Based Superconductors

A point defect modeling study of the oxygen nonstoichiometry and high-temperature electrical properties of La2−xAExCuO4−y (AE = Ba, Sr, and Ca) systems indicates that, whereas oxygen excess (y 0) results primarily from dopant-vacancy associates at large x; isolated oxygen vacancies are apparently minority defect species. The onset of oxygen deficiency due to dopant-vacancy associates occurs at x∼ 0.15 in the AE = Ba and Sr systems but at x∼ 0.05 in the AE = Ca system. Ideal ionic point defect behavior persists to x∼ 0.4 in the AE = Ba and Ca systems and to x∼ 0.5 in the AE = Sr system. A premature flattening of the electrical properties above x∼ 0.2 occurs in the AE = Ba and Sr systems. Reasons for the extensive range of ideal ionic behavior and for the onset of degenerate electronic behavior are discussed, as are ramifications for high-Tc superconductivity in these materials.
Assessment of the clinical outcome of a symptom-based outpatient hyperglycemia protocol

Introduction Acute hyperglycemia (blood glucose [BG] ≥400 mg/dL) is common in primary care. An outpatient protocol was developed to streamline the treatment of acute hyperglycemia. The objective was to determine if an outpatient hyperglycemia protocol could achieve a BG level of <300 mg/dL within 4 hours.
Extended household transitions, race/ethnicity, and early childhood cognitive outcomes

Beyond mothers’ union status transitions, other adults’ transitions into and out of the household contribute to family instability, particularly in early childhood. Using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort (N≅8,550), this study examines associations between extended household transitions and age 2 cognitive development. A substantial minority of toddlers experiences these transitions, and their consequences vary by household member type, entry versus exit, and race/ethnicity. Extended household transitions predict lower cognitive scores for white children, but the selection of low-socioeconomic status families into extended households explains these disparities. Grandparent transitions predict significantly higher cognitive scores for African American and Latino children than whites, and some “other adult” transitions predict higher scores for Latinos than African Americans and whites. Extended household transitions’ consequences are independent of co-occurring residential moves and partner transitions. Findings suggest that studying extended household transitions is useful for understanding children’s early development, and their consequences vary by race/ethnicity.
On the design and optimization of hybrid carbon fiber reinforced polymer-steel cable system for cable-stayed bridges

Abstract This paper addresses the effective use of carbon fiber reinforced polymeric (CFRP) materials in the cable system. As the span length of cable-stayed bridges increases, several technical challenges become more dominant with traditional material. This paper mainly focuses on improving the aerodynamic performance through implementing CFRP composites in the cable system in combination with steel. In order to maximize the improvement, a genetic algorithm (GA)-based optimization procedure is developed to optimize the distribution of CFRP and steel. A numerical example is presented and the results suggest the typical composition of an optimized CFRP-steel cable system for long-span cable-stayed bridges.
The coupling between translational and rotational motions

The coupling between molecular reorientation and translational displacement is studied in a fluid of rough spheres. The correlation functions frequently encountered in thermal neutron scattering an...
NEW PARADIGM FOR STATE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION ENVIRONMENTAL INITIATIVES: NEW YORK STATE'S GUIDELINES AND PROCEDURES

Public-works agencies have an obligation to enhance the environment as opportunities arise. The New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) has developed an environmental initiative to make an affirmative contribution to the environment, using the department's organizational strengths. The environmental initiative is a paradigm shift applicable to all departments of transportation (DOTs). Conventional reactive regulatory compliance can reduce unnecessary environmental damage and sometimes gain grudging regulatory agency cooperation; however, it is not a positive, satisfying way of doing the people's work. Through proactive steps, NYSDOT has become an important part of the state's environmental solution (often at little or no additional cost) and has changed its working relationships with environmental agencies and groups. As these agencies and groups have become partners, instead of adversaries, permit-approval times have improved, mitigation costs have declined, morale has improved, and cost-eff...
Information security management standards: Compliance, governance and risk management

Managing information security as opposed to the IT security is an area that is now eventually coming of age. For many years the focus has been mainly on IT security and with the implementation of such security left to the IT department and technical experts. Early in the 90s things started to change with the first draft of an information security management standard BS 7799 focusing in on security related to people, processes, information as well as IT. Since then there has been many developments taking us to where we are today with these early security management standards being transformed in international standards published by ISO/IEC. These standards are being used by hundreds of thousands of organisations using these standards worldwide. Based on the authors previously copyrighted writings, this article explores what these standards have got to offer organisations, what benefits are to be gained and how such standards have helped with compliance. In particular it focuses in on the insider threat as an example of one of the growing problems that organisations need to deal with and how these international standards are useful in helping to solve the insider threat problem.
Growth Of Cloud Drops by Condensation: A Criticism of Currently Accepted Theory and a New Approach

Abstract The currently accepted theory of the growth of cloud drops by condensation employs an equation for the rate of increase of drop mass and an equation for the supersaturation. The latter equation gives the average supersaturation over a large volume, or the macroscopic supersaturation. Use of this supersaturation in the equation for the growth of cloud drops is criticized. In a first approach at a microscopic theory, the average supersaturation over the volume occupied by a drop, called the microscopic supersaturation, is used to calculate the growth of the drop. The microscopic supersaturation can differ from drop to drop due to randomness in their spatial distribution and is affected differently by fluctuations of vertical air velocity than the macroscopic supersaturation. In a second approach at a microscopic theory, the diffusion equations for water vapor and heat, together with appropriate boundary conditions, are solved for an assemblage of drops. It is shown again that a microscopic supersat...
Sexual trafficking in women: international political economy and the politics of sex.

A recent manifestation of the North/South, East/West political-economic divide is the international sex trade in women, of which trafficking in women for purposes of sexual employment is a large subset. Trafficking in humans in general, and women in particular, has taken center state in many nation-states as an issue of a threat to national security and societal cohesion. This article explores some of the basic facts about trafficking and spotlights it as a truly global phenomenon, with its contemporary origins in the international capitalist market system. Furthermore, it argues that the international political economy of sex not only includes the supply side—the women of the third world, the poor states, or exotic Asian women—but it cannot maintain itself without the demand from the organizers of the trade—the men from industrialized and developing countries. The patriarchal world system hungers for and sustains the international subculture of docile women from underdeveloped nations.
Effects of infection with Nosema pyrausta on survival and development of offspring of laboratory selected Bt-resistant and Bt-susceptible European corn borers.

Infection with Nosema pyrausta Paillot lengthens developmental period of Bt-susceptible Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) to a similar extent as feeding on Cry1Ab-incorporated diet in Cry1Ab-resistant O. nubilalis, and these two factors combined lengthen developmental period further than either alone. Resistant O. nubilalis mating with infected susceptible, or infected resistant partners would produce partially- and fully-resistant offspring, respectively, infected with N. pyrausta. To investigate the impacts on the progeny of such matings, test crosses were set up to produce partially- and fully Cry1Ab-resistant O. nubilalis offspring transovarially infected and not infected with N. pyrausta, which were exposed to Cry1Ab toxin at doses of 0, 3, or 30ng/cm(2) for 7days. Transovarial infection with N. pyrausta significantly decreased 7day survival of partially and fully-resistant O. nubilalis feeding on 30ng/cm(2) Cry1Ab. In addition, N. pyrausta infection delayed larval development (as measured by weight) of partially- and fully-resistant O. nubilalis feeding on 3 and 30ng/cm(2) Cry1Ab. Impacts of natural enemies on target pests may have the potential to impact evolution of resistance. N pyrausta-infected O. nubilalis are more strongly affected by feeding on Bt, and would be less likely to survive to adulthood to pass on resistance to the next generation. This indigenous microsporidium may work to delay evolution of resistance in O. nubilalis by lowering their ability to survive on Bt.
Selection of men at high risk for disease recurrence for experimental adjuvant therapy following radical prostatectomy.

Abstract Objectives Following surgery, men with recurrent prostate cancer have an isolated elevation in serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) well in advance of measurable metastatic disease. Rational patient selection for new forms of adjuvant therapy, for example, gene therapy, is imperative. Methods In a retrospective study of two cohorts, we used proportional hazards regression analysis to develop and validate a multifactor model for identifying men who are at high risk of cancer recurrence. The model cohort consisted of 216 men with clinical Stage T2b and T2c treated by 1 urologist. The validation cohort consisted of 214 men with Stage T2b and T2c disease. Results A model for log relative risk, RW, used serum PSA with a sigmoidal transformation (PSAST), radical prostatectomy Cleason score (GS), and pathologic stage (PS) as specimen confined or nonspecimen confined: RW = (PSAST × 0.06) + (GS × 0.54) + (PS × 1.87). Recurrence risk categories were determined as low risk if RW is less than 4.0, intermediate risk if it is 4.0 to less than 5.75, and high risk if RW, is more than 5.75. The observed Kaplan-Meier actuarial analysis of the three risk groups correlated well with the predictions determined for the model cohort. We then validated this model independently using a second cohort of 214 men with similar age, stage, and grade treated by 3 different urologists at two different institutions. Conclusions The recurrence rates for men in the high-risk group are similar to those for men with positive lymph nodes and justifies exploration of experimental adjuvant therapy within this group using this model of patient selection.
An acid test for g proteins.

In this issue, Isom et al. (2013) report their exciting discovery that G proteins can sense pH changes to fine-tune signaling in response to metabolic changes.
Metallochaperone Atox1 Transfers Copper to the NH2-terminal Domain of the Wilson's Disease Protein and Regulates Its Catalytic Activity

Copper is essential for the growth and development of mammalian cells. The key role in the intracellular distribution of copper belongs to the recently discovered family of metallochaperones and to copper-transporting P-type ATPases. The mutations in the ATPase ATP7B, the Wilson's disease protein (WNDP), lead to intracellular accumulation of copper and severe hepatic and neurological abnormalities. Several of these mutations were shown to disrupt the protein-protein interactions between WNDP and the metallochaperone Atox1, suggesting that these interactions are important for normal copper homeostasis. To understand the functional consequences of the Atox1-WNDP interaction at the molecular level, we produced recombinant Atox1 and characterized its effects on WNDP. We demonstrate that Atox1 transfers copper to the purified amino-terminal domain of WNDP (N-WNDP) in a dose-dependent and saturable manner. A maximum of six copper atoms can be transferred to N-WNDP by the chaperone. Furthermore, the incubation of copper Atox1 with the full-length WNDP leads to the stimulation of the WNDP catalytic activity, providing strong evidence for the direct effect of Atox1 on the function of this transporter. Our data also suggest that Atox1 can regulate the copper occupancy of WNDP. The incubation with apo-Atox1 results in the removal of copper from the metalated N-WNDP and apparent down-regulation of WNDP activity. Interestingly, at least one copper atom remains tightly bound to N-WNDP even in the presence of excess apo-Atox1. We suggest that this incomplete reversibility reflects the functional non-equivalency of the metal-binding sites in WNDP and speculate about the intracellular consequences of the reversible Atox1-mediated copper transfer.
Funnel cone for focusing intense ion beams on a target

We describe a funnel cone for concentrating an ion beam on a target. The cone utilizes the reflection characteristic of ion beams on solid walls to focus the incident beam andincrease beam intensity on target. The cone has been modeled with the TRIM code. A prototype has been tested and installed for use in the 350-keV K+ NDCX target chamber.
Distribution of venous valvular incompetence in patients with the postphlebitic syndrome

The records of 122 patients who underwent Doppler evaluation for the postphlebitic syndrome were reviewed to determine the relationship between location of venous valvular incompetence and severity of clinical signs. Categorized according to the most severe physical finding, there were 35 limbs with perimalleolar ulcers, 113 with stasis pigmentation, 26 with swelling, and 70 with no overt signs. Incompetent veins, either deep or superficial, were present in 93% of the symptomatic and 59% of the asymptomatic limbs. Proximal (iliofemoral) deep venous incompetence was not strongly correlated with disease severity (p less than 0.10), but distal (popliteotibial) deep venous and superficial venous incompetence were (both, p less than 0.0005). The relative frequency of isolated proximal incompetence appeared to diminish with increasing disease severity; whereas that of distal incompetence, with or without associated proximal venous incompetence, increased. Isolated proximal venous incompetence was found in only 5% of limbs with severe disease (ulcers or pigmentation). In limbs with severe signs, distal venous incompetence was present in 67% of those with proximal venous incompetence and in 57% of those in which the proximal valves were competent. These findings cast doubt on the potential value of proximal venous valvular reconstruction, especially in limbs with combined proximal and distal insufficiency.
Imaging Divulged What Signs and Symptoms Didn't: Acute Pericarditis

PRESENTATION Shortness of breath in an 85-year-old man posed a diagnostic challenge. He presented with a 2-month history of progressively worsening dyspnea on exertion. Over the previous week, he also experienced orthopnea and bilateral lower-extremity edema. He denied chest pain or recent febrile illness. His medical history included heart failure with preserved systolic function and hypothyroidism. He was a nonsmoker, and his family history was not significant. On presentation, he had a temperature of 99.3° F (37.4° C), heart rate of 87 beats per minute, blood pressure of 124/62
Crosslinking Using Rapid Thermal Processing for the Fabrication of Efficient Solution‐Processed Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes

Copolymers with a triscarbazole hole-transport group and an oxetane or benzocyclobutene crosslinkable group can be readily thermally crosslinked on timescales of 30 min or less, with rapid thermal processing (RTP) being highly effective for this purpose. Devices with RTP-crosslinked hole-transport layers and spin-coated emissive layers exhibit high external quantum efficiencies of up to 15%.
Semiclassical quantization of effective string theory and Regge trajectories

We begin with an effective string theory for long distance QCD, and evaluate the semiclassical expansion of this theory about a classical rotating string solution, taking into account the dynamics of the boundary of the string. We show that, after renormalization, the zero point energy of the string fluctuations remains finite when the masses of the quarks on the ends of the string approach zero. The theory is then conformally invariant in any spacetime dimension D. For $D=26$ the energy spectrum of the rotating string formally coincides with that of the open string in classical bosonic string theory. However, its physical origin is different. It is a semiclassical spectrum of an effective string theory valid only for large values of the angular momentum. For $D=4,$ the first semiclassical correction adds the constant $1/12$ to the classical Regge formula.
Thermal Detectors for High Resolution Spectroscopy

Cryogenic microcalorimeters can be made sensitive enough to measure the energy deposited by a single particle or X-ray photon with an accuracy of about one electron volt. It may also be possible to construct detectors of several kilograms mass whose resolution is only a few times worse than this. Data from relatively crude test devices are in good agreement with thermal performance calculations, and a total system noise of 11 eV FWHM has been obtained for a silicon detector operating at 98 mK. We have observed 35 eV FWHM for 6 keV X-rays with a different device.
Fibroblast growth factor‐2 stimulates cell proliferation and decreases sexually dimorphic cell death in an avian song control nucleus

The neural system controlling song in birds has proven a useful model for investigating how neuronal growth and survival are regulated by sexual differentiation. The present study focused on one song control area, the robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA), and explored how sex differences in the proliferation of putative glia cells in this region influence sexually dimorphic cell survival. In zebra finches (Poephila guttata), RA neuron death is much greater in young females than in males, resulting in marked sex differences in RA neuron number. An earlier study indicated that just prior to this sexually dimorphic neuron death the proliferation of putative glia cells within the RA is significantly lower in females than in males and remains so throughout the peak of neuron death. This suggests that sex differences in glia (or glia-derived molecules) might regulate neuron survival during sexual differentiation of the RA. To determine whether increased cell proliferation within the RA favors increased cell survival, we infused the potent glia mitogen fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) into the RA unilaterally in young females. We find that FGF-2 infusions increase RA cell proliferation and concurrently decrease the incidence of degenerating RA cells, results consistent with the hypothesis that glia exert neurotrophic effects on RA neurons during sexual differentiation.
Aging in the Lumbar Spine. III. L5

The fifth lumbar vertebra, like the other units of the lumbar spine, shows a significant trend toward lowering and broadening of the body with age. In most individuals the pedicales of L5 arise from the lateral surface of the body, rather than posteriorly as in the other lumbar vertebrae, and the increase in body breadth is very often associated with the formation of reinforcing columns of bone between the bases of the pedicles and osteophytes bordering the inferior endplate. In L5 midbody breadth shows a greater gain than endplate breadths, so "flaring" is decreased with age, a change that is statistically significant in Black males and White females. This vertebra shows no significant change in endplate biconcavity or posterior wedging with age.
MMPI-2 interpretation of patients with cerebrovascular disease: a correction factor

The validity of the conventional Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) interpretation as applied to neurologic patients has been increasingly questioned on the grounds of the test's psychiatric normative base and inclusion of items that may be sensitive to bona fide neurologic symptoms. This study used 110 patients with cerebrovascular disease (CVD) to (i) determine whether the 370-item pool of the MMPI-2 (abbreviated form) contains a unitary neurologic symptom factor, and (ii) devise a systematic approach to correct for patient endorsement of such items. Commonly endorsed items that differentiated the CVD sample from a group of normal adults were factor analyzed. Bona fide neurologic complaints (21 items) emerged as the major discriminative source of variance in the 370 MMPI-2 item pool that tends to inflate estimates of psychopathology (Scales 1, 2, 3, and 8), alter profile codes types, and potentially affect decision-making related to the diagnosis and treatment of CVD patients. Recommendations regarding a greater reliance upon content scales and the use of a corrective scoring key are discussed.
The RoboCup Nanogram League: An Opportunity for Problem-Based Undergraduate Education in Microsystems

A problem-based learning approach was chosen for a new senior elective in microsystems. The problem posed to the students was to design microrobots suitable for the new ldquonanogram leaguerdquo of the international RoboCup competition, which challenges teams of students and researchers to construct microscopic untethered robots that will compete against each other in soccer-related agility drills on a 2.5 mm by 2.5 mm playing field. The approach was shown to increase student interest and motivation. The course was considered a success and will be repeated with some modifications to increase the breadth of the course coverage.
Conclusion: International Political Economy—The Reverse Salient of Innovation Theory

This conclusion attempts to answer three sets of questions regarding our experiment in cross-field collaboration: What did we find and were these findings cohesive? What did our findings add to the debate? What are the implications of our findings, and, more importantly, what's next? It suggests that politics have become a “reverse salient” in innovation theory. Specifically, innovation scholars have yet to devise a theory that fully incorporates distributive politics and their security and competitiveness implications into a general explanation of technological change. This gap is holding back progress in fields that depend on innovation as an explanatory variable. It should therefore be made a priority for innovation scholars across the social sciences.
Raman-resonant four-wave mixing and energy transfer

A common assumption that Raman-resonant four-wave mixing does not transfer energy between the light and the Raman medium is shown to be incorrect. The derivation of the correct energy-transfer picture is compared with those for stimulated Raman scattering and for nonresonant mixing. The physical mechanism for Raman-gain suppression due to Stokes/anti-Stokes coupling under phase-matched conditions is clarified by this understanding of the energy transfer. An experimental demonstration of the nature of the energy transfer is proposed.
Between Objectivity and Illusion: Architectural Photography in the Colonial Frame

Abstract In this paper, I compare the use of photography by Sawai Ram Singh, the maharaja of the Princely State of Jaipur in colonial India, and by James Fergusson, the earliest historiographer of Indian architecture. Contrasting the “objective” use of photography by the colonist, with the maharaja's hybridized and illusionistic images, I argue that photography, on the one hand, helped fix “India” into stereotypical brackets, but on the other enabled the colonized to re-invent himself in more contemporary and potentially threatening ways. Foreshadowing the contadictory nature of postcolonial modernity, photography, in other words, enabled the maharaja to simultaneously resist the hegemonic interests of the colonizer while coveting and appropriating the instruments and signs of the West to his own ends.
Photodissociation of triatomic hydrogen.

The unstable ground-state potential surface of triatomic hydrogen has served as prototype for the development of bimolecular reaction-rate theory, and is still largely territory only of theoretical chemistry. While the ground electronic state of H/sub 3/ is dissociative, electronically excited states of this molecule are tightly bound. These states are described in terms of a Rydberg electron bound by the field of the stable, triangular H/sub 3/(+) core. The authors report the first observation of photodissociation of H/sub 3/. Predissociation of the optically prepared 3s(2) A1 and 3d(2)E states by the X(2)E' ground state is detected by monitoring of the production of vibrationally excited diatomic hydrogen molecules and H atoms. Product excitation is found to be highly dependent on H/sub 3/ electronic and nuclear configuration.
Molecular curvature tradeoffs: Bending a planar trimercury unit over bowl-shaped polyaromatic hydrocarbons

Abstract The reactions of three bowl-shaped polyaromatic hydrocarbons, namely 1,2,5,6-tetramethylcorannulene (C24H18), dibenzo[a,g]corannulene (C28H14), and bicorannulenyl (C40H18), with the highly electrophilic trimercury complex (C18F12Hg3 or [Hg3]) resulted in the formation of 1D extended binary π-adducts, [Hg3·C24H18] (1), [Hg3·C28H14] (2), and [(Hg3)2·C40H18] (3), having molecules of polyarenes alternating with those of [Hg3] in the solid state. In 1−3, the [Hg3] unit is located over the central five-membered ring of the corannulene core adding to the rare examples of a multiple metal coordination to the inner surface of buckybowls. Upon coordination, the planar [Hg3] unit and the bowl-shaped polyaromatic hydrocarbons attempt to match the geometric characteristics of each other. Thus, bending of the planar surface of [Hg3] ranging from 6.6° in 1 to 17.0° in 2 and flattening of π-bowls by 14–22% of their initial depth is observed in the products reported here.
Membraneless Fuel Cell Based on Laminar Flow

An increasing societal demand for a wide range of small, often portable devices that can operate for an extended period of time without recharging has resulted in a surge of research in micropower sources. Most efforts in this area focus on downscaling of existing fuel cell technology such as the well-known proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. Here we study a novel concept for fuel cells: the use of laminar flow instead of a physical barrier such as a PEM to separate the fuel and oxidant streams. Laminar flow, i.e. low Reynolds number flow, is a property of fluid flow at the microscale: one or more liquid streams that are brought together under low Reynolds number conditions flow in parallel and contact with each other without turbulent mixing. Mass transport transverse to the direction of flow takes place by diffusion only. In our laminar flow-based fuel cell a fuel-containing stream and an oxidant-containing stream are brought together in laminar flow conditions with the electrodes placed on opposite walls within the channel. In un-optimized fuel cell configurations, current densities as high as 10 mA/cm2 are obtained at room temperature using different fuels such as methanol or formic acid vs. oxygen saturated solvents or other oxidants.© 2003 ASME
Immunological assessment of an insecticide resistance-associated esterase in the Western corn rootworm.

In previous investigations, we have determined that organophosphate resistance in the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, is at least partially attributed to a group of non-specific carboxylesterases referred to as group II. Antiserum raised against a purified 66-kDa group II esterase is specific for the denatured enzyme. This antiserum reacts similarly with both beetle homogenates from resistant and susceptible populations, although there is much higher signal intensity in immunoblots of resistant relative to susceptible beetles. These results suggest that overproduction of group II esterases is the underlying basis of esterase-mediated resistance in D. v. virgifera by demonstrating that (1) group II esterases are immunologically indistinguishable between the resistant and susceptible populations, and (2) the intensity differences are due to increased group II esterase proteins in the resistant population. The diagnostic potential of immunological-based assays was tested with a traditional diagnostic concentration bioassay and a biochemical-based native PAGE assay. Significant correlations were observed among all three diagnostic assays (regression coefficients ranging from 0.95 to 0.96). These results demonstrate the importance of the 66-kDa protein as a resistance-associated biochemical marker, thus emphasizing the potential for 66-kDa protein-targeted immunoassays in resistance monitoring programs. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 58:157–165, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A randomized long-term trial of tacrolimus/sirolimus versus tacrolimums/mycophenolate versus cyclosporine/sirolimus in renal transplantation: three-year analysis.

BACKGROUND We report three-year (interim) effects of combining sirolimus (Siro) vs. mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) as adjunctive therapy with calcineurin inhibitors (CI) in renal transplantation in the three different CI-based regimens. METHODS Between May 2000 and December 2001, 150 recipients of deceased donor (DD) and living donor (LD) kidney transplants were randomized into three groups (n=50/group): Group A (Tacro/Siro), Group B (Tacro/MMF) and Group C (CsA/Siro). This report details drug dosing and monitoring, protocol discontinuance, biopsy-proven rejection, graft failure, other adverse events, and death at 36 months postoperatively. RESULTS Actual patient and graft survival respectively in Group A was 90% and 82%, in Group B was 92% and 88%, and in Group C was 96% and 88% (not significant). Biopsy-confirmed acute rejection incidents showed a trend in favor of Group B (10%) vs. Group A (26%) and Group C (20%) combined (P=0.07). The geometric mean */SE serum creatinine concentration and arithmetic mean +/- SE Cockroft-Gault creatinine clearance calculations, respectively, were 1.39*/1.1 and 72.8+/-4.3 for Group A, 1.36*/1.1 and 72.1+/-4.1 for Group B, and 1.60*/1.1 and 61.8+/-3.8 for Group C, a statistically favorable difference for Group B over Group C (P=0.04). There was also less de novo development of posttransplant diabetes mellitus and lipid disorders in Group B vs. A and C (P<0.04). CONCLUSIONS This three-year (interim) analysis has indicated a trend towards better graft function, fewer endocrine disorders, and fewer acute rejection episodes comparing adjunctive MMF and Tacro vs. Siro and Tacro or Siro and CsA, in the dosages used.
Adsorption of Pb on NiAl(1 1 0): energetics and structure

Abstract The adsorption of Pb onto a NiAl(1 1 0) single crystal surface at 300 K has been studied by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), Low energy electron diffraction (LEED), molecular beam/surface scattering and single crystal adsorption calorimetry (SCAC). AES indicates a Stranski–Krastanov growth mode, i.e., Pb initially grows on NiAl(1 1 0) two-dimensionally until the first layer completes at 0.89 ML, where a 1 3 3 0 superstructure is observed by LEED, followed by 3D islanding. Measurements of the Pb gas that does not stick indicate that Pb sticks on NiAl(1 1 0) with an initial probability of 0.99. The initial heat of adsorption of Pb on NiAl(1 1 0) is 249 ± 10 kJ/mol. Due to the repulsive interactions between Pb adatoms, the heat of adsorption decreases within the first layer to a value identical to the heat of sublimation of bulk Pb (195 kJ/mol), where it remains at higher coverages. This first application of adsorption calorimetry on such a thick sample (75 μm versus 0.2–8 μm previously) demonstrates that adsorption calorimetry can be extended to a wider range of surfaces, since this thickness can be achieved with nearly any single crystal material by simple mechanical thinning.
Change Detection from SPOT-Panchromatic Imagery at the Urban-rural Fringe of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Abstract This paper proposes a simple, automated method to detect rural to urban land use changes at the pixel level of SPOT-Panchromatic images in the developing world. The proposed method entails two tasks: (1) classification of images as either urban (built-up) or rural (non built-up) at a relatively high level of spatial detail (pixel level) in order to include the classification of houses made of natural materials. The binary classification was performed through a combined thresholding of spectral information and spatial information derived by a normalized high-pass filter. An automatic procedure was used to determine the optimal threshold (2) classified image comparison of two different dates by overlaying them to detect changes from rural to urban land use during the corresponding period. An accuracy of 82.31% was achieved for the final change map.
Effects of nutrients and temperature on lipid and fatty acid production in the diatomHantzshia DI-60

The ability of microalgae to accumulate considerable amounts of lipids has led to an increase in research on the cultivation of these organisms for the production of fuels. The accumulation of cellular lipids by the diatom,Hantzschia DI-60, as a result of culture management strategies is described. The cells were grown in various nitrogen and silica nutrient concentrations at 20 and 30 °C. Biomass, lipids, and fatty acids were measured. Biomass yield was higher in a non-stress nutrient (nitrogen/silica) treatment; however, the production of lipids was enhanced in a nutrient stress medium at 30 °C. The influence of the culture conditions on the distribution of fatty acids was also observed.
Two New Coccidia (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) from Costa Rican Lizards with a Review of the Eimeria from Lizards*

SYNOPSIS. Thirty-three lizards from Costa Rica were examined for coccidia. Cryptosporidium ctenosauris sp. n. is described from Ctenosaura similis, Eimeria basilisci sp. n. from Basiliscus basiliscus, and additional data are added to the description of Isosporacnemidophori Carini, 1942. Ellipsoidal oocysts of C. ctenosauris averaged 21.7 by 11.5 μ. They had no polar body or micropyle but had an oocyst residuum; the oocysts contained 4 elongate sporozoites with averaged 15.0 by 3.4 μ. The oocysts of E. basilisci were ellipsoidal and averaged 38.0 by 17.8 μ. They had no oocyst residuum or polar body. Their sporocysts were ovoid to ellipsoidal and averaged 12.7 by 7.0 μ. A sporocyst residuum was present.
Look-ahead scheduling for minimizing machine interference

This paper presents a simple look-ahead rule for scheduling two or more parallel semi-automatic machines sharing the same server. The rule increases machine utilization in situations where machines and servers are highly utilized.
Patterns and implications of plant-soil δ13C and δ15N values in African savanna ecosystems

Abstract Southern African savannas are mixed plant communities where C3 trees co-exist with C4 grasses. Here foliar δ15N and δ13C were used as indicators of nitrogen uptake and of water use efficiency to investigate the effect of the rainfall regime on the use of nitrogen and water by herbaceous and woody plants in both dry and wet seasons. Foliar δ15N increased as aridity rose for both C3 and C4 plants for both seasons, although the magnitude of the increase was different for C3 and C4 plants and for two seasons. Soil δ15N also significantly increased with aridity. Foliar δ13C increased with aridity for C3 plants in the wet season but not in the dry season, whereas in C4 plants the relationship was more complex and non-linear. The consistently higher foliar δ15N for C3 plants suggests that C4 plants may be a superior competitor for nitrogen. The different foliar δ13C relationships with rainfall may indicate that the C3 plants have an advantage when competing for water resources. The differences in water and nitrogen use likely collectively contribute to the tree–grass coexistence in savannas. Such differences facilitate interpretations of palaeo-vegetation composition variations and help predictions of vegetation composition changes under future climatic scenarios.
Non-iterative solutions to functional equations.

Polygonal approximation to functional equation solution by using search algorithms, listing FORTRAN IV programs
NC machining of free form surfaces

The continuation of a trend towards more user-friendly, interactive CADCAM systems, prompted the creation of a prototype software package called CISPA (Computer Interactive Surfaces Pre-APT). This system uses a menu-driven front end with graphical feedback to guide a user through curve and free form surface definition resulting in a mathematical model which may be used to generate NC machine CLSF. This front end was built upon the curve and surface complex taken from CAM-I's CASPA (Computer-Aided Sculptured Pre-APT). This complex is part of the execution phase of APT 4. Improvements were made in the definition and calculation of step size basing the input on geometric attributes such as chordal deviation and scallop height rather than on abstract algebraic quantities. Further additions include increased flexibility in milling surfaces, by roughing to depth.
Developing economic thresholds for onion thrips in Honduras.

Abstract Seasonal abundance and effect on onion yield reduction were studied for onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman, for two consecutive seasons (dry and rainy) to develop economic thresholds (ET) in Honduras. Overall, thrips populations were highest during the dry season, with average thrips per leaf per day 5.2 times higher than during the rainy season. In the two onion cultivars tested (Granex 429 ® and Texas Grano 438 ® ), thrips densities were similar, but Texas Grano 438 ® showed 30% more yield reduction as a result of thrips damage than Granex 429 ® . ETs were calculated using four different methods based on the equilibrium between cost of thrips management and profits losses (based on either thrips densities or an action threshold (AT)), maximizing net profits derived from thrips management, and maximizing the rate of return of thrips management. Thrips infestations below 1.0 thrips per leaf per day did not appear to affect yield and during the rainy season thrips populations were always below this economic injury level. However, during the dry season our data indicate farmers should use an AT between 0.5 and 1.6 thrips per leaf, depending on the particular agronomic, climatic and market conditions.