cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Traditional and future management of nonpalpable breast cancer.

Under the impact of mammographic screening, sizeable proportions of breast cancer patients today are nonpalpable with either a very small invasive breast cancer (T1a or T1b) or ductal carcinoma in situ. At the Deaconess Hospital in Boston between 1989 and 1993, 29 per cent of all invasive cancers were T1a or T1b (1 cm or smaller). The median maximum diameter of all invasive breast cancer in that 5-year period was only 1.5 cm. The dramatic downward slope of the maximum size clearly reflects the impact of widespread mammographic screening. Within a decade, the median maximum diameter of all invasive breast cancer will be 1 cm. Thus, modifications of contemporary therapy need to be investigated by trials, but they can be practiced in selected patients now. While standard therapy in 1996 includes routine radiotherapy with breast conservation, many small, low-grade, or mammographically discovered cancers can safely, efficiently, and with minimum morbidity be treated by local excision only with careful follow-up; highly selective use of systemic and local adjuvant therapies (i.e., radiotherapy) should also be practiced. Recent reports summarizing adjuvant radiotherapy and axillary dissection in invasive breast cancer do not recognize the changing presentation of invasive breast cancer under the impact of mammographic screening.
Virtual square-wave current injection based maximum torque per ampere control for interior permanent-magnet synchronous machines

The maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) control has been widely employed to improve the efficiency of the interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) drive systems. To achieve online MTPA tracking, in this work, a virtual square-wave current injection based method is proposed. Since no machine parameters and pre-tuning effort are required, the proposed method is robust against parameters and temperature variations. In addition, compared to the existing signal injection based MTPA control, the proposed method eliminate the bandpass filter, which is usually used to extract the gradient of torque with respect to the current control angle, such that the controller bandwidth will be significantly improved to meet the dynamic requirements of the IPMSM drive system for vehicle applications. The feasibility and effectiveness of proposed methods are verified by simulation studies of a high power IPMSM drive system.
Adjacent Segment Disease 44 Years Following Posterior Spinal Fusion for Congenital Lumbar Kyphosis.

Abstract Study Design Case report. Objective To report the clinical and imaging findings of a patient with lumbar stenosis 44 years after posterior spinal fusion for congenital lumbar kyphosis. Summary of Background Data To our knowledge, there are no long-term follow-up reports after posterior spine fusion (PSF) for congenital kyphosis. Congenital kyphosis is an uncommon deformity with the potential to progress rapidly and result in deformity and neurologic deficits. Methods We report the patient's history, physical examination, imaging findings, and management in addition to providing a literature review. Results A 54-year-old-male who underwent T8–L3 PSF in 1972 because of congenital kyphosis presented 44 years after surgery with lower back pain, buttock, and bilateral posterior leg pain. On physical examination, no weakness was elicited and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated L4–L5 lumbar stenosis. The patient was enrolled in physical therapy and responded well to medical/interventional management. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the longest follow-up of surgical management of congenital lumbar kyphosis. Posterior fusion only halted the progression of the kyphosis with subsequent developed of adjacent segment disease distal to the fusion. Level of Evidence Level IV.
Analysis of Rothman Index Data to Predict Postdischarge Adverse Events in a Medical Intensive Care Unit

Objective:Currently, there are no objective metrics included in the intensive care unit (ICU) discharge decision making process. In this study, we evaluate Rothman Index(RI) data for a possible met...
Endothelial Injury and Repair

Endothelial injury has been proposed as the initiating event in the process of atherosclerosis. In this review we discuss the pathophysiology of endothelial injury and its assessment with respect to the complex events underlying atherogenesis.
Guidelines for Competitive Athletes with Arrhythmias

Guidelines for athletic participation are needed to recognize athletes at risk for arrhythmias and to prevent sudden cardiac death and reduce the risk for arrhythmia-related morbidity. Few available data exist that have been obtained from well-designed, prospective studies to determine whether certain arrhythmias increase the athlete’s risk for sudden death or cause significant symptoms, such as syncope or presyncope. It is often difficult to determine the significance of a specific cardiac rhythm disturbance in assessing an athlete’s eligibility for competitive sports. Sudden cardiac death is rare in young people (1, 2); its incidence is estimated to be <1% of that in adults (3). Nonetheless, a significant proportion of these deaths occurs in relation to exercise. Death related to sports is always a shocking event and the recent premature and sudden cardiac deaths of elite athletes have focused attention on athletes with known arrhythmias (4).
The Core Emotion Themes of Conjugal Loss

Previous studies have associated emotion and appraisal with long-term bereavement outcome. The present study extended this research by coding conjugal bereavement narratives for core relational themes (CRT) that served as emotional summaries of unique combinations of appraisal features. A range of CRTs was evidenced at 6 months after loss, with positive CRTs, such as love/affection and pride, occurring most frequently. As a way to examine competing models of coping with loss, CRTs were grouped by goal-congruence (positive/negative) and appraisal features (self/interpersonal) into four thematic categories, and they were compared with 6-, 14-, and 25-month outcome. Results contradicted the traditional “grief work” perspective, but they were consistent with the alternative view that recovery is fostered by identity continuity and a continued emotional bond with the deceased. With initial symptoms and Dyadic Adjustment Scale scores controlled, enhanced self themes (e.g., self-pride) and interpersonal affirmation themes (e.g., pride in the deceased) were each associated with improved functioning over time, whereas interpersonal discord themes (e.g., anger at the deceased) were associated with chronic grief.
Was the Holocene Climate Uniquely Benign or Is the Eemian Catching Cold from the Reinforcement Syndrome Virus

It has been recently proposed, based on the comparison between the upper and lower part of the GRIP Greenland ice core that the Holocene climate is uniquely stable and benign in contrast to the supposedly highly variable Eemian climates. This conclusion is questionable. The evidence presented here shows that with very high probability the Eemian lasted considerably longer than the Holocene and that the climates of the elapsed part of the current interglacial in many parts of the world were far from uniform and certainly no more benign than in the corresponding segment of the last interglacial. If the future natural climate development were to follow the Eemian blueprint, the start of the next glacial would be still many millennia ahead.
Specimen Preparation for Electron Microscopy

The purpose of fixation is twofold: to bring about the rapid cessation of biological activity and to preserve the structure of the cell. Ideally, the colloidal Suspension of the cytoplasm and organelles within a cell is turned into a gel that maintains the spatial relationship of the components while providing sufficient stability for them to survive the solvent action of aqueous buffers, dehydration agents, and plastic resins. The objective is to process tissues and cells without significant changes in size, shape, and positional relationships of the cellular components and to preserve as much of the biological activity and chemical nature of cellular constituents, such as enzymes and antigenic proteins.
Prevalence of Eating Disorders Among US Children Aged 9 to 10 Years: Data From the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study

This study extrapolates data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study to estimate the prevalence of eating disorders in US preadolescent children.
Relationship between turbulent structures and heat transfer in microfin enhanced surfaces using large eddy simulations and particle image velocimetry

Abstract Internally enhanced surfaces such as micro-fins are an important class of heat transfer enhancement in commercial applications. Many research papers discuss the design and optima of these surfaces. However, most previous studies have demonstrated only the macro relationship between the geometries of the micro-fins and heat transfer. The need for a deeper understanding of these fins arose from some currently unsolved problems that limit future development of enhanced surfaces. First, why are increases of heat transfer larger than area increases in micro-finned tubes in most cases? Second, why do internally micro-finned tubes typically have lower heat-transfer-enhanced ratios in laminar and transition flows? This work presents a novel method to analyze the detailed relationship between flow characteristics and heat transfer for one type of micro-fin. The goal of the paper was not to find a new Reynolds number-based correlation, but to find flow patterns responsible for heat transfer enhancement and understand the mechanisms that cause this. First, this paper introduces comprehensive experimental measurements including particle image velocimetry (PIV), measurement of the heat transfer coefficient and accuracy of pressure-drop measurements, all used to validate numerical approaches. Validated large eddy simulations (LES) are then used to predict flow characteristics and coherent structures (Q criterion). The numerical simulation includes both heat conduction in the metal structure and heat convection on the solid–fluid interface. Finally, the paper documents how the flow structures link with the enhancement of heat transfer in the micro-finned duct.
Distinction of low-grade endometrioid carcinoma in endometrial samplings from high-grade mimics: a practical pattern-based approach

Abstract Low grade endometrioid carcinoma may exhibit a diverse spectrum of morphological variations that mimic high grade cancers. In an endometrial sampling, the distinction between low grade endometrioid carcinoma versus higher grades or other tumor types of carcinoma directly affects clinical decisions regarding the type and extent of surgery and lymph node dissection. This review takes a practical pattern-based approach to this differential diagnosis, highlighting glandular, papillary, solid, spindle-cell, clear-cell rich, mucin-rich, and necrotic patterns of low grade endometrioid carcinoma. Morphological distinctions and immunohistochemical strategies for navigating common diagnostic pitfalls are discussed in alignment with the consensus recommendations on tumor typing from the 2019 International Society of Gynecological Pathologists' Endometrial Cancer Project.
FRET Reporter Assays for cAMP and Calcium in a 96-well Format Using Genetically Encoded Biosensors Expressed in Living Cells

Stimulation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) by hormones and neurotransmitters elicits cellular responses, many of which result from alterations in the concentrations of cytosolic cAMP and Ca2+. Here, we describe a microplate reader fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay that uses the genetically encoded biosensors H188 and YC3.60 so that it is possible to monitor the kinetics with which alterations of [cAMP] or [Ca2+] occur in monolayers or suspensions of living cells exposed to GPCR agonists. This protocol uses HEK293 cell lines doubly transfected with a FRET biosensor and a recombinant GPCR of interest (e.g., glucagon receptors, CCK2 receptors, or NPY2R receptors). The protocol allows for rapid screening of small molecule GPCR agonists and antagonists, and it is also useful for discovery of synthetic mono-, dual-, and tri- agonist peptides with GPCR activating properties.
Medication-specific variations in morphological patterns of injury in immune check-point inhibitor-associated colitis.

AIMS A varied spectrum of histopathological changes has been associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) colitis. This study was performed to evaluate the prevalence of different histopathological patterns of injury in patients with ICI colitis and their association with specific immune check-point inhibitors. METHODS AND RESULTS Biopsies from patients with clinically and histologically confirmed ICI colitis were reviewed blindly to determine the predominant pattern of injury and to quantitate discrete histological parameters using the Geboes score. Paneth cell metaplasia, intraepithelial lymphocytes, abnormal subepithelial collagen and degree of crypt epithelial apoptosis was also recorded. A total of 86 patients with ICI colitis (ipilimumab, n = 14; ipilimumab + nivolumab, n = 29; nivolumab, n = 20 and pembrolizumab, n = 23) were included. The patterns of injury identified included diffuse active colitis (n = 22), chronic active colitis (n = 22), lymphocytic colitis (LC, n = 16), collagenous colitis (CC, n = 14), graft-versus-host disease-like colitis (n = 7) and mixed colitis (n = 5). Patients on ipilimumab were more likely to have a diffuse active colitis pattern without features of chronicity (P < 0.01) and less likely to have LC (P < 0.05) compared to other ICIs. LC and CC were more common in patients on nivolumab and pembrolizumab relative to other groups (P < 0.05). Chronic active colitis was most frequent in nivolumab patients (P < 0.05), and these patients had received more ICI doses and had been on ICI treatment longer compared to other treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS ICI colitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of all the common inflammatory patterns of colitis and shows medication specific differences in patterns of injury.
On Radio Quiescence of Anomalous X-ray Pulsars and Soft Gamma-Ray Repeaters

In the hot environments of the anomalous X-ray pulsars and the soft gamma-ray repeaters, as indicated by their luminous, pulsed, quiescent X-ray emission, $\gamma$-rays generated from the inner gaps may have shorter attenuation lengths via two photon pair production than via magnetic photon splitting. The AXP/SGR environments may not be pairless, even if photon splitting could completely suppress one photon pair production in super-strong magnetic fields, as conjectured by Baring & Harding. Two-photon pair production more likely occurs near the threshold, which tends to generate low energy pairs that are not energetic enough to power radio emission in the observed bands. However, emission in longer wavelengths may not be prohibited in principle if these objects are indeed magnetars. The so-called ``photon splitting deathlines'' are still valid for high magnetic field pulsars which are much dimmer in X-rays, if $\gamma$-rays with both polarization modes split.
Effective COVID-19 Screening using Chest Radiography Images via Deep Learning

Timely and accurate screening/testing is crucial to fighting COVID-19. Compared to commonly used reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), chest radiography imaging (X-ray) is also a reliable, practical and rapid method to diagnose and assess COVID-19. In this paper, two types of deep learning models, namely, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Residual Neural Networks (ResNet) have been designed and tested for accurate diagnosis of COVID-19 with chest X-ray images. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Spectral Breathing and Its Mitigation in Digital Fractional- N PLLs

Although digital phase-locked loops (PLLs) offer several advantages over their analog counterparts, they suffer from a major disadvantage that is rarely mentioned in published articles. The disadvantage, known as spectral breathing, is caused by component mismatches among the frequency control elements within a PLL’s digitally controlled oscillator (DCO). The mismatches introduce DCO frequency modulation nonlinearity which fluctuates and, therefore, causes erratic variations in the PLL’s measured phase noise spectrum as the DCO’s free-running frequency drifts. The phenomenon is called spectral breathing because the measured phase noise spectrum tends to slowly swell and contract over time as if taking breaths of air. During these breaths, the PLL’s phase noise often becomes severely degraded. This article presents an experimental demonstration of the spectral breathing phenomenon and its solution in a digital fractional- $N$ PLL. The demonstrated solution is a multi-rate dynamic element matching technique and a mismatch-noise cancellation technique that together eliminate spectral breathing.
Machine learning versus Deep Learning in Low Yield Wafer Map Classification

Wafer maps provide important information in investigating the root causes of low yields during semiconductor manufacturing processes. This paper discusses and compares two methods of wafer map classification, machine learning and deep learning. Wafer map classification is important, because different wafer map defect signatures can be attributed to different root causes for low yield investigation. The automated classification of wafer maps will allow for early defect detection which leads to improved yield enhancement.
Carbon Taxes in Theory and Practice

As of 2020, carbon taxes were in effect in 30 jurisdictions around the world. This article provides a theoretical overview of carbon taxes along with some empirical evidence on the macroeconomic im...
Accelerating Access to Clean Cooking Will Require a Heart-Head-and-Hands Approach

The world is far off track from achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7 target for universal access to clean cooking by 2030 owing to a lack of prioritization. Breaking this impasse requires transformative public- and private-sector solutions and large-scale investments that can improve the overall cooking ecosystem with end users' needs at the centre. Recent trends in designing more effective solutions are gaining momentum. By working together with a 'heart-head-and-hands approach', stakeholders can move the needle forward on clean cooking, and in the process, contribute to the SDGs for health and well-being, women's empowerment, and a cleaner environment.
Chapter 5 Amino Acid Neurotransmitter Candidates

Publisher Summary In this chapter, substantial evidence has been accumulated suggesting that certain amino acids may serve as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Of the sixteen electrophysiologically active amino acids present in the mammalian CNS, there are only two, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine, for which potent antagonists are known. Neurotransmitter candidates may be classified as inhibitory or excitatory, depending on the electrophysiological response to the agent. Inhibitory transmitters cause hyperpolarization or partial depolarization of nerve cells, inhibiting cell firing, whereas excitatory transmitters cause depolarization sufficient to generate an action potential. A glycine-like, sulphur containing amino acid, taurine is found in reasonably high concentrations throughout the mammalian central nervous system and in heart. Like glycine, the action of taurine is inhibited by strychnine, though in other brain areas, such as the cerebral cortex, its action is blocked by both strychnine and bicuculline. Another sulphur containing amino acid related to taurine, 3-amino-1-propanesulfonic acid (N), is a potent and relatively specific, (bicuculline- sensitive strychnine-insensitive) GABA receptor agonist. The simplest amino acid, glycine, may serve as a neurotransmitter primarily in the spinal cord and brain stem. GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. Glutamic and Aspartic Acids have a similar action and distribution in the central nervous system. With respect to their postsynaptic action, both glutamate and aspartate evoke an excitatory response from the central nervous system neurons. This chapter also explores that some of the excitant amino acids and their analogues, such as kainic acid, are nerve cell toxins. Therefore, potent and specific antagonists for excitant amino acids may be capable of preventing or delaying some types of neuronal degeneration.
GEDS: GPU execution of spatio-temporal queries over spatio-temporal data streams

Much research exists for the efficient processing of spatio-temporal data streams. However, all methods ultimately rely on an ill-equipped processor [22], namely a CPU, to evaluate concurrent, continuous spatio-temporal queries over these data streams. This paper presents GEDS, a scalable, Graphics Processing Unit GPU-based framework for the evaluation of continuous queries over spatio-temporal data streams. Specifically, GEDS employs the computation sharing and parallel processing paradigms to deliver scalability in the evaluation of continuous, spatio-temporal range queries and continuous, spatio-temporal kNN queries. The GEDS framework utilizes the parallel processing capability of the GPU, a stream processor by trade, to handle the computation required in this application. Experimental evaluation shows promising performance and shows the scalability and efficacy of GEDS in spatio-temporal data streaming environments. Additional performance studies demonstrate that, even in light of the costs associated with memory transfers, the parallel processing power provided by GEDS clearly counters and outweighs any associated costs.
Prostaglandin E2 vaginal suppository as a midtrimester abortifacient.

Abstract The efficacy of prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) vaginal suppositories as an abortifacient was evaluated in 40 women between 16 and 20 weeks' gestation. All pregnancies were successfully terminated with a mean time of 12.7 hours (S.D. 5.7). Eight patients (20 per cent) were treated with oxytocin augmentation after spontaneous rupture of the membranes during PGE 2 vaginal suppository therapy. Gastrointestinal side effects and drug fever were frequent but self-limiting. The success of this approach eliminates amniocentesis for drug instillation as well as the supplementary use of intravenous oxytocin in high concentrations and/or intracervical laminaria.
When Money Is Tight, Is Strict Scrutiny Loose? Cost Sensitivity as a Compelling Governmental Interest under the Religious Land Use & Institutionalized Persons Act of 2000

In this article, I demonstrate that a growing number of the lower federal courts are misinterpreting a key provision of the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act of 2000 (RLUIPA); in doing so, the courts are permitting state governments to violate state prison inmates' First Amendment free exercise rights.By way of background, RLUIPA calls for strict scrutiny review of prison regulations that burden inmates' religious exercise - such burdensome regulations must be the least restrictive means of furthering a compelling governmental interest. Generally, under the Supreme Court's strict scrutiny jurisprudence, a government's desire to spend less money is not a compelling governmental interest. A government cannot, say, discriminate on the basis of race simply because it might somehow be less expensive to do so. But a growing number of courts are holding just the opposite in RLUIPA cases, and are permitting state governments to violate inmate's free exercise rights when to do otherwise might cost the state money. My thesis is that this is an incorrect reading of RLUIPA and that such budgetary concerns are not a compelling governmental interest.
Electron microscopy of scallop myosin: Location of regulatory light chains

The heads of the Ca2+-sensitive myosin molecules from scallop muscle, contrasted for electron microscopy by rotary shadowing, display two appearances depending on the presence or absence of the regulatory light chains. The heads of intact myosin appear “pear-shaped” as described for vertebrate myosin (Elliott & Offer, 1978): they are widest at the end remote from the tail and taper to a narrower neck near their junction with the tail. In contrast, myosin heads that lack the regulatory light chains appear more globular. The neck region is no longer visible: the rounded heads appear directly attached to the tail or there is an apparent gap between the head and the tail. Two preparations of myosin subfragment-1 that differ in light chain content show a similar difference in appearance. Fab fragments of antibodies specific for the light chains bind to the myosin heads and can also be visualized in the electron microscope using rotary shadowing. Both Fab fragments specific for the regulatory light chains and Fab fragments specific for the essential light chains bind preferentially to intact scallop myosin in the narrow region of the myosin head near its junction with the tail.
A Review of The Tipping Point by Malcolm Gladwell

The Tipping Point (TTP) by Malcolm Gladwell is marketed as a book that questions conventional beliefs about social change. The author takes aim at the belief that social change takes place graduall...
Relaxation Oscillations in Tidally Evolving Satellites

We study the rotational evolution under tidal torques of axisymmetric natural satellites in inclined, precessing orbits. In the spin- and orbit-averaged equations of motion, we find that a global limit cycle exists for parameter values near the stability limit of Cassini state $$\mathcal{S}_1 $$ . The limit cycle involves an alternation between states of near-synchronous spin at low obliquity, and strongly subsynchronous spin at an obliquity near 90°. This dynamical feature is characterized as a relaxation oscillation, arising as the system slowly traverses two saddle-node bifurcations in a reduced system. This slow timescale is controlled by e, the nondimensional tidal dissipation rate. Unfortunately, a straightforward expansion of the governing equations for small e is shown to be insufficient for understanding the underlying structure of the system. Rather, the dynamical equations of motion possess a singular term, multiplied by e, which vanishes in the unperturbed system. We thus provide a demonstration that a dissipatively perturbed conservative system can behave qualitatively differently from the unperturbed system.
Highlights of the International Symposium on the Three-Body Force in the Three-Nucleon System

The International Symposium on the Three-Body Force in the Three-Nucleon System was held at the George Washington University in Washington, DC on April 24–28, 1986. It was attended by 122 physicists from 58 universities and national laboratories in 14 countries.
Eyes and Glass Curtains: Visual Accomodation, the Mandelbaum Effect, and Apparent Size

During vehicle operation visual acquisition of information frequently occurs through an interposed surface, e.g., a windscreen. Then the eye may focus either the windscreen or the distant object. C...
Unseen Teachers and the Limits of Diversity

In Plato’s Protagoras, Socrates raises the question of whether the art of citizenship can be taught; he then takes the position that it cannot. To support his claim, Socrates observes that the Athenians themselves act as though virtue cannot be taught and, in fact, the very best Athenians do not pass virtue on to their sons, either by undertaking to teach it themselves or by hiring someone else to teach it to them. Protagoras, though, having presented himself as one who will form his students into good citizens by making them better and better persons every day, seeks to refute Socrates’ argument (318b and 319a). Towards the end of his reply to Socrates, Protagoras turns on him and says, “As it is, Socrates, you affect delicate sensibilities, because everyone here is a teacher of virtue, to the best of his ability, and you can’t see a single one. You might as well look for a teacher of Greek; you wouldn’t find a single one of those either” (327e–328a). This is a striking observation that Plato gives to Protagoras, namely that there are some things for which teachers are all around even when neither seen nor recognized. It is just this — something that everyone teaches but for which no teachers are seen — that, it will be argued, marks a decisive boundary of diversity, in fact a limit of tolerable diversity.
Universal Anytime Coding

We show the existence of codes for anytime coding over compound channels - i.e. codes that operate without knowledge of the transition probabilities of the communication channel. The anytime error exponent achieved is the same as if the decoder were given the probabilities governing the realized channel and allowed to do maximum likelihood decoding. Because of the equivalence between system stabilization over noisy feedback channels and communication over noisy channels, the results immediately give sufficient conditions for stabilization over compound channels.
Effect of guest molecule flexibility in access to dendritic interiors.

Dendrimers are attractive scaffolds for catalysis, since catalytic sites can be isolated and the catalysts are recoverable and reusable. Herein, we show that conformationally constrained molecules have better access to dendritic cores compared to the more flexible counterparts. The results reported here should have implications in utilizing dendrimers as scaffolds for artificial selectivity in catalysis.
Fantile Autism. I: A Prospective Study of the Diagnosis

SUMMARY A prospective study was made of 200 consecutive children to evaluate the usefulness in the diagnosis of infantile autism of the behavioral scale reported by Clancy and coworkers in 1969. On this scale seven or more of 14 behavioral manifestations must be present before a diagnosis of autism can be made. Using this scale alone, 48 of the 200 children studied were ‘scale positive’, i.e. could be considered autistic. However, further study of this group showed that only one child fulfilled the classical criteria of Kanner (1943) for a diagnosis of early infantile autism. Scale ‘positivity’ was found to correlate with mental retardation and to be associated with other developmental defects, especially learning disorders and hearing loss. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Kindlicher Autismus. I: eine prospektive Untersuchung der Diagnose Bei 200 Kindern wurde eine prospektive Studie durchgefuhrt, um die Anwendbarkeit einer Verhaltensskala, die 1969 von Clancy und Mitarbeitern veroffentlicht wurde, zu beurteilen. In dieser Bewertungsskala wurde gefordert, das sieben oder mehr von 14 Verhaltensmustern vorhanden sein mussen, um die Diagnose Autismus zu stellen. Wenn man nur diese Bewertungsskala benutzte, waren 48 der 200 Kinder ‘positiv’, d.h. konnten als autistisch angesehen werden. Wenn jedoch intensivere Untersuchungen dieser Gruppe durchgefuhrt wurden, entsprach nur ein Kind den klassischen Kriterien von Kanner (1943) fur die Diagnose des fruhkindlichen Autismus. Positivitat in der Verhaltensskala wurde korreliert mit geistiger Retardierung und mit anderen Entwicklungsstorungen besonders Lernschwierigkeiten und Horverlust in Verbindung gebracht. RESUMEN Autismo infantil. I: un estudio prospective) del diagnostico Se realizo un estudio prospectivo de 200 ninos consecutivos, para evaluar la utilidad de una escala de comportamiento descrita por Clancy y col. en 1969. Con esta escala se dijo que siete o mas de 14 manifestaciones de comportamiento pueden hacerse presentes antes de que pueda realizarse el diagnostico de autismo. Utilizando solo esta escala, el 48 de los 200 ninos eran escala ‘positivos’, esto es, podrian ser considerados como autisticos. Sin embargo, cuando se aplico al grupo un estudio mas intensivo, solo un nino cumplio los criterios clasicos de Kanner (1943) para un diagnostico de autismo infantil precoz. La positividad a la escala se relaciono con retardo mental y fue asociada con otros defectos del desarrollo, especialmente alteraciones en el aprendizaje y perdidas de audicion.
The ATP/DNA Ratio Is a Better Indicator of Islet Cell Viability Than the ADP/ATP Ratio

Real-time, accurate assessment of islet viability is critical for avoiding transplantation of nontherapeutic preparations. Measurements of the intracellular ADP/ATP ratio have been recently proposed as useful prospective estimates of islet cell viability and potency. However, dead cells may be rapidly depleted of both ATP and ADP, which would render the ratio incapable of accounting for dead cells. Since the DNA of dead cells is expected to remain stable over prolonged periods of time (days), we hypothesized that use of the ATP/DNA ratio would take into account dead cells and may be a better indicator of islet cell viability than the ADP/ATP ratio. We tested this hypothesis using mixtures of healthy and lethally heat-treated (HT) rat insulinoma cells and human islets. Measurements of ATP/DNA and ADP/ATP from the known mixtures of healthy and HT cells and islets were used to evaluate how well these parameters correlated with viability. The results indicated that ATP and ADP were rapidly (within 1 hour) depleted in HT cells. The fraction of HT cells in a mixture correlated linearly with the ATP/DNA ratio, whereas the ADP/ADP ratio was highly scattered, remaining effectively unchanged. Despite similar limitations in both ADP/ADP and ATP/DNA ratios, in that ATP levels may fluctuate significantly and reversibly with metabolic stress, the results indicated that ATP/DNA was a better measure of islet viability than the ADP/ATP ratio.
Low-spin sulfite reductases: A new homologous group of non-heme iron-siroheme proteins in anaerobic bacteria

Summary Two new low molecular weight proteins with sulfite reductase activity, isolated from Methanosarcina barkeri (DSM 800) and Desulfuromonas acetoxidans (strain 5071), were studied by EPR and optical spectroscopic techniques. Both proteins have visible spectra similar to that of the low-spin sulfite reductase of Desu1fovibrio vulgaris strain Hildenborough and no band at 715 nm, characteristic of high-spin Fe 3+ complexes in isobacteriochlorins is observed. EPR shows that as isolated the siroheme is in a low-spin ferric state (S=1/2) with g-values at 2.40, 2.30 and 1.88 for the Methanosarcina barkeri enzyme and g-values at 2.44, 2.33 and 1.81 for the Desulfuromonas acetoxidans enzyme. Chemical analysis shows that both proteins contain one siroheme and one [Fe 4 S 4 ] center per polypeptidic chain. These results suggest that the low molecular weight, low-spin non-heme iron siroheme proteins represent a new homologous class of sulfite reductases common to anaerobic microorganisms.
Recovery from aphasia following extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery: case report.

Abstract The Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Exam and brief measures of memory, stereognosis, and limb praxis were administered to an extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery patient with moderately severe transcortical aphasia preoperatively and postoperatively. Significant improvement in language function was documented 2 days following surgery. Three month followup demonstrated continued improvement across all major areas of language function. These improvements were not felt to be attributable to practice effect, the natural remission of aphasic symptomatology or change in general medical status. Our experience with this patient leads us to speculate that patients with multivessel occlusive disease limiting cerebral oxygen supply to the vascular borderzone area may be more likely to benefit from bypass surgery and an increase in cerebral blood flow than some other subgroups of patients with cerebro-vascular disorders.
The influence of hydrocarbons in MOVPE GaAs growth: Improved detection of carbon by secondary ion mass spectroscopy

Abstract The quantitative measurement of carbon concentration in films grown by MOVPE is required to elucidate both the growth reactions and the influence of reaction-by-products. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) can determine the total carbon content in a layer and complement measurements of the electrically active carbon. The presence of carbon compounds in the residual gas background of SIMS instrument has typically limited the carbon detection limits to ∼1017 cm−3. We have developed alternative SIMS techniques for the detection of carbon by utilizing the analyte ion, As13C−, yielding detection limits down to 1014–1015 cm−3 for 13C in GaAs. We have applied this technique to the study of the incorporation of carbon from CH4 and isotropically enriched C2H2, C2H4, and C3H6 during the MOVPE growth of GaAs.
The craniofacial air sac system of Mesozoic birds (Aves)

Birds are characterized by pneumatization of their skeletons by epithelial diverticula from larger, air—filled cavities. The diverticula—or ‘air sacs’—that invade the postcranium result from outgrowths of the lungs; postcranial pneumaticity has been very well studied. Much more poorly understood are the air sacs that pneumatize the skull. Study of craniofacial pneumaticity in modern birds (Neornithes) indicates the presence of two separate systems: nasal pneumaticity and tympanic pneumaticity. The lacrimal and maxillary bones are pneumatized by diverticula of the main paranasal cavity, the antorbital sinus. There are five tympanic diverticula in neornithines that pneumatic the quadrate, articulare and the bones of the braincase. The pneumatic features of the following six genera of Mesozoic birds are examined: Archaeopteryx, Enaliornis, Baptornis, Parahesperornis, Hesperornis and Ichthyornis. Despite the ‘archaic’ aspect of most of these birds, many of the pneumatic features of neornithines are found in Mesozoic birds and are considered primitive for Aves. The phylogenetic levels at which most of the avian pneumatic features arose within Archosauria are uncertain. Until the phylogenetic levels at which homologous pneumatic features arose are determined, it is unwise to use most pneumatic characters in the discussion of avian origins. Within avian phylogeny, Ornithurae and Neornithes are well–supported by pneumatic synapomorphies. There is a trend towards reduction of craniofacial pneumaticity within Hesperornithiformes. Within Neornithes, four derived pneumatic characters suggest that the Palaeognathae (ratites and tinamous) is monophyletic.
Physics of transduction in ionic liquid-swollen Nafion membranes

Ionic polymer transducers are a class of electroactive polymers that are able to generate large strains (1-5%) in response to low voltage inputs (1-5 V). Additionally, these materials generate electrical charge in response to mechanical strain and are therefore able to operate as soft, distributed sensors. Traditionally, ionic polymer transducers have been limited in their application by their hydration dependence. This work seeks to overcome this limitation by replacing the water with an ionic liquid. Ionic liquids are molten salts that exhibit very high thermal and electrochemical stability while also possessing high ionic conductivity. Results have shown that an ionic liquid-swollen ionic polymer transducer can operate for more than 250,000 cycles in air as compared to about 2,000 cycles for a water-swollen transducer. The current work examines the mechanisms of transduction in ionic liquid-swollen transducers based on Nafion polymer membranes. Specifically, the morphology and relevant ion associations within these membranes are investigated by the use of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). These results reveal that the ionic liquid interacts with the membrane in much the same way that water does, and that the counterions of the Nafion polymer are the primary charge carriers. The results of these analyses are compared to the macroscopic transduction behavior in order to develop a model of the charge transport mechanism responsible for electromechanical coupling in these membranes.
A Cause for Concern: Male Couples’ Sexual Agreements and Their Use of Substances with Sex

Substance use is strongly associated with HIV risk among gay men. Many gay couples establish sexual agreements. However, little is known about gay couples’ use of substances with sex, and whether substance use is associated with couples’ agreements. The present study assessed whether gay couples’ use of substances with sex was associated with their establishment of, type of, and adherence to, a sexual agreement. Dyadic data from 275 HIV-negative US gay couples were collected online in a nation-wide, cross-sectional study, and analyzed at the couple-level. Findings revealed that couples with an established agreement, and a recently broken agreement, were more likely to have used amyl nitrates and marijuana with sex within their relationship. This same trend was also noted, but for alcohol use with sex outside of couples’ relationships. Further research is urgently needed to examine the fluidity of HIV-negative gay male couples’ sexual agreements and substance use with sex.
Slip effects in reinforced concrete beams with mechanically fastened FRP strip

Abstract This investigation concerns the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with a mechanically fastened pultruded FRP strip (MF-FRP beams). Twelve small size MF-FRP beams and two control RC beams were tested under flexural loading. The main failure mode observed in this experimental program was nail rotation and bearing damage under increasing flexural load, which resulted in FRP slip with respect to the soffit of the RC-beam and loss of stress transfer. Strain gage data and visual observations obtained during the experiments provided useful insight for developing a new procedure for estimating the nominal moment capacity of the MF-FRP beams. The proposed method is guided by experimental evidence pointing to the significance of nail rotation associated with flexural cracking in RC beams. The developed procedure, based on a “strain reduction factor” of 24%, is able to estimate the nominal moment capacity of the MF-FRP beams with good accuracy.
Possible solar influences on the dust profile of the GISP2 Ice Core from central Greenland

The Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2) ice core dust profile in glacial (Wisconsinan) ice from Central Greenland has been measured using Laser-Light Scattering (LLS) from ice. This data exhibits considerable high frequency variability. By applying appropriate running averages to the data, certain regularities emerge. Thus, for example, when the data was smoothed with rectangular 4 and 5 year running averages, ∼11 year dust modulations of considerable amplitude were revealed. In this paper, we show how further smoothing of the data causes very large, longer period dust modulations centered at ∼91 years in a Gaussian distribution to emerge. We believe that this corresponds to the 80–90 year modulation of the 11 year sunspot cycle first suggested by Gleissberg. We also show how adjacent 11 year dust periods can combine in a unique way to generate a 22 year (Hale) period of dust modulation. The way this occurs is similar to that by which a 22 year modulation of the measured terrestrial neutron flux is generated from two 11 year periods. Taken together with our observation of a ∼200 year (Suess) dust modulation period, these observations strengthen our claim that the dust modulations we measured in GISP2 ice are solar induced and suggest a mechanism for their production.
Changes in portal circulation after biliary obstruction in dogs

Summary Eighteen mongrel dogs were studied before and at three and four week intervals after common bile duct ligation in regard to changes in results of hepatic function tests and histology, portal pressures, and the degree of portasystemic shunting of differently labelled 15 ± 5 and 25 ± 5 μ particles injected into the portal vein. The demonstration of sinusoidal dilatation and increased intrahepatic portasystemic shunting at the 15 μ level in the majority of dogs by the fourth week of biliary obstruction, and its correlation with changes in portal pressure, are discussed in the light of the irreversible decreases in effective liver blood flow previously reported by one of the authors.
Invasion of Peanut fruits by Aspergillus flavus and other fungi.

Intensive studies of the mycoflora of ‘Dixie Spanish’ peanuts grown under different combinations of tillage, organic matter, and previous crop revealed no consistent reduction in either Total Fungi,A spergillus spp.A. niger, A. flavus, Penicillium spp., orFusarium spp. for any of the 16 combinations studied. The level of fungous invasion in apparently sound peanut shells and seeds was consistently high, but the species composition of this flora changed as the season progressed.Penicillium was the most common genus, being isolated from over half the shells sampled. The level in seeds was lower, but in both shells and seeds there were morePenicillium spp. in fruits in the ground than in fruits from stacks.A spergillus spp. occurred at lower levels thanPenicillium, but they also decreased in fruits in the stack. Of particular interest is the fact that at all three collecting dates the amount ofAspergillus isolated from seeds was at least twice that from shells. The lower frequency of certain fungi in fruits from stacks is undoubtedly related to the lower moisture level in the drying fruits. Other fungi, especiallyFusarium spp., increase sharply in the dried tissues so that the overall level of invasion remains high. This may be of considerable practical importance since certain species ofFusarium are now known to produce toxins. Whether the increase in these fungi is due to their ability to grow under conditions of low moisture or is related to altered interspecific competition resulting from differences in the abilities of other species to survive the dry habitat, or both, is uncertain.
A 3D Soft-EHL Model for Simulating Feature-scale Defects in Advanced Node ICs

A new multiphysics, multiscale framework is presented which is capable of capturing and predicting both wafer-scale and feature-scale defects. Through physics-based modeling, the empirical wear/Preston coefficient often found in popular feature scale models has been eliminated. Simulation results show the topography evolution of an actual metal 1 layout between two dies located in different positions on a wafer during the CMP process.
Epithelial changes in vaginal isografts in male mice.

Summary1. Isografts of intact immature vaginas grew maximally in castrated male mice with ovarian transplants and minimally in intact males with similar grafts. Growth was intermediate in castrated or intact males without ovarian grafts. 2. Vaginal grafts showed one or 2 estrous phases in castrated males with ovarian grafts between 4 and 5 months after grafting but otherwise remained in late proestrus. Such activity did not occur in castrated males without ovarian transplants or in intact males with or without ovarian transplants, vaginal grafts in these hosts remaining in diestrus.