cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Demodex aurati sp.nov. and D. criceti, ectoparasites of the Golden Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)

A new species, Demodex aurati, is described from the Golden Hamster, Mesocricetus auratus. It differs in both morphological detail and ecological niche from D. criceti present on the same host.When pieces of heavily parasitized skin were ‘subplanted’ for 100 days no change in morphological features of either D. aurati or D. criceti occurred.D. aurati is a low grade pathogen, apparently only harvesting the cells of the follicular epithelium.The life cycle of D. aurati is described.The presence on one host species of two different species of this genus, which has affinities with demodicids of evolutionally remotely related hosts, poses an interesting problem in species specificity and ectoparasite evolution.I wish to thank Dr Miriam Shaw, Miss Shirley DiBenedetto and Miss Helen Krause for their excellent technical help, and Dr Lawrence Bartlett and Dr Harold Rauch for perusal of the manuscript and suggestions on project procedure.This investigation was supported by a research grant E-562 from the Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, of the National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service.
A cross sectional analysis of the relationship between childhood obesity and craniofacial dimensions in a population receiving orthodontic treatment.

A CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHILDHOOD OBESITY AND CRANIOFACIAL DIMENSIONS IN A POPULATION RECEIVING ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT Daniel M. Eves, D.M.D. April 7, 2005 The purpose of this study was to determine if obesity impacts craniofacial dimensions in adolescent and teenage subjects. Twenty-one cephalometric measurements were selected as a basis for comparison between normal weight, overweight and obese children. The subjects were weighed, measured, and placed into one of the three groups based on their Body Mass Index (BMI). Lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken, traced and digitized on all patients. The various measurements were analyzed to determine if there were any statistically significant differences between any of the measurements when compared on the basis of BM!. The following seven measurements showed a statistically significant difference when evaluated on the basis of BM!: SNA, maxillary unit length, SNB, corpus length, mandibular unit length, soft tissue convexity and soft tissue facial height ratio. Comparisons were also made on the basis of gender and age. Three of the measurements for gender showed a statistically significant difference: S-N, maxillary unit length and mandibular unit length. Similarly, three of the
An extremal length characterization of closed sets with zero logarithmic capacity on quasicircles

In this note we extend Pfluger's theorem relating logarithmic capacity and extremal length for closed subsets on the unit disc to closed subsets on quasicircles.
Germplasm Resources and Conservation

In earlier chapters, procedures were discussed by which plant breeders could extend the range of genetic variability in crop plants. These processes—gene recombination, polyploidy, and mutation—are not new innovations. They extend the natural forces by which present cultivated crop species have evolved and reached the forms in which we know them today. This evolutionary process has taken thousands of years, beginning long before civilization itself and continuing today. In the breeding of crop plants, people have learned to exploit and utilize the product of these forces and to accelerate the evolutionary process through genetic manipulation. Our acceleration of the evolutionary process, by plant breeding, has gained such momentum in recent years that through its success it portends to obliterate the vestiges of many naturally evolving crop plant populations and to replace them with modern crop varieties. This is one of the unfortunate consequences of the success of plant breeding because it means loss of irreplaceable germplasm of native cultivated varieties and wild genotypes.
Liberal Imperialist Nostalgia and the Mapping of History

This paper examines the nostalgic historical narratives of imperialists in Britain and America at the book ends of the twentieth-century, two periods dominated ideologically by a liberalism caught up in the rhetorical perils of justifying empire combined with a fear of empire's decline. The paper compares the war-time writings of League of Nations advocate and South African Prime Minister Jan Smuts with the post September eleventh writings of Michael Ignatieff. I look specifically at the way each man responded to the perceived crisis of empire by fashioning nostalgic readings of history that mapped out the liberal state's trajectory through time and fixed liberal identity within clear set of bounded, unchanging characteristics. Simultaneously, these men also mourned the decline of a shining liberal tradition fallen into dissoluteness. In contrast to Wendy Brown who argues that liberals have only engaged in the construction of nostalgic, 'mytho-historical accounts' of history since the end of the cold war, I suggest that modern liberals have constructed nostalgic accounts of their own history before and that such accounts can be read as a necessary supplement to a liberal politics of empire.
BAFF (B cell activating factor) transcript level in peripheral blood of patients with SLE is associated with same-day disease activity as well as global activity over the next year

Objectives Quantitating gene expression is a potential method of developing biomarkers in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Because of the known pathological role of B cell activating factor (BAFF) in SLE, we explored the association between BAFF gene expression and clinical activity in SLE. Methods A total of 275 patients with SLE completed this phase of a prospective observational study. At entry into the study, the BAFF gene expression levels were determined in peripheral blood RNA. Serum concentration of BAFF protein was also measured. We then determined clinical associations with SLE disease history, SLE activity on the same day and SLE activity over the course of the next year. Results Elevated BAFF gene expression was associated with a history of more leucopenia and serologically with more autoantibodies (anti-dsDNA, anti-Sm, anti-Ro, anti-La and anti-RNP) and low complement. Patients with higher amounts of BAFF transcript had higher measured levels of clinical disease activity. Initial high levels of BAFF gene expression also predicted increased disease activity over the course of the next year. In contrast, serum concentration of BAFF protein was not strongly associated with same-day global disease activity or with future disease activity. Conclusions BAFF gene expression level is associated with clinical and serological SLE activity on the same day and predictive of clinical activity over the next year. BAFF gene expression is a better measure and predictor of SLE disease activity than the serum BAFF protein level.
Abstract 1181: Expression of epithelial splicing regulatory protein 1 and 2 in ovarian cancer

Epithelial Splicing Regulatory Proteins (ESRP1 and ESRP2) have recently been reported as RNA binding proteins that regulate epithelial specific splicing. We identified over-expression of ESRP1 and ESRP2 in ovarian cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the extent of expression of ESRP1 and ESRP2 in ovarian cancers and to examine whether its expression affects the abundance of the epithelial isoform of the Fibroblast Growth Factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) in ovarian cancer. Furthermore, we studied the regulation of FGFR2 splicing following knock-down of ESRPs in ovarian cancer cells. Affymetrix U133 Plus2.0 Array and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions (qRT-PCR) were used to measure gene expression levels in ovarian cancers and normal ovaries. ESRP1, ESRP2, epithelial specific FGFR2 IIIb and mesenchymal isoform FGFR2 IIIc mRNA levels were determined via qRT-PCR. RNA interference (RNAi) was used to knock-down ESRP1 and/or ESRP2 to examine its function on determining FGFR2 isoform expression in ovarian cancer cell line OVCAR3. Affymetrix GeneChip expression array analysis of 20 Stage IIIC serous ovarian cancers and 8 normal ovary surface epithelium brushings identified over-expression of ESRP1 (235 fold) and ESRP2 (33 fold). qRT-PCR confirmed that ESRP1 (7586 fold, p Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1181.
Brain Anatomy of Asperger’s Syndrome

Brain anatomy and sensorimotor gating were compared in 21 adults with Asperger’s syndrome and 24 controls, all of normal IQ, aged 18-49 years.
Is Aesthetic Surgery Safe in the Solid Organ Transplant Patient? An International Survey and Review

Background Improved immunosuppression and lifespans have afforded solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients the opportunity to seek aesthetic surgery. Objectives To determine current trends in the provision of aesthetic in the SOT patient population, we polled the international plastic surgery community. We specifically sought to evaluate their experiences with this patient population, as well as to perform a review of the literature to provide updated guidelines for practitioners who may consider performing surgery in the SOT patient population. Methods A web-based survey was sent to national and international colleagues to query the experiences and complication rates of performing aesthetic surgery in this patient population. Results Thirty percent of the 1308 respondents performed surgery in SOT patients. Three hundred and forty practitioners performed 552 procedures with a 4.3% complication rate. Over 68% of all procedures were performed on kidney transplant recipients. Conclusions SOT patients can safely undergo elective aesthetic procedures. We recommend working closely with the medical team to assure the best outcomes.
Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to STAR mutations in a Caucasian patient.

Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia (lipoid CAH), the most severe form of CAH, is most commonly caused by mutations in steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR), which is required for the movement of cholesterol from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membranes to synthesize pregnenolone. This study was performed to evaluate whether the salt-losing crisis and the adrenal inactivity experienced by a Scandinavian infant is due to a de novo STAR mutation. The study was conducted at the University of North Dakota, the Mercer University School of Medicine and the Memorial University Medical Center to identify the cause of this disease. The patient was admitted to a pediatric endocrinologist at the Sanford Health Center for salt-losing crisis and possible adrenal failure. Lipoid CAH is an autosomal recessive disease, we identified two de novo heterozygous mutations (STAR c.444C>A (STAR p.N148K) and STAR c.557C>T (STAR p.R193X)) in the STAR gene, causing lipoid CAH. New onset lipoid CAH can occur through de novo mutations and is not restricted to any specific region of the world. This Scandinavian family was of Norwegian descent and had lipoid CAH due to a mutation in S TAR exons 4 and 5. Overexpression of the STAR p.N148K mutant in nonsteroidogenic COS-1 cells supplemented with an electron transport system showed activity similar to the background level, which was ∼10% of that observed with wild-type (WT) STAR. Protein-folding analysis showed that the finger printing of the STAR p.N148K mutant is also different from the WT protein. Inherited STAR mutations may be more prevalent in some geographical areas but not necessarily restricted to those regions. Learning points STAR mutations cause lipoid CAH. This is a pure population from a caucasian family. Mutation ablated STAR activity. The mutation resulted in loosely folded conformation of STAR.
The Role of Social Trust in Low-Income Latino College Financing Decisions

We consider the role of social trust in mediating student loan decision-making among Latino students and their parents. Using interview and focus group data from 112 Latino students and 48 parents, we examined how the historical interactions of Latino families with bureaucratic entities shaped perceptions around student loans.
HEALTH AS HUMAN NATURE AND CRITIQUE OF CULTURE IN NIETZSCHE AND ZHUANG ZI

Nietzsche and Zhuang Zi endorse a notion of health that relies on a theory of human nature, in the sense that health is achieved when individuals live in accordance with their nature. In order to lead healthy human lives, individuals must disabuse themselves of pernicious cultural influences. Nietzsche believes that will to power and its constituent parts, including desire and suffering, are an expression of human nature. Nietzsche opposes ascetic morality on the grounds that it requires that humans deny basic human desires and strive to eliminate human suffering. Zhuang Zi understands health as the perfection or wholeness of de, which involves the acceptance of fate, a state in which individuals are at ease with the inevitable, and lack strong evaluative attitudes and preferences and aversions, a product of culture. I will argue that Zhuangist health includes elements of physical health, such as living out one's allotted span of years and avoiding harm by being useless. Zhuang Zi's endorsement of physical health seems incompatible with the fact that his Daoist exemplars are sometimes disfigured and mutilated. While physical health is an important aspect in Zhuangist health, psychological health is sufficient, as evidenced in two stories that employ the notion of wholeness of de.
Photo Quiz: A 54-Year-Old Male with Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Presenting with Right Periorbital Swelling and Diplopia

A 54-year-old male from South Dakota with recently diagnosed acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) presented with right-sided facial pain associated with right periorbital swelling, diplopia, and bloody nasal discharge. He had received standard induction chemotherapy with cytarabine and idarubicin during
The unique dual-nature aspect of search and rescue enables competing frames: Russia, the USA, and the cruise industry

ABSTRACTThe provision of search and rescue (SAR) services is one way in which states ensure the security of citizens within national areas of sovereignty. In the maritime Arctic, a blend of military and civilian agencies has been delegated responsibility for the SAR mission by the eight Arctic states. The joint aspect of SAR permits enhancements to SAR capacity to be framed as both reassuring improvements on safety in the Arctic and as alarming militarization of the region. The dual framing is particularly active in the US–Russia dyad, in which each state’s media contributes to alarming frames of the other’s behavior. However, bureaucratic framing by both Russian and US governments emphasizes cooperation in SAR and the costs of effective SAR capabilities. Finally, the cruise industry, as a prominent consumer of SAR missions, frames SAR in the Arctic entirely differently. This paper argues that the unique civil–military aspects of SAR in the Arctic enable competing and confusing frames to persist, with pos...
A Technique of Maintaining Penile Prosthesis Position to Prevent Proximal Migration

AbstractA technique for proximal reconstruction of the corpora cavernosa using a synthetic vascular graft fashioned into a cup is described. In 6 cases this procedure was critical and successful in the repair of the corpora cavernosa associated with the placement of a penile prosthesis.
Effects of acute bolus and chronic continuous intrathecal baclofen on genitourinary dysfunction due to spinal cord pathology.

AbstractA prospective, blinded study was done to examine the effects of acute bolus and chronic continuous intrathecal baclofen on genitourinary function in 10 patients with severe spasticity due to spinal cord pathology. Genitourinary function was assessed by symptom questionnaires and urodynamic studies performed after a bolus dose of baclofen and 6 to 12 months after continuous intrathecal baclofen. Results were compared to placebo for acute bolus testing or to pre-continuous intrathecal baclofen values.In all patients with irritative voiding and urge incontinence uninhibited bladder contractions were eliminated. Of 3 patients with an indwelling urethral catheter for incontinence due to detrusor hyperreflexia 1 was converted to intermittent self-catheterization. Whereas bladder capacity, compliance, sensation and voiding pressures were not different after continuous intrathecal baclofen, when a mean of all patients was compiled, a 72% increase in capacity and 16% improvement in compliance were observed...
Development of Venus drill

Venera 13 was the first Venus surface mission with sampling capabilities. Its rotary drill successfully penetrated the surface and pneumatically transferred material to the science instrument within the insulated interior of the spacecraft. Follow-on missions in the Venera and Vega program repeated that feat. These missions demonstrated that it is possible for an electric motor to function at Venus conditions and that it is possible to drill Venus surface material and pneumatically transfer captured sample under Venus conditions. Unfortunately, design details for the sampling system do not exist or cannot be located. Hence for any future Venus surface missions, the sampling technology has to be designed without any prior knowledge of materials or methods. To help advance Venus sampling technology, Honeybee Robotics in partnership with NASA JPL has been developing critical components that would make Venus sampling possible. To date, three types of motors (Switched Reluctance, Brushless DC, and Stepper), a Pulsed Injection Position Sensor (PIPS) for commutation and position control, and planetary gearboxes have been fabricated and tested at Venus Temperature and/or Venus Temperature and Pressure. This paper summarizes past work and presents the current state-of-art technology related to Venus sampling drill for the New Frontiers Venus lander proposal called In-situ Surface and Atmospheric Geochemical Explorer (VISAGE).
Perimenstrual Seizures and Neurosteroid Withdrawal

Abstract Catamenial epilepsy is a gender-specific condition in which epileptic seizures are clustered most often around perimenstrual or periovulatory period. Perimenstrual seizure exacerbation is thought to be due to neurosteroid withdrawal at the time of menstruation. A few rodent paradigms are designed to model neurosteroid withdrawal and perimenstrual seizures. The validation is mostly based on responses to antiepileptic drugs and neurosteroid sensitivity. These rodent models are helpful to define the molecular mechanisms of perimenstrual seizures and to screen new therapeutic agents for the treatment or prevention of catamenial seizures.
A preliminary examination of gut microbiota, sleep, and cognitive flexibility in healthy older adults.

Abstract Objectives Inadequate sleep increases the risk for age-related cognitive decline and recent work suggests a possible role of the gut microbiota in this phenomenon. Partial sleep deprivation alters the human gut microbiome, and its composition is associated with cognitive flexibility in animal models. Given these findings, we examined the possible relationship among the gut microbiome, sleep quality, and cognitive flexibility in a sample of healthy older adults. Methods Thirty-seven participants (age 64.59 ± 7.54 years) provided a stool sample for gut microbial sequencing and completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Stroop Color Word Test as part of a larger project. Results Better sleep quality was associated with better Stroop performance and higher proportions of the gut microbial phyla Verrucomicrobia and Lentisphaerae. Stroop Word and Color-Word performance correlated with higher proportions of Verrucomicrobia and Lentisphaerae. Partial correlations suggested that the relationship between Lentisphaerae and Stroop Color-Word performance was better accounted for by sleep quality; sleep quality remained a significant predictor of Color-Word performance, independent of the Lentisphaerae proportion, while the relationship between Lentisphaerae and Stroop performance was non-significant. Verrucomicrobia and sleep quality were not associated with Stroop Word performance independent of one another. Conclusions The current findings suggest a possible relationship among sleep quality, composition of the gut microbiome, and cognitive flexibility in healthy older adults. Prospective and experimental studies are needed to confirm these findings and determine whether improving microbiome health may buffer against sleep-related cognitive decline in older adults.
Effects on Cancellous Bone in the Metaphysis

Cancellous bone has high metabolic activity compared to many other bone compartments and can be affected not only by changes in physeal activity but also by perturbations in homeostasis caused by changes in physiology or on-target pharmacology. Examples of several types of resulting morphologic findings were presented; if known, the pathways causing morphologic changes were discussed.
Assessing overall building energy performance of a large population of residential single-family homes using limited field data

Building energy simulation plays a significant role in building design and retrofit. Most applications deal with individual buildings which allow for the specification of detailed model inputs. How...
Growth and Growth Hormone Use in Osteogenesis Imperfecta

One of the most striking features of moderate to severe osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is impaired linear growth. In fact, even in mild OI, there are often signs of growth retardation. The heights of patients in all OI types are compromised compared to the heights of unaffected family members, thereby suggesting that the collagen defect per se plays a role in the impaired growth. In addition, the severity of the growth impairment correlates with the severity of the OI in general. The etiology of growth retardation in patients with OI is not completely understood. In general the poor growth in OI appears to be more notable in patients with qualitative collagen defects than in those patients with quantitative defects, thereby making the examination of growth in children with OI an important area for translational studies for genotype–phenotype correlations. Investigations of the genotype–phenotype correlations over the past several years have provided an important avenue through which an understanding of linear growth in OI may even be determined at the molecular and cellular level. The use of recombinant growth hormone (rGH) in the treatment of impaired linear growth in OI has been preliminarily investigated, both alone and in combination with bisphosphonates. Longer, properly controlled treatment trials involving more patients are warranted in order to draw generalized conclusions regarding the effects of rGH use in patients with OI. The data, however, do present a possible case for the importance of selection of patients for rGH treatment based on molecular and biochemical studies, and thus reinforce the need for a translational approach to the future of rGH treatment in OI. Further investigations on the effects on final height as well as the long-term benefits and safety of growth hormone in OI will be important in determining the use of this treatment for the growth retardation that is such a salient feature of this condition.
Element-by-Element Iterative Solution Schemes

There are two main approaches to solving systems of equations resulting from numerical discretization of solid mechanics problems, direct and iterative. There are a large number of variants of each. Direct solvers are usually employed when the number of unknowns is not very large, and there are multiple load vectors.
Attention and Awareness

We start with attention because it appears from a common sense point of view that perceptual selection, which is really what attention is, should be the first step in the perceptual process. It is reasonable that the sensory inputs have to be selected first and then organized and interpreted, but we must start with a cautionary note, for that is not the way it generally works. We usually do not scan our world passively. Rather we scan looking for a certain bit of information, as in crossing a street, or enjoying a feeling state, as with a sunset. In other words, a preparative process, which is part of perception, has already taken place. We always respond to sharp, intense, or discordant stimuli, but the process is a spiral, and sensory inputs continuously alter the ensuing search, which then alters the inputs, round and round. Thus, while we are considering attention first, you will notice that the main variables controlling it are consequences of earlier perceptions and memories, and we are not really starting at the beginning, but jumping in medias res, as it were.
Scaling Social Enterprises: Mechanisms, Counterfactuals and the Limits to Social Engineering

In the social sector, the subject of scaling has recently emerged as a dominant theme. The scholarly literature on this phenomenon is in an embryonic stage and dominated by various discourses. We p...
A Telehealth Framework for Mobile Health, Smartphones, and Apps: Competencies, Training, and Faculty Development

Technologies like smartphones and apps are reshaping life, health care, and business. Clinicians need skills, knowledge, and attitudes to ensure quality care and to supervise the current generation of trainees, consistent with the Institute of Medicine’s Health Professions Educational Summit. Literature is integrated on patient-, learner-, competency-, and outcome-based themes from the fields of technology, health care, pedagogy, and business. Mobile health, smartphone/device, and app competencies are organized in the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Milestone domains of patient care, medical knowledge, practice-based learning and improvement, systems-based practice, professionalism, and interpersonal skills and communication. Teaching methods are suggested to align competency outcomes, learning context, and evaluation. Services by mobile health, smartphone/device, and apps have a broader scope than in-person and telehealth and telebehavioral health care. This includes clinical decision support in medicine, hybrid delivery, and integration across health systems’ e-platforms. A curriculum with seminar, case- and problem-based teaching, supervision, evaluation, and quality improvement practices is needed to achieve competency outcomes. Clinicians have to adjust assessment, triage and treatment and attend to ethical, privacy, security, and other challenges. Health systems need to manage change, proactively plan faculty development, and create a positive e-culture for learning. Research is needed on implementing and evaluating mobile health competencies for this significant paradigm shift in health care.
Short distance analysis of and

Abstract Over a large fraction of phase space a combination of an operator product and heavy quark expansions effectively turn the decay B →D (∗)0 e + e − into a “short distance” process, i.e., one in which the weak and electromagnetic interactions occur through single local operators. These processes have an underlying W-exchange quark diagram topology and are therefore Cabibbo allowed but suppressed by combinatoric factors and short distance QCD corrections. Our technique allows a clearer exploration of these effects. For the decay B d,s →J/ψ(η c )e + e − one must use a non-relativistic (NRQCD) expansion, in addition to an operator product expansion and a heavy quark effective theory expansion. We estimate the decay rates for B d,s →J/ψe + e − , B d,s →η c e + e − , B d,s →D ∗0 e + e − and B d,s →D 0 e + e − .
Evaluation of soluble fentanyl microneedles for loco-regional anti-nociceptive activity.

Abstract The use of opioids for treating acute and chronic pain condition is a common clinical practice. When delivered systemically, the analgesic activity is mediated through the central pathway, which although effective, leads to various adverse effects such as dependence, abuse and respiratory depression. Fentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is available as injection and transdermal patch products for the management of acute and chronic pain. These products require stringent regulatory controls and label warnings on disposal due to the abuse potential associated. This research project evaluated the regional antinociceptive efficacy of fentanyl delivered from soluble microneedles. The microneedle patches were formulated with relatively less drug loading as compared to patches intended for systemic delivery and were tested for their antinociceptive activity in rats by measuring the paw withdrawal latency when exposed to a thermal stimulus. The results indicate that regional delivery of fentanyl mediated through soluble microneedles provides an effective antinociceptive activity. The onset of analgesic activity was faster with microneedle patch (0.5 h) when compared to the adhesive dermal patch (6 h). This study thus demonstrates the effectiveness of microneedle mediated pain management for immediate pain relief.
Subharmonic resonant interaction of a gravity–capillary progressive axially symmetric wave with a radial cross-wave

We theoretically investigate the problem of subharmonic resonant interaction of a progressive (axially symmetric) ring wave with a radial cross-wave in the context of the potential-flow formulation for gravity-capillary waves. The objective is to understand the nonlinear mechanism governing energy transfer from a progressive ring wave to its subharmonic cross-waves through triadic resonant interactions. We first show that for an arbitrary three-dimensional body floating in an unbounded free surface, there exists a set of homogeneous solutions at any frequency in the gravity-capillary wave context. The homogeneous solution depends solely on the mean free-surface slope at the waterline of the body and physically represents a progressive radial cross-wave. Unlike standing cross-waves, a progressive cross-wave loses energy during propagation by overcoming the work done by surface tension at the waterline and through wave radiation. We then consider the subharmonic interaction of a progressive ring wave, which is forced by a radial swelling–contraction deformation of a vertical circular cylinder, with subharmonic cross-waves. We derive the nonlinear spatial–temporal evolution equation governing the motion of the cross-wave by use of the average Lagrangian method. In addition to energy-input terms from the interaction with the forced ring wave, the evolution equation contains a damping term associated with energy loss in cross-wave propagation. We show that the presence of the damping term leads to a non-trivial threshold value of the ring wave steepness (or amplitude) beyond which the cross-wave becomes unstable and grows with time by taking energy from the ring wave. Finally, we extend this analysis to the experimental case of Tatsuno et al. (Rep. Res. Inst. Appl. Mech. Kyushu University, vol. 17, 1969, pp. 195–215) in which asymmetric wave patterns are observed during high-frequency vertical oscillations of a surface-piercing sphere. The theoretical prediction of the threshold value of oscillation amplitude and characteristic features of generated radial cross-waves agrees reasonably well with experimental observations.
Our Linguistic and Cultural Resources: The Experiences of Bilingual Prospective Teachers with Mathematics Autobiographies

This study uses scenarios shared by 28 bilingual (Spanish-English) prospective teachers as a point of departure for teacher preparation programs aiming to provide prospective teachers with situational awareness and instruction attuned to bilingual students’ needs. Twenty-six of the prospective teachers in this study identified as Latinx and reported growing up speaking Spanish at home. Two prospective teachers identified as White and reported growing up speaking only English at home but had the opportunity to learn Spanish at school. Throughout the stories shared in this chapter, we identify five common themes in these prospective teachers’ experiences: (a) their position in the mathematics classroom, (b) their overall academic performance, (c) their mathematics performance, (d) their academic instruction in a language other than their home language (i.e., Spanish), and (e) home values, support, and responsibilities. Through these common themes, we learn how their mathematics learning was impacted over the years. Notably, what these prospective teachers considered negative mathematical experiences provided decisive motivation for turning to mathematics education and finding teaching identities that foreground providing quality mathematics instruction to the bilingual community. The narratives shown here provide evidence of bilingual prospective teachers’ depth of educational insight and demonstrate an understanding of how they evaluate the utility of the instruction they encounter in their preparation as teachers.
How to Make Banks Too Safe to Fail

There is widespread consensus that the Great Recession did not have to be as Great: Had regulators acted earlier and more aggressively to stem the financial panic, its consequences would have been less severe. Instead, the average American household lost nearly a third of its net worth; two-and-a-half million businesses closed their doors; and nine million families lost their homes. Why was more not done? And are we better prepared to weather the next storm? Two explanations are typically offered for the lack of aggressive response at the onset of the Great Recession. The first is that financial crises occur unexpectedly, offering little time for intervention by even nimble and alert regulators. The second is that even those who realized that a downturn was on the horizon were constrained by their lack of legal authority to fortify large financial institutions. This Article disputes both these myths. First, there was significant time between the onset of the crisis and its peak: Between the summer of 2007 and the collapse of Lehman Brothers in September 2008, warning signs appeared in financial markets and many commentators sounded the alarms. Second, regulators had at their disposal significant legal authority to bolster banks and prevent failures. In fact, they used this authority with respect to small banks, but not large systemically important firms. There is an alternative explanation for the tepid early response to the crisis. Regulators’ default is inaction until regulatory measures of bank health signal distress. These measures are slow to update—in many cases, the day before banks failed, their regulatory capital measures suggested no cause for concern. In the absence of significant change, regulators will inevitably be fire-fighting future financial crises ex-post; rather than successfully policing financial markets ex-ante. This Article recommends a way forward. It advocates for automatic recapitalization of financial firms when markets indicate that distress is likely. Such an approach would have forced large banks to stop paying dividends and to raise new capital between the summer of 2007 and the fall of 2008, helping to forestall the worst of the Recession. The stress-testing regime, with minor modifications, is a potential tool to dynamically monitor the financial sector and respond to crises at their onset. Unfortunately, those who lead the Federal Reserve today are not learning from the mistakes of the Great Recession; they are forgetting them. Recent dilution of the stress tests and moves toward more static capital requirements go in the exact opposite direction of this Article’s recommendations. These changes are catastrophic. Unless policymakers are quick to course correct, the next financial crisis is becoming increasingly inevitable. Successful firefighting and good fortune prevented the Great Recession from being a Great Depression. It is unclear whether we will be so lucky next time.
Incorporating Specific Functional Strength Integration Techniques to Improve Functional Performance for Veterans After Total Hip Arthroplasty: Protocol for a Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a common procedure, yet persistent deficits in functional performance exist after surgery. These deficits may be related to movement compensations observed after THA, which negatively affect quality of life and may increase morbidity and health care utilization, including in the veteran population. However, the best rehabilitative approach to remediating movement compensations and physical function deficits has not been determined. Objective The objective is to determine if a functional strength integration intervention (FSI), as part of a post-THA rehabilitation program, improves movement compensation, physical function, muscle strength, and self-reported outcome measures more than a control group (CON) undergoing a standard of care exercise program. Design This is a 2-arm randomized, controlled clinical trial. Setting The Veteran Affairs outpatient physical therapy clinics and academic research laboratory will be the settings. Participants One hundred veterans undergoing THA for hip osteoarthritis will be included in the study. Interventions Participants will be randomized to either the FSI or CON group and participate in visits of physical therapy over 8 weeks. The FSI protocol will include targeted exercise to improve muscular control and stability around the hip and trunk to minimize movement compensation during daily activity combined with progressive resistance exercise. The CON protocol will include patient education, flexibility activity, and low load resistance exercise. Measurements Functional performance, muscle strength and endurance, and self-reported outcomes will be measured at baseline (prior to surgery), midway through intervention (6 weeks after surgery), at the end of intervention (10 weeks after surgery), and 26 weeks after THA. Limitations The inability to blind treating therapists to study arm allocation is a limitation. Conclusions The proposed study aims to determine if targeted FSI can affect movement compensation to improve functional outcomes after THA more than traditional rehabilitation paradigms.
Medicare compensation rates for hand and shoulder/elbow surgery by operative time: A comparative analysis

Background: There is a high demand for shoulder/elbow experience among hand-fellowship trainees due to theperception that this exposure will improve their professional “marketability” in a subspecialty they perceive as havinghigher compensation.Methods: Using Medicare data, we investigated the most common surgeries from these fields and determinedwhich have the highest compensation [work relative value unit (wRVU), payment, charge, and reimbursement(payment-to-charge percentage] rates per operative time. We then determined whether the overall non-weightedand weighted (by surgical frequency/volume) compensation rates of shoulder/elbow surgery are greater than thatof hand surgery.Results: Among 30 shoulder/elbow procedures, arthroplasty and arthroscopic rotator cuff repair had the highest paymentand wRVU assignments. Among 83 hand procedures, upper-extremity flaps, carpal stabilization, distal radius openreduction internal fixation (ORIF), both-bone ORIF, and interposition arthroplasty had the greatest wRVU assignmentswith correspondingly high payments. A non-weighted comparison of the two subspecialties showed that hand surgeryhas a higher mean payment/min ($10.46±3.22 vs. $7.52±2.89), charge/min ($51.02±17.11 vs. $41.96±11.32), andreimbursement (21±4.7% vs. 18±5.1%) compared with shoulder/elbow surgery (all, p <0.01). Non-weighted meanwRVUs/min were similar (0.12±0.03 vs. 0.13±0.03, P = 0.12). When weighted by procedure frequency, hand surgeryhad greater wRVUs/min (0.15±0.036 vs. 0.13±0.032), payments/min ($14.17±4.50 vs. $6.97±2.26), charges/min($75.68±30.47 vs. $42.61±7.83), and reimbursement (20±5.0% vs. 17±6.0%) (all, p <0.01).Conclusion: According to Medicare compensation, and when weighted by procedure frequency, hand proceduresare associated with greater overall mean wRVUs/min, payments/min, charges/min, and reimbursement compared withshoulder and elbow procedures. Hand-surgery fellowship applicants should be aware that subspecialty compensationis complex in nature but should seek shoulder/elbow elective experience to acquire an additional surgical skill-set asopposed to primarily monetary reason.Level of evidence: III
Slope, elevation, and thermal inertia trends of martian recurring slope lineae initiation and termination points: Multiple possible processes occurring on coarse, sandy slopes

Abstract Recurring slope lineae (RSL) are dark linear features on the surface of Mars that advance incrementally downslope, fading and re-growing annually. Numerous hypotheses have been proposed to explain RSL formation, including “wet” models that involve liquid water or brines and “dry” mechanisms involving liquid-free mass-wasting or solid-vapor phase changes that trigger granular flow. In part, hypotheses to explain RSL formation rely on observations of the physical characteristics of the slopes on which RSL are present. To determine if RSL exhibit physical characteristics typical of one particular formation mechanism, we examined the initiation and termination points of over 10,000 RSL across 16 confirmed RSL sites to determine their slope, elevation, orientation, and thermal inertia. RSL typically form within an envelope of high elevations at each mapping site, are oriented equatorward and west, and have hillslope thermal inertia values consistent with sand and gravel. Notably, the RSL begin and end at slopes above, within, and below the angle of repose required to trigger and sustain dry granular flows. Sensitivity testing indicates that these slope values are not a result of pixel-scale noise. Discontinuous RSL are observed at several study sites. The slope and thermal inertia values of the RSL, as well as these additional geomorphic observations of discontinuous dark features, are not consistent with the characteristics of dry flows in which continuous dust avalanches begin within the dynamic angle of repose and terminate within the static angle of repose. Although RSL are found to be common on coarse sandy and rocky slopes, not all sandy slopes in RSL regions that are close to the angle of repose contain RSL. We conclude that mechanisms other than dry mass wasting are needed to explain all of the observed geomorphic characteristics of RSL source and termination points.
Unilateral versus bilateral botulinum toxin injections in adductor spasmodic dysphonia in a large cohort

Objectives/hypothesis The primary treatment of adductor spasmodic dysphonia is repeated injections of botulinum toxin type A (Botox) into the thyroarytenoid muscles. Dosing can be performed into either one or both thyroarytenoid muscles. The objective of this study was to evaluate the treatment effect and side effect profile across a large number of injections. This study was performed previously in 2002 on 45 patients. Study design Individual cohort study. Methods This is retrospective study of all patients with adductor spasmodic dysphonia with and without tremor treated by the senior laryngologist at George Washington University. In the current study, 272 patients (214 females and 58 males) were included in the current analysis. Duration of effects and side effects (vocal weakness and liquid dysphagia) were recorded into a database for each patient after each injection. These data were analyzed using χ2 analysis. Results A total of 4,023 injections (2,708 bilateral and 1,315 unilateral) were evaluated in this study. Optimal effect duration (≥3 months) was more commonly seen in the bilaterally injected patients (55%) compared to the unilaterally injected patients (47%) (P = .0001). Optimal side effect duration (≤2 weeks) was better for the unilaterally injected patients (77%) compared to the bilaterally injected patients (73%) (P = .023). Having both optimal effect and side effect in the same injection was more commonly seen in the bilaterally injected patients (36%) compared to the unilaterally injected patients (33%) (P = .0228). Conclusions This study shows that bilateral injections of Botox are more effective in producing optimal effect/side effect profiles. Level of evidence 2b Laryngoscope, 130:2659-2662, 2020.
Predicting livestock depredation risk by African lions (Panthera leo) in a multi-use area of northern Tanzania

Human-wildlife conflicts, especially those involving large carnivores, are of global conservation and livelihood concern and require effective and locally-adapted prevention measures. Risk of lion attack on livestock (i.e., depredation) may vary seasonally and may be associated with variation in wild prey abundance or landscape characteristics. To test these competing hypotheses, we used a resource selection approach, and determined whether prey catchability (indicated by geo-spatial variables), or prey availability (indicated by modeled abundance recorded via camera traps) explained spatial and seasonal variation in livestock depredation risk by African lions on Manyara Ranch Conservancy, a multi-use area in northern Tanzania. Seasonal variation in vegetative productivity and proximity to surface water appeared to be strong predictors of livestock depredation risk. Correlates for depredation risk were different between wet and dry seasons. During the dry season, depredation risk was positively correlated with vegetative productivity, whereas depredation risk during the wet season was highest near livestock enclosures (bomas). During both seasons, depredation risk was high closer to surface water. Landscape-driven risk maps were created to identify low risk areas that may be compatible with livestock grazing. Our results on depredation risk by lions are similar to other studies in protected areas and suggest that both prey catchability and prey availability are instrumental in predicting kill sites of lions. To facilitate lion and livestock coexistence in multi-use areas of Africa, we recommend minimizing spatiotemporal overlap between livestock and abundant wild prey by developing alternative livestock water and feeding locations and increasing caution near surface water areas.
"Just tell me what's going on": The views of parents of children with genetic conditions regarding the research use of their child's electronic health record.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to understand the ethical, legal, and social issues described by parents of children with known or suspected genetic conditions that cause intellectual and developmental disabilities regarding research use of their child's electronic health record (EHR). MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted 4 focus groups with parents of children with a known (n = 12) or suspected (n = 11) genetic condition, as well as 2 comparison groups with parents who had a child with no known genetic condition (n = 15). Focus group transcripts were coded and analyzed using directed content analysis. RESULTS After weighing the risks and benefits, parents of children with known or suspected genetic conditions were willing to share their child's EHR for research studies under certain conditions. Preferences were for studies conducted by universities or nonprofits that might benefit their child or others with the same condition. Parents also valued return of research results. DISCUSSION Trust, transparency, altruism, and concerns about privacy emerged as factors that affect parents' willingness to allow research use of their child's EHR. CONCLUSION Researchers should consider how to build trust with parents by increasing transparency of the research process and explaining specifically how they will ensure the confidentiality of EHR data.