cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Sources of Patriotism: Survey and Experimental Evidence

Patriotism, as attachment to country, is the value on which most foreign policy attitudes ultimately hinge, yet very little in the academic literature addresses the implications of the way in which the foundations for this attachment are conceived. Two variants of patriotism can be identified: one absolute, the other contingent. For those holding the latter conception, patriotism must be justified by one's country's actions: the greater the approval of one's country's policies, the greater the degree of patriotic attachment that is warranted. For those holding the former conception, patriotism is an absolute and a constant value, and it is reflected in support for one's country when the going gets tough. We seek to understand the circumstances that determine how critical or uncritical a patriot a person would be, given both specific conditions related to the individual and the international situation more generally. Moreover, we are interested in accounting for overall levels of patriotism. We use survey data from the PEW, as well as experimental data, to examine these matters. We find that factors internal to the individual, and not external conditions, determine the kind of patriot one is; at the same time, overall patriotism is found to be influenced by both internal and external circumstances.
Secondary sources of seismic waves from underground nuclear explosions

abstract Surface-reflected seismic energy from underground explosions, in the form of a pP phase and a spall-closure (slapdown) phase, P s , may contribute to the P wave and coda seen at teleseismic distances. In this report, delay times corresponding to pP − P and P s − P are estimated from surface-zero accelerograms for a number of U.S. underground nuclear explosions and are presented for use by the seismological community. When compared with published estimates, these pP − P estimates are in reasonable agreement but the P s − P estimates are at wide variance. No ready explanation is at hand for the disagreement.
Gingival matrix proteins. The nature of insoluble bovine gingival collagen.

Most of bovine gingival collagen is insoluble. CNBr treatment cleaved 85% of the insoluble material as soluble collagen peptides. Characterization of the CNBr peptides showed that gingival collagen is composed mainly of Types I and III in a ratio of 6:1 An additiona fraction, composed mainly of noncollagenous protein components (NCP) rich in acidic, hydroxy- and hydrophobic amino acids, accounted for approximately 15% of the insoluble matrix.
Quantitative Assessment and EAPs

Abstract Timely problem identification/assessment is one of the core technologies of employee assistance programs (EAPs). Historically, assessment primarily involved assessing individual problems. Increasingly, EAPs are expected to assess couple, family, and even organizational problems. Although the most common methods of assessment are qualitative in nature (e.g., personal interview), there are several advantages to utilizing quantitative assessments as a method of gathering information from clients regarding individual problems, relationship dynamics, and organizational functioning. In this article the authors discuss the merits of quantitative assessment in EAP service delivery and describe their use and development of quantitative measures for assessing individuals, couples, families, and organizations.
Cooperative Message Authentication in Vehicular Cyber-Physical Systems

The vehicular ad hoc network presents a very complex cyber-physical system with intricate interplay between the physical and cyber domains. In the physical domain, vehicles need to frequently broadcast their geographic information. The safety message broadcasting in an area with a high density of vehicles tends to incur a large data traffic rate that should be properly processed in the cyber domain. In this paper, we address the issue of large computation overhead caused by the safety message authentication. Especially, a cooperative message authentication protocol (CMAP) is developed to alleviate vehicles' computation burden. With CMAP, all the vehicles share their verification results with each other in a cooperative way, so that the number of safety messages that each vehicle needs to verify reduces significantly. Furthermore, we study the verifier selection algorithms for a high detection rate of invalid messages in a practical 2-D road scenario. Another important contribution in this paper is that we develop an analytical model for CMAP and the existing probabilistic verification protocol , considering the hidden terminal impact. Simulation results over a practical map are presented to demonstrate the performance of the proposed CMAP with comparison to the existing method.
Contributing Factors of Depressive Symptoms Among Elderly Korean Immigrants in Texas

This study examined various life stresses associated with relocation that may contribute to depressive symptoms among Korean immigrant elders in Texas. A sample of 120 elders was assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale–Short Form and a 90-min face-to-face interview. Over 1/3 of respondents (37.5%) had symptoms of depression. Regression analyses (R2 = .331) indicate that self-rated health, stressful life events, English language proficiency, satisfaction of visiting one's birth place, and watching TV were correlates of depressive symptoms among them. The findings of this observational study may be used as a baseline for designing service program for this population.
Structure-Function Analysis of the Bacterial Expansin EXLX1 *

We made use of EXLX1, an expansin from Bacillus subtilis, to investigate protein features essential for its plant cell wall binding and wall loosening activities. We found that the two expansin domains, D1 and D2, need to be linked for wall extension activity and that D2 mediates EXLX1 binding to whole cell walls and to cellulose via distinct residues on the D2 surface. Binding to cellulose is mediated by three aromatic residues arranged linearly on the putative binding surface that spans D1 and D2. Mutation of these three residues to alanine eliminated cellulose binding and concomitantly eliminated wall loosening activity measured either by cell wall extension or by weakening of filter paper but hardly affected binding to whole cell walls, which is mediated by basic residues located on other D2 surfaces. Mutation of these basic residues to glutamine reduced cell wall binding but not wall loosening activities. We propose domain D2 as the founding member of a new carbohydrate binding module family, CBM63, but its function in expansin activity apparently goes beyond simply anchoring D1 to the wall. Several polar residues on the putative binding surface of domain D1 are also important for activity, most notably Asp82, whose mutation to alanine or asparagine completely eliminated wall loosening activity. The functional insights based on this bacterial expansin may be extrapolated to the interactions of plant expansins with cell walls.
Higher-order macroscopic measures

We present generalizations of Hill's classical results concerned with the macroscopic strain and stress measures. Generalizations involve polynomial boundary conditions and polynomial moments of the microscopic fields. It is shown that for higher-order polynomials certain boundary conditions and moments should be excluded from considerations in order to guarantee unique relationships between boundary data and macroscopic measures. Particularly simple relationships are obtained for spherical specimens, for which higher-order macroscopic measures are defined in terms of spherical harmonics. Also it is demonstrated that higher-order macroscopic measures and constitutive equations can be useful in multi-scale analysis of problems formulated in terms of integral equations.
The origins of ubiquitous computing research at PARC in the late 1980s

Ubiquitous computing began in the Electronics and Imaging Laboratory of the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. This essay tells the inside story of its evolution from “computer walls” to “calm computing.”
Influence of plasma sheet thickening toward the tail flanks on magnetotail stability and dynamics

On the basis of resistive MHD simulations we investigate the stability and dynamic evolution of the magnetotail for configurations with various degrees of plasma sheet thickening from midnight toward the tail flanks, associated with a similar increase of the B(sub z) component. This increase is varied by factors between 2 and 3.5, while the magnitude of B(sub z) at midnight is left unchanged. The increase of B(sub z) has a strong effect on the spatial extend of resistive tearing and reconnection across the tail and on the unstable evolution. For stronger thickening the cross-tail extent of the near-Earth neutral line, formed by reconnection, and correspondingly the amount of reconnected magnetic flux get reduced and the dipolarization effects earthward of the neutral line are more concentrated near midnight. An increase of B(sub z) from midnight toward the flanks by more than a factor of about 3 can possibly even suppress the resistive tearing instability. This indicates the possibility of a stability transition due to a reduction of B(sub z) in the flank regions in response to changes in the solar wind, even when the magnitude of B(sub z) near midnight and the fluctuation level in that region are unchanged (provided that a sufficient fluctuation level exists).
A Family Tree of Tropical Meteorology's Academic Community and its Proposed Expansion

As part of the American Meteorological Society's 30th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology in Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida, in April 2012, an academic lineage (“family tree”) of that community was presented to document the history of contributors to the field on the anniversary. For every self-identified or colleague-identified tropical meteorology scientist, the year of the person's most senior degree, major professor or mentors of that degree, and institution of that degree were documented and graphically presented. This information was supplemented through mining of websites, libraries, news and journal articles, obituaries, and other various historical archives. This manuscript documents the genesis of the family tree, the overall history represented by it, some statistics represented by the current incarnation, colorful personal stories that have come forward during its development, and plans for its expansion to the broader meteorology community.
Bile Acids. Lxx. Preparative Separation of Kryptogenin from Companion Sapogenins by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract Commercial samples of kryptogenin or its acetate can be purified by preparative high performance liquid chromatography on a PrepPAK-500/Silica cartridge. The free alcohol is separated from accompanying sapogenin with a mixture of chloroform:methanol (50:1), whereas the acetates are separated well with a mixture of methylene chloride:hexane (2:3). The companion sapogenins, diosgenin and yamogenin, 25R- and 25S- isomers, were separated by analytical HPLC with hexane-isopropanol (100:1) or as the acetates with hexane:isopropanol (250:1). Characterization of kryptogenin and yamogenin was completed with 1H-NMR, IR and MS spectrometry.
EFFECTS OF CONCENTRATION ON THE VISCOSITY PROFILE OF CASSAVA STARCH PASTES DURING THE COOKING‐COOLING PROCESS

Raw cassava starch, dried at 50 dC, was cooked at four concentrations in the Stormer visco-meter modified in such a manner that the viscosity measurements were made under conditions satisfying the requirements of theoretical viscometry. The measurements provided rheological data usable in engineering design problems involving mixing, heat transfer or transport of the pastes. Viscosity and yield stress of the pastes were measured at 5dC intervals through the cooking-cooling process. Plots of viscosity values versus cooking-cooling temperatures and time yielded viscosity profiles for different paste concentrations. The results showed that paste concentrations have pronounced effects on the magnitude of viscosity values, the rate of viscosity rise to the peak value, the time and temperature of this peak, the paste shear-thinning tendency and the extent of retrogradation on cooling.
Systems Approach to Mitotic Chromosome Motions

Recent experiments revealing possible nanoscale electrostatic interactions in force generation at kinetochores for chromosome motions have prompted speculation regarding possible models for interactions between positively charged molecules in kinetochores and negative charge on C-termini near the plus ends of microtubules. A clear picture of how kinetochores establish and maintain a dynamic coupling to microtubules for force generation during the complex motions of mitosis remains elusive. The molecular cell biology paradigm requires that specific molecules, or molecular geometries, for force generation be identified. However, it is possible to account for mitotic chromosome motions within a systems approach in terms of experimentally known cellular electric charge distributions interacting over nanometer distances.
Abstract 5102: Telomeres and survival in stage III colon cancers: Findings from NCCTG N0147 (Alliance) study

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Introduction: Peripheral blood leukocyte (PBL) telomere length is associated with colon cancer (CC) risk, but the relationship of PBL telomere length to survival in CC patients receiving chemotherapy is unknown. Methods: We measured relative telomere length (RTL) by qPCR of PBL DNA from 2,748 cases (53% male, 85% white, median age 58 yrs) in the North American Phase III Intergroup Trial N0147 that compared disease-free survival (DFS) among completely resected Stage III CC treated with mFOLFOX6 +/- cetuximab. Tumor markers were assessed, and 12% were BRAF mutant; 35% Kras mutant, and 12% deficient mismatch repair (dMMR). Linear and non-linear prognostic associations of PBL RTL to the primary endpoint of DFS were assessed by Cox models. Optimal categories of RTL were developed using cumulative martingale residual plots, designated from shortest to longest RTL (Table 1). Results: Never smokers had longer PBL RTL (p = 0.0006) than past or current smokers. Those with diabetes mellitus (DM) had longer PBL RTL than those without DM (p = 0.0165). PBL RTL was not associated with any tumor markers (MMR status; p = 0.7174; BRAF mutant vs wild-type (wt); p =0.4039; Kras mutant vs wt; p= 0.1149). PBL RTL was significantly associated with DFS in a non-linear form (p = 0.0389). Cases in the longer RTL category had more favorable DFS than those with shorter or longest RTL, (Table), which remained after adjusting for age, sex , T/N stage, grade, tumor markers, and treatment (p = 0.0230). We observed no significant interaction (p = 0.1490) between RTL categories and treatment. Conclusion: We observed a non-linear association between RTL and DFS in stage III CC, suggesting that an optimal range telomere length can influence tumor behavior in CC patients. Future studies of telomere maintenance mechanisms may help to explain the association of RTL with improved DFS. RTL is associated with smoking and DM in CC cases but further studies are needed to determine if either tobacco use or DM affect survival from CC by modulating PBL telomere length. Citation Format: Nivedita Basu, Ruth A. Johnson, Qian Shi, Garth D. Nelson, Julie M. Cunningham, Richard M. Goldberg, Frank A. Sinicrope, Daniel J. Sargent, Steven R. Alberts, Gloria M. Petersen, Stephen N. Thibodeau, Halcyon G. Skinner, Kristin Litzelman, Songwon Seo, Russell J. Vanderboom, Ronald E. Gangnon, Corinne D. Engelman, David N. Rider, Lisa A. Boardman. Telomeres and survival in stage III colon cancers: Findings from NCCTG N0147 (Alliance) study. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5102. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5102
An integrated high-resolution hydrometeorological modeling testbed using LIS and WRF

Interactions between the atmosphere and the land surface have considerable influences on weather and climate. Coupled land-atmosphere systems that can realistically represent these interactions are thus critical for improving our understanding of the atmosphere-biosphere exchanges of energy, water, and their associated feedbacks. NASA's Land Information System (LIS) is a high-resolution land data assimilation system that integrates advanced land surface models, high-resolution satellite and observational data, data assimilation techniques, and high performance computing tools. LIS has been coupled to the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, enabling a high-resolution land-atmosphere modeling system. Synthetic simulations using the coupled LIS-WRF system demonstrates the interoperable use of land surface models, high-resolution land surface data and other land surface modeling tools through LIS. Real case study simulations for a June 2002 International H2O Project (IHOP) day is conducted by executing LIS first in an uncoupled manner to generate high-resolution soil moisture and soil temperature initial conditions. During the case study period, the land surface (LIS) and the atmospheric (WRF) models are executed in a coupled manner using the LIS-WRF system. The results from the simulations illustrate the impact of accurate, high-resolution land surface conditions on improving the prediction of clouds and precipitation. Thus, the coupled LIS-WRF system provides a testbed to enable studies in improving our understanding and predictability of regional and global water and energy cycles.
Historical, Theoretical, and Foundational Principles of Universal Instructional Design in Higher Education

In this essay, the authors provide an overview of Universal Instructional Design (UID) as an approach for addressing the learning needs of all students enrolled in institutions of higher education. They argue that the concept of universality as it is applied to instruction is an approach that will benefit not only students with disabilities, but all students. To support their argument, the authors explain the core elements of UID as well as the conceptual connections of UID to multicultural education and social justice education. They conclude the essay by framing the articles included in this special issue.
Nonisotopic detection of RNA in an enzyme immunoassay using a monoclonal antibody against DNA-RNA hybrids

Abstract A sensitive nonisotopic solution hybridization assay for detection of RNA is described and characterized using a pSP65 plasmid model system. The assay procedure is based on a hybridization reaction in solution between a biotinylated DNA probe and a target RNA. The biotin-labeled hybrids are captured on a microtiter plate coated with an antibody to biotin. Bound DNA-RNA hybrids are detected by an immunoreaction with an enzyme-labeled monoclonal antibody specifically directed against DNA-RNA heteropolymers and the hybrids are quantitatively measured with the addition of a fluorogenic substrate. Optimal conditions under which to perform the assay were hybridization time, 1000 min; temperature, 75°C; probe concentration, 0.2 μg/ml; extent of probe biotinylation, 6.7%; buffer stringency, 2× SSC. A bisulfite-modified DNA probe was compared to nick-translated probes synthesized with reporter groups of different lengths (bio-11-dUTP or bio-19-dUTP). All probes could detect 10 pg/ml of target RNA. The presence of nonhomologous DNA or RNA sequences reduced the sensitivity of RNA detection by one half-log to 32 pg/ml (1.6 pg/assay).
High-speed measurements using optical profiler

We present an analysis of the quality of white light interferometric measurements using an optical profiler with increased scan speeds up to 100 microns per second. A centroid approach was chosen for the white light fringe analysis because it is among the quickest to compute. The increase in speed requires a decrease in the spectral bandwidth of the illumination source. Only certain sampling rates (scanner speeds) yield suitable results for finding the position of the white light fringe envelope. Sampling rate, spectral bandwidth, noise, vibration and camera integration time all influence the quality of the measurements. Although precisely calibrating the scanner is one approach for achieving accurate measurements, our preferred method is determining the scanner speed during the measurement and then utilizing this information in the algorithm. Besides assuring highly accurate measurements this method avoids the delicacy and fine tuning that accompanies the calibration of the scanner. Our optical profiler system allows variable scan rates from 4.8 microns per second all the way up to 100 microns per second, which yields very precise measurements when a slower scan rate is used, extremely fast measurements with still high repeatability or any combination of speed and accuracy depending on the scan rate. We find that this combination of precision and speed make this system quite well suited for industrial measurement of a wide range of sample heights from hundreds of nanometers up to eight millimeters.
Radical mechanisms in adenosylmethionine- and adenosylcobalamin-dependent enzymatic reactions.

Abstract A class of enzymatic reactions of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) has recently been recognized, in which AdoMet plays a novel role by initiating free radical formation through the intermediate formation of 5′-deoxyadenosine-5′-yl, the 5′-deoxyadenosyl radical. The reactions are in this way related to adenosylcobalamin-dependent processes, which also depend on the formation of the 5′-deoxyadenosyl radical as an intermediate. The mechanisms by which the 5′-deoxyadenosyl radical is generated by the AdoMet- and adenosylcobalamin-dependent enzymes are very different. However, the functions of the 5′-deoxyadenosyl radical are similar in that in all cases it abstracts hydrogen from a substrate to form 5′-deoxyadenosine and a substrate-derived free radical. In this paper, the role of the 5′-deoxyadenosyl radical in the reaction of the adenosylcobalamin-dependent reactions will be compared with its role in the AdoMet-dependent reaction of lysine 2,3-aminomutase. The mechanism by which AdoMet is cleaved to the 5′-deoxyadenosyl radical at enzymatic sites will also be discussed.
Aeromechanics and man-machine integration technology opportunities for rotorcraft of the 1990s and beyond

Programs related to rotorcraft aeromechanics and man-machine integration are discussed which will support advanced army rotorcraft design. In aeromechanics, recent advances in computational fluid dynamics will be used to characterize the complex unsteady flowfields of rotorcraft, and a second-generation comprehensive helicopter analysis system will be used along with models of aerodynamics, engines, and control systems to study the structural dynamics of rotor/body configurations. The man-machine integration program includes the development of advanced cockpit design technology and the evaluation of cockpit and mission equipment concepts in a real-time full-combat environment.
A real-time knowledge extracting system from social big data using distributed architecture

A huge amount of data is being generated by social media in real time. Accordingly, demands for extracting meaningful information from the social data have been dramatically increased. However, most of the previous research encompasses potential problems with data processing, management and analysis in real time. In this paper, we propose a distributed system architecture for generating meaningful information from text-based social data. The system collects data from multi-source channels, such as Twitter, YouTube, and The New York Times. Also, the system extracts terms and sentiment from each document using data mining technologies. In addition, the system uses HDFS, Map-reduce, and message service to handle the huge data. By analyzing keywords in texts and user account information, the system generates a summary of results including terms, sentiments and data variations for further analysis, including reputation, social trends, and customer reactions. The experiment results show that our approach is able to effectively process the social data in real time.
Expression and potential role of dentin phosphophoryn (DPP) in mouse embryonic tissues involved in epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and branching morphogenesis.

Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) is synthesized in both mesenchyme and epithelium at varying stages of tooth development. At the tooth cap stage, corresponding to embryonic day (E) 13.5 of mouse embryonic life, the phosphophoryn (DPP) portion of DSPP was immunohistochemically localized to the enamel organ with intense staining of oral ectoderm but no expression in dental follicle mesenchyme. Surprisingly, DPP was also expressed in ureteric bud branches of embryonic metanephric kidney and alveolar epithelial buds of developing lung. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis verified the presence of DSPP mRNA with identical sequences in the tooth, lung, and kidney. The DSPP / mouse with ablated DPP expression in the teeth, also exhibited aberrant organogenesis in kidney and lung. In the kidney, malformed metanephric S-shaped bodies and increased mesenchymal apoptosis were observed. Inclusion of anti-DPP antibodies in organ culture of metanephroi, harvested from E13.5 wild-type mice, likewise resulted in altered ureteric bud morphogenesis, suggesting a role for DPP in epithelial–mesenchymal interactions in meristic tissues during embryonic development. Developmental Dynamics 235:2980 –2990, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Future development of scientific structures closer to experiments: Response to F.A. Muller

First of all, I agree with much of what F.A. Muller (Synthese, this issue, 2009) says in his article ‘Reflections on the revolution in Stanford’. And where I differ, the difference is on the decision of what direction of further development represents the best choice for the philosophy of science. I list my remarks as a sequence of topics.
Induction of neuronal differentiation by planar signals in Xenopus embryos

The induction of the central nervous system in amphibian embryos is mediated both by early planar signals produced by mesoderm at the dorsal lip and later vertical signals emanating from the dorsal mesoderm after involution. We have examined the role and spatial extent of planar signals in the induction of neuronal differentiation. Planar explants that included only the deep layer of the dorsal marginal zone, comprising both the dorsal mesoderm and the contiguous dorsal ectoderm, were isolated at the beginning of gastrulation. After removal of the epithelial layer, explants were maintained in modified Danilchik's medium until mid-neurula stages, when they were transferred to modified Danilchik's medium + 0.1% bovine serum albumin and cultured on laminin. Neurite outgrowth occurred in 90% of these planar explants. In contrast, little or no neuronal differentiation occurred in either ventral planar explants or explants of ectoderm alone. Video analysis of cell movements shows that large-scale cell mixing does not occur between mesoderm cells and ectoderm cells in planar explants. Retrograde labelling of neuronal cell bodies indicates that cells throughout the ectoderm undergo neuronal differentiation; neurons also differentiate in cultures of distal ectoderm isolated at early neurula stages from planar explants prepared at the beginning of gastrulation. These observations indicate that planar signals act over an extended range to induce neuronal differentiation. The inductive capacity of vertical signals was examined by recombining animal caps from ultra-violet (UV) irradiated embryos with involuted mesoderm from normal midgastrula embryos. Differentiation of either neurons or anterior neural structures occurred in 73% of vertical recombinates. Our results demonstrate that planar signals from the dorsal lip of the blastopore are capable of inducing neuronal differentiation over a considerable distance in the absence of epithelial confinement, convergence and extension, and mixing between the mesoderm and ectoderm. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Two-dimensional 1H NMR spectroscopy of 1,1′-diethyl-2,2′-cyanine iodide in water and methanol

Abstract 1,1′-Diethyl-2,2′-cyanine iodide is a well studied molecule because of its ability to form special type of molecular aggregates (J-aggregates) in water solutions and films. However, not many experimental details on the micro-molecular structure of the dye are available. We applied proton 2D NMR spectroscopy (COSY, NOESY, and TOCSY) to investigate the complex aromatic regions of the 1 H NMR spectra of the dye in deuterated methanol and in deuterated water in monomeric and J-aggregated form. Signals from all six aromatic protons of the dye in monomeric form were identified. It was found that in monomeric form, the difference in chemical shifts for the two protons nearest to nitrogen in water compared to those in methanol is significantly bigger than for the other aromatic protons. NMR spectra of PIC in water in J-aggregated form contained a series of new proton’s peaks absent in the spectra of monomers indicating on significant structural changes of PIC upon J-aggregation. Possible explanations of the nature of structural changes and the origin of new peaks are discussed.
Using Social Identity Theory to Predict Managers’ Emphases on Ethical and Legal Values in Judging Business Issues

The need to fill three gaps in ethics research in a business context sparked the current study. First, the distinction between the concepts of “ethical” and “legal” needs to be incorporated into theory building and empiricism. Second, a unifying theory is needed that can explain the variables that influence managers to emphasize ethics and legality in their judgments. Third, empirical evidence is needed to confirm the predictive power of the unifying theory, the discernable influence of personal and organizational variables, and the importance of the issue to the managers in determining their emphasis on the ethical and legal values of their judgments. Focused on these needs, the current research combines social identity theory with empirical findings from business ethics research. This theory building initiative framed hypothesis-driven research to investigate the influences on managers’ emphasis on ethical and legal values in making business judgments. An empirical research study was conducted involving 252 practicing managers who judged 12 newsworthy business events. Data was collected on the managers’ individual factors, on the groups that influence their judgments, and on the importance that the managers place on ethics and legality in judging the 12 scenarios. The research findings contribute to theory development (1) By successfully utilizing a blended extension of social identity and issue-contingent theories to understand managers’ judgments, and (2) By providing evidence on the relationships between the perceived importance of an issue and the emphases managers place on ethical and legal values in their judgments. The analysis of the data was extended to provide insights on the needs of employers to tailor management training on legal and ethical decision-making. The participating managers were clustered according to their emphases on Ethical Importance and Legal Importance in judging business situations. Analysis of Variance was then combined with Scheffe Multiple Comparison Tests to assess whether the factors derived from a blended extension of social identity and issue-contingent theories were significantly different across the clusters. The product of this analysis is unique sets of attributes that describe each cluster of managers, and provide an empirical basis for determining training priorities. Finally, the carefully constructed and thoroughly tested 12 research scenarios that form the core of the survey instrument enable their redeployment in subsequent research and their use by practicing executives who wish to compare data provided by their managers to results from the study participants.
Isolation, culture, and subculture of bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells: Mechanical methods

Methods are described for the mechanical isolation of endothelial cells from bovine pulmonary artery (or any large vessel) by gently scraping the luminal surface with a scalpel. Monolayers of endothelial cells are cultured from these scrapings. Any contaminating smooth muscle cells or fibroblasts are ringed with a grease pencil and not removed when the cells are subcultured. Both purification and subculture are effected by scraping with a rubber policeman. Treatment with proteolytic enzymes is thus avoided at isolation and during culture and subculture.
A basic model of superconducting weak links

Abstract By using a linear superposition of gap functions and gauge invariance, we show that the Josephson effect and main features of pair dynamics in a superconducting weak link can be satisfactorily described on the basis of a simple wave function.
Computer studies of the reflection of light ions from solids

Abstract Reflection of 10 eV to 20 keV H, T and He atoms from amorphous Al, Cu, Nb and Au has been studied using the binary collision cascade simulation program MARLOWE. The fractions of particles and energy reflected increase with increasing atomic number of the target and decrease with increasing incident energy. The peak in the energy distribution of reflected particles shifts to lower fractional energy with increasing incident energy. The number fraction reflected increases for increasing incident angle such that total reflection occurs for angles greater than a critical angle. Fair to poor agreement is found between the calculations and the experimental data available.i
Computer-based collection of mammographic exposure data for quality assurance and dosimetry.

PURPOSE: There is potentially more to quality assurance in mammography than the MQSA mandated tests. In this paper we describe a method of capturing individual mammogram technical parameters and the creation of new measures. These include the numbers of images required for each screening examination by technologist, median compression by technologist, and the radiation dose of the examination to the general population of patients. METHOD/MATERIALS: With this method we describe a semiautomated method of the collection of technical data from mammography exposures. The data that are automatically created by the mammography unit are saved on a computer for later analysis. The method was used on 2738 consecutive screening mammography examinations and 13 621 exposures from one machine. Data were obtained from November 1998 through December 1999. RESULTS: Using standard methods, the mean glandular dose (MGD) per exposure was 2.62 mGy (SD 1.2). The mean dose per bilateral screening examination was 6.53 mGy (SD 3.07), the median dose was 6.11 mGy, and the dose range was 1.13–34.23 mGy. Rhodium filtration was used for 18% of the exposures. The average and median breast thickness was 4.9 cm. The ACR phantom MGD for this machine was 2.44 mGy at 25 kVp, and 1.97 mGy at 26 kVp. The mean number of exposures for a bilateral mammogram was 4.9, and varied by a technologist from 4.7 to 5.2. The mean compression pressure varied by technologist from 13 to 30 lbs (58–134 N). CONCLUSIONS: The mean dose per mammogram is slightly greater than the ACR phantom dose at 25 kVp. Almost five exposures were necessary for a standard bilateral examination, and this varied by technologist. The compression used also varied by technologist. The semiautomated collection of technical data can aid in maintaining an effective mammography QA program.
Diesel Particulate Filter Model With Detailed Permeability Analysis

Recent legislation of engine exhaust Particulate Matter (PM) emission levels cannot be met with in-cylinder PM reduction techniques, thus resulting in the need for a Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF). Modern DPFs use a honeycomb of long channels with porous walls in order to filter PM with near 100% efficiency. They must be designed to balance trapping efficiency and pressure drop, as flow restriction decreases engine efficiency. This paper describes the construction of two Matlab models in order to predict properties within the filter. Two methods for simultaneously solving the differential conservation equations along with the algebraic ideal gas law in the inlet and outlet channels have been developed. The first method solves the channel equations by transforming the differential algebraic equations (DAEs) into an ordinary differential equation (ODE) system. In addition, a second method is developed that directly solves DAE systems of index-one. In order to link the inlet and outlet channel profiles, modeling of the wall flow is necessary. Four permeability models from different disciplines are used in Darcy’s law to determine their applicability in calculating DPF wall velocity profiles. The resulting inlet, wall, and outlet parameters are compared with published results to demonstrate each model’s accuracy.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Training users to counteract phishing

Phishing is an increasingly more prevalent form of online, social engineered scams that escalate costs and risks to society year to year. This dissertation research attempts to show an association between anti-phishing training techniques used in previous research and individual differences including: cognitive abilities (inhibition and working memory) and personality factors (Trust, Impulsivity, Computer Experience) which could affect phishing susceptibility. A thorough literature review looking at cyber-security and training includes: costs due to phishing, learning science, systems approach for training, risk, trust, online environment and cues, and recent anti-phishing training research. ANOVA, Regression, and Signal Detection Theory (SDT) were used to ascertain individual difference and training group effects on phishing susceptibility. The individual difference research was exploratory and found working memory capacity (Alphabet Span) and Inhibition of irrelevant information (Stroop) to have an inverse relationship to phishing susceptibility. Results from a 2 (time tested) x 3 (levels of training) repeated measures design showed anti-phishing training in both a simple comic and more complex video game form is helpful in decreasing phishing susceptibility as measured by Miss rates for all individuals including college aged and computer savvy participants. Based on the results and limitations of the present study, review of the anti-phishing training literature and learning science, future training programs and future research ideas are discussed.
Particle Image Velocimetry of Human Cough

Cough generated infectious aerosols are of interest while developing strategies for the mitigation of disease risks ranging from the common cold to SARS. In this work, the velocity field of human cough was measured using particle image velocimetry (PIV). The project subjects (total 29) coughed into an enclosure seeded with stage fog. Cough flow velocity profiles, average widths of the cough jet, and maximum cough velocities were measured. Maximum cough velocities ranged from 1.5 m/s to 28.8 m/s. The average width of all coughs ranged between 35 to 45 mm. Wide variability in the data suggests that future cough simulations consider a range of conditions.
Specificity of native-like interhelical hydrophobic contacts in the apomyoglobin intermediate

On exposure to mildly acidic conditions, apomyoglobin forms a partially folded intermediate, I. The A, B, G, and H helices are significantly structured in this equilibrium intermediate, whereas the remainder of the protein is largely unfolded. We report here the effects of mutations at helix pairing sites on the stability of I in three classes of mutants that: (i) truncate hydrophobic side chains in native helix packing sites, (ii) truncate hydrophobic side chains not involved in interhelical contacts, and (iii) extend hydrophobic side chains at residues not involved in interhelical contacts. Class I mutants significantly decrease the stability and cooperativity of folding of the intermediate. Class II and III mutants show smaller effects on stability and have little effect on cooperativity. Qualitatively similar results to those found in I were obtained for all three classes of mutants in native myoglobin (N), demonstrating that hydrophobic burial is fairly specific to native helix packing sites in I as well as in N. These results suggest that hydrophobic burial along native-like interhelical contacts is important for the formation of the cooperatively folded intermediate.
Multidetector CT imaging in mesenteric ischemia—pearls and pitfalls

Mesenteric ischemia is a complex and devastating disease which still remains a diagnostic challenge to the clinicians due to non-specific clinical and laboratory findings. Several imaging features have been described with multidetector computed tomography which allows the diagnosis of mesenteric ischemia with high sensitivity and specificity. However, there are imaging features which overlap with other pathologies including benign inflammation and infection. Knowledge of imaging findings in mesenteric ischemia and its potential mimics is important in early and definitive diagnosis.
High-Resolution Structure of a Self-Assembly-Competent Form of a Hydrophobic Peptide Captured in a Soluble β-Sheet Scaffold

beta-Rich self-assembly is a major structural class of polypeptides, but still little is known about its atomic structures and biophysical properties. Major impediments for structural and biophysical studies of peptide self-assemblies include their insolubility and heterogeneous composition. We have developed a model system, termed peptide self-assembly mimic (PSAM), based on the single-layer beta-sheet of Borrelia outer surface protein A. PSAM allows for the capture of a defined number of self-assembly-like peptide repeats within a water-soluble protein, making structural and energetic studies possible. In this work, we extend our PSAM approach to a highly hydrophobic peptide sequence. We show that a penta-Ile peptide (Ile(5)), which is insoluble and forms beta-rich self-assemblies in aqueous solution, can be captured within the PSAM scaffold in a form capable of self-assembly. The 1.1-A crystal structure revealed that the Ile(5) stretch forms a highly regular beta-strand within this flat beta-sheet. Self-assembly models built with multiple copies of the crystal structure of the Ile(5) peptide segment showed no steric conflict, indicating that this conformation represents an assembly-competent form. The PSAM retained high conformational stability, suggesting that the flat beta-strand of the Ile(5) stretch primed for self-assembly is a low-energy conformation of the Ile(5) stretch and rationalizing its high propensity for self-assembly. The ability of the PSAM to "solubilize" an otherwise insoluble peptide stretch suggests the potential of the PSAM approach to the characterization of self-assembling peptides.
Voltage-dependent proton fluxes in liposomes.

Abstract Liposomes containing buffered KCl were prepared from bacterial lipids, were diluted into K + -free media and were treated with valinomycin to induce the formation of a diffusion potential (Δψ). Upon formation of such a potential, substantial proton influx was observed, as assayed by the quenching of 9-aminoacridine fluorescence. Complete reversal of fluorescence quenching occurred when the potential was collapsed by addition of KCl or when methylamine was added. Studies of proton influx as a function of the theoretical magnitude of the Δψ indicated that the phenomenon occurred only above a Δψ of about −60 mV. Establishment of a Na + diffusion potential also resulted in proton influx. Treatment of K + -loaded liposomes with N , N ′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide did not reduce the Δψ-dependent proton influx. Moreover, proton influx could be demonstrated upon imposition of a diffusion potential in liposomes prepared from a synthetic lipid. The proton fluxes associated with generation of a diffusion potential in liposomes may complicate studies of reconstituted systems in which proton translocation should occur, and may affect the magnitude of the electrochemical proton gradient that is operant under some conditions.
Detection of apolipoprotein B mRNA editing by peptide nucleic acid mediated PCR clamping.

Apolipoprotein B (apoB) mRNA editing leads to a single base change in its mRNA and the production of apoB-48. Currently, the degree of apoB mRNA editing is analyzed by the RT-PCR primer extension method. While this method is quantitative, it is labor intensive, utilizes radioactivity for labeling and may not be sensitive enough to discriminate between low levels of editing and inherent assay background levels. Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) oligonucletides have been used in single point mutation detection through PCR clamping. In the present work, we developed a PCR based assay which can detect the single base change responsible for the apoB-48 production. We found that as low as 0.5% of the edited form can be clearly detected by PNA mediated PCR clamping. When combined with the primer extension assay, an approximately 180-fold enrichment of the edited percentage is observed, reflecting selected PCR amplification of templates containing the edited base.
Opportunities for Increasing Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Provision in School Health Centers.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes almost all cervical cancers and a significant portion of vulvar, vaginal, penile, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers.1 Two vaccines protecting against HPV infection could prevent the majority of these HPV-associated cancers.2,3 Current guidelines from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommend routine administration of HPV vaccine to adolescents ages 11 or 12, with catch-up vaccination appropriate through age 21 for young men and age 26 for young women.4 However, coverage remains low, with only 53.0% of girls and 8.3% of boys ages 13 through 17 receiving at least one dose of the three-dose HPV vaccine series, and series completion is even lower at 34.8% and 1.3%, respectively.5 A potentially feasible and effective way to increase HPV vaccine coverage is through in-school vaccination programs. School-located programs offering voluntary HPV vaccination free of charge in countries such as the United Kingdom and Australia have achieved completion rates that exceed 80%.6–11 Indeed, HPV vaccine series completion is highest when provided in school settings.12 One option is mass vaccination programs that bring temporary vaccination clinics to schools, but these have been only moderately successful in the U.S. in improving vaccine uptake for the seasonal flu shot,13–15 tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis booster,16 varicella vaccine,17 or HPV vaccine.18 For example, the median increase in HPV vaccine coverage from mass vaccination programs is 10%.19 An alternative is to use health centers that are linked to or located within schools. School health centers are associated with increased rates of adolescent vaccination,20,21 especially for adolescents who are under- or uninsured20,22 or those who interact less frequently with more traditional healthcare venues.23 Both parents24 and physicians25 have favorable attitudes towards vaccination at school sites, and most school health centers (84%) already have the refrigeration equipment, staff, and billing systems to provide adolescent vaccines.22,26 However, school health centers often focus on basic health services rather than more resource-intensive preventive health services, such as vaccines,27 and expanding school health centers’ services requires local commitment in terms of budget and health priorities.28 Improving interventions aimed at delivering vaccines through existing school health centers in the United States could boost support for school health centers as well as increase rates of HPV vaccine initiation and completion. Our study aimed to better understand HPV vaccination services in school health centers and to identify barriers to their providing the vaccine. We also sought to assess the viability of potential interventions to increase HPV vaccine provision in these centers. These results can guide future interventions to increase HPV vaccination rates at school health centers.