cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Out-of-plane interactions in dichlorobis(2-methylpyridine)- copper(II) and dibromobis(2-methylpyridine)copper(II)

Abstract The magnetic susceptibilities of dichlorobis(2-methylpyridine)copper(II) and dibromobis(2-methylpyridine)copper(II) have been measured in the temperature range 4.2–300°K. The data for both compounds obey the Van Vleck equation for ecxhange coupled copper ions with the singlet-triplet separation being 5 cm−1 for the bromo-complex and 7.4 cm−1 for the chloro-complex. The singlet state is the ground state in both cases.
The probability distribution of tolerance intervals

Tolerance intervals seem to be infrequently used outside engineering. This paper investigates tolerance intervals and relates them to confidence intervals and prediction intervals. It is believed that the introduction of these topics in introductory and intermediate statistics courses would be beneficial to the student. Tolerance intervals are constructed using observations from the normal and the truncated Cauchy distributions. Both the expected value of the coverage and the probability distribution of the coverage is investigated. Tolerance intervals are also defined for sample data. These are compared numerically to tolerance intervals for populations.
A molecular dynamics simulation study of displacement cascades in vanadium

Molecular dynamics calculations were performed to simulate the primary state of radiation damage processes in vanadium. The interaction of atoms was described by the embedded atom method (EAM) potential that was modified at close atomic separation to merge smoothly with the universal ZBL-potential for description of the higher energy recoils in cascades. The initial development of displacement cascades was observed to consist of replacement collision sequences (RCSs) and subsequent molten structures at the centers of cascades. We evaluated the efficiencies of defect production in the displacement events initiated from recoils with kinetic energies of up to 20 keV. The Frenkel pair production is found to have a power-law dependence on the primary recoil energies. The energy dependence is obviously different between single and multiple Frenkel pair production. The efficiencies of defect production and cascade mixing are somewhat higher and lower in bcc vanadium cascades, respectively, than those of fcc metals.
Methylmercury inhibits TrkA signaling through the ERK1/2 cascade after NGF stimulation of PC12 cells.

Using PC12 cells as a model of neuronal differentiation, we have shown that acute exposure to methylmercury (CH3Hg) inhibits nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced activation of TrkA. In the present study, we examined the effects of CH3Hg on pathways activated by NGF. NGF-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in PC12 cells was time-dependent. Concurrent exposure to CH3Hg and NGF for 2.5 min resulted in a concentration-dependent inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation (EC50=0.018 μM). However, NGF-stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation was not altered after 5 min of exposure to CH3Hg. In vitro studies revealed that CH3Hg did not directly inhibit the ERK kinase MEK. As reported in other neuronal tissue, CH3Hg can inhibit PKC activity in vitro. Incubation of PC12 cell lysates with CH3Hg produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of PKC activity that was significant at 0.3–10 μM. Further studies using recombinant enzymes examined the effect of CH3Hg on PKC isoforms expressed in PC12 cells. CH3Hg inhibited PKCδ, e and ζ activity in a concentration-dependent manner at higher concentrations (3–10 μM), while a significant increase in PKCα activity was observed at lower concentrations (0.1 μM). However, CH3Hg had no affect on NGF-induced PKC activity in intact cells. These results show that CH3Hg inhibition of NGF-stimulated TrkA activation in PC12 cells decreases downstream signaling through the Raf/MEK/ERK cascade. In intact cells PKC does not appear to be a primary target for CH3Hg.
COMPARISON OF DECARBOXYLATION OF CYSTEINE SULPHINIC ACID-1-14C AND CYSTEIC ACID-1-14C BY HUMAN, DOG, AND RAT LIVER AND BRAIN.

CYSTEINE sulphinic acid (CSA) is an intermediary product in the conversion of cysteine to taurine in the rat1. Cysteic acid (CA) has also been shown to be a precursor of taurine in the rat2. CSA and, to a lesser extent, CA increase the production of carbon dioxide by liver and brain tissue from some mammalian species (the rat3, the rabbit4, and the dog5), although not from others (the horse5 and the cat6). These findings indicate that the formation of taurine in some mammalian species may proceed along the pathways shown in Fig. 1.
The adsorption of water and oxygen on Ag(110): A study of the interactions among water molecules, hydroxyl groups, and oxygen atoms

The adsorption of water on clean and oxygen covered Ag(110) in ultrahigh vacuum was studied with thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS), electron stimulated desorption ion angular distribution (ESDIAD), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), work function measurements (Δ), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The ranges of experimental conditions were θ(O) between 0 and 0.5, θ(H 2 O) between 0 and 2, and temperature between 80 and 400 K. Water adsorbs on the clean surface at 80 K with no long-range order and little, if any, short-range order as determined by LEED and ESDIAD, respectively. Electron bombardment of water adlayers on clean Ag(110) results in dissociation to form OH groups at 80 K. Water also reacts with preadsorbed oxygen, either in atomic or molecular form, to form OH groups at 80 K. The O-H bond axis of the OH groups is tilted with respect to the surface normal and its thermodynamically stable, azimuthal orientation is along the [001] direction. In the absenoe of excess, molecular H 2 O, the OH groups exhibit no hydrogen bonding. The OH groups form (1× m ) ( m =2,3) LEED compression patterns upon annealing to 200 K. The γ adsorption state, which evolves water in a desorption peak at 225 K, was carefully studied. This state consists of coadsorbed H 2 O and OH in a 1:2 ratio. The results of this work are combined with earlier TDS and vibrational measurements for this system to propose an adsorption model for the γ state, in which an H 2 O molecule is hydrogen bonded to two OH groups to form an (HO) 2 -H 2 O surface complex.
Review of Abnormal Laboratory Test Results and Toxic Effects Due to Use of Herbal Medicines

Herbal medicines are used widely in the United States, and according to a recent survey, the majority of people who use herbal medicines do not inform their physicians about their use. Herbal medicines can cause abnormal test results and confusion in proper diagnosis. Herbal medicines can alter test results by direct interference with certain immunoassays. Drugherb interactions can result in unexpected concentrations of therapeutic drugs. For example, low concentrations of several drugs (e.g., cyclosporine, theophylline, digoxin) can be observed in patients who initiated self-medication with St John's wort. Herbal medicines can alter physiology, and these changes can be reflected in abnormal test results. For example, kavakava can cause drug-induced hepatitis, leading to unexpected high concentrations of liver enzymes. Use of toxic herbal products such as ma huang (an ephedra-containing herbal product), Chan Su, and comfrey may cause death. Other toxic effects of herbal medicines include cardiovascular toxic effects, hematologic toxic effects, neurotoxic effects, nephrotoxic effects, carcinogenic effects, and allergic reactions.
The flehmen response of bulls and cows.

The response of dairy bulls to the urine of cows in various stages of the reproductive cycle was quantified by presenting 200 ml of urine in a stainless steel bowl to the stanchioned bulls for 10 min. Estrous mucus was also presented in the same manner. Sniffs, nose licks and flehmen responses were recorded. Of 15 bulls tested only 7, or 47%, met the criteria of two flehmens in response to estrous urine. Among these bulls, the rate of flehmen was higher to estrous urine 6.1 +/- 1 flehmen/10 min) than to nonestrous urine (3.5 +/- 0.6 flehmen/10 in, paired t = 3.1, P < 0.03). Flehmen duration was also longer in response to estrous urine (6.4 +/- 0.4 sec) than to nonestrous urine (5.7 +/- 0.4 sec, t = 2.65, P < 0.03). There were no significant differences between the sniff frequencies and durations or in the number of licks to estrous and diestrous urine. There were significantly more flehmen responses to estrous urine (7 +/- 1.4 10 min ) than to mucus (2.25 +/- 0.9 10 min , t = 4.75, P < 0.01). The response to water (0.6 +/- 0.3 10 min ) was not different from that to mucus (t = 2.37, P < 0.10). The spontaneous flehmen rate of dairy bulls in their home stalls was 3.2 +/- 0.7 24 h . Although estrous cows did not exhibit flehmen frequently, they did sniff bull urine more frequently (3.6 +/- 0.6 10 min ) than nonestrous cows (1.8 +/- 0.3 10 min , t = 2.4, P < 0.03).
Abnormalities in the export and fate of recent thymic emigrants in diabetes-prone BB/W rats.

Abnormalities in postthymic T cell development in the BB/W rat model of autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) result in part from a lymphopenia (lyp) gene defect. To better characterize these abnormalities, the phenotypes of T cells from diabetes-prone (DP) and diabetes-resistant (DR) coisogenic rats were analyzed by multiparameter flow immunocytometry (FCM). Marked decreases in the numbers of Thyl− RT6+ T cells, most of which are CD8+, were documented in DP rats by live-gating. Conversely, an approximately 3-fold increase was observed in the percentage of Thy1+ RT6− T cells, which normally serve as the precursors of both Thy1− RT6+ and Thy1− RT6− T cell subsets in rats. These results suggested that, at a minimum, an arrest in maturation of the Thy1+ precursors of RT6 + T cells occurs postthymically in DP rats. To determine more precisely the stage(s) in T cell development at which lymphopenia occurs, the export and fate of recent thymic emigrants (RTE's) and their immediate descendants in...
Circuitous Route to Transcription Regulation

In this issue of Molecular Cell, Zhang and colleagues (2013) identify a new class of intron-derived circular RNAs (ciRNAs) and show that they have the potential to enhance transcription of their host gene.
A Preliminary Study of the eidetic Imagery of Preschool Children

(1935). A Preliminary Study of the eidetic Imagery of Preschool Children. The Pedagogical Seminary and Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 168-192.
Starch-Encapsulated Atrazine: Efficacy and Transport

Current data indicate that pesticides are a contributor to the groundwater contamination problem, with the herbicide atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] one of the most commonly found contaminates. Reports indicate that the highest levels of atrazine found appear tube associated with the heavy spring rains following application of presently used commercial formulations (CF) of atrazine. This work reports the role of new starch encapsulated (SE) granular formulations of atrazine that significantly reduce the initial mobility of atrazine without appreciable loss of weed control efficacy. Leaching studies in the laboratory indicate that SE formulations reduced movement of atrazine by 70% compared to CF in both silty clay loam and sandy soils following a 75 mm h -1 simulated rainfall [...]
Fatigue crack growth behavior of a new single crystal nickel-based superalloy (CMSX-4) at 650 C

CMSX-4 is a recently developed rhenium containing single crystal nickel-based superalloy. This alloy has potential applications in many critical high-temperature applications such as turbine blades, rotors, nuclear reactors, etc. The fatigue crack growth rate and the fatigue threshold data of this material is extremely important for accurate life prediction, as well as failure safe design, at elevated temperatures. In this paper, the fatigue crack growth behavior of CMSX-4 has been studied at 650 C. The investigation also examined the influence of [gamma][prime] precipitates (size and distribution) on the near-threshold fatigue crack growth rate and the fatigue threshold. The influence of load ratio on the fatigue crack growth rate and the fatigue threshold was also examined. Detailed fractographic studies were carried out to determine the crack growth mechanism in fatigue in the threshold region. Compact tension specimens were prepared from the single crystal nickel-based superalloy CMSX-4 with [001] orientation as the tensile loading axis direction. These specimens were given three different heat treatments to produce three different [gamma][prime] precipitate sizes and distributions. Fatigue crack growth behavior of these specimens was studied at 650 C in air. The results of the present investigation indicate that the near-threshold fatigue crack growth rate decreasesmore » and that the fatigue threshold increases with an increase in the [gamma][prime] precipitate size at 650 C. The fatigue threshold decreased linearly with an increase in load ratio. Fractographs at 650 C show a stage 2 type of crack growth along [l brace]100[r brace] type of crystal planes in the threshold region, and along [l brace]111[r brace] type of crystal planes in the high [Delta]K region.« less
Normal semigroups of one-to-one transformations

If a transformation semigroup S is defined by means of certain properties there is aproblem of determining the elements of S explicitly. In this paper, the above problem isconsidered for ^-normal semigroups S of total one-to-one transformations of a set X.A transformation semigroup S on X is termed ^-norma
Hepatozoon americanum: an emerging disease in the south-central/southeastern United States.

Objective – To review the clinical epidemiologic and pathophysiologic aspects of Hepatozoon americanum infection in dogs. Data Sources – Data from veterinary literature were reviewed through Medline and CAB as well as manual search of references listed in articles pertaining to American canine hepatozoonosis. Veterinary Data Synthesis – H. americanum is an emerging disease in endemic areas of the United States. It is vital that practitioners in these areas become familiar with the clinical syndrome of hepatozoonosis and the diagnostic modalities that can be utilized to document the presence of infection. Additionally, veterinarians must understand the epidemiology of the disease in order to better prevent infections in their veterinary patients. Recent data have been published that shed new light on transmission of H. americanum to dogs; however, much remains unknown regarding patterns of infection and the natural vertebrate host source. Conclusions – While the prognosis for untreated H. americanum remains poor, for patients in which the disease is recognized and properly treated the outcome is favorable. Understanding the complex life cycle, numerous clinical symptoms, and treatment protocol will assist veterinarians who are treating patients with hepatozoonosis.
Numerical solution of transport equation for applications in environmental hydraulics and hydrology

Abstract The advective term in the one-dimensional transport equation, when numerically discretized, produces artificial diffusion. To minimize such artificial diffusion, which vanishes only for Courant number equal to unity, transport owing to advection has been modeled separately. The numerical solution of the advection equation for a Gaussian initial distribution is well established; however, large oscillations are observed when applied to an initial distribution with sleep gradients, such as trapezoidal distribution of a constituent or propagation of mass from a continuous input. In this study, the application of seven finite-difference schemes and one polynomial interpolation scheme is investigated to solve the transport equation for both Gaussian and non-Gaussian (trapezoidal) initial distributions. The results obtained from the numerical schemes are compared with the exact solutions. A constant advective velocity is assumed throughout the transport process. For a Gaussian distribution initial condition, all eight schemes give excellent results, except the Lax scheme which is diffusive. In application to the trapezoidal initial distribution, explicit finite-difference schemes prove to be superior to implicit finite-difference schemes because the latter produce large numerical oscillations near the steep gradients. The Warming-Kutler-Lomax (WKL) explicit scheme is found to be better among this group. The Hermite polynomial interpolation scheme yields the best result for a trapezoidal distribution among all eight schemes investigated. The second-order accurate schemes are sufficiently accurate for most practical problems, but the solution of unusual problems (concentration with steep gradient) requires the application of higher-order (e.g. third- and fourth-order) accurate schemes.
Pointwise decay estimates for multidimensional Navier-Stokes diffusion waves

In [2], we determined a unique "effective artificial viscosity" system approximating the behavior of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations. Here, we derive a detailed, pointwise description of the Green's function for this system. This Green's function generalizes the notion of "diffusion wave" introduced by Liu in the one-dimensional case, being expressible as a nonstandard heat kernel convected by the hyperbolic solution operator of the linearized compressible Euler equations. It dominates the asymptotic behavior of solutions of the (nonlinear) compressible Navier-Stokes equations with localized initial data. The problem reduces to determining estimates on the wave equation, with initial data consisting of various combinations of heat and Riesz kernels; however, the calculations turn out to be surprisingly subtle, involving cancellation not captured by standard \(L^p\) estimates for the wave equation.
Effect of Temperature on Potassium and Sodium Exchange in a Sierra Nevada Riparian Soil

In the course of investigating nutrient availability in a montane meadow ecosystem of the Sierra Nevada range, it was determined that resin availability of Na + and K + was significantly affected by season (winter vs. summer and fall). The underlying mechanism(s) controlling this seasonal effect was investigated in the laboratory. Four replicate A horizon samples of a Typic Humaquept (silty clay texture, kaolinitic mineralogy, 3% organic C, pH 5.10) were saturated with Mg 2+ . Using 5-g subsamples from each replicate, soil was equilibrated for a period of 30 min with 30 mL of a 5.00 mmol solution of Na + and K + at 1, 15, 30, and 45°C. After centrifugation, the supernatant was analyzed for K + , Na + , and Mg 2+ . Exchanger sorption characteristics varied significantly with temperature. Overall, K + was preferentially sorbed over Na + , but the proportional sorption of K + decreased significantly at a temperature of 1°C. The temperature dependence of K + and Na + sorption partially explains seasonal differences in availability. Net sorption (K + + Na + - Mg 2+ ) was statistically similar to 0 at temperatures of 15, 30, and 50°C, but significantly increased at 1°C. This increase in cation exchange capacity at low temperature may have special relevance to ecosystems during snowmelt when increased retention of certain cations could occur.
Insulin-mediated increase in glucose 1,6-bisphosphate is attenuated in skeletal muscle of insulin-resistant man.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of insulin infusion on the glucose 1,6-bisphosphate (glucose 1,6-P 2 ) content in skeletal muscle of insulin resistant man. Euglycemic (∼ 100 mg/dL) hyperinsulinemic clamps were performed on seven men with chronically elevated fasting plasma glycemia (228 ± 13 mg/dL, mean ± SE) who were insulin resistant (HIR) and five men with normal fasting glycemia (115 ± 5 mg/dL) who were insulin resistant (NIR). Insulin was infused at successive rates of 40 and 400 mU/m 2 /min, and biopsies were obtained from the quadriceps femoris muscle before and after insulin infusion. The results were compared with those of normoglycemic insulin-sensitive (NIS) men. The insulin-resistant groups had significantly higher percent body fat values than did the NIS group. Glucose 1,6-P 2 increased from 70 ± 6,49 ± 9, and 67 ± 3 μmol/kg dry weight in the basal state to 135 ± 12 ( P v basal), 67 ± 11 ( P > .05) and 79 ± 3 ( P > .05) after 40 mU insulin in NIS, HIR, and NIR, respectively. Glucose 1,6-P 2 increased to 147 ± 12 ( P v basal), 91 ± 15 ( P P 2 in response to 40 mU insulin was only 28% and 18% in HIR and NIR, respectively, of that in NIS. These data demonstrate that the increase in glucose 1,6-P 2 normally observed in muscle of NIS men in response to insulin is attenuated in muscle of obese, insulin-resistant men. Preliminary results suggest that the attenuated response is not due to obesity per se.
S-Regular and S-Normal Spaces

In this paper s-regular and s-normal spaces are characterized using semi-T0-identification spaces, topological sums of s-regular and s-normal spaces are examined, and the relationships between s-regular, s-normal, and other separation axioms are further examined.
A Human Dynamin-related Protein Controls the Distribution of Mitochondria

Mitochondria exist as a dynamic tubular network with projections that move, break, and reseal in response to local environmental changes. We present evidence that a human dynamin-related protein (Drp1) is specifically required to establish this morphology. Drp1 is a GTPase with a domain structure similar to that of other dynamin family members. To identify the function of Drp1, we transiently transfected cells with mutant Drp1. A mutation in the GTPase domain caused profound alterations in mitochondrial morphology. The tubular projections normally present in wild-type cells were retracted into large perinuclear aggregates in cells expressing mutant Drp1. The morphology of other organelles was unaffected by mutant Drp1. There was also no effect of mutant Drp1 on the transport functions of the secretory and endocytic pathways. By EM, the mitochondrial aggregates found in cells that were transfected with mutant Drp1 appear as clusters of tubules rather than a large mass of coalescing membrane. We propose that Drp1 is important for distributing mitochondrial tubules throughout the cell. The function of this new dynamin-related protein in organelle morphology represents a novel role for a member of the dynamin family of proteins.
Minor Losses Due to Flow Through a Rounded Sudden Expansion

Experiments on steady flow through a nominally 2-D exit geometry with rounded edges are presented. The minor loss coefficient, K, can be greater than unity for sudden expansions with non-uniform velocity profiles. Pressure recovery due to deceleration of the exiting flow before it detaches results in conversion of kinetic energy to flow energy and a reduced the value of K. It is shown that K is a function of the dimensionless edge radius and the Reynolds number. Substantial pressure recovery is reported at large Re for r/h < 1.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Electric Field Enhanced Synthesis of Nanostructured Tantalum Carbide

Nanocrystalline TaC was synthesized by the field-activated combustion method. The crystallite size ranged from about 30 to 55 nm, depending on the applied field. At low fields (8.54 ≤ E < 16.39 V cm−1) the average crystallite size was relatively unaffected by the field, but it showed a significant increase at fields higher than 16.39 V cm−1. From temperature measurements, this field was found to coincide with the melting of Ta. The combustion wave velocity likewise showed a significant increase when the temperature was at the melting point. The composition of the product showed a dependence on the magnitude of the applied field. At low field values (above a threshold) the product contained Ta2C. When synthesized at high fields, the product showed the presence of TaC phase only. The lattice parameter and the C/Ta ratio showed a slight dependence on the field, both increasing with an increase in the magnitude of the field.
The Effects of Image and Animation in Enhancing Pedagogical Agent Persona

The purpose of this experimental study was to test the role of image and animation on: a) learners' perceptions of pedagogical agent persona characteristics (i.e., extent to which agent was person-like, engaging, credible, and instructor-like); b) agent value; and c) performance. The primary analysis consisted of two contrast comparisons: 1) comparing the presence/absence of agent image; and 2) comparing static versus animated agent images. In the study, 75 preservice teachers developed an instructional plan for a case study involving designing economics instruction for the concepts of supply and demand within the MIMIC (Multiple Intelligent Mentors Instructing Collaboratively) agent-based environment. Overall, animation was found to be beneficial for all four persona characteristics, but not always as the single best implementation. For the agent to be perceived as instructor-like, a strong positive effect was found for the presence of agent animation. Agent credibility was facilitated by either a static...
Response of neuropeptides and neurotransmitter binding sites in the retina and brain of the developing chick to reduced visual input

The effect of 17 days of monocular suture of eyelids of day-old chicks upon levels of neuropeptides and high affinity binding sites was studied. A significant reduction of met-enkephalin, but not of substance P or neurotensin, was observed in the retina of the eye receiving dim and unpatterned light. Retinal muscarinic, dopaminergic, opiate, and benzodiazepine receptors appeared unaltered by the experimental procedure. Levels of neuropeptides were not significantly changed in optic lobes contralateral to and innervated by the sutured eyes relative to the optic lobes receiving afferentation from the open eyes. Seventeen days after unilateral enucleation of new-hatched chicks, the neuropeptide content of the smaller denervated optic lobes did not differ from that of the lobes receiving an intact neuronal input.
Covariation of α2‐adrenoceptor density and function following irreversible antagonism with EEDQ

1. Administration of the irreversible antagonist, N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline, (EEDQ, 2 mg kg-1, i.p.) to mice reduced binding of [3H]-RX 821002 (2-methoxy-idazoxan) to alpha 2-adrenoceptors in whole mouse brain by 75% 24 h later. The receptor binding returned over time only being reduced by 25% by 16 days post administration; the time taken for binding to return to 50% of control levels was estimated to be 5.25 days. 2. EEDQ administration also resulted in the loss of the sedative effect of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist, medetomidine, measured by the holeboard test of directed exploration and locomotor activity. Agonist-induced sedation returned to control values by 8 days post EEDQ administration. 3. EEDQ administration also resulted in the loss of the hypothermic response to medetomidine (0.1 mg kg-1, i.p.). Medetomidine-induced hypothermia returned to control values by 12 days post EEDQ administration. 4. Pretreatment with the selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, RX 821002 (0.1-3.0 mg kg-1, i.p.) 45 min before EEDQ prevented the loss of alpha 2-adrenoceptors as well as the blockade of medetomide-induced sedation and hypothermia by EEDQ. 5. The results of these experiments indicate that there is significant receptor reserve for alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated behavioural and physiological responses.
Radiologic diagnosis and staging of renal and bladder cancer.

ladder and kidney cancers are the second and fourth commonest tumors of the genitourinary tract, respec- tively. This article focuses on the most common adult malig- nancy in each group, namely urothelial (or transitional cell) carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The epidemiol- ogy, pathology, and radiologic diagnosis and staging of these tumors are presented. Renal cancer is associated with a number of genetic condi- tions (eg, von Hippel-Lindau disease and hereditary papil- lary renal cancer), acquired cystic renal disease (eg, in renal dialysis), renal transplantation, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, exposure to petroleum products, chlo- rinated solvents, and cigarette smoking. 3-7 Pathology The vast majority (80 to 90%) of primary malignant tumors of the kidney in adults are RCC. RCC tumor arises from the proximal tubular epithelium. There are a variety of histolog- ical subtypes, the most common of which is clear cell adeno- carcinoma (75%); other subtypes are papillary (15%), chro- mophobe (5%), collecting duct (1%), and unclassified (4%). 8,9 Other rarer renal tumors include adenomas, fibromas, leiomyomas, benign fibrous histiocytomas, angiomyolipo- mas, oncocytomas, transitional cell carcinomas, hematopoi- etic and lymphoid tumors (eg, lymphoma), sarcomas, metas- tases, and Wilm's tumors. Macroscopically, RCC usually appears encapsulated, and it may be solid, cystic, or mixed. RCCs are usually solitary, but they are occasionally multifocal and may be bilateral. 6 There are several histopathological grading systems, of which the most common is the Fuhrman system, which is based on nuclear features.
Distribution of aromatase cytochrome P450 messenger ribonucleic acid in adult rhesus monkey brains.

The conversion of androgens to estrogens by aromatase cytochrome P450 (P450arom) is an important step in the mechanism of androgen action in the brain. However, the distribution of P450.. mRNA in adult rhesus monkey brains has not been studied because specific probes have not been available. To address this deficit, we cloned and sequenced a 455-basepair segment of the 5' coding region of the rhesus P450arom cDNA. Total RNA was extracted from a rhesus monkey placenta (Day 47 of gestation) and subjected to reverse transcriptase (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using consensus oligonucleotide primers selected from published human and rat P450am,, DNA sequences. The RT-PCR product was subcloned into a vector and sequenced. The monkey P450,.o cDNA was 97% identical to the human sequence but shared only 86% homology with the rat sequence. We then developed a ribonuclease protection assay using a monkey P450-,,, cDNA and studied the distribution of P450.. mRNA in adult monkey brains. This assay protected two RNA fragments, one 455 nucleotides (nt) in length and the second approximately 300 nt. The relative distribution of P450_,, mRNA (the 455-nt fragment) between brain areas of the adult (n = 3) was high in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis > medial preoptic/anterior hypothalamus > amygdala; intermediate in the medial basal hypothalamus (infundibular nucleus, median eminence, ventromedial nucleus) > lateral preoptic/anterior hypothalamus; and low in the septum > lateral-dorsalmedial hypothalamus. P450arom mRNA was undetectable in cingulate and parietal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum. P450a,,, activity, as measured by the 3 H20 assay, correlated well with the distribution of P450rom mRNA (the 455-nt protected fragment; r = 0.9) in the same tissues. A shorter protected RNA fragment was found in the medial basal hypothalamus, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the amygdala, and the cingulate and parietal cortex but not in the other brain areas investigated. Its presence did not correlate with aromatase activity in brain tissue. This study describes the development of a ribonuclease protection assay using a monkey cDNA produced by RT-PCR and its usefulness for studying the distribution of P450rom mRNA in brains of nonhuman primates.
Contextual and subjective antecedents of smoking in a college student sample

Introduction: College is a time when individuals are at risk for initiating or increasing their smoking behavior. Little is known, however, about the contexts in which college students smoke. Identifying antecedents to smoking would provide insights into motivation and stimulus control of smoking in this population. Method: In a sample of 50 college student smokers, situational, behavioral, and subjective state variables were compared between prompted interviews (N = 2,095) and participant-initiated smoking interviews (N = 865) using electronic handheld diaries. Results: The strongest predictors of smoking were recently inhabiting an outside location (odds ratio [OR] = 4.19, p < .001), the presence of others smoking (OR = 3.93, p < .001), and being where smoking was permitted (OR = 3.26, p < .001), indicating situational control over smoking. Less cue control over smoking was found for daily than nondaily smokers. Craving was the most robust subjective antecedent of smoking behavior (OR = 1.32, p < .001). Discussion: These results suggest that smoking among college students is largely opportunistic, craving is important and may develop early in the progression of smoking, and stimulus control may erode with greater smoking experience.
Long-term solar activity and terrestrial connections. Part II: at the beckon of the sun?

The research task described herein aims at the structuring of an analytical tool that traces the time course of geophysical phenomena, regional or global, and compares it to the course of long-term solar conditions, long-term meaning decades or a few centuries. The model is based on the premise that since in a last analysis the preponderance of atmospheric, hydrospheric, and, possibly, some aspects of geospheric phenomena are, or have been, powered by energy issuing from the sun – either now or in the past – the long-term behavior of such phenomena is ultimately “connected” to long-term changes occurring in the sun itself. Accordingly, the proposed research firstly derives and models a stable surrogate pattern for the long-term solar activity, secondly introduces a transfer-function algorithm for modeling the connection between the surrogate and terrestrial phenomena viewed as partners in the connection, and thirdly probes the connection outcome for episodic or unanticipated effects that may arise due to the fact that in the present context, the connection, should it exist, is very likely nonlinear. Part I of the study presents the theory of the concept, while Part II demonstrates the concept’s pertinence to a number of terrestrial phenomena.
Protecting the Traditional Knowledge and Cultural Expressions of Russia's Numerically-Small Indigenous Peoples: What Has Been Done, What Remains to Be Done

The Russian population is drawn from 160 ethnic groups and indigenous peoples. Among the latter are the so-called “indigenous small-numbered peoples” -dozens of groups of people that live in their historical territory; preserve their traditional ways of life, occupations, and trades; recognize themselves as separate ethnicities; and number no more than 50,000 individuals living in Russia.The indigenous small-numbered people include various peoples of the Far North, central and southern Siberia, and the Far East. For many of these peoples, the traditional ways of life consist of hunting, fishing, reindeer husbandry, etc. Their traditional forms of cultural production include painting and carving on wood, bone, and stone, bead ornamentation, and other forms of graphic arts. As Alexandra Xanthaki has written, “very little has been written on the rights of the numerically small indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia, and Far East of the Russian Federation; yet, their situation has been described as ‘critical.’” While there has been some scholarly analysis of the land rights of the indigenous people of Russia, nothing has yet been written about the legal protection of the knowledge and literary or artistic works they produce. Such an analysis is especially timely because a new Russian copyright law - Part Four of the Civil Code - took effect at the beginning of 2008. In this paper, I propose to address three issues: (1) An overview of the legal regime applicable to Russia’s small-numbered indigenous people; (2) The extent to which existing Russian law (primarily copyright law, but also patent and other law) covers works produced by these peoples; and (3) What changes are necessary in order to improve the legal protection of cultural works produced by Russia’s small-numbered indigenous peoples.
Warfarin-Cranberry Juice Interaction

Objective:To report a case of warfarin-cranberry juice interaction, which resulted in an international normalized ratio (INR) elevation on 2 separate occasions.Case Summary:A 46-year-old female was...
Magnetoresistive amplifiers with superconductive elements

The construction and properties of certain superconductive amplifiers in which the resistance of a gate element is controlled by the electromagnetic field of a signal coil are described in this paper. Vacuum-deposited films of tin, which have narrow resistive transition widths, have been used as the gate elements, and the field has been applied perpendicularly to the film surface. The parameters of small-signal analysis are determined, and the influence of temperature, bias magnetic field, and zero-signal gate current upon power gains are shown. The limitations and merits of the device in its present form are discussed.
“Everyone Had Your Back”: Social Ties, Perceived Safety, and Public Housing Relocation:

Tens of thousands of families have been relocated from public housing in the last decade through the HOPE VI redevelopment initiative. Analyzing in–depth interviews with 41 families who were reloca...
TOWARD A CRITICAL HISTORICISM: HISTORY AND POLITICS IN NIETZSCHE'S SECOND “UNTIMELY MEDITATION”

Focusing on the close connection between Friedrich Nietzsche's historical thought and the discourse of German historicism in the second half of the nineteenth century, this article argues in a thick contextual reading that Nietzsche's second “Untimely Meditation,” Vom Nutzen und Nachtheil der Historie fur das Leben (1874), needs to be understood as a reflection on the political dimension of historical consciousness, outlining what I shall term a “critical historicism.” In contrast to the standard emphasis on Nietzsche's presumed aestheticism, he is shown to react to rather specific developments within the contemporary intellectual context, such as the establishment of specific historical foundation myths for a new German nation state, exemplified by the public monuments and commemorations of the 1870s, the effect of such foundation myths on the political imagination of historical scholarship, and the intellectual antagonism between Basel's “antimodernism” and the German nation state.
TSKS concentrates in spermatid centrioles during flagellogenesis

Centrosomal coiled-coil proteins paired with kinases play critical roles in centrosomal functions within somatic cells, however knowledge regarding gamete centriolar proteins is limited. In this study, the substrate of TSSK1 and 2, TSKS, was localized during spermiogenesis to the centrioles of post-meiotic spermatids, where it reached its greatest concentration during the period of flagellogenesis. This centriolar localization persisted in ejaculated human spermatozoa, while centriolar TSKS diminished in mouse sperm, where centrioles are known to undergo complete degeneration. In addition to the centriolar localization during flagellogenesis, mouse TSKS and the TSSK2 kinase localized in the tail and acrosomal regions of mouse epididymal sperm, while TSSK2 was found in the equatorial segment, neck and the midpiece of human spermatozoa. TSSK2/TSKS is the first kinase/substrate pair localized to the centrioles of spermatids and spermatozoa. Coupled with the infertility due to haploinsufficiency noted in chimeric mice with deletion of Tssk1 and 2 (companion paper) this centriolar kinase/substrate pair is predicted to play an indispensable role during spermiogenesis.
Time domain analysis and its practical application to the measurement of phase noise and jitter

The precise determination of phase is necessary for a very large set of measurements. Traditionally, phase measurements have been made using analog phase detectors which suffer from limited accuracy and dynamic range. This paper describes how phase digitizing, which uses time domain techniques, removes these limitations. Phase digitizing is accomplished using a time interval analyzer, which measures the signal zero-crossing times. These zero-crossing times are processed to compute phase deviation, with the reference frequency specified as a numerical value or derived from the times themselves. Phase digitizing can be applied even in the presence of modulation, as the underlying clock can be reconstructed in software to fit the data. Measurements derived from this phase data such as phase noise, jitter analysis, Allan variance (AVAR), maximum time interval error (MTIE), and time deviation (TDEV) are applied to such applications as the characterization of oscillators, computer clocks, chirp radar, token ring networks, and tributaries in communication systems.
Role of PKC and RhoA/ROCK pathways in the spontaneous phasic activity in the rectal smooth muscle

The role of PKC and RhoA/ROCK pathways in the phasic activities in the rectal smooth muscles (RSM) in the basal state is not known. We examined this issue by determining the effects of PKC inhibito...
Reward, Addiction and Emotion Regulation Systems Associated with Rejection in Love

Romantic rejection causes a profound sense of loss and negative affect. It can induce clinical depression and in extreme cases lead to suicide and/or homicide. To begin to identify the neural syste...
E-014 Changes in Posterior Circulation Arterial Flows after Revascularization Surgery in Moyamoya Disease: A Quantitative MRI Study

Background and purpose Moyamoya disease and syndrome are well known to affect the anterior cerebral circulation by progressive steno-occlusive disease of the supraclinoid internal carotid arteries. Less attention has been paid to changes in posterior arterial circulation hemodynamics in this condition. We sought to better understand the latter using a relatively novel noninvasive imaging technique, quantitative magnetic resonance angiography (qMRA). We assessed the diagnostic utility of qMRA for posterior arterial circulation flows before and after surgical revascularization. Materials and methods This retrospective review included patients who met the following inclusion criteria: (1) diagnosis of moyamoya disease or syndrome with revascularization surgery at Stanford University between September 2008 and March 2012; (2) preoperative and postoperative qMRA scans on record within a two-year time frame; and (3) high-quality qMRA images without motion artefact. Cerebral blood-vessel flow was quantified after non-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) through the use of a commercially available software tool, non-invasive optimal vessel analysis (NOVA, VasSol, Chicago, USA). Results A total of 191 patients underwent 281 surgeries during this period of time. Of these, a cohort of 64 patients (78% female, mean age 38.5 years, 55% unilateral disease) had pre- and post-operative qMRA studies. Preoperative arterial flows in the posterior circulation were markedly elevated compared to normal controls. These flows significantly decreased after revascularization (94% direct STA–MCA bypass) with right PCA flow 145 mL/min pre-surgery vs. 123 mL/min post-surgery (p = 0.005, n = 51) and basilar artery flow 264 mL/min pre-surgery vs. 222 mL/min post-surgery (p Conclusions Quantitative MRA shows that posterior circulation arterial flows are markedly increased in patients with moyamoya disease. After revascularization, there is an overall decrease in these flows that is significant in the basilar artery and right posterior cerebral artery. Further use of qMRA might be warranted to better understand moyamoya hemodynamics before and after surgery. Abbreviations MMD = moyamoya disease NOVA = noninvasive optimal vessel analysis; qMRA = quantitative magnetic resonance angiography Keywords moyamoya disease, quantitative magnetic resonance angiography, cerebral blood flow Disclosures R. Navarro: None. A. Feroze: None. O. Choudhri: None. R. Lober: None. N. Khan: None. G. Steinberg: None.
Expression and Subunit Interaction of Voltage-Dependent Ca2+ Channels in PC12 Cells

Nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced differentiation in PC12 cells is accompanied by changes in the expression of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. Ca2+ channels are multimeric complexes composed of at least three subunits (α1, β, and α2δ) and are involved in neuronal migration, gene expression, and neurotransmitter release. Although attempts have been undertaken to elucidate NGF regulation of Ca2+ channel expression, the changes in subunit composition of these channels during differentiation still remain uncertain. In the present study, patch-clamp recordings show that in addition to the previously documented L-type and N-type Ca2+ currents, undifferentiated PC12 cells also express an ω-agatoxin-IVA-sensitive (P/Q-type) component. In addition, the corresponding mRNA encoding the pore-forming α1 subunits for these channels (C, B, and A, respectively) was detected. Likewise, mRNA for three distinct auxiliary β subunits (1, 2, 3) were also found, β3 protein being dominantly expressed. Immunoprecipitation experiments show that the N-type Ca2+ channel is associated with either a β2 or β3 subunit and that NGF increases the channel expression without affecting its β subunit association. These results (1) indicate that the diversity of Ca2+ currents in PC12 cells arise from the expression of three distinct α1and three different β subunit genes; (2) support a model for heterogenous β subunit association of the N-type Ca2+channel in a single cell type; and (3) suggest that the regulation of the N-type Ca2+ channel during NGF-mediated differentiation involves an increase in the number of functional channels with no apparent changes in subunit composition.
Modulation of meso-limbic reward processing by motivational tendencies in young adolescents and adults.

Abstract Adolescence is a particularly vulnerable period for the onset of substance use disorders and other psychopathology. Individual variability in motivational tendencies and temperament and significant changes in functional brain organization during adolescence are important factors to consider in the development of substance use and dependence. Recent conceptualizations suggest that sensitivity to reward is heightened in adolescence and that this motivation tendency may precipitate subsequent substance abuse. The present study examined the role of personality traits in mesolimbic neurobehavioral response on a monetary incentive delay (MID) task in young adolescents (11–14 years) and emerging adults (18–25 years) using functional magnetic resonance imaging. As a group, adolescents were not more sensitive to gains than losses compared to adults during either anticipatory and feedback phases; instead, compared to adults they showed less sensitivity to incentive magnitude in mesolimbic circuitry during anticipation and feedback stages. However, personality modulated this response such that adolescents high in impulsivity or low in avoidance tendencies showed greater gain sensitivity and adolescents high in avoidance showed greater loss sensitivity during cue anticipation. In adults, mesolimbic response was modulated by the impulsivity construct such that high-impulsive adults showed reduced magnitude sensitivity during both anticipation and feedback compared to low impulsive adults. The present findings suggest that impulsive personality significantly modulates mesolimbic reward response during both adolescence and adulthood but avoidance and approach tendencies also modulate this response in adolescents. Moreover, personality modulated incentive valence in adolescents but incentive magnitude in adults. Collectively, these findings suggest that mesolimbic reward circuitry function is modulated by somewhat different parameters in adolescence than in adulthood.