cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxidative metabolites accelerate Alzheimer's amyloidogenesis by a two-step mechanism, eliminating the requirement for nucleation.

The process of amyloid formation by the amyloid β peptide (Aβ), i.e., the misassembly of Aβ peptides into soluble quaternary structures and, ultimately, amyloid fibrils, appears to be at the center of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. We have shown that abnormal oxidative metabolites, including cholesterol-derived aldehydes, modify Aβ and accelerate the early stages of amyloidogenesis (the formation of spherical aggregates). This process, which we have termed metabolite-initiated protein misfolding, could explain why hypercholesterolemia and inflammation are risk factors for sporadic AD. Herein, the mechanism by which cholesterol metabolites hasten Aβ 1−40 amyloidogenesis is explored, revealing a process that has at least two steps. In the first step, metabolites modify Aβ peptides by Schiff base formation. The Aβ−metabolite adducts form spherical aggregates by a downhill polymerization that does not require a nucleation step, dramatically accelerating Aβ aggregation. In agitated samples, a second step ...
Odour Thresholds of Various Branched and Straight Chain Acetates

Abstract A series of straight chain and branched esters (ethyl acetate to 2-nonyl acetate) were purified by preparative gas chromatography and their odour thresholds were determined using sensory panel methods. Pentyl acetate and 2-butyl acetate had the lowest odour thresholds of the straight chain and branched acetates, respectively. Addition of a methyl group at the 1-position of the alcohol did not have a consistent effect on the odour threshold. For ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, butyl acetate and heptyl acetate the addition of a methyl group in the 1-position caused a decrease in the odour threshold; whereas for pentyl acetate, hexyl acetate and octyl acetate the addition of a methyl group in the 1-position caused an increase in the odour threshold.
Akt in Prostate Cancer: Possible Role in Androgen-Independence

Akt, a downstream effector of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), has often been implicated in prostate cancer. Studies in prostate tumor cell lines revealed that Akt activation is probably important for the progression of prostate cancer to an androgen-independent state. Investigations of human prostate cancer tissues show that although there is neither Akt gene amplification nor enhanced protein expression in prostate cancer compared to normal tissue, poorly differentiated tumors exhibit increased expression of a phosphorylated (activated) form of Akt compared to normal tissue, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) or well-differentiated prostate cancer. Akt phosphorylation is accompanied by the inactivation of ERK, a member of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. In this article, we postulate that Akt promotes androgen-independent survival of prostate tumor cells by modulating the expression and activation of the androgen receptor (AR).
Birefringence in injection-compression molding of amorphous polymers: Simulation and experiment

The influence of the processing variables on the residual birefringence was analyzed for polystyrene and polycarbonate disks obtained by injection-compression molding under various processing conditions. The processing variables studied were melt and mold temperatures, compression stroke, and switchover time. The modeling of flow-induced residual stresses and birefringence of amorphous polymers in injection-compression molded center-gated disks was carried out using a numerical scheme based on a hybrid finite element/finite difference/control volume method. A nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive equation and stress-optical rule were used to model frozen-in flow stresses in moldings. The filling, compression, packing, and cooling stages were considered. Thermally-induced residual birefringence was calculated using the linear viscoelastic and photoviscoelastic constitutive equations combined with the first-order rate equation for volume relaxation and the master curves for the Young's relaxation modulus and strain-optical coefficient functions. The residual birefringence in injection-compression moldings was measured. The effects of various processing conditions on the measured and simulated birefringence distribution Δn and average transverse birefringence were elucidated. Comparison of the birefringence in disks manufactured by the injection molding and injection-compression molding was made. The predicted and measured birefringence is found to be in fair agreement. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Guided modes in photonic crystal slabs

We analyze the properties of two-dimensionally periodic dielectric structures that have a band gap for propagation in a plane and that use index guiding to confine light in the third dimension. Such structures are more amenable to fabrication than photonic crystals with full three-dimensional band gaps, but retain or approximate many of the latter's desirable properties. We show how traditional band-structure analysis can be adapted to slab systems in the context of several representative structures, and describe the unique features that arise in this framework compared to ordinary photonic crystals.
Using Alloy to analyse a spatio-temporal access control model supporting delegation

Pervasive computing applications use the knowledge of the environment to provide better services and functionality to the end user. Access control for such applications needs to use contextual information. Towards this end, we proposed an access control model based on role-based access control that uses the environmental contexts time and location to determine whether a user can get access to some resource. The model also supports delegation which is important for dynamic applications where a user is unavailable and permissions may have to be transferred temporarily to another user/role in order to complete a specific task. Such a model typically has numerous features to support the requirements of various applications. The features may interact in subtle ways to produce conflicts. Here, we propose an automated approach using Alloy for detecting such conflicts. Alloy is supported by a software infrastructure that allows automated analysis of models and has been used to verify industrial applications. The results obtained from the analysis will enable the users of the model to make informed decisions.
Soybean Lipoxygenase-Promoted Oxidation of Free and Esterified Linoleic Acid in the Presence of Deoxycholate

Lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.12) catalyzes the reaction between oxygen and polyunsaturated fatty acids to give fatty acid hydroperoxides. Recent work showed that soybean lipoxygenase 1 can oxidize diacylglycerols when deoxycholate is present in the reaction medium. Conditions were sought to maximize 1,3-dilinolein oxidation with a commercial soybean lipoxygenase preparation. It was found that dilinolein was oxidized most rapidly in a multicomponent buffer medium that contained 10 mM deoxycholate between pH 8 and 9. When dilinolein oxidation was conducted in the individual components of the multicomponent buffer, the oxidation rate decreased two- to threefold. Addition of 0.2 M NaCl to one of the components, Tricine buffer, caused a twofold increase in the oxidation rate, demonstrating that high ionic strength is a major factor promoting rapid oxidation in the multicomponent buffer. In the deoxycholate multicomponent buffer, the order of reactivity toward oxidation was monolinolein>methyl linoleate≈ linoleic acid>dilinolein. Competition experiments in which mixtures of the substrates were presented simultaneously to lipoxygenase in the presence of deoxycholate showed that linoleic acid was the most reactive substrate. When no surfactant was present or when the surfactant was Tween 20, linoleic acid was the most rapidly oxidized substrate. Overall, the results demonstrate that monolinolein and methyl linoleate are just as reactive, or more so, as linoleic acid to oxidation by lipoxygenase under specified reaction conditions. In competition experiments, linoleic acid oxidation predominates, probably because its free carboxyl functionality allows it to be preferentially bound to the active site of lipoxygenase.
Beam Shaping and Homogenization with Random Microlens Arrays

We describe the use of random microlens arrays for beam shaping and homogenization applications. Within the array, the vertex height and radii of curvature (in the two orthogonal surface directions) of each lens are randomized. We present theoretical and experimental data for these diffusing structures.
The Focusing Air-Core Magnetic Channel for the M.S.U. 55-MeV Cyclotron

In variable-energy cyclotrons, saturation effects are always a problem; the use of air-core coils in lieu of iron as magnetic channels greatly reduces such difficulties. This paper describes the design of such a coil for the M.S.U. 55-MeV cyclotron. The coil includes the additional feature of incorporating a focusing gradient approximately equal in strength to a typical single-stage quadrupole.
Characteristics of the interaction of the ferritin repressor protein with the iron-responsive element

The iron-responsive regulation of ferritin mRNA translation is mediated by the specific interaction of the ferritin repressor protein (FRP) with the iron-responsive element (IRE), a highly conserved 28-nucleotide sequence located in the 5′ untranslated region of ferritin mRNAs. The IRE alone is necessary and sufficient to confer repression of translation by FRP upon a heterologous message, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, in an in vitro translation system. The activity of FRP is sensitive to iron in vivo. Cytoplasmic extracts of rabbit kidney cells show reduction of FRP activity when grown in the presence of iron, as detected by RNA band shift assay. Using a nitrocellulose filter binding assay to examine the interaction of FRP with the IRE in more detail, we find that purified FRP has a single high-affinity binding site for the IRE with aK d of 20–50 pM. Hemin pretreatment decreases the total amount of FRP which can bind to the IRE. This effect is dependent on hemin concentration. Interestingly, the FRP which remains active at a given hemin concentration binds to the IRE with the same high affinity as untreated FRP. A variety of hemin concentrations were examined for their effect on preformed FRP/IRE complexes. All hemin concentrations tested resulted in rapid complex breakdown. The final amount of complex breakdown corresponds to the concentration of hemin present in the reaction. The effect of hemin on FRP activity suggests that a specific hemin binding site exists on FRP.
Factors Affecting Sulfate-Sulfur Utilization by the Young Chick

Abstract Eight-day-old male chicks were used in growth assays to determine the existence of and conditions for a response to dietary inorganic sulfate. Purified crystalline amino acid diets were used in the first five assays and practical corn-soybean meal diets in the final assay. A sulfate-free salt mixture was developed for use in the assays. In the first study, a growth response was obtained to supplemental sulfate when sulfur amino acids (SAA) were deficient (0.40% of the diet) and cystine was first limiting, but no response was obtained when methionine was first limiting, or when sulfur amino acids were adequate (0.60%). In the second assay an approximately equal response was obtained in all cases where cystine was more limiting than methionine, regardless of the breadth of the ratio. In addition, potassium sulfate and sodium sulfate were shown to be equally efficacious as sources of inorganic sulfate for the chick. It was demonstrated in Assays 3 and 4 that no more than 0.1% potassium sulfate was needed to elicit a maximal response in chicks fed 0.25% methionine and 0.15% cystine. Data from both Assays 1 and 5 pointed to the conclusion that there is no dietary requirement for sulfate per se. A response to sulfate supplementation could not be demonstrated when feeding practical corn-soybean meal diets even though chicks responded to supplemental methionine. According to diet analyses, cystine should have been more limiting than methionine, which perhaps suggests that the level of sulfate in the basal diet was too high to allow a response to supplemental sulfate.
From the Pessimistic Induction to Semantic Antirealism

The Pessimistic Induction (PI) states: most past scientific theories were radically mistaken; therefore, current theories are probably similarly mistaken. But mistaken in what way? On the usual understanding, such past theories are false. However, on widely held views about reference and presupposition, many theoretical claims of previous scientific theories are neither true nor false. And if substantial portions of past theories are truth-valueless, then the PI leads to semantic antirealism. But most current philosophers of science reject semantic antirealism. So PI proponents face a difficult choice: accept either semantic antirealism or an unorthodox position on reference and presupposition.
Difference in calcium sensitivities of the sodium transporting systems in the nervous system of susceptible and kdr-resistant houseflies, Musca domestica L.

Abstract 1. The synaptosomal preparations from the kdr -resistant strains have lower responsiveness to externally applied Ca 2+ than the susceptible counterparts with respect to their Na 2+ /Ca 2+ exchange, Na + uptake, Na + -Ca 2+ protein kinase-phosphatase and its phosphorylation activities. 2. In vivo toxicity tests support the above in vitro observation in that the kdr -resistant strain shows a significant cross-resistance to agents known to affect the Na + channel operations, those which increase intracellular Ca 2+ or act as effective Ca 2+ substitutes. 3. Such evidence indicates a possibility of a causal relationship between kdr resistance and the reduction of Ca 2+ sensitivity by these ATP-utilizing systems including the Na + transporting systems in the resistant insects.
Nuclear Magnetic Moments and Atomic Hyperfine Structure

The asymmetric nuclear model discussed in a previous paper provides the basis for a more detailed interpretation of nuclear magnetic moments than the single particle model permits. The structure of the moment which the model implies may be tested by a study of the influence of the finite size of the nucleus on the atomic h.f.s. This effect was investigated previously in cooperation with Weisskopf, and is considered more closely in the present paper with the assumption that the nuclei in question can be described in terms of a single particle moving in an asymmetric nuclear core. The K-isotopes should be well represented by this model, and for these nuclei the theoretical value obtained for the h.f.s. is in close agreement with the observed data. Also for the Rb-isotopes the agreement is satisfactory.
Fuzzy spheres in pp wave matrix string theory

The nonperturbative behavior of strings in type IIA pp wave backgrounds with a compact lightlike direction is investigated using matrix string theory. At small string coupling, ${g}_{s}\ensuremath{\ll}1,$ the behavior is determined by the combination ${\mathrm{Mg}}_{s}$ where M is a dimensionless parameter proportional to the strength of the Ramond-Ramond background. For ${\mathrm{Mg}}_{s}\ensuremath{\ll}1,$ the matrix string theory is conventional; only the degrees of freedom in the Cartan subalgebra contribute, and the theory reduces to copies of the perturbative string. For ${\mathrm{Mg}}_{s}\ensuremath{\gg}1,$ the theory admits degenerate vacua representing fundamental strings blown up into fuzzy spheres with nonzero light-cone momenta. We determine the spectrum of small fluctuations around these vacua. Around such a vacuum all ${N}^{2}$ degrees of freedom are excited with comparable energies. The spectrum of masses has a spacing that is independent of the radius of the fuzzy sphere, in agreement with the expected behavior of continuum giant gravitons. For ``reducible'' vacua we find that the momenta of fluctuations are generically irrational multiples of the inverse radius of the compact direction, showing that these blown up strings never close.
Effects of pressure and nitrogen dilution on flame/stretch interactions of laminar premixed H2/O2/N2 flames

Effects of positive flame stretch on the laminar burning velocities of H2/O2/O2 flames at normal temperatures and various pressures and nitrogen dilutions were studied both experimentally and computationally. Measurements and numerical simulations considered freely (outwardly)-propagating spherical laminar premixed flames at both stable and unstable preferential-diffusion conditions with fuel-equivalence ratios in the range 0.45–4.00, pressures in the range 0.35–4.00 atm, volumetric oxygen concentrations in the nonfuel gas in the range 0.125–0.210, and Karlovitz numbers in the range 0.0–0.6. For these conditions, both measured and predicted ratios of unstretched (plane flames) to stretched laminar burning velocities varied linearly with Karlovitz numbers, yielding Markstein numbers that were independent of Karlovitz numbers for a particular pressure and reactant mixture. Measured Markstein numbers were in the range −4 to 6, implying strong flame/stretch interactions. For hydrogen/air flames, the neutral preferential-diffusion condition shifted toward fuel-rich conditions with increasing pressure. Predictions of stretch-corrected laminar burning velocities and Markstein numbers, using typical contemporary chemical reaction mechanisms, were in reasonably good agreement with the measurements.
The role of GABA and glutamate receptors in susceptibility and resistance to chloride channel blocker insecticides

Abstract Despite a point mutation in the pore-forming segment of the Rdl GABA receptor subunit that is widespread and persistent in insect populations and confers high levels of resistance to dieldrin and other polychlorocycloalkane (PCCA) insecticides, the phenylpyrazole insecticide fipronil, which binds at same site, has proven to be effective in controlling many insects, including dieldrin-resistant populations. Fipronil and its major sulfone metabolite are unique among chloride channel blocking insecticides in that they also potently block GluCls. We present here a patch clamp study of the action of fipronil sulfone on native GABA receptors and GluCl receptors from susceptible and dieldrin-resistant German cockroaches, to provide a better understanding of the effect of the Rdl mutation on the function and insecticide sensitivity of these two targets, and its role in resistance. Dieldrin blocked GABA currents with an IC 50 of 3 nM in wild-type cockroaches, and 383 nM in resistant insects, yielding a resistance ratio of 128. Fipronil sulfone blocked GABA currents with an IC 50 of 0.8 nM in susceptible insects and 12.1 nM, or 15-fold higher, in resistant insects. While both GluClD (desensitizing) and GluClN (non-desensitizing) receptors were found in German cockroach neurons, GluClN receptors were rare and could not be included in this study. GluClD receptors from resistant insects had reduced sensitivity to glutamate and a lower rate of desensitization than those from susceptible insects, but their sensitivity to block by fipronil sulfone was not significantly changed, with an IC 50 of 38.5 ± 2.4 nM ( n = 8) in the susceptible strain and 40.3 ± 1.0 nM ( n = 7) in the resistant strain. Fipronil sulfone also slowed the decay time course of GluClD currents. These results suggest that GluClD receptors contain the Rdl subunit, but their sensitivity to fipronil sulfone is not altered in resistant insects.
Single-molecule Studies of Riboswitch Folding

The folding dynamics of riboswitches are central to their ability to modulate gene expression in response to environmental cues. In most cases, a structural competition between the formation of a ligand-binding aptamer and an expression platform (or some other competing off-state) determines the regulatory outcome. Here, we review single-molecule studies of riboswitch folding and function, predominantly carried out using single-molecule FRET or optical trapping approaches. Recent results have supplied new insights into riboswitch folding energy landscapes, the mechanisms of ligand binding, the roles played by divalent ions, the applicability of hierarchical folding models, and kinetic vs. thermodynamic control schemes. We anticipate that future work, based on improved data sets and potentially combining multiple experimental techniques, will enable the development of more complete models for complex RNA folding processes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Riboswitches.
Sparse image super-resolution via superset selection and pruning

This note extends the superset method for sparse signal recovery from bandlimited measurements to the two-dimensional case. The algorithm leverages translation-invariance of the Fourier basis functions by constructing a Hankel tensor, and identifying the signal subspace from its range space. In the noisy case, this method determines a superset which then needs to undergo pruning. The method displays reasonable robustness to noise, and unlike l1 minimization, always succeeds in the noiseless case.
DNA METHYLATION AND HUMAN DISEASE

DNA methylation is a crucial epigenetic modification of the genome that is involved in regulating many cellular processes. These include embryonic development, transcription, chromatin structure, X chromosome inactivation, genomic imprinting and chromosome stability. Consistent with these important roles, a growing number of human diseases have been found to be associated with aberrant DNA methylation. The study of these diseases has provided new and fundamental insights into the roles that DNA methylation and other epigenetic modifications have in development and normal cellular homeostasis.
Corn Yield Response of Bt and Near‐Isolines to Plant Density

Optimum plant densities for Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn (Zea mays L.) should be higher than non-transgenic corn subjected to European corn borer (ECB; Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner) damage because of the reduced potential for stalk lodging. The objectives of this research were to determine if yield differences occurred in Bt compared to near-isoline hybrids and to determine if different optimum densities exist for Bt and near-isolines. Bt hybrids were compared at target densities ranging from 20000 to 36000 plants per acre at different midAtlantic locations in 2000 and 2001. Yield increases ranged from 5 to 8% in 2000 at all locations. In contrast, Bt corn performed better than near-isolines at only one of three locations in 2001, with a 10% yield advantage. Relationships between yield of near-isolines and ECB damage were weak. Plant density affected yield at all locations in both years. Regression analysis of grain yield on plant density did not reveal a consistent hybrid response, although some evidence exists that suggests Bt hybrids are more efficient than near-isolines at producing yield as plant density increases. The inability to identify different optimum densities for Bt and near-isolines may have been due to low stalk lodging, plant density treatments that did not maximize yield in most instances, or the absence of different optimum densities.
Rights of non‐Muslims under Islam: social and cultural aspects

(1979). Rights of non‐Muslims under Islam: social and cultural aspects. Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs. Journal: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 90-102.
Comments on "An optimal shortest-path routing policy for network computers with regular mesh-connected topologies"

S. Badr and P. Podar (1989) introduced a zig-zag routing policy and showed its optimality for shortest-path routing on square or infinite grid networks with independent link failures. This paper shows that, contrary to the claim of Badr and Podar, a zig-zag policy is not optimal for shortest-path routing on torus networks. >
Progress In The Gamma-Ray Laser Program At Texas

The principal focus in the gamma-ray laser program lies upon the feasibility of the various schemes for pumping at the laboratory scale. The nuclear analog of the ruby laser embodies the simplest of the concepts and not surprisingly, the greatest rate of advance has occurred in this direction. Several major milestones have been reached, and this presentation reviews the current status and remaining issues affecting the course of continuing research.
Natural killer cell and islet killer cell activities in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes.

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 20 Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients were examined for natural killer cell activity using the K562 cell line as51Cr labeled targets. Mean natural killer cell cytotoxicity mediated by enriched non-T cells from patients (37 ± 4.0%) was lower (p < 0.03) than in controls (56 ± 3.7%). Specificity was evaluated by examining other patient subgroups. Mean non-T cell mediated natural killer cell activity in Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients and Type 1 patients with long term disease was 65±54% and 62±4.8% respectively (p<0.003 vs new onset Type I patients). Longitudinal studies of new onset Type 1 patients during the remission (honeymoon) phase revealed persistently impaired natural killer cell activity in 3 of 4 patients. In 30 new onset and 11 remission Type 1 diabetic patients, mean non-T cell-mediated cytotoxicity was also measured using dispersed51Cr labeled islet target cells. Mean islet cytotoxicity mediated by cells from new onset patients was 34±2.4%, whereas in non-diabetic control subjects mean cytotoxicity was 25 ± 1.8% (p < 0.005). During remission, islet cytotoxicity remained at similar or elevated levels in most patients. In patients evaluated simultaneously for K562 and islet cell cytotoxicity, natural killer cell activity was decreased, whereas islet killing was increased. These results suggest a dichotomy in natural killer cell and islet killer cell activities in new onset Type 1 diabetes that could have an important role in the pathogenesis of Type diabetes.
Energy spectra of 1p-shell nuclei calculated with the Hamada-Johnston potential

Abstract An effective interaction obtained from the Hanada-Johnston potential is used to calculate shell-model spectra for the 1p-shell nuclei. Two parameters are varied with A: the harmonic-oscillator size-parameter, and the single-particle p 1 2 − p 3 2 energy splitting.
Numerical and perturbative computations of solitary waves of the Benjamin-Ono equation with higher order nonlinearity using Christov rational basis functions

Computation of solitons of the cubically-nonlinear Benjamin-Ono equation is challenging. First, the equation contains the Hilbert transform, a nonlocal integral operator. Second, its solitary waves decay only as O(1/|x|^2). To solve the integro-differential equation for waves traveling at a phase speed c, we introduced the artificial homotopy H(u"X"X)-c u+(1-@d)u^2+@du^3=0, @d@?[0,1] and solved it in two ways. The first was continuation in the homotopy parameter @d, marching from the known Benjamin-Ono soliton for @d=0 to the cubically-nonlinear soliton at @d=1. The second strategy was to bypass continuation by numerically computing perturbation series in @d and forming Pade approximants to obtain a very accurate approximation at @d=1. To further minimize computations, we derived an elementary theorem to reduce the two-parameter soliton family to a parameter-free function, the soliton symmetric about the origin with unit phase speed. Solitons for higher order Benjamin-Ono equations are also computed and compared to their Korteweg-deVries counterparts. All computations applied the pseudospectral method with a basis of rational orthogonal functions invented by Christov, which are eigenfunctions of the Hilbert transform.
Synaptic efficacy at singly- and dually-innervated neuromuscular junctions in the frog, rana pipiens

Abstract Electrophysiological investigation was performed on excised, curarized cutaneous pectoris and sartorius muscles of the frog. Sixteen percent of cutaneous pectoris and 7% of sartorius end-plates received dual innervation from two different axons. The resting membrane potential and input resistance of muscle fibers at single synapses were similar to those at dual junctions. The e.p.p.s generated by individual axons in dual synapses were, on average, smaller in amplitude than e.p.p.s recorded from singly-innervated junctions. However, the total e.p.p. amplitude (sum of the two component e.p.p.s) at dually-innervated end-plates was similar to that of end-plates innervated by a single axon. Our results at polyneuronally-innervated end-plates are consistent with a model of simple competition between motor axons for a limited synaptic space.
Using simulation to analyze integrated tool performance in semiconductor manufacturing

Abstract The use of integrated tools in semiconductor manufacturing has increased rapidly over the last few years. Increased clustering of process modules can make the sequential process steps more reliable. But the advent of clustering also made parallel processing possible. The combined effect is usually increased manufacturing productivity through lower cycle times and/or greater throughput. However, this difference in productivity can be difficult to quantify. Detailed simulation models of integrated tools provided a means to evaluate the various performance characteristics as a function of application specific process and equipment parameters.
A Law of Blood: The Primitive Law of the Cherokee Nation

John Phillip Reid is widely known for his groundbreaking work in American legal history. "A Law of Blood," first published in the early 1970s, led the way in an additional newly emerging academic field: American Indian history. As the field has flourished, this book has remained an authoritative text. Indeed, Gordon Morris Bakken writes in the foreword to this edition that Reid s original study shaped scholarship and inquiry for decades. Forging the research methods that fellow historians would soon adopt, Reid carefully examines the organization and rules of Cherokee clans and towns. Investigating the role of women in Cherokee society, for example, he found that married Cherokee women had more legal authority than their counterparts in Anglo-American society. In particular, Reid explores the Cherokees revolutionary attitudes toward government and the unique relationship between the members of the tribe and their law. Before the first European contact, the Cherokee Nation had already developed a functioning government, and by the early nineteenth century, the first Cherokee constitution had been enacted."
Data-driven simulation of networks with manufacturing blocking

This paper presents a data-driven simulation of a network using manufacturing blocking to control work-in-process, and this simulation is c2aled BNS for Blocking Network Simulation. The model is object oriented and is constructed in C++ using an object-oriented simulation environment called HOSE. The structure of the data- driven network simulator is illustrated with examples of the underlying code. An important feature of the model is a sequential procedure for determining run length to achieve statistical precision in an output performance measure. An illustrative example compares the performance of BNS with a queueing network approximation. The principal conclusion is that the data-driven network simulation can be applied by users with minimal simulation knowledge as a rapid modeling tool.
Hedging one's evolutionary bets, revisited

Evolutionary bet-hedging involves a trade-off between the mean and variance of fitness, such that phenotypes with reduced mean fitness may be at a selective advantage under certain conditions. The theory of bet-hedging was first formulated in the 1970s, and recent empirical studies suggest that the process may operate in a wide range of plant and animal species.
Affect in patients with epilepsy undergoing video/EEG monitoring: retrospective versus momentary assessment and temporal relationship to seizures.

Abstract This study was designed to (1) compare retrospective and momentary assessments of mood/affect, and (2) examine the temporal relationship between affect and seizure occurrence. Patients with epilepsy undergoing long-term video/EEG monitoring (LTM) completed an affect rating of how they felt “at that moment” each time a programmed watch beeped (momentary assessment); these ratings were averaged across each patient’s hospital stay. Prior to discharge, patients were asked to think back and rate how they felt “during their hospital stay” using the same rating scale (retrospective assessment). Results indicated that patients retrospectively recalled feeling significantly more positive during their LTM than they reported feeling when they were actually undergoing LTM. Among patients who had EEG-verified seizures, momentary assessments were used to compare affect during the interictal periods with affect during the prodromal and postictal periods. The latter two periods were characterized by significantly less activated positive affect than were the interictal periods.
Sperm preparation affects reactivity of monoclonal antibodies.

Abstract The polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) patterns of extracts prepared from thrice-washed human sperm were compared with extracts of swim-up and non-rise sperm. For sperm extraction sodium deoxycholate (DOC), octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol (NP-40), dithiothreitol (DTT), lithium 3,5-diiodosalicylate (LIS), or 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl) dimethylammonio]-1-propane sulfonate (CHAPS) were used. A pellet of pooled thrice-washed semen was divided and extracted with these detergents. Similar gel electrophoresis profiles, as revealed by silver staining, were observed with the LIS, DOC, NP-40 and CHAPS extracts, whereas DTT extracts lacked the 150 and 200 kDa bands. Different thrice-washed semen pools varied in their protein pattern, probably due to the presence of sloughed germinal cells, white blood cells and sloughed cells from the reproductive tract. Swim-up sperm extracts had a different protein profile from that of thrice-washed pools but pools of swim-up sperm had a more constant protein pattern than those of thrice-washed semen pellets. Monoclonal antisperm antibodies did not always recognize antigens of the same molecular weights in western blots when extracts of swim-up sperm versus thrice-washed sperm were compared. In immunoblot studies with monoclonals (produced against thrice-washed sperm, cloned five times, reactive by ELISA and sperm function tests), 4 12 reacted with 0.3% NP-40 extracts of thrice-washed sperm and 5 12 with 0.3% NP-40 extract of swim-up sperm. These findings suggest that definition of antigens by monoclonal antisperm antibodies will be influenced by the nature of sperm extract employed.
A polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of Wuchereria bancrofti in blood samples from French Polynesia

Abstract A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay based on a highly repeated deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence found in Wuchereria bancrofti (the Ssp I repeat) has been developed to address the shortcomings of traditional diagnostic methods. In this field study in a W. bancrofti endemic region of French Polynesia, 373 human blood samples were collected and 100 μL of blood were screened by the Ssp I PCR assay and 1 μL by membrane filtration. The Ssp I PCR assay detected 99 of 113 blood samples in which microfilariae had been detected by filtration (sensitivity of 88%) with a specificity of 100%. All the samples missed by the Ssp I PCR assay had less than 8 microfilariae per mL of blood. To evaluate the efficacy of screening larger blood samples by PCR, both 100 μL and 500 μL samples from 50 patients with very low-level microfilaraemia were screened by the Ssp I PCR assay; the sensitivity increased from 60% to 84% when using the larger volume of blood. Finally, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based version of the Ssp I PCR assay was used to screen blood from 12 patients following treatment with diethylcarbamazine, ivermectin, or both. These results showed that the PCR assay closely paralleled the presence or absence of microfilariae in the blood and that no increase in the DNA level was seen immediately following drug treatment.
Evidence for paleoseismic slip on a continental low-angle normal fault: Tectonic pseudotachylyte from the West Salton detachment fault, CA, USA

Abstract The potential of continental low-angle normal faults (LANF) to nucleate large (>6.0 M w ) earthquakes at low-angles remains unclear despite much focused research. We document evidence for ancient seismicity along a continental LANF (detachment fault) that formed and slipped at low-angles and produced tectonic pseudotachylyte. These thick and laterally persistent pseudotachylyte accumulations along the West Salton detachment fault (WSDF), Salton Trough, USA, preserve convincing evidence for a frictional melt origin including: spherulitic microlites, ductile-flow structures, preservation of high temperature phases as clasts, and injection veins. Cumulative thickness of pseudotachylyte along the fault ranges from 0.1 to 1.5 m, and pseudotachylyte–cataclasite in the fault core and damage zone are exposed along ∼2.6 km length of the fault. Reworked fragments of pseudotachylyte in cataclasites, and multiple generations of cataclasites provide evidence for the preservation of multiple earthquake cycles. The limited exposure (
Clofibrate Inhibits Lipid Synthesis and ACTH-Stimulated Steroidogenesis by Rat Adrenal Tissue

Clofibrate [ethyl (4-chlorophenoxy)- iso butyrate, CPIB ester; Atromid-S], which is used clinically as a blood lipid lowering agent, depressed the incorporation of 14C-acetate into the lipids of rat adrenal quarters by about 50%. The inhibition was of the same order in lipid fractions separated by thin-layer chromatography. Clofibrate also inhibited the stimulation by ACTH of the formation of corticosterone by rat adrenal quarters; the extent of the inhibition by clofibrate was concentration-dependent. In the absence of ACTH, production of corticosterone by rat adrenal quarters was little influenced by clofibrate. The conversion of 11-deoxycorticosterone to corticosterone by quartered adrenals was inhibited by about 50%. Our data indicate that clofibrate may act on both an early and a late Mage of corticosteroidogenesis in the rat adrenal. (Endocrinology 86: 652, 1970)
Aboveground Biomass Removal by Burning and Raking Increases Diversity in a Reconstructed Prairie

Prescribed spring burning often contributes to a predominance of C4 grasses and low forb abundance and is impractical at many sites, especially near development. We tested raking after mowing as an alternative to prescribed burning in a reconstructed Minnesota prairie. We also tested mowing without raking as a possible means of maintaining prairie communities. Frequency, flowering stem abundance, and cover were measured for all plant species and native functional groups (C4 grasses, C3 graminoids, forbs, legumes, and annual or biennial forbs). Mowing alone did not differ from the control in its effect on any functional groups of plants. Round-headed bush clover (Lespedeza capitata), a legume, and Black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta), a biennial, increased in frequency with treatments that removed biomass (i.e., fire or raking), but they did not have significantly more flowering stems. Thus, new plants established well from seed, whereas the vitality of mature plants did not change. Raking had similar effects to burning on most functional groups, although flowering stems of C4 grasses were significantly more abundant after fire than after raking. Burning reduced some C3 forbs and grasses and favored the dominance of C4 grasses. Therefore, raking after mowing in the spring provides an alternative to prescribed burning that has many of the same positive aspects as fire but does not promote aggressive C4 grasses to the same extent.
Phellinus ralunensis (aphyllophorales: Hymenochaetaceae), a new white pocket rot species from Chile

A new fungal species, Phellinus ralunensis , from Ralun, Chile is described based on basidiome, cultural, and wood decay characteristics. Distinctive characteristics include clusters of trichocysts on the pore surface of basidiomes and circinate vesicles in culture. Optimum temperature range for growth is 20–25 °C, with no growth ≥ 30°. The fungus causes a white pocket rot resulting in localized areas of selective delignification in wood of Eucryphia cordifolia .
Adrenal hypoplasia congenita presenting as congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

We report on a patient with genetically confirmed adrenal hypoplasia congenita (AHC) whose presentation and laboratory abnormalities were consistent with the more common condition, congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). The patient presented with failure to thrive and salt wasting. General appearance showed marked hyperpigmentation and normal male genitalia. He displayed mildly elevated 17-hydroxyprogesterone and markedly elevated 11-deoxycortisol levels at baseline and with ACTH stimulation testing. Results were consistent with 11β-hydroxylase deficiency. He required glucocorticoids and high doses of mineralocorticoids. The marked elevation in 11-deoxycortisol directed our clinical reasoning away from a hypoplastic condition and towards a hyperplasic adrenal condition. Sequencing of the DAX1 gene (named for dosage-sensitive sex reversal (DSS) locus and the AHC locus on the X chromosome) revealed a missense mutation. A review of the literature revealed that elevated 11-deoxycortisol levels have been noted in kindreds with DAX1 mutations, but only when measured very early in life. A mouse model has recently been described that displays elevated 11-deoxycorticosterone levels and evidence for hyperplasia of the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland. We conclude that DAX1 testing may be considered in patients with laboratory evidence of 11β-hydroxylase deficiency, especially in those with severe salt wasting.
Interpretive Sociolegal Research

A major challenge for scholars seeking new directions in sociolegal research is the persistence of old paradigms and assumptions about law. The challenge for the new is not to be cast as part of the old by efforts that assimilate its methods, goals, and results to earlier approaches. Such efforts, aimed at comparison and clarification, tend to “domesticate” the new, or in Boa Santos's words “doubly institutionalize” a developing project by reading the order of a conventional analysis into the emergent order appearing in the interstices of new scholarly work. In this essay we focus on interpretivism as a developing project in sociolegal research. In particular, we discuss three aspects of interpretive research that are at the center of current debates in sociolegal theory: meaning construction and the dynamics of power, legal ideology, and knowledge as politics. Our discussion focuses on different readings of ideology, on different understandings of power, and on the politics of interpretive research connected with these readings. To illuminate the struggles over these points and at the same time illustrate the process of domestication, we begin with a recent paper by David Trubek and John Esser, “‘Critical Empiricism’ in American Legal Studies.” Their paper lays out a treatment of ideology and politics that provides a basis for our broader discussion of interpretive work in the second half of this essay.
Effects of chronic fenfluramine on blood serotonin, cerebrospinal fluid metabolites, and behavior in monkeys

The effects of long term (70 days) fenfluramine treatment on selected physiological and behavioral measures were examined in four adult male vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus). Relative to pretreatment baseline values, whole blood serotonin (WBS) and cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) were reduced, cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid (HVA) was unaltered, and aggressive and locomotor behavior were increased. Both physiological and behavioral effects were reversible: all measures returned to baseline values in the 35 day post-treatment period, with WBS resuming pretreatment values more rapidly than CSF 5-HIAA. At the relatively low doses (1–4 mg/kg/day) employed in the present study fenfluramine produced behavioral effects similar to those resulting from PCPA and opposite to those following tryptophan administration. Thus the behavioral effects of long-term fenfluramine may involve reductions in serotonergic transmission.
3-D Wave-Equation Solution By Step Marching And Layer Eigenmode Decomposition

In this work, an approximate method for the solution of the 3D acoustic wave equation ininhomogeneousmedia is described. It is based on the exact 3D wave equation layer eigenmode decomposition solution, in which the wave field is projected onto a 2D eigensystem and propagated in the third direction. The 2D eigensystem though is reduced to the computation of two sets of smaller 1D eigensystems. These necessitates the propagation in small marching steps and recomposition of the wave field after each such step till a layer interface is reached. At the interface, the wave field is coupled to the two sets of 1D eigensystems of the next layer. The reduction in the computational complexity of the method, as compared to the full 2D layer eigenmode decomposition method, is discussed, and some previous results on improving the efficiency of 1D eigensystem computation is presented here in connection with the proposed method. The method opens a new possibility for accurate 3D modeling and migration.
Adaptive strategies of selecting feature subsets in pattern recognition

A sequential decision model is discussed to design adaptive receptor for selecting feature subsets in recognition systems. Selection strategies are proposed to choose subsets of features based on the classification results fed back from the classifier. These strategies are adaptive in the sense that the selection is constantly guided by the feedback results in such a way as to maximize the long-run proportion of correct recognition. A character recognition experiment was carried out on a computer-simulated basis to demonstrate the feasibility of this model.
Scapulothoracic Dissociation: Case Report and Review of Current Management

Scapulothoracic dissociation (SD) was first recognized as a distinct traumatic injury pattern in 1984. This case report and review of the literature will be a comprehensive description of this syndrome and its management. Although the extremity prognosis of this injury is poor, patient outcome can be optimized so that the patient can be returned to the best possible functional status in the most expedient manner.
Growth of deciduomata in adrenalectomized rats.

Summary and conclusionsBoth histologic and gravimetric data show conclusively that the growth and subsequent regression of deciduomata in bilaterally adrenalectomized pseudopregnant rats are comparable in every respect to those formed in intact rats. Substitution therapy is not required when the adrenal glands are removed 12 hours after electrical stimulation of the uterine cervix.
Treatment of cardiac sensitivity to hyperkalemia with aldosterone, renin, or insulin.

SummaryIn pancreatectomized or ne-phrectomized dogs K+-loading by infusion of 2 mEq KCl/kg/hr produces ECG evidence of prelethal hyperkalemic cardiotox-icity when serum K+ reaches about 10 mEq/ liter. If, however, the operations are combined and the KC1 infused into nephrecto-mized-pancreatectomized animals, there is a highly significant increase in cardiac sensitivity to hyperkalemia; prelethal ECG changes appear when mean serum K+ is ∼7.7 mEq/liter (P < 0.001), a level almost identical with that found in dogs loaded with K+ 4 hr after bilateral adrenalectomy. Treatment of nephrectomized-pancreatectomized dogs with aldosterone, renin, or insulin decreases cardiac sensitivity to K+ and raises the prelethal cardiotoxic level of serum K+ to the range found in controls. The results suggest the possibility of a role for insulin in stimulation of aldosterone secretion by KC1 infusion.
At 10 years, 55% of patients with Parkinson disease died; 23% had a good outcome

Source Citation Williams-Gray CH, Mason SL, Evans JR, et al. The CamPaIGN study of Parkinsons disease: 10-year outlook in an incident population-based cohort. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013;84...