cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
De novo synthesis and properties of analogues of the self-assembling chlorosomal bacteriochlorophylls

Natural photosynthetic pigments bacteriochlorophyllsc, d and e in green bacteria undergo self-assembly to create an organized antenna system known as the chlorosome, which collects photons and funnels the resulting excitation energy toward the reaction centers. Mimicry of chlorosome function is a central problem in supramolecular chemistry and artificial photosynthesis, and may have relevance for the design of photosynthesis-inspired solar cells. The main challenge in preparing artificial chlorosomes remains the synthesis of the appropriate pigment (chlorin) equipped with a set of functional groups suitable to direct the assembly and assure efficient energy transfer. Prior approaches have entailed derivatization of porphyrins or semisynthesis beginning with chlorophylls. This paper reports a third approach, the de novo synthesis of macrocycles that contain the same hydrocarbon skeleton as chlorosomal bacteriochlorophylls. The synthesis here of Zn(II) 3-(1-hydroxyethyl)-10-aryl-131-oxophorbines (the aryl group consists of phenyl, mesityl, or pentafluorophenyl) entails selective bromination of a 3,13-diacetyl-10-arylchlorin, palladium-catalyzed 131-oxophorbine formation, and selective reduction of the 3-acetyl group using BH3·tBuNH2. Each macrocycle contains a geminal dimethyl group in the pyrroline ring to provide stability toward adventitious dehydrogenation. A Zn(II) 7-(1-hydroxyethyl)-10-phenyl-17-oxochlorin also has been prepared. Altogether, 30 new hydroporphyrins were synthesized. The UV-Vis absorption spectra of the new chlorosomal bacteriochlorophyll mimics reveal a bathochromic shift of ∼1800 cm−1 of the Qy band in nonpolar solvent, indicating extensive assembly in solution. The Zn(II) 3-(1-hydroxyethyl)-10-aryl-131-oxophorbines differ in the propensity to form assemblies based on the 10-substituent in the following order: mesityl<phenyl<pentafluorophenyl. Infrared spectra show that assemblies also can be formed in solid media and likely involve hydrogen-bonding (or other) interactions of the ring E keto group.
HMG Proteins and DNA Flexibility in Transcription Activation

The relative stiffness of naked DNA is evident from measured values of longitudinal persistence length (150 bp) and torsional persistence length (180 bp). These parameters predict that certain arrangements of eukaryotic transcription activator proteins in gene promoters should be much more effective than others in fostering protein-protein interactions with the basal RNA polymerase II transcription apparatus. Thus, if such interactions require some kind of DNA looping, DNA loop energies should depend sensitively on helical phasing of protein binding sites, loop size, and intrinsic DNA curvature within the loop. Using families of artificial transcription templates where these parameters were varied, we were surprised to find that the degree of transcription activation by arrays of Gal4-VP1 transcription activators in HeLa cell nuclear extract was sensitive only to the linear distance separating a basal promoter from an array of bound activators on DNA templates. We now examine the hypothesis that this unexpected result is due to factors in the extract that act to enhance apparent DNA flexibility. We demonstrate that HeLa cell nuclear extract is rich in a heat-resistant activity that dramatically enhances apparent DNA longitudinal and torsional flexibility. Recombinant mammalian high-mobility group 2 (HMG-2) protein can substitute for this activity. We propose that the abundance of HMG proteins in eukaryotic nuclei provides an environment in which DNA is made sufficiently flexible to remove many constraints on protein binding site arrangements that would otherwise limit efficient transcription activation to certain promoter geometries. DNA looping allows juxtaposition of distant DNA sequences and is thought to play a role in numerous cellular processes, including transcription, DNA replication, and recombination (17, 26). In eukaryotic transcription, activators bound upstream of a basal promoter facilitate transcription initiation by binding to limiting components of the transcription apparatus and delivering these components to the promoter, perhaps via DNA looping (6, 22, 33). The resulting protein-DNA complex recruits RNA polymerase. The thermodynamic stabilities of complexes involving a DNA loop should be dependent on loop size, the intrinsic shape and flexibility of the DNA, and the relative helical orientation of the sites being juxtaposed (2, 23, 26).
Use of a Single Ventilator to Support 4 Patients: Laboratory Evaluation of a Limited Concept

INTRODUCTION: A mass-casualty respiratory failure event where patients exceed available ventilators has spurred several proposed solutions. One proposal is use of a single ventilator to support 4 patients. METHODS: A ventilator was modified to allow attachment of 4 circuits. Each circuit was connected to one chamber of 2 dual-chambered, test lungs. The ventilator was set at a tidal volume (VT) of 2.0 L, respiratory frequency of 10 breaths/min, and PEEP of 5 cm H2O. Tests were repeated with pressure targeted breaths at 15 cm H2O. Airway pressure, volume, and flow were measured at each chamber. The test lungs were set to simulate 4 patients using combinations of resistance (R) and compliance (C). These included equivalent C and R, constant R and variable C, constant C and variable R, and variable C and variable R. Results. When R and C were equivalent the VT distributed to each chamber of the test lung was similar during both volume (range 428–442 mL) and pressure (range 528–544 mL) breaths. Changing C while R was constant resulted in large variations in delivered VT (volume range 257–621 mL, pressure range 320–762 mL). Changing R while C was constant resulted in a smaller variation in VT (volume range 418–460 mL, pressure range 502–554 mL) compared to only C changes. When R and C were both varied, the range of delivered VT in both volume (336–517 mL) and pressure (417–676 mL) breaths was greater, compared to only R changes. CONCLUSIONS: Using a single ventilator to support 4 patients is an attractive concept; however, the VT cannot be controlled for each subject and VT disparity is proportional to the variability in compliance. Along with other practical limitations, these findings cannot support the use of this concept for mass-casualty respiratory failure.
The Developer's Role in Coprovision, Cofinancing, and Coproduction of Urban Infrastructure and Services

Municipalities are increasingly shifting costs for urban infrastructure and services to private developers through the use of exactions. A complex system of conjoint arrangements has resulted in which a firm, in bargaining over the conditions of a development permit, may agree to provide and operate a water system, where the use of a facility with a city, or participate in a joint commercial venture with a local government. This exaction process has placed many developers in relationships that are analogous to those of citizen coproviders, cofinancers, and coproducers of public goods and services. In addition to public benefits, a number of potential social costs can be identified with these developer-based relations and suggest that there may be analogous costs involving citizen-governmental conjoint activities. These include equity issues concerning who benefits from developer provided infrastructure and services, whether extensive reliance on cost shifts to developers and on revenue generated from join...
The Talent-Search Concept: an Identification Strategy for the Intellectually Gifted

Using the empirically based evidence that has resulted from the previous five Talent Searches of the Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth, the article develops the rationale and success behind the talent-search concept as a useful strategy for identifying the intellectually gifted. Its practicality as a model is further demonstrated through the systematic curricular programming that has resulted at school-district levels after students have been identified as talented in a specific aptitude area. The identification issue is discussed as it pertains to efficiency and effectiveness related to cost, predictive validity, and feasibility.
Relations Before States: Substance, Process and the Study of World Politics

In recent years, paradigmatic debates in International Relations (IR) have focused on questions of epistemology and methodology. While important in their own right, these differences have obscured the basic divide in the discipline between substantialism, which takes entities as primitives, and relationalism, which takes processes of social transaction as the basic building blocks of theory. We argue that while both approaches can be fruitful, theories of processes and relations are better suited to address certain questions, most notably those involving change in global politics. Drawing on work in International Relations, sociology and philosophy, we examine what such theories entail and discuss areas of research for which they are especially suited.
Fetal Radiofrequency Radiation Exposure From 800-1900 Mhz-Rated Cellular Telephones Affects Neurodevelopment and Behavior in Mice

Neurobehavioral disorders are increasingly prevalent in children, however their etiology is not well understood. An association between prenatal cellular telephone use and hyperactivity in children has been postulated, yet the direct effects of radiofrequency radiation exposure on neurodevelopment remain unknown. Here we used a mouse model to demonstrate that in-utero radiofrequency exposure from cellular telephones does affect adult behavior. Mice exposed in-utero were hyperactive and had impaired memory as determined using the object recognition, light/dark box and step-down assays. Whole cell patch clamp recordings of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) revealed that these behavioral changes were due to altered neuronal developmental programming. Exposed mice had dose-responsive impaired glutamatergic synaptic transmission onto layer V pyramidal neurons of the prefrontal cortex. We present the first experimental evidence of neuropathology due to in-utero cellular telephone radiation. Further experiments are needed in humans or non-human primates to determine the risk of exposure during pregnancy.
Spherical polyvinyl alcohol versus tris-acryl gelatin microspheres for uterine artery embolization for leiomyomas: results of a limited randomized comparative study.

PURPOSE To compare the outcomes of uterine artery embolization (UAE) for leiomyomas with use of tris-acryl gelatin microspheres (TAGM) versus spherical polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients undergoing UAE were randomly assigned to receive TAGMs or PVA. Embolization was performed in a standardized manner. Outcome data were collected at 3 months after embolization, including assessment of clinical symptoms, scores from a fibroid tumor-specific symptom and quality of life (QOL) questionnaire, and findings on contrast material-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, including the degree of tumor infarction and volume reduction. Data were analyzed with use of t tests, the Mann-Whitney U test, and χ 2 tests as appropriate. RESULTS Thirty-six patients were treated. There were no differences in the two treatment groups at baseline. Clinical follow-up was obtained in 35 patients. Among the clinical outcome measures, QOL score improvement was greater for UAE with TAGMs compared with PVA (49.0 vs 27.9; P = .02), but no other differences were noted. Of the 25 patients in whom 3-month MR imaging follow-up was completed, those treated with TAGM were significantly more likely to have complete infarction of all leiomyomas (six patients vs one patient; P = .02), were more likely to have at least 90% tumor infarction (eight patients vs four patients; P = .03), and had a lower mean percent of residual perfused fibroid tumor tissue (9.6% vs 44.3%; P = .004) compared with patients treated with PVA. Based on these differences between the embolic agents, enrollment in this study was terminated. CONCLUSION The use of spherical PVA particles in the manner described herein results in an unacceptably high rate of failed tumor infarction in UAE.
Selection with the Animal Model Versus Selection Within Contemporary Groups for Swine

Abstract Selection response for decreased days to 104.5 kg was compared in four sets of simulated pig populations. The four selection programs compared were: within-herd selection, one-half of boars tested, selection on phenotype within contemporary group (S1); within-herd selection, one-half of boars and all gilts tested, both selected on phenotype within contemporary group (S2); within-herd selection, one-half of boars and all gilts tested, selection on within-herd BLUP breeding value estimate (S3); and across-herd selection and AI, one-half of boars and all gilts tested, selection on across-herd BLUP breeding value estimates (S4). Selection was practiced for five generations in 10 herds with three farrowing groups of 20 sows each. With heritability = .35, after five generations, S1 resulted in a response of –14.9 d. The S2 program (testing gilts in addition to testing one-half the boars) increased this response by 39.6%; S3 (using within-herd BLUP instead of contemporary group deviations) increased the response by another 16.3%; and S4 (using across-herd BLUP with AI) further increased the response to selection by another 37.6%. It appears then that testing of gilts, use of animal model estimates of genetic merit, and across-herd AI will result in a cumulative increase in genetic progress when compared with selection on phenotype within contemporary groups for swine.
Asynchronous Sampling Benefits Wireless Sensor Networks

Intensive research has focused on redundance reduction in wireless sensor networks among sensory data due to the spatial and temporal correlation embedded therein. In this paper, we propose a novel approach termed asynchronous sampling that complements existing study. The key idea of asynchronous sampling is to spread the sampling times of the sensor nodes over the time line instead of performing them in a synchronous manner. Compared with existing strategies, asynchronous sampling introduces another dimension for optimization, without additional computation or communication overhead on sensor nodes. Theoretically, we show that asynchronous sampling benefits sensor networks through increased entropy of the sensory data or reduced reconstruction distortion. Furthermore, we formulate the optimal asynchronous sampling problem for determining the time shifts among the nodes. A heuristic solution, termed O-ASYN, is presented that uses local optimum search to approximate the global optimal solution. Simulation results based on simulated data and real experimental data both demonstrate the entropy increases.
High-Power Integrated Balanced Photodetector

We report a high-power balanced photodetector with 0.82-A/W responsivity and saturation current of 136 mA (10°C ) per photodiode at 11 GHz. The common mode rejection ratio is >35 dB up to 15 GHz.
Essay #20: The Generalization Argument Defended

Marcus George Singer, in his book Generalization In Ethics gives a detailed defense of the Kant inspired generalization argument. Singer’s formulation of the generalization argument consists of two premises, viz. the Principle of Consequences [If the results of everyone doing x would be disastrous, then no one ought to do x] and the Generalization Principle [If not everyone ought to do x, then no one ought to do x without adequate justification]. These premises taken together form a hypothetical syllogism yielding the conclusion which is sometimes called “the Generalization Argument” (GA): If the results of everyone doing x would be disastrous, then no one ought to do x without an adequate justification. The purpose of this essay is to defend the generalization argument from the vigorous attack that has been leveled against it by David Keyt. Keyt develops two lines of criticism which in the end dovetail into a dilemma of having either an unsound argument because of a false premise or an invalid argument. Keyt constructs three distinct counter-examples to Singer’s argument. To properly appreciate Singer’s defense of GA, it is necessary to understand the four restrictions that he places upon the argument. They involve (1) restricted generality, (2) invertability, (3) reiterability, and (4) the admission of exceptions, under conditions of non-reiterabilty. The dialectic of this paper consists in showing that each of Keyt’s three counter-examples fails precisely because, in each case, he has not properly understood or appreciated the logical force of Singer’s four restrictions.
OPTIMIZATION OF TITANIUM LIQUID/GAS DIFFUSION LAYERS IN PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE ELECTROLYZER CELLS

ABSTRACTIn a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cell (PEMEC), liquid/gas diffusion layer (LGDL) is expected to transport electrons, heat, and reactants/products to and from the catalyst layer with minimum voltage, current, thermal, interfacial, and fluidic losses. In addition, carbon materials, which are typically used in PEM fuel cells (PEMFCs), are unsuitable in PEMECs due to the high ohmic potential and highly oxidative environment of the oxygen electrode. In this study, a set of titanium gas diffusion layers with different thicknesses and porosities are designed and examined coupled with the development of a robust titanium bipolar plate. It has been found that the performance of electrolyzer improves along with a decrease in thickness or porosity of the anode LGDL of titanium woven meshes. The ohmic resistance of anode LGDL and contact resistance between anode LGDL and the anode catalyst play dominant roles in electrolyzer performance, and better performance can be obtained by reducing ohmic resis...
Keeping Up with the Tweet-dashians: The Impact of 'Official' Accounts on Online Rumoring

This paper examines how 'official' accounts participate in the propagation and correction of online rumors in the context of crisis events. Using an emerging method for interpretive analysis of 'big' social data, we investigate the spread of online rumors through digital traces-in this case, tweets. Our study suggests that official accounts can help to slow the spread of a rumor by posting a denial, and-supported by reflections from an organization that recently dealt with a rumor-crisis-offers best practices for organizations around social media strategies and protocols. Based on tweet data and connections to existing literature, we also demonstrate and discuss how mainstream media participate in rumoring, and note the role of a new breed of online media, 'breaking news' accounts. This analysis offers a complementary perspective to existing studies that use surveys and interviews to characterize the role official accounts play in online rumoring.
Survival of the Respiratory (Gasping) Mechanism in Young Animals Subjected to Anoxia

Various observers (Reiss and Haurowitz,1 Avery and Johlin,2 Kabat and Dennis,3 Selle and Witten,4 and Himwich, Alexander and Fazekas5) have reported that young animals are much less susceptible to anoxia and asphyxia than adults. The present studies were undertaken to determine whether the primitive respiratory mechanism (gasping) itself survives longer in the young than in the old.Movements of the mandible of various species (dogs, cats, rabbits, and rats) were recorded mechanically following complete and rapidly induced anoxia produced by ligation of the cerebral vessels or by decapitation. In preliminary experiments it was found that the character and duration of the gasps induced by either of these methods were essentially the same and that the gasping movements of animals in which the cerebral vessels were ligated corresponded to and were simultaneous with labored respiratory movements of the trunk.It is evident that the respiratory center of the young is much more tenacious and viable than is that o...
Elucidation of the molecular interaction between cisplatin and flavonol(s) and their effect on DNA binding.

Combination therapy of cisplatin with flavonols is a promising treatment for increasing the efficacy of cisplatin when combating cancer. However, little is known about the molecular interactions be...
What is the Position of Jewish Economy in the United States

Though the policy of the governing party in regard to racial education is not clear, there can be little doubt that many of its supporters are working towards the establishment of separate educational systems for the different racial and ethnic groups, by which their assumed traditional culture will be preserved, and presumably their stratification secured in the ordained pattern of superand subordination. Further evidence of policies deliberately designed for stratification in terms of race is provided by the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, which prevents intermarriage between European and non-European. But the extent of the inherent conflict is shown by recent Government action in the recruiting of rifle commandos, the facilitating of the use of the armed forces in case of internal disturbance, and the proposed exclusion of Natives from the Defence Force even in their present role of non-combatants. While the initial conflict between black and white has not been resolved, its character and the manner in which it is expressed have been transformed in the industrial development of the count y. The primitive Native agriculturist, who at first participated in the European economy mainly as a farm labourer, is now becoming an industrial worker, and the process of commoditization of Native labour is proceeding under the stimulus of the continuing development of the country's resources. The nature of the present conflict between the groups cannot be understood without reference to the industrial relations between them, yet it remains essentially a race conflict. Race factors restrict the rational development of capitalism, by imposing the non-rational use of subordinate labour.39 Moreover, the criterion of "propertylessness" is insufficient to establish the class situation of workers: race is an integral factor, securing and reinforcing non-ownership of productive property as a determinant of the class position of the Native worker, but tending to identify the white non-owner with the owner group. The proletarianization of the Native is one of the forms in which race conflict is expressed,
First record of the genus Pion Schiødte, 1839 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ctenopelmatinae), from Japan, with description of a new species.

The genus Pion Schiodte, 1839, is newly recorded from Japan based on a new species, P. japonicum sp. nov. This species closely resembles the Chinese species P. qinyuanensis Chen, Sheng & Mao, 1998, but it can be distinguished from the following combination of character states (male of P. qinyuanensis is unknown): lateromedian longitudinal carina of propodeum completely parallel, not convergent anteriorly (almost parallel but slightly convergent anteriorly in P. qinyuanensis ); malar space 0.6 times as long as basal width of mandible (0.5 times in P. qinyuanensis ); antenna with 28–29 flagellomeres (30–34 in P. qinyuanensis ); hind femur black, rarely tinged with red (largely red in P. qinyuanensis ); and hind tibia yellowish-brown basally, black apically (entirely black in P. qinyuanensis ). A key to world species of Pion is also provided.
Genetics and Stability of Thermo—sensitive Genic Male Sterile Rice

Thermo-sensitive Genic Male Sterile Rice (TGMS) lines Annong S-1, Hengnong S-1 and W6154S were used to study their genetics and stability in fertility transformation. All the three TGMS lines had a stable fertility transformation; and the genes responsible for the fertility of the three TGMS lines might be non-allelic. The fertility of Annong S-1 and Hengnong S-1 was controlled by a couple of recessive genes, the genetic mode of the fertility of W6154S could not be defined according to the segrega- tion ratio of F_2 and BF_1; W6154S did not have a stable (even) population in fertility, the percentage of stained pollens were different among plants, panicles and spikelets. The expression of genes responsible for fertility of W6154S and Annong S-1 was influenced by the genetic background; the sterile plants se- lected from the combinations of W6154S still showed fertility segregation.
The college education costs and scientific development

The concept of scientific development provides with clear directions and objectives for the education costs in higher education institutions.This reflects the man-based thinking,sustainable development,and utmost combination of the scientific development and college education cost accounting.
Investigation on the dissolution of roxithromycin capsules

Objective: To determine the dissolution of roxithromycin capsules produced by different factories in the way of comparing them. Methods: The method provided by pharmacopoeia of 2000 was employed. The amount of roxithromycin dissolved from capsules was determined and the parameter Td, T50, m. estimated. Results: There were significant differences in dissolubility between the products from different factories (P 0.01), factory B dissolved most quickly, factory C did most slowly. Conclusion: There were significant differences in dissolution between the roxithromycin capsules produced by different factories.
Leukocyte Trafficking: Molecular Mechanisms, Therapeutic Targets, and Methods

This book fulfills a unique and important niche for investigators in the fields of inflammation, leukocyte biology, and immunology. The editors have assembled 23 chapters, which are for the most part authoritative in a range of topics from basic cell biology of leukocyte trafficking, receptors, transmigration, and molecular events through inflammatory mechanisms of chemotaxis and inflammation, and finally, use of these mechanisms in therapeutic targets and in clinical studies. The major strengths of the volume are the outstanding illustrations, both black and white and color plates, as well as an accompanying CD which shows the biologic events. The chapter authors were selected from international leaders in these fields. A further strength of the volume is the use of contemporary nomenclature for the complex processes of chemokines, cytokines, and their signaling pathways. Since this is a multiauthor book, there is unevenness to the various chapters, which is inevitable in a volume of this type. Nevertheless, in aggregate, it is a unique and outstanding contribution. The volume is highly recommended for students of inflammation and leukocytes, as well as investigators of host-parasite interaction. It is provides a wealth of information in this rapidly evolving field.
Preparation and Use of Tethered Ligands as Biomaterials and Tools for Cell Biology

The immobilization of biomolecules to various supports has been an important research area for many years. Molecules such as heparin (1,2), as well as various enzymes (3,4), antibodies (5,6), and adhesion ligands (7), have been bound to such supports as silicon or glass, agarose gels, polyethylene oxide (PEO) gels, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) gels, and polymer surfaces. These studies have had important applications in the creation of antithrombogenic surfaces for blood contact, affinity chromatography, and tissue growth and regeneration.
Anionic currents in hypoxia-mediated cardiac toxicity: A computer study

Hypoxia-caused modulation of cardiac electrophysiology was modeled by computer simulation. Emphasis was on the effect of activation of anionic channels on the electrical state of the tissue. The model includes implicitly the effect of the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen oxide (NO) on myocyte membrane voltage by their contribution to the activation of chloride currents. Three anionic currents were added to the modified Luo-Rudy ionic model of the ventricular action potential used in these calculations. The effect of the activation of the usually dormant currents due to hypoxia results in the modulation of the morphology of the action potential and the ECG. Transition of the ECG to ventricular fibrillation is shown. An important finding reported here is that control of the swelling and protein kinase C (PKC)-activated chloride currents can limit the electrical chaos of pharmacologically-caused hypoxic cardiac toxicity.
Using acoustic detectors to monitor iter ich transmission lines arc events

Severe and continuous arcs in transmission lines systems can be detrimental to the RF sources and the associated transmission lines. In order to prevent any damage to the whole system, arc detection and protective system shutdown are required for ITER ICH operations. In this case, it is desired to locate and replace the damaged transmission line sections caused by the arcs during routine maintenance; thus identifying the arc location during each occurrence will be needed to facilitate the maintenance work. There have been quite a few proposals for localizing the arcs positions in the past. However, there has been no major breakthrough in this research topic especially when the number of detectors is finite and limited. Because the ITER transmission lines are pressurized with dry air, each arc event will be accompanied with a shock wave propagating through the transmission lines. In this case, it is possible to determine the arc location by using two acoustic detectors in the transmission line under ideal conditions.
Adaptive noise estimation and suppression for improving microseismic event detection

Abstract Microseismic data recorded by surface arrays are often strongly contaminated by unwanted noise. This background noise makes the detection of small magnitude events difficult. A noise level estimation and noise reduction algorithm is presented for microseismic data analysis based upon minimally controlled recursive averaging and neighborhood shrinkage estimators. The method might not be compared with more sophisticated and computationally expensive denoising algorithm in terms of preserving detailed features of seismic signal. However, it is fast and data-driven and can be applied in real-time processing of continuous data for event detection purposes. Results from application of this algorithm to synthetic and real seismic data show that it holds a great promise for improving microseismic event detection.
Abstract 3429: Evidence chronic inflammation is a risk factor for histiocytic sarcoma in Bernese mountain dogs - implications for human histiocytic sarcoma

The purpose of this study was to evaluate exposure variables associated with development of histiocytic sarcoma (HS), a rare but aggressive malignancy, using the canine spontaneous tumor model. The domestic dog has been shown to be an excellent model to investigate risk of occurrence of complex diseases in humans, especially cancers. This is due in part to the limited genetic heterogeneity within specific dog breeds. HS, though rare in most breeds of dogs, is a common malignancy in Bernese mountain dogs (BMD) with up to 25% of the population of dogs being diagnosed with HS during their lifetime. The frequency of HS diagnosis in BMDs is thought to be due to a heritable mutation in a single gene region analogous to the human chromosome 9p21. For this study, owners of BMDs registered with a non-profit breed registry, the Berner-Garde Foundation, were recruited for participation in an internet-based cross-sectional survey. Data were collected for a total of 216 BMDs. Of the total population of BMDs enrolled in the study 118 dogs were sibling-sets representing a case and a non-case that originated from the same litter. Mixed effects logistic regression (MELR) and conditional logistic regression (CLR) were used in parallel to examine associations between potential risk factors and the occurrence of HS. When controlling for litter of origin (as a marker of relatedness), dogs diagnosed with orthopedic conditions were found to be more likely to develop HS (MELR, OR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.5, 5.2; CLR, OR: 2.81, 95% CI: 1.1, 7.3), while dogs receiving prescription anti-inflammatory medications were found to be at a considerably lower risk of developing this disease (MELR, OR: 0.43, 95% CI: 0.2, 0.8; CLR, OR: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.1, 0.8). These data suggest inflammation may be a modifiable risk factor for the development of HS. Therefore, identification and treatment of conditions that promote inflammatory mechanisms may reduce future risk of developing HS in dogs and people. Citation Format: Audrey Ruple-Czerniak, Paul S. Morley. Evidence chronic inflammation is a risk factor for histiocytic sarcoma in Bernese mountain dogs - implications for human histiocytic sarcoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3429.
‘Shift’ ‘n ‘control’: The computer as a third interactant in Spanish-language medical consultations.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of the computer in medical consultations in which English- Spanish-bilingual medical providers interact with Spanish-monolingual patients. Following previous studies that have revealed that the presence of the computer in consultations detracts from direct provider– patient communication, we pay specific attention to how the use of the computer in Spanish-language medical consultations can complement or adversely affect the co-construction of the patient’s health narrative. The data for the present study consist of 36 Spanish-language medical consultations in Southern California. Applying a conversation analytical approach to the health narratives in the corpus, we argue that the computer is essentially a third interactant to which medical providers orient through lowered volume, minimal responses, bureaucratic side talk, and, most importantly, code-switching to English – all of which strip the patients of control over the co-construction of their health narrative with their medical provider. Because the patient does not have access to the computational task and the language, we posit that this exacerbates the already existing adverse effects that the computer has on provider–patient interaction.
Notch and Leukemia: Lessons from Mouse Models.

Mammalian Notch1 was first identified by Dr. Jeffrey Sklar (Yale University) and coworkers as a chromosomal translocation partner in a rare subset of human T-ALLs carrying a t(7;9) translocation. Notch moved from a bit player to center stage when Drs. Jon Aster (Brigham & Women’s Hospital), A. Thomas Look (Dana-Farber Cancer Institute), and colleagues identified Notch1 activating mutations in the majority of human T-ALLs. These mutations occur in the Notch extracellular domain in the heterodimerization domain, allowing for ligand-independent signaling (HD mutations), or in the C-terminal PEST domain (PEST mutations), which increases Notch protein stability. In retrospect, the frequent association of Notch mutations with human T-ALL may have been predicted given that Notch is a potent T cell oncogene in mice. Notch-induced T-ALL shares many features with human T-ALL, suggesting that oncogenic Notch signaling may have similar functions in T cell tumorigenesis in mice and people. Notch functions as a T cell oncogene in both retroviral and transgenic models, where it is introduced as the primary oncogenic event, as well as in models where it is likely acquired as a collaborating event. Notch1 PEST mutations are frequent in the latter. Acquired Notch mutations in both humans and mouse T-ALL have only been identified in Notch1, whereas ectopic expression of the intracellular domain of Notch1, 2, and 3 all give rise to T cell neoplasms in mice. These differences may be related to variation in signal strength between these different Notch family members. Although intracellular Notch1 (Notch1-IC) is a potent inducer of T-ALL in retroviral and transgenic mouse models, this form of Notch is rarely present in human T-ALL. We recently assayed more commonly mutated Notch1 alleles in the retroviral model and found that HD, PEST, and HD + PEST mutations were weak inducers of T-ALL. When assayed on a background that predisposes to T-ALL, such as oncogenic ras, these weakly leukemogenic alleles shortened disease latency and gave rise to cell lines that were Notch-dependent. These data suggest that the common Notch mutations found in human T-ALL are weak tumor initiators but still give rise to tumors that are “addicted” to Notch. This strengthens the rationale for inhibiting Notch in T-ALL. The mouse also appears to be a useful model for testing Notch-targeted therapeutics, as the murine tumors are frequently susceptible to Notch inhibition, and mice exhibit some of the same toxicities as people when exposed to continuous Notch inhibition. A challenge for the field is to identify a safe therapeutic index for Notch inhibition. As a transcriptional regulator, an area of active investigation is identifying oncogenic Notch1 transcriptional targets. Several targets have been identified in both mouse and human, such as c-myc and regulators of T cell identify. Ongoing studies will likely reveal additional transcriptional targets, which is important for understanding the function of Notch in the pathogenesis of T-ALL.
Innate and Learned Olfactory Responses in a Wild Population of the Egg Parasitoid Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

Parasitoid insects face the fundamental problem of finding a suitable host in environments filled with competing stimuli. Many are deft sensors of olfactory cues emitted by other insects and the plants they live on, and use these cues to find hosts. Using olfactory cues from host-plants is effective because plants release volatile organic compounds (VOCs), in response to herbivory or oviposition, that contain information about the presence of hosts. However, plant-produced cues can also be misleading because they are influenced by a variety of stimuli (abiotic variation, infection and multiple sources of induction via herbivory or oviposition). Flexible behavior is one strategy that parasitoids may use to cope with variation in olfactory cues. We examine the innate and learned responses of a natural population of wasp egg parasitoids (Trichogramma deion and Trichogramma sathon) using a series of laboratory and field Y-olfactometer experiments. Wasps typically attack eggs of the hawkmoth Manduca sexta and Manduca quinquemaculata on native Datura wrightii plants in the southwestern United States. We show that Trichogramma wasps responded innately to VOCs produced by D. wrightii and could distinguish plants recently attacked by M. sexta from non-attacked plants. Furthermore, adult Trichogramma wasps were able to learn components of the VOC blend given off by D. wrightii, though they did not learn during exposure as pupae. By further exploring the behavioral ecology of a natural population of Trichogramma, we gain greater insight into how egg parasitoids function in tri-trophic systems.
Vascular Complications of Cancer and Cancer Therapy

Thromboembolism is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. Risk factors for venous thromboembolism include hospitalization, advanced age, comorbidities, type of cancer, and certain cancer therapies, including endocrine-based treatments and immunomodulating therapies. Chemotherapy and newer targeted biological agents, particularly anti-angiogenesis agents, are associated with an increased risk of arterial vascular complications. Due to the complex interaction of the coagulation system and cancer growth, angiogenesis, and metastases, a potential role of anticoagulants in improving cancer patient survival exists. This chapter discusses risk of and indications for thromboprophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in cancer patients and explores the epidemiologic and mechanistic relationship between certain cancer therapies and risk of vascular complications including venous thromboembolism and arterial thrombosis.
Eyelid: Chalazion Incision and Drainage (I&D)

A chalazion is a common lesion of the eyelid that results from obstruction of the Meibomian glands within the tarsal plate. Obstruction of the gland can lead to accumulation of sebaceous material within the interstitium of the eyelid causing an inflammatory response. A fibrous capsule often forms around the sebaceous material resulting in a palpable bump in the eyelid. Occasionally cellulitis and abscess formation can occur simultaneously, which requires antibiotic therapy and abscess drainage. In rare instances, and particularly in older patients, chalazia can masquerade as more sinister conditions, the most serious of them being sebaceous cell carcinoma. Conservative measures include warm compresses to the eyelids, eyelid hygiene, and topical ophthalmic antibiotic ointment. Failure of conservative management should be documented prior to performing the procedure.
End-of-Life in Disney and Pixar Films: An opportunity for Engaging in Difficult Conversation

This study expanded upon previous scholarship by examining end-of-life (EOL) depictions and messages of death within Disney and Pixar animated films. We argue Disney and Pixar depictions of EOL and death can provide critical opportunities for discussing death and dying processes with children and adults alike. A content analysis of 57 movies resulted in a total of 71 character deaths. These instances of death became the discourse used for analysis. The EOL discourse was coded based on five categories (character status, depiction of death, death status, emotional reaction, and causality). After quantitative analysis, the films were qualitatively analyzed. Four themes emerged from analysis, unrealistic moments, managing EOL, intentions to kill, and transformation and spiritual connection. Discussion of results, limitations, and directions for future research are included.
Laparoscopic Ureterectomy: Initial Clinical Experience

AbstractWith a combination of cystoscopic and laparoscopic techniques, 3 patients underwent total ureterectomy for urothelial cancer without complication. Of the patients 2 underwent concomitant laparoscopic nephrectomy. Mean operating time was 8.2hours for the laparoscopic surgery and mean hospital stay was 6 days. In 2 patients the ureter was removed intact, while in 1 it was morcellated along with the kidney before removal. In each case the bladder was closed with a 12mm. GIA laparoscopic stapling device. After 3 to 9 months of followup no patient had recurrent disease or bladder stones on the staple line.
The Arbitration of Discrimination Complaints: A New Look at the Issues

This paper reviews the arbitration literature on arbitrator decision making in the context of discrimination cases and finds that most studies in this arena tend to primarily be descriptive. The literature provides some evidence that arbitrators sustain sex discrimination grievances more often than they do race discrimination grievances. The literature, however, does not explain why such a bias may exist. The literature also suggests that many arbitrators may not be competent to handle discrimination cases and may ignore the pertinent state or federal laws in making their decisions. The paper further points out that the gender of the grievant has been a major focus of research in arbitration. However, this stream of research is rather limited and ignores the fact that gender and race may interact in a variety of meaningful contexts in the workplace including grievance arbitration. It is possible that arbitrators would not react in the same way to black and white female grievants as the difference in race may evoke different stereotypes leading to differential perceptions and judgments. Ignoring the race variable and limiting the focus exclusively to gender may have resulted in misleading and simplistic findings in the arbitration literature. Suggestions are given for future research.
The Development of Roadway Air Rights: Boston's Future, A Slave to its Past

The City of Boston and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts have attempted to develop air rights over the Boston Extension of the Massachusetts Turnpike ever since its construction during the 1960s. There is widespread agreement among politicians, developers and residents that such development would solve myriad existing problems— from aesthetics to safety, to a dire shortage of groundwater. Nevertheless, very little has been built and the turnpike remains an open scar, dividing the urban landscape and undermining important civic objectives. This Note attempts to explain the historical and legal obstacles that have prevented the development of air rights: namely, a misunderstanding of city planning, a weak and belated home rule amendment, and the lingering effects of an Irish-Yankee rivalry.
A Three-Terminal Edge-Triggered Mott Switch

We demonstrate a novel $\mathrm{VO}_{2}-\mathrm{based}$ edge-triggered (ET) three-terminal Mott switch that leverages the displacement current induced by the switching of the gate voltage pulse to trigger an IMT in the $\mathrm{VO}_{2}$ channel. The design overcomes a long-standing challenge of realizing a three-terminal $\mathrm{VO}_{2}$ switch due to the absence of field-effect induced IMT in VO 2 . The ET Mott switch also enables isolation between the input & the output (at steady state), and facilitates reduction in the effective trigger voltage in comparison to the two-terminal configuration. We show using simulations that these properties can be exploited to enable a BEOL-compatible 3T selector for MTJ-based cross-point memory, showing $3.4\times$ higher cell TMR, as well as 45% & 40% lower sneak-path current & power, respectively.
Mononuclear Cu(II) and Ni(II) complexes of bis(naphthalen-2-ol) Schiff base ligands

Abstract With this work, we describe the synthesis and characterization of two new coordination complexes, a mononuclear Cu(II)L and a mononuclear Ni(II)L where the free base ligand is H2L = 1,1′-(((2-hydroxypropane-1,3-diyl)bis(azanylylidene)) bis(methanylylidene))bis(naphthalen-2-ol). In both metal complexes, the coordination environments are observed to be 4-coordinate square planar with two phenolic oxygens and two imine nitrogens coordinating the metal while the central pendant hydroxyl group was not observed to participate in coordination. In contrast to previously reported dinuclear complexes with similar ligand systems, the alkaline conditions presented in this work resulted in only the mononuclear coordination environments observed.
Monday, August 16, 2010—West Lafayette, IN

Dr. Walter Steath suddenly appeared in the doorway of Delta’s office and announced, “It’s lunch time.” His upturned wristwatch displayed the time for Delta to see.
Ethanol-induced damage to mucosal capillaries of rat stomach: Ultrastructural features and effects of prostaglandin F2β and cysteamine

Abstract Impairment of the mucosal microcirculation may contribute to ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage. In this report, we describe diffuse and severe ultrastructural damage to the capillaries of the gastric glandular mucosa of the rat that occurred within 1 min after intragastric instillation of 100% ethanol. There was a gradient of damage in that endothelial cell structure was most severely disrupted in profiles of capillaries located close to the luminal surface but some morphologic evidence of damage was evident in the wall of capillary profiles to a mean depth of 256 μm. Capillary structure was generally normal in the deeper regions of the mucosa. Pretreatment with intragastric cysteamine, 30 mg/100 g, or intragastric prostaglandin F 2β , 0.5 mg/100 g, significantly reduced the depth in the mucosa to which damage to capillaries extended. Pretreatment with intragastric prostaglandin F 2β , 0.2 mg/100 g, afforded no significant protection. We conclude that (a) a 1-min exposure to 100% ethanol induces striking damage to the microcirculation of glandular mucosa of the rat stomach with severe damage to capillary profiles near the lumen and sparing of capillary profiles near the muscularis mucosa, and (b) pretreatment with the sulfhydryl agent, cysteamine, or with a large dose of prostaglandin F 2β reduces the extent of but does not abolish ethanol-induced damage to gastric mucosal capillaries.