cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding dendritic polymer-hydrocarbon interactions for oil dispersion

This study examines the interactions of poly(amidoamine) dendrimers and hyperbranched poly(ethyleneimine) polymers with model linear and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Large-scale complexations were formed for both types of dendritic polymers hosting the linear but not the polyaromatic hydrocarbon. Furthermore, both types of dendritic polymers exhibited a strong and comparable hosting/dispersion capacity for the polyaromatic hydrocarbon, while the hyperbranched polymers at concentrations below 30 μM showed a consistently higher hosting capacity than the dendrimers for the linear hydrocarbon. Such complexity in hosting capacity of the two types of dendritic polymers is attributed to the more hydrophobic interior and less steric hindrance of the hyperbranched polymers for the partitioning of the hydrocarbons.
Coffee, tea, and incident type 2 diabetes: the Singapore Chinese Health Study

BACKGROUND Increasing coffee intake was inversely associated with risk of type 2 diabetes in populations of European descent; however, data from high-risk Asian populations are lacking as are data on tea intake in general. OBJECTIVE We investigated the prospective associations between intakes of coffee, black tea, and green tea with the risk of type 2 diabetes in Singaporean Chinese men and women. DESIGN We analyzed data from 36 908 female and male participants in the Singapore Chinese Health Study aged 45-74 y in 1993-1998 who had multiple diet and lifestyle measures assessed and then were followed up between 1999 and 2004. We used Cox regression models to investigate the association of baseline coffee and tea intakes with incident type 2 diabetes during follow-up, with adjustment for a number of possible confounding or mediating variables. RESULTS In multivariate models participants reporting > or =4 cups of coffee/d had a 30% reduction in risk of diabetes [relative risk (RR): 0.70; 95% CI: 0.53, 0.93] compared with participants who reported nondaily consumption. Participants reporting > or =1 cup of black tea/d had a suggestive 14% reduction in risk of diabetes (RR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.74, 1.00) compared with participants who reported 0 cups/d, and we observed no association with green tea. CONCLUSION Regular consumption of coffee and potentially black tea, but not green tea, is associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes in Asian men and women in Singapore.
Context data in geo-referenced digital photo collections

Given time and location information about digital photographs we can automatically generate an abundance of related contextual metadata, using off-the-shelf and Web-based data sources. Among these are the local daylight status and weather conditions at the time and place a photo was taken. This metadata has the potential of serving as memory cues and filters when browsing photo collections, especially as these collections grow into the tens of thousands and span dozens of years.We describe the contextual metadata that we automatically assemble for a photograph, given time and location, as well as a browser interface that utilizes that metadata. We then present the results of a user study and a survey that together expose which categories of contextual metadata are most useful for recalling and finding photographs. We identify among still unavailable metadata categories those that are most promising to develop next.
When Topology Meets Chemistry: Different Types of Chirality and Achirality

So far we have seen several different concepts of chirality and achirality. There is the experimental concept, which defines a molecule to be achiral if it can chemically change itself into its mirror image. There is the geometric concept, which defines a rigid graph to be achiral if it can be superimposed on its mirror image. Finally, there is the topological concept, which defines an embedded graph to be topologically achiral if it can be deformed to its mirror image. In this chapter, we introduce some additional approaches to achirality, which are topologically rigorous but try to capture some aspects of the rigidity of molecular structures. Recall from Chapter 1 that the experimental concept of chirality does not necessarily coincide with the geometric concept. For example, we saw in Chapter 1 that Mislow's biphenyl derivative (Mislow & Bolstad, 1955) could chemically change itself into its mirror image, but its molecular bond graph could not be rigidly superimposed on its mirror image (see Figure 4.1). A symmetry presentation of a graph is an embedding of the graph that can be rigidly superimposed on its mirror image. Building on a paper of Van Gulick which was originally written in 1960 and only published in 1993, Walba (1983) called a molecule a Euclidean rubber glove if it could chemically change itself into its mirror image but chemically it could not attain a symmetry presentation.
Manufacturing, testing, and operational techniques to prevent sour service damages

Abstract Leak or rupture of carbon steel line pipe caused by hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC) in near-ambient temperature of wet sour hydrocarbon services could lead to catastrophic consequences ranging from loss of lives to a heavy financial impact. This chapter discusses practical techniques that should be implemented during the plate/coil and pipe manufacturing and testing and field application to avoid occurrence of HAC failures including hydrogen-induced cracking, stress-oriented HIC, and sulfide stress cracking. These techniques include the following measures: (1) quality control of plate/coil (raw product) manufacturing process and testing requirements, (2) quality control of pipe (finished product) manufacturing process and testing requirements, and (3) pipe selection criteria and field application quality control. Implementation of these requirements will result in enhanced oil and gas plants’ safety/reliability, reduced maintenance/inspection costs, and unnecessary usage of corrosion mitigation methods, such as cladding, coating, or inhibition systems. Case histories are included in this chapter to illustrate the root causes of HAC.
Abstract P166: Initially Healthy Cuban Immigrants Exhibit Average Increases in Waist Circumference Associated with Insulin Resistance Soon after United States Arrival

U.S. Hispanics are disproportionately burdened by obesity and diabetes compared to non-Hispanic whites. While risk for these conditions appears to increase with longer U.S. residence among Hispanic immigrants, it remains unclear exactly how, when, and for whom the cardiometabolic indices underlying these disorders change upon arrival to the U.S. This study used latent growth modeling to examine change in waist circumference (WC) related to change in insulin resistance (measured via the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, HOMA-IR) over an average 22-month follow-up in a sample of healthy Cuban immigrants assessed within 4 months of U.S. arrival (mean = 40.2 days). Men (n = 194, mean age = 37.1 years) and women (n = 174, mean age = 37.3 years) were analyzed separately. Analyses adjusted for age, days in U.S. prior to baseline, household income, and education. On average, WC increased in both men (0.032 cm per month, p = 0.055) and women (0.098 cm per month, p
Building Competencies That Count: A Training Model

The discussion in this chapter highlights weak training indicators and concentrates on the need to adopt a reliable training model that revitalizes security training across the entire spectrum of security operations, as well as how to effectively use it when planning, developing, and implementing revised or new training programs. The value of training, its importance, and its benefits are emphasized. A comprehensive training model highlights the types of training programs and instructional methods often used for carrying out localized training activity. Actual case histories highlighting major training concerns are offered to support the judgments within the narrative.
Abstract LB-36: Antibody mediated neutralization of sema4D reduces tumor angiogenesis and growthIn Vivo.

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC It has been demonstrated that semaphorin 4D (SEMA4D; CD100) is a potent pro-angiogenic molecule. SEMA4D binding to its receptor plexin-B1 (PLXNB1) on endothelial cells transactivates c-MET and promotes formation of new blood vessels and tumor growth in vivo. SEMA4D is over-expressed in a wide array of tumor types, and is also produced by inflammatory cells present in the tumor microenvironment. It has recently been demonstrated that in an environment lacking SEMA4D, the ability of mouse breast cancer cells to originate tumor masses and metastases is severely impaired, and that SEMA4D produced by tumor associated macrophages is required for tumor angiogenesis and growth. In addition to its effects on endothelial cells, SEMA4D binding to PLXNB1 on tumor cells results in MET transactivation and migration of tumor cells. It has been further reported that overexpression of PLXNB1 and MET in breast and ovarian cancers is a negative prognostic factor. Tumors co-expressing PLXNB1 and MET were characterized as having a higher grade and an increased frequency of metastases. Collectively, these results suggest that expression of SEMA4D, either by tumor cells or by tumor associated macrophages, may represent a mechanism of tumor neovascularization, and that expression of the SEMA4D receptor in tumors may further induce tumor invasion, thereby enhancing their growth, survival, and metastatic potential. Antibody neutralization of SEMA4D thus may represent a new therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. We selected a high affinity human IgG4 antibody that is specific for both mouse and human SEMA4D, and utilized several in vitro functional assays to demonstrate that this antibody blocks SEMA4D - PLXNB 1 interactions. Using both transplanted and orthotopic tumor models we demonstrated that antibody mediated SEMA4D neutralization in vivo inhibits tumor growth and tumor angiogenesis. This human antibody is currently in IND-enabling toxicology testing and we anticipate the initiation of human clinical trials in 2H 2010. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-36.
Turbulence suppression for an active noise control microphone placed in a flowfield

A method which couples a hot-wire sensor with a microphone to eliminate flow-induced pseudonoise from the microphone signal was developed. In these experiments, a microphone and a hot-wire sensor were placed in a well-defined low-speed turbulent flow in a rectangular duct. Controlled acoustic noise, both random and time-harmonic, was superimposed on the flow noise by placing a speaker source close to the entrance of the duct. Detailed studies of the coherence between the hot-wire and microphone signals in the presence of flow and acoustic noise indicated that the proper combination of the two signals could reduce the turbulence noise contamination in the microphone signal. Subsequent simulations demonstrated that using an adaptive least-mean-square algorithm to filter the hot-wire signal before subtracting it from the microphone signal produced a flow noise attenuation of 20 dB at frequencies below 100 Hz and spectra which approached those of the uncontaminated microphone signal. (Author)
Abstract 4834: Interactions between smoking and DNA repair in breast cancer risk.

Breast cancer risk has been associated with tobacco smoking or deficient DNA repair. However, limited previous studies have focused on genetic susceptibility-exposure interactions. Using T-lymphocytes collected in a breast cancer case-control study (357 controls and 360 cases), this study tested whether the association between smoking and breast cancer risk is modified by individual9s nucleotide excision repair capacity (NERC) using a newly developed plasmid-based electroporation assay. There was a significant age-dependent decline of NERC in controls (p=0.01) but not in breast cancer cases (p=0.59). Controls with current smoking status had a significantly higher NERC (mean+SD, 5.72+3.30, n=38) than never smokers (4.61+2.76, n=206). There was a significant association between lower NERC and elevated breast cancer risk only among current smokers (odds ratio [OR]=4.44; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.03-19.13) after adjustment for age, race, and family history. In contrast, there was a significant association between lower NERC and reduced breast cancer risk in never smokers (OR=0.39; 95%CI=0.20-0.76). In controls, smoking-related elevation of NERC may be related to adaptive response. In breast cancer cases, elevated cancer risk may be associated with: (1) deficient NER response to smoking-related DNA damages in smokers and (2) environmental exposures (e.g. ionizing radiation) in non-smokers, which induced NER but repaired by other repair pathways (e.g. base excision and double-strand repair). Our findings highlight the complex interplay between individual9s NER capacity and smoking in breast cancer risk. Citation Format: Jennifer J. Hu, Glenn O. Allen, Isildinha M. Reis, Feng Gong. Interactions between smoking and DNA repair in breast cancer risk. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4834. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4834
The effect of bladder function on the dynamics of the ureterovesical junction.

AbstractUpper tract perfusion studies in suspected ureterovesical junction obstruction should always be performed with measurement of intravesical pressure and with variation in bladder volume. Obstruction observed with increasing bladder volumes may be related to a non-compliant bladder wall, mechanical obstruction at or near the junction itself or a combination of both factors.
Lost and Found: The Secret Sex Lives of Bdelloid Rotifers.

> In this commentary, James Umen explores the findings of [Signorovitch et al ][1]., in this issue of GENETICS, who discovered an unusual form of sexual exchange within a population of bdelloid rotifers, a group previously thought to have evolved without sex for many millions of years. FIFTEEN
Adrenal and ovarian vein androgen levels and laparoscopic findings in hirsute women.

Hirsute women pose a diagnostic dilemma when urinary 17-ketosteroid and serum testosterone levels are normal. To locate the site of androgen excess in 19 hirsute women, blood samples were collected from the left ovarian and adrenal veins via a catheter inserted into the right femoral vein. Laparoscopy and bilateral ovarian biopsies were also performed in 18 of the 19 patients studied. Nine women had elevated 17-ketosteroid (five patients) and/or antecubital serum testosterone (five patients) levels. Fourteen woman had elevated testosterone concentrations distributed as follows: ovarian vein (six), adrenal vein (one), adrenal and ovarian veins (seven). Androstenedione was elevated in the ovarian vein (seven) and both adrenal and ovarian veins (11) in 18 patients. Laparoscopic examination revealed that less than 50 per cent of the enlarged ovaries could be detected by pelvic examination. Histologic studies suggested that these patients comprised two groups: a group (six patients) who appeared to ovulate and a group (12 patients) who lacked evidence of ovulation.
Persistent Bowel Activity of Gallium-67-Citrate Simulating Cholecystitis: A Case Report

Objective: A 34-year-old woman with a history of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma developed fever and abdominal tenderness, and a 67Ga scan was obtained to exclude a source of infection. Methods: Whole-body planar images and a SPECT study of the abdomen were obtained using 67Ga citrate. Results: The planar images at 48 hr after injection showed a focus of intense activity which appeared to be in the gallbladder fossa, raising the possibility of cholecystitis or a subhepatic abscess. A SPECT study of the abdomen was inconclusive in distinguishing the focus from bowel activity. However, delayed images at 72 hr after injection demonstrated movement of activity in the bowel and clearance of the suspicious focus. Conclusion: Bowel activity of 67Ga citrate imposes severe limitations on the diagnosis of abdominal infection. Delayed imaging is the best way to differentiate abscess or other infections from localized bowel accumulation.
Overview of Microencapsulation Process Technologies

Over two dozen processes exist for the preparation of microcapsules. Common processes include atomization, spray coating, coextrusion, and emulsion-based systems. Examples of these four categories include spray drying, fluid-bed coating, vibrating nozzle coextrusion, and complex coacervation. These processes cover a wide range of particle sizes, payloads, morphologies, production capacities, cost, and materials. Collectively, the technologies enable the production of capsules from tens of nanometers to millimeters in diameter with payloads up to 99%. Microsphere matrix particles or core–shell microcapsules can be commercially produced at capacities of several tons per hour to encapsulate solids and liquids with a variety of shell materials. Proper process selection is dependent on the specific parameters of a designed microcapsule.
Impact of Citrus Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on the Growth and Productivity of Southern Highbush Blueberries in California.

Citrus thrips, Scirtothrips citri (Moulton), is a foliage-feeding pest of blueberries in the San Joaquin Valley of California. We conducted a 4-yr field study to determine the type and amount of damage caused by this species. Using pesticides, we established gradients of citrus thrips in commercial blueberry fields near Richgrove, CA, in the fall of 2006, 2007, 2009, and 2014. Thrips densities were evaluated weekly for ∼1 mo to determine cumulative thrips-days and correlate levels with the average length of new growth. During all four years of the study, there were significant negative correlations between thrips-days and shoot length (for every 100 thrips-days over a period of 4-5 wk there were reductions in the length of new shoot growth of 0.41 to 2.45 cm, 6.4-10.3%). During the spring following each trial, we evaluated the impact of thrips-days on blueberry yield and quality. During the 2006 trial, there was a significant negative correlation between thrips-days and yield as well as the number of berries per plant, but no yield effect was observed in the other three years of the study. No impacts on fruit quality were found any year. A discussion of the complexity of economic injury levels in blueberries is provided, especially considering that the cost of spraying for citrus thrips (estimated at US$150/ha) is almost irrelevant given crop values often in excess of US$100,000/ha.
Multispectral MR Imaging and Sensing Using Shaped Nanoparticles

The idea that size and shape can determine color is well known in optics-based quantum dot and plasmonic nanoparticle fields. But what about in the radio-frequency (RF) portion of the spectrum? This chapter reviews recent work on specially shaped magnetic nanostructures that shift the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) frequency of surrounding water, effectively using shape to control the RF “color” of an NMR signal. Operational principles behind these RF analogs to multicolor optical nanoparticles are explained, showing how particle shape can add new multispectral content to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and comparing these shaped nanoparticles to conventional MRI contrast agents. Magnetic structures that can dynamically vary their shape in response to local conditions are also discussed and their potential as NMR-readable RF “colorimetric” nanoprobes considered.
Fibromyalgia:: Treatment Programs

Objective: To provide a concise overview of current treatment approaches in fibromyalgia. Findings: This review first discusses methodologic problems in prior fibromyalgia therapeutic trials. Then, controlled medication and non-medication studies are reviewed, with emphasis on the largest and most important reports. Finally, a discussion of multidisciplinary treatment of fibromyalgia is provided. Conclusions: No single therapeutic modality has been highly effective in patients with fibromyalgia. Judicious use of medication that decrease pain and promote better sleep, in conjunction with physical and psychosocial management, is currently the best approach to treatment.
The description of Moritiella Buffington, new genus (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Eucoilinae)

The genus Moritiella Buffington, n. gen., is described, diagnosed and illustrated (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Eucoilinae). Two species new to science are described: M. elegans n. sp. and M. astrudae n. sp. Phylogenetic evidence suggests Moritiella is among the Zaeucoila group of genera, a group of eucoilines chiefly parasitic upon leaf-mining Agromyzidae (Diptera).
An Assessment of Input Variables to the Penman-Monteith Equation Using Canopy Reflectance Measurements

Observing the form of the Penman-J.L. Monteith equation, it can be seen that several terms could be potentially estimated from remotely sensed data. These include: net radiation, canopy resistance as a function of leaf area index, canopy height, height/width ratio and, as a consequence, the zero plane displacement and roughness length. This paper investigates the use of canopy reflectances in the form of vegetation indices for obtaining some of the input variables to the Penman-Monteith equation, specifically, the zero plane displacement height of the measurement surface, the roughness length for momentum transfer, and the leaf area index of corn.
Spherical reflectors for space based telescopes

The realization of a large, space-based 10+ meter class telescope for far-infrared/TeraHertz studies has long been a goal of NASA. Such a telescope could study the origins of stars, planets, molecular clouds, and galaxies; providing a much needed means of following-up on tantalizing results from recent successful missions such as Spitzer, Herschel, SOFIA, and, in the near future, JWST. Indeed, Herschel began its life in the US space program as the Large Deployable Reflector (LDR) — to be assembled in low Earth orbit by shuttle astronauts. Escalating costs and smaller federal budget allocations resulted in a downsizing of the mission. However, by combining break-through technologies utilizing spherical reflectors and inflatable structures, the dream of a 10+ meter class space telescope can be realized. The same telescope technology can also be used to perform sensitive, high spectral and spatial resolution limb sounding studies of the Earth's atmosphere in greenhouse gases such as CO, ClO, O3, and water, as well as serve as a high flying hub for any number of telecommunications and surveillance activities. In our paper we discuss the prospects of using inflatable, spherical reflectors to realize a ∼25 meter TeraHertz Space telescope (TST).
Complex Drug Interactions: Significance and Evaluation

Complex drug interactions that result from a multiplicity of factors (e.g., concomitant medications, organ dysfunction, genetic polymorphism of enzyme/transporter) may be accompanied by important clinical relevance. However, it is difficult to properly design and evaluate all possible complex drug interactions during drug development. In this chapter, we review the types of complex drug interactions and recent advances in studying complex drug interactions using modeling and simulation approaches. Challenges in the quantitative evaluation of complex drug interactions include (1) the need to understand metabolism/transport pathways and their interplay, (2) accurate assessment of key parameters (e.g., fractional clearance) at the enzyme/transporter level, and (3) knowledge in how altered physiological conditions (e.g., by disease states) affect drug disposition and response. Additional research will provide confidence in the use of modeling and simulation to guide clinical study design and generate data for the informative labeling and effective use of medications.
Overview of BAP1 cancer predisposition syndrome and the relationship to uveal melanoma.

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to review the genetics, epidemiology, clinical findings, and management of BRCA1-associated protein-1 (BAP1) cancer predisposition syndrome, particularly focusing on the development of uveal melanoma (UM). Methods This is a review article based on eligible studies identified by systematically searching PubMed, Web of Science, and reference lists. Results UM is the most common primary intraocular malignancy. Most UM cases are sporadic, but a small percentage has been documented with familial tendency. Until recently, there was little information regarding the genetics of this malignant tumor, and we have now begun to understand the pathways of development. BAP1 is a scavenger protein that regulates cell cycle, cellular differentiation, and DNA damage response. Patients and families with germline BAP1 mutation are predisposed to familial cancers including UM, mesothelioma, cutaneous melanoma (CM), renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and others. Clinicians should be aware of the implications of germline BAP1 mutation and advise genetic testing and assessment for BAP1 germline mutation in suspected patients and families. Conclusions The ability of BAP1 gene mutation to cause multiple tumor types and high penetrance in carriers suggests that this gene has an important role for influencing cancer cell growth. With progress in understanding the molecular landscape of UM and the development of treatments targeted to the pathways involving BAP1 and other gene mutations, it is possible to improve the outcome of this malignant cancer.
Defining Internet Readiness for the Tourism Industry: Concepts and Case Study

Integrating emerging technologies into the organizational fabric is a prerequisite for capturing the full benefits of the new tourism e-economy. However, most tourism organizations are still struggling with the adoption of Internet technologies and are far from reaching a stage of highly effective technology use. This paper proposes a measurement model of Internet Readiness that incorporates the concepts of stages of effective technology use and organizational capacity to change. A case study conducted among American convention and visitors bureaus serves as a first empirical test of the model and provides management implications as well as directions for future research.
Defective immunoregulatory T-cell function in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) of B-cell origin results in the malignant proliferation of small immunoglobulin-bearing lymphocytes. There is currently a controversy in the literature regarding both the ability of this leukemic population to differentiate into mature plasma cells, as well as the ability of apparently normal T cells from these patients to regulate allogeneic B-cell differentiation. In the present study we have examined the lymphocytes of CLL patients in various clinical stages of their disease and with different surface phenotypes of their leukemic B-cell population. Our results show that leukemic CLL B cells from all 20 patients (including one patient with a monoclonal IgM paraprotein and another with a monoclonal IgG paraprotein) are incapable of further differentiation even in the absence of suppressor T cells and the presence of helper T lymphocytes. This lack of capacity to differentiate is unaffected by clinical stage, by therapy, or by the phenotype of the malignant population. Since the leukemic B population did not suppress normal allogeneic B-cell differentiation, the maturation deficit is evidently intrinsic to the leukemic clone rather than a result of activity of non-T suppressor cells. T helper function was also variably depressed in the blood of some patients with CLL,more » and this depression did not correlate with clinical stage, with therapy, or with the degree of lymphocytosis. Dysfunction of radiosensitive T suppressor cells was found to be the most consistent regulatory deficit of CLL T cells. Each of 11 patients whose leukemic cell population was of the ..mu..delta, ..mu cap alpha.., or ..mu.. phenotype had both helper and suppressor cell defects.« less
Hardware Security at the Limit: Nuclear Verification and Arms Control

Nuclear weapons have re-emerged as one the main global security challenges of our time. Any further reductions in the nuclear arsenals will have to rely on robust verification mechanisms. This requires, in particular, trusted measurement systems to confirm the authenticity of nuclear warheads based on their radiation signatures. These signatures are considered extremely sensitive information, and inspection systems have to be designed to protect them. To accomplish this task, so-called information barriers" have been proposed. These devices process sensitive information acquired during an inspection, but only display results in a pass/fail manner. Traditional inspection systems rely on complex electronics both for data acquisition and processing. Several research efforts have produced prototype systems, but after almost thirty years of research and development, no viable and widely accepted system has emerged. This talk highlights recent efforts to overcome this impasse. A first approach is to avoid electronics in critical parts of the measurement process altogether and to rely instead on physical phenomena to detect radiation and to confirm a unique fingerprint of the inspected warhead using a zero-knowledge protocol. A second approach is based on a radiation detection system using vintage electronics built around a 6502 processor. Hardware designed in the distant past, at a time when its use for sensitive measurements was never envisioned, may drastically reduce concerns that another party implemented backdoors or hidden switches. Sensitive information is only stored on traditional punched cards. The talk concludes with a roadmap and highlights opportunities for researchers from the hardware security community to make critical contributions to nuclear arms control and global security in the years ahead.
Introduction to Scholarly Journal and Book Publishing in the U.S.

Academics, researchers, and students have access to a tremendous number of scholarly books, journals, preprints, and research depositories as well as a highly developed public and academic library system, and the U.S. produces more scholarly publications than any other nation. How did the U.S. become the dominant center of scholarly publishing? This chapter outlines the current state of scholarly publishing, key issues related to higher education’s emphasis on “publish or perish,” and the eight major developments that transformed scholarly publishing in the U.S.
Endoscopic Feeding Access

The need for enteral access for nutritional support has become increasingly important. It is estimated up to a third of hospitalized patients will suffer from malnourishment. There is evidence that enteral is preferable over parenteral nutrition for improved outcomes. Various approaches for enteral access exist today including blind placement of enteral catheters, radiographically, and surgically placed catheters. However, the endoscopic approach for enteral access is a well-established, reliable, safe, and quick method of obtaining enteral access. In this review article, we will cover the various endoscopic approaches for enteral access. We believe there is no single best approach for enteral access and that it should be tailored to the individual patient. This article will cover both temporary options such as nasoenteric catheters and more permanent options such as percutaneous endoscopic stomas (gastrostomy, gastrojejunostomy, direct jejunostomy) and describe their techniques, indications, contraindications, and pitfalls. Additionally, with the rise of weight loss surgery, we will cover how to manage the patient with altered gastrointestinal anatomy. Lastly, we will also review difficult post procedure scenarios associated with all of these endoscopic methods for enteral access and how to either prevent or properly manage them.
Talmud: Making a Case for Talmud Pedagogy—The Talmud as an Educational Model

The Babylonian Talmud (Bavli) stands at the canonical center of Jewish tradition. Composed between the third and seventh centuries C.E., the Bavli has been and continues to be studied in a variety of contexts, ranging from religious academies (yeshivot) to modern secular universities. Its study has resulted in a long chain of commentaries, including the almost line-by-line commentary of Rabbi Solomon Yitzhaki (Rashi, 1040/1–1105) and the medieval dialogical commentaries of the Tosafists. Legal codification was also an outgrowth of Talmudic analysis and interpretation and resulted in Isaac Alfasi’s (Rif, 1013–1103) Hilkhot Ha-rif and Moses Maimonides’ (Rambam, 1135–1204) Mishneh Torah, to cite two examples.
Narrative Persuasion and Social Norms in Entertainment-Education: Results from a Radio Drama in Mozambique

Narrative persuasion and social norms are part of the most recent theorizing behind the health communication strategy known as entertainment-education. There is little research, however, that compares these theoretical constructs from Mozambique, a setting that has not been researched to the same extent as other EE practice locations. This study uses mixed methods data from the midline evaluation of Ouro Negro (English translation: Black Gold), an EE radio program for individual health and social change in Mozambique to answer two research questions: what is the relationship between exposure to Ouro Negro and narrative persuasion?, and what is the relationship between narrative persuasion with Ouro Negro and social norms? Quantitative results related to the first question indicated that exposure significantly predicted three narrative persuasion constructs in multivariate regression models, results confirmed by a storytelling activity in focus groups. Quantitative results for the second question, which utilized propensity score matching, were not significant, and findings from a qualitative 2 × 2 table activity confirmed that behaviors were not normative in the directions promoted by the radio drama. Implications and recommendations for future entertainment-education research are discussed.
The association between racial and socioeconomic discrimination and two stages of alcohol use in blacks.

Abstract Background This study aimed to characterize the associations of racial and socioeconomic discrimination with timing of alcohol initiation and progression from initiation to problem drinking in Black youth. Methods Data were drawn from a high-risk family study of alcohol use disorder. Mothers and their offspring (N = 806; Mage = 17.87, SDage = 3.91; 50% female) were assessed via telephone interview. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to examine associations between discrimination and timing of first drink and progression from first drink to problem drinking in two separate models. Predictor variables were considered in a step-wise fashion, starting with offspring racial and socioeconomic discrimination, then adding (2) maternal racial and/or socioeconomic discrimination experiences; (3) religious service attendance and social support as potential moderators; and (4) psychiatric and psychosocial risk factors and other substance use. Results Offspring racial discrimination (HR: 2.01, CI: 1.17–3.46 ≤ age 13) and maternal experiences of discrimination (HR: 0.79, CI: 0.67−0.93) were associated with timing of initiation in the unadjusted model only; offspring socioeconomic discrimination predicted timing of initiation among female offspring, even after adjusting for all covariates (HR: 1.49, CI: 1.14–1.93). Socioeconomic discrimination predicted a quicker transition from first use to problem drinking exclusively in the unadjusted model (HR: 1.70, CI: 1.12–2.58 ≤ age 18). No moderating effects of religious service attendance or social support were observed for either alcohol outcome. Conclusions: Findings suggest socioeconomic discrimination is a robust risk factor for initiating alcohol use in young Black female youth and should be considered in the development of targeted prevention programs.
A Case Study of Parent–Child Interaction Therapy for the Treatment of High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder:

Youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may have difficulties with compliance, impulsivity, and attention, which can affect daily adaptive functioning leading to disruptions in family social inte...
Massive Hemorrhage After Dilatation and Curettage

We present the case of a 38-year-old woman who was brought to the operating room secondary to severe surgical vaginal bleeding following an ultrasound-guided dilation and evacuation (D&E) procedure at 16-week estimated gestational age (EGA) at outside facility. Before transport to our facility, she was fitted with a uterine balloon, and methergine and misoprostol were administered. While on the ward, the balloon was slowly deflated, and she immediately developed sudden vaginal hemorrhage with an approximate 2 L blood loss. She was taken urgently to the operating room for a dilation and curettage (D&C).
Exaggerated Aortic Pulse Pressure and Wave Amplitude During Muscle Metaboreflex Activation in Type 2 Diabetes Patients.

BACKGROUND Peripheral mean arterial pressure (MAP) responses to muscle metaboreflex activation using postexercise muscle ischemia (PEMI) in type 2 diabetes patients (T2D) are contradictory. Given that aortic pulse pressure (PP) and wave reflections are better indicators of cardiac load than peripheral MAP, we evaluated aortic blood pressure (BP) and wave amplitude during PEMI. METHODS Aortic BP and pressure wave amplitudes were measured at rest and during PEMI following isometric handgrip at 30% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) in 16 T2D and 15 controls. Resting aortic stiffness (carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, cfPWV) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were measured. RESULTS Increases in aortic MAP (Δ26 ± 2 mmHg vs. Δ17 ± 2 mmHg), PP (Δ15 ± 2 mmHg vs. Δ10 ± 1 mmHg), augmentation index (AIx) (Δ8.2 ± 1.0% vs. Δ4.5 ± 1.3%), augmented pressure (AP) (Δ11 ± 1 mmHg vs. Δ5 ± 1 mmHg), forward (Pf) (Δ9 ± 1 mmHg vs. Δ5 ± 1 mmHg), and backward pressure waves (Pb) (Δ10 ± 1 mmHg vs. Δ5 ± 1 mmHg) responses to PEMI were greater in T2D than controls (P < 0.05). Aortic PP, but not MAP, response to PEMI was correlated to Pf (r = 0.63, P < 0.001) and Pb (r = 0.82, P < 0.001) responses and cfPWV (r = 0.37, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Aortic BP and pressure wave responses to muscle metaboreflex activation are exaggerated in T2D. Aortic PP during PEMI was related to increased wave reflection, forward wave amplitude, and aortic stiffness in T2D patients.
Predict Fluid Intelligence of Adolescent Using Ensemble Learning.

Ensemble learning aggregates a set of models to solve the same problem and usually gives better results than a single model. We apply the ensemble method to seek a better prediction in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Neurocognitive Prediction Challenge (ABCD-NP-Challenge). We manage to obtain a much better predicting accuracy on the fluid intelligence with the proposed ensemble method using volumetric data from T1w brain image than a single prediction model. In addition, we compare the results of adolescents with young adults using data from the Human Connectome Project (HCP). We find that raw fluid intelligence scores in HCP without regressing out covariates such as age and brain volume can be much better predicted by brain structure. Also, the prediction, in general, is more accurate in young adults than adolescents.
How Empathic Concern Fuels Political Polarization

Over the past two decades, there has been a marked increase in partisan social polarization, leaving scholars in search of solutions to partisan conflict. The psychology of intergroup relations identifies empathy as one of the key mechanisms that reduces intergroup conflict, and some have suggested that a lack of empathy has contributed to partisan polarization. Yet, empathy may not always live up to this promise. We argue that, in practice, the experience of empathy is biased toward one’s ingroup and can actually exacerbate political polarization. First, using a large, national sample, we demonstrate that higher levels of dispositional empathic concern are associated with higher levels of affective polarization. Second, using an experimental design, we show that individuals high in empathic concern show greater partisan bias in evaluating contentious political events. Taken together, our results suggest that, contrary to popular views, higher levels of dispositional empathy actually facilitate partisan polarization.
DLFix: context-based code transformation learning for automated program repair

Automated Program Repair (APR) is very useful in helping developers in the process of software development and maintenance. Despite recent advances in deep learning (DL), the DL-based APR approaches still have limitations in learning bug-fixing code changes and the context of the surrounding source code of the bug-fixing code changes. These limitations lead to incorrect fixing locations or fixes. In this paper, we introduce DLFix, a two-tier DL model that treats APR as code transformation learning from the prior bug fixes and the surrounding code contexts of the fixes. The first layer is a tree-based RNN model that learns the contexts of bug fixes and its result is used as an additional weighting input for the second layer designed to learn the bug-fixing code transformations. We conducted several experiments to evaluate DLFix in two benchmarks: Defect4j and Bugs.jar, and a newly built bug datasets with a total of +20K real-world bugs in eight projects. We compared DLFix against a total of 13 state-of-the-art pattern-based APR tools. Our results show that DLFix can auto-fix more bugs than 11 of them, and is comparable and complementary to the top two pattern-based APR tools in which there are 7 and 11 unique bugs that they cannot detect, respectively, but we can. Importantly, DLFix is fully automated and data-driven, and does not require hard-coding of bug-fixing patterns as in those tools. We compared DLFix against 4 state-of-the-art deep learning based APR models. DLFix is able to fix 2.5 times more bugs than the best performing baseline.
The Oxford Handbook of Law and Politics

The Oxford Handbook of Law and Politics (Oxford University Press), edited by Keith E. Whittington (Princeton University), R. Daniel Kelemen (Rutgers University) and Gregory A. Caldeira (Ohio State University), is part of the multi-volume Oxford Handbooks of Political Science. The study of law and politics is one of the foundation stones of the discipline of political science, and it has been one of the productive areas of cross-fertilization between the various subfields of political science and between political science and other cognate disciplines. This Handbook provides a comprehensive survey of the field of law and politics in all its diversity, ranging from such traditional subjects as theories of jurisprudence, constitutionalism, judicial politics and law-and-society to such re-emerging subjects as comparative judicial politics, international law, and democratization. Featuring 50 scholars and 45 chapters, The Oxford Handbook of Law and Politics gathers together leading scholars in the field to critical appraisals of the key issues shaping the discipline today and to help set the direction of research in the decade ahead.
Dual activity of anthocyanidin reductase supports the dominant plant proanthocyanidin extension unit pathway.

Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are plant natural products important for agriculture and human health. They are polymers of flavan-3-ol subunits, commonly (−)-epicatechin and/or (+)-catechin, but the source of the in planta extension unit that comprises the bulk of the polymer remains unclear, as does how PA composition is determined in different plant species. Anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) can generate 2,3-cis-epicatechin as a PA starter unit from cyanidin, which itself arises from 2,3-trans-leucocyanidin, but ANR proteins from different species produce mixtures of flavan-3-ols with different stereochemistries in vitro. Genetic and biochemical analyses here show that ANR has dual activity and is involved not only in the production of (−)-epicatechin starter units but also in the formation of 2,3-cis-leucocyanidin to serve as (−)-epicatechin extension units. Differences in the product specificities of ANRs account for the presence/absence of PA polymerization and the compositions of PAs across plant species.
Diversifying Graduate Medical Education & the Urology Workforce: Re-imagining our Structures, Policies, Practices, Norms, & Values.

ABSTRACT This article offers a framework for critically examining the structures, policies, norms, practices, and values that shape the Urology Match as a foundation for interventions to improve diversity, equity, inclusion, and justice in the workforce. Points of leverage for transformational change in the urology workforce diversification include modifying the structure of the urology application process, optimizing reviewer factors, addressing Under-Represented in Medicine applicant experience, providing resources to applicants, and evaluating selection criteria. To achieve an inclusive diverse urology workforce, we must change policy and practice, expand what we include in the norm, which will translate into increased value ascribed to a more varied cohort of applicants, leading to the establishment of structures that accommodate true diversity.
Digital Humanities and Virtual Reality: A Review of Theories and Best Practices for Art History

The technology of virtual reality (VR) has had proven educational benefits over the last three decades. Yet, most research conducted on these benefits has been confined to the sciences, especially in Computer Science. The application of VR technology for the Digital Humanities is only now beginning to receive attention, but more study needs to be conducted on its uses within various humanistic disciplines. In order to expand on the research at a pivotal time in education when modalities expand to incorporate more hybrid, distance education, and online learning, this study reviews the literature and theories behind the educational use of VR as a tool to reinforce learning outcomes in the field of art history. Through the review, theories and best practices are presented for practical adoption at various level of instruction at other institutions, as well as a list of recommendations for integrating VR technology specifically within art history instruction.
Novel Sawtooth Structure Loading to Mitigate Mode Competition in a 346 GHz Backward Wave Oscillator

A novel approach to mitigate mode competition and improve stability in a 346 GHz Backward Wave Oscillator (BWO) by loading a copper sawtooth slow wave structure (SWS) is proposed. The effects of mode competition, and the sawtooth structure loading effects are discussed. CST simulation has been used to verify the analysis and test of the stability of those circuits.