cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pipe Check: Specifying and Verifying Microarchitectural Enforcement of Memory Consistency Models

We present Pipe Check, a methodology and automated tool for verifying that a particular micro architecture correctly implements the consistency model required by its architectural specification. Pipe Check adapts the notion of a "happens before" graph from architecture-level analysis techniques to the micro architecture space. Each node in the "micro architecturally happens before" (&#x03BC;hb) graph represents not only a memory instruction, but also a particular location (e.g., Pipeline stage) within the micro architecture. Architectural specifications such as "preserved program order" are then treated as propositions to be verified, rather than simply as assumptions. Pipe Check allows an architect to easily and rigorously test whether a micro architecture is stronger than, equal in strength to, or weaker than its architecturally-specified consistency model. We also specify and analyze the behavior of common micro architectural optimizations such as speculative load reordering which technically violate formal architecture-level definitions. We evaluate Pipe Check using a library of established litmus tests on a set of open-source pipelines. Using Pipe Check, we were able to validate the largest pipeline, the Open SPARC T2, in just minutes. We also identified a bug in the O3 pipeline of the gem5 simulator.
Eddy Convection in Coaxial Supersonic Jets

Wepresent experimentalresultson themorphology and evolution of large turbulenteddiesin coaxial supersonic jets.ThestudyencompassedMach1.5,axisymmetric,perfectlyexpandedjetscomposedofairoramixtureofhelium and air. A double-exposure planar laser-induced e uorescence (PLIF) system, with gaseous acetone as the tracer molecule, enabled visualization of the turbulent structure and of its evolution a short time later. The convective velocityoftheeddieswasextractedfromthePLIFimagesbymeansoftwo-dimensionalcrosscorrelations.Eddiesin theair jet propagatewith a speed approximately 80% ofthelocal centerline mean velocity. In thefaster helium-air jets eddies aremeasured to be supersonic with respect to the ambient air, a result corroborated by thevisualization of Mach waves. In the helium-air jet addition of a Mach 0.82 secondary e ow reduces the convective velocity of the primary eddies from 70 to 62% of the primary exit velocity. The speed of the secondary eddies is 44% of the secondary exit velocity. All turbulent motions in this coaxial helium-air jet are intrinsically subsonic, leading to substantial reduction of Mach waves and reduction in noise. A ree ned empirical model for eddy convection in compressible jets is proposed. The results of this study are relevant to mixing, combustion, and jet noise.
Nilsson-like single particle model

An independent particle model is obtained from the fundamental constrained variational equations for a many-body system by making certain assumptions. The resulting model contains the attractive feature of the Nilsson model but has the advantage of a traceable connection to the exact equations and thus is more amenable to interpretation. In particular, the energy deformation surface is calculated using the new model and is shown to differ significantly from the one obtained in the usual approach.NUCLEAR STRUCTURE Modified independent particle model proposed and compared to that of Nilsson.
High-Temperature Compressive Creep of Polycrystalline Mullite

Aluminosilicates of three compositions with mullite as the major phase were synthesized by a sol-gel process and characterized with bulk and microchemical analyses and microstructural observation. An apparatus for measuring the compressive creep up to 1900 K with a sensitivity of ±1 μm was constructed and used to measure the creep of singlephase mullite, mullite with second-phase glass, and mullite with second-phase corundum. Measurements in air at stresses of 15 to 100 MPa and temperatures of 1471 to 1724 K determined that samples with second-phase glass crept more rapidly than single-phase mullite or mullite with secondphase corundum. The apparent creep activation energies determined at 100 MPa were 742 kJ/mol for the mullite containing glass, 819 kJ/mol for the single-phase mullite, and 769 kJ/mol for the mullite with second-phase corundum. The stress exponents determined at 1724 K were 1.6 for the mullite plus glass, 1.5 for the single-phase mullite, and 1.2 for the mullite with α-Al2O3. The creep behavior of the aluminosilicates containing glass were consistent with rate control by the viscous flow of the glass and the measured creep rates were in good agreement with creep rates calculated from a model by Dryden. The creep behavior of the completely crystalline aluminosilicates was consistent with rate control by diffusional creep.
School psychology in Greece

Abstract Education always has been very important to the development, maintenance and transmission of the Greek culture. In contrast, psychology has held a marginal place in the Greek society. The present article briefly reviews the present general educational system in Greece at all levels and describes special education services. Greece lacks academic and professional training in psychology; thus, Greek psychologists come from a variety of backgrounds. Although school psychology has not yet found its proper place in the Greek educational and professional structures, these are several indications that this is changing. The major problems that the field of psychology is currently facing are also described. Finally, the emerging trends in the field are delineated and recommendations for the alleviation of the problems are presented.
Hydrogen Peroxide Induces Intracellular Calcium Oscillations in Human Aortic Endothelial Cells

Background—Because the vascular endothelium is exposed to oxidant stress resulting from ischemia/reperfusion and from the products of polymorphonuclear leukocytes or monocytes, studies were performed to examine the effect of hydrogen peroxide (1 μmol/L to 10 mmol/L) on endothelial Ca2+ signaling. Methods and Results—At low concentrations (1 to 10 μmol/L), hydrogen peroxide did not affect intracellular Ca2+ concentration in subconfluent, indo 1–loaded human aortic endothelial monolayers. At a concentration of 100 μmol/L hydrogen peroxide, intracellular free Ca2+ gradually increased from 125.3±6.8 to 286.3±19.9 nmol/L over 4.2±0.9 minutes before repetitive Ca2+ oscillations were observed, consisting of an initial large, transient spike of ≈1 μmol/L followed by several spikes of decreasing amplitudes at a frequency of 0.7±0.1 min−1 over 12.0±1.1 minutes. After these oscillations, intracellular Ca2+ reached a plateau of 543.4±64.0 nmol/L, which was maintained above baseline levels for >5 minutes and then part...
Astrophysics: the evidence in the afterglow.

The X-ray spectrum of an afterglow from a γ-ray burst reveals a smoking gun. It links the γ-rays to the expanding fireball that occurs after a supernova explosion.
Pulmonary toxicity of 2-methylnaphthalene: lack of a relationship between toxicity, dihydrodiol formation and irreversible binding to cellular macromolecules in DBA/2J mice.

Intraperitoneal doses of 2-methylnaphthalene (2-MN) have been shown to cause pulmonary toxicity in DBA/2J mice. Pretreatment with the monooxygenase inducers sodium phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) failed to protect the DBA/2J mice from the toxic effect of 2-methylnaphthalene. Pretreatment of DBA/2J mice with the monooxygenase inhibitors, SKF 525-A and piperonyl butoxide also failed to enhance or attentuate the pulmonary lesions. Pulmonary and hepatic microsomes from DBA/2J mice metabolized 2-methylnaphthalene to three dihydrodiols, 2-naphthyl alcohol and other unidentified metabolites. Kidney microsomes produced 2-naphthyl alcohol but no detectable dihydrodiols. In comparison to control animals, hepatic microsomes from animals pretreated with sodium phenobarbital produced more of the least polar dihydrodiol, while amounts of the other two dihydrodiols were unaffected. 3-Methylcholanthrene, piperonyl butoxide and diethylmaleate failed to affect dihydrodiol formation in both pulmonary and hepatic microsomes. After the administration of a lung toxic dose (400 mg/kg, i.p.) of 2-MN, irreversible binding was highest in the liver, followed by the kidney, the lung and lastly skeletal muscle. Of the pretreatments given to the mice, only phenobarbital demonstrated a significant effect, and this elevation was apparent only in the liver. A pulmonary toxic dose of 2-MN (400 mg/kg, i.p.) administered to DBA/2J mice significantly depleted reduced GSH in the liver and lung and to a lesser extent, in the kidney. There appeared no good correlation between the pulmonary toxicity of 2-MN-dihydrodiol and/or alcohol formation or the in vivo irreversible binding to macromolecules. These results are compared with those reported previously in C57BL/6J mice.
Expanding Our Understanding of Neurobiological Mechanisms of Resilience by Using Animal Models

The original conceptualization of stress and the stress response has been developed based on the understanding that certain environmental exposures and life events can be both detrimental to individual's health and wellbeing, and also promote physiological responses that can be adaptive. Interestingly, until recently, the majority of translational research focused on neurobiological processes involved in the abnormal or altered stress response, on the vulnerability to stress, or the negative consequences of stress. Only recently the field started focusing on the concept of resilience, exploring the possibility that, similarly to stress vulnerability, there could be unique mechanisms involved in resilience to stress. Defining resilience has not been easy and within clinical research, resilience often refers to the ability of an organism to deal with, or adapt to, the pathological effects of stress. This seemingly subtle shift in research focus actually has immediate and substantial implications to stress research, as it suggests that some individuals are particularly adept to dealing with stressful situations, and if we examine this subgroup of individuals, we are likely to find different or compensatory changes, or changes in biological processes that are diametrically opposed to those found in stress-vulnerable individuals.
Dynamics of Consumption and Food Conversion by Lake Michigan Alewives: An Energetics-Modeling Synthesis

Abstract We developed an energetics model for the alewife Alosa pseudoharengus to evaluate consumption and conversion efficiency processes. We estimated alewife standard metabolism (R) as a function of wet body weight (W, g) and water temperature (T, °C): R (g˙g−1˙d−1) = 0.0073 W−0.215e0.0548T. We estimated maximum daily ration for 15-g, yearling alewives at 20°C to be as much as 37% of their body weight in experiments of 24 h. Modeling simulations based on observed growth in Lake Michigan indicated that yearling alewives may attain close to 70% of their estimated maximum consumption rate during September and October. Simulation results indicated wide seasonal variations in consumption rates; almost 50% of the yearly consumption by an individual adult alewife (age ≥ II) occurs in September and October, suggesting abundant food and possibly relaxed competition during that season. In contrast, adult alewives lose weight during the summer when stratification of Lake Michigan would permit orientation to water...
Simulation of jet cooling effects on Czochralski crystal growth

The effects of cooling the crystal side surface by blowing a jet of an inert gas are examined in detail for Czochralski crystal growth. A combined model of the crystal + melt, which incorporates the detailed radiation calculations, the shape of the melt-gas meniscus, predicts the growth rate and the crystal-melt interface shape, is used for this study. The convective heat transfer coefficient for the jet is estimated from the correlation available in the literature. The effect of the jet cooling on the interface shape and the pulling rate is significant. The crystal diameter as well as the interface shape tend to be more stable in the environment of the rapid cooling of the crystal by the jet. The crystal diameter or the interface shape can be easily controlled by adjusting the gas flow rate through the jet. This gives the Czochralski pulling an additional degree of freedom facilitating the control of crystal diameter and interface shape.
Reassessing the family-delinquency association: Do family type, family processes, and economic factors make a difference?

Abstract The present study drew on four competing theoretical perspectives to examine the relationship between family structure and juvenile delinquency. Using data from the Add Health Study, the authors examined nonserious and serious delinquent behavior across youth from different types of households and also considered how the association between family structure and delinquency might be conditioned by family processes and economic factors. Results from negative binomial regression analyses indicated that, in general, type of household was not a significant predictor of nonserious or serious delinquency. Rather, maternal attachment emerged as the most important determinant of delinquent behavior among youth from all family types. The results are discussed within the context of Hirschi's original interpretation of social control theory and future directions for research are suggested.
Practical identifiability of parameters in Monod kinetics and statistical analysis of residuals

A systematic procedure for identifying the number of parameters of a model that can be estimated uniquely by nonlinear regression is presented. The objective function to be minimized is in the form of weighted sum of squares of residuals. The assumptions inherent in the choice of weights and the validity of the parameters estimated are verified by statistical tests. The procedure is illustrated by considering the estimation of parameters for Monod kinetics. Simulated data containing known measurement noise are used initially to illustrate the procedure. Finally, parameters are estimated from different sets of experimental data, and the validity and the uniqueness of the parameters are presented.
Intracorporeal lithotripsy: which modality is best?

Purpose of reviewA large number of related articles published within the last year were reviewed. Different types of intracorporeal lithotripter devices were compared according to their advantages, disadvantages, efficacy, safety and clinical applications. General directions of future developments a
Modeling uncontrolled regeneration of diesel particulate filters, taking into account hydrocarbon slip

The effect of hydrocarbon slip from a diesel oxidation catalyst on active regeneration of a diesel particulate filter is investigated by developing a generalized zero-dimensional diesel particulate...
Numerical and experimental analysis of combined convective and radiative heat transfer in laminar flow over a circular cylinder

Abstract Flow and heat transfer of a participating medium over a right circular cylinder was investigated experimentally and numerically. Experimental results for the total Nu number using combustion products of propane were obtained for Reynolds number 500 and gas temperature up to 1219 K. The length-to-diameter ratio of the cylinder was greater than 10, in order to simulate two-dimensional conditions. A finite-element method was used to solve low Reynolds number flow over a circular cylinder in a radiatively participating medium. Continuity, momentum, energy, and an equation for radiative intensity were solved simultaneously. A constant property assumption allowed decoupling of the momentum and energy equations. The medium was assumed non-gray and non-scattering, and the intensity field was approximated by the P 1 spherical harmonic method for each effective band. Edward's wide band model was used to obtain the absorption coefficient and the effective band width for each band. The average and local Nusselt numbers were calculated for Re = 500. The numerical results for the average total Nu number are in agreement with the experimental data.
Regulated release of L13a from the 60S ribosomal subunit as a mechanism of transcript-specific translational control.

Abstract Transcript-specific translational control is generally directed by binding of trans -acting proteins to structural elements in the untranslated region (UTR) of the target mRNA. Here, we elucidate a translational silencing mechanism involving regulated release of an integral ribosomal protein and subsequent binding to its target mRNA. Human ribosomal protein L13a was identified as a candidate interferon- G amma- A ctivated I nhibitor of T ranslation (GAIT) of ceruloplasmin (Cp) mRNA by a genetic screen for Cp 3′-UTR binding proteins. In vitro activity of L13a was shown by inhibition of target mRNA translation by recombinant protein. In response to interferon-γ in vivo, the entire cellular pool of L13a was phosphorylated and released from the 60S ribosomal subunit. Released L13a specifically bound the 3′-UTR GAIT element of Cp mRNA and silenced translation. We propose a model in which the ribosome functions not only as a protein synthesis machine, but also as a depot for regulatory proteins that modulate translation.
Flux Distribution of the Hopfield Helium Continuum from the Photoionization of Ar, Kr, and Xe

From absorption and photoionization spectra of Ar, Kr, and Xe obtained at 0.5-A bandwidth, absorption cross sections were computed, and the absolute flux distribution of the Hopfield helium continuum was determined between 600 and 1000 A. Both total absorption and partial absorption methods were used in deriving flux distributions. Ionization was measured in a parallel-plate ion chamber. In addition, the oscillator strengths for the metastable or autoionized levels lying in the ionization continua were determined.
Performance evaluation of node density-based adaptive routing scheme for disruption tolerant networks

Traditional ad hoc routing protocols do not work in intermittently connected networks since end-to-end paths may not exist. In our earlier paper, we have evaluated a combined multihop, and message ferrying approach where special nodes are deployed as message ferries. Thus, in this paper, we design a node-density based adaptive routing scheme where regular nodes volunteer to be message ferries when there are very few nodes around them to ensure the feasibility of continued communications. Our simulation results indicate that our scheme can achieve the best delivery ratio in very sparse ad hoc networks that are prone to frequent disruptions.
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Has Different Effects on Contractility and Intracellular pH in Normal and Hypertrophied Myocytes From Pressure-Overloaded Hearts

Background—Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) depresses contractility in left ventricular myocytes. Its expression is upregulated in pressure-overloaded hypertrophied hearts; however, the effects of ANP on contractility in hypertrophied myocytes are not known. Our aims were (1) to examine the cellular mechanisms of this depression in contractility in normal myocytes and (2) to test the hypothesis that the effects of ANP on contractility differ in hypertrophied myocytes from rats with ascending aortic stenosis. Methods and Results—We measured the myocyte shortening as an index of contractility, [Ca2+]i with fluo 3, and pHi with seminaphthorhodafluor-1 (SNARF-1). In normal control myocytes (n=26), ANP caused a concentration-dependent depression of contractility and reduction in pHi. In the presence of 10−6 mol/L ANP, fractional cell shortening was 78±5% of baseline (P<0.05) and pHi was reduced by 0.16±0.04 U from baseline (P<0.01) without changes in [Ca2+]i. The magnitude of the depression of contraction caus...
Mechanisms of target selection by DNA-damaging chemicals: studies with enediyne anticancer drugs.

DNA damage produced by native and exogenous chemicals can lead to cancer or cell death Our ability to accurately define the risk of developing cancer when humans are exposed to these genotoxic chemicals depends on the development of toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic models. Such models take into account the distribution and fate of chemicals at several levels, including distribution to the target organ(s) However, the models must eventually account for the response of individual cells to genotoxins, and this is determined in part by the distribution of the chemicals in the nucleus, the ultimate target of many genotoxins In an effort to further the development of these predictive models, we have focused our research program on the mechanisms by which DNA-damaging chemicals select their genomic targets. Although there have been major advances in understanding the chemistry of DNA lesions, there is little information about the factors that govern the selection of genomic targets DNA in the nucleus is compacted with proteins and then arrayed in functional compartments l 1-5 l This three-dimensional organization not only raises issues of accessibility, but it alters DNA structure and dynamics to create a variety of new targets about which we know very little Given this diversity, it seems reasonable to assume that certain regions of the genome will be more reactive with a genotoxin than others We are just begin-
Solid state synthesis of Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox superconductor

Abstract The high-temperature superconducting material Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O x (2212) was synthesized by reaction of oxides and carbonates. Several stoichiometries and a range of temperatures and oxygen partial pressures were investigated for the production of pure 2212. The reaction sequence to form Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O x was found to consist of initial formation of Bi compounds, their subsequent reaction to form the Bi 2 Sr 2 CuO x phase and CaCu oxides, and a slow reaction to form the Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O x phase. The best powder was made from a Bi:Sr:Ca:Cu composition equal to 2.0:1.7:1.0:2.0. The optimum heat treatment was found to consist of initial heating to about 725 °C in flowing oxygen at a reduced total pressure of 5 x 10 2 Pa, followed by brief heating in air to about 885 °C, and, finally heating in air at 842 °C for 2 to 3 days.
Trace form preservers

Abstract If X ϵ M n (K) , the set of n × n matrices over a field, define Td(X) = tr(Xd). A “preserver” of Td is a linear map f : M n (K) → M n (K) with: tr(f(X)d) = tr(Xd) for every X. A transformation is “standard” if it lies in the group generated by maps of the types: (1) conjugation by something in GLn(K); (2) transpose; and (3) multiplication by a scaler dth root of unity. If d > 2 and d! ≠ 0 in K, O'Ryan-Shapiro (M. O'Ryan, D.B. Shapiro, Linear Alg. Appl. 246 (1996) 313–333) proved that every preserver of Td is standard. Guralnick (R.M. Guralnick, Linear Alg. Appl. 212/213 (1994) 249–257), using methods of algebraic group theory, extended this to infinite fields of characteristic p > 0. When d = 1 + pm, he found a fourth type of Td-preserver: (4) fλ(X) = X + λ(tr X), where λ ϵ K satisfies nλd + λd−1 + λ = 0. Call a transformation “λ-standard” if it is the group generated by the standard maps together with these fλ's, if they exist.
Novel Antiangiogenic Therapies for Renal Cell Cancer

Renal cell cancer remains a disease for which highly effective therapy for the majority of patients with metastatic disease is lacking. The biology of clear cell carcinomas and their association with mutations of the von Hippel-Lindau gene and its resultant increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) make angiogenesis a potentially pathophysiologic mechanism for tumor development. As a result, the use of antiangiogenic therapy is an intriguing concept for the treatment of renal cell cancer. Various agents, aside from the inhibitors of VEGF, have been studied, including thalidomide, low-dose interferon, and novel antiangiogenic agents such as the thrombospondin-1 mimetics. Use of these agents has been associated with some degree of objective response or prolonged stabilization of disease, and their true value needs to be assessed in ongoing prospective studies. Combinations of antiangiogenic agents either with other similarly acting drugs or as a component of a "cocktail" with other noncytotoxic therapies should be explored in this patient population.
Transabdominal cardiophrenic lymph node dissection (CPLND) via incised diaphragm replace conventional video-assisted thoracic surgery for cytoreductive surgery in advanced ovarian cancer.

Abstract Objective The objective of this study is to describe the feasibility of the new approach, transabdominal CPLND, via incised diaphragm in patients with ovarian cancer by gynecologic oncologists instead of the conventional video-assisted thoracic surgery. Methods From November 2008 to December 2011, 11 women (10 primary and 1 recurrent ovarian cancers) underwent CPLND for the extensive cytoreductive surgeries via incised muscle of the right diaphragm by gynecologic oncologists. All ≥5mm tumors in CPLN, which were the criterion for suspicious malignancy on preoperative axial computed tomogram, were completely resected by gynecologic oncologists. Results The median tumor size of the CPLN was 10mm (range, 7–17mm) and metastasis was identified in 45% (5/11) of ≥5mm CPLN on preoperative computed tomogram. The median number of harvested CPLND was 3 (range 1–12) and metastatic node was 1 (range, 0–10). There was no significant morbidity related to CPLND and mortality associated with surgery. Ten patients achieved the no gross residual disease and one patient accomplished gross residual-1, indicating residual disease measuring ≤1cm in maximal diameter. Conclusion Transabdominal CPLND via incised diaphragm is feasible as a part of the cytoreductive surgery without significant morbidities by gynecologic oncologist. This procedure could substitute the conventional video-assisted thoracic surgery.
Temperature characteristics of bipolar cascade lasers

The temperature characteristics of bipolar cascade lasers operating up to 80 °C with room temperature, continuous-wave differential slope efficiencies of 93%, are reported. The continuous-wave characteristic lasing threshold temperature, T0, of the device is found to be 103 K for heatsink temperatures below 40 °C, dropping to 56 K for heatsink temperatures in the range 50–80 °C. Two separate regions are found to exist for the characteristic temperature of the differential slope efficiency, T1. The temperature of the topside metal contact versus bias was measured directly using a microthermocouple probe. Finite element modeling showed good agreement with measured surface temperatures. The simulations indicate that, prior to the onset of lasing in the bottom active region, nonradiative recombination heating in the bottom active region significantly heats the (lasing) top active region, leading to a reduction in the differential slope efficiency of the bipolar cascade laser.
Numerical calculation of skyrmion collisions

Abstract A numerical calculation of classical skyrmion-skyrmion collisions and skyrmion-antiskyrmion annihilations in 3 + 1 dimensions are discussed.
Supersymmetric electro-weak effects on g μ -2

A model independent analysis of the super-symmetric electroweak contribution tog μ−2 is discussed within the framework ofN=1 Supergravity unified theory. A detailed comparison with existing experiment of two models (R.G. and T.B.) is carried out. The supersymmetric electro-weak contributions are found to be characteristically different and generally larger than the electro-weak contributions of the standard theory, and in many cases significantly larger. Effects of the hidden sector and the photino mass dependence ofg μ−2 are also investigated. Present data already eliminates some choices of parameters. Reduction of existing experimental errors by a factor of 3 will make contact with most R.G. models and by a factor of 10 with most T.B. models.
COBOL simulation: random number generation for binary and decimal computers

Although the Common Business Oriented Language was originally designed for use in business data processing, the language is now being employed as a simulation language under certain limiting conditions. Factors influencing the application of the language to simulation studies include its popularity, its self-documenting characteristic, its "believability," and its efficiency in programming the triangular distribution.A necessary requisite in any simulation study is the programming of random number generators to simulate the random occurrence of various events. Several methods of generating random numbers are available, but the technique most frequently used is the power residue method. Since most simulation studies are programmed with FORTRAN (a general purpose language), simulation languages (SIMSCRIPT, GPSS, GASP, etc.), or machine languages, little attention has been devoted to programming the power residue method of random number generation with COBOL.A procedure is presented which describes and discusses COBOL programming of random number generation for the binary computer and the decimal computer utilizing the power residue method. Program excerpts are provided to illustrate the procedure, and comparative differences in COBOL programming for the two computer types are noted. Conditions most favorable to COBOL programming of simulation studies are also discussed, as well as the conditions under which COBOL programming is not recommended.
THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF METALLO-SILICON CLATHRATES NAXSI136 (X=0, 4, 8, 16 AND 24)

Abstract The electronic band structures of sodium-containing silicon clathrates (NaxSi136) have been studied with the first principles all electron full potential linearized plane wave method. It is shown that at low dopant concentration (x ⩽ 8), the Si clathrates behave either as an insulator or a semi-metal with very small electrical conductivity. However, the metallic character becomes more prominent with increasing sodium concentration. The theoretical results help to elucidate the mechanism for the observed insulator to metal transition in these compounds when the concentration of the Na metal exceeds x > 8.
Generalized theory of zero-phonon radiative transitions of donor—acceptor pairs

Abstract In this effective mass theory of DA pairs we include the effect of lattice polarization on the variational parameters for configuration interaction. Energy eigenvalues of pairs, with equal and unequal electron and hole orbital radii, are formulated for the initial and final states of lattice polarization associated with the transition. From these eigenvalues the zero-phonon spectra are evaluated. We verify determining κ S from pair spectra but question ionization energies of isolated dopants obtained therefrom.
The thermal properties of nanocrystalline Pd from 16 to 300 K

Abstract Quantitative X-ray diffraction measurements made over a temperature range 16–300K on a Pd sample of 8·3nm median grain size were compared with data acquired from a coarse-grained Pd reference sample. The larger Debye-Waller parameter of nanocrystalline Pd was found to be due to increased static displacements of atoms from their equilibrium sites compared with the static displacements in coarse-grained material. Consistent with this behaviour, the strain distribution determined from the width of intensity peaks was significantly broader in the nanocrystalline sample than in the coarse-grained sample. No grain-size-correlated differences in either thermal vibrational amplitude or lattice parameter were observed. In contradiction to previous reports of greatly increased thermal expansion coefficients in nanocrystalline metals, the change in lattice parameter of Pd from 16 to 300 K was observed to be independent of grain size. The results indicate that some regions of the nanocrystalline sample are i...
A cluster-randomized trial assessing the impact of school water, sanitation, and hygiene improvements on pupil enrollment and gender parity in enrollment.

We employed a cluster randomized trial design to measure the impact of a school based water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) improvement on pupil enrollment and on gender parity in enrollment, in primary schools in Nyanza Province, Kenya (2007-2009). Among schools with poor water access during the dry season, those that received a water supply, hygiene promotion and water treatment (HPW schools with poor water access during the dry season may benefit most from these interventions.
Deliberative Acts: Democracy, Rhetoric, and Rights, Arabella Lyon

In Cicero’s great dialogue De Oratore, Antonius (one of the two main speakers) at one point delivers an instructive anecdote. I paraphrase:In his retirement Hannibal, the brilliant Carthaginian gen...
Constraints on collective density variables: two dimensions.

Collective density variables $\ensuremath{\rho}(\mathbit{k})$ have proved to be useful tools in the study of many-body problems in a variety of fields that are concerned with structural and kinematic phenomena. In spite of their broad applicability, mathematical understanding of collective density variables remains an underexplored subject. In this paper, we examine features associated with collective density variables in two dimensions using numerical exploration techniques to generate particle patterns in the classical ground state. Particle pair interactions are governed by a continuous, bounded potential. Our approach involves constraining related collective parameters $C(\mathbit{k})$, with wave vector $\mathbit{k}$ magnitudes at or below a chosen cutoff, to their absolute minimum values. Density fluctuations for those $\mathbit{k}$'s thus are suppressed. The resulting investigation distinguishes three structural regimes as the number of constrained wave vectors is increased---disordered, wavy crystalline, and crystalline regimes---each with characteristic distinguishing features. It should be noted that our choice of pair potential can lead to pair correlation functions that exhibit an effective hard core and thus signal the formation of a hard-disk-like equilibrium fluid. In addition, our method creates particle patterns that are hyperuniform, thus supporting the notion that structural glasses can be hyperuniform as the temperature $T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$.
Trinh Thuan and The Intersection of Science and Buddhism

. Trinh Thuan, professor of astronomy at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, since 1976, has published a number of books over the years that have touched on topics in the science-and-religion discussion. This essay reviews these volumes in light of a recent book he coauthored with Matthieu Ricard, a monk in the Tibetan Mahayana tradition with previous background and training in the biological sciences. The shift is observed in Thuan's views from at one point being attracted to a form of theism based on inferences drawn from the anthropic principle to later being intrigued by Ricard's explanations of the cosmos based on Buddhist consciousness theories. Thuan's journey as a scientist seeking further understanding is a lesson to the religion-and-science dialogue that more of the world's religious traditions need to be engaged with their specificities so that what emerges is an expanded conversation.
High-efficiency protein expression in plants from agroinfection-compatible Tobacco mosaic virus expression vectors

Plants are increasingly being examined as alternative recombinant protein expression systems. Recombinant protein expression levels in plants from Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-based vectors are much higher than those possible from plant promoters. However the common TMV expression vectors are costly, and at times technically challenging, to work with. Therefore it was a goal to develop TMV expression vectors that express high levels of recombinant protein and are easier, more reliable, and more cost-effective to use. We have constructed a Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter-driven TMV expression vector that can be delivered as a T-DNA to plant cells by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Co-introduction (by agroinfiltration) of this T-DNA along with a 35S promoter driven gene for the RNA silencing suppressor P19, from Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) resulted in essentially complete infection of the infiltrated plant tissue with the TMV vector by 4 days post infiltration (DPI). The TMV vector produced between 600 and 1200 micrograms of recombinant protein per gram of infiltrated tissue by 6 DPI. Similar levels of recombinant protein were detected in systemically infected plant tissue 10–14 DPI. These expression levels were 10 to 25 times higher than the most efficient 35S promoter driven transient expression systems described to date. These modifications to the TMV-based expression vector system have made TMV vectors an easier, more reliable and more cost-effective way to produce recombinant proteins in plants. These improvements should facilitate the production of recombinant proteins in plants for both research and product development purposes. The vector should be especially useful in high-throughput experiments.
Do Investors Respond to Analysts' Forecast Revisions as if Forecast Accuracy Is All That Matters?

Prior research suggests that investors' response to analyst forecast revisions increases with the analyst's forecast accuracy. We extend this research by examining whether investors appear to extract all of the information that analyst characteristics provide about forecast accuracy. We find that only some of the analyst characteristics that are associated with future forecast accuracy are also associated with return responses to forecast revisions. This suggests that investors fail to extract some of the information that analyst characteristics can provide about future forecast accuracy. In addition, forecast properties other than expected accuracy appear to be value‐relevant. For example, investors respond more strongly to forecasts released earlier in the year and to forecasts by analysts employed by large brokerages than appears warranted by the ability of forecast timeliness and broker size to predict forecast accuracy. We conclude that investors respond to analysts' forecast revisions as if forecast...
Utilization of marine plants and their constituents by bacteria isolated from the gut of echinoids (Echinodermata)

Utilization of marine plants and their constituents by bacteria isolated from the guts of echinoids was investigated to determine the potential role bacteria may have in carbohydrate digestion in echinoids. Bacteria from the guts of the regular echinoids Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck) and Arbacia punctulata (Lamarck) could physically degrade the marine plants Ulva lactuca and Eucheuma nudum, but not Caulerpa prolifera. Diplanthera wrightii and Thalassia testudinum were only slightly degraded by the gut bacteria. Bacteria from the guts of the irregular echinoids Mellita quinquiesperforata (Leske) and Encope aberrans (Martens) could not physically degrade any of these marine plants. Mixed and some isolated bacteria from the gut of L. variegatus could utilize xylose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose, laminarin, carageenan, starch and agar, but not cellulose or chitin. The results with isolates suggest that the bacteria of the echinoid gut are fairly non-selective. The bacteria of the guts of the two regular echinoids could utilize certain marine plants that the echinoids eat and certain of the plant constituents. The bacteria could not utilize plant fibers.
On strongly regular self ‐ complementary graphs

It is shown that certain conditions assumed on a regular self-complementary graph are not sufficient for the graph to be strongly regular, answering in the negative a question posed by Kotzig in [1].
Improvement in high resolution image quality of radiation-sensitive specimens achieved with reduced spot size of the electron beam.

High resolution images of thin paraffin crystals and of purple membrane (i.e., crystalline bacteriorhodopsin) have been recorded with illumination spots that are confined to a size of 1000 to 2000 A. Images recorded in this way show three to five times greater contrast than do images which are recorded with more conventional flood-beam (ca. 3 micron diameter) illumination. In addition, optical diffraction patterns of small areas of such images show much better preservation of contrast in all directions than is normally the case. Both effects substantiate the idea that beam-induced movement of radiation-sensitive organic specimens has been a major factor which has caused low dose images to be greatly inferior in their quality compared to electron diffraction patterns of the same type of specimens. In spite of the marked improvement that is obtained, we often observe an unexplained degree of contrast variation within the small illuminated area, demonstrating that even further improvement in the quality of low dose images should be possible.
Target validation using in-cell small molecule clickable imaging probes

The application of in-cell click chemistry to the visualization of chemical probes in chemical biology experiments is reviewed. Fluorometric dyes can perturb the distribution, and function, of a labelled chemical tool – probes incorporating ‘silent’ clickable handles can therefore report on more relevant subcellular distribution and biomolecular interaction events. The influence this research has had on target validation and molecular mode of action studies is also highlighted.
Effective e-Training: Using a Course Management System and e-Learning Tools to Train Library Employees

In the summer of 2012, the University of Arizona Libraries implemented an online training program to effectively train Access Services staff and student employees at a large academic research library. This article discusses the program, which was built using a course management system (D2L) and various e-Learning software applications (Articulate Storyline, Panopto, and Adobe Presenter). The result of this case study reflects that by using multiple e-Learning applications and embedding them in a course management system, staff can have a ubiquitous, point-of-need virtual learning environment that successfully prepared them to staff a 24/7 research library. Additionally, we have found the online training program to be successful at reducing costs associated with training a large number of employees. It also provides the security needed to house employee performance records, effectively test for competency-based knowledge, and provide a unified space for both staff and supervisors to outline and measure per...
The Tardigrade Ramazzottius varieornatus as a Model Animal for Astrobiological Studies

Tardigrades are invertebrate animals, some of which can enter into an ametabolic desiccated state called anhydrobiosis. In this state, tardigrades are extremotolerant and able to survive open space environments characterized by severe vacuum and intense radiation. For these reasons, tardigrades are expected to serve as important model organisms for astrobiological studies, particularly those focusing on how multicellular organisms can withstand the extreme environments of space and the possibility of extraterrestrial multicellular life forms. To develop tardigrades as model organisms, we established a culture system for the tardigrade species Ramazzottius varieornatus, a species that is tolerant to several types of extreme physical and chemical environmental conditions while in an anhydrobiotic, or "tun", state. Based on studies using this culture system and the extremotolerance of this tardigrade in connection with its anhydrobiotic capacity, R. varieornatus is a suitable model organism for astrobiological studies and will provide new insight into the mechanisms underlying the ability of multicellular organisms to tolerate extreme environments.
Resveratrol supplementation preserves long bone mass, microstructure, and strength in hindlimb-suspended old male rats

Resveratrol has gained popularity as an "anti-aging" compound due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Few studies have investigated the role of resveratrol supplementation in the prevention of age-related bone loss and skeletal disuse despite increased inactivity and age-related bone loss in the elderly. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of resveratrol supplementation on disuse and age-related bone loss. Old (age 33 months) Fischer 344 × Brown Norway male rats were provided either trans-resveratrol (12.5 mg/kg bw/day) or deionized distilled water by oral gavage for 21 days. Rats were hindlimb-suspended (HLS) or kept ambulatory (AMB) for 14 days. Both femora and tibiae were collected. Bone mass was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and bone microstructure was determined by micro-computed tomography. HLS of old male rats accelerated loss of bone mineral content, decreased trabecular bone volume per unit of total volume, and increased trabecular separation. Resveratrol supplementation ameliorated bone demineralization and loss of bone microarchitecture in HLS old male rats. The peak force measured by the three-point bending test was reduced (P = 0.007) in HLS/control compared to AMB/control rats. Resveratrol supplementation ameliorated HLS-induced loss of femur strength. Plasma osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase was higher (P < 0.04) and C-reactive protein was lower (P = 0.04) in old male rats given resveratrol. The bone protective effects of resveratrol appeared to be mediated through increased osteoblast bone formation, possibly due to reduced inflammation. Based on the results, resveratrol supplementation appeared to provide a feasible dietary therapy for preserving the skeletal system during disuse and age-related bone loss.
Study of helium-based drift chamber gases

The spatial resolution and dEdx resolution of several helium-based drift chamber gases have been measured and compared with an argon-based gas, ArC2H6 (50:50). The gases were investigated with a system of aluminum drift tubes using cosmic rays. The gases studied include various mixtures of helium and ethane, isobutane, and propane. The spatial resolution of the helium-based gases is better than that of ArC2H6 (50:50), while the dEdx resolution is comparable.
Molecular abnormality and cDNA cloning of human aldehyde dehydrogenases

Abstract Usual human livers contain two major ALDH isozymes, i.e., cytosolic ALDH1 and mitochondrial ALDH2, while approximately 50% of Orientals are “atypical” and have only the ALDH1 and are missing the ALDH2. Instead, the atypical livers contain an enzymatically inactive but immunologically cross-reactive material (CRM) corresponding to the ALDH2 component. Some Orientals are found to be atypical also in the ALDH1 locus, i.e., they are missing the enzymatically active ALDH1 but contain a large amount of CRM corresponding to the ALDH1 component. cDNA for ALDH1 and that for ALDH2 were cloned and their nucleotide sequences were determined. The amino acid sequences of ALDH1 and ALDH2 were deduced from their cDNA sequences. The molecular abnormality of the inactive ALDH22 is found to be the substitution of Glu at the 14th position from the COOH-terminal of the protein by Lys which resulted from G → A transition in the gene.
Strategies for declining businesses—Survival in the fur business

Abstract Traditional industries in the craft sector of economies have been declining. They are faced with significant shifts in the pattern of manufacturing and trade. This has created serious threats to the survival of traditional industry centres, and requires the development of new industry-wide strategies to adapt and successfully compete in the new environment. The focus of this study is on development of a framework for understanding the dynamics of industry decline. The framework is illustrated with data from the fur industry. Suggestions for industry-wide strategies which will be effective in facing competitive threats are made. Conclusions of this study are expected to be helpful to fur manufacturers, suppliers and fur marketers, but more importantly the study identifies a framework and approach that can be applied to other craft industries which face similar environmental conditions.