cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extreme-scale computer architecture

As transistor sizes continue to scale down, we are about to witness extraordinary levels of chip integration. Sometime early in the next decade, as we reach 7 nm, we will be able to integrate, for example, 1000 sizable cores and substantial memory on a single die. There are many unknowns as to how to build a general-purpose architecture in such an environment. However, we know that the main challenge will be to make it highly energy efficient. Energy and power consumption have emerged as the main obstacles to designing more capable architectures. Given this energy efficiency challenge, researchers have coined the term ‘Extreme Scale Computer Architecture’ to refer to computer organizations that, loosely speaking, are 100–1000 times more capable than current systems for the same power consumption and physical footprint. For example, these organizations should deliver a datacenter that provides exascale performance (1018 operations per second) for 20 MW, a departmental server that provides petascale performance (1015 operations per second) for 20 KW, and a portable device that provides sustained terascale performance (1012 operations per second) for 20 W. Extreme-scale computing is concerned with technologies that are applicable to all machine sizes—not just highend systems. Extreme-scale computer architectures need to be designed for energy efficiency from the ground up. They need to have efficient support for concurrency, since onlymassive parallelismwill deliver this performance. They should also minimize data transfers—since moving data around is a major source of energy consumption. Finally, they need to leverage new technologies that will be developed in the next few years. These technologies include low supply voltage (Vdd) operation, 3D die stacking, resistive memories, and photonic interconnects. In this paper, we outline some of challenges that appear at different layers of the computing stack, and some of the techniques that can be used to address them.
In Vitro Effects of Certain Drugs on Strongyloides.

The success attendant on the oral administration of gentian violet and crystal violet in eradicating or greatly reducing Strongyloides stercoralis in the human host (de Langen,1 Faust2) as well as in other primates suggested the desirability of testing in vitro the strongyloidicidal properties of several therapeutics. While it was not possible to secure living parasitic Strongyloides for this purpose, the several successive stages of the free-living generation of an indirect type of Strongyloides fulleborni from the red-spider monkey, Ateles geoffroyi, were available. These organisms had been cultured in undiluted moist feces. At the appropriate time, when active free-living males and females, rh2, RH2 and f2 larvae were both numerous and active, the nematodes were drawn off in a few drops of clear water by means of the Baermann technic.In the first instance these several stages were placed in 0.1% of each of the following reagents: crystal violet (cv); acriviolet (acv); acriflavine (acf); mercurochrome (...
Dreams Deferred: The Impact of Legal Reforms on Undocumented Latino Youth

Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals was enacted in August 2012, allowing undocumented youth who meet eligibility criteria to live and work in the United States for a period of 2 years. In April ...
Psychological and behavioral predictors of weight loss during drug treatment for obesity.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated whether baseline eating behavior, emotions, and body image were significant predictors of change in body mass index (BMI) over 6 month and 12 month time intervals for individuals enrolled in a weight loss program that combined appetite suppressant medications and behavior therapy for obesity. METHOD: Participants were asked to complete self-report questionnaires at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. In addition, their height and weight were measured and they were administered a body image assessment procedure at each time interval. RESULTS: At baseline, perceived hunger, dietary restraint, current body size, and trait anxiety were important components in a model for prediction of weight loss at 6 months. Perceived hunger, dietary restraint, and current body size as measured at baseline were important components in the prediction of weight loss at 12 months. These predictive variables, together with gender and initial BMI, accounted for 48.6% of the variance in weight loss at 6 months and 51.7% of the variance in weight loss at 12 months. DISCUSSION: These findings suggest that scores on certain paper and pencil tests may be useful as predictors of success or failure for individuals entering a weight loss program using pharmacological and behavioral interventions.
Bone formation and resorption as a requirement for marrow development.

SummaryThe formation of a new sinusoidal marrow in a heterotopic autologous marrow implant requires the intermediation of bone. This conclusion follows from the intimate association of developing marrow tissue and newly formed bone in the implantation site. It has been shown that there is a sigmoidal relationship between the evolution of a medullary cavity and ossicle volume. Moreover, the mean relative medullary cavity size and ossicle volume for each stage of marrow development from hemocytoblasts to a sinusoidal structure conforms to this relationship. Hematopoietic foci emerge during the period of rapid bone resorption. A fully developed marrow may occur in a small or large ossicle provided that the medullary cavity represents a critical fraction of the total volume. It is suggested that processes of bone resorption may contribute to the formation of an appropriate microenvironment and/or provide a source of appropriately modulated progenitor cells. Significantly, bone plays a necessary role in the ge...
The Isolation of Enzymatically Active Sarcosomes from Thoraces of Bracon serinopae

In performing enzyme assays, it is desirable to utilize as pure a source of enzyme as possible. In Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, and some Homoptera, the giant mitochondria (sarcosomes) associated with the thoracic flight muscles (Darwin and Pringle 1959) have been used in enzyme assay (Watanabe and Williams 1951, 1953). Insect sarcosomes have been found to be liable to the harsh treatment of isolation procedures (Stegwee and Van Kammen-Wertheim 1962) and details in technique vary from organism to organism. In isolating sarcosomes from the parasitic wasp Bracon serinopae Cherian, their functional integrity was checked by the ability to reduce the tetrazolium salt 2- p -iodophenyl- 3-nitrophenyl-5-phenyltetrazolium chloride (INT) to INT formazan in succinoxidase assay (Mizianty 1967).
Trastuzumab-targeted gene delivery to Her2-overexpressing breast cancer cells

We describe a novel gene delivery system that specifically targets human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2)-overexpressing breast cancer cells. The targeting complexes consist of a PEGylated polylysine core that is bound to DNA molecules coding for either green fluorescent protein or shrimp luciferase. The complex is disulfide linked to the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab and to a pore-forming protein, Listeriolysin O (LLO). Trastuzumab is responsible for specific targeting of Her2 receptors and uptake of the gene delivery complex into endosomes of recipient cells, whereas LLO ensures that the DNA molecules are capable of transit from the endosomes into the cytoplasm. Omission of either trastuzumab or LLO from the nanocomplexes results in minimal gene product in targeted cells. Treatment of isogeneic MCF7 and MCF7/Her18 cell lines, differing only in number of Her2 receptors, with the complete gene delivery system results in a 30-fold greater expression of luciferase activity in the Her2-overexpressing MCF7/Her18 cells. Our nanocomplexes are small (150–250 nm), stable to storage, nontoxic and generic in make-up such that any plasmid DNA or antibody specific for cell-surface receptors can be coupled to the PEGylated polylysine core.
Importance of edema and compliance changes during 24 hours of preservation of the dog heart

The development of myocardial edema and the changes in compliance during long-term preservation and reperfusion of 10 dog hearts were studied. Krebs solution, modified by the addition of potassium chloride (20 mEq/L), was used for 24 hours of low-pressure perfusion (15 mm Hg), at 4° C. The hearts then were reperfused with the use of a support dog. Gravimetric heart water of myocardial biopsy tissue increased from control values of 78.0 ± 0.8 to 82.8 ± 0.6 ml/100 gm at 1 hour (p
Identifying Real or Fake Articles: Towards better Language Modeling

The problem of identifying good features for improving conventional language models like trigrams is presented as a classification task in this paper. The idea is to use various syntactic and semantic features extracted from a language for classifying between real-world articles and articles generated by sampling a trigram language model. In doing so, a good accuracy obtained on the classification task implies that the extracted features capture those aspects of the language that a trigram model may not. Such features can be used to improve the existing trigram language models. We describe the results of our experiments on the classification task performed on a Broadcast News Corpus and discuss their effects on language modeling in general.
LO102: ALiEM AIR-Pro Series: identifying quality content from blogs and podcasts for the senior emergency medicine resident

Introduction / Innovation Concept: In 2008, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education endorsed a change such that EM residency programs can decrease their synchronous conference experiences by up to 20% in exchange for asynchronous learning - Individualized Interactive Instruction (III). Identifying quality online resources that would also fulfill III’s reporting criteria (program director monitoring, evaluation component, faculty oversight, program effectiveness) is challenging. Using crowdsourced expertise, the Approved Instructional Resources (AIR) series from Academic Life in Emergency Medicine (ALiEM) was created in 2014 to provide a credible method to identify quality educational blogs and podcasts. The identified resources, however, focused on basic content with limited utility for more senior residents. We thus created the AIR-Pro series in 2015, aimed to cover more advanced concepts. Methods: The AIR-Pro series is a continuously building curriculum covering a new subject area every 2 months. For each area, 6 EM Chief Residents identify 3-5 advanced clinical questions. Using FOAMsearch.net to search blogs and podcasts, relevant posts are scored by 8 reviewers from the AIR-Pro Board (faculty and chief residents at various institutions). The scoring instrument contains 5 measurement outcomes (7-point Likert scale): recency, accuracy, educational utility, evidence based, and references. The AIR-Pro Approved label is given to posts with a score of ≥28 (out of 35) points and these are featured in the blog posting. For scores of 26-27, an Honorable Mention label is given if Board members collectively felt that they were valuable. For each AIR-Pro subject area, a multiple choice quiz is written based on the featured posts. Educator dashboard access of the Google Drive quizzes is given to program directors for monitoring. If approved by their program director, EM residents receive official III credit upon completion of each quiz. Curriculum, Tool, or Material: As of Jan 1, 2016, there have been 2 modules published on ALiEM with 1,220 (Cardiovascular) and 1,059 (Trauma) pageviews worldwide. Although early in development, 21 different institutions are using the AIR-Pro Series with over 150 residents completed the cardiovascular and trauma quizzes. We anticipate more because the original AIR Series has over 73 programs using it for III credit. Conclusion: The AIR-Pro series is a novel, objective, crowdsourced approach towards identifying quality, educational, social media content for the advanced EM resident.
Unfavorable Intermediate-Risk Prostate Cancer and the Odds of Upgrading to Gleason 8 or Higher at Prostatectomy.

Abstract Background Some men with unfavorable intermediate-risk prostate cancer (PC) have occult disease with a Gleason score of 8 or higher unrecognized on biopsy because of a sampling error that would change management to long from short course androgen-deprivation therapy in conjunction with radiotherapy. Identifying such men could improve outcomes. Patients and Methods The study cohort consisted of 136 consecutive men with unfavorable intermediate-risk PC who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) between 2005 and 2008. We performed logistic regression analysis to identify clinical factors associated with upgrading to a Gleason score of 8 or higher at RP. Results Fourteen percent of the men were upgraded to a Gleason score of 8 or higher PC at RP. Both increasing prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (adjusted odds ratio, 1.98; 95% confidence interval, 1.19, 3.30; P = .01) and greatest percentage core length (GPC) (adjusted odds ratio, 1.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.03, 1.19; P P = .01). Specifically, men with low PSA ( 70%) were significantly more likely to have a Gleason score of 8 or higher at RP compared to men with low PSA and GPC of 70% or less (35% vs. 0%; P = .01), whereas the same was not true among men with PSA levels ≥ 5 ng/mL (16% vs. 9%; P = .36). Conclusion In men with unfavorable intermediate-risk PC, a multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging could be considered when the PSA is low and the percentage core length high to identify occult Gleason score 8 or higher disease and change management from short to long course androgen-deprivation therapy and radiotherapy.
Eight Trends Affecting the Field of Instructional Design and Technology: Opportunities and Challenges

In recent years, the field of instructional design and technology (IDT) has been greatly impacted by a wide variety of trends in the field of education, both in terms of technological tools that are available for educational and instructional purposes, as well as innovative approaches to instruction and learning. The primary purposes of this chapter are (a) to identify some of the major trends that have affected the field over the past decade, as evidenced by data indicating the extent to which those innovations have been employed in a wide variety of settings, including K–12 schools, higher education institutions, and business organizations; and (b) to discuss some of the opportunities and/or challenges each of these trends presents for IDT professionals.
The PKCβ Selective Inhibitor, Enzastaurin (LY317615), Inhibits Growth of Human Lymphoma Cells.

Activation of PKC contributes to tumor cell survival and proliferation and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of human B cell lymphomas. Specifically, PKCβ activation is increased in tumor cells from patients with poor prognosis diffuse large cell lymphoma (DLCL), suggesting that PKCβ may be a target for therapeutic intervention. In this study we tested the PKCβ inhibitor, Enzastaurin (LY317615), using both cell culture and xenograft assays, on a panel of eight DLCL lines (OCI-Ly3, OCI-Ly7, OCI-Ly10, OCI-Ly19, SUDHL-4, SUDHL-6, Farage, and Toledo). In suspension culture, Enzastaurin was cytotoxic to all lines tested, with an average IC50 at 48 hours of 2.0 micromolar (range 0.5–4.0 micromolar). Molecular analyses showed that Enzastaurin treatment inhibited phosphorylation of GSK3β, a potential pharmacodynamic marker of Enzastaurin activity. Subsequent studies were performed using two subclones of the DLCL lines OCI-Ly10 and OCI-ly19, which respectively represent the ABC (activated B cell) and GC (germinal center) molecular subclasses of DLCL. Each line was engineered to express luciferase, which permits real time in vivo imaging. Upon subcutaneous transplantation into immune deficient NOD/SCID mice, both lines formed reproducible tumors. Treatment with Enzastaurin (75mg/kg, b.i.d. oral gavage) was initiated during the first 1–2 weeks post-transplant, before palpable tumors were evident, and was continued for 14 consecutive days. The Enzastaurin treatment was well tolerated, with the only overt side effect being moderate weight loss. At the end of therapy, vehicle control treated tumors had become palpable and progressed to volumes of 40–60 cubic millimeters. In contrast, Enzastaurin treated tumors (both OCI-Ly10 and OCI-Ly19) showed no observable progression, remaining detectable by luciferase imaging, but non-palpable. Collectively, these data indicate the Enzastaurin can induce death of human DLCL lines in vitro and is at least cytostatic to human DLCL in vivo.
Fast transient response and high PSRR low drop-out voltage regulator

A low drop-out (LDO) voltage regulator with high power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) and enhanced transient response is presented in this study. The proposed idea is to apply a replica circuit that injects current into the second stage of the error amplifier. The LDO is being fabricated in Magna Chips CMOS Technology. The regulated output voltage of the LDO is 1V with the power supply voltage of 1.8V. The LDO achieves a simulated PSRR of −40dB and −75dB at 2.4MHz and 200kHz, respectively. Overshoots and undershoots are less than 4.78mV and 4.2mV with a rise/fall time of 200ns under a varying load current from 100mA to 0mA. Simulation results show that the achieved line regulation is 3.6mV/V and the load regulation is 0.35 percent per mA.
A Framework for Developing Parallel Applications with high level Tasks on Heterogeneous Platforms

Traditional widely used parallel programming models and methods focus on data distribution and are suitable for implementing data parallelism. They lack the abstraction of task parallelism and make it inconvenient to separate the applications' high level structure from low level implementation and execution. To improve this, we propose a parallel programming framework based on the tasks and conduits (TNC) model. In this framework, we provide tasks and conduits as the basic components to construct applications at a higher level. Users can easily implement coarse-grained task parallelism with multiple tasks running concurrently. When running on different platforms, the application main structure can stay the same and only adapt task implementations based on the target platforms, improving maintenance and portability of parallel programs. For a single task, we provide multiple levels of shared memory concepts, allowing users to implement fine grained data parallelism through groups of threads across multiple nodes. This provides users a flexible and efficient means to implement parallel applications. By extending the framework runtime system, it is able to launch and run GPU tasks to make use of GPUs for acceleration. The support of both CPU tasks and GPU tasks helps users develop and run parallel applications on heterogeneous platforms. To demonstrate the use of our framework, we tested it with some kernel applications. The results show that the applications' performance using our framework is comparable to traditional programming methods. Further, with the use of GPU tasks, we can easily adjust the program to leverage GPUs for acceleration. In our tests, a single GPU's performance is comparable to a 4 node multicore CPU cluster.
Weak and Strong Constraints Variational Data Assimilation with the NCOM-4DVAR in the Agulhas Region Using the Representer Method

AbstractThe difference between the strong and weak constraints four-dimensional variational (4DVAR) analyses is examined using the representer method formulation, which expresses the analysis as the sum of a first guess and a finite linear combination of representer functions. The latter are computed analytically for a single observation under both strong and weak constraints assumptions. Even though the strong constraints representer coefficients are different from their weak constraints counterparts, that difference is unable to help the strong constraints compensate for the loss of information that the weak constraints includes. Numerical experiments carried out in the Agulhas retroflection for single and multiobservation assimilations clearly show that the weak constraint 4DVAR produces analyses that fit the observations with significantly higher accuracy than the strong constraints.
Agness Underwood’s Historic Rise in an All-Male Newsroom: A Case Study:

Agness Underwood (1902-1984) made history in 1947 when she was promoted from reporter to city editor, making her the first woman to oversee a major metropolitan U.S. newsroom. Employing a biographical research method, narrative analysis was used to examine Underwood’s professional and personal life through her journalism work, articles written about her, personal artifacts, and author interviews of people who knew her. The data were then analyzed in terms of sex roles, personality traits, and leadership styles to construct a deeper understanding of this maverick journalist’s accomplishments. The findings indicate the traditional masculine qualities she possessed, in combination with her personality traits and transformational leadership style, greatly contributed to her success.
ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES FOR TREE FRUIT INTERMEDIARIES FROM SHOCKS

Motivated by disease outbreaks and trade shocks, a dynamic equilibrium displacement model is calibrated for the U.S. pear industry to simulate welfare from various shocks compared to a baseline. Our contribution is assessing the impact to intermediary packers for fresh fruit and processors for processed fruit in addition to growers and consumers. The processed market is more sensitive than the fresh market generally, and supply shocks induce larger impacts on both markets than trade sanctions. Impacts to intermediaries are on par with growers, indicating that not considering them misstates the distribution of damages to the industry from a shock.
Effects of Surface Coating on the Bioactivity of Metal-Based Engineered Nanoparticles: Lessons Learned from Higher Plants

Characteristics such as size, surface-to-volume ratio, and surface chemistry, among others, convey uniqueness to engineering nanoparticles (ENPs). The surface chemistry determines the stability and aggregation of ENPs and also constrains their applications, environmental fate, and interaction with living organisms. To avoid aggregation and improve stabilization, the surface chemistry of numerous ENPs has been modified through coating with several agents. However, the coating also changes their biointeractions. In this chapter we discuss literature concerning the uptake, translocation, accumulation, and physiological effects of surface-coated ENPs in economically important plants. We discussed existing information based on the type of ENP, coating agent, and species of plant. Negative and positive effects are discussed.
Design and performance of a dual tuned 7 T proton/sodium breast coil

A dual-tuned radiofrequency coil was built for sodium (23Na) and proton (1H) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the breast at 7T. For this purpose a four-channel 23Na receive array and a single-channel transmit 23Na solenoid were built along with a single-channel 1H transmit/receive solenoid. The developed coil, combined with optimized pulse sequences could provide diagnostic information in breast cancer and allow therapy monitoring.
A Case of Invasive Pneumococcal Infection with Septic Shock and Rare Complications.

Invasive pneumococcus is a serious illness with potentially devastating outcomes. A 64-year-old female with a medical history of psoriatic arthritis and diabetes was transferred from an outside hospital for ventilator dependent respiratory failure and altered mental status. She initially presented with worsening back pain and was found to have leukocytosis with bandemia and acute renal failure but she was in septic shock upon arrival to our tertiary care center. Her blood cultures grew Streptococcus pneumoniae and MRI of the brain revealed pus within the posterior lateral ventricles and multiple infarcts. MRI of the spine revealed a psoas abscess. Transesophageal echocardiogram revealed mitral valve vegetation and her right eye developed endogenous endophthalmitis. She was treated with intravenous and intravitreal antibiotics and underwent drainage of the abscess with no improvement in mental status. Repeat imaging revealed multiple new thalamic, basal ganglia, and parietal lobe infarcts likely from septic emboli. After a protracted ICU stay, the patient’s family opted for comfort care. The incidence of invasive pneumococcal infections has declined rapidly since the advent of antibiotics and vaccines. With the growing incidence of antibiotic resistance as well as the emergence of new immunomodulating drugs for various pathologies, there is a concern that invasive infections will reemerge. Ventriculitis and endogenous endophthalmitis are very rare complications of pneumococcal bacteremia.
Think Tank Sessions: Using Structured Decision Making to Inform PETE Program Revisions

The purpose of this article is to provide physical education teacher education (PETE) faculty and program directors/administrators with an introduction to stakeholder think tanks as a structured collaborative decision-making approach for conceptualizing the integration of contemporary, practice-oriented issues into university-level teacher preparation programs. To do this, the authors outline and describe a five-step process used to facilitate a think tank session with K-12 practitioners to address the implementation of program and policy advocacy within a PETE program. The five steps are: (1) explore, (2) define, (3) brainstorm, (4) share and expand, and (5) vote. The authors propose that building and strengthening partnerships with K–12 practitioners that focus on building a shared vision, fostering open and ongoing communications, and collaboratively producing knowledge can enhance the quality of teacher education programs and program graduates.
Stasis in Flight: Reframing Disability and Dependence in the Refugee

Asylum protocol and legislation necessitates that a refugee's hope for survival relies on a precondition of mobility. This article interrogates methods through which refugees with physical disabilities that impair mobility maintain hope in spite of this. Through an examination of literary representations of refugees with disabilities, this article promotes a shift in how we conceive of dependence within these subjects. In this way, it challenges popular conceptions of refugees as hopeless and dependent figures. By focusing on moments of contested agency, deemed scenes of "stasis in flight," this article proposes a social model of refugeeness in which the stigmatization of dependence for all refugees is challenged through disabled refugee characters. In so doing, it draws attention to subjectivities that are problematically being ignored or misconceived in our contemporary climate.
Update on protease-activated receptor 2 in cutaneous barrier, differentiation, tumorigenesis and pigmentation, and its role in related dermatologic diseases

Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a transmembrane receptor expressed by multiple tissues, including skin, with rapidly expanding knowledge regarding its roles. In the skin, PAR2 has extensively documented effects in promoting Th2 inflammation and pruritus; and its role in atopic dermatitis continues to be thoroughly studied. Numerous new investigations have shown a more complex range of activities potentially related to dermatologic diseases. Goal of this review is to outline emerging effects of PAR2 activation in the skin other than those related to immunologic and pruritic functions. Specifically, this work seeks to summarize current knowledge (and gaps) of PAR2 as a regulator of epidermal barrier, keratinocyte differentiation, cutaneous tumorigenesis and pigmentation. Additional focus will be placed on possible involvement in dermatologic disease and emergence as a therapeutic target.
The Achaemenid Messenger Service and the Ionian Revolt: New Evidence from the Persepolis Fortification Archive

The express messenger (pirradazis) system attested in the Persepolis Fortification Archives played a crucial role in Achaemenid Persia’s control of a widespread provincial administrative system. Its potential relevance for Persian military operations is illustrated by a series of tablets, some previously unpublished, recording multiple messengers’ journeys between the court of Darius I and his brother Artaphernes at Sardis in 495-494 BCE. The timing and locations of their travel suggest a connection with the Persian offensive against Miletos and the suppression of the Ionian Revolt.
Glacier Mass Change in High Mountain Asia Through 2100 Using the Open-Source Python Glacier Evolution Model (PyGEM)

Glaciers in High Mountain Asia are an important freshwater resource for large populations living downstream who rely on runoff for hydropower, irrigation, and municipal use. Projections of glacier mass change and runoff therefore have important socio-economic impacts. In this study, we use a new dataset of geodetic mass balance observations of almost all glaciers in the region to calibrate the Python Glacier Evolution Model (PyGEM) using Bayesian inference. The new dataset enables the model to capture spatial variations in mass balance and the Bayesian inference enables the uncertainty associated with the model parameters to be quantified. Validation with historical mass balance observations shows the model performs well and the uncertainty is well captured. Projections of glacier mass change for 22 General Circulation Models (GCMs) and four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) estimate that by the end of the century glaciers in High Mountain Asia will lose between 3311% (RCP2.6) and 689% (RCP8.5) of their total mass relative to 2015. Considerable spatial and temporal variability exists between regions due to the climate forcing and glacier characteristics (hypsometry, ice thickness, elevation range). Projections of annual glacier runoff reveal most monsoon-fed river basins (Ganges, Brahmaputra) will hit a maximum (peak water) prior to 2050, while the Indus and other westerlies-fed river basins will likely hit peak water after 2050 due to significant contributions from excess glacier meltwater. Monsoon-fed watersheds are projected to experience large reductions in end-of-summer glacier runoff. Uncertainties in projections at regional scales are dominated by the uncertainty associated with the climate forcing, while at the individual glacier level, uncertainties associated with model parameters can be significant.
Energy and environment issues in carbon capture, utilization and storage

In the past decades, a variety of CO2 removal technologies have been proposed and used. Thereinto, carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) is a novel process for capturing CO2 from gas mixtu...
Designing Differentially Private Estimators in High Dimensions.

We study differentially private mean estimation in a high-dimensional setting. Existing differential privacy techniques applied to large dimensions lead to computationally intractable problems or estimators with excessive privacy loss. Recent work in high-dimensional robust statistics has identified computationally tractable mean estimation algorithms with asymptotic dimension-independent error guarantees. We incorporate these results to develop a strict bound on the global sensitivity of the robust mean estimator. This yields a computationally tractable algorithm for differentially private mean estimation in high dimensions with dimension-independent privacy loss. Finally, we show on synthetic data that our algorithm significantly outperforms classic differential privacy methods, overcoming barriers to high-dimensional differential privacy.
Algebra and Sets

This sections begins with some programs designed to support some of the earliest algebraic ideas introduced in schools. These programs illustrate the use of the format functions (\(\left( {\bar \phi } \right)\)) to mix calculations and conversion, and also a prompting function ASK which is given in Appendix 2.
Ecological factors associated with suicide mortality among non-Hispanic whites

In this paper, we examine the ecological factors associated with death rates from suicide in the United States in 1999 and 2017, a period when suicide mortality increased in the United States. We focus on Non-Hispanic Whites, who experienced the largest increase in suicide mortality. We ask whether variation in suicide mortality among commuting zones can be explained by measures of the social and economic environment and access to lethal means used to kill oneself in one’s area of residence. We use vital statistics data on deaths and Census Bureau population estimates and define area of residence as one of 704 commuting zones. We estimate separate models for men and women at ages 20–64 and 65 and above. We measure economic environment by percent of the workforce in manufacturing and the unemployment rate and social environment by marital status, educational attainment, and religious participation. We use gun sellers and opioid prescriptions as measures of access to lethal means. We find that the strongest contextual predictors of higher suicide mortality are lower rates of manufacturing employment and higher rates of opiate prescriptions for all age/sex groups, increased gun accessibility for men, and religious participation for older people. Socioeconomic characteristic and access to lethal means explain much of the variation in suicide mortality rates across commuting zones, but do not account for the pervasive national-level increase in suicide mortality between 1999 and 2017.
Distributed Min–Max Learning Scheme for Neural Networks With Applications to High-Dimensional Classification

In this article, a novel learning methodology is introduced for the problem of classification in the context of high-dimensional data. In particular, the challenges introduced by high-dimensional data sets are addressed by formulating a $L_{1}$ regularized zero-sum game where optimal sparsity is estimated through a two-player game between the penalty coefficients/sparsity parameters and the deep neural network weights. In order to solve this game, a distributed learning methodology is proposed where additional variables are utilized to derive layerwise cost functions. Finally, an alternating minimization approach developed to solve the problem where the Nash solution provides optimal sparsity and compensation through the classifier. The proposed learning approach is implemented in a parallel and distributed environment through a novel computational algorithm. The efficiency of the approach is demonstrated both theoretically and empirically with nine data sets.
Repeated Pharmacogenetic Catecholamine Neuron Activation in the Ventrolateral Medulla Attenuates Subsequent Glucoregulatory Responses

Hindbrain catecholamine (CA) neurons are essential for elicitation of protective counterregulatory responses (CRRs) to glucose deficit, including increased feeding and elevation of circulating corticosterone, epinephrine, and glucose. Severe or repeated antecedent glucoprivation results in attenuation of these CRRs and failure to correct glucose deficit, constituting a potentially lethal condition known as hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF) that may occur in patients with diabetes on insulin therapy. Recently, we demonstrated that selective pharmacogenetic activation of CA neuron subpopulations in the ventrolateral medulla during normoglycemia elicits these CRRs in a site-specific manner. In the present experiment, we examined the effect of repeated pharmacogenetic activation of CA neurons in the A1/C1 cell group on subsequent elicitation of feeding, corticosterone secretion, and respiratory quotient. We found that this prior treatment attenuated these responses to subsequent pharmacogenetic stimulation, similar to attenuation of these CRRs following repeated antecedent glucoprivation. This suggests that functional impairment of A1/C1 CA neurons resulting from antecedent glucoprivation may account, at least in part, for impairment of specific CRRs critical for restoration of normoglycemia in response to glucose deficit. Thus, a pharmacogenetic approach to selective activation of key neural circuits could provide a means of identifying neuropathogenic mechanisms contributing to HAAF.
Characteristics of men with conversion disorder.

Abstract Objective Women comprise the majority of subjects with conversion disorders in nearly all studies. The authors previously identified 96 subjects with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) and found that female sex, alexithymia and childhood trauma were strongly correlated with the development of PNES. In order to characterize men with PNES, the authors collected questionnaire data on a series of male subjects recruited from an epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU). Methods Only male patients admitted to the EMU were asked to complete the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20) and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Results were correlated with diagnosis at discharge, either epileptic seizures (ES) or PNES. Results Ninety-two subjects submitted complete questionnaire data. Sixty-nine subjects (74%) were diagnosed with ES, 13 subjects (14%) were diagnosed with PNES and 10 subjects (11%) had an undetermined diagnosis. There were no significant differences on the TAS-20 or the CTQ by diagnosis. Conclusion In this sample of men admitted to an EMU there was no difference in the extent of alexithymia or childhood trauma between men with ES and PNES. There was a small number of men with a PNES diagnosis, which may have limited our ability to identify differences in the groups. The clear correlation of childhood trauma and alexithymia with development of conversion disorder in women could not be demonstrated in men.
Few-cycle optical-field-induced photoemission from biased surfaces: An exact quantum theory

Photoemission driven by ultrafast optical fields enables spatiotemporal control of electron motion with extremely high precision. Here, we present a quantum model for ultrafast photoelectron emission from a dc-biased surface induced by laser pulses of arbitrary duration, ranging from subcycle to continuous wave, by solving the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation exactly. The single formulation is valid from photon-driven electron emission in low intensity optical fields to field-driven emission in high intensity optical fields. We find the emitted charge per pulse oscillatorily increases with pulse repetition rate, due to varying coherent interaction of neighboring laser pulses. For a well-separated single pulse, our results recover the experimentally observed vanishing carrier-envelope phase sensitivity in the optical-field regime. We also find that applying a large dc field to the photoemitter is able to greatly enhance the photoemission current and in the meantime substantially shorten the current pulse.
Further Evidence that Subsyndromal Manifestations of Depression in Childhood Predict the Subsequent Development of Major Depression: A Replication Study in a 10 Year Longitudinally Assessed Sample.

Abstract Background We have previously shown that subsyndromal scores on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)-Anxiety/Depression (Anx/Dep) scale at baseline predicted the subsequent development of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in youth with ADHD. The present study aimed to replicate these findings in a separate, long-term, longitudinal sample of children at high- and low- risk for depression. Methods 219 children of parents with and without depression and/or anxiety, ages 2-25, were stratified into 3 groups: 1) children with familial risk for depression (by presence of parental MDD) plus subsyndromal scores on the CBCL-Anx/Dep scale, 2) children with familial risk for depression without subsyndromal scores, and 3) children with neither familial risk for depression nor subsyndromal scores. Subjects were reassessed at both 5 and 10 year follow-ups. Results Children with both subsyndromal scores on the CBCL-Anx/Dep plus a familial risk for depression were at greater risk for developing MDD at the 10 year follow-up when compared with all other groups. Those with familial risk but no subsyndromal scores had an intermediate risk that was greater than the controls, who had the lowest risk. Limitations The recruitment of the study included families with parental panic disorder, so the sample likely included more families with anxiety disorders than the general population. Conclusions Our results showed that subsyndromal scores of the CBCL-Anx/Dep scale increased the risk for the subsequent development of MDD, particularly in children at high risk for depression. These results confirm the CBCL-Anx/Dep scale's utility in identifying children at high risk for developing MDD.
Financial Hardship From Medical Bills Among Adults With Chronic Liver Diseases: National Estimates From the United States

Background and aims Chronic liver diseases (CLD) affect approximately 2% of the U.S. population and are associated with substantial burden of hospitalization and costs. We estimated the national burden and consequences of financial hardship from medical bills in individuals with CLD. Approach and results Using the National Health Interview Survey from 2014 to 2018, we identified individuals with self-reported CLD. We used complex weighted survey analysis to obtain national estimates of financial hardship from medical bills and other financial toxicity measures (eg, cost-related medication nonadherence, personal and/or health care-related financial distress, food insecurity). We evaluated the association of financial hardship from medical bills with unplanned health care use and work productivity, accounting for differences in age, sex, race/ethnicity, insurance, income, education, and comorbidities. Of the 3,666 (representing 5.3 million) U.S. adults with CLD, 1,377 (representing 2 million [37%, 95% CI: 35%-39%]) reported financial hardship from medical bills, including 549 (representing 740,000 [14%, 95% CI: 13%-16%]) who were unable to pay medical bills at all. Adults who were unable to pay medical bills had 8.4-times higher odds of cost-related medication nonadherence (adjusted OR [aOR], 8.39 [95% CI, 5.72-12.32]), 6.3-times higher odds of financial distress (aOR, 6.33 [4.44-9.03]), and 5.6-times higher odds of food insecurity (aOR, 5.59 [3.74-8.37]), as compared to patients without financial hardship from medical bills. Patients unable to pay medical bills had 1.9-times higher odds of emergency department visits (aOR, 1.85 [1.33-2.57]) and 1.8-times higher odds of missing work due to disease (aOR, 1.83 [1.26-2.67]). Conclusions One in 3 adults with CLD experience financial hardship from medical bills, and frequently experience financial toxicity and unplanned healthcare use. These financial determinates of health have important implications in the context of value-based care.
Chinese character instruction online: A technology acceptance perspective in emergency remote teaching

Abstract Technology-enhanced character instruction has been frequently promoted in the past two decades but has been sparingly implemented. With emergency remote teaching as a catalyst for online instruction, Chinese language instructors may be more ready to adopt online technology and resources in character instruction in the future. In this mixed-methods study, we surveyed 133 Chinese language instructors at United States postsecondary institutions and conducted follow-up interviews. We explored instructors' perceived value of online tools in character instruction and their self-confidence in online character teaching. Further, adopting a technology acceptance perspective, we confirmed that perceived value, perceived students' readiness, and instructors' usage of online tools in emergency remote character teaching were determinants of instructors’ intention to integrate online tools in character instruction in the future.
Nedd4-2-dependent ubiquitination potentiates the inhibition of human NHE3 by Cholera toxin and enteropathogenic E. coli.

ABSTRACT Background & Aims Diarrhea is one the most common illnesses and is often caused by bacterial infection. Recently, we have shown that human Na+/H+ exchanger NHE3 (hNHE3), but not non-human NHE3s, interacts with the E3 ubiquitin ligase Nedd4-2. We hypothesize that this property of hNHE3 contributes to the increased severity of diarrhea in humans. Methods We used humanized mice expressing hNHE3 in the intestine (hNHE3int) to compare the contribution of hNHE3 and mouse NHE3 to diarrhea induced by cholera toxin (CTX) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). We measured Na+/H+ exchange activity and fluid absorption. The role of Nedd4-2 on hNHE3 activity and ubiquitination was determined by knockdown in Caco-2bbe cells. The effects of protein kinase A (PKA), the primary mediator of CTX-induced diarrhea, on Nedd4-2 and hNHE3 phosphorylation and their interaction were determined. Results The effects of CTX and EPEC were greater in hNHE3int mice than control wild type (WT) mice, resulting in greater inhibition of NHE3 activity and increased fluid accumulation in the intestine, the hallmark of diarrhea. Activation of PKA increased ubiquitination of hNHE3 and enhanced interaction of Nedd4-2 with hNHE3 via phosphorylation of Nedd4-2 at S342. S342A mutation mitigated the Nedd4-2-hNHE3 interaction and blocked PKA-induced inhibition of hNHE3. Unlike non-human NHE3s, inhibition of hNHE3 by PKA is independent of NHE3 phosphorylation, suggesting a distinct mechanism of hNHE3 regulation. Conclusion The effects of CTX and EPEC on hNHE3 are amplified, and the unique properties of hNHE3 may contribute to diarrheal symptoms occurring in humans.
Intelligent Indexing and Semantic Retrieval of Multimodal Documents

Finding useful information from large multimodal document collections such as the WWW without encountering numerous false positives poses a challenge to multimedia information retrieval systems (MMIR). This research addresses the problem of finding pictures. The fact that images do not appear in isolation, but rather with accompanying, collateral text is exploited. Taken independently, existing techniques for picture retrieval using (i) text-based and (ii) image-based methods have several limitations. This research presents a general model for multimodal information retrieval that addresses the following issues: (i) users' information need, (ii) expressing information need through composite, multimodal queries, and (iii) determining the most appropriate weighted combination of indexing techniques in order to best satisfy information need. A machine learning approach is proposed for the latter. The focus is on improving precision and recall in a MMIR system by optimally combining text and image similarity. Experiments are presented which demonstrate the utility of individual indexing systems in improving overall average precision.
Estimating Private Equity Market Beta Using Cash Flows: A Cross-Sectional Regression of Fund-Market Paired Internal Rates of Return

We develop a new method to estimate private equity funds’ market beta from cash flows. Our methodology extends the widely known public market equivalent calculation to a cross-sectional regression. By simply regressing funds’ internal rates of return on their paired market internal rates of return, we are able to estimate private equity market betas. For venture funds, we find a high market beta. For buyout funds, we find a low beta. Though we have a small sample, our results fall in line with results recently reported in the literature.
Sepsis + C-reactive protein.

Pourcyrous et al are to be congratulated for their careful analysis of C-reactive protein (CRP) in the setting of suspected neonatal infection.1 They were able to evaluate a large number of babies with positive blood cultures. Their approach, using an initial CRP and repeat levels at 12 and 24 hours later, is one that I have been advocating for some time,2,3 when used in conjunction with leukocyte counts. See table in the PDF file As the authors note, I observed that infants with group B streptococcal (GBS) infection evaluated within 12 hours of delivery may initially have normal CRY levels,4 that rise within 24 hours.