cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 128: Intracisternal Administration of Tissue Plasminogen Activator Improves Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow and Cortical Perfusion After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Mice

Early brain injury (EBI) during the first 72 hours after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a key determinant of clinical outcome. A hallmark of EBI, global cerebral ischemia, occurs within seconds of SAH and is thought to be related to increased intracranial pressure (ICP). We tested the hypothesis that ICP elevation and cortical hypoperfusion after SAH are the result of physical blockade of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow pathways by cisternal microthrombi. In mice subjected to SAH, we measured cortical blood volume (CBV) using optical imaging, ICP using pressure transducers and patency of CSF flow pathways using intracisternally injected tracer dye. We then assessed the effects of intracisternal recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). ICP rose immediately after SAH and remained elevated for 24 hours. This was accompanied by decreased CBV and impaired dye movement . Intracisternal administration of tPA immediately after SAH lowered ICP (from 34.8 ± 3.7 (n=5) to 17.5 ± 3.1 mmHg, (n=6)), increased CBV (from 51.5 ± 8.9 (n=5) to 80 ± 4.7 % of baseline, (n = 6)) and partially restored CSF flow at 24 hours after SAH. Lowering ICP without tPA, by draining CSF, improved CBV at 1, but not 24 hours. These findings suggest that blockade of CSF flow by microthrombi contributes to the early decline in cortical perfusion in an ICP-dependent and independent manner, and that intracisternal tPA may reduce EBI and improve outcome after SAH. Figure 1. tPA reduces ICP and improves perfusion after SAH . A) Representative perfusion images of the cortex at baseline, 1h post SAH/sham (pre-treatment), and 24h post-SAH/Sham (post-treatment). B) ICP at 1h pre-treatment and 24h post-treatment. C) Quantification of perfused CBV 1h pre-treatment and 24h post-treatment. Sham (n =3), SAH vehicle (n =5), SAH tPA (n = 6) * = P <0.05 Scale bar = 500 um ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
External borrowing by the Baltics, Russia and other countries of the former Soviet Union : developments and policy issues

Many countries among the Baltics, Russia and other CIS states are increasingly borrowing on international capital markets, a development that generally reflects their success in achieving financial stabilization. In view of the low level of domestic saving and large capital requirements, recourse to foreign borrowing may of course generate significant benefits for these economies in transition. However, the rapid increase in external debt suggests that consideration also needs to be given to the risks from too high a dependence on foreign saving, including inter alia risk of the postponement of needed structural reforms.
Acoustical deterrence of Silver Carp ( Hypophthalmichthys molitrix )

The invasive Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) dominate large regions of the Mississippi River drainage and continue to expand their range northward threatening the Laurentian Great Lakes. This study found that complex broadband sound (0–10 kHz) is effective in altering the behavior of Silver Carp with implications for deterrent barriers or potential control measures (e.g., herding fish into nets). The phonotaxic response of Silver Carp was investigated using controlled experiments in outdoor concrete ponds (10 × 4.9 × 1.2 m). Pure tones (500–2000 Hz) and complex sound (underwater field recordings of outboard motors) were broadcast using underwater speakers. Silver Carp always reacted to the complex sounds by exhibiting negative phonotaxis to the sound source and by alternating speaker location, Silver Carp could be directed consistently, up to 37 consecutive times, to opposite ends of the large outdoor pond. However, fish habituated quickly to pure tones, reacting to only approximately 5 % of these presentations and never showed more than two consecutive responses. Previous studies have demonstrated the success of sound barriers in preventing Silver Carp movement using pure tones and this research suggests that a complex sound stimulus would be an even more effective deterrent.
Lower bounds for warping functions on warped-product AHE manifolds

Let [] be the conformal boundary of a warped product C 3,� AHE metric g = gM +u 2 h on N = M ×F , where (F,h) is compact with unit volume and nonpositive curvature. We show that if [] has positive Yamabe constant, then u has a positive lower bound that depends only on [].
The gallows speech: A lost genre

Tragedy and grisly humor are mixed in these reports of speech‐making on the gallows or under the lyncher's noose in nineteenth‐century America. Would mass attendance at state executions by more sophisticated means tend to hasten the exit of capital punishment from our society?
Activation of CO2 fixation in isolated spinach chloroplasts

1. 1. The effect of the Mg2+ concentration on the CO2 fixation activity in situ in isolated and intact spinach chloroplasts upon suspension in hypotonic medium was examined. CO2 fixation in the dark was activated 25–100 fold by 20 mM Mg2+ in the presence of added ATP plus either ribulose 5-phosphate or ribose 5-phosphate. 20 mM Mg2+-stimulated fixation only 2–3 fold in the presence of the substrate of fixation, ribulose 1,5-diphosphate. The highest Mg2+-stimulated rate of fixation in the dark observed with chloroplasts was 480 μmoles CO2 fixed per mg chlorophyll per h. 2. 2. The concentration of bicarbonate at half of the maximal velocity (apparent Km) during the Mg2+-stimulated fixation of CO2 was 0.4 mM in the presence of ATP plus ribose 5-phosphate and 0.6 mM with ribulose 1,5-diphosphate. 3. 3. Dithioerythritol or light enhanced Mg2+-stimulated CO2 fixation 1–3 fold in the presence of ATP plus ribose 5-phosphate but not ribulose 1,5-diphosphate. 4. 4. These results indicate that Mg2+ fluxes in the stroma of the chloroplast could control the activity of the phosphoribulokinase with a lesser effect on the ribulosediphosphate carboxylase. An increase in Mg2+ of 6–10 mM in the stroma region of the chloroplast would be enough to activate CO2 fixation during photosynthesis.
A study of the kinetics of high-temperature carbon-silica reactions in an ablative polymer composite

The kinetics of high-temperature carbon-silica reactions for a widely used glass-filled phenolic resin have been studied. Weight-loss and rate-of-weight-loss data were obtained at four heating rates ranging from 5 to 50°C per minute using standard thermogravimetric techniques. Experimental data were obtained at temperatures between 30 and approximately 1700°C. The kinetic parameters were calculated from these data using a multiple heating rate technique. Close agreement was obtained between the fractional weight loss calculated using the kinetic parameters and the measured values.
Comparative study of deep levels in GaN grown on different templates

Deep levels in thin GaN epilayers grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition on different templates were studied by photocapacitance spectroscopy and deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) using Schottky barrier diodes. We observed the reduction of electrically and optically active traps in GaN grown with in situ SiN x nanonetwork and SiO 2 striped mask or conventional epitaxial lateral overgrowth technique (ELO) as compared to a typical control layer on a sapphire substrate. All samples measured by DLTS in the temperature range from 80 K to 400 K exhibited traps with activation energies 0.55-0.58 eV and 0.21-0.28 eV. The lowest concentration of both traps was achieved for the sample with 6 min deposition of SiN x nanonetwork, which was lower than that for the sample prepared by conventional ELO, and much lower than that in the control. The steady-state photocapacitance spectra of all samples taken at 80 K over the spectral range 0.75-3.50 eV demonstrated a similar trend for all the layers. The photocapacitance spectra exhibited defect levels with optical threshold energies of 1.2-1.3, 1.6, 2.2 and 3.1 eV. The determined concentrations of traps were compared and the results were consistent with DLTS measurements. The layer with SiN x nanonetwork has the lowest concentrations of optically active traps with the standard GaN control layer being the worst in terms of trap concentrations. The consistent trend among the photocapacitance spectroscopy and DLTS results suggests that SiN x network can effectively reduce deep levels in GaN, which otherwise can deteriorate both optical and electrical performance of GaN-based devices.
A ferry package for transporting reusable spacecraft and launch vehicles

Strap-on ferry package for reusable spacecraft and launch vehicles subsonic lift/drag increase
Numerical analysis of pressure transients in bubbly two-phase mixtures by explicit-implicit methods

The one-dimensional equations for transient two-phase flow are a system of nonlinear hyperbolic partial differential equations, expressible, under certain assumptions, in conservation form. Inasmuch as the use of the method of characteristics becomes complicated if shock waves are present, it is easier to follow a gas-dynamics approach and employ one of the available procedures for solving one-dimensional systems of conservation equations. A recently introduced technique, due to McGuire and Morris [1, see also 12] and known as an Explicit-Implicit method, is used here for a simple boundary-value problem of wave propagation in bubbly two-phase mixtures, and is found to be simple and versatile. A comparison of this method with the well-known Lax-Wendroff (two-step) scheme demonstrates that shock fronts are simulated better, oscillations behind the shocks are smoothable by parameter adjustment, and computation time is reduced when the Explicit-Implicit method is employed.
Coryneform bacteria in poultry, eggs and meat.

Summary. In the course of investigations on the incidence of micro-organisms on turkey giblets, in liquid egg and on meats, determinations were made of coryneform bacteria. Corynebacterium was the most common of 15 genera of micro-organisms isolated from turkey giblets; Brevibacterium and Arthrobacter were also recovered. Species of Corynebacteriaceae were included among the most predominant contaminants in 9 of 17 samples of commercial liquid egg. Of these bacteria, Arthrobacter was most prevalent comprising 18% of the total number of isolates. Gram positive nonmotile rods recovered from fresh beef showed characteristics of Microbacterium and were similar to M. lacticum but failed to ferment lactose or survive temperatures higher than 60° for 30 min.
Ethical Issues in Research to Improve the Management of Malignant Bowel Obstruction: Challenges and Recommendations

Research to improve the care of patients with malignant bowel obstruction (MBO) is urgently needed. In particular, there is an urgent need for high-quality descriptive research, including prospective cohort studies, as well as randomized controlled trials to define optimal management strategies. However, investigators and clinicians face numerous barriers in conducting high-quality research in this patient population. These barriers include lack of funding, difficulties in identifying eligible patients, and a variety of practical and methodological challenges of designing these studies. In addition, there are a variety of ethical challenges that arise in the design and conduct of studies of MBO and particularly in the conduct of clinical trials. In this article, we address four categories of ethical issues: study design, recruitment, informed consent, and Institutional Review Board review. For each, we outline salient issues and suggest recommendations for enhancing the ethics of MBO studies, including interventional trials.
To win and lose: Linguistic aspects of prospect theory

Abstract This paper elaborates upon the linguistic implications of results centred around prospect theory, a decision-theoretic framework that so far has been applied in psychology, economics, political science and sociology. One of the goals of prospect theory has been to account for cases where the reformation to decision-theoretic options (expressible as “gains” or “losses”) altered the preference order of individuals. Framing effects of this kind are entwined with a number of linguistic issues that are the topic of this paper relative to the domain under discussion: the granularity of meaning (including the status of thematic roles and the foreground/background distinction); the role of reference points; the relationship of semantic and conceptual structure; and information packaging. The paper also looks at the interface between the semantics of verbs related to “winning” and “losing” and the pragmatic principles of prospect theory.
Thin-layer chromatography of nitroarenes on alumina and on silica gel

Abstract RF values are reported for 43 nitro-substituted arenes (in the parent systems benzene, naphthalene, biphenyl, fluorene, and 9-fluorenone) for adsorption on alumina and silica gel in an atmosphere of constant relative humidity. It is proposed that the arene system is adsorbed preferentially flatwise with (where possible) the nitro group(s) coplanar to the aromatic rings(s).
Dual action of phenobarbital on leech ganglia

Abstract 1. In Retzius cells of leech segmental ganglia sodium phenobarbital, 0·1–10 mM, caused abnormally large excitatory post-synaptic potentials. 2. At 1–10 mM, sodium phenobarbital caused hyperpolarization attributable to increased membrane potassium conductance.
Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Alkene Complexation in d0 Metal−Alkyl−Alkene Complexes

Alkene dissociation from the yttrium chelate Cp*2Y[η1,η2-CH2CH2CH2CHCH2] (7-on) became slow enough below −100 °C to be measured by dynamic 1H NMR spectroscopy [ΔG⧧(−110 °C) = 7.5 kcal mol-1, ΔH⧧ = 9.3 kcal mol-1]. Coalescence of the Cp* resonances of Cp*2Y[η1,η2-CH2CH2CH(CH3)CHCH2] (8-on) requires alkene dissociation plus inversion at yttrium and occurred substantially slower than simple alkene dissociation [ΔG⧧(−72 °C) = 9.6 kcal mol-1, ΔH⧧ = 10.8 kcal mol-1]. The binding energy of a disubstituted alkene to a d0 yttrium center was determined to be ΔH° = 2.6 kcal mol-1 by direct observation of the equilibrium between Cp*2Y(η1,η2-CH2CH2CH2C(CH3)CH2) (6-on) and Cp*2Y(η1-CH2CH2CH2C(CH3)CH2) (6-off). The significantly greater ΔH⧧ of alkene dissociation compared with ΔH° of alkene binding can be attributed either to stabilization of the dissociated yttrium alkyl by a β-agostic interaction or to destabilization of the transition state leading to alkene dissociation by increased strain in the chelate tether. Bin...
(-)-cis-1-Acetyl-3-ethynyl-2,2-dimethyl-cyclo-butane

The title compound, C10H14O, adopts a conformation typical of cis-1,3-disubstituted cyclo­butanes, with the ring flexed out of planarity so that the substituents are maximally separated. The two inter­molecular C—H⋯O=C close contacts found include one involving the acetyl­enic H atom.
Two structurally distinct and independently regulated idiotypic families associated with the A/J response to azophenylarsonate

At least two distinct subpopulations of A/J anti-azophenylarsonate (Ars) antibodies can be defined on the basis of serological cross-reactivity and sequence homology of heavy and light chains. The most frequently occurring idiotype family, IdCR, was initially identified by a rabbit antiserum and is present only in A/J mice. Examination of several randomly selected hybridoma proteins which failed to express IdCR-associated determinants revealed a second set of closely related molecules. The second idiotype family, Id36–60, is recognized by a rabbit antiserum prepared against the hybridoma protein 36–60. It is present in practically all A/J and BALB/c, but not B10.A Ars immune sera. On average, A/J immune sera contain approximately one-fifth as much Id36–60 as IdCR. A/J mice can be suppressed for subsequent expression of either idiotype by neonatal injection of anti-IdCR or anti-Id36–60 antisera. Suppression of IdCR does not affect the production of Id36–60 and vice versa. Together, these idiotype systems provide two independent markers for monitoring network regulation of the anti-Ars antibody response in A/J mice.
In-Vivo Nonlinear Optical Microscopy (NLOM) of Epithelial-Connective Tissue Interface (ECTI) Reveals Quantitative Measures of Neoplasia in Hamster Oral Mucosa

The epithelial-connective tissue interface (ECTI) plays an integral role in epithelial neoplasia, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This interface undergoes significant alterations due to hyperproliferating epithelium that supports the transformation of normal epithelium to precancers and cancer. We present a method based on nonlinear optical microscopy to directly assess the ECTI and quantify dysplastic alterations using a hamster model for oral carcinogenesis. Neoplastic and non-neoplastic normal mucosa were imaged in-vivo by both multiphoton autofluorescence microscopy (MPAM) and second harmonic generation microscopy (SHGM) to obtain cross-sectional reconstructions of the oral epithelium and lamina propria. Imaged sites were biopsied and processed for histopathological grading and measurement of ECTI parameters. An ECTI shape parameter was calculated based on deviation from the linear geometry (ΔLinearity) seen in normal mucosa was measured using MPAM-SHGM and histology. The ECTI was readily visible in MPAM-SHGM and quantitative shape analysis showed ECTI deformation in dysplasia but not in normal mucosa. ΔLinearity was significantly (p < 0.01) higher in dysplasia (0.41±0.24) than normal (0.11±0.04) as measured in MPAM-SHGM and results were confirmed in histology which showed similar trends in ΔLinearity. Increase in ΔLinearity was also statistically significant for different grades of dysplasia. In-vivo ΔLinearity measurement alone from microscopy discriminated dysplasia from normal tissue with 87.9% sensitivity and 97.6% specificity, while calculations from histology provided 96.4% sensitivity and 85.7% specificity. Among other quantifiable architectural changes, a progressive statistically significant increase in epithelial thickness was seen with increasing grade of dysplasia. MPAM-SHGM provides new noninvasive ways for direct characterization of ECTI which may be used in preclinical studies to investigate the role of this interface in early transformation. Further development of the method may also lead to new diagnostic approaches to differentiate non-neoplastic tissue from precancers and neoplasia, possibly with other cellular and layer based indicators of abnormality.
An iterative search method for strain measurement in EFPI sensors

In this paper, a new method is given for estimating strain in extrinsic, Fabry-Perot, interferometric (EFPI) fiber-optic sensors under sinusoidal excitation at the sensor. The algorithm has a low complexity and is appropriate for low-cost applications. It is an iterative search algorithm based upon a known, sinusoidal excitation and a mean-square-error objective function. The algorithm provides an estimate of the maximum time-varying strain due to the excitation. It is shown that, for a broad range of parameters, the algorithm converges to the global minima with a high degree of probability. Empirical test results for two fiber-optic sensors with different gauge lengths along with corresponding measurements from a resistive strain gauge are given and shown to compare very well.
Executive Summary—Community Water Supply: The Handpump Option

An estimated 1,800 million people need improved water supplies in the fifteen years to the end of the century, if developing countries are to reach the target of full coverage. The first half of the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1981–1990) has seen increases in the percentages of the rural population with access to safe water supplies, but only in Asia has the pace been quick enough to envisage a target of essentiahy full coverage by the end of the century (ten years later than the original Decade goals). In Africa, present progress rates would leave half of the rural population still without safe water in the year 2000, while in Latin America, it may be ten years into the next century before full coverage is achieved unless progress improves dramatically. Accelerated progress is hampered by financial and technical resource constraints faced by many developing countries, and the problem is aggravated by the growing number of completed projects which are broken down and abandon...
Radiation experience with the CDF silicon detectors

The silicon detectors of the CDF experiment at the Tevatron collider are operated in a harsh radiation environment. The lifetime of the silicon detectors is limited by radiation damage, and beam-related incidents are an additional risk. This article describes the impact of beam-related incidents on detector operation and the effects of radiation damage on electronics noise and the silicon sensors. From measurements of the depletion voltage as a function of the integrated luminosity, estimates of the silicon detector lifetime are derived.
A Nationally Representative Study of Early Childhood Home Visiting Service Use in the United States

Early childhood home visiting (HV) services are expanding broadly across the United States. Supported by federal policy, HV is now an integral part of maternal and child health services. However, no nationally repre- sentative estimate of HV use is available and no research has compared HV use across states. The 2011/12 National Survey on Children's Health was used to estimate the national and state prevalence of HV use for children 0-3 years. Generalized linear mixed modeling was used to predict HV use. An estimated 2,137,044 US children and families received HV during pregnancy and up to child age of 3 years. State HV prevalence range was 3.7-30.6 %. Nationally, 19.1 % of children below the federal poverty line received HV services. Although family poverty in- creased the odds of receiving HV services, higher rates of child poverty at the state level predicted less use of HV services. Important predictors of HV use include infant/ child need factors (health risk, adverse experiences), pre- disposing factors (family size), and enabling factors (in- surance type). This study provides the first estimates of national and state HV service use. Although findings indicate HV services are targeted to children at elevated risk for poor physical or developmental outcomes, our estimates show the vast majority of at-risk children did not receive HV services, including more than 80 % of low- income children, 76 % of preterm infants, and 57 % of very low birth weight infants. Increasing HV service availability could decrease negative health outcomes for young children.
Detecting Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tumor Activity In Vivo During Cetuximab Therapy of Murine Gliomas

Rationale and Objectives Noninvasive molecular imaging of glioma tumor receptor activity was assessed with diagnostic in vivo fluorescence monitoring during targeted therapy. The study goals were to assess the range of use for treatment monitoring and stratification of tumor types using epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) status with administration of fluorescently labeled EGF and determine its utility for tumor detection compared to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Materials and Methods EGFR+ and EGFR− glioma tumor lines (human glioma [U251-GFP] and rat gliosarcoma [9L-GFP], respectively) were used to assess these goals, having a 20-fold difference between their EGF uptakes. Results Treatment with cetuximab in the EGFR+ tumor-bearing animals led to decreased EGF tumor uptake, whereas for the EGFR− tumors, no change in fluorescence signal followed treatment. This diagnostic difference in EGFR expression could be used to stratify the tumor-bearing animals into groups of potential responders and nonresponders, and receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis revealed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.92 in separating these tumors. The nonlocalized growth pattern of U251-GFP tumors resulted in detection difficulty on standard MRI, but high EGFR expression made them detectable by fluorescence imaging (AUC = 1.0). The EGFR+ U251-GFP tumor–bearing animals could be noninvasively stratified into treated and untreated groups on the basis of fluorescence intensity difference ( P = .035, AUC = 0.90). Conclusions EGFR expression was tracked in vivo with fluorescence and determined to be of use for the stratification of EGFR+ and EGFR− tumors, the detection of EGFR+ tumors, and monitoring of molecular therapy.
Metabolism of isocysteine, labeled with radiosulfur (S35), in the rat.

Summary1. The oxidation of the sulfur of isocysteine by the rat was studied with the aid of isocysteine containing S35.2. It was found that only a small amount of S35 was excreted as sulfate in the urine within 24 hours after administration of the compound by stomach tube or by intraperitoneal injection. A much larger portion was excreted as organic sulfur. A very small fraction of the S35 was recovered in the feces and intestinal contents of the rats.3. The results of the present study are compared with those of an earlier investigation in which rabbits served as subjects.
Utilization of a Tubularized CorMatrix Extracellular Matrix for Repair of an Arteriovenous Fistula Aneurysm

Salvage of failing autogenous arteriovenous fistula (AVF) access sites is a primary concern in dialysis access preservation and a key emphasis of the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative. Aneurysmal degeneration of autogenenous fistulae represents a significant complication, associated with potential skin breakdown, rupture, infection, and access loss. The utilization of conduits derived from extracellular matrix (ECM), currently approved for cardiovascular repairs, may mitigate some of the risks associated with salvage using synthetic materials. We report the utilization of a tubularized CorMatrix® ECM graft as a novel conduit for repair of a brachiocephalic AVF aneurysm.
Flavor-changing effective neutral-current couplings in the Weinberg-Salam model

We compute exactly the effective $\mathrm{Zd}\overline{s}$ coupling in the Weinberg-Salam model in the limit of vanishing external momenta. The result is of importance if the effect of the $t$ quark, which has presumably a rather large mass, is to be taken into account.
Dominant energy conditions and Sen–Witten special orthonormal frame

We have obtained efficient geometric and physical conditions for the existence of correspondence between the Sen–Witten spinor field and the field of a special orthonormal frame. On this basis, we have proved that such correspondence does not exist everywhere in the space-time if the dominant energy condition is violated.
Simple questions to improve pseudo-relevance feedback results

We explore interactive methods to further improve the performance of pseudo-relevance feedback. Studies \citeria suggest that new methods for tackling difficult queries are required. Our approach is to gather more information about the query from the user by asking her simple questions. The equally simple responses are used to modify the original query. Our experiments using the TREC Robust Track queries show that we can obtain a significant improvement in mean average precision averaging around 5% over pseudo-relevance feedback. This improvement is also spread across more queries compared to ordinary pseudo-relevance feedback, as suggested by geometric mean average precision.
Socrates on Teaching: Looking Back to Move Education Forward☆

Abstract This paper discusses the myriad of pedagogy enacted and/or discussed by Socrates within Plato's dialogues. Methodologies including dialectics, elaboration by example, allegories, analogies, imagery, story telling, recollection, and thoughtful inquiry scattered throughout the dialogues. Educators spend time on “the what” of teaching while “the how” to engage, enlighten, and nurture the love of learning and desire to know is often ignored. This paper provides explicit examples of Socrates teaching and connects his pedagogy to present-day instructional strategies that promote relevance and meaning within the context of contemporary teaching and learning.
Nuclear Localization of Unoccupied Receptors for Glucocorticoids, Estrogens, and Progesterone in GH3 Cells*

We have previously shown that the unoccupied receptor for estrogen is not present in enucleated cells (cytoplasts) and probably is nuclear in cells that have been enucleated using cytochalasin B and centrifugation. We now demonstrate, using enucleation without cytochalasin, that the unoccupied receptors for glucocorticoids and progesterone also appear to be nuclear, and that enucleation without using cytochalasin results in the same distribution of estrogen receptor as that seen when this drug is used. Enucleated cells (cytoplasts) contained only 5–10% of the concentration of unoccupied receptors found in the whole cells. The unoccupied receptors for all three hormones were recovered instead in the nucleus-containing cell fragments (nuceloplasts). The cytosolic marker lactate dehydrogenase was present in the cytoplasts at the same or higher concentration than in the whole cells or nucleoplasts. Cytoplasts were formed from approximately 90% of the cells. When the nucleoplasts were homogenized, the unoccupi...
OBSERVABLE/HIDDEN SECTOR BROKEN SYMMETRY FOR SYMMETRIC BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

A four-dimensional heterotic string model of free fermionic construction is presented wherein mirror symmetry breaking between observable and hidden sector gauge groups occurs in spite of mirror symmetry between observable and hidden sector worldsheet fermion boundary conditions. The differentiation is invoked by an asymmetry in GSO projections necessarily resulting from the symmetry of the free fermionic boundary conditions. In the specific examples shown, an expected nonchiral Pati–Salam mirror universe model is transformed into a chiral model with enhanced hidden sector gauge symmetry and reduced observable sector gauge symmetry: [SU(4)C ⊗ SU(2)L ⊗ SU(2)R]O ⊗ [SU(4)C ⊗ SU(2)L ⊗ SU(2)R]H, is necessarily transformed into a chiral [SU(4)C ⊗ SU(2)L]O ⊗ [SO(10) ⊗ SU(2)R]H model because of an unavoidable asymmetry in GSO projections.
Schottky barrier modification on InP using shallow implant layer

Enhanced Schottky barriers are formed on n-InP, using a shallow doped surface layer of type opposite to that of the substrate. The doped surface layer helps in retarding the surface fields, resulting in larger Schottky barrier heights. The Schottky barrier height is found to increase by as much as 0.30–0.35 eV, which is one of the highest that has been obtained for Al/n-InP. Also, the reverse leakage current is reduced by almost three orders of magnitude. However, the ideality factor, at low current levels, is found to be slightly greater than unity (≈1.2). To demonstrate the versatility of our process, the same technique is applied to p-InP samples. As expected, the barrier height is reduced by almost 0.5 eV. The ideality factor for p-type Schottky diodes is found to be very close to unity (≈1.02-1.05) over the entire range of beryllium dosage. The sum of the two Schottky barrier heights is also found to be quite close to the theoretical value of energy bandgap for InP.
Polar oxide interface stabilization by formation of metallic nanocrystals.

In situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ex situ transmission electron microscopy and diffraction studies of a model Fe 3 O 4 (111)/MgO(111) polar oxide interface exclude stabilization by interface faceting, reconstruction, or by formation of a continuous interfacial layer with altered stoichiometry, and uncover stabilization by dominant formation of metallic Fe(110) nanocrystals. The iron nanocrystals nucleate both at the interface and within the magnetite film and grow in a Nishiyama-Wasserman orientation relationship with a bimodal size distribution related to twinning. Minority magnetite nanocrystals were also observed, growing in the less polar (100) orientation than the magnetite (111) film. Electron transfer and bond hybridization mechanisms are likely at the metal/ oxide and oxide/oxide interfaces and remain to be explored.
Theoretical Underpinnings of Rangeland Monitoring

Monitoring of rangelands has evolved from traditional focus on plant communities and their successional status, taken from a few selected subsamples, to much broader perspectives. Rangelands, being complex biosocial systems, offer a near infinite array of possibilities for choice of variables and how to collect and interpret the data. Past monitoring approaches have inadequately considered objectives, critical definitions, and appropriate sequencing of steps taken. While management objectives should ideally have primacy in choice of variables used in inventory and monitoring, there are some countervailing advantages in employing some commonalities in monitoring protocols among tracts of rangelands. Inventories should come before monitoring. Assessment should follow collection of an adequately long time series of data which is the essence of monitoring. Trends involve judging whether the monitoring data show increases, decreases, or stable trajectories. Assessment involves an always at least partially subj...
Determination of the dampening characteristics of a tubular beam filled with vibration dampening materials

The effects of vibrations during micro and mesoscale machining operations require a rigid machine tool frame that can dissipate heat and vibrating waves in a symmetrical fashion. A tetrahedral machine tool frame is a stable structure and it is considered that the geometry could minimise vibrations by changing the characteristics of the machine tool frame. To explore the hypothesis, an experimental modal analysis established the vibration characteristics of the columns that support the framework. Modal analysis consisted of measuring the frequency response functions from impact tests to determine the natural frequencies, damping and mode shapes of hollow structural steel columns filled with vibration dampening media. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the increase in structural dampening characteristic with the addition of a granular medium such as sand, or a viscous fluid such as oil. The outcome of this research shows that substantial dampening benefits the machining operation by reducing, or eliminating, the effects of vibration on the machined workpiece.
Correspondence: Author's reply to Comments on Distributed nonlinear control algorithms for network consensus [Automatica 44 (2008) 2375-2381]

This author's reply addresses the comments of Liu (2010) and presents a correction to Theorem 3.1 of Hui and Haddad (2008).
Perception of Partner Sleep and Mood: Postpartum Couples’ Relationship Satisfaction

Separate research areas indicate that sleep quality, mood, and relationship satisfaction decline among couples during the postpartum period. Furthermore, accurate partner perceptions are associated with positive relationship qualities. In this study, 21 first-time postpartum mother-father dyads, contributed 1 week of continuous wrist actigraphy along with concurrent subjective Palm Pilot monitoring to provide objective and subjective sleep measures. Parents also reported on their own as well as their perception of their partners' sleep, mood, and relationship satisfaction. Greater objectively measured total sleep time was associated with greater relationship satisfaction. Mothers (a) underestimated fathers' self-reported frequency of nocturnal awakenings, as well as (b) relationship satisfaction, and (c) overestimated fathers' self-reported sleep quality. Fathers (a) underestimated mothers' self-reported duration of wake at night, as well as (b) sleep quality, and (c) overestimated mothers' self-reported mood disturbance. Preventative measures that target sleep and improvement in perception of partner's experiences could be used to buffer against decreases in relationship satisfaction among new parents.
Comparison of dew point temperature estimation methods in Southwestern Georgia

Recent upward trends in acres irrigated have been linked to increasing near-surface moisture. Unfortunately, stations with dew point data for monitoring near-surface moisture are sparse. Thus, models that estimate dew points from more readily observed data sources are useful. Daily average dew temperatures were estimated and evaluated at 14 stations in Southwest Georgia using linear regression models and artificial neural networks (ANN). Estimation methods were drawn from simple and readily available meteorological observations, therefore only temperature and precipitation were considered as input variables. In total, three linear regression models and 27 ANN were analyzed. The two methods were evaluated using root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and other model evaluation techniques to assess the skill of the estimation methods. Both methods produced adequate estimates of daily averaged dew point temperatures, with the ANN displaying the best overall skill. The optimal performance of...
The quenched state of polypropylene

There are several pieces of evidence in the published literature for the existence of a hexagonal crystalline form of polypropylene. Evidence obtained by infrared absorption, x-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, and annealing experiments is consistent with the view that the quenched state of polypropylene is a truly crystalline one (presumably of hexagonal type) with a very small crystallite size.
Outpatient visual laser-assisted prostatectomy under local anesthesia

Objective. Visual laser-assisted prostatectomy (VLAP) with a noncontact right-angle delivery system recently has been introduced as a new treatment option for symptomatic outlet obstruction secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia. The right-angle laser technology has numerous potential advantages over traditional transurethral resection of the prostate. These advantages include the feasibility of performing the VLAP procedure under local anesthesia without bleeding. We summarize our experience with VLAP performed with local anesthesia administered with periprostatic block. Methods. This technique was employed in 46 men with symptomatic BPH as an out-patient procedure. All men were evaluated prior to surgery with flow rates, residual volume determinations, and AUA-6 symptom score analyses. Follow-up occurred at three and six months and included repeat measures of flow rates, residual volumes, and symptorn scores. Results. Mean AUA symptom scores and uroflow parameters significantly improved with six months' follow-up. No significant complications were encountered. Conclusions. VLAP under local anesthesia as an outpatient procedure is a promising treatment alternative for men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia.
THE EFFECT OF HANDLING TIME ON INTERFERENCE AMONG HOUSE SPARROWS FORAGING AT DIFFERENT SEED DENSITIES

Interference models of the ideal free distribution (IFD) assume competition among foraging animals causes intake rates to decline with increasing competitor density and that the strength of the decline influences forager distributions among food patches. However, the resulting distributions of animals may depend on which components of foraging success contribute to interference. We examined the effect of group size (1-13 birds) on the prey encounter rates, handling times, and foraging rates of house sparrows, Passer domesticus, feeding at three seed densities in a suburban backyard. House sparrows did not experience interference during search. Interference arose primarily from foraging time lost handling seeds. Foraging rates decreased with increasing seed density as a consequence of increased handling times. Also, birds experiencing significant increases in handling time with group size suffered most from interference. Our results suggest that animals adjust handling time to avoid costly aggressive interactions, indicating that handling time may be an important component of interference in some foraging systems. Future studies estimating interference should try to identify which components of foraging contribute to interference, paying particular attention to handling times for species that monitor and avoid competitors.
Emissions from carpet combustion in a pilot-scale rotary kiln: comparison with coal and particle-board combustion.

The use of post-consumer carpet as a potential fuel substitute in cement kilns and other high-temperature processes is being considered to address the problem of huge volumes of carpet waste and the opportunity of waste-to-energy recovery. Carpet represents a high volume waste stream, provides high energy value, and contains other recoverable materials for the production of cement. This research studied the emission characteristics of burning 0.46-kg charges of chopped nylon carpet squares, pulverized coal, and particle-board pellets in a pilot-scale natural gas-fired rotary kiln. Carpet was tested with different amounts of water added. Emissions of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitric oxide (NO), sulfur dioxide (SO{sub 2}), carbon monoxide (CO), and total hydrocarbons and temperatures were continuously monitored. It was found that carpet burned faster and more completely than coal and particle board, with a rapid volatile release that resulted in large and variable transient emission peaks. NO emissions from carpet combustion ranged from 0.06 to 0.15 g/MJ and were inversely related to CO emissions. Carpet combustion yielded higher NO emissions than coal and particleboard combustion, consistent with its higher nitrogen content. S{sub 2} emissions were highest for coal combustion, consistent with its higher sulfur content than carpet or particle board. Addingmore » water to carpet slowed its burn time and reduced variability in the emission transients, reducing the CO peak but increasing NO emissions. Results of this study indicate that carpet waste can be used as an effective alternative fuel, with the caveats that it might be necessary to wet carpet or chop it finely to avoid excessive transient puff emissions due to its high volatility compared with other solid fuels, and that controlled mixing of combustion air might be used to control NO emissions from nylon carpet. 13 refs., 5 figs., 1 tab.« less
Electric-field-assisted switching in magnetic tunnel junctions

The advent of spin transfer torque effect accommodates site-specific switching of magnetic nanostructures by current alone without magnetic field. However, the critical current density required for usual spin torque switching remains stubbornly high around 10(6)-10(7) A cm(-2). It would be fundamentally transformative if an electric field through a voltage could assist or accomplish the switching of ferromagnets. Here we report electric-field-assisted reversible switching in CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB magnetic tunnel junctions with interfacial perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, where the coercivity, the magnetic configuration and the tunnelling magnetoresistance can be manipulated by voltage pulses associated with much smaller current densities. These results represent a crucial step towards ultralow energy switching in magnetic tunnel junctions, and open a new avenue for exploring other voltage-controlled spintronic devices.
The triple-bottom-line: framing of trade-offs in sustainability planning practice

Sustainability principles are at the forefront of regional planning. In Hawaii, the movement toward “sustainability” gave way to revisiting the State Plan. This paper uses a case study of the Hawaii 2050 Sustainability Plan (Hawaii 2050) to illustrate how adopting popular notions of sustainability, without critical examination of how the respective policy frames diverge or interrelate, can lead to “tautological traps.” In the case of Hawaii 2050, the “triple-bottom-line” (embedded within sustainable development) became the dominant sustainability frame during the solicitation of public input and was thus used to guide the planning discourse. The application of triple-bottom-line concepts at the level of policy and planning led to a process that polarized economic and environmental interests. While the goals of sustainable development and the use of triple-bottom-line concepts are useful for planners, we argue that they should be applied within the parameters of ecological sustainability in a US regional context, lest resulting plans continue to allow the momentum of development to override ecological concerns.
Sulfur oxidation in selected human cortical cataracts and nuclear cataracts

The water soluble protein, the water insoluble non-membrane protein, and the membrane fraction were isolated from both the cortex and nucleus of nuclear and cortical cataracts. Measurements of cysteine and methionine oxidation in these fractions indicated that sulfur oxidation occurs in the transparent as well as the opaque region of the lenses. Cysteic acid is found only in the opaque region. In the nucleus of nuclear cataracts, extrinsic and cytoplasmic polypeptides are found covalently linked by disulfide bonds to the intrinsic membrane. In the cortex of cortical cataracts, there is no intrinsic membrane involvement. However, a high molecular weight disulfide linked aggregate can be isolated from the cortex of cortical cataracts. This aggregate appears to contain the same extrinsic and cytoplasmic proteins as are found covalently attached to the membrane of the nuclear cataracts.
Cortical organization of language

Recent data obtained by various methods of clinical investigations suggest an organization of language in the human brain involving compartmentalization into separate systems subserving different language functions. Each system includes multiple essential areas localized in the frontal and temporoparietal cortex of the dominant hemisphere, as well as widely dispersed neurons. All components of a system are activated in parallel, possibly by ascending thalamocortical circuits. The features peculiar to cerebral language organization include not only the lateralization of essential areas to one hemisphere, but also a substantial variance in the individual patterns of localization within that hemisphere, a variance that in part relates to individual differences in verbal skills.
Synthesis of formamidine‐containing polymers from aromatic diamines

Aromatic polymers containing formamidine groups in the polymer backbone were obtained from aromatic diamines in high yields with α,α-dichloromethyl ether and triethylorthoformate. The latter was the reagent of choice. Soluble, high-molecular-weight products were obtained with m-phenylene diamine and 4,4′ bis(aminophenyl)methane. These polymers were characterized by viscosity, microanalysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy. Generally, insoluble products were obtained from p-phenylene diamine and 2,6-diaminotoluene, although small amounts of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)-soluble fractions could be extracted and examined by NMR spectroscopy. IR analysis of the insoluble fractions confirmed formation of polymers with the formamidine-containing structures. The synthetic procedures developed here make readily available this new class of aromatic polymers.
Electromagnetic scattering and radiation from finite microstrip structures

Two techniques are presented for the analysis of electromagnetic radiation and scattering from finite microstrip structures. The two techniques are based on two different formulations, viz. the volume-surface and surface-surface formulations. In the volume-surface formulation the finite-sized dielectric is replaced by an equivalent volume polarization current whereas the conducting plates are replaced by equivalent surface currents. For the surface-surface formulation the surface covering the dielectric volume is replaced by equivalent electric and magnetic currents and the conducting plates by surface electric currents. Both techniques can be utilized for the analysis of arbitrarily shaped finite microstrip structures. The techniques are quite accurate, and they are utilized to validate each other. Typical numerical results are presented to demonstrate the agreement between these two solution techniques. >