cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distortions of perceived visual out of pictures

Two experiments are reported examining judgments from 16 subjects who indicated the apparent direction of a photographed pointer that was rotated to different physical positions while being photographed. The photographs themselves were rotated about a vertical axis to several positions with respect to the subjects' central viewing axis. The results replicate the well-known distortion in apparent direction associated with photographed pointers positioned to project directly out of the plane of the photograph. This effect has been described by Goldstein (1979) as the 'differential rotation effect' because its magnitude is reduced as the depicted angle of the pointer becomes less orthogonal to the photograph. Analysis of the two-dimensional properties of the projected images shows that this differential rotation is related to projected angles on the surface of the photograph. This analysis may explain why circular objects often do not appear to be correctly drawn in the periphery of geometrically correct projections.
Evidence of two functionally distinct lymphocyte populations in man.

A variety of in vitro tests have been utilized to help define several functionally and/or morphologically distinct lymphocyte classes in man. For example, the blastogenic transformation of peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin and allogeneic cells has been demonstrated to depend upon the integrity of the thymic dependent immune system (1). In this report we will describe the characteristics of the lymphocytes participating in cytotoxicity reactions promoted by a specific antibody, LDA. Lymphocyte dependent antibody or LDA was so named because it requires lymphocytes for its biologic activity just as complement dependent antibody requires complement for its biologic activity. This particular LDA was found in the serum of a woman with choriocarcinoma, and reacts specifically with an antigen found on her husband’s leukocytes and presumably also on her tumor. 51Cr-labelled target cells coated with this LDA are lysed in vitro in the presence of non-immune normal lymphocytes from any individual.
The Raging Debate Between Territorial and Universal Theories of Value Sharing in International Bankruptcy

This paper (an excerpt from a forthcoming book on cooperation in international insolvency) analyzes the theoretical debate between the two main polar alternatives in the administration of international insolvency (bankruptcy): "territorialism" and "universalism." When financial distress strikes a business with assets and creditors in more than one national jurisdiction, the challenges of insolvency administration are heightened significantly. In the context of domestic insolvency, it is well accepted that individual claimants (and courts) yield to collective enforcement coordinated by one court with jurisdiction over all claims against the debtor's assets. When the challenges of insolvency administration arise in an international context, however, many nations abruptly abandon their support for collective compromise. Nations are less willing in general to subjugate the interests of "local" creditors to a broader compromise with "foreign" creditors, especially if that compromise is managed by foreign authorities. Resistance to cross-border cooperation is most often rooted in (or defended in terms of) appeals to sovereignty. In recent years, however, international practitioners and theorists have begun to make inroads into this "territorial" philosophy and the strictures of national sovereignty. A rapidly solidifying dedication to norms of "universal" cooperation and coordinated international compromise has swept over the cross-border insolvency landscape. This paper discusses the weaknesses of the historical territorial approach, especially in terms of its reliance on theories of sovereignty, thus revealing one perspective on why universalism has gained so much traction in recent legislative, jurisprudential, and practical developments in international bankruptcy (as further explored in the rest of the forthcoming book).
Interactive Management: An Emancipatory Methodology

An erosion of the power of people and their communities to control any more than a fragment of their future continues. Educational and governmental policy decisions are, for the most part, mandated from above and/or outside the community. This paper introduces a model which reflects Freire's humanizing pedagogy. This method is a vehicle, an avenue of empowerment for people and their communities to control their own destiny and the future of their community. The model is Interactive Management (IM) and its derivative, The CogniScope System. IM is a specialized system of management using collaborative teamwork to define and resolve highly complex issues. The process includes the integration of the diversity of perceptions of the participants with regard to the given ssues, builds consensus and joint ownership of the process and/or product, and creates a collaborative action plan to accomplish the participants' goals. The principal intangible outcome of the process, however, is the reflective participation, which leads to action, and the learning that occurs among the community of stakeholders present. The process of Interactive Management (IM), enhanced through the use of the CogniScope System, is described and examples of its application by First Nation peoples are shared.
Comparison of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic activity of piperacillin and mezlocillin

Study Objective. To compare serum bactericidal activity over time and pharmacokinetics resulting from single doses of piperacillin (PIP) and a single dose of mezlocillin (MEZ). Design. Open-label, randomized, three-way crossover study. Setting. Hartford Hospital Clinical Research Center. Patients. Nine healthy volunteers. Interventions. Subjects received single doses of PIP 3 and 4 g/70 kg, and a single dose of MEZ 5 g/70 kg. Measurements and Main Results. Test organisms were two clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pharmacodynamic analysis revealed that PIP 4 g had 2- to 3-fold higher peak serum bactericidal activity at the end of infusion and 4- to 5-fold higher activity at 0.5 hour than did MEZ 5 g, and also provided approximately 1 hour additional activity over MEZ 5 g. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that serum concentrations resulting from PIP 4 g remained above the minimum inhibitory concentration of our test strains almost twice as long as MEZ 5 g. Conclusion. Since mezlocillin 5 g every 8 hours is currently proving to be effective at many institutions, and since piperacillin 4 g demonstrates superior pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic activity, we believe that piperacillin 4 g every 8 hours could be used instead, with resulting cost savings.
Triangulating reform in family law: The state, religion, and women's rights in comparative perspective

In this chapter, Sezgin shows that although religion-based personal status laws discriminate against women, women do not just sit silently on the sidelines and acquiesce in violation of their fundamental rights at the hands of male-dominated religious institutions. On the contrary, women’s groups all over the world are spearheading a silent rights revolution that redefines women’s role as rights-bearing individuals in familial and public spaces. In doing so, these groups contest the scriptural monopoly of state-sanctioned religious institutions, reinterpret religious laws, and reinvent religious tradition by vernacularizing international women’s and human rights discourses. Against this background, the first part of the chapter demonstrates the implications of religion-based laws on rights and freedoms of women by looking at the Israeli, Egyptian, and Indian personal status systems. The second part of the chapter traces women-led reform movements that have emerged in the last two decades in these three countries and shows how women have responded to violations of their rights, and what tactics and strategies they have successfully employed to navigate the maze of religious law.
The Microenvironment in Cancer

In the development of a cancer, the transformation of epithelial cells into a neoplastic and progressively invasive tumor occurs though the acquisition of several procancer characteristics that can take years or decades to develop. The particular stages of transformation have been established and a general consensus exists about the properties of a successful malignancy. While many therapeutics have been developed to combat these properties, these therapies are not universally successful, and their efficacy depends on the type and site of the primary tumor, its degree of vascularization, the proliferative compartment of the tumor, and in particular, the tumor microenvironment. The latter is the key support system of a cancer, and is an important source of critical protumorigenic factors that facilitate growth, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastatic ability. The focus of this book is to examine how the reliance of tumors on their microenvironments for development and preservation of key cellular functions is now recognized not only as a major contributor to cancer aggression and treatment resistance but also as a potential target for novel therapeutic intervention strategies.
Computer-Assisted Constant Time Delay Prompting to Teach Abbreviation Spelling to Adolescents with Mild Learning Disabilities

An investigation of a computer-assisted instructional (CAI) program employing the constant time delay prompting procedure to teach spelling of abbreviations was performed with students with mild le...
Managing internal phosphorus loading and vertical entrainment in a weakly stratified eutrophic lake

AbstractUnsuccessful control of internal phosphorus (P) loading in Cedar Lake, Wisconsin, via artificially induced destratification led to reexamination of management strategies and linkages between profundal sediment diffusive P flux, P entrainment, and cyanobacterial bloom development. The destratification system, operated since 1991, was suspended in 2009–2010 and turned on in 2011 to evaluate P and phytoplankton dynamics under stratified and destratified conditions. In 2009–2010, the lake was susceptible to wind-induced mixing and P exchange into the epilimnion due to its shallow morphometry, long fetch, and low Osgood Index (2.7). Anaerobic diffusive P flux from bottom sediment was high at 12 mg/m2/d. While hypolimnetic soluble reactive P (SRP) exceeded 0.8 mg/L, dissolved iron (DFe) was low, resulting in a low DFe:SRP mass ratio of 0.9:1 despite high sediment Fe concentrations. Incomplete Fe binding control of P during entrainment events may have been due to Fe reaction to an inert form (chelation w...
Chronic inflammation: links with angiogenesis and wound healing.

Late one night in the early days of electron microscopy I found myself staring at an electron micrograph (not mine) in the basement of Rockefeller University. “It is so beautiful,” I mumbled, “that it has to be true.” “What did you say?” asked a voice with a strong Romanian accent. George Palade did not let me get away with it. Since then I have been very careful in evaluating the scientific importance of beautiful photographs, although I must confess that occasionally I am still tempted to repeat that controversial statement. A collection of microphotographs that qualify as truly beautiful illustrates a paper in this issue of The American Journal of Pathology. 1 It is my privilege to comment on this excellent study by Thurston and colleagues at the University of California at San Francisco. Oddly enough, there are few microscopic studies of vessels in chronic inflammation and even fewer of vessels in infection. Yet this should be a productive field because some bacteria are directly angiogenic; the vascular component of the wart-like growth called verruga peruana, caused by Bartonella bacilliformis, is truly angiomatous. 2,3 In drafting this commentary I decided to let the paper by Thurston et al speak largely for itself. The fact that it links chronic inflammation with angiogenesis gives me the opportunity to broaden the discussion to include fibroblasts and wound healing because, as will be apparent below, these processes are more closely linked than is generally understood. The link is provided by circulating stem cells.
Copy Cats: Plagiarism and Precedent

Spring 2006 experienced two very different understandings of copying. First, Daavya Viswanathan, a Harvard College student who had enjoyed a certain fame for landing a half-million dollar publishing deal while still in high school, was revealed to have copied significant language from another novel. This sparked an intense, if short-lived, media blitz. As a result, her publisher withdrew the book from circulation and canceled the contract. At approximately the same time, the Michigan Law Review published a symposium issue on the use of "boilerplate" - standard language or precedents copied from other sources - in contracts. Although the participants raised numerous interesting issues, none of them questioned the propriety of copying per se. Those writing about the Viswanathan kerfuffle presumed that it proved that copying language penned by another is morally reprehensible. Nevertheless, the Michigan symposium proved that lawyers copy all the time. That plagiarism is "wrongful" is a truism - the word is a pejorative. What we need to ask is why only some forms of copying are tarred with the epithet "plagiarism", while others are completely respectable.
Time‐Sequenced Prompt γ Neutron Activation Analysis

Time-sequenced prompt- γ neutron activation analysis is a powerful nondestructive, elemental analysis tool that exploits the temporal characteristics of a nuclear reaction to enhance the capability for multielemental analyses. Usually, it encompasses a 14-MeV neutron generator (NG), pulsed at a suitable frequency, such that the fast-neutron-induced reactions that occur concurrently with the neutron pulse are separated in time from slow neutron-capture reactions that are delayed by the thermalization time of neutrons in the matrix of the interrogated sample. Time-sequenced data acquisition, operating synchronously with the pulsing of the NG, partitions the characteristic elemental prompt γ-rays according to the type of the reaction. In another approach, the so-called associated particle technique, a specialized NG with a built-in α particle detector exploits the deuterium–tritium fusion reaction that emits a 14-MeV neutron and an α particle back-to-back. The direction of the neutron is deduced from detecting the α particle. This tagged neutron interacts with the interrogated object's nuclei and generates element-specific prompt γ-rays that are delayed by the neutron's time of flight. Detecting these γ-rays concurrently with the α particles enables the investigator to identify the element with vastly improved signal-to-noise ratios compared to the pulsed technique, and helps to determine the site of origin of the particular γ-ray. Keywords: pulsed neutrons; prompt-γ rays; associated particle technique; multielement analysis; nondestructive
Chapter 12 New Supported Metallic Nickel Systems

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the new supported metallic nickel systems. It reveals the significant progress made in the characterization of supported catalysts and their use in catalytic processes. The advantages of supported catalysts, in preference to other metals or unsupported nickel, lie in their relatively low cost, remarkable thermal stability and resistance to poisoning. The support also facilitates the formation of very small metal particles having a very high metal surface area. Much attention has been given to the preparation and use of aluminium orthophosphate in catalysts and supports for metals. Initial investigations indicate that it has mildly acidic properties and appears useful as a support for nickel in the liquid-phase catalytic hydrogenation of several olefinic compounds. Furthermore, nickel supported on aluminium orthophosphate and related systems, suppresses the hydrogen chemisorption that is typical of nickel-support interactions. Much more work needs to be done in the field of supported nickel catalysts, preferably on nickel-support interactions and their application to processes of industrial and laboratory interest. Thus, research in this direction will result in an even greater use of nickel catalysts in the near future.
Additivity and Transferability of Atomic Contributions to Molecular Second Dipole Hyperpolarizabilities

Large basis set ab initio calculations of the dipole polarizabilities and second hyperpolarizabilities of a large set of organic molecules have been carried out and the results have been used to assess additivity and transferability of atomic contributions to the overall molecular response tensors. Reasonable estimates of the mean second hyperpolarizability response can be obtained from summing atomic parameters obtained here, though the reliability of the estimates is worse than what is found for dipole polarizabilities. Individual tensor elements are not as well determined from transferable, additive contributions, which means that the orientational nature of the response is more subject to local bonding features.
Mobile Mesonet Observations on 3 May 1999

Abstract Two long-lived tornadic supercells were sampled by an automobile-borne observing system on 3 May 1999. The “mobile mesonet” observed relatively warm and moist air, weak baroclinity, and small pressure excess at the surface within the rear-flank downdrafts of the storms. Furthermore, the downdraft air parcels, which have been shown to enter the tornado in past observational and modeling studies, were associated with substantial convective available potential energy and small convective inhibition. The detection of only small equivalent potential temperature deficits (1–4 K) within the downdrafts may imply that the downdrafts were driven primarily by nonhydrostatic pressure gradients and/or precipitation drag, rather than by the entrainment of potentially cold environmental air at midlevels.
Pupillometry Reveals a Mechanism for the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Advantage in Visual Tasks

Research on the neural underpinnings of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has focussed primarily on impairments of social interaction and communication. Less is known though about the second diagnostic criterion of restricted behaviors and interests. Uniquely in this domain, alongside impairments stands an 'ASD advantage' characterised by superior performance on many visual tasks. We recently found that 2-year-olds with ASD dramatically outperform age-matched, typically developing controls on visual search. Here we use task-evoked, phasic pupil responses--a sensitive, involuntary measure of effort and a biomarker of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system's modulation of attention--to isolate a causal factor: a 'hyperphasic' LC-NE system compels (here, advantageously) focussed attention. However, this focussed attention in other contexts may contribute to restricted behaviors and interests.
Preparation and properties of rf-sputtered films in the PbONb2O5 system

Abstract The PbONb 2 O 5 films were prepared by rf-sputtering from powder targets with up to 50% Nb 2 O 5 onto slide glass or vycor glass substrate in the range of water temperature to 300°C. In the PbO films sputtered on slide glass, amorphous phase, mixed phase of massicot and litharge and cubic phase which seems to have zinc blend structure were obtained in that order with increasing the substrate temperature. The PbO films sputtered on vycor glass always consisted of massicot and litharge at the temperatures attempted. In the PbONb 2 O 5 films deposited on vycor glass, two kinds of phases were produced: amorphous phase and cubic phase. The amorphous phase tended to be formed at lower substrate temperatures, but the upper limit of the substrate temperature to form the amorphous phase increased gradually with the increase of Nb 2 O 5 content. The films containing 50% Nb 2 O 5 were amorphous state even at the substrate temperature of 300°C. The cubic phase was presumed to have an oxygen-defective fluorite structure. Most of the sputtered films showed a certain instability to crystallize or transform into the other phase assemblage on annealing at higher temperatures.
In-hospital mortality from liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: a simple risk score.

BACKGROUND: There is a wide spectrum of disease burden in hepatocellular carcinoma accompanied by several options for surgical management. However, the associated mortality of such procedures is not well defined. Accurate predictions of patients' perioperative risk would be helpful to guide decision making. METHODS: The Nationwide Inpatient Sample was queried for data from 1998 to 2005. A cohort of patients who were discharged for hepatic procedures with a diagnosis of primary liver neoplasm was assembled. Procedures were categorized as hepatic lobectomy, wedge resection, or enucleation/ablation. Logistic regression and bootstrap methods were used to create an integer risk score for estimating the risk of in-hospital mortality using procedure type, patient demographics, comorbidities, and hospital type. A randomly selected sample of 80% of the cohort (n = 2263) was used to create the score with validation conducted in the remaining 20% (n = 571). RESULTS: In total, 2834 patient discharges were identified. Overall in-hospital mortality was 6.52%. Factors that were included in the final model were age, sex, Charlson comorbidity score, procedure type, and teaching hospital status. Integer values were assigned to these characteristics and were used to calculate an additive score. Four clinically relevant score groups were assembled to stratify the risk of in-hospital mortality, with a 19-fold gradient of mortality that ranged from 1.5% to 28.3%. In the derivation set, as in the validation set, the score discriminated well with c-statistics of 0.75 and 0.73, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The current results indicated that an integer-based risk score can be used to predict in-hospital mortality after surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma, and it may be useful for preoperative risk stratification and patient counseling. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
A Trio–Rac1–Pak1 signalling axis drives invadopodia disassembly

Hodgson and colleagues use a Rac1 biosensor to delineate a signalling pathway that promotes invadopodia dissolution through the activities of the Rac1 GEF Trio, Rac1 and the Pak1 kinase.
The politics of local research production: surveying in a context of ethnic competition

Using observations from rural Malawi in 2010, this paper describes and studies two significant challenges when surveying in a context of ethnic competition. First, I provide an empirical account of the local reality of ethnoregional competition as demonstrated in local research assistant selection. Negative local perceptions about how many research assistants came from the field site generated some study refusals. Second, I use subsequent survey data to demonstrate nuanced findings on ethnicity-of-interviewer effects: overall item non-response patterns are not associated with interviewer–respondent ethnic matching; refusal to respond to questions about sexual behavior was higher in co-ethnic interview settings; and respondents inconsistent about reporting their ethnic identity often reported their ethnicity to match that of the interviewer. The findings are critical for individual-level research conducted in divided societies, especially but not exclusively in situations where scholars are studying the ca...
Comparative analysis of doublets versus single-layer diffractive optical elements in eyepiece or magnifier design.

We quantify the impact of eye clearance requirement on the performance of eyepieces utilizing doublets versus diffractive optical elements on aspheric substrates. In this study, the doublets were designed to be cemented on-axis elements. Specifically, four different values of eye clearance were implemented: 17, 20, 23, and 26 mm. For each value, axial and lateral color, spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism, field curvature, and distortion were compared. Each system under comparison was optimized for the same focal length, a 9 mm exit pupil, photopic wavelengths (513-608 nm), and a 40° full field of view. We demonstrate that the single-layer diffractive optical element supports an eye clearance value of approximately 80% of the effective focal length, while the doublet drops below desired specifications at approximately 65% of the effective focal length.
Integrating web-based GIS and image processing tools for environmental monitoring and natural resource management

The combined powers of Web-based geographic information systems (GIS) and on-line remote sensing tools can significantly reduce the high cost and labor associated with environmental monitoring and natural resource management. This paper introduces an integrated Web-based GIS architecture by combining three levels of geographic information services (GIServices): data archive, information display, and spatial analysis. A prototype Web site, WGAT (Web-based GIS and Analytic Tools), has been developed to provide easy access of geospatial information and to facilitate Web-based image analysis and change detection capabilities for natural resource managers and regional park rangers. The Web-based integration framework emphasizes user-oriented services, distributed network environments, metadata standards, communication protocols, client/server computation, and ubiquitous access.
Synthesis of Casimiroin and Optimization of Its Quinone Reductase 2 and Aromatase Inhibitory Activities

An efficient method has been developed to synthesize casimiroin (1), a component of the edible fruit of Casimiroa edulis, on a multigram scale in good overall yield. The route was versatile enough to provide an array of compound 1 analogues that were evaluated as QR2 and aromatase inhibitors. In addition, X-ray crystallography studies of QR2 in complex with compound 1 and one of its more potent analogues has provided insight into the mechanism of action of this new series of QR2 inhibitors. The initial biological investigations suggest that compound 1 and its analogues merit further investigation as potential chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic agents.
Mechanisms of slip mode modification in F.C.C. solid solutions

While it is widely recognized that alloy factors other than stacking fault energy play a role in promoting planarity of slip, no detailed model has been advanced to explain the mechanism of planar vs wavy slip mode. Therefore, friction stress effects of alloying on disolcation behavior are reviewed, as well as the role of stacking fault structure in inhibiting the clustering of dislocations in planar slip metal. A model of cross-slip inhibition (and thus planar slip behavior) is developed from the idea that the joining of partials is resisted by frictional effects. Planarity of slip is promoted not only by low stacking fault energy but by increase in shear modulus, atomic size misfit and solute content. A critical solute concentration is predicted by the model for the transition from wavy slip to planar slip and this is shown to be in good agreement with observations for copper base solid solutions and other alloy systems.
Unraveling the mysteries of preeclampsia.

Preeclampsia-eclampsia is traditionally described as a disease of ‘‘unknown etiology.’’ For decades, my hypertension in pregnancy lecture included 2 slides. One pictured the empty stone plaque that adorns Chicago Lying-in Hospital, which is reserved for the individual who discovers the cause and/or cure of preeclampsia (incidentally, it is still blank). The second, after my boast of knowing the disease’s ‘‘initiating cause,’’ was a scanning electronic micrograph of a sperm. A decade of signal investigations, often collaborative and multidisciplinary in nature, has changed all this; as of 2005, we are progressing rapidly towards understanding the cause of preeclampsia, predicting its appearance, and treating its complications (and the 2 slides have been retired!). Many of these advances (ie, in cell biology of the placenta, antioxidants, the systemic inflammatory response, immunologic and humoral factors) are reviewed by Davison and Lindheimer. To me, the most promising of them are the roles of circulating antiangiogenic proteins in the pathogenesis and prediction of the preeclampsia, the nature of which suggests that we are on the verge of designing therapies that are capable of reversing the disease and/or reducing its severity and morbidity. These would be important firsts for preeclampsia. The Editor’s Choice article in this issue by Wolf et al that compares circulating levels of angiogenic markers during first and second uncomplicated pregnancies is the latest in a rapidly evolving story. In 2003 Maynard et al observed that the messenger RNA of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1), a protein that binds (and thus inactivates) the angiogenic proteins, vascular endothelial
Diethylaminobenzaldehyde Is a Covalent, Irreversible Inactivator of ALDH7A1.

There is growing interest in aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) because of their overexpression in cancer stem cells and the ability to mediate resistance to cancer drugs. Here, we report the first crystal structure of an aldehyde dehydrogenase complexed with the inhibitor 4-diethylaminobenzaldehyde (DEAB). Contrary to the widely held belief that DEAB is a reversible inhibitor of ALDHs, we show that DEAB irreversibly inactivates ALDH7A1 via formation of a stable, covalent acyl-enzyme species.
Introducing sustainability into the architecture curriculum in the United States

A brief review of the five collateral organizations that influence architectural education in the USA and their priorities indicate they may have reached the point of recognizing that sustainability is a core issue of architecture. To reflect this recognition, sustainability will need to be integrated into the architecture curriculum. The question is now one of how to achieve integration. Differing approaches to introducing sustainability into an architectural program are proposed and examined. They range from assuming sustainability already permeates the curriculum by its nature and therefore is integrated, expanding the existing courses concerning environmental systems, and revising the entire curriculum to fully integrate into each subject. To assist in the task of integration, criteria are proposed. The task of integrating sustainability is not to be understated, but if architectural education and practice is to focus beyond state and national levels a global responsibility will need to be assumed.
Observation and Modeling of the Solar Transition Region. II. Identification of New Classes of Solutions of Coronal Loop Models

In the present work we undertake a study of the quasi-static loop model and the observational consequences of the various solutions found. We obtain the most general solutions consistent with certain initial conditions. Great care is exercised in choosing these conditions to be physically plausible (motivated by observations). We show that the assumptions of previous quasi-static loop models, such as the models of Rosner, Tucker, & Vaiana (RTV) and Veseckey, Antiochos, & Underwood, (VAU) are not necessarily valid for small loops at transition region temperatures. We find three general classes of solutions for the quasi-static loop model, which we denote radiation-dominated loops, conduction-dominated loops, and classical loops. These solutions are then compared with observations. Departures from the classical scaling law of RTV are found for the solutions obtained. It is shown that loops of the type that we model here can make a significant contribution to lower transition regions emission via thermal conduction from the upper transition region.
Loss of transfer RNA genes from the plastid 16S–23S ribosomal RNA gene spacer in a parasitic plant

The plastid 16S–23S intergenic spacer region in Conopholis americana, a totally heterotrophic angiosperm in the family Orobanchaceae, has undergone large deletions, including the entire tRNAIle gene and all but small remnants of the tRNAAla gene. The length of the region is less than 20% of that of other land plants which have been investigated, making it the smallest 16S–23S intergenic spacer reported thus far for any land plant. The remaining sequences in the spacer are 90.1% identical to tobacco, indicating that, while the region is well conserved at the sequence level, it is evolving rapidly by deletion. Experiments using the polymerase chain reaction and hybridization to DNA gel blots have failed to revcal either of the two missing tRNA genes elsewhere in the Conopholis cell.
Suicidality in Offspring of Men with Substance Use Disorder: Is There a Common Liability?.

SUMMARY Suicide is the outcome of a discrete behavioral act which may precede or emerge consequent to a substance use disorder (SUD). A question that has yet to be empirically addressed pertains to the extent to which SUD and suicide have a common liability. The results reported herein indicate that psychological dysregulation in childhood is a risk factor for SUD but not suicidality. Offspring of men with SUD do, however, report a higher rate of suicidal ideation and attempts compared to offspring of psychiatrically normal men. These findings indicate that the risk for suicide and SUD do not completely map to each other but that there may be as yet unidentified factors which are associated with both outcomes.
A light and electron microscopic study of nernatocytes of Chrysaora quinquecirrha

Sea nettle (Chrysaora quinquecirrha) fishing tentacles were studied with thick (0.5–1.5 μ) and thin sections of Epon or Araldite embedded material. Light and electron microscopic findings were correlated in order to define the different types of threads, nematocysts, and nematocytes present. At least ten different types of nematocytes were identified.
DIATOM ASSEMBLAGES OF STREAMS INFLUENCED BY WILDFIRE1

The Greater Yellowstone Area ecosystem experienced major wildfires in 1988, resulting in a substantial number of catchments being burned. We studied diatom assemblage structure at 14 sites over 5 years in catchments ranging from 0 to over 90% burned. Coefficients of variation for selected physical measures provided a good assessment of the degree of disturbance experienced by the various sites and correlated highly with percentage of catchment burned. Principal components analysis quantitatively estimated the degree of temporal change in diatom assemblages at a site. The more extensively burned catchments showed the greatest amount of structural change in diatom taxa among years. Navicula permitis Hust. and Nitzschia inconspicua Grun. were predominant in the heavily disturbed systems, whereas Achnanthes minutissima Kuetz., A. lanceolata (Breb.) Grun., Rhoicosphenia curvata (Kuetz.) Grun. ex Rabh., and Diatoma hiemale var. mesodon (Ehr.) Grun. were common in less disturbed streams. The results demonstrate that recovery trajectories of lotic diatom assemblages following major landscape-scale disturbances are a function of disturbance intensity resulting from differences in catchment characteristics.
Tripod configurations of curves

Abstract Tripod configurations of plane curves, formed by certain triples of normal lines coinciding at a point, were introduced by Tabachnikov, who showed that C 2 closed convex curves possess at least two tripod configurations. Later, Kao and Wang established the existence of tripod configurations for C 2 closed locally convex curves. In this paper we generalize these results, answering a conjecture of Tabachnikov on the existence of tripod configurations for all closed plane curves by proving existence for a generalized notion of tripod configuration. We then demonstrate the existence of the natural extensions of these tripod configurations to the spherical and hyperbolic geometries for a certain class of convex curves, and discuss an analogue of the problem for regular plane polygons.
New microsome-associated HT-family proteins from Nicotiana respond to pollination and define an HT/NOD-24 protein family

HT-family proteins have been identified in Nicotiana, Solanum, and Petunia. HT-B-type proteins are implicated in S-RNase-based self-incompatibility, but the functions of other family members are unknown. Screening for cDNA sequences with an expression pattern similar to HT-B in Nicotiana alata revealed a new group of small HT-family proteins, designated HT-M. HT-M proteins resemble HT-B in several respects: their pistil-specific expression pattern is indistinguishable from HT-B, they pellet with a microsome fraction, and their abundance decreases after pollination. Unlike HT-B, there is no S-specificity to this response, and RNAi experiments show that HT-M proteins are not necessary for self-incompatibility. Identification of a third group of pistil-specific HT-family proteins helps better define the characteristics of the family and allowed identification of putative new family members. By searching the databases with only the most conserved HT-family sequence elements, the signal sequence and cysteine motifs, we identified nodulin-24-like proteins and several small glycine-rich proteins as putative HT-family members. Like HT-M and HT-B, nodulin-24 is membrane associated. We propose that the conserved features in HT-family proteins are important for targeting or modification and refer to the broader family that includes both HT- and nodulin-24-like proteins as the HT/NOD-24-family.
PEG- and peptide-grafted aliphatic polyesters by click chemistry.

Novel aliphatic polyesters with pendent acetylene groups were prepared by controlled ring-opening polymerization and subsequently used for grafting poly(ethylene glycol) and oligopeptide moieties by the Cu(I)-catalyzed addition of azides and alkynes, a type of “click” chemistry. These aliphatic polyesters possess an acetylene graft density that can be tailored by ring-opening copolymerization of α-propargyl-δ-valerolactone (1) with e-caprolactone. Since the mild conditions associated with the click reaction are shown to be compatible with the polyester backbone, this method is a generally useful means for grafting numerous types of functionality onto aliphatic polyesters. The amphiphilic graft polyesters prepared in this study are shown to be biocompatible by in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation, suggesting their suitability for a range of biomaterial applications.
IFN-gamma and self-absorbed CD4+ T cells: a regulatory double negative.

Interferon-γ exerts many effects on the immune system. A new report shows that it induces both autophagy and Irgm1, a GTPase that protects activated CD4+ T cells from executing autophagy.
Ethanol and acetate production by Clostridium ljungdahlii and Clostridium autoethanogenum using resting cells.

Combined gasification and fermentation technologies can potentially produce biofuels from renewable biomass. Gasification generates synthesis gas consisting primarily of CO, CO2, H2, N2, with smaller amounts of CH4, NOx, O2, C2 compounds, ash and tars. Several anaerobic bacteria species can ferment bottled mixtures of pure synthesis gas constituents. However, there are challenges to maintaining culture viability of synthesis gas exposed cells. This study was designed to enhance culture stability and improve ethanol-to-acetate ratios using resting (non-growing) cells in synthesis gas fermentation. Resting cell states were induced in autotrophic Clostridium ljungdahlii cultures with minimal ethanol and acetate production due to low metabolic activity compared to growing cell production levels of 5.2 and 40.1 mM of ethanol and acetate. Clostridium autoethanogenum cultures were not induced into true resting states but did show improvement in total ethanol production (from 5.1 mM in growing cultures to 9.4 in one nitrogen-limited medium) as well as increased shifts in ethanol-to-acetate production ratios.
The helium-jet recoil transport method☆

Abstract The helium-jet recoil transport method has been improved for the study of nuclei with half-lives less than 1 msec. Effects of the thermalizing medium, turbulence and properties of the gas jet on the collection speed and efficiency have been studied using short-lived α-emitters produced in heavy-ion reactions. Possibilities for on-line chemical separations are discussed.
Opportunity and High School Completion.

In recent years, the social sciences and educational research have shown increased interest in the place of rationality, choice, and creativity in social behavior. While social and cultural determinism are still conspicuous in such work, researchers and theorists are less inclined to treat behavior as mechanistically determined or to construe students and others as wholly passive products of their circumstances. Using school district-level Florida data for 1984–85, we treat students' decisions to complete high school or to drop out as interpretably rational. Specifically, we interpret such decisions in terms of students' perceptions of the payoffs and costs associated with completing high school. Consistent with this view, our statistical analysis suggests that district-to-district differences in high school completion rates are positively related to post-high school economic and educational opportunities. Further, high school completion rates are negatively related to our measure of the costs of schooling. Dropping out of high school, in this view, need not be treated as a wholly irrational phenomenon. In part, it is a product of students' attempts to respond rationally to their circumstances.
Head-end secondary flows in solid-propellant rockets due to transverse acoustic waves

The secondary flowfield in the head-end region of solid-propellant rocket motor combustion chamber is derived based on a simplified model. Employing a small perturbation technique, a secondary nonoscillatory perturbation mean flow is generated in a quiescent fluid on an infinite flat plate by the presence of a small amplitude transverse traveling wave motion. Effects of compressibility, variable viscosity, and heat transfer are considered in the study. The firstorder oscillatory flow results in a steady mass transport outside of the viscous boundary layer. The secondary perturbation mean flow is found to be a complex three-dimensional spiral motion. The predicted flowfield in this region gives a qualitative explanation of the mechanism of formation of strong axial vortex filament that has been observed in cylindrical combustion chambers during unstable burning.
On-line dual microdialysis with ESI-MS for direct analysis of complex biological samples and microorganism lysates.

A novel dual-microdialysis approach has been developed for fast and efficient fractionation and cleanup for ESI-MS and ESI MS/MS analyses of biological samples. A modified dynamic microdialyzer utilizing two mirror-image serpentine channels, which sandwich a regenerated cellulose membrane of selected molecular weight cutoff, serves as the first stage for the removal of high-molecular-weight components and cellular residue. The second stage employs a hollow microdialysis capillary to remove low-molecular-weight species (e.g., salts) which can degrade or preclude analysis ESI-MS. A protein mixture consisting of 30 μM bovine serum albumin (BSA), 4.0 μM cytochrome c, 2.3 μM ubiquitin, and 9.4 μM bradykinin in 0.5 M NaCl was used to evaluate the performance of this system. Essentially complete removal of both BSA and NaCl was achieved, resulting in high-quality mass spectra containing only the lower molecular weight proteins. After passing through the on-line dual-microdialysis system, a crude bacteria cell ly...
A Partnership to Counter International Terrorism: The Un Security Council and its Member States

Following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the Security Council unanimously adopted Resolutions 1368 and 1373, serving as the foundation of a global counter-terrorism system. At the heart of this system lies a close partnership between the Security Council and the UN member states – a partnership in which states were given considerable operational responsibility. Most scholarly evaluations of this system have focused on its UN aspects, with little reference to the key role assigned to the states. Thus, their assessments have been more pessimistic about the system’s ability to counter terrorism. In this article, we present a new conceptualization of this system and show with two case studies that the system has attained some important objectives in the global struggle against terrorism.
Degreening behavior in ‘Fallglo’ and ‘Lee × Orlando’ is correlated with differential expression of ethylene signaling and biosynthesis genes

Abstract Two citrus types (‘Fallglo’ and ‘Lee × Orlando’) exhibiting differential fruit degreening response when treated with ethylene were selected. Fruit were harvested at commercial maturity but at different developmental periods (Harvest I, II and III). Rate of color change was greater in ‘Fallglo’ than in ‘Lee × Orlando’ when fruit were treated with 5 μL L −1 of ethylene for 24 h. After 24 h of transfer of fruit to ethylene-free storage, rate of change decreased in ‘Fallgo’ and exhibited varied response in ‘Lee × Orlando’ depending on harvest date. ‘Fallglo’ fruit from Harvests I and II were completely degreened at the end of storage for 7 d; however ‘Lee × Orlando’ were not and were green in color. No difference in seedling triple response was observed between ‘Fallglo’ and ‘Lee × Orlando’ and sequences of the four ethylene receptors were identical between them. Expression of genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis and signaling pathways were studied in flavedo to test if differences in these pathways were correlated with differential ethylene sensitivity of the citrus types. Basal levels of ACS2 and ACO expressions declined as maturity progressed, and ethylene-induced expression of ACS1 and ACO were influenced by fruit maturity. At Harvests I and II, ethylene-induced increase in ACS1 and ACO expressions and ACC levels were greater in ‘Fallglo’ than in ‘Lee × Orlando’. Ethylene treatment influenced MACC content only during Harvest I in ‘Lee × Orlando’. MACC levels were generally higher in ‘Lee × Orlando’ than in ‘Fallglo’. Expressions of ETR1 and ETR2 were ethylene responsive in ‘Fallglo’ and only ETR1 expression was ethylene responsive in ‘Lee × Orlando’. Ethylene had more impact on ETR1 expression in ‘Fallglo’ than in ‘Lee × Orlando’. Ethylene had a negative effect on ETR3 expression which was more pronounced in ‘Lee × Orlando’ than in ‘Fallglo’. Expressions of ERS1 , CTR1 , EIN2 , EIL1 and EIL2 were not affected by ethylene in both citrus types. Expression of chlorophyllase gene and rate of total chlorophyll degradation were higher in ‘Fallglo’ than in ‘Lee × Orlando’ during ethylene treatment. Differential degreening behavior of ‘Fallglo’ and ‘Lee × Orlando’ correlated with peel maturity, and factor(s) downstream of ethylene signaling but upstream of ethylene biosynthesis play a role in the differential sensitivity.
A limit law for the ground state of Hill's equation

It is proved that the ground state Λ(L) of (−1)x the Schrodinger operator with white noise potential, on an interval of lengthL, subject to Neumann, periodic, or Dirichlet conditions, satisfies the law $$\mathop {\lim }\limits_{L \uparrow \infty } P[(L/\pi )\Lambda ^{1/2} \exp ( - \tfrac{8}{3}\Lambda ^{3/2} ) > x] = \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}c} {1forx< 0} \\ {e^{ - x} forx \geqslant 0} \\ \end{array} } \right.$$
The state of hormonal contraception today: benefits and risks of hormonal contraceptives: combined estrogen and progestin contraceptives

Discussion of effective birth control methods can be a challenging process for clinicians because the adoption and consistent use of contraception may be influenced by patients' fears, myths, and misperceptions. Over the years, new progestins have been included in combination contraceptives or are used alone to provide effective contraception as well as to decrease androgenic side effects and ameliorate the symptoms of premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Alternative delivery systems and regimens have also been introduced to improve tolerability and continuance and convenience of use. This is a review of estrogen and progestin combinations and their effects.