cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Properties of sputter-deposited gallium oxide

Abstract Gallium oxide (Ga2O3) thin films were produced by sputter deposition by varying the substrate temperature (Ts) in a wide range (25–800°C). The structure, morphology, optical, and mechanical properties of Ga2O3 films were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), spectrophotometric and spectroscopic ellipsometry, and nano-indentation measurements. The effect of Ts is significant on the surface chemistry and crystal structure of Ga2O3 films. Structural analyses indicate that the Ga2O3 films deposited at lower temperatures were amorphous while those grown at Ts ≥ 500°C were nanocrystalline. RBS and XPS measurements indicate the existence of Ga ions in their highest chemical valence state and well-maintained stoichiometry of Ga2O3 films at Ts = 300–800°C. The bandgap of the films varied from 4.96 to 5.17 eV for a variation in Ts in the range 25–800°C. Ellipsometry analyses reveal the index of refraction trend correlates with the structure of Ga2O3 films. The variation in mechanical behavior studied by nano-indentation and nano-scratch testing reveals distinct trends, which are also directly related to the structure and morphology of Ga2O3 films. A relationship between microstructure, optical, and mechanical properties in sputter-deposited Ga2O3 films is discussed.
Social and economic influences on infant and child feeding practices in a Marshallese community.

Objective The present study aimed to examine the key influences on infant and child feeding practices among a Marshallese community at each social ecological level. It is the first study to examine the key influences on infant and child feeding practices with Marshallese immigrant women in the USA and helps fill a gap in the previous literature that has included other immigrant women. Design Community-based participatory research design with twenty-seven participants taking part in four qualitative focus groups. Setting The study took place within the Marshallese community in Arkansas, USA.ParticipantsParticipants included Marshallese women with children aged 1-3 years and/or caregivers. Caregivers were defined as someone other than the parent who cares for children. Caregivers were often older women in the Marshallese community. Results There were five primary themes within multiple levels of the Social Ecological Model. At the intrapersonal level, mothers' and caregivers' autonomy emerged. At the interpersonal level, child-led and familial influences emerged. At the organizational level, health-care provider influences emerged; and at the policy level, the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children emerged as the most salient influence. Conclusions Marshallese immigrant women's infant and child feeding practices are influenced at intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational and policy levels. Understanding these multidimensional influences is necessary to inform the creation of culturally tailored interventions to reduce health disparities within the Marshallese community.
Dual pairs in complex reductive groups

In Roger Howe's 1989 paper, "Remarks on classical invariant theory," Howe introduces the notion of a "dual pair of Lie subalgebras" - a pair $(\mathfrak{g}_1, \mathfrak{g}_2)$ of reductive Lie subalgebras of a Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$ such that $\mathfrak{g}_1$ and $\mathfrak{g}_2$ are each other's centralizers in $\mathfrak{g}$. This notion has a natural analog for algebraic groups; namely, a "dual pair of subgroups" is a pair $(G_1, G_2)$ of reductive subgroups of an algebraic group $G$ such that $G_1$ and $G_2$ are each other's centralizers in $G$. We present substantial progress towards classifying the dual pairs of the complex classical groups ($GL(n,\mathbb{C})$, $SL(n,\mathbb{C})$, $Sp(2n,\mathbb{C})$, $O(n,\mathbb{C})$, and $SO(n,\mathbb{C})$) and their projective counterparts ($PGL(n,\mathbb{C})$, $PSp(2n,\mathbb{C})$, $PO(n,\mathbb{C})$, $PSO(n,\mathbb{C})$). The classifications of dual pairs in $Sp(2n,\mathbb{C})$, $GL(n,\mathbb{C})$, and $O(n,\mathbb{C})$ are known, but lack a unified explicit treatment; we provide such a treatment. Additionally, we classify the dual pairs in $SL(n,\mathbb{C})$ and $SO(n,\mathbb{C})$, and present partial progress towards classifying the dual pairs in $PGL(n,\mathbb{C})$, $PSp(2n,\mathbb{C})$, and $PO(n,\mathbb{C})$.
Immune monitoring of allogeneic islets

Abstract Pancreatic islet cells are responsible for the endocrine function of the pancreas. The transplantation of allogeneic islets is therefore a promising alternative to solid organ pancreas transplantation in the treatment of end-stage diabetes and insulin dependence. Islet transplantation may avoid potential open surgical complications while still restoring glucose homeostasis. However, overcoming rejection of pancreatic islets remains challenging, as does diagnosis of early rejection and subsequent dysfunction. Immune monitoring of the pancreatic islet transplant is a field of active investigation, as the majority of islet transplant recipients return to insulin dependence within only a few years due to chronic rejection. In this chapter, we review mechanisms of islet allograft rejection, current methods of graft monitoring, and current research and innovation in the immune monitoring of allogeneic islets.
Compounded energy gains in collocated wind plants: Energy balance quantification and wake morphology description

Abstract Large eddy simulations are used to investigate mechanisms to enhance power harvesting in wind farms. Specifically, the potential combination of vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) with traditional horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT) are studied to alter wake recovery, wake interaction, and thus increase power harvesting per unit area. For this purpose, three arrangements are studied: 1.) a standard wind plant with only horizontal axis wind turbines, 2.) an aligned collocated wind plant, and 3.) a staggered collocated wind plant. In the collocated wind plants, clusters of three vertical axis wind turbines are introduced to the standard wind farm and placed either in alignment to the horizontal axis wind turbines, or staggered between the rows. A control volume analysis is employed to examine the energy balance and relevant terms for the various characteristic compounded wakes. The results show that collocating HAWTs with VAWTs can increase or decrease power harvested per unit area depending on the collocation arrangement. VAWTs cause an increase in streamwise velocity that can be utilized to speed the inflow interacting with the HAWT rotor. In this study, placing VAWTs aligned to HAWTs and upstream to them resulted in a 3.5% increase in the power produced by the wind plant. Whereas, the staggered arrangement resulted in a 2.6% decrease. The aligned case also produces a merged wake that is similar in structure to a wake produced by a traditional horizontal axis wind turbine with heightened near surface Reynolds shear stress. The staggered configuration, on the other hand, behaves as two interacting wakes generating a more confined and intensified skewed wake. These findings show the influence of collocating VAWTs in HAWT plants, and suggest the possibility of optimizing the clusters arrangements in future investigations for higher power production density.
Intrathoracic Sleeve Migrations After Sleeve Gastrectomy: A Compilation of Case Reports

Background: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is the most commonly performed bariatric procedure in the United States. Postoperative migration of the stomach into the chest is a rare complicati...
Examining the Effects of an Intergroup-Based Diversity and Social Justice Course on Students' Multicultural Competencies and Engagement:

Finding ways to support colleges in reducing the frequency of discrimination experiences is imperative to improve the health of the nation and reduce health disparities. The current study evaluated...
Anwendung der Lysintheorie auf die Entwicklungserregung durch das Spermatozoon

Wir haben wiederholt auf die Moglichkeit hingewiesen, das die Lysintheorie der Entwicklungserregung — wie wir sie kurz nennen wollen — auch fur die Entwicklungserregung durch das Spermatozoon gilt, und wir wollen nunmehr einige Stutzen hierfur beibringen.
Is the O.J. Simpson verdict an example of jury nullification? Jury verdicts, legal concepts, and jury performance in a racially sensitive criminal case

In criminal cases involving minority defendants, some minority legal scholars argue that despite the overwhelming evidence of guilt, racial minority jurors should possess the moral obligation to acquit ‘'guilty'’ defendants as a protest against racial discrimination in the criminal justice and court systems. While the rate of racial acquittals is on the rise in criminal courts in large metropolitan jurisdictions, the present analysis shows that in the O.J Simpson trial involving a number of racial and ethnic minorities, minority jurors are more likely to adhere to the strict application of criminal legal standards —presumed innocence, burden of proof, and reasonable doubt — in their deliberative process. Our empirical analysis reveals that while the presence of biases in law enforcement raised the ‘'reasonable doubt'’ and ‘'proof beyond a reasonable doubt'’ standards among white jurors, none of the three legal standards had statistically significant relations with their determination of the trial outcome....
Adjusting Expectations: The Impact of 2020 Campus Closures on Advisors' Approaches to Graduate Student Mentorship

The spring 2020 campus closures due to the COVID-19 pandemic may have posed particular challenges related to the mentorship of science graduate students. In this study, science faculty mentors from one U.S. university report on potential delays to degree completion and their expectations of their mentees during this time. Nearly half of the faculty advisors surveyed expected their graduate student mentees to experience delayed time to graduation. Respondents also described making an effort to support their mentees through providing encouragement and identifying research-related goals students could complete remotely. One-fourth of respondents stated that they were not altering their expectations for their mentees. The respondents who did report having altered expectations varied between altering their immediate expectations and changing their overall expectations for degree completion. These findings relate not only to the immediate impact on graduate mentees, but also to the long-term impacts of COVID-19 on graduate education in the United States.
Topology Identification of Distribution Networks Using A Split-EM based Data-Driven Approach

To improve the topology observability in power distribution networks (PDNs), a two-stage topology identification framework is proposed to recognize the mixed topologies in a large set of historical data and predict the real-time topology based on the nodal measurements. A split expectation-maximization (split-EM) method is proposed considering the measurement errors to deal with the topology identification problem on the historical batch data, in which the number of topology categories does not need to be given in advance. Based on the topology identification results of historical data, the number of topology categories is reduced. Then, feasible classifiers are trained using machine learning methods to predict real-time topology efficiently. An error-correcting mechanism is proposed for the real-time identification involving the credibility analysis and the reidentification based on the Bayesian recursion model. Finally, via a practical example, the effectiveness of the proposed models is verified by efficiently identifying the PDNs topologies in both the historical batch data with mixed topologies and real-time measurements. In addition, the partition-based extension application solution of the topology identification models in a large-scale PDN is proposed without extra measurements to relieve the calculation burden and reduce the identification time notably while maintaining the accuracy as the non-partition scheme.
Pharmacokinetics of Ketoprofen in Lactating Dairy Cows

The efficacy and economics of antibiotic treatment of clinical coliform mastitis have been questioned. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) have received a great deal of attention as an alternative to antibiotic treatment of clinical coliform mastitis. NSAID have been demonstrated to relieve clinical signs of experimentally induced mastitis. NSAID may improve the outcome of clinical coliform mastitis and improve milk out, appetite, and increase food and water consumption. Ketoprofen is a propionic acid derivative with potent NSAID properties. Ketoprofen has been shown to have a very high therapeutic index and is labeled for veterinary use in horses in the USA Ketoprofen may be effective in reducing clinical signs of acute coliform mastitis, but has not been studied extensively in cattle. Pharmacokinetic, residue, efficacy, and safety studies are needed before ketoprofen can be used appropriately in cattle. Ketoprofen was administered to clinically normal lactating Holsteins (1.5 mg/lb). Milk and blood was collected at 0, 5, 10, 15, 25, 40, 60, 90,120,240,360,480, and 720 minutes after ketoprofen administration. A computer polyexponential curve stripping program was used to fit ketoprofen concentration time data. Pharmacokinetic values for ketoprofen will be presented.
Innovation, employment and growth policy issues in the EU and the US

Structural Change, Innovation and Growth in the Single EU Market.- Wage Dispersion in Germany and the US: Is There Compression from Below?.- The Performance Effects of Unions, Codetermination, and Employee Involvement: Comparing the United States and Germany (with an Addendum on the United Kingdom).- Ageing and Pension Reforms: Simulations and Policy Options.- Ageing and Global Capital Flows.- Effects of the Ageing Population on Capital Markets.- US Economic Outlook: Beyond the Credit Crunch.- Selected Innovation Factors: An International Comparison.- The Innovation Imperative and the Role of SBIR Innovation Awards.- Trips, Pharmaceutical Innovation and Access to Medicines.- The Knowledge Society.- Technological and Growth Dynamics in the New Member States of the European Union.- Benchmarking Innovation Performance on the Regional Level: Approach and Policy Implications of the European Innovation Scoreboard for Countries and Regions.- Energy Technology Policy in Europe.- US Climate Change Emissions Mitigation Policy: Energy Technology Push and Other US Policies.- EU-US International Relations: A Political Science Perspective.- Policy Issues and Fields of Cooperation.
'A Troublesome Right': The 'Law' in Dworkin's Treatment of Law and Religion

In his final book, Religion Without God, Ronald Dworkin offers an eloquent and gloriously compact treatment of a massive subject -- life, death, eternity, and the human condition. He also offers an application of his views on those broader questions to a narrower, more practical issue: the law of religious freedom. In this paper, I focus narrowly and critically on Dworkin's treatment of the law of religious freedom. Dworkin asks whether there is a principled "justification for offering religion a right to special protection that is exclusive to theistic religions," and if not, what the scope and nature of religious freedom should be. He ultimately proposes, in effect, to interpret "religion" broadly for purposes of "freedom of religion" but demote that freedom altogether. He would treat freedom of religion as "a very general right to what we might call 'ethical independence'" rather than as a "special right." As such, subject to some constraints, government could infringe freedom of religion without having to show a compelling interest in doing so. Dworkin would also, it appears, substantially limit the occasions on which government can or should provide legislative accommodations for burdened religious practices. What we have, when Dworkin is done, is basically a narrow version of the Supreme Court's decision in Employment Division v. Smith, but without that decision's receptivity to legislative rather than judicial accommodation of religion. There is much to admire in Dworkin's broader arguments about religion in the book. His arguments about the law of religious freedom are quite another matter. The accuracy and persuasiveness of Dworkin's arguments on this issue rest substantially on three things: his statements about current law; the initial moves by which Dworkin clears the ground for his demotion proposal; and his applications of the demotion proposal, which he suggests could help lower the temperature of the culture wars. I argue that all three elements of Dworkin's argument for the demotion of religious freedom are deeply flawed.
Dimensions of Apathy in Parkinson's Disease: Exploratory Factor Analysis of the Apathy Scale

Apathy, an intrinsic disorder of motivation, can manifest in cognitive, affective, and behavioral domains. Recent attempts to formalize diagnostic criteria for apathy have advocated this triadic structure. The Apathy Scale (AS) is the only recommended measure for assessing apathy in Parkinson's disease (PD) by a Movement Disorders task force. We tested the hypothesis that the AS distinctly measures the three proposed domains of apathy in PD. Participants were 226 non-demented PD patients. Apathy Scale data were examined with exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The three factor solution resembled the triadic structure of cognitive, behavioral, and affective domains; however, adjustments to the AS may be appropriate.
State Attorney General Actions, the Tobacco Litigation, and the Doctrine of Parens Patriae

The national settlement terminated the attorney generals' tobacco litigation before legal theories were fully tested. The theory of parens patriae, which allows the state to sue on behalf of its citizens, was developed in detail by Louisiana's legal team and has implications beyond the tobacco litigation. Understanding this theory is useful to understanding the reach and limits of state power in possible future actions such as those involving guns or other products that states may jointly challenge.
Submissive posture as an adaptation to aggressive behavior in hermit crabs1

Zusammenfassung Bei dem in der Gezeitenzone des tropischen Pazifik haufigen Einsiedlerkrebs Calcinus laevimanus wurde das Kampfverhalten untersucht, indem man zwei Krebse aus ihren Schalen nahm und sic um nur eine ihnen gebotene Schale streiten lies. Jedes Paar wurde zweimal beobachtet, und der Krebs, der die Schale erfolgreich verteidigte oder den anderen aus ihr herausziehen konnte, galt als der Sieger. Im Durchschnitt gab weder das Geschlecht noch der Besitz der Schale den Ausschlag, sondern das Gewicht des Kampfers. Bei der ersten Begegnung wird das Dominanzverhaltnis durch offenen Kampf bestimmt. Er wahrt nur kurz, wenn einer sehr viel angriffslustiger ist als der andere; zwischen Gleichstarken ist er oft lang und grausam. Der Unterlegene geht manchmal in Demutstellung, indem er zu kampfen aufhort und auf die Seite oder den Rucken fallt, ohne jeden Versuch der Verteidigung. Das scheint die Angriffslust des Uberlegenen zu dampfen, der gewohnlich uber dem Besiegten angriffsbereit darauf wartet, ob dieser sich aufrichtet und zu fliehen versucht. Ist die Rangordnung einmal festgelegt, dann lost oft schon ein kurzes Drohen des Siegers durch Heben der linken Schere die Demutstellung des Verlierers aus. Ahnlich beschwichtigende Demutverhaltensweisen beschrieben Crane (1958) und Paroi (1948) bei anderen Wirbellosen; es sind beachtliche Beispiele konvergenter Verhaltensentwicklung im Vergleich mit den Demutgebarden von Wirbeltieren.
TRANSFORMATION OF RICE MEDIATED BY AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS

Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been routinely utilized in gene transfer to dicotyledonous plants, but monocotyledonous plants including important cereals were thought to be recalcitrant to this technology as they were outside the host range of crown gall. Various challenges to infect monocotyledons including rice with Agrobacterium had been made in many laboratories, but the results were not conclusive until recently. Efficient transformation protocols mediated by Agrobacterium were reported for rice in 1994 and 1996. A key point in the protocols was the fact that tissues consisting of actively dividing, embryonic cells, such as immature embryos and calli induced from scutella, were co-cultivated with Agrobacterium in the presence of acetosyringonc, which is a potent inducer of the virulence genes. It is now clear that Agrobacterium is capable of transferring DNA to monocotyledons if tissues containing ‘competent’ cells are infected. The studies of transformation of rice suggested that numerous factors including genotype of plants, types and ages of tissues inoculated, kind of vectors, strains of Agrobacterium,selection marker genes and selective agents, and various conditions of tissue culture, are of critical importance. Advantages of the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in rice, like on dicotyledons, include the transfer of pieces of DNA with defined ends with minimal rearrangements, the transfer of relatively large segments of DNA, the integration of small numbers of copies of genes into plant chromosomes, and high quality and fertility of transgenic plants. Delivery of foreign DNA to rice plants via A. tumefaciens is a routine technique in a growing number of laboratories. This technique will allow the genetic improvement of diverse varieties of rice, as well as studies of many aspects of the molecular biology of rice.
Adenosine 5′-Triphosphate-Yielding Pathways of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Fermentation by a Marine Spirochete

The metabolic pathways utilized by an obligately anaerobic marine spirochete (strain MA-2) to ferment branched-chain amino acids were studied. The spirochete catabolized l-leucine to isovaleric acid, l-isoleucine to 2-methylbutyric acid, and l-valine to isobutyric acid, with accompanying CO(2) production in each fermentation. Cell extracts of spirochete MA-2 converted l-leucine, l-isoleucine, and l-valine to 2-ketoisocaproic, 2-keto-3-methylvaleric, and 2-ketoisovaleric acids, respectively, through mediation of 2-ketoglutarate-dependent aminotransferase activities. The branched-chain keto acids were decarboxylated and oxidized to form isovaleryl coenzyme A, 2-methylbutyryl coenzyme A, and isobutyryl coenzyme A, respectively, in the presence of sulfhydryl coenzyme A and benzyl viologen. The acyl coenzyme A's were converted to acyl phosphates by phosphate branched-chain acyltransferase enzymatic activities. Branched-chain fatty acid kinase activities catalyzed formation of isovaleric, 2-methylbutyric, and isobutyric acids from isovaleryl phosphate, 2-methylbutyryl phosphate, and isobutyryl phosphate, respectively. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate was formed during conversion of branched-chain acyl phosphates to branched-chain fatty acids. The results indicate that conversion of l-leucine, l-isoleucine, and l-valine to branched-chain fatty acids by spirochete MA-2 results in adenosine 5'-triphosphate generation. The metabolic pathways utilized for this conversion involve amino acid amino-transferase, 2-keto acid oxidoreductase, phosphate acyltransferase, and fatty acid kinase activities.
How Broad is the Fundamental Right to Privacy and Personal Autonomy? - On What Grounds Should the Ban on the Sale of Sexually Stimulating Devices be Considered Unconstitutional?

Recently, Alabama and Louisiana state courts issued permanent injunctions against laws that banned the sale of sexual devices used primarily for the stimulation of human genital organs. Both state courts issued injunctions for the same reason; the statutes did not pass mere rational basis review. These cases were not the first of their kind. The state courts in Georgia, Texas, Colorado, and Kansas also evaluated arguments on the constitutionality of comparably worded statutes. Like the Alabama and Louisiana statutes, the
Expression databases for pharmaceutical lead optimisation

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the expression databases for pharmaceutical lead optimization. Expression technologies have moved to the forefront of genomic research. These technologies are now also being rapidly adopted by pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, primarily for use in target discovery, but more recently in lead optimization. This has seen the growth of areas such as pharmacogenomics (the changes in gene expression patterns seen when biological systems are treated with pharmacological agents) and toxicogenomics (the changes seen with toxins). The chapter presents the representation of drug discovery and development process, outlining the initial identification of small numbers of drug targets from the whole genetic complement of an organism, and then following the identification and optimization of compounds acting therapeutically against these targets.
The WD motif-containing protein RACK-1 functions as a scaffold protein within the type I IFN receptor-signaling complex.

The WD repeat-containing protein receptor for activated protein kinase C (RACK)-1 has been linked to a variety of signaling systems including protein kinase C, growth factors, and IFNs. In the IFN system, RACK-1 functions as an adaptor recruiting the transcription factor STAT1 to the receptor complex. However, RACK-1 should play a broader role in type I IFN signaling because mutation of the RACK-1 binding site in the IFN-α receptor 2/β subunit of the type I IFN receptor abrogates not only STAT1, but also STAT2, activation. In this study, we demonstrate that RACK-1 serves as a scaffold protein for a multiprotein complex that includes the IFN-α receptor 2/β-chain of the receptor, STAT1, Janus kinase 1, and tyrosine kinase 2. In vitro data further suggest that within this complex tyrosine kinase 2 is the tyrosine kinase responsible for the phosphorylation of STAT1. Finally, we provide evidence that RACK-1 may also serve as a scaffold protein in other cytokine systems such as IL-2, IL-4, and erythropoietin.
How good are clinical laboratories? An assessment of current performance.

The Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act of 1967 and Amendments of 1988 (CLIA '67 and CLIA '88) were enacted to ensure that clinical laboratories within the U.S. provide a quality of service that meets clinical needs for good patient care. Approved proficiency-testing programs are to judge the quality of laboratory testing by promulgated performance criteria. We examine the quality of analytical results reported in 1991 to the New York State Department of Health Proficiency Testing program in light of these criteria and analytical goals, based on medical usefulness. Analytical performance is examined for cholesterol, potassium, sodium, calcium, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase, digoxin, and theophylline. In general, proposed CLIA '88 performance standards are compatible with the current state of practice for the population of laboratories examined. Exceptions appear to be digoxin and sodium (failure rate exceeding average) and most therapeutic substances (low failure rate). Sources of analytical bias relative to an accuracy-based target value must be characterized as method-, laboratory-, or matrix-dependent if regulatory programs are to achieve the objective of improving analytical accuracy across all testing sites.
Managing mild, symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse.

The best course of action may be to delay any treatment for prolapse until symptoms become bothersome
Assessing Students' Oral Language: One School District's Response

ABSTRACT This article describes a project undertaken over a 30-month period by a large Texas public school district. The project's major aims were as follows: (1) to familiarize the district's foreign language teachers with oral language assessment; (2) to develop a tape-mediated assessment instrument, modeled on the Simulated Oral Proficiency Interview, for French, German, and Spanish at the end of Level II and for Japanese at the end of Level III; and (3) to administer the test to the district's language students. This project was funded out of the school district's enhancement fund and directed by the ESOL/Foreign Language curriculum specialist. This project not only familiarized teachers with oral assessment but also with classroom activities designed to achieve satisfactory results. It also helped teachers cooperate with each other in a professional endeavor.
Stimulation of murine lymphocytes by a syngeneic, methylcholanthrene-induced mammary carcinoma.

SummaryThe antigenicity of an MC-induced murine mammary carcinoma was demonstrated by means of the MLTR. Spleen cells from BALB/C mice with no prior exposure to the tumor were stimulated to incorporate increased amounts of 14C-thymidine, when cultured with syngeneic tumor cells.
Students' Estimates of Others' Mental Health Demonstrate a Cognitive Bias

Students of five USA-campuses were surveyed concerning their use of prescription drugs to improve mental health. They were asked whether they had ever been prescribed medicines to treat various disorders and if they were currently taking the prescribed medicines and to estimate the percent of the students on their campus responding similarly. The incidence of being prescribed and currently taking medicines for the disorders was not markedly different than what might be expected from knowing published incidence rates. The students’ estimates of their fellow students’ rates of being prescribed and currently taking the medicines was considerably, sometimes dramatically, larger than the actual rates. Further testing rejected some potential explanations of the tendency to make overestimations. The conclusion was eventually drawn that the tendency to overestimate the mental distress of fellow students was a special case of superiority bias and had features of an implicit social cognition enhancing their own self-esteem.
Tetraalkylalkene vertical ionization potentials revisited

The vertical ionization potentials for three tetra-α-branched-alkyl-substituted alkenes (13–15) are reported, compared with literature data for other tetralkylalkenes, and the values discussed with reference to AM1 semiempirical and B3LYP density functional calculations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Movement of fluids in wood — Part I: Flow of fluids in wood

The flow of fluids and diffusion through wood follow different laws and vary in effectiveness through different structures. For this reason this review has been divided into two parts, Part I covers flow of fluids and part II diffusion. The conclusions drawn here involve Part I only.
Evidence of Voids Within the As-Deposited Structure of Glassy Silicon

We present electron diffraction data from amorphous silicon which cannot be reconciled with the intensity profiles derived from small-crystallite models based on the diamond structure. Our diffraction patterns do reveal a pronounced low-angle scattering which anneals out on progressive heating and is indicative of actual void spaces, or regions of distinctly deficient density, in the films. These regions may be responsible for the recent observations of Brodsky and Title on surface states within the bulk of amorphous Si.
Projectable and strongly projectable lattice-ordered groups

This paper is concerned with the classes\(WP, P\) and\(SP\) of weakly projectable, projectable, and strongly projectablel-groups (lattice-ordered groups). It is shown that the members of\(P\)] and\(SP\) can be characterized purely in terms of their order structures, and these characterizations are used in establishing, among other things, that lattice isomorphisms preserve projectability and strong projectability. Further characterizations in terms of the lattice of convexl-subgroups are also given. Additional results include the following: The existence of an indecomposable, weakly projectable archimedeanl-group; the fact that the\(WP\)-radical of a laterally completel-group is a conditionally orthocompletel-group; and finally, the result that the\(SP\)-radical of anl-groupG contains every strongly projectablel-group that is large inG.
Determination of iron and nickel in water and brine by solvent extraction and atomic absorption spectroscopy

Abstract A rapid, reliable and sensitive atomic absorption method for the determination of traces of iron and nickel in concentrated brine and in water has been developed. A simple, single extraction procedure is effective for iron in water at concentrations of 0.4–200 p.p.b. and in 25% (w/w) sodium chloride solutions at concentrations between 0.8 p.p.b. and 200 p.p.b. A similar procedure has been developed for nickel concentrations in the range 2–200 p.p.b. in water and 4–200 p.p.b. in brine. Extraction for 15 min with MIBK from a system buffered at pH 7 yields optimum results. The complexing agents are 0.2% solutions of 8-hydroxyquinoline and dimethylglyoxime for iron and nickel, respectively.
Comparison Of Medical Imaging Modalities: Clinical Realization And Engineering Potential Of Nuclear Imaging

Nuclear imaging is a powerful diagnostic modality which obtains images from the intact body through the administration of miniscule amounts of physiologically specific radioactive agents (Table I). Typical radiation dosages do not exceed one rad to the critical organ, and the small molar concentrations of the pharmaceutical used mitigates carrier effects and poses no recognized hazards due to toxicity. With exception of imaging of the thryoid by fluorescent excitation of iodine, nuclear images reflect the very recent history of distribution of a physiologically specific agent or its selective uptake.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Planar chromatographic separation of enantiomers and diastereomers with cyclodextrin mobile phase additives

A variety of racemic compounds were resolved using reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography (TLC) with mobile phases containing highly concentration solutions of beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD). These include the drugs labetalol and mephenytoin, metallocenes, crown ethers, methyl-p-toluenesulfinate, nornicotine derivaties and several dansyl and beta-naphthylamide substituted amino acids. It was possible to resolve some racemates that could not be separated on beta-CD bonded phase liquid chromatography (LC) columns with this technique. Likewise there were some compounds that could be resolved with the LC approach that failed to separate with the present TLC method. In cases of racemates that could be resolved by either approach, it was found that the retention order was exactly opposite for the two methods. Enantiomeric resolution is highly dependent on mobile phase composition. In particular, the type and amount of organic modifier as well as the concentration of beta-CD affect the observed resolution. Possible reasons for the chromatographic behavior are discussed. Several diastereoisomeric compounds were separated as well, including steroid epimers and pharmaceutical compounds.
Structures of intact glycoproteins from vibrational circular dichroism

Vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectra for the glycoproteins α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) and bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM), have been measured in D2O solutions and for the films prepared from aqueous (H2O) buffer solutions in the 1800 to 900 cm−1 region. The solution VCD results revealed that AGP has β-sheet structure, along with a significant amount of α-helix as evidenced from a W pattern in the amide I region. The VCD of BSM solution suggested a polyproline II type structure, characterized by the appearance of strong negative couplet in the amide I region. The film VCD results on AGP and BSM suggested that the secondary structures of polypeptide fold in the film state are similar to those in the solution. The absence of any significant film VCD in the low frequency region (1200–900 cm−1), suggested that the dominant linkage for carbohydrate residues is likely to be a β linkage. VCD spectroscopy gains importance in the secondary structural analysis of polypeptide fold in glycoproteins due to the absence of interfering VCD from the carbohydrate residues in the conformationally sensitive amide I region. Also, film VCD studies permit measurements in the low wavenumber region (1200–900 cm−1) that reveal the dominant type of linkage for carbohydrate residues. Such clear structural information is unlike that from ECD, where ECD bands of acylated amino sugar residues interfere with those of polypeptide backbone in the conformationally sensitive far-UV region. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Multiple intelligences of transformational leaders: an empirical examination

Purpose – To examine the impact of emotional, social, and cognitive intelligences on the dimensions of transformational leadership using both paper‐and‐pencil measures and assessment center dimensions.Design/methodology/approach – Multiple measurement methodologies were used to conceptualize emotional, cognitive, and social intelligence. Subordinate ratings of three dimensions of transformational leadership were used as the criteria. Correlation analysis and a series of multiple hierarchical regressions were used to determine the relationship between the multiple intelligences and three dimensions of transformational leadership.Findings – Results indicate that a multiple intelligences framework is a useful approach to predict transformational leadership. Correlation analyses and multiple regression results indicated that the multiple intelligence framework explained between 10 and 25 percent of the variance in perceptions of transformational leadership and that assessment center dimensions explained addit...
Reaching the Information Limit in Cryo-EM of Biological Macromolecules: Experimental Aspects

Although cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) of biological macromolecules has made important advances in the past few years, the level of current technical performance is still well below what the physics of electron scattering would allow. It should be possible, for example, to use cryo-EM to solve protein structures at atomic resolution for particle sizes well below 80 kDa, but currently this has been achieved only for particles at least 10 times larger than that. In this review, we first examine some of the reasons for this large gap in performance. We then give an overview of work that is currently in progress to 1), improve the signal/noise ratio for area detectors; 2), improve the signal transfer between the scattered electrons and the corresponding images; and 3), reduce the extent to which beam-induced movement causes a steep fall-off of signal at high resolution. In each case, there is substantial reason to think that cryo-EM can indeed be made to approach the estimated physical limits.
The New Deal and Its Legacy: Critique and Reappraisal

Preface Introduction: A Legacy of Questions by Robert Eden Tarnished Gold: Fifty Years of New Deal Farm Programs by Don Paarlberg The World of Interventionism, 1880-1940 by Peter J. Coleman The New Deal State and the Anti-Bureaucratic Tradition by Ellis W. Hawley Constitutional Legitimacy and the Administrative State: A Reading of the Brownlow Commission Report by John A. Rohr New Deal Party Politics, Administrative Reform, and the Transformation of the American Constitution by Sidney M. Milkis The Public Philosophy of the New Freedom and the New Deal by Charles R. Kesler The New Deal and the Supreme Court by Arthur Shenfield Progressivism and Conservatism During the New Deal: A Reinterpretation of American Political Traditions by Hiram Caton An Appraisal of Roosevelt's Legacy: How the Moderate Welfare State Transcended the Tension Between Progressivism and Socialism by Morton J. Frisch The Regulatory Policy of the New Deal by John A. Wettergreen The Democratic Party: Honoring and Dishonoring the New Deal by Robert Eden Bibliography Index
A small towed beamforming array to identify vocalizing resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) concurrent with focal behavioral observations

Abstract Investigations of communication systems benefit from concurrent observation of vocal and visible behaviors of individual animals. A device has been developed to identify individual vocalizing resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) during focal behavioral observations. The device consists of a 2-m, 15-element hydrophone array, which is easily towed behind a small vessel, on-board multi-channel recorders, and real-time signal processing equipment. Acoustic data from the hydrophones are digitized and processed using broadband frequency-domain beamforming to yield frequency-azimuth (FRAZ) and “directo-gram” displays of arriving sounds. Based upon statistical analysis of independent portions of typical killer whale calls, the precision of the angle-of-arrival estimate ranges from ±0° to ±2.5° with a mean precision of ±1.5°. Echolocation clicks also are resolved precisely with a typical −6 dB mainlobe width of ±2.0°. Careful positioning of the array relative to the animals minimizes the effects of depth ambiguities and allows identification of individual sources in many circumstances. Several strategies for identifying vocalizing individuals are discussed and an example of a successful identification is described. Use of the array with resident killer whales did not interfere with vessel maneuverability, animal tracking, or behavioral sampling of focal individuals. This localization technique has promise for advancing the abilities of researchers to conduct unbiased behavioral and acoustic sampling of individual free-ranging cetaceans.
Leveraging Mobile Cloud for Telemedicine: A Performance Study in Medical Monitoring

Telemedicine has proven to be an effective and promising solution in promoting more affordable and higher quality healthcare. Wearable body sensors and mobile devices have been widely used to monitor health status of patients or elderly and generate alarms in case of imminent medical conditions. However, the limited computation power and energy supply of mobile devices result in either high false alarm rate or short battery life, prohibitive for medical monitoring. Cloud computing embraces new opportunities of transforming healthcare delivery into a more reliable and sustainable manner. In this paper, we propose a mobile cloud telemedicine framework and discuss its potential performance by taking advantage of the real-time, on-site monitoring capability of Android mobile device and the abundant computing power of the cloud.
Social preferences of domestic hens for domestic vs. red junglefowl males and females.

The striking dimorphism of male and female junglefowl may have evolved in large part due to female choice of mates. However, domestic fowl hens consistently chose domestic, not junglefowl, males as well as females in preference tests. Either genetic predisposition to favor junglefowl morphological features over those of the domestic types utilized in these tests was overridden by experience or such genetic predisposition does not exist in the breed we tested.
Reflections for April: The silent witness and Charcot's hat

I have often commented about Sherlock Holmes's peculiar fund of knowledge as an encyclopedic acquaintance of sensational and criminal literature; a restricted command of chemistry confined to an exhaustive familiarity with identification of various types of blood, poisons, tobacco, and soil; and a detailed knowledge of the British legal code. However, I was aghast at his spotty knowledge of classic and modern literature; for instance, he did not recognize the name of Thomas Carlyle. But he would occasionally quote long passages from the Shakespearean sonnets. I was musing about this while enjoying a pipeful, when Mrs. Hudson entered with an envelope for Holmes. Holmes picked up the envelope, sniffed at it, and pronounced, “This is from a woman of impeccable elegance, and she is writing from the seaside. Her penmanship is hurried, and, I would guess, conveys some degree of anxiety. I am intrigued about what she has to say.” Holmes opened the letter and read it quickly, and passed it to me. I read it silently: “Dear Mr. Holmes, Your name was given to me by Admiral Welch, who says he is an old friend of yours. My brother John and I have suffered a double tragedy. One is his illness, which, I am afraid, you cannot help us with. The second is a robbery, which deprives us of our main income. Please, Mr. Holmes, see it in your heart to assist the local police in their investigations. Thus far, they have no further information. Imploringly, Elizabeth Carstairs.” I turned to Holmes. “Not much information here, Holmes?” “No, but it is not to be ignored. Admiral Welch did me a great favor at one time and I would be less than a scapegrace if I could not return his favor. Watson, I am not sure of the location of …
Light-induced division synchrony in Euglena gracilis var. Bacillaris

Abstract Reserve energy of the photosynthetic flagellate Euglena gracilis when grown in continuous light of saturating intensity was estimated by following growth after removal of the culture to darkness. This information permitted the construction of a light-dark cycle, the light period of which provided energy just sufficient for growth and division for one life cycle, the temperature being maintained constant at 20 °C. Divisions were synchronous and repetitive, the population essentially doubling in number at each division “burst”. Addition of cysteine and methionine to the basal salt medium reduced the variance of the division bursts.
The effect of calcium, pH and other regulators of motility on the axoneme of demembranated stallion spermatozoa

Despite being a standard procedure in most other domestic species, in vitro fertilization (IVF) has had poor success in the horse. This appears to be due to the failure of equine sperm to spontaneously initiate hyperactivated motility in vitro, as pharmacological stimulation of hyperactivation has been shown to increase equine IVF rates. To investigate the control of hyperactivated motility in equine sperm, we evaluated factors affecting motility in a demembranated sperm model. Exposure of sperm to 0.02% Triton X-100 for 30 seconds maximized membrane permeability as shown by transmission electron microscopy and staining with propidium iodide, while maintaining motility as determined by computer-assisted sperm motility analysis. Using this model, we evaluated the effects of medium pH, free calcium, ATP and dibutyryl-cAMP on motility of demembranated sperm. We also assessed the effects of known physiological stimulators of hyperactivation, 4-aminopyridine and procaine, as well as motility inhibitors nickel and cadmium. A minimum of three replicates was performed for each experiment, and data was analyzed by analysis of variance, utilizing the Holm-Sidak method for multiple comparisons. Increasing concentrations of ATP were associated with an increase in both curvilinear velocity and amplitude of lateral head movement. Cadmiumwas also associated with increases in these parameters, in contrast to the significant decline in motility seen in other species; however, nickel decreased motility as expected. Sperm motility was not affected by dibutyryl-cAMP. At a standard free-calcium concentration of 100 nM, maximal motility was induced at pH 6.5, a