cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effectiveness of a Collaboration Approach to Nutrition Intervention for Youth

Abstract The Youth Cooking Schools (YCS) have demonstrated that hands-on learning during summer for 8-12 year olds can significantly increase their nutrition knowledge and behaviors (Top Clin Nutr 1999; 14:48-59). Despite the YCS success, program leaders were concerned with addressing communities not previously reached primarily due to fiscal constraints. To increase the sphere of influence of YCS, program leaders chose to establish collaborations (partnerships) with community workers (CW). The purpose of this study was to measure the process and outcome of this collaboration. The YCS consists of 5 half-day sessions presented during a 1-week period. Each lesson includes a presentation, hands-on activities, and food preparation. Pre-, post-, and follow-up tests were used for outcome evaluation. The YCS is traditionally implemented by individuals with B.S. degrees in nutrition supplemented with 2 days of training and periodic support. The collaborative approach consisted of distribution of the curriculum to CW supplemented with 1 day of training. The collaborative approach increased program enrollment almost 50% (484 vs 227). The CW recruited a more diverse population, i.e., a significantly higher proportion of non-white ( P =.004) and older enrollees ( P =.035) than the traditional approach. The average pretest score, 7.1 and 7.4 (out of 14) for the partner and traditional approaches, respectively, improved significantly on the posttest. This significant improvement continued 3 months after the classes. However, the average follow-up score for the traditional group (11.4) was significantly higher ( P =.04) than the partner group (10.8). This may be secondary to a lower rate of follow-up. This group was 5 times more likely not to get a follow-up test than the traditional group, O.R.=5.1 (95% CI: 3.2,8.2); suggesting that the CW may need additional encouragement to administer evaluation tools. Overall, the collaborative approach was found to be as effective as the traditional approach with the added benefit of recruiting individuals that are otherwise hard-to-reach.
White and black careers during the first decade of labor force experience. Part II: Income differences

Abstract This paper presents an analysis of income changes based on retrospective life history data collected from white and black men, 30–39 years old in 1968. Educational level is found to be the most important determinant of initial income for both blacks and whites, but the relationship is weaker for whites than for blacks. Ten years later, education shows a stronger relation to growth in income for whites than for blacks. The differential impact of levels of education and other background resources of initial income and income 10 years later is examined by partitioning the differences into three components: differences in levels, differences in efficacy, and unexplained differences. For initial income, black resources are more efficacious than those of whites, but the greater average resource levels of whites creates an initial income difference in favor of whites. Ten years later, the efficacy of white background resources for income growth is greater than that for blacks. Intervening events and experiences, whose efficacy favors blacks, keeps the income gap from becoming even wider. A comparison of this income analysis with a previous analysis of occupational status suggests that whites may be using their resources to obtain jobs with a high status, with the expectation that the job status will in the long run bring high income, while blacks are doing the opposite. Testing of the effectiveness of such a strategy (if it is a conscious strategy) indicates that it is effective for whites, while it would be much less so for blacks.
Analyses of uranium and actinium gamma spectra: An application to measurements of environmental contamination

Abstract A system for the reduction of the complex gamma spectra of nuclides in the uranium, actinium, and thorium series, tailored to calculation of line intensities, analyses of errors, and identification of nuclides is described. This system provides an efficient technique for characterizing contamination in the environs of uranium mines and mills. Identification of the nuclides and calculation of their concentrations requires accurate knowledge of gamma energies and absolute quantum intensities. For some spectral lines, there are no reported measurements of absolute quantum intensities and in some cases where reports are available the measured intensities are not in agreement. In order to improve this data base, the spectra of gamma rays (of nuclides in the uranium and actinium series) with energies between 40 and 1400 keV were measured using high-resolution germanium detectors. A brief description of the spectroscopy system, computational algorithms for deconvolution, and methods of calibration for energy and efficiency, are described. The measured energies and absolute quantum intensities are compared with those reported in the literature.
Increase and seasonal cycles of nitrous oxide in the earth's atmosphere

Based on about nine thousand ground-level measurements at Cape Meares, Oregon (45 ° N), and Cape Grim, Tasmania (42 °S), spanning three years, it is shown that nitrous oxide (N 2 O) is increasing at about 0.9 p.p.b. yr -1 (0.6, 1.1) in the northern hemisphere, and at 0.7 p.p.b. yr-I (±0.2 p.p.b. yr -l ) in the southern hemisphere. It is also shown that N 2 O concentrations vary with the season. On average, northern hemisphere concentrations are 0.8 p.p.b.v. higher during April, May, and June compared to the rest of the year, and southern hemisphere concentrations are about 0.5 p.p.b.v. lower during March, April, and May compared to the rest of the year. Based on the existing estimates of natural and anthropogenic sources of N 2 O, the increase is explained by a sizeable anthropogenically-controlled land-based source. Mass-balance calculations also indicate that a natural land-based source, peaking in spring, would explain the main features of the observed seasonal cycle. The observed increase of N 2 O is extrapolated into the future using a limited growth model and the results compared with exponential extrapolations which are sometimes used. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1983.tb00020.x
LONGITUDINAL STRESSES AND STRAINS IN DESIGN OF RPM PIPES

Pipelines are subjected to variable support conditions in the longitudinal direction. These support conditions are encountered due to the variation in bedding and soil properties along the pipe, the geometry of the pipeline, and the different installation schemes. Pipelines are also subjected to a variety of load combinations in the longitudinal direction. A study of these loads and support conditions and their effect on the performance of reinforced plastic mortar (RPM) pipe is made. A structural model used to calculate the longitudinal stresses on the pipe wall is presented. Composite laminate analyses are performed on RPM pipe wall with stress resultants from different load combinations. It is found that the allowable strains are exceeded when the pipe wall is analyzed as a composite structure. In some installation conditions, the strains in the longitudinal direction prove to be more critical than the strains in the circumferential direction. It is recognized that the design of the fiberglass reinforcement in the circumferential and longitudinal directions and the fabrication of wall laminas could be improved if an elaborate analysis procedure, like the one proposed in this study, is adopted.
Reconsidering the Relationship Between Student Engagement and Persistence in College

Using data from two rounds of surveys on students in the Washington State Achievers (WSA) program, this study examined the relationship between student engagement in college activities and student persistence in college. Different approaches using student engagement measures in the persistence models were compared. The results indicated that the relationship between student engagement and the probability of persisting was not linear. Even though a higher level of social engagement was related to an increased probability of persisting, a higher level of academic engagement was negatively related to such probability. The findings have strong implications for educational research, policy, and practice.
A “Sense and Shoot” Approach for Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Contaminants in Water

A “sense and shoot” approach has been developed for the photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants from aqueous solutions. The presence of aromatic compounds such as chlorinated phenols is readily detected from the quenching of visible emission of ZnO semiconductor film. The emission quenching is quantitative and can be analyzed on the basis of adsorption equilibrium between ZnO and organic molecules. High apparent association constant values (Ka = (1−5) × 104 M-1) make possible the detection of these organic molecules at very low concentration levels. For example, 1 ppm of 4-chlorocatechol in water results in a 15% decrease of ZnO emission. Interestingly, the same ZnO film is capable of degrading aromatic compounds present in water under UV irradiation. The concept of adopting a strategy of simultaneous sensing and degradation in photocatalysis is illustrated in this paper.
Third-Order Nonlinear Guided-Wave Optics

During the past few years, new concepts for nonlinear optical signal processing have spurred interest in nonlinear optical devices based on third-order susceptibilities. As a result, there has been an increase in materials fabrication and processing development, particularly in semiconductors. For many applications) 1, 2 these semiconductor materials are particularly attractive because of their large nonlinearities and their compatibility with existing opto-electronic technology. However, the resonant-type processes responsible for the large nonlinear response of these materials yield absorption coefficients that cause thermal problems and also limit the speed of response (recovery) of the material to optical signals. Thus the driving force behind some of the nonlinear organic materials development is the need for good optical quality, highly nonlinear optical materials with low absorption coefficients.
Homocysteine provokes leukocyte–endothelium interaction by downregulation of nitric oxide

Recent evidence indicates that chronic hyperhomocysteinemia, which is found in from 9 to 15% of the general population, is an independent risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis. We sought to elucidate the mechanism by which exposure of the vascular wall to high levels of homocysteine initiates this inflammatory reaction. We examined the acute effect of homocysteine on endothelial dysfunction in isolated rat arteries and on microcirculatory leukocyte-endothelium interaction in vivo. Intravital microscopy of rat mesenteric venules was performed by superfusing the mesentery with increasing concentrations of homocysteine (1-5 mmol/l). There was a significant concentration- and time-dependent increase in leukocyte rolling, adherence, and extravasation compared with control rats superfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution (p < 0.01). Moreover, immunohistochemical staining demonstrated significantly increased P-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression on intestinal venules after homocysteine superfusion. In contrast, mesenteric superfusion with the nitric oxide donor 4-hydroxymethyl-furazan-3-carboxylic acid oxide (CAS1609, 1 micromol/l) significantly attenuated homocysteine-induced leukocyte rolling, adherence, and transmigration to control levels (p < 0.01). CAS1609 also attenuated both P-selectin and ICAM-1 expression on mesenteric venules and decreased CD18 expression on isolated leukocytes. Superior mesenteric arteries incubated with 5 mmol/l homocysteine developed significant (p < 0.01) endothelial dysfunction (i.e., impaired relaxation to endothelium-dependent dilators). Acute hyperhomocysteinemia induces endothelial dysfunction, characterized by a loss of endothelium-derived nitric oxide, leading to an inflammatory state. This state results in increased leukocyte rolling, adherence, and transmigration by upregulation of cell adhesion molecules. Our data suggest that hyperhomocysteinemia inhibits the important homeostatic role of nitric oxide in preventing endothelial dysfunction.
The identification of a functional nuclear localization signal in the Huntington disease protein

Positional cloning has shown that the Huntington disease (HD) mutation is an expanded trinucleotide repeat in the IT15 gene. Although this mutation clearly produces the HD phenotype, the function of the Huntington disease protein remains undefined. One recent immunocytochemical study suggested that the IT15 protein preferentially localizes to the nucleus of affected neuronal cells. If this result is accurate, it could link the biochemical function of this protein to nuclear activities such as gene regulation. To examine the nuclear transport of the Huntington disease protein, we searched for basic peptide motifs that could produce nuclear localization. One peptide (RRKGKEK) was identified that is highly homologous to a consensus nuclear localization signal. When fused to the cytoplasmic reporter protein, β-galactosidase, nuclear localization was observed in stably transformed human cell lines. In a complementary study, an anti-peptide polyclonal antibody, raised against a sequence adjacent to the putative nuclear localization sequence, detected the IT15 protein in the nucleus of human cells. These results extend and confirm the previous localization studies and identify an IT15 peptide motif that can function for nuclear localization.
Expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and its relation to tract formation in embryonic zebrafish (Danio rerio)

To address possible roles of glial cells during axon outgrowth in the vertebrate central nervous system, we investigated the appearance and distribution of the glial-specific intermediate filament, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), during early embryogenesis of the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Immunopositive cells first appear at 15 hours, which is at the time of, or slightly before, the first axon outgrowth in the brain. Immunopositive processes are not initially present in a pattern that prefigures the location of the first tracts but rather are distributed widely as endfeet adjacent to the pia, overlying most of the surface of the brain with the exception of the dorsal and ventral midline. The first evidence for a specific association of immunopositive cells with the developing tracts is observed at 24 hours in the hindbrain, where immunopositive processes border axons in the medial longitudinal fasciculus. By 48 hours, immunopositive processes have disappeared from most of the subpial lamina and are found exclusively in association with tracts and commissures in three forms: endfeet, radially oriented processes, and tangentially oriented processes parallel to axons. This last form is particularly prominent in the transverse plane of the hindbrain, where they define the boundaries between rhombomeres. These results suggest that glial cells contribute to the development and organization of the central nervous system by supporting early axon outgrowth in the subpial lamina and by forming boundaries around tracts and between neuromeres. The results are discussed in relation to previous results on neuron-glia interactions and possible roles of glial cells in axonal guidance.
Economic Contextual Factors, Food Consumption, and Obesity among U.S. Adolescents

Adolescents have poor dietary behaviors and high overweight prevalence. Economic contextual factors such as food prices and food store and restaurant availability are hypothesized and increasingly being explored empirically as contributors to the obesity epidemic. Evidence showed that healthful compared with less healthful foods increasingly cost more and that fast food restaurants are increasingly available. In addition, racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities have been documented in access to food outlets, particularly chain supermarkets, and such disparities have been shown to be increasing recently. Empirical evidence based on nationally representative U.S. adolescent data revealed that lower fruit and vegetable prices, higher fast food prices, and greater supermarket availability were related to higher fruit and vegetable consumption and lower BMI, in particular for BMI among teens who are overweight or at risk for overweight and who are low- to middle-socioeconomic status. The availability of fast food restaurants was not associated with youth BMI. Overall, this research implies that pricing interventions of taxes on energy-dense foods such as fast food and/or subsidies to healthful foods such as fruits and vegetables and policy efforts to improve access to supermarkets may help to improve adolescent weight outcomes.
The Effects of Self-Regulation and Self-Efficacy on Substance Use Abstinence

Previous research found that self-regulation and self-efficacy were linked to substance use abstinence. This study examined the relationships between changes in self-regulation and self-efficacy as predictors of substance use abstinence. A total of 150 adult individuals in substance abuse recovery participated in a randomized, longitudinal study comparing a communal housing model versus usual aftercare. The change in self-regulation (p = .014) and the change in self-efficacy (p = .032) were significantly predictive of the likelihood of abstinence. Additionally, changes in self-regulation and self-efficacy were largely independent. These findings suggest future research for examining change in self-regulation and self-efficacy substance abuse research.
The social psychology of eyewitness accuracy: Misleading questions and communicator expertise.

Est-il possible d'alterer le souvenir qu'un temoin garde d'un crime en lui posant des questions biaisees? Des sujets ont visionne un videoclip montrant l'attaque d'une banque, apres quoi des comperes de l'experimentateur (au courant ou non du crime) leur ont pose des questions (biaisees ou non)
Let's redesign democracy

It is reasoned that the time must be ripe for a serious effort aimed at restructuring the political processes supporting the ideal of democracy. The many theoretical insights and experimental findings published by scientists and other scholars during recent decades, especially at the group level, are important for developing the new design. One such design is presented in this paper and defended and criticized in order to illustrate the nature of such an effort. The scheme is labeled dynamic value voting with affinity group representation and includes computer conferencing as an emergent, interactive communication technology that makes possible the implementation of such processes for the first time ever. The design draws upon results from game theory, decision theory, social choice theory, mathematical programing theory, and adds a market concept under which group members are enabled to dynamically express their preferences to allow for differences in interpersonal utilities and in personal expectations. It is suggested that a university community might be a good place for early trials of such redesigned governance systems. These geographically compact communities have the participants and the technologies necessary for such trials and presumably, the capability for intelligent self-analysis of the experience.
Advertising budgets in competitive environments

Firms can approach advertising competition either by setting advertising budgets (as in the percentage of sales method) or target sales levels (as in the objective and task approach). We study firms’ incentives to adopt one or the other posture using a two-stage model of duopolistic competition. In the first stage, each firm chooses to commit either to an advertising budget, letting its sales follow from the market response function, or to a desired sales level, promising to adjust its advertising spending accordingly. In the second stage, firms choose the actual levels of their advertising budget or sales target. When prices are exogenous, we show that, due to strategic effects, if a firm benefits from its rival’s advertising (as when advertising increases awareness of the product category) then setting an advertising budget dominates setting a sales target. On the other hand, if a firm is harmed by its rival’s advertising (as when advertising increases the firm’s share of a fixed market), then committing to a sales level dominates. We extend these results in several directions and show that when firms engage in price competition as well as advertising the nature of advertising and product-market competition interact to determine whether setting an advertising budget or sales target dominates.
Metaphor and the rhetorical invention of cold war “idealists”

This paper presents a five‐step procedure for identifying metaphorical concepts guiding the rhetorical invention of three Cold War idealists”;: Henry Wallace, J. William Fulbright, and Helen Caldicott. The source of their collective failure to dispel threatening images of Soviet savagery is located in a recurrent system of metaphorical concepts (including MADNESS, PATHOLOGY, SICKNESS, AND FORCE) that promotes a reversal of the enemy‐image rather than its transcendence. By decivilizing America's image, “idealists”; turn the victimage ritual inward upon a self‐righteous nation and provoke “realists”; to regress further into decivilizing images of the Soviet Union.
On the geochemistry of germanium

Abstract Estimates of the abundance of germanium have been lowered to about 10 p.p.m. for its cosmic level and 1 p.p.m. for the earth's crust, as compared to goldschmidt's values of 55 p.p.m. and 7 p.p.m., respectively. Germanium in iron meteorites varied from less than 1 p.p.m. to 500 p.p.m.; chondrites were fairly uniform in their germanium content, which varied between 6 and 12 p.p.m. The concentration in granites, basalts and gabbros was consistently about 1 p.p.m. and thermal springs were found to be almost devoid of germanium. Germanium is classified among the less volatile elements when its escaping tendency is compared with that of other elements.
Fiber Optic Delay Lines For Use In Time Delay Multiplexing Of Optical Images

A fiber optic delay line system consisting of 10 Corning multimode low loss optical fibers with 60 ns time delay increments has been designed and tested for potential application to a space object imaging system (SOI)*. A brief overview of the optical imaging system application is given followed by the details of delay line design and tests. Both pulsed ruby laser and cw helium neon measurement techniques are discussed and the results are presented. A pseudo attenuation phenomenon observed during the pulsed laser tests and attributed to cladding mode propagation is reported along with techniques for cladding mode suppression. Possible alternative applications of this system are also given.© (1975) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Pair excitations in the even W-isotopes☆

Abstract New 0+ states in 182,180,178W have been identified using W(p, t) reactions at a bombarding energy of 21 MeV. These new states are characterized by substantial two-neutron transfer strength and a constant two-neutron separation energy from the target ground states. A microscopic interpretation involves a cluster of single-particle levels below the Fermi surface. Alternatively they may be thought of as pairing vibrations built on the pairing-rotational structure of the target ground states.
Vote-buying: Is it at Threat to Democratic Policy Representation?

Do “vote-buying” activities of locally elected legislators in developing countries crowd out the representation of mass policy preferences? If a legislator can buy a citizen's vote with a material benefit, does he really have an incentive to represent the interests of his constituents in legislative decision-making? Imagine the following setting: A slum neighborhood near Bangalore city center in Southern India. A group of women in worn-out sari-s, domestic servants who clean houses for a living, sit chatting outside their one-room concrete shacks with tin roofs. They have no bathing or cooking facilities in their shacks. They share the same water tap with hundreds of neighbors. Their toilet is the nearby railroad track. A well-dressed man exits a car and approaches.
Comparison of ID performance using real and synthetic imagery

Recent experiments performed at the U.S. Army Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate (NVESD) provide significant insight into the validation of synthetic imagery for use in human perception experiments. This paper documents the procedures and results of target identification (ID) experiments using real and synthetic thermal imagery. Real imagery representing notional first generation and advanced scanning sensor systems was obtained. Parameters derived from the sensor data were used to generate synthetic imagery using the NVESD Paint the Night simulation. Both image sets were then used in a target identification experiment with trained human observers. Perception test results were analyzed and compared with metrics derived from the imagery. Several parameters missing from the original truth data were found to correlate with differences in the perception data. Synthetic data were regenerated using these additional parameters. A subsequent perception experiment confirmed the importance of these parameters, and a good match was obtained between real and synthetic imagery. While the techniques used in this series of experiments do not constitute a definitive method for validating synthetic imagery, they point to some important observations on validation. The main observation is that both target and local background characteristics must be sufficiently specified in the truth data in order to obtain good agreement between synthetic and real data. The paper concludes with suggestions as to the level of detail necessary for truth data when using synthetic imagery in perception experiments.
Impact of threshold energy of multiple exciton generation solar cells

The threshold energy (Eth) over 100% quantum yield (QY) is a key factor to determine the performance of multiple exciton generation (MEG) solar cells. By investigating non-idealities of MEG models, it is critical to consider non-idealities in Eth for the onset of MEG processes. Detailed balance calculations show that despite a large experimental emphasis on the maximum quantum yield, the threshold energy has a substantial and significant effect. The first effect is that at threshold energies between 2 and 3Eg (for one sun) or 3 and 4Eg for maximum concentration, even theoretical benefits of the MEG process disappear. Since measured values are within this range, this is an important effect to consider. The second effect is that the inclusion of non-ideal threshold energies increases the optimum band gap, moving to values consistent with silicon.
Angular distributions for electron-impact excitation of Mg II, Zn II, and Cu I

Differential cross sections for excitation of Mg II, Zn II, and Cu I from their ground states to the first excited p and d states are calculated for the electron-impact energy range up to 100 eV. In addition, elastic angular distributions for Cu are given at 10 and 100 eV. A five-state close-coupling approximation in which 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, and 4p states are included is used in the Mg II calculation. The 4s, 4p, 3d/sup 9/4s/sup 2/, 5s, and 4d states are included in the close-coupling calculation for Zn II, and the 4s, 3d/sup 9/4s/sup 2/, 4p, and 4d states for Cu I. For all targets, s..-->..p transitions exhibit strong forward scattering. The same is true for the ions for s..-->..d transitions, but for Cu the 6-eV results are nearly isotropic, and a maximum at 6/sup 0/ is found for higher energies.
Shear Zone Asymmetry in the Observed and Simulated Quasi-Biennial Oscillations

Abstract Reasons underlying the asymmetry in shear-zone intensity in the observed and simulated quasi-biennial oscillations are investigated. It is shown that much of the incorrect model asymmetry originates in the differing equipartition laws of the Kelvin and Rossby gravity waves. The observed asymmetry cannot entirely be explained by vertical advection due to the residual mean meridional circulation. It is suggested that latitudinal shear plays a role in the observed shear zone asymmetry by reducing the degree of inflection in the dependence of Rossby-gravity wave vertical group velocity on intrinsic frequency via a curvature-induced change in the effective planetary vorticity gradient. The experiments are suggestive of a possible mechanical dissipation of the Rossby-gravity wave.
Convective heat transfer in the respiratory systems of panting animals.

Abstract Theoretical considerations illustrate that the heat lost by evaporation of water from moist surfaces cannot be equivalent to the heat produced by metabolism when the temperature of ambient air is equal to core body temperature but the difference is within the limits of accuracy of the present methods of measurement. Increased convective heat transfer in the respiratory systems of panting animals due to increased rate of ventilation must be considered part of the total cost of thermal panting if the respiratory air is cooled. This “convective cost” is calculated from measurements of the rate of ventilation and the temperatures of the inspired and expired air and has been shown in some circumstances to be of a magnitude comparable to the metabolic cost of panting.
Association of ectomycorrhizal mats with Pacific yew and other understory trees in coniferous forests

This study was designed to determine whether ectomycorrhizal mats (ECM) are more likely to be present in soils at the base of common understory trees than in soils distant from trees and to determine whether occurrence of ECM is related to tree size. Three understory trees were studied: Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia Nutt.), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.)Sarg), and vine maple (Acer circinatum Pursh). The 12 sites studied represent a range of climatic conditions and management histories. More than 2,900 plots were surveyed over 18 months. The incidence of ECM was higher at the base of all three species than in control plots. Incidence of mats was also positively correlated with tree size. Saplings consistently had a lower incidence of ECM than did larger trees.
Proton-implanted 850-nm photonic crystal vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with improved performance

Proton-implanted 850-nm photonic crystal vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers are fabricated and characterized. Strong and more stable index guiding is introduced, resulting in planar lasers with generally decreased threshold current and increased slope efficiency.
Analysis of feeding behavior of group housed growing-finishing pigs

Feeding behavior and time spent eating contains valuable information that can be used for managing livestock, identifying sick animals, and determining genetic differences within a herd. Individual animal feeding behavior, in a commercial-sized pen, was recorded using radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology and a series of multiplexers. Data were collected on 960 pigs (mixed barrows, 406 and gilts, 600) over 4 grow-out periods. The animals entered the facility at 24.6+/-5.4kg (mean+/-standard deviation) at approximately 65days of age and exited the facility at 101.4+/-13.8kg (between 116 and 133days later). Time spent at the feeder was analyzed for the effects of days on feed, sex, weight gain, and health effects. The amount of time spent at the feeder averaged 68.8minday^-^1pig^-^1 over the grow-out period, and increased from the day the pigs enter the facility (24.0+/-1.6minday^-^1pig^-^1; mean+/-standard error) until plateauing at approximately 40days later (76.7+/-2.4minday^-^1pig^-^1; age~105days). After the plateau, barrows spent 13.6 more minutes per day at the feeder than gilts. Pigs classified as 'high gaining' (79.2+/-5.1minday^-^1pig^-^1) spent more time at the feeder than pigs classified as either 'normal' (72.6+/-2.6minday^-^1pig^-^1) or 'low gaining' (67.6+/-5.3minday^-^1pig^-^1). This initial manuscript demonstrates the potential of utilizing feeding behavior or time spent eating as a method of managing animals.
Tracking with particle filtering in tertiary wireless sensor networks

Recent advances of wireless sensor networks have presented some very interesting problems for signal processing. For practical reasons, many networks are composed of simple sensors that use very little power and do not consume much communication bandwidth. A class of sensors that satisfy these requirements are the tertiary sensors. They report an approaching event with one signal and a receding event with another signal. When the event is out of their range, they do not report anything. In this paper, we apply particle filtering for processing signals from tertiary sensor networks with the purpose of tracking events (targets) within the field of the sensor network. We present an algorithm for tracking and demonstrate its performance by computer simulations.
Malacoplakia of the bladder in a 16-year-old girl.

Malacoplakia is a rare disease of the urinary tract, especially in children, with only 15 reported pediatric cases in the English literature. We report on a 16-year-old girl who presented with renal insufficiency and multiple bladder masses. CASE REPORT A 16-year-old girl was admitted to the hospital for a possible seizure. Evaluation revealed a creatinine of 3.0 mg/dl (normal 0.7 to 1.5) and an Escherichia coli urinary tract infection. The patient had developmental delay and was unable to give a reliable symptom history but the family denied any history of flank pain, urinary tract infection, dysuria, hematuria, frequency or incontinence. She was on no medications at home. Renal ultrasonography demonstrated echogenic kidneys bilaterally with caliceal dilatation and multiple polypoid solid bladder masses with blood flow by color Doppler (fig. 1). Diuretic renography showed minimal function of the left kidney but no obstruction. Voiding cystourethrography revealed multiple filling defects in the bladder and grade I vesicoureteral reflux bilaterally. Retrograde pyelograms demonstrated dilatation of the calices bilaterally, normal ureters and no filling defects in the upper tracts. Cystoscopy showed multiple yellow-tan polypoid smooth masses, which were biopsied. Histological changes were consistent with malacoplakia. The patient was never febrile while in the hospital and the seizure evaluation was negative. She was discharged home on oral fluoroquinolone and bethanechol therapy for 3 months. She remained asymptomatic. Followup ultrasonography revealed resolution of the bladder polyps and no change in the kidneys. Repeat bladder biopsy was negative for malacoplakia. Urine culture was negative off of antibiotic prophylaxis. DISCUSSION
Jury Verdicts Against Auditors under Precise and Imprecise Accounting Standards

U.S. auditors are concerned that the greater imprecision in accounting standards under IFRS will lead to increased legal liability. We conduct an experiment with 749 mock jurors to examine how juries evaluate auditor conduct under precise and imprecise standards. We find that juries return more verdicts against auditors under imprecise standards than under precise standards – but only when the audit client’s accounting is less aggressive and deviates from industry norms. These negative consequences are eliminated when the less aggressive accounting is instead consistent with industry norms, suggesting that auditors should be able to anticipate and avoid increased legal exposure under imprecise standards. We also find that when the audit client’s accounting is more aggressive, jurors return fewer verdicts against auditors under imprecise standards than precise standards. Taken together, our results suggest that imprecise standards are a double-edged sword that increases verdicts against auditors in some circumstances and decreases verdicts against auditors in other circumstances.
Novel diagnostic test for acute stroke.

Background and Purpose— The absence of a widely available and sensitive diagnostic test for acute cerebral ischemia remains a significant limitation in the diagnosis and management of stroke. The objective of this study was to examine the feasibility of developing a diagnostic panel of blood-borne biochemical markers of cerebral ischemia. Methods— Serial blood samples were obtained from patients (n=65 with suspected ischemic stroke, n=157 control subjects) presenting to an academic medical center emergency department. We analyzed 26 blood-borne markers believed to play a role in the ischemic cascade and created a 3-variable logistic regression model to predict the clinical diagnosis of stroke, defined as persistent neurological symptoms of cerebral ischemia lasting >24 hours. Results— Of the 26 blood-borne markers analyzed, univariate logistic analysis revealed that 4 were highly correlated with stroke ( P P =0.1, our logistic model provided a sensitivity and specificity of 90% for predicting stroke. Conclusions— A panel of blood-borne biochemical markers may be helpful in identifying patients with acute cerebral ischemia who could benefit from urgent care. Such a test may also be helpful in identifying stroke patients in the prehospital setting so that they could be fast-tracked to an institution equipped to care for patients with acute stroke.
A Note on Comparing Two Binomial Proportions in Confirmatory Noninferiority Trials

We evaluate the performance of two commonly used methods to construct confidence intervals for noninferiority decisions when the primary end point is binary. The two methods are the classical asymptotic normal approximation procedure and the same procedure with the Hauck-Anderson type of continuity correction. Simulations were conducted to explore the rate of erroneously concluding noninferiority when the new treatment is worse than the active control by the amount defined by the noninferiority margin. The evaluation was conducted with sample sizes relevant to the confirmatory trials. Based on the findings from the simulations, we provide some practical guidance to individuals responsible for the analysis of such trial data.
An Infinity-sample Theory for Multi-category Large Margin Classification

The purpose of this paper is to investigate infinity-sample properties of risk minimization based multi-category classification methods. These methods can be considered as natural extensions to binary large margin classification. We establish conditions that guarantee the infinity-sample consistency of classifiers obtained in the risk minimization framework. Examples are provided for two specific forms of the general formulation, which extend a number of known methods. Using these examples, we show that some risk minimization formulations can also be used to obtain conditional probability estimates for the underlying problem. Such conditional probability information will be useful for statistical inferencing tasks beyond classification.
Resistance and the underlife: Informal written literacies and their relationship to human information behavior

This article presents findings from a research study (Trace, 2004) that looked at a particular aspect of human information behavior: children's information creation in a classroom setting. In the portion of the study described here, naturalism and ethnomethodology are used as theoretical frameworks to investigate informal documents as an information genre. Although previous studies have considered the role of informal documents within the classroom, little sustained attention has been paid to pre-adolescents, particularly in terms of how they create unofficial or vernacular literacies both to navigate their growing awareness of the formal (albeit sometimes “hidden”) curriculum and, on occasion, to subvert it, positing an alternative economy that itself can be “hidden” via surreptitious use of informal documents. Making explicit the ties that exist between these objects and the worlds in which they are embedded demonstrates that informal documents hold a particular relevance for children within this social context (Garfinkel & Bittner, 1999). Furthermore, this article demonstrates that an ethnomethodologically informed viewpoint of information creation brings a level of dignity and determination to an individual's human information behavior, allowing us to appreciate the human ability to recontextualize or reenvisage sanctioned or official information genres to meet our own needs and purposes. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Association of Time Since Deployment, Combat Intensity, and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms With Neuropsychological Outcomes Following Iraq War Deployment

Context: Previous research has demonstrated neuropsychological changes following Iraq deployment. It is unknown whether these changes endure without subsequent war-zone exposure or chronic stress symptoms. Objective: To determine the associations of time since deployment, combat intensity, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression symptoms with longer-term neuropsychological outcomes in war-deployed soldiers. Design: Prospective cohort study involving (1) soldiers assessed at baseline (median, 42 days prior to deployment) and following return from Iraq (median, 404 days after return and 885 days since baseline), and (2) soldiers more recently returned from deployment assessed at baseline (median, 378 days prior to deployment) and following return from Iraq (median, 122 days after return and 854 days since baseline assessment).
A co-design modeling approach for computer network systems

Co-design modeling is considered key toward handling the complexity and scale of network systems. The ability to separately specify the software and hardware aspects of computer network systems offers new capabilities beyond what is supported in modeling frameworks and tools such as NS-2 and OPNET. The DEVS/DOC simulation environment supports logical co-design specification based on the distributed object computing (DOC) abstract model. To overcome DEVS/DOC's lack of support for visual and persistent modeling, this paper presents SESM/DOC, a novel approach, which is based on the scaleable entity structure modeler (SESM), a component-based modeling framework. This approach supports logical, visual and persistent modeling. Modelers can develop software and hardware models separately and systematically integrate them to specify a family of computer network system designs. This paper details the SESM/DOC co-design modeling approach with the help of a search engine system example, and presents a discussion for future research directions.
Keratinization in odontogenic tumors

The potential of odontogenic epithelium to keratinize in the form of ghost cells is demonstrated in the histologic variants of a number of odontongic tumors. Although the cells lack keratohyaline granules, they do contain abundant tonofilaments and probably represent an altered form of keratin. The presence of this material in odontogenic tumors does not appear to alter clinical occurence or clinical behavior.
Community-Acquired Bacterial Meningitis in Adults: Categorization of Causes and Timing of Death

The relationship between cause and timing of death in 294 adults who had been hospitalized with community-acquired bacterial meningitis was investigated. For 74 patients with community-acquired bacterial meningitis who died during hospitalization, the underlying and immediate causes of death were identified according to the criteria of the World Health Organization and National Center for Health Statistics. Patients were classified into 3 groups: category I, in which meningitis was the underlying and immediate cause of death (59% of patients; median duration of survival, 5 days); category II, in which meningitis was the underlying but not immediate cause of death (18%; median duration of survival, 10 days); and category III, in which meningitis was neither the underlying nor immediate cause of death (23%; median duration of survival, 32 days). In a substantial proportion of adults hospitalized with community-acquired bacterial meningitis, meningitis was neither the immediate nor the underlying cause of death. A 14-day survival end point discriminated between deaths attributable to meningitis and those with another cause.
Risk and Return in Organizational Decision Making

Examining the association between managerial assessments of risk and expected return using nonexperimental data from specific commercial lending decisions, we found that risk-return associations de...
Monoclonal antithyroglobulin antibodies derived from immunizations of mice with human eye muscle and thyroid membranes

A mouse hybridoma clone secreting an immunoglobulin M monoclonal antibody (K-5-4), which reacted with human thyroglobulin (Tg), was obtained from spleen cells of mice immunized with crude membranes of human eye muscle tissues (Em). Its binding to Tg could be inhibited by another monoclonal anti-Tg (Fl-11-1) derived from spleen cells of mice immunized with human thyroid cell membranes, but K-5-4 did not inhibit the binding of Fl-11-1 to Tg. This finding suggests that K-5-4 may react with a site on the Tg molecule which is susceptible to conformational changes, such as that induced by binding of another anti-Tg antibody at another site on Tg. K-5- 4 reacted with human, mouse, rat, guinea pig, bovine, and porcine Tg. Bindingand immunohistological staining experiments failed to detect binding of K-5-4 toEm tissue. The very low frequency of one Tg-reacting hybridoma from 6 X 108 spleen cells fused after Em immunization contrasts with the relative ease with which monoclonal anti-Tgs were generated from spleen c...
Recent references: September through December 1986

In support of a continuing program of systematic evaluation of nuclear structure data, the National Nuclear Data Center maintains a complete computer file of references to the nuclear physics literature. Each reference is tagged by a keyword string, which indicates the kinds of data which are contained in the article. The publisher has given separate DOIs to each key section in this volume. They are: 1) Recent references: September through December 1986 - 10.1016/S0090-3752(87)80080-7; 2) Key numbers and keywords - DOI 10.1016/S0090-3752(87)80081-9; 3) Reaction index - 10.1016/S0090-3752(87)80082-0; 4) References - DOI 10.1016/S0090-3752(87)80083-2; 5) Secondary Sources - DOI 10.1016/S0090-3752(87)80084-4.