cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Initiation of synchronized neuronal bursting in neocortex

Epilepsy is characterized by highly synchronized paroxysmal bursts of activity within a large population of cortical neurones. Because such spontaneous, synchronized discharges can occur even in isolated blocks of neocortex, mechanisms for initiating and coordinating this activity must reside within the cortex itself. However, the specific cellular properties and local neural circuitry responsible for such behaviour are unknown. In a previous study of neocortex in vitro, we found that treatment with the convulsants penicillin and bicuculline led to synchronized bursts which were driven by unusually large and long-lasting excitatory synaptic conductances. I now report evidence that synchronized bursts are initiated by a small, spacially discrete subpopulation of cells located in the area comprising layer IV and upper layer V. Neural elements in these layers appear to project paroxysmal synaptic excitation radially, onto the neurones of other layers.
Lamin-A Levels Limit 3D-Migration but Protect against Migration-Induced Apoptosis

Cell migration through dense matrix or tissue has often been seen to involve large nuclear contortions. The nucleoskeletal protein Lamin-A is variably expressed between cells and shown here to have a strong effect on 3D-migration of diverse cell types involved in disease or regeneration. Crawling through tissue is modeled by motility through micro-pores, with small decreases in Lamin-A producing large increases in net migration. Surprisingly, the sensitivity to Lamin-A changes is greatest when Lamin-A is low relative to constitutive Lamin-B's. Nuclear shape changes after micro-pore migration as well as nuclear response times in micropipette aspiration scale strongly with Lamin-A:B stoichiometry across cell types, revealing Lamin-A's role in nuclear plasticity and Lamin-B's role in nuclear elasticity. Lamin-A also protects against apoptosis induced by micro-pore migration, with deeply deficient cells showing defects in stress-resistance. Xenografts provide in vivo insight and show moderately low Lamin-A levels promote growth of the graft. The nuclear lamina thus acts as a physical impediment to motility and also promotes survival in withstanding the mechanical stresses of migration.
The Convenience of Environmental lgnorance

(1977). The Convenience of Environmental lgnorance. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 249-253.
WOCE, interbasin exchanges, and marginal sea overflows

One of the classical oceanographic problems that the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) will be able to address concerns the formation mechanisms of the oceans' dominant water masses and their subsequent spread thoughout the world's oceans. The formation sites for water mass end members are often mediterranean (or partly enclosed) seas where distinct water mass property characteristics are efficiently produced because of the relatively small volumes of these seas and because of their restricted communication with the ocean interior. The distributions of individual marginal sea water mass characteristics in ocean interiors have proven to be valuable diagnostics for the general circulation. Despite the variety of water mass formation sites on the globe, there exists a strong commonality in the world ocean water mass characteristics. The relative homogeneity is attributable to the active interchange of waters between the oceans. Such interbasin exchange may be thought of as the global adjustment of the oceans to differential thermohaline forcing.
Concurrent validity and clinical usefulness of several individually administered tests of children's social-emotional cognition.

In this study, the validity of 5 tests of children's social–emotional cognition, defined as their encoding, memory, and interpretation of social information, was tested. Participants were 126 clinic-referred children between the ages of 5 and 17. All 5 tests were evaluated in terms of their (a) concurrent validity, (b) incremental validity, and (c) clinical usefulness in predicting social functioning. Tests included measures of nonverbal sensitivity, social language, and social problem solving. Criterion measures included parent and teacher report of social functioning. Analyses support the concurrent validity of all measures, and the incremental validity and clinical usefulness of tests of pragmatic language and problem solving.
Telework Considerations for Public Managers with Strategies for Increasing Utilization

Literature was reviewed to investigate the extent of teleworking in public organizations and to identify management strategies to encourage telework utilization. The benefits of teleworking are contrasted with its challenges. Concepts grounded in Expectancy Theory, Leonard, Beauvais and Scholl’s (1999) Meta-theory of Work Motivation, and to a lesser extent McClelland’s Needs Trichotomy (Mc Clelland, 1966) are integrated to provide support for high performance telework management strategies. These strategies include developing an inventory of diverse team skills and competencies, promoting cognitive diversity, utilizing a collaborative management style, promoting trust and unity, facilitating the use of collaborative technology, introducing interdependence to tasks, and implementing a fair reward system. Finally, conclusions with implications for management and suggestions for future research are offered.
Survey of 1264 patients with orbital tumors and simulating lesions: The 2002 Montgomery Lecture, part 1.

Abstract Objective To determine the incidence of specific orbital tumors based on patients referred to an ocular oncology center. Design Retrospective, observational case series. Participants A total of 1264 consecutive patients referred to an ocular oncology service because of space-occupying orbital lesions. Methods A retrospective chart review was carried out for 1264 consecutive patients referred for a suspected orbital mass over a 30-year period. The lesions were grouped into general categories, as shown in "Results." The specific diagnosis in each case was based on clinical findings, computed tomography scan results, magnetic resonance imaging results, and histopathologic analysis results, when available. The number and percentage of benign and malignant tumors per age group also was determined. Main outcome measures The incidence of orbital tumors and pseudotumors. Results Among 1264 consecutive patients, the number and percentage of lesions in each general category were as follows: cystic, 70 cases (6%); vasculogenic, 213 cases (17%); peripheral nerve lesions, 23 (2%); optic nerve and meningeal tumors, 105 (8%); fibrocytic lesions, 13 (1%); osseous and fibro-osseous tumors, 21 (2%); cartilaginous lesions, 1 ( Conclusions A variety of tumors and pseudotumors can involve the orbit. In this series of 1264 lesions, 64% were benign and 36% were malignant. The percentage of malignant tumors increased with age, with malignancies being common in older patients because of the higher incidence of lymphoma and metastasis in the elderly.
#wheezing: A Content Analysis of Asthma-Related Tweets

We present the results of a Content Analysis of Asthma-related Tweets, which were manually annotated for a number of different content categories, including Experiencer (Self vs. Other vs. Finer-grained distinctions), Medication, Symptoms, Non-English, Information and Triggers, among other things. We used this annotated corpus of Tweets to train machine learning classifiers on unigram and bigram models of the text in order to automatically categorize Tweets according to the annotation scheme. We find that the unigram model best predicts Tweets' categorization. We suggest that Twitter combined with NLP may provide a valuable tool in monitoring chronic conditions such as Asthma.
Effect of RSV Bronchiolitis Practice Guidelines on Resource Utilization

We sought to determine whether institution of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) practice guidelines decreased resource utilization for a heterogeneous population of children hospitalized with RSV bronchiolitis. Patients less than 24 months old with RSV bronchiolitis at a pediatric referral center were identified by retrospective chart review for consecutive RSV seasons. Before the guidelines were instituted patients were less likely to have a documented physician's assessment of response to albuterol, were more likely to have received supplemental oxygen and cardiorespiratory monitoring, and to be discharged on an albuterol regimen. Patients received more albuterol treatments. After the guidelines were in place fewer resources were utilized in the care of patients with RSV bronchiolitis. RSV practice guidelines may simplify and streamline the care of a heterogeneous population of children with bronchiolitis.
Cover-Copy-Compare: A Method for Enhancing Evidence-Based Instruction

Cover-copy-compare is a practical, low-cost, effective strategy for teachers to add to their repertoires of evidence-based practices. This article describes the cover-copy-compare strategy and how it can be applied to teach both self-management and basic academic skills. A variety of ways this strategy can be used across content areas are suggested along with ideas for how teachers can maximize their use of the strategy.
Control design for force balance sensors

This paper describes a design methodology for force balance sensors and applies it to the design of a tunneling accelerometer. A controller based on feedback from estimated states is a natural basis for the design. It provides a controller with a rich choice of design methods. The feedback gains can be used to tune the motion of the mass but they do not influence the sensor transfer function that is uniquely given by the filter gains. Since low currents and small distances are measured, noise is an important factor. The main contributions are thermal noise from the air molecules hitting the mass, Johnson-Nyquist noise in the input resistor of the transimpedance amplifier, and tunneling noise. The effects of noise are analyzed giving fundamental limitations for the achievable resolution. The properties of the system are illustrated by simulations and experiments.
MRC and GSC diversity combining with an output threshold

Diversity combining greatly improves the performance of wireless communication systems in fading environment. However, it also increases the power consumption of the receiver. In this paper, we investigate variants of known diversity combining schemes that minimize the processing power at the receiver while still providing considerable performance improvement. In particular, we carry out a thorough performance versus power consumption tradeoff analysis of output-thresholded versions of maximum ratio combining (MRC) and generalized selection combining (GSC) schemes. Numerical examples show that the output thresholded combining schemes lead to considerably less average power consumption than conventional schemes while providing nearly the same performance.
Isolation of the kinetoplast DNA of Leishmania tarentolae in the form of a network.

SYNOPSIS The major kinetoplast DNA complement of Leishmania tarentolae promastigotes has been isolated as a single sheet of interconnected molecules on the basis of its relative stability to shear forces and its high sedimentation coefficient. Two successive differential centrifugations were sufficient to recover 50 ± 10% of the total kinetoplast DNA free of nuclear DNA contamination. We use the term “network” to describe this unusual type of DNA configuration. Leishmania networks have a molecular weight of ∼1010 daltons and an S20,W in neutral sucrose gradients of 1729 7plusmn; 189 [n = 19] and exhibit an extremely low specific viscosity due to the compactness of packing of the DNA. The networks were visualized in the electron microscope, and in the light microscope either by fluorescence in solution after staining with acridine orange or in dried smears after staining with Giemsa. Purified networks from stationary phase cells banded in the position characteristic of closed monomeric minicircles in ethidum bromide-CsCl equilibrium gradients, and were stable in alkaline sucrose. Treatment of the closed networks with RNase and pronase had no effect on the ethidium bromide-CsCl banding pattern. However, treatment of closed networks with DNase I or II, X-irradiation or γ-irradiation changed the banding pattern by introducing single strand and double strand breaks, yielding an upper band and in some cases a intermediate band.
CHAOS THEORY AND STRATEGY: THEORY, APPLICATION, AND MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS

This paper argues that chaos theory provides a useful theorectical framework for understanding the dynamic evolution of industries and the complex interactions among industry actors. It is argued that industries can be conceptualized and modeled as complex, dynamic systems, which exhibit both unpredictability and underlying order. The relevance of chaos theory for strategy is discussed, and a number of managerial implications are suggested. To illustrate the application of chaos theory, a simulation model is presented that depicts the interactions between a manufacturer of computers, its suppliers, and its market. The results of the simulation demonstrate how managers might underestimate the costs of international production. The paper concludes that, by understanding industries as complex systems, managers can improve decision making and search for innovative solutions.
Nutritional status of Mexican American preschool children in a border town

One hundred seventy preschool children of Mexican descent were evaluated for nutritional status. Results from physical measurements, dietary, biochemical, dental evaluations and medical histories are reported. One-thirdof the children had heights one or more standard deviations below the mean of Iowa Growth Standards while one-fourth of the children had weights below the 16th percentile. Twelve percent of the children did not meet two-thirds of the 1968 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for energy; all children ingested more than two-thirds of 1968 RDA for protein. Protein supplied 11-12%, fat 35-40%, and carbohydrate 46-54% of the energy. Eleven percent of the children did not meet two-thirds of the RDA for calcium; 44% for iron; 13% for thiamin; none for riboflavin; 23% for preformed niacin; 7% for vitamin A; and 29% for ascorbic acid. None of the subjects had low plasma total protein or albumin values. Slightly more than half of the children exhibited iron deficiency based on determinations of serum iron and iron-binding capacity. Less than 1% had low plasma vitamin A levels while 9% had plasmaascorbic acid values of < 0.3 mg/ 100 ml. Essentially all children had adequate levels of thiamin, riboflavin, and iodine in urine. Some 90% of the children over 3 years of age were in need of dental care. A high percentage of children had not been immunized while the rate of childhoon diseases was higher among the study populationthan is found in the United States as a whole. Am. J. Clin. Nut,'. 27: 1359-1368, 1974.
A Magic Equation: Delta Bonds Plus Bicyclic Guanidinates Equals Strong Reducing Agents

Reactions of bicyclic guanidinates with dimolybdenum and ditungsten precursors having quadruple bonded units with a σ2π4δ2 (Q) electronic configuration have generated the most easily ionized, chemically stable species and very strong reducing agents. Analogous rhenium compounds have led to the formation of species having dimetal units in unusually high oxidation states. Here we review this chemistry and the accounts that explain such behaviour that has been attributed to the interaction of the π electrons of the guanidinate C(N)3 core with the electrons that give rise to the delta bond of the dimetal units.
Exploring Fine-Grained Fault Tolerance for Nanotechnology Devices With the Recursive NanoBox Processor Grid

Advanced molecular nanotechnology devices are predicted to have exceedingly high transient fault rates and large numbers of inherent device defects compared to conventional CMOS devices. We describe and evaluate the Recursive NanoBox Processor Grid as an application specific, fault-tolerant, parallel computing system designed for fabrication with unreliable nanotechnology devices. In this study we construct hardware description language models of a NanoBox Processor cell and evaluate the effectiveness of our recursive fault masking approach in the presence of random errors. Our analysis shows that complex circuits constructed with encoded lookup tables can operate correctly despite 2% of the nodes being in error. The circuits operate partially correct with up to 4% of the nodes being in error
Seroprevalence and Ethnic Differences in Helicobacter pylori Infection among Adults in the United States

The seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection was examined in the adult US population and among different ethnic groups. Stored sera from 7465 adult participants in the first phase of the third National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (1988-1991) were tested with a sensitive and specific IgG ELISA, to diagnose infection. Seroprevalence of H. pylori among all participants was 32. 5%. This increased with age, from 16.7% for persons 20-29 years old to 56.9% for those > or =70 years old. Age-adjusted prevalence was substantially higher among non-Hispanic blacks (52.7%) and Mexican Americans (61.6%) than among non-Hispanic whites (26.2%). After controlling for age and other associated factors, the odds ratios relative to non-Hispanic whites decreased for non-Hispanic blacks, from 3.9 (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.1-4.9) to 3.3 (95% CI, 2. 6-4.2), and for Mexican Americans, from 6.3 (95% CI, 4.8-8.3) to 2.3 (95% CI, 1.6-3.5). The high prevalence of H. pylori infection among non-Hispanic blacks and Mexican Americans is partially explained by other factors associated with infection.
Hypopharyngeal cancer incidence, treatment, and survival: Temporal trends in the United States

Objectives/Hypothesis The objective was to characterize incidence, treatment, and survival for hypopharyngeal cancer in the United States between 1988 and 2010, and to analyze associations between changes in treatment modality and survival. Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Methods A total of 3,958 adult patients with hypopharyngeal cancer were identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Incidence, treatment, and survival, controlling for patient demographics and disease severity, were analyzed using two-tailed t tests, Kaplan-Meier analysis, and univariate and multivariate Cox regression. Results The incidence of hypopharyngeal cancer decreased from 1973 to 2010 with an average annual percent change (APC) of −2.0% every year (P < .05). Treatment with laryngopharyngectomy decreased (−2.5% APC, P < .001), treatment with radiotherapy without surgery increased (+2.0% APC, P < .001), and treatment with neither surgery nor radiotherapy increased (+0.5% APC, P < .001) between 1988 and 2010. There was a significant increase in the 5-year overall survival between 1988 and 1990 and between 1991 and 1995 (P = .024) with no other significant temporal trends in survival. Multivariate analysis revealed that age (65–74, 75–84, or 85+ relative to 18–54 years old), race (white relative to non-African races), T stage (T2, T3, or T4 relative to T1), N stage (N2 or N3 relative to N0), and treatment modality (−surgery/−radiation, −surgery/+radiation, and +surgery/−radiation relative to +surgery/+radiation) were all significantly associated with worse survival. Conclusions Hypopharyngeal cancer has had a decreasing incidence with little change in patient or tumor characteristics. Treatment has increasingly involved radiation without laryngopharyngectomy. This has not been associated with a decrease in survival. Controlling for patient demographics and disease severity, radiation with laryngopharyngectomy is associated with improved survival. Level of Evidence 2b Laryngoscope, 124:2064–2069, 2014
Late outcome of repair of congenital coronary artery fistulas—a word of caution

Objectives We reviewed our experience with repair of congenital coronary artery fistulas. Methods From June 1983 to December 2009, 46 patients (median age, 59 years; range, 1-84 years) underwent surgical repair. The presenting symptoms included angina in 16 patients (35%), congestive heart failure in 11 (24%), and bacterial endocarditis in 5 (11%). Preoperatively, 9 patients (20%) had at least moderate tricuspid regurgitation. Coronary artery dominance was right in 38 patients (83%). Coronary artery aneurysms were found in 8 patients (17%). The most common pattern was right coronary artery-to-coronary sinus fistula (18 patients, 39%); 11 patients had (23%) more than 1 fistula. One patient had undergone previous coil embolization. Results Cardiopulmonary bypass was used in 39 patients (85%), with extracardiac and intracardiac repair performed in 30 (65%) and 16 (35%), respectively. The most common associated procedures were coronary artery bypass in 13 patients (28%). Early mortality occurred in 1 patient (2%). Postoperative myocardial infarction occurred in 5 patients (11%); 4 of these patients underwent simple ligation or division of their fistulas. The mean follow-up was 6 ± 5.8 years (maximum, 22 years). Late mortality occurred in 11 patients (24%). Two patients underwent reoperation for severe tricuspid regurgitation. Survival was significantly reduced compared with the age- and gender-matched population ( P = .03). Residual fistulas were detected in 3 patients (6%), with no reintervention needed. Conclusions Perioperative myocardial infarction is an important complication of ligation of coronary artery fistulas and can contribute to reduced late survival. The tricuspid valve should be evaluated carefully at repair because of the relatively high rate of residual regurgitation in survivors.
Understanding effect of Teflon room temperature phase transition on coax cable delay in order to improve the measurement of TE signals of deuterated polarized targets

A half-lambda-wavelength teflon cable is part of a tuned circuit for the measurement of polarization in nuclear polarized targets. In trying to improve this measurement, the author noticed a large change (0.1%) in electrical cable length as the teflon goes through a room-temperature chemical-molecular phase transition. He reports some test results on commercially available cables. Measurements indicate that the electrical length of the cable changes by 1000 ppm over a 13-19 degrees C change. The amplitude of the thermal equilibrium (TE) signal is equivalent to a change in the cable length of approximately 0.6 ppm. It was possible to keep the cable length stable to better than 0.1 ppm by understanding the phase transition effect. Hence, it could be expected that the TE measurement will be improved by an order of magnitude. >
MultiSense: fine-grained multiplexing for steerable camera sensor networks

Steerable sensors, such as pan-tilt-zoom video cameras, expose programmable actuators to applications, which steer them in different directions based on their goals. Despite being expensive to deploy and maintain, existing steerable sensor networks allow only a single application to control them due to the slow speed of their mechanical actuators. To address the problem, we design MultiSense to enable fine-grained multiplexing by (i) exposing a virtual sensor to each application and (ii) optimizing the time to context-switch between virtual sensors and satisfy requests.We implement MultiSense in Xen and explore how well proportional share scheduling, along with extensions for state restoration and request batching, satisfies the unique requirements of steerable sensors in the form of pan-tilt-zoom video cameras. We present experiments that show MultiSense efficiently isolates the performance of virtual cameras, allowing concurrent applications to satisfy conflicting goals. As one example, we enable a tracking application to photograph an object moving at nearly 3 mph every 23 ft along its trajectory at a distance of 300 ft, while supporting a security application that photographs a fixed point every 3 seconds
Sea-Salt Size Distributions from Breaking Waves: Implications for Marine Aerosol Production and Optical Extinction Measurements during SEAS*

The authors’ participation in the Shoreline Environment Aerosol Study (SEAS) involved measurements focused on the coastal aerosol size distribution and related optical measurements, including aerosol light scattering, visibility, and remote sensing of aerosol using lidar backscatter. Aerosol production from shoreline breaking waves and the more distant reef (;1 km) was characterized for dry sizes between 0.01 and 10 mm for both their contribution to the marine aerosol population and their influence on near-surface lidar extinction. Thermal volatility was used to extract the refractory sea-salt particles from the other constituents volatile at 360 8C. At 7 m ASL and 20 m inland from the water’s edge the production of sea-salt nuclei number was often in the range of 50‐100 cm23 above the open-ocean value of ;250 cm23. This number peak was near 0.03-mm dry diameter, while light scattering was dominated by a few particles larger than 1 mm. This indicates that production of sea salt from breaking waves contributes not only to aerosol mass and optical effects but also to nuclei mode particle number in remote regions. Separate studies of optical closure quantified links between the size distribution and optical scattering measurements, visibility, and extinction values for both nearshore breaking waves and openocean conditions. These data confirmed that extinction derived from coastal lidar measurements at 0.530 mm was accurate to better than the 25% uncertainty claimed for the lidar inversion.
Cost of accidental carbon monoxide poisoning: A preventable expense

Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is common in the United States, accounting for hundreds of deaths and thousands of emergency department visits annually. It is believed that most accidental CO poisoning is preventable through public education, warning labels on consumer products, and uniform use of residential CO alarms. However, cost effectiveness of these prevention strategies has not been demonstrated in the United States to date. It was the objective of this study to estimate societal cost of accidental CO poisoning and evaluate the cost-effectiveness of universal installation of residential CO alarms. Published studies and data from the English language literature were used in to estimate direct hospital costs and lost earnings resulting from accidental CO poisoning. The study was performed in the US in 2015. Approximately 6600 individuals are estimated to sustain long-term cognitive sequela annually, with total loss in earnings of approximately $925 million, 334 individuals die from accidental, non-fire related CO poisoning with an average loss of 26 years of productivity accounting for $355 million, and 2800 are hospitalized with acute medical care costs of $33 million. Available data indicate that accidental CO poisoning in the US conservatively costs society over $1.3 billion, resulting from direct hospital costs and lost earnings. Further, it demonstrates a positive cost-benefit ratio for the uniform use of residential CO alarms.
Bentonite Sealing Methods Compared in the Field

Two field studies were designed to test methods of sealing with bentonite. Twelve small reservoirs were constructed at each site. Utah bentonite was installed as the following types of seals: (1) waterborne-harrowed, (2) waterborne-over-a-gravel surface, (3) surface blanket, (4) buried blanket, and (5) buried membrane. The waterborne-harrowed seals were short lived. The waterborne seals on reservoirs with graveled surfaces were effective only slightly longer, becoming ineffective after the third season. The 4-in. surface blanket seals were more durable, their effectiveness lasting about five seasons. The buried blanket and buried membrane seals proved to be the best, retaining 60% effectiveness 6 yrs. after installation. Seal costs varied from $0.20 to $1.30 per sq yd of soil surface. These costs are comparable with other methods of sealing, such as plastics.
A UX workflow for building awesome applications

Though usability is a must for all new applications, small organizations often lag behind in this area. This trend is frequently posed as a resource problem: User Experience design (UX) teams, usability testing software, and professional web developers are typically lacking in cash-strapped small businesses, non-profits, and educational institutions, so creating cutting-edge designs may seem impossible. We propose that what is lacking in these settings is actually knowledge of effective design workflows, however, not resources. What is lacking is a sound understanding of UX and an effective means of mobilizing existing resources. Based on a case study of a redesign process for a mobile application, we present evidence that all organizations can build awesome applications if they simply learn how to better manage their design processes.
Science Signaling Podcast for 15 March 2016: An inflammatory peptide in blood vessels

Abstract This Podcast features an interview with Giovanna Tosato, author of a Research Article that appears in the 15 March 2016 issue of Science Signaling, about a peptide that promotes inflammation in blood vessels. Listen to Podcast
Case Report: Analgesic Nephropathy: A Soda and a Powder

Analgesic nephropathy has long been considered a potentially preventable cause of renal disease. Early reports were described in patients who consumed analgesics containing phenacetin. In recent data, the removal of phenacetin from analgesic preparations resulted in a reduction in analgesic-induced end stage renal disease in Europe and Australia. However, a reduction in the incidence of analgesic nephropathy has not occurred uniformly, suggesting that phenacetin is not the sole cause. Current data raise concerns regarding adverse renal effects of acetaminophen and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Aspirin taken alone may be of least concern. The diagnosis of analgesic nephropathy is suggested in subjects with chronic renal failure, a history of daily consumption of analgesic preparations, small bumpy kidneys, and renal papillary necrosis or chronic interstitial nephritis. However, the spectrum of disease may be changing, because these agents also may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and chronic renal disease due to nephrosclerosis, glomerulonephritis, and diabetes mellitus. Potential pathogenetic mechanisms in analgesic nephropathy include direct cellular injury induced by analgesics, prostaglandin inhibition with reduction or redistribution of renal blood flow, and interesting new concepts regarding the role of caffeine in increasing oxygen demand and reducing oxygen supply in the medulla. The primary goal of therapy is discontinuation of analgesic consumption. Because of the association between analgesic intake and uroepithelial tumors, surveillance of patients for neoplasm is suggested.
Studies on the cholesterol and fatty acid content in the blood of normal and icteric infants.

Cholesterol and fatty acid studies on blood were undertaken primarily to determine the relation of these substances, if any, to icterus neonatorum, and to establish average values for infants.The method which was employed was that which has been described by Bloor.1 About one hundred determinations were made on the blood of infants and of older children varying in age from one to four and one-half years. Table I shows the results of these determinations in a number of average cases.Non-saponification values were difficult to read in some cases due to the development of a brownish-green color probably caused by the presence of bile derivatives. It will be observed that there are no marked differences in the amounts of fatty acid and of cholesterol in the two series of infants, but the values for blood cholesterol are markedly lower than those which have been given for normal adults. (The effects of the alimentary lipemia persisting, as is usually stated, from 8 to 12 hours, were obviated as far as possible...
The Effect of Pacing and Explicit Costs on Human Decision Making Performance in Inspection

Decision making is a critical component of visual inspection and a primary determinant of inspection quality. Previous studies in inspection have shown that pacing and costs have an effect on decision performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate human decision making performance under different conditions of pacing and cost tradeoffs. The study utilized twelve subjects who performed a decision-making (line judgment) task under paced and unpaced conditions and under various reward and penalty structures associated with various decision making outcomes (hits, correct accepts, false alarm, misses). The results were analyzed using Signal Detection Theory (SDT) measures of sensitivity and response criterion. Explicit costs had a significant effect on the response criterion, whereas pacing had a significant effect on the sensitivity.
Interactive effects of inoculum density, agitation, and PH on dimorphism in a salt marsh isolate of Aureobasidium pullulans

When a salt marsh isolate ofA. pullulans was grown under all combinations of three different hydrogen ion concentrations, two levels of inoculum density, and three agitation rates, both first- and secondorder interactions occurred which affected the percentage of mycelial development as well as mycelial and yeast cell biomass production. Although these interactions indicate that the effect of a single environmental factor on development depends on the level of the other interacting factors, certain trends associated with individual factors were evident. Low agitation favored mycelial development both on a percentage and a dry weight basis while high agitation favored production of yeast cells. High inoculum density tended to promote production of mycelium, whereas a pH of 7.5 inhibited yeast cells.
AS OPORTUNIDADES DOS BIG DATA NOS CUIDADOS DE SAÚDE. QUE CONTRIBUTO PODEM DAR OS ASSUNTOS MÉDICOS

The topic of Big Data has been gathering more and more attention, namely in the healthcare sector. Recently, while participating in a conference where this topic was extensively discussed1, it became clear that there is still need for awareness around the evolution and opportunities associated with the management of large datasets and how the information generated from these sources can change our lives. Big Data has the potential to transform medical practice by integrating different data sources and making use of real time data, to increase patient´s involvement and improve the efficiency of care. Some major challenges are related with understanding its value, ensure security and governance in a way that research, health-care management and patient’s outcomes can be improved. One thought it could be helpful to bring up this discussion to a larger audience, focusing on two main dimensions: the potential impact of Big Data on healthcare and the specific contribution of Medical Affairs (MA). On this regard MA can raise awareness, stimulate adoption of digital tools and electronic data management, support partnerships while mitigating potential safety and commercial risks.
Antidepressant Mechanism of Tribuloside on Chronic Stress Depression Rats By NeuN/BrdU Double Label Method

Objective:To observe the effect of tribuloside on hippocampus of chronic stress depression rats. Methods:All rats were singly housed and exposed to an unpredicted sequence of mild stressor. The behavior of rats was detected by open-field test. And neuron genesis and differentiation in dentate gyrus was observed by BrdU/NeuN. Results:Compared with control group,the weight of rats increased slowly,with little consumption of cane sugar. Squares crossed,rear times and grooming in open-field test reduced,while time of staying in central square and defecation increased significantly(P0.01,P0.05). Fluoxetine or compound tribuloside significantly improved behavioral disorder and BrdU/NeuN immunoreactive cells(P0.05). Conclusion:Tribuloside can improve behavior and BrdU/NeuN immunoreactive cells of depression model rats and has antidepressant function.
Improved Design of a Mixed Flow Tunnel Drier Used for Industrialized Edible Fungus

The common-used, top-mounted-fan tunnel driers, with advantages of less initial investment and simple structure, also disadvantages of low heat energy and bad economic benefits, cannot meet the demands of saving energy and increasing efficiency of company. The air velocity of the improved drier is homogeneous and the waste gas and heat energy can be recycled reasonably, the economic benefits of using drier equipment can be obviously improved, with energy and time both being saved. Related test shows that comparing with the original equipment, the improved drier can economize energy by 20% more, save labor force by 50% and improve averagely daily production by 20% more.
Nutrients and the microenvironment to feed a T cell army

T cells have dramatic functional and proliferative shifts in the course of maintaining immune protection from pathogens and cancer. To support these changes, T cells undergo metabolic reprogramming upon stimulation and again after antigen clearance. Depending on the extrinsic cell signals, T cells can differentiate into functionally distinct subsets that utilize and require diverse metabolic programs. Effector T cells (Teff) enhance glucose and glutamine uptake, whereas regulatory T cells (Treg) do not rely on significant rates of glycolysis. The dependence of these subsets on specific metabolic programs makes T cells reliant on these signaling pathways and nutrients. Metabolic pathways, such as those regulated by mTOR and Myc, augment T cell glycolysis and glutaminolysis programs to promote T cell activity. These pathways respond to signals and control metabolism through both transcriptional or post-transcriptional mechanisms. Epigenetic modifications also play an important role by stabilizing the transcription factors that define subset specific reprogramming. In addition, circadian rhythm cycling may also influence energy use, immune surveillance, and function of T cells. In this review, we focus on the metabolic and nutrient requirements of T cells, and how canonical pathways of growth and metabolism regulate nutrients that are essential for T cell function.
A Double-Sided LC-Compensation Circuit for Loosely Coupled Capacitive Power Transfer

This paper proposes a double-sided LC -compensation circuit for a loosely coupled, long-distance capacitive power transfer (CPT) system. A CPT system usually contains two pairs of metal plates as the capacitive coupler. An LC -compensation circuit resonates with the coupler to generate high voltages, and corresponding electric fields, to transfer power. When the compensation circuit is used on both the primary and secondary sides, it results in a double-sided LC -compensated CPT system. The working principle and frequency properties of the CPT system are analyzed. The results show a similarity with the series–series-compensated inductive power transfer system, which has both constant-voltage (CV) and constant-current (CC) working modes. LC -compensation is also compared with LCLC -compensation in terms of power, frequency properties, and output efficiency. A 150-W double-sided LC -compensated CPT prototype is designed and implemented to demonstrate a loosely coupled CPT system with 2.16% coupling coefficient. For both CC and CV working modes, the experimental results achieve dc–dc efficiencies higher than 70% across an air-gap distance of 180 mm with a switching frequency of 1.5 MHz.
Strengthening the Link between International Conservation Policy and Plant Conservation Genetics to Achieve More Effective Plant Conservation

Although both international conservation policymakers and conservation geneticists have the shared goal of halting the loss of biodiversity, currently these communities have very little interaction. Because the targets of international conservation policy focus very little on the conservation of genetic diversity in wild species, they have received little attention from the plant conservation genetics community. Conservation policymakers should more explicitly include the conservation of genetic diversity of wild species in future targets to ensure that this important aspect of biodiversity is not overlooked for the majority of species on earth and to attain more buy-in from the plant conservation genetics community; I highlight specific ways in which policymakers may more explicitly include genetic diversity in international policy targets. For their part, conservation geneticists need to conduct work that will advance the big-picture goals of conservation policy; here, I discuss specific actions that plant conservation geneticists can take, such as measuring the proportion of genetic diversity that is protected, designing experiments in such a way to measure genetic erosion, and developing protocols to increase the efficiency of ex situ collection efforts. By working together, plant conservation geneticists and conservation policymakers will more effectively accomplish the shared goal of halting the loss of plant biodiversity.
Psychometric Analysis of the Parenting Concerns Questionnaire in Women With Metastatic Cancer

Abstract Context Parenting concerns are a major source of distress for patients with advanced cancer. However, validated tools to measure this construct in advanced cancer patients are lacking. Objectives The Parenting Concerns Questionnaire (PCQ) is the only tool available to assess parenting concerns in cancer patients, yet its psychometric properties have not been fully evaluated. Methods This cross-sectional Web-based survey of the psychosocial concerns included 211 women with Stage IV solid tumor malignancy who had at least one minor child in the home. Participants completed a battery of questionnaires assessing parenting concerns, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), depression and anxiety symptoms, and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Internal consistency was assessed by computing Cronbach's alpha. Convergent validity was evaluated using correlations of the PCQ with anxiety and depression symptom severity and HRQOL. We examined the PCQ's underlying dimensions with confirmatory factor analysis. Results The mean total PCQ score for the sample was 2.2 (SD, 0.7), corresponding to "a little bit concerned." Internal consistency was 0.82. The PCQ demonstrated adequate convergent validity with expected correlations with anxiety ( r = 0.49) and depression ( r = 0.56) symptom severity, and HRQOL ( r = −0.61). The original three-factor structure was not fully supported by confirmatory factor analysis. Conclusion The PCQ assesses a unique aspect of psychological distress in cancer patients. It demonstrated adequate reliability and convergent validity, but its original three-factor structure was not supported in a population of patients with metastatic cancer. The PCQ would benefit from further testing and refinement to enhance its representation of parenting concerns in metastatic cancer.
LaFexCo(1–x)O3 Thin-Film Oxygen Reduction Catalysts Prepared Using Spray Pyrolysis without Conductive Additives

LaFexCo(1–x)O3 thin films were prepared on fluorine-doped tin oxide conducting glass substrates by spray pyrolysis without any conductive additives and evaluated for their ability to catalyze the oxygen reduction reaction. Onset potential and current density were found to be comparable to platinum, and the resulting crystallite size was on the order of 20 nm. Coordination of the precursor metal ions by citrate was found not to be advantageous. Results from multiple scan linear sweep voltammetry suggest lattice oxide saturation during reduction of oxygen and lattice oxide depletion upon water oxidation. The color of the best-performing composition changes dramatically between 1.2 and −1.15 V versus saturated calomel electrode, so X-ray photoelectron spectra of the fully oxidized and reduced films were compared, demonstrating that cobalt in the film changes oxidation state. Performance of the films as a function of iron-to-cobalt ratio is consistent with what others have reported in the literature, indicati...
Justification-Suppression and Normative Window of Prejudice as Determinants of Bias Toward Lesbians, Gays, and Bisexual Adoption Applicants.

Despite gains in equality for lesbians, gays, and bisexuals (LGB), these couples still face discrimination in adoption scenarios. Guided by the normative window of prejudice and the justification-s...
Stability of crude bio-oil and its water-extracted fractions

Abstract Fractionation of crude bio-oil into an organic phase and an aqueous phase by simply adding water and research strategies targeted at producing hydrogen, fuels, or other value-added chemicals from the fractions have been proposed. However, the stability of the bio-oil fractions has not been comprehensively investigated. The objective of this study was to comparatively investigate the stability of crude bio-oil and its two fractions by evaluating their physicochemical properties during long-term storage at room temperature and accelerated aging at 40 °C and 60 °C. Comparing with crude bio-oil, the resulted aqueous phase is more stable; for the organic phase, the stability is also improved in terms of the changes in viscosity and average molecular weight, but not in terms of the increasing water content and total acid number. In overview for all the crude bio-oil and its two fractions, the water content, viscosity, total acid number, and average molecular weight increased with the increase of aging time and temperature; except for acetic acid and propionic acid, which slightly increased in content at all aging conditions, all the other 13 measured chemical contents decreased with the increasing aging time and temperature, indicating that the aging process involved all the six chemical groups of anhydrosugars, carboxylic acids, alcohols, furans, ketones, and phenolics, accelerated at higher temperature.
Clinical Overview of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis is the most common chronic inflammatory polyarthritis characteristically involving the small joints of the hands, wrists, and feet in a symmetric distribution. The primary site of pathology is the synovium of diarthrodial joints. Most patients have rheumatoid factor and/or anti-citrullinated protein antibodies in their serum. Extra-articular manifestations may occur and most commonly involve the skin, lungs, heart, eye, and hematologic system. If untreated joint destruction with deformity and significant organ dysfunction leading to disability and death can occur. The etiology is unknown, but recurrent environmental exposures inciting an autoimmune response in a genetically predisposed individual has been proposed. Over the past two decades, there have been several major advancements in the diagnosis and management of this disease.
The Energy Functional

In [Me73] (see also [DM, XII-39]) Meyer associated with each ξ∈ Exc and u ∈ S a number L(ξ, u) with 0 ≤ L(ξ, u) ≤∞, which generalizes the notion of energy in classical potential theory. We shall proceed in a slightly different manner from that used in [DM, XII-39].
Why Study Vandalism

A major part of my early preparation for the writing of this book involved a broad and deep literature search on the topic of vandalism. Several databases were searched, including education, psychology, criminology, environmental science, sociology, and more. These searches went back 20 years. The product of this energetic effort was curious. While the total number of relevant articles, books, dissertations, and commentaries was large, their appearance by year departed substantially from my initial expectations. As described later in this book, because the problem of vandalism seems to have grown and even accelerated over this 20-year span, I thought there would be a corresponding increase in writings about it. Examination of the collected references, however, revealed a steady buildup through the late 1960s and the 1970s that was not followed in the 1981–1983 period by a continued increase, or a leveling off, or even a steady decline. Instead, theoretical, research, and speculative writing about the nature of vandalism and its reduction virtually ceased in these several bodies of literature in the early 1980s!