cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AFREEs: Active Fiber Reinforced Elastomeric Enclosures

Soft continuum manipulators provide a safe alternative to traditional rigid manipulators, because their bodies can absorb and distribute contact forces. Soft manipulators have near infinite potential degrees of freedom, but a limited number of control inputs. This underactuation means soft continuum manipulators often lack either the controllability or the dexterity to achieve desired tasks. In this work, we present an extension of McKibben actuators, which have well-known models, that increases the controllable degrees of freedom using active reconfiguration of the constraining fibers. These Active Fiber Reinforced Elastomeric Enclosures (AFREEs) preform some combination of length change and twisting, depending on the fiber configuration. Experimental results shows that by changing the fiber angles within a range of -30 to 30 degrees and actuating the resulting configuration between 10.3 kPa and 24.1 kPa, we can achieve twists between ± 60 degrees and displacements between -2 and 4 mm. By additionally controlling the fiber lengths and pressure, we can modify the AFREE kinematics further, creating dynamic behaviors and trajectories of actuation. The presented actuator creates the possibility to reconFigure actuator kinematics to meet desired soft robot motions.
Facilitating Virtual Medicinal Chemistry Active Learning Assignments Using Advanced Zoom Features during COVID-19 Campus Closure

Active student participation is critical to the delivery of medicinal chemistry components of the pharmacy school curriculum. Carefully structured active learning strategies can promote student engagement while increasing course material application. Topic-based active learning assignments can be administered, where learners apply constructed knowledge and skills to complete assignments. The suspension of on-campus classes due to the COVID-19 pandemic prompted the development of innovative ways to deliver active learning assignments without using the school’s physical team rooms. To actively engage learners, the Zoom video teleconferencing platform with breakout rooms was used to conduct medicinal chemistry active learning assignments in a Pharmacotherapeutics IV: Endocrinology course. The students’ assignment scores showed no significant difference when assignments were conducted virtually using Zoom breakout rooms versus on campus, suggesting successful virtual administration of the assignments and students’ prompt adaptation to the new environment. The combination of Zoom-based lectures with actively facilitated Zoom breakout room assignments is an effective active learning strategy.
A 62-Year-Old Woman With Lung Cancer, Ulcerating Rash, and Rapidly Progressive Hypoxemia

Case Presentation A 62-year-old nonsmoking woman with no medical history initially presented with a 3-month history of rash. A painful, erythematous exanthem had progressed from her forehead, cheeks, and upper chest to her eyes (heliotrope rash) and hands, primarily involving the extensor surface finger joints with prominent digital ulceration.
The Genetic Basis and Clinical Impact of Hereditary Alpha-Tryptasemia.

Hereditary alpha-tryptasemia (HαT) is an autosomal dominant genetic trait found in 4% to 6% of the general population and defined by excess copies of alpha-tryptase at TPSAB1. Elevated basal serum tryptase (sBT >8 ng/mL) is a defining feature of HαT and appears to result from increased pro-alpha-tryptase synthesis and secretion rather than mast cell activation. It is estimated that approximately one-third of individuals with HαT have associated symptoms, including cutaneous, gastrointestinal, atopic, musculoskeletal, autonomic, and neuropsychiatric manifestations. HαT is found at a disproportionately high rate in systemic mastocytosis and idiopathic anaphylaxis, and is a modifying factor that independently increases the incidence and severity of anaphylaxis. The varied phenotypes associated with HαT may, in part, result from coinheritance of other genetic variants, increased expression of α-/s-tryptase heterotetramers, and/or overexpression of pro-alpha-tryptase, although further studies are needed. There is an accurate diagnostic test available to confirm HαT in patients that can be used in combination with sBT to help risk-stratify individuals in whom bone marrow biopsy is being considered. There is no specific treatment for symptoms associated with HαT, and management is focused on controlling clinical manifestations with mast cell mediator antagonists, aspirin, inhalers, epinephrine, omalizumab, and involvement of other specialists.
Optical coherence viscometry

We report a technique, named optical coherence viscometry (OCV), to measure the viscosity of Newtonian fluids in a noncontact manner. According to linear wave theory with small amplitudes, capillary waves are associated with fluid mechanical properties. To perform this measurement and avoid the overdamped effects of capillary waves in viscous fluids, transient acoustic radiation force was applied to generate capillary waves. Within a very limited field-of-view using optical coherence tomography, wave motion acquired in the time domain was analyzed using Fourier methods to study the wave velocity dispersion and attenuation relationships for capillary waves, which can reduce the fluid quantity drastically into tissue culture scale. We measure the viscosities of water, water–glycerol solutions with three concentrations, and biological plasma using the proposed OCV and compare the experimental results to theoretical calculations. OCV is sensitive to wave perturbations and can be a promising technique for measuring the viscosity of biological fluids and could be applied in future applications for measurements for lipid membranes in cell biology and tissue engineering investigation.
Conservation, militarisation and apartheid in Caprivi

If the Muldergate-era journalist Eschel M. Rhoodie could, in 1967, describe Namibia (then South West Africa) as ‘Africa’s last frontier’, then the Caprivi Strip (modern-day Zambezi region) was the ...
Examination of Soft X-Ray Contact Images in Photoresist by the Low-Loss Electron Method in the Scanning Electron Microscope

X-ray contact microradiography uses a high molecular weight polymer as the photochemical detector. A contact image is obtained by placing the specimen in close contact with photoresist and then exposing to x-rays. After chemical development of the exposed resist, an image is found on the surface of the resist in the form of surface relief. This can then be magnified by either light microscopy or electron microscopy[1]. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) operated in the secondary electron (SE) mode is commonly used to magnify the contact image.
Reproducible Measurements of MPI Performance Characteristics

In this paper we describe the diffculties inherent in making accurate, reproducible measurements of message-passing performance. We describe some of the mistakes often made in attempting such measurements and the consequences of such mistakes. We describe mpptest, a suite of performance measurement programs developed at Argonne National Laboratory, that attempts to avoid such mistakes and obtain reproducible measures of MPI performance that can be useful to both MPI implementors and MPI application writers. We include a number of illustrative examples of its use.
Predictable movements in yen/DM exchange rates

This paper examines the relevance of PPP, the adjustment channel of real exchange rate and the predictability of the movement in nominal exchange rate by studying the behavior of yen/DM exchange rate, using cointegration method. Results support PPP and find that the real exchange rate is mean-reverting. The change in the nominal exchange rate exhibits significant auto-regressive property. These findings imply that movements in the nominal yen/DM exchange rate is actually predictable. The error-correction model and a simple first order autoregressive model both outperform the random walk model in out-of-sample forecasting.
Improving Public Health In Developing Countries Through Operations Research

Across the developing world, thousands of people many of them children die each day from malaria, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and other infectious diseases. Many of these conditions are preventable and treatable through well known public health interventions. Operations research (OR) can be a key tool to allocate the scarce resources to cost-effective interventions that can alleviate the health status in developing countries. This article provides an introduction to the application of OR to public health problems in developing countries for OR/MS practitioners, advanced undergraduate students in OR/MS and graduate researchers initiating work in this field. It explains commonly used public health metrics such as quality-adjusted life year (QALY), disability-adjusted life year (DALY), and Gini coefficient. Simple models to understand disease transmission along with a few illustrative applications of OR to solve public health problems are presented. Keywords: public health; operations research; global health; malaria
Interview: does complex trauma exist? A "long view" based on science and service in the trauma field. Interview by Lisa M Najavits.

I’m very happy to share some thoughts about this topic. For a long time I have been following the professional dialogue about posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), psychological trauma, domestic violence, interpersonal violence, and then the emergence of a condition called complex trauma. I believe that one of the very first places that Judy Herman discussed complex trauma was in my living room in Brookline, as part of the Harvard Study Group on Trauma. That group comprised 25 to 30 people who consistently attended a monthly meeting in Boston, starting in the mid-1980s and continuing until my sabbatical year in 1993 when, for a variety of reasons, it never picked up again. This group gathered people who were doing some of the foundational work on psychological trauma. It included colleagues in Boston at many of the key academic and clinical institutions, some who were visiting Boston for one reason or another, and some whom we would invite from elsewhere in the country to talk with our group about concepts of psychological trauma. Over time the people who comprised the Harvard Study Group on Trauma and those who presented to that group emerged as some of the leading figures in the field, including some who defined key concepts related to psychological trauma. Initially, the group met at the home of Henry Murray’s1 wife (Nina). Their home was in the shadows of Harvard’s William James Hall–a particularly wonderful place to have a conversation about a disorder that was not well-accepted by mainstream psychology and psychiatry. Bessel van der Kolk also hosted the group at times in his beautiful South End row house. One evening Judy Herman spoke about her concerns about the issues of PTSD and the very different patient population she was seeing at the Victims of Violence program at Cambridge Hospital. Her take on it was that many of the people who were given diagnoses of personality disorders were really people who suffered considerable domestic violence, child physical abuse, child sexual abuse, and neglect in ongoing ways. The nature of the distinction was that these were ongoing psychological traumas–ongoing oppression, ongoing stress associated with living in abusive situations, whether it was the spouse, or the parents, or the uncle, or whomever. It was this ongoing nature of it, the sense that “there is no safety,” “no place where anything is safe,” that I think led her to think a bit differently about what conventionally was called personality disorders (borderline being one, but not the only one). She gave birth to the notion of complex trauma and it received a great deal of attention from lots of people at the time who were seeing patients with this same set of problems. I would characterize the patients being discussed as those with dysregulated emotion, cognition, and behavior. The common thread was the existence of this background of ongoing, abusive environments. Interestingly, the syndrome
Structure and luminescence of the monoclinic LnWO4Cl-type rare earth halo tungstates

Abstract GdWO4Cl is representative of a series of LnWO4Cl compounds where Ln can also be: Eu, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm and Y. These compounds crystallize in monoclinic C2/m symmetry, and the structure has been refined to R = 5.0% for GdWO4Cl. Luminescing ions such as Eu+3 and Tb+3 have been incorporated into GdWO4Cl and a Raman spectrum was recorded.
Theory of Metal Surfaces: Induced Surface Charge and Image Potential

This paper contributes to the theory of the electron density distribution induced at a metal surface by a small static external charge distribution. As a first application, profiles of the charge induced by a uniform external electric field are obtained for metals of different bulk electron densities. A quantity of particular interest is the position of the center of mass, ${x}_{0}$, of these profiles, for which we present numerical values. (The $x$ axis is taken along the surface normal.) Next, the case of a small point charge $q$ with $x$ coordinate ${x}_{1}$ well outside the surface is treated. It is shown that the image potential experienced by such a charge has the form $\ensuremath{-}\frac{{q}^{2}}{[4({x}_{1}\ensuremath{-}{x}_{0})]}$, where ${x}_{0}$ is the above-mentioned quantity. We locate ${x}_{0}$, the effective position of the metal surface, relative to the last lattice plane of the crystal. We discuss the implications of these results for alkali adsorption on metal substrates, the capacitances of small-gap condensers, and field-emission experiments.
Spectroelectrochemical sensing based on multimode selectivity simultaneously achievable in a single device: 14. Enhancing sensitivity of a metal complex ion by ligand exchange

Abstract Enhancement of the sensitivity of a spectroelectrochemical sensor by ligand exchange within the sensing film during spectroelectrochemical modulation is demonstrated in this paper. This concept is illustrated with a sensor for Cu(en) 2 2+ , where en = ethylenediamine, in aqueous solution. A ligand exchange reaction increases the difference in the molar absorptivities of the two complex ions involved in spectroelectrochemical modulation, thus giving a larger optical response. The spectroelectrochemical sensor consists of a cation-selective Nafion-SiO 2 composite film spin-coated onto an indium tin oxide (ITO) glass optically transparent electrode (OTE). The film was loaded with 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (neocuproine, or nc) for the ligand exchange reaction. Reduction of Cu(en) 2 2+ at the OTE is accompanied by ligand exchange with nc to form Cu(nc) 2 1+ , which has a molar absorptivity of 7950 M −1 cm −1 at λ max = 454 nm. Detection within the sensing film using attenuated total reflectance (ATR) at 454 nm during modulation was accomplished by potential cycling between 0.8 and −0.9 V versus Ag/AgCl. The effects of nc concentration in the film and potential scan rate on the absorbance–time profile for spectroelectrochemical modulation were studied. The calibration curve for Cu(en) 2 2+ was linear within the range of 5 × 10 −6 M to 1 × 10 −3 M.
Empirical Tests of Dependency Theory: a Second Critique of Methodology

Dependency theory has sometimes been called a perspective, rather than a theory, due to the multiplicity of often contrasting arguments attributed to it. Nevertheless, the theses of such well-known authors as Samir Amin and Cohn Leys have gained general recognition as representative of the theory. Both attempt to explain the general causes of underdevelopment, notably those factors underlying the poor sectoral articulation, skewed demand profile, and uneven economic growth of many Third-World countries. They argue that their long-run development is stifled by certain domestic class formations and relationships with international capital, thereby producing dependent economic structures.
Role of CD80 and CD86 in Host Immune Responses to the Recombinant Hemagglutinin Domain of Porphyromonas gingivalis Gingipain and in the Adjuvanticity of Cholera Toxin B and Monophosphoryl Lipid A

The gingipains of Porphyromonas gingivalis have been implicated in the virulence of this bacterium, and antibodies to the hemagglutinin/adhesin domain (HArep) of the gingipains have been shown to protect against P. gingivalis colonization. However, the cellular mechanisms involved in host responses to HArep have not been elucidated. The purpose of the present study was to determine the functional role of CD80 and CD86 in mediating systemic and mucosal immune responses to the recombinant HArep derived from the gingipain Kgp (Kgp-HArep) after intranasal (i.n.) immunization. We also investigated the effect of the mucosal adjuvants the B subunit of cholera toxin (CTB) and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) on the functional role of the costimulatory molecules for the induction of systemic and mucosal responses to Kgp-HArep. The in vivo functional roles of CD80 and CD86 were assessed in C57BL/6 wild-type (wt), CD80(-/-), CD86(-/-) and CD80/CD86(-/-) mice following intranasal immunization with Kgp-HArep with or without adjuvant. Serum IgG and mucosal IgA antibody responses were induced following i.n. immunization of mice with Kgp-HArep, and were potentiated by CTB or MPL. A differential requirement of CD80and/or CD86 was observed for systemic IgG anti-Kgp-HArep responses following the primary and secondary immunization with antigen alone or antigen+adjuvant. Compared to wt and CD80(-/-) mice, CD86(-/-) mice had reduced serum IgG anti-Kgp-HArep responses following the second immunization with antigen alone or antigen+CTB, whereas similar levels of serum IgG anti-Kgp-HArep antibody activity were observed in wt, CD80(-/-) and CD86(-/-) mice immunized with antigen+MPL. Analysis of the serum IgG subclass responses revealed that CD80 influenced both Th1- and Th2-like IgG subclass responses, while CD86 preferentially influenced a Th2-associated IgG subclass response to Kgp-HArep. Mucosal IgA anti-Kgp-HArep responses in saliva and vaginal washes were diminished in CD86(-/-) mice. In vitro stimulation of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells with Kgp-HArep, CTB and MPL resulted in an up-regulation of CD80 and especially CD86 expression. Taken together, our results demonstrate that CD80 and CD86 can play distinct as well as redundant roles in mediating a systemic immune response and that CD86 plays a unique role in mediating a mucosal response to Kgp-HArep following immunization via the i.n. route alone or with adjuvant.
On the Mathematical Description of Light Nuclei by the Method of Resonating Group Structure

The wave function for the composite nucleus is written as a properly antisymmetrized combination of partial wave functions, corresponding to various possible ways of distributing the neutrons and protons into various groups, such as alpha-particles, di-neutrons, etc. The dependence of the total wave function on the intergroup separations is determined by the variation principle. The analysis is carried out in detail for the case that the configurations considered contain only two groups. Integral equations are derived for the functions of separation. The associated Fredholm determinant completely determines the stable energy values of the system (Eq. (33)), Eq. (48) connects the asymptotic behavior of an arbitrary particular solution with that of solutions possessing a standard asymptotic form. With its help, the Fredholm determinant also determines all scattering and disintegration cross sections (Eqs. (50)\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}(54) and (57)), without the necessity of actually obtaining the intergroup wave functions. The expressions (43) and (60) obtained for the cross sections, taking account of spin effects, have general validity. Details of the application of the method of resonating group structure to actual problems are discussed.
Dynamic Metadata Management for Petabyte-Scale File Systems

In petabyte-scale distributed file systems that decouple read and write from metadata operations, behavior of the metadata server cluster will be critical to overall system performance and scalability. We present a dynamic subtree partitioning and adaptive metadata management system designed to efficiently manage hierarchical metadata workloads that evolve over time. We examine the relative merits of our approach in the context of traditional workload partitioning strategies, and demonstrate the performance, scalability and adaptability advantages in a simulation environment.
A Radiation Hardened Field Oxide

This paper describes the results of a radiation-tolerant field oxide development compatible with both MOS and bipolar technologies. Data is presented which illustrates that nonguardbanded devices utilizing conventional field oxide structures cannot be expected to survive an ionizing radiation dose above approximately 5 × 104 rads (Si) due to inversion of p-type silicon surfaces under metallized areas. The radiation hardened oxide was evaluated with both aluminum and polycrystalline silicon gate MOS structures which conclusively demonstrates that this oxide eliminates the field inversion problem for radiation levels in excess of 106 rads (Si).
On gravity wave-mean flow interactions in a three dimensional stratified atmosphere

By using multiple scale analysis method, two coupled models of gravity wave-mean flow interactions in a three-dimensional stratified atmosphere are derived. One model can be applied to the inertio-gravity wave-mean flow interactions in a global scale. The other one treats the meso-scale gravity wave forcing in a local region.
The Composition of Bovine Milk Lipids: January 1995 to December 2000

Data from recent publications on bovine milk lipids are presented and discussed. This includes extraction of lipids, triacylglycerols, phospholipids, other complex lipids, sterols, isoflavones, and fatty acids. Improved gas-liquid and high performance liquid chromatography were used. Data on the trans and cis isomers of fatty acid and of conjugated linoleic acids are given, and the analyses are described. Papers about the lipids in milks and dairy products from the United States are few; where with the exception of trans-fatty acid isomers and conjugated linoleic acids, almost no research has been reported.
Myocardial bioenergetic abnormalities in a canine model of left ventricular dysfunction

Abstract Objectives. The purpose of this study was to assess high energy phosphate compound metabolism in remodeled left ventricular myocardium. Background. The development of heart failure several years after myocardial infarction is often unexplained. Certain abnormalities of remodeled myocardium suggest that structural changes occurring in viable myocardium after discrete myocardial damage may contribute to the later appearance of heart failure. Whether these abnormalities alter metabolism in the surviving muscle and thereby possibly contribute to ventricular dysfunction is unknown. Methods. High energy phosphate compound metabolism was assessed using spatially localized phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Eleven dogs with documented left ventricular dysfunction, resulting from infarction produced by transmyocardial direct current shock, were compared with eight normal dogs. Analyses were performed at baseline and during coronary hyperperfusion induced by intravenous adenosine. Myocardial blood flow was measured with radioactive microspheres. Results. The creatine phosphate/adenosine triphosphate (CP/ATP) ratio was significantly reduced in the left ventricular dysfunction group in both the subepicardium ([mean ± SE] 1.94 ± 0.08 vs. 2.32 ± 0.13, p = 0.019) and the subendocardium (1.71 ± 0.07 vs. 2.05 ± 0.07, p = 0.004). Intravenous adenosine produced significant coronary hyperemia in both groups but was less marked in dogs with left ventricular dysfunction. The improvement in myocardial perfusion was accompanied by a significant increase in the subendocardial CP/ATP ratio (from 1.71 ± 0.07 to 1.92 ± 0.08, p = 0.01) in dogs with left ventricular dysfunction. Conclusions. An abnormal transmural distribution of high energy phosphate compounds is evident in remodeled myocardium. This abnormality may be related in part to mismatch of oxygen delivery and demand.
Analytical Frameworks to Assess the Effectiveness and Economic-Returns of Cybersecurity Investments

Critical considerations in engineering today's systems are securing the collection, access, and dissemination of the information they contain. Advanced computing technologies, ubiquitous environments, and sophisticated networks enable globally distributed information access to an uncountable number of consumers - and adversaries. Assuring the integrity of today's missions, and the highly networked systems they depend on, requires economic decisions in rapidly changing technology and cyber threat environments. Knowing that countermeasures effective against today's threats can be ineffective tomorrow, decision-makers need agile ways to assess the efficacies of investments in cyber security on assuring mission outcomes. Analytical methods in cyber security economics need to be flexible in their information demands. Some investment decisions may necessitate methods that use in-depth knowledge about a mission's information systems and networks, vulnerabilities, and adversary abilities to exploit weaknesses. Other investment decisions may necessitate methods that use only a high-level understanding of these dimensions. The sophistication of methods to conduct economic-benefit tradeoffs of mission assuring investments must calibrate to the range of knowledge environments present within an organization. This paper presents a family of analytical frameworks to assess and measure the effectiveness of cyber security and the economic-benefit tradeoffs of competing cyber security investments. These frameworks demonstrate ways to think through and shape an analysis of the economic-benefit returns on cyber security investments - rather than being viewed as rigid model structures.
Simultaneous Nailing of Skeletal Metastases: Is the Mortality Really that High?

Introduction The risk of death during simultaneous nailing of pathologic and impending fractures in patients with metastatic disease is believed to be so high that some authors have advocated a staged approach, especially for impending fractures. However, there are limited data to either support or refute the appropriateness of staging of multiple impending or pathologic fractures.
A relict in New Caledonia: phylogenetic relationships of the family Troglosironidae (Opiliones: Cyphophthalmi)

The species richness and endemism of New Caledonia are traditionally held to result from the main islands Gondwanan origin and progressive diversification subsequent to extended isolation. Recent studies have challenged this hypothesis, promoting a scenario of recent origins and diversifications of New Caledonian arthropod groups. In the present study, the phylogeny of the endemic harvestman family Troglosironidae (Opiliones: Cyphophthalmi) is investigated using DNA sequence data from two nuclear ribosomal genes (18S rRNA and 28S rRNA) and two mitochondrial genes (the protein-coding cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and the ribosomal 16S rRNA). Phylogenetic analyses support the monophyly of Troglosironidae and a scenario of an ancient (> 200 Ma) origin of the family, with subsequent diversification of extant lineages in the Eocene. These results corroborate the relictual nature of taxa among New Caledonias biota while being consistent with diversification in accordance with geological events in the Eocene. � The Willi Hennig Society 2009.
Joint molecule formation following conjugation in wild type and mutant Escherichia coli recipients.

Abstract Hfr and F− bacteria were labeled before conjugation with radioactive isotopes and density isotopes and were mated in non-isotopic medium. Joint molecules were isolated as DNA that contained segments of both prelabeled (old) parental DNAs. The conditions of prelabeling and mating used here led to the production of larger quantities (~20-fold) of joint molecules as compared with previous experiments (Oppenheim & Riley, 1966). The molecules isolated in these experiments had a molecular weight of about 40 × 106. Old Hfr DNA segments in the molecules were heterogeneous in size, ranging from about 3 × 106 to 11 × 106 with a major fraction distributed around 9 × 106. Old F− DNA, old Hfr DNA and new DNA synthesized during mating each comprised from one quarter to one half of the joint molecules. Gaps in joint molecules that were capable of being filled by the incorporation of deoxynucleoside triphosphates by bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerases were, on the average, no greater than 450 nucleotides in length. No single-stranded old Hfr DNA was found in zygotes after 60 minutes mating. The old Hfr DNA that was transferred to F− bacteria during conjugation was replicated during the mating period. The capacity of three mutant recipients to produce joint molecules has been assessed. A RecA− mutant recipient formed joint molecules in amounts equivalent to Rec+ recipients. A RecB− RecC− mutant recipient formed joint molecules in reduced amounts. A mutant carrying a deletion for the region homologous to the proximal end of the Hfr genome did not form joint molecules.
A role of zinc in the regulation of gene expression

Zn, without question, has important functions related to gene expression. Newer technologies applied to address these functions are providing answers relating to the importance of this micronutrient in human and animal health.
Effect of bandwidth on beam smoothing and frequency conversion at the third harmonic of the Nova laser

We present the results of experiments performed on the Nova laser system to determine the effect of bandwidth on third harmonic (3(omega) ) frequency conversion and beam smoothing by spectral dispersion (SSD). Our experiments utilized a wide bandwidth fiber optic cross- phase modulated (XPM) source and a narrower bandwidth microwave modulated (FM) source, each centered at 1053 nm (1 (omega) ). A significant fraction (> 50%) of the 1(omega) XPM bandwidth was transferred to the 3(omega) beam (22 cm-1 yields 36 cm-1), yielding 0.13% bandwidth at 3(omega) . The maximum intrinsic narrowband 3(omega) frequency conversion obtained using a type-II/type-II KDP crystal array was 62%. The intrinsic efficiency obtained at the Nova 10-beam chamber is typically > 65%. Frequency conversion was essentially unaffected by the 2 cm-1 bandwidth obtained from FM source. However, the 5 - 16 cm-1 of bandwidth from the XPM source reduced the conversion efficiency to approximately 24%. We have developed broadband frequency conversion codes and broadband pulse simulations to model our results, and have obtained good agreement with experiment.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Phonemic Coding and Rehearsal in Short-Term Memory for Letter Strings.

Several new procedures were used to control vocalization during display of letter strings and rehearsal during retention intervals. Clear evidence of phonemic encoding of visually presented letters was obtained when vocalization was permitted at input but was absent when vocalization was suppressed by a categorizing task or by reduced exposure durations. However, under the latter condition, phonemic encoding occurred if rehearsal was permitted immediately following input, indicating that representations of letters can be maintained in a nonauditory form in memory for at least 1 sec following a visual display in spite of the overwriting of successive characters in the same location. Both vocalization during input and minimal rehearsal during retention intervals exerted effects on item availability and memory for order beyond those interpretable in terms of phonemic encoding.
A Study in Cloud Phase Parameterization Using the Gamma Distribution

Abstract A relatively sophisticated cloud phase parameterization scheme based on the gamma distribution is presented which, it is hoped, will eventually make it possible for cloud modellers to include the effects of microphysics more realistically than has been so far possible. Cloud phase calculations are presented using Lagrangian parcel theory, one-dimensional Eulerian formulation in the vertical, and two-dimensional Eulerian formulation in the horizontal and vertical directions. The solutions obtained using the parameterized scheme were compared with the more conventional finite-difference microphysical calculations of Clark and there was found to be very good agreement for all cases treated. The efficiency of the scheme allowed a one-dimensional study on the effect of vertical spatial resolution on the prediction of microphysical parameters such as droplet number concentration, mean droplet radius and supersaturation. It was found that poor spatial resolution results in a rather slight under-estimati...
Non-Normal Pulsation

Klein-Gordon operators with complex potentials are formulated as model systems to examine the possible impact of non-normality on the stellar pulsation eigenvalue problem. Computations of spectra, e -pseudospectra and resolvent norms for these operators show that extended regions of complex potential, corresponding in stars to non-adiabatic regions, leads to strong non-normality. Introduction of an advective term further increases non-normal properties. Prospective model improvements and implications for resonances and for nonlinear pulsation are considered.
Vapor deposition of polyimide: segregation of partially reacted species at the polyimide/Si (100) interface

Abstract We examined the vapor deposition of polyimide produced by co-evaporation of pyromellitic dianhydride and oxydianiline. Using internal reflectance spectroscopy and prism coupling techniques, we monitored the effects of varying relative monomer fluxes on cured film stoichiometry. We observed the effects of monomer interdiffusion during the ex-situ curing leading to segregation of partially reacted species at the film/substrate interface. Such interface segregation may be influential in determining adhesion of polyimide to metal layers for microelectronics applications.
Do differences in subclinical cardiovascular disease in mexican americans versus European americans help explain the Hispanic paradox

Mexican Americans have exhibited increases in various coronary heart disease risk factors compared to European Americans but have also had reportedly lower coronary heart disease mortality from vital statistics studies. We hypothesized this apparent paradox might relate to lower levels of subclinical disease in Mexican Americans. A total of 105 adult Mexican Americans (42 men and 63 women, age 46 ± 14 years) and 100 European Americans (59 men and 41 women, age 50 ± 11 years) were studied using blood tests, transthoracic echocardiography, and computed tomography coronary artery calcium (CAC) scans. Despite a greater body mass index and triglycerides in Mexican Americans (p 0, p
Why Choose One Level of Analysis? and Other Issues in Multilevel Research

Several issues related to multilevel research and measurement theory are discussed. It was emphasized that questions regarding choice of level of measurement and unit of analysis are less important than the choice of an appropriate statistical model. It was demonstrated that even with an "error-free" environmental measure not all persons should view the setting in the same manner. The split-sample correlation was clearly shown to have undesirable statistical properties, and the use of standard methods was stressed. Investigators were cautioned to carefully choose a coefficient and were shown that this choice is sometimes tricky. Finally, the analysis of multilevel data using multilevel methods was recommended.
Crystallographic image processing for Scanning Probe Microscopy: Development of a dedicated computer program

The crystallographic processing of 2D periodic Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) images is compared to the common practice of Crystallographic Image Processing (CIP) in transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This provides motivation for the development of a dedicated computer program for CIP in SPM. The current state of our program is briefly described, and the point spread function (PSF) of an atomic force microscope (AFM) is extracted from experimental images through CIP. The use of a geometric Akaike information criterion (AIC) to supplement standard CIP procedures is discussed in some detail.
The extraordinary stability imparted to silver monolayers by chloride

Abstract While single crystal surfaces facilitate the majority of surface studies, only a handful of these materials are stable under ambient conditions and at extreme temperatures. Therefore, there is a continued interest in the development of robust and ordered surfaces that can be studied under realistic conditions. Electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM) revealed that in a chloride-free electrolyte, Ag forms an ordered monolayer on Au(1 1 1) with a structure that could be atomically resolved. However, upon removal from the cell, these chloride-free Ag monolayers were subject to degradation by air and high temperatures. Interestingly, if the Ag layer was formed in the presence of chloride, the resulting AgClx layer was stable both in air and at high temperatures. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to characterize the system and ambient-, low temperature-, and EC-STM revealed that even after exposure to extreme temperatures, the AgClx layer remained intact. Density functional theory (DFT) indicated that the equilibrium coverage of Cl on the Ag monolayer was ∼0.5 ML, and that the barrier for surface reorganization of the overlayer was low. It is proposed that this facile mobility of the overlayer imparts a protective property that allows the AgClx layer to withstand extreme temperatures and attack by oxygen.
Burden of Sexual Dysfunction in Women with Breast Cancer.

Background: Sexual dysfunction is reported after chemotherapy and endocrine therapies, and causes a substantial burden on women with breast cancer. However, the prevalence and severity of sexual dysfunction in women undergoing therapy for both local and metastatic disease is not well defined. Improved understanding of sexual dysfunction may facilitate enhanced treatment and interventions in patients with breast cancer undergoing active treatment, and in survivors of this disease. Methods: We developed a survey that includes a previously validated questionnaire, the female sexual function index (FSFI), as well as an established measure of health-related quality of life (the EuroQol EQ-5D), and disease-specific items to characterize sexual dysfunction and its causes based on literature review and expert consultations. Anonymous administration of the surveys was conducted in outpatient clinic waiting areas of the Breast Cancer Center at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) and two community centers, under an IRB waiver of consent. Results: During November 2008 through May 2009, 509 women undergoing treatment for breast cancer of all stages were each queried once. The mean age was 51 (range 26-91). 87% reported current or past hormonal treatment, and 82% reported current or past chemotherapy (76% adjuvant; 24% for metastatic disease). Sexual dysfunction attributed to breast cancer or its treatment, defined as an FSFI score =5/10). Patients attributed their sexual dysfunction to chemotherapy in 318/373 (85%) of cases; to hormonal therapy in 221/298 (74%) of cases; and to surgery in 331/442 (66%) of cases. Other reported contributors to sexual dysfunction include a new diagnosis of breast cancer by 81% of respondents, anxiety by 82% of respondents, and change in relationship with a partner by 55% of respondents. Conclusion: Sexual dysfunction is prevalent in women treated for breast cancer and should be discussed with patients as a potential adverse effect of therapy. Assessment of sexual symptoms throughout treatment and beyond may facilitate the use of potential interventions such as lubricants, dilators, treatment modification, topical estrogens, and counseling. Future work includes a longitudinal prospective trial to further characterize the etiologies of these symptoms and a randomized controlled trial to evaluate interventions for sexual dysfunction. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 1056.
Lightening up a notch: Notch regulation of energy metabolism

Inhibiting Notch signaling induces adipose browning, improves systemic glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, and suppresses weight gain in mice.
Effect of Organic Diet Intervention on Pesticide Exposures in Young Children Living in Low-Income Urban and Agricultural Communities

BackgroundRecent organic diet intervention studies suggest that diet is a significant source of pesticide exposure in young children. These studies have focused on children living in suburban commu...
A new predictive model for fragmenting and non-fragmenting binary droplet collisions

A new predictive model for collisional interactions between liquid droplets, which is valid for moderate to high Weber numbers (>40), has been developed and validated. Four possible collision outcomes, viz., bouncing, coalescence, reflexive separation and stretching separation, are considered. Fragmentations in stretching and reflexive separations are modeled by assuming that the interacting droplets form an elongating ligament that either breaks up by capillary wave instability, or retracts to form a single satellite droplet. The outcome of a collision, number of satellites formed from separation processes and the post-collision characteristics such as velocity and drop-size are compared with available experimental data. The comparisons include colliding mono- and poly-disperse streams of droplets of different fuels under atmospheric conditions, and the results agree reasonably well.
Order information and free recall: evaluating the item-order hypothesis.

The item-order hypothesis proposes that order information plays an important role in recall from long-term memory, and it is commonly used to account for the moderating effects of experimental design in memory research. Recent research (Engelkamp, Jahn, & Seiler, 2003; McDaniel, DeLosh, & Merritt, 2000) raises questions about the assumptions underlying the item-order hypothesis. Four experiments tested these assumptions by examining the relationship between free recall and order memory for lists of varying length (8, 16, or 24 unrelated words or pictures). Some groups were given standard free-recall instructions, other groups were explicitly instructed to use order information in free recall, and other groups were given free-recall tests intermixed with tests of order memory (order reconstruction). The results for short lists were consistent with the assumptions of the item-order account. For intermediate-length lists, explicit order instructions and intermixed order tests made recall more reliant on orde...
Shifts in Relative Tissue δ15N Values in Snowy Egret Nestlings with Dietary Mercury Exposure: A Marker for Increased Protein Degradation

Shifts in tissue nitrogen isotope composition may be a more sensitive general indicator of stress than measurement of high-turnover defensive biomolecules such as metal lothionein and glutathione. As a physical resource transmitted along the trophic web, perturbations in protein nitrogen metabolism may also help resolve issues concerning the effects of contaminants on organisms and their consequential hierarchical linkages in ecotoxicology. Snowy egret nestlings (Egretta thula) fed mercury-contaminated diets of constant nitrogen isotope composition exhibited increased relative δ15N values in whole liver (p = 0.0011) and the acid-soluble fraction (ASF) of the liver (p = 0.0005) when compared to nestlings fed a reference diet. When nitrogen isotope data were adjusted for the source term of the diet, liver mercury concentrations corresponded with both whole liver relative 15N enrichment (r2 = 0.79, slope 0.009, p < 0.0001) and relative 15N enrichment in the acid-soluble fraction of the liver (r2 = 0.85, slop...
The effects of the Women, Infants, and Children's Supplemental Food Program on dentally related Medicaid expenditures.

Objective: This study estimates the effects of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) on dentally related Medicaid expenditures for young children. Methods: We used a five-year cohort study design to compare dentally related Medicaid expenditures for children enrolled in WIC versus those not enrolled for each year of life up to age 5 years. There were 49,795 children born in North Carolina in 1992 who met the inclusion criteria for the study. Their birth records were linked to Medicaid enrollment and claims files, WIC master files, and the Area Resource File. Our analysis strategy included a logit and OLS two-part model with CPI dollar adjustments. Results: Children who participated in WIC at ages 1 and 2 years had significantly less dentally related expenditures than those who did not participate. WIC participation at age 3 years did not have a significant effect. Fewer WIC children received dental care under general anesthesia than non-WIC children. Conclusions: The WIC program has the potential for decreasing dentally related costs to the Medicaid program, while increasing use of dental services.
Synthesis and anion exchange reactions of a layered copper-zinc hydroxy double salt, Cu1.6Zn0.4(OH)3(OAc)·H2O

A mixed-metal hydroxysalt of formula Cu1.6Zn0.4(OH)3(OAc)·H2O has been synthesized by an acetate hydrolysis route. Acetate ions can be exchanged with simple inorganic anions such as chloride and nitrate, and organic anions such as benzoate and large surfactant anions such as dodecyl sulphate. Structures of these hydroxysalts are derived from that of Cu2(OH)3NO3·H2O with some of the Cu2+ ions being replaced by Zn2+.
Loss of the SIN3 transcriptional corepressor results in aberrant mitochondrial function

Background: SIN3 is a transcriptional repressor protein known to regulate many genes, including a number of those that encode mitochondrial components. Results: By monitoring RNA levels, we find that loss of SIN3 in Drosophila cultured cells results in up-regulation of not only nuclear encoded mitochondrial genes, but also those encoded by the mitochondrial genome. The up-regulation of gene expression is accompanied by a perturbation in ATP levels in SIN3-deficient cells, suggesting that the changes in mitochondrial gene expression result in altered mitochondrial activity. In support of the hypothesis that SIN3 is necessary for normal mitochondrial function, yeast sin3 null mutants exhibit very poor growth on non-fermentable carbon sources and show lower levels of ATP and reduced respiration rates. Conclusions: The findings that both yeast and Drosophila SIN3 affect mitochondrial activity suggest an evolutionarily conserved role for SIN3 in the control of cellular energy production.
EM autoradiographic evidence that DNA synthesis occurs at recombination nodules during meiosis in Drosophila melanogaster females

Serial section electron microscopic autoradiography was used to examine the relationship between recombination nodules and 3H-thymidine incorporation during pachytene in Drosophila melanogaster females. For both ellipsoidal and spherical recombination nodules, the number of nodules that are associated with an autoradiographic grain is higher than that expected by chance; this observation is consistent with the hypotheses that recombination involves DNA synthesis and that recombination nodules are the sites of meiotic recombination. Moreover, general DNA replication (S-phase) and synapsis (synaptonemal complex formation) were found to be temporally distinct events, contrary to previous reports; Drosophila females therefore are not exceptional in this regard.