cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The utilization of SANS to solve polymer latex structural problems: Basic science and engineering

Small-angle neutron scattering studies have been used to clarify several aspects of the internal structure of latexes and subsequent film formation modes. This paper reviews work both around the world and at Lehigh University on those subjects. Two points have been made clear: (1) The appearance of core-shell phenomena in latexes depends on the size of the polymer chain to that of the latex particle; the phenomenon is most marked when the radius of gyration of the chain is about one fifth as big as the latex radius. (2) Strength build-up during film formation depends on the extent of interdiffusion of the chains. For moderate molecular weights, interdiffusion distances of one radius of gyration yield maximum strength. For both moderate (250,000 g/mol) and high (2,000,000 g/mol) molecular weights, full strength was achieved in two hour's annealing time at 144°C.
Viral genome synthesis in BHK 21 cells persistently infected with Sendai virus

Abstract We have carried out daily analysis of the viral RNA species replicated by nucleocapsids present in the cytoplasm of two different BHK 21 cell lines persistently infected with Sendai virus. At each day of analysis (both before and after crises of cytopathology, and during long periods of stable growth) DI particle size RNA was the major species of viral RNA replicated within these nucleocapsids. The molar ratio of DI RNA to standard virus (50 S) RNA species within intracellular nucleocapsids was always extremely high (from 10/1 to 340/1). Thus, there is no evidence for cyclic variations in relative predominance of standard virus and DI nucleocapsids in populations of these persistently infected cells, although “cycling” could occur at the individual cell level at infrequent intervals. Furthermore, challenge of persistently infected cultures with standard Sendai virus or incubation at 33° also failed to significantly decrease the ratio of DI nucleocapsids to standard virus nucleocapsids. It was also found that multiple DI RNA species are present (most are not resolvable by sucrose gradient analysis), and that these evolve with time—some arising and increasing with time, while others are outcompeted. No selective advantage for DI RNA of any particular size was observed. Finally, by measuring the total amount of nucleocapsids present in these persistently infected cells (as estimated by level of NP protein in purified nucleocapsids), and the degree of synthesis of viral nucleocapsid (as determined by [ 3 H]uridine incorporation in the presence of actinomycin D), we found that the rate of viral genome replication was 30- to 40-fold lower in the persistently infected cells than it was in St acutely infected cells. These findings may indicate that the accumulated nucleocapsids in persistently infected cells are built up over a period of many weeks of slow synthesis, although turnover times for NP protein and RNA of nucleocapsids have not yet been determined in persistently infected cells.
The Empirical Study of Deliberative Democracy: Setting a Research Agenda

Deliberative democracy has emerged as a leading concern of political theory and its principles have guided over a 1,000 experiments in citizen participation in local governance. Despite its importance, very little systematic empirical research has been conducted. Here an attempt is made to enumerate the key questions that should guide empirical research on the deliberative capacities of ordinary citizens, the qualities of the deliberative processes in which they participate and the effects of deliberation on collective outcomes and on individual participants. The paper closes with a discussion of the likely results of this research and their implications for a possible reconstruction of the theory and practice of deliberative democracy.
Approximation to true peak absorbance from observed peak absorbance for gas phase Fourier transform spectroscopy.

We have deυeloped an approximation that proυides a fast reasonably accurate estimate of the halfwidth at half-height of a single pressure-broadened line.
Molecular design for stabilization of chemical amplification resist toward airborne contamination

This paper describes the first logical approach to the design of chemical amplification resists that are stable toward airborne contamination. This molecular design is based on the observation that uptake of N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) by thin polymer films is primarily governed by glass transition temperatures (Tg) of the polymers. This concept has led to the design of environmentally very robust chemical amplification resists that provide positive images upon development with aqueous base.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
NINDS Translational Programs: Priming the Pump of Neurotherapeutics Discovery and Development

The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) recently issued a new suite of funding opportunities for neurotherapeutics development. The goals are to build a contiguous bridge from basic science, accelerate the advancement of promising projects to clinical testing with the contributions of multidisciplinary teams, and enhance hand-off to subsequent funders.
Cyclic Imide Dioximes: Formation and Hydrolytic Stability

Poly(acrylamidoximes) play an important role in the uranium extraction from seawater. The present work reports solution studies of simple analogues to address the formation and stability of two binding sites present in these polymers, open-chain amidoximes and cyclic imide dioximes, including: (1) conditions that maximize the formation of the cyclic form, (2) the existence of a base-induced conversion from open-chain to cyclic form, and (3) degradation under acid and base conditions.
Call for Papers for the 1973 Annual Meeting of The American Dairy Science Association

The 68th Annual Meeting of the American Daily Science Association will be held at the Washington State University, Pullman, June 2427, 1973. All members of the Association are encouraged to present papers. Abstracts must be received by division or section chairman no later than March 1 for publication of titles and program in the April issue of the Journal of Dairy Science. Abstracts of papers for student competition should be accompanied by a letter of intent. Limit abstracts to no more than 200 words, 17 typed lines. Longer abstracts will be returned to the author(s). Type the original double-spaced on the form supplied by the ADSA Executive Secretary; submit original and one copy to the chairman of the division or section. Follow style and abbreviations of the Journal; refer to abstracts published in the May 1972 Journal for guidance. Indicate dearly in the title the nature of the research and abstract objectives, design and major results. Make the data meaningful with brief essential statistics. We are all aware of papers that do not have sufficient substance to justify presentation. Another error often made, is that of trying to present too much factual material for the audience to comprehend and digest. Only 12 minutes is allotted to develop and communicate the ideas to your audience. If critical data are to be fully exposed only one or two, and not more than three, major points can be developed fully. Presentation of material in 12 minutes that is of such scope as to require 30 minutes for its full revelation is a disservice to your audience. More attention should be given to providing an opportunity for discussion and questions following paper presentations. Abstracts of research accepted for publication by a scientific journal before the annual meeting are not acceptable. The Program Committee favors the general policy that a person present only one paper. If the total number of papers submitted by the membership is too great to include in the program, the Committee will assign some papers to be read by title only. Stimulating the highest quality of applied and fundamental research is the goal of the committee. Mathematical and statistical units should be rechecked to avoid costly corrections in final printing. Careful experimental design and interpretation of results are necessary prerequisites. Compliance with the instructions for preparation of abstracts ~I1 simplify tasks of the Program Committee and of the Editors' offices. Careful editing of abstracts before submission is essential. Mimeographed copies (300) of pertinent details and data are desirable for distribution at the time of presentation. Projected material, such as 2X2 slides, should include large lettering for easy reading. Names and addresses of the chairman to whom abstracts should be sent are given below. If acknowledgment of the receipt of the abstract is not received by March 15, the appropriate chairman should be contacted.
The fabrication of uniform cylindrical nanoshells and their use as spectrally tunable MRI contrast agents

A new form of tunable magnetic resonance imaging agent based on precisely dimensioned cylindrical magnetic nanoshells is introduced. Using top-down prepatterned substrates, the nanoshells are fabricated by exploiting what is usually regarded as a detrimental processing side-effect, namely the redeposition of material back-sputtered during ion-milling. The well-resolved nuclear magnetic resonance peaks of the resulting nanostructures attest to the nanoscale fabrication control and the general feasibility of such sputter redeposition for fabrication of a variety of self-supporting, highly monodisperse nanoscale structures.
Secondary-electron effects in photon-stimulated desorption.

The magnitude of secondary-electron contributions to electron- or photon-stimulated desorption (ESD) or (PSD) yields is considered. In particular, we have reexamined three systems where a dominant x-ray-induced ESD (XESD) effect has been postulated. Recent ESD ion-angular-distribution data on the ${\mathrm{NH}}_{3}$/Ni system and a detailed determination of the mechanisms involved in ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ desorption indicate that all of the features previously attributed to the XESD effect may in fact arise from direct core-level processes. A reexamination of the PSD ${\mathrm{N}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ yields from condensed ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$-${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ reveals that the indirect XESD mechanism contributes just one-third of the ${\mathrm{N}}^{+}$ yield, but dominates the ${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ desorption. This arises because the direct Auger-stimulated desorption (ASD) process following core-hole excitation is inactive for ${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ desorption, but remains active for ${\mathrm{N}}^{+}$. Finally, a detailed interpretation of ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ desorption from OH/Ti and OH/Cr, and comparison with the system OH/YbO-Sm indicates that the direct ASD process is also inactive in the latter case. This investigation concludes that in cases for which the direct ASD process is active, the indirect XESD contribution is generally on the order of 35% or less. When the ASD process is suppressed, the XESD process generally dominates. However, in chemisorbed systems, even when the direct process is relatively inactive, the XESD process does not dominate. The various reasons for this are discussed.
Compound caregiving: when lifelong caregivers undertake additional caregiving roles

Objective Lifetime parental caregivers of adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) may also become caregivers to other family members. This study investigated caregiver experiences of compound caregiving (i.e. additional caregiving roles) and its association with caregiver quality of life. Participants Ninety-one older caregivers living with their adult son/daughter with ID were interviewed. Mean age of the caregivers was 60 years and their sons'/daughters' mean age was 29 years. Main outcome measures Compound caregiving status, physical and mental health, life satisfaction, depressive symptomatology, and desire for alternative residential placement for their co-residing son/daughter. Results Thirty-four (37%) reported being current compound caregivers to an additional care recipient, predominantly a mother, father, or spouse. Caregivers averaged 39 hours per week fulfilling their primary caregiving tasks, an additional 12 hours per week on the compound caregiving role, and the median duration of compound caregiving was 3 years. Compared with the non-compound caregivers, the compound caregivers had increased desire to place their son/daughter into residential care, though no group differences were apparent in life satisfaction, depressive symptomatology, physical health, or mental health. The most problematic issues reported by compound caregivers were having little personal time and a lack of adequate help from others. Conclusion Compound caregiving was often experienced, and may galvanize these lifetime caregivers to start making future plans for their sons/daughters. Future research is warranted to refine more homogeneous groupings of compound caregivers, who may be at greater risk for adverse outcomes.
Effect of a chronic exposure to gamma radiation on the shrub Ephedra nevadensis in the northern Mojave Desert

A 33,600 Ci 137 CS source which was differentially shielded to increase the uniformity of the distribution of radiation was set up on a 15-m tower in the center of a 9-ha plot in January 1964 in the Rock Valley area of the northern Mojave Desert. In the spring of 1969 the large majority of 5000 Ephedra nevadensis Wats. shrubs (Mormon Tea) within the plot failed to produce flowers and very little vegetative growth occurred on the species in contrast to a control plot and to other nonirradiated areas. The 5-year cumulative radiation exposure throughout about 85 per cent of the plot ranged from 3·9 to 9·8 kR. Radiation effects on other species were nonexistent or doubtful. E. nevadensis has a higher interphase chromosome volume than do the other shrub species.
Flutter and Response of a Mistuned Cascade in Incompressible Flow

This paper presents an investigation of the effects of blade mistiming on the aeroelastic stability and response of a cascade in incompressible flow. The aerodynamic, inertial, and structural coupling between the bending and torsional motions of each blade and the aerodynamic coupling between the blades are included in the formulation. A digital computer program was developed to conduct parametric studies. Results indicate that the mistuning has a beneficial effect on the coupled bending-torsion and uncoupled torsion flutter. The effect of mistuning on forced response, however, may be either beneficial or adverse, depending on the engine order of the forcing function. Additionally, the results illustrate that it may be feasible to utilize mistuning as a passive control to increase flutter speed while maintaining forced response at an acceptable level. [A ] [Ar] {AD } { ADr } a b c [D], [Ds [E] E(s,r) [G],[G S
A flk-1 promoter/enhancer reporter transgenic Xenopus laevis generated using the Sleeping Beauty transposon system: an in vivo model for vascular studies.

We have used the Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposable element to generate transgenic Xenopus laevis with expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in vascular endothelial cells using the frog flk-1 promoter. This is the first characterization of a SB-generated transgenic Xenopus that has tissue-restricted expression. We demonstrate that the transgene integrated into single genomic loci in two independent founder lines and is transmitted through the germline at the expected Mendelian frequencies. Transgene integration occurred through a noncanonical transposition process possibly reflecting Xenopus-specific interactions with the SB system. The transgenic animals express GFP in the same spatial and temporal pattern as the endogenous flk-1 gene throughout development and into adulthood. Overexpression of xVEGF122 in the transgenic animals disrupts vascular development that is visualized by fluorescent microscopy. These studies demonstrate the convenience of the SB system for generating transgenic animals and the utility of the xflk-1:GFP transgenic line for in vivo studies of vascular development. Developmental Dynamics 236:2808–2817, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An abstract programming model

An abstract model of a processor is presented informally. The model can be used by itself to abstractly describe algorithms, or with a direct implementation to write and run programs, or as the foundation of a programming language. In the last case, a translator allows higher level descriptions of algorithms for the model.
Tactical-level simulation for intelligent transportation systems

SHIVA (Simulated Highways for Intelligent Vehicle Algorithms) is a kinematic simulation of vehicles moving and interacting on a user-defined stretch of roadway. The vehicles can be equipped with simulated human drivers as well as sensors and algorithms for automated control. These algorithms influence the vehicles' motion through simulated commands to the accelerator, brake, and steering wheel. SHIVA's user interface provides facilities for visualizing and influencing the interactions between vehicles. SHIVA not only models the elements of the domain most useful to tactical driving research but also provides tools to rapidly prototype and test algorithms in challenging traffic situations. Additionally, the scenario control tools allow repeatable testing of different reasoning systems on a consistent set of traffic situations. These features are vital in the development and evaluation of intelligent vehicle technology for ITS applications.
Professionalism in the Welfare State: Sociological Saviour or Political Pariah?*

This paper addresses the emergent centrality of professionalism and professions in the society and political economy of the welfare state. For purposes of illustration, it explores the impact and effects of professionalism in the health sector, which accounts for a major share of welfare state activities; but the aim is a more general understanding of professionalism in the welfare state. After reviewing three schools of sociological theorizing about the professions, several case-studies of health professionals are examined. Then the convergence of political science and sociology is explored for their respective disciplinary attempts to explain these trends. Finally, two proposed solutions to the problem which professionalism poses for post-industrial democracies are discussed.
Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of radioimmunoconjugates of anti-CD19 antibody and single-chain Fv for treatment of human B-cell Malignancy

The comparative advantages and disadvantages of intact antibodies and single-chain Fv as immunotoxins and radioimmunoconjugates have been widely discussed but not directly compared. In this study, the in vivo properties of anti-CD19 B43 monoclonal antibody and its derived single-chain Fv (FVS191) were studied in athymic nude mice bearing CD19-positive human lymphomas. B43 mab and FVS191 were labeled with iodine-125 using iodine-beads, and immunoreactivities were determined to be 57% and 72%, respectively. Scatchard analysis showed a similar high affinity for both. The results of pharmacokinetic studies revealed that FVS191 had a rapid biphasic clearance from the circulation (T1/2α = 2.5 min, T1/2β = 3.7 h); The T1/2α and T1/2β phases of B43 mab were determined to be 0.72 h and 57 h respectively. Biodistribution studies compared the uptake of labeled antibodies by CD19-positive and by CD19-negative tumors. The peak percentages of injected dose were 5.7% at 12 h for B43 and 2.45% at 1 h for FVS191. Radiolocalization indices (RI) demonstrated tumor-specific uptake for both, but higher uptake for B43. The optimal RI was seen at 15 min for FVS191 and 6 h for B43. FVS191 was unstable in vivo, approximately 50% of the injected dose being degraded in blood in 100 min. Radioactivity detected in the urine was present mainly as the deiodinized form of FVS191. The results suggest that B43 mab is favored over FVS191 in biodistribution properties and in vivo stability. Because B43 Mab showed early tumor-specific uptake, high RI values, and favorable tissue-to-blood ratios, it is a potential candidate for radioimmunotherapy and immunotoxin therapy of B-cell leukemia and lymphoma.
Ictal central apnea as a predictor for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy

Epidemiological evidence associating ictal hypoventilation during focal seizures with a heightened risk for subsequent sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is lacking. We describe a patient with temporal lobe epilepsy with two focal seizures recorded in the epilepsy monitoring unit that were associated with central apnea lasting 57 and 58 seconds. During these events, she demonstrated oxygen desaturation down to 68 and 62%. The patient subsequently died at home from autopsy-confirmed SUDEP. The family was not alerted of any seizure activity by the auditory alarm system in her room nor by sleeping in the adjacent room with open doors. This case emphasizes the fact that ictal hypoxia and SUDEP may occur in seizures without noticeable convulsive activity. The report gives credibility to the growing body of literature suggesting that epilepsies affecting the autonomic nervous system may predispose to SUDEP independent of the effects of a secondary generalized convulsion.
Validity of processes of change in physical activity among college students in the TIGER study.

Objective To test the factorial validity and measurement equivalence/invariance of scales used to measure processes of change derived from the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) applied to physical activity.
The Loss of the Space Shuttle Columbia: Portaging Leadership Lessons with a Critical Thinking Model

Abstract:Business schools have long valued case studies as a tool for both broadening a student's perspective, and provoking them to deeper consideration of complex situations. The challenge with case studies is assuring the portability of the lessons; we don't expect students to see situations imitating those they've studied, hence the goal must instead be habits of mind and principles of action that the student can portage to the circumstances of their professional lives. This article evaluates the suitability of Richard Paul's Critical Thinking model as a template for evaluating engineering enterprise thinking habits and organizational behavior, using the Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB) report as a case study. With minor refinement, Paul's model provides a powerful vocabulary for complicated case study analysis; familiarity with the model provides participants with both a mechanism for analysis and a means for portaging lessons to other professional situations and organizations.
Metabolism of dehydroisoandrosterone and androstenedione by the human lung in vitro.

Abstract 3β-Hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase-Δ 5→4 -isomerase and 7α-hydroxylase activities are present in human lung and this is reflected in the rates of formation at initial velocities of androstenedione (∼110 pmol/100mg protein/h) and of 7α-hydroxydehydroisoandrosterone (∼100 pmol/100mg protein/h) as the principal metabolites obtained from incubations of human lung slices with [7- 3 H]-dehydroisoandrosterone. The 5α-reduced metabolites 5α-androstanedione and androsterone were formed with total conversion rates of ∼75 pmol/100 mg protein/h, and in addition, the 17β-hydroxysteroids 5-androstene-3β, 17β-diol and testosterone were also formed (∼25 pmol/100 mg protein/h and ∼5 pmol/100 mg protein/h, respectively). The incubation of human lung slices with [1,2,6,7- 3 H]-androstenedione resulted in the formation of 5α-androstanedione, androsterone and isoandrosterone with total conversion rates of ∼ 44 pmol/100 mg protein/h, and of testosterone (∼ 22 pmol/100 mg protein/h). 5β-Reduced-C 19 -steroids were not identified among the metabolites. The human lung is a potential site for the conversion of circulating dehydroisoandrosterone to androstenedione, to testosterone and to 5α-reduced steroids. The resulting steroids may exert their activities in situ or elsewhere, conceivably after further metabolism to more potent androgens.
Erythropoietin-independent erythroid colonies: is the molecular basis clarified?

Comment on Garcon et al, page [1551][1] In this issue, Garcon and colleagues in Vainchenker's laboratory describe the molecular basis of erythropoietin-independent colonies (also referred to as endogenous erythroid colonies [EECs]) in polycythemia vera (PV). Garcon and colleagues provide
Much Hype and Many Errors

This account of Darwinius masillae , its discovery, and its importance was rushed into print as part of the hype surrounding the public announcement of the work.
Secondary Interactions Affecting the Dissociation Patterns of Arginine-Containing Peptide Ions

An explanation is proposed for the dominance of arginine in the dissociation patterns of peptides. Experiments measuring the kinetic energy lost by parent ions of a number of arginine-containing peptides in the formation of particular product ions provide a means of gauging the amount of energy required to observe the dissociation. It is proposed that the higher amounts of energy needed to observe dissociation adjacent to an arginine residue are due to secondary interactions between the arginine side chain and an adjacent amino acid. The appearance of the (bn-1 + OH) ion in the MS/MS spectra of many arginine-containing peptides and data acquired on a quadrupole ion trap help support these findings. We further suggest that the differences in the dissociation between peptides with arginine and those without may be due to the predominance of different reaction mechanisms, i.e. charge-remote versus charge-directed.
Newborn Behavioral Effect of Cocaine: Is It Amount of Prenatal Exposure or Acute Toxicity? † 1234

Part of the problem in understanding the nature of early postpartum effects of fetal cocaine exposure has been the lack of separation of true effects of prenatal exposure from those associated with acute toxicity. Only a few studies have compared newborn behavior of infants exposed prenatally and positive for cocaine metabolites at birth to those exposed infants negative for cocaine at birth. Most failed to use blinded observers, drug-free controls, or prospective enrollment. None considered amount of exposure of positive vs. negative infants, thus possibly confounding the effects of amounts of exposure with acute toxicity. We prospectively enrolled 154 women who used cocaine during pregnancy and matched 154 controls on SES, race, parity and prenatal risk. Marijuana was the only other illicit drug allowed. Pregnant women were interviewed in a private setting by trained staff who collected details of past drug use at the end of each trimester. All subjects were required to provide urine specimens at enrollment and to consent to full toxicology testing of their newborns. Following delivery, certified, blinded examiners administrated the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) under controlled conditions. Based on interviews, toxicology testing, and availability for NBAS testing, there were 81 who admitted use or were positive in pregnancy, but whose infants were negative at birth; 48 whose infants were positive at birth; and 148 controls. We determined that median amounts spent on cocaine per day during pregnancy differed for those positive ($1.81) and those negative ($0.66) at birth; therefore, to evaluate acute toxicity, the amount spent on cocaine was used as a covariate in all analyses along with adjustment for amount of tobacco, alcohol and marijuana use. Our results demonstrated that of the 7 NBAS cluster scores, only Autonomic Regulation was significantly different by group. Of the 9 supplementary scores qualifying NBAS performance, only Alert Responsiveness was significant for group; the infants who were positive at birth scored significantly lower than controls, with scores of those negative falling in between. Our earlier work with this cohort found behavioral effects related to the amount of prenatal cocaine exposure. In this study, after controlling for the amount of prenatal exposure, only 2 of 16 NBAS scores were significantly different between infants positive and negative for cocaine metabolites at birth. We conclude that newborn behavioral effects do not seem to be highly related to acute toxicity.
Voltage-dependent calcium channels regulate GH4 pituitary cell proliferation at two stages of the cell cycle

Calcium is an intracellular signal implicated in the regulation of cell proliferation. We have examined the growth regulatory role of voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCC) in a rat pituitary cell line (GH4C1) that expresses two well-characterized VDCC subtypes (L and T) and is growth-inhibited by several agents known to enhance calcium entry. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA), and epidermal growth factor (EGF), each known to enhance calcium entry in GH4 cells, decrease GH4 cell number and incorporation of [3H]-thymidine. The growth inhibitory action of these agents is cytostatic with a predominant effect to block G1 cells from entering S-phase. We next examined the growth regulatory action of pharmacologic agents that interact directly and specifically with type L VDCC. Activation of type L VDCC with the dihydropyridine BAY K8644 inhibits GH4 proliferation as measured by cell number and [3H]-thymidine incorporation. This action of BAY K8644 is enhanced by a submaximal K(+)-maintained depolarization, and the growth inhibitory action of these agents is also cytostatic as evident by the block of G1 cells from entering S-phase. Nimodipine, an antagonist specific for type L VDCC blocks (IC50 = 30 nM) BAY K8644-inhibited cell proliferation by substantially reducing the S-phase block. Taken together these findings indicate that calcium entry through type L VDCC inhibits GH4 cell proliferation by blocking entry into S-phase. By contrast, nimodipine caused only a small reversal of the TRH-induced S-phase block, suggesting that TRH inhibits proliferation by a mechanism that differs at least in part from L-channel activation. Unexpectedly, nimodipine, given alone, caused a substantial inhibition of GH4 cell proliferation. This action of nimodipine was cytostatic, yet differed from calcium channel activators in that the percentage of S-phase cells was unchanged whereas G2-M-phase cells increased with a parallel decrease in G1-phase cells. Similar effects were also observed with other classes of calcium channel blockers. Taken together these results indicate that calcium entry through VDCC regulates GH4 cell proliferation differently depending on the stage of the cell cycle. In G1-phase cells, sustained entry of calcium through type L VDCC blocks entry into S-phase. In G2-M-phase cells entry of calcium promotes progression through mitosis.
Spacetime Substantivalism and Einstein’s Cosmological Constant

I offer a novel argument for spacetime substantivalism: We should take the spacetime of general relativity to be a substance because of its active role in gravitational causation. As a clear example of this causal behavior I offer the cosmological constant, a term in the most general form of the Einstein field equations which causes free floating objects to accelerate apart. This acceleration cannot, I claim, be causally explained except by reference to spacetime itself.
Evidence for prolonged El Nino-like conditions in the Pacific during the Late Pleistocene: a 43 ka noble gas record from California groundwaters

Abstract Information on the ocean/atmosphere state over the period spanning the Last Glacial Maximum – from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene – provides crucial constraints on the relationship between orbital forcing and global climate change. The Pacific Ocean is particularly important in this respect because of its dominant role in exporting heat and moisture from the tropics to higher latitudes. Through targeting groundwaters in the Mojave Desert, California, we show that noble gas derived temperatures in California averaged 4.2 ± 1.1 °C cooler in the Late Pleistocene (from ∼43 to ∼12 ka) compared to the Holocene (from ∼10 to ∼5 ka). Furthermore, the older groundwaters contain higher concentrations of excess air (entrained air bubbles) and have elevated oxygen-18/oxygen-16 ratios (δ18O) – indicators of vigorous aquifer recharge, and greater rainfall amounts and/or more intense precipitation events, respectively. Together, these paleoclimate indicators reveal that cooler and wetter conditions prevailed in the Mojave Desert from ∼43 to ∼12 ka. We suggest that during the Late Pleistocene, the Pacific ocean/atmosphere state was similar to present-day El Nino-like patterns, and was characterized by prolonged periods of weak trade winds, weak upwelling along the eastern Pacific margin, and increased precipitation in the southwestern U.S.
Synthesis and characterization of a novel Gd(III)¿Cu(II) dinuclear adduct

Abstract Two novel Gd(III)–Cu(II) dinuclear complexes have been prepared by the acid–base reaction between Gd(hfa)3 and Cu(2,2-oxomac) (1, Cu(2,2-oxomac)Gd(hfa)3) and between Gd(hfa)3 and Cu(3,2-oxomac) (2, Cu(3,2-oxomac)Gd(hfa)3). These complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis and infrared spectroscopy. The structure of 1 has been determined by X-ray diffraction. The copper atom is square pyramidal, bound to the four planar nitrogen atoms of the macrocycle and weakly bound to the oxygen atom of a dimethylformamide (dmf) molecule. The gadolinium atom is at the center of a tricapped trigonal prism. The nine-coordinate gadolinium atom is bound to six oxygen atoms of three hfa ligands, the two oxamide oxygen atoms of the copper macrocycle, and one oxygen atom of a second coordinated dmf molecule. Unsymmetric binding of the copper macrocycle to gadolinium leads to a distortion in the bridging atoms not observed in reactions of the copper macrocycles with transition metal hfa’s.
Extraacquisitional factors in extinction: The effect of feeding activities of neighboring rats

Following asymptotic extinction training, additional nonrewarded trials produced an increase in running speed. The rate of this response increment was negatively related to the time elapsed since neighboring rats had been fed. Further, the increment was obtained only in the start and run segments of the alley and not in the goalbox.
Supralaryngeal muscle activity during sustained vibrato in four sopranos: Surface EMG findings

Four classically trained sopranos, aged 22-41 years, sustained a vibrato at a comfortable loudness level, and at different vowels (/u/, /i/, or /a/) and pitch levels (220, 277, 349, 440, 554, 698, or 880 Hz). Pairs of surface electrodes were placed on each singer's right side over the submandibular region, the thyroid cartilage, mandibular ramus, and upper lip to record electromyographic (EMG) activity from the anterior suprahyoid (ASH), extralaryngeal (ELAR), massetter (MAS), and perioral (PER) muscles, respectively. A headset-mounted miniature microphone transduced the voice, and a Kay Visi-Pitch extracted the voice fundamental frequency (F0). The output of the Visi-Pitch, a voltage analog of the F0 (VF0), and the EMG signals were digitized, the EMG signals rectified and smoothed, and the VF0 and smoothed EMG signals were subjected to Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis. Spectral peaks in the FFT records indicated vibrato-related activity in the ASH and ELAR muscles, with occasional vibrato-related activity in the MAS and PER muscles. The role of supralaryngeal muscles in vibrato is discussed.
A survey of acid catalysts in dipyrromethanecarbinol condensations leading to meso-substituted porphyrins

The successful use of dipyrromethanecarbinols in rational routes to porphyrinic macrocycles requires catalysis conditions that enable irreversible condensation, thereby avoiding substituent scrambling and formation of undesired porphyrin products. Previously, successful conditions of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) (30 mM) in acetonitrile were identified following a lengthy survey of TFA and BF3-etherate catalysis in diverse solvents. In this study, focus was placed on the acid catalyst by examining 17 acids in CH2Cl2, the traditional solvent for two-step, one-flask porphyrin syntheses. In the self-condensation of the carbinol derived from 1-(4-methylbenzoyl)-5-phenyldipyrromethane, porphyrin yields of 9–55% were obtained from the various acids, compared to 20% under TFA catalysis in acetonitrile. A number of catalytic conditions that produce little to no porphyrin in reactions of pyrrole + benzaldehyde afforded good yields of porphyrin and the suppression of scrambling in reactions of dipyrromethanecarbinols....
Effect of polyamines on ethylene production

Abstract The polyamines putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and spermine reduced the amount of ethylene produced by senescing petals of Tradescantia but they did not prevent anthocyanin leakage from these same petals. These polyamines also inhibited auxin-mediated ethylene production by etiolated soybean hypocotyls to less than 7 % of the control. The basic amino acids lysine and histidine reduced the amount of auxin-induced ethylene produced by soybean hypocotyls by ca 50 %. In the hypocotyls, methionine was unable to overcome the inhibition caused by the polyamines. The polyamines spermidine and spermine inhibited ethylene production induced by the application of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid and they also reduced the endogenous content of this amino acid in the treated tissues.
Tyrosine phosphorylation: a critical component in the formation of hemidesmosomes.

Our goal was to evaluate the role of tyrosine phosphorylation in the complete formation of hemides- mosomes that occurs during development or during re- modeling after injury. A corneal organ culture system was used to study hemidesmosome formation as it would occur in an intact tissue. Phosphorylation of the integrin subunit β4 and bullous pemphigoid antigen-1 (BPAG-1) was examined, as these proteins are known to play a role in linking the electron-dense plaques along the basal sur- face with the intermediate filaments to complete the for- mation of hemidesmosomes. Corneal epithelial sheets were placed on substrata that contained an intact basal lamina or basal laminae that had been either modified or removed. These constructs were incubated for up to 18 h, and hemidesmosome formation was evaluated by using transmission electron microscopy. When epithelial sheets were placed on intact basal laminae and incubated in the presence of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein (200 µM), hemidesmosome formation was impaired. The formation of electron-dense regions was delayed, and no association of intermediate filaments was detected. Re- sults were confirmed by biochemical studies. When the epithelium and underlying proteins were extracted and immunoprecipitated with β4 or BPAG-1, tyrosine phos- phorylation decreased in the presence of genistein. In ad- dition, the phosphorylation of β4 decreased when epithe- lial sheets were incubated on substrata from which the basal lamina had been removed or altered. Thus, a reduc- tion in phosphorylation of tyrosine residues impairs the formation of mature hemidesmosomes, and substrata that fail to support hemidesmosome formation also demon- strate decreased phosphorylation of tyrosine residues.
Visualizing a discipline: an author co-citation analysis of information science, 1972–1995

This study presents an extensive domain analysis of a discipline—information science—in terms of its authors. Names of those most frequently cited in 12 key journals from 1972 through 1995 were retrieved from Social Scisearch via DIALOG. The top 120 were submitted to author co-citation analyses, yielding automatic classifications relevant to histories of the field. Tables and graphics reveal: (1) The disciplinary and institutional affiliations of contributors to information science; (2) the specialty structure of the discipline over 24 years; (3) authors' memberships in 1 or more specialties; (4) inertia and change in authors' positions on 2-dimensional subject maps over 3 8-year subperiods, 1972–1979, 1980–1987, 1988–1995; (5) the 2 major subdisciplines of information science and their evolving memberships; (6) “canonical” authors who are in the top 100 in all three subperiods; (7) changes in authors' eminence and influence over the subperiods, as shown by mean co-citation counts; (8) authors with marked changes in their mapped positions over the subperiods; (9) the axes on which authors are mapped, with interpretations; (10) evidence of a paradigm shift in information science in the 1980s; and (11) evidence on the general nature and state of integration of information science. Statistical routines include ALSCAL, INDSCAL, factor analysis, and cluster analysis with SPSS; maps and other graphics were made with DeltaGraph. Theory and methodology are sufficiently detailed to be usable by other researchers. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Characterization of a Novel Keratinocyte Ubiquitin Carrier Protein

A novel member of the ubiquitin carrier protein family, designated E2EPF, has been cloned by our laboratory and expressed in a bacterial system in an active form. Ubiquitin carrier proteins, or E2s, catalyze one step in a multistep process that leads to the covalent conjugation of ubiquitin to substrate proteins. In this paper, we show that recombinant E2EPF catalyzes auto/multiubiquitination, the conjugation of multiple ubiquitin molecules to itself. Multiubiquitination has been shown previously to be required for targeting of a substrate protein for rapid degradation. Using a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system, E2EPF was shown to support the degradation of a model substrate in an ATP- and ubiquitin-dependent fashion. In contrast to a previous study which showed that selective protein degradation in one system is dependent upon multiubiquitination via the lysine 48 residue of ubiquitin, multiubiquitination, and proteolytic targeting by E2EPF was shown here to be independent of the lysine 48 multiubiquitin linkage. This functional characterization of E2EPF revealed a combination of features that distinguishes this enzyme from all previously characterized members of the ubiquitin carrier protein family. These results also suggest several possible autoregulatory models for E2EPF involving auto- and multiubiquitination.
Development and Validation of the New EPA Microwave-Assisted Leach Method 3051A

An updated, optimized method has been developed to minimize the chemical biases and inefficiencies between two EPA SW-846 alternative leach methods, microwave-assisted Method 3051 and open vessel M...
Information Theory Applied to Parameter Inference of Pake Doublet Spectra

Magnetic resonance absorption lineshapes can have subtle dependencies on the model parameters that specify the lineshape. To quantify how the model parameters influence the lineshape, it is useful to study simple model systems for which analytical expressions are available. We propose that information theory is a useful tool to quantify how well model parameters may be inferred from a noisy signal. Information theory also allows us to assess the importance of missing parameters from an incomplete model. We do this by monitoring the magnitude of a partition function determined from a suitably defined probability mass function as the model parameters are varied. The optimum parameter set makes the partition function a maximum, which establishes a computable criterion for determining the best model parameter set. Given the availability of a partition function, one may define thermodynamic functions such as the entropy. The optimum parameter set in this interpretation corresponds to the state of maximum entropy. In this work, we observe that at sufficiently low signal to noise ratio, the entropy landscape has no clear maximum, while a related quantity, the Fisher information, always has a clear minimum at the optimum parameter set. The qualitative information we are able to gather from the entropy landscapes is also difficult to assess when the parameters are far from their optimum values, at least for the model system studied here.
The incorporation of 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid into rat liver diacylglyceroaminoethylphosphonate.

Rats intravenously administered (14C) 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid (AEP) incorporated ca. 16% of the total injected compound into liver lipids. Thin layer chromatography and selective chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis of the labeled lipids demonstrated that essentially all of the radioactivity was in one compound, diacylglycerol-AEP, the phosphonate analog of phosphatidylethanolamine. Lipids from kidneys, heart, skeletal muscle, adipose, pancreas and brain were examined and found to contain less than 2% collectively of the total injected radioactivity. The residues from the tissues contained ca. 3.2% of the total injected (14C) AEP.
An infant with trisomy 9 mosaicism and features of CHARGE association

A range of phenotypic features has been reported in infants and children with trisomy 9 mosaicism. This chromosome abnormality typically involves growth and mental retardation, dysmorphic facial features, skeletal anomalies, cardiac and brain defects, and other malformations. We describe a female infant with trisomy 9 mosaicism who was born at 41 weeks gestation to a gravida 6, para 4, Ab 2, 44 year old white female who had an unremarkable prenatal course. The delivery was by C-section because there was failure of progression of labor. The infant had intrauterine growth retardation, single umbilical artery, iris coloboma, primary pulmonary hypertension, cardiac malposition, asymmetric labia and small clitoris, clinical choanal stenosis, and dysmorphic features of micrognathia, posteriorly rotated lowset ears, and single palmar crease. Because of these findings, she was initially thought to have CHARGE association. However, her blood karyotype was 47, XX, +9[10]/46, XX[10] and she was given the diagnosis of trisomy 9 mosaicism. A policy of comfort care was invoked upon conferring with her parents, and the infant died at age 7 days. At autopsy the clinical findings were confirmed. Also diagnosed post mortem were right ventricular hypertrophy, atrial septal defect, muscularization of pulmonary peripheral arterioles, and absent corpus callosum. The features seen in this infant are consistent with the phenotype described in other published cases of trisomy 9 mosaicism. This case is interesting and important to report because it provides evidence of the need for chromosome mosaicism studies in patients who appear to have CHARGE association.
Localization of the inhibitory actions of ovulation-blocking drugs on release of luteinizing hormone in ovariectomized rats.

Plasma LH concentrations were meas-ured by radioimmunoassay in blood withdrawn through atrial cannulas at 10-min intervals in longterm ovariectomized rats. Urethane (1.5 g/kg body wt) or phenobarbital (75 mg/kg body wt) injected ip inhibited the pulsatile discharge of the hormone and depressed plasma LH concentration for over 2 hr. Partial or total deafferentation of the medial basal hypothalamus 4–6 weeks prior to ovariectomy did not interfere with the pulsatile rhythm in high plasma LH concentration after ovariectomy and injection of urethane or phenobarbital inhibited LH release in these deafferented rats as effectively as in nondeafferented animals. An ip injection of pen-tobarbital (32 mg/kg body wt) caused a marked but temporary depression in plasma LH concentration. Within 1 hr after administration of pentobarbital, the pulsatile fluctuations in plasma LH had re-sumed. Continuous deep ether anesthesia sup-pressed the pulsatile rhythm in plasma LH but levels remained steady in the low range of pretr...