cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shallow seismic reflection profiling over the Brevard zone, South Carolina

Shallow reflection profiles over crystalline rocks of the Brevard zone show events that correlate with projections of mapped lithologic contacts, in spite of strong attenuation and statics effects associated with a zone of severe chemical weathering (saprolite). The profiles, which were collected in western South Carolina about 5 km from Appalachian ultra Deep Core Hole (ADCOH) regional lines 1 and 3, straddle the contact between the Brevard fault zone and the wider Brevard mylonitic shear zone to the southeast. The principal goal of these experiments was to test the feasibility of using a hammer source and 24-channel seismograph to image near‐surface brittle and ductile structures to a depth of several hundred meters. We recorded two dip lines and one strike line with a total common midpoint (CMP) coverage of 1 km. Processing focused on eliminating static shifts and separating reflections from overlapping refracted S-waves. A statics approach based on the alignment of first arrivals on common‐offset gath...
Toll-like receptor 4 mediates cross-talk between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and nuclear factor-κB in macrophages

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is expressed in macrophages and plays an important role in suppressing the inflammatory response. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which activate Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), reduced PPARgamma expression and function in peritoneal macrophages and macrophage cell lines. Moreover, pretreatment with the synthetic PPARgamma ligand, rosiglitazone did not prevent LPS-mediated downregulation of PPARgamma. Inhibition of PPARgamma expression was not blocked by cycloheximide, indicating that de novo protein synthesis is not required for LPS-mediated suppression of PPARgamma. Destabilization of PPARgamma messenger RNA (mRNA) was not observed in LPS-stimulated macrophages, suggesting that LPS regulates the synthesis of PPARgamma mRNA. LPS had no effect on PPARgamma expression in macrophages from TLR4 knockout mice, whereas LPS inhibited PPARgamma expression in cells that had been reconstituted to express functional TLR4. Targeting the TLR4 pathway with inhibitors of MEK1/2, p38, JNK and AP-1 had no effect on PPARgamma downregulation by LPS. However, inhibitors that target NEMO, IkappaB and NF-kappaB abolished LPS-mediated downregulation of PPARgamma in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Our data indicate that activation of TLR4 inhibits PPARgamma mRNA synthesis by an NF-kappaB-dependent mechanism. Low-density genomic profiling of macrophage-specific PPARgamma knockout cells indicated that PPARgamma suppresses inflammation under basal conditions, and that loss of PPARgamma expression is sufficient to induce a proinflammatory state. Our data reveal a regulatory feedback loop in which PPARgamma represses NF-kappaB-mediated inflammatory signalling in unstimulated macrophages; however, upon activation of TLR4, NF-kappaB drives down PPARgamma expression and thereby obviates any potential anti-inflammatory effects of PPARgamma in LPS-stimulated macrophages.
A Survey of Diagnostic Practices and the Use of Epoprostenol In Patients With Primary Pulmonary Hypertension

Study objective To obtain information about the diagnosis and management of primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH), especially about the use of epoprostenol (Glaxo-Wellcome; Research Triangle Park, NC) in this patient population. Background Long-term IV epoprostenol therapy was approved recently for use in patients with PPH who are unresponsive to conventional therapy. Although epoprostenol represents a major advance in the treatment of PPH, there is no published consensus regarding the optimal use of this therapy. Methods A five-page survey was mailed to 23 investigators at medical centers treating five or more patients with PPH with long-term epoprostenol therapy. Results Nineteen of 23 investigators responded to the survey. During the initial hemodynamic evaluation, 11 investigators used changes in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), and cardiac output, 5 investigators considered PVR and PAP only, and 2 investigators analyzed PVR alone to define a short-term vasodilator response. During long-term therapy, two thirds of the investigators increased the dose at scheduled intervals, while all investigators increased the dose in response to worsening symptoms. Epoprostenol doses were reported to range from 0.5 to 270 ng/kg/min. Nine investigators routinely repeated right heart catheterization an average of 7.5 ±3.8 months after starting epoprostenol, and the mean decrease in pulmonary artery pressure was between 15 and 25%. Conclusion This survey indicates that there is wide variation in the evaluation of patients with PPH and in the use of epoprostenol therapy. The lack of consensus suggests the need for multicenter collaborative studies in order to optimize the use of epoprostenol therapy for PPH.
Budgeting for CD-ROM in academic libraries: Sources and impacts

Abstract CD-ROM databases are commonplace in academic libraries and have caused changes both in library usage and collections. Funding/or CD-ROM subscriptions, however, has been haphazard and often based on soft money. If library funding for CD-ROM was available on a more permanent basis, collection planning would be more efficient. For this study, 16 ARL libraries were surveyed to investigate budgeting patterns for CD-ROM and to determine any effects of CD-ROM collection on the collection of other formats of material. The answers will assist in developing better collection development policies and budgeting strategies. The reported sources of funding were numerous, with most coming from within existing library budgets. Most of the libraries surveyed (93%) reported that they did expect CD-ROM funding to continue aspart of the library budget. This finding was contrary to most of the literature regarding CD-ROM funding, suggesting a change in library practices. Further, there was some evidence that monograph budgets have decreased and that in some cases a choice was made between CD-ROM and print indexes. Other costs have also increased as a result of CD-ROM acquisitions.
Normalization of soil DNA extraction for accurate quantification of target genes by real-time PCR and DGGE

The analysis of microbial communities in environmental samples requires accurate and reproducible methods for extraction of DNA from sample matrices that have different physical and chemical characteristics. Even with the same sample type, variations in laboratory methods can result in different DNA yields. To circumvent this problem, we have developed an easy and inexpensive way to normalize the quantities of DNA that involves the addition of an internal standard prepared from plasmid DNA. The method was evaluated by comparing DNA yields using different DNA extraction procedures, after which the DNA was used for microbial community analysis by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and for quantification of 16S rRNA gene copy numbers in environmental samples by real-time PCR. Our results show that use of the internal standard allows normalization of the resulting data and more accurate quantification of gene copy numbers in soil samples. These methods should also have broad application for various other types of environmental samples.
Curveship's automatic narrative style

Curveship, a Python framework for developing interactive fiction (IF) with narrative style, is described. The system simulates a world with locations, characters, and objects, providing the typical facilities of an IF development system. To these it adds the ability to generate text and to change the telling of events and description of items using high-level narrative parameters, so that, for instance, different actors can be focalized and events can be told out of order. By assigning a character to be narrator or moving the narrator in time, the system can determine grammatical specifics and render the text in a new narrative style. Curveship offers those interested in narrative systems a way to experiment with changes in the narrative discourse; for interactive fiction authors and those who wish to use of the system as a component of their own, it is a way to create powerful new types of narrative experiences. The templates used for language generation in Curveship, the string-with-slots representation, shows that there is a compromise between highly flexible but extremely difficult-to-author abstract syntax representations and simple strings, which are easy to write but extremely inflexible. The development of the system has suggested ways to refine narrative theory, offering new understandings of how narrative distance can be understood as being composed of lower-level changes in narrative and how the order of events is better represented as an ordered tree than a simple sequence.
Observations of crystal orientation effects in tin-telluride thin films

Abstract Tin-telluride thin films may be crystallographically oriented to certain preferred directions either during evaporation on to glass substrates or during subsequent anneals. X-ray diffraction measurements reveal the effects of ambient gas and ambient gas pressure, and annealing ambient. Either {110} or {111} planes show preferred orientation when helium is used as evaporant ambient, while {100} planes show preferred orientation in argon. Annealing in vacuum produces {111} orientation while annealing in tellurium vapor produces {110} orientation. Crystallite size measurements reveal preferences related to growth of larger crystallites of preferred crystal direction normal to substrate as compared to unpreferred crystallites during evaporations of films. Size measurements indicate regrowth of preferred crystallites larger in plane of film during annealing. Two mechanisms are suggested to explain orientation effects in evaporation; scattering of evaporant atoms by the ambient gas and adsorption/ occlusion of ambient gas into the film. The inclusion of tellurium in regrowth is suggested as an explanation of the different regrowth habits in vacuum and tellurium vapor.
An ion detecting and measuring system with wide dynamic range

Abstract An ion detecting and measuring system is described which has a dynamic range in ion current measuring capability of ten decades. The detector is basically a Daly ion—electron—scintillation converter. In its normal pulse-counting mode of operation, it is usable for ion currents between 10 −20 A and about 10 −13 A with the upper limit determined by dead-time losses in the counting system. Two different modification schemes have been devised which extend the dynamic range to about 10 −10 A of ion current. One of the schemes is especially useful for fast, transient signals such as are encountered in direct-inlet mass spectrometry of airborne particles. A device to integrate such fast, transient ion signals over the dynamic range of the detector is also described.
How can medical students be encouraged to train in geriatrics

Geriatricians have the training and skills to care for the increasingly complex chronic illnesses of the aging population, yet there are too few medical students entering the field of geriatrics. Financial burden and lifestyle are two important factors affecting medical students’ choice of specialty that need to be addressed. Providing meaningful interactions with the elderly prior to medical school, having high-functioning clinical experiences in medical school, and enthusiastic mentors in geriatrics who have been given the academic time to teach are all vital to influencing more trainees to consider geriatrics as a specialty. As the elderly population increases rapidly it is imperative more students consider a career in geriatrics.
Odor Thresholds of Various Unsaturated Branched Esters

Abstract A series of unsaturated branched esters were purified by preparative gas chromatography and their odor thresholds were determined using sensory panel methods. In general, unsaturated branched esters had higher odor thresholds than their saturated counterparts. Double bond position and configuration had marked influences on the odor threshold. In most cases, the addition of a double bond in the C-2 position of the acid resulted in significantly higher odor thresholds while the addition of a double bond in positions further away from the acid carbonyl had a smaller effect on the odor threshold. Ethyl 2-methyl-4-pentenoate had the lowest odor threshold (0.01 μL/10 3 L) of the esters tested while methyl (E)-2-methyl-2-butenoate (methyl tiglate; 130 μL/10 3 L) had the highest odor threshold.
Three-dimensional Schwarzschild spacetimes

In the following we find all of the three-dimensional flat spacetimes which are static and rotationally symmetric.
A Ubiquitin-like Protein Involved in Membrane Fusion

Atg8 is a ubiquitin-like protein involved in autophagy in yeast that is targeted to membranes through conjugation to the lipid phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). In this issue of Cell, Nakatogawa et al. (2007) show that Atg8 conjugated to PE mediates tethering between adjacent membranes and stimulates membrane hemifusion, an event that may mimic expansion of the autophagosomal membrane during autophagy.
Internal jugular vein reconstruction in bilateral radical neck dissection

(Editorial Comment: The authors emphasize the potential importance of jugular vein reconstruction in patients with advanced bilateral cervical metastasis in whom a bilateral radical neck dissection obviates potential for preservation of a single jugular vein.) Simultaneous bilateral modified neck dissections are well tolerated by head and neck cancer patients and the use of dissections in the management of palpable and occult metastatic disease of the upper aerodigestive tract is increasingaIm The low morbidity associated with these procedures is secondary to the ability to preserve important structures such as the internal jugular vein (IJV), spinal accessory nerve, and the sternocleidomastoid mus-cle.4 Maintenance of at least one internal jug- jugular vein in these bilateral lymphadenectomies is helpful in reducing the complicationsof interrupting the venous drainage of the head. Massive postoperative head and neck edema,4-” increased intracranial pressure,7 orsure, or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hor-mone secretion (SIADH)’ may occur if both IJVs are surgically occluded5- despite the presence of collateral venous drainage. Severe intracranial sequelae such as stroke, blindness,g and even death7 have been reported [Table
Computer design for power electronics: Tracing the evolution of computer usage in a specialized area

The computer aided design and analysis (CADA) field was initiated around 1965 with the introduction of the ECAP computer program. For the first time, design engineers could analyze circuits without having to write the defining equations. Both analog and digital computers had long been used to solve equations, but with ECAP a breakthrough was established: a computer program able to both write and solve system equations automatically, requiring only a listing of the circuit components as the input. After several years, other CADA programs including SPECTRE, TRAC, NET, and CIRCUS became available, many offering improvements and additional features. Still more sophisticated programs and features became available during the years 1970–75. These programs included SPICE 2 and SUPER∗SCEPTRE.
Efficiency of split‐mouth designs

The purpose of this paper is (1) to investigate the similarity of the amount, distribution, and, severity of periodontal disease of the within-patient experimental units, (2) to estimate the relative efficiencies of split-mouth designs when compared to whole-mouth designs, and (3) to discuss how stratification on initial pocket depth can result in large differences in the power of the test- statistics in the different disease categories. Periodontal disease characteristics are not always homogeneously distributed over the within-patient experimental units and this heterogeneity can reduce the efficiency of split-mouth designs. In particu- lar, if analyses are stratified on initial pocket depth, sites with an initial probing depth deeper than 6 mm may be small in number and asymmetrically distributed when compared to sites with an initial probing depth less than 6 mm. This may result in large differences of the power of the test statistics among the different disease categories and should lead to a careful interpretation of the statistical significance tests. When disease characteristics are symmetrically distributed over the within-patient experimental units and a sufficient number of sites is present per expenmental unit, the split-mouth design can provide moderate to large gains in relative efficiency. In the absence of a symmetric disease distribution, whole- inouth clinical trials may be preferable.
Interdiffusion in the carbides of the Nb-C system

Interdiffusion coefficients in Nb2C and NbC1−x were measured using bulk diffusion couples in the temperature range from 1400 °C to 1700 °C. Marker experiments were used to show that carbon is the only component undergoing significant diffusion in both carbides. Carbon concentrations were measured by difference using electron probe microanalysis, and interdiffusion coefficients were taken from Boltzmann-Matano analyses of the resulting concentration profiles. This analysis clearly showed that, in NbC1−x, interdiffusion coefficient varies with carbon concentration, and is expressed by $$\tilde D\left( {NbC_{1 - x} } \right) = 3.84 \times 10^{ - 9} \exp \left( {23.24x} \right)\exp \left( { - \frac{{28,450 \pm 850}}{T}} \right)m^2 /s$$ where x is the site fraction of vacancies on the carbon sublattice. The interdiffusion coefficient in Nb2C is given by $$\tilde D\left( {Nb_2 C} \right) = 2.04 \pm 0.57 \times 10^{ - 4} \exp \left( { - \frac{{35,520 \pm 2190}}{T}} \right)m^2 /s$$ Parabolic layer growth coefficients were estimated from the Nb|C diffusion couples as well. They are given by $$\begin{gathered} K_p \left( {NbC} \right) = 2.65_{2.41}^{2.90} \times 10^{ - 5} \exp \left( { - \frac{{37,600 \pm 1400}}{T}} \right)m^2 /s \hfill \\ K_p \left( {Nb_2 C} \right) = 1.57_{1.28}^{1.92} \times 10^{ - 5} \exp \left( { - \frac{{36,400 \pm 3100}}{T}} \right)m^2 /s \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ The value of $$\tilde D$$ in NbC1−x was found to be consistent with literature values for the tracer diffusivity of C in NbC1−x via the thermodynamic factor, which was determined in two ways.
Regulating academic-industrial research relationships--solving problems or stifling progress?

Dr. Thomas Stossel argues for increasing interaction between academic scientists and the companies that manufacture biomedical treatments.
Embedded and efficient low-complexity hierarchical image coder

We propose an embedded hierarchical image coding algorithm of low complexity. It exploits two fundamental characteristics of an image transform -- the well defined hierarchical structure, and energy clustering in frequency and in space. The image coding algorithm developed here, apart from being embedded and of low complexity, is very efficient and is comparable to the best known low-complexity image coding schemes available today.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Entrainment of fine particles from surfaces by impinging shock waves

When a shock wave impinges on a surface, it reflects and propagates across the surface at supersonic velocity. The gas is impulsively accelerated by the passing shock wave. The resulting high-speed flow imparts sufficiently strong forces to particles on the surface to overcome strong adhesive forces and entrain the surface-bound particles into the gas. This paper describes an experimental study of the removal of fine particles from a surface by impinging shock waves. The surfaces examined in this study were glass slides on which uniformly sized (8.3 μm diameter), spherical polystyrene particles had been deposited. Shock waves were generated in a small, open-ended shock tube at various heights above and impingement angles to the surface. Particle detachment from the carefully prepared substrates was determined from images of the surfaces recorded before and after shock impingement. A single shock wave effectively cleaned a large surface area. The centerline length of the cleared region was used to characterize the efficacy of shock cleaning. A model based upon the far field solution for a point source surface shock provides a good fit to the clearance length data and yields an estimate to the threshold shock strength for particle removal.
Anomalous left anterior descending artery to coronary sinus fistula with associated localized ischemia: A clinical dilemma

Patient: Female, 57 Final Diagnosis: Coronary sinus – venous fistula Symptoms: Dispnoea Medication: — Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: Cardiology Objective: Rare disease Background: Coronary arterial fistula, or arteriovenous malformation (AVM), is a connection between the coronary tree and a cardiac chamber or great vessel, having bypassed the myocardial capillary bed. Known complications from coronary artery fistulas may include “steal” from the adjacent myocardium, resulting in myocardial ischemia. Case Report: We report the case of a 57-year-old Hispanic woman with abnormal preoperative electrocardiogram (ECG) and symptoms of dyspnea on exertion, who underwent a stress echocardiography demonstrating inferior distribution hypokinesis at peak exercise. Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) demonstrated a venous fistula connecting the coronary sinus (CS) with the distal portion of the left anterior descending artery (LAD), occupying the territory of a left posterior descending artery (L-PDA) and corresponding in distribution with the patient’s stress-induced wall motion abnormalities. Conclusions: Anomalous left anterior descending artery to coronary sinus fistula with associated ischemia is a rare clinical dilemma with limited experience of success with either surgical or medical options.
Neurobehavioral effects of prenatal exposure to the organophosphate Diazinon in mice.

Pregnant mice were given a daily dose of 0, 0.18, or 9.0 mg Diazinon per kilogram body weight throughout gestation. Mothers of all dose groups gave birth to viable, overtly normal offspring. However, pups born to mothers receiving the higher dose of the organophosphate grew significantly slower than controls and remained significantly smaller at 1 month of age. Offspring of mothers receiving the lower dose apparently were unaffected, but systematic behavioral testing revealed subtle deviations from normal developmental ontogeny as shown by significant delays in the appearance of the contact placing reflex and of sexual maturity (descent of testes or vaginal opening). Mature offspring of mothers exposed to either dose of the pesticide displayed impaired endurance and coordination on rod cling and inclined plane tests of neuromuscular function. Offspring from the 9.0 mg/kg group, in addition, had slower running speeds in a Lashley III maze and less endurance in a swimming test. Brains obtained after sacrifi...
Microdissection-Based Genotyping Assists Discrimination of Reactive Gliosis from Glioma

We used molecular anatomic pathology to determine the mutational status (loss of heterozygosity [LOH]) to make the distinction between reactive gliosis and glial neoplasia. LOH has been shown to be absent in reactive states and present in neoplastic cellular proliferations. Three groups of patient specimens were analyzed: group 1, reactive gliosis (n = 15); group 2, gliomas of varying histologic type and grade (n = 54); group 3, diagnostically challenging reactive gliosis vs glioma (n = 16). No group 1 cases (0/15 [0%]) showed allelic loss, whereas all high-grade glial neoplasms, a subset of group 2 (35/35 [100%]) manifested at least 1 allelic loss alteration, with most cases (33/35 [94%]) displaying 2 or more such changes. During a look forward at the group 3 patients, clinical history clarified the problematic diagnosis in a subset of 11 patients: 8 (73%) of 11 clinical outcomes were predicted correctly by our analysis. The molecular anatomic pathology approach outlined herein is designed for minute, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens, which are encountered in everyday surgical pathology practice. Molecular anatomic pathology opens the possibilities of molecular analysis to everyday pathology practice.
Social disorganization, Latinos and juvenile crime in the Texas borderlands

Abstract Purpose Using a time-series cross-sectional design, we estimated the effects of social disorganization on juvenile property crime rates in a predominately Latino, Texas-Mexico border region. Methods Eighteen years of data from seven independent sources (Bureau of Economic Analysis, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Census Bureau, Texas State Demographer, Internal Revenue Service, Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service, and Uniform Crime Reports) were examined. Counties were utilized as the unit of analysis, and time-series cross-sectional regression models were estimated. Results The analysis showed that per capita income was negatively related to juvenile crime in both rural and urban counties. Ethnic heterogeneity was positively related to the outcome in rural, but not urban, counties; while percent foreign-born was negatively related to juvenile crime in urban, but not rural, counties. Conclusions The Latino experience, both native- and foreign-born, is important for improving our understanding how economic and social conditions relate to crime. Comparative analyses between distinct geographical environments, such as rural and urban counties, can yield insight how the local context interacts with social disorganization processes.
Construing Motive in Videotaped Killings: The Role of Jurors' Attitudes Toward the Death Penalty

Death-qualified jurors are generally able to impose the death penalty, whereas excludable jurors are generally either unable or unwilling to do so. A long line of research studies has shown that the former are more likely than the latter to convict criminal defendants. Ellsworth (1993) argues that jurors' attitudes toward the death penalty predict verdicts because they are embedded in a cluster of beliefs and theories about the criminal justice system. Her studies show that jurors interpret ambiguous conduct based on these belief structures. The present study examines the possibility that death penalty attitudes also influence jurors' conceptions of criminal intent. We showed mock jurors the filmed murder of a convenience store clerk and examined the inferences they drew from this evidence. Jurors who favored the death penalty tended to read criminal intent into the defendant's actions and jurors who opposed the death penalty were less likely to do so. These data provide further explanation of the conviction-proneness of death-qualified jurors.
Genetics of longevity

Recent studies on the genetics of aging in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster have converged revealing the central role of metabolic capacity and resistance to stress in determining life span. Signal transduction has emerged from these studies as an important molecular mechanism underlying longevity. In their broad features, the results obtained in these genetic models are applicable to the dietary restriction paradigm in mammals, suggesting a general significance. It will be of interest to determine whether many of the molecular details will also pertain. The examination of centenarian populations for the frequency of certain alleles of pertinent genes may provide insights into the relevance of the conclusions of studies in invertebrates to human aging. These population genetic studies can be augmented by mechanistic studies in transgenic mice.
Counterfeit Integrated Circuits: A Rising Threat in the Global Semiconductor Supply Chain

As the electronic component supply chain grows more complex due to globalization, with parts coming from a diverse set of suppliers, counterfeit electronics have become a major challenge that calls for immediate solutions. Currently, there are a few standards and programs available that address the testing for such counterfeit parts. However, not enough research has yet addressed the detection and avoidance of all counterfeit partsVrecycled, remarked, overproduced, cloned, out-of-spec/defective, and forged documentationVcurrently infiltrating the electronic component supply chain. Even if they work initially, all these parts may have reduced lifetime and pose reliability risks. In this tutorial, we will provide a review of some of the existing counterfeit detection and avoidance methods. We will also discuss the challenges ahead for im- plementing these methods, as well as the development of new detection and avoidance mechanisms.
Job challenge, work effort, and job performance of young engineers: a causal analysis

The author explored the causal relations among job challenge, work load, and job performance of a group of young engineers during their first industrial work assignments as coop engineers in college, then three years later as professional engineers. Causal relations among the three key variables were analyzed using both path analysis and the method of cross-lagged correlation differentials. The results showed that the job challenge and work load not only have direct causal effects on current job performance they also have indirect causal effect on current job performance. Moreover, work load was found to have a more dominant effect on job performance than job challenge. This study points out how different causal assumptions can lead to different interpretations of observed results by prior researchers as well as different theories of professional development for young engineers. Overall, the findings support the proposition that it is work experience that determines job performance. The implications of the present findings for management policy are also discussed. >
The stratigraphic evolution of the El Paso basin, southern California: Implications for the Miocene development of the Garlock fault and uplift of the Sierra Nevada

The Ricardo Group is a 1,700-m-thick sequence of Miocene volcanic rocks and continental sedimentary rocks deposited between ∼ 19 and 7 Ma in the El Paso basin, near the junction of the Garlock fault and the Sierra Nevada frontal fault in southern California. The combination of stratigraphic and structural data from the Ricardo Group with chronologic and rotational histories derived from magnetostratigraphic and radiometric studies provides some new constraints for the morphotectonic emergence of the Sierra Nevada, the initiation of strike- slip movement on the Garlock fault, and related east-west extension in the southern Basin and Range region. The Miocene sequence documents (1) volcanism and north-south tension without net extension at 18-15 Ma (2) relative uplift about 15-13.5 Ma, (3) the beginning of sinistral slip on the Garlock fault and east-west extension in the southwestern Basin and Range region about 10-9 Ma, and (4) emergence of the Sierra Nevada as a source area and topographic high by 8 Ma. Stratigraphic evidence from the Ricardo Group does not indicate significant Miocene dip-slip movement along the large-scale, down-to-the-north fault that has been previously hypothesized to have preceded the present Garlock fault in the same location during the early Tertiary. The evolution of this sequence, however, can be explained by tectonic models which propose a time-space linkage between basin evolution, east-west extension in southern California, and the Mendocino triple-junction system.
Long-term clinical outcomes for overnight corneal reshaping in children and adults.

Purpose. To retrospectively evaluate outcomes of overnight corneal reshaping (OCR) in children aged 12 years or younger compared to children older than 12 years and adults at one practice to establish the efficacy and safety of OCR during a period of 51 months. Methods. Examination records of OCR patients were reviewed for pretreatment data, including manifest refraction, keratometric readings, topography, corneal staining, and age at beginning OCR. Posttreatment records were reviewed for manifest refraction, unaided visual acuity, keratometric readings, topography, corneal staining, adverse events, and duration of OCR lens wear. Results. Records of 296 OCR patients were evaluated. One hundred fifty-four (52.0%) patients were 12 years old or younger. Sixty-eight percent of all patients in the study were Asian, and almost 95% of the patients aged 12 years or younger were Asian. The patients aged 12 years or younger had a mean original spherical equivalent refractive error of 3.50 1.50 diopters (D). The patients older than 12 years had a mean original spherical equivalent refractive error of 3.20 1.50 D. Refractive changes were similar between the group aged 12 years or younger and the group older than 12 years (3.30 1.40 D vs. 3.10 1.40 D) (P0.14). The mean unaided, binocular logMAR visual acuity was 0.03 0.06 (i.e., 20/20 1 ) for the group aged 12 years or younger and 0.02 0.07 (i.e., 20/20 1 ) for the group older than 12 years. There were three adverse events during the study that did not result in a loss of best-corrected visual acuity. A total of 507 patient-years of wear was represented in the study. Conclusions. OCR resulted in comparable safety and efficacy in temporarily reducing myopia for children younger than 12 years as it is for children older than 12 years and adults.
A Comparison of Broadcast World News Web Pages: Al Jazeera English, BBC, CBS, and CNN:

Officials of an English language version of the controversial television network Al Jazeera have been seeking distribution of it outside the Middle East. Those officials at Al Jazeera English (AJE) claim it's different from both its Middle Eastern namesake and the Western networks against which they're seeking to have it compete. A content analysis of the World news Web pages of Al Jazeera English, the BBC, CBS, and CNN compared features such as use of hyperlinks, videos, and interactive elements as well as story selection and sources quoted. All four networks covered essentially the same stories and quoted similar sources. Although AJE had the fewest number of stories with a positive tone toward the United States, its content was comparable to the other networks' content in terms of treatment of the United States and use of emotionally charged language. AJE was found to be similar enough to the other networks that its unique perspective was difficult to identify.
Intrinsic temperature compensation of aluminum nitride Lamb wave resonators for multiple-frequency references

In this paper we present the temperature compensation of aluminum nitride (AlN) Lamb wave resonators for a future application to XOs and TCXOs for a frequency ranging from 100 MHz to 1000 MHz. The temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF) for the lowest symmetric Lamb wave mode S0 for AlN plates with h/lambda<0.3 is found to be around -30 ppm/K. A zero TCF resonator is obtained by adding a compensating silicon dioxide layer. The low dispersion of the phase velocity for the S0-mode propagating in thin AlN plates reduces not only the fabrication tolerances towards thickness variations of the AlN layer, but also enables resonators operating over a wide frequency range, i.e. from 100 MHz to 1000 MHz, based on two absolute film thicknesses for AlN and SiO2 achieving near zero TCF over the entire frequency range. The acoustic properties and different layer configurations of zero TCF Lamb wave devices are discussed in detail.
F-A-S-T: a refocused, intensified, administrative tuberculosis transmission control strategy

TRANSMISSION is driving the global tuberculosis (TB) epidemic, especially where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection is prevalent.1,2 More than half of multidrug-resistant TB cases worldwide occur in persons who have not been treated previously, i.e., as a result of transmission.3 Transmission occurs in the community, of course, but TB is believed to spread most efficiently in congregate settings such as hospitals, clinics, prisons and refugee camps. The wellpublicized transmission of extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) in rural South Africa, and the six-fold higher risk of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) reported among hospitalized, adherent, drug-susceptible patients in Tomsk, Siberia, are two compelling examples of hospital transmission of drug-resistant TB in very different parts of the world.4,5
Entrepreneurs and Ventures: An Attempt at Classification and Clarification

Confusion about concepts and terminology can be reduced by classifying types of entrepreneurs and their ventures. Three new concepts are introduced which relate to the independent entrepreneurial venture: (a) the Four-P Index (perceived payoff per principal), (b) the Life-Cycle of the Independent Entrepreneurial Venture, and (c) the “Succession of Firms” Concept.
Nanogels as imaging agents for modalities spanning the electromagnetic spectrum

In the past few decades, advances in imaging equipment and protocols have expanded the role of imaging in in vivo diagnosis and disease management, especially in cancer. Traditional imaging agents have rapid clearance and low specificity for disease detection. To improve accuracy in disease identification, localization and assessment, novel nanomaterials are frequently explored as imaging agents to achieve high detection specificity and sensitivity. A promising material for this purpose are hydrogel nanoparticles, whose high hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, and tunable size in the nanometer range make them ideal for imaging. These nanogels (10 to 200 nm) can circumvent uptake by the reticuloendothelial system, allowing longer circulation times than small molecules. In addition, their size/surface properties can be further tailored to optimize their pharmacokinetics for imaging of a particular disease. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of nanogels as imaging agents in various modalities with sources of signal spanning the electromagnetic spectrum, including MRI, NIR, UV-vis, and PET. Many materials and formulation methods will be reviewed to highlight the versatility of nanogels as imaging agents.
DEFINING PURITANISM IN RESTORATION ENGLAND: RICHARD BAXTER AND OTHERS RESPOND TO A FRIENDLY DEBATE

Around 1670, a group of moderate Restoration puritans published extended explanations of their movement at a particularly tense and pregnant time, when the recently erected, unstable barriers between the institutional Church of England and puritanism were under extreme pressure. Their efforts are important and revealing for their analyses of Restoration puritanism's contemporary situation and its historical roots. These publications, however, have received little scholarly attention. Restoration scholars tend to use the term ‘puritan’ in a static even perfunctory way that bears little resemblance to the self-conscious, fluid approach of historians of earlier puritanism. This usage also bears little resemblance to how Restoration puritans understood themselves. A close examination of these treatises helps to locate Restoration puritanism as the latest evolution of a century-old movement and helps to evaluate and refine the analytical frameworks within which historians attempt to make sense of that movement.
Transverse impedance measurements of prototype cavities for a dual-axis radiographic hydrotest (DARHT) facility

The authors describe the results of wire measurements of several prototype DARHT cavities. The measurements reported cover MOD0 with ferrites removed, measurements with drive rods in place with various terminations, and measurements with compensation cans. Measured impedances are compared with AMDS code predictions. The effects of various rod terminations and compensation resistors on cavity impedances are shown. >
ERK7 Expression and Kinase Activity Is Regulated by the Ubiquitin-Proteosome Pathway *

ERK7 is a unique member of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) subfamily of MAP kinases. Although ERK7 shares a TEY motif in the activation loop of the kinase, it displays constitutive activation, nuclear localization, and growth inhibitory properties that are regulated by its C-terminal domain. Because ERK7 is expressed at low levels compared with ERK2 and its activity is dependent upon its expression level, we investigated the mechanism by which ERK7 expression is regulated. We now show that ERK7 expression is regulated by ubiquitination and rapid proteosomal turnover. Furthermore, both the kinase domain and the C-terminal tail are independently degraded at a rate comparable with that of the intact protein. Analysis of a series of chimeras between ERK2 and ERK7 reveal that the N-terminal 20 amino acids of the kinase domain are a primary determinant of ERK7 degradation. Fusion of the N-terminal 20 amino acids is both necessary and sufficient to cause proteolytic degradation of both ERK2 and green fluorescent protein. Finally, ERK7 is stabilized by an N-terminal mutant of Cullin-1 suggesting that ERK7 is ubiquitinated by the Skip1-Cullin-F box complex. These results indicate that ERK7 is a highly regulated enzyme whose cellular expression and kinase activation level is tightly controlled by the ubiquitin-proteosome pathway.
Effect of body mass index on intrafraction prostate displacement monitored by real-time electromagnetic tracking.

Purpose To evaluate, using real-time monitoring of implanted radiofrequency transponders, the intrafraction prostate displacement of patients as a function of body mass index (BMI). Methods and Materials The motions of Beacon radiofrequency transponders (Calypso Medical Technologies, Seattle, WA) implanted in the prostate glands of 66 men were monitored throughout the course of intensity modulated radiation therapy. Data were acquired at 10 Hz from setup to the end of treatment, but only the 1.7 million data points with a “beam on” tag were used in the analysis. There were 21 obese patients, with BMI ≥30 and 45 nonobese patients in the study. Results Mean displacements were least in the left-right lateral direction (0.56 ± 0.24 mm) and approximately twice that magnitude in the superior-inferior and anterior-posterior directions. The net vector displacement was larger still, 1.95 ± 0.47 mm. Stratified by BMI cohort, the mean displacements per patient in the 3 Cartesian axes as well as the net vector for patients with BMI ≥30 were slightly less ( Conclusions After patients were positioned accurately using implanted radiofrequency transponders, the intrafractional displacements in the lateral, superior-inferior, and anterior-posterior directions as well as the net vector displacements were smaller, but not significantly so, for obese men than for those with lower BMI.
Constructing object-oriented distributed simulations

An object-oriented method for the design and implementation of distributed, discrete-event simulations is presented. Two differing synchronization mechanisms, conservative and optimistic, are identified. These differing mechanisms give rise to significant differences in the resulting simulation models. Which kind of synchronization allows more flexibility in modeling and implementing application programs is discussed. The authors present three simulation problems: the game of life (J.H. Conway, 1970), a sequential circuit with feedback (A.D. Friedman et al., 1975) and a queueing network. They show that each problem can be naturally decomposed into communicating subsystems. They present the Simula code for an object representation of the key subsystem in each problem. The conservative and the optimistic synchronization strategies for each problem are also compared. >
William G. Lennox: a remembrance.

Summary: William G. Lennox, author of Epilepsy and Related Disorders, had a lasting effect on our understanding of this illness. He postulated that epilepsy was not a unitary condition and that neuronal chemistries differed from one form of the disease to another. A leader in the use of electroencephalography in epilepsy, he described the first nearly pathognomonic EEG pattern and demonstrated specific features for each of the three most common types of seizure. His pioneering investigations into the biochemical basis of epilepsy helped to identify pathological mechanisms in epileptic attacks. Lennox stood alone in his belief, now generally accepted, that the genetics of epilepsy could be understood only through a multifactorial mode of inheritance. The author presents an affectionate portrait of the physician, the teacher and the man, the founder of the Seizure Unit and the unifying force in the study of epilepsy by both professionals and lay persons.
Portal hypertension ameliorates arterial hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Abstract Systemic hemodynamic effects of portal hypertension in arterial hypertension and their relationship to serum bile acid levels were investigated using spontaneously hypertensive rats 2 and 15 weeks after partial portal vein ligation (SHR-PVL) or sham operation (SHR-SH) and normotensive controls. Mean arterial pressure in SHRPVL at 2 weeks was decreased to normal due to a decrease in peripheral resistance. Mean arterial pressure and peripheral resistance in SHR-PVL at 15 weeks did not differ from SHR-SH. Resolution of this arterial hypotensive effect and systemic hyperdynamic circulation was associated with decreased portal-systemic shunting. Bile acid levels were increased in both SHR-PVL groups. These results suggest that an endogenous circulating vasodilator(s) associated with portal hypertension ameliorates the systemic vasoconstriction in SHR. Bile acids, while not direct mediators of these hemodynamic events, may be prototypic of this vasodilator. This arterial hypertensive model may aid further investigation of the mechanisms contributing to the hyperdynamic state in portal hypertension.
Toward a Blueprint for Trauma-Informed Service Delivery in Schools.

Recognition of the benefits to trauma-informed approaches is expanding, along with commensurate interest in extending delivery within school systems. Although information about trauma-informed approaches has quickly burgeoned, systematic attention to integration within multitiered service delivery frameworks has not occurred yet is essential to accurate, durable, and scalable implementation. In addition, there is a critical need to concurrently build a strong evidence base regarding trauma-informed service delivery in schools. In this paper, the literatures on trauma-informed approaches and multitiered frameworks for school-based service delivery are connected with the goal to provide suggestions toward building blueprints for trauma-informed service delivery in schools. Drawing from the literature on implementation blueprints for school-wide positive behavior supports, sections are organized around current knowledge about trauma-informed approaches with regard to blueprints for (a) implementation, (b) professional development, and (c) evaluation. Critical issues, strategy recommendations, and directions for research are discussed.