cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deformation of the thoracolumbar intervertebral joints in response to external loads: a biomechanical study using autopsy material.

Static loading tests on fresh human spinal segments obtained at autopsy were performed to measure the deformation of thoracic and lumbar intervertebral joints in response to lateral bending moment, flexion moment, extension moment, torsional moment, anteroposterior and mediolateral shear force, axia
The Role of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in Primordial Germ Cell Migration

During embryonic development in Drosophila, rodents, and other organisms, primordial germ cells (PGCs) migrate from their points of origin to the nascent gonads, where they give rise to germ line stem cells. Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activity is required for normal migration of primordial germ cells in both Drosophila and rodents. In this chapter, we discuss in vivo as well as in vitro methods which have been used to elucidate the role of the RTK Torso in Drosophila germ cell migration. Included are protocols for embryo collection, fixation, and immunostaining; the dominant female sterile technique; in vitro culture and observation of PGCs; pole cell transplantation; and labeling of pole cells for in vivo observation.
Abstract P3-14-05: Recurrence in Patients Diagnosed with Ductal Carcinoma in Situ: Predictors and Prognostic Significance

Background: While patients diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) enjoy a favorable prognosis, recurrence after definitive management does occur in a subset of these patients. Factors influencing the development of recurrence, and the ultimate impact of this event on overall survival, remain poorly understood. We sought to determine clinicopathologic factors affecting recurrence and the prognostic role this plays in patients with DCIS. Methods: A retrospective chart review of 205 consecutive patients who presented to an academic breast center with DCIS from 2000 to 2003 was conducted under an IRB-approved protocol. Non-parametric statistical analyses comparing patients who recurred to those who did not were then performed using SPSS Statistical Software. Results: With a median follow-up of 8.5 years, 14 (6.8%) of the 205 patients who presented with DCIS between 2000–2003 had an invasive or in situ recurrence. The median age of all patients at the time of diagnosis of their initial DCIS was 55.5 years (range; 35.8–88.9). 51 (24.9%) had possible (albeit not definitive) microinvasion on their initial specimen. The majority were grade 2 (91; 44.4%), and 99 (48.3%) had comedo histology. The median size of DCIS on the initial excision was 10 mm (range; 0.1–80). All patients underwent definitive surgery to negative margins. The mean time to recurrence was 4.7 years (range; 1.1–10.6). On bivariate analysis, histologic grade of DCIS was the only factor that was significantly correlated with the risk of recurrence. Patients with grade 3 DCIS were more likely to develop a recurrence compared to those with grade 2 or grade 1 DCIS (12.3% vs. 3.3% vs. 0%, respectively, p = 0.032). Patient age, race, extent of DCIS, and histologic subtype were not associated with recurrence (see table below). 5-year actuarial overall survival was no different between those who developed a recurrence and those who did not (92.9 vs. 95.7%, p = 0.171). Conclusions: Approximately 7% of patients diagnosed with DCIS will recur within 10 years. Patients with high grade DCIS are more likely to recur, and this seems to be more predictive of recurrence than other clinicopathologic markers. Irrespective of whether or not patients with DCIS recur, overall survival is not significantly different between these two groups, and patients with DCIS enjoy an outstanding prognosis regardless. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-14-05.
Ionic and Optical Properties of Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite across the Tetragonal-Cubic Structural Phase Transition.

Practical hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) must endure temperatures above the tetragonal–cubic structural phase transition of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3). However, the ionic and optical properties of MAPbI3 in such a temperature range, and particularly, dramatic changes in these properties resulting from a structural phase transition, are not well studied. Herein, we report a striking contrast at approximately 45 °C in the ionic/electrical properties of MAPbI3 owing to a change of the ion activation energy from 0.7 to 0.5 eV, whereas the optical properties exhibit no particular transition except for the steady increase of the bandgap with temperature. These observations can be explained by the “continuous” nature of perovskite phase transition. We speculate that the critical temperature at which the ionic/electrical properties change, although related to crystal symmetry variation, is not necessarily the same temperature as when tetragonal–cubic structural phase transition occurs.
Myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm with ring sideroblasts and thrombocytosis with co-mutated JAK2 and SF3B1.

![Figure][1] A 65-year-old woman presented with a 21-month history of persistent anemia and progressive leukocytosis and thrombocytosis without intervention (hemoglobin, 10 g/dL; white blood cell count, 28.3 × 109/L; platelets, 702 × 109/L). Bone marrow aspirate revealed 2% blasts and
An integrative theoretical understanding of aggression: a brief exposition

Like other social behaviors, aggressive behavior is always a product of predisposing personal factors and precipitating situational factors. The predisposing factors exert their influence by creating encoded social cognitions including schemas about the world, scripts for social behavior, and normative beliefs about what is appropriate. These social cognitions interact with situational primes to determine behavior. These social cognitions are acquired primarily through observational learning; so youth who are repeatedly exposed to violence will acquire social cognitions promoting aggression that last into adulthood. Thus, violence can be viewed as a contagious disease which can be caught simply through its observation.
The role of science in understanding (and saving) large carnivores: A response to Allen and colleagues

Abstract Allen and colleagues contend that the study designs used to test for indirect effects of large carnivores on lower trophic levels are limited insomuch as they “rely on weak inference when valuing the roles of large carnivores in ecosystems.” Based upon their review of gray wolf and dingo studies, they conclude “that evidence for the ecological roles” (i.e., top-down effect) of these species is “equivocal.” Further, they assert that large carnivore science is being distorted in both the scientific and popular literature in order to justify restoration of large carnivores. They prescribe the use of manipulative experiments as the best means of understanding the effects of large carnivores on ecological systems, and systematic review of studies that “have used only manipulative experiments to investigate these hypotheses.” We take issue with Allen and colleagues' characterization of empirical evidence in the field of ecology, and we question the strength of evidence they present in support of prosecutorial assertions levied against scientists and science communicators. Ultimately, justification for the restoration of large carnivores is provided by two scientific claims that are unperturbed by Allen and Colleagues critique (i.e., that large carnivores routinely have important impacts on ungulate abundance, and overabundant ungulate populations often adversely impact the structure and biodiversity of habitats).
The demon of geopolitics: How Karl Haushofer “educated” Hitler and Hess

Major General Karl Haushofer was, as the distinguished scholar Holger H. Herwig demonstrates throughout this engrossing examination of the man and his influence, a deeply contradictory figure who, ...
Bringing the analysis of animal orientation data full circle: model-based approaches with maximum likelihood.

ABSTRACT In studies of animal orientation, data are often represented as directions that can be analyzed using circular statistical methods. Although several circular statistical tests exist to detect the presence of a mean direction, likelihood-based approaches may offer advantages in hypothesis testing – especially when data are multimodal. Unfortunately, likelihood-based inference in animal orientation remains rare. Here, we discuss some of the assumptions and limitations of common circular tests and report a new R package called CircMLE to implement the maximum likelihood analysis of circular data. We illustrate the use of this package on both simulated datasets and an empirical example dataset in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Our software provides a convenient interface that facilitates the use of model-based approaches in animal orientation studies.
A precision 60 Ghz Fabry-Perot open resonator system for complex dielectric measurement

An automated open resonator system is designed and constructed for precision measurement of loss tangent and dielectric permittivity of low absorbing materials at 60 GHz. The use of high Q hemispherical Fabry-Perot cavity together with highly stabilized synthesized phase locked Gunn oscillator sources and the super heterodyne receiver enabled us to measure loss tangent value as low as 10 micro-radians. Both Cavity length variation and frequency variation techniques were utilized to provide precision data.
Unilateral, localized bullous pemphigoid in a patient with chronic venous stasis.

Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is a systemic, autoimmune bullous disease that classically presents as widespread urticarial plaques or tense bullae. Localized variants of BP are rare with approximately 100 cases reported. We present a unique case of unilateral, localized BP in the setting of venous stasis.
Who Teaches Accessibility?: A Survey of U.S. Computing Faculty

Industry demand for software developers with knowledge of accessibility has increased substantially in recent years. However, there is little knowledge about the prevalence of higher education teaching about accessibility or faculty's perceived barriers to teaching accessibility. To address this gap, we surveyed 14,176 computing and information science faculty in the United States. We received a representative sample of at least one response from 318 of the 352 institutions we surveyed, totaling 1,857 responses. We found that 175 institutions (50%) had at least one instructor teaching accessibility and that no fewer than 2.5% of faculty overall teach accessibility. Faculty that teach accessibility are twice as likely to be female, to have expertise in HCI and software engineering, and to know people with disabilities. The most critical barriers to teaching accessibility that faculty reported were the absence of clear and discipline-specific accessibility learning objectives and the lack of faculty knowledge about accessibility. Faculty desired resources that were specific to the areas of computing in which they teach rather than general accessibility resources and guidelines.
Finite element analysis modeling of high voltage and frequency 3-phase solid state transformers enabled by metal amorphous nanocomposites

We review the materials paradigm for metal amorphous nanocomposite (MANC) soft magnetic materials to showcase in solid state transformers (SSTs). We report 2D finite element analysis (FEA) of 3-phase SSTs operating at 50 Hz–10 kHz frequencies. We benchmark materials in designs to control high frequency losses and achieve higher power densities. FEA models are solved in the time domain for line frequencies of 50 Hz–10 kHz and 100 KW output power for the first 4 cycles. Transformer topologies are coupled to a power analysis using a Steinmetz parameterization of magnetic losses capturing induction and field scaling for transformer grade Si steel as compared to Metglas, Ferrite, FINEMET, Co- and FeNi-based MANCs. Recently discovered FeNi-based MANCs allow smaller transformers at equivalent power as compared to Si steel, Metglas, and Co-based MANCs. Fe-rich and non-Co containing MANCs also offer economies based on lower raw materials costs compared with Co-based MANCs.
Collisionless and Transitional Electric Probes

In this chapter we will consider the response of electric probes operating in the collisionless and transitional regimes in both quiescent and flowing plasmas. In terms of the domains discussed in Chapter I we are concerned with roughly the region included and above the transitional sheath area demarcated in Fig. 1–2 of Chapter I. Our chief attention will be directed toward simple geometries, namely spherical and cylindrical probes, although mention of other geometries will be included.
Minimally Invasive Ankle Arthrodesis

The ankle joint is a constrained mortise and tenon-type joint consisting of the distal tibial plafond and fibula articulating with the dome of the talus. Arthritis of the ankle can result in pain, joint incongruence, decreased motion, and functional disability. The most common etiology of ankle arthritis is posttraumatic, which includes cartilaginous injury and ligamentous insufficiency.1 Other less common causes of arthritis include the inflammatory arthritides, osteonecrosis, infection, and Charcot neuroarthropathy.2
Is the Link Between Pornography Use and Relational Happiness Really More About Masturbation? Results From Two National Surveys

Numerous studies have observed a persistent and most often negative association between pornography use and romantic relationship quality. While various theories have been suggested to explain this association, studies have yet to empirically examine whether the observed link between pornography consumption and relationship outcomes has more to do with solo masturbation than actually watching pornography. The current study drew on two nationally representative data sets with nearly identical measures to test whether taking masturbation practice into account reduces or nullifies the association between pornography use and relational happiness. Controls are included for sex frequency and satisfaction, depressive symptoms, and other relevant correlates. Results from both the 2012 New Family Structures Study (NFSS; N = 1,977) and the 2014 Relationships in America survey (RIA; Ng = 10,106) show that masturbation is negatively associated with relational happiness for men and women, while pornography use is eith...
Interaction of hydrogen with the Ag(111) surface

The interaction of atomic hydrogen with the Ag(111) surface was studied with low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), high-resolution electron-energy-loss spectroscopy (HREELS), thermal desorption spectroscopy, and work function measurement. The adsorption of atomic hydrogen at 100 K induces a reconstruction of the Ag(111) surface, as indicated by an intense (2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2) (at 0.25--0.5 ML) and a mixture of (2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2) and (3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}3) (at 0.5--0.6 ML) superstructures in LEED. The H-induced work function change (\ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Phi}}}_{\mathrm{max}}$=+0.32 eV) is uncharacteristically large for the close-packed surface and indicative of the surface structural change. HREELS data show that H occupies a single site of high symmetry for all coverage. The observation of two vibrational modes (one dipole active at 106 meV and the other not dipole active at 87 meV at \ensuremath{\sim}0.5 ML) allows an assignment of bonding at a threefold hollow site. Both modes show measurable shifts in energy with increasing coverage, indicating an appreciable H-H lateral interaction. Atomic hydrogen adsorbed on Ag(111) recombines and desorbs at a temperature \ensuremath{\sim}180 K, appreciably lower than those for Cu and transition metals. The properties of H adsorption on Ag will be compared to Cu and to transition metals.
Glomérulos, Barrels, Columns and Maps in Cortex: An Homage to Dr. Rafael Lorente de Nó

My first contact with Dr. Rafael Lorente de No was by mail. I was working on the anatomy of the mouse cerebral cortex in the summer of 1966 and found a reference to his classic paper on the cerebral cortex of the mouse (Lorente de No,’ 22) (*See note added in proof, p.498). The Medical Library at the University of Wisconsin did not have the Trabajos in its serials collection and I wrote Dr. Lorente de No at the Rockefeller to request a reprint. A short time later, I received a polite, slightly bemused and, I fancy, flattered response written in a hand I later would recognize well. The supply of reprints was exhausted decades earlier, I was told, but the author appreciated my request.
Abstract 504: Acarbose enhances intratumoral CD8 T cell responses in a pre-clinical model of kidney cancer

Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) exhibits high mortality rates and chemotherapeutic resistance. Treatment options include immune-stimulatory therapies, such as high-dose IL-2 and anti-PD-1; however, these agents only generate responses in 20-50% of patients. This illustrates the need to find ways to improve patient response rates. Long-term caloric restriction (CR) extends longevity and reduces cancer risk in animal studies. Caloric restriction mimetics (CRMs), which replicate the benefits of CR without reductions in calorie intake, were recently found to enhance chemotherapeutic efficacy by improving CD8 T cell mediated anti-tumor immunity. Here we examined acarbose, an FDA-approved anti-diabetic agent with CRM properties, in a preclinical model of kidney cancer. BALB/c mice were orthotopically tumor challenged with syngeneic luciferase-expressing Renca renal carcinoma cells, which spontaneously metastasize to the lungs. Mice were then randomized to either an acarbose-supplemented or control diet. Compared to mice on control diet, acarbose did not alter renal tumor progression at Day 28. Importantly, acarbose did not exacerbate weight loss associated with renal tumor growth. Flow cytometric analysis at Day 28 revealed increased frequencies of activated (CD44+CD62L-) intra-tumoral CD8 T cells in mice on acarbose (p=0.012). Additionally, renal tumors from mice on acarbose displayed increased frequencies of early effector (CD127-KLRG1-) CD8 T cells, in addition to heightened frequencies of PD-1+ CD8s. These findings suggest that acarbose exhibits immune-modulatory properties which could promote anti-tumor immunity. Future experiments will focus on elucidating mechanisms contributing to alterations in anti-tumor immunity. Importantly, these studies warrant investigating acarbose in combination with currently available treatments as a potentially novel therapeutic adjuvant. Citation Format: Rachael M. Orlandella, Daniel L. Smith, Lyse A. Norian. Acarbose enhances intratumoral CD8 T cell responses in a pre-clinical model of kidney cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 504.
Divergent Values and Adaptive Preferences: A Chinese Challenge?

The sensitivity (and sheer amount) of data that is being collected of individuals through recent advances in artificial intelligence has prompted scholars in the neuroethics community to identify, ...
Online and In-class Team-Based Learning in Undergraduate Immunology: a Comparative Analysis

The goal of this study was to compare student learning outcomes and preferences using a modified team-based learning (TBL) approach in classroom-based versus online formats in an upper level undergraduate immunology course. Fifty-five students were randomly assigned to small groups and participated in four immunology case study modules either face-to-face in a classroom or synchronously online. In both comparative groups, students completed pre-test Individual Readiness Assurance Test (IRAT) at the beginning of each module in-class or online, discussed cases in-class or online with group members, and completed in-class or online post-test Group Readiness Assurance Test (GRAT) after case study group discussions. Assessment of individual student learning was performed using multiple choice exam questions that addressed concepts from each module. At the end of the course, students completed an optional survey to evaluate course satisfaction and preferences. In all four modules, students performed equally well on the IRATs, regardless of whether they performed TBL in class or online; and students performed better on the GRATs than the IRATs after using the TBL methodology, regardless of whether they performed TBL in class or online. In the application of course concepts, except for modules 2 and 3, there was no difference between a student's performance on the IRAT and the exams, regardless of whether they performed TBL in class or online. There was a significant difference in student perception but not performance when comparing in-class versus online TBL. For almost all measured outcomes, students preferred in-class TBL to online TBL.
Management of Intravenous Infiltration Injuries.

Background Intravenous (IV) lines are ubiquitous in hospital settings. These lines can malfunction, leaking noxious contents into subcutaneous tissue. Existing literature describes invasive intervention and complex treatment protocols. These persist despite significant changes in the composition and administration of IV agents. The purpose of this study is to examine the consequences of IV infiltrations at a tertiary medical center to update protocols and treatment algorithms. Materials and methods This study is an observational, retrospective chart review performed at a tertiary care medical center. All inpatient plastic surgery consultations for IV infiltration were reviewed from 2011 to 2017. Patients were included if IV infiltration was suspected or documented. Data were collected for each injury regarding patient demographics, substance, and intervention. Results The plastic surgery service evaluated 381 IV infiltration injuries from 2011 to 2017, with 363 meeting the criteria. Injuries per year progressively increased, with 32 consultations in 2011 and 102 consultations in 2017. The vast majority of injuries identified (91%) were treated with only elevation and observation. The minority consisted of wound care (7%) performed by nursing or any form of incision, aspiration, or antidote injection (2%) performed by the physician. Of the 363 injuries, the most common infiltrates were noncytotoxic (35%), radiographic contrast (27%), and known vesicants (18%). Interestingly, a large portion of consultations were requested by other surgical services (32%). Conclusions Although there is an increase in expert involvement for cases of IV infiltration injuries, the vast majority of these injuries are managed with minimal intervention. This is most likely owing to recent changes that have decreased the potential for harmful infiltration. Contrary to existing literature, invasive intervention is almost never indicated.
Group Intervention for Adolescent Anxiety and Depression: Outcomes of a Randomized Trial with Adolescents in Kenya

Abstract Youth mental health interventions in low-resource communities may benefit from including empirically supported elements, using stigma-free content, and using trained lay-providers. We developed and evaluated such an intervention, targeting adolescent depression and anxiety in Kenya, where mental health care is limited by social stigma and a paucity of providers. Kenyan adolescents (N = 51, ages 14–17, 60.78% female) from a school in an urban slum in Nairobi with self-reported moderate-to-severe symptoms of depression or anxiety were randomized to the 4-week “Shamiri” (“thrive”) group intervention or a study skills control intervention of equal duration. The Shamiri intervention included growth mindset, gratitude, and value affirmation exercises. The content was delivered by recent high school graduates (ages 17–21, 60% male) trained as lay-providers. Participants met in school once-a-week in groups of 9–12 youths (average group size 10). Compared to the study-skills control, Shamiri produced greater reductions in adolescent depression symptoms (p = .038; d = .32) and anxiety symptoms (p = .039; d = .54) from baseline to 4-week follow-up, and greater improvements in academic performance (p = .034; d = .32) from the school-term before versus after the intervention. There were no effects on overall social support or perceived control, but the Shamiri group showed larger increases in perceived social support from friends (p = .028, d = .71). This appears to be the first report that a brief, lay-provider delivered, community-based intervention may reduce internalizing symptoms and improve academic outcomes in high-symptom adolescents in Sub-Saharan Africa. Larger replications with extended follow-ups will help gauge the strength and durability of these effects.
Realizing the potential of digital development: The case of agricultural advice

The rapid spread of mobile phones creates potential for sustainably raising agricultural productivity for the 2 billion people living in smallholder farming households. Meta-analyses suggest that providing agricultural information via digital technologies increased yields by 4% and the odds of adopting recommended inputs by 22%. Benefits likely exceed the cost of information transmission by an order of magnitude. The spread of GPS-enabled smartphones could increase these benefits by enabling customized information, thus incentivizing farmers to contribute information to the system. Well-known distortions in markets for information limit the ability of such systems to reach the socially efficient scale through purely commercial means. There is a clear role for public support for digital agricultural extension, but messages designed by agricultural ministries are often difficult for farmers to understand and use. Realizing the potential of mobile communication systems requires feedback mechanisms to enable rigorous testing and continuous improvement.
Dimensions of holistic wellness as a result of international wellness tourism experiences

Interest in wellness tourism has seen rapid growth in recent years from both researchers and industry representatives. However, it has been noted that research related to understanding the componen...
Zeeman Effect in the Recoilless γ -Ray Resonance of Zn 67

Measurements are reported of the influence of the nuclear Zeeman effect and other perturbing factors upon the Mossbauer effect in Zn/sup 67/ embedded in an enriched ZnO absorber lattice at temperatures below the helium lambda transition (2.175 deg K). Ways in which the design of the experiment are affected by various perturbations are described. The resonance absorption pattern for the 93-kev line of Zn/sup 67/ as a function of the magnetic field is given including corrections for background and unresolved gamma rays of 30%. The major structural feature of the curve lies in the fact that the maximum resonance does not occur at zero field but is shifted to approximately 10 gauss. A plausible explanation for this is that chemical shifts are superimposed upon the isotopic mass effect. (B.O.G.)
How faith-based organizations perceive their role in community development: An exploratory study

This paper examines the research and conceptual literature about the role of faith-based organizations in community development. For the most part, there are relatively few community development st...
Consumer reactions to round numbers in brand names

This research shows that round numbers (e.g., 10, 50, 100) are strongly associated with completeness perceptions and consumers view them as thresholds for reaching certain completeness levels. In nine empirical studies, we demonstrate that round numbers in brand names, i.e., Round Alphanumeric Brand names (RABs) are overrepresented due to their strong association with product completeness. We find that RABs lead to favorable product evaluations and increased preferences. We examine alternative explanations based on other number properties including magnitude, divisibility, popularity, and familiarity and show that the effects of RABs on consumer responses are only mediated by the perception of product completeness.
A Rare Case of a Life-Threatening Massive Upper Gastrointestinal Bleed and Airway Obstruction in a Patient With a Megaesophagus Secondary to Longstanding Achalasia.

Achalasia is a relatively rare motor disorder characterized by esophageal aperistalsis and incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. In only 10% of patients, untreated or poorly managed achalasia can progress to esophageal dilation and eventual loss of total functionality resulting in a characteristic sigmoid dolichomegaesopahagus. In extremely rare instances, this sigmoid dolichomegaesopahagus can present clinically as acute airway obstruction or a fatal, life-threatening hemorrhage requiring immediate intervention. We present the case of a 65-year-old female with a past medical history of long-standing achalasia who had complaints of shortness of breath, chest pain, and two episodes of life-threatening hematemesis requiring a blood transfusion. An angiography illustrated significant distention of the esophagus occupying most of the right hemithorax and non-specific intraluminal fluid with a small amount of gas. Emergent esophagogastroduodenoscopy showed fibrosis and necrosis of the esophageal mucosa with food debris, suggesting that the bleeding was likely coming from an ulcer caused by pressure necrosis. The patient was hemodynamically unstable after the procedure and was transferred to another facility the next day for an esophagectomy. Patients with achalasia have an increased susceptibility to develop pressure ulcers due to increased shear force on the esophageal wall, increased moisture of the esophageal wall from prolonged contact of food boluses, and underlying malnutrition and weight loss from the indigestion of food causing atrophy of the mucosal barriers. The management of these ulcers is to treat and manage the underlying cause. Although there are no curative treatments for achalasia, symptomatic relief through both surgical and medical therapies are the mainstay of management, with an esophagectomy reserved for refractory cases or in patients who develop end-stage complications.
Iron reduction by juvenile Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Agardh

1. Juvenile kelp mediated the reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II), by separation from the chelate external to the blade. 2. Kelp reduction of Fe(III) was enhanced by light. 3. Photoreduction contributed to reduction rates. 4. The rate of Fe(III) reduction per unit surface area for juvenile Macrocystis pyrifera was 9.14 \sx 10\t-11 moles Fe(III) cm\t-2 d\t-1.
Spatial neglect treatment: The brain’s spatial-motor Aiming systems

Animal and human literature supports spatial-motor "Aiming" bias, a frontal-subcortical syndrome, as a core deficit in spatial neglect. However, spatial neglect treatment studies rarely assess Aiming errors. Two knowledge gaps result: spatial neglect rehabilitation studies fail to capture the impact on motor-exploratory aspects of functional disability. Also, across spatial neglect treatment studies, discrepant treatment effects may also result from sampling different proportions of patients with Aiming bias. We review behavioural evidence for Aiming spatial neglect, and demonstrate the importance of measuring and targeting Aiming bias for treatment, by reviewing literature on Aiming spatial neglect and prism adaptation treatment, and presenting new preliminary data on bromocriptine treatment. Finally, we review neuroanatomical and network disruption that may give rise to Aiming spatial neglect. Because Aiming spatial neglect predicts prism adaptation treatment response, assessment may broaden the ability of rehabilitation research to capture functionally-relevant disability. Frontal brain lesions predict both the presence of Aiming spatial neglect, and a robust response to some spatial neglect interventions. Research is needed that co-stratifies spatial neglect patients by lesion location and Aiming spatial neglect, to personalize spatial neglect rehabilitation and perhaps even open a path to spatial retraining as a means of promoting better mobility after stroke.
Challenges, opportunities, and climate change adaptation strategies of mangrove-agriculture ecosystem in the Sundarbans, India: a review

The mangrove-agriculture system is a distinct ecosystem that evolved in the Sundarbans, India in the last century due to anthropogenic activities and climate change consequences. Degraded-mangrove and agriculture (rice-based systems and aquaculture) exist side by side, each having their specific challenges and opportunities. In this review, we analyzed challenges faced by this unique ecosystem along with opportunities derived from technological advancement and site-specific climate change adaptation strategies. Both the mangrove and lowland rice ecosystem could act as carbon (C) sink to the tune of 27 and 0.93 t ha−1 per annum, respectively. Apart from C sequestration, mangrove-rice systems provide many ecosystem services. However, 40% of tropical and 10.5% of Sundarban mangroves (between 1930 and 2013), have been lost due to climate change induced sea-level rise, extreme weather events and human interferences. The specific challenges in this system are freshwater scarcity, high salinity, insufficient real-time seed supply, poor fertilizer-management, lack of irrigation network, and unprecedented occurrence of extreme events which seriously hamper the productivity of mangrove, rice, and aquaculture. There also exist some unique opportunities in terms of cheap labour availability, mangrove-conservation acts, cheap river-communication, and scope of ecotourism which fortunately get the attention of national and international funding agencies. In the last section of this review, we recommended ten climate change adaptation strategies that may be considered at the policy and farmer levels. The strategies broadly include the development of small-scale rainwater harvesting structures in series, the introduction of salt tolerant cultivars with water management, land shaping, establishment of multipurpose cyclone shelter at each block and empowerment of women through self-help groups.
Bombay Islam: The Religious Economy of the West Indian Ocean, 1840-1915

1. Missionaries and reformists in the market of Islams 2. Cosmopolitan cults and the economy of miracles 3. The enchantment of industrial communications 4. Exports for an Iranian marketplace 5. The making of a Neo-Isma'ilism 6. A theology for the mills and dockyards 7. Bombay Islam in the ocean's southern city.
Vitalizing Health Education through Improved Instructional Programs

(1942). Vitalizing Health Education through Improved Instructional Programs. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 13, No. 8, pp. 451-500.
Manic-Depressive Illness, Genes, and Creativity

The ethical issues surrounding any genetic illness are almost frighteningly complex. If the illness is common, treatable, displays itself in a wide range of behavioral, cognitive, and temperamental ways, and can confer advantage both to individuals and to their societies, then the ethical issues take on an entirely different level of complexity. This Chapter, after giving a brief overview of manic-depressive illness, and its relationship to creativity, will discuss some of the potential problems, as well as benefits, underlying the search for the genes responsible for manic-depressive illness.
Pediatric residency program.

DURING the past 10 to 15 years, the type of practice carried on by pediatricians has been undergoing a change. There are fewer seriously ill children requiring long-term treatment and follow-up since many of the common infectious diseases of childhood are detected early and, because of modern methods of treatment, prevented from becoming serious. Although pediatricians have fewer patients who require hospital care, this is balanced by the fact that there is an increasing use of the pediatrician for health supervision or "well child care." Parents are becoming more aware of the need for supervision of the child9s physical and emotional growth and development through the extensive attention given this in popular everyday literature and by the fact the pediatrician himself is now encouraging this more than formerly. This change in pediatric practice is being reflected gradually in the type of preparation given the pediatrician in his residency training. When one thinks of the tremendous amount of knowledge available regarding normal growth and development and of the growing importance of the field it is evident that real knowledge in this area cannot be obtained quickly and without effort. Therefore it is of sufficient importance to be included in routine residency training. There is no question that the resident needs much more of his time spent in the hospital caring for seriously ill children than in the well-child area of pediatrics.
A Review of “Who's Your City? How the Creative Economy is Making the Place Where You Live the Most Important Decision of Your Life”

In 2002, Richard Florida's book The Rise of the Creative Class sparked an animated debate that continues today. City administrators and politicians loved the work, while academics harshly criticize...
Optimum Economic Thickness of Pipe Insulation Accounting for Variable Heat-Transfer Parameters

During recent years guides have been published to allow industries to choose pipe insulation that accounts optimally for rapid expected rises in fuel costs relative to insulation costs. The analysis in these guides is based on three simplifying assumptions: thermal conductivity of the insulation is assumed constant, the surface resistance is assumed constant, and thermal radiation is neglected (or included in the constant surface resistance). These assumptions can have the effect of introducing error in the insulation thickness chosen, possibly leading to choosing too little insulation. A study was conducted to rederive the optimization equations accounting for variable heat-transfer parameters and to apply them to selected examples to determine the consequences of the simplifying assumptions. The major conclusions from the study were: 1. The errors introduced by assuming convection and radiation surface loss parameters constant are negligible. 2. The errors introduced by assuming constant insulation conductivity could be made negligible if the conductivity values were made to more closely represent correct values for the temperature range of the particular installation being analyzed.
Superheating suppresses structural disorder in layered BiI3 semiconductors grown by the Bridgman method

Abstract The susceptibility of layered structures to stacking faults is a problem in some of the more attractive semiconductor materials for ambient-temperature radiation detectors. In this work, Bridgman-grown BiI 3 layered single crystals are investigated to understand and eliminate structural disorder, which reduces radiation detector performance. The use of superheating gradients has been shown by others to improve crystal quality in non-layered semiconductor crystals (Rudolph et al., 1996) [26] ; thus the technique was explored to improve the growth of BiI 3 . When investigating the homogeneity of non-superheated crystals, highly geometric void defects were found to populate the bulk of the crystals. Applying a superheating gradient to the melt prior to crystal growth improved structural quality and decreased defect density from the order of 4600 voids per cm 3 to 300 voids per cm 3 . Corresponding moderate improvements to electronic properties also resulted from the superheat gradient method of crystal growth. Comparative measurements through infrared microscopy, etch-pit density, X-ray rocking curves, and sheet resistivity readings show that superheat gradients in BiI 3 growth led to higher quality crystals.
Discovery of rating fraud with real-time streaming visual analytics

The rating fraud in online e-commerce stores targets at receiving large revenues through boosting the popularity of selected items with fake ratings. The challenges of detecting rating frauds come from discovering small scale abnormal activities in a large amount of data and detecting frauds in a time-critical manner from online rating streams. This paper presents a real-time visual analytics system that consists of two essential components: a server for automatically handling data streams and a visual analytics interface for performing interactive analysis. Based on the features of rating frauds, we present a detection solution which balances computationally expensive algorithms and interactive analysis between the server and analysts. Specifically, our detection system filters data through performing an initial suspicion level detection on the server, and analysts can combine different statistical analysis of the user / item matrix through a co-mapped singular value decomposition (SVD) diagram, re-ordered matrix representation, and the temporal view. We demonstrate our approach with case studies of different fraud scenarios and show that rating frauds can be effectively detected.
Heritable Variation in Food Preferences and Their Contribution to Obesity

What an animal chooses to eat can either induce or retard the development of obesity; this review summarizes what is known about the genetic determinants of nutrient selection and its impact on obesity in humans and rodents. The selection of macronutrients in the diet appears to be, in part, heritable. Genes that mediate the consumption of sweet-tasting carbohydrate sources have been mapped and are being isolated and characterized. Excessive dietary fat intake is strongly tied to obesity, and several studies suggest that a preference for fat and the resulting obesity are partially genetically determined. Identifying genes involved in the excess consumption of dietary fat will be an important key to our understanding of the genetic disposition toward common dietary obesity.
Working Connections: Shop Floor Networks and Union Leadership

Leadership is not a unitary phenomenon. While many variations are possible, leadership comes in at least two forms: emergent leaders who represent those whom they lead and imposed leaders who do not derive their authority from those they lead. This is especially true of the workplace. Management leaders, while often selected from among workers, are imposed on them from above; in contrast, union leadership claims to emerge from and to represent those they intend to lead. Union leadership, however, has embedded within it an apparent contradiction. A labor union needs to be as effective in mobilizing workers as it is democratic in repre- senting them. This article explores the microfoundations of representative and effective leadership by analyzing workplace social networks and shows that, in our setting at least, aspiring union representatives are situated to represent well while aspiring forepersons are not. Thus, the structures of informal social networks in work groups create a social fabric that allows unions to simultaneously be a "town hall" and an "army." Keywords: unions; leadership; networks; democracy If you go to the city of Washington, and you examine the pages of the Congres- sional Directory, you will find that almost all of those corporation lawyers and cowardly politicians, members of Congress, and misrepresentatives of the masses—you will find that almost all of them claim, in glowing terms, that they have risen from the ranks to places of eminence and distinction. I am very glad I cannot make that claim for myself. I would be ashamed to admit that I had risen from the ranks. When I rise, it will be with the ranks, and not from the ranks.
Costs and net health effects of contraceptive methods

Abstract Background Pregnancy and contraceptive methods both have important health effects that include risks and benefits. The net impact of contraception on women's health has not been reported previously. Study design This is a cost-utility analysis using a Markov model evaluated by Monte Carlo simulation using the societal perspective for costs. The analysis compared 13 methods of contraception to nonuse of contraception with respect to healthcare costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Discounting was applied for future costs and health effects. The base-case analysis applies to women of average health and fertility, ranging from 15 to 50 years of age, who are sexually active in a mutually monogamous relationship; smoking rates observed in women of reproductive age were used. Sensitivity analysis extended the analysis to nonmonogamous status and smoking status. Results Compared with use of no contraception, contraceptive methods of all types result in substantial cost savings over 2 years, ranging from US$5907 per woman for tubal sterilization to US$9936 for vasectomy and health gains ranging from 0.088 QALYs for diaphragm to 0.147 QALYs for depot medroxyprogesterone acetate. Compared with nonuse, even with a time horizon as short as 1 year, use of any method other than sterilization results in financial savings and health gains. Most of the financial savings and health gains were due to contraceptive effects. In a population of patients, even modest increases in the use of the most effective methods result in financial savings and health gains. Conclusions Every method of contraception dominates nonuse in most clinical settings. Increasing the use of more effective methods even modestly at the expense of less effective methods will improve health and reduce costs. Methods that require action by the user less frequently than daily are both less costly and more effective than methods requiring action on a daily basis.
Cardiocirculatory dynamics during heart failure in the rat: Effects of prototypic drugs

The goal of these studies was to evaluate the effects of congestive heart failure on the peripheral circulations, looking specifically for the regions responsible for the rise in peripheral resistance observed in patients with this disease condition. During the course of these experiments, we evaluated the effects of different modes of exercise on cardiocirculatory dynamics and cardiac output distribution in normal animals in order to determine the most appropriate mode to induce an adequate exercise stess. Based on these studies, we chose treadmill exercise for use in animal models of heart failure. The animal species chosen for these studies was the rat. This choice was based on the availability of novel techniques which allowed for repetitive and accurate hemodynamic and regional blood flow determinations in rodents which provided a cost-effective approach to the study of heart disease. Once appropriate models for congestive failure and for exercise were adequately characterized and studied, additional experiments designed to evaluate the acute effects of appropriate therapeutic agents such as calcium blockers, nitro-vasodilators, and angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors were conducted. In order to determine the scope of the therapeutic efficacy of some of these compounds, studies were also conducted on models of hypertensive disease.