cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
People2Vec: Learning Latent Representations of Users Using Their Social-Media Activities

In most social network studies, it is assumed that nodes are simple and carry no information, and links are explicit ties such as friendship. Which nodes are in which group is determined as a function of these explicit ties. For example, given a set of random walks through the network, it is possible to learn a vector for each node which contains a latent representation of the node. These latent representations have useful properties that can be easily exploited by statistical models for tasks like identifying groups and inferring implicit links. However, most existing representation learning methods ignore node attributes. In many cases, there is a rich body of information and events associated with nodes that also can be used for node clustering and to infer ties. In social media, e.g., an explicit relationship is friendship, and another is the follower-followee relation. Besides, there are the set of messages passed by the users, as well as, their activities in the form of liking or mentioning. What is needed is a way of collectively using both the explicit ties and this rich body of additional information in learning these latent node representations. Combining such data should enable more effective link inference and grouping strategies. In this research, we propose People2Vec an algorithm to learn representations that takes into account proximity between users due to their social media activities. We validate our model by experiments on two different social-media datasets and find the model to perform better than prior state-of-the-art approaches.
India: An Overview

After the government transition in 2014, India faced a series of policy challenges, including infrastructural and labor reform domestically, and US–India–China relations internationally. Indian think tanks have an important role in providing information and research on fast-paced changes. The Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses (IDSA) serves to provide policy research for the Indian government, particularly in the realm of strategic affairs. IDSA has encountered various challenges, such as non-cooperative armed forces and resource scarcity, but its innovative approach that expands research foci beyond traditional national defense has placed the Institute as an influential player in the country.
Recent advances in neonatal cranial ultrasound and Doppler techniques

Use of new scanning approaches, such as the mastoid fontanelle and new signal processing techniques, such as power Doppler and spectral Doppler during fontanelle compression, have dramatically improved our ability to image both the structure and hemodynamics of blood flow in the neonatal brain. Continuing development of US contrast agents hold promise for creation of regional cerebral blood-flow maps at the cribside in critically ill newborns.
4.03 – Insect Gustatory Systems

This chapter examines the sense of taste in insects. I review and synthesize the diverse literature on insect taste, highlighting general organizational principles. I focus on five areas: (a) the organization of the peripheral and central gustatory system; (b) responses of the gustatory receptor neurons to food-related stimuli; (c) central processing of gustatory input; (d) taste–mixture interactions; and (e) factors that modulate the peripheral and central gustatory response. I conclude by identifying several significant gaps in our understanding of central taste processing.
Non-local Diffusions, Drifts and Games

This is a brief discussion of the properties of solutions to several non-linear elliptic equations involving diffusive processes of non-local nature. These equation arise in several contexts: from continuum mechanics and phase transition, from population dynamics, from optimal control and game theory. The equations coming from continuum mechanics exhibit a variational structure and a theory parallel to the De Giorgi–Nash–Moser was necessary to show existence of regular solutions. Population dynamics suggests “porous media like equations” with a non-local pressure, and from optimal control we obtain fully non-linear equations that require methods of the type of the Krylov–Safonov–Evans theory. Finally, we discuss some non-local p and infinite Laplacian models coming from game theory.
Assessing fungal contributions to cellulose degradation in soil by using high-throughput stable isotope probing

Abstract Soils represent one of the largest and most active pools of C in the biosphere, and soil respiration represents a major component of global C flux. Fungi are essential to soil carbon cycling due to their propensity for decomposing organic polymers such as cellulose. We performed high throughput sequencing enabled stable isotope probing (HTS-SIP) with 13C-cellulose to characterize the dynamics of fungi and bacteria during cellulose degradation in an agricultural soil. A total of 1900 fungal taxa were observed and 190 of these assimilated 13C-cellulose during a 30-day incubation. A majority of 13C-labeled fungi belonged to Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mucoromycota. However, most 13C-labeled fungi could not be annotated at the species (71%, n = 134), or genus (49%, n = 93) level. Mucoromycota were 13C-labeled early, and by day 3 the most abundant 13C-labeled organism belonged to Mortierella. In contrast, 13C-labeled Ascomycota increased in diversity through day 14 and their relative abundance comprised more than 40% of fungal ITS sequences by day 30. These results show that: i) the majority of fungal taxa that assimilated 13C from 13C-cellulose are uncultivated and poorly characterized, ii) the beta-diversity of 13C-labeled fungi changed significantly over time during cellulose degradation, iii) a relatively small number of the 13C-labeled taxa dominated the community response to cellulose, and iv) fungi incorporated cellulose into DNA more rapidly and in greater numbers than did bacteria. These results show that fungi in a tilled agricultural field respond rapidly to new cellulose inputs, exhibiting complex temporal dynamics that likely drive carbon flow into diverse taxa within the soil community.
Far-Infrared Spectroscopy as a Probe for Polymorph Discrimination.

Abstract Pharmaceutical crystalline polymorph and amorphous form detection and quantification is a standard requirement in the pharmaceutical industry. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy provides an important probe for the characterization of polymorphs. Nonetheless, characterization and discrimination among polymorphs using mid-IR spectroscopy is not always possible in part because the technique mainly probes vibrational modes arising from functional groups in the sample. In the present work, far-IR spectroscopy is demonstrated for the discrimination of polymorphs. This region is influenced by delocalized lattice vibrational modes derived from intermolecular forces and packing arrangements in the crystal structure. A total of 10 polymorphic pharmaceuticals were prepared to conduct a critical evaluation of the question, does this far-IR region add value for polymorph differentiation? It is demonstrated that the far-IR region offers high discriminating power for polymorphs compared to the mid-IR spectral region. In addition, structural similarity and dissimilarity in polymorphic packing arrangements can be derived from this analysis.
The Lethality of Female Suicide Bombers

Over the past 50 years, suicide bombings have become an increasingly common tactic of politically motivated violence, and a rising number of these attacks feature women perpetrators. Prior literatu...
Triple differntial cross section for electron impact ionization of hydrogen atom.

The electron impact ionization of atomic hydrogen is calculated for incident elrctron energy 76.46 eV. The Hartree-Fock approximation is used to calculate the initial state which includes both bound and continum wave functions. The final state continuum electron wave functions are obtained in the potential of hydrogen ion. The interaction between the two final state continuum electrons is approximated with the screening potential determined variationally.
Mechanistic Studies into the Oxidative Addition of Co(I) Complexes: Combining Electroanalytical Techniques with Parameterization.

The oxidative addition of organic electrophiles into electrochemically generated Co(I) complexes has been widely utilized as a strategy to produce carbon-centered radicals when cobalt is ligated by...
On Anomalous Influence of an External Electric Field on a Second-Order Transition in a Thin Ferroelectric Film

The specific features of a phase transition in a thin ferroelectric film in an external electric film have been studied in terms of the Landau–Ginzburg–Devonshire phenomenological theory in the dependence on the film thickness and the type of polarization pinning on its surface. The phase transition mechanism is found to be changed in an electric field. The phase transition shifts in temperature, along with a specific smearing that differs from the smearing in a bulk material in the appearance of a temperature range near TC with an anomalously high dielectric susceptibility; in this case, the shift is dependent on the film thickness, the properties of its surface and it is independent of the field strength in weak fields.
Stress Management and Resiliency Training for Healthcare Professionals: A Mixed-Methods, Quality-Improvement, Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of a multi-modal resilience program, the Stress Management and Resiliency Training (SMART) Program, on healthcare professional well-being and job satisfaction. METHODS This pilot, mixed-methods, quality improvement, cohort study assessed perceived stress, physical and mental health, job satisfaction, burnout, and value of the curriculum to attendees. RESULTS Participants experienced a significant reduction in perceived stress (P < 0.001) and significant improvements in global mental health (P = 0.001), physical health (P = 0.045), and job satisfaction (P = 0.047). There was no significant improvement in burnout. Qualitative analysis of free text responses revealed appreciation for the skills taught, increased resiliency, and a positive impact on relationships. CONCLUSIONS Delivering the SMART Program to healthcare professionals is feasible and may serve as a useful tool for reducing stress and increasing resilience.
The Hidden Variable: A Case of Dasatinib-Induced Respiratory Failure.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors that target the BCR/ABL mutation have been used as therapies of BCR/ABL positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with significant results. Dasatinib is a multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor with significant activity in Philadephia positive ALL which is resistant to imatinib, as well as in treatment-naive patients. We present a case of an elderly patient with Philadelphia chromosome-positive ALL, who presented with acute hypoxic respiratory failure in the setting of active immunotherapy with dasatinib.
Acute and durable effect of inhaled hypertonic saline on mucociliary clearance in adult asthma.

Background Impaired mucus clearance and airway mucus plugging have been shown to occur in moderate-severe asthma, especially during acute exacerbations. In cystic fibrosis, where airway mucus is dehydrated, it has been shown that inhaled hypertonic saline (HS) produces both acute and sustained enhancement of mucociliary clearance (MCC). The current study was designed to assess the acute and sustained effect of inhaled 7% HS on MCC in adult asthma. Methods Well-controlled, moderate-severe female asthmatic patients (n=8) were screened with a single test dose of albuterol (four puffs by metered-dose inhaler) followed by HS (7% sodium chloride, 4 mL using PARI LC Star nebuliser). Spirometry was measured pre-treatment and 5 and 30 min post-treatment for safety. MCC was measured using γ-scintigraphy on three separate visits: at baseline, during inhalation and 4 h after a single dose of HS. Results MCC was acutely enhanced during HS treatment; mean±sd clearance over 60 min of dynamic imaging (Ave60Clr) was 8.9±7.9% (baseline) versus 23.4±7.6% (acute HS) (p<0.005). However, this enhancement was not maintained over a 4-h period where post-HS treatment Ave60Clr was 9.3±8.2%. In this small cohort we found no decrements in lung function up to 30 min post-treatment (forced expiratory volume in 1 s 97.4±10.0% predicted pre-treatment and 98.9±10.7% predicted 30 min post-treatment). Conclusion While MCC was rapidly enhanced during 7% HS treatment there was no effect on MCC at 4 h post-treatment. While these findings may not support aerosolised HS use for maintenance therapy, they do suggest a benefit of treating acute exacerbations in patients with moderate-severe asthma.
From fiction to reality: Presidential framing in the Ukrainian comedy Servant of the People:

This study examines presidential framing in the Ukrainian sitcom Servant of the People, which may have helped Ukrainian comedian and political novice Volodymyr Zelenskyy win the presidency in 2019....
PrEP Use and Correlates of Use Among a Large, Urban Sample of Men and Transgender Persons Who Have Sex with Men.

We examined recent pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use (past 6 months) and its correlates among a large sample of men who have sex with men and transgender and gender non-conforming persons participating in a home HIV self-testing program conducted by the New York City Health Department between 11/2016 and 1/2017. Correlates examined included demographic characteristics and HIV-related behaviors in the past 6 months. Associations with recent PrEP use were assessed using log-binomial regression. 400 (22.5%) of 1776 participants reported recent PrEP use. In adjusted models, recent PrEP use was associated with Manhattan residence [adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) 1.26; 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.04, 1.53)], higher income [aPR 1.29; 95% CI (1.03, 1.62)], and having insurance [aPR 1.89; 95% CI (1.33, 2.69)]. All HIV-related behaviors, except for injection drug use, were individually associated with PrEP use. More research is needed to better understand barriers to PrEP use among patients who are low income and/or uninsured as this may help improve current public health efforts to increase PrEP uptake among disproportionately impacted populations.
Controversies in the Care of the Acute Asthmatic in the Prehospital and Emergency Department Environments

Asthma is an episodic disease of the airways characterized by inflammation and constriction of the bronchi. It has a significant societal impact with over 25 million persons affected in the United States alone and annually accounts for approximately 3300 deaths in the US. Standard therapy for acute severe asthma is effective for most patients, but controversies exist surrounding the care of the impending or actual respiratory failure patient. Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation has been effective in multiple case reports, but lacks large trial evidence to support its use. Intravenous ketamine similarly has supporting case reports, but an absence of rigorous evidence. Finally, parenteral beta-adrenergic medications have a long history of use, but have not been consistently shown to be superior to inhaled short-acting beta agonists. Further, they have been associated with higher rates of adverse effects.
Capsule Commentary on Jones et al., Usual Primary Care Provider Characteristics of a Patient-Centered Medical Home and Mental Health Service Use.

M ental health care is commonly provided in primary care, a trend likely bolstered by the Affordable Care Act (ACA). There have been more than 80 randomized trials demonstrating the effectiveness of the collaborative care (CC) model for mental health care. Based on the overlapping components of the Patient Centered Medical Home and CC, it is reasonable to expect similar improvement in mental health treatment in systems delivering PCMH care. The article by Jones et al. supports the notion that PCMH will increase mental health services (MHS) utilization, and elucidates what may be important component-level factors and their relationship to the amount and quality of MHS. By separating providers into Busual care^ and BPCMH,^ Jones et al. demonstrate that having a usual provider boosts mental health service utilization by a factor of two; having a PCMH provider does not increase mental health service utilization beyond that. While getting people in the door is certainly necessary, decades of mental health services research demonstrate that it is not sufficient to improve patient outcomes. To get that, one must change both provider and system factors. Jones et al. found that patients with PCMH providers were more likely to receive counseling and to have visited a mental health professional. This suggests that PCMH providers are facilitating access to multiple levels and modalities of care, which are likely more effective for a broader range of mental health distress. The sensitivity analysis provides strong evidence that the more PCMH qualities offered, the better the outcome. Consistent with this concept, there is a strong relationship between provider and patient on response to treatment. Jones et al. show us this may likely be the case in PC-based mental health treatment as well. However, compared to traditional psychotherapy practice, PCPs are extremely limited in time and training for delivering evidence-based psychological treatment. Thus, PCPs must rely on adjunctive treatment resources and systemic support. Jones et al. highlight that this is likely happening with PCMH providers. While this is exciting, disparity in access to both usual and PCMH care remains an important limitation for patients. Whether the ACA will reduce some of these disparities remains to be seen.
Pathogenesis and management of pruritus in cholestatic liver disease

Patients with cholestatic liver diseases such as primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy commonly complain of pruritus. The underlying pathogenesis remains obscure with several mediators possibly playing an important role; these include lysophosphatidic acid, bile salts, opioids, histamine and progesterone metabolites. We describe in this review novel insights into the pathogenesis and management of pruritus in patients with cholestasis.
Terror Management Theory

Terror management theory (TMT), based on the works of Ernest Becker, asserts that the fear of death contributes to many aspects of human thought and behavior. According to TMT, people use self-esteem and cultural worldviews to buffer awareness of death. In this short review paper we review fundamental research in TMT, including the findings that after being reminded of death people bolster their cultural worldviews and strive for self-esteem. Cutting-edge research in TMT, including research on intergroup conflict, psychological disorders, religious beliefs, and brain imaging, is discussed. Finally, we review key issues in TMT research going forward. Keywords: terror management; death; self-esteem; culture; existential psychology; worldview defense; threat; anxiety; mortality salience
Infection: Immunological Barriers

Microorganisms can infect a host through various portals of entry. The host attempts to counter microbial infection and dissemination using many physical, chemical and immunological weapons. Keywords: infection; innate immunity; adaptive immunity; T cells; antibodies
Plasma volume, electrolyte, and coagulation factor changes following intra-amniotic hypertonic saline infusion.

Abstract Serial measurements of plasma volume, serum and urine electrolytes, and coagulation factors were performed after intra-amniotic hypertonic saline infusion in 6 patients undergoing therapeutic abortion. Mean plasma volume increased by 8.9 per cent of base-line values at 15 hours. Serum electrolytes changed little. Urine sodium and chloride increased and potassium decreased at 3 hours; all returned to base line at 39 hours. There were variations in coagulation studies suggestive of mild diffuse intravascular coagulation.
Muffler resonator partially filled with DNG metamaterial

A metallic cylindrical resonator of elliptical cross-section containing two metallic baffles and half-filled with anti-isorefractive DNG metamaterial is analyzed by separation of variables, in the frequency domain. Numerical results based on the obtained resonance condition and related field plots will be presented and discussed.
Microtubular reorganization and dendritic growth response in alzheimer's disease

Cytoskeletal disruption is a key pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We used refined immunocytochemical techniques to define the range of abnormalities affecting the microtubule system in AD hippocampus. Minimal tau and tubulin immunoreactivity was granular and accumulated in otherwise normal neuronal perikarya. As tau-reactive neurofibrillary tangles formed, granular tau and tubulin staining diminished, and ubiquitin reactivity developed. In regions of high neurofibrillary tangle density, microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) histochemical features of remaining nontangled neurons included apical dendritic degeneration with proliferation of basal dendrites. In addition to perisomatic dendritic proliferation, there was massive sprouting of tau-immunoreactive distal dystrophic neurites. Sprouting proximal dendrites and dystrophic neurites often demonstrated growth-cone-like lamellipodia and filopodia. Degeneration of the perisomatic proliferating dendrites was characterized by the accumulation of fibrillar tau immunoreactivity. The colocalization of MAP2 and tau in growth structures recapitulated their codistribution in developing neurites. The data suggest that extensive plasticity and growth response occur in tandem with neuronal degeneration in AD, and that reorganization of the cytoskeletal microtubule system may underlie these proliferative changes.
Diagnosis of tumors by fluorescence: quantification of photosensitizer concentration

ABSTRACT The concentration of Photofrmn II is needed to determine the dose in photodynamic therapy, and in fluorescence diagnosis oftumors. A method based on fluorescence was devised which shows promise. Diffusion theory was applied in slab geometrywith closely spaced excitation and emission wavelengths. A function of the measured radiant energy fluences for excitationand emission, and the depth x, was found that canceled the dependence on depth. A function of the diffusion coefficient andattenuation coefficient was derived from the measured diffuse reflectance. This function compensated for differences inabsorption and scattering in different tissues, or a calibration phantom and tissue. Comparisons should be made with theconcentration derived in other ways, but the fluorescence method shows promise. 1. INTRODUCTION Fluorescence of an injected, tumor-specific agent such as Photofrmn II (P11) or hematoporphyrin-derivative (HpD) has been developed as a method of detection of carcinoma in
Temperature effects on the kinetics of the primary antigen-antibody combination.

Abstract Kinetic investigations utilizing fluorescence polarization techniques afford a means by which the activation energy for the primary combination between an antigen and its antibody can be determined. Initial rate studies have shown the reaction between fluorescein-labeled ovalbumin and antiovalbumin to be second-order in neutral buffered 0.15 M NaCl over wide concentration ranges between 1.5° and 28°. An activation energy of 12 Kcal/mole for this system suggests that the primary combination between antigen and antibody is not diffusion-controlled and, therefore, that some sort of structural changes occur prior to or during reaction.
Composite aortic root replacement in acute type A dissection: time to rethink the indications?

Objective: The indications for aortic root replacement in acute type A dissection are unclear. We reviewed the immediate and long-term outcome of consecutive patients in a series in which a low-threshold policy of composite aortic root replacement had evolved. Methods: From a prospectively compiled aortic surgery database, we identified 162 patients who had either supracoronary interposition grafting, Group A (n = 89), or composite root replacement, Group B (n=73) for acute type A dissection. Patients receiving total arch replacements were excluded. Operative and clinical details were analyzed and patient survival was compared to an age and gender matched census cohort. Need for reoperation on the proximal or distal aorta was also noted. Follow-up totaled 795.5 patient-years. Results: Hospital mortality rates were identical in both groups (12.3%: 11 deaths in group A; 9 in group B). Chronic pulmonary disease, diabetes, malperfusion, hemodynamic compromise and aortic root dilatation were independent risk factors for hospital death. Actuarial survival estimates at 1, 5 and 10 years were 79% (71-88%), 64% (53-75%), and 55% (41-68%) for group A, and 79% (70-86%), 73% (62-83%), and 65% (52-78%) for group B (P=0.48). Age and operative patency of the ascending false lumen were independent risk factors for death after hospital discharge. Proximal aortic reoperation was required for four patients in group A and none in group B (P=0.085). Conclusion: A strategy of replacement rather than repair of the dissected aortic root for specific indications in type A dissection yielded high survival and low proximal reoperation rates. These results support an aggressive policy of composite root replacement in acute type A dissection.
Pairing effects in nuclei described by the Hartree-Fock theory

The amount of energy gap between occupied and unoccupied single-particle states determines the reliability of a Hartree-Fock (HF) calculation. If the gap is comparable to the residual pairing interaction, the sharp Fermi surface corresponding to the HF state is meared out through mixing with pair-excited configurations. In heavy and medium-heavy nuclei, it is believed that such mixing with configurations having several pairs are important. In the light 2s, 1d shell nuclei, where the energy gap is 6–8 MeV, it is a fairly good approximation to calculate the correction to the HF state by mixing only the two hole (h)-two particle (p) type excited configurations. Such corrections represent a genuine pairing correlation present in the intrinsic state. Formulae have been worked out for diagonalizing the residual interaction between the HF state and the 2h-2p states. Explicit numerical results are presented for 20Ne using the two-body, effective matrix elements of the Yale potential. The corrected ground state is found to contain about 8% admixture of excited configurations, thus showing that the pairing corrections are not very important in 2s, 1d shell nuclei. The reason for this finding is analysed.
Laboratory Generated M -6 Earthquakes

We consider whether mm-scale earthquake-like seismic events generated in laboratory experiments are consistent with our understanding of the physics of larger earthquakes. This work focuses on a population of 48 very small shocks that are foreshocks and aftershocks of stick–slip events occurring on a 2.0 m by 0.4 m simulated strike-slip fault cut through a large granite sample. Unlike the larger stick–slip events that rupture the entirety of the simulated fault, the small foreshocks and aftershocks are contained events whose properties are controlled by the rigidity of the surrounding granite blocks rather than characteristics of the experimental apparatus. The large size of the experimental apparatus, high fidelity sensors, rigorous treatment of wave propagation effects, and in situ system calibration separates this study from traditional acoustic emission analyses and allows these sources to be studied with as much rigor as larger natural earthquakes. The tiny events have short (3–6 μs) rise times and are well modeled by simple double couple focal mechanisms that are consistent with left-lateral slip occurring on a mm-scale patch of the precut fault surface. The repeatability of the experiments indicates that they are the result of frictional processes on the simulated fault surface rather than grain crushing or fracture of fresh rock. Our waveform analysis shows no significant differences (other than size) between the M -7 to M -5.5 earthquakes reported here and larger natural earthquakes. Their source characteristics such as stress drop (1–10 MPa) appear to be entirely consistent with earthquake scaling laws derived for larger earthquakes.
Amitrole Absorption by Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv ;Red Kidney') Roots : Mechanism of Absorption.

The mechanism of transport of the herbicide 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (amitrole) into Phaseolus vulgaris roots appears to be passive, as judged by the effect of temperature (Q10 = 1.3 between 15 and 25°C) and the lack of sensitivity to metabolic inhibition afforded by 2,4-dinitrophenol and NaN3. Amitrole absorption is a linear function of external concentration over several orders of magnitude and, thus, is not facilitated by a carrier mechanism. The absorption of amitrole is sensitive to external pH, being stimulated under acid conditions. This stimulation of amitrole absorption is seen at low (≤1 millimolar) amitrole concentrations, but not at high (50 millimolar) amitrole levels. While the apparent octanol-water partition coefficient varies with the pH of the aqueous phase, there is no clear correspondence between absorption and the apparent partition coefficient. Roots do not accumulate amitrole above concentration equilibrium; however, at a time when the net amitrole content of the root tissue begins to saturate, amitrole can be detected in the xylem stream. On a fresh-weight basis, amitrole absorption by roots is equal to that accomplished by trifoliate-leaf tissue. An estimate of the permeability coefficient (according to the analysis of Tyree et al. 1979 Plant Physiol 63: 367-374) suggests that amitrole possesses near-optimal permeability for an ambimobile solute, on the order of 2.12 (± 0.47) × 10−9 meters per second.
The correct equation of motion of a classical point charge

Abstract The Lorentz–Abraham–Dirac equation is not the correct equation of motion: (1) it does not yield the law of inertia uniquely; (2) it is of third order rather than of second order; and (3) it allows a self-force also in the absence of an external force. The correct equation is derived.
The Ca2+ release activities of D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate analogs are quantized.

Abstract Comparison is made between several synthetic stereo and positional isomers of d -myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate ( d -myo-1,4,5-IP3) with respect to their ability to mobilize calcium from the internal stores of saponin-permeabilized rat basophilic leukemia cells. d - and l -myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphates, d - and l -myo-inositol 2,4,5-trisphosphates, d - and l -chiro-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphates, d,l -trans-1,2-cyclohexane-diol bisphosphate, d,l -myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate, l -glycerol 1,2-bisphosphate, glycerol 1,3-bisphosphate and d,l -(1R,3R,4R)-1-phosphoryloxymethyl-trans-3,4-cyclohexanediol bisphosphate were tested. The analogs, each of which contains a vicinal trans-1,2-diol-bisphosphosphate motif, displayed potencies that were distributed over a 104-fold range of concentration and fell into 4 distinct classes of activity.
The relative merits of black cobalt and black chrome as high temperature selective absorbers

Abstract Solar selectivity, with emphasis on high solar absorptance (α), has been measured in three distinct classes of black cobalt before and after long term exposure to high temperatures (300 to 500°C) in air. Absorption processes in black cobalt and black chrome are quite different, although surface morphology reduces front surface reflections in both systems. However, the thermal stability of the solar absorptance are comparable to black chrome for black cobalt coatings composed of cobalt oxides but not for those composed of cobalt sulphides which are found to be unsuitable at T > 300° C in air. None of the coatings on nickel substrates are suitable for applications at T > 450° C where high absorptance (α⪆0.95) is needed.
Supraclavicular Artery Island Flap for Reconstruction of Complex Parotidectomy, Lateral Skull Base, and Total Auriculectomy Defects

Importance There are limited data on the use of the supraclavicular artery island flap (SCAIF) for parotid and lateral skull base (LSB) surgery. This flap can be an important reconstructive tool for these procedures. Objective To describe the use of the SCAIF for parotid and LSB surgery and its success, as well as important technique modifications for successful use of the flap in this setting. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective single-institution review from July 1, 2011, to September 30, 2013, of patients in a tertiary care referral center. A prospectively collected institutional database was reviewed to identify patients who received SCAIF reconstruction for parotid and/or LSB surgery. Forty-six SCAIF reconstructions were identified; 16 were performed for the indication of parotidectomy or LSB surgery. Interventions The SCAIF reconstruction for parotid and/or LSB surgery. Main Outcomes and Measures Indication for reconstruction, flap viability, flap size, reconstruction site complication, and donor site complication. Results Resection was performed for advanced cutaneous malignant tumor in 10 patients, primary salivary gland malignant tumor in 4 patients, and chronic infection and mastoid cutaneous fistula in 2 patients. All defects were complex, involving multiple subsites; 5 patients underwent facial nerve resection and 4 had previous radiation therapy. No complete flap loss occurred. One partial flap loss occurred. The average flap island size was 7 × 10 cm. No major complications occurred. Two minor reconstruction site complications and 3 donor site seromas occurred. Conclusions and Relevance The SCAIF can be successfully and reliably used for complex defects following parotid and LSB surgery. There are 3 important technique modifications to help facilitate rotation and coverage of this region.
Intranasal Aspergillus fumigatus exposure induces eosinophilic inflammation and olfactory sensory neuron cell death in mice.

Objective To determine the effects of eosinophilic inflammation on olfactory sensory neuron cell death. Study Design Mice were sensitized to intranasal Aspergillus fumigatus extract and subsequently challenged acutely or chronically with the same allergen. The olfactory neuroepithelium was assessed for immunohistochemical evidence of apoptosis and inflammation. Results Sensitized mice challenged with allergen demonstrated elevated eosinophil infiltration of the respiratory and olfactory mucosae, with olfactory sensory neuron apoptosis. Remarkably, massive neuronal apoptosis without eosinophil infiltration occurred in nonsensitized mice after a single dose of extract. Conclusion Intranasal sensitization with A fumigatus results in a model with multifactorial effects. Protocols using A fumigatus to induce allergic rhinitis may need modification to allow confident interpretation. Significance Fungal allergens may contribute to anosmia through the induction of olfactory sensory neuron apoptosis, with and without prior sensitization.
Zonisamide or Levetiracetam for Adults With Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome: A Case Series

Background & Aims: Management of cyclic vomiting syndrome in adults is limited by the small number of effective medications for maintenance therapy. The clinical response to treatment with 2 newer antiepileptic drugs was evaluated retrospectively to see whether they might have a prophylactic role in this syndrome. Methods: Outpatient records from 20 adult patients with cyclic vomiting syndrome attending a university-based practice were reviewed. Each had received zonisamide (median dose, 400 mg/d) or levetiracetam (median dose, 1000 mg/d) because tricyclic antidepressants alone were unsatisfactory as maintenance medications. Outcome was graded from chart review and directed interview; characteristics of the vomiting episodes were compared before and after initiation of antiepileptic drug therapy. Results: At least moderate clinical response was described by 15 (75.0%) subjects, and 4 of these (20.0% of the total) reported symptomatic remission during 9.5 ± 1.8 months of follow-up. Rate of vomiting episodes decreased from 1.3 ± 0.3 to 0.5 ± 0.2 per month ( P = .01). Tricyclic antidepressants were discontinued in 11 (61.1%) of the 18 subjects who were still taking the medications when antiepileptic drug therapy was initiated. Moderate or severe side effects were reported by 45.0%, but by switching drugs, intolerance to antiepileptic drug therapy occurred in only 1 subject. Conclusions: Newer antiepileptic drugs, specifically zonisamide and levetiracetam, appeared beneficial as maintenance medications for nearly three fourths of adults with cyclic vomiting syndrome in this uncontrolled clinical experience. Although side effects occur in a large proportion of subjects, newer antiepileptic drugs might offer an alternative for patients who fail conventional treatment.
Folksonomy and Designing: An Exploration

This paper discusses the role of folksonomy in a product design scenario. The focus is on developing a framework for design retrieval using a folksonomic approach and on the emergence of a design taxonomy through user tagging. We analyze the potential uses of a design folksonomy and its relation to current design research. We specifically relate the folksonomy to design representation models, design teams and knowledge sharing and collaboration. Folksonomy is the result of tagging of information objects by a user freely using keywords relevant to the object being tagged. The tags are applied based on the user’s understanding of the information and utilizes the user’s vocabulary. This metadata generated by tagging is shared in a social environment i.e. across a body of users. “The collective metadata in the folksonomy representation is stored in the form of three data points, viz., the person doing the tagging, the object that is tagged, and the tag that has been applied to the object.” [37] In this paper, the utility of tagging is discussed in a product design context for retrieval of information, locating individuals with similar vocabulary and hence similar interests, and other people utilizing the same objects. We discuss a design information representation model where the folksonomy-based bottom up method and traditional top-down methods of ontology and taxonomy play complementary roles. An approach to implementing a framework for a product design folksonomy is also suggested in this paper.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Separate GTP binding and GTPase activating domains of a G alpha subunit

Most members of the guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) superfamily hydrolyze guanosine triphosphate (GTP) quite slowly unless stimulated by a GTPase activating protein or GAP. The alpha subunits (G alpha) of the heterotrimeric G proteins hydrolyze GTP much more rapidly and contain an approximately 120-residue insert not found in other GTPases. Interactions between a G alpha insert domain and a G alpha GTP-binding core domain, both expressed as recombinant proteins, show that the insert acts biochemically as a GAP. The results suggest a general mechanism for GAP-dependent hydrolysis of GTP by other GTPases.
Neuroanatomy of the monkey entorhinal, perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices: Organization of cortical inputs and interconnections with amygdala and striatum

Abstract Experimental lesion studies in monkeys have demonstrated that the cortical areas surrounding the hippocampus, including the entorhinal, perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices play an important role in declarative memory (i.e. memory for facts and events). A series of neuroanatomical studies, motivated in part by the lesion studies, have shown that the macaque monkey entorhinal, perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices are polymodal association areas that each receive distinctive complements of cortical inputs. These areas also have extensive interconnections with other brain areas implicated in non-declarative forms of memory including the amygdala and striatum. This pattern of connections is consistent with the idea that the entorhinal, perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices may participate in a larger network of structures that integrates information across memory systems.
Standard enthalpies of formation of selected Ru2YZ Heusler compounds

Abstract The standard enthalpies of formation of selected ternary Ru-based Heusler compounds Ru2YZ (Y = Fe, Hf, Mn, Ti, V; Z = Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn) were measured using high temperature direct reaction calorimetry. The measured enthalpies of formation (in kJ/mole of atoms) of the Heusler compounds are, Ru2FeGe (−19.7 ± 3.3); Ru2HfSn (−24.9 ± 3.6); Ru2MnSi (−46.0 ± 2.6); Ru2MnGe (−29.7 ± 1.0); Ru2MnSn (−20.6 ± 2.4); Ru2TiSi (−94.9 ± 4.0); Ru2TiGe (−79.1 ± 3.2); Ru2TiSn (−60.6 ± 1.8); Ru2VSi (−55.9 ± 1.7);for the B2-structured compounds, Ru2FeSi (−28.5 ± 0.8); Ru2HfAl (−70.8 ± 1.9); Ru2MnAl (−32.3 ± 1.9); Ru2MnGa (−25.3 ± 3.0); Ru2TiAl (−62.7 ± 3.5); Ru2VAl (−30.9 ± 1.6); Ru2ZrAl (−64.5 ± 1.5). Values were compared with those from published first principles calculations and the OQMD (Open Quantum Materials Database). Lattice parameters of these compounds were determined using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). Microstructures were identified using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS).
Ultimate miniaturization of single and coupled resonator filters in silicon photonics

Resonator-based filters using oxide-clad silicon microdisks scaled to ultimate miniaturization (radius∼1.5–2 µm) close to radiation limit are demonstrated. High-Q (∼1.5µ105) and single-mode operation in each microdisk enables low insertion-loss and large free-spectral-range filters.
Paleoecology of the marine endobenthos

Endobenthic animals, which reside within the sea bottom, include stationary suspension feeders, mobile deposit feeders and both stationary and mobile carnivores. Their activities, especially with regard to dwelling, feeding, walking/crawling and resting/nesting, are recorded as trace fossils. Abundance, diversity and density of some kinds of trace fossils allow interpretation of the population strategies of the trace-makers in terms of opportunistic (r-selected) and equilibrium (K-selected) strategies. Opportunistic ichnotaxa tend to be faciesbreaking traces, which are highly localized in low-diversity, high-density trace fossil associations in rocks representing environmental extremes (e.g., variable salinities, harsh temperatures, low oxygen levels or shifting substrates). Equilibrium ichnotaxa usually are restricted to particular sedimentary facies and are characteristic of high-diversity, low-dominance trace fossil associations in sediments reflecting stable, predictable environmental conditions. The most important environmental factors influencing the composition of trace fossil assemblages in marine settings are bathymetry, substrate, oxygen and hydrodynamic energy. The four factors are closely interrelated, because as water depth increases, there is a general decrease in sediment grain size and hydrodynamic energy of the depositional environment. As depth below the water—sediment interface increases, the firmness of the sediment (due to compaction and dewatering) increases and the oxygen content of interstitial waters drops drastically. Marine ichnofacies are largely substrate-controlled. Soupgrounds are water-saturated, incompetent substrates typified by highly compressed and usually unidentifiable burrows. Softgrounds commonly contain numerous distinctive burrows and are zoned bathymetrically by the Skolithos, Cruziana, Zoophycos and Nereites Ichnofacies. Firmgrounds are characterized by stiff, compacted sediments, in which traces of the Glossifungites Ichnofacies are excavated. Hardgrounds are cemented substrates, in which bioerosion traces of the Trypanites Ichnofacies are bored. Woodgrounds are woody materials that have been exposed to the sea and bored by bivalves, which produce characteristic traces of the Teredolites Ichnofacies. Tiering of endobenthic communities is common and is related to substrate preference of the burrowers and oxygen stratification of interstitial waters.
Trauma and ineloquence

Abstract This is a paper about trauma and ineloquence, violence and banality, and the utopian conventions of self‐expression in liberal mass society: the U.S. is the scene of the case. The essay pursues relations among the post‐traumatic reparative contexts of the law, religion, therapy and popular culture, all under the sign of autobiography. These domains articulate generic conventions of self‐expressivity with the formalism of self‐reflective liberal personhood. They link norms of expressive denegation to genres that conventionalize, and make false equivalents among, diverse traumatic consequences. When scenes of post‐traumatic ineloquence morph into modes of transformative‐style rhetoric, does the eloquent form distract from, become a mask for, or intensify the unreachable or inarticulable thought that wants to change the norms of negation? A short history of the soundtrack as a site that marks the centrality of ineloquence to traumatic expression condenses the paradox of the moment, where a post‐trau...
The USA, Turkey, and the Middle East: Continuities, Challenges, and Opportunities

The article situates Turkey's approach to the Middle East in a broader historical context, demonstrating that there is more continuity in Ankara's approach to the region than observers tend to believe. It also argues that specific domestic political, economic, and global patterns of politics are likely to produce a divergence between the USA and Turkey on critical Middle Eastern issues, notably the Israeli–Palestinian problem and Iran's drive for regional influence. In an unintended way, however, the Arab awakening may drive a greater confluence of interests between Washington and Ankara.
Carbon Nanotube Fiber Microelectrodes

Carbon nanotube (CNT) fibers have been used to fabricate microelectrodes with an attractive electrochemical behavior. By combining the advantages of CNT materials and fiber microelectrodes, the new material expands the scope of CNT-based electrochemical devices. The CNT fiber offers a marked decrease in the overvoltage for the NADH, dopamine, and hydrogen peroxide and circumvents NADH surface fouling effects. Heat treatment is shown to be extremely useful for activating the CNT fiber surfaces for electron transfer. SEM imaging and cyclic-voltammetric data indicate that the heat treatment leads to the removal of nonconducting residues and exposure of a “fresh” CNT surface. The new electrode material thus presents new opportunities for a wide range of electrochemical and analytical applications.
The moral evolution of the Russian–Yiddish–English writer Abraham Cahan

One of the ways in which Cahan remained culturally Russian was his devotion to the kind of literary realism that embodies a clear system of values. This article examines the kind of values Cahan promoted, looking specifically at how this writer of educative but realist fiction dealt with the disconnect between socialist ideals and immigrant life. It follows the evolution of Cahan’s literary formula from the transparency of the early stories to the cynicism of The Rise of David Levinsky, seeing the seeds for transformation in the “Bintel Brief” advice column of the Forverts, which was executed and possibly written under Cahan’s direction. The moral vision of Levinsky is compared to that of two predecessors with which Cahan was familiar: William Dean Howells’s The Rise of Silas Lapham and Pyotr Boborykin’s 1881 Russian novel Kitaigorod.
Striated Muscle in the Wall of the Dorsal Abdominal Aorta of the California Spiny Lobster Panulirus Interruptus

ABSTRACT Striated muscle is incorporated within the wall of the dorsal abdominal aorta in the palinurid lobster Panulirus interruptus. This muscle apparently functions in vasomotion and is likely to be a remnant of the heart. Analysis of this system lends insight into the evolution of the eumalacostracan abdomen and the caridoid escape reaction.