cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recovery of pacemakers and defibrillators for analysis and device advance directives: electrophysiologists' perspectives.

Background: Following high-profile device failures, the Heart Rhythm Society emphasized the need for postmarketing surveillance by recommending that physicians return all explanted devices to the manufacturer for analysis. Methods: We conducted a national survey of electrophysiologists (EPs) regarding recovery for analysis of explanted pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators (devices), and attitudes toward device-specific advance directives to facilitate return of devices. Online survey invitations were sent in four waves from December 2008 to June 2009 to 300 e-mail addresses from the Heart Rhythm Society member database. Results: From 250 invitations, there were 95 responses (38%). Demographics included average age 50 years (range, 31–87); 95% male; 81% Caucasian. Only 23% reported returning all explanted devices to the manufacturers. Of all the respondents, 32% discarded >10 devices/year as medical waste, 42% stored devices in a box in the electrophysiology lab, and 10% donated at least 1 device/year to charity for reuse overseas. Sixty-seven percent felt that it would not be helpful to have an advance directive specifying what the patient would want done with their device postmortem. Conclusions: Few EPs return all explanted devices or send interrogation reports to the manufacturers, though nearly all said it was easy to do so. A majority either dispose of explanted devices as medical waste or store them in laboratories or offices, and a small percentage donate for reuse in underserved nations or to veterinary hospitals. This study suggests a need for initiatives such as educational campaigns to increase the retrieval and return of devices, either for analysis or reuse. (PACE 2011; 659–665)
Lysosomal defect of hepatic copper excretion in Wilson's disease (hepatolenticular degeneration).

After administration of 64Cu, striking differences were revealed in the copper content, specific activity, and protein binding of copper in the subcellular pools of hepatic copper in a woman with Wilson's disease compared with a control subject. None of the subcellular pools in the control subject could be identified as the source of the biliary copper, but the very low specific activity of 64Cu in lysosomes of the patient with Wilson's disease was virtually identical to that of the common duct bile and markedly different from all other subcellular pools. This suggested that lysosomes might be the source of biliary copper and that a lysosomal defect might account for the diminution of biliary copper excretion and the consequent hepatic accumulation of the metal in patients with Wilson's disease.
Mapping distributed interactive simulation network requirements onto broadband networks and services

Just imagine, being able to immerse yourself into a virtual world where you could see the results of your actions with respect to other realistic entities (i.e. people, machines, environments) in a particular scenario. Then, imagine the expansion of this virtual world through the interaction of real-time distributed simulations. This interaction of real-time distributed simulations could greatly enhance education and training, operational verification of design, and mission rehearsal functions needed to support the defense and commercial industries. Through the advancements in technologies (i.e. visual systems, host processors, databases, and networks), we can now realize the expectations of this virtual world. This paper addresses the network requirements for a federal government initiative called Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS). Through our discussion of the DIS environment, we will identify the services and performance capabilities required of advanced network architectures, and relate these requirements to the proposed capabilities of the standard-based broadband technologies of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) and synchronous optical network (SONET). We map the DIS network requirements to the capabilities inherent to these broadband technologies, and specify the access of those capabilities from the DIS application through the broadband network and services. >
Non-Citizen Mexican Youth in US Higher Education: A Closer Look at the Relationship between State Tuition Policies and College Enrollment.

This paper examines state policies that extend or deny in-state tuition to children of undocumented immigrants in the United States. Using the Current Population Survey (1997–2010), we assess chang...
On How Network Architecture Determines the Dominant Patterns of Spontaneous Neural Activity

In the absence of sensory stimulation, neocortical circuits display complex patterns of neural activity. These patterns are thought to reflect relevant properties of the network, including anatomical features like its modularity. It is also assumed that the synaptic connections of the network constrain the repertoire of emergent, spontaneous patterns. Although the link between network architecture and network activity has been extensively investigated in the last few years from different perspectives, our understanding of the relationship between the network connectivity and the structure of its spontaneous activity is still incomplete. Using a general mathematical model of neural dynamics we have studied the link between spontaneous activity and the underlying network architecture. In particular, here we show mathematically how the synaptic connections between neurons determine the repertoire of spatial patterns displayed in the spontaneous activity. To test our theoretical result, we have also used the model to simulate spontaneous activity of a neural network, whose architecture is inspired by the patchy organization of horizontal connections between cortical columns in the neocortex of primates and other mammals. The dominant spatial patterns of the spontaneous activity, calculated as its principal components, coincide remarkably well with those patterns predicted from the network connectivity using our theory. The equivalence between the concept of dominant pattern and the concept of attractor of the network dynamics is also demonstrated. This in turn suggests new ways of investigating encoding and storage capabilities of neural networks.
Polarization modulation of an optical trap's spring constant

Using a Fresnel zone plate, we demonstrate optical trapping with a larger numerical aperture than is commonly available with commercial objective lenses. The zone plate is fabricated onto the inner wall of the fluidic cell and, consequently, focusing is free from on axis aberrations due to an absence of dielectric interfaces. Using zone plates with extremely large focusing angles, we observe an enhanced ellipticity in the trapping volume. For a zone plate with a numerical aperture of 0.986 n water (1.308), we observe a trapping stiffness that is more than four times stiffer perpendicular to the polarization than parallel to the polarization. By rotating the incident linear polarization state, the trapping stiffness along a given direction can be modulated by a factor of four. The ellipticity in the focal volume is due to the presence of an axial field component whose magnitude is proportional to the sine of the focusing angle of the lens.
EEG functional connectivity in term age extremely low birth weight infants.

Abstract Objective The hypothesis is tested that electrocortical functional connectivity (quantified by coherence) of extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants, measured at term post-menstrual age, has regional differences from that of full term infants. Methods 128 lead EEG data were collected during sleep from 8 ELBW infants with normal head ultrasound exams and 8 typically developing full term infants. Regional spectral power and coherence were calculated. Results No significant regional differences in EEG power were found between infant groups. However, compared to term infants, ELBW infants had significantly reduced interhemispheric coherence (in frontal polar and parietal regions) and intrahemispheric coherence (between frontal polar and parieto-occipital regions) in the 1–12 Hz band but increased interhemispheric coherence between occipital regions in the 24–50 Hz band. Conclusions ELBW infants at term post-menstrual age manifest regional differences in EEG functional connectivity as compared to term infants. Significance Distinctive spatial patterns of electrocortical synchrony are found in ELBW infants. These regional patterns may presage regional alterations in the structure of the cortex.
Establishing benchmarks for quality care for an aging population: caring for vulnerable older adults.

In this issue, Wenger and colleagues found that preventive care, chronic care, and care of geriatric conditions in U.S. vulnerable elders are often suboptimal. We need to focus much more attention ...
Identification of Gal(beta 1-3)GalNAc bearing glycoproteins at the nodes of Ranvier in peripheral nerve.

A subset of human anti-GM1 ganglioside antibodies cross-reacts with Gal(β1–3)GalNAc bearing glycoproteins in peripheral nerve and spinal cord. The same oligosaccharide determinant is recognized by the lectin peanut agglutinin (PNA) which binds at the nodes of Ranvier in intact peripheral nerve. The Gal(β1–3)GalNAc bearing glycoproteins were isolated using PNA lectin affinity chromatography followed by separation on Western blot, and the proteins were subjected to partial amino acid sequence analysis. Two major PNA binding glycoproteins were identified in peripheral nerve and spinal cord; one had an approximate molecular weight of 120 kD and had sequence homology to the oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein (OMgp). The other migrated between 70 and 80 kD and had sequence homology to the hyaluronate binding domain of versican, which has been reported to share sequence homology with the 70 kD proteins hyaluronectin and the glial hyaluronic acid binding protein (GHAP). By immunocytochemistry, OMgp was localized to the paranodal region of myelin, and the protein homologous to the hyaluronate binding domain of versican was localized to the nodal gap in peripheral nerve. These PNA binding glycoproteins might be target antigens for autoantibodies in peripheral nerve. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The plasma-membrane-associated form of SV40 large tumor antigen: biochemical and biological properties

II. Possible molecular explanations for the multifunctional capacity of T-ag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 A. Structural diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 B. Multiple domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 C. Subcellular localization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Physicochemical stability of phospholipid-dispersed suspensions of crystalline itraconazole

Abstract The physicochemical stability of an aqueous, phospholipid-based dispersion of itraconazole microcrystals was studied as a model water-insoluble drug suspension. The particle size, phospholipid concentrations, free fatty acid (FFA) content, pH, and zeta potential of two test suspensions were followed over 63 days at 5 and 40 °C storage conditions. Hydrolysis of a control suspension containing Lipoid E80 led to rapid FFA formation, pH drop, and subsequent particle aggregation. In the second suspension, sodium oleate used in conjunction with Lipoid E80 significantly enhanced the suspension physicochemical stability. Oleate anions effectively (1) increased the anionic charge of the phospholipid surface layer, (2) buffered the suspension near pH 7, and (3) reduced the specific production of oleic acid as a phosphatidylcholine (PC) degradant. The observed hydrolysis rate constants k obs ∼ 2 × 10 −7 (Lipoid only) and k obs ∼ 5 × 10 −8 (Lipoid and oleate) were consistent with the pH dependent behavior reported for saturated soybean PC solutions. Mechanistically, FFA formed initially in the control suspension partitioned to the aqueous phase with limited influence on the phospholipid microenvironment at the itraconazole particle surface. Phospholipid stabilization of water-insoluble drugs was demonstrated with clear benefits from fatty acid anions as co-additives to influence the surface microenvironment, reduce hydrolysis kinetics, and enhance suspension physicochemical stability.
Differential Diagnosis of Solid Carcinoma In Situ

Although most cases of carcinoma in-situ are easily classified as either ductal or lobular on the basis of their pattern of involvement and the nature of their cell-to-cell relation, a few pose diagnostic problems. Attention to the presence of associated lesions and the results of immunohistochemical staining for E-cadherin and, to a lesser extent, cytokeratin can help to categorize problematic cases. This article reviews the histological criteria employed to separate ductal carcinoma in situ from lobular carcinoma in situ, the role of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of equivocal lesions, and the evidence suggesting the existence of combined and truly hybrid forms.
Spectrum management in heterogeneous bandwidth optical networks

As optical networks continue to evolve to support increasing bandwidth demands, lightpaths will take on different spectrum spaces as opposed to the current uniform 50-GHz grid, thereby giving rise to elastic optical networks. When lightpaths of heterogeneous bandwidths co-exist, two factors emerge that will degrade the provisioning efficiency and negatively impact its sustainable evolution: (1) unfairness of access among different bandwidth connections, and (2) spectrum fragmentation caused by bandwidth mismatch. We have devised a comprehensive metric, Fragmentation Index, to capture the essence of fragmentation. Through analysis and simulations, we show that an admission policy that differentiates different bandwidth lightpaths by spectrum partitioning achieves better provisioning efficiency by resolving these two problems.
Preparation of Literally Two-Dimensional Magnets

The Langmuir-Blodgett technique was used to deposit manganese stearate in the form of monolayers. Because of the nature of the method, and a variety of supporting experiments, it is concluded that the Mn atoms are arrayed on a single surface, thus forming literally two-dimensional magnetic materials.
Is the hydraulic hypothesis dead yet? Irrigation and social change in ancient Yemen

Abstract Irrigation played an important role throughout ancient Southwest Arabian histories. Irrigation structures provide some of the earliest evidence of crop agriculture and large-scale flash floodwater irrigation systems sustained ancient states; the region thus offers important potential for reconsidering links between irrigation and social change. This paper examines millennia-long connections between social relations and the increasing technological and organizational complexity of irrigation in ancient Yemen. While the hydraulic hypothesis in its original deterministic formulation does not adequately account for the complexity and diversity of regional histories, large centrally managed irrigation systems played an indisputably significant role in Southwest Arabian state formation. Irrigation not only generated the food to sustain burgeoning populations but, just as importantly, afforded ancient kings the ideological prestige of commanding transformation of hyper-arid areas into lush, bountiful oases.
The structure of max–min hyperplanes

Abstract In this article, continuing [12,13], further contributions to the theory of max–min convex geometry are given. The max–min semiring is the set R ‾ = R ∪ { ± ∞ } endowed with the operations ⊕ = max , ⊗ = min in R ‾ . A max–min hyperplane (briefly, a hyperplane) is the set of all points x = ( x 1 , … , x n ) ∈ R ‾ n satisfying an equation of the form a 1 ⊗ x 1 ⊕ … ⊕ a n ⊗ x n ⊕ a n + 1 = b 1 ⊗ x 1 ⊕ … ⊕ b n ⊗ x n ⊕ b n + 1 , with a i , b i ∈ R ‾ ( i = 1 , … n + 1 ) , where each side contains at least one term, and where a i ≠ b i for at least one index i . The main result is a description of a hyperplane in terms of simple polyhedral blocks. As an application, one shows that the separation of max–min closed convex sets by max–min hyperplanes is not possible in general.
Selection of patients for clinical drug trials in migraine.

General concepts and specific factors to be used in the selection of patients for clinical drug trials in migraine are discussed. The definition of common migraine has been unsatisfactory and new diagnostic operational criteria are recommended. Patients with headaches that are a mixture of tension headache and migraine, and migraineurs who have interval headaches which are not clearly differentiated from migraine should be excluded. The headaches should be of moderate to severe degree, in the range of 2–6 per month, and should last from 3 h to 3 days. It would be best for migraine to have been present for at least 1 year, with 3 months retrospective and 2 months prospective observation prior to drug trial. The age of onset of migraine should be below 50, and the age of entry into the study less than 60. Migraineurs in good health, of either sex, are to be included in the study. Occasional use of minor tranquilizers and sedatives as well as of contraceptive drugs is acceptable, but patients who abuse drugs, who are allergic to compounds related to the trial drug and who require major psychotropic medication should be excluded. Also excluded are those whose compliance with the drug trial is doubtful for intellectual or, more often, psychological reasons.
Computer Simulation of Membrane Tubulation by EFC F-BAR Domain Lattices

Cells are dynamically sculpted into many types of compartments by cellular membranes, in some cases with the help of BAR domain proteins. BAR domain proteins act under in vitro conditions are found to induce formation of tubules. We have seen in coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation stretching over 100 microseconds how a flat membrane is curved into a tube when F-BAR domain proteins are arranged on the membrane surface as a regular lattice of parallel rows. The simulations could also characterize the membrane bending properties of F-BAR domains in different lattice arrangements, showing membrane curvatures with radii ranging from 25 to 100 nm.Lastly, the simulations reveal two key structural features of F-BAR domain that facilitate efficient binding to membranes and membrane curving: (1) Curving is promoted by close contact between phosphoserine lipid head groups and clusters of cationic residues along the membrane facing surface of F-BAR domains, namely lysine and arginine residues 30, 33, 110, 113, 114, and 139, 140, 146, 150, respectively. (2) Within the 100 ns of contact, the F-BAR domain hinge region, through a 20 degree rotation of the helix moment of inertia, establishes a close contact between protein and membrane. (1) and (2) result in membrane bending on a microsecond-to-millisecond time scale.
Parity and sleep patterns during and after pregnancy

Abstract Objective: To describe changes in women’s sleep patterns from prepregnancy to postpartum. Methods: Polysomnography was done in women’s homes for 2 consecutive nights. Forty-five women were studied during the follicular and luteal phases of their menstrual cycles, and 33 conceived and were studied during each trimester of pregnancy. Twenty-nine were studied at 1 and 3 months postpartum. Results: Compared with prepregnant sleep characteristics, significant changes in sleep patterns were evident by 11–12 weeks’ gestation, with a significant increase in total sleep time but less deep sleep and more awakening during sleep. By the third month postpartum, there was improvement in sleep characteristics; however, sleep efficiency remained significantly lower than baseline prepregnancy values. Conclusion: Sleep disturbance was greatest during the first postpartum month, particularly for first-time mothers.
Effect of Pressure and Radiation on the Luminescent Properties of Poly(vinylbenzophenone−styrene)†

High-pressure luminescence studies have been made on a polymer with a polystyrene base but with every seventh styrene converted to benzophenone (BP). The polymer was studied neat (PVBS) and in a 10% solution in polystyrene (PVBS−PS). As for BP dissolved in polymers, both photophysical and photochemical effects are observed originating from the triplet state (T1). For PVBS, in addition to the phosphorescence from the monomer, an emission at lower energy occurs which we identify as an excimer and some emission at higher energy identified as delayed fluorescence. In PVBS−PS there is little or no excimer but more intense delayed fluorescence. For PVBS the strongest photophysical effect occurs in the first few kilobar where the excimer intensity increases by a factor of 3−4 at the expense of the monomer phosphorescence. At higher pressure both emissions decrease. For PVBS−PS the phosphorescence (measured on its low-energy side) shows first a modest increase and then a decrease, analogous to the behavior of BP ...
Modeling the influence of nonionic surfactants on biodegradation of phenanthrene

Surfactant mediated solubilization and simultaneous microbial degradation of phenanthrene in a completely mixed batch system has been studied. A mathematical model is presented based on the rates of solids dissolution, substrate biodegradation and oxygen uptake in terms of five coupled differential equations. The model accounts for the concurrent utilization of surfactants for cell growth. The system of differential equations has been solved by numerical integration to calculate the oxygen utilization, cell mass production and substrate concentration as a function of time. Sensitivity analysis of the model indicates that the maximum specific growth rate, the oxygen consumption coefficient, cell yield coefficient and dissolution coefficient are the most significant parameters that control the process. Four commercial nonionic surfactants at a concentration of 25 mg/L were tested to evaluate their effect on biodegradation rates of phenanthrene. The model could adequately predict the oxygen uptake, cell growth and substrate disappearance data observed in the experimental studies. The presence of surfactants enhanced the biodegradation rate for phenanthrene. The results also indicated that the most significant effect of surfactant addition was the increase in the dissolution rate of phenanthrene to the aqueous phase.
Displacement and nonlinear chromatographic techniques in the investigation of interaction of noncompetitive inhibitors with an immobilized α3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor liquid chromatographic stationary phase

A liquid chromatographic column containing immobilized α3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α3β4-nAChRs) has been used to determine the equilibrium association constants (Ka), desorption rate constants (kd), and adsorption rate constants (ka) for the noncompetitive inhibitors: mecamylamine, ketamine, bupropion, and dextromethorphan. Displacement chromatography, with mecamylamine as the displacer, was used to verify that the four compounds bound to the same site on the immobilized α3β4-nAChRs. Nonlinear chromatographic techniques were then utilized to calculate the Ka, ka, and kd values associated with the formation of the noncompetitive inhibitor−α3β4-nAChR complexes. The ka values determined in this study ranged from 19.7 to 10.5 μM-1sec-1, with a relative order of mecamylamine > dextromethorphan ≥ ketamine > bupropion. The kd values determined in this study indicated that dextromethorphan-induced inhibition should produce a longer recovery time than the other three NCIs. This was consistent with res...
A Model Investigation of the Role of Air-Sea Interaction in the Climatological Evolution and ENSO-Related Variability of the Summer Monsoon over the South China Sea and Western North Pacific

Abstract The summertime northeastward march of the climatological maritime monsoon over the South China Sea (SCS) and subtropical western North Pacific (WNP) is examined using the output from a 200-yr integration of a coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model (GCM). Increased cloud cover and surface wind speed during monsoon onset over the SCS in May–June reduce the incoming shortwave flux and enhance the upward latent heat flux at the ocean surface, thereby cooling the local sea surface temperature (SST). The resulting east–west gradient in the SST pattern, with lower temperature in the SCS and higher temperature in the WNP, is conducive to eastward migration of the monsoon precipitation over this region. Upon arrival of the precipitation center in the WNP in July–August, the local circulation changes lead to weakening of the mei-yu–baiu rainband near 30°N. The subsequent increases in local shortwave flux and SST impart a northward tendency to the evolution of the WNP monsoon. Many of these mode...
Temporal dynamics of Arc gene induction in hippocampus: Relationship to context memory formation

Past studies have proposed a role for the hippocampus in the rapid encoding of context memories. Despite this, there is little data regarding the molecular processes underlying the stable formation of a context representation that occurs in the time window established through such behavioral studies. One task that is useful for investigating the rapid encoding of context is contextual fear conditioning (CFC). Behavioral studies demonstrate that animals require approximately 30 s of exploration prior to a footshock to form a contextual representation supporting CFC. Thus, any potential molecular process required for the stabilization of the cellular representation for context must be activated within this narrow and behaviorally defined time window. Detection of the immediate-early gene Arc presents an ideal method to assess the activation of specific neuronal ensembles, given past studies showing the context specific expression of Arc in CA3 and CA1 subfields and the role of Arc in hippocampal long-term synaptic plasticity. Therefore, we examined the temporal dynamics of Arc induction within the hippocampus after brief context exposure to determine whether experience-dependent Arc expression could be involved in the rapid encoding of incidental context memories. We found that the duration of context exposure differentially activated Arc expression in hippocampal subfields, with CA3 showing rapid engagement within as little as 3 s of exposure. By contrast, Arc induction in CA1 required 30 s of context exposure to reach maximal levels. A parallel behavioral experiment revealed that 30 s, but not 3 s, exposure to a context resulted in strong conditioned freezing 24 h later, consistent with past studies from other laboratories. The current study is the first to examine the rapid temporal dynamics of Arc induction in hippocampus in a well-defined context memory paradigm. These studies demonstrate within 30 s of context exposure Arc is fully activated in CA3 and CA1, suggesting that the engagement of plastic processes requiring Arc function (such as long-term potentiation) occurs within the same temporal domain as that required for behavioral conditioning.
Rational design, synthesis, and characterization of highly fluorescent optical switches for high-contrast optical lock-in detection (OLID) imaging microscopy in living cells.

Abstract A major challenge in cell biology is to elucidate molecular mechanisms that underlie the spatio-temporal control of cellular processes. These studies require microscope imaging techniques and associated optical probes that provide high-contrast and high-resolution images of specific proteins and their complexes. Auto-fluorescence however, can severely compromise image contrast and represents a fundamental limitation for imaging proteins within living cells. We have previously shown that optical switch probes and optical lock-in detection (OLID) image microscopy improve image contrast in high background environments. Here, we present the design, synthesis, and characterization of amino-reactive and cell permeable optical switches that integrate the highly fluorescent fluorophore, tetramethylrhodamine (TMR) and spironaphthoxazine (NISO), a highly efficient optical switch. The NISO moiety in TMR–NISO undergoes rapid and reversible, excited-state driven transitions between a colorless spiro (SP)-state and a colored merocyanine (MC)-state in response to irradiation with 365 and >530 nm light. In the MC-state, the TMR (donor) emission is almost completely extinguished by Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) to the MC probe (acceptor), whereas in the colorless SP-state, the quantum yield for TMR fluorescence is maximal. Irradiation of TMR–NISO with a defined sequence of 365 and 546 nm manipulates the levels of SP and MC with concomitant modulation of FRET efficiency and the TMR fluorescence signal. High fidelity optical switching of TMR fluorescence is shown for TMR–NISO probes in vitro and for membrane permeable TMR–NISO within living cells.
Analysis of experiments in binocular space perception.

Experiments connected with Luneburg theory as developed by the author are analyzed with the purpose of making explicit their underlying assumptions. In particular, the role of ad hoc assumptions is explored in detail and minimized wherever possible. It is shown that the special assumptions under which much of the experimental work was executed may be considerably broadened thereby indicating how the theory may be more directly founded upon experiment. The principal problem is the determination of the sensory visual transformation between the geometry of the binocular perception and that of the stimulus, and, in particular, the determination of the visual radial distance function. Three principal techniques, the double circumhoropters, the Blumenfeld alleys, and the equipartitioned geodesics are discussed from this generalized point of view. The specific experimental material treated here consists of results obtained by Zajaczkowska, Shipley, and the Knapp Laboratory group at Columbia University. Some of these results appear for the first time. Theoretical material presented for the first time consists most notably of the analysis of the equipartitioned geodesics, the two-point experiments for the determination of Gaussian curvature, and the meta-theoretical discussions of the several experiments.
Constituting the Public Realm of a Region: Placemaking in the Bi‐National Niagaras

Abstract Reconstituting the public realm of a region requires changes in the way it is imagined. This can be done through the use of professional skills to present images and analysis, creative forms of agency able to act in such a realm, and representation of alternative futures for public consideration. The regional public realm is a collective and abstract consciousness as well as a concrete reality. Working at this scale means maintaining a conversation between the imaginal and the material, and between professional and local knowledges. It requires the construction of loosely collaborative partnerships and the adept use of professional skills to selectively organize attention to possibilities for action.
On the infrared singularities of Green's functions in quantum electrodynamics

Abstract We present a formal calculation of the infrared singularity structure of the fermion propagator in QED based on the Faddeev-Kulish asymptotic solution. The Renormalization program is reviewed in the context of the BPHZ subtraction scheme and a refinement of the Renormalization group methods is employed to study the infrared singularities in perturbation theory.
Variables affecting the competency maintenance behaviors of occupational therapists.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between work environment and the competency maintenance activities of occupational therapists. METHOD A survey of 121 occupational therapists in three states and interviews with 8 occupational therapists in Ohio were used. RESULTS Analysis of survey data indicated that workplace support and the degree of competency monitoring are significant determinants of competency maintenance behavior. State continuing education requirements had no impact on reported levels of competency maintenance. Personal motivation of the therapist emerged as a potentially important moderator of the relationship between environment and competency maintenance. CONCLUSIONS Although environmental factors enhance competency maintenance activities, active participation in competency maintenance is also related to the personal commitment of the individual therapist. Strategies that reduce barriers to effective competency maintenance and promote a culture of continuing competency in the profession merit further investigation.
Ultrasonic attenuation in dilute magnetic alloys

Abstract The shear viscosity and the attenuation of the ultrasonic waves occuring due to conduction electron-magnetic impurity scattering have been calculated for a dilute magnetic alloy. Results show anomalous behavior at low temperatures.
Isovariant maps and the Borsuk-Ulam theorem

Abstract The classical Borsuk-Ulan theorem asserts that if a continuous map from R n to R m commutes with the antipodal map and sends only the origin to the origin then n ⩽ m . Such a map is said to be isovariant with respect to the Z 2 action defined by the antipodal map. In this paper it is shown that there is a wide class of compact Lie groups, BUG, with the property that if G ∈BUG then any G -isovariant map f : V → W between representations of G with V G =0 must raise dimension, i.e., dimension V ⩽dimension W . It is conjectured that every compact Lie group is in BUG.
Charge Immobilization From The Open And Closed States Of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels

We compared the immobilization of voltage sensor gating charge during open- and closed-state fast inactivation in skeletal muscle sodium channels. To do this we compared charge movement and its immobilization using ionic and gating current recordings in the cut open oocyte configuration. Charge movement and its immobilization were steeply voltage dependent at subthreshold voltages. Kinetics of charge immobilization during open- or closed-state fast inactivation were more rapid than the concomitant decay of ionic current. The extent of charge immobilized was correlated with the completion of closed-state fast inactivation at the most negative pulse commands, and reached a maximum of 2/3 of the ON gating charge. Anthopleurin-A decreased the votlage dependence of charge immobilization compared to wild type channels. Whereas anthopleurin slowed open-state fast inactivation, the toxin accelerated currrent decrement at voltages for which only closed-state fast inactivation was possible. Anthopleurin selectively accelerated remobilzation of the gating charge in fast inactivated channels without slowing the onset or decreasing the extent of charge immobilized. This work was supported by NIH P20RR016454 to ISU.
Curriculum-Based Measurement of Math Problem Solving: A Methodology and Rationale for Establishing Equivalence of Scores.

The purpose of this article is to discuss curriculum-based measurement (CBM) as it is currently utilized in research and practice and to propose a new approach for developing measures to monitor the academic progress of students longitudinally. To accomplish this, we first describe CBM and provide several exemplars of CBM in reading and mathematics. Then, we present the research context for developing a set of seven curriculum-based measures for monitoring student progress in math problem solving. The rationale for and advantages of using statistical equating methodology are discussed. Details of the methodology as it was applied to the development of these math problem solving measures are provided.
On Circumferential Disposition of Pipe Defects by Long-Range Ultrasonic Guided Waves

Ultrasonic guided waves have been used extensively for long-range pipe inspections. The technique is based on detecting the guided wave echoes reflected from pipe defects located at a remote distance. The axial location of the defect from the transducer can be determined by the arrival time of the echo. However, further information about the defect, such as the circumferential size or distribution of the defect, is hard to obtain with conventional guided waves. This problem will be a critical issue for applications, such as discriminating the pipe corrosion defects from pipe welds. In this paper a circumferential guided wave array is built for sending and receiving guided waves along the pipe. All of the elements are connected to a single channel pulser/receiver through multiplexers. An algorithm based on two-dimensional (2D) blind deconvolution is developed to process the guided wave echoes acquired by the multiplexed circumferential transducer array. The output of the algorithm can be utilized for evaluating the circumferential distributions and geometry of the defects. The processing algorithm is verified via both numerical simulations and experiments in the paper. This circumferential sizing algorithm can serve as an effective postanalysis tool for most available guided wave pipe inspection systems.
Transient expression of somatostatin peptide is a widespread feature of developing sensory and sympathetic neurons in the embryonic rat

Previous studies from this and other laboratories demonstrated that many embryonic sensory ganglion cells in the rat transiently express the catecholamine synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a trait not expressed by most mature sensory neurons. We, therefore, sought to determine whether transient expression was uniquely associated with catecholaminergic traits, or, alternatively, whether embryonic ganglion cells transiently expressed peptidergic properties as well. Of the four peptides examined {somatostatin [somatotropin release inhibiting factor] (SRIF), galanin (Gal), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and substance P (SP)}, only SRIF was found to be transiently expressed during early stages of sensory gangliogenesis. Surprisingly, SRIF immunoreactivity was observed in virtually all cranial and spinal sensory ganglion cells on embryonic day (E) 12.5. In addition to perikaryal labeling, intense SRIF immunoreactivity was also observed in the central and peripheral processes of E12.5 sensory neurons, suggesting the peptide may be released from nerve endings. The time course of SRIF appearance in cranial ganglion cells paralleled that previously described for TH, and double labeling studies revealed extensive co-localization of these two phenotypes. By E16.5, however, the number of neurons expressing SRIF had diminished markedly, indicating that SRIF is only transiently expressed by most sensory neurons during early stages of ganglion development. An unexpected finding was that transient expression of SRIF is also a prominent feature of sympathetic ganglion cells; however, the temporal pattern of staining in the sympathetic and sensory ganglia differed substantially. Whereas virtually no SRIF staining was observed in E12.5 sympathetics, the vast majority of cells in the E16.5 superior cervical ganglion (SCG) were labeled. This contrasted sharply with the adult SCG, in which only low levels of SRIF expression were found. These findings demonstrate that SRIF peptide is transiently expressed at high levels in peripheral sensory and sympathetic neurons during embryogenesis. The time course and widespread distribution of SRIF expression indicates that the peptide may play a role in early stages of ganglion cell growth and development. Moreover, these data, in conjunction with previous studies demonstrating SRIF immunoreactivity in developing central neurons, suggest that transient expression of this peptide is a common property of diverse neuronal cell types. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Aerosols in the study of convective acinar mixing

Convective mixing (CM) refers to the different transport mechanisms except Brownian diffusion that irreversibly transfer inspired air into resident air and can be studied using aerosol bolus inhalations. This paper provides a review of the present understanding of how each of these mechanisms contributes to CM. Original data of the combined effect of stretch and fold and gravitational sedimentation on CM are also presented. Boli of 0.5 microm-diameter particles were inhaled at penetration volumes (V(p)) of 300 and 1200 ml in eight subjects. Inspiration was followed by a 10-s breath hold, during which small flow reversals (FR) were imposed, and expiration. There was no physiologically significant dependence in dispersion and deposition with increasing FR. The results were qualitatively similar to those obtained in a previous study in microgravity in which it was speculated that the phenomenon of stretch and fold occurred during the first breathing cycle without the need of any subsequent FR.
Irrigation Frequency Effects on Growth and Ethanol Yield in Sweet Sorghum

With the increasing costs of fossil fuels, new methods of generating renewable fuels need to be researched and developed. This study was undertaken to assess the effects of irrigation frequency on crop growth and ethanol yield of sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. Nine combinations of pre- and postanthesis irrigation frequencies triggered by 35, 50, or 65% depletion of plant-available soil water were established in Tucson, AZ. Soil type was a Gila very fine sandy loam. Water application plus precipitation ranged from 1075 to 1394 mm. Crop water use was greatest with the most frequent irrigation treatment (35% depletion all season) (1067 mm), while the 50 and 65% depletion treatments (all season) were not different (882 and 844 mm, respectively). Despite increased biomass at the V-17 and anthesis stages, no differences due to irrigation frequency were found at harvest for yield of biomass or ethanol. The 65% and 50% depletion treatments (all season) returned more biomass per unit of water applied than the 35% depletion treatment (all season) (21.9, 21.6, and 18.8 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹, respectively). A difference in total sugar concentration was not found at harvest, implying that water stress does not increase the sugar concentration in sweet sorghum, or the stress imposed in our study (24% reduction in postanthesis water use) was not sufficient to do so. Irrigating sweet sorghum more frequently than at 50% depletion does not increase ethanol yield and reduces biomass produced per unit of water.
Populations of ants in a low field

Populations of ants of a low field in southern Michigan were studied and 28 species were found in an area of 870 square yards which hordered a marsh. Abundance of colonies was determined by digging 40 yard-square plots.Brachymyrmex depilis andPonera coarctata pennsylvanica were widely distributed and had the greatest number of colonies but the yellowLasius seemed the most typical of the habitat.Lasius flavus formed large colonies, widely spread just beneath the soil whileL. minutus andL. speculiventris built mounds. The genusDolichoderus was also typical of the habitat. Three of the 4 North American species nested on the study area, while the fourth occurred nearby.
Within-tree spatial variation in the leaf monoterpenes of Sequoia sempervirens

Location within a tree was analyzed as a source of variation in Sequoia sempervirens leaf monoterpenes. No differences were found for quantitative composition or total yield/dry wt among lower, middle and upper canopy positions. The awlshaped, spirally arranged leaves of vigorous upper shoots showed small quantitative compositional differences, but not differences in total yield. The intermediate leaf form of young sprouts had the most different monoterpene quantitative composition and about three times the total yield of the above two leaf forms. Analysis of a clonal ring of 17 adult trees resulted in coefficients of variation similar to those for samples collected from different canopy levels of the same shoot. Results revealed the sources and magnitudes of experimental error in comparative studies of this species' leaf monoterpenes, and did not support the concept that somatic mutation provides an important source of variation in a large, long-lived organism such as coast redwood.
Religiosity and the political economy of the Salem witch trials

Salem Village, both before and through the witchcraft trials, was a religion-based community, allowing its minister to exert a level of political–economic control over its citizens. During the heig...
pH and thermal stability of Mengo virus.

Abstract At low temperatures Mengo virus retains a high level of infectivity over a wide range of pH when diluted in 0.1 M phosphate buffer. At 37°–56°C there is progressive loss of infectivity, particularly at extremes of the pH range. At 37° in the presence of dilute Cl − there is also a loss of infectivity between pH 5 and 7, giving a biphasic curve of pH stability. In phosphate-buffered hypertonic salt Mengo virus is inactivated at 0° at low pH, however it is relatively stable at 56° between pH 5 and 7.
Transesophageal Echocardiography in Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage: Hypotension Caused by Compression of the Pulmonary Venous Confluence During Probe Passage

Compression of vascular and airway structures can complicate transducer passage and manipulation during transesophageal echocardiography. This case describes hemodynamic compromise caused by compression of the posterior pulmonary venous confluence by a transesophageal echocardiography probe during intraoperative evaluation in an infant with supracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. Careful hemodynamic and airway monitoring during transesophageal echocardiography is required in all patients, particularly during initial probe insertion and esophageal passage.
Experimental investigation of flow regimes and oscillatory phenomena of condensing steam in a single vertical annular passage

Abstract Steam condensing in vertical annular passages experiences regular flow and pressure oscillations. An experimental program with a counterflow condensing heat exchanger with flow visualization was designed to obtain the flow and pressure data along with photographic and video records of condensing steam in vertical upflow in annular passages. The experimental results were compared to the literature on condensation oscillations. From the observations and data collected in the experiment, a 3-region physical model of the condensing process was developed. This model contained a region of condensing annular flow, an interfacial region of slug and bubble flow, and a region containing subcooled condensate. It had been expected to find test conditions that would yield a stable condensing flow. However, flow and pressure oscillations were observed at all test conditions. While these oscillations were not particularly regular and sinusoidal, spectral analysis of the data revealed a 2–2.5 Hz oscillatory frequency. The observed flow and pressure oscillations were indicative of oscillations unique to condensing passages previously observed in condensation experiments that used a refrigerant as the working fluid.
A Simple Route to Alkylamines Via the Reduction of Nitroalkenes

Abstract αβ-Unsaturated nitroalkenes are readily reduced to alkylamines by in-situ generated BH3·THF in refluxing THF.
Magnetospheres of the galilean satellites

The plasma and field perturbations of magnetospheres that would surround magnetized Galilean satellites embedded in the corotating Jovian plasma differ from those produced by interaction with an unmagnetized conductor. If the intrinsic satellite dipole is antiparallel to that of Jupiter, the magnetosphere will be open. It is predicted that Io has an internal magnetic field with a dipole moment of 6.5 x 10 to the 22nd gauss-cubic centimeters antiparallel to Jupiter's, and Io's special properties can be interpreted on the basis of a reconnecting magnetosphere.