cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heavy-resonance production in high-energy nuclear collisions.

We estimate freezeout conditions for [ital s], [ital c], and [ital b] quarks in high energy nuclear collisions. Freezeout is due either to loss of thermal contact, or to particles wandering'' out of the region of hot matter. We then develop a thermal recombination model in which both single-particle (quark and antiquark) and two-particle (quark-antiquark) densities are conserved. Conservation of two-particle densities is necessary because quarks and antiquarks are always produced in coincidence, so that the local two-particle density can be much larger than the product of the single-particle densities. We use the freezeout conditions and recombination model to discuss heavy resonance production at zero baryon density in high energy nuclear collisions.
Proposal Writing at Atherton Jordan, Inc.: An Ethnographic Study.

This study analyzes the proposal-writing environment and the practices of seven engineers at Atherton Jordan, Inc. (a pseudonym), a Silicon Valley engineering firm that does government defense work. The following questions are addressed in our research: What are the characteristics of the proposal-writing environment at AJI, an organization that relies primarily on military contracts? What traits do AJI proposals exhibit? To what extent, if any, do organizational conventions influence the writing of AJI proposals? Finally, how can we characterize the proposal-writing process of AJI engineers? Using an ethnographic approach, the authors triangulated data through formal and informal interviews, a questionnaire, and company documents. Findings indicate that AJI engineers, working in a high-stress environment, write proposals collaboratively and have a highly structured composing process. Early drafts of proposals exhibit both macro- and micro-problems resulting partly from engineers' training and the nature ...
A scintillation theory of the fading of HF waves returned from the F-region: receiver near transmitter

Abstract Scintillation theory is used to study the fading of HF radio waves returned from the ionospheric F-region to a receiver close to the transmitter. Estimates are made of 1. (i) the fluctuations of phase both for long term (∼ an hour) and for short term (∼ a fading correlation time), 2. (ii) the correlation distance, 3. (iii) the quasi-period of fading, 4. (iv) the angular divergence in the direction of arrival around the zenith and 5. (v) the correlation bandwidth. The calculations are made as a function of wave frequency for two ionospheric penetration frequencies representative of high day-time values and low pre-sunrise values. Results are compared with observations of fading made with ionosondes over the past 40 years. Precise comparison is rendered impossible by omissions in the experimental data caused by lack of guidance from scintillation theory. Nevertheless, agreement is promising. When fading is deep but spread-F-region is not well-developed there is a slow modulation of the fading. This is what, for optical propagation in the troposphere, is called twinkling. The slow fluctuations observed by Bramley and Ross in the HF band constitute ionospheric twinkling. Calculated quasi-periods of twinkling range from about an hour down to about a couple of minutes, while calculated quasi-periods of fading range from about a couple of minutes down to about a tenth of a second.
Fundamentalist Atheism and its Intellectual Failures

A new breed of atheism has emerged which seeks to obliterate religion: fundamentalist atheism. Differing from more mainstream atheism, fundamentalist atheism has been fueled by a rise in the power of the Religious Right in the United States, codified with the election of George Bush and his subsequent support for various government sponsored religious initiatives and the proliferation of violent organizations which often identify with a particular religious sect. In addition to seeking to bolster secularism, particularly principles of separation of church and state, appreciation of scientific truth, and respect for fundamental human rights, fundamentalist atheists have grown to perceive religion as a fundamental threat to civilization. In this paper I document fundamentalist atheism's salient characteristics, specifically its tendency to narrowly define and stereotype religion in order to bolster its claim that religion is civilization's greatest threat. I make the argument that, because its apocalyptical...
Privacy in information technology: designing to enable privacy policy management in organizations

As information technology continues to spread, we believe that there will be an increasing awareness of a fundamental need to address privacy concerns, and that doing so will require an understanding of policies that govern information use accompanied by development of technologies that can implement such policies. The research reported here describes our efforts to design a system which facilitates privacy policy authoring, implementation, and compliance monitoring. We employed a variety of user-centered design methods with 109 target users across the four steps of the research reported here. This case study highlights the work of identifying organizational privacy requirements, iteratively designing and validating a prototype with target users, and conducting laboratory tests to guide specific design decisions to meet the needs of providing flexible privacy enabling technologies. Each of the four steps in our work is identified and described, and directions for future work in privacy are suggested.
O2-Sensing Neurons Control CO2 Response in C. elegans

Sensory behaviors are often flexible, allowing animals to generate context-appropriate responses to changing environmental conditions. To investigate the neural basis of behavioral flexibility, we examined the regulation of carbon dioxide (CO2) response in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. CO2 is a critical sensory cue for many animals, mediating responses to food, conspecifics, predators, and hosts (Scott, 2011; Buehlmann et al., 2012; Chaisson and Hallem, 2012). In C. elegans, CO2 response is regulated by the polymorphic neuropeptide receptor NPR-1: animals with the N2 allele of npr-1 avoid CO2, whereas animals with the Hawaiian (HW) allele or an npr-1 loss-of-function (lf) mutation appear virtually insensitive to CO2 (Hallem and Sternberg, 2008; McGrath et al., 2009). Here we show that ablating the oxygen (O2)-sensing URX neurons in npr-1(lf) mutants restores CO2 avoidance, suggesting that NPR-1 enables CO2 avoidance by inhibiting URX neurons. URX was previously shown to be activated by increases in ambient O2 (Persson et al., 2009; Zimmer et al., 2009; Busch et al., 2012). We find that, in npr-1(lf) mutants, O2-induced activation of URX inhibits CO2 avoidance. Moreover, both HW and npr-1(lf) animals avoid CO2 under low O2 conditions, when URX is inactive. Our results demonstrate that CO2 response is determined by the activity of O2-sensing neurons and suggest that O2-dependent regulation of CO2 avoidance is likely to be an ecologically relevant mechanism by which nematodes navigate gas gradients.
Intracerebroventricular Passive Immunization. II. Intracerebroventricular Infusion of Neuropeptide Antisera Can Inhibit Neuropeptide Signaling in Peripheral Tissues1

The findings of the preceding article suggest that intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of small amounts (5 μl) of antisera to rats may produce effectual immunoneutralization of peptides in blood/tissues outside of the central nervous system (CNS). In the present work we sought to test this hypothesis by determining the titers of corresponding antibodies in jugular venous plasma after icv infusion of three different antisera: a sheep anti-CRF, a rabbit anti-CRF, and a rabbit anti-GnRH. For all antisera tested, corresponding antibodies were detected in systemic plasma within 30 min of icv infusion of 5 μl antiserum. By 8 h, blood levels of the corresponding antibodies were similar whether the antisera had been infused icv or iv. When the dilutions of antibodies equivalent to those in systemic blood 1–24 h after icv infusion of 5 μl antiserum were employed in rat anterior pituitary cell culture assays, they proved effective at inhibiting CRF- or GnRH-induced hormone secretion. Furthermore, in rats p...
Children's story stem responses: a measure of program impact on developmental risks associated with dysfunctional parenting.

Abstract Objective: This paper will explore how a new research tool, the MacArthur Story Stem Battery (MSSB), enables investigations into the interior life of children, its potential usefulness in evaluating effectiveness of interventions geared to prevent dysfunctional parenting, and how the method has been adapted for use with low income African American children in the Memphis New Mothers Study. Method: A literature review provides justification for assessing children’s representations of their parenting experience to evaluate the effectiveness of an early intervention program. Case examples are used to illustrate children’s representations of themes in narrative responses that are indicative of behavioral regulation and dysregulation and specific adaptations for use with African American children. Results: Case examples support the method’s application. Conclusions: The story stem technique can play an important role in evaluating children’s emotion regulation, social skills, and early experience in the family.
The growth and potential of human antiviral monoclonal antibody therapeutics

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have long provided powerful research tools for virologists to understand the mechanisms of virus entry into host cells and of antiviral immunity. Even so, commercial development of human (or humanized) mAbs for the prophylaxis, preemptive and acute treatment of viral infections has been slow. This is surprising, as new antibody discovery tools have increased the speed and precision with which potent neutralizing human antiviral mAbs can be identified. As longstanding barriers to antiviral mAb development, such as antigenic variability of circulating viral strains and the ability of viruses to undergo neutralization escape, are being overcome, deeper insight into the mechanisms of mAb action and engineering of effector functions are also improving the efficacy of antiviral mAbs. These successes, in both industrial and academic laboratories, coupled with ongoing changes in the biomedical and regulatory environments, herald an era when the commercial development of human antiviral mAb therapies will likely surge.
Dark Two Higgs Doublet Model

We perform a detailed study of a specific Two Higgs Doublet Model (2HDM) with a U(1) gauge symmetry, instead of a typical Z{sub 2} discrete symmetry, containing a very light gauge boson Z' (GeV scale or below). The Standard Model (SM) fermions do not carry U(1) charges, but induced couplings to the Z' (called the dark Z) are generated through mixing with the SM neutral gauge bosons. Such a light Z' could explain some astrophysical anomalies as well as the muon g-2 deviation, and has been the subject of great experimental interest. We consider the scenario in which the 125 GeV SM-like Higgs (H) is the heavier scalar state, and focus on the lighter neutral state (h) as well as charged Higgs. We analyze the constraints on the model from various experiments and predict novel channels to search for these Higgs scalars at the LHC. In particular, experiments looking for lepton-jets are among potentially important searches.
Whey Protein Coating Efficiency on Surfactant-Modified Hydrophobic Surfaces

Whey protein oxygen-barrier coatings on peanuts are not effective, due to incomplete peanut-surface coverage, as well as some cracking and flaking of the coating. Addition of sorbitan laurate (Span 20) in the whey protein coating solution up to the critical micelle concentration (cmc) of 0.05% (w/w) significantly improved coating coverage to 88% of the peanut surface. Increasing the Span 20 concentration in the coating solution to 3 times the cmc (0.15% w/w) produced a substantial increase in peanut surface energy (>70 dyn/cm), indicating adsorption of the surfactant to the peanut surface. With this level of Span 20, the whey protein coating coverage on peanuts increased to 95%. These results suggest that a concentration of surfactant above the cmc in the coating solution is required for formation of self-assembled structures of surfactant molecules on peanut surfaces, which significantly increases the hydrophilicity, and thus coatability, of peanut surfaces.
Multiobject detection of targets with fine details, scale and translation variations

We propose an enabling algorithm for automatic target detection wherein the targets are almost similar but differ in fine details. Multiple translated and scaled target images are processed in the Mellin transform domain and subsequently detected using a learning vector quantization (LVQ) neural network.
ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS of VOLATILITY COMPONENT MODELS

Volatility component models have received considerable attention recently, not only because of their ability to capture complex dynamics via a parsimonious parameter structure, but also because it is believed that they can handle well structural breaks or nonstationarities in asset price volatility. This paper revisits component volatility models from a statistical perspective and attempts to explore the stationarity of the underlying processes. There is a clear need for such an analysis, since any discussion about nonstationarity presumes we know when component models are stationary. As it turns out, this is not the case and the purpose of the paper is to rectify this. We also look into the sampling behavior of the maximum likelihood estimates of recently proposed volatility component models and establish their consistency and asymptotic normality.
Modeling of shallow fluidized bed reactors: II. Analytical and numerical solutions

A general dynamic model derived previously for shallow fluidized bed reactors with continuous solids flow has been extended. The model includes explicitly the convective and dispersive flows of solids in the lateral direction of the bed. The performance of the fluidized bed zinc sulfide roaster is simulated by solving the resultant dynamic governing equations. Steady-state analytical solutions are obtained after simplifications of governing equations. The numerically obtained transient solutions approach these analytical solutions as time increases. A series of computations has been carried out to examine the effects of significant parameters, including the bubble size, Peclet number, crossflow ratio, Damkohler number and superficial velocity of the fluidizing gas, on the performance of the shallow fluidized bed reactor. On a etendu le domaine d'application d'un modele dynamique general, etabli anterieurement pour les reacteurs a lits fluidises peu profonds avec ecoulement continu des solides. Le modele comprend des termes explicites pour les ecoulements convectifs et dispersifs lateraux des solides dans le lit. On simule la performance du dispositif a lit fluidise pour le grillage du sulfure de zinc en resolvant les equations dynamiques qui en resultent. On obtient des solutions analytiques pour le regime stationnaire apres simplification des equations; les solutions transitoires obtenues numeriquement s'approchent des solutions analytiques a mesure que le temps augmente. On a examine, par une serie de calculs, les effets de parametres importants tels que les dimensions des bulles, le nombre de Peclet, le rapport d'ecoulement transversal, le nombre de Damkohler et la vitesse du gaz de fluidisation, sur la performance du re'acteur a lit fluidise peu profond.
The impact of the USA Patriot Act on collection and analysis of personal information under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act

Abstract The collection and analysis of personal information under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) has been significantly altered by the U.S.A. Patriot Act, and a proposed enhancement to the Patriot Act would create further changes. This article examines the original intent and scope of FISA, how the Patriot Act has dramatically modified the scope and meaning of FISA, and how the Patriot enhancement, if it were to be enacted into law, would create further significant alterations to FISA. The article explores the impact of these changes on information policy, especially in terms of the collection and analysis of personal information. The implications of these changes to FISA are examined in terms of a number of sources of personal information, including e-government, electronic and transactional records, and libraries. Finally, this article discusses the difficulty in determining the practical effects of these changes to FISA.
Thresholds in atmosphere–soil moisture interactions: Results from climate model studies

The potential predictability of the effects of warm season soil moisture anomalies over the central U.S. has been investigated using a series of GCM (Global Climate Model) experiments with the NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research) CCM3 (Community Climate Model version 3)/LSM (Land Surface Model). Three different types of experiments have been made, all starting in either March (representing precursor conditions) or June (conditions at the onset of the warm season): (1) 'anomaly' runs with large, exaggerated initial soil moisture reductions, aimed at evaluating the physical mechanisms by which soil moisture can affect the atmosphere; (2) 'predictability' runs aimed at evaluating whether typical soil moisture initial anomalies (indicative of year-to-year variability) can have a significant effect, and if so, for how long; (3) 'threshold' runs aimed at evaluating if a soil moisture anomaly must be of a specific size (i.e., a threshold crossed) before a significant impact on the atmosphere is seen. The 'anomaly' runs show a large, long-lasting response in soil moisture and also quantities such as surface temperature, sea level pressure, and precipitation; effects persist for at least a year. The 'predictability' runs, on the other hand, show very little impact of the initial soil moisture anomalies on the subsequent evolution of soil moisture and other atmospheric parameters; internal variability is most important, with the initial state of the atmosphere (representing remote effects such as SST anomalies) playing a more minor role. The 'threshold' runs, devised to help resolve the dichotomy in 'anomaly' and 'predictability' results, suggest that, at least in CCM3/LSM, the vertical profile of soil moisture is the most important factor, and that deep soil zone anomalies exert a more powerful, long-lasting effect than do anomalies in the near surface soil zone. We therefore suggest that soil moisture feedbacks may be more important in explaining prolonged decadal to century-long droughts evident in the historic and recent prehistoric records, but less important on a seasonal to interannual time-scale.
Fuzzy sets as a basis for a theory of possibility

Abstract The theory of possibility described in this paper is related to the theory of fuzzy sets by defining the concept of a possibility distribution as a fuzzy restriction which acts as an elastic constraint on the values that may be assigned to a variable. More specifically, if F is a fuzzy subset of a universe of discourse U={u} which is characterized by its membership function μF, then a proposition of the form “X is F,” where X is a variable taking values in U, induces a possibility distribution ∏X which equates the possibility of X taking the value u to μF(u)—the compatibility of u with F. In this way, X becomes a fuzzy variable which is associated with the possibility distribution ∏x in much the same way as a random variable is associated with a probability distribution. In general, a variable may be associated both with a possibility distribution and a probability distribution, with the weak connection between the two expressed as the possibility/probability consistency principle. A thesis advanced in this paper is that the imprecision that is intrinsic in natural languages is, in the main, possibilistic rather than probabilistic in nature. Thus, by employing the concept of a possibility distribution, a proposition, p, in a natural language may be translated into a procedure which computes the probability distribution of a set of attributes which are implied by p. Several types of conditional translation rules are discussed and, in particular, a translation rule for propositions of the form “X is F is α-possible,” where α is a number in the interval [0, 1], is formulated and illustrated by examples.
Theophylline, potentiation of testosterone propionate or estradiol benzoate in inducing male but not female sexual behavior in the female rat

Abstract Two experiments were carried out to assess the possible involvement of 3′:5′cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in the hormonally mediated activation of masculine and feminine sexual behavior in female rats. In Experiment I, theophylline, a compound shown to be effective in inhibiting the degradation of cAMP, was combined with estradiol benzoate (EB) in an attempt to potentiate the action of estradiol for inducing feminine or masculine sexual behavior. Theophylline, when administered in combination with EB to ovariectomized females, resulted in an increase in masculine sexual behavior but no potentiating action on female receptivity. In Experiment II, theophylline, when given to female rats, potentiated the action of testosterone propionate in stimulating male but not female sexual behavior. These data suggest that estradiol and testosterone may be activating masculine sexual behavior through similar biochemical mechanisms. Likewise, cAMP may be involved in the activation of masculine but not feminine sexual behavior by gonadal steroids.
The human immunodeficiency virus and associated detection methods

isolates-lymphadenopathyassociated Virus or LAV;i Human Tlymphotropic Virus type III, or HTLV 1112 and AIDS-associated Retrovirus, or ARV.3 As the names of these isolates suggest, HIV is a retrovirus-that is, an RNA virus with the ability to transcribe its genome into a DNA copy, which may be integrated into the genome of the infected host. Although it is now clear that HIV may infect a number of different cell types, its receptor is a component of the CD4 molecule and consequently, it shows a strong tropism for the CD4 (helper-inducer) subset of Tlymphocytes.+5,6 HIV was originally considered to be closely related to the oncogenic retroviruses HTLVl and HTLV2, but it is now clear that it is a non-oncogenic retrovirus, more closely related to the visna-maedi lentiviruses of animals. HIV infection is primarily productive and lytic, at least in cell cultures, and in viva, viral destruction of T-helper lymphocytes is thought to be a major
Automated serum peptide profiling

Blood is a convenient source of biomarkers. Readily obtainable, it immerses most tissues in the body and is therefore likely to contain cell-derived proteins and peptides that may provide information about various biological processes. Serum proteome and peptidome profiling—using mass spectrometry (MS), for example—may thus show a functional correlate of biological events and disorders. To this end, serum peptides must be enriched and interfering substances removed: a step that should be automated to a degree, reproducible and free of bias if it is to generate a test with any future diagnostic potential. The current protocol allows simultaneous analysis of large numbers of peptides using reversed-phase, magnetic particle–assisted sample processing with a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–time of flight MS readout. It may be used for diagnostic or predictive purposes, specifically as an in vitro readout of proteolytic activities with qualitative and quantitative product analysis, and enables profiling of 96 samples in less than 27 h.
Amplification of EGFR T790M causes resistance to an irreversible EGFR inhibitor

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors, gefitinib and erlotinib are effective therapies against mutant non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). Treatment is limited by the development of resistance in part explained by the gain of a secondary EGFR mutation, T790M, at the gatekeeper residue. Irreversible EGFR inhibitors, including PF00299804, are effective in vitro and in vivo against EGFR mutant tumors that contain EGFR T790M and are currently under clinical development. In this study, we generate models of resistance to PF00299804, using cell lines with EGFR T790M and show that the PF00299804-resistant models develop focal amplification of EGFR that preferentially involves the T790M-containing allele. These PF00299804-resistant cell lines remain dependent on EGFR for growth as downregulation of EGFR by shRNA compromises their viability. We show that resistance to PF00299804 arises, at least in part, through selection of a pre-existing EGFR T790M-amplified clone both in vitro and using a xenograft model in vivo. Our findings show that EGFR T790M is a common resistance mechanism to both reversible, and when amplified, the irreversible EGFR kinase inhibitors further emphasizing the need to develop more potent therapies against EGFR T790M. These findings can be used to guide studies of patient tumor specimens from ongoing clinical trials of irreversible EGFR kinase inhibitors.
Glucose utilization by Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris at higher pH.

SYNOPSIS. Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris is able to grow luxuriantly on glucose in a mineral salts medium at pH 6.8–7.1 following an adaptation period of about 200 hr. If adapted cells are used as an inoculum or if 0.1% glycine is included in the medium, the lag is shortened to 70–100 hr. Inclusion of 0.1% acetate in the medium produces a diphasic growth pattern, with acetate being metabolized first, followed by the later (about 400 hr) utilization of the glucose. Glucose utilization was found to be sensitive to pH as compared to growth on ethyl alcohol. However, glycine partially overcame this sensitivity. Glycine is maximally stimulatory with regard to growth on glucose at pH 7.0 at a concentration of 0.03%, thus suggesting that it functions as a sparking substance. Glycine markedly stimulates the assimilation of 14C-glucose. A number of Krebs cycle acids and amino acids were also found to stimulate 14C-glucose assimilation at neutral pH. Adaptation to glucose utilization at neutral pH was due to the appearance of mutants able to grow more rapidly under these conditions. The nature of this mutation was not determined.
Antiproliferative Xanthones of Terminalia calcicola from the Madagascar Rain Forest

A bioassay-guided fractionation of the EtOH extract of the Madagascan plant Terminalia calcicola led to the isolation of two new cytotoxic xanthones, termicalcicolanone A (1) and termicalcicolanone B (2). The structures of the new compounds were established on the basis of one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopic data. Both compounds showed modest antiproliferative activity toward the A2780 human ovarian cancer cell line.
SKNy Worms and Long Life

Interactions between insulin signaling and stress-response pathways can markedly impact life span. In this issue, Tullet et al. (2008) demonstrate that the worm homolog of Nrf2, called SKN-1, a transcription factor that switches on expression of antioxidant genes, is an important component of such signaling interactions.
Recent Advances in Light Scattering Calculations for Nonspherical Particles

Methods for calculating the light scattering properties of nonspherical particles are reviewed, and applications to particle characterization are considered. Angular scattering results are given for particles in fixed and random orientations. These include the Mueller matrix representation and quasi-three-dimensional computer generated plots. Spectral (wavelength-dependent) scattering results are shown for spheres, a spheroid, and a glass fiber. Applications of spectral scattering to characterizing polydisperse suspensions are discussed.
Fiscal Reaction Functions in the CFA Zone: An Analytical Perspective

The stance of fiscal policy in CEMAC and WAEMU is strongly influenced by fiscal effort in the previous period. This persistence underscores the risks of a procyclical fiscal policy stance, given these countries' high degree of dependence on primary commodities and exposure to terms of trade shocks. This paper finds that the coefficient of the lagged debt stock was significant and positive, consistent with the theory that higher levels of debt warrant greater fiscal effort. Various measures of economic performance, as captured by economic growth and per capita GDP, openness, and the terms of trade were also found to be important factors in explaining fiscal performance. As fiscal performance seems to be strongly affected by both real GDP growth and terms of trade fluctuations, there appears to be a need to develop supplementary fiscal-related criteria that take into account the influence of output and the terms of trade.
Infant responses of ocular fixation to moving visual stimuli

Abstract Infants of 1, 2, and 3 months of age were presented with two checkerboard patterns, one stationary and the other moving in a horizontal oscillatory motion at one of eight rates. An observer who could see only the infant's head and eyes recorded, for each 30-sec trial, (a) the position of first fixation, (b) position of fixation at the end of each 5-sec interval, and (c) a final forced-choice judgment of the position of the moving stimulus. Results showed reliable differences in ocular behavior as a function of rate of stimulus motion for all three groups of infants.
Investigation of Invariant Serine/Threonine Residues in Mevalonate Kinase TESTS OF THE FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF A PROPOSED SUBSTRATE BINDING MOTIF AND A SITE IMPLICATED IN HUMAN INHERITED DISEASE

Mevalonate kinase serine/threonine residues have been implicated in substrate binding and inherited metabolic disease. Alignment of >20 mevalonate kinase sequences indicates that Ser-145, Ser-146, Ser-201, and Thr-243 are the only invariant residues with alcohol side chains. These residues have been individually mutated to alanine. Structural integrity of the mutants has been demonstrated by binding studies using fluorescent and spin-labeled ATP analogs. Kinetic characterization of the mutants indicates only modest changes inKm(ATP). Km for mevalonate increases by ≈20-fold for S146A, ≈40-fold for T243A, and 100-fold for S201A. Vmax changes for S145A, S201A, and T243A are ≤3-fold. Thus, the 65-fold activity decrease associated with the inherited human T243I mutation seems attributable to the nonconservative substitution rather than any critical catalytic function. Vmax for S146A is diminished by 4000-fold. In terms of V/KMVA, this substitution produces a 105-fold effect, suggesting an active site location and catalytic role for Ser-146. The largekcat effect suggests that Ser-146 productively orients ATP during catalysis. KD(Mg-ATP)increases by almost 40-fold for S146A, indicating a specific role for Ser-146 in liganding Mg2+-ATP. Instead of mapping within a proposed C-terminal ATP binding motif, Ser-146 is situated in a centrally located motif, which characterizes the galactokinase/homoserine kinase/ mevalonate kinase/phosphomevalonate kinase protein family. These observations represent the first functional demonstration that this region is part of the active site in these related phosphotransferases.
Effects of FHC-Related Troponin T Mutations on Proteasome Activity and Half-Life of Troponin T

Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC) is a genetic disease of the heart muscle that can be caused by mutations in sarcomeric proteins such as cardiac troponin T (TnT), a thin filament regulator of muscle contraction. Results from our lab show that the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is affected in TnT-related cardiomyopathies; in FHC mice expressing the I79N or R278C mutant forms of TnT, changes in proteasome subunit expression and gene expression of proteins in the ubiquitination pathway, increased levels of oxidized proteins, and decreases in proteasome activity in 3 month old I79N mice were observed, suggesting that UPS dysfunction may be an important contributing factor to the pathogenesis of this disease. Mutations in sarcomeric proteins can alter their rates of proteasomal degradation, and increased degradation may lead to proteasome functional insufficiency by competitively inhibiting breakdown of other proteasome substrates. To investigate whether the observed impairment of proteasome function was due to a change in the degradation rate of mutated TnT, the degradation rates of wild-type and mutated (I79N and R278C) TnT were determined in CV-1 cells. The half-life of TnT was not affected by either mutation, suggesting that the effects of these mutations on the proteasome are not due to a difference in the degradation rate of TnT. Experiments to determine the rate of degradation of the FHC mutant F110I are currently being carried out. Overall, our results suggest that the effects of FHC mutations on proteasome function are not due to the mutation directly affecting the proteasome. This work was supported by NIH Grant HL096819.
Mechanism of interferon action. Species specificity of interferon and of the interferon-mediated inhibitor of translation from mouse, monkey, and human cells.

Abstract The species specificity of interferon and of the interferon-mediated ribosome-associated inhibitor of translation from mouse fibroblast, African green monkey kidney, and human amnion cells was investigated. The following results were obtained: (1) The antiviral activity of mouse fibroblast, monkey kidney, and human leukocyte interferons was maximal on the homologous species of cells. Mouse interferon was not active on heterologous monkey cells, and monkey interferon was not active on mouse cells. Monkey and human interferons were almost equally active on heterologous human and monkey cells, respectively; mouse and human interferons were about 10 and 125 times more active, respectively, on their homologous cell species than on heterologous human and mouse cells. (2) Ribosomal salt-wash fractions prepared from interferon-treated mouse fibroblast, monkey kidney, and human amnion cells inhibited the translation of reovirus mRNA catalyzed by the mouse ascites cell-free protein-synthesizing system prepared from untreated ascites cells. The corresponding fractions prepared from untreated mouse and human cells either did not affect or stimulated the translation of reovirus mRNA. Ribosomal washes from untreated monkey kidney cells were inhibitory, but not as inhibitory as washes from interferon-treated cells. (3) The concentration of KCl required to release the interferon-mediated ribosome-associated inhibitor from ribosomes of mouse fibroblast cells was higher than that required for ribosomes from human amnion and monkey kidney cells. (4) The translation of both methylated and unmethylated reovirus mRNA catalyzed by the mouse ascites cell-free system was inhibited by the mouse fibroblast ribosome-associated interferon-mediated factor. These results suggest that the interferon-mediated ribosome-associated antiviral factor(s) is not species specific, even though certain interferons are relatively species specific.
REQUIREMENT OF THE TWO-HEADED STRUCTURE FOR THE PHOSPHORYLATION DEPENDENT REGULATION OF SMOOTH MUSCLE MYOSIN

It is known for smooth muscle myosin that while acto-HMM ATPase activity is regulated by phosphorylation, acto-S-1 ATPase activity is not regulated. To clarify the heavy chain structure required for the regulation, smooth muscle myosin containing 7 different lengths of the S-2 portion were expressed in Sf9 insect cells using Baculovirus expression system. Myosin containing longer than 991 residues of heavy chain formed a stable two-headed structure while myosin with shorter than 944 residues of heavy chain formed a single-headed structure, indicating that the residues Gln945-Asp991 are critical for the fomation of the two-headed structure. The actin activated ATPase activity of myosin mutants having a two-headed structure was activated by phosphorylation while that of myosin mutants that failed to form the two-headed structure was completely independent of phosphorylation. These results suggest that the two-headed structure is critical for the phosphorylation-dependent regulation.
Brown Dwarfs: A Possible Missing Link Between Stars and Planets

Brown dwarfs are objects with masses between that of stars and planets. Postulated some three decades ago, they remained elusive until recently. Unlike stars, these objects have no sustained energy source and cool as they age. One such cool brown dwarf has been discovered as a companion to a nearby star. The spectrum of this object is similar to that of Jupiter. Single brown dwarfs have been detected in stellar nurseries. Ongoing and planned efforts, from both ground and space, will enable astronomers to decisively determine the population of these elusive and dim objects.
Dynamic optimization of ISR sensors using a risk-based reward function applied to ground and space surveillance scenarios

As the number and diversity of sensing assets available for intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) operations continues to expand, the limited ability of human operators to effectively manage, control and exploit the ISR ensemble is exceeded, leading to reduced operational effectiveness. Automated support both in the processing of voluminous sensor data and sensor asset control can relieve the burden of human operators to support operation of larger ISR ensembles. In dynamic environments it is essential to react quickly to current information to avoid stale, sub-optimal plans. Our approach is to apply the principles of feedback control to ISR operations, "closing the loop" from the sensor collections through automated processing to ISR asset control. Previous work by the authors demonstrated non-myopic multiple platform trajectory control using a receding horizon controller in a closed feedback loop with a multiple hypothesis tracker applied to multi-target search and track simulation scenarios in the ground and space domains. This paper presents extensions in both size and scope of the previous work, demonstrating closed-loop control, involving both platform routing and sensor pointing, of a multisensor, multi-platform ISR ensemble tasked with providing situational awareness and performing search, track and classification of multiple moving ground targets in irregular warfare scenarios. The closed-loop ISR system is fullyrealized using distributed, asynchronous components that communicate over a network. The closed-loop ISR system has been exercised via a networked simulation test bed against a scenario in the Afghanistan theater implemented using high-fidelity terrain and imagery data. In addition, the system has been applied to space surveillance scenarios requiring tracking of space objects where current deliberative, manually intensive processes for managing sensor assets are insufficiently responsive. Simulation experiment results are presented. The algorithm to jointly optimize sensor schedules against search, track, and classify is based on recent work by Papageorgiou and Raykin on risk-based sensor management. It uses a risk-based objective function and attempts to minimize and balance the risks of misclassifying and losing track on an object. It supports the requirement to generate tasking for metric and feature data concurrently and synergistically, and account for both tracking accuracy and object characterization, jointly, in computing reward and cost for optimizing tasking decisions.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
FC02-06 - Gender differences on the knowledge attitude and beliefs towards mental health illness in a very rapid developing society

Aim The aim of this study was to determine the gender differences in knowledge, attitudes and practices toward Mental Illness in a sample of Qatari and other Arab expatriates residing in the State of Qatar. Design This is a cross sectional survey.Setting: Primary Health Care Centers. Subjects A multistage sampling design was used and a representative sample of 3300 Qatari and other Arab expatriates above 20 years of age were surveyed. Of the study sample of 3300, 2514 subjects (76.2%) expressed their consent. Methods Face to face interviews were based on this questionnaire that included variables on socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitude and practice toward mental illness. Results Of the study sample, 49.2% were men and 50.8% were women. More women than men believed that mental illness is due to possession by evil spirits (43.5% vs 34.5%; p Conclusion The knowledge of women towards mental illness was poor. Most of the women were afraid and not willing to keep friendship with the mentally ill.
Void swelling and defect cluster formation in reactor-irradiated copper☆

Copper disks were irradiated at temperatures of 182 to 500 °C with moderated fission neutrons under carefully controlled conditions to a damage level of 1.1 to 1.3 dpa at a damage rate of 2× 10−7dpa/s. The lower temperature limit for void formation was found to lie between 182 and 220 ° C, with a maximum swelling of about 0.5% at 300 to 350 ° C and no swelling at 500 °C. At 182°C, vacancies produced stacking fault tetrahedra instead of voids.
Translational integrity and continuity: Personalized biomedical data integration

Translational research data are generated in multiple research domains from the bedside to experimental laboratories. These data are typically stored in heterogeneous databases, held by segregated research domains, and described with inconsistent terminologies. Such inconsistency and fragmentation of data significantly impedes the efficiency of tracking and analyzing human-centered records. To address this problem, we have developed a data repository and management system named TraM (http://tram.uchicago.edu), based on a domain ontology integrated entity relationship model. The TraM system has the flexibility to recruit dynamically evolving domain concepts and the ability to support data integration for a broad range of translational research. The web-based application interfaces of TraM allow curators to improve data quality and provide robust and user-friendly cross-domain query functions. In its current stage, TraM relies on a semi-automated mechanism to standardize and restructure source data for data integration and thus does not support real-time data application.
Shrinkage correction of volume phase holograms for optical interconnects

The film shrinkage effect of photopolymeric phase media failed to provide the desired volume holograms for point-to- point optical interconnects. In this paper, we report a new compensation method to physically correct the shrinkage effect resulted from the holographic recording and the post baking. DuPont photopolymer HRF-600X001 is studied. The correction of the Bragg diffraction angle shift of 85', which is induced by a 5.25 percent film shrinkage, is successfully demonstrated with the surface-normal configuration. A shrinkage-corrected volume hologram with 80 percent diffraction efficiency is experimentally confirmed. The methodology reported herein is applicable to other phase media when the associated film shrinkage data are experimentally determined.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The role of male vs male interactions in maintaining population dialect structure

Nonmigratory populations of Whitecrowned Sparrows in coastal California exhibit dialects in territorial male songs that are stable in space and time. By field playback experiments, we tested a prediction from the hypothesis that male aggressive interactions prohibit mixing of song dialects. Playback of the home dialect ‘Clear’ song to territorial males singing the ‘Clear’ dialect resulted in less response than that given to playback of the neighboring ‘Buzzy’ dialect. Response to both ‘Buzzy’ and ‘Clear’ dialect songs by target ‘Clear’ males, however, was greater than that given to the ‘Bodega’ dialect recorded 55 km away (Figs. 2 and 3). We conclude that these results are consistent with the hypothesis that male-male aggressive interactions play an important role in reducing dialect mixing.
Codeine Self‐medication in a Headache Patient

Self-medicating behavior for the treatment of headaches is a widespread phenomenon with costly and hazardous consequences. The case presented illustrates the ramifications of such behavior and suggests an integrated approach to the management of headaches. Biological mechanisms for the aggravation of headaches by self-medication are discussed and integrated with psychological observations. The existing epidemiologic studies of self-medication are reviewed and reveal a need for further studies, particularly in the United States.
INTESTINAL BIOPSY IN ACUTE HEPATITIS.

Crosby's intestinal biopsies were performed on patients with acute epidemic hepatitis, both while the disease was in progress and after the patient had recovered. The mucosal biopsies were examined both by stereomicroscopy and by histologic section. While the disease was in progress, there were various degrees of villous atrophy, alterations of the covering epithelium, and cellular interstitial infiltration in the stroma and in the tunica propria. During recovery the findings were characterized by hypertrophied villi, thoroughly restored epithelium, and infiltration of mononuclear cells in the wall of the mucosa.
Anisotropic elastocreep in glacial ice: A mechanism for intergranular melt and recrystallization

[1] Bonded ice crystals under pressure are in a heterogeneous stress state because of the mechanical anisotropy of constituent grains. This condition plays a role in intergranular melt and recrystallization, which in turn influence properties such as permeability and biologic habitability. To examine this, we develop an anisotropic elastocreep model simulating subgrain-scale stresses in polycrystalline ice, choosing in particular the thermal and deformational regime of the Lake Vostok accretion ice. A critical assumption with regard to localized melting is the macroscopic deviatoric stress. Our calculations indicate that for a macroscopic deviatoric stress of 50 kPa, ice at 0.04°C below the bulk melting temperature would contain regions, at scales ∼1% the grain size, where the liquid phase is thermodynamically favored. This translates to scales of ∼5 mm in the lower few meters of the Vostok accretion under a deviatoric stress that is plausible near the lake perimeter. Less internal melting is indicated in analyses of ice relatively far from the lake margins due to the assumed presence of lower macroscopic deviatoric stress. Simulated strain energy jumps of 1–2% across grain boundaries of accretion ice near the lake boundaries are large relative to free surface energy, indicating the importance of the former in boundary migration recrystallization. Collectively, these findings are consistent with measured dislocation densities (>107–1010 m−2) and irregular grain morphologies found in core samples. The calculated melting point depressions associated with anisotropy fall short of experimental values by a factor of ∼2, while the calculated strain rates deviate by ∼20%.