cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Graphite intercalation chemistry: An interpretive review

It was but five years ago that Forsman, and Ebert and Selig suggested independently that redox chemistry might be intrinsic to the formation of so-called acceptor compounds. Since then, much of the work in chemical aspects of intercalation has been specifically directed at verifying or disproving this hypothesis. The wealth of new data compiled in the process, coupled with a meticulous review of past evidence, confirms the essential role of oxidation in this genre of intercalation reactions. This review addresses two particular issues in the chemistry of acceptor type intercalants. First, how the oxidative or coordinating capability of a chemical species relates to its behavior as an intercalant. There has been considerable emphasis on the broad spectrum of interactions which exist, from weak charge transfer (Br2 compounds), to oxidative intercalation (e.g., HNO3), to reactions so vigorous that intercalation is only achieved with accompanying fluorination of the lattice and partial destruction of the sp2 character of the carbon network (certain inorganic fluoride systems). Ebert and Selig have pointed out that detrimental oxidations of this sort are always an alternate reaction pathway in oxidative intercalation; the particular intercalant and reaction conditions determine which products will dominate. Secondly, what is the mechanism by which the intercalant interacts with the π-electron system and what are the reactive intermediates? In contrast to the previous topic—which relies on concrete evidence such as final product composition and properties for its resolution—here the approach has been largely hypothetical, relying on analogy to inorganic coordination compounds and organic π-systems which participate in charge transfer reactions. Here also lies, perhaps, the greatest future challenge to the intercalation chemist. For while the devising of possible reaction mechanisms is accomplished easily enough, experimental confirmation is always difficult. However, the past record of cooperation between chemist and physicist, experimenter and theoretician in intercalation science is an impressive one. If this question of mechanism is approached with the same gusto that has characterized past efforts, we should have some answers before long.
XMM-Newton View of the z > 0 Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium toward Markarian 421

The recent detection with Chandra of two warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM) filaments toward Mrk 421 by Nicastro et al. provides a measurement of the bulk of the "missing baryons" in the nearby universe. Since Mrk 421 is a bright X-ray source, it is also frequently observed by the XMM-Newton Reflection Grating Spectrometer (RGS) for calibration purposes. Using all available archived XMM observations of this source with small pointing offsets (<15''), we construct the highest quality XMM grating spectrum of Mrk 421 to date with a net exposure time (excluding periods of high background flux) of 437 ks and ~15,000 counts per resolution element at 21.6 A, more than twice that of the Chandra spectrum. Despite the long-exposure time, neither of the two intervening absorption systems is seen, although the upper limits derived are consistent with the Chandra equivalent width measurements. This appears to result from (1) the larger number of narrow instrumental features caused by bad detector columns, (2) the degraded resolution of XMM/RGS as compared to the Chandra/LETG, and (3) fixed-pattern noise at λ 29 A. The nondetection of the WHIM absorbers by XMM is thus fully consistent with the Chandra measurement.
CONSISTENCY AND OPTIMALITY IN A DYNAMIC GAME OF POLLUTION CONTROL I: COMPETITION

I model the interaction between a regulator and polluting firms as a Stackelberg differential game in which the regulator leads. The firms create pollution, which results in a stock extermality. I analyze the intertemporal effects of alternate pollution control measures in a competitive industry. The principal issue here concerns the dynamic inconsistency of the optimal solution. Inter alia, I compare the steady state levels of pollution under optimal and under time consistent policies.
Asymptotic properties of robust three-stage procedure based on bootstrap for M-estimator

The paper concerns the fixed-width confidence intervals for location based on M-estimators in the location model. A robust three-stage procedure is proposed and its asymptotic properties are studied. The performance of the procedure depends on some tuning parameters. Their effect on the proposed confidence interval is checked together with the overall behaviour of the procedure in a simulation study.
Accuracy of the post-Newtonian approximation. II. Optimal asymptotic expansion of the energy flux for quasicircular, extreme mass-ratio inspirals into a Kerr black hole

We study the effect of black hole spin on the accuracy of the post-Newtonian approximation. We focus on the gravitational energy flux for the quasicircular, equatorial, extreme mass-ratio inspiral of a compact object into a Kerr black hole of mass $M$ and spin $J$. For a given dimensionless spin $a\ensuremath{\equiv}J/{M}^{2}$ (in geometrical units $G=c=1$), the energy flux depends only on the orbital velocity $v$ or (equivalently) on the Boyer-Lindquist orbital radius $r$. We investigate the formal region of validity of the Taylor post-Newtonian expansion of the energy flux (which is known up to order ${v}^{8}$ beyond the quadrupole formula), generalizing previous work by two of us. The error function used to determine the region of validity of the post-Newtonian expansion can have two qualitatively different kinds of behavior, and we deal with these two cases separately. We find that, at any fixed post-Newtonian order, the edge of the region of validity (as measured by $v/{v}_{\mathrm{ISCO}}$, where ${v}_{\mathrm{ISCO}}$ is the orbital velocity at the innermost stable circular orbit) is only weakly dependent on $a$. Unlike in the nonspinning case, the lack of sufficiently high-order terms does not allow us to determine if there is a convergent to divergent transition at order ${v}^{6}$. Independent of $a$, the inclusion of angular multipoles up to and including $\ensuremath{\ell}=5$ in the numerical flux is necessary to achieve the level of accuracy of the best-known ($N=8$) post-Newtonian expansion of the energy flux.
Estimating the distortionary effects of ethnic quotas in Singapore using housing transactions

Abstract Desegregation is a key policy issue in many countries. I investigate a residential desegregation program in Singapore — the ethnic housing quotas. I show that choice restrictions imposed on apartment blocks above the quota limits (constrained) could have distortionary effects, causing price and quantity differences for constrained versus unconstrained blocks. I test these predictions by hand-matching more than 500,000 names in the phonebook to ethnicities, to calculate ethnic proportions at the apartment block level. I can then investigate differences for constrained and unconstrained blocks close to the quota limits and test for sorting around the limits. I find that price differences are between 3% and 5%. Quantity effects are economically significant, translating to longer time-on-market durations. Selection cannot fully explain these results. My results point to challenges in achieving desegregation using quantity restrictions.
Toward the Value-Based Generation Investments and Utilization: Stratum Electricity Market

In this paper we model and analyze the dependence of electricity market outcomes on the market structures and rules. Market attributes such as electricity prices and their volatility, profits and revenues by the market participants and system cost are assessed. Of particular concerns are the effects of market structures on the long-term generation investments needed to meet long-term uncertain demand. The paper builds upon an earlier introduction of electricity market modeling resulting from the dynamics of fundamental market drivers, such as demand, supply and market clearing processes. This approach is employed to model and simulate the outcomes in the short-term spot markets, and compare these with the potential outcomes in a newly proposed Stratum Electricity Market (SEM) structure comprising both spot and long-term sub-markets. The performance of the newly proposed SEM is illustrated using Monte Carlo simulations on a simple power system in which the only uncertainties come from the load forecasts and fuel prices.
Thermal/Mechanical Response of a Polymer Matrix Composite at Cryogenic Temperatures

The mechanical behavior of a polymeric-matrix composite at cryogenic temperatures was investigated. Experimental data are presented on the residual mechanical properties of a carbon-fiber polymeric composite, IM7/PETI-5, both before and after aging. Both tension and compression modulus and strength were measured at room temperature, -196°C, and -269°C on five different laminate configurations consisting of [0] 12 and [90] 12 unidirectional laminates, [±25] 3s and [±45] 3S angle-ply laminates, and a 13-ply laminate [45/90/90/90/-45/0/0/0/-45/90/90/90/45]. One set of specimens was aged isothermally for 576 h at -184°C in an unconstrained state. Another set of corresponding specimens was aged under constant uniaxial strain for 576 hours at -184°C. Based on the experimental data presented, it is shown that trends in stiffness and strength that result from changes in temperature are not always smooth and consistent. Moreover, it is shown that loading mode and direction are significant for both stiffness and strength and that aging at cryogenic temperature while under load can alter the mechanical properties of pristine, unaged laminates made of IM7/PETI-5 material.
Stabilization of divalent neodymium (Nd2+) in strontium tetraborate

Luminescence and absorption spectra from SrB4O7:Nd2+ samples prepared from Nd,O, (1 mol% based on Sr2+ ion mass) in air at high temperatures have been recorded at room temperature. A broad emission band centered in the vicinity of 560 nm has been observed from the samples upon excitation at 514.5 nm. We suggest that it is due to emission from the 5d band in Nd2+ ion into its ground state 4f level (5I4). Analysis of absorption spectra recorded from the same samples support this conclusion. SrB4O7:Nd2+ samples prepared in Ar/H2(4%) atmosphere exhibited more strongly the optical characteristics of Nd2+ ion compared to samples prepared in air. Several conditions promoting the stabilization of Nd2+ ion in this matrix are discussed. The range of f-element reducibility and stabilization in SrB4O7 has been extended from Tm2+ to Nd2+ in the present work; however, the limit of this facile reduction process has not yet been determined.
Heavy mesons in a random instanton gas

Abstract We analyze the correlation function of a meson with one heavy and one light quark in inverse powers of the heavy quark mass m Q using a succession of Foldy-Wouthuysen-type transformations prior to radiative corrections. We evaluate the correlator to order m Q 0 in a random and dilute gas of instantons, using the planar approximation. We show, in leading order in the density, that the heavy quark mass is shifted to the order m Q 0 and that the induced interaction between the heavy and light quarks is attractive. We also find it to be an order of magnitude smaller than the 't Hooft interaction between two light quarks. The shift in the heavy quark mass is related to the perimeter law of large Wilson loops. The relevance of these results for general hadronic correlators with heavy quarks is discussed.
Transverse knots and Khovanov homology

We define an invariant of transverse links in the standard contact 3-sphere as a distinguished element of the Khovanov homology of the link. The quantum grading of this invariant is the self-linking number of the link. For knots, this gives a bound on the self-linking number in terms of Rasmussen's invariant s(K). We prove that our invariant vanishes for transverse knot stabilizations, and that it is non-zero for quasipositive braids. We also discuss a connection to Heegaard Floer invariants.
Asymptotic Behavior of Spherically Symmetric Marginally Trapped Tubes

We give conditions on a general stress-energy tensor Tαβ in a spherically symmetric black hole spacetime which are sufficient to guarantee that the black hole will contain a (spherically symmetric) marginally trapped tube which is eventually achronal, connected, and asymptotic to the event horizon. Price law decay per se is not required for this asymptotic result, and in this general setting, such decay only implies that the marginally trapped tube has finite length with respect to the induced metric. We do, however, impose a smallness condition (B1) which one may obtain in practice by imposing decay on the Tvv component of the stress-energy tensor along the event horizon. We give two applications of the theorem to self-gravitating Higgs field spacetimes, one using weak Price law decay, the other certain strong smallness and monotonicity assumptions.
Premixed Flames in Counterflow Jets Under Rigid-Body Rotation

Abstract The extinction characteristics of double premixed flames of methane and butane in counterflow of two cylindrical jets which undergo rigid-body rotation are investigated. Using laser Doppler velocimetry, the axial, radial and circumferential velocity profiles are measured when jets with equal angular velocity rotate in opposite directions. It is found that two symmetric lean methane flames which are merged and near extinction, will subsequently separate again upon the rotation of the jet streams. Furthermore, as the angular velocity is increased, the fuel concentration at extinction is found to first decrease to a minimum value and increase thereafter. These tendencies are described on the basis of the observed variation of the rate of stretch experienced by the flames as a function of their axial position. Also, the existence of radially inward secondary flows which produce recirculation zones on both sides of the stagnation plane are established whose thickness increase with the jet angular velo...
THE ANGULAR MOMENTUM DISTRIBUTION OF GAS AND DARK MATTER IN GALACTIC HALOS

We report results of a series of nonradiative N-body/SPH simulations in a ΛCDM cosmology, designed to study the growth of angular momentum in galaxy systems. A sample of 41 halos of differing mass and environment were selected from a cosmological N-body simulation of size 32.5 h-1 Mpc and resimulated at higher resolution with the tree-SPH code GADGET. We find that the spin of the baryonic component correlates well with the spin of the dark matter, but there is a misalignment of typically 20° between these two components. The spin of the baryonic component is also on average larger than that of the dark matter component, and we find this effect to be more pronounced at lower redshifts. A significant fraction f of gas has negative angular momentum, and this fraction is found to increase with redshift. This trend can be explained as a result of increasing thermalization of the virializing gas with decreasing redshift. We describe a toy model in which the tangential velocities of particles are smeared by Gaussian random motions. This model is successful in explaining some of the global angular momentum properties, in particular the anticorrelation of f with the spin parameter λ and the shape of the angular momentum distributions (AMDs). We investigate in detail the AMDs of the gas and the dark matter components of the halo. We compare and contrast various techniques to determine the AMDs. We show that the technique of adding thermal velocities to streaming motions (broadening) is unsuitable for making comparisons between gas and dark matter AMDs because the shape of the broadened AMDs is predominantly determined by the dispersion and is insensitive to the underlying nonbroadened AMD. In order to bring both gas and dark matter to the same footing, we smooth the angular momentum of the particles over a fixed number of neighbors. The AMDs obtained by this method have a smooth and extended truncation as compared to earlier methods. We find that an analytical function in which the differential distribution of specific angular momentum j is given by P(j) = [1/jΓ(α)](j)α-1e, where jd = jtot/α, can be used to describe a wide variety of profiles, with just one parameter α. The distribution of the shape parameter α for both gas and dark matter follows roughly a lognormal distribution. The mean and standard deviation of log α for gas are -0.04 and 0.11, respectively. About 90%-95% of halos have α < 1.3, while exponential disks in Navarro-Frenk-White (NFW) halos would require 1.3 < α < 1.6. This implies that a typical halo in simulations has an excess of low angular momentum material as compared to that of observed exponential disks, a result that is consistent with the findings of earlier works. Parameter α for gas is correlated with that for dark matter (DM), but they have a significant scatter αgas/αDM = 1.09 ± 0.2. Parameter αgas is also biased toward slightly higher values compared to αDM. The angular momentum in halos is also found to have a significant spatial asymmetry with the asymmetry being more pronounced for dark matter.
Modeling the Psychology of Consumer and Firm Behavior with Behavioral Economics

Abstract Marketing is an applied science that tries to explain and influence how firms and consumers behave in markets. Marketing models are usually applications of standard economic theories, which rely on strong assumptions of rationality of consumers and firms. Behavioral economics explores the implications of the limits of rationality, with the goal of making economic theories more plausible by explaining and predicting behavior more accurately while maintaining formal power. This article reviews six behavioral economics models that are useful to marketing. Three models generalize standard preference structures to allow for sensitivity to reference points and loss aversion, social preferences toward outcomes of others, and preference for instant gratification. The other three models generalize the concept of game-theoretic equilibrium, allowing decision makers to make mistakes, encounter limits on the depth of strategic thinking, and equilibrate by learning from feedback. The authors also discuss a sp...
The Costs of Free Entry: An Empirical Study of Real Estate Agents in Greater Boston

This paper studies the consequences of xed commissions and low entry barriers in Greater Boston’s real estate brokerage industry from 1998-2007, a period with substantial agent turnover. We nd that entry is not associated with increased sales probabilities or reduced sales time. Instead, it decreases the market share of experienced agents and reduces average service quality. We develop a dynamic empirical model motivated by these patterns to study the extent of ineciency in the current system compared to alternatives. To accommodate a large state space, we approximate the value function using sieves and impose the Bellman equation as an equilibrium constraint. If commissions are cut in half, there would be 40% fewer agents implying social savings of 23% of industry revenue, and the average agent would facilitate 73% more transactions. House price appreciation of 50% during our sample period accounts for a 24% increase in the number of agents and a 31% decline in average agent productivity. Finally, improving information about past agent performance can increase productivity and generate signicant social savings.
Total synthesis of (+/-)-herbertenolide by stereospecific formation of vicinal quaternary centers in a crystalline ketone.

The sesquiterpene (±)-herbertenolide was synthesized in seven steps from commercial 2-bromo-4-methylanisole. In the key step, two adjacent stereogenic quaternary centers were controlled by a highly chemoselective and stereospecific photodecarbonylation reaction of crystalline methyl-trans-3-(2-methyl-5-methoxyphenyl)-1,3-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexancarboxylate (3). An efficient generation of radical pairs and the stereochemical control exerted by the solid state suggest that this reaction may become a useful synthetic method.
Learning Stable Multilevel Dictionaries for Sparse Representations

Sparse representations using learned dictionaries are being increasingly used with success in several data processing and machine learning applications. The increasing need for learning sparse models in large-scale applications motivates the development of efficient, robust, and provably good dictionary learning algorithms. Algorithmic stability and generalizability are desirable characteristics for dictionary learning algorithms that aim to build global dictionaries, which can efficiently model any test data similar to the training samples. In this paper, we propose an algorithm to learn dictionaries for sparse representations from large scale data, and prove that the proposed learning algorithm is stable and generalizable asymptotically. The algorithm employs a 1-D subspace clustering procedure, the $K$ -hyperline clustering, to learn a hierarchical dictionary with multiple levels. We also propose an information-theoretic scheme to estimate the number of atoms needed in each level of learning and develop an ensemble approach to learn robust dictionaries. Using the proposed dictionaries, the sparse code for novel test data can be computed using a low-complexity pursuit procedure. We demonstrate the stability and generalization characteristics of the proposed algorithm using simulations. We also evaluate the utility of the multilevel dictionaries in compressed recovery and subspace learning applications.
Generic-case complexity, decision problems in group theory, and random walks

Abstract We give a precise definition of “generic-case complexity” and show that for a very large class of finitely generated groups the classical decision problems of group theory—the word, conjugacy, and membership problems—all have linear-time generic-case complexity. We prove such theorems by using the theory of random walks on regular graphs.
APL: a language for associative data handling in PL/I

Engineering design and computer-aided problem solving occur in an atmosphere in which the relationships between the data elements are utilized. For example, information retrieval, computer-aided drawing, electrical network design, and engineering design systems are among those whose operation depends on efficient data manipulation and association techniques.
Interpreting Circuit Court Voting Patterns: A Social Interactions Framework

Many empirical studies have found that circuit judges’ votes are significantly influenced by their panel colleagues. Although this influence is typically measured in terms of colleagues’ characteristics, this article argues that it is better understood as an effect of colleagues’ votes. Applying the latter interpretation, this article reanalyzes 11 prior studies of panel voting, as well as three novel data sets, and reveals the impact of colleagues’ votes to be strikingly uniform. In almost every type of case, each colleague’s vote increases the likelihood that a judge will vote in the same direction by roughly 40 percentage points. This result is consistent with a strong norm of consensus and can account for nearly all of the perceived impact of colleagues’ party, gender, and race. This finding raises questions about strategic and deliberative models of panel voting and helps clarify measurement issues regarding the relationship between judicial characteristics and voting behavior (JEL C31, K40).
A new species, key to females, and distribution records for Heterotarsonemus (Acari: Tarsonemidae)

Abstract Heterotarsonemus hajekae , new species is described and illustrated. A key to the females of Heterotarsonemus and a table on the distributions, localities, and hosts for all known species are included.
Effect of MgO Addition on the Microstructure Development of 3 mol% Y2O3—ZrO2

MgO addition to 3 mol% Y2O3–ZrO2 resulted in enhanced densification at 1350°C by a liquid-phase sintering mechanism. This liquid phase resulted from reaction of MgO with trace impurities of CaO and SiO2 in the starting powder. The bimodal grain structure thus obtained was characterized by large cubic ZrO2 grains with tetragonal ZrO2 precipitates, which were surrounded by either small tetragonal grains or monoclinic grains, depending on the heat-treatment schedule.
Using M Dwarf Spectra to Map Extinction in the Local Galaxy

We use spectra of more than 56,000 M dwarfs from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) to create a high-latitude extinction map of the local Galaxy. Our technique compares spectra from the stars in the SDSS Data Release 7 M dwarf sample in low-extinction lines of sight, as determined by Schlegel et al., to other SDSS M dwarf spectra in order to derive improved distance estimates and accurate line-of-sight extinctions. Unlike most previous studies, which have used a two-color method to determine extinction, we fit extinction curves to fluxes across the spectral range from 5700 to 9200 A for every star in our sample. Our result is an AV map that extends from a few tens of pc to approximately 2 kpc away from the Sun. We also use a similar technique to create a map of RV values within approximately 1 kpc of the Sun and find that they are consistent with the widely accepted diffuse interstellar medium value of 3.1. Using our extinction data, we derive a dust scale height for the local Galaxy of 119 ± 15 pc and find evidence for a local dust cavity.
Synthesis and Structure of K10Tl7: The First Binary Trielide Containing Naked Pentagonal Bipyramidal Tl7 Clusters

The title compound is synthesized by direct fusion of the elements at 400 C followed by annealing at 330 C, quenching to room temperature, and subsequent annealing at 120 and 100 C for days to weeks. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2{sub 1}/c (No. 14), with Z = 4, a = 10.132(1){angstrom}, b = 22.323(2){angstrom}, c = 13.376(1){angstrom}, and {beta} = 93.14(1){degree}, and consists of Tl{sub 7}{sup 7{minus}} clusters embedded in a matrix of potassium ions. The cluster is an axially compressed pentagonal bipyramid close to D{sub 5h} symmetry. The apex-apex bond distance (3.462(1){angstrom}) is little longer than the bonds in the pentagonal waist (3.183(1)--3.247(1){angstrom}). Structurally the compound is not electron-precise: K{sub 10}Tl{sub 7} has three extra electrons per Tl{sub 7} cluster and is Pauli paramagnetic ({chi}{sub 300} = 2.25 x 10{sup {minus}4} emu/mol).
The off-balance sheet banking risk of large U.S. commercial banks

Abstract OBS banking activities have grwn rapidly in recent years. The risk-based capital requirements of OBS activities presume thatsome OBS activities expose banks to additional and potentially excessive risk. This study employs Ronn-Verma option pricing methodology to calculate implied asset risk, and examine the risk-behavior of OBS activities. This approach incorporates the non-linearity of an option pricing model, deposit insurance and regulatory closure rules. A pooled cross-section and time-series analysis reveals that OBS activities, in general, reduce total risk but do not affect systematic risk. The explanatory power of models is improved significantly when implied asset risk, instead of equity risk, is used to proxy for total risk. The results suggest that risk-based capital regulations of OBS activities may unduly penalize large banks.
Process-level quenched large deviations for random walk in random environment

We consider a bounded step size random walk in an ergodic random environment with some ellipticity, on an integer lattice of arbitrary dimension. We prove a level 3 large deviation principle, under almost every environment, with rate function related to a relative entropy.
Opening norbornadiene homo Diels-Alder adducts to bicyclic systems

Abstract Deltacyclenes and deltacyclanes produced from the [2+2+2] homo Diels-Alder reaction of norbornadiene are opened to the corresponding biquinanes. Similarly, opening the [4+2+2]-adducts yields the bicyclo[5.3.0]decanes.
Time-resolved wake structure and kinematics of bat flight

We present synchronized time-resolved measurements of the wing kinematics and wake velocities for a medium sized bat, Cynopterus brachyotis, flying at low-medium speed in a closed-return wind tunnel. Measurements of the motion of the body and wing joints, as well as the resultant wake velocities in the Trefftz plane are recorded at 200 Hz (approximately 28–31 measurements per wing beat). Circulation profiles are found to be quite repeatable although variations in the flight profile are visible in the wake vortex structures. The circulation has almost constant strength over the middle half of the wing beat (defined according the vertical motion of the wrist, beginning with the downstroke). A strong streamwise vortex is observed to be shed from the wingtip, growing in strength during the downstroke, and persisting during much of the upstroke. At relatively low flight speeds (4.3 m/s), a closed vortex structure behind the bat is postulated.
Role of differentiation induction in action of purine antimetabolites.

In cancer cells, particularly in leukaemic cells, guanylate biosynthesis is up-regulated as shown by the increased activities of IMP dehydrogenase, the rate-limiting enzyme ofde novo GTP biosynthesis, and of the salvage enzyme, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT). In enzyme pattern-targeted chemotherapy, tiazofurin inhibits IMP dehydrogenase activity in cancer cells and allopurinol-induced high serum hypoxanthine levels inhibit. HGPRT activity. A triad of responses was observed in the blast cells of patients treated with tiazofurin infusions: chemotherapy, induced differentiation, and down-regulation of c-Ki-ras andc-myc oncogenes. Tiazofurin was synergistic in cytotoxicity and in causing differentiation with ribavirin, retinoic acid, and difluorodeoxycytidine. Induced differentiation plays an important role in the overall impact of antipurine agents.
Transition Magnetic Moments and Collective Neutrino Oscillations:Three-Flavor Effects and Detectability

We demonstrate the non-negligible effect of transition magnetic moments on three-flavor collective oscillations of Majorana neutrinos in the core of type-II supernovae, within the single-angle approximation. We argue that data from a galactic supernova in conjunction with terrestrial experiments can potentially give us clues about the non-zero nature of neutrino transition magnetic moments if these are Majorana fermions, even if their values are as small as those predicted by the Standard Model augmented by nonzero neutrino Majorana masses.
Creative Art and Custom Interior Design in the 80's

Traditional computer art uses controlled pens or vector graphics displays. However, the author generates artistic designs in rectangular grids with color at given positions determined by mathematical functions or processes. Comments at presentations of such graphics to varied audiences support their applicability to design of floor or wall coverings, draperies, upholstery, graphic arts, needlepoint, etc. With suitable marketing and manufacturer interface arrangements, interior design using these methods becomes feasible for items manufactured under digital control. For such design done traditionally, digitization is needed before production. A designer with cooperating manufacturers could do as automobile dealers do on customer orders. A micro-computer could create, store and display in alternate colors various patterns until individual customer tastes are satisfied. Digitized specifications for production of the rug, fabric, or other selected material could then go with the order. Present software also allows keyboard creation and storage of patterns by the designer. Computer controlled manufacturing methods now operable could easily be adapted to use of such computer generated designs. Color art forms of artistic merit for bookcovers, illustrations, advertising copy, limited edition prints or posters could be marketed at lower cost using mathematically produced color separation techniques developed by computer implementation by the author.
Stiff-man syndrome.

Stiff-man syndrome (Moersch-Woltman syndrome) is a rare disorder of motor function characterized by involuntary stiffness of axial muscles and superimposed painful muscle spasms, which are often induced by startle or emotional stimuli. The standard treatment has been benzodiazepines. An association has been reported between stiff-man syndrome and epilepsy, insulin-dependent diabetes, and a variety of organ-specific autoimmune disorders. Antibodies directed against glutamic acid decarboxylase and against pancreatic islet cells have been detected in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with stiff-man syndrome. These findings suggest that stiff-man syndrome may be an autoimmune disease. Preliminary reports indicate that patients with stiff-man syndrome have a favorable response to plasma exchange and corticosteroid therapy.
Sudden and unexpected natural death

Summary Sudden und unexpected natural death in infants and young children encounteredin medicolegal practice is chiefly found in male subjects and seldom beyond the age of 3 years. Of a group of sixty-nine patients under 5 years of age studied in detail, only six were older than 2 years of age. The contribution of Negroes goes far beyond their proportion of the population, and is not regarded as a purely biologically racial phenomenon. Respiratory disease is the great leveler, accounting for almost 80 per centof the unexpected deaths in infants. Caution may be necessary, however, less undue weight be placed on the role of anatomically minor inflammatory changes in the breathing apparatus. There is a group of sudden and unexpected natural deaths in which thepresent usual means of investigation fail to uncover the cause of death. Such cases are encountered in apparently normal infants, usually between the ages of 4 and 8 months. The role of the thymus has yet to be clarified in the production of unexpected death. The variability of its weight, especially in the newborn infant, makes an evaluation of the lethal role of size alone exceptionally difficult. A single instance of a thymus sufficiently enlarged to have pressed upon the upper airway is recorded, but there was no evidence to indicate why the child died when it did, and not sooner or later. A plea is made for complete necropsy, including bacteriologic and chemical examination, for judicious evaluation of necropsy evidence and correlation with the clinical history, and for a willingness to admit inability to fix the cause of death.
Vibrational control of systems with Arrhenius dynamics

Abstract A nonlinear system with S-shape steady state characteristic is referred to as a system with Arrhenius dynamics. The negative slope part of the S-shape curve represents a set of unstable steady states. Using two examples of Arrhenius systems (catalytic reactor and continuous stirred tank reactor), it is shown that introduction of sufficiently fast oscillations in the parameters of the system generates a new Arrhenius system, the steady state characteristic of which has a smaller negative slope part. Results of analytical investigation as well as numerical simulation are presented. It is shown that vibrational stabilization of Arrhenius systems gives an increase in productivity of the plants.
On the Averages of Characteristic Polynomials From Classical Groups

We provide an elementary and self-contained derivation of formulae for averages of products and ratios of characteristic polynomials of random matrices from classical groups using classical results due to Weyl and Littlewood.
Elastic response of an orthogonally reinforced plate

Abstract This paper develops a three-dimensional fully elastic analytical model of a solid plate that has two sets of embedded, equally spaced stiffeners that are orthogonal to each other. The dynamics of the solid plate are based on the Navier–Cauchy equations of motion of an elastic body. This equation is solved with unknown wave propagation coefficients at two locations, one solution for the volume above the stiffeners and the second solution for the volume below the stiffeners. The forces that the stiffeners exert on the solid body are derived using beam and bar equations of motion. Stress and continuity equations are then written at the boundaries and these include the stiffener forces acting on the solid. A two-dimensional orthognalization procedure is developed and this produces an infinite number of double indexed algebraic equations. These are all written together as a global system matrix. This matrix can be truncated and solved resulting in a solution to the wave propagation coefficients which allows the systems displacements to be determined. The model is verified by comparison to thin plate theory and finite element analysis. An example problem is formulated. Convergence of the series solution is discussed. The frequency limitations of the model are examined.
Axial strain insensitivity of weakly guiding optical fibers

A numerical model has been developed to calculate the modal phase shift of circular step index profile weakly guiding fibers under axial strain. Whenever an optical fiber is under stress, the optical path length, the index of refraction, and the propagation constants of each mode change. In consequence, the phase of each mode is also modified. A relationship for the modal phase shift is presented. This relation is applied to both single mode and two-mode fibers in order to determine the sensitivity characteristics of strained fibers. It was found that the phase shift is strongly dependent on the core refractive index, n(co). It was also found that it is possible to design fibers which are insensitive to axial strain. Practical applications of strain insensitive fibers are discussed.
Preparation of a [60]fullerene derivative containing a fused seven-membered ring

Abstract [60]Fullerene reacts with 1,8-bis(bromomethyl)naphthalene in the presence of KI/18-crown-6 to form a C 60 derivative with a seven-membered ring fused to a [6,6] junction.
Slender body theory and optimization procedures for transonic lifting wing bodies

Limit process asymptotic expansion has been applied to develop an unsteady equivalence rule for transonic speeds The rule characterizes the near field of the flow over a transonic body as harmonic in cross planes perpendicular to the freestream direction, and the far field as a pulsating nonlinear line source Derived ex pressions for the loading indicate a substantial simplification of the prediction problem for three dimensional transonic unsteady airfoils using the theory In another application of transonic slender body asymptotics, substantial reductions in wave drag have been demonstrated using a parametric inverse method The procedure leads to a nearly shockless equivalent body of revolution for a slender airplane using iteration concepts and elimination of jump discontinuities in the equivalent body surface pressure distributions Multiple constraints such as fixed volume and base area are satisfied in the method by correlation of the equivalent body geometry with features of the smoothed surface pressure distribution
Marinomycins A−D, Antitumor-Antibiotics of a New Structure Class from a Marine Actinomycete of the Recently Discovered Genus “Marinispora”

Four antitumor-antibiotics of a new structure class, the marinomycins A-D (1-4), were isolated from the saline culture of a new group of marine actinomycetes, for which we have proposed the name "Marinispora". The structures of the marinomycins, which are unusual macrodiolides composed of dimeric 2-hydroxy-6-alkenyl-benzoic acid lactones with conjugated tetraene-pentahydroxy polyketide chains, were assigned by combined spectral and chemical methods. In room light, marinomycin A slowly isomerizes to its geometrical isomers marinomycins B and C. Marinomycins A-D show significant antimicrobial activities against drug resistant bacterial pathogens and demonstrate impressive and selective cancer cell cytotoxicities against six of the eight melanoma cell lines in the National Cancer Institute's 60 cell line panel. The discovery of these new compounds from a new, chemically rich genus further documents that marine actinomycetes are a significant resource for drug discovery.
A Pseudospectral method for solution of the three-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations

Abstract A new Chebyshev pseudospectral technique (based on the projection method that was previously applied by the authors to the solution of two-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in primitive variables for nonperiodic boundary conditions) is extended to solve the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations. The crucial point of the method is the requirement that the continuity equation be satisfied everywhere in the domain, on the boundaries as well as in the interior. The key feature of the work presented in this paper is that the computer storage requirements of the full matrix inversion resulting from direct solution of the pressure Poisson equation in three dimensions is greatly reduced by considering an eigenfunction decomposition. The method was tested on a two-dimensional driven cavity flow and the results were compared with those of the most accurate finite-difference calculation. The three-dimensional driven cavity flow was then calculated at the same Reynolds numbers as the two-dimensional cases, i.e., Re = 100, 400, and 1000. In the calculated results, three-dimensional boundary effects were observed in all cases and became more apparent with increasing Reynolds number.
Weighted blowups and mirror symmetry for toric surfaces

Abstract This paper explores homological mirror symmetry for weighted blowups of toric varietes. It will be shown that both the A-model and B-model categories have natural semi-orthogonal decompositions. An explicit equivalence of the right orthogonal categories will be shown for the case of toric surfaces.
Volt-time characteristics of short air gaps under nonstandard lightning voltage waves

[6 SM 421-8 PWRD, T-PWRD January 1997]. The goal of the present study was to perform a series of statistically designed tests on several types of short air gaps under lightning voltages of nonstandard waveshapes. The objective was to compare the critical breakdown voltage levels, V50, and the volt-time characteristics of these short air gaps under lightning voltages of various waveshapes. The results of the critical breakdown voltages were presented previously. The results of the volt-time characteristics are presented in this paper.
Effects of fine porosity on the fatigue behavior of a powder metallurgy superalloy

Hot-isostatically-pressed powder-metallurgy Astroloy was obtained which contained 1.4 pct, fine porosity at the grain boundaries produced by argon entering the powder container during pressing. The pores averaged about 2μ,m diam and 20 μ m spacing. This material was tested at 650 °C in fatigue, creep-fatigue, tension, and stress-rupture and the results compared with previous data on sound Astroloy. The pores influenced fatigue crack initiation and produced a more intergranular mode of propagation. However, fatigue life was not drastically reduced. A large 25 μm pore in one specimen resulting from a hollow particle did reduce life by 60 pct, however. Fatigue behavior of the porous material showed typical correlation with tensile behavior. The plastic strain range-life relation was reduced proportionately with the reduction in tensile ductility, but the elastic strain range-life relation was little changed reflecting the small reduction in strength divided by modulus for the porous material.
Tunable Microwave Resonators Using Magnetostatic Wave in YIG Films

The purpose of this paper is to review the status of magnetostatic wave (MSW) resonators and to describe, in detail. the theory of operation of the recently developed straight-edge resonators. These resonators are based on magnetostatic waves propagating in high Q cavities fabricated in thin ferrimagnetic films. The resonance frequency of these resonators can be tuned via a bias magnetic field. The theory of propagation of magnetostatic wave devices in periodic arrays will be briefly described followed by a detailed overview of the different configurations for MSW resonators. Three distinct classes of resonators will be discussed 1) resonators based on array reflectors (deposited metals and etched grooves) will be described in detail; 2) guided-wave ring resonators will be discussed; and 3) the theory of operation and design criteria for the straight-edge resonators will be described. Each class will be evaluated, pointing out the advantages and drawbacks, and whenever applicable, the power handling properties and the phase noise performance will be given.
Using Accurate Arithmetics to Improve Numerical Reproducibility and Stability in Parallel Applications

Numerical reproducibility and stability of large scale scientific simulations, especially climate modeling, on distributed memory parallel computers are becoming critical issues. In particular, global summation of distributed arrays is most susceptible to rounding errors, and their propagation and accumulation cause uncertainty in final simulation results. We analyzed several accurate summation methods and found that two methods are particularly effective to improve (ensure) reproducibility and stability: Kahan's self-compensated summation and Bailey's double-double precision summation. We provide an MPI operator MPIlSUMDD to work with MPI collective operations to ensure a scalable implementation on large number of processors. The final methods are particularly simple to adopt in practical codes: not only global summations, but also vector-vector dot products and matrix-vector or matrix-matrix operations.
A unifying passivity framework for network flow control

Network flow control regulates the traffic between sources and links based on congestion, and plays a critical role in ensuring satisfactory performance. In recent studies, global stability has been shown for several flow control schemes. By using a passivity approach, this paper presents a unifying framework which encompasses these stability results as special cases. In addition, the new approach significantly expands the current classes of stable flow controllers by augmenting the source and link update laws with passive dynamic systems. This generality offers the possibility of optimizing the controllers, for example, to improve robustness in stability and performance with respect to time delays, unmodeled flows, and capacity variation.
Neutrino mixing in the seesaw model

In the seesaw model with hierarchical Dirac masses, the neutrino mixing angle exhibits the behavior of a narrow resonance. In general, the angle is strongly suppressed, but it can be maximal for special parameter values. We delineate the small regions in which this happens for the two-flavor problem. On the other hand, the physical neutrino masses are hierarchical, in general, except in a large part of the region in which the mixing angle is sizable, where they are nearly degenerate. Our general analysis is also applicable to the RGE of the neutrino mass matrix, where we find analytic solutions for the running of the physical parameters, in addition to a complex RGE invariant relating them. It is also shown that, if one mixing angle is small, the three-neutrino problem reduces to two two-flavor problems.
Far infrared spectroscopy of the Orion Nebula

A coarse resolution spectrum of the Orion Nebula between 65 and 125 microns is presented which closely fits the color dependence of a 75 K blackbody. A high resolution search for O III at 88.16 microns yields an upper limit below theoretical predictions. Observations were carried out in November, 1974, using the 31 cm gyrostabilized telescope mounted in the NASA Lear jet. The instrument employed was a fully liquid helium cooled grating spectrometer with a 3 mm entrance slit that gave a square beam on the sky, 5 arc minutes in diameter. The results are presented.