cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Amide and l-amino derivatives of F prostaglandins as prostaglandin antagonists

THE formation in tissues and organs of the different prostaglandins (PGs) is now known to be associated with various pathophysiological situations. There is an urgent need for specific PG antagonists to facilitate experimental differentiation and analysis of the roles of these endogenous PGs. Compounds which have been introduced as PG antagonists include 7-oxaprostaglandin analogues (for example, 7-oxa-13-prostynoic acid)1, dibenzoxazepine derivatives (SC-19220)2, and phos-phorylated polymers of phloretin (PPP)3. More recently, sodium-4-(1-oxo-2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-3-phenylpropyl)phenylbenzyl phos-phonate (N-0164)4 and 8-ethoxycarbonyl-10,ll-dihydro A prostaglandins5 have been studied. Unfortunately, although these compounds inhibit in vitro, their usefulness is limited in terms of potency, specificity and competitiveness, especially in the intact animal. We describe here a simple and novel approach to the design of PG antagonists which are active both in vitro and in vivo6.
Sequential discrimination and estimation procedures for rate modeling in heterogeneous catalysis

Abstract The sequential procedure for planning of experiments aiming at optimum discrimination between rival models, proposed by Box and collaborators, was applied to the isomerization of n - pentane data of Hosten and Froment. Subsequently the sequential design procedure for optimum parameter estimation introduced by Box and collaborators is illustrated. The paper also compares parameter estimates obtained by minimizing the residual sum of squares of space time and of conversion. The first method implies linear, the second non linear regression.
Disruption of iron homeostasis in the lungs of transplant patients

Background Oxidative stress has been proposed as a mechanism of injury underlying obliterative bronchiolitis. Catalytically reactive iron is a potential source of reactive oxygen species in transplanted tissue. Using samples acquired from surveillance bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), we tested the postulate that there is a disruption of iron equilibrium in transplanted lung, which can worsen with time. Methods A control group of 5 healthy, non-smoking volunteers underwent BAL. Five bilateral lung transplant patients underwent surveillance BAL with transbronchial lung biopsies. The BAL fluid concentrations of protein, albumin, total iron, lactoferrin, ferritin, transferrin receptor and total iron binding capacity were measured. Results The mean ages in the control and transplant groups were 25.0 ± 2.4 and 34.6 ± 5.0 years, respectively. Patients were transplanted for cystic fibrosis (n = 3), primary ciliary dyskinesia (n = 1) and bronchiolitis obliterans (n = 1). Surveillance bronchoscopies were performed at 100.6 ± 63.3, 175.0 ± 87.7 and 259.2 ± 82 days post-transplant. No significant differences were noted in BAL protein, albumin and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) levels between the 2 groups. The BAL iron, transferrin, transferrin receptor, lactoferrin and ferritin levels were significantly elevated in transplant patients relative to controls. With time after transplantation, there were increases in lavage iron, transferrin receptor, lactoferrin and ferritin concentrations. Conclusions Abnormally high levels of iron and its homeostatic proteins were found in the lung allografts, and levels appeared to increase with time. This supports a disruption in the normal homeostasis of this metal after transplantation and a potential role for a catalyzed oxidative stress in bronchiolitis obliterans. The use of iron-depleting therapy is a possible means for preventing injury in the lung allograft.
Macroscopic Mimics of Helminths in Stool Specimen Examination

Much has been written concerning diagnostic pitfalls in microscopic examination of stool for ova and parasites but very little pertaining to macroscopic mimics of parasites in stool samples. Though much more common in some locations than others, parasitic infections are found in nearly all populations; consequently, familiarity with the gross appearance of parasites and common distractors is important to ensure quality patient care. This review of the literature on macroscopic mimics, along with photographs of mimics and true parasites for comparison, will facilitate accurate and timely recognition of a parasitic mimic. In the current age of frequent and easy travel, both the likelihood and suspicion of patients contracting an “exotic” illness have increased, making a sound understanding of parasitology all the more important.
Collateral circulation in stenosis or occlusion of the renal artery

The abdominal angiograms of 381 patients were critically reexamined for the existence of collateral circulation in cases of renal artery stenosis or occlusion. Typical renal artery stenosis was found in 39 patients; among these, 17 had a collateral circulation, which was extrarenal in 15 and intrarenal in two. Collateral circulation involving the lumbar arteries was most common. In two patients a collateral circulation was established via the inferior mesenteric artery.
On the table look-up in discriminate analysis

The discriminate analysis problem is discussed briefly. An analytical formulation of the so-called Eppler (Table Look-up) algorithm is given along with a modification which equates the algorithm with the classical Bayes procedure. Simulation results comparing several discriminate analysis techniques are given.
Toward RealWelfare Reform: The Voices of Battered Women

Twenty-four battered women who were on welfare were interviewed in five focus groups in two states from 1996 to 1999. The women's revelations of their attempts to work, obstacles to employment, and treatment by the welfare system before and after Temporary Assistance to Needy Families was implemented suggest the need for both short-term and long-term changes in policies.
Congenital internal hydrocephalus in a quarter horse foal

Summary Since the normal absorption of CSF occurs in the cerebral veins and venous sinuses, any obstruction to the normal flow and absorption of CSF will result in accumulation of CSF central to the site of obstruction. Such accumulation within the cranium is defined as hydrocephalus. A foal was presented with an enlarged and an abnormally-shaped skull, but with normal behavior. The filly's condition deteriorated. Radiographs showed a domeshaped cranial vault with compression of the frontal sinus region. Massive hydrocephalus with little normal cerebral tissue left was diagnosed with ultrasound. Surgery was attempted to relieve the pressure. Eventually the foal was euthanized. Post-mortem confirmed the radiographic and ultrasound diagnosis. Since there was a lack of demonstrable obstruction, the authors suspected the foal had suffered from the Arnold-Chiari syndrome.
Modeled winter sea ice variability and the North Atlantic Oscillation: a multi-century perspective

The relationship between winter sea ice vari- ability and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is examined for the time period 1860-2300. This study uses model output to extend recently reported observational results to multi- century time scales. Nine ensemble members are used in two Global Climate Models with forcing evolving from pre- industrial conditions through the so-called A1B scenario in which carbon dioxide stabilizes at 720 ppm by 2100. Throughout, the NAO generates an east-west dipole pattern of sea ice concentration (SIC) anomalies with oppositely signed centers of action over the Labrador and Barents Seas. During the positive polarity of the NAO, SIC increases over the Labrador Sea due to wind-driven equatorward advection of ice, and SIC decreases over the Barents Sea due to wind- driven poleward transport of heat within the mixed layer of the ocean. Although this NAO-driven SIC variability pattern can always be detected, it accounts for a markedly varying fraction of the total sea ice variability depending on the strength of the forced sea ice extent trend. For the first half of the 20th century or 1990 control conditions, the NAO-driven SIC pattern accounts for almost a third of the total SIC var- iance. In the context of the long term winter sea ice retreat from 1860 to 2300, the NAO-driven SIC pattern is robustly observable, but accounts for only 2% of the total SIC vari- ance. The NAO-driven SIC dipole retreats poleward with the retreating marginal ice zone, and its Barents Sea center of action weakens. Results presented here underscore the idea that the NAO's influence on Arctic climate is robustly observable, but time dependent in its form and statistical importance.
An NMR spectroscopic study of azadirachtin and its trimethyl ether

Abstract The neem tree Azadirachta indica A. Juss and the related Chinaberry tree Melia azedarach L. are attracting considerable Interest, particularly because of their insect-repelling properties.1,2 The most potent constituent is azadirachtin, a limonoid 3 which exerts strong physiological4 and phagorepellent activities.5 Incorporating the earlier chemical and spectroscopic studies carried out by Morgan and coworkers 6 and applying the technique of continuous wave proton decoupling in partially relaxed Fourier transform 13C NMR, we proposed structure 1 for azadirachtin in 1975.7 Since evidence for this complex structure was not convincing, we have been using this molecule as a test sample for the application of modern NMR methods, however, without arriving at a conclusive structure.8 After proposals of revised structures by Kraus and coworkers. Ley and coworkers, and ourselves starting In mid-1985,9 its structure was finally established as 2 by Kraus, et al.10 and by Ley, et al.11 In the following we summarize the results of our NMR studies and some of the unique difficulties encountered during the investigation of this compound and its 7,11,20-trimethyl ether.
Electronic structure of hydrogenated amorphous silicon

The conventional view of the electronic structure of hydrogenated amorphous silicon is: (1) the material is characterized by a mobility gap of about 1.8 eV, with exponential band tails due to disorder and deep defect states arising from silicon dangling bonds (T 3 centers); (2) substitutional doping occurs because of the formation of charged-impurity/dangling-bond pairs, e.g. P 4 + - T 3 − , at the substrate temperature; (3) the effective correlation of the T 3 center is about 0.4 eV; (4) T 3 o centers are the predominant recombination center; (5) the three intrinsic ESR signals are due to electrons on T 3 o centers, electrons in the conduction band tail, and holes in the valence band tail. However, it can easily be shown that this model is in sharp disagreement with an array of basic experimental data. An alternative view is presented that is consistent with the current theoretical consideration as well as recent observations. It is shown how this view clears up some fundamental problems.
Efficient habitat protection with diverse landowners and fragmented landscapes

Abstract Much economic analysis has focused on the limitations of regulatory approaches in favor of market-based incentive policies to preserve habitat on private land. Incentive policies include landowner subsidies, tradable development rights, fee-simple (full interest) land purchases, and conservation easement (partial interest) purchases. This paper evaluates these proposals on economic efficiency and other criteria and argues that the literature usually overestimates the opportunity costs of preservation and fails to consider the importance of landowner mobility to economic efficiency. Two-step conservation easements are proposed as an effective alternative when there are many different landowner types, and it is important to protect certain unique properties or ensure large, contiguous reserves.
(Reactive) Templated Grain Growth of Textured Sodium Bismuth Titanate (Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3-BaTiO3) Ceramics—I Processing

Textured (Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3-BaTiO3 (5.5 mol% BaTiO3) ceramics with pc (where pc denotes the pseudocubic perovskite cell) orientation were fabricated by Templated Grain Growth (TGG) and Reactive Templated Grain Growth (RTGG) using anisotropically shaped template particles. In the case of TGG, molten salt synthesized SrTiO3 platelets were tape cast with a (Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3-5.5 mol%BaTiO3 powder and sintered at 1200°C for up to 12 h. In the RTGG approach, Bi4Ti3O12 (BiT) platelets were tape cast with a Na2CO3, Bi2O3, TiO2, and BaCO3 powder mixture and reactively sintered. The TGG approach using SrTiO3 templates resulted in >90% texture along [001] whereas the RTGG approach using BiT templates resulted in 80% texture. The grain orientation distribution along the textured direction, as measured by X-ray rocking curve, showed a full width at half maximum of ∼8° and a texture fraction of 80%.
Bulk-boundary correspondence in three-dimensional topological insulators

We discuss the relation between bulk topological invariants and the spectrum of surface states in three-dimensional noninteracting topological insulators. By studying particular models and considering general boundary conditions for the electron wave function on the crystal surface, we demonstrate that by use of experimental techniques that probe surface states, only strong topological and trivial insulating phases can be distinguished, the latter state being equivalent to a weak topological insulator. In a strong topological insulator, only the parity of the number of surface states, but not the number itself, is robust against time-reversal-invariant boundary perturbations. Our results suggest a ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ definition of the bulk-boundary correspondence, compatible with the ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ classification of topological insulators.
Association of 8p23 deletions with poor survival in head and neck cancer

OBJECTIVE: Allelic loss at 8p23 occurs frequently in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The objective of this study was to determine the prognostic importance of 8p23 loss.STUDY DESIGN AND SETT...
Characterization of a highly conserved human homolog to the chicken neural cell surface protein Bravo/Nr-CAM that maps to chromosome band 7q31

The neuronal cell adhesion molecule Bravo/Nr-CAM is a cell surface protein of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily and is closely related to the L1/NgCAM and neurofascin molecules, all of which contain six immunoglobulin domains, five fibronectin repeats, a transmembrane region, and an intracellular domain. Chicken Bravo/Nr-CAM has been shown to interact with other cell surface molecules of the Ig superfamily and has been implicated in specific pathfinding roles of axonal growth cones in the developing nervous system. We now report the characterization of cDNA clones encoding the human Bravo/Nr-CAM protein, which, like its chicken homolog, is composed of six V-like Ig domains and five fibronectin type III repeats. The human Bravo/Nr-CAM homolog also contains a transmembrane and intracellular domain, both of which are 100% conserved at the amino acid level compared to its chicken homolog. Overall, the human Bravo/Nr-CAM homolog is 82% identical to the chicken Bravo/Nr-CAM amino acid sequence. Independent cDNAs encoding four different isoforms were also identified, all of which contain alternatively spliced variants around the fifth fibronectin type III repeat, including one isoform that had been previously identified for chicken Bravo/Nr-CAM. Northern blot analysis reveals one mRNA species of approximately 7.0 kb in adult human brain tissue. Fluorescence in situ hybridization maps the gene for human Bravo/Nr-CAM to human chromosome 7q31.1-q31.2. This chromosomal locus has been previously identified as containing a tumor suppressor candidate gene commonly deleted in certain human cancer tissues.
Diagnosis and management of congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is the name applied to a class of autosomal recessive disorders resulting from deficiency of one of five enzymes necessary for cortisol synthesis by the adrenal cortex. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is most often attributable to steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency, accounting for more than 90% of cases. This discussion will be limited to the most common form of the disease, highlighting methods of diagnostic screening and challenges in disease management.
Indications for Soil Carbon Saturation in a Temperate Agroecosystem

The soil C saturation concept postulates that there is an upper limit to the equilibrium soil C level of mineral soils even when soil C input is increased. To test this concept, we analyzed the relationship between steady-state soil C input and soil organic C (SOC) concentration in a temperate corn (Zea mays L.) agroecosystem experiment located in Lexington, KY. In this experiment, a gradient in plant productivity and consequent C input to the soil was produced with four N application rates (0, 84, 168, and 336 kg N ha −1 yr −1 ) under two disturbance regimes, no-till (NT) and moldboard plowing (MP). We examined whether physical protection of organic matter by soil aggregation and chemical protection by association with silt and clay particles led to SOC saturation. We used wet sieving to physically separate SOC pools that differ in C stabilization potential, and determined the C sequestration in each fraction. Total SOC was positively related to C input, and this was primarily due to C stabilization in small macroaggregates. In both tillage systems, however, microaggregate C and silt-plus-clay C did not increase with greater C input. Within the small macroaggregates, coarse particulate organic matter C and microaggregate C increased with C input, but there was no increase in silt-plus-clay C. Our results indicate that soil fractions with low C stabilization potential exhibit C saturation behavior. Apparent C saturation of some of the fractions indicates that SOC pools have a limited capacity to stabilize added C and that such a limit to C stabilization will constrain the ecosystem services provided by these SOC pools. Abbreviations: MP, moldboard plowing; MWD, mean weight diameter; NT, no-till; POM, particulate organic matter; SOC, soil organic carbon; SOM, soil organic matter.
On epics and dominions of bands

If AFB is an extension of semigroups, then the dominion of A in B, Dom(A,B), is the set of all beB such that for each semigroup C and for each pair of homomorphisms f,g: B → C with f|A = g|A, then f(b) = g(b). It will be shown that epimorphisms are onto homomorphisms in the category of all bands with maximum conditions onD-classes. This contradicts an earlier report of a finite band B with a proper subband A such that Dom(A,B) = B. An example will be presented of a finite band B and a subband A such that Ac+Dom(A, B).
Double Chooz: Optimizing CHOOZ for a possible θ13 measurement

The proposed Double Chooz θ 13 experiment is described. Double Chooz will be an optimized reactor disappearance experiment similar to the original CHOOZ. The optimization includes an increase in the signal to noise by increasing the target volume to twice the original CHOOZ, reducing singles background with a non-scintillating oil buffer region around the target and carefully controlling systematic uncertainties by measuring the ν ¯ e flux of the source with a near detector. The Double Chooz far detector will be situated in the same cavern as CHOOZ but will detect ∼ 50000 ν ¯ e s in three years of operation. We estimate a systematic uncertainty of 0.6%, and a sin 2 ( 2 θ 13 ) to 0.03.
Mapping the unique activation function 3 in the progesterone B-receptor upstream segment. Two LXXLL motifs and a tryptophan residue are required for activity.

Abstract Progesterone receptors (PR) contain three activation functions (AFs) that together define the extent to which they regulate transcription. AF1 and AF2 are common to the two isoforms of PR, PR-A and PR-B, whereas AF3 lies within the N-terminal 164 amino acids unique to PR-B, termed the “B-upstream segment” (BUS). To define the BUS regions that contribute to AF3 function, we generated a series of deletion and amino acid substitution mutants and tested them in three backgrounds as follows: BUS alone fused to the PR DNA binding domain (BUS-DBD), the entire PR-B N terminus linked to its DBD (NT-B), and full-length PR-B. Analyses of these mutants identified two regions in BUS whose loss reduces AF3 activity by more than 90%. These are associated with amino acids 54–90 (R1) and 120–154 (R2). R1 contains a consensus 55LXXLL59 motif (L1) identical to ones found in nuclear receptor co-activators. R2 is adjacent to a second nuclear receptor box (L2) at115LXXLL119 and contains a conserved tryptophan (Trp-140). Their mutation completely disrupts AF3 activity in a promoter and cell type-independent manner. Critical mutations elicited similar effects on all three B-receptor backgrounds. This underscores the probability that these mutations alter a process linking BUS structure to the function of full-length PR-B in a fundamental way.
The Effect of Husband's Unemployment on Marital and Family Relations in Blue-Collar Families.

Previous studies of the effect of unemployment on blue-collar male workers and their families have shown a deterioration of worker self-esteem, marital adjustment, and family satisfaction. The majority of these studies were conducted during or shortly after the Great Depression and are limited in their methodological sophistication. This study provides a contemporary look at the effect of unemployment on husband and wife self-esteem, marital adjustment and communication, and satisfaction and harmony in family relations. In addition, the influence of traditional versus equalitarian marital role expectations was examined. Data collected from 41 unemployed couples and 40 employed couples showed that the unemployed did not have significantly lower feelings of self-esteem, but did report significantly lower marital adjustment, poorer marital communication, and lower satisfaction and harmony in family relations. Traditional marital role expectations had a negative effect on these marital and family life varibles. Changes in spreading patterns among the unemployed are discussed and the implications of the findings are explored.
Elastic Potential Synthesis-A Generalized Procedure for Dynamic Synthesis of Machine and Mechanism Systems.

By synthesizing a mechanism to govern the deflection of a linear spring, this paper presents a method to generate a specified elastic potential energy function. This synthesis approach, termed Elastic Potential Synthesis, can be employed to modify machine dynamics and therefore reduce actuator force/torque requirements. The design method presented is based on a system energy model. The maximum number of synthesis precision points are identified for both tension/compression and torsional springs. Examples are presented which demonstrate the power of this methodology.
Accumulation of Topical Naproxen by Cultured Oral Epithelium

Topically administered non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit periodontal bone loss, but little is known about the mechanism by which they penetrate oral epithelium. Active transporters could potentially play a role in this process. In this study, we used a cell line derived from oral epithelium to investigate a role for transporters and to characterize conditions that enhance epithelial penetration. Using fluorescence to monitor uptake, we demonstrated that SCC-25 cell monolayers transport naproxen with a Michaelis constant (K(m)) and maximum velocity (V(max)) of 164 microg/mL and 0.94 ng/min/microg protein, respectively. At steady state, the intra-cellular/extracellular concentration ratio was 3.4. Naproxen accumulation was more efficient at acidic pH than under neutral or alkaline conditions. Small proportions of glycerol, Pluronic F-127, and glucosylceramide enhanced naproxen entry. The individual and combined effects of glycerol and Pluronic F-127 were of lesser magnitude than those obtained with glucosylceramide or at pH 6.3. Thus, SCC-25 cells possess transporters for naproxen.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF DIVERSE BINARY HIGH-TEMPERATURE INTERMETALLIC COMPOUNDS

A suite of 29 binary, single-phase alloys that includes 18 different ordered intermetallic crystal structures has been tested. Microhardness and tendency toward formation of cracks are reported as a function of temperature; room-temperature Young’s moduli are quoted; and results of simple room-temperature toughness tests are given. Using toughness, low specific gravity, and hardness at 1000 °C as figures of merit, several alloy systems are recognized as deserving of more concentrated study.
SU-E-T-46: Optimization of Activator Concentration in KCl:Eu2+ Storage Phosphors for Megavoltage Dosimetry

Purpose: Recent work has shown that the storage phosphor, KCl:Eu2+, has great potential to become the physical foundation of a reusable, highresolution planar dosimeter. The activator ion (Eu2+) plays an important role in storage phosphor performance. The effects of activator concentration on dosimetric properties must be understood to design a robust dosimeter with a linear dose response, high sensitivity, and is easily integrated into clinical application. In this work, we investigate the effects of adjusting the activator concentration in KCl:Eu2+ on dose response, sensitivity, and temporal stability. Methods: Six mm diameter, 1mm thick KCl:Eu2+ pellets were fabricated using a hydraulic press. Europium concentration was varied between 0.01–5.0 mole percent. Pellets were irradiated with a 6MV photon beam. Signal stability and dose response linearity were studied using a laboratory photostimulated luminescence (PSL) readout system. PSL emission and stimulation measurements were obtained at room temperature to determine if concentration‐induced effects occurred in the electronic structure. Results: The highest PSL intensity was achieved for samples with approximately 1 mole % europium. Significant degradation of PSL intensity was observed for samples with europium concentration greater than 1 mole %. PSL stimulation data showed that no additional storage centers were created with increased europium concentrations. Fading curve measurements showed a thermal treatment at 70 °C for 15 minutes was able to eliminate the fast fading component, regardless of concentration. Conclusions: Concentration quenching of CsBr:Eu2+ (commercially available computed radiography storage phosphor panel) occurs at much lower activator concentrations (∼0.05 mole % Eu2+), compared to KCl:Eu2+. The higher quenching concentration of KCl:Eu2+ may indicate that precipitate formation has an insignificant effect on PSL properties. Further, KCl:Eu2+ dosimeters can be manufactured with an activator concentration as low as 0.01 mole percent while maintaining a linear dose response and reasonable PSL sensitivity. This work was supported in part by NIH Grant No. R01CA148853.
Steroid regulation of brain aromatase expression in glia: Female preoptic and vocal motor nuclei

Expression of the enzyme aromatase, which converts androgens to estrogens, is known to be regulated by gonadal steroids in brain areas linked to reproduction and related behaviors in several groups of vertebrates. Previously, we demonstrated in a vocal fish, the plainfin midshipman, that both males and females undergo seasonal changes in brain aromatase mRNA expression in the preoptic area (POA) and the dimorphic sonic/vocal motor nucleus (SMN) that parallel seasonal variation in circulating steroid levels and reproductive behavior. We tested the hypothesis that steroids are directly responsible for seasonal modulation of aromatase in females because they show the most dramatic fluctuations of testosterone (T) and 17beta-estradiol (E2) throughout the year. Adult female midshipmen were ovariectomized and administered T, E2, or blank (control) implants. We then quantified aromatase mRNA expression within the POA and SMN by in situ hybridization. Both T- and E2-treated females had elevated mRNA expression levels in both brain areas compared to controls. T affected aromatase expression in a level-dependent manner, whereas E2 showed a decreased effect at higher circulating levels. This study demonstrates that seasonal differences in brain aromatase expression in female midshipman fish may be explained, in part, by changes in levels of circulating steroids.
A ghost fluid method for compressible reacting flows with phase change

A modified interfacial Riemann problem accounting for phase change and surface tension was developed to couple a reacting gas to a vaporizing compressible liquid. Results from the proposed numerical method compare well with empirically measured separation locations over spheres, established heat-transfer correlations, and droplet deformation criterion. The numerical algorithms developed in this work are robust and applicable to a wide variety of highly transient compressible chemically reacting flows involving phase change. Computed example problems of shock wave and droplet interactions compare well with empirical measurements and show counterintuitive vaporization trends that are explainable from basic physical arguments. To the authors' knowledge, this paper represents the first time in the open literature that a compressible reacting gas-dynamic flow has been directly coupled to a compressible cavitating liquid with vaporization using multi-fluid modeling techniques.
Ultra-sensitive bolometers for atomic hydrogen detection

Two different types of bolometers have been developed to be used for spin-polarized atomic hydrogen detection. One of them uses a thin Cu shell as the absorber and a doped Ge chip as the thermometer element. The other uses a silver film as the absorber and a superconductor-insulator-normal metal junction to measure the temperature rise of the electrons in the absorber. These bolometers have a calculated noise equivalent power of ∼ 10−15 WHz−1/2 and ∼ 10−17 WHz−1/2, respectively, and can detect down to ∼ 6 × 103and 800 particles, respectively, at an operating temperature of 100 mK. If these detectors perform as predicted, the minimum number of detectable hydrogen atoms will be improved by several orders of magnitude.
Preservation of early and Middle Cambrian soft-bodied arthropods from the Pioche Shale, Nevada, USA

Abstract The Early–Middle Cambrian Pioche Shale of Lincoln County, Nevada preserves a diverse array of soft-bodied ecdysozoans that are well-known from the Burgess Shale soft-bodied fauna of British Columbia, Canada. At Pioche certain genera occur both above and below the Middle Cambrian boundary, allowing a comparison of the nature of their preservation across this interval. In order to investigate the mineralization of this fauna, SEM analysis of mineral textures and element mapping of Anomalocaris , Tuzoia and Canadaspis specimens using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was undertaken. Results of these analyses show that Early Cambrian specimens are generally preserved in botryoidal hematite which is dark red in hand specimen while specimens from the Middle Cambrian are preserved as kerogenized carbon films with associated oxidized pyrite crystals and framboids. Comparison with other Cambrian soft-bodied biotas reveals that the nature of preservation of the Middle Cambrian biota at Pioche is remarkably similar to that described for the Chengjiang soft-bodied fauna, China. There does not seem to be an adequate analogue for the Early Cambrian preservation of soft-bodied organisms at Pioche. The preservation of the fauna is discussed in relation to changing environmental conditions at the Early–Middle Cambrian boundary.
Thylakoid membrane protein phosphorylation leads to a decrease in connectivity between Photosystem II reaction centers

Abstract The room-temperature fluorescence induction transients from stroma-free chloroplast membranes (in the presence of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) have been analyzed to determine the effects of membrane protein phosphorylation on the connectivity between Photosystem (PS) II centers. Chloroplast membranes which have been incubated in the light with ATP exhibit: (1) a decrease in the variable fluorescence as a function of the initial fluorescence, (2) a shift from a sigmoidal to an exponential fluorescence induction curve, and (3) a reduced amount of the fast (α) component of the induction transient. These phenomenona are completely reversible by dark incubation of the samples (leading to protein dephosphorylation). We conclude that connectivity between PS II centers is reduced as a function of thylakoid membrane protein phosphorylation. This may in turn be the mechanism which increases the amount of absorbed excitation energy available to PS I.
The expansion of health houses and fertility outcomes in rural Iran.

Iran experienced a dramatic decline in fertility from 1984 to 2001 which was most rapid in rural areas. Although many attribute the decline to the governments active participation in providing family planning services most services were provided after the initial fertility decline that took place after 1984. We assess the extent to which timing of exposure to basic healthcare is related to fertility outcomes. We estimate the association between a womans age of exposure to a health house (clinic) and number of children using the 2001 Iranian Household Expenditure and Income Survey and the 2006 Iranian Census and the location and dates of operation for each rural health house. We also look at the probability of a womans giving birth one year after a clinic opened in her village. We use Poisson and logistic multivariate regressions and we control for individual household and village characteristics. Exposure to a health house in a womans most fertile years (20-34) is associated with an 18 percent decrease in number of children ever born relative to those exposed after age 40. This negative association gets progressively stronger as length of exposure increases. Our findings suggest that early exposure to health services in rural areas contributed to Irans fertility decline.
Preaching the Restored Gospel: John Nicholson's Homiletic Theories for Young Mormons

John Nicholson's The Preceptor is the first book dedicated to an explicitly Mormon rhetorical theory, which he attempts to employ in the troubled landscape of LDS missionary training. This essay examines Nicholson's advice to missionaries, and argues that The Preceptor links logos and the Holy Spirit together in homiletic division of labor, connecting traditional Christian preaching with indigenous Mormon style and theology. By studying The Preceptor we can gain an appreciation for how rhetorical theories develop specific features that reflect a particular culture's location in history and society, and examine a rhetoric that served as an alternative to mainstream American religious and secular rhetorical development.
Affective Divergence : Automatic Responses to Others' Emotions Depend on Group Membership

Extant research suggests that targets' emotion expressions automatically evoke similar affect in perceivers. The authors hypothesized that the automatic impact of emotion expressions depends on group membership. In Experiments 1 and 2, an affective priming paradigm was used to measure immediate and preconscious affective responses to same-race or other-race emotion expressions. In Experiment 3, spontaneous vocal affect was measured as participants described the emotions of an ingroup or outgroup sports team fan. In these experiments, immediate and spontaneous affective responses depended on whether the emotional target was ingroup or outgroup. Positive responses to fear expressions and negative responses to joy expressions were observed in outgroup perceivers, relative to ingroup perceivers. In Experiments 4 and 5, discrete emotional responses were examined. In a lexical decision task (Experiment 4), facial expressions of joy elicited fear in outgroup perceivers, relative to ingroup perceivers. In contrast, facial expressions of fear elicited less fear in outgroup than in ingroup perceivers. In Experiment 5, felt dominance mediated emotional responses to ingroup and outgroup vocal emotion. These data support a signal-value model in which emotion expressions signal environmental conditions.
Performance evaluation of spatio-temporal selectivity estimation techniques

Many novel spatio-temporal applications deal with moving objects. In such environments, a database typically maintains the initial position and the moving function for each object. Instead of updating the database whenever an object position changes (which is not manageable), updates are issued whenever the moving function deviates beyond a given threshold. For simplicity, we assume that objects move with linear trajectories. Maintaining the moving functions in a database introduces novel problems. For example, the database can answer queries about object positions in the future: "find all objects that will be in area A, 10 minutes from now". In this paper we present a thorough performance evaluation of techniques for estimating the selectivity of such queries. We consider various existing estimators that can be stored in main memory and are updated dynamically. Furthermore, we propose two new approaches, a technique that uses histograms and a secondary index based estimator. We run a diverse set of experiments to identify the strengths and weaknesses of every approach, using a wide variety of datasets.
Inhibition of in Vitro Bone Resorption by a Parathyroid Hormone Receptor Antagonist in the Canine Adenocarcinoma Model of Humoral Hypercalcemia of Malignancy

In vitro bone resorption induced by tumor extract derived from a hypercalcemic canine adenocarcinoma was significantly inhibited by the PTH receptor antagonist, [Nle8,18,Tyr34]bovine (b) PTH-(3–34) amide. Dose-response curves were prepared for in vitro bone resorption induced in neonatal mouse calvaria by tumor extract, bPTH-(l–34), and prostaglandin E2. A l:2000-fold ratio of bPTH-(l–34) to [Nle8,18,Tyr34]bPTH-(3–34) amide significantly inhibited bone resorption induced by bPTH-(l–34); however, a 1:10,000 ratio completely antagonized bone resorption. At equivalent potency (1.80-fold stimulation of in vitro bone resorption) of tumor extract compared to bPTH-(l–34), [Nle8,18,Tyr34]bPTH-(3–34) amide (5.0 μA) was capable of significantly reducing in vitro bone resorption. Bone resorption induced by tumor extract (1.35- fold stimulation) was inhibited by [Nle8,18,Tyr34]bPTH-(3–34) amide at concentrations of 5.0 and 1.0 pM. Bone resorption induced by prostaglandin E2 (300 nM) was not inhibited by [Nle8,18,Tyr3...
Alternatively Activated Macrophages and Airway Disease

Macrophages are the most abundant immune cell population in normal lung tissue and serve critical roles in innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the development of inflammatory airway disease. Studies in a mouse model of chronic obstructive lung disease and translational studies of humans with asthma and COPD have shown that a special subset of macrophages is required for disease progression. This subset is activated by an alternative pathway that depends on production of IL-4 and IL-13, in contrast to the classic pathway driven by interferon-γ. Recent and unexpected results indicate that alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs) can also become a major source of IL-13 production and, thereby, drive the increased mucus production and airway hyperreactivity that is characteristic of airway disease. Although the normal and abnormal functions of AAMs are still being defined, it is already apparent that markers of this immune cell subset can be useful to guide stratification and treatment of patients with chronic airway diseases. Here, we review basic and clinical research studies that highlight the importance of AAMs in the pathogenesis of asthma, COPD, and other chronic airway diseases.
Some common parasites of small laboratory animals.

Some of the more common ectoparasites and endoparasites of small laboratory animals (mouse, rat, guinea-pig, rabbit, hamster, chinchilla and opossum) are reviewed. Guidance is given on identification and control.
Oriented Lamellar Structure and Pore Formation Mechanism in CSX-Processed Porous High-Density Polyethylene

Characterization of pore structure and pore wall crystal structure was performed on porous high-density polyethylene (HDPE) material using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electron diffraction (ED). The porous HDPE material was obtained through crystallization from swollen cross-linked polyethylene gels (CSX process1) in supercritical propane. SEM showed an open-pore structure of micron-sized pores, large void fraction, and surface area as well as thin yet rigid pore walls, making this material a good candidate for a variety of applications. TEM revealed oriented lamellar structure in the pore walls which was much different from structures found in typical bulk HDPE as well as that of the cross-linked HDPE before CSX processing. Electron diffraction results confirmed the presence of oriented lamellar stacking. On the basis of this oriented lamellar structure, possible mechanisms for crystallization and pore formation are suggested.
Submerged gas-circulator motors for advanced gas-cooled reactors

The paper, describes the historical background, development, design, execution and works' full-power full-pressure tests of submerged gas-circulator equipment rated 5 MW at 3000 rev/min for 11 kV, 50 Hz, 3-phase supply. The environmental requirements, due to the nuclear reactor, of 40 atm of CO2 with operation down to 1 atm of air, need careful consideration from various motor-design aspects: aerodynamic, thermodynamic, lubrication, dielectric etc. The complex equipment requires the closest integration of design between the `mechanical' and `electrical' constructor as well as the reactor constructor, and illustrates several interesting and/or novel features. Brief mention is made of the impact of changing the environment to helium.
Multi-frequency estimates of fish abundance: constraints of rather high frequencies

Traditional scientific echosounders operate at discrete frequencies ranging from 38 to 420 kHz. We investigated the applicability and accuracy of length-based population estimates using commercially available acoustic frequencies and the inverse approach under ideal conditions. The inverse approach combines modelled and measured backscatter values to estimate the abundance of organisms in specified length classes. Reference backscatter values of individual fish were calculated using a KirchhoV-ray mode backscatter model. Single and multi-cohort fish populations were simulated based on length-frequency samples from purse seine catches of threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense) and used to calculate the total frequency-dependent volume backscatter of each population. A non-negative least squares (NNLS) algorithm was used to estimate total abundance and numbers of fish in each length class. Total abundance estimates were within <1‐38% of population numbers. Within length-class estimates were inconsistent among frequency combinations and across length-class criteria. Increasing the number of frequencies does not guarantee improved accuracy of within length-class abundance estimates. Predictability of inverse simulations is non-linear when rather high frequencies are combined with non-monotonic scattering models. Accuracy of length-based abundance estimates is optimized by maximizing the amplitude range of reference backscatter measures and the number of features identified by reference scattering points. ? 1999 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW & CASE STUDIES: “We Don't Need to Sell Our Souls”: Scale Focusing and the Politics of the Local in Environmental Justice Activism

This article analyzes how Stop the Power (STP), an environmental justice social movement organization based in Brockton, Massachusetts, has confronted a well-resourced corporate opponent and a challenging state regulatory process. Drawing on semistructured interviews with key activists, organization-generated documents such as flyers, petitions, videos, and webpages, and articles from local newspapers, we argue that, rather than jump scale, STP has instead engaged in scale focusing. Scale focusing is conceptualized as the process of a movement organization intentionally localizing and particularizing its strategies. STP does scale focusing in three ways: critiquing the local built environment, articulating a geographically bounded collective identity, and deploying community-based strategies such as information dissemination and participating in local electoral politics. Since scale focusing represents a generative contribution to the social movements literature, we conclude by considering the broader imp...
Philosophy of Education and Other Educational Sciences.

This article largely agrees with John White’s characterizations of the relationships among philosophy of education, philosophy more generally, and the conventional world. It then extends what White identifies as the fundamental problem that should now be occupying philosophy of education – the irreconcilable opposition between education for Smithian efficiency and education for Deweyian democracy – to an analysis of the relationship between philosophy of education and education policy and research. It concludes that philosophers of education committed to realizing a Deweyian form of democratic education will most likely be stymied.
QoS-based resource discovery in intermittently available environments

In this paper, we address the problem of resource discovery in a grid based multimedia environment, where the resources providers, i.e. servers, are intermittently available. Given a graph theoretic approach, we define and formulate various policies for QoS-based resource discovery with intermittently available servers that can meet a variety of user needs. We evaluate the performance of these policies under various time-map scenarios and placement strategies. Our performance results illustrate the added benefits obtained by adding flexibility to the scheduling process.
ANTERIOR LENS CAPSULE MANAGEMENT IN PEDIATRIC CATARACT SURGERY

Purpose: To describe and analyze pediatric anterior capsulotomy techniques and make recommendations. Methods: Five anterior capsulotomy techniques were compared using a porcine model. Extensibility was measured by calculating the mean stretch-to-rupture circumference of each capsulotomy (20 eyes per technique) as a percentage of its circumference at rest. Edge characteristics were reviewed using scanning electron microscopy. A 10-year review of consecutive pediatric cataract surgeries performed by the author focused on the anterior capsulotomy results. A worldwide survey was used to determine current practice patterns. Results: Manual continuous curvilinear capsulorrhexis (CCC) produced the most extensible porcine capsulotomy (185%) with the most regular edge and is preferred by surgeons for patients aged 2 years and older. In the pseudophakic clinical cases reviewed, a radial tear developed in 3 (6.5%) of 46 manual CCC cases. Vitrectorhexis (porcine extensibility, 161%) is preferred by surgeons during the first 2 years of life. A radial tear developed in 16 (7.7%) of 208 vitrectorhexis pseudophakic eyes (29 tears in 284 pseudophakic eyes [10.2%] overall). The Kloti diathermy unit, Fugo plasma blade, and “can-opener” technique produced porcine capsulotomies of 145%, 170%, and 149% extensibility, respectively, and radial tears numbering 4 (21%) of 19, 5 of 8, and 1 of 2, respectively, in the clinical series. Conclusions: All five capsulotomy techniques are recommendable for children. Only the vitrectorhexis and manual CCC are commonly used today. Vitrectorhexis is well suited for use in infants and young children; manual CCC is best used beyond infancy, and it produces the most stable edge.