cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Weekend woodsmen: Overview and comparison of injury patterns associated with power saw and axe utilization in the United States.

Abstract Introduction Power saw and axe injuries are associated with significant morbidity and are increasingly managed in the emergency department (ED). However, these injuries have not been summarily reported in the literature. We aim to evaluate and compare the common injury patterns seen with use of power saws and axes. Materials and methods Data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System- All Injury Program (NEISS-AIP) database was analyzed during 2006 to 2016. All patients with nonfatal injuries relating to the use of power saws or axes were included. Baseline demographics type and location of injuries were collected. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed using Chi Square or Fisher's exact test. Results Information on (n = 18,250) patients was retrieved from the NEISS-AIP database. Injuries were caused by power saw n = 16,384 (89%) and axe n = 1866 (11%) use, and mostly involved males (95%). The most frequently encountered injury was laceration axe n = 1166 (62.5%); power saw n = 11,298 (68.9%). Approximately half of all injuries in both groups involved the fingers and hand. Most injuries occurred at home (65%) and were attributed to power saw use (89%). Conclusions Power saws and axes can cause significant injuries, the majority of which occurred at home and were primarily associated with power saw use. Lacerations and injuries to the finger and hand were prevalent in both study groups. Further research into power saw and axe injuries should place emphasis on preventative measures and personal protective equipment (PPE). Level of evidence: IV Study type: Retrospective review
Environmental Epigenomics and Its Applications in Marine Organisms

Although epigenetics is still a relatively new discipline, its development during the last 10 years has revolutionized the current understanding of genome structure and function. The present chapter provides an insight on the exciting field of environmental epigenetics (i.e., the cause-effect relationships between environmental signals and epigenetic modifications altering phenotypes) and its potential applications for different types of studies in the marine environment. In the first part of this chapter, this work focuses on defining epigenetics, the different mechanisms involved in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression, as well as their potential role during the evolution of life on Earth. In the second part, this chapter moves into the potential applications of epigenetics in marine organisms, using current research projects on model species ranging from marine invertebrates to large marine megafauna as references. Overall, the present contribution underscores the importance of environmental epigenetic studies in marine organisms to better understand how organisms respond to their surrounding environment, fostering the development of a new generation of biomarkers enhancing restoration, conservation, and management efforts.
Asking what do residents value most: a recent overview of internal medicine residents' learning preferences.

Background Little is known about the preferred learning experiences of today's internal medicine residents. We conducted a survey of the educational experiences in an internal medicine residency to determine the learning opportunities internal medicine residents value most and why. Methods An online, anonymous survey of 182 internal medicine residents was performed, with each resident receiving a survey each day over nine days. Participants were asked to state their most valuable learning experience over the past day, describe why it was valuable, and rank it on a 5-point Likert-type scale. Resident free-text responses were coded and grouped into themes. The location of and participants in the experience were also examined. Results The 182 residents completed a total of 303 surveys. Of the 303 surveys, 92% (N=277) of the responses noted their chosen learning experience was useful. An attending was involved in 50% (N=152) of experiences; the patient was noted as a participant in 8% (N=25) of experiences. Free-text responses were coded into five thematic groups descriptive of why residents found their learning experiences to be valuable: Repetition in Learning, Effective Pedagogy, Clinical Problem Solving as an Individual or Collaboratively, Opportunity for Active Engagement, and Bedside Learning. Conclusion Our data provide a broader framework for designing and implementing future faculty development and resident curricula that emphasize interprofessional education and the patient as a key educational figure.
The Hierarchical Organization of Language in Mīmāmsā Interpretive Theory

L'A. s'interesse au systeme d'interpretation du langage le plus complexe et sophistique de l'Asie du Sud pre-moderne, celui elabore par le Mīmāmsakas qui s'appuie sur une analyse des textes vediques. Selon l'A., une des contributions les plus remarquables du Mīmāmsakas a la linguistique du sanskrit est le systeme de l'interpretation textuelle, pourtant neglige par les scientifiques contemporains. L'A. examine ici les problemes interpretatifs principaux poses par le Mīmāmsakas ainsi que les techniques et concepts clefs introduits. Il s'arrete surtout sur un principe fondamental de cette theorie interpretative selon lequel tous les composants d'un texte doivent etre percus comme hierarchiquement ordonnes et diriges vers un seul et fondamental objectif
THE ROLE OF CERULOPLASMIN IN COLITIS

Ceruloplasmin (Cp) is an acute phase, plasma protein with multiple enzymatic activities consistent with both proand anti-inflammatory functions. Our laboratory has recently reported the presence of Cp in intestinal epithelial cells. To determine the potential role of Cp in intestinal inflammation, we induced colitis in Cp-deficient mice by continuous administration of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) ad libitum in the drinking water. The Cpnull mice rapidly lost weight and all were moribund by day 14, while about 90% of the wild-type (WT) mice survived at least 20 days. Higher amounts of TNF-, and neutrophil (KC) and macrophage (MCP-1) chemokines, were detected in colon culture supernatants in Cp-null mice compared to WT controls. Cp-null mice also exhibited excessive colonic bleeding after 5 days, which correlated with elevated white blood cells, neutrophils, and lymphocytes in the blood, and higher histopathology. Depletion of commensal microflora by antibiotic treatment demonstrated that excessive inflammation in Cp-null animals is microbiota-independent. Interestingly, microbiota-depleted Cp-null animals appear to have higher epithelial damage caused by DSS since they become moribund about 10 days earlier than WT controls. We have investigated the protective mechanism of Cp by injection of Cp into knockout mice. Unexpectedly, mimicking Cp secretion by liver and restoring blood Cp did not lessen the severity of inflammation. This finding was supported by the transplantation of Cp-null bone marrow (BM) into WT controls and vice versa; 90% of WT animals with Cp-null BM became moribund by day 14, whereas most of the KO mice with WT BM survived until day 20 of DSS administration. Since macrophages are the only source known to express Cp, we transferred WT macrophages to Cp-null animals all of which survived continuous DSS challenge. Our results demonstrate that Cp derived from macrophages contributes to the protection against DSS-induced damage and colonic inflammation.
Negative-parity bands in the 88-neutron nuclei153Tb and155Ho

Bands of negative-parity levels have been observed in in-beam studies of153Tb and155Ho. The data are qualitatively accounted for in the rotation-alignment model as decoupled bands based on the h11/2 proton orbital.
Microorganisms and the Biological Cycling of Selenium

Most studies on the microbial transformations of elements have emphasized nutrient cycling within the biosphere or the economics of agricultural or industrial processes. Cyclic transformations within the biosphere between soluble, insoluble, and gaseous forms of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur are well known. Recently, attention has been focused on the role of microorganisms in the production and degradation of chemicals containing toxic elements (Alexander, 1973; Wood, 1974). Measures to increase animal and food crop production or disposal of waste materials can result in the introduction of elements in amounts harmful to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Many elements and their compounds vary widely in both toxicity and mobility. Consequently, their safe disposal or effective recycling requires an understanding of their potential toxicities and possible transformations in the environment.
The acoustic filter: an ultrasonic blood filter for the heart-lung machine.

Cardiopulmonary bypass-associated encephalopathy is thought to be due in part to continuous microembolization of the brain with gas microbubbles more than 40 μm in diameter during bypass. Current barrier filter technology cannot effectively remove such small microbubbles in fragile fluids such as blood. The design concepts for a new nonbarrier ultrasound-based fluid filtration system (an “acoustic filter”) capable of filtering small microbubbles from blood are presented. The acoustic filter uses a field of high-intensity ultrasound to push microbubbles down an acoustic gradient, where they can be collected and removed. To test the filtration efficiency of the system, a Doppler ultrasound bubble detector was built. By monitoring the prefilter and postfilter Doppler signal an assessment of filtration efficiency was made. A suspension of stable albumin-encapsulated microbubbles (4 to 32 μm) were used as a model of the microbubble contaminants that might be found in the arterial return line of the heart-lung machine. Inactivated, the acoustic filter neither removed nor added microbubbles to the fluid. Activated, the acoustic filter provided total or near-total clearing of microbubbles. We conclude that the acoustic filter can remove microbubbles from a cardiopulmonary bypass-like apparatus.
Early osteoarthritis of the knee: from conservative to surgical management.

The number of young patients affected by knee osteoarthritis is increasing exponentially, due to the increasing number of individual involved in physically demanding careers and sporting lifestyles (1,2). Many patients report increasing joint pain, stiffness, loss of function leading to a reduction of their activities of daily living (ADL) (3).
Recent applications of C–H functionalization in complex natural product synthesis

In this review, recent examples featuring C–H functionalization in the synthesis of complex natural products are discussed. A focus is given to the way in which C–H functionalization can influence the logical process of retrosynthesis, and the review is organized by the type and method of C–H functionalization.
Counting Pythagorean triples modulo an integer

In this chapter we consider the Pythagorean Equation in integers modulo a natural number n. In the first section we consider the case where n is a prime number. Later in the chapter we discuss the general case.
Endovascular Treatment of Unruptured MCA Bifurcation Aneurysms Regardless of Aneurysm Morphology: Short- and Long-Term Follow-Up.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The optimal treatment of unruptured middle cerebral aneurysms is still under debate. Although today almost any aneurysm can be treated endovascularly, there is a lack of data comparing endovascular and microsurgical repair of MCA aneurysms. The aim of our analysis is to provide data on the efficacy, clinical outcome, complications and re-treatment rates of endovascular treatment of this subtype of aneurysms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between May 2008 and July 2017, endovascular treatment of 1184 aneurysms in 827 patients was performed in our department. Twenty-four percent of these aneurysms were located at the MCA, and 150 unruptured MCA bifurcation aneurysms treated with coiling, stent-assisted-coiling, or endovascular flow diverter (WEB device) were identified for this retrospective data analysis. Ninety-six percent of all aneurysms, ruptured and unruptured, were treated by an endovascular approach, which yields a low selection bias for aneurysms suitable for endovascular treatment. Follow-up examinations were performed after 12 and 36 months and then every 1–3 years after embolization. Procedures were analyzed for periprocedural complications, outcome, and retreatment rate of the WEB (n = 38) and coiling with (n = 45) or without stent assistance (n = 67). RESULTS: The procedure-associated good clinical outcome (mRS ≦ 2) was 89.9%, and the mortality rate was 2.7%. Short-term follow-up good clinical outcome/mortality rates were 91.3%/0.7%. At discharge, 137 patients had an mRS of 0–2 (91.3%) and 13 had an mRS of 3–6 (8.7%). The retreatment rate was significantly higher in the WEB group (21.1%) compared with the coiling group with (5.9%) or without (2.2%) stent placement (P CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of the architecture of MCA bifurcation aneurysms, the endovascular treatment can be performed with low morbidity/mortality rates. The higher retreatment rate in the WEB group correlates with the learning curve in choosing the right device size.
Toxicological Aspects of Ingredients Used in Nonalcoholic Beverages

Abstract Food is comprised of an array of natural chemicals which have nutritive value. However, some of them may reduce nutritional value (antinutrients) or, are toxic. Antinutrients are defined as natural or synthetic components which can block the absorption of health beneficial and essential organic nutrients and inorganic minerals. They have an ability to bind to nutrients to keep their retention, respond with them to form indigestible compounds, or inhibit digestive proteins. Antinutrients are commonly placed in beverages, such as caffeine in coffee, citral in citrus juices, and phosphoric acid in carbonated drinks. Some of the organisms generate chemical constituent called toxins. These are not damage themselves, but they might behave toxic to other organisms when consumed. Toxic compounds may not only originate from the raw material (i.e., caffeine in coffee, thujone in sage, and hydrogen cyanide in peach kernel), but also get into food during its processing (i.e., hydroxymethylfurfural in fruit nectar or concentrate, acrylamide in roasted coffee) or storage. Also, environmental toxins may be found in foods. In this chapter, the presence and formation of antinutrients and toxic compounds in nonalcoholic beverages such as coffee, tea, herbal teas, fruit juices, carbonated beverages, and their potential health risks are discussed in details.
Indo-European Languages

In this article the criteria for establishing language families are reviewed, and are then applied to a diagnostic set of morphological and phonological data from the Indo-European family of languages. Each of the 11 subgroups of attested Indo-European languages is outlined, with essential dates and earliest monuments mentioned for each group. An outline of the phonological system of the protolanguage is provided, as well as sample information on its morphological and syntactic systems.
Design of a High-Performance DC Power Cycling Test Setup for SiC MOSFETs

In this paper, a high-performance DC power cycling setup dedicated for SiC power MOSFETs is presented. Different from the previous DC power cycling setup designs focusing on circuit topology and operation principle, this paper discusses the detailed design considerations to ensure the measurement accuracy and control the voltage spikes within the safe voltage range of the data acquisition (DAQ) equipment. Specifically, the transient behavior of the circuit is analyzed, and a simulation model is built in LTspice to facilitate the design. From the simulation result, it is observed that the gate timing control is critical to limit the measurement spikes. In addition, adding decoupling capacitors helps to attenuate the ringing noise in the voltage measurement. A prototype is built, and the experimental results indicate that a precise measurement can be realized with the proposed DC power cycling setup under various conditions.
Social Capital –A Dynamic View

We argue for the need to adopt a dynamic approach towards the understanding of social capital that can provide insights on how social capital can be leveraged as a response to shifting contextual exigencies. Our paper offers a unifying typology of social capital along four dimensions – autonomous, constrained, formative and normative. We develop the following four views of social capital – normative-constrained, normative-autonomous, formative-constrained, formative-autonomous. Furthermore, we draw on an empirical study in an agricultural cooperative to illustrate these four views and the varying sources of social capital manifested therein. It is this variation in use that undergirds our understanding of a dynamic conception of social capital.
Errors in Decisionmaking in Emergency Medicine: The Case of the Landscaper's Back and Root Cause Analysis

Root cause analysis is often suggested as a means of conducting quality assurance, but few physicians are familiar with the actual process. We describe a detailed approach to conducting root cause analysis, with an illustrative case to explain the technique. By studying how root cause analysis is applied to the case of a missed epidural abscess, the reader will see how the process reveals systems improvements that reduce the risk that such a miss will happen again. Following this process will be helpful in using root cause analysis to fix not just individuals' issues but also but systemwide quality assurance issues to improve patient care.
Lessons from the Case History of a Massive Landslide Dam

A massive landslide created a natural dam on two tributaries of Jhelum River near the town of Hattian Bala in Kashmir in October 2005. The landslide was triggered by a 7.6 Mw earthquake. The resulting unconsolidated dam and water impoundment upstream carried hazard potential of downstream damage to both infrastructure and population due to potential flooding caused by its breach. Comprehensive investigations and monitoring were implemented to analyse dam stability. Fresh topographic profiles were generated. Samples of the matrix materials were utilized in the laboratory investigations including grain-size analysis, laboratory electrical resistivity and permeability tests at varying densities and degrees of saturation, and sediment concentration assessment in the seepage discharge. A noninvasive geophysical method was employed together with new topographic information to develop transient subsurface pictures and to assess the advancement of seepage fronts within the dam body. Internal erosion/filtering potential of the matrix material was assessed by comparing grain size distributions with those of the earlier failed dams. Upstream inflows, downstream discharges, daily precipitation, and lake levels monitored during the study period were utilized in hydrological data analysis in an attempt to assess the potential seepage volume. A combination of empirical, analytical, and numerical methods and simulations, together with laboratory and field investigations, led to the interpretations regarding short- and long-term stability of the dam. This paper highlights alternative methods of investigation employed differently from those used by other national and international agencies in analysing the failure potential of this natural dam. It offers lessons learned from a case history that can be beneficial in future evaluation of seepage-induced failure of similar natural features.
Abstract P306: The Association of Discharge Disposition With 30-Day Readmission After Ischemic Stroke

Objective: Readmission after ischemic stroke presents immense social and financial burden on patients, families and society at large. Post-stroke follow-up, a way to prevent readmission, has genera...
Sulfur Radical Cations

Sulfur radical cations are novel reaction intermediates that have attracted considerable attention recently. This in part is due to the renewed interest in the chemistry of radical cations in general, as well as four other factors. The first is the basis for understanding the structure and reactions of radical cations — can their inherent nature be best depicted by analogy with radicals, with cations, or is a new algorithm required? As is exemplified in this review, sulfur radical cations show novel behavior. Second, some reactions of sulfur radical cations are attracting interest for their application in organic synthesis. Third, biological electron-transfer may be mediated by sulfur and, indeed, sulfur radical cations may be intermediates in biological redox processes. Finally, materials based on tetrathiafulvalene, polythiophene, and related sulfur compounds have high electrical conductivity which may be understood in terms of p-delocalized sulfur radical cations or the related dications. Consequently, a comprehensive and critical review of this field appeared timely.
Note, A Rule Unfit for All Seasons: Monitoring of Attorney-Client Communication Violates Privilege and the Sixth Amendment

The government's interception of attorney-client communications has engendered significant criticism and prompted numerous Senate hearings. 7 In particular, critics have claimed that the interception violates both the attorney-client privilege and the Sixth A.t!1endment.8 This Note examines the validity of these claims. In addition, this Note explores other less intrusive means available to the government to prevent acts of violence that involve attorney-client communications. Finally, this Note explores what role professional responsibility rules may play in determining defense lawyers' responsibilities in this very new and terrifying area.
An Empirical Study of Predictive Modeling Techniques of Software Quality

The primary goal of software quality engineering is to apply various techniques and processes to produce a high quality software product. One strategy is applying data mining techniques to software metrics and defect data collected during the software development process to identify the potential low-quality program modules. In this paper, we investigate the use of feature selection in the context of software quality estimation (also referred to as software defect prediction), where a classification model is used to predict program modules (instances) as fault-prone or not-fault-prone. Seven filter-based feature ranking techniques are examined. Among them, six are commonly used, and the other one, named signal to noise ratio (SNR), is rarely employed. The objective of the paper is to compare these seven techniques for various software data sets and assess their effectiveness for software quality modeling. A case study is performed on 16 software data sets and classification models are built with five different learners. Our experimental results are summarized based on statistical tests for significance. The main conclusion is that the SNR technique performs better than or similar to the best performer of the six commonly used techniques.
Perioperative cardiac morbidity

Over the past 35 yr, approximately 100 outcome studies have examined the problem of PCM in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Most have focused on preoperative historical predictors, of which only a recent MI or present CHF are proven predictors of PCM. The efficacy and cost-effectiveness of specialized preoperative cardiac testing, such as exercise stress testing or dipyridamole-thallium imaging, remain controversial. Outcome studies of intraoperative predictors have shown that anaesthetic choice does not affect outcome, but that emergency surgery, major vascular surgery, and prolonged thoracic or upper abdominal surgery are associated with increased risk. Among the dynamic intraoperative risk factors, hypotension and tachycardia appear to predict outcome. Myocardial ischaemia, although potentially important, has not been studied rigorously in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Studies of the postoperative period are few. Preliminary data suggest that postoperative risk factors for PCM may be at least as critical as intraoperative factors. There appears to be a high incidence of haemodynamic stresses and of myocardial ischaemia during the postoperative period. However, the relationship of postoperative ischaemia to outcome is, as yet, unknown.
Optimal Energy Exchange in a Decentralized Power Pool

Abstract Due to the natural diversity of incremental generating costs among interconnected power sys-tems, electric utility companies have been “pooling” together to improve economics of operation by exchanainq energy. In decentralized power pools, each utility still retains the control over its aenerating facilities. They report to a computerized “broker” the hourly buy and sell bids for block energy based on their local economic dispatch computations. The broker then matches the buyers and sellers to determine the flow of energy exchange. The main drawback of the “greedy” brokerage method is presented in this paper. The mathematical model for the decentralized power pool is presented as a generalized minimum cost flow problem with convex node production costs. A new combinatorial optimization algorithm, Maximum Path Return method, (MPR) is shown suitable as a substitute for the brokerage method. At each iteration, the method finds the maximum return (cost reduction) of a unit flow augmentation. This return is the buying price of the receiving node less the sum of the selling price of the sending node and the transmission cost of the cheapest path connecting the two nodes. This method takes the network topology into consideration. It combines the marginal analysis algorithm for discrete convex production allocation problems and the path algorithm embodied in many LP network flow methods. A special scaling technique for the MPR method is presented. The sealino MPR method solves the problem in 0(n4) polynomial time, where n is the number of utilities in the network.
Securing Threshold Cryptosystems against Chosen Ciphertext Attack

For the most compelling applications of threshold cryptosystems, security against chosen cipher text attack is a requirement. However, prior to the results presented here, there appeared to be no practical threshold cryptosystems in the literature that were provably chosen ciphertext secure, even in the idealized random oracle model. The contribution of this paper is to present two very practical threshold cryptosystems, and to prove that they are secure against chosen ciphertext attack in the random oracle model. Not only are these protocols computationally very efficient, but they are also non-interactive, which means they can be easily run over an asynchronous communication network.
Diplopia and Strabismus

Diplopia, or double vision, is the sensation of seeing two copies of a viewed object. It results either from an optic aberration of the eye (optical diplopia) or from ocular misalignment (strabismic diplopia). Optical diplopia is caused by cataract, uncorrected refractive error, or corneal irregularity. The second image usually overlaps the first image (‘ghosting’), disappears when a pinhole occluder is placed over the affected eye, and persists when the unaffected eye is covered. Strabismic diplopia is caused by disorders of the extraocular muscles, neuromuscular junction, ocular motor cranial nerves, or brainstem pathways. The second image does not overlap the first image, and always disappears if either eye is covered.
Computational carbohydrate chemistry: what theoretical methods can tell us

Computational methods have had a long history of application to carbohydrate systems and their development in this regard is discussed. The conformational analysis of carbohydrates differs in several ways from that of other biomolecules. Many glycans appear to exhibit numerous conformations coexisting in solution at room temperature and a conformational analysis of a carbohydrate must address both spatial and temporal properties. When solution nuclear magnetic resonance data are used for comparison, the simulation must give rise to ensemble-averaged properties. In contrast, when comparing to experimental data obtained from crystal structures a simulation of a crystal lattice, rather than of an isolated molecule, is appropriate. Molecular dynamics simulations are well suited for such condensed phase modeling. Interactions between carbohydrates and other biological macromolecules are also amenable to computational approaches. Having obtained a three-dimensional structure of the receptor protein, it is possible to model with accuracy the conformation of the carbohydrate in the complex. An example of the application of free energy perturbation simulations to the prediction of carbohydrate-protein binding energies is presented.
Public School Assignment Methods after "Grutter" and "Gratz": The View from San Francisco

A few years ago, I chronicled my experiences and reflections as co-counsel in Ho v. San Francisco Unified School District. This suit, filed in 1994, challenged the constitutionality of a 1983 consent decree, which had been the basis for settling a race discrimination case the San Francisco Branch of the NAACP had brought in 1978 against the San Francisco Unified School District. The consent decree that the district court approved in 1983 mandated racial or ethnic quotas on the assignment of children to all public schools in San Francisco. The Ho suit generated attention due to the novelty of having a group of Asian Americans challenging a court-ordered school desegregation plan. The Ho suit settled in early 1999, on the morning the trial was to begin. The key provisions of the settlement agreement were that the school district would immediately drop the use of quotas in assigning children to schools and that the district would develop a new student assignment plan which would not "assign or admit any student to a particular school, class or program on the basis of race or ethnicity of that student." The Ho plaintiffs, and later, the court, rejected the school district's first proposed plan because it did not live up to the written agreement. In 2001, the school district ultimately gained the approval of all the parties and the court for a new race-neutral assignment plan. The new assignment plan has been used twice to assign students - for classes starting in the fall of 2002 and 2003 - and will be used again for fall 2004 assignments. This Article turns in Part II to a discussion of the potential impact of Grutter and Gratz on student assignment plans in public elementary and secondary schools. The cases draw a blurry line between permissible and impermissible admission plans in the higher education context. The resulting uncertainty may well lead public elementary and secondary school districts to conclude that it is prudent to use clearly race-neutral assignment plans rather than face the risk of having to defend a race-conscious plan through financially expensive and politically divisive litigation. If so, the experience in San Francisco may be instructive for other school districts as they attempt to formulate assignment plans that will both withstand constitutional scrutiny under Grutter and Gratz and will be politically palatable in their respective locales. Accordingly, Part III of the Article will detail the new assignment plan in San Francisco's public schools and report on its mixed results. On the basis of two years' experience, both the efficacy of the new assignment plan and its political viability are in question.
Mechanisms for mechanical trapping of geologically sequestered carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration in subsurface reservoirs is important for limiting atmospheric CO2 concentrations. However, a complete physical picture able to predict the structure developing within the porous medium is lacking. We investigate theoretically reactive transport in the long-time evolution of carbon in the brine–rock environment. As CO2 is injected into a brine–rock environment, a carbonate-rich region is created amid brine. Within the carbonate-rich region minerals dissolve and migrate from regions of high-to-low concentration, along with other dissolved carbonate species. This causes mineral precipitation at the interface between the two regions. We argue that precipitation in a small layer reduces diffusivity, and eventually causes mechanical trapping of the CO2. Consequently, only a small fraction of the CO2 is converted to solid mineral; the remainder either dissolves in water or is trapped in its original form. We also study the case of a pure CO2 bubble surrounded by brine and suggest a mechanism that may lead to a carbonate-encrusted bubble owing to structural diffusion.
Dowry Deaths: Consumption Smoothing in Response to Climate Variability in India

We examine the eect of rainfall shocks on crimes against women using data from 583 Indian districts for 2002-2007. We nd that a one standard deviation decline in annual rainfall from the local mean increases reported domestic violence by 4.4 percent and dowry deaths by 7.8 percent. Wet shocks have no apparent eect. These patterns are consistent with consumption smoothing by households relying on agriculture, but inconsistent with hypotheses emphasizing general unrest. Women’s political representation in the national parliament has no apparent mitigating eect.
Interference as Noise: Friend or Foe?

This paper shows that for the two-user Gaussian interference channel (G-IC) treating interference as noise without time sharing (TINnoTS) achieves the closure of the capacity region to within either a constant gap, or to within a gap of the order $O(\log ({\ln (\min ( {\mathsf {S}}, {\mathsf {I}}))}/{\gamma }))$ up to a set of Lebesgue measure $\gamma \in (0,1]$ , where $ {\mathsf {S}}$ is the largest signal to noise ratio on the direct links and $ {\mathsf {I}}$ is the largest interference to noise ratio on the cross links. As a consequence, TINnoTS is optimal from a generalized degrees of freedom (gDoF) perspective for all channel gains except for a subset of zero measure. TINnoTS with Gaussian inputs is known to be optimal within 1/2 bit for a subset of the weak interference regime. Rather surprisingly, this paper shows that TINnoTS is gDoF optimal in all parameter regimes, even in the strong and very strong interference regimes where joint decoding of Gaussian inputs is optimal. For approximate optimality of TINnoTS in all parameter regimes, it is critical to use non-Gaussian inputs. This paper thus proposes to use mixed inputs as channel inputs for the G-IC, where a mixed input is the sum of a discrete and a Gaussian random variable. Interestingly, with reference to the Han–Kobayashi achievable scheme, the discrete part of a mixed input is shown to effectively behave as a common message in the sense that, although treated as noise, its effect on the achievable rate region is as if it were jointly decoded together with the desired messages at a non-intended receiver. The practical implication is that a discrete interfering input is a friend, while an Gaussian interfering input is in general a foe. This paper also discusses other practical implications of the proposed TINnoTS scheme with mixed inputs. Since TINnoTS requires neither explicit joint decoding nor time sharing, the results of this paper are applicable to a variety of oblivious or asynchronous channels, such as the block asynchronous G-IC (which is not an information stable channel) and the G-IC with partial codebook knowledge at one or more receivers.
A Model Selection Approach for Clustering a Multinomial Sequence with Non-Negative Factorization

We consider a problem of clustering a sequence of multinomial observations by way of a model selection criterion. We propose a form of a penalty term for the model selection procedure. Our approach subsumes both the conventional AIC and BIC criteria but also extends the conventional criteria in a way that it can be applicable also to a sequence of sparse multinomial observations, where even within a same cluster, the number of multinomial trials may be different for different observations. In addition, as a preliminary estimation step to maximum likelihood estimation, and more generally, to maximum $L_{q}$ estimation, we propose to use reduced rank projection in combination with non-negative factorization. We motivate our approach by showing that our model selection criterion and preliminary estimation step yield consistent estimates under simplifying assumptions. We also illustrate our approach through numerical experiments using real and simulated data.
Voting and Lottery Drafts as Efficient Public Goods Mechanisms

This paper characterizes interim efficient mechanisms for public good production and cost allocation in a two-type environment with risk neutral, quasi-linear preferences and fixed size projects, where the distribution of the private good, as well as the public goods decision, affects social welfare. An efficient public good decision can always be accomplished by a majority voting scheme, where the number of "YES" votes required depends on the welfare weights in a simple way. The results are shown to have a natural geometry and an intuitive interpretation. We also extend these results to allow for restrictions on feasible transfer rules, ranging from the traditional unlimited transfers to the extreme case of no transfers. For a range of welfare weights, an optimal scheme is a two-stage procedure which combines a voting stage with a second stage where an even-chance lottery is used to determine who pays. We call this the "lottery draft mechanism". Since such a costsharing scheme does not require transfers, it follows that in many cases transfers are not necessary to achieve the optimal allocation. For other ranges of welfare weights the second stage is more complicated, but the voting stage remains the same. If transfers are completely infeasible, randomized voting rules may be optimal. The paper also provides a geometric characterization of the effects of voluntary participation constraints.
On the integration of structure indexes and inverted lists

Recently, there has been a great deal of interest in the development of techniques to evaluate path expressions over collections of XML documents. In general, these path expressions contain both structural and keyword components. Several methods have been proposed for processing path expressions over graph/tree-structured XML data. These methods can be classified into two broad classes. The first involves graph traversal where the input query is evaluated by traversing the data graph or some compressed representation. The other class involves information-retrieval style processing using inverted lists. In this framework, structure indexes have been proposed to be used as a substitute for graph traversal. Here, we focus on a subclass of CAS queries consisting of simple path expressions. We study algorithmic issues in integrating structure indexes with inverted lists for the evaluation of these queries, where we rank all documents that match the query and return the top k documents in order of relevance.
An Efficient Synthesis of 15N-Hydroxyurea

Abstract Treatment of trimethylsilyl isocyanate with 15N-hydroxylamine hydrochloride produces 15N-hydroxyurea, a valuable pharmacological tool, in an efficient, one-pot procedure in 74% yield. Recrystallization of the crude product yields analytically pure material in 47% overall yield.
Corrosion of oxygen contaminated tantalum in NaK

Refractory metals and alloys have excellent corrosion resistance to pure alkali metals; however, this inherent corrosion resistance is adversely affected by small amounts of oxygen.
CRYSTAL inducing a conceptual dictionary

One of the central knowledge sources of an information extraction (IE) system IS a dictionary of linguistic patterns that can be used to identify references to relevant information in a text Automatic creation of conceptual dictionaries is important for portability and scalability of an IE system This paper describes CRYSTAL, a system which automatically induces a dictionary of "concept-node definitions" sufficient to identify relevant information from a training corpus Each of these concept-node definitions is generalized as far as possible without producing errors, so that a minimum number of dictionary entries cover the positive training instances Because it tests the accuracy of each proposed definition, CRYSTAL can often surpass human intuitions in creating reliable extraction rules.
Translating between Horn representations and their characteristic models

Characteristic models are an alternative, model based, representation for Horn expressions. It has been shown that these two representations are incomparable and each has its advantages over the other. It is therefore natural to ask what is the cost of translating, back and forth, between these representations. Interestingly, the same translation questions arise in database theory, where it has applications to the design of relational databases. This paper studies the computational complexity of these problems. Our main result is that the two translation problems are equivalent under polynomial reductions, and that they are equivalent to the corresponding decision problem. Namely, translating is equivalent to deciding whether a given set of models is the set of characteristic models for a given Horn expression. We also relate these problems to the hypergraph transversal problem, a well known problem which is related to other applications in AI and for which no polynomial time algorithm is known. It is shown that in general our translation problems are at least as hard as the hypergraph transversal problem, and in a special case they are equivalent to it.
Efficient correlated action selection

Participants in e-commerce and other forms of online collaborations tend to be selfish and rational, and therefore game theory has been recognized as particularly relevant to this area. In many common games, the joint strategy of the players is described by a list of pairs of actions, and one of those pairs is chosen according to a specified correlated probability distribution. In traditional game theory, a trusted third party mediator carries out this random selection, and reveals to each player its recommended action. In such games that have a correlated equilibrium, each player follows the mediator's recommendation because deviating from it cannot increase a player's expected payoff. Dodis, Halevi, and Rabin[1] described a two-party protocol that eliminates, through cryptographic means, the third party mediator. That protocol was designed and works well for a uniform distribution, but can be quite inefficient if applied to non-uniform distributions. Teague[2] has subsequently built on this work and extended it to the case where the probabilistic strategy no longer assigns equal probabilities to all the pairs of moves. Our present paper improves on the work of Teague by providing, for the same problem, a protocol whose worst-case complexity is exponentially better. The protocol also uses tools that are of independent interest.
Post-Earnings Announcement Drift and Market Participants' Information Processing Biases

Prior research has been unable to explain the phenomenon known as post-earnings announcement drift, raising questions concerning the semi-strong form efficiency of the market typically assumed in capital market research. This study contributes to our understanding of this anomaly by examining drift in the context of theories that consider investors' non-Bayesian behaviors. The empirical evidence reveals that investors' overconfidence about their private information and the reliability of the earnings information are two important factors that explain drift. Finally, this study also provides insight into the puzzling relationship between dispersion and drift discussed in prior research.
Attribute-based signatures

We introduce Attribute-Based Signatures (ABS), a versatile primitive that allows a party to sign a message with fine-grained control over identifying information. In ABS, a signer, who possesses a set of attributes from the authority, can sign a message with a predicate that is satisfied by his attributes. The signature reveals no more than the fact that a single user with some set of attributes satisfying the predicate has attested to the message. In particular, the signature hides the attributes used to satisfy the predicate and any identifying information about the signer (that could link multiple signatures as being from the same signer). Furthermore, users cannot collude to pool their attributes together. We give a general framework for constructing ABS schemes, and then show several practical instantiations based on groups with bilinear pairing operations, under standard assumptions. Further, we give a construction which is secure even against a malicious attribute authority, but the security for this scheme is proven in the generic group model. We describe several practical problems that motivated this work, and how ABS can be used to solve them. Also, we show how our techniques allow us to extend Groth-Sahai NIZK proofs to be simulationextractable and identity-based with low overhead.
Reformulating inference problems through selective conditioning

We describe how we selectively reformulate portions of a belief network that pose difficulties for solution with a stochastic-simulation algorithm. With employ the selective conditioning approach to target specific nodes in a belief network for decomposition, based on the contribution the nodes make to the tractability of stochastic simulation. We review previous work on BNRAS algorithms-- randomized approximation algorithms for probabilistic inference. We show how selective conditioning can be employed to reformulate a single BNRAS problem into multiple tractable BNRAS simulation problems. We discuss how we can use another simulation algorithm--logic sampling--to solve a component of the inference problem that provides a means for knitting the solutions of individual subproblems into a final result. Finally, we analyze tradeoffs among the computational subtasks associated with the selective-conditioning approach to reformulation.
Shared Governance at the University of California: An Historical Review

Two major features in the historical development of the University of California distinguish it from other major public research universities. The first is the university's unusual status as a constitutionally designated public trust -- a designation shared by only five other major public universities. The second is the University of California's tradition of shared-governance: the concept that faculty should share in the responsibility for guiding the operation and management of the university, while preserving the authority of the university's governing board, the Regents, to ultimately set policy. Both of these organizational features of California's land-grant university, combined with a massive investment by tax payers to expand enrollment and academic programs, has resulted in a university enterprise of international distinction and vital service to the people of California. This paper provides an historical summary of the development of shared governance at the University.