cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Animal Nickel Metabolism

All animals, including humans, are constantly exposed to nickel ion and particulate nickel compounds through the food we eat and the air we breath. A small portion of the ingested nickel is absorbed by cells lining the small intestine, and additional small amounts of nickel are assimilated by pulmonary cells after inhalation. The absorbed nickel ion is systemically transported to all tissues by proteinaceous and low-molecular-weight nickel-binding components in the serum. Although steady-state levels of nickel are fairly uniform in various tissues of the body, when radiolabeled nickel ion is administered to an animal, the metal ion is rapidly accumulated in the kidney. The kidney and urinary tract serve as the major route of elimination for absorbed nickel ion, while nonabsorbed nickel compounds are eliminated in the feces. Cellular internalization of nickel ion can occur by action of metal ion transport proteins, whereas lipophilic nickel complexes appear capable of diffusion into cells, and certain cells can phagocytize nickel particles. Although it remains obscure whether nickel is an essential or even beneficial trace metal ion in humans, low concentrations of nickel do appear to facilitate optimal growth of several animals. The functional roles for nickel in animals, however, are only poorly understood. In contrast, the toxic, carcinogenic, and other harmful effects of certain nickel species have been well documented in various systems. This chapter will describe the metabolic flux of nickel ion in animals, examine the evidence that nickel is essential for animal growth, and detail the harmful effects of nickel compounds on animal cells.
Outcomes Following Acute Kidney Injury in Children

Over the past decade, the Nephrology and Critical Care communities have adopted a consensus approach to the diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI). This has led to transformative changes in our understanding of AKI epidemiology in both adults and children. As such, our knowledge regarding the short- and long-term outcomes among children who develop AKI has become far more robust. The best available data suggest that AKI is associated with the need for mechanical ventilation, prolonged hospital stays, and higher mortality. Though AKI was originally thought to be self-limited, we now know that renal recovery is far from universal, particularly in the setting of severe AKI. Additionally, AKI survivors, especially those without full recovery, are at risk for chronic renal sequelae including proteinuria, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. This chapter comprehensively describes AKI-related outcomes in children and focuses on identifying the independent effects of these events.
what do we not know about the sea-surface wind stress1

A simple sampling experiment gives a several octave range of values for the zonal surface stress obtainable from synoptic maps over the North Atlantic. Uncertainty about the value of the drag coeff...
Fast Nonlinear Approximation of Pose Graph Node Marginalization

We present a fast nonlinear approximation method for marginalizing out nodes on pose graphs for longterm simultaneous localization, mapping, and navigation. Our approximation preserves the pose graph structure to leverage the rich literature of pose graphs and optimization schemes. By re-parameterizing from absolute-to relative-pose spaces, our method does not suffer from the choice of linearization points as in previous works. We then join our approximation process with a scaled version of the recently-demoted pose-composition approach. Our approach eschews the expenses of many state-of-the-art convex optimization schemes through our efficient and simple $O(N^{2})$ implementation for a given known topology of the approximate subgraph. We demonstrate its speed and near optimality in practice by comparing against state-of-the-art techniques on popular datasets.
The Material Undermining of Magical Feminism in BioShock Infinite: Burial at Sea

This chapter discusses the role of the Unreal game engine in transforming the narrative structure, and therefore the political implications, of the Elizabeth character in BioShock Infinite. While Elizabeth can be described as a magical feminist character in the base version of the game—using onto-historical shaping powers to undermine a misogynist and xenophobic empire—her character is fundamentally altered to mimic a more common first-person shooter play archetype. This chapter argues that the design logics of Unreal, which encourage a rationalist ontology of hierarchical relationships, also exert political force that discourages designers from embodying postcolonial and queer ontologies in play design.
A prospective study of tea and coffee intake and risk of glioma

Tea and coffee have antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. Observational studies suggest that tea and coffee intake may reduce cancer risk, but data on glioma risk are inconclusive. We evaluated the association between tea, coffee and caffeine intake and glioma risk in the female Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and Nurses' Health Study II (NHSII) and the male Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS). Cumulative intake was derived from validated quadrennial food frequency questionnaires. Glioma cases were confirmed by medical record review. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios of glioma by beverage intake category were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. We documented 554 incident cases of glioma (256 in NHS, 87 in NHSII and 211 in HPFS). Compared to 2 cups/day, p-trend = 0.05), but not in women (HR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.47-1.18 for >2 cups/day, p-trend = 0.11) or men (HR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.30-1.60 for >2 cups/day, p-trend = 0.30) separately. Overall, we observed no significant associations between caffeinated, decaffeinated or total coffee intake and glioma risk. There were no material differences in the results with baseline values, 8-year lagged responses, or when limited to glioblastoma (n = 362). In three large prospective cohort studies, tea intake was borderline inversely associated with glioma risk. No significant associations were observed for coffee intake and glioma risk. These results merit further exploration in prospective studies.
Rural and Small School Principal Candidates

This article reports the results of an inquiry into the dynamics of principal selection in rural school districts in two mid-American states with high numbers of rural schools. The study focuses on two questions: (1) are rural school districts experiencing a shortage of qualified applicants for vacant principal’s positions; and (2) what professional and personal characteristics do superintendents seek in selecting principals for rural schools? Data for the study were collected through a review of the relevant research literature and interviews with superintendents of rural school districts. The study confirmed that rural school districts in these two states are in fact not experiencing a shortage of qualified principal applicants and delineates specific professional and personal characteristics superintendents seek in the principals who lead rural schools.
Primary robotic RLPND for nonseminomatous germ cell testicular cancer: a two-center analysis of intermediate oncologic and safety outcomes.

To evaluate the intermediate-term oncologic outcomes and safety profile of the largest case series of primary robotic retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for low-clinical-stage non-seminomatous germ cell testicular cancer. This was a two-center retrospective analysis of robotic RPLND cases for low-clinical-stage (stage I–IIB) non-seminomatous germ cell testicular cancer in the primary setting. Demographic, perioperative, operative and oncologic variables were collected between March 2008 and May 2019. Descriptive analyses were performed and presented as medians with interquartile ranges for continuous variables and frequency and proportions for categorical variables. A survival analysis of time to recurrence was performed using Cox proportional hazards model. Using logistic regression, risk factors for complications were analyzed. Both univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. A total of 58 patients (CS 1 = 56, CS IIA = 2, CS IIB = 0) were identified. The median follow-up was 47 months and the 2-year recurrence-free survival rate was 91%. The five recurrences were all out of the performed dissection template (pelvis = 1 and lung = 4). Only five patients (29%) with occult metastasis underwent adjuvant chemotherapy. The median operative time was 319 min [interquartile range (IQR) 276–355 min], estimated blood loss was 100 ml (IQR 75–200 ml), node count was 26 (IQR 20–31), and length of stay 2 d (IQR 1–3 days). There were 2 (3.3%) intraoperative complications, 19 (32.7%) 30-day postoperative complications to include 14 (24.1%) Clavien grade I, 4 (6.9%) Clavien grade II, 1 (1.7%) Clavien grade III and 0 Clavien grade IV complications. No statistical significance was found on multivariate or univariate analysis for survival analysis of time to recurrence and risk factors for complications. This study represents the largest case series of primary R-RPLND for the treatment of low-stage non-seminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCT). With 47 months of follow-up and a low rate of adjuvant chemotherapy, intermediate oncologic efficacy appears to be comparable to the gold standard open approach.
The Returnee Challenge

Foreign fighter returnees from Syria and Iraq pose numerous challenges to Western countries. The book examines the challenges and analyzes the policy approaches adopted by Western governments. It places the outflow of foreign fighters to Syria and Iraq in the historical context and analyzes it in comparison with the previous mobilizations of Islamist foreign fighters. The chapter lays out the questions explored in the book. It discusses the book structure and design, and presents an overview of the main arguments.
Pilot study for a novel and personalized voice restoration device for patients with laryngectomy.

Background The main modalities for voice restoration after laryngectomy are the electrolarynx, and the tracheoesophageal puncture [Correction added on 30 January 2020 after first online publication: The preceding sentence has been revised. It originally read "The main modalities for voice restoration after laryngectomy are the electrolarynx and the tracheoesophageal puncture."]. All have limitations and new technologies may offer innovative alternatives via silent speech. Objective To describe a novel and personalized method of voice restoration using machine learning applied to electromyographic signal from articulatory muscles for the recognition of silent speech in a patient with total laryngectomy. Methods Surface electromyographic (sEMG) signals of articulatory muscles were recorded from the face and neck of a patient with total laryngectomy who was articulating words silently. These sEMG signals were then used for automatic speech recognition via machine learning. Sensor placement was tailored to the patient's unique anatomy, following radiation and surgery. A personalized wearable mask covering the sensors was designed using 3D scanning and 3D printing. Results Using seven sEMG sensors on the patient's face and neck and two grounding electrodes, we recorded EMG data while he was mouthing "Tedd" and "Ed." With data from 75 utterances for each of these words, we discriminated the sEMG signal with 86.4% accuracy using an XGBoost machine-learning model. Conclusions This pilot study demonstrates the feasibility of sEMG-based alaryngeal speech recognition, using tailored sensor placement and a personalized wearable device. Further refinement of this approach could allow translation of silently articulated speech into a synthesized voiced speech via portable devices.
Do factors contributing to appearance and success of conservation referenda in the West differ from those found in other regions of the United States

As urban growth and competition for natural resources heighten, the attention to preserving such resources, including land, is also growing. As one example, the appearance and passage of conservation referenda represents a high-profile, grassroots political effort across the USA. In this study, factors influencing the appearance and passage of ballot initiatives in Colorado are compared to previous literature, identifying potential regional variation in such drivers. Results suggest that, while some place-based characteristics like total population and educational attainment have a consistent effect, the role of income and households with children does not. It appears support for conservation is much more broadly distributed across the population in the West and that residents view conservation as an ongoing activity, not a singular event. Likewise, there is some evidence that Western voters view agriculture and conservation as mutually exclusive. Although fundamental results do not change, accounting for spatial effects alters the magnitude and significance of factors affecting both appearance and passage of conservation referenda.
Impact of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Purpose The impact of iron deficiency anemia on hospital length of stay and in hospitalization mortality has not been investigated in patients whose main reason for admission is pulmonary arterial hypertension. We sought to compare the outcomes in hospitalization in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) with a diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) versus those without from a large sample database. Methods The National Inpatient Sample (NIS) was used to identify all patients hospitalized 18 years of age and older in 2016 with a primary or secondary diagnosis of PAH by ICD-10 code I270. Within each hospitalization, the diagnosis of IDA was further identified using ICD-10 code D50.xx. We then examined the relative risk profile, and outcomes of interests including length of stay (LOS), total charges, number of diagnoses, Elixhauser[EC1] mortality, readmission score and in hospital mortality of each group. Categorical variables were analyzed with logistic regression models while continuous variables were assessed using two sample t-tests. All analyses were conducted using SAS v 9.4 and accounted for the NIS sampling design and updated hospital trend weights. Results A total of 10,300 patients with a primary or secondary diagnosis of PAH were identified, and of those, 8.45% had a diagnosis of IDA[EC2] . The cohort with IDA had a majority of women (80% vs 68%, p= Conclusion Patients with primary pulmonary hypertension and IDA are more likely to be female and non-Caucasian, obese, have heart failure, or pericardial effusion, higher number of co-morbidities, and are more likely to be readmitted that those without IDA
Engaging with the Richmond Community to Reduce Pediatric Asthma Disparities: Findings from a Community-engaged Needs Assessment.

Childhood asthma disparities persist, with children living in low-income areas experiencing worse morbidity. We partnered with a community-academic research team and stakeholders to conduct a needs assessment to understand barriers and supports to asthma treatment. We convened a community advisory board, comprised of parents of children with asthma, youth with asthma, and members of key community organizations. Two focus groups with parents of children with asthma and four focus groups with youth with asthma were conducted, and a survey was administered to 100 parents. A visual mapping process was used to gather qualitative data about barriers, strategies, and outcomes, and allowed advisory board members to interpret focus group and survey data within the lived experiences of families. Focus group themes included parent stress/anxiety, concerns about school nurses, and lack of trust in providers. Findings from focus groups and surveys suggested that emergency department visits were not perceived negatively by families, although health providers and researchers generally view them as such. Public health implications include systemic changes that allow the healthcare system to address families' acute needs and worry. A community program focused on education and coordination among families, schools, and medical homes might improve asthma outcomes at the population level. HIGHLIGHTS: This study used a community-engaged approach to understand needs related to childhood asthma. Stakeholders participated in focus groups, survey administration, and a community advisory board. Findings provide intervention recommendations for reducing asthma-related healthcare use. Programs could include community health workers to coordinate a child's asthma care. Public health implications include systemic changes that address families' acute needs and worry.
The outcomes of nurse practitioner (NP)-Provided home visits: A systematic review.

Abstract Background With the shortage of primary care providers to provide home-based care to the growing number of homebound older adults in the U.S. Nurse Practitioners (NPs) are increasingly utilized to meet the growing demand for home-based care and are now the largest type of primary care providers delivering home-visits. Purpose The purpose of this study was to systematically examine the current state of the evidence on health and healthcare utilization outcomes associated with NP-home visits. Method Five Databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and the Cochrane Library) were systematically searched to identify studies examining NP-home visits. The search focused on English language studies that were published before April 2019 and sought to describe the outcomes associated with NP-home visits. We included experimental and observational studies. Quality appraisal was performed with the Kmet, Lee & Cook tool, and results summarized qualitatively. The impact of NP-home visits on clinical (functional status, quality of life [QOL]), and healthcare utilization (hospitalization, Emergency department(ED) visits) outcomes was evaluated. Results/Discussion A total of 566 citations were identified; 7 met eligibility criteria and were included in the review. The most commonly reported outcomes were emergency department (ED) visits and readmissions. Given the limited number of articles generated by our search and wide variation in intervention and outcomes measures. NP-home visits were associated with reductions in ED visits in 2 out of 3 studies and with reduction in readmissions in 2 out of 4 studies. Conclusion Published studies evaluating the outcomes associated with NP-home visits are limited and of mixed quality. Limitations include small sample size, and variation in duration and frequency of NP-home visits. Future studies should investigate the independent effect of NP-home visits on the health outcomes of older adults using large and nationally representative data with more rigorous study design.
Suicide Attempts and the Obligations of Medical Providers

Cases like Mr. Walker’s are distressing, and for good reason. The Supreme Court has given clear moral and legal reasons to distinguish life-saving treatment refusal from suicide, and physicians are...
The Reliability of Geometric Brownian Motion Forecasts of S&P 500 Index Values

This manuscript extends the literature on the application of geometric Brownian motion. Forecasted drift and diffusion terms estimated separately and recursively are plugged into the framework to forecast S&P 500 index values. Expected index values are estimated from one hundred thousand simulated index values and probabilities. The results of comparing expected index values to actual values, indicate that while reliable predictions of S&P 500 index values can be obtained at monthly, quarterly and annual frequencies, the reliability may decrease in that order.
The Role of the Medial Olivocochlear Reflex in Acceptable Noise Level in Adults.

Background The acceptable noise level (ANL) is a measurement used to quantify how much noise a person is willing to accept while listening to speech. ANL has been used to predict success with hearing aid use. However, physiological correlates of the ANL are poorly understood. One potential physiological correlate is the medial olivocochlear reflex (MOCR), which decreases the output of the cochlea and is thereby expected to increase noise tolerance. Purpose This study investigates the relationship between contralateral activation of the MOCR and tolerance of background noise. Research Design This study recruited 22 young adult participants with normal hearing. ANL was measured using the Arizona Travelogue recording under headphones presented at the most comfortable level (MCL) with and without multitalker babble noise. The MOCR strength was evaluated in all participants by measuring the cochlear microphonic (CM) with and without 40 dB sound pressure level contralateral broadband noise (CBBN). Data Analysis The CM observed in response to a 500-Hz tone was measured with and without CBBN, and changes in response to fast Fourier transform amplitude at 500 Hz were used as an indicator of the MOCR effect. The ANL was calculated by subtracting the maximum acceptable background noise level from the MCL. Participants were divided into two groups based on their ANL: low-ANL (ANL Results The results indicated that presentation of CBBN increased the CM amplitude, consistent with eliciting the MOCR. Participants in the low-ANL group had significantly larger CM enhancement than moderate-ANL participants. The results further revealed a significant correlation between the ANL and the MOCR effect on the CM. Conclusion This study suggests that a stronger MOCR, as assessed using CM enhancement, is associated with greater noise tolerance. This research provides a possible objective measure to predict background tolerance in patients and adds to our understanding about the MOCR function in humans.
Professional Responsibility for Education: Reconceptualizing Educational Practice and Institutional Structure

By reconsidering the nature of professional work, renowned scholar Douglas E. Mitchell argues for reconceptualizing educational practices and institutional structures in ways that facilitate and protect educator professional responsibility. This book explores ways educators and their political supporters can seize the social and political power necessary to accept professional responsibility for the design of their work environment. Chapters explore how unionization, ethics, public values, political power, school reform, and trust play an important role in the essence of professional responsibility in schools, arguing that we must use organization, management, and accountability mechanisms to encourage responsible civic participation and professional action in support of public education. This new text for graduate studies in teacher and leadership training frames a much needed analysis of where and how professional responsibility for public education is best incorporated into the work roles of teachers, administrators, and university scholars.
Sulfur intercalated into barium-copper-rare earth sulfides

We have prepared the sulfide analogues of the new warm (≈ 90 K) superconducting oxides (M1M′2Cu3X8-δ, M = Y, Eu, Gd, M′=Ba, X=S and δ= 0 to 1.5). These are referred to in the literature by the stiochiometry e.g., (1, 2, 3, 7.1) is one of the superconducting phases reported in the literature. The purpose of this work is to find out if the sulfide analogues of the above oxides can be prepared by high temperature reactions in a sulphur atmosphere, the composition of the metallic (superconducting?) phases if present and the structure of the unit cell.
The production of liquid crystalline product phases by pancreatic lipase in the absence of bile salts. A freeze-fracture study.

Abstract The hydrolysis of gum arablc-stabilized trioleylglycerol emulsions by pancreatic lipase was examined by freeze-fracture electron microscopy in the absence of bile salts. A sequence of liquid crystalline product phases was produced during the non-equilibrium conditions of hydrolysis. The morphology of the product phases were pH- and droplet size-dependent. At pH 8.3 the initial product phase was composed of homogeneous spherical vesicles regardless of trioleylglycerol drop size. As the reaction progressed the partially hydrolyzed droplets showed a crystalline ‘crust’ and a true lamellar phase which was often swollen, giving an Isotropic appearance to this phase. Some droplets demonstrated a possible transitory hexagonal phase composed of tubular-lamellar elements in close association with the oil phase. These tubular-lamellar elements graded into a lamellar phase at the aqueous/product interface. A cubic phase was not discernible. At pH 7.0 a single phase was seen which covered the drop surface with an amorphous layered ‘crust’. The significance of these phases is discussed in relation to those produced by pure and mixed lipids under equilibrium conditions.
Physicochemical Nature of Iron Oxidation in a Damp Atmospheric Condition

The surface oxidation patterns of iron or low-carbon steels are critical to their life when serving in typical damp environments. An accurate determination of the oxidation pattern entails tracking the iron atoms oxidized at the iron/steel-moisture interface. Using a quantum chemistry-based force fleld that is capable of simulating chemical reactions, this paper studies the process of iron oxidation under a typical moist condition. The oxidation of iron surface was found to be highly thermodynamic and dependent on the availability of reactants. A triplex structure was formed at the end of a three-stage oxidation process to reduce the overall oxidation speed. The results from this study shed light on the atomistic mechanism of iron oxidation; therefore can be used to guide the protection of general ferrous-based iron/steel structures.
Two separate 18-amino acid domains of tau promote the polymerization of tubulin.

Abstract Tau is a heat-stable microtubule-associated protein which promotes tubulin polymerization. The assembly promoting region of tau was localized using synthetic peptides modeled after domains found in both human and mouse tau. The design of these synthetic peptides was based on the triple repeat motif found in mouse tau. The first peptide, Tau-(187-204), and the second peptide, Tau-(218-235), are capable of promoting the polymerization of tubulin into microtubules, at concentrations above 100 microM. Two other peptides tested, TauR and Tau-(250-267), were not able to promote the assembly of tubulin over a range of concentrations up to 800 microM. TauR is a random analog of Tau-(187-204). Although TauR is unable to promote polymerization, it can modify Tau-(187-204)-induced tubulin assembly.
In vivo phage display selection of an ovarian cancer targeting peptide for SPECT/CT imaging

The often fatal outcome of ovarian cancer (OC) is related to inadequate detection methods, which may be overcome by development of nuclear imaging agents. Cancer targeting peptides have been identified using in vivo bacteriophage (phage) display technology; however, the majority of these ligands target tumor vasculature. To overcome this problem, a two-tier phage display method was employed to select an ovarian cancer targeting peptide with good pharmacokinetic and imaging properties. A fUSE5 15-amino acid peptide library was screened against xenografted human OC SKOV-3 tumors in mice, which was followed by selection against enriched SKOV-3 cells. The selected peptide RSLWSDFYASASRGP (J18) was synthesized with a GSG-spacer and a 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclodecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) chelator and radiolabeled with 111In. SKOV-3 xenografted mice were used to evaluate the biodistribution and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging capabilities of the radiolabeled peptide. Competitive binding experiments using 111In-DOTA-GSG-J18 indicated that the peptide displayed a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 10.5 ± 1.1 μM. Biodistribution studies revealed that tumor uptake was 1.63 ± 0.68, 0.60 ± 0.32, 0.31 ± 0.12 and 0.10 ± 0.02% injected dose/g at 30 min, 1 h, 2 h and 4 h post-injection of 111In-DOTA-GSG-J18, respectively. SPECT/CT imaging demonstrated good tumor uptake and minimal background binding. This study demonstrated successful utilization of a two-tier phage display selection process to identify an ovarian cancer avid peptide with excellent SPECT/CT imaging capabilities.
ARPA display program and the National Flat Panel Display Initiative

Federal government funding in flat panel display technology has been ongoing for the last five years, and over the past year has been coordinated and enhanced through the National Flat Panel Display Initiative. Funding for flat panel display technology is provided by the Departments of Defense, Energy, and Commerce, with a majority of funding through the Department of Defense's Advanced Research Projects Agency. Display technologies are critical to the Department of Defense for current operational requirements and also provide a significant opportunity for commercial application in a rapidly expanding market. An overview of the different programs in display technologies, materials and equipment, and manufacturing efforts are provided.
The effect of rising vs. falling glucose level on amperometric glucose sensor lag and accuracy in Type 1 diabetes.

Diabet. Med. 29, 1067–1073 (2012) Background Because declining glucose levels should be detected quickly in persons with Type 1 diabetes, a lag between blood glucose and subcutaneous sensor glucose can be problematic. It is unclear whether the magnitude of sensor lag is lower during falling glucose than during rising glucose. Methods Initially, we analysed 95 data segments during which glucose changed and during which very frequent reference blood glucose monitoring was performed. However, to minimize confounding effects of noise and calibration error, we excluded data segments in which there was substantial sensor error. After these exclusions, and combination of data from duplicate sensors, there were 72 analysable data segments (36 for rising glucose, 36 for falling). We measured lag in two ways: (1) the time delay at the vertical mid-point of the glucose change (regression delay); and (2) determination of the optimal time shift required to minimize the difference between glucose sensor signals and blood glucose values drawn concurrently. Results Using the regression delay method, the mean sensor lag for rising vs. falling glucose segments was 8.9 min (95% CI 6.1–11.6) vs. 1.5 min (95% CI –2.6 to 5.5, P < 0.005). Using the time shift optimization method, results were similar, with a lag that was higher for rising than for falling segments [8.3 (95% CI 5.8–10.7) vs. 1.5 min (95% CI –2.2 to 5.2), P < 0.001]. Commensurate with the lag results, sensor accuracy was greater during falling than during rising glucose segments. Conclusions In Type 1 diabetes, when noise and calibration error are minimized to reduce effects that confound delay measurement, subcutaneous glucose sensors demonstrate a shorter lag duration and greater accuracy when glucose is falling than when rising.
A Rat Model of Postoperative Pain

Research on pain resulting from an incision is crucial for developing therapies for postoperative pain, a condition for which effective and inexpensive treatments are not yet available. Because of the gap between preclinical models of persistent pain (e.g., inflammatory, neuropathic) and acute postsurgical pain, efforts have been undertaken to develop methods for studying pain caused by incisions. To this end, a rat model for postoperative pain has been developed. The model uses a plantar incision in the hindpaw and is characterized by persistent, reduced withdrawal thresholds to mechanical stimuli, as is the case in patients after surgery. The pain behaviors are greatest immediately after recovery from anesthesia. The enhanced responsiveness remains remarkable for several days and then gradually decreases. The model is useful for screening test compounds that may be effective in reducing postoperative pain and for understanding pain mechanisms associated with incisions.
Value of radionuclide angiography for predicting specific cardiac events after acute myocardial infarction

The value of rest and exercise radionuclide angiography (RNA) for predicting specific events including death, recurrent acute myocardial infarction (AMI), coronary care unit readmission for unstable chest pain, and medically refractory angina after AMI was studied in 106 consecutive survivors of AMI. Analysis of the RNA variables using the Cox proportional hazards regression model yielded significant associations of the time to death with ejection fraction at rest and during exercise (X2 = 11.1 and 14.0, respectively). Both variables added significant prognostic information to the clinical assessment (X2 = 4.3 and 5.7, respectively). The change in ejection fraction from rest to exercise predicted the time to coronary artery bypass grafting for medically refractory angina before (X2 = 21.0) and after (X2 = 13.2) adjustment for the clinical descriptors, but did not predict death or other non-fatal events. Significant correlations were found between RNA variables and a variety of clinical descriptors previously reported to have prognostic significance. Clinical and RNA variables that are measures of left ventricular function were predictive of subsequent mortality, whereas those that reflect residual potentially ischemic myocardium were predictive of subsequent nonfatal ischemic events. Rest and exercise RNA after AMI provides significant prognostic information regarding specific events during follow-up independent of that provided by clinical assessment.
Lumped parameter electromechanics of electret transducers

A lumped parameter formulation for the electromechanics of a class of electret transducers is developed. An energy method is used to calculate the force of electrical origin and the technique is employed in the solution of two important electret transducer geometries. The results are checked by a surface integration of the Maxwell stress tensor.
Associations between Coping, Diabetes Knowledge, Medication Adherence, and Self-Care Behaviors in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract Background Few studies have examined the emotional approach to coping on diabetes outcomes. This study examined the relationship between emotional coping and diabetes knowledge, medication adherence and self-care behaviors in adults with type 2 diabetes. Methods Data on 378 subjects with type 2 diabetes recruited from two primary care clinics in the southeastern United States were examined. Previously validated scales were used to measure coping, medication adherence, diabetes knowledge and diabetes self-care behaviors (including diet, physical activity, blood sugar testing and foot care). Multiple linear regression was used to assess the independent effect of coping through emotional approach on medication adherence and self-care behaviors while controlling for relevant covariates. Results Significant correlations were observed between emotional coping [as measured by emotional expression (EE) and emotional processing (EP)] and self-care behaviors. In the linear regression model, EP was significantly associated with medication adherence [ β −0.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.32 to −0.015], diabetes knowledge ( β 0.76, 95% CI 0.29 to 1.24), diet ( β 0.52, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.81), exercise ( β 0.51, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.82), blood sugar testing ( β 0.54, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.91) and foot care ( β 0.32, 95% CI −0.02 to 0.67). On the other hand, EE was associated with diet ( β 0.38, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.64), exercise ( β 0.54, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.82), blood sugar testing ( β 0.42, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.76) and foot care ( β 0.36, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.66), but it was not associated with diabetes knowledge. Conclusion These findings indicate that coping through an emotional approach is significantly associated with behaviors that lead to positive diabetes outcomes.
A bibliography on computational molecular biology and genetics

The field of computational molecular biology and genetics is expanding at an enormous rate. Journals such as CABIOS and Nucleic Acids Research routinely publish articles on computational and mathematical aspects of biology. The purpose of this paper is to provide a bibliographic review of the literature in this area related to DNA mapping and sequence analysis. We have focused on computer and mathematical aspects of molecular biology and genetics (interpreted in a broad sense). Authors are solicited for their additions/corrections to this bibliography. Contact us at the above address.
Finding the Most Likely Trajectories of Optimally-Controlled Stochastic Systems

Abstract Optimal trajectories of deterministic systems satisfy Pontryagin's maximum principle and can be computed efficiently. Related results for stochastic systems exist but they lack the simplicity and computational efficiency of the deterministic case. Here we show that a certain class of both discrete-time and continuous-time nonlinear stochastic control problems obey a classic maximum principle, in the sense that the most likely trajectory of the optimally-controlled stochastic system is the solution to a deterministic optimal control problem. Apart from their theoretical significance, our results yield new numerical methods for stochastic control.
Factors to Consider When Designing Vehicles for Older Drivers

As the Baby Boom generation gradually moves into its later years, that movement will become a Senior Boom that will have a dramatic effect upon the design of products entering the marketplace. To respond to this market, engineers and designers will require a good understanding and awareness of the changes that take place in vision and cognition as a result of the aging process, and how these changes affect the interaction of older adults with their vehicle systems such as controls and displays, mirrors, entry and exit, and lighting. This paper is an attempt to bring that understanding to the designer and engineer, as based upon current research.
Colorimetric determination of microgram quantities of polylysine by trypan blue precipitation

Abstract A simple and sensitive method for the determination of polylysine in solution is described. Polylysine is quantitatively precipitated with trypan blue. The absorbance of unbound dye in the supernatant is inversely proportional to the concentration of this polyamino acid. The precipitation is identical for all sizes of polylysine of molecular weight 13,000 or higher, and is prevented by the addition of either polyanions or serum. The measurable range of polylysine hydrobromide is between 1 and 10 μg/ml, which is about 10-fold lower than that by the published methyl orange precipitation method.
Mercury. Top of the hit parade for eight years.

ABSTRACTThe Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) is the lead agency within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) for providing support to the federal response to releases of hazardous substances in the environment. Since the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act was passed and amended, ATSDR has represented HHS on the National Response Team (NRT). The NRT role, and the subsequently established National Response System, are described in the National Contingency Plan for Oil and Hazardous Substances Releases (Title 40 Code of Federal Regulations, Section 300). As part of the National Response System, ATSDR can be called when a hazardous substance is released. Consistently, one of the most common substances ATSDR is called about is mercury, usually elemental mercury. This presentation will provide some background statistics on these calls and some general response options. Several specific cases that have occurred in the last few years will b...
Phases and phase transitions of P(EO)6LiSbF6

Polymer electrolytes based on poly(ethylene oxide), (PEO), can be prepared as either a crystalline or an amorphous phase. A previous study of the 6:1 PEO:LiSbF 6 electrolyte by Gadjourova et al. [Nature, 412 (2001) 520] reported that the crystalline phase has a higher ionic conductivity than the amorphous phase. Because this behavior is opposite to what is observed in other polymer electrolytes, it is important to understand the phases and phase transitions of this system. To this end, a detailed temperature-dependent infrared spectroscopic study was performed on P(EO) 6 LiSbF 6 crystalline material. The spectroscopic data are complemented by thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction measurements. These studies show that the published P(EO) 6 LiSbF 6 crystal structure with 2000 molecular weight PEO is stable from -100 to 90 °C. The onset of a thermal transition is observed at about 110 °C, corresponding to a crystal structure change. The new crystalline phase melts at about 130 °C. The crystal structure of P(EO) 6 LiSbF 6 made from 100000 molecular weight PEO is stable with no intermediate structure from -100°C to the melting transition at 130 °C, where severe decomposition is also observed.
Texting while doctoring: a patient safety hazard.

Texting while driving is associated with a greatly increased risk for crashing and reduces the amount of brain activity devoted to driving. This commentary asks whether typing into electronic healt...
Voriconazole Is Delivered From Antifungal-Loaded Bone Cement

Background Local delivery of antifungals is an important modality in managing orthopaedic fungal infection. Voriconazole is a powder antifungal suitable for addition to bone cement that is released from bone cement but the mechanical properties of antimicrobial-loaded bone cement (ALBC) made with voriconazole are unknown.
Factors Predictive of Relapse of Acute Leukemia in Children after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

Abstract The presence of minimal residual disease (MRD) before transplantation is the most important prognostic risk factor predictive of post-transplantation relapse in hematologic malignancies. However, MRD alone does not adequately predict relapse in all patients. To improve upon the ability to identify patients likely to relapse, we evaluated risk factors, in addition to MRD, that may be associated with development of post-transplantation relapse. In this single institution, retrospective cohort study of children with acute leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome who had undergone a first allogeneic transplantation and had pretransplantation MRD evaluation, 40 of 93 patients (43%) experienced relapse. Univariate analysis demonstrated that African American race, high initial white blood cell count, central nervous system (CNS) disease at diagnosis, short first complete remission, nonmyeloablative (NMA) conditioning, lack of remission, and MRD before transplantation were associated with worse relapse-free survival (RFS). In a Cox multivariable analysis, CNS disease (P = .009), lack of remission (P = .01), and NMA conditioning (P = .04) were independently associated with inferior RFS. Among those in a morphologic complete remission who underwent a myeloablative transplantation, having both CNS disease at diagnosis (specifically in acute lymphoblastic leukemia) and MRD positivity was an independent risk factor predictive of relapse, which has not been previously reported. Results from our study support the existence of risk factors complimentary to pretransplantation MRD. Validation in a larger independent homogenous cohort is needed to develop a prognostic tool for clinical use to predict post-transplantation relapse.
The syndrome of alcoholic ketoacidosis.

Abstract purpose: To further elucidate the clinical spectrum of alcoholic ketoacidosis (AKA). patients and methods: A case series of 74 patients with AKA defined as a wide anion gap metabolic acidosis unexplained by any other disorder or toxin, including any patient with a history of chronic alcohol abuse. The setting was the Medical Emergency Department at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia, a university-affiliated inner-city hospital. results: AKA is a common disorder in the emergency department, more common than previously thought. The acid-base abnormalities are more diverse than just a wide-gap metabolic acidosis and often include a concomitant metabolic alkalosis, hyperchloremic acidosis, or respiratory alkalosis. Lactic acidosis is also common. Semiquantitative serum acetoacetate levels were positive in 96% of patients. Elevated blood alcohol levels were present in two thirds of patients in whom alcohol levels were determined, and levels consistent with intoxication were seen in 40% of these patients. Electrolyte disorders including hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, hyperglycemia, hypocalcemia, and hypomagnesemia were common on presentation. The most common symptoms were nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. The most common physical findings were tachycardia, tachypnea, and abdominal tenderness. Altered mental status, fever, hypothermia, or other abnormal findings were uncommon and reflected other underlying processes. conclusions: AKA is a common disorder in chronic malnourished alcoholic persons. The acid-base abnormalities reflect not only the ketoacidosis, but also associated extracellular fluid volume depletion, alcohol withdrawal, pain, sepsis, or severe liver disease. Although the pathophysiology is complex, the syndrome is rapidly reversible and has a low mortality.
Prevention of ischemic mitral regurgitation does not influence the outcome of remodeling after posterolateral myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVES This study was designed to test the hypothesis that ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) results from, but does not influence, the progression of left ventricular (LV) remodeling after posterolateral infarction. BACKGROUND Surgical correction of chronic IMR is being increasingly recommended. METHODS Three groups of sheep had coronary snares placed around the second and third obtuse marginal coronary arteries. Occlusion of these vessels in the control group resulted in progressive IMR over eight weeks. In a second group, Merseline mesh was fitted to cover the exposed LV before infarction. In a third group, a ring annuloplasty was placed before infarction to prevent IMR. Remodeling and degree of IMR were assessed with echocardiography at baseline and at 30 min and two, five, and eight weeks after infarction. RESULTS Eight weeks after infarction, mean IMR grade was significantly higher in control animals than mesh and annuloplasty animals. At eight weeks, LV end-systolic volume and end-systolic muscle-to-cavity-area ratio (ESMCAR) were significantly better in mesh-treated sheep than in control sheep; also, at eight weeks, ESMCAR and akinetic segment length were significantly better in mesh-treated sheep than in annuloplasty sheep. Ejection fraction was significantly higher in the mesh than the annuloplasty group. There was no significant difference in any measure of remodeling between the annuloplasty and control groups. CONCLUSIONS Prophylactic ventricular restraint reduces infarct expansion, attenuates adverse remodeling, and reduces IMR severity. Prevention of IMR by prophylactic ring annuloplasty does not influence remodeling. Ischemic mitral regurgitation is a consequence, not a cause, of postinfarction remodeling; infarct expansion is the more important therapeutic target.
Effect of Somatotropic Hormone and Streptomycin on Mice Exposed to Total Body X-Irradiation.∗:

Summary1. Treatment with somatotropic hormone failed to reduce the mortality of mice exposed to 550 r total body x-radiation, even when it was combined with streptomycin to control the development of post-irradiation infection. 2. The mice which received both drugs maintained body weight, but those which received either drug alone lost weight.