cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sleep and Athletes

Humans function best when awake and alert during the day and sleeping at night. Unfortunately, the sleeping at night part can create a challenge for some people. Athletes must make getting adequate sleep at night a priority. Because of their physical activity levels during the day, it is particularly important for athletes to sleep enough at night for the body to fully recuperate. Elite athletes face an additional challenge since sports have become a global event, where athletes are often required to travel across multiple time zones. This creates additional challenges for the athlete to adapt to jet lag and still maintain their training or competition regimen. The current review provides several potential countermeasures that athletes and their coaches could implement to improve sleep habits in an effort to maximize performance. However, it is important to remember that there is no substitution for adequate sleep.
Identification and characterization of early photoreceptor cis-regulatory elements and their relation to Onecut1

Cone and rod photoreceptors are two of the primary cell types affected in human retinal disease. Potential strategies to combat these diseases are the use of gene therapy to rescue compromised photoreceptors or to generate new functional photoreceptors to replace those lost in the diseased retina. Cis-regulatory elements specific to cones, rods, or both types of photoreceptors are critical components of successful implementation of these two strategies. The purpose of this study was to identify and characterize the cell type specificity and activity of cis-regulatory elements active in developing photoreceptors. Cis-regulatory elements were introduced into the developing chicken and mouse retina by electroporation. Characterization of reporter activity in relation with cell type markers was determined using confocal microscopy. In addition, two high-throughput flow cytometry assay were developed to assess whether these elements were downstream of Onecut1 in the photoreceptor specification network. The majority of cis-regulatory elements were active in both cone and rod photoreceptors and were largely uninfluenced by a Onecut1 dominant-negative construct. Elements associated with the Thrb, Nr2e3, and Rhodopsin genes showed highly enriched activity in cones or rods, and were affected by interference in Onecut1 signaling. Rhodopsin promoter activity was the most highly influenced by Onecut1 activity and its induction could be modulated by the Maf family transcription factor L-Maf. Nr2e3 elements were observed to have activity in cone photoreceptors and Nr2e3 protein was expressed in developing cone photoreceptors, suggesting a role for this predominant rod gene in cone photoreceptor development. The analysis presented here provides an experimental framework to determine the specificity and strength of photoreceptor elements within specific genetic networks during development. The Onecut1 transcription factor is one such factor that influences the gene regulatory networks specific to cones and rods, but not those that are common to both.
Fetal and maternal responses to yoga in the third trimester.

Objective: The primary purpose of this study was to examine maternal and fetal responses to a typical, moderate-intensity yoga session in healthy pregnant women during the third trimester using con...
Teacher Persistence in Implementing EE: Implications for the Interpretive Community:

There are a variety of barriers that deter teachers from using environmental education (EE), including state curriculum standards and testing, lack of funding and transportation, lack of training, ...
Subtidal surface circulation in lower Cook Inlet and Kachemak Bay, Alaska

Abstract Nearly 90 Lagrangian surface drifters were deployed and often recovered and re-deployed in lower Cook Inlet and Kachemak Bay from 2003 through 2007 and from 2012 through 2017. Velocity vectors calculated from the hourly position data by central finite-differences were low-passed filtered to create maps of the mean, sub-tidal surface circulation. The circulation maps, while generally consistent with the results of Burbank (1977) and Muench et al. (1978), provide new detail showing anti-cyclonic circulation around Kalgin Island, a single cyclonic circulation cell in outer Kachemak Bay, and two circulation cells, one cyclonic and the other anti-cyclonic, in inner Kachemak Bay.
Improved Convergence Rate for a Distributed Two-Time-Scale Gradient Method under Random Quantization.

We study the so-called distributed two-time-scale gradient method for solving convex optimization problems over a network of agents when the communication bandwidth between the nodes is limited, and so information that is exchanged between the nodes must be quantized. Our main contribution is to provide a novel analysis, resulting to an improved convergence rate of this method as compared to the existing works. In particular, we show that the method converges at a rate $O(log_2 k/\sqrt k)$ to the optimal solution, when the underlying objective function is strongly convex and smooth. The key technique in our analysis is to consider a Lyapunov function that simultaneously captures the coupling of the consensus and optimality errors generated by the method.
Modeling household online shopping demand in the U.S.: a machine learning approach and comparative investigation between 2009 and 2017

Despite the rapid growth of online shopping and research interest in the relationship between online and in-store shopping, national-level modeling and investigation of the demand for online shopping with a prediction focus remain limited in the literature. This paper differs from prior work and leverages two recent releases of the U.S. National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) data for 2009 and 2017 to develop machine learning (ML) models, specifically gradient boosting machine (GBM), for predicting household-level online shopping purchases. The NHTS data allow for not only conducting nationwide investigation but also at the level of households, which is more appropriate than at the individual level given the connected consumption and shopping needs of members in a household. We follow a systematic procedure for model development including employing Recursive Feature Elimination algorithm to select input variables (features) in order to reduce the risk of model overfitting and increase model explainability. Among several ML models, GBM is found to yield the best prediction accuracy. Extensive post-modeling investigation is conducted in a comparative manner between 2009 and 2017, including quantifying the importance of each input variable in predicting online shopping demand, and characterizing value-dependent relationships between demand and the input variables. In doing so, two latest advances in machine learning techniques, namely Shapley value-based feature importance and Accumulated Local Effects plots, are adopted to overcome inherent drawbacks of the popular techniques in current ML modeling. The modeling and investigation are performed at the national level, with a number of findings obtained. The models developed and insights gained can be used for online shopping-related freight demand generation and may also be considered for evaluating the potential impact of relevant policies on online shopping demand.
The Effect of “Federal -Aid Swap” Programs and Davis-Bacon Prevailing Wages on Highway Construction Costs and Contractor Composition: Evidence From Iowa

“Federal-aid swap” programs allow states and local governments to bypass federal Davis-Bacon prevailing wages and Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (DBE) goals by exchanging federal funds that have...
INSURANCE Consumer Warranties: Provide for Bond as Insurance Alternative

The Act amends the Code definition of property insurance, which includes consumer warranty agreements, to allow retailers of electronic consumer products to elect to purchase a $100,000 bond in lieu of a warranty insurance policy.
Durability of Concrete Bridge Decks with Reduced Reinforcement

The premature deterioration of concrete bridge decks in regions where deicing chemicals are used has created a multi-billion dollar problem in the United States. In this paper, a simple method to extend the life of new concrete bridge decks is explored: the reduction of deck reinforcement. When a reinforcing bar corrodes, its volume will increase, and eventually, the surrounding concrete will crack. With less steel, there will be less material corroding and expanding, and a longer deck life may result. Rather than attempt a precise proof for this thesis, a number of supporting arguments are made. An approximate procedure to estimate the possible gains in deck life resulting from reduced reinforcement is described. The procedure is based on a smeared-cracking finite element model.
Twitter, sensors and UI: robust context modeling for interruption management

In this paper, we present the results of a two-month field study of fifteen people using a software tool designed to model changes in a user's availability The software uses status update messages, as well as sensors, to detect changes in context When changes are identified using the Kullback-Leibler Divergence metric, users are prompted to broadcast their current context to their social networks The user interface method by which the alert is delivered is evaluated in order to minimize the impact on the user's workflow By carefully coupling both algorithms and user interfaces, interruptions made by the software tool can be made valuable to the user.
Discriminating between rational expectation models: Some evidence

Abstract A set of tests to discriminate among alternative rational expectations models in macroeconomics is given. The results tend to favor those specifications in which a feedback rule for monetary policy with a one-quarter lag cannot affect output.
Mechanism of the Gossypol Inactivation of Pepsinogen

Abstract Previous experiments have shown that pepsinogen reacts with the cottonseed pigment gossypol in the presence of ethanol to form a stable complex with little or no potenitial pepsin activity. We now find the reaction is both temperature- and alcohol-dependent, suggesting a conformational change in the zymogen prior to reaction with gossypol. A yellow, ninhydrin-positive material has been recovered from the acid hydrolysate of borohydride-reduced, gossypol-inactivated pepsinogen. This material is identical with synthetic lysine-gossypol prepared by the reduction of the gossypol-lysine Schiff base. These results confirm that inactivation is due to Schiff base formation between the aldehyde functional groups of the gossypol and lysines 18 and 358 of the zymogen. Pyridoxal phosphate, another Schiff base-forming reagent, was found to protect pepsinogen from inactivation by gossypol. Gossypol has been found to be a good competitive inhibitor of pepsin with a Ki of 4.7 x 10-5 m when Z-Gly-Gly-Phe-Phe-3-(4-pyridyl)propyl-1-oxy was used as a substrate. Under the same conditions, pyridoxal phosphate does not inhibit pepsin at 1.25 x 10-3 m.
Synthesis of Novel Tetrahydrofluorenyl-Containing Group IV Metallocenes for the Ziegler−Natta Type Polymerization of α-Olefins

Several new, novel bridged and unbridged bis-tetrahydrofluorenyl zirconocenes were synthesized and evaluated as Ziegler−Natta type catalysts for ethylene and propylene polymerization. The complexes were found to be highly stable compared to some bis-fluorenylzirconocenes. Polypropylene and polyethylene were produced in good yield using the new catalyst precursors with MAO or Trityl/TIBA as cocatalysts. Both the unsubstituted and substituted bridged bis-tetrahydrofluorenyl zirconocenes were isolated as 50:50 mixtures of rac and meso isomers, which produced mostly atactic polypropylene. Partially crystalline polypropylene was obtained at low temperatures with bis(3-methyltetrahydrofluorenyl)zirconium dichloride.
Magnetic properties of disordered Ni 3 C

Cis ferromagnetic, with a room-temperature coercivity of 70 Oe and a magnetization of 0.8 emu/g at 5.5 T,although the hysteresis loop is not saturated. The theoretical prediction that interacting locally nickel-richregions may be responsible for ferromagnetic behavior is supported by the observation of magnetically glassybehavior at low magnetic ﬁelds.I. INTRODUCTION
Breast Cancer Survivors Often Meet Multiple Criteria for Lymphedema.

Introduction:Assessment and diagnosis of lymphedema (LE) has been problematic, in part due to the fact that various measurement approaches and criteria have been applied. This analysis examines four different criteria for diagnosing lymphedema among breast cancer survivors. Recent scientific literature reports that anywhere from 6 to 30 percent (Petrek and Heelan, 1998) or 6 to 62.5 percent (Passik, 1998) of the breast cancer population has LE. The discrepancies among the reported percentages stem from difficulties in measurement, diagnosis, and follow-up (Petrek and Heelan, 1998, Passik, 1998, Rockson, 1998, Meek, 1998, Armer and Stewart, 2005, Hayes et al., 2008). Traditionally, finding >2cm difference in limb girth between the affected and non-affected limbs warranted clinical diagnosis of LE (Callaway, 1988, Armer and Stewart, 2005). Measuring a 200 ml limb volume difference or a 10 percent limb volume change (LVC) from baseline and/or between limbs as well as self-reported signs and symptoms are also documented methods of LE diagnosis (Petlund, 1991, Armer and Stewart, 2005).Methods:Participants were enrolled post-breast cancer diagnosis but pre-surgery, and followed every 3 months for 12 months, then every 6 months until 2.5 years post-surgery. Limb volume changes (LVC) were measured using: (a) circumferences via tape measure at 4 cm intervals, (b) infra-red laser perometry, and (c) symptom experience (SS) via interview. Four diagnostic criteria for LE were used: (i) 2cm circumferential change; (ii) 200 mL perometry LVC; (iii) 10% perometry LVC; and (iv) self-report of limb heaviness/swelling.Results:In this cohort, 84% met at least one criterion to identify lymphedema by 2.5 years post-treatment (Figure 1). The most common single criterion met was 2-cm circumferential change (25%). When examining meeting multiple criteria, 13% of participants met the combination of 200mL LVC, 10% LVC, and 2cm change. In addition, 11% of participants met all four lymphedema criteria by 2.5 years post treatment.Conclusions:This analysis demonstrates breast cancer survivors who develop lymphedema often meet multiple criteria for the condition. We found 62% of those with lymphedema met two or more criteria used in this analysis, and 31% met three or more criteria. The most common criterion to identify lymphedema, either alone or associated with one or more criteria, was 2 cm circumference change (77%), while 10% LVC was least likely to be met (26%). Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 2074.
Cortical evolution: judge the brain by its cover.

To understand the emergence of human higher cognition, we must understand its biological substrate—the cerebral cortex, which considers itself the crowning achievement of evolution. Here, we describe how advances in developmental neurobiology, coupled with those in genetics, including adaptive protein evolution via gene duplications and the emergence of novel regulatory elements, can provide insights into the evolutionary mechanisms culminating in the human cerebrum. Given that the massive expansion of the cortical surface and elaboration of its connections in humans originates from developmental events, understanding the genetic regulation of cell number, neuronal migration to proper layers, columns, and regions, and ultimately their differentiation into specific phenotypes, is critical. The pre- and postnatal environment also interacts with the cellular substrate to yield a basic network that is refined via selection and elimination of synaptic connections, a process that is prolonged in humans. This knowledge provides essential insight into the pathogenesis of human-specific neuropsychiatric disorders.
Seismological implications of a lithospheric low seismic velocity zone in Mars

Most seismological models for the interior of Mars lack an upper mantle low velocity zone. However, there is expected to be a large thermal gradient across the stagnant conductive lid (lithosphere) of Mars. This gradient should tend to decrease elastic wave velocities with increasing depth, with this effect dominating the opposing tendency caused by increasing pressure with depth because Mars has low gravity. An upper mantle lithosphere with a low velocity zone (LVZ) beneath a thin high velocity “seismic lid” is thus predicted. The upcoming NASA InSight mission includes a three-component seismometer, which should provide the first opportunity to directly detect any lithospheric LVZ in Mars. Seismic wavefields expected for Mars mantle velocity structures with or without a strong LVZ are very distinct. The LVZ models predict shadow zones for high-frequency seismic body wave phases such as P, S, PP and SS, etc. The most diagnostic waves that can be used to evaluate presence of a lithospheric LVZ given a single seismometer are intermediate-period global surface waves, which travel along the great circle from a seismic source to the seismometer. An LVZ produces distinctive dispersion, with a Rayleigh wave Airy phase around 100 s period and very different surface wave seismograms compared to a model with no LVZ. Even a single observation of long-period surface waves from a known range can be diagnostic of the lithospheric structure.
ANIMAL HIERARCHIES AND REPEATED COMPARISONS

Linear and near-linear hierarchies are well known in animal groups, but the nature of the process or processes that form such hierarchies is unknown. Chase recently demonstrated that two commonly suggested processes cannot be correct, even in theory. A simple modification of one of these processes, however, to allow repeated comparisons of strength, size and/or skill produces a plausible and biologically realistic model for linear or near-linear hierarchy formation.
Pyrophosphorolysis-activatable oligonucleotides may facilitate detection of rare alleles, mutation scanning and analysis of chromatin structures.

Pyrophosphorolysis-activated polymerization (PAP) was initially developed to enhance the specificity of allele-specific PCR for detection of known mutations in the presence of a great excess of wild-type allele. The high specificity of PAP derives from the serial coupling of pyrophosphorolysis-mediated activation of a pyrophosphorolysis-activatable oligonucleotide (P*) followed by extension of the activated oligonucleotide. Herein, we demonstrate that genetically engineered DNA polymerases greatly improve the efficiency of PAP, making it a practical technique for detection of rare mutations. We also show that P* oligonucleotides have the novel and unexpected property of high sensitivity to mismatches throughout at least the 16 3′-terminal nucleotides. Thus, PAP constitutes a technology platform of potential utility whenever high specificity is required along the length of an oligonucleotide.
Laser Diagnostic Techniques for Shock Tube Studies of Combustion Chemistry

Laser-based absorption techniques, used to probe species time-histories in shock tube experiments of combustion chemistry, are described. A variety of laser sources are used, providing wavelengths from the deep UV to the mid-IR.
Madame Mao: The White-Boned Demon

1. Prologue: 'I was Mao's dog' 2. Growing up, reaching out (1914-33 3. Onstage in Shanghai (1933-1937) 4. Mao's housewife in Yanan (1938-49) 5. Letdown (1950s) 6. Recovery and revenge: politics as theater (1960s) 7. Bid to be empress (1970s) 8. 'Shut up, Jiang Qing' Postscript Abbreviations in notes References notes Index.
Augmenting the House of Quality With Engineering Models

To develop successful products the “Voice of the Customer” must be explicitly considered in the design process. The House of Quality (HOQ) is an increasingly popular structured methodology for ensuring customer focus. Two important steps of the product development process in which the HOQ is used are (1) setting engineering targets and (2) identifying the inherent tradeoffs in a design. We believe that these two activities cannot be performed reliably in actual practice unless the HOQ is used in conjunction with objective engineering models of product performance. In this paper, we substantiate this claim using an example drawn from a real design project. The potential benefits of augmenting the HOQ with engineering models are explained and a single representation which facilitates their combined use is presented.
Nonstructural Protein-2 and the Replication of Canine Parvovirus

The nonstructural protein-2 (NS2) of canine parvovirus (CPV) is produced from the left-hand open reading frame of the viral genome and contains 87 amino-terminal amino acids in common with nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) joined to 78 amino acids from an alternative open reading frame. In the minute virus of mice parvovirus NS2 plays a role in controlling capsid protein assembly and translation in a host-specific manner. The predicted NS2 of CPV is divergent from the proteins of the rodent parvoviruses, and the protein and its functions have not been described. We characterized the large and the small splices of CPV using reverse transcriptase-PCR, NS2 was identified using anti-peptide antibodies against the predicted C-terminal sequence and also by expressing the protein from a plasmid vector. The protein could be detected at low levels in the nucleus and the cytoplasm of a proportion of CPV-infected cells, as well as in cells transfected with the expression plasmid. Virus genomes were prepared with mutations in the splice donor or acceptor sites of the NS2-specific intron or with three different termination codons in the NS2-unique exon. Both splice donor and acceptor mutations resulted in the use of previously cryptic splice sites, and the virus containing the splice donor mutation replicated inefficiently. However, the other four mutant viruses were all viable and replicated efficiently in cat and dog cells, and two mutant viruses that were tested appeared to assemble their capsids in the same manner as did the wildtype. After inoculation of dogs an NS2 mutant virus with a termination codon in the NS2-unique exon replicated to titers similar to those seen for wildtype CPV in several tissues examined.
A numerical model for simulating the radiation regime within a deciduous forest canopy

Abstract A numerical model that simulates the radiation regime inside a fully leafed and leafless deciduous forest canopy is discussed and tested. The model incorporates features which account for the vertical variation in leaf inclination angles and penumbral effects; these features have been experimentally shown to significantly influence the radiation regime in a deciduous forest. This version of the model mimics measured values quite well and improves upon estimates of the canopy radiation regime that are based upon the general assumption that the leaf inclination angle distribution is spherical and that the Poisson probability distribution describes the probability of beam penetration. On the other hand, the numerical model assumes first-order scattering, which is inferior to multiple scattering routines.
Architecture of Infection Thread Networks in Developing Root Nodules Induced by the Symbiotic Bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti on Medicago truncatula

During the course of the development of nitrogen-fixing root nodules induced by Sinorhizobium meliloti on the model plant Medicago truncatula, tubules called infection threads are cooperatively constructed to deliver the bacterial symbiont from the root surface to cells in the interior of the root and developing nodule. Three-dimensional reconstructions of infection threads inside M. truncatula nodules showed that the threads formed relatively simple, tree-like networks. Some characteristics of thread networks, such as branch length, branch density, and branch surface-to-volume ratios, were remarkably constant across nodules in different stages of development. The overall direction of growth of the networks changed as nodules developed. In 5-d-old nodules, the overall growth of the network was directed inward toward the root. However, well-defined regions of these young networks displayed an outward growth bias, indicating that they were likely in the process of repolarizing their direction of development in response to the formation of the outward-growing nodule meristem. In 10- and 30-d-old nodules, the branches of the network grew outward toward the meristem and away from the roots on which the nodules developed.
Temperature dependence spectroscopic study of Ce-doped Cs3LaCl6 and Cs3LaBr6 scintillators ☆

Abstract Single crystals of Ce-doped Cs3LaCl6 and Cs3LaBr6 show promising scintillation properties in gamma-ray detection. Their thermal response in the range from 40 K to 500 K is discussed in this work. The steady state photoluminescence spectra, photoluminescence decay time, and X-ray excited radioluminescence of Ce-doped and undoped Cs3LaCl6 and Cs3LaBr6 were studied. The photoluminescence and radioluminescence emission intensity of the Ce-doped crystals decreases less than 25% from 40 K to 500 K. The photoluminescence decay time of Ce3+ increases with increasing temperature.
Student work products as a teaching tool for nature of science pedagogical knowledge: A professional development project with in-service secondary science teachers

Abstract The purpose was to examine NOS knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge about NOS of in-service secondary science teachers. Data sources included Views of Science and Education scale, lesson plans with rationales for choices, examples of student work products, videotapes of lesson peer reviews, and interviews conducted after the experience. Teachers scored significantly higher on several aspects of NOS knowledge and on one aspect of attitudes toward teaching NOS on the VOSE. Scaffolded NOS professional development with analysis of student work products resulted in NOS lessons that had a higher level of inquiry, and deliberate explicit and reflective instruction.
Primary vs secondary adrenal insufficiency: ACTH‐stimulated aldosterone diagnostic cut‐off values by tandem mass spectrometry

Objectives To validate the diagnostic utility of Cortrosyn(™) stimulated aldosterone in the differentiation of primary (PAI) and secondary adrenal insufficiency (SAI) and to evaluate the effect of urine sodium levels and posture on test performance. Design Cross-sectional study. Methods Healthy volunteers (HV; n = 46) and patients with PAI (n = 26) and SAI (n = 29) participated in the study. Testing included cortisol and aldosterone (by liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry) measurements at baseline and 30 and 60 min after 250 μg Cortrosyn(™). Plasma corticotropin (ACTH), renin activity (PRA) and urine spot sodium as a proxy for 24-h urine sodium excretion were measured at baseline. The effect of a sitting or semifowlers posture was evaluated in healthy volunteers. Results A Cortrosyn(™)-stimulated aldosterone level of 5 ng/dl (0·14 nmol/l) had 88% sensitivity and positive predictive value and 89·7% specificity and negative predictive value for distinguishing PAI from SAI. Spot urine sodium levels showed a strong correlation with peak aldosterone levels (r = -0·55, P = 0·02, n = 18) in the SAI but not PAI or HV groups. Posture did not have a significant effect on results. Conclusions Once diagnosed with adrenal insufficiency, a stimulated aldosterone value of 5 ng/dl (0·14 nmol/l) works well to differentiate PAI from SAI. However, clinicians should be aware of the possible effect of total body sodium as reflected by spot urine sodium levels on aldosterone results. A 24-h urine sodium measurement may be helpful in interpretation.
Protein synthesis with membrane-bound polysomes and albumin messenger RNA from livers of mutant mice.

Investigation of deficiencies in serum protein synthesis resulting from deletion-mutations at the albino locus in mice was continued usingin vitro conditions. Previous work showed that although total protein synthesis was only slightly lower in livers from albinos, newly synthesized protein appearing in plasma was 22% of that in controls. It was thought that the disorganized endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, characteristic for the liver (and kidney) of these mutants, might be responsible for the observed deficiencies. In the present study mebrane-bound polysomes isolated from the livers of newborn albinos were 55% (c3H/c3H strain) and 62% (c14CoS/c14CoS strain) as efficient as those from normal littermates in incorporating radioactive leucine into protein in a cell-free system. These differences could not be eliminated by the addition of excess liver mRNA, exogenous soluble factors or by the exchange of cell sap between albino and control polysomes. In an earlier study albino liver slices synthesized only 13% (or 17% per mg of total protein synthesized) as much albumin as controls. We have now found that the level of albumin poly(A)+-RNA isolated from albino livers and assayed with a reticulocyte lysate, was almost as high (85%) as in controls. It was concluded that the very low level of albumin synthesis in albino livers did not result from a deficiency of albumin mRNA. Whether the rate-limiting step in synthesis of albumin in mutant livers is at the level of translation or processing for secretion requires further investigation.
Masking the overhead of protocol layering

Protocol layering has been advocated as a way of dealing with the complexity of computer communication. It has also been criticized for its performance overhead. In this paper, we present some insights in the design of protocols, and how these insights can be used to mask the overhead of layering, in a way similar to client caching in a file system. With our techniques, we achieve an order of magnitude improvement in end-to-end message latency in the Horus communication framework. Over an ATM network, we are able to do a round-trip message exchange, of varying levels of semantics, in about 170 µseconds, using a protocol stack of four layers that were written in ML, a high-level functional language.
Effect of Roughness in Lock Exchange Density Currents

A preliminary analysis has been performed to understand the effect of surface roughness height on the evolution of the density currents generated in lock-exchange mechanism. The results have revealed density currents over rough wall travel at a lower speed compared to those over smooth wall. Further, a regression analysis has revealed that the maximum front velocity varies as e−k, where k is the height of the surface roughness.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
An exploratory study of portfolio objectives and asset holdings

This study examines the relationship between asset holdings and portfolio objectives. It demonstrates that asset holdings across a wide variety of investment alternatives (stocks, bonds, mutual funds, CD's, life insurance, home, pension plans and tax products) vary systematically as a function of the relative importance placed on multiple objectives (current income, capital appreciation, retirement, family education, etc.) and investor characteristics such as the stage of the family life cycle, income, wealth, education and level of risk aversion. The portfolio of objectives, in turn, are related to the stage of the family lifecycle as well as wealth and attitude toward risk (risk aversion). Both the direct and indirect (via portfolio objectives) effects of investor characteristics on asset holdings are examined. The results provide insights into investor motivations and life cycle savings behavior.
Novel strategies for managing pancreatic cancer

With the incidence reports of pancreatic cancer increasing every year, research over the last several decades has been focused on the means to achieve early diagnosis in patients that are at a high risk of developing the malignancy. This review covers current strategies for managing pancreatic cancer and further discusses efforts in understanding the role of early onset symptoms leading to tumor progression. Recent investigations in this discussion include type 3c diabetes, selected biomarkers and pathways related to pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia lesions, drug resistance, and advances in nanomedicine which may provide significant solutions for improving early detection and treatments in future medicine.
Measurement of exercise orientation in normalsubjects: gender and age differences

Abstract This study describes the development and evaluation of a questionnaire to measureexercise attitudes and behavior including those associated with psychopathology. A 49-itemExercise Orientation Questionnaire (EOQ) was administered to the following groups: 103undergraduate college students, 40 attendees at two professional conferences, and 111 membersof a jury pool. Factor analysis yielded 6 clearly interpretable factors which accounted for 44.6%of the total variance: (1) Self-control, (2) Orientation to Exercise, (3) Self Loathing, (4) WeightReduction, (5) Competition, and (6) Identity. Twenty-two items were eliminated on the basis ofthe factor analysis for a final total of 27 items. Alpha coefficients for the factors ranged from0.74 to 0.87, with 0.92 for the total score, suggesting excellent reliability. Good concurrentvalidity was indicated by significant correlations between EOQ scores and ratings of exerciseinvestment, frequency, and duration. The two largest groups, university students and jury poolmembers, were compared on the basis of age and sex. Females scored higher on WeightReduction while Males scored higher on Identity. Young males scored higher than older maleson Self Control, Self Loathing, Competition, and total EOQ score. Findings suggest that, whencompared to older men, young men in this culture are under greater stress and have a morenegative sense of body and self.
Plume and jetting regimes in a laser based forward transfer process as observed by time-resolved optical microscopy

Matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation direct-write was investigated by ultra high-speed optical microscopy. A layer of viscous fluid was irradiated with 355 nm, 30 ns laser pulses in a laser forward transfer configuration. The fluid response as a function of fluence was studied, and several distinct regimes of behavior were observed: plume, jetting and sub-threshold. This work emphasizes the fundamental differences between laser forward transfer of solid-state materials and rheological fluids.
Massive dermoid cysts of the floor of the mouth in children.

Abstract Dermoid cysts of the floor of the mouth are very rare in children. True dermoid cysts occur in this site in less than 2% of all such cysts including those presenting in adults. Four massive (5–8 cm diameter) such cysts in children, which by virtue of their size threatened the airway, are reported. In the four cases reported, each demonstrated a distinct ‘stalk’ inserting at the genial tubercle of the mandible and the cyst lay mostly superior to the mylohyoid muscle. This ‘stalk’ provides a potential pitfall for the unwary surgeon who may leave a remnant if the ‘stalk’ is transected during removal and has not been previously reported. The embryologic origins of these large masses are uncertain and with the description of such a stalk would seem to be more complex than a simple developmental inclusion. The clinical presentations of these tumors and their possible pathogenesis are discussed.
Some Observations with Ultra-Accelerators

Abstract ALTHOUGH much has been done on accelerators, in such a vast field there is always room for additional work, particularly if, as Whitby predicts, ultra-accelerators will be the main class used in course of time. This investigation was started with the following points in view: (1) to prepare several thiuramdisulfides and related compounds; (2) to note their relative behavior when used as accelerators; and, if possible, deduce some explanation for the mode of action of the class or for the behavior of some particular compound, or gain additional evidence for any existing theories. The relative inactivity of thiurams derived from primary amines has been mentioned but no explanation published. Evidence is presented to show that decomposition of the compound into hydrogen sulfide and a mustard oil takes place so quickly at the temperatures used that there is not time for the generation of much active accelerator. It was found that tetramethylthiurammonosulfide plus sulfur equivalent to the difference ...
A majority sound change in a minority community: /u/-fronting in Chicano English

Many sociolinguistic studies have found that minority groups are not participating in the sound changes characteristic of the majority community. This study, however, presents evidence that /u/-fronting, a sound change observable in California Anglo speakers, is found in the minority Mexican-American community as well, among speakers of Chicano English. Furthermore, while a high percentage of variation research has focused on correlating sociolinguistic variables with traditional social factors (age, gender, and social class being the most common), the results of this research underscore the need to analyze variation within the context of those social categories that are of particular significance to the specific community being studied, as well as the importance of incorporating interactions among social factors into a sociolinguistic analysis.
Accessible online content creation by end users

Like most online content, user-generated content (UGC) poses accessibility barriers to users with disabilities. However, the accessibility difficulties pervasive in UGC warrant discussion and analysis distinct from other kinds of online content. Content authors, community culture, and the authoring tool itself all affect UGC accessibility. The choices, resources available, and strategies in use to ensure accessibility are different than for other types of online content. We contribute case studies of two UGC communities with accessible content: Wikipedia, where authors focus on access to visual materials and navigation, and an online health support forum where users moderate the cognitive accessibility of posts. Our data demonstrate real world moderation strategies and illuminate factors affecting success, such as community culture. We conclude with recommended strategies for creating a culture of accessibility around UGC.
The sonographic diagnosis of focal and diffuse infiltrating intrascrotal lesions

Thirty-six examples of inflammatory and neoplastic disease of the scrotum were evaluated with ultrasound. Analysis of the images suggests that sonographic differentiation of these conditions is possible in certain instances. The ability to separate testicular from extratesticular pathology is quite accurate. In some cases, neoplastic disease of the testis can be differentiated from malignancy, although surgical intervention is often required for diagnosis.
Aspects of the three-dimensional intracellular organization of mesocarp cells as revealed by scanning electron microscopy

The osmium-ligand binding technique and scanning electron microscopy have been applied to the study of the three-dimensional organization of mesocarp cells of a mature avocado fruit. Using this approach the mitochondria of the cells appear as elongated, branching structures and the endoplasmic reticulum consists of a complex of tubular strands, vesiculated strands and lamellar sheets. Associations of the endoplasmic reticulum with other organelles are also apparent. It is suggested that this approach provides a valuable means to assess the structural transitions in cell organization that occur during development or with functional changes.
LEIBNIZ, PLANTINGA AND THE TEST FOR EXISTENCE IN POSSIBLE WORLDS

Plantinga offers a version of the Ontological Argument which he suggests is rational for us to accept. He offers seemingly plausible premises which lead to an inescapable conclusion. Tooley, who is unconvinced by the argument, offers a proof which establishes that (at least in some possible world) there is no being which has the characteristics (often) attributed to G-d. Ironically, Plantinga can use Tooley's proof to establish that there is no possible world in which there is no being which has the characteristics (often) attributed to G-d . Rather than refute Plantinga's position, Tooley's approach demonstrates that we need to amend the test by which we determine whether or not a property exists in some possible world. Tooley claims that a property exists in some possible world as long as the property is not self-contradictory. However, if we accept this claim, then we will be able to establish that certain properties both must and cannot exist in all possible worlds. Furthermore, we will be able to establish that we live in an inconceivable world. We must adopt an insight of Leibniz: and claim that a quality's not being self-contradictory is not a sufficient condition for its existence in some possible world.
Multivariate Cholesky models of human female fertility patterns in the NLSY.

Substantial evidence now exists that variables measuring or correlated with human fertility outcomes have a heritable component. In this study, we define a series of age-sequenced fertility variables, and fit multivariate models to account for underlying shared genetic and environmental sources of variance. We make predictions based on a theory developed by Udry [(1996) Biosocial models of low-fertility societies. In: Casterline, JB, Lee RD, Foote KA (eds) Fertility in the United States: new patterns, new theories. The Population Council, New York] suggesting that biological/genetic motivations can be more easily realized and measured in settings in which fertility choices are available. Udry’s theory, along with principles from molecular genetics and certain tenets of life history theory, allow us to make specific predictions about biometrical patterns across age. Consistent with predictions, our results suggest that there are different sources of genetic influence on fertility variance at early compared to later ages, but that there is only one source of shared environmental influence that occurs at early ages. These patterns are suggestive of the types of gene–gene and gene–environment interactions for which we must account to better understand individual differences in fertility outcomes.
Bicontinuous Cubic Morphologies in Block Copolymers and Amphiphile/Water Systems: Mathematical Description through the Minimal Surfaces

Block copolymers and amphiphile/water systems both exhibit very rich polymorphism. The bicontinuous cubic morphologies mediate the transformation from a lamellar phase to a hexagonally-packed cylinder phase. However, certain bicontinuous cubic morphologies can theoretically transform smoothly (without disruption or tearing) to other bicontinuous cubic morphologies in response to variation in temperature and concentration. These bicontinuous phases are best understood in terms of their associated minimal surfaces. The minimal surfaces D (i.e, ordered bicontinuous double diamond OBDD for block copolymer; cubic phase Q224 for amphiphile/water system), G (i.e., gyroid G* for block copolymer; cubic phase Q230 for amphiphile/water system), and P (cubic phase Q229 for amphiphile/water system; not yet reported for block copolymers) were computed and their two-dimensional projections on the plane reveals various 4-fold and 3-fold symmetries that are at times indistinguishable from that of the hexagonal phase. More...
A National Survey: Municipal Budget Directors View Budgetary Control

This article is based on a survey of budget directors' views concerning control. Responsible for control on a daily basis, the budget director knows its many components first hand. Budget directors in all municipalities with populations from 100,000 to 1,000,000 received a mail questionnaire in June 1981. Of the 158 directors surveyed, 127 or 80 percent responded. The discussion which follows is organized into the five key areas covered in the survey: functions of control, time commitment and degree of difficulty in performing the control function, relationship between control and other aspects of management, current control techniques, and recent developments affecting control.
Duplex oligomers defined via covalent casting of a one-dimensional hydrogen-bonding motif.

Hydrogen-bonded tapes comprised of monomeric molecular precursors are used to define structural parameters for the design of related oligomers encoded with predetermined modes of assembly. Applicat...
Characterizing the spatiotemporal expression of RNAs and proteins in the starlet sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis

In an effort to reconstruct the early evolution of animal genes and proteins, there is an increasing focus on basal animal lineages such as sponges, cnidarians, ctenophores and placozoans. Among the basal animals, the starlet sea anemone Nematostella vectensis (phylum Cnidaria) has emerged as a leading laboratory model organism partly because it is well suited to experimental techniques for monitoring and manipulating gene expression. Here we describe protocols adapted for use in Nematostella to characterize the expression of RNAs by in situ hybridization using either chromogenic or fluorescence immunohistochemistry (∼1 week), as well as to characterize protein expression by whole-mount immunofluorescence (∼3 d). We also provide a protocol for labeling cnidocytes (∼3 h), the phylum-specific sensory-effector cell type that performs a variety of functions in cnidarians, including the delivery of their venomous sting.
REGULATION OF FOOD INTAKE IN RUMINANTS. 1. PELLETED RATIONS VARYING IN ENERGY CONCENTRATION.

Abstract Four completely pelleted rations consisting of the following alfalfa meal: ground shelled corn ratios—100:0, 80:20, 60:40, and 40:60—were fed to eight Holstein heifers in two 4 × 4 Latin-squares and to 40 crossbred lambs in a 67-day continuous feeding trial. Apparent digestibility determined with heifers indicated an increase in dry matter and gross energy digestibility coefficients as the per cent corn was increased in the diet. Daily dry matter consumption decreased as the corn increased, and daily energy consumption was similar for all rations. Results of the lamb trial gave similar trends in dry matter consumption. There was no significant difference (P Results of both trials support the hypothesis that ruminants will adjust voluntary food intake in relation to physiological demand for energy if fill or rumen load does not limit their consumption.
Coping strategies of children in pain.

A total of 214 children, 9–12 years of age, 100 hospitalized and 114 in school, participated in a study to describe their experience with pain. The children were asked to report what made them feel better when they had pain; 182 were able to identify at least one approach they used to cope with pain. Findings indicated that children could identify a variety of strategies for coping with pain. Girls more than boys and the school more than the hospitalized children reported a larger number and variety. There were also marked differences in the categories of coping strategies between the hospitalized and non-hospitalized and between boys and girls.
Mapping the Treacher Collins syndrome locus to 5q31.3----q33.3.

Abstract Treacher Collins syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder of abnormal craniofacial development. Linkage analysis was performed in Treacher Collins families with restriction fragment length or microsatellite polymorphisms associated with eight loci previously mapped to 5q31→qter. Positive lod scores were obtained for four loci, D5S119, D5S207, D5S209, and D5S210, which map to 5q31.3→q33.3. The Treacher Collins syndrome locus was linked closest to locus D5S210, which is associated with microsatellite polymorphisms, with a maximum lod score of 8.65 at θ = 0.02. The Treacher Collins syndrome locus was excluded from locus ADRB2R, which maps to 5q31→q32, and loci D5S22, D5S61, and D5S43, which map to 5q34→qter. There was no evidence for genetic heterogeneity among eight families with variable expression of the condition.