cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A combinatorial approach to building navigation graphs for dynamic web applications

Modeling the navigation structure of a dynamic web application is a challenging task because of the presence of dynamic pages. In particular, there are two problems to be dealt with: (1) the page explosion problem, i.e., the number of dynamic pages may be huge or even infinite; and (2) the request generation problem, i.e., many dynamic pages may not be reached unless appropriate user requests are supplied. As a user request typically consists of multiple parameter values, the request generation problem can be further divided into two problems: (1) How to select appropriate values for individual parameters? (2) How to effectively combine individual parameter values to generate requests? This paper presents a combinatorial approach to building a navigation graph. The novelty of our approach is two-fold. First, we use an abstraction scheme to control the page explosion problem. In this scheme, pages that are likely to have the same navigation behavior are grouped together, and are represented as a single node in a navigation graph. Grouping pages reduces and bounds the size of a navigation graph for practical applications. Second, assuming that values of individual parameters are supplied by using other techniques or generated manually by the user, we combine parameter values in a way that achieves a well-defined combinatorial coverage called pairwise coverage. Using pairwise coverage can significantly reduce the number of requests that have to be submitted while still achieving effective coverage of the navigation structure. We report a prototype tool called Tansuo, and apply the tool to five open source web applications. Our empirical results indicate that Tansuo can efficiently generate web navigation graphs for these applications.
Cell physiology of cAMP sensor Epac

Epac is an acronym for the exchange proteins activated directly by cyclic AMP, a family of cAMP-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factors (cAMPGEFs) that mediate protein kinase A (PKA)-independent signal transduction properties of the second messenger cAMP. Two variants of Epac exist (Epac1 and Epac2), both of which couple cAMP production to the activation of Rap, a small molecular weight GTPase of the Ras family. By activating Rap in an Epac-mediated manner, cAMP influences diverse cellular processes that include integrin-mediated cell adhesion, vascular endothelial cell barrier formation, and cardiac myocyte gap junction formation. Recently, the identification of previously unrecognized physiological processes regulated by Epac has been made possible by the development of Epac-selective cyclic AMP analogues (ESCAs). These cell-permeant analogues of cAMP activate both Epac1 and Epac2, whereas they fail to activate PKA when used at low concentrations. ESCAs such as 8-pCPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP and 8-pMeOPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP are reported to alter Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Cl− channel function, intracellular [Ca2+], and Na+–H+ transporter activity in multiple cell types. Moreover, new studies examining the actions of ESCAs on neurons, pancreatic beta cells, pituitary cells and sperm demonstrate a major role for Epac in the stimulation of exocytosis by cAMP. This topical review provides an update concerning novel PKA-independent features of cAMP signal transduction that are likely to be Epac-mediated. Emphasized is the emerging role of Epac in the cAMP-dependent regulation of ion channel function, intracellular Ca2+ signalling, ion transporter activity and exocytosis.
Reliability and validity of the gray-wheelwrights Jungian type survey

Estimates of reliability and validity coefficients for the Gray-Wheelwrights Jungian Types Survey (GW/JTS), which was developed to measure Carl Jung's theory of types, are reported in this article. The GW/JTS is an 81-item forced-choice instrument with three bipolar scales, introversion-extraversion (IE), sensation-intuition (SU), and thinking-feeling (TF). Four methods, the GW/JTS, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), and self- and peer-rating were used to measure IE, SU, and TF in a sample of 187 adults. Reliability coefficients for the GW/JTS scales were .72 for IE, .70 for SU, and .38 for TF; the reliability for TF was not sufficient. Using confirmatory factor analysis and the Campbell and Fiske guidelines, the IE and SU scales demonstrated reasonable construct validity and the TF scale showed limited validity.
Transport Quantities in One-Dimensional Disordered Systems

In discussing transport quantities in one-dimensional disordered systems, care must be taken to assure that averaged quantities are statistically meaningful. ANDERSON, THOULESS, ABRAHAMS, and FISHER [1] have recently pointed to a, the inverse localization length, as a proper quantity to average. The mathematical properties of a have been discussed in the past by FURSTENBURG [2] and O’CONNOR [3], for example. The connection of a to resistance and conductance was made by LANDAUER [4]. He considered a collection of random barriers of total length L, and described by transmission coefficient T and reflection coefficient R = 1-T. By using the Einstein relation between conductivity and the diffusion constant, he showed that the conductance, G, is given by $$ G = \frac{{{e^2}}} {{2\pi h}}{\kern 1pt} \frac{T} {R} $$ (1) where e is the electronic charge and h is Planck’s constant. LANDAUER [4] and ANDERSON et al. [1] agree that averaging the resistances of a collection of random systems gives a quantity proportional to exp(2αL)-1, where a is a parameter independent of length. While this accurately describes average resistance its usefulness is questionable, for if we instead average G, we will find that 1/ ≠ .
Lycopene for prevention and treatment of prostate cancer.

Because of the large impact of prostate cancer, there is great interest in new methods of prevention and treatment; some of these appear to reduce mortality. [4] Lycopene is a natural product that has recently gained attention as an agent for prostate cancer prevention and treatment. Lycopene, a member of the carotenoid pigment family, is common in humans and found in the blood and tissues. [5] Carotenoids include at least 600 pigments, most of which provide bright colors to various plants. Lycopene gives tomatoes and other fruits and vegetables a red color, while serving primarily to protect cells from photosensitization and to aid in photosynthesis. [6] The lycopene molecule contains 40 carbons, and theoretically there are 2048 isomers, although only a few are found in nature. [2] The all-trans form is the most stable in nature and therefore the most common; however, the human body tends to contain more cis isomers. It is not known how the all-trans isomer is converted to the cis isomers; theories include heat, food processing, and conversion in the body. [2,3]
Evolution of Cooperation in Social Dilemmas on Complex Networks.

Cooperation in social dilemmas is essential for the functioning of systems at multiple levels of complexity, from the simplest biological organisms to the most sophisticated human societies. Cooperation, although widespread, is fundamentally challenging to explain evolutionarily, since natural selection typically favors selfish behavior which is not socially optimal. Here we study the evolution of cooperation in three exemplars of key social dilemmas, representing the prisoner’s dilemma, hawk-dove and coordination classes of games, in structured populations defined by complex networks. Using individual-based simulations of the games on model and empirical networks, we give a detailed comparative study of the effects of the structural properties of a network, such as its average degree, variance in degree distribution, clustering coefficient, and assortativity coefficient, on the promotion of cooperative behavior in all three classes of games.
Effects of Thermal Stratification on Convection Penetration in Porous Media

Numerical results are presented for natural convection from a heat source vertically embedded in a saturated, porous layer. The porous layer is thermally stratified with a negative temperature gradient but its corresponding Rayleigh number is no greater than that of the critical value (Ra = 40). The effects of the source strength and its buried depth on the penetration of convective flows are also investigated. The results, which include the buoyancy-induced flow patterns and temperature profiles, as well as the heat transfer coefficient in terms of the Nusselt number, are presented for a wide range of Rayleigh number and stratification parameter. The results thus obtained have important implications for applications in geothermal energy and underground disposal of nuclear wastes.
A Great Conspiracy against Our Race: Italian Immigrant Newspapers and the Construction of Whiteness in the Early Twentieth Century

The topic of race has the potential to trigger interest in contemporary readership, and if class and civilization intersect race in the way media construct identity, as demonstrated in A Great Cons...
Systematic investigation of the catalytic cycle of a single site ruthenium oxygen evolving complex using density functional theory.

The mechanism of water oxidation by a single site ruthenium oxygen evolving complex is investigated using fully unrestricted pseudospectral B3LYP with the effective core potential LACV3P in continuum solvent with some quantum mechanical waters. Guess wave functions have been used that allow greater flexibility in sampling different electronic configurations of the complex. Systematic comparison with experiment is improved using these guesses because they provide a complete analysis of the low energy manifold and help to alleviate the formal disconnect between theory and experiment in assigning Lewis structures for transition metal complexes. In agreement with results from the literature, the challenging 4e–and 4H+ oxidation of water is accomplished using a mechanism that features three proton coupled electron transfers, one electron transfer, one atom proton transfer (APT), and one ligand exchange (LE). Calculations on a large database of ruthenium complexes allows us to benchmark the computation of reduc...
“Who Am I?” Rhetoric and Narrative Identity in the Portal Series

Portal and Portal 2 are quests for narrative identity, whereby players attempt to understand who exactly the player is playing the game as—a woman who can outsmart a supercomputer and survive chamb...
Operating Regimes and Performance Optimization in Mode-Locked Fiber Lasers

We develop an averaging method that explicitly formulates the mode-locking dynamics in terms of the cavity waveplate and polarizer settings, thus characterizing the stability and operating regimes of a physically realizable laser cavity.
Impaired postprandial lipemic response in chronic kidney disease

Dyslipidemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is usually characterized by hypertriglyceridemia. Here we studied postprandial lipemia in children and young adults to determine whether an increasing degree of CKD results in a proportional increase in triglyceride and chylomicron concentration. Secondary goals were to determine whether subnephrotic proteinuria, apolipoprotein (apo)C-III and insulin resistance modify the CKD effect. Eighteen fasting participants (mean age of 15 years, mean glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 50 ml/min/1.73 m 2 ) underwent a postprandial challenge with a high fat milkshake. Triglycerides, apoB-48, insulin, and other markers were measured before and 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours afterward. Response was assessed by the incremental area under the curve of triglycerides and of apoB-48. The primary hypothesis was tested by correlation to estimated GFR. Significantly, for every 10 ml/min/1.73 m 2 lower estimated GFR, the incremental area under the curve of triglycerides was 17% greater while that of apoB-48 was 16% greater. Univariate analyses also showed that the incremental area under the curve of triglycerides and apoB-48 were significantly associated with subnephrotic proteinuria, apoC-III, and insulin resistance. In multivariate analysis, CKD and insulin resistance were independently associated with increased area under the curve and were each linked to increased levels of apoC-III. Thus, postprandial triglyceride and chylomicron plasma excursions are increased in direct proportion to the degree of CKD. Independent effects are associated with subclinical insulin resistance and increased apoC-III is linked to both CKD and insulin resistance.
Efficacy of transcatheter closure versus surgery repair of congenital ventricular septal defect in children: a midand long-term follow-up result

Objectives To compare effectiveness, complication and long-term follow up results of transcatheter occlusion with surgical ventricular septal defect(VSD) closure. Methods A retrospective study was performed in 176 patients with VSD in Guangdong Cardiovascular Insititute from March 2002 to December 2004. The patients were assigned to either the occlusion group (n=114) or surgery group (n=62) according to the style of the procedure. This study was done to compare the effectiveness, complications and follow-up of the results of both techniques. Results The closure rate was similar in the 2 groups: 96.5% in occlusion group, 100% in surgical group(P=0.336). At 7 days after procedure in 2 groups: left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDd) and mitral valve (MV) blood flow rate both reduced compared with those before procedure, those in the surgery group reduced more significantly (P0.01); According to incidence of tricuspid regurgitation (TR), higher in occlusion group (P=0.004). New incomplete right bundle branch block(IRBBB) in surgical group was higher than that in occlusion group (P=0.003). At 3 months after procedure in 2 groups: increasement of tricuspid valve (TV) blood flow rate in surgical group was higher than that in occlusion group (P=0.016), there was no significant difference in change range of echocardiography data else and valve complications in the 2 groups (P 0.05). At 12 months after procedure in 2 groups: right ventricular end-diastolic dimension (RVEDd) in surgery group increased more than that in occlusion group (P=0.033), The rate of aortic regurgitation (AR) and mitral regurgitation (MR) in surgery group were higher than those in occlusion group (P0.05). At 5 yeras after procedure in 2 groups: the rate of TR in surgery group was higher than that in occlusion group (P=0.010), there was no significant difference in valve complications else and arrhythmia complications in the 2 groups (P 0.05). Patients with failure to thrive had complete recovery of growth. Conclusions Both transcatheter closure and surgical repair of ventricular septal defect in children are safe, effective, reliable and high rate of success.
Study on changes of platelet parameter and immunoglobulin in children with Kawasaki disease

[Objectives] To discuss the meaning of the changes of platelet parameter and immunoglobulin in children with Kawasaki disease(KD). [Methods] Measured the count of platelet and MPV in each week (total 4 weeks ) to 52 cases patient with KD, and measured the immunoglobulin too . Each patient should accept the cardiology ultrasonic examination. [Results] There were significant differences between the CA(coronary artery lesion) group and the NCA (non coronary artery lesion) group about the count of platelet and MPV (P 0.01). There were significant differences between the CA group and the NCA group about the immunoglobulin IgG (P 0.01). Most of the cases have a high level of the immunoglobulin IgM(67.3%). [Conclusion] The changes of platelet parameter and immunoglobulin play a very important role in diagnosis and estimation of prognosis about KD
Ventilation of Preterm Infants during Delayed Cord Clamping (VentFirst): A Pilot Study of Feasibility and Safety.

Background Establishing lung inflation prior to umbilical cord clamping may improve the cardiovascular transition and reduce the risk of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants. We developed a pilot feasibility and safety study in which infants Methods Infants born between 24 0/7 and 32 6/7 weeks' gestation whose mothers consented were enrolled. All infants received continuous positive airway pressure or positive pressure ventilation during 90 seconds of DCC. Outcomes included feasibility (ability to complete protocol and maintain a sterile field during cesarean deliveries) and safety variables (Apgar scores, umbilical cord pH and base deficit, admission temperature, and postcesarean infection). Results A total of 29 infants were enrolled, including one set of twins (median gestation: 30 weeks; 72% cesarean births). In all cases, the protocol was completed. Heart rate at 60 seconds was more than 100 beats per minute in all infants. Apgar scores, cord blood gas values, and admission temperature were comparable to other preterm deliveries at our institution. Conclusion Assisting ventilation of very preterm infants during 90 seconds of DCC is challenging but feasible and appears to be safe in this small pilot study. A randomized clinical trial is warranted to determine clinical benefit.
Regulatory Factors in Hormone Action: Level, Location and Signal Transduction

The way in which a plant hormone influences growth and development depends on: 1) The amount present: this is regulated by biosynthesis, degradation and conjugation. 2) The location of the hormone: this is affected by movement or transport. 3) The sensitivity (or responsiveness) of the tissue: this involves the presence of receptors and signal-transduction chain components. All of the above are active areas of current research that will be considered in this volume. Examples of each will be introduced below and some will be considered in more detail in later chapters.
Child-targeted TV advertising and preschoolers' consumption of high-sugar breakfast cereals.

Breakfast cereals represent the most highly advertised packaged food on child-targeted television, and most ads are for cereals high in sugar. This study examined whether children's TV exposure to child-targeted, high-sugar breakfast cereal (SBC) ads was associated with their consumption of those SBC brands. Parents of 3- to 5-year-old children were recruited from pediatric and Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) clinics in Southern New Hampshire, USA, and completed a cross-sectional survey between April-December 2013. Parents reported their child's consumption of SBC brands; whether their child had watched any of 11 kids' channels in the past week; their child's TV viewing time; and socio-demographics. Children's exposure to child-targeted SBC TV ads was calculated by combining TV channel and viewing time with advertising data for SBC ads aired on kids' TV channels during the same timeframe. Five hundred forty-eight parents completed surveys; 52.7% had an annual household income of $50,000 or less. Children's mean age was 4.4 years, 51.6% were female, and 72.5% were non-Hispanic white. In the past week, 56.9% (N = 312) of children ate SBCs advertised on kids' channels. Overall, 40.6% of children were exposed to child-targeted SBC TV ads in the past week. In fully adjusted analyses, the number of SBC brands children consumed was positively associated with their exposure to child-targeted SBC ads. Children consumed 14% (RR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.27) more SBC brands for every 10 SBC ads seen in the past 7 days. Exposure to child-targeted SBC TV advertising is positively associated with SBC brand consumption among preschool-aged children. These findings support recommendations to limit the marketing of high-sugar foods to young children.
All the President's Senators: Presidential Copartisans and the Allocation of Federal Grants

Previous scholarship argues that House members' partisan relationship to the president is among the most important determinants of the share of federal dollars they bring home to their constituents. Do presidential politics also shape distributive outcomes in the Senate? Analyzing the allocation of more than $8.5 trillion of federal grants across the states from 1984 to 2008, we show that presidential copartisan senators are more successful than opposition party members in securing federal dollars for their home states. Moreover, presidents appear to target grants ex post to states that gain presidential copartisans in recent elections.
Influence of Anneal Time on Σ3 Boundary Segregation in Commercially Pure Nickel

Commercially pure nickel (Ni200) samples were thermo-mechanically processed to drive segregation into Σ3, special grain boundaries. The special grain boundaries were characterized using electron backscatter diffraction, and their segregation behavior at the atomic level was studied using atom probe tomography. Local electrode atom probe analyses showed a lack of segregation at the Σ3 special grain boundary for a specimen annealed at 1000 °C for 30 h except for a slight increase in Si. This specimen was utilized in a previous study by the authors to compare the effects of segregation of type-specific grain boundaries. Local electrode atom probe results showed no segregation at the special grain boundary for a specimen annealed at 1000 °C for 100 h providing preliminary evidence that there is a correlation between increased anneal time and the effectiveness of Σ3 special grain boundaries to inhibit grain boundary segregation.
Further correction: Cobalt co-catalysis for cross-electrophile coupling: diarylmethanes from benzyl mesylates and aryl halides

Further correction for ‘Cobalt co-catalysis for cross-electrophile coupling: diarylmethanes from benzyl mesylates and aryl halides’ by Laura K. G. Ackerman et al., Chem. Sci., 2015, 6, 1115–1119.
Schooling in suburbia: the intersections of race, class, gender, and place in black fathers’ engagement and family–school relationships

ABSTRACTFew studies have explored the engagement of fathers in children’s schooling. Understanding the role that black fathers, in particular, play in their children’s education is both important and timely given the persistent opportunity gaps faced by many black students in the US and the influential role that black fathers can play in their children’s academic success. This paper thus explores the experiences and educational engagement strategies of a socioeconomically mixed sample of 16 black fathers in a predominantly white suburb in the US. The research findings challenge dominant portrayals of black fathers as largely absent or uninvolved in their children’s education, and illustrate the importance of understanding the intersections of race, class, gender, and place in studies of parents’ engagement.
Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of NaCoPO4 Red-Phase and Initial Characterization as High Voltage Cathode for Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Transition metal-containing polyanion compounds are attractive for use as cathode materials in sodium-ion batteries (SIB) because they possess elevated higher intrinsic electrochemical potentials versus oxide analogs given the same Mn+/(n+1)+ redox couple, which leads to higher energy densities. NaMPO4 (M = transition metal) compounds have a driving force to form into the electrochemically inactive maricite phase when using conventional methods. Herein we report on the synthesis of a NaCoPO4 (NCP) polymorph (“Red”-phase) by a microwave-assisted solvothermal process at 200 °C using tetraethylene glycol as the solvent. Ex situ XRD, XANES, and electrochemical data are used to determine the reversibility of the Co2+/3+ redox center.
Statin Use and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents

Abstract Objective There is increasing evidence of an association between statin use and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in adults, yet this relationship has never been studied in children or adolescents and may have important implications for assessing risks and benefits of treatment in this population. We estimated the association between statin use and the risk of T2DM in children with and without a dyslipidemia diagnosis. Methods Propensity scores were used to match new users of statins with a minimum 50 percent of days covered (PDC) in the first year of use to up to 10 nonusers. Analyses were stratified by a dyslipidemia diagnosis based on recent evidence suggesting a potentially protective effect of familial hypercholesterolemia on T2DM. In sensitivity analyses, we varied this period of exclusion and PDC. Cox proportional hazard models compared the hazard of the outcome between the exposed and unexposed patients. Results A total of 21,243,305 patients met the eligibility criteria, 2085 (0.01%) of whom met the exposure definition and 1046 (50%) of whom had a dyslipidemia diagnosis. Statin use was associated with an increased risk of T2DM in children without dyslipidemia (hazard ratio 1.96, 95% confidence interval 1.20–3.22), but not in children with dyslipidemia (hazard ratio 1.11, 95% confidence interval 0.65–1.90). The results were consistent across variations in the exclusion period and PDC. Conclusions Statin use was associated with an increased likelihood of developing T2DM in children without dyslipidemia. Physicians and patients need to weigh the possible risk of T2DM against the long-term benefits of statin therapy at a young age.
Ecology of Wetlands: Classification Systems

Wetlands are classified for many purposes: (1) to provide common terminology to describe similarities and differences among wetlands, (2) to group them for scientific studies and comparison, (3) to provide the foundation for conducting wetland inventories that report on the status, trends, functions, and condition of wetlands in specific geographic areas, and (4) for their conservation, use, and management. The criteria used in classification usually depend on the field of the experts creating the system and the information needs of the user. Most classification systems developed for natural resource management have used several features to group wetlands into similar types. These features include vegetation, hydrology, water chemistry, soils/substrate, and geomorphology. There are two basic approaches to classification: horizontal and vertical. A horizontal classification system is a simple listing of a finite number of types based on a few major characteristics. A vertical system employs a hierarchical approach that begins with general characteristics and then further subdivides groups into smaller and smaller units. Several classification schemes are summarized in this article: the Ramsar multinational classification system, a regional modification for East Africa, wetland classifications from the United States, Canada, and New Zealand, a geomorphic approach to global wetland classification, and a hydrogeomorphic approach used in the United States.
When Friends are Located Near Enemies: Knowledge Protection Concerns in R&D Alliances

The previous literature on R&D alliances between incumbent firms and technology ventures has typically focused on knowledge misappropriation by the incumbent firm of the knowledge possessed by the technology venture. As an extension, we join the alliance literature with the agglomeration literature to argue that the incumbent firm is also prone to the risk of knowledge loss when the technology venture is co-located with major rivals of the incumbent firm. Co-location between the technology venture and the major rivals of the incumbent firm (“rivalry in partner location”) increases the risk of rivals’ gaining access to incumbent firm knowledge via misappropriation by or spillovers from the technology venture. Therefore, higher levels of rivalry in partner location makes the incumbent firm more likely to employ defense mechanisms such as (1) inclusion of equity arrangements to provide greater incentive alignment, controls, and monitoring and (2) reduction of task interdependence to limit required knowledge ...
Comprehensive study of the correlations that exist among the members of the [n]cyclacene series and the Möbius[n]cyclacene series

ABSTRACTCyclacenes are the smallest substructures of carbon nanotubes used in modelling studies. The systematics that exists between Huckel molecular orbital eigenvalues and eigenvectors of cyclacenes are delineated. This study of cyclacenes combines the interconnection of concepts of complementarity theorem, characteristic and matching polynomial recursion equations, embedding, greater than twofold symmetry and doubly degenerate eigenvalues, open-shell singlet character, and pairing theorem. Proof that cyclacenes have more open-shell (diradical) character than do polyacenes is also provided by the sum total of this work. Mirror-plane scission of even-ring cyclacenes gives linear polyacene fragments. This shows that the properties of the successor linear polyacene must be contained in the precursor cyclacene. Corresponding Mobius[n]cyclacene isomers display contrasting and unusual comparative properties. A partial list of contrasting properties include alternant (cyclacenes) versus nonalternant (Mobius[n]...
Predictive Operation and Optimal Sizing of Battery Energy Storage With High Wind Energy Penetration

High penetration of wind energy requires fast-acting dispatchable resources to manage energy imbalance in the power grid. Battery energy storage systems (BESS) are considered as an essential tool to decrease the power and energy imbalance between the scheduled generation (day ahead forecast) and the actual wind farm output. Control methodology or battery management greatly impacts performance of the ESS. Better performance of BESS reduces the minimum required size of batteries for wind variability mitigation. This paper proposes a novel control method for BESS to fulfill a production commitment. This method, called “predictive controller,” is based on updated forecast data to improve the performance of the energy storage and consequently reduce the required size of energy storage. The Sodium–Sulfur (NaS) type battery is selected for the simulation purposes. Results show that the predictive controller reduces the error (between scheduled generation and actual wind farm output) more than the simple method (also known as minute-by-minute method) and other proposed methods in the literature. Also, a new formulation for the battery lifetime estimation is introduced, and it is used to analyze the impact of the proposed method on the battery lifetime depreciation.
Characteristic orientation relationships in nanoscale Al-Al2Cu Eutectic

Abstract A fully lamellar Al-Al2Cu eutectic comprising alternate nano-scale α-Al and θ-Al2Cu phases was synthesized through laser surface remelting of a cast Al-32.7 wt% Cu alloy. The orientation relationship between α-Al and θ-Al2Cu phases was investigated from Kikuchi patterns obtained using electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and t-EBSD techniques. The characteristic orientation relationship (OR), {211}Al2Cu||{111}Al and 〈120〉Al2Cu||〈110〉Al, was observed independent of interlamellar spacing. This OR has two variants where, besides the two parallel planes, the variant I exhibits (001)Al2Cu||{001}Al and the variant II exhibits (001)Al2Cu||{111}Al. Variant I prevails over variant II in laser-processed α-Al and θ-Al2Cu nano-laminates, and atomistic modeling indicates that this is due to the low energy interfaces associated with variant I, i.e., {211}Al2Cu||{111}Al or (001)Al2Cu||{001}Al. A comprehensive understanding of the crystallographic orientation relationships between two phases may help predict or explain the active slip systems in fine-scale Al-Al2Cu eutectic and other cubic-tetragonal two-phase materials.
Jasmone Hydroxylase, a Key Enzyme in the Synthesis of the Alcohol Moiety of Pyrethrin Insecticides

Pyrethrins are synthesized by the plant pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium), a chrysanthemum relative. These compounds possess efficient insecticidal properties and are not toxic to humans and most vertebrates. Pyrethrum flowers, and to a smaller extent leaves, synthesize six main types of pyrethrins, which are all esters of a monoterpenoid acid moiety and an alcohol moiety derived from jasmonic acid. Here, we identified and characterized the enzyme responsible for the conversion of jasmone, a derivative of jasmonic acid, to jasmolone. Feeding pyrethrum flowers with jasmone resulted in a 4-fold increase in the concentration of free jasmolone as well as smaller but significant proportional increases in free pyrethrolone and all three type I pyrethrins. We used floral transcriptomic data to identify cytochrome P450 genes whose expression patterns were most highly correlated with that of a key gene in pyrethrin biosynthesis, T. cinerariifolium chrysanthemyl diphosphate synthase The candidate genes were screened for jasmone hydroxylase activity through transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves fed with jasmone. The expression of only one of these candidate genes produced jasmolone; therefore, this gene was named T. cinerariifolium jasmolone hydroxylase (TcJMH) and given the CYP designation CYP71AT148. The protein encoded by TcJMH localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, and microsomal preparations from N. benthamiana leaves expressing TcJMH were capable of catalyzing the hydroxylation of jasmone to jasmolone in vitro, with a Km value of 53.9 µm TcJMH was expressed almost exclusively in trichomes of floral ovaries and was induced in leaves by jasmonate.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder: implications of the efficacy of an SSRI, paroxetine.

Abstract Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder that commonly presents comorbidly with other psychiatric disorders. The underlying neurobiology of OCD is associated with circuits involving the basal ganglia, thalamus, and the frontal cortex. Randomized, placebo-controlled trials indicate acute and long-term efficacy of potent selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as paroxetine. There is suggestive evidence that higher doses of paroxetine than those used in major depression are needed for benefit in OCD. Because of their safety and beneficial adverse-event profile, the SSRIs have become the leading choice in the pharmacological management of OCD.
A compartmental model of platelet aggregation in vitro: The kinetics of single platelets

A compartmental model of platelet aggregation which accurately describes both reversible and irreversible aggregation in vitro is presented. This model is substantiated by correlative analyses of agonist-induced aggregation as monitored by both routine aggregometry and resistive counting of single platelets. Previously unresolved differences in the reported reaction order of the aggregation process are explained. The model suggests that aggregation includes, in addition to the association and dissociation of platelets, the stabilization of aggregates. We find reversible aggregation requires that single platelets associate more rapidly than aggregates stabilize. For irreversible aggregation, our results suggest the presence of subpopulations of single platelets which associate at different rates. As an unexpected consequence of this study, quantitative relationships between photometric and resistive methods of monitoring platelet aggregation are elucidated.
Culturally Responsive Mathematics Teaching and English Language Learners

Culturally responsive teaching is a dynamic form of teaching that builds on and supports students’ home culture. The strategies that we recommend in this article for English Language Learners (ELL) are based on research or classroom experience. We provide real-life examples of how the second author, Gilberto Lobo, implements these ideas in the context of data analysis. Lobo was a veterinarian and a university professor in Mexico. Now, as a dual language teacher of fifth graders, he surrounds his students with all kinds of animals and plant life. Students witness the life cycle and the food chain. They learn mathematics and science in Spanish using hands-on experiences. More important, Lobo uses language and culture to capture the students’ attention in novel ways. He guides student learning in ways that make the skills and knowledge their own. He is part of a threeway teaching team that includes Mrs. Duran, who teaches reading and language arts in English, and Mr. Garcia, who teaches social studies in English. The team collaboratively plans and evaluates student learning each day. Lobo uses the following strategies for increasing the success of his ELL students:
Equivalence of helicity and Euclidean self-duality for gauge fields

Abstract In the canonical formalism for the free electromagnetic field a solution to Maxwell's equations is customarily identified with its initial gauge potential (in Coulomb gauge) and initial electric field, which together determine a point in phase space. The solutions to Maxwell's equations, all of whose plane waves in their plane wave expansions have positive helicity, thereby determine a subspace of phase space. We will show that this subspace consists of initial gauge potentials which lie in the positive spectral subspace of the operator c u r l together with initial electric fields conjugate to such potentials. Similarly for negative helicity. Helicity is thereby characterized by the spectral subspaces of c u r l in configuration space. A gauge potential on three-space has a Poisson extension to a four dimensional Euclidean half space, defined as the solution to the Maxwell-Poisson equation whose initial data is the given gauge potential. We will show that the extension is anti-self-dual if and only if the gauge potential lies in the positive spectral subspace of c u r l . Similarly for self-dual extension and negative spectral subspace. Helicity is thereby characterized for a normalizable electromagnetic field by the canonical formalism together with (anti-)self-duality. For a non-abelian gauge field on Minkowski space a plane wave expansion is not gauge invariant. Nor is the notion of positive spectral subspace of c u r l . But if one replaces the Maxwell-Poisson equation by the Yang-Mills-Poisson equation then (anti-)self-duality on the Euclidean side induces a decomposition of (now non-linear) configuration space similar to that in the electromagnetic case. The strong analogy suggests a gauge invariant definition of helicity for non-abelian gauge fields. We will establish two further properties that support this view.
Strain state dependent anisotropic viscoelasticity of tendon-to-bone insertion.

Abstract Tendon-to-bone insertion tissues may be considered as functionally-graded connective tissues, providing a gradual transition from soft tendon to hard bone tissue, and functioning to alleviate stress concentrations at the junction of these tissues. The tendon-to-bone insertion tissues demonstrate pronounced viscoelastic behavior, like many other biological tissues, and are designed by the nature to alleviate stress at physiological load rates and strains states. In this paper we present experimental data showing that under biaxial tension tendon-to-bone insertion demonstrates rate-dependent behavior and that stress-strain curves for the in-plane components of stress and strain become less steep when strain rate is increased, contrary to a typical viscoelastic behavior, where the opposite trend is observed. Such behavior may indicate the existence of a protective viscoelastic mechanism reducing stress and strain during a sudden increase in mechanical loading, known to exist in some biological tissues. The main purpose of the paper is to show that such viscoelastic stress reduction indeed possible and is thermodynamically consistent. We, therefore, propose an anisotropic viscoelasticity model for finite strain. We identify the range of parameters for this model which yield negative viscoelastic contribution into in-plane stress under biaxial state of strain and simultaneously satisfy requirements of thermodynamics. We also find optimal parameters maximizing the observed protective viscoelastic effect for this particular state of strain. This model will be useful for testing and describing viscoelastic materials and for developing interfaces for dissimilar materials, considering rate effect and multiaxial loadings.
Clinical Characteristics, Complications, and Reasons for Readmission following Lingual Tonsillectomy.

This brief communication regards the indications and complications for and rates of readmission following lingual tonsillectomy. The National Readmissions Database (NRD) 2013-2014 was queried for a...
Glucose Metabolism in Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive and lethal cancers, with a five-year survival rate of around 5% to 8%. To date, very few available drugs have been successfully used to treat PDAC due to the poor understanding of the tumor-specific features. One of the hallmarks of pancreatic cancer cells is the deregulated cellular energetics characterized by the “Warburg effect”. It has been known for decades that cancer cells have a dramatically increased glycolytic flux even in the presence of oxygen and normal mitochondrial function. Glycolytic flux is the central carbon metabolism process in all cells, which not only produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) but also provides biomass for anabolic processes that support cell proliferation. Expression levels of glucose transporters and rate-limiting enzymes regulate the rate of glycolytic flux. Intermediates that branch out from glycolysis are responsible for redox homeostasis, glycosylation, and biosynthesis. Beyond enhanced glycolytic flux, pancreatic cancer cells activate nutrient salvage pathways, which includes autophagy and micropinocytosis, from which the generated sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids are used to buffer the stresses induced by nutrient deprivation. Further, PDAC is characterized by extensive metabolic crosstalk between tumor cells and cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this review, we will give an overview on recent progresses made in understanding glucose metabolism-related deregulations in PDAC.
Sequence-Dependent DNA Shape Features Regulate Chromatin Accessibility in Alternatively Activated Macrophages

Abstract Interleukin-4 (IL-4) activates macrophages to adopt a distinct phenotype important for tissue repair and helminth infection, but the molecular basis of chromatin remodeling in response to IL-4 stimulation is not understood. We find that IL-4 activation of terminally differentiated macrophages in mice is accompanied by macrophage-specific chromatin remodeling in regions enriched with binding motifs of similar transcription factors, including the pioneer factor PU.1. However, the PU.1 motifs display macrophage-specific sequence features, including macrophage-specific DNA shape profiles. Mutation studies based on natural genetic variations between C57BL/6 and BALB/c mouse strains demonstrate that accessibility of these IL-4 induced regions can be regulated through differences in DNA shape, where accessibility is only disrupted through a sufficiently large change in DNA shape. Furthermore, the chromatin remodeling process following long-term IL-4 stimulation is accompanied by a change in response to a secondary IL-4 stimulation. We propose a model whereby DNA sequence variations alter accessible chromatin landscape by inducing a large DNA shape change, leading to differences in secondary responses with different host genetics.
Chapter 8 – Problem Solving

Publisher Summary Creative behavior and problem solving have much in common. Put differently, a broad range of situations that call for creative behavior can be characterized as “problems”, and the thought processes that lead to new and useful outcomes in those situations can be characterized “problem solving”. Problem solving is potentially one of the broadest topics in psychology. So much of what humans do in their work and personal lives could be characterized as problem solving that the boundaries of what is and what is not within the topic area are unclear. The same may be said for creativity. Defining problems as discrepancies between current situations and goals, and characterizing problem solving as eliminating discrepancies puts the emphasis squarely on the processes involved. Thus, understanding problem solving entails understanding the processes used in conceptualizing the problem and in moving from the beginning to the end, which has implications for how one studies problem solving. It is not enough to simply note whether a would-be solver has attained a solution.
RESERVED PROCEDURES IN THE NICU: CYCLICAL TESTING AND REGISTRATION

Objective The management of the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the Emma Children’s Hospital/Academic Medical Center in Amsterdam, in pursuance of Dutch legislation, decided to have a system developed to test and register all nurses concerning the procedures reserved for specialists to secure quality of specialised care. It is hospital policy to recertify all nurses every four years. Methods A working-group was formed. This group developed a cyclical system which aims to test and register a quarter of all nurses per year. A certificate is issued with a validity of four years. Testing takes place on the ward and in the skills lab. Existing protocols have been transferred into observation scales, describing the minimal knowledge and skills that has to be shown. The working-group (‘testers’) is authorised to test and register. An evaluation of the system takes place each year by means of a questionnaire. Results To date 41 nurses and 9 students have been tested and registered. One year is enough to test. The system is highly valued (8.3 on a scale from 0 to 10). Mostly the testers are able to test during their shifts. The number of testers was not sufficient, so we increased the number from 8 to 10. Some procedures had to be transferred to the skills lab. Conclusions We can conclude that we have developed an effective system of testing and registration of the reserved procedures for our ward. It is a system that meets the needs of the present time and will cope with future needs.
AAAAI Work Group Report: Trends in Oral Food Challenge Practices Among Allergists in the United States.

The oral food challenge (OFC) is the criterion standard for diagnosing food allergy, but prior studies indicate many allergists may not be using OFCs for various reasons. To better understand current OFC trends, practices, and barriers, the American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology (AAAAI) Adverse Reactions to Foods Committee subcommittee updated a 19-item survey (previously administered in 2009) and sent it to AAAAI and American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology (ACAAI) membership. There were a total of 546 respondents who represented approximately a 10% response rate. Among the 546 respondents, compared with 2009, significantly more providers offer OFCs (95% vs 84.5%), offer >10 OFCs per month (17% vs 5.6%), obtain informed consent (82.2% vs 53.6%), and performed OFCs in fellowship (71% vs 45%) (all P