cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A 10-bit 5 Msample/sec CMOS 2-step flash ADC

A 10-bit, 5-Msample/s, two-step flash A/D (analog-to-digital) converter fabricated in a 1.6- mu m CMOS process is described. With minimal capacitor-matching requirements and comparator offset-voltage cancellation, the architecture is monotonic. To minimize charge-injection errors, the converter is fully differential. A high-speed comparator architecture using three comparator stages was designed to provide a gain of more than 1000 and a comparison time of less than 10 ns. The total area of the converter excluding the bonding pads is 54k square mils. Power dissipation is 350 mW, of which 60 mW is dissipated in the resistor string. >
The influence of obstetricians on the utilization of amniocentesis

A study of 173 Western New York State obstetricians was undertaken to study referral patterns for second-trimester amniocentesis in 1974-1978. Referral patterns were analysed in relation to obstetrician age, religion, board certification, hospital affiliation and practice location. Forty-seven per cent of the obstetricians had never referred a patient for amniocentesis. Those referring were overall younger than those not referring and were significantly more often board certified. Obstetrician religion was significantly related to referral with fewer Catholic obstetricians referring. Hospital affiliation (teaching versus non-teaching) and obstetrician practice location (urban versus rural) were not important factors after controlling for religion and board certification. Obstetrician factors account for a small but important part of the variability in referral, and other factors, such as cost and access to laboratory and obstetric care need further investigation.
Unobtrusive power proportionality for HPC frameworks

Building power proportional High Performance Computing (HPC) clusters comprising of servers which are not power-proportional is a well-studied problem, and has the potential to provide large energy savings. However, a large emphasis on maintaining cluster uptime disincentivizes system administrators from deploying prior research techniques that introduce changes to existing software configurations, modify the existing cluster job management framework, change user job submission procedures, or fail in unpredictable ways due to frequent server power cycling[3].We present Hypnos, a meta-system that tackles the challenge of implementing power proportionality unobtrusively in an HPC cluster with an existing job management framework. Hypnos makes no changes to the existing cluster software or network stack, and uses only the standard interfaces exposed by the existing cluster framework to (a) obtain server state and job information, (b) add/remove servers from the existing framework's purview, (c) infer the cluster's scheduling logic, and (d) handle reliability challenges when servers fail to run jobs, boot up, or race conditions develop between Hypnos and the existing cluster scheduler.We evaluated Hypnos by deploying it on a production HPC cluster running the framework - Torque[4]. Hypnos was able to achieve a 36% reduction in energy consumption (compared to an optimal of 37.5%) while circumventing over 1500 network and software faults over a 21-day deployment.
A variational formulation of kinematic waves: Solution methods

This paper presents improved solution methods for kinematic wave traffic problems with concave flow-density relations. As explained in part I of this work, the solution of a kinematic wave problem is a set of continuum least-cost paths in space-time. The least cost to reach a point is the vehicle number. The idea here consists in overlaying a dense but discrete network with appropriate costs in the solution region and then using a shortest-path algorithm to estimate vehicle numbers. With properly designed networks, this procedure is more accurate than existing methods and can be applied to more complicated problems. In many important cases its results are exact.
Ibandronate decreases bone disease development and osteoclast stimulatory activity in an in vivo model of human myeloma

Abstract Objective The benefits of bisphosphonate therapy for multiple myeloma bone disease have been clearly documented. However, the effects of bisphosphonates on the osteoclast stimulatory activity (OSA) that is present in the marrow of patients with multiple myeloma, even before the bone disease is detectable, are unknown. Therefore, we examined the effects of ibandronate (IB) treatment prior to the development of bone disease in a murine model of human myeloma. Materials and Methods Sublethally irradiated severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice were transplanted with ARH-77 cells on day 0. These ARH-77 mice were treated daily with subcutaneous injections of IB started before or at different times after tumor injection as follows: group 1 was started on day −7; group 2 on day 0; group 3 on day +7; group 4 on day +14 after IB administration; and group 5 (control) received no IB. Mice were sacrificed after they developed paraplegia. Results The onset of paraplegia was delayed in group 1 vs all other groups (mean day 27 vs day 32; p=0.0098). The number of lytic lesions and the bone surface area of resorption (mm 2 ) were significantly decreased in groups 1, 2, and 3, which were treated early with IB, when compared with groups 4 and 5 (p = 0.003 and 0.002, respectively). OSA, as measured by the capacity of bone marrow plasma from ARH-77 mice to induce osteoclast (OCL) formation in human bone marrow cultures, was decreased proportionally to the length of IB treatment. Group 1 had the lowest OSA compared with the other groups (p = 0.003). However, all mice eventually developed paraplegia, and at time of sacrifice, tumor burden was not grossly different among the groups. Interestingly, macroscopic abdominal tumors were more frequent in mice treated with IB. Conclusion These data demonstrate that early treatment of ARH-77 mice with IB prior to development of myeloma bone disease decreases OSA and possibly retards the development of lytic lesions, but not eventual tumor burden.
White Man's Wicked Water: The Alcohol Trade and Prohibition in Indian Country, 1802-1892

"The inordinate indulgence of Indians in spiritous liquors is one of the most deplorable consequences which has resulted from their intercourse with civilized man." Governor Lewis Cass, Michigan Territory, 1827 "Often I have been compelled to ask myself, 'Who is the civilized and who is the savage?' Their principal vices are emphatically our vices. If they get drunk it is upon our whiskey. . . . [A]nd yet we claim to be 'civilized' and freely deal out to them the epithet 'savage.'" The Reverend William H. Goode, reflecting on his early 19th-century sojourn in Indian Country In "White Man's Wicked Water," Unrau tells the compelling story of how an alcohol-sodden society introduced drink to the Indians. That same society then instituted futile policies to control the flow of alcohol to tribes who, as one superintendent put it, "have not the moral force to resist temptation." Unrau dispels that racial-deficiency theory and debunks the belief that prohibition was carried out by well-intended reformers. Unrau shows that, contrary to the perniciously false image of the innately "depraved savage," Indians actually learned their "uncivil" behavior by emulating in hopes of accommodating "civilized" men. Indian inebriation in the nineteenth century, he shows, essentially mimicked the habits of white Americans who-spurred on by prevailing attitudes and federal law-were aspiring to integrate the natives into the cultural mainstream. Prohibition zealots, intent upon soothing white anxieties, were far more concerned with this goal than with stemming the flow of alcohol. Scholars have often viewed the sale of alcohol to Native Americans as a ploy by Euro-Americans to trick them into unfair land and trade deals. But Unrau makes it clear that alcoholic consumption by Native Americans was the inevitable consequence of cultural confluence, not of conscious white subversion. To support his arguments, Unrau has closely examined previously neglected records pertaining to illicit alcohol trafficking, its tie to the land-cession/annuity-distribution system, and the influence of federal subsidy to non-Indian, western development. From these sources, he provides surprising new insights into alcohol use and abuse in relation to Indian removal. Unrau also sheds new light on nineteenth-century prohibition attempts in the trans-Missouri West (primarily Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma) up to the absolutist prohibition law of 1892."
CHANGES IN THE MOST-CITED SCHOLARS IN MAJOR INTERNATIONAL JOURNALS BETWEEN 1986–90 AND 1991–95

We determined the most-cited scholars in 1991-95 in the major criminology journals of the major countries of the English-speaking world: British Journal of Criminology (BJC), Criminology (CRIM), Canadian Journal of Criminology (CJC) and Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology (ANZ). We also compared the results with those obtained in a similar analysis for 1986-90. The scholars with the most citations in 1991-95 were Patricia M. Mayhew (BJC), Travis Hirschi (CRIM), Murray A. Straus (CJC) and John Braithwaite (ANZ). However, Anthony N. Doob was cited in a larger number of different CJC articles than Murray A. Straus, and we concluded that this measure (termed the prevalence of citations) was a better measure of wide-ranging influence than the total number of citations. On a combined score, the five most-cited scholars in al four journals in 1991-95 were Travis Hirschi, David P. Farrington, Michael R. Gottfredson, Alfred Blumstein and John Braithwaite. Whereas the most-cited works of the most-cited scholars in the earlier period tended to be concerned with criminal career research and measuring crime, the most-cited works of the most-cited scholars in the later period were more concerned with criminological theories.
Performance evaluation of algorithms for wireless medium access

This paper evaluates the performance of a class of multiple-access algorithms for wireless medium access in shared-channel multi-cell and ad hoc network environments. Based on the collision avoidance and fairness properties of the evaluated algorithms, this paper presents a wireless medium access protocol that provides significantly better channel utilization, delay, and delay variance characteristics compared to the IEEE 802.11 standard.
Interactive Cloud Experimentation for Biology: An Online Education Case Study

Interacting with biological systems via experiments is important for academia, industry, and education, but access barriers exist due to training, costs, safety, logistics, and spatial separation. High-throughput equipment combined with web streaming could enable interactive biology experiments online, but no such platform currently exists. We present a cloud experimentation architecture (paralleling cloud computation), which is optimized for a class of domain-specific equipments (biotic processing units - BPU) to share and execute many experiments in parallel remotely and interactively at all time. We implemented an instance of this architecture that enables chemotactic experiments with a slime mold Physarum Polycephelum. A user study in the blended teaching and research setting of a graduate-level biophysics class demonstrated that this platform lowers the access barrier for non-biologists, enables discovery, and facilitates learning analytics. This architecture is flexible for integration with various biological specimens and equipments to facilitate scalable interactive online education, collaborations, research, and citizen science.
Failure to thrive: QoS and the culture of operational networking

Understanding the culture of operational networking can help to illuminate the question of why QoS has floundered. Network administrators have a well-founded aversion to complexity, in part because they experience failures attributable to design complexity on a regular basis. I argue that IP multicast defines a functional limit-case for deployable complexity in today's Internet. That limit is relevant to the deployment of QoS, since many flavors of QoS entail equal or greater complexity.The notion of a functional constraint on complexity draws attention to the economic, historical, and institutional forces which influence the fate of networking technologies. QoS will not be compelling for most network administrators until its design takes account of these forces.
Pedagogical Aids: Learning Enhancers or Dangerous Detours?

I tested whether students' scores on the semester's first exam would change their reported use of textbook pedagogical aids during the course of the semester. I assessed 240 introductory psychology undergraduates early and late in the semester. The reported use of aids did not positively relate to student performance on any exams and showed only limited changes over the course of the semester. Poor scores on the first exam led only to small increases in the use of summary sections. Furthermore, the use of aids such as boldface terms decreased. Men and more able students used aids less, and women showed greater decreases in the perceived helpfulness of some aids over the semester.
The Impact of Arab American Ethnic Identity on the Consumption of Culture-Specific Products

ABSTRACT. This research examines the strength of Arab American ethnic identity as well as the degree of socialization with Arab friends and family, on the consumption of culture-specific products such as Middle Eastern food, dress, and entertainment. An online survey was employed to produce a diverse sample from 230 Arab Americans. The results demonstrate that the strength of Arab American ethnic identity positively predicts the consumption of Middle Eastern food, dress, and entertainment and that this effect is amplified through socialization with other Arabs as opposed to socialization with Anglo Americans. At the same time, independent of ethnic identity and socialization, the results demonstrate that Arab Americans are more likely to consume Middle Eastern than Anglo American food but much less likely to consume Middle Eastern than Anglo American dress and entertainment. Accordingly, the present research reveals that ethnic identity and socialization with the same ethnic group are important variables ...
Unix and Security: The Influences of History

(1995). UNIX and Security: The Influences of History. Information Systems Security: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 52-60.
Laboratory and Field Performance of an Imidacloprid Gel Bait Against German Cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)

An experimental 2.15% imidacloprid gel bait containing ≈44% water was evaluated in laboratory and field studies against the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). In continuous exposure tests, toxicity and presumably bait consumption varied with cockroach stage, deprivation of competitive food, and temperature. The LT50 values for cockroaches provided with competitive food ranged from ≈0.9 h for adult females to 190 h for small nymphs. The LT50s for cockroaches not provided competitive food ranged from ≈1.7 h for adult females to ≈31 h for adult males. The LT50s decreased exponentially with temperature between 10 and 30°C. Even though the bait was significantly more repellent (≈38%) than an untreated control (≈14%) when tested in Ebeling choice boxes, performance index values were positive and increased to nearly 100 (indicating high mortality and low repellency) after 14 d. When applied at 15–45 g per kitchen, the bait significantly reduced German cockroach trap catch in infested homes during a 4-wk period. There was a ≈50% reduction after 1 wk and ≈80% reduction 4 wk after treatment.
African Americans and "English Only"

RESUMENLos americanos de origen africano y el "ingles solamente"El movimiento en pro del "ingles solamente" generalmente no se caracteriza como tema rel-acionado a los afro-americanos; se tiende a limitar el enfoque a los hispanos y asiâticos. Sin embargo, la lucha historica de los negros en general, y en torno al vernaculo negro en particular, puede ser una fuerza importante en la lucha pro los derechos linguisticos de los grupos minori-tarios. Se investiga la perspectiva negra a traves de un breve repaso de los amplios beneficios sociales de la lucha afro-americana - por medio del lente del liderato negro - y a traves de una encuesta de afro-americanos residentes de grandes ciudades. La conclusion destaca la necesidad de activar y educar a los afro-americanos en cuanto al "ingles solamente".RESUMOAfrikaj usonanoj kaj la movado "Nur-Angla"La nuntempa movado "Nur-Angla" (kiu celas oficialigi la anglan lingvon en Usono kiel solan oficialan lingvon) kutime ne estas karakterizata kiel demando por afrikaj usonanoj, car gi foku-sigas je hispanparolantoj kaj azianoj. Sed la historia strebado de nigruloj generale, kaj cirkaŭ la nigrula angla idiomo specife, implicas ke afrikaj usonanoj povas konsistigi signifan forton en la strebado por minoritataj lingvaj rajtoj. Oni ci tie esploras la nigrulan perspektivon pri Nur-Angla per mallonga superrigardo de la pli vastaj sociaj avantagoj de la afrik-usona strebado, tra la lenso de la nigrula gvidantara klaso, kaj per publika enketo de afrikaj usonanoj en cefaj urboj. La artikolo konkludas, ke necesas aktivigi kaj klerigi la afrikajn usonanojn pri Nur-Angla.
A comparative analysis and study of multiview CNN models for joint object categorization and pose estimation

In the Object Recognition task, there exists a dichotomy between the categorization of objects and estimating object pose, where the former necessitates a view-invariant representation, while the latter requires a representation capable of capturing pose information over different categories of objects. With the rise of deep architectures, the prime focus has been on object category recognition. Deep learning methods have achieved wide success in this task. In contrast, object pose estimation using these approaches has received relatively less attention. In this work, we study how Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) architectures can be adapted to the task of simultaneous object recognition and pose estimation. We investigate and analyze the layers of various CNN models and extensively compare between them with the goal of discovering how the layers of distributed representations within CNNs represent object pose information and how this contradicts with object category representations. We extensively experiment on two recent large and challenging multi-view datasets and we achieve better than the state-of-the-art.
The Effects of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy on Renal Growth, Function and Arterial Blood Pressure in an Animal Model

AbstractThe long-term effects of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL*) on children treated for renal calculi are unclear. To study the long-term bio-effects of this mode of treatment on the immature animal we evaluated 30 New Zealand white rabbits at 7 weeks of age for weight, serum blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, and arterial blood pressure after which they underwent left nephrectomy. Each group of 5 rabbits received ESWL of varying levels (500 to 3,000 shock waves) to the remaining right kidney using the Northgate SD3 lithotriptor† (spark gap mediated). One control group received no shock waves. At maturity (16 weeks) the aforementioned parameters were measured again, and the kidneys and any grossly abnormal adjacent organs were examined. We found no significant change in total animal growth, renal growth, renal function or perirenal organs in the post-ESWL groups versus the control group. All post-ESWL groups had an increase in mean arterial blood pressure versus the control group with 3 of...
Self-assessment of video-recorded presentations: Does it improve skills?:

The opportunity to give oral presentations is important because it helps develop skills that are necessary for many aspects of professional careers. Competencies for oral presentations include appr...
Pseudorabies Virus Replication and Assembly in the Rodent Central Nervous System

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the swine alphaherpesvirus known as pseudorabies, general principals derived from studies of herpes simplex virus (HSV), the use of alphaherpesviruses for gene delivery, and other alphaherpesviruses. It begins with discussing the virion replication and assembly in neurons including the detailed virion structure, DNA replication and packaging, capsid envelopment, intracellular transport of virions, and the role of viral envelope glycoproteins in viral assembly and transport. Alphaherpesviruses invade the nervous system and replicate within synaptically linked populations of neurons. The tropism and invasive characteristics of HSV and pseudorabies are employed for delivery of foreign genes to the nervous system as reporters for analysis of neural circuitry, therapeutic manipulation of neuronal function, or treatment of malignant brain tumors. The factors that are considered in evaluating the utility of using viruses for tract tracing or gene delivery are the route of inoculation, the invasive characteristics of the virus, the neurovirulence and cytopathic consequences of infection, and the cell-specific aspects of viral invasion and replication. . Differential sorting of alphaherpesvirus glycoproteins in polarized epithelial cells is also demonstrated and it's shown that glycoproteins of vesicular stomatitus virus are preferentially sorted into the somata and dendrites of cultured hippocampal neurons. The extent of viral transport through the CNS is also dependent upon the distribution of newly replicated virions within an infected cell. The chapter identifies the viral gene products responsible for the selective tropism of PRV mutants and determines if the inability of these strains to invade functionally distinct components of the visual neuraxis was a property of the virus or the host neurons. It also details the role of glia in dissemination of viral infection, which includes determining the susceptibility of different classes of glia to viral infection.
Nitrate retention capacity of milldam-impacted legacy sediments and relict A horizon soils

Abstract. While eutrophication is often attributed to contemporary nutrient pollution, there is growing evidence that past practices, like the accumulation of legacy sediment behind historic milldams, are also important. Given their prevalence, there is a critical need to understand how N flows through, and is retained in, legacy sediments to improve predictions and management of N transport from uplands to streams in the context of climatic variability and land-use change. Our goal was to determine how nitrate (NO3−) is cycled through the soil of a legacy-sediment-strewn stream before and after soil drying. We extracted 10.16 cm radius intact soil columns that extended 30 cm into each of the three significant soil horizons at Big Spring Run (BSR) in Lancaster, Pennsylvania: surface legacy sediment characterized by a newly developing mineral A horizon soil, mid-layer legacy sediment consisting of mineral B horizon soil and a dark, organic-rich, buried relict A horizon soil. Columns were first preincubated at field capacity and then isotopically labeled nitrate (15NO3−) was added and allowed to drain to estimate retention. The columns were then air-dried and subsequently rewet with N-free water and allowed to drain to quantify the drought-induced loss of 15NO3− from the different horizons. We found the highest initial 15N retention in the mid-layer legacy sediment (17 ± 4 %) and buried relict A soil (14 ± 3 %) horizons, with significantly lower retention in the surface legacy sediment (6 ± 1 %) horizon. As expected, rewetting dry soil resulted in 15N losses in all horizons, with the greatest losses in the buried relict A horizon soil, followed by the mid-layer legacy sediment and surface legacy sediment horizons. The 15N remaining in the soil following the post-drought leaching was highest in the mid-layer legacy sediment, intermediate in the surface legacy sediment, and lowest in the buried relict A horizon soil. Fluctuations in the water table at BSR which affect saturation of the buried relict A horizon soil could lead to great loses of NO3− from the soil, while vertical flow through the legacy-sediment-rich soil profile that originates in the surface has the potential to retain more NO3−. Restoration that seeks to reconnect the groundwater and surface water, which will decrease the number of drying–rewetting events imposed on the relict A horizon soils, could initially lead to increased losses of NO3− to nearby stream waters.
Single track location Shear Wave Elasticity Imaging of the liver with reduced propagation windows

Shear Wave Elasticity Imaging (SWEI) measures the elastic properties of the liver noninvasively, with application to staging liver fibrosis. To make a useful estimate, a shear wave of sufficient amplitude must be generated in the liver. Tracking speckle size determines the distance over which the wave must be tracked, as speckle bias overwhelms estimates made over only a few speckles, but amplitude decays with propagation due to geometric spreading and attenuation. Single-track-location SWEI (STL-SWEI) has shown promise for eliminating speckle bias, and is demonstrated here to yield accurate measurements with reduced propagation windows in an in vivo volunteer study. Transmit focusing for displacement tracking is demonstrated to be important for both MTL-SWEI and STL-SWEI.
Clinical outcomes linked to expression of gene subsets for protein hormones and their cognate receptors from LCM-procured breast carcinoma cells.

Certain peptide hormones and/or their cognate receptors influencing normal cellular pathways also have been detected in breast cancers. The hypothesis is that gene subsets of these regulatory molecules predict risk of breast carcinoma recurrence in patients with primary disease. Gene expression levels of 61 hormones and 81 receptors were determined by microarray with LCM-procured carcinoma cells of 247 de-identified biopsies. Univariable and multivariable Cox regressions were determined using expression levels of each hormone/receptor gene, individually or as a pair. Molecular signatures for ER+/PR+, ER−/PR−, and ER− carcinoma cells deciphered by LASSO were externally validated at HRs (CI) of 2.8 (1.84–4.4), 1.53 (1.01–2.3), and 1.72 (1.15–2.56), respectively. Using LCM-procured breast carcinoma cells, a 16-gene molecular signature was derived for ER+/PR+ biopsies, whereas a 10-gene signature was deciphered for ER−/PR− cancers. Four genes, POMC, CALCR, AVPR1A, and GH1, of this 10-gene signature were identified in a 6-gene molecular signature for ER− specimens. Applying these signatures, Kaplan–Meier plots definitively identified a cohort of patients with either ER−/PR− or ER− carcinomas that exhibited low risk of recurrence. In contrast, the ER+/PR+ signature identified a cohort of patients with high risk of breast cancer recurrence. Each of the three molecular signatures predicted clinical outcomes of breast cancer patients with greater accuracy than observed with either single-gene analysis or by ER/PR protein content alone. Collectively, our results suggest that gene expression profiles of breast carcinomas with suspected poor prognosis (ER−/PR−) have identified a subset of patients with decreased risk of recurrence.
Whose Planet Is It Anyway

This is the title my friend Fred Neidhardt recently used for a talk, and a good question it is. I suppose that most microbiologists and the readers of this blog would split the answer down the middle, the biomass of this planet and the chemical transactions therein being about half microbial, half everything else. However, it’s safe to say that most people, many scientists included, are unaware of the colossal importance of the microbial half, not only in biology and medicine but in geology, meteorology, and in our Earth’s habitability. This state of affairs should not be unexpected, given that we have only became aware of much of this during the last few decades. I lived roughly the first half of my life carrying only a vague notion of the global importance of the microbial world. But now we know, and the word needs to go out. A measure of microbial literacy is required for anyone to understand the workings of our living planet.
Update on ciliary body laser procedures.

Purpose of review There are currently various options available for glaucoma treatment procedures ranging from laser to penetrating to nonpenetrating surgeries. Innovations in glaucoma surgical therapeutics include features such as external application, focused tissue effects, and minimal manipulation as these factors all help lower the risk of side-effects in addition to increasing the success rate of the treatment. Traditional diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation (TSCPC) is invasive and destructive. This review aims to provide an overview of the latest ciliary body laser modalities, including micropulse diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation (MP-TSCPC), as well as endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation. Recent findings MP-TSCPC and endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation, less invasive interventional procedures than filtering surgeries, have shown promise in having reduced postoperative complications while demonstrating reasonably good success rates. These modalities allow direct effects to the inflow system of the eye. The precision of these interventions has led to comparable or greater control of intraocular pressure (IOP) and lower inflammatory-fibrotic response in comparison to conventional TSCPC. Recent studies of these procedures have focused on their repeatability, long-term survival rate, and ability to be combined with cataract surgery. Summary The development of new minimally invasive surgical modalities such as MP-TSCPC and endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation has provided new options for treating glaucoma with a relatively safe side-effects profile as compared with filtration surgeries. These new treatments can lead to a significant decline in the number of postsurgical medications needed for IOP control.
Neonatal Intermittent Hypoxia, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy

Most of the major morbidities in the preterm newborn are caused by or are associated with oxygen–induced injuries and are aptly called “oxygen radical diseases in neonatology or ORDIN”. These include bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy of prematurity, periventricular leukomalacia, intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis and others. Relative hyperoxia immediately after birth, immature antioxidant systems, biomolecular events favoring oxidative stress such as iron availability and the role of hydrogen peroxide as a key molecular mediator of these events are reviewed. Potential therapeutic strategies such as caffeine, antioxidants, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and others targeted to these critical sites may help prevent oxidative radical diseases in the newborn resulting in improved neonatal outcomes.
Decision-making behavior, gender differences, and cultural context variables:

Following the recent call for a deeper contextualization of cross-cultural research in international management studies, this study explores differences in the decision-making behavior of men and w...
Radiogene Amyotrophie Cauda-equina-Läsion als Strahlenspätfolge

Der Verlauf sowie der zugrundeliegende Pathomechanismus eines typischen Syndroms nach Bestrahlung der Cauda equina wird dargestellt. Retrospektiv wurden 7 Patienten mit Strahlenspatschadigung der Cauda equina klinisch und neurophysiologisch im Verlauf untersucht. Nach einer Latenz von durchschnittlich 5 Jahren, 6 Monaten entwickelten alle 7 Patienten eine aufsteigende, schlaffe Paraparese der Bein- und Huftmuskulatur ohne begleitende Schmerzen, die teilweise von sensiblen und vegetativen Ausfallen begleitet wurden. Die neurophysiologischen Befunde mit evozierten Potentialen, Neurographie und Elektromyographie trugen wesentlich zur Differentialdiagnose gegenuber einer Tumorinfiltration bei. Der Verlauf war progredient und nicht wesentlich beeinflusbar. Ursprunglich wurde dem beschriebenen Syndrom ein isolierter Untergang der a-Motoneurone im Myelon zugrundegelegt. Der klinische Verlauf der untersuchten Patienten mit zusatzlichen sensiblen und vegetativen Ausfallen sprechen fur eine direkte, bilaterale Schadigung der lumbosakralen Wurzeln in ihrem intraspinalen Verlauf. Praziser als der bisher gelaufige Terminus der „radiogenen Amyotrophie” ware deshalb die Etikettierung als „radiogenes Cauda-equina-Syndrom”.
CD4+ CD25high Regulatory T Cells in Newly Diagnosed Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Regulatory CD4+CD25+ T cells (T reg) are critical regulators of immune tolerance. Increasing evidence supports the existence of elevated numbers of regulatory T cells in cancer patients. Although the increase of T cells seems to be a characteristic feature in most tumors the functional role of Treg, especially in patients with hematologic malignancies, has been less well defined. Mutlicolor flow cytomerty was used to investigated the frequency and phenotype of CD4+ CD25 high T cells in the peripheral blood of thirty seven newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients (prior to any treatment) and thirty one healthy donors. The suppressive function of Treg was evaluated using CFSE-labeled fresh autologous CD4 + CD25 − T cells activated with an anti-CD3 antibody as responders. The percentage of circulating CD4+ CD25 high Treg was higher (p
A Public Health of Consequence: Review of the October 2016 Issue of AJPH

An introduction is presented in which the authors discuss various reports within the journal on topics including public health research and problem solving in the U.S., medication (drug) costs in America, and childhood obesity in Texas.
Iowa Model of Evidence-Based Practice: Revisions and Validation

Background The Iowa Model is a widely used framework for the implementation of evidence-based practice (EBP). Changes in health care (e.g., emergence of implementation science, emphasis on patient engagement) prompted the re-evaluation, revision, and validation of the model. Methods A systematic multi-step process was used capturing information from the literature and user feedback via an electronic survey and live work groups. The Iowa Model Collaborative critically assessed and synthesized information and recommendations before revising the model. Results Survey participants (n = 431) had requested access to the Model between years 2001 and 2013. Eighty-eight percent (n = 379) of participants reported using the Iowa Model and identified the most problematic steps as: topic priority, critique, pilot, and institute change. Users provided 587 comments with rich contextual rationale and insightful suggestions. The revised model was then evaluated by participants (n = 299) of the 22nd National EBP Conference in 2015. They validated the model as a practical tool for the EBP process across diverse settings. Specific changes in the model are discussed. Conclusion This user driven revision differs from other frameworks in that it links practice changes within the system. Major model changes are expansion of piloting, implementation, patient engagement, and sustaining change. Linking Evidence to Action The Iowa Model-Revised remains an application-oriented guide for the EBP process. Intended users are point of care clinicians who ask questions and seek a systematic, EBP approach to promote excellence in health care.
Manipulation of Transgene-Encoded Self-Antigens to Explore Mechanisms of B Cell Tolerance

Publisher Summary The immune system has the ability to produce a diverse repertoire of antigen-specific lymphocytes capable of responding to an unlimited array of pathogens and is unresponsive to self-molecules. The use of transgenic mice has facilitated a number of novel approaches to analyze the acquisition of tolerance in T and B cell repertoires in vivo. In the present study, immunoglobulin (Ig) transgenic mice, in which most B cells express transgene-encoded Ig of a single anti-lysozyme specificity, has been combined with lysozyme transgenic mice, in which lysozyme is expressed as a new self-antigen. The advantage of this double transgenic approach is the ability to track the fate of self-reactive B cells in vivo and systematically to alter the transgene-encoded Ig receptor or the transgene-encoded lysozyme self-antigen. This chapter discusses recent studies emphasizing the difference in the mechanism of tolerance to membrane-bound lysozyme compared with soluble lysozyme. It also discusses the physiological and pathological implications of these distinct tolerance mechanisms.
Student Outcomes from Innovations in Undergraduate Chemistry Laboratory Learning.

Abstract Much of the research on implementation of novel curriculum, instruction, and assessment in undergraduate science laboratory courses in the U.S. has been funded by public funding agencies. A review and analysis was conducted of awards made between 2000 and 2008 from the National Science Foundation that have focused on laboratory learning in undergraduate chemistry. The study is concerned with characterizing the types of interventions that occurred, and what was studied and learned related to student learning and associated outcomes. For projects that concluded by August, 2011, an overview is presented of the current ‘state of the art’ of the empirical knowledge base, in the interest of suggesting gaps and opportunities for further study. The findings are also contrasted with a recent summary of the state of chemical education research, largely focused at undergraduate level teaching and learning, that was presented in a review paper commissioned by the National Academies of Science as part of a consensus study on discipline-based education research.
Publisher Correction: Nanoparticle conjugates of a highly potent toxin enhance safety and circumvent platinum resistance in ovarian cancer.

The original version of this Article contained an error in the spelling of the author Yingjie Yu, which was incorrectly given as Yu Yingjie. Furthermore, in Figure 3a, the labels ‘MD | p 0.05’. These errors have now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
CHAPTER IV – Asymptotic Normality

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses asymptotic normality, convergence in distribution, product rule, asymptotic equivalence, uniqueness theorem, and continuity theorem. A direct and very important use of the asymptotic normality of a given estimator is in hypothesis testing. Often, hypotheses of interest can be expressed in terms of linear combinations of the parameters. The chapter also describes the Lagrange multiplier test, mean value theorem, likelihood ratio test, and asymptotic efficiency. Given a class of estimators, it is desirable to choose that member of the class that has the smallest asymptotic covariance matrix. The reason for this is that such estimators are more precise and in general allow the construction of more powerful test statistics.
The effect of rhythmic auditory stimulation on the gait parameters of patients with incomplete spinal cord injury: An exploratory pilot study

This exploratory pilot study examined the immediate entrainment effects of rhythmic auditory stimulation on the gait parameters of cadence, velocity, and stride length in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury. Seventeen patients with incomplete spinal cord injury, mean age of 41 years and on average 5.88 years postinjury, participated in a within-subjects repeated measures design with counterbalanced conditions. Participants completed four, 10-meter walks: walk 1, participants walked at their normal pace without rhythm; walk 2, participants walked to a rhythm set to the tempo of their uncued normal walk; walk 3, participants walked as fast as safely possible, without auditory rhythm; and walk 4, participants walked to an auditory rhythm set 5% higher than their uncued fast walk. Mean scores for cadence and velocity decreased with rhythmic cueing at the normal tempo, whereas average stride length increased. On average, all parameters decreased at the fast tempo. No changes were statistically significant and no interaction emerged between cueing and tempo for any gait parameter. Despite the lack of effects, many participants were able to entrain with rhythm at the normal tempo, as evidenced by small improvements in cadence and velocity. Patient response to rhythmic cueing may differ according to age and level of injury. Younger participants were more likely to increase velocity and stride length at the fast tempo (P=0.025). At the normal tempo, patients with cervical injuries tended to increase cadence, whereas patients with thoracic injuries showed improvements in stride length and velocity.
Approach to Inadequate Core Cooling Detection

Historically, light water cooled reactors (LWRs) have heen designed with reliance on automatic protection systems to assure that the reactor is shut down and adequate coolant is provided to the core to prevent severe core damage under all design basis accident conditions. A combination of high pressure and low pressure safety injection systems are designed to replenish coolant lost from the reactor coolant system (RCS) for the entire spectrum of potential breaks in the reactor coolant pressure boundary. Design philosophy emphasized that protection systems should be redundant and highly reliable and should require minimal interaction with the plant operators. The latter consideration was based on a dominant concern for the large break loss of coolant accident in which the sequence of events is too fast to permit reliable diagnosis and response by the operator. Consequently, design attention given to accident monitoring instrumentation was generally limited to those instruments required to help the operator assess the effectiveness of long term core cooling in the recirculation mode after termination of an accident transient.
Channels and Codes

We have considered a random process or source {X n } as a sequence of random entities, where the object produced at each time could be quite general, e.g., a random variable, vector, or waveform. Hence sequences of pairs of random objects such as {X n ,Y n } are included in the general framework. We now focus on the possible interrelations between the two components of such a pair process. In particular, we consider the situation where we begin with one source, say {X n }, called the input and use either a random or a deterministic mapping to form a new source {Y n }, called the output. We generally refer to the mapping as a channel if it is random and a code if it is deterministic. Hence a code is a special case of a channel and results for channels will immediately imply the corresponding results for codes. The initial point of interest will be conditions on the structure of the channel under which the resulting pair process {X n ,Y n } will inherit stationarity and ergodic properties from the original source {X n }. We will also be interested in the behavior resulting when the output of one channel serves as the input to another, that is, when we form a new channel as a cascade of other channels. Such cascades yield models of a communication system which typically has a code mapping (called the encoder) followed by a channel followed by another code mapping (called the decoder).
B and T cells in chronic graft-versus-host disease and graft-versus-leukemia

Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is a common and clinically significant complication of allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Understanding its pathogenesis, then, is vital to its effective treatment and to improving the outcome of transplantation. A failure of T-cell immune tolerance is central to the development of cGVHD and results in aberrations in immunological homeostasis marked by T- and B-cell alloreactivity and ultimate tissue damage. This immune intolerance, however, is in part responsible for the powerful graft-versus-leukemia/tumor (GVL/T) effect of transplantation. Improved understanding of the causes and consequences of this breakdown in tolerance has resulted in new therapeutic strategies to manipulate the immune environment such that a hematological or tumor-specific GVL/T is maintained while minimizing non-specific alloreactivity and thus limiting cGVHD.
Rural Property Rights in a Peace Process: Lessons from Mozambique

Land rights issues have proven to be one of the most vexing problems in a peace process. In the developing world and the Middle East, the disintegration of land and property rights institutions during armed conflict, and yet the importance of land, homeland, and territory to the cause and conduct of conflict presents particular dilemmas for recovery. Such a process must attempt to both address issues fundamental to the cause and maintenance of the conflict, as well as land-related problems important to recovery.
On the Ratio of Evaporation to Precipitation

The evaporation ratio e is defined as the ratio of the evaporation actually occurring under natural conditions over a given area to the precipitation falling on that area. Data drawn from a variety of sources are used to obtain simple climatological estimates of e. The mean value of e over all the world's land surfaces is probably near 0.65, with individual continents ranging from 0.60 for North America to 0.87 for Australia. For the United States, e averages about 0.73, with local e values ranging from near 1.0 in the southwestern deserts to essentially zero in the Pacific Northwest coastal slopes and in portions of Maine. A chart depicting the generalized pattern of e over the United States east of the Rocky Mountains is presented.
Mode Selection for Measuring Modal Dispersion in Stokes Space

The appropriate choice of mode combinations is crucial to the accuracy of modal dispersion characterization techniques. We compute quasi-orthogonal launch modes that minimize the noise error in modal dispersion vector measurements using the mode-dependent signal delay method.
Justice Gorsuch and Moral Reality

Despite his advanced academic training in ethics, Justice Gorsuch has stoutly, repeatedly, and properly denied that officers today have any power to override the original meaning expressed in statutory or constitutional text in the name of contemporary moral considerations. However, moral reality can still be relevant to interpretation if we acknowledge—as we should—a gap between textually expressed meaning and the fact-dependent collection of tangible applications falling under that meaning. Moral reality can also be important as an empirical guide to original meaning to the extent that we attribute moral virtue to the Framers and as a consideration for when we should overrule precedents. This Essay considers what Justice Gorsuch’s first year and a half on the Court tells us about his understanding of the relationship between interpretation and moral considerations. His deep respect for tradition as an ethical guide frequently makes it difficult to tell whether he reads the Constitution as referring directly to tradition, right or wrong, or instead reads it to refer to moral reality, which he then uses tradition to fill out. Either way, Justice Gorsuch’s willingness to go his own way interpretively will render his methodological approach of lasting concern to our constitutional culture.
Media comparison of filtration with hanford tank AP-107 supernate

The present experimental work was performed to investigate media performance in both cross-flow and dead-end filtration of 9 L of Hanford tank AP-107 supernate. Media grades 0.1 and 5 were tested f...