cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Small Intestinal Tests: Small Bowel Follow Through, CT Enterography, and MR Enterography

Motility disorders of small bowel can be the underlying cause in approximately one-third or more of patients who present with gastrointestinal symptoms. While small bowel follow through is the most helpful modality in identifying dysmotility and mucosal abnormalities of small bowel, more expensive studies such as CT and MR are reserved to evaluate disease that can mimic as motility disorders. Ultimately, these imaging tests corroborated with clinical findings are other investigations to increase the diagnostic yield.
A role for B cells in organic dust induced lung inflammation.

Agriculture organic dust exposures induce lung disease with lymphoid aggregates comprised of both T and B cells. The precise role of B cells in mediating lung inflammation is unknown, yet might be relevant given the emerging role of B cells in obstructive pulmonary disease and associated autoimmunity. Using an established animal model, C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and B-cell receptor (BCR) knock-out (KO) mice were repetitively treated with intranasal inhalation of swine confinement organic dust extract (ODE) daily for 3 weeks and lavage fluid, lung tissues, and serum were collected. ODE-induced neutrophil influx in lavage fluid was not reduced in BCR KO animals, but there was reduction in TNF-α, IL-6, CXCL1, and CXCL2 release. ODE-induced lymphoid aggregates failed to develop in BCR KO mice. There was a decrease in ODE-induced lung tissue CD11c+CD11b+ exudative macrophages and compensatory increase in CD8+ T cells in lavage fluid of BCR KO animals. Compared to saline, there was an expansion of conventional B2-, innate B1 (CD19+CD11b+CD5+/−)-, and memory (CD19+CD273+/-CD73+/−) B cells following ODE exposure in WT mice. Autoreactive responses including serum IgG anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) and anti-malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde (MAA) autoantibodies were increased in ODE treated WT mice as compared to saline control. B cells and serum immunoglobulins were not detected in BCR KO animals. Lung tissue staining for citrullinated and MAA modified proteins were increased in ODE-treated WT animals, but not BCR KO mice. These studies show that agriculture organic dust induced lung inflammation is dependent upon B cells, and dust exposure induces an autoreactive response.
Microscopic Origins of Poor Crystallinity in the Synthesis of Covalent Organic Framework COF-5

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are porous crystalline materials that are entirely composed of organic building blocks and can be assembled straightforwardly from solution. The main synthetic challenge associated with COFs, compared to other porous materials such as zeolites or metal–organic frameworks, is their poor long-range order; typical sizes of crystal domains do not exceed a few tens of nanometers. Here, we develop a model of the molecular constituents of COF-5 and follow the early stages of its assembly dynamics from dilute solution. Our simulations indicate that under typical experimental conditions COF-5 formation happens not through nucleation but far from equilibrium through spinodal decomposition. This rapid assembly mode leads to a plethora of defects that are difficult to anneal and that are likely responsible for the limited crystallinity observed in the synthesis of many COFs. We analyze the driving forces for COF-5 formation and find that stacking interactions between aromatic molecu...
Mortality in Patients With Giant Cell Arteritis: A Cohort Study in UK Primary Care

OBJECTIVE To examine whether giant cell arteritis (GCA) is associated with increased all-cause mortality and whether mortality differs according to age, sex, and calendar year of cohort entry. METHODS Using the UK-based Clinical Practice Research Datalink, we identified 9,778 newly diagnosed GCA patients from 1990-2014, and up to 10 nonvasculitis patients randomly matched to each case on age, sex, practice, and years of history before cohort entry. We used Cox regression to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for mortality of GCA patients in comparison to nonvasculitis patients, then stratified by age, sex, and calendar year of cohort entry. RESULTS Compared with nonvasculitis patients, GCA patients had increased mortality during the first year following diagnosis (adjusted HR 1.51, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.40-1.64), and marginally increased mortality between 1 and 5 years after the diagnosis (adjusted HR 1.16, 95% CI 1.09-1.23), but not >5 years after the diagnosis (adjusted HR 1.06, 95% CI 1.00-1.12). GCA patients diagnosed before age 65 years had the highest mortality risk during the first year following diagnosis (adjusted HR 2.32, 95% CI 1.60-3.35). The mortality risk did not differ substantially by sex or calendar year of cohort entry. CONCLUSION GCA patients had an increased risk of mortality during the period shortly after the GCA diagnosis, in particular during the first year, but no increased risk after 5 years postdiagnosis. The mortality risk differed by age with an even greater increased 1-year mortality in those age <65 years at diagnosis, but not by sex or calendar year of cohort entry.
Nonmelanotic malignant skin tumors of the hand

SUMMARY Squamous cell and basal cell carcinomas, the common nonmelanotic skin tumors, are the most frequent malignancies to occur in the hand. In spite of a rising incidence, these tumors are only occasionally seen by the hand surgeon because of their overall rarity. Untreated lesions are locally destructive and may cause functional deficits and death by way of metastasis. Appropriate treatment consists of timely diagnosis, surgical excision with a margin of normal tissue, lymph node dissection for clinically positive nodes or in special circumstances, and careful follow-up for recurrence, metastasis or metachronous lesions. The aggressive nature of some of the rare nonmelanotic skin tumors that may occur in the hand underlines the importance of proper diagnosis of unknown hand tumors.
Boundaries between Things Misnamed: Social Death and Radical (Non-)Existence in Frederick Douglass and Lord Byron

In his poem “The Dream,” Lord Byron explores “a boundary between the things misnamed / Death and existence.” This essay reads Frederick Douglass’s engagement with the volume in which “The Dream” fi...
Effects of environmental and pharmacological manipulations on a novel delayed nonmatching-to-sample ‘working memory’ procedure in unrestrained rhesus monkeys

�9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol Methylphenidate a b s t r a c t Background: Working memory is a domain of ‘executive function.’ Delayed nonmatching-to-sample (DNMTS) procedures are commonly used to examine working memory in both human laboratory and preclinical studies. New method: The aim was to develop an automated DNMTS procedure maintained by food pellets in rhesus monkeys using a touch-sensitive screen attached to the housing chamber. Specifically, the DNMTS procedure was a 2-stimulus, 2-choice recognition memory task employing unidimensional discriminative stimuli and randomized delay interval presentations. Results: DNMTS maintained a delay-dependent decrease in discriminability that was independent of the retention interval distribution. Eliminating reinforcer availability during a single delay session or providing food pellets before the session did not systematically alter accuracy, but did reduce total choices. Increasing the intertrial interval enhanced accuracy at short delays. Acute � 9 -THC pretreatment produced delay interval-dependent changes in the forgetting function at doses that did not alter total choices. Acute methylphenidate pretreatment only decreased total choices.
Studio Television Production and Directing: Concepts, Equipment, and Procedures

Master the fundamentals of studio production procedure and become an effective leader on set. Gain fluency in essential studio terms and technology and acquire the skills you need to make it in the industry. Elegant, accessible, and to the point, the second edition of Andrew H. Utterback’s Studio Television Production and Directing is your back-to-the-basics guide to studio-based lighting, set design, camera operations, floor direction, technical direction, audio capture, graphics, prompting, and assistant directing. Whether you are an established studio professional or a student looking to enter the field, this book provides you with the technical expertise you need to successfully coordinate live or taped studio television in the digital age. This new edition has been updated to include: A UK/Euro focused appendix, enhancing the book’s accessibility to students and professionals of television production around the world An advanced discussion of the job of the Director and the Command Cue Language Fresh discussion of tapeless protocols in the control room, Media Object Server newsroom control software (iNews), editing systems, switcher embedded image store, and DPM (DVE) Brand new sections on UHDTV (4K), set design, lighting design, microphones, multiviewers, media asset management, clip-servers, and the use of 2D and 3D animation Expanded coverage of clip types used in ENG and video journalism (VO, VO/SOT, and PKG) An all new companion website (www.focalpress.com/cw/utterback) with pre-recorded lectures by the author, sample video clips, an expanded full color image archive, vocabulary flashcards, and more Note: the companion website is still under development, but in the meantime the author's filmed lectures are all freely available on Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRp_aSpO0y8cDqLjFGZ2s9A
Evolving Challenges in Developing Naturally-Derived Complex Mixtures into Drugs: U.S. Experience and Perspective

Naturally-derived complex mixture drugs are the drugs derived from natural sources with highly heterogeneous molecular components. In such drugs, the composition of molecules in a population may be variable and it may even be difficult to define all components of a mixture. Even active components can be unknown or poorly characterized. As compared to traditional homogeneous drugs, these complex mixture drugs can face unique challenges during development and throughout the drug product lifecycle. As the understanding and science surrounding the analysis of these drugs advances, so too do the approaches to development. Scientific and regulatory approaches for these drugs may take into account prior human experience, current capabilities in characterization, ability to control raw material and manufacturing, therapeutic consistency, pharmaceutical equivalence, and bioequivalence. As more advanced analytics are developed and implemented, the ability to ensure the quality, safety, and efficacy of complex mixture drugs improves. This chapter introduces the major themes of development for these drugs including regulatory frameworks, biological activity, characterization, raw material and manufacturing control, impurities and immunogenicity, and clinical considerations. The challenges in developing natural-derived complex mixture drugs illustrate lessons of the past that can inform drug development in the future.
Review: After Said: Postcolonial Literary Studies in the Twenty-First Century, edited by Bashir Abu-Manneh

Theoretical paradigms are both instruments of ontological clarification and objects of hermeneutic scrutiny. The latter function keeps the former provisionally intact while ultimately preventing th...
Assessment of a novel in-flight washing device: Microbial reduction and food quality of chopped iceberg lettuce during storage

Abstract Washing is an essential postharvest processing step for reducing microbial populations, tissue latex fluids, and soil on fresh and fresh-cut produce. This study focuses on the performance of a novel in-flight washer (IFW) in which produce falls through a round vertical canister, equipped with an array of nozzles near its interior boundary, spraying a sanitizing liquid upward and radially inward so as to directly impact the falling produce. The spray retards downward motion of the produce, while reorienting it as it falls, thus improving contact between liquid and produce. Chopped iceberg lettuce was passed through an IFW, a flume system, or sequentially through both, with different free chlorine levels. Microbial reduction and quality parameters (sensory attributes and tissue membrane integrity) were evaluated on days 0, 7, and 14 of a 14-day storage period. When washed only in the IFW with 200 mg/L free chlorine (FC), 1.0 and 1.4 log reductions of inoculated E. coli were achieved on Days 0 and 14, respectively. These reductions are comparable to or greater than those achieved with only flume washing at 20 mg/L FC. Among all treatments, washing in IFW at 200 mg/L FC resulted in the lowest aerobic plate count and yeast and mold values, as well as the highest overall quality score. These results indicate that use of the IFW can improve postharvest food safety and quality of fresh-cut lettuce, compared to conventional flume washing.
Urinary tract cytology: a cytologic-histopathologic correlation with The Paris System, an institutional study.

Introduction Urothelial carcinoma (UC) requires lifelong monitoring, commonly through urinary cytology and cystoscopy. Urine cytology has a relatively high sensitivity for detecting high-grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC); however, its sensitivity for low-grade urothelial neoplasm (LGUN) is significantly lower with wide interobserver variability. The Paris System (TPS) was proposed to create standardized diagnostic categories with defined cytomorphologic criteria. We attempt to evaluate diagnostic efficacy of identifying UC using TPS through cytologic-histologic correlation. Materials and methods A retrospective search identified 170 cases of urine cytology cases with concurrent biopsies collected during a 2-year time period at University of Rochester Medical Center. Patient age, sex, smoking history, prior malignancy diagnoses, cystoscopy findings, specimen collection method, UroVysion results, and 1-year follow-up of surgical pathology cases were included. Results Cytologic-histologic correlation was identified in 59% of cases, with 18% true positives and 41% true negatives. Discordant results were identified in 41% of cases; of these, 4% were false positives, 11% false negatives, 12% potential sampling bias, and 14% were low-grade urothelial carcinoma (LGUC). The analysis of this 2-year study finds a positive predictive value of urine cytology for HGUC to be 81%, a negative predictive value of 79%, a sensitivity of 61%, a specificity of 91%, and an accuracy of 79%. Conclusions Our results support TPS’s ability to improve the reliability and accuracy of interpretations in urine cytology for HGUC. Nevertheless, additional studies are essential to improve the diagnostic accuracy of LGUN, and urine adequacy, in order to improve patient care and early detection, while identifying potential sampling bias.
Deep learning-based hotspot prediction of via printability in process window corners

With more advanced semiconductor technologies, identifying process weak points becomes more complex as multiple layers need to be taken into consideration. In recent years, traditional rule based weak point identification has been augmented by pattern matching to pinpoint and fix possible design weak points. Traditional methods of pattern definition are done by profiling the designs for weak points to capture the patterns of interest for applying opportunistic fixes. Patterns are usually handcrafted by taking process information into account, and applying fixes on the design features. Some fail modes have emerged recently that are a result of very complex multi layer interactions. These types of weak points are very difficult to define comprehensively with traditional pattern matching. Recently, deep learning has undergone a rapid development and tools are now available that can learn based on large amounts of process data. We have harnessed this to address the problem of identifying complex weak points with low escape rates. In this paper, we provide a review on a deep learning based weak point detection flow taking retargeting/opc/orc simulations into account as training data. Using the deep learning approach, the process data is abstracted as an encrypted machine learning model, and released to designers as part of the GLOBALFOUNDRIES (GF) DRC+ tool. This tool is shipped with the PDK, and can be used to fix the design, mitigating process weak points. This paper begins with a brief introduction to the deep learning TensorFlow model using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) widely used for image detection. Then we focus on feature density vector (DSV) generation to extract the layout parameters and labels used for training the model. Experimental analysis is also provided to compare recall and precision metrics of POR and ML methods in detecting the weak point on a via layer at process window conditions. Our case study shows that the ML flow improves the pattern capture rate by 34% over standard hotspot detection methods. As a conclusion, we will also brief on our future work leveraging the ML flow for other weak point detections.
Mechanistic insights into cell-free hemoglobin-induced injury during septic shock.

Cell-free hemoglobin (CFH) elevations are a known consequence of clinical sepsis. Using a two-by-two factorial design and extensive physiological and biochemical evidence, we found a direct mechani...
Outpatient telecardiology perceptions among rural, suburban, and urban veterans utilizing in-person cardiology versus telecardiology services: A mixed methods analysis.

PURPOSE To better understand opportunities and barriers to implementation and adoption, this mixed-methods study qualitatively examined attitudes toward telecardiology services among veterans who use in-person (IP) outpatient cardiology service versus those using telecardiology (TC) outpatient services. METHODS Free-text responses were collected from N = 179 veterans enrolled in Veteran Health Administration (VHA) IP or TC services in 3 rural-serving, outpatient telehealth clinics and 1 large, metropolitan outpatient center. Mixed-method analyses of responses included thematic analysis, followed by comparison of code categories and themes between IP and TC groups. FINDINGS Fifteen thematic coding categories were identified, which comprised 4 valence categories (favorable or unfavorable attitudes toward TC and IP), as well as themes pertaining to obstacles and opportunities for TC implementation. Overall, veterans enrolled in TC held more favorable attitudes toward TC than those enrolled in IP. Veteran responses included structural concerns (eg, time demands, access, and travel), as well as humanistic qualities (rapport, competence, and face-to-face contact). Differences were observed between the responses of veterans who reported dwelling in urban, suburban, and rural communities, with rural-identifying veterans generally holding more favorable attitudes toward TC than suburban-identifying veterans. CONCLUSIONS TC users had overwhelmingly positive perceptions of TC. Conversely, unfavorable attitudes from IP patients toward TC did not appear to be borne out in the responses of TC users. On the contrary, TC users' responses may indicate opportunities for allaying the concerns of TC-naive veterans. This suggests promise for developing tailored education to dispel barriers for TC service implementation.
Introduction: Philosophy and Politics After COVID-19

This chapter outlines the main argument of the book and provides an outline for each chapter. In turning to a psychoanalytic understanding of rhetoric, the introduction reveals how language itself has many properties that make it appear to be a virus. As something that comes from the outside, but lives inside of us, language can be uncontrollable and alienating. Language also breaks down the border between the self and the other as it shapes how we see the world and ourselves. Since we learn language through imitation and identification, we often do not understand our own thoughts, and these thoughts can be both fictional and actual.
Navigating the caregiving abyss: A metasynthesis of how family caregivers manage end-of-life care for older adults at home

Background:Demographic changes (global aging, decreased fertility, increased home deaths) will present a critical need for end-of-life family caregivers of older adults at home. In order to support...
Phosphorylation of Mammalian Cytochrome c and Cytochrome c Oxidase in the Regulation of Cell Destiny: Respiration, Apoptosis, and Human Disease

The mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) system not only generates the vast majority of cellular energy, but is also involved in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and apoptosis. Cytochrome c (Cytc) and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) represent the terminal step of the electron transport chain (ETC), the proposed rate-limiting reaction in mammals. Cytc and COX show unique regulatory features including allosteric regulation, isoform expression, and regulation through cell signaling pathways. This chapter focuses on the latter and discusses all mapped phosphorylation sites based on the crystal structures of COX and Cytc. Several signaling pathways have been identified that target COX including protein kinase A and C, receptor tyrosine kinase, and inflammatory signaling. In addition, four phosphorylation sites have been mapped on Cytc with potentially large implications due to its multiple functions including apoptosis, a pathway that is overactive in stressed cells but inactive in cancer. The role of COX and Cytc phosphorylation is reviewed in a human disease context, including cancer, inflammation, sepsis, asthma, and ischemia/reperfusion injury as seen in myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke.
Congenital syphilis: A ten-year study of forty-five children*

Summary A group of 45 congenital syphilitic children were studied for ten years with an 85 per cent final clinically satisfactory result. Infants in the neonatal period or early infancy should have the first course of neoarsphenamine preceded by 10 per cent glucose intravenously as protection to the liver and to counteract the well-known toxic effects common in this period. Complete serologic and clinical cure was observed in 45 per cent, or 20 children, with an average of 49 weeks of treatment. Latent syphilis with an irreversible Wassermann reaction was observed in 40 per cent, or 18 children, but these were practically as well as the former group. A positive Wassermann test on the blood in the absence of other clinical signs after two years' adequate care is not indication for further treatment. Central nervous system infection, the most serious complication, occurred in 24 per cent of this group, gave 54 per cent unsatisfactory result, and calls for early and persistent treatment. Mentality of these children was below average and treatment had a slightly beneficial effect, as judged by the estimation of the intelligence quotients, but 7 of 12 cases remained below normal. Environmental and heredity factors cannot be separated from the disease factor.
Biochemical and pharmacological interactions between nitroglycerin and thiols. Effects of thiol structure on nitric oxide generation and tolerance reversal.

Abstract Co-administration of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) with nitroglycerin (NTG) has been shown to partially reverse nitrate tolerance and to potentiate the hypotensive effect of NTG in humans. However, a high clinical dose of NAC was required for this pharmacologic interaction resulting in the production of unwanted side-effects. Therefore, sulfhydryl compounds more active than NAC need to be identified if this interaction is to be exploited clinically. We previously suggested that the effect of sulfhydryl compounds on NTG may be mediated by the formation of S-nitrosothiol or nitric oxide (NO) extra-cellularly to the vascular smooth muscle cell (e.g. in plasma) (Fung et al, J Pharmacol Exp Ther245: 524–530, 1988). In an attempt to understand the structural features which govern this thiol-catalyzed NO generation from NTG, nineteen different aliphatic and ten aromatic sulfhydryl compounds were examined with respect to their catalytic activity to generate NO from NTG in plasma. Significantly enhanced production of NO was observed with most sulfhydryl compounds examined when compared to buffer control. Among the aliphatic thiols, only mercaptosuccinic acid was more potent than NAC (2 ×), whereas among the aromatic thiols, both thiosalicylic acid (TSA, 10 ×) and TSA-methyl ester (3 ×) were more potent than NAC. Comparative in vitro relaxation studies were carried out using isolated (and nitrate-tolerant) rat aortic rings with NTG/TSA and NTG/NAC, in the presence of 0.5% (v/v) plasma. Under these conditions, partial reversal of NTG tolerance could be achieved with TSA, but not with NAC. These data are consistent with the view that extracellular production of NO or S-nitrosothiol serves as a tolerance-reversing mechanism of thiols on NTG. TSA appears to be a more potent sulfhydryl compound than NAC in this biochemical and pharmacologie interaction.
Do Age and Comorbidity Affect Intensity of Pharmacological Therapy for Poorly Controlled Diabetes Mellitus

Objectives: To examine the influence of age and comorbidity on intensification of medical therapy for patients with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus (DM). Design: Observational cohort study using data from Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national databases. Setting: Thirteen VA medical centers in New England, Florida, and Puerto Rico. Participants: Veterans (N=5,317) with poorly controlled DM receiving regular medical care Measurements: An increase in hypoglycemic medications, or intensification of therapy, was considered present at the visit if a new hypoglycemic medication was started or the dosage of an existing medication was increased. Results: The overall rate of intensification of therapy was 20.8% (1,106/5,317). The rate of intensification was highest in the youngest patients without comorbidity (24.5%) and lowest in the oldest patients with comorbidity (15.7%) (P<.001). Conclusion: Rates of intensification at a single clinic visit were quite low in all groups and were lowest in older patients with comorbidity.
The cost of telephone service: An international comparison of rates in major countries

Abstract An exhaustive analysis of all 1979 telephone calls in the US Bell System determines market baskets of telephone services consumed by residential subscribers and by business subscribers. Individual calls are classified according to duration, distance, hour and day of week, and type of service. The annual cost of purchasing these market baskets is evaluated using the complete rate structures of nine countries. Telephone service is least expensive in the US and only slightly higher in Canada. Costs in Sweden, the UK and Italy are moderately higher than the USA. The highest rates are found in Japan, the FRG, France and Australia.
Fourier analysis of exchange biased Ni 80 Fe 20 / F e 50 Mn 50 / N i 80 Fe 20 trilayers

Hysteresis loops of polycrystalline and single-crystal exchange biased ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{80}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{20}$ (Permalloy)/${\mathrm{Fe}}_{50}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{50}{/\mathrm{N}\mathrm{i}}_{80}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{20}$ (Permalloy) trilayers were measured as a function of ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{50}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{50}$ layer thickness with the longitudinal Kerr effect. The variation of the macroscopic pinning field ${H}_{p}$ and the coercivity ${H}_{c}$ was observed over a full 360\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in plane rotation and Fourier analyzed. The magnetization behavior of both Permalloy layers of the polycrystalline samples was analyzed, and it was found that the pinning field of the bottom layer is always greater than for the top layer, while the situation is reversed for the coercivity due to defects incorporated in the antiferromagnetic layer. The single-crystal samples were prepared on epitaxially grown Cu(111) on Si(110), and the magnetization behavior of the top Permalloy layer was studied. In contrast to the polycrystalline samples, the coercivities peak very sharply at the easy axis, which manifests itself in large higher-order Fourier coefficients. Coercivities and loop shifts show a strong linear dependence on the antiferromagnetic layer thickness. The relation of the biasing direction to the crystal axes had no influence on ${H}_{c}$ and ${H}_{p}.$ This behavior is attributed to complete strain relief through the buffer layer and better crystalline growth of the trilayer as compared to the polycrystalline samples. Examination of the results with a Ginzburg-Landau energy functional verified that the Fourier coefficients obey necessary conditions to achieve energetic stability together with spontaneous magnetization. The energy functional was used to model the angular dependence of the loop shift.
Correlates of traumatic brain injury among juvenile offenders: A multi-site study

BACKGROUND: There is some evidence that antisocial individuals, including young delinquents, are significantly more likely than people in the general population to incur a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Extant studies are hampered by methodological limitations, such as small sample sizes, lack of control for confounding effects, and use of single sites and may lack representativeness. HYPOTHESIS: The hypothesis for this study is that young offenders with a history of TBI will not only be at higher risk of impulsivity and negative emotionality than their non-injured peers but also that those with TBI will have had more previous victimisation experiences. METHODS: Data from two sites (Philadelphia, PA and Phoenix, AZ) in a substantial longitudinal, prospective study - the Pathways to Desistance Study - were used to compare young people (average age 16 years) who reported TBI with those who did not. Independent variables were behavioural, criminogenic and psychosocial measures. RESULTS: Male youths were about twice as likely as young females to report TBI. Such injury was associated with higher impulsivity and negative emotion ratings, even after allowing for potentially confounding factors, including sex. In addition, TBI was independently associated with self-reported experience of victimisation. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS: This extends the generalisability of earlier suggestions of a relationship between TBI and offending, and various factors thought likely to mediate the relationship. The implications are, thus, that it is likely to be of practical value to screen young people who get into the criminal justice system for a history of TBI, and thus to allow for more specific tailoring of interventions to reduce the range of associated problems, including likely reoffending. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
Intelligibility since 1969: Intelligibility since 1969

: Smith's general intelligibility paradigm has contributed immensely to furthering the cogent analyses of world Englishes. Earlier works such as Bansal's study of The Intelligibility of Indian English (1969) treated only pronunciation, and regularly invoked comparisons with RP. After Smith elucidated the notion “intelligibility” by introducing the conceptual layers intelligibility, comprehensibility and interpretability, examinations of the forms and functions of world Englishes could be much more usefully carried forward. Many writers have applied the concept(s) in their studies of world Englishes, and some recent work challenges any simplistic understanding of the concepts, e.g. in explicating the mixing of English with other languages in various dimensions. This sociolinguistically realistic perspective speaks to the creative functionality of world Englishes, and to the concern voiced from some quarters about a continuing degeneration of intelligibility across varieties.
Hyperplasticity: Increased forming limits at high workpiece velocity

In a previous report it was demonstrated that the forming limits of BCC interstitial free iron could be significantly increased by forming at high strain rates which were induced using a technique known as electrohydraulic forming. In that report two possible reasons for the increased formability were discussed: (1) a change in the material constitutive law at high rate, making it more formable, and (2) inertial forces slowing the growth of imperfections. Because the material's hardness was similar at the same strains at low and high rates, and inertial forces were demonstrably large, it was suggested that inertial effects were likely to be responsible for the increased forming limits. Here, more evidence is presented that inertial forces are responsible for the formability increase and it is suggested that this effect is both large and general. Specifically the authors have used similar procedures to examine two FCC materials (annealed and quenched 6061 aluminum and annealed oxygen-free high-conductivity (OFHC) copper). Both these materials show very similar increases in formability at high workpiece velocities. A simple model is presented that shows that high workpiece velocities are expected to increase forming limits. The required velocities are accessible with existing technology.
Cardiodepressant and neurologic actions of Solenopsis invicta (imported fire ant) venom alkaloids

Background We hypothesized that the alkaloid compounds that are the majority components of fire ant ( Solenopsis invicta ) venom are capable of producing cardiovascular and central nervous system toxic effects in mammals. Objective To evaluate toxic effects of synthetic S invicta alkaloids in rodent models. Methods Cardiovascular effects of intravenous injection of the racemic (±)- cis - and trans -isomers of 2-methyl-6- n -undecylpiperidine (isosolenopsin A and solenopsin A, respectively) were evaluated in anesthetized, gallamine-paralyzed rats who had received artificial ventilation and in isolated, perfused rat hearts. Results (±)-Solenopsin A dose dependently (3–30 mg/kg [10 to 104 μmol/kg]) depressed cardiovascular function. Maximal percent changes following injection of 30 mg/kg were −42.96% ± 5.8% for blood pressure, −29.13% ± 3.6% for heart rate, and −43.5% ± 9.2% for left ventricular contractility (dP/dt). (±)-Isosolenopsin A (3–15 mg/kg [10 to 52 μmol/kg]) produced responses similar to those seen with the corresponding doses of solenopsin A. In conscious, spontaneously breathing rats, solenopsin A (30 mg/kg intravenously) caused seizures, respiratory arrest, and death. Infusion of working, isolated, perfused hearts with solenopsin A reduced contractile function (dP/dt) at 10μM and caused cardiac arrest at 100μM. Conclusions Two alkaloid components of imported fire ant venom possess robust cardiorespiratory depressant activity and elicit seizures in the rat. Such effects identify these alkaloids as toxic compounds in biological systems and may explain the cardiorespiratory failure noted in some individuals who experience massive fire ant stings.
Analysis of the time-reversal operator for planar dipole arrays

Tortel et al. (1999) analyzed the electromagnetic time-reversal operator for sources and receivers in a ring surrounding a number of dielectric and conducting spheres and cylinders. We analyze the TRO for a planar array and show that for point scatterers there can be up to six eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the time-reversal operator associated with each scatterer. These are associated with various configurations of the induced dipole moments in the scatterer, and depend not only on the geometry but also the polarization capability of the array.
What is the role of carotid arterial resection in the management of advanced cervical cancer

Abstract From 1977 through 1988, 16 patients underwent carotid artery resection and reconstruction or simple ligation in the treatment of advanced cervical carcinomas. Three patients underwent carotid artery ligation, with postoperative transient ischemic attacks, which resolved, in one patient. In the remaining 13 patients, interposition saphenous vein grafts were used to reconstruct the resected carotid arteries. In one of these 13 patients, the previously unresected carotid artery ruptured and was treated by carotid artery resection with interposition vein grafting and coverage by a myocutaneous flap. There were two immediate postoperative strokes, with excellent neurologic recovery in one, and one late postoperative stroke (6 months). There was one postoperative death. Adjunctive intraoperative irradiation (1500 to 2000 rad) was employed in 15 patients to decrease the risk of recurrent disease. Since 1982, pectoralis major muscle flaps have been constructed in all patients to cover the vein grafts, with no subsequent carotid artery blowouts. Seven patients are free of cancer more than 1 year after surgery. In conclusion, carotid artery resection for the treatment of advanced cervical carcinomas may be accomplished with acceptable morbidity and mortality rates in carefully selected cases. Coverage of the vein graft by a myocutaneous flap appears to protect against carotid artery blowout. Intraoperative irradiation appears to decrease significantly the local recurrence rate of these aggressive tumors. (J Vasc Surg 1989;10:274–80.)
The effects of dog breed development on genetic diversity and the relative influences of performance and conformation breeding

Genetic diversity was compared among eight dog breeds selected primarily for conformation (Standard Poodle, Italian Greyhound and show English Setter), conformation and performance (Brittany), predominantly performance (German Shorthaired and Wirehaired Pointers) or solely performance (field English Setter and Red Setter). Modern village dogs, which better reflect ancestral genetic diversity, were used as the standard. Four to seven maternal and one to two Y haplotypes were found per breed, with one usually dominant. Diversity of maternal haplotypes was greatest in village dogs, intermediate in performance breeds and lowest in conformation breeds. Maternal haplotype sharing occurred across all breeds, while Y haplotypes were more breed specific. Almost all paternal haplotypes were identified among village dogs, with the exception of the dominant Y haplotype in Brittanys, which has not been identified heretofore. The highest heterozygosity based on 24 autosomal microsatellites was found in village dogs and the lowest in conformation (show) breeds. Principal coordinate analysis indicated that conformation-type breeds were distinct from breeds heavily used for performance, the latter clustering more closely with village dogs. The Brittany, a well-established dual show and field breed, was also genetically intermediate between the conformation and performance breeds. The number of DLA-DRB1 alleles varied from 3 to 10 per breed with extensive sharing. SNPs across the wider DLA region were more frequently homozygous in all pure breeds than in village dogs. Compared with their village dog relatives, all modern breed dogs exhibit reduced genetic diversity. Genetic diversity was even more reduced among breeds under selection for show/conformation.
PFG‐NMR Investigation of Liposome Systems Containing Hydrotrope

Particle size is crucially important in determining the usefulness of a liposome system. This is particularly true for drug delivery applications. Until now, the particle size of a liposome is typically determined using a light scattering method. Although NMR pulsed field gradient (PFG) experiments are known to yield self‐diffusion coefficients for micelles and other particulate matters, the application of this technique to vesicle systems has been limited due to the rigid nature of the lipid bilayer, which usually does not give well‐defined NMR signals for PFG experiments. This study shows that the polyethylene oxide chains on a pegylated lipid could serve as an excellent tracer to measure the self‐diffusion coefficient via PFG method. In addition, liposomes containing a hydrotrope also give adequate signal from the lipid for PFG experiments due to the increased flexibility of the lipid molecules. In addition to particle size, PFG‐NMR is also used to determine the extent of association of a hydrotrope wi...
Size dependent aqueous dispersibility of carboxylated multiwall carbon nanotubes

The size dependent colloidal behavior of aqueous dispersions of carboxylated multiwall carbon nanotubes (c-MWCNTs) is presented. The presence of carboxylic groups provided electrostatic stabilization in water, where the size affected agglomeration. While aspect ratio did not show any definite correlation, the hydrophobicity indices (HI), zeta potential and aggregation kinetics showed dependence on the length of the c-MWCNTs where the shorter c-MWCNTs showed significantly lower HI values, smaller particle aggregates, higher zeta potential values and higher critical coagulation concentrations (ccc) in the presence of electrolytes. Although the diameter of the short c-MWCNTs did not appear to influence their aggregation behavior, the longer c-MWCNTs showed a dependence on diameter where stability decreased with increasing CNT diameter.
Relationship between perceived stress and dietary and activity patterns in older adults participating in the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study

Previous research supports a relationship between psychological stress and chronic disease in Puerto Rican adults living in the Boston, Massachusetts area. Stress may affect health by influencing dietary and physical activity patterns. Therefore, perceived stress and two hypothesized mediators of stress-related food intake, insulin and cortisol, were examined for possible associations with dietary and activity patterns in >1300 Puerto Ricans (aged 45-75 years; 70% women) living in the Boston, Massachusetts area. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression and ANCOVA. Greater perceived stress was associated with lower fruit, vegetable, and protein intake, greater consumption of salty snacks, and lower participation in physical activity. Stress was associated with higher intake of sweets, particularly in those with type 2 diabetes. Cortisol and stress were positively associated in those without diabetes. Cortisol was associated with higher intake of saturated fat and, in those with diabetes, sweet foods. Independent of diabetes, perceived stress was associated with higher circulating insulin and BMI. Our findings support a link between stress, cortisol, and dietary and activity patterns in this population. For high-sugar foods, this relationship may be particularly important in those with type 2 diabetes. Longitudinal research to determine causal pathways for these identified associations is warranted.
Abstract C17: Revealing targetable cancer cell vulnerabilities by in silico pathway profiling

Successful targeted therapy of cancers relies on comprehensive understanding of vulnerabilities of the tumorigenic platform. Recent cancer genomics efforts have provided with an unprecedented opportunity to gain an unbiased insight into the functional make-up of human cancers. We have devised a computational strategy to leverage cancer genomic datasets to identify candidate pathway vulnerabilities in cancers. The core of our approach is in the delineation of molecular pathways that are activated in tumor cells as a result of secondary selection events during tumor evolution. These secondary pathways are likely to be required for tumorigenesis in the given tumor context. We applied this strategy on HER2+ breast cancers using breast cancer genomic data in the TCGA, the recently published METABRIC and the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) datasets. Although HER2+ breast cancers are treated with HER2-targeting agents in the clinic, the response is usually short-lived due to de novo and acquired resistance. We have found that HER2+ breast cancers are characterized by extensive and robust secondary upregulation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) quality control (ERQC) pathways, including the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) and PERK/eIF2 pathways. Our follow-up combined in silico and in vitro analyses on a panel of HER2+ and HER2- breast cancer cell lines revealed a model of HER2-driven tumorigenesis where yin-yang interplay between hyperactive HER2/mTOR signaling and the ERQC machinery regulate the ER protein homeostasis to control survival of HER2+ cells. Furthermore, we report that this delicate regulatory architecture can be exploited for therapeutic purposes, such that, combinatorial targeting of ERQC pathways to disturb the proteostatic balance synergized in selectively inducing proteotoxic cell death in therapy-refractory HER2+ cells. This study presents a computational method for identification of cancer pathway vulnerabilities, and suggests that exploiting proteotoxic ER stress may be an effective therapeutic strategy in therapy-refractory HER2+ breast cancers. Note: This abstract was not presented at the conference. Citation Format: Rashika Joshi, Kakajan Komurov. Revealing targetable cancer cell vulnerabilities by in silico pathway profiling. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Third AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; Sep 18-22, 2013; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(19 Suppl):Abstract nr C17.
Neural Maturation as Exemplified in the Reaching-Prehensile Behavior of the Human Infant

(1941). Neural Maturation as Exemplified in the Reaching-Prehensile Behavior of the Human Infant. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 127-141.
Modulation of coronary heart disease risk by insulin resistance in subjects with normal glucose tolerance or prediabetes.

Aims This study was based on the hypothesis that: (1) coronary heart disease (CHD) risk is accentuated in the insulin-resistant subset of persons with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) or prediabetes (PreDM); (2) the prevalence of insulin resistance, and associated abnormalities, is greater in subjects with PreDM; and (3) insulin resistance is the major contributor to increased CHD risk in these individuals.