cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibiting Adatom Diffusion through Surface Alloying

Ab initio and kinetic Monte Carlo calculations elucidate the electronic nature of surface Sn alloying on the stability and mobility of a Cu adatom on the Cu-Sn (111) alloy surface. Sn atoms segregate on the surface and introduce forbidden areas around them within which adatom adsorption is strictly prohibited. In addition they reduce dramatically both the binding and the mobility of Cu adatoms in neighboring adsorption sites outside the forbidden areas, in contrast to experimental suggestions. Thus, Sn atoms act as blocking sites inhibiting the Cu adatom diffusion. The underlying mechanisms are the structural deformation associated with the oversized Sn atoms and the enhancement of the adatom-surface interaction in the vicinity of Sn atoms.
Cigarette smoking may yield nitroarenes

Cigarette smoke condensates are readily nitrated to mutagenic substances exhibiting the properties expected of nitroarenes. In addition, nitroarenes also appear to be generated during the smoking of cigarettes enriched with nitrates.
Vancomycin-associated nephrotoxicity: a critical appraisal of risk with high-dose therapy

The recent emergence of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin has prompted clinicians to prescribe vancomycin therapy targeting high trough concentrations (15-20 mg/L). Relevant studies (n=12) analysing the occurrence of nephrotoxicity with high-dose therapy were reviewed. Most studies were retrospective and the temporal relationship between elevated trough levels and development of nephrotoxicity was unclear, precluding a definitive cause-effect analysis. Available data suggest an association between vancomycin trough level and risk of nephrotoxicity as a function of intensity and duration of therapy (>7 days), compounded by concomitant receipt of nephrotoxins, vasopressor therapy and underlying physiological impairment. In separate studies in which a high trough concentration was measured prior to the onset of nephrotoxicity, the frequency of occurrence was 21-28% in patients with concomitant risks compared with 7% in patients without risks. A similar comparison between risk and no-risk groups who attained a standard trough concentration (10-15 mg/L) indicates the rates of occurrence as 9-21% vs. 2%. Onset of nephrotoxicity ranged from 4 days to 8 days from the start of therapy. The degree of renal dysfunction was modest, with a reported decrease of 35-45% in creatinine clearance from baseline. Resolution occurred in >70% of patients by the time of discharge. Future studies should detail clearly the temporal relationship between drug exposure and onset of nephrotoxicity, confounding risk factors, extent of injury and time course of recovery, and should also determine the relative risk versus benefit of high-dose vancomycin versus alternative agents.
Modelling the effects of recrystallization on the flow behavior during hot deformation by modifying an existing constitutive model I: Conceptual development of the MATMOD-ReX equations

Abstract A quantitative model to simulate the effects of recrystallization on the flow behavior of steel during hot deformation is developed from a combination of theory and observed experimental results. The model, MATMOD-ReX, is an extension of the MATMOD constitutive equations and contains conceptual improvements which allow the simulations of recrystallization effects while still retaining the capabilities to simulate a wide range of non-elastic deformation behaviors. The effect of grain size strengthening and the influence of prior cold work on the recrystallized grain size are also included in the model.
Washington's power supply collapse

The largest municipal default in US history is likely to influence public policy for the remainder of this century — not only in the power supply industry.
A histopathological study of iridociliary cysts and glaucoma in Golden Retrievers

This is a retrospective histopathological study of archive slides from the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin from 1981 to 1997. Reports on eyes or ocular contents from 2176 dogs were reviewed. Five-hundred and thirty out of 2176 (24%) of the cases had a clinical or histologic diagnosis of glaucoma. Twenty-five out of 530 (5%) of the canine cases of glaucoma were in Golden Retrievers. Thirteen out of 25 (52%) of the Golden Retriever cases of glaucoma had iridociliary cysts. Iridociliary cysts in Golden Retrievers may lead to the development of glaucoma. Histologically all 13 of the cases of glaucoma and iridociliary cysts had large thin-walled cysts lined with attenuated cuboidal epithelium filling most of the posterior chamber. The following histologic features were also present: thick walled cysts containing hyaluronic acid (8/13; 62%), a solid cellular proliferation (2/13; 15%), a retrocorneal membrane associated with a defect in Descemet's membrane (7/13; 54%), iris bombe (5/13; 38%), a preiridal fibrovascular membrane (4/13; 31%), hemorrhage (4/13; 31%), a cellular membrane on the anterior lens surface (6/13; 46%), retinal detachment (5/13; 38%), peripheral anterior synechia (5/13; 38%), and posterior synechia (6/13; 46%). Complete follow up was obtained on 11/13 (85%) of the Golden Retrievers with glaucoma and iridociliary cysts. Two/11 (18%) of the dogs were euthanized due to intractable glaucoma. Eight/13 (62%) of the dogs had problems in the other eye. The other eye was diagnosed with uveitis 5/11 (45%), glaucoma 2/11(18%), pigment in the anterior chamber 3/11 (27%), and iridociliary cysts 4/11 (36%).
Preliminary evaluation of a walking controller for a powered ankle prosthesis

This paper describes a level walking controller for a powered ankle prosthesis. The controller was implemented on a powered prosthesis prototype and evaluated on a healthy subject by means of able-bodied adapters on a treadmill walking at 1.2 m/s (4.3 km/h). The ankle joint kinematics provided by the powered prosthesis were compared to that provided by a passive (dynamic elastic response) prosthesis, and both compared to the typical kinematics of healthy gait. The comparison indicates the powered prosthesis better reproduces the kinematics of healthy gait, relative to the passive prosthesis. The torque, energy transfer, and power provided by the powered prosthesis were additionally compared to that of a typical healthy subject.
The uneasy relationship between intelligence and private industry

(1996). The uneasy relationship between intelligence and private industry. International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence: Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 17-31.
Watershed Outreach Professionals’ Behavior Change Practices, Challenges, and Needs

This study investigated the practices, challenges, and needs of Chesapeake Bay watershed outreach professionals, as related to behavior change strategies and best outreach practices. Data were collected through a questionnaire e-mailed to applicants to the Chesapeake Bay Trust's environmental outreach grant program (n = 108, r = 56%). Almost all respondents seek to change adult audiences’ behaviors and reported using a range of behavior change strategies and best outreach practices. However, it is not clear that many use behavior change strategies intentionally or fully implement best outreach practices. Recommendations are offered for how funders can help outreach professionals better meet mutual environmental behavior change goals.
Responsibility for Testimonial Belief

According to so-called “credit views of knowledge,” knowledge is an achievement of an epistemic agent, something for which an agent is creditable or responsible. One influential criticism of the credit view of knowledge holds that the credit view has difficulty making sense of knowledge acquired from testimony. As Jennifer Lackey has argued, in many ordinary cases of the acquisition of testimonial knowledge, if anyone deserves credit for the truth of the audience’s belief it is the testimonial speaker rather than the audience, and so it isn’t clear that testimonial knowers are appropriately creditable for the truth of their beliefs. I argue that the credit view of knowledge can be saved from Lackey’s objection by focusing on the way in which testimonial knowledge is the result of an essentially social epistemic ability. While there is indeed a sense in which a testimonial knower is only partially epistemically responsible for her testimonial belief, this is consistent with the truth of her belief being creditable to her in another sense. The truth of her belief is most saliently explained by, and hence is fully creditable to, an essentially social epistemic ability, an ability that is only partially seated in the knowing subject.
Synthesis and characterization of pyridine end-capped oligoazines

Abstract A new group of controlled chain length oligoazine analogues with pyridine end groups are synthesized and characterized.
Stochastic Bifurcations in a Bistable Reaction‐Diffusion System with Neumann Boundary Conditions

It is shown for a special bistable reaction-diffusion model that an external noise shifts deterministic bifurcation maps or generates new bifurcations. Numerical results and an analytical approximation for the bifurcation map of the stationary probability density distribution of the mean concentration in a discrete model are given. The functional Fokker-Planck equation is solved approximately. Stochastische Bifurkationen in einem bistabilen Reaktions-Diffusionssystem mit Neumann-Randbedingungen An einem speziellen bistabilen Reaktions-Diffusionsmodell wird gezeigt, das die Einbeziehung eines auseren Rauschens zur Verschiebung der deterministischen Bifurkations-netze bzw. zur Erzeugung neuer Bifurkationen fuhrt. Fur die stationare Wahrscheinlichkeitsdichte-verteilung der mittleren Konzentration in einem diskreten Modell werden numerische Ergebnisse und eine analytische Naherung fur das Bifurkationsnetz angegeben. Die funktionale Fokker-Planck-Gleichung kann naherungsweise gelost werden.
Hydrodesulfurization Activity and EXAFS Characterization of Novel Ternary Tin and Lanthanum Molybdenum Sulfide Catalysts

Reduced tin and lanthanum molybdenum sulfides prepared by a low-temperature synthesis route are active catalysts for hydrodesulfurization (HDS). Hydrogen pretreatment at temperatures below 600 °C produces amorphous materials, while higher temperature pretreatment results in the formation of Chevrel phases. Spectroscopic (FTIR, Raman, XPS) and EXAFS characterization have confirmed that the Mo6S8 clusters are the primary structural unit in these ternary molybdenum sulfide catalysts.
A formal framework for reflective database access control policies

Reflective Database Access Control (RDBAC) is a model in which a database privilege is expressed as a database query itself, rather than as a static privilege contained in an access control list. RDBAC aids the management of database access controls by improving the expressiveness of policies. However, such policies introduce new interactions between data managed by different users, and can lead to unexpected results if not carefully written and analyzed. We propose the use of Transaction Datalog as a formal framework for expressing reflective access control policies. We demonstrate how it provides a basis for analyzing certain types of policies and enables secure implementations that can guarantee that configurations built on these policies cannot be subverted.
Cyber-physical energy systems: focus on smart buildings

Operating at the intersection of multiple sensing and control systems designed for occupant comfort, performability and operational efficiency, modern buildings represent a prototypical cyber-physical system with deeply coupled embedded sensing and networked information processing that has increasingly become part of our daily lives. In this paper, we look at modern buildings entirely as a cyber-physical energy system and examine the opportunities presented by the joint optimization of energy use by its occupants and information processing equipment. This paper makes two contributions: one, a careful examination of different types of buildings and their energy use; two, opportunities available to improve energy efficient operation through various strategies from lighting to computing. Using a modern 150,000 sq feet office building as a closed system, we detail different strategies to reduce energy use from LEED certification to zero net energy use.
Effects of gamma irradiation on the infectivity and development of Hymenolepis nana oncospheres (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea).

Hymenolepis nana eggs received gamma irradiation at levels from 10 000r to 200 000r before administration to mice orally or by subcutaneous inoculation. Little growth beyond the oncosphere occurred after 50 000r or over, but invasiveness was not abolished even after treatment at 200 000r. A full range of developmental stages occurred after 10 000–20 000r but relatively few worms became gravid in the intestine. Growth occurred after treatment at 30 000–40 000r, but very few reached the fully developed cysticercoid stage.
Ensuring Fiscal Sustainability in G-7 Countries

Rising longevity, falling fertility rates, and the retirement of the baby boom generation will substantially raise age-related government spending in most advanced and many emerging market countries. This paper assesses the evolution of fiscal sustainability for each of the G-7 countries using two standard primary gap indicators. The estimated fiscal adjustment required to ensure long-run fiscal sustainability is substantial for all G-7 countries. In particular, ensuring fiscal sustainability would require an average improvement in the primary balance of about 4 percentage points of GDP. While the overall adjustment required to achieve long-run fiscal sustainability in G-7 countries is large, there are significant growth benefits to putting public finances on a sustainable footing in the near term versus delayed adjustment.
Panoramic optical mapping reveals continuous epicardial reentry during ventricular fibrillation in the isolated swine heart.

During ventricular fibrillation (VF), activation waves are fragmented and the heart cannot contract synchronously. It has been proposed that VF waves emanate from stable sources (“mother rotors”). Previously, we used new optical mapping technology to image VF wavefronts from nearly the entire epicardial surface of six isolated swine hearts. We found that VF was not driven by epicardial rotors, but could not exclude the presence of stable rotors hidden within the ventricular walls. Here, we use graph theoretic analysis to show that, in all 17 VF episodes we analyzed, it was always possible to trace sequences of wavefronts through series of fragmentation and collision events from the beginning to the end of the episode. The set of wavefronts that were so related (the dominant component) consisted of 92% ± 1% of epicardial wavefronts. Because each such wavefront sequence constitutes a continuous activation front, this finding shows that complete reentrant pathways were always present on the epicardial surface and therefore, that wavefront infusion from nonepicardial sources was not strictly necessary for VF maintenance. These data suggest that VF in this model is not driven by localized sources; thus, new anti-VF treatments designed to target such sources may be less effective than global interventions.
Natural chlorine isotope variations

Previously known natural variations in the stable isotope ratio of chlorine, 37Cl/35Cl, have been within the experimental error of ±1.0‰. [All our measurements are reported in terms of δ37 in units of ‰; δ37Cl = |(Rx/Rs)−1|×1,000, where R = 37Cl/35Cl.] Using methyl chloride gas in a ratio mass spectrometer, we have increased the precision of measurement to ±0.24%, and report here significant isotope variation in natural chlorides. In general, salt deposits and saline hydrothermal springs tend to be enriched in 37Cl with respect to seawater. Groundwater shows both enrichment and depletion with respect to seawater. Saline groundwater becomes more enriched in 37Cl with increasing depth.
“The Clock Is Ticking”: The Timely Management of a Painful Skin Rash in a Seventy-Year-Old Woman

Necrotizing fasciitis is an uncommon but a potentially fatal condition and can affect any part of the body. Most patients have pre-existing conditions that render them susceptible to infection, although etiology is unclear. Diagnosis is primarily clinical and is often delayed because of the unfamiliarity of the condition among clinicians. Management consists of immediate resuscitation, early surgical debridement, and administration of broad spectrum intravenous antibiotics. We report a case of a 70 year old woman who presented with a painful erythematous rash, was admitted as a case of cellulitis, later developed worsening of symptoms and septic shock, and was diagnosed as necrotizing fasciitis.
Pigmentation of Rainbow Trout with Enzyme-Treated and Spray-Dried Phaffia rhodozyma

Abstract Treatments of intact red yeast (Phaffia rhodozyma) cells by mechanical milling (MY), enzyme treatment (EY), spray-drying (SY), or extraction of the carotenoids (C) prior to inclusion in the diet of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) all resulted in excellent coloration and pigmentation of skin and muscle tissues with astaxanthin. There were significant (P EY > SY > C > pigment-free diet. Round weight was lower and flesh moisture content was higher for fish fed extracted carotenoids (C) than for trout fed the other experimental diets. The excellent pigmentation with diet containing SY appears to mitigate prior concern that astaxanthin is not assimilated by trout from intact red yeast.
An integrated optimal estimation approach to Spitzer Space Telescope focal plane survey

This paper discusses an accurate and efficient method for focal plane survey that was used for the Spitzer Space Telescope. The approach is based on using a high-order 37-state Instrument Pointing Frame (IPF) Kalman filter that combines both engineering parameters and science parameters into a single filter formulation. In this approach, engineering parameters such as pointing alignments, thermomechanical drift and gyro drifts are estimated along with science parameters such as plate scales and optical distortions. This integrated approach has many advantages compared to estimating the engineering and science parameters separately. The resulting focal plane survey approach is applicable to a diverse range of science instruments such as imaging cameras, spectroscopy slits, and scanning-type arrays alike. The paper will summarize results from applying the IPF Kalman Filter to calibrating the Spitzer Space Telescope focal plane, containing the MIPS, IRAC, and the IRS science Instrument arrays.
Brain Death and Islam: The Interface of Religion, Culture, History, Law, and Modern Medicine

How one defines death may vary. It is important for clinicians to recognize those aspects of a patient's religious beliefs that may directly influence medical care and how such practices may interface with local laws governing the determination of death. Debate continues about the validity and certainty of brain death criteria within Islamic traditions. A search of PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, PsycNet, Sociological Abstracts, DIALOGUE ProQuest, Lexus Nexus, Google, and applicable religious texts was conducted to address the question of whether brain death is accepted as true death among Islamic scholars and clinicians and to discuss how divergent opinions may affect clinical care. The results of the literature review inform this discussion. Brain death has been acknowledged as representing true death by many Muslim scholars and medical organizations, including the Islamic Fiqh Academies of the Organization of the Islamic Conference and the Muslim World League, the Islamic Medical Association of North America, and other faith-based medical organizations as well as legal rulings by multiple Islamic nations. However, consensus in the Muslim world is not unanimous, and a sizable minority accepts death by cardiopulmonary criteria only.
Studies on protocollagen: Identification of a precursor of proto α1

Summary In the presence of α , α -dipyridyl chick calvaria accumulate a hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine deficient collagen, protocollagen. In addition to components with the properties of proto α 1 and α 2 chains, a component was identified that has the properties of nonhydroxylated α 1 from a precursor of collagen and is therefore designated protopro α 1.
AURENOLEUKUDYSTROPHY MAY RESEMBLE FAMILIAL ACTH UNRESPONSIVENESS

Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a well-described cause of familial primary adrenal insufficiency in which neurological symptoms may be absent for many years. While the spectrum of adrenal insufficiency in ALD is variable, primary impairment of glucocorticoid secretion may resemble familial ACTH unresponsiveness, a different rare form of adrenal insufficiency. To distinguish ALD from other forms of familial adrenal insufficiency, we carried out the following studies in 3 male patients (age 11-16 yr): measurement of plasma saturated very-long-chain fatty acids (C26 and C26/C22 ratio), adrenal antibodies (AAb), plasma renin activity (PRA), and computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MR) studies of the CNS. C26 was elevated above control in all three patients, 2.14 ± 1.21 μg/ml, mean ± S.D. (normal 0.33 ± 0.18) as was the C26/C22 ratio, 0.04 ± 0.01 (normal 0.01 ± 0.01), consistent with the diagnosis of ALD. AAb were undetectable in all patients. PRA was normal in one patient and elevated in two. Neurological examinations were unremarkable in all patients, without evidence of leukodystrophy on CT or MR scans. This study illustrates the need to consider ALD in the differential diagnosis of childhood familial primary adrenal insufficiency in the absence of neurological symptoms. Furthermore, it is important to recognize that ALD may present with isolated glucorticoid deficiency and thus may mimic ACTH unresponsiveness, which has separate genetic, prognostic, and therapeutic considerations.
Diagnostic accuracy of fine-needle aspiration cytology of salivary gland lesions: A 6-year retrospective review.

Introduction The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of salivary gland fine-needle aspiration (FNA) in comparison to histologic examination and to recognize possible pitfalls in diagnosis. Materials and methods The diagnoses and demographics of all cases of salivary gland FNAs with concurrent or subsequent histologic correlation at our institution over a 6-year period (2006-2011) were retrospectively reviewed and compared for discrepancies. Discrepancies were categorized as either major or minor and due to sampling or interpretive variance. Results Overall, the following values were calculated: sensitivity 80.6%, specificity 97.5%, positive predictive value 92.6%, negative predictive value 92.8%, accuracy 92.7%, and concordance rate 90.9%. In addition, concordance rates were calculated for the 2 most common diagnoses: pleomorphic adenoma (97.1%, n = 35) and Warthin tumor (88.9%, n = 9). Five major and 5 minor discrepancies were found. Most of the major discrepancies and all of the minor discrepancies were due to sampling and interpretive variances, respectively. Sampling issues occurred in FNAs with and without ultrasound guidance. The interpretive variance included interpretative discrepancies in monomorphic cellular lesions, abundant inflammation and reactive atypia, cystic changes, abundant matrix deposition or fibrosis, and difficulty in diagnosing mucoepidermoid carcinoma or lymphoma on cytology. Conclusions FNA of salivary gland lesions is a procedure with high specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, accuracy, and concordance with histologic examination; however, discrepancies do exist. Recognizing potential pitfalls is key to avoiding discrepancies.
$U$-action on perturbed Heegaard–Floer homology

This paper has two purposes. First, as a continuation of "Perturbed Floer homology of some fibered three manifolds," we apply a similar method to compute the perturbed HF^+ for some special classes of fibered three-manifolds in the second highest spin^c_- structures, including the mapping tori of Dehn twists along a single non-separating curve and along a transverse pair of curves. Second, we establish an adjunction inequality for the perturbed Heegaard Floer homology, which indicates a potential connection between the U-action on the homology group and the Thurston norm of a three-manifold. As an application, we find the U-action on the perturbed HF^+ of the above classes of fibered three-manifolds is trivial.
The C-V characteristics of Schottky barriers on laboratory grown semiconducting diamonds

Abstract Measurements of the differential capacitance of evaporated gold Schottky barriers on laboratory-grown, boron-doped semiconducting diamonds have been obtained for the first time as functions of reverse-bias voltage, frequency, and temperature. The data are analyzed on the basis of a model which includes the effects of long time constants for hole capture from the deep (boron) level, as well as previously unobserved effects due to the series resistance of the bulk. The barrier height at 300°K is found to be 1·73 ± 1·10 eV , in good agreement with the ‘one-third band gap’ value of Mead and Spitzer. Excellent correlation is found between optical transmission measurements and the C-V analysis for the uncompensated boron concentration, indicating that all of the optically observable dopant is electrically active. By fitting the model with two adjustable parameters at room temperature, good agreement is obtained between measured and calculated capacitance over two and a half decades as a function of temperature. The analysis indicates that the activation energy of the acceptor level is 0·26–0·37 eV for the samples studied, while the associated capture cross-sections are 0·9–2·0 × 10 −17 cm 2 .
Risk of rheumatic-fever recurrences after streptococcal infections. Prospective study of clinical and social factors.

Abstract The rheumatic-fever recurrence rate per streptococcal infection was studied in 393 patients in whom 711 streptococcal infections and 123 recurrences developed. Factors were evaluated for their relation to the recurrence rate by means of statistical technics that allowed testing the significance of a given factor while holding the others constant; thus, each factor was evaluated independently from the others. Symptoms of pharyngitis (sore throat and fever) were significantly associated with a high recurrence rate, whereas magnitude of rise in antistreptolysin-O titer was not. Young age and, particularly, short interval since the preceding rheumatic attack, were also significantly associated with a high rate of recurrence, as were existing rheumatic heart disease, number of previous attacks and oral (rather than parenteral) administration of drug prophylaxis. The effects of overcrowding, yearly family income, welfare status, rheumatic fever in siblings and ethnic group were not significant.
Robust control design for aerospace applications

Time-domain control design for stability robustness of linear systems with structured uncertainty is addressed. Upper bounds on the linear perturbation of an asymptotically stable linear system are obtained, making it possible to maintain stability by using the structural information of the uncertainty. A quantitative measure called the stability robustness index is introduced and used to design controllers for robust stability. The proposed state feedback control design algorithm can be used, for a given set of perturbations, to select the range of control effort for which the system is stability-robust. Conversely it can be used, for a given control effort, to determine the size of the tolerable perturbation. The algorithm is illustrated with examples from aircraft control and large-space-structure control problems. >
On the Neurological Basis of the Localized Response to Irritants on the Skin

Resume 1. La destruction chimique progressive des extremites sensorielles dans la peau de la grenouille produit une perte correspondante de l'habilete de l'animal dans la localisation aux irritants (acide acetique de 15%) places sur la peau. 2. Les impulsions du type A rapide de haut potentiel dans les nerfs cutanes sont necessaires, parait-il, pour causer les reponses specifiquement localisees des grenouilles aux irritants cutanes. Seulement une localisation grossiere se montre quand les impulsions sont des types B et C. 3. Le temps qui s'ecoule entre l'application d'un irritant chimique, qui detruit lentement les extremites sensorielles, et la reaction a l'irritant s'accroǐt avec les applications successives du stimulus. 4. Une reaction d'evitement non specifiquement localisee se montre apres plusieurs applications du stimulus irritant et en l'absence de toutes les impulsions du type A. La reaction ne depend pas de la frequence de la decharge des impulsions nerveuses, mais semble plutot ětre determinee ...
A Method for Analyzing Loop Programs

This paper presents a method for automatically analyzing loops, and discusses why it is a useful way to look at loops. The method is based on the idea that there are four basic ways in which the logical structure of a loop is built up. An experiment is presented which shows that this accounts for the structure of a large class of loops. The paper discusses how the method can be used to automatically analyze the structure of a loop, and how the resulting analysis can be used to guide a proof of correctness for the loop. An automatic system is described which performs this type of analysis. The paper discusses the relationship between the structure building methods presented and programming language constructs. A system is described which is designed to assist a person who is writing a program. The intent is that the system will cooperate with a programmer throughout aUl phases of work on a program and be able to communicate with the programmer about it.
Olefin reactions with HMn(CO)5: Product selectivity by micelle sequestering

Abstract The reaction of HMn(CO)5 with certain cyclopropenes when carried out in a detergent medium gives a different mixture of hydroformylated and hydrogenated products than is obtained when the same reaction is carried out in a homogeneous medium. These results are consistent with the intermediacy of caged geminate radical pairs whose escape from the cage is retarded by micelle sequestering.
Electrochemical Studies in Glass: II, The System Fe0.95 O‐Na2Si2O5

A solid electrolyte electrochemical cell of the general type Pt|Ni:NiOa=1||ZrO2+7.5% CaO||Fe:FeOa<1+glass|Pt was used to measure the activities of FeO in sodium disilicate glass from 750° to 1050°C. The data indicate a solubility in good agreement with previous studies of the system Na2O-Fe0.05O-SiO2. From the variation in FeO activity, the activity of sodium disilicate in glass solution was calculated; from these combined data, partial molar free energies and entropies of solution of FeO and Na2Si2O5 and free energies and entropies of mixing were calculated. Phase equilibria data determined from this investigation suggest some modification of both published phase diagrams of the system Fe0.05O-Na2Si2O5 and indicate the existence of a new compound in this system, which is as yet unidentified.
Transverse misalignments in a driver

Abstract The transverse errors of the beam lines are usually corrected by an appropriate feedback to bring the beam back on axis. In an induction linac, however
Use of physiological parameters to predict milk yield and feed intake in heat-stressed dairy cows

Abstract Holstein cows were tested to determine which measures of thermal strain are the better predictors of production over 24–96 h at constant air temperatures of 19 and 29 °C. Both rectal temperature and respiration rate increased within 24 h, followed by milk yield and feed intake reductions after 48 h of heat stress. There were significant correlations between milk yield, feed intake, and rectal temperature. Several physiological strain indices were created to determine if combinations of measures are better than single measures in predicting production under these acute conditions. Mean daily rectal temperature was superior to maximum and minimum daily values of rectal temperature, as well as other indicators of thermal status in predicting dairy cow production. Likewise, mean daily rectal temperature was equal if not better than the physiological strain indices used in this study in predicting production. These data suggest that rectal temperature is superior to both single and combined indicators of thermal status in predicting dairy cow production, and should be considered for future development of physiological strain indices over a longer time period in both laboratory and field environments.
Auto dock-based incremental docking protocol to improve docking of large ligands

It is well known that computer-aided docking of large ligands, with many rotatable bonds, is extremely difficult. AutoDock is a widely used docking program that can dock small ligands, with upto 5 or 6 rotatable bonds, accurately and quickly. Docking of larger ligands, however, is not very accurate and is computationally expensive. In this paper we present an AutoDock-based incremental docking protocol which docks a large ligand to its target protein in increments. A fragment of the large ligand is first chosen and then docked. Best docked conformations are incrementally grown and docked again, and this process is repeated until all the atoms of the ligand are docked. Each docking operation is performed using AutoDock. However, in each docking operation only a small number of rotatable bonds are allowed to rotate. We did a systematic docking study on a dataset of 73 protein-ligand complexes derived from the core set of PDBbind database. The number of rotatable bonds in the ligands vary from 7 to 30. Docking experiments were done to evaluate the docking performance of the incremental protocol in comparison to AutoDock's standard protocol. Results from the study show that, on average over the dataset, docking of large ligands using our incremental protocol is 23-fold computationally faster than docking using AutoDock's standard protocol and also has comparable or better accuracy. We propose that, for docking large ligands, our incremental protocol can be used as an alternative to AutoDock's standard protocol.
Drosophila ABC Transporter, DmHMT-1, Confers Tolerance to Cadmium DmHMT-1 AND ITS YEAST HOMOLOG, SpHMT-1, ARE NOT ESSENTIAL FOR VACUOLAR PHYTOCHELATIN SEQUESTRATION

Half-molecule ATP-binding cassette transporters of the HMT-1 (heavy metal tolerance factor 1) subfamily are required for Cd2+ tolerance in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Based on studies of S. pombe, it has been proposed that SpHMT-1 transports heavy metal·phytochelatin (PC) complexes into the vacuolysosomal compartment. PCs are glutathione derivatives synthesized by PC synthases (PCS) in plants, fungi, and C. elegans in response to heavy metals. Our previous studies in C. elegans, however, suggested that HMT-1 and PCS-1 do not necessarily act in concert in metal detoxification. To further explore this inconsistency, we have gone on to test whether DmHMT-1, an HMT-1 from a new source, Drosophila, whose genome lacks PCS homologs, functions in heavy metal detoxification. In so doing, we show that heterologously expressed DmHMT-1 suppresses the Cd2+ hypersensitivity of S. pombe hmt-1 mutants and localizes to the vacuolar membrane but does not transport Cd·PC complexes. Crucially, similar analyses of S. pombe hmt-1 mutants extend this finding to show that SpHMT-1 itself either does not transport Cd·PC complexes or is not the principal Cd·PC/apoPC transporter. Consistent with this discovery and with our previous suggestion that HMT-1 and PCS-1 do not operate in a simple linear metal detoxification pathway, we demonstrate that, unlike PCS-deficient cells, which are hypersensitive to several heavy metals, SpHMT-1-deficient cells are hypersensitive to Cd2+, but not to Hg2+ or As3+. These findings significantly change our current understanding of the function of HMT-1 proteins and invoke a PC-independent role for these transporters in Cd2+ detoxification.
Inhibition of LRP5/6-mediated Wnt/β-catenin signaling by Mesd attenuates hyperoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in neonatal rats.

Hyperoxia-induced neonatal lung injury is associated with activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Low-density lipoprotein receptor–related proteins 5 and 6 (LRP5/6) are Wnt coreceptors that bind to Wnt ligands and mediate canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling. We hypothesized that inhibition of LRP5/6 by their universal inhibitor, Mesd, would attenuate hyperoxia-induced lung injury. Newborn rat pups were randomly exposed to normoxia or hyperoxia at 90% FiO2 and injected intraperitoneally with placebo or Mesd every other day for 14 d. On day 15, phosphorylation of LRP5/6 (pLRP5/6), expression of Wnt/β-catenin target genes, cyclin D1 and Wnt-induced signaling protein-1 (WISP-1), right-ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), right-ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), pulmonary vascular remodeling, alveolarization, and vascularization were measured. Hyperoxia exposure markedly induced pLRP5/6, cyclin D1, and WISP-1 expression in the lungs of placebo animals, but they were significantly attenuated by the administration of Mesd. Mesd also significantly attenuated hyperoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH) and pulmonary vascular remodeling. However, there was no effect on alveolarization or vascularization after Mesd administration. This study demonstrates that LRP5/6 mediates pulmonary vascular remodeling and PH in hyperoxia-induced neonatal lung injury, thereby suggesting a potential therapeutic target to alleviate PH in neonates with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
Cu wire bonding on Cu-Ni-Pd bond pad and leads: From development to robust production

Summary form only given. This paper will describe copper wirebonding on Cu-Ni-Pd bond-pad and leadframe in QFN packages using thicker wires, i.e 1.3 & 2.0mil wires. The paper introduces bonding and reliability challenges with Copper wire on Al bond pads as experienced by many Process Development Engineers. TI analog devices which mainly used BOAC dies using Cu-Ni-Pd bond-pads and copper-wire combination have reduced these challenges tremendously. Description of equipment copper kits used in development from both K&S and ASM bonders will be covered. Free-Air-Ball, Bonded Ball, and Stitch bond characterization, Intermetallics and also reliability data will be discussed. Comparison and selections of the best copper wire, capillary design features and special bonding parameters to ensure robust bonding process for seamless production will be shared including bondability and reliability tests results. These success factors will be explained in detail including methodology used during ramp that have enabled TI to build billion units to-date with Copper wires.
Watch this! Observed tool use affects perceived distance

Recent research has shown that being able to interact with an object causes it to be perceived as being closer than objects that cannot be interacted with. In the present study, we examined whether that compression of perceived space would be experienced by people who simply observed such interactions by others with no intention of performing the action themselves. Participants judged the distance to targets after observing an actor reach to an otherwise unreachable target with a tool (Experiment 1) or illuminate a distant target with a laser pointer (Experiment 2). Observing either type of interaction caused a compression of perceived space, revealing that a person’s perception of space can be altered through mere observation. These results indicate that shared representations between an actor and observer are engaged at the perceptual level easily and perhaps automatically, even in the absence of cooperation or an observer’s own intention to interact.
Cholestanol-cholesterol utilization by axenic Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract Axenic D. melanogaster larvae are not able to survive on a medium that contains cholestanol as the sole dietary sterol unless a small quantity of cholesterol has been supplied to them via the egg. Cholestanol has no harmful effects (up to 250 mg/l) and acts as a “sparing sterol” with subminimal quantities of cholesterol. Females reared from a cholestanol medium were placed on one that contained cholesterol: within 2 days they laid eggs that gave viable progeny on the cholestanol medium. The importance of rearing insects for more than one generation when testing sterol utilization is demonstrated.
Minimally Invasive Surgical Approach for Intractable Seizures

Minimally invasive procedures (multiple subpial transection, topectomy and amygdalahippocampotomy) were used to treat 24 patients with intractable seizures. The seizure foci were in both hemispheres i
P03-249 - Psychoeducation of early psychosis patient’s helps to improve on compliance

The given clinical-catamnethetic research was carried out on the basis of the department of the first psychotic epizode in « Specialized Clinical Psychiatric hospital №1» of the Department of Public Health Services of Krasnodar territory, Russia on the sample of 286 patients with the first psychotic symptoms who underwent treatment during 2006–2008 years. The medical-rehabilitation programme included psychopharmacological treatment and psychoeducational studies of both patients and their relatives, and a control group (100 individuals). Psychoeducational studies with relatives of the patients of the control group were not organized. The research shows the evident effectiveness of psycho-education of relatives of the patients with first psychotic episode for better patients’ compliance.
Turbulent Forced Convection Correlation for the In-Tube Flow of Binary Gas Mixtures With 0.1<Pr<0.7

Turbulent forced convection correlations are available in the literature for gases (Pr ∼ 0.7), but the test data leave a gap in the range of Prandtl (Pr) number between 0.1 and 0.7 occupied by binary gas mixtures. In this paper we develop a turbulent forced convection correlation for the Nusselt (Nu) number of in-tube binary gas mixtures for the ranges of Reynolds (Re) number between 104 and 106 and Prandtl (Pr) number between 0.1 and 0.7. A fully connected back-propagation Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is used to learn the pattern of Nu as a function of Re and Pr. Available test data in the range of 0.001 < Pr < 0.1 and 0.7 < Pr < 1000 are provided to the ANN. The test data are separated in two sets to train and test the neural network. A training set with 80% of the data is used to predict a testing set with the remaining 20% of the data. After the network is trained, we make use of the excellent nonlinear interpolation capabilities of ANNs, to predict values of Nu for the sought range 0.1 < Pr < 0.7. These predictions are later used to generate a correlation that aptly covers the complete range of Prandtl numbers.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Effect of time at temperature on wild poliovirus titers in stool specimens.

Background The effect of transport temperature on the viability of poliovirus in stool specimens from paralyzed cases has not been tested. Quality assurance of programmatic indicators will be necessary in the final phase of polio eradication.
Complex Wavenumber Rossby Wave Ray Tracing

AbstractThis paper presents a methodology for performing complex wavenumber ray tracing in which both wave trajectory and amplitude are calculated. This ray-tracing framework is first derived using a scaling in which the imaginary wavenumber component is assumed to be much smaller than the real wavenumber component. The approach, based on perturbation methods, is strictly valid when this scaling condition is met. The framework is then used to trace stationary barotropic Rossby waves in a number of settings. First, ray-traced Rossby wave amplitude is validated in a simple, idealized system for which exact solutions can be calculated. Complex wavenumber ray tracing is then applied to both solid-body rotation on a sphere and observed climatological upper-tropospheric fields. These ray-tracing solutions are compared with similarly forced solutions of the linearized barotropic vorticity equation (LBVE). Both real and complex wavenumber ray tracings follow trajectories matched by LBVE solutions. Complex wavenum...
Problem Solved: An Interview with Sir Edwin Southern

Yes. In answer to your question, yes, this is an interview with the Southern, as in the eponymous blot. Devised in the mid-1970s, Southern's technique for transferring DNA from gels onto nitrocellulose paper allowed single-copy, eukaryotic genes to be discerned for the first time. It quickly became a mainstay for a generation of molecular biologists and spawned a template for mapping the human genome.
Reply to Shogenji on relativism

In "A Consistent Relativism" (Hales 1997) 1 offered a formal logical system (RL) for truth relativism, defining two new operators for "absolutely" and "relatively". This system was intended to be, as the title of the paper suggested, a consistent relativist logic, not the only possible one. I modeled the system on the alethic modal logic S5 for two reasons. The first is that the traditional self-refutation problem of global relativism can be beautifully and compellingly demonstrated in an S5 framework in a way that conforms to people's gut worries about relativism. The second reason is that S5 is, for better or worse, the default modal system philosophers seem to accept. Thus I hoped that the relativist logic I presented spoke a logical lingua franca. Shogenji (1997) argues that the self-refutation proof I gave fails if one uses an S4 relativist logic instead of S5. This should come as no surprise. The choice of logical system is crucial for all proofs. Even modus ponens fails if we abandon traditional logic for certain relevance logics. Two questions immediately arise: (1) should an S4 relativist logic be employed instead of S5? and (2) can "everything is relative" be proven false in an S4 relativist logic? Shogenji argues that the answer to the first question is yes. His argument proceeds by questioning the symmetry of the commensurability relation, a requirement of RL. To my mind, however, the rejection of symmetry is too hasty, and implicitly relies on a dubious and undefended concept of a perspective. Some concept of a perspective is needed by all parties, but Shogenji's realist vs. idealist example trades on perspectives as somehow being established by the intentions of individual persons, which seems suspicious. No matter. The answer to question (2) is also yes, as Shogenji admits in footnote 5. Since "everything is relative" is false in both an S5 relativist logic (like RL) and an S4 one, it is pretty hard to see the great advantage the defender of "everything is relative" gains by going the S4 route. His central thesis is false in both. In fact, I agree with Shogenji that "everything is relative" turns out false no matter which modal system is supplemented with "absolutely" and "relatively" operators. What more is needed to persuade us that "everything is relative" is false and to look about for which logical system will permit the strongest relativistic claims? Strangely, Shogenji is still not convinced. Instead, he concludes that "this only means that a glo-