cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-term modulation of type L pyruvate kinase activity in young and mature rats

The regulation of type L pyruvate kinase concentrations in liver of young (35–45 days old) and adult (60–85 days old) rats starved and re-fed a 71% sucrose diet was investigated. Re-feeding is accompanied by an increase in the enzyme level in liver determined kinetically and immunologically. A constant ratio of kinetic activity to immunological activity was observed under all conditions examined, indicating that activity changes are the result of a regulation of synthesis or degradation and not an interconversion between kinetically active and inactive forms of the enzyme. Synthesis of pyruvate kinase was directly examined by using hepatocytes isolated from starved and re-fed rats. A stimulation of pyruvate kinase synthesis is observed on re-feeding. This increase in synthesis of pyruvate kinase is retained by the isolated hepatocyte for up to 7h in the absence of hormonal stimuli. Administration of glucagon (1μm) to the isolated hepatocytes had no influence on synthesis of pyruvate kinase and no evidence for a glucagon-directed degradation of the enzyme was found. Re-feeding the rat was followed by a transient increase in the synthesis of pyruvate kinase. The peak rate of synthesis was observed before a detectable increase in the enzyme concentration. After a rapid synthesis period, a new steady-state level of the enzyme was achieved and synthesis rates declined. The time course and magnitude for the response to the sucrose diet was dependent on the age of the rat. In young rats, an increase in pyruvate kinase synthesis is observed within 6h and peak synthesis occurs at 11h after re-feeding sucrose. The peak synthesis rate for pyruvate kinase for young rats represents approx. 1% of total protein synthesis. With adult rats, increased pyruvate kinase synthesis is not observed for 11h, with peak synthesis occurring at 24h after re-feeding. In the older rats, peak pyruvate kinase synthesis constitutes greater than 4% of total protein synthesis. Continued re-feeding of the adult rat beyond 24h is accompanied by a decline of pyruvate kinase synthesis to approx. 1.5% of total protein synthesis. The concentration of the enzyme, however, does not decline during this period, suggesting that control of pyruvate kinase degradation as well as synthesis occurs.
New Dimensions For R&D Program Management

Changes in science and technology policies have confronted RD now the emphasis is on doing things demanded by society. The extent of the recent dramatic shifts of emphasis in national science policies to goal-oriented research and development is apparent in a number of documents and speeches. Consider, for example, the following excerpts from the reports of the Central Policy Review Staff-and the Council for Scientific Policy in the United Kingdom(1) the so-called Rothschild and Dainton reports.
Frontal Sinus Malignancies: A Population-Based Analysis of Incidence and Survival.

ObjectivePrimary neoplasms originating in the frontal sinus are rare. As such, existing literature describing frontal sinus malignancies (a subset of frontal sinus neoplasms) is limited. Prognostic...
Belief and Suggestion in the Recovery of Memories of Childhood Sexual Abuse

The increasingly frequent clinical reports of the recovery of repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse have drawn both skepticism and support in the analytic community. Two contrasting paradigm...
The Maroons of Prospect Bluff and Their Quest for Freedom in the Atlantic World

Studies of maroon communities have traditionally focused on their roles in slave resistance in the Caribbean and South America while North American slavery scholars have predominately focused on th...
Effect of Feeding and Fasting on Sugar Utilization of Eviscerated Rabbits

In an earlier paper by one of us1 it was shown that the eviscerated rabbit utilizes glucose at a rate that is quite definite and fairly constant for a given animal. The rate varies, however, between different rabbits. The suggestion was made in that paper that this variation was due to the differences in the degree of fasting to which the different animals had been subjected prior to operation and that the effect of fasting is to reduce the utilization rate of the eviscerated animal. The work here reported was planned to investigate this relationship. The same technique was used as in the previous work. Essentially this consisted of measuring the rate at which glucose had to be administered to the eviscerated rabbit to maintain the blood sugar at a constant normal level.Frequent blood sugar determinations served as a guide to the injection rate; if the blood sugar level rose the rate would be diminished, and vice versa. The determination was started 3 hours after completion of the operation and continued ...
Social Robots for Automated Remote Instruction

Instructional video content is being created in many different languages. A robot is a generic interface that can deliver translated lecture content in a person's space. In an exploratory study, 40 participants viewed a lecture delivered by a robot lecturer that was either located in front of them or displayed on a screen, in either a real-world environment or while wearing an immersive virtual reality headset. Initial results did not find differences in test performance or in how much participants liked a robot lecturer that was in front of them compared to on a screen, perhaps because the robot spoke the lecture but did not interact with the person.
Development of transgenic mouse models for the study of human olfactory dysfunction.

BACKGROUND Olfactory loss is a significant health problem that remains incompletely understood. The development of suitable animal models is essential to the progress of human olfactory loss research. Recent advancements in transgenic technology allow the creation of model systems to address causes of olfactory neuron dysfunction. METHODS This review describes two transgenic mouse models with potential usefulness in the study of olfactory loss and highlights the molecular techniques that underlie the development of such systems. RESULTS Genetic constructs generated using standard molecular biological techniques are introduced into mouse germ lines either by homologous recombination or by random integration. One construct (UbI7) places the olfactory receptor I7 under control of the olfactory marker protein promoter. The other two constructs (TI) act together to direct expression of cytokines in the olfactory epithelium, creating a novel approach to the study of inflammatory olfactory loss. CONCLUSIONS Powerful scientific tools now exist to develop animal models useful to the study of human olfactory disease. Transgenic olfactory neurons from the UbI7 mouse strain will respond to known odorants, facilitating experiments that examine in vitro modulation of olfactory neuron function. The ability to express specific genes in the olfactory mucosa of the TI mouse has great potential in elucidating the role of cytokines in the development of olfactory dysfunction in vivo.
New versus old broiler housing technology: Which leads to greater profit?

Abstract The method of matching samples was used to compare the costs and returns associated with broiler housing technology using Agricultural Resource Management Survey data for 2006 and 2011. Farms with housing that included tunnel ventilation and evaporative cooling cells (new technology) were compared with farms with housing that did not include this technology (old technology). Gross farm income, total variable expenses, and total fixed expenses were higher for the new technology farms for both years. New technology farms had greater income over variable expenses and net cash farm income in both years.
Judicial Evaluation of Religious Belief and the Accessibility Requirement in Public Reason

Many theories of liberal public reason exclude claims derived from religion on grounds that religious beliefs are not publicly ‘accessible’, because they are not amenable to meaningful evaluation by outsiders to the faith. Some authors, though, have argued that at least some religious beliefs are, in fact, publicly accessible. This paper examines the consequences of these arguments by exploring the accessibility requirement in relation to U.S. judicial precedent concerning religious accommodation. I first show that precedent accords de facto with the accessibility requirement by precluding judicial evaluation of the content of religious beliefs. I then show that this norm is independent of the status of religious claims vis-a-vis accessibility: even granting the accessibility of religious beliefs, other important political ends weigh against judicial evaluation of the content of those beliefs. I then generalize this conclusion to the broader enterprise of public reason, suggesting the general inadequacy of the accessibility requirement.
Signaling pathways in the normal and neoplastic breast

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the signaling pathways in the normal and neoplastic breast. The epidermal growth factor (EGF) family members that bind to EGFR are EGF, transforming growth factor α (TGFα), amphiregulin (AR, a heparin-binding factor), heparin-binding EGF (HbEGF), epiregulin, and β-cellulin. Cripto (CR-1) is an EGF family member that plays an important role in embryogenesis and mammary gland development. CR-1 is overexpressed in several human tumors. However, CR-1 binds to a type I serine/threonine kinase receptor for activin (ALK4), which is expressed on the cell surface of mammary epithelial cells, rather than binding to EGFR or one of the other ErbB receptors. ErbB receptors undergo homo- or heterodimerization following ligand binding. After ligand binding, EGFR/ErbB1/HER-1 undergoes either endocytosis and degradation by both proteasomal and lysosomal pathways, or the receptor is recycled to plasma membrane. ErbB2/HER-2 is considered to be endocytosis-impaired, and is the most stable protein among ErbBs in the plasma membrane. Ductal growth in the mammary epithelium is defective when ErbB2 is disrupted in the mammary gland, implying a prominent role for ErbB2 in mammary ductal growth. ErbB2 plays a significant role in ductal morphogenesis. While kinase-dead, ErbB3/HER-3 frequently forms a high-affinity co-receptor for heregulin by heterodimerization with ErbB2/HER-2. ErbB3/HER-3 possesses several docking sites for PI3K, and can initiate PI3K/Akt signaling when transactivated by ErbB2/HER-2. EGF can act as an oncogene-like molecule when transfected and overexpressed in immortalized rodent fibroblasts. Forced overexpression of EGFR in the mammary gland, under the control of the MMTV or β-lactoglobulin (BLG) promoters, results in abnormal mammary gland development and the production of epithelial hyperplasias.
Short-Course Radiation Therapy Versus Long-Course Chemoradiation in the Neoadjuvant Treatment of Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer: New Insights from Randomized Trials

Examine prospective evidence supporting preoperative short-course radiotherapy (SCRT) and long-course chemoradiotherapy (LCRT) for locally advanced rectal cancer and discuss recently published data that are helping to clarify the utility of SCRT. SCRT with early surgery results in lower pCR rates, lower severe acute toxicities, no difference in late toxicities, and no apparent difference in local control, DFS, and OS when compared with LCRT. When surgery is delayed after SCRT, cancer outcomes appear equivalent, including pCR rates. The addition of full-dose systemic therapy with SCRT prior to surgery is attractive to further downstage patients, particularly in patients at high risk of distant relapse. Increasing randomized evidence is accumulating to support the use of SCRT as an acceptable preoperative treatment approach for locally advanced rectal cancer. Increasing the interval from SCRT to surgery and/or adding systemic doses of chemotherapy may mitigate potential concerns related to SCRT. More mature data and future results of ongoing randomized trials will help clarify the oncologic equivalence and safety of SCRT followed by preoperative chemotherapy.
The impact of the AMO on multidecadal ENSO variability

Multidecadal shifts in El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability have been observed, but it is unclear if this variability is just a random variation in the ENSO cycle or whether it is forced by other modes of climate variability. Here we show a strong influence of the Atlantic on the multidecadal variability of ENSO. The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) is the dominant mode of multidecadal sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the Atlantic Ocean. Changes in AMO-related tropical Atlantic SSTs are known to force changes in the Walker circulation in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Using conceptual and coupled model experiments, we show that these changes to the Walker circulation modify ENSO stability on both annual and multidecadal time scales leading to a distinctive pattern of multidecadal ENSO variability that we find in observations and ocean reanalyses.
Investigating Students' Experiences with Sexual Victimization and Their Perceptions of the Overall Campus Climate at a Rural Institution

This study examined the prevalence of sexual assault at a mid-sized rural university. Although there has been much attention paid to sexual assault on college campuses in academic research generally, studies that specifically focus on this social problem within a rural institution remains lacking. Thus, this study addressed that gap by utilizing a survey tool created by Fisher, Cullen, and Turner (1999) that measured attempted and completed rape, sexual coercion, and sexual contact at a rural university. Additionally, we assessed the overall campus climate using questions created through a recent White House (2014) initiative. Ultimately, this study underscores the point that rape and sexual assault is not solely a “big city” problem, but is present at rural institutions as well. Moreover, survivors of sexual victimization differ in their overall perception of the campus climate from non-victimized students in several meaningful ways.
Management of Diverticulitis in 2017.

Diverticulitis has become increasingly more common in the 20th century and is now one of the most frequent indications for gastrointestinal tract-related hospitalizations. The spectrum of clinical presentation can vary widely from mild, uncomplicated disease that can be managed as an outpatient, to complicated diverticulitis with peritonitis and sepsis. Historically, all patients with diverticulitis were managed with, at a minimum, a course of antibiotics, with many patients undergoing urgent or emergent surgery with a sigmoid colectomy, end colostomy, and oversewn rectosigmoid “Hartmann’s” stump. However, the treatment paradigm has shifted away from more aggressive surgical management over the years, with recent literature supporting the notion that nonoperative management may lead to equivalent or even superior outcomes in many circumstances. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize and interpret the existing literature on the management of uncomplicated and complicated left-sided diverticulitis in 2017.
Precocidad sexual en la mujer

Debe definirse con claridad en primer lugar lo que entendemos por precocidad sexual. Es un adelanto sexual definitivo en el que aparecen en la edad prepuberal todos los cambios sexuales, como desarrollo de los senos, aparicion de vello pubiano y axilar, reparticion ginecoide de la grasa, menstruacion, etc., al tiempo con un aumento definido en la edad osea y dental, y aumento precoz de la estatura corporal.No deben entenderse como casos de precocidad sexual aquellos en que se encuentran reacciones focales aisladas, como el hirsutismo esencial, la pubarquia idiopatica (aparicion de vello pubiano), la telarquia idiopatica (desarrollo precoz de los senos), cuando no coexisten con el aumento de la edad dental y osea.Sentada esta definicion, podemos clasificar la precocidad sexual en la mujer en tres tipos generales. No creemos necesaria una clasificacion etiologica.
Impact of titin strain on the cardiac slow force response.

Abstract Stretch of myocardium, such as occurs upon increased filling of the cardiac chamber, induces two distinct responses: an immediate increase in twitch force followed by a slower increase in twitch force that develops over the course of several minutes. The immediate response is due, in part, to modulation of myofilament Ca 2+ sensitivity by sarcomere length (SL). The slowly developing force response, termed the Slow Force Response (SFR), is caused by a slowly developing increase in intracellular Ca 2+ upon sustained stretch. A blunted immediate force response was recently reported for myocardium isolated from homozygous giant titin mutant rats (HM) compared to muscle from wild-type littermates (WT). Here, we examined the impact of titin isoform on the SFR. Right ventricular trabeculae were isolated and mounted in an experimental chamber. SL was measured by laser diffraction. The SFR was recorded in response to a 0.2 μm SL stretch in the presence of [Ca 2+ ] o = 0.4 mM, a bathing concentration reflecting ∼50% of maximum twitch force development at 25 °C. Presence of the giant titin isoform (HM) was associated with a significant reduction in diastolic passive force upon stretch, and ∼50% reduction of the magnitude of the SFR; the rate of SFR development was unaffected. The sustained SL stretch was identical in both muscle groups. Therefore, our data suggest that cytoskeletal strain may underlie directly the cellular mechanisms that lead to the increased intracellular [Ca 2+ ] i that causes the SFR, possibly by involving cardiac myocyte integrin signaling pathways.
The geometrical properties of the Reduced Double Cusp

The Bifurcation Sets of the Reduced Double Cusp V=A(x4+y4−6x2y2)+B(x3−3xy2)+C (x2+y2) -ux-vy were drawn to investigate the possibility of the existence of three-, four- and five-fold symmetry in the projected envelope. While three-and four-fold symmetry could be demonstrated, it was impossible to demonstrate five-fold symmetry. However, modifying one of the parametic equations in a heuristic way did permit the production of a figure with five-fold symmetry.
Simulations of bubbly two-phase flow in hydraulic jumps of relatively high Reynolds number

Hydraulic jumps on a large scale are turbulent, with high Reynolds number. It has been proven difficult to achieve this in previous studies of jumps as two-phase flow. This paper aims to investigat...
Autonomous Detection of Disruptions in the Intensive Care Unit Using Deep Mask R-CNN

Patients staying in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) have a severely disrupted circadian rhythm. Due to patients' critical medical condition, ICU physicians and nurses have to provide round-the-clock clinical care, further disrupting patients' circadian rhythm. Mistimed family visits during rest-time can also disrupt patients' circadian rhythm. Currently, such effects are only reported based on hospital visitation policies rather than the actual number of visitors and care providers in the room. To quantify visitation disruptions, we used a deep Mask R-CNN model, a deep learning framework for object instance segmentation to detect and quantify the number of individuals in the ICU unit. This study represents the first effort to automatically quantify visitations in an ICU room, which could have implications in terms of policy adjustment, as well as circadian rhythm investigation. Our model achieved precision of 0.97 and recall of 0.67, with F1 score of 0.79 for detecting disruptions in the ICU units.
User Association and Power Control for UAV-Enabled Cellular Networks

A joint user association (UA) and power control (PC) framework is presented for downlink transmission in cellular networks featuring a macro base station (BS) and a collection of unmanned aerial vehicle BSs. The problem is presented as a nonconvex optimization problem in which the aim is to maximize the network utility by taking into account the PC, load balancing, and user fairness. The UA problem is modeled as a many-to-one matching game followed by a coalition game. An iterative power allocation algorithm based on successive convex approximation is presented to improve the network utility. The results show an improvement over traditional approaches that assign users to BSs based on maximum signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio.
Piecewise-Affine Approximation-Based Stochastic Optimal Control with Gaussian Joint Chance Constraints

This paper considers the problem of stochastic optimal control of a Gaussian-perturbed linear system subject to soft polytopic state constraints, hard polytopic input constraints, and a convex cost function. We propose two conservative approaches using risk allocation that can be implemented via existing solvers, and characterize the approximations. Unlike existing approaches, we do not decouple the risk allocation from the optimal controller synthesis. We first show that risk allocation in conjunction with optimal controller synthesis introduces reverse convex constraints into the optimization problem. Next, we use piecewise-affine approximations of the nonlinear terms in the optimization problem to propose a mixed-integer convex program. Our piecewise-affine approximation produces a solver-friendly convex program when the safety probability threshold is larger than 0.5. Using two stochastic motion planning problems, we demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms existing approaches like iterative risk allocation and particle control approaches in computation time, without compromising on the solution quality.
The Owner’s Mind

In proportion to the degree of separation from managers, owners agonize over a question: How competent is the manager? This question and the many attempts to answer it have given rise to the field of corporate governance or “the agency problem.” In this chapter I make the case that the most popular heuristic for judging a manager’s competency is market share. As a measure of dominance, market share has claimed the crown. All managers know it and they waste no time in pursuing it. That is why empire building has become the singular obsession among managers today.
Case Study of Building a High-Performance Team: Endpoint Engineering Experiment

Hear the story about the conception of our Endpoint Engineering team that brought together a diverse group of high-potential individuals from within our organization to focus their efforts on maximizing our efficiencies.This cross-functional team was charged with reimagining desktop support and lab management across the entire university. Their prime directive was to bridge the centralized and decentralized IT organizations to deliver a collaborative service. The result of this effort, we anticipate, will offer a level of service that exceeds anything that either organization alone has delivered in the past, and support Lehigh University's Path to Prominence vision [1].
Mutational profile of hepatocellular carcinoma by liquid biopsy of Hispanics in central California.

e16621Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) when localized to liver is typically diagnosed with Characteristic radiographic features while tumor tissue sampling is not warranted anymore. Recen...
On the link between rail transit and spatial income segregation

Abstract The link between transportation infrastructure and income segregation has long been recognized in the literature, but has received renewed attention with the increased investment in rail transit in US cities. In this paper, we examine the impacts of rail transit investments on neighborhood income diversity and metropolitan income segregation. For the neighborhood-level analysis, we apply a difference-in-difference approach combined with propensity score matching in 11 metropolitan areas that invested in rail transit between 2000 and 2005. We then estimate the effect of changes in rail transit access on income segregation across the 50 largest metropolitan areas in the US between 1990 and 2010. We find no statistical evidence that rail transit investments spur changes in neighborhood income diversity when compared to similar neighborhoods elsewhere in the city. Similarly, we find no significant impact of new or expanded rail transit lines on metropolitan wide income segregation.
Climate and atmospheric deposition drive the inter-annual variability and long-term trend of dissolved organic carbon flux in the conterminous United States.

Abstract The lateral flux of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from soils to inland waters and ultimately to the ocean represents a fundamental component of the global carbon cycle. To estimate the DOC flux, we developed an empirical terrestrial-aquatic DOC fluxes model (TAF-DOC). TAF-DOC incorporates various environmental factors (e.g., meteorology, sulfur, and nitrogen deposition) that to-date have not been comprehensively considered or well-represented in existing modeling frameworks. TAF-DOC was applied to estimate spatial-temporal patterns of DOC flux and potential fates across the conterminous United States during the 1985 to 2018 time period. Our results suggest that TAF-DOC successfully characterized spatial-temporal of DOC flux. As expected, the interannual pattern of DOC flux was strongly regulated by precipitation, but the long-term trend was significantly influenced by the rate of atmospheric wet sulfur deposition. From 1985 to 2018, TAF-DOC estimated DOC loading from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems in the conterminous United States to be 33.5 ± 2.2 TgC per year, which was roughly 0.39–0.49% of total soil organic carbon stock estimates. The dominant fate of terrestrially-derived DOC was delivery to the coastal ocean in riverine export (41%), with another 21% buried in sediment and the remaining 12.8 ± 0.4 TgC per year (38%) returned to the atmosphere through outgassing from inland waters. Assuming the quantities of DOC sediment burial and export to the ocean as an annual sink of terrestrially-derived carbon, budget inventories and models that do not account for DOC flux in the conterminous United States will underestimate the net annual carbon sink by as much as 5.5–6.4%.
The Examined Life

This chapter deals with whether or not it is good, necessary, or moral for humans to lead an examined life, which is often seen as the goal of the humanities and education generally. The chapter goes on to discuss what constitutes the “good life” and delineates four types of people based on a human’s relationship to the mundane world and a need or lack of a need to transcend it.
MRI of Herpes simplex encephalitis

Diagnosis of Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is often delayed by nonspecific and poorly localizing neurological findings. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical for a favorable outcome. MRI, CT and radionuclide brain scan imaging, all sensitive noninvasive tests, were compared for diagnosis of HSE. MRI proved to be the most sensitive.
Help or Hindrance? The Relevance of States in Implementing International Criminal Treaties

In the United States’ federalist constitutional system, the states still retain primary responsibility for the creation and enforcement of criminal law. States are said to have a general police power to act in this regard. By contrast, the U.S. Constitution only gives the federal government certain enumerated powers, which do not include a general police power. If the federal government wishes to regulate criminal behavior, it must tie any federal statutes punishing domestic crimes to one of Congress’s enumerated powers, such as the Commerce Clause. Increasingly, however, the United States has used its treaty-making power and its power to regulate foreign commerce to enter into international agreements that proscribe various kinds of criminal behavior, such as conventions on hijacking planes, fighting corruption, prohibiting the sale and prostitution of children, and engaging in terrorist activities. Much of this behavior is also a crime under various state laws and it is often state law enforcement authorities who are the front line personnel in identifying and arresting persons who could be charged with crimes under both U.S. and international law. As a result, state law enforcement is increasingly intersecting with international crimes. Sometimes, states work harmoniously together with the federal government to carry out the United States’ treaty obligations; other times, states resist compliance with those international obligations because of conflicting state policies or objectives. This paper uses two examples of international treaty obligations that frequently involve states in their enforcement – consular notification and extradition – to explore and illustrate the extent to which states do or do not assist the federal government in the implementation of those obligations. This discussion also highlights the consequences when states and the federal government fail to work harmoniously together, both domestically and with respect to the impact on the United States’ foreign relations. Finally, the paper concludes with some suggestions as to why and how federal and state governments can work better together to ensure that U.S. treaty obligations are respected and criminals are held accountable for their actions.
Offensive Venue: The Curious Use of Declaratory Judgment to Forum Shop in Patent Litigation

Forum shopping is widespread in patent litigation because there are clear differences in outcomes among the various federal districts. An accused patent infringer that is sued in a particularly disadvantageous forum can file a motion to transfer to a more convenient forum, but the general consensus is that such motions are difficult to win. Accordingly, accused infringers often file declaratory judgment actions to forum shop. Such actions allow accused infringers to preemptively sue the patent owner in the accused infringer’s preferred forum, and are considered by many to be the best way for accused infringers to play the forum shopping game. Indeed, accused infringers file substantial numbers of declaratory judgment actions every year. This Article presents new evidence confirming that declaratory judgment actions are often filed to forum shop. But the data also demonstrates that declaratory judgment actions are 2.4 times more likely to be transferred than non-declaratory judgment cases. This suggests that declaratory judgment plaintiffs are often unable to hold onto their chosen forum. Indiscriminate use of declaratory judgment actions to forum shop thus increases unpredictability and wasteful litigation, thereby impeding innovation. The new data presented herein about forum shopping by patent litigants gives a richer context to the debate over forum shopping in general and serves as a basis for further investigation into its effects on judicial norms and efficiency.
Maturation of the head of bacteriophage T4. II. Head-related, aberrant tau-particles.

Abstract Three somewhat different types of particle accumulate in cells infected with a phage carrying a mutation in gene 21 (in addition to the tubular variant (polyhead) of the head). The major type is the so-called τ-particle. These particles are very fragile, associated with the cell membrane, and have a sedimentation coefficient of about 420 S. They possess no DNA if isolated, and contain predominantly the precursor proteins P23, P24, P22 and the internal protein IP III, in addition to protein P20 and several proteins of unknown genetic origin. The remainder of the particles are partially or completely filled with DNA. The ratio of τ-particles to these partially or completely filled particles depends upon the particular mutant (in gene 21 ) phage used. In cells infected with a phage carrying the amber mutation (N90) in gene 21 , about 10% of the precursor head protein P23 is cleaved to P23∗, and correspondingly about 10% of the particles are partially or completely filled with DNA. In cells infected with the temperature-sensitive mutant (N8) in gene 21 , about 1% of the particles are fully or partially filled, and correspondingly about 1% of the P23 is cleaved to P23∗. In either case, the DNA-associated particles contain predominantly the cleaved proteins P23∗ and IP III∗, and have none of the P22 and IP III found in τ-particles. This observation, and the correlation of the amount of partially or completely filled particles with the extent of the cleavage of P23 in the lysates, strongly suggest that cleavage of the head proteins is required for DNA packaging to occur. The τ-particles have properties similar to the so-called prohead I particles which we have isolated as intermediates in wild-type head assembly (preceding paper). However, temperature shift-down experiments, using several different phage carrying temperature-sensitive mutations in gene 21 , indicate that the bulk of the τ-particles cannot be used for normal phage production.
Health nonprofits online: the use of frames and stewardship strategies to increase stakeholder involvement

This study examines connections between the conceptual frameworks of compassion fatigue (burnout toward social issues) and related stewardship strategies that are used as a form of best practices to address the issue of compassion fatigue. A content analysis of 117 health nonprofit websites (457 web pages) investigates how nonprofit health organization websites are framing their communication to various stakeholders and how the strategies of stewardship are employed online. Findings indicate that although health nonprofits are using positive frames and multiple stewardship strategies, more could be done by nonprofit marketing practitioners to facilitate positive, long-term relationships with stakeholders in an environment of increased communication and compassion fatigue. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Total synthesis of acetate from CO 2 : methyltetrahydrofolate, an intermediate, and a procedure for separation of the folates.

Whole-cell preparations of Clostridium thermoaceticum were exposed to a short pulse of 14CO2 under conditions in which double-labeled acetate was synthesized. Radioactive methyltetrahydrofolate monoglutamate, diglutamate, and triglutamates were isolated from extracts of the cells. The radioactivity was found to be exclusively in the five methyl position. The specific activities of the methyltetrahydrofolate derivatives were very high and were in accord with the proposal that methyltetrahydrofolates are the precursors of the methyl of acetate. A new method of separation of folates employing QAE-Sephadex chromatography and a linear gradient with triethylammonium bicarbonate is presented which completely resolves the common folate monoglutamates and, upon freeze-drying, yields salt-free preparations.
Methods for the isolation of tektins and Sarkosyl-insoluble protofilament ribbons.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the methods of fractionating ciliary and flagellar microtubules into a stable subset of protofilaments (known as pf-ribbons) and to subfractionate these pf-ribbons into filaments composed of the proteins tektins. Flagellar doublet microtubules from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii could be fractionated by Sarkosyl detergent into stable ribbons of three protofilaments. Similar observations were reported for sea urchin sperm flagellar microtubules. Stability of the pf-ribbons is because of their polypeptide composition. Based on the synergistic effects of detergents and urea to disrupt protein-protein interactions, a Sarkosyl-urea extraction was devised that provided a remarkably clean fractionation of the pf-ribbons. Under optimal conditions of 0.5% Sarkosyl and 2 M urea, flagellar microtubules could be fractionated into 2- to 3-nm-diameter filaments composed almost exclusively of equimolar amounts of three proteins named tektins A (∼55 kDa), B (∼51 kDa), and C (∼47 kDa). It has become possible to isolate filaments composed of only tektins A and B. Methods for isolating pf-ribbons and tektin filaments are presented in the chapter, followed by a discussion of the characterization of tektins. These methods were developed for sperm flagellar axonemes from the sea urchins Lytechinus pictus and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. The methods are isolation and purification of pf-ribbons and tektin filaments, to prepare tektin filaments from pf-ribbons, and glycerination. The tektin polypeptide chains are predicted to be α-helical, and evidence indicates that tektins exist as longitudinal, heterodimeric protofilaments in the pf-ribbon and thus in flagellar A-tubules. Tektin heterodimers are linear, rodlike molecules, measuring∼48 nm long, giving the tektin filament the potential to interact with and stabilize adjacent tubulin protofilaments, as well as providing longitudinal binding sites for axonemal components with periodicities that are multiples of the 8-nm tubulin dimer and the 48-nm tektin spacing. Studies of cilia and flagella have contributed to understanding microtubule motility, structure, polarity, and assembly.
Implementation of an Experimental Fault-Tolerant Memory System

The experimental fault-tolerant memory system described in this paper has been designed to enable the modular addition of spares, to validate the theoretical fault-secure and self-testing properties of the translator/corrector, to provide a basis for experiments using the new testing and correction processes for recovery, and to determine the practicality of such systems. The hardware design and implementation are described, together with methods of fault insertion. The hardware/ software interface, including a restricted single error correction/double error detection (SEC/DED) code, is specified. Procedures are carefully described which, 1) test for specified physical faults, 2) ensure that single error corrections are not miscorrections due to triple faults, and 3) enable recovery from double errors.
Management of sinonasal complications after endoscopic orbital decompression for Graves' orbitopathy

Objectives/Hypothesis Endoscopic orbital decompression (EnOD) has proven to be safe and effective for the treatment of Graves' orbitopathy; however, complications do occur. Although the literature focuses on orbital complications, sinonasal complications including postobstructive sinusitis, hemorrhage, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak can also be challenging to manage. This study examines the incidence and management of sinonasal complications in these patients. Study Design Retrospective review. Methods Clinical data, surgical findings, and postoperative outcomes were reviewed of patients who underwent EnOD for Graves' disease between March 2004 and November 2010. The incidence and management of postoperative sinonasal complications requiring an intervention were examined. Results The study group consisted of 50 consecutive patients (86 decompression procedures): 11 males and 39 females with an average age of 48.6 years (SD = 12.9). Incidence of significant sinonasal complications was 3.5% (5/86): with one patient experiencing postoperative hemorrhage requiring operative management, three patients with postoperative obstructive sinusitis, and one patient with nasal obstruction secondary to nasal adhesions that required lysis. The maxillary sinus was the most commonly involved and was managed using the mega-antrostomy technique. In the case of frontal sinusitis, an endoscopic transaxillary approach was utilized to avoid injury to decompressed orbital contents. All complications were successfully managed without sequelae. Conclusion Sinonasal complications following EnOD are uncommon. In the setting of a decompressed orbit, even routine types of postoperative issues can be challenging and require additional considerations. Successful management of postoperative sinusitis related to outflow obstruction may require more extensive approaches and novel techniques. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 123:2094–2098, 2013
Theoretical Analysis of Relaxation during Shaped Pulses. II. The Effects of Cross Relaxation

Abstract Most treatments of solution-state pulse FT NMR ignore relaxation effects during pulses. Since the length of nonselective 90° pulses is on the order of 10 μs, while proton T1 values (in solution) are generally >0.5 s, this simplification is valid. The advent of highly selective shaped pulses, however, has resulted in practical pulse lengths of over 100 ms. When using these pulses on samples where T1 or T2 is of the same order of magnitude as the pulse length, one cannot ignore relaxation during the pulse. Here, a description of the buildup of the NOE during the selective pulse and a quantitative analysis of ID selective NOE difference experiments where shaped pulses have been used is presented. Although this experiment itself is not new, a quantitative analysis of the data has not been presented previously. It is shown that longitudinal, transverse, and cross relaxation during the selective pulse cannot be ignored for samples where any of these relaxation times is on the order of the pulse length. This is especially significant in applications to large molecules, such as proteins, where spectral crowding requires high selectivity, i.e., long pulses, and the T1 values are frequently less than 0.5 s.
Comments on paper by Nemoto et al. concerning self diffusion coefficient, Ds, and zero shear viscosity, .ETA.0 of polystyrene in dibutylphthalate.

Comments on Paper by Nemoto et al. Concerning Self Diffusion Coefficient, D s , and Zero Shear Viscosity, η 0 of Polystyrene in Dibutylphthalate
Mitochondrial Topoisomerase I is Critical for Mitochondrial Integrity and Cellular Energy Metabolism

Background Mitochondria contain their own DNA genome (mtDNA), as well as specific DNA replication and protein synthesis machineries. Relaxation of the circular, double-stranded mtDNA relies on the presence of topoisomerase activity. Three different topoisomerases have been identified in mitochondria: Top1mt, Top3α and a truncated form of Top2β.
A STRUCTURAL MODEL OF DRINKING AND DRIVING: ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, SOCIAL NORMS, AND MORAL COMMITMENTS*

A structural model based upon data from a random sample of 1,000 U.S. drivers accounted for 56% of the variation in alcohol-impaired driving, with total monthly alcohol consumption as the strongest predictor. Significant contributions of age, sex, peer group values, and preference for beer suggested the operation of socialization to group norms. There was a substantial contribution of personal moral commitment against drinking and driving. However, there was no significant inhibitory influence of legal knowledge and perceived arrest risk. These findings are consistent with Andenaes's view that general deterrence should be more broadly construed to include the moral component as well as the fear component of the law
The calibration and validation of SeaWiFS data

Abstract The Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) is the successor ocean color imaging system to the Nimbus-7 Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS). The SeaWiFS calibration and validation effort includes spacecraft, atmospheric, sea surface, subsurface (or in situ), plus laboratory and data analysis components which require pre- and postlaunch activities. The most important goals of this effort are to produce water-leaving radiances with an uncertainty of 5% in clear-water regions and chlorophyll a concentrations within ±35% over the range of 0.05–50 mg m−3. The first objective requires field instruments with a calibration and measurement capability on the order of 1%; because these challenging in situ measurements will be acquired from a variety of field instruments over the five-year mission interval, a measurement assurance program is required. This program consists of several activities: an accurate prelaunch characterization and calibration of the SeaWiFS instrument; a Marine Optical Buoy (MOBY) rotation in clear water to provide a water-leaving radiance time series for postlaunch vicarious calibration; the SeaWiFS Bio-Optical Archive and Storage System (SeaBASS) to hold the relevant data; clearly defined SeaWiFS Ocean Optics Protocols (SOOP) for established data collection methodologies; annual SeaWiFS Intercalibration Round-Robin Experiments (SIRREXs) for intercomparing field and calibration equipment, and training scientific personnel; direct comparison to a national standard laboratory using the SeaWiFS Transfer Radiometer (SXR); a portable field source, called the SeaWiFS Quality Monitor (SQM), for monitoring the temporal stability of the calibration of field instruments; a highly accurate atmospheric correction algorithm designed for the SeaWiFS instrument response functions; bio-optical algorithms that encompass a broad range of bio-optical provinces; and satellite data processing, quality control, and analysis procedures for monitoring the postlaunch performance of the sensor and the validity of the derived products. The culmination of many of these activities is the deployment of the instruments and methodologies on Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT) cruises between England and the Falkland Islands, a 13 000 km voyage spanning more than 100° of latitude, with a calibration and measurement accuracy that is on the order of 1%. The AMT Program is the primary product validation activity supported by the SeaWiFS Project. The AMT cruises also serve as a testbed for new technology development and have demonstrated that high quality bio-optical data can be routinely provided to the Project in near-real time.
34 PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF HUMAN T-LYMPHOBLAST DEOXYCYTIDINE KINASE

Nucleoside kinases phosphorylate endogenous nucleosides and nucleoside analogs which are anticancer and antiviral drugs. dCytidine kinase was purified from cultured human T-lymphoblasts to a specific activity of 8 umol/min/mg protein and 92% purity. The molecular weight was 60 kD and the stokes radius was 32 A. The subunit molecular weight was 30.5 kD. dGuanosine, dadenosine and cytidine phosphorylating activities copurified with dcytidine kinase to final specific activities of 7.2, 13.5 and 4 umol/min/mg protein, respectively. This enzyme had apparent Km values of 1.5, 430, 500, 450 and 40 uM for dcytidine, dguanosine, dadenosine, cytidine and cytosine arabinoside, respectively. The pH optimum ranged from 6.5-9.0. Mg2+ and Mn2+ were the preferred divalent cations. ATP, GTP, dGTP, ITP, dITP, TTP and XTP were substrates for the enzyme. This highly purified enzyme will facilitate our delineation of the role for this enzyme in nucleoside or nucleoside analog phosphorylation and the structural basis for the regulation of this enzyme.
Additivity of the magneto-optic Kerr signal in ultrathin Fe(110)/Ag(111) superlattices.

Fe(110)/Ag(111) superlattices were fabricated by molecular-beam epitaxy and investigated by means of the surface magneto-optic Kerr effect (SMOKE). Reflection high- and low-energy electron diffraction and Auger spectroscopy were used to determine that both Fe(110) on Ag(111) and Ag(111) on Fe(110) grow epitaxially. In situ SMOKE measurements were made as a function of the number of bilayers for four superlattice samples with bilayer thicknesses ranging from 19 to 25 \AA{}. We find that the Kerr signal initially depends only on the total thickness of Fe and is independent of the intervening Ag layers. This result confirms that anticipated from a general macroscopic formalism evaluated in the thin-film limit.
Separating the baby from the bathwater: Toward a generic and practical framework for anonymization

Anonymization — the process of removing or otherwise transforming information so as to reduce the ability to associate it with an identifiable individual — has been much criticized of late, yet interest in it remains high in many quarters. Potential use cases, including those found in the homeland security domain, vary much more widely than those represented by the incidents that have cast doubt on anonymization's utility. Dealing with this variety effectively and efficiently, though, poses challenges. This paper will present a generic anonymization methodology for tabular textual data being developed by the Science and Technology Directorate of the Department of Homeland Security. This methodology views anonymization as a single, non-exclusive privacy risk control to be considered along with other potential controls. The anonymization process it describes is as much a programmatic risk management process as a technical one. It aims to make anonymization more of a systems engineering activity.