cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A unified theory of lumped circuits and differential systems based on Heaviside operators and causality

The paper demonstrates that a coherent and logical foundation for circuits and systems can, in an entirely elementary manner, be based upon the Heaviside operational calculus and causality. It is commonly believed that the operational calculus is both difficult and nonrigorous; in fact, it is neither. Further, it is more general than the Laplace transform in that it involves integration over only a finite interval and thus introduces no convergence questions as does the latter. Since it analyzes circuits and systems directly in the time domain, the Heaviside method is more intuitive and direct to apply. Furthermore, it provides a theme, a motif, linking all of the major concepts of circuits and systems. It is argued here that circuit analysis and system theory are currently taught as disparate disciplines, both being presented as a collection of isolated topics. The Heaviside theory, on the other hand, permits the two to be taught in an integrated fashion-with circuits providing concrete examples and system theory the abstract and general mathematical methodology. >
Inflationary paradigm in trouble after Planck2013

Recent results from the Planck satellite combined with earlier observations from WMAP, ACT, SPT and other experiments eliminate a wide spectrum of more complex inflationary models and favor models with a single scalar field, as reported by the Planck Collaboration. More important, though, is that all the simplest inflaton models are disfavored statistically relative to those with plateau-like potentials. We discuss how a restriction to pl ateau-like models has three independent serious drawbacks: it exacerbates both the initial conditions problem and the multiverse-unpredictability problem and it creates a new diffi culty that we call the inflationary “unlikeliness problem.” Finally, we comment o n problems reconciling inflation with a standard model Higgs , as suggested by recent LHC results. In sum, we find that recent ex perimental data disfavors all the best-motivated inflation ary scenarios and introduces new, serious diffi culties that cut to the core of the inflationary paradigm. For thcoming searches for B-modes, nonGaussianity and new particles should be decisive. The Planck satellite data reported in 2013 [1] shows with high precision that we live in a remarkably simple universe. The measured spatial curvature is small; the spectrum of fluc tuations is nearly scale-invariant; there is a small spectr al tilt, consistent with there having been a simple dynamical mechanism that caused the smoothing and flattening; and the fluctuations are nearly Gaussian, eliminating exotic and complicated dynamical possibilities, such as inflationary models with n oncanonical kinetic energy and multiple fields. (In this Lette r, we will not discuss the marginal deviations from isotropy on large scales reported by the Planck Collaboration [2].) The results not only impose tight quantitative constraints on all cosmological parameters [3], but, qualitatively, they call for a cos mological paradigm whose simplicity and parsimony matches the nature of the observed universe. The Planck Collaboration attempted to make this point by describing the data as supporting the simplest inflationary models [4, 5, 6]. However, the models most favored by their data (combined with earlier results from WMAP, ACT, SPT and other observations [7]) are simple by only one criterion: an inflat on potential with a single scalar field su ffi ces to fit the data. By several other important criteria described in this Letter, the favored models are anything but simple: Namely, they suffer from exacerbated forms of initial conditions and multiverse problems, and they create a new diffi culty that we call the inflationary “unlikeliness problem.” That is, the favored inflaton potentia ls are exponentially unlikely according to the logic of the inflati onary paradigm itself. The unlikeliness problem arises even if we ∗ Corresponding author
An Incremental Algorithm for Test Generation in Illinois Scan Architecture Based Designs

As the complexity of VLSI circuits is increasing due to the exponential rise in transistor count per chip, testing cost is becoming an important factor in the overall integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing cost. This paper addresses the issue of decreasing test cost by lowering the test data bits and the number of clock cycles required to test a chip. We propose a new incremental algorithm for generating tests for Illinois Scan Architecture (ILS) based designs and provide analysis of test data and test time reduction. This algorithm is very efficient in generating tests for a number of ILS-designs in order to find the most optimal configuration.
Management of axillary staging in breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy

SUMMARY Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is standard care for patients with cN0 breast cancer, and SLN-negative patients do not require axillary dissection (ALND). It is now clear that many patients with positive SLN do not require ALND. In ACOSOG Z0011, 6-year locoregional control and survival (in cT1–2N0 patients with ≤2 positive SLN treated by breast conservation and whole breast radiotherapy) were comparable for SLN biopsy alone compared to SLN biopsy plus ALND. A growing body of data now suggests that ALND may not be required for selected patients outside the Z0011 eligibility criteria, including those treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Retrospective and prospective studies confirm that the success of SLN biopsy after NAC is slightly lower and the false-negative rate slightly higher than those of SLN biopsy in general. The performance of SLN biopsy after NAC is optimized by the use of combined dye–isotope mapping and by the removal of at least two SLN. After NAC, ALND remains standard care ...
Comment on “How Can Seismic Hazard around the New Madrid Seismic Zone Be Similar to That in California?” by Arthur Frankel

A recent paper in the September/October 2004 issue of Seismological Research Letters, “How Can Seismic Hazard around the New Madrid Seismic Zone Be Similar to That in California?”, by Arthur Frankel, concludes “I have demonstrated how probabilistic seismic hazard for New Madrid can be greater than that at San Francisco at low probabilities for PGA and similar at low probabilities for 5 Hz S.A. By low probabilities, I mean annual probabilities less than the reciprocal of the return time of the New Madrid characteristic source, that is, 1/500. This is a consequence of the higher ground motions, for PGA and 5 Hz S.A. (and other high-frequency measures), expected for large New Madrid characteristic earthquakes compared to San Andreas earthquakes with similar magnitudes.” His conclusion is confusing and not necessarily true. The fundamental differences in assessing seismic hazard between San Francisco and the New Madrid seismic zone are the uncertainties, especially the uncertainties associated with the ground-motion attenuation relationship. The larger ground-motion uncertainties in both the median and its standard deviation derive a higher hazard in the New Madrid area. The larger standard deviation, in particular, derives a higher hazard at low annual probabilities of exceedance. Moreover, Frankel also equated the hazard (annual probability of exceedance) defined in probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) with the average recurrence rate defined in engineering risk analysis. There is a fundamental difference in defining risk between PSHA and the engineering risk analysis. The risks—10%, 5%, and 2% probability of exceedance (PE) in 50 years—defined in PSHA are not interchangeable with those defined in engineering risk analysis. Hence, though Frankel's stated intention was to improve understanding of PSHA among nonpractitioners, the paper may cause more confusion and problems for users of the U.S. Geological Survey national seismic hazard maps. “Uncertainty in seismic hazard estimates is a …
On orthogonal wavelets with oversampling property

Considers the orthogonal scaling functions with the following general oversampling property: for a fixed integer J/spl ges/0 and any f/spl isin/V/sub 0/, f(t)=/spl Sigma//sub n/f(n/(2/sup J/))/spl phi/(2/sup J/t-n). The authors call that an orthogonal scaling function /spl phi/(t) satisfying the above equation has the oversampling property with sampling rate 2/sup -J/ and denote all such scaling functions by S/sub J/. Thus, S/sub 0/ consists of all orthogonal scaling functions with the sampling property and S/sub J/ /spl sub/S/sub J+1/ for J=0, 1, 2, .... The results in Walter (1993) also show that S/sub 0//spl ne/S/sub 1/, i.e., the space of the orthogonal scaling functions with the sampling property is a proper subspace of the one of the orthogonal scaling functions with the oversampling property. Let S/sub e/ and S/sub c/ denote all orthogonal scaling functions with exponential decay and compact support, respectively. The present authors prove that S/sub 0//spl cap/S/sub e/=S/sub J//spl cap/S/sub e/ and S/sub 0//spl cap/S/sub c/=S/sub J//spl cap/S/sub c/. >
Impact of an asteroid or comet in the ocean and extinction of terrestrial life

Finite difference calculations describing the impact mechanics associated with a 10 to 30 km diameter silicate or water object impacting a 5 km deep ocean overlying a silicate solid planet at 30 km/sec demonstrate that from 12 to 15% of the bolide energy resides in the water. In the gravity field of the earth some 10 to 30 times the impactor mass of water is launched on trajectories which would take it to altitudes of 10 km or higher. This ejecta launched on trajectories which can achieve stratospheric heights is 10/sup 1/ to 10/sup 2/ projectile masses, similar to that resulting from impact of objects on an ocean-free silicate half-space (continent). Ejecta composed of impactor material, launched on trajectories which would carry it to stratospheric heights, matches the fraction (10/sup -2/ to 10/sup -1/) of bolide (extraterrestrial) material found in the platinum-metal-rich Cretaceous-Tertiary and Eocene-Oligocene boundary layers. Oceanic impact results in giant tsunamis initially having amplitudes of approx. 4 km, representing the solitary waterwave stability limit in the deep ocean, and containing 10/sup -2/ to 10/sup -1/ of the energy of the impact. Using the constraint of no observed turbidities in marine sediments in the Cretaceous-Tertiary and Eocene-Oligocene boundary materialsmore » (calculated maximum water-sediment interface particle velocity approx. 10/sup 0/ m/sec) implies a maximum impactor energy of approx. 10/sup 28/ to approx. 10/sup 29/ erg corresponding to a maximum diameter for a silicate impactor of approx. 2 km (at 11 km/sec). Minimal global tsunami run-up heights on the continents corresponding to impacts of this energy are 300-400 m. We speculate that such waves would inundate all low altitude continental areas. As a result, the terrestrial animal food chain would be seriously perturbed, which could have caused extinction of large terrestrial animals.« less
PROLOG: A Business Logistics Simulation Game

In this article, PROLOG, a microcomputer-based business logistics game, is introduced and compared with batch-processed games. An approach for using PROLOG in the classroom is described, as well as student reactions to the game.
N‐person games in partition function form

This paper gives a formulation of a theory of n-person cooperative games with side payments in terms of a partition function which is defined on the set of all partitions of the set of players. The results for all games with n ≤ 3 are presented. This development generalizes the von Neumann-Morgenstern theory of games in characteristic function form.
Strengthening Cultural Sensitivity in Mental Health Counseling for Deaf Clients

Much attention has been given to cultural sensitivity within the mental health counseling literature. Deafness has been discussed in the disability literature, but there is little mention of deafness in a cultural context. Consequently, counselors may not be providing culturally sensitive services to their deaf clients. The authors provide an overview of the Deaf culture, describe the unique communication needs of deaf clients, and offer a description of culturally embedded behaviors that are relevant to counseling. Se ha prestado mucha atencion a la sensibilidad cultural en las publicaciones de consejeria en salud mental. Se ha tratado el tema de la sordera en las publicaciones sobre discapacidades, pero apenas se menciona la sordera en un contexto cultural. Como consecuencia, es posible que los consejeros no esten proporcionando servicios culturalmente sensibles a sus clientes con sordera. Los autores proporcionan un resumen general de la cultura de la comunidad sorda, describen la combinacion unica de necesidades de comunicacion de los clientes con sordera y ofrecen una descripcion de comportamientos culturalmente arraigados que son relevantes para la consejeria.
Climate Change and Weed Impacts on Small Island Ecosystems: Lantana camara L. (Magnoliopsida: Verbenaceae) Distribution in Fiji

Oceanic island ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to invasion by exotic species, and this vulnerability may be intensified by the effects of climate change, particularly if favorable climate conditions allow exotic invaders to spread to new areas. Effective management of such species requires knowledge of their potential distribution under current and future climate. This research examines the value of species distribution modeling in invasive species management in small island ecosystems using the specific case of Lantana camara L. invasion in Fiji. A niche model of L. camara was developed using CLIMEX species distribution modeling (SDM) software. Several sources of data were used to develop the model including phenological observations and geographic distribution records. The model was used to estimate its potential distribution under historical climate. The CSIRO Mk3.0 Global Climate Model (GCM) was used to explore impacts of climate change on its potential future distribution. The model was run with the A1B and A2 scenarios for 2030 and 2070. Large parts of both major islands of Fiji, Viti Levu and Vanua Levu, were shown to have high climatic suitability for L. camara. However, under future climate scenarios, climatic suitability for L. camara in Fiji was projected to contract. The results illustrate that SDMs can play a useful role in formulation of cost-effective invasive species management strategies and the resulting species distribution maps have broad applicability throughout the many islands of the South Pacific region.
Interference Mitigation for WLAN Devices Using Spectrum Sensing

The concept of spectrum sensing is, in the broad sense, the ability to detect and interpret other signals in the band and take appropriate actions by implementing adaptive techniques in the upper layers in addition to traditional interference cancellation techniques applied in the PHY layer. In this paper we present algorithms to detect interference from microwave oven for WLAN devices in the 2.4 GHz spectrum and methods to mitigate the impact from the interference. The concept can be extended to other coexistence issues as well as spectrum sharing between primary and secondary users.
Diabetes care in the hospital: Is there clinical inertia?

BACKGROUND Effective control of hospital glucose improves outcomes, but little is known about hospital management of diabetes. OBJECTIVE Assess hospital-based diabetes care delivery. DESIGN Retrospective chart review. SETTING Academic teaching hospital. PATIENTS Inpatients with a discharge diagnosis of diabetes or hyperglycemia were selected from electronic records. A random sample (5%, n = 90) was selected for chart review. MEASUREMENTS We determined the percentage of patients with diabetes or hyperglycemia documented in admission, daily progress, and discharge notes. We determined the proportion of cases with glucose levels documented in daily progress notes and with changes in hyperglycemia therapy recorded. The frequency of hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic events was also determined. RESULTS A diabetes diagnosis was recorded at admission in 96% of patients with preexisting disease, but daily progress notes mentioned diabetes in only 62% of cases and 60% of discharge notes; just 20% of discharges indicated a plan for diabetes follow-up. Most patients (86%) had bedside glucose measurements ordered, but progress notes tracked values for only 53%, and only 52% had a documented assessment of glucose severity. Hypoglycemic events were rare (11% of patients had at least one bedside glucose 200 mg/dL). Despite the frequency of hyperglycemia, only 34% of patients had their therapy changed. CONCLUSIONS Practitioners were often aware of diabetes at admission, but the problem was often overlooked during hospitalization. The low rate of documentation and therapeutic change suggests the need for interventions to improve provider awareness and enhance inpatient diabetes care. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2006;3:151–160. © 2006 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Focus on . . . Circular 230

Controversial final regulations (the Circular 230 rules) issued by Treasury and IRS govern standards of practice before the IRS. This article discusses the new regulations. Because of negative reaction to the regulations, new guidance is anticipated.
Republican Legal Systems

Republican legal systems are systems of law and government that embrace the basic tenets of republican legal theory, as developed by Marcus Tullius Cicero, Polybius and their contemporaries, and by their various heirs and imitators in Italy, England, France, and the United States of America.1 Republicans argue that serving the public good constitutes the only sound basis for a just legal order, and conclude that all laws in all jurisdictions deserve public deference only to the extent they do so. The fundamental republican test of a legal system’s legitimacy is whether its laws actually advance the res publica or “common good of the people”.2 Cicero observed that all republics must belong to separate “peoples”, by which he meant to large numbers of persons associated together to create a common sense of justice and shared public good.3 This remains the basis of republican legal theory today. Republican legal systems are whichever systems of law and justice serve the common good of the people the best.
Green's function modeling of response of two-dimensional materials to point probes for scanning probe microscopy

A Green's function (GF) method is developed for interpreting scanning probe microscopy (SPM) measurements on new two-dimensional (2D) materials. GFs for the Laplace/Poisson equations are calculated by using a virtual source method for two separate cases of a finite material containing a rectangular defect and a hexagonal defect. The prescribed boundary values are reproduced almost exactly by the calculated GFs. It is suggested that the GF is not just a mathematical artefact but a basic physical characteristic of material systems, which can be measured directly by SPM for 2D solids. This should make SPM an even more powerful technique for characterization of 2D materials.
Walking impairs cognitive performance among people with multiple sclerosis but not controls

People with multiple sclerosis (MS) complain of problems completing two tasks simultaneously; sometimes called 'dual-tasking' (DT). Previous research in DT among people with MS has focused on how adding a cognitive task interferes with gait and few have measured how adding a motor task could interfere with cognition. We aimed to determine the extent to which walking affects a concurrent working memory task in people with MS compared to healthy controls. We recruited MS participants (n=13) and controls (n=10) matched by age (±3years), education (±3years) and gender. Participants first completed the cognitive task (subtracting 7's from the previous number) and then again while walking on an instrumented walkway. Although there were no baseline differences in cognition or walking between MS participants and controls, MS participants demonstrated a 52% decrease in number of correct answers during DT (p<0.001). Mental Tracking Rate (% correct answers/min) correlated strongly with MS-related disability measured using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS; r(11)=-0.68, p<0.01). We propose that compromised mental tracking during walking could be related to limited neural resource capacity and could be a potentially useful outcome measure to detect ecologically valid dual tasking impairments.
Europe’s Defense Industry in the 1990s

Before proceeding to the chapters that address specific aspects of the European Union’s (EU) involvement in defense industry matters, it is necessary to describe some of the major characteristics of Europe’s defense industry, as well as recent trends in this sector. This exercise should help to develop an appreciation for the magnitude of the international forces acting upon Europe’s defense industry, as will be discussed in Chapter 4. This chapter also provides an important background to Chapter 6, which will examine the views of defense industry executives and other interest groups. Business leaders have different ideas about an EU role in defense industry matters. The following discussion provides the context that has helped to shape their opinions on this subject.
Safety and interaction of patients with implantable cardiac defibrillators driving a hybrid vehicle.

Abstract Background Electromagnetic interference (EMI) can affect the function of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD). Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) have increased popularity and are a potential source of EMI. Little is known about the in vivo effects of EMI generated by HEV on ICD. Objective This study evaluated the in vivo interaction between EMI generated by HEV with ICD. Methods and results Thirty patients (73±9 y/o; 80% male) with stable ICD function were exposed to EMI generated by a Toyota Prius Hybrid®. The vehicle was lifted above the ground, allowing safe changes in engine rotation and consequent variations in electromagnetic emission. EMI was measured (NARDA STS® model EHP-50C) and expressed in A/m (magnetic), Volts/m (electrical), and Hertz (frequency). Six positions were evaluated: driver, front passenger, right and left back seats, outside, at the back and front of the car. Each position was evaluated at idle, 30 mph, 60 mph and variable speeds (acceleration-deceleration-brake). All ICD devices were continuously monitored during the study. The levels of EMI generated were low (highest mean levels: 2.09A/m at right back seat at 30 mph; and 3.5V/m at driver seat at variable speeds). No episode of oversensing or inadvertent change in ICD programming was observed. Conclusion It is safe for patients with ICD to interact with HEV. This is the first study to address this issue using an in vivo model. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the interaction of different models of HEV or electric engine with ICD or unipolar pacemakers.
Anomaly Detection in Complex Spatiotemporal Networks Through Location Aware Geospatial Big Data Sets

Anomaly detection is an important problem that has been researched in several domains. Based on the available data patterns, various supervised and unsupervised anomaly detection techniques have been introduced. In this paper, a novel anomaly detection technique for location aware geospatial big dataset is outlined. Specifically, we focus on anomaly detection in spatiotemporal complex networks. The outlined technique incorporates components of anomaly quantification and decision making on spatiotemporal graphs and embeds simultaneous learning and detection procedures. The magnitude of an anomaly at each time step is quantified to signify the pattern of anomalous behavior in the spatiotemporal network. We illustrate the efficacy of the proposed method by detecting and indicating the time and location of a single or multiple anomalies in an illustrative traffic network problem. Theoretical experiments on a suite of six randomly generated traffic network problems have been performed. The performance of the proposed algorithm with tuned parameters on this random set of problem instances clearly establishes the effectiveness and applicability of the introduced solution procedure.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Alter-globalization in Southern Europe

This chapter introduces the politics of Greece, Spain, and Italy through a series of interviews and vignettes from the field and locates the movement within the broader socio-political spectrum. The movement is found to have an uneasy relationship to power—due to a paradox between its rhetoric and the actual material interests of its adherents. Activists are also found to be strongly averse to assuming any fixed class or party identity. The last sections of this chapter explore these dynamics in more detail by describing the cultural and urbanistic environments in which the alter-globalization movement is embedded in one specific Southern European city: Naples. The cultural context in which the movement operates is reviewed through the prisms of polychronicity (Edward Hall) and familism (Edward Banfield).
Duplex Ultrasound for Evaluation and Surveillance of Fenestrated, Branched, and Parallel Stent-Grafts

Duplex ultrasound is an integral part of the evaluation and surveillance of patients who are treated for complex aortic aneurysms with fenestrated, branched, or parallel stent-grafts. The main goal is to identify target vessel stent complications that can lead to branch occlusion or endoleak. Typically, surveillance programs combine computed tomography angiography with duplex ultrasound scanning. This chapter focuses on technical aspects, diagnostic interpretation criteria, and examples of normal and abnormal findings in patients with fenestrated and or branched endografts.
Toll-like receptor 4 in glial inflammatory responses to air pollution in vitro and in vivo.

Exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) is associated with accelerated cognitive aging and higher dementia risk in human populations. Rodent brains respond to TRAP with activation of astrocytes and microglia, increased inflammatory cytokines, and neurite atrophy. A role for Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was suggested in mouse TLR4-knockouts, which had attenuated lung macrophage responses to air pollution. To further analyze these mechanisms, we examined mixed glial cultures (astrocytes and microglia) for RNA responses to nanoscale particulate matter (nPM; diameter <0.2 μm), a well-characterized nanoscale particulate matter subfraction of TRAP collected from a local freeway (Morgan et al. Environ Health Perspect 2011; 119,1003–1009, 2011). The nPM was compared with responses to the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a classic TLR4 ligand, using Affymetrix whole genome microarray in rats. Expression patterns were analyzed by significance analysis of microarrays (SAM) for fold change and by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify modules of shared responses between nPM and LPS. Finally, we examined TLR4 activation in hippocampal tissue from mice chronically exposed to nPM. SAM and WGCNA analyses showed strong activation of TLR4 and NF-κB by both nPM and LPS. TLR4 siRNA attenuated TNFα and other inflammatory responses to nPM in vitro, via the MyD88-dependent pathway. In vivo, mice chronically exposed to nPM showed increased TLR4, MyD88, TNFα, and TNFR2 RNA, and decreased NF-κB and TRAF6 RNA TLR4 and NF-κB responses in the hippocampus. These results show TLR4 activation is integral in brain inflammatory responses to air pollution, and warrant further study of TLR4 in accelerated cognitive aging by air pollution.
Simulations in Construction and Engineering Management Education to Explore Professional Challenges

AbstractExperiential learning opportunities in construction management courses allow students to explore principles and theories through direct, lived experiences that help them develop understandi...
Abstract TP3: Endovascular Treatment for Acute Stroke and Weekend/off Hour Effect: Does it Really Exist ?

Introduction: Faster door to puncture times has been of the most important variables in recent success of endovascular treatment (EVT) trials. However it’s still unclear whether the door to puncture times would be impacted if patients presents at off hours/ weekends. We conducted retrospective analysis of all stroke patients going for EVT at our institution, to look for effect of weekend/off hour’s on door to puncture times. Methods: We collected demographics and time variables for EVT on sequential patients with AIS from 1/ 2008 to 2/2015. Patients were grouped according to time of presentation: daytime weekday (DT) hours vs. nighttime weekday (NT) hours vs. weekend (WE) hours. The baseline demographics, time of last known well to groin puncture (LKTP), door to groin puncture (DTP), and initial imaging to endovascular suite (ITS) were compared between these groups. Results: We analyzed 237 consecutive AIS patients who underwent EVT at our institution out of which 94/237 (40%) were transfers. Direct Admits: Compared to DT presentations, WE (180 vs. 200 min, p=0.2801) and NT had longer DTP times (180 vs. 210.5, p= 0.0156). Transfers: Compared to those presenting in DT, those presenting at NT had significantly longer LKTP time (348 vs. 417.5, p= 0.0083), DTP time (107 vs. 128, p= 0.0376), and ITS time (54.5 vs. 76.5, p= 0.0024). Compared with DT presentations, those presenting on WE had significantly longer DTP time (107 vs. 145, p= 0.0029) and ITS time (54.5 vs. 90, p= 0.00118). Conclusions: Our data show that patients presenting directly to our emergency room at NT had longer DTP times. In addition, our data revealed transfer patients had time delays across all time variables when presenting at NT and for DTP and ITS when presenting on WE. This data suggests that NT and WE presentations face unique challenges for rapid EVT.
Tunnel-injected ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (Conference Presentation)

We report on the design, demonstration and current status of tunnel-injected ultra-violet light emitting diodes (UV LEDs). III-Nitride ultraviolet light emitting diodes (UV LEDs) are promising in various applications including sterilization, water purification and medical sensing. However, both the light extraction efficiency and electrical efficiency face fundamental challenges for the conventional UV LED structures. This stems from the poor p-type conductivity and high p-type contact resistance. Hole injection using interband tunneling provides an elegant solution to the fundamental issues of UV LEDs, and can resolve both the hole injection and light extraction issues that have been the primary problems for UV LEDs. In this talk, we will discuss in detail the heterostructure design and demonstration through polarization engineering to realize efficient interband tunneling in ultra-wide band gap AlGaN material. We will then outline some of the growth and fabrication challenges, and discuss our approaches to overcome these. Finally, we will present our results on tunnel-injected UV LEDs that have enabled us to achieve efficient UV light emission in the UVA and UVB wavelength ranges with on-wafer efficiencies comparable to state-of-the-art values [1,2,3]. References: 1. Yuewei Zhang, et al. ''Interband tunneling for hole injection in III-nitride ultraviolet emitters", Appl. Phys. Lett. 106, 141103 (2015); 2. Yuewei Zhang, et al. "Design of p-type cladding layers for tunnel-injected UV-A light emitting diodes", Appl. Phys. Lett. 109, 191105 (2016); 3. Yuewei Zhang, et al. “Tunnel-injected sub-260 nm ultraviolet light emitting diodes”, Appl. Phys. Lett. 110, 201102 (2017).
Evaluation of cellular adhesion and organization in different microporous polymeric scaffolds

The lack of prediction accuracy during drug development and screening risks complications during human trials, such as drug-induced liver injury (DILI), and has led to a demand for robust, human cell-based, in vitro assays for drug discovery. Microporous polymer-based scaffolds offer an alternative to the gold standard flat tissue culture plastic (2D TCPS) and other 3D cell culture platforms as the porous material entraps cells, making it advantageous for automated liquid handlers and high-throughput screening (HTS). In this study, we optimized the surface treatment, pore size, and choice of scaffold material with respect to cellular adhesion, tissue organization, and expression of complex physiologically relevant (CPR) outcomes such as the presence of bile canaliculi-like structures. Poly-l-lysine and fibronectin (FN) coatings have been shown to encourage cell attachment to the underlying substrate. Treatment of the scaffold surface with NaOH followed with a coating of FN improved cell attachment and penetration into pores. Of the two pore sizes we investigated (A: 104 ± 4 μm; B: 175 ± 6 μm), the larger pore size better promoted cell penetration while limiting tissue growth from reaching the hypoxia threshold. Finally, polystyrene (PS) proved to be conducive to cell growth, penetration into the scaffold, and yielded CPR outcomes while being a cost-effective choice for HTS applications. These observations provide a foundation for optimizing microporous polymer-based scaffolds suitable for drug discovery. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:505-514, 2018.
Corneal microsporidiosis: Report of case, including electron microscopic observations☆

Abstract Objective To report a case of corneal stromal infection caused by a protozoon of the genus Microsporidia , including clinical, histopathologic, and electron microscopic observations. Design Case report. Methods Light and electron microscopy studies were performed on keratectomy specimens from a 67-year-old immunocompetent man who had a unilateral chronic stromal keratitis that was refractory to medical treatment. Initial corneal biopsy followed by lamellar and penetrating keratoplasty were performed on the patient. All the specimens were studied histopathologically. Results Light microscopy of the corneal biopsy and the subsequent keratectomy specimens demonstrated myriad small, round to oval microsporidial organisms measuring 3.5 to 5.0 μm in length that stained positively with the periodic acid–Schiff, Grocott-methenamine silver, and acid-fast methods and were gram positive. Electron microscopic observations demonstrated viable blastospores that had a thin osmiophilic outer cell wall and contained 11 to 13 coils of the filament. The light and electron microscopic features, the tinctorial characteristics, and the selective corneal stromal involvement are consistent with microsporidial keratitis. Conclusions Microsporidiosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a culture-negative stromal keratitis refractory to medical treatment. The diagnosis can be easily established based on the morphologic features of the protozoa in the keratectomy specimens. No effective medical treatment for the stromal disease is available. Full-thickness keratoplasty is suggested because, in our patient, lamellar keratoplasty did not preclude recurrence of the disease.
The Age-Related Perfusion Pattern Measured With Arterial Spin Labeling MRI in Healthy Subjects.

Aim: To analyze age-related cerebral blood flow (CBF) using arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI in healthy subjects with multivariate principal component analysis (PCA). Methods: 50 healthy subjects (mean age 45.8 ± 18.5 years, range 21-85) had 3D structural MRI and pseudo-continuous ASL MRI at resting state. The relationship between CBF and age was examined with voxel-based univariate analysis using multiple regression and two-sample t-test (median age 41.8 years as a cut-off). An age-related CBF pattern was identified using multivariate PCA. Results: Age correlated negatively with CBF especially anteriorly and in cerebellum. After adjusting by global value, CBF was relatively decreased with aging in certain regions and relatively increased in others. The age-related CBF pattern showed relative reductions in frontal and parietal areas and cerebellum, and covarying increases in temporal and occipital areas. Subject scores of this pattern correlated negatively with age (R2 = 0.588; P < 0.001) and discriminated between the older and younger subgroups (P < 0.001). Conclusion: A distinct age-related CBF pattern can be identified with multivariate PCA using ASL MRI.
Interactions among HIV, Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Socioeconomic Status, and Poverty in Women

AIDS has become the fourth leading cause of death among United States women aged 25–44 [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1993]. Through June 1993, the CDC had received reports of 36,690 AIDS cases among United States adult and adolescent women. Although most AIDS cases in women have been reported among those who inject drugs, in 1992, for the first time, diagnosed cases attributed to heterosexual contact exceeded those attributed to injection-drug use. Annual reported AIDS cases among adult and adolescent women in the United States increased 9% between 1991 and 1992; among men, the increase during the same time period was 2.5%.
An Expert System in Neuropsychiatry

Since 1962 there have been nunnerous applications of carputer techniques in the field of psychiatry (1–2–3). These have concerned the psychometric as well as diagnostic aspects, and have even included endeavours in therapy. Although the clinical problems remain the same, the approach we suggest is appreciably different, both as regards to the methods we use and our definition of the field to be tackled.
Clinical and genetic investigation of amantadine-associated corneal edema

Purpose Amantadine use has been temporally associated with bilateral corneal edema in a series of cases; however, its pathophysiological mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. We sought to rule out subclinical Fuchs dystrophy as a contributor, characterize its pattern of corneal edema, and describe the long-term outcome of concurrent topical steroids while resuming amantadine. Patient and methods After a 44-year-old woman presented with new acute onset bilateral corneal edema, amantadine was discontinued, with clinical improvement. However, neurological decompensation required restarting amantadine, which she did concurrently with topical loteprednol. To determine whether subclinical Fuchs dystrophy might be present, triplet-primed polymerase chain reaction was conducted to measure copy number of the CTG18.1 trinucleotide repeat in TCF4. Specular microscopy and Scheimpflug imaging were conducted and followed for 32 months to assess for resolution and stability. Literature review was conducted to assess for consistency of the clinical phenotype. Results Corneal edema resolved clinically 4 weeks after discontinuation of amantadine. Serial Scheimpflug imaging demonstrated resolution of posterior and central corneal edema and specular microscopy revealed intracellular opacities with loss of endothelial cell density. Despite resuming amantadine, Scheimpflug imaging and specular microscopy measurements remained stable at 32 months. Triplet-primed PCR of CTG18.1 in TCF4 revealed no trinucleotide repeat expansion. Conclusions Amantadine-associated corneal edema is characteristically posterior and central and appears unlikely to represent early or subclinical decompensation of Fuchs dystrophy. We describe the unique outcome of continued corneal clearance after restarting amantadine concurrently with steroids, a pattern that has persisted over 32 months to date.
Playful Learning Landscapes: Creating skill-building experiences in community spaces

Children are always learning. Innovative initiatives that offer opportunities for learning and skill building in environments outside of school are as important as ones designed for the classroom.
Prefrontal and Vestibular Cortex Activation During Overground and Treadmill Walking

When walking on a treadmill, people can experience a sensory mismatch resulting from the lack of visual flow. In this study, functional Near‐Infrared Spectrometry (fNIRS) was used to investigate hemodynamic changes in the brain during overground and treadmill walking. Nine healthy right-handed subjects (25 ± 3 years) were recruited in this study. The test conditions included walking overground, on a split‐belt treadmill, and on a standard treadmill. Results showed significantly increased activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the temporoparietal junction (Vestibular Cortex-VEST) on both treadmills compared with overground walking. Walking on the standard treadmill significantly increased activation in the PFC and both the left and right VEST compared with the split‐belt treadmill. Our results suggest that walking on the treadmill provokes increased PFC and VEST activation. This finding may explain the fleeting sensation of dizziness after stopping walking on a treadmill.
Refractive surprise after cataract surgery secondary to smeared optics of swept-source optical coherence tomography biometer: a case report.

Inaccurate biometry can lead to the wrong intraocular lens implantation and result in refractive surprise following cataract surgery. It is important to be sceptical of biometry results that do not match the refractive or clinical picture and ask for it to be repeated. We present a unique cause of refractive surprise in a patient undergoing cataract surgery. Pre-operative refraction demonstrated hypermetropia, yet swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) biometry repeatedly calculated the axial length as > 35.00 mm in both eyes. The patient underwent phacoemulsification and intraocular lens insertion using the provided biometry calculations, however post-operatively the patient had a + 14.00 dioptre refractive surprise. Analysis of biometry performed on the same day identified other patients with exaggerated axial lengths, supporting the theory that the biometer’s smeared optical surface was responsible. Following servicing of the machine, repeat biometry of the patient calculated the axial length consistent with a hypermetrope (21.67 mm) and the intraocular lens exchange was successful in correcting the refractive error. Ensure the optical surfaces of the biometer are cleaned regularly, and consider repeating biometry on separate days if repeat biometry still is not in keeping with the refractive or clinical picture. Additionally, re-confirm the axial length with another modality.
Soft Sensing Shirt for Shoulder Kinematics Estimation

Soft strain sensors have been explored as an unobtrusive approach for wearable motion tracking. However, accurate tracking of multi degree-of-freedom (DOF) noncyclic joint movements remains a challenge. This paper presents a soft sensing shirt for tracking shoulder kinematics of both cyclic and random arm movements in 3 DOFs: adduction/abduction, horizontal flexion/extension, and internal/external rotation. The sensing shirt consists of 8 textile-based capacitive strain sensors sewn around the shoulder joint that communicate to a customized readout electronics board through sewn micro-coaxial cables. An optimized sensor design includes passive shielding and demonstrates high linearity and low hysteresis, making it suitable for wearable motion tracking. In a study with a single human subject, we evaluated the tracking capability of the integrated shirt in comparison with a ground truth optical motion capture system. An ensemble-based regression algorithm was implemented in post-processing to estimate joint angles and angular velocities from the strain sensor data. Results demonstrated root mean square errors (RMSEs) less than 4.5° for joint angle estimation and normalized root mean square errors (NRMSEs) less than 4% for joint velocity estimation. Furthermore, we applied a recursive feature elimination (RFE)-based sensor selection analysis to down select the number of sensors for future shirt designs. This sensor selection analysis found that 5 sensors out of 8 were sufficient to generate comparable accuracies.
Dynamic EEG analysis during language comprehension reveals interactive cascades between perceptual processing and sentential expectations

Abstract Understanding spoken language requires analysis of the rapidly unfolding speech signal at multiple levels: acoustic, phonological, and semantic. However, there is not yet a comprehensive picture of how these levels relate. We recorded electroencephalography (EEG) while listeners (N = 31) heard sentences in which we manipulated acoustic ambiguity (e.g., a bees/peas continuum) and sentential expectations (e.g., Honey is made by bees ). EEG was analyzed with a mixed effects model over time to quantify how language processing cascades proceed on a millisecond-by-millisecond basis. Our results indicate: (1) perceptual processing and memory for fine-grained acoustics is preserved in brain activity for up to 900 msec; (2) contextual analysis begins early and is graded with respect to the acoustic signal; and (3) top-down predictions influence perceptual processing in some cases, however, these predictions are available simultaneously with the veridical signal. These mechanistic insights provide a basis for a better understanding of the cortical language network.
Theoretical Investigation of a Dispersion Compensating Photonic Crystal Fiber with Ultra-High Dispersion Coefficient and Extremely High Nonlinearity

A single mode photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with square core and square cladding, having five rings of all circular air-holes, is theoretically investigated and optimized in this paper. Experimentally, the proposed paper is presented an extremely high nonlinearity of 122.2 W−1km−1 and ultra-high dispersion coefficient of −2080 ps/(nm.km) at the operating wavelength of 1550nm for the optimum geometrical parameters. After investigation, the proposed PCF shows undeniably good performance as well as provides an effective area which is attractive for both linear and non-linear applications and high bit rate telecommunication networks as well as fiber optic sensing, interferometry, quantum key distribution.
Abstract PR07: Latent class analysis of multipollutant exposure

Recent work suggests that air pollutants, toxic chemicals, and other environmental exposures negatively impact health in a synergistic way. In order to measure and understand this impact, we propose a latent class mixture model of multipollutant exposure. Our model incorporates the joint behavior of individual pollutants that inform overall exposure levels and provides clear measures of multipollutant exposure. We identify low, medium, and high levels of joint exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOC), particulate matter (PM), and heavy metals (HM), and present estimated class-membership for each census tract in the US (>76,000). We use publicly available data from the EPA, including the National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA), measured at the census tract level. Model results indicate that mixtures of 5 levels of VOC, 2 levels of PM, and 4 levels of HM best fit data at the national level. Twelve percent of U.S. census tracts are in the highest levels of all 3 categories of pollutants. While frequently observed in metropolitan areas, rural areas are sometimes detected at the highest levels, as well. Our next focus is to incorporate spatial correlations as well as linkages to our earlier latent model work on socioeconomic status (SES). Taken together, these extensions can then be incorporated into a holistic, exposome modeling framework for estimating disparities in cancer survival. This abstract is also being presented as Poster A31. Citation Format: Alexandra Larsen, Viktoria Kolpacoff, Kara McCormack, Terry Hyslop. Latent class analysis of multipollutant exposure [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Environmental Carcinogenesis: Potential Pathway to Cancer Prevention; 2019 Jun 22-24; Charlotte, NC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2020;13(7 Suppl): Abstract nr PR07.