cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The gram stain — The most important diagnostic test of infection

The most important diagnostic tool in treating patients with clinical infections in the emergency department is the Gram stain. This technic is of value in soft tissue abscess, lower respiratory tract infection, urinary tract infection, cervicitis, and urethritis. The results of this test considerably influence treatment. The technics of Gram staining are reviewed and the pitfalls of the conventional technic discussed. These problems are remedied by employing a modified Gram staining technic that gives reliable and reproducible results.
Elevated HGF Levels in Sera from Breast Cancer Patients Detected Using a Protein Microarray ELISA

We developed an ELISA in high-density microarray format to detect hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in human serum. The microassay can detect HGF at sub-pg/mL concentrations in sample volumes of 100 μL or less. The microassay is also quantitative and was used to detect elevated HGF levels in sera from recurrent breast cancer patients. The microarray format provides the potential for high-throughput quantitation of multiple biomarkers in parallel, as demonstrated with a multiplex analysis of five biomarker proteins. Keywords: microarray • ELISA • breast cancer • hepatocyte growth factor
Practice patterns and knowledge of obstetricians and gynecologists regarding placenta accreta

AbstractObjective: We surveyed obstetricians to determine their knowledge, patterns of care and treatment preferences for women with placenta accreta.Methods: A 27-item survey was mailed to fellows of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. The survey included demographics, questions regarding knowledge and items to examine practice patterns.Results: Among 994 surveyed practitioners 508 responded including 338 who practiced obstetrics. Among generalists, 23.8% of respondents referred patients with placenta accreta to a sub-specialist. Overall, 20.4% referred women to the nearest tertiary center, and 7.1% referred to a regional center. Delivery was recommended at 34–36 weeks by 41.2%. Adjuvant interventions including ureteral stents (26.3%), iliac artery embolization catheters (28.1%), and balloon occlusion catheters (20.1%) were used infrequently. Six or more units of blood were crossed for delivery by only 29.0% of practitioners.Conclusion: There is widespread variation in the care of wo...
Monte Carlo and diffusion calculations of photon migration in noninfinite highly scattering media

We have investigated the effect of an absorbing object on the time- course and the migration paths of photons within a highly scattering cylindrical phantom. Experimentally, we injected photons into the phantom at one point on the circumference, and recorded the time course of the photons arriving at various detection positions round the cylinder. The simulations used both a Monte-Carlo approach and a diffusion approach to calculate the photon migration. The two computational approaches are similar. The calculated time-course signals agree well with the experimentally observed signals. Moreover, we are able to use a diffusion approximation to calculate the probable paths taken for photons which take a defined time to travel from source to detector.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Long‐term radiation belt simulation with the VERB 3‐D code: Comparison with CRRES observations

[1] Highly energetic electrons in the Earth’s radiation belts are hazardous for satellite equipment. Fluxes of relativistic electrons can vary by orders of magnitude during geomagnetic storms. The evolution of relativistic electron fluxes in the radiation belts is described by the 3-D Fokker-Planck equation in terms of the radial distance, energy, and equatorial pitch angle. To better understand the mechanisms that control radiation belt acceleration and loss and particle flux dynamics, we present a long-term radiation belt simulation for 100 days from 29 July to 6 November 1990 with the 3-D Versatile Electron Radiation Belt (VERB) code and compare the results with the electron fluxes observed by the Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES). We also perform a comparison of Phase Space Density with a multisatellite reanalysis obtained by using Kalman filtering of observations from CRRES, Geosynchronous (GEO), GPS, and Akebono satellites. VERB 3-D simulations include radial, energy, and pitch angle diffusion and mixed energy and pitch angle diffusion driven by electromagnetic waves inside the magnetosphere with losses to the atmosphere. Boundary conditions account for the convective source of electrons and loss to the magnetopause. The results of the simulation that include all of the above processes show a good agreement with the data. The agreement implies that these processes are important for the radiation belt electron dynamics and therefore should be accounted for in outer radiation belt simulations. We also show that the results are very sensitive to the assumed wave model. Our simulations are driven only by the variation of the Kp index and variations of the seed electron population around geosynchronous orbit, which allows the model to be used for forecasting and nowcasting.
Matrix replenishment by intervertebral disc cells after chemonucleolysis in vitro with chondroitinase ABC and chymopapain

Abstract Background context One of the advantages of chemonucleolysis for the treatment of a herniated intervertebral disc is the potential for the disc to self-repair. It has been suggested that the enzymes used for chemonucleolysis differentially affect the potential of the disc cells to promote repair. Purpose To test the ability of nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosus cells to repair the extracellular matrix degraded in vitro by either chondroitinase ABC or chymopapain. Study design An alginate cell culture system was used to monitor the progress of matrix repair after chemonucleolysis in vitro. Methods Rabbit nucleus pulposus or anulus fibrosus cells precultured for 10 days in alginate gel were briefly exposed to low concentrations of chondroitinase ABC or chymopapain and then returned to normal culture conditions for up to 4 weeks. At each time point, the contents of DNA and matrix macromolecules and proteoglycan synthesis were measured. Results The DNA content of enzyme-treated alginate beads during the following 4 weeks of culture was higher in the chondroitinase ABC group than in the chymopapain group (NP, p Conclusions Intervertebral disc cells exposed to chondroitinase ABC reestablish a matrix richer in proteoglycan than cells exposed to chymopapain. This may be because of differences in the substrate spectrum of each enzyme. Although these results cannot be translated directly to the in vivo situation, they suggest the possibility that cells in discs subjected to chondroitinase ABC–induced chemonucleolysis retain a greater ability to replenish their extracellular matrix with proteoglycans than cells in discs exposed to chymopapain.
2-D and 3-D modulated porous coatings for enhanced pool boiling

Abstract A new fabrication method (hot-powder compaction) is developed to readily make 2-D and 3-D modulated coatings for enhanced pool-boiling performance. The modulated coatings are 2-D and 3-D stacks with different height, width, and pitch (modulation wavelength), and made with different particle diameters and porosities. The maximum measured critical heat flux ( q CHF ) of 2-D and 3-D modulated coatings are 3.3 and 2.0 times that of the surface without coatings (plain). As expected from the hydrodynamic stability theory, the experimental results for 2-D coatings are similar to 3-D coatings and show that q CHF strongly depends on the modulation wavelength, while particle diameter and porosity have a little effects. The results also suggest that a stack aspect ratio (height to pitch) larger than unity is needed for modulation enhancement of the critical heat flux.
Melting of a subcooled mixed powder bed with constant heat flux heating

Abstract Melting of a subcooled powder bed that contains a mixture of two powders with significantly different melting points was analytically investigated. The effect of density change on the melting process was taken into account in the physical model. The temperature distributions in the liquid and solid phases were, respectively, obtained by an exact solution and an integral approximate solution, while the effect of the unsintered powder porosity on the liquid phase shrinkage during the melting process was investigated. This effect paves the way to simulation of the complication and complex 3-D selective laser sintering (SLS) process.
A Specific Plaque-Forming Cell Assay for Human Thyroglobulin Antibody-Secreting Immunocytes

As the initial step in the investigation of thyroid autoantibody-secreting immunocytes, we have identified such cells in vitro by the use of plaque-forming cell assays dependent on the lysis of antigen-coated sheep red blood cells. Human thyroglobulin antibody-secreting peripheral mononuclear cells were detected in six of seven patients with autoimmune thyroiditis, but not in normal control subjects. Our data indicated that 0.06–1.7‥ of immunoglobulin-secreting cells have the potential for human thyroglobulin antibody secretion in such patients and validated the specific plaque-forming cell technique for the investigation of thyroid autoantibody production.
Mitochondrial DNA inaugural issue

Since their discovery as integral parts of eukaryotic cells, mitochondria have played a primary role in how scientists understand the organic world. These tiny entities are not only the “power houses” of the cell, but they have also been a “power player” in the human endeavor of biological study for several decades. Most of this prominence can be attributed to the genomes of these organelles. The small size of animal mitochondrial genomes (mt-genomes) and the compact nature of both plant and animal mt-genomes make them desirable subjects of study in the biological sciences. As if that was not enough, the “extra value added” quality of mt-genomes being easily manipulated experimentally also makes them excellent and highly desirable tools in the biological sciences.
Diabetic nephropathy in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes: An epidemiological study

A follow-up of 1475 Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients diagnosed before 1953 (815 males, 660 females) and before the age of 31 years was conducted. All patients were seen at the Steno Memorial Hospital and were referred from all parts of Denmark; 91 (6%) could not be traced. The rest (94%) were followed until death or for at least 25 years; 249 (17%) were followed for >40 years. Clinical diabetic nephropathy developed in 531 (41%) of the 1303 patients in whom sufficient information was available regarding proteinuria. Other causes of proteinuria were found in 3%, and 57% did not develop persistent proteinuria. The prevalence of diabetic nephropathy was 21% after 20–25 years of diabetes duration followed by a decline to 10% after 40 years. Two incidence peaks of the onset of proteinuria were seen, one after 16 and another after 32 years duration of diabetes. Incidence increased steeply 10 years after onset of diabetes and was low after 35 years duration. The cumulative incidence was 45% after 40 years of diabetes. A male preponderance was seen among patients with nephropathy. A significant difference in the pattern of annual incidence rates of diabetic nephropathy was seen, when groups with onset of diabetes before 1933, between 1933–1942, and 1943–1952, respectively, were compared. An association between daily insulin requirement and nephropathy incidence was found. Patients with nephropathy had a much poorer survival than those without proteinuria; 40 years after onset of diabetes, only 10% of patients who developed nephropathy were alive, whereas >70% of patients who did not develop nephropathy survived. Uraemia was the cause of death in 66% of the patients with nephropathy; 7 years after the onset of persistent proteinuria, 49% of the patients had died. It is concluded that diabetic nephropathy is the major life threatening complication in Type I diabetes of juvenile onset.
calculation of the stabilities of the oxetenyl anion and cation

Abstract Ab initio calculations show a cyclic resonance stabilization of ∼20 kcal/mol for the 6-pi electron oxetenyl anion. The 4-pi electron cation is destabilized by ∼50 kcal/mol.
Inescapable Bodies, Disquieting Perception: Why Adults Seek to Tame and Harness Swift's Excremental Satire in Gulliver's Travels

Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travelsis a complex, uninhibited, savage satire that concludes with the narrator's descent into madness—hardly a likely candidate for children's reading. In the nearly three hundred years since it was first published, however,Gulliver's Travelshas become associated with children's literature, though it is usually abridged, bowdlerized, and/or totally transformed. This essay examines changes commonly made to the text and concludes that these changes reveal how adults wield the tools of revision and abridgement in order to maintain an adult–child dichotomy characterized by power differentials.
Glycosyltransferase structural biology and its role in the design of catalysts for glycosylation

Glycosyltransferases (GTs) are ubiquitous in nature and are required for the transfer of sugars to a variety of important biomolecules. This essential enzyme family has been a focus of attention from both the perspective of a potential drug target and a catalyst for the development of vaccines, biopharmaceuticals and small molecule therapeutics. This review attempts to consolidate the emerging lessons from Leloir (nucleotide-dependent) GT structural biology studies and recent applications of these fundamentals toward rational engineering of glycosylation catalysts.
Comparative Literature and the Ideology of Metaphor, East and West

In his article, "Comparative Literature and the Ideology of Metaphor, East and West," Karl S.Y. Kao offers a comparative reading of the ideological function of metaphor within Eastern and Western thinking. Nietzsche is recognized as the earliest serious challenger to the concepts of meaning and truth within the West, whilst Derrida and de Man are discussed with respect to their conception that figurality is inherent within -and integral to -Western philosophical and literary discourse. Parallel to this conception of conceptuality is the Eastern view of language and literature. Kao notes that the Western opposition between logic and rhetoric is not inherent within -or integral to -Eastern thought. He examines various rhetorical figures within Eastern philosophy and literature and a contrasting between affective (expressive; East) and mimetic (representational; West) is urged and interrogated. Eastern thought may be distinguished by an awareness of the problematical status of the conceptuality of thought. Despite this awareness, parallel problems threaten to emerge -whilst the West has tried to inaugurate a distinction between metaphor and concept, the East has tended to subsume them. On the one hand, we encounter a problematical distinction between meaning and truth; on the other hand, we encounter a problematic equivocation. Karl S.Y. Kao, "Comparative Literature and the Ideology of Metaphor, East and West" page 2 of 9 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 2.4 (2000):
The freeze-dried preservation of liposome encapsulated hemoglobin: a potential blood substitute.

Abstract In this report, the ability of carbohydrates (trehalose, sucrose, and glucose) to preserve the blood substitute liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin (LEH) in the freeze-dried state is examined. The waterfree stabilization of individual components of this blood substitute and LEH is reported. Lyophilization of hemoglobin solutions in the absence of carbohydrates results in significant oxidative degradation of Hb as measured by a large increase (approximately 60%) in methemoglobin. Hb samples lyophilized in increasing carbohydrate concentrations show reduced levels of methemoglobin, and at 0.5 M trehalose, sucrose, or glucose, these levels are reduced to nearly the same levels as unlyophilized controls. Storage of lyophilized Hb samples following rehydration at 4 °C shows the same rate of methemoglobin formation regardless of whether carbohydrates are present. This suggests that carbohydrates prevent Hb oxidation in the dry state but are less effective at retarding oxidative damage to Hb in solution. The addition of 0.25 M trehalose or sucrose to LEH results in the maintenance of liposomal size following lyophilization. In these experiments, glucose was least effective at inhibiting dehydration-induced LEH fusion. Lyophilization of LEH in 0.25 M trehalose or sucrose also results in significantly greater retention of the encapsulated hemoglobin following lyophilization and rehydration. These results suggest that the long-term stabilization of LEH in the dry state is a realizable goal.
The value of man in the Hartman value system

My esteemed colleague and personal friend Robert S. Hartman has produced and published in The Structure of Value and numerous journal articles what I regard as the most brilliant, creative, and promising scheme of "metaethics" and formal axiology produced in our century. The explorations of value concepts and the logic of normative discourse produced by such thinkers as G. E. Moore, A. J. Ayer, Charles Stevenson, R. M. Hare and so many others are pale in significance by comparison with Hartman's system of formal axiology. It is because I respect it so much that I wish to attack aspects of it in this article, hoping that some more ultimate clarity and adequacy will eventually emerge from the discussion. For present purposes, we shall divide the Hartman scheme into two parts: A) a formal system of axiology in which basic value concepts, including the concept of "value" itself, are defined in formal terms, in which a hierarchy of value concepts is propounded, and in which axiological inter-relationships are explored, and so on; and B) suggested application of the formal system. My present difficulties focus primarily around the application of the system which Professor Hartman wishes to sponsor. In its suggested application, the Hartman value system yields the following hierarchy of evaluations, based on the principle that "Richer in qualities" is the definition of "better," "poorer in qualities" is the definition of "worse." 1 1) Formal systems and abstractions are of finite value, since they consist of a finite number of properties. Their characteristic number is some finite cardinality. They are exhausted by their defining characteristics. This is the realm of systemic value. 2) Concrete things, i.e. material, sensory, spatio-temporal objects, are better than formal systems since they consist of a greater number of properties. In practice, we normally use only a finite number of properties in evaluating them, but in theory any material object consists of a denumerable infinity of properties, e.g. points if nothing more. Things have a cardinality of Aleph0. This is the realm of extrinsic value. 3) Concrete, individual human persons are better than things, since they consist of a greater number of properties than things. The number of properties constituting a concrete, individual human person is nondenumerably infinite, not merely denumerably infinite. Persons have a minimal cardinality of Aleph1. They are non-denumerably infinite in value and in number of properties. This is the realm of intrinsic value. Already, many highly controversial assumptions have been introduced.
A new species of Campyloneurum (Polypodiaceae) from northern Peru

Se reconoce y describe como especie nueva una poblacion restringida a los bosques montanos de Amazonas.
NPHP and MKS proteins and the ciliary transition zone

The cilium has emerged as an important signaling and sensory organelle needed for mammalian development and adult tissue homeostasis. It mediates these effects by locating specific receptors, channels, and other signaling factors needed for pathway regulation along the cilium membrane and axoneme. To establish the cilia signaling complement of proteins distinct from that of the cytosol or cell membrane there is a domain called the transition zone (TZ) located at the base that is believed to function as a diffusion barrier, restricting protein entry or exit from the cilium. The structure of the TZ has been well defined through EM analysis, but the proteins required to generate the TZ are only now being identified. Using C. elegans models, we have shown that many of the proteins involved in human ciliopathies such as Meckel Gruber syndrome (MKS) and Nephronophthisis (NPHP) grossly localize to the TZ. We are currently defining where these proteins localize on structures within the TZ using higher resolution EM approaches. Further, the NPHP and MKS proteins form two genetically interacting complexes in C. elegans that when disrupted result in the loss of structures in the TZ, inappropriate ciliary localization of nonciliary proteins, and severe cilia assembly/positioning defects. Based on the synthetic cilia phenotype observed in all mks;nphp double mutants that we generated thus far, we conducted an EMS enhancer screen using nphp-4 single mutants. The goal of the screen was to generate secondary mutations that would genetically interact with the initial nphp-4 mutation. Our prediction is that this would yield novel mutations in proteins that function with the MKS or NPHP complexes and would thus provide ideal candidates for novel loci involved in human ciliopathies patients. Using whole genome sequence analysis, we have begun identifying the affected genes. As predicted, three of the alleles were in known MKS genes. Several other mutations in cilia genes have been identified but have not previously been associated with either NPHP or MKS. The role of these genes and the interaction with the NPHP and MKS complexes are being further explored in both C. elegans and mouse models. Understanding how the TZ forms and how mutations in TZ proteins disrupt the diffusion barrier will provide important insights into the ciliopathies and how this organelle serves its diverse signaling and sensory functions.
Si3N4/Si/In0.05Ga0.95As/n–GaAs metal–insulator–semiconductor devices

We report a novel metal–insulator–semiconductor (MIS) structure exhibiting a pseudomorphic In0.05Ga0.95As layer on GaAs with interface state densities in the low 1011 eV−1 cm−2. The structure was grown by a combination of molecular beam epitaxy and chemical vapor deposition methods. The hysteresis and frequency dispersion of the MIS capacitor were lower than 100 mV, some of them as low as 30 mV under a field swing of about ±1.3 MV/cm. The 150-A-thick In0.05Ga0.95As channel between Si and GaAs is found to bring about a change in the minority carrier recombination behavior of the GaAs channel, in the same way as done by In0.53Ga0.47As channel MIS structures. Self-aligned gate depletion mode In0.05Ga0.95As metal–insulator–semiconductor field-effect transistors having 3 μm gate lengths exhibited field-effect bulk mobility of 1400 cm2/V s and transconductances of about 170 mS/mm.
Longitudinal changes in public preference for attributes of a new transit system

Abstract This paper reports the results of a longitudinal study of public preference for attributes of a new bus system in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. A “before-after” approach was used to collect attitudinal, socio-economic, and travel data from a sample of residents. Multidimensional scaling was used to construct structural representations of the respondents on the basis of their preferences. These structures were interpreted using behavioral and socio-economic variables. The analysis was performed with both “before” and “after” data sets, and a comparison of the results indicates that the patterns of preferences changed greatly between the two surveys. This result implies that market segment characteristics changed with exposure to the new bus system.
Preparation and copolymerization of vinyl 10,11-epoxyundecanoate

Vinyl 10,11-epoxyundecanoate has been copolymerized with vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate to give film-forming copolymers which are readily converted to insoluble materials.
Discriminant Analysis of Biological Shape Profile for Hybridization

Role of hybridization on growth, nomenclature, speciation, genetics and wildlife management is widely recognised. New situations of hybridization are being discovered and studied yearly (SHORT, 1965). Changes of size make changes of shape and proportions necessary (AlEXANDER, 1971) and for constant efficiency of many body functions (e.g., the locomotory, respiratory and the digestive) systematic size-correlated alteration of physical shape is an adaptive necessity for many organic relationships (GOULD, 1966). Need for analysing shape for hybridization is therefore obvious. Often an objective of studying hybridization is to estimate the degree of suspected hybrids and thereby specify the distribution of the hybrids in relation to the two parental species, A study of hybridization must recognise the effects of the additive genetic (A) as well as the nonadditive genetic sources (see, e.g., MISRA, 1975a). Discriminant analysis offers a powerful tool for studies of hybrid zones or zones of abrupt phenetic transition, as it is based on the maximisation of differences between biologically meaningful reference samples (ROHWER, 1972). This paper presents a discriminant analysis of biological shape profiles for hybridization based on A and NA sources.
Rapid turnover of arachidonyl-phosphatidylinositol in L cells stimulated by antibody

Abstract Binding of anti-L cell antibody (3 × 10 6 IgG molecules/cell) produced a stimulated incorporation of phosphate (1.5 nmols/l × 10 6 cells/hr) in tumorigenic L cells and a stimulated incorporation ( 32 P)orthophosphate (1,420 cpm/μg/hr, P 14 C]arachidonic acid into certain cell membrane phospholipid fractions isolated by two dimensional thin layer chromatography: phosphatidylinositol (2,318 cpm/μg/hr, P 3 H]glycerol, it appeared that these increases were not due to de novo synthesis but, rather, to turnover phenomena possibly via deacylation and reacylation reactions. Since arachidonic acid is an important metabolic precursor of prostaglandins which exert control of cell growth, its rapid turnover especially in the phosphatidylinositol fraction of membrane phospholipids may be an important initial event in the antibody-mediated immunological enhancement of tumor cell growth.
On the quantum fluid dynamics of dissipative systems

The quantum friction problem described, by the Caldirola-Kanai time-dependent Hamiltonian is treated via the quantum fluid dynamics. The nonlinear complete set of equations forming the basis of the hydrodynamical model are derived. Exact solutions are exhibited in closed form for the case of the potential force-free motion.
Acceleration of thyroxine-induced metamorphosis by prolactin antiserum.

The role of extrathyroidal hormones in amphibian growth and metamorphosis is as yet unclear. The involvement of prolactin in these processes has been suggested. In the present study a possible competition between thyroxine and prolactin in metamorphosis was analyzed by administration to tadpoles of a highly purified rabbit prolactin antiserum. The antiserum exhibited no cross-reactivity with ovine or bovine tissue, mammalian plasma proteins, or other mammalian pituitary hormones, as determined by the Ouchterlony double-diffusion precipitin test. Hind limb growth, tail resorption, and transformation of body form were the criteria employed in the analysis of induced metamorphosis. Control tadpoles treated with normal rabbit serum (NRS) or with prolactin antiserum (PR ) remained unchanged throughout the experiments. T4 injected into tadpoles 1 day after the prolactin antiserum accelerated metamorphosis as compared to T4 alone. We conclude that there is normally present in tadpoles a prolactin-like hormone which exerts an inhibitory effect on the peripheral action of T4.
Efficiencies of Double- and Triple-Resonance J Cross Polarization in Multidimensional NMR

Abstract It is generally observed that the performance of double-resonance multiple-pulse-based J cross polarization (DCP) is superior to that of pulsed-free-precession (INEPT)-based sequences for net transfer of coherence between scalar coupled spins. Here, effects of relaxation and radiofrequency held inhomogeneity on transfer efficiency are analyzed for both methods. It is found that relaxation differences are relatively small between INEPT and DCP. RF inhomogeneity effects were found to significantly favor DCP over INEPT, contributing to the observed experimental differences in performance between the two methods. The differences suggest that triple-resonance cross polarization (TCP) between three coupled spins should yield better results than analogous INEPT-based net coherence transfers. The possibilities of TCP are theoretically analyzed by deriving the transfer functions for this type of experiment. It is found that the TCP transfer efficiency is low except in the case of equal scalar couplings, To widen the applications of the potentially interesting TCP method, a scheme involving a concatenation of triple- and double-resonance CP is introduced (concatenated CP of CCP). It is theoretically shown that such a sequence can be tuned to achieve complete in-phase transfer for all ratios of scalar couplings. The transfer times in this scheme are shown to be somewhat shorter than those required for optimally concatenated INEPT in-phase transfers. The transfer efficiencies of CCP were verified with a 3D HACA(N)NH experiment, in which the CA-N-(N)H transfer is driven by the CCP scheme. The experiment was carried out with 15 N, 13 C-labeled T4 lysozyme (19 kDa), The CCP experiment has much higher sensitivity than a version where the CA-N-(N)H transfer is driven by an INEPT scheme.
Surface wetting effects on a laminar flow airfoil in simulated heavy rain

Wind tunnel experiments have been conducted on a natural laminar flow airfoil in a simulated heavy rain of 440 mm/h at a Reynolds number of 310,000 to assess the effect of surface wettability on the performance degradation due to rain. A significant loss of performance was observed for each of the three surfaces tested with the nonwettable, waxed surface being the most degraded (-75% reduction in maximum L/D) and the incompletely wettable epoxy gel coat being the least (-45% reduction). Accompanying the L/D loss was an effective reduction in angle of attack of up to 2 deg resulting from a downward translation of the CL polar. In photographic observations, the runback water layer was found to bead on the wax surface and sheet on the wettable surfaces. The strong dependence on surface wettability of both the airfoil performance and the water behavior indicates that the degradation due to heavy rain is primarily a result of the roughening of the airfoil surface by the runback water layer. The observed performance loss could only be partially emulated by causing premature transition from a laminar to a turbulent boundary layer. Nomenclature CL =lift coefficient, based on chord CD =drag coefficient, based on chord D = drop or bead diameter h = height of water layer L/D = lift-to-drag ratio U = flow velocity We = Weber number OL = angle of attack 0 = contact angle p = air density a = surface tension
Assessment of data processing to improve reliability of microarray experiments using genomic DNA reference

Using genomic DNA as common reference in microarray experiments has recently been tested by different laboratories. Conflicting results have been reported with regard to the reliability of microarray results using this method. To explain it, we hypothesize that data processing is a critical element that impacts the data quality. Microarray experiments were performed in a γ-proteobacterium Shewanella oneidensis. Pair-wise comparison of three experimental conditions was obtained either with two labeled cDNA samples co-hybridized to the same array, or by employing Shewanella genomic DNA as a standard reference. Various data processing techniques were exploited to reduce the amount of inconsistency between both methods and the results were assessed. We discovered that data quality was significantly improved by imposing the constraint of minimal number of replicates, logarithmic transformation and random error analyses. These findings demonstrate that data processing significantly influences data quality, which provides an explanation for the conflicting evaluation in the literature. This work could serve as a guideline for microarray data analysis using genomic DNA as a standard reference.
Superconducting sector magnets for a flux-coupled isochronous cyclotron stack

A flux-coupled stack of 800 MeV isochronous cyclotrons is being designed as a basis for accelerator-driven thorium-cycle fission power. The sector magnet consists of a stack of independently suspended cold-iron cores (each with its superconducting coil closely coupled), and a warm-iron flux return that contains and supports the stack of cores. This design makes it feasible to provide multiple independent cyclotrons within a common, compact structure.
Tissue architecture: the ultimate regulator of breast epithelial function

Tissue architecture: the ultimate regulator of breast epithelial function Mina J Bissell*, Aylin Rizki and Saira Mian Addresses: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, CA, USA *e-mail: mjbissell@lbl.gov (corresponding author) Abbreviations: 2D 3D BCE-1 BM ECM two-dimensional, or monolayer cultures three-dimensional cultures of cells embedded in extracellular matrix components bovine casein element 1 basement membrane extracellular matrix LBNL/DOE funding & contract number: DE-AC02-05CH11231
Cost-effective approach for reducing soft error failure rate in logic circuits

In this paper, a new paradigm for designing logic circuits with concurrent error detection (CED) is described. The key idea is to exploit the asymmetric soft error susceptibility of nodes in a logic circuit. Rather than target all modeled faults, CED is targeted towards the nodes that have the highest soft error susceptibility to achieve cost-effective tradeoffs between overhead and reduction in the soft error failure rate. Under this new paradigm, we present one particular approach that is based on partial duplication and show that it is capable of reducing the soft error failure rate significantly with a fraction of the overhead required for full duplication. A procedure for characterizing the soft error susceptibility of nodes in a logic circuit, and a heuristic procedure for selecting the set of nodes for partial duplication are described. A full set of experimental results demonstrate the cost-effective tradeoffs that can be achieved.
SOI Die Heat Transfer Analysis from Device to Assembly Package

The operational characteristics of silicon devices are strongly influenced by device temperature. For SOI devices power dissipation is a much more significant challenge than for non-SOI devices. As a result the thermal design of SOI devices is vital to proper product performance. To maximize the engineering understanding of SOI circuits we develop a method to examine the combined system of SOI device and the package by finite element analysis. These results are compared to results obtained from an equivalent electrical model. The use of on die structures as an aide to heat dissipation is explored.
Chronic Urticaria-Like Lesions in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Review of 12 Cases

• Twelve of 54 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) had nonpurpuric, chronic urticaria-like lesions. Skin biopsy of the lesions was performed in 11 cases, and nine showed necrotizing vasculitis. The 54 patients, in general, had severe disease, and laboratory and clinical data suggested a positive relationship between the urticaria-like lesions and disease severity. There was no consistent relationship between the course of the urticaria-like lesions and the serologic findings and clinical activity of the SLE. The frequency and importance of urticaria-like lesions in SLE deserve further study. (Arch Dermatol114:879-883, 1978)
The effects of dose, route, and repeated dosing on the disposition and kinetics of tetrabromobisphenol A in male F-344 rats.

Studies were conducted to characterize the metabolic and dispositional fate of 14 C–tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA)— a commonly used brominated flame retardant, in male Fischer344 rats. The percent of dose eliminated as total radioactivity in feces at 72 h following three different single oral doses (2, 20, or 200 mg/kg) of 14 C-TBBPA was 90% or greater for all doses. Most of the dose was eliminated in the first 24 h. At 72 h after administration of the highest dose, the amounts of 14 C found in the tissues were minimal (0.2–0.9%). With repeated daily oral doses (20 mg/kg) for 5 or 10 days, the cumulative percent dose eliminated in the feces was 85.1 ± 2.8 and 97.9 ± 1.1, respectively. In all studies radioactivity recovered in urine was minimal, <2%. Repeated dosing did not lead to retention in tissues. Following iv administration, feces was also the major route of elimination. Following iv administration of TBBPA, the radiolabel found in the blood decreased rapidly and could be described by a biexponential equation, consistent with a two-compartment model. The key calculated kinetic parameters are terminal elimination half-life (t½b) ¼ 82 min; area under the blood concentration-time curve from time 0 to infinity (AUC) ¼ 1440 mg 3 min/ml; and apparent clearance (CL) ¼ 2.44 ml/min. Although readily absorbed from the gut, systemic bioavailability of TBBPA is low (<2%). It is extensively extracted and metabolized by the liver and the metabolites (glucuronides) exported into the bile. About 50% of an oral dose (20 mg/kg) was found in the bile within 2 h. This extensive extraction and metabolism by the liver greatly limits exposure of internal tissues to TBBPA following oral exposures.
METHODS OF VARIABLE SELECTION IN REGRESSION MODELING

Simulation was used to evaluate the performances of several methods of variable selection in regression modeling: stepwise regression based on partial F-tests, stepwise minimization of Mallows’ C p statistic and Schwarz’s Bayes Information Criterion (BIC), and regression trees constructed with two kinds of pruning. Five to 25 covariates were generated in multivariate clusters, and responses were obtained from an ordinary linear regression model involving three of the covariates; each data set had 50 observations. The regression-tree approaches were markedly inferior to the other methods in discriminating between informative and noninformative covariates, and their predictions of responses in “new” data sets were much more variable and less accurate than those of the other methods. The F-test, C p and BIC approaches were similar in their overall frequencies of “correct” decisions about inclusion or exclusion of covariates, with the C p method leading to the largest models and the BIC method to the smallest...
Visualization and Measurement of the Tip Vortex Core of a Rotor Blade in Hover

Detailed measurements with a laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) have been performed in the tip region and in the tip vortex core of a single-bladed model rotor in hover. The testing was conducted at a rotor tip speed of 32 m/s, a Reynolds number of 269,000, and at two values of the rotor thrust coefficient, 0.0022 and 0.0057. Strobed laser sheet flow visualization was used to verify the steadiness of the tip vortex trajectory in the near wake and quantify the vortex trajectory to guide LDV surveys of the vortex core. A remotely aligned off-axis receiving optics system enabled measurement of vortex core velocity profiles at large focal lengths. The core self-induced velocity components extracted from these data are presented. The data exhibit evidence of secondary structure even inside the rotational core of the vortex, the axial velocity profile along the core has been extracted and presented in the wake of a spinning rotor. It is seen that the tip vortex of a rotating blade differs considerably in structure from a fixed-wing vortex.
Trends in 20th century drought over the continental United States

[1] We used a simulated data set of hydro-climatological variables to examine for 20th century trends in soil moisture, runoff, and drought characteristics over the conterminous United States (U.S.). An increasing trend is apparent in both model soil moisture and runoff over much of the U.S., with a few decreasing trends in parts of the Southwest. The trend patterns were qualitatively similar to those found in streamflow records observed at a station network minimally affected by anthropogenic activities. This wetting trend is consistent with the general increase in precipitation in the latter half of the 20th century. Droughts have, for the most part, become shorter, less frequent, and cover a smaller portion of the country over the last century. The main exception is the Southwest and parts of the interior of the West, where, notwithstanding increased precipitation (and in some cases increased soil moisture and runoff), increased temperature has led to trends in drought characteristics that are mostly opposite to those for the rest of the country especially in the case of drought duration and severity, which have increased.
Application of the biotic ligand model to explain potassium interaction with thallium uptake and toxicity to plankton.

Competitive interaction between Tl(I) and K was successfully predicted by the biotic ligand model (BLM) for the microalga Chlorella sp. (Chlorophyta; University of Toronto Culture Collection strain 522) during 96-h toxicity tests. Because of a greater affinity of Tl(I) (log K = 7.3–7.4) as compared to K (log K = 5.3–6.3) for biologically sensitive sites, an excess of 40-to 160-fold of K is required to suppress Tl(I) toxic effects on Chlorella sp., regardless of [Tl(I)] in solution. Similar excess of K is required to suppress Tl(I) toxicity to Synechococcus leopoliensis (Cyanobacteria; University of Texas Culture Collection strain 625) and Brachionus calyciflorus (Rotifera; strain AB-R1F). The mechanism for the mitigating effect of K on Tl(I) toxicity was investigated by measuring 204Tl(I) cellular uptake flux and efflux in Chlorella sp. Potassium shows a competitive effect on Tl(I) uptake fluxes that could be modeled using the BLM-derived stability constants and a Michaelis—Menten relationship. A strong Tl efflux dependent only on the cellular Tl concentration was measured. Although Tl efflux does not explain the effect of K on Tl(I) toxicity and uptake, it is responsible for a high turnover of the cellular Tl pool (intracellular half-life = 12–13.5 min). No effect of Na+, Mg2+, or Ca2+ was observed on Tl+ uptake, whereas the absence of trace metals (Cu, Co, Mo, Mn, Fe, and Zn) significantly increased Tl uptake and decreased the mitigating effect of K+. The importance of K+ in determining the aquatic toxicity of Tl+ underscores the use of ambient K+ concentration in the establishment of Tl water-quality guidelines and the need to consider K in predicting biogeochemical fates of Tl in the aquatic environment.
A spring in your step: some is good, more is not always better.

when humans and other animals run and hop, they operate with muscle efficiencies nearly twice those observed during cycling ([2][1], [4][2]). This “free energy” is due to the storage and return of elastic energy in muscles and tendons during the stretch-shorten cycles of landing and takeoff ([1
Constitutions and Empires

The answer to the question, "What comes after the linguistic turn?" appears to be, at least in part, "the imperial turn." As scholars across a range of disciplines begin to agree that the nation-state is a single distorted lens through which to view modern history, "empire," in all its political, economic, and cultural dimensions, commands new critical attention. Within sociolegal history, the turn to empire is especially promising. Building both on a wellestablished preoccupation with legal administration in older imperial history and on sophisticated new studies of legal culture in colonial settings, historians of law and empire can hope to move beyond the limitations of either tradition. The administration of empire, long a topic of imperial histories, becomes a subject of cultural analysis; colonial studies, for some time focused on cultural hybridity, subaltern movements, and the origins of national culture, broadens to include the constellation of legal processes spanning imperial formations.
Improving Coronary Heart Disease Risk Assessment in Asymptomatic People Role of Traditional Risk Factors and Noninvasive Cardiovascular Tests

At least 25% of coronary patients have sudden death or nonfatal myocardial infarction without prior symptoms.1 Therefore, the search for coronary patients with subclinical disease who could potentially benefit from intensive primary prevention efforts is critically important. The American Heart Association’s (AHA) Prevention V Conference, “Beyond Secondary Prevention: Identifying the High Risk Patient for Primary Prevention,” addressed ways to identify more patients who are asymptomatic and clinically free of coronary heart disease (CHD) but at sufficiently high risk for a future coronary event to justify more intensive risk reduction efforts.2 In this report, we amplify on key findings and recommendations of the AHA Prevention V conference, highlight new research since the conference, and propose an approach to the use of office-based testing and additional noninvasive procedures in selected patients to better define their coronary event risk. The recommendations are concordant with the recently released approach to risk assessment and management from the third report of the Adult Treatment Panel of the National Cholesterol Education Program (ATP-III).3 Enthusiasm for primary prevention and risk assessment in asymptomatic people has been spurred by recent advances in prevention research. Lipid-lowering trials demonstrated that primary prevention of coronary events is feasible, evidenced by the West of Scotland Coronary Primary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS) trial4 of hypercholesterolemic men and by the Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (AFCAPS/TexCAPS) trial5 in average or typical risk men and women with only moderate lipid abnormalities. Aspirin6 or ACE inhibitors7 can also reduce risk in selected asymptomatic, high-risk people. Emerging coronary risk factors have been described including inflammatory, infectious, and thrombotic markers,8 and there has been a steady flow of reports that focus attention on potential new ways of predicting coronary risk.9 In addition, noninvasive tests for subclinical atherosclerotic disease are available …
Charge exchange interactions on near-Earth proton radiation for orbit perturbation of high area-to-mass ratio objects

This novel concept expels neutral gas in the presence of geomagnetically-trapped protons in near-Earth orbit. The expelled neutral gas acts to induce charge exchange collisions with the geomagnetically-trapped protons and induce drag on objects which pass through it. The charge exchange collisions between the neutral gas and the geomagnetically-trapped protons create neutrals with similar kinetic energy that are not confined by the geomagnetic field. The charge exchange neutrals are able to collide with orbital objects and perturb their orbits. The delta-v applied by the charge exchange neutral flux is greatest on high area-to-mass objects. Numerical simulation shows charge exchange neutral impacts produce a delta-v on objects on the order of 3.8 x 10 � 11 m/s at a distance of 1 km from the center of the expelled gas in a 1,000 km orbit. The impulse imparted by charge exchange neutral impacts is at least six orders of magnitude smaller than that provided by the induced drag caused by gas expulsion. The localized drag increase can force a majority of small objects into the orbit of the expelled gas cloud, even if that orbit is retrograde to the initial orbit of the objects. This new technique can be applied to the remediation of space debris. 2013 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.