cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The gender shift in histories of English

Introduction In 1936, A. C. Ross succinctly stated, “The loss of grammatical gender in later English is one of the most difficult problems of English philology” (Ross 1936: 321). There is no doubt about the endpoint: in the past millennium, English has shifted from a morphological gender assignment system to a semantic one, so that when Modern English speakers think of “gender” in their language, they think of the pronouns and nouns that refer to gendered entities. But the exact nature of the shift – of what stages it involves – is complex and has never been described or understood in full detail. The next two chapters provide technical details to begin to fill some of the gaps in knowledge of the historical shift from grammatical to natural gender in English, sometimes referred to as “the gender shift” in the history of English. This chapter focuses on the ways in which the gender shift has been framed before – a historiography of histories of English focused on their telling of the story of the gender shift – and what this can tell us about attitudes toward language and gender, as well as language change more generally. In the history of the English language, the shift from Old English to Middle English is often cited as one of the most important defining periods in the evolution of the modern language. It is also one of the most difficult to study.
Dual pH/Activity Probes Expand the Cathepsin Toolkit

In a recent issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Sanman et al. (2016) describe novel activity-based probes that simultaneously report cathepsin activity and pH. Using these bifunctional probes, the authors find that the intracellular bacterial pathogen Salmonella typhimurium induces dynamic alterations in the pH of cathepsin-containing organelles in both infected and bystander cells.
Connected vehicles under information-centric architectures

Fast changing topologies, unpredictable network loads, potential broadcast storms, and identity-location conflation problems in IP networks all impose challenges on connected car system design. Prior approaches have proposed smart flooding using location information, carry and forward, and GeoServer assisted algorithms. Due to the complexity and overhead imposed by these approaches, their applications are restricted to local information transfer, dissemination of popular content, or delay-tolerant scenarios. In this work, we propose FastMF to extend both accessibility of the Internet for vehicular nodes and reachability of vehicular nodes from any remote server. Furthermore, by forming clusters of vehicles with similar mobility patterns, leveraging cluster to infrastructure links, and maintaining the mapping between node IDs and network addresses in a logically centralized server, we provide the nodes without a direct Internet connection with the benefit of an indirect association to an Internet gateway. Results from NS3 experiments illustrate the improvements in throughput for downloading large files derived by clustering and multi-hop transfer of data. In addition, experiments with interactive web-browsing scenarios indicate a significant improvement in delay in various mobility scenarios.
Age and Monocular Enucleation as Potential Determinants of Light Damage in the Mouse Retina

Age and monocular enucleation have been examined as potential determinants of the susceptibility of the retina to light damage. BALB/c and C57BL/6J -c 2J mice were examined. BALB/c mice showed an initial increase in susceptibility to light damage between 8.5–10 weeks of age. This did not coincide with the time of sexual maturation, as reported previously for the rat. C57BL/6J-C2J mice, which are significantly more resistant to light damage than most other albino strains, showed no age-related change in susceptibility. Monocular enucleation had no effect on the susceptibility of the intact eye to light damage in either strain.
“Tell Me Something Other Than to Use a Condom and Sex Is Scary”: Memorable Messages Women and Gender Minorities Wish for and Recall about Sexual Health

ABSTRACTThis study explores how the memorable messages we receive and those we do not receive complicate the negotiation of sexual health and well-being among women and gender minorities. These pow...
Encoding music performance data in Humdrum and MEI

This paper proposes extensions to two existing music encoding formats, Humdrum and Music Encoding Initiative (MEI), in order to facilitate linking music performance data with corresponding score information. We began by surveying music scholars about their needs for encoding timing, loudness, pitch, and timbral performance data. We used the results of this survey to design and implement new spines in Humdrum syntax to encode summary descriptors at note, beat, and measure levels and new attributes in the MEI format to encode both note-wise summaries and continuous data. These extensions allow for multiple performances of the same piece to be directly compared with one another, facilitating both humanistic and computational study of recorded musical performances.
Genetic Infiltrative Cardiomyopathies

Infiltrative cardiomyopathies are characterized by abnormal accumulation or deposition of substances in cardiac tissue leading to cardiac dysfunction. These can be inherited, resulting from mutations in specific genes, which engender a diverse array of extracardiac features but overlapping cardiac phenotypes. This article provides an overview of each inherited infiltrative cardiomyopathy, describing the causative genes, the pathologic mechanisms involved, the resulting cardiac manifestations, and the therapies currently offered or being developed.
RECENT ADVANCES IN THE RADIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF GALLSTONE DISEASE: AN OVERVIEW

Our knowledge of the basic dynamics involved in cholangiography and cholecystography has steadily advanced over the past decade. Since this presentation is intended as an overview, it will be impossible to examine in depth the concepts that have evolved during this period. With one exception, however, these have already appeared in the literature. The exception refers to the brief discussion on iodipamide toxicity. This represents work now underway in our laboratory and it has only in part appeared in the literature.
Acceleration of Multi-Dimensional Engine Simulation with Detailed Chemistry

Detailed chemistry is necessary for kinetics-controlled combustion processes, such as HCCI and low-temperature combustion. However, the use of detailed chemistry can lead to significantly increased computational costs. This chapter summarizes several different strategies in order to reduce computational costs when detailed chemistry is solved in the simulations.
Deep Spatio-Temporal Representation Learning for Multi-Class Imbalanced Data Classification

Deep learning, particularly Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), has significantly improved visual data processing. In recent years, video classification has attracted significant attention in the multimedia and deep learning community. It is one of the most challenging tasks since both visual and temporal information should be processed effectively. Existing techniques either disregard temporal information between video sequences or generate very complex and computationally expensive models to integrate the spatio-temporal data. In addition, most deep learning techniques do not automatically consider the data imbalance problem. This paper presents an effective deep learning framework for imbalanced video classification by utilizing both spatial and temporal information. This framework includes a spatio-temporal synthetic oversampling to handle data with a skewed distribution, a pre-trained CNN model for spatial sequence feature extraction, followed by a residual bidirectional Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) to capture temporal knowledge in video datasets. Experimental results on two imbalanced video datasets demonstrate the superiority of the proposed framework compared to the state-of-the-art approaches.
Non-Thermal Plasma in Conjunction With Chlorhexidine (CHX) Digluconate Sterilize the Biofilm Contaminated Titanium Surface

Biofilm formation on medical devices and implants is a major cause of patient illness leading it to be one of the key nosocomial problems worldwide. The infection caused by antibiotic resistant bacteria pseudomonas aeruginosa accounts for majority of hospital acquired infections. These infections have been one of the serious problems in the hospital in terms of morbidity, mortality and health care costs 1. The infections lead to a mortality rate of 18 to 60%, and the cost of treatment is considerably large ranging from ($20,000 to $80,000 per infection 1. Only limited progress has been made to prevent or eradicate this progressive issue in a safe and cost-effective mode. To address this, we propose to employ atmospheric pressure jet plasma to break down and inactivate bacterial biofilm in vitro. Moreover, to improve the antimicrobial effect on the biofilm, a treatment method using the combination of jet plasma and a biocide known as Chlorhexidine (CHX) digluconate was investigated.
Geometric and Magnetic Structures of K2ReI6 as an Antiferromagnetic Insulator with Ferromagnetic Spin-Canting Originated from Spin−Orbit Coupling

We present the results of a crystallographic analysis, magnetic characterization including neutron powder diffraction, and theoretical assessment of K2ReI6 prepared using solvent reactions. K2ReI6 crystallizes in the space group P21/n with an inversion center. Magnetic measurements of K2ReI6 sample indicate dominant antiferromagnetic coupling with a Curie–Weiss temperature of θW = −63.3(1) K, effective magnetic moment ∼2.64 μB/Re but show a weak ferromagnetism ordered at ∼24 K. Neutron powder diffraction indicates long-range order of the Re spins below 24 K, with an ordered magnetic moment of 2.2(1) μB/Re at 1.5 K. Therefore, a canted antiferromagnetic structure is concluded. The electronic structures using first-principles calculations suggest that the antiferromagnetic model of K2ReI6 yields the lowest total energy and opens a band gap with ∼1.0 eV width, which is consistent with the UV–vis–NIR optical measurements. After including the spin–orbit coupling (SOC) into the calculation, the band degeneracie...
Design of extended surfactant-only EOR formulations for an ultrahigh salinity oil field by using hydrophilic lipophilic deviation (HLD) approach: From laboratory screening to simulation

Abstract To address harsh brine issues of mature fields, extended surfactants with outstanding hardness tolerance were selected in this research. The involved surfactant and site crude oil were characterized against the hydrophilic-lipophilic deviation (HLD) theory (i.e., K, Cc and EACN values of the system). A surfactant-only formulation was successfully developed with a predictive tool of the HLD theory based on the microemulsion phase behaviors. The developed surfactant slug can be easily prepared in harsh formation brine of 161,860 mg/L total dissolved solids (TDS) without any water pre-treatment with fast coalescence rate (
Does radiation therapy increase late cardiac death in patients with left breast cancer

1127 Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of external beam radiation therapy (RT) on late cardiac death (CD) in patients with left breast cancer. Methods: A total of 5...
Migration and Integration in Germany – A Multi-and Transcultural, Critical Experiential Learning Approach Toward 21st Century Global Civic Skills

This two-year, quantitative study analyzes students’ experiences during migration experiential-learning study-abroad programs in 2017 and 2018 in Munich, Germany. U.S. students worked with German refugee organizations to gain a more comprehensive understanding about the political, social, and cultural complexity of Europe’s current migration debate. Grounded theory-based, this study’s inferences expand on Dan Butin’s innovative 2015 practice-to-theory, critical service-learning approach toward multi- and transcultural adaptability, balanced reciprocity, and social justice.
The acute toxic and neurotoxic effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine are more pronounced in adolescent than adult mice

Abstract 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) recently achieved breakthrough status from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, evidence indicates that exposure to toxic doses of MDMA can lead to long-lasting dysregulation of brain monoaminergic neurotransmitters, primarily from studies conducted in young adult rodents. To date, there is a paucity of data on whether toxic doses of MDMA can differentially affect neurotransmitter systems in adolescents and mature adults, which is an important question as adolescents and adults may be differentially vulnerable to MDMA abuse. In the current study, adolescent (6–7 weeks of age) and mature adult (16–18 weeks of age) male, Swiss-Webster mice were exposed to MDMA (20 mg/kg) using a binge-like dosing regimen (4 administrations spaced every 2 h). Acute lethality, acute hyperthermia, and acute decreases in body weight following MDMA administration were more pronounced in adolescent than adult mice. Likewise, acute loss of striatal dopamine neurochemistry was also exacerbated in adolescents, as determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to electrochemical detection. Exposure to MDMA induced greater turnover of dopamine into its major metabolite dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in adolescents, but not in adults, suggesting a novel mechanism through which adolescents may show increased vulnerability to the acute toxic and neurotoxic effects of MDMA, or conversely that mature adults show greater protection. These data caution that MDMA exposure in adolescence may be particularly dangerous and that the therapeutic window for MDMA may differ between adolescents and mature adults.
De novo enteric neurogenesis in post-embryonic zebrafish from Schwann cell precursors rather than resident cell types.

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is essential for normal gastrointestinal function. While the embryonic origin of enteric neurons from the neural crest is well-established, conflicting evidence exists regarding postnatal enteric neurogenesis. Here, we address this by examining the origin of de novo neurogenesis in the post-embryonic zebrafish ENS. While new neurons are added during growth and after injury, the larval intestine appears to lack resident neurogenic precursors or classical glia marked by Sox10, PLP1a, GFAP or S100. Rather, lineage tracing with lipophilic dye or inducible Sox10-Cre suggest that post-embryonic enteric neurons arise from trunk neural crest-derived Schwann cell precursors that migrate from the spinal cord into the intestine. Furthermore, the 5-HT4 receptor agonist prucalopride increases enteric neurogenesis in normal development and after injury. Taken together, the results suggest that despite the lack of resident progenitors in the gut, post-embryonic enteric neurogenesis occurs via gut-extrinsic Schwann cell precursors during both development and injury, and is promoted by serotonin agonists. The absence of classical glia in the ENS further suggests that neural crest-derived enteric glia may have evolved after the teleost lineage.
Of wine and whiteboards: Enacting feminist reflexivity in collaborative research:

Reflexivity is considered a hallmark of qualitative research. With the continued growth in team-based research, more attention is needed to what it means to practice reflexivity within the context ...
Variable categories influencing single-vehicle run-off-road crashes and their severity

Abstract Single-vehicle run-off-road (ROR) crashes account for a significant number of all the single-vehicle crashes and all the fatalities in the United States. The variable categories influencing single-vehicle ROR crashes and their severity could be different from other single-vehicle crashes. This paper, therefore, focuses on investigating single-vehicle ROR crashes to identify and compare variable categories influencing their occurrence and severity. A logistic regression model was developed to evaluate and identify variable categories associated with single-vehicle ROR crashes compared to other single-vehicle crashes. The results indicate that variables such as road characteristics (number of lanes, road surface condition, road terrain, functional classification, and geometric condition), weather condition, road lighting condition, vehicle type, and, driver characteristics (driver physical condition, age, and gender) are observed to have a statistically significant influence on the occurrence of single-vehicle ROR crashes. A partial proportionality odds model was developed to evaluate and identify variable categories associated with injury severity of single-vehicle ROR crashes. The results indicate that variables and variable categories such as weather condition (cloudy and rain), speed limit ( 88.5 kmph [55 mph]), vehicle type (primarily buses), drivers’ age (
A tungsten external heater for BX90 diamond anvil cells with a range up to 1700 K

Resistive heating of a sample in a diamond anvil cell (DAC) can generate a homogeneous temperature field across the sample chamber with reliable temperatures measured by a thermocouple. It is of importance in experiments aiming at exploring phase diagrams and quantifying thermoelastic properties of materials. Here, we present a ring-heater design developed for BX90 diamond anvil cells (DACs). It is made of a ring-shaped aluminum oxide holder hosting a tungsten wire coil inside and coupled with Ar + 2% H2 gas to prevent oxidation during experiment. This modular plug-and-play design enables in situ studies of samples via x-ray diffraction up to a temperature of 1700 K. Temperature in the BX90 sample volume as measured through a thermocouple was calibrated using the melting point of gold. As an application of this design, we report the thermal expansion coefficient of MgO at 9.5(1) GPa.
Ultrasonic-assisted catalytic transfer hydrogenation for upgrading pyrolysis-oil

Abstract Recent interest in biomass-based fuel blendstocks and chemical compounds has stimulated research efforts on conversion and upgrading pathways, which are considered as critical commercialization drivers. Existing pre-/post-conversion pathways are energy intense (e.g., pyrolysis and hydrogenation) and economically unsustainable, thus, more efficient process solutions can result in supporting the renewable fuels and green chemicals industry. This study proposes a process, including biomass conversion and bio-oil upgrading, using mixed fast and slow pyrolysis conversion pathway, as well as sono-catalytic transfer hydrogenation (SCTH) treatment process. The proposed SCTH treatment employs ammonium formate as a hydrogen transfer additive and palladium supported on carbon as the catalyst. Utilizing SCTH, bio-oil molecular bonds were broken and restructured via the phenomena of cavitation, rarefaction, and hydrogenation, with the resulting product composition, investigated using ultimate analysis and spectroscopy. Additionally, an in-line characterization approach is proposed, using near-infrared spectroscopy, calibrated by multivariate analysis and modeling. The results indicate the potentiality of ultrasonic cavitation, catalytic transfer hydrogenation, and SCTH for incorporating hydrogen into the organic phase of bio-oil. It is concluded that the integration of pyrolysis with SCTH can improve bio-oil for enabling the production of fuel blendstocks and chemical compounds from lignocellulosic biomass.
Vowel Harmony in Trabzon Turkish

Little is known about patterns of vowel harmony change in language contact situations. Trabzon Turkish ( TT ), which is spoken in the North East of Turkey and has a language contact history with ( Pontic ) Greek, Armenian, and Laz , provides such a context. This study investigates vowel harmony in TT and compares it with Standard Turkish (ST). Based on a quantitative analysis derived from a corpus of written texts in TT , this study shows how TT exhibits partial vowel harmony. TT displays a reduced amount of vowel harmony compared to ST, which suggest that TT might have experienced decay. Additional findings of this study indicate that vowels are influenced by following adjacent consonants, some suffixes have fixed forms with non-alternating vowels, but linear harmony decay across the word is not observed.
From Academic to Practitioner: Tips for Increasing Engagement With Your Research (Essay on Best Practices):

Academics and practitioners all too often have little or no contact with each other; the practitioner does not know what research exists that can inform their practices, and the academic does not k...
Geographic Variations in Healthcare Utilization and Expenditure for Chronic Rhinosinusitis: A Population-Based Approach.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common and costly health problem in the United States. A better understanding of healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) and healthcare expenditure (HCE) pertaining to CRS is required. The objective of this study is to investigate geographic variations in HCRU and HCE for CRS. STUDY TYPE/DESIGN Retrospective study of administrative database. METHODS Patients meeting pre-defined diagnostic criteria for CRS with continuous 1-year pre-index and 2-year post-index data were identified on IBM® Marketscan Research Databases over a 5-year period (2013-2017). Data pertaining to demographics, HCRU, and HCE were analyzed according to geographic region. Multivariable generalized linear models accounted for age, sex, baseline medication utilization, and co-morbidities. RESULTS About 237,969 patients were included. Antibiotics were the most commonly prescribed medication (95%). Surgery rate (11%), immunotherapy (9.2%), oral steroid use (66%), and antibiotic utilization (mean 6.3 prescriptions) were highest in the South. However, visits with an otolaryngologist were considerably higher in the Northeast (62%). The Northeast region had the highest mean HCE ($2,449), which was 13% greater than HCE for the North Central region ($2,172). HCRU and HCE were higher in urban areas across all metrics, with 2-year HCE being 18% greater in urban areas ($2,374 vs. $2,019). Significant geographic variation in HCE was observed even after adjusting for covariates. CONCLUSION Significant geographic variations in HCRU and HCE exist for CRS even after adjusting for covariates. Future studies are needed to help direct quality improvement and cost-saving efforts as well as efficient resource allocation in an era of value-based care. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 131:2641-2648, 2021.
“Oh, the Places You Can Go” Gen Z Psychology Students’ Perceived Career Options and Interests:

Background:Career options available to psychology graduates are often underestimated despite psychology being a marketable and versatile degree with hundreds of career options.Objective:This articl...
Over-The-Counter Analgesics: A Meta-Synthesis of Pain Self-Management in Adolescents

Abstract Background The consumption prevalence of OTC medication ranges between 57% and 78% among adolescents in the United States of America; however, the reasons for self-medication with OTC analgesics have not been systematically examined. Aims The purpose of this meta-synthesis is to generate new knowledge and theoretical understanding of adolescents’ use of over-the-counter (OTC) analgesics. Design Qualitative meta-ethnography using Noblit and Hare's (1988) approach. Settings Participants/Subjects Methods We identified qualitative studies in the CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Dissertation and Thesis databases that addressed OTC analgesic use in adolescents, were published between 2006 and 2018, and were written in English. Themes were extracted from studies meeting inclusion/exclusion criteria and a meta-ethnographic analysis was conducted. Results Seven studies met inclusion/exclusion criteria. Four themes were identified that described reasons for adolescent use of OTC analgesics for pain management: 1) survival instinct; 2) placebo for stress and anxiety control; 3) accessibility; and 4) consumer socialization. Conclusions Findings suggest that OTC analgesic use is common among adolescents to treat pain and other non-medically–indicated conditions, such as stress and anxiety.
A Review on the Effect of Impact Toughness and Fracture Toughness on Impact-Abrasion Wear

In the mining and related industries, the abrasion and impact phenomena operate among the chain of ore processing. While abrasion-corrosion and/or erosion-corrosion phenomena in ore processing are relatively well understood, the concurrent operation of abrasion and impact wear is not well comprehended. The distinctive mechanisms and features of abrasion-impact wear and the synergy, if one exists, between impact and abrasion have not been either explored or discussed systematically in the literature. Furthermore, their economic impact on mining cannot be underestimated especially as past research focused mainly on improving the hardness even at the expense of toughness. Understanding the complex relation between abrasion and impact can efficiently mitigate countless wear problems in mining. The purpose of this paper is to discuss critically the topic, stimulating new questions, and propose some general ideas that might be used as basic guidelines.
Ins and Outs of the TCA Cycle: The Central Role of Anaplerosis

The reactions of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle allow the controlled combustion of fat and carbohydrate. In principle, TCA cycle intermediates are regenerated on every turn and can facilitate t...
Safeguarding for anaesthetists: working to protect children

Abstract Safeguarding is an action that promotes the welfare of children and adults and aims to protect them from harm and maltreatment. This article will focus on children and the role of the anaesthetist. As an anaesthetist, you may not see signs of abuse often, but you will see children in different settings and should be able to clearly communicate any worrying concerns. Reading this article will increase your knowledge of laws and statutory advice for safeguarding.
Ruthenium Photosensitizers for NIR PDT Require Lowest-Lying Triplet Intraligand (3IL) Excited States

Abstract A family of complexes of the type [Ru(tpbn)(IP-R)(4-pic)]Cl2 (tbpn=2,2′-(4-(tert‑butyl)pyridine-2,6-diyl)bis(1,8-napthyridine); 4-pic = 4-picoline; IP-R = imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline attached to an aromatic group R for 2–8 and H for 1) were prepared as near-infrared (NIR) absorbing coordination complexes to test whether triplet intraligand excited states (3IL) of higher energy than the lowest-lying triplet metal-to-ligand charge transfer excited states (3MLCT) could effectively generate cytotoxic singlet oxygen (1O2) and elicit in vitro photodynamic therapy (PDT) effects. Aromatic groups ranged from benzene to anthracene, with corresponding triplet state energies that were all significantly higher (approximately 3.7–1.8 eV) than the 3MLCT state estimated at 1.5 eV. Complexes 1–8 absorbed NIR light, with their longest-wavelength peak maxima occurring near 725 nm that extended out to 800 nm. The 1O2 quantum yields for the aromatic-containing compounds were extremely small (ΦΔ = 0.07), with correspondingly modest in vitro photocytotoxicities. All compounds were nontoxic without a light trigger, with dark EC50 values >60 µM and most values closer to 100 or greater. EC50 values with visible light were 5–6 (PI = 15–20), 7–10 (PI=8–11), and 10–15 µM (PI = 6–8) in SKMEL28, A375, and B16F10 cancer cell lines, respectively. With NIR light, these values were even less: 11–16 (PI = 5–9), 16–50 (PI = 2–6), and 15–19 µM (PI = 4–6) in SKMEL28, A375, and B16F10 cancer cell lines, respectively. While measurable, the modest activities and absence of any trend between the 3IL energies and values for ΦΔ or PI demonstrate that 3IL states with energies above the lowest-lying 3MLCT states do not contribute to the overall excited state dynamics responsible for potent PDT effects in previous studies. Lowest-lying 3MLCT states in this family of NIR-absorbing photosensitizers do not produce the requisite 1O2 for effective in vitro photocytotoxic effects, underscoring the need to install 3IL states that are lower in energy than the lowest-lying 3MLCT states in order the create potent NIR-activatable Ru(II) complexes for PDT.
The Parametric Design Genealogy of Zaha Hadid

This study examines Zaha Hadid′s design methodology with a chronological assessment of her work and its roots in parametric design. Zaha Hadid and Patrik Schumacher1 pursue Parametricism, and have ...
Anglican Enlightenment: Orientalism, Religion and Politics in England and its Empire, 1648–1715

Introduction: from learning to liberalism? Part I. Foundations: 1. Literature and violence 2. Empires, churches and republics of the globe Part II. Culture: 3. Histories 4. Universals Part III. Religion: 5. The propagation of the faith 6. The worship of God Part IV. Politics: 7. Restoration 8. Revolution Conclusion: from pastor to spectator Select bibliography Index.
Accepting Pain Over Comfort: Resistance to the Use of Anesthesia in the Mid-19th Century

News of the successful use of ether anesthesia on October 16, 1846, spread rapidly through the world. Considered one of the greatest medical discoveries, this triumph over man's cardinal symptom, the symptom most likely to persuade patients to seek medical attention, was praised by physicians and patients alike. Incredibly, this option was not accepted by all, and opposition to the use of anesthesia persisted among some sections of society decades after its introduction. We examine the social and medical factors underlying this resistance. At least seven major objections to the newly introduced anesthetic agents were raised by physicians and patients. Complications of anesthesia, including death, were reported in the press, and many avoided anesthesia to minimize the considerable risk associated with surgery. Modesty prevented female patients from seeking unconsciousness during surgery, where many men would be present. Biblical passages stating that women would bear children in pain were used to discourage them from seeking analgesia during labor. Some medical practitioners believed that pain was beneficial to satisfactory progression of labor and recovery from surgery. Others felt that patient advocacy and participation in decision making during surgery would be lost under the influence of anesthesia. Early recreational use of nitrous oxide and ether, commercialization with patenting of Letheon, and the fighting for credit for the discovery of anesthesia suggested unprofessional behavior and smacked of quackery. Lastly, in certain geographical areas, notably Philadelphia, physicians resisted this Boston-based medical advance, citing unprofessional behavior and profit seeking. Although it appears inconceivable that such a major medical advance would face opposition, a historical examination reveals several logical grounds for the initial societal and medical skepticism.
How to Be Anxiously Engaged Without Being Anxious

Gospel principles suggest a three-realm conceptual model to understand and address life stresses. Telestial, terrestrial, and celestial kinds of stress are identified, with responses offered to each level of stress. Particular attention is called to the tendency of church members to get trapped in terrestrial stress.
Advances in graph drawing

Graph drawing addresses the problem of constructing geometric representations of abstract graphs and networks. It is an emerging area of research that combines flavors of topological graph theory and computational geometry. The automatic generation of drawings of graphs has important applications in key computer technologies such as software engineering, database design, visual interfaces, and computer-aided-design. This paper surveys recent results of the authors on graph drawing and overviews various research trends in the area.
Synthesis and adsorption properties of FDU-1 silica with carbon deposited in mesopores

Silica/carbon nanocomposites were prepared by direct carbonization of as-synthesized FDU-1 materials, which are mesoporous silicas with ordered 3D cage-like structures. These nanocomposites were synthesized by using poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(butylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer as template and tetraethyl orthosilicate as silica source in the aqueous phase containing sulfuric acid, which acted as catalyst during carbonization process. The resulting silica/carbon nanocomposites and corresponding FDU-1 materials were characterized by argon adsorption at −196°C, thermogravimetric analysis and small angle X-ray scattering. Typically, about 20% of the template from as-synthesized material was converted into carbon, which constitutes about 8% of the total mass of the final nanocomposite.
A Temporal Constraint System for Object-Oriented Databases

A typed, object-oriented, temporal constraint system is presented. The constraint programming paradigm is based on temporal Horn clause logic. If differs from executable temporal logic programming paradigms in that it is typed, object-oriented, and equipped with access support for persistent objects and an optimizer. The constraint language is expressive enough to capture a variety of non-trivial applications with no need for procedural decomposition of methods. Temporal query facilities fit naturally into the presented object-oriented constraint paradigm. The low-level part of the implementation model for persistent objects is based on access relations and the supporting algorithms. An optimization technique for temporal queries presented in the paper is a generalization of the existing optimization techniques for object-oriented and logic databases.
Asymmetric Transcription of Bacteriophage Mu-1

Abstract The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of bacteriophage Mu-1 can be separated into its complementary strands by poly(U,G) binding and equilibrium centrifugation. DNA-ribonucleic acid (RNA) hybridizations in liquid show that more than 98% of “early” phage-specific RNA and over 96% of “late” messenger species bind to the heavy [poly(U,G)-binding] strand of Mu-1 DNA. A small (1.45%) but significant amount of late RNA binds to the light strand. The significance of this RNA fraction is discussed in connection with the peculiar structure of denatured and reannealed Mu-1 DNA.
On Mixing and Demixing

Insights into the physics of mixing are leading to methods for avoiding segregation of different particles.
Suing for Freedom: Interracial Sex, Slave Law, and Racial Identity in the Post-Revolutionary and Antebellum South

This Article looks at freedom suits and, in particular, the different ways the Southern socio-legal regime responded to slaves of mixed-race descent asserting their right to freedom in the courts. Through an exhaustive examination of these cases, the Article details how the courts were initially receptive to these suits but gradually pulled back as sectional tensions mounted. The Article maintains that the courts’ changing response was very much tied to the shifting notions of race and what it meant. During the post-Revolutionary period, particularly in the Upper South, blackness did not necessarily mean slavery, and mixed-race slaves successfully asserted they were entitled to their freedom because they descended from a free person. By the 1850s, such claims became untenable, and the focus of the trials turned away from proving ancestry to differentiating whites from blacks. Viewed this way, even a hint of blackness meant the person was not white and must be a slave, and helps explain the precipitous drop in the successful prosecution of freedom.
Antibodies in Vivo

Of all classes of compounds, antibodies provide the greatest range of specificities and affinities. The number of interatomic interactions between an antibody combining site and a large ligand such as a receptor far exceeds those between the common small ligand or drug and its corresponding binding site.1 As a result, there is increased selectivity and affinity. The very large number of potential antibody specificities provides an opportunity to create a finer degree of selectivity than is possible with simpler compounds. Modern studies in the molecular genetics of antibody synthesis indicate that potentially there are at least ten billion different antibody specificities.2,3 This should permit the selective recognition of any structure within the human body.
Physiological Growth, Remodeling Potential, and Preserved Function of a Novel Bioprosthetic Tricuspid Valve: Tubular Bioprosthesis Made of Small Intestinal Submucosa-Derived Extracellular Matrix.

Abstract Background Prosthetic valves currently used in children lack the ability to grow with the patient and often require multiple reoperations. Small intestinal submucosa-derived extracellular matrix (SIS-ECM) has been used successfully as a patch for repair in various tissues, including vessels, valves, and myocardium. Objectives This study sought to assess the remodeling potential of a tubular tricuspid valve (TV) bioprosthesis made of SIS-ECM by evaluating its growth, structure, and function in a growing ovine model. Methods A total of 12 3-month-old lambs were studied for a period of 3 or 8 months. SIS-ECM TVs were placed in 8 lambs; conventional bioprosthetic valves and native valves (NV) were studied as controls. All lambs underwent serial echocardiography, measuring annulus diameter and valve and right ventricular function. Results The SIS-ECM valves demonstrated an incremental increase in annular diameter similar to NV. SIS-ECM valve function was normal in 7 of 8; 1 valve had severe regurgitation due to a flail leaflet. Explanted SIS-ECM valves approximated native tissue in gross appearance. Histopathology demonstrated migration of resident mesenchymal cells into the scaffold and trilaminar ECM organization similar to an NV, without inflammation or calcification at 8 months. Ex vivo mechanical testing of SIS-ECM valve tissue showed normalization of the elastic modulus by 8 months. Conclusions In an ovine model, tubular SIS-ECM TV bioprostheses demonstrate “growth” and a cell-matrix structure similar to mature NVs while maintaining normal valve function. The SIS-ECM valve may provide a novel solution for TV replacement in children and adults.
Adaptive classifiers using ontogenetic neural networks with feedback

The authors give the results of software simulation of Hebbian (D. O. Hebb, 1949) associative learning. Ontogenesis in feedback neural networks similar to those devised by Hopfield implies an initial structure and a plan for associative learning with growth. Experimental results are given to show that the advantages of ontogenetic neural networks configured as adaptive classifiers include rapid adaptation, good performance in classifying correctly, and the ability to cope with high levels of noise in training and operation. >
Tolerating file-system mistakes with EnvyFS

We introduce EnvyFS, an N-version local file system designed to improve reliability in the face of file-system bugs. EnvyFS, implemented as a thin VFS-like layer near the top of the storage stack, replicates file-system metadata and data across existing and diverse commodity file systems (e.g., ext3, ReiserFS, JFS). It uses majority-consensus to operate correctly despite the sometimes faulty behavior of an underlying commodity child file system. Through experimentation, we show EnvyFS is robust to a wide range of failure scenarios, thus delivering on its promise of increased fault tolerance; however, performance and capacity overheads can be significant. To remedy this issue, we introduce SubSIST, a novel single-instance store designed to operate in an N-version environment. In the common case where all child file systems are working properly, SubSIST coalesces most blocks and thus greatly reduces time and space overheads. In the rare case where a child makes a mistake, SubSIST does not propagate the error to other children, and thus preserves the ability of EnvyFS to detect and recover from bugs that affect data reliability. Overall, EnvyFS and SubSIST combine to significantly improve reliability with only modest space and time overheads.
Wastewater Treatment Project for Palma Soriano, Cuba: Assessment of Cultural and Ecological Conditions

The Palma Project is an experiment in the use of cultural identity as a social trigger to address ecological degradation. The research methodology draws from environmental, social and urban analyses to unveil the best strategy to address the ecological, river restoration and water treatment challenges in Berkeley, California’s “Sister City” in southeast Cuba, Palma Soriano. The objective is to provide a better quality of life and to create new opportunities for the local community to reconnect with natural cycles of water and the cultivation of their own land. The project aim is to promote the strength and capacity of local communities to protect their own environment based upon a master plan, which includes natural wastewater treatment, reforestation, urban agriculture and the facilitation and utilization of a public space bordering the major river which flows by Palma Soriano, the Cauto. This project will contribute and produce healthy water recycling for Palma, provide a potable water source for the city, encourage ecological restoration of the riparian zone of the Cauto, and provide new opportunities for food production. It is designed to preserve the cultural identity of the local community, and to restore the essential balance between the community’s need to sustain both itself and the natural environment. Keywords: Water Treatment; River Restoration; Community Identity; Local Food Production Submitted: 26 Januar 2014; Revised 2 June 2014; Accepted for publication: 6 June 2014; Published: 10 June 2014 urn:nbn:de:hebis:34-2014062645560
Marginal fracture not a predictor of longevity for two dental amalgam alloys: A ten-year study

M arginal fracture is believed to be one of the principal modes of amalgam failure.lw4 Early measurements of marginal fracture have been used to predict long-term behavior. 5 In this study the objective was to determine to what extent marginal fracture influences the longevity of certain dental amalgam alloys. Over a IO-year period the clinical failure of two different amalgam alloys was compared to their ability to resist marginal fracture. Clinical failure is defined as the need to replace the restoration.
Safety and efficacy of carbon dioxide cryotherapy for treatment of neoplastic Barrett's esophagus

Background and study aims: Endoscopic cryotherapy has been used successfully for the ablation of Barrett’s esophagus but outcome data are limited. The aim of this study was to assess the long-term safety and efficacy of carbon dioxide (CO2) cryotherapy as primary or rescue treatment for Barrett’s esophagus with high grade dysplasia (HGD) or neoplasia. Patients and methods: This was a retrospective, single-center, nonrandomized study carried out in an academic, tertiary care center and affiliated community hospital. A total of 78 patients with neoplastic Barrett’s esophagus who had not undergone previous ablation (treatment-naive group) or who had persistent or recurrent neoplasia despite previous treatment (rescue treatment group) were enrolled. Visible Barrett’s lesions, when present, were removed by endoscopic mucosal resection, which was followed by CO2 cryotherapy until neoplasia had been eradicated, or intervening therapy was necessary, or treatment was considered to have failed. Surveillance biopsies were obtained at standard intervals. Rates of complete response for cancer, HGD, and intestinal metaplasia were calculated. Treatment failure, recurrence, adverse events, progression, and mortality were also recorded. Results: Between 2006 and 2013, 64 evaluable patients (20 treatment naive, 44 rescue treatment) were treated and followed up (median time 4.2 years). At 1 year, the overall complete response rates were 77 % for cancer (10/13), 89 % for dysplasia 57/64), 94 % for HGD (60/64; 100 % for treatment naive, 91 % for rescue treatment), and 55 % for intestinal metaplasia (35/64). Long-term complete response for neoplasia with rescue therapy was 87 % (56/64). Disease-specific mortality was 1/68 (2 %). Treatment failed to eradicate neoplasia in four patients (6 %) (all in the rescue group). Recurrent or new intestinal metaplasia was detected in 20/64 (31 %) after two negative follow-up procedures. Serious adverse events were noted in two patients (3 %). Post-cryotherapy pain occurred in four patients (6 %; only two needed analgesics). No bleeding or new strictures were noted. Buried Barrett’s was detected in 5/68 patients (7 %). Conclusions: CO2 cryotherapy was a safe and effective primary curative or rescue therapy for Barrett’s neoplasia.
Long-term assessment of proximal row carpectomy for chronic perilunate dislocations

Twelve patients with chronic stage III or stage IV perilunate dislocations were managed over the past 7 years by proximal row carpectomy. All dislocations were untreated or incompletely reduced for a minimum of 8 weeks after injury. The mean time from injury to definitive treatment was 15 weeks (range, 8 weeks to 6 months). Surgical management was inclusive of a dual dorsal and volar approach. Median nerve decompression, lunate excision, and capsuloligament repair was performed volarly and scaphoid and triquetrum carpectomy was accomplished dorsally. Temporary radio capitate K-wire fixation during early soft tissue healing was uniformly performed. All patients were evaluated at an average postoperative duration of 40 months (range, 28 months to 7 years). Marked relief of wrist pain and median nerve dysesthesias was routinely achieved. Effective wrist range of motion and grip strength were restored. Untreated stage III and IV chronic perilunate dislocation treated by proximal row carpectomy eliminates pain and restores function to a severely injured wrist.
A glancing incidence solar telescope for the soft X-ray region

Aerobee rocket instrumentation, including glancing incidence telescopes for soft X-ray photography of sun
Voltammetric Studies of Transport of Thallium(I) Counterions in Solutions of Polyelectrolytes in Mixed Solvents

Transport of thallium(I) counterions was studied in solutions of poly(styrenesulfonic acid), PSSA, in mixed solvents by steady-state voltammetry at mercury microelectrodes. The diffusion coefficient values of TlI obtained in polyelectrolyte solutions were compared to those from solutions of p-toluenesulfonic acid, p-TSA, the simple acid, monomer analogue of PSSA. The dependence of the transport of TlI counterions on the dielectric constant, e, of the solvent was investigated for such solvents as ethanol−, methanol−, and 1,4-dioxane−water mixtures over a wide range of e-values. The diffusion coefficient of thallium(I) counterions in PSSA normalized by the diffusion coefficient in solution of the simple acid, p-TSA, was found to change proportionally to the change in the dielectric constant value of the solvent. This dependence is close to that predicted by Manning's theory. The results were obtained over a wide range of concentrations of counterions and over a wide range of concentrations of various suppor...
An immunochemical aid to sequence determination of proteins.

Abstract A specific radioimmunoassay for peptides has been developed using 125 I-labeled peptides and a double-antibody precipitation. Cross-reacting peptides are measured by inhibition of the binding of the labeled cyanogen bromide peptide to its antibody. The assay, which allows detection of picomole quantities, was used to monitor the purification of two overlapping tryptic peptides from a complex mixture of peptides. These were shown to contain a portion of the sequence of the radio-labeled cyanogen bromide peptide and a portion of the sequence of a cyanogen bromide peptide which follows in the polypeptide chain. The need to analyze many fractions in a digest in order to locate a desired peptide is thus avoided. The general suitability of this method for the purification of specific peptides from digestion mixtures of other large proteins is discussed.