cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Approximating the SVP to within a Factor (1+1/dimε) Is NP-Hard under Randomized Reductions

Recently Ajtai showed that to approximate the shortest lattice vector in the l2-norm within a factor (1+2?dimk), for a sufficiently large constant k, is NP-hard under randomized reductions. We improve this result to show that to approximate a shortest lattice vector within a factor (1+dim??), for any ?>0, is NP-hard under randomized reductions. Our proof also works for arbitrary lp-norms, 1?p<∞.
Progenitor cells of the definitive erythroid series in the chick embryo

Abstract Chick embryos, developing in ovo, were treated with methyllabeled tritiated thymidine at 3 days. Definitive erythroid cells isolated from such embryos at 6 days had incorporated tritiated thymidine into nuclear DNA. Progenitor cells for the definitive erythroid cell series appear, therefore, to exist in the embryo prior to the initiation of definitive erythropoiesis and are capable of DNA synthesis.
Energy metabolism in isolated chick (Gallus domesticus) gastrocnemius and tilapia (Tilapia mossambica) epaxial muscle at various temperatures in vitro

Muscle respiration experiments on inhibitor dosage (experiment 1), muscle preparation (tendons removed vs. unstretched vs. stretched muscles; chick muscle only; experiment 2) and media temperature (26.5, 32, 37, 42 degrees C; experiment 3) were conducted on chick (Gallus domesticus) gastrocnemius and tilapia (Tilapia mossambica) epaxial muscle in vitro. Experiment 1: The dosage of cycloheximide and ouabain required for maximum inhibition of protein synthesis and Na+,K+ ATPase, respectively, in chick and tilapia muscle was approximately 6 x 10(-5) M. Experiment 2: Removing the tendons of chick muscle decreased (% inhibition, P = 0.05) cycloheximide-sensitive respiration compared to stretched and unstretched muscles (tendons intact). However, muscle preparation had little influence on ouabain-sensitive respiration. Experiment 3: Cycloheximide-sensitive respiration tended to increase (microliter O2/mg DNA.hr, P = 0.054) with media temperature in tilapia muscle. Chick muscle was less responsive in this respect. Ouabain-sensitive respiration increased at lower temperature in chick muscle (% inhibition, cubic relationship, P = 0.001) and at higher temperature in tilapia muscle (% inhibition, quadratic relationship, P = 0.0002).
On the nonembeddability and crossing numbers of some toroidal graphs on the Klein bottle

Abstract We show that toroidal polyhedral maps with four or more disjoint homotopic noncontractible circuits are not embeddable on the projective plane and that toroidal polyhedral maps with five or more disjoint homotopic noncontractible circuits are not embeddable on the Klein bottle. We also show that the Klein bottle crossing numbers of C m ×C n (m⩽n) for m=3,4,5,6 are 1,2,4, and 6, respectively, and give upper bounds for all other values of n. These crossing numbers display atypical behavior in that the value depends only on m instead of on both m and n as is the case for the plane and projective plane.
In Vivo Demonstration of Surgical Task Assistance Using Miniature Robots

Laparoscopy is beneficial to patients as measured by less painful recovery and an earlier return to functional health compared to conventional open surgery. However, laparoscopy requires the manipulation of long, slender tools from outside the patient's body. As a result, laparoscopy generally benefits only patients undergoing relatively simple procedures. An innovative approach to laparoscopy uses miniature in vivo robots that fit entirely inside the abdominal cavity. Our previous work demonstrated that a mobile, wireless robot platform can be successfully operated inside the abdominal cavity with different payloads (biopsy, camera, and physiological sensors). We hope that these robots are a step toward reducing the invasiveness of laparoscopy. The current study presents design details and results of laboratory and in vivo demonstrations of several new payload designs (clamping, cautery, and liquid delivery). Laboratory and in vivo cooperation demonstrations between multiple robots are also presented.
Propylene conversion reactions; metathesis, cyclization and hydrogenolysis catalyzed by Mo(100) and oxygen-covered Mo(100)

Analysis of the products formed in the Mo(100) single crystal-catalyzed decomposition of propylene using an isolatable high-pressure reactor shows that this surface simultaneously catalyzes metathesis, hydrogenolysis and also methylcyclopropane formation. The activation energy for olefin metathesis on Mo(100) is measured to be 65±1 kcal/mole, and the reaction is first order in propylene pressure. These results are consistent with the reaction proceeding via a carbene mechanism on Mo(100) since hydrogenolysis indicates that carbon-carbon bonds can cleave selectively, and methylcyclopropane formation suggests that a metallacycle has formed. The observed first-order reaction kinetics are also in accord with this view. Pre-dosing the Mo(100) surface with a monolayer of oxygen reduces the catalytic activity by a factor of ∼ 17. This implies that the four-fold hollow site is active for propylene metathesis on Mo(100) since atomic oxygen adsorbs at this site.
WALL · E on the Problem of Technology

Abstract The Pixar film WALL · E vividly imagines Francis Bacon's ambition for technology to relieve humanity of all the inconveniences of life, shows how such a utopian system presents the “problem of technology,” and dramatizes the struggle to make technology comply with distinctly human ends. Literally and symbolically, the story turns on human beings’ discovering the truth about themselves, rising up to depose the despotic, impersonal technology that controls them, and returning to Earth to form a political community under the possibilities and limits of nature.
Experimental evidence for the minimum molecular dipole moment necessary to bind an electron

Abstract Experimental evidence is presented for the minimum dipole moment necessary to bind an electron from an analysis of electron swarm data.
Observations of Icarus: 1968

Abstract Icarus is a nearly spherical object that rotates once every 2.25 (±0.05) hr. From the degree of polarization of the reflected light as a function of phase angle, we estimate that the reflectivity of the surface (in the visual) does not exceed 0.20. Combining this estimate with the inferred absolute magnitude g v = 17.05, we obtain a lower limit on the radius of 750 m.
Protein Phosphorylation as a Regulatory Device

Phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cascade systems represent a major mechanism of cellular regulation. A theoretical analysis of such systems (Stadtman & Chock 1977) revealed that they are endowed with extraordinary regulatory capacities; they may exhibit smooth, flexible responses to changes in single and multiple metabolite levels, signal amplification, and apparent positive cooperativity. To test the theories and equations involved in this analysis, an in vitro phosphorylation-dephosphorylation model system was developed. The system consists of a cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase and a phosphoprotein phosphatase, both isolated to near-homogeneity from bovine heart, and a nanopeptide that serves as the interconvertible substrate. Experiments with the model system confirm the predictions about the behaviour of a monocyclic cascade. They also reveal that when the concentration of enzyme-substrate complex is not negligible, cyclic cascades are potentially more sensitive to variations in effector concentrations and can achieve even greater signal amplification than previously predicted.
Industrial Development Groups, Organizational Resources, and the Prospects for Effecting Growth in Local Economies

Using data from a survey of directors of not-for-profit industrial development groups in the United States and from a variety of secondary sources, we test the hypothesis that the presence of an active industrial development group was a significant factor in the economic growth of its service area over the 1977-to-1982 period. The data permit us to control for different levels of organizational resources among growth promotion groups as well as other traditional factors of local economic change in a regression analysis. While growth promotion groups are judged to be effective in terms of the number of jobs that are created or preserved relative to their direct expenditures of resources, neither their presence nor the levels of their organizational resources are significantly related to service area net employment change. The efforts of growth promotion groups are simply overwhelmed in importance by factors such as population size, metropolitan accessibility, location in a growth region, and manufacturing wage rates that characterize the respective service areas.
Seasonal signals in lake Malawi sediments

The sedimentary record of Lake Malawi, one of the large rift valley lakes of east Africa, contains thick sequences of biologically undisturbed, finely laminated muds and silts. Laminated sequences were recovered in cores from the extensive diatom ooze and silty diatom clay facies of the lake basin that is permanently anoxic below 250 m. The sequences consist of light-dark laminae couplets with average thickness of 1 mm. The light laminae are completely dominated by the diatom genus Melosira with a relatively minor contribution from the genus Stephanodiscus. The dark laminae consist of 50% diatoms (equal proportions of Melosira and Stephanodiscus, few Nitzschia, and occasional littoral diatom genera) and 50% terrestrial plant debris, mineral grains, and fine clay and organic material. Based on a 210Pb and 14C calculated sedimentation rate of 1 mm yr−1 for Lake Malawi basin sediments and the well-defined seasonal variations in fluvial input and diatom productivity levels, our data suggest that the lamination couplets are annual varves, representing biannual sedimentation sequences. The light laminae result from diatom blooms occurring during the dry, windy season (April–October) when the upper 250 m of the lake is well-mixed, localized upwelling occurs, and the epilimnion becomes enriched with nutrients. The dark laminae represent sedimentation in the rainy, low-wind velocity season (November–March) when runoff and allochthonous terrestrial input are at a maximum and primary productivity is at a minimum.
A longitudinal study of career success, embeddedness, and mobility of early career professionals

Abstract The study of voluntary job mobility has traditionally focused on how the present context and individual factors either support or constrain choice of blue and white collar workers. Less attention has been devoted to the relationships among career success, embeddedness, and mobility of early career professionals. How do past career success and job mobility affect job embeddedness, subsequent career success, and future mobility within and between organizations and occupations? Each of these constructs is often studied as a dependent variable, yet the relationships among them, over time, are rarely examined. We explore the effects of past objective career actions (promotions, % salary change, and job mobility) on current job embeddedness and subjective career success, and on job, organizational, and occupational mobility one year later. Results support the positive influence of past promotions, % salary change, and current job embeddedness on subjective career success, and a negative influence for past promotions, job embeddedness, and subjective career success on mobility one year later as people began to ‘settle in’. We also observed small positive relationships of past promotions and % salary change with job embeddedness, and of past job mobility with future mobility — indicating that objective career success contributes to embeddedness, yet those that move more often tend to keep doing so. There were no differences or interaction effects based on gender or years of work experience. We found significantly stronger negative relationships of embeddedness and subjective career success with mobility between occupations than for mobility within organizations. However, the same pattern of findings was observed for job, organization, and occupational mobility.
Twentieth century climate model response and climate sensitivity

[1] Climate forcing and climate sensitivity are two key factors in understanding Earth's climate. There is considerable interest in decreasing our uncertainty in climate sensitivity. This study explores the role of these two factors in climate simulations of the 20th century. It is found that the total anthropogenic forcing for a wide range of climate models differs by a factor of two and that the total forcing is inversely correlated to climate sensitivity. Much of the uncertainty in total anthropogenic forcing derives from a threefold range of uncertainty in the aerosol forcing used in the simulations.
Approximate analytic solutions for nonsimilar boundary layers.

The Crocco equation for zero pressure gradient and a constant viscosity density product is linearized and the results applied to boundary-layer problems where the given initial profile is much different from the Blasius profile. Four linearization assumptions are used, each of which leads to an eigenvalue problem having a discrete spectrum of eigenvalues. This allows the shear stress to be expressed as a series. Far downstream of the initial station the first term of this series dominates. Solutions valid in this region are obtained for each assumption and are compared to the exact similar solution. The best assumptions are applied to two examples where it is desired to find the skin friction behind a region having mass injection. Comparison to finite difference solutions shows the present solution to be satisfactory and superior to solutions obtained by perturbations from the Blasius solution. The accuracy of the solution is improved by making multiple linearization assumptions in the streamwise direction and application is made to the problem of free mixing in the vicinity of a flat wall.
Electrospun silicon/carbon/titanium oxide composite nanofibers for lithium ion batteries

Abstract Si/C/TiO 2 composite nanofibers have been prepared via a facile electrospinning method combined with a sol–gel chemistry, whose electrochemical performance as anode materials in lithium-ion battery was evaluated. As-prepared nanofibers (NFs) were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analyzer to identify their morphology, phase, crystallinity and compositions. Rutile phase TiO 2 nanofibers demonstrated a relatively low gravimetric specific capacity of ∼83 mAh g −1 when discharged at 0.1C. In contrast, composite nanofibers possess a much higher gravimetric specific capacity. When the Si to C mass ratio is of 0.217, a specific capacity as high as 720 mAh g −1 can be attained, 94% of which can be maintained after 55 cycles. The enhanced cycling stability of micron silicon materials is attributed to the space confinement provided by the structurally stable TiO 2 . These findings can provide a beneficial guidance for future lithium ion battery electrode development.
Autoignition of Low-Heating Value Gases in a Direct-Injected Diesel Engine

Abstract The autoignition of gaseous mixtures representative of coal derived low-heating value fuels in a direct-injected diesel engine was theoretically investigated over a pressure and temperature ranges of 10 to 50 atm and 800 to 1000 K respectively- A computer model was validated with experimental data from an engine operated on direct injected synthetic coal gas. The computed results demonstrated the importance of the characteristic time associated with the chemical kinetics when compared to the fluid mixing. High gas temperatures resulting from high compression ratios, high boost, high inlet air temperatures or other ignition aids are needed to ignite these gases in a compression-ignition engine in a timely manner. The predicted sensitivity of the autoignition delay time to changes in the engine operating conditions was significant for temperature but almost negligible for pressures up to and slightly in excess of 30 atm
Empirical Characterization of Session---Based Workload and Reliability for Web Servers

The growing availability of Internet access has led to significant increase in the use of World Wide Web. If we are to design dependable Web---based systems that deal effectively with the increasing number of clients and highly variable workload, it is important to be able to describe the Web workload and errors accurately. In this paper we focus on the detailed empirical analysis of the session---based workload and reliability based on the data extracted from actual Web logs of eleven Web servers. First, we introduce and rigourously analyze several intra---session and inter---session metrics that collectively describe Web workload in terms of user sessions. Then, we analyze Web error characteristics and estimate the request---based and session---based reliability of Web servers. Finally, we identify the invariants of the Web workload and reliability that apply through all data sets considered. The results presented in this paper show that session---based workload and reliability are better indicators of the users perception of the Web quality than the request---based metrics.
Librarians and controlling disinformation: is multi‐literacy instruction the answer?

Purpose – Librarians have long been part of a group of professionals that took responsibility for the reliability of information and protected their users from the bad epistemic consequences caused by inaccurate information. Now users are acquiring information from the internet and using it to make important decisions. This method of acquisition is threatening the epistemological protection librarians have provided. The problem is one of verifiability, the users do not have a way to verify whether information is accurate or inaccurate. The verification is even more difficult with disinformation. The purpose of this paper is to explore possible alternatives to this problem and recommend using a new multi‐literacy instructional method as the solution.Design/methodology/approach – A review of current literature confirmed the problem of disinformation and this paper examines possible solutions to controlling disinformation and makes suggestions on how we, as librarians, can use instruction to protect internet...
Multilateral War Bargaining

I build a static, complete information, three-player bargaining model of war. Without dynamics or incomplete information, war is always avoided. However, the threat of war determines the nature of alliances. The model uses a notion of cooperative stability to predict balancing and bandwagoning behavior in alliance formation. Given the assumptions of the model, a stable state always exists. Stronger allies increase the potential for war threats against a non-allied player. However, stronger allies also demand larger shares of an alliance's total payoff. Balancing (bandwagoning) alliances form when the within alliance utility of a player is uniformly decreasing (increasing) in the resources of an alliance partner.
Empathy and Sympathy: A Brief Review of the Concepts and Empirical Literature

(1988). Empathy and Sympathy: A Brief Review of the Concepts and Empirical Literature. Anthrozoos: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 15-17.
BRS analysis of 2D gravity models

Abstract Using the original BRS approach we determine, from the requirement of diffeomorphism invariance, the DDK action of 2D quantum gravity in conformal gauge. The necessity to take into account quantum corrections due to Liouville modes is pointed out. A quantum effective action for a pure 2D gravity with the classical action ∫d 2 x √− g NR is also determined.
Qualitative and Quantitative MDCT Features for Differentiating Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma From Other Solid Renal Cortical Masses

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to differentiate clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) from other solid renal masses on four-phase MDCT. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Our study cohort included all pathologically proven solid renal masses that underwent pretreatment four-phase MDCT at our institution from 2001 to 2012. Both retrospective qualitative analysis (blinded dual-radiologist evaluation of morphologic features: enhancement pattern, lesion contour, neovascularity, and calcification) and quantitative analysis (mean absolute and relative attenuation and changes in attenuation across phases) were performed. ANOVA with post-hoc analysis, Pearson chi-square tests, and ROC analysis were used. RESULTS. One hundred fifty-six consecutive patients (99 men, 57 women) with a mean age of 62.7 years (range, 26–91 years) had 165 solid renal masses (median size, 3.0 cm): 86 clear cell RCCs, 36 papillary RCCs, 10 chromophobe RCCs, 23 oncocytomas, and 10 lipid-poor angiomyolipomas. Kappa for interradiologist agreem...
Mathematical modeling of thin layer solar drying of sultana grapes

Thin layer solar drying experiments were conducted for Sultana grapes (cv. Thompson seedless) grown in Antalya, Turkey. An indirect forced convection solar dryer consisting of a solar air heater and a drying cabinet was used in the experiments. Air heated by the solar air heater was forced through the product by an electric fan. In order to examine the effect of drying air temperature and velocity on a thin layer drying of Sultana grapes, twenty-two experiments were performed. Eight different thin layer mathematical drying models were compared according to their coefficient of determination to estimate solar drying curves. The effects of drying air temperature and velocity on the model constants and coefficients were predicted by the regression models. According to the results, a two-term drying model could satisfactorily describe the solar drying curve of Sultana grapes with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.979. The constants and coefficients of this model could be explained by the effect of drying air temperature and velocity.
A COMPENDIUM OF RESPONSES OF BIVALVE HEARTS TO ACETYLCHOLINE.

Abstract 1. 1. About 400 ventricles from some forty species of bivalves have been isolated and challenged with a wide range of acetylcholine (ACh) doses. 2. 2. Beating preparations, or those induced to beat with 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) (10−7–10−5 M), could be depressed or excited by ACh. The responses were cataloged on the basis of the depressor and excitor thresholds and the lowest doses which produced diastolic and systolic arrest. Qualitative variation in the responses of different preparations results from unequal depression or excitation of tone, amplitude or frequency. Most responses (designated as “combination responses”) were the sum of a depressor and excitor component. Combination responses vary qualitatively as a result of unequal intensity, rate of development and overlap of the excitor and depressor component effects. 3. 3. A distinctive response recognized was an increase in amplitude associated with a decrease in frequency and sometimes in tone. This so-called (F−) (A+) effect might be a combination response or else a secondary effect of the frequency decrease. However, in Crassostrea virginica and Clinocardium nuttallii the response probably has a large direct excitor component. 4. 4. The responses of oyster (Crassostrea) hearts are characterized by a high depressor threshold and by excitation which never involves frequency or tone increases. The high depressor threshold of C. virginica is reduced in the presence of eserine and is probably due to a high titer of acetylcholine esterase. 5. 5. Depending upon the concentration and species, the tone of quiescent hearts may be either decreased or increased by 5HT. 5HT also induces beating. ACh may produce either a tonic relaxation or contraction of the hypodynamic ventricle. If both effects occur, relaxation is always produced at the lower dose. In some preparations, ACh may also produce one, a few or a train of phasic contractions which may precede, or accompany, a tonic response. 6. 6. Considering the total response to all doses of ACh, clam hearts are necessarily either relatively insensitive, excited only, depressed only, or both excited and depressed by ACh. All of these possibilities appeared in the experiments. 7. 7. The relationship between depressor and excitor sensitivity is disjunctive. Two groups emerge. Those species with a low depressor threshold (and oysters) have an equally low excitor threshold and only amplitude is increased. Those species with a higher depressor threshold have a much higher excitor threshold with tone and frequency being especially affected. 8. 8. Low concentration excitation, depression and high concentration excitation are concluded to be general phenomena. Only the depressor action has been shown to represent a physiological role of ACh in the control of bivalve hearts. 9. 9. The ACh responses reported here, as well as the data obtained by previous students of bivalve heart pharmacology, are related to the systematics of the Class Bivalvia.
Equivalence relations and symmetries for laboratory, LIDAR, and planetary Müeller matrix scattering geometries.

Symmetry relationships for optical observations of matter generally fall into several common scattering geometries. The “planetary” configuration is preferred by observers of extraterrestrial planets, “laboratory” observations are performed in the biomedical research field, and the LIDAR configuration is preferred by those using lasers to probe optical properties of horizontal surfaces with mirror or axial symmetry. This paper begins with the Stokes matrix formalism and uses symmetries of Muller matrix scattering to establish links among the mathematical symmetries of each geometric configuration. We finish the paper by identifying and correcting an influential misapplication of rotational scattering matrices in the literature. The corrected equation should find wide application in models of the LIDAR scattering process.
Topotecan Concomitant with Primary Brachytherapy Radiation in Patients with Cervical Carcinoma: A Phase I Trial

Abstract Objective. The aim of this study was to assess the toxicity of concomitant topotecan and radiation therapy in a Phase I study. Primary treatment for cervical carcinoma usually consists of surgery or radiation, with chemotherapy used in a neoadjuvant or concomitant fashion. There are in vitro data to suggest that topotecan is a radiosensitizing agent. Methods. Six patients with cervical cancer were recruited to this study. All patients had completed whole pelvic radiation therapy and were scheduled for low-dose brachytherapy. The patients were administered topotecan IV during their low-dose brachytherapy. The initial dose of topotecan was 0.5 mg/m 2 /day for 5 days concomitant with low-dose brachytherapy for two brachytherapy applications. Results. Three patients were accrued to the initial dose level. No major toxicity was noted at this dose level. Three patients were treated at the 1.0 mg/m 2 /day dose level; however, significant toxicity was noted at this level. (Two patients experienced grade 4 and one a grade 3 hematologic toxicity). Conclusion. Significant marrow toxicity was noted with concomitant topotecan and intracavitary radiation at 1.0 mg/m 2 /day. The maximum tolerated dose in this trial was 0.5 mg/m 2 /day for 5 days of topotecan concomitant with low-dose brachytherapy.
Haemolymph protein profiles during the gonadotrophic period ofGesonula punctifrons Stal. (Orthoptera: Insecta)

Quantitative and qualitative aspects of the haemolymph proteins during the entire life span of both sexes ofGesonula punctifrons Stal. in relation to their variations during gonadotrophic period are discussed. The appearance of a female-specific protein in 8-day old female which was absent in freshly-emerged and senescent females and in males, is of interest.
Variables associated with alcohol abuse among self-identified collegiate COAs and their peers

In order to investigate the interrelationship among children of alcoholics (COA) status, problem drinking, gender, and several psychosocial variables, a sample of college students completed a questionnaire that measured consequences of drinking, parental drinking habits, family environment, and personality. No relationship was found between COA status and either the likelihood or severity of problem drinking. Furthermore, COAs and non-COAs differed on only 4 of 15 psychosocial variables, suggesting a smaller impact of parental alcohol abuse than is commonly assumed. The variable most consistently related to problem drinking was social nonconformity, a measure of antisocial behavior. Findings suggest the importance of investigating the development and maintenance of antisocial behaviors as etiological factors in problem drinking among college students, rather than COA status per se.
Geolocating Russian sources for Arctic black carbon

Abstract To design and implement an effective emission control strategy for black carbon (BC), the locations and strength of BC sources must be identified. Lack of accurate source information from the Russian Federation has created difficulty for a range of research and policy activities in the Arctic because Russia occupies the largest landmass in the Arctic Circle. A project was initiated to resolve emission sources of BC in the Russian Federation by using the Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF). It used atmospheric BC data from two Arctic sampling stations at Alert Nunavut, Canada, and Tiksi Bay, Russia. The geographical regions of BC emission sources in Russia were identified and summarized as follows: (1) a region surrounding Moscow, (2) regions in Eurasia stretching along the Ural Mountains from the White Sea to the Black Sea, and (3) a number of scattered areas from western Siberia to the Russian Far East. Particulate potassium ions, non-marine sulfate, and vanadium were used to assist in resolving the source types: forest fire/biomass burning, coal-fired power plant, and oil combustion. Correlating these maps with the BC map helped to resolve source regions of BC emissions and connect them to their corresponding source types. The results imply that a region south of Moscow and another north of the Ural Mountains could be significant BC sources, but none of the grid cells in these regions could be linked to forest fires, oil combustion, or coal-fired power plants based on these three markers.
From secret bombs to hearts and minds

‘distorted’ the practice of American science; but her book Audra J. Wolfe’s Competing with the Soviets is a good sign for scholarship on American science in the Cold War: the field is mature enough to warrant an introductory synthe sis. And this particular synthesis is a pleasure to read. It i a trim, elegantly written, masterly, and accessible bun dling of what has become, over the last twenty-five years, a big and complex literature. The book should serve multiple purposes and audiences: as a teaching text, a prolegome non to deeper investigations of the literature (aided by a handy commentary on sources), and a smart summary fo the graduate student facing general exams. ‘The fundamental characteristic of Cold War science,’ in Wolfe’s judgment, ‘is the central role that the scientifi enterprise came to play in the maintenance of the nation state’ (6). The belief that America’s global leadership would spring from superior science and technology found wide acceptance during the Cold War era, and a staggering array of natural and social sciences were conscripted in the effort. How to capture a bird’s eye view of this compli cated scene? Wolfe does so thematically and more or les chronologically, with individual chapters devoted to majo topics of Cold War science. As she discusses in an opening chapter on atomic weaponry and secrecy, and a subsequen one on the military-industrial complex, the astounding success of the Second World War’s crash programs carved deep ambiguities into the postwar political economy o science. Everyone agreed that the federal governmen would be the major patron of American science – but who would sign the paychecks? The answer came unambiguous ly when military dollars almost immediately overwhelmed all competitors, a situation that would only intensify in the coming years. The already blurry line between civilian and military funding, and basic and applied research, wa increasingly smudged by the emergence of ‘hybrid institu tions’ (as Wolfe calls them). These included think-tanks lik the RAND Corporation, military-industrial-academic insti tutions like Johns Hopkins University’s Applied Physic Laboratory, the Atomic Energy Commission’s system o National Laboratories, and numerous others. Three terrific chapters discuss the place of science in the wider American Cold War project – particularly after the Soviet launch of Sputnik mocked bland assumptions about the unchallenged preeminence of U.S. science. Wolfe claims ‘ideological differences’ (55) drove the Cold War, helping to explain the immense power that the image and prestige of science, and the spectacle of grandiose technological accomplishments, held within contemporaries’
Remodeling and the repair of fatigue damage

This paper reviews the direct and indirect evidence for and against the idea that bone remodeling repairs fatigue damage. It defines experiments that should be performed to determine whether the accumulation and repair of fatigue damage is relevant to the pathogenesis of osteoporotic fracture. The experimental evidence favors the hypothesis that microdamage evokes local remodeling. The data suggest that the balance between the microdamage burden and bone repair is nearly constant. The indirect evidence comes from clinical observations that show positive relationships between depressed bone formation rate or prolonged remodeling period with bone fracture. More compelling indirect evidence comes from studies in which bone remodeling was pharmaceutically depressed, and fracture incidence rose in direct proportion. Data on microdamage accumulation were not collected in these studies. Conversely, some experimental evidence disputes a direct relationship between fatigue microdamage and repair. In these studies, increased amounts of bone microdamage in hyperadrenocortical dogs, and in irradiated dogs, could not be demonstrated even though bone fragility increased without associated osteopenia. Finally, the indirect evidence that argues that microdamage does not initiate repair is based on inference and does not provide an adequate test of the hypothesis. In balance, the current body of evidence favors the contention that bone remodeling repairs fatigue damage and thereby prevents fracture. Future studies should verify that microdamage accumulates when bone fracture occurs in conjunction with depressed remodeling activation frequency.
A series of bed exercises to improve lymphocyte count in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation patients

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a series of bed exercises on lymphocyte and T-cell subsets in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation patients during hospitalization. Thirty-five patients were randomly assigned, with 18 assigned to an exercise group and 17 to a control group. The bed exercise intervention was applied by a nurse to the exercise group for 30 min every day for 6 weeks. Patients in the exercise group had a mean increase of 40.9 lymphocyte cells/microL and patients in the control group had a mean decrease of 640.7 lymphocyte cells/microL. There were no significant differences in the percentage of cluster of differentiation (CD)3+, CD4+ and CD8+, and CD4+/CD8+ ratio between the two groups. These findings indicate that bed exercise could be an effective nursing intervention with patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation by increasing the lymphocyte count during hospitalization.
Leptin binding and binding capacity in serum.

Background: Leptin, a hormone produced primarily by adipose tissue, is known to be present in serum as both monomeric (free) and higher molecular mass (bound) forms, but little is known about the nature of the bound forms or physiological variation in binding capacity. Methods: A new method to quantify the free and bound forms was developed, based on HPLC separation and RIA quantification in chromatography fractions. Reanalysis of specimens after addition of exogenous leptin allowed direct determination of leptin-binding capacity and the degree of saturation of leptin-binding capacity. Results: HPLC chromatography fractionated serum leptin into both the free form and as a broad peak of 59 ‐130 kDa. Several experiments were conducted to validate the new method. The concentrations of bound leptin in serum were 0.45‐3.94 mg/L, and they increased as total leptin (reflecting adiposity) increased in 24 lean and obese volunteers. Leptin was readily dissociated from the bound fraction by competition from exogenous leptin. Rechromatography of the bound fraction led to dissociation of leptin, which was promoted by warming the sera before chromatography. Leptin-binding capacity was 1.8 ‐5.3 mg/L; binding capacity was nearly constant over a range of total leptin concentrations of 2‐10 mg/L, and slowly increased at higher total leptin concentrations. Saturation of binding capacity was low (15%) at very low total leptin concentrations (<5 mg/L), but rose quickly to a plateau near 80% at higher total leptin concentrations. Conclusions: The new method facilitates measurement of free and bound fractions of serum leptin, and is the first method measuring leptin-binding capacity. These experiments demonstrate that the concentration of bound leptin and leptin-binding capacity vary physiologically, with binding/binding capacity increasing with adiposity. Except in very lean individuals, binding capacity is nearly completely saturated. © 2000 American Association for Clinical Chemistry
Models of Communication Dynamics for Simulation of Information Diffusion

We study information diffusion in real-life and synthetic dynamic networks, using well known threshold and cascade models of diffusion. Our test-bed is the communication network of the LiveJournal Blogosphere. We observe that the dynamic and static versions of the Blogograph, yield very different behaviors of the diffusion. It was earlier discovered that the communication dynamics of the Blogograph is quite high - over 60% of the links each week were not present in the previous week, though the size of the node set is relatively stable. Our models of the Blogograph evolution reproduce general stable statistics of the real-life Blogograph. We discover that the diffusion footprint on our models closely approximate the diffusion footprint of the real-life dynamic network.
Probability, Expected Utility, and the Ellsberg Paradox

The Ellsberg paradox is often cited as evidence for unknowable "ambiguity" versus computable "risk", and a refutation of the Savage axioms regarding expected utility maximization and the program for revealing "subjective" or "belief-type" probabilities. This note argues that researchers have been too quick to embrace the Ellsberg critique as a refutation of standard expected utility theory. First, Ellsberg performed no actual experiments, and in fact recent empirical evidence on the Ellsberg paradox argues against ambiguity. Second, simple explanations for the paradox deserve as much attention as theories that introduce a new concept such as "ambiguity." One such simple explanation is to consider the Ellsberg thought experiment as part of a "meta-experiment" that includes repeated draws, in which case the choices described by Ellsberg are consistent with expected utility theory.
Ligation of CD80 is critical for high-level CD25 expression on CD8+ T lymphocytes.

CD80 and CD86 have been shown to play a critical role in the optimal activation of T cells. Although these two molecules bind the same ligand, CD28, the question of whether CD80 and CD86 provide unique signals or serve redundant roles remains controversial. Previous studies have suggested that CD80 binding to CD28 may be superior to CD86 for the activation of naive CD8 + T cells. This study provides a potential mechanism to explain these observations. Our study demonstrates a previously unappreciated role for CD80, its superiority over CD86 in promoting CD25 expression, increasing both the number of cells that express CD25 and the level expressed on a per cell basis. These findings provide new insights into the role of CD80 vs CD86 and have important implications for the design of vaccines and immunotherapeutics aimed at the generation of a robust CD8 + T cell response in vivo.
Designing Model Exchange Processes with CIM and 'RMA Sets'

Suppose that neighboring parties in an interconnect are exchanging models with the notion that each party is the "modeling authority" only for its own territory and each party will use other parties' internal models to create their external model. To accomplish this: 1) each party exports its internal model to its neighbors, and 2) each party imports each neighbor's model and uses it to develop its external model. The above idea is not particularly controversial, but it has not generally been applied rigorously in practice. Practitioners report that the process remains difficult, even when they are using the current CIM model exchange specifications. This paper discusses the problem and suggests additions to the CIM standards that can improve the process
Rapid assessment of liposomal stability in blood by an aqueous nitroxide spin label.

Abstract An electron spin resonance method using an aqueous nitroxide spin label, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine-N-oxyl-4-trimethyl-ammonium, for rapid assessment of liposome stability in blood is presented. The retention of the nitroxide in liposomes is measured by its electron spin resonance signal intensity, a procedure which does not require separation of the sample from the blood. Any nitroxide that is released from the liposomes is reduced by external ascorbic acid which is added to the sample. The method permits kinetic studies on the integrity of liposomes in the presence of destabilizing factors such as detergent, blood, or aleteration in temperature.
Incidence and Risk Factors for Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy among Patients with Selected Rheumatic Diseases

Objective To ascertain the incidence of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in patients with selected rheumatic diseases, to describe the characteristics of PML cases occurring in this setting, and to evaluate the extent to which such cases occurred in the context of biologic therapies such as rituximab or tumor necrosis factor antagonists. Methods We conducted a large population-based study to describe the incidence and risk factors for PML among patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and ankylosing spondylitis using national inpatient and outpatient administrative data from the entire Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services from 2000–2009. Suspected PML cases were identified using hospital discharge diagnosis codes. Risk factors for PML were evaluated using outpatient data ≥6 months prior to PML diagnosis. Results Among 2,030,578 patients with autoimmune diseases of interest, a total of 53 PML cases were identified (2.6 per 100,000 patients). Most PML cases had human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and/or cancer. Nine PML cases had evidence for biologic use prior to PML hospitalization, of which 3 had neither HIV nor malignancy and were exposed to biologics within 12 (rituximab) or 6 months (all other biologics) prior to PML diagnosis. PML occurred at an estimated incidence of 0.2 per 100,000 patients with autoimmune diseases who did not have HIV or malignancy. Conclusion PML occurs at a very low incidence among patients with rheumatic diseases but can occur even in the absence of HIV or malignancy.
Droperidol dosing for nausea and vomiting

Study objectives: Patients often present to the emergency department with nausea and vomiting. Droperidol has been established to be a cost-effective treatment. However, comparison of the doses commonly used has not been undertaken. Our primary interest is to compare the effectiveness of droperidol at 3 doses. A secondary purpose is to monitor the QTc for all patients receiving droperidol. Methods: This was a prospective, randomized study of droperidol as a treatment for nausea and vomiting set in an urban teaching hospital (>100,000 patient visits/year). All adult patients presenting with nausea and vomiting who were to receive an antiemetic intravenously were eligible. Exclusion criteria included pregnancy, mental handicaps, and QTc greater than 440 msec. Patients were randomized to receive 0.625 mg, 1.25 mg, or 2.5 mg of droperidol intravenously. Visual analog scales (VAS) assessed the patient's degree of nausea and somnolence at 0 and 60 minutes. Any extrapyramidal reactions and dysrhythmias were recorded. A rhythm strip was completed before and after treatment. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and analysis of variance. Results: A total of 26 patients have been enrolled thus far (0.625-mg group, n=6; 1.25-mg group, n=15; 2.5-mg group, n=5). The mean change in nausea VAS for droperidol 0.625 mg was −44.2 mm (95% confidence interval [CI] 9.9 to 78.4), for 1.25 mg was −30.4 mm (95% CI 19.0 to 41.7), and for 2.5 mg was −45.0 mm (95% CI 20.2 to 69.8; P=.34). The mean change in somnolence VAS for droperidol 0.625 mg was 0.0 mm (95% CI −26.5 to 26.5), for 1.25 mg was 4.8 mm (95% CI −12.6 to 22.5), and for 2.5 mg was 20.0 mm (95% CI 0 −56.5 to 60.5; P=.95). The mean change in QTc for 0.625 mg was −0.021 mm (95% CI −0.134 to 0.091), 1.25 mg was 0.013 mm (95% CI −0.009 to 0.034), and 2.5 mg was −0.055 mm (95% CI −0.293 to 0.183; P=.35). Adverse events occurred in 0 of 6 of the 0.625-mg group, 2 (13%) of 15 of the 1.25-mg group, and 1 (20%) of 5 of the 2.5-mg group (P=.54). Conclusion: Nausea and vomiting symptoms were reduced equally with the 3 droperidol doses. No significant change in QTc occurred for any group. The frequency of adverse events increased with larger droperidol doses.
LYMPHOGRAPHY WITH RADIOACTIVE CONTRAST MEDIUM IN LYMPHOSARCOMA AND RETICULOSARCOMA.

Since 1961 we have been using a method of lymphography based on the intralymphatic injection of an oily contrast medium (Lipiodol Fluide) rendered radioactive by replacement of the inactive iodine by its isotope 131I (Chiappa, Galli, Barbaini and Ravasi, 1962; Ratti, 1962; Buraggi, D'Amico and Fava, 1963). The method has recently been taken up by other workers (Seitzman, Wright, Halaby and Freeman, 1963). The method combines lymphadenographic investigation with elective radiotherapy of tumours located in the lymph nodes. The most promising results have been achieved in the treatment of systemic lymph node diseases, such as Hodgkin's disease, lymphosarcoma and reticulosarcoma (Chiappa et al., 1962; Chiappa, Galli, Guarino, Barbaini and Ravasi, 1963a; Chiappa and Galli, 1963). In a preliminary review of the case material treated at the Institute of Radiology (Chiappa, Galli and Severini, 1964), we reported the diagnostic and therapeutic results obtained in Hodgkin's disease. The purpose of the present paper is to summarize our experience of lymphadenography with radioactive Lipiodol in lymphosarcoma and reticulosarcoma. We have treated 14 cases of lymphosarcoma, 18 cases of reticulosarcoma and three cases in which the histological diagnosis was lymphoreticulosarcoma. Five cases of lymphatic leukaemia, leukaemic and non-leukaemic, have been included with the lymphosarcoma patients, because of the resemblance between the two in morbid anatomy, clinical course and lymphadenographic findings. The series thus totals 40 patients. Although the various diseases are histologically and clinically different, they have certain lymphographic features in common: (a) the topographic distribution of the lymph node tumours within the area studied and, even more important, (b) the similarity of their response to irradiation with Lipiodol F131I.