cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transdisciplinarity as a Core Value: The Richmond Institute for Design and Innovation

“Wicked problems,” as coined by Horst Rittel, are “difficult or impossible to solve because of incomplete, contradictory, and changing requirements that are often difficult to recognize.” Design thinking, a holistic process based on ethnographic research and iteration, has proven to be a useful approach to solving these multi-faceted problems. However, there are many deterrents to setting up a classroom environment conducive to wicked problem solving. Too frequently, design educators overemphasize technical skills, siloed academic structure prohibits collaboration, and rigid curricula leave no room for interdisciplinary courses. The Richmond Institute for Design and Innovation offers a BFA in product design. The degree is transdisciplinary and interdisciplinary, requiring courses in art, design, engineering, and business. This paper explores the transdisciplinary approach offered by Western Michigan University and several other design programs, documents their successes and failures, and proposes approaches for emerging design programs.
Functional Domains of Adenovirus E1A Oncogenes Which Control Interactions with Effectors of Cellular Immunity

Group A adenoviruses, such as adenovirus type 12 (Ad12), are oncogenic in newborn rodents, inducing tumors in the majority of animals within 4 months (Trentin et al. 1962). The group C adenoviruses, such as adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) or adenovirus type 5 (Ad5), on the other hand, are nononcogenic (Huebner 1967). Both groups of viruses transform rodent cells in vitro (Bernards et al. 1982). The transforming ability of these two adenovirus groups is encoded within the E1 region. Two viral genes, E1A and E1B, are required for transformation of cultured rodent cells. The E1A gene alone can immortalize primary rat cells (Houweling et al. 1980). Complete, high-efficiency transformation requires, however, that the E1B gene be coexpressed with E1A (Barker and Berk 1987). The E1B gene alone does not show detectable transforming activity even when its expression is controlled by a constitutionally active promoter (van den Elsen et al. 1983). Although the two genes under normal conditions cooperate to transform rodent cells, the E1A gene predominates in determining the phenotype and tumorigenic potential of the transformed cells (Sawada et al. 1985). Mammary tumorigenesis in the rat by group D Ad9 requires functions of the E4 region from the right end of the genome (Javier et al. 1991, 1992). The E4 region is solely responsible for the difference in oncogenicity of Ad9 (tumorigenic) and Ad26 (non-tumorigenic).
Reasoning about Network Topologies in Space

“Traditional” satellite systems consist of special-purpose monolithic satellites. Future ones aim to comprise of a small number of inexpensive generalpurpose spacecraft that communicate with one another to carry out missions, with a certification requirement. Such certification would guarantee the security and correctness of all mission software.
The true Spinoza of Market Street

Spinoza is commonly viewed as a rationalist philosopher emphasising abstract metaphysical truth over concrete human emotions and relations. This view permeates Isaac Bashevis Singer’s ‘The Spinoza ...
Communicating correlated sources over a MAC in the absence of a Gács-Körner common part

The joint source-channel coding problem of transmitting a pair of correlated sources over a 2-user MAC is considered. A new concatenated coding scheme, comprising of an inner code of fixed block-length and an outer code of arbitrarily large block-length, is proposed. Its information theoretic performance is analyzed to derive a new set of sufficient conditions. An example is identified to demonstrate that the proposed coding technique can strictly outperform the current known best, which is due to Cover, El Gamal and Salehi [1]. Our findings are based on Dueck's ingenious coding technique proposed for the particular example studied in [2].
Two-dimensional hydrogen-like atom in a constant magnetic field

The two-dimensional hydrogenlike atom in a constant magnetic field is considered. It is found that this is actually two separate problems. One for which the magnetic field causes an effective attraction between the nucleus and the electron and one for which it causes an effective repulsion. Each of the two problems has three separate cases depending on the sign of a shifted energy eigenvalue. For two of the six possibilities (shifted energy eigenvalue that is negative), it is shown that the first four solutions can be obtained exactly. For another two of the six possibilities (shifted energy eigenvalue that is positive), it is shown that the first eight solutions can be obtained exactly. For higher order states, the energy eigenvalue is the root of a fifth or higher order polynomial, and hence, the eigenvalue must be obtained numerically. Once the energy eigenvalue is known, the solution to the radial wave equation is also known. Exact solutions for the radial wave equation, for the remaining two possibilities (shifted energy eigenvalue that is zero), are given to any desired order by means of a recursion relation.The two-dimensional hydrogenlike atom in a constant magnetic field is considered. It is found that this is actually two separate problems. One for which the magnetic field causes an effective attraction between the nucleus and the electron and one for which it causes an effective repulsion. Each of the two problems has three separate cases depending on the sign of a shifted energy eigenvalue. For two of the six possibilities (shifted energy eigenvalue that is negative), it is shown that the first four solutions can be obtained exactly. For another two of the six possibilities (shifted energy eigenvalue that is positive), it is shown that the first eight solutions can be obtained exactly. For higher order states, the energy eigenvalue is the root of a fifth or higher order polynomial, and hence, the eigenvalue must be obtained numerically. Once the energy eigenvalue is known, the solution to the radial wave equation is also known. Exact solutions for the radial wave equation, for the remaining two possibil...
Techno-economic analysis of producing liquid fuels from biomass via anaerobic digestion and thermochemical conversion.

Abstract This paper discusses a preliminary design and a techno-economic analysis of a process that produces liquid hydrocarbon fuels from biomass through a combined biochemical and thermochemical process. The biochemical component involves anaerobic digestion (AD) of the biomass's biodegradable portion to produce biogas. Biogas is purified by removing contaminants and upgraded to liquid hydrocarbon fuel in a biogas to liquid facility (BGTL) via thermochemical conversion route. The BGTL process involves two major steps: tri-reforming to produce syngas (a mixture of CO and H2), and, Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) to convert the syngas to a spectrum of hydrocarbons (synthetic crude). Separation and upgrading of the produced hydrocarbon mixture allows production of transportation fuels such as gasoline, jet fuel, and diesel. In order to evaluate the economics of the combined process a detailed process modelling was carried out using Aspen Plus® software. Bench-scale experimental results served as the basis of modelling the BGTL section of the plant, while the AD portion of the plant is based on empirical models selected from the literature validated by comparison with experimental results. Recent bench scale tests in our lab were used to determine processing parameters (yield, temperature, and pressure) for the reforming and FTS conversion. A plant capable of processing 90,000 tonne year−1 of wet biomass feed was designed and analyzed using the model. Results of the economic analysis estimate that a breakeven cost of diesel of $1.30 L-1 is achievable without the consideration of charging tipping fees to accept the biomass feedstock. Sensitivity study shows that the economics are significantly affected by the fixed capital investment (FCI) and less so by the operating expenses and interest rate. In addition, tipping fees and biomass feedstock cost have a substantial effect on the breakeven price of diesel.
2 – Dimensional Analysis

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with dimensional analysis, which is a method by information about a phenomenon is deduced from the single premise that the phenomenon can be described by a dimensionally correct equation among certain variables.. The chapter begins with a description of dimensions and units, and the concept of dimensional homogeneity. It then outlines the importance of carrying out a dimensional analysis, discussing how the technique developed and why it has persisted. The methods of carrying out a dimensional analysis are then illustrated. The methods include the basic method and the Buckingham Pi Theorem for dimensional analysis. The dimensionless groups thus derived, along with their numerical values, help assess the importance of various effects, to enhance physical insight and understanding, and to organize numerical computation, data gathering, and design of experiments.
Searching for the “exit ramp”: Bereaved caregivers (BCGs) describe discontinuation of transfusions at the end of life (EOL) for loved-ones (LOs) dying from acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

e24000Background: Transfusions may delay hospice care. This study examined how transfusions and other factors influenced care transitions, including decisions related to hospice care, for patients ...
On the ocean: the Mediterranean and the Atlantic from prehistory to AD 1500: by Barry Cunliffe, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2017, 640 pp., 220 illus., 114 maps, £30.00 (hardback), ISBN 9780198757894

It is a rare occasion to review a book that is destined to become a classic for the scholar and the common reader alike. On one level, the aim of On the Ocean is to compare and contrast two quite d...
Asymptotics of greedy energy sequences on the unit circle and the sphere

Abstract For a parameter λ > 0 , we investigate greedy λ-energy sequences ( a n ) n = 0 ∞ on the unit sphere S d ⊂ R d + 1 , d ≥ 1 , satisfying the defining property that each a n , n ≥ 1 , is a point where the potential ∑ k = 0 n − 1 | x − a k | λ attains its maximum value on S d . We show that these sequences satisfy the symmetry property a 2 k + 1 = − a 2 k for every k ≥ 0 . The asymptotic distribution of the sequence undergoes a sharp transition at the value λ = 2 , from uniform distribution ( λ 2 ) to concentration on two antipodal points ( λ > 2 ). We investigate first-order and second-order asymptotics of the λ-energy of the first N points of the sequence, as well as the asymptotic behavior of the extremal values ∑ k = 0 n − 1 | a n − a k | λ . The second-order asymptotics is analyzed on the unit circle. It is shown that this asymptotic behavior differs significantly from that of N equally spaced points on the unit circle, and a transition in the behavior takes place at λ = 1 .
Neurosurgical Operative Videos: An Analysis of an Increasingly Popular Educational Resource.

Objective Surgical education has increasingly relied on electronic learning. In particular, online operative videos have become a core resource within neurosurgery. We analyze the forums for neurosurgical operative videos. Methods Operative videos from 5 sources were reviewed: 1) the NEUROSURGERY Journal YouTube channel; 2) the American Association of Neurological Surgeons Neurosurgery YouTube channel; 3) The Neurosurgical Atlas Operative Video Cases; 4) Operative Neurosurgery; and 5) Neurosurgical Focus: Video. Title, year of publication, senior author, institution, country, and subspecialty were documented for each video. Results A total of 1233 videos showing 1247 surgeries were identified. Ten videos included >1 surgery; of those, there was a median of 2 surgeries (interquartile range, 2.0–2.5) per video. The most frequently represented subspecialties included vascular (48.3%), tumor (35.2%), and skull base surgery (27.5%), with almost 40% of videos showing >1 category. Videos were submitted by investigators from 28 countries, but 82.1% of the videos originated in the United States. Conclusions Neurosurgical operative videos have become increasingly common through a variety of online platforms. Future efforts may benefit from collecting videos from underrepresented regions and subspecialties, providing long-term follow-up data and showing techniques for managing complications.
A Comparison of iPad-Assisted and Flash Card-Assisted Instruction for Learners With Autism:

Using electronic tablets to present flash cards for teaching skills is becoming common among practitioners. However, no published study compared the effectiveness of the electronic tablet-based fla...
Measuring acoustoelastic coefficients for stress evaluation in concrete

Abstract This paper presents experimental studies to evaluate stress levels in concrete based on the acoustoelastic effect. Direct P wave interferometry (DPWI) was introduced to calculate the relative P wave velocity change and acoustoelastic coefficients by analyzing the direct P wave part signal only. Two laboratory experiments were performed on a concrete cylinder and a concrete beam, and a full-scale test was conducted on a 40-meter-long prestressed concrete bridge girder. The DPWI method provides a relatively high resolution and shows different acoustoelastic coefficients in the stressed and the unstressed directions. This property may be used to evaluate the stress level in existing prestressed concrete structures by comparing the velocity difference in different stress directions.
A statistical quality assessment method for longitudinal observations in electronic health record data with an application to the VA million veteran program.

BACKGROUND To describe an automated method for assessment of the plausibility of continuous variables collected in the electronic health record (EHR) data for real world evidence research use. METHODS The most widely used approach in quality assessment (QA) for continuous variables is to detect the implausible numbers using prespecified thresholds. In augmentation to the thresholding method, we developed a score-based method that leverages the longitudinal characteristics of EHR data for detection of the observations inconsistent with the history of a patient. The method was applied to the height and weight data in the EHR from the Million Veteran Program Data from the Veteran's Healthcare Administration (VHA). A validation study was also conducted. RESULTS The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) metrics of the developed method outperforms the widely used thresholding method. It is also demonstrated that different quality assessment methods have a non-ignorable impact on the body mass index (BMI) classification calculated from height and weight data in the VHA's database. CONCLUSIONS The score-based method enables automated and scaled detection of the problematic data points in health care big data while allowing the investigators to select the high-quality data based on their need. Leveraging the longitudinal characteristics in EHR will significantly improve the QA performance.
A spatiotemporal analysis of transit accessibility to low-wage jobs in Miami-Dade County

Abstract An essential function of public transit is to connect low-wage earners to their jobs or potential employment opportunities. Previous research has shed light on this issue by examining how transit accessibility varies across space, the temporal variations of transit accessibility, and the modal disparity between public transit and automobiles, but often in a disjointed manner. This study contributes to the literature by considering all these issues together in a unified analytical framework. Specifically, we conduct a spatiotemporal analysis of transit accessibility to low-wage jobs and of the disparities between transit accessibility and auto accessibility. Our analysis focuses on Miami-Dade County in Florida, a region defined by a low-density, auto-oriented urban form and a Hispanic-majority population. We find that residents of low-income and Black-majority neighborhoods enjoy a higher level of transit accessibility because of their concentration in high-density urban areas. Often located in suburban and rural locations, Hispanic-majority neighborhoods have a much lower level of accessibility. Not surprisingly, transit accessibility is higher in peak hours than other hours of the day. The gap between transit accessibility and auto accessibility is striking, with car users being able to access eight times more low-wage jobs than transit riders on average. The accessibility gap is smaller during peak hours and in the downtown Miami area; but still, auto accessibility is about three times that of transit accessibility. The large disparities between transit accessibility and auto accessibility provide a strong rationale for additional funding support to promote transit services, such as on-demand microtransit services, in lower-density areas and during off-peak hours.
Infrastructures of legitimacy: The political lives of marriage contracts in Jordan

Documentary practices legitimizing marriage in what is now Jordan have taken different forms from the late Ottoman period to the present. I analyze the formal characteristics and materiality of these practices to show how initiatives to standardize, aggregate, and circulate information about marriage introduce new notions of personhood, state, and society. Such legitimizing infrastructures entail new forms of accountability that go beyond and even challenge the intentions of those who promulgate such initiatives. The shift in emphasis in Jordan from oral to written contracts and the subsequent aggregation and circulation of those records reifies categories of individual, state, and society while drawing them into a wide array of gendered, generational, and political conflicts. Ironically, the state's legitimation of marriage may even draw its own legitimacy into question. [quantification, legitimacy, the state, personhood, sharia, bureaucracy, graphic artifacts, circulation]
Integrin alpha-7+ pericytes are a novel, immunologically relevant lymph node stromal subset found in mice and humans

Within lymph nodes, non-hematopoietic stromal cells attract, arrange, and promote the survival of naive T cells, while deleting self-reactive T cells in a non-redundant fashion. Despite these important functions, subsets are poorly characterized. One major subset (gp38-CD31- double negative, termed DN) comprises 10-15% of stroma, with transcript for relevant peripheral tissue-restricted antigens (PTAs) and Aire, yet nothing was known of their lineage, localization, phenotype, or capacity to interact with leukocytes. We addressed this through in-depth transcriptomic, protein and functional analyses of DN stroma, in comparison to 5 other stromal subsets. DNs express CCL19, CCL21, CXCL13, CXCL9, CXCL10 and other chemokines, with high levels of Flt3L, BAFF, CSF-1, TGFb family members and lymphangiogenic growth factors. Phylogenetic analysis showed DNs were similar to but distinct from fibroblastic reticular cells, with a unique integrin profile, higher contractility in culture, and a lack of IL-7 expression. In situ, we found a unique surface protein, integrin α7, which identified DNs as lymph node pericytes in the cortex and medulla. Strikingly, DNs strongly alter PTA transcription following inflammation without increasing surface expression of MHC molecules. We subsequently identified DN cells in human lymph nodes. These data identify DNs as a unique, immunologically relevant subset of fibroblastic, contractile pericytes, which we term integrin α7+ pericytes (IAPs).
The chemistry of metal carbonyl anions : II. Synthesis and reactions of the pentacarbonylmetallate dianions of chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten with metallic monohalides☆

Alkali metal amalgam reductions of M(CO)6 in tetrahydrofuran (THF) have provided salts of the pentacarbonylmetallate dianions. Cesium amalgam reacts with M(CO)6 at room temperature to yield Cs2M(CO)5, while sodium or potassium amalgams provide only (Na or K)2Cr(CO)5 in good yield in addition to a substantial amount of (Na or K)2Cr2(CO)10. Molybdenum and tungsten carbonyl give primarily (Na or K)2M2(CO)10 in THF even after 24 h of reflux; however, infrared evidence indicates the presence of monomeric dianions in these solutions. Reaction of the monomeric dianions with Ph3MCl (M = Ge, Sn, Pb) provides air- and moisture-stable substituted carbonyl anions of the type Ph3MM′(CO)5− (M′ = Cr, Mo, W) which have been isolated as tetraethylammonium salts. Pure Na2Cr(CO)5, prepared from the interaction of Cr(CO)6 with sodium metal in liquid ammonia or HMPA, has also been used to provide similar substituted carbonyl anions of the type ECr(CO)5− where E = Me3Sn and C5H5Fe(CO)2. The triphenyltin derivatives have also been prepared independently by the interaction of Ph3SnLi with M′(CO)6 in THF at room temperature as well as from the reaction of Ph3SnCl with M′2(CO)102− in THF.
Quench in high temperature superconductor magnets

High field superconducting magnets using high temperature superconductors are being developed for high energy physics, nuclear magnetic resonance and energy storage applications. Although the conductor technology has progressed to the point where such large magnets can be readily envisioned, quench protection remains a key challenge. It is well-established that quench propagation in HTS magnets is very slow and this brings new challenges that must be addressed. In this paper, these challenges are discussed and potential solutions, driven by new technologies such as optical fiber based sensors and thermally conducting electrical insulators, are reviewed.
Structural basis of permeability in sequential segments of the microvasculature of the diaphragm: II. Pathways followed by microperoxidase across the endothelium

Abstract Bipolar microvascular fields of mouse diaphragm were used to investigate the existence of characteristic modulations in the structural basis of permeability along successive segments of the microcirculation. Using hemeundecapeptide (microperoxidase; MW, ∼1900; mol diam, ∼20 A) as a probe molecule, the observations indicate that the timing and pathways followed by this tracer across the endothelium were different in each microvascular segment. The first permeated by these molecules were the pericytic venules at the level of their endothelial junctions. Among the latter, ∼25 to 30% are normally open to a space of ∼30 to 60 A. The vesicular transport is particularly extensive in capillaries and pericytic venules, and the transition from phase I to phase III is faster in the venular segments of capillaries, probably due to their high frequency in transendothelial channels formed by single vesicles. In the arteriolar and middle segments of capillaries, the H11P passed via vesicular transport and transendothelial channels. Endothelial junctions in arterioles and along the entire length of capillaries appeared to be impermeable to molecules of ≥20 A in diameter.
PHILOSOPHIA ANCILLA LITTERARUM? EL CASO BORGES PARA EL PENSAMIENTO FRANCÉS CONTEMPORÁNEO

El pensamiento critico frances de la segunda mitad del siglo XX tiene en la obra de Jorge Luis Borges una de sus fuentes de inspiracion mas fuertes y atrayentes. Particularmente, las ficciones y los ensayos borgesianos se presentan como anticipaciones y acicates de tesis centrales de ese pensamiento, como por ejemplo, la muerte del autor, la omnipresencia anonima de la obra de arte, el tejido intertextual de todo escrito, la sospecha hacia el pretendido mimetismo realista de los discursos, o la desestabilizacion de categorias absolutas para clasificar las cosas del mundo. Exploro estas tesis en la recepcion de la obra de Borges en cuatro autores franceses: Maurice Blanchot, Paul de Man, Gerard Genette y Michel Foucault.
Understanding hard interaction in QCD and the search for the gluon spin contribution to the spin of the proton

UNDERSTANDING HARD INTERACTION IN QCD AND THE SEARCH FOR THE GLUON SPIN CONTRIBUTION TO THE SPIN OF THE PROTON
Concerns of Young Women Who are Positive for Brca1 and/or Brca2

The purpose of the study was to examine the experience of predictive genetic testing for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) and to compare experiences of younger women (≤ 35 years old) to the older study cohort (36–60 years old). Grounded theory was used to examine the phenomenon of adults choosing to have predictive genetic testing for HBOC. A sample of 19 women, ten ≤ 35 years old was recruited through community and internet support group announcements. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in-person, by telephone or E-mail: according to participant preference. Young women’s experiences were different particularly around concerns about: (i) career plans, (ii) reproduction, and (iii) intimate relationships. Other concerns not specific to young women but also described included: (i) family relationships, (ii) fears of personal mortality, (iii) life and health insurance, and (iv) health information needs. A commonly voiced experience specific to the young adult age group was feeling ‘out-of-place’ in the oncology clinics and support groups which participants perceived as being focused on concerns of older women. Further study may clarify the extent and nature of informational, emotional, social and decision support needs that are unique to this young adult population.
Early American Gun Regulation and the Second Amendment: A Closer Look at the Evidence

The scholarly debate over the meaning of the Second Amendment and the scope of gun regulation has been marred by ideological distortions. Michael Bellesiles, an ardent supporter of collective rights theory, argued that state control over weapons was virtually unlimited. Now Robert Churchill, a champion of individual rights theory, stakes out an equally bold position. In his view, a distinct and separate right to keep arms evolved under American law. According to this new variant of individual rights theory, the state might regulate bearing arms, but it was prohibited from regulating the right to keep arms.
Random Error Growth in NMC's Global Forecasts

Abstract The three-dimensional structure of random error growth in the National Meteorological Center's Medium-Range Forecast Model is investigated in an effort to identify the sources of error growth. The random error growth is partitioned into two types: external error growth, which is due to model deficiencies, and internal error growth, which is the self-growth of errors in the initial conditions. Forecasts from winter 1987, summer 1990, and winter 1992 are compared to assess seasonal variations in regional error growth as well as forecast model improvement. The following is found: In the tropics, large external error growth at the 200-mb level is closely associated with deep convection. There is evidence of significant model improvements in the tropics at the 850-mb level between 1987 and 1992. The spatial structure of the external error growth in the midlatitudes suggests that the representation of orography in the model, especially over Antarctica and the Rockies, is a significant source of errors....
Relationship of simultaneously recorded cerebellar nuclear neuron discharge to the acquisition of a complex, operantly conditioned forelimb movement in cats

This study was designed to examine the changes in the modulation of small populations of cerebellar neurons during the acquisition of a complex, operantly conditioned forelimb task in cats. The experiments are based on the general postulate that, during the learning of a complex motor behavior, the cerebellum is important for generating a coordinated movement that meets the task's objectives, and that, as the cerebellum participates in this process, it acts to reinforce the effective motor pattern once it has been established. This specific study examines whether the changes in the modulation of cerebellar nuclear neurons during the learning of this task are consistent with this view. Cats were required to learn to move the manipulandum through a novel pattern of 2-3 consecutive straight grooves connected end to end in different spatial configurations, e.g., the letter L, an inverted L, and the letter C. Throughout the acquisition process, 6-12 single units were recorded simultaneously in the cerebellar nuclei, and the kinematics of the movement were evaluated using an Optotrak system. Cells were recorded from the two interposed nuclei and the dentate nucleus in these initial studies. Trials were sorted off-line based on the level of skill at which the required movement was performed. This was assessed using several objective criteria such as movement times, kinematic characteristics, and smoothness (number of peaks in the velocity profile). Event-related histograms then were constructed from each group of sorted trials. Changes in modulation related to a specific event were measured in successive histograms for each neuron.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Computation of Nitroxide–Nitroxide Distances in Spin-Labeled DNA Duplexes

Nanometer distances in nucleic acids can be measured by EPR using two 1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrroline radicals, with each label attached via a methylene group to a phosphorothioate-substituted backbone position as one of two phosphorothioate diastereomers (R(P) and S(P)). Correlating the internitroxide distance to the geometry of the parent molecule requires computational analysis of the label conformers. Here, we report sixteen 4-ns MD simulations on a DNA duplex d(CTACTGCTTTAG) .d(CTAAAGCAGTAG) with label pairs at C7/C19, T5/A17, and T2/T14, respectively. For each labeled duplex, four simulations were performed with S(P)/S(P), R(P)/R(P), S(P)/R(P), and R(P)/S(P) labels, with initial all trans label conformations. Another set of four simulations was performed for the 7/19-labeled duplex using a different label starting conformation. The average internitroxide distance r(MD) was within 0.2 A for the two sets of simulations for the 7/19-labeled duplex, indicating sufficient sampling of conformational space. For all three labeled duplexes studied, r(MD) agreed with experimental values, as well as with average distances obtained from an efficient conformer search algorithm (NASNOX). The simulations also showed that the labels have conformational preferences determined by the linker chemistry and label-DNA interactions. These results establish computational algorithms that allow use of the 1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrroline label for mapping global structures of nucleic acids.
Self-consistent thermal-electrical modeling of proton-implanted top-surface emitting semiconductor lasers

A new comprehensive thermal-electrical self-consistent model of proton-implanted top-surface-emitting lasers is described. The model is applied to study thermal characteristics of GaAs/AlGa As/AlAs devices with the active-region diameter of 35 micrometers . Our results show that intense heating occurs at pumping currents exceeding 4X threshold. Long tails of radial temperature distribution will result in severe thermal crosstalk if integration of these devices into densely packed 2D arrays were to be attempted. Minimization of electrical series resistance is shown to be very important for improving the device performance.
A molecular simulation approach to the study of adsorption of hydrogen cyanide and methyl ethyl ketone in silicalite, mordenite and zeolite beta structures

In the present research study the primary aim is to understand and characterize the physical adsorption of polar molecules such as hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), in silicalite-1, mordenite, and zeolite beta structures through detailed Monte-Carlo simulation studies. The sorption capacity and affinity of the different zeolites is compared by simulating single component isotherms for different Si/Al ratios at 298 K. It was found that the number of the Na+ cations has an important effect on adsorption characteristics at lower pressures. In particular, within the range of [Na+] studied, the adsorption capacity of these zeolites was found to be independent of the [Na+], except in the case of zeolite beta. Furthermore, the MEK sorption capacity of zeolite beta was found to be the highest, followed by silicalite and mordenite respectively. The HCN sorption capacity of silicalite was shown to be greater than mordenite due to the presence of the 10-membered ring channels of silicalite.
ON BOOTSTRAPPING A CLASS OF DIFFERENTIABLE STATISTICAL FUNCNONALS WITH APPLICATIONS TO L– AND M– ESTIMATES

EFRON'S (1979) “bootstrap” method is justified for a class of differentiable statistical functionals which includes many L– and M–statistics. For illustration, a Monte Carlo study for the trimmed means is also included.
The Use Of Ray Intercept Curves For Evaluating Holographic Optical Elements

With "ordinary" optics,i.e., refractive and reflective optics, obtaining field of view is not a problem, per se. Holographic optics, however, are diffractive in nature; in order to achieve the required optical efficiency, one usually must work with "thick" or "volume" holograms, and these volume holograms have a strong angular selectivity that tends to limit the field of view.
Rotation of Europa: Constraints from Terminator and Limb Positions

Abstract Tidal torques on Europa due to Jupiter would tend to drive Europa's rotation to a rate slightly faster than synchronous, unless synchroneity is maintained by a permanent asymmetry in Europa's mass distribution. Moreover, global fracture patterns on Europa's surface, as well as the complex fine-scale tectonics revealed by Galileo high-resolution imagery, may be evidence of stress due to nonsynchronous rotation. A direct measurement of Europa's rotation rate is made from the positions of surface features relative to the terminator in a Galileo image and comparing the results with similar measurements of the positions of the same features relative to the terminator in a Voyager 2 image taken 17 years earlier. Any nonsynchronous rotation must be slower than a few tenths of a degree in 17 years (a complete rotation in >10 4 years) relative to the direction of Jupiter.
The manipulative nature of health communication research: ethical issues and guidelines.

Researchers and academics have accumulated a great deal of knowledge on how to manipulate individuals' behaviors. Although health communication researchers and practitioners prefer to call their work public health campaigns or health education interventions, the truth is that their ultimate goal is to manipulate people into practicing healthy behaviors. A health communication research and practice moves into the 21st century, this issue must be faced squarely and directly, and strategies must be developed for the ethical use of manipulation techniques to promote health and to prevent disease.The one fact I would cry from every housetop is this: the Good Life is waiting for us—here and now! At this very moment we have the necessary techniques, both material and psychological, to create a full and satisfying life for everyone.—B. F. SkinnerWalden II
Electronic and vibrational resonance Raman spectra of octamethyluranocene

Abstract The Raman spectrum of bis(tetramethylcyclo-octatetraene)uranium (U(TMCOT) 2 ), excited in resonance with its visible charge-transfer transitions shows an anomalously polarized electronic band at 473 cm −1 , twice as broad as the analogous band of uranocene, at 466 cm −1 . The broadening is attributed to crystal-field splitting associated with the lowered symmetry introduced by the methyl group, and/or a distribution of rotamer populations. Totally symmetric vibrational modes are observed at 879, 750, 580, 513 and 95 cm −1 ; possible assignments are discussed.
Cold neutron prompt gamma activation analysis at NIST : a progress report

An instrument for prompt gamma-ray activation analysis is now in operation at the NIST Cold Neutron Research Facility (CNRF). The cold neutron beam is relatively free of contamination by fast neutrons and reactor gamma rays, and the neutron fluence rate is 1.5·108 cm−2·s−1 (thermal equivalent). As a result of a compact target-detector geometry the sensitivity is better by a factor of as much as seven than that obtained with an existing thermal instrument, and hydrogen background is a factor of 50 lower. We have applied this instrument to multielement analysis of the Allende meteorite and other materials.
Picturing Usenet: Mapping Computer-Mediated Collective Action

Usenet is a complex socio-technical phenomenon, containing vast quantities of information. The sheer scope and complexity make it a challenge to understand the many dimensions across which people and communication are interlinked. In this work, we present visualizations of several aspects and scales of Usenet that combine to highlight the range of variation found in newsgroups. We examine variations within hierarchies, newsgroups, authors, and social networks. We find a remarkable diversity, with clear variations that mark starting points for mapping the broad sweep of behavior found in this and other social cyberspaces. Our findings provide the basis for initial recommendations for those cultivating, managing, contributing, or consuming collectively constructed conversational content.
The “malate shuttle” and control of steroid hydroxylation in the adrenal cortex

Abstract Studies on the distribution of malic enzyme in bovine adrenal cortex have shown that this tissue contains two forms of the enzyme, one in the cytosol, and the other in the mitochondria. The mitochondrial malic enzyme activity has been shown to be a source of NADPH for mitochondrial mixed-function oxidations in this tissue. A study of the properties of these enzymes has indicated the kinetic reversibility of the reaction catalyzed by the cytosol malic enzyme. The reaction catalyzed by the mitochondrial enzyme, however, was not readily reversible. On this basis, a “malate shuttle” has been postulated, effecting the net transfer of NADPH reducing equivalents into the mitochondria, by the operation of the cytosol malic enzyme to produce malate from pyruvate and carbon dioxide.
Erythropoietin for ribavirin-induced anemia in hepatitis C: more answers but many more questions.

Erythropoietin for ribavirin-induced anemia in hepatitis C: more answers but many more questions
The first total synthesis of 15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 and the unambiguous assignment of the C14 stereochemistry.

The first total synthesis of 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 is reported. The highly unsaturated cyclopentenone prostaglandin was obtained via a silicon-tethered allenic [2 + 2 + 1] cycloaddition reaction developed in our group. In addition, the stereochemistry at C14 has been assigned unambiguously.
Primary idiopathic segmental infarction of the greater omentum

Summary Primary idiopathic omental infarction is a rare cause of acute abdominal pain that must be considered in a differential diagnosis of the acute abdomen. The majority of patients are young adults, and the problem occurs mostly in the right portion of the omentum with symptoms that can mimic acute appendicitis or cholecystitis. An abdominal computed tomography scan can help achieve an accurate diagnosis. The management of omental infarction could be conservative. However, minimally invasive laparoscopic omentectomy is another option of management and may shorten the course of hospitalization and avoid complications due to inflammation. Here we report a case of a man aged 24 years who presented with right upper quadrant pain for 2 days. He was later diagnosed to have partial greater omental infarction. He recovered rapidly after laparoscopic partial omentectomy. The aim of this report is to emphasize the importance of a differential diagnosis of the acute abdomen and to discuss the management of omental infarction.
FREQUENTLY MISSED DIAGNOSES IN ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY

Symptom overlap, comorbidity, disagreement among informants, and the impact of development complicate psychiatric diagnoses in the adolescent patient. This review of frequently missed diagnoses includes anxiety disorders, ADD without hyperactivity, early-onset bipolar disorder, syndromes associated with trauma, and substance abuse.
Chip-integrated ultrafast graphene photodetector with high responsivity

A chip-integrated graphene photodetector with a high responsivity of over 0.1 A W−1, high speed and broad spectral bandwidth is realized through enhanced absorption due to near-field coupling. Under zero-bias operation, response rates above 20 GHz and an instrumentation-limited 12 Gbit s−1 optical data link are demonstrated.
Monte Carlo validation of a multireader method for receiver operating characteristic discrete rating data: split-plot experimental design

The major purpose of this paper was to evaluate the Dorfman/Berbaum/Metz (DBM) method for analyzing multireader receiver operating characteristic (ROC) discrete rating data on reader split-plot and case split-plot designs. It is not always appropriate or practical for readers to interpret imaging studies of the same patients in all modalities. In split plot designs, either a different sample of readers is assigned to each modality or a different sample of cases is assigned to each modality. For each type of split-plot design, a series of null-case Monte Carlo simulations were conducted. The results suggest that the DBM method provides trustworthy alpha levels with discrete ratings when ROC area is not too large, and case and reader sample sizes are not too small. In other situations, the test tends to be somewhat conservative. Our Monte Carlo simulations show that the DBM multireader method can be validly extended to the reader-split and case- split plot designs.
High-temperature stabilized anatase TiO2 from an aluminum-doped TiCl3 precursor.

The solid-state hydrolysis and air calcination of aluminum-doped TiCl3 leads to crystalline anatase TiO2 that is stable on heating to 1000 °C, in contrast to control studies with related AlCl3 and TiCl3 physical mixtures that produce rutile TiO2 under the same conditions.
Insights into the crystal chemistry of Earth materials rendered by electron density distributions: Pauling’s rules revisited

Experimental and calculated electron density distributions determined for oxide and silicate crystals and siloxane molecules provide a new basis for addressing the classic foundation of the crystal chemistry of silicates, including atomic/ionic radii, the radius ratio rule and the nexus between the Pauling’s bond strength, resonance bond number, and bond length. The distributions indicate that the charge density of a bonded oxygen atom is highly distorted with its bonded radius decreasing systematically from 1.50 A when bonded to highly electropositive atoms like sodium to ~0.65 A when bonded to highly electronegative atoms like nitrogen. Rather than a single radius, the atom has as many bonded radii as it has bonded interactions. Bonded radii determined for the metal atoms match the Shannon effective ionic radii for the more electropositive atoms, but they depart and decrease systematically as the electronegativity of the M atoms increases. Pauling’s first rule is considered to be irrelevant given the asphericity and the range of the bonded radii displayed by the O atom. A power law regression expression is formulated between the average M-O bond lengths, , and the average value of the electron density, = r[1.41/ ]4.76, at the bond critical point, r c, between pairs of bonded M-O atoms. The expression applies to a host of crystals and molecules comprising M-atoms for all rows, r, of the periodic table. The values correlate with bond strength and resonance bond strength for the M-O bonded interactions on a one-to-one basis, demonstrating that the Pauling bond strength is a direct measure of the electron density involved in a bonded interaction and the accumulation of the electron density between the bonded pair. The widespread applications of the Brown-Shannon bond valence model in the Earth sciences and material science owes much of its success to the direct connection that exists between bond strength and the quantum mechanical observable, the electron density distribution. Compelling evidence is presented that supports the argument that the Si-O bonded interactions within siloxane molecules and silicate crystals are fundamentally the same, and that the local Si-O bonded interactions comprising molecules are, at the very core, equivalent to the Si-O bonded interactions observed in silicate crystals. Bond paths between the O atoms comprising shared polyhedral edges are consistent with Pauling’s third rule, the shorter the O-O shared edges, the greater the accumulation of the electron density between the O atoms, the greater the stabilization of the shared edges.
A Simple Device for Integrating Temperature, Relative Humidity or Salinity over Time

Abstract The robust diffusion sensor provides a simple, inexpensive, accurate method to integrate temperature, relative humidity (or water activity), or salinity for time periods up to several years. It does not require power or maintenance. Depending on temperature, precision of about 0.1°C for temperature and a few percent for relative humidity or salinity can be achieved. Various combinations of water-filled and desiccant-filled cells can be used for simultaneously integrating temperature, relative humidity or salinity by simply weighing the cells before and after exposure to the environment.
A comparison of molecular orbital and crystal field calculations of ferric heme compounds

In this paper molecular orbital and crystal field calculations of some properties of five coordinated ferric heme proteins are compared. In particular, choosing hemin as an example, we have compared the following quantities: single orbital energies, electron repulsion energies, term energies, electron population of the Fe d orbitals, net atomic charges and the electric field gradient at the Fe nucleus calculated from the two models. Smaller term energy intervals between low lying sextet, doublet and quartet states, and an electric field gradient of opposite sign and three times the magnitude appear to be predicted from the MO calculation. These and other results are discussed in some detail.
The Response of Finite-Amplitude Wave Motions to Seasonal Heating of a Baroclinic Shear Flow

The quasi-geostrophic two-layer model is used to study the response of finite baroclinic wave activity to small, slowly varying seasonal differential heating that is independent of the motion of the fluid. A perturbation scheme is established for the forced baroclinic wave problem, the expansion parameter being a power of the magnitude of the heating and depending on the magnitude of the dissipation. The physical basis for the choice of this power is that the heat flux due to baroclinic wave activity must be of the same order as the time-varying zonal heating. For large dissipation the wave amplitude equation is first order but with time-dependent coefficients, and the baroclinic wave activity is strongly correlated with the time variation of the heating. For small dissipation the amplitude equation is third order, and the behaviour of the wave activity is more complicated, exhibiting different types of periodic and aperiodic oscillations depending on the frequency and amplitude of the heating and the value of the friction coefficient. In general, there were no vacillations between equilibrium states for values of the friction coefficient greater than a critical value. However, aperiodic responses result for increasing magnitudes of the heating but this is moderated by decreasing the values of the heating frequency. When the friction coefficient is decreased below a critical value, vacillations about different equilibrium states occurred. In such situations, the baroclinic wave activity appears less correlated with the variations of the heating while the zonal flow modifications are rather well correlated. Physical considerations of eddy heat flux and energy transfer between zonal and wave field, as well as interpretations of observations, are presented throughout.