cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling solute diffusion in the presence of pore-scale heterogeneity : method development and an application to the Culebra dolomite Member of the Rustler Formation, New Mexico, USA

Abstract Previous studies have revealed the presence of pore-scale variability in diffusivity in the Culebra (dolomite) member of the Rustler Formation, NM. In this study, eight laboratory-scale diffusion experiments on five Culebra samples were analyzed using a methodology for modeling solute diffusion through porous media in the presence of multiple matrix diffusivities, D p . A lognormal distribution of D p is assumed within each of the lab samples. The estimated standard deviation ( σ d ) of ln( D p ) within each sample ranges from 0 to 1, with most values lying between 0.5 and 1. The variability over all samples leads to a combined σ d in the range of 1.0–1.2, which is consistent with the distribution of independently determined formation factor measurements for similar Culebra samples. A comparison of our estimation results to other rock properties suggests that, at the lab-scale, the geometric mean of D p increases with bulk porosity and the quantity of macroscopic features such as vugs and fractures. However, σ d appears to be determined by variability within such macroscopic features and/or by micropore-scale heterogeneity. In addition, comparison of these experiments to those at larger spatial scales suggests that increasing sample volume results in an increase in σ d .
Measurement of transmembrane proton diffusion using two liposome-sequestered pH indicator dyes.

A new method is described for measuring the rate of transmembrane proton diffusion in liposomes. Two sequential pH indicator dyes (bromcresol green, pH 3.8 to pH 5.4 and bromthymol blue, pH 6.0 to pH 7.6) of similar color transitions were cosequestered inside liposomes and their rate of bleaching in the presence of imposed pH gradients was followed spectrophotometrically. This simple, novel method was used to directly measure the increase in membrane permeability to protons caused by the classic uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation; 2,4 dinitrophenol, dicoumarol and carbonylcyanide metachlorophenylhydrazone. Increase in proton permeability caused by the uncouplers was measured from pH 4.0 to pH 8.0 and was found to correspond well with the uncoupler's pKa. Membrane permeability was also shown to decrease as a function of mole-percent cholesterol incorporated in the liposome and increase as a function of the membrane disruptive agent, n-butanol, in the aqueous phase. This method can be used to quickly test for transmembrane proton conductors as well as for agents causing general disruption of the membrane lipid bilayer and so can be used as a simple screening method for the detection of potential uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation.
The Double-Edged Swords of Autonomy and External Knowledge: Analyzing Team Effectiveness in a Multinational Organization

Extending the differentiation-integration view of organizational design to teams, I propose that self-managing teams engaged in knowledge-intensive work can perform more effectively by combining au...
Additive equivalence during turbulent drag reduction

The object of this work is to provide new experimental information on additive equivalence, and to attempt its physical interpretation, to illuminate the role of the additive in drag reduction.
Variables affecting nicotine metabolism

Nicotine metabolism is exceedingly sensitive to perturbation by numerous host factors. To reduce the large variations and discrepancies in the literature pertaining to nicotine metabolism, investigators in future studies need to recognize and better control these host factors. Recent advances in the understanding of nicotine metabolism have suggested new approaches to elucidating underlying mechanisms of certain toxic effects associated with cigarette smoking.
Hypophosphaturia impairs the renal defense against metabolic acidosis

It is known that Pi normally provides the major source of non-NH3 urinary buffer and that Pi-buffered renal H+ excretion (titratable acidity, TA) accounts for a large fraction of daily renal net acid excretion (NAE). Whether the presence of luminal non-NH3 buffers is a prerequisite to normal renal regulation of systemic acid-base equilibrium under any conditions has not been investigated. Accordingly, I investigated whether chronic renal regulation of plasma (p) [HCO3] might be impaired under conditions of normophosphatemic hypophosphaturia (NHP) produced by short-term dietary Pi restriction. During a steady-state of HCl-induced acidosis in NaCl-replete NHP dogs (group 1A, N = 6), [HCO3-]p averaged 14.1 +/- 0.6 mEq/liter and arterial (a) [H+] averaged 54 +/- 2 nEq/liter. Substitution K+ 2.5 mEq/kg as neutral Pi for equivalent dietary KCl for 7 to 8 days resulted in significant amelioration of acidosis (delta [HCO3-]p + 2.2 +/- 0.5 mEq/liter, P less than 0.01; delta [H+]a -6 +/- 2 nEq/liter, P less than 0.01) in association with a cumulative increment (sigma delta) in TA excretion (+ 103 mEq, P less than 0.001) and NAE (+ 22 mEq). To investigate whether Pi-induced amelioration of acidosis was related to enhanced urinary buffer capacity, an additional group (group 1B, N = 5) with NHP and chronic HCl acidosis was administered the non-Pi buffer, neutral creatinine (5.0 mmoles/kg daily). As with Pi, acidosis was ameliorated by creatinine administration and sigma delta NAE increased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Going against the flow

Ion transport: the division between active transporters and passive channels is beginning to blur
Antibody‐Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity and Natural Killer Cytotoxicity of Peritoneal Cells from Nude Mice to Herpes Simplex Virus‐Infected Cells

Nude BALB/c mice (athymic) were more susceptible to fatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) than normal BALB/c mice (P = 0.002). The peritoneal cells of nude mice mediated levels of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of equal or greater magnitude than cells from normal BALB/c, heterozygote nu/+, or C57BL/6 mice. Unstimulated natural killer cytotoxicity of peritoneal cells from nude mice was higher (P less than 0.05) than that mediated by cells from C57BL/6 mice. Nude mice failed to make anti-HSV ADCC antibody 6 to 14 days post HSV inoculation, at times when nu/+, BALB/c, and C57BL/6 mice produced antibody. Passive reconstitution of nude mice with high titer intraperitoneal anti-HSV immune globulin provided circulating anti-HSV ADCC antibody and significant protection against lethal HSV infection.
Auditory attention switching: a developmental study.

Abstract The developmental course of the ability to rapidly allocate attention was studied using a dichotic listening task with 8-year old, 11-year old and college age subjects. In this task, subjects were instructed to listen to one ear for predescribed targets and then were later signaled (on some trials) to switch their attention to the other ear. Reorientation was assessed by comparing the pattern of subjects' omission and intrusion errors on trials following a command to switch ears with the pattern of errors on no-switch trials. Older subjects were better able to reallocate their attention in accordance with task demands, with the greatest gains in performance occurring between ages 8 and 11. This developmental change appears to be generally continuous and quantitative in nature. Since successful performance of this task requires flexibility in subjects' ability to control their focus of attention, these results support the hypothesis that the basis of the developmental improvement in the abiity to ignore irrelevant information is linked to the ability to use active attentional strategies.
A 13C INADEQUATE and HF-GIAO Study of C60H2 and C60H6 Identification of Ring Currents in a 1,2-Dihydrofullerene

The hydrofullerenes C60H2 (1) and C60H6 (2) have been prepared in 13C-enriched form and 2D INADEQUATE NMR spectra were measured. These spectra have provided unambiguous 13C assignments for 2, and nearly unambiguous assignments for 1. In both cases, the most downfield resonances are immediately adjacent to the sp3 carbons, despite the fact that these carbons are the least pyramidalized carbons in the molecule. Typically, 13C chemical shifts move downfield with increasing pyramidalization (ϑp), but in these systems there is no strong correlation between ϑp and δ. HF-GIAO calculations are able to predict the chemical shifts, but provide little chemical insight into the origin of these chemical shifts. London theory reveals a significant paramagnetic ring current in 1, a feature that helps explain the 1H shifts in these compounds and may contribute to the 13C chemical shifts as well.
Parameter set estimation for non-linear systems

Models of dynamical systems are instrumental for many purposes: prediction, control, simulation, tracking and so on. In this paper, we will show how parameter set estimation (PSE) can be applied to non-linear systems. Parameter set estimation identifies a set of estimates which are feasible with respect to the measured data and a priori information. This set of parameters, feasible for the given model structure, can then be used for system tracking or robust control designs. For application to robust control, it is important that the size of this set be as small as possible. In order to apply parameter set estimation techniques to a non-linear system, the system function is expressed in a tensor parameterization which is linear in the parameters (LP). Then it is shown how an optimum volume ellipsoid strategy for linear time invariant systems can be extended to this tensor parameterization of a non-linear system. The methodology is illustrated on two examples, the second of which uses data obtained from an...
Preparation of and Fluoroalkylation with (Chlorodifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane, Difluorobis(trimethylsilyl)methane, and 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoro-1,2-bis(trimethylsilyl)ethane

CF2BrCl reacts with aluminum/N-methylpyrrolidinone in the presence of chlorotrimethylsilane to give Me3SiCF2Cl in high yield. Similarly, CF2Br2 gives Me3SiCF2Br with bromotrimethylsilane. Chlorodifluoromethylation of aldehydes using Me3SiCF2Cl and a catalytic amount of TBAF in polar solvents occurs at room temperature, providing difluoromethylated alcohols in two steps. Electroreduction of Me3SiCF2Cl in the presence of chlorotrimethylsilane gives Me3SiCF2SiMe3 (anion-derived product) and Me3SiCF2CF2SiMe3 (radical-derived product). Using THF/HMPA strongly favors the former, whereas THF/TDA-1 (tris(3,6-dioxaheptyl)amine) the latter. Me3SiCF2SiMe3 difluoromethylates aldehydes acting as a difluoromethylene dianion (“CF22-” equivalent), whereas Me3SiCF2CF2SiMe3 acts at room temperature as an in situ source for the perfluorovinyl anion (due to β-elimination of fluorotrimethylsilane). However, at low temperature the elimination pathway is suppressed and tetrafluoroethylene dianion (“-CF2CF2-” equivalent) behavio...
Volume replacement and coagulation: A comparative review

Literature pertaining to the effects of albumin, dextran, and hydroxyethyl starch on blood clotting are reviewed. All three agents modestly decrease the concentration of clotting factors via hemodilution. Convincing evidence has not yet been presented to demonstrate additional effects for albumin that are independent of dilution. Dextran and hydroxyethyl starch both lower clotting factor VIII to a greater degree than can be explained by hemodilution, and both are incorporated into polymerizing fibrin fibers to produce large, bulky clots and to enhance fibrinolysis. The effects of hydroxyethyl starch may be quantitatively less pronounced than those of dextran. A relatively low molecular weight analog of hydroxyethyl starch, pentastarch, with diminished hydroxyethyl group substitution, may be almost devoid of anticoagulant effects, except for those mediated by hemodilution. Although adverse effects have been reported for all three agents, each can serve as an acceptably safe plasma volume expander when used in reasonable doses.
Magnetic relaxation in heterogeneous systems

Abstract Proton relaxation times of H2O and deuteron relaxation times of D2O for water in contact with glass beads were studied as functions of temperature, H2O/D2O ratio, and pulse spacing. Deuteron T1 of water in contact with glass beads was only slightly less than that of bulk water at all temperatures studied. Proton T1 of water in contact with uncoated glass beads was shorter than that of bulk water, and had a smaller temperature dependence. The corresponding changes for glass beads coated with silicone was more pronounced. In the glass bead systems, the increase in proton T1 for H2O with dilution by D2O was much less than that in bulk water. It was concluded that cross relaxation between water protons and magnetic nuclei on the solid surfaces was important in reducing proton T1 of water. The spin echoes of both proton and deuteron of water in contact with the glass beads were nonexponential, and were dependent on pulse spacing. The results indicated that inhomogeneity in magnetic susceptibility greatly affected the transverse relaxation in these heterogeneous systems.
Spatial autocorrelation analysis of hyperspectral imagery for feature selection

Abstract The spatial information in a single spectral image can be estimated from the spatial autocorrelation, which is a measure of how the local variation compares with the overall variance in a scene. In images of random noise, the local variation tends to be similar to the overall variance. In contrast, scenes in which large features can be discerned have clusters of pixels with similar values, which cause the local variation to be much smaller on average than the overall scene variance. A comparison of the autocorrelation of images formed by the ratios of two spectral bands is an excellent way to determine which combinations provide the best spectral representation of objects greater in size than the spatial resolution of the sensor. This is because an image formed from the ratios of two nonredundant bands will enhance spectral objects and thus tend to have greater spatial autocorrelation than the ratio of two bands that are very similar. Ratios are a particularly effective method of combining images because this operation tends to reduce the effect of illumination differences and to enhance spectral features. Feature selection is the process of finding a subset of the original bands that provides an optimal trade-off between probability of error and classification cost (Swain and Davis, 1978). Three feature selection problems are addressed in this paper: (1) narrow band feature selection, which is the selection of a subset of individual bands; (2) broad band feature selection, in which groups of adjacent bands are selected, and (3) nonadjacent multiple band feature selection, in which selection. of the groups of bands is not limited to adjacent bands. Spatial autocorrelation is useful in all three feature selection problems. Narrow band feature selection is carried out by ranking the spatial autocorrelation of all possible combinations of ratioed bands. Broad band feature selection can be carried out by iteratively grouping adjacent bands that are the most similar. If the grouping is started from the previously identified best bands, it is possible to develop a metric to check that the incorporation of each additional band to the group enhances the spatial autocorrelation of all the groups of bands together. Nonadjacent multiple band feature selection is simply an extension of the broad band case, except any of the original bands can potentially be grouped in any of the features. Tests with simulated data indicate that the spatial autocorrelation based methods consistently identify the best bands or groups of bands. Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data of eastern Washington state are used to illustrate the technique on -real data. The results suggest that visible and near-infrared bands provide a large proportion of the spectral and spatial information in that scene. Adjacent bands in many cases provide similar information, but there are important exceptions such as on the red edge of the infra-red plateau.
Lack of Coagulopathy After Copperhead Snakebites

Study objective We determine the frequency and severity of abnormal laboratory measures of coagulation after suspected or known copperhead ( Agkistrodon contortrix ) envenomation. Methods We identified the charts of venomous snakebites in children presenting to St. Louis Children's Hospital over a period of time greater than 14 years and of all venomous snakebites in adults presenting to Barnes-Jewish Hospital over a period of time greater than 11 years. We identified all known or suspected copperhead snakebites. We excluded bites by rattlesnakes, cottonmouths, unidentified snakes, and captive or non-native snakes. We classified the confidence that the culprit was a copperhead snake as "positive" or "probable," according to the previously published criteria. We recorded the most extreme values for laboratory measures of coagulation for each patient. Results The final data set included 106 venomous snakebites, of which 45 were positively identified as attributable to copperheads and 61 probable copperheads. Results for international normalized ratio (INR), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), platelet count, and fibrinogen concentration remained within normal limits for 79%, 93%, 95%, and 91% of patients, respectively. The highest INRs and PTTs were 1.35 and 41 seconds, respectively, in different patients. Three patients had platelet counts below 100,000/mm 3 (54,000, 75,000, and 76,000/mm 3 , respectively). The lowest fibrinogen concentration was 117 mg/dL. Five patients had 2 laboratory values outside normal ranges, and 1 had 3 abnormal laboratory values. No patient developed bleeding complications. Conclusion In identified copperhead snakebites, it may be safe to forgo serial coagulation testing in both adult and pediatric patients in the absence of clinical evidence of bleeding.
The Ancient Maya of the Belize Valley: Half a Century of Arc aeological Researc

The Ancient Maya of the Belize Valley: Half. Century of Archaeological Research. James F. Garber (ed.), Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2004. 448 pp.
Taming the Madvocate Within: Social Justice Meets Social Compassion

AS SOCIAL JUSTICE EDUCATORS and advocates, we strive to be result-oriented pragmatists and compassionate change agents. We employ social justice instruction and philosophy to promote unity on campus, as well as mitigate the boundaries as social justice relates to the general curriculum. Our diversity work with student aff airs graduate students, faculty, and staff throughout the country is predicated on one major strategic question—how eff ective have we been in creating mutually supportive, compassionate social justice communities throughout the campus as well as off campus? The more we strive to help our students and colleagues to become eff ective and compassionate advocates, however, the more we fi nd that it is impossible (indeed, naive) to separate how we advocate from what we claim to advocate. This is a salient learning task that students will face when they begin to employ authentically eff ective communication strategies. We will use the terms advocacy and activism because the former connotes “calling compassionately to others in order to bring about change,” and the latter denotes “taking vigorous, bold action in order to produce immediate outcomes.” “Compassion,” says the Dalai Lama, “is the radicalism of this age” (p. 256). We believe that it is social compassion that is the radical notion that has supported the greatest social changes in our time. Advocacy is a process; activism is a product. Advocacy calls for empathy, patience, determination, nonjudgmentalism, and humility. Activism calls for directness, righteous indignation, critique, and immediate, tangible results. Listen to the words of James Baldwin (in a letter to his nephew), who was both an activist and an advocate, in the sense we are talking about:
VCSEL devices and packaging

Over the last few years, Motorola has been applying a different kind of semiconductor laser technology to a family of datalink and discrete products. The laser technology is commonly referred to as Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs). This technology is now emerging from advanced development and research laboratories into the market place, and there is a number of introductory texts, inaddition to journal articles that describe the technology [1]. Motorola, has chosen the VCSEL technology to be the back-bone of it's optical program and has developed products such as the OPTOBUSTM datalink [1,2,3], which interconnects arrays of VCSELs inside a small, compact module via parallel fiber ribbon to receiver modules. As an extension to this technology, Motorola has designed new and novel ways to package the VCSELs. This paper will detail, inaddition to the packaging used in OPTOBUSTM, two approaches to discrete VCSEL packaging that are commercially competitive; the flip-chip and the angled angle TO-can. The essence of both these package designs is what is usually termed as 'auto-power control' (APC). This allows a feedback mechanism to feedback a signal to the laser, to control or change its output power level with respect to system conditions. Usually, this is accomplished by back facet monitor photodetectors in conventional edge emitting laser systems. As the VCSEL does not have facets, alternative solutions have to developed; the flip-chip and angled TO-can are shown to be good candidate.
Controlled layer‐by‐layer immobilization of horseradish peroxidase

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was biotinylated with biotinamidocaproate N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (BcapNHS) in a controlled manner to obtain biotinylated horseradish peroxidase (Bcap-HRP) with two biotin moieties per enzyme molecule. Avidin-mediated immobilization of HRP was achieved by first coupling avidin on carboxy-derivatized polystyrene beads using a carbodiimide, followed by the attachment of the disubstituted biotinylated horseradish peroxidase from one of the two biotin moieties through the avidin-biotin interaction (controlled immobilization). Another layer of avidin can be attached to the second biotin on Bcap-HRP, which can serve as a protein linker with additional Bcap-HRP, leading to a layer-by-layer protein assembly of the enzyme. Horseradish peroxidase was also immobilized directly on carboxy-derivatized polystyrene beads by carbodiimide chemistry (conventional method). The reaction kinetics of the native horseradish peroxidase, immobilized horseradish peroxidase (conventional method), controlled immobilized biotinylated horseradish peroxidase on avidin-coated beads, and biotinylated horseradish peroxidase crosslinked to avidin-coated polystyrene beads were all compared. It was observed that in solution the biotinylated horseradish peroxidase retained 81% of the unconjugated enzyme's activity. Also, in solution, horseradish peroxidase and Bcap-HRP were inhibited by high concentrations of the substrate hydrogen peroxide. The controlled immobilized horseradish peroxidase could tolerate much higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and, thus, it demonstrates reduced substrate inhibition. Because of this, the activity of controlled immobilized horseradish peroxidase was higher than the activity of Bcap-HRP in solution. It is shown that a layer-by-layer assembly of the immobilized enzyme yields HRP of higher activity per unit surface area of the immobilization support compared to conventionally immobilized enzyme.
Optical observation of the kinetics of thermalization between the 3P0 and 3P1 excited states of Pr3+ in symmetrical Pr3+–Gd3+ pairs in CsCdBr3

Abstract The time dependence of thermalization between the 3 P 0 and 3 P 1 electronic states of Pr 3+ in symmetrical Pr 3+ –Gd 3+ pairs in CsCdBr 3 , following pulsed laser excitation into either state, is reflected in the time dependence of the luminescence from both states. The 3 P 0 and 3 P 1 states achieve thermal equilibrium in the microsecond time domain over the temperature range of study (215–340 K). Because the 3 P 0 – 3 P 1 energy gap is larger than the phonon cutoff in CsCdBr 3 , thermalization occurs via multiphonon processes. A rate-equation model for the thermalization process is presented, and the temperature dependence of the rate constants for 3 P 1 ← 3 P 0 multiphonon absorption and 3 P 1 → 3 P 0 multiphonon emission is reported from 215–340 K. In contrast to CsCdBr 3 , the analogous thermalization kinetics in Pr 3+ –Gd 3+ pairs in isostructural CsMgCl 3 is not discernable in the 3 P 0 and 3 P 1 luminescence, because thermalization is instantaneous within the time resolution of our experiments (∼20 ns). The difference in the thermalization kinetics in the two lattices is attributed to the difference in the number of phonons required to bridge the 3 P 0 – 3 P 1 energy gap.
Family caregivers and the mental health care system: reality and dreams.

Services directed toward supporting the family caregivers of persons with serious and persistent mental illnesses (SPMIs) are virtually nonexistent despite the fact that such interventions may have the potential to improve outcomes for both the caregivers and the clients. This qualitative study expands our understanding of the caregivers' perspective of nonsupportive and supportive aspects of the current mental health care system as well as desired services. The written narrative responses of 76 family caregivers from National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (NAMI) chapters across the United States were analyzed using content analysis. The caregivers focused on relationship issues, service issues, and broader social system issues.
Massage Reduces Anxiety in Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Patients

A 30-minute back massage was given daily for a 5-day period to 52 hospitalized depressed and adjustment disorder children and adolescents. Compared with a control group who viewed relaxing videotapes, the massaged subjects were less depressed and anxious and had lower saliva cortisol levels after the massage. In addition, nurses rated the subjects as being less anxious and more cooperative on the last day of the study, and nighttime sleep increased over this period. Finally, urinary cortisol and norepinephrine levels decreased, but only for the depressed subjects.
Wolbachia Superinfections and the Expression of Cytoplasmic Incompatibility

Strains of Drosophila simulans from Riverside, California (DSR) and Hawaii (DSH) harbour distinct strains of the cytoplasmic incompatibility microorganism Wolbachia, resulting in the expression of bidirectional incompatibility when crossed. D. simulans lines carrying both of these (superinfected) Wolbachia strains were generated by the transfer of infected DSH cytoplasm into DSR embryos by microinjection. The superinfected flies were unidirectionally incompatible with both DSR and DSH individuals. As a result of this pattern, the superinfected state was observed to replace single infections in laboratory populations. The ability of the superinfection to spread was modulated by the production of singly infected offspring from superinfected mothers: strain segregation was observed under crowded larval rearing conditions. An inverse correlation between the penetrance of the cytoplasmic incompatibility phenotype and the degree of larval crowding was also observed. The findings have implications for the evolution of bidirectionally incompatible strains, and lead to the prediction that superinfections should be relatively common in field populations. Evidence for a natural superinfection in the mosquito Aedes albopictus is discussed. The results also have applied significance for the generation of insect lines capable of driving desirable genes into populations already infected with Wolbachia, thus allowing repeated opportunities for population replacement.
Whence Came the Asvārān? An Inquiry into the Ambiguity of Sources

AbstractNarratives of the Arab Conquests that were compiled in book form only after the ninth century fall short of providing a consistent, let alone an accurate, view of Sasanian hierarchies of rank and status during the sixth and seventh centuries. Knowledge of provincial divisions and administrative practices under Sasanian rule was reflected more accurately, not least of all because it directly pertained to the collection of tax revenues for the conquerors. When it comes to information about Iranian society and culture before the conquests, Arabic sources, often based on veterans’ tales, offer but fragmentary and anecdotal information. While scholars have made great use of these sources, it is still difficult to fathom the composition and function of groups such as the Sasanian asvārān. Focusing on a few well-known conquest narratives, this article investigates the information they contain on the asvārān, and will underline some of the difficulties involved when drawing inferences from them with respect to Sasanian social hierarchy and military structure.
An Analysis of the Organizational Interaction of Accounting Departments

In the context of an organizational set and its related prestige ranking, it is found that coalition formation among accounting departments is a function of perceived prestige and geographic locati...
Criminological theory: a life-course approach

The past two decades has been an interesting period for the advancement of criminological theory. Following nearly a century of sociological dominance that focused on the developmental period of ad...
Response to Psychosocial Treatment in Poststroke Depression Is Associated With Serotonin Transporter Polymorphisms

Background and Purpose—The Living Well With Stroke study has demonstrated effectiveness of a brief psychosocial treatment in reducing depressive symptoms after stroke. The purpose of this analysis was to determine whether key variables associated with prevalence of poststroke depression also predicted treatment response. Methods—Response to a brief psychosocial/behavioral intervention for poststroke depression was measured with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Analysis of covariance models tested for interaction of potential predictor variables with treatment group on percent change in Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression from pre- to post-treatment as an outcome. Results—Initial depression severity, hemispheric location, level of social support, age, gender, and antidepressant adherence did not interact with the treatment with respect to percent change in Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression when considered 1 at a time. Participants who carried 1 or 2 s-alleles at the 5-HTTLPR serotonin transpor...
The effects of temperature and light on two algal populations in the temperate sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima (Brandt, 1835)

The effects of temperature (13 °C and 20 °C) and irradiance (low light (LL) = 10 μmol/m2/s; high light (HL) = 137 μmol/m2/s) on the population density of two symbiotic algae in the tentacle region of the intertidal sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima (Brandt) were examined in this study. Anemones contained zooxanthellae (brown anemones), zoochlorellae (green anemones), or a mixture of both algae (mixed anemones). Temperature and light have different effects on zooxanthellae and zoochlorellae, resulting in changes in the algal complement of A. elegantissima. High temperature caused a significant decrease in the density of zoochlorellae over 25 days (in green anemones: −32 and −20 algae/μg tentacle protein per day under HL and LL, respectively) and a reduction in algal mitotic index (from 15% to < 5% cells dividing after 6 days). Low light caused a significant increase in the density of zooxanthellae over 25 days (in brown anemones: +15 and +20 algae/μg tentacle protein per day at 13 °C and 20 °C, respectively). Overall, temperature had a greater effect than light on the population density of algae in the tentacles of A. elegantissima; the percent change in zoochlorellae density in tentacles of anemones held at 20 °C was significantly less (in green anemones, −69%) than changes obtained with all other symbiont-temperature interactions. Zooxanthellae and zoochlorellae in mixed anemone tentacles showed the same population density response to the treatments as zooxanthellae and zoochlorellae in brown and green anemones, respectively. Population densities of both algal symbionts are regulated by temperature and light, and the relative abundance of each alga in a host anemone may be shifted with changes in these environmental factors.
Development of a Molybdate–Phosphate–Silane–Silicate (MPSS) coating process for electrogalvanized steel

Abstract Electrogalvanized steel samples have been treated in a solution containing molybdate, phosphate and silicate and in the same solution containing silane and nitric acid as additives. The corrosion resistance of the treated samples has been compared to that of bare samples after exposure to 0.5 N NaCl for 24 h using polarization curves and EIS data. The chemical composition of the coating layers has been determined using different surface analysis techniques. The samples have also been exposed to the salt spray test. The results of these tests suggest that the MPSS treatment is a promising candidate for replacing conventional chromate treatments.
An Examination of Intraoccupational Differences: Personality, Perceived Work Climate, and Outcome Preferences.

Abstract The present study indicates that individuals belonging to intraoccupational concentrations are distinguishable in terms of personality, perceived work climate, and outcome preferences. Subjects were 425 public and industrial accountants identified from a national survey. Scales from the California Psychological Inventory successfully discriminated suboccupations within male and female samples. Countervalent discriminant weights within gender subgroups were interpreted within a sex role incongruency framework. Intraoccupational differences were also found for both sexes in perceived work climate and outcome preferences. Implications of intraoccupational delineations for career development and human resource planning are discussed.
Tyrosine phosphorylation of villin regulates the organization of the actin cytoskeleton.

Abstract We have previously shown that tyrosine phosphorylation of the actin-regulatory protein villin is accompanied by the redistribution of phosphorylated villin and a concomitant decrease in the F-actin content of intestinal epithelial cells. The temporal and spatial correlation of these two events suggested that tyrosine phosphorylation of villin may be involved in the rearrangement of the microvillar cytoskeleton. This hypothesis was investigated by analyzing the effects of tyrosine phosphorylation of villin on the kinetics of actin polymerization by reconstituting in vitrothe tyrosine phosphorylation of villin and its association with actin. Full-length recombinant human villin was phosphorylated in vitro by expression in the TKX1-competent cells that carry an inducible tyrosine kinase gene. The actin-binding properties of villin were examined using a co-sedimentation assay. Phosphorylation of villin did not change the stoichiometry (1:2) but decreased the binding affinity (4.4 μm for unphosphorylatedversus 0.6 μm for phosphorylated) of villin for actin. Using a pyrene-actin-based fluorescence assay, we demonstrated that tyrosine phosphorylation had a negative effect on actin nucleation by villin. In contrast, tyrosine phosphorylation enhanced actin severing by villin. Electron microscopic analysis showed complementary morphological changes. Phosphorylation inhibited the actin bundling and enhanced the actin severing functions of villin. Taken together our data show that tyrosine phosphorylation of villin decreases the amount of villin bound to actin filaments, inhibits the actin-polymerizing properties of villin, and promotes the actin-depolymerizing functions instead. These observations suggest a role for tyrosine phosphorylation in modulating the microvillar cytoskeleton in vivo by villin in response to specific physiological stimuli.
Research Methodology: Epistemologic Considerations

The selection of research methodology originates in assumptions regarding the nature of the phenomena under investigation, the appropriate means of inquiry regarding the phenomena, and the subject matter and end results sought. Consideration of constructivist methodology, with a focus on first degree constructs in the minds of participants in problem situations, is recommended as appropriate to inquiry into the phenomena of nursing.
Effects of RF bias on the texture, magnetics, and recording properties of RF sputtered CoCr/Cr longitudinal thin film media

The effects of RF bias on the texture, magnetics, and recording properties of CoCr/Cr films deposited on glass and NiP/AlMg disks by RF sputtering are examined. It is shown that RF bias improves the crystalline orientations and reduces the grain size of Cr and enhances grain segregations in CoCr/Cr films. It is also found that the preferred orientation of Cr films deposited on NiP/AlMg disks is much better than that of Cr films deposited on glass, although there are no tendencies observed to indicate that one kind of film has a higher coercivity than the other. This result implies that the coercivity of CoCr films is not dominated by the crystalline orientation of Cr underlayers. It is shown that the magnetic properties of CoCr can be improved effectively by RF biasing the substrates. The medium recording performance can be improved by applying a -50-V RF bias to achieve a 3.6-dBV/sub rms//root(Hz) reduction in medium noise and a 6-dB increase in S/N at 1600 b/mm. This improvement in the noise and signal-to-noise ratio of CoCr/Cr films appears to be related to the decoupling of magnetic interaction between grains. >
Invariance transformations and AGP optimization

Optimization of the energy expectation for an antisymmetrized geminal power (AGP) wavefunction is discussed utilizing the antisymmetric bilinear (symplectic) form of the geminal.
Bio-Inspired Enterprise Security

Providing security for enterprises is difficult due to the size and complexity of their computing and networking infrastructures. These environments consist of a large number of diverse systems and services that continually change, thus they are difficult to defend using current static-oriented defense mechanisms. This paper introduces a new security paradigm that mimics designs in nature to ensure the safety and soundness of infrastructures that are potentially very diverse and dynamic. Primary inspiration has come from ant colonies, social networking, and bioinformatics. The proposed framework combines these ideas to provide complex-adaptive security for computer systems, telecommunications, and critical Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) infrastructures.
A Bibliometric analysis on Green Innovations, Green Investments and Green Venture Capital

This paper introduces a methodology approach to forecast the growth of publications on environmental and financial performance of firms. It explores the Engineering and Technology Management, and Business Management literature on Green Innovations, Green Investments and Green Venture Capital by using Bibliometric analysis and presents the trends in the scholarly and professional publications in these areas from 1990 to 2009. The 1990 to 2009 period, with more than 5 million publications, is analyzed by using the Fisher-Pry model. Projections are made for publication trends on the basis of the model forecasts. The analysis indicates sustainability-related publications in the three areas studied are in the emerging and rapid development stages of development.
Using Parameterized Attributes to Improve Testing Capabilities with Domain-Specific Modeling Languages

Domain-specific modeling languages (DSMLs) show promise in improving model-based testing and experimentation (T&E) capabilities for software systems. This is because its intuitive graphical languages reduce complexities associated with error-prone, tedious, and time-consuming tasks. Despite the benefits of using DSMLs to facilitate model-based T&E, it is hard for testers to capture many variations of similar tests without manually duplicating modeling effort. This paper therefore presents a method called parameterized attributes that is used to capture points-of-variation in models. It also shows how parameterized attributes is realized in an open-source tool named the Generic Modeling Environment (GME) Template Engine. Finally, this paper quantitatively evaluates applying parameterized attributes to T&E of a representative distributed software system. Experience and results so show that parameterized attributes can reduce modeling effort after an initial model (or design) is constructed.
d‐ and f‐Block Transition Metal Complexes with Bulky Allyl Ligands

The allyl anion (C3H5−) is often found in combination with other ligands in organometallic complexes. Its compact size, however, means that compounds in which it is the only or principal type of ligand are frequently coordinatively unsaturated and prone to decomposition. Sterically bulky substituents (e.g.,—SiMe3) placed on the allyl group will increase its effective size, often enhancing the thermal, and in some cases oxidative, stability of the associated metal complexes. Compounds of the d- and f-block metals containing bulky allyl ligands display a wide range of monomeric, oligomeric, and polymeric structures. Some of these complexes have no counterparts with unsubstituted allyls, and others are active polymerization catalysts. Research in this area has markedly expanded the range of metals, structural types, and associated reactions that can be incorporated into metal–allyl chemistry. Keywords: allyl complex; steric bulk; solid-state structures; transition metal
Process synchronization: design and performance evaluation of distributed algorithms

The author presents a simple solution for the committee coordination problem, which encompasses the synchronization and exclusion problems associated with implementing multiway rendezvous, and shows how it can be implemented to develop a family of algorithms. The algorithms use message counts to solve the synchronization problem, and they solve the exclusion problem by using a circulating token or by using auxiliary resources as in the solutions for the dining or drinking philosophers' problems. Results of a simulation study of the performance of the algorithms are presented. The experiments measured the response time and message complexity of each algorithm as a function of variations in the model parameters, including network topology and level of conflict in the system. The results show that the response time for algorithms proposed is significantly better than for existing algorithms, whereas the message complexity is considerably worse. >
Cooperative energy harvesting communications with relaying and energy sharing

This paper considers two-hop communication networks where the transmitters harvest their energy in an intermittent fashion. In this network, communication is carried out by signal cooperation, i.e., relaying. Additionally, the transmitters have the option of transferring energy to one another, i.e., energy cooperation. Energy is partially lost during transfer, exposing a trade-off between energy cooperation and use of harvested energy for transmission. A multi-access relay model is considered and transmit power allocation and energy transfer policies that jointly maximize the sum-rate are found. It is shown that a class of power policies achieves the optimal sum-rate, allowing a separation of optimal energy transfer and optimal power allocation problems. The optimal energy transfer policy is shown to be an ordered node selection, where nodes with better energy transfer efficiency and worse channels transfer all their energy to the relay or other source nodes via the relay. For the special case of single source, the optimal policy requires the direction of energy transfer to remain unchanged unless either node depletes all of its energy. Overall, the findings provide the insight that cooperation of the source nodes by sharing energy with the relay node leads to them indirectly cooperating with each other, and that such cooperation can be carried out in a last-minute fashion.
Consumer Acceptance and Willingness to Pay for Blueberry Products with Nonconventional Attributes

Consumer acceptance and willingness to pay for three nonconventional attributes associated with six processed blueberry products was examined through an in-store conjoint experiment survey. Both credence and experience attributes were considered, including whether the products were produced locally, and whether they were organic or sugar-free. The results indicate heterogeneity in consumer preference and willingness to pay for different attributes across product categories. Local products and organic formulations generally received positive willingness to pay across all products. This information has implications for blueberry growers and retailers who are trying to create and position value-added products for maximum revenue.
Urban Unemployment Drives Urban Crime

Burglary and robbery rates in St. Louis, Missouri, are investigated as functions of census unemployment levels taken in 1970 and 1980 for twelve yearly cross sections of crime rates, with all rates aggregated to the level of census tracts for analyses. The relationship of burglary and robbery rates to unemployment is found to be positive, and the interactive (logged) model is found to be the one most consistent with theory as well as the best predictive model. The magnitude of unemployment effects is large, and the policy implication is that urban areas fighting crime would benefit substantially from successfully targeted employment programs.
Investigation of Ge, As, and Au Diffusion in Non-Alloyed Epitaxial Au-Ge Ohmic Contacts to n-GaAs Using Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy Backside Sputter Depth-Profiling

A SIMS backside sputter depth-profile technique using marker layers is employed to characterize the diffusion profiles of the Ge, As, and Au in the Au-Ge contacts after annealing at 320 C for various times. This technique overcomes difficulties such as ion beam mixing and preferential sputtering and results in high depth resolution measurements since diffusion profiles are measured from low to high concentration. Localized reactions in the form of islands were observed across the surface of the contact after annealing and were composed of Au, Ge, and As, as determined by SIMS imaging and Auger depth profiling. Backside SIMS profiles indicate both Ge and Au diffusion into the GaAs substrate in the isalnd regions. Ohmic behavior was obtained after a 3 hour anneal with a the lowest average specific contact resistivity found to be ∼ 7 × 100−6 Ω- cm2.
Exclusionary Discipline of Students With Disabilities Student and School Characteristics Predicting Suspension

Given the negative outcomes associated with suspension, scholars and practitioners are concerned with discipline disparities. This study explored patterns and predictors of suspension in a sample of 2,750 students with disabilities in 39 schools in a Midwestern district. Hierarchical generalized linear modeling demonstrated that disability type, gender, race/ethnicity, and free/reduced lunch status were significant predictors of suspension among students with disabilities. Adjusting for gender and race/ethnicity attenuated suspension risk associated with disability type, and adjusting for student-level socioeconomic variables attenuated risk associated with race/ethnicity, but significant disparities remained. School characteristics were not predictive of suspension risk, but their inclusion in the models was associated with increased risk of suspension among students with emotional disturbance. Results underscore the value of multilevel modeling when identifying predictors of suspension and the need to e...