cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advances in lightweight precision north finding and positioning systems

Far Target Location (FTL) is a key element of the US Army's Force Operating Capabilities (FOC) doctrine to see, understand, and act first and foremost on the battlefield. Precise FTL data provides today's Soldier with essential information pertaining to direct and indirect fire, surveillance, and maneuver missions, where reliable and accurate Situational Awareness (SA) is vitally important for dismounted military operations. The US Army in conjunction with our industry partners, have spent the last ten years canvasing the marketplace to develop, optimize, and make available for fielding a lightweight, low power and accurate north finder and position keeping inertial module. This effort has included the technologies of Fiber Optic Gyros (FOGs), Ring Laser Gyros (RLGs), Magnetohydrodynamic gyros (MHD), Hemispherical Resonator Gyros (HRG), and MicroElectroMechanical Systems gyros (MEMS) and various hybrid solutions. Included in these efforts have been major breakthroughs in the evolution of the technologies, many challenges, and a continuing effort to push the boundaries of what is possible in this rapidly changing field. This paper will cover the progress, present state, and visions for the future as it applies to the dismounted soldier and combat vehicle crew members.
Water quality effects of short-rotation pine management for bioenergy feedstocks in the southeastern United States ☆

Abstract Growing interest in renewable and domestically produced energy motivates the evaluation of woody bioenergy feedstock production. In the southeastern U.S., woody feedstock plantations, primarily of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), would be intensively managed over short rotations (10–12 years) to achieve high yields. The primary differences in managing woody feedstocks for bioenergy production vs for pulp/sawtimber production include a higher frequency of pesticide and fertilizer applications, whole-tree removal, and greater ground disturbance (i.e., more bare ground during stand establishment and more frequent disturbance). While the effects of pulp/sawtimber production on water quality are well-studied, the effects of growing short-rotation loblolly pine on water quality and the efficacy of current forestry Best Management Practices (BMPs) have not been evaluated for this emerging management system. We used a watershed-scale experiment in a before-after, control-impact design to evaluate the effects of growing loblolly pine for bioenergy on water quality in the Upper Coastal Plain of the southeastern U.S. Intensive management for bioenergy production and implementation of current forestry BMPs occurred on ∼50% of two treatment watersheds, with one reference watershed in a minimally managed pine forest. Water quality metrics (nutrient and pesticide concentrations) were measured in stream water, groundwater, and interflow (i.e., shallow subsurface flow) for a two-year pre-treatment period, and for 3.5 years post-treatment. After 3.5 years, there was little change to stream water quality. We observed a few occurrences of saturated overland flow, but sediments and water dissipated within the streamside management zones in over 75% of these instances. Stream nutrient concentrations were low and temporal changes mainly reflected seasonal patterns in nitrogen cycling. Nitrate concentrations increased in groundwater post-treatment to
Effect of Long-Wave Ultraviolet Light on the Lens II. Metabolic Inhibitors Synergistic with UV in Vitro

That long wave ultraviolet light (UV) may injure the lens is an old idea (Bellows, 1972) based on clinical experience and some experimental evidence (Bachem, 1956, Zigman, 1974). UV plus photosensitizers produces definite cataractous changes in vivo (Clark, 1961; CLoud et al., 1960 & 1961; and Freeman, 1969) but such chronic responses are of little utility for screening suspected potentiating agents for UV. This investigation employed the irradiation apparatus previously described by which an effective dose can be imposed on a lens in vitro in a few hours (Kuck, 1976). The typical photosensitizer tested, trimethylpsoralen, proved too insoluble for in vito work but metabolic poisons, beginning with the catalase inhibitor 3-aminotriazole (AT), were tested for synergistic action with UV. AT was used to enhance the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the lens to reduce the level of glutathione (GSH), a known scavenger of H2O2 and other active species produced by irradiation and oxidation. The oxidation of GSH to GSSG by H2O2 and GSH-peroxidase in the lens was noted by Pirie (1965). Further evidence for H2O2 toxicity in the lens was provided by Bhuyan et al. (1973) who produced cataracts in AT-fed rabbits which developed high levels of H2O2 in the aqueous humor (Bhuyan et al., 1974). Since this procedure did not involve light, it appeared that UV with AT would affect the lens in a shorter perioa of time. This action of AT plus UV was reported previously (Kuck, 1976); this report concerns tests of compounds similar to AT, and other metabolic inhibitors acting on different enzymes. The identification of such agents promoting the action of UV on the lens is of interest in determining those environmental factors which may be involved in senile cataractogenesis.
Biofilms Benefiting Plants Exposed to ZnO and CuO Nanoparticles Studied with a Root-Mimetic Hollow Fiber Membrane.

Plants exist with a consortium of microbes that influence plant health, including responses to biotic and abiotic stress. While nanoparticle (NP)–plant interactions are increasingly studied, the effect of NPs on the plant microbiome is less researched. Here a root-mimetic hollow fiber membrane (HFM) is presented for generating biofilms of plant-associated microbes nurtured by artificial root exudates (AREs) to correlate exudate composition with biofilm formation and response to NPs. Two microbial isolates from field-grown wheat, a bacillus endophyte and a pseudomonad root surface colonizer, were examined on HFMs fed with AREs varying in N and C composition. Bacterial morphology and biofilm architecture were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) and responses to CuO and ZnO NP challenges of 300 mg/L evaluated. The bacillus isolate sparsely colonized the HFM. In contrast, the pseudomonad formed robust biofilms within 3 days. Dependent on nutrient sources, t...
Comparative analysis of fault discrimination algorithms on sensitivity to high impedance busbar faults

Presently there is not one differential protection characteristic which is self-sufficient to detect all possible busbar faults accurately. Particularly, during close-in external fault, current transformer (CT) saturation creates high operating current which can cause mal-operation of differential relays. As a result, a fault discriminator is necessary to supervise the differential schemes to prevent undesired tripping operation. Most of the existing fault discrimination algorithms have been proven as an efficient external fault detector; however, they suffer from lack of sensitivity to high impedance internal faults. This paper presents a comparative analysis on sensitivity of three existing fault discrimination algorithms including Phase Angle Comparison Algorithm (PACA), Rate of Change of Differential Algorithm (ROCODA), and Alienation Coefficient Algorithm (ACA). Fault simulations were performed using a three-bus test system. The results documented in this paper show that the degree of sensitivity of ROCODA and ACA are similar and much higher than PACA. The comparative analysis presented in this paper can be employed as a useful guideline for selection of an appropriate protection scheme for busbar systems.
An empirical examination of the relationship between code smells and merge conflicts

Background: Merge conflicts are a common occurrence in software development. Researchers have shown the negative impact of conflicts on the resulting code quality and the development workflow. Thus far, no one has investigated the effect of bad design (code smells) on merge conflicts. Aims: We posit that entities that exhibit certain types of code smells are more likely to be involved in a merge conflict. We also postulate that code elements that are both "smelly" and involved in a merge conflict are associated with other undesirable effects (more likely to be buggy). Method: We mined 143 repositories from GitHub and recreated 6,979 merge conflicts to obtain metrics about code changes and conflicts. We categorized conflicts into semantic or non-semantic, based on whether changes affected the Abstract Syntax Tree. For each conflicting change, we calculate the number of code smells and the number of future bug-fixes associated with the affected lines of code. Results: We found that entities that are smelly are three times more likely to be involved in merge conflicts. Method-level code smells (Blob Operation and Internal Duplication) are highly correlated with semantic conflicts. We also found that code that is smelly and experiences merge conflicts is more likely to be buggy. Conclusion: Bad code design not only impacts maintainability, it also impacts the day to day operations of a project, such as merging contributions, and negatively impacts the quality of the resulting code. Our findings indicate that research is needed to identify better ways to support merge conflict resolution to minimize its effect on code quality.
Note on the band theory of magnetism

The conclusions given by Matt is in a recent study of an exactly solvable, one-dimensional model are criticized. A correct Hartree-Fock treatment of the model leads to an interaction independent spin susceptibility, in agreement with the exact result. Therefore here, at least, Hartree-Fock theory is vindicated rather than vitiated; and the paradox concerning correlations, posed by Mattis, is spurious. Finally, the model is shown to be not pertinent to the band theory of magnetism.
Decision-Making Practices During the Instrument Selection Process: The Choices We Make:

The purpose of this article is to understand the decision-making processes by assessment personnel when choosing instruments to evaluate students with learning disabilities. Eight school personnel responsible for the evaluation of students in Texas participated in face-to-face, semistructured interviews. The instruments chosen were based on a variety of factors including the personnel’s basic knowledge and training on the use of the instruments, the culture and climate of the district, and the overall characteristics of the child being tested. The findings of this study suggested that assessment personnel encounter many decisions when evaluating children with learning disabilities. Implications from this study include the need for frequent support in encouraging reflective thinking and assessment training for those responsible for the important decisions regarding the identification and placement of students who are learning disabled.
Chapter 4 Desalination: Reverse Osmosis and Membrane Distillation

Abstract Reverse osmosis (RO) and membrane distillation (MD), the two important applications associated with membrane-based desalination, are discussed in detail. Various RO process parameters, such as membrane synthesis, materials involved, and fouling control, play vital roles in the success of membrane filtration. The membrane synthesis process has a large influence on the physical and mechanical properties of the membrane. It also influences crucial filtration parameters such as pore size distribution and membrane strength. Furthermore, properties of the membrane are characteristic of the polymers used for membrane synthesis. Hydrophilicity and/or hydrophobicity, surface charge, and solute diffusion coefficients are all functions of the polymers used in membrane synthesis. Depending on the nature of feed waters, as well as available resources, an appropriate variation of these parameters results in an optimum desalination process. However, both RO and MD processes are deeply plagued by membrane fouling. Fouling is influenced by various parameters concerning the nature of both feedwater and polymeric membrane material. Careful understanding of process functioning can result in reducing the fouling problem. An assortment of fouling prevention and membrane cleaning techniques are discussed in this chapter.
HERI-1 is a Chromodomain Protein that Negatively Regulates Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance

Abstract Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance (TEI) is the inheritance of epigenetic information for two or more generations. In most cases, TEI is limited to 2-3 generations. This short-term nature of TEI could be set by innate biochemical limitations to TEI or by genetically encoded systems that actively limit TEI. dsRNA-mediated gene silencing (RNAi) can be inherited in C. elegans (termed RNAi inheritance or RNA-directed TEI). To identify systems that might actively limit RNA-directed TEI, we conducted a forward genetic screen for factors whose mutation enhanced RNAi inheritance. This screen identified the gene heritable enhancer of RNAi (heri-1), whose mutation causes RNAi inheritance to last longer (>20 generations) than normal. heri-1 encodes a protein with a chromodomain and a kinase-homology domain that is expressed in germ cells and localizes to nuclei. In C. elegans, a nuclear branch of the RNAi pathway (nuclear RNAi or NRDE pathway) is required for RNAi inheritance. We find that this NRDE pathway is hyper-responsive to RNAi in heri-1 mutant animals, suggesting that a normal function of HERI-1 is to limit nuclear RNAi and that limiting nuclear RNAi may be the mechanism by which HERI-1 limits RNAi inheritance. Interestingly, we find that HERI-1 binds to genes targeted by RNAi, suggesting that HERI-1 may have a direct role in limiting nuclear RNAi and, therefore, RNAi inheritance. Surprisingly, recruitment of the negative regulator HERI-1 to genes depends upon that same NRDE factors that drive co-transcriptional gene silencing during RNAi inheritance. We therefore speculate that the generational perdurance of RNAi inheritance is set by competing pro- and anti-silencing outputs of the NRDE nuclear RNAi machinery.
Proceedings of the 2015 Workshop on Privacy-Aware Mobile Computing

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the 2015 ACM MobiHoc Workshop on Privacy-Aware Mobile Computing -- PAMCO'15. This is the first year of this workshop, which aims to bring together researchers from mobile computing and security/privacy communities to discuss topics related to the protection of privacy in mobile computing, including both theoretical studies and implementation/experimentations papers, especially analysis of privacy threats from emerging applications in mobile environments - e.g., location-based services, mobile apps, wearable computing, etc.
Historian: An Autobiography: by Hermann Giliomee, Charlottesville, University of Virginia Press, 2017, xii + 344 pp.

Historical writing can be one of two things: a period piece or a timeless recollection of historical events. The period piece, typified in South Africa by Handboek van die geskiedenis van Suid-Afri...
Optimizing treatment with clozapine

Clozapine is the only antipsychotic agent that is effective in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Despite its superior efficacy to chlorpromazine and the fact that it has fewer extrapyramidal side effects than conventional antipsychotics do, clozapine is relatively underused. This may be due in part to a lack of appreciation of clozapine's favorable risk-benefit ratio in many patients. In addition, clozapine is only indicated for use in patients who fail to respond adequately to standard antipsychotic treatment. Treatment with clozapine considerably improves psychiatric well-being and reduces readmission to the hospital and reduces family burden in many severely ill patients. However, clozapine is associated with severe side effects, including weight gain, tachycardia, sedation, seizures, and agranulocytosis. These risks must be weighed against the risks associated with schizophrenia (e.g., suicide). The death rate attributed to clozapine-induced agranulocytosis has been low, a fact that is largely attributable to safety measures such as the Clozaril National Registry. Determining the optimal dosage for each patient will maximize the benefits of treatment while reducing side effects. In some patients, monitoring plasma levels of drug may aid in optimizing treatment. The optimal plasma level of clozapine is 200 to 350 ng/mL. This usually corresponds to a daily dose of 200 to 400 mg, although dosage must be individualized. If patients improve significantly during treatment with clozapine, they should continue to be treated with clozapine and should be withdrawn from this treatment only when medically warranted. Psychotic relapse rates may be as high as 80% among patients switched from clozapine to other novel antipsychotic agents.
The Recent Behavior of Adjustment Credit at the Discount Window

This paper examines the behavior of adjustment credit at the Federal Reserve discount window over the period 1990 to 1997. It finds that, in spite of the decline in the traditional borrowing function, the relationship still contains information that is important for the execution of monetary policy. In particular, the paper shows the usefulness of distinguishing between the spread between the targeted Federal Funds rate and the discount rate and the spread between the actual Federal Funds rate and the targeted rate. The paper also demonstrates the potential importance of using high frequency data.
Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on a Patient Transport Van.

We report 2 episodes of potential SARS-CoV-2 transmission from infected van drivers to passengers despite masking and physical distancing. Whole genome sequencing confirmed relatedness of driver and passenger SARS-CoV-2. With the heater operating, fluorescent microspheres were transported by airflow >3 meters from the front to the back of the van.
Systemic Venous Anomalies

Isolated systemic venous anomalies are rare, and they are frequently associated with congenital heart defects (CHD). Embryological development of the systemic veins is a complex process that helps understand the venous anomalies. Majority of the systemic venous anomalies are of no hemodynamic significance as the deoxygenated blood ultimately returns to the right atrium. Left superior vena cava draining to the right atrium via dilated coronary sinus is a common systemic venous anomaly in the general population. Heterotaxy syndromes are associated with higher incidence of both systemic and pulmonary venous anomalies. Knowledge of systemic venous anomalies is necessary for appropriate management of the CHD patients.
Applying Merrill’s First Principles of Instruction to Redesign an Online Graduate Course through the Rapid Prototyping Approach

Merrill’s first principles of instruction (FPI) are considered as fundamental principles for improving instructional effectiveness regardless of context, approach, or audience. However, very little research explores in detail the process of implementing FPI in course design. In this case study, we provide specific descriptions of how we applied Merrill’s FPI in an online course redesign project. Using the rapid prototyping approach, we analyzed the needs of the redesign project, developed the project objectives and plans, and conducted a parallel processes of design, development, and implementation of the new course features. Thirteen redesign tasks were identified, prioritized, and completed to enhance the application of FPI. Students indicated in the course evaluation forms that the redesigned course presented the connections between theories and practice more effectively. We discus this study’s implications for the application of FPI and the rapid prototyping model and make suggestions for future research.
Silencing of Unintegrated Retroviral DNAs

Retroviral infection delivers an RNA genome into the cytoplasm that serves as the template for the synthesis of a linear double-stranded DNA copy by the viral reverse transcriptase. Within the nucleus this linear DNA gives rise to extrachromosomal circular forms, and in a key step of the life cycle is inserted into the host genome to form the integrated provirus. The unintegrated DNA forms, like those of DNAs entering cells by other means, are rapidly loaded with nucleosomes and heavily silenced by epigenetic histone modifications. This review summarizes our present understanding of the silencing machinery for the DNAs of the mouse leukemia viruses and human immunodeficiency virus type 1. We consider the potential impact of the silencing on virus replication, on the sensing of the virus by the innate immune system, and on the formation of latent proviruses. We also speculate on the changeover to high expression from the integrated proviruses in permissive cell types, and briefly consider the silencing of proviruses even after integration in embryonic stem cells and other developmentally primitive cell types.
Wintertime Microwave Observations of the North Water Polynya

The North Water polynya, located in Smith Sound between Ellesmere Island and Greenland, is the largest recurring polynya in the northern hemisphere (Fig. 1). Wintertime observations have been limited in the past due to the remoteness of the region, but the placement of the Electronically Scanning Microwave Radiometer (ESMR) on Nimbus 5 in December of 1972 has made available a more complete data set for the mid-1970’s than is available for any previous year. This ESMR data has been used to examine the variations in the area of the North Water polynya during the three winter periods 1973–74, 1974–75 and 1975–76.
Spinel Formation in the Nickel‐Alumina System

Des couples alumine-nickel ont ete traites thermiquement sous pression partielle d'oxygene. Il se forme une phase spinelle a l'interface, dont on etudie la morphologie par microscopie electronique en transmission. La spinelle croi←t de facon epitaxiale sur le substrat d'alumine monocristalline. La relation d'orientation entre la spinelle et le substrat est controle par l'orientation du substrat. On examine la cinetique de formation de la spinelle
In Vivo GFP Knockdown by Cationic Nanogel-siRNA Polyplexes

RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful tool to treat diseases and elucidate target gene function. Prior to clinical implementation, however, challenges including the safe, efficient and targeted delivery of siRNA must be addressed. Here, we report cationic nanogel nanostructured polymers (NSPs) prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) for in vitro and in vivo siRNA delivery in mammalian models. Outcomes from siRNA protection studies suggested that nanogel NSPs reduce enzymatic degradation of siRNA within polyplexes. Further, the methylation of siRNA may enhance nuclease resistance without compromising gene knockdown potency. NSP-mediated RNAi treatments against Gapdh significantly reduced GAPDH enzyme activity in mammalian cell culture models supplemented with 10% serum. Moreover, nanogel NSP-mediated siRNA delivery significantly inhibited in vivo GFP expression in a mouse model. GFP knockdown was siRNA sequence-dependent and facilitated by nanogel NSP carriers. Continued testing of NSP/siRNA compositions in disease models may produce important new therapeutic options for patient care.
The carbohydrate sequence of the glycopeptide chains of human transferrin.

Abstract The two heterosaccharide chains of human transferrin have been isolated as two glycopeptides, one of which contained asparagine as its sole amino acid residue while the other contained asparagine, glycine, serine, and, occasionally, threonine. Periodic acid oxidation of either glycopeptide resulted in the uptake of 10 moles of periodate and the production of 4 moles of formate from the sialic acid-containing glycopeptides, and of 6 and 2 moles, respectively, from the sialic acid-free glycopeptides. Formaldehyde (2 moles) was obtained only from the sialic acid-containing glycopeptides. Periodate oxidation resulted in the complete destruction of sialic acid and galactose, and of 2 of the 4 moles of mannose, while N-acetylglucosamine was unaffected. These results confirm the identity of the two heterosaccharide chains of human transferrin. A disaccharide of structure GlcNAc-Man and a glycopeptide of structure GlcNAc-GlcNAc-Man-GlcNAc-Asn were isolated from the periodate oxidation experiment. Highly purified glycosidases, namely α-mannosidase, β-galactosidase, and β-N-acetylhexosaminidase established that N-acetyl-neuraminic acid (NANA) was in terminal positions and that the sequence in the area of carbohydrate attachment in the other chain of each branch was [see PDF for sequence] Mild acid hydrolysis (0.1 n at 100°) of the NANA-free glycopeptides resulted in the complete release of galactose within 4 hours while only 25% of glucosamine and 10% of mannose was released within the same time. Exhaustive methylation and gas-liquid chromatography of both the sialic acid-containing and sialic acid-free glycopeptides showed that mannose was a branch point and that each sialic acid residue was linked to galactose. On the basis of these results the following structure is proposed for each of the heterosaccharide chains of human transferrin: [see PDF for sequence]
Interdisciplinary Education: Teaching Environmental Economics to the Uninitiated Graduate Student in the Natural Sciences

Research shows that interdisciplinary economics education can be conducive to critical thinking. In this paper, an economics course is offered to doctoral students in the natural sciences with little or no background in economics. Learning outcomes included an ability to (1) utilize multiple approaches to thinking about and addressing environmentally-related science questions and problems (2) understand and interpret data or information through the perspectives of different disciplines (3) explore outcomes and implications of policy implemented to address environmental issues and (4) evaluate the fundamental assumptions of one discipline in light of another discipline. An assigned reading, illustrative case and water management policy example demonstrate these effective learning outcomes. A discussion of institutional and administrative challenges of teaching such a course is also included.
Lithium depletion in solar-type stars

The theme of this conference is, essentially, stars with surface convective zones. Most of the phenomena discussed here, such as chromospheric and coronal activity, or angular momentum loss, occur because these stars representing a broad range of temperature and mass have surface convection. But despite the fundamental importance of convection for what we study, we know little of it, except in general terms.
Rituals, Kingship and Rebellion in Medieval Germany

This essay attempts to place the current interest in medieval rituals in historical perspective, tracing the evolution of scholarly viewpoints from the age of Ranke to the present day. It chiefly focuses on Germany and on the tenth and early eleventh centuries, a classic period in the development of German kingship and ritual, but also a period marked by numerous uprisings against kings. The essay argues that the relevant historiography can roughly be divided into three chronologically overlapping schools: a liturgical school dominant around the middle of the twentieth century, an anthropological school which emerged in the 1970s, and a post-modern school that emerged in the last decade of the twentieth century. The theories and methods embraced by each school and some of the work of some of their major figures are discussed, as well as the fundamental problems that each encountered. The essay concludes with an assessment of the current state of scholarship in the field.
Toxicity assessment of spark-generated, airborne copper oxide nanoparticles in lung epithelial cells

Background: Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) are of great interest in nanotoxicology due to widespread use and significant toxicity.The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the toxicity of CuONPs in human primary cells and in a commonly-employed cancer cell line. We investigated the consequences of CuONPs exposure using an in vitro air-liquid interface system. Methods: Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells (HBEC) and A549 cells were exposed to clean air or spark-generated CuONPs for 2 or 4 h. Cellular doses of Cu were assessed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Outcome measures included cell viability, cytotoxicity (lactate dehydrogenase [LDH]), oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species [ROS]) and inflammation (interleukin [IL]-8). Results: The number median diameterand concentration of CuONPswere 9.2 nm and 3.5×107 particles/cm3. Compared with control, CuONPs significantly reduced cell viability, increased LDH release and elevated levels of ROS and IL-8 in a dose dependent manner. 4 hr exposure to CuONPs resulted in 63% loss of viability, 1.9-fold increase of ROS and 290% LDH release over controls in A549 cells; whereas HBEC had 15% viability loss, 2.7-fold ROS increase and 165% LDH release (all p<0.001 compared with A549); IL-8 was comparable in two cell types. N -acetylcysteine reduced the cell viability loss from 63% to 16% (p<0.001) and decreased ROS level from 190% to 132% (p<0.001). Conclusion: Spark-generated CuONPs exposure induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation in both cell types in a dose dependent manner. A549 cells were more susceptible to CuONPs effects than primary HBEC. Antioxidant treatment reduced CuONPs-induced cytotoxicity.
The relation between cell structure and cell function.

The Day is past when the cell can be considered a bag containing a nucleus and a host of enzymes swimming freely within the cytoplasm. It is now clear that the cell is a highly organized, carefully integrated and delicately controlled synthetic and catabolic organ with well defined particulate structures to which many specific functions may be assigned. The nucleus contains two specialized structures, the genetic material or the chromosomes, and the nucleolus. The chromosomes are strands of desoxyribopolynucleotide (DNA) and histone-like proteins which are invisible as organized structures until mitosis is well established (Fig. 1). The DNA consists of double strands of polynucleotide with specific configuration wound in the form of a helix. The chromatin during mitosis can be visualized as multiple indented strips, which have sufficient individuality as to appear unique. Each chromosome strand is made up of many molecules; a locus on a chromosome with specific genetic potential has been termed a cystron, and a structurally related group of cystrons form a chromomere. The individual cystrons have not been clearly visualized but it seems reasonable to suppose that each represents a single molecule. Why particular genetic material is associated with specific chromosomes is not known. The number of chromosomes appears to be characteristic of the species, and within a given organism all resting nuclei, except those of the germ cells, contain the same number of chromosomes and the same amount of DNA. Certain nuclei, for example a small number of hepatocytes, contain multiples of diploid DNA. The lateral portion of each chromosome has in association with it a ribose polynucleotide (RNA or PNA), and that region is a site of rapid synthesis of this substance.
The design of a group key agreement API

As collaborative applications grow in popularity the need for appropriate security guarantees, services and mechanisms becomes apparent. This paper describes a protocol suite and an API geared for securing collaborative applications. The API is based on the extensions of Diffie-Hellman key agreement developed in the CLIQUES project. Its core services provide authenticated group key agreement in relatively small (on the order of 100 members) dynamic peer groups.
5‐(4‐Nitrophenyl)‐1H‐tetrazole

[16687-60-8] C7H5N5O2 (MW 191.15) InChI = 1S/C7H5N5O2/c13-12(14)6-3-1-5(2-4-6)7-8-10-11-9-7/h1-4H,(H,8,9,10,11) InChIKey = MIUOBAHGBPSRKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent used as activator for both solution- and solid-phase synthesis of oligonucleotides using the phosphoramidite method) Physical Data: mp 225–226 °C. Solubility: insoluble in H2O; soluble in DMSO; this reagent is only slightly soluble in the most commonly used solvent for oligonucleotide synthesis, i.e., acetonitrile (<0.12 M),3 but is more soluble in THF (up to 0.8 M).4 Form Supplied in: white or slightly colored powder; commercially available. Analysis of Reagent Purity: the reagent may be checked by mp or analyzed by standard techniques. Preparative Methods: the reagent can be readily prepared from 4-nitrobenzonitrile and sodium azide in the presence of ammonium chloride in anhydrous DMF.1 It can also be prepared by the reaction of 4-nitrobenzonitrile and sodium azide in water using zinc bromide as the catalyst.2 Purification: recrystallization from either ethanol, isopropanol, or ethanol/water. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: this reagent should be handled with caution. It may be irritating to the eyes and the respiratory system, and harmful to the skin. Avoid contact with strong heat and metal salts, since tetrazoles may be explosive. It may be stored in the dark in a desiccator.
Drift homotopy particle filter for non-Gaussian multi-target tracking

In this paper, we present a novel particle filtering algorithm for multi-target tracking problem in a non-Gaussian environment. Our approach incorporates a Markov Chain Monte Carlo scheme with drift homotopy after an appropriately modified resampling step. The algorithm is tested on a multi-target tracking model with a linear and a nonlinear observation model. Both targets dynamics model and observation model are perturbed by non-Gaussian noises. The results of the numerical tests based on synthetic data indicate that our method significantly improves the performance of the generic particle filter.
Inclusion of mobile crosslinks and lateral crystallite growth in the theory of stress‐induced crystallization

The theory of stress-induced crystallization is broadened to include a reshuffling of crosslink positions as a result of changing sizes of crystalline domains and multiple crystallites of varying lateral dimensions (i.e., lateral growth). A continuous state of equilibrium throughout the amorphous component of the stretched network is postulated and, consequently, effected by requiring crosslinks to anchor about their most probable locations, which vary continuously as crystallization changes. Such features incorporated into Flory's model of stress-induced crystallization broaden its theoretical base, placing it on a stronger, more realistic foundation.
Nanostructured biosensors built by layer-by-layer electrostatic assembly of enzyme-coated single-walled carbon nanotubes and redox polymers

In this study, we describe the construction of glucose biosensors based on an electrostatic layer-by-layer (LBL) technique. Gold electrodes were initially functionalized with negatively charged 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid followed by alternate immersion in solutions of a positively charged redox polymer, poly[(vinylpyridine)Os(bipyridyl)2Cl2+/3+], and a negatively charged enzyme, glucose oxidase (GOX), or a GOX solution containing single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). The LBL assembly of the multilayer films were characterized by UV−vis spectroscopy, ellipsometry, and cyclic voltammetry, while characterization of the single-walled nanotubes was performed with transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. When the GOX solution contained single-walled carbon nanotubes (GOX-SWNTs), the oxidation peak currents during cyclic voltammetry increased 1.4−4.0 times, as compared to films without SWNTs. Similarly the glucose electro-oxidation ...
Ecological adaptation during incipient speciation revealed by precise gene replacement

To understand the role of adaptation in speciation, one must characterize the ecologically relevant phenotypic effects of naturally occurring alleles at loci potentially causing reproductive isolation. The desaturase2 gene of Drosophila melanogaster is such a locus. Two geographically differentiated ds2 alleles underlie a pheromonal difference between the Zimbabwe and Cosmopolitan races. We used a site-directed gene replacement technique to introduce an allele of ds2 from the Zimbabwe population into Cosmopolitan flies. We show that the Cosmopolitan allele confers resistance to cold as well as susceptibility to starvation when the entire genetic background is otherwise identical. We conclude that ecological adaptation likely accompanies sexual isolation between the two behavioral races of D. melanogaster.
DESCRIPTIVISM, RIGIDIFIED AND ANCHORED ∗

Stalnaker argues that, while the two-dimensional framework can be used to give expression to the claims associated with rigidified descriptivism, it cannot be used to support that position. He also puts forward some objections to rigidified descriptivism. I agree that rigidified descriptivism cannot be supported by appeal to the two-dimensional framework. But I think that Stalnaker's objections can be avoided under a descriptivism that introduces a causal as well as a descriptive element — a descriptivism in which the relevant descriptions are allowed to be, not only rigidified, but anchored in causal exposure to referents.
Mechanism of atrial flutter occurring late after orthotopic heart transplantation with atrio-atrial anastomosis.

Objective: We sought to better define the electrophysiologic mechanism of atrial flutter in patients after heart transplantation. Background: Atrial flutter is a recognized problem in the postcardiac transplant population. The electrophysiologic basis of atrial flutter in this patient population is not completely understood. Methods: Six patients with cardiac allografts and symptoms related to recurrent atrial flutter underwent diagnostic electrophysiologic study with electroanatomic mapping and radiofrequency catheter ablation. Comparison was made with a control nontransplant population of 11 patients with typical counterclockwise right atrial flutter. Results: In each case, mapping showed typical counterclockwise activation of the donor-derived portion of the right atrium, with concealed entrainment shown upon pacing in the cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI). The anastomotic suture line of the atrio-atrial anastomosis formed the posterior barrier of the reentrant circuit. Ablation of the electrically active, donor-derived portion of the CTI was sufficient to terminate atrial flutter and render it noninducible. Comparison with the control population showed that the electrically active portion of the CTI was significantly shorter in patients with transplant-associated flutter and that ablation was accomplished with the same or fewer radiofrequency lesions. Conclusions: Atrial flutter in cardiac transplant recipients is a form of typical counterclockwise, isthmus-dependent flutter in which the atrio-atrial anastomotic suture line forms the posterior barrier of the reentrant circuit. Ablation in the donor-derived portion of the CTI is sufficient to create bidirectional conduction block and eliminate this arrhythmia. Ablation or surgical division of the donor CTI at the time of transplantation could prevent this arrhythmia.
Gendered responses to online homework use in general chemistry

Online homework assignments have been shown to enhance student performance. Our research on gendered responses to these assignments adds new and useful information. We investigated differences between male and female students' responses to online homework in large-enrollment general chemistry courses. Replacing in class quizzes with online homework assignments significantly improved general chemistry success rates for both sexes—however, male students' average success rate improvement was double that of female students'. Therefore, online homework use decreased the female–male achievement gap, previously in favor of female students, to a difference that was no longer significant. Males self-reported less effective study habits than females; thus, we hypothesize that online homework might encourage more effective study habits for male students. However, in spite of greater performance gains for male students, females self-reported more positive views toward online homework use than males. Therefore, females might benefit from online homework's positive impact on their confidence in understanding the material. In addition to improving student performance, online homework also appeared to enhance student retention in the course. Overall, online homework provides a time and cost effective means to enhance pedagogy in large classes for both male and female students.
Maximal dynamic expiratory pressures with fast and slow inspirations

Maximal dynamic expiratory pressures are higher when forced expiration is preceded by a fast inspiration to total lung capacity (TLC) than when preceded by a slow inspiration and a few seconds pause at TLC. We hypothesized that these pressure differences are due to the stretch-shorten cycle (SSC), which refers to enhancement of muscle force when a concentric muscle contraction is immediately preceded by an eccentric contraction. Seven volunteers [36 (2) years; mean (SEM)] performed maximal forced expirations against minimal resistance with fast (F) or slow (S) maneuvers. F maneuvers consisted of a fast inspiration to TLC followed immediately by a fast expiration, whereas S consisted of a slow inspiration to TLC and a 4- to 5-s pause at TLC prior to forced expiration. We measured esophageal pressure (Pes), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), and the EMG activity of the transversus abdominis (Tr) by means of intramuscular fine-wire electrodes. The subjects performed several runs of each maneuver in a random order, and runs with the greatest expiratory Pes were analyzed. In comparison with S, F yielded greater Pes [182 (15) versus 167 (15) cmH2O; P=0.003)] but similar PEFR [9.8 (0.7) versus 9.6 (0.7) l/s, P>0.05] and EMG activity of the Tr during forced expiration [221 (31) versus 208 (34) a.u., P>0.05]. Further analysis revealed significant EMG activity of Tr during end-inspiration (eccentric contraction) with F maneuvers only [73 (22) versus 32 (17) a.u., P<0.05]. We conclude that the ability of expiratory muscles to generate greater Pes with F maneuvers is related to the sequence of an eccentric contraction, which is followed immediately by concentric contraction in a manner analogous to SSC described in skeletal muscles.
Cervical, thoracic, and lumbosacral radiculopathies: update in diagnosis and management

In the evaluation of patients with neck pain, back pain, or limb symptoms, clinicians must use a rational approach to evaluation and management. Cervical and lumbosacral radiculopathies, common causes of limb and spine symptoms, can have various causes: compression from herniated discs, invasion from tumors and infections, or inflammation due to complex physiological processes. This issue of the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America deals with one set of clinical conditions—radiculopathies—facilitating discussion of the many aspects of diagnosis and clinical decisionmaking that arise when such conditions are suspected. A broad clinical perspective is presented in the early articles on anatomy, pathophysiology, and differential diagnosis formulation for patients with limb and spine symptoms. Other diagnostic tools available to clinicians—diagnostic selective nerve root blocks, electrodiagnosis, and spinal imaging—are then presented in detail. Once a radiculopathy is identified, management options are chosen carefully and customized to the individual’s symptoms, functional limitations, and specific needs. The articles on conservative care provide both a solid foundation of background information about the natural history of radiculopathies, as well as useful guidelines for conservative approaches to management. For both lumbosacral and cervical radiculopathies, the clinical Timothy R. Dillingham, MD, MS
Elephant ivory trade in China: Trends and drivers

Abstract Poaching of African elephants is threatening the species viability. International non-governmental organizations and media often attribute the basic problem to China’s domestic ivory market. We present quantitative and qualitative information on trends and drivers of the ivory trade in China. Results show that ivory is traded in “white” legally licensed retail outlets, “black” illegal shops and online trade forums, and “gray” live auctions of uncertain legality. White markets are primarily in Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou. The numbers of legal factories and retail outlets increased from 9 and 31 in 2004 to 37 and 145 in 2013. Black markets thrive in online trading platforms, such as Baidu Post Bar. Gray markets auction ivory items surging around 2006, mushrooming after 2009, peaking in 2011, and plummeting over 97% following government intervention. During 2002 to 2011, the ivory auction in China and elephant poaching in Africa are strongly positively correlated. Drivers of the ivory trade are multiple and complex, including Chinese consumers’ motivation stemming from the socially-constructed economic, social, cultural, aesthetic, religious, and medical values of ivory. We highlight China’s intangible cultural heritage preservation, the boom of arts investment, and the auction ban in changing ivory values and influencing markets. We argue that elephant conservation can be more effective if it is based on a more comprehensive and contextual understanding of China’s domestic ivory trade.
Victimization, Family Rejection, and Outcomes of Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Young People: The Role of Negative GLB Identity

Victimization and family rejection of sexual orientation are two salient stressors facing gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) young people. While initial research has established a link between these sexuality-related stressors and GLB youths’ mental health outcomes, the factors that underlie this relationship remain unclear. The current study examines the role of negative GLB identity (i.e., negative feelings about one's own sexual orientation) in mediating the relationship between sexuality-related stress (i.e., victimization, family rejection) and youth outcomes (i.e., internalizing problems, substance use, and cigarette smoking). Participants included 81 GLB young people (ages 14 to 25 years) recruited through college groups, youth organizations, study advertisements, and friend referrals. Path analyses revealed that victimization and family rejection experiences were related to youths internalizing problems via negative GLB identity. However, stressors and health risk behaviors were not related through ...
Effect of surfactant type on surfactant-maltodextrin interactions: isothermal titration calorimetry, surface tensiometry, and ultrasonic velocimetry study.

Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), surface tensiometry, and ultrasonic velocimetry were used to characterize surfactant−maltodextrin interactions in buffer solutions (pH 7.0, 10 mM NaCl, 20 mM Trizma base, 30.0 °C). Experiments were carried out using three surfactants with similar nonpolar tail groups (C12) but different charged headgroups: anionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS), cationic (dodecyl trimethylammonium bromide, DTAB), and nonionic (polyoxyethylene 23 lauryl ether, Brij35). All three surfactants bound to maltodextrin, with the binding characteristics depending on whether the surfactant headgroup was ionic or nonionic. The amounts of surfactant bound to 0.5% w/v maltodextrin (DE 5) at saturation were <0.3 mM Brij35, ∼1−1.6 mM SDS, and ∼1.5 mM DTAB. ITC measurements indicated that surfactant binding to maltodextrin was exothermic. Surface tension measurements indicated that the DTAB−maltodextrin complex was more surface active than DTAB alone but that SDS− and Brij35−maltodextrin complexes ...
"Dinner Party" sociable interfaces in a tabletop art project

This paper explores the topic of sociable interfaces, demonstrated in an embedded tabletop application and a psychological friendship framework called "Dinner Party," in which a user can have a dinner party with friendly virtual creatures while dining alone. In this project, we are interested in determining how everyday objects can be transformed into sociable creatures that interact with people on a psychological level.