cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
measurement of systemic cardiac output at rest and exercise in patients with atrial septal defect

Abstract The problem of accurate measurement of systemic cardiac output at rest and during exercise in patients with atrial septal defect was studied by three interrelated approaches. 1. (1) The optimal method of approximation of mixed venous blood oxygen saturation from the oxygen saturation of superior and inferior vena caval samples was evaluated by comparisons with pulmonary arterial samples in patients without intracardiac shunts. Optimal formulas derived by regression analysis were as follows: Mixed venous blood at rest = (3 SVC + 1 IVC ) 4 Mixed venous blood during exercise = (1 SVC + 2 IVC ) 3 2. (2) Arterial dye-dilution curves after left ventricular injection were established as a reliable method for determination of cardiac output by comparison with standard Fick determinations in patients without intracardiac shunts. 3. (3) Fick cardiac output values using the derived formulas were compared with dye-dilution values following left ventricular injection in patients with atrial septal defect. A close correlation was noted. It is concluded that systemic cardiac output may be measured with reasonable accuracy both at rest and during exercise in patients with atrial septal defect by either the Fick or the dye-dilution method.
Giant magnetoresistance in melt-spun CuMnAl ribbons

Abstract Giant negative magnetoresistance (GMR) has been observed in melt-spun Cu x Mn y Al z ( x =50−65, y =5−25, z =25−30) ribbons, with a value of ( R ( H ) − R (0))/ R (0) ≈ 15% at 30 K. The GMR was found not to saturate even in a field of 50 kOe, whereas the magnetization is saturated at low fields. X-ray diffraction patterns showed a mixture of Cu 2 MnAl (2:1:1) and Cu 9 Al 4 (9:4) phases in the Cu-rich samples and a single 2:1:1 phase in the samples with relatively higher Mn content. Microstructure studies show a fine mixture of Cu 2 MnAl and Cu 9 Al 4 phases which we believe to be the main cause of the GMR.
Reaction of fluorine gas with coal and the aromaticity of coal

Abstract Molecular fluorine has been used for the study of coal and a small number of model compounds. It is shown that direct estimates can be made of the carbon aromaticity and of the sensitive carbon in cyclic form. The value for a high-volatile Illinois bituminous coal agrees well with that commonly accepted on the aromatic/aliphatic structural hypothesis and suggests that the polyamantane model is unsatisfactory. The reagent also results in removal of nitrogen and sulphur from coal.
Educação permanente nas situações de trabalho de assistentes sociais

This article discusses the continuing education experiences of Brazilians social workers in labor situations that involve health matters. Based on a thematic focus that brings together education and work, it presents the results of an investigation that sought to unveil the social workers' educational experiences and to determine to what extent socio-occupational spaces can serve as a locus to produce know-ledge and training. In the course of this investigation, the concern of drawing training contexts closer to the situations faced in work was not based on understanding adaptability, rather on a critical approach concerned with the education processes in collective work situations. Thus, the narratives that emerged in focus groups conducted during the research process with social workers who work in the field of collective health in Porto Alegre, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, unravel the educational process taking place in these professionals' practice in the health policy.
Solid Electrolyte: the Key for High‐Voltage Lithium Batteries

A solid-state high-voltage (5 V) lithium battery is demonstrated to deliver a cycle life of 10 000 with 90% capacity retention. Furthermore, the solid electrolyte enables the use of high-voltage cathodes and Li anodes with minimum side reactions, leading to a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.98+%.
Comparison of Analytical, Numerical, and Experimental Results For a Simplified CPU/Heatsink model

The behavior of a plate finned heatsink and simulated CPU were assessed using analytical and computational models, and these results were compared to data taken from an experimental model. The analytical model considered fin effects and after considering several options used a Nusselt number correlation for laminar flow over a flat plate to find the convection heat transfer coefficient and consequent maximum temperature at the base of the simulated CPU. Icepak thermal modeling software was utilized to create and solve the computational model. All three models considered only steady-state conditions. Maximum temperatures from the analytical, computational, and experimental models varied from one another by no more than 2% with respect to the mean temperature in Kelvin. Though these results are promising, they were achieved only through multiple refinements to the various models.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Complement system on the attack in autoimmunity

The antiphospholipid syndrome is characterized clinically by fetal loss and thrombosis and serologically by the presence of autoantibodies to lipid-binding proteins. In a model of this procoagulant condition in which these antibodies are injected into pregnant mice, fetal loss was prevented by blocking of complement activation. Specifically, interaction of complement component 5a (C5a) with its receptor is necessary for thrombosis of placental vasculature (see the related article beginning on page 1644). Inhibition of complement activation may have a therapeutic role in this disease.
Ethical skill development as an imperative for emancipatory practice

Total Systems Intervention (TSI) as a form of Critical Systems Thinking has been subject to criticism concerning the actual application of its emancipatory commitment. The emancipatory potentials of TSI or other systems-oriented change efforts may possibly be improved through their linkage to employee ethical skill development. Acknowledging a “strategic twist” in consulting efforts to encourage greater emancipatory practice and a more communicative ethic, an agenda for consultants is suggested to provide incremental emancipatory potentials for organizations with many apparently coercive characteristics.
Contributions of Learning and Teaching Theories to the Explication of the Role of the Teacher in Social Work Education

The role of today's teacher in social work education is multi-dimensional and is char acterized by conflicting demands and ex pectations—the dissonance within and with out the teaching and social work profes sions, the tensions and pressures that be set us as individuals, the conflicting forces in society and in the universities that tend to pull and buffet us in different directions. Such turmoil makes it impossible for any one teacher to meet the many divergent de mands and expectations at any one time, or even over long periods of time. There may have been a stage in our development, perhaps 15 to 25 years ago, when the ideal of a balanced and cohesive unity to be achieved in teaching, the opportunity to combine the life of the mind with the life of practice and service through engaging in the education of the new members of the profession of social work, was appealing, exciting, inspiring, and even feasible. Now, in a time of worldwide social revolution, in a time of seething unrest in the uni versities, in a time of intense search for new directions within social work and edu cation, a teacher leads a troubled, puzzled, and sometimes frenzied existence. Time for reflection becomes a rare commodity as pres sures expand and multiply. Persistent
Deformation of a Slaty, Lapillar Tuff in the Lake District, England

An andesite tuff of Ordovician age from the Lake District, England, contains accretionary (hailstone) lapilli. These originally spherical bodies allow a tentative analysis of their history of deformation, at least for the single, isolated point from which a sample was taken. The lapilli were first deformed into oblate spheroids by compaction which shortened them vertically 53 percent, then the bedding plane was tilted 21° to the south-southwest. Thereafter the rock was converted to a chlorite-muscovite slate, shortened 50 percent along a near-horizontal north-south line, lengthened 100 percent near vertically, and left unchanged along the east-west horizontal. The direction of greatest shortening is normal to the cleavage, that of greatest lengthening parallel to a lineation in the cleavage plane. An X-ray diffraction pole-figure from three mutually perpendicular sections scanned in transmission indicates a preferred orientation of 9 times random of the basal planes of chlorite parallel to the cleavage plane. Preferred orientation of muscovite is similar to that of chlorite. Passive rotation of originally random platelets during the tectonic strain could explain preferred orientation of 8 times random; preferential post-tectonic growth of platy minerals parallel to their base, more often stopped by impingement on other grains if grains form large angles with the cleavage, may have enhanced the orientation. Folds with axial surfaces different from the plane of slaty cleavage were observed 350 m from the sample point. If one assumes, somewhat tenuously, that the strain leading to slaty cleavage was fairly homogeneous over this distance and was the last strain to affect the rocks, then the shape of the folds before the cleavage episode can be reconstructed. Such a reconstruction of one fold and of its pre-cleavage fold axis and axial plane gives an idea of the shape of this fold as it may have existed after the pre-Bala folding episode and before the final deformation sometime during the Devonian Period.
Mechanical and optical properties of polyurethane‐polystyrene two‐phase polymers

The mechanical and optical properties have been examined of a series of polyurethane-polystyrene two-phase systems produced by simultaneous polymerization. Torsion pendulum data show two separate glass transitions which are essentially those of the constituent homopolymers. Thus these systems do not from true interpenetrating networks. Phase inversion from a continuous polyurethane to a continuous polystyrene phase occurred at the relatively low styrene concentration of 20 to 25%. Measurements of the stress-optical coefficients supported this finding. When polystyrene formed the continuous phase, straining produced softening at strains below about 15 percent. Birefringence measurements indicated that the rubbery polyurethane domains did not orient in these compositions. The stress-optical coefficients showed no time dependence. The strain-optical coefficients decreased with increasing temperature.
Does Bodily Awareness Interfere with Highly Skilled Movement

Abstract It is widely thought that focusing on highly skilled movements while performing them hinders their execution. Once you have developed the ability to tee off in golf, play an arpeggio on the piano, or perform a pirouette in ballet, attention to what your body is doing is thought to lead to inaccuracies, blunders, and sometimes even utter paralysis. Here I re-examine this view and argue that it lacks support when taken as a general thesis. Although bodily awareness may often interfere with well-developed rote skills, like climbing stairs, I suggest that it is typically not detrimental to the skills of expert athletes, performing artists, and other individuals who endeavor to achieve excellence. Along the way, I present a critical analysis of some philosophical theories and behavioral studies on the relationship between attention and bodily movement, an explanation of why attention may be beneficial at the highest level of performance and an error theory that explains why many have thought the contr...
Unbiased Risk Estimates for Singular Value Thresholding and Spectral Estimators

In an increasing number of applications, it is of interest to recover an approximately low-rank data matrix from noisy observations. This paper develops an unbiased risk estimate-holding in a Gaussian model-for any spectral estimator obeying some mild regularity assumptions. In particular, we give an unbiased risk estimate formula for singular value thresholding (SVT), a popular estimation strategy that applies a soft-thresholding rule to the singular values of the noisy observations. Among other things, our formulas offer a principled and automated way of selecting regularization parameters in a variety of problems. In particular, we demonstrate the utility of the unbiased risk estimation for SVT-based denoising of real clinical cardiac MRI series data. We also give new results concerning the differentiability of certain matrix-valued functions.
Racial differences in informal help seeking for mental health problems

The present study examined the hypothesis of greater African American informal help seeking for mental health problems in a comparison of African Americans and Whites. Controlling for sociodemographic factors, symptom distress, and diagnosis, African Americans were less likely than Whites to report turning for assistance to a friend, family member, or religious figure. Nor did African Americans use informal help as a substitute for professional care; they turned to informal helpers in conjunction with formal helpers, and demonstrated complementarity to a greater extent than Whites. Supportive ties found among African Americans may be advantageous for many purposes, but provide no benefit for the face-to-face discussion of emotional problems. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Taxes and entrepreneurial risk-taking: Theory and evidence for the U.S. ☆

Abstract How does the tax law affect individual incentives to engage in entrepreneurial risk taking? We first show theoretically that taxes can affect incentives due to differences in tax rates on business vs. wage income, due to differences in the marginal tax rates faced on losses vs. profits through a progressive rate structure and through the option to incorporate, and due to risk sharing with the government. We then provide empirical evidence using U.S. individual tax return data that each of these aspects of the tax law have clear effects on individual behavior, and together have had large effects on the amount of entrepreneurial risk taking.
Strategic and perceptual factors producing tilt contrast in dot localization

Encoding spatial location in a frame of reference is often biased by both perceptual and strategic factors. For example, tilt contrast occurs when a line presented in the frame of horizontal and vertical axes appears to be repulsed from the nearest axis, including the diagonal axis of symmetry, due to symmetry perception mechanisms. Research has demonstrated, however, that people can adopt particular viewing strategies that eliminate this effect. In Experiment 1, a similar tilt contrast effect was observed when subjects reproduced from memory the position of a single dot in this reference frame. It was hypothesized that this effect resulted from a combination of strategic and perceptual factors. Specifically, people employ an origin strategy, coding the location of the dot relative to the origin of the horizontal and vertical axes, thereby establishing a virtual line that appears tilted away from the axes due to the same perceptual processes affecting physically present lines. Two additional experiments support this hypothesis. In Experiment 2, no clear tilt contrast effect was observed in a perception condition, indicating that the tilt effect for dots cannot be accounted for by purely perceptual processes. In Experiment 3, the tilt contrast effect was found to be contingent upon the use of the origin strategy as opposed to a different strategy. The results demonstrate the importance of a viewer's strategy in determining the pattern of distortion observed in spatial encoding.
On the hydrodynamic interaction of twoBrownian particles in a viscous, inert fluid

During a time that is large compared to the relaxation time for a single particle, the distance between twoBrownisai particles separated by more than a few particle diameters remains almost constant. Under these conditions the hydrodynamic interaction with time-dependent particle velocities can be rigorously accounted for if use is made ofOseen's results. The calculation takes into account that the frictional resistance is given byBoussinesq's equation rather than that ofStokes. The correlation functions for the random forces are derived from the theory of fluctuations in fluid mechanics; explicit expressions are given for the limiting case of small interaction. It is found that the effect of the time-dependence of the particle velocities on the correlation functions for the random forces and for the velocities is quite pronounced, but the diffusivities are the same as those found when the interaction is based on steady state hydrodynamics. In the limit of large times the correlation functions are proportional to (time)−3/2.
Laser-induced target modification effects on pulsed laser depositions of YBaCuO superconducting thin films

Abstract Target modifications due to laser irradiation during the pulsed laser deposition of high- T c YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− x thin films were studied. Although phase segregation occurs on the target surface as the formation of yttrium-rich phases results in a pronounced decrease in the overall evaporation rate, the corresponding evaporant stoichiometry, as measured in the deposited film, remains unchanged. Deposition rate dependence on laser fluence and background gas pressure were also determined for evaporations from conditioned targets.
Effects of Ethanol Concentration and Fixed-Ratio Requirement on Ethanol Self-Administration by P Rats in a Continuous Access Situation

Rats, from the alcohol preferring (P) line, were placed in operant chambers in which food pellets, water, and 10% ethanol (v/v) were available continuously for 23 hr/day. During Experiment 1, the effects of changing ethanol concentration and response requirement for ethanol were examined. Ten percent and 20% ethanol (v/v) were available on two fixed ratio (FR) schedules, FR 1 and FR 4, for 2 weeks each. During Experiment 2, the effects of increasing the response requirement for ethanol were investigated. Starting with FR 4, the FR requirement for ethanol doubled during 2-week intervals until FR 32 was in effect. For the final phase of these studies, water was placed in the dipper for 1 week followed by a return to 10% ethanol in the dipper. The results from Experiment 1 indicated that when the FR requirement was decreased from FR 4 to FR 1, ethanol-reinforced responding decreased but total daily intake increased. Lowering the FR requirement did not affect the number of ethanol bouts per day but bout size increased. Ethanol concentration had no effect on bout size but the number of bouts per day decreased when the concentration was increased to 20%. Since bout size was unchanged by increasing the ethanol concentration, intake per bout increased at 20% ethanol. The results from Experiment 2 indicated that increasing the response requirement for ethanol decreases ethanol intake. When water was placed in the dipper, responding decreased to the lowest levels observed in the experiment. When ethanol was returned to the dipper, responding returned to baseline levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Eccrine syringofibroadenoma surrounding a squamous cell carcinoma: A case report

A 91-year-old man presented with a 9.0 x 7.0 cm exophytic mass on the dorsum of the right foot, surrounded by a scaling hyperkeratotic plaque-like lesion that had been present for many years. He had similar long-standing hyperkeratotic plaque-like lesions on both legs. Histopathologic examination of the exophytic mass revealed a well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma surrounded by an eccrine syringofibroadenoma (ESFA). Histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy support this diagnosis. To our knowledge, this is the only reported case of ESFA being intimately associated with a malignant neoplasm.
Pemphigus Vulgaris IgG-induced Desmoglein-3 Endocytosis and Desmosomal Disassembly Are Mediated by a Clathrin-and Dynamin-independent Mechanism

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a life-threatening autoimmune disease characterized by oral mucosal erosions and epidermal blistering. The autoantibodies generated target the desmosomal cadherin desmoglein-3 (Dsg3). Previous studies demonstrate that upon PV IgG binding, Dsg3 is internalized and enters an endo-lysosomal pathway where it is degraded. To define the endocytic machinery involved in PV IgG-induced Dsg3 internalization, human keratinocytes were incubated with PV IgG, and various tools were used to perturb distinct endocytic pathways. The PV IgG ·Dsg3 complex failed to colocalize with clathrin, and inhibitors of clathrin- and dynamin-dependent pathways had little or no effect on Dsg3 internalization. In contrast, cholesterol binding agents such as filipin and nystatin and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein dramatically inhibited Dsg3 internalization. Furthermore, the Dsg3 cytoplasmic tail specified sensitivity to these inhibitors. Moreover, inhibition of Dsg3 endocytosis with genistein prevented disruption of desmosomes and loss of adhesion in the presence of PV IgG. Altogether, these results suggest that PV IgG-induced Dsg3 internalization is mediated through a clathrin- and dynamin-independent pathway and that Dsg3 endocytosis is tightly coupled to the pathogenic activity of PV IgG.
Cardiac responses to sympathetic stimulation.

The cardiac responses to stimulation of sympathetic nerves to the heart were studied both in thoracotomized and in intact unanesthetized dogs. The changes in heart rate, left ventricular pressure, right and left ventricular dimensions and systemic arterial pressures were recorded. The powerful effects of sympathetic stimulation resemble cardiac responses to exercise more than those following administration of catecholamines. It is inferred that neural mechanisms may be more important for cardiac control during spontaneous activities than the circulating hormones.
Using ultrasound to visualize the lingual nerve.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of ultrasonography in visualizing the lingual nerve, calculating its distance from the lingual cortex at the area of the third molar, and in detecting injuries. Materials and Methods Using a standardized protocol, lingual nerve dissections were performed in Yorkshire pig cadaver heads. After nerve isolation was confirmed, the nerve was left intact, fully transected, or partially transected. The dissection flap was repositioned and the pig heads were given to 3 blinded evaluators. Using a handheld ultrasound device, the evaluators were asked to determine the status of the nerve and categorize their finding as intact, fully transected, or partially transected. The recorded ultrasound images from the 9 study specimens were then analyzed and the distances of the lingual nerves from the alveolus were measured. Results After becoming familiar with the ultrasonographic appearance of the lingual nerve, all of the evaluators were able to visualize and identify the nerve using the ultrasound machine. Lingual nerve injuries were accurately categorized in 17 out of the 27 total attempts (success rate, 63%). The average distance of the nerve from the alveolar cortex was measured to be an average distance of 1 mm. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that ultrasonography can be effectively used to visualize the lingual nerve.
Enabling Verifiable Conformance for Product Lines

NASA is, with the rest of industry, turning to product-line engineering to reduce costs and improve quality by effectively managing reuse. Experience in industry has shown that it is the verifiable conformance of each system to the product-line specifications that makes or breaks the product-line practice. Verification that the software for each project satisfies its intended product-line constraints is thus essential. This paper reports early results from aneffort to assemble from previous, industrial experience a set of enablers of verifiable conformance for use in the application engineering of NASA product lines. Lessons learned may be useful for developers of safety-critical, long-lived, or highly autonomous productlines, as well as for companies that integrate product line subsystems developed by multiple contractors.
Psychological well‐being among Holocaust survivors and immigrants in Israel

This research assessed predictors of psychological well-being among 180 survivors of the Holocaust and among a comparison group of 160 immigrants of similar sociocultural background living in Israel. Four variables: better health, higher instrumental coping, lower emotional coping, and lesser social concern, were found to be significant predictors of psychological well-being in both groups. Among survivors, these four variables, as well as being married, fewer life crises, communication with co-workers, and not being resigned to fate, accounted for 52% of explained variance in psychological well-being. Among immigrants who served as a comparison group, these four variables, along with a relaxed personality style and good communication with one's spouse, accounted for 36% or explained variance in psychological well-being. Theses factors underscore the importance of current social and psychological adaptation for psychological well-being among survivors and among older persons of similar backgrounds who did not endure the extreme trauma of the Holocaust.
Signal processing and architecture in the lower division electrical engineering core

A core course introducing aspects of digital signal processing in a sophomore level architecture course can be used in a variety of undergraduate curriculum structures as an alternative to a "first" DSP course with a systems perspective. An early basic course in logic design with FPGA implementations is common to most university electrical engineering programs, and a course on machine organization and architectures using assembly language instructions follows naturally. Such a course can also introduce students to concepts of DSP while teaching processor structure and organization using a digital signal processing microprocessor and FPGAs. Real time audio signal processing makes the course more interesting to lower division students and reinforces concepts of filtering, modulation, and sampling. This paper describes a "DSP second" course structured in this way. Since there is no linear systems prerequisite, this course is suitable for diverse undergraduate programs. Upper division elective signal processing courses which include traditional DSP topics can cover more material if students already have been introduced to basic DSP concepts and implementations in the sophomore year.
Effects of Direct Renin Inhibition on Myocardial Fibrosis and Cardiac Fibroblast Function

Myocardial fibrosis, a major pathophysiologic substrate of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF), is modulated by multiple pathways including the renin-angiotensin system. Direct renin inhibition is a promising anti-fibrotic therapy since it attenuates the pro-fibrotic effects of renin in addition to that of other effectors of the renin-angiotensin cascade. Here we show that the oral renin inhibitor aliskiren has direct effects on collagen metabolism in cardiac fibroblasts and prevented myocardial collagen deposition in a non-hypertrophic mouse model of myocardial fibrosis. Adult mice were fed hyperhomocysteinemia-inducing diet to induce myocardial fibrosis and treated concomitantly with either vehicle or aliskiren for 12 weeks. Blood pressure and plasma angiotensin II levels were normal in control and hyperhomocysteinemic mice and reduced to levels lower than observed in the control group in the groups treated with aliskiren. Homocysteine-induced myocardial matrix gene expression and fibrosis were also prevented by aliskiren. In vitro studies using adult rat cardiac fibroblasts also showed that aliskiren attenuated the pro-fibrotic pattern of matrix gene and protein expression induced by D,L, homocysteine. Both in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrated that the Akt pathway was activated by homocysteine, and that treatment with aliskiren attenuated Akt activation. In conclusion, aliskiren as mono-therapy has potent and direct effects on myocardial matrix turnover and beneficial effects on diastolic function.
Self and mutual admittance of slot antennas on a dielectric half-space

In this paper, an efficient implementation of the spectral domain moment technique is presented for computing the self and mutual coupling between slot antennas on a dielectric half-space. It is demonstrated that by the proper selection of the weighting functions in the method of moments, the analytic evaluation or simplification of the transverse moment integrals is enabled. This results into a significant reduction of the required computational labor. The method is then utilized in order to provide design data for the self and mutual admittances between two slot antennas on a dielectric substrate lens in the case of fused quartz (∈ r =3.80), crystal quartz (∈ r =4.53), silicon (∈ r =11.9) and GaAs (∈ r =12.8). The presented technique and associated results are useful when designing twin slot quasi-optical receivers, imaging arrays, phased arrays or power-combining arrays of slot elements at millimeter-wave frequencies.
Dynamic Cost Reduction Through Process Improvement in Assembly Networks

We consider a decentralized assembly system in which a buyer purchases components from several first-tier suppliers. We examine the dynamics of suppliers' investments in cost-reduction initiatives over the life cycle of a product under different procurement approaches. We model the suppliers' investment decisions under cost-contingent contracts, with wholesale prices determined on the basis of the prevailing component costs, as a dynamic game in closed-loop strategies. We show that there always exists an equilibrium in which the suppliers' investments are synchronized, that is, in each period either all suppliers invest in process improvement or no supplier does. We also consider target-price contracts, under which the assembler announces the rate of component cost reduction to be achieved over the product's life cycle at the beginning of the contractual relationship. We show that target-price contracts lead to higher investment levels and profits if the rates are properly specified. In general, the equilibrium investments of the suppliers are lower than those under centralized control. The buyer can eliminate this inefficiency by subsidizing a certain fraction of the costs of investments. We extend the model to a setting with two competing assemblers and knowledge spillover at the suppliers. We find that the level of inefficiency under decentralized control decreases with increased competition and spillover rate.
Southern Regional Planning and Development

T WENTY-FIVE YEARS AGO, the same year in which the first issue of the Journal of Politics appeared,, the National Resources Planning Board was established by congressional action as part of the Executive Office of the President. The primary function of the Board as constituted in 1939 was to advise the President on matters of long-range policy. Another function was to stimulate interest and activity in planning, nationally and by states, regions, and local governments. The Board saw area planning as a responsibility shared by all levels of government, and the passing of a quarter of a century has served to make even clearer the intergovernmental character of planning. In 1942 the National Resources Planning Board issued as one of a series a report on Regional Planning in the Southeast. The series, which in a sense was to be the swan song of the agency, placed great emphasis on a regional approach to the development of American resources and gave considered emphasis to the role that state planning must play in that process. The report for the Southeast directed attention to the activities and potential usefulness of the Southeastern Regional Planning Commission, an agency destined soon to disappear. It discussed also the activities of the various state planning agencies which had recently been organized and were functioning with assistance of various types from the National Resources Planning Board. The state planning agencies of the 1940's were concerned with inventorying resources and with the collection of basic data over a wide range of subject fields. They addressed themselves also to problems of physical planning, such as the conservation of land and water resources, and to the formulation of public works programs. A few of the state planning agencies undertook studies of special problems in the economic and social fields, but none produced or even undertook to produce comprehensive state plans in an action framework.
Looking at the ventriloquist: visual outcome of eye movements calibrates sound localization.

A general problem in learning is how the brain determines what lesson to learn (and what lessons not to learn). For example, sound localization is a behavior that is partially learned with the aid of vision. This process requires correctly matching a visual location to that of a sound. This is an intrinsically circular problem when sound location is itself uncertain and the visual scene is rife with possible visual matches. Here, we develop a simple paradigm using visual guidance of sound localization to gain insight into how the brain confronts this type of circularity. We tested two competing hypotheses. 1: The brain guides sound location learning based on the synchrony or simultaneity of auditory-visual stimuli, potentially involving a Hebbian associative mechanism. 2: The brain uses a ‘guess and check’ heuristic in which visual feedback that is obtained after an eye movement to a sound alters future performance, perhaps by recruiting the brain’s reward-related circuitry. We assessed the effects of exposure to visual stimuli spatially mismatched from sounds on performance of an interleaved auditory-only saccade task. We found that when humans and monkeys were provided the visual stimulus asynchronously with the sound but as feedback to an auditory-guided saccade, they shifted their subsequent auditory-only performance toward the direction of the visual cue by 1.3–1.7 degrees, or 22–28% of the original 6 degree visual-auditory mismatch. In contrast when the visual stimulus was presented synchronously with the sound but extinguished too quickly to provide this feedback, there was little change in subsequent auditory-only performance. Our results suggest that the outcome of our own actions is vital to localizing sounds correctly. Contrary to previous expectations, visual calibration of auditory space does not appear to require visual-auditory associations based on synchrony/simultaneity.
A NEW VISCOMETER

A viscometer is described, particularly adapted to the measurement of colloidal solutions and physiological liquids (serum, blood), which, although doing away with the capillary tube (which is difficult to handle and to clean), requires less than 1 cc. of liquid. The readings are rapid, from 30 seconds to 1 minute. The temperature is easily controlled and varied. The range is considerable and may be changed easily. The sensitivity is such that the viscosity of air can be measured to the 7th decimal, without any difficulty. Its main advantage is that it makes possible the observation of the changes occurring in the viscosity of a liquid in function of time and temperature. It may be used as a recording viscometer by simply placing a recording photographic box before the mirror.
Functional expression of a sodium dependent nucleoside transporter on rabbit cornea: Role in corneal permeation of acyclovir and idoxuridine

Purpose. The major objectives were to investigate functional expression of nucleoside transporters on the rabbit cornea and to delineate mechanism of corneal permeation of acyclovir (ACV) and idoxuridine (IDU). Methods. Transport studies were conducted with isolated rabbit corneas at 34°C using [ 3 H]thymidine, [ 3 H]ACV and [ 3 H]IDU. Results. Thymidine transport across rabbit cornea comprised of saturable (K m = 14.9 ± 9.7µM and V max = 0.045 ± 0.0087 nmol/min) and non saturable (k d = 0.00015 ± 0.000013µl/min) components. Both purine and pyrimidine nucleosides including inosine inhibited transport of [ 3 H]thymidine. However, nucleobases adenine and thymine did not have any inhibitory effect on thymidine transport which was sodium dependent with a Na + : thymidine coupling ratio of greater than 1 : 1 indicating that the nucleoside transporter is of the N3 type. Although IDU inhibited transport of [ 3 H]thymidine, unlabeled IDU and thymidine did not inhibit [ 3 H]IDU transport suggesting that IDU was bi...
An ecological analysis of colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: differences by sexual orientation.

Background Some have suggested gays and lesbians may carry a greater burden of colorectal cancer. To date, individual sexual orientation data are not available in cancer surveillance registries. This prevents an assessment of differences in colorectal cancer incidence and mortality by sexual orientation, using individual-level data.
Lower Pecos and Coahuila peyote: new radiocarbon dates

Peyote, a psychoactive cactus native to the Chihuahuan Desert, has been preserved from excavations at only two archaeological sites: Shumla Caves in the Lower Pecos region of southwest Texas and shelter CM-79 near Cuatro Cienegas in Coahuila, Mexico. We determined three indistinguishable radiocarbon ages of 5160 � 45, 5200 � 35, and 5210 � 35 14 C years BP, yielding a mean age of 5195 � 20 14 C years BP for the three specimens from Shumla Caves. For one of the Cuatro Cienegas specimens we obtained the first direct radiocarbon date of 835 � 35 14 C years BP. This study demonstrates the use of peyote by inhabitants of the Lower Pecos region of the Chihuahuan Desert about 6000 calendar years ago, and confirms its use by inhabitants of the Cuatro Cienegas region of the Chihuahuan Desert in Late Prehistoric times. The Shumla Caves' specimens are composed of an aggregate of ground peyote mixed with other plant material, i.e., they appear to be manu- factured peyote effigies, and are definitely not intact peyote buttons. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Potential for Ion-induced Nucleation of Volatile Organic Compounds by Radon Decay in Indoor Environments

The theoretical potential for the formation of clusters of vapor-phase organic compounds found in indoor air around the 218PoOx + ion was investigated as well as which compounds were most likely to form clusters. A compilation of measurements of indoor organic compounds has been made for future experiments and theoretical calculations by the radon research community. Forty-four volatile and semivolatile organic compounds out of the more than 300 that have been reported in indoor air were investigated. Water vapor was included for comparison. The results indicate that there is a potential for the formation of clusters of organic compounds around the 218PoOx + ion. The compounds with the greatest potential for cluster formation are the volatile oxidized hydrocarbons (e.g., n-butanol, phenol, hexanal, nonanal, benzaldehyde, the ketones, and the acetates) and the semivolatile organic compounds (pentachlorophenol, nicotine, chlordane, chlorpyrifos). Although the estimated diameters are consistent with the meas...
Examining middle school children's willingness to consume energy-dense foods and sweetened beverages (808.16)

It is important to understand children’s willingness to consume foods and beverages because preferences impact behavior change. This study examined children’s willingness to eat energy-dense foods, energy-dilute foods, sweetened beverages and unsweetened beverages. 312 children attending 4-H summer camp were recruited to participate. 307 provided their gender and grade and 305 provided their race/ethnicity. Children were in the following grades: 4th, n = 71 (23.1%), 5th, n = 130 (42.3%), and 6th, n = 106, and 184 were female (59.9%). 251 children (82.3%) were white, 41 were black (13.4%), 13 were from other racial groups. Surveys were distributed by one trained investigator using a standard protocol. Student willingness data gathered from a 7-point Likert-type scale were collapsed into three categories: 1 = unwilling, 2 = neither unwilling nor willing and 3 = willing. Race/ethnicity was categorized as white or non-white. Mean scores were compared using the Welch’s F test. Males were more willing than fema...
HEPARAN SULFATE AND RELATED COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES OF NERVOUS TISSUE

Heparan sulfate and other glycosaminoglycans are discussed in relation to their structure, distribution, metabolism, and possible functional roles in brain and nervous tissue storage organelles .
Lesbian Elders: Riding the Tsunami of Change

Today’s lesbian elders have lived through an amazing change in their legal and social status. In the course of their lifetime, lesbians have gone from being classified as criminals suffering from a serious mental illness to citizens with rights, in some states, full civil rights. Although the change is undeniably positive, there are traces from the past that may interfere with positive aging for this group. This article reviews some of the relevant issues and provides suggestions for therapists working with lesbian elders.
Probit Analysis: Assessing Goodness-of-Fit Based on Backtransformation and Residuals

We describe methods to convert complementary log-log-, logit-, probit-, log-complementary-log-log, log-logit, and log-probit-transformed data from bioassay experiments back to the original unit of measurement, the proportion of the test organisms responding to the tested stimulus ; and for calculating residuals and standardized residuals (in the original units). We show how the method can be used to help select a model that best fits the bioassay data. We have developed a computer program for implementing the method.
Abstract 15557: Comparison of 30-day Mortality by Ischemic Times in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Treated With Pre-Hospital Reduced Dose Fibrinolytic Followed by Percutaneous Coronary Intervention versus Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Alone

Introduction: The current standard treatment for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). Early reperfusion results in shorter ischemic time (IT) which reduces mortality. In general, fibrinolysis can be initiated earlier than PPCI. For over 7 years we have used a strategy of field evaluation for STEMI using 12 lead ECGs obtained and transmitted by emergency services personnel with over-read by emergency center physicians. Appropriate STEMI patients receive pre-hospital reduced dose fibrinolytic (10 units reteplase) along with aspirin, clopidogrel, and heparin, and are transported to our center for urgent PCI (termed FAST-PCI strategy). Hypothesis: Patients with STEMI in FAST-PCI group have lower 30-day mortality rate compared with those in PPCI group. Methods: Patients with STEMI at our tertiary center were prospectively included for retrospective analysis. Demographic, clinical, angiographic data and outcomes were investigated. Ischemic time was defined as time from onset of pain to device activation. Patients were divided into groups based on IT ( Results: Between 02/2007 and 12/2013, we treated 1112 STEMI patients of which 551 (49.5%) underwent FAST-PCI and 561 (50.4%) had PPCI. The two treatment groups in each IT interval were well matched for age, cardiac risk factors, left main and left anterior descending artery infarct. Data are shown in the table. Conclusions: For STEMI patients who presented with IT
The roles of cohesive strength and toughness for crack growth in visco-elastic and creeping materials

Abstract A cohesive-zone analysis for crack propagation in a linear visco-elastic/creeping material is presented. The concept of a viscous fracture length is defined; this serves an analogous role to the elastic fracture length in determining the conditions under which fracture is controlled by the continuum crack-tip stress field. It is shown that there are two regimes for viscous crack growth. The first regime occurs in the limit of small viscous fracture lengths, when the crack-tip stress field has a region exhibiting the inverse square-root dependence expected from classical linear fracture mechanics. In this regime, the crack velocity is proportional to the fourth power of the stress-intensity factor. This is consistent with an existing analytical model developed for crack growth in linear polymers. The second regime occurs for large viscous fracture lengths, where classical fracture mechanics is not appropriate. In this regime, the crack velocity has a weaker dependence on the applied load, and can be modeled accurately by the solution to the problem of a viscous beam on an elastic foundation. At higher crack velocities, when the viscous fracture length exceeds the elastic fracture length, the expected transition to elastic fracture occurs.
State dependent price setting rules under implicit thresholds: An experiment

How firms make their pricing decisions is a fundamental question of macroeconomics. We use a laboratory experiment to examine individual choices in a price updating task that provide insight into how well state dependent models reflect behavior. We find that in general subjects behave as if they recognize the importance of a state dependent pricing strategy, but they are unable to ascertain this threshold with precision and they also exhibit a substantial degree of time dependence. As a result, they update prices too frequently, and perform statistically significantly fewer real effort profit-generating tasks than theoretically optimal under full state dependence, which results in statistically significantly lower profits as well.
Methods of moral education of the general medicine trainees

Moral education is an important component part of school education and the general medicine trainees is no exception. This paper explores the methods of moral education of the general medicine trainees through the experience of teaching the trainees from medical technical college. Tutorial system, training standardization,development of self-study and experience teaching are the important methods to cultivate noble medical ethics of the students which make the trainees to become a good moral quality, and psychological quality, and excellent technical skilled medical professionals.
Medical and Dental Expense Benefits

As discussed in Chapter 6, a risk averse worker is better off if she can buy insurance at an affordable price, or have her employer provide it in exchange for modest decreases in her wage. In the example of Figure 6.2, for example, the worker prefers a salary reduction up to $5,000 with accompanying insurance coverage for a potential $20,000 income loss, over the full salary with no insurance coverage. The wage reduction a worker will accept in exchange for the insurance coverage represents the value of the insurance to her.