cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pornography, Religion, and Parent-Child Relationship Quality.

Frequent pornography use is often negatively associated with marital quality. Recent research has argued that this negative association is particularly strong for those who are embedded in religious communities, likely due to the greater stigma and shame associated with viewing pornography. In order to test and extend this theory, the current study examined how religious service attendance moderates the link between parents’ pornography consumption and four measures of parent–child relationship quality. Analyses of 2006 Portraits of American Life Study data (N = 2610) revealed that greater pornography viewing predicted negative outcomes on two out of four measures of parent–child relationship quality, while religious service attendance was associated with more positive parent–child relationship outcomes. Interaction effects, however, affirmed that the negative association between porn viewing frequency and three parent–child relationship outcomes was stronger for participants who attended religious services more often. Analyzing fathers (N = 771) and mothers (N = 904) separately revealed that the observed relationships held more consistently for fathers than mothers. Evidence for directionality was presented by incorporating re-interview data from 2012. While pornography use may be negatively associated with some aspects of parent–child relationship quality, this association was particularly strong for those embedded within religious communities, possibly owing to greater attendant guilt and shame.
Judicial role and the limits of constitutional convergence in Latin America

Much recent work has examined and found support for a convergence thesis – the idea that constitutional law across countries is becoming increasingly similar through time. This piece critically examines the convergence thesis in Latin America. While much recent work has focused on the level of constitutional text, this chapter argues that a more meaningful approach for many purposes would look at either judicial enforcement or actual enjoyment of rights. The chapter considers two issue areas – same-sex marriage and socioeconomic rights – where there are high-level pressures towards convergence within the region. It shows nonetheless how courts have used differing conceptions of justiciability and remedy to reach significantly different solutions to the enforcement of these rights. This enduring divergence is rooted in differing conceptions of judicial role, which in turn are a product of a number of factors including judicial design, constitutional and judicial history, the configuration of political institutions, and idiosyncratic factors related to individual judges. Most of these factors are unlikely to show a clear trend towards convergence through time. Thus, on-the-ground convergence is likely to remain limited, since those seeking to promote convergence would need to align low-level factors impacting the behavior of judges as well as high-level factors like consciousness or the constitutional design of particular rights. This finding in turn raises broad questions about both the possibility and desirability of convergence in Latin American constitutional law.
The Human Element of Project Management.

Much research and dialogue have been published about project management. Studies have been conducted regarding the impact of size, member location, gender composition, cross-functional structure, stakeholder influence, confidence issues, technology usage, management style, generational differences, technical expertise vs. people skills, and a myriad of other topics. Writings regarding the human factors, the "soft" skills, have typically focused on the “what is” and “why” elements of communication and conduct appropriate to project management, often leaving the “how to” in subjection or missing. This article provides additional practical applications to improve project management success.
Investigation on adaptive data condensation for exemplar based method in speech task

Exemplar based methods are attractive for various speech task because of their ability to learn a local model from the training data. These methods can capture fine details in data with small number of parameters to learn the model. In the era of big data, exemplar based methods face key challenge in terms of computational time. One popular method in exemplar based methods used in various speech task is k-nearest neighhbor (k-NN). K-NN computation time is high as it has to compute distance for each test instance with all the intances in the traning data (also known as instance space). The computational time increases with an increase in the size of the training dataset. In this paper, we propopse an adaptive data condensation scheme for k-NN by doing instance space reduction based on the speaker similarity. With our proposed adaptive condensed nearest neighbor approach, we obtained a significant reduction in the size of the instance space and an improvement in computational time by 83.1% at the expense of 1.1% absolute decrease in classification performance.
Is the “First-Generation Student” Term Useful for Understanding Inequality? The Role of Intersectionality in Illuminating the Implications of an Accepted—Yet Unchallenged—Term:

First-generation students (FGSs) have received a great deal of attention in education research, practice, and policy. The difficulty of understanding and subsequently addressing the various and per...
Publisher Correction: Social deficits in Shank3-deficient mouse models of autism are rescued by histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition

In the version of this article initially published, the blue diamonds in Fig. 2a-d were defined as Shank3+/Δc + saline; the correct definition is Shank3+/Δc + RMD. The error has been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.
Reduced gray matter volume in the orbitofrontal cortex is associated with greater body mass index: a coordinate-based meta-analysis.

Meta-analyses of neuroimaging studies have not found a clear relationship between the orbitofrontal cortex and obesity, despite animal and human studies suggesting the contrary. Our primary meta-analysis examined what regions are associated with reduced gray matter volume, given increased body mass index. We identified 23 voxel-based morphometry studies examining the association between gray matter volume and body mass index. In a sample of 6,788 participants, we found that greater body mass index is associated with decreased gray matter volume in the right Brodmanns area 10 and 11, forming part of the right orbitofrontal cortex (FWE, p=0.05). Use of Brodmanns areas 10 and 11 as seeds in a Neurosynth network coactivation and text decoding analysis revealed that these regions are associated with studies of emotional regulation and processing, clinical symptoms and disorder, mentalizing and social cognition, and the Default mode network. Our finding uniquely contributes to the literature in showing a relationship between the orbitofrontal cortex and obesity and showing the wide-ranging impact these differences may have on social, mental, and emotional functioning as well as on the Default mode network. Exploratory analyses suggest the need for studies examining the effect of age on these findings.
Differentiation of dietary fiber sources by chemical characterization.

The terra “dietary fiber” is generally defined as the components of plant cell walls which are indigestible by humans.1,2 Interest in fiber has risen recently as various physiological effects, such as the lowering of serum cholesterol3 and a decrease in the incidence of colon cancer,4 have become widely reported. From a chemical point of view, dietary fiber consists of the nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) and lignin, which are not metabolized by human small intestinal enzymes. The NSP are represented by such chemically diverse compounds as hemicellulose, cellulose, pectin, carrageenan, guar gum and agar. Lignin is a highly cross-linked polymer of phenylpropane units derived from coniferyl, sinapyl and coumaryl alcohols. Information about various types of polysaccharides found in plants is used in the present study to differentiate fiber sources by characterizing their polysaccharide components. From this type of chemical characterization we can then “fingerprint” or analyze for chemical differences among the many fiber sources that are claimed to produce different physiological effects.
Analytical Approximations for the Long-Term Decay Behavior of Spent Fuel and High-Level Waste

Simple analytical approximations are presented that describe the radioactivity and radiogenic decay heat behavior of high-level wastes (HLWs) from various nuclear fuel cycles during the first 100,000 years of waste life. The correlations are based on detailed computations of HLW properties carried out with the isotope generation and depletion code ORIGEN 2. The ambiguities encountered in using simple comparisons of the hazards posed by HLWs and naturally occurring mineral deposits to establish the longevity requirements for geologic waste disposal schemes are discussed.
Application of the LIMIT code to the analysis of containment hydrogen transport

The principal developmental focus of the LIMIT code is the ability to model hydrogen transport accurately in reactor containments. The program is capable of treating rapid two-phase dominated blowdown transients, slower mixing events in which diffusional transport is important, and lumped or nodal multicompartment analysis. The code's features include versatile multidimensional geometry options and models of ancillary equipment including solid heat sinks and mass and energy sources. The program is applied to a number of pertinent problems including continuum analysis of a hydrogen/water blowdown, simulation of experimental tests performed at the Battelle-Frankfurt Institute and the Hanford Engineering Development Laboratory, and lumped parameter studies of connected room problems. The code is shown to be capable of accurately treating a wide range of problems with reasonable computational efficiency. The need for even better efficiency, additional equipment submodels, and further validation are the code's principal limitations.
Encouraging teamwork to decrease surgical complications.

Communication in the OR can be improved, decreasing adverse events by utilizing new technologies and giving younger staff members a central role. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Parental Origins, Mixed Unions, and the Labor Supply of Second-Generation Women in the United States

This study examines the joint impact of parental origins and partner choice on the employment behavior of second-generation women in the United States. We find that endogamy (choosing a first- or second-generation partner from the same national-origin group) is associated with lower labor supply among second-generation women, net of the effects of parental origin culture as proxied using the epidemiological approach to cultural transmission. Parental origin effects are mediated by education, but endogamy curtails economic activity regardless of educational attainment. The findings are robust for married women. Findings for women in cohabiting unions are more heterogeneous, however: cohabitation appears to mute some of the relationship between parental origin culture and women’s economic behavior. In particular, the negative relationship between endogamy and women’s labor supply does not hold for women in cohabiting unions.
Evaluating Density Functionals by Examining Molecular Structures, Chemical Bonding, and Relative Energies of Mononuclear Ru-Cl-H-PR3 Isomers.

In order to define a robust level of theory using density functionals for investigating the reactivity of ruthenium complexes, we used benchmark wave function theory, with saturated basis sets to v...
Are there hardened smokers in low- and middle-income countries? Findings from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey.

Introduction Hardened smokers are those who do not want to quit, or find it very difficult to quit. This study assessed the prevalence and predictors of hardened smokers in 19 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods We used nationally representative data from 19 LMICs that conducted the Global Adult Tobacco Survey during 2009-2013. Our analysis is restricted to adults aged ≥25 years. Hardened smokers were defined as daily smokers who smoked for 5 or more years, and who reported the following: no quit attempt in the past year that lasted 24 or more hours; no interest in quitting, or not planning to quit in the next year; and currently smoked within 30 minutes after waking. For each country, the prevalence of hardened smokers was analyzed by sex, age, residence (urban or rural), educational attainment, wealth index, and knowledge of the danger of smoking. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess predictors of hardened smoking. Results Prevalence of hardened smokers among adults (aged ≥25 years) ranged from 1.1% (Panama) to 14.3% (Russia). Among current smokers (aged ≥25 years), the proportion of hardened smokers ranged from 7.5% (Mexico) to 38.4% (Romania). Adjusted odds of hardened smokers were significantly higher for males (9 of 19 countries), smokers aged 65 years or older (12 of 19 countries), adults with lower educational attainment (9 of 19 countries), and no knowledge of the danger of smoking (8 of 19 countries). Conclusions The spectrum of smokers in the LMICs includes hardened smokers and prevalence varies across population groups. Full implementation of proven tobacco control strategies could reduce hardened smoking in LMICs.
329 SUN EXPOSURE AND PROTECTION EDUCATION FOR PATIENTS IN ODESSA, WASHINGTON.

Purpose of Study The population of Odessa, Washington, is largely composed of individuals of European descent who are thus at high risk for developing skin cancers. Many individuals have outdoor occupations that require significant hours in the sun. Methods An educational approach was devised to target school-aged children. Most lifetime exposure to harmful radiation occurs before the age of 18, and this group is most likely to alter their protective behaviors with education. Brochures were produced that included information to assess risk factors, investigate effective protective measures, illustrate examples of lesions, and discount common misconceptions. Eighteen brochures were given to children and adolescents between the ages of 8 and 16 during school-sports physicals. Each patient was counseled about current knowledge and protective behaviors. Parents were encouraged to participate and their concerns were addressed. Results Sun-protective behaviors were not currently used by the majority because this age group did not know the dangers involved, did not understand the proper way to use sun protection, or forgot to use protection. Patients demonstrated overall increased knowledge after the consultation. Parents were provided information regarding better protection. Brochures were also given to hospital and clinic staff to distribute. Conclusions By increasing the education of this group about the seriousness of sun exposure and by providing parents with information on how to best protect their children, protective behaviors are more likely to be practiced.
Decomposition of Vertical Velocity for Nutrient Transport in the Upper Ocean

AbstractWithin the pycnocline, where diapycnal mixing is suppressed, both the vertical movement (uplift) of isopycnal surfaces and upward motion along sloping isopycnals supply nutrients to the eup...
Traumatic exposure, posttraumatic stress, social support, and religious participation among adult supervisors of the Nairobi USA embassy bombing

Abstract This study examined 240 adults exposed to the 1998 Nairobi USA Embassy terrorist bombing nine months post-disaster. There were three aims: (a) assess the level of bombing exposure; (b) examine the relationship between traumatic exposure and posttraumatic stress (PTS); (c) evaluate roles of social support, and religious participation on PTS. About 86% of the subjects reported high-level of bombing exposure with 80% falling within the cut off score for high-level clinician concern for severity of PTS. Due to the homogeneous nature of the sample on severity of both bombing exposure and PTS, there were no significant relationships between exposure and PTS. However, social support was negatively related to severity of PTS. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Postoperative opioid prescription patterns and new opioid refills following cardiac implantable electronic device procedures.

Background Prescription opioids are a major cause of the opioid epidemic. Despite the invasive nature of cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) procedures, data on opioid prescription patterns after CIED procedures are lacking. Objective The purpose of this study was to assess opioid prescribing patterns and the rates of new opioid refills (refills in previously opioid naive patients) among patients undergoing CIED procedures. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of all patients undergoing CIED procedures from January 1, 2010, to March 30, 2018, at the Mayo Clinic (Minnesota, Arizona, and Florida). Procedures were categorized into new implant, generator change, device upgrade, lead revision or replacement, and subcutaneous implantable cardiac defibrillator (S-ICD) procedures. The rates of postoperative opioid prescription and new opioid refills were analyzed. Wilcoxon rank sum and χ2 tests assessed variations. Results A total of 16,517 patients (mean age 70 ± 15; 36% female) underwent CIED procedures. Opioids were prescribed to 20.2% of the patients, among whom 80% were opioid naive. Among opioid naive patients who received opioids, 9.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 8.3%–10.5%) had subsequent opioid refills. The percentage of patients who received more than 200 oral morphine equivalents of prescription was 38.8% (95% CI 37.2%–40.5%). Temporal trends revealed increasing rates of any opioid prescription, peaking in 2015 at 25.9%, with subsequent downtrend to 14.6% in 2018 (P Conclusion Postoperative opioid prescription rate after CIED procedures was 20.2%, with most patients being opioid naive. Among opioid naive patients who received opioids, 9.4% had subsequent opioid refills. This finding suggests that perioperative pain management in CIED procedures warrants meticulous attention.
African American/white disparities in psychiatric emergencies among youth following rapid expansion of Federally Qualified Health Centers.

Objective To test whether rapid expansion of mental health services in Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) reduces African American/white disparities in youth psychiatric emergency department (ED) visits. Data sources Secondary ED data for psychiatric care for 3.3 million African American and white youth in nine states, 2006-2011. We used the HCUP SEDD and SID. We obtained FQHC service data from the Uniform Data System. Study design The psychiatric ED visit is the dependent variable. Logistic regression methods control for individual risk factors for ED use, as well as county-level health system factors and county and year fixed effects. Key independent variables include indicators of mental health service capacity in FQHCs in a county-year. Data extraction methods We extracted ED psychiatric visits for 3.3 million African American and white youth in nine states, 2006-2011, from the HCUP SEDD and SID, and FQHC data from the Uniform Data System. Principal findings Overall mental health visits at FQHCs correlate positively with psychiatric ED visits among African American youth. However, increases in the number of mental health visits per FQHC patient corresponds with fewer outpatient psychiatric ED visits among African American youth, relative to white youth (odds ratio = 0.96; 95% CI = 0.94, 0.98). Conclusions Increases in the intensity of services offered per mental health patient at FQHCs-rather than increases in overall capacity-may reduce African American youth's overreliance on the ED for psychiatric care.
Las empresas familiares: una caracterización empresarial y la tipología societaria de capital más adecuada

Family businesses are the most relevant economic engine in most of the countries of market economy. His huge macroeconomic importance has led to the birth of a movement to defend their interests. However, it remains to deﬁne the guidelines that shape their business and corporate type. This paper aims precisely reﬂect on the characterization and typology of family businesses, both from a business point of view and from the point of view of company law.
Oncostatin M as a Biomarker to Predict the Outcome of V-V ECMO Supported Patients with Acute Pulmonary Failure

Purpose Reliable biomarkers to predict the outcome of Veno-Venous (V-V) ECMO therapy have not been identified. While lactic-acid (LA) levels are useful for predicting outcomes in Veno-Arterial (V-A) ECMO for patients with cardiogenic shock, they have not been reliable in V-V ECMO for patients with acute pulmonary failure. We hypothesize that markers of inflammation may be superior to markers of perfusion deficits in such patients. We evaluated Oncostatin M (OSM), a novel biomarker for inflammation (a member of the IL-6 family) for its potential to predict outcomes in patients with acute pulmonary failure requiring V-V ECMO. Methods Following informed consent, blood samples were collected pre-cannulation, then post-cannulation on days 1-3, and then every other day until decannulation from 29 V-V ECMO patients. Plasma OSM levels were measured by ELISA and compared with plasma LA levels in concurrently collected samples. Results Plasma OSM release, consistent with a highly activated inflammatory state, was detected in 18 of the 29 patients prior to V-V ECMO. Of these 18 patients, 7 expired and 11 eventually recovered. As shown in Fig. 1, the pre-decannulation OSM levels were significantly higher (Mann-Whitney U test: p=0.04) in patients who eventually expired than those who recovered (Median: 90.2% vs 49.4%). On the other hand, there was no significant difference in the LA levels (Mann-Whitney U test: p= 0.56) between those that eventually recovered and those who expired (Median: 82.7% vs 83.5%). Conclusion Plasma release of OSM, a novel biomarker for inflammation, was predictive of mortality in patients with acute respiratory failure supported by V-V ECMO whereas Lactic Acid levels were not. This important finding warrants further exploration.
MRI in Dural Lesions

A thorough understanding of spinal dural anatomy and pathology is important for surgeons and radiologists alike. The dura plays an important role in the function of the central and peripheral nervous system, and on imaging, it serves as a useful landmark for the classification of spinal lesions. Spinal lesions can be classified on imaging according to whether they arise outside the dura or thecal sac, within the different layers of the dura, or whether they arise within the substance of the spinal cord itself. This allows the surgeon and the radiologist to generate a pertinent differential diagnosis of what the lesion could be, and to formulate a path for treatment or additional diagnostic tests if needed. In this chapter, a discussion of the anatomy and common pathology of the dura is presented, with examples of the more common lesions encountered in a typical spine practice. The lesions are classified according to their location in relation to the dura, as they would be during their workup in clinical practice.
Longitudinal analysis of regional cerebellum volumes during normal aging

Some cross-sectional studies suggest reduced cerebellar volumes with aging, but there have been few longitudinal studies of age changes in cerebellar subregions in cognitively healthy older adults. In this work, 2,023 magnetic resonance (MR) images of 822 cognitively normal participants from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) were analyzed. Participants ranged in age from 50 to 95 years (mean 70.7 years) at the baseline assessment. Follow-up intervals were 1-9 years (mean 3.7 years) for participants with two or more visits. We used a recently developed cerebellum parcellation algorithm based on convolutional neural networks to divide the cerebellum into 28 subregions. Linear mixed effects models were applied to the volume of each cerebellar subregion to investigate cross-sectional and longitudinal age effects, as well as effects of sex and their interactions, after adjusting for intracranial volume. Our findings suggest spatially varying atrophy patterns across the cerebellum with respect to age and sex both cross-sectionally and longitudinally.
Complete Genome Sequence of a Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus Isolated in the United States.

ABSTRACT The complete genome sequence of a U.S. isolate of a Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) (CA18-01) was obtained through Illumina and MinION sequencing. The U.S. ToBRFV isolate shared a high nucleic acid sequence identity (>99%) with known ToBRFV isolates. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a tight cluster for ToBRFV isolates throughout the world, suggesting a short evolutionary history.
Towards formalization of wireless vehicular networking

Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) technologies (together, V2X) will enable vehicles, ranging from cars to trucks to buses to pedestrians to wirelessly exchange important safety and congestion information. This exchange is expected to help save lives, prevent injuries and ease traffic congestion. The realization of this promise however critically depends on the deployment of judicious wireless and vehicular control strategies (e.g., how vehicular routing choices respond to V2X messages, how wireless network schedules these messages, how traffic signals may be controlled to optimize their spread) that exploit the opportunities and stymie the obstacles that the interdependence between the wireless and transportation infrastructures introduce. To that end, one needs mechanisms to model, evaluate and control V2X, which is what we seek to obtain, by proposing deployment of formal methods in the field of V2X. Specifically, we show how a V2X system can be formally verified to assess reachability to undesirable states by modeling it as a hybrid system and then verifying the safety properties for this hybrid system via reachability.
CHRISTIANE NORD. Text analysis in translation: Theory, methodology, and didactic application of a model for translation-oriented text analysis

(1994). CHRISTIANE NORD. Text analysis in translation: Theory, methodology, and didactic application of a model for translation-oriented text analysis. WORD: Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 90-93.
Predicting Delirium Risk Using an Automated Mayo Delirium Prediction Tool: Development and Validation of a Risk-Stratification Model.

Abstract Objective To develop a delirium risk-prediction tool that is applicable across different clinical patient populations and can predict the risk of delirium at admission to hospital. Methods This retrospective study included 120,764 patients admitted to Mayo Clinic between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2017, with age 50 and greater. The study group was randomized into a derivation cohort (n=80,000) and a validation cohort (n=40,764). Different risk factors were extracted and analyzed using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) penalized logistic regression. Results The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) for Mayo Delirium Prediction (MDP) tool using derivation cohort was 0.85 (95% confidence interval [CI], .846 to .855). Using the regression coefficients obtained from the derivation cohort, predicted probability of delirium was calculated for each patient in the validation cohort. For the validation cohort, AUROC was 0.84 (95% CI, .834 to .847). Patients were classified into 1 of the 3 risk groups, based on their predicted probability of delirium: low (≤5%), moderate (6% to 29%), and high (≥30%). In the derivation cohort, observed incidence of delirium was 1.7%, 12.8%, and 44.8% (low, moderate, and high risk, respectively), which is similar to the incidence rates in the validation cohort of 1.9%, 12.7%, and 46.3%. Conclusion The Mayo Delirium Prediction tool was developed from a large heterogeneous patient population with good validation results and appears to be a reliable automated tool for delirium risk prediction with hospitalization. Further prospective validation studies are required.
Comparing acute kidney injury in severe viral pneumonia/ARDS: 2009 h1n1 pandemic vs 2020 COVID-19 pandemic

Introduction:Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication in critically ill patients and has been extremely common during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic in patients admitted to the adult intensive care unit with severe viral pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. We investigated the incidence and outcomes of AKI in this population comparing the COVID-19 pandemic to the H1N1 pandemic of 2009. Methods: We performed a single-center retrospective analysis of all patients with severe COVID-19 infection, admitted to ICU level of care between 3/1/2020 and 6/1/2020 and we obtained patient data via the research patient data registry. We excluded patients who were admitted with a complaint unrelated to their COVID-19 infection and patients with end-stage renal disease. We stratified patients based on presence of AKI and further stratified the AKI group for the need for Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT). All data collection was approved by the IRB at Mass General Brigham (IRB #2020P001674). All data was analyzed using Excel and R version 4.0.1 (2020-06-06). When comparing groups, medians and interquartile ranges are reported. Wilcoxon Rank Sum test was used for statistical analysis. Results: 272 patients were identified of which 31 patients were excluded from further study due to reasons as above. The remaining 241 patients were analyzed, and the median age was 64 (52-72) with, 40.6% females. 79.6% (192) of patients were Intubated with a median lowest PaO2/FiO2 ratio of 124 (91.4-177.5).105/241 (43.5%) did not develop AKI and 136/241 (56.4%) developed AKI, of which 36 had AKI requiring RRT. Patients with AKI had a higher length of hospitalization (20 ± 10.75 vs 15 ± 8.5, p 0.055), Increased pressor days (11 ± 9 vs 4 ± 6.5, P<0.001), Increased mortality (47% vs 17.1%, p<0.001). AKI and AKI-RRT were associated with prolonged hospitalization, higher ICU readmission rates, and worse respiratory and hemodynamic parameters. Discussion: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is the most frequently occurring extrapulmonary organ failure in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Based on established literature by Ignacio et al. (1) from the H1N1 pandemic, 17.8% of patient's developed AKI, patients with AKI had increased days of hospitalization (30.3 ± 19.9 vs 20.5 ± 16.8 days, p<0.0001), increased mortality (44.1% vs 13.3 %, p<0.01) and increased incidence of shock (75.4% vs 38.3%, p<0.01) which was consistent with our analysis. However, incidence of AKI was higher in patients with COVID 19 infection compared to H1N1 infection.
Un testimonio multigeneracional: La traducción, una herramienta más contra el genocidio. Selección de poemas de Ruth Irupé Sanabria

Presentation of the poet Ruth Irupe Sanabria, selection of poems and translation by her mother, the writer Alicia Partnoy.
Trafficking and the Shallow State

More than two decades ago, the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (“TVPA”) established new, robust protections for immigrant victims of trafficking. In particular, Congress created the T visa to protect immigrant victims from deportation. Since 2000, however, the annual cap of 5,000 T visas has never been reached. Fewer than 1,100 T visas have ever been granted annually to immigrant victims. In the last five years, approval rates also have plummeted. Of the T visa cases adjudicated for victims annually, only 57.21% were approved in fiscal year 2020, compared with 71.88% in fiscal year 2015. These developments came as former President Donald J. Trump, like many presidents before him, proclaimed a deep commitment to end the “epidemic” of human trafficking and to protect “innocent” victims. Though scholars have critiqued the general protection framework for immigrant victims of trafficking, this article unearths an understudied problem: the often unseen role of the “shallow state.” In contrast to the much-discussed “deep state” of career bureaucrats, this article suggests that low-level administrative actors adjudicating humanitarian immigration cases have subtly worked to erode protections for immigrant victims of trafficking. This article demonstrates how such actors have creatively engaged in a range of tactics, including delay, rejection, and heightened stakes, to contort the T visa application process and make it more difficult for immigrant victims to navigate successfully. The article explores how these actions—often diffuse and obscured—have been hard to identify or to subject to judicial review. It warns that these bureaucratic tendencies could erode protections for immigrant victims of trafficking for years to come. It thus prescribes not only greater attention to such practices, but also administrative and judicial remedies.
High energy efficiency and high power density proton exchange membrane fuel cells: Electrode kinetics and mass transport

The development of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell power plants with high energy efficiencies and high power densities is gaining momentum because of the vital need of such high levels of performance for extraterrestrial (space, underwater) and terrestrial (power source for electric vehicles) applications. Since 1987, considerable progress has been made in achieving energy efficiencies of about 60 percent at a current density of 200 mA/sq cm and high power densities (greater than 1 W/sq cm) in PEM fuel cells with high (4 mg/sq cm) or low (0.4 mg/sq cm) platinum loadings in electrodes. The following areas are discussed: (1) methods to obtain these high levels of performance with low Pt loading electrodes - by proton conductor impregnation into electrodes, localization of Pt near front surface; (2) a novel microelectrode technique which yields electrode kinetic parameters for oxygen reduction and mass transport parameters; (3) demonstration of lack of water transport from anode to cathode; (4) modeling analysis of PEM fuel cell for comparison with experimental results and predicting further improvements in performance; and (5) recommendations of needed research and development for achieving the above goals.
Wound, Capture, or Kill: A Reply to Ryan Goodman’s ‘The Power to Kill or Capture Enemy Combatants’

This article examines two issues raised by Professor Goodman's article published in this volume of EJIL: a purported obligation under international humanitarian law (IHL) to minimize harm to enemy fighters; and a purported IHL duty to capture rather than kill when doing so is feasible in the circumstances. It notes that situations in which it is possible to wound rather than kill enemy fighters are rare on the battlefield. However, even when such circumstances do present themselves, there is no obligation under the extant IHL to do so. Similarly, there is no duty to capture rather than kill under the existing law. Nevertheless, the article offers an analysis that would extend hors de combat status to enemy fighters who have been effectively captured, thereby shielding them from attack. Accordingly, the approach would often arrive at the same conclusion as that proposed by Professor Goodman, albeit through a different legal lens. The article concludes by noting that although there is no "capture-kill" rule in IHL, for operational and policy reasons, capture is usually preferred.
Determining the Impact of the Interactions of CYP2B6*6 and CYP2A6 Polymorphisms on the Treatment of Nicotine Dependence

Introduction: Nicotine metabolising enzymes CYP2B6 and CYP2A6 are implicated in the treatment of nicotine addiction.Even though evidence suggests they may interact to influence nicotine dependence treatment outcomes in terms of nicotine dependence and withdrawal syndromes, as well as therapy types (placebo, bupropion, and NRT), the importance of their interaction in nicotine cessation has yet to be fully substantiated and clarified. Methods: A total of 1862 people were analysed, including Caucasians and African Americans. The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependency (FTND) and Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM) measures were used to assess nicotine dependence and withdrawal syndrome, respectively. Participants were needed to smoke at least ten cigarettes per day and to use one of three types of therapy (placebo, NRT, or bupropion) for two weeks before reporting their quitting status six months later. Participants were also screened for SNPs CYP2A6*1A (rs1137115), *1H (rs616636070),*4A (rs28399434), *9A (rs28399443),*12A (rs28399442), and CYP2B6*6(rs3745274) for nicotine genotype analysis. Results: The chi-squared test revealed that gene variations were consistently distributed in the population withp-values > 0.05. According to logistic regression analysis, CYP2A6*4A was most significantly associated with the odds ratio (OR) of quitting smoking in each treatment group with nicotine dependence syndrome (OR=1.61, 95% CI 1.31-1.96), and *4A in individuals with nicotine withdrawal syndrome (OR=1.70, 95% CI 1.15-1.95). In the bupropion group, the ANOVA test revealed a significant main interaction effect between CYP2B6*6, *1A, *4A, and *12A gene variants. Conclusion: CYP2A6 and CYP2B6*6 may interact to improve the chances of nicotine addiction treatment success.
Geographic Density of Linear Accelerators and Receipt of Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer.

Purpose/Objective(s) Radiation therapy (RT) is one among several definitive treatments for patients with prostate cancer. Recent analyses have suggested distance from a radiation oncologist influences the likelihood that a patient is to receive RT for their prostate cancer. We aimed to assess if linear accelerator density within healthcare referral regions (HRRs) impacts practice patterns regarding the treatment of prostate cancer patients. Materials/Methods Along with the American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO), we identified, and quality checked the location of linear accelerators in the United States as of July 2020, derived from the International Atomic Energy Agency Directory of Radiotherapy Centers (DIRAC) database. The address to each practice was geocoded using the Google Maps API within QGIS 3.12. The number of linear accelerators was determined in each HRR as defined by the Dartmouth Atlas; HRRs represent “regional healthcare markets for tertiary medical care.” In 2014, the Dartmouth Atlas published data regarding the management of prostate cancer by HRR based on Medicare data from 2007 – 2011. Linear regression tested the association of linear accelerator density with receipt of prostate cancer radiation therapy. Results We identified 3,521 linear accelerators in the United States serving a population (as of the most recent US Census in 2010) of 309 million people; this represents approximately 88,000 people per linear accelerator, or 11.4 linear accelerators per million people. Among the 306 HRRs, the mean density of linear accelerators is 11.7 per million (standard deviation 5.2); 5 HRRs do not have a linear accelerator. For 227 HRRs, data regarding the proportion of Medicare beneficiaries over the age of 75 with prostate cancer who received RT was available. For every 1 additional linear accelerator per million, an additional 2.1 prostate cancer patients per 1,000 received RT (95% CI: 0.08 – 4.2; P = 0.04). For 234 HRRs reporting the number of prostatectomies per 1,000 Medicare beneficiaries under 75 with prostate cancer, there was no relationship between prostatectomy rate and number of linear accelerators (P = 0.42). Conclusion Increasing HRR linear accelerator density is associated with increasing rate of receipt of radiotherapy for prostate cancer in elderly men. These findings need to be explored across other disease sites and age ranges to ascertain the magnitude of this effect and optimize the distribution of linear accelerators to best ensure access to care across the geographic spectrum.
Theory of Localized Plasmons

A vast amount of literature exists on the study of plasma oscillations in a homogeneous electron gas.1 Recently there has been some interest in plasma oscillations in inhomogeneous electron systems. Treatments appropriate to finite systems, such as an atom, have been given by Brandt and Lundquist2, and Wieder and Borowitz3. The case of a point impurity in an otherwise homogeneous electron gas has been considered by Sziklas4.
Fracture analyses of heavy-section steel technology wide-plate crack-arrest experiments

A series of six wide-plate crack-arrest tests was recently completed by the Heavy-Section Steel Technology program at the National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD, using tensile-loaded specimens of A533 Grade B Class 1 steel. Crack-arrest data were obtained at temperatures in the transition range and above the onset of the Charpy upper shelf, thereby providing a basis for the development and evaluation of improved fracture-analysis methods. The 1 by 1 by 0.102-m single-edge-notched (SEN) specimens were welded to long straight pull tabs and subjected to a transverse linear temperature gradient before loading. The crack tips were sharpened by hydrogen-charging an electron-beam weld. The tests were designed to obtain crack arrest near the middle of the specimen where the temperature would produce a high-toughness level in the upper transition region of the material. The specimens were instrumented with strain gages and thermocouples. Initial static design calculations were made using textbook formulas. Additional calculations, using an assumed set of K I D versus a and T relations and an effective stress wave concept, confirmed the reasonableness of tentative design parameters. Pretest and posttest dynamic finite-element calculations were performed for each test. Computed results are compared with transient data for crack-line strains, crack speed, crack-opening displacement, arrest location, and postarrest tearing. Results from both application-mode and generation-mode dynamic analyses are presented. The arrest toughness values calculated from the test data are summarized for temperatures ranging from the transition into the Charpy upper-shelf range.
Chapter 18 In Vitro Nuclear Protein Import Using Permeabilized Mammalian Cells

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the in vitro nuclear protein import using permeabilized mammalian cells. The nuclear import system is simple and efficient and can be tailored to the needs of the individual laboratory. A wide range of different cell types can be used as the source of permeabilized cells or cytosol. A fluorescent reporter protein is utilized to measure nuclear import because it is possible to visualize directly its nuclear accumulation and determine the range of nuclear accumulation given by a population of nuclei. An allophycocyanin is used for this assay because of its large size, its naturally high fluorescence output, and its resistance to photobleaching. Another widely used protein for the analysis of nuclear import is Xenopu s nucleoplasmin—a nuclear protein that is easily purified to homogeneity in sufficient quantities. The rhodamine-labeled nucleoplasmin exhibits high nonspecific binding to the permeabilized cells and is imported weakly. A nonfluorescent reporter protein is also used to measure import if an antibody to the protein is available to measure its nuclear accumulation by immunofluorescence microscopy, although the protein must not be present in the cells used for the assay and the analysis is lengthened by the requisite immunofluorescence labeling.
Local Government Sick-Leave Practices An Exploratory Study

The purpose of this study was to examine paid sick leave (PSL) practices among large municipal governments in the United States. Results of a national survey suggest that over 90% of these governments offer PSL. Few reported making any post-recession changes, and in fact, most governments continue to allow employees to rollover unused sick leave from year to year, cash out unused sick leave upon termination, and/or include unused sick leave in pension calculations despite the sometimes significant cost of such policies. Documentation is required in 70% of governments, but formal auditing of PSL occurs in less than one third of responding governments. Type of government, employee classification (e.g., public safety vs. general staff), collective bargaining, and whether the government requires public hearings for public employee benefit changes were significant factors in determining certain PSL practices.
Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of carboxyamido-triazole with respect to food and time of administration: use of a single model for simultaneous determination of changing parameters.

Carboxyamido-triazole (CAI) is an anti-invasive, antimetastatic, antiangiogenic agent in clinical development for cancer treatment. It has been postulated that food might enhance the oral absorption of micronized CAI based on an apparent discrepancy in steady state maximum concentrations when taken without regard to meals vs. fasting. The purpose of this study was to determine if a standardized meal affects the absorption and pharmacokinetics of this agent. Twelve patients with refractory cancers and good end organ function were randomized to receive two doses of CAI (250 mg/m2) with and without a standardized high fat meal. One cohort of 6 patients received these doses at 9 AM, and the remaining 6 patients received CAI at 9 PM. Blood was obtained prior to each dose, and serially thereafter. A series of pharmacokinetic (PK) models were fit to the concentration–time data. PK parameters were ultimately calculated using a model which allows simultaneous estimation of parameters from both test doses using nonlinear least squares analysis with ADAPT II. This model estimates independent absorption rate constants and relative fraction absorbed for each condition. AUC0–twas determined using the trapezoidal method, extrapolated to infinity, and used to calculate the relative bioavailability. No significant differences in PK parameters were noted between the morning and evening cohorts. However, the relative bioavailability, as measured by AUC0–∞, of CAI was significantly increased when administered with a high fat meal compared to fasting (138.9 vs. 52.2 μg * hr/ml; p=0.0005). The magnitude of the increase in relative bioavailability of CAI taken with food could have profound implications for patients who may inadvertently take this medication shortly after eating.
Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy for Optic Nerve Sheath Meningioma

Primary optic nerve sheath meningioma is an uncommon anatomical location for meningioma. These patients have a poor visual prognosis without treatment. In recent years, radiotherapy, mainly fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery/ radiotherapy (SRS/fSRT), have been successfully utilized and has achieved superior results in stabilizing or improving vision when compared with surgery or observation. On the other hand intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), although currently available in many centers around the world, is a relatively unexplored modality in the treatment of ONSM. IMRT allows an optimized dose distribution to the target while avoiding and/ or limiting high radiation doses to the surrounding normal tissues, leading to decreased toxicity. IMRT is an attractive and feasible option for the treatment of ONSM. Prospective studies comparing different radiotherapeutic modalities are required to evaluate outcome and complications, as well as to develop clinical guides to standardize its therapeutic approach.
Measurement of system penalty due to multipath interference

The impact of multipath interference (MPI) arising from dispersion compensation modules is measured in an experiment designed to isolate this effect from all others. It is found that MPI acts as an additional source of noise, and the amount of noise is quantified