cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laboratory diagnosis on an outbreak of human cases infected with Goatpox Virus in Chongqing

In 2010,an outbreak of 34 suspected cases of human infected with capripox uineswas reported in Pengshui County,Chongqing,China.Nine specimens,including vesicle fluid,eye discharge and scab,were collected from 5 human cases and 3 capripox infected goats,respectively.Viral DNA was detected by PCR with capripox virus specific primers,while virus isolation was performed for all specimens on VeroE6 cells.PCR amplification revealed that all specimens were positive for A29L gene.Additionally,one virus was isolated from eye discharge of an infected goat.For the P32 gene,4 of 5 human cases were positive.Sequence analysis of three P32 amplicons from 2 patients and 1 goat showed 100% similarity.Phylogenetic analysis also showed that all three sequences clustered within goatpox virus,with close relationship with a goatpox virus isolating from Liujiang of Guangxi,China in 2003 and a Vietnam-originated goatpox virus in 2005.In conclusion,an outbreak of human cases infected with goatpox virus was confirmed by several approaches in our laboratory.This investigation suggested that close contact with infected goats imported from Sichuan had caused these clustered human infections,that routine quarantine on imported livestock should be implemented immediately,and that relevant health education is required for those farmers.
Investigation of In-Suit processed food′s sanitary condition in Jiaxing

Objective:Understanding the sanitary conditions and influence factors of In-Suit processed food in catering industry.Methods:Bacterium count,coliform bacteria and pathogen were detected from 160 samples(including delicatessen,Sashimi and salad),by the correct valid standard,during Jan-Oct,2009.Results:The cooked meat and salad qualification rates of Bacterium count were 82.50%(66/80),70.00%(14/20),that of coliform bacteria were 48.75%(39/80),20.00%(4/20),Detection rates of pathogen were 1.25%(1/80),0.00%(1/40).Detection rate of pathogen from Sashimi was 2.50%(1/40).Conclusion:The delicatessen was seriously contaminated by the bacterium and coliform bacteria,which also contaminated by Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Listeria monocytogenes.Therefore,the health management sectors must strengthen our food health management and collect sanitary conditions in a dynamic way in order to safe time for people′s health and security.
Linking service structural design to service profitability: a U.S. airline industry study

This paper estimates the empirical link between five structural service design choices and service profitability in the context of the U.S. domestic airline industry. The study is based on panel data of 12.35 million flight records from nine domestic carriers between 2004 and 2007. The flight records were accessed from a database maintained by the U.S. Department of Transportation. The results of a fixed effects panel regression model provide evidence that the structural design choices of the (1) complexity of the aircraft fleet deployed, (2) operations scale, and (3) network routing structure explain about one third of the differences in operational profitability among airlines. The magnitudes of the parameter estimates provide some unexpected priorities for increasing profitability. Two of the service design choices, fleet complexity and the centralization of the flight network, explain over 75 % of the impact of structural service design choices on airline operational profitability.
Neurobehavioral and Developmental Traiectories Associated with Level of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure.

INTRODUCTION In experimental models, prenatal cocaine exposure has been found to perturb GABA and dopamine development. Clinically, abnormalities in tone, posture and state regulation are noted in early infancy but the evolution of these findings over time is not well described. The current study assesses the longitudinal effects of prenatal cocaine exposure in dose-dependent fashion on developmental & behavioral and neurological trajectories over the first 2 years of life. METHODS Three hundred and eighty infants, 113 cocaine-exposed, were enrolled at birth from an urban hospital from 2000 to 2004. Exposure was determined by maternal interview, segmental hair analyses (RIAH™) in all, and meconium and urine in a subset. Developmental, behavioral and neurological assessments were carried out blind to drug exposure at 6, 12 and 24 months of age in the 306 children who returned in follow-up. Mixed-effects linear modeling (developmental growth curve) assessed change in outcome over time. RESULTS The mental developmental growth curve showed a negative slope (2.2 points) in adjusted analyses among cocaine-exposed children over the first 2 years of life. (p=.04), while the slope of the motor development growth curve did not. Adjusting for microcephaly at 6 months diminished the strength of the association between cocaine exposure and mental developmental growth curve (effect modification). Cocaine exposure was marginally associated with behavioral outcomes in adjusted analyses. Total Behavior scores and Orientation/Engagement scores improved with age. At 1 year of age, prenatal cocaine exposure was significantly associated with lower motor development scores. High rates of hypertonia (global and diparesis) identified at the 6-month visit dropped dramatically in the first 2 years of life: cocaine-exposed children showed a more rapid rate of resolution of hypertonia than unexposed children, with hypertonia improving 2.2 times faster among those with heavy cocaine exposure. CONCLUSION We found differences in mental performance over the first 2 years of life associated with prenatal cocaine exposure that was mediated by microcephaly implying that cocaine exerts a sustained teratogenic effect on brain development. Early neurological (hypertonia) and behavioral findings associated with prenatal cocaine exposure improved over time. Hypertonia did not predict long-term development impairments. Conceivably, the transient nature of neurobehavioral manifestations reflects postnatally a tendency towards homeostasis of cocaine-related embryopathic perturbations of GABA and dopaminergic systems.
Climate change communication insights from cooperative Extension professionals in the US Southern states: finding common ground

ABSTRACTClimate change is often avoided in educational programming due to its perceived polarizing nature. Identifying areas of agreement may help educators introduce climate change topics and help audiences begin to listen. As part of a survey of Extension professionals in the southeastern US, respondents shared their thoughts about climate change. Based on methods used by Maibach, Leiserowitz, Roser-Renouf, and Mertz [(2011). Identifying like-minded audiences for global warming public engagement campaigns: An audience segmentation analysis and tool development. PLoS ONE, 6(3), e17571], we categorized respondents using the Six Americas segments. Qualitative data analysis techniques were applied to identify common themes. Five themes emerged as common across most segments: (1) confusion and mistrust abound, (2) educators face barriers to climate change education, (3) economic aspects of climate change are important, (4) we should be good stewards of Earth, and (5) adaptation is an agreeable strategy. By i...
Strategic Enrollment Management for Chief Enrollment ­Officers: Practical Use of Statistical and Mathematical Data in Forecasting First Year and Transfer College Enrollment

Both an art and a science, enrollment projections have become a major component to effective college and university fiscal planning. With stagnant or declining state budget support for public higher education along with an increasing emphasis on revenue generation, never before has predicting the size of an entering class become more imperative. Too few students and budgets are sure to suffer; too many students and residence halls will be overflowing. This article presents several approaches to manage enrollment data for an entering class and predict enrollment yield. By examining past yield behavior coupled with trend and conversion data, a college or university will be better positioned to provide exceptionally accurate enrollment forecasts to senior administration. The authors provide pragmatic examples to empirically engage and data mine applicant pools for both first year and transfer populations in order to predict yield conversion with a greater level of confidence. Special attention will be placed on describing different statistical and mathematical techniques to predict enrollment.
Regeneration of a Tooth in a Tissue-Engineered Mandible After Resection of a Central Giant Cell Tumor. Demonstrating Evidence of Functional Matrix Theory and Ectodermal Origin of Teeth in a Human Model—A Case Report

Central giant cell tumors (CGCTs) are uncommon lesions occurring in the jaw. They are benign but locally destructive osteolytic lesions. They usually occur in pediatric patients 5 to 15 years of age. Multiple noninvasive modalities of treatment (intralesional steroids, interferon, calcitonin, and denosumab) have been described for those lesions, but for those that are refractory to treatment, enucleation and curettage or resection is a curative surgery. This case report describes a pediatric patient who was diagnosed with an aggressive CGCT of the left mandible encompassing the right angle to the condyle. The lesion became refractory to noninvasive treatments and immediate resection and reconstruction was performed using principles of tissue engineering. After 5 years of close observation, the patient showed normal morphology and growth of his mandible, but surprisingly developed a left mandibular third molar (tooth 17) in the site of the mandibular resection and reconstruction. This is the first case report in the literature to show the spontaneous development of teeth in a human reconstructed mandible, contributing evidence toward the functional matrix theory of mandibular growth and ectodermal origin of teeth.
A CRITICAL RACE THEORY ANALYSIS OF PUBLIC PARK FEATURES IN LATINO IMMIGRANT NEIGHBORHOODS

The present-day location of public parks should be understood in the proper social and historical context of residential segregation and urban development. In Los Angeles, discriminatory practices such as restrictive covenants were used not only for housing, but also to maintain segregated recreational spaces. In addition, the economic changes that came as a result of White flight, suburbanization, and inner city job loss brought with it a reduction in local government resources, including funds for public parks. These changes to the urban landscape disproportionately impacted low-income immigrant communities, including Latino neighborhoods. Health disparities researchers are concerned with the inequitable distribution of parks and recreation facilities because it may contribute to disparities in physical inactivity and obesity, health risks that disproportionately impact Latinos. However, much of the literature investigating disparities in the built environment fails to include a racial analysis. The current study uses a Critical Race Theory framework to examine disparities in park availability in Los Angeles. We used a unique park dataset created in ArcGIS to carry out a county-wide assessment of the availability of park features at the neighborhood level. Data come from two sources, the Los Angeles County Location Management System, which includes information on specific park features (e.g., swimming pools, parks and gardens, recreation centers) and the American Community Survey, which includes neighborhood-level sociodemographic information. A zero-inflated negative binomial regression model was used to test whether Latino immigrant neighborhood characteristics are associated with the availability of park features in Los Angeles. Results indicate that Latino immigrant neighborhoods have limited park availability. The discussion situates these findings of inequitable distribution of park resources in the appropriate social and historical context of Latinos living in Los Angeles.
The genetics of happiness

Most genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have focused on associations of genetic variants with disease. Within psychiatry, GWAS have revealed molecular processes important for mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, depression, and others. Still unexplored, however, is the genetic basis of
On traveling wave solutions in general reaction–diffusion systems with time delays

Abstract We study the existence of traveling wave solutions in a general class of mixed quasi-monotone reaction–diffusion systems with time delays. First, by applying the Schauder Fixed Point Theorem, we prove the existence of a traveling wave solution between classically defined upper and lower solutions. For better applications of the upper–lower solution method on various real-life models, the existence result is further extended under weak form or piecewise smooth upper–lower solutions. In several reaction–diffusion systems with time delays (single-species logistic growth, N -species competition, and ratio-dependent predator–prey with Gompertz growth), we apply our main result to establish the existence of traveling wave solutions flowing towards the positive or coexistent states under reasonable conditions on ecological parameters.
Many paths from state to state

Humans and animals can collect and maintain information that guides decisions, but how neural circuits achieve this is unknown. It seems neural populations may do so by passing through diverse states in many possible sequences.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Heavily Worked and Recrystallized Copper for Low-Temperature Superconductor Applications

Oxygen-free high-conductivity (OFHC) copper is generally used as a matrix for mechanical and electrical failure support of Nb3Sn superconducting filaments. This matrix provides mechanical stability to the filaments and a path for large currents in the event of an unwanted large temperature rise. Equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) is an excellent way to increase the strength of bulk copper without an overwhelming degradation of resistivity caused by alloying. A stronger Cu may be beneficial for fabrication of Nb3Sn multifilamentary wires because of its ability to arrest nonuniform deformation of the precursor Nb filaments as the wire is drawn down. For the work reported, 25.4 × 25.4 × 254 mm 3 bars of OFHC Cu were processed by ECAE to plastic strains of 16 following four different ECAE routes, sectioned by wire EDM, and characterized for strength, resistivity, and microstructure. Results indicate routes E and Bc may be the best for strengthening. Postprocessing rolling was found to further increase strength but also result in the increase in resistivity. Additionally, recrystallization was studied for selected routes and it was found to have an inverse relationship with the amount of cold work. The resistivity ratio (R298 K/R77 K) has a visible drop for the most severe deformation cases.
Translating circuit behavior manifestations of hardware Trojans using model checkers into run-time Trojan detection monitors

It is a consensus among the researchers, although not proven, that it is close to impossible to guarantee completely secure hardware design. Therefore, it is desired to have run-time hardware Trojan detection techniques. This paper is toward developing a framework of how to achieve run-time hardware Trojan detection units. Although it is difficult to predict the stage of circuit design at which hardware intruder would insert Trojan as well as the hardware Trojan detection methodology that should be applied, behavior patterns of certain design units in the hardware can indicate malicious activities in the design. We propose to translate such behavior patterns using formal verification approaches to establish run-time hardware Trojan detection technique leading which can improve the resiliency of hardware designs against hardware Trojan. We examine the possibility of malicious intrusions in both combinational and sequential circuits that may result in functional incorrectness, and applied our methodology in two example circuits.
Organization of a Miniature Neocortex – What Shrew Brains Suggest about Mammalian Evolution

The brains of the earliest, ancestral mammals were smaller than brains in most living mammals analyzed in comparative studies of brain organization and evolution. Here, brain organization in shrews, some of the tiniest living mammals, is examined and reviewed. Shrews are found to have fewer cortical areas than any other living mammal, presumably because of their diminutive brain size. These findings have important implications for theories of mammalian brain evolution because ancestral species had similarly small brains that may be constrained in ways not evident from comparative studies of larger mammals.
Intima-media thickness at different arterial segments in pediatric type 1 diabetes patients and its relationship with advanced glycation end products.

Background Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) are at risk for premature atherosclerosis (AS), which has its origin in childhood. Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) is an established surrogate marker for subclinical AS in adults. The first macroscopically detectable AS changes, however, begin in the abdominal aorta. Advanced glycation end products (AGE) predict microvascular complications in diabetes. Objectives To assess the sensitivity for early macrovascular changes of brachial, femoral, and aortic IMT compared to conventional carotid IMT in pediatric T1DM patients ; and the relationship of IMT with AGE. Methods Using high-resolution external ultrasound, carotid, brachial, femoral, and aortic IMT were prospectively analyzed in children and adolescents with established T1DM and in controls (Ctrls). AGE were estimated by skin intrinsic fluorescence (SIF). Other established cardiovascular risk factors were excluded. Results Seventy-six subjects (T1DM = 38; Ctrls = 38) with a mean age of 13.1 ± 4.0 years (6-19, median 13) qualified for analysis. Carotid, brachial, femoral, and aortic IMT analyses were feasible in 100%, 74%, 84%, and 92% of subjects, respectively. Aortic and femoral IMT were increased in T1DM patients (0.60 ± 0.11 vs 0.52 ± 0.10 mm, P < .001; and 0.41 ± 0.07 vs 0.36 ± 0.07 mm, P < .01, respectively) while carotid and brachial IMT were not. AGE levels were elevated in T1DM patients and correlated with aortic IMT only. The influence of AGE on aIMT did not remain significant after adjusting for T1DM and age in our small population. Conclusion We found aortic IMT—and to a lesser degree femoral IMT—to be more sensitive than carotid and brachial IMT for detecting early macrovascular changes in pediatric T1DM patients.
How Do Specialized Personal Incentives Enhance Sales Performance? The Benefits of Steady Sales Growth

AbstractThe authors study specialized personal incentives (SPIs), which are cash rewards granted to salespeople for meeting interim performance goals within the regular sales quota period (monthly, quarterly, etc.). Because firms often institute multiple SPIs, the authors are able to investigate whether different sales achievement trajectories have differential impacts on salespeople’s period-end sales performance. The authors find that a steadily growing sales trajectory in a sales period is more strongly associated with period-end success than a sales trajectory that is relatively flat early but has a sharp spike later in the period. Furthermore, although salespeople who had high performance in the prior month (i.e., high-performance state) may be able to draw on superior selling strategies (compared with other salespeople), they too experience a boost in sales performance in the current month by earning SPIs. Notably, the authors also find that although earning SPIs benefits all salespeople, there is a...
Research at Women’s Colleges, 1890–1940

This chapter explores the introduction and integration of research into women’s colleges in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Research culture developed more quickly in such colleges as Vassar, Smith, Mount Holyoke, Barnard, Wellesley, and Bryn Mawr, all of which were independent, established early, and possessed relatively greater resources than other women’s colleges. But Goucher, Sweet Briar, and other younger colleges hired women scholars with PhD’s in the social sciences and those faculty also pursued research as part of their professional identity and incorporated research into their teaching with their women students. This chapter examines the ways both student research and research conducted by faculty were integrated into and transformed the largely teaching cultures of small women’s colleges. This chapter examines women social science scholars in the colleges and the strategies they developed to ensure strong social science programs in their institutions, to train young women in social sciences, to push their institutions to accommodate their research commitments, and to use their research to influence policy and reform at the local, national, and international levels.
Both Sides Now: Transgression and Oppression in African Americans' Historical Relationships with Nature

Wilderness has been constructed as White, in part through histories that marginalize African American attitudes and experiences. In response, we provide an overview of African Americans' relationsh...
Thermodynamics of finite systems: a key issues review.

A little over ten years ago, Campisi, and Dunkel and Hilbert, published papers claiming that the Gibbs (volume) entropy of a classical system was correct, and that the Boltzmann (surface) entropy was not. They claimed further that the quantum version of the Gibbs entropy was also correct, and that the phenomenon of negative temperatures was thermodynamically inconsistent. Their work began a vigorous debate of exactly how the entropy, both classical and quantum, should be defined. The debate has called into question the basis of thermodynamics, along with fundamental ideas such as whether heat always flows from hot to cold. The purpose of this paper is to sum up the present status-admittedly from my point of view. I will show that standard thermodynamics, with some minor generalizations, is correct, and the alternative thermodynamics suggested by Hilbert, Hanggi, and Dunkel is not. Heat does not flow from cold to hot. Negative temperatures are thermodynamically consistent. The small 'errors' in the Boltzmann entropy that started the whole debate are shown to be a consequence of the micro-canonical assumption of an energy distribution of zero width. Improved expressions for the entropy are found when this assumption is abandoned.
Radar and Its Environment

We now describe the important elements of a pulsed-Doppler radar, with particular emphasis on its application to observation of weather. In this chapter, Doppler radar principles for detection and ranging of a single point scatterer are summarized; in the following chapter they are extended to the conglomerate of scatterers (e.g., aerosols, hydrometeors such as raindrops, snow, etc.). We sequentially describe aspects of the radar (starting with the transmitter) and examine the effects of attenuation as the radar pulse propagates out to and is scattered by a hydrometeor and returns to the receiver where it is transformed from a microwave pulse to one that can be displayed on video equipment.
Insect Models of Immunosenescence

For the past few decades invertebrates have been used extensively as models for understanding the general process of senescence (see reviews by Partridge and Gems 2002 ; Grotewiel et al. 2005 ; Keller and Jemielity 2006 ; Houthoofd and Vanfleteren 2007 ) and since the 1920’s as models for understanding the genes, signaling pathways and cellular processes involved in innate immunity (Brey 1998 ). These two fields of study have begun to merge as invertebrate models, chiefly terrestrial insects, are increasingly being used to understand both the causes and consequences of age-related changes in immunocompetence. Invertebrates are ideally suited for such studies as they generally have short generation times, short life spans and can be raised in large numbers which improves statistical power for detecting the effects of genetic and environmental influences on functional measures of the immune response. In addition, recently completed genome sequences of invertebrates (e.g., Caenorhabditis elegans : C. elegans Sequencing Consortium 1998 ; Drosophila melanogaster : Adams et al. 2000 ; Anopheles gambiae : Holt et al. 2002 : Bombyx mori : Xia et al. 2004 ) reveal that many of the genes regulating the innate immune response have homologous genes in vertebrates. Molecular genetic studies have also revealed extensive homology between invertebrates and vertebrates in the signaling pathways that are activated to fight infection (Hoffmann and Reichhart 2002 ). Thus, the use of invertebrate models is likely to contribute a great deal to our understanding of the genetic influences on immunosenescence in a wide range of organisms, including humans.
Virus-Induced Demyelination

Demyelination refers to a pathologic process that causes the destruction of myelin sheaths without injury to axons. According to etiology, the demyelinating diseases can be classified into genetic, nutritional, toxic, allergic, or virus-induced disorders. Clues to etiology are found by observing early ultrastructural alterations that may affect either myelin lamellae or the myelin supporting cells, i.e., oligodendrocytes or Schwann cells in the central or peripheral nervous system, respectively. Metabolic changes induced by nutritional deficiencies or intoxications may initially manifest themselves in the most distal extensions of the cytoplasm of the myelin-supporting cells, i.e., at nodes of Ranvier or at the inner glial loops of myelin sheaths (Fig. 1). In other conditions, myelin lamellae are primarily affected resulting in wide lamellar separation as seen in intoxications with hexachlorophene or triethyltin [1]. Early lysis of myelin lamellae without damage to the myelin-supporting cells is seen in allergic neuritis [2] and presumably also occurs in autoimmune encephalomyelitis in which the myelin lamellae rather than the myelin-supporting oligodendrocytes are the target of the allergic reaction. This review is concerned with virus infections of the central nervous system that cause demyelination by different mechanisms such as direct virus-induced lysis of oligodendrocytes, immune-mediated destruction of persistently infected cells, “bystander” demyelination accompanying nonspecific inflammatory reactions, and autoimmune demyelination occurring after virus-induced sensitization to myelin.
Political and Legal Issues in Vaccination

This chapter begins with a brief introduction from the literature on the main issues and players involved in political controversy over vaccine use. One major federal level political challenge regarding vaccine safety is discussed involving US Congressman Dan Burton. Recent state level legislation has centered on passage of laws addressing parental rights regarding vaccination decisions, based on various safety concerns, while generally seeking to continue a primary focus on protection of society from communicable diseases. Controversial state and institutional policies are discussed that include daycare, school, and health care personnel (HCP) immunization mandates intended to optimize immunization rates. Exemption legislation that has focused on eliminating or limiting the power of mandates has generated much debate as well. Parental rights and “values” controversies are discussed relative to concerns raised by social conservatives that the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine promotes immoral behavior among youth. In conclusion, one new political and legal controversy is discussed that bodes to significantly impact public health in general, as well as access to immunizations, namely, the 2010 health care reform legislation provisions addressing public access to vaccines and insurance coverage of immunization services across the lifespan.
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders

“Dual diagnosis” is not an officially recognized term in either the DSM or ICD nomenclature. In its most general sense, it could refer to a patient with a symptom presentation that meets criteria for two different psychiatric disorders, a common occurrence, given the predilection in the recent DSM classifications toward “splitting” diagnostic concepts into specific narrowly defined entities rather than lumping them into more broadly defined diagnostic concepts (Frances, Widiger, and Fyer, 1990). However, the term dual diagnosis has become synonymous with a particular type of diagnostic comorbidity, namely the comorbidity between psychiatric and substance use disorders.
Chapter 7 Diagenesis of Organic Matter

Summary Geochemical data are presented in this chapter which shed some light on the type of alteration organic matter undergoes in the course of diagenesis and epigenesis. In general, the formation of fossil organic matter is accomplished by a three-step process: ( 1 ) the microbial and chemical (hydrolysis) destruction of former biochemical macromolecules in the early stage of diagenesis; (2) the condensation of metabolic and hydrolysis products, resulting in the formation of “heteropolycon-densates” (humic materials); and ( 3 ) a slow inorganic maturation of the hetero-polycondensates (e.g., loss in functional groups), with thermal degradation being the number one alteration factor. It is tentatively suggested that, given sufficient time, all fossil organic matter is eventually reduced either to aromatic condensates resembling graphite, or to light paraffinic hydrocarbons; temperature will accelerate the reactions. The occurrence of original biogenic matter such as amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, or the bases of the purines and pyrimidines in ancient rocks may serve as an indication that diagenesis and epigenesis of organic matter has not yet reached its final stage. Their presence may eventually help to outline the thermal history of the host rock. Aside from a discussion of the geologic history of biogenic matter, some ideas are expressed on the origin and diagenetic fate of abiotic organic matter that once has been synthesized on a prebiotic earth or on the meteorite parent bodies. Hydrocarbons and other organic volatiles in meteorites are assumed to have been generated from the finely disseminated organic matter. This diagenetic formation occurred rather late in the history of the meteorites, i.e., after the incident of asteroid collision and distintegration.
Meniscal Repair Techniques

Our knowledge and understanding of the menisci have evolved over time. Once thought to be vestigial structures, an increased awareness of the significance of the menisci has fostered an emphasis on meniscal preservation. The last three decades have witnessed the growth and evolution of several arthroscopic meniscal repair techniques, including the following: (1) inside-out repair, (2) outside-in repair, and (3) all-inside repair. Inside-out repair involves passage of the suture into the joint, across the meniscus, and ultimate retrieval through a carefully dissected counterincision. It is generally regarded as the gold standard for repair, and is best suited for middle and posterior third tears. Outside-in repair techniques were subsequently developed to decrease the chance of neurovascular injury. Most suited for anterior horn and middle third tears, the outside-in method relies on the percutaneous passage and retrieval of suture, with final fixation done via smaller counterincisions. Recently, all-inside (“all-arthroscopic”) methods using meniscal fixators are being used to their ease of application, decreased operative times, and even lower risk to neurovascular structures. These fixators range from rigid “compressive-type” devices to suture-based configurations that allow variable tensioning upon insertion. Their advent and rapid evolution have undoubtedly revolutionized the practice of meniscal surgery.
Examining Software Design Projects in a First-Year Engineering Course: : The Impact of the Project Type on Programming Complexity and Programming

This Innovative Practice work-in-progress paper examines a game software design project implemented at a large Midwestern university to replace prior end of term projects. The use of end of term projects for introductory software courses can increase student engagement and provide a way to summarize and synthesize topics learned in the course. Previous research has shown student’s perceptions of the game project to be positive. This current work examines a sample set of programming source code submissions for the Source Lines of Code metric and counts of the instances of certain programming fundamentals (input/output, repetition structures, selection structures). The results show that the game projects had significantly higher effort required when examining these metrics compared to the prior end of term projects. This preliminary work will lead to additional analysis of the full set of source code submissions, as well as, different metrics to measure complexity of the submissions.
Predicting support for flood mitigation based on flood insurance purchase behavior

What is the decision-making mechanism people rely upon to mitigate flood risk? Applying Bayesian Network modeling to a comprehensive survey dataset for the US Gulf Coast, we find that the overall support for flood mitigation can be inferred from flood insurance purchase behavior (i.e. without insurance versus with insurance purchased mandatorily, voluntarily, or both). Therefore, we propose a theoretical decision-making mechanism composed of two dimensions including informed flood risk and sense of insecurity. The informed flood risk is the primary determinant on one's overall support for flood mitigation. Risk mitigation decisions are largely contingent on the level of risk that is effectively conveyed to individuals. Additionally, sense of insecurity plays a moderate role in determining individuals' overall support for flood mitigation. The sense of insecurity can move people toward overall support for mitigation, but the effect is not as large as the informed risk. Results of this study have fundamental policy implications. The flood risk informed by Federal Emergency Management Agency's flood maps not only provides the compulsory basis for flood insurance purchase but also determines individuals' overall support for flood mitigation. Flood map inaccuracy can immensely mislead individuals' overall risk mitigation decision. Meanwhile, this flood risk mitigation decision-making mechanism inferred from a survey data in the US Gulf Coast needs to be tested and validated elsewhere.
Amplitude Amplified Dual-Mass Gyroscope: Design Architecture and Noise Mitigation Strategies

This paper presents our latest test results of an amplitude amplified dual-mass MEMS gyroscope. We discuss the effects of quadrature errors, parasitic capacitance, and frontend components on gyroscope's performance. Three mitigation strategies were utilized, including (1) precision electrostatic frequency tuning to reduce quadrature errors and to compensate for imperfections; (2) increased sensing capacitance to boost Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR); (3) a custom low-noise front-end electronics with balanced and differential pick-off channels to improve SNR and reduce noise. A performance of 0.09 deg/hr in-run bias stability and 0.0096 deg/rt-hr Angle Random Walk (ARW) were reported in the paper.
Ordinal pattern probabilities for symmetric random walks

An ordinal pattern for a finite sequence of real numbers is a permutation that records the relative positions in the sequence. For random walks with steps drawn uniformly from $[-1,1]$, we show an ordinal pattern occurs with probability $\frac{|[1,w]|}{2^n n!}$, where $[1,w]$ is a weak order interval in the affine Weyl group $\widetilde{A}_n$. For random walks with steps drawn from a symmetric Laplace distribution, the probability is $\frac{1}{2^n \prod_{j=1}^n \mathrm{lev}(\pi)_j}$, where $\mathrm{lev}(\pi)_j$ measures how often $j$ occurs between consecutive values in $\pi$. Permutations whose consecutive values are at most two positions apart in $\pi$ are shown to occur with the same probability for any choice of symmetric continuous step distribution. For random walks with steps from a mean zero normal distribution, ordinal pattern probabilities are determined by a matrix whose $ij$-th entry measures how often $i$ and $j$ are between consecutive values.
Provocative/Provoking Legitimation

In this vignette, I respond to Bronwyn Davies’ discussion on recuperating legitimation, and explore the question, “what does it mean to recuperate terms that have been colonized by doublespeak?” Concepts of validity, generalizability, and evidence are excavated. I outline a methodology of repatriation aligned with Davies’ call for post-critical, post-realist research frames.
The Acquisition and Consumption of Host Nutrients

In this chapter, we discuss the basic concept that pathogenic bacteria must have a source of energy and other nutrients to power their growth, replication, and virulence during host infection. Since the host itself harbors nearly everything to fulfill these basic needs, bacteria have evolved clever ways to acquire these essential nutrients from its host. The host, in turn, sequesters essential nutrients that bacteria need, a sort of nutritional immunity that limits bacterial success. The varied mechanisms bacteria use to acquire, transport, and use host nutrients are discussed in terms of the constant give-and-take between pathogen and host and the unique adaptations pathogenic bacteria can undergo to undermine this balance. The learner will be well versed in this interplay as it pertains to the determination of an outcome of infection.
Clinical Trials in Dry Eye Disease: What We Have Learned and What We Still Need to Understand

Clinical trials in dry eye disease provide major challenges due to characteristics of the disease that require design parameters to control for variability in an unstable tear film and lack of correspondence between symptoms and signs of the disease. Lessons learned from previous randomized clinical trials are that precise selection of inclusion and exclusion criteria is essential for obtaining a positive outcome and that proper standardization of clinical procedures across multiple investigative sites is required. The relative lack of regulatory approval of pharmaceutical treatments for dry eye disease appears to be improving with better avoidance of the pitfalls of clinical trial design and an evolving regulatory environment, but ongoing challenges demand rigorous attention to detail in planning and execution of future prospective, randomized, vehicle-controlled, double-masked, parallel group clinical trials.
Contentious Storytelling Online: Articulating Activism through Negotiation of Metanarratives:

Narratives are one of the primary ways that activists communicate online and as this study shows, they also prove to be a major source of contention. Analysis of two digital social justice campaign...
Empire’s Tracks: Indigenous Nations, Chinese Workers, and the Transcontinental Railroad: by Manu Karuka, Berkeley, University of California Press, 2019, 318 pp., $29.95/£24.00 (paperback), ISBN-13: 978-0520296640

Karuka begins Empire’s Track with a collective lie, or rather the ‘national mythology of the United States as a nation and not an empire’ (p. xii). In 1871, a Cheyenne man bemoaned the United State...
Analogical Encoding Fosters Ethical Decision Making Because Improved Knowledge of Ethical Principles Increases Moral Awareness

The current paper examines whether knowledge of an ethical principle influences moral awareness and ethical decision making. Using hypothetical scenarios (Studies 1 and 2) and a behavioral task (Study 3), three experiments examine the effects of deepening people’s knowledge of ethical principles (conflicts of interest in Studies 1 and 3; safety in Study 2). In each study, an analogical encoding learning intervention led to greater knowledge of an ethical principle, which in turn resulted in a greater likelihood of moral awareness and making ethical decisions. These findings suggest that moral awareness is partly a matter of the depth of individuals’ knowledge of ethical principles. The findings provide further reasons to link work on ethics with work on expertise and knowledge transfer as well as indicate new approaches to ethics training.
The Lavender Scare in Homonormative Times: Policing, Hyper-incarceration, and LGBTQ Youth Homelessness:

Scholars have identified policing and hyper-incarceration as key mechanisms to reproduce racial inequality and poverty. Existing research, however, often overlooks how policing practices impact gen...
Purification and characterization of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase from cultured HTC cells.

Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRTase.) from |35S|-methionyl-labelled rat hepatoma (HTC) cells has been purified more than 600-fold to near homogeneity by making use of conventional and affinity chromatographic techniques (Table 1). The conventional purification procedure utilizes a pH 5.0 precipitation, an ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, and heating at 80–85°according to the method of Olsen and Milman, 1974. Using this procedure, a partially pure enzyme preparation is obtained. Affinity chromatography according to Hughes et al., 1975, can be used either before or after the DEAE step to yield pure enzyme.
PEAK LOWER EXTREMITY SOCCER INJURIES OCCUR IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING GROWTH IN ADOLESCENTS: AN EPIDEMIOLOGIC REVIEW OF EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT VISITS

BACKGROUND:Soccer has become the most popular youth sport in the world. Within the last decade, there has been limited epidemiologic research on pediatric soccer-related injuries based on sex and a...
Transcriptional and Post-transcriptional Regulation of Lignin Biosynthesis Pathway Genes in Populus

Lignin is a heterogeneous polymer of aromatic subunits derived from phenylalanine. It is polymerized in intimate proximity to the polysaccharide components in plant cell walls and provides additional rigidity and compressive strength for plants. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of lignin biosynthesis is important for genetic modification of the plant cell wall for agricultural and industrial applications. Over the past 10 years the transcriptional regulatory model of lignin biosynthesis has been established in plants. However, the role of post-transcriptional regulation is still largely unknown. Increasing evidence suggests that lignin biosynthesis pathway genes are also regulated by alternative splicing, microRNA, and long non-coding RNA. In this review, we briefly summarize recent progress on the transcriptional regulation, then we focus on reviewing progress on the post-transcriptional regulation of lignin biosynthesis pathway genes in the woody model plant Populus.
Microkinetic model for pH- and potential-dependent oxygen evolution during water splitting on Fe-doped β-NiOOH

Electrochemical water splitting using excess renewable electricity is a CO2-free synthesis route for sustainable hydrogen production and a renewable-energy storage strategy. Electrolyte pH and electrode potential are key reactor operating conditions used to tune water-splitting kinetics whose influence remains incompletely understood. Here, we develop a microkinetic model, based on the Marcus theory of electron transfer, to predict the anodic oxygen-evolution-reaction (OER) current density (water-splitting rate) as a function of solution pH and electrode potential. Our model offers startling new insights into OER kinetics on Fe-doped β-nickel oxyhydroxide (β-NiOOH), a promising, inexpensive candidate for electrocatalyzing the OER, under alkaline solution conditions. Only four fitting parameters with clearly defined physical meaning – reorganization free energies (λ) for H+- and OH−-based reactions and work terms (w) for transporting H+/OH− ions and water from the bulk solution to the electrocatalyst surface – are required to reproduce experimental polarization curves (i.e., current-density vs. potential plots) at multiple alkaline pHs. The inclusion of work terms renders multiple steps rate-determining for the OER. The predicted λH+ = 0.744 eV is much smaller than λOH− = 2.474 eV, and wions = 0.607 eV is much larger than wwater = 0.065 eV, suggesting that the OER occurs primarily but not exclusively via water oxidation, rather than hydroxide oxidation, even under alkaline conditions. We show unequivocally that hydroxide oxidation also must occur as a minor channel, as accurate reproduction of polarization curves is impossible without it. We conclusively demonstrate the need to use the reversible, rather than the standard, hydrogen electrode as a reference in microkinetic models. Moreover, we deduce that the electrocatalyst surface is positively charged, contrary to inferences made in previous reports. Finally, we predict the following properties for the OER under high overpotential (≳0.3 V) conditions on Fe-doped β-NiOOH: a Tafel slope of ∼76 mV per decade, an effective charge transfer coefficient of 0.77, and an exchange current density of 3.5 μA cm−2 rivaling that of RuO2, one of the best noble-metal-containing water-splitting electrocatalysts. Our work substantially deepens the mechanistic understanding of water-splitting kinetics on inexpensive iron/nickel-oxyhydroxide-based electrocatalysts, which may help optimize operating conditions for their widespread deployment.
Deterministic fractionation of binary suspensions moving past a line of microposts

We investigate the motion of suspended particles past a single line of equally spaced cylindrical posts that is slanted with respect to the driving force. We show that such a line of posts can fractionate particles according to their size, with small particles permeating through while the larger particles are deflected by the steric barrier created by the posts, even though the gaps between posts are larger than the particles. We perform characterization experiments driving monodisperse suspensions of particles of different size past the line of posts over the entire range of forcing orientations and present both the permeation probability through the individual gaps between the posts as well as the fraction of permeating particles through the one-dimensional array. In both cases, we observe a sharp transition from deflection to permeation mode that is a function of particle size, thus enabling separation. We then drive binary mixtures at selected orientations of the line of posts and demonstrate high separation purity and efficiency.
Zuber’s Ten Principles of Patient- Centric Patient Experience and a Framework

A patient-centric patient experience is a key to high-quality healthcare service industry since; it has been observed that the patients with good experience add trust, cohesiveness with treating the healthcare team and a better continuity of care, which leads to a better outcome and excels patient experience. Objective: To develop a patient-centric patient experience framework. Method: This is a review of literature study and the data were collected with comprehensive searches in the online databases of goggle scholars and research gate. Conclusions: The study concluded with “Zuber’s ten principles of patient-centric patient experience and a framework.”