cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Blood transfusions in trauma: six-year analysis of the transfusion practices at a Level I trauma center.

The objective of this study was to analyze the transfusion practices in trauma patients in one institution. A retrospective analysis of the Trauma Registry linked with the Blood Bank Database of a Level 1 trauma center was conducted. Over 6 years, 17 per cent of the 25,599 trauma patients received blood transfusions. The overall mortality in transfused patients was 20 per cent and remained the same during the study period. There was no change in the proportion of patients receiving transfusions throughout the years, however there was a significant 23.5 per cent reduction in the mean number of packed red blood cells (PRBC) units transfused (P or = 16), with a 27.9 per cent decrease in mean units of PRBC (P < 0.001 for trend). The highest reduction in PRBC transfusion was seen in blunt trauma patients (34.6%, P < 0.001). During the study period there was a concurrent increase in mean units of fresh frozen plasma used (60.7%, P < 0.001) and no change in the use of platelets and cryoprecipitate. In conclusion, transfusions of PRBC were significantly reduced over time in trauma patients without any evident negative impact on mortality.
Making patterns explicit with metaprogramming

Design patterns have been a useful tool for a better understanding of the collaboration between several classes and objects in a program.One drawback of this approach is the lack of an explicit representation of the patterns used in a program, as the collaboration between classes is normally expressed in the code of the class itself.In this paper, we present a method for explicitly representing patterns in a program with the help of metaprogramming techniques. The method presented has benefits compared to traditional approaches with respect to documentation and reusability of the program, as well as providing a better separation of the protocol contained in the pattern.
Studies on the electron transport system. XIV. The isolation and properties of soluble cytochrome c1. Addendum.

The isolation of a soluble form of cytochrome c1 has been described. Cytochrome c1 can be extracted in reasonable yields only from particles which are free of cytochrome a. Such particles when exposed to butanol in presence of deoxycholate and ammonium sulfate liberate cytochrome c1 in either of two soluble forms and in yields of as high as 75%. At the highest purity level the hemoprotein preparation contains 14.7 mμmoles of heme per mg of protein and 15 mμmoles of iron. The absolute absorption coefficients and oxidation-reduction potential of cytochrome c1 have been determined. Cytochrome c1 does not replace cytochrome c in any of several catalytic assay systems. Cytochrome c1 can also be isolated in the form of a soluble lipoprotein complex. This complex contains about 50% by weight of lipide. Duponol efficiently separates the hemoprotein from the lipoprotein with which it is complexed.
A Microinstruction Based Procedure to Diagnose Hardware Failures in Industrial Robots

Modern industrial robots contain substantial amount of electronic hardware, both analog and digital. When an internal hardware fault develops, robot operations will be adversely effected. This paper presents three different diagnostic strategies, to locate hardware faults at the lowest replaceable integrated circuit level. First method is based on enumerating all paths in the circuit and designing test sequences for each path enumerated. Second method is based on identifying sets of test sequences with individual microinstructions of the robot controller and designing microinstruction routines for diagnosis. Third method is based on running software routines, designed exclusively to move the robot arm through pre-defined diagnostic moves. The data during these dummy arm movements are collected and compared with the expected data. Discrepancies between these two data sets will yield another set of diagnostic information. Diagnostic information obtained from each method is refined using the information from the other methods to give the fault location information at the desired level. In the presence of multiple faults, these three methods are applied repeatedly, after replacing the faulty chip located during the previous application.
Interferometric observations of 95 GHz methanol masers

High resolution observations of the 95 GHz Class I methanol maser transition and the CS J = 2 → 1 line toward the W33 and W51 star-forming regions were made with the BIMA array. In both cases, the methanol maser positions are distinctly offset from continuum sources and water maser centers but agree with positions of known masers in other methanol lines. In W33 the 95 GHz masers arise from several spots that are close to a high density clump marked by CS emission. Strong thermal emission from methanol is seen toward the W51 e1/e2 ultracompact HII regions.
The absence of thymus involution in K5.Cyclin D1 transgenic mice sustains the output of recent thymic emigrants during aging. (LYM7P.717)

Naive T cells are continually exported from the thymus and maintain peripheral TCR repertoire diversity. As the thymus involutes with age, thymopoiesis and T cell output wane, reducing the number of recent thymic emigrants (RTEs). Although homeostatic proliferation of memory T cells sustains peripheral T cell numbers, the decrease in naive T cells restricts immune responsiveness to new antigens. It has been proposed that RTE output would be sustained if thymus involution were prevented. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed RTEs in mice that do not undergo thymus involution due to a keratin 5 promoter-driven Cyclin D1 transgene (K5.D1) expressed in thymic epithelial cells. This transgene maintains functional thymic microenvironmental niches that support thymocyte progenitor maturation. We introduced a RAG2p-GFP transgene to discriminate RTEs from mature naive (MN) T cells in K5.D1 mice. As previously reported, RTEs decline with age in RAG2p-GFP controls. In contrast, the number of RTEs increases with age in K5.D1;RAG2p-GFP mice. Despite a lower frequency of MN T cells in K5.D1 mice, the number of MN T cells is increased by ~4 fold in 5-6 month old K5.D1;RAG2p-GFP mice compared to RAG2p-GFP littermates. The increase in naive T cells does not displace existing memory T cells, supporting the notion that naive and memory T cells occupy distinct homeostatic niches. These data demonstrate that preventing thymus involution sustains the naive T cell compartment during aging.
Finite element analysis of static and dynamic fracture of brittle microcracking solids

Abstract The continuum constitutive modeling for rate-dependent fracture of brittle microcracking solids, which was described in Part 1 of this paper, is applied to the finite element analysis of stationary and nonstationary macrocracks in a single-edge-notched three-point bend specimen under a static loading. The microcrack damage zones near the macro-crack-tip can be classified as being “large-scale.” The microcrack toughening effect in stationary cracks is observed through the behavior of the crack tip energy-flux parameter, the T ∗ -integral. The numerical results of the nonstationary crack analysis are compared with the available experimental results for a silicon carbide specimen.
From the Jewish Heartland: Two Centuries of Midwest Foodways

Review of: "From the Jewish Heartland: Two Centuries of Midwest Foodways," by Ellen F. Steinberg and Jack H. Prost.
Lighting from thin (<1?mm) sheets of microcavity plasma arrays fabricated in Al/Al2O3/glass structures: planar, mercury-free lamps with radiating areas beyond 200?cm2

Flat lamps, having radiating areas as large as 15 ? 15?cm2 and comprising arrays of Al/Al2O3 microcavity plasma devices, have been fabricated and characterized in the rare gases. Sealed arrays of devices with microcavities having diamond-shaped cross-sections yield lamps with an overall thickness of ~800??m (of which ~500??m is the quartz output window) and luminance and luminous efficacy values greater than 1600?cd?m?2 and 10?lm?W?1, respectively, are observed in preliminary experiments in which microplasmas in a Ne/20%Xe mixture illuminate a commercial green phosphor in a transmission arrangement with the ~10??m thick phosphor film situated immediately above the array. Efficacy values well in excess of 20?lm?W?1 are expected when the array design and microcavity-phosphor geometry are optimized. Fully flexible arrays sealed in polymeric packaging have also been demonstrated, thereby providing access to new opportunities for lighting in which lightweight arrays are mounted onto curved surfaces.
Regarding the enigmas of P-wave meson spectroscopy

The mass spectrum of $P$-wave mesons is considered in a nonrelativistic constituent quark model. The results show the common mass degeneracy of the isovector and isodoublet states of the scalar and tensor meson nonets, ${m(a}_{0})\ensuremath{\cong}{m(a}_{2}),$ ${m(K}_{0}^{*})\ensuremath{\cong}{m(K}_{2}^{*}),$ and do not exclude the possibility of a similar degeneracy of the same states of the axial-vector and pseudovector nonets. Current experimental hadronic and $\ensuremath{\tau}$-decay data suggest, however, a different scenario leading to the ${a}_{1}$ meson mass $\ensuremath{\simeq}1190$ MeV and the ${K}_{1A}$-${K}_{1B}$ mixing angle $\ensuremath{\simeq}(37\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3)\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}.$ Possible $s\overline{s}$ states of the four nonets are also discussed.
Factors associated with attrition from a randomized controlled trial of meaning-centered group psychotherapy for patients with advanced cancer.

Objective The generalizability of palliative care intervention research is often limited by high rates of study attrition. This study examined factors associated with attrition from a randomized controlled trial comparing meaning-centered group psychotherapy (MCGP), an intervention designed to help advanced cancer patients sustain or enhance their sense of meaning to the supportive group psychotherapy (SGP), a standardized support group. Methods Patients with advanced solid tumor cancers (n = 153) were randomized to eight sessions of either the MCGP or SGP. They completed assessments of psychosocial, spiritual, and physical well-being pretreatment, midtreatment, and 2 months post-treatment. Attrition was assessed in terms of the percent of participants who failed to complete these assessments, and demographic, psychiatric, medical, and study-related correlates of attrition were examined for the participants in each of these categories. Results The rates of attrition at these time points were 28.1%, 17.7%, and 11.1%, respectively; 43.1% of the participants (66 of 153) completed the entire study. The most common reason for dropout was patients feeling too ill. Attrition rates did not vary significantly between study arms. The participants who dropped out pretreatment reported less financial concerns than post-treatment dropouts, and the participants who dropped out of the study midtreatment had poorer physical health than treatment completers. There were no other significant associations between attrition and any demographic, medical, psychiatric, or study-related variables. Conclusions These findings highlight the challenge of maintaining advanced cancer patients in longitudinal research and suggest the need to consider alternative approaches (e.g., telemedicine) for patients who might benefit from group interventions but are too ill to travel. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating the safety effects of lane widths on urban streets in Nebraska using the propensity scores-potential outcomes framework

A sufficient understanding of the safety impact of lane widths in urban areas is necessary to produce geometric designs that optimize safety performance for all users. The overarching trend found in the research literature is that as lane widths narrow, crash frequency increases. However, this trend is inconsistent and is the result of multiple cross-sectional studies that have issues related to lack of control for potential confounding variables, unobserved heterogeneity or omitted variable bias, or endogeneity among independent variables, among others. Using ten years of mid-block crash data on urban arterials and collectors from four cities in Nebraska, crash modification factors (CMFs) were estimated for various lane widths and crash types. These CMFs were developed using the propensity scores-potential outcomes methodology. This method reduces many of the issues associated with cross-sectional regression models when estimating the safety effects of infrastructure-related design features. Generalized boosting, a non-parametric modeling technique, was used to estimate the propensity scores. Matching was performed using both Nearest Neighbor and Mahalanobis matching techniques. CMF estimation was done using mixed-effects negative binomial or Poisson regression with the matched data. Lane widths included in the analysis included 9 ft, 10 ft, 11 ft, and 12 ft. Some of the estimated CMFs were point estimates while others were functions of traffic volume (i.e., the CMF changed depending on the traffic volume). Roadways with 10 ft travel lanes were found to experience the highest crash frequency relative to other lane widths. Meanwhile, roads with 9 ft travel lanes were found to experience the lowest relative crash frequency. While this may be due to increased driver caution when traveling on narrow lanes, it is possible that unobserved factors influenced this result. CMFs for target crash types (sideswipe same-direction and sideswipe opposite-direction) were consistent with the values currently used in the Highway Safety Manual (HSM).
E-mail interviewing in qualitative research: A methodological discussion: Research Articles

This article summarizes findings from studies that employed electronic mail (e-mail) for conducting in-depth interviewing. It discusses the benefits of, and the challenges associated with, using e-mail interviewing in qualitative research. The article concludes that while a mixed mode interviewing strategy should be considered when possible, e-mail interviewing can be in many cases a viable alternative to face-to-face and telephone interviewing. A list of recommendations for carrying out effective e-mail interviews is presented. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Patients’ attitudes about the use of placebo treatments: telephone survey

Objective To examine the attitudes of US patients about the use of placebo treatments in medical care. Design One time telephone surveys. Setting Northern California. Participants 853 members of Kaiser Permanente Northern California, aged 18-75, who had been seen by a primary care provider for a chronic health problem at least once in the prior six months. Results The response rate was 53.4% (853/1598) of all members who were eligible to participate, and 73.2% (853/1165) of all who could be reached by telephone. Most respondents (50-84%) judged it acceptable for doctors to recommend placebo treatments under conditions that varied according to doctors’ level of certainty about the benefits and safety of the treatment, the purpose of the treatment, and the transparency with which the treatment was described to patients. Only 21.9% of respondents judged that it was never acceptable for doctors to recommend placebo treatments. Respondents valued honesty by physicians regarding the use of placebos and believed that non-transparent use could undermine the relationship between patients and physicians. Conclusions Most patients in this survey seemed favorable to the idea of placebo treatments and valued honesty and transparency in this context, suggesting that physicians should consider engaging with patients to discuss their values and attitudes about the appropriateness of using treatments aimed at promoting placebo responses in the context of clinical decision making.
The paleomagnetism of sediment cores from the Indian Ocean

Abstract A paleomagnetic study of forty cores from the Indian Ocean has been completed. The cores have been correlated using the paleomagnetic stratigraphy obtained through a study of the inclination change in the cores. Rates of sedimentation range from 3 to 7 mm/1000 years in the deep ocean basins. However, rates in excess of 20 mm/1000 years were recorded. Recognizable hiatuses occur in about 32% of the cores studied. The average rate of sedimentation of 21 cores from the Indian Ocean ridge province is 11 mm/1000 years. The sediment cover over the ridge is thin or non-existent and thus could have accumulated in a relatively short time. This observation is in agreement with recent ideas of mobility of the oceanic crust.
The effects of liver denervation on food and water intake in the rat

Abstract In Experiment 1, liver denervations or sham operations were performed on rats in two separate trials. Food and water intakes and body weights of denervated rats did not deviate significantly from their sham operated controls. Male and female rats responded similarly. In Experiment 2, in addition to daily food and water intakes, initial daily meal size was investigated in two groups of liver denervated and sham operated rats. Initial daily meal size was determined during a one hour test at the start of the dark period of the light:dark cycle. In one group of rats a chow diet was used for testing, while a liquid diet was utilized in the second group. According to the “liver glucoreceptor preabsorptive satiety and general food intake control hypothesis” the denervated rats should have experienced a depression of daily food intake and preabsorptive satiety. No differences were found in either preabsorptive satiety or daily food and water intakes and body weights when denervated rats were compared to sham operated control animals. The results question whether liver glucoreceptors have any detectable influence on the control of feeding behavior. Certainly the data does not support the role of liver glucoreceptors as a major controller of feeding behavior in the rat.
Articulatory Behavior Pre and Post Full-Mouth Tooth Extraction and Alveoloplasty: A Cinefluorographic Study

High speed cinefluorography was used to track articulatory movements preceding and following full-mouth tooth extraction and alveoloplasty in two subjects. Films also were made of a control subject...
Snapshot Image Mapping Spectrometer (IMS) with high sampling density for hyperspectral microscopy.

A snapshot Image Mapping Spectrometer (IMS) with high sampling density is developed for hyperspectral microscopy, measuring a datacube of dimensions 285 × 285 × 60 (x, y, λ). The spatial resolution is ~0.45 µm with a FOV of 100 × 100 µm2. The measured spectrum is from 450 nm to 650 nm and is sampled by 60 spectral channels with average sampling interval ~3.3 nm. The channel’s spectral resolution is ~8nm. The spectral imaging results demonstrate the potential of the IMS for real-time cellular fluorescence imaging.
The effect of hydrocarbon structure and chain length on the low-temperature hydrogenation activity on Ni/Pt(1 1 1) bimetallic surfaces

Abstract The reaction pathways of 1-hexene have been investigated on Ni/Pt(1 1 1) surfaces at different Ni coverages using Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD) and Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES). A low-temperature self-hydrogenation pathway to produce hexane is detected at the monolayer Ni coverage at 247 K. In addition to self-hydrogenation, 1-hexene also undergoes dehydrogenation to produce trace amount of hexadiene, dehydro-cyclization to produce benzene, and complete decomposition to produce atomic carbon and hydrogen. The presence of pre-adsorbed hydrogen on the surface increases the production of hexane by a factor of ∼5.5, while causing little change in the other reaction pathways. Furthermore, the reaction pathways of 1-butene, cyclohexene, and benzene were compared on the monolayer Ni/Pt(1 1 1) surface to determine the effect of chain length and molecular structure on the low-temperature hydrogenation pathway. The comparison indicates that the two C 6 alkenes, 1-hexene and cyclohexene, show similar self-hydrogenation activity; in contrast, self-hydrogenation does not occur for 1-butene. The hydrogenation of all three alkenes occurs readily in the presence of pre-adsorbed hydrogen on the monolayer Ni/Pt(1 1 1) surface, while the hydrogenation of benzene does not occur even in the presence of pre-adsorbed hydrogen.
Appraisals of Negative Events by Preadolescent Children of Divorce

This study investigated the appraisals of the significance of negative events made by 256 preadolescent children of divorce. Appraisals were assessed by a 24-item self-report scale. Confirmatory factor analysis of this scale found support for a 3-dimensional model: negative self-appraisal, negative other-appraisal, and material loss. Differentiation between the dimensions of appraisal increased with age in both cross-sectional and over-time data. Evidence for convergent and discriminant validity of the self-report measure of appraisals was found with scores derived from children's open-ended descriptions of their appraisals. Cross-sectional structural equation models found significant paths between negative appraisal and psychological symptoms, over and above the direct effects of the traditional life event measure of stress. Structural equation modeling of longitudinal (5.5 months) data found a significant path from Time 1 appraisal to Time 2 anxiety for the older children.
Endogenous protease mediated manifestation of a Ca2+-stimulated ATPase in purified dog gastric microsomes

Abstract An endogenous soluble protease has been demonstrated to unmask a Ca 2+ -stimulated ATPase activity in purified dog gastric microsomes. The presence of ATP during protease treatment appears essential for the manifestation of the gastric Ca 2+ -stimulated ATPase activity. The endogenous protease appears to have trypsin-like activity, since soybean trypsin inhibitor completely blocks the protease effect. Manifestation of the Ca 2+ -stimulated ATPase occurs without affecting the microsomal (H + +K + )-ATPase activity and associated H + uptake ability. The unmasked Ca 2+ -stimulated ATPase appears insensitive to calmodulin. Possible roles of the enzyme in the regulation of gastric H + transport have been discussed.
Old homes, externalities, and poor neighborhoods. A model of urban decline and renewal

Abstract This paper investigates urban decline and renewal in the United States using three panels that follow neighborhoods on a geographically consistent basis over extended periods of time. Findings indicate that change in neighborhood economic status is common, averaging roughly 13 percent per decade; roughly two-thirds of neighborhoods studied in 1950 were of quite different economic status fifty years later. Panel unit root tests for 35 MSAs indicate that neighborhood economic status is a stationary process, consistent with long-running cycles of decline and renewal. In Philadelphia County, a complete cycle appears to last up to 100 years. Aging housing stocks and redevelopment contribute to these patterns, as do local externalities associated with social interactions. Lower-income neighborhoods appear to be especially sensitive to the presence of individuals that provide social capital. Many of the factors that drive change at the local level have large and policy relevant effects.
The Arterial Switch Procedure: Closed Coronary Artery Transfer

The arterial switch operation has been the accepted procedure for the repair of transposition of the great arteries (TGA) with or without associated defects for over 2 decades. Many of the technical intricacies have been developed and modified over these years such that this procedure is now associated with very low risk even in the neonate with complex forms of TGA. 1,2 From the earliest experience, the surgical techniques involved for the transfer of the coronary arterieshavereceivedthemostscrutiny.Inthemostcommon coronary artery pattern, the right coronary artery arises from the right aortic sinus of Valsalva and the left main coronary artery from the left aortic sinus (Fig 1). This pattern, in addition to the most common variant in which the circumflex coronary artery arises from the right coronary and passes posterior to the pulmonary artery root, is seen in approximatelytwo-thirdsofallpatientswithd-TGA.Withincreasing operative experience, a variety of coronary artery patterns were encountered by the surgeon, some rarely, and the techniques were altered to deal with these anomalies. Both early and late follow-up reports emphasized the importance of proper coronary artery alignment, the avoidance of tension on the anastomoses, and the need to develop a reliable, reproducible technique to deal with even subtle coronary artery anatomic variations. At the University of Michigan CS Mott Children’s Hospital, the technique of transferring the coronary artery buttons after reconstruction of the neo-aorta has been utilized since the beginning of our experience in the mid 1980s. 3 This approach was used in an effort to minimize
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF LANTHANIDE MIXED-LIGAND COMPLEXES OF 1,1, 1,2,2,6,6,7,7,7-DECAFLUORO-3,5-HEPTANEDIONE.

167. Springer, C. D. , Jr., Meek, D. W, and Sievers, R. E., Inorg. Chem. 6, 1105 (1967). XOC5. vv . i.. , x. o. oncn, x . nw^ix• 269 (1969). 169. Suprynowicz, Z. , Waksmundzki, A. and Rudzinski, W. , J. C h r o m a t o g . b l _ 2 1 , ( 1 9 7 2 ) . 1 7 0 , S w e e t , T . R . a n d P a r l e t t , H . W . , A n a l . C h e m . 4 0 , 1 8 8 5 ( 1 9 6 8 ) .
Atomistic simulations of surface relaxations in Ni, Al, and their ordered alloys

We have performed a series of simulations to examine the atomistic nature of surface relaxations in pure metals and ordered alloys. The surface relaxations (..delta..d/sub n,n+1/) are shown to be oscillatory and to decay rapidly into the bulk. The period and form of the oscillation may be determined by simple geometrical arguments. The oscillation wavelength is always of order an atomic diameter. In pure metals, the surface layer of atoms always displaces inward. However, in the ordered alloys the larger atom may displace outward. On planes composed of more than one atom types, rippling occurs.
Studies on the loss and the restoration of the transforming activity of the deoxyribonucleic acid of Bacillus subtilis.

Abstract DNA preparations of Bacillus subtilis, were assayed for transforming activity for three unlinked genetic markers (adenine, leucine, methionine) in different stages of de- and renaturation induced by the gradual withdrawal of electrolytes by dialysis and their subsequent restitution. Experiments on denaturation by heat or alkali and thermal renaturation of transforming DNA were also performed. The biological assays were correlated with temperature-absorbance measurements and determinations of the buoyant densities of the preparations. The extent of inactivation by dialysis was related directly to the duration of dialysis and to the DNA concentration undergoing dialysis. The percentages of residual biological activity in denatured DNA were: dialysis, 1–6 %; alkali, 0.6–3 %; heat, 0.7–1.6 %. Irrespective of the method of inactivation, the adenine marker was more resistant than the others, the proportions of residual activities for adenine, leucine, methionine being near 2:1:1. The degree of restoration and the proportions of individual markers recovered by salt addition to transforming DNA that had been inactivated by dialysis depended upon conditions. Dialysed transforming DNA directly supplemented with electrolytes recovered a high percentage of initial activity (75 ± 15%), with marker ratios near those of native DNA. In dialysed DNA, diluted with water before salt addition, restoration was only partial and the marker ratios resembled those in denatured DNA. Subsequent thermal renaturation added only a small constant increment. The average recovery of transforming activity by thermal renaturation amounted to 35 % for DNA inactivated by heat, 48 % for that denatured by alkali. The marker ratios remained as before renaturation. The estimates of recovered secondary structure in renatured DNA based on the hyperchromic rise between 80° and 95° during temperature-absorbance measurements showed a statistically significant agreement with the recoveries of adenine activity. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed with the help of a scheme illustrating the various structural changes of DNA undergoing dialysis and salt restitution.
A decade of tyrosine kinases: from gene discovery to therapeutics.

Abstract Tyrosine kinases are key regulators of breast cancer cell survival and proliferation. Ten years ago, we conducted a screen for protein kinases expressed in primary human breast tumors and cultured cancer cells. Here, we review the progress from the last ten years in understanding the functions of these kinases with a focus on breast cancer. Three themes emerge: (1) tyrosine kinases regulate proliferation through the MAP Kinase pathway, (2) tyrosine kinases regulate cellular survival through the PI3 Kinase-Akt pathway, and (3) the cell cycle is regulated through a complex series of serine-threonine kinases. Our improved understanding of these signaling cascades has led to novel strategies for therapeutic intervention in breast cancer.
Simultaneous switching noise analysis of reference voltage rails for pseudo differential interfaces

Single-ended (SE) signaling is preferable than differential signaling in high-speed memory interface designs, mainly because of less power and pin-count requirements. However, SE signaling is vulnerable to simultaneous switching noise (SSN) which is a major performance limiter. SSN is a function of the inductance of power and ground planes, which are the return paths for data signal lines. In recent literature, an assertion was posed that the impact of plane bounce on the SE signaling is not significant due to the compensation of noise by the voltage reference rail. In this paper, we set forth a counterargument by presenting the noise analyses focusing on the impact of various voltage reference designs. In addition, we also show the decoupling method for a system using multiple voltages.
PIXE tomography of samples with inhomogeneous elemental composition

Abstract Proton induced X-ray emission tomography (PIXET) can provide quantitative, three-dimensional maps of elemental composition in small (less than a few mm) samples with fine (in principle micron scale) spatial resolution. The concept of PIXET is similar to single photon emission tomography which produces cross-sectional concentration maps of photon emitting radioactive elements within a sample. In PIXET, the photon emitting “sources” are elements along the trajectories (rays) of the incident beam as it slows down in the sample. The number of X-rays detected from a particular element at a given location in a sample depends on the local proton energy dependent X-ray production cross-section and the attenuation of the X-rays from that location to the detector. X-ray mass attenuation coefficients and proton stopping powers are weighted by the local elemental fractions along the detected X-ray path or incident beam direction. Local areal densities needed to complete the calculation of ion energy loss or X-ray attenuation are determined using the complementary density map obtained from ion microtomography (IMT) data. A software package is described which reconstructs cross-sectional images of density and element concentration of data obtained from samples having inhomogeneous elemental composition. A code has also been developed which generates simulated IMT and PIXET sinograms from user-specified density and composition maps of test objects. Simulated data from test objects having inhomogeneous elemental composition have been used to study the quality of images produced by the reconstruction code. Limitations of the PIXET technique are addressed. PIXET and IMT reconstructions from measured experimental data are discussed.
Deacidification of soybean oil by membrane technology

After extracting free fatty acids (FFA) from a model crude vegetable oil with methanol, FFA were separated from methanol by nanofiltration. Of the several commercially available membranes that were evaluated, the best resulted in FFA rejection of >90% and flux of >25 Lm−2h−1. A combination of high-rejection and low-rejection membranes resulted in a retentate stream of 35% FFA and a permeate stream with less than 0.04% FFA, which can be recycled to the extractor. No alkali is required, no soapstock is formed, and almost all streams within the membrane process are recycled with little discharged as effluent.
Repair of pyrimidine (6-4)pyrimidone photoproducts in mouse skin

Abstract The induction and repair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and pyrimidine(6-4)pyrimidone photoproducts in the epidermal DNA of ultraviolet-irradiated hairless mice were determined by radioimmunoassay. Few cyclobutane dimers were excised by 48 h after ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, whereas 50% of the (6-4) photoproducts were removed by 6 h, correlating with previously determined rates of unscheduled DNA synthesis in mouse skin. After this initial rapid phase of (6-4) photoproduct excision, a slower phase was observed between 6 and 48 h. These repair kinetics contrast with those for fibroblast cell cultures derived from mouse tissues irradiated with UV light yielding similar levels of damage. Although the initial rate of (6-4) photoproduct repair in cultured fibroblasts and epidermal cells was similar, the extent of repair in cultured cells was significantly greater, with most of the damage removed by 24 h. The kinetics for (6-4) photoproduct repair in mouse epidermal cells suggest that a significant population, such as terminally differentiated keratinocytes, may have a reduced repair capacity and that the culture process may select for more rapidly proliferating, repair-proficient stem cells.
The Sultan's organ: presents and self‐presentation in Thomas Dallam's Diary

The Diary of the organ-builder Thomas Dallam recounts his part in giving a magnificent ‘present’ from Queen Elizabeth and a group of English merchants to Sultan Muhammad III in 1599. The language of gift-giving in Mediterranean commerce is a symptomatic anomaly. The ‘present’ stands in for a wider semantic field that includes bribery, extortion, and the paying of diplomatic tributes; Dallam's present to the Sultan followed other such English offerings, and is part of a widespread system of presentations at all social levels of European–Ottoman dealings. But Dallam's participation in the gift game, on his voyage and during his residence in Constantinople, cuts across the binary of east–west. Dallam is befriended by Muslims and by Englishmen ‘turned Turk’, and in his writing avoids the commonplaces of religious self-righteousness. The ship that carries him also carries a virtual cross-section of English society, from the English ambassador to his under-butler to the young seaman who dies along the way, and is lorded over by a captain who adds the idea of ‘theft’ to the range of the word ‘present’. Dallam's account of the taking, giving, and avoiding of presents exposes English hypocrisy as well as Turkish opportunism. On the occasion of his organ's debut, and during his residence in Constantinople, he comes as close as any English traveller did to the inner sanctum of the mystified Ottoman empire, literally touching the Sultan and taking as his present a close-up view of his harem.
To Break Away or Strengthen Ties to Home: A Complex Issue for African American College Students Attending a Predominantly White Institution

African American students and former students from a predominantly white institution (PWI) were interviewed to understand their perceptions regarding the impact of their families on their academic achievement and persistence. The characteristics of families that students perceived to support and hinder their academic success at college are described along with implications for improving African American college student retention theory and practice.
Possible Mechanisms of Salt-Induced Hypertension in Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rats

Abstract Genetic factors, diet, and salt sensitivity have all been implicated in hypertension. To further understand the mechanisms involved in salt-induced hypertension, cardiovascular, hemodynamics, and biochemical parameters in Dahl salt-sensitive rats were evaluated in animals on high- and low-sodium diets. During a 4-week treatment period, blood pressure was significantly elevated in the high (8.0%) salt group compared to the low (0.3%) salt group ( p ⩽ 0.05 for weeks 2 and 4, respectively). No significant changes were observed in heart rate. The increase in blood pressure was associated with significant increases in lower abdominal aortic and renal vascular resistance, along with a reduction in blood flow. A fourfold increase in arginine vasopressin was observed in animals on the high-salt diet. In contrast, there was no effect on plasma sodium, potassium, or aldosterone levels during the treatment period. As measured in isolated aortic rings, the high-salt diet also caused a significant elevation in stimulated norepinephrine release and a reduction in cyclic GMP levels. These data suggest that salt-induced elevation in blood pressure is due to activation of both the sympathetic and arginine vasopressin systems via mechanisms involving decreased cyclic GMP generation in vascular smooth muscle.
Analysis of gossip performance with copulas

We propose a novel framework for analyzing the dynamic performance of a gossip protocol on a graph through the use of copulas. Copulas are a statistical technique that express the joint distribution of a set of random variables as a function of their marginal distributions. Using a version of gossip appropriate for wireless networks, we model the system dynamics through equations expressed in terms of q(i, t), the probability that node i has not received by time t, and r(i, t), the probability that node i does not transmit at time t. The solution of the system equations can be used to predict the fraction of nodes that have received the message by time t, which is an important measure of gossip protocol performance. The analysis is verified with simulation results on four different network topologies: a grid, a random geometric graph, an Erd?s-Renyi graph, and a small-world graph. The model captures the system dynamics of the gossip protocol very well over a wide range of conditions.
POST-MORTEM CHANGES AFTER LEAD EXTRACTION FROM THE OVINE CORONARY SINUS AND GREAT CARDIAC VEIN

We investigated in sheep, non-thoracotomy extraction of leads which had been chronically implanted in the right atrium (RA), coronary sinus/great cardiac vein (CS / GCV) and right ventricle (RV) for atrial implantable defibrillation. Clinical success of extraction as well as gross and histologic findings in the heart are reported. Six of nine sheep had successful extractions. The major complication was laceration of the wall of the great coronary vein with hemorrhage into the pericardial space and cardiac tamponade. Tissue damage included several reversible changes: intra-tissue hemorrhage, thrombosis in the veins, and some necrosis of fat, vascular wall and myocardium. Myocyte necrosis was estimated as 0.03 to 0.3 grams of tissue. Osseous and cartilaginous metaplasia was more common around the RA lead than the CS/GCV lead. In cases where the lead must be removed, removal from the venous insertion site using lead extraction equipment should only be attempted with surgical back-up for emergency thora-cotomy to control hemorrhage in the event of vessel laceration. Safer explantation of these leads from the vein entry site will require the development of new extraction procedures.
The fossil record of Eucommia (Eucommiaceae) in North America.

Reproductive and vegetative remains of Eucommia from 25 localities in the United States, Canada, and Mexico document the wide distribution of this genus in North America during the Cenozoic. Autofluorescent elastic latex filaments bearing capitate termini are preserved in nearly all of the remains and provide conclusive evidence of their affinity to Eucommia. Four species of Eucommia are recognized on the basis of the characteristic samaras: E. eocenica from middle Eocene strata of the Mississippi Embayment in Missouri, Tennessee and Mississippi; E. montana from early Eocene to early Oligocene localities in British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, Utah, Colorado, and Montana; E. constans from Neogene rocks in central Mexico; and E. jeffersonensis n. sp. from the latest Eocene or earliest Oligocene John Day Formation of Oregon. Atypical specimens of E. montana and E. eocenica are the first records of two-seeded fruits for the genus. Eucommia leaves from Eocene localities in British Columbia and Mississippi are the first records of Eucommia foliage in North America whose identifications are confirmed by the presence of capitate latex strands. These leaves and a specimen from Oregon are referred to E. rolandii n. sp. Fruit evolution in Eucommia may have involved increases in samara size and symmetry, and reduction in seed number from two to one, perhaps as adaptations for wind dispersal. All fossil Eucommia samaras from North America are smaller and less symmetrical than those of the living species, E. ulmoides. Preliminary flight tests of E. ulmoides samaras and of models of the fossils suggest that E. ulmoides fruits are aerodynamically better suited for wind dispersal than the fossils. Evolutionary and geographic histories of relictual monotypic taxa are nearly impossible to infer without reliable data provided by fossil remains. In this paper we review the North American fossil record of Eucommiaceae, a monotypic family represented in the Recent flora by Eucommia ulmoidesOliver, the ‘‘hard rubber tree’’ of central and southeastern China. Vegetative and reproductive fossil remains from North America reported here and abundant remains from Europe and Asia document the presence of Eucommia in the Northern Hemisphere during the Cenozoic era and provide physical and temporal data on the former species diversity and distribution patterns of this ‘‘Asian’’ genus that cannot be inferred from study of E. ulmoides alone. Eucommia ulmoides (Fig. 1) inhabits mixed mesophytic forest habitats of valleys, hills, and low mountains in Shaanxi, Henan, Anhui, Zhejiang, Guangxi, Hunan, 1
On compressional waves in two superposed layers

The assumption that the compressional waves of earthquakes follow the ordinary laws of refraction, the energy within any pencil of rays remaining permanently within that pencil, has been found to lead to too small amplitudes for the indirect waves from near earthquakes. In this paper a system consisting of two superposed compressible, but non-rigid, media is considered; the lower is supposed to transmit compressional waves with the greater velocity. It is found that ah explosion within the upper medium produces a disturbance at the upper surface involving the direct wave and all the reflected waves that might be expected; but in addition a wave is found that appears to have travelled along the interface with the velocity of sound in the lower medium. This indirect wave would have zero amplitude on the simple laws of refraction with plane boundaries. The variation of its amplitude with distance from the focus is in reasonable accordance with seismological observation, and its time of arrival agrees with that inferred from the laws of refraction for boundaries with slight curvature. But if the direct wave begins with a finite velocity, the indirect one will begin with a finite acceleration; in seismological language an iPg will be associated with an ePn. The indirect wave will also take longer than the direct one to give its maximum displacement.
A digital gate unit for two-parameter multichannel analysis

Abstract A digital gate unit for use in two-parameter multichannel analysis has been designed and constructed. A complete description is given of the five basic units: the peak detector, and ADC, the digital SCA units, the control logic, and the routing and coincidence logic, all of which fit into a triple width NIM module. The control and routing logic is designed specifically for a Nuclear Data Model ND-2200 analyzer.
Evidence for deformation‐induced K‐feldspar replacement by myrmekite

Several examples of deformation-induced myrmekite have been found in two amphibolite facies mylonites derived from granitic protoliths, namely a muscovite-poor S-C mylonite and a single foliation, muscovite-poor mylonitic gneiss. Back-scattered SEM and conventional optical microscopy show that in both rock types, syntectonic myrmekitic intergrowths of oligoclase and quartz formed on the two sides of K-feldspar grains that faced the local inferred incremental shortening direction for the mylonite. Myrmekite does not occur on the two ends of the grain that faced the incremental stretching direction. The replacement of K-feldspar by plagioclase and quartz results in a volume decrease and is favoured on high normal stress sites around the grains. We suggest that the ambient temperature, pressure and chemical activities were such that the replacement reaction was favoured, but the addition of extra strain energy along the high-pressure sides of the grains localized the reaction at these sites. This energy could arise from elastic strain, or strain associated with tangled dislocations or twin boundaries. The relative roles of stress and strain energy concentrations in driving the replacement reaction are not known, but both were probably important.
Estimation in signal-dependent film-grain noise.

Optimal estimators are derived for a signal-dependent film-grain noise model, and the effect of signal-dependence on the estimators’s structures is investigated. Due to the mathematical complexity of these optimal estimators, various suboptimal estimators are proposed. Computer simulations are then presented which compare the optimal and suboptimal estimators with regard to mean square estimation error, sensitivity to signal-dependence, and robustness with respect to the a priori signal probability density function.
Transaminations between amino acids and keto acids elevated in phenylketonuria and maple syrup urine disease.

— The transamination between amino acids and aliphatic and aromatic keto acids has been investigated in homogenates of human and rat brain. Tryptophan, phenylalanine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) at concentrations of 3.6 min and below trans-aminated aromatic keto acids more rapidly than α-ketoglutarate; lower Km values were found for tryptophan and phenylalanine in the presence of the aromatic keto acid. Rat brain and liver arninotransferases exhibited similar affinities for tryptophan in the presence of different keto acids. Branched chain keto acids were also acceptors of the amino groups of tryptophan and DOPA. In brain homogenates α-ketoglutarate and p-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate were transaminated by tyrosine and 5-hydroxytryptophan at about equal rates, whereas a-ketoglutarate was transaminated more rapidly with aliphatic amino acids. At concentrations of 1.6 m DOPA and 0.8 mM p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, transamination was 6-fold greater than the rate of formation of dopamine. The dihydroxyphenylpyruvate formed during arninotransfer from DOPA by brain tissue was not readily decarboxylated, whereas 65–70 per cent of the indolepyruvate formed from tryptophan was decarboxylated. We suggest that an increased rate or degree of transamination between tryptophan and aromatic and branched chain keto acids may explain the increased excretion of non-hydroxylated indolic acids in phenylketonuria and‘maple syrup urine’disease, respectively. Increased aminotransfers from tryptophan and DOPA may reduce the amounts of precursors available for the synthesis of serotonin and catecholamines, both of which are at low levels in the sera of untreated phenylketonurics.
Salicylate Degradation by Aspergillus niger: Influence of Glucose

The addition of glucose at 2.5 g./l. to a salicylate medium resulted in an increase in the rate of salicylate degradation in shake culture. Total capacity of salicylate degraded was also markedly increased (fivefold). Addition of glucose also increased the dry weight of the fungus, an increase which is essential for isolating maximum amounts of the enzyme or enzymes responsible for salicylate degradation.