cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunohistological localization of serotonin in the CNS and feeding system of the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae).

Serotonin, or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), plays critical roles as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator that control or modulate many behaviors in insects, such as feeding. Neurons immunoreactive (IR) to 5-HT were detected in the central nervous system (CNS) of the larval and adult stages of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, using an immunohistological technique. The location and pattern of the 5-HT IR neurons are described and compared for these two different developmental stages. Anatomical features of the fly feeding system were analyzed in third instar larvae and adult flies using a combination of histological and immunohistological techniques. In third instar larvae, the cibarial dilator muscles were observed within the cibarial pump skeleton and innervated by 5-HT IR neurons in nerves arising from the brain. There were four pairs of nerves arising from the frontal surface of the larval brain that innervate the cibarial pump muscles, pharynx, and muscles controlling the mouth hooks. A strong serotoninergic innervation of the anterior stomatogastric system was observed, which suggests 5-HT may play a role in the coordination of different phases of food ingestion by larvae. Similarly, many 5-HT IR neurons were found in both the brain and the thoracico-abdominal ganglia in the adult, some of which innervate the cibarial pump dilator muscles and the stomatogastric muscles. This is tnhe first report describing neuromuscular structures of the stable fly feeding system. The results reported here suggest 5-HT may play a critical role in feeding behaviors of stable fly larvae and adults. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Offset Dynamics of Human Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements: Effects of Target Presence and Subject Attention

Abstract Subjects made smooth pursuit eye movements with a target moving horizontally at 15 deg/sec. At a specified location the target either: (1) suddenly vanished; or (2) jumped to the fovea with target retinal velocity and feedback becoming 0 (target stabilized at the fovea). In each type of trial, the subjects either: “looked” at the target, “pushed” the target, or “passively” gazed. When the target vanished, eye velocity decreased exponentially with a short time-constant (τ ≈ 0.10 sec), regardless of whether the subjects were “looking,” “pushing” or “passively” gazing. However, some subjects while “pushing” (using an imaginary target) did generate low velocity smooth movement (1–2.5 deg/sec) late in the offset. When the target was stabilized at the fovea, eye velocity also decreased, but with a relatively long time-constant (τ = 0.4–0.8 sec). The time-constant was the same with both “looking,” and “pushing”, but was shorter for some subjects with “passive” gazing (τ = 0.1–0.5 sec). These findings show that smooth pursuit offset is influenced by the presence of a target, but is relatively independent of attentional mode. All of the pursuit offset responses can be simulated using a model of the pursuit system with target velocity and position inputs, and an internal positive feedback loop enabled by target presence.
Na+ transport across the beta alumina-propylene carbonate interface

Abstract Interfacial Na + ion transport between polycrystalline beta alumina and propylene carbonate has been studied using a galvanostatic transient technique which separates interfacial overpotential from bulk resistivity effects. No interfacial polarization is detected during ion entry into beta alumina and exit from beta alumina across a dry interface from 30–1000 μA cm −2 . Transport across an interface contaminated with adsorbed water follows Tafel-type i/E behavior with a transition coefficient (α) of 0.24 and exchange current ( i 0 ) of 3.0×10 −6 A cm −2 at 23°C. Interfacial transport appears to take place through an intermediate state in which the mobile ion is adsorbed on the interface. Large increases in interfacial polarization occur at both dry and hydrated interfaces for ionic currents exceeding the rate of adsorption or desorption.
A novel damage index for damage identification using guided waves with application in laminated composites

In the current investigation, an innovative time-domain damage index is introduced for the first time which is based on local statistical features of the waveform. This damage index is called the 'normalized correlation moment' (NCM) and is composed of the nth moment of the cross-correlation of the baseline and comparison waves. The performance of this novel damage index is compared for some synthetic signals with that of an existing damage index based on the Pearson correlation coefficient (signal difference coefficient, SDC). The proposed damage index is shown to have significant advantages over the SDC, including sensitivity to the attenuation of the signal and lower sensitivity to the signal's noise level. Numerical simulations using Abaqus finite element (FE) software show that this novel damage index is not only capable of detecting the delamination type of damage, but also exhibits a good ability in the assessment of this type of damage in laminated composite structures. The NCM damage index is also validated using experimental data for identification of delamination in composites.
Anisotropic conduction-electron exchange in dilute rare-earth alloys: NMR in Au173Yb and La31PCe

Results of two experiments requiring an anisotropic exchange interaction for their interpretation are reported. Nuclear relaxation rates in Au/sup 173/Yb at 1.0/sup 0/K and fields to 120 kOe are shown to arise from local-moment fluctuations within the GAMMA/sub 7/ ground state, contributions from excited crystal-field levels being unimportant. Nearest-neighbor satellite resonance shifts in LaPCe are not proportional to the Ce/sup 3 +/ susceptibility above 26/sup 0/K.
Geographers, Maps, And Campus Map Collections

(1972). Geographers, Maps, And Campus Map Collections. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 310-316.
A support program for introductory CS courses that improves student performance and retains students from underrepresented groups

In line with institutions across the United States, the Computer Science Department at Swarthmore College has faced the challenge of maintaining a demographic composition of students that matches the student body as a whole. To combat this trend, our department has made a concerted effort to revamp our introductory course sequence to both attract and retain more women and minority students. The focus of this paper is the changes instituted in our Introduction to Computer Science course (i.e., CS1) intended for both majors and non-majors. In addition to changing the content of the course, we introduced a new student mentoring program that is managed by a full-time coordinator and consists of undergraduate students who have recently completed the course. This paper describes these efforts in detail, including the extension of these changes to our CS2 course and the associated costs required to maintain these efforts. We measure the impact of these changes by tracking student enrollment and performance over 13 academic years. We show that, unlike national trends, enrollment from underrepresented groups has increased dramatically over this time period. Additionally, we show that the student mentoring program has increased both performance and retention of students, particularly from underrepresented groups, at statistically significant levels.
Mechanistic Diversity for Channelopathies of Brain and Skeletal Muscle

Mutations in the coding sequence of voltage-gated ionic channels are known to cause a wide variety of diseases affecting muscle and brain. Biophysical studies on the functional consequences of these defects are now revealing an equally diverse spectrum of mechanisms that underlie the disruption of cellular excitability, synaptic transmission, or neuronal survival. This Workshop on Channelopathies highlights recent advances in understanding the mechanistic connection between altered channel behavior and disease pathogenesis. New knock-in mouse models of Familial Hemiplegic Migraine illustrate how subtle gain-of-function changes in P/Q-type CaV2.1 channels enhance excitatory synaptic transmission and promote cortical spreading depression. A transmembrane protein linked to Familial Alzheimer Disease (presenilin) has recently been shown to form an unconventional Ca2+ leak channel that accounts for 80% of the divalent conductance of the ER. Finally, new insights have emerged in the past two years on a possible common pathomechanism by which mutations in either NaV1.4 or CaV1.1 channels of skeletal muscle may cause periodic paralysis. In both cases, mutations are clustered at arginine residues of the S4 voltage-sensor domain. Mutant channels conduct small “omega” currents through a voltage-regulated gating pore and may be the source of the inward current that renders affected fibers susceptible to sustained depolarized shifts during attacks of weakness.
Moving kriging interpolation and element‐free Galerkin method

A new formulation of the element-free Galerkin (EFG) method is presented in this paper. EFG has been extensively popularized in the literature in recent years due to its flexibility and high convergence rate in solving boundary value problems. However, accurate imposition of essential boundary conditions in the EFG method often presents difficulties because the Kronecker delta property, which is satisfied by finite element shape functions, does not necessarily hold for the EFG shape function. The proposed new formulation of EFG eliminates this shortcoming through the moving kriging (MK) interpolation. Two major properties of the MK interpolation: the Kronecker delta property (Φ I (S J ) = δ I J ) and the consistency property (Σ n I Φ I (x) = I and Σ n I )Φ I (x)x l i = x i ) are proved. Some preliminary numerical results arc given.
Relation between red cell membrane (Na+ + K+)-ATPase and band 3 protein.

Abstract This study is designed to examine the participation of the major red cell membrane protein, band 3 protein, in the chain which transmits information from the cardiac glycoside site on the external face of the cell (Na + + K + )-ATPase to the megadalton glycolytic enzyme complex within the cell. The experiments show that the anion transport inhibitor, 4,4′-diisothiocyano-2,2′-stilbenedisulfonic acid, affects the resonance of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, as does the cardiac glycoside cation transport inhibitor, ouabain. Resonance shifts induced by the cardiac glycoside alone are modulated by addition of the anion transport inhibitor which indicates that there is coupling in the red cell between the (Na + + K + )-ATPase and band 3 protein. Band 3 protein was separated from the membrane and partially purified following the technique of Yu and Steck ((1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 9170–9175). When glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was added to the separated band 3 protein preparation, addition of cardiac glycosides caused shifts in the 31 P resonance of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. These experiments indicate that there is coupling between the (Na + + K + )-ATPase and band 3 protein in the separated preparation and suggest that the anion and cation transport systems may be closely related spatially and functionally in the intact red cell.
Enhanced pool-boiling heat transfer and critical heat flux using femtosecond laser surface processing

In this paper, we present the experimental investigation of pool boiling heat transfer on multiscale (micro/nano) functionalized metallic surfaces. The multiscale structures were fabricated via a femtosecond laser surface process (FLSP) technique which forms mound-like microstructures covered by layers of nanoparticles. Using a pool boiling experimental setup with deionized water as the working fluid, both the heat transfer coefficient and critical heat flux were investigated. The polished reference sample was found to have a critical heat flux of 91 W/cm 2 at 40 °C of superheat and a maximum heat transfer coefficient of 23,000 W/m 2 -K. The processed sample was found to have a critical heat flux of 122 W/cm 2 at 18 °C superheat and a maximum heat transfer coefficient of 67,400 W/m 2 -K. Flow visualization revealed nucleate boiling to be the main two-phase heat transfer mechanism. The overall heat transfer performance of the metallic multiscale structured surface has been attributed to both augmented heat transfer surface area and enhanced nucleate boiling regime. On the other hand, increase in the critical heat flux can be attributed to the superhydrophilic nature of the laser processed surface and the presence of nanoparticle layers.
Recent Advances in Skin-Inspired Sensors Enabled by Nanotechnology

The highly optimized performance of nature’s creations and biological assemblies has inspired the development of their bio-inspired artificial counterparts that can potentially outperform conventional systems. In particular, the skin of humans, animals, and insects exhibits unique functionalities and properties and has subsequently led to active research in developing skin-inspired sensors. This paper presents a summary of selected work related to skin-inspired tactile, distributed strain, and artificial hair cell flow sensors, with a particular focus on technologies enabled by recent advancements in the nanotechnology domain. The purpose is not to present a comprehensive review on this broad subject matter but rather to use selected work to outline the diversity of current research activities.
Simulation of cluster ejection following high-energy Aun→Au(111) bombardment

Following the recent report by Andersen et al. of extremely large nonlinear sputtering yields caused by the bombardment of gold targets with small, high energy gold clusters [Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 (1998) 5433], we carried out simulations showing: (1) that the thermal spike phase of the collision cascade contributes significantly to these nonlinear yields; and (2) that individual ‘mega-events’ with yields up to ∼2500 contribute significantly to the total sputtering yields [Shapiro and Tombrello, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 152 (1999) 221]. Here we extend our simulations to examine the cluster component of the sputtering yield. We find that clusters with n≥2 constitute a large fraction of the yield. In the early stages of sputtering (≤3 ps) clusters with as many as ∼800 atoms are ejected. These very large clusters are not stable; however, after allowing the simulations to evolve for an additional 100 ps, clusters with as many as ∼300 atoms remain. The yields of clusters with n ≤∼10 follow typical power law distributions, while the yield of clusters with n>∼10 significantly exceed the predictions of the power-law distribution. Our simulations also show that clusters with more than a few tens of atoms are emitted exclusively during the thermal spike phase.
Paucity of renal complications associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in children with chronic arthritis.

The nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs have been implicated in a variety of renal abnormalities, including hemodynamically induced renal insufficiency, interstitial nephritis, hyperkalemia, the nephrotic syndrome, and hypertension.l"4 In adult studies the estimated prevalence of renal abnormalities related to the use of NSAIDs is 1% to 2%. Several case studies have documented the occurrence of renal abnormalities during treatment with NSAIDs in children, 58 but prevalence data have not been reported. In this 4-year prospective study, we sought to determine the prevalence of renal and urinary abnormalities in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis treated with several commonly used NSAIDs.
Large Assembly Formation Via A Two-Step Process In A Chromonic Liquid Crystal

IR-806 is a near-infrared cyanine dye that forms assemblies in aqueous solutions which in turn orientationally order into a liquid crystal phase at concentrations as low as 0.5 wt %. Unlike many chromonic liquid crystals, the absorption spectrum of IR-806 changes dramatically with concentration, showing an isodesmic assembly process at lower concentrations followed by a second process at higher concentrations that is not isodesmic. The lower concentration assembly process is characterized by a free energy change per molecule of about 9 kBT, not unlike other chromonic systems. However, X-ray scattering measurements suggest that the assemblies that form during the higher concentration process are much larger than what is observed for many chromonic liquid crystals. Although there is a transitional region between the liquid crystal and isotropic phases of 10–15 °C, unlike most chromonic liquid crystals, no biphasic region is observed using polarizing microscopy.
Collagen fibril diameters increase and fibril densities decrease in skin subjected to repetitive compressive and shear stresses.

Understanding microstructural changes that occur in skin subjected to repetitive mechanical stress is crucial towards the development of therapies to enhance skin adaptation and load tolerance in patients at risk of skin breakdown (e.g. prosthesis users, wheelchair users). To determine if collagen fibril diameter, collagen fibril density, dermal thickness, epidermal thickness, basement membrane length, and dermal cell density changed in response to repetitive stress application, skin subjected to moderate cyclic compressive and shear stresses for 1h/d, 5d/week, for 4 weeks was compared with skin from an unstressed contralateral control. The lateral aspects of the hind limbs of 12 Landrace/Yorkshire pigs were used. Skin from under the stressed site and a contralateral control site was processed for electron microscopy and light microscopy analysis. Electron microscopy results demonstrated significant (p<0.01) increases in collagen fibril diameter of 15.9%, 22.4%, and 22.9% for the upper, mid, and lower layers of the dermis, respectively, for the stressed skin compared with the control skin. Collagen fibril density (fibrils/unit cross-sectional area) decreased significantly for stressed vs. control by 19.8%, 29.2%, and 31.8% for the upper, mid, and lower layers, respectively. Light microscopy results demonstrated trends of a decrease in dermal thickness and an increase in cell density for stressed vs. control samples, but the differences were not significant. Differences in epidermal thickness and basement membrane length were not significant. These results demonstrate that quantifiable changes occur in collagen fibril architecture but not in the gross tissue morphology following in vivo cyclic loading of pig skin.
Synthesis and Characterization of Plasmonic Asymmetric Hybrid Nanoparticles

AHNs were fabricated by vacuum evaporation of thin layers of SiO, LiF, Ti, Al, Cr, Ni, and Fe onto Ag nanoparticles immobilized on glass substrates modified with poly(4-vinylpyridine). After the de...
Beta carotene and its oxidation products have different effects on microsome mediated binding of benzo[a]pyrene to DNA

Abstract The effects of β-carotene (βC) and its oxidation products on the binding of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) metabolites to calf thymus DNA was investigated in the presence of rat liver microsomes. Mixtures of βC oxidation products (βCOP) as well as separated, individual βC oxidation products were studied. One set of experiments, for example, involved the use of the mixture of βCOP obtained after a 2-h radical-initiated oxidation. For this data set, the incorporation of unoxidized βC into microsomal membranes caused the level of binding of BaP metabolites to DNA to decrease by 29% over that observed in the absence of βC; however, the incorporation of the mixture of βCOP caused the binding of BaP metabolites to DNA to increase 1.7-fold relative to controls without βC. Two variations of this experiment were studied: (1) When no NADPH was added, βC decreased the binding of BaP metabolites to DNA by 19%, but the mixture of βCOP increased binding by 3.3-fold relative to that observed in the absence of βC. (2) When NADPH was added under near-anaerobic conditions, βC caused an almost total (94%) decrease in binding whereas βCOP had no effect on the amount of binding relative to that observed in the absence of βC. Both βCOP and cumene hydroperoxide caused BaP metabolites to bind to DNA even when NADPH was omitted from the incubation mixture. Separation of the mixture of βC oxidation products into fractions by HPLC allowed preliminary testing of individual βC oxidation products separately; of the various fractions tested, the products tentatively identified as 11,15′-cyclo-12,15-epoxy-11,12,15,15′-tetrahydro-β-carotene and β-carotene-5,6-epoxide appeared to cause the largest increase in BaP-DNA binding. Microsomes from rats induced with 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC) or Aroclor 1254 produced different levels of binding in some experimental conditions. We hypothesize that, under some conditions, the incorporation of βC into microsomal membranes can be protective against P450-catalyzed BaP binding to DNA; however, the incorporation of βCOP facilitates the formation of BaP metabolites that bind DNA, although only certain P450 isoforms catalyze the binding process.
The in vitro and in vivo effect of synkavite on Histoplasma capsulatum.

Conclusions1. Tetrasodium 2 methyl-1, 4-naphthohydroquinone disphosphoric acid ester in concentrations of 0.15 mg/ml inhibited completely the in vitro growth of H.capsulatum while 0.3 to 0.6 mg/ml caused complete inhibition of Nocardia asteroides, N. braziliensis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum, Aspergillus fumi-gatus, and a species of Scopulariopsis. Micro-sporon cants required 1.2 mg/ml for complete inhibition. 2. Six-week-old white mice could tolerate a single intraperitoneal or subcutaneous inoculation of Synkayvite up to 0.4 mg g of weight but not 0.45 mg. Mice could also tolerate up to 0.15 mg/g daily for 28 days. 3. Mice infected with H. capsul-atum could not tolerate non-toxic doses (to normal mice) of Synkayvite. This effect was particularly apparent between 7 to 21 days, but not 10 weeks, after infection. 4. The possibility that this type of medication in acute histoplasmosis could aggravate the disease is suggested.
Conserving Iron Objects from Shipwrecks: A New Approach

Recent experiments in the conservation of iron objects from several shipwrecks have resulted in a new method to arrest corrosion and stabilize the materials for further study or exhibition. The process involves the use of electrolysis and the application of a tannin preparation to neutralize the generation of iron-destructive compounds.
The effect of neurotensin on food consumption in the rat

Abstract The effects of neurotensin on feeding behavior were studied in rats. Intracerebroventricular administration of neurotensin (3.3–30 μg) produced a dose-related decrease in food intake in 24 h food deprived rats. Acute intracerebroventricular injection of neurotensin (30 μg) shortly after the ingestion of a novel flavor did not produce a flavor aversion during testing 48 h later, suggesting that reduction of food intake by low doses of centrally administered neurotensin is not related to a conditioned taste aversion. Intracerebroventricularly administered thyrotropin-releasing hormone (2.2 μg) also inhibited food intake and appeared to attenuate slightly the inhibition of food intake induced by 10 μg neurotensin.
Magnetite Fe3O4(111): surface structure by LEED crystallography and energetics

Abstract The atomic structure of the Fe3O4(111) surface was determined by means of dynamical low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) after being prepared in two different ways. In a first experiment up to 10 monolayers of well-ordered iron oxide films were grown epitaxially onto Pt(111) substrates. A 1 monolayer thick film forms a hexagonal lattice with a lateral repeat distance of 3.2 A, 15% larger than the lateral periodicity of Pt(111). Above 1 monolayer coverage the LEED pattern reveals a lateral repeat distance of 3.0 A, indicating a contraction of the oxide lattice with respect to the first monolayer. This new LEED pattern shows half-order spots and is compatible with (2 × 2) reconstructed FeO(111) and bulk terminated Fe3O4(111) surfaces. By applying automated tensor LEED to many possible surface structures of these two iron oxides, 8 monolayer thick films were identified to be magnetite, Fe3O4. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) measurements on these films also reveal a stoichiometry close to that of Fe3O4. In a second experiment the (111) surface of an α-Fe2O3 single crystal was prepared by Ar+ ion bombardment and subsequent annealing. Brief annealing to 900, 1000 and 1200 K in 10−10 and 10−6 mbar oxygen creates three different LEED patterns indicating structural transformations occurring in the surface region of this crystal. Prolonged annealing to temperatures between 900 and 1200 K stabilizes the same LEED pattern and gives identical intensity-voltage curves as obtained on the 8 monolayer thick films. Therefore the crystal surface region has been reduced to Fe3O4 and has the same surface structure as the epitaxially grown films. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements on this surface also reveal a stoichiometry dose to that of Fe3O4. The best fit structure for both preparations corresponds to an unreconstructed, but strongly relaxed, polar (111) surface termination of magnetite that exposes 1 4 monolayer of Fe ions over a distorted hexagonal close-packed oxygen layer and minimizes the number of dangling bonds. The surface relaxations are probably driven by electrostatic forces. Our results indicate that minimization of both the number of dangling bonds and the electrostatic surface energy are important in determining the termination and relaxations of this polar metal oxide surface. The electrostatic surface energetics is qualitatively discussed within general, simple concepts applicable to all ionic crystals.
Timing and Temporality in the Analysis of Institutional Evolution and Change

Paul Pierson's “Not Just What, but When: Timing and Sequence in Political Processes” is a fitting centerpiece for this symposium. The article takes up themes that have occupied students of comparative politics for some time now and moves the debate decisively forward.For earlier efforts to assess the role of sequencing and timing in politics, see for example, Harsanyi's discussion of “static” and “dynamic” explanation (J. Harsanyi, “Explanation and Comparative Dynamics in Social Science,” Behavioral Science 5 (1960): 136–45); also Verba's early attempts within the context of modernization theory to specify more precisely a “sequential model” that linked outcomes within particular countries to the sequence in which they encountered a set of putatively common challenges (Sidney Verba, “Sequences and Development,” in Leonard Binder et al., Crises and Sequences in Political Development [Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971], 283–316). Tilly has dealt with related issues of temporality and ordering; see Charles Tilly, “Future History,” Theory and Society 17 (1988): 703–12; Tilly, Big Structures, Large Processes, Huge Comparisons (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1984); and Tilly, “The Time of States,” Social Research 61 (1994): 269–95. Schmitter and Santiso have also addressed these topics (Philippe C. Schmitter and Javier Santiso, “Three Temporal Dimensions to the Consolidation of Democracy,” International Political Science Review 19 (1998): 69–92). And of course, Pierson's agenda picks up on themes long advocated by the editors of this journal to take temporality seriously (Karen Orren and Stephen Skowronek, “Beyond the Iconography of Order: Notes for a ‘New' Institutionalism,” in The Dynamics of American Politics, eds. Lawrence C. Dodd and Calvin Jillson (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1994). Pierson's overall message is that social phenomena are often better captured in “moving pictures” that situate a given outcome within a broader temporal framework than in “snapshots” based on cross-sectional data. He constructs a convincing case for this proposition and along the way he also makes progress in rendering the ubiquitous but vague concept of path dependence more useful.For other treatments of this issue see Stephen D. Krasner, “Sovereignty: An Institutional Perspective,” Comparative Political Studies 21 (1988): 66–94; Timur Kuran, “The Tenacious Past: Theories of Personal and Collective Conservatism,” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 10 (1988): 143–71; Douglass C. North, Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990); and James Mahoney, “Uses of Path Dependence in Historical Sociology,” unpubl. ms., Brown University, 1999.
First-mover advantage in an Internet-enabled market environment: conceptual framework and propositions

The competitive market environment has evolved from a physical market environment (PME) to an Internet-enabled market environment (IME) encompassing the physical and electronic marketplaces. At the same time, an increasing number of information products are available in both analog and digital forms. For information products in digital form, the IME also serves as a distribution channel. Such developments raise questions concerning the extent to which extant perspectives on first-mover advantage developed in the context of the PME hold in the IME, generally, and for information products specifically. We address this issue by developing a conceptual framework that focuses on selected sources of first-mover advantage delineated in the extant literature and advance propositions concerning sources that will have a greater or lower effect in the IME relative to the PME. A central message for first-movers in the IME that emerges from our conceptual analysis is to focus on achieving superior positions in resources that would enable them to get close to the customers fast, create switching costs, and retain them though ongoing investments in multi-faceted innovations. A second message that emerges for first-movers in the IME is they must take note of and make strategic adjustments for the potentially diminished significance of some traditional sources of first-mover advantage. These sources include spatial preemption, preemptive investment in capacity, and consumers’ choice behavior under conditions of uncertainty about product quality. We discuss the implications for further conceptual and empirical work in this area of increasing significance.
Detection of Potato mop top virus (Furovirus) on potato in southeast Idaho

In February 2012, commercially produced potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers, cv. Modoc, grown in southeast Idaho, were observed with internal necrotic arcs and lines. Samples were obtained from potatoes that had been washed and packaged. No external symptoms were evident. Multiple samples were collected from the packing line and cut to check for internal defects as part of the normal grading procedure. The incidence of symptomatic tubers from these samples was determined by personnel at the packaging facility to be approximately 3%. Initially, one symptomatic and one asymptomatic tuber were tested. Total RNA extracted from these tubers were tested by RT-PCR at Aberdeen, Idaho, with primers specific for Potato mop top virus (PMTV) (1) and Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) (4). RT-PCR results showed that the symptomatic tuber produced a band at 416 bp with the PMTV primers, which was also present in the PMTV-positive control. No amplification was observed with the TRV primers. The asymptomatic tuber was negative for...
Low-Power Amplifier for Readout Interface of Semiconductor Scintillator

We present the design of a readout system, comprising a charge sensitive amplifier and a pulse shaper, that directly interfaces a semiconductor scintillator. The designed amplifier quantifies optical response of a large-area epitaxial photodiode that registers luminescence produced by a scintillating semiconductor wafer when excited by ionizing radiation. The epitaxial photodiode is characterized by a capacitance of 50 pF and a dark current of 10 pA. The presented optimization procedure for the biasing and sizing the input transistor of the CSA directly relates the region of operation of the input transistor with the constraints on power, area and event rate of the readout system. Experimental results of the amplifier implemented in 0.5 μm CMOS technology, verify gain of 71 mV/fC, with the measured linearity of 1.3%. For the parameters of the photodiode, the measured equivalent noise charge (ENC) is 950 electrons with the measured time constant of the pulse shaper of 90 μs and the power consumption of 210 μW. The measured slope of the ENC dependence on the input capacitance is 18 e-/pF.
Reconstitution of Retrograde Transport from the Golgi to the ER In Vitro

Retrograde transport from the Golgi to the ER is an essential process. Resident ER proteins that escape the ER and proteins that cycle between the Golgi and the ER must be retrieved. The interdependence of anterograde and retrograde vesicle trafficking makes the dissection of both processes difficult in vivo. We have developed an in vitro system that measures the retrieval of a soluble reporter protein, the precursor of the yeast pheromone alpha-factor fused to a retrieval signal (HDEL) at its COOH terminus (Dean, N., and H.R.B Pelham. 1990. J. Cell Biol. 111:369-377). Retrieval depends on the HDEL sequence; the alpha-factor precursor, naturally lacking this sequence, is not retrieved. A full cycle of anterograde and retrograde transport requires a simple set of purified cytosolic proteins, including Sec18p, the Lma1p complex, Uso1p, coatomer, and Arf1p. Among the membrane-bound v-SNAP receptor (v-SNARE) proteins, Bos1p is required only for forward transport, Sec22p only for retrograde trafficking, and Bet1p is implicated in both avenues of transport. Putative retrograde carriers (COPI vesicles) generated from Golgi-enriched membranes contain v-SNAREs as well as Emp47p as cargo.
Neoadjuvant Therapy as a Platform for Drug Development and Approval in Breast Cancer

The traditional drug development process in breast cancer based on large phase III studies has serious limitations and needs a major overhaul. Searching for new approaches, the testing of novel agents in the preoperative (neoadjuvant) setting approach offers a potentially rapid and efficient strategy for drug development utilizing pathologic complete response (path CR), a surrogate marker for survival, as the primary endpoint. In addition, neoadjuvant studies allow the assessment of drug effects on the target (pharmacodynamic response) and the development of predictive biomarkers of response. Molecular profiling of the residual tumor in the surgical specimen may also provide insights into actionable mechanisms of resistance. Recognizing the potential of neoadjuvant trials for drug development, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently announced consideration of neoadjuvant trials for accelerated drug approval in early breast cancer, particularly for tumors with high risk of recurrence and unfavorable prognosis, and provided accelerated approval to neoadjuvant pertuzumab in September 2013. The FDA has emphasized that while improvement in path CR could be utilized for "accelerated" approval, improvement in survival will still need to be demonstrated for "regular" approval. Key considerations in conduct of such neoadjuvant drug development trials include (i) study design such as utilization of biomarker stratified design to evaluate a biomarker that could enrich response, (ii) definition of path CR, (iii) distribution of factors that influence path CR between the treatment arms, (iv) prespecified plan for follow-up to obtain data on survival, and (v) safety as it involves a patient population with curable disease. In the years to come, we anticipate an increase in the number of neoadjuvant trials testing novel therapies that hopefully will open a new path in bringing efficacious new therapies to patients with breast cancer.
A Terminal Pleistocene Child Cremation and Residential Structure from Eastern Beringia

The dearth of human remains and residential sites has constrained inquiry into Beringian lifeways at the transition of the late Pleistocene–early Holocene. We report on human skeletal remains and a residential structure from central Alaska dated to ~11,500 calendar years ago. The remains are from a ~3-year-old child who was cremated in a pit within a semisubterranean house. The burial-cremation and house have exceptional integrity and preservation and exhibit similarities and differences to both Siberian Upper Paleolithic and North American Paleoindian features.
Hot-carrier-reliability of mixed analog/digital technologies

DC lifetime, in conjunction with speed and time factors, can be used to predict digital circuit hot-carrier lifetime. Analog circuit reliability prediction, on the other hand, has to take analog design variables such as channel length, biasing conditions, and circuit topography into consideration. The authors propose a new methodology for predicting analog circuit reliability. Instead of the traditional lifetime plots, they present a set of analog hot-carrier design curves that span the analog design space. The design curves will become increasingly important for high speed analog applications and for ULSI chips that integrate a wide variety of analog and digital functions. The design curves can be used to quickly estimate the hot-carrier sensitivity of a particular analog sub-block and to adjust the design variables for better hot-carrier immunity. >
Analysis of interchannel crosstalk in a dispersion-managed analog transmission link

Using small-signal linearization, we obtain an expression for crosstalk in a dispersion-managed analog link including loss and gain. Our theory is validated both by full simulation and experimental results.
Restructuring of American religion: Further evidence

Data are analyzed from three national surveys conducted in 1984, 1989, and 1992, supplemented by other data from a 1991 and a 1992 survey, to examine the distribution of religious conservatives, moderates, and liberals, and to consider the social and ideological correlates of these religious orientations. The results suggest overall stability in the distribution of these orientations and offer modest support for status group, religious socialization, and religious organization interpretations of their sources. The results also indicate that religious views correspond with positions on a number of contested social policy issues, but cast doubt on arguments about deeper differences in worldview and moral perspectives. The ways in which the data support and help to refine arguments presented in The Restrucruring of American Religion are discussed.
Electron Transfer Mechanisms of DNA Repair by Photolyase

Photolyase is a flavin photoenzyme that repairs two DNA base damage products induced by ultraviolet (UV) light: cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts. With femtosecond spectroscopy and site-directed mutagenesis, investigators have recently made significant advances in our understanding of UV-damaged DNA repair, and the entire enzymatic dynamics can now be mapped out in real time. For dimer repair, six elementary steps have been characterized, including three electron transfer reactions and two bond-breaking processes, and their reaction times have been determined. A unique electron-tunneling pathway was identified, and the critical residues in modulating the repair function at the active site were determined. The dynamic synergy between the elementary reactions for maintaining high repair efficiency was elucidated, and the biological nature of the flavin active state was uncovered. For 6-4 photoproduct repair, a proton-coupled electron transfer repair mechanism has been revealed. The elucidation of electron transfer mechanisms and two repair photocycles is significant and provides a molecular basis for future practical applications, such as in rational drug design for curing skin cancer.
The Success and Failure of Reforms in Transition Economies

This paper argues that an important reason why Russia's performance and China's performance under capitalism have differed dramatically is that different arrangements governing the determination of prices and work practices evolved during the transition process. In Russia, the arrangement, which conferred monopoly rights to industry groups leftover from socialism, prevented the adoption of better technology. In China, the arrangement that evolved contained no such monopoly elements. The key factor in determining which arrangement evolved was the strength of the central government. We put forth a model that implements these ideas and provide evidence in support of this theory.
Echocardiographic Diagnosis of Aortic Valve Vegetations in Candida Endocarditis

Similar echocardiographic findings in two patients with surgically confirmed Candida endocarditis of the aortic valve are described. It is suggested that echocardiography performed early in the clinical course of evaluation of drug abuse patients with suspected endocarditis, particularly in the presence of negative blood cultures and systemic emboli, may help establish the diagnosis. Once the diagnosis has been suggested by echocardiography, further steps for confirmation of the diagnosis of Candida endocarditis and therapeutic intervention may be undertaken with minimal time lag.
Distribution and Deposition of Tritiated Cortisol Using Phonophoresis

Tritiated cortisol cream was coupled with light-microscopic autoradiography to histologically trace the distribution and deposition of a topical application of cortisol driven in by a therapeutic dose of ultrasound. Fifteen dogs were divided into four distinct groups: Group 1 consisted of two control dogs; Group 2, four dogs that received 10% radioactive cortisol and no ultrasound; Group 3, four dogs that received 5% radioactive cortisol plus ultrasound; and Group 4, five dogs that received 10% radioactive cortisol plus ultrasound. Although the cortisol applied to all dogs was limited to the epidermis, penetration occurred beyond the stratum corneum. The combination of 10% cortisol and ultrasound showed more penetration than 10% cortisol alone (p = .018), suggesting that ultrasound may be useful in the transdermal delivery of cortisol cream. The difference between the penetration of 5% and 10% cortisol when treated with ultrasound was only marginally significant (p = .062).
The republic of consumption at the Olympic Games: globalization, Americanization, and Californization

Action sports such as beach volleyball and snowboarding have recently become popular commodities at the Olympics. While some observers view these new sports as global phenomena with transnational origins, they were incubated in California and are linked to the promotion of American visions of affluence. The encroachment of these sports onto global stages at the Olympics signals the continuing historical power of Californization, a particular brand of Americanization. The efforts to Californize the world through Olympic sports is considerably older than the debut of action sports, dating to the 1920s and 1930s when a coalition of US government agents, sports promoters, and corporate entrepreneurs began to articulate a strategy to mask Americanization campaigns in the world's leading sporting event under the veneer of California style. In the process they ‘dis’-invented historical traditions, in particular Olympic sports, in order to amplify their prospects in global markets.
Luminescence of Cds Nanoparticles Doped and Activated With Foreign Ions

Nanoparticles of CdS (5.0 nm diameter) are prepared in aqueous solution, and copper or silver ions are incorporated into the nanoparticle lattice (doped) or adsorbed to the nanoparticle surface (activated). The materials are characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. The photoluminescence efficiency of the materials is affected by the concentration of the foreign ion. The effect of spatial location (doped vs. activated) on the spectral distribution of the emission are modest. Photodecomposition of copper-doped CdS is suppressed compared to CdS alone.
Pallidal stimulation suppresses pathological dysrhythmia in the parkinsonian motor cortex.

Although there is general consensus that deep brain stimulation (DBS) yields substantial clinical benefit in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), the therapeutic mechanism of DBS remains a matte...
Personality Development in Evolutionary Perspective

A relationship between personality processes and evolution can be seen when behaviors associated with sexual maturation, mating, and parenting are examined. This article stipulates the types of proximal cues implicated in the shaping of personality variables that become important in the development of the individual's reproductive behavior.
Outcome Predictors for Pediatric Dilated Cardiomyopathy: A Systematic Review

Dilated cardiomyopathy comprises the largest group of pediatric cardiomyopathy functional types and is the most common indication for heart transplant in children over 5 years old. Prognostic factors for this condition have long been sought by many researchers. In a systematic review of these factors, we found 32 relevant articles published since 1976. Four studies report finding no predictive factors. In the remaining 28 studies, several factors indicating better prognosis stand out across multiple articles: younger age at diagnosis, higher left-ventricular fractional shortening and ejection fraction, and the presence of myocarditis. Results for other factors conflict across studies: severe mitral regurgitation, arrhythmias, and a family history of cardiomyopathy. Elevated left-ventricular end diastolic pressure was statistically significant in two studies, but it may be of limited utility as a result of its invasiveness. Although most children have congestive heart failure at presentation, only two studies found it to be a significant predictor of mortality. The largest study of this factor qualified the increased risk to 1 year after presentation. Other significant predictors that have not been analyzed or reported by more than one study group, are right ventricular failure and impaired cardiac adrenergic innervation, as detected by radiolabeled meta-iodobenzylguanidine imaging. Although 1- and 5-year survival rates have steadily improved, as more children with DCM receive cardiac transplants, event-free survival rates (the absence of "heart death" resulting in death or transplant) are similar to those from decades ago. A unified risk algorithm may assist in clinical decision-making but requires more studies. Other studies are needed to assess the post-transplant survival experience.
Estimation of Wastewater Treatment Objectives through Maximum Entropy

Abstract The paper examines how a public wastewater treatment plant balances objectives of cost minimization and pollution prevention. The parameters of the objective function and state equation in an optimal control model are estimated using maximum entropy and time series observations of water quality and expenditures for wastewater treatment. The estimation method does not require restrictions needed by other techniques used to estimate nonlinear, ill-posed problems. The parameter estimates indicate that the treatment plant emphasizes water quality enhancement over cost minimization. Results from the sensitivity analysis show that the plant favors conventional treatment over pollution prevention.
The Practice of Medical Psychology in a Pediatric Hospital Setting: A Personal Account from an RxP State

Psychologists around the world perform consultations within hospitals or in other “medical” contexts. The practice of “medical psychology” in Louisiana, however, is one that is specifically regulated by statute and the term “medical psychologist” throughout this chapter will be used to describe those psychologists who are now prescribing. As the chapter’s author, I appreciate that there is a lack of field-wide agreement as to the term, but for the sake of convention, I will refer to “medical psychologists” as those with a license to prescribe.