cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acetylcholinesterase Autoimmunity In Vitro

It is now established that systemic injections of antibodies to acetylcholinesterase (AChE) selectively destroy presynaptic inputs to sympathetic ganglia in rats. To investigate immunologic mechanisms, we created an in vitro model in which all components could be manipulated. Freshly dissected rat SCG were incubated 15–20 hr in Krebs solution or normal human serum (NHS) at 37 °C with continuous oxygenation. More than 96% of neurons in 6 control ganglia retained synaptic inputs as defined by action potentials or excitatory postsynaptic potentials upon stimulation of the preganglionic trunk. On the other hand, of 61 neurons from 5 ganglia incubated in NHS together with anti-AChE antibodies (0.16 mg/ml), none showed synaptic responses although membrane potential and input resistance remained normal. Antibody effects required active complement, since synaptic input was retained in 60–85% of neurons incubated with AChE antibody in NHS that was heat-inactivated (58 °C, 40 min) or immunologically depleted of C3. Likewise, choline acetyltransferase activity (marker of cholinergic cytoplasm in SCG) was largely lost after incubation with AChE antibody in NHS but was unchanged after incubation in heat-inactivated or C3-deficient NHS. These results are consistent with a disruption of AChE staining observed in SCG treated with antibody plus complement. Together, the findings clarify the role of humoral factors in immune lesions of preganglionic sympathetic terminals.
Clinical Supervision: Walking that Fine Line

This article is about risk; the risk of destroying confidence in the very attempt of building it. Law school clinic goals are ambitious and the work is challenging. Clinic students question what community service should be provided, how to provide it, whether the supervisor should do part of the representation, whether the supervisor should be inflexible with regard to certain decisions while refusing to make others. In framing the answers, clinics seek complicity of educational objectives, social justice goals, and client needs. Students enter clinical courses with a range of interests, concerns, abilities. Most students share an interest in mastering the skills needed to successfully represent their clients. Acquiring these skills can be an overwhelming process for students who for the first time are coming to terms with the limitations of the law in resolving the issues presented by people in crisis. It can also be difficult for students who confront personal issues in this heightened educational context. Central to the clinic experience is the relationship between supervisor and student. If the relationship is based on mutual respect and understanding, the supervisor has the basis for striking the right balance between demanding optimal performance and supporting the performance given. The learning that results can be exceptional.
A New Individual Marking Technique: Positional Hair Clipping

selection. In: Campbell, B., editor. Sexual selection and the descent of man, 1871-1971. Aldine Publishing Company, Chicago, Illinois. Pp. 136179. WILLIAMS, G. C. 1966. Natural selection, the cost of reproduction, and a refinement of Lack's principle. American Naturalist 100:687-690. WINDBERG, L. A., AND F. F. KNOWLTON. 1990. Relative vulnerability of coyotes to some capture procedures. Wildlife Society Bulletin 18:282-290. WITTENBERGER, J. F., AND R. L. TILSON. 1980. The evolution of monogamy: hypotheses and evidence. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 11: 197-232. WYNNE-EDWARDS, K. E. 1987. Evidence for obligate monogamy in the Djungarian hamster, Phodopus campbelli: pup survival under different parenting conditions. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 20:427-437. ZAR, J. H. 1984. Biostatistical analysis, Second ed. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NewJersey.
Corrugated nozzles for acoustic and thrust benefits

This paper presents the theoretical results based on new methods proposed in [1—4] for more efficiently mixing a supersonic jet with ambient air, effecting both jet noise reduction and nozzle thrust augmentation. This was obtained by 3D nozzle design incorporating a corrugated cross section nozzle shape with a sinusoidal lip line nozzle edge. Such a design was denoted in [1] as a Bluebell nozzle. The experimental tests of several Bluebell nozzle designs ([2]) have shown noise reduction relative to a convergent-divergent round nozzle with design exhaust Mach number Me = 1.5. The best design provides an acoustic benefit near 4dB with about 1% thrust augmentation. A Telescope nozzle ([3,4]) contains one or several internal components which are inserted in the divergent conical or planar main design near its exit. These designs provide additional thrust augmentation in the divergent portion of the nozzle of 20-30% compared with the conical or optimum single nozzle. Corrugated surfaces are proposed for two-contour nozzles including the centerbody (plug). Basically, numerical simulations were conducted only for supersonic flows into 3D and 2D Bluebell and Telescope nozzles. Several different shapes of corrugated surfaces for external and internal designs are analyzed and compared with usual round, rectangular and elliptical designs. New shapes of the Chisel and Screwdriver designs of the nozzle or centerbody (plug) allow more effective mixing and less thrust loss in comparison with the elliptic and rectangular shapes of equal cross sectional area. The nozzle thrust calculation was based on a full Navier-Stokes equation solver (NSE) and marching Euler code with and without boundary layer corrections.
Trace Levels of Copper in Carbon Materials Show Significant Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Activity

Carbon materials are frequently used as supports for electrocatalysts because they are conductive and have high surface area. However, recent studies have shown that these materials can contain significant levels of metallic impurities that can dramatically alter their electrochemical properties. Here, the electrocatalytic activity of pure graphite (PG), graphene oxide (GO), and carbon nanotubes (CNT) dispersed on glassy carbon (GC) are investigated for the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) in aqueous solution. It was observed that GO and CNT dispersed on GC all exhibit significant electrochemical activity that can be ascribed to impurities of Ni, Fe, Mn, and Cu. The level of Cu in GO can be particularly high and is the cause for the appearance of methane in the products produced over this material when it is used for the CO2RR. Washing these supports in ultrapure nitric acid is effective in removing the metal impurities and results in a reduction in the electrochemical activity of these form...
Infection of laboratory animals with Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Yunnan Province

Objective The prevalence of Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in laboratory animals was determined to provide an experimental basis for further investigation of Angiostrongyliasis cantonensis in Yunnan.Methods Four types of laboratory animals-SD rats,Kunming mice,guinea pigs and rabbits-were artificially infected with the third-stage larvae of A.cantonensis isolated from Achatina fulica and the prevalence of infection was observed.Results Mice were not infected with A.cantonensis.Adult A.cantonensis were not obtained from guinea pigs and rabbits infected with A.cantonensis,and a few larvae were found.Worms were found in the liver,heart,lungs,and cerebrum of rats after different periods of infection with A.cantonensis.Conclusion Mice,guinea pigs,and rabbits are not suitable as final hosts of A.cantonensis.SD rats are an ideal for a laboratory animal model of A.cantonensis infection.
Source localization in complex networks using a frequency-domain approach

In this paper, we provide a novel frequency-domain approach to locate an arbitrary number of sources in a large number of zones. In typical source localization methods, the sources are assumed to be acoustic or RF; sensors are placed in different zones to listen to these sources where each zone-to-sensor has a unique path loss and delay. Since each zone has a path loss and delay to each sensor, the sensing matrix is full and the problem of source localization effectively reduces to a sparse signal recovery problem. On the contrary, we are interested in scenarios where the sources may not have an acoustic or RF signature, e.g., locating a vehicle with cameras or a rumor in a social network; and a very few sensors may be able to sense the sources due to obstacles/occlusions. In other words, instead of having a full sensing matrix (as in sparse recovery), the sensing matrix is now highly sparse. To this aim, we provide a protocol for the sensors to collaborate among each other and devise a frequency-domain approach to assist an interrogator to locate the source. In particular, an interrogator (e.g., a UAV) analyzes the Frequency-Response (FR) of the collaborated statistic at an arbitrary sensor, and moves to a neighboring sensor whose FR magnitude is the largest among all the neighbors. With carefully designed collaboration, we show that the FR magnitude at any sensor increases in the direction of the source. In order to locate multiple sources, we characterize the diversity in the sources to arrive at their successful identification.
All-in-one smart components on smart substation

The paper introduce the design of all-in-one smart component on smart substation. The device first integrated the functions of relaying protecting, measure-control, energy metering, status monitoring, digital fault record, merge unit and smart terminal. The component has been put into application and generated good effect.
Blind passive media forensics: motivation and opportunity

In this presentation, I will describe the motivating scenarios and applications for blind-passive media forensics (BPMF) technologies, contrasting them with conventional solutions that require adoption of end-to-end protocols or embedding of watermarks. BPMF methods verify the authenticity of the received content at the point of use by checking the integrity of features characteristic of the natural scenes or capturing devices, or the anomalies caused by the tampering operations. I will review the significant results achieved so far and discuss the direction for future research.
Evaluations and Perceptions of Others’ Evaluations of Negative Alcohol-Related Consequences Predict Negative Alcohol-Related Consequences Among College Drinkers

Objective:A key assumption when assessing alcohol-related problems is that these problems are considered negative. A growing literature suggests that college drinkers do not perceive all measured consequences to be negative. Research has established the impact of others’ beliefs on personal beliefs and behaviors. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of perceptions of others’ evaluations (POE) of consequences on one’s own evaluations and subsequent experiences of consequences.Method:A sample of 885 heavy drinking college students participated in a longitudinal study. Participants reported the number of alcoholic drinks consumed per week, experiences of alcohol-related problems, evaluations of those consequences, and perceptions of how typical university students evaluate those consequences. A moderated mediation of POE on negative alcohol-related consequences via evaluations of consequences at differing levels of alcohol consumption was conducted, with gender, baseline consequences, and inter...
Cost-effectiveness evaluation of abiraterone in the treatment of patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer who previously received docetaxel.

e15107 Background: Treatment with abiraterone improves overall survival (OS), time to prostate-specific antigen progression and radiologic progression-free survival when added to prednisone and best supportive care in patients with advanced castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) who previously received docetaxel. Little is known about its cost-effectiveness in the United States. Methods: In order to raise awareness of pharmacoeconomics concepts and inform policy-makers in the US, this study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of abiraterone in the treatment of advanced CRPC patients, from a payer perspective. We created a decision-analytical model using clinical data from the pivotal phase III trial: COU-AA-301. Health utilities were derived from the available literature. Costs for drug acquisition, physician visits and laboratory tests were obtained from the Center for Medicare Services Drug Payment Table and Physician Fee Schedule and are represented in 2011 US dollars. Life-years saved (LY), Qual...
Effects of Instruction Methods on User Experience in Virtual Reality Serious Games

Instructions are an important aspect of virtual reality serious games since they are crucial to understanding what is expected from the user. User friendly instructions can contribute positively to the user experience, while confusing instructions can degrade it. There are various methods of instruction giving. In this study, we examine the effects of four different instruction methods on user experience in virtual reality serious games. The four instruction methods that were explored in our study are 3D animated, pictograph, written and verbal instructions. Eight simple vocational tasks were designed and implemented to be performed in an immersive virtual warehouse environment. A user study was performed with 15 adult participants. Results revealed that animated instructions provided better user experience among the four methods. Pictograph and written instructions shared similar mid-range rankings. Verbal instructions were the least preferred method. In this paper, we present our experiment design, results and discussions of our implications for future virtual reality serious game studies.
Literacy-Sensitive Intervention for COPD Patients

The Authors Reply:—We thank Shapiro et al. for their comments concerning what role poor vision might have played in the results of the Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (S-TOFHLA) and thus classification of participants’ health literacy in our study—"A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Literacy-Sensitive Self-Management Intervention for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients".1 We would like to clarify that we used the large print (14-point font) version of the S-TOFHLA and did not assess the participant’s vision or if they used corrective lenses before administering the S-TOFHLA. We did allow patients to opt out if they indicated their vision was not sufficient to take the test. During development and validation of the S-TOFHLA, participants with 20/70 to 20/100, which is classified as moderate vision loss based on ICD-9-CM, were administered the large print version and those with worse vision were excluded (three percent were excluded for vision worse than 20/100).2 In lay terms, a visual acuity of 20/100 means a person would require letters to be five times larger or closer to be able to read compared to 20/20 vision. Press et al. assessed participant’s vision in their study and classified vision as insufficient to complete the S-TOFHLA (large print version) if their acuity scores for both eyes were worse than 20/50.3 Although the cut point for poor vision is more stringent than required by the developers of the S-TOFHLA, such a high rate of poor vision (29 % in Press et al.) is an important clinical finding with important implications. Other estimates of poor vision are much lower (1.98 % of Americans older than age 40 have best corrected vision worse than 20/40).4 It is possible that the inpatient location of the Press et al. study contributed to the high prevalence of poor vision. Since we did not screen vision, we are unable to definitively say that vision did not affect our S-TOFHLA results. We agree with Press and colleagues that poor vision may be an underappreciated factor for many patients managing chronic diseases and that poor vision alone or in conjunction with low health literacy may require alternative interventions to improve outcomes. Another concern is that patients may have the visual acuity necessary to complete the S-TOFHLA (large print version), but have barriers to other elements of their health care such as reading prescription bottles or patient education handouts that may not have sufficient font style or size for their vision.
The epidemiology of AIDS in New Jersey.

The epidemiology of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in New Jersey is presented for the period 1982–1986. Additional data are also presented for 1987. A total of 1,728 nonincarcerated adult AIDS cases were diagnosed in the period 1982–1986. The largest number of cases occurred in the counties that contain sizable urban populations. The proportion of cases among females is very high in New Jersey, with most of them occurring in those areas of the state near New York City. Intravenous drug abuse is the risk factor most directly associated with AIDS in the high incidence metropolitan areas of New Jersey.
Pediatric High-Grade Gliomas and DIPG

Recent genomic studies of pediatric high-grade gliomas (pHGGs) have unraveled important new clues into the pathogenesis of these tumors. One novel insight that was previously unappreciated is the role of epigenetic alterations in pediatric gliomagenesis. This was realized when mutations in histone 3.3/3.1 (H3.3/H3.1) were identified in these tumors. A related concept is that certain genetic alterations only occur in a region-specific manner within the central nervous system. As an example, K27M H3.3/H3.1 mutations are present in high-grade gliomas that arise along the midline of the central nervous system while G34R and G34V H3.3 mutations are present in high-grade gliomas that arise in the cerebral cortex. In addition, the realization that gliomas that harbor histone mutations are mutually exclusive of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutant gliomas, which primarily arise in adults, has reinforced the notion that pediatric gliomas and adult gliomas are biologically disparate diseases. Incorporating this new data within the framework of our existing knowledge of the genetic alterations of pHGGs gives new hope that we will successfully identify effective therapies for these tumors in the upcoming decade.
A simple holographic interferometer for static and dynamic photomechanics

A particular variation of holographic imaging system is described which, when used as a multiple-exposure holographic interferometer, possesses advantages for applications in static and dynamic photomechanics. Large fields of view can be obtained. Rigid-body motions produced by loading are automatically eliminated. The holograms can be recorded on medium-resolution films which have high sensitivity. Specimens manufactured with readily available materials can be used for the determination of isochromatics and isopachics. An attempt is made to describe this contribution in the background of previous developments in interferometry. Operation of the system is interpreted by showing the equivalence of the holographic interferometer to a combination of two systems presently in use in experimental stress analysis: a Fizeau interferometer and an optical spatial filter. The interpretation of isochromatics and isopachis as moire phenomena is emphasized. Isochromatics and isopachics are presented as illustrations of the applications of the method to the solution of static-stress problems, and they are used in the solution of some not yet solved dynamic-stress problems. Whole-field static isochromatics obtained as absolute-retardation interference are shown. Also shown are whole-field dynamic isopachics.
Word Stemming to Enhance Spam Filtering.

Generally a content based spam filter works on words and phrases of email text and if it finds offensive content it gives that email a numerical value (depending on the content). After crossing a certain threshold, that email may be considered as SPAM. This technique works well only if the offensive words are lexically correct. That means the words must be valid words with correct spelling. Otherwise most content based spam filters will be unable to detect offensive words. In this paper, we showed that if we use some sort of word stemming or word hashing technique that can extract the base or stem of a misspelled or modified word, the efficiency of any content based spam filter can be significantly improved. Here we presented a simple rule -based word stemming algorithm specifically designed for spam detection and showed some experimental results to corroborate our claim.
BioEssence: A Wearable Olfactory Display that Monitors Cardio-respiratory Information to Support Mental Wellbeing

This work introduces a novel wearable olfactory display that provides just-in-time release of scents based on the physiological state of the wearer. The device can release up to three scents and passively captures subtle chest vibrations associated with the beating of the heart and respiration through clothes.BioEssenceiscontrolledviaacustom-madesmartphone app that allows the creation of physiological rules to trigger different scents (e.g., when the heart rate is above 80 beats per minute, release lavender scent). The device is wireless and lightweight, and it is designed to be used during daily life, clipped on clothes around the sternum area or used as a necklace. We provide a description of the design and implementation of the prototype and potential use cases in the context of mental wellbeing.
A Multimedia Approach to Teaching Japanese Popular Culture

In this essay, I discuss how the introduction of creative multimedia assignments can enrich the classroom experience. Using the concepts of critical making, asset-based learning, and universal design for learning (UDL), I demonstrate how these assignments enable students to utilize their strengths to develop analytical skills and achieve the goals of the course.
American Indian Children and the Law: Cases and Materials (Table of Contents)

This casebook is the result of years of discussions with Native lawyers, law students, families, tribal leaders, and professors. Because Native children and families continue to be the subject of constant litigation and federal policy changes, this book changed dramatically in the years as it was being written. The actions of federal and state governments against Native children — removing them from their families, culture, language, and communities — has had far ranging implications for generations of families. This casebook discusses the consequences of those actions and the tribal responses to them.
Sliding integration with no projection

Abstract In this work we show that numerical integration during sliding motion, for piecewise-smooth systems, can be performed without the need to project the approximate solutions on the constraints' surface. We give a general algorithm, an order of approximation result, and show the effectiveness of the technique on several examples. Comparison between projected and non-projected methods and the standard regularization approach is also given.
Nutritious or Delicious? A survey demonstrating the impact of hunger and health behaviors on food preferences.

Unhealthy eating habits involving the consumption of highly-palatable energy-dense foods are a major contributor to weight gain its associated health conditions. Consumption of these “unhealthy” items continues to be common despite ongoing efforts for promoting healthy-eating behavior. However, relatively little is known about the factors that lead to the consumption of unhealthy foods. Prior research has shown that states of hunger influence the desire to eat without changing the perception or enjoyment of food items. The present study utilized an online-survey which asked participants to rate foods according to the items’ palatability, likelihood of being consumed, and healthiness. Demographic and bodily state information was also collected. The results of this study demonstrate that, in college students, a state of hunger biases the selection (“wanting”) of foods toward highly-palatable (“tasty”) food items. However, this finding was not observed in data gathered from a sample of older adults affiliated with a health and fitness organization. Collectively, this may suggest that age, education, or increased health-awareness can influence the preference for high-palatable foods that occurs when individuals are hungry.
Effect of an Electronic Health Record Decision Support Alert to Decrease Excess Cervical Cancer Screening.

Objective Cervical cancer screening is often conducted in excess of current screening guidelines. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of an electronic health record (EHR) clinical decision support alert to decrease guideline-nonadherent cervical cancer screening beyond the age limits of screening or posthysterectomy. Materials and methods The proportion of guideline-nonadherent Pap tests in women younger than 21 years or older than 65 years or posthysterectomy were compared 4 months before and 3 months after implementation of an EHR clinical decision support alert warning providers that a Pap test is not indicated. Providers could cancel the Pap test or override the alert and place the order. Provider characteristics and Pap test indications were summarized by preintervention/postintervention period using descriptive statistics. The proportions of nonindicated Pap tests were compared by intervention period and provider characteristics using generalized estimating equation models. Results In women beyond the screening age limits or posthysterectomy, a total of 388 Pap tests were ordered before intervention, and 313 tests were ordered after intervention. Proportion of guideline-nonadherent tests was similar before (62%) and after intervention (63%); thus, implementation of the clinical decision support alert did not change the proportion of guideline-nonadherent Pap tests ordered (OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 0.77-1.52). It is notable that 52% of guideline-nonadherent tests were ordered by 11 providers. Even when controlling for providers who ordered more than 1 test during the study period, multivariate analysis showed that male providers were more likely to order guideline-nonadherent Pap tests (OR = 2.30, 95% CI = 1.36-3.89); no other differences by provider characteristics were observed. Conclusions An EHR clinical decision support alert does not decrease guideline-nonadherent cervical cancer screening. These data suggest efforts to optimize clinical decision support should be focused on other aspects of cervical cancer prevention.
Does delay in time to surgery impact outcome in renal cell carcinoma: Analysis based on tumor size utilizing the National Cancer Database.

664Background: The impact of delay in treatment for localized renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is controversial. We sought to determine the survival impact of time to definitive surgical treatment strati...
Human and machine: Evaluating whether action automation influences visual perception

The action-specific account of perception suggests that our perceptual system is influenced by information about our ability to act in our environment and, thus, affects our perception. However, the specific information about action that is influential for perception is still largely unknown. For example, if a goal is achieved through automation rather than action, is perception influenced because the goal was achieved or is perception immune because the act was automated rather than performed by the observer? In four experiments, we examined whether automating a paddle to block a moving ball in a computer game similar to Pong affects perception of the ball's speed. Results indicate that the automation used here did not affect speed perception of the target. Whereas tools such as reach-extending sticks and various-sized paddles are both incorporated into one's body schema and also influence spatial perception, automation, our results imply that automation is not incorporated into one's body schema and does not affect spatial perception. The dissociation in how the mind treats tools versus automation could have several implications as automation becomes more prevalent in daily life.
A Comparative Review of Metal-Based Charge Carriers in Nonaqueous Flow Batteries.

Energy storage is becoming the chief barrier to the utilization of more renewable energy sources on the grid. With independent service operators aiming to acquire gigawatts in the next 10-20 years, there is a large need to develop a suite of new storage technologies. Redox flow batteries (RFB) may be part of the solution if certain key barriers are overcome. Herein we focus on a particular kind of RFB based on nonaqueous media that promises to meet the challenge thru higher voltages than the organic and aqueous variants. This class of RFB will be divided into three groups, molecular, macromolecular, and redox-targeted based systems. The growing field of theoretical modeling will also be reviewed and discussed.
Case 3831 – Marmosa isthmica Goldman 1912 (Mammalia, Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae): Proposal to conserve current usage by suppressing its senior synonym, Marmosa regina Thomas, 1898

The purpose of this application, under Article 23.9.3 of the Code, is to conserve the name Marmosa isthmicaGoldman, 1912 for a species of small Neotropical marsupial. This specific name, which has been used consistently for over a century, is threatened by a senior synonym, Marmosa reginaThomas, 1898, which has been applied incorrectly until very recently.
Forest Policies, Institutions, and REDD in India, Tanzania, and Mexico

This article investigates forest policies and institutions surrounding REDD in three heavily forested countries: India, Tanzania, and Mexico. The comparative analysis leads to three key insights. First, each of the case study countries has multiple land tenure statutes that result in different distributions of the costs and benefits of forest protection for key stakeholders. Second, land tenure regimes that offer local communities the most secure forest rights are not necessarily those associated with benefit-sharing mechanisms outlined in national REDD policy proposals. Third, a credible commitment by government to share REDD benefits with forest-dependent people is contingent on the interests of key actors involved in the policy process. Political and administrative structures that limit the power and authority of forest government bodies lead to more responsive and accountable policy outcomes.
The Small Business Sector in Urban America: Growth and Vitality in 25 Cities

Small businesses are one of the pillars of urban economies, making substantial contributions to economic growth and dynamism. However, the fragility of the small business sector is an ongoing challenge that limits how much it contributes to economic growth in cities. Understanding the drivers of growth and failure in the small business sector — and the variation of these drivers across cities — is critical to the development of policies that promote small business survival and growth. The JPMorgan Chase Institute leveraged high-frequency, de-identified financial data from a sample of 290,000 small operating businesses to identify differences and similarities in small business financial outcomes across 25 US cities. This report provides a lens into the composition and contributions of different types of firms to aggregate revenue growth and exit rates of the small business sector. Our findings are fourfold. First, new firms account for most of the revenue growth in the small business sector, but their contributions to growth vary widely by city. Among new small businesses, five percent of firms account for nearly all aggregate revenue growth across cities, and these usually grow organically. Additionally, while revenue growth rates vary substantially by industry across cities, small firms in construction, other professional services, health care services and high-tech services drive aggregate growth in most cities. Across cities, retail and other professional services drive small business exits. These findings suggest that both local and national policymakers interested in the financial health of the small business sector might benefit from paying closer attention to themes that are similar across cities, and important differences between cities.
Social Justice in Kinesiology, Health, and Disability

The current state of research in kinesiology scholarship is largely void of empirical research that counters deficit thinking from a social justice perspective. The purpose of this paper is to inte...
SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces abnormal inflammatory blood clots neutralized by fibrin immunotherapy

Blood clots are a central feature of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) and can culminate in pulmonary embolism, stroke, and sudden death. However, it is not known how abnormal blood clots form in COVID-19 or why they occur even in asymptomatic and convalescent patients. Here we report that the Spike protein from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) binds to the blood coagulation factor fibrinogen and induces structurally abnormal blood clots with heightened proinflammatory activity. SARS-CoV-2 Spike virions enhanced fibrin-mediated microglia activation and induced fibrinogen-dependent lung pathology. COVID-19 patients had fibrin autoantibodies that persisted long after acute infection. Monoclonal antibody 5B8, targeting the cryptic inflammatory fibrin epitope, inhibited thromboinflammation. Our results reveal a procoagulant role for the SARS-CoV-2 Spike and propose fibrin-targeting interventions as a treatment for thromboinflammation in COVID-19. One-sentence summary SARS-CoV-2 spike induces structurally abnormal blood clots and thromboinflammation neutralized by a fibrin-targeting antibody.
Epidemiology of Bleeding in Critically Ill Children With an Underlying Oncologic Diagnosis.

OBJECTIVES Critically ill children with malignancy have significant risk of bleeding but the exact epidemiology is unknown. We sought to describe severe bleeding events and associated risk factors in critically ill pediatric patients with an underlying oncologic diagnosis using the newly developed Bleeding Assessment Scale in Critically Ill Children definition. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING PICU in comprehensive cancer center. PATIENTS Children ages 28 days to 18 years with an underlying oncologic diagnosis admitted to the PICU during 2018. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Two-hundred sixty-seven admissions met inclusion criteria. Sixty-four percent (171/267) were male, with a median (interquartile range) age of 6.3 years (3.1-12.1 yr). Nine percent (23/267) had at least one severe bleeding event during their PICU admission. There were no significant differences between those with severe bleeding and those without, with respect to gender (p = 0.07), age (p = 0.66), weight (p = 0.76), or transplant status (p = 0.18). There was a difference in the frequency of severe bleeding based on underlying oncologic diagnosis (p = 0.009). For patients with severe bleeding, the median (interquartile range) platelet count and international normalized ratio on the day of bleeding were 102 × 109/L (40-181 × 109/L) and 1.36 (1.26-1.51), respectively. Eighty-seven percent patients (20/23) with severe bleeding received at least one blood component in response to bleeding. Two patients received antifibrinolytics. Patients with severe bleeding had significantly fewer PICU-free days (p = 0.001), fewer ventilator-free days (p < 0.001), and higher 28-day mortality (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Severe bleeding occurred in nearly one-tenth of critically ill children with an underlying oncologic diagnosis without severe thrombocytopenia or coagulopathy. The vast majority received blood component therapy, but few received hemostatic medication. Studies are needed to guide the treatment of severe bleeding in this vulnerable patient population.
The Future Integrated Traffic Management System to Optimize the Automobile Traffic

Automobiles have developed rapidly at this time, where Europe, the US, and China are the largest markets for automobile production and sales. However, traffic congestion is not only the main problem, environmental deterioration, energy exhaustion, and atmospheric pollution also occurs in line with the growing of automobiles. Therefore, it requires adequate infrastructure and steps on how to optimize traffic to increase productivity, safety and satisfaction of road users. This research aimed to determine how a developed country like the US controls its infrastructure system, how the development of automobiles is in line with the increasing level of road congestion, and how modern traffic management solutions optimize congestion. In collecting data in this study, the author uses descriptive methods with literature study. Data will be collected through journals, books, research in the same field, electronic documents, statistical data, etc. The research shows that to optimize the automobile traffic, a country and automobile companies should manage the traffic with computational framework, using algorithms, future interaction and signals connected cars, and using the central control center. The future integrated traffic management will allow a new transport standard that will benefit the road users in fuel saving, ridesharing, creating high quality worldwide route and traffic light optimization, and avoid them from time wasting.
Some Final Words

Americans imagine themselves a practical people. This is the land of know-how, can-do, getting-things-done, doing-what-works. Its honors and rewards go to leaders and problem solvers. Its philosophy is prone to address self improvement or corporate management, and is more likely to invoke the clergy or football coaches than Aristotle or Kant. Theoretical concerns are apt to be dismissed as unimportant and irrelevant, pretentious and boring.
Defining the Office: Officium, Commodious Living and the Substantive Duties of Hobbesian Sovereigns

Most examinations of the concept of duty in the political philosophy of Thomas Hobbes focus on the duties the subjects owe to the sovereign. When the duties of the sovereign are examined, they are typically characterized as moral duties, the violation of which can only be judged and punished by God (e.g. Warrender 1957, Martinich 1992). In contrast to the prevailing interpretation, I argue that Hobbes conceives of the duties of sovereigns as definitional elements of the office of sovereign, and that failure to fulfill these duties releases subjects from their obligation to obey. Close examination of the sovereign’s duties indicates Hobbes has a more robust conception of protection than merely physical security; the Hobbesian sovereign owes its subjects not only bare self-preservation but also those general conditions conducive to what Hobbes terms “commodious living,” including maximizing liberty, promoting commercial activity, and providing a minimal social safety net. These additional duties demonstrate that the traditional understanding of the role of the Hobbesian sovereign as providing only physical protection is insufficient for capturing the nuance of Hobbes’s thought. The preservation that the sovereign is created to provide, and which political obligation is conditional upon, must instead be understood to include a broader array of protections related to commodious living. I thus show that the Hobbesian sovereign not a dominating, irresistible force, but rather a provider whose subjects must only obey when it is fulfilling its duties to them.
In-situ measurement of the strength of deforming subglacial till

The shear strength of deforming till beneath Storglaciaren, Sweden, was continuously measured with a new instrument, a “dragometer”. A cylinder with conical ends, roughened with till from the glacier bed, was dragged through the till, and the force on the cylinder was recorded. Consistent with studies of cone penetration in soils, it was assumed that the till behaves as a Coulomb plastic material. This allows the residual strength of the till to be calculated from the measured force. Results from laboratory experiments confirm the validity of the analytical procedure. The average residual strength of the till was ∼55 kPa. A source of error is the potential generation of pore pressure in excess of hydrostatic ahead of the cylinder, which could significantly weaken the till. Calculations indicate that excess pore pressure did not develop during the experiment, but could develop during similar experiments beneath rapidly sliding glaciers with less permeable basal till layers.
Implementation of a nonequilibrium flow solver on a massively parallel computer

The application of a loosely coupled fluids and chemistry solver on a massively parallel computer is investigated. The uncoupling of the fluid and chemistry equations allows coarse and medium grain parallelization to be exploited in the numerical calculation of this system of equations. Specifically, the Upwind Parabolized Navier-Stokes Solver (UPS) of Lawrence et al. with nonequilibrium chemistry enhancements due to Buelow et al. is distributed and executed over multiple computer processors concurrently. Hypersonic flows over a sharp nosed cone with 7-species/7-reactions and 11-species/17-reactions air models are considered as test cases. A speedup which approaches 1/n where n is the number of species is obtained within the chemistry solver on the Intel iPSC/860.
500,000 fish phenotypes: The new informatics landscape for evolutionary and developmental biology of the vertebrate skeleton

Summary The rich phenotypic diversity that characterizes the vertebrate skeleton results from evolutionary changes in regulation of genes that drive development. Although relatively little is known about the genes that underlie the skeletal variation among fish species, significant knowledge of genetics and development is available for zebrafish. Because developmental processes are highly conserved, this knowledge can be leveraged for understanding the evolution of skeletal diversity. We developed the Phenoscape Knowledgebase (KB; http://kb.phenoscape.org) to yield testable hypotheses of candidate genes involved in skeletal evolution. We developed a community anatomy ontology for fishes and ontology-based methods to represent complex free-text character descriptions of species in a computable format. With these tools, we populated the KB with comparative morphological data from the literature on over 2500 teleost fishes (mainly Ostariophysi) resulting in over 500,000 taxon phenotype annotations. The KB integrates these data with similarly structured phenotype data from zebrafish genes (http://zfin.org). Using ontology-based reasoning, candidate genes can be inferred for the phenotypes that vary across taxa, thereby uniting genetic and phenotypic data to formulate evo-devo hypotheses. The morphological data in the KB can be browsed, sorted, and aggregated in ways that provide unprecedented possibilities for data mining and discovery.
Abstract 69: Stroke Family Caregiver Perceptions of Palliative and End of Life Care Needs

Background: The purpose of palliative care is to reduce suffering and improve the quality of life of patients with serious illness and their families. Deaths and disability from stroke are anticipated to continue to increase because of the aging population. The palliative and end of life care needs for stroke survivors and their caregivers require greater attention. Purpose: T o describe stroke family caregiver perceptions of palliative and end of life care needs as they provided care for survivors who died within one year post-stroke. Methods: A subset of stroke caregivers enrolled in the Telephone Assessment and Skill-Building Intervention Study (TASK II) (NINR R01# NR010388) were analyzed for self-identified needs and concerns during the year before the survivor’s death (n=12). Caregivers averaged 58 years of age (Range 26-75), and most were female (75%), white (58%), and spouses (66%) who provided an average of 11 caregiving hours/day (Range 2-24). Stroke survivors were 50% female with a mean age of 71 years (Range 50-90). A qualitative content analysis of audio-recorded telephone interviews was performed and combined with caregiver descriptive data on needs and concerns. Results: The most frequently identified needs focused on the survivor’s care were managing medications (n=8; 67%), communicating with the survivor (n=6; 50%), getting the survivor to eat (n=3; 25%); and dealing with the survivor’s thinking and emotions (n=3; 25%). The most frequently identified needs focused on the caregiver’s own needs included managing their own emotions (n=6; 50%); taking care of their own health (n=5; 42%); managing cost of care (n=5; 42%); dealing with other things within one’s life (n=4; 33%); and finding books or resources that help (n=3; 25%). Conclusions: Palliative and end of life care should focus both on the survivor’s care, as well as the caregiver’s own needs. The caregiver’s perception of palliative and end of life care needs will become increasingly important in today’s health care system and will provide important areas to consider for future palliative and end of life care interventions. Further research is warranted to further explore palliative and end of life care needs from the perspective of stroke family caregivers.
Biodiversity: past, present, and future.

Data from the fossil record are used to illustrate biodiversity in the past and estimate modern biodiversity and loss. This data is used to compare current rates of extinction with past extinction events. Paleontologists are encouraged to use this data to understand the course and consequences of current losses and to share this knowledge with researchers interested in conservation and ecology.
Riparian plant guilds of ephemeral, intermittent and perennial rivers

Plant functional types (or guilds) increasingly are being used to predict vegetation response to global changes. Continued human population growth coupled with projected warmer and drier climate will alter the hydrologic regimes of many arid‐zone rivers, including intermittent rivers. We aimed to identify (i) woody plant guilds associated with distinct stream types of an arid region and (ii) plant traits indicating adaptation to the selective pressures of water availability and fluvial disturbance. We used hierarchical clustering to identify 11 plant guilds from floodplains, terraces and uplands of eight Arizona rivers that vary in surface flow permanence, depth to ground water and intensity of fluvial disturbance. Six guilds were riparian pioneers with small, wind‐dispersed seeds, three guilds were late‐seral, shade‐tolerant riparian taxa with large animal‐dispersed seeds, and two guilds were composed of desert xerophytes. Within the riparian pioneer and seral groups, guilds varied in water acquisition and productivity traits including wood density and rooting depth. The community‐weighted traits varied or covaried with water availability and fluvial disturbance. Root: shoot ratio, canopy height and leaf area were influenced strongly by water availability, with the latter two showing a nonlinear response to changes in water table depth. Leaf length increased, and wood density decreased, as sites become wetter and more fluvially disturbed. Community‐weighted seed mass, seed dispersal and spinesence varied most strongly with elevation above thalweg (an indicator of decreasing fluvial disturbance). These analyses will enable prediction of changes in the relative abundance of plant types and plant traits in response to changes in stream flow regimes, such as shifts towards greater intermittency. The distribution patterns of guilds among riparian habitat types emphasise the importance of focusing conservation efforts not only on the limited number of perennial rivers remaining in arid regions, but also on intermittent and ephemeral rivers with shallow water tables.