cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in women's assertiveness in response to status and roles: a cross-temporal meta-analysis, 1931-1993.

Across two meta-analyses, American women's assertiveness rose and fell with their social status from 1931 to 1993. College women and high school girls' self-reports on assertiveness and dominance scales increased from 1931 to 1945, decreased from 1946 to 1967, and increased from 1968 to 1993, explaining about 14% of the variance in the trait. Women's scores have increased enough that many recent samples show no sex differences in assertiveness. Correlations with social indicators (e.g., women's educational attainment, women's median age at first marriage) confirm that women's assertiveness varies with their status and roles. Social change is thus internalized in the form of a personality trait. Men's scores do not demonstrate a significant birth cohort effect overall. The results suggest that the changing sociocultural environment for women affected their personalities, most likely beginning in childhood.
Effect of Suplatast tosilate (IPD) on chloride currents in human blood eosinophils

Abstract Rationale Alterations in chloride ion channels have been implicated in the induction of changes in cell shape and volume. Since blood and tissue eosinophilia is a hallmark of bronchial asthma, in this study we examined the effect of Suplatast tosilate (IPD), an anti-allergic drug that has been reported to be effective in the treatment of patients with allergy and interstitial cystitis, on chloride channel activity in human blood eosinophils. Methods Eosinophils were isolated from blood collected from allergic and allergic asthmatic donors. Chloride ion currents were recorded using whole cell patch-clamp technique in freshly isolated eosinophils. Current-voltage relationship of whole cell currents in human blood eosinophils was calculated and recorded. Results IPD increased both inward and outward chloride currents in human blood eosinophils. IPD in 1 ng/ml did not have significant effect on chloride current. However, at 5 ng/ml IPD had a very remarkable effect. The basic salt, p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate in 5 ng/ml or 50 ng/ml did not increase or decrease the chloride current in human blood eosinophils. Conclusion IPD activates both outward and inward chloride currents in human blood eosinophils. This effect is not due to its salt. The potent anti-allergic and anti-asthmatic effects of IPD could be due to its effect on chloride channels.
Two sides to the breakup of dating relationships

Very few studies on the aftermath of relationship breakups have included data from both ex-partners. The major purpose of this study was to examine whether there is any validity to the principle that there are two sides to every breakup. Questionnaire data were collected from both partners of 47 heterosexual, dating couples after they experienced the breakup of their relationship. Their emotional reactions, perceptions of who had control over the breakup, and perceptions of reasons for the breakup were analyzed. Results indicated that there was no association between ex-partners in the level of distress experienced after the breakup. Ex-partners agreed about who had control and who was responsible for the breakup and about some of the specific reasons for the breakup. Fewer gender differences were found in this study than have been found in previous research on dating relationship breakups (e.g., Hill, Rubin, & Peplau, 1976). For example, men and women were similar in the overall distress they experienced after the breakup and in the reasons they gave for the breakup. Women were more likely than men to be seen as the initiator of the breakup, but only by women themselves. Additional analyses indicated that perceptions of control and the reasons for the breakup were related to emotional reactions after the breakup.
Structure and function correlations at the imprinted mouse Snrpn locus

The human SNRPN gene maps within Chromosome (Chr) 15q11-q13, the region responsible for Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) and Angelman syndrome (AS). As one of several 15q11-q13 transcripts expressed from the paternal allele-only, SNRPN is a candidate gene to explain at least some of the PWS phenotype in human and in genetic mouse models. The promoter and first exon of the SNRPN gene also correspond to an imprinting center element responsible for resetting of the maternal to paternal imprints within 15q11-q13 during spermatogenesis. Through characterization of the imprinted murine Snrpn locus in mouse Chr 7C, we have found that the gene structure is very similar to the human, with ten conserved exons spanning 22 kb, the last seven of which are tightly clustered. The promoter of Snrpn is differentially methylated in ES cells and adult tissues, supporting a role for DNA methylation at this site in somatic establishment and/or maintenance of Snrpn imprinting. The first intron of the mouse and human genes contains structurally conserved G-rich clustered repeats which may play a role in establishing DNA methylation patterns associated with imprinting of this gene. On the basis of the conserved structural and imprinted features of the human SNRPN and mouse Snrpn genes, we suggest that imprinting mechanisms are conserved between human and mouse.
A language-oriented instruction set for the BALM language

The availability of microprogramming has increased interest in the design of instruction sets which are oriented towards particular higher-level languages (see (1), for example). We will refer to these as language-oriented instruction sets (or LOISs). In this paper we give a formal definition of a LOIS for the extendable language BALM. This LOIS, which we call MBALM, is used as the basis of the implementation of the current version of the language, BALM4. We will also compare two implementations of the MBALM instruction set, and outline briefly our experiences with them.The external description of BALM4 is given in detail elsewhere (2,3). Briefly, it is an extendable language with an Algol-like syntax and data-types integer, real, logical, string, pair (list), vector, identifier, procedure, and label. Type information is carried with all data-objects, and run-time type testing and conversion is done when necessary. Garbage collection and a run-time compiler are significant attributes of the system. Outlined below are some of the properties of the implementation, which was designed initially for reasons of simplicity and flexibility, but which illustrate some of the advantages of a LOIS-based system.
Anaerobic bioconversion of municipal solid wastes using a novel high-solids reactor design. Maximum organic loading rate and comparison with low-solids reactor systems.

Novel, laboratory-scale, high-solids reactors operated under mesophilic conditions were used to study the anaerobic fermentation of processed municipal solid waste (MSW) to methane. Product gas rate data were determined for organic loading rates ranging from 2.99–18.46 g of volatile solids (VS) per liter (L) per day (d). The data represent the anaerobic fermentation at high-solids levels within the reactor of 21–32%, while feeding a refuse-derived fuel (RDF)/MSW feedstock supplemented with a vitamin/mineral/nutrient solution. The average biogas yield was 0.59 L biogas/g VS added to the reactor system/d. The average methane composition of the biogas produced was 57.2%. The data indicate a linear relationship of increasing total biogas production with increasing organic loading rate to the process. The maximum organic loading rate obtainable with high-solids anaerobic digestion is in the range of 18–20 g VS/L·d to obtain 80% or greater bioconversion for the RDF/MSW feedstock. This loading rate is approximately four to six times greater than that which can be obtained with comparable low-solids anaerobic bioreactor technology.
On the odd-primary Adams 2-line elements

Abstract A couple of results on the odd-primary Adams 2-line elements are recorded here: First, the odd-primary Kervaire invariant one element θ j ∈ π s qp j +1 −2 ( S 0 ) is shown not to factor through the double transfer unless j ≤2 (respectively j =0) when p =3 (respectively p ≥5). Second, the odd-primary η j element is shown to have (a nonzero multiple of) β 1 as its James–Hopf invariant.
The Ratio Between Projected Area Diameter and Equivalent Diameter of Particulates in Pittsburgh Air

Abstract A horizontal elutriator was designed, fabricated, and calibrated with clouds of spherical polyvinyltoluene latex and styrene divinylbenzene particles. It was used to sample Pittsburgh air and deposit particles from 2.0 to 16 microns equivalent diameter on glass slides. By assuming a parabolic velocity profile between plates approaching infinite width, a theory of deposition was developed which agreed well with experimentally determined particle deposits. We measured deposited particle projected area diameter with a calibrated microscope reticle. The ratio between particle projected area diameter (d p) and equivalent diameter (d e) varied from 0.5 to 2.8 for almost all particles, but was as high as 6.5 in extraordinary cases. Stress is placed on the need for specifying d p or d e based on the applications of sizing data.
Jaw opening in novice and experienced classically trained singers.

Summary This study examined the amount of jaw opening used by two groups of singers, those with less than 4 years of training (novice) and those with more than 8 years of training (experienced) in the Western tradition of opera and art song. Movement of the jaw in the superior-inferior plane was measured with the use of a lightweight head-mounted cephalostat with a strain gauge. The subjects spoke and then sang a carrier phrase "I say b(v)p," where (v) was each of three vowels, [a], [i], and [u]. The phrase was first spoken with a natural inflection and then sung on a repeated pitch at three notes from the low, medium, and high singing voice range. There was no statistically significant difference in jaw opening between the two groups of singers. Vowel was significant for jaw opening in both groups, with [a] being produced with more jaw opening than [i] or [u]. The voicing condition was also significant for jaw opening with greater jaw opening being used as pitch increased. In general the amount of jaw opening was smallest for the low singing voice condition and greatest for the high singing voice condition. The jaw opening most typically was less in the low voice condition than in the speech condition and then increased for both the medium and high voice tasks. All but two singers used more jaw opening on the [a] vowel than the other two vowels at all voicing conditions.
Entropy-constrained predictive residual vector quantization

A major problem with a VQ based image compression scheme is its codebook search complexity. Recently, a new VQ scheme called predictive residual vector quantizer (PRVQ) was proposed which has a performance very close to that of the predictive vector quantizer (PVQ) with very low search complexity. This paper presents a new variable-rate VQ scheme called entropy-constrained PRVQ (EC-PRVQ), which is designed by imposing a constraint on the output entropy of the PRVQ. We emphasized the design of EC-PRVQ for bit rates ranging from 0.2 bpp to 1.00 bpp. This corresponds to the compression ratios of 8 through 40, which are likely to be used by most of the real life applications permitting lossy compression. The proposed EC-PRVQ is found to give a good rate-distortion performance and clearly outperforms the state-of-the-art image compression algorithms developed by Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG). The robustness of EC-PRVQ is demonstrated by encoding several test images taken from outside the training data. EC-PRVQ not only gives better performance than JPEG, at a manageable encoder complexity, but also retains the inherent simplicity of VQ decoder.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Condensation aerosol formation and growth in a laminar coaxial jet: experimental

Abstract An experimental laminar coaxial jet system for study of the dispersed properties of single and multicomponent condensation aerosols is described. Some phthalate ester experimental data obtained with this system are presented. These data are discussed by means of an approximate moment model for particle nucleation and growth. The model gives a correct qualitative description of the experimental results and helps to explain these and previous observations on the relation of the physicochemical properties of a condensing vapor to the characteristics of its aerosol.
The prevalence and use of the psychological–medical discourse in special education

Abstract Some students disrupt classrooms by shouting out, fidgeting, or running around. Others sit inattentively, glumly, or sullen. These are “difficult to teach” students. No doubt, they have always been present in schools and societies. The way we talk about troublesome to manage students, and hence the way we act toward them, has changed significantly from the origins of formal schooling to the present time. Today the dominant mode of representation is psychological–medical. Students are diagnosed as having a “learning disability,” “an educational handicap,” “attention deficit disorder (ADD), or “special needs.” These representations place the problem inside the child's mind or brain ( Hjorne, 2004 , Hjorne and Saljo, 2008 , Mehan et al., 1986 ). Current psychological–medical representations are supported by sophisticated measurement techniques such as IQ tests.
Temporal Stability in the Spectral Representation of Complex Fractionated Atrial Electrograms

Background: Although local electrograms during atrial fibrillation (AF) are often spectrally analyzed over 8-second (8s) intervals, changes may be common over intervals as short as 2s. We sought to determine whether averaged 2s measurements of electrogram spectral parameters were similar to 8s measurements, and whether the 2s intervals could provide an estimate of the temporal stability of the signal frequency content in paroxysmal versus persistent AF. Methods: Complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAEs) were acquired outside the pulmonary vein ostia and from free wall sites in nine paroxysmal and 10 longstanding persistent AF patients. Using a 2s sliding calculation window, a frequency spectrum was computed every 100 ms over an interval of 8.4 seconds (82 spectra in total). The dominant frequency (DF), the dominant amplitude (DA), and the mean spectral profile (MP) were measured. The 2s measurements were compared to single 8.4-second interval measurements. Coefficients of variation (COV) were computed from the 82 spectra for each CFAE recording to determine temporal variability of parameters. Results: Over the sliding 2s computation intervals, as for fixed 8.4-second computation intervals, mean DA and DF were significantly higher in longstanding persistent AF while MP was significantly higher in paroxysmal AF (P ≤ 0.001). The COV was significantly higher for the DF parameter in paroxysmal AF (P < 0.001) and significantly higher for the MP parameter in persistent AF (P < 0.02). Conclusions: For both paroxysmal and persistent AF data, the 2s sliding window averages provide similarresultstosingle8.4-secondintervals,andinformationregardingtemporalstabilitywasadditionally obtained in the process. (PACE 2014; 37:79‐89)
Hard faults diagnosis in analog circuits using sensitivity analysis

Sensitivity analysis is used to diagnose hard faults in analog circuits. Necessary and sufficient conditions are given to determine the suitability of a given parameter for diagnosis. It is also shown that if a parameter is not suitable then a functional variation of the parameter may be used for diagnosis. >
The measurement of nonverbal immediacy

(1979). The measurement of nonverbal immediacy. Journal of Applied Communication Research: Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 153-180.
Spinstand Measurement of Head Keeper Spacing in Perpendicular Recording

We have developed a method to measure HKS from the playback waveform from a specific recording pattern.In the current high-density perpendicular magnetic recording system, the head air-bearing surface (ABS) to soft under-layer (SUL) surface, or so called head keeper spacing (HKS) is one of the key parameters that affect both writer field strength as well as playback process. Here we describe the principle and procedure we used to infer HKS from measurement. The result on HKS using 1st and.3rd signal harmonics is discussed and rechecked with that using 1st and 5th harmonics. The effect of head surface potential change due to the HKS variation. As the head media spacing (HMS) and thus HKS is reduced with increased areal density, its impact on system performance will be more significant. Thus, the measurement of HKS is important.
Is a Priori Staging of Bilateral Lung Transplant the Optimal Surgical Approach for High-risk Patients With Interstitial Lung Disease?

s S31 agent has a potential benefit over standard calcineurin (CNI) based immunosuppression in that it avoids CNI nephrotoxicity. To our knowledge, available literature regarding the use of belatacept in lung transplantation is currently limited to one case study. Case Report: We report on a 64 year old female who underwent bilateral lung transplantation 2 years prior secondary to Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Current immunosuppression consisted of tacrolimus, sirolimus and prednisone. The patient presented to the acute care setting with decreased appetite, tiredness, shortness of breath and minimal epistaxis. Empiric antibiotics were initiated and a bronchoscopy showed alveolar hemorrhage. Of note, the patient also presented with acute kidney injury, thrombocytopenia, and confusion/lethargy. A peripheral smear showed the presence of schiztocytes, and a diagnosis of Thrombocytopenic Thrombotic Purpura / Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (TTP/HUS) was made. She received 5 sessions of therapeutic plasma exchange. At that time, her TTP/HUS was thought to be secondary to tacrolimus which was discontinued. Sirolimus was also stopped due to the uncertain nature of her alveolar hemorrhage. After extensive deliberation, this patient was started on belatacept every 2 weeks and ciprofloxacin for meningococcal prophylaxis. She could not be placed on cell cycle inhibitors due to leucopenia and existing bone marrow suppression. The patient’s platelet count, mental status and renal function eventually improved with plasma exchange, and she was discharged to a rehabilitation facility. A surveillance bronchoscopy performed 4 weeks after initiating belatacept was negative for acute rejection. Furthermore, donor specific antibodies remained negative at this time. Summary: In summary, we present the case of a lung transplant patient unable to tolerate CNI or mTOR based immunosuppression who is successfully maintained on the costimulatory antagonist belatacept at present. Belatacept may be considered in lung transplant recipients as an immunosuppressive agent of last resort for those unable to tolerate more conventional therapies, and further studies are needed to fully elucidate its utility in this population.
Coronary artery spasm after abrupt withdrawal of nitroglycerin in rabbits.

Abstract The potential for abrupt withdrawal of nitroglycerin (NTG) to create coronary artery spasm was assessed in New Zealand white rabbits. In the control setting, electrocardiograms were taken from 7 anesthetized rabbits. The administration of intravenous ergonovine did not provoke ST-segment shifts or arrhythmias. Two inches of topical NTG (2%) was applied 3 times daily to a shaved area on the back of each rabbit over a 6-week period. Forty hours after abrupt withdrawal of NTG, intravenous ergonovine and indomethacin were given. Six of 7 rabbits had electrocardiographic changes: ventricular tachycardia in 2, ventricular fibrillation in 1, and significant (1 mm or more) ST-segment shifts in 5 rabbits. Three rabbits died. Sixty-four hours after NTG administration the remaining 4 rabbits were reexamined. One had baseline electrocardiographic evidence of severe myocardial ischemia. Repeat ergonovine and indomethacin testing in the others revealed ventricular tachycardia progressing to asystole in 1, premature ventricular complexes in 1, and ST-segment elevation in another. Two of the remaining 4 rabbits died. Eighty-two hours after NTG administration the remaining 2 rabbits were found dead in their cages. Nitroblue tetrazolium studies revealed extensive myocardial infarction in both animals. Additional studies were performed in 10 normal rabbits. Neither ergonovine nor indomethacin induced ST-segment shifts or arrhythmias in this control population. It is concluded that abrupt withdrawal of NTG and subsequent administration of ergonovine and indomethacin created myocardial ischemia, ventricular arrhythmias and myocardial infarctions in these rabbits. The cause of these abnormalities is probably coronary artery spasm.
Spindle Assembly in Animal Cells

▪ Abstract Chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis is driven by a complex superstructure called the spindle. Microtubules are the primary structural component of spindles, and spindle assembly and function are intimately linked to the intrinsic dynamics of microtubules. This review summarizes spindle structure and highlights recent findings regarding the mechanisms and molecules involved in organizing microtubules into spindles. In addition, mechanisms for chromosome movement and segregation are discussed.
Role of Late Replication Timing in the Silencing of X-Linked Genes

Cytosine methylation at promoter regions and late replication timing have both been implicated in the regulation of genes subject to X chromosome inactivation. Reported here are studies of X-linked gene replication in normal male and female cells as well as in cell hybrids that contain either a normal active X, a normal inactive X, or an inactive X chromosome that has been treated with the demethylating agent, 5-azacytidine (5aC). The relationship between replication timing and transcriptional activity was examined for XIST, XPCT, PGK1, HPRT, F9, FMR1, IDS, and G6PD, and earlier replication was generally found to be associated with increased transcriptional activity. The HPRT and G6PD genes in an untreated inactive X hybrid were among the few exceptions to this correlation in that they remain inactive, yet replicate earlier than their inactive X alleles present in normal human diploid cells. This condition of earlier replication timing may contribute to the high rates of 5aC-induced reactivation for HPRT and G6PD in this hybrid relative to other inactive X hybrids. Other anomalous cases include 5aC-induced advances in replication time for genes such as XIST and F9 whose transcription was unaltered by treatment. These and other data support a model for regulation of X-inactivated genes that involves at least two levels of control: (i) large chromosomal domains are placed into a transcriptionally nonpermissive state by late replication and (ii) transcription is blocked at the local level by promoter methylation. In addition, our observations of continued XIST expression in 5aC-treated hybrids with reactivated genes indicates that such expression is not sufficient for the maintenance of X inactivation.
Neuromuscular modeling of spasticity in cerebral palsy

Data from the pendulum knee test has been used to develop two active models that use external torques to closely match the experimental knee trajectories of subjects with spasticity due to cerebral palsy. These data were collected from three subjects who are identical triplets; two of whom have clinically measurable spasticity. A passive model that accurately describes the knee trajectory of the nonspastic subject serves as the passive plant for two active models. One of these models allows direct application of external torques, and the second provides additional torque as the result of velocity feedback. Both active models and the passive model use separate parameters of stiffness and damping for the agonist and antagonist muscles.
Quantitative volumetric analysis of conventional MRI response in recurrent glioblastoma treated with bevacizumab.

Although the effects of bevacizumab on magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are well documented, to our knowledge, no studies have explicitly quantified the volumetric changes resulting from initial treatment, nor have there been studies examining the ability for volumetric changes in conventional MRI to predict progressionfree survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). In the current study, we retrospectively examined volumetric changes on conventional MRI scans in 84 patients with recurrent GBM. MRIs were obtained before (mean, 11 days) and after (mean, 42 days) treatment with bevacizumab. The volume of abnormal fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) signal intensity, the volume of contrast enhancement, and the ratio of the 2 were quantified for each patient before and after initial treatment. Results demonstrated that initial treatment with bevacizumab resulted in a significant decrease in both the volume of abnormal FLAIR signal and the volume of contrast enhancement. Initial, residual, and change in FLAIR volume were not predictive of PFS or OS. Initial contrast-enhancing volume was predictive of PFS but not OS. The pretreatment relative nonenhancing tumor ratio, defined as the ratio of FLAIR to contrast-enhancing volume, was found to be predictive of both PFS and OS.
Java interoperability in managed X10

The ability to smoothly interoperate with other programming languages is an essential feature to reduce the barriers to adoption for new languages such as X10. Compiler-supported interoperability between Managed X10 and Java was initially previewed in X10 version 2.2.2 and is now fully supported in X10 version 2.3. In this paper we describe and motivate the Java interoperability features of Managed X10. For calling Java from X10, external linkage for Java code is explained. For calling X10 from Java, the current implementation of Java code generation is explained.An unusual aspect of X10 is that, unlike most other JVM-hosted languages, X10 is also implemented via compilation to C++ (Native X10). The requirement to support multiple execution platforms results in unique challenges to the design of cross-language interoperability. In particular, we discovered that a single top exception type that covers all exception types from source and all target languages is needed as a native type of the source language for portable exception handling. This realization motivated both minor changes in the X10 language specification and an extensive redesign of the X10 core class library for X10 2.3.
Channel state awareness based transmission power adaptation for efficient TCP dynamics in wireless networks

Although the problem of mal-performance of TCP in the wireless scenario has been extensively addressed, an integrated solution has remained undeciphered. Conventionally, measures have been suggested to either adapt or shield TCP from non-congestion losses over the wireless channel. On the other hand, the issues of wireless channel compensation and error control for achieving a better quality channel, have been extensively studied too. Recent efforts to investigate joint approaches do not model TCP dynamics over wireless channel, but study the impact of power control and link layer error correction mechanisms in relation to standard TCP throughput models. In this work, we propose and evaluate transmission power adaptation as an integrated solution to mal-performance of TCP in wireless networks. The congestion control dynamics of bulk-transfer TCP flow are modeled for the wireless channel, and an optimization framework is delineated. Based on dynamic programming solutions and low-complexity heuristics, adaptive power control measures are suggested and analyzed for their merit. Via simulations, we demonstrate that suitable power adaptation can lead to a considerable improvement in TCP throughput for slow and fast fading channels.
Variable structure controller design for spacecraft nutation damping

Variable structure systems theory is used to design an automatic controller for active nutation damping in momentum biased stabilized spacecraft. Robust feedback stabilization of roll and yaw angular dynamics is achieved with prescribed qualitative characteristics which are totally independent of the spacecraft defining parameters.
Changes in the coordination of hip and pelvis kinematics with mode of locomotion.

Limited hip extension mobility has been proposed as a possible cause of both increased anterior pelvic tilt and subsequent exaggerated lumbar lordosis during walking and running. The purpose of the present study was to examine the coordinated sagittal plane kinematic patterns of the hip and pelvis during walking and running in a substantial group of adult recreational runners. The kinematics of 73 healthy adult runners (age: 34 ± 11 years) were examined on an instrumented treadmill at self-selected walking and running speeds using a three-dimensional motion capture system. Although stride length increased considerably from walking to running, the range of hip extension utilized during running was not significantly greater than that during walking. Thigh extension and anterior pelvic tilt were significantly greater during running than walking. Also, a significant positive correlation was found between hip extension and anterior pelvic tilt during both walking and running, indicating that anterior pelvic tilt was greater in subjects that displayed reduced utilized peak hip extension. Thus, compensations for the increased stride length during running seem to occur at the pelvis, and presumably in the lumbar spine, rather than at the hip. Considering the association between anterior pelvic tilt and lumbar lordosis, the present findings may have clinical relevance regarding the prevention and treatment of hamstring injuries and of injuries to the lumbar spine.
Chronic Ethanol Exposure Increases the Binding of HuR to the TNFα 3′-Untranslated Region in Macrophages

Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) expression is a key mediator of ethanol-induced liver disease. Increased lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated TNFα expression in macrophages after chronic ethanol feeding is associated with a stabilization of TNFα mRNA (Kishore, R., McMullen, M. R., and Nagy, L. E. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 41930–41937). Here we show that the 3′-UTR of murine TNFα mRNA was sufficient to mediate increased LPS-stimulated expression of a luciferase reporter in RAW 264.7 macrophages after chronic ethanol exposure. Further, we show that HuR, a nuclear/cytoplasmic shuttling protein, which binds to TNFα mRNA, is required for increased expression of TNFα after chronic ethanol. In Kupffer cells, HuR was primarily localized to the nucleus and then translocated to the cytosol in response to LPS in both pair- and ethanol-fed rats. After chronic ethanol feeding, HuR quantity in the cytosol was greater, both at baseline and in response to LPS, compared with pair-fed controls. Using RNA gel shift assays, we found that LPS treatment increased HuR binding to the 65-nucleotide A + U-rich element of the TNFα 3′-UTR by 2-fold over baseline in Kupffer cells from pair-fed rats. After chronic ethanol feeding, HuR binding to the TNFα A + U-rich element was increased by more than 5-fold at baseline and in response to LPS, compared with pair-fed controls. Down-regulation of HuR expression by RNA interference prevented the chronic ethanol-induced increase in expression of luciferase reporters containing the TNFα 3′-UTR. Taken together, these data demonstrate that increased binding of HuR to the TNFα 3′-UTR contributes to increased LPS-stimulated TNFα expression in macrophages after chronic ethanol exposure.
Regulation of phosphate metabolism in Neurospora crassa: identification of the structural gene for repressible acid phosphatase.

A mutant of Neurospora crassa with an altered repressible acid phosphatase has been isolated. The enzyme is much more thermolabile than that of wild type, and has an increased Michaelis constant. Tests of allelic interactions (in partial diploids) and in vitro mixing experiments were consistent with the mutation being in the structural gene for the enzyme. This gene, pho-3, was found to be located in the right arm of Linkage Group IV (LG IV). Thus, pho-3 and the structural gene for repressible alkaline phosphatase, pho-2 (LG V), map in separate linkage groups and cannot be part of the same operon. Neither of these structural genes is linked to the known regulatory genes, nuc-1 (LG I), nuc-2 (LG II), and preg (LG II).
Nonintegrating Foamy Virus Vectors

Foamy viruses (FVs), or spumaviruses, are integrating retroviruses that have been developed as vectors. Here we generated nonintegrating foamy virus (NIFV) vectors by introducing point mutations into the highly conserved DD35E catalytic core motif of the foamy virus integrase sequence. NIFV vectors produced high-titer stocks, transduced dividing cells, and did not integrate. Cells infected with NIFV vectors contained episomal vector genomes that consisted of linear, 1-long-terminal-repeat (1-LTR), and 2-LTR circular DNAs. These episomes expressed transgenes, were stable, and became progressively diluted in the dividing cell population. 1-LTR circles but not 2-LTR circles were found in all vector stocks prior to infection. Residual integration of NIFV vectors occurred at a frequency 4 logs lower than that of integrase-proficient FV vectors. Cre recombinase expressed from a NIFV vector mediated excision of both an integrated, floxed FV vector and a gene-targeted neo expression cassette, demonstrating the utility of these episomal vectors. The broad host range and large packaging capacity of NIFV vectors should make them useful for a variety of applications requiring transient gene expression.
Advocacy by Nonprofits: Roles and Practices of Core Advocacy Organizations and Direct Service Agencies

Advocacy in its many forms, whether outright lobbying or more indirect education and agenda-setting, is an important activity for nonprofit organizations in the United States. Thus understanding the definitions of nonprofit advocacy, the prevalence of advocacy among nonprofits, and the organizational characteristics that influence advocacy participation is important. Most advocacy by nonprofits is conducted by organizations with a core mission of advocacy. However, organizations focused on direct service can also play an important role in advocacy, though they face special challenges in practicing advocacy as a secondary organizational function. Areas for future research are also identified in this literature review.
CHIRAL INVARIANCE AND ELECTROWEAK INTERACTIONS OF PIONS AND KAONS

Electroweak interactions of pions and kaons are studied in the context of chiral perturbation theory. We demonstrate that the effective Lagrangian framework allows a consistent and predictive picture of such processes as well as a succinct way in which to represent the many previous studies of these reactions which have been performed using chiral models.
Prefoldin 6 is required for normal microtubule dynamics and organization in Arabidopsis

Newly translated tubulin molecules undergo a series of complex interactions with nascent chain-binding chaperones, including prefoldin (PFD) and chaperonin-containing TCP-1 (CCT). By screening for oryzalin hypersensitivity, we identified several mutants of Arabidopsis that have lesions in PFD subunits. The pfd6–1 mutant exhibits a range of microtubule defects, including hypersensitivity to oryzalin, defects in cell division, cortical array organization, and microtubule dynamicity. Consistent with phenotypic analysis, proteomic analysis indicates several isoforms of tubulins were reduced in pfd6–1. These results support the concept that the function of microtubules is critically dependent on the absolute amount of tubulins.
Herbert Simon. Artificial intelligence as a framework for understanding intuition

Abstract Herbert Simon made overlapping substantive contributions to the fields of economics, psychology, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, decision theory, and organization theory. Simon’s work was motivated by the belief that neither the human mind, human thinking and decision making, nor human creativity need be mysterious. It was after he helped create “thinking” machines that Simon came to understand human intuition as subconscious pattern recognition. In doing so he showed that intuition need not be associated with magic and mysticism, and that it is complementary with analytical thinking. This paper will show how the overlaps in his work and especially his work on AI affected his view towards intuition.
Intrauterine Environment and Breast Cancer Risk in Women: A Population-Based Study

Background: The established risk factors for female breast cancer, including nulliparity, age at first birth, age at menarche, and age at menopause, do not adequately explain the occurrence pattern of this cancer. Therefore, additional factors need to be considered to advance our understanding of the causes of breast cancer. Evidence obtained from animals and humans indicates that the perinatal period may be particularly important. Our earlier studies, based on a subsample of the present investigation, suggested that factors thought to be positively associated with estrogen levels during pregnancy are positively associated with breast cancer risk. However, the associated confidence intervals (CIs) were generally wide, indicating considerable variability in the data. Purpose: We studied a large number of incident breast cancer case patients and evaluated several perinatal variables in relation to breast cancer risk. These variables included some not previously studied, such as gestational age and neonatal jaundice. We also investigated twin membership as a predictor variable and death from breast cancer, in addition to occurrence of breast cancer, as an alternative outcome variable. Methods: Birth records for all deliveries at five different hospitals in Sweden during the period from 1874 through 1961 were used to define a large cohort of women. Incident case patients with breast cancer in this cohort were ascertained through the National Cancer Registry or the Uppsala Regional Cancer Registry from 1958 through 1994. In a case-control study nested in the cohort, we abstracted data from birth records on 1068 women with incident breast cancer and on 2727 control subjects individually matched to the case patients on date of birth. We modeled the data through conditional logistic regression. All P values were derived from two-sided statistical tests. Results: We found a markedly reduced risk for breast cancer in women whose mothers had pregnancy toxemia (odds ratio [OR] = 0.41; 95% CI = 0.22-0.79) and an excess risk on women who had neonatal jaundice (OR = 2.16; 95% CI = 1.27-3.67) or who were born before 33 weeks of gestation (OR = 3.96; 95% CI = 1.45-10.81). Compared with the risk for breast cancer in the singleton, the risk for breast cancer in dizygotic twins was increased, although this increase was not statistically significant (OR = 1.72; 95% CI = 0.92-3.20). There was no evidence in these data for a statistically significant or substantial association of breast cancer risk with birth size indicators (i.e., weight and length at birth and placental weight). Conclusion and Implications: Because pregnancy toxemia is associated with low levels of estrogens and neonatal jaundice, severe prematurity, and dizygotic twins with high levels of estrogens, our findings suggest that estrogens and other hormonal factors, known to influence breast cancer risk in the adult, may also play a critical role during the intrauterine period.
Extension of a perturbation-expansion method to strong-interaction boundary-layer problems, with application to vorticity interaction

Eine Methode der Storungs-Entwicklungen wird modifiziert, um die Behandlung einer Klasse von Grenzschichtproblemen mit starker Wechselwirkung zu ermoglichen. Es wird fur eine vereinfachte Hyperschallstromung um einen stumpfen Korper die Wirkung der Rotation in der freien Stromung auf die Grenzschicht untersucht. Die Wechselwirkungstheorie von Hayes ergibt sich als erste Naherung in dieser Systematik. Die Theorie von Hayes wird auch mit anderen Resultaten von asymptotischen Entwicklungen in Beziehung gebracht, die in dieser Arbeit dargelegt werden.
Is Early Vision Optimized for Extracting Higher-order Dependencies?

Linear implementations of the efficient coding hypothesis, such as independent component analysis (ICA) and sparse coding models, have provided functional explanations for properties of simple cells in V1 [1,2]. These models, however, ignore the non-linear behavior of neurons and fail to match individual and population properties of neural receptive fields in subtle but important ways. Hierarchical models, including Gaussian Scale Mixtures [3, 4] and other generative statistical models [5, 6], can capture higher-order regularities in natural images and explain nonlinear aspects of neural processing such as normalization and context effects [6,7]. Previously, it had been assumed that the lower level representation is independent of the hierarchy, and had been fixed when training these models. Here we examine the optimal lower-level representations derived in the context of a hierarchical model and find that the resulting representations are strikingly different from those based on linear models. Unlike the the basis functions and filters learned by ICA or sparse coding, these functions individually more closely resemble simple cell receptive fields and collectively span a broad range of spatial scales. Our work unifies several related approaches and observations about natural image structure and suggests that hierarchical models might yield better representations of image structure throughout the hierarchy.
Aerosol Optical Depth over Oceans: High Space- and Time-Resolution Retrieval and Error Budget from Satellite Radiometry

A method to retrieve aerosol vertical optical depth at 0.64 mm from satellite observations of cloud-free scenes over oceans with high spatial resolution (;18) and instantaneous temporal resolution is described and evaluated. The observed radiance is treated as the linear sum of contributions to path radiance by different scattering processes in the atmosphere‐ocean system. This treatment allows examination of errors in the retrieved vertical aerosol optical depth contributed by each process and approximation. Random error in retrieved aerosol optical depth is typically 0.03. The systematic error due to absolute calibration uncertainty in the measured radiance is 0.01. The largest errors and biases are due to radiative transfer approximations (122%) and assumptions regarding aerosol microphysical and optical properties (220%). The latter errors, which are due to the optical properties (e.g., phase function), vary systematically with latitude and season because of the variation of the mean observing geometry. This method is applied to Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer global area coverage data, and example maps of aerosol optical depth are presented for specific dates in July and October 1986. The aerosol optical depth derived from the satellite data is suitable for examining large aerosol signatures by instantaneous comparison of the amplitude and location of aerosol plumes with model predictions based on meteorological conditions at and preceding the time of observation.
Skeletal Muscle Changes in Hypothyroidism

This chapter reviews hypothyroidism-induced structural and functional plasticity of motor units. Iodine deficiency and other alterations in iodine metabolism can lead to hypothyroidism. Motor unit and muscle fiber type classification is critical when considering plasticity. With hypothyroidism, motoneurons display decreased soma and axon diameter, which may increase their excitability and reduce conduction velocity. Neuromuscular junctions at type I and IIa fibers display reduced size and complexity (classification based on myosin heavy chain (MHC) expression), which improves their ability to maintain neuromuscular transmission. The cross-sectional area (CSA) of type I and IIa fibers is either maintained or increased, whereas that of type IIx and/or type IIb fibers decreases. Expression of MHC isoforms is altered in hypothyroid muscles, with increased expression of MHC Σλοφ and reduced expression of MHC −Χ and MHC −Β . In fact, MHC content per half-sarcomere decreases at fibers expressing MHC −Χ and/or MHC −Β , reflecting fewer myosin cross-bridges available for force generation. Taken together, these changes result in reduced maximum force. The force generated per myosin cross-bridge is maintained, indicating that hypothyroidism does not impair cross-bridge force generation. Across fiber types, myosin cross-bridge cycling rates are reduced, as reflected by the markedly slower maximum velocity of shortening, rate constant for force redevelopment and ATP consumption rates.
Therapeutic plasma exchange for hypertriglyceridemia induced pancreatitis: A rapid and practical approach

Abstract Objectives Acute hypertriglyceridemia induced pancreatitis (HTP) presents with a more severe clinical course compared to other etiologies of pancreatitis. Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is a potential treatment option for lowering plasma triglycerides and possibly decreasing morbidity and mortality. However, clinical data regarding its effectiveness are limited. Methods We retrospectively examined the clinical data and outcomes of 13 consecutive episodes of HTP in which TPE was employed to reduce plasma triglycerides during a 15-month period. Results The TPE was initiated at a median of 19 hours from the time of presentation. We performed 1.2–1.5 volume TPEs with 5% albumin as the replacement fluid. After only one TPE procedure, the mean plasma triglycerides values decreased from 2993 mg/dl to 487 mg/dl with a reduction of 84%. All 13 patients survived with a mean length of hospital stay of 9.5 days. There were no complications related to TPE. Conclusions One TPE procedure is an effective method for reducing plasma triglycerides and possibly decreases the length of hospital stay in patients admitted with HTP.
Blinatumomab: A New Treatment for Adults With Relapsed Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia.

Background Patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) often experience relapse of their disease following standard treatment. Blinatumomab (Blincyto®) is a newly approved option for inducing remission in individuals with relapsed or refractory Philadelphia chromosome-negative B-cell ALL. Objectives This article provides an overview of blinatumomab, its benefits demonstrated in clinical trials, adverse effects, administration details, and the role of the oncology nurse in caring for and educating patients who receive blinatumomab. Methods This article summarizes the results of two phase II studies on blinatumomab and provides practice implications for nurses caring for patients receiving this therapy. Findings Attentive symptom monitoring and management are crucial. Individuals who achieve remission from blinatumomab can then be considered for stem cell transplantation and a chance for cure.
Multi-label classification using conditional dependency networks

In this paper, we tackle the challenges of multilabel classification by developing a general conditional dependency network model. The proposed model is a cyclic directed graphical model, which provides an intuitive representation for the dependencies among multiple label variables, and a well integrated framework for efficient model training using binary classifiers and label predictions using Gibbs sampling inference. Our experiments show the proposed conditional model can effectively exploit the label dependency to improve multilabel classification performance.