cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Harvey M. Wagner

The second wave of researchers and practitioners in operations research (OR)—roughly speaking, those born in the mid-1920s through the mid-1930s—consisted of graduates of academic programs that included some courses in the principles of OR. Typically, they specialized in mathematics or statistics or economics, but were also exposed to OR topics that had filtered into academic programs, especially linear programming (LP), inventory management, and simulation. Harvey Wagner’s entry into OR followed this path, augmented by a long-term arrangement as an OR advisor to a major management consulting firm. Harvey then proceeded to make important contributions to LP, inventory theory, and management consulting. He wrote a pioneering text in OR, Principles of Operations Research with Applications to Managerial Decision (1969), for which he received the 1969 Operations Research Society of America (ORSA) Lanchester Prize for the best publication in OR.
A Computer Visualization Teachware for Evaluating the Performance of Control System

Computer visualization is an extremely useful tool for conveying engineering concepts to technical as well as non-technical audiences. Real-Time Simulation and Animation (RTSA) is a software that has proven to be very effective in presenting concepts of dynamic control systems in instructional and research laboratories. The unique feature of this recently developed software is that it graphically animates the physical motion of the control system being evaluated, instead of merely performing numerical simulation and displaying plots of the simulated results. With suitable hardware and programming, these tasks can all be accomplished in real-time, giving the visual impact of happening "live". RTSA has been successfully developed and used at Oakland University to provide an interactive computer-based learning experience for control engineering students. It enhances the control curriculum in the following ways: It provides an effective method for introducing applications and concepts of control engineering in real-world systems, and it challenges students to analyze, design and modify the control systems using the interactive features of RTSA software. Instant gratification in seeing control theory successfully applied and better understanding of control concepts have led to the wide acceptance of the RTSA by students. This paper describes the details of how one such RTSA software, entitled "Auto-Tracking Control of a Heat-Seeking Missile," becomes a hit as a laboratory teachware among the students.
An infinite series of Kronecker conjugate polynomials

Let K be a field of characteristic 0, t a transcendental over K, and Ir be the absolute Galois group of K(t). Then two non-constant polynomials f, g E K[X] are said to be Kronecker conjugate if an element of F fixes a root of f (X) t if and only if it fixes a root of g(X) t. If K is a number field, and f, g E OK [X] where OK is the ring of integers of K, then f and g are Kronecker conjugate if and only if the value set f((OK) equals g(OK) modulo all but finitely many non-zero prime ideals of O9K. In 1968 H. Davenport suggested the study of this latter arithmetic property. The main progress is due to M. Fried, who showed that under certain assumptions the polynomials f and g differ by a linear substitution. Further, he found non-trivial examples where Kronecker conjugacy holds. Until now there were only finitely many known such examples. This paper provides the first infinite series. The main part of the construction is group theoretic.
Ties that bind: A case study of the link between employers, families, and health benefits

Most US residents receive health benefits from their employer. Groups of employees and their families are therefore the basis for health care financing. Health care costs rose dramatically during the 1980s and employers looked for ways to control them. One approach is to control the size of the group provided health benefits by an employer. This paper uses a demographic perspective to explore the determinants of change in an employer's group. It examines the linkages among employer policies, employee turnover, and family dynamics. How much control does an employer have over group size? We identify the relative contributions of employment and demographic processes to changing group size. We use a decomposition technique based on matching individual records between consecutive years. We apply this technique to a case study of the health benefits group consisting of General Motors salaried employees and their families. We find that employers face limits to the control that they can exert over the size of the health benefits group associated with their active workforce. Demo- graphic processes unrelated to employee turnover or transfers to layoff or retirement accounted for a large portion of the population change in the case study.
The Gateway Computational Web Portal: Developing Web Services for High Performance Computing

We describe the Gateway computational web portal, which follows a traditional three-tiered approach to portal design. Gateway provides a simplified, ubiquitously available user interface to high performance computing and related resources. This approach, while successful for straightforward applications, has limitations that make it difficult to support loosely federated, interoperable web portal systems. We examine the emerging standards in the so-called web services approach to business-to-business electronic commerce for possible solutions to these shortcomings and outline topics of research in the emerging area of computational grid web services.
Statistical Analysis Methodology for Controller Robustness

A new statistical methodology is proposed to analyze feedback controllers for certain time domain robustness properties. This analysis technique uses bounds on the covariance matrix of the inputs, outputs, and state variables. An example for the robust control of a nonlinear chemical reactor is presented to demonstrate the advantages of the new analysis techniques.
Der verschwundene Bote Metaphern und Modelle der Kommunikation

An einem komplexen Wirtschaftssystem und einem Modell dieses Systems wird erkennbar, was Modelle fur uns leisten konnen. Unsere Fahigkeit, mit dem Wirtschaftssystem experimentieren und von den Folgen dieser Experimente lernen zu konnen, ist stets auf das beschrankt, was seine Teilnehmer — Produzenten, Verbraucher, Geschaftsleute, Bankiers, Okonomen, Politiker — zu dulden bereit waren. Mit einem Computer-Modell solch eines Systems ware man nicht nur in der Lage, sehr viel mehr Daten zu erfassen, als ein Mensch jemals konnte, sondern auch sehr viel freier mit dem System spielen zu konnen, ohne dabei dessen Teilnehmer zu gefahrden. Mit Hilfe eines Computer-Modells kann man offensichtlich die kuhnsten wirtschaftspolitischen Strategien durchspielen; man kann Faktoren einfugen, um Krisenpunkte aufzuspuren oder Revolutionen zu berechnen; man kann Veranderungen viele Jahre vor ihrem Eintreffen studieren; man kann die Lebensfahigkeit moglicher Wirklichkeiten testen und vieles andere mehr. Modelle konnen uns helfen zu verstehen, was das Modellierte uns verschweigt.
64 GHz and 100 GHz VCOs in 90 nm CMOS using optimum pumping method

A method to optimally pump energy from the transistors to the passive network is presented for the design of integrated 64 GHz and 100 GHz VCOs in 90 nm CMOS. The VCOs use an on-die distributed network, draw /spl sim/25 mA from a 1 V supply and produce oscillations with 0.4 Vp-p amplitudes. Phase noise is <-110 dBc/Hz at 10 MHz offset, and VCO gain is 2 GHz/V.
Intracellular Production of Brucella L Forms II. Induction and Survival of Brucella abortus L Forms in Tissue Culture

Abstract Hatten, Betty A. (The University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas), and S. Edward Sulkin. Intracellular production of Brucella L forms. II. Induction and survival of Brucella abortus L forms in tissue culture. J. Bacteriol. 91:14–20. 1966.—Intracellular survival of altered brucellae, possibly L forms, was not greatly affected by penicillin or streptomycin in concentrations ranging from 5.0 to 40 μg/ml, but a combination of these two antibiotics (2.5 to 20 μg/ml each) reduced the number of positive L-form cultures. Tetracycline (2.0 μg/ml) decreased the number of positive L-form cultures at about the same rate as combinations of the higher concentrations of penicillin and streptomycin. Various concentrations of tetracycline (0.1 to 2.0 μg/ml) with 5.0 μg/ml of penicillin or streptomycin significantly reduced the number of positive L-form cultures. L forms were recovered for several days after elimination of bacteria from the cultures by all of the antibiotics tested. L-form production was not dependent upon the presence of antibiotics in the culture medium, but they were recovered in greater numbers when bacteria were still present in the hamster kidney cells. Addition of thallium acetate to infected cells (at varying intervals of time after infection) to control bacterial growth and conversion to the L phase during cellular disintegration decreased the number of positive L-form cultures obtained over a 10-day period. Comparison of the antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria recovered from infected tissue culture cells with the stock strain of Brucella abortus indicated that some resistance to penicillin and tetracycline had developed. A marked resistance to streptomycin was observed in those bacteria recovered from cells maintained in the presence of this antibiotic.
Effect of selective phosphodiesterase inhibitors on response of ovine pulmonary arteries to prostaglandin E2

Gao, Yuansheng, Jean-Francois Tolsa, Hai Shen, and J. Usha Raj. Effect of selective phosphodiesterase inhibitors on response of ovine pulmonary arteries to prostaglandin E2. J. Appl. Physiol. 84(1)...
High-risk teen compliance with prescription contraception: an analysis of Ohio Medicaid claims.

Abstract Study Objective: This study examines utilization of and compliance with prescription contraception by adolescents. Design: Retrospective cohort analysis of billing and pharmacy claims. Setting: Ohio Medicaid fee-for-service enrollees. Participants: Claims data of 12- to 19-year-olds identified at high risk for pregnancy by sexually related service billing or procedure code. Main Outcome Measure: Prescription contraception use and compliance patterns were examined over a 12-month study period. Results: During a 6-month enrollment period, 3338 females were identified at risk for pregnancy. Over one-fourth (920) became pregnant. Across the 12-month follow-up, 40% (1328) used no prescription contraception and 33% (1090) used some prescribed contraceptive. Most teens used injectable medroxyprogesterone (517) or oral contraceptive pills (492). About 20% of those using any type of prescribed contraceptive were compliant for the full year; less than 30% used a method for 3 months or less. Whites were more compliant with contraception than nonwhites. Younger age and concurrent mental health condition were also predictors of noncompliance. Conclusions: Teens at risk for pregnancy demonstrated poor compliance with prescribed contraceptives. Billing/pharmacy claims analysis is a useful tool for identifying teens at risk for pregnancy in order to target and evaluate interventions or to benchmark care provided to adolescents.
Spray combustion simulation

A review is given of single-droplet vaporization models for spray combustion studies. Formulations and numerical methods for the analysis and solution of the two-phase vaporizing and reacting spray problem are discussed. Both one-dimensional and axisymmetric geometries, with and without unsteadiness, are evaluated. Ignition and flame propagation, polydisperse and monodisperse size distributions, resolution on scales smaller than droplet spacing versus coarser resolution, and computer efficiency versus accuracy are considered.
Lie Group Structures on Quotient Groups and Universal Complexifications for Infinite-Dimensional Lie Groups

We characterize the existence of Lie group structures on quotient groups and the existence of universal complexifications for the class of Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff (BCH–) Lie groups, which subsumes all Banach–Lie groups and “linear” direct limit Lie groups, as well as the mapping groups CKr(M,G)≔{γ∈Cr(M,G) : γ∣M\K=1}, for every BCH–Lie group G, second countable finite-dimensional smooth manifold M, compact subset K of M, and 0⩽r⩽∞. Also the corresponding test function groups Dr(M,G)=⋃KCKr(M,G) are BCH–Lie groups.
Complexation differences between lanthanide nitrates from spectroscopic measurements in water

Abstract Spectroscopic measurements on 0.2001 M europium(III) solutions deviate from Beer's Law as nitrate is added. Both EuNO 3 2+ and Eu(NO 3 ) 2 + form between 15 and 37 °C, with the respective formation constants of 5.72 and 1.78 at I = 3.0 (NaClO 4 ) and 25 °C. These results differ from the Er 3+ -NO 3 − system, where only the monocomplex is stable. The enthalpies and entropies of the two europium complexes are similar to each other and also to the ErNO 3 2+ complex. At 25 °C, only NdNO 3 2+ forms with K 1 = 0.944.
An empirical evaluation of process alternatives for developing strategic information

Abstract Strategic data bases (SDB) were prescribed by King and Cleland as the most practically useful way in which salient information could be incorporated into strategic planning processes. Critical success factors are one of several kinds of such strategic data bases, as are carefully-developed concise strength and weakness assessments. While the notion has great face validity, it has not been subjected to stringent empirical assessment. One such assessment is reported on here with the result that the SDB approach gives evidence of being useful and effective.
Likelihood ratio tests involving a bivariate trend in two-factor designs: the level probabilities

Two-factor experiments in which both factors are ordinal are considered. If it is believed apriorithat the mean response is nondecreasing in each factor with the other held fixed, then one may test for a treatment effect by testing homogeneitywith the appropriate ordered alternative. However, if this ordering were in question, one might test it as the null hypothesis. The likelihood ratio tests for both of these situations have been developed, but the level probabilities needed to implement these tests have only been determined in a few special cases. Monte Carlo estimates of the level probabilities are given here for balanced designs with no more than nine levels on each factor. These level probabilities are also useful when testing these hypotheses in one-parameter exponential families and when testing hypotheses involving a bivariate stochastic ordering. Monte Carlo estimates of the constants which are needed to estimate certain powers in these two-factor experiments are also given.
Facial Expression Analysis for Estimating Pain in Clinical Settings

Pain assessment is vital for effective pain management in clinical settings. It is generally obtained via patient's self-report or observer's assessment. Both of these approaches suffer from several drawbacks such as unavailability of self-report, idiosyncratic use and observer bias. This work aims at developing automated machine learning based approaches for estimating pain in clinical settings. We propose to use facial expression information to accomplish current goals since previous studies have demonstrated consistency between facial behavior and experienced pain. Moreover, with recent advances in computer vision it is possible to design algorithms for identifying spontaneous expressions such as pain in more naturalistic conditions. Our focus is towards designing robust computer vision models for estimating pain in videos containing patient's facial behavior. In this regard we discuss different research problem, technical approaches and challenges that needs to be addressed. In this work we particularly highlight the problem of predicting self-report measures of pain intensity since this problem is not only more challenging but also received less attention. We also discuss our efforts towards collecting an in-situ pediatric pain dataset for validating these approaches. We conclude the paper by presenting some results on both UNBC Mc-Master Pain dataset and pediatric pain dataset.
Toxicogenomic analysis of exposure to TCDD, PCB126 and PCB153: identification of genomic biomarkers of exposure to AhR ligands

Two year cancer bioassays conducted by the National Toxicology Program have shown chronic exposure to dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) to lead to the development of both neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions in the hepatic tissue of female Sprague Dawley rats. Most, if not all, of the hepatotoxic effects induced by DLC's are believed to involve the binding and activation of the transcription factor, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Toxicogenomics was implemented to identify genomic responses that may be contributing to the development of hepatotoxicity in rats. Through comparative analysis of time-course microarray data, unique hepatic gene expression signatures were identified for the DLCs, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) (100 ng/kg/day) and 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126) (1000 ng/kg/day) and the non-DLC 2,2',4,4',5,5',-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB153) (1000 μg/kg/day). A common time independent signature of 41 AhR genomic biomarkers was identified which exhibited at least a 2-fold change in expression following subchronic (13-wk) and chronic (52-wk) p.o. exposure to TCDD and PCB126, but not the non DLC, PCB153. Real time qPCR analysis validated that 30 of these genes also exhibited at least a 2-fold change in hepatic expression at 24 hr following a single exposure to TCDD (5 μg/kg, po). Phenotypic anchoring was conducted which identified forty-six genes that were differently expressed both following chronic p.o. exposure to DLCs and in previously reported studies of cholangiocarcinoma or hepatocellular adenoma. Together these analyses provide a comprehensive description of the genomic responses which occur in rat hepatic tissue with exposure to AhR ligands and will help to isolate those genomic responses which are contributing to the hepatotoxicity observed with exposure to DLCs. In addition, the time independent gene expression signature of the AhR ligands may assist in identifying other agents with the potential to elicit dioxin-like hepatotoxic responses.
The perceived strength of an implied contract: Can it withstand financial temptation?

Abstract A time-frame paradigm is applied to investigate the effect of financial incentives on the decision to complete an implied contract. This paradigm has two advantages: (1) prior costs/benefits and incremental costs/benefits are considered separately so that their effects can be assessed systematically, and (2) decision strategies of individual subjects can be identified by looking at behavior patterns across various cases. Business students who had been exposed repeatedly to the concept of differential costs were asked to decide about four versions of a summer-work problem. Subjects were to assume that they had agreed to perform a summer job. Part way through, an alternative job becomes available. Subjects had to decide whether to complete the original job or switch to the alternative. The four versions varied in the costs/benefits for completing or failing to complete the job. The results of Experiments 1 through 3 revealed: first, a strong propensity to continue (over 80% continue decisions) across all versions; second, most students were consistent with a strong momentum (always continue) strategy; third, commitment was rated as the most important reason for continuing; and fourth, the results generalized for three groups of business students varying in background and sophistication at three universities. Experiments 4 and 5 revealed, first, that including a financial statement led to more logical behavior and, second, that the results were not due to computational errors by subjects. These findings suggest that business students have a schema for recognizing differential costs, but that this schema was not evoked in the original studies. The results have implications for the effects on decision making of (a) allocation of resources with implied contracts, (b) personal commitment, (c) individual differences, and (d) generalizability of results.
Performance-based testing of chemical stabilizers

Chemical stabilizing agents have been introduced that have performed in field applications to improve the behavior of earth materials. The same agents and materials subjected to standardized laboratory tests have often resulted in no improvement. For example, the tests often require pulverization of materials to finer states than are needed in the field or may require remolding when field applications are done in situ, as with injection applications. Some of the physical tests do not place treated materials in a situation resembling conditions in the field, yet they are applied to determine the use of these agents. The experiences of the author in developing performance-based testing of chemical stabilizers that better simulate field conditions are described. The situations include a physical erosion test to determine dispersion of clays that have been treated, two swell test preparation sequences simulating injection of chemicals into clays, a wet-dry test sample preparation using field gradation specifi...
Formation of a metastable crystalline phase during ion irradiation of spinel

We have examined the radiation resistance of magnesio-aluminate spinel by irradiating single crystals of MgAl{sub 2}O{sub 4} with 400 keV Xe++ions at 100 K. At low irradiation doses, the material transformed into a metastable crystalline phase with half the lattice spacing of the original crystal. Electron diffraction analysis revealed that this structural change can be explained in terms of the redistribution of cations among octahedral, tetrahedral, and three- fold coordinated interstitial sites of the close-packed anion lattice. Corresponding to this transformation, the hardness and elastic modulus increased with dose to values about 10% greater than those of unirradiated spinel. We believe that the formation of this metastable phase plays an important role in determining the radiation resistance of spinel.
BARNARD'S COOPERATIVE SYSTEMS AND THE POWER OF THE COWORKER EFFECT

Barnard was acutely aware of the social factors present in organizations and their influence on the effectiveness of organizations. He realized that cooperation, and more specifically that systems of cooperation, were a critical, essential element of effective organizational functioning. This paper extends Barnard’s conception of cooperative systems into what we call the coworker effect. The coworker effect is as an important factor linking positive individual behavior with the broader social context of the work group. In this article we will discuss the outcomes of the coworker effect and the sources that give it its power. In so doing, we can show how cooperative systems behaviorally impact on organizations and how organizations might be able to marshal this important resource more effectively.
Thermal Properties of Some Dairy Products

Abstract Only a few thermal properties of dairy products have been published probably for two reasons. Dairy products have been produced for hundreds of years by processes which developed from the accumulation of practice, all without knowledge of the thermal properties. Also, with the advent of more sophisticated machines, the machine designer, faced with a need for thermal data, secured as adequate data as was needed, as quickly as possible, and then filed that data away as proprietary information and did not publish it. Only recently have a few researchers worked in this area and published their results.
Marine shelf habitat: biogeography and evolution

We synthesize the evolutionary implications of recent advances in the fields of phylogeography, biogeography and palaeogeography for shallow-water marine species, focusing on marine speciation and the relationships among the biogeographic regions and provinces of the world. A recent revision of biogeographic provinces has resulted in the recognition of several new provinces and a re-evaluation of provincial relationships. These changes, and the information that led to them, make possible a clarification of distributional dynamics and evolutionary consequences. Most of the new conclusions pertain to biodiversity hotspots in the tropical Atlantic, tropical Indo-West Pacific, cold-temperate North Pacific, and the cold Southern Ocean. The emphasis is on the fish fauna, although comparative information on invertebrates is utilized when possible. Although marine biogeographic provinces are characterized by endemism and thus demonstrate evolutionary innovation, dominant species appear to arise within smaller centres of high species diversity and maximum interspecies competition. Species continually disperse from such centres of origin and are readily accommodated in less diverse areas. Thus, the diversity centres increase or maintain species diversity within their areas of influence, and are part of a global system responsible for the maintenance of biodiversity over much of the marine world.
Resource Allocation Planning Helper (RALPH): Lessons learned

Abstract The Jet Propulsion Laboratory's (JPL) Resource Allocation Process incorporated the decision-making software system RALPH into the planning process four years ago. The principal task of the Resource Allocation Process includes the planning and apportionment of JPL's Ground Data System composed of the Deep Space Network and Mission Control and Computing Center facilities. The addition of the data-driven, rule-based planning system, RALPH, has expanded the planning horizon from eight weeks to 10 years and has resulted in significant labor savings. Use of the system has also resulted in important improvements in science return through enhanced resource utilization. In addition, RALPH has been instrumental in supporting rapid turn around for an increased volume of special “what if” studies. This paper reviews the status of RALPH and focuses on important lessons learned from the creation of a highly functional design team, through an evolutionary design and implementation period, and through the fundamental changes to the process that spawned the tool kit. Principal topics include proper integration of software tools within the planning environment, transition from prototype to delivered software, changes in the planning methodology as a result of evolving software capabilities, and creation of the ability to develop and process generic requirements to allow planning flexibility.
Theory of dynamical friction between idealized sliding surfaces

Abstract Perturbation theoretic and molecular dynamic studies on models which are applicable to sliding charge density waves in niobium triselenate are shown to yield phenomena qualitatively similar to those that occur when macroscopic surfaces slide relative to each other. The appllicability of these ideas to actual macroscopic surfaces is discussed.
Alkylation studies on 6-ethyl-2,3-dihydrothiazolo-[3,2-A] pyrimidine-5,7-diones

The title compound 7b undergoes alkylation with ethyl iodide or ethyl sulfate at the 7-position yielding the O-ethylated product 10 rather than 6,6-diethyl product 8 as reported previously. Reaction of 7b with mesyl chloride gives 13b which on reaction with potassium carbonate in absolute ethanol also gives 10. Treatment of 7b with phosphorus oxychloride gives 11b which on reaction with potassium carbonate or sodium ethoxide in ethanol produced a mixture from which no 10 was isolated. Authentic 8 was prepared by the reaction of 2-amino-thiazoline with ethyl diethylmalonyl chloride (20) in THF containing triethylamine or by the reaction of 5,5-diethyl-2-thiouracil (18) with excess 1,2-dibromoethane.
The amniotic band syndrome: Antenatal sonographic diagnosis and potential pitfalls

Amniotic band syndrome causes a variety of fetal malformations involving the limbs, craniofacial region, and trunk. Six prenatally diagnosed cases of amniotic band syndrome are discussed. The diagnosis was based on sonographic visualization of either amniotic sheets or bands associated with fetal deformation or deformities in nonembryologic distributions known to characterize the amniotic band syndrome. Seven additional cases are considered in which an aberrant sheet of tissue with a free edge was visualized within the amniotic cavity but no restriction of fetal motion or subsequent deformity was demonstrated.
Nucleation kinetics of Cu6Sn5 by reaction of molten tin with a copper substrate

The nucleation kinetics of the η-phase (Cu6Sn5) intermetallic compound were investigated by hot dipping copper coupons in molten tin for 1 and 2 sec, at temperatures varying from 240°C to 300°C. In the scanning electron microscope (SEM), the Cu6Sn5 phase appears as small, rounded bumps of varying sizes, jutting out from the surface of the copper. The experimentally determined nucleation curves show the typical inverse C type behavior with a maximum nucleation rate occurring at an intermediate temperature. The role of surface finish on nucleation rate was also studied. Experimentally determined “effective nucleation rate” per unit area is presented and compared with theoretical predictions over the temperature range investigated. Relevant nucleation models and nucleation energetic parameters are also discussed.
PbO-SiO2 melts: structure and thermodynamics of mixing

Abstract Thermodynamic properties of PbO-SiO2 melts, obtained from published data and calculated from freezing point depressions, reflect the gradual polymerization of silicate anions in the melt as the SiO 2 PbO ratio is increased. The free energy of mixing curve at 1000°C has a minimum at 40 mole % SiO2 and is convex-upward between 72 and 98 mole % SiO2. The latter is an indication of metastable liquid immiscibility. The free energy minimum is correlated with the maximum in the distribution of nonbridging oxygens in the melt. In SiO2-poor melts, the activities of PbO and SiO2 (pure liquid standard states) show sharp negative deviations from ideality. The PbO activity reflects the paucity of free oxygen species in the melt whereas the SiO2 activity reflects the depolymerized state of the silicate anions. In more SiO2-rich melts, the activity of SiO2 shows a positive deviation from ideality which is qualitatively correlated to a polymerization parameter. The heat of mixing term has a minimum of −2000 cal at 35 mole % SiO2 and a maximum of +200 cal at 90 mole % SiO2. The minimum is associated with the exothermic heat effect obtained during the reaction (O0) + (O2−) = 2(O−), whereas the maximum corresponds to the endothermic heat effect obtained when coordination polyhedra of oxygens form around the Pb cation. The entropy of mixing curve has the same form but is systematically smaller than a theoretical curve calculated on the assumption of random mixing of oxygen species. The discrepancy is due to the entropy loss obtained by the clustering of oxygen species to form complex silicate species.
Pediatric Palliative Care: A Reflection on Terminology

The definition of palliative care is the cornerstone of a medical subspecialty that plays a particular role for all who need it, for all who practice it, and increasingly for those who try to understand it. The difficulties around the definition and terminology arise from problems in separating it from other concepts such as supportive care, constructs such as “palliative care is only about dying”, or, in children, the rather vague use of terms like life-threatening and life-limiting diseases. These weaknesses have been recognized and important steps have been taken. This review discusses current definitions as well as efforts to overcome their weaknesses and make the term palliative care—for both children and adults—more intelligible.
The impact of an industrially contaminated lake on heavy metal levels in its effluent stream

Levels of cadmium and zinc in various components of Williamson Ditch (an industrially contaminated stream flowing into Palestine Lake), Trimble Creek (a stream draining Palestine Lake) and the Tippecance River (a river receiving Trimble Creek) were determined. Water, sediment, plant, fish and clam samples were analyzed for cadmium and zinc content by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Unweighted mean metal concentrations in Trimble Creek were the following: water, 51 µg Zn/1 and 4.2 µg Cd/1; sediment, 592 µg Zn/g and 48.8,µg Cd/g; plants, 375 µm Zn/g and 7.91 µg Cd/g; fish, 145 µg Zn/g and 6.02 µg Cd/g. These concentrations were generally lower than those found in Williamson Ditch and higher than those found in the Tippecanoe River or background levels previously reported for other aquatic ecosystems.
Comments on “a continued operation notation”

This note is intended to clarify and correct several points in a recent paper describing some notations for symbol manipulation by M. P. Barnett [Comm. ACM 6(August, 1963)].
Further structure in K + N, I = 0 total cross section

Abstract A re-analysis of the available data on K + N total and partial cross sections near 1 GeV/ c gives evidence for the presence of a very broad elastic structure in the I = 0 state with mass 1780 MeV and width 565 MeV.
Single-shot x-ray differential phase-contrast and diffraction imaging using two-dimensional transmission gratings

We describe an x-ray differential phase-contrast imaging method based on two-dimensional transmission gratings that are directly resolved by an x-ray camera. X-ray refraction and diffraction in the sample lead to variations of the positions and amplitudes of the grating fringes on the camera. These effects can be quantified through spatial harmonic analysis. The use of 2D gratings allows differential phase contrast in several directions to be obtained from a single image. When compared to previous grating-based interferometry methods, this approach obviates the need for multiple exposures and separate measurements for different directions and thereby accelerates imaging speed.
Cosmions with spin-dependent interactions

Abstract If the cosmion, the particle proposed to solve both the solar neutrino and the dark matter problem, has a purely spin-dependent interaction with nuclei, it would remain invisible to presently existing halo particle detectors. We consider the ingredients necessary for building an acceptable model for a spin-dependent interacting cosmion, and propose a concrete example. This particular model introduces a new neutral gauge boson, lighter than the Z, which is shown to be consistent with low-energy neutral current data and could be lurking in presently operating colliders.
Functional Uncoupling of Twin Polymerases: MECHANISM OF POLYMERASE DISSOCIATION FROM A LAGGING-STRAND BLOCK

Replication forks are constantly subjected to events that lead to fork stalling, stopping, or collapse. Using a synthetic rolling circle DNA substrate, we demonstrate that a block to the lagging-strand polymerase does not compromise helicase or leading-strand polymerase activity. In fact, lagging-strand synthesis also continues. Thus, the blocked lagging-strand enzyme quickly dissociates from the block site and resumes synthesis on new primed sites. Furthermore, studies in which the lagging polymerase is continuously blocked show that the leading polymerase continues unabated even as it remains attached to the lagging-strand enzyme. Hence, upon encounter of a block to the lagging stand, the polymerases functionally uncouple yet remain physically associated. Further study reveals that naked single-stranded DNA results in disruption of a stalled polymerase from its beta-DNA substrate. Thus, as the replisome advances, the single-stranded DNA loop that accumulates on the lagging-strand template releases the stalled lagging-strand polymerase from beta after SSB protein is depleted. The lagging-strand polymerase is then free to continue Okazaki fragment production.
Detection and management of isolated lymph node recurrence in patients with PSA relapse.

Biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer after radical surgery or external-beam radiation therapy (prostate-specific antigen [PSA] relapse) remains a major concern for the management of patients with prostate cancer and occurs in approximately one third of men so treated. Without salvage therapy, 65% develop clinically apparent skeletal metastases within 10 yr [1]. The appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic management of these patients continues to evolve, but it is essentially based on distinguishing between local recurrence (which may be amenable to salvage irradiation or salvage prostatectomy) and distant disease (which traditionally requires systemic treatment with either antiandrogen hormonal therapy or chemotherapy). Endorectal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has evolved as the most reliable structural imaging test for detecting local recurrence. Historically, computed tomography (CT), bone scan, or antibody imaging were used in the assessment for distant disease, but none of these tests identifies systemic disease at an early state. Therefore, many investigators have turned their interest to positron emission tomography (PET), more recently PET in combination with CT in a single machine (PET/ CT). Combined PET/CT shortens the examination time by about 50%, and the CT images provide necessary anatomic information to localize the area of abnormal radiotracer uptake. Among various radiotracers for PET imaging of prostate cancer, labeled acetate and choline appear most promising and may (realistically) identify local recurrence or distant disease in 50–70% of patients with PSA relapse [2–4]. However, the total number of patients studied with these agents is still relatively small, and the results are variable. Some investigators claim sensitivities of nearly 100%, which is difficult to believe, whereas others emphasize limitations in patients with lower PSA values [4].
Fast Band Selection for Hyperspectral Imagery

Band selection is a common technique for dimensionality reduction of hyperspectral imagery. When the desired object information is unknown, an unsupervised band selection approach is employed to select the most distinctive and informative bands. However, it may be time-consuming for unsupervised band selection methods that need to take all pixels into consideration. Here, we propose an approach to select several pixels for unsupervised band selection and the number of pixels required can be equal to the number of bands to be selected minus 1. With whitened pixel signatures (not the original pixels), band selection performance can be comparable to or even better than that from using all the pixels. For this approach, graphics processing unit (GPU)-based parallel computing is implemented for pixel selection only to further expedite the process, since computational complexity in band selection has been greatly reduced.
Evaluating the Variation on Public Health's Perceived Field Need of Communicable Disease Reports

One of the factors affecting the quality of health data is the variation in public health practitioners' perceived value of the information. To better understand this variation, we asked four local public health practitioners' to evaluate the fields they use for four communicable diseases. We assessed their perceived value of these fields to initiate or complete communicable disease case reports and the variability in their responses.
Tinea Capitis in Philadelphia

: From 1962 to 1979, there was a dramatic change in tinea capitis infections in children In the Philadelphia area. This has been primarily due to the virtual disappearance of tinea capitis due to Microsporum organisms. This dramatic change in a common, highly infectious childhood disease is most likely due to a sudden change in hair styles, particularly in black boys, which prevents infectious spores from reaching the scalp
MDL72222, a serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, blocks MDMA's ability to establish a conditioned place preference

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has previously been shown to produce a positive conditioned place preference (CPP) among rats. Here the effects of doses of a specific 5-HT3 antagonist, MDL72222, on MDMA's ability to produce a CPP were assessed. A dose of MDL72222 (0.03 mg/kg) blocked the establishment of a MDMA CPP. These results support the suggestions that compounds affecting the 5-HT3 receptor may be of particular interest in studying the pharmacology of self-administered drugs.
Differential afferent projections to the inferior colliculus from the cochlear nucleus in the albino mouse

Summary The axonal projections from the cochlear nuclear complex to the inferior colliculus (IC) were examined using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Thin sheets of neurons in the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei were found to project axons in a topographic fashion to restricted laminae of the central nucleus the IC; the dorsal cochlear nucleus was alsofound to project axons to the external cortex. No projections were detected from the cochlear nuclear complex to the dorsal cortex of the IC.
MKK4/SEK1 Is Negatively Regulated through a Feedback Loop Involving the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Itch

Cells exposed to environmental stress rapidly activate the MAPK cascade (MKKK/MKK/MAPK). The transient nature of stress signaling is a consequence of negative feedback signals that lead to kinase dephosphorylation, degradation, and sequestration, which have not been fully elucidated for MKK family members. Here, we investigated the signals that negatively regulate MKK4/SEK1, an upstream activator of the MAPKs JNK and p38/HOG1. Following exposure of cells to sorbitol, MKK4 underwent ubiquitination and degradation in a proteasome-dependent manner. MKK4 ubiquitination required JNK kinase activity. The JNK substrate Itch (a HECT domain-containing Nedd4-like ubiquitin protein ligase) bound to MKK4, ubiquitinated lysines 140 and 143, and promoted MKK4 degradation. Other E3 ligases within the MAPK modular complex did not ubiquitinate MKK4. These data suggest that MKK4 is negatively regulated through a feedback loop involving the E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch, which has a fundamental role in the mechanism that controls MKK4 protein levels.
Cannabinoid CB1 receptor recognition of endocannabinoids via the lipid bilayer: molecular dynamics simulations of CB1 transmembrane helix 6 and anandamide in a phospholipid bilayer.

The phospholipid bilayer plays a central role in the lifecycle of the endogenous cannabinoid, N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide, AEA). Therefore, the orientation and location of AEA in the phospholipid bilayer with respect to key membrane associated proteins, is a central issue in understanding the mechanism of endocannabinoid signaling. In this paper, we report a test of the hypothesis that a βXXβ motif (formed by beta branching amino acids, V6.43 and I6.46) on the lipid face of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor in its inactive state may serve as an initial CB1 interaction site for AEA. Eight 6 ns NAMD2 molecular dynamics simulations of AEA were conducted in a model system composed of CB1 transmembrane helix 6 (TMH6) in a 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) bilayer. In addition, eight 6 ns NAMD2 molecular dynamics simulations of a low CB1 affinity (20:2, n−6) analog of AEA were conducted in the same model system. AEA was found to exhibit a higher incidence of V6.43/I6.46 groove insertion than did the (20:2, n−6) analog. In certain cases, AEA established a high energy of interaction with TMH6 by first associating with the V6.43/I6.46 groove and then molding itself to the lipid face of TMH6 to establish a hydrogen bonding interaction with the exposed backbone carbonyl of P6.50. Based upon these results, we propose that the formation of this hydrogen bonded AEA/TMH6 complex may be the initial step in CB1 recognition of AEA in the lipid bilayer.
SEA SURFACE REVERBERATION

The past decade has seen a significant improvement of the understanding of acoustic reverberation from the sea surface and of the basic physical mechanisms driving this process: scattering due to surface roughness and to resonant microbubbles or bubble clouds. This paper reviews recent experimental work as well as related studies to characterize sea surface roughness and the density of near surface microbubbles. Theoretically predicted sea surface scatter is compared with experimental data over a broad frequency range to determine the conditions for which additional scattering mechanisms must be invoked to explain the experimental results.
Modeling isolation transformer capacitive components in a dual active bridge power conditioner

The Dual Active Bridge (DAB) is an attractive topology for applications which require energy to be transferred between different isolated dc sources. This paper provides a design example for a medium frequency transformer used in a DAB based automotive power conditioner. An optimized transformer design is implemented and evaluated in a lab prototype. Although this design performs well, the lab experiments suggest that a closer study should be performed to determine the effect of the isolation transformer's parasitic components on the operation of a DAB converter. This paper provides a procedure for modeling the capacitive components of the transformer to address their effects on the DAB converter performance.
Six classes of theories

A theory T is said to κ-stable if, given a pair of models U ⊂ B of T with U of power κ, there are only κ types of elements of B over U (types are defined below). This notion was introduced by Morley (1965) who gave a powerful analysis of ω-stable theories. Shelah (1971) showed that there are only four possibilities for the set of κ in which a countable theory is stable. This partition of all theories into four classes (ω-stable, superstable, stable, and unstable theories) has proved to be of great value. However, most familiar examples of theories are unstable.
Aqueous and solvent developed negative-tone molecular resists

A series of negative tone molecular resists was investigated for use in both organic solvent and aqueous base development. Molecular resists designed purely for solvent development showed half-pitch resolution down to 25 nm with sensitivities of 50 μC/cm 2 and LER (3σ) down to 2.3 nm. Aqueous developable designs that used epoxide functionalized molecules that are intrinsically water soluble showed improved contrast and comparable sensitivity, but suffered from significant dewetting during baking due to their low molecular weight and high polarity. This inability to form high quality films prevented their use as high resolution resists. Aqueous developable designs that used molecules with both cross-linking and base solubilizing groups were also investigated; the initial example of this design is DPA- 2Ep, a molecular resist containing two epoxides and one carboxylic acid per molecule. It formed high quality films and showed improved contrast compared to the purely solvent developed designs. Even after complete cross-linking of the epoxide groups, several free carboxylic acids still remained in the network. These free acids tend to imbibe developer and appear to retain the tetramethylammonium carboxylates even after rinsing and drying the film. This imbibing of developer leads to significant failure during high resolution patterning due to swelling.