cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Method for Estimating Penetrance from Families Sampled for Linkage Analysis

When a gene variant is discovered to segregate with a disease, it may be of interest to estimate the risk (or the age-specific risk) of the disease to carriers of the variant. The families that contributed to the discovery of the variant would typically contain multiple carriers, and so, especially if the variant is rare, might prove a valuable source of study subjects for estimation of the risk. These families, by virtue of having brought the gene in question to the attention of researchers, however, may not be representative of the relationship between carrier status and the risk of the disease in the population. Using these families for risk estimation could bias the observed association between the variant and the risk. The purpose here is to present an approach to adjusting for the potential bias while using the families from linkage analysis to estimate the risk.
Original papers: A combination horizontal/vertical prism bar A precisely calibrated tool for use in front of one eye.

The authors used an optical bench to investigate calibration and errors from improper positioning of prism bars manufactured by R.O. Gulden and Luneau. They urged Gulden to redesign its prism bars to be used back-to-back in front of one eye. The horizontal bar is held with its flat face posteriorly within a channel on the flat face of the vertical bar; the interface is positioned perpendicular to the direction of the fixation object, which demands that the horizontal prism bar be calibrated in the frontal plane position and the vertical bar in the Prentice position. Analysis of calibration demonstrated that Gulden's new combination horizontal/vertical prism bar can be used without significant error (within + 0.5δ of labelled values). Gulden's old vertical prism bar is also calibrated in the Prentice position. Luneau's horizontal and vertical prism bars are calibrated close to the frontal plane position (within +1.0δ and +0.4δ respectively). Improper positioning demonstrated an increasing error with larger...
The phytomimetic potential of three types of hydration motors that drive nastic plant movements

Abstract Phytomimetics deals with plant-inspired materials, structures and movements and as such has been only a minor part of biomimetics. Here we analyze and summarize the basic motors and mechanisms of plant mobility and their potential for inspiring future phytomimetic designs. Like other organisms plants have subcellular micromotors in the form of proteins (e.g., P-proteins or forisomes that expand and contract in dependence of external calcium ions). Macromovements of plants, however, are significantly different from those in animals. Lacking endoskeleton and contracting “muscle” cells, mobile plant structures resemble multi-chambered inflatables with elastic walls and internal pressures exceeding those of car tires. They are powered by hydration motors of osmotic, colloid or fibrous design. These motors are not externally attached to a lever-based joint (as in many animals and machines) but are an integrated and often inconspicuous part of the mobile structure. While early phyto-inspired designs such as barbed wire, coiled extension wires, Velcro and low-speed airplane wings were based on easily deduced, passive plant features, future designs are likely to derive from less obvious characteristics. They require a new level of cooperative efforts from both biologists and engineers to understand and use the time-tested structures and machines that plants have developed and perfected over millions of years of evolution. Reviewing basic principles of power generation and transmission in plant movements, the present paper intends to broaden the interest in phytomimetics.
Retinol differentially regulates male germ cell-associated kinase (mak) messenger ribonucleic acid expression during spermatogenesis.

Retinol down-regulates male germ cell-associated kinase (mak) transcripts during the spermatogonial proliferation phase of spermatogenesis. Mak transcripts of 2.6- and 3.4 kb were detected in vitamin A-deficient germ cells, but decreased to undetectable levels shortly after retinol replacement to vitamin A-deficient rats. In contrast, mak seems to play a role in spermatocytes and round spermatids during meiotic and post-meiotic events. The 3.4-kb transcript initially appeared in pachytene spermatocytes and continued to increase in round spermatids; the level of the 2.6-kb transcript increased markedly only in round spermatids. These transcripts also exhibited stage-specificity in synchronized retinol-regenerated rat seminiferous tubules. Silver grains were intensely localized mainly in round spermatids in stages IV-VI of the spermatogenic cycle in normal testes after in situ hybridization. These results suggest that the mak gene in early germ cells responds to retinol in an opposite manner from the mak gene in spermatocytes or in round spermatids. The findings support the existence of two distinct pathways of retinol signaling in the testis that depend on the spatial localization and developmental ages of the individual germ cells.
Anti-K13 and the K:-13 Phenotype

. A ‘new’ antibody that recognizes a high-frequency red-cell antigen in the Kell blood group system has been found in the serum of a K–k+, Kp(a–b+), Js(a–b+) person, who is heterozygous for the silent Ko gene. The antibody, named anti-K13, reacted with all of 1,000 unselected blood samples, but does not react with the red cells of the propositus, one of his five siblings, nor with Ko cells. Red cells of a child with chronic granulomatous disease and the McLeod phenotype were weakly reactive.
TWO-OBJECT TWO-BIDDER SIMULTANEOUS AUCTIONS

Symmetric equilibria are constructed for a class of symmetric auction games. The games all have two identical bidders bidding in two simultaneous sealed-bid auctions for identical objects. Information is complete and the objects are either complements or substitutes. In both cases a continuum of mixed-strategy equilibria are identified. All these equilibria have a surprising structure: The supports of all the mixtures that generate equilibria are two one-dimensional curves, and they surround a two-dimensional set of pure best responses.
An Empirically Optimized Radix Sort for GPU

Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) that support general purpose program are promising platforms for high performance computing. However, the fundamental architectural difference between GPU and CPU, the complexity of GPU platform and the diversity of GPU specifications have made the generation of highly efficient code for GPU increasingly difficult. Manual code generation is time consuming and the result tends to be difficult to debug and maintain. On the other hand, the code generated by today's GPU compiler often has much lower performance than the best hand-tuned codes. A promising code generation strategy, implemented by systems like ATLAS~\cite{Whaley}, FFTW~\cite{FFTW_org}, SPIRAL~\cite{Pueschel:05} and X-Sort~\cite{Li:05}, uses empirical search to find the parameter values of the implementation, such as the tile size and instruction schedules, that deliver near-optimal performance for a particular machine. However, this approach has only proved successful when applied to CPU where the performance of CPU programs has been relatively better understood. Clearly, empirical search must be extended to general purpose programs on GPU. In this paper, we propose an empirical optimization technique for one of the most important sorting routines on GPU, the radix sort, that generates highly efficient code for a number of representative NVIDIA GPUs with a wide variety of architectural specifications. Our study has been focused on the algorithmic parameters of radix sort that can be adapted to different environments and the GPU architectural factors that affect the performance of radix sort. We present a powerful empirical optimization approach that is shown to be able to find highly efficient code for different NVIDIA GPUs. Our results show that such an empirical optimization approach is quite effective at taking into account the complex interactions between architectural characteristics and that the resulting code performs significantly better than two radix sort implementations that have been shown outperforming other GPU sort routines with the maximal speedup of 33.4\%.
TRACER: a tool for tracing and control of engineering requirements

The Tracing and Control of Engineering Requirements (TRACER) system was developed to document, trace, and control requirements for any project no matter what its size. It is a computerized database system designed to support a flexible project requirement document tree that may be partitioned according to level. Individual requirements can be entered at any level and traced from the highest source to the ultimate implementer. A number of attributes characterize each requirement. A variety of paper and electronic reports is available. The system runs on IBM AT personal computers. TRACER is currently in use for an interplanetary spacecraft project. The author describes the motivation for TRACER, its purpose, benefits, and applicability, provides a summary description of the database system, outlines its hardware and software implementation, and explains its operation. Examples of documents and reports are provided. It is concluded that TRACER can support the requirements documentation and tracing of a full-up project containing more than 25000 requirements such as an interplanetary spacecraft project. >
Effects of early exercise on the development of lymphedema in patients with breast cancer treated with axillary lymph node dissection.

Changing current recommendations to instruct patients to begin progressive exercise after breast cancer surgery with axillary lymph node dissection seems to be safe.
Sustained benzodiazepine use in a community sample of older adults.

OBJECTIVES: To identify factors associated with sustained benzodiazepine use in older adults. DESIGN: Twelve-year cohort study. SETTING: Community-based epidemiological survey. PARTICIPANTS: One thousand three hundred forty-two individuals aged 65 and older. MEASUREMENTS: Demographics, medication use, depressive symptoms, sleep complaints, alcohol use, and smoking assessed at 2-year intervals; descriptive analysis to characterize benzodiazepine users and identify factors associated with sustained benzodiazepine use (use at two consecutive waves); and longitudinal lag-time analysis to determine characteristics that predicted sustained use. RESULTS: Initially, 5.5% of men and 9.8% of women were using benzodiazepines. Users were significantly more likely than nonusers to be female and less educated, report more depressive and anxiety symptoms, use more prescription medications, have lower self-rated health, have difficulty maintaining sleep, and be less likely to consume alcohol. Approximately 50%, 44%, and 25% of these users aged 65 to 74, 75 to 84, and 85 and older, respectively, were sustained users at follow-up. Being female, using two or more nonbenzodiazepine prescription medications, and smoking were independently associated with subsequent sustained benzodiazepine use. CONCLUSION: At the population level, women, smokers, and users of at least two prescription drugs have higher probabilities of sustaining benzodiazepine use once started. This information can facilitate risk assessment and counseling of older adults before prescribing benzodiazepines.
Invited Commentary: When Bad Genes Look Good—APOE*E4, Cognitive Decline, and Diagnostic Thresholds

Scientific interest frequently focuses on how factors that influence disease onset subsequently affect disease progression. In this commentary, the author discusses four sources of bias that arise in such work. The focus is on Tyas et al.'s analyses (Am J Epidemiol 2007;165:1231-1238) of how the apolipoprotein E *E4 allele, a well-documented risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, influences progression of cognitive impairments from mild or global cognitive impairment to dementia or death. The author addresses four phenomena that can lead to spurious (noncausal) associations between apolipoprotein E *E4 status and rate of progression of cognitive impairments: beginning observations in the middle of a developing pathologic process, survivor bias, uncertainty in the timing of disease diagnosis, and nonlinear disease progression trajectories. Because these sources of bias are potentially relevant in any study of how risk factors for disease onset influence disease progression, the author advocates assessing their likely magnitude in specific contexts when interpreting results.
Compact microring-based wavelength-selective inline optical reflector

We present a novel design for a compact planar integrated optic reflector based on a microring resonator add-drop wavelength-selective filter. Good agreement is found between the theoretical expectation and the measurements of a device fabricated in optical polymer. The measured device exhibits better than 10-dB rejection for wavelengths resonant with the microring.
Multigene phylogeny of the Coronophorales: morphology and new species in the order

The phylogenetic relationships within Cor- onophorales have been debated because of uncer- tainty over the taxonomic usefulness of characteristics such as quellkorper, number of ascospores per ascus, presence of ascospore appendages, presence of subiculum and ascomatal vestiture. The phylogenetic relationships are examined with DNA sequence data from three nuclear genes targeting 69 taxa and 130 new sequences representing collections from Africa and the Americas. Analyses recovered monophyletic Bertiaceae, Chaetosphaerellaceae and Scortechinia- ceae and a paraphyletic Nitschkiaceae. A single collection of Coronophora gregaria is included and Coronophoraceae is accepted. Bertiaceae is expanded to include Gaillardiella, and Thaxteria is synonymized with Bertia with a new combination, B. didyma. Three new species of Bertia are described: B. ngongensis from Kenya, B. orbis from Kenya and Costa Rica and B. triseptata from Ecuador and Puerto Rico. Bertia gigantospora is transferred from Nitschkia. Scortechi- niaceae is confirmed for the quellkorper-bearing taxa including monotypic Biciliospora, Coronophorella, Neofracchiaea, Scortechiniella and Scortechiniellopsis. Tympanopsis is reinstated for T. confertula and T. uniseriata, while Scortechinia is more narrowly cir- cumscribed to include S. acanthostroma and the new species, S. diminuspora from Ecuador. Cryptosphaer- ella is accepted in Scortechiniaceae including six new species from Kenya and Costa Rica, C. celata, C. costaricensis, C. cylindriformis, C. elliptica, C. globosa and C. malindensis. Spinulosphaeria is accepted in Coronophorales with uncertain family placement. The number of ascospores in the ascus is not phylogenetically useful in distinguishing genera within the order. The quellkorper continues to be an important character in defining the Scortechinia- ceae, while taxa within the group show a mixture of morphological characteristics of varying phylogenetic importance. The presence of smooth versus spinulose subiculum aids in separating Tympanopsis and Scortechinia, and erumpent ascomata distinguish Cryptosphaerella species. Taxa within the Bertiaceae vary along the lines of robust, tuberculate, collapsing ascomata and large, hyaline to pigmented, septate ascospores.
Behavioral thermoregulation by hypoxic rats

To address whether a shift in hypothalamic thermal setpoint might be a significant factor in induction of hypoxic hypothermia, behavioral thermoregulation was examined in 7 female Sprague-Dawley rats implanted with radiotelethermometers for deep body temperature (Tb) measurement in a thermocline during normoxia (PO2 = 125 torr) and hypoxia (PO2 = 60 torr). Normoxic rats (TNox) selected a mean ambient temperature of 19.7 +/- 1.4 (SE) degrees C and maintained Tb at 37.0 +/- 0.2 degrees C. Hypoxic rats selected a significantly higher ambient temperature (THox = 28.6 +/- 2.2 degrees C) but maintained Tb significantly lower at 35.5 +/- 0.3 degrees C. Without a thermal gradient (ambient temperature = 25 degrees C), Tb during hypoxia was 35.4 +/- 0.4 degrees C. The maintenance of a lower body temperature during hypoxia through behavioral thermoregulation despite having warmer temperatures available supports the hypothesis that the thermoregulatory setpoint of hypoxic rats is shifted to promote thermoregulation at a lower Tb, effectively reducing oxygen demand when oxygen supply is limited.
Evolution of Subduction Planetary Waves with Application to North Pacific Decadal Thermocline Variability

Abstract The evolution of decadal subduction temperature anomalies in the subtropical North Pacific is studied using a simple and a complex ocean model. It is found that the amplitude of the temperature anomaly decays faster than a passive tracer by about 30%–50%. The faster decay is caused by the divergence of group velocity of the subduction planetary wave, which is contributed to, significantly, by the divergent Sverdrup flow in the subtropical gyre. The temperature anomaly also seems to propagate southward slower than the passive tracer, or mean ventilation flow. This occurs because the mean potential vorticity gradient in the ventilated zone is directed eastward; the associated general beta effect produces a northward propagation for the temperature anomaly, partially canceling the southward advection by the ventilation flow.
Green Tax Design in the Real (Second-Best) World

Many economic activities, such as the production of energy and use of transportation vehicles, impose broader costs on society (e.g., pollution and congestion) that are not taken into account by individuals and firms. In principle, corrective taxes are needed to reflect externalities in the cost of fuels, consumer products, driving, and so on. However, the appropriate design of these taxes can be complicated when there are important sources of other distortions in the economy. These other distortions range from additional externalities, practical restrictions on the coverage of corrective taxes, market power, distortions in technology markets, and preexisting tax and regulatory policies.
Lattice simulations for evaluating interface fracture of masonry composites

Abstract The brick–mortar bond is often the weakest link in the masonry composites. The localization of fracture processes at this bi-material interface plays an important role in the failure of this assemblage. These micro-level fracture processes control the nonlinear behavior of the brick–mortar interface which significantly affects the global behavior of the masonry structure in the continuum macro level. This study focuses on 2-D lattice-based fracture simulations to characterize progressive debonding of brick–mortar interfaces and to determine fracture properties in unreinforced masonry composites. Using the fundamental argument of Griffith which transforms potential energy into surface energy, lattice erosion is used to determine the critical energy release rate and other fracture quantities from basic strength properties of lattice struts that are removed upon failure. This micro-level information serves to upscale the lattice fracture arguments onto the meso-scale to quantify the fracture energy of traction-separation cohesive zone models in the context of continuum F.E. simulations of heterogeneous media like masonry.
High-channel-count, high-density microelectrode array for closed-loop investigation of neuronal networks

We present a system for large-scale electrophysiological recording and stimulation of neural tissue with a planar topology. The recording system has 65,536 electrodes arranged in a 256 × 256 grid, with 25.5 µm pitch, and covering an area approximately 42.6 mm2. The recording chain has 8.66 µV rms input-referred noise over a 100 ∼ 10k Hz bandwidth while providing up to 66 dB of voltage gain. When recording from all electrodes in the array, it is capable of 10-kHz sampling per electrode. All electrodes can also perform patterned electrical microstimulation. The system produces ∼ 1 GB/s of data when recording from the full array. To handle, store, and perform nearly real-time analyses of this large data stream, we developed a framework based around Xilinx FPGAs, Intel x86 CPUs and the NVIDIA Streaming Multiprocessors to interface with the electrode array.
Word recognition and set for association

Words were presented at brief exposures for perceptual recognition in the context of other words to which they were frequent associates. In half the cases, a row of 5 x’s was substituted for the word to-be-recognized. Latency of recognition responses for most of these cases was not different from the latency obtained for words actually presented.
Comparison of the Efficacies of Closed Trephine Needle Biopsy, Aspirated Paraffin-embedded Clot Section, and Smear Preparation in the Diagnosis of Bone-marrow Involvement by Lymphoma

Bone marrow aspirates totaling 1,024 and trephine biopsies totaling 386 were obtained from 234 patients with various diagnoses of lymphoma. The study analyzed the morphologic patterns of bone-marrow involvement by each entity and compared the sensitivity of aspiration versus biopsy for detecting lymphomatous involvement of bone marrow. Lymphoma may appear in one of three forms: nodular, diffuse (packed bone marrow), and diffusely infiltrative. Trephine biopsy was superior to aspiration in most instances, especially for the nodular form. In some cases, however, examination of paraffin-embedded clot sections and smears was diagnostic of lymphoma whereas the biopsy section appeared negative.
Penetration of Red Cell Membranes by Some Membrane-Associated Particles

SummaryReplicas of freeze-cleaved and replicated red cells produced with an improved Bullivant-Ames apparatus show the plasma membrane to be thin and sheet-like with its inner and outer surface partially covered with a small particulate component. In cross section, some of these particles appear to extend through the full thickness of the membrane. Discontinuities in the thin sheet-like membrane accommodate these penetrating particles. These findings give morphologic evidence of structural specialization of the plasma membrane.
Patriarchal Structures in The Winter's Tale

From the perspective of sexual politics, The Winter's Tale is a remarkable achievement: it recovers the possibility of harmonious male-female relations from the destructive antagonism between the sexes in the tragedies. In particular, it expands the role of women, making the combined forces of Hermione, Paulina, and Perdita central to the dramatic action. This development is so moving that we tend simply to welcome it without inquiring into the centrality of women and the terms of the sexual reconciliation. I argue that such an inquiry must be made. A sentimental reading of the play looks exclusively at its positive aspects and fails to recognize that women s power remains strictly circumscribed within the patriarchal framework. Acknowledging this limitation provides for a multiple rather than a monolithic response to the play and makes it possible both to affirm and to dissent from the ending. (PBE)
Effects of pre-stress on hot-carrier degradation of N-channel MOSFETs

N-channel Metal Oxide Field-Effect Transistors (nMOSFETs) degrade following a power-law in time: tn where n<1 typically. This ideal degradation curve can be distorted in devices that have been subject to certain types of pre-stress. Such distortion can cause erroneous lifetime extrapolations, unless accounted for in analysis. This paper describes various types of pre-stress and their effect on hot-carrier degradation of L=0.5 μm nMOSFETs designed for 5 V operation. We show how taking into account pre-stress is critical for proper analysis and interpretation of degradation behavior used to guide robust device design.
Carrier Decay Properties of Mixed Cation Formamidinium–Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite [HC(NH2)2]1–x[CH3NH3]xPbI3 Nanorods

Organic–inorganic lead iodide perovskites are efficient materials for photovoltaics and light-emitting diodes. We report carrier decay dynamics of nanorods of mixed cation formamidinium and methylammonium lead iodide perovskites [HC(NH2)2]1–x[CH3NH3]xPbI3 (FA1–xMAxPbI3) synthesized through a simple solution method. The structure and FA/MA composition ratio of the single-crystal FA1–xMAxPbI3 nanorods are fully characterized, which shows that the mixed cation FA1–xMAxPbI3 nanorods are stabilized in the perovskite structure. The photoluminescence (PL) emission from FA1–xMAxPbI3 nanorods continuously shifts from 821 to 782 nm as the MA ratio (x) increases from 0 to 1 and is shown to be inhomogeneously broadened. Time-resolved PL from individual FA1–xMAxPbI3 nanorods demonstrates that lifetimes of mixed cation FA1–xMAxPbI3 nanorods are longer than those of the pure FAPbI3 or MAPbI3 nanorods, and the FA0.4MA0.6PbI3 displays the longest average PL lifetime of about 2 μs. These results suggest that mixed cation F...
Outplacement time and probability estimation using discrete event simulation

In today's rapidly changing technological scenario, tech giants revise their strategic alignment every couple of years. As a result, their workforce has to be adapted to the organization's strategy. Members of the workforce who are neither relevant to the strategic alignment, nor can be made relevant by reskilling, have to be either outplaced (i.e. placed in an another job within organization) or separated from the organization. In geographies like Europe, where the cost of separation is very high, it becomes very important to make the right decision for each employee. In this paper, we describe a simulation based methodology to find the probability and time of outplacement of an employee. These numbers are inputs to a global problem of making the optimal decision for the entire workforce.
Coign of Vantage and Action: Considering California's Local Accountability and School Finance Plans for English Learners.

Local control has been a bedrock principle of public schooling in America since its inception. In 2013, the California Legislature codified a new local accountability approach for school finance. An important component of the new California Local Control Funding Formula (LCFF) approach is a focus on English learners (ELs). The law mandates that every school district produce a Local Control Accountability Plan (LCAP) to engage the local community in defining outcomes and determining funding for ELs. Based on an exploratory analysis of a representative sample of LCAPs, we show that, although California’s new approach offered an opportunity to support locally-defined priorities and alternatives to top-down accountability, few if any districts had yet taken full advantage of the opportunity. That is, the school districts in our sample had not yet engaged with the local community to facilitate significant changes to accountability or redistribution of funding and resources to support educational equity for ELs.
Spectroscopic determination of the s-wave scattering lengths of 86Sr and 88Sr.

We report the use of photoassociative spectroscopy to determine the ground-state $s$-wave scattering lengths for the main bosonic isotopes of strontium, $^{86}\mathrm{Sr}$ and $^{88}\mathrm{Sr}$. Photoassociative transitions are driven with a laser red detuned by up to 1400 GHz from the $^{1}S_{0}\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}^{1}P_{1}$ atomic resonance at 461 nm. A minimum in the transition amplitude for $^{86}\mathrm{Sr}$ at $\ensuremath{-}494\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GHz}$ allows us to determine the scattering lengths $610{a}_{0}l{a}_{86}l2300{a}_{0}$ for $^{86}\mathrm{Sr}$ and a much smaller value of $\ensuremath{-}1{a}_{0}l{a}_{88}l13{a}_{0}$ for $^{88}\mathrm{Sr}$.
American Foreign Policy towards Nuclear Disarmament, 1945-1999

The dawning of the age of nuclear weapons brought major new types of reliance systems for national security, and also put humanityâ€™s survival at risk. This essay examines the evolution of U.S. policy toward testing of nuclear weapons and nuclear disarmament, during the Cold War and in the years since it ended. It discusses major treaties and other agreements intended to discourage the spread of nuclear weapons among nations, to restrict testing, and to bring actual reductions of nuclear stockpiles. It explores strategic choices and the complex, often competing considerations involved.
Effect of weekly or daily dosing regimen of Gefitinib in mouse models of lung cancer.

// Qi Zhang 1, 2 , Ruichao Li 2 , Xu Chen 1, 2 , Sang Beom Lee 2 , Jing Pan 1, 2 , Donghai Xiong 1, 2 , Jiaqi Hu 2 , Mark Steven Miller 3 , Eva Szabo 3 , Ronald A. Lubet 3 , Yian Wang 1, 2 and Ming You 1, 2 1 Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA 2 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA 3 Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA Correspondence to: Ming You, email: myou@mcw.edu Keywords: weekly, daily, intermittent, Gefitinib, lung cancer Received: February 16, 2017 Accepted: June 27, 2017 Published: August 02, 2017 ABSTRACT Gefitinib showed response in phase II clinical trials and with better clinical response in lung cancer with activating mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of the EGFR. Questions of toxicity and potential dosing regimens impede the use in a prevention setting. This study will provide scientific evidence for the utility of testing and comparing weekly and daily dosing regimens in clinical trials. We employed the adenocarcinoma (AD) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) models to compare the efficacy of Gefitinib in daily or weekly dosing regimens. We also assessed the effectiveness of Gefitinib in altering growth of the H3255 xenograft. Bioluminescent imaging (BLI) and tumor size was evaluated. Relative expression of phospho-EGFR, phospho-ERK and phospho-AKT in the xenograft were evaluated by Western Blot analysis. In the lung AD model, Gefitinib showed significant inhibition of tumor load when treated with weekly or weekly intermittent dosing regimens in AJ/p53 val135/wt mice whereas a daily dosing regimen did not decrease the tumor load significantly. In the H3255-Luciferase xenograft model, weekly treatment demonstrated better inhibition than daily treatment. The weekly dosing regimen exhibited greater inhibition of phospho-EGFR, phospho-ERK and phospho-AKT than the daily dosing regimen, which may be correlated with the antitumor effects of the different dosing regimens. Weekly dosing with Gefitinib had similar or better efficacy than the daily dosing regimen in pre-clinical models of NSCLC. The data provide scientific evidences for the utility of testing and comparing weekly and intermittent dosing regimens in clinical trials.
Teaching NeuroImages: Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis: A rare treatable adult-onset lipid storage disease.

A 39-year-old previously healthy man presented with insidiously progressive paresthesia in his lower extremities and worsening of gait and balance. MRI demonstrated T2-hyperintense signal abnormalities involving the thalami, midbrain, dentate nuclei, and adjacent deep cerebellar white matter, which are characteristic of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) (figure). Magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed typical lipid peaks at 0.9 and 1.3 ppm,1 and serology analysis indicated sterol 27-hydroxylase deficiency,2 confirming the diagnosis. CTX is a rare lipid storage disease with unique clinical and imaging findings, and effective treatment with positive outcomes if initiated early, raising the importance of awareness and early recognition of this disease.2
Algorithms in Computerized Tomography

The essence of computerized tomography (CT) image reconstruction is to quantitate multiple radiographic or scintigraphic views (projections) collected at various external positions around the patient and to apply mathematical algorithms for estimating serial planar interior anatomic cross-sectional views. In other words, given projection data collected systematically outside the body, the task of CT reconstruction is to infer the most likely internal sources for the external signals.
Student experiences with traffic-light labels at college cafeterias: a mixed methods study.

Objective To assess student perceptions of traffic-light labels (TLLs) in college cafeterias. Design Cross-sectional, mixed-methods study. Setting One northeastern US college. Participants A total of 1,294 survey respondents; 57 focus group participants. Interventions Seven-week traffic-light labelling (green = 'nutrient-rich', yellow = 'less nutrient-rich', red = 'more nutrient-rich choice in green or yellow') intervention at two college cafeterias. Main outcome measures Perceptions of TLLs and food labelling; disordered eating behaviours. Analysis Performed χ2 analyses to test for differences between pre-intervention and postintervention responses, and between postintervention subgroups stratified by site, gender, weight status and varsity athlete status. Qualitative analysis based on the immersion-crystallization method. Results In postintervention surveys, 60% found TLLs helpful, and 57% used them a few times a week. When asked whether TLLs increased risk of developing eating disorders, 16% of participants said they did and 47% said TLLs might exacerbate existing eating disorders. In focus groups, some students thought the red 'colour seemed jarring', but the vast majority agreed 'the more nutrition information available, the better'. Conclusions and implications Students generally supported TLLs, but future college-based interventions should address eating disorder concerns. Labels that incorporate nutrition information and education, and avoid negative messaging or judgment of what students eat, may be more acceptable.
Explicit Channel Coordination via Cross-technology Communication

Under significant coexistence in the ISM band, the impact of cross-technology interference (CTI) has become a major threat to low-power IoT. This paper presents ECC that uniquely enables explicit channel coordination among heterogeneities via cross-technology communication (CTC) introduced in the latest studies, while maintaining full compatibility to commodity devices. Unlike any implicit coordination designs adopting statistical models to probabilistically predict white spaces, ECC generates the white space using WiFi CTS, which is then explicitly notified to ZigBee through CTC for immediate use. Technical highlight of ECC lies in ensuring ZigBee communication under CTI, without disrupting WiFi operation. This is effectively achieved by the dynamic adjustment of CTS duration with respect to traffic amount and spectrum availability, which essentially enables ECC to be generally applied to various scenarios without prior knowledge. Lastly, ECC significantly reduces delay and energy in low duty cycled ZigBee, by waking them up upon channel availability (via CTC). We evaluate ECC on commercial platforms: Atheros AR2425 WiFi card and TelosB motes. Experiment results show that ECC achieves 1.8x ZigBee packet reception ratio, and cuts down delay and energy by 98.6% and 51% under the low duty cycle.
Evaluation Research on Nonviolent Action

As Gene Sharp has documented, nonviolent struggle has an Impressive, If often overlooked, history. Contemporary scholars are now beginning to research and discuss case studies of nonviolent action and the dynamics of nonviolent struggle. The latter literature focuses on how the strategy and tactics that each of the protagonists use help determine the oucomes in nonviolent action.
Neuropsychological Function and Brain Imaging

The study of the effects of known brain lesions on behavior is crucial to progress in understanding the relationship between cognition and the brain. Before the advent of modern brain-imaging techniques, the precise effects of brain lesions could be studied only in animals. This period (circa 1930 to 1975) was extremely productive for animal model research (Kolb & Whishaw, 1985), but progress in human neuropsychology was plagued by the inability to quantify the location, size, or extent of a brain lesion in the living individual.
Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis

Nearly three decades of intensive epidemiological investigation have identified a group of characteristics that predict an individual’s probability of developing clinically manifest disease due to atherosclerosis -- myocardial infarction, sudden death, angina pectoris, stroke, or peripheral vascular disease. These characteristics are known as “risk factors,” a descriptive but noncommittal term which avoids the question of whether these characteristics are causative agents, intervening variables, early manifestations of disease, or secondary indicators of an underlying disturbance.
Studies of the Chemical Forms of Trace Elements in Sea Water Using Radiotracers

Important clues as to the chemical forms, seasonal variations, biogeochemical transformations and removal mechanisms of trace elements in natural waters are revealed by the use of chemical separation procedures. The use of radioisotopes greatly facilitates these studies by offering simple, rapid multielement analysis. We have added a total of 26 radiotracers in various forms to large marine microcosms (13 m3 tanks, Marine Ecosystems Research Lab, U.R.I.) and monitored their chemical and biological behavior over periods of up to nine months. Our chemical separation scheme consists of serial extraction by 0.4 pm filter, activated charcoal and chelex resin; other techniques include fractionation with XAD resin or ultra-filtration of the “dissolved” fraction. Results indicate that the transition metals and metalloids studied have distinct “fingerprints” which allow the identification of groups of similarly-behaving elements. The distribution of chemical forms varies with season, condition of the water column with respect to biological activity or suspended particulate matter, and the form of the added tracer. The fractionations of some radioactive trace elements in the microcosms are compared with chemical speciations predicted by equilibrium chemical speciation models.
Teacher–Home Communication and Bullying Victimization: Do Parents' Perceptions of Fairness of Rules Matter?

Abstract Guided by the social–ecological model, this study used hierarchical linear modeling to examine the associations between parental perception of teacher–home communication and parental perce...
Becoming the Teacher of a Refugee Child: Teachers' Evolving Experiences in Turkey.

Anti-immigrant discourses are sweeping across the globe while forced displacement brings educational, political, economic, and social challenges in many countries. Turkey’s latest initiative is the...
The justification of vincristine dose capping: tradition, tradition…tradition!

‘You may ask, how did this tradition start? I’ll tell you – I don’t know. But it’s a tradition…’-Tevye, Fiddler on the Roof In the accompanying article, Weis et al. [1] present the results of a sin...
Decision weaving: Forming novel, complex strategy in entrepreneurial settings

Research Summary Strategy formation is central to why some firms seize novel opportunities while others fail. We explore a core dilemma of strategy formation in entrepreneurial settings—whether to learn a novel strategy one domain at a time (modular) versus assemble a complex strategy of coherent activities across all domains at once (integrative). By studying six ventures, we develop a theoretical framework for how entrepreneurs effectively form novel, complex strategy: Decision weaving. They (a) employ sequential focus (not parallel), (b) pause at plateaus (not optima), and (c) deploy stepping stones (not leaps) in background domains. These behaviors enable both fast, effective learning and evolving yet holistic understanding of an emerging strategy. Overall, we contribute to the microfoundations of strategy by proposing a cognitively sophisticated, yet realistic strategist. Managerial Summary Strategy formation is central to why firms seize novel opportunities while others fail. By comparing three venture‐pairs, we develop a fresh framework for strategy formation in nascent markets where strategy is both novel and complex: Decision weaving. Effective strategists: (a) use sequential focus (not parallel) to learn about successive focal strategic domains, (b) pause at learning plateaus to consolidate that knowledge about a focal domain, and (c) use stepping stones to make progress in background domains without losing focus. These behaviors enable both fast, effective learning, and evolving yet holistic understanding of an emerging strategy. More importantly, these behaviors set the stage for rapid and profitable scaling (i.e., growth).
Antigenic Variation of the Dengue Virus 2 Genotypes Impacts the Neutralization Activity of Human Antibodies in Vaccinees

Dengue virus (DENV) infects an estimated 390 million people each year worldwide. As tetravalent DENV vaccines have variable efficacy against DENV serotype 2 (DENV2), we evaluated the role of genetic diversity within the pre-membrane (prM) and envelope (E) proteins of DENV2 on vaccine performance. We generated a recombinant DENV2 genotype variant panel with contemporary prM and E isolates that are representative of global genetic diversity. The DENV2 genotype variants differ in growth kinetics, morphology, and virion stability. Importantly, the DENV2 genotypic variants are differentially neutralized by monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal serum neutralizing antibodies from DENV2-infected human subjects, and vaccine-elicited antibody responses from the TV003 NIH DENV2 monovalent and DENV tetravalent vaccines. We conclude that DENV2 prM and E genetic diversity significantly modulates antibody neutralization activity. These findings have important implications for dengue vaccines, which are being developed under the assumption that intraserotype variation has minimal impact on neutralizing antibodies.
Systemic Opioid Analgesia for Postoperative Pain Management

Summary There are many considerations when ordering postoperative analgesia. The goal of providing patient comfort, avoiding unwanted side effects, and improving recovery outcome is often difficult to attain. The choice of postoperative pain management depends on the site of surgery, patient preference, monitoring convenience, technique, and equipment availability in addition to the expertise of the patient’s physicians. Today, with the wide variety of drugs and available delivery routes, the ability to provide satisfactory parenteral postoperative opiate analgesia is improving. Evaluation and evolution of each postoperative pain management regimen should occur daily. Knowledge of available therapeutics and flexibility in fulfilling these plans should ensure safe and effective postoperative analgesia for each patient.
How to Make a Living Legend: Bibliobandido as Literacy Movement Building

This chapter highlights a public art and literacy movement collaboratively designed by artist Marisa Moran Jahn with the Library Club of El Pital, a rural community in Honduras. What emerged was the legend of the “Bibliobandido” (“story eater”), a masked bandit that eats stories and playfully pesters little kids until they offer him stories they’ve written. As Bibliobandido’s fame spread, eventually rivaling that of Santa Claus, the project grew over a decade to encompass tens of thousands of youths across 19 participating Honduran communities. Bibliobandido workshops also spread to North America, taking root in institutions ranging from the Seattle Public Library, Perez Art Museum Miami, Studio Museum in Harlem, Sugar Hill Museum of Art and Storytelling, and additional universities, festivals, schools, and museums. This chapter analyzes a host of factors—context, world-building, subversive play—that enabled the Bibliobandido cosmology to flourish.
Split Decisions: Practical Machine Learning for Empirical Legal Scholarship

Multivariable regression may be the most prevalent and useful task in social science. Empirical legal studies rely heavily on the ordinary least squares method. Conventional regression methods have attained credibility in court, but by no means do they dictate legal outcomes. Using the iconic Boston housing study as a source of price data, this Article introduces machine-learning regression methods. Although decision trees and forest ensembles lack the overt interpretability of linear regression, these methods reduce the opacity of black-box techniques by scoring the relative importance of dataset features. This Article will also address the theoretical tradeoff between bias and variance, as well as the importance of training, cross-validation, and reserving a holdout dataset for testing.
Late and Long-term Symptom Management in Colorectal Cancer Survivorship

CASE SUMMARY A 59-year-old previously healthy, asymptomatic man initially presented for his first screening colonoscopy. At this time, a friable, partially obstructing tumor was encountered in his proximal rectum. Final workup demonstrated a mrT2N1M0 upper rectal cancer. The patient went on to successfully complete total neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy and was taken to the operating room for an uncomplicated robotic-assisted low anterior resection with primary anastomosis. His final pathology revealed an ypT2N1M0 rectal cancer, and he was subsequently followed in surveillance per National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines. At long-term follow-up visits he continued to report significant depressive symptoms and functional impairment. Despite aggressive medical management with fiber supplementation and antidiarrheal medications, the patient continued to struggle with bowel movement frequency and urgency. He reported having 4 to 6 clustered bowel movements during the day and 1 to 2 stools at night that significantly limited his ability to perform normal day-to-day activities.
The td intron endonuclease I-TevI makes extensive sequence-tolerant contacts across the minor groove of its DNA target.

Abstract I-TevI, a double-strand DNA endonuclease encoded by the mobile td intron of phage T4, has specificity for the intronless td allele. Genetic and physical studies indicate that the enzyme makes extensive contacts with its DNA substrate over at least three helical turns and around the circumference of the helix. Remarkably, no single nucleotide within a 48 bp region encompassing this interaction domain is essential for cleavage. Although two subdomains (DI and DII) contain preferred sequences, a third domain (DIII), a primary region of contact with the enzyme, displays much lower sequence preference. While DII and DIII suffice for recognition and binding of I-TevI, all three domains are important for formation of a cleavage-competent complex. Mutational, footprinting and interference studies indicate predominant interactions of I-TevI across the minor groove and phosphate backbone of the DNA. Contacts appear not to be at the single nucleotide level; rather, redundant interactions and/or structural recognition are implied. These unusual properties provide a basis for understanding how I-TevI recognizes T-even phage DNA, which is heavily modified in the major groove. These recognition characteristics may increase the range of natural substrates available to the endonuclease, thereby extending the invasive potential of the mobile intron.