cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bijections for pairs of non-crossing lattice paths and walks in the plane

It is a classical result in combinatorics that among lattice paths with 2 m steps U = ( 1 , 1 ) and D = ( 1 , - 1 ) starting at the origin, the number of those that do not go below the x -axis equals the number of those that end on the x -axis. A much more unfamiliar fact is that the analogous equality obtained by replacing single paths with k -tuples of non-crossing paths holds for every k . This result has appeared in the literature in different contexts involving plane partitions (where it was proved by Proctor), partially ordered sets, Young tableaux, and lattice walks, but no bijective proof for k ? 2 seems to be known.In this paper we give a bijective proof of the equality for k = 2 , showing that for pairs of non-crossing lattice paths with 2 m steps U and D , the number of those that do not go below the x -axis equals the number of those that end on the x -axis. Translated in terms of walks in the plane starting at the origin with 2 m unit steps in the four coordinate directions, our work provides correspondences among those constrained to the first octant, those constrained to the first quadrant that end on the x -axis, and those in the upper half-plane that end at the origin.Our bijections, which are defined in more generality, also prove new results where different endpoints are allowed, and they give a bijective proof of the formula for the number of walks in the first octant that end on the diagonal, partially answering a question of Bousquet-Melou and Mishna.
Emergence of highly designable protein-backbone conformations in an off-lattice model.

Despite the variety of protein sizes, shapes, and backbone configurations found in nature, the design of novel protein folds remains an open problem. Within simple lattice models it has been shown that all structures are not equally suitable for design. Rather, certain structures are distinguished by unusually high designability: the number of amino acid sequences for which they represent the unique lowest energy state; sequences associated with such structures possess both robustness to mutation and thermodynamic stability. Here we report that highly designable backbone conformations also emerge in a realistic off-lattice model. The highly designable conformations of a chain of 23 amino acids are identified and found to be remarkably insensitive to model parameters. Although some of these conformations correspond closely to known natural protein folds, such as the zinc finger and the helix-turn-helix motifs, others do not resemble known folds and may be candidates for novel fold design.
Intermolecular Forces and the Glass Transition

Random first-order transition theory is used to determine the role of attractive and repulsive interactions in the dynamics of supercooled liquids. Self-consistent phonon theory, an approximate mean field treatment consistent with random first-order transition theory, is used to treat individual glassy configurations, whereas the liquid phase is treated using common liquid-state approximations. Free energies are calculated using liquid-state perturbation theory. The transition temperature,, the temperature where the onset of activated behavior is predicted by mean field theory; the lower crossover temperature,, where barrierless motions actually occur through fractal or stringy motions (corresponding to the phenomenological mode coupling transition temperature); and, the Kauzmann temperature (corresponding to an extrapolated entropy crisis), are calculated in addition to, the glass transition temperature that corresponds to laboratory cooling rates. Relationships between these quantities agree well with e...
Synthetic studies of 14-membered cyclopeptide alkaloids

Abstract A strained 14-membered cyclopeptide was prepared from the Garner aldehyde derived from D-serine. The key steps in the synthesis were the construction of the alkyl-aryl ether linkage via an SNAr reaction involving 4-fluorobenzonitrile and the macrolactamization using a modification of the Schmidt protocol involving an activated pentafluorophenyl ester.
Analyzing images containing multiple sparse patterns with neural networks

Abstract The problem of analyzing images containing multiple sparse overlapped patterns is addressed. This problem arises naturally when analyzing the composition of organic macromolecules using data gathered from their NMR spectra. Using a neural network approach, excellent results are obtained in using NMR data to analyze the presence of various amino acids in protein molecules. High correct classification percentages (about 87%) are achieved for images containing as many as five substantially distorted overlapping patterns.
The Prediction and Measurement of Incompressible Flow in a Labyrinth Seal

Predictions and measurements were obtained for incompressible flow in a labyrinth seal for Taylor numbers of 0, 7,600, and 19,000 at an axial Reynolds number near 50,000. A hot-film anemometer with computer data acquisition was used in obtaining the measurements. The computations were made using a turbulent flow Navier-Stokes finite difference code. The QUICK differencing scheme was utilized in order to diminish false diffusion. Comparison between experiments and predictions are given for the axial and swirl velocity components and turbulent kinetic energy. Also, the substantial effect of the Taylor number on the pressure distribution is presented.
Historical document image enhancement using background light intensity normalization

This work presents a background light intensity normalization algorithm suitable for historical document images. The algorithm uses an adaptive linear function to approximate the uneven background due to the uneven surface of the document paper, aged color and light source of the cameras for image lifting. Our algorithm adaptively captures the background with a "best fit" linear function and normalized with respect to the approximation. The technique works for both gray scale and color images with significant improvement in readability.
Three-dimensional radiation-hydrodynamics calculations of the envelopes of young planets embedded in protoplanetary disks

We perform global three-dimensional (3D) radiation-hydrodynamics calculations of the envelopes surrounding young planetary cores of 5, 10, and 15 Earth masses, located in a protoplanetary disk at 5 and 10 AU from a solar-mass star. We apply a nested-grid technique to resolve the thermodynamics of the disk at the orbital-radius length scale and that of the envelope at the core-radius length scale. The gas is modeled as a solar mixture of molecular and atomic hydrogen, helium, and their ions. The equation of state accounts for both gas and radiation, and gas energy includes contributions from rotational and vibrational states of molecular hydrogen and from ionization of atomic species. Dust opacities are computed from first principles, applying the full Mie theory. One-dimensional (1D) calculations of planet formation are used to supplement the 3D calculations by providing energy deposition rates in the envelope due to solids accretion. We compare 1D and 3D envelopes and find that masses and gas accretion rates agree within factors of 2, and so do envelope temperatures. The trajectories of passive tracers are used to define the size of 3D envelopes, resulting in radii much smaller than the Hill radius and smaller than the Bondi radius. The moments of inertia and angular momentum of the envelopes are determined and the rotation rates are derived from the rigid-body approximation, resulting in slow bulk rotation. We find that the polar flattening is 0.05. The dynamics of the accretion flow are examined by tracking the motion of tracers that move into the envelope. The anisotropy of this flow is characterized in terms of both its origin and impact site at the envelope surface. Gas merges with the envelope preferentially at mid- to high latitudes.
Contracting With Wealth-Constrained Agents

We examine how a project owner optimally selects a project operator and motivates him to deliver an essential noncontractible input (e.g., effort) when potential operators are privately informed about their limited wealth. Truthful revelation of wealth is induced by promising a higher probability of operation and, if necessary, a greater share of realized profit the larger the nonrefundable bond that a potential operator posts. The project owner benefits when total wealth is widely dispersed among potential operators. Under plausible conditions, limited knowledge of wealth is not constraining for the project owner.
Synthesis of Glucopyranosyl Amides Using Polymer‐Supported Reagents

Abstract 2,3,4,6‐Tetra‐O‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl azide reacts efficiently with polymer‐supported triphenylphosphine and various acid chlorides to yield glucopyranosyl amides with retention of the β‐gluco stereochemistry.
Federalism and regulation: extrapolating from the analysis of environmental regulation in the United States

This article extends the author's prior work concerning how responsibility over environmental regulation in the United States should be allocated between the federal government and the states. It shows why the structure of the environmental regulation in the European Union is poorly suited for the control of interstate externalities, and exposes the weaknesses of arguments for the European Union's harmonization of process standards. It then explains that in the international community the arguments differ in large part because of the weak capacity for centralized environmental standard-setting. Trade measures can therefore be a desirable way of combatting overly lax process standards in exporting countries that lead to interjurisdictional spillovers. But such trade measures should not be permitted merely because the exporting country has less stringent environmental standards than the importing country. The article ends with an analysis of how race-to-the-bottom arguments in different regulatory contexts deal with analytically distinct phenomena.
Enantioselective catalytic epoxidation of tetrasubstituted olefins

Abstract Moderate-to-high enantioselectivities (up to 97% ee) are obtained in the asymmetric epoxidation of tetrasubstituted olefins using chiral (salen)Mn(III) catalysts.
Bending of bilayers with general initial shapes

We present a simple discrete formula for the elastic energy of a bilayer. The formula is convenient for rapidly computing equilibrium configurations of actuated bilayers of general initial shapes. We use maps of principal curvatures and minimum-curvature direction fields to analyze configurations. We find good agreement between the computations and an approximate analytical solution for the case of a rectangular bilayer. For more general shapes (simple polyiamonds), we find a range of typical bending behaviors: overall bending directions along longest and shortest dimensions, inward bending at corners, curvature intensification near boundaries, and conical bending and partitioned bending zones in some cases.
Ignition analysis of wall-flow monolith diesel particulate filters

Abstract During regeneration the diesel particulate filter (DPF) is a dynamic system whose trajectory depends on various parameters, especially the inlet gas temperature. Parametric sensitivity signifies large changes in the DPF trajectory induced by small changes in parameters across threshold values. This is a form of critical behavior and can lead to ignition conditions, which is necessary for complete regeneration. In this paper a transient one-phase model is used to derive analytical ignition criteria for a wall-flow monolith diesel particulate filter, which defines the ignition boundaries. The ignition criterion is a function of three parameters: α (a ratio of reaction time to convection time), B (a ratio of adiabatic temperature rise to the characteristic temperature for reaction), and γ (a ratio of total heat capacities of the soot bed to the substrate wall) and is given by α/β B ≫ 10 ) and α/β + f(γ)B−g(γ)
A new photoclick reaction strategy: photo-induced catalysis of the thiol-Michael addition via a caged primary amine.

The utilization of 2-(2-nitrophenyl)propyloxycarbonyl (NPPOC) as a photolabile primary amine cage enables the thiol-Michael ‘click’ reaction to be photo-triggered. The photolabile amine exhibits efficient catalytic activity upon UV irradiation and is shown to initiate the photopolymerization of tetrathiol and diacrylate comonomers viaMichael addition.
Addressing Government Failure Through International Financial Law

This study examines the causes of the financial crisis and proposes better policies at the international level. Based on a framework that sees government failure as a significant source of the problem, the study examines the new US Dodd--Frank legislation and critiques the Congressional approach to avoiding systemic risk. The study also presents a survey of the organizational efforts aimed at international financial reform and coordination, and critiques the lack of openness and public dialogue at the recent G-20 Summit in Toronto. Finally, the study proposes importing some techniques used in the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the International Labour Organization (ILO) to monitor national policies. Oxford University Press 2010, all rights reserved, Oxford University Press.
Hydrous zinc halide-catalyzed aminosulfonation of hydrocarbons

Benzylic and allylic hydrocarbons are selectively converted to the corresponding sulfonamides by a ZnBr2–H2O-catalyzed reaction with PhINTs; saturated adamantane is aminosulfonated at the tertiary C–H bond.
Probabilistic Methods for Aerospace System Conceptual Design

Two important objectives for the development of a 2 nd generation reusable launch vehicle are concerned with significantly reducing cost and risk. Meeting these objectives requires a progressive design approach that eliminates non - competitive designs as early in the process as possible. During these early stages, designs are usually evaluated at a low -fidelity conceptual level. Nevertheless, design decisions need to be made that significantly affect both cost and risk. Thus it is crucial that both of these factors are considered during conceptual des ign. This paper presents methods to facilitate system risk assessment and risk vs. cost allocation during the conceptual design of an aerospace system. The analysis and optimization take into account the uncertainties in design variables that have impor tant effects on safety, performance, and cost. The proposed methodology is illustrated for the geometry design of a re -useable launch vehicle.
Minimizing dispersion in flexible-momentum-compaction lattices.

Medium-energy accelerators are often confronted with problems during transition energy crossing, such as longitudinal microwave instability and nonlinear synchrotron motion. These problems can be avoided by an accelerator having a negative momentum-compaction factor. A modular method for designing a lattice with adjustable momentum-compaction factor is presented. The dispersion excursion of the basic flexible momentum compaction module can be minimized to less than the maximum dispersion of the focusing-defocusing (FODO) lattice containing the same FODO cells. The phase advance of the module can be adjusted to be an odd multiple of quarter betatron waves. We found that a lattice composed of such modules possesses excellent chromatic properties with excellent tunability, smaller systematic stop-band widths, and smaller sextupole distortion functions.
The Physical Interpretation of X-Ray Phase Lags and Coherence: RXTE Observations of Cygnus X-1 as a Case Study

There have been a number of recent spectral models that have been successful in reproducing the observed X-ray spectra of galactic black hole candidates (GBHC). However, there still exists controversy over such issues as: what are the sources of hard radiation, what is the system's geometry, is the accretion efficient or inefficient, etc. A potentially powerful tool for distinguishing among these possibilities, made possible by the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE), is the variability data, especially the observed phase lags and variability coherence. These data, in conjunction with spectral modeling, have the potential of determining physical sizes of the system, as well as placing strong constraints on both Compton corona and advection models. As an example, we present RXTE variability data of Cygnus X-1.
Inputs and institutions as conservative elements

Ludwig von Mises argued that capital goods were “conservative elements” that constrain future production decisions. Similarly, social capital and institutions also constrain future production decisions. These insights are applied to the institutional transformation of the post-Reconstruction American South. It is argued that the structure of social capital that developed in the South was inappropriate to the formal institutions that emerged as a result of the Civil War and Reconstruction. The tensions between institutions and social capital are examined in the context of racist lynching.
Neural Progenitor Cells Lack Immunogenicity and Resist Destruction as Allografts

Multipotent, self-renewing stem and progenitor cells isolated from the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) have been shown to survive as allografts following transplantation to sites throughout the neuraxis. However, studies of this type shed little light upon the immunologic properties of the cells themselves, primarily because little is learned about the intrinsic immunogenic properties of a cell when it is grafted into an immune-privileged site. We have therefore investigated the immunogenic and antigenic properties of CNS progenitor cells by grafting them into a conventional (i.e., non-immune-privileged) site, namely, beneath the kidney capsule. Our results indicate that allogeneic CNS progenitor cells survive at least 4 weeks in a conventional site, during which time they neither sensitize their hosts nor express detectable levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or II. These in vivo data are in accord with flow cytometric results showing that CNS progenitor cells do not express M...
2′-C-Alkylribonucleosides: Design, Synthesis, and Conformation

Abstract Certain 2′-C-alkylribonucleotides have been designed as potential mechanism-based inactivators of ribonucleotide reductases. A short, flexible route toward the corresponding nucleosides and NMR evidence concerning their preferred solution conformations are discussed.
Case studies of the application of the Certification Framework to two geologic carbon sequestration sites

Abstract We have developed a certification framework (CF) for certifying that the risks of geologic carbon sequestration (GCS) sites are below agreed-upon thresholds. The CF is based on effective trapping of CO 2 , the proposed concept that takes into account both the probability and impact of CO 2 leakage. The CF uses probability estimates of the intersection of conductive faults and wells with the CO 2 plume along with modeled fluxes or concentrations of CO 2 as proxies for impacts to compartments (such as potable groundwater) to calculate CO 2 leakage risk. In order to test and refine the approach, we applied the CF to (1) a hypothetical large-scale GCS project in the Texas Gulf Coast, and (2) WESTCARB’s Phase III GCS pilot in the southern San Joaquin Valley, California.
Constraints on the symmetry energy from neutron star observations

The modeling of many neutron star observables incorporates the microphysics of both the stellar crust and core, which is tied intimately to the properties of the nuclear matter equation of state (EoS). We explore the predictions of such models over the range of experimentally constrained nuclear matter parameters, focusing on the slope of the symmetry energy at nuclear saturation density L. We use a consistent model of the composition and EoS of neutron star crust and core matter to model the binding energy of pulsar B of the double pulsar system J0737-3039, the frequencies of torsional oscillations of the neutron star crust and the instability region for r-modes in the neutron star core damped by electron-electron viscosity at the crust-core interface. By confronting these models with observations, we illustrate the potential of astrophysical observables to offer constraints on poorly known nuclear matter parameters complementary to terrestrial experiments, and demonstrate that our models consistently predict L < 70 MeV.
Reparameterization Invariance for Collinear Operators

We discuss restrictions on operators in the soft-collinear effective theory (SCET) which follow from the ambiguity in the decomposition of collinear momenta and the freedom in the choice of light-like basis vectors n and n. Invariance of SCET under small changes in n and/or n implies a symmetry of the effective theory that constrains the form of allowed operators with collinear fields. The restrictions occur at a given order in the power counting as well as between different orders. As an example, we present the complete set of higher order operators that are related to the collinear quark kinetic term.
Intercultural Communication in a Dynamic Environment Preparing Managers of Developing and Developed Countries Using Cultural Standards

Intercultural training modules and programmes need to be grounded in theory, and this article presents a theoretical framework that is grounded in economy-based differences between countries, an area that has been hitherto neglected. The framework captures 10 key economy-based differences that can help orient business people to the differences beyond cultural differences in work values. This framework can be readily adopted for education and training purposes by allowing participants to work in a group to develop an understanding of the 10 characteristics of economically developing and developed societies, and discussing ways to deal with various related communication barriers emerging from them. It is hoped that other such frameworks will be explored to enrich the training tool kit of intercultural trainers and academics beyond cultural theory-based frameworks.
PATTERNS OF SKILL PREMIA

This paper develops a model to analyse how skill premia differ over time and across countries, and uses this model to study the impact of international trade on wage inequality. Skill premia are determined by technology, the relative supply of skills, and trade. Technology is itself endogenous, and responds to profit incentives. An increase in the relative supply of skills, holding technology constant, reduces the skill premium. But an increase in the supply of skills over time also induces a change in technology, increasing the demand for skills. The most important result of the paper is that increased international trade induces skill-biased technical change. As a result, trade opening can cause a rise in inequality both in the U.S. and the less developed countries, and thanks to the induced skill-biased technical change, this can happen without a rise in the relative prices of skill-intensive goods in the U.S., which is the usual intervening mechanism in the standard trade models. This paper develops a tractable model linking skill premia (returns to skills) to relative supplies, technology, and trade. The main innovation of the model is to treat the degree of skill bias of technology, and hence the demand for skills, as endogenous, and relate it to the supply of skills and to international trade. I show that this framework is broadly consistent with the time-series evidence on the evolution of the relative supplies and the skill premium in the U.S., and crosscountry differences in skill premia. It also suggests that increased international trade could be a major cause of the increase in wage inequality because it induces skill-biased technical change.
Effective mass of phi mesons at finite temperature

Abstract The effective mass of phi meson at non-zero temperature is re-examined with an effective chiral Lagrangian. We find that the phi mass decreases with temperature but the effect is small compared to the result obtained from calculations using QCD sum rules. The leading contributions come from kaon loop corrections but vector meson contributions are also important as temperature increases. We discuss consequences of these changes to the phenomena of chiral phase transition in hot hadronic matter.
Lewis Acid-Promoted Ketene–Alkene [2 + 2] Cycloadditions

Described are the first examples of ketene–alkene [2 + 2] cycloadditions promoted by Lewis acids. Notable features of this method include (1) substantial rate acceleration relative to traditional thermal reactions, (2) good diastereoselectivities and yields for the formation of the cyclobutanone products, and (3) inverse diastereoselectivity compared with related thermal cycloadditions for many examples. These studies not only provide access to synthetically versatile cyclobutanones that cannot be prepared by traditional thermal cycloadditions but also address important mechanistic questions regarding ketene–alkene [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions.
The Kinematic and Plasma Properties of X-Ray Knots in Cassiopeia A from the Chandra HETGS

We present high-resolution X-ray spectra from the young supernova remnant Cas A using a 70 ks observation taken by the Chandra High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer (HETGS). Line emission, dominated by Si and S ions, is used for high-resolution spectral analysis of many bright, narrow regions of Cas A to examine their kinematics and plasma state. These data allow a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction using the unprecedented X-ray kinematic results: we derive unambiguous Doppler shifts for these selected regions, with values ranging between -2500 and +4000 km s-1 and the typical velocity error less than 200 km s-1. Plasma diagnostics of these regions, derived from line ratios of resolved He-like triplet lines and H-like lines of Si, indicate temperatures largely around 1 keV, which we model as O-rich reverse-shocked ejecta. The ionization age also does not vary considerably over these regions of the remnant. The gratings analysis was complemented by the nondispersed spectra from the same data set, which provided information on emission measure and elemental abundances for the selected Cas A regions. The derived electron density of X-ray emitting ejecta varies from 20 to 200 cm-3. The measured abundances of Mg, Si, S, and Ca are consistent with O being the dominant element in the Cas A plasma. With a diameter of 5', Cas A is the largest source observed with the HETGS to date. We therefore describe the technique we use and some of the challenges we face in the HETGS data reduction from such an extended, complex object.
Experimental study of potential wellbore cement carbonation by various phases of carbon dioxide during geologic carbon sequestration

Hydrated Portland cement was reacted with CO2 in supercritical, gaseous and aqueous phases to understand the potential cement alteration processes along the length of a wellbore, extending from a deep CO2 storage reservoir to the shallow subsurface during geologic carbon sequestration. The 3-D X-ray microtomography (XMT) images showed that the cement alteration was significantly more extensive with CO2-saturated synthetic groundwater than dry or wet supercritical CO2 at high P (10 MPa)-T (50 C) conditions. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) analysis also exhibited a systematic Ca depletion and C enrichment in cement matrix exposed to CO2-saturated groundwater. Integrated XMT, XRD and SEM–EDS analyses identified the formation of an extensive carbonated zone filled with CaCO3(s), as well as a porous degradation front and an outermost silica-rich zone in cement after exposure to CO2-saturated groundwater. Cement alteration by CO2-saturated groundwater for 2–8 months overall decreased the porosity from 31% to 22% and the permeability by an order of magnitude. Cement alteration by dry or wet supercritical CO2 was slow and minor compared to CO2-saturated groundwater. A thin single carbonation zone was formed in cement after exposure to wet supercritical CO2 for 8 months or dry supercritical CO2 for 15 months. An extensive calcite coating was formed on the outside surface of a cement sample after exposure to wet gaseous CO2 for 1–3 months. The chemical–physical characterization of hydrated Portland cement after exposure to various phases of CO2 indicates that the extent of cement carbonation can be significantly heterogeneous depending on the CO2 phase present in the wellbore environment. Both experimental and geochemical modeling results suggest that wellbore cement exposure to supercritical, gaseous and aqueous phases of CO2 during geologic C sequestration is unlikely to damage the wellbore integrity because cement alteration by all phases of CO2 is dominated by carbonation reactions. This is consistent with previous field studies of wellbore cement with extensive carbonation after exposure to CO2 for three decades. However, XMT imaging indicates that preferential cement alteration by supercritical CO2 or CO2-saturated groundwater can occur along the cement–steel or cement–rock interfaces. This highlights the importance of further investigation of cement degradation along the interfaces of wellbore materials to ensure permanent geologic carbon storage. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Theory of motional narrowing of EPR spectral density of magnetic ions

A theory of the EPR line shape of a magnetic impurity coupled to a lattice is presented that is capable of treating both the "slow" and "fast" regimes. A self-consistent equation of motion for the propagator of the ion motion is obtained under the assumption that the fluctuations of the lattice are not affected by the presence of the impurity. The equation is shown to correspond to the choice of the lowest-order term in a renormalized perturbation theory for the "self-energy" operator of the system. A diagrammatic representation of the perturbation theory is given which one may readily use to include higher-order corrections. The lowest-order approximation is analogous to the mode-coupling, or independent-mode approximation in extended systems, and is equivalent to the Kubo-Tomita approximation in the "fast" regime. A solution of a model problem that exhibits the motional-narrowing phenomenon is given. The theory may be generalized to arbitrary finite-dimensional systems coupled to a bath.
An information theoretic approach to the distributed detection problem

The distributed detection problem is considered from an information-theoretic point of view. An entropy-based cost function is used for system optimization. This cost function maximizes the amount of information transfer between the input and the output. Distributed detection system topologies with and without a fusion center are considered, and an optimal fusion rule and optimal decision rules are derived. >
Hydrolysis of substituted 1,3,2-dioxaborolanes and an asymmetric synthesis of a differentially protected syn,syn-3-methyl-2,4-hexanediol

Pinanediol boronic esters have been cleaved only by destruction of the pinanediol with boron trichloride, reduction to borohydride with lithium aluminum hydride, or conversion to a boronic ester, or, if the boronic acid is water soluble, transesterification with phenylboronic acid in a two-phase system. The method of hydrolysis reported in this note appears to be generally useful for boronic esters of C{sub 2}-symmetrical diols but falls short of complete hydrolysis of pinanediol esters. 18 refs., 1 tab.
Bubble domain memory systems

This paper presents bubble memory technology from a systems viewpoint. A perspective is given listing the characteristics of bubble domain memory relative to other available and oncoming memory technology. The application areas most conformed to bubble capability are identified. Bubble domain chip topologies and bubble memory systems organized to fit the application are discussed. Examples of actual devices being built are presented. Prototype systems are discussed, indicating their organization and interface command and timing structure.
Planning data processing education to meet job requirements

The greatest single expenditure that a data processing organization has today is for its human resource. This has been dramatically illustrated in several well-known studies. The cost of human resources continues to rise in data processing. Computers and systems are becoming more and more complex. It has become extremely difficult for programmers and analysts to know all the essential things about a system. This is especially true with the large, widespread teleprocessing networks. This complexity of sytems is forcing more and more specialization in computer technology. At the same time, small computer staffs find that although a few staff members may know all that is required to support a system, it is frequently difficult to identify job responsibilities in such a way that maximum efficiency can be attained for the benefit of the business.
Supersymmetric effects in deep inelastic neutrino-nucleus scattering

Abstract We compute the supersymmetric (SUSY) contributions to ν ( ν )-nucleus deep inelastic scattering in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM). We consider the ratio of neutral current to charged current cross sections, Rν and R ν , and compare with the deviations of these quantities from the Standard Model predictions implied by the recent NuTeV measurement. After performing a model-independent analysis, we find that SUSY loop corrections generally have the opposite sign from the NuTeV anomaly. We also study for R-parity-violating (RPV) contributions. Although RPV effects could, in principle, reproduce the NuTeV anomaly, such a possibility is also ruled out by other precision electroweak measurements.
Structure of quantum disordered wave functions: weak localization, far tails, and mesoscopic transport

We report on the comprehensive numerical study of the fluctuation and correlation properties of wave functions in three-dimensional mesoscopic diffusive conductors. Several large sets of nanoscale samples with finite metallic conductance, modeled by an Anderson model with different strengths of diagonal box disorder, have been generated in order to investigate both small and large deviations (as well as the connection between them) of the distribution function of eigenstate amplitudes from the universal prediction of random matrix theory. We find that small, weak localization-type, deviations contain both diffusive contributions (determined by the bulk and boundary conditions dependent terms) and ballistic ones which are generated by electron dynamics below the length scale set by the mean free path l. By relating the extracted parameters of the functional form of nonperturbative deviations (“far tails”) to the exactly calculated transport properties of mesoscopic conductors, we compare our findings based on the full solution of the Schrodinger equation to different approximative analytical treatments. We find that statistics in the far tail can be explained by the exp-log-cube asymptotics (convincingly refuting the log-normal alternative), but with parameters whose dependence on l is linear and, therefore, expected to be dominated by ballistic effects. It is demonstrated that both small deviations and far tails depend explicitly on the sample size--the remaining puzzle then is the evolution of the far tail parameters with the size of the conductor since short-scale physics is supposedly insensitive to the sample boundaries.
Optimization for buckling resistance of fiber-composite laminate shells with and without cutouts

Abstract A sequential linear programming method with a simple move-limit strategy is used to investigate the following three important buckling optimization problems of composite shells: (1) optimization of fiber orientations for maximizing buckling resistance of composite shells without cutouts; (2) optimization of fiber orientations for maximizing buckling resistance of composite shells with circular cutouts; and (3) optimization of cutout geometry for maximizing buckling resistance of a composite shell. From the results of optimization study, it has been shown that, given a structural geometry, loading condition and material system, the buckling resistance of a cylindrical composite shell is strongly influenced by fiber orientations, end conditions, the presence of cutout and the geometry of cutout.
Functional Tolerancing: A Design for Manufacturing Methodology

The problem addressed in this paper is the development of a physico-mathematical basis for mechanical tolerances. The lack of such a basis has fostered a decoupling of design (function) and manufacturing. The groundwork for a tolerancing methodology is laid by a model of profile errors, whose components are justified by physical reasoning and estimated using mathematical tools. The methodology is then presented as an evolutionary procedure that harnesses the various tools, as required, toanalyze profiles in terms of a minimum set of profile parameters and tore-generate them from the parameters. This equips the designer with a rational means for estimating performance prior to manufacturing, hence integrating design and manufacturing. The utility of thefunctional tolerancing methodology is demonstrated with performance simulations of a lathe-head-stock design, focusing on gear transmission with synthesized errors.
Processing translational motion sequences

Abstract A procedure for processing real world image sequences produced by relative translational motion between a sensor and environmental objects is presented. In this procedure, the determination of the direction of sensor translation is effectively combined with the determination of the displacement of image features and environmental depth. It requires no restrictions on the direction of motion, nor the location and shape of environmental objects. It has been applied successfully to real-world image sequences from several different task domains. The processing consists of two basic steps: feature extraction and search. The feature extraction process picks out small image areas which may correspond to distinguishing parts of environmental objects. The direction of translational motion is then found by a search which determines the image displacement paths along which a measure of feature mismatch is minimized for a set of features. The correct direction of translation will minimize this error measure and also determine the corresponding image displacement paths for which the extracted features match well.
A Review of integrable deformations in AdS/CFT

Marginal β deformations of $\mathcal{N}=4$ super-Yang–Mills theory are known to correspond to a certain class of deformations of the S5 background subspace of type IIB string theory in AdS5×S5. An analogous set of deformations of the AdS5 subspace is reviewed here. String energy spectra computed in the near-pp-wave limit of these backgrounds match predictions encoded by discrete, asymptotic Bethe equations, suggesting that the twisted string theory is classically integrable in this regime. These Bethe equations can be derived algorithmically by relying on the existence of Lax representations, and on the Riemann–Hilbert interpretation of the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz. This letter is a review of a seminar given at the Institute for Advanced Study, based on research completed in collaboration with McLoughlin.
Integration of feature based design and feature recognition

Process planning for machined parts typically requires that a part be described through machining features such as holes, slots and pockets. This paper presents a novel feature finder, which automatically generates a part interpretation in terms of machining features, by utilizing information from a variety of sources such as nominal geometry, tolerances and attributes, and design features. The feature finder strives to produce a desirable interpretation of the part as quickly as possible. If this interpretation is judged unacceptable by a process planner, alternatives can be generated on demand. The feature finder uses a hint-based approach, and combines artificial intelligence techniques, such as blackboard architecture and uncertain reasoning, with the geometric completion procedures first introduced in the OOFF system previously developed at USC.
Magnetotail Processes Associated with Auroral Surge Formation

The current wedge that forms during substorms is associated with significant magnetic field (B) changes and particle injections observed at synchronous orbit. Here it is argued that the B changes associated with the current wedge lead to a distortion of the separatrix between open and closed field lines that extends from the ionosphere to at least x=-22Re in the tail. It is suggested that the distortion forms the auroral bulge observed in the ionosphere during the expansion phase of substorms and that it causes the plasma sheet to expand at longitudes within the current wedge and to thin at longitudes near, but outside, the current wedge. A number of important substorm phenomena observed in the tail beyond synchronous orbit can be interpreted to be a result of the distortion of the separatrix. These include plasma sheet thinning and concurrent enhanced strethcing of B after expansion phase onset, plasma sheet expansion that follows thinning and should be concurrent with a field depolarization, and tailward plasma flows and associated negative Bz's during some expansion phases. The above phenomena are expected to occur at longitudes outside the current wedge that forms at onset. At longitudes within the initial current wedge, dispersionless particle injection and concurrent dipolarization of B is expected at onset as has recently been observed out to x=-22Re.
Negative pion-proton elastic scattering at 1.7 GeV/c☆

Abstract The differential elastic scattering cross section for 1.7 GeV/ c π − on protons is evaluated by analysis of Brookhaven 20″ bubble chamber film. Primary and secondary diffraction peaks are evident. These are discussed in terms of optical model parameters.
Cyber epidemic models with dependences

Studying models of cyber epidemics over arbitrary complex networks can deepen our understanding of cyber security from a whole-system perspective. In this work, we initiate the investigation of cyber epidemic models that accommodate the dependences between the cyber attack events. Due to the notorious difficulty in dealing with such dependences, essentially all existing cyber epidemic models have disregarded them. Specifically, we introduce the idea of copulas into cyber epidemic models for accommodating the dependences between the cyber attack events. We investigate the epidemic equilibrium thresholds as well as the bounds for both equilibrium and nonequilibrium infection probabilities. We further characterize the side effects of disregarding the due dependences between the cyber attack events by showing that the results thereof are unnecessarily restrictive or even incorrect.
Partial restoration of flavor symmetry for chiral staggered fermions

Abstract At non-zero lattice spacing the flavor symmetry of staggered fermions is broken to a discrete subgroup. We show that in the chiral limit the flavor symmetry of the pion effective Lagrangian enlarges to an SO(4) subgroup of the continuum SU(4) symmetry. This provides an explanation for observed degeneracies in the pion spectrum.
Nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs): dissociating the anabolic and androgenic activities of the androgen receptor for therapeutic benefit.

Interest in the development and therapeutic potential of nonsteroidal tissue-selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) has increased dramatically within the past decade. Rapidly expanding knowledge of nuclear hormone receptor structure and function and successful proof-of-principle clinical trials with SARMs have revived an almost dormant search for improved androgens. This Award Address attempts to chronicle the landmark discoveries (with emphasis on our work), organize the SARM landscape into clinically relevant bins, and provide insight into the clinical prospects for SARMs. 1.1. Origins of Androgen Use. An early (1889) and unusual experiment in androgen therapy was performed by Charles Edouard Brown-Sequard, age 72. He administered a testicular extract to himself and reported that he felt “increased vigor and capacity for work”. Despite retrospective suggestions that any effect was purely placebo, this report resulted in widespread use of testicular extracts throughout Europe and North America for several decades. Attempts to isolate the active components of testicular extract failed until 1935 when testosterone (17 hydroxy-4-andosten-3-one) was isolated from bull testes. Shortly thereafter, its synthesis was reported. In the same year, extracts of urine from males were shown to cause nitrogen retention, an indicator of anabolic metabolism. Testosterone was the first anabolic androgen to be used clinically, but its use is limited by its androgenicity and pharmacokinetic (PK) issues. 1 In the latter half of the 20th century, the chemical scaffold of testosterone was modified extensively, producing many
Real-time estimation of atmospheric turbulence severity from in-situ aircraft measurements

The quality of atmospheric turbulence detection and forecast information for the operational meteorology and aviation communities is directly linked to the quality of real-time measurements. Currently, the only direct data are subjective, qualitative, and intermittent pilot reports. This article describes techniques, suitable for real-time application on commercial transport aircraft, to generate quantitative and comprehensive turbulence measurements. These algorithms build on standard methods used in the analysis of aircraft response to turbulence, but are specifically designed to address the limitations of the available on-board data and computational
Juries and Unpredictability in Products Liability Damage Awards

The size and variability of jury damage awards in tort cases has been a contentious issue for over a decade. Nevertheless, there has been little empirical work addressing the relationship between the size of jury awards to products liability victims and their compensable losses. This paper examines this relationship using a sample of California cases. A compensatory model of damages based on plaintiff, injury, and case characteristics explains a large proportion of the variance in damage awards suggesting that juries rely heavily on monetary and non-monetary loss estimates in determining damages. The evidence argues against charges of unpredictability, and indicates undercompensation on average.
Innovation: : Integration of Random Variation and Creative Synthesis

Sarah Harvey has developed an important model called creative synthesis for the use of dialectical reasoning in creative endeavors. This model is put in direct opposition to the evolutionary model called random variation, which, according to Harvey, promotes incremental innovation, while creative synthesis promotes radical innovation. In emphasizing the affirmative stage of the dialectical process, creative synthesis offers a description of how groups can be consistently successful in creative endeavors through collective attention, enabling ideas, and building on similarities. We propose that creative synthesis is not a rival to but an extension of random variation and that the same dialectical reasoning used by Harvey allows us to integrate the two models into a more versatile hybrid: evolutionary synthesis. We contend that the hybrid model better reflects the complexity of reality and avoids the problem of routinization. It appears that innovation is all about Darwin and Marx.
Iridium-Catalyzed, Regio- and Enantioselective Allylic Substitution with Aromatic and Aliphatic Sulfinates

The iridium-catalyzed allylation of sodium sulfinate to form branched allylic sulfones is reported. The reactions between various sodium sulfinates and achiral allylic carbonates occur in good yields, with high selectivity for the branched isomer, and high enantioselectivities (up to 98% ee).