cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seasonal variation in diet, volatile fatty acid production and size of the cecum of rock ptarmigan

Abstract 1. Seasonal changes in the chemical and taxonomic character of the diet, the size of the cecum and cecal volatile fatty acid (VFA) production were studied in rock ptarmigan collected in interior Alaska. 2. Ptarmigan fed predominantly on buds and catkins of dwarf birch from late September through April and consumed a significant proportion of berries when available during this period, while seeds predominated in crop contents during July and leaves were preferred during August. 3. Foods selected during July and August were of higher nutritional quality than those selected during other seasons. Crude protein values were highest and lignification of the cell wall lowest in foods selected by ptarmigan during the plant growing season. 4. The length, weight of contents and tissue weight of the cecum were greatest during winter, declined to their shortest, lightest state during summer and early fall and again increased as winter approached. 5. Relative production rates of individual VFA were acetate > propionate > butyrate, whereas relative absorption rates were butyrate > propionate > acetate. 6. The proportion of propionate produced with respect to acetate was highest during summer and early fall suggesting material entering the cecum during these seasons contained the highest proportion of soluble carbohydrates. 7. Seasonal VFA fermentation rates/g of cecal contents differed significantly only during July when the rate was highest. 8. Total VFA production/day did not differ significantly among seasons and metabolizable energy available from VFA averaged 7·1 kcal/day. This energy was equivalent to about 18% of the standard metabolic rate and 7% of estimated free living energy requirements.
Pre-infection interactions between roots and the mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora gigantea: Chemotropism of germ-tubes and root growth response

Investigation of the chemotropic response of germinating spores of Gigaspora gigantea to plant roots, using a root organ culture assay, showed that aerial germ-tubes contacted host roots in 87 % of tomato cultures and in 56 % of corn cultures. In the presence of KMnO4 or KOH this response was essentially eliminated. With non-hosts, germ-tubes were attracted to beet but not to kohlrabi roots. Contact between germ-tubes and roots of host plants led to a significant stimulation of root growth prior to the formation of any infection structures. In tomato root cultures, both root length and number of laterals increased significantly in response to germ-tube contact. Single fibres of glass wool placed on tomato roots failed to elicit a growth response. In corn root cultures, the number of laterals increased but total root length was unaffected. Roots of beet did not respond to germ-tube contact. Emerging lateral roots frequently grew toward germinating spores of G. gigantea, and this response was reduced in the presence of KMnO4 but not in the presence of KOH. Stimulation of root growth in the pre-infection phase may be a previously unrecognized, non-nutritional benefit of the VAM symbiosis.
Effects of WIP inventories on integrated production lot sizing in cellular manufacturing

Abstract This paper studies the effects of work-in-process (WIP) inventory on the simultaneous determination of the optimal production batch sizes of the single product and its component parts, where the component parts, processed in manufacturing cells, are assembled into the product. We develop a procedure to simultaneously find the optimal lot size for the product and its component parts and the total relevant cost. The effect of setup reduction is considered. A numerical example demonstrates that, in the lot size computation, the WIP inventory costs and the relationship between the product and its component parts should all be taken into account.
“Extra” force evoked by percutaneous muscle stimulation: mechanisms and potential therapeutic applications

percutaneous electrical stimulation of human muscle can evoke direct muscle contractions by stimulating the terminal branches of motor axons, but it has also been found to produce reflex contractions resulting from stimulation of sensory fibers ([4][1], [5][2]). Production of this extra contractile
Fast-fashion consumers’ post-purchase behaviours

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore fast-fashion consumers’ post-purchase behaviours and examine relationships among fast-fashion purchase, disposing, hoarding, participation in recycling, and environmental attitudes. Design/methodology/approach – A survey questionnaire was developed and a total of 335 college students completed it in a classroom setting. Of the data collected, 274 students who purchased fast-fashions were used for this study. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data and Pearson correlations were conducted to examine relationships among the variables. Findings – Results of Pearson correlations indicated that fast-fashion purchase was positively related to disposing and hoarding, but negatively related to participation in recycling. Apparel hoarding was positively related to recycling, but no relationships were found between environmental attitudes and any of the following: fast-fashion purchase, disposing, hoarding, or participation in recycling. Practical impl...
Making the correct mistakes

We propose a new sequential, adaptive, quadratic-time algorithm for variable-rate lossy compression of memoryless sources at a fixed distortion. The algorithm uses approximate pattern matching and is modeled after the Lempel-Ziv algorithm. As a key new idea, the algorithm uses lower mutual information to carefully select "good" codewords. For Bernoulli sources with Hamming distortion, we empirically demonstrate that the algorithm (a) discovers the optimal reproduction type, (b) leads to absence of multiple matches, and (c) seems to approach the rate-distortion coding rate. Based on empirical observations, we formulate two conjectures that could imply that the algorithm is asymptotically optimal for memoryless sources.
Diet-induced obesity obstructs insulin signaling in the heart

insulin resistance occurs frequently in people who are overweight or obese. Elucidating the mechanisms responsible for insulin resistance and defining its physiological consequences are highly relevant to understanding human disease. Impaired insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle and liver are
Liquid droplet behavior and instability in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell flow channel

A combined theoretical and experimental study of the influence of controllable engineering parameters, including surface PTFE (Teflon™) coverage (ranging from 5 to 20 wt.%), channel geometry, droplet chord length and height, and operational air flow rate, on liquid droplet deformation at the interface of the diffusion media (DM) and the gas flow channel was performed. The theoretical model reasonably predicts the measured contact angle hysteresis and identifies conditions under which the droplet tends toward an unstable state. The results presented in this study indicate that operational conditions, droplet height, chord length, channel size and level of surface hydrophobicity of the DM directly affect the droplet instability. Based on the analytical force balance model, the critical Reynolds number at which a droplet of given dimensions tends towards instability (i.e. may be removed from the channel) is predicted. Experimental data in both the stable and unstable regions as defined by the critical Reynolds number curve generally corresponds to the stability predictions. Empirical correlations relating surface tension and DM PTFE content were developed. At high flow rates, the surface hydrophobicity of the DM surface enhances efficacy of droplet removal, and may help to prevent local channel flooding. However, at low flow rates, hydrophobicity of the DM surface has only a minimal impact on efficacy of droplet removal and therefore high PTFE content may not be necessary, or desirable, since it also increases the electrical resistance of the system. It is also suggested that for constant air velocity and droplet size and shape, reduced channel height is preferred for effective water droplet removal where practical.
Challenge and Opportunity in Evaluating a Diffusion-Based Active Bystanding Prevention Program: Green Dot in High Schools

Increasing attention has recently been paid to the development of prevention programs designed to actively engage bystanders in prevention efforts to reduce the risk of sexual and dating violence; yet, few evaluations have been conducted. Our proposed plan to rigorously evaluate a randomized intervention trial of the Green Dot bystander program as it is implemented in high schools across Kentucky is presented. We highlight the value of measuring violence victimization and perpetration outcomes, capturing actual and observed student bystander behaviors, and testing the diffusion of Green Dot training through students’ social networks.
First do no harm.

Every social order creates those character forms which it needs for its own preservation … The character structure … is the crystallization of the sociological process of a given epoch. (Wilhelm R...
Enzymatic cleavage of histone H3: a new consideration when measuring histone modifications in human samples

Histone modifications are increasingly being used as biomarkers of cancer prognosis and survival. However, we identified a cleavage product of histone H3 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, which interferes with measures of certain H3 modifications. Therefore, the potential for enzymatic cleavage of histones should be considered when measuring histone modifications in human samples. Furthermore, the enzymatic cleavage of human H3 is itself a fascinating area of research and two important questions remain to be answered: 1) Does cleavage of human H3 occur in vivo, as it does in other organisms? and 2) Does it serve a biologically important function?
Dietary trans-vaccenic acid (trans11-18:1) increases concentration of cis9,trans11-conjugated linoleic acid (rumenic acid) in tissues of lactating mice and suckling pups

Des souris allaitantes ont recu de l'acide trans-vaccenique (trans1 1-18:1, TVA) afin de demontrer la desaturation du TVA en acide linoleique conjugue cis9,trans11-18:2 (9/11CLA). Des regimes contenant 30 g.kg -1 d'acide linoleique (18:2n-6, LA) ou 20 g de LA plus 10 g d'acide stearique (18:0, SA), de TVA ou d'un melange de CLA (MCLA), ont ete distribues. Par rapport a la consommation de SA, celle de TVA a accru les concentrations plasmatiques de 9/11CLA dans les fractions phospholipides, triglycerides et acides gras libres. Par ailleurs, les concentrations du 9/11CLA dans ces fractions ont ete plus elevees avec l'apport de MCLA qu'avec celui de SA ou de TVA. Le 9/11CLA n'a pas ete detecte dans le foie de souris recevant du SA, et a represente 1 mg.g -1 d'acides gras totaux de la carcasse. En revanche, les teneurs en 9/11CLA dans le foie (5 mg.g -1 ) et la carcasse (6 mg.g -1 ) de souris ayant recu du TVA ont ete similaires a celles mesurees dans le foie (5 mg.g -1 ) et la carcasse (7 mg.g -1 ) de souris ayant recu du MCLA. Le tissu mammaire de souris ayant recu du SA ne contenait pas de quantite detectable de 9/11CLA, contrairement au tissu mammaire de souris ayant recu du TVA (5 mg.g -1 ) ou du MCLA (14 mg.g -1 ). L'activite stearoyl-CoA desaturase a ete plus elevee de 14 % dans le tissu mammaire des souris recevant du TVA que dans celui des souris recevant du MCLA. L'activite de cette enzyme dans le tissu hepatique a ete similaire pour tous les traitements. Chez les souriceaux allaites par les souris ayant recu du TVA, le 9/11CLA a represente 3 mg.g -1 d'acides gras dans le foie mais n'a pas ete detecte dans la carcasse. Cependant, chez les souriceaux allaites par les souris ayant recu du MCLA, le 9/11CLA a represente 8 et 6 mg.g -1 d'acides gras, respectivement dans le foie et la carcasse. Ces resultats indiquent que la desaturation du TVA a accru le 9/11CLA dans les tissus et la matiere grasse du lait.
The Making of a Dream: The Sino-American Expedition to Mount Amne Machin in 1948

For centuries, China has remained as a place in many Americans' shadowy dreams where fortunes and careers could be made through commerce, industry, religion, education, and adventure. American businessmen and their domestic backers appreciated China's richly endowed natural resources and its untapped market of 400 million customers, looking forward to making immense profits from business investment and commercial establishments. Since the arrival of the first American merchant ship, Empress of China, in Canton in 1784, generation after generation of American businessmen and adventurers landed in the Middle Kingdom to begin their enterprises by foreseeing a promising future for mercantile advantage. In this China drive, individual businessmen outside the U.S. government played a significant role in linking the two countries and peoples through a variety of activities. Some of them were particularly responsible for conveying their ideas, directly or indirectly, to government policy makers in Washington, exerting profound influence on the U.S. foreign policy toward East Asia. Some of them made great efforts to assist in the modernization of China by devoting their lives and resources, turning themselves into friends of China. Some of them, however, played games as adventurers seeking power and wealth in a fraudulent way and creating unexpected occasions for political confrontations and diplomatic conflicts in Sino-American relations. In all of these multi-dimensional interactions, China, a Acknowledgement: This essay is part of my Ph.D. dissertation, Government and Academy in Republican China: History of Academia Sinica, 1927-1949 (Harvard University, 1998). For the private documents and interview materials presented in this paper, I particularly thank Dr. Bradford Washburn, Honorary Director of Boston Museum of Science, who provided me with invaluable personal information on the research subject. I would also like to thank the Second National Historical Archives in Nanjing, P.R. China, for allowing me to use the Academia Sinica Archives.
Seriousness of Sexual Assault Charges: Influencing Factors

The seriousness of a sexual assault charge in Ohio is independently determined by the amount of force used and/or the age of the victim. Penetration of the victim may or may not result in a more se...
Visual Working Memory Modulates Rapid Eye Movements to Simple Onset Targets

Representations in visual working memory (VWM) influence attention and gaze control in complex tasks, such as visual search, that require top-down selection to resolve stimulus competition. VWM and visual attention clearly interact, but the mechanism of that interaction is not well understood. In the research reported here, we demonstrated that in the absence of stimulus competition or goal-level biases, VWM representations of object features influence the spatiotemporal dynamics of extremely simple eye movements. The influence of VWM therefore extends into the most basic operations of the oculomotor system.
German War Aims in the First World War

G RIFF nach der Weltmacht, the new book by Professor Fritz Fischer of Hamburg University, is a noteworthy contribution to our understanding of German policy during the First World War. Its wealth of documentation from previously unused archives (as well as its startling interpretations) makes much of the earlier literature in the field-such as the standard work by Erich Otto Volkmann, Die Annexionsfragen des Weltkrieges (Berlin I929)-obsolete. Fischer is the first historian of the period who bases his conclusions upon a thorough examination of the official German documents, which became accessible to researchers only in i955. His work certainly bears out the truism that definitive diplomatic history can be written only after the archives have been opened. A brief listing of the collections examined for the present volume will give an impression of its exhaustive character. Fischer has worked through deposits of the old Reichsarchiv, now located at Potsdam (in the East Zone), where the files of the Chancellery, Reich Ministry of the Interior, and Commercial Section of the Foreign Office proved especially important; the old Preussisches Geheimes Staatsarchiv, now at Merseburg (also in the East Zone), containing the files of the Prussian government (whose great influence upon the formulation of war aims is revealed for the first time); the Politisches Archiv des Auswirtigen Amts, Bonn, containing most of the files of the Old German Foreign Office (recently returned to Germany from Britain, where they had been brought in I946); the Osterreichisches Staatsarchiv, Vienna, for the files of the Austrian Foreign Office; as well as some important collections in the Bundesarchiv at Koblenz and the Staatsarchive at Munich and Stuttgart. Fischer's documentary basis is so firm and broad that startling additions to the factual evidence are unlikely in the future. The archives have yielded their treasure at last. The task of future historians will be one of interpreting an established body of facts rather than making fresh discoveries.
Multi-rate control for motion control applications

Multi-rate digital control systems involve more than one sampling (updating) frequency. This paper presents several cases of multi-rate digital control and their applications to motion control systems. More specifically, multi-rate control ideas are presented for performance enhancement and computation saving. Multi-rate control combined with the idea of interlacing saves real time computation without noticeable degradation of performance. Basics of lifting, the major analytical tool for multi-rate systems, is also reviewed.
Isozymic Characterization of Three Mating Groups of the Tetrahymena pyriformis complex

SYNOPSIS. Strains of 3 unnamed mating groups of the Tetrahymena pyriformis complex have been subjected to starch gel electrophoresis followed by staining the gels for the enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP), tyrosine aminotransferase, and tetrazolium oxidase (superoxide dismutase). With respect to the electrophoretic mobilities of these enzyme systems, the mating groups referred to here as 5, 13 and 14 are very similar to Tetrahymena americanis (syngen 2), the most common North American species of the complex. Cultures in our collection labeled Tetrahymena cosmopolitans (formerly syngen 4) are either amicronucleate, with unique isozyme patterns, or micronucleate cells which mate with and have isozyme patterns similar to Tetrahymena canadensis (syngen 7). Immature progeny have been derived from crosses between the latter strains and T. canadensis recently collected in Colorado. The amicronucleate strains are now placed in the Tetrahymena sp. category, and we conclude that strains identifiable as T. cosmopolitanis are no longer available. The reliability of isozymes as characters in ciliate taxonomy was evaluated by comparing the present results for 3 enzymes in 15 groups of strains (syngens and phenosets) that had been compared in an earlier study. These enzyme systems gave correlation coefficients (r) of 0.75 or higher in the separate studies, and can be considered useful diagnostic traits. Other enzymes that were present at threshold levels of detectability or varied highly in concentration from species to species are too unreliable to be of diagnostic value. Some of the strains in the complex are so evolutionarily divergent at the molecular level that we have difficulty finding growth and electrophoretic conditions under which orthologous enzyme activities can be detected simultaneously for all the strains being compared.
All this and engineering too: history of accreditation requirements for nontechnical curriculum content in U.S. Engineering Education 1933-2000

A concern for the non-technical side of engineering education has been a part of the accreditation process in the U. S. since the founding of the Engineering Council for Professional Development (ECPD) in 1932. The first accreditation policy published in 1933 left the specific criteria for curriculum content up to the discretion of the members of the accrediting panel. In 1955, a minimum of one-half year of "humanistic-social studies" was required for the first time. This requirement remained substantially unchanged until it was dropped as part of the changes associated with the adoption of EC 2000. The current criteria call for engineering students to have "an understanding of ... ethical, social, economic, and safety considerations," but whether curricula will emphasize these areas more in the future remains to be seen.
Spin Glassiness and Ferromagnetism in Disordered Ni-Mn Alloys

From magnetic measurements, the alloy Ni 78 Mn 22 is found to undergo a field-induced transition from spin glassiness to ferromagnetism at a critical field that decreases from ∼140 Oe to zero as the temperature is raised from 4.2 K to 40 K, the ferromagnetic Curie point being ∼270 K. The alloy Ni 74 Mn 26 is found to transform at 80 K from a spin glass to a state of infinite initial susceptibility but no spontaneous magnetization and to remain so up to 155 K, where it becomes paramagnetic. The spin-glass properties of Ni 78 Mn 22 below 40 K and of Ni 74 Mn 26 below 80 K include displaced hysteresis loops produced by cooling in a field. The changes in the hysteresis loops upon subsequent warming correspond to a gradual conversion of a unidirectional anisotropy to a uniaxial anisotropy.
Recalcitrant patellar tendinosis in elite athletes: surgical treatment in conjunction with aggressive postoperative rehabilitation.

BackgroundRecalcitrant patellar tendinosis is difficult to treat, and results are varied.HypothesisSurgical removal of necrotic tissue, surgical stimulation of remaining tendon, and aggressive and specific rehabilitation after patellar tendonectomy will allow athletes to return to sports.Study DesignCase series; Level of evidence, 4.MethodsFrom December 1996 to July 2002, 16 high-level athletes (4 professional, 2 Olympic, 9 collegiate, 1 preparatory), aged 16 to 25 years (mean, 19.7 years), with 22 symptomatic patellar tendons had failed nonoperative care of their patellar tendinosis symptoms and were unable to compete effectively in their sports. Magnetic resonance imaging showed confirmation of disease, with typical findings being necrosis in the posterior half of an abnormally thick patellar tendon, often in conjunction with partial tearing of the posterior half with a compensatory enlargement of the anterior half. Each patient then underwent tendonectomy of the necrotic portion in conjunction with sti...
On the number of full levels in tries

We study the asymptotic distribution of the fill-up level in a binary trie built over n independent strings generated by a biased memoryless source. The fill-up level is the number of full levels in a tree. A level is full if it contains the maximum allowable number of nodes (e.g., in a binary tree level k can have up to 2k nodes). The fill-up level finds many interesting applications, e.g., in the internet IP lookup problem and in the analysis of level compressed tries (LC tries). In this paper, we present a complete asymptotic characterization of the fill-up distribution. In particular, we prove that this distribution concentrates on one or two points around the most probably value k = ⌊log1/qn - log log log n + 1 + log log(p/q)⌋, where p > q = 1 - p is the probability of generating the more likely symbol (while q = 1 - p is the probability of the less likely symbol). We derive our results by analytic methods such as generating functions, Mellin transform, the saddle point method, and analytic depoissonization. We also present some numerical verification of our results.
Viscosupplementation for Osteoarthritis: a Primer for Primary Care Physicians

Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) constitutes a growing public health burden and the most common cause of disability in the United States. Non-pharmacologic modalities and conservative pharmacologic therapies are recommended for the initial treatment of OA, including acetaminophen, and topical and oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. However, safety concerns continue to mount regarding the use of these treatments and none have been shown to impact disease progression. Viscosupplementation with injections of hyaluronans (HAs) are indicated when non-pharmacologic and simple analgesics have failed to relieve symptoms (e.g., pain, stiffness) associated with knee OA. This review evaluates literature focusing on the efficacy and/or safety of HA injections in treating OA of the knee and in other joints, including the hip, shoulder, and ankle.
Glial modulation of synaptic transmission in the retina.

Glial modulation of synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability in the mammalian retina is mediated by several mechanisms. Stimulation of glial cells evokes Ca(2+) waves, which propagate through the network of retinal astrocytes and Muller cells and result in the modulation of the activity of neighboring ganglion cells. Light-evoked spiking is enhanced in some ganglion cells and depressed in others. A facilitation or depression of light-evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents is also seen in ganglion cells following glial stimulation. In addition, stimulation of glial cells evokes a sustained hyperpolarizing current in ganglion cells which is mediated by ATP release from Muller cells and activation of neuronal A(1) adenosine receptors. Recent studies reveal that light-evoked activity in retinal neurons results in an increase in the frequency of Ca(2+) transients in Muller cells. Thus, there is two-way communication between neurons and glial cells, suggesting that glia contribute to information processing in the retina.
Broad-source holographic reconstruction by use of wavelet encoding

Reconstructing a hologram with spatially incoherent illumination smears the obtained image. We propose a wavelet based holographic recording process which uses the smearing to obtain a reconstruction with improved spatial resolution when incoherent illumination is applied.
Long-term efficacy of holmium laser endoureterotomy for benign ureteral strictures

Abstract Objectives To determine the long-term clinical and radiographic success of holmium laser endoureterotomy for nonobliterative benign ureteral strictures. Methods A total of 19 patients (12 women and 7 men, mean age 47.5 years) underwent holmium laser endoureterotomy for iatrogenic ureteral strictures (seven proximal, seven mid, and five distal) using semirigid ureteroscopy and a 360-μm fiber at 1 J and 10 Hz. Results Success was strictly defined as both relief of symptoms and radiographic resolution of obstruction by intravenous pyelography or diuretic renography, or both. With a median follow-up of 3.0 years, success was achieved in 13 (68.4%) of 19 patients. Conclusions Our results have shown that holmium laser endoureterotomy is associated with a long-term success rate equivalent to, or better than, other currently available minimally invasive treatment options. Also, failure was uniformly evident within the first 3 months after treatment.
The future of anesthesia practice: hedge your practice’s chances of being on, not under, the leading edge of the wave

What does the future hold for the practice of anesthesiology? This article discusses several current trends, competition from technology, outsourcing of medical care, hospital closures, competition from CRNAs, and the trend toward “wellness,” and explores their possible impact on the specialty. The article presents legal and business strategies to maximize the likelihood of an anesthesia group’s future success.
Soviet Politics and After: Old and New Concepts

T HE kaleidoscopic pattern of events in Soviet politics makes analysis of them a hazardous endeavor, but it is imperative to try to interpret the radical change that has come with more than six years of perestroika, punctuated by an abortive coup in August 1991, the recognition of the independence of the former Baltic republics, and the transition from the Soviet Union to a commonwealth of independent states. At the same time, the breakdown of the old political system offers unprecedented opportunities, first, to reassess some of our older analytic concepts and second, to think tentatively about some new approaches. The totalitarian model essentially dominated Western analysis until the early 1960s, when several new paradigms were proposed. T. H. Rigby's "organizational society,"' Alfred Meyer's "USSR, Incorporated" model,2 and Carl Linden's conflict model' were among the first such attempts to reconceptualize Soviet politics. Rigby suggested that political systems can be "traditional" (based on "custom") or "contract" (based on "markets") or "organizational" (based on "command"). And of course, in the developmental process elements of two or all three types may be found in a single polity. The Soviet Union, in his view, "is one of the most highly developed. . . 'organizational' societies." Meyer emphasized the organizational aspect as well, treating the USSR as one big corporation. Both scholars emphasized the continuity of the enormous state role in the economy and society together with the abrupt decline of Stalin's terror. And they were concerned with how power might diffuse within the massive bureaucratic structures. Linden focused exclusively on the changing politics at the top, finding conflict among cliques of leaders that
Repurposing: Techniques for reuse and integration of interactive systems

This paper explores technical appropriation and integration of information applications. We introduce an approach for recasting applications for use in emerging and unanticipated user settings; that is, settings that were not accounted for in the application's original design process. Based on our previous research into novel interfaces for supporting communication and collaboration, we identify six reuse and integration techniques we call repurposing and show how they may be used in a design extension of a standard email client that preserves its familiar operations.
P1 interneurons promote a persistent internal state that enhances inter-male aggression in Drosophila

How brains are hardwired to produce aggressive behavior, and how aggression circuits are related to those that mediate courtship, is not well understood. A large-scale screen for aggression-promoting neurons in Drosophila identified several independent hits that enhanced both inter-male aggression and courtship. Genetic intersections revealed that P1 interneurons, previously thought to exclusively control male courtship, were responsible for both phenotypes. The aggression phenotype was fly-intrinsic, and required male-specific chemosensory cues on the opponent. Optogenetic experiments indicated that P1 activation promoted aggression vs. wing extension at low vs. high thresholds, respectively. High frequency photostimulation promoted wing extension and aggression in an inverse manner, during light ON and OFF, respectively. P1 activation enhanced aggression by promoting a persistent internal state, which could endure for minutes prior to social contact. Thus P1 neurons promote an internal state that facilitates both aggression and courtship, and can control these social behaviors in a threshold-dependent manner.
Renewing Legal Theory: History and the Unity of Legal Things

This is a comprehensive, speculative, non-naturalist and historicist framework of a theory of law. I address the relationship between nature and law in general; the nature of law; the nature and taxonomy of legal things; the effect of the Enlightenment on legal theory; the relationship between science and law, and between law and history; the poverty and dangers of both positivism and natural law theory; and I address several philosophical issues that are concomitant to an understanding of law in general, including the role of the universal, the centrality of the vision of life; the relationship between life and consciousness (critiquing Nagel’s new book in the process), consciousness and history, and history and law; sacrifice; evil, and the future, among other things. I explicitly place myself in the Aristotelian/Hegelian traditions. As a subtext, I grapple with containing the systematic problem science presents to legal/political order. By laying the groundwork for a renewal of legal theory outside of the constraints of positivism and natural law the framework also lays the groundwork for a reevaluation of the role science should play in the political/legal order, and therefore of science itself. The mechanism for these reevaluations is enabled by the specific grounding of the theory in the findings of neuroscience. Neuroscience teaches one of two irreconcilable things: either man has no free will; or there is a scope of free and real capacity for the mature human to make choices, to exercise free will (within constraints). The first of these two conclusions must be wrong because it contradicts not only experimental findings about man, but it contradicts the experience of every mature human. It is a philosophical conclusion based on Enlightenment metaphysics of science. If man has no free will, there is no basis for political order, for responsibility, etc., an argument we are familiar with but fail to understand and follow to its logical and historical implications, as now I do. I begin my argument with a theory of consciousness and freedom.
Female Adolescents' Sexual Assertiveness Types: Q Methodology

오늘날청소년들은이성교제를경험하면서많은성문제에 노출되고있다 년보건복지부의국내전국중 . 2008 ‧고등학생 대상조사에서키스와애무등의성접촉을처음한평균연령 은 세 성관계를처음경험한연령은 세로어린나이 14.3 , 14.8 었고 그대상이이성친구가 로가장높았다 조사대상 , 65.7% . 중 가성관계경험을하였고 그중임신한경우는 44.6% , 17.5% 였다 이것은 청소년의 발달 시기상 성정체성이 정립되지 [1]. 않은상태임에도불구하고연애라는이름으로이성교제가보 편화되어청소년의성행동의범위가넓어져나타난현상으로 보인다 이제는청소년의성행동이해서는안되는금기가아 . 니라 또래 집단에서 성적행위를과시하고공유하는 놀이로 , 바뀌었다 이러한 청소년 성문화의 변화 속에서 충동적인 [2]. 위험한성행동 데이트성폭력 대의임신과성병은증가추 , , 10 세에있다 특히데이트경험이있는 명가운데 명은데이 [2]. 3 1 트 성폭력을경험하고있는데 십대여성청소년들에게이 [3] 러한성경험은치명적이다. 여성청소년의성건강문제의요인에대한연구결과를살펴 보면헤어질것에대한두려움이높을수록 애착불안이높 [4], 을수록 오빠와같은성권력을파트너가가지고있을때 [5], [6], 그리고낭만적인사랑관계를유지하려고할수록 수동적으 [7] 여성청소년의성적자기주장유형 방법론적용 : Q
Edge-based cuing for detection of benthic camouflage

Abstract Locating marine organisms in their natural habitats is important for understanding ocean biodiversity. Many species are often camouflaged in their surroundings, rendering them hard to detect. Our increasing ability to image large areas of the ocean floor produces millions of images, which must be inspected to spot the occasional organism. This calls for automation of camouflage detection. We investigate reliable detectability of marine camouflage by looking for structural regularities as cues to locating organisms in their natural settings. We study skates and flounder, which use different mechanisms to avoid detection. We introduce a simple edge-based criterion for detecting local structural regularity to reduce the image area to be inspected for likely presence of camouflaged organisms. This sets the stage for efficient use of more complex algorithms to confirm detections and aid in marine census. We also study the possibility of detecting octopuses based on a simple measure of texture applied to a hierarchical segmentation of octopus images.
Applications of Service Life Prediction for US Army Ammunition

This paper and presentation will outline the advances and applications of methodologies and infrastructure for Service life determination and condition based monitoring (CBM) at the US Army's Armam...
Complexity of virus-vector interactions

The inter-relationships among viruses, vectors and vertebrate hosts are complex and dynamic and shaped by biotic (e.g., viral strain, vector genetics, host susceptibility) and abiotic (e.g., temperature, rainfall, human land use) factors. It is anticipated that changes in climate, as predicted by the most recent Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, will result in landscape changes and consequent changes in spatiotemporal patterns of arbovirus transmission. To anticipate evolving patterns of virus activity in a dynamically changing environment, it is important to understand how interconnectedness of mosquito and virus biology together with climate influence arbovirus transmission intensity. Vector competence, survivorship, and feeding behavior, among other aspects of vectorial capacity are intrinsically important to estimate risk and design control approaches.
Spatiality and Language

Space is a powerful resource for making abstract relationships concrete, and for organizing hierarchies of meaning and creating cultural categories. Spatial relationships and spatial frames of reference are cross-linguistically variable, and it is important to study language use in context to understand the role of space, for example, in the interpretation of deictic forms, as well as how space is used in the distribution of power and status. Aspects of spatial reference in language can affect aspects of spatial reasoning. With the advent of new communication technologies, for example, the Internet, new participation spaces have emerged that transcend conventional space-time relationships.
Respiratory muscle blood flow during exercise: Effects of sex and ovarian cycle

Sex and ovarian cycle have been speculated to modify respiratory muscle blood flow control during exercise, but the findings are inconclusive. We tested the hypotheses that females would have higher respiratory muscle blood flow and vascular conductance (VC) compared with males during exercise and that this difference would be accentuated in proestrus vs. ovariectomized (OVA) females. Mean arterial pressure (carotid artery catheter) and respiratory muscle blood flow (radiolabeled microspheres) were measured during moderate-intensity (24 m/min, 10% grade) exercise in male (n = 9), female (n = 9), and OVA female (n = 7) rats and near-maximal (60 m/min, 5% grade) exercise in male (n = 5) and female (n = 7) rats. At rest, diaphragm, intercostal, and transversus abdominis blood flow were not different (P = 0.33) among groups. During moderate-intensity exercise, diaphragm (M: 124 ± 16; F: 140 ± 14; OVA: 140 ± 20 ml·min-1·100 g-1), intercostal (M: 33 ± 5; F: 34 ± 5; OVA: 30 ± 5 ml·min-1·100 g-1), and transversus abdominis blood flow (M: 24 ± 4; F: 35 ± 7; OVA: 35 ± 9 ml·min-1·100 g-1) significantly increased in all groups compared with rest but were not different (P = 0.12) among groups. From rest to moderate-intensity exercise, diaphragm (P 0.13) existed in VC among groups. During near-maximal exercise, diaphragm (M: 304 ± 62; F: 283 ± 17 ml·min-1·100 g-1), intercostal (M: 29 ± 8; F: 40 ± 6 ml·min-1·100 g-1), and transversus abdominis (M: 85 ± 14; F: 86 ± 9 ml·min-1·100 g-1) blood flow and VC were not different (P > 0.27) between males and females. These data demonstrate that respiratory muscle blood flow and vascular conductance at rest and during exercise are not affected by sex or ovarian cycle in rats.NEW & NOTEWORTHY It has been proposed that sex and ovarian cycle modulate respiratory muscle blood flow control during exercise. We demonstrate herein that neither sex nor ovarian cycle influences respiratory muscle blood flow or vascular conductance at rest or during exercise in rats.
Speech-Language Pathologists and Behavior Analysts: Perspectives Regarding Theories and Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder

Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) and behavior analysts (BAs) provide treatment for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Little is known about the similarities and/or differences betw...
Infectious, Inflammatory, and Ischemic Diseases of the Colon and Rectum

Infectious, inflammatory, and ischemic diseases of the colon and rectum are very common causes of abdominal pain. Patients with these disorders often present with nonspecific signs and symptoms. As clinical and laboratory assessment cannot confidently identify a specific etiology in the majority of patients with acute abdominal pain, cross-sectional imaging is required. Computed tomography (CT) is the primary means of evaluating these patients because it nicely depicts pathologic changes in the colon wall, serosa, surrounding mesentery, and peritoneum. Ultrasound (US) is a readily available, real-time technique with reasonable accuracy that uses no ionizing radiation. CT provides fast assessment with high accuracy, optimal field of view, and good reproducibility. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with acute abdominal pain offers great clinical potential by virtue of providing a global imaging perspective, exquisite softtissue resolution, and high accuracy without using ionizing radiation.
Widespread Influence of 3′-End Structures on Mammalian mRNA Processing and Stability

Summary The physiological relevance of structures within mammalian mRNAs has been elusive, as these mRNAs are less folded in cells than in vitro and have predicted secondary structures no more stable than those of random sequences. Here, we investigate the possibility that mRNA structures facilitate the 3′-end processing of thousands of human mRNAs by juxtaposing poly(A) signals (PASs) and cleavage sites that are otherwise too far apart. We find that RNA structures are predicted to be more prevalent within these extended 3′-end regions than within PAS-upstream regions and indeed are substantially more folded within cells, as determined by intracellular probing. Analyses of thousands of ectopically expressed variants demonstrate that this folding both enhances processing and increases mRNA metabolic stability. Even folds with predicted stabilities resembling those of random sequences can enhance processing. Structure-controlled processing can also regulate neighboring gene expression. Thus, RNA structure has widespread roles in mammalian mRNA biogenesis and metabolism.
A method for three-dimensional imaging of the retina in human eyes.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES An optical system for three-dimensional imaging of the retinal tissue in human eyes is described. PATIENTS AND METHODS A laser beam was projected at an oblique angle on the retina and scanned to acquire 40 optical section images in a 1.0 x 1.5 mm retinal area. Because the incident laser beam was not coaxial with the viewing system, structures at various retinal depths appeared laterally displaced according to their depth location on the optical section image. The optical section images were segmented to construct a series of en face retinal images, parallel to the retinal surface and displaced in depth. Imaging was performed in three control subjects. RESULTS A series of 8 depth-displaced en face images of retinal layers was reconstructed in each eye, which allowed enhanced visualization of the retinal structures and vasculatures. En face depth-displaced retinal images provided improved contrast compared with fundus images and delineated the foveal depression and the surrounding retinal vasculatures. CONCLUSIONS An optical system for three-dimensional retinal imaging was developed that has potential as a tool for evaluation of retinal pathologies associated with chorioretinal diseases.
Breast adenocarcinoma metastatic to the mandible: Report of seven cases☆

R outine examination of oral and perioral sensory and motor nerve functions should be part of every complete oral examination. This sometimes reveals neuropathy; more often, however, the patient will present with the complaint of hyperesthesia, hypesthesia, paresthesia, anesthesia, and/or paralysis of the trigeminal or facial nerve. The more common etiologic factors responsible for such neurologic alterations are (1) traurna,‘jl lo, I6 (2) iatrogenic factors, (3) primary tumors,* (4) cysts,16 (5) osteomyelitis,1° (6) metastatic tumors,j, 6, I29 I3 and (7) central nervous system lesions. 7j 8 A definitive diagnosis depends upon a complete history, physical examination, radiographic examination, and often a histopathologic examination. Although early or solitary metastasis to the jaws is uncommon, its occurrence, as evidenced by three of the seven cases reported here, makes it essential to include this entity in the differential diagnosis of jaw lesions. Similarly, metastasis to the jaws which occurs after other known metastasis exists can frequently be misdiagnosed, as in three of the seven cases reported here. A correct diagnosis is not only essential for the proper management of such lesions but also prevents inappropriate treatment. The purpose of this article is to report on the signs and symptoms of seven
Nuclear pasta in hot dense matter and its implications for neutrino scattering

The abundance of large clusters of nucleons in neutron-rich matter at subnuclear density is found to be greatly reduced by finite-temperature effects when matter is close to $\ensuremath{\beta}$ equilibrium, compared to the case where the electron fraction is fixed at ${Y}_{e}g0.1$, as often considered in the literature. Large nuclei and exotic nonspherical nuclear configurations called pasta, favored in the vicinity of the transition to uniform matter at $T=0$, dissolve at a relatively low temperature ${T}_{\mathrm{u}}$ as protons leak out of nuclei and pasta. For matter at $\ensuremath{\beta}$ equilibrium with a negligible neutrino chemical potential we find that ${T}_{\mathrm{u}}^{\ensuremath{\beta}}\ensuremath{\simeq}4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ MeV for realistic equations of state. This is lower than the maximum temperature ${T}_{\mathrm{max}}^{\ensuremath{\beta}}\ensuremath{\simeq}9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ MeV at which nuclei can coexist with a gas of nucleons and can be explained by a change in the nature of the transition to uniform matter called retrograde condensation. An important new finding is that coherent neutrino scattering from nuclei and pasta makes a modest contribution to the opacity under the conditions encountered in supernovas and neutron star mergers. This is because large nuclear clusters dissolve at most relevant temperatures, and at lower temperatures, when clusters are present, Coulomb correlations between them suppress coherent neutrino scattering off individual clusters. Implications for neutrino signals from galactic supernovas are briefly discussed.
Lichenoid/Vacuolar Dermatitis

Superficial perivascular dermatitis (SPD) with epidermal changes Vacuolar/interface changes Lichenoid changes Lichenoid changes Interface dermatitis Superficial perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate Exocytosis of single lymphocytes into overlying epidermis.
Still a new democracy? Individual-level effects of social trust on political trust in South Korea

The social capital theory holds that there is a positive relationship between social and political trust; however, despite the prominence of this postulation, this relationship has often been dispu...
Synthesis and Conclusions

This chapter provides an overview of the role of tropical forests in the international efforts to negotiate a new global climate treaty. Under the existing treaty, the Kyoto Protocol and its “flexible mechanisms” – particularly the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) – have succeeded in building a billion dollar market for emission reduction projects in developing countries. Since the decision to include efforts to reduce emissions from tropical deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) in the 2007 Bali Action Plan, considerable attention has focused on designing a REDD and REDD+ program for inclusion in the next global climate agreement. The positions taken by different countries on REDD are driven by their circumstances – from those with large areas of standing forest to those with few remaining forests, from those facing rapid rates of deforestation to those engaged in reforestation. The overarching issues to be decided in developing the framework of a REDD mechanism include: the scope of the forestry activities to be covered; the scale of accounting for forestry activities and the baseline for measuring reference emissions levels; the type of financing to be provided for REDD activities; how to address fundamental issues of capacity and governance; and the consideration of co-benefits. There is some convergence around the scope of a REDD mechanism, the need to ultimately undertake activities at a national scale, the likelihood that financing will be both fund and market based, and the potential to implement REDD in phases. However, many contentious issues remain, including how to set baselines and accounting rules for REDD/REDD+ and how to incorporate governance concerns.